bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on the Effects of Cadmium Toxicity on Living Beings
Authors: Deshwal Anchal , Kaur Navneet , Mehta Pankaj , Thakur Neelam
Published: December 2021

Cadmium is a toxic transition heavy metal with perilous effects on the health of animals and humans by indefinite ways. It is one of the asserted carcinogens group given by IARC. There are jillion ways by which cadmium may be prevalent in the environment as the pollutant or may be through contaminated water, food or by smoking. Cadmium poisoning may be seen in the form of itai itai disease. It came in knowledge after its outbreak in Japan in 1960s after the consumption of cadmium-contaminated rice as a food source. The exposure and accumulation of cadmium may lead to numerous forms of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate and nasopharynx, pancreas and kidney cancers. It expresses its effect by formation of stress proteins that depends on the amount of exposure and time of exposure. It had shown effects on the functioning of mitochondria resulting in formation of less energy or ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and more ROS. Other effects are cell apoptosis and inhibit growth, division and carcinogenic activity in cells. The current study has been done to understand the various effects scrutinised by numerous workers.
Evaluation of C-reactive Protein Levels in the Saliva of Covid Recovered Patients
Authors: Ganesh Soorya , Sinduja Palati , Priyadharshini . , Meghashree V.
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The acute phase reactant synthesized by the liver. CRP is an annular (ring- shaped) metameric protein set up in plasma, whose circulating immersion rise in response to inflammation. The idea of the study is to estimate the C-reactive protein situations in the salivary samples of COVID- 19 recovered cases and healthy controls.

Materials and Methods: An experimental study on salivary samples of COVID recovered cases. The study was non-invasive and easy to perform without important vexation to cases. The samples were acquired from cases who came to the clinics of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. An aggregate of 20 saliva samples was collected from recruited cases 10 of whom were healthy controls and 10 were collected from cases who had made complete recovery from COVID infection.

Results: C-reactive protein (CRP) could be generally used as a biomarker of systemic inflammation, routinely measured in serum blood samples. Still salivary samples offer a non-invasive and simply accessible preference which might upgrade point of care (POC) testing for inflammation. This study illustrates the group of healthy controls and COVID recovered cases.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of our study, we were capable to interpret the difference of CRP levels between COVID recovered cases and healthy individualities.
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri
Authors: Vincent C. C. N. , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Agu Ifeyinwa Stephina , Ukeagu Ngozi Chidinma , Onyekachi-Chigbu Agnes Chinyere
Published: December 2021

The research is set out to determine the adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIVAIDS in Federal Medical Clinic Owerri. The purpose of the study was to assess patients knowledge of benefits of Highly Active antiretroviral Regimen, determine level of adherence among the HIV patients, identify factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral regimen among HIV patients, relationship between adherence antiretroviral therapy and basic demographic factors like level of education and gender . Related literature was reviewed. The research design used was a descriptive survey design. The instrument for the study was a validated and reliable questionnaire (r-0.82). A reliable and validated questionnaire was used as the major instrument for data collection. The findings indicated that 169 (88.0%) of the respondents have a high knowledge of the benefits of antiretroviral therapy while 23 (12.0%) of the sample have low knowledge. In other words, a large number of the sampled populations are well aware of the benefits of antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion was drawn that a large number of the sampled population are well aware of the benefits of antiretroviral therapy. Recommendations made were that the clinician should emphasize reducing adverse drug reaction, detecting and treating co-morbidities early, improving knowledge through health education, and encouraging the patients to disclose their HIV status to their families. Also  Intensive adherence counseling should be provided to all patients before initiation of antiretroviral  therapy. Health care providers must identify possible barriers to adherence to HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy and provide appropriate solution.
A Case Report on the Effectiveness of Diet and Lifestyle Changes Based on the Principles of Iranian Traditional Medicine with the Focus on Cellular Energy in Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis: Health Triangle
Authors: Akbari Hassan , Momenoghlikhojin Nahid
Published: December 2021

Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) is a school of medicine that has been a source of medical care since ancient times. Based on the teachings of ITM, a balance between six essential principles governing a person’s body can lead to health and cure disease. The current paper reports of a case of liver cirrhosis managed according to these principles in an approach known as the triangle of health. A combination of dietary, medicinal, and therapies was prescribed for a patient with a definitive diagnosis of autoimmune-induced liver cirrhosis. Adherence to the prescribed regimen has led to the improvement of the patient’s condition over the last few months.
ACL Injuries and Meniscal Lesion: Hand in Hand?
Authors: Nivetha U. , Vignesh . , Anvesh . , Munis . , Balasubramaniam Navin
Published: December 2021

Objective: To assess the incidence, nature and pattern of meniscal tear in ACL injury. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted among the patients who were admitted and treated for ACL tear in Saveetha Medical And College And Hospital over a 2-year period from August 2019-August 2021. There were 52 patients admitted and treated for the same. The case records of each of the patients were reviewed to find the incidence of meniscal lesion in ACL tear and were then analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.

Results: 52 patients with ACL tear were reviewed in this study. ACL tear was most commonly reported in younger age group of 20-29 (46.15%). Out of which, 19(36.54%) patients had meniscal tears. About 9(47.37%) patients had lateral meniscus tear, 6(31.58%) had medial meniscus tear and 4(21.05%) had bilateral meniscal tear. It was seen that bucket handle injury (n=12) was the most common meniscus tear overall. Radial tear was most specifically common in bilateral meniscus injury (N=4).

Conclusion: Meniscal tears are the most common intra articular lesions associated with ACL tear. It was most commonly reported in the age group of 20-29. We found that the incidence of lateral meniscal tear was significantly higher in the patients rather than medial meniscal tear. Bucket handle injury was the most commonly reported tear in meniscal injury. Therefore, the surgeon needs to equip himself with the necessary meniscal repair instruments in his armamentarium
An In vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Alpinia galangal and Alpinia calcarata
Authors: Revathi V. Miss , Anuradha G. , Sumathy S.
Published: December 2021

Background: The herbs, genus Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga that underneath the family Zingiberaceae are rhizomatous and extremely aromatic. The study is to investigate the anti-diabetic activity of Alpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata in-vitro.

Material and Methods: The inhibitory effect of Alpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were evaluated.

Results: The results revealed that both Alpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in a dose-dependent manner (200–1000 μg/mL). However, Alpinia calcarata possess better antidiabetic activity than Alpinia galangal.

Conclusion: The presence of phenolic and other phytochemical content in the herbs might be the reason for their ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Thus, the drug formulating from the herbs, Alpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata could be part of the potential alternative for synthetic anti-diabetic drug.
Cytotoxic Effect of Hydroethanolic Extract of Citrullus colocynth (L) Fruit against Human Lung Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Sowmya K. P. , S Preetha , Selvaraj J. , Prathap Lavanya
Published: December 2021

Citrullus colocynthis is a traditional medicinal plant that belongs to the cucurbitaceae family. The extract of the fruit is rich in therapeutic phytochemicals. Lung cancer is a disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Recently the research has been focused on herbal medicine as a treatment approach for cancer because of its no or less side effects. The aim of the study is to know about the anticancer effect of hydroethanolic extract of Citrullus colocynthis fruit against human lung cancer cell line through apoptosis pathway. Cell viability test was done by MTT assay. The mRNA expression of Bcl2 and Bcl-xL was done using the  real-time PCR. The obtained data was analysed statistically by one way analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test with graph prism version 5 to analyse the significance. The significance was considered at p<0.05 level in Duncan’s test. Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract increased the inhibition of growth of lung cancer cells. The activity of Bcl2 and Bcl xL was significantly down regulated at 400μg. The study concludes that Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract has anticancer activity on A549 human lung cancer cell line through apoptosis pathway.
Epidemiology and Management of Acquired Angioedema Due to C1 Inhibitor Deficiency
Authors: Alraddadi Mohammed Olaythah , Alharthi Yousef Hussain J. , Altemani Rayyan Fahad H. , Alshehri Wejdan Mohammed S. , Alharbi Amal Nafea J. , Albalawi Raghad Saud A. , Alzahrani Khawla Abdulrahman S. , Albalawi Shuruq Mousa D. , Al-Ruwaili Sultan Suliman Q. , Alruwaili Sultan Faraj , Alshehri Mousa Amer M. , Alruwaili Asma Saleh S. , M. Ali Sarah Mohammad , Abualaz Ahmad Arafat A. , Alenezi Marah Saud
Published: December 2021

AAE-C1-INH (acquired angioedema owing to C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency) is a dangerous illness that can lead to asphyxiation due to laryngeal edoema. Only around 1% to 2% of angioedema cases are classified as HAE or AAE, with HAE being 10 times more prevalent than AAE. The sole clinical distinction between HAE and AAE is the age at which symptoms appea, AAE-C1-INH is usually diagnosed after 40 years of age. There is no licensed therapy for AAE-C1-INH at this time. AAE-C1-INH attacks are treated with HAE-C1-INH medicines such plasma-derived C1-INH concentrate (pdC1-INH) and the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, icatibant. These on-demand medications are thought to be most helpful when provided early in the attack. However, there is a scarcity of published data on the efficacy and safety of AAE-C1-INH therapies.
Management of New Born with Harlequin Ichthyosis: A Rare Disease Condition
Authors: Wanjari Mayur B. , Mendhe Deeplata , Wankhede Pratibha
Published: December 2021

Harlequin ichthyosis is the most severe form of non-bullous ichthyosis, which is unusual in newborns and is usually marked by deadly excessive keratinization of the skin. Ichthyosis is a family of genetic skin disorders, characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin with severe morbidity and mortality. The term “harlequin” derives from the facial appearance and the triangular and diamond-shaped pattern of the scaly skin. It occurs in about 1 in 300,000 births and has no known sex predilection. The disorder affects the skin in utero causing thick, horny, armory-like plates that cover the skin with contraction abnormalities of the eyes, ears, mouth and appendages. There is no specific guideline to manage the newborn of harlequin ichthyosis, in that nursing care is most important in the initial phase. There are required multi-disciplinary teams to take care of harlequin ichthyosis.
A case report on Severe Acute Respiratory Infection
Authors: Bawane Shiva , Mahakalkar Manjusha , Ankar Ruchira
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is a zootoxic viral respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV or SARS-The syndrome was the cause of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2002–2004. The virus was traced back to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats via Asian palm civets in late 2017 by Chinese scientists in Xizang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan. SARS was a rare illness; there were 8,422 cases at the end of the pandemic in June 2003, with an 11 percent case fatality rate (CFR) (CoV-1), the initial strain of the SARS corona virus species (SARSr-CoV).

Clinical Finding: Swelling over Right. Half of face, Breathlessness.

Diagnostic Evaluation: Blood test: Hb – 9.2gm%, Total RBC count- 3.22 millions/cu.mm, HCT- 26.6%, Total WBC count – 6600/cu.mm, Monocytes-02%, granulocytes-85%, lymphocytes-10000 /mcl. HRCT Scan OF Thorax: Multiple ill defined patchy ground glass opacities with consolidation and sepal thickening in bilateral lungs filled s/o infective etiology possibility of atypical viral pneumonia. View of covid positive PCR test; imagine grading corad-6 with CT severity score – 03\25 (Mild).

Therapeutic Intervention: Inj.Amphotericin-B 500mg IV, Inj.Piptaz 4.4gm IV x TDS, Inj.levoflox 500 mg x OD, Inj.Clindamycin 300mg x BD, Inj.pantaprazol 40 mg x OD, Inj.Emset 4mg x TDS, Tab. limcee 500 mg x BD.

Outcome: After Treatment, the patient shows improvement. His swelling over face decrease, and breathlessness decrease.

Conclusion: My patient was admitted in SARI-HDU, AVBRH with complaint of swelling over face Right side, and breathlessness. After getting appropriate treatment his condition was improved.
Acne Vulgaris Burden, Risk Factors, Lifestyle Modification Influence and Treatment Options – A Review
Authors: Alotaybi Moteab , Almahdi Bashaer , Bokhari Abdulaziz , Altaf Mohammed , Alagbari Faisal , Sharkar Abdulaziz , Aldhubiani Duaa , Alasmari Dinah , Saleh Eiman , Zhrani Abdulrahman Al , Almahdi Abdulaziz , Halabi Sarah
Published: December 2021

Acne vulgaris is a widespread health issue affecting teenagers, young adults, and adults. The prevalence of this unpleasant condition varies between populations. A thorough literature review was carried out to discuss this underestimated issue through multiple perspectives. The search found that acne vulgaris has a substantial negative psychological impact on individuals leading to low quality of life and less productivity, yet it is usually neglected. Various factors, modifiable and non-modifiable) were associated with the progression of acne, such as family history, genetics, and diet, yet others were controversial. Lifestyle modifications are of high importance since they may contribute to the development of acne. Numerous anti-acne drugs are available in the form of topical and systemic, however, topical treatment options in general are preferred thanks to their effectiveness and less severe side effects.
Comparison of Random Blood Sugar and pH of Blood- A Clinicopathological Study
Authors: Antony P. Titus Lalith , Sinduja Palati , Priyadharshini R.
Published: December 2021

Aim: This study aims to compare the random blood sugar pH of the blood.

Introduction: Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for the impairment of periodontal health while periodontal disease, in turn, is responsible for the adverse effects on glycemic control and the pathophysiology of diabetes-related complications. An increase in blood sugar levels has a direct effect on pH with respect to age. Hence this study deals with the association of random blood sugar levels and pH with age, gender, and dental complaints.

Materials and Methods: 20 random blood samples were collected from the patients in Saveetha Dental College. The random blood sugar level was analyzed by the semi-quantitative method and the pH was analyzed by using a multi reagent strip. And the results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software and represented as pie charts and bar graphs.

Results and Discussion: The overall mean value of RBS and blood pH was found to be 138.4 mg/dl and 7.06 respectively. The mean RBS value is higher in the 41-50 years age group of people than in other age categories and the mean pH value is same for all age categories. In the present study, samples with periodontic complaints have higher mean value of RBS values (193) than other dental complaints and the mean pH value is same for all dental complaints.

Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, it can be observed that there is a significant association between the age group, gender, and dental complaints with RBS and pH of the patients. However, further studies must be conducted to have more accurate results and elicit the association between pH and RBS with age and gender.
Use of Chlorhexidine on Umbilicus in Prevention of Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Mohsin Rimsha , Khan Palwasha , Naveed Maryum
Published: December 2021

Objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the use of chlorhexidine on umbilicus in prevention of neonatal sepsis.

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Sheikh Zaid hospital Rahim Yaar Khan during March 2020 till September 2020. The data was collected through non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The data was collected from 100 infants. Arrangements with a grouping of 4.0% free chlorhexidine were set up by weakening 20% chlorhexidine digluconate to the proper fixation with cleaned water.

Results: The data was collected from 100 neonates. All the demographic values which include age, gender, gestational age and mode of delivery were calculated. According to baseline values the birth weight of chlorhexidine group was 1.87 ± 0.463 kg and dry cord group was 1.69 ± 0.421 kg. Umbilical sepsis is observed in only 1 patient in group I and in 3 patients in group II. Only single mortality was observed in group I and in 6 neonates in group II.  

Conclusion: It is concluded that chlorhexidine umbilical cord care is more appropriate than the currently WHO recommended dry cord care.
Overview on Diagnosis and Management of Polymyositis
Authors: Hussein Mohammed Salah , Almandeil Atyaf Khalid , Alsulami Sarah Shujaa , Alwayli Amaal Abdulrahman , Alwayli Amal Abdulrahman , Mubarak Ataa Salem , AlEnazi Nawaf Talal , Alrashidi Abdulaziz Mansour H. , Alomran Sarh abdulhameed , Haddad Habeeb Abdullah Al , Alshehri Turki Mohammed
Published: December 2021

Polymyositis (PM) is an autoimmune disorder; result from abnormal activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells) and macrophages against muscular antigens as well as the strong extrafusal muscular expression of major histocompatibility complex class 1 causing damage to the endomysium of the skeletal muscles.  Polymyositis develops over the months as compared to inclusion body myositis (IBM), which is a slowly progressive chronic myopathy developing in older individuals over a period of months to years with more severe symptoms.  Many patients require treatment for many years. Polymyositis affects the distal musculature of the esophagus in the late stage of disease in up to 70% of the patients leading to the inability to swallow, as well as regurgitation problems that can cause aspiration pneumonia. The principal goals of therapy are to improve strength and improve physical functioning. Many patients require treatment for several years. The 5-year survival rate for treated patients is in the order of 95%. Up to one-third of PM patients may be left with some degree of residual muscle weakness.
Role of Family Physician in Periodic Health Assessment Screening: A Review
Authors: Algaows Faisal Suliman , Alowaydhah Bassam Mohammed , Alsharari Amani jadid , Samaani Mohammad Saleh Al , Aydan Mutaz Ali Al , Alselami Afaf fahd M , Alnasser Tawfiq Hassan , Dhabaan Hamoud Aoudah  Al , Alessa Abdulrahman Zayed , Al-bediny Elham Mohammad Saleh , Alshammari Thekra Hamoud , Almotadaris Saja fayez , Alabbad Hassan Abdulkareem , Almuanni Mohammed Ali , Al-Dubaisi Rehab Jaffar
Published: December 2021

A family physician is considered the first line of healthcare with patients. In the public sector, a medical officer is a generalist with no postgraduate training. The periodic health assessment has its roots at least as far back as the industrial revolution, employers paid for annual medical fitness examinations and tests to assess the state of their workers with intention of keeping their workforce healthy and safe. The technique is now included into the work of primary care physicians and is still practiced across multiple countries but it may be named with a different name such as Periodic health examination (PHE). The PHE allows for the implementation of evidence-based preventative measures, the education of patients on lifestyle issues, the updating of vaccines, and, most importantly, the detection of risk factors and diagnoses by updating the patient's cumulative profile. In low-risk individuals, however, treatment may not be essential every year. There’s serious question about the value of Periodic health assessment/examination. In this article we’ll be reviewing the PHE, its value and the role of family physician in it.
The awareness of Cervical Cancer Screening among Appalachian Women: Review Article
Authors: Algaows Faisal Suliman , Jazzar Yara Saeed , Almalki Mohammed Hassan , Almeqbel Shahad Bandar , Almughazzawi Raghad Abdulrahman , Aljaber Maitham Jaber Abdullah , Mousali Reem Yahya , Alharbi Mohammed Falah , Alshahrani Abdullah Mohammed , Alkhonain Issa Mohammad , Alharbi Fahad Obaidallah B.
Published: December 2021

There is a long tradition of negative experiences with cancer among Appalachian women that manifests as avoidance behaviors in seeking screening and follow up because of fear of a cancer diagnosis. The avoidance is usually seen as ‘passive refusal,’ but also occurs in an active form as refusal to obtain services even when offered. This problem is compounded by poverty, which influences many parts of life and is associated with lack of transportation, child care, and exclusive reliance on public health departments and other safety net health care providers to seek cancer screening. Pap tests have reduced the annual incidence cervical cancers.

The study aims to overview cervical cancer methods and recommendations among women in reproductive age.
A Case Report on Acute Transient’s Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Wawre Sonali , Dhengare Archana , Wagh Pranali , Bikade Kanchan , Raut Aarti , Gujar Samruddhi
Published: December 2021

Background: Little is known about acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), a diagnostic category introduced with ICD-10.

Case Presentation: Acute transient psychotic disorder is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by the acute onset of psychotic symptoms such as delusion, hallucination and perceptual disturbances, and by the severe disruption of ordinary behaviour. Patient history: The Male patient 48 year old who was apparently admitted in AVBRH on date 08/05/2021 with chief complaint was Abnormal behaviour( taking clothes off in public ), irritability, aggressive, muttering and smiling to self from 10 days back. His parents once locked him in a room as they fear he might hurt him. He was taken to a faith healer in Pandarkawda twice by his parents. The Baba gave him some mysterious beats like bracelet to wear which eventually decreased his symptoms for 3 days but the symptoms persisted from the fourth day. This time, the Baba mixed a lemon juice, turmeric powder & kumkuma (a powder made from dried turmeric with a bit of slaked lime) and applied all over him eyes which severely inflamed & burnt his eyes. His eye injury elevated his psychotic symptoms which is why his parents took him to psychiatric OPD in AVBRH.

Past History: Patient was apparently asymptomatic 2 yrs back. He was married to a woman of his parent’s choice. His marriage life was stressful and unhealthy. He was underestimated by his wife due to his low qualification and health problem.

Clinical Finding: The patient has been undergone with various investigations like culture, blood tests, Physical examination and mental status examination symptomatically with antipsychotic agent and anticonvulsant such as Tab Olanzapine 10mg- HS, Tab Clonazepam 0.5mg – SOS.

Medical Management: Antibiotic eye drop homatropine and eye ointment ciprofloxacin.

Nursing Management: Administered fluid replacement i.e DNS and RL, eye care was done with betadine and Normal Saline solutions, eye care by administering eye drops and monitored all vital signs hourly.

Conclusion: Patient was admitted to hospital with the chief complaint of muttering to self, irritability and eye injury, blisters, pus discharge from eyes and his condition was very critical and patient was admitted in AVBR Hospital ,immediate treatment was started by health team member and all possible treatment were given and now the patient condition is satisfactory.
Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime and Intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometries in Metric Force Fields I
Authors: Joseph O. Akindele Adekugbe
Published: December 2021

Two classes of three-dimensional metric spaces are identified. They are the conventional three-dimensional metric space and a new ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space. Whereas an initial flat conventional proper metric space IE′3 can transform into a curved three-dimensionalRiemannian metric space IM′3 without any of its dimension spanning the time dimension (or in the absence of the time dimension), in conventional Riemann geometry, an initial flat ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space ∅IˆE3 (as a flat hyper-surface) along the horizontal, evolves into a curved ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space ∅IˆM3, which is curved (as a curved hyper-surface) toward the absolute intrinsic metric time ‘dimension’ along the vertical, and it is identified as ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic Riemannian metric space. It invariantly projects a flat ‘three-dimensional’ absolute proper intrinsic metric space ∅IE′3ab along the horizontal, which is made manifested outwardly in flat ‘three-dimensional’ absolute proper metric space IE′3ab, overlying it, both as flat hyper-surfaces along the horizontal. The flat conventional three-dimensional relative proper metric space IE′3 and its underlying flat three-dimensional relative proper intrinsic metric space ∅IE′3 remain unchanged. The observers are located in IE′3. The projective ∅IE′3ab is imperceptibly embedded in ∅IE′3 and IE′3ab in IE′3. The corresponding absolute intrinsic metric time ‘dimension’ is not curved from its vertical position simultaneously with ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space. The development of absolute intrinsic Riemannian geometry is commenced and the conclusion that the resulting geometry is more all-encompassing then the conventional Riemannian geometry on curved conventional metric space IM′3 only is reached.
Fire Risk Analysis on Buildings Considering Fire Spread and Total Floor Area
Authors: Jin Seunghyeon , Lee Byeongheun , Kim Hyewon , Koo Inhyuk , Kwon Youngjin , Seo Donggoo
Published: December 2021

Fire risk analysis models utilized for the fire risk assessment of domestic structures do not usually take into account flame spread and building size. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the building size on flame spread was investigated. Results showed that the frequency of occurrence of fires increased when the building has 11 or more floors. Additionally, the rate of occurrence of small-scale fires also increased when the total floor area was greater than or equal to 1,000 m2. From the risk analysis, the fire risk of health care, medical, and recreational facilities were calculated to be 25.7 × 10-3, 4.29 × 10-3, and 0.91 × 10-3 persons per year, respectively. As such, these were classified as high-risk facilities.
Tensile Strength and Dynamic Modulus of Pervious Polymer Concrete with Freezing and Thawing Cycles
Authors: Lee Yunje , Ahn Jaehun , Oh Yungtak , Lee Jaegeon
Published: December 2021

The expansion of impervious areas owing to urbanization has adverse effects on water circulation. The application of low-impact development techniques to solve these problems is gaining popularity. Among others, Permeable pavements are the most widely employed low-impact development techniques. In this study, the dynamic modulus and tensile strength of pervious polymer concrete pavement were evaluated before and after freezing-thawing cycles. A tensile strength test, performed to check the soundness of the pervious polymer concrete, yielded a tensile strength and tensile strength ratio of 0.66 to 0.96 MPa, and 72 to 83%, respectively. The ultrasonic pulse velocity was measured to determine the dynamic modulus according to the freezing-thawing cycles. When 300 freezing-thawing cycles were performed, the dynamic modulus was analyzed to drop to a level of 77~85% of the initial value. The standards for freezing and thawing tests of pervious concrete have not yet been established. It is necessary to develop test standards for freezing-thawing resistance of pervious concretes considering climate change.
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Rheological Properties of Muddy Flow and Their Measurement Method
Authors: Ryou Jae-Eun , Lee Changhoon , Jung Jongwon
Published: December 2021

Abnormal weather phenomena debris damage has recently been increasing worldwide. As primary rheological properties, the yield stress and plastic viscosity of muddy materials affect the flow distance and velocity. Therefore, in this study, direct and indirect measurement test methods for rheological properties and factors affecting the these properties were analyzed. Measurement methods utilize rheometers, shear creep, fall cones, inclined planes, direct shear, and ring shear, with each method having its respective advantages and disadvantages. Factors that affect rheological properties are water content, liquidity index, and the size of soil particles. This study enables determination of the best test and rheological properties suitable for the selected range and selected object.
Establishment of a Flood Nomograph in Coastal Areas Considering Sea-Level Rise
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Choi Kyung Min , Song Yang Ho , Lee Jung Ho
Published: December 2021

Climate change caused by global warming is raising the average sea level. The rise in sea level leads to an increase in river water levels within the affected range, which increases the possibility of flooding in water due to erosion of outfall to the coast and rivers. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize in advance the risk of occurrence of domestic flooding, which is aggravated by the effect of rising sea levels, and to construct new boundary conditions for predicting urban flooding accordingly. In this study, Flood Nomograph for two research areas was selected in consideration of the regional characteristics of coastal areas and the scenario of sea level rise. As a result of the analysis, as the sea level rose, the amount of flood critical rainfall decreased numerically. It is believed that this study can be used as a necessary basis for improving flood forecast and warning data considering sea level rise in coastal cities in the future.
A Study of Soil Pollution by Road Runoff
Authors: Joo Jingul , Kim Hayong
Published: December 2021

Road runoff, a representative non-point source pollution, is known to seriously deteriorate the river water quality. In order to prevent river contamination due to road runoff, road runoff is infiltrated into the soil along the river. However, road runoff containing high concentrations of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) can cause soil pollution. In this study, soil samples were collected at the point where road runoff flows, and the concentrations of heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, and zinc, and TPH in them were compared with that in uncontaminated soil. Consequently, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil into which the road runoff flows was up to 21 times higher than that of the nearby uncontaminated soil. In conclusion, the discharge of road runoff into the soil seriously pollutes the soil. Therefore, direct discharge of road runoff to soil should be prevented to prevent soil pollution.
Health consequences of improving the content of ergothioneine in the food supply
Authors: Beelman Robert B. , Phillips Allen T. , Richie John P. , Ba Djibril M. , Duiker Sjoerd W. , Kalaras Michael D.
Published: December 2021

Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory amino acid that is highly bioavailable to humans from the diet. ERGO is now regarded by some as a ‘longevity vitamin’ that has the potential to mitigate some chronic diseases of ageing and thereby increase life expectancy when present in adequate amounts. However, only limited knowledge exists regarding ERGO content in the human diet. Since ERGO is produced primarily by fungi, mushrooms are known to be the leading dietary source, but ERGO is found in relatively low amounts throughout the food chain as a result of soil‐borne fungi or bacteria passing it on to plants through their roots. Some conventional agricultural practices that negatively impact soil fungi, such as excessive soil disturbance (ploughing), can significantly reduce ERGO content of food crops when compared to regenerative practices such as eliminating tillage of the soil (no‐till). This has led us to the concept that ERGO may be a definitive connection between soil health and human health.
Difficulty and Complexity of Language Features and Second Language Instruction
Authors: Housen Alex
Published: December 2021

Since the 1990s, researchers in applied linguistics and second language acquisition have given increasing attention to how instruction affects the acquisition and mastery of language features, and whether some types of language features are more effectively instructed than others. Type of language feature has typically been considered in terms of whether features are somehow complex, hard, or difficult or, rather, simple or easy to learn or use. Accordingly, the debate has centered on two issues: what are the simple and complex features of language and what features—simple or complex—should be the main target of second language (L2) instruction? This entry reviews the different and often contradictory views that researchers have on these issues as well as the inconclusive findings of a large body of empirical studies comparing the effects and effectiveness of instruction on simple versus complex features. The entry argues that these contradictory theoretical claims and inconclusive empirical findings are largely due the inconsistency with which the notion of L2 feature complexity and difficulty have been interpreted, defined, and operationalized across studies. L2 complexity/difficulty is a multifaceted and multidimensional construct that can be defined and operationalized from at least four different perspectives: developmental complexity, psycholinguistic complexity, structural complexity, and pedagogical complexity. These four approaches to L2 complexity/difficulty and their putative link with instruction are described, and directions for future research in this domain of research are formulated.
Supramolecular Reinforcement of Polymer–Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Modular Materials Design
Authors: Bovone Giovanni , Guzzi Elia A. , Bernhard Stéphane , Weber Tim , Dranseikiene Dalia , Tibbitt Mark W.
Published: December 2021

Moldable hydrogels are increasingly used as injectable or extrudable materials in biomedical and industrial applications owing to their ability to flow under applied stress (shear‐thin) and reform a stable network (self‐heal). Nanoscale components can be added to dynamic polymer networks to modify their mechanical properties and broaden the scope of applications. Viscoelastic polymer–nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels comprise a versatile and tunable class of dynamic nanocomposite materials that form via reversible interactions between polymer chains and nanoparticles. However, PNP hydrogel formation is restricted to specific interactions between select polymers and nanoparticles, resulting in a limited range of mechanical properties and constraining their utility. Here, a facile strategy to reinforce PNP hydrogels through the simple addition of α‐cyclodextrin (αCD) to the formulation is introduced. The formation of polypseudorotoxanes between αCD and the hydrogel components resulted in a drastic enhancement of the mechanical properties. Furthermore, supramolecular reinforcement of CD–PNP hydrogels enabled decoupling of the mechanical properties and material functionality. This allows for modular exchange of structural components from a library of functional polymers and nanoparticles. αCD supramolecular binding motifs are leveraged to form CD–PNP hydrogels with biopolymers for high‐fidelity 3D (bio)printing and drug delivery as well as with inorganic NPs to engineer magnetic or conductive materials.
Cross‐age peer mentoring for youth: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Burton Samantha , Raposa Elizabeth B. , Poon Cyanea Y. S. , Stams Geert Jan J. M. , Rhodes Jean
Published: December 2021

Although most mentoring programs for youth are structured around intergenerational relationships, a growing number of programs rely on cross‐age peer mentoring. Such programs capitalize on the availability of youth mentors to promote positive outcomes in younger peers. This study used a multilevel meta‐analytic approach to estimate the effect size of cross‐age peer mentoring programs and evaluate potential moderators of peer mentoring program effectiveness. Analyses included six studies and revealed a medium‐sized overall effect of cross‐age peer mentoring programs (g = 0.45). Several characteristics moderated effect sizes, with larger effects for programs that were conducted outside of the school setting (i.e., weekend, summer, or in community settings), conducted in urban settings, and had moderate/high levels of adult oversight and supervision. Results highlight the potential benefits of cross‐age peer mentoring for youth.
Exciting progress in the transition metal‐catalyzed synthesis of oxepines, benzoxepines, dibenzoxepines, and other derivatives
Authors: Rafiee Fatemeh , Hasani Samira
Published: December 2021

From the past decade so far, the synthesis of seven‐membered oxacycles especially natural monocyclic oxepines and their annulated derivatives has received considerable attention. Due to the importance of these valuable scaffolds in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and prospective drugs, as well as their strong potential for use in the biosynthesis and metabolism of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic compounds, a variety of synthesis strategies have been proposed to afford oxepine moiety. Among the versatile and attractive approaches, this review article focuses on the exciting developments in transition metal‐mediated reactions as the key step in the synthesis of oxepine derivatives from 2010 to early 2021.
Different kelp species support unique macroinvertebrate assemblages, suggesting the potential community‐wide impacts of kelp harvesting along the Humboldt Current System
Authors: Carbajal Patricia , Gamarra Salazar Alex , Moore Pippa J. , Pérez‐Matus Alejandro
Published: December 2021

Kelp forests provide habitat for myriad species yet remain poorly studied in some ecoregions, including where there is increasing interest in commercial kelp harvesting for the lucrative alginate industry.

To identify indicators for monitoring the impacts of kelp harvesting, the structure and composition of macrobenthic invertebrate assemblages associated with large brown macroalgae, Eisenia cokeri, Lessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera, from the Humboldt Current System of Peru were determined.

Within kelp habitats two distinct habitats were sampled: (a) adult kelp holdfasts; and (b) the benthos adjacent to the kelp sporophyte (hereafter under‐canopy rock). For each sample, organisms were identified, enumerated and weighed.

Totals of 108, 102 and 113 different species were found associated with Eisenia cokeri, M. pyrifera and L. trabeculata, respectively comprising distinct assemblages associated with each kelp forest. Both habitat types (holdfasts and under‐canopy rock) supported diverse, but different, macroinvertebrate assemblages, with richness, abundance and functional trophic groups in general higher in holdfasts compared with on under‐canopy rock. Lastly, macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, and species richness significantly increased with holdfast size.

Results confirm that each kelp species is unique in terms of associated assemblage composition and indicate that kelp harvesting for the alginate industry may have large impacts. We suggest that these effects on associated biodiversity should be incorporated within kelp harvesting management plans.

We suggest that holdfast diameter is a good ecological indicator as reductions in holdfast size across the population will indicate a decline in the diversity of macroinvertebrates that are important food sources for higher order organisms. We therefore suggest that monitoring studies include morphological measurements as well as measurement of kelp density.
Colonization of oil palm empty fruit bunches by basidiomycetes from the Brazilian cerrado: deconstruction of biomass
Authors: da Silva Elias Alves , Mendes Thais Demarchi , Pacheco Thályta Fraga , Campanha Raquel Bombarda , Wischral Daiana , Mendonça Simone , Camassola Marli , de Siqueira Félix Gonçalves , Souza Júnior Manoel Teixeira
Published: December 2021

The sustainable use of residual lignocellulosic biomass is an opportunity to help to overcome the global need to reduce the emission of pollutants as well as depletion of fossil fuel resources and increasing energy demands. This study aimed to establish a deconstruction process of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs), employing hydrothermal and biological pretreatments. Initially, the yields of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ashes resulting from the autohydrolysis of raw EFBs were measured. The biological pretreatment of the raw EFBs followed using eight basidiomycetes strains. Finally, an enzymatic hydrolysis comparison between basidiomycetes and commercial enzymes evaluated glucose and xylose yields, the synergism degree and the reduction of phenolic substances. Autohydrolysis pretreatment presented the best sugar yields after hydrolysis. However, biological pretreatment provides enzymes and other advantages. The combination of enzymatic extracts of basidiomycetes with Celluclast and Novozyme‐188 Sigma® gave the best glucose yield with Flavodon flavus BRM‐055676 (14.78%). Synergism degree analyses showed an increase of 47% in glucose release by the cocktail of Fomes fasciatus BRM‐055675 with commercial enzymes. The deconstruction of EFBs by biological pretreatment presented a 2.96 ratio loss of lignin/loss of cellulose with F. flavus BRM‐055676. Finally, combinations of enzymatic extracts from basidiomycetes and ascomycetes, mainly F. fasciatus BRM‐055675, provided the reduction of phenolic substances. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Disruptive innovation and circularity in start‐ups: A path to sustainable development
Authors: Sehnem Simone , Provensi Tais , da Silva Tiago Hilário Hennemann , Pereira Susana Carla Farias
Published: December 2021

Start‐ups are an increasingly important phenomenon in the Brazilian business ecosystem. Many such companies have been created over the past few years, illustrating the interest in and growth of such entrepreneurship. Emerging companies are more likely to be founded on sustainable business models. In many cases, such models incorporate the principles of the circular economy. Thus, this study reviewed the use of disruptive innovation and the circularity of resources in the business models of start‐ups. The study consisted of 50 semistructured interviews with start‐up owners and managers. We accessed the database of the Brazilian Start‐ups Association to map the organisations to be surveyed. Our results show that start‐ups are innovating in terms of the circularity of resources through a range of partially implemented initiatives. These initiatives allow start‐ups to manage their data and microdata, create artefact integration systems, generate connectivity, accelerate digitisation, stimulate partnerships and cooperation between parties in the supply chain, generate new market opportunities and develop efficient transition systems for the circularity of resources. Thus, there is ample evidence that disruptive innovation supports the circular economy in Brazilian start‐ups. This study makes two main contributions to the literature. First, it strengthens the existing understanding of the use of the circular economy in start‐ups, supported by disruptive innovation. Second, it identifies the levels of adoption of the circular economy in different market segments. Based on these findings, it identifies several opportunities to encourage further advances in this area.
Emergent Physics on the Route from Crystals to Amorphous Solids
Authors: Jiang Zhehua , Xu Ning
Published: December 2021

Comprehensive Summary

By introducing and gradually increasing the magnitude of disorder into both crystalline particle packings and crystalline networks, we realize the evolution from crystals to amorphous solids. The evolution of structures and mechanical properties during this process is expected to help us understand the physical origin of the peculiar properties of amorphous solids, e.g., the boson peak, so as to build up the bridge between well‐established physics of crystals and that of amorphous solids. To our surprise, this attempt also reveals some extraordinary phenomena, including the hidden order‐disorder transition from crystals to disordered crystals and the emergence of mechanical metamaterials with negative Poisson's ratios.

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?

Our favorite research findings are some extraordinary phase behaviors of soft‐core particle systems, including the discontinuous‐continuous transition of two‐dimensional melting, formation of quasicrystals and the transition from crystals to disordered crystals discussed in this article.

How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?

I entered the field of soft matter during my graduate study at Yale University. I have been attracted by so many interesting and complex problems in soft matter. During the research, we keep meeting new phenomena and problems, which keep broadening my interest. Learning by doing is a good way to enjoy research.

How do you supervise your students?

I always assign one or two problems to beginners. The problems may not be very specific. My purpose is to encourage the students to work independently and cultivate their abilities of literature reading and finding and solving problems. I listen to their reports in weekly group meetings and discuss about their work whenever they come to show their progress or I have some new ideas. Once they achieve some significant progress, I will put more effort to help finalize their work.

What is the most important personality for scientific research?

Persistence.

What are your hobbies?

Jogging, walking, music, and movies.

What is your favorite journal(s)?

Physical Review series.