bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantizing Earth surface deformations
Authors: Bowin C. O. , Yi W. , Rosson R. D. , Bolmer T. S. , Sass W. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The global analysis of Bowin (2010) used the global 14 absolute Euler pole set (62 Myr history) from Gripp and Gordon (1990) and demonstrated that plate tectonics conserves angular momentum. We herein extend that analysis using the more detailed Bird (2003) 52 present-day Euler pole set (relative to a fixed Pacific plate) for the Earth's surface, after conversion to absolute Euler poles. Additionally, new analytical results now provide new details on upper mantle mass anomalies in the outer 200 km of the Earth, as well as an initial quantizing of surface deformations.
Intervention for Access-Induced Ischemia: Which Option is the Best?
Authors: Thermann Florian
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Access-induced ischemia is a rare but important surgical complication with potentially devastating long-term results. The question remains which therapeutic option is the best for the different forms of ischemia.

Method

A review of the literature concerning access-induced ischemia (classification, treatment) was performed; furthermore, our own experience of more than 300 cases with ischemia was discussed.

Results

There are four different stages of dialysis access-induced ischemia syndrome (DAIIS) that need adequate treatment: stage I conservatively, stage II fistula banding, stage III proximalization operation or distal revascularization interval ligation and stage IV closure of the access.

Discussion

According to the many publications and to our own experience, there are good therapeutic options for many of the patients with DAIIS. However, in case of extended lesions/gangrene, closure of the access should be discussed in time before major amputation becomes necessary.
Neurological Complications of Vascular Access
Authors: Gibbons Christopher P.
Published: March 2015

Neurological problems are common in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Over 60% of patients will suffer from symptoms of underlying polyneuropathy due to uraemia or diabetes. Others will have subclinical disease demonstrable by nerve conduction studies.

Nerve injury following haemodialysis access surgery is underreported. However, sensory nerve lesions are probably common after most vascular access procedures but are rarely debilitating.

Nerve compression syndromes such as carpal tunnel and ulnar compression syndromes are common, especially in patients who have been on dialysis for some years and at least some of these are related to or exacerbated by the access. Recognition is essential as they are eminently treatable by decompression surgery. Tourniquet use appears to be safe for carpal tunnel or ulnar nerve decompression surgery.

Ischaemic monomelic neuropathy (IMN) is rare but follows a period of ischaemia during or as a result of access surgery, most commonly to construct a brachial arteriovenous fistula or graft. It is characterised by intense pain, out of proportion to any ischaemia, involves all of the upper limb nerves and may progress to involve the motor nerves eventually resulting in a useless clawed hand. It requires prompt treatment of any residual ischaemia after access creation, if necessary by access ligation, as in the established syndrome, like the even rarer complication of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, it is very difficult to offer any useful treatment other than symptomatic relief and physiotherapy.
Balloon Angioplasty for Low-Flow Access
Authors: Rajan Dheeraj K.
Published: March 2015

The common mechanism for low access flow is intimal hyperplasia leading to stenosis within the access circuit. Balloon angioplasty (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, PTA) remains the mainstay of treatment despite multiple technologies introduced in the past. New technologies continue to be introduced in an effort to improve on outcomes of angioplasty. This article briefly reviews the use of and outcomes of PTA, technologies, past, present and future as well as some of the questions that remain unanswered with PTA.
Update on Cannulation Techniques
Authors: Twardowski Zbylut J.
Published: March 2015

There are two methods of fistula cannulation for hemodialysis. The first, different site or rope-ladder cannulation method, established by originators of the arteriovenous fistula as a blood access for hemodialysis in 1966, relies on changing the puncture sites for each dialysis. The second, constant site or buttonhole method, developed several years later, recommends using the same puncture sites for consecutive dialyses. The first method is prevailing at present, but the second method is becoming more and more popular. The major advantage of this buttonhole method is lower cannulation pain, fewer fistula complications, with the exception of fistula infection, which is more common in some studies. This method is more difficult and requires experienced single cannulator to establish good puncture sites. Home hemodialysis patients using single cannulator, the patient or helper, have better results with this method. Busy dialysis centers with high rotation of cannulators do not have as good results and prefer the rope-ladder method.
Organisation of a Radiological Vascular access Unit
Authors: Kamper Lars , Haage Patrick
Published: March 2015

An interventional vascular access unit is usually part of an interdisciplinary centre, including departments of nephrology, vascular surgery, angiology and interventional radiology. We present recommendations on quality control, equipment and diagnostic and interventional techniques for the treatment of vascular access insufficiency.
Influence of Drugs on Arteriovenous Vascular access Dysfunction
Authors: Lee Timmy , Lok Charmaine E.
Published: March 2015

Vascular access dysfunction, due to venous stenosis at the vein-artery anastomosis in arteriovenous fistulas and vein-graft anastomosis in synthetic arteriovenous grafts, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. The two overarching approaches to prevent and treat vascular access dysfunction are from systemic or local (including endovascular and perivascular) routes. However, there are currently very few effective therapies to treat vascular access dysfunction. This article will review major studies evaluating systemic, endovascular, and perivascular therapies for vascular access dysfunction. Ongoing research to evaluate novel innovations to prevent and/or manage vascular access dysfunction appears promising.
Upper Limb Grafts for Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Shemesh David , Goldin Ilya , Verstandig Anthony , Berelowitz Daniel , Zaghal Ibrahim , Olsha Oded
Published: March 2015

Arteriovenous (AV) grafts are required for hemodialysis access when options for native fistulas have been fully exhausted, where they continue to play an important role in hemodialysis patients, offering a better alternative to central vein catheters. When planning autogenous accesses using Doppler ultrasound, adequate arterial inflow and venous outflow must be consciously preserved for future access creation with grafts. Efforts to improve graft patency include changing graft configuration, graft biology and hemodynamics. Industry offers early cannulation grafts to reduce central catheter use and a bioengineered graft is undergoing clinical studies. Although the outcome of AV grafts is inferior to fistulas, grafts can provide long-term hemodialysis access that is a better alternative to central venous catheters. AV grafts have significant drawbacks, mainly poor patency, infection and cost but also have some advantages: early maturation, ease of creation and needling and widespread availability. The outcome of AV graft surgery is variable from center to center. The primary patency rate for AV grafts is 58% at 6 months and the secondary patency rate is 76% at 6 months and 55% at 18 months. There are centers of excellence that report a 1 year secondary patency rate of up to 91%. In this review of the use of AV grafts for hemodialysis access in the upper extremities, technical issues involved in planning the access and performing the surgery in its different configurations are discussed and the role of surveillance and maintenance with their attendant surgical and radiological interventions is described.
Type of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter and Outcomes
Authors: Gallieni Maurizio , Giordano Antonino , Pinerolo Cristina , Cariati Maurizio
Published: March 2015

In peritoneal dialysis (PD), a well-functioning catheter is of great importance, because a dysfunctional catheter may be associated with incidence of peritonitis, efficiency of dialysis, and to the overall quality of treatment, representing one of the main barriers to optimal use of PD. When considering the relationship between PD catheter type and outcomes, we should keep in mind the different types of available PD catheters, those that are most commonly used in clinical practice, and the available head-to-head comparisons in the literature. The main differences in PD catheter design include the number of cuffs, the shape of subcutaneous tract (straight vs. swan neck), and the shape of intraperitoneal tract (straight vs. coiled).

The availability of the best catheter design and materials, along with a skillful management of PD access, may have the greatest impact on long-term patient outcome on PD. It is now established that the use of straight catheters may improve outcomes and technique survival, but further advances in PD catheter technology can potentially improve technique survival. The self-locating PD catheter is a well established device that has not been fully studied and it may represent, based on the available observational evidence and on the clinical experience, an already existing technological advance deserving further studies.
Patient Safety: The Doctor's Perspective
Authors: Shemesh David , Olsha Oded , Goldin Ilya , Danin Sigalit
Published: March 2015

Medical errors can be defined as the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. Beyond their economic cost and their cost in human lives, errors cause loss of trust in the healthcare system by patients and diminished satisfaction by both patients and health professionals. There are many evidence-based safety-oriented behaviours and interventions that are easily implemented, such as ultrasound-guided central venous catheter insertion, prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection and more. In vascular access, the development of research in patient safety has raised a variety of issues requiring study in order to provide the optimal patient safety approach. Patients are major contributors to their own safety, and as such, physicians should develop a new approach to involve them in the cycle of decision making through every step of their treatment. There are many opportunities along this path for the patient to be engaged in safety behaviours and for the access team to ensure such behaviours by employing simple strategies. The advent of the access centre, based on multidisciplinary teamwork, has enhanced the potential to improve patient safety by prevention of errors in planning and performing access surgery, avoiding delay in treatment of access malfunction and improving communication between the team members. However, a significant effort in research is still needed in order to implement intervention by evidence-based data focused on patient safety.
Simulation in Vascular access Surgery Training
Authors: Widmer Lukas Werner , Schmidli Jürg , Widmer Matthias Kurt , Wyss Thomas Rudolf
Published: March 2015

Rapidly growing technical developments and working time constraints call for changes in trainee formation. In reality, trainees spend fewer hours in the hospital and face more difficulties in acquiring the required qualifications in order to work independently as a specialist. Simulation-based training is a potential solution. It offers the possibility to learn basic technical skills, repeatedly perform key steps in procedures and simulate challenging scenarios in team training. Patients are not at risk and learning curves can be shortened. Advanced learners are able to train rare complications. Senior faculty member's presence is key to assess and debrief effective simulation training. In the field of vascular access surgery, simulation models are available for open as well as endovascular procedures. In this narrative review, we describe the theory of simulation, present simulation models in vascular (access) surgery, discuss the possible benefits for patient safety and the difficulties of implementing simulation in training.
Vascular access Creation and Maintenance in the USA
Authors: Vachharajani Neeta , Wise Paul , Klingensmith Mary , Jaques David , Shenoy Surendra
Published: March 2015

Exponential growth and increasing longevity of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has resulted in significant ongoing changes in vascular access (VA) planning and management in the United States. There is a positive trend showing an increase in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) prevalence both in incident and prevalent patients and a decrease in tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) in prevalent patients. Current surgical training seems to provide adequate exposure to VA and an ample opportunity to develop skills required for safe surgical placement of VA. The prevalent differences in practice patterns suggest a need for standardization of VA care. There is a need for a structured curriculum in VA, which is a critical component in making sound decisions in access planning and management.
Revision Techniques for Failed PD Catheters: Outcome in a University Hospital
Authors: Peppelenbosch Arnoud Gerardus , van Laanen Jorinde , Cornelis Tom , de Graaf Rick , Mees Barend , Tordoir Jan
Published: March 2015

Purpose

A disfunctioning peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter has been reported in upto 35%. We report different salvage techniques used and its outcome.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our database on PD patients from 2009 to 2014. Operational data and data on PD catheter function were checked.

Results

From 2009 to 2014, we operated on 32 patients. Malfunction of their PD catheter was found in 23 patients and hernias in nine patients. Different laparoscopic techniques were used, including reposition of the catheter, fixation of the catheter, removal of adhesions and omentectomy. Of these 23 patients, 18 (78%) had a normal functioning catheter after the operation. Nine patients of the total of 32 patients had a correction of their hernia. In all cases, a non-absorbable mesh was used. Of those nine patients with a hernia, eight (89%) had a normal functioning catheter after the procedure.

Conclusions

The salvage of the catheter by means of a laparoscopic procedure or correction of a hernia is worthwhile and can save up to 81% of the catheters.
Key Points for Patient Safety in Dialysis Access
Authors: Widmer Matthias K. , Schwappach David , Schmidli Jürg , Wyss Thomas R.
Published: March 2015

For more than 15 years, patient safety has been an issue in different domains of medicine. There is evidence for this subject and also a great need for information. First, we should be familiar with the basic terminology such as the relationship between adverse events and errors, and understand the variations of error. In patient management, besides skills and knowledge (evidence-based medicine), the ability (competence) of healthcare professionals to act and react in unexpected situations is key to prevent and treat adverse events. Not only healthcare professionals should be involved in the process but also healthy people in a way that they understand and patients in a way that they are actively involved. This paper will show how a more general view of patient safety can and should be implemented in the daily work of caregivers dealing with dialysis access in different aspects. A key factor to advance in this subject is to be open-minded and sensualized for this topic. The reader should get an idea of how an institution can create a culture of safety.
New Technology: Heparin and Antimicrobial-Coated Catheters
Authors: Ibeas-Lopez Jose
Published: March 2015

Although tunneled hemodialysis catheter must be considered the last option for vascular access, it is necessary in some circumstances in the dialysis patient. Thrombosis and infections are the main causes of catheter-related comorbidity. Fibrin sheath, intimately related with the biofilm, is the precipitating factor of this environment, determining catheter patency and patient morbidity. Its association with bacterial overgrowth and thrombosis has led to the search of multiple preventive measures. Among them is the development of catheter coatings to prevent thrombosis and infections. There are two kinds of treatments to cover the catheter surface: antithrombotic and antimicrobial coatings. In nondialysis-related settings, mainly in intensive care units, both have been shown to be efficient in the prevention of catheter-related infection. This includes heparin, silver, chlorhexidine, rifampicine and minocycline. In hemodialysis population, however, few studies on surface-treated catheters have been made and they do not provide evidence that shows complication reduction. The higher effectiveness of coatings in nontunneled catheters may depend on the short average life of these devices. Hemodialysis catheters need to be used over long periods of time and require clinical trials to show effectiveness of coatings over long periods. This also means greater knowledge of biofilm etiopathogeny and fibrin sheath development.
Blasfemie in de huidige context
Authors: Doomen Jasper , van Schaik Mirjam
Published: March 2015

Blasfemie in de huidige context

In this article, we inquire the merits of criminalizing blasphemy. We argue that religious views do not warrant a separate treatment compared to nonreligious ones. In addition, freedom of speech must be balanced against the interest of those who may be aggrieved by blasphemous remarks. We conclude that penalizing blasphemy is undesirable. It is fortunate, in that light, that acts of blasphemy have recently been decriminalized in The Netherlands by removing blasphemy as an offense from the Criminal Code. Still, other provisions appear to leave enough room to reach the same result, making the removal a possibly virtually aesthetic change. In the international context, it would be regrettable for The Netherlands to forgo the opportunity to take a leading role.
Moral Quality in Adjudication: On Judicial Virtues and Civic Friendship
Authors: van Domselaar Iris
Published: March 2015

Moral Quality in Adjudication: On Judicial Virtues and Civic Friendship

How best to account for moral quality in adjudication? This article proposes a six-pack of judicial virtues as part of a truly virtue-centred approach to adjudication. These virtues are presented as both constitutive and indispensible for realizing moral quality in adjudication. In addition, it will be argued that in order to honour the inherent relational dimension of adjudication a judge should not only possess these judicial virtues to a sufficient degree, he should also have the attitude of a civic friend. The Aristotelian concept of civic friendship will be proposed as an important complement to a virtue-ethical approach to adjudication.
Freedom of Religion and the Politics of the Liberal Public-Private Divide
Authors: Augenstein Daniel
Published: March 2015

Freedom of Religion and the Politics of the Liberal Public-Private Divide

The article considers the role of the liberal public-private divide in protecting religious minorities against national-majoritarian assault. It links the defence of the public-private divide to liberal neutrality and argues that it rests on two distinct propositions: that the distinction between the ’public sphere’ and the ’private sphere’ is a meaningful way to cognize and structure modern pluralistic societies; and that there is a meaningful way to distinguish what is or ought to be ‘public’ from what is or ought to be ‘private.’ While the latter proposition cannot be defended on grounds of liberal neutrality, the former proposition provides the institutional framework for conducting liberal politics by enabling the negotiation of the public and the private between national majorities and religious minorities as members of the same political community.
Conceptual Kinematic Design and Performance Evaluation of a Chameleon-Like Service Robot for Space Stations
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco , Li Hui , Carbone Giuseppe , Huang Qiang
Published: March 2015

In this paper a conceptual kinematic design of a chameleon-like robot with proper mobility capacity is presented for service applications in space stations as result of design considerations with biomimetic inspiration by looking at chameleons. Requirements and characteristics are discussed with the aim to identify design problems and operation features. A study of feasibility is described through performance evaluation by using simulations for a basic operation characterization.
Pressure Management and Electric Power Production Using Pumps as Turbines
Authors: Jafari Rahim , Khanjani Mohammad Javad , Esmaeilian Hamid Reza
Published: March 2015

Pressure‐reducing valves (PRVs) are widely used in a water distribution systems (WDSs) to reduce pressure. Replacing PRVs with pumps as turbines (PATs) allows for pressure control as well as electricity generation. In the first step of this study, optimal setting and placement of PRVs was determined to reduce leakage by using a genetic algorithm in a WDS in Tabriz province, Iran. In the second step, some of the selected PRVs were replaced with PATs. Thereafter, the amount of power that would be generated by PATs was calculated. Eventually the system was evaluated in order to validate the proposed model. The computational results show loss reduction and production of a remarkable amount of electric power in the studied system.
A Review of Water Balance Application in Water Supply
Authors: Klingel Philipp , Knobloch Axel
Published: March 2015

Establishing a water balance is a precondition of efficient water loss management in water supply systems. In this article, the applicability of available standards and methods for establishing the water balance is reviewed on the basis of an evaluation of literature in the field. In principle, establishing the water balance is made straightforward by measuring, estimating, and calculating the components of the water balance. However, water balances are often established that do not cover all components or are based on rough estimates. In most cases, water balances are determined for a whole network, not for zones, and only at long, mostly yearly, intervals, resulting in limited informational value of the findings. The main reasons for this seem to be the effort involved, the limited availability of data, and the lack of adequate methods for determining unmeasured components. This article concludes that there is a need for developing methods and tools to support water utilities in establishing complete, zonal water balances with reasonable effort.
Emerging Contaminant Removal by Biofiltration: Temperature, Concentration, and EBCT Impacts
Authors: Hallé Cynthia , Huck Peter M. , Peldszus Sigrid
Published: March 2015

This extensive study investigated the ability of rapid biofiltration to remove selected pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds. Two parallel biofilters with different empty bed contact times (EBCTs) treated municipally and agriculturally impacted river water with wide annual temperature variation. Following acclimation, the biofilters were spiked continuously for slightly more than a year with the selected compounds at alternating low (500 ng/L) and high (5,000 ng/L) levels. Carbamazepine and atrazine were refractory to biodegradation, whereas removals of N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET), naproxen, and ibuprofen increased in the order listed. Pseudo‐first‐order rate constants were estimated, and values for intermediate temperatures showed some influence of the direction of the seasonal temperature trend, indicating that in real systems there is not a unique relationship between temperature and removal rate. Differences in rate constants reported here and those reported previously by others indicate that biodegradation rates are likely site‐specific, underscoring the need for further work.
Veracity Roadmap: Is Big Data Objective, Truthful and Credible?
Authors: Lukoianova Tatiana , Rubin Victoria L.
Published: March 2015

This paper argues that big data can possess different characteristics, which affect its quality. Depending on its origin, data processing technologies, and methodologies used for data collection and scientific discoveries, big data can have biases, ambiguities, and inaccuracies which need to be identified and accounted for to reduce inference errors and improve the accuracy of generated insights. Big data veracity is now being recognized as a necessary property for its utilization, complementing the three previously established quality dimensions (volume, variety, and velocity), But there has been little discussion of the concept of veracity thus far. This paper provides a roadmap for theoretical and empirical definitions of veracity along with its practical implications. We explore veracity across three main dimensions: 1) objectivity/subjectivity, 2) truthfulness/deception, 3) credibility/implausibility – and propose to operationalize each of these dimensions with either existing computational tools or potential ones, relevant particularly to textual data analytics. We combine the measures of veracity dimensions into one composite index – the big data veracity index. This newly developed veracity index provides a useful way of assessing systematic variations in big data quality across datasets with textual information. The paper contributes to the big data research by categorizing the range of existing tools to measure the suggested dimensions, and to Library and Information Science (LIS) by proposing to account for heterogeneity of diverse big data, and to identify information quality dimensions important for each big data type.
Exploring the Development and Maintenance Practices in the Gene Ontology
Authors: Wu Shuheng , Stvilia Besiki
Published: March 2015

The Gene Ontology (GO) is one of the most widely used and successful bio-ontologies in biomedicine and molecular biology. What is special about GO as a knowledge organization (KO) system is its collaborative development and maintenance practices, involving diverse communities in collectively developing the Ontology and controlling its quality. Guided by Activity Theory and a theoretical Information Quality Assessment Framework, this study conducts qualitative content analysis of GO’s curation discussions. The study found that GO has developed various tools and mechanisms to gain expert feedback and engage various communities in developing and maintaining the Ontology in an efficient and less expensive way. The findings of this study can inform KO system designers, curators, and ontologists in establishing functional requirements and quality assurance infrastructure for bioontologies and formulating best practices for ontology development.
The Interplay of Big Data, WorldCat, and Dewey
Authors: Green Rebecca , Panzer Michael
Published: March 2015

As the premier example of big data in the bibliographic world, WorldCat has the potential to support knowledge discovery in many arenas. After giving evidence for a big data characterization of WorldCat, the paper explores this knowledge discovery potential from two perspectives related to the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system: (1) how WorldCat data can inform development of the DDC (classification analytics) and (2) how DDC-classified content in WorldCat can shed light on the bibliographic world itself (collection analytics). In the realm of classification analytics, WorldCat data support decisions to modify the DDC by expanding or reducing the number of classes, adding topical coverage, or adding subject access points; data analysis can support recognition of (1) trending topics and (2) the faceted structure of subject domains. In the realm of collection analytics, the paper considers as possible applications the use of the DDC in the topical "fingerprinting" of categorized content in WorldCat or in performing a bibliographic gap analysis.
Les MDD : Prédateurs ou fossoyeurs?
Authors: Lefebvre Clarinda , Florès Laurent
Published: March 2015

Stratégies de contournement ou de coalition, repositionnements, arbitrages au sein des portefeuilles de marques, disparition pure et simple : quelle tactique adopter quand on gère une « vieille » marque face à la menace que représente encore et toujours la MDD ? Certains fabricants résistent et prouvent que le combat est jouable sur le long terme via la création de barrières à l’entrée et le maintien d’avantages distinctifs sur la valeur ajoutée. Quelle est la vocation des grandes marques internationales et quels sont les enjeux des industriels face aux MDD aujourd’hui ? Les auteurs proposent des réponses à travers différents exemples sur le marché des produits de grande consommation .
Les pratiques durables
Authors: Daniel Maud , Sirieix Lucie
Published: March 2015

Cette étude s’intéresse aux pratiques durables adoptées quotidiennement par les individus. 22 interviews en face à face et 308 enquêtes par questionnaires mettent en évidence une multitude de pratiques quotidiennes et insignifiantes qui participent de façon silencieuse à une forme de résistance ordinaire. Nous distinguons plus précisément trois types de pratiques : les pratiques durables de résistance à la consommation, les pratiques durables de résistance par la consommation et enfin des pratiques a priori durables qui ne témoignent d’aucune forme de résistance .
Les consommateurs résistants à la publicité
Authors: Cottet Patrice , Ferrandi Jean-Marc , Lichtlé Marie-Christine
Published: March 2015

Cet article a plusieurs objectifs : identifier des actions représentatives de la résistance à la publicité et leurs motivations sous-jacentes ; vérifier si cette résistance se traduit par des comportements particuliers. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, des analyses typologiques et factorielles ont été menées. Elles mettent en évidence la diversité des profils de résistants selon leur degré de résistance et leurs motivations : les consommateurs les plus résistants préfèrent les publicités valorisant les caractéristiques des produits, au contraire des non-résistants, qui préfèrent les publicités moins réalistes. En reliant ces profils aux critères d’achat et aux sources d’informations utilisées par les consommateurs résistants, des implications managériales sont suggérées pour s’adapter à ces comportements. Par exemple, le choix de modes de communication perçus comme moins dissonants pourrait être un axe possible .
La consommation illégale de musique numérique : Y résister ou se l’approprier ?
Authors: Garcia-Bardidia Renaud , Nau Jean-Philippe , Rémy Éric , Benavent Christophe
Published: March 2015

La consommation de musique sous une forme numérique, en partie favorisée par le téléchargement illégal, entraîne une remise en cause de la position des acteurs traditionnels de cette filière. La mise en perspective des résistances de ces derniers et des usages émergents des consommateurs permet de relire les enjeux de ce secteur en pleine recomposition autour de la matérialité du numérique, de la place des intermédiaires sur ce marché, et de la moralisation de ces modes de consommation comme sources de valeur dans l’usage .
Mapping microbial ecosystems and spoilage-gene flow in breweries highlights patterns of contamination and resistance
Authors: Bokulich Nicholas A , Bergsveinson Jordyn , Ziola Barry , Mills David A
Published: March 2015

Distinct microbial ecosystems have evolved to meet the challenges of indoor environments, shaping the microbial communities that interact most with modern human activities. Microbial transmission in food-processing facilities has an enormous impact on the qualities and healthfulness of foods, beneficially or detrimentally interacting with food products. To explore modes of microbial transmission and spoilage-gene frequency in a commercial food-production scenario, we profiled hop-resistance gene frequencies and bacterial and fungal communities in a brewery. We employed a Bayesian approach for predicting routes of contamination, revealing critical control points for microbial management. Physically mapping microbial populations over time illustrates patterns of dispersal and identifies potential contaminant reservoirs within this environment. Habitual exposure to beer is associated with increased abundance of spoilage genes, predicting greater contamination risk. Elucidating the genetic landscapes of indoor environments poses important practical implications for food-production systems and these concepts are translatable to other built environments.
DNA damage shifts circadian clock time via Hausp-dependent Cry1 stabilization
Authors: Papp Stephanie J , Huber Anne-Laure , Jordan Sabine D , Kriebs Anna , Nguyen Madelena , Moresco James J , Yates John R , Lamia Katja A
Published: March 2015

The circadian transcriptional repressors cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) and 2 (Cry2) evolved from photolyases, bacterial light-activated DNA repair enzymes. In this study, we report that while they have lost DNA repair activity, Cry1/2 adapted to protect genomic integrity by responding to DNA damage through posttranslational modification and coordinating the downstream transcriptional response. We demonstrate that genotoxic stress stimulates Cry1 phosphorylation and its deubiquitination by Herpes virus associated ubiquitin-specific protease (Hausp, a.k.a Usp7), stabilizing Cry1 and shifting circadian clock time. DNA damage also increases Cry2 interaction with Fbxl3, destabilizing Cry2. Thus, genotoxic stress increases the Cry1/Cry2 ratio, suggesting distinct functions for Cry1 and Cry2 following DNA damage. Indeed, the transcriptional response to genotoxic stress is enhanced in Cry1−/− and blunted in Cry2−/− cells. Furthermore, Cry2−/− cells accumulate damaged DNA. These results suggest that Cry1 and Cry2, which evolved from DNA repair enzymes, protect genomic integrity via coordinated transcriptional regulation.
Herpes simplex type 2 virus deleted in glycoprotein D protects against vaginal, skin and neural disease
Authors: Petro Christopher , González Pablo A , Cheshenko Natalia , Jandl Thomas , Khajoueinejad Nazanin , Bénard Angèle , Sengupta Mayami , Herold Betsy C , Jacobs William R
Published: March 2015

Subunit vaccines comprised of glycoprotein D (gD-2) failed to prevent HSV-2 highlighting need for novel strategies. To test the hypothesis that deletion of gD-2 unmasks protective antigens, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of an HSV-2 virus deleted in gD-2 and complemented allowing a single round of replication on cells expressing HSV-1 gD (ΔgD−/+gD−1). Subcutaneous immunization of C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice with ΔgD−/+gD1 provided 100% protection against lethal intravaginal or skin challenges and prevented latency. ΔgD−/+gD1 elicited no disease in SCID mice, whereas 1000-fold lower doses of wild-type virus were lethal. HSV-specific antibodies were detected in serum (titer 1:800,000) following immunization and in vaginal washes after intravaginal challenge. The antibodies elicited cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but little neutralizing activity. Passive transfer of immune serum completely protected wild-type, but not Fcγ-receptor or neonatal Fc-receptor knock-out mice. These studies demonstrate that non-neutralizing Fc-mediated humoral responses confer protection and support advancement of this attenuated vaccine.
Fluorous‐Assisted Synthesis of (E)‐5‐[3‐Aminoallyl]‐Uridine‐5′‐O‐Triphosphate
Authors: Kore Anilkumar R. , Yang Bo , Srinivasan Balasubramanian
Published: March 2015

An efficient, reliable method for the chemical synthesis of (E)‐5‐[3‐aminoallyl]‐uridine‐5′‐O‐triphosphate (AA‐UTP), starting from 5‐iodouridine, is described. This new strategy features the involvement of one‐pot triphosphate formation and fluorous solid‐phase extraction (F‐SPE). The one‐pot synthesis involves the mono phosphorylation of fluorous‐tagged uridine, followed by the reaction with pyrophosphate to afford the fluorous‐tagged AA‐UTP. The F‐SPE is achieved by installing a fluorous‐tag onto the uridine prior to triphosphate formation, purification via F‐SPE, and cleavage of the fluorous‐tag. It is worth mentioning that this protocol produces AA‐UTP in high yield and purity using one simple F‐SPE; no conventional column chromatography is involved. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microwave‐Assisted Phosphitylation of DNA and RNA Nucleosides and Their Analogs
Authors: Efthymiou Tim , Krishnamurthy Ramanarayanan
Published: March 2015

Microwave‐assisted chemical phosphitylation of novel nucleoside analogs containing a ribulose sugar unit was successful with yields ranging from 50% to 79% using 2‐cyanoethyl‐N,N‐diisopropyl chlorophosphoramidite as the phosphitylating reagent. The resultant phosphoramidite products remained intact, with no signs of degradation over extended reaction times (up to 60 min) at an elevated temperature (65°C). When the same microwave‐mediated phosphitylating protocols were applied to canonical DNA and RNA nucleoside monomers as substrates, using either 2‐cyanoethyl‐N,N,‐diisopropyl chlorophosphoramidite or 2‐cyanoethyl‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraisopropyl phosphane with an activator, 40% to 90% yields of DNA and RNA phosphoramidites were obtained within 10 to 15 min. These results demonstrate that microwave‐assisted phosphitylation is an efficient alternative to standard phosphitylating conditions that can be expanded and refined to include a variety of substrates. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of Thioether‐Linked Protein Adducts of DNA Using a Raney‐Ni‐Mediated Desulfurization Method and Liquid Chromatography‐Electrospray‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chowdhury Goutam , Guengerich F. Peter
Published: March 2015

This unit contains a complete procedure for the detection and structural characterization of DNA protein crosslinks (DPCs). The procedure also describes an approach for the quantitation of the various structurally distinct DPCs. Although various methods have been described in the literature for labile DPCs, characterization of nonlabile adducts remain a challenge. Here we present a novel approach for characterization of both labile and non‐labile adducts by the use of a combination of chemical, enzymatic, and mass spectrometric approaches. A Raney Ni‐catalyzed reductive desulfurization method was used for removal of the bulky peptide adducts, enzymatic digestion was used to digest the protein to smaller peptides and DNA to nucleosides, and finally LC‐ESI‐tandem mass spectrometry (MS) was utilized for detection and characterization of nucleoside adducts. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigating Protein Structure and Evolution with SCOP2
Authors: Andreeva Antonina , Howorth Dave , Chothia Cyrus , Kulesha Eugene , Murzin Alexey G.
Published: March 2015

SCOP2 is a successor to the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database that organizes proteins of known structure according to their structural and evolutionary relationships. It was designed to provide a more advanced framework for the classification of proteins. The SCOP2 classification is described in terms of a directed acyclic graph in which each node defines a relationship of particular type that is represented by a region of protein structure and sequence. The SCOP2 data are accessible via SCOP2‐Browser and SCOP2‐Graph. This protocol unit describes different ways to explore and investigate the SCOP2 evolutionary and structural groupings. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression Data Analysis with Reactome
Authors: Jupe Steve , Fabregat Antonio , Hermjakob Henning
Published: March 2015

The Reactome database of curated biological pathways provides a tool for visualizing user‐supplied expression data as an overlay on pathway diagrams, thereby affording an effective means to examine expression of the constituents of the pathway and determine whether all that are necessary are present. Several experiments can be visualized in succession, to determine whether expression changes with experimental conditions, a useful feature for examining a time‐course, dose‐response, or disease progression. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A method to derive maps of ionospheric conductances, currents, and convection from the Swarm multisatellite mission
Authors: Amm O. , Vanhamäki H. , Kauristie K. , Stolle C. , Christiansen F. , Haagmans R. , Masson A. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Floberghagen R. , Escoubet C. P.
Published: March 2015

The European Space Agency (ESA) Swarm spacecraft mission is the first multisatellite ionospheric mission with two low‐orbiting spacecraft that are flying in parallel at a distance of ~100–140 km, thus allowing derivation of spatial gradients of ionospheric parameters not only along the orbits but also in the direction perpendicular to them. A third satellite with a higher orbit regularly crosses the paths of the lower spacecraft. Using the Swarm magnetic and electric field instruments, we present a novel technique that allows derivation of two‐dimensional (2‐D) maps of ionospheric conductances, currents, and electric field in the area between the trajectories of the two lower spacecraft, and even to some extent outside of it. This technique is based on Spherical Elementary Current Systems. We present test cases of modeled situations from which we calculate virtual Swarm data and show that the technique is able to reconstruct the model electric field, horizontal currents, and conductances with a very good accuracy. Larger errors arise for the reconstruction of the 2‐D field‐aligned currents (FAC), especially in the area outside of the spacecraft orbits. However, even in this case the general pattern of FAC is recovered, and the magnitudes are valid in an integrated sense. Finally, using an MHD model run, we show how our technique allows estimation of the ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling parameter K, if conjugate observations of the magnetospheric magnetic and electric field are available. In the case of a magnetospheric multisatellite mission (e.g., the ESA Cluster mission) several K estimates at nearby points can be generated.
Upper thermospheric responses to forcing from above and below during 1–10 April 2010: Results from an ensemble of numerical simulations
Authors: Hagan M. E. , Häusler K. , Lu G. , Forbes J. M. , Zhang X.
Published: March 2015

In this report we examine the spatial and temporal variability of the quiescent thermosphere leading up to and after the 5 April 2010 geomagnetic disturbance. We attribute the dominant driver of this variability to a combination of tides generated in situ and in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. We identify nonmigrating tidal signatures attributable to the latter source that are ubiquitous, persistent, and significant at all thermospheric latitudes. Further, these perturbations underlie the upper atmospheric response to solar geomagnetic disturbances and are measurably altered, along with their migrating counterparts, during the storm. Our investigation is centered on a series of National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model simulations during 1–10 April 2010, including an optimal simulation with lower boundary forcing based on Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application reanalysis data and upper boundary forcing based on satellite and ground magnetometer measurements and the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics procedure and three diagnostic simulations. The differences between the optimal and diagnostic simulations allow us to quantify thermospheric variability attributable to solar geomagnetic forcing and dynamical effects propagating into the thermosphere from below. We find that they can be comparable at high latitudes for some nonmigrating tidal components.
Decadal changes in South Pacific sea surface temperatures and the relationship to the Pacific decadal oscillation and upper ocean heat content
Authors: Linsley Braddock K. , Wu Henry C. , Dassié Emilie P. , Schrag Daniel P.
Published: March 2015

Decadal changes in Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and upper ocean heat content (OHC) remain poorly understood. We present an annual average composite coral Sr/Ca‐derived SST time series extending back to 1791 from Fiji, Tonga, and Rarotonga (FTR) in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) sensitive region of the southwest Pacific. Decadal SST maxima between 1805 and 1830 Common Era (C.E.) indicate unexplained elevated SSTs near the end of the Little Ice Age. The mean period of decadal SST variability in this region has a period near 25 years. Decades of warmer (cooler) FTR SST co‐occur with PDO negative (positive) phases since at least ~1930 C.E. and positively correlate with South Pacific OHC (0–700 m). FTR SST is also inversely correlated with decadal changes in equatorial Pacific SST as measured by coral Sr/Ca. Collectively, these results support the fluctuating trade wind‐shallow meridional overturning cell mechanism for decadal modulation of Pacific SSTs and OHC.
Multiple carriers of Q noble gases in primitive meteorites
Authors: Marrocchi Yves , Avice Guillaume , Estrade Nicolas
Published: March 2015

The main carrier of primordial heavy noble gases in chondrites is thought to be an organic phase, known as phase Q, whose precise characterization has resisted decades of investigation. Indirect techniques have revealed that phase Q might be composed of two subphases, one of them associated with sulfide. Here we provide experimental evidence that noble gases trapped within meteoritic sulfides present chemically and thermally driven behavior patterns that are similar to Q gases. We therefore suggest that phase Q is likely composed of two subcomponents: carbonaceous phases and sulfides. In situ decay of iodine at concentration levels consistent with those reported for meteoritic sulfides can reproduce the 129Xe excess observed for Q gases relative to fractionated solar wind. We suggest that the Q‐bearing sulfides formed at high temperature and could have recorded the conditions that prevailed in the chondrule‐forming region(s).
Interannual variability of tropical cyclone activity and regional Hadley circulation over the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Zhang Gan , Wang Zhuo
Published: March 2015

The interannual variability of the regional Hadley circulation (HC) and tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the Northeastern Pacific (NEP) was investigated. The interannual variability of the HC in the NEP hurricane season is found dominated by a mode (M1EP) regulating the strength and meridional extent of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. M1EP has a more robust correlation with NEP TC activity than the El Niño–Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature indices. The strong correlation is attributed to the impacts of M1EP on environmental conditions. In addition, the leading mode of the Atlantic HC, which has an anticorrelation with M1EP, also strongly impacts NEP TC activity. The findings, together with Zhang and Wang (2013), highlight the role of the HC in controlling the variability of TC activity as well as the interbasin connection between the NEP and the Atlantic. The regional HC is thus recommended as a useful metric to benchmark models in simulating TC activity.