bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exclusivity
Authors: Head Dominic
Published: September 2022

How does contemporary nature prose dismantle the perception of an ethnically exclusive club? This chapter illustrates how writers of colour have accessed and revised literary traditions that historically have excluded them, and also, in the process, how they rework indigenous traditions that require us to question the construction of ‘the nonhuman environment’ in ways that both complement and challenge the ambivalent modes accounted for in the last chapter. In the texts considered here, the tensions and contradictions of hybrid cultural interactions also suggest connections, most especially in the ecological significance of mourning practices and responses to death. These practices can reveal how the dead reinvigorate the living, disavowing the impersonal aestheticization of death, forcing us to see the environment through the lens of human time and remembered injustice.
Constructing animal networks for parasite transmission inference
Authors: Mistrick Janine , Gilbertson Marie L.J. , White Lauren A. , Craft Meggan E.
Published: September 2022

For free-ranging wildlife, it is often more practical to quantify interactions between individuals rather than successful transmission events; however, defining and quantifying transmission-relevant interactions is non-trivial. Researchers have choices in the technology used to collect data on animal locations in space and time as well as the methods of analysis to define network edges from those data. These choices can significantly affect network structure and subsequent inferences drawn about transmission. The chapter explores empirical and theoretical examples of network data collection and analysis to highlight important considerations for transmission inference. Since parasite–host behavior feedbacks have been understudied in network analyses, we discuss how to incorporate these feedbacks into network applications using existing and novel approaches.
The genes of attraction: Mating behavior, immunogenetic variation, and parasite resistance
Authors: Winternitz Jamie C. , Abbate Jessica L.
Published: September 2022

Mate choice for indirect (genetic) benefits is puzzling because as sexual selection for “good genes” whittles away genetic variation in the population, the incentive to be choosy also disappears. One solution to this problem is that genetic variation could be maintained by natural selection imposed by continuously coevolving parasites. Indeed, immune genes are likely the best candidates for “good genes” models of mate choice as some of the most polymorphic regions in animal genomes are involved in immune defense against parasites and pathogens. This chapter reviews the theoretical prerequisites for immune genes to be involved in mate choice and discusses the mechanisms by which mate choice may act on immunogenetic variation. Through a systematic literature search it then identifies and summarizes examples of sexual selection acting on immune genes from across both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Finally, this chapter identifies some of the important contextual factors that can complicate their discovery and lays out the challenges to testing the generality of this phenomenon.
The behavior of infected hosts: Behavioral tolerance, behavioral resilience, and their implications for behavioral competence
Authors: Stephenson Jessica F. , Adelman James S.
Published: September 2022

An infected host’s behavior should critically impact its own fitness and that of its parasites. However, the ubiquitous variation in behavior within and among individuals and the difficulty of linking behavioral observations directly to fitness make studying this phenomenon challenging. This chapter discusses how behavioral observations before, during, and after infection can yield valuable insights. In doing so, it considers the variation in, quantification of, and relationships among “behavioral tolerance,” a host’s ability to maintain fitness-enhancing behavior during infection; “behavioral resilience,” a host’s ability to regain pre-infection expression of fitness-enhancing behavior; and “behavioral competence,” the behavioral component of the probability that a host contributes to ongoing transmission. Analyzing these relationships is critical to revealing how behavior-parasite feedbacks drive disease spread and host–parasite coevolution.
Rehabilitating Conventionalism
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2022

This chapter distinguishes the kind of social rule that concerns us from two other types of social regularity, namely the strategic equilibria described by Lewis and the phenomenon of joint agency or joint commitment discussed by Gilbert and Bratman. Different games of tennis are played independently of each other and different Italian families are separately raised but all this happens in a similar fashion and largely in accordance with certain rules. What is the value of doing these things in the same way and why should anyone take the rules of tennis or those of Italian family life seriously? This chapter sketches my answer—Modest Conventionalism—according to which being bound by conventional rules can be good for its own sake. Good practices are rich, stable, and socially useful, and this usually requires the practice to be widely diffused in social space and time. The chapter also raises some worries about alternative explanations of the value and authority of social practices. Attempts to treat social practices like neighbourliness simply as devices of social coordination or as methods of providing public goods misrepresent both the content and the structure of the norms of the practice. The chapter concludes by reviewing the different ways in which interests, both individual and collective, may ground the authority of the rules of a social practice and how such variations affect the normative structure of the practice.
Convention in Action
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2022

This chapter asks first what a convention is and what it means for a convention to be recognized in a given society; second, how people might be motivated to act by their recognition of the prevailing conventions; and, third, how such recognition is transmitted between contemporaries and across the generations. As to the first, I distinguish a broader class of social rules whose authority is practice dependent from a subclass which I call conventions whose is authority is based on our deontic interests and ask what is involved in the recognition of such a convention. As to the second, reflection on habitual agency indicates how we should revise our model of intentional agency to accommodate the motivational psychology behind conventional behaviour, thus rejecting rationalism about obligation and answering the logical question raised in Chapter 2. As to the third, we consider the phenomenon of imitation, distinguishing it from other forms of social learning and showing how imitation can transmit habits of conformity from one person to the next. Finally, we formulate and respond to Mill’s attack on the ‘despotism of custom’ arguing that personal autonomy, as Mill himself understands it, actually presupposes a great deal of conformism and imitation.
Private Property
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2022

A regime of private property gives particular individuals exclusive control over the things around them. This chapter argues that people need that sort of control over their own bodies because they identify with their bodies, because they regard them as theirs. Such identification extends to the things around us. In coming to think of external things as ours, we acquire the need for exclusive control over them also. According to the Control Interest Hypothesis, what we need here is physical control, and the function of a property right is to confer such control on us. According to the Authority Interest Hypothesis, the function of a property right is instead to give us normative control over things, i.e. over the rights of use and exclusion that involve them. The latter hypothesis explains why we remain interested in ownership even where it gives us no physical control over the thing owned. The chapter concludes by considering the role played by collective interests in shaping a system of private property rights, and argues that the rules of private property are best understood as hybrid conventions.
The Politics of Succession
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders
Published: September 2022

The problem of succession is perennial. There is in practice no optimal solution to the problem of who will succeed the ruler, at least not when power is vested in one person. The absence of a successor causes uncertainty and plotting; the existence of one creates another centre of power. Both situations are dangerous for the ruler and for the elites. This chapter shows how primogeniture is a reasonable compromise that in ‘normal’ circumstances allows for an orderly transfer of power while minimizing threats to the incumbent ruler, and it describes the corollaries of this for political stability and state-formation. To do this, state-of-the-art theory on authoritarian regimes is used but the authors also contextualize their arguments by relating them to the workings of the medieval monarchies analysed in the empirical chapters. The purpose is to develop the theoretical idea at the core of the book: the dilemma of succession.
Solving Inequalities via Policy Learning and Transfer
Authors: Cairney Paul , Keating Michael , Kippin Sean , Denny Emily St.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the role of policy learning and transfer in multi-level policymaking systems. Multi-level dynamics offer new ways for learning and transfer to happen, as state and sub-state governments experiment with policy or take lessons from governments addressing inequalities in new ways. Yet no single government has full understanding of or control over this process. In that context, we compare two stories of policy learning and transfer. An agency-focused story highlights policy actors and their requirements, identifying key steps to policy analysis and design. A context-focused story highlights the limits to their powers and produces a series of cautionary tales to guide analysis. We use this study of policymaking context to inform agency-centred accounts, identifying three questions to guide analysis and research: what is the evidence for an exporting government’s success; what story do exporting and importing governments tell of their approach, and; how comparable are their policymaking systems?
The Nature of Slavery
Authors: Johnston Katherine
Published: September 2022

In response to abolitionist efforts to end the transatlantic slave trade in the late eighteenth century, plantation owners in the Caribbean, Britain, and the American South insisted that only Africans and their descendants could labor in warm climates. Black bodies, they argued, were especially suited for cultivating crops in the heat, while white bodies were incapable of such work. By examining personal correspondence regarding bodily health and the environment in the context of plantation labor in the Anglo-Atlantic world, this book argues that defenders of slavery made these claims about people’s ability to labor despite their experiences, not because of them. At the same time, the book shows how planters’ claims contributed to historical myths about the transition to enslaved labor on seventeenth-century plantations. Finally, this book argues that the language about climate contributed to the construction of race in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Atlantic world. By linking climate, race, and the ability to labor, planters categorically separated Black and white bodies from one another. Their arguments permeated a public imagination and, through the language of climate and bodily difference, became accepted as natural. Following a story from the Caribbean to the colony of Georgia through debates over the abolition of the slave trade and, finally, to the antebellum South, this book demonstrates the pervasiveness of a groundless theory about climate, labor, and bodily difference that ultimately contributed to notions of race.
Research and Revival
Authors: Erickson Christina L.
Published: September 2022

Since the 1970s there has been a simultaneous growth of religious revivalist notions of spanking and of spanking research. Anchored by the work of Murray Straus and James Dobson, two influential men with very different perspectives, the chapter explores the efforts, evidence, and effectiveness involved in spreading their messages. Research conclusions on spanking impacts that have been repeated over decades are shared and include such findings as increases in intimate partner violence, drug use, struggles with mental health, and behavior problems. Meaningful differences in parenting demonstrated through longitudinal research on words and tone of language is shown to be a powerful shaper in family dynamics and childhood behavior.
School Paddling
Authors: Erickson Christina L.
Published: September 2022

The history of school corporal punishment is illuminated, identifying the prerogative of schoolteachers and principals to discipline children as they wish. Mixing real-life stories of debates on school paddling, task force efforts, and school p2addling incidents, the school paddling controversy is brought to life. The chapter traces the years individual states banned corporal punishment of children in public schools. The legal case upholding school corporal punishment, Ingraham v. Wright, is reviewed along with modern-day stories of paddling young people in schools. Impacts on teachers and efforts to end paddling in schools over the years are reviewed. The legal language for the 19 states that allow paddling is included in Appendix B.
Modern Family
Authors: Erickson Christina L.
Published: September 2022

Raising a child is infinitely complicated and is made more so by the rate of change in the world around us. What do modern families need from their relationships? How parents and children bond and regulate their emotions is described. The importance of touch and the meaning of touch as a form of communication are explored. The chapter reviews current understanding of how early-life experiences affect the trajectory of our lives, including brain development and understanding of ourselves. Finally, the chapter looks more deeply at what modern parents need, not just children, and concludes that parents are still developing and that spanking is not good for them either.
The General Theory of Skeptical Trust
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: September 2022

For many decades the conventional view has overwhelmingly celebrated the positive consequences of trust. To consider these issues, Section I of this chapter discusses debates in the contemporary literature about the causes of trust, summarizing the extensive body of empirical research published by social scientists in diverse disciplines. Section II describes the core thesis developed in this book, which builds upon the performance arguments in the literature and develops the core typology of trustworthy relationships. Section III theorizes that individual cognitive skills and knowledge, as well as the broader information environment found in open societies, help to strengthen accurate evaluations of trustworthiness. This argument challenges the prevalent normative assumptions about the value of trust prevalent in the modern literature and reframes the interpretation of the empirical evidence. The chapter lays the foundations for the next chapter outlining the study’s research design, sources of empirical data, and how judgments of trustworthiness are operationalized and tested against performance indicators.
Criminal Jurisdiction
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: September 2022

No issue proved a greater sticking point in negotiations over wartime basing in Latin America than the matter of criminal jurisdiction over US military personnel stationed in the region. US military leaders insisted that jurisdiction over their troops overseas was necessary to ensure discipline and order within the armed forces, but many in Latin America regarded the right to enforce national law within national borders as a defining feature of sovereignty. After World War II, Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) dictating the terms of governance over criminal actions by US troops would become a standard feature of US basing overseas. But during World War II, no such template yet existed. Instead, as with so many features of governance at World War II bases in Latin America, arrangements for policing US personnel were forged on the ground.
Afterlife
Authors: Kalman Laura
Published: September 2022

Chapter 7 investigates the court fight’s afterlife. It lays the blame for the way the fight is remembered at the feet of journalists Joseph Alsop and Joseph Catledge. Their 1938 book, The 168 Days, was a remarkable piece of reporting about the court fight that made Roosevelt the whipping boy whose “hubris” led him to the conviction that “the people” fully supported him. Alsop and Catledge created the narrative of the misbegotten court fight on which subsequent generations rely. This chapter argues that FDR won the battle, though he lost the war, and that the court bill represented a reasonable remedy for 1937. Too often FDR’s court bill is conflated with all proposals for enlargement debated in 1937 to create the sense that any attempt to “pack” the court is forever more destined for the dumpster. The chapter explores the consequences of the president’s successes and failures for the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and for the way that court packing is remembered. It also addresses the resurgence of interest in court packing as a contemporary remedy.
Introduction
Authors: Blum Deborah , Smart Ashley , Zeller Tom
Published: September 2022

The profession of science journalism is thriving. Public health crises like the Covid-19 pandemic and environmental threats such as global climate change have reminded everyone—from editors to audiences—that informed and insightful reporting on these issues is vital to journalistic understanding of the world. And the internet age has delivered a blossoming of outlets devoted to the coverage of science—places where young writers can break into the business, learn the craft, and build a portfolio. This guide to science journalism has tapped some of the world’s best science journalists to provide tips on how to avoid mistakes, find experts, and otherwise navigate this variegated world, including practical chapters on the craft of science storytelling, the business of science book writing, the challenges of international science reporting, and the virtues of science journalism across borders.
How Science Works
Authors: Akpan Nsikan
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, New York Public Radio health and science editor Nsikan Akpan discusses what every journalist needs to know about science and the people who practice it. Akpan offers a primer on how to read a science paper; explains why not all scientific papers are trustworthy; espouses the benefits of journal clubs as a way to steep oneself in the science fundamentals; explains why it’s important to understand not only what scientists do but also why they do it; and advises journalists to seek interviews with principal investigators and with junior scientists. This chapter will help readers come to understand science not merely as a method but as a mentality.
Working With Statistics
Authors: Koerth Maggie
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Maggie Koerth, a senior science writer at FiveThirtyEight, offers detailed, practical, and user-friendly advice for journalists seeking to decipher the often-complex challenges of statistics in research. One of the most important things you can do any time you are presented with statistics, she writes, is to ask where they came from. How were these data collected? How do the people who collected the data define important terms (especially ones you think you know the definition of instinctively)? Has the way the data were selected changed over time? She also provides a guide to critical terms and ideas in statistics, from p values to risk and probability. The most important thing to know, she adds, is that numbers can—and should—be questioned. That’s the big rule. Everything else is just helping narrow down what questions to ask—and asking them.
Film and Video Storytelling
Authors: Cheney Ian
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, filmmaker and science journalist Ian Cheney examines the strengths and weaknesses of film as a journalistic device. Film, Cheney argues, is best suited as a medium for conveying stories and inviting further thought, rather than for transmitting encyclopedic amounts of information. On technical topics, it’s an opportunity to turn scientists and other researchers into primary characters and to allow their humanity to shine through in favor of getting bogged down in attempting to regurgitate every detail of their research. Cheney also argues that scientists are good models and encourages visual storytellers working in this medium to be as original and innovative as the best scientists are when designing a new research study: by building on what came before and looking for opportunities to break new ground.
Magazine Writing
Authors: Williams Paige
Published: September 2022

Paige Williams, an award-winning staff writer for the New Yorker, provides expert guidance for crafting a stellar magazine story in this smart and lively chapter. As she notes, magazines offer certain freedoms that other journalistic forms do not, namely, the space and time to go deep or develop characters. These freedoms mean nothing unless journalists learn how to control them. Know the purpose. Is the purpose to serve the public, entertain, neither, or both? The best teachers are practice and study: Read obsessively in a range of genres, study voice and how to build a story, structure, and the poetry of language. But remember that reporting is everything: make the calls, get on the ground, vet the studies, and find the documents. It helps to have a clear goal, which doesn’t mean having an agenda; it means the writer decides the point of the story. Writing nice sentences is never enough. Strong reporting plus lovely writing—that’s a superpower, she says.
Science Policy
Authors: Vergano Dan
Published: September 2022

Dan Vergano, a Washington, D.C.–based science writer for BuzzFeed and a long-time science policy expert, explores the ways that science journalists can learn to intelligently navigate the world of government science policy. He writes that the Covid-19 pandemic and the threat of climate change underline the need to investigate policy decisions about science. Stories need relevance, insight, and originality to have any impact. The key to a revelatory story is to follow the science behind policies to show where things went wrong. While the justifications for decisions are endless, their scientific underpinnings often aren’t—satellites orbit, toxins sicken, and projectiles penetrate—and there are credible experts in these disciplines. Talk to them about a new policy promising utopia the way you would check out a new paper in Nature concluding a fossil belonged to a fire-breathing dinosaur. In other words, be as skeptical of science policies as you would policies in any other field.
Marketing Your Stories
Authors: Penchoff Jason
Published: September 2022

Today, producing great journalism is only half the battle. Journalists also need to know how to market stories. In this chapter, Jason Penchoff, senior director of marketing and communications at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and former vice president of member marketing at Medscape, offers tips and guidance on how to market science journalism, emphasizing the need to understand the audience, experiment with content types, build a personal own brand, and use channels and tools to expand audience reach. He argues that making sure key audiences engage with reporting—and at the right time—is becoming an important part of the science beat and charts the many ways to identify and engage users in an increasingly competitive environment.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the development of different marketing mix concepts and how they have never aligned appropriately with nonprofit arts organizations. The chapter starts with a discussion of the nonprofit arts, how they came into existence as we know them today, and how the challenges of our market economy affect them. The discussion then focuses on marketing concepts as they have developed from the industrial revolution to the present day and considers why certain adjustments became the various components of McCarthy’s marketing mix. The chapter then moves toward an understanding of why the traditional and commercially minded marketing mix which is the core of business marketing practices, in no way aligns with the work of the nonprofit arts.
Contrasting Frameworks
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the frameworks and conceptions of promotion and education. It reviews the history of promotion and key ideas from McCarthy through contemporary promotion. It also defines the perspective of education used in the engagement edge. It clarifies theories of constructivism and learner-centered teaching, two approaches to education. The chapter lays important groundwork which attempts to ensure that the author’s use of the words and the reader’s interpretation are congruent, so that the reader can follow the path into the two chapters that follow. In each section of the chapter, the concepts are related back to the work of nonprofit arts organizations.
Contrasting Frameworks
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

The chapter describes McCarthy’s framework around product and several scholars’ work on theories related to experience. It follows how McCarthy described product and looks at how the notion of products and services works within the marketing mix. It describes different considerations about product, including product levels, product types, product attributes, product quality, and product features. It then reviews Dewey’s definition of art and considers various ramifications for a shift to experience. Finally, the chapter compares, contrasts, and synthesizes Dewey’s definition of experience, and Pine and Gilmore’s descriptions of the experience economy. Throughout the chapter, the concepts are related back to the work of nonprofit arts organizations.
Experience and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents how the notion of experience is most appropriately suited to the arts. It describes the social nature of art, and the way socialization through the arts is a distinct attribute not found in most for-profit products and services. It explores both Dewey’s work as well as Pine and Gilmore’s notion of The Experience Economy and combines Pine and Gilmore’s distinct arguments to further differentiate nonprofit arts from other products and services. These differences are found in aesthetic issues, audience interaction, and experience required. The chapter also includes the case of Sally Taylor’s Consenses, an arts project that centered on an exploration of perception, culminating in audience experience.
Why Pop Culture News Matters
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter defines the landscape of today’s politically engaged pop culture journalism and situates it in a context that accounts for its recent flourishing in the digital news ecosystem as well as its relationship to the long-term historical trends of identity-based polarization and the hybridization of the political and cultural spheres. Through its exploration of both past and present, it argues that pop culture discourse in the news plays an important role in communicating political viewpoints to the public and therefore must be taken more seriously in journalism and media studies. The chapter also introduces the key tensions surrounding entertainment journalism’s engagement with hot-button political debates, including the potential for the accessible lens of pop culture and celebrity to create new points of entry into public issue discourse as well as the dynamics of hyper-commercialism and hyper-partisanship that have made lifestyle and opinion news formats into frequent targets of critique.
Hot Takes and Clickbait
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an in-depth look at the economics of entertainment journalism and how coverage of political controversy in pop culture aligns with the broader profit-making strategies of digital media companies and demands for online clicks and social media shares. Through interviews, the chapter explores how journalists at the nexus of pop culture and politics adopt strategies to negotiate the pressures of “clickbait” commercialism—such as pegging long-developing works of social and political criticism to the biggest blockbuster entertainment events of the day—as well as how they address critiques about its quality and sincerity and accusations of cynical pandering to polarized audiences. The discussion interrogates the seeming contradiction of the news industry’s embrace of pop culture controversy to serve bottom-line needs and its simultaneous devaluing of professional roles and expertise in entertainment journalism which threatens to hold the field back from fulfilling its important public mission.
A Valuable Paradox
Authors: Errington Joseph
Published: September 2022

A key element of the “success story” of Indonesia’s development is its language, which has no native speakers. The author introduces Indonesian instead as part of a valuable paradox rooted in its historical and ideological connections with Malay, one of hundreds of Indonesia’s native, ethnic languages. The spread of knowledge of Indonesian is shown to have been enabled also by the development of urban centers as “blind spots” for a state project of linguistic modernization. This chapter situates Indonesian in two of these towns, Kupang and Pontianak, as a language spoken by college students, showing how it figures in their biographies, educations, and aspirations, notwithstanding differences in ethnic background and native language. A contrastive approach is outlined to ways they speak which brackets broad assumptions about linguistic and national “nativeness” that lack fit with the “Indonesian case.” This provides an an alternative approach to uses and values of the language of this plural, postcolonial nation.
The Irrelevance of Deontological Distinctions and “Moral Inertia”?
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines whether case-based reasoning can be used to undermine “common-sense deontological” moral principles embodying such distinctions as harming versus not aiding, harming as a mere means versus as a side effect, and redirecting threats (as in the Trolley Problem) versus starting new ones. It does this by considering Derek Parfit’s discussion in his On What Matters, volume 3, of the irrelevance of deontological principles prompted by his concern that morality will not be consistent with practical reason if it involves these principles. The chapter considers how Parfit thinks one’s practical reason should reconcile three issues: concerns about self-sacrifice, pursuing the greater good, and abiding by morality. It compares his views on these issues with those of the author. It then critically examines his use of case-based reasoning to try to undermine deontological principles and distinctions as well as the idea of “moral inertia”.
The Use and Abuse of the Trolley Problem: Self-Driving Cars, Medical Treatments, and the Distribution of Harm
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a brief overview of what are standard trolley problem cases. Next, it points out that many cases that are presented as trolley problem cases in the artificial intelligence ethics literature in fact raise moral issues distinctive from the issues raised by the standard trolley problem cases. This chapter then critically examines some discussions that seek to apply the Trolley Problem to choices involved in self-driving cars, the use of e-cigarettes, and mammography. The final section considers conceptual and moral issues involved in the production and use of self-driving cars, such as the role and responsibility of those who program such cars, the liability of pedestrians and drivers to be harmed by such cars, and whether voluntary passengers of self-driving cars are even more liable to be harmed than pedestrians.
Thought Experiments
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the use of hypothetical cases (here also described as thought experiments) in the philosophy of art and ethics. The first section of this chapter considers Arthur Danto’s use of a particular thought experiment to support his theory of art and Richard Wollheim’s discussion of it. The second section considers a relevantly similar thought experiment about conceptual issues in ethics. The next section explores how practitioners of moral theory employ thought experiments to determine whether a given act is permissible and whether thought experiments could similarly be used to determine the merits of artworks. In conclusion, this chapter considers Danto’s discussion of the ethics of assassination and torture and how his discussion compares with Wollheim’s views about art.
An Unlucky Ship
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

The story of the U.S. Brig Somers is told, starting with the career of the impulsive officer for whom the brig was named, Richard Somers. Somers’ death in a daring, perhaps foolish mission, and the naval code that honored daring, deadly deeds as well as dueling, set the stage for a ship that will bear a proud but unlucky name. The character and nature of the brig Somers—its size, layout, and how life and service were on board of it, are explained. The chapter then introduces the man who will be Somers’ first captain, Alexander Slidell Mackenzie. His humble origins, his pride and marriage into the naval aristocracy, and a belief system and personality that will clash with Philip Spencer’s, as well as an acute sensitivity to slight and insult, are introduced, as are the circumstances that placed him in command of a ship designed not for war but to train young men in how to become officers and gentlemen as well as well-behaved sailors. A key aspect is in how Mackenzie values the power of words, and how this will ultimately provide his undoing. The stage for the clash between Mackenzie and Spencer is set, and factors inherent in Somers’ design and the makeup of its officers and crew that will help curse the maiden voyage and the ship are revealed.
A Fatal Cruise
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

Somers’ initial, “shakedown” cruise exposed weaknesses in the ship and its crew, but these were overlooked by the navy. After it, Captain Mackenzie dismissed many of his young crew of trainees and brought on board new recruits. He assembled an officer corps drawn from family and friends, except for Philip Spencer, who was sent to join Somers despite the protests of Mackenzie and his officers. Spencer never fit in. The voyage that followed, from New York to Africa, was a difficult one, with Spencer disobeying orders, sharing tobacco and alcohol with the crew, and likely engaging in sexual activities with some, and mocking the captain’s authority. Harsh discipline, with excessive floggings for disobedience, sloppiness, and masturbation, both demonstrated the captain’s inability to be a leader, and the lack of experience and competence of his officers. The petty officers, especially Boatswain’s Mate Samuel Cromwell, were thrust into more responsibility and lacked respect for their officers. In this mix, Spencer began to “plot” or more likely fabricate an imaginary “game” in which he would seize Somers and with a handpicked group of followers, become a pirate. Mackenzie, learning of the “plot,” had Spencer arrested and chained on the deck of the small Somers.
In Defense of Public Debt
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

Public debts have exploded to levels unprecedented in recent history as governments responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. These rising levels of debt prompted apocalyptic warnings about the dangers of heavy debts—about the drag they will place on economic growth and the burden they impose on future generations. This book adds the other side of the equation: drawing on history, the authors provide a defense of public debt. Their account shows that the ability of governments to borrow has played a critical role in meeting emergencies, from wars and pandemics to economic and financial crises, as well as in funding essential public goods and services such as transportation, education, and healthcare. In these ways, the capacity to issue debt has been integral to state building. Transactions in public debt securities have also contributed to developing private financial markets and, through this channel, to economic growth. None of this is to deny that debt problems, debt crises, and debt defaults occur. But these dramatic events, which attract much attention, are not the entire story. In Defense of Public Debt redresses the balance. The book develops its arguments historically, recounting two millennia of public debt experience. It deploys a comprehensive database to identify the factors behind rising public debts and the circumstances under which high debts are successfully reduced. Finally, it brings the story up to date, describing the role of public debt in managing, from 2020 onward, the COVID-19 pandemic and suggesting a way forward once governments, now more heavily indebted than before, finally emerge from the crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

This book provides an account of the history of public debt stretching from the Greek and Roman Empires up through the COVID-19 crisis. It shows how public debt, like any potent instrument, can cause lasting damage if misused. But borrowing by the sovereign or state can also have positive repercussions. In a variety of historical settings, public debt issuance has contributed to financial, commercial, and economic development. It has allowed states to meet emergencies, ranging from wars and natural disasters to recessions, financial crises, and pandemics. The history recounted here also shows how states have managed the resulting debt burden, at times successfully, at others not.
States and the Limits of Borrowing
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes how sovereign debt became a well-defined asset class. The story starts with the rise of durable nation-states in Europe, sealed by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Political centralization and stability facilitated more efficient forms of taxation and, as a corollary, more extensive public borrowing. Commerce expanded with elimination of internal tariffs and mercantilist restrictions, further boosting receipts. Financial markets developed, undergirded by negotiable public debt securities eligible as collateral, creating a positive feedback between public finance and economic growth. The process was cemented by institutional reforms that gave creditors political leverage. Royal debt, which depended on the personal credit of the sovereign, was transformed into national debt, while the power to levy and collect taxes was vested in representative assemblies. By the end of the eighteenth century, European states had accumulated debts as large, relative to national income, as many twenty-first-century economies.
The Migration-Development Regime
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

How can we explain global migration from the perspective of sending states and migrants? The Migration-Development Regime introduces a novel analytical framework to answer this question in India, the world’s largest emigrant exporter and largest remittance-receiving country. Drawing on archives, a new database of transnational migrant organizations, and unique interviews with poor and elite emigrants, recruiters, and government officials, this book exposes how the Indian state, as well as poor and elite emigrants, have long forged and legitimized class inequalities within India through their management of international emigration. Since the 1800s, the Indian state has sometimes forbidden and sometimes promoted emigration. And Indian emigrants have sometimes brought material and sometimes ideological inflows to India. But throughout, the Indian state has differentially used poor and elite emigrants to accelerate domestic economic growth and retain political legitimacy by imposing different regulations, acquiring different benefits, and making different pacts with different classes of emigrants. At the same time, poor and elite emigrants since the 1900s have differentially resisted and reshaped Indian emigration practices and development agendas. By taking this long and class-based view, this book recasts contemporary migration not simply as a problematic function of “neoliberalism” or as a development panacea for sending countries, but as a dynamic historical process that sending states and migrants have long tried to manage. In doing so, it redefines the primary problems of migration, exposes the material and ideological impact that migration has on sending-state development, and isolates what is truly novel about contemporary migration.
Poor Emigrant Organizations and Migrant Recruiters
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 7 analyzes the strategies and demands of poor emigrants’ organizations and migrant recruiters. Poor Indian emigrants have drawn on their structural power as voters and “protectors of the nation’s foreign exchange” to demand from the government the liberalization of emigration, “rights-based” (as opposed to “paternalist”) welfare, increased data, and recognition. But the partisan and cross-class nature of their organizations have deradicalized them, especially compared to domestic labor organizations. This chapter examines how the CEO MDR has ironically undermined private recruiters, a class actor that the CEO MDR legitimized and legalized in the first place. Under the CEO MDR, small and medium-size private recruiters have become bankrupt, shut down, or returned to extralegal business operations, while large private recruitment businesses have prospered.
Elite Emigrant Organizations
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 8 analyzes the strategies and demands of elite emigrants’ transnational organizations with a focus on the United States. Indian American transnational organizations overwhelmingly embrace, rather than critique, the CEO MDR’s development ideals of privatization, voluntarism, and self-sufficiency. In fact, they helped create the MDR by enthusiastically participating in the national government’s call for their social remittances. To channel these social remittances, Indian Americans have built hundreds of transnational diaspora organizations throughout the United States that promote private education, private philanthropy for poverty alleviation, and private business development. Almost none address social inequities based on class, caste, or gender. Although diverse, these organizations reflect exactly the portrait of the elite global Indian that the CEO MDR celebrates in India (a portrait that, in fact, masks the community’s more layered heterogeneity). Doing so valorizes and uplifts Indian Americans’ own experiences and skills, thereby increasing their status within the United States and India. As well, Indian Americans’ group efforts have empowered them to help shape India’s development and build domestic consent for these ideals within India.
Reformation
Authors: Witte John
Published: September 2022

The sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation brought far-reaching changes to Western constitutionalism. The Lutheran reformers vested each territorial state with much of the jurisdiction held by the medieval church, arguing that the magistrate was the custodian of both the religious and civil duties set out in the Ten Commandments. They also merged church courts and state courts, placing both legal and equitable power in the hands of conscientious Christian judges. The Anabaptists ascetically withdrew from civil and political life into small, self-sufficient, and often intensely democratic communities governed by simple biblical principles and dialogical forms of internal governance. Despite ample persecution, Anabaptists were fervent champions of religious liberty and separation of church and state. The Calvinist reformers separated the offices of church and state but called both authorities to help create an overtly Christian local polity governed by written constitutions based on the Bible and natural law but with detailed positive laws tailored to local needs. Calvinists also developed robust Bible-based theories of natural and positive rights, whose persistent and pervasive breach by a tyrant triggered the rights of resistance and revolution.
Sovereignty
Authors: Harrison Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter develops the Christian tradition’s challenge to the modern concept of sovereignty. Historically, sovereignty is linked with subjugating alternative authorities, like the Church, other nations, or Indigenous peoples. In contemporary legal discourse, it often remains seen as an unlimited power necessarily prior to and grounding all law, even when rights limitations are put forward as a constraint. In this way, sovereign authority continues to be invoked as an act of will uncoupled from morality or the natural law. However, Christian thought and practice traditionally encouraged a more complex layering of authority and an emphasis not on the will but on the good. The parallel authority of priest and king (or Church and civil authority) cultivated multiple sites of law and custom while there remained always a coordinating, encouraging, or stewarding role for “monarchical” rule. The chapter argues that this relationship between the dual, the plural, and the one invokes a different, Christian understanding of the ends of constitutionalism. On this account, what is “sovereign” is the good itself—a shared end pursued by these overlapping authorities and groups.
Natural Law
Authors: Milbank John
Published: September 2022

Accurate genealogies of natural law and natural right reveal our current discourses concerning them to be in a state of confusion. Natural law originally meant an assumed governance of all reality by justice and our participation in that governance. It was not separate from religious revelation, nor from contingent cultural considerations. Loss of this outlook by poor theology eventually ushered in a secular perspective that abandons the reality and imperative of justice for an impossible foundationalism of privately owned rights. This generates unmediable argument and conflict.
Recognizing Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Kurin Richard
Published: September 2022

The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage is an international treaty that has reached almost universal acceptance and has encouraged the development of global, regional, and national programs recognizing the importance of traditional music, artistry, and knowledge. The history of the Convention’s formulation implicates shifts in terminology, changes in disciplinary foci, debates about how best to ensure the vitality of grassroots traditions, and assessments of the relationships between cultural communities, scholars, and the state. This account of the Convention’s development comes from an anthropologist and cultural heritage practitioner who served as a Smithsonian Institution official, advisor to the US government, and participant in bringing the treaty to fruition.