bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Types, Color Attributes, and Color Preferences of Clothing, Textiles, and Design Students
Authors: Radeloff Deanna J.
Published: October 2007

The purposes of this study were to determine (a) if color attributes affect color preferences and (b) if psychological types affect colorpreferencesfor apparel fabrics. Color theory was applied using hue seasonal color categories, value categories, and chroma categories. The experimental research design used a sample of 111 clothing, textile, and design majors to determine color preferences. Results of analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD revealed several significant differences with respect to color preferences. Summer andwinter colors were significantlypreferred more than autumn colors, while spring colors were significantly more preferred than autumn colors. Medium, dark, and light values were significantly different from each other, most preferred in the order listed. Significance was also found for each level of chroma with dull most preferred; then medium, then intense chroma as least preferred. All of the eight psychological types showed significant differences in seasonal color preferences except for introverted thinking types. Extroverted sensing types were found to be the most discriminating across the four season color categories and preferred colors with the least intensity. Extroverted and introverted thinkers did not have significant differences in value color preferences. Introverted feeling and introverted intuitive types did not have significant preferences for chroma. While color is a complex phenomenon, this study suggests that distinctions are part of a person's natural propensities. It also supports the theory that hue seasonal color categories, value, and chroma can be used to elicit variations in human response to color.
Influence of Dress on Perception of Intelligence and Expectations of Scholastic Achievement
Authors: Behling Dorothy U. , Williams Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2007

Stimulus photographs of four clothing styles worn by a male and a female model were used to investigate the role clothing plays in perception of intelligence and academic expectations of high school students. Subjects were 750 high school students and 159 teachers from six schools in Ohio. One large suburban school, two urban schools, and three rural schools were represented. Repeated measures ANO VA was used to determine F value, and post hoc tests were conducted. Results indicate perception of intelligence and academic achievement are influenced by dress. Significant differences were found in perception of intelligence and scholastic ability for both student and teacher subjects based on clothing styles and sex of the model. There were significant differences among the schools for students but not for teachers. The influence of dress and gender on teachers'perception of the intellectual capabilities of students has serious implications for the classroom.
Assessment of Comfort and Particle Containment In Cleanroom Hood Assemblies
Authors: Brandt Brenda , Otten Patricia
Published: October 2007

The objectives of this pilot study were to (a) develop and test an instrument and methodology to assess subjectively cleanroom garment comfortand (b) evaluate comfort and particle containment of a traditionalfabric hood and complete coverage hood with remote breathing device. A female subject wearing coveralls, boots, gloves, and either a fabric or complete coverage hood assembly used a subjective comfort instrument to identify garment wearing sensations, thermal comfort, and perceived physical state. The subject was able to distinguish between the level of thermal comfort of the two hoods with the complete coverage hood being more comfortable than the fabric hood. She identified heaviness as a sensation that differed between the two hoods; the complete coverage hood was felt to be heavier than the fabric hood. The subject was less likely to feel energetic, interested, and attentive while wearing the complete coverage hood Early evidence indicates that a human perception approach can provide useful information on cleanroom garment comfort. Recommendations are made for refinement of the comfort assessment methodology. The complete coverage hood was more effective than the traditional fabric hood in containing particle contamination from face and head.
A Conceptual Framework for the Gift-Giving Process: Implications for Clothing
Authors: Horne Lena , Winakor Geitel
Published: October 2007

Clothing gifts constitute a substantial share of retail sales of clothing and of clothing acquired for consumption, but little else is known about clothing gifts. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the gift-giving process with clothing-specific applications. The framework consists of four stages: prepurchase, purchase, presentation, and postpresentation. Components of the prepurchase stage are object; interactions among occasion, recipient, and gift object; giver and recipient; cost of gifts; and information search. The purchase stage includes choice of retail outlets for gifts, distance traveled to locate gifts, and methods of payment. The presentation stage focuses on perceptions of the giver and the recipient when the gift is revealed. The postpresentation stage includes ways in which gifts affect interpersonal relationships; consumption of gifts is another component of this final stage. Theoretical and methodological issues in gift-giving research are identified and discussed with respect to their impact on research design and interpretation of results. The paper concludes with a list of research topics on clothing gifts.
Effect of Exercise Garment Fabric and Environment on Cutaneous Conditions of Human Subjects
Authors: Markee Nancy L. , Hatch Kathryn L. , French Stephen N. , Maibach Howard I. , Wester Ronald
Published: October 2007

The role of three experimental knitfabrics and two environmental conditions on human subjects' stratum corneum water content, rate of water evaporation from their skin surface, rate of capillary blood flow, and skin temperature are reported Exercise garments constructed from 1. 5 denier polyester, 3.5 denierpolyester, or 100 % combed cottonfabrics were worn by each subject while exercising and resting in a hot, humid and a hot, dry environment. The noninvasive cutaneous measurements were taken on the subjects' upper back using an Evaporimeter, a laser Doppler velocimetry instrument, a microwave probe, and a thermistor. Kawabata instrumentation was used to determine shear, bending, tensile, and compression, as well as surface features, of the three knit fabrics. Heat and moisture transfer properties of the fabrics were analyzed over a wide range of environmental conditions using the Kawabata Thermolabo.

Rate of skin evaporative water loss was slower in the higher humidity environment. More water accumulated in the subjects' stratum corneum when they exercised in the humid environment. Capillary bloodflow was not significantly influenced by environment. Skin temperatures statistically differed in the two environments, but differences were negligible. In selecting loose fitting garments to be worn in hot environments, greater consideration should be given to openness of the fabric structure than to the fiber content. When garments fit the body snugly, fiber content may be of more critical importance in maintaining comfort.
A Theoretical Analysis of Nonverbal Communication and Victim Selection for Sexual Assault
Authors: Richards Lynne
Published: October 2007

Research has suggested that (a) victims of sexual assault evidence significant passive and submissive personality structures, (b) such submissive affective traits are characteristic of victims prior to their assaults, (c) sexual assault offenders look for visual cues of vulnerability when selecting a victim, (d) females high and low in submissiveness exhibit different clothing and body language behaviors, and (e) males form differing perceptions of females who are high versus low in submissive personality traits. Propositions associated with theories of self enhancement, communication, perception, and impression formation were united to form a more comprehensive theoretical perspective upon nonverbal communication. This perspective, when analyzed against the results of the abovementioned sexual assault research, provided a logical explanation of the victim selection process wherein nonverbal appearance cues (both body adornment and body language) play a paramount role.
The Influence of Uncertainty on Ratings of Information Importance by Retail Apparel Buyers
Authors: Anthony Cynthia A.E. , Jolly Laura D.
Published: October 2007

The study examined retail apparel buyers' use of information sources when uncertain about specific product characteristics. Sheth's (1973) industrial buyer behavior model was used as the conceptual framework Questionnaires were mailed to 442 retail apparel buyers located in the West South Central region of the United States. A total of 212 usable questionnaires were returned, yielding a 49.5 % response rate. Buyers rated the importance of six information sources (upper management, buying office, another buyer/peer, sales representative, trade publications, competition) when uncertain about five product characteristics (quality, anticipated margin, expected sales, consumer demand, aesthetics). Analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc comparisons were used for data analysis. When uncertain about the product characteristics-anticipated margin, expected sales, and consumer demand-buyers rated upper management as significantly more important than the other sources. Another buyer /peer was significantly more important to buyers when uncertain about quality and aesthetics. Results support Sheth's (1973) proposition that buyers will conduct the information search process differently based on their expectations.
Adult's Perception of Male Garment Styles
Authors: Bell Edna L.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of male apparel styles (daring, conservative, formal; casual) on American adult perceptions of personal traits of men. The relationship between personal traits on each of the garment styles and the clothing interest of viewers was determined Results indicated that a male stranger dressed in the daring style was considered unattractive, not intelligent, but very popular; a male stranger formally dressed was considered attractive, intelligent, and popular; a male stranger casually dressed was viewed as unattractive, not intelligent, and not popular; and a male stranger conservatively dressed was seen as attractive and intelligent but not popular. Respondents with high clothing interest rated the conservatively dressed male stranger as more sociable than the stranger dressed in the daring and casual styles and preferred the formally dressed stranger.
Social Values and Fashion Leadership
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , Heitmeyer Jeanne R. , Freiden Jon B.
Published: October 2007

Because fashion leadership among women is of great interest to clothing researchers and retailers alike, much effort has been devoted to studying the demographic characteristics of women who can be identified as fashion leaders. Although demographic data provide valuable information, demographics alone give little insight into the forces that motivate women to become fashion leaders. Beyond demographic factors, personal and social values have been argued to have an important influence on the strength and direction of consumer behavior. Few studies, however, have attempted to reveal the social values of fashion leaders. Our study examines the relationships between fashion leadership and the nine social values measured by Kahle's List of Values. Data from 248 women whose ages ranged from 16 to 85 years confirmed that younger women are more likely to be fashion leaders and that level of education and income are unrelated to fashion leadership. Fashion leaders were also found to be more active in fashion-related behaviors (spending for clothing, reading fashion magazines, spending time shopping, buying new fashion items). Finally, fashion leadership was associated with the social values of excitement and fun/enjoyment in life. The study suggests ways this knowledge about values can be incorporated into marketing and retail strategies.
The Role of Cosmetics in Impression Formation
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Johnson Kim K. P.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of cosmetics use on impression formation. The study was a single factor experiment with three levels of cosmetics (heavy, moderate, none). Eighty-five undergraduate females viewed one of three colored photographs of a professional model wearing either heavy, moderate, or no cosmetics and indicated impressions of her attractiveness, femininity, personal temperament, personality, and morality by checking 7-point Likert-type scales. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference on impressions of personal temperament or personality traits based on cosmetics use. Cosmetics use did significantly affect impressions of attractiveness, femininity, and morality.
Aging and Expenditures on Apparel
Authors: Jackson Hazel Ogilvie
Published: October 2007

This research examines the spending patterns of elderly consumers (age 60 and above) on personal apparel. The Consumer Expenditure Survey provided the data. The sample of elderly consumers was limited to family units consisting of single consumers or husband-wife dyads. Analysis of variance was used to detect differences in expenditures associated with age and income class. Whenever a significant effect was noted, Tukey's Studentized Range Test was used to determine differences in means. The age of the Consumer Unit head was found not to affect expenditures for apparel, but income class was found to be significant (p < .001). These findings suggest that the elderly represent at least two, and perhaps three, distinct markets for apparel products. Those elderly characterized by high income and a propensity to spend may be an appropriate market to target for apparel.
Patronage Behavior of Apparel Shopping: Part II. Testing a Patronage Model of Consumer Behavior
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Kotsiopulos Antigone
Published: October 2007

This is the second part of a two-part paper which investigates patronage choice behavior in apparel shopping. Part II illustrates how a conventional patronage model can be tested and extended Part of Darden's (1980) Patronage Model of Consumer Behavior was investigated by utilizing regression analyses. In addition to the five direct linkages Darden proposed, this study identified two more direct linkages: (a) shopping orientations -> store attributes -> patronage behavior and (b) information sources -> shopping orientations -> store attributes. Based on these results, a revised apparel retail patronage behavior model was developed
Use of Patented Sewing Devices in a Sample of Manufactured Garments Dated ca. 1860-1900
Authors: Farrell-Beck Jane
Published: October 2007

Apparel manufacturing in the 19th-century United States has received attention from few researchers (Kahn, 1989; Kidwell & Christman, 1974). To understand better the technical capacities of early clothing factories, I examined 210 selected patents for sewing machines, attachments, and stitches dated between 1849 and 1899. The claimed capabilities of these innovations were compared to techniques perceptible on 149 garments manufactured before 1901. Application of innovative devices seemed to be related to new uses for fabrics, such as knits for underwear; demand for large volumes of clothing, such as military uniforms; and the desire to expedite sewing handmade-looking details. Fluctuating fashions, consumer expectations, and the small size of many ready-to-wear firms may have delayed adoption of some innovations.
Etowah Feather Remains from Burial 57: Identification and Context
Authors: Sibley Lucy R. , Jakes Kathryn A. , Swinker Mary E.
Published: October 2007

Analysis of remains recovered from three locations in Burial 57, Etowah, yielded evidence of red and gold plumules and downy barbule feathers of the Anseriformes order, Anatidae family (swan, geese, ducks) which may have been dyed. Further examination revealed layers of red and gold feathers separated by dark brown areas composed of yarns. The fragile condition inhibited efforts to identify conclusively the relation of yarns and feathers. The results of analysis were compared to the ethnohistoric record and other archaeological data confirming feather-faced fabric usage by early populations in North America.
Opportunities for Cooperation Between Educators and Apparel and Textile Trade Associations
Authors: Kunz Grace I. , Lewis Carol J. , Coffin Iris A.
Published: October 2007

Reaching out to business and industry and securing outside sources of research support might be satisfied through relationships with individual firms and/or apparel and textile trade associations (ATTAs). This study explores the nature of ATTAs and examines the potential for greater involvement between apparel and textile educators and ATTAs. An interview schedule was administered by telephone to 99 ATTA executives. Data were analyzed with content analysis and simple summary statistics. Every element of the apparel and textile industry was represented by one or more trade associations. Seventy-six ATTA executives indicated they would be willing to work with apparel and textile educators while only 45 reported previously working with a small number of apparel and textile educators. Executives who were unwilling to cooperate with educators cited previous experiences and poorly prepared students. Many ATTA executives were unaware of apparel and textile programs and emphasized that interactions between industry and education should be mutually beneficial.
Toward a Model of Retail Product Development: A Case Study Analysis
Authors: Gaskill LuAnn Ricketts
Published: October 2007

This study examined the functional activities taking place in the product development division of an international specialty apparel retailer. Case study analysis (embedded, single case format) was the research design guiding collection of the data. A multimillion dollar, specialty apparel retailer engaging in 100% product development was selected as the case site. Data were collected from multiple sources of evidence including interviews, direct observation, and physical evidence. The development of a descriptive framework was the analytical strategy used for the organization of the case study data, and the use of a chronological structure sequencing events was used in composing the study results. The study has resulted in descriptive and explanatory knowledge of retail product development activities pertaining to trend analysis, concept evolvement, palette decisions, fabrication, fabric design, silhouette directions, prototype construction and analysis, line presentation, and subsequent activities. An outcome of the study is the generation of a Product Development Model including the identification of intervening factors impacting upon the development process.
A Quantitative Analysis of Dress Dimensions: Comparison of Models for Taiwan and the United States from 1966 to 1986
Authors: Balkwell Carolyn , Ho Su-Hua
Published: October 2007

This research compared variations in the six dress dimensions measured by Richardson and Kroeber (1940) occurring over a 21-year period in Taiwan and the United States. The sample was drawn from illustrations in fashion magazines. Mean annual dress measurements were graphed Cycles were apparent in both cultures for skirt length and possibly decolletage length. Cycles for skirt width were apparent in the United States only. Waist width, waist length, and decolletage width did not exhibit cyclical variation. Multiple regression tests were usedfor each dress dimension in each culture to compare a model based on gross national product, consumption expenditures, and stock market price index to one containing these variables plus median age of the population. The economic and demographic model tended to predict dress dimensions better than the economic model. Of the economic variables, gross national product and consumption expenditures were most consistently related to dress in both cultures.
Thermal Transmittance and Air Permeability of Plain Weave Fabrics
Authors: Epps Helen H. , Min Kyu Song
Published: October 2007

The findings of earlier research on the influence of particular yarn and fabric structural variables on heat transfer and air flow through fabrics are used in explaining similarities and differences among measurements of air permeability and thermal transmittance of three medium-weight plain weave fabrics. Two fabrics constructed of staple polyester (PET) yarns exhibited higher air permeabilities and lower thermal transmittance values than the third fabric, which was composed of PET filament yarns. Bulk densities of the two staple yarn fabrics were approximately equal, but the fabrics differed in weight, thickness, fabric count, yarn tex, and yarn twist. The staple yarn fabric with the lowest fabric count, highest weight, and highest thickness exhibited the lowest thermal transmittance in both single and multiple layers; however, differences between its thermal transmittance values and those of the thinner, lighter weight staple yarn fabric were not statistically significant. There were significant differences in air permeability between each of the three fabrics. Measurements also were taken on multiple layers of the fabrics. Regression analysis revealed nonlinear declines in thermal transmittance and air permeability as fabric layers were increased. Differences in air permeability and thermal transmittance among the fabrics are explained on the basis of structural differences.
Clothing and Social Identity
Authors: Feinberg Richard A. , Mataro Lisa , Burroughs W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2007

Individuals are believed to use clothing to define and communicate their social identities to others. If this is the case, observers should be able to read and show consensus about the social information present in clothing cues, and there should be substantial agreement between the perceived meaning of the cues to observers and the actual social identities of the individuals but only if the clothes are specifically selected by the individuals to represent themselves. In Study 1 observers were able to perceive the social information presented in outfits selected by others to be representative of their personalities, and these perceptions were significantly correlated with the individuals' views of themselves. In Study 2 observers were similarly able to read social information present in jeans brand labels. However, these perceptions were not found to be related to the identities of individuals who would wear them. These findings suggest that clothing may have meaning, but the relationship between clothing, its meaning, and identity is not a simple one.
Sino-Japanism In Western Women's Fashionable Dress In Harper's Bazar, 1890-1927
Authors: Hae Jeon Kim  , DeLong Marilyn R.
Published: October 2007

Understanding change and its motivations in historic dress is complex because of fragmented information and the incomplete and possibly biased saving of objects of the past. In this study a media source contemporary to the period 1890-1927 was systematically analyzed for the extent and duration of Japanese and Chinese characteristics evident in forms of dress. Cultural authentication, including change in characterization and in unique forms of dress, was examined through verbal and visual references.

Occurrences found within the 37 years covered by the study were quantified for analysis of patterns, and the Japanese and Chinese influences each formed a separate cycle. Dominant in the earlier periods were selection and characterization levels, often for occasions of intimate dressing. In the later periods more evidence of public presentation of self occurred with incorporation and transformation levels of cultural authentication. We found the most extensive assimilation in 1914 for the Japanese and in 1922 for the Chinese characteristics.
A Reassessment of Age and Gender Specifications on Household Clothing Expenditures: Development of Age Category Guidelines for Determining Clothing Allotments
Authors: Norum Pamela S.
Published: October 2007

There are many situations (e.g., foster care and child support payments) in which a monetary allotment for children's clothing is explicitly or implicitly included as part of a household transfer. Typically, the amount of payment is related to the age of the child although universally accepted guidelines for determining clothing allotments, based on age, do not exist. This research empirically examined various age and gender specifications in an effort to identify a categorization that sufficiently captures the differing effects of children's ages and gender on household clothing expenditures. Clothing allotments based on school-age categories appeared most appropriate and were evaluated in light of both developmental and economic factors.
Fashion and Shopping Perceptions, Demographics, and Store Patronage
Authors: Summers Teresa A. , Belleau Bonnie D. , Wozniak Patricia J.
Published: October 2007

Rural (n = 320) and urban (n = 278) female consumers were studied to determine if the psychographic dimension of perceptioms of fashion and perceptions of apparel shopping was related to store patronage as well as to demographic characteristics. The 20 comrumer perception items were reduced to five factors by factor analysis: Shopping Involvement, Importance of Clothing Image, Fashion Commitment, Quality Conscious, and Fashion Aversion. An analysis of variance revealed that rural and urban consumers held similar perceptions offashion and of apparel shopping as measured by the five factors. Significant differences in the factor scores that measured perceptions of fashion and of apparel shopping were noted in ANOVA with type of stores patronized, shopping locales favored, time spent shopping for apparel for self and family, ethnicity, age, marital status, education, work status, and total family income. Implications for retailers and educators are discussed.
Self Consciousness and Clothing Purchase Criteria of Korean and United States College Women
Authors: Lee Myounghee , Burns Leslie Davis
Published: October 2007

Relationships between criteria individuals use in the purchase of clothing and the individual trait of public and private self-consciousness were examined and compared between two cultural groups (United States and Korean). Eighty-two females from one U.S. college and 92 females from two Korean colleges participated in the study by completing a questionnaire which explored the importance of criteria used in the purchase of clothing, private and public self-consciousness, and demographic characteristics. Significant relationships between the trait of public self-consciousness and the importance of fashion and attractiveness as clothing purchase criteria were found for both cultural groups. A significant interaction effect was found between self-consciousness and cultural group for the importance of brand name as a clothing purchase criterion. Individual and cultural differences in consumer decision making process are discussed
Women 55 Years and Older as Catalog Shoppers: Satisfaction with Apparel Fit and Catalog Attributes
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Bickle Marianne C.
Published: October 2007

Differences in satisfaction with the fit of apparel purchased through catalogs and catalog attributes among three groups (petite, medium, and tall) of women 55 years and older were studied. A national random sample of 3,000 was obtained from two major catalog companies lists of catalogue recipients. The 872 respondents, 55 years and older, were included in the analysis. Overall satisfaction level with 26 specific apparel fit sites was relatively low for the entire sample, especially in relation to length, including blouseslsweater length, leg length of pants, skirtldress length, and jacket length. The petite group showed the least satisfaction with 21 fit sites, while the tall group showed the least satisfaction with 2 fit sites. In terms of catalog attributes, the petite group was least satisfied with Variety of Product Selection factor (e.g., style, color, fabric) and General Size and Fit factor (e.g., sizing definition, ordering information). Managerial implications for apparel manufacturers and catalog retailers to increase consumer satisfaction are given.
Application of a Choice Sets Model to Assess Patronage Decision Styles of High Involvement Consumers
Authors: Haynes Janice L. , Pipkin Alison L. , Black William C. , Cloud Rinn M.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to apply a choice sets model of retail selection in a specialized apparel category to identify decision styles among consumers, and (2) to profile the decision styles in terms of personal characteristics (shopping attitudes, shopping orientations and motivations and demographics) and desired retailer attributes related to store patronage. The Spiggle & Sewall (1987) choice sets model of retail store selection was applied to the purchase process of a high involvement apparel category (maternity apparel) with a sample of 300 pregnant women. Analysis of the choice sets model for consumers identified six decision styles: narrowers (highest knowledge of stores), shoppers (have the largest choice sets), apathetics (uninvolved shoppers), loyals (low to moderate choice set size), late bloomers (systematically have larger choice set sizes), and the avoiders (extremely low choice sets). The six decision styles were then profiled with a series of shopper and retailer characteristics, with discriminant analysis used to identify the differentiating variables from the set of all variables.
Pay Equity: A Look at Retail Buyers
Authors: Phillips Lisa A. , Sternquist Brenda J.
Published: October 2007

Compensation disparities in the realm of retailing are unique because retailing is a female-dominated industry. Retail buyers, vital links between manufacturers and consumers, were the focus of this study. It was hypothesized, based on findings of previous studies, that gender would be significantly related to compensation disparities. Although comparative studies of gender-based compensation issues have traditionally found pay inequities favoring men, this study does not support such findings. Further analysis revealed both position experience and retail experience were significant predictors of compensation. Of all retailing positions, the buying function is the most performance-based. The results suggest that for retail buyers compensation is more strongly based on performance, as opposed to gender.
Specialty Retail Buyers' Evaluations of Regional Apparel Marts' Attributes
Authors: Hathcote Jan M. , Schulte Deborah D.
Published: October 2007

This study examined low volume specialty retail buyers' desired attributes of eight regional apparel marts to determine the importance of general mart attributes and ultimately develop a Mart Choice Model. This model was adapted from Fishbein's Expectation Value Choice Model (1967), Bass and Talarzyk's Multi-Attribute Attitude Model (1972), and Mason and Mayer's Store Choice Model (1990).

Using experimental factor analysis, a pre-study identified five general attributes that were labeled (1) Location, (2) Atmosphere, (3) Assortment, (4) Convenience and (5) Market Services. Specialty store buyers ranked the importance of each element comprising general attributes as well as the general attributes for any or all eight regional apparel marts that they had visited. The Mart Choice Model was then created from the findings by multiplying the average score associated with the overall perceived importance of each general attribute by the buyers' perceptions of a mart possessing those attributes.
Evaluation of Functional Fit of Chemical Protective Gloves for Agricultural Workers
Authors: Tremblay-Lutter Julie F. , Crown Elizabeth M. , Rigakis Katherine B.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional fit of commercially available protective gloves recommended to agricultural workers and to investigate the effect of polymer type, thickness of glove materials, and glove shape on such fit. The study was conducted in two parts. First the hand dimensions of the user population were estimated by conducting an anthropometric survey of 380 agricultural workers. This was followed by a fit evaluation of four test gloves by 38 farmers whose hand dimensions were representative of the user population. Fit was assessed by subjective evaluations of 15 specific hand dimensions for each glove and by conducting two standardized dexterity tests with participants bare-handed and wearing each of the four gloves.

Significant differences in fit were found among gloves differing in polymer type, thickness and shape. Thinner gloves made from flexible polymers gave the most acceptable fit. Major design and sizing problems were identified for each of the four gloves. Gloves that fit snugly and enabled participants to complete dexterity tests at a rate comparable to bare hands received the highest subjective fit ratings. To enable agricultural workers to achieve optimum performance while completing fine manipulative tasks, the fit of gloves, especially in the fingers, must be improved.
Design and Evaluation of Clothing for the Neonate
Authors: Bergen Mari E. , Capjack Linda , McConnan Linda G. , Richards Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

Every day, countless premature babies begin their lives weeks or even months too early. Because of being born at an early gestational age, the diminutive size of the neonate, coupled with medical problems, creates some unique clothing needs. Hospitals often have difficulty meeting these clothing needs due to budget constraints and general unavailability of the miniature sized and specially adapted clothing. This research used the functional design process as the conceptual framework to design and evaluate clothing for the premature infant in the intensive care setting. Six design criteria were identified from which specifications were developed and their interrelationships explored through an interaction matrix. Prototype garments were evaluated by caregivers in the neonatal intensive care setting in two hospitals. Results indicate that there is a definite need for clothing in a range of sizes with special adaptations for the premature infant in the intensive care setting.
The Self-Concept of Fashion Leaders
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , Flynn Leisa Reinecke , Moore Mary Ann
Published: October 2007

This study reports new findings about fashion leaders that describe their unique characteristics in an unexamined area: their self-concept. A valid and reliable self-report scale was used to measure fashion leadership for 376 college students. Analyses showed that this scale did a good job of identifying the fashion leaders. Additional analyses showed that fashion leaders expressed a unique self concept; they considered themselves more excitable, indulgent, contemporary, formal, colorful, and vain than followers. The implications of these findings for fashion theory and merchandising are discussed.
Communication of Empirical Knowledge: An Investigation of Readability and Quality of Research in Textiles and Apparel
Authors: Oliver Barbara , Dallas Merry Jo , Eckman Molly
Published: October 2007

This study employs both objective and subjective testing to examine readability and quality of research in textiles and apparel. Flesch scores provided a quantitative measure of the readability of passages taken from published research in the field. U.S. active/reserve and graduate student members of ITAA (n = 208) completed subject specific questionnaires for the subjective portion of the study. Responses to open-ended questions reveal that clarity, structure, and terminology are most frequently mentioned when explaining perceptions of readability while value and methods are concepts closely related to definitions of journal quality. Positive correlations between readability and quality ( p ≤ .01) contrast findings in previous research. Time constraints facing today's academic community are noted as the primary reason for the need for published research to be readable and comprehensible.
Toward a Grounded Theory of Apparel Product Quality
Authors: Scheller Heidi P. , Kunz Grace I.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this paper is to explore definitional ambiguity of apparel product quality from the perspectives of apparel producers. Constructs for a grounded theory of apparel product quality were synthesized from in-depth interviews of 47 apparel production managers and operators in a large U.S. tailored clothing company. Quality represented value that was portrayed through three major constructs: structural integrity, aesthetic presence, and the power of appeal. European tailoring techniques emerged as strong determinants of the informants' cultural identity with apparel quality.
Brassieres and Women's Health from 1863 to 1940
Authors: Farrell-Beck Jane , Poresky Laura , Paff Jennifer , Moon Cassandra
Published: October 2007

Brassieres developed in the United States as an expression of health reform. Between 1863 and 1940, women and men secured patents for breast supporters intended to improve women's general and reproductive health, posture, or ability to participate in sport and exercise. Advertisements for breast supporters appeared in national advertising as early as 1881; brands proliferated in the early 1900s. Physicians encouraged the substitution of breast supporters for corsets, beginning in 1890. Medical opinions of brassieres fluctuated in the 1910s and 1920s, but by the end of the 1920s, cup-style brassieres answered physicians' criticisms and conformed to newer methods of pre- and post-natal breast care.
Consumers' Apparel and Home Furnishings Inshopping Behavior in Rural Communities
Authors: Miller Nancy J. , Schofield-Tomschin Sherry , Kim Soyoung
Published: October 2007

Rural consumer shopping behavior research has traditionally focused on factors influencing consumers to leave their community and outshop rather than on factors influencing inshopping behavior. This study tested outshopping influences related to household characteristics and satisfaction levels with local retail businesses. Also investigated was the influence of community attachment on consumers' inshopping behavior for apparel and home furnishings. Findings support previous research on rural household characteristics and the importance of satisfaction with local retailers and their products. Inshopping behaviors were defined by the consumers' strong community attachment that also contributed significantly to rural consumer behavior. Implications for the rural retailer and further research are discussed.
A Prospective Naturalistic Study of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Late-Life Depression
Authors: Mulsant Benoit H. , Rosen Jules , Thornton Joe E. , Zubenko George S.
Published: October 2007

We performed a prospective, naturalistic study using standardized clinical rating scales to characterize the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on mood, cognition, and medical status in late-life depression. Over a 16-month period, 40 patients aged 60 years and over who fulfilled DSM-III criteria for a major depressive episode received a total of 42 ECT courses. Three patients (7%) developed significant medical complications: one had a syncopal episode due to arrhythmia, and two had symptomatic vertebral compression fractures. Confusion was noted during 13 courses (31%) and persisted at discharge in four (10%). More than half the patients were either psychotic or demented on admission, and all but three had been either unresponsive or intolerant to pharmacotherapy. All patients experienced a decrease in their depressive symptoms and more than two thirds were in complete or partial remission at discharge. Patients with psychotic depression experienced a greater improvement than patients with nonpsychotic depression, and patients with organic mental disorders experienced the same improvement as other patients. This study confirms that ECT is a safe and effective treatment of depression in late life. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4:3-13).
Delayed Recovery From Lithium Neurotoxicity
Authors: Nambudiri Draupathi E. , Meyers Barnett S. , Young Robert C.
Published: October 2007

Recovery from lithium-induced neurotoxicity can take much longer than the 2 to 3 weeks previously reported. Contributing factors could include advanced age and underlying clinical or subclinical brain disease. However, the occurrence of lithium-induced neurotoxicity does not preclude reinstitution of lithium treatment. We report three case histories that illustrate these points. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:40-43).
Academic middle managers in Further Education
Authors: Briggs Ann R.J.
Published: October 2007

This is the first of a two-part article considering middle managers in Further Education.This part presents a literature review on middle management in schools and colleges, to be followed by a second part detailing a study into factors affecting the effectiveness in the role of middle managers in FE.
Vision of the future
Authors: Normington David
Published: October 2007

This article outlines the Government's vision and aspirations for schools over the next five years. Some of this will become clearer when the Schools White Paper is published in September, but in the meantime here are some pointers as to how the vision is developing.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Laird Lyle Knight , Saklad Judith J.
Published: October 2007

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common of the childhood psychiatric disorders, with a prevalence rate of up to 20%, and is probably genetically transmitted. ADHD is characterized by impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and decreased attention span. It is often extremely disruptive to the afflicted individuals social interactions and school performance. Therapeutic approaches to ADHD should be multimodal, including medications, family, and educational therapies. The pathophysiology of ADHD is not yet fully understood. Catecholoamines are believed to play a significant role with serotonin in an adjunctive role. Pathophysiological theories are supported by useful drug therapies that are known to affect dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism. Stimulants remain the drugs of choice, with methylphenidate most commonly used. Dextroamphetamine and pemoline are also effective. The rational use of these drugs is discussed. Antidepressants are second-line drug therapies; their usefulness is most apparent in patients who have high levels of anxiety and/or depression. Other potentially useful medications, including clonidine and the antipsychotics, are discussed. Adult populations can also express ADHD; treatment is similar to that used in children. Overall, ADHD is an important illness with significant morbidity. Pharmacotherapy is highly effective for its treatment and forms the cornerstone of therapy. This review of ADHD seeks to promote a greater understanding of this disorder and its appropriate drug therapy.
Infectious Gastroenteritis
Authors: Orlando Patricia L.
Published: October 2007

Infectious gastroenteritis currently constitutes the greatest source of morbidity and mortality among various age groups. Issues of focus for this article include establishing epidemiological determinants of risk for enteric infection, describing host factors that favor survival of the infecting enteric pathogen, defining pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhea, and reviewing the therapeutic management of bacterial, protozoal, and viral infectious diarrhea.
Biological Agents in Infectious Diseases
Authors: Louie Stan G. , Jaresko George S.
Published: October 2007

This article examines the use of classical as well as novel immunological agents to augment the immune system. Strategies to prevent infectious disease using vaccines to prime the immune system are discussed. A prospective overview of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine development provides insights into the possible agents that may be developed in the near future. The rationale for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin and colony stimulating factors in selected clinical situations is also discussed.
Emergency Department and Hospital Treatment of Asthma
Authors: Tsiu Sandra J. , Self Timothy H.
Published: October 2007

Asthma is one of the most frequently treated problems in emergency departments and hospitals. Over the last 10 years, several excellent clinical trials have redefined the optimal approach to treating acute, severe asthma. Both in the emergency department and in the hospital, frequent doses of inhaled β2-agonists and systemic corticosteroids are the cornerstones of treatment. In either setting, theophylline therapy adds no or minimal benefits. Inhaled anticholinergics add to the efficacy of the initial dose only of inhaled β2-agonist in the emergency department. Pharmacists should help ensure optimal treatment in acute care settings via protocols as well as routine patient monitoring and drug use evaluation. Improving long-term prevention of asthma should also be addressed by careful patient education and treatment protocols. Serving on a case management team is one excellent approach of helping patients with asthma. Providing pharmaceutical care for asthmatics is a rewarding experience that can dramatically improve clinical outcomes, including a reduced need for emergency and hospital treatment. Copyright © 1992 by W.B. Saunders Company
Asthma Patient Education
Authors: Kelso Tiffany M. , Alloway Rita R. , Self Timothy H.
Published: October 2007

Patient education is a very important aspect of the treatment of asthma. Success of therapy is highly dependent upon patients' knowledge of asthma and the correct use of their medications. Over the last decade the morbidity and mortality rates due to asthma have increased. Education of patients is necessary to reduce these rates. Pharmacists can play a major role in the education of patients. Pharmacists are readily available and see most patients frequently for refills. Regular use of anti-inflammatory medications, use of β2-agonists for rescue therapy, and prevention of exercise induced asthma, and correct inhaler technique should be stressed. Spacer devices and peak flow meters should be routinely recommended by pharmacists. Educational aids such as handouts, pamphlets, and video tapes are available from many different organizations that can help make education more time efficient. Asthma education is a rewarding service to offer asthma patients and helps to develop loyalty as well as overall better health care for patients.
Direct Involvement of Community Pharmacists in the Care of Asthma Patients: Dream or a Reality?
Authors: Scoggin J. Allen , Marcrom Ray
Published: October 2007

Everyday community pharmacists encounter children and adults who have asthma. Pharmacists in community and ambulatory care settings are in excellent positions to provide interventions that improve the care and the quality of life of asthmatics. This can be accomplished when community pharmacists learn more about asthma therapy, identify problem asthmatics in their practices, design asthma treatment and monitoring plans, develop patient teaching programs, and overcome barriers to direct intervention in the care of these patients.
Is Holistic Care Possible in the "Real Life" Clinical Setting?
Authors: White Joyce E.
Published: October 2007

It is difficult to integrate a holistic perspective into the care which women receive in agencies such as prenatal clinics and family planning centers. Factors which mitigate against holism in these settings, the only source of health care for many women, include the separation of reproductive from comprehensive care, the categorical funding of services and the time pressure which rewards caring for more patients more quickly.

At the same time there is growing evidence of the value of a holistic perspective to care. Using lifestyle assessments and developing an intervention strategy which includes the use of patient contracts can serve to integrate factors such as nutrition, stress management and exercise to form a broader perspective to care.