bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fantastically reasonable: ambivalence in the representation of science and technology in super-hero comics
Authors: Locke Simon
Published: December 2004

A long-standing contrast in academic discussions of science concerns its perceived disenchanting or enchanting public impact. In one image, science displaces magical belief in unknowable entities with belief in knowable forces and processes and reduces all things to a single technical measure. In the other, science is itself magically transcendent, expressed in technological adulation and an image of scientists as wizards or priests. This paper shows that these contrasting images are also found in representations of science in super-hero comics, which, given their lowly status in Anglo-American culture, would seem an unlikely place to find such commonality with academic discourse. It is argued that this is evidence that the contrast constitutes an ambivalence arising from the dilemmas that science poses; they are shared rhetorics arising from and reflexively feeding a set of broad cultural concerns. This is explored through consideration of representations of science at a number of levels in the comics, with particular focus on the science-magic constellation, and enchanted and disenchanted imagery in representations of technology and scientists. It is concluded that super-hero comics are one cultural arena where the public meaning of science is actively worked out, an activity that unites “expert” and “non-expert” alike.
Courses in science writing as literature
Authors: Littmann Mark
Published: December 2004

The best nonfiction science books and articles demonstrate that accurate science can be presented to the public so that it is understandable, yet as gripping as fine fiction. Some of these works serve as examples for students taking science-writing workshops. However, programs in science writing, journalism, English, the sciences, and medicine may benefit from offering a course that explores science writing as literature. Nonfiction books published each year outnumber fiction books by more than six to one, yet relatively few nonfiction literature courses exist, and science-writing-as-literature courses are rare, although popular with students. Courses in science writing as literature are known to have been taught at six universities. Courses have varied in emphasis (biology, medicine, general) and approach (one compared scientists and nonscientists as science writers). This report surveys the readings and features of existing courses.
Silencing science: partisanship and the career of a publication disputing the dangers of secondhand smoke
Authors: Ungar Sheldon , Bray Dennis
Published: December 2004

This paper examines the silencing of science, that is, efforts to prevent the making of specific scientific claims in any or all of the arenas in which these claims are typically reported or circulated. Those trying to mute the reporting or circulation of scientific claims are termed “partisans.” The paper examines silencing through a systematic examination of the “rapid responses” to a smoking study published in the British Medical Journal claiming that secondhand smoke is not as dangerous as conventionally believed. Media coverage of the smoking study is also examined, as is the question of whether there is self-silencing by the media regarding doubts about the negative effects of passive smoke. The results suggest that the public consensus about the negative effects of passive smoke is so strong that it has become part of a regime of truth that cannot be intelligibly questioned.
Learning and Measuring Specialization in Collaborative Swarm Systems
Authors: Li Ling , Martinoli Alcherio , Abu-Mostafa Yaser S.
Published: December 2004

This paper addresses qualitative and quantitative diversity and specialization issues in the framework of self-organizing, distributed, artificial systems. Both diversity and specialization are obtained via distributed learning from initially homogeneous swarms. While measuring diversity essentially quantifies differences among the individuals, assessing the degree of specialization implies correlation between the swarm’s heterogeneity with its overall performance. Starting from the stick-pulling experiment in collective robotics, a task that requires the collaboration of two robots, we abstract and generalize in simulation the task constraints to k robots collaborating sequentially or in parallel. We investigate quantitatively the influence of task constraints and types of reinforcement signals on performance, diversity, and specialization in these collaborative experiments. Results show that, though diversity is not explicitly rewarded in our learning algorithm, even in scenarios without explicit communication among agents the swarm becomes specialized after learning. The degrees of both diversity and specialization are affected strongly by environmental conditions and task constraints. While the specialization measure reveals characteristics related to performance and learning in a clearer way than diversity does, the latter measure appears to be less sensitive to different noise conditions and learning parameters.
On Honey Bees and Dynamic Server Allocation in Internet Hosting Centers
Authors: Nakrani Sunil , Tovey Craig
Published: December 2004

Internet centers host services for e-banks, e-auctions and other clients. Hosting centers then must allocate servers among clients to maximize revenue. The limited number of servers, costs of reallocating servers, and unpredictability of requests make server allocation optimization difficult

Based on the many similarities between server and honey bee colony forager allocation, we pro pose a new decentralized honey bee algorithm which dynamically allocates servers to satisfy request loads. We compare it against an omniscient optimality algorithm, a conventional greedy algorithm, and an algorithm that computes omnisciently the optimal static allocation. We evaluate performance on simulated request streams and commercial trace data

Our algorithm performs better than static or greedy for highly variable request loads, but greedy can outperform it under low variability. Honey bee forager allocation, though suboptimal for static food sources, may possess a counterbalancing responsiveness to food source variability.
A Qualified Defence of Oakeshott’s Politics of Scepticism
Authors: Horton John
Published: December 2004

This article critically assesses Oakeshott’s conception of a politics of scepticism. It presents a broadly sympathetic account of this conception, but in doing so argues that the way in which he tries categorically to distinguish the politics of scepticism from the politics of faith is unsuccessful. As a consequence, it is argued that a politics of scepticism is quite consistent with a reformist, social democratic politics. Oakeshott’s approach to political theory is also compared favourably with that of John Rawls. The article concludes by setting out a broad characterization of a revised conception of the politics of scepticism, its strengths and its limitations.
Electromagnetic detection of buried metallic objects using quad–quad conductivity
Authors: Huang Haoping , Won I. J.
Published: December 2004

Apparent conductivity computed from in‐phase and quadrature components has been used successfully to detect buried metallic objects such as unexploded ordnance (UXO). The conductivity computation uses magnetic susceptibility calculated from the lowest‐frequency in‐phase data obtained at a specific sensor height. Over magnetic soils, however, the in‐phase component may fluctuate with varying sensor heights. Uncertainties in sensor height, common with handheld or cart‐mounted sensors in rough terrain, can produce errors in the computed magnetic susceptibility, which, in turn, causes errors in apparent conductivity.

To overcome these limitations, we have developed an algorithm to compute the quad–quad apparent conductivity from the quadrature components at two frequencies. Our results show that the quad–quad technique has several advantages for detecting metal targets in magnetic terrains: it is (1) insensitive to the magnetic polarization currents; (2) it is immune to sensor motion over magnetic soil; and (3) it is biased to metal objects and can detect small and/or deep metal targets. The first two properties suppress the noise caused by magnetic terrain and sensor motion and thus yield a quiet background. The last property emphasizes metal objects as sought anomalies over geologic variations.
Portable dense geophone array for shallow and very shallow 3D seismic reflection surveying: Part 2—3D imaging tests
Authors: Bachrach Ran , Mukerji Tapan
Published: December 2004

In part I of this paper we demonstrate how the use of a portable dense geophone array increases S/N ratio and the ability to record faint near‐surface reflections. The dense array can also be used as an approximate acoustical lens with appropriate prestack imaging techniques, similar to those used in medical imaging and nondestructive testing. Such use of the array provides flexibility when imaging with sparse shot distributions and improves the overall resolution of the array. We show how, with prestack focusing, one can extend the subsurface coverage beyond conventional common‐midpoint (CMP) coverage. We study optimal imaging configurations and show that although the effective aperture of the array is reduced when focusing off‐center targets, we can still image small targets adequately. Maximum aperture and therefore best target definition occur when the source and geophone arrays are on top of the target. Both synthetic and field results show that the limited‐aperture array can image very small targets with resolution of 0.25 m in three dimensions. We also demonstrate that different acquisition geometries should be used when imaging continuous geological targets versus small point diffractors.
Diffraction imaging by focusing‐defocusing: An outlook on seismic superresolution
Authors: Khaidukov V. , Landa E. , Moser T. J.
Published: December 2004

Diffractions always need more advertising. It is true that conventional seismic processing and migration are usually successful in using specular reflections to estimate subsurface velocities and reconstruct the geometry and strength of continuous and pronounced reflectors. However, correct identification of geological discontinuities, such as faults, pinch‐outs, and small‐size scattering objects, is one of the main objectives of seismic interpretation. The seismic response from these structural elements is encoded in diffractions, and diffractions are essentially lost during the conventional processing/migration sequence. Hence, we advocate a diffraction‐based, data‐oriented approach to enhance image resolution—as opposed to the traditional image‐oriented techniques, which operate on the image after processing and migration. Even more: it can be shown that, at least in principle, processing of diffractions can lead to superresolution and the recovery of details smaller than the seismic wavelength.

The so‐called reflection stack is capable of effectively separating diffracted and reflected energy on a prestack shot gather by focusing the reflection to a point while the diffraction remains unfocused over a large area. Muting the reflection focus and defocusing the residual wavefield result in a shot gather that contains mostly diffractions. Diffraction imaging applies the classical (isotropic) diffraction stack to these diffraction shot gathers. This focusing‐muting‐defocusing approach can successfully image faults, small‐size scattering objects, and diffracting edges. It can be implemented both in model‐independent and model‐dependent contexts. The resulting diffraction images can greatly assist the interpreter when used as a standard supplement to full‐wave images.
A comparison between one‐way and two‐way wave‐equation migration
Authors: Mulder W. A. , Plessix R.‐E.
Published: December 2004

Results for wave‐equation migration in the frequency domain using the constant‐density acoustic two‐way wave equation have been compared to images obtained by its one‐way approximation. The two‐way approach produces more accurate reflector amplitudes and provides superior imaging of steep flanks. However, migration with the two‐way wave equation is sensitive to diving waves, leading to low‐frequency artifacts in the images. These can be removed by surgical muting of the input data or iterative migration or high‐pass spatial filtering. The last is the most effective.

Iterative migration based on a least‐squares approximation of the seismic data can improve the amplitudes and resolution of the imaged reflectors. Two approaches are considered, one based on the linearized constant‐density acoustic wave equation and one on the full acoustic wave equation with variable density. The first converges quickly. However, with our choice of migration weights and high‐pass spatial filtering for the linearized case, a real‐data migration result shows little improvement after the first iteration. The second, nonlinear iterative migration method is considerably more difficult to apply. A real‐data example shows only marginal improvement over the linearized case.

In two dimensions, the computational cost of the two‐way approach has the same order of magnitude as that for the one‐way method. With our implementation, the two‐way method requires about twice the computer time needed for one‐way wave‐equation migration.
Wavelet‐transform‐based prestack multiscale Kirchhoff migration
Authors: Yu Zhou , McMechan George A. , Anno Phil D. , Ferguson John F.
Published: December 2004

We propose a Kirchhoff‐style algorithm that migrates coefficients obtained by wavelet decomposition of seismic traces over time. Wavelet‐based prestack multiscale Kirchhoff migration involves four steps: wavelet decomposition of the seismic data, thresholding of the resulting wavelet coefficients, multiscale Kirchhoff migration, and image reconstruction from the multiscale images. The migration procedure applied to each wavelet scale is the same as conventional Kirchhoff migration but operates on wavelet coefficients. Since only the wavelet coefficients are migrated, the cost of wavelet‐based migration is reduced compared to that of conventional Kirchhoff migration. Kirchhoff migration of wavelet‐decomposed data, followed by wavelet reconstruction, is kinematically equivalent to and yields similar migrated signal shapes and amplitudes as conventional Kirchhoff migration when data at all wavelet scales are included.

The decimation in the conventional discrete pyramid wavelet decomposition introduces a translation‐variant phase distortion in the wavelet domain. This phase distortion is overcome by using a stationary wavelet‐transform rather than the conventional discrete wavelet‐transform of the data to be migrated.

A wavelet reconstruction operator produces a single composite broadband migrated space‐domain image from multiscale images. Multiscale images correspond to responses in different frequency windows, and migrating the data at each scale has a different cost. Migrating some, or only one, of the individual scale data sets considerably reduces the computational cost of the migration. Successful 2D tests are shown for migrations of synthetic data for a point‐diffractor model, a multilayer model, and the Marmousi model.
Nonlinear pairwise alignment of seismic traces
Authors: Liner Christopher L. , Clapp Robert G.
Published: December 2004

Seismic trace alignment is a recurring need in seismic processing and interpretation. For global alignment via static shift, there are robust tools available, including crosscorrelation. However, another kind of alignment problem arises in applications as diverse as associating synthetic seismograms to field data, harmonizing P‐ and S‐wave data, residual NMO, and final multilevel flattening of common image gathers. These cases require combinations of trace compression, extension, and shift—all of which are time variant. The difficulty is to find a mapping between the traces that is in some senseoptimum.

This problem is solved here using a modified form of the Needleman‐Wunsch algorithm, a global optimization method originally developed for aligning amino acid sequences in proteins. Applied to seismic traces, this algorithm provides a nonlinear mapping of one seismic trace onto another. The method extends to multitrace alignment since that problem can be broken down into a cascade of pairwise alignments. Seismic implementation of the Needleman‐Wunsch algorithm is a promising new tool for nonlinear alignment and flattening of seismic data.
The Impact of Acquisitions on Innovation: Poison Pill, Placebo, or Tonic?
Authors: Prabhu Jaideep C. , Chandy Rajesh K. , Ellis Mark E.
Published: December 2004

Do acquisitions increase, decrease, or have no effect on innovation? The empirical research on this question suggests that acquisitions may hurt innovation; that is, they may be a “poison pill” for innovation. The authors present an alternative view. For firms that first engage in internal knowledge development, the knowledge-based view the authors present suggests that acquisitions can help innovation; that is, they can be a tonic for innovation. Analysis of cross-sectional, time-series data on a sample of pharmaceutical firms during 1988–97 provides evidence to support the thesis.
Cherry-Picking
Authors: Fox Edward J. , Hoch Stephen J.
Published: December 2004

The authors analyze cherry-picking in the context of grocery shopping, comparing the behavior of consumers who visit two grocery stores on the same day (8% of shopping trips) with single-store shoppers. The authors find cherry-picking to be consistent with rational economic behavior. Cherry pickers benefit by saving 5% more per item while buying systematically (67%) larger market baskets.
Balancing Acquisition and Retention Resources to Maximize Customer Profitability
Authors: Reinartz Werner , Thomas Jacquelyn S. , Kumar V.
Published: December 2004

In this research, the authors present a modeling framework for balancing resources between customer acquisition efforts and customer retention efforts. The key question that the framework addresses is, “What is the customer profitability maximizing balance?” In addition, they answer questions about how much marketing spending to allocate to customer acquisition and retention and how to distribute those allocations across communication channels.
Conserved asparagine residue 54 of α-sarcin plays a role in protein stability and enzyme activity
Authors: Siemer Ansgar , Masip Manuel , Carreras Nelson , García-Ortega Lucía , Oñaderra Mercedes , Bruix Marta , Martínez del Pozo Álvaro , G. Gavilanes José
Published: December 2004

Asparagine 54 of α-sarcin is a conserved residue within the proteins of the ribotoxin family of microbial ribonucleases. It is located in loop 2 of the protein, which lacks repetitive secondary structure elements but exhibits a well-defined conformation. Five mutant variants at this residue have been produced and characterized. The spectroscopic characterization of these proteins indicates that the overall conformation is not changed upon mutation. Activity and denaturation assays show that Asn-54 largely contributes to protein stability, and its presence is a requirement for the highly specific inhibitory activity of these ribotoxins on ribosomes.
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) counteracts cytokine-induced tryptophan catabolism in vitro
Authors: Winkler Christiana , Wirleitner Barbara , Schroecksnadel Katharina , Schennach Harald , Fuchs Dietmar
Published: December 2004

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)is an ancient folk remedy that has antiviral and antibacterial properties. Anti-inflammatory effects of the plant have been described and the application ofH. perforatumextract as an effective antidepressant is well established. In this study we assayed the effect ofH. perforatumextract on cytokine-induced tryptophan degradation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Simultaneously, changes in the production of the immune activation marker neopterin were monitored. Both these biochemical pathways are triggered by interferon-γ. Our results show that extracts ofH. perforatumstrongly down-regulate mitogen-mediated tryptophan degradation in a dose-dependent manner. This effect seems to be based on a suppressive activity ofH. perforatumon activated immunocompetent cells, resulting in a diminished production of interferon-γ. In line with this finding, neopterin synthesis was strongly down-regulated by the plant extract. Our results suggest that the reduction of tryptophan degradation byH. perforatummight be important in the action of the plant as an antidepressant.
Hydrolysis of Np(IV) and Pu(IV) and their complexation by aqueous Si(OH)4
Authors: Yusov A. B. , Fedosseev A. M. , Delegard C. H.
Published: December 2004

The hydrolysis and interaction of Np(IV) and Pu(IV) with orthosilicic acid, Si(OH)4, were studied in 0.1–1.0 M ionic strength aqueous solutions. Spectrophotometry was used to study these reactions at about 10–4M Np(IV) and Pu(IV) concentrations. The first hydrolysis constants,Khydr, agree with the majority of earlier spectrophotometric and potentiometric data. The absorption spectra of NpOH3+and PuOH3+were obtained by spectral deconvolution. Reasons to explain the overestimation ofKhydrobtained by other methods [by extraction of trace amounts of Np(IV) and Pu(IV) and by solubility] are discussed. Formation of the complexes NpOSi(OH)33+and PuOSi(OH)33+is demonstrated in the presence of 0.005–0.016 M Si(OH)4in the p[H+] range 1.0–2.2 and 0.3–1.4, respectively. Measured values of equilibrium constants of the reaction

M4++ Si(OH)4↔ MOSi(OH)33++ H+

at ionic strengthI=1.0 are lgK1= 0.41±0.02 and 1.04±0.04, respectively, for Np(IV) and Pu(IV). The stability constants of the NpOSi(OH)33+and PuOSi(OH)33+complexes, recalculated to zero ionic strength, are lg β10= 11.2 and 11.8, respectively. The correlation betweenKhydrandK1, as observed for all earlier studied metal ions, also occurs for both Np(IV) and Pu(IV).
Dual Symbolic Classification, the Primary Emotions,and Mandala Symbolism
Authors: TenHouten Warren D.
Published: December 2004

The Durkheim‐Mauss claim that emotions play a causal in the emergence of dual symbolic classification schemes of dual social organizations is evaluated by reanalysis of their three case studies of dual symbolic classification, divinatory compass" of trigrams incorporated in ancient China's I Ching. Because their analysis lacked a classification the emotions, their claim has not been investigated. In paper we emend to the Durkheim‐Mauss theory Plutchik's psychoevolutionary classification of the primary emotions. It is found that the primal arrangement of eight trigrams and the eight primary emotions of Plutchik's emotions "wheel" are structurally coincident: both are based four pairs of opposites arranged by similarity in identical manner. These twofold/fourfold symbols are further described as Jungian archetypes of wholeness and totality.
Spiritual Dimensions of Healing:From Native Shamanism to Contemporary Health Care
Authors: Lyon William S.
Published: December 2004

Spiritual Dimensions of Healing: From Native Shamanism to Contemporary Health Care. Stanley Krippner and Patrick Welch New York: Irvington, 1992 293 pp. ISBN 0‐ 8290‐2462‐X; 0‐8290‐3162‐6 with audio cassette. $19.95 (cloth); $39.95 with audio cassette.
Andean Cosmologies Through Time: Persistence and Emergence
Authors: Rogers Mark
Published: December 2004

Andean Cosmologies Through Time: Persistence and Emergence. Robert V. H. Dover, Katharine E. Seibold. and John H. McDowell, eds. Caribbean and Latin American Studies Series, Jack W. Hopkins, gen. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. ix. 274 pp. $29.95 (cloth).
Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science edited
Authors: Giordani Lourdes
Published: December 2004

Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of. Field Science. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson eds. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 1997. viii. 275 pp. $45.00 (cloth); $16.95 (paper)
The Hundred Thousand Fools of God: Musical Travels in Central Asia (and Queens, New York)
Authors: Rich Grant Jewell
Published: December 2004

The Hundred Thousand Fools of God: Musical Travels in Central Asia (and Queens, New York). Theodore Levin With. 74 minute music CD. 1996. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. $35.00 (cloth)
When Teenagers Work: The Psychological and Social Costs of Adolescent Employment
Authors: Frey James H.
Published: December 2004

When Teenagers Work: The Psychological and Social Costs of Adolescent Employment Ellen Greenberger & Laurence Steinberg. (Basic Books Inc.: New York, 1986 Hardcover. $17.95)
Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry and The Politics of Production: Factory Regimes under Capitalism and Socialism
Authors: Lurie Sue Gena
Published: December 2004

Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry. Charles Sabel. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1982. xiii. 304 pp.

The Politics of Production: Factory Regimes under Capitalism and Socialism. Michael Burawoy. Verso Press: London, 1985. 272 pp.
Divisions of Labour
Authors: Sommers Jeff
Published: December 2004

Divisions of Labour R. E. Pahl 1984 Basil Blackwell: Oxford
Reconciling Contingencies in Work, Costs of Living, and Community Responsibilities
Authors: Zimmer Richard
Published: December 2004

Caring and Doing For Others: Social Responsibility in the Domains of Family, Work, and Community. Alice S. Rossi, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001

Nonstandard Work: The Nature and Challenges of Emerging Employment Arrangements. Francoise Carré, Marianne A. Ferber, Lonnie Golden, and Stephen A. Herzenberg, eds. Champaign, II: Industrial Relations Research Association, University of Illinois, 2000.
Gay Language and Indonesia: Registering Belonging
Authors: BOELLSTORFF TOM
Published: December 2004

Many homosexual men in Indonesia speak what they call bahasa gay‘gay language’, a linguistic phenomenon based upon bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian), Indonesia's national language. Bahasa gay involves derivational processes including unique suffixes and word substitutions, and a pragmatics oriented around community rather than secrecy. Although mainstream knowledge of gay men's existence is limited, bahasa gay is increasingly being appropriated by Indonesian popular culture. By examining bahasa gay in terms of state power and register, the article asks how this form of speaking might contribute to better understanding how gay subjectivity is bound up with conceptions of national belonging. Gay Indonesians might seem to epitomize difference; they seem to lie radically outside the norms of Indonesian societies. Within gay communities and in popular culture, however, bahasa gay appears as a register of belonging, not one of hierarchy or distance.
The Syntax of Early English.
Authors: DRINKA BRIDGET
Published: December 2004

The Syntax of Early English Olga Fischer. Ans van Kemenade, Willem Koopman, and Wim van der Wurff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 xviii. 341 pp.
A Place to Stand: Politics and Persuasion in a Working‐Class Bar.
Authors: FOX AARON A.
Published: December 2004

A Place to Stand: Politics and Persuasion in. Working‐Class Bar Julie Lindquist Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 viii. 204 pp.
Story Logic: Problems and Possibilities of Narrative.
Authors: KING ALEXANDER D.
Published: December 2004

Story Logic: Problems and Possibilities of Narrative David Herman Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002 xvi. 452 pp.
Sound.
Authors: SAMUELS DAVID
Published: December 2004

Sound Patricia Kruth and Henry Stobart, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000 235 pp.
Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT) 2000: Linguistics, Language, and the Professions: Education, Law, Medicine, and Technology.
Authors: WOLFGRAM MATTHEW
Published: December 2004

Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT) 2000: Linguistics, Language, and the Professions: Education, Law, Medicine, and Technology James E. Alatis, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Ai‐Hui Tan, eds. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000 vi. 279 pp.
The Washington State History Museum, New Permanent Exhibitions
Authors: Gray Hillary
Published: December 2004

THE WASHINGTON STATE HISTORY MUSEUM, NEW PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS. Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma. (August 1996‐ongoing)
The Art of Identity: African Sculpture from the Teel Collection
Authors: Borgatti Jean M.
Published: December 2004

THE ART OF IDENTITY: AFRICAN SCULPTURE FROM THE TEEL COLLECTION. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (November 30, 1996‐ongoing) Curators: Suzanne Preston Blier, Professor, Department of Fine Arts, Harvard University; Aimee Bessire, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Fine Arts, Harvard University; and Mark Bessire, Africa Fulbright Fellow‐1996.
Book Reviews
Authors: Nakamura Karen
Published: December 2004

Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture. Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla. eds. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 416 pages.
Book Reviews
Authors: Altman Dennis
Published: December 2004

American Gay. Stephen O. Murray. World of Desire Series. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. 337pp.
Sociology: An Idea Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Babbie Earl
Published: December 2004

This is a revised version of the 2004 PSA Presidential Address. It examines the vital need for sociology in today's world and the ways in which sociology already overtly and covertly makes a difference and suggests ways to enhance the impact of sociology in the years ahead.
Rejecting Others' Influence: Negative Sentiment and Status in Task Groups
Authors: Bianchi Alison J.
Published: December 2004

Sentiment has been shown to affect status processes, but the mechanism is unclear. This article presents evidence in support of one of two competing approaches—sentiments as constituent elements of expectations or sentiments as moderators of expectations—that conceptualize the effect of interpersonal sentiments on status behaviors, as studied within the framework of expectations states theory. I create an experimental design, based on the standard experimental setting developed by expectations states theorists, to adjudicate between these two approaches. Subjects' levels of responsibility for team outcome and sentiment vary between the four experimental conditions, in accordance with the Camilleri and Berger model for decision making. Data reveal support for the “sentiment as moderator” model. I propose further directions for formalizing these findings.
“It is the Only Way I Can Survive”: Gender Paradox among Recent Mexicana Immigrants to Iowa
Authors: Baker Phyllis L.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study was to collect, analyze, and report the voices of immigrant Mexicanas as they talked about their new lives in Iowa. Changing material conditions wrested from them their traditional lifestyle and threw them into a situation in which they adapted by maintaining traditional gender ideology while transgressing traditional gender behavior. This gender paradox connects their ideology and behavior in a kind of functionality whereby the women violate traditional gender boundaries as a way to maintain and support traditional gender ideology. The paradoxical relationship between behavior and ideology does not just co-occur; rather, breaking away from traditional gender behavior helps to protect the traditional gender ideology that is central to their lives. The gender paradox reveals that Mexicanas are active agents carving a space for themselves under rapidly changing material conditions.
“United” We Stand: Responses to the September 11 Attacks in Black and White
Authors: Harlow Roxanna , Dundes Lauren
Published: December 2004

The September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States presented a threat to all citizens that seemed unrelated to racial status or internal struggles for power or privilege. This article describes the way in which white and black Americans of military age responded to the 9/11 breach of national security. Our data suggest that their responses were connected to their sense of patriotism and American identity, which, along with this tragedy, was interpreted through a racialized framework. Given that people can interpret the same event in different ways, our findings suggest that without appreciating and validating varied interpretations shaped by multiple racial paradigms, racial tensions may persist, even during times when racial concord would be anticipated.
First Nations of British Columbia: An Anthropological Survey
Authors: Thornton Thomas F.
Published: December 2004

First Nations of British Columbia: An Anthropological Survey by Robert J. Muckle. Vancouver:. of British Columbia, 1998. Paper, 146 pages.
Perisylvian language networks of the human brain
Authors: Catani Marco , Jones Derek K. , ffytche Dominic H.
Published: December 2004

Early anatomically based models of language consisted of an arcuate tract connecting Broca's speech and Wernicke's comprehension centers; a lesion of the tract resulted in conduction aphasia. However, the heterogeneous clinical presentations of conduction aphasia suggest a greater complexity of perisylvian anatomical connections than allowed for in the classical anatomical model. This article re‐explores perisylvian language connectivity using in vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data from 11 right‐handed healthy male subjects were averaged, and the arcuate fasciculus of the left hemisphere reconstructed from this data using an interactive dissection technique. Beyond the classical arcuate pathway connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas directly, we show a previously undescribed, indirect pathway passing through inferior parietal cortex. The indirect pathway runs parallel and lateral to the classical arcuate fasciculus and is composed of an anterior segment connecting Broca's territory with the inferior parietal lobe and a posterior segment connecting the inferior parietal lobe to Wernicke's territory. This model of two parallel pathways helps explain the diverse clinical presentations of conduction aphasia. The anatomical findings are also relevant to the evolution of language, provide a framework for Lichtheim's symptom‐based neurological model of aphasia, and constrain, anatomically, contemporary connectionist accounts of language. Ann Neurol 2005
Design and Synthesis of a Focused Library of Novel Aryl‐ and Heteroaryl‐Ketopiperazides
Authors: Gerlach Matthias , Claus Eckhard , Baasner Silke , Müller Gilbert , Polymeropoulos Emmanuel , Schmidt Peter , Günther Eckhard , Engel Jürgen
Published: December 2004

1‐Phenyl‐4‐piperazinyl‐carbonyl‐substituted nitrogen‐containing heterocycles were discovered at Zentaris as a new class of potent, synthetic, small molecule tubulin inhibitors with strong antiproliferative activity. The lead structure of this class, D‐24203, proved to be a potent inhibitor of in vivo tumor growth in different xenograft models including mammary and renal cancers. As part of our efforts in the lead optimization process to expand structural diversity as well as to optimize bioavailability parameters such as solubility and metabolic stability for these compounds, we produced and evaluated a focused library containing 320 compounds. Five new heterocyclic compound classes with comparable activity properties in the cytotoxicity and tubulin polymerization assay could be identi fied. In silico calculated bioavailability parameters for selected library members provides new compound classes with improved solubility properties.

Library design, development of adequate solution phase methodology, and synthesis will be presented, as well as results of lead optimization.
Construction and Validation of a Microprocessor Controlled Extracorporal Circuit in Rats for the Optimization of Isolated Limb Perfusion
Authors: Gürtler Ulrich , Fuchs Peter , Stangelmayer Achim , Bernhardt Günther , Buschauer Armin , Spruss Thilo
Published: December 2004

Although a few experimental approaches to isolated limb perfusion (ILP) are described in the literature, none of these animal models mimics the clinical perfusion techniques adequately to improve the technique of ILP on the basis of valid preclinical data. Therefore, we developed an ILP setup in rats allowing online monitoring of essential perfusion parameters such as temperature (in perfusate, various tissues, and rectum), pH (perfusate), perfusion pressure, and O2 concentration (in perfusate, tissue), by a tailor‐made data acquisition system. This setup permits close supervision of vital parameters during ILP. Various interdependencies, concerning the flow rate and the pressure of perfusate as well as tissue oxygenation were registered. For the measurement of pO2 values in the perfusate and in different regions of the perfused hind limb, a novel type of microoptode based on quenching of a fluorescent dye was devised. Stable normothermic (37 °C) perfusion conditions were maintained at a constant perfusion pressure in the range of 40‐60 mm Hg by administration of the spasmo lytic moxaverine (0.5 mg/mL of perfusate as initial dose) at a perfusate flow rate of 0.5 mL/min for 60 min. At the end of an ILP, there were no signs of tissue damage, neither concerning laboratory data (K+, myoglobin, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase) nor histopathological criteria. The reported ILP model is not only well suited to investigate the effects of hyperthermia but also to assess the efficacy of new antineoplastic approaches, when nude rats, bearing human tumours in the hind limbs, are used.
Paraclinoid and cavernous sinus regions: Measurement of critical structures relevant for surgical procedure
Authors: Collignon Frederic , Link Michael
Published: December 2004

Determination of the safest distance the falciform ligament can be incised from its origin to the orbital apex. Measurement of the distance between the oculomotor foramen and the IV nerve in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Evaluation of the optic strut as an accurate landmark between the intradural (subarachnoid) and extradural segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Ten fixed human cadaver heads were examined for a total of 20 sides. A frontotemporal craniotomy, an orbito‐optic osteotomy, and extradural anterior clinoidectomy were carried out followed by opening the falciform ligament, circumferentially releasing the distal dural ring and dissection of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus under the operating microscope. We measured: 1) the distance between the entry of the III nerve and the point where the IV nerve crosses over it into the cavernous sinus; 2) the distance the falciform ligament can be incised along the optic nerve laterally until the IV nerve is encountered at the orbital apex; 3) the distance between the optic strut and the lateral part of the distal dural ring; and 4) the distance between the optic strut and the ophthalmic artery. All measurements were made in millimeters, using small calipers. The distance between the optic strut and the lateral part of the distal dural ring ranges from 3–7.5 mm (mean = 5.47 mm). In all our specimens, the ophthalmic artery was found distally from the optic strut in the intradural space at a distance ranging from 0.5–7 mm (mean = 3.35 mm). The distance between the entry of the third nerve and the IV nerve into the cavernous sinus ranged from 7–15 mm (mean = 10.9 mm). The distance between the origin of the falciform ligament and the IV nerve at the level of the orbital apex ranged from 9–15 mm (mean = 10.75 mm). The falciform ligament and the optic sheath should not be opened longer than 9 mm along the lateral optic nerve or injury to the IV nerve can occur. Starting at the oculomotor foramen, the opening of the cavernous sinus should be limited to 7 mm to avoid injuring the IV nerve. Finally, the optic strut can be a reliable bony landmark that separates the subarachnoid space and extradural compartments along the anterior and medial ICA. Clin. Anat. 18:3–9, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations in the anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve
Authors: Gülekon Nadir , Anil Afitap , Poyraz Aylar , Peker Tuncay , Turgut Hasan Basri , Karaköse Mustafa
Published: December 2004

The common representation of the auriculotemporal nerve is either that of a single posterior branch of the mandibular nerve or of two roots that envelope the middle meningeal artery. Our observation in the anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve on 32 dissections (16 cadaveric heads) of the infratemporal fossa included: one specimen with four roots (3.1%), three specimens with three roots (9.4%), 12 specimens with two roots (37.5%), and 16 specimens with one root (50%). Furthermore, a connecting nerve branch was observed between auriculotemporal and inferior alveolar nerves in four specimens, and in another auriculotemporal nerve case, between the upper and lower roots. In the cadaver of a 70‐year‐old male, a four‐rooted auriculotemporal nerve variation was found. These four branches lay to the posterior, combined at the posterosuperior of the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries and formed a ganglion‐like knot. From this knot, four branches stemmed and ran to the temporomandibular joint, external acoustic meatus, zygoma, and parotid gland. The knot was larger and thicker than expected; thus, it was removed and stained with haematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and S100 for histological studies. This structure was not a true ganglion but a structure formed by fusion of nerve fibers. Clin. Anat. 18:15–22, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Class of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Amphiphilic Gelators
Authors: Mohmeyer Nils , Schmidt Hans‐Werner
Published: December 2004

A new powerful class of low‐molecular‐weight amphiphilic compounds has been synthesized and their structure–property relationships with respect to their gelation ability of organic solvents have been investigated. These compounds are able to gel organic solvents over a broad range of polarity. Especially polar solvents such as valeronitrile and γ‐butyrolactone can be gelled even at concentrations far below 1 wt %. It was found that the gelation ability of these asymmetrically substituted p‐phenylendiamines depends on a well‐balanced relation of the terminal head group, the units involved in hydrogen bonding (amide or urea groups), and on the length of the alkyl chain. With this class of new gelators it is possible to tailor thermal and mechanical properties in different organic solvents and open various application possibilities.
The First Metal (Nd3+, Mn2+, and Pb2+) Coordination Compounds of 3,5‐Dinitrotyrosine and their Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Ye Qiong , Li Yong‐Hua , Wu Qian , Song Yu‐Mei , Wang Ju‐Xian , Zhao Hong , Xiong Ren‐Gen , Xue Ziling
Published: December 2004

The reactions of 3,5‐dinitrotyrosine (H2DNTY) with Nd(NO3)3⋅6 H2O, Mn(ClO4)2⋅6 H2O, and Pb(OAc)2 afforded three homochiral compounds: discrete [Nd(Hdnty)2(NO3)(H2O)5]⋅3 H2O (1) and two‐ and three‐dimensional coordination polymers, [Mn(Hdnty)2] (2) and [Pb(dnty)(0.5 H2O)] (3), respectively. The Nd atom in 1 displays a tricapped trigonal prism and supramolecular weak interactions, such as π–π stacking and H‐bonds, between amino and nitro groups result in the formation of a three‐dimensional network through these interactions. 2 has a two‐dimensional square‐grid topological net while 3 has the first three‐dimensional homochiral ThSi2 net. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first metal coordination compounds with 3,5‐dinitrotyrosine. Preliminary second harmonic generation (SHG) investigations indicated that 1 and 2 are SHG active with estimated responses 5 and 6 times larger than that of urea, respectively, while 3 is SHG non‐active (obeying the Klainman symmetry requirement). Strong enhancement of their SHG efficiency, compared with H2DNTY, may be due to 1) the addition of a good donor–π–acceptor organic chromophore into the compound resulting in superior qualities of both inorganic and organic materials and 2) the H‐bonds that persist in them. Crystal data: 1: C18H32N7O25Nd, Mr=890.75 g mol−1, monoclinic, P21, a=7.0179(7), b=27.060(3), c=8.3097(8) Å, α=γ=90.00, β=95.646(2)°, V=1570.4(3) Å3, Z=2, ρcalcd=1.884 Mg m−3, R1=0.0489, wR2=0.1223, μ=17.67 mm−1, S=0.811, Flack value=0.003(13); 2: C18H16N6O14Mn, Mr=595.31 g mol−1, orthorhombic, P21212, a=8.4381(14), b=13.639(2), c=19.697(3) Å, α=β=γ=90.00°, V=2266.9(6) Å3, Z=4, ρcalcd=1.744 Mg m−3, R1=0.0866, wR2=0.2030, μ=6.72 mm−1, S=1.095, Flack value=0.02(6); 3: C9H8N3O7.5Pb, Mr=485.37 g mol−1, tetragonal, P41212, a=12.8136(12), b=12.8136(12), c=14.931(2), α=β=γ=90.00°, V=2451.5(5) Å3, Z=8, ρcalcd=1.885 Mg m−3, R1=0.0564, wR2=0.1323, μ=6.942 mm−1, S=0.878, Flack value=0.03(2). For space group P43212: R1=0.0672, wR2=0.1656, S=1.034, Flack value=1.02(3); this suggests the chosen space group P41212 is correct.
Hydroformylation and Isomerization of Allene and Propyne: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Huo Chun‐Fang , Li Yong‐Wang , Beller Matthias , Jiao Haijun
Published: December 2004

The [HCo(CO)3]‐catalyzed hydroformylation of allene and propyne has been investigated at the B3LYP level of density functional theory. It is found that hydroformylation of allene favors the linear anti‐Markovnikov product in high regioselectivity both kinetically and thermodynamically. The origin of this regioselectivity comes from the enhanced stability of the η3‐allylic intermediate [(η3‐CH2CHCH2)Co(CO)3]. By contrast, propyne does not show any regioselectivity. The possible interconversion between allene and propyne mediated by [HCo(CO)3] has been explored.
Physician practices of bone density testing and drug prescribing to prevent or treat osteoporosis during androgen deprivation therapy [An erratum to this Article has been published in Cancer 2006;106(11):2530]
Authors: Tanvetyanon Tawee
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a strong risk factor for osteoporosis. The current study identified physician practices in preventing or treating osteoporosis during ADT. The practices of interest are the uses of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, bisphosphonates, calcium or vitamin D supplement, calcitonin, or estrogen.

METHODS

A retrospective medical record review was conducted. Patients were included if they had received ADT with goserelin injection for ≥ 1 year. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of receiving at least one intervention.

RESULTS

Analyses included 184 patients. Most were the elderly with multiple risk factors for osteoporosis. Only 8.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6–13.0%) of patients received a DXA scan at least once during the past 3 years. Oral and intravenous bisphosphonates were prescribed in 4.9% (95%CI, 1.8–8.0%) and 0.5% (95%CI, 0–2.0%) of patients, respectively, during the past year. Overall, 14.7% of patients (95%CI, 9.5–20.0%) received at least one intervention. Concurrent risk factors for osteoporosis, including smoking, alcoholism, advanced age, low body mass index, long duration of ADT, multiple comorbidities, history of fractures, and steroid use, were not independent predictors of having received interventions. However, bone metastasis was, with a hazard ratio of 5.6 (95%CI, 1.99–15.6%). Primary care physicians provided the greatest number of interventions and cancer‐related specialists provided the fewest.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of patients with prostate carcinoma undergoing ADT did not receive interventions to prevent or treat osteoporosis. Having other concurrent risk factors for osteoporosis was not predictive of receiving these few interventions. [An erratum to this Article has been published in Cancer 2006;106(11):2530] Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.