bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant-Produced Subunit Vaccine Candidates against Yellow Fever Induce Virus Neutralizing Antibodies and Confer Protection against Viral Challenge in Animal Models
Authors: Tottey Stephen , Shoji Yoko , Jones R. Mark , Chichester Jessica A. , Green Brian J. , Musiychuk Konstantin , Si Huaxin , Manceva Slobodanka D. , Rhee Amy , Shamloul Moneim , Norikane Joey , Guimarães Rosane C. , Caride Elena , Silva Andrea N. M. R. , Simões Marisol , Neves Patricia C. C. , Marchevsky Renato , Freire Marcos S. , Streatfield Stephen J. , Yusibov Vidadi
Published: December 2017

Yellow fever (YF) is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes and endemic mostly in South America and Africa with 20–50% fatality. All current licensed YF vaccines, including YF-Vax® (Sanofi-Pasteur, Lyon, France) and 17DD-YFV (Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), are based on live attenuated virus produced in hens’ eggs and have been widely used. The YF vaccines are considered safe and highly effective. However, a recent increase in demand for YF vaccines and reports of rare cases of YF vaccine-associated fatal adverse events have provoked interest in developing a safer YF vaccine that can be easily scaled up to meet this increased global demand. To this point, we have engineered the YF virus envelope protein (YFE) and transiently expressed it in Nicotiana benthamiana as a stand-alone protein (YFE) or as fusion to the bacterial enzyme lichenase (YFE-LicKM). Immunogenicity and challenge studies in mice demonstrated that both YFE and YFE-LicKM elicited virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies and protected over 70% of mice from lethal challenge infection. Furthermore, these two YFE-based vaccine candidates induced VN antibody responses with high serum avidity in nonhuman primates and these VN antibody responses were further enhanced after challenge infection with the 17DD strain of YF virus. These results demonstrate partial protective efficacy in mice of YFE-based subunit vaccines expressed in N. benthamiana. However, their efficacy is inferior to that of the live attenuated 17DD vaccine, indicating that formulation development, such as incorporating a more suitable adjuvant, may be required for product development.
Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014
Authors: Turnbull Jocelyn C. , Mikaloff Fletcher Sara E. , Ansell India , Brailsford Gordon W. , Moss Rowena C. , Norris Margaret W. , Steinkamp Kay
Published: December 2017

Abstract. We present 60 years of Δ14CO2 measurements from Wellington, New Zealand (41° S, 175° E). The record has been extended and fully revised. New measurements have been used to evaluate the existing record and to replace original measurements where warranted. This is the earliest direct atmospheric Δ14CO2 record and records the rise of the 14C bomb spike and the subsequent decline in Δ14CO2 as bomb 14C moved throughout the carbon cycle and increasing fossil fuel CO2 emissions further decreased atmospheric Δ14CO2. The initially large seasonal cycle in the 1960s reduces in amplitude and eventually reverses in phase, resulting in a small seasonal cycle of about 2 ‰ in the 2000s. The seasonal cycle at Wellington is dominated by the seasonality of cross-tropopause transport and differs slightly from that at Cape Grim, Australia, which is influenced by anthropogenic sources in winter. Δ14CO2 at Cape Grim and Wellington show very similar trends, with significant differences only during periods of known measurement uncertainty. In contrast, similar clean-air sites in the Northern Hemisphere show a higher and earlier bomb 14C peak, consistent with a 1.4-year interhemispheric exchange time. From the 1970s until the early 2000s, the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Δ14CO2 were quite similar, apparently due to the balance of 14C-free fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the north and 14C-depleted ocean upwelling in the south. The Southern Hemisphere sites have shown a consistent and marked elevation above the Northern Hemisphere sites since the early 2000s, which is most likely due to reduced upwelling of 14C-depleted and carbon-rich deep waters in the Southern Ocean, although an underestimate of fossil fuel CO2 emissions or changes in biospheric exchange are also possible explanations. This developing Δ14CO2 interhemispheric gradient is consistent with recent studies that indicate a reinvigorated Southern Ocean carbon sink since the mid-2000s and suggests that the upwelling of deep waters plays an important role in this change.
Modeling the radiative effects of biomass burning aerosols on carbon fluxes in the Amazon region
Authors: Moreira Demerval S. , Longo Karla M. , Freitas Saulo R. , Yamasoe Marcia A. , Mercado Lina M. , Rosário Nilton E. , Gloor Emauel , Viana Rosane S. M. , Miller John B. , Gatti Luciana V. , Wiedemann Kenia T. , Domingues Lucas K. G. , Correia Caio  C. S.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Every year, a dense smoke haze covers a large portion of South America originating from fires in the Amazon Basin and central parts of Brazil during the dry biomass burning season between August and October. Over a large portion of South America, the average aerosol optical depth at 550 nm exceeds 1.0 during the fire season, while the background value during the rainy season is below 0.2. Biomass burning aerosol particles increase scattering and absorption of the incident solar radiation. The regional-scale aerosol layer reduces the amount of solar energy reaching the surface, cools the near-surface air, and increases the diffuse radiation fraction over a large disturbed area of the Amazon rainforest. These factors affect the energy and CO2 fluxes at the surface. In this work, we applied a fully integrated atmospheric model to assess the impact of biomass burning aerosols in CO2 fluxes in the Amazon region during 2010. We address the effects of the attenuation of global solar radiation and the enhancement of the diffuse solar radiation flux inside the vegetation canopy. Our results indicate that biomass burning aerosols led to increases of about 27 % in the gross primary productivity of Amazonia and 10 % in plant respiration as well as a decline in soil respiration of 3 %. Consequently, in our model Amazonia became a net carbon sink; net ecosystem exchange during September 2010 dropped from +101 to −104 TgC when the aerosol effects are considered, mainly due to the aerosol diffuse radiation effect. For the forest biome, our results point to a dominance of the diffuse radiation effect on CO2 fluxes, reaching a balance of 50–50 % between the diffuse and direct aerosol effects for high aerosol loads. For C3 grasses and savanna (cerrado), as expected, the contribution of the diffuse radiation effect is much lower, tending to zero with the increase in aerosol load. Taking all biomes together, our model shows the Amazon during the dry season, in the presence of high biomass burning aerosol loads, changing from being a source to being a sink of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Familienmigration bei Hochqualifizierten: wie intergenerationale Beziehungen das Einleben prägen
Authors: Föbker Stefanie
Published: December 2017

Abstract. This paper addresses family migration amongst highly-skilled professionals. Drawing on the concept of linked lives, it analyses how the linked lives of parents and children affect integration processes after international migration. The article is based on qualitative interviews with highly-skilled migrants and their accompanying partners in Germany and Great Britain. The analysis illustrates how parents try to reestablish stability and security in their children's lives after migration. It reveals common concerns. However, some of the parents' strategies are location-specific. The results indicate that the parents' efforts for their children's integration also have an effect on their own integration. Given the importance of children in the integration process, the paper suggests paying more attention to the children's perspective in future migration research.
Evaluation of different methods to model near-surface turbulent fluxes for a mountain glacier in the Cariboo Mountains, BC, Canada
Authors: Radić Valentina , Menounos Brian , Shea Joseph , Fitzpatrick Noel , Tessema Mekdes A. , Déry Stephen J.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. As part of surface energy balance models used to simulate glacier melting, choosing parameterizations to adequately estimate turbulent heat fluxes is extremely challenging. This study aims to evaluate a set of four aerodynamic bulk methods (labeled as C methods), commonly used to estimate turbulent heat fluxes for a sloped glacier surface, and two less commonly used bulk methods developed from katabatic flow models. The C methods differ in their parameterizations of the bulk exchange coefficient that relates the fluxes to the near-surface measurements of mean wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. The methods' performance in simulating 30 min sensible- and latent-heat fluxes is evaluated against the measured fluxes from an open-path eddy-covariance (OPEC) method. The evaluation is performed at a point scale of a mountain glacier, using one-level meteorological and OPEC observations from multi-day periods in the 2010 and 2012 summer seasons. The analysis of the two independent seasons yielded the same key findings, which include the following: first, the bulk method, with or without the commonly used Monin–Obukhov (M–O) stability functions, overestimates the turbulent heat fluxes over the observational period, mainly due to a substantial overestimation of the friction velocity. This overestimation is most pronounced during the katabatic flow conditions, corroborating the previous findings that the M–O theory works poorly in the presence of a low wind speed maximum. Second, the method based on a katabatic flow model (labeled as the KInt method) outperforms any C method in simulating the friction velocity; however, the C methods outperform the KInt method in simulating the sensible-heat fluxes. Third, the best overall performance is given by a hybrid method, which combines the KInt approach with the C method; i.e., it parameterizes eddy viscosity differently than eddy diffusivity. An error analysis reveals that the uncertainties in the measured meteorological variables and the roughness lengths produce errors in the modeled fluxes that are smaller than the differences between the modeled and observed fluxes. This implies that further advances will require improvement to model theory rather than better measurements of input variables. Further data from different glaciers are needed to investigate any universality of these findings.
The Impact of “Offer for Sale” by Existing Shareholders in an IPO on Initial Aftermarket Performance
Authors: Che Yahya Norliza , Mohd Rashid Ahmad Husni , A. Rahman Ibrahim , Mohd Rashid Siti Norbaya
Published: December 2017

This study examines the impact of “offer for sale” by existing shareholders in an IPO on initial aftermarket performance. The “offer for sale” is measured by the proportion of shares offered to public from the sale of the existing shareholdings against the total number of shares offered during IPO. The “offer for sale” activity suggests that proceed from the shares sold to investors at an IPO would go into the pocket of the existing shareholders. That is, the proceed does not actually meet the goals of the IPO which is to raise fund. The new investors expect new cash inflows for the firm to finance new projects and to secure its sustainable growth. IPO firms that go public mainly through “offer for sale” activity are expected to receive less demand during the IPO from the potential investors. In other words, the investors prefer to invest more in IPO firms that offer entirely newly issued shares rather than those that offer a combination of “public issue” and “offer for sale”. Firms which their shares are offered through “offer for sale” activity are predicted to produce poor initial aftermarket performance relative to firms which their shares are newly issued. Employing a sample of 419 Malaysian IPOs issued from January 2000 to December 2015, regression results of this study reveal that firms which their shares are offered highly through “offer for sale” report poor initial aftermarket performance.
Integrative Medicine as an Adjunct to Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Ficke James R. , Moroski Nathan M. , Ross Steven D. , Gupta Ranjan
Published: December 2017

Patients often seek nontraditional forms of treatment, including alternative/complementary medical options, such as chiropractic care and acupuncture, to meet their personal needs. In the United States, interest has grown in methods to reduce pain and improve function through Ayurvedic medicine, which uses plant-based supplements, such as turmeric. Traditional allopathic medicine attempts to provide patients with evidence-based therapeutic regimens for their musculoskeletal conditions. Integrative medicine often is used to prevent and manage the sequelae associated with injuries and illnesses; however, competitive athletes and military personnel use complementary medicine for performance enhancement. Thus, physicians should be aware of the evolving field of integrative medicine, including the reported benefits as well as any potential drawbacks, to facilitate an educated discussion with their patients.
Prolonged Preoperative Weakness Affects Recovery of Motor Function After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion
Authors: Kreitz Tyler , Huang Ronald , Beck David , Park Andrew G. , Hilibrand Alan
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

Some patients who undergo anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion for radiculopathy or myelopathy demonstrate preoperative weakness. The purpose of this study was to determine which factors predict motor recovery in patients undergoing anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion.

Methods:

A retrospective review of our institutional database identified patients undergoing anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion between 2010 and 2013 with 2 years of clinical follow-up. Patients with substantial weakness, defined as preoperative grade ≤3 (on a scale from 0 to 5) in one or more upper extremity muscle groups, were identified. Regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with persistent postoperative weakness.

Results:

Of the 1,001 patients who were included, 54 (5.4%) demonstrated substantial weakness. By 2 years postoperatively, 47 of 54 patients (87%) demonstrated motor recovery. The duration of preoperative weakness was an independent predictor of recovery (median, 4 months of preoperative weakness among patients with recovery versus 10 months in patients with persistent weakness; P = 0.012).

Discussion:

Duration of preoperative motor weakness is an independent predictor of motor recovery after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion in patients with substantial motor weakness.

Conclusion:

Patients being considered for anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion who have substantial preoperative motor deficits may benefit from earlier surgical intervention.
Numerical Solution of System of Three Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equations Using Implicit Trapezoidal
Authors: Maturi Dalal Adnan , Malaikah Honaida Mohammed
Published: December 2017

In this project, we will be find numerical solution of Volterra Integral Equation of Second kind through using Implicit trapezoidal and that by using Maple 17 program, then we found that numerical solution was highly accurate when it was compared with exact solution.
PREDICTABILITY OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Burnewicz Jan
Published: December 2017

This article is a generalization of the author’s experience gathered when preparing
transport development forecasts in Poland over the past quarter of a century. These
forecasts have proved to be less accurate when prepared using only quantitative
and strictly mathematical methods, and more accurate when the change indicators
have been estimated using the expert (intuitive) method. The problem of inaccuracy
of economic and transport forecasts can be explained by the notion of predictability,
which makes it possible to divide phenomena into those that are more difficult
or easier to predict and to identify phenomena that are not predictable at all.
The existence of unpredictable phenomena has its source in influencing the reality
of systemic determinants and random factors that have no bearing on the timeline.
Predicting the need for transport requires the use of different methods for freight
transport and different methods for the transport and mobility of people. The source
of changes in the volume of the transport demand are predominantly fluctuations
in the intensity of production and consumption, and changes in the need to cover
space and, to a lesser extent, this source is the generation of new demand through
the additional supply of services and transport capacity. Owing to the increasingly
comprehensive statistics from past periods it is possible to establish that the correlation
between the GDP and freight traffic is much weaker than previously thought.
The demand for transport and mobility of people is less dependent on economic
activity, and more dependent on demographic changes, the lifestyle of the population
and the preferences in choosing the means of transport.
THE FITOACCUMULATION OF MOLYBDENUM AND MANGANESE IN ALSIKE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L.) AND GREATER PLANTAIN (PLANTAGO MAJOR L.)
Authors: STOJEK Małgorzata
Published: December 2017

Studies of molybdenum and manganese content in topsoil and plants were carried out in the Beskidy Wschodnie (Carpathians) in area of occurrence of menilite shales and the Otryt sandstones. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of ­molybdenum and manganese in plants and the determination of a bioaccumulation of these two chemical elements in two species of plants (­Trifolium hybridum L. and Plantago major L.). Mo symbols were performed by means of ICP-MS method, and Mn were analyzed by means of ICP-OES method. Result of studies in the Trifolium hybridum L. have shown higher content of Mo in the area of occurence of menilite shales (in leaves – 14 mg/kg) than in the Otryt sandstones (in leaves – 0.30 mg/kg). Most Mn accumulates in leaves (86–257 mg/kg). The bioaccumulate indicator of Mo in individual plant species is different and ranges from 0.13 to 1.13. The highest rate of ­bioaccumulation of molybdenum (1.13) can be observed in Trifolium hybridum L., which inhabits areas of menilite shales.
Classification of different erythrocyte cells by using bioimpedance surface acoustic wave and their sedimentation rates
Authors: Eldosoky Mohamed A. A.
Published: December 2017

Classification of the RBCs with their shapes, volumes and volume fractions is an important indicator for the normality of the healthy body. RBCs in the plasma are simulated electrically as a conductor solution with insulated particles moving through the plasma. Consequently, the impedance of the plasma-RBCs is proportional to the number and the volume of the RBCs within the plasma. This paper presents a new proposed method for studying the characteristics of the RBCs by using a surface acoustic wave sensor. Because of the free motion of the RBCs during the test of the erythrocytes sedimentation rate, the concentration of the RBCs varies from one layer to another. Consequently, the output waveform of the surface acoustic wave sensor changes from one time to another related to the behavior of the RBCs. This method shows its ability to classify not only the volume fraction and volumes of the RBCs, but also the different types of the RBCs.
INFLUÊNCIA DA LUMINOSIDADE E FERTILIZANTES NOS TEORES DE METILXANTINAS E COMPOSTOS FENÓLICOS EM FOLHAS DE ERVA-MATE
Authors: Rossa Überson Boaretto , Angelo Alessandro Camargo , Mazuchowski Jorge Zbigniew , Westphalen Danielle Janaina , Frizon Catia Nara Tobaldini , Martins Carlos Eduardo Nogueira
Published: December 2017

A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) é uma espécie climácica, bastante adaptada ao sombreamento, por isso, cada vez mais cultivada em consórcio com outras espécies madeiráveis, e de forma mais intensiva de que a sua exploração tradicional. Para manter níveis de produtividade adequados é necessário o uso de fertilizantes que deem aporte nutricional às plantas. Os teores de substâncias do metabolismo secundário da planta, como as metilxantinas e os compostos fenólicos, podem ser afetados por esse tipo de manejo mais intensivo, já que o sombreamento e a adubação influenciam a fisiologia da planta. Objetivando a determinação de teores de metilxantinas e compostos fenólicos totais em folhas de erva-mate, produzidas sob luminosidade aparente de 30, 45 e 60%, e fertilização convencional (FC) (N, P2O5 e K2O 15-05-30) e de liberação lenta (N, P2O5 e K2O 15-08-12), foi proposto esse estudo para duas estações de crescimento nos anos de 2011 e 2012. A fertilização da erva-mate associada aos níveis de luminosidade aparente não promoveram o aumento de teores de metilxantinas totais e compostos fenólicos totais. A luminosidade aparente de 30% estabeleceu o melhor indicador para obtenção de metilxantinas, sendo que a fertilização FC apresentou a maior produção de metilxantinas, quando submetida à luminosidade aparente de 30 e 45%. Houve incremento do teor dos compostos fenólicos da estação de crescimento 2011 para 2012 promovido pelos tratamentos fertilizados com FLL e FC sob a luminosidade aparente de 30% e 60%.
MÉTODOS DE RESGATE E IDADES CRONOLÓGICAS DE PLANTAS-MATRIZES NO ENRAIZAMENTO DE BROTAÇÕES EPICÓRMICAS DE Ilex paraguariensis
Authors: Stuepp Carlos André , Bitencourt Juliany de , Wendling Ivar , Koehler Henrique Soares , Ribas Katia Christina Zuffellato
Published: December 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o enraizamento de estacas de brotações epicórmicas provenientes de anelamento e decepa de árvores adultas de erva-mate com 17 e 80 anos, no inverno e verão. O plantio foi realizado em caixas preenchidas com vermiculita e casca de arroz carbonizada 1:1 (v/v) e após 90 dias em casa de vegetação, foram avaliados a porcentagem de enraizamento, o número de raízes, o comprimento médio de raízes, a sobrevivência, os calos e a mortalidade. Estacas provenientes de anelamento de árvores de 17 anos apresentam elevada taxa de enraizamento (88,7%), número (13,3) e comprimento médio de raízes (3,3 cm).
REGENERAÇÃO HERBÁCEA EM ÁREAS DEGRADADAS DE CAATINGA ENRIQUECIDAS COM ÁRVORES NATIVAS
Authors: Figueiredo Juliana Matos , Araújo Joab Medeiros de , Lúcio Assíria Maria Ferreira da Nóbrega , Bakke Ivonete Alves , Bakke Olaf Andreas
Published: December 2017

A recuperação do estrato herbáceo foi avaliada em áreas antropizadas de Caatinga protegidas de pastejo e enriquecidas com árvores nativas, em Patos - PB, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram aleatorizados de acordo com o delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (Sem plantio –T0– ou plantio puro de Poincianella pyramidalis –T1–, Mimosa tenuiflora –T2– ou Cnidoscolus quercifolius –T3– ou misto das três espécies –T4) e cinco repetições de parcelas quadradas de 144 m2 com 36 mudas plantadas em covas no espaçamento 2 m x 2 m e enriquecidas com esterco e fertilizantes. Os dados foram coletados de setembro de 2008 a outubro de 2009. Após este período, ainda não havia regeneração arbórea natural, e as copas das árvores recobriam de 15 a 49% do solo e não afetavam o crescimento e a composição da comunidade herbácea. O estrato herbáceo recobria 16% e 100% do solo no início e final do período experimental, respectivamente, o número das dicotiledôneas herbáceas aumentou de cinco, majoritariamente duas espécies de Sida, para 13 espécies, as monocotiledôneas eram representadas por apenas uma espécie (Aristida sp.), e a quantidade de forragem herbácea atingiu 3 ton/ha (2:1, dicot:monocot). Parcelas adjacentes superpastejadas mantiveram os baixos níveis de cobertura e composição da comunidade herbácea. O acesso controlado de herbívoros por um ano permitiu o aumento da cobertura do solo e da diversidade de plantas em sítios degradados de Caatinga nos quais mudas plantadas de espécies arbóreas se estabeleceram com sucesso. Esta prática de manejo poderia ser implantada para evitar mais degradação ambiental e recuperar áreas degradadas.
ESTRUTURA DA ASSEMBLEIA DE SCOLYTINAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) EM AREAS FLORESTADAS COM Eucalyptus spp. NO SUL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Wollmann Jutiane , Garcia Mauro Silveira , Flechtmann Carlos Alberto Hector , Finkenauer Elder , Garcia Flávio Roberto Mello
Published: December 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o conhecimento da assembleia de besouros Scolytinae associada a plantios de eucalipto no sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e determinar espécies de importância à cultura. Amostras quinzenais foram retiradas de cinco fazendas da Fibria Celulose S/A, florestadas com Eucalyptus spp., no período de fevereiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010, com armadilhas de interceptação de voo iscadas com etanol a 95%. Foram coletados 7.365 exemplares em 76 espécies, 18 gêneros e sete tribos. Corthylini, representada pelos gêneros Corthylus, Monarthum, Amphicranus, Metacorthylus, Microcorthylus e Tricolus e Xyleborini, por Ambrosiodmus, Dryocoetoides, Xyleborinus, Xyleborus e Xylosandrus foram as tribos mais representativas, com 42,1% e 31,6% espécies, respectivamente. Xylosandrus retusus e Xyleborinus saxeseni foram as espécies mais abundantes com 52,64% e 27,98% do total de espécimes amostradas, seguida por Corthylus antennarius, com 4,15% besouros coletados. Quinze espécies foram comuns a todos os locais, incluindo Xyleborus ferrugineus, considerada praga desta cultura, enquanto 25 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente em apenas um local. A fazenda Cerro Alegre apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies e maior quantidade de espécies exclusivas; São Manoel demonstrou o maior índice de diversidade e equitabilidade; Aroeira teve a maior frequência de Scolytinae e São Francisco evidenciou a maior abundância e dominância. O estudo das assembleias de Scolytinae evidenciou o predomínio das espécies Xylosandrus retusus e Xyleborinus saxeseni em todos os ambientes estudados.
MICORRIZAS ARBUSCULARES E FOSFATO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE CEDRO-AUSTRALIANO
Authors: Silva Emanuela Pille da , Ferreira Paulo Ademar Avelar , Furtini-Neto Antônio Eduardo , Soares Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa
Published: December 2017

O cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem var. australis) é uma espécie que tem apresentado potencial de utilização florestal no Brasil. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a resposta de mudas de cedro-australiano à inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) em diferentes doses de fósforo (P). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 8 x 2, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na inoculação de sete espécies de FMA: Rhizophagus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Racocetra gregaria, Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora morrowiae, Gigaspora margarita e Dentiscutata heterogama, além de um tratamento sem inoculação; sendo submetidos a duas doses de fosfato, 25 e 250 mg dm-3 que equivaleram a teores de 10,7 e 41,3 mg dm-3 P no solo, respectivamente. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, esporulação, altura, diâmetro, matéria seca da parte aérea e acúmulo de nutrientes, 150 dias após o transplantio. Houve diferença em função das doses de P e dos isolados nas variáveis avaliadas. Os isolados Claroideoglomus etunicatum e Acaulospora colombiana beneficiaram o crescimento e a absorção de nutrientes do cedro-australiano em baixa disponibilidade de P, enquanto que Acaulospora morrowiae se mostrou mais promissor em solos com maior disponibilidade desse nutriente. Esses isolados proporcionam elevada colonização micorrízica no cedro, favorecendo a produção de mudas de qualidade com vistas ao estabelecimento e produtividade de plantios comerciais.
COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DA MADEIRA DE Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud.
Authors: Wille Vania Karine Dick , Wastowski Arci Dirceu , Pedrazzi Cristiane , Sauer Michele Pokulat
Published: December 2017

Há variações nas composições químicas, físicas e na anatomia da madeira, entre espécies e também dentro da mesma espécie, as quais variam significativamente com a altura do tronco e na direção da medula até a casca. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a composição química da madeira de Cordia trichotoma. Foram analisadas três árvores, coletadas na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, das quais foi retirado um disco de madeira localizado próximo da base. Quantificou-se o teor de cinzas e de extrativos pela norma TAPPI e o óleo essencial foi extraído usando o método por arraste de vapor. Também foram determinados os elementos químicos presentes nas amostras de madeira, na sua forma natural, e moída, por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva –EDXRF. A madeira de Cordia trichotoma apresentou teores médios de cinzas e de extrativos totais de 1,39% e 28,22%, respectivamente. Na composição química do óleo essencial foi possível a identificação de dois principais componentes do óleo o α-cadinol e do α-muurolol. Os elementos minerais mais abundantes foram o potássio, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, enxofre e silício. O ferro foi o elemento com menor concentração encontrado na madeira pela técnica de análise utilizada.
La Orden de Santiago en época Trastámara: un repaso historiográfico (1971-2017)
Authors: Plaza Pedroche Milagros
Published: December 2017

En el presente artículo se concede atención al desarrollo de la producción historiográfica referente a la Orden de Santiago en el ámbito castellanoleonés y en el periodo comprendido entre 1350 y 1500. En él se realiza un balance que permite conocer los vacíos informativos que todavía perviven dentro de este campo y las líneas de investigación que de cara al futuro se abren a los medievalistas. 
Más allá del Duero: la Guerra de Sucesión en Extremadura (1475-1477)
Authors: Rodríguez Casillas Carlos
Published: December 2017

El estudio de las campañas militares que acontecieron en el marco de los primeros años de la Guerra de Sucesión castellana de 1475 se ha realizado, de forma tradicional, en base a la actividad bélica que los protagonistas de este conflicto desplegaron en el valle del Duero. Es por ello que, mediante este estudio, trataremos de poner de relieve la importancia que tuvieron los territorios de la periferia de Castilla en esta primera fase del conflicto. Para ello, vamos a tomar como referente lo ocurrido entre los años de 1475 y 1477 en uno de los frentes más violentos de este enfrentamiento, como fue el caso de la frontera luso-extremeña.
"Del qual tenim loch". Leonor de Sicilia y el origen de la lugartenencia femenina en la Corona de Aragón
Authors: Ruiz Domingo Lledó
Published: December 2017

Durante la Baja Edad Media algunas reinas consortes de la Corona de Aragón ejercieron la Lugartenencia real, un cargo gubernamental por el cual ocupaban la posición propia de su marido, convirtiéndose en su alter ego. En el presente artículo pretendemos esclarecer los detalles de la primera Lugartenencia ejercida por una reina en la Corona de Aragón, dilucidar los motivos de su elección y la importancia que tendría para los posteriores monarcas.
Instalaciones y recursos educativos para la educación musical, según la representación social de los estudiantes chilenos
Authors: Angel-Alvarado Rolando , Lira Cerda Pablo
Published: December 2017

En América Latina, la sala de música es casi inexistente en las escuelas de la mayoría de los países. En este escenario, Chile aparece como una excepción, aunque no necesariamente da cuenta de una democratización de la educación musical ya que tan sólo dos de cada cinco estudiantes asisten a escuelas que poseen un aula condicionada para el desarrollo de la clase de música. Así, la presente investigación tiene por objetivo establecer si existen diferencias en la representación social que los estudiantes que asisten a las escuelas públicas de Chile han construido sobre la implementación escolar para la educación musical. La metodología responde al diseño cuantitativo no experimental, utilizando un muestreo probabilístico de tipo aleatorio estratificado porque los sujetos asisten a escuelas públicas dependientes de las Corporación de Educación del Municipio de San Fernando. Los resultados demuestran que hay diferencias significativas en la representación social de los sujetos hacia la implementación escolar para la educación musical, tanto por la localización demográfica de las escuelas como por el nivel educativo de los estudiantes. Se concluye que el sistema público educacional chileno ha postergado la formación integral de la persona a tal punto, que la educación musical se ha transformado en una actividad fútil en el currículo escolar.
CREACIÓN ESPONTÁNEA E IMPROVISACIÓN. APROXIMACIONES DESDE LAS ARTES A LA MÚSICA
Authors: Peñalver Vilar José María
Published: December 2017

El objeto de estudio del artículo consiste en definir y concretar los elementos implicados en el proceso creativo de la improvisación musical. Se realiza una aproximación desde lo general a lo concreto, desde diversas manifestaciones artísticas a la música y, finalmente, se presenta como resultado una valoración propia como jazzman. Los contenidos se abordan a modo de reflexión crítica realizando una revisión bibliográfica y empleando una metodología descriptiva y analítica en torno a la creación musical espontánea. Respecto al concepto de improvisación definimos sus cualidades y elaboramos una definición propia del término presentando dos hipótesis que, probablemente, den lugar a una investigación más exhaustiva: 1) La relación que existe entre la “cualidad adquirida” en la improvisación con el reflejo condicionado de Pávlov; 2) La teoría que sostiene que el improvisador emplea, de manera espontánea, los mismos recursos compositivos que la composición tradicional.Palabras clave: Improvisación, procesos artísticos, improvisación musical, reflejo condicionado.
NATURA 2000 U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI: DOKLE SMO STIGLI?
Authors: Milanović Đorđije , Stupar Vladimir , Kulijer Dejan , Kotrošan Dražen , Hamzić Adem
Published: December 2017

Rad razmatra problematiku ispunjavanja obaveza Bosne i Hercegovine u oblasti zaštite prirode na njenomevropskom putu. Naročita pažnja pridaje se analizi rezultata četiri do sada sprovedena projektakoja se tiču procesa uspostavljanja evropske ekološke mreže Natura 2000 u BiH. Na bazi svih relevantnihnaučnih i stručnih podataka rad daje reviziju referentne liste vrsta sa Aneksa II Direktive o staništima iAneksa I Direktive o pticama, kao i reviziju liste staništa sa Aneksa I Direktive o staništima, značajnih zaizdvajanje budućih Natura 2000 područja na teritoriji države. Biljna vrsta Himantoglossum adriaticumBaumann, značajna za Evropsku uniju, prikazuje se kao nova za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Predložena revidiranareferentna lista vrsta broji 238 vrsta od čega 11 nije pominjano ni u jednoj dosadašnjoj referentnojlisti, a neki ranije razmatrani taksoni i stanišni tipovi su izbrisani sa liste. Na kraju, rad ustanovljava nekenedostatke prijedloga mreže Natura 2000 u BiH i daje glavne smjernice kako bi ovaj važan proces trebaobiti nastavljen.
HYDRUS (2d/3d) simulation of water flow through sandy loam soil under potato cultivation in Southern Manitoba
Authors: Mante Afua , Sri Ranjan Ramanathan
Published: December 2017

The HYDRUS (2D/3D) modeling tool was used to simulate water flow through subsurface-drained sandy loam soil under potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivation in Southern Manitoba. The model was used to simulate water flow through a 2-D model domain of dimensions, 15 m width Ã 2.5 m depth. The model was calibrated and validated with field data measured during the growing season of year 2011 at the Hespler Farms, Winkler, Manitoba. Field measurements, including soil water content and watertable depth, for two test plots under subsurface free drainage were used for the calibration and validation. Weather data were also obtained to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration, which was used as input data in the model. Based on the reference crop evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient of the potato crop, the actual crop evapotranspiration was estimated and compared to the simulated actual crop evapotranspiration results. The results showed that the model was able to account for 50% to 78% of the variation in the estimated actual crop evapotranspiration. With respect to water flow through the soil, the observed soil water content and the simulated soil water content were compared using graphical and quantitative analysis. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2), the model accounted for 68% to 89% variation in the observed data. The intercept of the regression line varied from 0.01 to 0.08, and the slope, 0.75 to 0.99. The NashâSutcliffe modeling efficiency coefficient (NSE) varied from 0.62-0.89, the Percent bias (PBIAS) values varied from -1.99% to 1.16%. The root mean square error-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) values varied from 0.33 to 0.61. The values for the evaluation parameters show that the model was able to simulate the water flow through the soil profile reasonably well.
Phenotypic diversity and temporal variability in a bacterial signaling network revealed by single-cell FRET
Authors: Keegstra Johannes M , Kamino Keita , Anquez François , Lazova Milena D , Emonet Thierry , Shimizu Thomas S
Published: December 2017

We present in vivo single-cell FRET measurements in the Escherichia coli chemotaxis system that reveal pervasive signaling variability, both across cells in isogenic populations and within individual cells over time. We quantify cell-to-cell variability of adaptation, ligand response, as well as steady-state output level, and analyze the role of network design in shaping this diversity from gene expression noise. In the absence of changes in gene expression, we find that single cells demonstrate strong temporal fluctuations. We provide evidence that such signaling noise can arise from at least two sources: (i) stochastic activities of adaptation enzymes, and (ii) receptor-kinase dynamics in the absence of adaptation. We demonstrate that under certain conditions, (ii) can generate giant fluctuations that drive signaling activity of the entire cell into a stochastic two-state switching regime. Our findings underscore the importance of molecular noise, arising not only in gene expression but also in protein networks.
A picorna-like virus suppresses the N-end rule pathway to inhibit apoptosis
Authors: Wang Zhaowei , Xia Xiaoling , Yang Xueli , Zhang Xueyi , Liu Yongxiang , Wu Di , Fang Yuan , Liu Yujie , Xu Jiuyue , Qiu Yang , Zhou Xi
Published: December 2017

The N-end rule pathway is an evolutionarily conserved proteolytic system that degrades proteins containing N-terminal degradation signals called N-degrons, and has emerged as a key regulator of various processes. Viruses manipulate diverse host pathways to facilitate viral replication and evade antiviral defenses. However, it remains unclear if viral infection has any impact on the N-end rule pathway. Here, using a picorna-like virus as a model, we found that viral infection promoted the accumulation of caspase-cleaved Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1) by inducing the degradation of N-terminal amidohydrolase 1 (NTAN1), a key N-end rule component that identifies N-degron to initiate the process. The virus-induced NTAN1 degradation is independent of polyubiquitylation but dependent on proteasome. Furthermore, the virus-induced N-end rule pathway suppression inhibits apoptosis and benefits viral replication. Thus, our findings demonstrate that a virus can suppress the N-end rule pathway, and uncover a new mechanism for virus to evade apoptosis.
Introgression between ecologically distinct species following increased salinity in the Colorado Delta- Worldwide implications for impacted estuary diversity
Authors: Lau Clive L.F. , Jacobs David K.
Published: December 2017

We investigate hybridization and introgression between ecologically distinct sister species of silverside fish in the Gulf of California through combined analysis of morphological, sequence, and genotypic data. Water diversions in the past century turned the Colorado River Delta from a normal estuary to a hypersaline inverse estuary, raising concerns for the local fauna, much of which is endangered. Salinity differences are known to generate ecological species pairs and we anticipated that loss of the fresher-water historic salinity regime could alter the adaptive factors maintaining distinction between the broadly distributed Gulf-endemicColpichthys regisand the narrowly restricted Delta-endemicColpichthys hubbsi, the species that experienced dramatic environmental change. In this altered environmental context, these long-isolated species (as revealed by Cytochromebsequences) show genotypic (RAG1, microsatellites) evidence of active hybridization where the species ranges abut, as well as directional introgression fromC. regisinto the range center ofC. hubbsi. Bayesian group assignment (STRUCTURE) on six microsatellite loci and multivariate analyses (DAPC) on both microsatellites and phenotypic data further support substantial recent admixture between the sister species. Although we find no evidence for recent population decline inC. hubbsibased on mitochondrial sequence, introgression may be placing an ancient ecological species at risk of extinction. Such introgressive extinction risk should also pertain to other ecological species historically sustained by the now changing Delta environment. More broadly, salinity gradient associated ecological speciation is evident in silverside species pairs in many estuarine systems around the world. Ecological species pairs among other taxa in such systems are likely poorly understood or cryptic. As water extraction accelerates in river systems worldwide, salinity gradients will necessarily be altered, impacting many more estuary and delta systems. Such alteration of habitats will place biodiversity at risk not only from direct effects of habitat destruction, but also from the potential for the breakdown of ecological species. Thus, evolutionary response to the anthropogenic alteration of salinity gradients in estuaries merits investigation as the number of impacted systems increases around the globe, permitting parallel study of multiple systems, while also permitting a conservation management response to help preserve this little championed component of biodiversity.
Substitutions into amino acids that are pathogenic in human mitochondrial proteins are more frequent in lineages closely related to human than in distant lineages
Authors: Klink Galya V. , Golovin Andrey V. , Bazykin Georgii A.
Published: December 2017

Propensities for different amino acids within a protein site change in the course of evolution, so that an amino acid deleterious in a particular species may be acceptable at the same site in a different species. Here, we study the amino acid-changing variants in human mitochondrial genes, and analyze their occurrence in non-human species. We show that substitutions giving rise to such variants tend to occur in lineages closely related to human more frequently than in more distantly related lineages, indicating that a human variant is more likely to be deleterious in more distant species. Unexpectedly, substitutions giving rise to amino acids that correspond to alleles pathogenic in humans also more frequently occur in more closely related lineages. Therefore, a pathogenic variant still tends to be more acceptable in human mitochondria than a variant that may only be fit after a substantial perturbation of the protein structure.
Long‐Term Drainage Reduces CO2 Uptake and CH4 Emissions in a Siberian Permafrost Ecosystem
Authors: Kittler Fanny , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergei , Göckede Mathias
Published: December 2017

Permafrost landscapes in northern high latitudes with their massive organic carbon stocks are an important, poorly known, component of the global carbon cycle. However, in light of future Arctic warming, the sustainability of these carbon pools is uncertain. To a large part, this is due to a limited understanding of the carbon cycle processes because of sparse observations in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. Here we present an eddy covariance data set covering more than 3 years of continuous CO2 and CH4 flux observations within a moist tussock tundra ecosystem near Chersky in north‐eastern Siberia. Through parallel observations of a disturbed (drained) area and a control area nearby, we aim to evaluate the long‐term effects of a persistently lowered water table on the net vertical carbon exchange budgets and the dominating biogeochemical mechanisms. Persistently drier soils trigger systematic shifts in the tundra ecosystem carbon cycle patterns. Both, uptake rates of CO2 and emissions of CH4 decreased. Year‐round measurements emphasize the importance of the non‐growing season—in particular the “zero‐curtain” period in the fall—to the annual budget. Approximately 60% of the CO2 uptake in the growing season is lost during the cold seasons, while CH4 emissions during the non‐growing season account for 30% of the annual budget. Year‐to‐year variability in temperature conditions during the late growing season was identified as the primary control of the interannual variability observed in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes.
Collapse of Granular Columns With Fractal Particle Size Distribution: Implications for Understanding the Role of Small Particles in Granular Flows
Authors: Lai Zhiqiang , Vallejo Luis E. , Zhou Wei , Ma Gang , Espitia Jairo M. , Caicedo Bernardo , Chang Xiaolin
Published: December 2017

According to field measurements, the basic character of the particle size distributions obtained from the landslide accumulations is fractal. The collapse of the granular columns with fractal particle size distribution (FPSD) is performed numerically and experimentally to form dry granular flows and the mechanism of how FPSD affects the particle movements is then investigated. Numerical and experimental analyses show that particle flow mobility increases as the fractal dimension increases. Several linear relationships exist between the fractal dimension and flow mobility parameters. By analyzing the kinetics of granular flows, it is found that a large number of small‐sized particles will form a boundary layer where the particle shearing and velocities are remarkably increased and will thus have a lubricant effect on the flow mobility. Moreover, the number of particle collisions increases, and small‐sized particles are more likely to obtain higher spreading velocities via the greater contribution of particle interactions.
Unexpected Occurrence of Mesospheric Frontal Gravity Wave Events Over South Pole (90°S)
Authors: Pautet P.‐D. , Taylor M. J. , Snively J. B. , Solorio C.
Published: December 2017

Since 2010, Utah State University has operated an infrared Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole station to investigate the upper atmosphere dynamics and temperature deep within the vortex. A surprising number of “frontal” gravity wave events (86) were recorded in the mesospheric OH(3,1) band intensity and rotational temperature images (typical altitude of ~87 km) during four austral winters (2012–2015). These events are gravity waves (GWs) characterized by a sharp leading wave front followed by a quasi‐monochromatic wave train that grows with time. A particular subset of frontal gravity wave events has been identified in the past (Dewan & Picard, 1998) as “bores.” These are usually associated with wave ducting within stable mesospheric inversion layers, which allow them to propagate over very large distances. They have been observed on numerous occasions from low‐latitude and midlatitude sites, but to date, very few have been reported at high latitudes. This study provides new analyses of the characteristics of frontal events at high latitudes and shows that most of them are likely ducted. The occurrence of these frontal GW events over this isolated region strongly supports the existence of horizontally extensive mesospheric thermal inversion layers over Antarctica, leading to regions of enhanced stability necessary for GW trapping and ducting.