bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes from the Florentine Archives
Authors: Becker Marvin B.
Published: April 2006

The Florentine chronicler, Giovanni Villani, takes time out from his spare narrative of the hectic events of the revolutionary year 1294 to devote a chapter to the commemoration of the death of that ‘worthy citizen whose name was Brunetto Latini,’ and who ‘was a great philosopher, and was a perfect master in rhetoric….’ No Florentine of his generation, opines Villani, could speak so eloquently or write so artfully as that ‘worthy citizen.’ It was the notary, Ser Brunetto Latini, who composed the justly renowned commentaries on Cicero's rhetoric, as well as compiling perhaps the best of all encyclopedias written by thirteenth-century Italians (Il Tresor). Moreover, he held the highest communal offices, repeatedly went on key diplomatic missions, and was longtime Chancellor of the Commune. In all things he was un' uomo civile. Above all others of his generation he ‘refined the Florentines,’ teaching them to counsel wisely, orate effectively, and to rule the republic according to the precepts of Aristotle's Politics.
Knowledge Specialization, Organizational Coupling, and the Boundaries of the Firm: Why Do Firms Know More than They Make?
Authors: Brusoni Stefano , Prencipe Andrea , Pavitt Keith
Published: April 2006

This paper uses an analysis of developments in aircraft engine control systems to explore the implications of specialization in knowledge production for the organization and the boundaries of the firm. We argue that the definition of boundaries of the firm in terms of the activities performed in house does not take into account that decisions to outsource production and other functions are different from decisions to outsource technological knowledge. We show that multitechnology firms need to have knowledge in excess of what they need for what they make, to cope with imbalances caused by uneven rates of development in the technologies on which they rely and with unpredictable product-level interdependences. By knowing more, multitechnology firms can coordinate loosely coupled networks of suppliers of equipment, components, and specialized knowledge and maintain a capability for systems integration. Networks enable them to benefit from the advantages of both integration and specialization. Examples from other industries extend to other contexts the model we develop.
Disrupted Routines: Team Learning and New Technology Implementation in Hospitals
Authors: Edmondson Amy C. , Bohmer Richard M. , Pisano Gary P.
Published: April 2006

This paper reports on a qualitative field study of 16 hospitals implementing an innovative technology for cardiac surgery. We examine how new routines are developed in organizations in which existing routines are reinforced by the technological and organizational context All hospitals studied had top-tier cardiac surgery departments with excellent reputations and patient outcomes yet exhibited striking differences in the extent to which they were able to implement a new technology that required substantial changes in the operating-room-team work routine. Successful implementers underwent a qualitatively different team learning process than those who were unsuccessful. Analysis of qualitative data suggests that implementation involved four process steps: enrollment, preparation, trials, and reflection. Successful implementers used enrollment to motivate the team, designed preparatory practice sessions and early trials to create psychological safety and encourage new behaviors, and promoted shared meaning and process improvement through reflective practices. By illuminating the collective learning process among those directly responsible for technology implementation, we contribute to organizational research on routines and technology adoption.
A Genealogical Approach to Organizational Life Chances: The Parent-Progeny Transfer among Silicon Valley Law Firms, 1946–1996
Authors: Phillips Damon J.
Published: April 2006

Data on Silicon Valley law firms over a 50-year period were used to study the genealogy of organizational populations and its consequences for organizational life chances when a member of an existing firm leaves to found a new firm. Hypotheses and subsequent analysis suggest that the transfer of resources and routines between a parent organization and its progeny decreases life chances for the parent firm and increases life chances for the progeny. The results are contingent on the founder's previous position in the parent firm and time since the parenting event. In addition, I find that progeny have lower life chances when the parent is a failing firm, when there are multiple parents, and when the founder is a former senior partner of a large law firm.
The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firm Performance
Authors: Sørensen Jesper B.
Published: April 2006

Prevailing research claims that strong corporate cultures improve firm performance by facilitating internal behavioral consistency. This paper addresses an unexamined implication of this argument by analyzing the effect of strong corporate cultures on the variability of firm performance. This relationship depends on how strong cultures affect organizational learning in response to internal and external change. I hypothesize that strong-culture firms excel at incremental change but encounter difficulties in more volatile environments. Results of analyses of a sample of firms from a broad variety of industries show that in relatively stable environments, strong-culture firms have more reliable (less variable) performance. In volatile environments, however, the reliability benefits of strong cultures disappear.
Disease and Medicine in African History: A Bibliographical Essay
Authors: Patterson K. David
Published: April 2006

The medical history of Africa is a vital but neglected field. Disease has been a significant factor throughout African history, and attempts to control endemic and epidemic afflictions have been an important aspect of change in the twentieth century. Unfortunately, historians have rarely paid more than cursory attention to issues involving human health. There is some mention of disease in many pre-colonial studies, especially those of the “trade and politics” variety, but comment is usually directed toward the effects of tropical diseases on Europeans rather than the impact of local and induced diseases on African populations. Similarly, works on the colonial period often mention medical services in passing, but rarely make a serious attempt to assess their reception by local peoples and the results of their activities.

It is to be hoped that as the historiography of Africa moves away from its early preoccupation with trade, politics, and the “origins of nationalism,” and as new archival and other sources become available, scholars will take a greater interest in the role of disease and medicine in the history of the continent. In this essay I will discuss some recent writings in this field by historians and by persons in other disciplines whose works are useful to historians, and will suggest possibilities for future research. Coverage will be selective rather than exhaustive, and will be confined to sub-Saharan Africa.
The Dictionary and the Historian
Authors: Vansina Jan
Published: April 2006

Despite their uninviting aspect, dictionaries make for engrossing historical reading. Seemingly dull compilations conceal an ample description of a society and its culture at a given moment in time. Each entry in the original language constitutes a bit of information. For African languages the amount of information varies between one thousand or fifteen hundred entries in the shorter vocabularies to as many as eighty thousand for the fullest dictionaries. Anything less than a thousand words may be considered to be only a wordlist, the longest of which rarely exceeds five hundred items. Most dictionaries seem to contain between six thousand and thirty thousand entries. The extent of information is astonishing because the form is usually so condensed that it consists only of a gloss as translation of the term given. The best dictionaries contain explanations of the gloss, references to relevant publications, and examples taken from everyday speech as well as from literary usage, and they begin with a short grammatical introduction. Unfortunately, this kind of dictionary has been and remains all too rare; usually the gloss is unnecessarily laconic. Even so, the most exciting as well as the most trivial information is to be found in these tomes. For example, we learn from the 1652 Kongo dictionary (7200 entries) collected or recopied by van Geel, both that the Kongo were matrilineal–a fact stated nowhere else for the old kingdom–and that playing cards was a popular pastime.
Another Modern Anti-Witchcraft Movement in East Central Africa
Authors: Marwick M. G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

As the title of this paper suggests, the movement described in it is not the first of its kind to have been recorded in Central Africa. About fourteen years ago Dr. Audrey I. Richards reported on a witchfinding movement associated with the Nyanja word mcape. (Local variations include mcapi, mucapi, &c.—referring to the medicine—and the Bemba called the medicine-vendors the Bamucapi.)
Witchcraft
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

There are few, if any, African societies which do not believe in witchcraft of one type or another. These types can be classified and their areas of distribution marked out. Thus we have the ‘evil eye’ type, the likundu type, and the kindoki type, and doubtless other variations could be distinguished. But though some notion which we can describe as a belief in witchcraft is found in maybe every African society it is far from playing a uniform part in each. In many communities, including the one from which the information used in this paper was gathered, witchcraft is a function of a wide range of social behaviour, while in others it has little ideological importance. In this paper my conclusions about the social relations of the witchcraft concept are drawn from twenty months experience of the Azande nation of the Nile-Uelle divide, where witchcraft is a ubiquitous notion. Whether what is true of this people is true of many other African communities I cannot say.
The confusion between scale‐defined levels and conventional levels of organization in ecology
Authors: Allen T. F. H. , Hoekstra T. W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Conventional levels of organization in ecology can be hierarchically ordered, but there is not necessarily a time or space scale‐dependent difference between the classes: cell, organism, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biome and biosphere. The physical processes that ecological systems must obey are strictly scaled in time and space, but communities or ecosystems may be either large or small. Conventional levels of organization are not scale‐dependent, but are criteria for telling foreground from background, or the object from its context. We erect a scheme that separates scale‐ordered levels from the conventional levels of organization. By comparing landscapes, communities and ecosystems all at the same scale, we find that communities and ecosystems do not map onto places on the landscape. Rather, communities and ecosystems are wave interference patterns between processes and organisms interfering with and accomodating to each other, even though they occur at different scales on the landscape, and so have different periodicities in their waved behavior. Population members are usually commensurately scaled and so do not generally interact to give interference patterns. Populations are therefore tangible, oratleastcan be assigned a location at an instant in time.
Maximum likelihood prediction of lake acidity based on sedimented diatoms
Authors: Oksanen Jari , Läärä Esa , Huttunen Pertti , Meriläinen Jouko
Published: April 2006

Abstract.As an example of ecological gradient analysis, Gaussian response functions, with Poisson or quasi‐Poisson error distribution, were fitted for diatom taxa on a pH gradient. It is possible to predict or infer the pH of lake water from the fitted curves using the method of maximum likelihood, which is easily implemented in standard non‐linear regressionprograms. Due to overdis‐persion with respect to the Poisson distribution, moment estimates forthe negative binomial distribution were also applied, both in estimating the species response curves and in prediction. Simulations indicated that the theoretical maximum precision (measuredby standard deviation of prediction errors) in our data set was 0.17 pH units. The observed errors were much greater (SD 0.35 to 0.43). It seems that roughly equal proportions of the excess error were caused (1) by systematic differences between the training (estimation) data and the validation (prediction) data, and (2) from a misspecified model. It is suggested that the error due to model misspecification consists of inadequacy of the presumed error distribution and of inadequacy of the simple Gaussian response function.
Growth forms and phenomorphology traits along an environmental gradient: tools for studying vegetation?
Authors: Floret C. , Galan M. J. , LeFloc'h E. , Orshan G. , Romane F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Relationships between plant form, plant function, and environmental factors are analyzed in order to test the efficiency of growth form attributes and phenomorphology for studying vegetation on a regional scale. Examples of sclerophyllous evergreen coppices with Quercus ilex in the mediterranean climate of southern France are examined. The results for three growth form attributes (renewal bud location, leaf consistency, leaf size) and some environmental factors show that these criteria are efficient along a gradient of increasing stress. Concerning phenomorphology, some trends along the main environmental gradient become evident, but these results should be confirmed with descriptions of more species. It is suggested that man's ancient, very strong influence upon these ecosystems could explain some results showing that growth form distribution does not fit the pattern of variation in environmental factors.
Fuzzy set ordination and classification of Serengeti short grasslands, Tanzania
Authors: Banyikwa Feetham F. , Feoli Enrico , Zuccarello Vincenzo
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Species abundance data from 32 representative stands are used to evaluate the vegetation in the heavily grazed Serengeti short grasslands. The abundant species are: Kyllinga nervosa, Sporobolus ioclados, S. kentro‐phyllus and Eustachys paspaloides, all occurring in elevated areas, and Hypoestes forskalei, which is found in the drainage areas.

Numerical classification and fuzzy set ordination revealed four main grassland communities associated with a topographic gradient. The communities are considered distinct since their niches, as computed in the community and environmental fuzzy system space are not overlapping. Leaching, erosion and animal disturbance effects correlated with the topographic gradient are found to determine species composition and overall community structure in the grasslands.
The Mathematical Work of S.C.Kleene
Authors: Shoenfield J.R.
Published: April 2006

§1. The origins of recursion theory. In dedicating a book to Steve Kleene, I referred to him as the person who made recursion theory into a theory. Recursion theory was begun by Kleene's teacher at Princeton, Alonzo Church, who first defined the class of recursive functions; first maintained that this class was the class of computable functions (a claim which has come to be known as Church's Thesis); and first used this fact to solve negatively some classical problems on the existence of algorithms. However, it was Kleene who, in his thesis and in his subsequent attempts to convince himself of Church's Thesis, developed a general theory of the behavior of the recursive functions. He continued to develop this theory and extend it to new situations throughout his mathematical career. Indeed, all of the research which he did had a close relationship to recursive functions.

Church's Thesis arose in an accidental way. In his investigations of a system of logic which he had invented, Church became interested in a class of functions which he called the λ-definable functions. Initially, Church knew that the successor function and the addition function were λ-definable, but not much else. During 1932, Kleene gradually showed1 that this class of functions was quite extensive; and these results became an important part of his thesis 1935a (completed in June of 1933).
The Teaching of a Foreign Literature in connection with the Seminary System
Authors: White Horatio S.
Published: April 2006

It is my purpose to offer a few suggestions on the teaching of a foreign literature in connection with the so-called seminary system, to add a word regarding that system itself, and to inquire to what extent the methods and scope of the instruction at German universities are available for our own institutions.
Innovations in Waiata Style
Authors: McLean Mervyn
Published: April 2006

In an earlier paper (McLean 1961)—presented at the IFMC Vienna Conference in 1960—I emphasized what seemed to me to be an extreme conservatism associated with the transmission of traditional Maori singing—or waiata—style. I outlined some of the evidence for this, and indicated ways in which accuracy of transmission was attained in practice. As a sequel, I should like now to examine Maori concepts of accuracy more closely, and go on to consider anomalies presented by such phenomena as traditionally approved reworkings of waiata texts, the undoubted existence of melodic variants of particular songs, and an evident current trend towards accelerated change in waiata singing style itself.
Pitch: Musical and Verbal in Folksong
Authors: Boswell George W.
Published: April 2006

From one point of view, poetry and music in song are two sides of the same coin—almost miraculously well wedded together. This generalization is especially true of folksong, which by definition has been transmitted orally by myriads of singers until an exceptional fusion has developed. The tune graciously accompanies the text in order to beautify it, to serve as a medium of its communication, and to render it more permanent. Other than their relationship, there is no more interesting aesthetic study.
Accentuation in Qur'ānic Chant: A Study in Musical Tawāzun
Authors: al Faruqi Lois Ibsen
Published: April 2006

Despite the importance of the scripture to any study of Islamic beliefs, customs or creations, little attention has been paid by musicologists and ethnomusicologists to the chanted recitation of the Holy Qur'ān. Muslim scholars of literature, of etymology, of grammar and syntax, of phonetics and vocal production have developed exhaustive studies based on the Qur'ān, but they have neither analyzed nor explained the musical aspects of the chanted recitations of the one hundred and fourteen sūrahs ('chapters') revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century.
Prolegomenon to the Study of Song Texts
Authors: Wade Bonnie C.
Published: April 2006

The study of song texts by scholars in various fields has taken many directions. Some of those directions have been the result of particular disciplinary methodology such as literary history and criticism, history, folklore, anthropology, linguistics, and musicology. Others have been the result of peculiarities of a language, such as the problems of song in tone languages. This article is an introduction to and analysis and reinterpretation of some of the approaches to the study of song texts which seem at this time to present fruitful avenues for future research.
The Cultural Role of Tsonga Beer-Drink Music
Authors: Johnston Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Of seven distinct bodies of vocal music and one body of instrumental music recognized and separately classified by the Tsonga of Mozambique and the Northern Transvaal, beer-drink music is the most often performed and comprises about 40% of the total folksong repertoire of about five hundred items (Figure 1). The other musical styles are exorcism music, girls’ initiation music, children's songs, solo instrumental music, boys’ drumming school music, and circumcision school music (Figure 2). The order given reflects the estimated man-hours of performance (the circumcision school is organized only every four or five years), and it coincides roughly with sample rankings obtained from informants during the period 1968–70. Variations of the ranking were some women's claim that girls’ initiation music is more important than exorcism music, and some men's claim that muchongolo (the national dance performed at beer-drinks) is more important than beer-songs or any other single category.
Ritual Intonation of Yoruba Praise-Poetry (Oríkì)
Authors: Welch David
Published: April 2006

Among the Yoruba people of S. W. Nigeria, there are innumerable poetic genres, or manners of intonation, rigidly prescribed by ritual convention (labelled simply “chant” in the West). Some of these genres—notably Ijálá and Rárà—have already been treated by scholars at the textual and/or linguistic levels. Śangó praise-poetry has hitherto received attention only from the literary standpoint. In a recent classification of indigenous poetic genres (Olatunji), the rendering of ritual praise-poetry with a particular intonation is given the name Pípé Òrìşá: for each órìşá, or deity, Pìpè has its own characteristic intonation. Thus, a sub-genre of Pìpè Òrìşá (the religious counterpart to the aforementioned secular Rárá chanting) is here referred to as Şángó-Pìpé. Literally, pìpè (pronounced KPEE-KPAY) means “to call or summon;” the indigenous term pìpè òrìşà derives from a specific moment in a cult ceremony when the priest or priestess invokes the òrìşá.
The Brothers Tihomir and Vladimir Djordjević: Pioneers of Ethnomusicology in Serbia*
Authors: Janković Ljubica S.
Published: April 2006

It may appear strange that the two brothers Djordević, who were in their lives and work quite separate, are taken together in this article. Professor and academician Dr. Tihomir R. Djordjević (4 March 1868 - 28 May 1944), the great Serbian ethnologist, folklorist, cultural historian, sociologist, museologist, and Balkanologist (as such, a specialist on Gypsies above all) worked in the realm of the social sciences. Vladimir R. Djordjev̌ić (2 December 1869 - 22 June 1938), composer, melographer, organologist, biographer of Serbian musicians, bibliographer of Serbian music, conductor, theoretician, and music pedagogue was active in the field of music.
Strip-Chart Recording of Narrow Band Frequency Analysis in Aid of Ethnomusicological Data
Authors: Erdely Stephen , Chipman Robert A.
Published: April 2006

In his study on Serbo-Croatian folk songs Béla Bartók makes the statement that our current musical notation has intrinsic limitations and that “the only true notation of folk melodies are the sound tracks on the record itself.” While “these could be magnified, photographed and printed, instead of, or with, the usual notation, in view of the too complicated nature of the curves, [their use] would not be of much help; the human mind would not be able to translate the visual signs into tones.”
Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Packed Bed
Authors: Guo B. , Yu A. , Wright B. , Zulli P.
Published: April 2006

Numerous models for simulating the flow and transport in packed beds have been proposed in the literature with few reported applications. In this paper, several turbulence models for porous media are applied to the gas flow through a randomly packed bed and are examined by means of a parametric study against some published experimental data. These models predict widely different turbulent eddy viscosity. The analysis also indicates that deficiencies exist in the formulation of some model equations and selection of a suitable turbulence model is important. With this realization, residence time distribution and velocity distribution are then simulated by considering a radial profile of porosity and turbulence induced dispersion, and the results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Monomeric Azaheterofullerene Derivatives RC59N: Influence of the R Moiety on Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Hauke Frank , Vostrowsky Otto , Hirsch Andreas , Quaranta Annamaria , Leibl Winfried , Leach Sydney , Edge Ruth , Navaratnam Suppiah , Bensasson René V.
Published: April 2006

We have synthesised nine monomeric azaheterofullerene (AZA) derivatives, RC59N, with a wide variety of different side chains R and investigated their spectroscopic and photophysical properties in toluene ando‐dichlorobenzene (ODCB). Measurements include their ground‐state absorption spectra, molar absorption coefficient (εG), fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF), singlet‐state lifetimes (τF), triplet‐state absorption spectra, triplet molar absorption coefficients (εT), singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), and triplet state (ΦT) quantum yields. The replacement of a carbon by a nitrogen atom in the C60sphere strongly affects most of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The chemical nature of the R moiety has definite effects on these properties in contrast with minor effects on the chemical nature of the addends in [6,6]‐ring bridged monoadduct methano[60]fullerene derivatives. These effects concern properties of the ground state, singlet excited state, and triplet states of our nine RC59N derivatives and in particular the values of photophysical parametersεG,εT,ΦΔ, andΦT, which are significantly lower than those of analogous monoadduct [6,6]‐ring bridged methano[60]fullerene derivatives.
Dimorphic Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‐1 epitopes turn off memory T cells and interfere with T cell priming
Authors: Lee Edwin A. M. , Flanagan Katie L. , Minigo Gabriela , Reece William H. H. , Bailey Robin , Pinder Margaret , Hill Adrian V. S. , Plebanski Magdalena
Published: April 2006

The leading blood‐stage malaria vaccine candidate antigen, Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐1) occurs in two major allelic types worldwide. The molecular basis promoting this stable dimorphism is unknown. In this study, we have shown that allelic altered peptide ligand (APL) T cell epitopes of MSP‐1 mutually inhibited IFN‐γ secretion as well as proliferation of CD4+ T cells in 27/34 malaria exposed Gambian volunteers. Besides this inhibition of malaria‐specific immunity, the same variant epitopes were also able to impair the priming of human T cells in malaria naive individuals. Epitope variants capable of interfering with T cell priming as well as inhibiting memory T cell effector functions offer a uniquely potent combination for immune evasion. Indeed, enhanced co‐habitation of parasites bearing such antagonistic allelic epitope regions was observed in a study of 321 West African children, indicating a survival advantage for parasites able to engage this inhibitory immune interference mechanism.
Oxidative stability of diacylglycerol oil and butter blends containing diacylglycerols
Authors: Kristensen Janni Brogaard , Nielsen Nina Skall , Jacobsen Charlotte , Mu Huiling
Published: April 2006

Diacylglycerol (DAG) oils produced from sunflower oil and traditional sunflower oil were stored for 20 wk at 38 °C, and their oxidative stability was measured. Moreover, two butter blends were produced containing 40 wt‐% DAG oil made from sunflower oil or rapeseed oil, respectively, as well as two control butter blends with sunflower oil or rapeseed oil. Their oxidative stability during storage at 5 °C for up to 12 wk was examined by similar means as for the pure oils. The storage study of the oils indicated that the DAG oil was oxidatively less stable as compared to sunflower oil, but that they had similar sensory quality. Storage of the butter blends revealed that blends with the two types of rapeseed oil (triacylglycerol (TAG) or DAG oil) were oxidatively more stable than the blends containing oils from sunflower. There was no unambiguous indication of DAG butter blends having a different stability than their respective control TAG blends. However, they had a significantly less salty and buttery flavour, which was ascribed to a much smaller water droplet size causing a delayed sensory perception in the mouth. The butter blend with DAG oil from rapeseed had a very neutral flavour. On the contrary, the butter blend with DAG oil from sunflower had a more rancid aroma and flavour than its control blend with sunflower oil.
Modification of lecithin by physical, chemical and enzymatic methods
Authors: Joshi Amit , Paratkar Swaroopa G. , Thorat Bhaskar N.
Published: April 2006

The term “lecithin” is commonly used to refer to a complex mixture of naturally occurring phospholipids. A class of phospholipids, lecithins chemically exist as ester derivatives of phosphatidic acid. Lecithins are suitably modified to produce products possessing improved emulsifying properties besides increased dispersibility in aqueous systems. The products are used in a gamut of applications like food, pharmaceuticals, plastics, paints, coatings, cosmetics, pesticides, petroleum etc. The present review explores in great detail the various methods of producing structurally diverse lecithins and elucidates the advantages of these methods with regard to the specific applications of the modified products.
A Co‐Functionalization Approach to Soluble and Functional Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: D’Este Matteo , De Nardi Marco , Menna Enzo
Published: April 2006

A new class of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) derivatives have been synthesized by means of an oxidation route that leads to shortened nanotubes bearing carboxylic acid end groups. The simultaneous attachment of poly(ethylene glycol)amine (PEG–NH2) and amine derivatives of aromatic fluorophores was achieved through the formation of amide bonds. Different soluble products have been obtained from 2‐aminofluorene, 2‐aminoanthracene and 1‐aminomethylnaphthalene. Basic spectroscopic characterization revealed peculiar features, such as quenching of the fluorescence, that suggest intramolecular interactions between the tubes and the attached aromatic moieties. The proposed co‐functionalization procedure could be easily extended to obtain a wide range of soluble organic derivatives of SWNTs. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
High‐order compact numerical schemes for non‐hydrostatic free surface flows
Authors: Anthonio Stephen L. , Hall Kevin R.
Published: April 2006

The development of a numerical scheme for non‐hydrostatic free surface flows is described with the objective of improving the resolution characteristics of existing solution methods. The model uses a high‐order compact finite difference method for spatial discretization on a collocated grid and the standard, explicit, single step, four‐stage, fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method for temporal discretization. The Cartesian coordinate system was used. The model requires the solution of two Poisson equations at each time‐step and tridiagonal matrices for each derivative at each of the four stages in a time‐step. Third‐ and fourth‐order accurate boundaries for the flow variables have been developed including the top non‐hydrostatic pressure boundary. The results demonstrate that numerical dissipation which has been a problem with many similar models that are second‐order accurate is practically eliminated. A high accuracy is obtained for the flow variables including the non‐hydrostatic pressure. The accuracy of the model has been tested in numerical experiments. In all cases where analytical solutions are available, both phase errors and amplitude errors are very small. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Fluorous Random Copolymeric Stabilizers for Dispersion Polymerizations of MMA in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Hwang Ha Soo , Lim Kwon Taek
Published: April 2006

Summary: The dispersion polymerization of MMA in supercritical CO2 was successfully carried out utilizing the first non‐fluorous random copolymers composed of 3‐tris(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate and 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, poly(SiMA‐co‐DMAEMA) as a stabilizer. The resulting high yield (>93%) of micron‐sized PMMA was formed in the presence of 5% (w/w to MMA) of copolymeric stabilizers. While the PSiMA and PDMAEMA homopolymer produced nondescript solid and irregular shape aggregate, respectively, the random copolymer of 71% SiMA‐content resulted in spherical and uniform powder.

SEM image of PMMA particles prepared in supercritical CO2 using poly(SiMA‐co‐DMAEMA) (71:29) stabilizer.

magnified image

SEM image of PMMA particles prepared in supercritical CO2 using poly(SiMA‐co‐DMAEMA) (71:29) stabilizer.
Identification of crystallin family proteins in vitreous body in rat endotoxin‐induced uveitis: Involvement of crystallin truncation in uveitis pathogenesis
Authors: Bahk Song‐Chul , Lee Sook‐Hee , Jang Jung‐Un , Choi Chang‐Uk , Lee Bok‐Soo , Chae Soo‐Cheon , Song Hye‐Jin , Park Zee‐Yong , Yang Yun‐Sik , Chung Hun‐Taeg
Published: April 2006

Endotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU) is an animal model of acute ocular inflammation. To characterize the mechanism of EIU, we analyzed the infiltration of proteins in the vitreous bodies of rats with EIU and normal rats using 2‐DE and micro LC/LC‐MS/MS. Twenty spots were identified in vitreous bodies of rats. Eighteen of these spots were members of the crystallin family. The truncated form of beta A4‐ and beta B2‐crystallin were predominant in normal vitreous bodies, but there were intact form of crystallins in lipopolysaccharide‐injected rats with EIU. These results suggest that crystallin family proteins are the major group of proteins involved in uveitic vitreous and that C‐terminal truncation of beta‐crystallins may play a role in EIU‐related disease progression.
Effect of lemnan, pectin from Lemna minor L., and its fragments on inflammatory reaction
Authors: Popov Sergey V. , Ovodova Raisa G. , Ovodov Yury S.
Published: April 2006

An effect of apiogalacturonanic pectin of duckweed Lemna minor L. (lemnan LM) was studied on the inflammatory response to ovalbumin injected intradermally into the footpad of control and ovalbumin‐fed mice. Lemnan LM (1–2 mg per mouse) was found to enhance by as much as 50–60% the footpad swelling in control mice. Oral administration of ovalbumin was shown to result in sensitization that increased inflammation. Ovalbumin admixed with lemnan was found to increase by two‐fold footpad edema in comparison with the mice receiving ovalbumin alone. Apple pectin used as a reference compound failed to influence the inflammatory reaction. Degradation of lemnan was performed to elucidate the active region of the polysaccharide macromolecule. The apiogalacturonanic fragment (LMP) obtained using a digestion of lemnan LM with pectinase was shown to increase the footpad response in both control and ovalbumin‐fed mice. Fragment LMPH deprived of some terminal apiose residues as a result of partial acidic hydrolysis failed to have an effect on the inflammatory response.

Thus, the data obtained reveal an enhancement by lemnan of the inflammatory response. The ramified apiogalacturonan seemed to be the active region of the lemnan macromolecule. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Salix caprea flowers
Authors: Alam M. Sarwar , Kaur Gurpreet , Jabbar Zoobi , Javed K. , Athar Mohammad
Published: April 2006

The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae) flowers. The extract was found to possess a large amount of polyphenols and also exhibited a high reducing ability. The extract significantly and dose dependently scavenged DPPH, superoxide (O2·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO). At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, 85.04% of DPPH radicals and at 500 µg/mL 45.97%, 17.97% and 56.53% of O2·−, H2O2 and NO, respectively, were scavenged by the S. caprea flower extract. A significant amount of protection was also afforded by the extract in the acute oxidative tissue injury animal model constituted by ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. An intraperitoneal administration of FeNTA at a dose of 9 mg/kg of body weight caused an elevation in hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) to 176.90% and a suppression in hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes namely, catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) to 46.49%, 64.37%, 41.71% and 48.76%, respectively, of the saline treated control. The pretreatment of mice with S. caprea flower extract at a dose range of 50–150 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days followed by FeNTA treatment caused preservation of all these parameters. The present study indicates that the flowers of S. caprea possess a significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective property, the former being implicated in the latter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial activity of common madder (Rubia tinctorum L.)
Authors: Kalyoncu Fatih , Cetin Burcu , Saglam Hüsniye
Published: April 2006

In this study, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts of Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae) were tested for antimicrobial activity by the disc diffusion method. From the present study it was found that Rubia tinctorum L. revealed antimicrobial activity against some Gram (+) and Gram (–) bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi and actinomycetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of aged garlic extract against methotrexate‐induced damage to the small intestine in rats
Authors: Yüncü Mehmet , Eralp Ayhan , Celõk Ahmet
Published: April 2006

Methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy is often accompanied by side effects such as gastrointestinal ulceration and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to examine histologically whether an aged garlic extract (AGE) had a protective effect on the small intestine of rats with MTX‐induced damage. Forty male Wistar albino rats were randomized into experimental and control groups and divided into four groups of ten animals. To the first group, MTX was applied as a single dose (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. To the second group, in addition to MTX application, AGE (250 mg/kg) was administered orally every day at the same time by intragastric intubation until the rats were killed. To the third group, AGE only was given. The fourth group was the control. All animals were killed 4 days after the intraperitoneal injection of MTX for histopathologic analysis and tissue MDA levels. Before killing, intracardiac blood was obtained from each animal to perform biochemical analysis (plasma lactate level). MTX was found to lead to damage in the jejunal tissues and to increase the MDA and lactate levels in the plasma. Administration of the AGE decreased the severity of jejunal damage, but increased MDA and lactate levels caused by MTX treatment on the other hand. These results suggest that AGE may protect the small intestine of rats from MTX‐induced damage. Thus this study substantiated the thought that the protective effect of AGE is derived from the manner in which it interacts with crypt cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platelet-bound antibodies detected by a flow cytometric assay in cats with thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kohn Barbara , Linden Tanja , Leibold Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

In cats, primary or secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia have rarely been described or characterised. The objective of this study was to determine platelet-bound antibodies (PBA) by a flow cytometric assay in both healthy and thrombocytopenic cats. Direct PBA testing was performed in 42 thrombocytopenic cats (platelet counts 6–179×109/l, median 56×109/l). Of these 42 cats, 19 had positive PBA test results, 17 of which were considered to have secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (sITP). Underlying diseases included fat necroses (four cases), feline infectious peritonitis (three), feline leukaemia virus (two) or feline immunodeficiency virus (two) infections, lymphoma (two), leukaemia (one), hepatitis (one), pyelonephritis (one), or hyperthyroidism (one). In two cats, no underlying disease was found suggesting a primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (pITP). The PBA test was negative in 23 cats diagnosed with varying underlying diseases and in 47 healthy control cats with platelet values within the reference range. Only seven of the 42 cats with thrombocytopenia (platelet count 10–57×109/l, median 34×109/l) had spontaneous bleeding. This study suggests that immune-mediated destruction of platelets might be an important pathological mechanism for feline thrombocytopenia caused by various underlying diseases. In cats, pITP appears to be rarely diagnosed.
CLASSICAL LIE SUPERALGEBRAS OVER SIMPLE ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS
Authors: BENKART GEORGIA , XU XIAOPING , ZHAO KAIMING
Published: April 2006

Over arbitrary fields of characteristic not equal to 2, we construct three families of simple Lie algebras and six families of simple Lie superalgebras of matrices with entries chosen from different one-sided ideals of a simple associative algebra. These families correspond to the classical Lie algebras and superalgebras. Our constructions intermix the structure of the associative algebra and the structure of the matrix algebra in an essential, compatible way. Many examples of simple associative algebras without an identity element arise as a by-product. The study of conformal algebras and superalgebras often involves matrix algebras over associative algebras such as Weyl algebras, and for that reason, we illustrate our constructions by taking various one-sided ideals from a Weyl algebra or a quantum torus.
CONVEX REGIONS IN THE PLANE AND THEIR DOMES
Authors: EPSTEIN D. B. A. , MARDEN A. , MARKOVIC V.
Published: April 2006

We make a detailed study of the relation of a euclidean convex region $\Omega \subset \mathbb C$ to $\mathrm{Dome} (\Omega)$. The dome is the relative boundary, in the upper halfspace model of hyperbolic space, of the hyperbolic convex hull of the complement of $\Omega$. The first result is to prove that the nearest point retraction $r: \Omega \to \mathrm{Dome} (\Omega)$ is 2-quasiconformal. The second is to establish precise estimates of the distortion of $r$ near $\partial \Omega$.
Problemessen vs. Spaßessen
Authors: Kazén Miguel
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Das Zusammenspiel von negativem Affekt und nachfolgender Affektregulation auf das Essverhalten wurde mit 70 Versuchspersonen (Vpn) experimentell untersucht. Nach einer Imaginationsinduktion von negativem Affekt wurden die Vpn in eine positive oder in eine negative Selbstaktivierungsgruppe eingeteilt. Die Diätintention der Probanden wurde durch eine “Neujahrsvorsatz-Methode“ erfasst. Es ergaben sich folgende Interaktionen zwischen Selbstaktivierung und Diätintention: (a) Vpn mit negativer Selbstaktivierung und niedriger Diätintention aßen mehr Schokolade als Vpn in allen anderen Bedingungen. (b) Vpn mit positiver Selbstaktivierung und hoher Diätintention aßen mehr Kekse als Vpn in allen anderen Bedingungen. Die Befunde sind nicht mit der Hypothese von Tice, Bratslavsky und Baumeister (2001) vereinbar, die eine einfache Beziehung zwischen negativem Affekt und nachfolgendem Verlust der Impulskontrolle beim Essen postulierten. Es gab darüber hinaus positive Korrelationen zwischen der Menge der verzehrten Schokolade und Persönlichkeitsdispositionen mit Beziehung zu Depressivität. Implikationen der Befunde für eine Diät und die Gesundheit werden diskutiert.
A Case Management Model for School-Age Children With Multiple Needs
Authors: Smith Vanessa Khouri , Prelock Patricia A.
Published: April 2006

Although the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) includes case management among the responsibilities for school-based speech-language pathologists, there is limited information in the speech-language pathology literature describing models of, or best practice for, case management in the schools. Recent amendments to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (1997) focusing on enhancing students with disabilities involvement and progress in the general curriculum and participation in state- and district-wide assessment suggest that the speech-language pathologist serving as case manager should effectively coordinate appropriate accommodations and adaptations. The authors describe a case management model for speech-language pathologists working with school-age children who have multiple needs. The skills necessary for effective case management are outlined and functional outcomes are demonstrated with a child and family story.
Predicting Job Satisfaction Among Speech-Language Pathologists Working in Public Schools
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Ridenour Jenna Swavely , Thomas Emily A. , Qualls Constance Dean , Hammer Carol Scheffner
Published: April 2006

Purpose:The aims of the present study were (a) to compare the job satisfaction ratings of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in schools with other workers on a standardized index and (b) to examine whether geographic setting (i.e., rural, suburban, and urban), specific demographic variables (i.e., gender, ethnicity, age, and education), and practice-related variables (i.e., years in current position and caseload size) explain/predict job satisfaction among SLPs working in public schools.

Method:A mail survey methodology was employed. Two thousand practicing SLPs, members of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), residing in the United States were randomly selected from the national membership list. Usable responses were obtained from 1,207 SLPs, representing a 60.4% response rate. Participants completed the Job Satisfaction Survey (Spector, 1996), demographic and practice-related questions, and information regarding their geographic work setting.

Results:These results suggest that the majority of SLPs are generally satisfied (42.2%) or highly satisfied (34.1%) with their jobs. Results of the regression analyses revealed that the age of participants (i.e., older were more satisfied), years at current job (i.e., SLPs with greater number of years were more satisfied), and caseload size (i.e., SLPs with smaller caseloads were more satisfied) were predictive of job satisfaction in SLPs working in the schools.

Clinical Implications:The findings provide additional assurance for SLPs concerning overall group satisfaction. The information could also assist educational training programs with data concerning SLPs' satisfaction. Smaller caseload size is predictive of job satisfaction. There were no differences among rural, suburban, and urban SLPs in their overall job satisfaction. This information could be useful for personnel directors in recruiting and retaining SLPs.
Translucency and Complexity
Authors: Hetzroni Orit E. , Quist Raymond W. , Lloyd Lyle L.
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
A single-subject alternating treatment design was used to (a) evaluate the influence of translucency (i.e., the guessability of the symbol when the referent is known) and complexity (i.e., the number of lines or strokes that compose the symbol) on Blissymbol acquisition and (b) compare the effectiveness of computer-based instruction (CBI) and traditional teacher-based instruction (TBI) on students' accuracy in identifying Blissymbols.

Method:
Three students with communication disorders were taught to identify 40 Blissymbols using the two instructional formats.

Results:
Findings revealed that high translucency Blissymbols were learned significantly faster than low translucency Blissymbols for all participants. High complexity assisted learning when translucency was high, but hindered learning when translucency was low. These results were evident in both interventions.

Clinical Implications:
Both interventions were found to be effective instructional methods for teaching Blissymbols.