bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance of a Passivated Nanowire‐Based Device: Key Information from Real‐Space Imaging Using 4D Electron Microscopy
Authors: Khan Jafar I. , Adhikari Aniruddha , Sun Jingya , Priante Davide , Bose Riya , Shaheen Basamat S. , Ng Tien Khee , Zhao Chao , Bakr Osman M. , Ooi Boon S. , Mohammed Omar F.
Published: March 2016

Managing trap states and understanding their role in ultrafast charge‐carrier dynamics, particularly at surface and interfaces, remains a major bottleneck preventing further advancements and commercial exploitation of nanowire (NW)‐based devices. A key challenge is to selectively map such ultrafast dynamical processes on the surfaces of NWs, a capability so far out of reach of time‐resolved laser techniques. Selective mapping of surface dynamics in real space and time can only be achieved by applying four‐dimensional scanning ultrafast electron microscopy (4D S‐UEM). Charge carrier dynamics are spatially and temporally visualized on the surface of InGaN NW arrays before and after surface passivation with octadecylthiol (ODT). The time‐resolved secondary electron images clearly demonstrate that carrier recombination on the NW surface is significantly slowed down after ODT treatment. This observation is fully supported by enhancement of the performance of the light emitting device. Direct observation of surface dynamics provides a profound understanding of the photophysical mechanisms on materials' surfaces and enables the formulation of effective surface trap state management strategies for the next generation of high‐performance NW‐based optoelectronic devices.
Structural Phase Transition Effect on Resistive Switching Behavior of MoS2‐Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanocomposites Films for Flexible Memory Devices
Authors: Zhang Peng , Gao Cunxu , Xu Benhua , Qi Lin , Jiang Changjun , Gao Meizhen , Xue Desheng
Published: March 2016

The 2H phase and 1T phase coexisting in the same molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets can influence the electronic properties of the materials. The 1T phase of MoS2 is introduced into the 2H‐MoS2 nanosheets by two‐step hydrothermal synthetic methods. Two types of nonvolatile memory effects, namely write‐once read‐many times memory and rewritable memory effect, are observed in the flexible memory devices with the configuration of Al/1T@2H‐MoS2‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Al/2H‐MoS2‐PVP/ITO/PET, respectively. It is observed that structural phase transition in MoS2 nanosheets plays an important role on the resistive switching behaviors of the MoS2‐based device. It is hoped that our results can offer a general route for the preparation of various promising nanocomposites based on 2D nanosheets of layered transition metal dichalcogenides for fabricating the high performance and flexible nonvolatile memory devices through regulating the phase structure in the 2D nanosheets.
Representation of fatigue for wind turbine control
Authors: Barradas‐Berglind J. J. , Wisniewski Rafael
Published: March 2016

Fatigue is a critical factor in structures such as wind turbines exposed to harsh operating conditions, both in the design stage and in the control during their operation. In the present paper, the most recognized approaches to estimate the damage caused by fatigue in the component level are discussed and compared. The aim of this paper is to address the applicability of those fatigue damage estimation methods to control of wind turbines. Accordingly, for our discussion and comparison, we categorize fatigue estimation methods in a macroscopic scale as counting, spectral, stochastic and hysteresis operator methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Too close for comfort: spatial patterns in acorn barnacle populations
Authors: Hooper Rebecca C. , Eichhorn Markus P.
Published: March 2016

Spatial patterns in aggregations form as a result of the interplay between costs and benefits experienced by individuals. Such self‐organisation of aggregations can be explained using a zonal model in which a short‐range zone of repulsion and longer‐range zone of attraction surrounding individuals leads to emergent pattern properties. The signal of these processes can be detected using spatial pattern analyses. Furthermore, in sessile organisms, post‐settlement mortality reveals the relative costs and benefits of positions within the aggregation. Acorn barnacles are known to require contact with conspecifics for reproduction and are therefore believed to aggregate for this purpose; isolated individuals may also be more susceptible to abiotic stress and predation. At short distances, however, competition for space and resources is likely to occur. In this study spatial patterns of barnacles (Semibalanus balanoidesL.) were analysed using pair‐correlation functions. Individuals were dispersed at distances below 0.30 cm, but peak relative density occurred at a distance of 0.36 cm from conspecifics. This is much closer than required for reproductive access, implying a strong aggregative drive, up to the point of physical contact with neighbours. Nevertheless, analysis of dead barnacles illustrated that such proximity carries a cost as barnacles with many neighbours were more likely to have died. The inferences obtained from these patterns are that barnacles aggregate as closely as they can, and that local neighbourhood competition is a powerful determinant of mortality. These processes give rise to the observed pattern properties.
Effects of leaf litter on inter‐specific competitive ability of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata
Authors: Dai Zhi‐Cong , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Qi Shan‐Shan , Cai Hong‐Hong , Sun Jian‐Fan , Huang Ping , Du Dao‐Lin
Published: March 2016

Allelochemicals released by invasive plants contribute to the successful invasion of new habitats. However, the relationship between allelopathic effects and competitive ability of invasive plants has not been characterized. We quantified the neighbor effects of Wedelia trilobata (family: Asteraceae) and the allelopathic effects of its leaf litter on two Asteraceae competitor species (invasive Eupatorium catarium and non‐invasive Lactuca sativa) and on its own ramet growth. The seed germination rate and seedling biomass of the two competitor species decreased following treatment with W. trilobata leaf extracts. When co‐cultured with W. trilobata, the total biomass of the two competitor species significantly decreased regardless of whether leaf extracts were present. Under low plant density co‐culture conditions, W. trilobata leaf extracts enhanced the inhibitory effects on E. catarium. In contrast, W. trilobata leaf extracts promoted the growth of W. trilobata adventitious roots, resulting in increased competitive ability. Therefore, W. trilobata growth was promoted by its own allelochemicals in leaf extracts, whereas the growth of the invasive and non‐invasive competitors was inhibited by the same chemicals. These responses facilitated the invasion by W. trilobata. Our study demonstrates that leaf litter of invasive plants may inhibit the growth of neighboring species to enhance the competitive ability of the invasive plants during the early stages of invasion.
Direct Repair of the Superior Band of Bigelow's Ligament after Hip Arthroplasty: A Surgical Technique
Authors: Liu Joseph , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Christ Alexander B. , Dzenis Peteris , Healey John H.
Published: March 2016

Background

The posterolateral approach is one of the most common approaches used during hip arthroplasty. A posterior soft tissue repair is necessary to limit the risk of postoperative dislocation. For a trapezoidal capsulotomy, the proximal limb divides the superior band of the iliofemoral ligament (Bigelow's ligament). A transosseous repair frequently leaves a defect in this region, which may elevate the risk for dislocation. The purpose of this article is to describe a simple, rational technique for reinforcing the posterior capsular repair.

Description of Technique

A meticulous exposure of the hip capsule is performed during the posterolateral surgical approach. A trapezoidal capsulotomy is performed. After implantation of the arthroplasty implants, retractors are placed to expose the superior capsule. Prior to transosseous repair of the capsule and short external rotator tendons, the proximal limb of the capsulotomy is reapproximated anatomically and repaired with non-absorbable sutures. If anatomical repair is not possible, leg length and femoral offset should be reassessed carefully.

Discussion

The described modification may further minimize the risk of dislocation following hip arthroplasty, as the superior band of Bigelow's ligament is an additional checkrein to internal and external rotation. This repair provides a secondary intraoperative assessment of leg length and femoral offset to ensure proper biomechanical reconstruction of the hip joint. It is the authors’ preferred technique of all hip hemiarthroplasties and total hip arthroplasties, whenever possible.
Vein of Galen malformation, a rare cause of epilepsy
Authors: Sayadnasiri Mohammad
Published: March 2016

Vein of Galen malformation (VOGM) is a rare congenital cerebral vascular malformation characterized by an aneurysmally dilated midline deep venous structure, fed by abnormal arteriovenous communication. Most patients develop severe congestive heart failure at neonatal period that is fatal if left untreated. Rarely, patients with low-flow fistula present with headache, seizure, or focal neurological sign at adulthood. A 28-year-old female with VOGM-related epilepsy was introduced in this brief report.
From governance to government: The strengthened role of state bureaucracies in forest and agricultural certification
Authors: Giessen Lukas , Burns Sarah , Sahide Muhammad Alif K , Wibowo Agung
Published: March 2016

Private institutions for third-party (eco-)labelling of food and wood products has been a lively field of empirical research, peaking in the conception of certification as a “non-state market-driven governance system,” which is gaining rule-making authority domestically and internationally as a private governance institution and a transnational regime. Recent findings, however, suggest that state actors also play a decisive role in private certification governance. Questions relating to who within the state, however, so far remain unaddressed. Very recent empirical trends in the fields of timber and palm oil certification in Indonesia suggest that it is distinct public bureaucracies who start reclaiming certification authority through state-led mandatory schemes, challenging the private and transnational certification institutions in support of government-driven international certification regimes. Against this background, the objective of this paper is to substantiate the trend from transnational private to international state-driven governance by analyzing the role of distinct state bureaucracies in the emergence, diffusion, and reshaping of private natural resource governance systems. To achieve these objectives, we develop our propositions by combining insights from political certification studies, regime theory, as well as bureaucratic politics theory. Methodologically, we employ a qualitative case study design on recent developments in forest, timber, and palm oil certification systems in Argentina and Indonesia. Our results substantiate the observation that distinct state actors play a key role in private governance systems and, in the case of Indonesia, even re-claim labelling authority from private institutions by attempting to outcompete them through employing their exclusive regulatory power. The results further indicate a strong, self-interested support from domestic state bureaucracies to state-driven international rather than to transnational certification regimes, supporting the temporary governance hypothesis. We discuss and conclude on our results in light of literatures on private governance, policy sectors as well as international relations theory on the emergence of international and transnational regimes.
Rheological evaluation of colloidal dispersions using the smoothed profile method: formulation and applications
Authors: Molina John J. , Otomura Kotaro , Shiba Hayato , Kobayashi Hideki , Sano Masaki , Yamamoto Ryoichi
Published: March 2016

The smoothed profile method is extended to study the rheological behaviour of colloidal dispersions under shear flow by using the Lees–Edwards boundary conditions. We start with a reformulation of the smoothed profile method, a direct numerical simulation method for colloidal dispersions, so that it can be used with the Lees–Edwards boundary condition, under steady or oscillatory-shear flow. By this reformulation, all the resultant physical quantities, including local and total shear stresses, become available through direct calculation. Three simple rheological simulations are then performed for (1) a spherical particle, (2) a rigid bead chain and (3) a collision of two spherical particles under shear flow. Quantitative validity of these simulations is examined by comparing the viscosity with that obtained from theory and Stokesian dynamics calculations. Finally, we consider the shear-thinning behaviour of concentrated colloidal dispersions.
Evolution of Lagrangian coherent structures in a cylinder-wake disturbed flat plate boundary layer
Authors: He Guo-Sheng , Pan Chong , Feng Li-Hao , Gao Qi , Wang Jin-Jun
Published: March 2016

Evolution of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) in a flat plate boundary layer transition induced by the wake of a circular cylinder is investigated. Both hydrogen bubble visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques are used. It is found that downstream of the cylinder, the disturbance in the boundary layer experiences a fast growth followed by a slow decay in the transition. Lagrangian coherent structures are revealed by qualitative hydrogen bubble visualizations and quantitative finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) fields derived from the PIV data. The evolution of the LCS is considered from the very beginning of the transition up to when the boundary layer becomes fully developed turbulent flow. The mean convection velocity and average inclination angle of the LCS are first extracted from the FTLE fields. The streamwise length of the low-speed streaks seems to increase, while their spanwise distance decreases in the boundary layer transition. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the PIV data shows that low-speed streaks associated with the hairpin vortices and hairpin packets are the dominant coherent structures close to the wall in the transitional and turbulent boundary layer. The POD modes also reveal a variety of scales in the turbulent boundary layer. Moreover, it is found that large-scale coherent structures can modulate the amplitude of the small-scale ones.
High-fidelity simulations of bubble, droplet and spray formation in breaking waves
Authors: Wang Zhaoyuan , Yang Jianming , Stern Frederick
Published: March 2016

High-fidelity simulations of wave breaking processes are performed with a focus on the small-scale structures of breaking waves, such as bubble/droplet size distributions. Very large grids (up to 12 billion grid points) are used in order to resolve the bubbles/droplets in breaking waves at the scale of hundreds of micrometres. Wave breaking processes and spanwise three-dimensional interface structures are identified. It is speculated that the Görtler type centrifugal instability is likely more relevant to the plunging wave breaking instabilities. Detailed air entrainment and spray formation processes are shown. The bubble size distribution shows power-law scaling with two different slopes which are separated by the Hinze scale. The droplet size distribution also shows power-law scaling. The computational results compare well with the available experimental and computational data in the literature. Computational difficulties and challenges for large grid simulations are addressed.
The behaviour of Tollmien–Schlichting waves undergoing small-scale localised distortions
Authors: Xu Hui , Sherwin Spencer J. , Hall Philip , Wu Xuesong
Published: March 2016

This paper is concerned with the behaviour of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves experiencing small localised distortions within an incompressible boundary layer developing over a flat plate. In particular, the distortion is produced by an isolated roughness element located at $\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}=440\,000$. We considered the amplification of an incoming TS wave governed by the two-dimensional linearised Navier–Stokes equations, where the base flow is obtained from the two-dimensional nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations. We compare these solutions with asymptotic analyses which assume a linearised triple-deck theory for the base flow and determine the validity of this theory in terms of the height of the small-scale humps/indentations taken into account. The height of the humps/indentations is denoted by $h$, which is considered to be less than or equal to $x_{c}\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}^{-5/8}$ (corresponding to $h/{\it\delta}_{99}<6\,\%$ for our choice of $\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}$). The rescaled width $\hat{d}~(\equiv d/(x_{c}\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}^{-3/8}))$ of the distortion is of order $\mathit{O}(1)$ and the width $d$ is shorter than the TS wavelength (${\it\lambda}_{TS}=11.3{\it\delta}_{99}$). We observe that, for distortions which are smaller than 0.1 of the inner deck height ($h/{\it\delta}_{99}<0.4\,\%$), the numerical simulations confirm the asymptotic theory in the vicinity of the distortion. For larger distortions which are still within the inner deck ($0.4\,\%<h/{\it\delta}_{99}<5.5\,\%$) and where the flow is still attached, the numerical solutions show that both humps and indentations are destabilising and deviate from the linear theory even in the vicinity of the distortion. We numerically determine the transmission coefficient which provides the relative amplification of the TS wave over the distortion as compared to the flat plate. We observe that for small distortions, $h/{\it\delta}_{99}<5.5\,\%$, where the width of the distortion is of the order of the boundary layer, a maximum amplification of only 2 % is achieved. This amplification can however be increased as the width of the distortion is increased or if multiple distortions are present. Increasing the height of the distortion so that the flow separates ($7.2\,\%<h/{\it\delta}_{99}<12.8\,\%$) leads to a substantial increase in the transmission coefficient of the hump up to 350 %.
Connected and disconnected memoryscapes of the Antigorio Valley: a village under water and a Second World War massacre on a cableway
Authors: Diemberger Hildegard
Published: March 2016

This article looks at two sites of memory in northern Italy that are geographically and temporally close but are remembered and narrated in different ways. Referring to specific tragic events that took place in the Valle Antigorio (northern Val d’Ossola) – the destruction of a village by the construction of a hydroelectric basin in 1938 and a massacre of partisans on a cableway in 1944 – it shows how memory can not only be divided but also connected and disconnected through fluid memoryscapes and remembrance practices that respond to shifting political contexts and a varying sense of belonging.
Rethinking Human Responses to Sea-level Rise: The Mesolithic Occupation of the Channel Islands
Authors: Conneller Chantal , Bates Martin , Bates Richard , Schadla-Hall Tim , Blinkhorn Edward , Cole James , Pope Matt , Scott Beccy , Shaw Andy , Underhill David
Published: March 2016

This work provides new insights into human responses to and perceptions of sea-level rise at a time when the landscapes of north-west Europe were radically changing. These issues are investigated through a case study focused on the Channel Islands. We report on the excavation of two sites, Canal du Squez in Jersey and Lihou (GU582) in Guernsey, and the study of museum collections across the Channel Islands. We argue that people were drawn to this area as a result of the dynamic environmental processes occurring and the opportunities these created. The evidence suggests that the area was a particular focus during the Middle Mesolithic, when Guernsey and Alderney were already islands and while Jersey was a peninsula of northern France. Insularisation does not appear to have created a barrier to occupation during either the Middle or Final Mesolithic, indicating the appearance of lifeways increasingly focused on maritime voyaging and marine resources from the second half of the 9th millenniumBConwards.
When are Stereotypes about Black Candidates Applied? An Experimental Test
Authors: Karl Kristyn L. , Ryan Timothy J.
Published: March 2016

Past research shows that candidates' racial identities influence the assumptions that voters draw about how they will behave in office. In a national survey experiment examining televised candidate advertisements, we find evidence that stereotypes differ both in their potency and how vulnerable they are to disconfirmation. Consistent with previous work, black candidates are broadly assumed to be more liberal than white candidates, although the effect is notably small in magnitude. Yet when it comes to more specific stereotypes—how black candidates will behave on individual issues—effects are not only much larger, but also more contingent on what information is available. We find that by providing a small bit of ideological information, black candidates can overcome the assumption that they will enact liberal policies as concerns taxation and non-racialized aspects of social welfare policy. But it is much more difficult for them to overturn the assumption that they will prioritize aid to minorities while in office.
A new stemmed echinoderm from the Furongian of China and the origin of Glyptocystitida (Blastozoa, Echinodermata)
Authors: ZAMORA SAMUEL , SUMRALL COLIN D. , ZHU XUE-JIAN , LEFEBVRE BERTRAND
Published: March 2016

The Furongian (late Cambrian) is an extremely poorly sampled time in the history of echinoderms, with only few localities yielding complete specimens. Here, we document an exquisitely preserved stemmed echinoderm from the Furongian Sandu Formation in South China that provides important new data illuminating the origin of Glyptocystitida, a common Palaeozoic clade of echinoderms. Sanducystis sinensis n. gen. n. sp. displays an organized theca bearing three circlets of plates (basal, infralateral and lateral), a laterally positioned periproct in the CD interray, a lack of respiratory pectinirhombs and a stem divided in two parts, with expanded inner and outer columnals proximally and narrow, elongate, homeomorphic columnals distally. A phylogenetic analysis places Sanducystis more derived than the columnal-bearing ‘eocrinoid’ Ridersia and sister group of a clade encompassing Macrocystella-like glyptocystitoid rhombiferans from the Furongian onwards. By filling in an important morphological gap, Sanducystis provides a clear understanding of character evolution within Glyptocystitida.
C. René Padilla and the Origins of Integral Mission in Post-War Latin America
Authors: KIRKPATRICK DAVID C.
Published: March 2016

This article discusses the origins of ‘misión integral’ or integral mission, a term coined by the Ecuadorian theologian C. René Padilla (b. 1932). As the first critical study of Padilla, it argues that the origins of ‘misión integral’ are to be found within a cluster of political and social forces that were reshaping post-war Latin America: rural-urban migration, the resulting complications of urbanisation and the rapid expansion of the universities, where Marxist ideas of revolutionary change were of growing appeal to students. This article relies on interviews with many of the leading personalities involved, together with personal papers, archival research and Latin American census data.
Bishops, Parliament and Trial by Peers: Clerical Opposition to the Confiscation of Episcopal Temporalities in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: PHILLIPS MATTHEW
Published: March 2016

This article demonstrates that from the mid- to late fourteenth century the English clergy pursued a sustained campaign to protect episcopal temporalities from royal seizure by asserting the right of bishops to be judged by their peers in parliament. The most important stage of this movement came in the parliament of January 1352 when the clergy made a case for episcopal exceptionalism in English law. The legal identity of bishops in England underwent a seismic shift and it was conceded that in certain cases a bishop should be judged in accordance with his temporalities rather than his spiritual office.
How can we improve the environmental sustainability of poultry production?
Authors: Leinonen Ilkka , Kyriazakis Ilias
Published: March 2016

The review presents results of recent life cycle assessment studies aiming to quantify and improve the environmental performance of UK poultry production systems, including broiler meat, egg and turkey meat production. Although poultry production has been found to be relatively environmentally friendly compared with the production of other livestock commodities, it still contributes to environmental impacts, such as global warming, eutrophication and acidification. Amongst different sub-processes, feed production and transport contributes about 70 % to the global warming potential of poultry systems, whereas manure management contributes about 40–60 % to their eutrophication potential and acidification potential, respectively. All these impacts can be reduced by improving the feed efficiency, either by changing the birds through genetic selection or by making the feed more digestible (e.g. by using additives such as enzymes). However, although genetic selection has the potential to reduce the resources needed for broiler production (including feed consumption), the changing need of certain feed ingredients, most notably protein sources as a result of changes in bird requirements may limit the benefits of this strategy. The use of alternative feed ingredients, such as locally grown protein crops and agricultural by-products, as a replacement of South American grown soya, can potentially also lead to improvements in several environmental impact categories, as long as such feeding strategies have no negative effect on bird performance. Other management options, such as improving poultry housing and new strategies for manure management have also the potential to further improve the environmental sustainability of the poultry industries in Europe.
Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis – rodent models of Strongyloides infection
Authors: VINEY MARK , KIKUCHI TAISEI
Published: March 2016

Strongyloides spp. are common parasites of vertebrates and two species, S. ratti and S. venezuelensis, parasitize rats; there are no known species that naturally infect mice. Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis overlap in their geographical range and in these regions co-infections appear to be common. These species have been widely used as tractable laboratory systems in rats as well as mice. The core biology of these two species is similar, but there are clear differences in aspects of their within-host biology as well as in their free-living generation. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that S. ratti and S. venezuelensis are the result of two independent evolutionary transitions to parasitism of rats, which therefore presents an ideal opportunity to begin to investigate the basis of host specificity in Strongyloides spp.
Integrating serological and genetic data to quantify cross-species transmission: brucellosis as a case study
Authors: VIANA MAFALDA , SHIRIMA GABRIEL M. , JOHN KUNDA S. , FITZPATRICK JULIE , KAZWALA RUDOVICK R. , BUZA JORAM J. , CLEAVELAND SARAH , HAYDON DANIEL T. , HALLIDAY JO E. B.
Published: March 2016

Epidemiological data are often fragmented, partial, and/or ambiguous and unable to yield the desired level of understanding of infectious disease dynamics to adequately inform control measures. Here, we show how the information contained in widely available serology data can be enhanced by integration with less common type-specific data, to improve the understanding of the transmission dynamics of complex multi-species pathogens and host communities. Using brucellosis in northern Tanzania as a case study, we developed a latent process model based on serology data obtained from the field, to reconstruct Brucella transmission dynamics. We were able to identify sheep and goats as a more likely source of human and animal infection than cattle; however, the highly cross-reactive nature of Brucella spp. meant that it was not possible to determine which Brucella species (B. abortus or B. melitensis) is responsible for human infection. We extended our model to integrate simulated serology and typing data, and show that although serology alone can identify the host source of human infection under certain restrictive conditions, the integration of even small amounts (5%) of typing data can improve understanding of complex epidemiological dynamics. We show that data integration will often be essential when more than one pathogen is present and when the distinction between exposed and infectious individuals is not clear from serology data. With increasing epidemiological complexity, serology data become less informative. However, we show how this weakness can be mitigated by integrating such data with typing data, thereby enhancing the inference from these data and improving understanding of the underlying dynamics.
Moving media and conflict studies beyond the CNN effect
Authors: Gilboa Eytan , Jumbert Maria Gabrielsen , Miklian Jason , Robinson Piers
Published: March 2016

After the ‘CNN effect’ concept was coined two decades ago, it quickly became a popular shorthand to understand media-conflict interactions. Although the connection has probably always been more complex than what was captured in the concept, research needs to be updated in order to better understand the multifaceted contemporary environments of both media and conflict. There are growing numbers and types of media sources, and multiple interactions between media and conflict actors, policymakers and engaged publics from the local to the global and back. We argue that understanding the impact of media reporting on conflict requires a new framework that captures the multilevel and hybrid media environments of contemporary conflicts. This study provides a roadmap of how to systematically unpack this environment. It describes and explains how different levels, interactions, and forms of news reporting shape conflicts and peacebuilding in local, national and regional contexts, and how international responses interact with multiple media narratives. With these tools, comprehensive understandings of contemporary local to global media interactions can be incorporated into new research on media and conflict.
Existence and multiplicity of solutions for an indefinite Kirchhoff-type equation in bounded domains
Authors: Sun Juntao , Wu Tsung-fang
Published: March 2016

We study the indefinite Kirchhoff-type problem

where Ω is a smooth bounded domain in and . We require that f is sublinear at the origin and superlinear at infinity. Using the mountain pass theorem and Ekeland variational principle, we obtain the multiplicity of non-trivial non-negative solutions. We improve and extend some recent results in the literature.
A general formula for the anisotropic outer Minkowski content of a set
Authors: Lussardi Luca , Villa Elena
Published: March 2016

We generalize to the anisotropic case some classical and recent results on the (n– 1)-Minkowski content of rectifiable sets in ℝn, and on the outer Minkowski content of subsets of ℝn. In particular, a general formula for the anisotropic outer Minkowski content is provided; it applies to a wide class of sets that are stable under finite unions.
Strategies to Support the Interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Commercial Development of Gourmet Bush Food Products
Authors: Lingard Kylie , Martin Paul
Published: March 2016

Indigenous groups and individuals may have different needs and aspirations in relation to their local plant foods (“bush foods”). Interests may reflect totemic relationships, customary rights and duties, social positions, political and economic motivations, and personal capacities. This article uses a systems method to identify strategies to support the diverse interests of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the commercial development of gourmet bush food products. The aim is to identify possibilities for further consideration by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Alpine Agency: Locals, Mountaineers and Tourism in the Eastern Alps, c. 1860–1914
Authors: ANDERSON BEN
Published: March 2016

Like other forms of tourism, the activities of Alpine visitors in the late nineteenth century have normally been understood as created by the tourists themselves. In the narratives of both contemporaries and subsequent historians, local people tend to be marginalised, at best responding to the new demands of the emerging industry. This article focusses on relations between locals and mountaineers in the Eastern Alps to demonstrate that far from being passive recipients of tourist culture, local people were instrumental in defining the forms that tourism took. They were the early pioneers of infrastructure construction, lobbied to bring urban investment to the Alps, challenged urban Alpine organisations over intervention in the landscape, and engaged in collective bargaining to secure better pay and conditions. These roles helped to define tourism in the region, but also contributed to definitions of Alpine people amongst mountaineers that increasingly relied on race and biology.
Non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the rare Alpinia galanga: a first report for Zingiberaceae
Authors: Baradwaj R.G. , Rao M.V. , Baskin Carol C. , Senthil Kumar T.
Published: March 2016

Little information is available on seed dormancy of members of the Zingiberales and especially the Zingiberaceae. Our aim was to investigate the dormancy breaking and germination requirements of Alpinia galanga in vitro with a minimum number of seeds, using the move-along experiment. The mass of imbibed seeds increased by 17.5% in 1 d, showing that seeds were water permeable. The best germination in the move-along experiment (86.7%) was obtained when seeds were exposed to the sequence of temperature regimes that began with winter (20/10°C), and seeds began to germinate after 6 weeks at this temperature regime. Seeds dry stored for 4 months and then incubated at the sequence of temperature regimes that began with summer (30/20°C) started germinating in the sixth week at this temperature regime and had germinated to 93.3% after 18 weeks. Seeds kept dry for 4 months and then treated with 50 mg l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3) began to germinate at 30/20°C after 2 weeks. Control seeds incubated continuously at 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20°C germinated to 80.6, 77.8 and 60.0%, respectively. When incubated at 15, 20, 25 or 30°C, the ideal temperature for embryo growth was 20°C. Since GA3 and dry storage can break non-deep physiological dormancy and embryos grew during warm stratification, seeds of A. galanga have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). This is the first report of non-deep simple MPD in the Zingiberaceae.
Experience and Cultural–Repertoire Based Avenues of Trust: An Analysis of Public Trust in Statistical Agencies and their Data
Authors: Smirnova Michelle , Scanlon Paul
Published: March 2016

Declining trust in statistical agencies has recently complicated the endeavour to collect high-quality, timely data that are used to inform US policy and practice. Given this context, understanding how respondents choose to trust particular statistical agencies and their products is incredibly important. This article details a series of cognitive interviews (85) and focus groups (3) used to measure how the US public develops trust for statistical agencies, their statistical products and their use of administrative records. Results show that respondents use two models of trust in their rationale: experience based and cultural‒repertoire based. When respondents did not have experience with a particular institution and/or its product, cultural values including personal liberty, cost-savings and the promotion of social goods (for example, government-sponsored schools and hospitals) were found to influence their motivations to trust or distrust. As a result, appeals to cultural values may have the potential to increase trust among respondents. Familiarity with statistical agencies and their products may also increase respondents’ levels of trust.
Evaluation of wheat landraces of north-western Himalaya against rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzaeL. vis-à-vis physical seed parameters
Authors: Tripathi Kuldeep , Chauhan S. K. , Gore P. G. , Mehta P. S. , Bisht I. S. , Bhalla S.
Published: March 2016

The north-western Himalaya is one of the rich repositories of wheat genetic resources because of the preponderance of locally developed traditional crop varieties owing to high agro-climatic heterogeneity and local socio-cultural diversity. In the present study, 100 wheat landraces of this diversity rich region were evaluated for variability in physical parameters of seed to understand the basis of resistance against rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae. The evaluation was based on the parameter of growth index (GI) ofS. oryzaein different landraces. GI was correlated with different quantitative physical seed parameters, viz. hardness, length, width, length × width, test weight and qualitative parameter seed colour were studied to work out if these were related to resistance/susceptibility. Based on the parameter of GI, the six landraces viz. IC266831, IC266872, IC393109, IC392578, IC444217 and IC589276 were identified as resistant. Correlation coefficients between GI ofS. oryzaeand physical parameters of wheat landraces indicated that GI had significant positive relation with length × width (r= +0.573) and test weight (r= +0.549) indicated that small seeds confer resistance toS. oryzae.Also significant negative relation (r= −0.457) with GI ofS. oryzaeand seed hardness, indicated that hard seeds were relatively more resistant toS. oryzae.
Startle Modification and P50 Gating in Schizophrenia Patients and Controls: Russian Population
Authors: Storozheva Zinaida I. , Kirenskaya Anna.V. , Novototsky-Vlasov Vladimir Y. , Telesheva Klavdia Y. , Pletnikov Mikhail
Published: March 2016

Prepulse modification of the acoustic startle response (ASR) and P50 gating are potential neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia and may be used in the construction of valid clinical biomarkers. Such approach requires a large amount of data obtained in the representative samples from different gender, socio-typological and ethnic groups, replicating studies using the similar protocols and meta-analyses. This is a replication study of ASR and the first study of P50 suppression in Russian patients with schizophrenia (n= 28) and healthy controls (n= 25). ASR and P50 were estimated according to standard protocols. Patients exhibited increased baseline ASR latency (d= 0.35,p= .026) and reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) at 60 ms interval (d= 0.39,p= .003) and 120 ms interval (d= 0.37,p= .005) relative to controls. In the P50 test patients displayed greater S2 response amplitude (d= 0.24,p= .036) and deficit of P50 suppression (d= 0.43,p= .001). No correlations of PPI and P50 suppression were found in both groups. Only in controls prepulse ASR facilitation (at 2500 ms interval) positively correlated with P50 suppression (r= –.514,p= .013). In patients PPI displayed significant correlations with Difficulty in abstract thinking (N5:r= –.49,p= .005) and Hallucination (P3:r= .40,p= .036) PANSS scales. Logistic regression showed that the combination of PPI and P50 suppression could serve as a diagnostic predictor. Obtained results demonstrated that both PPI and P50 could be regarded as potential schizophrenia biomarkers in Russian population.
Twin Legacies: Victor and Vincent McKusick / Twin Studies: Twinning Rates I; Twinning Rates II; MZ Twin Discordance for Russell–Silver Syndrome; Twins’ Language Skills / Headlines: Babies Born to Identical Twin Couples; Identity Exchange; Death of Princess Ashraf (Twin); Yahoo CEO Delivers Identical Twins
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: March 2016

The lives of the illustrious monozygotic (MZ) twins, Victor A. and Vincent L. McKusick, are described. Victor earned the distinction as the ‘Father of Medical Genetics’, while Vincent was a legendary Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Court. This dual biographical account is followed by two timely reports of twinning rates, a study of MZ twin discordance for Russell–Silver Syndrome (RSS) and a study of twins’ language skills. Twin stories in the news include babies born to identical twin couples, a case of switched identity, the death of Princess Ashraf (Twin) and a new mother of twins who is also Yahoo's CEO.
Students, Meet Data
Authors: Bader Nicholas , Soule Dax , Castendyk Devin , Meixner Thomas , O’Reilly Catherine , Gougis Rebekka
Published: March 2016

Lessons that incorporate publicly available data from Earth observing sensors can expose students to the thrill of scientific discovery.
The Feasibility of a Pilot Intervention for Parents of Young Children Newly Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Mackey Eleanor Race , Herbert Linda , Monaghan Maureen , Cogen Fran , Wang Jichuan , Streisand Randi
Published: March 2016

We evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and indicators of preliminary efficacy of the pilot of a parent-focused, phone-based intervention to improve glycemic control and parental and child well-being in young children newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thirty mothers of young children ages 1–6 diagnosed with T1D for less than 6 months were randomized to either a phone-based intervention or physical activity education comparison program. Child glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and parent report of depressive symptoms, stress, social support, and child quality of life were assessed at baseline, 1, 6, and 12 months postintervention. The program was feasible, as the majority of participants completed more than 80% of the intervention or comparison education sessions and reported high levels of satisfaction. There were no significant Time x Treatment intervention effects. The intervention demonstrated a trend toward moderating the association between baseline maternal depressive symptoms and prospective worsening of HbA1c. Parents of young children newly diagnosed with T1D can be engaged in a phone-based program to provide support during this vulnerable period.
Patterns of Anxiety Symptoms in Pediatric Chronic Pain as Reported by Youth, Mothers, and Fathers
Authors: Tran Susan T. , Jastrowski Mano Kristen E. , Anderson Khan Kim , Davies W. Hobart , Hainsworth Keri R.
Published: March 2016

Pediatric chronic pain and anxiety often co-occur. Youth with chronic pain are at risk for heightened functional impairment related to anxiety. Research suggests the importance of screening for anxiety and the possibility that different clinical presentations may warrant modified treatment options. The aims of the current study were to comprehensively examine the nature and prevalence of anxiety disorder symptoms in a heterogeneous pediatric chronic pain sample, concordance of mother-proxy/father-proxy and child reports of anxiety, patient characteristics associated with increased anxiety, and the relationship between different anxiety presentations and quality of life outcomes. Participants included 423 children and adolescents ages 8–18 ( M = 14.12, SD = 2.53) and their parents (380 mothers and 200 fathers) who presented at an interdisciplinary chronic pain clinic. Families completed questionnaires before beginning treatment, including pain information and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Thirty-one percent of youth had total scores exceeding the clinical cutoff indicating a possible anxiety disorder; 46% had clinical elevations on at least 1 anxiety subscale. Female youth reported higher anxiety than males. Youth with abdominal pain reported higher overall anxiety and more panic/somatic symptoms relative to other pain groups. Among youth who self-reported clinically elevated anxiety, 59% of mothers and 64% of fathers rated their child’s anxiety as nonclinical. A considerable number of youth with chronic pain reported clinically elevated anxiety symptoms. Reliance on parent-proxy reports may systematically underrepresent the range and severity of anxiety symptoms. Limitations and implications for practice are discussed.
Gender Differences in the Relation Between Functioning and Values-Based Living in Youth With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Martin Sarah R. , Cohen Lindsey L. , Welkom Josie S. , Feinstein Amanda , Masuda Aki , Griffin Anya
Published: March 2016

Youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience a number of symptoms that may interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. Some researchers and clinicians argue that treatment efforts should target functioning and living in line with self-identified values rather than symptom reduction. In research with adults with chronic pain, results indicate that improvement in functioning predicts success in living in line with values. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between functional disability and values-based living in children with SCD. A secondary aim was to examine whether the relation between functioning and valued living differed by sex of the patient. Participants included twenty-eight 8- to 18-year-olds diagnosed with SCD. Youth completed measures of pain, functioning, and success in valued living. After controlling for pain, healthy functioning predicted success in valued living, however this relation was found in boys and not girls. Implications are discussed.
Pediatric Psychology and Epilepsy: A State of the Field and Call to Action
Authors: Weyand Chelsea , Wagner Janelle , Brooks Byron
Published: March 2016

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions affecting children and adolescence. Youth with epilepsy (YWE) are at greater risk for emotional, behavioral, and academic concern when compared with both healthy controls and youth with other chronic medical conditions. In addition, rates of nonadherence to antiepileptic medications are quite high, leading to less than optimal seizure control and negative impact on quality of life. Despite well documented need for behavioral health intervention, epilepsy has been underserved by pediatric psychologists in both clinical and research endeavors. This commentary posits that pediatric psychologists are uniquely qualified to join epilepsy treatment teams and contribute to scholarly activities related to YWE. Current research and clinical activities of pediatric psychologists within the epilepsy population are explored. We conclude with a call for increased training opportunities within the epilepsy population so that pediatric psychologists can impact the management of behavioral health needs with in this population.
Characterization of the STK11 splicing variant as a normal splicing isomer in a patient with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome harboring genomic deletion of the STK11 gene
Authors: Masuda Kenta , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kimura Tokuhiro , Umene Kiyoko , Misu Kumiko , Nomura Hiroyuki , Hirasawa Akira , Banno Kouji , Kosaki Kenjiro , Aoki Daisuke , Sugano Kokichi
Published: March 2016

We report a STK11 splicing variant comprising a 131-bp insertion that is derived from intron 1, which has previously been reported to possess potent pathogenicity. The same variant was detected in a Peutz–Jeghers syndrome patient harboring a genomic deletion in the vicinity of exon 1 of the STK11 gene, which indicated that this variant was derived from the wild-type allele. We also found the same variant in other normal subjects. This variant corresponds to the predicted transcript variant of STK11 (XM_011528209), which is derived from the genomic sequence of Chr19 (NT_011295.12). Therefore, we concluded that the splicing variant was not pathogenic.