bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of computer‐mediated communication on conformity vs. nonconformity: An impression management perspective
Authors: Schlosser Ann E.
Published: April 2009

There is disagreement in the literature regarding whether those communicating in computer‐mediated (CM) groups are attentive or oblivious to the social situation. There is evidence on both sides, with those in CM groups sometimes modifying their public responses and other times not. This apparent contradiction may be due in part to the impression that those in CM groups wish to convey and whether modifying their responses would help convey this impression. Specifically, whereas those in face‐to‐face (FTF) groups may strategically alter their public responses to present themselves as part of the group, those in CM groups may strategically alter their public responses to present themselves as separate from the group and unique on a positive dimension. The results of three experiments support this impression‐management account: those in CM groups strategically altered their responses when doing so produced a desirable impression. The results further suggest that visual information about the group and social distance play important roles in affecting whether those in CM groups conform or not.
Unplanned tracheostomy following pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Wynne David McGregor , Kong Kelvin , Berkowitz Robert G.
Published: April 2009

Objective

To identify factors contributing to unplanned tracheostomy following cardiac surgery in children under 12 months without prior airway support.

Methods

Case series with chart review.

Results

Eleven patients were identified (eight male, three female). Eight were term, three preterm. Four had syndromes associated with cardiac disease. Age at cardiac surgery was 2.2 (0.1‐5.2) months. Time between surgery and tracheostomy was 1.2 (0‐3) months. Two groups were identified. The first had tracheobronchomalacia as the primary diagnosis (n = 9). Time post‐surgery for tracheostomy was 1.2 (0.5‐3) months. The second had bilateral vocal fold paralysis (n = 2). Both children had cardiac procedures that have recognized risk to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Both had cannulation of the right internal jugular vein at the time of surgery. Tracheostomy occurred within three days of the cardiac procedure.

Conclusion

Investigations for tracheobronchomalacia should occur if a child continues to fail ventilator weaning or extubation following cardiac surgery. Risk of right RLN injury due to right vascular instrumentation should be minimized in left RLN prone procedures.
Gefährdung der Masernelimination bis 2010 in Deutschland
Authors: Mankertz Annette , Siedler Anette
Published: April 2009

Einleitung

Die WHO Vorgaben zur Masernelimination werden in Deutschland nicht erreicht, denn die Durchimpfungsrate liegt für die zweite Masern-Impfung noch unter 95% und die Inzidenz überschreitet den angesetzten Höchstwert von 1 Fall pro 1 Mio. Einwohner. Deutschland ist somit eines der Länder, die die Masernelimination in Europa gefährden. In gemeinsamem Vorgehen müssen Impflücken geschlossen, konsequentes Ausbruchsmanagement betrieben und möglichst alle Verdachtsfälle labordiagnostisch bestätigt werden.
YET MORE VERSIONS OF THE FUGLEDE–PUTNAM THEOREM
Authors: MORTAD MOHAMMED HICHEM
Published: April 2009

We give two types of generalisation of the well-known Fuglede–Putnam theorem. The paper is ‘spiced up’ with some examples and applications.
ON THE LINEAR COMBINANTS OF A BINARY PENCIL
Authors: ABDESSELAM ABDELMALEK , CHIPALKATTI JAYDEEP
Published: April 2009

Let A, B denote binary forms of order d, and let 2r−1 = (A, B)2r−1 be the sequence of their linear combinants for $1 \le r \le \lfloor\frac{d+1}{2}\rfloor$. It is known that 1, 3 together determine the pencil {A + λ B}λ∈P1 and hence indirectly the higher combinants 2r−1. In this paper we exhibit explicit formulae for all r ≥ 3, which allow us to recover 2r−1 from the knowledge of 1 and 3. The calculations make use of the symbolic method in classical invariant theory, as well as the quantum theory of angular momentum. Our theorem pertains to the plethysm representation ∧2Sd for the group SL2. We give an example for the group SL3 to show that such a result may hold for other categories of representations.
A MULTIPLICITY RESULT FOR A CLASS OF EQUATIONS OFp-LAPLACIAN TYPE WITH SIGN-CHANGING NONLINEARITIES
Authors: CHUNG NGUYEN THANH , NGÔ QUỐC ANH
Published: April 2009

Using variational arguments we study the non-existence and multiplicity of non-negative solutions for a class equations of the formwhere Ω is a bounded domain inN,N≧ 3,fis a sign-changing Carathéodory function on Ω × [0, +∞) and λ is a positive parameter.
ORE EXTENSIONS OF WEAK ZIP RINGS
Authors: OUYANG LUNQUN
Published: April 2009

In this paper we introduce the notion of weak zip rings and investigate their properties. We mainly prove that a ringRis right (left) weak zip if and only if for anyn, then-by-nupper triangular matrix ringTn(R) is right (left) weak zip. Let α be an endomorphism and δ an α-derivation of a ringR. ThenRis a right (left) weak zip ring if and only if the skew polynomial ringR[x; α, δ] is a right (left) weak zip ring whenRis (α, δ)-compatible and reversible.
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF p(x)-LAPLACIAN PROBLEMS
Authors: AFROUZI G. A. , GHORBANI H.
Published: April 2009

We consider the system

where p(x), q(x) ∈ C1(RN) are radial symmetric functions such that sup|∇ p(x)| < ∞, sup|∇ q(x)| < ∞ and 1 < inf p(x) ≤ sup p(x) < ∞, 1 < inf q(x) ≤ sup q(x) < ∞, where −Δp(x)u = −div(|∇u|p(x)−2∇u), −Δq(x)v = −div(|∇v|q(x)−2∇v), respectively are called p(x)-Laplacian and q(x)-Laplacian, λ1, λ2, μ1 and μ2 are positive parameters and Ω = B(0, R) ⊂ RN is a bounded radial symmetric domain, where R is sufficiently large. We prove the existence of a positive solution when

for every M > 0, $\lim_{u \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{h(u)}{u^{p^--1}} = 0$ and $\lim_{u \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{\gamma(u)}{u^{q^--1}} = 0$. In particular, we do not assume any sign conditions on f(0), g(0), h(0) or γ(0).
THE WTO CONTINGENT TRADE INSTRUMENTS AGAINST CHINA: WHAT DOES ACCESSION BRING?
Authors: Zang Michelle Q
Published: April 2009

As part of the conditions for WTO accession, China is committed to a number of additional obligations stipulated in the accession documents. This article will mainly focus on the contingent trade instruments in this context, which WTO Members are entitled to take against products of Chinese origin. In this regard, the WTO rules to be examined include the buffering mechanism under Sections 15 and 16 of the Accession Protocol and the textile-specific safeguard mechanism under paragraph 242 of the Working Party Report. The discriminatory and non-beneficial nature of the latter makes it the most unfair component in China's accession. In some cases, these China-only instruments also go against some fundamental WTO principles. For example, revivals of grey-area measures and the bilateral approach are fairly evident therein, which are no longer advocatedandeven prohibited under the WTO system.
AS BAD AS IT GETS: THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS'S BEHRAMI AND SARAMATI DECISION AND GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Milanović Marko , Papić Tatjana
Published: April 2009

This article examines the European Court of Human Rights's encounter with general international law in its Behrami and Saramati admissibility decision, where it held that the actions of the armed forces of States acting pursuant to UN Security Council authorizations are attributable not to the States themselves, but to the United Nations. The article will try to demonstrate that the Court's analysis is entirely at odds with the established rules of responsibility in international law, and is equally dubious as a matter of policy. Indeed, the article will show that the Court's decision can be only be explained by its reluctance to decide on questions of State jurisdiction and norm conflict, the latter issue becoming the clearest when Behrami is compared to the Al-Jedda judgment of the House of Lords.
INTRA-EU INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND ARBITRATION: IS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW AN OBSTACLE?
Authors: Wehland Hanno
Published: April 2009

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between Member States of the EU have long been all but non-existent. However, with the two most recent rounds of EU enlargement about 190 BITs have become intra-EU. This has not only raised doubts about the conformity of these BITs with EC law, but has also prompted some (including the European Commission) to question the admissibility of arbitral proceedings brought under these Treaties. The article assesses the mechanisms through which a conflict between intra-EU BITs and EC law can become relevant from an arbitration perspective. It then analyses the principal alleged inconsistencies between BIT provisions and EC law: differing substantive standards of investment protection, unequal treatment of investors from different Member States and the lack of control by the ECJ. The discussion of these issues in the light of the relevant EC Treaty provisions shows that EC law should not, in fact, be regarded as an obstacle to intra-EU investment arbitration.
DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMATION OF DELEGATED LEGISLATION—A COMPARATIVE VIEW ON THE AMERICAN, BRITISH AND GERMAN LAW
Authors: Pünder Hermann
Published: April 2009

This article addresses the problem of democratic legitimacy posed by the executive branch's use of delegated legislative powers. After some remarks on the need for delegated legislation and the problem of legitimation the study identifies in a comparative perspective three approaches of ensuring that delegated legislation carries sufficient democratic legitimation. A first means of democratic legitimation is parliamentary predetermination of the executive role. German law proves that the proper legislature under the Damocles sword of unconstitutionality is in many cases well able to prescribe for the executive a substantive programme of delegated legislation. A second technique of democratic legitimation is that parliament in some way participates in the rule-making procedure. German and British law show that by means of subsequent approval the proper legislature assumes political responsibility for subordinate legislation beyond the original empowerment. The US Supreme Court, however, considers the legislative veto to be unconstitutional. Therefore, American law developed a third approach to solve the problem of democratic legitimacy. American experience makes clear that the democratic legitimation of secondary legislation can also be secured by means of comprehensively involving the public in the delegated legislative process. The author assesses the different models for legitimation and explains that the different approaches suggest valuable solutions to each country's problems.
Game and the Tsetse Fly
Authors: Harthoorn A. M. , Pearsall W. H. , Hindle Edward
Published: April 2009

This is an old topic and a battle in which our Society has been fighting for the past thirty-five years on behalf of wild life. Here is some new scientific light upon it.
Kenya Colony: A Note on the 1958 Report of the Game Policy Committee
Authors: Darling F. Fraser
Published: April 2009

The Game Policy Committee of Kenya was given the following terms of reference:—

1. To consider and make recommendations as to the policy to be adopted for the long-term preservation of game, having regard to the interests of human population in game areas and to the economic development of the country;

2. In view of the urgency of a solution of the conflict in the Amboseli National Reserve between game and human interests which is rapidly reducing the value of this area as a game reserve, to make interim recommendations for the preservation of the game interest, having due regard to the considerations in (1) above;
Chimpanzees In Western Uganda
Authors: Stott Ken , Selsor C. Jackson
Published: April 2009

The following observations on the Long-haired or Schweinfurth's Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, represent several brief but concerted efforts to locate wild chimpanzees in western Uganda in the months of October and November, 1957 and 1958. The authors’ appreciation is extended to Mrs. Belle J. Benchley and to Dr. Ernst Schwarz for reading the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions.
Queen Elizabeth National Park: Uganda The Hippopotamus Problem and Experiment
Authors: Bere R. M.
Published: April 2009

The Queen Elizabeth National Park includes more than half the Uganda coastline of the great lakes Edward and George, as well as the 20-mile-long Kazinga Channel which connects the two. Large schools of hippo are present throughout the length of this coast, and they graze inland each night to a steadily increasing degree. The land area of the park is some 760 square miles, of which at the most 400 can be utilized by the hippo. A careful and conservative estimate gives the population of these animals at not less than 14,000, so that each is restricted to a maximum of 16 acres of grazing. In fact, of course, the hippos graze as near as possible to the waters in which they spend the day, making the actual concentration near the lake shore much higher than this. And there is a large number of other grass-eating animals competing for the same grazing: buffalo, kob, waterbuck and other ungulates as well as elephants, all in large numbers. These, however, are not tied to one particular habitat as are the hippos, and are therefore less likely to be the cause of the overgrazing and beginnings of erosion which are evident.
The Status of Wildlife and Wilderness Areas in East Africa
Authors: Petrides George A. , Swank Wendell G.
Published: April 2009

In 1953–54 the senior author worked with the Royal National Parks of Kenya in making ecological studies and in surveying the position of the wildlife resource and the national parks in that country (Petrides, 1955, 1956). In 1956–57 both of us undertook similar work in a neighbouring territory Uganda, under the sponsorship of the Uganda National Parks and the Uganda Game Department (Petrides and Swank, 1958). These studies were under Fulbright research awards of the United States government. In addition, visits en route were made to all major countries, from Capetown to Cairo, in the eastern half of Africa. Most important national parks and game areas were seen.
The Pacific Walrus
Authors: Kenyon Karl W.
Published: April 2009

During recent years there have been repeated reports of extravagant exploitation of the walrus by Eskimos and these have been strengthened by aerial observation of many headless carcasses on beaches of the Bering Sea. So in 1958 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service decided upon an inquiry into the Pacific Walrus, and its hunting and utilization by Eskimo in the Bering Sea region.
Dynamic Conservation in Africa
Authors: Worthington E. B.
Published: April 2009

For some years past I have had a feeling that our approach to the conservation of the flora and fauna all over the world, but especially in Africa, has been too static. This does not fit in well with the natural situations which we want to perpetuate, for they are nearly all dynamic situations. Admittedly we have moved our standpoint to some extent recently: for instance, the idea that particular species endangered by advancing civilization could survive by giving them individual protection has been generally discarded in favour of conserving the habitats in which such species live and which are prerequisites to their continued existence. But there is still much emphasis on trying to retain the status quo, say in a national park or strict natural reserve, by putting around it a real or symbolic fence and regarding the area and its ecology as sacrosanct and there for ever. And yet wherever a particular ecological situation has been studied, whether it is hinged on elephants or earthworms, the conclusion is always reached that it is dynamic–subject to continual change of balance of populations, of food relations, of chemistry and physics of the environment. Indeed nature will never stand still however much we might sometimes wish it to; and on top of all the natural changes are others imposed by mankind.
The Immobilization of Wild Animals as an Aid to Management and Control
Authors: Buechner Helmut K. , Harthoorn A. M. , Lock John A.
Published: April 2009

It has been realized for a decade that the management of wild animals would be greatly facilitated if a method could be found for their ready capture and handling. The need for such a method has become accentuated in recent years with the increasing interest in wild life, and also with the problems associated with a reduction in the number of wild animals combined with a decrease in the amount of space available for their natural existence. Much work has been done on the catching and marking of animals such as birds, fishes, whales and seals. It is only recently that effective methods are being evolved for the capture of the larger land mammals, such as antelope, for marking and other purposes such as body measurements and weighing, as well as the collecting of samples for pathological or parasitological study. This form of direct control of wild animals is opening up new vistas of wild life management in Africa, and it is thought that the use of these methods may have similar application to wild animals in other regions and parts of the world, both as a means of increasing our knowledge of their habits, ecology and physiology, and in direct management such as capture for transport to other areas, vaccination and occasional therapeutic veterinary interference.
The Vicuña
Authors: Koford Carl B.
Published: April 2009

The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) family Camelidae, inhabits the high pastoral zone, or puna, of the central Andes for a distance of 1,300 miles, from latitude 10° S to 29° S. The puna consists of high, rolling, semi-arid grasslands, barren pampas, and volcanic peaks, above the limit of cultivated crops. Vicuñas occur from the upper limit of vegetation, at about 16,000 feet, down to 12,000 feet, but they are common only at sites above 14,000 feet.
The Brow-antlered Deer of Manipur
Authors: Gee E. P.
Published: April 2009

This report deals with Cervus eldi eldi McClelland, 1842, the Manipur (India) subspecies of a very beautiful deer which is only found in the south-western portion of the Logtak Lake in Manipur—a State of the Indian Union. In recent years it has become very rare, and for its preservation it became evident that more information about its numbers, habits, habitat and so on was needed. This survey, sponsored by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and approved of by the Indian Board for Wild Life, attempts to supply the required information, and makes recommendations for ensuring the continued survival of this sub-species.
The Threat to Rare Animals in Borneo
Authors: Harrisson Tom
Published: April 2009

In Borneo and the surrounding islands competition by introduced faunas has not proved a significant factor affecting the survival of endemic species. Without exception, any threat has, in the past century and more, been invariably and directly attributable to human agency. Man, for instance, is the only predator of the Sumatran rhinoceros, Orang-utan, Clouded leopard, Argus and Bulwer's pheasant, White-bellied Sea-eagle and Island Megapode, which are among the forms most severely threatened at the moment.
The Problem of the Lechwe (Kobus leche) on the Kafue Flats
Authors: Mitchell B. L. , Uys J. M. C.
Published: April 2009

Most of the information in this article refers to the south bank of the Kafue Flats, though much will doubtless be applicable to other areas where lechwe occur. Ansell (1955) refers to the lechwe on the Kafue Flats as “red lechwe”, and it has indeed been customary to apply this term to all lechwe in Northern Rhodesia, except those found on the plains around Lake Bangweulu and in the Chinsali District. The adult males of these latter have specially extensive black colouration, and have been called “black lechwe” (K. l. smithemani). But Ansell (1960) points out that the lechwe of the Kafue Flats are not the same as “red lechwe” from elsewhere, and has still more recently suggested (in litt., 27th August 1960) that the relic population in the Balovale District west of the Zambesi, is not identical with that of the Busanga Swamp. The possible differences in these populations would appear to be in the length and sweep of the horns, and in the extent of black markings on the forelegs of adult males. In this article we refer to all Northern Rhodesian lechwe populations without epithet.
A Visit to Kafue
Authors: Mwaba Samson V.
Published: April 2009

The most exciting news that ever reached my ears came when the president of our Young Farmers' Club announced that the national organizer had invited two boys from the Club to visit Kafue National Park. I was even more excited when I knew that I was one of the two. It took what seemed to me five years, but was actually five weeks, for the day of departure to come.
The White Stork in Portugal
Authors: dos Santos J. R.
Published: April 2009

Both the black stork (Ciconia nigra) and the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) are found in Portugal. The black stork is much the rarer and more local, being found in steep, hot places in the eastern and north-eastern provinces.
Present and Future of the Green Turtle
Authors: Harrisson Tom
Published: April 2009

“The most valuable reptile in the world”, is how American Professor Archie Carr describes the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Unfortunately, this value is reflected again in the great reptile's alternative common name “the Edible Turtle”. Under the richly ironic scientific name of mydas, this ponderous marine has poured its rich juices into centuries of banquets proffered by the Lord Mayor of London or President of the United States. Genuine turtle soup is still a top status symbol in upper-class diet through most of the civilized world—except South-east Asia.
The Brown Bear in Bulgaria
Authors: Linnard W. , Thompson D. H.
Published: April 2009

In the past, the brown bear was found in all the forested mountain regions of Bulgaria. This is known from written and oral evidence, and there are places with names including the word “bear” where no bears have been seen for a long time. The bear conflicted with the interests of man; it did enough damage to agriculture to be condemned as a pest, and its extermination was encouraged.
Fauna Preservation in N'Gamiland
Authors: Robert  , Kay June
Published: April 2009

Schemes for the preservation of fauna in Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda are much to the fore at the present time, and quite rightly so, but we would like to advance the claims of N'gamiland as being one of the finest places of them all where the wild life of Africa may yet be found in its almost pristine state, rivalling that of N'gorongoza, the Serengeti Plains and the Ngorongoro Crater. We plead also the urgent need for the formation of a society dedicated to the protection of the fauna in support of an understaffed and overworked Game Department.
The White Rhinoceros in Uganda
Authors: Cave A. J. E.
Published: April 2009

This article summarizes some of the results of a visit paid to the West Nile District of Uganda in July-August, 1962, with the object of studying the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in its native habitat. Its conclusions are based both upon official departmental reports and upon information received privately from officers of the Uganda Game and Agriculture Departments, from residents in the West Nile District and from others, to whom individual acknowledgment is made below.
The Saiga
Authors: Linnard W.
Published: April 2009

The prospect of game-farming or game-cropping is very much in the news in parts of Africa to-day, as a means of conserving wild life and at the same time managing it so as to provide a supply of meat and other animal products. It is, therefore, very interesting to see how the Russians have succeeded in rescuing from extermination an animal only recently in grave danger of becoming extinct, and in converting it, in the space of a few years, into a major national resource. The animal at the centre of this exciting and encouraging story is the saiga, a small steppe antelope (Saiga tatarica). Sometimes called the big-nosed saiga, this antelope is found only in the U.S.S.R. It has a body length of 120 to 135 cm., stands 75 to 80 cm. at the shoulder, and weighs 40 to 45 kg. Its natural habitat is the steppe, an environment eminently suitable for a population of social ungulates.
Elephant Control in National Parks
Authors: Pienaar U. de V. , van Niekerk J. W.
Published: April 2009

The African continent with its remarkable wealth of large mammals represents a zoological community which is unique in the world. For many centuries it has been a hunter’s paradise and since the dawn of human history in Africa, the wild animals of this vast continent were hunted by primitive man. Despite the toll taken by the super-predator the great herds of game encountered by the earliest European explorers bore ample testimony to the supposition that man and beast subsisted in perfect harmony in their chosen habitats, and the primitive hunter in fact occupied an important niche in the natural order.
The Trade in Wild Life. Licensing Systems
Authors: Boyle C. L.
Published: April 2009

In wild life affairs all licensing systems, be they the licensing of hunting, capture, sale of trophies, or anything else, should have the primary purpose of conservation. Assuming that any trade at all in wild animals is justifiable the country concerned should decide the maximum number of animals of each kind which it can spare and may then charge as much as possible for each of them. The basic purpose is to limit the number shot or captured to that which the stock can stand.
The Hawaiian Monk Seal
Authors: Rice Dale W.
Published: April 2009

Discovered by seal hunters at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Hawaiian monk seal was slaughtered with such thoroughness that by the end of the century it was almost extinct. Since then it has slowly built up again to a population of about 1,200 in 1958. This is the total world population. Dale Rice studied the breeding behaviour of this monk seal when working on the albatrosses in Hawaii as a wildlife biologist for the Fish and Wildlife Service. Today he is in charge of whale research at the Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory in Seattle. The article is reproduced by kind permission from “Natural History” journal of the American Museum of Natural History.
Domesticating Elk in a Russian National Park
Authors: Yazan Yuri , Knorre Yevgeny
Published: April 2009

In the Pechero-Ilych National Park, at the foot of the Ural Mountains in northern European Russia, where a 3-foot snow cover may lie for seven months of the year, experiments in the domestication of elk have been going on for some years. In this article the Director of the Park and his senior research worker describe the wildlife of this large Park, covering 2,758 square miles, and the history of the domesticated elk herd, and estimate the herd's value in the economy of the taiga. The Park gets its name from two rivers which form the western and southern boundaries. A third river, the Kozhim forms the northern boundary, and the Urals the eastern.
Game Management and Research by Aeroplane
Authors: Turner M. I. M. , Watson R. M.
Published: April 2009

So great are the advantages of a light aeroplane for all aspects of game management, including anti-poacher operations and research, that the effective management of the 5,000-square-mile Serengeti National Park, in Tanzania, now depends on the plane. The running costs are considerably less than those of a Land Rover. The authors, who have been engaged on this work since early 1962, describe some of their observations on wildebeest migration which could only have been made from the air, and their methods of co-operating with ground-based rangers for effective anti-poacher control. Incidental advantages of the plane include its ability to swoop down and “buzz” the meat-carrying poachers, and its speed in discovering the “lost” tourist who has run out of petrol in the park.
Why Conservation?
Authors: Fitter Richard
Published: April 2009

Many people want to conserve wildlife and the countryside for purely aesthetic and moral reasons, because they look nice and are part of our natural heritage, not because conservation has any intrinsic importance or practical value. But conservation is a strictly scientific concept, meaning the maximisation of the flow of energy through any area, so there are also good scientific and economic reasons for conservation, which Richard Fitter, who is Honorary Secretary of the FPS, discusses here.
The Plight of the Grey Seal in the Baltic
Authors: Curry-Lindahl Kai
Published: April 2009

The grey seals in the Baltic, like those on the Fame Islands in Britain, are accused by the fishermen of serious damage to fisheries and nets. But unlike the British seals the Baltic ones are not only entirely unprotected, but bounties are paid for their destruction in Sweden and Finland, and their numbers are decreasing. Moreover, because of their accessibility on the ice where they are born, a high proportion of calves is killed each year, which seriously unbalances the population and could lead to a crash.
A Future for Borneo's Wildlife?
Authors: Harrisson Tom
Published: April 2009

Independence for Malaysia and the resulting hostilities with Indonesia have led to changes affecting wildlife as well as humans and not always for the worse. Not only was the smuggling of animals via Singapore stopped dead, which particularly affected orang utans, and the sale of firearms and ammunition drastically controlled, with already noticeable effects on some animal populations, but the new leaders feel strongly about national assets going out of the country, whether antiques or animals, with the result that more has been done for wildlife in the past two years man in decades before. The real killer, says the author, who is Curator of the Sarawak Museum, is timber felling with vastly accelerated techniques which take machines up to 1000 ft. and lay whole jungles by the square mile a day.
Mortality in the Capture of Game Animals
Authors: McCulloch B. , Achard P. L.
Published: April 2009

If wfld animals have to be captured, should it be by modem methods with drugs or are the old methods of chasing and catching satisfactory? The authors of this paper, one from the Veterinary Investigation Centre, the other of the Game Division in Mwanza, Tanzania, describe the results of capturing game by chasing and assess the results. They found it harmless for some, disastrous for others. As so many animals are being captured today for zoos, which increase in number yearly, research stations and private parks, the FPS regards this paper as of the first importance. It is published under the joint auspices of the FPS and UFAW (Universities Federation for Animal Welfare) who generously made a grant for its publication.
Rhinos Increase in Nepal
Authors: Willan R. S. M.
Published: April 2009

The Chitawan Wildlife Sanctuary in the Rapti River valley in Nepal together with the Mahendra National Park are the home of die great Indian rhinoceros, one of the world's endangered species. In 1959 and 1963 Mr. E. P. Gee, noted Indian conservationist, made surveys of the area, the second one at the request of the FPS; his reports published in ORYX (1959, V, 57, and 1963, VII, 67) drew attention to the decrease in the number of rhinos, due to poaching, from about 300 animals in 1959 to 160 in 1961, and the large amount of illegal settlement in the National Park. Mr. Willan, who is Chief Conservator of Forests in Nepal, continues the story since then with the encouraging news of the clearing of all illegal settlement from the park and also from the extension, the latter on the orders of HM King Mahendra, and the proper demarcation and accurate mapping of the sanctuary, which it is hoped will be created a National Park. Rhinos are now quite frequently seen, and between January and September this year 35 rhino calves were reported.
Ecology of a Mountain: First Report on Liberian Nimba
Authors: Coe Malcolm , Curry-Lindahl Kai
Published: April 2009

An isolated mountain range, 40 kilometres long, in the rain forest of tropical West Africa, Mount Nimba lies at the meeting point of three countries: Liberia, Guinea and the Ivory Coast, the last two both former French territories. In 1942 the French initiated ecological research on their parts of the mountain, discovered its extraordinary interest and the very high number of endemic species, and declared a strict nature reserve. Of the Liberian part nothing was known until the discovery of high-grade iron ore in 1955, and the immediate formation of a company to mine it, led the International Union for Conservation of Nature to start an ecological study there. The authors of this report are respectively the first Director of the research unit which, aided by a grant from the mining company, began work in August 1964, and the chairman of the IUCN Mount Nimba Committee.
Exploitation of the Small Whales in the North Atlantic
Authors: Bourne Arthur G.
Published: April 2009

For several hundred years the small whales of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black Seas have been hunted with varying degrees of intensity. All too often the story has been one of overhunting followed by rapid decline of stocks, but so little is known about these small whales that today it is impossible to assess their populations or the effects of present hunting on the stocks. The author recounts the history of eight species of small whale and urges the need for more research to ensure planned cropping of a valuable resource. A Canadian proposal for whale hunting as a sport is perhaps a sign of a new danger to come.
Dugongs in Australian Waters
Authors: Bertram Colin , Bertram Kate
Published: April 2009

In their 1965 survey of dugongs on the north-east Australian coast, Dr. Colin and Dr. Kate Bertram made the welcome discovery that these aquatic mammals, whose numbers were seriously reduced throughout their range in the last century and the early decades of this, are now holding their own here and may even in a few places be increasing. Dugong meat and oil are highly valued by some Australian native people, and the animals fill an important ecological niche as consumers of aquatic plants in shallow water.
The Use of Drugs in Conservation
Authors: Harthoorn A. M.
Published: April 2009

For successful game management and research, immobilising drugs, which make it possible to handle even rhinos and elephants, are essential. The latest drugs, in the discovery and use of which Dr. Harthoorn, of the University College in Nairobi, has played a leading part, make it possible to drug an animal sufficiently for it to be docile but at the same time able to get to its feet and walk unaided. Simple and safe, they have proved their value, for example, in the removal of over 100 square-lipped rhino from Natal without a single casualty due to drug effects.
A Study of the Minke Whale
Authors: Bourne Arthur G.
Published: April 2009

Since 1939 Norwegian hunters of minke whales have been required by the government to keep detailed records of their catches. Arthur Bourne has recently studied these records for the FPS and has found a significant decline in the number of calves taken, which, together with other evidence, suggests a decrease in stocks. As a preliminary step to a study of the minke population the Norwegians started marking experiments in 1964 which are being continued. The minke whale has several names: Slijper calls it the lesser piked or minke; the Handbook of British Mammals the lesser rorqual or pike.
The Rhinoceroses of Ngorongoro Crater
Authors: Hans  , Klingel Ute
Published: April 2009

Ngorongoro Crater in Northern Tanzania is one of the few places left in Africa where the black rhinoceros is still frequent and can be regularly seen and photographed by the visitor. The crater floor, an area of 100 square miles, is the home of a great variety of game animals. Most numerous are the wildebeest which numbered over 14,000 in the aerial count made by Watson and Turner in 1964. The same count showed more than 5,000 zebra in the crater, 2,000 gazelle, 350 eland, 50 kongoni, 30 hippopotamus, 20 elephant, 25 lion and also waterbuck, mountain reedbuck and steinbuck.
Grey Seal Studies on North Rona
Authors: Boyd J. Morton
Published: April 2009

For eight years the Nature Conservancy has been studying the grey seals on the island reserve of North Rona to get the necessary facts for a grey seal conservation policy. The programme involves an annual visit to this most remote British island each October to count and mark the pups. The author, who is in charge of the programme, describes the methods used and the results so far, but it is still not known, for instance, whether seals born on North Rona return there to breed, and if not, where they do go.
Conservation Problems on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Flint J. H.
Published: April 2009

The author spent two years, 1963–65, as schoolmaster on Tristan da Cunha, during which he spent four weeks on Nightingale Island. On the main island he found that bird stocks were being depleted and the islanders taking too many eggs and young; on Nightingale, however, where there are over two million pairs of great shearwaters, the harvest of these birds could be greater. Inaccessible Island, which like Nightingale, is without cats, dogs or rats, should be declared a wildlife sanctuary.
Birds v. Rats and Red Deer in New Zealand
Authors: McCaskill L. W.
Published: April 2009

Rats and red deer are two of the major hazards that have reduced several species of New Zealand birds to the verge of extinction. The author describes the efforts being made to save these birds, the new threat to Coppermine Island, main breeding ground of the flesh-footed shearwater, where tuataras share the shearwaters’ burrows, and the more hopeful outlook for the takahe.
New Hope for Wildlife in Jordan
Authors: Fitter Maisie
Published: April 2009

A hunting club whose main task is wildlife conservation is Jordan’s unique contribution to the task of saving the world’s wildlife. A group of enthusiastic Jordanians, backed by the King and the Government, are making great strides in getting their message across to the people, enforcing the protection laws and at the same time building up the country’s wildlife stocks.
The Desman and the Musk-rat
Authors: Skoptsov V. G.
Published: April 2009

The desman Desmana moschata is a valuable fur-bearing animal of Russian rivers. Numbers were building up until the introduction of the musk-rat from Canada brought a fierce and aggressive competitor for its habitat. The author suggests that the musk-rat is the cause of the decline in the numbers of the desman and is responsible, in at least one lake, for the disappearance of shell-fish, insects, fish, water rats and some breeding birds.
Operation Oryx: The Three Stages of Captive Breeding
Authors: Grimwood Ian. R.
Published: April 2009

In 1961 the Arabian oryx was in such danger that the only hope for its survival seemed to lie in capturing sufficient animals to start a breeding herd in captivity from which eventually some could be returned to the wild. The Fauna Preservation Society, aided by the World Wildlife Fund, organised Operation Oryx, and under the leadership of Major Grimwood, then Chief Game Warden in Kenya, three animals were captured. These, together with some from the very few in captivity, were sent to Phoenix Zoo in Arizona for stage two of the operation, the breeding of a stock, which is now going on successfully. Stage three, the return to the wild, still lies ahead. Describing the capture expedition, Major Grimwood emphasises the immense interest it aroused, which brought help from six governments, five zoos, scores of societies and clubs, hundreds of individuals, and several oil and other companies, including an electricity company in Kenya which emptied its showroom of ovens in order to heat the oryx's quarantine quarters to save them from the cold.
Breeding the Galapagos Tortoise—Success Story
Authors: Shaw Charles E.
Published: April 2009

The Curator of Reptiles at the San Diego Zoo describes a successful captive breeding programme—after a difficult start—with a highly endangered species. By the beginning of this century the huge daughter of Galapagos tortoises, mostly by sailors in need of fresh meat on board ship, had dangerously reduced their numbers, and the destruction has been continued since by the predators introduced by settlers and visitors—rats, cats, dogs and pigs which preyed on the eggs and young, and goats which competed with the tortoises for food. The first successful hatching of tortoises at San Diego Zoo took place in October, 1958, but fertility is very low, and the author concludes that the tortoises have never reproduced in substantial numbers because, for various reasons, they do not need to do so, and that they are probably incapable of doing so.
The Value of Zoos for Science and Conservation
Authors: Jarvis Caroline
Published: April 2009

For too long zoos have been regarded as places of entertainment where people go to laugh at the animals. But the modern zoo has important functions to fill and must take its place as a scientific and cultural institution beside the museum and the research station. The author, editor of the International Zoo Yearbook, suggests that zoos have three main functions: firstly, educational, where their opportunity is enormous — 150 million people a year go to see the half-million vertebrate animals in the 500 zoos and aquaria listed in the Yearbook; secondly as repositories of data about wild animals; thirdly, as breeding centres for endangered species. She believes that a united organised breeding programme, using large units and with each zoo specialising in certain animals, could save many endangered species.
A New Sanctuary in the Seychelles
Authors: Penny Malcolm
Published: April 2009

For years conservationists have urged that Cousin Island hi the Seychelles should be made a wildlife sanctuary, so it is welcome news that the International Council for Bird Preservation, aided by the British National Appeal of the World Wildlife Fund, has acquired an option to buy the island if it can raise the money hi tune. A research station will be set up, with a full-time warden to study the whole of this interesting archipelago hi the Indian Ocean. The Seychelles are important for the large numbers of endemic birds there. In the early eighteenth century, when colonists first settled hi the islands, about a dozen species occurred on most of them. But with increasing human settlements the birds decreased, some became extinct, and now most of the endemic ones are to be found on only one or two islands. In this article Malcolm Penny, a member of the 1964—65 Bristol University Seychelles Expedition, describes the island and the more interesting birds. The photographs of Cousin opposite are by him.
Bats, Rabies and Control Problems
Authors: Greenhall Arthur M.
Published: April 2009

In both North and South America rabies is carried by bats, especially the vampire bats in the warmer central countries. Every country in the two continents, with only three exceptions, and every state in the USA, with only two exceptions, has reported rabid bats. As rabies is fatal to both humans and domestic animals control measures are essential. The author, who was for many years in charge of vampire-bat control in Trinidad, where in the ten years up to 1935, 89 humans and thousands of cattle died of paralytic rabies, emphasises that bats are beneficial animals and that control must be aimed, not at indiscriminate destruction of bats, but to regulate the population levels, and that care must be taken not to involve other species.
Endemic Birds of the Seychelles
Authors: Penny Malcom
Published: April 2009

1. The populations of the endemic avifauna of Seychelles have declined in numbers, some very seriously, during the last hundred years. Only those in danger of extinction are discussed here.

2. The magpie robin population is reduced to a score of birds; the population will soon be extinct unless drastic action is taken.

3. The population of the paradise flycatcher is reduced to about 30 birds; conservation must take the form of propaganda, especially since the population is in danger of being reduced still further by the economic development of La Digue.
The Overkill
Authors: Roth T. W.
Published: April 2009

The huge number of wild monkeys used for research purposes, more than half of them in the USA, has alarmed conservationists all over the world. The author of this article shows how wild stocks especially of rhesus monkeys have declined as a direct result, and suggests ways in which the wastage now going on could be avoided until research workers become sufficiently alarmed at the prospect of no more wild animals being obtainable to put money into breeding their own supplies. The author is drawing on more than ten years' experience of collecting zoo animals and research primates in Africa and south-east Asia and twenty odd years of zoo animal maintenance.
Elephant Survey in Ceylon
Authors: Kurt Fred
Published: April 2009

The Ceylon elephant is in serious danger, due largely to the spread of cultivation in the island bringing destruction of its habitat and interruption of the migration routes. As an essential preliminary to devising ways of protecting the elephants, the Smithsonian Institution and the World Wildlife Fund have sponsored a field survey. Dr Kurt is one of the team of zoologists who started work in April 1967, and for whom the FPS/WWF Revolving Fund last year supplied a much needed Land Rover.
Conservation's New Look in the USA
Authors: Udall Stewart L.
Published: April 2009

The last ten years have seen immense advances in the conservation field in the United States. Thanks to the hard spadework of the conservation bodies, the general attitude towards wildlife has changed from ignorant and unregarding exploitation to demands for wise use on a sustained yield basis; people's interest in and knowledge about conservation has made possible a long and varied list of legislation. More than any other one person the man responsible for this is Stewart Udall, for the past eight years Secretary of the Interior with charge of all conservation matters. On his retirement in January this year Mr Udall kindly accepted our invitation to sum up this remarkable ‘new look’ in the USA.
Queensland Protects Sea Turtles
Authors: Bustard H. Robert
Published: April 2009

In 1968 the Queensland Government gave five species of turtle full protection along the State’s entire 3200-mile-long coast and the whole of the Great Barrier Reef. In this article Dr Bustard tells the history of turtle protection in Queensland and describes the two turtle population studies he has been running since 1964 which, with other studies, led to the protection order.
Wildlife in Taiwan
Authors: Wayre Philip
Published: April 2009

In the spring of 1967 Philip Wayre and his wife took 15 pairs of the rare Swinhoe's pheasant, bred at the Ornamental Pheasant Trust, in Norfolk, of which he is Hon. Director, to Taiwan (Formosa), where this pheasant is endemic, to supplement the sadly reduced wild stock and also provide a captive breeding nucleus for further releases. This article describes the return of the pheasants, and also the wildlife situation in Taiwan, particularly the dangerous demands of the tourist trade for stuffed animals and birds, and for goods decorated with the gorgeous butterflies of Taiwan. These butterflies are being collected in millions to decorate plastic trays and tablecloths.
Red Light for the Sand Lizard in Britain
Authors: Corbett K.
Published: April 2009

The sand lizard in Britain is well on the way to extinction, thanks to the destruction of its favoured habitats – sand dunes and dry heath. The author, who has been engaged in full-time research on the surviving populations, has started breeding sand lizards in captivity, using animals taken from sites that are being destroyed, and hopes to reintroduce them in protected areas.