bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“HOLOGRAPHY”
Authors: GATZOULIS JULIANI
Published: March 2009

This paper provides a survey of some applications of optical holography to applied mechanics which are of special interest to the U.S. Navy. A brief introduction is given to holography and a description of specific techniques widely used in this field is provided. Examples of the applications are given to demonstrate this usefulness in the study of typical problems such as vibration analysis and structural analysis.
High Performance Ship Design and its Relation to Research and Development
Authors: REED SHERMAN C. , BENSON JEFFREY L.
Published: March 2009

Some of the attributes of high performance ships are developed. The potential benefit of high performance ships, high speed in high‐sea states, is weighed against projected cost trends. The cost/benefit comparison developed leads to an examination of structures in the context of a “balanced” design.

The approach to high performance ship design is inherently different from the design approach followed for monohull displacement ships. The difference in approach is demonstrated to be first, because of the more stringent design requirements and second, (perhaps more significantly) because of the high degree of interaction required between subsystems.

The paper concludes with a suggestion for a possible reordering of research and development priorities to support high performance ships and their design, and prospects for overall benefits to the Navy's research and development programs.
AN ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL ARC BEARINGS INCLUDING EFFECTS OF ELASTICITY AND VISCOSITY
Authors: WECHSLER LASKAR
Published: March 2009

The aim of this investigation is to analyze the performance of a sleeve bearing which is subjected to loads such as those imposed on the piston pin bearing of a two‐stroke cycle diesel engine. This bearing is the most highly loaded of all bearings in the engine, and its performance is critical to satisfactory operation of the engine. To date, there has been no theoretical work published which satisfactorily explains its operation and, as a result, the design of the bearing has been by cut and try methods.

In this report, the operation of this type of bearing is examined, using the theories of elasto‐hydrodynamic lubrication. The resulting calculations of bearing performance show that loads far greater than those calculated by means of the hydrodynamic equations can be supported with equal oil film thickness. Further work is required to optimize the design of these bearings and to correlate the cut and try designs presently in use.

To assist the reader in the understanding of the Nomenclature and Subscripts used by the author, they are defined in the APPENDIX following the REFERENCES.
U.S. NAVAL MACHINERY AUTOMATION CONCEPTS
Authors: HAUSCHILDT MAURICE R. , WARD LUTHER B.
Published: March 2009

This paper briefly outlines the present centralized machinery plant control practices in the U.S. Navy for steam, gas turbine and diesel plants. The level of automatic control existent in the more advanced ships today is described.

Problems existing with present automated machinery designs are discussed with some recommended solutions.

Present conceptual automated machinery plant control systems for current ship designs are described, together with applicable control concepts. An examination of practical control system design alternatives available for such warships today are presented.

Considerations regarding the ultimate practical level of automation for Naval machinery are postulated for the future.

Advantages in accepting “on‐line” digital control of Naval machinery in a combatant ship are discussed with an exposition of the side benefits to be gained in utilizing this method of control.

Predictions relating to the impact of “on‐line” digital computer control of Naval machinery in the Fleet and the eventual advantages of such a control scheme are related. The interface relationships with personnel training, rate structure, and maintenance philosophy are discussed.
METRICATION OF U.S. SHIPBUILDING
Authors: ZEIEN CHARLES
Published: March 2009

The whole world has opted for Metric. Can the U. S. A. be far behind?

This paper will review Great Britain's transition to Metric and the economic forces that made its 1965 decision necessary and desirable. Does the U. S. A. find its situation analagous in 1973?

A review will be made of Great Britain's progress toward Metrication, particularly as it affected and affects the Shipbuilding Industry.

A “game plan” for our industry will be offered.
THE OPERATOR AND ENGINEER—PARTNERS IN NAVAL SHIP DESIGN
Authors: GRAHAM CLARK
Published: March 2009

Today, due to the extreme complexity of modern naval ships, there is a need for the Ship Designer and Ship Operator to work together as partners in designing combatant ships. The ship design process consists of a continual series of “trade off” decisions where one feature is balanced against another. The Ship Designer (PRODUCER) and the Operator (CUSTOMER) must make these decisions together. This paper addresses a number of important design factors which the Engineer and Operator should keep in mind; namely, the meaning and cost of ship performance, the importance of life cycle cost, and the effect of the design spiral. Specific examples are cited explaining the impact that compromises between several performance features can have on a ship design. The message emphasized is that ship performance never comes cheaply and that the Engineer and Operator are in the best positions to make the difficult decisions necessary to produce a balanced ship design.
THE PATROL FRIGATE PROGRAM‐A NEW APPROACH TO SHIP DIGIGN AND ACQUISTION
Authors: NEWCOMB JOHN W. , DITRAPANI ANTHONY R.
Published: March 2009

Late in 1970, Admiral E. R. Zumwdt, Chid of Naval Operations, directed that study begin towards development of a new class of ocean escort to be known BS Patrol Frigate (PF) to take over some of the duties of the Navy's World War II destroyers as these 25 year old ships are retired from the active Fleet. At the same time, the Department of Defense, was significantly revising its basic policies for the development and acquisition of major weapons systems, and PF became the Nay's first major ship claw acquisition under these new policies. This new requirement, as atmound in DOD Directive 5000.1, along with the program constraints imposed by the CNO, required the development of a philosophy and approach towards design, test and evaluation and acquisition which was significantly Merent from ship procurements of the recent past. This paper disc the overall acquisition proms for the Patrol Frigate Class BS it is being developed and implemented to meet these needs and constraints, and provides a commepfary regarding the effectiveness of the appraach as of January 1973.
TEST APPROACH TO MACHINERY CONDITION ANALYSIS
Authors: WELLING MORRIS , KUTUFARIS STANLEY N.
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with machinery condition analysis techniques that have been used on selected Navy surface ships; in particular with those of performance and vibration measurement. When properly applied and interpreted by knowledgeable engineers, they can provide surprisingly accurate diagnosis of defects and deficiencies in operating equipments such as pumps, compressors, turbines and gears. Use of such techniques can lead to extension, and in some cases, elimination of regularly scheduled overhaul periods. Further potential is discussed in regard to development of instrumentation and techniques that are within the capability of ship personnel.
THE MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS, A VITAL LINK BETWEEN THE DESIGN ENGINEER AND FLEET SUPPORT
Authors: MARCUCILLI T. J. , HENDRICKSON M. L.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the Maintenance Engineering Analyses (MEA) as performed in support of a major ship acquisition process. A major impetus is to demonstrate how the MEA can be utilized better to provide a direct data link between the design agent and the logistic support community to enhance Fleet operational effectiveness. A description of the overall MEA process is provided and several examples are used showing the type of design improvements realizable through an integration of the MEA process into the early stages of ship system design.
A CONCEPTUAL STUDY FOR A NEW WINGED SURFACE EFFECT VEHICLE SYSTEM
Authors: McMASTERS JOHN H. , GREER RICHARD R.
Published: March 2009

This article describes the results of a feasibility study on a class of winged surface effect vehicles (WSEV's) intended for naval use. The objective of the study was to define a system which would: 1) possess speed and operational capabilities substantially greater than existing surface effect vessels, 2) circumvent size limitations inherent in conventional aircraft designs, and 3) offer an economically and operationally viable alternative to existing water based and/or airborne naval systems for a variety of missions. The proposed WSEV's are a family of low aspect ratio channel shaped vessels operating on the principle of an aerodynamic lifting wing in ground effect during cruise and initially intended for cargo transportation over short‐to‐intermediate ranges (up to 3000 nautical miles). The proposed configuration is quite flexible, however, and could be suitable for a variety of missions. It is concluded that the proposed WSEV configuration shows substantial promise for satisfying the design objectives specified. However, several aspects of the system require additional research.
ANTIFOULING ORGANOMET ALLIC STRUCTURAL PLASTICS
Authors: DYCKMAN E. J. , MONTEMARANO J. A. , FISCHER E. C.
Published: March 2009

As reported in the December issue of the Naval Engineers Journal, the development of environmentally compatible antifouling organometallic polymers represents a major advance in the state‐of‐the‐art of antifouling technology. In this continuation article the Authors describe the advantages of using these novel organometallic polymeric resins not only as antifouling coatings but as fouling resistant structural plastics. To date, acrylic, vinyl, styrene and polyester organometallic polymers have shown excellent resistance to marine fouling organisms during panel immermersion at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. During accelerated aging trials, using a Rotating Cylinder Apparatus, organometallic polymers have demonstrated lower leaching rates than conventional, approved shipboard antifouling coatings. Low‐leaching, antifouling OMPs are planned for use in fabricating nonfouling glass reinforced plastics, inherently antifouling buoyancy materials and environmentally compatible antifouling coatings.
FEMALE PERSONNEL ABOARD SHIP—HABITABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: CASTLE JOSEPH E. , LEWONOWSKI LAUREL A.
Published: March 2009

The Chief of Naval Operations has announced plans to expand the roles of female personnel within the Navy. These plans include allowing female personnel to serve aboard ships. This action is based on the premise that “any man or woman should be able to serve his country in any capacity he wishes.”

The proposed Equal Rights Amendment and our Country's move to all‐volunteer services increase the possibility of women serving aboard all Navy ships. This paper presents a brief history of women in the Navy, discusses some of the major factors associated with women aboard ship and their relevance to ship design, and highlights some of the potential habitability design impacts.

If women are to serve aboard Navy ships, members of the naval architectural community will play key roles in establishing effective designs responsive to this objective.
The U.S. Navy Diving Program
Authors: COLEMAN JAMES J.
Published: March 2009

The office of the Supervisor of Diving, Naval Ship Systems Command, is responsible for the development and testing of swimmer and diver equipment. The goal of the Navy Diving Program is to enable the diver to work safely, efficiently, and in comfort at 1,000 feet today; 1,500 feet in the near future; and 2,500 feet in the far term. This program is divided into three areas of concern: a) Surface Supported Diving; b) Integrated Diving System; and c) Man‐in‐the‐Sea Deep Ocean.

The paper focuses on the aforementioned areas by relating to existing equipments, their problems, and what programs are currently being proved to resolve these problems.
Diver Work Systems
Authors: CORDY ROBERT N.
Published: March 2009

Basically, this paper describes the development of diver equipment such as drills, grinders, power saws, power sources, and work vehicles. Particular attention is given to design considerations and possible future developments. The References serve as a complete guide to the official documentation of the Civil Engineering Laboratory's Diver Work Systems Program.
Advances in Celestial Navigation
Authors: FELDMAN SIDNEY , SEIDELMANN P. KENNETH , BARTON GEORGE G.
Published: March 2009

The traditional celestial navigation, position fixing with the sextant and stars, has not been displaced by the development of the accurate and all‐weather inertial and radio navigation (LORAN, OMEGA, Satellite) systems. The limitations of these electronic navigation systems require celestial navigation as the back‐up on major naval and commercial vessels. Also it is the prime navigation method on many small Navy, Coast Guard, commercial, and pleasure craft. However, marine celestial navigation is not all‐weather, requiring sufficiently clear weather and illumination to see the celestial body and sea horizon simultaneously. In addition sight reduction from the sextant data to obtain line of positions for plotting is a tedious and time‐consuming procedure. Presently potential exists to extend the operating period of sextants to nighttime, and to assist general navigation, as well, with night vision telescopes and low light level TV (LLLTV) cameras. The state‐of‐the‐art in microelectronics indicates it is feasible to develop a relatively inexpensive, small, hand‐held, portable sextant‐computer system that will alleviate the tedium and blunders of sight reduction, and increase navigation accuracy.

This paper describes the new day/night digital readout marine sextant, the concepts of the portable sextant‐computer system, the development of the sight reduction computer program, and the remote‐controlled LLLTV camera‐sextant system, which the navigator can operate within the ship to obtain celestial body sightings.
Computerized Damage Control Books
Authors: NATEMEIER HAROLD C. , KRAINE GILBERT L.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the method adopted by the U.S. Coast Guard by which Damage Control Books are revised using a text‐editing computer program. By recalling the stored text, making required changes through a terminal located at the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, then printing the entire updated book, a new master text is quickly prepared. The master is reproduced and revised copies are ready for distribution in a matter of days. The ship is therefore provided with a new corrected text at regular frequent intervals rather than one that contains many written corrections. In addition, the computer also prints out the Compartment Check‐Off Lists for the ship, corrected to the latest revision of the ship's Damage Control Book.

This new system brings us a giant step closer to the ultimate goal of having aboard each ship accurate up‐to‐date Damage Control Books and Compartment Check‐Off Lists.
Structural Design of Spherical Shells Subjected to Uniform External Pressure
Authors: HELLER S.R.
Published: March 2009

Existing theoretical solutions for the subject problem are modified by experimental results. The effects of out‐of‐roundness, prebuckling stresses between the proportional limit and yield stress, and fabrication method are considered. A systematic procedure for selecting and verifying the adequacy of the thickness is suggested and illustrated by a numerical example.
The Navy and Reduced Shipboard Manning
Authors: GAITES RICHARD A.
Published: March 2009

It has been estimated that manpower costs consume 55% of the life cycle costs of a ship, and that by 1975 these costs will be 65% of the Navy's budget. Manpower reduction has become a necessity, if the procurement dollar is to survive. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) has directed that efforts to reduce ship manning be given priority and has appointed an OPNAV Coordinator for Shipboard Manning Reduction.

Merchant shipping has been operating automated ships with reduced crews for over ten years. It is not uncommon to find unmanned engine rooms and two or three man bridge watches. Crews may work one shift per day with weekends and holidays off.

This paper presents some of the comments of merchant shipbuilders/shipowners concerning the design, construction, maintainance and support of modern ships. It also presents future trends in Europe, Japan and the United States.

The paper goes on to summarize recent efforts in the U.S. Navy carried out by a Joint Fleet/Laboratory Team and sixteen Fleet Units. It also discusses the Navy's short and long range programs in this area. The main thrust of the short range program will be to automate the engineroom and integrate the bridge of a DE 1052 Class ship. Long range efforts will culminate in a 12 man destroyer‐type ship by the late 1980's.

The paper concludes that construction costs of a highly automated ship will certainly be greater than those for presently configured ships, and that the procurement dollar may not be alive when the Navy is ready to spend it. The point is made that such a ship could be constructed today using the knowledge accumulated by our NATO Allies and a great deal of off‐the‐shelf technology.

A “bare‐bones” plan is presented for the development of a demonstration ship and a pilot support system. It is argued that such a program would be an efficient vehicle for the accumulation of much experience, and that it would exhibit to the Congress the Navy's resolve to reduce costs substantially.
TOMORROW: THE SEMANTICS OF DEFENSE CHANGE
Authors: DELANEY ROBERT FINLEY
Published: March 2009

Basic to any realistic effort to effect prudent and necessary change is an understanding and perception of the underlying trends and pressures moving societies.

This is especially so of modern defense planning and management. Societal trend lines, already visible, suggest that new strategic concepts and organizational innovations are not being carefully enough considered. Stereotyped thinking, comfortable bureaucratic modes of actions, and business as usual continue to dictate, for the most part, Defense's view of the future.

Since tomorrow is the future and not simply a play on words, this paper will analyse six possible environments of change (political, economic, sociological, work/industry, technological, communications) and their potential impact on defense and naval thinking.
USS SPRUANCE (DD963) CLASS, DESIGNED FOR CHANGE—THE PAYOFF IS NOW
Authors: COLLINS JOHN T.
Published: March 2009

The Spruance (DD963) Class development and production contract requires the ships be designed for future modernization and conversion. This paper describes the approach used in meeting this requirement and the impact on the resulting design, including space and weight reservations, hull and structural considerations, arrangements, speed, power and endurance, electric power margins, accommodations, auxiliary support services, considerations to facilitate accomplishing future changes and a discussion of the implications for naval planners in designing for change.
POWER GENERATION FROM OCEAN CURRENTS
Authors: SHEETS HERMAN E.
Published: March 2009

There is considerable energy available from ocean currents. The velocity of these currents is generally low and it varies with location, the seasons, and with depth from the ocean surface. It is possible to use this energy for power generations and an analysis is presented reviewing various types of water turbines, including Water Wheels, Kaplan Turbines, Propeller Turbines and Vertical Axis Turbines. The analysis will evaluate the effects of velocity gradients and the machines best suited for this application. Due to the low energy flux, the machinery will get relatively large and is of slow speed. However, since substantial amounts of energy are available, such water turbines may become of interest in specific locations where such units can be built close to the source of energy demand.
HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CONTROLLABLE‐PITCH PROPELLER FOR THE GUIDED MISSILE FRIGATE
Authors: DENNY S. B. , THEMAK H. A. , NELKA J. J.
Published: March 2009

The restrictions imposed on a propeller design by the controllable‐pitch feature can be severe. In the case of the Guided Missile Frigate (FFG), the constraints were a controllable‐pitch propeller absorbing 40,000 shaft horsepower (SHP), with distinct mission performance requirements related to propeller efficiency and cavitation performance. The hydrodynamic design of the FFG propeller involved “trade‐offs” between full‐power and design‐endurance speed and considerations of blade strength, vibration, cavitation characteristics, and propeller blade spindle torque. Model experiments confirmed that, considering the constraints imposed on the design, use of the best available design procedures and analytical techniques has resulted in a propeller for the FFG which has good overall performance.
METHODS TO REDUCE COST AND TIME OF SHIP MODERNIZATION AND SHIP MAINTENANCE
Authors: KAUNE JAMES E.
Published: March 2009

An Atlantic Aircraft Carrier Modernization and Repair Maintenance Plan, which reduced the overall cost and time required to accomplish alterations and industrial work, was developed. It was based upon the ship's material condition, equipment reliability, crew maintenance effectiveness, total industrial work capacity, parts availability, and current operational requirements. This paper describes the development of this five‐and‐a‐half‐year cycle plan which had one long overhaul and several short availabilities scheduled within it, so that at no time did the span between industrial periods exceed two years.

Background information was gathered from COMNAVAIRLANT maintenance records, as well as from the records of various material inspections, including those conducted by the Board of Inspection and Survey and the Propulsion Examination Board. One conclusion drawn from the study of this data was that about nine months prior to an overhaul, complete work packages should be submitted to the industrial activity for processing. This allows the orderly scheduling needed to accommodate the work required, to meet operational requirements, and to meet the industrial needs for planning and advanced material ordering.

Two aircraft carriers have successfully utilized this plan and have experienced cost and time savings.
GAS TURBINES IN THE U.S. NAVY: ANALYSIS OF AN INNOVATION AND ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS AS VIEWED BY A SHIP DESIGNER
Authors: LEOPOLD REUVEN
Published: March 2009

We in the U.S. Navy have not come to make a bold decision such as the Royal Navy made in 1967—to go 100% gas turbine propulsion for all future surface warships.

This paper will first examine what ships are expected to be designated in the next decade, and which categories of ships are candidates for gas turbine propulsion, and why. This projection will be based upon the governing ship design parameters and the rationale derived from the synthesis of the “trade‐offs” of recent designs, some for which the outcome was gas turbines (DD‐963, PF, SCS, DG/AEGIS) and some for which the outcome was not gas turbines (LHA & AO).
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART IN NON‐AVIATION SHIP HELICOPTER OPERATIONS
Authors: KOLWEY H. G. , COUMATOS M. J.
Published: March 2009

Results of tests to develop maximum day/night launch and recovery envelopes of the USS Bowen in January 1974, for the SH‐2F helicopter show that helicopter hauldown equipment will probably not be needed to land in Sea States 5 and 6.

Results of the USS Bowen tests (which included an instrumented ship and helicopter, and measurement of wave height and statistical analysis of ship motion) will be presented. The results will be related to future ship design requirements for Hauldown, Securing, and Traversing (HST); Stabilization; Lighting and Landing Aids; and Landing Gear and Dock Strength Requirements.
ADVANCED COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SHIPS
Authors: POHLER C. H. , DEPPA R. W. , CORRADO J. A. , GRANER W. R.
Published: March 2009

New high performance surface ships are weight critical, and the application of lightweight materials in the structures of these ships provides significant potential for reducing weight. A long range program has been planned for the development of advanced composite structural components of high performance surface ships. The program will address the potential advantages of composites in the strut/foil systems of advanced hydrofoil ships.

“Trade‐off” studies for hydrofoil ships have demonstrated the potential for weight reduction of foil systems and structural validation of some representative foil elements has been initiated. Similar “trade‐off” studies are proposed to address other applications of composites. Supporting materials programs have been oriented to address environmental and fabrication problems associated with high performance ship structures.
MODULARITY: MAXIMIZING THE RETURN ON THE NAVY'S INVESTMENT
Authors: DREWRY JOHN T. , JONS OTTO P.
Published: March 2009

Much has been said about “modularity.” Various schemes have been proposed. Advantages and disadvantages have been discussed. For many, the question of its ultimate worth to the Navy is still unanswered. A methodical and systematic evaluation of the ultimate worth of modularity appears to be warranted. The question of “worth” will be addressed in terms of: “What can modularity do to improve the Navy's return‐on‐investment?” The issue “return” will be dissected into its elements and sub‐elements.

This paper will answer the question of overall worth of modularity when applied to naval ships and demonstrate that modularity can reconcile the conflict between “Design‐to‐Cost” and “Design‐to‐Change”. It will be shown that modularity is indeed very worthwhile, if not the most promising concept of providing the most defense for a severely constrained budget.
METHOD TO REDUCE COST AND TIME FOR SHIPS MODERNIZATION—THE TIGER TEAM
Authors: LEE BENJAMIN , CORGNATI ELDO S.
Published: March 2009

OMEGA Navigation Receivers have been installed on board Navy ships by NAVELEX Engineering Center teams (Tiger Teams). The installation program covers over 300 active Navy ships in the Fleet This paper addresses the methods of Tiger Team installation as compared to the normal shipyard Regular Overhaul (ROH) installation. The comparison shows a considerable cost reduction, an accelerated installation program, on‐the‐job training of shipboard operators, and various other benefits which are received from the Tiger Team method of installation.

Although this paper addresses only the method of Tiger Team installation as applied to one specific electronic equipment (the OMEGA AN/SRN‐12 Receiver), the same methods would also apply to the other shipboard electronics equipment of comparable size and complexity.
CURRENT STATUS OF STABILITY AND BUOYANCY CRITERIA USED BY THE U.S. NAVY FOR ADVANCED MARINE VEHICLES
Authors: GOLDBERG LAWRENCE L. , TUCKER ROBERT G.
Published: March 2009

Hullborne stability and buoyancy criteria (intact and damage) are presented for advanced marine vehicles such at hydrofoil craft, air cushion vehicles, surface effect ships, and low waterplane catamarans. Not covered is stability during flying or on‐cushion modes.

The criteria attempt to recognize special operations and hazards associated with the unusual characteristics of these types. Examples are: the danger of large rip damage when flying at high speeds, the potential of large unsymmetrical flooding, and the lightweight structure resulting in less resistance to damage. The criteria presented herein are likely to change as more design and operational experiences are acquired.
A REVIEW PAPER—ALUMINUM IN DESALINATION
Authors: AILOR WILLIAM H.
Published: March 2009

The recent emphasis on seawater desalination had led to studies on aluminum and its alloys as a candidate material for plant construction. Aluminum alloys having low copper and zinc contents have a long history of successful seawater service in wrought, extruded, and cast forms. The economics of aluminum construction are very favorable, based on initial cost, maintenance needs, and replacement costs.

At operating temperatures (260°F) tests have shown aluminum alloys having 1 to 3 % magnesium content perform in an excellent manner. Galvanic corrosion from contact of aluminum with less active metals such as steels, copper, and so on can be eliminated by use of all‐aluminum materials or by insulation between the dissimilar metals.
AMPHIBIOUS FLEET MEDICAL SUPPORT
Authors: HOPE JAN PAUL
Published: March 2009

This paper comments on the need for additional medical capability in the Amphibious Fleet and reviews the Medical Unit, Self Contained, Transportable (MUST) System. MUST is a completely self‐contained collapsible modular system which to transported on the amphibious ship in a stowed configuration. After “off‐load” of combat cargo the MUST System is expanded and deployed within the ship. This paper comments on the feasibility of this concept, presents possible arrangements of modular facilities on the LSD and LST type ships, and discusses improvement of existing “built‐in” faculties aboard the LKA type ship.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION FOR ALUMINUM STRUCTURES
Authors: WINER ALLEN , BUTLER FRANK
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a small scale fire endurance test program sponsored by the Naval Sea Systems Command to screen candidate thermal insulation systems for passive fire protection of aluminum structures.

An incombustible thermal Insulation system tested in 1–3/4 inch thickness provided the same degree of fire protection as three inches of a more conventional insulation, mineral wool, at a savings in insulation weight of over sixty percent.
THE FT9 MARINE GAS TURBINE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Authors: FAIRBANKS JOHN W.
Published: March 2009

The current Navy philosophy for marine gas turbine engine development is to marinize an existing aircraft turbo jet engine. The FT9 Marine Gas Turbine Engine is a 33,000 horsepower version of the Pratt and Whitney JT9D engine, which powers the 747 aircraft. Marinization of the JT9D basically involves removal of the fan section, addition of a power turbine, structural modification to several components, and material changes to provide corrosion‐resistance in the marine environment. Characteristics and ratings of the individual engine components are discussed as well as the assembled engine. The FT9 design incorporates the modular replacement concept. Modular replacement permits replacement of short‐life components such as the hot‐section without removing the engine from its mounts. The FT9 specification requires development of a condition monitoring system as an integral part of the engine development. Thus, provisions for sensor installations are incorporated in the design. Accelerometers are installed on the internal engine bearing housings to provide improved vibration signals. These accelerometers are mounted on rods such that they are removable without engine disassembly. Extensive borescope provisions are included to provide capability to inspect all hot‐section components without disassembling the engine.

The engine life‐limiting component is the hot‐section because of the susceptibility of the blade and vane materials to sulphidation/oxidation at the temperatures encountered with the advanced engines. Sophisticated Made and vane cooling is used to allow high turbine inlet temperatures while keeping blade metal temperatures in a region where sulphidation/oxidation is only moderately active. Coatings are added to blades and vanes to extend engine life. Three FT9 engines will be delivered to the Navy. The target date for provisional Service Approval of FT9 is mid‐1978. FT9 will provide the U.S. Navy with the most advanced marine gas turbine with the highest power to weight ratio engine available for naval surface propulsion.
Test and Evaluation for Ship Acquisition—The Tip of the Iceberg
Authors: REYNOLDS MATTHEW T.
Published: March 2009

The Navy has manifest a determination to reflect the latest technology in the acquisition and maintenance of her warships. A prominent role has been given to test and evaluation in insuring the suitability and effectiveness of our ships and shipboard systems. Policies recently issued by the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of Naval Material represent a significant commitment by the Navy to foster progressive innovations and to substantially improve the test and evaluation process of our ships. The job of providing an orderly, dependable series of tests from cradle to grave is an elementary necessity in this age of rapid technological change. Yet, in developing procedures to do this, only the tip of the proverbial iceberg has been seen.

This paper traces the development of test and evaluation for ship acquisition from some key innovative programs initiated little more than a decade ago to the current emphasis and recently issued requirements. The impact on the naval engineer is explored and some suggestions on what he may be expected to contribute are provided. Finally, some prospects for the future role of T&E in Ship Acquisition Program Management are provided.
Heat Treatments for Optimizing Mechanical and Corrosion Resisting Properties of Nickel‐Aluminum Bronzes
Authors: DUMA JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents: 1) information on how to develop with heat treatment and with chemical composition optimum tensile properties in cast nickel‐aluminum bronze alloys; 2) data on their general responsiveness to various kinds of heat treatment exposures as evaluated by mechanical testing, metallographic disclosures of microstructure, and electron microprobe analysis of phases. Optimum tensile properties conjointly with increased resistance to dealloying corrosion accrue only when two conditions are concurrently fulfilled, namely: 1) optimum target chemistry is employed, 2) castings are subjected to an appropriate heat treatment for dispersal of all continuously connected precipitates segregated in grain boundaries, precipitates which by virtue of their dissimilarity to the solvent with respect to electrochemical properties provide inviting paths for dealloying corrosion. It is believed that the heat treatment aspects of this study, together with the metallographic microstructures which accompany it, and the microprobe research done on the chemistry of dealloyed metal, will prove to be of value to metallurgists and materials engineers alike.
STRAY CURRENT CORROSION OF STEEL
Authors: LENNOX T.J. , PETERSON M.H.
Published: March 2009

Stray current corrosion has been of major concern to the Navy over the past few years. Serious corrosion attributable to stray current has occurred in seawater or brackish water on several occasions where the possibility of the corrosion having resulted from improper grounding during welding was precluded. The experimental technique used isolates the bipolar anodes and bipolar cathodes so that stray current corrosion parameters can be studied and quantized. Data have been presented on the effect of various stray direct current densities on the corrosion rates and the electrode potentials of steel both as common electrodes and as bipolar (intermediate) electrodes. The metal‐loss rates have also been compared to the theoretical values based on the reaction Fe‐2e = Fe+2

The mean dissolution potential for steel in 0.6M (3.5%) NaCl solution was approximately ‐0.7V to the Ag/AgG reference electrode, and was essentially independent of the current density. Similar values were observed for anodes, bipolar anodes, and freely corroding control specimens. Steel could not be polarized cathodically to a mean potential more negative than ‐1.015V to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Mean potentials either more positive than ‐0.7V or more negative than ‐1.015V were observed only when the measurement included an IR.

Potential measurements were useful to detect stray current on steel only at relatively high current densities. The corrosion characteristics of steel anodes and bipolar anodes were similar at any one current density, but varied with current density.
DESIGN OF THE AO 177 MACHINERY PLANT
Authors: McINTIRE JOHN G. , HOLLAND GEORGE E.
Published: March 2009

AO 177 is a cost constrained design for a ship with minimum manning. Accordingly, the machinery plant was designed for simplicity, low maintenance and a high degree of centralized control and monitoring. In developing the design, experience with earlier automated and conventional steam auxiliary ships was coupled with current Merchant Marine practice to provide proven, up‐to‐date systems and equipment which can be operated and maintained by relatively few people. This paper describes the overall machinery plant with special emphasis on the machinery plant central control system design.
WARSHIP DESIGN—OURS AND THEIRS
Authors: KEHOE JAMES W.
Published: March 2009

The design of current Soviet warships seems to give top priority to the same characteristics — firepower and mobility — that the United States did in World War II. Modern U.S. warship designs, however, stress electronics and habitability and give the lowest priority to those characteristics the Soviets rate highest: weapons and propulsion. We and they may both be right. A strategist/statesman of Admiral Gorshkov's stature ought to know what he wants of his ships — Just as we ought to know what we want of ours.
BASIC OCEAN VEHICLE ASSESSMENT
Authors: RAINEY PETER G.
Published: March 2009

Various ocean vehicles (air, surface and undersea) are assessed in quantified values. The operational parameters of speed, endurance time and useful payload weight are related by well ordered functions to the design parameters — propulsion power, vehicle weight and size. Particular emphasis is given to the speed region of 40 to 200 knots and the associated feasible endurance and payload values.

The methodology that has been developed identifies rapidly to both operator and engineer the possible spectrum of alternatives for various naval missions, and attempts to answer the question: “What price speed?”. The price for speed includes not only an economic cost, but also an increasing restriction on feasible endurance and payload capabilities.
A “HOT PLANT” AT THE U. S. NAVAL ACADEMY
Authors: LATHAM ROBERT F.
Published: March 2009

The new engineering studies complex at the U.S. Naval Academy, Rickover Hall, has as part of its Marine Propulsion Systems Laboratory a complete steam plant. This paper describes the philosophy of its design, the physical configuration, and the educational implications affecting the Midshipmen's exposure to steam power plants under controlled laboratory conditions.
A “SMART” MULTI‐MISSION UNMANNED FREE SWIMMING SUBMERSIBLE
Authors: JOHNSON H.A. , VERDERESE A.J. , HANSEN R.J.
Published: March 2009

The rapid escalation of ship and personnel costs for deep ocean search, scientific data gathering, and other important missions require an alternate vehicle to perform these missions inexpensively. Recent advances in technology, particularly in computer sciences, indicate that these missions, which presently require expensive ship time or are dangerous, may be undertaken by a “smart” unmanned free swimming submersible. The following are some of the characteristics which are desirable for this “smart fish”: a) ability to search for man‐made objects using pattern recognition, signature, and artificial intelligence techniques; b) energy conservation techniques which will permit high endurance; c) accurate navigation; d) adaptability to the environment (such as ocean current and bottom) by use of appropriate sensors and computing capability; and e) the ability to be preprogrammed to meet the mission, track, and performance requirements.

The Naval Research Laboratory, which has had previous experience with a towed instrumented vehicle in the THRESHER and SCORPION searches and has collaborated with other activities in operations that involved manned submersibles, is presently engaged in developing a research demonstration vehicle which will be tested in 1978. It is anticipated that this would constitute the first phase in the evolutionary development of a “smart” vehicle providing considerable improvement in performance and cost.
SHIP DESIGN MARGINS‐ISSUES AND IMPACTS
Authors: HOCKBERGER WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2009

The generally accepted categories of Design and Construction Margins and Future Growth Margins are discussed briefly, and a third major category, Assurance Margins, is introduced and discussed in more detail. The connection between Assurance Margins and the probability of successful performance is shown. The feasibility of reducing margins to reduce ship size and cost is examined.

Following a brief discussion of certain significant aspects of a version of the Naval Ship Engineering Center DD07 destroyer computer synthesis model and of the baseline ship employed, the results of some computer studies of margin impacts on that baseline ship are presented and interpreted. Changes in margins on weight, vertical center of gravity, space, accommodations, propulsion power, and electrical power are investigated and their impacts expressed primarily as changes in full load displacement and in acquisition cost. The effects of combinations of margins are illustrated, and attempts are made to explain the mechanisms by which interactions occur.
AUTOMATIC PASSIVE LOW LIGHT LEVEL TELEVISION GUN‐DIRECTOR RANGEFINDER
Authors: FELDMAN SIDNEY , BARTON GEORGE G.
Published: March 2009

On many Navy ships, gunnery is directed and controlled using radar and stereoscopic optical rangefinders. Radar is rapid, automatic, functional day and night, but is subject to limitations, especially at low angles of elevation. The stereoscopic optical rangefinder, because of its superior resolution, supplements radar with information on imagery and identification of target and gunnery accuracy through observation of the shell bursts relative to the target. Also, under Emission Control conditions, the passive rangefinder substitutes for radar. However, rangefinder usefulness is limited because 1) it requires sufficient daylight illumination and weather clarity, 2) there is a shortage of Fleet personnel with good stereoscopic perception, and 3) operator mechanical manipulation of the rangefinder optics makes it too slow for ranging on high‐speed aircraft.

To improve the rangefinder utility, a passive day/night Low Light Level Television Rangefinder System has been proposed that will provide an image of the target and automatically display range in digital format on cathode ray tubes. Without modifying the stereoscopic range‐finder and with appropriate external optics, the range‐finder can be adapted to operate with the low light level television camera. Automatic ranging, which eliminates the operator, is obtained with new electronic TV time‐scanning circuitry which will provide rapid, continuous digital range. Ranging on high‐speed aircraft will be possible.

The gun‐director rangefinder is, at times, used for general navigation, collision avoidance, stationkeeping, surveillance, etc. The Low Light Level Television Range‐finder System will provide night and automatic ranging capabilities for these applications.
COST ESTIMATING—A CRUCIAL FUNCTION OF THE SHIP ACQUISITION PROCESS
Authors: DREWRY JOHN T.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper is several fold: a) to identify the important roles of cost estimating in the ship acquisition process, b) to explain the complexity of estimating the costs of naval ships, and c) to identify existing and potential problems with estimations of budget costs and to propose solutions to these problems.

Recommendations to improve the Navy's cost estimating effectiveness by building a data base from actual return costs, developing and utilizing parametric cost models, continuously updating and validating cost estimating models, planning budget submittals to occur after all major characteristics are determined, staffing the cost estimating function with numbers and quality of personnel commensurate with the importance of its role, organizing with a higher costing authority responsible for setting policy. Recommendations are also made to integrate total ship program estimates with “satellite” cost estimating offices in the various engineering organizations responsible for performing detailed estimates, to budget with integrity by submitting only budget figures consistent with the cost estimates, and to exercise stringent change control once the budgetary cost constraint is set by allowing only those changes which correct engineering deficiencies or which are compensated in costs by other changes.
COST LEVERAGES IN SHIP DESIGN
Authors: CLARKE HORACE D.
Published: March 2009

Examples of the application of “Design‐to‐Cost” are presented in the framework of the recent Naval Sea Systems Command Instruction, “Design‐to‐Cost” Guide for Ship Acquisition. The central theme of these examples is the determination of cost leverages for “Design‐to‐Cost” savings. To date such cost savings have concentrated in the area of highly visible military characteristics and have not seriously impacted the remainder of the ship design.

Reduction in not‐so‐visible design margins, practices, and criteria also offer practical cost savings. Ship design margins should be established in consideration of cost leverages as well as by reason of uncertainty and lack of design definition. Subsystem design practices should be established in consideration of cost leverages contained in their performance margins.

It is concluded that an engineering definition of “Design‐to‐Cost” should be the specification of margins, practices, and criteria for the design of a particular ship in its budget environment followed by design control to assure that the specifications are met.
FRACTURE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE BONDING‐PROMISE AND PROBLEMS
Authors: BASCOM WILLARD D. , COTTINGTON ROBERT L. , TIMMONS CARTER O.
Published: March 2009

The joining of load bearing structures using organic resin adhesives is an established technology in aircraft, spacecraft, and automobile construction and is being considered in ship construction; especially for hydrofoil and other advanced craft. The failure analysis of structural adhesive joints must be based on fracture criteria since these joints fail by linear elastic brittle fracture. Accordingly, the Navy has supported work over the past decade on developing an adhesive fracture test methodology and data base.

Recent work at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) had demonstrated that fracture testing of structural adhesive joints is fundamentally more complex than the fracture testing of monolithic structures. Specifically, there is a very strong bond thickness effect; and more importantly, testing must be done under combined stress conditions. Opening‐mode (cleavage) tests alone are not sufficient. A study of the adhesive fracture behavior of structural adhesives has established why this additional testing is necessary. Work remains to be done on developing analytical relationships for the effect of joint geometry on adhesive fracture behavior.
DESIGN APPRAISAL—DD‐963
Authors: RAINS DEAN A. , BEYER KENNETH M. , KEENE W.P. , LINDGREN J.R. , MOGIL E. , PAGE T.E. , UNTERSHINE J. , YOUNGWORTH J.F.
Published: March 2009

The design of the DD 963 Class destroyers embodies much new naval engineering technology. Several papers in the past have discussed its design. This paper evaluates this design compared to expected performance. This evaluation is based on component tests, special tests, and dock and sea trial results. The evaluation will cover the performance of the hull, power plant, noise control, weapons, electronics, auxiliaries, and crew and logistical support. The significance of designing for modernization and conversion also will be discussed.