bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Conformational Study of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐Octahydro‐1,6‐naphthyridines.
Authors: Esipova T. V. , Borisenko A. A. , Terent'ev P. B. , Grishina G. V. , Herzshuh R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular Aza‐Wittig Reaction: One‐Step Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Barsy Magda A. , El‐Rady Eman
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Pyrrolopyrimidin‐6‐yl Benzenesulfonamides: Potent A2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Esteve Cristina , Nueda Arsenio , Diaz Jose Luis , Beleta Jorge , Cardenas Alvaro , Lozoya Estrella , Cadavid Maria Isabel , Loza Maria Isabel , Ryder Hamish , Vidal Bernat
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Promoted Ullmann Condensation of 2‐Aminopyridines with 2‐Chlorobenzoic Acids.
Authors: Pellon Rolando F. , Martin Ana , Docampo Maite L. , Mesa Miriam
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of Benzil‐α‐arylimino Oximes: An Efficient Synthesis of 2,3‐Diphenylquinoxaline‐1‐oxides.
Authors: Aggarwal Ranjana , Sumran Garima , Saini Anil , Singh Shiv P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐R‐3‐Hydroxy[1,2,4]triazino[6,1‐b]‐quinazoline‐4,10‐diones.
Authors: Shemchuk L. A. , Chernykh V. P. , Krys'kiv O. S.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel and Efficient Solid‐State Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐6‐aryl‐s‐triazolo[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine Derivatives.
Authors: Hui Xin‐Ping , Qiao Ren‐Zhong , Xu Peng‐Fei , Zhang Zi‐Yi
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses of 2‐Arylated 1‐Benzazocines via Beckmann Rearrangement.
Authors: Ma Zhibo , Dai Shengjun , Yu Dequan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Serendipitous Synthesis of Unusual Cyclic and Acyclic Enaminone Esters from Troeger′s Base and Conjugated Esters.
Authors: Lee Ka Young , Gowrisankar Saravanan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Efficient Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepines Catalyzed by Magnesium Perchlorate.
Authors: Zhang Zhan‐Hui , Yang Shu‐Tao , Lin Jin
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1,8‐Dioxa‐dibenzo[e,h]azulenes.
Authors: Pesic Dijana , Landek Ivana Ozimec , Mercep Mladen , Mesic Milan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Silylation of Aryl Halides with Triorganosilanes: Synthesis of Aryl(2‐furyl)silanes.
Authors: Murata Miki , Ohara Hiroya , Oiwa Ryo , Watanabe Shinji , Masuda Yuzuru
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Class of Cyclophosphamide Prodrug: Cyclophosphamide Spiropiperaziniums (CPSP).
Authors: Sun Qi , Li Run‐Tao , Guo Wei , Cui Jing‐Rong , Cheng Tie‐Ming , Ge Ze‐Mei
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation of Dialkyl Arylethynylphosphonates in a System CF3CO2H—CH2Cl2 —PbO2.
Authors: Aristov S. A. , Vasil'ev A. V. , Rudenko A. P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Seleno‐Amines from Indium Selenolates. A Straightforward Synthesis of Selenocysteine Derivatives.
Authors: Braga Antonio L. , Schneider Paulo H. , Paixao Marcio W. , Deobald Anna M. , Peppe Clovis , Bottega Diana P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stille Reactions of 2,3‐Bis(stannyl)butenoates: An Unexpected Regioselectivity.
Authors: Carter Neil B. , Mabon Ross , Sweeney J. B.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (2E, 6E, 10E)‐Geranylgeraniol from Geranyllinalyl Acetate via Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination.
Authors: Yuasa Yoshifumi , Yuasa Yoko
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azamerone, a Terpenoid Phthalazinone from a Marine‐Derived Bacterium Related to the Genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetales).
Authors: Cho Ji Young , Kwon Hak Cheol , Williams Philip G. , Jensen Paul R. , Fenical William
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Trifluoromethyl‐1‐diethoxyphosphoryl Carbene: A New Synthon for the Preparation of CF3‐Containing α‐Hydroxy and α‐Amino Phosphonic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Titanyuk Igor D. , Vorob'eva Daria V. , Osipov Sergej N. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Uracil Derivatives with Ethylene as a General Route to cis‐Cyclobutane β‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Gauzy Christine , Saby Bertrand , Pereira Elisabeth , Faure Sophie , Aitken David J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected S,S‐2,6‐Diaminopimelic Acid via Olefin Cross‐Metathesis.
Authors: Nolen Ernest G. , Fedorka Catherine J. , Blicher Brooke
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (—)‐Neodysiherbaine A.
Authors: Takahashi Keisuke , Matsumura Takashi , Corbin Graeme R. M. , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hg(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Glycosylation Using Alkynoate as the Leaving Group.
Authors: Imagawa Hiroshi , Kinoshita Atsushi , Fukuyama Takashi , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Nishizawa Mugio
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Monoacetylation of Methyl Pyranosides of Pentoses and 6‐Deoxyhexoses by Acetic Anhydride in the Presence of MoCl5.
Authors: Evtushenko Evgeny V.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (‐)‐8‐O‐Methyltetrangomycin (MM 47755).
Authors: Kesenheimer Christian , Groth Ulrich
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Synthesis of (S)‐(+)‐3‐Octanol by Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Acetylation.
Authors: Yuasa Yoshifumi , Yuasa Yoko
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fragment Assembly: An Alternative Approach to Generating Complex Polyketides.
Authors: Shaw Simon J. , Zhang Dan , Sundermann Kurt F. , Myles David C.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐epi‐Cytoxazone.
Authors: Smitha G. , Reddy C. Sanjeeva
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparative Performance Assessment of the Conformational Model Generators Omega and Catalyst: A Large‐Scale Survey on the Retrieval of Protein‐Bound Ligand Conformations.
Authors: Kirchmaier Johannes , Wolber Gerhard , Laggner Christian , Langer Thierry
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Thermal Behavior of Different Aluminosilicate Gels
Authors: Fernandez‐Jimenez A. , Vallepu Ramesh , Terai Tohru , Palomo A. , Ikeda Ko
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of the “Devil′s Flower” in a Charge‐Ordering System — Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction Study of NaV2O5
Authors: Ohwada Kenji , Fujii Yasuhiko , Nakao Hironori , Murakami Youichi , Isobe Masahiko , Ueda Yutaka
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Porosity in Castings
Authors: Monroe R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Zirconaaziridines
Authors: Cummings Sarah A. , Tunge Jon A. , Norton Jack R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterocyclic Terpenes: Linear Furano‐ and Pyrroloterpenoids
Authors: Liu Yonghong , Zhang Si , Abreu Pedro J. M.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Homologation of Heterocycles by a Sequential Reductive Opening Lithiation—Electrophilic Substitution—Cyclization
Authors: Yus Miguel , Foubelo Francisco
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advances in the Chemistry of Naphthyridines
Authors: Litvinov V. P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of Progesterone Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Inspired by the Fungal Metabolite PF1092C
Authors: Kurihara Ken‐ichi , Shinei Rie , Okonogi Tsuneo
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent Hydrogen Isotope Effects in Catalysis by Carbonic Anhydrase: Proton Transfer Through Intervening Water Molecules
Authors: Silvermann David N. , Elder Ileana
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Condensed Matter Isotope Effects
Authors: Van Hook W. Alexander
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Introduction
Authors: Mikami Koichi
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Use of Levoglucosenone and Isolevoglucosenone as Templates for the Construction of C‐Linked Disaccharides
Authors: Awad Loay , Demange Raynald , Zhu Yao‐Hua , Vogel Pierre
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Helicobacter Connections
Authors: Marshall Barry
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry and Biology of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis
Authors: O'Connor Sarah E. , Maresh Justin J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phloroglucinol Compounds of Natural Origin
Authors: Singh Inder Pal , Bharate Sandip B.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional Analysis of Glycoprotein Oligosaccharide Through Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Totani Kiichiro , Hagihara Shinya , Ito Yukishige
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analysis of the Reactions Used for the Preparation of Drug Candidate Molecules
Authors: Carey John S. , Laffan David , Thomson Colin , Williams Mike T.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Strigolactones in Chemical Ecology: Waste Products or Vital Allelochemicals?
Authors: Humphrey Andrew J. , Galster Aimee M. , Beale Michael H.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Prospects of Using Solid Superacids as Catalysts in Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Al‐Mubaddel F. , Al‐Zeghayer Y. S. , Al‐Masry W. A. , Jibril B. Y.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Tautomerism of Heterocycles: Substituent Tautomerism of Six‐Membered Ring Heterocycles
Authors: Stanovnik Branko , Tisler Miha , Katritzky Alan R. , Denisko Olga V.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Variational Transition‐State Theory and Multidimensional Tunneling for Simple and Complex Reactions in the Gas Phase, Solids, Liquids, and Enzymes
Authors: Truhlar Donald G.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Energetic Consequences of the Formation of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Koll A. , Karpfen A. , Wolschann P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Soil Organic Matter Beyond Molecular Structure. Part 1. Macromolecular and Supramolecular Characteristics
Authors: Schaumann Gabriele E.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Distortion in Enzyme Complexes
Authors: Carey Paul R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Auswirkung des fertigungsbedingten Spaltes auf die Temperaturverteilung in Rohrplatten von Wärmeübertragern
Authors: Nadler M. , Nieratschker W.
Published: September 2006

Thermische Dehnungen können für Rohrbündelwärmeübertrager kritische Lastfälle darstellen. Aufgrund der Bauweise mit unterschiedlichen Stahlsorten ergeben sich für die Rohrplatten Verformungen, die bis in den plastischen Bereich reichen können. Mit Hilfe eines thermofluiddynamischen Modells wird die Temperaturverteilung eines repräsentativen Bereiches der Rohrplatten untersucht. In das Berechungsmodell geht der fertigungsbedingte Spalt zwischen Rohrplatte und Rohren ein. Spaltbedingt zeigt sich eine Verschiebung des lokalen Temperaturmaximums von der gasseitigen Oberfläche der Platte zur Rohrinnenseite. Felderfahrungen zeigen eine bevorzugte RIssinitiierung an gleicher Stelle.
Online‐in‐situ‐Mikroemulsionsmesstechnik
Authors: Gebauer G.
Published: September 2006

Für die Entwicklung und die Herstellung von Mikroemulsionen ist es entscheidend, den Verfahrensprozess insbesondere während der Hinzufügung einzelner Komponenten in situ zu überwachen bzw. die Veränderungen der Mikroemulsion während des Verfahrens in situ zu bestimmen. Im Folgenden wird eine neuartige Mikroemulsionsmesstechnik vorgestellt, die insbesondere dafür qualifiziert ist – unabhängig vom Absolutwert der gemessenen Intensität und unter Berücksichtigung von Mehrfachstreuung – in situ den Übergangsbereich von makromolekularen Strukturen zu Mikroemulsionen zu messen und darüber den strukturellen Aufbau der Mikroemulsion zu bestimmen.
Multi‐stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness
Authors: Bäckstrand Karin
Published: September 2006

The role of transnational partnerships in contemporary global environmental discourse raises larger questions of the legitimacy, effectiveness and accountability of networked governance. This article advances a conceptual framework for evaluating the legitimacy of partnership networks. Furthermore, it examines, in particular, the multi‐stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development announced at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg 2002. Partnership networks have been branded as a new form of global governance with the potential to bridge multilateral norms and local action by drawing on a diverse number of actors in civil society, government and business. Does the rise of global partnerships imply a re‐location and diffusion of authority from government to public–private ‘implementation networks’? Recent evaluations of the Johannesburg partnerships suggest that they can gain from a clearer linkage to existing institutions and multilateral agreements, measurable targets and timetables, more effective leadership, improved accountability, systematic review, reporting and monitoring mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Consequences of socially sharing emotions: testing the emotion‐response congruency hypothesis
Authors: Wetzer Inge M. , Zeelenberg Marcel , Pieters Rik
Published: September 2006

We test the emotion‐response congruency hypothesis, which predicts that the consequences of socially sharing one's negative emotions depend on the congruency between the shared emotion and the response that is obtained from the interaction partner. Experiment 1a shows that the response that people prefer is dependent on the specific emotion shared. Experiment 1b, however, reveals that the responses that interaction partners provide do not differ across emotions. Yet, and crucially, Experiment 2 shows that the outcomes of sharing are affected by the congruency between the response that people receive and the emotion they share, thus supporting the emotion‐response congruency hypothesis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold Nanoparticles in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Detection of Sugars
Authors: Kurniawan Fredy , Tsakova Vessela , Mirsky Vladimir M.
Published: September 2006

A nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for detection of sugars was prepared by layer‐by‐layer deposition of gold nanoparticles on thin gold electrodes. The deposition was optimized by using of surface plasmon resonance. Voltammetric investigation and impedance spectroscopy of the sensor was performed. Electrical currents caused by glucose on bare gold electrodes and on gold electrodes coated by immobilized gold nanoparticles were compared. The electrodes with nanoparticles display much higher current of glucose oxidation. The oxidation becomes blocked when the swept electrode potential exceeded +0.25 V, during the back scan an oxidation peak is observed again but at less positive potential. The magnitudes of these current peaks are linearly dependent on the glucose concentration; this dependence can be used as calibration for analytical applications. The limit of detection for glucose is below 0.5 mM, the sensitivity (normalized to the macroscopic electrode surface) is about 160 μA cm−2 mM−1. The sensor response is linear till at least 8 mM of glucose concentration.
Bio FEDs (Field‐Effect Devices): State‐of‐the‐Art and New Directions
Authors: Schöning Michael J. , Poghossian Arshak
Published: September 2006

This paper gives a brief survey on biologically sensitive FEDs (field‐effect devices) and introduces some recent approaches in this field. Basic concepts, functional principles and current trends in research and development for namely, ISFETs (ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistors), capacitive EIS (electrolyte‐insulator‐semiconductor) sensors and LAPS (light‐addressable potentiometric sensor) structures will be presented.
Amperometric Detection of H2O2 Using Gold Electrodes Modified with Starburst PAMAM Dendrimers and Prussian Blue
Authors: Bustos Bustos Erika , Chapman Thomas W. , Rodríguez‐Valadez F. , Godínez Luis A.
Published: September 2006

Gold‐bead electrodes were modified by covalent bonding or physical adsorption of several Starburst PAMAM dendrimers (generations 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) followed by absorption of Prussian Blue (PB). The covalent dendrimer‐PB‐modified electrodes can be used as amperometric sensors of H2O2 in aqueous solution. They offer enhanced sensitivity with correspondingly lower detection and quantification limits compared to similar amperometric detectors.
Electrochemical Desorption of Proteins from Gold Electrode Surface
Authors: Balasubramanian Shankar , Revzin Alexander , Simonian Aleksandr
Published: September 2006

The goal of this study was to enable rational modulation of biological interfaces using electrochemical desorption of surface‐bound proteins. Coupled, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) – electrochemistry instrument was used to monitor molecular assembly events on gold electrodes and to correlate these events with changes in electrochemical properties of the substrate. Model proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), were conjugated via carbodiimide (EDC) chemistry to a layer of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) assembled on SPR sensor surface. Deposition of alkanethiols and proteins were monitored by ellipsometry and SPR techniques, and was further confirmed by cyclic voltammetry with potassium ferricyanide serving as a reporter molecule. The surface‐bound proteins were completely removed by applying a reductive potential of −1200 mV vs. Pt electrode in a physiological saline buffer. Importantly, the sequence of protein immobilization followed by desorption could be repeated multiple times, thus demonstrating ability to modulate interfacial properties. Controlled removal of protein molecules from electrode surfaces is envisioned to have important applications in affinity or cell‐based biosensing, cellular micropatterning and cell sorting.
Photoelectro‐Synergistic Catalysis at Ti/TiO2/PbO2 Electrode and Its Application on Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand
Authors: Li Jiaqing , Zheng Lei , Li Luoping , Shi Guoyue , Xian Yuezhong , Jin Litong
Published: September 2006

In this paper, photoelectro‐synergistic catalysis oxidation of organics in water on Ti/TiO2/PbO2 electrode was investigated by the method of electrochemistry. Furthermore, the results were compared with those obtained from photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. The method proposed was applied to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, Ti/TiO2/PbO2 electrode functioning as the work electrode during the process. It was shown that the method of photoelectro‐synergistic catalysis had lower detection limit and wider linear range than the methods of electroassisted photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. The results obtained by the proposed method and conventional one were compared by carrying out the experiment on 8 wastewater samples. The correlation of the results using different methods was satisfactory and the relative bias was below ±6.0%.
Atypical mobilities of single native DNA molecules in microchip electrophoresis revealed by differential interference contrast microscopy
Authors: Kang Seong Ho , Lee Seungah , Yeung Edward S.
Published: September 2006

A transmitted‐light optical microscope using differential interference contrast (DIC) was employed to follow the real‐time dynamics of different kb‐sized single native dsDNA molecules without fluorescent‐dye labeling. In a PDMS/glass microchip, the electrophoretic migration velocities of large dsDNA molecules are lower than small dsDNA molecules in a running buffer of 0.25% v/v nonionic polymeric surfactant C16E6 (n‐alkyl polyoxyethylene ether) in 100 mM N‐tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl‐2‐aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) buffer because the C16E6 behaved as a dynamic polymer. However, the order of migration reversed in 50 mM Gly–Gly buffer. The radial positions of individual DNA molecules (i.e., center or walls of the microchip) did not change the migration order. The atypical migration order correlated well with the results in CE. The alignment of the deformable molecules due to viscous drag is likely responsible for these observations.
Development and validation of a robust capillary electrophoresis method for impurity profiling of etomidate including the determination of chiral purity using a dual cyclodextrin system
Authors: Hammitzsch Manuela , Rao Ramisetti N. , Scriba Gerhard K. E.
Published: September 2006

An enantioselective CE assay for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomeric purity and of related substances of etomidate has been developed and validated using a binary chiral selector system employing 30 mg/mL β‐CD and 4.6 mg/mL sulfated‐β‐CD in a 150 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 2.1. The method was validated with respect to specificity, range, linearity, LOQ and LOD, precision and accuracy. The assay allowed the detection and determination of related substances including (S)‐etomidate at the 0.05% w/w level, the reporting threshold as defined by the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines as well as the European Pharmacopoeia. Robustness testing was carried out by an “Augmented Plackett–Burman” design. Quantitation of the compounds was performed by calibration graphs with respect to lidocaine hydrochloride as internal standard and by peak area normalization, the procedure usually applied by pharmacopoeias. Although data obtained from the calibration graphs constructed with the aid of the internal standard were more accurate based on compound recovery, peak area normalization may also be used without significant loss of accuracy and precision.
Cataloging institutional efforts to understand and reduce college student departure
Authors: Braxton John M. , McKinney Jeffrey S. , Reynolds Pauline J.
Published: September 2006

In spite of substantial investment in retention in Indiana higher education, there have been only a few well‐designed studies that evaluate the effects of these interventions.
Using action research to support academic program improvement
Authors: Hansen Michele J. , Borden Victor M. H.
Published: September 2006

This chapter describes how an action research framework facilitates using evaluation and assessment results to improve programs and demonstrate institutional effectiveness.
Expression of interleukin‐1β, cyclooxygenase‐2, and prostaglandin E2 in a rotator cuff tear in rabbits
Authors: Koshima Hiroshi , Kondo Seiji , Mishima Shinji , Choi Ho‐Rim , Shimpo Hisashi , Sakai Tadahiro , Ishiguro Naoki
Published: September 2006

We investigated the specific factors related to shoulder pain due to a rotator cuff tear using a model in rabbits. A rotator cuff tear was surgically created, and the expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) was analyzed. In the supernatant of the tissue culture of the torn tendon, IL‐1β production was detected. The amount of IL‐1β was highest 1 day after injury, and then decreased gradually to 21 days. PGE2, the mediator of pain and the product of COX‐2, was also detected in the supernatant of the tissue culture. The production of PGE2 significantly increased to 7 days after injury, and then decreased to 21 days. RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the mRNA expression of IL‐1β and COX‐2 in the torn tendon. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that cells in the tendon stump were immunopositive for IL‐1β and COX‐2. Furthermore, in the affected joint, articular chondrocytes in the remote area from the tear expressed COX‐2 strongly. When the rotator cuff is torn, IL‐1β is produced in the torn tendon, and stimulates the expression of COX‐2 in not only the torn tendon but also in articular chondrocytes. The COX‐2 then produces PGE2, which would mediate shoulder pain. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:92–97, 2007
15 W output power diode-pumped solid-state lasers at 515 nm
Authors: Liu Q , Lu F , Gong M , Li C , Ma D
Published: September 2006

A green laser with output power 15 W at 515 nm is
introduced, which was based on an extra-cavity frequency doubling
of a corner-pumping Yb:YAG slab laser, with pulse repetition rate
of 10 kHz and pulse duration of ∼150 ns, using an
acousto-optic Q-switcher. An LBO crystal was used as nonlinear
crystal for frequency doubling in this experiment, which was cut
for type-I non-critical phase-matching. The frequency doubling
efficiency was 30%.
An Analysis of the Unos Liver Transplant Registry: High Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Does Not Justify An Increase in Meld Points for Suspected Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kemmer Nyingi , Neff Guy , Kaiser Tiffany , Zacharias Victoria , Thomas Mark , Tevar Amit , Satwah Supriya , Shukla Rakesh , Buell Joseph
Published: September 2006

The current United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) criteria for liver transplantation gives priority to patients with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP; ≥ 500 ng/mL) in the absence of radiologic evidence of a hepatic mass. Reports have shown that an elevated serum AFP is a poor diagnostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. Our aim was to determine if an AFP level above 500 ng/mL, in the absence of a liver mass by imaging study, correlates with the presence of HCC. Using the UNOS database we identified all patients transplanted for HCC in the United States between February 2002 and October 2005 based on these criteria. The data collected included: patient demographics, clinical information, and pathological outcomes. The data was analyzed using a chi-squared t–test and confirmed by logistic regression modeling. A total of 22 patients received a cadaveric liver transplant, while 1 received a living donor transplant during the study period. HCC was confirmed posttransplantation in only 6 patients (26%). There was no difference in race, gender, etiology of liver disease, or AFP level between patients with and without HCC but a significant difference in age (59.8 yr for HCC patients vs. 51.3 yr for the non-HCC group; P = 0.01). In conclusion, the majority of the patients who received extra Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) points based on an elevated AFP did not have HCC. Older age was a significant predictor for the presence of HCC in patients with a serum AFP greater than 500 ng/mL. These results demonstrate the poor correlation of serum AFP with the presence of HCC in patients awaiting liver transplantation.
Liver Transpl 12:1519–1522, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Early Immunosuppression Withdrawal After Living Donor Liver Transplantation and Donor Stem Cell Infusion
Authors: Donckier Vincent , Troisi Roberto , Le Moine Alain , Toungouz Michel , Ricciardi Salvatore , Colle Isabelle , Van Vlierberghe Hans , Craciun Ligia , Libin Myriam , Praet Marleen , Noens Lucien , Stordeur Patrick , Andrien Marc , Lambermont Micheline , Gelin Michel , Bourgeois Nadine , Adler Michael , de Hemptinne Bernard , Goldman Michel
Published: September 2006

Long-term results of organ transplantation are still limited by serious side effects of immunosuppressive drugs. A major issue, therefore, is to elaborate novel therapeutic protocols allowing withdrawal or minimization of immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation. We report on 3 patients prospectively enrolled in an original protocol designed to promote graft acceptance in living donor liver transplantation, using posttransplant conditioning with high doses of antithymocyte globulin followed by injection of donor-derived stem cells. In 2 patients, early immunosuppression withdrawal was possible, without subsequent graft deterioration. In these 2 cases, in vitro studies showed indices of immunological tolerance as assessed by specific hyporesponsiveness to donor alloantigens in mixed lymphocytes culture. In the third patient, acute rejection rapidly occurred after discontinuation of immunosuppression, and minimal immunosuppression has to be maintained during long-term follow-up. In this case, a clearly distinct immunoreactive profile was observed as compared to tolerant patients, as no specific modulation of the antidonor response was observed in vitro. Of note, no macrochimerism could be detected in any of the 3 patients during the follow-up. In conclusion, these clinical observations demonstrated that, despite the absence of macrochimerism, donor stem cells infusion combined with recipient conditioning may allow early immunosuppression withdrawal or minimization after liver transplantation. Liver Transpt 12:1523–1528, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Molecular and Clinical Perspectives of Polyomaviruses: Emerging Evidence of Importance in Non-Kidney Transplant Populations
Authors: Vilchez Regis A. , Kusne Shimon
Published: September 2006

JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, members of the family Polyomaviridae. These viruses establish persistent infections, and reactivate from latency in their host under immunosuppression. During the last few years there has been recognition of the morbidity related to polyomaviruses, particularly BKV in kidney transplant recipients. More importantly, recent studies indicate the potential implication of JCV, BKV, and SV40 in renal dysfunction among nonrenal organ transplant patients. Polyomaviruses are tumor-inducing viruses and animal models have provided evidence of the oncogenicity of these pathogens. Although data are not conclusive, molecular studies suggest an association of BKV and SV40 with malignancies among solid organ transplant patients. As new and potent immunosuppressive agents are introduced into clinical practice, it is believed that the incidence of polyomavirus-related diseases in organ transplantation might increase. This review evaluates the biologic and epidemiologic features of these 3 viruses, the data regarding their infections in nonkidney organ transplant patients and describes future directions in the management and research of these opportunistic pathogens.
Liver Transpl 12:1457–1463, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Front Cover: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 18/2006
Authors: Vyazovkin Sergey , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas
Published: September 2006

Front Cover: By using multiple Arrhenius equations related to a given conversion, α and temperature region, ΔT (A), isoconversional methods yield a dependence of the activation energy, Eα, on α that is used for kinetic predictions and obtaining mechanistic insights into processes of degradation (B), crosslinking (C), glass transition (D), and crystallization (E). Further details can be found in the article by S. Vyazovkin,* and N. Sbirrazzuoli on page 1515.
Solution conformation of longifolene and its precursor by NMR and ab initio calculations
Authors: Subramaniam Gopal , Karimi Sasan , Phillips David
Published: September 2006

We describe the conformation and stereospecific 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments of longifolene 1 and its penultimate precursor 2 through the combined use of ab initio calculations and experimental NMR techniques. The predicted stable conformation for both compounds was similar and adopts a twisted chair conformation at the seven‐membered ring where C4 lies on top of the exocyclic double bond. The calculated chemical shifts for the stable conformation agree well with the experimental values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Klee–Minty random edge chain moves with linear speed
Authors: Balogh József , Pemantle Robin
Published: September 2006

An infinite sequence of 0's and 1's evolves by flipping each 1 to a 0 exponentially at rate 1. When a 1 flips, all bits to its right also flip. Starting from any configuration with finitely many 1's to the left of the origin, we show that the leftmost 1 moves right with bounded speed. Upper and lower bounds are given on the speed. A consequence is that a lower bound for the run time of the random‐edge simplex algorithm on a Klee–Minty cube is improved so as to be quadratic, in agreement with the upper bound. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Hamiltonicity of random graphs produced by 2‐processes
Authors: Telcs András , Wormald Nicholas , Zhou Sanming
Published: September 2006

Suppose that a random graph begins with n isolated vertices and evolves by edges being added at random, conditional upon all vertex degrees being at most 2. The final graph is usually 2‐regular, but is not uniformly distributed. Some properties of this final graph are already known, but the asymptotic probability of being a Hamilton cycle was not known. We answer this question along with some related questions about cycles arising in the process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Integrating multiple calendars using τ ZAMAN
Authors: Urgun Bedirhan , Dyreson Curtis E. , Snodgrass Richard T. , Miller Jessica K. , Kline Nick , Soo Michael D. , Jensen Christian S.
Published: September 2006

Programmers are increasingly interested in developing applications that can be used internationally. Part of the internationalization effort is the ability to engineer applications to use dates and times that conform to local calendars yet can inter‐operate with dates and times in other calendars, for instance between the Gregorian and Islamic calendars. $\tau$ ZAMAN is a system that provides a natural language‐ and calendar‐independent framework for integrating multiple calendars. $\tau$ ZAMAN performs ‘runtime‐binding’ of calendars and language support. A running $\tau$ ZAMAN system dynamically loads calendars and language support tables from XML‐formatted files. Loading a calendar integrates it with other, already loaded calendars, enabling users of $\tau$ ZAMAN to add, compare, and convert times between multiple calendars. $\tau$ ZAMAN also provides a flexible, calendar‐independent framework for parsing temporal literals. Literals can be input and output in XML or plain text, using user‐defined formats, and in different languages and character sets. Finally, $\tau$ ZAMAN is a client/server system, enabling shared access to calendar servers spread throughout the Web. This paper describes the architecture of $\tau$ ZAMAN and experimentally quantifies the cost of using a calendar server to translate and manipulate dates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The basic SI model
Authors: Hurley Maureen , Jacobs Glen , Gilbert Melinda
Published: September 2006

A general overview of the SI model is provided, including the SI philosophy, essential components of the program, program structures, key roles, outcomes, and evaluation. A review of what we have learned about the importance of planning SI sessions, providing ongoing training for leaders, conducting regular SI program assessments, and implementing effective and essential learning strategies is also provided.
Supplemental instruction at a community college: The four pillars
Authors: Zaritsky Joyce Ship , Toce Andi
Published: September 2006

This chapter describes how a well‐respected peer‐led academic support model, Supplemental Instruction (SI), has been successful in improving grades and reducing failure in high‐risk courses at LaGuardia Community College since 1993.
Benefits to Supplemental Instruction leaders
Authors: Stout M. Lisa , McDaniel Amelia J.
Published: September 2006

This chapter provides a broad overview of the benefits attained by SI leaders as a result of their participation in SI leadership activities.
In‐utero pulmonary drainage in the management of primary hydrothorax and congenital cystic lung lesion: a systematic review
Authors: Knox E. M. , Kilby M. D. , Martin W. L. , Khan K. S.
Published: September 2006

Objective

To determine the effect of in‐utero pulmonary drainage on perinatal survival in fetuses with primary hydrothoraces and/or congenital cystic lung lesions.

Methods

Relevant papers were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966–2004), EMBASE (1988–2004) and the Cochrane Library (2004 issue 2). Studies were selected if the effect of prenatal pulmonary drainage (shunt, surgery or drainage) on perinatal survival was compared with no treatment, in fetuses with ultrasonic evidence of lung pathology. Study selection, quality assessment and data abstraction were performed independently and in duplicate.

Results

Of a total number of 7958 articles, there were 16 controlled observational studies involving 608 fetuses. Study characteristics and quality were recorded for each study. Data were abstracted to generate 2 × 2 tables to compare the effect of pulmonary drainage vs. no drainage on perinatal survival. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were used as summary measures of effect and the results were stratified according to predicted fetal prognoses. Pulmonary drainage did not improve perinatal survival in cystic lung lesions compared with no drainage (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32–0.97, P = 0.04) overall. However there was a marked improvement with this therapy in a subgroup of fetuses with fetal hydrops fetalis (OR 19.28, 95% CI 3.67–101.27, P = 0.0005) but not in the subgroup uncomplicated by fetal hydrops fetalis (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.01–0.32, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Percutaneous, in‐utero pulmonary drainage in fetuses with ultrasonic evidence of congenital pulmonary cystic malformations was associated with improved perinatal survival among fetuses with hydrops fetalis and therefore poor predicted survival. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral skin necrosis in the recipient of monochorionic twins complicated by twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Fox C. , Cox P. , Kilby M. D.
Published: September 2006

Twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) complicates approximately 15% of monochorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancies and if untreated carries a high perinatal loss rate of between 80% and 100%, depending on the stage. The underlying pathology in TTTS appears to be an imbalanced intertwin perfusion difference, secondary to functional unidirectional arteriovenous anastomoses within a monochorionic placenta. We report two cases of monochorionic twin pregnancy complicated by TTTS, in which the pregnancies were treated by serial aggressive amnioreduction. However, the recipient twin in each pregnancy developed ‘ischemic damage’ to a lower limb. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.