bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating a State‐Academic Partnership to Advance a Forensic Teaching Service: Benefits and Barriers
Authors: Piel Jennifer L. , Kopelovich Sarah L. , Michaelsen Katherine , Reynolds Susan E. , Cowley Deborah S.
Published: June 2019

In Washington State, like many states, there is a shortage of forensically trained mental health clinicians to work with criminal justice‐involved individuals. At the direction of the state legislature, a collaborative project was undertaken by the University of Washington, the state Department of Social and Health Services, and a state psychiatric hospital to develop a proposal for a jointly sponsored forensic teaching service. The authors reviewed the literature, surveyed and interviewed forensic psychiatry and psychology training directors, and conducted site visits of selected training programs that offer multidisciplinary training or have affiliations with state hospitals. The authors conducted focus groups of additional stakeholders, including clinicians and patients in forensic settings, to better understand the needs in Washington. The authors report on several common benefits and barriers to establishing forensic teaching services. Other states and forensic programs may find this article useful in identifying common considerations for forensic mental health teaching services.
Determination of the Sequence of Intersecting Lines Between Toners and Seals by Laser Fluorescence Microscope
Authors: Wu Xiang , Fang Fang , Li Biao
Published: May 2019

Fluorescence microscope is considered to be one of the most effective ways to examine the sequence of intersecting seal and toner lines of questioned documents. In reality, however, the toner (mainly divided into compact and noncompact toners) and seal of a questioned document have such a complex morphology and sequence of crossing lines that current methods cannot meet the requirement of practical document identification. In view of the challenges of document examination, a laser fluorescence microscope and method are developed in this study. The developed microscope provides additional functionality to traditional fluorescence microscopes of transmitted light modality, laser excitation, selectable excitation wavelength, and selectable fluorescence filters. The results obtained from the method of comparisons between transmitted light and fluorescence modalities were positive under most conditions, particularly for noncompact toner examination for which a 100% accuracy rate and 90% detection rate were achieved in blind testing.
Australian private emergency departments can assist ambulance services by taking public emergency patients during surge and disasters
Authors: Walker Katie , Stephenson Michael , Dunlop William A , Cheong Edward M , Ben‐Meir Michael
Published: June 2019

We describe a novel ambulance diversion programme, piloted in Victoria. This article discusses creating increased emergency capacity during surge or disasters by utilising private EDs, tested during a recent thunderstorm asthma disaster and an influenza epidemic. Public hospitals and EDs often run at or over capacity during normal operations. This leaves limited ability to manage surges in demand, resulting in suboptimal outcomes for patients, public ED staff and ambulance services. It is feasible to create surge capacity in private EDs for public ambulance patients. Other states could consider this option to help manage health disasters.
Utility of calcium, magnesium and phosphate testing in the emergency department
Authors: Date Patrick A , Smith Jesse L , Spencer William S , de Tonnerre Erik J , Yeoh Michael J , Taylor David McD
Published: June 2019

Objective

To determine how frequently calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphate (PO4) tests change ED patient management.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective observational study in an Australian tertiary referral ED. We enrolled adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who presented between 1 January and 30 June 2017 and who had a serum Ca, Mg or PO4 test ordered and completed during their ED stay. Patient symptoms, medical history, electrolyte levels and ED management changes were extracted from the electronic medical record.

Results

Of the 33 120 adults presented during the study period, 1716 (5.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.0–5.4) had at least one Ca, Mg or PO4 test completed in the ED. This included 4776 individual electrolyte tests, of which 776 (16.2%, 95% CI 15.2–17.3) were abnormal. Fifty‐six (7.2% [95% CI 5.5–9.3] of patients with abnormal tests, 1.2% [95% CI 0.9–1.5] of all tests) tests were associated with a change in ED management. Twenty‐six out of 1683 (1.5%) Ca levels were low with six (23.1%) management changes; 203 (12.1%) were high with 10 (4.9%) management changes. One hundred and twenty‐eight out of 1579 (8.1%) Mg levels were low with 33 (25.8%) management changes; 30 (1.9%) were high with no management changes. Two hundred and twenty‐five out of 1514 (14.9%) PO4 levels were low with six (2.7%) management changes; 164 (10.8%) were high with one (0.6%) management change. Fifty (2.9%) patients had management changes despite normal electrolyte levels.

Conclusion

Ca, Mg and PO4 testing is common. However, the yield of clinically significant abnormal levels is low and patient management is rarely changed. Testing of these electrolytes needs to be rationalised.
Endozoochory of frugivorous birds as potential dispersal of seed parasites from Pistacia chinesis: experimental evidence
Authors: XIAO Zhishu
Published: May 2019

The plant–disperser–fruit pest triads involve 3 interacting animals or groups (plants, vertebrates and seed parasites), and the dispersal of both seeds and seed parasites, which can both benefit from endozoochory via defecation or regurgitation by frugivorous vertebrates. However, we have very limited knowledge about the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these plant–disperser–fruit pest triads. Across central Northern China, several seed wasps (mainly Eurytoma plotnikov attack Pistacia chinensis fruits, and seed wasp larvae can develop, diapause and finally emerge as adults inside a seed during the following 1–3 years. In this study, we experimentally investigated whether frugivorous birds discriminated P. chinesis fruits with or without seed parasites, and whether bird endozoochory (by defecation or regurgitation) affected larval survival of seed parasites. The infestation rate by seed parasites was 37% of the P. chinesis fruit crop but with up to 48% of aborted fruits. We found that all 5 bird species can discriminate and then reject all unhealthy fruits (including aborted and insect‐infested). However, 4 of the 5 bird species, in particular bulbul species, consumed 15–41% of aborted and insect‐infested fruits as complementary food only when these unhealthy fruits were provided. Moreover, all larva of seed parasites remained alive after bird defecation or regurgitation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that endozoochory by frugivorous birds could lead to potential dispersal of seed parasites of P. chinensis but with a very low probability.
Bright artificial light at night is associated with increased body mass, poor reproductive success and compromised disease tolerance in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Authors: MALEK Itay , HAIM Abraham
Published: May 2019

Artificial light at night (ALAN) can cause circadian disruption and result in adverse behavioral and ecological effects in free‐living birds, but studies on captive pet birds as companion animals have been infrequent. We studied the effects of exposure to bright ALAN on body mass, melatonin sulfate levels, reproduction and disease severity in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) kept in captivity. During the experiment, birds were kept under outdoor temperature, humidity and natural photoperiod from September to December. A total of 48 birds were equally split into 4 groups (6 mating pairs each) and concurrently exposed to ALAN of 200 lux with different duration (0, 30, 60 and 90 min). Monthly observations were recorded for all dependent parameters. ALAN exposure increased mass gain and suppressed melatonin levels in a dose‐dependent manner, especially during December. In addition, ALAN exposure in all duration groups decreased egg production and reduced hatchability from 61% ± 14% in the ALAN‐unexposed control group to 0% in the ALAN‐exposed birds. Disease severity was also found to increase in line with the duration of ALAN exposure. In captiveM. undulatus, ALAN exposure was demonstrated to affect photoperiodic regulation with subsequent excess mass gain and reproduction impairment, and increased susceptibility to infections plausibly through duration dose‐dependent suppression of melatonin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a possible association between acute bright ALAN of increasing duration and both natural development of infections as well as reproductive cessation in captive birds. Our findings could be used to improve breeding conditions of captive birds.
Numerical Simulation of 3D Borehole‐to‐Surface Electrical Method
Authors: Zhitao Xiong , Xingong Tang , Dandan Li , Chunyan Zhao
Published: May 2019

The anomaly response characteristics of the vertical line‐source 3D borehole‐to‐surface model are simulated by an adaptive finite element method. The calculation shows that the anomaly in the radial direction is pressed and the closer to the source, the more pronounced, the anomaly is stretched in the direction perpendicular to the radius. Adding a B pole in the Y direction can offset the effect of stretching to some extent. The anomaly that is closer to the source of the profile is clearer than the anomaly that is far from the source. The research results are of great significance for guiding the practical application of the borehole‐to‐surface electrical method.
Geochronology and Chemistry of the Ophiolite in the Southern Tianshan, Uzbekistan
Authors: WENG Kai , MA Zhongping , CHEN Bo , CAO Kai , CAO Jifei
Published: May 2019

The ophiolite in the southern Tianshan, Uzbekistan, is interrupted distributed along the northern border (NW‐trending) of the Nuratau Mountain. It's the suture zone between kyzylkum‐Alai and Kazakhstan paleo‐continents. In order to study the tectonic evolution of the Turkestan ocean during the Paleozoic, we present zircon U‐Pb ages, major element, trace element data for rocks from the ophiolite in the Nuratau segment. The ophiolite comprises the rock blocks of serpentinite, altered basalt, allalinite, altered diabase, pillowed basalt, limestone, etc and the matrix of quartz schist, forming the grid structure. The matrix suffers strong deformation and deterioration, while the mylonitization occurred in the western outcrop. New LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb ages were determined for six magmatic rock blocks and two quartz schist matrix and these ages confirm the presence of Late Devonian‐Early Permian (ca. 411 to 294 Ma). Five zircon grains from greenschist facies metamorphic basic rock yielded a group minimum weighted mean age of 226 Ma, interpreted as the result of Late Triassic thermal event. The apex of zircon ages for 2 quartz schist is about 450 Ma (Late Ordovician). That indicates sedimentary material from the Late Ordovician. The basalt (SiO2=48.15‐49.93%) are Na‐enriched (average Na2O=2.32‐4.02%), with high HREE/LREE ratios (average=4.93), Weak positive anomalies (average Eu*/Eu=1.02) and convex‐type mantle‐normalized immobile trace elements patterns, which are similar to the geochemical characteristics of Alkaline Ocean island basalt (OIB) and subalkaline Oceanic plateau basalt (OPB). This ophiolite is characterized by Mantle (serpentinite) and Ocean crust (altered basalt, allalinite, pillowed basalt), formed in Early Devonian at the latest. During the evolution of the Turkestan ocean, the growth of OIB and OPB, Ordovician provided a large amount of sedimentary material. The earliest start time of the ocean closed and paleo‐continents assembly is the Early Permian. Afterward, a Late Triassic thermal event occurred on a region scale and is recorded by metamorphic zircon.
Blueschist Facies Metamorphism and Its Evolution in the Yilan Area, Heilongjiang Province of China
Authors: XU Xuechun , HAN Xiaomeng , ZHENG Changqing
Published: May 2019

Blueschists in the Yilan area, Heilongjiang Province, are known as important parts of the Heilongjiang Complex. However, their metamorphic evolution history is still unclear. Petrographical, and mineral chemical investigations on the blueschists from the Yilan area are carried out in this study. P‐T pseudosections are calculated in the system Na2O‐CaO‐K2O‐MnO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐TiO2‐O (Fe2O3) (NCKMnFMASHTO) with the PERPLE_X software for three blueschist samples. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated to be 500‐525°C, 1.14‐1.2 GPa for garnet‐barroisite schist (g‐brs‐wnc‐act‐phn‐chl‐ep‐ab‐stlp); 480°C, 1.4 GPa for chlorite‐epidote glaucophane schist (gl‐brs‐wnc‐act‐chl‐ep‐stlp) and 450‐500°C, 0.95‐1.2 GPa for phengite‐glaucophane schist (gl‐wnc‐phn‐ab‐ep‐chl‐sph), which indicate that they all underwent peak metamorphism in the limit epidote‐blueschist facies conditions. Combined with the previously reported geochemical and geochronological data, the clockwise P‐T paths of the blueschists are constructed. The formation of blueschists in the study area marks the young oceanic crust subduction, and represents the final closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and the beginning of the Paleo‐Pacific tectonic system. The P‐T pseudosection recorded the P‐T increasing process before the metamorphic peak and that the maximum temperature was coincident with the maximum pressure in the process, which indicates that the epidote‐blueschist facies conditions implemented in the process of subduction, rather than exhumation. The retrograde trajectory nearly coincidently retraced the prograde trajectory, which represents the similar geothermal gradient (11‐14°C/km) in the subduction and the relatively slow exhumation process.
Fractionation of Ruthenium from Other Highly Siderophile Elements (HSEs) in Forearc Mantle
Authors: XU Yang , LIU Chanzhou
Published: May 2019

The geochemical characteristics and behaviors of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) in forearc peridotites remain poorly constrained due to the scarcity of data. Here, we report HSE abundances of mantle peridotites from the New Caledonia ophiolites, a classical ophiolite generated in a forearc setting. Those peridotites show non‐chondritic, strongly fractionated HSE patterns and can be classified into two distinct types (namely Group I and Group II). Group I peridotites have higher HSE contents than Group II peridotites, which might be because intergranular sulfides were completely removed but sulfide inclusions were retained during partial melting of peridotites in a forearc environment, and meanwhile the distribution of sulfide inclusions are not uniform in mantle. Moreover, Group I peridotites display flat patterns from Os to Pt but strongly depleted in Pd, which resemble those patterns of some mantle wedge xenoliths. The Pt–Pd decoupling can be attributed to high degrees of partial melting. However, Group II peridotites are characterized by strongly positive Ru anomaly with highly super‐chondritic Ru/Os and Ru/Ir ratios. Such characteristics are the first reported cases for forearc peridotites. The fractionation of Ru from other HSEs might reflect the stability of refractory Ru‐rich phases in mantle wedge peridotites during different processes, e.g., partial melting and melt/fluid‐rock reactions.
Lajishan Accretionary Complex: Implications for Paleozoic Accretionary and Collisional Events in the South Qilian Belt
Authors: YAN Zhen , FU Changlei , AITCHISON Jonathan , BUCHMON Solomon , NIU Manlan
Published: May 2019

The Qilian orogen along the NE edge of the Tibet‐Qinghai Plateau records the evolution of Proto‐Tethyan Ocean that closed through subduction along the southern margin of the North China block during the Early Paleozoic. The South Qilian belt is the southern unit of this orogen and dominated by Cambrian‐Ordovician volcano‐sedimentary rocks and Neoproteozoic Hualong complex that contains similar rock assemblages of the Central Qilian block. Our recent geological mapping and petrologic results demonstrate that volcano‐sedimentary rocks show typical rock assembles of a Cambrian‐early Ordovician arc‐trench system in Lajishan Mts. along the northern margin of the Hualong Complex. Island arc rocks including basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, and breccia is in fault contact with ophiolite complex consisting of mantle peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, dolerite, plagiogranite, and basalt. Accretionary complexes are tectonically separated from the ophiolite‐arc rocks, with various rock assemblages spatially. They consist of pillow basalt, basalt breccia, tuff, chert, and limestone blocks with a seamount origin within the scaly shale in Dingmaoshan and Donggoumeikuang areas, and basalt, chert, and sandstone blocks within muddy shale matrix and mélange at Lajishankou area. Abundant radiolarians occur in red chert, and trilobite, brachiopod, and coral fossils occur within Dingmaoshan limestone blocks. Although partial basalt or chert blocks are highly disrupted, duplex, thrust fault, rootless intrafolial fold, tight fold, and penetrative foliation are well‐developed at Donggoumeikuang area. Spatially, accretionary complexes lie structurally beneath ophiolite complex and above the turbidites of the Central Qilian block. Ophiolite and accretionary complexes are also overlapped by late Ordovician molasse deposits sourced from Cambrian arc‐trench system and the Central Qilian block. These observations demonstrate that a Cambrian‐early Ordovician trench‐arc system within the South Qilian belt formed during the early Paleozoic southward subduction of the South Qilian Ocean collided with the Central Qilian block prior to the late Ordovician.
Characteristics, differences and main controlling factors of source rocks in the central‐southern South China Sea Basins
Authors: WANG Yibo , XIE Xiaojun , LAN Lei , GUO Jia , WANG Long , TANG Wu
Published: May 2019

The South China Sea is rich in oil and gas resources. With the increasing exploration of oil and gas resources in the northern South China Sea and the increasing demand for energy in the world, The central‐southern South China Sea have become important constituencies for oil and gas resources. The central‐southern basins of South China Sea can be divided into three types of basin groups, namely, the southern basin group (Zengmu Basin, Brunei‐Sabah Basin), the western basin group (Wan'an Basin, Zhong jiannan Basin) and the Central Basin Group (Liyue Basin, Beikang Basin, Nanweixi Basin and Palawan Basin). At present, the degree of exploration is relatively low, and the source rock has not yet formed a understanding of the system. The main source rock development time, source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon generation potential and control factors of each basin group are still unclear, which seriously restricts the exploration of oil and gas. Based on the sedimentary facies distribution and sedimentary filling evolution, combined with the geoche mical characteristics of the source rocks, the source age, organic matter type, hydrocarbon generation potential and main controlling factors of the basins in the central‐southern basins are discussed. By the detailed research on delta scale, provenance system, paleoclimate conditions, ancient vegetation development and hydroca rbon generation parent material, the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in each basin group are revealed.
Distinct continental margins and associated stratigraphic architecture patterns during the seafloor spreading of South China Sea
Authors: Xinong Xie , Weilin Zhu , Yongjian Yao , Shuai Zhao , Jianye Ren , Chao Lei
Published: May 2019

In this paper we compare four types of stratigraphic architectures around the continental margins in the South China Sea (SCS) based on a plentiful of seismic profiles. The results indicate that stratigraphic patterns are not only related closely to structure regimes of peripheral of the SCS, but also are restrained by crust structure from continental crust to oceanic crust. In the extensional setting, depositional centres during the syn‐spreading stage are located in the strong extensional area. A wedge‐decrease continental crust represented by the Pearl River Mouth type is characterized by high deposition and subsidence rate during the syn‐rifting and syn‐spreading stages in the distal zone. And in the Zhongjiannan type with a continental ribbon, high deposition and subsidence rate during the syn‐rifting and syn‐spreading stages are present in the proximal zone. However, in the southern and eastern margins with compressional setting, the Liyue and Zengmu microcontinent blocks are separated from the South China with the seafloor spreading of SCS, in which a confined or relative thin syn‐spreading deposits are presence. High deposition and subsidence rate is closely related to the collision or subduction condition during the post‐spreading stage in the Liyue bank type and the Zengmu type, a huge progradational clinoforms are present along the subduction and collision margin. Therefore, this study shows distinct stratigraphic architecture in different continental rifted margins, distinct depositional and subsidence characteristics formed during the process of lithospheric rupture can provide an effective method for the study on the continental marginal sea in the western Pacific.
Accreted Terranes in the Paleo‐Asian Ocean
Authors: YANG Gaoxue , LI Yongjun , TONG Lili , WANG Zuopeng , DUAN Fenghao
Published: May 2019

Terrane accretion is considered to be one of the main contributors to the growth of continental crust (Stern and Scholl, 2010). Allochthonous terranes can be categorized into three general groups, including island arcs, seamounts (oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges), and continental fragments. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the largest and long‐lived accretionary collages on the globe, and is composed of numerous island arcs, and accretionary wedges, seamounts, and microcontinents associated with the growth and consumption of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean (Fig.1; Şengör et al., 1993; Windley et al., 2007; Xiao et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015).
Study Monitoring in Emergency Care Trials: Lessons from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Continuous Chest Compressions Trial
Authors: Schmicker Robert H. , Nichol Graham , Callaway Clifton W. , Cheskes Sheldon , Sopko George , Wang Henry E.
Published: May 2019

Objective

Clinical trial investigators often assemble internal study monitoring committees (SMCs) to measure individual or group adherence with trial performance benchmarks. We examined the processes and results of study monitoring in an international trial of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest.

Methods

We studied SMC operations for the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Continuous Chest Compressions (CCC) trial, which compared continuous with interrupted chest compressions upon survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. The SMC defined trial performance benchmarks, which included compliance with the intervention, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) process data availability and timely data completion. Trial investigators received monthly performance reports. We determined rates of trial noncompliance and suspension from the trial.

Results

ROC‐CCC enrolled a total of 23,711 subjects in the primary analysis population. Across 113 enrolling agencies, the SMC monitored performance for a total 2,367 agency‐months. Emergency medical services agencies were on probation for a total of 178 (7.5%) agency‐months. Fifty‐five agencies were placed on probation at least once, of which 78% improved their performance and were approved for continued participation in the trial. A total of 12 agencies were suspended from trial participation. Data monitoring resulted in high‐quality CPR (mean chest compression fraction = 0.80), 87% CPR process availability and timely data completion (75th and 95th percentiles prehospital data = 22 and 57 days; hospital data = 58 and 118 days).

Conclusions

Study monitoring procedures may play an important role in ensuring the performance quality in acute care clinical trials.
Naltrexone effects on subjective responses to alcohol in the human laboratory: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ray Lara A. , Green ReJoyce , Roche Daniel J.O. , Magill Molly , Bujarski Spencer
Published: May 2019

Naltrexone (NTX) has been widely studied for the treatment of alcohol use disorder with overall support for its efficacy. The mechanisms of action of naltrexone are thought to involve attenuation of the hedonic effects of alcohol and potentiation of its aversive effects. In order to provide a quantitative estimate of the effects of naltrexone on subjective response to alcohol, the aims of this meta‐analytic review are to examine the effects of naltrexone across four domains of subjective response. Meta‐analyses of naltrexone effects on alcohol craving (k = 16, N = 686), stimulation (k = 15, N = 675), sedation (k = 18, N = 777), and negative mood (k = 9, N = 281) suggested that under laboratory conditions and compared with placebo, naltrexone reduces craving (Hedges g = −0.252; SE = 0.054; 95% CI, −0.375 to −0.130; P < 0.01), reduces stimulation (g = −0.223; SE = 0.067; 95% CI, −0.372 to −0.074; P < 0.01), increases sedation (g = 0.251; SE = 0.064; 95% CI, 0.112‐0.389; P < 0.01), and increases negative mood (g = 0.227; SE = 0.047; 95% CI, 0.100‐0.354; P < 0.01). Results were robust when drinks per month and alcohol dose were added to the models as covariates. The effects of naltrexone varied by severity of alcohol use with medication effects on craving and stimulation being observed in sample of both heavy drinkers and AUD individuals. These results are consistent with the hypothesized mechanisms of action of NTX, although the effects are of small magnitude. This meta‐analysis aggregates across multiple human laboratory studies of NTX's effects on subjective response to alcohol, providing a comprehensive summary of a key mechanism of NTX efficacy, namely, alteration of the subjective experience of alcohol.
Adolescent Internalizing, Externalizing, and Social Problems Following Iron Deficiency at 12–18 Months: The Role of Maternal Responsiveness
Authors: Doom Jenalee R. , Gahagan Sheila , East Patricia L. , Encina Pamela , Delva Jorge , Lozoff Betsy
Published: June 2019

This study tested whether maternal responsiveness moderated or mediated pathways from iron deficiency (ID) at 12–18 months to adolescent behavior problems. Participants were part of a large Chilean cohort (N = 933). Iron status was assessed at 12 and 18 months. Maternal responsiveness was assessed at 9 months and 5 years. Parents reported their child’s symptomology at 5 years, 10 years, and adolescence (11–17 years; M = 14.4). Structural equation modeling identified a previously unrecognized pathway by which child externalizing problems and negative maternal responsiveness at 5 years mediated associations between ID at 12–18 months and adolescent internalizing, externalizing, and social problems. Positive maternal responsiveness in infancy did not buffer those with ID anemia from developing 5‐year internalizing problems.
Biological and technical outcomes of restored implants after maxillary sinus augmentation—Results at 1‐year loading
Authors: Alayan Jamil , Ivanovski Saso
Published: May 2019

Objective

To report biological and technical outcomes of implant‐supported restorations placed into previously maxillary sinus floor augmentation using the lateral wall approach (MSA) using anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM) + autogenous bone (AB) (control group) or collagen‐stabilized ABBM (test group).

Materials and methods

Single implant was placed 6 months after MSA in 27 control and 26 test patients. Fixed restorations were delivered 12 weeks later and reviewed 12 months after function. Outcomes measured included implant survival, marginal bone levels (DIB), peri‐implant parameters, and incidence of biological and technical complications.

Results

Seven patients (three control, four test group) did not return for their 1‐year review. No significant inter‐group differences were noted for all parameters. At baseline (3 months after implant placement), a mean(SD) marginal bone loss of 0.66 mm (0.40) and 0.77 mm (0.48) from the implant shoulder was recorded in the control and test group, respectively. After 12 months of loading, a mean (SD) additional marginal bone loss of 0.32 mm (0.24) and 0.35 mm (0.23) was noted in the control and test group, respectively. Peri‐implant mucositis (≥1 site BOP) was diagnosed in 62.9% of control and 69.23% of test patients. No peri‐implantitis was diagnosed. Screw retention and single crowns predominated. Technical complications mostly comprised of ceramic veneer chipping and were noted in 7.4% of control and 11.54% of test patients.

Conclusion

Based on a short observation period, implant reconstruction of the partially edentulous posterior maxilla after MSA using ABBM + AB or collagen‐stabilized ABBM led stable marginal bone levels, high prevalence of peri‐implant mucositis, and low rates of technical complications.
Epidemiological, clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical study on hypopigmented epitheliotropic T‐cell dyscrasia and hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
Authors: Landgrave‐Gómez Ixchel , Ruiz‐Arriaga León F. , Toussaint‐Caire Sonia , Vega‐Memije María E. , Lacy‐Niebla Rosa M.
Published: May 2019

Background

Hypopigmented dermatoses, more evident in dark‐skinned people, are a frequent cause of consultation. Their etiology includes a wide range of dermatoses, from benign to malignant diseases. The clinical presentation appears very similar between them, making the correct diagnoses and management a challenge.

Methodology

Clinical records and histopathological biopsies were identified and compared in patients of the “Dr. Manuel Gea González” General Hospital throughout a 16‐year period with the presumptive diagnosis of hypopigmented epitheliotropic T‐cell dyscrasia (HTCD) or hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF). Immunostaining analysis was performed in each specimen, the panel of antibodies used was: CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD20, and CD62L.

Results

Thirty cases of 81 patients found in the registries were included in this study. The main age group was formed by children younger than 15 years old. The main clinical differences between both entities were gender, presence of plaques, and neck lesions. The most significant histopathological parameters used to differentiate both diagnoses were: severity of lymphocytic infiltration, the extent of epidermotropism, folliculotropism, presence of Pautrier's microabscesses, lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei, and dermal fibroplasia. No immunohistochemical differences were found between them.

Conclusion

The clinical distinction between HTCD and HMF continues to be a challenge, therefore an extensive clinicopathological correlation must be performed. AbCD7 and AbCD62L were not useful to differentiate both dermatoses. This paper suggests that HTCD and HMF should be considered as the beginning and the end of the same clinical spectrum.
Identification of Y‐chromosome scaffolds of the Queensland fruit fly reveals a duplicated gyf gene paralogue common to many Bactrocera pest species
Authors: Choo Amanda , Nguyen Thu N.M. , Ward Christopher M. , Chen Isabel Y. , Sved John , Shearman Deborah , Gilchrist Anthony S. , Crisp Peter , Baxter Simon W.
Published: May 2019

Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly) are polyphagous horticultural pests of eastern Australia. Heterogametic males contain a sex‐determining Y‐chromosome thought to be gene poor and repetitive. Here, we report 39 Y‐chromosome scaffolds (~700 kb) from B. tryoni identified using genotype‐by‐sequencing data and whole‐genome resequencing. Male diagnostic PCR assays validated eight Y‐scaffolds, and one (Btry4096) contained a novel gene with five exons that encode a predicted 575 amino acid protein. The Y‐gene, referred to as typo‐gyf, is a truncated Y‐chromosome paralogue of X‐chromosome gene gyf (1773 aa). The Y‐chromosome contained ~41 copies of typo‐gyf, and expression occurred in male flies and embryos. Analysis of 13 tephritid transcriptomes confirmed typo‐gyf expression in six additional Bactrocera species, including Bactrocera latifrons, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata. Molecular dating estimated typo‐gyf evolved within the past 8.02 million years (95% highest posterior density 10.56–5.52 million years), after the split with Bactrocera oleae. Phylogenetic analysis also highlighted complex evolutionary histories among several Bactrocera species, as discordant nuclear (116 genes) and mitochondrial (13 genes) topologies were observed. B. tryoni Y‐sequences may provide useful sites for future transgene insertions, and typo‐gyf could act as a Y‐chromosome diagnostic marker for many Bactrocera species, although its function is unknown.
Cytochrome P450 26A1 modulates uterine dendritic cells in mice early pregnancy
Authors: Gu Ai‐Qin , Li Dan‐Dan , Wei Dan‐Ping , Liu Yan‐Qin , Ji Wen‐Heng , Yang Ying , Lin Han‐Yan , Peng Jing‐Pian
Published: May 2019

Cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1) plays important roles in the mice peri‐implantation period. Inhibiting its expression or function leads to pregnancy failure. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms involved, especially the relationship between CYP26A1 and immune cells. In this study, using Cyp26a1‐specific antisense morpholigos (Cyp26a1‐MO) knockdown mice model and pCR3.1‐Cyp26a1 vaccine mice model, we found that the number of uterine CD45+CD11c+MHCIIlo‐hiF4/80− dendritic cells (DCs) was significantly decreased in the treated mice. The percentage of mature DCs (CD86hi) was obviously lower and the percentage of immature DCs (CD86lo) was remarkably higher in uterine DCs in the treatment group than that of the control group. Further experiments found that ID2, a transcription factor associated with DCs development, and CD86, a DC mature marker molecule, were both significantly reduced in mice uteri in the treated group. In vitro, ID2 and CD86 also decreased in bone marrow‐derived DCs under Cyp26a1‐MO treatment. These findings provide novel information that CYP26A1 might affect the embryo implantation via modulating the differentiation and maturation of uterine DCs.
Effectiveness of Equating at the Passing Score for Exams With Small Sample Sizes
Authors: Wolkowitz Amanda A. , Wright Keith D.
Published: June 2019

This article explores the amount of equating error at a passing score when equating scores from exams with small samples sizes. This article focuses on equating using classical test theory methods of Tucker linear, Levine linear, frequency estimation, and chained equipercentile equating. Both simulation and real data studies were used in the investigation. The results of the study supported past findings that as the sample sizes increase, the amount of bias in the equating at the passing score decreases. The research also highlights the importance for practitioners to understand the data, to have an informed expectation of the results, and to have a documented rationale for an acceptable amount of equating error.
Computerized Adaptive Testing in Early Education: Exploring the Impact of Item Position Effects on Ability Estimation
Authors: Albano Anthony D. , Cai Liuhan , Lease Erin M. , McConnell Scott R.
Published: June 2019

Studies have shown that item difficulty can vary significantly based on the context of an item within a test form. In particular, item position may be associated with practice and fatigue effects that influence item parameter estimation. The purpose of this research was to examine the relevance of item position specifically for assessments used in early education, an area of testing that has received relatively limited psychometric attention. In an initial study, multilevel item response models fit to data from an early literacy measure revealed statistically significant increases in difficulty for items appearing later in a 20‐item form. The estimated linear change in logits for an increase of 1 in position was .024, resulting in a predicted change of .46 logits for a shift from the beginning to the end of the form. A subsequent simulation study examined impacts of item position effects on person ability estimation within computerized adaptive testing. Implications and recommendations for practice are discussed.
Ultrasonic‐assisted solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from Opuntia ficus‐indica peel: Phytochemical identification and comparison with soxhlet extraction
Authors: Karunanithi Anbarasi , Venkatachalam Sivakumar
Published: May 2019

The aim of the present study is to optimize the ultrasonic‐assisted solvent extraction (UASE) variables and to identify the phytochemical compounds present in the prickly pear (Opuntia ficus‐indica) peel extract and the results are compared with the extract obtained using soxhlet extraction (SE) techniques. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the UASE variables and the maximum TPC (5.95 mg GAE/g dW) and TFC (9.79 mg RUE/g dW) was obtained at 17 min of time, 40°C bath temperature and 1:24 g/mL solid–solvent ratio. The SEM analysis further shows that ultrasonic cavitation caused morphological changes, which accelerates the rate of extraction. The phytochemical analysis of UASE and soxhlet extracts revealed that the components which possess pharmacological activity are about 68.08% in UASE, whereas 61.72% in SE. In addition, components like phytol, azulene, andrographolide, serverogenin acetate, and stigmasterol, possess pharmacological properties that are notably present in UASE and are absent in SE.

Practical Applications

The present study identifies the presence of phytochemicals in the prickly pear (Opuntia ficus‐indica) peel extract obtained using ultrasonic‐assisted solvent extraction (UASE) and soxhlet extraction (SE) technique. The experiments' result shows that the components, which are responsible for antimicrobial activity, are higher in UASE extract compared to SE extract. The SEM analysis shows that ultrasonic cavitation caused morphological changes, which accelerates the rate of extraction and hence reduces the extraction time. The UASE technique is identified as a promising extraction technique for extraction of bioactive components with low solvent consumption. The UASE technique gives more pharmacological nature of components compared to soxhlet extraction (SE) technique. The present study reveals that the nature of the phytochemicals present in the extract strongly depends on the extraction method.
Heterodox Economics, Social Ethics, and Inequalities
Authors: McRorie Christina
Published: May 2019

Research in the cognitive sciences indicates that metaphors significantly shape perceptions and approaches to problem solving. With this in mind, this essay argues that it is problematic for ethicists that mainstream economics and other social scientific literature relies on naturalistic metaphors to describe markets. These imply an inaccurate picture of economic phenomena and rhetorically frame many solutions to problems such as inequality as interventionist. This essay proposes that religious ethicists may find resources for avoiding this conceptual hazard in emerging fields of heterodox economics that are attentive to the role of culture and human agency in shaping markets. It introduces feminist, behavioral, institutional, and Austrian economics in particular and highlights some of the specific approaches to inequality adopted in these fields. It then suggests that engaging heterodox perspectives more generally may help ethicists keep in view the full complexity and social nature of the economic problems they analyze.
Demonstrating suitability of the Caco-2 cell model for BCS-based biowaiver according to the recent FDA and ICH harmonised guidelines
Authors: Jarc Tina , Novak Maša , Hevir Neli , Rižner Tea Lanišnik , Kreft Mateja Erdani , Kristan Katja
Published: June 2019

Objective

According to the regulatory guidelines, one of the critical steps in using in-vitro permeability methods for permeability classification is to demonstrate the suitability of the method. Here, suitability of the permeability method by using a monolayer of cultured epithelial cells was verified with different criteria.

Methods

Imaging with a transmission electron microscope was used for characterisation of the cells. Monolayer integrity was confirmed by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and permeability of zero permeability marker compounds. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate expression levels of 84 known transporters. Samples for bidirectional permeability determination were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography.

Key findings

The Caco-2 cells grow in an intact monolayer and morphologically resemble enterocytes. Genes of 84 known transporters were expressed at different levels; furthermore, expression was time depended. Functional expression of efflux transporter P-glycoprotein was confirmed. We established a correlation between permeability coefficients of 21 tested drug substances ranging from low, moderate and high absorption with human fraction absorbed literature data (R2 = 0.84).

Conclusions

Assay standardisation assures the consistency of experimental data. Only such fully characterised model has the ability to accurately predict drug's intestinal permeability at the early stage of research or for the BCS-based biowaiver application.
Vertical variation in epiphytic cryptogam species richness and composition in a primeval Fagus sylvatica forest
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan , Weinrich Tobias , Hauck Markus , Leuschner Christoph
Published: May 2019

Question

Biodiversity surveys of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens on standing trees are mostly restricted to the lowermost 2 m, since sampling above this level is time‐consuming and therefore expensive. However, sampling only the stem base is likely to result in underestimation of forest epiphyte diversity, because microclimate and physico‐chemical site conditions, both of which vary with height above the ground, play important roles for poikilohydric organisms. We investigate variation in epiphyte diversity and composition along the vertical gradient in forests and discuss factors that may potentially account for height‐dependent distribution patterns.

Location

Montane primeval beech forest Havešová in the Carpathians, eastern Slovakia.

Methods

Ten circular plots, each 500 m2, were selected randomly in an area severely affected by windfall. Epiphytes were sampled along the stems of recently uprooted trees, from base to the canopy. Mean Ellenberg indicator values (EIV) for light, moisture, acidity and nitrogen availability were used as surrogate variables for environmental interpretation of compositional patterns for sampling segments of 2 m along the stem.

Results

By sampling only the lowest 2 m, 10% of the total bryophyte and 48% of the lichen species would have been missed. We detected systematic patterns of compositional variation for both groups along the vertical gradient. While pleurocarpous mosses and liverworts were mostly restricted to the stem base, acrocarpous mosses and crustose lichens occurred along the stem almost to the top. Foliose and fruticose lichens were concentrated at intermediate heights and in the upper canopy. Patterns of variation in EIVs suggested that increasing light availability, decreasing moisture and increasing inputs of acidic and nitrous substances are responsible for the compositional shifts along the vertical gradient.

Conclusions

Sampling only the stem base implies severe underestimation of the epiphyte diversity in temperate broad‐leaved forests. The middle and the upper parts of tree stems have distinctive compositions of epiphytic cryptogams, because microclimate and physico‐chemical site factors vary with height above the ground.
An assessment of sperm whale occurrence and social structure off São Miguel Island, Azores using fluke and dorsal identification photographs
Authors: van der Linde Miranda L. , Eriksson Ida K.
Published: June 2019

Female and immature sperm whales form stable social units in tropical to subtropical waters. One such area is the Azores archipelago, where details of their year‐round occurrence and social organization are not well known. We used year‐round sightings data collected from whale watching vessels to assess sperm whale occurrence and social structure off São Miguel Island, Azores from 2010 to 2017. Individuals were photo‐identified by their flukes (n = 393) and dorsal pigmentation marks were examined to explore their use in assisting with reidentifications. Of all cataloged whales, 78.8% were sufficiently distinctive to be reidentified from dorsal pigmentation patterns. Associations between individuals were analyzed to determine social structure and delineate social units. We identified 12 units comprising 2–13 members that had stable, and perhaps preferred associations for periods up to the eight years of the study. Preferences between some pairs of units may exist, but more research is required to better understand dynamics within and between units. This local scale study is an important contributor to our knowledge of geographic variation on a global scale. We recommend making use of all available information from the entire archipelago, to further increase our understanding of sperm social organization in the Azores.
If she is conscious, what is she?
Authors: Hussey Trevor
Published: June 2019

What is consciousness? What is its importance and how is it to be described? The paper looks at some of the principal theories and their attempts to solve the “hard problem” of how consciousness is produced by nervous tissue, and attempts to close the “explanatory gap” between such (apparently) profoundly different things as subjective awareness and a physical brain. It ends with a tentative suggestion that, despite centuries of philosophical frustration, recent appeals to quantum physics may offer a glimmer of hope.
Assessing ventilatory control stability in children with and without an elevated central apnoea index
Authors: Harman Katherine , Weichard Aidan J. , Davey Margot J. , Horne Rosemary S.C. , Nixon Gillian M. , Edwards Bradley A.
Published: May 2019

Background and objective

Frequent central apnoeas are sometimes observed in healthy children; however; the pathophysiology of an elevated central apnoea index (CAI) is poorly understood. A raised CAI may indicate underlying ventilatory control instability (i.e. elevated loop gain, LG) or a depressed ventilatory drive. This pilot study aimed to compare LG in otherwise healthy children with an elevated CAI to healthy controls.

Methods

Polysomnographic recordings from children (age > 6 months) without obstructive sleep apnoea and with a CAI > 5 events/h (n = 13) were compared with age and gender‐matched controls with a CAI < 5 events/h (n = 13). Spontaneous sighs were identified during non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and breath–breath measurements of ventilation were derived from the nasal pressure signal. A standard model of ventilatory control (gain, time constant and delay) was used to calculate LG by transforming ventilatory fluctuations seen in response to a sigh into a ventilatory‐drive signal that best matches observed ventilation.

Results

The high CAI group had an elevated LG (median = 0.36 (interquartile range, IQR = 0.35–0.53) vs 0.28 (0.23–0.36); P ≤ 0.01). There was no difference in either the time constant (P = 0.63) or delay (P = 0.29) between groups. Elevated LG observed in the high CAI group remained after accounting for degree of hypoxia (average oxygen saturation (SpO2) during each analysable window) experienced (0.40 (0.30–0.53) vs 0.25 (0.23–0.37); P = 0.04).

Conclusion

An elevated CAI in otherwise healthy children is associated with a raised LG compared to matched controls with a low CAI, irrespective of level of hypoxia. This relative ventilatory instability helps explain the high CAI and may ultimately be able to help guide diagnosis and management in patients with high CAI.