bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why So Much Unemployment?
Authors: Stricker Frank
Published: January 2021

The chapter sifts through common explanations for excessive unemployment: the unemployed are too lazy and too picky; untrained and unskilled, they are undesirable hires; employers discriminate against African Americans and other minorities; immigrants take all the jobs; as part of globalization, employers have sent many jobs abroad; robots take too many jobs; high wages mean that some employers cannot afford to hire; high taxes limit the money employers have for hiring. Some of these factors contribute to more unemployment in the whole economy and for special groups. But the chapter concludes that the decisive reasons why the United States rarely has full employment are found in the way unregulated capitalism thrives on a labor surplus, and in business leaders, conservative and neoliberal politicians, and economists who resist government job creation programs.
For Those Considering Medical School
Authors: Ejiogu Nwadiogo I.
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers advice about how to survive and thrive in medical school as a woman of color. Ejiogu recognizes the importance of finding support as a medical student committed to social justice principles and how to negotiate a profession that routinely is known for its mistreatment of nonwhite communities and women. She advocates anticipating potential triggers in an oppressive environment and the need to implement a self-care plan as a way to protect oneself.
Mainstreaming in a Catholic School
Authors: Dierenfield Bruce J. , Gerber David A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the considerable challenges that Jim Zobrest faced as he attended Salpointe Catholic High School in Tucson, as the only deaf student in that elite institution. Jim’s experiment in mainstreaming did not succeed in overcoming his social isolation within the high school. The school itself largely left Jim to his own devices to succeed in this hearing environment. Jim therefore relied heavily on his interpreter, Jim Santeford, and his younger brother, Sam, to facilitate conversation with his teachers, classmates, and coaches. The kinds, methodologies, and technologies of deaf communication are also considered. Despite mostly succeeding in the classroom, Jim grew increasingly alienated from the school he and his family chose because he was unable to start on his school’s championship-caliber basketball team.
In Search of Religious Liberty
Authors: Dierenfield Bruce J. , Gerber David A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the origins of the Zobrests’ lawsuit against their public school district in Tucson, which refused on constitutional grounds to pay for Jim’s sign language interpreter in a Catholic school. For the Zobrests, federal disability laws and the First Amendment’s Free Exercise Clause entitled Jim to have this essential service. What follows is an analysis of the zigzag line of thinking employed by the U.S. Supreme Court as it grappled with church-state issues in the twentieth century prior to its consideration of the Zobrest case. For years, two titans of constitutional law—Catholic neoconservative William Bentley Ball and civil libertarian Leo Pfeffer—battled over what was legally permissible with regard to freedom of religion. Ultimately, the court enunciated a controversial Lemon Test to address this thorny area of its jurisprudence.
Introduction
Authors: Gallon Kim T.
Published: January 2021

This introductory section introduces the book’s major arguments and provides an overview of the history of the Black Press in the early twentieth century. The introduction also explores the theoretical conceptualization of the public sphere in relationship to African American life and the scholarship on pleasure and class in African American history. In laying out these terms, the introductory section of the book makes the case that they are useful categories of analysis for a deeper understanding of African American sexuality, pleasure, and the Black Press. Finally, the introduction features a discussion of the significance of the interwar period and its relationship to the history of African American sexuality in the Black Press.
Male Homosexuality and Gender-Nonconforming Expression
Authors: Gallon Kim T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 details how Black Press news coverage produced a black public sexual sphere that allowed readers to debate homosexuality and gender-noncomforming expression’s position in early-twentieth-century black communities. As the Black Press worked to transform negative images of blackness, they held homosexual life and gender-nonconformity up as a spectacle that could not seamlessly fit into notions of African American respectability. Nonetheless, regular coverage in the Black Press proved that editors believed that readers enjoyed reading articles and viewing images about female impersonators and gay men. In presenting readers’ responses to this coverage, chapter 5 draws attention to instances of contest and negotiation between diverse African American readers as they struggled to understand the intersections between race, gender, and sexuality.
Epilogue
Authors: Gallon Kim T.
Published: January 2021

The epilogue briefly recounts the history of African American sexuality in the Black Press during the interwar years. The concluding chapter also briefly discusses the Black Press’s coverage and representations of sexuality during World War II through the Civil Rights Movement. National attention on African Americans’ struggles for civil rights inspired black newspapers to strike a more staid approach to covering news. Sex scandals, lurid crime stories, and homosexuality did not fit the picture of “respectable negroes” deserving of full citizenship. In the post-civil rights era, black newspaper circulation took a precipitous fall. Finally, the closing chapter offers a way to think about contemporary black news media by suggesting that discussions of sexuality have migrated to social media spaces such as Facebook and Twitter.
España Libre and Its Editors
Authors: Feu Montse
Published: January 2021

España Libre’s editors invigorated the periodical’s proletarian counterculture to both fascism and elitism and sustained an ongoing resistance through times of harsh repression in Spain and Cold War political tensions in the United States. In the 1940s editorials focused on alerting readers about the spread of fascism to the Americas and encouraged fundraising for refugees. By the 1950s, the increasing international diplomatic recognition of the Franco dictatorship disquieted members and the editorials published during that decade were heavily focused on denouncing that recognition. However, by the 1960s the periodical concentrated its efforts on supporting the weakened underground labor opposition in Spain and in coordinating efforts with other political forces. In the 1970s, España Libre published homages to exiles for the antifascist resistance they put forth.
Solidarity for Political Prisoners
Authors: Feu Montse
Published: January 2021

The Confederadas and its supporters held hundreds of rallies, pickets, and demonstrations across the United States to protest political persecution in Spain. In their cultural fundraisers, antifascist plays were performed, artists danced and sang, speeches were delivered, dinners were served, dance orchestras played, lotteries were held, and funds subsequently collected. España Libre reviewed the extraordinary activism for political prisoners in each of its issues. Protest was extended to other media, too. Members published letters of protest in American mainstream papers and rented radio space in several radio stations. The Confederadas’ numerous forms of protest and occupation of the public space garnered international attention for the incarcerations and executions of dissenters in Spain.
Theater—Género Chico and Antifascism
Authors: Feu Montse
Published: January 2021

The Confederadas’ stage productions built on a tradition of the vanguards of the 1920s and 1930s; they comprised satiric dramatizations, comedies of manners, and light musicals. The humor and lyricism of popular genres, or género chico, reinvented the conditions of exile as an aesthetic experience of self-representation and political action. Also, the Confederadas’ theater intersected with anarchist aesthetics and with a well-established popular and Hispanic theatrical scene in New York. Exile also modified género chico plays with American and immigrant characters, which allowed the audience to reflect on their antifascist fight and their emerging ethnic identity in the United States. Marked by parodic self-representation, the popular dramaturgical genres ridiculed fascist narratives through comedy and farce.
Late Afternoon
Authors: Perman Tony
Published: January 2021

The chapter introduces the madzviti spirits of nineteenth-century Gaza Nguni warriors. Emphasizing the reality of semiotic objects, I explore the histories behind the madzviti’s emergence and the purposes for which the living awaken them. Rituals such as this rely on and reinforce habits that form the core conventions of spiritual and musical life. Their meaning depends on the histories, encounters, expectations, and desires that shape the spirits’ emergence and are shaped by their presence. Madzviti spirits lived as soldiers when the Gaza State ruled Ndau territories. This history is central to the transformation of the madzviti from soldier to spirit, from living to dead. Musicking facilitates the relationships between the living and the dead as well as the present with the past.
Revisiting the Storeroom
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter opens the storeroom door. If the classification system is considered the brain of the museum, the storeroom is its unconscious mind where secrets of collection, acquisition, classification, object restoration, and display are hidden. Visible storage has been deployed since the 1970s as a planned technique for demonstrating the potential of museums and highlighting the authenticity of their displays. By melding front and back regions, visible storerooms, like others touristic sites and spectacles, lure in clientele. In bringing to light the content of storerooms, both scandalous secrets and pleasant surprises may be revealed. Storerooms are the locus of key objects in repatriation claims, as well as educational resources for museums. Storeroom innovation through recategorizing and restocking objects may become the impetus for museological change.
Personal Journeys and Reflections on African Art
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R.
Published: January 2021

Museum visits are highly personal. In this chapter, the authors share their personal journeys of museum worlds in order to inspire readers to embark on their own explorations. There are many channels through which African art reaches the rest of the world, including museum imports, private markets, catalogues, book publications, and tourist photographs. All of these outlets contribute to personal discoveries of African art. The book began with a focus on official museums, but, as the sample grew, the researchers moved beyond the walls of museums into personal collections and outdoor venues of artistic performances and festivals. The chapter discusses the authors’ interdisciplinary conversations along the way and the researchers’ reflexivity at the surprise of discovering oneself as a museum subject.
The Morena and the Mulata in Brazilian Telenovelas
Authors: Mitchell Jasmine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 utilizes TV Globo telenovelas (serial melodramas) featuring Camila Pitanga in order to illustrate how racialization relies on the framing of sexuality and consumerism. With widespread domestic and international consumption, these telenovelas represent dominant metanarratives of race, gender, sexuality, and class. The telenovelas represent larger racial projects of whitening populations or containing blackness through nonreproductive sexual labor. With an analysis of Belíssima (2005), the chapter outlines the morena archetype—a mixed woman who can be uplifted out of blackness and into whiteness if expectations of consumerism, purity, marriage, and reproductive labor are met. Differentiated from the morena, the mulata in Paraíso Tropical (2007) acts as a nexus of racial eroticism and desire. Both telenovelas refashion mixing, whitening, and racial democracy discourses in the 2000s.
Analysis of Aristolochia longa L. Medicinal Plant from Algeria
Authors: Lamari Zohra , Negache Houria
Published: January 2021

In recent time, the therapeutic use of medicinal plants has increased all over the world. The efficacy of herbs for curative purposes is often accounted of its mineral and organic constituents. Neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied to mineral determination of Aristolochia Longa (bereztem), medicinal plant used to cure some diseases observed in Algeria especially cancer. In this work the mass fractions of Cr (15.22 ± 3.5 μg/g), Na (269.98 ± 25.01 μg/g), La (0.478 ± 0.041 μg/g), K (1.33 ± 0.23 μg/g), Br (1.2 ± 0.19 μg/g), As (0.697 ± 0.038) and Sb (66.09 ± 11.24 μg/g), were determined. This herb was collected from Taourirt Aden Berber village situated in Northern Algeria. Five elements were quantified in certified AIEA standards IAEA-V10 and IAEA-SL1 for checking the accuracy of our procedure. It was noteworthy the values obtained from this work are in good agreement with the certified values, the Z-score values for all elements were |Z| < 3. We believe that herb is natural and harmless compared with chemical drugs. Unfortunately the potential toxicity due to the Aristolochia Acids content has required the analysis of Aristolochia Longa by CG/MS and HPLC to highlight this compound. The standard of Aristolochic Acid (Sigma A5512-25 mg Yellow powder lot # wxbb6331VPCODE) was used as reference.
About Operational Game Scenario Modeling
Authors: Shevchenko Vasiliy
Published: January 2021

An original generalizing class of game-theoretic models (operational games or KOSH games) is presented, using which many micro-and macro - economic interactions are naturally modeled. Basic concepts of the theory of operational games and classification of such games, equations of dynamics of operational game interactions, and procedures for modeling scenarios of such interactions are described. Examples of operational games and some practical results of using this theory are given. The possibilities of fundamental and applied development of the considered direction of game-theoretic research are analyzed. The importance of this research is due to the fact that the original idea of the founders of game theory, which is to create an adequate accurate language for describing economic processes, has not been implemented to this day. In this paper, an attempt is made to implement this by accurately defining the concept of “operation” using static games of a well-defined type and considering dynamic ensembles of such static games.
Magnetic Properties of Heusler Alloys and Nanoferrites
Authors: Singh Devinder , Chand Verma Kuldeep
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, results of our recent investigations on the structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of Cu-based Heusler alloys and MFe2O4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) nanostructures will be discussed. The chapter is divided into two parts, the first part describes growth and different characterizations of Heusler alloys while in the second part magnetic properties of nano-ferrites are discussed. The Cu50Mn25Al25-xGax (x = 0, 2, 4, 8 and 10 at %) alloys have been synthesized in the form of ribbons. The alloys with x ≤ 8 show the formation of Heusler single phase of the Cu2MnAl structure. Further increase of Ga content gives rise to the formation of γ-Cu9Al4 type phase together with Cu2MnAl Heusler phase. The alloys are ferromagnetically ordered and the saturation magnetization (Ms) decreases slightly with increasing Ga concentration. Annealing of the ribbons significantly changes the magnetic properties of Cu50Mn25Al25-xGax alloys. The splitting in the zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) magnetization curves at low temperature has been observed for alloys. Another important class of material is Nanoferrites. The structural and magnetization behaviour of spinel MFe2O4 nanoferrites are quite different from that of bulk ferrites. X-ray diffraction study revealed spinel structure of MFe2O4 nanoparticles. The observed ferromagnetic behaviour of MFe2O4 depends on the nanostructural shape as well as ferrite inversion degree. The magnetic interactions in Ce doped CoFe2O4 are antiferromagnetic that was confirmed by zero field/field cooling measurements at 100 Oe. Log R (Ω) response measurement of MgFe2O4 thin film was taken for 10–90% relative humidity (% RH) change at 300 K.
The Role of Lycopene in Chronic Lung Diseases
Authors: Balbuena Emilio , Cheng Junrui , Eroglu Abdulkerim
Published: January 2021

Lycopene, a naturally occurring non-provitamin A carotenoid pigment, is responsible for the red to pink colors in tomato, watermelon, red bell peppers, and pink guava. There are many health benefits attributed to lycopene including but not limited to its antioxidant activity. According to the American Lung Association’s State of Lung Cancer, lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Other chronic lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are high prevalence. This chapter summarizes lycopene’s protective role against lung diseases in both in vitro and in vivo studies. While it has been demonstrated that circulating lycopene can be used as a biomarker for several lung diseases, further studies are warranted to establish that. We aim to provide insights into how lycopene can remedy for lung diseases, including lung cancer.
Hand Compartment Syndrome
Authors: M. Stavrakakis Ioannis , E. Magarakis George , H. Tosounidis Theodoros
Published: January 2021

Compartment syndrome is defined by high pressures in a closed myofascial compartment, which affects initially the muscles and later the nerves and vessels. The hand is rarely affected, but if treated suboptimally, it results to a permanent loss of function. Eleven compartments are included in the hand and wrist. Diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the hand remains challenging. Pain out of proportion of injury and excessive swelling should raise suspicion towards a compartment syndrome. Intracompartmental pressure measurement contributes to the diagnosis, but it is not always reliable. Once the diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome has been made, decompression of all compartments is mandatory, in order to achieve a good outcome. Failing to manage this emergent condition properly leads to a significant hand disability. Our chapter includes the following sections: 1. Introduction. A brief description of the hand compartment syndrome is presented. 2. Anatomy. Special considerations regarding hand compartments are presented, 3. Etiology. 4. Diagnosis. Signs and symptoms are reported, as well as guidelines of the technique of intracompartmental pressure measurement. 5. Treatment. Faciotomies’ indications and operative technique are described in details. 6. Conclusion. Appropriate figures of the clinical image and surgical decompression are presented as well.
Heavy Metal Contamination in a Protected Natural Area from Southeastern Mexico: Analysis of Risks to Human Health
Authors: Alejandra Aguilar Claudia , Canedo Yunuen , Montalvo Carlos , Ruiz Alejandro , Barreto Rocio
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, a little of the history of Carmen City, Mexico is addressed; this island is immersed in a Protected Natural Area and in the “Campeche Sound” an oil extraction site. Fishing natural resources were for many years the pillar of the development of the area; the most commercially important species are still shrimp, oysters and scales. Nowadays, although the volumes of capture have decreased considerably, different species of high commercial value are still extracted. The considerable development of the oil industry has brought with its economic development and a better quality of life for its inhabitants; however, the ravages of pollution, rapid population growth, and deforestation have been the unwanted factor. This chapter addresses the effects of heavy metals on human health through a risk analysis, based on the criteria of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) that was carried out for different commercial species based on carcinogenic factors and not carcinogenic; the results show that the risk from consumption of these species is “potentially dangerous” for human health, especially in those species that, due to their eating habits (mollusks, bivalves, clams) tend to bio-accumulate heavy metals, such as cadmium, which it has been considered by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a risk factor; for this reason, the importance of periodically evaluating and monitoring oyster extraction banks, clams and, in general, all fishery products. Mexican legislation and various international legislations dictate the maximum permissible and tolerable levels of heavy metals in fishery products; the organisms considered in this study exceeded the permissible limits in copper and nickel, which represents a risk for human consumption.
The “Letter Should Not Beg”
Authors: Wang Dong
Published: January 2021

Through a comprehensive examination of worldwide philanthropic efforts for Canton Christian College (Lingnan University, 1888-1951), this chapter seeks to trace modern practices of diasporic Chinese philanthropy in higher education. At the core of modern institutions taking root in China, Christian universities and colleges fashioned new possibilities and new depths of support among contacts across urban communities in Asia, Oceania, and North and South Americas. National identity, welfare sovereignty, and state-philanthropy relations have been important analytical concerns of other scholars. My foci, however, are the ideas and strategies of domestic Chinese, diasporic Chinese, and Westerners that have shaped the liberal form and content of Chinese philanthropy in higher education, the “on-going enterprise of the human spirit.” I argue that cultivating overseas Chinese philanthropy for Lingnan University involved the packaging and repackaging of higher education as a fluid symbol of opportunity, hope, native-place, Christianity, modernity, progressiveness, nationalism, and worldism, depending on the specific donor base.
The “Invisible Work” of Women
Authors: Kuo Mei-fen
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how Chinese cultural expressions of charity, based on interpersonal relationships (guanxi) and native place (tongxiang) ties, came to mix and interact with contrasting traditions of Christian charity practiced in a predominantly British milieu in colonial and federation Australia over the late 19th century and 20th centuries. We employ the term “philanthropic sociability” to capture the spirit of innovation that came to characterize a number of voluntary organizations in which Chinese Australian women were active organizers and innovators. By analyzing male-dominated writings and records of charitable fairs and public celebrations, the chapter argues that women undertook “invisible work” in voluntary organizations and built a variety of informal networks among them. Although their social impact was limited, women contextualized their participation in male-dominated activities in ways that cannot be explained in terms of patriarchal values. We find that the impact of women in Chinese- Australian voluntary organizations was not just about the feminizing of community formations but also about promoting philanthropic sociability in ways that traditional organizations could not match.
Punishing Han Traitors beyond Chinese Borders
Authors: Xia Yun
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the struggle between Nationalists and Communists to punish so-called “hanjin” (literally, traitors to the Han Chinese nation) across the vast canvas of postwar East Asia. Drawing on hitherto unexamined government correspondence, legal codes, edicts, accusations, newspapers and popular literature, this chapter examines how former collaborators were brought to justice in legal and extra-legal ways. It examines the political struggles, and the tensions between justice and nationalism in the crucible of civil war. In so doing it delves into fraught categories of identity after empire, collaboration and nationalism, and postwar commemoration and memory of the so-called War of Resistance against Japan (1931-1945) in China. Ultimately this work forces us to reckon with questions of not just the meaning of “hanjian” but what the persecution of such figures reveals about the imperial roots of Modern China.
Diplomatic Salvation: Buddhist Exchanges and Sino-Japanese Rapprochement
Authors: Richardson Lauren , Scott Gregory Adam
Published: January 2021

Beginning in the ruins of Buddhist sacred sites in China, Richardson and Scott unearths the reconstruction of post-imperial Sino-Japanese relations through the history of Buddhist exchanges. Building on important new trends in the diplomatic history of early Cold War East Asia, Richardson and Scott move well beyond the focus on Japan-PRC economic relations to minkan religious networks which tied Japan and China throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In so doing this chapter sheds light on the central role of temple priests and religious groups such as Jōdō shinshū and Sōka gakkai, illustrating how Buddhism and religion were pragmatically deployed to bypass official obstacles to bilateral relations. Ultimately, this chapter deepens our understanding of how Buddhist religious and cultural heritages were mobilized to build trust and cooperation beyond the violence of imperial wars. In memorializing war dead, and in returning the remains of forced laborers, religious leaders played an important role in normalizing relations between Japan and the PRC.
[Untitled]
Authors: Tonguette Peter
Published: January 2021

Part 2 offers a Q&A drawn from sixteen years’ worth of interviews, encompassing each of Bogdanovich’s film and TV projects, his background, his triumphs, and his tragedies. The Q&A is arranged in chronological order, starting with Bogdanovich’s youth in New York and continuing through his plans to make his long-anticipated film Wait for Me.
Young Lady from London
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Jackson teaches for a year, and then attends Ohio Wesleyan University, where she excels academically. Her personality emerges from records of her activities, and it’s clear she is an energetic and enterprising young woman. She earns not the usual degree women did, but the regular B.A. degree, graduating with the same credentials men did. Jackson teaches, then returns home when her father dies. She returns to Ohio Weslyan and earns a masters degree. She attends Columbia University and earns a Ph.D., only the second woman in the history of the college to do so. Her life as a female Ph.D. student and Southerner in a great Northern city is discussed. While at Columbia, Jackson studies balladry in her Spanish Literature class, and hears about ballads being sung in the Kentucky hills from two classmates, who in turn learned of this from two lecturers from Berea College.
Act Two
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Jackson marries William Frank French in 1912. She becomes Dean of the Sue Bennett School for Girls. The Frenches move to Shreveport where Jackson co-founds the Woman’s Department Club. A brief history of types and function of women’s clubs is given. French becomes one of the clubs pillars, guiding them through the day-to-day workings of the club, and lecturing for free once a week for seventeen years. In 1924, French joins the English faculty at Centenary College. She joins and becomes President of the Louisiana AAUW during the outbreak of World War ll. Jackson’s relationship with her daughter is examined. She dies in 1958 and all Shreveport mourns.
From Routine Security Operations to War
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

The chapter explores the personal and organizational cognitive and command challenges in the rapid transition from peacetime or RSO to war. The challenge is three fold: identifying the change against the background of previous personal and organizational experience; assimilating the need for a transition in superior and subordinate echelons; implementing the change, mainly in the field of C2. Three cases are presented in the Yom Kippur War: the ground forces on the southern and northern fronts and the IAF. The Second Lebanon War case is discussed first from the GHQ perspective and then from the 91st Galilee Division's perspective. Lessons for the future are drawn.
The All-in-One Heart Pill
Authors: Bing Eric G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the benefits, especially in medically underserved areas and developing countries, of a pill that combines medications shown to reduce heart attacks and strokes. Because this polypill is potentially more cost-effective and more likely to be taken regularly than current (insufficient) treatment regimens for treating cardiovascular disease among economically challenged communities, its development and distribution could significantly improve outcomes. The chapter provides examples of similar approaches to global health issues that have been successful. It concludes by encouraging the World Health Organization to approve the polypill, put advocates in place, and establish partnerships so that the pill can start saving lives.
The Global Challenge of
Authors: Kaufman Kathryn C.
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the lack of adequate global infrastructure and the limits imposed on global growth, prosperity, and quality of life. Inadequate infrastructure causes loss of lives, constrains economic progress, and exacerbates climate change. To address the infrastructure gap between what is being constructed and what is genuinely required, the author proposes the creation of a development fund, which will require international collaboration and cooperation, to make available a substantial amount of capital and dedicate it to projects that contribute to the betterment of society. This development fund will not only improve infrastructure but also enhance the quality of many lives.
Hacked but Don’t Know It
Authors: Chang Frederick R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses cybersecurity in an era when everyone is constantly using the Internet. It highlights the importance of research to ensure that information stays safe while users are on the Internet. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are proposed as possible avenues to securing cyberspace. However, much is still unknown, and collaboration among individuals in different fields is important to advance the research in cybersecurity. The author calls for greater investment in the training of future cyberpractitioners at all levels of expertise.
Mao Zedong (1893–1976) and Zhou Enlai (1898–1976)
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

Personality wise, these two were the furthest apart, and one is amazed that Zhou managed to maintain his role in the revolutionary and post-revolutionary processes. The mercurial Mao needed the steady Zhou. Mao was the great thinker and catalyst of the Chinese revolution, while Zhou was the great administrator. Zhou always knew when to defer and even prostrate himself.
Fidel Castro (1926–2016) and Ernesto “Che” Guevara (1928–1967)
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

These two men, from different countries, became very close friends and revolutionists. Like Lenin and Trotsky, they fused into a dynamic pair, working together on every aspect of the revolution and the revolutionary state. Fidel was the planner and overseer of the movement; Che was the inspired implementer. Che, however, had little patience with administration, and for him the Cuban revolution was to be a catalyst for third-world revolutions. He left Cuba to oversee unsuccessful revolutions in Congo and Bolivia. Che died young, in Bolivia; Fidel rule Cuba for over fifty years.
Conclusion
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Masculinity and the Man Who Drinks
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

Cukor’s most developed alcoholics are white men of privileged class who are portrayed as failing to live up to gendered social expectations. Within romantic comedies, the cause and effects of alcoholism in male characters are downplayed, as seen in the films Susan and God (1940) and The Philadelphia Story (1940). Then the chapter explores the specific figure of the Hollywood alcoholic in What Price Hollywood? (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), and A Star is Born (1954). These performances show the cost of success for male celebrities and the impact of social demands on the individual. Maintaining youthfulness, audience favor, and masculine virility depletes the men in focus in these films, and their failure after high accomplishment leads them to desperation and self-destruction.
Ethnic Assimilation and 1950s Hollywood
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

The final chapter turns to the subject of gender and ethnic assimilation in Cukor’s films of the 1950s, the last years in which the director would find regular work. Within a communist-baiting era heading into the long Cold War, Hollywood films of the 1950s suppressed but nonetheless (or necessarily) addressed familiar fears in new ways, from attention to a postwar version of melting-pot politics to modernized versions of gender roles for “ethnic” women. Cukor’s most successful films of the decade reveal similar concerns, despite enormous differences in focus and style. Born Yesterday (1950) and It Should Happen to You (1952) are urban romantic comedies; Bhowani Junction (1956) is an Indian epic; and Wild is the Wind (1957) is an Italian immigrant melodrama in a rustic setting.
Conclusion
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

The conclusion summarizes the approach used and the pleasures of studying gender in the films of Cukor. It also provides examples of how such studies might be expanded through differing constellations of films.
Bowing the Knee to Slavery
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

One common objection to the colonization movement was that it distracted from the fight for the abolition of slavery. Chapter 7 argues that the rift over slavery in America was deepening; antislavery and proslavery movements were moving toward extremes rather than reaching compromise or consensus. The chapter opens with the brutal murder of abolitionist newspaperman Elijah Lovejoy and discusses the gag rule passed in the US House of Representatives, which automatically tables any proposed legislation for the abolition of slavery. For enslaved and free black people in the United States, things are getting worse.
I Am Nothing but a Plain Christian
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Ben Major, an early member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), is deeply committed to his faith and is often referred to as “father” or “reverend.” In an 1846 letter to the American Colonization Society, Ben notes that his copies of the society’s publication are addressed to Rev. Ben Major. He asks them to drop the title in the future, saying that he is “nothing but a plain Christian,” a sentiment that ignores his significant contributions to the church. Chapter 19 details Ben’s involvement in the church, as well as that of his brothers and close friends.
I Thirst to Meet You in Bright Glory
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

On an ordinary spring morning in 1852, Ben Major and his wife Lucy are eating breakfast when they are interrupted by a frantic messenger. Ben’s only sister, Eliza Ann Davenport, is gravely ill with cholera. Ben rushes to her home, where he tries all his various botanical treatments for cholera, but to no avail. Eliza Ann dies, and within a short time it is clear that two of her sons and Ben are sick, too. All three of them die within a few days. With the deaths of Tolbert and Ben—six months apart—the remarkable correspondence between Bassa Cove and Walnut Grove ends, but the final letter from Liberia is not the last interaction between the Liberian colonists and the American Majors. Years later, Wesley Harlan travels from Liberia to pay his respects at Ben Major’s grave in Illinois.
Introduction
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

The United States and Israel share an uneasy alliance. On the one hand, the two countries need each other. The United States provides Israel with vital military and political protection that ensures its place in the Middle East. Israel serves as a dependable and important ally for the United States in a turbulent region marked by a considerable amount of anti-Westernism. Many Americans feel a cultural connection to Israel and appreciate having a U.S. stronghold in the region. Many Israelis are deeply grateful for American help, especially given Europe’s history of anti-Semitism, and dread the thought of ever losing U.S. support....
Phantom Peace
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

The themes of national security and domestic politics intersect in the second chapter. Based on the papers of Henry “Scoop” Jackson and J. William Fulbright, the chapter uses the conflict between the two Democratic senators to show how the growing Soviet presence in the Middle East, combined with the deteriorating situation in Southeast Asia in the late 1960s and early 1970s, brought about a major upheaval within the Democratic Party as well as a rise in conservative support for Israel from the halls of Congress. Jackson, who ran for president in 1972 and 1976, and Fulbright, the longest-tenured chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, staked out very different positions for the proper relationship between the United States and Israel. A discussion about the Jackson-Fulbright conflict encourages broader thinking about congressional participation in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and also exposes significant political fault lines that would complicate the making of U.S. policy toward Israel for years to come. The United States and Israel developed a strategic alliance during this period, in addition to the special relationship, which involved an enormous increase in weapons sales from the United States to Israel.
“Football More Important Than Berlin”
Authors: Dichter Heather L.
Published: January 2021

In the early 1960s Portugal and the Netherlands confronted the problem of East German participation in the UEFA Junior Tournament and Olympic qualification. Although not very important tournaments, domestic governments feared they would cause a public backlash against themselves and NATO should the East Germans not be allowed to participate. These games became tied up with debates over NATO policies, national interest, and public opinion. The popularity of football prompted some states to attempt to use the national interest exception to the East German travel ban. These football matches brought the Cold War into the smaller NATO member states’ national boundaries. By hosting sporting events the Netherlands and Portugal engaged directly with their NATO allies over Cold War policies with which they did not fully agree or which they believed would cause public opinion problems at home and abroad. NATO diplomats, foreign ministries, and the leaders of national and international football federations spent months in protracted negotiations over whether minor football matches involving the German Democratic Republic would even take place during the height of the Cold War as each group attempted to appear blameless in the court of public opinion.
Sheilas, Wogs, and Poofters in a War Zone
Authors: Nielsen Erik
Published: January 2021

This chapter charts the visit of the Australian football soccer team to South Vietnam in 1967 during the Vietnam War. It scrutinizes the claim made by former captain of the Australian soccer team Johnny Warren that the team was sent with the connivance of the Australian governance to provide a propaganda boost for the South Vietnamese government. The incomplete archival evidence does not substantiate Warren’s claim that the Australian government cynically sent the Australian team to Saigon to firm up the position of the South Vietnamese government. Despite his position in Australia, Warren has been influenced by American debates about the legacy of Vietnam. This fits a wider pattern whereby Australians have conflated the American experience of Vietnam with their own when coming to grips with Vietnam.
Making Turkey Pay
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the international response to the outbreak of violence on Cyprus, resulting in the Turkish intervention. It focuses on the effective efforts of Greek Americans to lobby on behalf of Cyprus, using national and local organizations throughout the country and garnering support from Armenian allies. It explains how key activists in Congress, with the crucial support of ethnic lobbyists, successfully organized to press the Ford administration to accept an arms embargo. Finally, it reveals the initial inadequacies of the White House in trying to counter this insurgency.
Epilogue
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

Conditions on Cyprus have evolved in predictable ways. The two communities have moved further apart; the Republic of Cyprus has become economically successful, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus remains something of a backwater. Attempts to resolve differences have failed. The discovery of nearby oil and gas reserves has only exacerbated these differences. US administrations have maintained a low-profile approach to the dispute, urging the United Nations to take the lead. The Reagan administration came to rely on Turkey as a point of stability in the region, and US assistance increased accordingly.
Society
Authors: Pearson Joseph W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the major socializing institutions that help individuals transition from private to public life.
The State
Authors: Pearson Joseph W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains Whig understanding of political power, the rule of law, and the proper scope of state or public action.
The Past
Authors: Pearson Joseph W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Whig thinking on the past and their view of what should be learned from history, what should be conserved, and what should be jettisoned.
1900–1915
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Bradley emphasized prevention with patients because curing diseases remained problematic in early twentieth century medicine. The zeitgeist of the Progressive Era boded well for expanding health care in urban areas, but the doctor worried about rural families, especially in Appalachia. She closed her Atlanta office in 1915 and became a rural field doctor for the US Children’s Bureau.
1921–1922
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Field assignments in Arkansas and Tennessee, both poor and backward states, damaged Bradley’s mobile clinic and challenged her spirits. After enactment of the Sheppard-Towner law, she pleaded for an administrative job in Washington. Grace Abbott refused, and Bradley resigned to pursue rural healthcare reform differently.
1928–1949
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

By the end of the 1920s, reactionary politics stymied reform legislations, and the Sheppard-Towner law lapsed in 1929. Bradley’s published writing dwelled on positive changes to healthcare for rural families during the 1920s. She drafted an account of her own life and work that her four children salvaged after her death in 1949. They also preserved the reformer’s correspondence and reports.
Introduction
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

When John Oliver takes his secondary school class on a field trip to court in Mwanza, Tanzania, he is startled to hear the case Republic of Tanzania vs. Bill Kinsey announced. Kinsey, a fellow Peace Corps volunteer, is accused of murdering his wife, also a volunteer. The court considers an application for bail, but Bill is never released from prison prior to trial. President John Kennedy is one of the most publicly admired presidents of the past fifty years, and the Peace Corps is his most successful, surviving legacy. This book examines the formation of the Peace Corps, the path to independence for the young country of Tanzania, and how the two entities dealt with what had the potential to be a major international incident threatening the survival of the Peace Corps and severely damaging the reputation of Tanzania.
Life in Prison for Bill
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Bill’s Tanzanian attorney flies to Maswa with the bail notice but finds that Bill has been moved to Butimba Prison in Mwanza, where medical support is good, and so the request for bail is withdrawn. Peace Corps assistant general counsel Anthony (Tony) Essaye arrives from Washington, D.C., and directs planning of the next steps in the case. Butimba Prison offers quite reasonable facilities, although Bill is later moved temporarily to a prison near Maswa with less-accommodating facilities. Fellow volunteers visit Bill in prison and describe the conditions. Dr. McHugh and an American priest visit Bill in prison and come away quite concerned about his mental health. Paul Sack sends a letter to Peace Corps volunteers describing the prison conditions.
Friends of Peppy
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Betty Clemmer attended Mt. Holyoke with Peppy. She and her husband, Dan, are teachers in Mwanza as part of the Teachers for East Africa Program. The Clemmers welcomed the Kinseys into their home and introduced them to me. During the weekend before Peppy died, the Clemmers stayed with the Kinseys in Maswa. The Clemmers saw a happily married couple. Aileen Dower and her husband, Hal, were in the same training group with Peppy and Bill. Although the Dowers are stationed on the other side of Mwanza, Peppy and Aileen often met for lunch in Mwanza, and Peppy sought out Aileen’s marriage experience to understand her own marriage problems.
The Trial Begins in Mwanza
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

“The Judge entered the court wearing a red robe and with a white wig on his head.” Major players, not already described, are examined at this point, especially Judge Harold Platt and the two assessors, one an American agriculture expert who has lived in Tanzania for six months, the other, a Tanzanian who has recently returned to Tanzania from graduate school in America as part of the famous Airlift to America, which was supported by the Kennedy family before Jack Kennedy became president and which was the vehicle by which Barack Obama’s father came to America for college. Defense attorneys Byron Georgiadis and Carroll Brewster have worked diligently before the trial to ensure that Dr. McHugh will be allowed to remain in court prior to his testimony.
The Peace Corps Book Locker
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Each Peace Corps volunteer received a large, hinged box made of strong cardboard. This Book Locker was filled with paperback books for the volunteer to read and to pass along to students, villagers, and others. When the box was open, it had shelves and became a bookcase. The lockers contained novels, nonfiction books, reference books, maps, materials to learn English, and books about the region. Bill’s “diary,” which the prosecution argues demonstrated a motive for the alleged murder, is revealed to contain only quotations from Ceremony in Lone Tree, a book included in the Book Locker. The book was written by Wright Morris, a popular author of spare, midwestern stories, one of which brought him the National Book Award.