bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Lifetime of FGMs Disilicide Coatings for γ-TiAl Intermetallic Compound
Authors: Ohshima Masayuki , Abu Suilik Saleh B. , Tetsui Toshimitsu , Hasezaki Kazuhiro
Published: October 2009

The NbSi2/Nb/-TiAl and NbSi2/Nb functionally graded materials (FGMs) were prepared and their tolerances tested by exposing them to temperatures from 1050 °C to 1250 °C under vacuum and in air. Oxygen resistivity was estimated from metallographic investigations. The FGM lifetime was estimated by using a diffusion equation that considers the disappearance of the NbSi2 and Nb interlayer. These occurred during NbSi2 oxidation and Si diffusion from NbSi2 to Nb and interdiffusion between Nb and -TiAl. The results were validated by diffusion equations.
Modeling transdermal permeation. Part I. Predicting skin permeability of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes
Authors: Chen Longjian , Lian Guoping , Han Lujia
Published: October 2009

In this study, we present a modeling study on the prediction of transdermal permeability of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes, using our recently reported mechanistic model of mass transfer in complex media, where the heterogeneous structure of the stratum corneum is represented by “bricks‐and‐mortar” model. The partition and diffusion properties of solutes in lipid matrix and corneocytes are calculated separately, without fitting to the modeled skin permeability data. Skin permeability has been predicted for a comprehensive experimental data set of chemicals compiled earlier. When the transcellular pathway is included, the agreement between predicted skin permeability and experimental data is much improved. The improvement is mainly due to better predicted results for hydrophilic solutes. The contribution of each pathway to the overall skin permeability has also been analyzed. The results showed that the transcellular pathway is important not only for highly hydrophilic solutes, but also for moderately hydrophobic solutes. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Computational analysis of an instantaneous chemical reaction in a T‐microreactor
Authors: Bothe Dieter , Lojewski Alexander , Warnecke Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2009

We extend and apply a method for the numerical computation of convective and diffusive mixing in liquid systems with very fast irreversible chemical reaction to the case of unequal diffusivities. This approach circumvents the solution of stiff differential equations and, hence, facilitates the direct numerical simulation of reactive flows with quasi‐instantaneous reactions. The method is validated by means of a neutralization reaction which is studied in a T‐shaped micromixer and compared with existing experimental LIF‐data. Because of their large are‐to‐volume ratio, microreactors are well suited for fast chemical reactions which are seriously affected by the slow diffusive transport in aqueous media. Numerical computations for different reactor dimensions reveal the fact that, in a dimensionless setting, the obtained conversion is independent of the reactor size, if the flow conditions are the same. This corresponds to an increase of space‐time‐yield proportional to the square of the inverse scale factor. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Oxidative Halogenierungen mit umweltschonenden Oxidationsmitteln: Sauerstoff und Wasserstoffperoxid
Authors: Podgoršek Ajda , Zupan Marko , Iskra Jernej
Published: October 2009

Eine organische Chemie ohne Organohalogenverbindungen und die zur Synthese benötigten molekularen Halogene ist schwer vorstellbar. Die Reaktivitäten der Halogene unterscheiden sich beträchtlich, und während Iod im Allgemeinen einer Aktivierung bedarf, sind die anderen Halogene äußerst reaktive und mithin auch gefährliche Chemikalien. Um den direkten Umgang mit Halogenen zu vermeiden, wurden diverse modifizierte Reagentien entwickelt (N‐Brom‐ und N‐Chlorsuccinimid, Selectfluor…︁), zu deren Herstellung aber wiederum Halogene verwendet werden und deren Anwendung stets mit einer schlechten Atomökonomie verbunden ist. Eine bessere Strategie, die auf der Grundlage biomimetischer Forschungen an natürlichen oxidativen Halogenierungen entworfen wurde, besteht darin, das Halogenierungsreagens in situ unter sauren Bedingungen aus Halogenidsalzen zu erzeugen. Das Ergebnis einer solchen Reaktion ist eine Halogenierung mit 100 % Halogenatomökonomie. Als Oxidationsmittel für die Oxidation des Halogenids bieten sich Wasserstoffperoxid und Sauerstoff an.
Oxidative Halogenation with “Green” Oxidants: Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Podgoršek Ajda , Zupan Marko , Iskra Jernej
Published: October 2009

It is difficult to imagine organic chemistry without organo‐halogen compounds and the molecular halogens needed for their preparation. The halogens have very different reactivity, with iodine usually requiring some form of activation, while others are reactive and hazardous chemicals. To avoid their use, various modified reagents have been discovered (N‐bromo‐ and N‐chlorosuccinimide, Selectfluor…︁), but halogens are used to prepare these reagents and when they are used the atom economy is poor. A better approach, which is based on biomimetric research on oxidative halogenation in nature, consists of generating the halogenating reagent in situ under acidic conditions from a halide salt. The result of such a reaction has been halogenation with 100 % halogen atom economy. Suitable oxidants for the oxidation of halides are hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
Accelerated ceramization of polymethylsilsesquioxane by aluminum‐ based filler reductant
Authors: Narisawa Masaki , Kado Hiroyuki , Mabuchi Hiroshi , Kim Young‐Wook
Published: October 2009

Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ), compounded with particles of Al2O3(22–47 nm), micro size aluminum (30 µm) or nano size aluminum (50 nm) with a starting Al:Si molar ratio of 1.0, was prepared in a thick sheet form and pyrolyzed at various temperatures up to 1673 K to investigate the filler effect on the ceramization. By adjusting the concentrations of PMSQ, filler and cross‐linking agent in ethanol, self‐standing ceramic sheets were obtained after pyrolysis without fragmentation. The phases formed in each sheet during pyrolysis were identified by using X‐ray diffraction patterns. The resulting micro structures were characterized by the Archimedes method, SEM observation and electron micro probe analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and application of a membrane bioreactor unit to upgrade and enhance the required performance of an installed wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Castelo‐Grande Teresa , Augusto Paulo A. , Monteiro Paulo , Barbosa Domingos
Published: October 2009

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are nowadays common solutions to improve the quality of streams and soils. However, there are still many issues required to be solved within these plants. We were commissioned to redesign a WWTP in Amarante, Portugal, which was not working properly. Among the several units we have designed, there is a membrane bioreactor representing one of the main units of this remodelled WWTP. The biological treatment stage at the upgraded WWTP will take place in the remodelled primary and secondary settlers and in the remodelled and improved biological reactor. Hence, the primary settler is readapted in such a way that it functions as the anoxic area of the biological treatment, while the aerobic treatment will be sequentially performed at the remodelled biological reactor and at the actual secondary settler. Membrane treatment will be performed by using ultrafiltration membranes. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of minimum spouting velocity in spouted bed
Authors: Venkatachalam Sivakumar , Sridhar Ramasamy , Prince Immanuel Victorbackianathan
Published: October 2009

Minimum spouting velocity was measured using different bed heights with six different particles. A statistical analysis of the reported correlations for minimum spouting velocity based on the present and literature data was made and the estimated. Absolute average relative deviation (AARD) and bias were found to be very high, and the reason could be attributed to the fact that the applicability of the literature correlations are restricted to a limited range of fundamental and operating variables, and hence empirical correlation for the estimation of minimum spouting velocity has been developed using a data bank consisting of 280 present experimental data along with 174 literature data. The predictive ability of the present proposed correlation was tested, and it was found to be a good fit for a wide range of operating conditions. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustained operation of nutrient mist reactor to grow hairy roots
Authors: Ranjan Ritu , Khanna Rajesh , Mishra B. N.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents feasible range of feed concentration and flow rate for sustained operation of nutrient mist reactor (NMR) in continuous mist feed mode for growing hairy roots. Sustained operation of NMR requires liquid holdup in the root bed that does not exceed a critical value and the nutrient concentration in the bed is maintained above a critical value. This ensures that the growing root mass gets adequate supply of both liquid and gas phase nutrients. These bounds on liquid holdup and concentration can be translated to bounds on the feed flow rate and concentration through mass balance over the root bed and numerical simulations. This approach maintains the reactor performance for a continuous mist‐on cycle and does away with the uncertainty in choosing intermittent mist‐on/mist‐off cycles. It is expected that this paper will be of immense help in the rapidly growing NMR technology to grow hairy roots. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive equations for modelling of polymeric materials and rubbers
Authors: Crawford B. , Watterson J. K. , Spedding P. L. , Gault R. I. , Herron W. , Proctor M.
Published: October 2009

Extrusion of polymeric materials can be made more efficient by modelling with computational techniques. Material‐dependent data obtained through a constitutive equation is required to close the fluid dynamic equations. The paper outlines constitutive equations developed for non‐Newtonian behaviour and details the choice that is required to obtain a constitutive equation that encapsulates actual material behaviour. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ethyl acetate sensor utilizing cataluminescence on Y2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Cao Xiaoan , Tao Ying , Li Liling , Liu Yonghui , Peng Yan , Li Jinwen
Published: October 2009

A cataluminescence (CTL) sensor using Y2O3 nanoparticles as the sensing materials was proposed for the determination of ethyl acetate. This ethyl acetate sensor showed high sensitivity and specificity at the optimal temperature of 264°C. Quantitative analysis was performed at a wavelength of 425 nm. The linear ranges of CTL intensity vs ethyl acetate concentrations were 2.0–250 ppm (r = 0.9965) and 250–6500 ppm (r = 0.9997) with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.5 ppm. There was no response or weak response when foreign substances such as formic acid, n‐hexane, toluene, acetic acid, benzene, and formaldehyde passing through the surface of Y2O3 nanoparticles. The sensor had a long lifetime more than 80 h with 3600 ppm ethyl acetate. It had been applied successfully to determine ethyl acetate in artificial air samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the mRNA expression of osteoblast‐related genes in response toβ3‐adrenergic agonist in UMR106 cells
Authors: Nuntapornsak Amporn , Wongdee Kannikar , Thongbunchoo Jirawan , Krishnamra Nateetip , Charoenphandhu Narattaphol
Published: October 2009

Activation of adrenergic receptors (AR) was demonstrated to result in either bone gain or bone loss depending on the activated AR subtypes and concentrations of agonists used. Whileβ2‐AR agonist was extensively investigated as an osteopenic agent, effects ofβ3‐AR activation on osteoblasts were still elusive. Rat osteoblast‐like UMR106 cells were herein found to express several AR subtypes, includingβ3‐AR. After exposure to a low‐doseβ3‐AR agonist BRL37344 (10 nmol L−1), UMR106 cells downregulated the mRNA expression of transcription factors Runx2 and Dlx5, which are important for initiation of osteoblast differentiation. Low‐dose BRL37344 also decreased the expression ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand (RANKL) over osteoprotegerin (OPG), suggesting the protective effect ofβ3‐AR agonist against bone resorption. Alkaline phosphatase expression was markedly decreased, whereas expressions of osteocalcin and osteopontin were increased by 100 nmol L−1BRL37344, indicating thatβ3‐AR activation could accelerate the transition of matrix maturation stage to mineralization stage. In conclusion,β3‐AR activation in rat osteoblasts induced alteration in the expression of osteoblast‐related transcription factor genes as well as genes required for bone formation and resorption. The present results also suggest that, besidesβ2‐AR,β3‐AR is another AR subtype responsible for the sympathetic nervous system‐induced bone remodeling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Fragment‐Based Approach to Probing Adenosine Recognition Sites by Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Scott Duncan E. , Dawes Gwen J. , Ando Michiyo , Abell Chris , Ciulli Alessio
Published: October 2009

A new strategy that combines the concepts of fragment‐based drug design and dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) for targeting adenosine recognition sites on enzymes is reported. We demonstrate the use of 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐thioadenosine as a noncovalent anchor fragment in dynamic combinatorial libraries templated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase. A benzyl disulfide derivative was identified upon library analysis by HPLC. Structural and binding studies of protein–ligand complexes by X‐ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry informed the subsequent optimisation of the DCC hit into a disulfide containing the novel meta‐nitrobenzyl fragment that targets the pantoate binding site of pantothenate synthetase. Given the prevalence of adenosine‐recognition motifs in enzymes, our results provide a proof‐of‐concept for using this strategy to probe adjacent pockets for a range of adenosine binding enzymes, including other related adenylate‐forming ligases, kinases, and ATPases, as well as NAD(P)(H), CoA and FAD(H2) binding proteins.
Vanadium‐Containing Oxynitrides: Effective Catalysts for the Ammoxidation of 3‐Picoline
Authors: Janke Christiane , Radnik Jörg , Bentrup Ursula , Martin Andreas , Brückner Angelika
Published: October 2009

Two series of vanadium‐containing oxynitrides VMON (M=Al or Zr, 0.1<V/M<0.5) were characterized by a variety of methods, also under reaction conditions, and tested as catalysts for the ammoxidation of 3‐picoline. Markedly higher space–time yields of 3‐cyanopyridine have been obtained for both types of catalysts in comparison to the best‐known mixed oxide catalysts, although selectivities were lower. VZrON catalysts are more active but less selective than VAlON, which might be due to higher V site agglomeration and higher mean V valence in working VZrON catalysts. The higher selectivity of VAlON catalysts results from the reversible incorporation of N in VNAl surface moieties, whereas this is widely suppressed in VZrON samples, in which the majority of N is incorporated within the bulk.
An approximate solution to an initial boundary value problem to the one‐dimensional Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation
Authors: Rebelo Paulo
Published: October 2009

The aim of this paper is to present an approximate solution to the initial boundary‐valued problem for the one‐dimensional Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. The Fourier Method is combined with the Adomian's Decomposition Method in order to provide an approximate solution. One example of application is presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Green's boundary formula and its first‐ and second‐order derivatives in Legendre series
Authors: Yang S. A.
Published: October 2009

This work presents a numerical method for evaluating Green's boundary formula and its first‐ and second‐order derivatives in two dimensions. Analysis includes both the normal and tangential derivatives, which contain logarithmic and strong singularities, as well as hypersingularities of order up to r−3. The singular integrands are expanded by the Laurent series. Regularized equations are obtained by further expressing the unknown functions as a truncated Fourier–Legendre series, and applying the subtraction–addition technique. The resulting singular integrals are then evaluated analytically. The proposed regularization is conducted before any discretization. The regularized equations can be solved by directly applying standard quadrature rules over the entire integration domain. Test examples consist of the Neumann and Dirichlet problems related to an inverse elliptic cylinder, and a mixed boundary value problem related to a square cylinder. Comparing numerical results with analytical solutions demonstrates a very good accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salience of loss of control for pediatric binge episodes: Does size really matter?
Authors: Shomaker Lauren B. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Elliott Camden , Wolkoff Laura E. , Columbo Kelli M. , Ranzenhofer Lisa M. , Roza Caroline A. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: October 2009

Objective

The subjective experience of loss of control (LOC) during eating, independent of overeating, may be a salient marker of disordered eating and risk for overweight in youth. However, few studies have directly tested this notion in an adequately powered sample.

Method

Three‐hundred‐sixty‐seven youth (M ± SD age = 12.7 ± 2.8 y) were categorized as reporting objective binge eating (OBE; 12.5%), subjective binge eating (SBE; 11.4%), objective overeating without LOC (OO; 18.5%), or no episodes (NE; 57.5%). Disordered eating attitudes, general psychopathology, and adiposity were assessed.

Results

Children with OBE and SBE generally did not differ in their disordered eating attitudes, emotional eating, eating in the absence of hunger, depressive and anxiety symptoms, or adiposity. However, both OBE and SBE youth had significantly greater disordered eating attitudes, emotional eating, eating in the absence of hunger, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and adiposity compared to those with OO or NE (ps < .05).

Discussion

For non‐treatment‐seeking youth, LOC during eating episodes, rather than episode size, appears to be the most salient marker of eating and weight problems. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:707–716
Selection of injection conditions for aluminum particles as a raw material by numerical analysis in the synthesis of ultrafine particles with transferred type arc plasma
Authors: Furukawa Shizue , Iwata Mikimasa , Adachi Kazuo , Amakawa Tadashi
Published: October 2009

We investigated by numerical analysis the dependence of vaporization behavior of aluminum particles injected into transferred type arc plasma on injection conditions in synthesis of aluminum nitride ultra fine particles. On the basis of calculation results, we chose one proper injection condition where aluminum particles vaporized more. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 46–52, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20852
Direct‐power‐control‐based matrix converter and its operation characteristics
Authors: Noguchi Toshihiko , Nakatomi Somei
Published: October 2009

This paper proposes a novel control strategy for a matrix converter, which features direct instantaneous active‐ and reactive‐power control of the converter. The theoretical aspects of the proposed control are discussed, and computer simulation results are presented to confirm the basic controllability of the technique. In addition, several operational characteristics were examined through experimental tests, using a 1.5‐kW prototype. The maximum efficiency and the total input power factor of the prototype with a 30‐Hz output frequency were 95.4% and 99.9% at 1.5‐kW load, respectively. The total harmonic distortion at the rated load was 5.9%. These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 53–59, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20886
A comprehensive congestion management scheme with an improved DC method
Authors: Jibiki Takahiro , Sakakibara Eiji , Iwamoto Shinichi
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive congestion management scheme based on generator and FACTS device operations. To relieve congestion effectively and quickly, we use two indices based on the DC method. However, calculation errors using the DC method may become large due to its approximations. Thus, we also developed an improved DC method, which is a DC method considering transmission losses and transformer tap ratios, and performed simulations to confirm the validity of the improved DC method. Finally, we performed simulations by the proposed congestion management scheme using the IEEJ EAST 30‐machine system. The simulation results indicate that congestion can be relieved effectively and quickly. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 28–36, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20893
We all live in Germany but … Ingroup projection, group‐based emotions and prejudice against immigrants
Authors: Kessler Thomas , Mummendey Amélie , Funke Friedrich , Brown Rupert , Binder Jens , Zagefka Hanna , Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Demoulin Stéphanie , Maquil Annemie
Published: October 2009

Immigration, cultural diversity and integration are among the most central challenges for modern societies. Integration is often impeded by negative emotions and prejudices held by the majority members towards immigrants in a common society. Based on the ingroup projection model (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999), we examined the impact of perceived relative ingroup prototypicality on intergroup emotions and prejudice. Additionally, we examined whether this impact is causal and explored the issue of causality in more detail contrasting a linear causal model with bi‐directional or reciprocal causality. Hypotheses were tested in a study with a two‐wave panel of majority members (N=1085) in Germany. We examined the proposed relations between relative ingroup prototypicality, intergroup emotions and prejudice and determined the causal direction of these relationships. Results support the predictive power of relative ingroup prototypicality on intergroup emotions and prejudice. Moreover, most causal relations between our measures are reciprocally causal. We discuss the implications of these findings for the general conception of prejudice and intergroup emotions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between parental bonding, social problem solving and eating pathology in an anorexic inpatient sample
Authors: Swanson Helen , Power Kevin , Collin Paula , Deas Suzanne , Paterson Gillian , Grierson David , Yellowlees Alex , Park Katy , Taylor Louise
Published: October 2009

Objective

Parental relationships and maladaptive problem solving have been associated with anorexic symptomatology. This study investigates the relationship between perceived parental bonding, social problem solving and eating psychopathology.

Methods

Forty three female inpatients with anorexia nervosa and 76 student controls were assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Social Problem Solving Inventory and the Eating Disorders Examination or the Eating Disorders Examination‐Questionnaire.

Results

The anorexic group reported significantly lower levels of parental care than the student control group and used more negative and avoidance style coping. In the anorexic group, disordered eating was significantly correlated with low maternal care and high control. Maternal bonding was found to mediate the relationship between avoidance style coping and eating pathology.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a relationship between maternal bonding, the use of maladaptive problem solving techniques and eating disorder pathology in inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Evaluation of a school‐based programme of universal eating disorders prevention: Is it more effective in girls at risk?
Authors: Raich R. M. , Portell M. , Peláez‐Fernández M. A.
Published: October 2009

There is currently controversy surrounding the effectiveness of universal versus selective prevention in eating disorders (ED). The present study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of universal school‐based ED prevention administered to female secondary school students (n = 349). Students received either the full prevention programme (learning basic concepts of nutrition, criticism of aesthetic models of beauty emphasising extreme thinness, media literacy (ML)), a partial version of the programme (without nutritional education), or no prevention programme. Students were also classified on the presence or absence of distinct risk factors for ED: Early menarche, overweight, dieting, negative attitudes to food and perceived pressure to be thin. Pre‐test data were collected 1 week prior to implementation of the prevention programme, and post‐test data were collected on the last day of the programme. Results suggested that both the full and partial prevention programmes reduced perceived pressure to be thin and improved eating attitudes and knowledge of nutrition in all the participants (regardless of risk); however, greater effect sizes were found among particular high‐risk groups (early menarche, overweight and highly influenced by aesthetic models of beauty emphasising extreme thinness). School‐based programmes of universal intervention may have an important role to play in the prevention of ED. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Improved OFDMA uplink transmission via cooperative relaying in the presence of frequency offsets—Part II: Outage information rate analysis
Authors: Zhang Zhongshan , Tellambura Chintha , Schober Robert
Published: October 2009

In Part I of this paper, the ergodic information rate is derived for an orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing access (OFDMA) uplink with cooperative relaying in the presence of frequency offsets. In this part, the outage information rate of the system is analysed. Both amplify‐and‐forward (AF) and decode‐and‐forward (DF) relays are considered. Each node can play the roles of the source node and the relay, simultaneously, at different subcarriers. Both the outage information rate and the diversity gain are derived for the interference‐limited environment. Numerical results illustrate the superior performance of the proposed cooperative scheme over conventional transmission (without relaying) with regard to outage information rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An accurate and efficient semi‐implicit method for section‐averaged free‐surface flow modelling
Authors: Rosatti G. , Bonaventura L. , Deponti A. , Garegnani G.
Published: October 2009

An accurate, efficient and robust numerical method for the solution of the section‐averaged De St. Venant equations of open channel flow is presented and discussed. The method consists in a semi‐implicit, finite‐volume discretization of the continuity equation capable to deal with arbitrary cross‐section geometry and in a semi‐implicit, finite‐difference discretization of the momentum equation. By using a proper semi‐Lagrangian discretization of the momentum equation, a highly efficient scheme that is particularly suitable for subcritical regimes is derived. Accurate solutions are obtained in all regimes, except in presence of strong unsteady shocks as in dam‐break cases. By using a suitable upwind, Eulerian discretization of the same equation, instead, a scheme capable of describing accurately also unsteady shocks can be obtained, although this scheme requires to comply with a more restrictive stability condition. The formulation of the two approaches allows a unified implementation and an easy switch between the two. The code is verified in a wide range of idealized test cases, highlighting its accuracy and efficiency characteristics, especially for long time range simulations of subcritical river flow. Finally, a model validation on field data is presented, concerning simulations of a flooding event of the Adige river. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic ship response integration for numerical prediction of squat in highly restricted waterways
Authors: Alderf N. , Lefrançois E. , Sergent P. , Debaillon P.
Published: October 2009

In this paper we are interested in numerical modeling of ‘dynamic’ phenomenon of squat by finite elements analysis. It proposes a set of modular numerical tools; therefore, interchangeable. This model enables the study of the interaction between a two‐dimensional potential flow in highly restricted waterways on irregular shaped bottom with stationary free surface in taking into account the dynamic response of a ship. The proposed model has been used to validate a stability model based on the extension of the one‐dimensional theory of Schijf to the dynamic effects by pointing out stable and unstable squat positions for a ship. It is also shown that for two cases of depth change in shallow water (‘step’), unstable position may be reached. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoglin as a marker in cervical paragangliomas
Authors: Eleno Nélida , Düwel Annette , Muñoz Angel , Paz‐Bouza José , López‐Novoa Jose‐Miguel , Lozano Francisco
Published: October 2009

Background

Endoglin is expressed on endothelium and is implicated in the control of angiogenesis. This study compares the expression of endoglin with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), commonly used as a marker for neoangiogenesis in cervical paragangliomas (CPG).

Methods

The CPG were surgically obtained from 5 patients and compared with nontumoral lung obtained from patients subjected to pulmonary resection. Detection with specific antibodies was used to determine the expression of the proteins VEGF and endoglin. The expressions of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) were used to determine the degree of hypoxia and capillarization, respectively.

Results

Endoglin is located at the plasma membrane of endothelial cells. The relative expression of endoglin is significantly higher in CPG respect to lung (p < .02), whereas that of VEGF is similar.

Conclusion

Endoglin expression in CPG is significantly superior to that of VEGF and correlates with tumor vascularization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
On the local‐scale spatial variability of daily summer rainfall in the humid and complex terrain of the Blue Nile: observational evidence
Authors: Bitew Menberu M. , Gebremichael M. , Hirpa F. A. , Gebrewubet Y. M. , Seleshi Y. , Girma Y.
Published: October 2009

The HEXB'08 (Hydrological EXperiment in Blue Nile) experiment provided an opportunity, via dense network of rain gauges, to study the spatial variability of daily rainfall at a 5 km × 5 km scale in a humid and mountainous part of the Blue Nile river basin, for the period of 2 July–9 August 2008. The results of daily rainfall spatial analyses are shown in this paper. High‐intensity rainfall events have more absolute spatial variability (as measured by standard deviation) and less relative spatial variability (as measured by coefficient of variation), compared to lower intensity events. The coefficient of variation of daily rainfall, computed using gauge‐measured rainfall at several rain gauges, varies from 12% to 424%, with a median of 38% to 51%, indicating that there is a significant variability from one gauge observation to the other at the daily time scale, and one gauge does not represent 5 km × 5 km grid‐average daily values. For rainfall events that had significant contribution to the total rainfall, the coefficient of variation is within 55%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causes for the decline of suspended‐sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system, 1940–2007
Authors: Meade Robert H. , Moody John A.
Published: October 2009

Before 1900, the Missouri–Mississippi River system transported an estimated 400 million metric tons per year of sediment from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana. During the last two decades (1987–2006), this transport has averaged 145 million metric tons per year. The cause for this substantial decrease in sediment has been attributed to the trapping characteristics of dams constructed on the muddy part of the Missouri River during the 1950s. However, reexamination of more than 60 years of water‐ and sediment‐discharge data indicates that the dams alone are not the sole cause. These dams trap about 100–150 million metric tons per year, which represent about half the decrease in sediment discharge near the mouth of the Mississippi. Changes in relations between water discharge and suspended‐sediment concentration suggest that the Missouri–Mississippi has been transformed from a transport‐limited to a supply‐limited system. Thus, other engineering activities such as meander cutoffs, river‐training structures, and bank revetments as well as soil erosion controls have trapped sediment, eliminated sediment sources, or protected sediment that was once available for transport episodically throughout the year. Removing major engineering structures such as dams probably would not restore sediment discharges to pre‐1900 state, mainly because of the numerous smaller engineering structures and other soil‐retention works throughout the Missouri–Mississippi system. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a simple dynamic process conceptualization in rainfall–runoff models using multi‐criteria calibration and tracers in temperate, upland catchments
Authors: Birkel C. , Tetzlaff D. , Dunn S. M. , Soulsby C.
Published: October 2009

Empirically based understanding of streamflow generation dynamics in a montane headwater catchment formed the basis for the development of simple, low‐parameterized, rainfall–runoff models. This study was based in the Girnock catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland, where runoff generation is dominated by overland flow from peaty soils in valley bottom areas that are characterized by dynamic expansion and contraction of saturation zones. A stepwise procedure was used to select the level of model complexity that could be supported by field data. This facilitated the assessment of the way the dynamic process representation improved model performance. Model performance was evaluated using a multi‐criteria calibration procedure which applied a time series of hydrochemical tracers as an additional objective function. Flow simulations comparing a static against the dynamic saturation area model (SAM) substantially improved several evaluation criteria. Multi‐criteria evaluation using ensembles of performance measures provided a much more comprehensive assessment of the model performance than single efficiency statistics, which alone, could be misleading. Simulation of conservative source area tracers (Gran alkalinity) as part of the calibration procedure showed that a simple two‐storage model is the minimum complexity needed to capture the dominant processes governing catchment response. Additionally, calibration was improved by the integration of tracers into the flow model, which constrained model uncertainty and improved the hydrodynamics of simulations in a way that plausibly captured the contribution of different source areas to streamflow. This approach contributes to the quest for low‐parameter models that can achieve process‐based simulation of hydrological response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stormflow dynamics and loads of Escherichia coli in a large mixed land use catchment
Authors: McKergow Lucy A. , Davies‐Colley Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Storm events are major transporters of faecal microbial contaminants, but few studies have reported storm loads or concentration dynamics in relation to discharge or other pollutants, notably fine sediment. Episodically, high loads of faecal contamination during storm flows impact downstream uses of water bodies, particularly contact recreation and shellfish harvesting. We examined the storm dynamics of Escherichia coli, turbidity and discharge in the mixed land use Motueka catchment (2047 km2; 60% forest and 19% pasture) to gain insights into E. coli sources and transport. We also explored different approaches for calculating E. coli loads. Discharge and field turbidity were recorded continuously, and E. coli concentrations were sampled during events, over a 13‐month period near the mouth of the Motueka River. E. coli loads were estimated by interpolation, averaging estimators and by using linear regression with smearing correction of the log‐transformed variables: discharge, turbidity, and both turbidity and discharge. The annual E. coli load was dominated (∼98%) by export during events. Comparison of monthly monitoring with the intensive storm monitoring campaign suggests that simple stratification of the sampling into storm and baseflow would greatly improve export estimates. E. coli peak concentrations always preceded discharge and turbidity peaks (which had similar timing). Turbidity can be a useful surrogate for faecal microbes in smaller catchments, but in the Motueka turbidity was no better for predicting E. coli concentration than discharge. Runoff from grazed pasture and direct deposition from livestock are probably the ultimate E. coli sources in the Motueka catchment. However, in‐channel stores seem to dominate E. coli dynamics during events and account for the typical feature of bacterial concentrations peaking ahead of discharge and turbidity. This study demonstrates the importance of storm events to faecal microbial loads and shows that E. coli concentration dynamics may contrast with those of turbidity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro electromagnetically stimulated SAOS‐2 osteoblasts inside porous hydroxyapatite
Authors: Fassina Lorenzo , Saino Enrica , Sbarra Maria Sonia , Visai Livia , De Angelis Maria Gabriella Cusella , Magenes Giovanni , Benazzo Francesco
Published: October 2009

One of the key challenges in reconstructive bone surgery is to provide living constructs that possess the ability to integrate in the surrounding tissue. Bone graft substitutes, such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, and biomaterials have been widely used to heal critical‐size long bone defects due to trauma, tumor resection, congenital deformity, and tissue degeneration. In particular, porous hydroxyapatite is widely used in reconstructive bone surgery owing to its biocompatibility. In addition, the in vitro modification of hydroxyapatite with osteogenic signals enhances the tissue regeneration in vivo, suggesting that the biomaterial modification could play an important role in tissue engineering. In this study we have followed a biomimetic strategy where electromagnetically stimulated SAOS‐2 human osteoblasts proliferated and built their extracellular matrix inside a porous hydroxyapatite scaffold. The electromagnetic stimulus had the following parameters: intensity of the magnetic field equal to 2 mT, amplitude of the induced electric tension equal to 5 mV, frequency of 75 Hz, and pulse duration of 1.3 ms. In comparison with control conditions, the electromagnetic stimulus increased the cell proliferation and the surface coating with bone proteins (decorin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, type‐I collagen, and type‐III collagen). The physical stimulus aimed at obtaining a better modification of the biomaterial internal surface in terms of cell colonization and coating with bone matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Hyaluronan‐based scaffold for in vivo regeneration of the rat vena cava: Preliminary results in an animal model
Authors: Pandis Laura , Zavan Barbara , Abatangelo Giovanni , Lepidi Sandro , Cortivo Roberta , Vindigni Vincenzo
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to develop a prosthetic graft that could perform as a small‐diameter vascular conduit for vein regeneration. The difficulty of obtaining significant long‐term patency and good wall mechanical strength in vivo has been a significant obstacle in achieving small‐diameter vein prostheses. Fifteen Male Wistar rats weighing 250–350 g were used. Tubular structures of hyaluronan (HYAFF‐11 tubules, 2 mm diameter, and 1.5 cm length) were implanted in the vena cava of rats as temporary absorbable guides to promote regeneration of veins. Performance was assessed at 30, 60, and 90 days after surgery by histology (hematoxylin‐eosin and Weighert solution) and immunohistochemistry (antibodies to von Willebrand factor and to Myosin Light‐Chain Kinase). These experiments resulted in two novel findings: (1) sequential regeneration of vascular components led to complete vein wall regeneration 30 days after surgery; (2) the biomaterial used created the ideal environment for the delicate regeneration process during the critical initial phases, yet its biodegradability allowed for complete degradation of the construct 4 months after implantation, at which time, a new vein remained to connect the vein stumps. This work demonstrates the complete vena cava regeneration inside the hyaluronic acid‐based prosthesis, opening new perspective of microsurgical applications, like replantation of the upper limb, elongation of vascular pedicle of free flaps, cardiovascular surgery, and pediatric microvascular surgery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Structural modification of proteins by direct electric current from low voltage
Authors: Calzia Daniela , Panfoli Isabella , Ravera Silvia , Dazzi Elisa , Gandolfo Simona , Pepe Isidoro Mario , Vergani Laura , Morelli Alessandro M.
Published: October 2009

The interaction of direct electric current (dc) and proteins is a little explored topic. We had reported that exposure of Crotalus atrox venom to dc caused irreversible inactivation of phospholipase A2 and metalloprotease and that the eukaryote adenylate kinases (AK) precipitate in nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. AK1 displays an elevated percent difference of CHarged versus POlar amino acid content (CH‐PO 14). Commercial AK1 and other 17 enzymes with various CH‐PO values were exposed in solution to dc (0–0.7 mA) from low voltage (0–10 V), then enzymatic activity was assayed. The enzymes with CH‐PO higher than 10.0 were irreversibly inactivated by current exposure; those with CH‐PO between +3 and −5 were not. Inactivation was dependent on the ionic strength of the medium and not on the net charge of the protein. Circular dichroic spectroscopy showed a structural modification in some of the inactivated enzymes. CH‐PO could be a crucial, although rough, parameter for predicting protein inactivation by low‐voltage exposure. The observed effect seems due to the current density. Enzymatic activity maybe a more accurate sensor of conformational changes than circular dichroism spectroscopy. A better understanding of efficacy of many electrical devices utilized in medical practice may follow. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:309–317, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20293
The role of calcium in apoptosis induced by 7β‐hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol‐5β,6β‐epoxide
Authors: Lordan Sinéad , O'Brien Nora M. , Mackrill John J.
Published: October 2009

Oxysterols, such as 7β‐hydroxy‐cholesterol (7β‐OH) and cholesterol‐5β,6β‐epoxide (β‐epoxide), may have a central role in promoting atherogenesis. This is thought to be predominantly due to their ability to induce apoptosis in cells of the vascular wall and in monocytes/macrophages. Although there has been extensive research regarding the mechanisms through which oxysterols induce apoptosis, much remains to be clarified. Given that experimental evidence has long associated alterations of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis to apoptotic cell death, the aim of the present study was to determine the influence of intracellular Ca2+ changes on apoptosis induced by 7β‐OH and β‐epoxide. Ca2+ responses in differentiated U937 cells were assessed by epifluorescence video microscopy, using the ratiometric dye fura‐2. Over 15‐min exposure of differentiated U937 cells to 30 μM of 7β‐OH induced a slow but significant rise in fura‐2 ratio. The Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine and the chelating agent EGTA blocked the increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+. Moreover, dihydropyridine (DHP) binding sites identified with BODIPY‐FLX‐DHP were blocked following pretreatment with nifedipine, indicating that the influx of Ca2+ occurred through L‐type channels. However, following long‐term incubation with 7β‐OH, elevated levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ were not maintained and nifedipine did not provide protection against apoptotic cell death. Our results indicate that the increase in Ca2+ may be an initial trigger of 7β‐OH–induced apoptosis, but following chronic exposure to the oxysterol, the influence of Ca2+ on apoptotic cell death appears to be less significant. In contrast, Ca2+ did not appear to be involved in β‐epoxide–induced apoptosis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:324–332, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20295
Survive the recession by managing cash
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Phillips Mary J. , Williams H. James
Published: October 2009

In the current banking and credit environment, with a severe demand slump, managing cash is critical to surviving the recession—and positioning your company for a turnaround. The authors examine the best expert advice on managing cash during a downturn, for five key areas of your business. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planning and budgeting—Easing the pain, maximizing the gain
Authors: Frause Norman L. , Brenner Rick , Juras Paul E. , Moravitz Carl L. , Schreck Steven P. , Stratton Alan J.
Published: October 2009

In many organizations, one frequent outcome of the planning and budgeting process is widespread frustration. This article explains why some of these pains exist and how to resolve them. Instead of publishing a white paper or book with our material, we chose a wiki due to its technical capability of being able to interact with other interested parties to comment on our findings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social difficulties influence group psychotherapy adherence in abused, suicidal african american women
Authors: Ilardi Dawn L. , Kaslow Nadine J.
Published: October 2009

The social brain model emphasizes improving our understanding of the relational factors that influence treatment adherence. Consistent with this framework, which has been applied to medical adherence, it was hypothesized that insecure attachment styles, interpersonal hassles, and low levels of social support would explain group psychotherapy attendance. Results from 51 abused and suicidal low‐income, African American women who attended at least 1 session of an empowerment group psychotherapy indicated that lower attendance was related to (a) insecure attachment styles (fearful) and (b) interpersonal hassles (perceived social differences, lack of social acceptability, social victimization). Perceived social support did not predict group therapy attendance. The value of addressing attachment styles and interpersonal factors to enhance treatment participation is underscored. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–12, 2009.