bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entropy Analysis in MHD Flow with Heat Source and Thermal Radiation Past a Stretching Sheet in a Porous Medium
Authors: Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Eegunjobi Adetayo Samuel
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we conducted the thermodynamics first and second laws analyses on hydromagnetic boundary layer flow of an incompressible electrically conducting viscous fluid past a vertically stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium with heat source and thermal radiation. The governing equations describing the problem are converted to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity variables. Using shooting technique coupled with Runge-Kutta-Ferhlberg integration scheme, the model boundary value problem is numerically tackled. The parametric effects on fluid velocity, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt number, entropy generation rate and the Bejan number are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively. Our results revealed among others, that the entropy generation is enhanced by magnetic field, thermal radiation and heat source but lessened by increasing porous medium permeability and buoyancy force.
Peristaltic Flow of Couple Stress Fluid in an Asymmetric Channel with Partial Slip
Authors: Latha R. , Kumar B. Rushi , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

An analytical examination of a couple stress fluid in respect of the applied magnetic field was carried out using an asymmetric channel with slip condition and heat transfer. The flow problem had been formulated and then simplified by employing lubrication theory. By using wave parameter MHD flow of couple stress fluid was reduced to ODEs, of the governing PDEs. The expression for the axial velocity, pressure rise, stream function and axial pressure gradient are presented graphically and the physical applications discussed. The trapping phenomena and pumping characteristic are presented for couple stress parameter; slip parameter and Hartmann number are discussed. The present analysis revealed that the velocity of the blood increased as the viscosity of blood reduced by influencing the magnetic field strength. This result was very much important at the time of strokes and heart attacks during thicker blood damage in blood vessels.
Non-Linear Convection in Chemically Reacting Fluid with an Induced Magnetic Field across a Vertical Porous Plate in the Presence of Heat Source/Sink
Authors: Athira P.R. , Mahanthesh B. , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

An investigation is carried out to observe the impacts of non-linear convection and induced magnetic field in the flow of viscous fluid over a porous plate under the influence of chemical reaction and heat source/sink. The plate is subjected to a regular free stream velocity as well as a suction velocity. The subjected non-linear problem is non-dimensionalized and analytic solutions are presented via perturbation method. The graphs are plotted to analyze the effect of relevant parameters on velocity, induced magnetic field, heat and mass transfer fields as well as friction factor, current density, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It is established that nonlinear convection aspect is destructive for thermal field and its layer thickness. The magnetic field effect enhances the thermal field while it reduces the velocity field. Also, the nonlinear effect subsides heat transfer rate significantly.
Thermo Diffusion Effects on MHD Chemically Reacting Fluid Flow Past an Inclined Porous Plate in a Slip Flow Regime
Authors: Jayakar R. , Kumar B. Rushi , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

The investigation is undertaken to study the thermal diffusion and radiation effects on unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer flow past a semi-infinite inclined porous plate embedded in a porous medium in a slip flow regime with variable suction in the presence of first order chemically reaction. The analytical solutions for velocity, temperature and concentration fields are obtained by reducing the governing nonlinear coupled partial differential equations in dimensionless form into a system of ordinary differential equations, using perturbation method. The effect of pertinent flow parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, the skin friction, the rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer are studied graphically.
Minimization of Entropy Generation in MHD Mixed Convection Flow with Energy Dissipation and Joule Heating: Utilization of Sparrow-Quack-Boerner Local Non-Similarity Method
Authors: Afridi M. Idrees , Qasim Muhammad , Khan Najeeb Alam , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

This article aims to present the non-similar solution of MHD mixed convection flow using the Sparrow-Quack-Boerner local non-similarity method. Entropy analysis is also performed in the presence of energy dissipation and Joule heating. The buoyancy parameter is chosen as the non-similarity variable and the equations are derived up to the second level of truncation. The dependency of dimensionless velocity profile, temperature distribution, Bejan and entropy generation number on physical parameters has been discussed. As far as the knowledge of the authors is concerned, no attempt has been made on the entropy analysis of MHD mixed convection flow by the local non-similarity method.
Local Stability of Castellated Beams with Diamond-Shape Openings: FEM Calculation and Experiment
Authors: Pritykin Alexej I. , Emelyanov Konstantin A.
Published: September 2018

In this paper the questions of local stability of castellated beams with openings of rhombic shape were considered. The studies were performed numerically on the finite-element models including investigation of castellated beam openings, flanges and a web thickness on critical load influence. The obtained results were verified by experimental data received from the tests performed on the 4-meters steel beams with different parameters of perforation. It was a changing relative width of web-posts under constant height of openings. The experiments confirmed reliability of stability calculations by FEM and show that, in fact, the critical load corresponding to buckling of web-posts determines bearing capacity of castellated beams. It was defined that under the fixed height of openings the critical load of beam with rhombic openings is almost independent on relative width of web-posts.
Numerical Study of the Acoustic Efficiency of Sound-Absorbing Structures with Resonators of Various Forms
Authors: Pisarev Pavel V. , Anoshkin Aleksandr N. , Maksimova Karina A.
Published: September 2018

The present work is devoted to a numerical study of the acoustic characteristics of cubic and folded resonators of sound-absorbing structures (SAS). In the process of work, a physical statement of the problem and a mathematical model for predicting the effective acoustic properties of the SAS cells are formulated. The validation of the developed mathematical models was carried out. During the comparison of the results of a numerical solution with experimental studies, the difference did not exceed 3%. Based on the results of the numerical experiments, the most effective resonators were identified, and recommendations on the design of the SAS on their basis were formulated.
Construction of Stiffness Matrices for Isotropic Plates in Parallelogram and Rhombus Shapes
Authors: Muro Genrikh E. , Kovtyukh Valeriya I. , Oleynik Darya A.
Published: September 2018

The article shows the process of analyzing and constructing the stiffness matrices for four-node elements in parallelogram and rhombus shapes using the method of potential deformation energy.
An Investigation of the Stress-Strain State of Two-Layer Armocement Structures on the Power and Temperature Effects during a Fire
Authors: Zhurtov Artur , Khezhev Tolya , Kokoev M.N.
Published: September 2018

The effect of a fireproof vermiculite-concrete layer on the bearing capacity of the reinforced cement layer was tested by testing single-layer and two-layer armocement elements under pure bending under the conditions of a "standard fire". Temperature fields were obtained for single-layer and double-layer structures with one-sided heating by the Vanichev's method of thermal balances. It has been revealed that a fireproof layer made of vermiculite concrete with a thickness of 15 mm makes it possible to increase the load-bearing capacity of a thin-walled reinforcement cement structure in comparison with a single layer of the same thickness by 25% under the conditions of the "standard fire" temperature for one hour.
Wall Panels with Improved Thermal Properties on KBR's Porous Fillers
Authors: Khuranov Valery K. , Tsipinov Aues , Bjakhov Muzarib I.
Published: September 2018

The article describes the design of buildings for multi-apartment houses 139 series, designed for construction in the conditions of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (KBR). An analysis of existing wall panel variants based on their thermal characteristics was carried out and a new constructive solution was proposed using porous fillers of KBR. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the proposed structural concrete is determined analytically and the heat engineering calculation of the external wall panel is presented.
Complex Researches in the Field of Creation of Crack-Resistant Wall Panels from Cellular Concrete with Prestressed Reinforcement
Authors: Mailyan Dmitry R. , Bataev Dena , Mazhiev Khasan N. , Gaziev Minkail A.
Published: September 2018

The investigations carried out in the field of creation of large-size crack-resistant structures and cellular concrete products have shown that this problem is multifaceted and it must be solved in a complex manner, and one of the ways to increase the crack resistance and durability of such structures and products is prestressed reinforcement.
Reliability Comparison of Trusses Made of Thin-Walled Steel Sections
Authors: Skachkov Sergey V. , Golotaystrova Ekaterina Y.
Published: September 2018

The authors suggest a new truss with nodal conjugations without misalignment in the nodes. They have a greater load capacity and reliability. The results have been confirmed by the calculation of the above-mentioned trusses by the finite element method. The reliability function of trusses made of thin-walled steel sections can be determined taking into account the rods destruction probability in the system. We consider a design with the most unfavorable design model in which the destruction of any rod leads to the entire system failure. For the truss refusal it is assumed that the yield point of the material is reached at least in one of its cores. A probabilistic technique for estimating the reliability of rod structures made of thin-walled steel sections has been proposed. Other parameters being equal, including the geometric dimensions of the truss, loads, the nature of their application one can determine the most rational scheme of the truss in terms of its reliability. Differences in nodes design and internal forces direction will lead to a change in their values in trusses elements. Thus, the trusses reliability will depend on the mathematical expectation of internal efforts, camber and flexibility.
Forecasting Durability of Construction Composites on the Basis of Liquid Rubber
Authors: Makarova Tatiana V. , Sotnikova Olga A. , Groshev Anatoliy E.
Published: September 2018

Initial theoretical propositions based on S.N. Zhurkov’s concept about termo-fluctuation approach to mechanics of destruction and solid bodies straining is formulated, formulas of dependence limits functionality of solid composites are described in the article. Physical constants of six rubber polymeric concrete composition are experimentally detected, the results of experiments are analyzed and described. The prediction and enhancement problem of working capacity for the polymeric construction materials come to detection of relationship between power, temperature and temporal limits of the material use. The optimal composition of rubber polymeric concrete from the power, temperature and temporal durability point of view is detected from the experiments results.
Constructive Solutions of Rod Elements of a Polyhedral Wooden Dome
Authors: Skuratov Sergei V. , Shchutsky Sergei V.
Published: September 2018

The method for the formation of a spatial construction of a hemispherical dome in the form of an icosahedral-type 320-gon is considered. The description of pentagonal pyramidal fragments, included in the structure of the dome frame, is described. Constructive solutions of nodal connections of the dome core rods are presented. The results of the design are shown in the illustrations.
Technological Features of Designing Buildings Using a Permanent Formwork
Authors: Protopopova Darya A. , Kojevnikova Ekaterina M.
Published: September 2018

In article the data on reinforced concrete emergence and technologies of projects construction with its application are provided. A detailed description of the erecting buildings technology based on a system of retained forms with the identification of positive and negative characteristics and modern materials is proposed for the creation of a permanent formwork.
Energy Model in Calculating the Strength Characteristics of the Reinforced Concrete Components
Authors: Eryshev Valery A.
Published: September 2018

The article proposes applying energy from law deformation mechanics of the rigid body to deformation method for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete constructions with the use of diagrams illustrating the deformation of concrete and reinforcement. In terms of the energy theory of strength, concrete and rebar accumulate potential energy in the section of the construction component under stress; based on the contours of the diagram used in calculation it is possible to distinguish a stress diagram for concrete of the compressed zone. The value of the strains is equivalent to the force used for the deformation of the concrete specimen under stress (prism-or cylinder-shaped); the force is equal to the area used in the calculation of the normable diagram. The resolving balance equations are deduced with the use of the flat section hypothesis. The conditions of the stress balance in the section of the construction component are tested with the method of the successive approximation. The variable parameter of approximation is the construction component bending. General deformations (deflections) of the construction components are significantly higher than their limit stress values permitted for safe operation.
Numerical Method for Solving the Problems of the Building Structures Dynamics with a Mobile Massive Load
Authors: Panasyuk Leonid N. , Kravchenko Galina M. , Matua Vakhtang
Published: September 2018

The article considers the modeling of dynamic processes in buildings and structures. A general formulation of the dynamic problem of a massive load motion on a massive structure is considered. The equation of motion is obtained in the form of a finite element method. The equations solving is performed using direct methods of integrating dynamic problems. Absolutely stable schemes of direct integration are constructed, where the system of solving equations is trivial and the matrix of the system is diagonal. Due to this, the complexity at the time step is as low as in explicit schemes. Therefore, the proposed methods can be considered as explicit absolutely stable schemes of direct integration of a dynamical problem with a variable in time mass. These recommendations are for estimating the accuracy of a numerical solution.
Augmentation of Human Monocyte Responses to Lipopolysaccharide by the Protein S and Mer/Tyro3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axis
Authors: Barth Nicole D. , Marwick John A. , Heeb Mary Jo , Gale Andrew J. , Rossi Adriano G. , Dransfield Ian
Published: September 2018

Resolution of the inflammatory response requires coordinated regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator production, together with clearance of recruited inflammatory cells. Many different receptors have been implicated in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including Mer, a receptor tyrosine kinase that can mediate recognition and subsequent internalization of apoptotic cells. In this manuscript, we examine the expression and function of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) family of receptors by human monocytes. We demonstrate that the Mer ligand, protein S, binds to the surface of viable monocytes via phosphatidylserine-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Importantly, we have identified a novel role for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the augmentation of monocyte cytokine release in response to LPS. We propose that low-level phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane of viable monocytes allows protein S binding that leads to TAM-dependent augmentation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our findings identify a potentially important role for TAM-mediated signaling during the initiation phase of inflammation.
Mínimos cuadrados recursivos para un manipulador que aprende por demostración
Authors: Rubio Jose de Jesus , Garcia Enrique , Aquino Gustavo , Aguilar-Ibañez Carlos , Pacheco Jaime , Meda-Campaña Jesus Alberto
Published: September 2018

En este trabajo, se desarrolla un sistema de control automatizado para permitir que un manipulador aprenda y planifique las trayectorias a partir de las demostraciones dadas por la mano de un usuario. La entrada de datos es adquirida por un sensor, y se aprende su comportamiento a través de un algoritmo de aprendizaje automático basado en los mínimos cuadrados recursivos. Se utiliza un perfil de trayectoria de interpoladores a tramos para evitar el movimiento impulsivo del manipulador. Se realiza el análisis de las cinemáticas directa e inversa para obtener los valores de las variables articulares para el manipulador. Se crea un modelo dinámico usando la formulación de Newton-Euler. Se aplica un control proporcional derivativo al sistema. Los sistemas de monitoreo y control se implementan en una plataforma embebida para fines de prueba.
Control PID multivariable de una caldera de vapor
Authors: Mercader P. , Cánovas C. D. , Baños A.
Published: September 2018

Este documento presenta la propuesta de los autores para el Concurso en Ingeniería de Control 2016 (CIC2016) organizado por el Grupo Temático de Ingeniería de Control del Comité Español de Automática (CEA). Esta propuesta resultó ganadora en la categoría de estudiantes de máster y postgrado. El concurso consiste en el diseño de un sistema de control para una caldera de vapor, que es modelada por un modelo no lineal multivariable con tres entradas, tres salidas y una perturbación medible. El sistema de control propuesto en este documento se basa en el diseño de un controlador tipo proporcional integrador derivativo (PID) multivariable, mediante técnicas de optimización convexa. Además, se contempla el uso de más grados de libertad mediante el diseño de precompensadores para referencias y para la perturbación medible. Finalmente, se analiza el desempeño del sistema de control diseñado, bajo los escenarios propuestos en el concurso.
Proyecto ALCOR: Contribuciones a la Optimización del Guiado Remoto de Robots en Espacios Inteligentes
Authors: Espinosa Zapata Felipe , Lázaro Galilea José Luis , Olivares Bueno Joaquín
Published: September 2018

El trabajo muestra las soluciones sensoriales, de comunicaciones y control, al guiado remoto de robots en entornos inteligentes derivadas del proyecto ALCOR. En este tipo de aplicaciones la optimización de los recursos compartidos, especialmente los relacionados con la autonomía energética y con la utilización del canal inalámbrico, sigue siendo un reto. Las principales aportaciones del proyecto son: a) desarrollo de unidades sensoriales basadas en infrarrojos con precisión centimétrica en la localización de la fuente emisora y tiempos de respuesta de milisegundos; b) soluciones de comunicación inalámbrica que mejoran el enrutamiento de información y la homogeneización en el tráfico de red; y c) soluciones de control y estimación basadas en eventos con mecanismos independientes de actuación sobre la unidad móvil y de petición de medidas al módulo sensorial. Para las pruebas experimentales se ha utilizado el robot comercial P3-DX.
Tolerancia al Fallo en Control Directo de Par con Vectores Virtuales de Tensión
Authors: García Entrambasaguas P. , Gonzále-Prieto I. , Durán M.J. , Bermúdez M. , Barrero F.
Published: September 2018

La fiabilidad es considerada una característica fundamental en algunos accionamientos eléctricos de velocidad variable. Es por ello que los sistemas multifásicos, que presentan una mayor tolerancia al fallo que los sistemas trifásicos convencionales, resultan una alternativa interesante para este tipo de aplicaciones. Esta mayor tolerancia al fallo es debida a su mayor número de grados de libertad, lo que se traduce en un aumento de su fiabilidad. En este artículo se presenta la aplicación de un control directo de par basado en vectores virtuales de tensión para una máquina de inducción de seis fases, considerando un fallo de fase abierta. La introducción de estos vectores virtuales permite reducir las pérdidas en el cobre debido a la reducción de las componentes x-y de corriente propias de los sistemas multifásicos. La implementación de la estrategia de control propuesta va a permitir tanto un incremento de la fiabilidad del accionamiento eléctrico como la disminución de las pérdidas debidas a las citadas componentes x-y. La bondad del método propuesto ha sido validada mediante resultados experimentales.
Nuevas Estrategias de Control Glucémico en Pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1
Authors: Rivadeneira Pablo S. , Sereno Juan E. , Caicedo Michelle A.
Published: September 2018

Actualmente la diabetes mellitus es un problema de salud pública mundial. En este trabajo, se proponen estrategias de control para mantener los niveles de glucosa en sangre de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 en los rangos ideales en pro de la salud del paciente y su calidad de vida. La primera estrategia propone una retroalimentación de estados con restricciones de positividad, que en términos médicos representa la eliminación de episodios de hipoglucemia durante períodos prolongados de ayuno. Posteriormente, se realiza una extensión para lograr el rechazo de las perturbaciones por ingesta de alimentos, mediante el acoplamiento de un control proporcional, integral y derivativo. La segunda estrategia es un control predictivo con entrada impulsiva y regulación hacia una zona objetivo. Finalmente, el desempeño de las estrategias es evaluado en 50 pacientes virtuales extraídos de la literatura y en el Simulador UVa / Padova aprobado por la Food and Drug Administration de EEUU.
Official Organ of the Athletic Association
Authors: Zogry Kenneth Joel
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the pedagogical and institutional history of UNC from founding in 1789 through the Civil War, and the significant changes made following Reconstruction, which formed the basis for the modern research institution. The birth of the student newspaper, the Tar Heel, is discussed, along with early operations and editors, including Frank Porter Graham and Thomas Wolfe. The paper’s initial function to promote the new student activity of intercollegiate athletics, first football and baseball, and later basketball, is examined. The university’s growth during the early twentieth century and following World War I are discussed, along with early issues involving women and African Americans.
Venceremos Means “We Will Win”
Authors: Latner Teishan A.
Published: September 2018

Chapter One illuminates Cuba’s influence on the American Left at the height of the sixties era by examining the history of the Venceremos Brigade, an anti-imperialist Cuba solidarity organization formed in the United States in 1969. Initiated by New Left antiwar and civil rights activists from Students for a Democratic Society and incorporating a broad spectrum of social movements, including women’s liberation, veterans of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Black Panther Party, and elements of Puerto Rican, Chicana/o, and Asian American movements, the Venceremos Brigade sent several thousand U.S. leftwing activists to Cuba during the next decade as volunteer laborers. Working in agricultural and construction projects on the island to support Cuban socialism and publicizing the nation’s achievements in universal education and healthcare, the Venceremos Brigade built a grassroots counterpoint to the Washington consensus of antagonism toward the Cuba.
Missiles, in Human Form
Authors: Latner Teishan A.
Published: September 2018

Chapter Two examines efforts by the FBI, CIA, local law enforcement, and U.S. politicians to portray travel to Cuba by American dissidents as a threat to U.S. national security. Alleging covert Cuban involvement in left-wing political bombings, espionage, street demonstrations, and growing interest in socialism among the American public, U.S. officials claimed that Cuba’s support for American radicals posed an internal security threat. Lurid media coverage focused on the Venceremos Brigade and Black Panther Party, which were accused of violating the U.S. travel ban to Cuba to receive training in guerrilla warfare from Fidel Castro’s government. The imagined perils of contact between Cuba’s revolutionaries and American radicals, however, lay in their ideological, not military, potentials. In 1976, the FBI summed up a decade of investigations, concluding that the communist nation had been the single greatest foreign influence on domestic radicalism during the 1960s.
An Antislavery Constitution and a Righteous Violence
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the most important intellectual development in Douglass’s adult life prior to the Civil War—his evolving views on the U.S. Constitution and the role of violence in the antislavery struggle. The chapter explains how Douglass came to believe that the Constitution was antislavery, not proslavery as he previously believed. The chapter also explains Douglass’s complicated views on the sometimes-appropriate role of violence in liberating slaves. For both topics, the chapter shows how the core convictions of Douglass’s faith shaped his views.
At the Dark Dawn of Jim Crow
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter covers the final years of Douglass’s life, as he lived to see the onset of the system of Jim Crow segregation and disenfranchisement. It describes the final phase of Douglass’s public life, as he once again used his prophetic faith to denounce injustice in America—in this case, the emerging Jim Crow order. The chapter explains the religious foundations of Douglass’s opposition to Jim Crow, and his prophetic hope in God’s eventual deliverance from oppressive systems of segregation and disenfranchisement.
Frederick Douglass Is Not Dead!
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: September 2018

The conclusion recounts the story of Douglass’s final day on earth and his funeral service in Washington D.C. The conclusion reveals how the leading eulogies for Douglass quite strongly emphasized the prophetic character of his faith and public witness. The conclusion ends with a summation of the main elements of Douglass’s faith and its contemporary relevance.
Winnifred Wygal’s Flock
Authors: Kern Kathi
Published: September 2018

This chapter follows the life and personal relationships of Winnifred Wygal (1884–1972), a career Young Women’s Christian Association worker. Wygal forged an erotic life that challenged both the conventions of heterosexual “companionate marriage” and the concomitant emergence of homosexual “pathology” that characterized early twentieth-century domestic relations. Her perception of the boundless capacity of God’s love emboldened Wygal to engage romantically with a number of different women, including Frances Perry, her companion from 1910 to 1940, as well as multiple other women who became, as she sometimes put it, part of her “fold.” Wygal’s diary provides a rare window on a Christian’s negotiation of her sexuality and underscores a central contribution of this book: religious faith played a shaping role in validating same-sex desire in the first half of the twentieth century.
Purity and Population
Authors: Davis Rebecca L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter’s discussion of American Jewish marriage shows that how religion and sexuality have shaped one another, often very profoundly. Jewish investment in marriage in the twentieth century shaped the ways in which Jewish Americans practiced and valued their faith. In turn, the religious investment in marriage, by Jews and other people of faith, contributed to national conversations about the sanctity and value of marital stability. Religious individuals and institutions therefore played central roles in the promotion of the modern categories of heterosexuality and homosexuality through their efforts to promote and sustain marriage. The history of religious investment in heterosexuality has featured Protestant and Catholic actors most prominently, and it was this dominant Christian context within which American Jews articulated and acted upon their ideas about marital sexuality. American Jewish religious leaders put concerns about marriage and the family at the center of their communal and spiritual work throughout the twentieth century. Jewish efforts to promote cultural continuity through marriage became agents of significant shifts in Jewish attitudes toward sexuality.
The Making of Gay and Lesbian Rabbis in Reconstructionist Judaism, 1979–1992
Authors: Alpert Rebecca T. , Staub Jacob J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter tells how one Jewish denomination, the Reconstructionists, came to accept gay men and lesbians in their school for training rabbis in 1984, making Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC) the first school for training rabbis to admit and ordain openly gay and lesbian students and only the second denomination in the United States to formally allow gay and lesbian religious leadership. This move was particularly bold at a time when other religious organizations, even liberal ones, were actively barring gay men and lesbians from the clergy. The story of RRC’s shift in policy between 1979 and 1992 reveals the tangled and uneven nature of institutional and ideological change in sexual and religious mores. At first glance, much about the shifts in RCC’s processes and practices does not seem “religious”—if by that term we mean formal teaching, ritual practice, or textual interpretation. But institutional practices and decisions about policy were also deeply tied to, shaped by, and productive of religious meanings. The story of how RRC came to accept the ordination of gays and lesbians as rabbis highlights the complicated relationship between policy and practice.
Introduction
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

Black plaintiffs in civil suits remain a little known aspect of the legal history of the slave South. African Americans were not only observers of trials, informal participants, defendants, or objects of regulation: trial court records reveal them to be prolific litigators as well. They were parties to civil suits in their own interests and directly active in legal proceedings. They sued other black people, certainly, but they also sued white people. What is more, they often won. This is a phenomenon that has largely been overlooked by historians. But it ought not to be, because it speaks to the heart of the ways we understand the operation of power, of law, and of racial hierarchies in the slave South. The black legal experience in America cannot be reduced to white regulation and black criminality. Examining African Americans’ involvement in private law reveals a different picture. Black people appealed to the courts to protect their interests. They exploited the language of rights and property, thus including themselves within an American narrative of citizenship and privilege in advance of formal emancipation. When black litigants made such claims at law, they expected the courts to validate and execute those claims. Indeed, they sought accountability. Thus, seemingly mundane civil actions like debt recovery suits complicate our notions about the sources of rights and their relationship to civic inclusion.
Advocacy
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter turns away from the linguistic strategies people of color mobilized in court to investigate white lawyers’ incentives to represent black litigants and white judges’ motivations when deciding cases involving African Americans’ claims. It assesses the role of white people in the story of black litigiousness. Of course, rhetoric remained important, but rhetoric rarely led to results without a particular institutional makeup. Understanding the institutional framework of the Natchez district bench and bar—in this case, the makeup of the legal professionals, the internal hierarchies and values, the incentive patterns, and the pressure points and tensions—provides insight into how and where marginalized peoples inserted themselves and under what circumstances.
Your Word Is Your Bond
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

Debt actions represented one the most common types of lawsuits people of color initiated. Black moneylenders were regular participants in the credit economy of the slave South. Free people of color, in particular, repeatedly extended loans in various amounts to both white and black people. When the sums went unpaid, free black creditors sued borrowers to recoup the money owed. In the Natchez district, a world in which blackness symbolized dependency and whiteness independence, white debtors were bound to black creditors. The legal mechanisms involving debt collection favored lenders—even when those lenders were black. Under such circumstances, the courts could serve as a place where the social and racial relations of a slave society were temporarily suspended, insofar as their suspension furthered the goal of preserving private property. This chapter examines debt recovery from its inception (the loan) to its discharge (whether through payment or execution). The process itself was loaded with symbolic weight, for in the antebellum South, it invoked a set of highly charged ideas about virtue, ethics, membership, and race.
The Sanctity of Property
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines lawsuits over property. Free blacks went to court with full knowledge of their rights to property, and they expected the courts to deal with them fairly and protect those rights, just as they would with white southerners. They sued whites and other people of color in disputes over real and personal property. They also appealed to the courts to protect the dignity of their labor and sued to protect labor contracts or recover back wages. Like many antebellum Americans, free people of color viewed their labor as a form of property; it too represented a path to economic independence. Property ownership, however, sometimes rendered free people of color vulnerable to the greed of unscrupulous individuals. Free blacks’ precarious position in a social order dedicated to white supremacy sometimes meant they were the victims of fraud—or worse. When cheated, they appealed to the courts to intervene. This chapter focuses its attention primarily on the property disputes of free people of color, as the southern legal apparatus did not acknowledge or protect the slaves’ economy, but on occasion even those held as property went to court and sued.
Louis Austin and the Carolina Times
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

Louis Austin (1898–1971) came of age at the nadir of the Jim Crow era and became a transformative leader of the long black freedom struggle in North Carolina. From 1927 to 1971, he published and edited the Carolina Times, the preeminent black newspaper in the state. He used the power of the press to voice the anger of black Carolinians, and to turn that anger into action in a forty-year crusade for freedom. In this biography, Jerry Gershenhorn chronicles Austin’s career as a journalist and activist, highlighting his work during the Great Depression, World War II, and the postwar civil rights movement. Austin helped pioneer radical tactics during the Depression, including antisegregation lawsuits, boycotts of segregated movie theatres and white-owned stores that refused to hire black workers, and African American voting rights campaigns based on political participation in the Democratic Party. In examining Austin’s life, Gershenhorn narrates the story of the long black freedom struggle in North Carolina from a new vantage point, shedding new light on the vitality of black protest and the black press in the twentieth century.
We Have Got to Fight for Our Rights
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

In 1927, Austin purchased the Carolina Times and transformed the newspaper in to a vital part of the black freedom struggle in North Carolina. He prioritized printing the truth and giving a voice to the black community in Durham and throughout the state. He never focused on the newspaper as a moneymaking enterprise, as he attacked any one, who, he believed, stood in the way of freedom and equality for all people. As a result, black and white businesses often withdrew advertisements from the paper, leaving the paper in precarious financial condition. In 1933, Austin helped bring the Hocutt case, the first legal attempt to integrate southern higher public education. He also co-founded the Durham Committee on Negro Affairs in 1935, which sought to increase black political participation and improve black life in Durham. Austin was elected justice of the peace in 1934, a victory that was hailed by the Pittsburgh Courier as the beginning of the New Deal in the South. He helped expand black voter registration and moved blacks from the Republican to the Democratic Party, a strategic move to increase black political influence in the one-party state.
Segregation Must and Will Be Destroyed
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

During the postwar decade leading up to the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Austin played a central role in increasing black voter registration, working with the Durham Committee on Negro Affairs, leading to the election of the first black member of the Durham city council in 1953. He also made important efforts to integrate public facilities. He organized an integrated football game in Durham, between a white team and a black team, which was hailed as the first racially integrated football game in the South. Austin continued to prioritize the fight for equitable public education for African Americans in the postwar years. Austin pursued a dual strategy, pressing for integration, particularly in higher education, while fighting for equal funding for black schools and equal salaries for black teachers.
Racial Taxation
Authors: Walsh Camille
Published: September 2018

In the United States, it is quite common to lay claim to the benefits of society by appealing to “taxpayer citizenship”--the idea that, as taxpayers, we deserve access to certain social services like a public education. Tracing the genealogy of this concept, this book shows how tax policy and taxpayer identity were built on the foundations of white supremacy and intertwined with ideas of whiteness in civil rights law and constitutional law. From the origins of unequal public school funding after the Civil War and the history of African American families resisting segregated taxation through school desegregation cases from Brown v. Board of Education to San Antonio v. Rodriguez in the 1970s, this study spans over a century of racial injustice, dramatic courtroom clashes, and white supremacist backlash to collective justice claims.
Incorporating letters from everyday individuals as well as the private notes of Supreme Court justices as they deliberated, this legal history reveals how the idea of a “taxpayer” identity contributed to the contemporary crises of public education, racial disparity, and income inequality.
We Are Taxpaying Citizens
Authors: Walsh Camille
Published: September 2018

Chapter Three shifts to state and local court cases in the early 20th century, many of which highlight the different unequal tax structures imposed in mandatory segregation states in the South. Whether separate taxation or supposedly "colorblind" taxation, this chapter argues that both of these systems were deployed by all-white school boards and excise boards to ensure that black schools received a tiny fraction of the resources due them and that in many cases African Americans were doubly taxed for the support of white schooling. Finally, this chapter examines the letters written to the NAACP in the 1920s and 1930s as well as news articles and speeches illustrating the importance of the taxpayer citizenship claim made by many African Americans in this period.
The Rich Richer and the Poor Poorer
Authors: Walsh Camille
Published: September 2018

Chapter Seven illustrates the culmination of the tendencies toward combining demands for recognition of class and race based discrimination in the early 1970s. Among a series of other similar cases, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez is a pivotal "taxpayer" case that shut the door on meaningful legal remedies for school inequality. The Rodriguez claimants were low-income children and families of color whose school district was dramatically unequal in comparison to the local, wealthy, white school district in the city. The Court, however, treated the claims of race and class discrimination that the claimants put forward as separate, and ignored the race claim in order to focus on class alone, which they dismissed as a category not entitled to constitutional protection. This chapter argues that the result of Rodriguez was directly tied to the idea that tax status -- and therefore taxable wealth -- was legitimately tied to educational rights and equality. The Court's decision provided an anticommunist rationale for school property tax funding inequality by defending capitalism, economic privacy and local fiscal control against the intersectional claims of race and class inequality.
Organic peroxy radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors and environmental chambers and their atmospheric relevance
Authors: Peng Zhe , Lee-Taylor Julia , Orlando John J. , Tyndall Geoffrey S. , Jimenez Jose L.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFR) are a promising complement to environmental chambers for investigating atmospheric oxidation processes and secondary aerosol formation. However, questions have been raised about how representative the chemistry within OFRs is of that in the troposphere. We investigate the fates of organic peroxy radicals (RO2), which play a central role in atmospheric organic chemistry, in OFRs and environmental chambers by chemical kinetic modeling, and compare to a variety of ambient conditions to help define a range of atmospherically relevant OFR operating conditions. For most types of RO2, their bimolecular fates in OFRs are mainly RO2+HO2 and RO2+NO, similar to chambers and atmospheric studies. For substituted primary RO2 and acyl RO2, RO2+RO2 can make a significant contribution to the fate of RO2 in OFRs, chambers and the atmosphere, but RO2+RO2 in OFRs is in general somewhat less important than in the atmosphere. At high NO, RO2+NO dominates RO2 fate in OFRs, as in the atmosphere. At high UV lamp setting in OFRs, RO2+OH can be a major RO2 fate and RO2 isomerization can be negligible for common multifunctional RO2, both of which deviate from common atmospheric conditions. In the OFR254 operation mode (where OH is generated only from photolysis of added O3), we cannot identify any conditions that can simultaneously avoid significant organic photolysis at 254 nm and lead to RO2 lifetimes long enough (~ 10 s) to allow atmospherically relevant RO2 isomerization. In the OFR185 mode (where OH is generated from reactions initiated by 185 nm photons), high relative humidity, low UV intensity and low precursor concentrations are recommended for atmospherically relevant gas-phase chemistry of both stable species and RO2. These conditions ensure minor or negligible RO2+OH and a relative importance of RO2 isomerization in RO2 fate in OFRs within ~ x2 of that in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, the photochemical age within OFR185 systems can reach a few equivalent days at most, encompassing the typical ages for maximum secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. A small increase in OFR temperature may allow the relative importance of RO2 isomerization to approach the ambient values. To study heterogeneous oxidation of SOA formed under atmospherically-relevant OFR conditions, a different UV source with higher intensity is needed after the SOA formation stage, which can be done with another reactor in series. Finally, we recommend evaluating the atmospheric relevance of RO2 chemistry by always reporting measured and/or estimated OH, HO2, NO, NO2 and OH reactivity (or at least precursor composition and concentration) in all chamber and flow reactor experiments. An easy-to-use RO2 fate estimator program is included with this paper to facilitate investigation of this topic in future studies.
Exploring the effects of missing data on the estimation of fractal and multifractal parameters based on bootstrap method
Authors: Gao Xin , Wang Xuan
Published: September 2018

Abstract. A time series collected in the nature is often incomplete or contains some missing values, and statistical inference on the population or process with missing values, especially the population or process having multifractal properties is easy to ignore. In this study, the simulation and actual data were used to obtain the probability distributions of fractal parameters through a new bootstrap resampling mechanism with the aim to statistically infer the estimation accuracy of the time series containing missing values and four kinds of interpolated series. Firstly, the RMS errors results showed that compared with the four interpolation methods for one parameter H required for fBm the direct use of the series with missing values has the highest estimation accuracy, while it shows certain instability in the estimations of the multifractal parameters C1 and α, especially at higher missing levels, however, the accuracy of the parameters estimated by preprocessing of piecewise linear interpolation method can be improved; in addition, it is also concluded that α is more sensitive to the changes caused by these processing than another parameter C1. Secondly, the effects on the ability of statistical inference for a population caused from the data losses are explored through the estimation of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing by proposing a new bootstrap resampling mechanism, and the conclusions showed that whether it is a mono-fractal parameter or multifractal parameters, the large deviations from the estimates of original series occur on the series with missing values when the losses are serious, while the defects can be compensated by the preprocessing using PLI and PBI methods; similarly, although the results of the incomplete series at the low missing levels are close to the original and PLI series, while at the high missing levels, the probabilities of Type II Errors of the neighboring values are unable to ignore, but the PLI or PBI method can avoid the erroneous judgments.