bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Mo-Ti3SiC2 Layered Material by Spark Plasma Sintering and its Interface Stability at 800°C
Authors: Ngai Tungwai Leo , Luo Hui Guo , Zheng Jun Jun , Hu Chang Xu , Li Yuan Yuan
Published: January 2010

Mo-Ti3SiC2 layered material was prepared by spark plasma sintering. Mixed Ti, Si, graphite and Al powder with molar ratio of 3Ti:1Si:2C:0.2Al was put into a graphite mould and pressed with a pressure of about 0.5 MPa, then, Mo powder was put on top of the mixed powder. Experimental results showed that Mo-Ti3SiC2 layered material could be fabricated successfully by sintering the above powder mixture at 1300°C for 20 minutes under a pressure of 50 MPa in vacuum. The surface and interfaces of the layered composite were tight and clear without any observable crack. In order to study the thermal stability at elevated temperature, the fabricated Mo-Ti3SiC2 layered composite was heat treated at 800°C for 5, 10, 20 and 40 hours. After 40 hours of annealing, the intermediate layers formed between the Mo and Ti3SiC2 matrix grew thicker. The interfaces are clean and tight with no obvious formation of voids and new phases. The initial 10 hours of annealing is the fast growing period, after that, the growth rate slowed down significantly.
Microstructure and Sintering Behavior of Mullite-Zirconia Composites
Authors: Sahnoune F. , Saheb N. , Chegaar M. , Goeuriot P.
Published: January 2010

In the present work, the structure and sintering behaviour of mullite-zirconia composites were investigated. The composites were prepared by reaction sintering of Algerian kaolin, α-Al2O3, and stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP). The raw materials were wet ball milled in a planetary ball mill followed by attrition. The green samples shaped using a uniaxial press were sintered between 1100°C and 1600°C for 2 hours. The density was measured by the water immersion method. Phases present and change of the average crystallite size of the mullite phase as a function of sintering temperature and ZrO2 content were characterized through X-ray diffraction. Mulite grains had whiskers' shape; however, the increase of ZrO2 content changed the morphology of grains to near spherical shape. The microstructure of the samples revealed uniform distribution of ZrO2 particles; also, aluminium was uniformly distributed on all grains exception on zirconia grains. At least a relative density of 95 % was achieved for all samples at a relatively lower sintering temperature of 1500°C. In composites containing up to 16 wt. % ZrO2, the zirconia phase retained its tetragonal structure and the transformed part did not exceed 3 %. However, with the addition of 32 wt. % ZrO2 around 66 % of the tetragonal structure changed to monoclinic structure.
Mechanisms of Ultrafine Grain Formation in Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Sakai Taku , Miura Hiromi
Published: January 2010

The evolution mechanisms of ultrafine grains processed by severe plastic deformation are studied in ferritic steel, copper and aluminum alloys. The structural changes are characterized by the evolution of deformation bands such as microshear bands (MSBs) at moderate strains. The process of strain-induced grain formation can be subdivided in the following three stages irrespective of deformation temperature: i.e. an incubation period for new grain evolution in low strain; grain fragmentation by frequent development of MSBs in medium strain, and a full development of new grains in large strain. A mechanism of new grain formation during SPD, i.e. the MSB-based model, is proposed and discussed comparing with the subgrain-based model.
Dynamic Equilibrium of B7-1 Dimers and Monomers Differentially Affects Immunological Synapse Formation and T Cell Activation in Response to TCR/CD28 Stimulation
Authors: Bhatia Sumeena , Sun Kristine , Almo Steven C. , Nathenson Stanley G. , Hodes Richard J.
Published: January 2010

Under steady-state conditions, B7-1 is present as a mixed population of noncovalent dimers and monomers on the cell surface. In this study, we examined the physiological significance of this unique dimer–monomer equilibrium state of B7-1. We demonstrate that altering B7-1 to create a uniformly covalent dimeric state results in enhanced CD28-mediated formation of T cell–APC conjugates. The enhanced T cell–APC conjugate formation correlates with persistent concentration of signaling molecules PKC-θ and lck at the immunological synapse. In contrast, T cell acquisition of B7-1 from APCs, an event that occurs as a consequence of CD28 engagement with B7-1/B7-2 and is thought to play a role in the dissociation of T cell–APC conjugates, is highly reduced when B7-1 is present in the covalently dimeric state. The ability of covalently dimeric and wild type B7-1 to costimulate Ag-specific T cell proliferation was also assessed. In contrast to the enhanced ability of dimeric B7-1 to support conjugate formation and early parameters of T cell signaling, sensitivity to competitive inhibition by soluble CTLA-4–Ig indicated that the covalent dimeric form of B7-1 is less efficient in costimulating T cell proliferation. These findings suggest a novel model in which optimal T cell costimulatory function of B7-1 requires high-avidity CD28 engagement by dimeric B7-1, followed by dissociation of these noncovalent B7-1 dimers, facilitating downregulation of CD28 and internalization of B7-1. These events regulate signaling through TCR/CD28 to maximize T cell activation to proliferation.
A Flt3- and Ras-Dependent Pathway Primes B Cell Development by Inducing a State of IL-7 Responsiveness
Authors: Li Lin-Xi , Goetz Christine A. , Katerndahl Casey D. S. , Sakaguchi Nobuo , Farrar Michael A.
Published: January 2010

Ras plays an important role in B cell development. However, the stage at which Ras governs B cell development remains unclear. Moreover, the upstream receptors and downstream effectors of Ras that govern B cell differentiation remain undefined. Using mice that express a dominant-negative form of Ras, we demonstrate that Ras-mediated signaling plays a critical role in the development of common lymphoid progenitors. This developmental block parallels that found in flt3−/− mice, suggesting that Flt3 is an important upstream activator of Ras in early B cell progenitors. Ras inhibition impaired proliferation of common lymphoid progenitors and pre–pro-B cells but not pro-B cells. Rather, Ras promotes STAT5-dependent pro-B cell differentiation by enhancing IL-7Rα levels and suppressing socs2 and socs3 expression. Our results suggest a model in which Flt3/Ras-dependent signals play a critical role in B cell development by priming early B cell progenitors for subsequent STAT5-dependent B cell differentiation.
Dysregulated Macrophage-Inflammatory Protein-2 Expression Drives Illness in Bacterial Superinfection of Influenza
Authors: Zavitz Caleb C. J. , Bauer Carla M. T. , Gaschler Gordon J. , Fraser Katie M. , Strieter Robert M. , Hogaboam Cory M. , Stampfli Martin R.
Published: January 2010

Influenza virus infection is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. Influenza-infected hosts are vulnerable to secondary bacterial infection, however, and an ensuing bacterial pneumonia is actually the predominant cause of influenza-attributed deaths during pandemics. A number of mechanisms have been proposed by which influenza may predispose to superinfection with an unrelated or heterologous pathogen, but the subsequent interaction between the host, virus, and bacteria remains an understudied area. In this study, we develop and examine a novel model of heterologous pulmonary infection in which an otherwise subclinical Bordetella parapertussis infection synergizes with an influenza virus infection to yield a life-threatening secondary pneumonia. Despite a profound pulmonary inflammatory response and unaltered viral clearance, bacterial clearance was significantly impaired in heterologously infected mice. No deficits were observed in pulmonary or systemic adaptive immune responses or the viability or function of infiltrating inflammatory cells to explain this phenomenon, and we provide evidence that the onset of severe pulmonary inflammation actually precedes the increased bacterial burden, suggesting that exacerbated inflammation is independent of bacterial burden. To that end, neutralization of the ELR+ inflammatory chemokine MIP-2 (CXCL2/GRO-β) attenuated the inflammation, weight loss, and clinical presentation of heterologously infected mice without impacting bacterial burden. These data suggest that pulmonary inflammation, rather than pathogen burden, is the key threat during bacterial superinfection of influenza and that selective chemokine antagonists may be a novel therapeutic intervention in cases of bacterial superinfection of influenza.
On iterative learning control with high‐order internal models
Authors: Liu Chunping , Xu Jianxin , Wu Jun
Published: January 2010

In this work we focus on iterative learning control (ILC) for iteratively varying reference trajectories, which are described by a high‐order internal models (HOIM) that can be formulated as a polynomials between two consecutive iterations. The classical ILC with iteratively invariant reference trajectories, on the other hand, is a special case of HOIM where the polynomial renders to a first‐order internal model with a unity coefficient. By incorporating HOIM into the ILC law, and designing appropriate learning control gains, the learning convergence in the iteration axis can be guaranteed for continuous‐time linear time‐varying systems. The initial resetting condition, P‐type and D‐type ILC, and possible extension to nonlinear cases are also explored in this work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction of 3‐Substituted Oxindoles to Nitroolefins Catalyzed by a Chiral Alkyl‐ Substituted Thiourea Catalyst
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Bo , Xi Zhi‐Guo , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: January 2010

A simple alkylthiourea was found to be an effective catalyst for the Michael addition reaction of 3‐substituted oxindole to nitroolefins. A number of 3,3′‐substituted oxindole derivatives, which have two vicinal quaternary‐tertiary chiral centers were synthesized with up to 99% yield, 19:1drand 98%ee.
New Synthesis of Furans: the Rhodium‐Catalysed Carbonylative Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Propargylic Alcohols/ Cyclisation Sequence
Authors: Dheur Julien , Sauthier Mathieu , Castanet Yves , Mortreux André
Published: January 2010

The rhodium‐catalysed carbonylative addition of arylboronic acids to propargylic alcohols yields gamma‐hydroxy enones that are readily cyclised through a dehydration step to the corresponding furan analogues. The transformation was improved thanks to the screening of the reaction conditions and consequent improvements were obtained from the use of dicarbonylrhodium iodide [Rh(CO)2I]2 as catalyst precursor. The generalisation of the reaction was then further investigated by employing variously substituted arylboronic acids and propargylic alcohols.
Point‐of‐care reversal treatment in phenprocoumon‐related intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Rizos Timolaos , Jenetzky Ekkehart , Herweh Christian , Hug Andreas , Hacke Werner , Steiner Thorsten , Veltkamp Roland
Published: January 2010

Objective

Rapid reversal of the anticoagulatory effect of vitamin K antagonists represents the primary emergency treatment for oral anticoagulant‐related intracerebral hemorrhage (OAC‐ICH). Predicting the amount of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) needed to reverse OAC in individual patients is difficult, and repeated international normalized ratio (INR) measurements in central laboratories (CLs) are time‐consuming. Accuracy and effectiveness of point‐of‐care INR coagulometers (POCs) for INR reversal in OAC‐ICH have not been evaluated.

Methods

In phase 1, the agreement of emergency POC and CL INR measurements was determined. In phase 2, stepwise OAC reversal was performed with PCC using a predetermined dosing schedule. Concordance of POC and CL INR measurements during reversal and time gain due to POC were determined.

Results

In phase 1 (n = 165), Bland‐Altman analysis showed close agreement between POCs and CLs (mean INR deviation 0.04). In phase 2 (n = 26), POCs caused a median initial net time gain of 24 minutes for the start of treatment with PCC. Median time for POC‐documented complete OAC reversal was 28 minutes, compared with 120 minutes for CLs. Bland‐Altman analysis between POCs and CLs revealed a mean INR deviation of 0.13 during stepwise PCC administration. POCs tended to slightly overestimate the INR, especially at higher INR levels. Remarkably, POC‐guided reversal led to a median reduction of 30.5% of PCC dose compared with the a priori dose calculation. Hematomas enlarged in 20% of patients.

Interpretation

POC INR monitoring is a fast, effective, and economic means of PCC dose‐titration in OAC‐ICH. Larger studies examining the clinical efficacy of this procedure are warranted. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:788–793
First appraisal of brain pathology owing to A30P mutant alpha‐synuclein
Authors: Seidel Kay , Schöls Ludger , Nuber Silke , Petrasch‐Parwez Elisabeth , Gierga Kristin , Wszolek Zbigniew , Dickson Dennis , Gai Wei P. , Bornemann Antje , Riess Olaf , Rami Abdelhaq , Den Dunnen Wilfried F. A. , Deller Thomas , Rüb Udo , Krüger Rejko
Published: January 2010

Familial Parkinson disease (PD) due to the A30P mutation in the SNCA gene encoding alpha‐synuclein is clinically associated with PD symptoms. In this first pathoanatomical study of the brain of an A30P mutation carrier, we observed neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, and dorsal motor vagal nucleus, as well as widespread occurrence of alpha‐synuclein immunopositive Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites, and glial aggregates. Alpha‐synuclein aggregates ultrastructurally resembled Lewy bodies, and biochemical analyses disclosed a significant load of insoluble alpha‐synuclein, indicating neuropathological similarities between A30P disease patients and idiopathic PD, with a more severe neuropathology in A30P carriers. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:684–689
Impact of environmental flows on the daytime urban boundary layer structures over the Baltimore metropolitan region
Authors: Shou Yi‐Xuan , Zhang Da‐Lin
Published: January 2010

The three‐dimensional structures of the urban daytime boundary layer (UDBL) over Baltimore are examined using a coupled Weather Research and Forecast—Urban Canopy model. Results show the upward growth of the urban heat island (UHI) effects as the surface‐based ‘hot plumes’ with pronounced rising motions and thermal gradients. The UDBL tends to exhibit different vertical structures and intensities, depending on the magnitude and direction of environmental flows with respect to urban morphometric distributions and its interaction with the circulations induced by differential land covers. They are determined by both the local UHI effects and the nonlocal advective processes. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Environmental energetics of an exceptional high‐latitude storm
Authors: Pezza Alexandre Bernardes , Veiga José Augusto Paixão , Simmonds Ian , Keay Kevin , Mesquita Michel dos Santos
Published: January 2010

This study presents the Lorenz energetics of an exceptional baroclinic storm propagating to Nome (Alaska) in October 1992, where it caused severe flooding. The storm track was greatly influenced by the interaction with a blocking high a week before the cyclone was formed. The energetics gives new insights into this dramatic storm, suggesting that the large‐scale environment was responsible for its long trajectory and intensification. The blocking high also provided the dynamic steering that facilitated the wave propagation and baroclinic growth. Our results show that the environmental energy transfers can be used as an informative metric for severe storms. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Patentability of synthetic biology inventions in Europe
Authors: Rutz Berthold
Published: January 2010

The patent teaching kit
Microwave assisted SPPS of amylin and its toxicity of the pure product to RIN‐5F cells
Authors: Muthusamy Karen , Albericio Fernando , Arvidsson Per I. , Govender Patrick , Kruger Hendrik G. , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Govender Thavendran
Published: January 2010

The 37‐amino acid polypeptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), or amylin, is found as amyloid aggregates in the islets of Langerhans in patients with type II diabetes. Herein, we report an efficient microwave assisted solid phase peptide synthesis of amylin (IAPP). The most efficient synthesis used double and triple couplings and 10 equiv. of amino acids. Double couplings were used for most amino acids, whereas triple couplings were utilized for amino acids in selected regions. The most effective method for formation of the disulfide bond in amylin was found to be iodine oxidation. The highest purity amylin was obtained when the crude peptide was purified with HPLC before formation of the disulfide bond. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized amylin product to RIN‐5F cells was determined. The synthesized amylin exhibits an exponential increase of cytotoxicity at concentrations >35 μM. Transmission electron microscope studies of a sample of amylin shows that insoluble amyloid fibrils spontaneously formed when 45 μM solution of synthesized amylin was incubated in a suitable buffer for 6 h. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 323–330, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Identification of a heparin binding peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein
Authors: Chen Heng‐Li , Her Shi‐Yi , Huang Kuo‐Chun , Cheng Hsi‐Tsung , Wu Chi‐Wei , Wu Suh‐Chin , Cheng Jya‐Wei
Published: January 2010

The flavivirus envelope protein is the dominant antigen in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and plays an important role in inducing immunologic responses in the infected host. It has been shown that highly sulfated forms of heparin sulfate can bind to the envelope protein and are involved in flavivirus infection. Among the three structural domains, domain III is the major antigenic domain of the envelope protein. We have prepared an extended form of the JEV domain III protein with residues ranging from 261 to 402 and determined its heparin binding sites. Based on NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and site‐directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified that only the N‐terminal region (residues 279–293) and some spatially adjacent residues of JEV domain III are involved in heparin binding. Moreover, a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region also demonstrates strong affinity to heparin. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the interactions of flaviviruses and glycosaminoglycans on the host cell surfaces. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 331–338, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Three‐dimensional cell culture microarray for high‐throughput studies of stem cell fate
Authors: Fernandes Tiago G. , Kwon Seok‐Joon , Bale Shyam Sundhar , Lee Moo‐Yeal , Diogo Maria Margarida , Clark Douglas S. , Cabral Joaquim M.S. , Dordick Jonathan S.
Published: January 2010

We have developed a novel three‐dimensional (3D) cellular microarray platform to enable the rapid and efficient tracking of stem cell fate and quantification of specific stem cell markers. This platform consists of a miniaturized 3D cell culture array on a functionalized glass slide for spatially addressable high‐throughput screening. A microarray spotter was used to deposit cells onto a modified glass surface to yield an array consisting of cells encapsulated in alginate gel spots with volumes as low as 60 nL. A method based on an immunofluorescence technique scaled down to function on a cellular microarray was also used to quantify specific cell marker protein levels in situ. Our results revealed that this platform is suitable for studying the expansion of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as they retain their pluripotent and undifferentiated state. We also examined neural commitment of mouse ES cells on the microarray and observed the generation of neuroectodermal precursor cells characterized by expression of the neural marker Sox‐1, whose levels were also measured in situ using a GFP reporter system. In addition, the high‐throughput capacity of the platform was tested using a dual‐slide system that allowed rapid screening of the effects of tretinoin and fibroblast growth factor‐4 (FGF‐4) on the pluripotency of mouse ES cells. This high‐throughput platform is a powerful new tool for investigating cellular mechanisms involved in stem cell expansion and differentiation and provides the basis for rapid identification of signals and conditions that can be used to direct cellular responses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 106–118. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementation of a short-stay programme after breast cancer surgery
Authors: de Kok M , van der Weijden T , Voogd A C , Dirksen C D , van de Velde C J H , Roukema J A , Finaly-Marais C , van der Ent F W , von Meyenfeldt M F
Published: January 2010

Background

Short-stay breast cancer surgery (24 h or day case) is not common practice in Europe. This before–after comparative study was carried out to test the feasibility of systematically implementing a care programme incorporating short-stay admission using strategies tailored to individual hospital needs, and to assess safety and facilitating factors.

Methods

Patients with breast cancer from four Dutch hospitals participated. The intervention concerned the programme developed by the Maastricht University Medical Centre. This was implemented through local multidisciplinary meetings and educational outreach visits.

Results

Of 421 eligible patients, 324 (77·0 per cent) gave consent to participate. The proportion of patients who had short-stay treatment increased from 45·3 per cent before to 82·2 per cent after implementation of the programme (P < 0·001). No increase was observed in the rate of complications, readmissions, reoperations or number of visits to the emergency department. Factors associated with an increased chance of short-stay treatment were: breast-conserving surgery, having children and being employed. Being aged over 64 years showed a trend towards a decreased chance.

Conclusion

Introducing a care programme incorporating short stay following breast cancer surgery in four hospitals was feasible and safe.
Simultaneous determination of atenolol, chlorthalidone and amiloride in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary zone electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Al Azzam Khaldun M. , Saad Bahruddin , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: January 2010

Capillary zone electrophoresis methods for the simultaneous determination of the β‐blocker drugs, atenolol, chlorthalidone and amiloride, in pharmaceutical formulations have been developed. The influences of several factors (buffer pH, concentration, applied voltage, capillary temperature and injection time) were studied. Using phenobarbital as internal standard, the analytes were all separated in less than 4 min. The separation was carried out in normal polarity mode at 25°C, 25 kV and using hydrodynamic injection (10 s). The separation was effected in an uncoated fused‐silica capillary (75 μm i.d. × 52 cm) and a background electrolyte of 25 mm H3PO4 adjusted with 1 m NaOH solution (pH 9.0) and detection at 198 nm. The method was validated with respect to linearity, limit of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision and selectivity. Calibration curves were linear over the range 1–250 μg/mL for atenolol and chlorthalidone and from 2.5–250 μg/mL for amiloride. The relative standard deviations of intra‐ and inter‐day migration times and corrected peak areas were less than 6.0%. The method showed good precision and accuracy and was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of atenolol, chlorthalidone and amiloride in various pharmaceutical tablets formulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx
Authors: Lydiatt Daniel D. , Bucher Gregory S.
Published: January 2010

The etymological evolution of the anatomical terms larynx, cricoid, glottis, epiglottis, and thyroid (cartilage) dates to antiquity. Human dissection replaced animal in the 16th and 17th centuries and terms evolved. This evolution was recorded in the literature largely in Latin. We translated key studies of laryngeal anatomy from the 16th century to better understand this evolution. We present the Latin with our translations, and historical commentary as essential to this understanding. Vesalius favored the Latin scutiform (shield) for the thyroid cartilage, but recognized peltalis (shield). The Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA) chose the Greek thyroid (θυρεoειδ
$ \tilde\eta $) for modern convention. Vesalius used the name “innominate” for the cricoid cartilage, but described its resemblance to a ring, drawn in the margin of the Fabrica. Krikoid, the Greek for ring shaped, was adopted by the BNA. Although the term arytenoid was used for centuries, Vesalius argued the Greek name referred to the spout of a cup or ladle. He recognized the human arytenoids as two separate cartilages as opposed to single in certain animals. The glottis was defined by Vesalius as the vocal fold or rima glottidis of today, and he advanced its function by understanding the paired, mobile arytenoid cartilages. He defined the function of the epiglottis and first described the pre‐epiglottic space. Vesalius' student at Padua, Italy, Columbo contributed to anatomical knowledge, but animosity between them clouded the record. Harvey, working 75 years later in England, offers an evolutionary window from Vesalius. Harvey's laryngeal studies preceded by a decade his groundbreaking studies on the circulation of blood. Clin. Anat. 23:131–144, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acromioclavicular joint cyst formation
Authors: Hiller Andrew D. , Miller Joshua D. , Zeller John L.
Published: January 2010

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) cysts are an uncommon and unusual sequela associated with shoulder pathophysiology. The majority of literature on ACJ cysts consists of individual case reports with no definitive literature review currently available. In addition to a comprehensive literature review, four clinical cases are presented in this report. First described by Craig (1984), a total of 41 cases have been previously reported in the literature. Of these cases, five occurred with the rotator cuff musculature intact. The remaining 36 cases of ACJ cysts occurred in patients with a complete tear/avulsion of the rotator cuff. Previous attempts at compiling a complete record of all reported cases have combined several distinct conditions into a single category. This article presents two distinct etiologies for the pathogenesis of ACJ cyst formation. In the presence of an intact rotator cuff, a Type 1 cyst can form superficially and be limited to the ACJ. Following a massive or traumatic tear of the rotator cuff, mechanical instability of the humeral head can cause a deterioration of the inferior acromioclavicular capsule (cuff tear arthropathy) and an overproduction of synovial fluid. Overtime, a “geyser” of fluid can form between the glenohumeral and the ACJ, forming a Type 2 cyst. This differentiation and categorization is essential for appropriate classification and treatment. Clin. Anat. 23:145–152, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evaluation of two references for restoring proximal femoral anatomy during total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Unnanuntana Aasis , Toogood Paul , Hart Daniel , Cooperman Daniel , Grant Richard E.
Published: January 2010

The morphologic features of the proximal femur are used in preoperative planning prior to total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study we evaluated two references that have been widely used during THA to restore the normal anatomy of the proximal femur: (1) the distance from the lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head and (2) the anatomic relationship between the greater trochanter and the center of femoral head. We used digital photographs to compare 200 cadaveric femora in individuals who died prior to 40 years of age. Preoperative measurement of the distance from lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head from the contralateral hip is accurate to predict the measurement on the operated hip with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.87. The ratio between femoral head diameter and distance from the lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head was consistent and reliable between genders and sides with an average value of 1.01 ± 0.12. Thus, when the distance from the lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head is not discernible, this ratio can be used as a guide to determine proximal femoral geometry. Conversely, only 59% of the specimens had femoral head centers within 5 mm of the tip of greater trochanter. The correlation between sides of the relationship between the greater trochanter and the center of femoral head was moderate (r2 = 0.46). Therefore, this relationship should not be used as the sole method to determine the normal anatomy of proximal femur. Clin. Anat. 23:312–318, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The number of intercostal artery perforators over the distal latissimus dorsi muscle
Authors: Beer Gertrude M. , Manestar Mirjana
Published: January 2010

With the increasing popularity of perforator flaps as “musculocutaneous flaps without muscle,” a new interest in the intercostal vessels as source vessels for perforator flaps has arisen. In a recent study, the branches of the three lowermost intercostal vessels to the latissimus dorsi were studied in detail. Now that these muscular branches are well understood, the present study examines how many of these branches reach the overlying skin as musculocutaneous perforators. We identified the intercostal artery perforators in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh interspaces, in 42 hemithoraces. Only branches that measured 0.5 mm or more in external diameter were included. The course of the perforators was followed from their exit from the latissimus dorsi muscle up to the entrance at the undersurface of the skin. This entrance point was punctured by a pin and thus marked on the skin. This study showed that at least three musculocutaneous perforators were present over the intercostal spaces IX–XI in every dorsal hemithorax (average 8 ± 3, range 3–16). Potentially, each of these vessels can be used as a pedicle for a separate perforator flap, leaving the more proximal parts of the latissimus dorsi intact for a second flap based on the dominant thoracodorsal vessels. Clin. Anat. 23:216–221, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architectural Repertoire of Ligand‐Binding Pockets on Protein Surfaces
Authors: Weisel Martin , Kriegl Jan M. , Schneider Gisbert
Published: January 2010

Knowledge of the three‐dimensional structure of ligand binding sites in proteins provides valuable information for computer‐assisted drug design. We present a method for the automated extraction and classification of ligand binding site topologies, in which protein surface cavities are represented as branched frameworks. The procedure employs a growing neural gas approach for pocket topology assignment and pocket framework generation. We assessed the structural diversity of 623 known ligand binding site topologies based on framework cluster analysis. At a resolution of 5 Å only 23 structurally distinct topology groups were formed; this suggests an overall limited structural diversity of ligand‐accommodating protein cavities. Higher resolution allowed for identification of protein‐family specific pocket features. Pocket frameworks highlight potentially preferred modes of ligand–receptor interactions and will help facilitate the identification of druggable subpockets suitable for ligand affinity and selectivity optimization.
Selection of individual variables versus intervals of variables in PLSR
Authors: Shariati‐Rad Masoud , Hasani Masoumeh
Published: January 2010

The selection abilities of the two well‐known techniques of variable selection, synergy interval‐partial least‐squares (SiPLS) and genetic algorithm‐partial least‐squares (GA‐PLS), have been examined and compared. By using different simulated and real (corn and metabolite) datasets, keeping in view the spectral overlapping of the components, the influence of the selection of either intervals of variables or individual variables on the prediction performances was examined. In the simulated datasets, with decrease in the overlapping of the spectra of components and cases with components of narrow bands, GA‐PLS results were better. In contrast, the performance of SiPLS was higher for data of intermediate overlapping. For mixtures of high overlapping analytes, GA‐PLS showed slightly better performance. However, significant differences between the results of the two selection methods were not observed in most of the cases. Although SiPLS resulted in slightly better performance of prediction in the case of corn dataset except for the prediction of the moisture content, the improvement obtained by SiPLS compared with that by GA‐PLS was not significant. For real data of less overlapped components (metabolite dataset), GA‐PLS that tends to select far fewer variables did not give significantly better root mean square error of cross‐validation (RMSECV), cross‐validated R2 (Q2), and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) compared with SiPLS. Irrespective of the type of dataset, GA‐PLS resulted in models with fewer latent variables (LVs). When comparing the computational time of the methods, GA‐PLS is considered superior to SiPLS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin in bulk powder and in tablets using different spectrophotometric techniques
Authors: Khattab Fatma I. , Ramadan Nesrin K. , Hegazy Maha A. , Ghoniem Nermine S.
Published: January 2010

Metronidazole (MZ) is an anti‐infective drug used in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial and protozoa infections in humans. It is also used as a vetinary antiparasitic drug. Spiramycin (SP) is a medium‐spectrum antibiotic with high effectiveness against Gram‐positive bacteria. Three simple, sensitive, selective and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of MZ and SP in their pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. In methods A and B, MZ was determined by the application of direct spectrophotometry and by measuring its zero‐order (D0) absorption spectra at its λmax = 311 nm. In method A, SP was determined by the application of first derivative spectrophotometry (D1) and by measuring the amplitude at 218.3 nm. In method B, the first derivative of the ratio spectra (DD1) was applied, and SP was determined by measuring the peak amplitude at 245.6 nm. Method C entailed mean centring of the ratio spectra (MCR), which allows the determination of both MZ and SP. The methods developed were used for the determination of MZ and SP over a concentration range of 5–25 µg ml−1. The proposed methods were used to determine both drugs in their pure, powdered forms with mean percentage recoveries of 100.16 ± 0.73 for MZ in methods A and B, 101.10 ± 0.90 in method C, 100.09 ± 0.70, 100.02 ± 0.88 and 100.49 ± 1.26 for SP in methods A, B and C, respectively. The proposed methods were proved using laboratory‐prepared mixtures of the two drugs and were successfully applied to the analysis of MZ and SP in tablet formulation without any interference from each other or from the excipients. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were compared statistically with a reported HPLC method and no significant difference was observed between these methods regarding both accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity and reliability of the Chinese language version of the eating disorder examination (CEDE) in mainland China: Implications for the identity and nosology of the eating disorders
Authors: Tong Jun , Shi Jing , Wang Jian , Zhang Hong , Zhang Shu Fang , Wu Xiao Yan , Hsu L.K. George
Published: January 2010

Purpose:

To investigate the crosscultural validity and reliability of the Chinese Language version of the Eating Disorder Examination (CEDE) in Wuhan, China, and to examine the psychopathogical profile of eating disorder patients in central Mainland China.

Participants and Method:

We administered the CEDE to 41 eating disorder patients (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) with 43 noneating disorder controls. Specialists in eating disorders made the clinical diagnosis according to DSM‐IV criteria. CEDE data between the two groups were compared.

Results:

The CEDE demonstrates good internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and inter‐examiner reliability. All CL‐EDE subscales discriminated between patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa from non‐eating disordered controls. The CEDE has satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.

Discussion:

The CEDE is a useful instrument for the study of the growing clinical problem of the eating disorders in Mainland China. The finding that the characteristic fat phobia is prominent in this population of eating disordered patients and its implication on the identity and classification of the eating disorders are discussed. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:76–80)
Relationship between motivation for weight loss and dieting and binge eating in a representative population survey
Authors: Schelling Simone , Munsch Simone , Meyer Andrea H. , Margraf Jürgen
Published: January 2010

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between reasons for weight loss and previous dieting attempts and current binge‐eating episodes in overweight and obese individuals.

Method:

For the n = 355 interviewees of a representative sample of Swiss inhabitants (n = 1,000) reporting a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25, the Weight Loss Motivation Questionnaire—distinguishing between the three scales health, appearance in relation to oneself, and appearance in relation to others—was assessed. Pearson's and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and the partial correlation coefficient controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and BMI were calculated.

Results:

Number of previous diets was significantly correlated with all three subscales, whereas presence of binge‐eating episodes was only significantly correlated with appearance in relation to oneself.

Discussion:

Dieting and binge‐eating behavior are differently associated with reasons for weight loss; better matching of treatments to patients' individual needs might improve the high dropout rates observed in weight loss treatments and enhance weight loss success. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:39–43)
Analysis of GaInAsP laser diodes degraded by light absorption at an active layer of the facet
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroyuki , Ito Masashi , Fukuda Chie , Hamada Kotaro , Yamaguchi Akira , Nakabayashi Takashi
Published: January 2010

Electrostatic discharge‐induced degradation is one of the serious reliability problems of GaInAsP/InP laser diodes. The authors have conducted an analysis of electrostatic discharge‐induced degradation, and have elucidated the principal degradation mechanism. The main cause of degradation is heating by light absorption at the active layer of the facet. This phenomenon is similar to the catastrophic optical damage that occurs in GaAs‐based high‐power laser diodes. The problem has become more serious with the recent tendency to high power demand. Therefore, technology to suppress against degradation is extremely important. Focusing on facet coating, which is one of the key processes to suppress facet degradation, we demonstrated that facet degradation can be successfully suppressed by inserting an ultrathin aluminum layer between the semiconductor and the dielectric coaling films. This effect is caused by a reduction of surface recombination. This degradation suppression technology has the potential to be applied not only to GaInAsP/InP laser diodes, but to any InP‐based laser diodes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(2): 32–38, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10196
Individual evaluation scheduling for experiment‐based evolutionary multi‐objective optimization
Authors: Kaji Hirotaka , Kita Hajime
Published: January 2010

Since the pioneer work on Evolution Strategies, experiment‐based optimization is one of the most promising applications of evolutionary computation. Recent progress in automatic control and instrumentation provides us with a smart environment called Hardware in the Loop Simulation (HILS) for such applications. However, since optimization through experiment has the severe condition of limited evaluation time and fluctuation of observations, we must develop methodologies that overcome these problems. This paper discusses the application of Multi‐Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) to Experiment‐ Based Multi‐Objective Optimization of the parameters of dynamical systems. In such applications, we must apply various parameter candidates spreading near the Pareto frontier to the system, which causes fluctuation of the observed criteria due to the transient response by parameter switching. For reduction of loss time caused by such transient responses in the evaluation of criteria, we propose the techniques called Evaluation Order Scheduling and Evaluation Time Scheduling. Numerical experiments using a formal test problem and experiments in a HILS environment with real internal‐combustion engines have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(2): 12–24, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10224
Improvement of pulse pattern for space vector modulated matrix converters
Authors: Yamamoto Kichiro , Shinohara Katsuji , Mori Tatsuya
Published: January 2010

Novel modulation which consists of conventional space vector modulation (SVM) based on a virtual AC/DC/AC conversion and carrier signal modulation for matrix converters is proposed. In this proposed modulation, duties for the switching pattern decided by conventional SVM are changed into those for each switch of matrix converter. The new duties for each output phase are compared with the triangle carrier. By using proposed modulation, switchings between the input phase voltage with minimum value and the voltage with maximum value are eliminated.

In this paper, the conventional SVM and proposed modulation are explained. Next, for both conventional and proposed modulations waveforms of input current, output voltage and output current and their frequency spectra are calculated by PSIM simulation program. Simulation results show the proposed modulation can reduce harmonics of output voltage waveforms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(1): 46–54, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20903
Disconnection control of wind power generators for the purpose of reducing frequency fluctuation
Authors: Hori Yuki , Saitoh Hiroumi
Published: January 2010

This paper proposes a new approach for disconnection control of wind power generators to reduce the frequency fluctuation caused by wind power. The approach is based on the correlation between frequency and total output of wind power generators and the turbulence degrees of individual wind power generators. At a control center, frequency and all the outputs of wind power generators are monitored, and the correlation and the turbulence degrees are computed on‐line. If the large variation of frequency is detected, then whether the variation comes from the wind power generators or loads is checked by using the correlation. When the wind power generators cause the frequency variation, the wind power generator with maximum turbulence degree is searched and disconnected from the power systems. This search and disconnection process is repeated until the correlation reaches the level where the frequency variation observed is not caused by the wind power generators. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was confirmed with the simulation studies of a two‐area interconnected power system including many wind power generators. The results show that the correlation and the turbulence degree are useful for the reduction of frequency fluctuation so as not to disconnect too many wind power generators. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(1): 10–18, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20911
meta‐Terphenyl Phosphaalkenes Bearing Electron‐Donating and ‐Accepting Groups
Authors: Gudimetla Vittal B. , Ma Liqing , Washington Marlena P. , Payton John L. , Cather Simpson M. , Protasiewicz John D.
Published: January 2010

A set of para‐substituted meta‐terphenyl phosphaalkenes of the form 4‐X‐2,6‐Mes2C6H2P=C(H)C6H4‐4‐X′ (X = H, MeO or NMe2; X′ = H, CN, or NO2) have been synthesized to allow systematic studies of the impact of remote X and X′ substituents on the phosphaalkene unit. The new compounds were characterized by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, single X‐ray crystal structures (for four compounds) and by electrochemical studies. The introduction of remote groups (X′) on the less hindered phenyl ring generated more significant effects on the physical properties of the materials than did substituents (X) on the hindered meta‐terphenyl rings. These effects were also explored by computational methods in order to assess the influence of substituents on structures and properties. The polarization of these molecules is less than that produced for analogous alkenes, as the phosphaalkenes bear sterically demanding groups that constrain the systems to adopt conformations that are less than ideal for maximum π‐conjugation of the central π network
Norbornene Bidentate Ligands: Coordination Chemistry and Enantioselective Catalytic Applications
Authors: Fernández Fernando , Gual Aitor , Claver Carmen , Castillón Sergio , Muller Guillermo , Gómez Montserrat
Published: January 2010

N‐ and P‐donor derivatives have been prepared by functionalization of a readily available norbornene precursor. Palladium catalytic systems containing these new ligands were applied in allylic substitution, and yielded high activities and excellent enantioselectivities for the allylic alkylation and amination reactions (ee up to 97 %). A full coordination analysis of the catalytic precursors including modelling studies was also carried out.
Mono‐ and Binuclear Arylnickel Complexes of the α‐Diimine Bridging Ligand 2,2′‐Bipyrimidine (bpym)
Authors: Klein Axel , Schmieder Ann‐Kathrin , Hurkes Natascha , Hamacher Claudia , Schüren Andreas O. , Feth Martin P. , Bertagnolli Helmut
Published: January 2010

The mono‐ and binuclear organometallic NiII complexes [(μ‐bpym){Ni(Mes)Br}n] (bpym = 2,2′‐bipyrimidine; n = 1 or 2; Mes = mesityl = 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) were prepared and characterised electrochemically and spectroscopically (NMR, UV/Vis/NIR) in detail. The long‐wavelength absorptions for the binuclear complex reveal a marked electronic coupling of the two metal centres over the ligand bridge via their low‐lying π*‐orbitals. While the mononuclear complex undergoes rapid dissociation of the bromido ligand after one‐electron reduction the binuclear derivative exhibits reversible reductive electrochemistry and both of them yield stable radical anionic complexes with mainly bpym ligand centred spin density as shown by EPR spectroscopy of the free ligand bpym and the nickel complexes. The molecular structure of the binuclear bpym complex [(μ‐bpym){Ni(Mes)Br}2] was studied by EXAFS in comparison to the mononuclear analogue [(bpym)Ni(Mes)Br] revealing markedly increased Ni–C/N distance of the first coordination shell for the binuclear derivative suggesting an optimum overlap for the mononuclear complex, while two nickel complex fragments {Ni(Mes)Br} are seemingly too large to fit into the bis‐chelate coordination site.