bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Metallographic Methods for the Structural Characterization of Laser Hardened Al-Zn-Si Cast Alloy
Authors: Tillová Eva , Chalupová Mária
Published: April 2014

The laser surface hardening is method which provides increased mechanical properties of secondary (recycled) Al-Si cast alloys for automotive industry. Improvement of mechanical properties and structure of secondary aluminium alloys can often significantly increase the lifetime of casting and reduce costs for fuel and reduction of environmental loading. For study was used a laser beam Nd: YAG lasers, BLS 720, on the test samples of secondary cast alloy AlZn10Si8Mg. AlZn10Si8Mg cast alloy are used for engine and vehicle constructions, hydraulic unit and mould making without the need of heat treatment because this alloy is self-hardened. The effect of laser beam was evaluated with the laser power 50 W and 80 W on the surface of samples. The final microstructure of Al-alloys depend on the laser process parameters. The changes of microstructure after laser surface hardening was observed by using classical techniques of etching (standard black-white contrast - etching by 0.5 % HF, 10 % H3PO4and colour contrast - etching by Weck-Al) and deep etching with HCl. Due to the action of laser beam on the surface of the secondary alloy AlZn10Si8Mg there have been changes in the microstructure of the material. Melting area is alpha-phase with much fine columnar dendrites morphology without the presence of Si-particles and intermetallic phases. In the transition area were observed grain refinement of eutectic Si (finer and rounder Si particles) as the modify action of the laser. By increasing the laser power the microhardness of surface layers decreases. In the surface layer (80 W) were observed cracks due to uneven heat transfer of the material.
Non-Metallic Inclusions in Mg-RE-Zr Casting Alloys
Authors: Dybowski Bartłomiej , Kiełbus Andrzej
Published: April 2014

Non-metallic inclusions in Elektron 21 and WE43 magnesium alloys have been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Investigations were conducted both on the fracture surfaces and microsections. Researches revealed presence of alloying elements oxides, inclusions originating in mould material and inclusions originating in the fluxes covering liquid metal surface in the cruicible. The number of inclusions is reduced by application of complex gating system and by leaving small amount of alloy in the cruicible after the pouring process.
Metallographic Analysis of ECAP Processed Selected Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Rusz Stanislav , Salajka Michal , Čížek Lubomír , Tylšar Stanislav , Kedroň Jan
Published: April 2014

Magnesium alloys has been used for a wide variety of applications, namely from the reason of their low density and high strength–to–weight ratio. The properties of magnesium alloys are connected with microstructure that is influenced by metallurgical and technological aspects. Scope of utilisation of foundry magnesium alloys is continuously being extended, so if we want to operate as competitive producers, it is necessary to investigate very actively properties of individual alloys, optimise their chemical composition, study issues of their metallurgical preparation, verify experimentally their casting properties and conditions of successful casting of castings by individual methods, including heat treatment. Recently, however, increases also utilisation of formed magnesium alloys namely application of SPD methods. The experimental part deals with hardness and structure determination of selected magnesium alloys after ECAP processing.
Study of Thermal Stability of Ultra Fine-Grained Commercially Pure Titanium Wire Prepared in Conform Equipment
Authors: Kubina Tomas , Dlouhý Jaromir , Kövér Michal , Hodek Josef
Published: April 2014

Titanium and its alloys are frequently used in many sectors, including the health care sector, where they outperform other materials. From the biocompatibility viewpoint, the preferred condition of these materials is ultrafine or nanostructured state. Processes based on severe plastic deformation (SPD) that are capable of producing microstructures with sizes of the order of nanometers are gaining importance these days. Their typical limitation is the small volume of material processed. One of available ways to enhancing the productivity is to combine the CONFORM continuous extrusion process with the ECAP method. This paper describes initial experience with this combined process in the CONFORM 315i machine, which is equipped with a specially-designed forming die chamber. Influence the number of passes through CONFORM machine on thermal stability was study by horizontal dilatometer and heat-flux calorimeter. The impact of deformation on the shift in recrystallization temperature of pure titanium was confirmed. The microstructure evolution and the grain growth behavior were investigated by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. The deformed UFG titanium was annealed at a range of temperature (400-600 °C) for up to 6 h. The grain growth kinetics was characterized by calculating the grain growth activation energy Q and the time exponent n based on the experimental results for deformed material. Data for annealing temperatures of 550 and 600 °C allowed the values of the time exponent n = 0.19 and activation energy Q = 248 kJ/mol were calculated.
Free Machining Brasses with Minimized Lead Content
Authors: Podaný Pavel , Sláma Peter
Published: April 2014

Last 15 years is in the sign of increasing pressure on decreasing of content of toxic metals in consumer products. Widely known are legislative rules on decreasing the content of cadmium, hexavalent chromium and mercury in various products for their negative effect on environment and human health. Similar legislative acts take care of lead content in free machined brass. For example rules that come from directive of European Council 98/83/ES released on November the 3rd 1998 command, that maximum content of lead in brass products which are in contact with drinking water has to be less than 1%. Similar and stronger rules are applied in California by the law AB 1953 which reduces the lead content in these brass products under 0,25 %. Article describes the role of lead in free machining brass and describes the problems of its substitution by means of other elements and phases for bringing similar machinability as in case of brass with lead. Article also introduces experiments with melting of new brass with substitution of lead. Microstructures of experimental heats are shown and further experiments are described.
PM Materials Prepared from Powders Consisting of Polymer Coated Iron Microparticles
Authors: Kupková Miriam , Oriňáková Renáta , Fedorková Andrea , Hrubovčáková Monika
Published: April 2014

A simple oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (Py) directly onto the surface of iron (Fe) microparticles was applied to increase the content of carbon in resulting material. Detection and quantification of the PPy (polypyrrole) coatings obtained were performed by means of pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). A powder consisting of such particles was compacted. The effect of PPy coating on the compressibility of coated iron powder was analysed. Namely, a set of specimens was uniaxially pressed in a steel die. Compaction pressures ranged from 50 MPa up to 600 MPa. It was found that PPy coating has a positive effect on the compaction behaviour of iron powders in the low to moderate pressure region. At higher pressures, the brittleness of PPy coating adversely affected the compressibility. Both the light and the scanning electron microscopy (LM, SEM) were used to characterize the morphology of coated powders and the microstructure of pressed samples.
Effect of Compaction Pressure Applied to TiC Reactants on the Microstructure and Properties of Composite Zones Produced In Situ in Steel Castings
Authors: Olejnik Ewa , Sikora Gabriela , Sobula Sebastian , Tokarski Tomasz , Grabowska Beata
Published: April 2014

Compacts for the synthesis of composite zones in castings were obtained by cold pressing powders of the TiC reactants under a pressure of 250, 300, 500 and 600 MPa. The all compacts made under different pressures were placed in a mould cavity and poured with liquid unalloyed low-carbon steel. From the resulting casting, four composite zone A, B, C, D, produced in this casting by in situ method. In all composite zones, TiC and ferrite (αFe) were obtained. Additionally, in zones A, B and C the presence of graphite (Cgr) was also stated. The surface friction (Sf) of Cgr decreases in composite zones A ÷ D, while both the Sf of TiC and hardness VH30 increase in these zones with increasing compaction pressure of the reactants. Too low compaction pressure applied to the TiC reactants impedes the effective propagation of the reaction of synthesis.
Copper (II) Oxide and Graphene as Composite Materials for Glucose Biosensors
Authors: Keša Peter , Hrmo Igor , Parnica Jozef , Vesela Viera , Antalík Marián
Published: April 2014

Copper (II) oxide graphene composite materials were prepared on the electrode surface at the solution of CuCl2. The resulting composite material was characterized by cyclic voltammetry on surface of the glassy carbon electrode. Prepared copper (II) oxide graphene nanocomposite was scraped from the electrode surface and was measured Raman spectra by optical tweezers combined with micro Raman spectroscopy. This composite nanomaterial was used on determination of glucose and can be used to construct bio batteries too.
Fragmentation of Co-Fe-Ta-B Bulk Metallic Glass
Authors: Miškuf Jozef , Csach Kornel , Juríková Alena
Published: April 2014

The main limitation of bulk metallic glasses for their application as structural materials is the large brittleness under the external loading. We analyzed the failure characteristics of Co43Fe20Ta5.5B31.5(at.%) bulk metallic glass deformed in a compression at the room temperature and a low strain rate. Under loading the amorphous structure can store high elastic energy. During the failure this energy is released and the alloy breaks into small particles or powder exhibiting a fragmentation mode. The nanoscale fracture surface morphology respects the micromechanisms of failure of the amorphous structure. The fracture surface consists of a smooth mirror cleavage zone and a river pattern zone with the nanosized dimples arranged in lines respecting the periodic corrugation zones oriented perpendicular to the crack propagation direction.
Toughness of Ultra High Strength Steel Sheets
Authors: Hlebová Stanislava , Pešek Ladislav
Published: April 2014

Currently only few methods exist for thin steel sheet testing, especially based on fracture mechanics concept. Charpy impact test is one of the most used method for testing notch toughness and fracture behaviors because of the simplicity and the other advantages [. This article deals with toughness testing of automotive ultra high strength steel sheets (UHSS). Several standard types of toughness test that generate data for specific loading conditions and/or component design approaches exist. Two definition of toughness will be discussed: i) Charpy V-notch toughness, method includes joining of thin steel sheets to one compact unit and ii) material (tensile) toughness [. Two steels were used, DP1000 and 1400M of 1,8 mm thickness and two joining techniques: bonding with adhesives and joining with holders. Effect of material, joining technology, structural adhesives, and number of joined plates on the toughness values was quantified at the room temperature. Toughness of steels by the tensile test was added for comparison. Fracture surface was observed using scanning electron microscope analysis.
Archaeometallurgical Simulations of the Processes in Bloomery Furnaces from the Hallstatt and Medieval Period
Authors: Haubner Roland , Schatz Irmgard , Schatz Franz , Scheiblechner Wolfgang , Schubert Wolf Dieter , Strobl Susanne
Published: April 2014

Bloomery furnaces were the first units for iron smelting. In the Hallstatt period small bowl-type furnaces were used and until the medieval period the size of such furnaces was increasing continuously. Experimental archaeologists reconstruct bloomery furnaces to study the processes of bloom production. In a small bowl-type furnace (Hallstatt period) at Asparn and in a larger shaft-type furnace (medieval period) at Ybbsitz smelting experiments were performed, The samples contained metallic iron and slag. Various amounts of iron in different stages of conglomeration up to larger iron pieces were found. The slag belongs to a fayalitic-type, consisting of wustite (FeO), fayalite (Fe2SiO4) and glass-phase (amorphous Ca-, Al-silicates) in various concentrations. The yield of metallic iron was highly different for the various experiments. In general, more metallic iron was formed in the larger shaft-type furnaces. A large bloom was not obtained.
Determination of Causes of Corrosion Damage of a Roman Vessel from an Early Tiberian Period
Authors: Msallamová Šárka , Kmošek Jiří
Published: April 2014

The study deals with a material survey and determination of the corrosion character of a Roman bronze vessel from an early Tiberian period. The ancient technology of the bronze vessel production was determined based on the evaluation of structural properties of the material using the prepared metallographic sections. The vessel was produced by combining the technologies of beating and metal embossing in a pre-cast bronze piece, side ornaments were cast from bronze. Chloride anions were identified along the material grains. It was identified that the mixture of corrosion products covering the surface of the vessel contained, in addition to other elements, basic copper chloride. The presence of chloride anions, atmospheric humidity and mechanical stress lead to corrosion of the bronze vessel called the bronze disease. The material in the upper part of the vessels lost cohesion completely and the neck of the vessel broke as a result of the corrosion process. The vessel was desalinated and reconstructed in a relatively unique way. At present, the vessel is a property of the National Museum in Prague.
Influence of Casting Rate on TiNb Microalloyed Steel Slab Surface Area Microstructure
Authors: Bekeč Pavel , Longauerová Margita , Vojtko Marek
Published: April 2014

Two slabs of Ti-Nb microalloyed steel were analysed in this work. The first slab was transitional with the initial pulling rate 0.43 m.min-1 and the final pulling rate 0.9 m.min-1. The second slab was cast at the real production pulling rate 1.03 m.min-1. The presence of larger amounts of oscillation marks was observed on the first slab at both pulling rates. The second slab showed no oscillation marks. At the lowest pulling rate, cracks were discovered below the slab surface, often below oscillation marks. Cracks were seldom observed at pulling rate 0.9 m.min-1. In the first slab, especially at the low pulling rate, the presence of cracks and pores was found. Pores were observed often with clusters of aluminum oxides. The microstructure of the slab surface zone was characterised by heterogeneity of ferrite grain sizes at all three pulling rates. This heterogeneity was manifested mainly in the marginal cut-outs at all pulling rates. In the marginal cut-outs the microstructure was granulometrically finer at all three pulling rates than in the central cut-outs. Non-equilibrium microstructure in the marginal cut-outs was also observed.
Heterogeneous Functional Effects of Concomitant B Cell Receptor and TLR Stimulation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Mutated versus Unmutated Ig Genes
Authors: Chatzouli Maria , Ntoufa Stavroula , Papakonstantinou Nikos , Chartomatsidou Elisavet , Anagnostopoulos Achilles , Kollia Panagoula , Ghia Paolo , Muzio Marta , Stamatopoulos Kostas , Belessi Chrysoula
Published: April 2014

We recently reported that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) subgroups with distinct clonotypic BCRs present discrete patterns of TLR expression, function, and/or tolerance. In this study, to explore whether specific types of BCR/TLR collaboration exist in CLL, we studied the effect of single versus concomitant BCR and/or TLR stimulation on CLL cells from mutated (M-CLL) and unmutated CLL (U-CLL) cases. We stimulated negatively isolated CLL cells by using anti-IgM, imiquimod, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide for BCR, TLR7, and TLR9, respectively, alone or in combination for different time points. After in vitro culture in the absence of stimulation, differences in p-ERK were identified at any time point, with higher p-ERK levels in U-CLL versus M-CLL. Pronounced p-ERK induction was seen by single stimulation in U-CLL, whereas BCR/TLR synergism was required in M-CLL, in which the effect was overall limited in scale. An opposite pattern was observed regarding induction of apoptosis, as studied by Western blotting for the cleaved fragment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and the active isoform of caspase-8, with M-CLL responding even to single stimulation, contrasting with U-CLL that showed minimal response. Our findings suggest that concomitant engagement of BCR and TLR leads to differential responses in CLL depending on the mutational status of the BCR. Differential intensity and duration of responses in M-CLL versus U-CLL indicates that the differences in signal transduction between the two subgroups may be primarily quantitative rather than qualitative.
Identification of Multiple Public TCR Repertoires in Chronic Beryllium Disease
Authors: Bowerman Natalie A. , Falta Michael T. , Mack Douglas G. , Wehrmann Fabian , Crawford Frances , Mroz Margaret M. , Maier Lisa A. , Kappler John W. , Fontenot Andrew P.
Published: April 2014

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous lung disease characterized by the accumulation of beryllium (Be)-specific CD4+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage. These expanded CD4+ T cells are composed of oligoclonal T cell subsets, suggesting their recruitment to the lung in response to conventional Ag. In the current study, we noted that all bronchoalveolar lavage–derived T cell lines from HLA-DP2–expressing CBD patients contained an expansion of Be-responsive Vβ5.1+ CD4+ T cells. Using Be-loaded HLA-DP2–peptide tetramers, the majority of tetramer-binding T cells also expressed Vβ5.1 with a highly conserved CDR3β motif. Interestingly, Be-specific, Vβ5.1-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed differential HLA-DP2–peptide tetramer staining intensity, and sequence analysis of the distinct tetramer-binding subsets showed that the two populations differed by a single conserved amino acid in the CDR3β motif. TCR Vα-chain analysis of purified Vβ5.1+ CD4+ T cells based on differential tetramer-binding intensity showed differing TCR Vα-chain pairing requirements, with the high-affinity population having promiscuous Vα-chain pairing and the low-affinity subset requiring restricted Vα-chain usage. Importantly, disease severity, as measured by loss of lung function, was inversely correlated with the frequency of tetramer-binding CD4+ T cells in the lung. Our findings suggest the presence of a dominant Be-specific, Vβ5.1-expressing public T cell repertoire in the lungs of HLA-DP2–expressing CBD patients using promiscuous Vα-chain pairing to recognize an identical HLA-DP2-peptide/Be complex. Importantly, the inverse relationship between expansion of CD4+ T cells expressing these public TCRs and disease severity suggests a pathogenic role for these T cells in CBD.
SEDEX mineralisation, Macmillan Pass (Yukon): petrography, mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of the Tom and Nidd deposits
Authors: Magnall J M , Gleeson S A , Paradis S
Published: April 2014

Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits formed in the Selwyn Basin coeval with 3 magmatic episodes in the Cambrian, Silurian and Late Devonian. At Macmillan Pass, the Tom, Jason and Nidd deposits are hosted by Late Devonian strata and have well preserved vent
complexes beneath overlying stratabound sulphide and sulphate facies.
Drill core has been sampled from the vent complexes at Nidd and Tom. Detailed petrography (reflected and transmitted light, cathodoluminescence, back-scatter electron imaging) has developed a paragenesis and, at Tom, critically assessed textural relationships between the vent facies and the
overlying stratabound sulphide and sulphate facies. The mineral chemistry of major phases has been determined from quantitative electron microprobe analyses in the vent and stratabound ore from Tom. The geochemical signatures of the hydrothermal vents (Tom, Nidd) are comprehensively characterized
through bulk rock geochemical analysis of vent facies material for major, minor and rare earth elements.
Detailed petrography has highlighted subtle feeder veins that preferentially replaced laminations leading to the formation of pseudo-bedded sulphide-rich layers in the grey facies rocks at Tom. This provides an important link between the vent and the overlying stratabound facies. Within the vent,
main stage sulphide minerals succeeded destructive carbonate alteration, and were overprinted by pulses of sulphide minerals coeval with, and replacing, siderite, Ba-carbonate and barite. Aside from the ore components (Pb, Zn and Ba), vent facies samples are enriched above upper crustal values in
Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Ge, In, Mo, Sb, Sn and Ta. Notably, Au in two samples from Tom exceeds 100 ppb. Rare-earth element profiles broadly track the composition of un-mineralised shale in the area but have a positive Eu anomaly, likely attributable to the presence of Ba feldspar in the samples. This
highlights the potential importance of the compositions of underlying strata in controlling the geochemistry of the hydrothermal fluids.
Lead and sulphur isotopes of sphalerite and galena grains recovered from till samples, northwest Alberta
Authors: Paulen R C , Plouffe A , Paradis S , Smith I R
Published: April 2014

This report presents the analytical data from Pb and S isotope analyses from sphalerite and galena grains recovered from bulk till samples collected from the north-central sector of the Zama Lake (NTS 84L) and south-central sector of the Bistcho Lake (NTS 84M)
map sheets, northwest Alberta. The main objective of the isotope analyses is to evaluate if the Pine Point Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit could be a potential source for the sphalerite and galena grains recovered in till. Results indicate that the sphalerite grains recovered from the till
have a Pb isotopic composition identical to ore samples from other occurrences along the Great Slave Lake Shear Zone. Results from the S isotope analyses indicate that the source of sphalerite and galena in the till is not from the Pine Point MVT deposit, but from a local source situated along the
Great Slave Lake Shear Zone. The source of the sphalerite and galena remains undiscovered but it could be from a sedimentary hosted zinc occurrence.
Principal mineral areas of Canada
Authors:   Minerals and Metals Sector,   National Energy Board
Published: April 2014

This map, published annually by Natural Resources Canada, contains statistics on Canada's mineral production and provides the geographic locations of significant metallic, nonmetallic and industrial mineral mines, oil sands mines, and gas fields for the provinces
and territories of Canada. It also contains information on existing and proposed oil and gas pipelines. A mine index lists, for each mine identified on the map, information on company ownership and the mine's type, location, and principal minerals and metals produced. A similar index (without
company names due to a shortage of space) is provided for each oil and gas field. Three inset maps detail the geographic locations of selected metallurgical works, and current and expected mine openings and closings. Mineral production statistics have also been incorporated in a number of tables and
charts on the map.
Lower Bispectral index values in psychiatric patients: A prospective, observational study
Authors: Ramesh Venkatapura , Radhakrishnan Muthu , Thimmaiah Rohini , Muralidharan Kesavan , Thirthalli Jagadisha , Umamaheshwara Rao Ganne , Gangadhar Bangalore
Published: April 2014

Background: Bispectral index score (BIS) is a processed electroencephalographic parameter used to measure level of sedation in anaesthetised patients. In few studies of psychiatric patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), it was observed that the BIS values were lower at baseline. It is not clear from those studies whether the BIS values are really low. Also, it is not clear whether the lower values are related to the primary psychiatric illness or the due to the effect of ECT. Therefore, we studied the BIS values in psychiatric illnesses and compared them with the normal controls. Materials and Methods: BIS index was recorded in 237 patients with various psychiatric illness (Group P) and 40 control patients without any psychiatric illness undergoing spinal surgery (Group C). BIS values were recorded in supine position before breakfast and before the morning doses of antipsychotic/benzodiazepine medications. It was recorded during resting state in all the subjects. Results: BIS values were lower in group P compared to control group (a mean of 89.8 ± 7.8 vs 95.7 ± 2.4, P < 0.0001). In the group P, the patients with psychosis and bipolar disorder had significantly lower BIS values than the patients with depression ( P= 0.04). Conclusions: BIS values in psychiatric patients are lower than those in the control group. Psychotic and bipolar disorders are associated with significantly lower BIS values than the depression.
Risk Factors for Thrombosis in an African Population
Authors: Fall Awa O.T. , Proulle Valérie , Sail Abibatou , Mbaye Alassane , Ba Pape Samba , Diao Maboury , Seck Moussa , Gadji Macoura , Gning Sara B. , Diop Saliou , Dièye Tandakha N.D. , Faye Blaise Félix , Thiam Doudou , Dreyfus Marie
Published: April 2014

Little is known about the biological, epidemiological, and clinical risk factors for thrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) among Black Africans. We undertook a study of the prevalence of VTE risk factors for thrombosis in a Senegalese population.

A three-year cross-sectional and case-control study involving 105 cases and 200 controls was conducted in various hospitals in Dakar (Senegal). Our results demonstrate that oral contraception, immobilization by casts, surgery, and blood group were significantly associated with VTE occurrence. Additionally, 16 cases and 2 controls had protein S (PS) values of less than 48.4% (M-2SD), exhibiting a highly significant difference ( P < 1 x 10−4). The number of cases with a low protein C (PC) level was significantly higher than the respective number of controls. Using logistic regression methods, we established a correlation between significantly associated variables and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurrence. Age, obesity, sickle cell disease, and PC deficiency were not significantly associated with thrombosis. In contrast, gender, PS deficiency, varicose veins, surgery, non-O blood type, and the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies were significantly and independently associated with DVT.

These findings are extremely useful for clinical management of patients suffering from DVT and can help to reduce the high recurrence rate observed in our study.
La mise en scène du savoir scientifique dans les documentaires
Authors: Robert Alain
Published: April 2014

The lay-out of scientific knowledge in documentary material

Any documentary writing involves relating iconography and text in the best effect. The author analyses two facing pages of a documentary book for children and proceeds to examine the reading strategy which the writer of the book appears to suggest and the actual reading processes observed in readers who are not experts in the subject : teachers on the one hand, and on the other pupils aged 9-1 1. Questions pertaining to pedagogy are raised when these three types of reading are compared.
Biharmonic B-slant helices according to bishop frame in the SL₂(R)
Authors: Körpınar Talat , Turhan Essin
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we study biharmonic B-slant helices in the SL₂(R). We characterize the biharmonic B-slant helices in terms of their curvature and torsion. Finally, we find out their explicit parametric equations.
Juanita Mayo Richardson Bey
Authors: Dew Spencer
Published: April 2014

A leading yet little-studied figure in the first generation of the Moorish Science Temple of America movement, Juanita Mayo Richardson Bey was editor of the group's newspaper, literary educator, and religious poet. Analysis of the textual legacy of Richardson Bey shows evidence of a model of leadership that contrasts starkly with that of the religion's founder, Prophet Noble Drew Ali. While Ali focused on maintaining ideological control and doctrinal orthodoxy, Richardson Bey, as editor and educator, insisted on a vision of collective participation in Moorish uplift, emphasized the importance of education and specifically the values of literary education for such uplift, encouraged individual creative expression of and synthetic engagement with Moorish Science teachings, and, as poet, modeled in intimate and emotional language her own sense of the meaning of Moorish identity.
Increased affective influence: Situational complexity or deliberation time?
Authors: KOSNES LIV , POTHOS EMMANUEL M. , TAPPER KATY
Published: April 2014

The affect infusion model (AIM) is a prominent theory of when current emotional state is expected to influence the interpretation of a social stimulus (situation). We discuss the assumptions in AIM and conclude that its current specification predicts that both deliberation time and situational complexity should lead to affect infusion. The aim of this research was to clarify the relative importance of these factors in determining affect infusion and hence promote the development of AIM. We present an experimental design in which situational complexity and deliberation time can be manipulated orthogonally as independent factors. Our results show that the latter factor, but not the former, can influence the degree of affect infusion.
Application of the Implicit Association Test to a Study on Deception
Authors: FROST PETER , ADIE MICHAEL , DENOMME ROLAND , LAHAIE ANNABEL , SIBLEY ANGELA , SMITH EMILY
Published: April 2014

Three experiments were conducted to find out whether the standard Implicit Association Test (IAT) could be used to distinguish truthful and deceitful witnesses. We anticipated that IAT effects would be greater after lying. Participants were asked to answer questions with incorrect answers (i.e., the lie condition) or correct answers (i.e., the truthful condition). A third group of participants were not interviewed (a control group). Participants then took the IAT, in which they were asked to associate correct and incorrect answers with positive or negative attributes. Results demonstrate that standard IAT effects are greater after lying than after truth telling, but only when attribute labels were clearly and explicitly linked to positive and negative affect. Theoretical implications are considered.
Translating cognitive neuroscience to the driver’s operational environment: A neuroergonomic approach
Authors: LEES MONICA N. , COSMAN JOSHUA D. , LEE JOHN D. , FRICKE NICOLA , RIZZO MATTHEW
Published: April 2014

Neuroergonomics provides a multidisciplinary translational approach that merges elements of neuroscience, human factors, cognitive psychology, and ergonomics to study brain structure and function in everyday environments. Driving safety, particularly that of older drivers with cognitive impairments, is a fruitful application domain for neuroergonomics. Driving makes demands on multiple cognitive processes that are often studied in isolation and so presents a useful challenge in generalizing findings from controlled laboratory tasks to predict safety outcomes. Neurology and the cognitive sciences help explain the mechanisms of cognitive breakdowns that undermine driving safety. Ergonomics complements this explanation with the tools for systematically exploring the various layers of complexity that define the activity of driving. A variety of tools, such as part task simulators, driving simulators, and instrumented vehicles, provide a window into cognition in the natural settings needed to assess the generalizability of laboratory findings and can provide an array of potential interventions to increase driving safety.
Medicare spending, managed care and pre-Medicare insurance coverage and associated risks of mortality, deterioration of self-rated health and mental health after four years of Medicare coverage
Authors: Chao Yi-Sheng
Published: April 2014

National spending on Medicare keeps growing and managed care is reimbursed differently in the United States. Health returns from Medicare spending are not certain. This study aims to quantify the effects of Medicare spending in the first two years of Medicare coverage, managed care and insurance coverage before Medicare (pre-Medicare) on mortality, mental health and self-rated health status after first four years of Medicare coverage. Individuals, who were interviewed from age 65 to 68 years, without Medicare coverage before age 65 years, were included. Health spending (out-of-pocket, OOP) in the first two years of Medicare coverage, their pre-Medicare characteristics and Medicare managed care were used to predict associated risks of mortality, self-rated health status and mental health (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression, CESD scale). Eligible Medicare enrollees (N = 3,503) in the Health and Retirement Study from 1992 to 2011 were chosen. Total health spending was associated with higher likelihood of worse mental health and self-rated health, but OOP spending was associated with risks of health deterioration (p < .05 for all). More OOP health spending in the first two years of Medicare coverage was associated with slightly higher chance of more mental problems, but the magnitude of this association became smaller over time. Medicare managed care did not seem to be beneficial for mortality, mental health or self-rated health status. Expanding pre-Medicare health coverage (through the Affordable Care Act) may not influence health status after first four years of Medicare coverage. Preventing pre-Medicare health conditions may be the priority.
Registration of Identities in Early Modern English Parishes and amongst the English Overseas
Authors: Szreter Simon
Published: April 2014

From 1538 the new Protestant church of Henry VIII provided a system of registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials in all parishes of England and Wales. This chapter re-examines the original motives behind the creation of this system, and explores the reasons for its effectiveness and persistence over the ensuing three centuries in Britain by surveying the comparative history of identity registration systems among the British overseas in the early modern period. A review of the variety of measures for registration set up in the North American and Caribbean colonies during the course of the seventeenth century confirms the importance of the security of property-holding in an increasingly commercial world as a motive for creating such systems. However, this review also indicates the importance of whether or not effective social security systems, giving entitlements to relief, accompanied these early identity registration schemes.
Parish Baptism Registers, Vital Registration and Fixing Identities in Uganda1
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

Uganda's system of recording births and deaths was unusually comprehensive by colonial African standards, but colonial registration struggled to assign individuals a permanent, accurate identity. Many Ugandans used different names at different times in their dealings with officialdom, and local elites were complicit in this reidentification. The flexibility which is an inevitable component of a name-based registration system in East Africa served to alleviate social tension and exclusion. The possession of multiple names was advantageous to the weak, and could benefit rural elites, but it obstructed the state in its desire to monitor and control its population. The rise of biometric systems of identification is in part designed to bypass the naming problem, but also reflects the growing influence on African governments of two contradictory trends: the tying of aid to concepts of universal rights, and growing awareness of the potential of technology to undermine challenges to governmental authority.
What Comes After the Social? Historicizing the Future of Social Assistance and Identity Registration in Africa
Authors: Ferguson James
Published: April 2014

Key contemporary mechanisms of distribution are routed through the ‘social assistance’ programmes provided by states. While we still often think of such programmes on the model of the well-known ‘welfare states’ of the global North, new forms of state and international transfers to the poor (in Africa and elsewhere in the global South) suggest a need to rethink the question of social assistance from a less Eurocentric perspective. With a special focus on southern Africa, this chapter reviews the meaning of ‘social assistance’ in a region where the domain of ‘the social’ was never securely established in the first place. It reflects on the possibility that new rationalities and techniques of social assistance may be calling into question the assumed dependence of social service provision on traditional forms of population registration and documentation.
Comparison in global history
Authors: Parthasarathi Prasannan
Published: April 2014

The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early modern world. Comparison must reach beyond the stereotypes of a dynamic Europe and stagnant Asia to show the strikingly different needs and imperatives leading towards different paths of economic and technological change.
Introduction
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter introduces the three case study areas of Ankole, Buganda, and Buhaya, located today in Uganda and Tanzania, and explains the reasoning behind their selection. Most famously, it was within these neighbouring societies that HIV became a rural as well as an urban phenomenon, and also where the mechanisms of one of the world's most successful AIDS control programmes were developed. These societies were also remarkable for their unusual experience of demographic change during the twentieth century. The chapter examines the major theories which have attempted to explain changes in sexual behaviour and attitudes, fertility, and mortality in Africa, and considers the contributions made by this study to these debates. It also discusses the sources and methodology utilised in this book, focusing particularly on the use of oral evidence, family reconstitution, and hospital maternity records.
Disease and Mortality, 1860–1924
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter argues that the intensification of long-distance trade from the 1860s increased mortality levels due to famine, heightened conflict, and new epidemic diseases in Buganda and Buhaya much more than in Ankole. The colonial takeover quickly reduced the incidence of war-related deaths, but only in the 1920s did the colonial state begin to exert a degree of control over crisis mortality. Early hospital data and vital registration records indicate that child survival had improved significantly by the early 1920s, due to a rise in birthweight, investment in sanitation, and the cumulative impact of mass inoculation campaigns against major epidemic diseases. By the mid-1920s medical data on cause of death revealed the emerging dominance of endemic diseases, a pattern that would survive, with some variation, until the emergence of AIDS.
Prostitution in Buhaya, 1925–69
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure an heir. Marriage was delayed and destabilized, sexual affairs grew increasingly commodified, and divorcees migrated to East Africa' s cities, where they dominated the region's sex trade, seeking to repay their bridewealth and secure their autonomy. From the 1940s many women who returned from the cities continued to accept money for sex when they resumed village life, trading on their reputation for exotic modernity as well as sexual skill. Meanwhile, many of the broader changes in sexual culture seen in Buganda also affected Buhaya, though the sexuality of young unmarried women remained carefully controlled until near independence. These developments unsurprisingly were the subject of repeated criticism and attempted regulation, but few of the interventions that resulted had a lasting impact.
L’archidiocèse catholique d’Ottawa et sa francophonie : portrait statistique, comparaison et analyse sociohistorique (1968-2008)
Authors: Meunier E.-Martin , Nault Jean-François
Published: April 2014

Cet article cherche à mieux comprendre la spécificité de la catholicité francophone de l’archidiocèse d’Ottawa à travers l’examen de données statistiques inédites portant sur les pratiques et l’appartenance catholique de l’archidiocèse (1968-2008). À partir de données et de résultats d’une recherche plus large sur le catholicisme au Québec et au Canada et de données statistiques canadiennes inédites à l’échelle diocésaine, cet article contribue à une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques propres qui traversent la catholicité francophone de l’Ontario, et surtout d’Ottawa, en examinant l’évolution de divers indicateurs touchant le catholicisme et les francophones de l’archidiocèse. Naviguant entre deux structures distinctes, soit une à dominance francophone et une à dominance plutôt anglophone / allophone, le catholicisme de l’archidiocèse d’Ottawa est ici exploré dans toute son originalité au sein du contexte ontarien. De plus, diverses variables sociodémographiques sont utilisées afin de comprendre les particularités du catholicisme en contexte ottavien.
Using Ontologies for Enterprise Architecture Integration and Analysis
Authors: Antunes Gonçalo , Bakhshandeh Marzieh , Mayer Rudolf , Borbinha José , Caetano Artur
Published: April 2014

Enterprise architecture facilitates the alignment between different domains, such as business, applications and information technology. These domains must be described with description languages that best address the concerns of its stakeholders. However, current model-based enterprise architecture techniques are unable to integrate multiple descriptions languages either due to the lack of suitable extension mechanisms or because they lack the means to maintain the coherence, consistency and traceability between the representations of the multiple domains of the enterprise. On the other hand, enterprise architecture models are often designed and used for communication and not for automated analysis of its contents. Model analysis is a valuable tool for assessing the qualities of a model, such as conformance and completeness, and also for supporting decision making. This paper addresses these two issues found in model-based enterprise architecture: (1) the integration of domain description languages, and (2) the automated analysis of models. This proposal uses ontology engineering techniques to specify and integrate the different domains and reasoning and querying as a means to analyse the models. The utility of the proposal is shown through an evaluation scenario that involve the analysis of an enterprise architecture model that spans multiple domains.
Refined crystal structures and phase transitions in 0.24Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.43Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Ma Yongxuan , Wu Fengmin , Guo Feifei
Published: April 2014

Local lattice structures of 0.24Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.43Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 (0.24PIN–0.43PMN–0.33PT) single crystal have been investigated by Micro-Raman spectroscopy. A total of 12 Raman active modes were ascertained using the Gauss–Lorentzian line shape approximation, which confirmed that the 0.43PIN–0.26PMN–0.33PT single crystal has monoclinic symmetry at room temperature. The phase transitions were investigated by analyzing the temperature-dependent relative dielectric permittivity of both poled and unpoled 0.43PIN–0.26PMN–0.33PT single crystals measured upon heating. The monoclinic–tetragonal phase transition occurs at T
M–T = 82 °C, and the Curie temperature is 199 °C. The splitting of (200) and (002) peaks in detailed X-ray diffraction spectra in the 2θ range of 44.6–45.2° during heating from room temperature to 200 °C was also studied. For a sample being poled along [111]c pseudo-cubic direction, several sharp peaks arise in the thermally stimulated depolarization current from 67 to 82 °C with the main peak occurs at 67 °C, which indicates that the depolarization temperature is 15 °C lower than the monoclinic to tetragonal phase transition and there are coexistence of monoclinic and rhombohedral phases in the [111]c poled single crystal.
An MHD simulation study of the dynamics of the 8–9 March 2008 CIR‐/HSS‐driven geomagnetic storm
Authors: Peroomian Vahé , Garg Shobhit , El‐Alaoui Mostafa
Published: April 2014

We have carried out a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of a geomagnetic storm initiated by a corotating interaction region followed by a high‐speed solar wind (HSS) stream that occurred on 8–9 March 2008. The event began with the arrival of a corotating interaction region (CIR) at ~0720 UT on 8 March. The stream interface arrived at Earth at ~1830 UT on 8 March, and the arrival of a second density enhancement (a second CIR) at ~0140 UT on 9 March resulted in the main phase of the storm, with a peak Dst of −97 nT at 0600 UT on 9 March. Our MHD simulation of the event, spanning the interval of 0400 UT on 8 March to 0800 UT on 9 March, shows that the arrival of the first CIR changes the configuration of the magnetotail, and that after a strong substorm at ~1230 UT on 8 March, the tail evolves into a churning state in which the magnetic topology and flow structure of the magnetotail are never steady. In addition, we find that increases in ring current energy density show a nearly one‐to‐one correspondence to periods of VxBz > 0 (southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)). More importantly, we find that the ring current energy density in the MHD simulation shows a nearly linear response to increases in solar wind dynamic pressure, but only for the northward IMF intervals during the initial phase of the event, from 0400 UT to 1800 UT on 8 March.
Generation of temperature anisotropy for alpha particle velocity distributions in solar wind at 0.3 AU: Vlasov simulations and Helios observations
Authors: Perrone D. , Bourouaine S. , Valentini F. , Marsch E. , Veltri P.
Published: April 2014

Solar wind “in situ” measurements from the Helios spacecraft in regions of the Heliosphere close to the Sun (∼0.3 AU), at which typical values of the proton plasma beta are observed to be lower than unity, show that the alpha particle distribution functions depart from the equilibrium Maxwellian configuration, displaying significant elongations in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. In the present work, we made use of multi‐ion hybrid Vlasov‐Maxwell simulations to provide theoretical support and interpretation to the empirical evidences above. Our numerical results show that, at variance with the case of βp≃1 discussed in Perrone et al. (2011), for βp=0.1 the turbulent cascade in the direction parallel to the ambient magnetic field is not efficient in transferring energy toward scales shorter than the proton inertial length. Moreover, our numerical analysis provides new insights for the theoretical interpretation of the empirical evidences obtained from the Helios spacecraft, concerning the generation of temperature anisotropy in the particle velocity distributions.