bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood-Based Lateral-Flow Immunoassays Dipstick Test for Damaged Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain in Pyruvate Treated Rats with Combined Blast Exposure and Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Okonkwo Evans , Saha Biswajit , Sahu Geetaram , Bera Alakesh , Sharma Pushpa
Published: January 2025

Blast trauma presents a unique challenge due to its complex mechanism of injury, which impacts the brain and other vital organs through overpressure waves and internal bleeding. Severe blood loss leads to an inadequate oxygen supply and insufficient fuel delivery to cells, impairing ATP production by mitochondria—essential for cell survival. While clinical symptoms of metabolic disruption are evident soon after injury, the molecular, cellular, and systemic damage persists for days to years post-injury. Current challenges in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) stem from (1) the lack of early blood-based biomarkers for detecting metabolic failure and mitochondrial damage and (2) the limited success of mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies. Objectives: To identify blood-based mitochondrial biomarkers for evaluating the severity of brain injuries and to investigate therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria. Methods: A preclinical rat model subjected to blast exposure, with or without hemorrhagic shock (HS), followed by resuscitation was utilized. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (T0), post-injury (T60), and at the conclusion of the experiment (T180), and analyzed using a validated dipstick assay to measure mitochondrial enzyme activity. Results: Blast and HS injuries led to a significant decrease in the activity of mitochondrial enzymes, including complex I, complex IV, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Concurrently, blood lactate concentrations were significantly elevated (p < 0.001). An inverse correlation was observed between mitochondrial enzyme dysfunction and blood lactate levels (p < 0.05). Treatment with sodium pyruvate post-injury restored complex I, complex IV, and PDH activity to near-baseline levels, corrected hyperlactatemia, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria. Conclusions: Serial monitoring of blood mitochondrial enzyme activity, such as complex I, complex IV, and PDH, may serve as a valuable tool for prognostication and guiding the use of mitochondrial-targeted therapies. Additionally, mitochondrial enzyme assays in blood samples can provide insights into the global redox status, potentially paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions in TBI.
Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: Ponticelli Claudio
Published: January 2025

Membranous nephropathy is a glomerular disease that may be caused by exogenous risk factors in genetically predisposed individuals (primary MN) or may be associated with other autoimmune diseases, drug exposure, or cytotoxic agents (secondary MN). Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is an autoimmune disease in which antigens—mainly the phospholipase A2 receptor—are located in the podocytes and are targeted by circulating antibodies, leading to in situ formation of immune complexes that activate the complement system. Clinically, the disease is characterized by nephrotic syndrome (NS) and associated complications. The outcome of PMN can vary, but untreated patients with NS may progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in 35–40% of cases within 10 years. Treatment primarily aims to prevent NS complications and progression to ESKD. The most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs are rituximab, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and calcineurin inhibitors. Most patients may experience an improvement of proteinuria, which can sometimes be followed by NS relapse. Fewer than 50% of patients with PMN achieve complete and stable remission. In addition to immunosuppressive therapy, antiproteinuric, anti-lipemic, and anticoagulant medicaments are often required.
Hypercoagulability in Tuberculosis: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Associated Risks, and Advances in Management—A Narrative Review
Authors: Mitroi Denisa Maria , Balteanu Mara Amalia , Cioboata Ramona , Vlasceanu Silviu Gabriel , Zlatian Ovidiu Mircea , Catana Oana Maria , Mirea Adina Andreea , Mogos Gabriel Florin Razvan , Rotaru Ionela , Biciusca Viorel
Published: January 2025

Tuberculosis (TB) induces a hypercoagulable state characterized by systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and alterations in the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypercoagulability in TB, including increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, endothelial damage, platelet activation, and reduced anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity. These factors contribute to an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which complicate TB prognosis and treatment. The potential role of adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapies, such as vitamin D, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and anti-platelet agents, is highlighted as a strategy to mitigate systemic inflammation and reduce thrombotic risks in patients with TB. The challenges of anticoagulation therapy, particularly in managing the interactions between anti-TB medications and traditional anticoagulants, are discussed, along with the potential of novel oral anticoagulants (NOAs) as alternatives. We also address therapy of hypercoagulability in TB within resource-limited settings which requires low-cost diagnostics, accessible anticoagulation options, adjunctive therapies, and preventive strategies integrated into existing healthcare systems. Effective risk stratification and individualized management strategies are vital for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with thrombotic complications in TB.
Efficacy of a Novel Dual-Layer Plastic Stents for Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Sekine Masanari , Ijima Masashi , Noguchi Satoaki , Kurihara Eishin , Kobatake Tsutomu , Mizutani Taku , Hashimoto Ryo , Aoyama Kayoko , Sasaki Goya , Sato Azumi , Kojima Shu , Mashima Hirosato
Published: January 2025

Objectives: In hepatopancreatic diseases, stenting is widely employed to manage cholangitis and obstructive jaundice. Stent materials are primarily categorized as plastic or metal. Plastic stents have notable advantages, such as reduced likelihood of peripheral bile duct obstruction, a lower cost, and the ease of replacement compared to metallic stents. However, their patency period is shorter due to narrower diameters. Plastic stents are typically composed of materials like polyurethane or polyethylene. To improve patency, new dual-layer stents combine polyurethane with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE, used in the inner layer, is expected to prevent biofilm formation. This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of this dual-layer stent. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 cases (Group R) using REGULUS® from November 2022 to November 2023 and 30 cases (Group IS) using inside-type plastic stents from January 2020 to November 2023 for malignant hilar and intrahepatic bile duct obstructions. Stent patency and clinical outcomes were compared between the groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) rate between the groups (p = 0.644). The time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRBO) was 74 days in Group R and 118 days in Group IS, with no significant difference (p = 0.219). Conclusions: The dual-layer stent placed across the papilla demonstrated comparable clinical outcomes to inside-type stents. The PTFE inner layer likely reduces biofilm formation, enhancing patency. Across-the-papilla placement may facilitate reinterventions in challenging cases, broadening stent options.
Revealing Gender Bias from Prompt to Image in Stable Diffusion
Authors: Wu Yankun , Nakashima Yuta , Garcia Noa
Published: January 2025

Social biases in generative models have gained increasing attention. This paper proposes an automatic evaluation protocol for text-to-image generation, examining how gender bias originates and perpetuates in the generation process of Stable Diffusion. Using triplet prompts that vary by gender indicators, we trace presentations at several stages of the generation process and explore dependencies between prompts and images. Our findings reveal the bias persists throughout all internal stages of the generating process and manifests in the entire images. For instance, differences in object presence, such as different instruments and outfit preferences, are observed across genders and extend to overall image layouts. Moreover, our experiments demonstrate that neutral prompts tend to produce images more closely aligned with those from masculine prompts than with their female counterparts. We also investigate prompt-image dependencies to further understand how bias is embedded in the generated content. Finally, we offer recommendations for developers and users to mitigate this effect in text-to-image generation.
Interfacial Stability of Additively Manufactured Alloy 625–GRCop-42 Bimetallic Structures
Authors: Rieffer Ariel , Wessman Andrew
Published: January 2025

This study examines the diffusion behavior, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the bimetallic interface between additively manufactured copper alloy GRCop-42 and nickel alloy 625 (UNS N06625) following elevated temperature exposure at service-relevant conditions for high-temperature superalloys. The copper alloy was additively manufactured using laser powder bed fusion. The nickel alloy was subsequently deposited directly onto the copper alloy using powder-based directed energy deposition. The samples were held at a temperature of 816 °C (1500° F) for varying exposure times between 50 and 500 h. Significant material loss (averaging ~430 μm at 50 h and ~1830 μm at 500 h) due to oxidation was noted in the copper alloy. The bondline interface was examined using optical microscopy as well as electron microprobe analysis. Composition maps from the electron microprobe showed the formation of oxides in the copper alloy and Laves phase in the nickel alloy at thermal exposure times of 200 h or more. By analyzing diffusion across the bondline, this study demonstrates the ability of machine learning-based diffusion models to predict diffusion coefficients of copper into alloy 625 (2.38×10−12 cm2/s) and of nickel into GRCop-42 (1.90×10−12 cm2/s) and the ability of commercially available diffusion code (Pandat) to provide reasonably accurate diffusion profiles for this system. Tensile and fatigue tests were performed in the as-built and 200 h thermal exposure conditions. The thermally exposed samples exhibited an average 18.6% reduction in yield strength compared to the as-built samples.
Differential Expression of Maternal Plasma microRNAs and Their Respective Gene Targets Can Predict Early Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Kolawole Emmanuel , Duggirala Aparna , Gronow Oscar , Wisniewska Agnieszka , Hu Jiamiao , Tan Bee Kang
Published: January 2025

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition where the fetus does not reach its genetically predetermined size, affecting 1 in 10 pregnancies and contributing to up to 50% of all stillbirths before 34 weeks of gestation. Current diagnostic methods primarily involve ultrasound and Doppler assessments, yet there is growing interest in identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis and improved management. This systematic review examined the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of FGR, focusing on their potential as non-invasive biomarkers. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. This review systematically assessed studies investigating the differential expression of miRNAs in maternal blood, serum, and plasma samples from FGR-affected pregnancies. A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria, which showed the differential expression of a total of 48 miRNAs. miR-16-5p was consistently upregulated in multiple studies and trimesters. miR-590-3p and miR-206 were consistently upregulated in multiple trimesters. The common gene targets of these miRNAs are VEGF, PIGF, and MMP9. The downregulation of these genes contributes to impaired angiogenesis, trophoblast invasion, placental function, and fetal growth.
Ultrasonic Melt Processing: Progress, Applications, and Future Directions
Authors: Yang Shuang , Weng Yu , Zhao Qin , Wu Gang , Deng Zhian , Qin Ling
Published: January 2025

Ultrasonic melt processing (UMP) has garnered significant attention from both academic and industrial communities as a promising solution to critical challenges in the metal casting industry. This technique offers a clean, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient approach to improving melt quality and achieving structural refinement. However, due to the opaque nature of metals, understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing the interactions among ultrasonic bubbles, acoustic streaming, and the melt remains still challenging. This review traces the evolution of UMP research, from its inception in the mid-20th century to recent advancements, with particular emphasis on the application of state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray imaging and computational modeling. These approaches have been instrumental in unraveling the complex, multiscale dynamics occurring across both temporal and spatial scales. Key findings in various metallic alloy systems are critically reviewed, focusing on new insights into cavitation bubbles, acoustic streaming, and the interactions of growing solid phases in different alloys. Additionally, the review discusses the resulting phenomena, including grain refinement, fragmentation, and the mitigation of solidification defects, in detail. The review concludes by identifying critical research gaps and emerging trends, underscoring the indispensable role of in situ studies and robust theoretical frameworks in advancing UMP. These developments are poised to reshape the future of innovation in materials science and engineering.
Effects of Longitudinal External Magnetic Field on Metal Transfer Behavior and Spatter Formation in CO2 Arc Welding
Authors: Le Dang Khoi , Tashiro Shinichi , Xu Bin , Murphy Anthony B. , Trinh Quang Ngoc , Bui Van Hanh , Yuji Toshifumi , Mamat Sarizam B. , Yamanaka Kenta , Tanaka Manabu , Xiao Lei
Published: January 2025

Excessive spatter formation in conventional CO2 arc welding significantly diminishes welding quality and efficiency, posing a critical challenge for industrial applications. To address this issue, this study investigated the mechanisms of metal transfer behavior and spatter formation under the influence of a longitudinal magnetic field (LMF) using a shadow-graph technique with high-speed imaging and back-laser illumination, also coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based arc-droplet numerical simulations. The results show that increasing the magnetic flux density (MFD) from 0 to 2 mT shifted the transfer mode from the repelled transfer to the globular transfer, while higher MFDs (3–4 mT) induced rotating repelled transfer. The globular transfer at 2 mT was considered to be primarily produced by the centrifugal effect due to the rotational motion of the molten metal inside the droplet, which was caused by the Lorentz force affected by LMF. The higher droplet temperature in this condition also contributed to forming this transfer mode, preventing the formation of repelled transfer through a decrease in the arc pressure. On the contrary, in the higher MFDs, the droplet temperature decreased to increase the arc pressure, lifting the droplet up. Furthermore, the very strong centrifugal effect rotated the molten metal column around the wire axis to induce the rotating repelled transfer. The spatter formation was found to occur with the two-stage motion of the curved long tail without LMF and at 4 mT, and also with the exploding molten metal column at 4 mT, due to an imbalance of the Lorentz force acting on the molten metal. On the other hand, the neck formation facilitated smooth droplet detachment without forming the curved long tail at 2 mT, reducing spatter significantly. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing welding quality and efficiency by stabilizing globular transfer under an optimal LMF.
Microstructure and Micro-Mechanical Properties of Thermally Sprayed HA-TiO2 Coating on Beta-Titanium Substrate
Authors: Kurdi Abdulaziz , Almalki Doaa , Degnah Ahmed , Basak Animesh Kumar
Published: January 2025

Metallic biomaterials in a solid form cause stress-shielding in orthopedic applications. Such implants also suffer from limited tissue attachment to become a part of the living system. In view of that, hydroxyapatite (HA) coating reinforced with titanium oxide (TiO2) was deposited in a beta (β)-Titanium (Ti-35Nb-7Ta-5Zr) substrate by plasma spray. This allows us to exploit the best of the two materials, namely the relatively low modulus of β-Ti, together with the porous and bone-like structure/composition of the HA to facilitate cell growth. This is foreseen to be used as an implant, particularly for musculoskeletal-related disability. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation shows the lamellar structure of the coating that is composed of different phases and some porosities. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms the co-existence of both the amorphous and crystalline phases that build up the coating structure. In situ micro-mechanical tests revealed that the HA-TiO2 coating was low in strength and modules compared to that of the substrate material, together with lower ductility. The yield stress and modulus of elasticity of the coating were about 877 ± 174 MPa and 447 ± 24 MPa, respectively. In contrast, the beta (β)-Ti substrate possesses about 990 ± 85 MPa of yield stress and 259 ± 19 MPa modulus of elasticity. The deformation mechanism was also quite different, where the coating crumbled under compressive loading, featuring limited ductility with cleavage (brittle)-type fracture, and the substrate showed plastic flow of materials in the form of slip/shear planes with extended ductility.
Comprehensively Understanding the Transformation of Paramagnetic Tetramer to Spin-Paired Dimer in an S = ½ Molecular Crystal
Authors: Qian Yin , Gao Yan , Xu Lei , Kremer Reinhard K. , Zhang Jin , Ren Xiao-Ming
Published: January 2025

In this study, we comparatively analyzed the variable-temperature crystal structures for two isomorphous salts, [1-benzyl-4-aminopyridinium][M(mnt)2] (M = Ni or Cu; mnt2− = maleonitriledithiolate; labeled as APy-Ni or APy-Cu). Both salts crystallize in the triclinic P–1 space group at 296 K, comprising linear [M(mnt)2]− (M = Ni or Cu) tetramers. A magnetostructural phase transition occurs at TC~190 K in S = ½ APy-Ni at ambient pressure, with a conversion of paramagnetic tetramers into nonmagnetic spin-paired dimers. The discontinuous alteration of cell parameters at TC signifies the characteristic of first-order phase transition in APy-Ni. No such transition appears in the nonmagnetic APy-Cu within the same temperature vicinity, demonstrating the magnetic interactions promoting the structural phase transition in APy-Ni, which is further reinforced through a comparison of the lattice formation energy between APy-Ni and APy-Cu. The phase transition may bear a resemblance to the mechanisms typically observed in spin-Peierls systems. We further explored the magnetic and phase transition properties of APy-Ni under varying pressures. Significantly, TC shows a linear increase with rising pressure within the range of 0.003–0.88 GPa, with a rate of 90 K GPa−1, manifesting that the applied pressure promotes the transition from tetramer to dimer.
A Spatiotemporal Fuzzy Modeling Approach Combining Automatic Clustering and Hierarchical Extreme Learning Machines for Distributed Parameter Systems
Authors: Zhou Gang , Zhang Xianxia , Wang Tangchen , Wang Bing
Published: January 2025

Modeling distributed parameter systems (DPSs) is challenging due to their strong nonlinearity and spatiotemporal coupling. In this study, a three-dimensional fuzzy modeling method combining genetic algorithm (GA)-based automatic clustering and hierarchical extreme learning machine (HELM) is proposed for DPS modeling. The method utilizes GA-based automatic clustering to learn the premise part of 3D fuzzy rules, while HELM is employed to learn spatial basis functions and construct a complete fuzzy rule base. This approach effectively captures the spatiotemporal coupling characteristics of the system and mitigates the information loss commonly observed in dimensionality reduction in traditional fuzzy modeling methods. Through experimental verification, the proposed method is successfully applied to a rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition system. The experimental results demonstrate that the method can accurately predict temperature distribution and maintain good robustness under noise and disturbances.
Optimizing Aircraft Route Planning Based on Data-Driven and Physics-Informed Wind Field Predictions
Authors: Ma Jieying , Xiang Pengyu , Yao Qinghe , Jiang Zichao , Huang Jiayao , Li Hejie
Published: January 2025

Upper-air wind fields play a crucial role in aircraft navigation, directly impacting flight safety and operational efficiency. In this study, we propose an advanced route planning framework that integrates wind field predictions derived from a neural network-based approach. Specifically, we leverage the PredRNN Sequence-to-Sequence algorithm to predict wind fields up to 10 h in advance. The model is trained on grid-based wind speed data at an altitude of approximately 5500 m, focusing on major airline routes over China. Our approach demonstrates superior accuracy in wind field forecasting when compared to other neural network architectures. To achieve route planning in dynamic wind environments, we employ the A* algorithm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively identifies routes that approximate the ideal trajectory while successfully avoiding areas with drastic wind speed changes, thereby enhancing both the efficiency and safety of flight operations.
Global Existence for the Semi-Dissipative 2D Boussinesq Equations on Exterior Domains
Authors: Wu Ruili , Guo Lunzhong , Li Junyan
Published: January 2025

This paper concerns the viscous Boussinesq equations without a dissipation term and their relation to the temperature equation related to the exterior of a ball with a smooth boundary. We first prove the global existence of weak solutions on the bounded domain Ω˜ via the Schauder fixed-point theorem. Then, we derive the uniform estimates to obtain the global existence of weak solutions on the unbounded domain Ω by utilizing the domain expansion method. Finally, we show that the equations have a unique classical solution for H3 initial data by a series of regularity estimations.
Selkov’s Dynamic System of Fractional Variable Order with Non-Constant Coefficients
Authors: Parovik Roman
Published: January 2025

This article uses an approach based on the triad model–algorithm–program. The model is a nonlinear dynamic Selkov system with non-constant coefficients and fractional derivatives of the Gerasimov–Caputo type. The Adams–Bashforth–Multon numerical method from the predictor–corrector family of methods is selected as an algorithm for studying this system. The ABMSelkovFracSim 1.0 software package acts as a program, in which a numerical algorithm with the ability to visualize the research results is implemented to build oscillograms and phase trajectories. Examples of the ABMSelkovFracSim 1.0 software package operation for various values of the model parameters are given. It is shown that with an increase in the values of the parameter responsible for the characteristic time scale, regular and chaotic modes are observed. Further in this work, bifurcation diagrams are constructed, which confirm this. Aperiodic modes are also detected and a singularity is revealed.
Scalar Field Source Teleparallel Robertson–Walker F(T) Gravity Solutions
Authors: Landry Alexandre
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the teleparallel Robertson–Walker (TRW) F(T) gravity solutions for a scalar field source. We use the TRW F(T) gravity field equations (FEs) for each k-parameter value case added by a scalar field to find new teleparallel F(T) solutions. For k=0, we find an easy-to-compute F(T) solution formula applicable for any scalar field source. Then, we obtain, for k=−1 and +1 situations, some new analytical F(T) solutions, only for specific n-parameter values and well-determined scalar field cases. We can find by those computations a large number of analytical teleparallel F(T) solutions independent of any scalar potential V(ϕ) expression. The V(ϕ) independence makes the FE solving and computations easier. The new solutions will be relevant for future cosmological applications in dark matter, dark energy (DE) quintessence, phantom energy and quintom models of physical processes.
Geometrical Optics Stability Analysis of Rotating Visco-Diffusive Flows
Authors: Kirillov Oleg
Published: January 2025

Geometrical optics stability analysis has proven effective in deriving analytical instability criteria for 3D flows in ideal hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics, encompassing both compressible and incompressible fluids. The method models perturbations as high-frequency wavelets, evolving along fluid trajectories. Detecting local instabilities reduces to solving ODEs for the wave vector and amplitude of the wavelet envelope along streamlines, with coefficients derived from the background flow. While viscosity and diffusivity were traditionally regarded as stabilizing factors, recent extensions of the geometrical optics framework have revealed their destabilizing potential in visco-diffusive and multi-diffusive flows. This review highlights these advancements, with a focus on their application to the azimuthal magnetorotational instability in magnetohydrodynamics and the McIntyre instability in lenticular vortices and swirling differentially heated flows. It introduces new analytical instability criteria, applicable across a wide range of Prandtl, Schmidt, and magnetic Prandtl numbers, which still remains beyond the reach of numerical methods in many important physical and industrial applications.
z-Ary Compression Event-Triggered Control for Spacecraft with Adhesive-Resilient Prescribed Performance
Authors: Yang Ze , Yang Baoqing , Ji Ruihang , Wang Tong , Ma Jie
Published: January 2025

The attitude tracking control for spacecraft with limited communication and actuator faults is investigated in this paper by employing event-trigger-based prescribed control. Traditional methods struggle to address arbitrary initial conditions and fault-induced saturation, which both lead to prescribed control singularities, limiting practical deployment. This paper proposes the adhesive-resilient prescribed control (ARPC), which dynamically adjusts the performance envelope by sensing fault and error trends through resilient correction and an adhesive mechanism, respectively. This approach significantly enhances conservatism and robustness, particularly under actuator faults that exceed the saturation level. Additionally, the challenge of balancing high performance with low communication burden under limited resources is addressed. To mitigate communication frequency and bit consumption without sacrificing performance, a z-ary compression event-triggered scheme (CES) is introduced. Compared to existing methods, this work provides substantial improvements in fault tolerance, communication efficiency, and performance adaptability. Numerical experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method in regulating tracking error within a custom envelope and appointed time, regardless of initial conditions, while minimizing communication usage.
A Study on Mixed Variational-like Inequality Under Generalized Quasimonotonicity in Banach Spaces
Authors: Pany Gayatri , Sahu Bijaya K. , Mohapatra Ram N.
Published: January 2025

This paper studies nonlinear mixed variational-like inequalities under generalized quasimonotone mappings in Banach spaces. The main objective of this work is to relax the well-known KKM (Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz) condition which is extensively used in the literature to prove the existence of solutions for variational inequalities and equilibrium problems, and to establish the existence of solutions for the nonlinear mixed variational-like inequalities, which uncovers another approach of solving variational inequalities. Further, we propose an iterative algorithm to find approximate solutions to our problem and to study its convergence criteria. Finally, as an application, we find a gap function for nonlinear mixed variational-like inequalities, which uncovers another way of solving our variational-like inequalities using the methods of solutions and algorithms of the optimization problems.
Comparison of Urinary Tract Infection Rates Between Transperineal Prostate Biopsies with and Without Prophylactic Antibiotics: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cho Seok , Jun Dae Young , Lee Joo Yong , Jeong Jae Yong , Jung Hae Do
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: The European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines on Prostate Cancer note emerging evidence suggesting that antibiotic prophylaxis may not be necessary for transperineal prostate biopsies. However, formal recommendations are pending further research. This meta-analysis compares urinary tract infection (UTI) rates following transperineal prostate biopsies with and without antibiotic prophylaxis. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published up until June 2024. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy; (b) comparisons between groups with and without antibiotic prophylaxis; and (c) outcomes including UTI and sepsis rates. Exclusion criteria were studies lacking a full text or appropriate control groups and duplicates. Quality assessment was conducted using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network checklist. Results: Nine studies (two RCTs and seven non-RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Analysis revealed no significant difference in UTI rates between groups with and without prophylaxis (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50–2.31, I2 = 0%, p = 0.86). Similarly, sepsis rates did not differ significantly (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.36–5.12, I2 = 0%, p = 0.66). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis found no significant differences in UTI and sepsis rates between transperineal prostate biopsies performed with or without antibiotic prophylaxis. However, patients at high risk for UTIs may still benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis. Larger, prospective randomized trials are necessary for more conclusive evidence.
Effects of Pomegranate Seed Oil on Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage: Insights into Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death
Authors: Bozok Ümmü Gülşen , Ergörün Aydan İremnur , Küçük Ayşegül , Yığman Zeynep , Dursun Ali Doğan , Arslan Mustafa
Published: January 2025

Aim: This study sought to clarify the therapeutic benefits and mechanisms of action of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) in instances of ischemia–reperfusion (IR) damage in the lower extremities. Materials and Methods: The sample size was determined, then 32 rats were randomly allocated to four groups: Control (C), ischemia–reperfusion (IR), low-dose PSO (IR + LD, 0.15 mL/kg), and high-dose PSO (IR + HD, 0.30 mL/kg). The ischemia model in the IR group was established by occluding the infrarenal aorta for 120 min. Prior to reperfusion, PSO was delivered to the IR + LD and IR + HD groups at doses of 0.15 mL/kg and 0.30 mL/kg, respectively, followed by a 120 min reperfusion period. Subsequently, blood and tissue specimens were obtained. Statistical investigation was executed utilizing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Biochemical tests revealed significant variations in total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) across the groups (p < 0.0001). The IR group had elevated TOS and OSI levels, whereas PSO therapy resulted in a reduction in these values (p < 0.05). As opposed to the IR group, TASs were higher in the PSO-treated groups. Histopathological analysis demonstrated muscle fiber degeneration, interstitial edema, and the infiltration of cells associated with inflammation in the IR group, with analogous results noted in the PSO treatment groups. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expressions of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), cytochrome C (CYT C), and caspase 3 (CASP3) were elevated in the IR group, while PSO treatment diminished these markers and attenuated inflammation and apoptosis (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate that PSO has a dose-dependent impact on IR injury. Discussion: This research indicates that PSO has significant protective benefits against IR injury in the lower extremities. PSO mitigated tissue damage and maintained mitochondrial integrity by addressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic pathways. Particularly, high-dose PSO yielded more substantial enhancements in these processes and exhibited outcomes most comparable to the control group in biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical investigations. These findings underscore the potential of PSO as an efficacious natural treatment agent for IR injury. Nevertheless, additional research is required to articulate this definitively.
Impurity Behavior in Cast Copper Anodes: Implications for Electrorefining in a Circular Economy
Authors: Morales-Aragon Agustin , Sánchez-Rodas Daniel , Ríos Guillermo , Moats Michael S.
Published: January 2025

The behavior of impurities in cast copper was investigated to simulate production with increased utilization of secondary sources within the framework of a circular economy. The incorporation of impurities, particularly Ni, Sn, and Sb, from recycled Cu may significantly impact the electrorefining process. In this study, commercial anodes were doped with Ni, Sn, and Sb concentrations of 2500–6500 g/t, 300–900 g/t, and 450–950 g/t, respectively. Anode concentrations of Pb and Bi were maintained at 1000 g/t and 350 g/t, respectively. As concentrations were examined at two levels, 860 or 1700 g/t, depending on the commercial anode used to create the doped samples. Electron microscopy with microprobe analysis revealed that the commercial anodes contained three predominant phases: Cu2O, (Cu,Ag)2(Se,Te), and a complex oxide phase of Cu, Pb, As, Sb, and/or Bi. Ni, the main impurity, primarily accumulated within the Cu grains, while Sn and Sb tended to form oxidized inclusions. The distribution of Ni in Cu grains was ca. 20% lower in the anodes doped at higher Ni concentrations due to the formation of nickel-bearing inclusions, such as Kupferglimmer and NiO. The doped anodes showed lower quantities of Cu2O inclusions than the commercial anodes due to the preferential formation of oxides with other impurities, including SnO2. These findings highlight potential challenges for Cu electrorefining in a circular economy, as Ni, Sb, and Sn may impact the deportment of these impurities to slimes or electrolyte and may cause copper depletion in the refining electrolyte.
From Pathophysiology to Practice: Evolving Pharmacological Therapies, Clinical Complications, and Pharmacogenetic Considerations in Portal Hypertension
Authors: Porada Michał , Bułdak Łukasz
Published: January 2025

Background: Portal hypertension is a major complication of chronic liver diseases, leading to serious issues such as esophageal variceal bleeding. The increase in portal vein pressure is driven by both an organic component and a functional component, including tonic contraction of hepatic stellate cells. These processes result in a pathological rise in intrahepatic vascular resistance, stemming from partial impairment of hepatic microcirculation, which is further exacerbated by abnormalities in extrahepatic vessels, including increased portal blood flow. Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving pharmacological therapies for portal hypertension, with consideration and discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical complications, and pharmacogenetic considerations, highlighting potential directions for future research. Methods: A review of recent literature was performed to evaluate current knowledge and potential therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. Results: For over 35 years, non-selective beta-blockers have been the cornerstone therapy for portal hypertension by reducing portal vein inflow as an extrahepatic target, effectively preventing decompensation and variceal hemorrhages. However, since not all patients exhibit an adequate response to non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs), and some may not tolerate NSBBs, alternative or adjunctive therapies that enhance the effects of NSBBs on portal pressure are being investigated in preclinical and early clinical studies. Conclusions: A better understanding of pharmacogenetic factors and pathophysiological mechanisms could lead to more individualized and effective treatments for portal hypertension. These insights highlight potential directions for future research.
Chemical Informatics Combined with Kendrick Mass Analysis to Enhance Annotation and Identify Pathways in Soybean Metabolomics
Authors: Wood Troy D. , Tiede Erin R. , Izydorczak Alexandra M. , Zemaitis Kevin J. , Ye Heng , Nguyen Henry T.
Published: January 2025

Background: Among abiotic stresses to agricultural crops, drought stress is the most prolific and has worldwide detrimental impacts. The soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important sources of nutrition to both livestock and humans. Different plant introductions (PI) of soybeans have been identified to have different drought tolerance levels. Objectives: Here, two soybean lines, Pana (drought sensitive) and PI 567731 (drought tolerant) were selected to identify chemical compounds and pathways which could be targets for metabolomic analysis induced by abiotic stress. Methods: Extracts from the two lines are analyzed by direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The high mass resolution and accuracy of the method allows for identification of ions from hundreds of different compounds in each cultivar. The exact m/z of these species were filtered through SoyCyc and the Human Metabolome Database to identify possible molecular formulas of the ions. Next, the exact m/z values were converted into Kendrick masses and their Kendrick mass defects (KMD) computed, which were then sorted from high to low KMD. This latter process assists in identifying many additional molecular formulas, and is noted to be particularly useful in identifying formulas whose mass difference corresponds to two hydrogen atoms. Results: In this study, more than 460 ionic formulas were identified in Pana, and more than 340 ionic formulas were identified in PI 567731, with many of these formulas reported from soybean for the first time. Conclusions: Using the SoyCyc matches, the metabolic pathways from each cultivar were compared, providing lists of molecular targets available to profile effects of abiotic stress on these soybean cultivars. Key metabolites include chlorophylls, pheophytins, mono- and diacylglycerols, cycloeucalenone, squalene, and plastoquinones and involve pathways which include the anabolism and catabolism of chlorophyll, glycolipid desaturation, and biosynthesis of phytosterols, plant sterols, and carotenoids.
Trends and Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Sangjukta , Barua Hridika Talukder , Sujan Mohammad Julhas , Hossain Akram , Paul Shyamal Kumar , Nasreen Syeda Anjuman , Ahmed Salma , Haque Nazia , Habib Zakir Hossain , Rahman Aninda , Rizvi S. M. Shahriar , Hasnat Md. Abul , Kwon Soo Young , Stelling John , Gautam Sanjay , Shaw Alina , Marks Florian , Poudyal Nimesh
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health issue, particularly in resource-limited, low- to middle-income countries like Bangladesh. In this study, we analyze and present four years of data on AMR from a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh to inform policymakers and the wider community. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, we collected data for 4403 bacterial isolates reported between January 2017 and February 2020 at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Bangladesh. All data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using the software Stata Version-16.0, WHONET, a microbiology laboratory data management solution, and Quick Analysis of Antimicrobial Patterns and Trends (QAAPT), an AMR data visualization platform. Results: The bacteria were most commonly isolated from urine (71.66%, n = 3155), followed by pus (11.63%, n = 512), sputum (6.70%, n = 295), wound swabs (6.70%, n = 295), stool (1.91%, n = 84), endotracheal aspirate (1.20%, n = 53), and blood (0.20%, n = 9). Gram-negative bacteria predominated in all samples. Escherichia coli was the most common Gram-negative bacterium (31.30%, n = 1378), while Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive bacterium (4.38%, n = 193). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) showed that multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Acinetobacter sp. was common. S. aureus exhibited high resistance rates for beta-lactams, macrolides, and quinolones. In the urine samples, E. coli demonstrated high resistance to antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime (60–100%). Critical and high-priority pathogens as listed by the WHO constituted approximately 60% of the isolates. The AMR trends over three months showed increased resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for E. coli and to cefuroxime for Klebsiella sp. For S. aureus, the resistance to ciprofloxacin increased over three years, while the resistance to azithromycin decreased. Conclusions: There is a rise in bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics, with a significant prevalence of critical and high-priority pathogens in Bangladesh. We recommend vigilant AMR surveillance and stewardship programs to control the AMR in this country.
Predicting Manganese Mineralization Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing and Machine Learning: A Case Study from the Malkansu Manganese Belt, Western Kunlun
Authors: Zhao Jiahua , He Li , Gong Jiansheng , He Zhengwei , Feng Ziwen , Pang Jintai , Zeng Wanting , Yan Yujun , Yuan Yan
Published: January 2025

This study employs multi-source remote sensing information and machine learning methods to comprehensively assess the geological background, structural features, alteration anomalies, and spectral characteristics of the Malkansu Manganese Ore Belt in Xinjiang. Manganese mineralization is predicted, and areas with high mineralization potential are delineated. The results of the feature factor weight analysis indicate that structural density and lithological characteristics contribute most significantly to manganese mineralization. Notably, linear structures are aligned with the direction of the manganese belt, and areas exhibiting high controlling structural density are closely associated with the locations of mineral deposits, suggesting that structure plays a crucial role in manganese production in this region. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) values for the Random Forest (RF), Naïve Bayes (NB), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models were 0.975, 0.983, and 0.916, respectively, indicating that all three models achieved a high level of performance and interpretability. Among these, the NB model demonstrated the highest performance. By algebraically overlaying the predictions from these three machine learning models, a comprehensive mineralization favorability map was generated, identifying 11 prospective mineralization zones. The performance metrics of the machine learning models validate their robustness, while regional tectonics and stratigraphic lithology provide valuable characteristic factors for this approach. This study integrates multi-source remote sensing information with machine learning methods to enhance the effectiveness of manganese prediction, thereby offering new research perspectives for manganese forecasting in the Malkansu Manganese Ore Belt.
An In Vitro Study of the Anti-Acne Effects of Scutellaria barbata
Authors: Zheng Qiwen , Jin Xiangji , Nguyen Trang Thi Minh , Park Se-Jig , Yi Gyeong-Seon , Yang Su-Jin , Yi Tae-Hoo
Published: January 2025

Acne is a common skin disease that is closely associated with Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and the inflammatory response it induces. Existing antibiotic treatments are often rendered ineffective due to the development of bacterial resistance, while Scutellaria barbata (SLB) has attracted widespread attention for its remarkable anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. However, its role in acne treatment has not been comprehensively studied. This study used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the bioactive components in a 70% ethanol extract of SLB. The antibacterial activity against C. acnes was systematically evaluated using well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and biofilm formation assays. Additionally, the effects of SLB on nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytic activity were tested in RAW 264.7 cells. An acne skin model was established by treating HaCaT keratinocytes with heat-inactivated C. acnes. The results demonstrated that SLB significantly inhibited the growth of C. acnes and disrupted its biofilm formation. Moreover, SLB markedly reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated by C. acnes. Moreover, SLB effectively alleviated skin barrier damage caused by C. acnes by suppressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1, -3, -9, and -13. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SLB possesses potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and barrier-protective properties, making it a promising candidate for developing anti-acne products and exploring alternative antibiotic therapies.
Harnessing Nanotechnology to Enhance Essential Oil Applications
Authors: Omidian Hossein , Cubeddu Luigi X. , Gill Erma J.
Published: January 2025

Essential oils (EOs) are versatile natural compounds with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, and therapeutic properties, making them valuable in industries such as food preservation, agriculture, and healthcare. However, their inherent volatility, low water solubility, and susceptibility to environmental degradation limit their direct applications. Nanotechnology offers transformative solutions to these challenges, enhancing the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of EOs through innovative nano systems such as nano emulsions, encapsulations, and nanocomposites. This study explores the integration of nanotechnology with essential oils, emphasizing advanced preparation techniques, physicochemical properties, and diverse applications. It highlights sustainable approaches, including eco-friendly synthesis and biodegradable carriers, which align with global trends toward green chemistry. By addressing key challenges and proposing future directions, this research underscores the potential of EO nano systems to deliver multifunctional and environmentally conscious solutions for global challenges such as food security, antimicrobial resistance, and sustainable agriculture.