bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluación del estado actual de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de las comunidades en pobreza severa de los municipios: Masatepe, Nandasmo, Niquinohomo, Catarina y San Juan de Oriente en el departamento de Masaya durante el año 2016.
Authors: López García Henrry Luis
Published: November 2019

Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el porcentaje de la población en pobreza general y extrema, así como estimar los niveles de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de las familias residentes en las zonas vulnerables, e este caso, de los municipios: Masatepe, Nandasmo, Niquinohomo, Catarina y San Juan de Oriente en el departamento de Masaya durante el año 2016, según el indicador de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI) medido por el CENSO del año 2005. El método usado es el estudio descriptivo, correlacional y analítico, utilizando la técnica por encuesta y el instrumento del formulario de la “Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria” (ELCSA); la cual fue aplicada a una muestra de n=175 de una población de N= 1,245 jefes de hogares. La muestra fue tomada con un nivel de confianza del 95 % y un error máximo permisible de B=0.3223. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que la ELCSA mostro una alta consistencia interna (Cronbach 99.3 %). En los hogares estudiados el 62 % de los jefes de hogares fueron del sexo femenino, el restante (38 %) fueron del sexo masculino. Referente al nivel de escolaridad, el 33.7 % tenían una escolaridad secundaria y el 35.4 % tenían un nivel académico de primaria. Referente a la incidencia de la pobreza, el 90.3 % de las familias son pobres extremos y el 9.7 % se encontraron en pobreza general. Las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad (57.7 %) de ser pobres extremas que los hombres (57%). Se concluye que las familias encuestadas se encontraron en pobreza severa, a esto se la agrega el alto porcentajes de la prevalencia en la inseguridad alimentaria, en esta población, las mujeres son más propensas a ser pobres y tienen mayor probabilidad de ser inseguras alimentariamente.
The State of Platinum in Pyrite Studied by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Synthetic Crystals
Authors: Filimonova Olga N. , Nickolsky Maximilian S. , Trigub Alexander L. , Chareev Dmitriy A. , Kvashnina Kristina O. , Kovalchuk Elena V. , Vikentyev Ilya V. , Tagirov Boris R.
Published: November 2019

Pyrite (FeS2) is a typical container of Pt in ores of magmatic and hydrothermal origin and in some carbonrich ores of sedimentary-diagenetic origin. Knowledge of the state of Pt disseminated in the matrix of pyrite, including local atomic environment (type of atoms in the nearest and distant coordination shells, coordination numbers, interatomic distances) and oxidation state, is necessary for physical-chemical modeling of platinum group element mineralization and for the improvement of Pt ore extraction and processing technologies. Here we report results of an investigation of local atomic structure of synthetic Pt-bearing pyrites by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Synthesis experiments, performed at 580° and 590°C in a Pt-saturated system by means of salt-flux method, yielded crystals of pyrite with concentrations of Pt up to 4 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) showed that the distribution of Pt within the pyrite grains is of zonal character, but within the distinct zones Pt is distributed homogeneously. Negative correlation between the concentrations of Pt and Fe was observed in the synthesized pyrite grains. The slope of the correlation line corresponds to the formation of the solid solution in the Pt-Fe-S system and/or to the formation of PtS2. The XAS experiments revealed the existence of two forms of Pt in pyrite. The main form is the solid solution Pt(IV), which isomorphically substitutes for Fe. The Pt-S distance in pyrite is ~0.1 Å longer than that of Fe-S in pure pyrite. The distortion of the pyrite crystal structure disappears at R >2.5 Å. The second Pt-rich form was identified by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) as nanosized inclusions of PtS2. Heating experiments with in situ registration of X-ray absorption spectra resulted in partial decomposition (dissolution) of PtS2 nanosized inclusions with the formation of the solid solution (Fe1–xPtx)S2. Therefore, the PtS2 nanosized particles can be considered as a quench product. Our data demonstrate that both Pt solid solution and PtS2 nanosized inclusions (at high Pt content) can exist in natural Pt-bearing pyrites.
The Genesis of the Salt Diapir-Related Mississippi Valley-Type Ba-Pb-(± Zn) Ore of the Slata District, Tunisia: The Role of Halokinesis, Hydrocarbon Migration, and Alpine Orogenesis
Authors: Rddad Larbi , Jemmali Nejib , Sośnicka Marta , Cousens Brian
Published: November 2019

The juxtaposition of a Triassic evaporite diapir with the organic matter-rich Fahdene Formation (Albian-Vra-conian) along major faults in the Slata ore district raises the question of the roles played by halokinesis, hydrocarbons, and tectonics in mineralization. The Slata mining district, located in the Tunisian salt diapiric zone, contains Ba-Pb-(± Zn) ore hosted in the Aptian carbonates. The mineralogical paragenetic sequence consists of barite (Ba-1)–galena ± sphalerite ± calcite (Ca-1)–barite (Ba-2) and finally, late calcites (Ca-2 and Ca-3). Fluid inclusions from early barite reveal that it was precipitated from a warm (134°–157°C), H2O-NaCl-KCl-CaCl2, moderately saline (13.3–24.6 wt % NaCl equiv) basinal brine. This fluid is thought to have resulted from the mixing of a deep-seated, hot, metal-bearing fluid with a cooler, dilute SO42−-rich fluid. Early calcite and cogenetic sulfides (galena and sphalerite) precipitated from fluids of similar salinities and temperatures as the barite-forming fluids, but with the additional involvement of hydrocarbons. Sulfur isotope data suggest that thermochemical sulfate reduction of Triassic gypsum was the main source of reduced sulfur for sulfides. Late barite precipitated as a result of the mixing between a Ba-rich, hot, ascending fluid with a cooler, dilute Triassic sulfate-rich fluid in the absence of hydrocarbons. The homogeneous Pb isotope compositions of galena along with the Sr isotope compositions of barite point to a Paleozoic reservoir as the main source of metals with a contribution from the Triassic-Cretaceous rocks. The emplacement of the ore occurred during the Eocene-Miocene Alpine compressional tectonic activity that triggered the circulation of Paleozoic-derived metal-bearing fluids.
Selection of Optimal Thermochemical Treatment of Steel Guides of Yarn
Authors: Płonka Stanisław , Drobina Robert , Jędrzejczyk Dariusz , Postrożny Jacek
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a method of selection of an optimal (the best possible) thermochemical treatment of a steel guide of yarn for a ring spinning frame with the use of an optimisation procedure based on assumed criteria, and with consideration of their importance. Yarn guides for a ring spinning frame were manufactured from three brands of steel and were subjected to the following types of thermochemical treatment: 50SiCr4 steel (chrome hardening, diffusion boronising, and titanising); 41CrAlMo7 steel (nitrosulfiding and nitrogen case hardening), and C45 steel (diffusion boronizing). Unit manufacturing costs and six criteria of manufacturing quality: four parameters of surface texture (Rq, Rp, RΔq, rw), maximal hardness of the surface layer (HV0,1), and the case depth of the surface layer (gww), were taken as criteria for assessment. Values of the assessment criteria obtained from calculations and measurements were subjected to normalisation. The knowledge of experts and importance matrix B evaluated with the use of the Saaty method (consisting in pairwise comparison of the successive criteria) were used to determine the importance of the criteria taken for the assessment. Using the Power method, eigenvalues of matrix B were found, as well as corresponding coordinates yt of the eigenvector, which are simultaneously the weights of the corresponding criteria. Normalised decisions were created in the next step by raising each component of the normalised assessments to a power equal to the corresponding weight. In the last step of the procedure, a single optimal lining-up was created comprising the smallest s-th components of the individual decisions d1, d2, …, dm. The best variant of the thermochemical treatment was recognised as corresponding to the largest component of the optimal lining-up, which in our case is the diffusion boronizing.
Preparation of Flax Roving for Spinning in Electro-Chemical Activated Solutions
Authors: Rudovsky Pavel Hikolayevich , Nuriyev Mahammadali Nuraddin , Recebov Ilqar Saleh
Published: November 2019

A number of environmentally hazardous substances are used in the process of flax roving preparation for spinning. An alternative to them can be the use of electrochemical activated aqueous solutions. However, the metastability of such solutions requires time tracking of their properties’ relaxation. This article pre-sents experimental data on the relaxation of relevant solutions that can be used for a well-founded selection of flax roving treatment procedures to ensure a re-quired quality of flax yarn. It has been experimentally proven that the use of ECA solutions for preparing rovings for spinning allows to obtain high quality yarn as well as significantly reduce wastewater pollution and improve the envi-ronmental situation in the places of their emissions.
Determination of the Impact of Weft Density on Fabric Dynamic Thickness under Tensile Forces
Authors: Penava Željko , Šimić Penava Diana , Knezić Željko
Published: November 2019

This paper deals with the impact of fabric density on fabric thickness change when samples are subjected to uniaxial tensile forces in the weft direction. During stretching, fabric thickness changes depending on the value of the tensile force. In an effort to be as precise as possible in measuring fabric dynamic thickness changes and the area on which the tensile force acts, a new measuring apparatus was designed and constructed. This measuring apparatus allows the simultaneous measurement of fabric dynamic thickness, related tensile axial forces and extension. Measurements of the fabric dynamic thickness, breaking force and breaking extension during the stretching process were carried out on five samples of cotton woven fabric with a constant warp density and different weft densities in the same structural plain weave. Based on the experimentally obtained values, the paper presents diagrams of the relationship between dynamic changes in fabric thickness in relation to the tensile force and extension. The research presented in this paper shows that an increase in the tensile force increases fabric thickness for all weft densities. Also, the out-of-plane woven fabric ratio was calculated as a relation between the relative thickness strain and relative axial strain. The characteristic curve shows this ratio.
Effect of the Solvent System on the Morphology and Performance of Nylon 6 Nanofibre Membranes
Authors: Yanilmaz Meltem
Published: November 2019

Nylon 6 nanofibre membranes were prepared by electrospinning of nylon 6 solutions with various volume ratios of trifluoroethyl alcohol (TFE) and formic acid (FA). The effect of the solvent type on the morphology of nylon 6 nanofibre membranes was investigated. Results showed that all membranes studied showed uniform, defect-free structures with very thin nanofibre diameters. The addition of formic acid led to a significant decrease in average fibre diameters. The average fibre diameters were 660, 186, 87, 62 and 30 nm for nylon 6 nonofibre prepared using the binary solution system and trifluoroethyl alcohol/formic acid (100:0), (75:25), (50:50), (25:75) & (0:100) respectively. In addition, the nylon 6 nanofibre membranes prepared using formic acid showed the highest strength with the highest porosity and the lowest average fibre diameters.
Kant’s Attack on the Amphiboly of the Concepts of Reflection
Authors: Brook Andrew , McRobert Jennifer
Published: November 2019

In the neglected 'Amphiboly of the Concepts of Reflection,' Kant introduces a new transcendental activity, Transcendental Deliberation (Kemp Smith calls it 'Transcendental Reflection'). It aims to determine to which faculty a representation belongs and does so by examining the representation's relationships to other representations. This enterprise yields some powerful ideas. (1) Some of the relationships studied have great interest, numerical identity in particular. Indeed, seeing Kant discuss it here, one wonders why he did not include it in the Table of Categories. (2) Kant gives a solid argument for the necessity of a sensible element in representations, something not found elsewhere in the Transcendental Analytic.
¿Son las leyes logicas leyes psicologicas?
Authors: Crespo Mariano
Published: November 2019

Uno de los problemas que han acompañado a la lógica desde sus inicios es el del esclarecimiento del estatuto de las leyes lógicas. A lo largo de toda la historia, pero de una forma especial a finales del siglo pasado e inicios de este, se mantuvo que las estas leyes no son sino leyes psicológicas que se fundan, en última instancia, en la peculair constitución psicológica del ser humano. El estudio de esta posición así como de la crítica llevada a cabo por Edmund Husserl en algunas de sus obras ponen de manifiesto toda una serie de problemas filosóficos conectados con esta cuestión. Por otra parte, los resultados positivos de la crítica husserliana del psicologismos dan lugar a una serie de tésis como la estricta distinción entre lo ideal y lo real y la consideración de las significaciones como espécies que presentan un gran interés son solamente para la historia de la fenomenología, sino también para la metafísica, la lógica y la teoría del conocimiento. En este sentido, el artículo analiza las posiciones fundamentales del psicologismo e intenta mostrar la imposibilidad de que dicha posición contribuya a una fundamentación del conocimiento.
BonJour’s ‘Basic Antifoundationalist Argument’
Authors: Howard-Snyder Daniel
Published: November 2019

BonJour argues that there can be no basic empirical beliefs. But premises three and four jointly entail ‘BonJour’s Rule’ — one’s belief that p is justified only if one justifiably believes the premises of an argument that makes p highly likely — which, given human psychology, entails global skepticism. His responses to the charge of skepticism, restricting premise three to basic beliefs and noting that the Rule does not require ‘explicit’ belief, fail. Moreover, the Rule does not express an epistemic duty. Finally, his argument against this fails since it is false that if an experiential state has representational content, then it is in need of justification. I venture the diagnosis that BonJour mistook the representational content of a cognitive state for the assertive functional role of a belief. Foundationalism may well be false, but not for BonJour’s reasons.
Knowledge by Invention
Authors: Jetli Priyedarshi
Published: November 2019

I argue for the possibility of knowledge by invention whch is neither á priori nor á posteriori. My conception of knowledge by invention evolves from Poincaré’s conventionalism, but unlike Poincaré’s conventions, propositions known by invention have a truth value. An individuating criteria for this type of knowledge is conjectured. The proposition known through invention is: gounded historically in the discipline to which it belongs; a result of the careful, sincere and objective quest and effort of the knower; chosen freely by the inventer or knower; and, private in its invention but public once invented. I extend knowledge by invention to include the knowledge of the invented proposition by those who do not invent it but accept it as a convention for good reasons. Finally, knowledge by invention combined with a revisionist, Platonist definition of knowledge as actively justified true belief provides a pedagogical model reviving the proactive spirit of the Socratic method with an emphasis on invention and activity and a de-emphasis on information gathering and passivity.
Consistency and Epistemic Probability
Authors: Olin Doris
Published: November 2019

Is consistency always epistemically virtuous? In this paper, I examine one threat to the traditional view that consistency is a minimum requirement for rational belief. Central to the argument is the notion of epistemic probability, understood as the degree of support or confirmation provided by the total available evidence. My strategy in examining this argument is to apply analogous reasoning to carefully tailored examples. The conclusions which emerge are substantive, informative and utterly implausible. I conclude, first, that the argument for inconsistency fails and, second, that it fails because epistemic probability does not conform to the axioms of the probability calculus. A plausible alternate model for determining degree of support is briefly considered.
Index To Vol. 36
Authors: Tamblyn Eldon W.
Published: November 2019

Index To Vol. 36
Seminario: «Online Service Providers liability in the EU and USA: Art. 17 Directive CDSM and Sec. 512 USCA»
Authors: Olivé Busquets Pol
Published: November 2019

El 2 de julio de 2019, el grupo de investigación INTERDRET (Dret d’internet – 2017SGR1711) de los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la UOC organizó un seminario a cargo de la Prof.ª Jane C. Ginsburg, de la Columbia University Law School de Nueva York. La profesora Jane C. Ginsburg comparó la situación de las plataformas de contenidos en la UE y EE. UU. frente a la responsabilidad de proteger los derechos de autor.
La criptoeconomia, una aproximació des de la fiscalitat
Authors: Belda Ignasi
Published: November 2019

La criptoeconomia és un nou concepte tecnicoeconòmic que està emergint amb gran força gràcies a recents avanços tecnològics, com el blockchain. La criptoeconomia possibilita la creació de nous entorns col·laboratius a gran escala basant-se en sistemes descentralitzats. Tot i això, a l’igual que l’economia tradicional, aquest nou paradigma econòmic està també subjecte a les normes i lleis tributàries. En aquest article, doncs, ens proposem revisar algunes de les possibilitats que ens brinda la nova tecnologia des d’una òptica tributària, amb l’objectiu de determinar en quins casos els ingressos econòmics estan subjectes a tributació o no, tot segons la legislació i doctrina espanyola.
The Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp in Italy: Surveys on its Native and Exotic Parasitoids as Well as on Chestnut Cultivar Susceptibility
Authors: Bracalini M. , Croci F. , Turchi A. , Giordani E. , Tiberi R. , Panzavolta T.
Published: November 2019

In the context of biological control against the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Italy, the aim of this study was to survey its native parasitoids as well as the exotic Torymus sinensis Kamijo which had been introduced and released as a biological control agent. Furthermore, both parasitism and pest susceptibility of local chestnut trees were investigated. Surveys were carried out in 2014 in the Municipality of Sambuca Pistoiese (Pistoia), in a chestnut forest which included three cultivars: Nerattino, Carpinese, and Pastinese. On a total of 35 trees, selected among the three cultivars, 24 current-year shoots were randomly collected and examined in the laboratory. After the damage by the cynipid had been assessed, leaf samples were used for molecular analyses. Galls were also collected on the 35 selected trees both for dissection and to rear parasitoid specimens in the laboratory. The three cultivars were confirmed by genetic tests. The Carpinese cultivar resulted to be the most damaged, with highest percentage of attacked shoots (84.38%). Moreover it was also the cultivar with the lower parasitism rate (about 16%). From reared galls seven parasitoid species emerged, all belonging to the superfamily of Chalcidoidea. Exception made for the non-native T. sinensis, the other six were native species associated to oak gall wasps.  Native parasitoids were more scarcely present, while the exotic T. sinensis amounted for the 84.27% of all emerged parasitoids. Our results confirm how chestnut susceptibility to D. kuriphilus varies depending on the cultivar. Overall, the Nerattino cultivar resulted as the best among the three examined: it was subject to a less intense attack than the other cultivars, and the resulting smaller galls were more effectively exploited by parasitoids.
Disaster Communication in 4.0 Era: Review of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Lombok West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: . Kholil , Setyawan Aris , Ariani Nafiah , Ramli Dan Soehatman
Published: November 2019

Effect of Lombok earthquake on July 29, 2018 was very extensive, 50-60% of infrastuctures (dam, road, market) destroyed, 132.000 houses damaged and 564 people died. Total of economic losses reach IDR 10.1 trillion. The most serious problem is communication, between government, local community and other institutions.  Actually the earthquake news makes people panic and confused what to do.

The purpose of this study is to design an appropriate disaster communication model in digital era and to identify the most important aspects during disaster. Method used was SAST (Strategic Assumption and Surfacing Testing) and ECM (Exponential Comparation Method). SAST method selected to identify the most strategic assumption (important and certainty) which must be considered in economic recovery; while ECM is used to select the most appropriate strategy of community economic recovery post earthquake.

Study results showed that the most efective communication during a disaster is establishing a disaster information center involving the BMKG (Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency) and BPBD (Local Disaster Agency) and local government.
Dynamics of Sediment Organic Matter along Bandama River in the Department of Sinématiali, Northern Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Huberson Claver N’doufou Gnosseith , Koffi Hypolithe Kouadio , Krogba Yves Nangah , Djè Frederic Tra Bi
Published: November 2019

This study examines the distribution of organic matter in areas affected by frequent floods along the east bank of the Bandama River in the department of Sinématiali. The sites sampled are defined by two zones, one near the stream and one far from the stream. Samples collected were analyzed, including for texture with aggregation analysis by the Robinson pipette, and standard sediment analysis methods for measuring organic carbon (CO), nitrogen (N), and organic matter (MO). Statistical analyzes were carried out to assess the differences between the physico-chemical parameters of the different sampling areas. Results show that sediment from the various study sites has a sando-limonous to limono-clay texture. Total organic matter levels are higher in surface sediments that contain the lowest proportions of clay. Rates range from 31.98 gkg-1 to 38.98 gkg-1. In depth, the rates obtained are very low and range from 6.3 gkg-1 to 8.193 gkg-1. The low rates recorded in depth are reported to be related to leaching caused by periodic flooding. These results show that successive floods have a direct effect on the dynamics of the physico-chemical properties of the sediments along the shore.
The Emergent Business of Internet Pharmacies: Convenience, Risks, Regulatory Policies and Future
Authors: Ahmed Shaikh Zaffar , Buzdar Muhammad Hanif , Pahore Muhammad Ramzan , Hussain Mirani Ibrar , Noor Masood
Published: November 2019

Healthcare is a core issue for all individuals, societies and states. There are continuous and aggressive efforts everywhere to improve healthcare conditions for people. With the rise of the World Wide Web, every sphere of life has gone through a huge revolution and so has the field of medicine. As people get more and more access to the internet, the trend to search for information related to health has also gone high. According to web data, almost 4.5% of all internet search is related to healthcare. 72% of the US and 71% of the European internet users have searched for information related to health during the past year. This is overwhelming. Mobile phone devices have further pushed this trend to new heights. But the point of caution is that internet users have started to get self-diagnosis online. Not only that, but the tendency to order medicine online has also gone up. ‘Pharmaceuticals’ is a huge part of the medicine industry. Just like any other business going online during the recent decades, the pharmacies have also gone online and against any apprehensions, they have met an overwhelming success there. There is an ever-growing number of online customers for internet pharmacies. The convenience of home delivery is always alluring and comparatively, the economical cost is an added benefit. But along this success came some serious issues forcing the authorities to enact regulations. This paper expounds on the historical development of internet pharmacies, their rapid growth during recent times, their advantages, concerns and regulatory actions to keep them under control. It also contains a bit of advice to the customers to avoid monetary and physical harm from illegal pharmacies online.
A Semantic Study of English Euphemistic Expressions and Their Persian Translations in Jane Austen’s Novel “Emma”
Authors: Beizaee Mehran , Suzani Samad Mirza
Published: November 2019

This qualitative study considered English euphemisms and their translation into Persian from a linguistic and translational perspective. The main aim of the study was to see how Warren’s (1992) semantic categories of euphemisms are treated in the process of translation from SL to the TL. The assessment of the translation of euphemistic expressions was carried out by focusing on Newmark’s (1981) approaches to translation. By focusing on the translation of English euphemistic figurative devices, and drawing on data from a famous English novel, Jane Austen's Emma, the researcher considered in detail the translation of euphemistic metaphors, metonymies, overstatements, understatements as well as reversals (antonyms) in the Persian translations of Emma. The results showed that Persian counterparts are not necessarily metonymical and metaphorical and are not necessarily euphemistic. The translations may nonetheless be highly communicative when certain strategies are applied. It was also found that the translator has freedom to translate formally and keep the same force as in the overstatement, understatement and reversal, and in the same vein, the translator has the freedom to translate non-euphemistically.
Children with Narcolepsy type 1 have increased T‐cell responses to orexins
Authors: Cogswell Andrew C. , Maski Kiran , Scammell Thomas E. , Tucker Dominique , Orban Zachary S. , Koralnik Igor J.
Published: November 2019

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is caused by severe loss of the orexin neurons, and is highly associated with HLA DQB1*06:02. Using intracellular cytokine staining, we observed a higher frequency of IFN‐γ‐ and TNF‐α‐producing CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells in response to orexins in 27 children with NT1 compared to 15 healthy control children. Conversely, no such difference was observed between 14 NT1 and 16 HC adults. In addition, priming with flu peptides amplified the T‐cell response to orexins in children with NT1. Our data suggests that NT1 may be caused by an autoimmune T‐cell response to orexins, possibly triggered by flu antigens.
Tracking control for nonlinear time‐delay multiagent systems with input saturation
Authors: Duan Zhiyu , Zhang Xianfu , Kong Lingyu , Wang Zi‐Ming
Published: November 2019

In this paper, the tracking control problem for a class of nonlinear time‐delay multiagent systems with input saturation is considered. The nonlinear dynamics are dominated by strict‐feedback form and satisfy Lipschitz conditions with constant gains. First, it indicated that the tracking control problem is equivalent to a general bound problem of high‐dimensional multivariable systems. Second, an ingenious state transformation is utilized to change the bound problem into the parameter design problem. Third, by the static gain control technique and the hyperbolic tangent function, both state feedback and output feedback controllers are built such that all signals of the closed‐loop systems are globally bounded, and the tracking errors between the followers and the leader can converge to a small neighborhood around the origin by appropriately selecting parameters. Finally, an example is shown to verify the feasibility of our results.
FDA relents on Brixadi, competitor to Sublocade
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2019

Last week, Braeburn won its fight against Indivior to bring its injectable form of buprenorphine, Brixadi, to the U.S. market. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Braeburn's request to the FDA to revoke the orphan drug designation for Indivior's Sublocade. However, the FDA has reaffirmed exclusivity for Sublocade until next November.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Promoted Rapid Cascade Reaction of Quinoxalinones with Unactivated Alkenes and TMSN3
Authors: Shen Jiabin , Xu Jun , Huang Lin , Zhu Qing , Zhang Pengfei
Published: November 2019

The first example of rapidly three‐component cascade reaction of quinoxalinones with unactivated alkenes and TMSN3 under mild condition has been described. This approach provides a practical solution for the rapid modification of quinoxalinones and enables new planning strategies for the synthesis of bioactive organoazides. A radical mechanism is responsible for this three‐component transformation.

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Modeling of Intrinsic Electron and Hole Trapping in Crystalline and Amorphous ZnO
Authors: Mora‐Fonz David , Shluger Alexander L.
Published: November 2019

Recent advances in ultrafast liquid quenching and deposition of thin films on cold substrates make growing amorphous (a)‐ZnO films increasingly feasible. The electronic structure and electron and hole trapping properties of amorphous ZnO are predicted using density functional theory (DFT) simulations with a hybrid density functional (h‐DFT). An ensemble of fifty 324‐atom structures is employed to obtain the distribution of structural and electronic properties of a‐ZnO. The results demonstrate that electrons do not localize in a‐ZnO, but holes form deep localized states with average trapping energy of about 0.9 eV. It is also shown that dispersion at the conduction band minimum (CBM) is not affected upon amorphization, suggesting that high electron mobility should be retained. An average value of a‐ZnO band gap of 3.36 eV is calculated with no states splitting into the band gap, which accounts for no substantial detrimental effect on the optical transparency upon amorphization. These findings may have important implications for future applications of a‐ZnO as a transparent conductor and photocatalyst.
Gender Disparities in Academic Emergency Medicine: Strategies for the Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion of Women
Authors: Agrawal Pooja , Madsen Tracy E. , Lall Michelle , Zeidan Amy
Published: November 2019

Although women comprise half of all medical students, the number of female academic emergency medicine (EM) physicians remains at approximately 27%. In addition, despite having equivalent credentials, female EM faculty remain underrecognized and undercompensated when compared to their male counterparts. Recent studies have shown superior outcomes among patients treated by EM physicians who are women; however, disparities in advancement persist. This white paper, prepared on behalf of the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine, describes recent evidence demonstrating gender disparities in the EM workforce including content presented at the 2019 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting. The authors describe strategies to address the identified problems. Specific recommendations include individual as well as institutional/systems‐level approaches to creating directed programming and initiatives to recruit, support, and promote women at all aspects of the career continuum.
Cooperatives as competitive yardstick in the hog industry?—Evidence from China
Authors: Liang Qiao , Wang Xinxin
Published: November 2019

The competitive yardstick role of marketing cooperatives refers to the fact that the presence of cooperatives drives the market towards competitiveness. We conduct an empirical study based on panel data from the hog industry in China to examine the existence of competitive yardstick effect of cooperatives. Data including information regarding hog producer cooperatives, farm gate prices of hogs, and other relevant factors in China's 21 provinces in the years 2009–2012 are used. Various methods, including ordinary least squares regression, random‐effect model, and fixed‐effect model, are adopted to predict the effect of cooperatives development on farm gate prices. The results confirm the role of hog producer cooperatives as the competitive yardstick of markets, that is, a positive effect of strength of cooperatives on the farm gate prices received by hog producers with various production sizes. [EconLit classifications: Q13, L16]
Pre‐pollination barriers between two sympatric Arisaema species in northern Shikoku Island, Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Tetsuya K. , Miyazaki Yuko , Sueyoshi Masahiro , Senda Yoshihiro , Yamada Kazuhiro , Hirobe Muneto
Published: November 2019

Premise

The genus Arisaema (Araceae) has rapidly diversified in Japan, and multiple species often coexist in the field. Although Japanese Arisaema species hybridize from artificial crossing, hybrid individuals are rare in mixed populations; suggesting the presence of effective pre‐pollination barriers. We examined the following reproductive barriers between A. sikokianum and A. tosaense: habitat, phenology, and pollinator isolations.

Methods

Habitat isolation was examined by interspecific comparisons of microhabitat conditions at a mixed site and of altitude at the sampling site of herbarium specimens. Phenological isolation was evaluated by comparing seasonal transition in apparent spathe condition and frequency of insect visitation. Pollinator isolation was examined by comparing floral visitor assemblages between the two Arisaema species. To avoid overestimation of pollinator isolation due to seasonal changes in insect assemblages, we also compared visitor assemblages between natural and late‐flowering A. sikokianum, where the latter was experimentally introduced and blooming with a natural A. tosaense population.

Results

Microhabitat conditions and sampling elevations of herbarium specimens overlapped between the two Arisaema species. At the population level, A. sikokianum and A. tosaense flowered for 39 and 52 days, respectively, with 13 days overlap. Insect visitation in A. sikokianum decreased before the seasonal overlap. Floral visitor assemblages differed between the two Arisaema species, while the difference between natural and late‐flowering A. sikokianum was less distinct.

Conclusions

Phenological and pollinator isolation contribute to reproductive isolation between the two Arisaema species and should enable the two species to coexist in this area.
CHARGE syndrome in nine patients from China
Authors: Cheng Shirley S. W. , Luk Ho‐Ming , Chan David K. H. , Lo Ivan F. M.
Published: November 2019

CHARGE syndrome (CS) is a multiple congenital anomalies condition with the majority of cases caused by dominant loss‐of‐function mutations of the CHD7 gene. It is clinically characterized by coloboma of the eyes, heart defects, choanal atresia, retardation of growth and/or development, genital and/or urinary anomalies and ear malformations associated with deafness and vestibular disorder(s). This case series reported nine molecularly confirmed Chinese CS patients from nine unrelated families in Hong Kong. Clinical phenotype and facial features of these nine Chinese CS patients together with four previously reported Chinese patients were reviewed. Typical presentations like coloboma and choanal atresia were not universally present. The prevalence of choanal atresia in these Chinese CS patients was found to be significantly lower than that in previous cohorts of other ethnic groups. This report highlighted the existence of phenotypic variation of CS among different ethnicities and suggested that a high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis of CS in Chinese patients.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum and hepatoblastoma
Authors: Luckie Taylor M. , Potter Samara L. , Bacino Carlos A. , Shah Rachana , Heczey Andras , Venkatramani Rajkumar
Published: November 2019

Agenesis of the corpus callosum is a congenital brain malformation that can occur in isolation or as a component of a congenital syndrome. Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a rare tumor that comprises two thirds of primary hepatic neoplasms in children and adolescents. Up to 20% of children with HB have associated congenital anomalies. In addition to defined genetic syndromes such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 13, and Trisomy 18, HB is significantly associated with kidney/bladder abnormalities. We present two children with multiple congenital anomalies, including agenesis of the corpus callosum, who were subsequently diagnosed with HB. Review of the literature revealed two patients with clinically‐diagnosed Aicardi syndrome and HB. Due to the rarity of both agenesis of the corpus callosum and HB, this is likely a true association. Further investigation into the underlying genetic and molecular basis of this probable association is warranted.
Multiwavelength GaN‐Based Surface‐Emitting Lasers and Their Design Principles
Authors: Weng Guoen , Chen Shaoqiang , Mei Yang , Liu Yuejun , Akiyama Hidefumi , Hu Xiaobo , Liu Jianping , Zhang Baoping , Chu Junhao
Published: November 2019

Dual‐wavelength lasing operations are demonstrated in GaN‐based vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) comprising ingeniously designed asymmetric InGaN quantum wells (AS‐QWs). The dual laser modes show exact positive‐correlated polarization dependences with a high degree of polarization of up to 98%. By simply tuning the pump energy, the components and intensity of the laser outputs can be continuously changed, making wavelength selection and switching available for the GaN‐based VCSELs. Detailed theoretical analysis and experimental measurements show that the intensity of optical gain and the coupling between the active layer and optical field, namely the electron–photon interaction, as well as carrier tunneling and photon reabsorption play a crucial role in the multiwavelength lasing processes. Moreover, the design principles of the proposed AS‐QWs and multistacked size‐varied quantum dot (MS‐QD) active regions are elaborated to provide guidelines for controllable multiwavelength emissions in GaN‐based surface‐emitting lasers. These results not only provide better understanding of lasing in nitride‐based microcavity systems but also shed insight into the more fundamental issues of electron–photon coupling in such systems. Importantly, such controllable multiwavelength laser operations may extend nitride‐based VCSELs to previously inaccessible areas, for example, flip‐flop, ultrafast switches, and other functional devices such as Raman lasers and sensors.
Nickela‐electrocatalyzed C−H Alkoxylation with Secondary Alcohols: Oxidation‐Induced Reductive Elimination at Nickel(III)
Authors: Zhang Shou‐Kun , Struwe Julia , Hu Lianrui , Ackermann Lutz
Published: November 2019

Nickela‐electrooxidative C−H alkoxylations with challenging secondary alcohols were accomplished in a fully dehydrogenative fashion, thereby avoiding stoichiometric chemical oxidants, with H2 as the only stoichiometric byproduct. The nickela‐electrocatalyzed oxygenation proved viable with various (hetero)arenes, including naturally occurring secondary alcohols, without racemization. Detailed mechanistic investigation, including DFT calculations and cyclovoltammetric studies of a well‐defined C−H activated nickel(III) intermediate, suggest an oxidation‐induced reductive elimination at nickel(III).
Alternative monomers for 4,4′‐methylenedianiline in thermosetting epoxy resins
Authors: Bassett Alexander W. , Cosgrove Jayson D. , Schmalbach Kevin M. , Stecca Owen M. , Paquette Craig M. , Adams Valerie H. , Eck William S. , Sadler Joshua M. , La Scala John J. , Stanzione Joseph F.
Published: November 2019

4,4′‐Methylenedianiline (MDA) is utilized to produce high temperature epoxy resins as well as other high‐performance composites; however, MDA is a known carcinogen and liver toxicant. Novel dianilines derived from both petroleum and biomass with different quantities and types of methyl and methoxy substituents on the aromatic ring were prepared and studied to reduce toxicity and carcinogenic aspects of the resulting material while maintaining thermal and mechanical integrity. These dianilines were primarily prepared by coupling commercial anilines using paraformaldehyde under acidic conditions. Another dianiline was prepared by nitration of bisphenol A and subsequent reduction of the nitrates to amines. Structure–toxicity relationships indicate that multiple substituents on the aromatic ring are necessary to reduce the toxicity of the dianiline. Epoxy‐amine resins were prepared by blending the dianilines with 50 wt % Epikure W liquid amine curing agent and mixing with a stoichiometric amount of EPON 828 epoxy resin. Methoxy and methyl substituents increase the melting point of the dianilines by as much as 65 °C, thereby worsening the processing of these monomers as liquid thermoset resins. Structure–property relationships show that the addition of a methoxy group to the aromatic ring and moving the amine from the 4,4′ position on the dianiline reduces the glass transition temperature (T
g) by approximately 10 °C. A single methyl group has little effect on T
g and two methyl groups increase the T
g only when both are ortho to the amine, yet this causes a large 14 °C increase in T
g. Thermal degradation profiles are not significantly affected by the dianiline. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48707.
Colloidally stable polypeptide‐based nanogel: Study of enzyme‐mediated nanogelation in inverse miniemulsion
Authors: Dvořáková Jana , Šálek Petr , Korecká Lucie , Pavlova Ewa , Černoch Peter , Janoušková Olga , Koutníková Barbora , Proks Vladimír
Published: November 2019

The current work presents a pivotal study of the nanogelation of the linear poly(N5‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐L‐glutamine) polymer precursor containing tyramine (TYR) units in an inverse miniemulsion by horseradish peroxidase/H2O2‐mediated crosslinking. The effects of various nH2O2/nTYR ratios on the kinetics of nanogelation in the inverse miniemulsion and on the reaction time are investigated by linear sweep voltammetry, while the formation of dityramine crosslinking is explored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The study is completed using dynamic light scattering measurements, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to acquire comprehensive information about the formed nanoparticulate systems. With the optimal ratio nH2O2/nTYR = 2, the strategy yields in the high‐quality ~ 130 nm poly(amino acid)‐based nanogel, which is prepared in 2 h. The nanogel is colloidally stable under different temperature and pH conditions for over 168 h. Moreover, the demonstrated nanogel is noncytotoxic for HeLa cells and human primary fibroblasts and is quickly enzymatically hydrolyzed into small fragments during a biodegradation study in human blood plasma. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48725.
Diagnostic Assessment Strategies and Disease Subsets in Giant Cell Arteritis: Data From an International Observational Cohort
Authors: Gribbons K. Bates , Ponte Cristina , Craven Anthea , Robson Joanna C. , Suppiah Ravi , Luqmani Raashid , Watts Richard , Merkel Peter A. , Grayson Peter C.
Published: November 2019

Objective

Diagnostic assessment in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is rapidly changing as vascular imaging becomes more available. This study was undertaken to determine if clinicalGCAsubsets have distinct profiles or reflect differential diagnostic assessments.

Methods

Patients were recruited from an international cohort and divided into 4 subsets based on a temporal artery (TA) abnormality (positiveTAbiopsy [TAB] or halo sign onTAultrasound [TA‐US]) and/or evidence of large vessel (LV) involvement on imaging: 1) bothTAabnormality andLVinvolvement (TA+/LV+GCA); 2)TAabnormality withoutLVinvolvement (TA+/LV−GCA); 3)LVinvolvement withoutTAabnormality (TA−/LV+GCA); and 4) clinically diagnosedGCAwithoutLVinvolvement orTAabnormality (TA−/LV−GCA).

Results

Nine hundred forty‐one patients withGCAwere recruited from 72 international study sites. Most patients received multiple forms of diagnostic assessment, includingTAB(n = 705 [75%]),TA‐US(n = 328 [35%]), andLVimaging (n = 534 [57%]). Assessment usingTAB,TA‐US, andLVimaging confirmed the diagnosis ofGCAin 66%, 79%, and 40% of cases, respectively.GCAsubsets had distinct profiles independent of diagnostic assessment strategies.TA+/LV− were the most common subset (51%), with a high burden of cranial ischemia. Those in theTA−/LV− subset (26%) had a high prevalence of cranial ischemia and musculoskeletal symptoms. Patients in theTA−/LV+ subset (12%) had prevalent upper extremity vascular abnormalities and a low prevalence of vision loss, and those in theTA+/LV+ subset (11%) were older and had a high prevalence of cranial ischemia, constitutional symptoms, and elevated acute‐phase reactant levels.

Conclusion

Vascular imaging is increasingly incorporated into the diagnostic assessment ofGCAand identifies clinical subsets of patients based on involvement of temporal and extracranial arteries.
Sequence Learning in Minimally Verbal Children With ASD and the Beneficial Effect of Vestibular Stimulation
Authors: Katz‐Nave Gili , Adini Yael , Hetzroni Orit E. , Bonneh Yoram S.
Published: November 2019

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and especially the minimally verbal, often fail to learn basic perceptual and motor skills. This deficit has been demonstrated in several studies, but the findings could have been due to the nonoptimal adaptation of the paradigms. In the current study, we sought to characterize the skill learning deficit in young minimally verbal children with ASD and explore ways for improvement. For this purpose, we used vestibular stimulation (VS) whose beneficial effects have been demonstrated in the typical population, but the data regarding ASD are limited. We trained 36 children ages 6–13 years, ASD (N = 18, 15 of them minimally verbal) and typical development (TD, N = 18), on a touch version of the visual‐motor Serial‐Reaction‐Time sequence‐learning task, in 10 short (few minutes) weekly practice sessions. A subgroup of children received VS prior to each training block. All the participants but two ASD children showed gradual median reaction time improvement with significant speed gains across the training period. The ASD children were overall slower (by ~250 msec). Importantly, those who received VS (n = 10) showed speed gains comparable to TD, which were larger (by ~100%) than the ASD controls, and partially sequence‐specific. VS had no effect on the TD group. These results suggest that VS has a positive effect on learning in minimally verbal ASD children, which may have important therapeutic implications. Furthermore, contrary to some previous findings, minimally verbal children with ASD can acquire, in optimal conditions, procedural skills with few short training sessions, spread over weeks, and with a similar time course as non‐ASD controls. Autism Res 2020, 13: 320–337. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Minimally verbal children with ASD who received specially adjusted learning conditions showed significant learning of a visual‐motor sequence across 10 practice days. This learning was considerably improved with vestibular stimulation before each short learning session. This may have important practical implications in the education and treatment of ASD children.