bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nano-Urea Based Nitrogen Application on the Growth, Phenology and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Bashir Sheikh Danish , Bhat Tauseef A. , Jamsheed Bilkees , Nazir Aijaz , Jan Bisma , Kanth Raihana Habib , Saxena Amal , Dar Khursheed A. , Khan Inayat Mustafa , Wani Fehim Jeelani , Sharma Ashu , Naulia Uma , Yaqoob Munaza , Rashid Umar , Tanwar Himansha , Kounsar Hadiya
Published: July 2024

As large quantum of urea is used in the rice crop, there is a need to reduce atleast some portion of prilled urea to minimize the nitrogen losses besides improving the growth and yield of rice. With this rationale, a field experiment was carried out in the Kharif season of 2022 at the Agronomy Research Farm in Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Kashmir, India to study the efficiency of Nano-urea over prilled urea in direct-seeded rice. The experimental study comprised of nine treatments viz.,T0 (Control), T1 (recommended dose of prilled urea), T2 (NU 2 sprays at 6 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage), T3 (NU 2 sprays at 8 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage), T4 (50 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 2 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage), T5 (50 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 4 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage), T6 (25 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 2 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage), T7 (25 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 4 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage), T8 (25 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 6 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage) and T9 (25 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 8 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage) which were arranged in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. These treatments included the application of Nano-urea in addition to conventional nitrogen dosages of 120 kg ha-1 and control treatments (no application). T5 (50 % RDPU as basal + NU 2 sprays at 4 ml L-1 at AT and PI stage) was the treatment that most significantly improved growth characteristics out of all of them, with a notable achievement of a Leaf Area Index (LAI) of 4.51. In addition, T5 performed superior to other treatments in yield-related parameters like panicle weight (2.69 g), yield (66.57 q ha-1). These findings demonstrate the significant potential of Nano-urea to maximize nitrogen use and increase yield in direct-seeded rice farming systems.
Effect of Oats and Millet composition in Gluten-free Nutrient wafer
Authors: Chandra Susmita , Kundu Sonia , Roy Riya
Published: July 2024

Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] is a widely cultivated staple crop and nutritionally rich cereal grain. The cultivar can tolerate drought and high temperatures, making it suitable for arid and semi-arid regions, especially in Africa and Asia.
Millet-based products have numerous health benefits like lowering cholesterol, managing blood sugar, and many others. It is rich in antioxidants, fiber, and various micronutrients. Millet is gluten-free, suitable alternative for individuals with gluten intolerance or celiac disease.
Methods: Low-sugar-gluten-free Pearl millet wafer is a low-moisture baked food prepared from a mixed batter of millet powder, and oats. A waffle iron toaster (1000W) is used to prepare the wafer The nutritional components were analyzed and calorie calculation was done following the Atwater system. The total energy from a 100 gm wafer serving was found to be around 289 calories.
Results and Discussions: The product was typically shaped in a square-grooved sheet, with a density around 0.2gm/cc, the matrix is aerated and fluffy. Total final moisture, ash and extracted fat content was also estimated. The average thickness of the wafer was around 5mm. Sensory parameters like crispiness, chewiness and mouthfeel were evaluated on a hedonic scale while the crispiness is correlated to the final moisture content.
Product cost was calculated including the energy cost calculation. The cost of the final product was Rs 45/100gm which is at per the marketed wafers.
Conclusion: The improved quality was targeted to achieve in a model of low-emission process to reduce the energy cost and increase production efficiency with better nutritional component retention.
Study of the Potential Toxicity and Side Effects Associated with the Long-term Consumption of Walnuts (Cola verticillata: Sterculiaceae): Anti-Meiosis in the Insect Assay
Authors: Rick Tagne Takoutchouang , Akwanjoh Seino Richard , Abdoul Ngnaniyyi , Ingrid Dongmo Tonleu
Published: July 2024

Cola verticillata (Sterculiaceae) is a plant that produces nuts renowned for their ceremonial, cultural, medicinal and above all economic value in Africa. The study consisted in evaluating the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the aqueous extract of the plant's nuts on the Zonocerus variegatus model. Male and adult locusts were treated with increasing concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg/ml. The 0.01 ml/mg extract was administered intraperitoneal and 96 h post-treatment the grasshoppers were killed, dissected and the testicular follicles removed for smear preparation. Chromosomal examinations revealed that the aqueous extract of C. verticillata induced a significant regression of the meiotic index, followed by a significant increase in the chiasmatic frequency in a concentration-dependent manner and in comparison with the control group. In addition to chromosome bridges, chromosome breaks, sticky chromosomes and leak chromosomes were observed mainly at 40 µg/ml. These results show that Cola extract is cytotoxic and genotoxic because it slowed down meiosis while also inducing multiple chromosomal abnormalities with clastogenic effects in the male Z. variegatus breeder. The results of this study call for populations to consume kola nuts (Cola verticillata) intermittently if the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects are not reversed.
Study of Medicinal Plants: Ocimum Sanctum & Tinospora Cordifolia, Bioresources to Characterize Bioactive Compounds Using Soxhlet Apparatus
Authors: Srivastav Yash , Thakur Gourav , Tiwari Sandhya
Published: July 2024

This study researched the phytochemical organization of two significant restorative plants - Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Tinospora cordifolia (giloy). Leaf tests of O. sanctum and stem tests of T. cordifolia were gathered, cleaned, dried and ground into powder. Extractions were performed involving ethanol and hexane solvents in a Soxhlet device. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests for a variety of bioactive compounds, including proteins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolics, were performed on the extracts. The majority of the phytochemicals tested were found in O. sanctum extracts, while fewer compounds were found in T. cordifolia extracts. In particular, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, sugars, terpenoids and proteins were distinguished in O. sanctum but not in T. cordifolia separates. The two plants showed the presence of saponins, steroids, heart glycosides and phenolics. The study sheds light on the bioactive compound profiles of these significant medicinal plants and highlights their potential for further research in the fields of drug discovery and herbal formulation development. Future possibilities for research on these plants in regions like pharmacology, nutraceuticals and maintainable assets the executives are additionally talked about.
Division Errors Frequently Made by Students
Authors: Behera Suryakanta , Pattnayak Pratyush
Published: July 2024

Problems in mathematical problems are common across children of all ages and of all places. This study looks at the common problems students generally face during the mathematical operation of Division and attempts to provide solutions to prevent such problems from taking place further. The study surveyed and analyzed the mistakes of 50 Secondary school students from the district of Cuttack, Odisha in order to isolate the problems students faced during Division. The data was collected through a simple test consisting of a simple long division question and the participants were allowed as much time as they wanted to solve the question. After collecting the responses, the data was analyzed and the responses separated into four different categories. The results showed that a majority I.e. 56% of the students made a mistake in their responses which indicated a lacunae in the base understanding of the process of Division. The mistakes showed a variation in their types, each relating to a different lack of understanding of the process of the mathematical operation.
Advanced Battery Management: Forecasting Health, State of Charge & Maintenance Needs Using AI & ML Models (LSTM, Gradient Boosting, SVR, Random Forest)
Authors: Yedla Harshavardhan , Koppada Lakshmana Rao , Bodala Ram Sekhar
Published: July 2024

The rapid expansion of renewable energy sources and the widespread adoption of electric vehicles underscore the critical demand for efficient energy storage systems. This conference paper explores cutting-edge predictive models tailored for forecasting battery health, State of Charge (SOC), and anticipating maintenance requirements. Employing advanced machine learning [1,2] techniques, innovative feature engineering, and rigorous evaluation metrics, the study achieves robust performance in predicting key aspects of battery behavior. Key methodologies include Stacked LSTM networks, Random Forests, Gradient Boosting, and SVR. Alongside advanced time series analysis methods like ARIMA and SARIMA.
The results demonstrate significant advancements in SOC prediction accuracy and provide valuable insights into overall battery health assessment. The models effectively identify potential maintenance needs, representing a substantial integration of machine learning [1,2] and time series analysis for enhanced battery management. These developments hold profound implications for energy storage and management, benefiting industries reliant on energy-intensive processes such as manufacturing, IT Infrastructure & Data Centers etc. They optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and enhance service efficiency and uptime in the retail sector, particularly for electric vehicle servicing.
This research underscores the transformative impact of advanced predictive modeling on energy storage and management, supporting sustainable practices and fostering innovation across industries.
Response of Nano Dap on Yield and Nutrient Content of Wheat Grown in Loamy Sand Soil
Authors: G S Parmar , M B Viradiya , J A Patel
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the “Response of Nano DAP on Yield and Nutrient Content of Wheat Grown in Loamy Sand Soil” in rabi season during the year 2023-24. The experiment consisted of ten treatments and was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The results proved that the combined application of conventional and nano DAP had a positive impact on most of the growth parameters. The application of 100% RDF N and P (T1), (75% RDF N and P + foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml/L at 25 DAS) (T6) and 50% RDF N and P + Seed treatment with nano DAP @ 5 ml/kg seed + First foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml/L at 25 DAS(T10) obtained significantly higher plant height, root length, root biomass, effective numbers of tillers, spike length, test weight, grain yield, straw yield. Similarly, nutrient content and uptake of N and P by grain and straw under T2 and T6 were significantly higher than rest of the treatments. Therefore, we may suggest for 75% RDF N and P + foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml/L at 25 DAS and 50% RDF N and P + Seed treatment with nano DAP @ 5 ml/kg seed + First foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml/L at 25 DAS for better realization of applied nutrients in terms yield responses.
Response of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Varieties to Different Levels of Zinc
Authors: Rushika Mantri , Musthafa Shaik , Singh Devi
Published: July 2024

An experiment was conducted during kharif season 2023 at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). To find out the. Response of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) Varieties to Different Levels of Zinc. experiment have different varieties and different concentrations of zinc with sixteen treatments were arranged in Factorial randomized block design (FRBD). This experiment has proved that, with the combination of 0.25% of zinc along with shashvi shows medium range of growth and development. With the combination of 0.5% of zinc result is higher among all varieties. Comparing the varieties, TMCO 24-003 is the lowest performer while green coronet gives the best results with treatment of zinc. The above results show how the plant grows according to varieties treated with zinc levels on their parameters. The cost of cultivation and net returns will give profit according to the above resultant. The parameters were taken is Growth habit (erect/semierect/spreading),days to germination, plant height (15,30 and 45 DAS),number of basal leaves, length of longest basal leaf (cm),leaf margin of longest basal leaf (Deeply Serrated /Serrated),leaf cluster of longest basal leaf (Non-shiny/shiny)leaf color of longest basal leaf (Green/Dark green), leaf yield per plant(g), leaf yield per plot, leaf yield per ha, cost of cultivation (Rs/ha), gross Returns, net Returns, benefit cost ratio, total soluble solids (B), vitamin C.
Impact of Different Food Sources on the Developmental Biology and Host Preferences of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Manideep Sake , Banu S.N. Salma , Kumar Talapala Sai , Sangeetha S.V. , B Tulasi , Padmashree S. , Reddy K. Kruthi , Kedswin K.S.
Published: July 2024

An experiment conducted at the seed center laboratory at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University during June 2022 evaluated the host preferences and developmental biology of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) across three food sources: broken rice with rice flour, broken wheat with wheat flour, and tapioca flour. Beetle development was observed in ventilated containers under controlled conditions (28-30°C, 65% relative humidity) with 25 beetles per container. Significant differences in beetle survival and development. Wheat flour was the most favourable host, with 304 live adults, followed by broken wheat (145 live adults. Rice flour supported 20 adults and 11 larvae, indicating moderate suitability. Whole rice grains and tapioca flour were the least effective, with only dead adults and few larvae. Despite host quality variations, the developmental stages (egg incubation: 4-7 days, larval: 65-70 days, pupal: 6-9 days) were consistent across food sources. Wheat flour is the most supportive environment for T. castaneum development.
Effect of Combined Application of Treated Sewage Sludge and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Attributes of Maize Crop (Zea mays L.)
Authors: G Sowmya , K Shailaja , K Pavan Chandra Reddy , P Revathi
Published: July 2024

In present day scenario the production wastes has increased tremendously to point where its disposal is a concern. The sewage sludge generated from sewage treatment plants (STP) contains nutrients which are beneficial to plants. Due to these beneficial qualities, it can be used for agricultural purpose. The purpose of the conducted study was to know the effect of combined application of sewage sludge along with inorganic fertilizers on yield of maize crop. Randomized block design involving 10 treatments and 3 replications was adopted for the study. The experiment was carried out from October 2023 to February 2024 at college farm, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The T10 (100% RDF+5 t ha-1 ss) treatment showed significant results when compared with T2 (100% RDF) treatment.  The results obtained revealed that application of sewage sludge along with inorganic fertilizers (T10=100% RDF+5 t ha-1 ss) showed significant results when compared to application of inorganic fertilizers alone. The significantly highest grain yield, grain weight cob-1, no. of grains cob-1 and no. of seed rows cob-1 were observed in T10 (100% RDF+5 t ha-1 ss) treatment followed by T9 (100% RDF+ 2.5 t ha-1 ss), T8 (75 % RDF + 5 t ha-1 ss) and T2 (100% RDF). According to the results obtained, sewage sludge can be used as source of nutrients for agricultural application by reducing the quantities of inorganic fertilizers and also reduces resource consumption for disposal of sewage sludge.
Exploring Collaboration and Individual Research Experience among Ghanaian Academics: A Qualitative Research
Authors: Ofori Dudley W.
Published: July 2024

Background: This study seeks to understand collaborative and individual research among academics in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Ghana, what that means to them, and the challenges they face. Internal and external research collaboration is seen as the driving force behind teaching and learning in HEIs. In Ghana, both collaborative and individual research comes with power dynamics among academics, yet they also present unique opportunities to enhance their well-being and professional careers.
Methods: This study employed a qualitative research approach to gather the experiences, views, and stories of 10 academics from Ghanaian HEIs. The data were analysed using an interpretative phenomenology approach (IPA). This method focused on understanding the lived experiences of the academics to interpret their stories and experiences regarding their involvement in collaborative and individual research, as well as the meanings and challenges.
Results: The results positioned individual research ahead of collaborative research. Monetary rewards were the primary motivation for collaborative research regarding grant applications. In contrast, for most academics in Ghana's HEIs, collaboration for research publications was driven by the quest for promotion, recognition, self-actualisation, and respect among colleagues.
Conclusion: This study is the first to explore the impacts of collaborative and individual research among Ghanaian academics in HEIs. The results suggest that individual and collaborative research exists among Ghanaian academics in HEIs. However, individual research is driven by monetary gain. In contrast, collaborative research is driven by publications and citation rates, the pursuit of promotion, recognition, self-actualisation, and respect among most academics in Ghana's HEIs. The study highlights the importance of individual and collaborative research in the context of Ghanaian academic workplace well-being. The study recommends a mindset change regarding collaborative research among academics in HEIs in Ghana. This way, the most experienced and elite researchers could share and guide early researchers to bridge the research knowledge gap. Also, leadership roles could be established to ensure effective research collaboration through mentorship and training programs that align with academic career growth. This initiative could foster relationship-building and increase collaboration to reduce the monetary-driven and individualistic mindset.
Geotechnical Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability in the Built Environment of Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Wayih Nchini Livinus , Wantim Mabel Nechia , Ayonghe Samuel Ndonwi
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Volcanic earthquakes may trigger severe hazards with considerable impact on the natural and built environment and the surrounding population.
Aim: Evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of soils in Fako division to estimate their seismic vulnerability and recommend suitable stabilization techniques to enhance the safety and resilience of built environments.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted over a period of 12 months beginning from June 2022 to May 2023.
Methodology: It employed a multi-criteria geotechnical approach, involving soil sampling, laboratory analysis, and seismic risk analysis. Soil samples collected from various locations within the study area, were subjected to laboratory tests to determine their plasticity (Atterberg limits) and load-bearing capacity (California Bearing Ratio - CBR). Historical data analysis and seismic hazard mapping were used to assess seismic vulnerability which helped to identify highly susceptible and unstable areas that may require engineered interventions.
Results: The findings revealed significant variations in soil plasticity and load-bearing capacity, correlating with observed settlement and instability issues in the region. Historical seismic events, highlighted significant structural damage in areas with high plasticity and low CBR values, underscoring the necessity for robust soil stabilization measures (geotechnical interventions) to mitigate seismic risks and enhance the resilience and safety of structures, reducing the risk of settlement and instability within the Mount Cameroon area, particularly Fako Division.
Optimizing Distribution Channels for Packaged Food Products: A Case Study of Consumer Goods Industry in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: O. A Omorinde
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of distribution channels for Indomie instant noodles in Oyo State, Nigeria, to increase product availability and reduce distribution costs. Utilizing a quantitative research design, quantitative data from 615 respondents, including members of staff of Dufil group Nigeria Plc, distributors, wholesalers, and sales representatives, combined with regression analysis, indicates that there is effectiveness in ascertaining that products reach their consumers in time at minimal costs through the producer-distributor-wholesaler-retailer-consumer channel. Significant elements of costs include transport, time taken for delivery, and infrastructural difficulties, with a case in point as poor road networks increase the cost of distribution. This study recommends strategic implementations such as the direct delivery system, integration of Information Communication Technology, and company-owned logistics to improve the efficiency of distribution, reduce costs, and ensure that customers are satisfied with the service rendered by the company. These upgrades can be used to further strengthen the position of Indomie instant noodles as the leading noodle brand in Nigeria.
Preparation of Well‐Defined Antibody–Drug Conjugates through Glycan Remodeling and Strain‐Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloadditions
Authors: Li Xiuru , Fang Tao , Boons Geert‐Jan
Published: May 2014

Antibody–drug conjugates hold considerable promise as anticancer agents, however, producing them remains a challenge and there is a need for mild, broadly applicable, site‐specific conjugation methods that yield homogenous products. It was envisaged that enzymatic remodeling of the oligosaccharides of an antibody would enable the introduction of reactive groups that can be exploited for the site‐specific attachment of cytotoxic drugs. This is based on the observation that glycosyltransferases often tolerate chemical modifications in their sugar nucleotide substrates, thus allowing the installation of reactive functionalities. An azide was incorporated because this functional group is virtually absent in biological systems and can be reacted by strain‐promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition. This method, which does not require genetic engineering, was used to produce an anti‐CD22 antibody modified with doxorubicin to selectively target and kill lymphoma cells.
Multi‐level Antecedents of Company Support for Employee Volunteering
Authors: Kim Jinhyun , Kim Taewan
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify multi‐level determinants of company support for employee volunteering (CSEV). This study surveyed 251 senior managers in firms operating in the USA. Multiple regression analysis was used to uncover multi‐level antecedents of CSEV. In addition, we conducted logistic regression to identify which factors predict whether employees in general and executive managers participate in volunteering. The results of this study showed that humanistic culture and stakeholder pressure on corporate social responsibility (CSR) were significantly related to CSEV. Findings from logistic regression indicated that employees volunteered more when a company had higher levels of humanistic culture and perceived more pressure on CSR from stakeholders. For a corporation to successfully implement CSR initiatives through employee volunteering, this study suggests that a senior manager should recognize two major determinants of CSEV: humanistic culture and stakeholder pressure on CSR. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
What Role for Public Participation in Implementing the EU Floods Directive? A Comparison With the Water Framework Directive, Early Evidence from Germany and a Research Agenda
Authors: Newig Jens , Challies Edward , Jager Nicolas , Kochskämper Elisa
Published: May 2014

We examine the roles and functions of non‐state actor participation in implementing the EU Floods Directive of 2007 (FD). We draw on experiences with participation under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), because of important links between the two directives. Comparing the legal bases and the different functions for participation, we observe the paradoxical situation that while the WFD has fervently advocated public participation public interest has remained low, whereas the FD is less sanguine about participation despite citizens being potentially more affected by flood management issues – particularly given the current trend towards a ‘risk management’ approach under the FD. Our examination of current FD implementation in Germany reveals a considerable variety of participation approaches, as well as a general trend to ‘less’ rather than ‘more’ participation as compared with the WFD. The paper closes by discussing implications for future flood management planning and avenues for comparative research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Fucoidan as an inhibitor of thermally induced collagen glycation examined by acetate electrophoresis
Authors: Pielesz Anna , Paluch Jadwiga
Published: May 2014

Non‐enzymatic glycation (Maillard reaction) in vitro could be a simple method to obtain glycoconjugates for studying their biological properties. Hence, fucoidan was retained by acetate electrophoresis indicating a strong interaction with the protein. A loss of colour in fucoidan bands was found for samples incubated with collagen as compared with samples of free fucoidan. Also under in vitro conditions at 100°C – simulating a sudden burn incident – fucoidan binds with collagen as a result of the Maillard reaction. In contrast, the colour of the fucoidan bands intensified for samples incubated with collagen, with the addition of glucose. Electrophoretic analyses were carried out after heating the samples to a temperature simulating a burn incident. The bands were found to intensify for samples incubated with collagen during a 30‐day‐long incubation. Thus, spontaneous in vitro glycation – i.e. without the addition of glucose – was confirmed. This process is highly intensified both by the temperature and time of incubation. For a sample incubated in vitro in a fucoidan solution containing glucose, glycation was confirmed in a preliminary FTIR and acetate electrophoresis examinations, occurring in collagen obtained from chicken skins. In particular, a new band emerging around 1746 cm−1 was observed for above samples, as was its increasing intensity, as compared with samples without the addition of glucose. In the collagen glycation assay, while glucose reacts with collagen and forms cross‐linked aggregates, fucoidan decreases the process of aggregation and recovery of native collagen.
Preparation of 1,3‐Diphenylselenophenotetraazaporphyrinato Ruthenium(II) Bis(4‐methylpyridine) by the Reaction of 3,4‐Dicyano‐2,5‐diphenylselenophene and Phthalonitrile: Its Optical and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Murakami Naoko
Published: May 2014

2,5‐Diphenylselenophene (2a) was treated with bromine and then copper(I) cyanide to produce 3,4‐dicyano‐2,5‐diphenylselenophene (4). Compound 4 was mixed with phthalonitrile, and the mixture was reacted with ruthenium(III) trichloride and 4‐methylpyridine in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) in refluxed 2‐ethoxyethanol to give 1,3‐diphenylselenophenotetraazaporphyrinato ruthenium(II) bis(4‐methylpyridine) (6). The structure of 6 was determined by 1H NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS). In the 1H NMR spectrum, the signals of 4‐methylpyridine coordinating to the central ruthenium atom were observed at a higher magnetic field than those of free 4‐methylpyridine itself but at a lower magnetic field than those of phthaocyaninato ruthenium(II) bis(4‐methylpyridine) (7). The 77Se NMR spectrum of 6 showed one singlet peak at δ = 759.5 ppm, which is a lower magnetic field than those of 2a and 4. The Q band absorption of 6 (λmax = 660 nm) lies at a longer wavelength than does that of 7. Oxidation and reduction potentials of 6 were measured with cyclic voltammetry using Ag/AgNO3 as a reference electrode.
Spinal nerve composition and innervation of the axillary nerve
Authors: Kang Myong‐Soo , Woo Jung‐Su , Hur Mi‐Sun , Lee Kyu‐Seok
Published: May 2014

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spinal nerve composition of the axillary nerve and the contribution of each spinal nerve. Methods: Thirty brachial plexi extracted from Korean adults (15 men, 14 women, 1 unknown; left side, 13; right side, 17) were examined in this study. Results: The frequency of the contribution of C4 was 13.3%, and it was mainly innervated the deltoid and teres minor muscles. The frequency of inclusion of C7 was 20.0%. C7 fibers were mainly involved in the deltoid and cutaneous branches. The axillary nerve was primarily composed of fibers from C5 and C6 in 66.6%; C4, C5, and C6 in 13.3%; and C5, C6, and C7 in 20.0%. Conclusions: These findings may be helpful to diagnose damage to axillary nerve structures that occur in such injuries as humerus fractures. Muscle Nerve 50: 856–858, 2014
Fetal MRI diagnosis of brainstem disconnection with novel inner ear anomalies
Authors: Carr John Robertson , Brandon Jonathan , Ross Benjamin , Bryant Sean Olof
Published: May 2014

What is already known about this topic?

Brainstem disconnection (BD) is a very rare, lethal, and poorly understood congenital anomaly diagnosed typically on neonatal MRI and never before diagnosed by fetal MRI. The etiology is unclear.

What does this study add?

This is the first prospective diagnosis of BD by fetal MRI, and our case has an additional novel inner ear anomaly further supporting a genetic etiology.
Simultaneous determination of biotoxins DSP and AZAs in bivalve molluscs and fish by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhuo Liyang , Fu Wusheng , Yang Yiqiang , Qiu Bin , Lin Zhenyu , Shan Liyang , Zheng Lemin , Li Jianrong , Chen Guonan
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

A method has been developed for simultaneous determination of the toxins OA, DTX‐1, AZA‐1, AZA‐2 and AZA‐3 in various aquatic products as these can cause diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, an intoxication characterized by vomiting and diarrhea.

METHODS

Separation of the toxins was achieved on a C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm) using an acetonitrile/water gradient with formic acid as an eluent modifier. Electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode was used to generate the molecule related ion [M–H]–, for OA and DTX‐1, while ESI in positive mode was used to generate the molecule related ion [M+H]+ for AZAs. Samples were extracted with 80% methanol, followed by partitioning with ethyl acetate, purified on a Poly‐Sery MAX cartridge and finally analyzed by LC/ESI‐MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.

RESULTS

The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of qualification (LOQ) of the method were in the range of 0.02–0.79 µg/kg and 0.07–2.64 µg/kg in Scomberomorus niphonius, blood clam and oyster, respectively, recoveries of the toxins at three fortification levels ranged from 71.3% to 104.8% with relative standard deviation from 1.0% to 12.5%. The calibration curves were well linear between the LC peak area of the selected ion pair and the concentration of the toxins, with the correlation coefficient over 0.99.

CONCLUSIONS

The method was sufficiently sensitive to permit the determination of the toxins DSP and AZA in sea food. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure Evolution of Cold‐Rolled Dual Phase Steel Simulated by Cellular Automata
Authors: Zhu Guoming , Kang Yonglin , Lu Chao , Li Shengci
Published: May 2014

The microstructure evolution simulation of the whole process, i.e., the cooling after hot rolling, cold rolling, recrystallization, austenitizing, slow cooling, and quenching, for dual phase steel is conducted based on the cellular automata model. The state values of fraction, morphology, grain size, and carbon concentration distribution etc. of austenite, ferrite, and pearlite were obtained. The calculated kinetics curves and microstructure morphology with different chemical composition and heating or cooling rates agree well with the experiment. The growth of new phase is controlled by both interface mobility and carbon diffusivity due to the carbon diffusion in austenite and the driving force for phase interface migration are interacted with each other.
Single and hybrid mineral fillers (talc/silica and talc/calcium carbonate)‐filled polypropylene composites: Effects of filler loading and ratios
Authors: Sheril R.V. , Mariatti M. , Samayamutthirian P.
Published: May 2014

Properties of single and hybrid fillers with polypropylene (PP) composites were studied in this research work. The effect of filler loadings of three types of mineral fillers, namely talc, silica, and CaCO3, was investigated. In hybrid composites systems, the effect of silica/talc (SI/T) and CaCO3/talc (CC/T) filler ratios at 40 wt% was determined. Generally, the results demonstrated that SI/T has higher modulus than CC/T but both hybrids did not have a significant effect on PP strength. In thermal properties, both hybrids have a nucleating ability as they increase the crystallization temperature and onset of crystallization temperature of PP. Results of analysis by TGA revealed that SI/T increased thermal stability of PP composites more than CC/T. Better flammability of the SI/T system is exhibited by lower burning rates of SI/T than CC/T, which indicates better thermal stability of the hybrid system. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:160–167, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
A cooperative jack model of random coil‐to‐elongation transition of the FH1 domain by profilin binding explains formin motor behavior in actin polymerization
Authors: Zhao Chen , Liu Chengcheng , Hogue Christopher W.V. , Low Boon Chuan
Published: May 2014

Filopodia are essential for the development of neuronal growth cones, cell polarity and cell migration. Their protrusions are powered by the polymerization of actin filaments linked to the plasma membrane, catalyzed by formin proteins. The acceleration of polymerization depends on the number of profilin–actins binding with the formin‐FH1 domain. Biophysical characterization of the disordered formin‐FH1 domain remains a challenge. We analyzed the conformational distribution of the diaphanous‐related formin mDia1‐FH1 bound with one to six profilins. We found a coil‐to‐elongation transition in the FH1 domain. We propose a cooperative “jack” model for the Formin‐Homology‐1 (FH1) domain of formins stacked by profilin–actins.
Elite Parties and Poor Voters: Theory and Evidence from India
Authors: THACHIL TARIQ
Published: May 2014

Why do poor people often vote against their material interests? This article extends the study of this global paradox to the non-Western world by considering how it manifests within India, the world's biggest democracy. Arguments derived from studies of advanced democracies (such as values voting) or of poor polities (such as patronage and ethnic appeals) fail to explain this important phenomenon. Instead, I outline a novel strategy predicated on an electoral division of labor enabling elite parties to recruit the poor while retaining the rich. Recruitment is outsourced to nonparty affiliates that provide basic services to appeal to poor communities. Such outsourcing permits the party to maintain programmatic linkages to its elite core. Empirically, I test this argument with qualitative and quantitative evidence, including a survey of more than 9,000 voters. Theoretically, I argue that this approach is best suited to elite parties with thick organizations, typically those linked to religious social movements.
ON A CLASS OF SUPERSOLUBLE GROUPS
Authors: BALLESTER-BOLINCHES A. , BEIDLEMAN J. C. , ESTEBAN-ROMERO R. , RAGLAND M. F.
Published: May 2014

A subgroup $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}H$ of a finite group $G$ is said to be S-semipermutable in $G$ if $H$ permutes with every Sylow $q$-subgroup of $G$ for all primes $q$ not dividing $|H |$. A finite group $G$ is an MS-group if the maximal subgroups of all the Sylow subgroups of $G$ are S-semipermutable in $G$. The aim of the present paper is to characterise the finite MS-groups.
A non-heme cationic Fe(iii)-complex intercalated in montmorillonite K-10: synthesis, characterization and catalytic alkane hydroxylation with H2O2 at room temperature
Authors: Pariyar Anand , Bose Suranjana , Biswas Achintesh Narayan , Barman Sudip , Bandyopadhyay Pinaki
Published: May 2014

An efficient catalyst for highly selective hydroxylation of alkanes with environmentally benign H2O2 at room temperature has been designed by the intercalation of a non-heme iron(iii) complex into smectite montmorillonite K-10.
Sequence-specific recognition of single-stranded DNA using atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Hong , Zhu Zhifang , Zeng Zunxiang , Ling Liansheng
Published: May 2014

A technique for the sequence-specific recognition of single-stranded DNA using gold nanoparticles and silver-coated glass modified with oligonucleotides was developed, with determination by atomic absorption spectrometry.
A practical glycosyltransferase assay for the identification of new inhibitor chemotypes
Authors: Tedaldi Lauren , Evitt Andrew , Göös Niina , Jiang Jingqian , Wagner Gerd K.
Published: May 2014

An operationally simple, colorimetric assay protocol for the identification and evaluation of galactosyltransferase inhibitors is described.
Synthesis of polyethylene and polystyrene miktoarm star copolymers using an “in–out” strategy
Authors: Liu Pingwei , Ye Zhibin , Wang Wen-Jun , Li Bo-Geng
Published: May 2014

Miktoarm star copolymers having multiple polyethylene and polystyrene arms joined at the crosslinked polydivinylbenzene core were synthesized using an “in–out” strategy with the combined Pd-catalyzed ethylene “living” polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization.
A smart synthesis of gold/polystyrene core–shell nanohybrids using TEMPO coated nanoparticles
Authors: Zawada Katarzyna , Tomaszewski Waldemar , Megiel Elżbieta
Published: May 2014

We propose a novel route for preparation of core–shell nanostructures based on the macroradicals coupling with nitroxides attached to the nanoparticle surface.
Structural and electronic properties of tungsten nanoclusters by DFT and basin-hopping calculations
Authors: Lin Ken-Huang , Wang Shi-Liang , Chen Chuan , Ju Shin-Pon
Published: May 2014

The structural and electronic properties of small tungsten nanoclusters Wn (n = 2–16) were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
A highly efficient and recyclable molybdate sulfuric acid (MSA) catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl (2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-6-ylamino) (substituted) methylphosphonates under microwave irradiation
Authors: Reddy Mudumala Veeranarayana , Chandra Sekhar Reddy Gangireddy , Jeong Yeon Tae
Published: May 2014

The attractive features of this methodology are simple procedure, green reaction, reusability and high efficiency of the catalyst and easy workability.
Competitive adsorption of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs ions onto calcium alginate–potassium tetraphenylborate composite adsorbent
Authors: Guo Tan , Hu Yaoqiang , Gao Xiaolei , Ye Xiushen , Liu Haining , Wu Zhijian
Published: May 2014

The adsorption of alkali metal ions onto the synthesized Ca(ALG)2–KB(C6H5)4beads follows a sequence of Cs+> Rb+≫ Na+∼ Li+.
One pot synthesis of coordination polymer 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole–gold and its application in voltammetric sensing of resorcinol
Authors: Tiwari Madhu , Gupta Sandeep , Prakash Rajiv
Published: May 2014

The synthesized coordination polymer DMTD–Au has a layered structure, in which the layers are stacked via π–π stacking and hydrophobic interaction. It facilitates electron transfer kinetics, which has been utilized in the ultra trace sensing of resorcinol.
Novel cage-like α-Fe2O3/SnO2 composite nanofibers by electrospinning for rapid gas sensing properties
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Hang , Feng Changhao , Sun Yanfeng , Ma Jian , Wang Chong , Lu Geyu
Published: May 2014

Novel α-Fe2O3/SnO2 composite nanofibers were fabricated by a homotaxial electrospinning method.
Bacterial spore detection and analysis using hyperpolarized 129Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer (Hyper-CEST) NMR
Authors: Bai Yubin , Wang Yanfei , Goulian Mark , Driks Adam , Dmochowski Ivan J.
Published: May 2014

Hyper-CEST 129Xe NMR spectroscopy was employed to detect Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis spores in solution, and interrogate the layers that comprise their structures.
Biomimetic snowflake-shaped magnetic micro-/nanostructures for highly efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from aqueous solution
Authors: Zhang Xiaoman , Liu Jinyun , Kelly Sean Joseph , Huang Xingjiu , Liu Jinhuai
Published: May 2014

A novel snowflake-shaped micro-/nano-structure was reported as a highly efficient adsorbent for removing pollutants from aqueous solution.
Fast coding unit decision based on skipping of inter and intra prediction units
Authors: Yoo Hyang‐Mi , Suh Jae‐Won
Published: May 2014

To obtain a high coding gain, high‐efficiency video coding employs the recursive quad‐tree structured coding unit (CU) for the smallest coding layer. The computational complexity, however, increases dramatically because the CU and its associated prediction units (PUs) are tested thoroughly by the rate‐distortion (RD) optimisation method. To reduce the computational complexity, a fast CU decision algorithm is presented based on skipping of inter and intra PUs by checking the coded block flag (CBF) and RD cost. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm saves ∼35.39% of encoding time.
Wireless energy transfer‐based transceiver systems for power and/or high‐data rate transmission through thick metal walls using sheet‐like waveguides
Authors: Oruganti S.K. , Heo S.H. , Ma H. , Bien F.
Published: May 2014

The potential use of sheet‐like waveguide‐based wireless energy transfer systems for a two‐way power and/or high‐data rate transmission–reception through thick metal walls is investigated. The proposed system utilises the near‐field evanescent wave concept to transmit energy and/or data. Compared with wireless energy transfer devices based on magnetic resonance coupling, the transmission efficiency of the investigated method is not affected by the shielding offered by metal sheets. For the investigation, a 150 × 150 mm2 sheet‐like waveguide transmitter and a cylindrical wave‐cavity receiver were designed. The receiver achieved a transfer efficiency of −3.76 dB, while transmitting power through galvanised iron sheets. The prime objective of this investigation was to sustain the power and/or data transfer efficiency despite the variation of the obstructing metal wall thicknesses from 1.5 to 22.5 mm. The proposed system was designed to operate at 25 MHz, enabling 50 Mbit/s data transfer using a function generator.
Thermal sensitivity analysis of on‐chip interconnects
Authors: Fu Guang‐Cao , Tang Min , Lu Jia‐Qing , Mao Jun‐Fa
Published: May 2014

A new method for time‐domain sensitivity analysis of on‐chip coupled interconnects with non‐uniform substrate temperature profiles is presented. The parametric macromodelling is performed via multivariate rational approximation using magnitude vector fitting algorithms. The waveform relaxation algorithm with transverse partitioning is employed for efficient sensitivity analysis of coupled interconnects. With these techniques, the thermal sensitivity of on‐chip global interconnects arising from typical substrate thermal profiles are investigated.
Efficient parallel HEVC intra‐prediction on many‐core processor
Authors: Yan C. , Zhang Y. , Dai F. , Zhang J. , Li L. , Dai Q.
Published: May 2014

High‐efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the state‐of‐the‐art video coding standard, which adopts more complicated and time‐consuming intra‐prediction (IP) modes. Many‐core processors are good candidates for speeding up HEVC IP in the case that HEVC IP can provide sufficient parallelism. Proposed is an efficient parallel framework for HEVC IP. Experiments show that the proposed method dramatically accelerates more than the state‐of‐the‐art parallel method.
Broadband circularly polarised dielectric resonator antenna fed by wideband switched line coupler
Authors: Han Rong‐Cang , Zhong Shun‐Shi , Liu Jing
Published: May 2014

A dual‐feed rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with a wideband switched line coupler is proposed for generating broadband circular polarisation. The new wideband switched line coupler provides good impedance matching, equal power splitting and consistent 90° phase shifting over a wide bandwidth. The proposed antenna exhibits a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 47.69% and an impedance matching bandwidth of 48.46% for a voltage standing wave ratio ≤2.
Using near‐field coupled circularly polarised antennas as frequency‐independent variable phase shifters
Authors: Sipal V. , Narbudowicz A. , Ammann M.J.
Published: May 2014

A novel concept of frequency‐independent variable phase shifters is introduced. It is based on the use of circularly polarised (CP) antennas coupled in the near‐field. For transmission between two CP antennas in the far‐field, a rotation around the boresight axis produces a phase change in the transfer function. This concept is exploited and validated also for near‐field coupling between two CP antennas. Therefore, two close‐coupled CP antennas can act as an adjustable phase shifter with the phase shift controlled by the angle between the structures. The bandwidth depends on the CP bandwidth of the antenna. This concept is valuable for future phase shifters in millimetre‐wave applications where rotation can be facilitated by MEMS elements.
Design of biped robot inspired by cats for fast running
Authors: Park Jongwon , Kim Young Kook , Yoon Byungho , Kim Kyung‐Soo , Kim Soohyun
Published: May 2014

A novel design of a biped robot inspired by domestic cats for fast running is introduced. The skeletomuscular system of a cat is analysed and applied to determine the link parameters and the linkage structure of the proposed mechanism. The linkage design of the leg mechanism is explained and a kinematic analysis based on vector loop equations is performed. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is verified experimentally. The biped robot runs at an average speed of 2 m/s at a step frequency of 4 Hz. This leg mechanism can facilitate the development of fast running robot systems.
Convergence of switched linear systems with time‐delay in detection of switching law
Authors: Pérez Carmen , Benítez Francisco
Published: May 2014

This study studies the stabilisation of second‐order switched linear systems in which delays are present in detection of switching law. For stabilisable second‐order switched linear systems and constant time‐delay the authors find under which values of time‐delay the switched system is stable under the same switching law. Hence, they prove the existence and uniqueness of a value of time‐delay that satisfies that if time‐delay is less, the system is stable and, if time‐delay is greater, the system is not stable. Moreover, a method of estimating this value is obtained. Finally, a numerical example is presented in order to illustrate the results.