bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do transdermal opioids affect the personal socioeconomic costs of healthcare access in an Australian rural pain population? A comparison with oral opioids
Authors: Henshaw, MMed, FFPMANZCA John S. , Walker, PhD Judi , Geraghty, PhD Dom
Published: August 2012

Objective: To determine whether there are differences in the personal socioeconomic costs of healthcare access between transdermal (TD) and oral opioid use in a rural population with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP).Design: An observational longitudinal study, measuring change in the selfreported personal time and expense of healthcare access by route of opioid administration over time (monthly for 1 year). Subjects were opioid treated patients with CNCP from North West Tasmania, Australia. Subjects completed monthly datasheets by recording all personal healthcare access time and expense, together with the route(s) of opioid administration. The outcome measures of mean monthly healthcare time (MHT) and expense (MHE), by route of opioid administration, were analyzed using generalized estimating equations with robust standard errors.Results: The details of 10,564 healthcare contacts from 198 subjects were obtained during the study. Total mean MHT with oral opioids was 3.76 hours (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.21-5.32) and unchanged (p = 0.59) with TD opioids at 3.48 hours (95% CI = 2.23-4.72). Total mean MHE with oral opioids was AU$ 92.72 (95% CI = 51.21-134.24) and unchanged (p = 0.81) with TD opioids at AU$ 89.12 (95% CI = 54.53-123.71).Conclusions: The personal socioeconomic costs of healthcare access for rural patients with CNCP are similar for TD and oral opioid use. The prolonged analgesic affect of TD opioids may be advantageous for rural population.
Loss of antinociceptive effectiveness of morphine and oxycodone following titration of levothyroxine: Case reports and a brief review of published literature
Authors: Matoushek, PharmD Theresa A. , Kearney, MD Tina C. , Lindsay, MD, FAAFP Tammy J. , Herndon, PharmD, BCPS, CPE, FASHP Christopher M.
Published: August 2012

Chronic pain management is a complex process involving numerous facets of care. Although pharmacotherapy is a part of the treatment plan for these patients, it often represents the most complex of the modalities to manage. Two chronic pain patients with loss of pain control following dosage increase in levothyroxine supplementation are presented. The authors sought to identify relationships among thyroid status, opioid pharmacokinetics, and nociceptive processing. In conclusion, well-designed human studies using pain models and controlling for thyroid status are warranted to better understand the impact this system has on pain control.
Discrimination of biomass burning smoke and clouds in MAIAC algorithm
Authors: Lyapustin A. , Korkin S. , Wang Y. , Quayle B. , Laszlo I.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the "smoke test" to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 μm as compared to 0.47–0.67 μm due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.
Presenting SAPUSS: solving aerosol problem by using synergistic strategies at Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Dall'Osto M. , Querol X. , Alastuey A. , Minguillon M. C. , Alier M. , Amato F. , Brines M. , Cusak M. , Grimalt J. O. , Karanasiou A. , Moreno T. , Pandolfi M. , Pey J. , Reche C. , Ripoll A. , Tauler R. , Van Drooge B. L. , Viana M. , Harrison R. M. , Gietl J. , Beddows D. , Bloss W. , O'Dowd C. , Ceburnis D. , Martucci G. , Ng S. , Worsnop D. , Wenger J. , Mc Gillcuddy E. , Sudou J. , Healy R. , Lucarelli F. , Nava S. , Jimenez J. L. , Gomez Moreno F. , Artinano B. , Prevot A. S. H. , Pfaffenberger L. , Frey S. , Wilsenack F. , Casabona D. , Jiménez-Guerrero P. , Gross D. , Cotz N.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. This paper presents the summary of the key objectives, instrumentation and logistic details, goals, and initial scientific findings of the Marie Curie Action FP7-EU SAPUSS project carried out in the Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB) from 20 September–20 October 2010. The experiment involved concurrent measurements of aerosols with multiple techniques occurring simultaneously. The key objective is to deduce point aerosol source characteristics and to understand the atmospheric processes responsible for their generations and transformations. The unique approach is the large variety of instrumentation deployed simultaneously in six monitoring sites in Barcelona (NE Spain) and around the city, including: a main road traffic site, two urban background sites, a regional background site and two tower sites (150 m and 545 m a.s.l., 150 m and 80 m above ground, respectively). The SAPUSS experiment allows us to interpret the variability of aerosols levels and composition in an Urban Mediterranean, an environment not well characterized so far. During SAPUSS different air mass scenarios were encountered, including warm Saharan, cold Atlantic, wet European and stagnant Regional ones and presenting different local meteorology and boundary layer conditions. Analysis of part of the data collected allows us to compare the monitoring sites as well as to draw scientific conclusions about relevant air quality parameters. High levels of traffic-related gaseous pollutants were measured at the urban ground level monitoring sites, whereas layers of tropospheric ozone were recorded at tower levels. Particularly, tower level night time average ozone concentrations (80 ± 25 μg m−3) were up to double than ground level ones. Particle number concentrations (N>5: 9980 ± 6500 cm−1, average of all measurements) were generally traffic dependent, although a contribution from two different types of nucleation events was also found. Analysis of the particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations shows an enhancement of coarse particles (PM2.5-10) at the urban ground level (+64%, average 11.7 μg m−3) but of fine ones (PM1) at urban tower level (+28%, average 14.4 μg m−3). Preliminary modeling findings reveal an underestimation of the fine accumulation aerosols. In summary, this paper lays the foundation of SAPUSS, an integrated study of relevance to many other similar urban Mediterranean coastal environment sites.
Regional differences in modelled net production and shallow remineralization in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre
Authors: Fernández-Castro B. , Anderson L. , Marañón E. , Neuer S. , Ausín B. , González-Dávila M. , Santana-Casiano J. M. , Cianca A. , Santana R. , LLinás O. , Rueda M. J. , Mouriño-Carballido B.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We used 5-yr concomitant data of tracer distribution from the BATS (Bermuda Time-series Study) and ESTOC (European Station for Time-Series in the Ocean, Canary Islands) sites to build a 1-D tracer model conservation including horizontal advection, and then compute net production and shallow remineralization rates for both sites. Our main goal was to verify if differences in these rates are consistent with the lower export rates of particulate organic carbon observed at ESTOC. Net production rates computed below the mixed layer to 110 m from April to December for oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nitrate at BATS (1.34±0.79 mol O2 m−2, −1.73±0.52 mol C m−2 and −125±36 mmol N m−2) were slightly higher for oxygen and carbon compared to ESTOC (1.03±0.62 mol O2 m−2, −1.42±0.30 mol C m−2 and −213±56 mmol N m−2), although the differences were not statistically significant. Shallow remineralization rates between 110 and 250 m computed at ESTOC (−3.9±1.0 mol O2 m−2, 1.53±0.43 mol C m−2 and 38±155 mmol N m−2) were statistically higher for oxygen compared to BATS (−1.81±0.37 mol O2 m−2, 1.52±0.30 mol C m−2 and 147±43 mmol N m−2). The lateral advective flux divergence of tracers, which was more significant at ESTOC, was responsible for the differences in estimated oxygen remineralization rates between both stations. According to these results, the differences in net production and shallow remineralization cannot fully explain the differences in the flux of sinking organic matter observed between both stations, suggesting an additional consumption of non-sinking organic matter at ESTOC.
Towards adaptable, interactive and quantitative paleogeographic maps
Authors: Wright N. , Zahirovic S. , Müller R. D. , Seton M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A variety of paleogeographic atlases have been constructed, with applications from paleoclimate, ocean circulation and faunal radiation models to resource exploration; yet their uncertainties remain difficult to assess, as they are generally presented as low-resolution static maps. We present a methodology for ground-truthing paleogeographic maps, by linking the GPlates plate reconstruction tool to the global Paleobiology Database and a Phanerozoic plate motion model. We develop a spatio-temporal data mining workflow to compare a Phanerozoic Paleogeographic Atlas of Australia with biogeographic indicators. The agreement between fossil data and paleogeographic maps is quite good, but the methodology also highlights key inconsistencies. The Early Devonian paleogeography of southeastern Australia insufficiently describes the Emsian inundation that is supported by biogeography. Additionally, the Cretaceous inundation of eastern Australia retreats by 110 Ma according to the paleogeography, but the biogeography indicates that inundation prevailed until at least 100 Ma. Paleobiogeography can also be used to refine Gondwana breakup and the extent of pre-breakup Greater India can be inferred from the southward limit of inundation along western Australia. Although paleobiology data provide constraints only for paleoenvironments with high preservation potential of organisms, our approach enables the use of additional proxy data to generate improved paleogeographic reconstructions.
Interactive effects of vertical mixing, nutrients and ultraviolet radiation: in situ photosynthetic responses of phytoplankton from high mountain lakes of Southern Europe
Authors: Helbling E. W. , Carrillo P. , Medina-Sanchez J. M. , Durán C. , Herrera G. , Villar-Argaiz M. , Villafañe V. E.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Global change, together with human activities had resulted in increasing amounts of organic material (including nutrients) received by water bodies. This input further attenuates the penetration of solar radiation leading to the view that opaque lakes are more "protected" from solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) than clear ones. Vertical mixing, however, complicates this view as cells are exposed to fluctuating radiation regimes, which effects have in general been neglected. Even more, the combined impacts of mixing, together with those of UVR and nutrients input are virtually unknown. In this study, we carried out in situ experiments in three high mountain lakes of Spain (Lake Enol in Asturias, and lakes Las Yeguas and La Caldera in Granada) to determine the combined effects of these three variables associated to global change on photosynthetic responses of natural phytoplankton communities. The experimentation consisted in all possible combinations of the following treatments: (a) solar radiation: UVR + PAR (280–700 nm) versus PAR alone (400–700 nm); (b) nutrient addition (phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)): ambient versus addition (P to reach to a final concentration of 30 μg P l−1, and N to reach a N : P molar ratio of 31) and, (c) mixing: mixed (one rotation from surface to 3 m depth (speed of 1 m every 4 min, total of 10 cycles) versus static. Our findings suggest that under in situ nutrient conditions there is a synergistic effect between vertical mixing and UVR, increasing phytoplankton photosynthetic inhibition and EOC from opaque lakes as compared to algae that received constant mean irradiance within the epilimnion. The opposite occurs in clear lakes where antagonistic effects were determined, with mixing partially counteracting the negative effects of UVR. Nutrients input mimicking atmospheric pulses from Saharan dust, reversed this effect and clear lakes became more inhibited during mixing, while opaque lakes benefited from the fluctuating irradiance regime. These climate change-related nutrients input and increased mixing would not only affect photosynthesis and production of lakes, but might also further influence the microbial loop and trophic interactions via enhanced EOC under fluctuating UVR exposure.
Two ocean states during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Zhang X. , Lohmann G. , Knorr G. , Xu X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The last deglaciation is the best constrained global scale climate change documented by climate archives. Nevertheless, the understanding of the underlying dynamics is still limited, especially with respect to abrupt climate shifts and associated changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). A fundamental issue is an appropriate climate state at the last glacial maximum (LGM, ∼ 21 000 yr ago), which is used as initial condition for deglaciation. Using a comprehensive climate model, we show that for an identical set of LGM boundary conditions two different water mass configurations and associated AMOC states can coexist with respect to the salinity stratification in the deep Atlantic Ocean. Only one of the two ocean states is consistent with the available reconstructions, e.g. shallower AMOC and more expanded Antarctic Bottom Water. Furthermore, we also show that the salinity stratification represents a key control on the spatial configuration, the strength of the AMOC as well as the transient response of the AMOC to freshwater perturbation and therefore bears the potential to reconcile the apparent differences among models and data. In combination these findings represent a new paradigm for transient deglacial climate changes at the end of the last ice age that challenges the conventional evaluation of glacial and deglacial AMOC changes based on an ocean state derived from LGM boundary conditions.
An Ocean – ice coupled response during the last glacial: zooming on the marine isotopic stage 3 south of the Faeroe Shetland Gateway
Authors: Zumaque J. , Eynaud F. , Zaragosi S. , Marret F. , Matsuzaki K. M. , Kissel C. , Roche D. M. , Malaizé B. , Michel E. , Billy I. , Richter T. , Palis E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The rapid climatic variability characterising the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 3 (~ 60–30 CAL-ka BP) provides key issues to understand the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere dynamics. Here we investigate the response of sea-surface paleoenvironments to the MIS3 climatic variability through the study of a high resolution oceanic sedimentological archive (core MD99-2281, 60°21′ N; 09°27′ W; 1197 m water depth), retrieved during the MD114-IMAGES (International Marine Global Change Study) cruise from the Southern part of the Faeroe Bank. This sector was under the proximal influence of European Ice Sheets (Fennoscandian Ice Sheet to the East, British Irish Ice Sheet to the South) and thus probably recorded their response to the MIS3 pulsed climatic changes. We conducted a multi-proxy analysis on core MD99-2281, including magnetic properties, X-Ray Fluorescence measurements, characterisation of the coarse (> 150 μm) lithic fraction (grain concentration) and the analysis of selected biogenic proxies (assemblages and stable isotope ratio of calcareous planktonic foraminifera, dinoflagellate cyst – e.g. dinocyst – assemblages). Results presented here are focussed on the dinocyst response, this proxy providing the reconstruction of past sea-surface hydrological conditions, qualitatively as well as quantitatively (e.g. transfer function sensu lato). Our study documents a very coherent and sensitive oceanic response to the MIS3 rapid climatic variability: strong fluctuations, matching those of stadial/interstadial climatic oscillations as depicted by Greenland Ice Cores, are recorded in the MD99-2281 archive. Proxies of terrigeneous and detritical material typify increases in continental advection during Greenland Stadials (including Heinrich events), the latter corresponding also to southward migrations of polar waters. At the opposite, milder sea-surface conditions seem to develop during Greenland Interstadials. After 30 ka, reconstructed paleohydrological conditions evidence strong shifts in SST: this increasing variability seems consistent with the hypothesised coalescence of the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets at that time, which could have directly influenced sea-surface environments in the vicinity of core MD99-2281.
SENSOR CALIBRATION OF THREE-LINE CCD SCANNERS ON ZY-3
Authors: Fang S. , Chen Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. ZY-3 is the first Chinese civilian high-resolution stereo mapping satellite. ZY-3 is equipped with three-line scanners (nadir, backward and forward views with 2.5 m and 4.0 m resolutions, respectively) and an additional multispectral scanner. In order to improve the mapping and positioning accuracy, sensor in-orbit calibration is a crucial procedure especially for high-resolution mapping-enabled satellites. The main focus of this paper is to describe the sensor calibration for ZY-3 sensors. Based on the experiences for other satellite sensor calibration, the following approach is proposed for ZY-3 sensor calibration in orbit: i) the initial internal geometric relationships of ZY-3 imaging sensors are established using the laboratory measurement and validation results; ii) assuming noise and errors are introduced once ZY-3 is launched, a further investigation is conducted to detect those changed geometric relationships and their associated parameters, and detect and reduce highly correlated parameters. A self-calibration method is applied to identify and correct those parameters. Geometric calibration field data is used together with simulated ZY-3 data to perform the self-calibration; iii) the newly obtained parameters are used to establish the final geometric relationships model of ZY-3 imaging sensors, and with the aid of ground control points and check points from the geometric calibration field, those parameters are to be validated, and the position accuracy is also assessed by applying ZY-3 image data. Although promising results were obtained using ZY-3 simulated data, the proposed approach for ZY-3 imaging sensor calibration is an ongoing research work and needs to be fine tuned in the coming months.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE COMPARISON OF SATELLITE IMAGERS USING TUZ GÖLÜ AS A REFERENCE STANDARD
Authors: Özen H. , Fox N. , Gürbüz S. Z. , Deadman A. , Behnert I. , Harris P. , Yua L. , Griffith D. , Kaewmanee M. , Prakobya A. , Musana C. , Ponzoni F. , Lee D. , Lee Y. , Boucher Y. , Viallefont F. , Rolland P. , Helder D. , Leigh L. , Thome K. , Sterckx S. , Knaeps E. , Raeymaekers D. , Henry P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Earth surfaces, such as deserts, salt lakes, and playas, have been widely used in the vicarious radiometric calibration of optical earth observation satellites. In 2009, the Infrared and Visible Optical Sensors (IVOS) sub-group of the Committee of Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) designated eight LANDNET reference sites to focus international efforts, facilitate traceability and enable the establishment of measurement "best practices." With support from the European Space Agency (ESA), one of the LANDNET sites, the Tuz Gölü salt lake located in central Turkey, was selected to host a cross-comparison of measurement instrumentation and methodologies conducted by 11 different ground teams across the globe. This paper provides an overview of the preliminary results of the cross-comparison of the ground-based spectral measurements made during the CEOS Land Comparison 13-27 August, 2010 with the simultaneous satellite image data acquisitions of the same site.
DEM GENERATION WITH WORLDVIEW-2 IMAGES
Authors: Büyüksalih G. , Baz I. , Alkan M. , Jacobsen K.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. For planning purposes 42 km coast line of the Black Sea, starting at the Bosporus going in West direction, with a width of approximately 5 km, was imaged by WorldView-2. Three stereo scenes have been oriented at first by 3D-affine transformation and later by bias corrected RPC solution. The result is nearly the same, but it is limited by identification of the control points in the images. Nevertheless after blunder elimination by data snooping root mean square discrepancies below 1 pixel have been reached. The root mean square discrepancy at control point height reached 0.5 m up to 1.3 m with a base to height relation between 1:1.26 and 1:1.80. Digital Surface models (DSM) with 4 m spacing have been generated by least squares matching with region growing, supported by image pyramids. A higher percentage of the mountainous area is covered by forest, requiring the approximation based on image pyramids. In the forest area the approximation just by region growing leads to larger gaps in the DSM. Caused by the good image quality of WorldView-2 the correlation coefficients reached by least squares matching are high and even in most forest areas a satisfying density of accepted points was reached. Two stereo models have an overlapping area of 1.6 km times 6.7 km allowing an accuracy evaluation. Small, but nevertheless significant differences in scene orientation have been eliminated by least squares shift of both overlapping height models to each other. The root mean square differences of both independent DSM are 1.06m or as a function of terrain inclination 0.74 m + 0.55 m  tangent (slope). The terrain inclination in the average is 7° with 12% exceeding 17°. The frequency distribution of height discrepancies is not far away from normal distribution, but as usual, larger discrepancies are more often available as corresponding to normal distribution. This also can be seen by the normalized medium absolute deviation (NMAS) related to 68% probability level of 0.83m being significant smaller as the root mean square differences. Nevertheless the results indicate a standard deviation of the single height models of 0.75 m or 0.52 m + 0.39* tangent (slope), corresponding to approximately 0.6 pixels for the x-parallax in flat terrain, being very satisfying for the available land cover. An interpolation over 10 m enlarged the root mean square differences of both height models nearly by 50%.
TOWARD A GLOBAL BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT OF SPOT 5 – HRS IMAGES
Authors: Massera S. , Favé P. , Gachet R. , Orsoni A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The HRS (High Resolution Stereoscopic) instrument carried on SPOT 5 enables quasi-simultaneous acquisition of stereoscopic images on wide segments – 120 km wide – with two forward and backward-looking telescopes observing the Earth with an angle of 20° ahead and behind the vertical. For 8 years IGN (Institut Géographique National) has been developing techniques to achieve spatiotriangulation of these images. During this time the capacities of bundle adjustment of SPOT 5 – HRS spatial images have largely improved. Today a global single block composed of about 20,000 images can be computed in reasonable calculation time. The progression was achieved step by step: first computed blocks were only composed of 40 images, then bigger blocks were computed. Finally only one global block is now computed. In the same time calculation tools have improved: for example the adjustment of 2,000 images of North Africa takes about 2 minutes whereas 8 hours were needed two years ago. To reach such a result a new independent software was developed to compute fast and efficient bundle adjustments. In the same time equipment – GCPs (Ground Control Points) and tie points – and techniques have also evolved over the last 10 years. Studies were made to get recommendations about the equipment in order to make an accurate single block. Tie points can now be quickly and automatically computed with SURF (Speeded Up Robust Features) techniques. Today the updated equipment is composed of about 500 GCPs and studies show that the ideal configuration is around 100 tie points by square degree. With such an equipment, the location of the global HRS block becomes a few meters accurate whereas non adjusted images are only 15 m accurate. This paper will describe the methods used in IGN Espace to compute a global single block composed of almost 20,000 HRS images, 500 GCPs and several million of tie points in reasonable calculation time. Many advantages can be found to use such a block. Because the global block is unique it becomes easier to manage the historic and the different evolutions of the computations (new images, new GCPs or tie points). The location is now unique and consequently coherent all around the world, avoiding steps and artifacts on the borders of DSMs (Digital Surface Models) and OrthoImages historically calculated from different blocks. No extrapolation far from GCPs in the limits of images is done anymore. Using the global block as a reference will allow new images from other sources to be easily located on this reference.
TWO METHODS FOR SELF CALIBRATION OF DIGITAL CAMERA
Authors: Sampath A. , Moe D. , Christopherson J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Photogrammetric mapping using Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) cameras is becoming more popular. Their popularity is augmented by the increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as a platform for mapping. The mapping precision of these methods can be increased by using a calibrated camera. The USGS/EROS has developed an inexpensive, easy to use method, particularly for calibrating short focal length cameras. The method builds on a self-calibration procedure developed for the USGS EROS Data Center by Pictometry (and augmented by Dr. C.S Fraser), that uses a series of coded targets. These coded targets form different patterns that are imaged from nine different locations with differing camera orientations. A free network solution using collinearity equations is used to determine the calibration parameters. For the smaller focal length COTS cameras, the USGS has developed a procedure that uses a small prototype box that contains these coded targets. The design of the box is discussed, along with best practices for calibration procedure. Results of calibration parameters obtained using the box are compared with the parameters obtained using more established standard procedures.
COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR LEAST SQUARES METHODS FOR VISION BASED NAVIGATION (VBN) ALGORITHMS
Authors: Sheta B. , Elhabiby M. , Sheimy N.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A robust scale and rotation invariant image matching algorithm is vital for the Visual Based Navigation (VBN) of aerial vehicles, where matches between an existing geo-referenced database images and the real-time captured images are used to georeference (i.e. six transformation parameters - three rotation and three translation) the real-time captured image from the UAV through the collinearity equations. The georeferencing information is then used in aiding the INS integration Kalman filter as Coordinate UPdaTe (CUPT). It is critical for the collinearity equations to use the proper optimization algorithm to ensure accurate and fast convergence for georeferencing parameters with the minimum required conjugate points necessary for convergence. Fast convergence to a global minimum will require non-linear approach to overcome the high degree of non-linearity that will exist in case of having large oblique images (i.e. large rotation angles).The main objective of this paper is investigating the estimation of the georeferencing parameters necessary for VBN of aerial vehicles in case of having large values of the rotational angles, which will lead to non-linearity of the estimation model. In this case, traditional least squares approaches will fail to estimate the georeferencing parameters, because of the expected non-linearity of the mathematical model. Five different nonlinear least squares methods are presented for estimating the transformation parameters. Four gradient based nonlinear least squares methods (Trust region, Trust region dogleg algorithm, Levenberg-Marquardt, and Quasi-Newton line search method) and one non-gradient method (Nelder-Mead simplex direct search) is employed for the six transformation parameters estimation process. The research was done on simulated data and the results showed that the Nelder-Mead method has failed because of its dependency on the objective function without any derivative information. Although, the tested gradient methods succeeded in converging to the relative optimal solution of the georeferencing parameters. In trust region methods, the number of iterations was more than Levenberg-Marquardt because of the necessity for evaluating the local minimum to ensure if it is the global one or not in each iteration step. As for the Levenberg-Marquardt method, which is considered as a modified Gauss-Newton algorithm employing the trust region approach where a scalar is introduced to assess the choice of the magnitude and the direction of the descent. This scalar determines whether the Gauss-Newton method direction or the steepest descent method direction will be used as an adaptive approach for both linear and non-linear mathematical models and it successfully converged and achieved the relative optimum solution. These five methods results are compared explicitly to the linear traditional least-squares approach, with detailed statistical analysis of the results, with emphasis on the UAV (VBN) applications.
3D BUILDING MODELING BASED ON LOW ALTITUDE MAPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Zhou Y. , Lin Z. , Gui D. , Xie F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The development and application of the mapping system with low altitude develops a new 3D city modeling technology means. 3D modeling method with low altitude has high efficiency, low cost, short cycle, strong maneuverability, convenient operation etc. This paper introduces related remote sensing data processing software and stereo mapping software of the low altitude mapping system. The paper also expounds quick acquisition of 3D city building texture based on the mapping system and 3D modeling by means of the software 3dmax. 3D city modeling combined low altitude mapping technology and the 3D modeling software 3dmax can open up a new way for the rapid development of the "digital city".
VIBRATIONS OF A GYROCOPTER – AN ANALYSIS USING IMUS
Authors: Miraliakbari A. , Hahn M. , Engels J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. As a part of a research project on the development of a low-cost sensor system for use on gyrocopters several investigations on the recording of aerial image blocks have been carried out during the last two years. The vibration of the gyrocopter platform is one of the critical factors that should be mitigated during the data collection. Apart from the wind-induced oscillation, the vibration induced by the motor, the propeller and the main rotor are prominent. To prevent negative impact to the imaging process, vibration absorbers are to be implemented on the sensor platform. One focus of this research is a comparison between the vibrations within the passenger area and the vibrations at the undercarriage of the gyrocopter. The comparison is based on the use of three synchronized micro-electro mechanical motion trackers (MEMS IMUs), one fixed on the gyrocopter floor and the others fixed on the struts of the gyrocopter. The results indicate that the propeller and rotorinduced vibrations are somewhat bigger within the passenger area. Fourier analysis shows that the rotor-induced vibration at a frequency of 12 Hz is predominant in all signals; its amplitude may vary strongly in time. Whereas the translational vibrations have negligible impact on the image quality, rotational vibrations around all three axes may effect significant blurring of aerial images according to common quality standards.
A FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE SPATIO-TEMPORAL DATA VISUALIZATION BASED ON HTML5
Authors: Mao B. , Wu Z. , Cao J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Web is entering a new phase – HTML5. New features of HTML5 should be studied for online spatio-temporal data visualization. In the proposed framework, spatio-temporal data is stored in the data server and is sent to user browsers with WebSocket. Public geo-data such as Internet digital map is integrated into the browsers. Then animation is implemented through the canvas object defined by the HTML5 specification. To simulate the spatio-temporal data source, we collected the daily location of 15 users with GPS tracker. The current positions of the users are collected every minute and are recorded in a file. Based on this file, we generate a real time spatio-temporal data source which sends out current user location every second.By enlarging the real time scales by 60 times, we can observe the movement clearly. The data transmitted with WebSocket is the coordinates of users' current positions, which will can be demonstrated in client browsers.
MULTI-CRITERIA PATH FINDING
Authors: Mohammadi E. , Hunter A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Path finding solutions are becoming a major part of many GIS applications including location based services and web-based GIS services. Most traditional path finding solutions are based on shortest path algorithms that tend to minimize the cost of travel from one point to another. These algorithms make use of some cost criteria that is usually an attribute of the edges in the graph network. Providing one shortest path limits user's flexibility when choosing a possible route, especially when more than one parameter is utilized to calculate cost (e.g., when length, number of traffic lights, and number of turns are used to calculate network cost.) K shortest path solutions tend to overcome this problem by providing second, third, and Kth shortest paths. These algorithms are efficient as long as the graphs edge weight does not change dynamically and no other parameters affect edge weights. In this paper we try to go beyond finding shortest paths based on some cost value, and provide all possible paths disregarding any parameter that may affect total cost. After finding all possible paths, we can rank the results by any parameter or combination of parameters, without a substantial increase in time complexity.
VERIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LANDSLIDES IN THE SHIMEN RESERVOIR WATERSHED OF TAIWAN USING SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND DATA MINING
Authors: Lai J. S. , Tsai F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Spatial information technologies and data can be used effectively to investigate and monitor natural disasters contiguously and to support policy- and decision-making for hazard prevention, mitigation and reconstruction. However, in addition to the vastly growing data volume, various spatial data usually come from different sources and with different formats and characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to find useful and valuable information that may not be obvious in the original data sets from numerous collections. This paper presents the preliminary results of a research in the validation and risk assessment of landslide events induced by heavy torrential rains in the Shimen reservoir watershed of Taiwan using spatial analysis and data mining algorithms. In this study, eleven factors were considered, including elevation (Digital Elevation Model, DEM), slope, aspect, curvature, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), fault, geology, soil, land use, river and road. The experimental results indicate that overall accuracy and kappa coefficient in verification can reach 98.1% and 0.8829, respectively. However, the DT model after training is too over-fitting to carry prediction. To address this issue, a mechanism was developed to filter uncertain data by standard deviation of data distribution. Experimental results demonstrated that after filtering the uncertain data, the kappa coefficient in prediction substantially increased 29.5%.The results indicate that spatial analysis and data mining algorithm combining the mechanism developed in this study can produce more reliable results for verification and forecast of landslides in the study site.
A STUDY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE SIMULATION OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION FOR ER-HAI LAKE’S WATERSHED IN DALI OF CHINA
Authors: Yang K. , Xu Q. L. , Ye L. Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Er-hai Lake lies in state of Dali of Yunnan Province in China, which is so important to the local people that they revere her as the Mother Lake. Unfortunately, she is threatened by the more serious pollution of water. And from the water quality assessment of Er-hai Lake over the years, it is indicated that the major water pollution source come from nonpoint source pollution. The argument is that what has formed the nonpoint source pollution? As we known, the land use and cover change of watershed called LUCC is deemed as the major reason for Non-point pollution of water. However, what has made the land use and cover changes? It is another important question we should give an answer for water pollution. Many evidences have given that the change of LUCC is more due to the human activities in watershed, especially those for agriculture production. Thereby, there is a chain process for water pollution formation in Er-hai Lake Watershed, which could be described like this: Human activities (more in agriculture) have changed LUCC, and LUCC leads non-point source pollution. As a result, in this paper, those have been discussed according to the driving mechanism of nonpoint source water pollution in Er-hai Lake, which include three explorations. The first is how to build a ABM-LUCC model by using Repast and GIS technology, and the second is the method and implementation for hydrological and water quality model by using SWAT model and GIS, as well as Remote Sensing technology. And establishing a platform for comprehensively simulating the whole process of water pollution by integrating GIS, ABM-LUCC models and hydrological models is the last work for this study.
IMAGE TO POINT CLOUD METHOD OF 3D-MODELING
Authors: Chibunichev A. G. , Galakhov V. P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This article describes the method of constructing 3D models of objects (buildings, monuments) based on digital images and a point cloud obtained by terrestrial laser scanner. The first step is the automated determination of exterior orientation parameters of digital image. We have to find the corresponding points of the image and point cloud to provide this operation. Before the corresponding points searching quasi image of point cloud is generated. After that SIFT algorithm is applied to quasi image and real image. SIFT algorithm allows to find corresponding points. Exterior orientation parameters of image are calculated from corresponding points. The second step is construction of the vector object model. Vectorization is performed by operator of PC in an interactive mode using single image. Spatial coordinates of the model are calculated automatically by cloud points. In addition, there is automatic edge detection with interactive editing available. Edge detection is performed on point cloud and on image with subsequent identification of correct edges. Experimental studies of the method have demonstrated its efficiency in case of building facade modeling.
TRAFFIC SIGN DETECTION BASED ON BIOLOGICALLY VISUAL MECHANISM
Authors: Hu X. , Zhu X. , Li D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. TSR (Traffic sign recognition) is an important problem in ITS (intelligent traffic system), which is being paid more and more attention for realizing drivers assisting system and unmanned vehicle etc. TSR consists of two steps: detection and recognition, and this paper describe a new traffic sign detection method. The design principle of the traffic sign is comply with the visual attention mechanism of human, so we propose a method using visual attention mechanism to detect traffic sign ,which is reasonable. In our method, the whole scene will firstly be analyzed by visual attention model to acquire the area where traffic signs might be placed. And then, these candidate areas will be analyzed according to the shape characteristics of the traffic sign to detect traffic signs. In traffic sign detection experiments, the result shows the proposed method is effectively and robust than other existing saliency detection method.
ANALYSIS ON THE UTILITY OF SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR DETECTION OF AGRICULTURAL FACILITY
Authors: Kang J.-M. , Baek S.-H. , Jung K.-Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Now that the agricultural facilities are being increase owing to development of technology and diversification of agriculture and the ratio of garden crops that are imported a lot and the crops cultivated in facilities are raised in Korea, the number of vinyl greenhouses is tending upward. So, it is important to grasp the distribution of vinyl greenhouses as much as that of rice fields, dry fields and orchards, but it is difficult to collect the information of wide areas economically and correctly. Remote sensing using satellite imagery is able to obtain data of wide area at the same time, quickly and cost-effectively collect, monitor and analyze information from every object on earth. In this study, in order to analyze the utilization of satellite imagery at detection of agricultural facility, image classification was performed about the agricultural facility, vinyl greenhouse using Formosat-2 satellite imagery. The training set of sea, vegetation, building, bare ground and vinyl greenhouse was set to monitor the agricultural facilities of the object area and the training set for the vinyl greenhouses that are main monitoring object was classified and set again into 3 types according the spectral characteristics. The image classification using 4 kinds of supervise classification methods applied by the same training set were carried out to grasp the image classification method which is effective for monitoring agricultural facilities. And, in order to minimize the misclassification appeared in the classification using the spectral information, the accuracy of classification was intended to be raised by adding texture information. The results of classification were analyzed regarding the accuracy comparing with that of naked-eyed detection. As the results of classification, the method of Mahalanobis distance was shown as more efficient than other methods and the accuracy of classification was higher when adding texture information. Hence the more effective monitoring of agricultural facilities is expected to be available if the characteristics such as texture information including satellite images or spatial pattern are studied in detail.
A JOINT PIXEL AND REGION BASED MULTISCALE MARKOV RANDOM FIELD FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Mei T. , Zheng L. , Zhong S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. MRF model is recognized as one of efficient tools for image classification. However, traditional MRF model prove to be limited for high resolution image classification. This paper presents a joint pixel and region based multi-scale MRF model for high resolution image classification. Based on initial image segmentation, the region shape information is integrated into MRF model to consider the pixel and region information simultaneously. The region shaped information is used to complement spectral signature for alleviating spectral signature ambiguity of different classes. The paper describes the unified multi-scale MRF model and classification algorithm. The qualitative and quantitative comparison with traditional MRF model demonstrates that the proposed method can improve the classification performance for regular shaped objects in high resolution image.
MANHOLE COVER DETECTION USING VEHICLE-BASED MULTI-SENSOR DATA
Authors: Ji S. , Shi Y. , Shi Z.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A new method combined wit multi-view matching and feature extraction technique is developed to detect manhole covers on the streets using close-range images combined with GPS/IMU and LINDAR data. The covers are an important target on the road traffic as same as transport signs, traffic lights and zebra crossing but with more unified shapes. However, the different shoot angle and distance, ground material, complex street scene especially its shadow, and cars in the road have a great impact on the cover detection rate. The paper introduces a new method in edge detection and feature extraction in order to overcome these difficulties and greatly improve the detection rate. The LIDAR data are used to do scene segmentation and the street scene and cars are excluded from the roads. And edge detection method base on canny which sensitive to arcs and ellipses is applied on the segmented road scene and the interesting areas contain arcs are extracted and fitted to ellipse. The ellipse are then resampled for invariance to shooting angle and distance and then are matched to adjacent images for further checking if covers and . More than 1000 images with different scenes are used in our tests and the detection rate is analyzed. The results verified our method have its advantages in correct covers detection in the complex street scene.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF FULLY AUTOMATIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL CITY MODEL RECONSTRUCTION METHODS
Authors: Sirmacek B. , Arefi H. , Krauss T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Three-dimensional urban region representations can be used for detailed urban monitoring, change and damage detection purposes. In order to obtain three-dimensional representation, one of the easiest and cheapest way is to use Digital Surface Models (DSMs) which are generated from very high resolution stereo satellite images using stereovision techniques. Unfortunately after applying the DSM generation process, we cannot directly obtain three-dimensional urban region representation. In the DSM which is generated using only one stereo image pair, generally noise, matching errors, and uncertainty on building wall locations are very high. These undesirable effects prevents a DSM to provide a realistic three-dimensional city representation. Therefore, some automatic techniques should be applied to obtain three-dimensional city models using DSMs as input. In order to solve the existing problems in this field, herein we introduce two automated approaches based on usage of DSMs as input. The first method depends on using of a 3D active shape model for building shape extraction and 3D reconstruction, the second approach is based on an approximation of prismatic models to DSMs. Our experimental results on images and DSMs of Tunis city which are obtained from WorldView-2 satellite indicate possible usage of the proposed algorithms to obtain three-dimensional city representations automatically.