bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALGUNOS PROBLEMAS DEL AGOTAMIENTO DE LOS DERECHOS DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL RESPECTO DE LAS LICENCIAS DE SOFTWARE
Authors: Contreras Jaramillo Juan Camilo
Published: September 2016

La figura del agotamiento de los derechos de propiedad intelectual en relación con los contratos de licencia de software genera los mismos problemas que se pueden presentar en otros negocios jurídicos que tienen por objeto otras obras protegidas por el derecho de autor. Hoy, por ejemplo, se discute sobre cuál es el acto jurídico que puede habilitar el agotamiento de los derechos, cuáles son los derechos que se agotan mediante esta figura; incluso, respecto de la forma en que los contratos de licencia deben ser interpretados cuando hay diferencias sobre las disposiciones que pueden o no dar origen al agotamiento. Todos estos cuestionamientos son igualmente aplicables a los programas de computador y a las obras musicales o literarias. Sin embargo, el presente artículo, fruto de una ponencia del autor en la Universidad de Chile, trata en concreto dos problemas relevantes para la industria del software y los contratos de licencia allí utilizados; estos son la interpretación de los contratos y la calificación de la naturaleza de las copias objeto de descargas digitales. Los dos problemas identificados son enfrentados a la figura del agotamiento de los derechos de propiedad intelectual para concluir la necesidad de revisar los criterios de interpretación utilizados en estos contratos, y para evidenciar la necesidad de volver a categorizar las denominadas copias digitales como “bienes digitales tangibles”. 
 
EL CIBERILÍCITO EN COLOMBIA. ¿ANTE CUÁL JUEZ ACUDIR?
Authors: Velásquez-Posada Obdulio , Garrido-Gallego Yeimy
Published: September 2016

Determinar en dónde sucedió el ciberilícito transjurisdiccional y, en consecuencia, el juez llamado a conocer la causa es una de las dificultades que encuentra la responsabilidad civil. En este artículo de investigación se indaga cómo debe ser interpretado en Colombia el criterio tradicional del “lugar en donde sucedió el hecho” cuando se está frente a un ciberilícito. Para resolver la cuestión, se aplica el método dogmático acudiendo a las soluciones dadas en el derecho extranjero que pueden servir de inspiración a la colombiana y para los regímenes que aplican el criterio loci delicti commissi. Así, en el escrito se propone que para los casos de ciberilícitos en Colombia, el “lugar en donde sucedió el hecho” se entienda como el “domicilio de la víctima”. Con esta interpretación, que los autores del escrito denominan pro victimæ, se busca llenar el vacío que encuentra el demandante que no quiere o no puede interponer su acción de reparación en el domicilio del demandado. En la investigación se examina cómo el criterio propuesto es análogo a las interpretaciones dadas en Estados Unidos, Australia y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, y es armónico con el ordenamiento jurídico nacional.
LA DEFRAUDACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS DEL INVENTOR
Authors: Cofone Ignacio N.
Published: September 2016

El artículo clarifica una duda interpretativa sobre la norma penal que, en una ley especial, castiga la violación de los derechos de los titulares de patentes en Argentina. Para hacerlo, recurre a su fuente en la legislación española y a los derechos establecidos en la Constitución argentina.
EL DERECHO A LA PRUEBA EN COLOMBIA: ASPECTOS FAVORABLES Y CRÍTICOS DE LA REFORMA DEL CÓDIGO GENERAL DEL PROCESO EN EL DERECHO SUSTANCIAL Y PROCESAL
Authors: Yáñez-Meza Diego Armando , Castellanos-Castellanos Jeferson Arley
Published: September 2016

Actualmente, uno de los mandatos estructurales para la tutela efectiva de los derechos es el derecho fundamental a la prueba, no solo por el novedoso fenómeno de constitucionalización del proceso, sino por casos concretos que han impulsado serias reformas. Con anterioridad al Código General del Proceso, el ciudadano que acudía a la administración de justicia veía definida la vigencia y eficacia de su pretensión o excepción por medio de tres hipótesis de la actividad probatoria: i) la habilidad o dirigida intención de su contraparte de aportar o no la prueba del hecho, que es otra manera de entender la noción clásica de carga de la prueba; ii) la búsqueda de la verdad por parte del juez, mediante sus poderes oficiosos; y iii) la sorpresa de una inversión de la carga de la prueba por el juez, de la cual la persona a quien se le asignaba la carga de probar se enteraba en la sentencia de segunda instancia, o en sede de casación o en la eventual revisión. En la actualidad, con el CGP y el Estatuto de Arbitraje Nacional e Internacional, se le aumentan los poderes de instrucción al juez, al permitírsele i) asignar la carga de probar a la parte de la relación procesal que se encuentra en mejor posición de hacerlo y ii) decretar medidas cautelares probatorias; esta nueva realidad implica redefinir y examinar lo que denominaremos los “insumos” a los cuales puede acudir el juez que pretenda hacer una protección efectiva del derecho a la prueba, en la etapa de proposición y requerimiento de la prueba. Como consecuencia, se plantea la disertación frente a la afectación del derecho sustancial de este derecho fundamental, de una parte, y en torno a los serios desafíos frente a la estructura y el trámite creado para la carga dinámica desde el CGP, abordados desde sus aspectos críticos en lo que se considera eminentemente procesal.
MONISMO MODERADO COLOMBIANO: EXAMEN A LA TEORÍA OFICIAL DE LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL DESDE LA OBRA DE ALFRED VERDROSS
Authors: Huertas-Cárdenas Julián
Published: September 2016

A partir de su sentencia C-400-98, la Corte Constitucional acogió el monismo moderado como teoría orientadora para entender las relaciones entre el derecho internacional y el derecho colombiano. La sentencia sustentó esta teoría en la doctrina de Alfred Verdross, quien según la Corte es un expositor de esta postura. El presente artículo de investigación se encarga de analizar de manera crítica el monismo moderado defendido por la Corte, a partir de la teoría original de Verdross. Para ello, se examinarán en primer lugar los elementos constitutivos del monismo moderado planteado por la Corte; posteriormente, se analizarán las teorías clásicas que han intentado explicar las relaciones entre el derecho internacional y el nacional, en especial el monismo moderado auténtico. A continuación, mediante una comparación entre el discurso de la Corte Constitucional y el texto de Verdross citado en la C-400-98, se demostrará que el tribunal colombiano tergiversó las tesis de Verdross, lo cual arroja un manto de duda sobre la solidez del fundamento teórico asumido por la Corte. Lo anterior permitirá concluir que Colombia nunca ha acogido la teoría del monismo moderado y por tanto, resulta necesario abandonar este referente y modificar el precedente jurisprudencial vigente.
Validation of the Onsite Used Operational Code Against Burnup Measurement
Authors: Koleška Michal , Šunka Michal , Ernest Jaroslav
Published: September 2016

A spectrometric system was developed for spent fuel burnup evaluations at the LVR-15 research reactor, which employed highly enriched (36%) IRT-2M-type fuel. Such a system allows the measurement of fission product axial distribution by measuring certain nuclides, such as Cs137, Cs134, and their ratios, respectively. Within the paper, a comparison between experimental data provided by the spectrometric system and calculations in operational code called NODER is provided.
Colistin Resistance
mcr-1
-Gene-Bearing Escherichia coli Strain from the United States
Authors: Meinersmann Richard J. , Ladely Scott R. , Plumblee Jodie R. , Hall M. Carolina , Simpson Sheron A. , Ballard Linda L. , Scheffler Brian E. , Genzlinger Linda L. , Cook Kimberly L.
Published: September 2016

Transmissible colistin resistance in the form of an
mcr-1
-gene-bearing plasmid has been recently reported in
Enterobacteriaceae
in several parts of the world. We report here the completed genome sequence of an
Escherichia coli
strain isolated from swine in the United States that carried the
mcr-1
gene on an IncI2-type plasmid.
Effect of treatment of rectal cancer metastasis with intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patient with subretinal fluid and macular oedema: short-term follow-up
Authors: Boss Joseph Daniel , Lieu Philip , Tewari Asheesh
Published: September 2016

We describe the management of subretinal fluid and macular oedema due to colorectal cancer metastasis to the choroid using intravitreal bevacizumab. A patient with grade VI KRAS mutation rectal cancer with metastasis to the lung and cerebellum presented with left eye choroidal metastasis 1 week after being started on the experimental medication KTN3379. After intravitreal bevacizumab administration, the patient had improvement in macular subretinal fluid, but eventually progressed to severe cystoid macular oedema despite monthly intravitreal bevacizumab treatment.
α-Amyrin attenuates high fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats
Authors: Prabhakar Pankaj , Reeta KH. , Maulik Subir Kumar , Dinda Amit Kumar , Gupta Yogendra Kumar
Published: September 2016

This study investigated the effect of α-amyrin (a pentacyclic triterpene) on high-fructose diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into different groups. The control group was fed normal rat chow diet. The HFD group was fed HFD (60%; w/w) for 42 days. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, orally, once daily) was used as a standard drug. α-Amyrin was administered in 3 doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, orally, once daily along with HFD). Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were estimated. Changes in blood pressure, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were measured. Hepatic oxidative stress as well as messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) were analyzed. A significant increase in systolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and plasma triglycerides and a significant decrease in HDL-C were observed in HFD rats as compared with control rats. Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were also significantly impaired with HFD. α-Amyrin prevented these changes in a dose–dependent manner. Hepatic oxidative stress as well as micro- and macrovesicular fatty changes in hepatocytes caused by HFD were also attenuated by α-amyrin. α-Amyrin preserved the hepatic mRNA and protein levels of PPAR-α, which was reduced in HFD group. This study thus demonstrates that α-amyrin attenuates HFD-induced metabolic syndrome in rats.
Brittle fracture of rock under combined tensile and compressive loading conditions
Authors: Tang S.B. , Bao C.Y. , Liu H.Y.
Published: September 2016

The brittle fracture of rock with an angled crack under combined tensile and compressive loading conditions is studied using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The modified maximum tangential stress criterion (MTSC) and the maximum shear stress criterion (MSSC) are used to check crack initiations in the tensile and shear modes, respectively. The effects of the friction coefficient of the crack surfaces and the nonsingular stresses (T stresses) on the crack initiation are studied for the cases of both low and high compressive confining pressure coefficients. The T stresses include those both parallel (Tx) and perpendicular (Ty) to the crack plane. The type of crack initiation under the combined tensile and compressive loading conditions is found to remain tensile dominated when the compressive confining pressure coefficient is small. However, shear crack extension becomes possible with the compressive confining pressure coefficient and friction coefficient increasing if the crack orientation angle is small. Moreover, the high compressive confining pressure and substantial friction are found to increase the possibility of shear crack extension. The theoretical predictions presented in this study move one step forward than the available analytical solutions for the angled crack subjected to general biaxial load and agree well with those from experimental tests.
Holocene glacier history of Frank Mackie Glacier, northern British Columbia Coast Mountains
Authors: St-Hilaire Vikki M. , Smith Dan J.
Published: September 2016

Frank Mackie Glacier repeatedly advanced across the Bowser River valley in northwestern British Columbia to impound Tide Lake during the Holocene. The most recent infilling of Tide Lake was associated with a late Little Ice Age glacier advance and ended around 1930 when the lake catastrophically drained. Over the last century Frank Mackie Glacier has retreated and down wasted to reveal multiple glaciogenic sedimentary units within the proximal faces of prominent lateral moraines. The units are separated by buried in-situ tree stumps and laterally contiguous wood mats deposited on paleosols. Dendroglaciological and radiocarbon dating of these wood remains show that Frank Mackie Glacier expanded into standing forests at 3710–3300, 2700–2200, 1700–1290, 900–500, and 250–100 cal. years BP. These advances coincide closely in time with the previously established Tide Lake glacier dam chronology and with the Holocene history of other glaciers in the Bowser River watershed. The findings emphasize the likelihood that most glaciers within northwestern British Columbia underwent substantial size and mass balance changes over the last 4000 years, and often spent hundreds of years in advanced positions before retreating.
Barcoding the food chain: from Sanger to high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Littlefair Joanne E. , Clare Elizabeth L.
Published: September 2016

Society faces the complex challenge of supporting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, while ensuring food security by providing safe traceable food through an ever-more-complex global food chain. The increase in human mobility brings the added threat of pests, parasites, and invaders that further complicate our agro-industrial efforts. DNA barcoding technologies allow researchers to identify both individual species, and, when combined with universal primers and high-throughput sequencing techniques, the diversity within mixed samples (metabarcoding). These tools are already being employed to detect market substitutions, trace pests through the forensic evaluation of trace “environmental DNA”, and to track parasitic infections in livestock. The potential of DNA barcoding to contribute to increased security of the food chain is clear, but challenges remain in regulation and the need for validation of experimental analysis. Here, we present an overview of the current uses and challenges of applied DNA barcoding in agriculture, from agro-ecosystems within farmland to the kitchen table.
Impact of sterile neutrino dark matter on core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Warren Mackenzie L. , Mathews Grant J. , Meixner Matthew , Hidaka Jun , Kajino Toshitaka
Published: September 2016

We summarize the impact of sterile neutrino dark matter on core-collapse supernova explosions. We explore various oscillations between electron neutrinos or mixed [Formula: see text] neutrinos and right-handed sterile neutrinos that may occur within a core-collapse supernova. In particular, we consider sterile neutrino masses and mixing angles that are consistent with sterile neutrino dark matter candidates as indicated by recent X-ray flux measurements. We find that the interpretation of the observed 3.5 keV X-ray excess as due to a decaying 7 keV sterile neutrino that comprises 100% of the dark matter would have almost no observable effect on supernova explosions. However, in the more realistic case in which the decaying sterile neutrino comprises only a small fraction of the total dark matter density due to the presence of other sterile neutrino flavors, WIMPs, etc. a larger mixing angle is allowed. In this case a 7 keV sterile neutrino could have a significant impact on core-collapse supernovae. We also consider mixing between [Formula: see text] neutrinos and sterile neutrinos. We find, however, that this mixing does not significantly alter the explosion and has no observable effect on the neutrino luminosities at early times.
Induction of the higher-derivative Chern–Simons extension in QED3
Authors: Anacleto M. A. , Brito F. A. , Holanda O. , Passos E. , Yu. Petrov A.
Published: September 2016

We perform the perturbative generation of the higher-derivative Chern–Simons contribution to the effective action in the three-dimensional QED at zero and finite temperatures. In the latter case, we show that as the temperature goes to infinity this contribution vanishes. However, as expected, as the temperature goes to zero only the covariant part survives. The noncovariant part contributes only in intermediate temperatures where it presents a maximum.
A New Floating Memristance Simulator Circuit Based on Second Generation Current Conveyor
Authors: Cam Zehra Gulru , Sedef Herman
Published: September 2016

In this paper, a new floating analog memristance simulator circuit based on second generation current conveyors and passive elements is proposed. Theoretical derivations are presented which decribe the circuit characteristics. The hardware of proposed simulator circuit is built using commercially available components. Theoretical derivations are validated with PSPICE simulation and experimental results. Performance of circuit was tested with simple example circuits. All results show that proposed simulator circuit provides frequency dependent pinched hysteresis loop and nonvolatility features. Exciting frequency, minimum and maximum memristance values and memristance range can be adjustable with simple passive element values. Simulator circuit has a frequency range of 1[Formula: see text]Hz to 40[Formula: see text]kHz.
Radial sensitivity of the optical model potentials for 4He+120Sn and 6He+120Sn
Authors: Sert Y. , Boztosun I.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, the radial sensitivity of the elastic scattering cross-section for the 4He and 6He on [Formula: see text]Sn have been examined at energies near the Coulomb barrier. We also investigate the variation of the potential radius depending on the incident energy for the [Formula: see text]Sn and [Formula: see text]Sn systems. Especially, we have taken care of to stay within one family for [Formula: see text]Sn elastic scattering, i.e., using [Formula: see text] real depth have not been changed by more than 20–30%.
Three-dimensional study of the six-body bound-state for the case of effective three-body configuration model
Authors: Pouya E. Ahmadi , Rajabi A. A.
Published: September 2016

This article has been retracted due to incorrect results. A notice of retraction is published in the International Journal of Modern Physics E Volume 26, Issue 12, 1793001 (2017).
Gamow states as solutions of a modified Lippmann–Schwinger equation
Authors: Civitarese O. , Gadella M.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we discuss the structure of Gamow states as solutions of Lippmann–Schwinger equation. The Friedrichs model is used to demonstrate it, both analytically and by applying perturbation theory to the extended spectrum of the Hamiltonian. The method presented here may be relevant to the inclusion of resonances in discrete basis, without the need of numerical constructions to define Gamow states, as entities depending on the choice of integrals contours, or as states resulting from ad hoc discretizations of the continuum.
THE CHARACTERISTIC DIODE PARAMETERS IN Ti/p-InP CONTACTS PREPARED BY DC SPUTTERING AND EVAPORATION PROCESSES OVER A WIDE MEASUREMENT TEMPERATURE
Authors: EJDERHA KADIR , ASUBAY SEZAI , YILDIRIM NEZIR , GÜLLÜ ÖMER , TURUT ABDULMECIT , ABAY BAHATTIN
Published: September 2016

The titanium/[Formula: see text]-indium phosphide (Ti/[Formula: see text]-InP) Schottky diodes (SDs) have been prepared by thermal evaporation and DC magnetron sputtering deposition. Then, their current–voltage ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) characteristics have been measured in the sample temperature range of 100–400[Formula: see text]K with steps of 20[Formula: see text]K. The characteristic parameters of both Ti/[Formula: see text]-InP SDs have been compared with each other. The barrier height (BH) values of 0.824 and 0.847 at 300[Formula: see text]K have been obtained for the sputtered and the evaporated SDs, respectively. This low BH value for the sputtered SD has been attributed to some defects introduced by the sputtered deposition technique over a limited depth in to the [Formula: see text]-type substrate. The BH of the evaporated and sputtered diodes has decreased with the standard deviations of 58 and 64[Formula: see text]mV obeying to double-Gaussian distribution (GD) in 220–400[Formula: see text]K range, respectively, and it has seen a more sharper reduction for the BHs with the standard deviations of 93 and 106 mV in 100–220[Formula: see text]K range. The Richardson constant values of 89.72 and 53.24[Formula: see text]A(Kcm)[Formula: see text] (in 220–400[Formula: see text]K range) for the evaporated and sputtered samples, respectively, were calculated from the modified ln([Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]/2[Formula: see text] vs (kT)[Formula: see text] curves by GD of the BHs. The value 53.24[Formula: see text]A(Kcm)[Formula: see text] for the sputtered sample in high temperatures range is almost the same as the known Richardson constant value of 60[Formula: see text]A(Kcm)[Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]-type InP.
FE-brick: Re-definition and Re-design of FE Model in Next-Generation Router Architecture
Authors: GAO XIANMING , WANG BAOSHENG , WANG XU AN , ZHANG XIAOZHE
Published: September 2016

In traditional router, it usually consists of forwarding element (FE) and control element (CE). However, there is a tight coupling between FE model and logical functions, thus restricting service innovation and user customized ability. In this context, we explore the insightful prospect of functional integration between logical function-based FE model and strategy-driven FE model to propose a new FE model. In this paper, we firstly propose an idea of FE-Brick model for next-generation router architecture, which includes two types of elements: logical function-based FE (LFFE) and strategy-driven FE (SFE). LFFE is a collection of logical functions, which is the same as FE model in traditional routers; and SFE uses flow-strategy to determine forwarding behavior of each packet. FE model can be regarded as a cluster of SFEs and LFFEs, where these elements are optionally interconnected in the similar way as the “building block” game. At last, we establish two demos on FE-Brick model and further evaluate their performance.
A Green Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: SONG XIAO-OU , LI ZONG-QIANG
Published: September 2016

The routing information is hard to maintain and the energy is limited in highly dynamic wireless sensor network. To solve these problems, energy-saving geographic routing (ESGR) is proposed, which does not maintain the network topology and can save energy. A node broadcast its position information to its neighboring nodes before transmitting data. The neighboring nodes compute the position of the virtual relay node using the data transmitter position, the base station position and the energy consumption for circuits and propagation. The neighboring nodes determine whether to become the relay node through competition based on its position, the destination position and the virtual relay node position. The neighboring nodes compute the delay time distributedly according to the competition strategy. The neighboring node with the shortest delay time can respond to the data sender first and become the sole relay node. The handshake mechanism efficiently prevents the collision among the neighboring nodes during competition, which is of high communication efficiency. When a routing hole is found, the relay region is changed and an approaching destination relay strategy is adopted, which reduces the impact of routing holes. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is better than BLR, because of the lower energy consumption and lower packet loss ratio. The ESGR algorithm is more appropriate for highly dynamic wireless network.
Comprehensive Improved Simulated Annealing Optimization for Floorplanning of Heterogeneous 3D Networks-on-Chip
Authors: ZHANG DAKUN , SONG GUOZHI , LIU KUNLIANG , MA YONG , ZHAO CHENGLONG , WANG XU AN
Published: September 2016

With the rapid development of integrated circuit manufacturing processes, poor system scalability has become a prominent problem for System on Chip (SoC).To solve the bottleneck problems such as global synchronization, network on chip Networks on Chip (NoC) has emerged as a new design to tackle the increasing communication demand among elements on chips. With the development of networks-on-chip, the research has expanded from two-dimensional to three-dimensional design, and 3D networks-on-chip is a combination of 3D integration technology and 2D networks-on-chips with the advantages of both to meet the development trend of diversified chip functions. This paper presents an improved floorplanning optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing algorithm (Comprehensive Improved Simulated Annealing, hereinafter referred to as CISA algorithm) to replace the original floorplanning optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing algorithm (Simulated Annealing, hereinafter referred to as SA algorithm) to make it more applicable to the three-dimensional network-on- chip simulation. This paper describes the CISA algorithm improvement ideas and uses it on an existing 3D network-on-chip simulator with a set of classical simulation tests. The results show that the proposed CISA algorithm is better than the original SA algorithm and it is more suitable for simulations of three-dimensional networks-on-chip, especially when dealing with large scale 3D NoC.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of Transition Metal Phosphide Nanocrystallites (MoP, MoP2, Cu3P and CuP2) by Using Reaction Under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperatures (RAPET) Technique
Authors: George P. P. , Genish I. , Maklouf Shirly ben-david , Koltypin Y. , Gedanken A.
Published: September 2016

The reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (RAPET) technique is proposed for synthesizing a series of metal phosphide nanoparticles such as MoP, MoP2, Cu3P and CuP2 at 850[Formula: see text]C for 3.50[Formula: see text]h by reacting selectively the transition metal powders with elemental phosphorus. The obtained products are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A reaction mechanism is suggested based on the experimental results.
Different shapes of impurity concentration profiles formed by long-range interstitial migration
Authors: Velichko O. I.
Published: September 2016

A model of interstitial impurity migration is proposed which explains the redistribution of ion-implanted boron in low-temperature annealing of nonamorphized silicon layers. It is supposed that nonequilibrium boron interstitials are generated either in the course of ion implantation or at the initial stage of thermal treatment and that they migrate inward and to the surface of a semiconductor in the basic stage of annealing. It is shown that the form of the “tail” in the boron profile with the logarithmic concentration axis changes from a straight line if the average lifetime of impurity interstitials is substantially shorter than the annealing duration to that bending upwards for increasing lifetime.

The calculated impurity concentration profiles are in excellent agreement with the experimental data describing the redistribution of implanted boron for low-temperature annealing at 750[Formula: see text]C for 1[Formula: see text]h and at 800[Formula: see text]C for 35[Formula: see text]min. Simultaneously, the experimental phenomenon of incomplete electrical activation of boron atoms in the “tail” region is naturally explained.
ADiJaC -- Automatic Differentiation of Java Classfiles
Authors: Sluşanschi Emil I. , Dumitrel Vlad
Published: September 2016

This work presents the current design and implementation of ADiJaC, an automatic differentiation tool for Java classfiles. ADiJaC uses source transformation to generate derivative codes in both the forward and the reverse modes of automatic differentiation. We describe the overall architecture of the tool and present various details and examples for each of the two modes of differentiation. We emphasize the enhancements that have been made over previous versions of ADiJaC and illustrate their influence on the generality of the tool and on the performance of the generated derivative codes. The ADiJaC tool has been used to generate derivatives for a variety of problems, including real-world applications. We evaluate the performance of such codes and compare it to derivatives generated by Tapenade, a well-established automatic differentiation tool for Fortran and C/C++. Additionally, we present a more detailed performance analysis of a real-world application. Apart from being the only general-purpose automatic differentiation tool for Java bytecode, we argue that ADiJaC’s features and performance are comparable to those of similar mature tools for other programming languages such as C/C++ or Fortran.
Partitioning and Data Mapping in Reconfigurable Cache and Scratchpad Memory--Based Architectures
Authors: Chakraborty Prasenjit , Panda Preeti Ranjan , Sen Sandeep
Published: September 2016

Scratchpad memory (SPM) is considered a useful component in the memory hierarchy, solely or along with caches, for meeting the power and energy constraints as performance ceases to be the sole criteria for processor design. Although the efficiency of SPM is well known, its use has been restricted owing to difficulties in programmability. Real applications usually have regions that are amenable to exploitation by either SPM or cache and hence can benefit if the two are used in conjunction. Dynamically adjusting the local memory resources to suit application demand can significantly improve the efficiency of the overall system. In this article, we propose a compiler technique to map application data objects to the SPM-cache and also partition the local memory between the SPM and cache depending on the dynamic requirement of the application. First, we introduce a novel graph-based structure to tackle data allocation in an application. Second, we use this to present a data allocation heuristic to map program objects for a fixed-size SPM-cache hybrid system that targets whole program optimization. We finally extend this formulation to adapt the SPM and cache sizes, as well as the data allocation as per the requirement of different application regions. We study the applicability of the technique on various workloads targeted at both SPM-only and hardware reconfigurable memory systems, observing an average of 18% energy-delay improvement over state-of-the-art techniques.
Exercise training improves neurovascular control and calcium cycling gene expression in patients with heart failure with cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Nobre Thais S. , Antunes-Correa Ligia M. , Groehs Raphaela V. , Alves Maria Janieire N. N. , Sarmento Adriana O. , Bacurau Aline V. , Urias Ursula , Alves Guilherme B. , Rondon Maria Urbana P. B. , Brum Patrícia C. , Martinelli Martino , Middlekauff Holly R. , Negrao Carlos E.
Published: September 2016

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by decreased exercise capacity, attributable to neurocirculatory and skeletal muscle factors. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and exercise training have each been shown to decrease muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and increase exercise capacity in patients with HF. We hypothesized that exercise training in the setting of CRT would further reduce MSNA and vasoconstriction and would increase Ca2+-handling gene expression in skeletal muscle in patients with chronic systolic HF. Thirty patients with HF, ejection fraction <35% and CRT for 1 mo, were randomized into two groups: exercise-trained (ET, n = 14) and untrained (NoET, n = 16) groups. The following parameters were compared at baseline and after 4 mo in each group: V̇o2 peak, MSNA (microneurography), forearm blood flow, and Ca2+-handling gene expression in vastus lateralis muscle. After 4 mo, exercise duration and V̇o2 peak were significantly increased in the ET group ( P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively), but not in the NoET group. MSNA was significantly reduced in the ET ( P = 0.001), but not in NoET, group. Similarly, forearm vascular conductance significantly increased in the ET ( P = 0.0004), but not in the NoET, group. The expression of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger ( P = 0.01) was increased, and ryanodine receptor expression was preserved in ET compared with NoET. In conclusion, the exercise training in the setting of CRT improves exercise tolerance and neurovascular control and alters Ca2+-handling gene expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with systolic HF. These findings highlight the importance of including exercise training in the treatment of patients with HF even following CRT.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction after long-term diabetes and hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Sorop Oana , van den Heuvel Mieke , van Ditzhuijzen Nienke S. , de Beer Vincent J. , Heinonen Ilkka , van Duin Richard W. B. , Zhou Zhichao , Koopmans Sietse J. , Merkus Daphne , van der Giessen Wim J. , Danser A. H. Jan , Duncker Dirk Jan
Published: September 2016

Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) has been proposed as an important component of diabetes mellitus (DM)- and hypercholesterolemia-associated coronary artery disease (CAD). Previously we observed that 2.5 mo of DM and high-fat diet (HFD) in swine blunted bradykinin (BK)-induced vasodilation and attenuated endothelin (ET)-1-mediated vasoconstriction. Here we studied the progression of CMD after 15 mo in the same animal model of CAD. Ten male swine were fed a HFD in the absence (HFD, n = 5) or presence of streptozotocin-induced DM (DM + HFD, n = 5). Responses of small (∼300-μm-diameter) coronary arteries to BK, ET-1, and the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso- N-acetylpenicillamine were examined in vitro and compared with those of healthy (Normal) swine ( n = 12). Blood glucose was elevated in DM + HFD (17.6 ± 4.5 mmol/l) compared with HFD (5.1 ± 0.4 mmol/l) and Normal (5.8 ± 0.6 mmol/l) swine, while cholesterol was markedly elevated in DM + HFD (16.8 ± 1.7 mmol/l) and HFD (18.1 ± 2.6 mmol/l) compared with Normal (2.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l) swine (all P < 0.05). Small coronary arteries showed early atherosclerotic plaques in HFD and DM + HFD swine. Surprisingly, DM + HFD and HFD swine maintained BK responsiveness compared with Normal swine due to an increase in NO availability relative to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. However, ET-1 responsiveness was greater in HFD and DM + HFD than Normal swine (both P < 0.05), resulting mainly from ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Moreover, the calculated vascular stiffness coefficient was higher in DM + HFD and HFD than Normal swine (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, 15 mo of DM + HFD, as well as HFD alone, resulted in CMD. Although the overall vasodilation to BK was unperturbed, the relative contributions of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor pathways were altered. Moreover, the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 was enhanced, involving the ETB receptors. In conjunction with our previous study, these findings highlight the time dependence of the phenotype of CMD.
Deflation-activated receptors, not classical inflation-activated receptors, mediate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex
Authors: Yu Jerry
Published: September 2016

Many airway sensory units respond to both lung inflation and deflation. Whether those responses to opposite stimuli come from one sensor (one-sensor theory) or more than one sensor (multiple-sensor theory) is debatable. One-sensor theory is commonly presumed in the literature. This article proposes a multiple-sensor theory in which a sensory unit contains different sensors for sensing different forces. Two major types of mechanical sensors operate in the lung: inflation- and deflation-activated receptors (DARs). Inflation-activated sensors can be further divided into slowly adapting receptors (SARs) and rapidly adapting receptors (RARs). Many SAR and RAR units also respond to lung deflation because they contain DARs. Pure DARs, which respond to lung deflation only, are rare in large animals but are easily identified in small animals. Lung deflation-induced reflex effects previously attributed to RARs should be assigned to DARs (including pure DARs and DARs associated with SARs and RARs) if the multiple-sensor theory is accepted. Thus, based on the information, it is proposed that activation of DARs can attenuate lung deflation, shorten expiratory time, increase respiratory rate, evoke inspiration, and cause airway secretion and dyspnea.
Serum Potassium Levels and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yusuf Akeem A. , Hu Yan , Singh Bhupinder , Menoyo José A. , Wetmore James B.
Published: September 2016

Background: Hyperkalemia is common in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. However, few studies have examined the association between serum potassium level and mortality. Methods: This study used annual cohorts of hemodialysis patients during 2007-2010. To determine hyperkalemia prevalence, monthly hyperkalemia was defined as serum potassium level ≥5.5 mEq/l; prevalence was calculated as a ratio of hyperkalemia episodes to follow-up time, reported separately by long and short interdialytic interval. To determine the impact of hyperkalemia on mortality, patients in the 2010 cohort were followed from first potassium measurement until death or a censoring event; hyperkalemia was defined, sequentially, by potassium levels 5.5-6.0 mEq/l at 0.1 mEq/l intervals. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate the association between hyperkalemia and mortality. Results: The 4 annual cohorts ranged from 28,774 to 36,888 patients. Mean age was approximately 63 years, about 56% were men, 51% were white and 44% had end-stage renal disease caused by diabetes. Hyperkalemia prevalence was consistently estimated at 16.3-16.8 events per 100 patient-months. Prevalence on the day after the long interdialytic interval was 2.0-2.4 times as high as on the day after the short interval. Hyperkalemia, when defined as serum potassium ≥5.7 mEq/l, was associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazards ratio (AHR) 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.28, p = 0.037, vs. <5.7 mEq/l) after adjustment. AHRs increased progressively as the hyperkalemia threshold increased, reaching 1.37 (95% CI 1.16-1.62, p < 0.0001) for ≥6.0 mEq/l. Conclusions: The long interdialytic interval was associated with increased likelihood of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia was associated with all-cause mortality beginning at serum potassium ≥5.7 mEq/l; mortality risk estimates increased ordinally through ≥6.0 mEq/l, suggesting a threshold at which serum potassium becomes substantially more dangerous.
Insect Sting Reactions and Specific IgE to Venom and Major Allergens in a General Population
Authors: Mosbech Holger , Tang Line , Linneberg Allan
Published: September 2016

Background: Insect sting reactions are frequently reported, but population studies documenting the frequency and the relation to IgE-sensitization and serum tryptase are scarce. Methods: Questionnaire data and results from measurements of specific IgE against venom, major allergens and cross-reacting carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) were collected from 2,090 adult participants in a cross-sectional survey. Results: 13% of the population reported symptoms of sting reactions and about half were systemic in nature. In all, 15% were sensitized to venom but only 31% of these had reacted to stings and only 38% of those with reactions had IgE to venom. In addition, 12% with IgE to venom were double-sensitized (DS), i.e. to both bee and wasp venom. Among DS IgE to major venom allergens, rApi m 1, rVes v 1 and rVes v 5 were negative and of no help in 31%, but 59% could be identified as likely sensitized to bee or wasp. IgE to CCDs occurred in only 0.7%, but 80% of these were DS. Finally, 36% with IgE to CCDs had had symptoms, mostly local. Serum tryptase was not associated with a history of sting reactions. Conclusions: In a temperate climate, self-reported insect sting reactions and sensitization to venom are frequent, but in most cases, these are not seen in the same individual. In DS individuals, measurements of IgE to major allergens can be helpful in some but not all cases and additional analyses are needed. IgE to CCDs may have some clinical relevance.
The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score for Patient-Reported Outcome Assessment
Authors: Alidjanov Jakhongir F. , Abdufattaev Ulugbek A. , Makhsudov Saidamin A. , Pilatz Adrian , Akilov Farkhad A. , Naber Kurt G. , Wagenlehner Florian M.E.
Published: September 2016

Objectives: The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) was developed as a self-reporting questionnaire for clinical diagnosis of acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) and symptomatic changes in female patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the utility of the different domains of ACSS including the ‘dynamics' domain after therapy. The applicability of these domains in assessing changes in symptoms, as a function of time, in this population was investigated. Materials and Methods: During the validation process of the ACSS in Uzbek and Russian languages, a subgroup of patients (n = 63) returned after therapy and filled in part B of ACSS. Descriptive statistics were used, where suitable. Results: The reduction of typical symptoms and quality of life (QoL) assessment between first and follow-up visit correlated significantly with answers in the ‘dynamics' domain. Success/cure and non-success/failure could be clearly differentiated by the scores obtained in ‘typical' and ‘QoL' domains. Conclusion: The ACSS has proven to be a useful instrument to clinically diagnose AUC in women. It is also a suitable instrument for patient-reported outcome assessment, with applicability in both daily practice and in clinical studies. Slight modifications in the ‘dynamics' domain will even increase the applicability.
Avoiding Routine Chest Radiography after Transbronchial Biopsy Is Safe
Authors: Izbicki Gabriel , Romem Ayal , Arish Nissim , Cahan Clement , Azulai Hava , Chen-Shuali Chen , Tennenhaus Esther , Bar-Yosef Zipi , Zlotkevich Evgeniya , Rokach Ariel
Published: September 2016

Background: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) is complicated by a pneumothorax in 1-4% of cases. Performance of routine post-TBB chest radiography (CXR) results in an extremely low diagnostic yield but nevertheless is the common clinical practice prevailing today. It has previously been suggested that routine post-TBB CXR could be avoided in asymptomatic patients. Objective: The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the feasibility and safety of this approach. Methods: The study group included 201 consecutive patients who underwent FOB with TBB at our institution between January 2009 and September 2014. All subjects completed a preprocedural, a 2-hour postprocedural, and a 24- to 48-hour postprocedural symptom questionnaire (chest pain, dyspnea, and cough). Post-TBB CXR was ordered by the treating physician only if indicated. All cases of pneumothorax were documented. Additionally, the following information was recorded: sex, age, immune status, indication for FOB, total number of biopsies done, lobe sampled, and pulse oxygen saturation. Results: Sixteen CXRs were ordered by the treating physician due to suspected pneumothorax (8%). Early-onset pneumothorax (i.e. within 2 h of TBB) was diagnosed radiologically in 6 patients (3%). Two late-onset pneumothoraxes (1%) were diagnosed more than 24 h after TBB. No pneumothoraxes of clinical significance were diagnosed among asymptomatic patients without significant oxygen desaturation events. Conclusions: Among asymptomatic patients without significant desaturation events, pneumothorax is rare and usually of negligible clinical significance. Therefore, performance of routine CXR after TBB is not necessary and can be safely avoided in this category of patients.
A Novel ZRS Mutation in a Chinese Patient with Preaxial Polydactyly and Triphalangeal Thumb
Authors: Wu Pan-Feng , Guo Shuai , Fan Xue-Feng , Fan Liang-Liang , Jin Jie-Yuan , Tang Ju-Yu , Xiang Rong
Published: September 2016

Preaxial polydactyly (PPD; OMIM 603596), which is characterized as having supernumerary fingers, is an unusual congenital hand abnormality. Triphalangeal thumb (TPT; OMIM 190600) is identified by an extra phalangeal bone and is often found in association with PPD. When in combination, the disease is referred to as PPD type II (PPD II; OMIM 174500). Previous studies have demonstrated that variations in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS; chr7:156,583,796-156,584,569; hg19) region are associated with PPD II. In this study, our patient was diagnosed with PPD II, having bilateral thumb duplication and unilateral TPT (on the right hand). Further investigation of possible causative genes identified a de novo heterozygous ZRS mutation (ZRS 428T>A). This novel mutation was neither found in 200 normal controls nor reported in online databases. Moreover, the bioinformatics program Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling (GERP) revealed this site (ZRS428) to be evolutionarily highly conserved, and the 428T>A point mutation was predicted to be deleterious by MutationTaster. In conclusion, the affected individual shows bilateral thumb duplication, but unilateral TPT making this case special. Thus, our findings not only further support the important role of ZRS in limb morphogenesis and expand the spectrum of ZRS mutations, but also emphasize the significance of genetic diagnosis and counseling of families with digit number and identity alterations as well.
Effects of Indoor Footwear on Balance and Gait Patterns in Community-Dwelling Older Women
Authors: Menz Hylton B. , Auhl Maria , Munteanu Shannon E.
Published: September 2016

Background: Footwear worn indoors is generally less supportive than outdoor footwear and may increase the risk of falls. Objective: To evaluate balance ability and gait patterns in older women while wearing different styles of indoor footwear: a backless slipper and an enclosed slipper designed to optimise balance. Methods: Older women (n = 30) aged 65-83 years (mean 74.4, SD 5.6) performed a series of laboratory tests of balance ability (postural sway, limits of stability, and tandem walking, measured with the NeuroCom® Balance Master) and gait patterns (walking speed, cadence, and step length, measured with the GAITRite® walkway) while wearing (1) socks, (2) backless slippers with a soft sole, and (3) enclosed slippers with a firm sole and Velcro® fastening. Perceptions of the footwear were also documented using a structured questionnaire. Results: Significant overall effects of footwear were observed for postural sway, the limits of stability test (directional control), the tandem walk test (step width and end sway), and temporospatial gait patterns (walking speed, cadence, and step length). No footwear effects were observed for maximum excursion when performing the limits of stability test or for speed when performing the tandem walk test. Post hoc tests indicated that performances were best while wearing the enclosed slippers, intermediate with socks, and worst with backless slippers. The enclosed slippers were perceived to be more attractive, comfortable, and well fitted, but heavier than the backless slippers. Most participants (n = 23; 77%) reported that they would consider wearing the enclosed slippers to reduce their risk of falling. Conclusion: Indoor footwear with an enclosed heel, Velcro® fastening, and a firm sole optimises balance and gait compared to backless slippers, and is therefore recommended to reduce the risk of falling.