bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power Flow Calculation of Integrated Transmission and Distribution Networks
Authors: Tao Weilong , Wang Xunting , Zhang Chuanhai , Xu Bin , Guo Zhixin
Published: December 2023

As smart grids develop by leaps and bounds, the distribution network (DN) shows a more flexible and ever-changing trend. The continuous integration of distributed power generation, electric vehicles, and other new energy generation has led to an increasingly close relationship among the transmission and distribution networks (TDNs). The traditional method of independently calculating power flow in TDNs is no longer applicable. This paper proposes a power flow calculation algorithm for integrated transmission and distribution networks (ITDNs) based on the master-slave-splitting (MSS) method in response to this problem. This method is based on the electrical connection relationship between TDNs and the characteristics of their respective network structures. It decomposes the global power flow calculation problem into transmission network (TN) power flow calculation, multiple DN power flow calculation, and boundary node information coordination sub-problems. And achieve power flow calculation of ITDNs by exchanging the voltage and equivalent power of boundary nodes. Finally, the global power system constructed by the IEEE30 node system and IEEE33 node system is used to confirm the validity and correctness of the proposed algorithm and model.
A New Fault Distance Measurement Scheme for DC Distribution Network
Authors: Li Ning , Wang Jianjun , Han Yuan , Zhang Yaping , Gao Yunze , Liu Penghui
Published: December 2023

To solve the problem of fault location in the DC distribution network, this paper proposes a new fault distance measurement scheme based on the impedance measurement algorithm against fault transition resistance and the improved Moore voting algorithm. Firstly, signals of different frequencies are injected into the DC circuit in different periods, after the converter is blocked due to the DC side fault. Then, through the distance measurement algorithm against fault transition resistance, several groups of fault distance data are obtained. The improved Moore voting algorithm is used to process these fault distance values so that the accurate fault distance values are determined. Finally, simulation tests verify the reliability and accuracy of the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme requires a low sampling frequency, and it can not be interfered with by the fault transition resistance and occasional large errors. These advantages help to improve the efficiency and accuracy of troubleshooting.
Latent ODEs-based data compression method for power system
Authors: Xue XiangXi , Su Ya
Published: December 2023

In order to effectively compress the power system data and reduce the space occupied by data storage and transmission, this paper proposes a data compression method based on Latent Segmented ODE (LatSegODE) for the large-scale steady-state data generated during the working process of the power system. By training the ODE model using a large amount of steady-state data, a latent ODE model is generated to characterize the steady-state data of the power system, thereby significantly reducing the storage space occupied by the data. During the experimental stage, compression testing is carried out on the static data of the power system of a power grid company. According to the quantitative evaluation results of the two indices of normalized mean square error and data compression ratio, the proposed method has obvious compression advantages, and the compressed signals have a high degree of fitting to the actual sampled signal waveforms.
Study on Broadband Dynamic Characteristics of Photovoltaic DC Arc
Authors: Xu Wenkang , Yao Liangzhong , Tian Shiming , Zhang Xuemei , Pan Mingming , Wu Xin
Published: December 2023

The low current and wideband characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) DC arc make it difficult for traditional protection devices to detect it effectively. Therefore, it is important to analyze the wide-band dynamic characteristics of PV DC arc and extract the fault features. In this paper, firstly, the fault simulation of the engineering PV DC arc with a compound arc model is performed in PSACD. Then the simulation of various interference conditions and the fault conditions are carried out. Taking the output current of the combiner box as the object, the randomness of the signal is described by the pulse factor, and the characteristics of arc fault are reflected from the time domain. Then the fault characteristic frequency band is obtained based on the band energy ratio and information entropy ratio and the characteristic of arc fault is reflected by the energy and information entropy. The results show that the proposed broadband dynamic characteristic analysis method can effectively reflect the DC arc fault.
Edge Detection Algorithm for Infrared Images of Power Equipment Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm and Corrosion Algorithm
Authors: Zou Jincheng , Chen Junjun , Liu Weike , Hu Yujing , Wang Jun , Xie Yi
Published: December 2023

The enhanced grey wolf algorithm is merged with the corrosion algorithm, and a grey wolf corrosion optimization algorithm is proposed to precisely identify the boundaries within infrared images of power equipment. The refined grey wolf algorithm employs exponential entropy as its fitness function and incorporates an individual wolf selection mechanism, enabling binary segmentation with adaptively chosen thresholds and high resemblance to the original image. Simulation results of actual infrared images captured in substations reveal that, compared to conventional edge detection algorithms such as Sobel, Roberts, Prewitt, Log, and Canny, the algorithm proposed in this paper yields comprehensive and well-defined boundaries with a high degree of conformity to the original infrared image. This proposed algorithm demonstrates significant applicability in the domain of infrared image processing and target recognition for power equipment.
Automatic Design of Planar Spiral Inductors Based on Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Authors: Feng Mingkun , Guo Huihui , Liu Tingting
Published: December 2023

Aiming at the low design efficiency of planar spiral inductors in Integrated Passive Devices (IPD), a design scheme for automatically searching the optimal parameters of planar spiral inductors is presented based on the Improved Artificial Bee Colony (IABC) algorithm. By improving the single π model, the universality of the inductor equivalent model is improved, and the extracted model is convenient for the parameter optimization of the inductor. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is improved by introducing multi-neighborhood topology (MNT) and modification rate mechanism, which greatly improves the optimization efficiency of the original algorithm. The optimization parameters of the improved algorithm are simulated in ADS, and the results are consistent with the multiple design cases of planar spiral inductors, which verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm. The improved algorithm significantly improves the design efficiency of the planar spiral inductor, making the design time of a single inductor only in seconds, and the accuracy rate is more than 90%.
Future high energy colliders and options for the U.S.
Authors: Bhat P.C. , Jindariani S. , Ambrosio G. , Apollinari G. , Belomestnykh S. , Bross A. , Butler J. , Canepa A. , Dasu S. , Elvira D. , Fox P. , Gecse Z. , Gianfelice-Wendt E. , Gourlay S. , Merkel P. , Nagaitsev S. , Nanni E. , Neuffer D. , Piekarz H. , Posen S. , Sen T. , Shiltsev V. , Solyak N. , Stratakis D. , Syphers M. , Vernieri C. , Velev G. , Yakovlev V. , Yonehara K. , Zlobin A.
Published: December 2023

The United States has a rich history in high energy particle
accelerators and colliders — both lepton and hadron machines,
which have enabled several major discoveries in elementary particle
physics. To ensure continued progress in the field, U.S. leadership
as a key partner in building next generation collider facilities
abroad is essential; also critically important is to prepare to host
an energy frontier collider in the U.S. once the construction of
the LBNF/DUNE project is completed. In this paper, we briefly
discuss the ongoing and potential U.S. engagement in proposed
collider projects abroad and present a number of future collider
options we have studied for hosting an energy frontier collider in
the U.S. We also call for initiating an integrated national R&D
program in the U.S. now, focused on future colliders.
Impact of thermal desorption tubes on the variability of exhaled breath data
Authors: Jung Anne E , Davidson Christina N , Land Christopher J , Dash Aubrianne I , Guess Barlow T , Edmonds Heidi S , Pitsch Rhonda L , Harshman Sean W
Published: December 2023

Due to the overall low abundance of volatile compounds in exhaled breath, it is necessary to preconcentrate the sample prior to traditional thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. While certain aspects of TD tubes, such as volatile storage, have been evaluated, many aspects remain uncharacterized. Two common TD tubes, Tenax TA and Biomonitoring 5TD tubes, were evaluated for background content and flow rate variability. The data illustrate that the Biomonitoring 5TD tubes have the highest number (23) and abundance of background contamination greater than 3x the mean noise when compared to Tenax TA (13) and empty tubes (9). Tentative identifications of the compounds in the background contamination experiment show that greater than 59% (16/27) of the compounds identified have been reported in the breath literature. The data illustrate the TD tube background abundance could account for more than 70% of the chromatographic signal from exhaled breath for these select compounds. Flow rate measurements of 200 Tenax TA and 200 Biomonitoring 5TD tubes show a large range in measured flow rates among the TD tubes (Tenax: 252.9–284.0 ml min−1, 5TD: 220.6–255.1 ml min−1). Finally, TD tubes of each type, Tenax TA and Biomonitoring 5TD, previously established to have high, medium, and low flow rates, show insignificant differences (p > 0.05) among the tubes of different flow rates, using both gas standards and an exhaled breath from a peppermint experiment. Collectively, these results establish overall background compounds attributed to each TD tube type tested. Additionally, while measured flow rate variability is present and plausibly impacts exhaled breath results, the data demonstrate no statistically significant difference was observed between tubes showing high, medium, and low flow rates from two separate sample types.
Challenges Facing the Agricultural Extension Organization and Ways to Address Them
Authors: Khamis Adnan Ibrahim , Ali Najwa S. , Ali Anhar Mohamed
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to identify the size of the challenges and obstacles facing the agricultural extension organization in the following areas (the approved extension approach, the organizational structure of the extension organization, the degree of centralization and decentralization, the use of communication technology and information systems, the organizational links and relationships with the relevant authorities, the development of human capabilities). The study identified the problems experienced by agricultural extension agents in the fields of work through the following areas (administrative and organizational problems, problems related to capabilities and facilities, psychological and social problems, financial problems), the study was conducted in the city of Baghdad and the research included all agricultural extension agents working in the extension and training department Agricultural and Extension Center in Baghdad, Training and Rehabilitation Center and Extension Centers working in the Directorate of Agriculture, if the research community totaled (114) respondents, the questionnaire form was used as a data collection tool and included three axes: The first axis included (60) items distributed over (6) areas that represent the challenges that The extension organization faces, and the second axis included (27) paragraphs distributed over four areas that represent the problems facing agricultural extension workers in the fields of work, while the third axis included (15) paragraphs that represent some proposals and solutions to face these challenges and problems. On a group of experts and specialists in the field of extension, and the stability of the research tool was confirmed, after the data collection process, the statistical program (SPSS) was used to analyze that data, and the study concluded the following results: The agricultural extension organization is facing today a set of challenges and obstacles that have an impact The actor on the workflow and implementation of agricultural extension programs and activities, and the agricultural extension workers working in the fields of work suffer from a number of problems and obstacles affecting the efficiency of performing extension tasks, and that the approach and extension approach adopted by the agricultural extension organization do not fit the requirements of the current stage, and that the organizational structure of the current extension organization It includes a lot of work problems and obstacles, and there is a clear deficiency in the delegation of powers, as it was found that there is a weakness in the level of use of that information and communication technology, and also a weakness in the strength of interdependence with the relevant authorities, and the study included some recommendations that would work to improve and develop the performance of the extension organization.
Fish Marketing in Salah Al-Din Governorate for the 2022 Productions (Tikrit District as a Model)
Authors: Al-Nimrawi Khalil Hammadi Musleh , Rahim Firas Ibrahim
Published: December 2023

The research mainly aims to study fish marketing in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit district for the year (2022) by measuring marketing costs, marketing margins, and the share of the producer, wholesaler, and retailer from the distribution of consumer dinars, Calculate marketing efficiency and know the level of competence for each of the producer, intermediaries, wholesalers, and retailers, and find strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities through (SWOT) analysis, A stratified random sample was selected in the study area consisting of (73) fish producers in the district, and the information related to the study was collected through the questionnaire that was designed for producers. Then, information on camel traders was collected through a questionnaire distributed to (25) wholesale market traders, and then information on retail traders was collected through a questionnaire number (25) distributed to retail market traders. The marketing costs of the product, wholesalers, and retailers, respectively, amounted to (1090, 746.1, 235.75) dinars/kg, and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the wholesaler and the producer amounted to (1250) dinars/kg (23.8%), and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the retailer and the merchant Total (1750) dinars/kg (25%), And between the retailer and the producer, it amounted to (3000) dinars/kg (42%), and the share of the producer, the wholesaler, and the retailer in consumer dinars, respectively, was (57.15%), (17.85%), (25%,)As for the marketing efficiency, according to the first scale, it reached (62.26%), and the marketing efficiency according to the second scale, in the three stages of the product and wholesale, amounted to (73.22%), retail and wholesale, it amounted to (66.14%), and finally, for retail and product, it was (53.25%). As for marketing efficiency according to the third scale, it amounted to (21.59%). We conclude from this that there is a difference in marketing efficiency according to the three formulas because of the difference in prices, production, and marketing costs, The study recommends giving importance to scientific research for fish in terms of production, costs and marketing because of its nutritional importance and the provision of job opportunities and a comprehensive study of the fish market in Salah Governorate and seizing opportunities and avoiding potential risks and identifying needs and requirements and identifying products required for consumers because of their importance in increasing production efficiency, marketing and consumption optimal allocation of resources, achieving stability and encouraging growth.
Environmental Radioactivity of Alpha in Paint samples of Iraqi Markets
Authors: Hashim Abdalsattar Kareem , Nayif Sara Salih , Mohammed Elham Jasim , Al-Rawaf Ali F. , Abojassim Ali Abid
Published: December 2023

By using a sealed technology, radon levels were determined, annual effective dose, the effective content of radium, radon exhalation rate and uranium concentrations to be the total 30 samples materials used to paint the walls of buildings and homes in Iraq. It was found that the recommended value for all samples for radon concentration is with low potency radium content of 300 Bq / m3 and 370 Bq / kg respectively. In addition, Annual effective dose in all values was found to be less than the permission level (10 mSv / y). The values of exhalation rate relative to samples lower than the permission value (57.600 mBq/m2.h) set by UNSCEAR organization. The strong correlation (R2=1). It turns out that the content effective radium with the surface radon exhalation rate, the mass radon exhalation rate, and the uranium concentration, respectively. In general, the studied of 30 samples materials used to paint the walls of buildings and homes in Iraq be safe to use as construction material.
Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Syntrichia intermedia on some Yeasts Isolated from Mobile Phones and the User’s Finger
Authors: Al-Sumaidaiea Baraa Z. , Al-Rejaboo Maha A.
Published: December 2023

Syntrichia intermedia was isolated from the Amadiya region in northern Iraq for the first time, as it was used against the yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Candida krusei and the yeast Meyerozyma caribbica isolated fore the first one and registered as a new strain in the Gen Bank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with identification number LC723825.1. Three methods were used to determine the effect of the alcoholic extract of S. intermedia at the following concentrations, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/ml against yeast isolates, When using the first method-turbidity measurement the concentrations were shown starting from 1 mg/ml an inhibitory effect respectively up to the highest concentration of 10 mg/ml against yeast B. bruxellensis, C. krusei and M. caribbica. and When using the second method-disc diffusion the following concentration showed the highest inhibition percentage the concentration of 2 mg / ml with a diameter of (12.50 mm) against the yeast B. bruxellensis. and The concentrations 1 with a diameter of (11.0 mm) against the yeast C. krusei and The concentrations 4 mg / ml with a diameter of (11.50 mm) Compared with the antibiotic Nystatin which showed a higher percentage of inhibition than the alcoholic extract, While the third method-diffusion by wells was used and the concentration of 4 mg / ml showed the highest percentage of inhibition with a diameter of (23.0 mm) for yeast B. bruxellensis and a concentration of 6 mg / ml showed the highest percentage of inhibition with a diameter of (19.00 mm) against yeast C. krusei. and a concentration of 8 mg / ml showed the highest percentage of inhibition with a diameter of (15.67 mm) against yeast M. caribbica compared with the antibiotic Nystatin, which showed less inhibition than the alcoholic extract, so the yeast B. bruxellensis was more sensitive to the alcoholic extract, followed by the yeast M. caribbica. Then the yeast When using the method of diffusion by discs and digging, either by measuring the turbidity the yeast M. caribbica was the most sensitive to the alcoholic extract followed by C. krusei Then the yeast B. bruxellensis, so the turbidity measurement method is considered one of the best methods that can be used to measure the effect of the alcoholic extract because of measuring the turbidity using a spectrophotometer, followed by the diffusion method by wells, then the method of diffusion by discs.
Study of Cloud Liquid Water Content Over Iraq Through Heavy Rain Cases
Authors: Deagan Eptehaal M. , Al-Jiboori Monim H.
Published: December 2023

Because of heavy rains and drought, Iraq’s water resources have been catastrophically depleted. In this study, we relied on four cities distributed in Iraq. The date of this study where the floods occurred is January 27-28 2019. Torrential rains cause great dangers to lives, agriculture, and water resources, as happened in the history of this study. These risks can be avoided by knowing more accurately the behavior of the cloud. The basic building block for knowing cloud behavior is knowing the behavior of the liquid water content cloud (CLWC). Through it, we addressed the issue of the characteristics of the CLWC, its variation with time and space, and its vertical distribution within the cloud over Iraq, affected by the synoptic low-pressure system. Through this study, they noticed a significant difference in the behavior of CLWC in the different cities of Iraq. We also determined the nature of the relationship between CLWC and relative humidity, air temperature, and precipitation. Data used in the study are taken from ERA5 | ECMWF, and the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring).
Effect of Dust Emitted from Al-Kufa Cement Factory on some Indicators of Vegetative Growth of Wheat Plants
Authors: Abdel-Hamza Zahraa Mohamed , Abdel-Kalabi Hussein Ghaith
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted in the winter of 2022–2023 to determine the effect of Al-Kufa Cement Factory (CKD) dust on some soils in the plant’s neighboring areas on some botanical indicators of the wheat crop grown there by comparing them to vegetative growth indicators. The study was conducted on four locations surrounding Al-Kufa Cement Factory, three of which were southeast of the plant and under the influence of the cement factory dust with a sandy loam texture, and the fourth was northwest of the factory and not affected by the factory dust (comparison) with a sandy location texture. Some physical features of these sites have been measured. Seven replicates were used to measure plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, wheat production, and vegetative growth. The results showed that the dust factor had a significant effect on the studied vegetative growth indicators of wheat plants, including plant height, which increased with the dust factor, as the average of the studied grade in dust-affected locations was (89.73) cm. plant-1 and (74.13) cm. plant-1 in the unaffected location. According to the data, the average number of plant branches in dust-affected areas was (3.86-3.26) more than in unaffected areas. respectively plant-1 Leaf number attributes are the same. The average number of leaves in cement industry dust-affected areas increased to 10.73. Plant-1. The average of the same grade in the industrial dust-free area was 8.43 leaves. Plant-1, and the dust component increased the edge weight of wheat yield by 1.78 g. Plant-1 in dusty areas and (1.42) gm. Unaffected Plant-1, In the dust-affected area, the vegetative group’s dry weight increased with the dust factor, reaching (5.56) g. (4.43) g and plant-1. Unaffected plant-1.
Impact of Environmental Pollution by Spent Oil Levels on Leaf Anatomy of Eruca Sativa
Authors: Mohsen Russell Khaled , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz
Published: December 2023

Pollution is the quantitative change that occurs to one or more of the elements of the environment that would harm the life of the living organism and weaken the ability of the environment to continue its production. The current research was carried out to study the impact of spent engine oil pollution on some anatomical leaf characters of Eruca Sativa. The pots of sandy soils were contaminated by adding spent engine oil levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 15.0 and 30.0 ml.3kg-1. From the results, it is noted that a convergence and a slight decrease in the thickness of the cuticle layer of the upper and lower surface of the leaf at the levels of added oil 1.5 and 2.5 ml.kg -1. It was observed, that there was a relative decrease in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermal cells layer at the low levels of addition, with the increase in the decrease in thickness with the increase in the levels of spent oil. And it was found that a clear increase in the thickness of the palisade layer with the increase in the levels of spent oil addition compared to the thickness of the layer in the leaves of plants grown in soil with an addition level of 0 ml.kg-1. It is clear that the dimensions of the stomata for the upper and lower leaf surface of the plant leaf increased and took a behavior that corresponded to the increase in the levels of spent engine oil.
Survey of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) Associated with some Brassicaceae Plants in Basrah Provence, Iraq
Authors: Jaber Faisal Nasser , Alyousuf Aqeel , Al-Saffar Hanaa H.
Published: December 2023

Butterflies were collected from two regions of Basra south of Iraq during November 2021 to March 2022. This survey showed ten species belong to ten genera under four families: Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. The species Vanessa cardui showed the highest level of distribution while the lowest one was Pieria rapae.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of some Integrated Control Agents in Controlling the Different Stage of the Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) in the Field
Authors: Cheflawi Roaa Rafie , Kareem Ali Abdulhuisen , Ali Abdulzahra Jabar
Published: December 2023

The cotton whitefly is a complex biological species. Bemisia tabaci (Genn) is an important pest that affects various crops in Iraq and the world, which causes economic damage to the vegetable production of crops. For this reason, the study aimed to use some elements of integrated control to whitefly in all its harmful stages on crops and to evaluate the efficiency of biopesticides (Bacillus bassiana, Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces lilacinus fungus, Entomopathogenic nematodes for both sexes, Heterohabditis sp. - Steinernema sp.)and chemical pesticides (Alafsket, Oxymatrin, Baron) used in the field against the different stages of the insect, as these bio and chemical treatments recorded a high mortality rate for eggs and primary stages that were more sensitive than pupae and adults who had a lower death rate for those advanced stages of the insect. Where the pathogenic nematodes gave the highest mortality rate compared to the used biopesticides, the results of the nematode suspension for the egg death experiment on the third day of treatment were 84.0%. In comparison, the treatment results for the experiment with the destruction of primary nymphs for the seventh day were 80.3%. The results of the treatment for the adult mortality experiment on the thirteenth day were 87.50% (note that nematodes were used in the field under suitable conditions for the growth of effective larvae to control against the stages of the insect, and it was 25-30 °C and humidity 60, and the diluted nematode suspension was kept under 10 °C to maintain the vitality of the effective larvae. As for the chemical treatments, the chemical pesticide Offset was superior to a high mortality rate for different insect stages compared to other chemical treatments. As for the experiment results, the morality of the primary nymphs on the seventh day was 87.7%, and the pesticide treatment for the experiment with the death of adults on the thirteenth day was recorded at 94.17%.
A new Report of Trichocladium griseum in Iraq: Morphological and Molecular Descriptions
Authors: Dakheel Feed A. , Gamaz Burair A. N. , Abdulhay Mohammed M. , Abdalmoohsin Rajaa G. , Lahuf Adnan A.
Published: December 2023

During a survey of diversity of fungal pathogens in nurseries of Babylon and Karbala Provinces of Iraq in 2021. Trichocladium griseum associated with diseased ornamental plants, Gazania sp. and Carpobrotus edulis was isolated and identified relied on its morphological features, ITS rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The T. griseum fungus has not yet been described previously in Iraq. Hence, this is the first report of Trichocladium griseum presence in Iraq.
Evaluation of the Effect of Plant Age on Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease and Age Relationship in Plants
Authors: Abd Bashar Falih , Dhaher Inad
Published: December 2023

The variables involved in ARR (Age - Related Resistance) to TYLCV in tomato plants were investigated in order to ascertain the impact of plant age and its link to disease development on gene expression of genetic resistance to TYLCV. Before being moved to the greenhouse, eleven virus-resistant and -susceptible kinds were nurtured in sterile conditions in Baghdad governorate’s protected nurseries. They were 15 days old when they went into the greenhouse to be planted on September 15, 2021. The virus-transmitting Bemisia tabaci bug was released into the plastic greenhouse following its activity, exposing the plants to direct infection. Afterwards, the plants were evaluated for their production, height, and molecular resistance by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, symptoms were tracked. All the cultivars evaluated showed a substantial decrease in yield when the plant was older when infected. Infection with TYLCV significantly reduced production for all cultivars. Our findings provide evidence that tomato plants develop resistance to TYLCV as they mature.
First Record of Endophytic Fungi “Trichoderma asperellum” on Oryza sativa in Iraq
Authors: Toman Raad T. , Al-Gburi Bashar K. H.
Published: December 2023

The detection of Trichoderma spp. is a great challenge as the attention in the past four decades has been focused on the endophytic fungi in terms of agricultural benefit mainly. Therefore, the aim of current study emphasized on the extent of presence and spread of Trichoderma asperellum on rice in Iraq. The activity of isolated fungi was studied with diagnosing it morphologically and molecularly. Results showed that the Tr5 isolate was exceeded in the number of live units and gave 2.6 × 108 CFU.g-1 as well as the highest rate of germination reached 100%. Based on the microscopic and molecular identification, the Tr5 isolate was diagnosed as Trichoderma asperellum which was registered in GenBank under the accession number OQ378987. The genetic affinity in the phylogenetic tree indicated that Tr5 isolate was segregated into unique clade as the percentage of genetic compatibility reached 91% with two isolates from India and China. This research will provide the basis for future studies within biology and ecology of endophytic fungi including T. asperellum in Iraq.
Study on the Effect of Bee Strain and Pollination Method on the Hygienic Behavior of Honey Bee Colonies Tested by Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Method
Authors: Awwad Waad H. , Shaher Kamila W.
Published: December 2023

Bee queen breeding was conducted for local and Carniolan honey bee strains, as well as hybrids resulting from cross-pollination, using both natural and artificial insemination methods. The hygienic behavior test was conducted using liquid nitrogen freezing method. The results showed that the hybrid bee strain T3 outperformed with detection and removal rates of 92.66% and 87.50% respectively, 48 hours after the study, regardless of the insemination method. The results also demonstrated the superiority of the natural insemination method, regardless of the studied strain, with detection and removal rates of 85.66% and 78.66% respectively, 48 hours after the killing process. The results also showed the interaction between the bee strain and the insemination method, 48 hours after the killing process, with significant superiority for treatment T2A1 in terms of detection and removal rates at 98.00% and 96.66% respectively. It was followed by treatment T3A2, which had no significant difference in detection rate (94.33%) and a removal rate of 89.00%, which was not significantly different from treatment T3A1 with a removal rate of 86.00%.
Effect of Spraying with Different Concentration of Pyridoxine (Vit B6) and Planting Dates on Growth and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Alaamer Shathar A. , Alsharifi Salih K. Alwan
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out to study the response of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivar (Local Red) to planting dates, and pyridoxine concentration (Vit B6) levels on growth, yield and its components characters and its interactions. 1. It could be concluded from this study that sowing dates had a significant effect on all yield and components characters. The highest values of all yield and its components characters were obtained from planting date (20 July). The results showed a plant length of 163.66 and 167.27 cm, number of pods plant of 69.16 and 71.97 pod.plant-1, plant vigor index of 65.60 and 73.43 cm, 1000-grain weight of 4.497 and 5.155 g’grains yield of 1.046 and 1.155 t.ha-1, for 10 July and 20 July’respectively2.. Increasing pyridoxine concentration (Vit B6) levels up to (150 B6mg.l-1) significantly increased all yield and components characters, were recorded 170.23 cm, 72.17 pod.plant-1, 72.02 cm, 5.162 g and 1.265 t.ha-1 respectively, under the same conditions for 0 and 100 B6mg.l-1. 3. Increasing seed oil content % and seed crude protein content %, when planting date (20 July) and pyridoxine concentration (Vit B6) levels up to (150 B6mg.l-1).
Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis in Reducing Geotrichum candidum Toxicology in the White Rat Biological Systems
Authors: Al-Faham Akram M. Y. , Ali Sadeq M.
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to evaluate the presence of Bacillus subtilis in the food dosed to laboratory rats to reduce the effect of G. candidum and its secretions of phenols on the rats’ health indicated by some chemical and biological blood variables. The experiment was conducted using 24 Rattus norvegicus adult male rats randomly divided into 8 groups 3 rats each. As treatments were; untreated control, dosing with 1 ml/Kg of Dimethyl Sulfoxide, pure orange juice, G. candidum infected juice, 1 ml B. subtilis+ 1 ml G. candidum infected juice, 60 mg/Kg fungal phenol, 1 ml B. subtilis+ 60 mg/Kg fungal phenol, or 1 ml B. subtilis. The results showed that dosing experimental rats with orange juice extracted from the orange parts infected with G. candidum, or dosing with phenols extracted from the fungus growth medium, led to a significant increase in blood variables including the numbers of WBC, GOT and GPT enzymes, and levels of blood urea. these two treatments also led to a significant decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and blood content of protein. Whereas, the same treatments in the presence of B. subtilis maintained the values of all indicators under study within the normal limits close to control, and no negative effect was detected due to dosing with bacteria alone compared to the dosing with healthy juice.
Efficiency of some Biological and Chemical Agents in Controlling Common Scab Disease in Potatoes Caused by Streptomyces scabies
Authors: Rokan Yasmeen T. , Abed Jasim M.
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out at the University of Anbar - College of Agriculture - Department of Plant Protection. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of using biological and chemical control agents such as Azotobacter chroococcum, Glomus mosseae and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 in controlling common scab disease on potatoes caused by Streptomyces spp. A study of its effect on reducing the severity of disease, evidence of scabies, and some studied parameters such as plant speed, plant diameter, plant diameter, and stem diameter Azotobacter chroococcum was superior to the rest of the treatments in reducing the percentage of infection severity and the percentage of evidence of scab, which amounted to (16.90 and 24.000), respectively, and an increase in the growth parameters of the crop, the speed of emergence, the height of the plant, the number of aerial stems, the diameter of the stem, the yield of one plant, and the total yield in tons, which amounted to (2.667%,41.111 6.000, 4.900, 1227.67, 7.00).
Efficiency of Gibberellic Acid and some Modern Insecticides in Control Earias Insulana (Bosid)
Authors: Jarmat Elaf Hassan Ali , Kazem Sabiha Hassoun
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the Al-Mashroo area / Al-Hamzawi, affiliated to Al-Musayyib district, located 35 km north of Babylon, in order to know the effect of bio-fertilizer and pesticide spraying on potato yield and its quality traits under the influence of different irrigation periods. The experiment was conducted according to a split-split plot design within the (Randomized Complete Block Design) RCBD with three replicates. The experiment included three factors, the first factor is the irrigation periods (5, 7, and 9) days, which represent the main plots. The second factor is biofertilizer with three levels (control treatment without adding CO, inoculation treatment with rhizobia R, inoculation treatment with mycorrhizal M) and the sub-plots are represented. The third factor is metribuzin with four levels (no addition of CO, pre-emergence, post-emergence, late post-emergence) and the sub-sub plots are represented. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the pre-emergence and post-emergence treatments were significantly superior in the number of stems, chlorophyll content in leaves and leaf area, and the fertilizer treatment (Myco) and chlorophyll content in leaves were excelled, and the number of leaves reached (23.06 and 24.66 SPAD, 28.10 and 29.15 (leaf.plant-1) The irrigation treatment every 7 days was significantly excelled in the number of leaves and leaf area (30.25 and 31.35 leaf.plant-1, 193.5 and 195.5 cm2). (28.3 and 3.53 stem.plant-1 and 3.58 and 3.88 stem.plant-1, 36.77 and 35.97 leaf.plant-1 and 37.77 and 37.68 leaf.plant-1, 219.2.224.4 cm2 and 215.5 and 227.1 cm2) and the bi-interaction between Irrigation periods and biofertilizer had a significant effect and the 7-day Myco × interaction was superior in the number of stems, number of leaves and leaf area (3.34 and 3.76 stems. plant-1, 32.40 and 33.65 leaves. plant-1, 216.3 and 219.0 cm2) and the two-way interaction between the two pesticides was The biofertilizer had a significant effect, and the interaction of post × Myco was excelled in the number of stems (3.24 and 3.78 stems. plant-1). -1, 268.6 and 271.8 cm2).
Isolation and Diagnosis of the Bacterium Pectobacterium Caratovorium, the Causative Agent of Soft Rot Disease on Potatoes, Macroscopically and Biochemically
Authors: Nawar Haider H. , Al-Juboory Hurria H.
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to isolate the bacterium Pectobacterium sp., the causal agent of soft rot disease on potato tubers, and to test its pathogenicity on potato tuber slices. It was also aimed to diagnose it macroscopically and biochemically to the species level. The isolation results showed that 40 bacterial isolates were obtained from potato stems, tubers, and soils collected from potato cultivation fields and storage facilities for the 2021 agricultural season from the areas of Yusufiyah, Radwaniyah, Abu Ghraib, Taji, Madaen, and Alwa Jamila. The results of the pathogenicity test for 40 isolates on potato slices showed that they had different pathogenicity in damaging potato slices, with three isolates (Pc1, Pc4, and Pc11) significantly outperforming the remaining isolates and the control treatment. The three isolates (Pc1, Pc4, and Pc11) were diagnosed to the species level based on morphological characteristics, ability to grow on some selective and differential media, and biochemical reactions as Pectobacterium carotovorum. The microscopic examination of samples from bacterial growth showed short rod-shaped cells, single or paired, negative for Gram staining, and motile. The biochemical reaction results showed that they had the ability to hydrolyze artificial pectin and reduce sucrose, were negative for oxidase test, methyl red test, Fox-Proskauer test, and phenylalanine deaminase test, and positive for free oxygen test, tolerance to salinity, production of ammonia from peptone, production of gas from glucose, hydrolysis of starch, ability to consume simple sugars, hydrolysis of gelatin, and ability to grow at 38°C.
Evaluation of some Environmentally Friendly Chemical Preparations in the Control of the Cotton Spiny Nut (Baisd) (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae) Earias insulana
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Hussain Ali Mtashar , Ahmed Zyiad Shhaab
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted on a farm belonging to Salah Al-Din Province, Al-Dujail District, Al-Sheikh Jamil District, for the season 2021. The study aimed to study the efficiency of the growth regulator Kinetin alone or in combination with insect growth regulators Runner, Match, and Matric in the resistance of the cotton spiny worm (Baisd) Earias insulana on the cotton plant Gossypium barbadense L. Coker class 310, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the study. Where the study included the use of the plant growth regulator, Kinetin, at concentrations of 100, 200, 300 mg L-1, and the second, some types of insect growth regulators, namely Runner at a concentration of 1 ml L-1, Matric at a concentration of 0.5 ml L-1, and Match at a concentration of 0.5 ml L-1. The plant growth regulator kinetin plays an effective role in influencing the activity of the enzyme catalase in the leaves and bracts of cotton plants. Where the concentration of 200 mg L-1 contributed to increasing the activity rate of the catalase enzyme in leaves and bracts, reaching 22.28 and 19.68 enzyme absorption units g-1 fresh weight. The interaction treatment between the matrix growth regulator and 200 mg L-1-Kinetin excelled in reducing the infection rate, reaching 6.43% at the first spray after 15 days of treatment during the first field spray and 9.95% after 15 days of field treatment after the second spray.
Effect of Foliar Spraying with Methyl Jasmonate on Growth and Production of some Cardiac Glycosides of Digitalis purpurea L. Under Water Stress
Authors: Abboud Mervat Najem Fakhri , Saeed Abdul Kareem A.J. Mohammad
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in one of the greenhouses affiliated to Baquba Nursery Research Station Center / Diyala Agriculture Directorate during autumn season of the year 2021-2022, to study the effect of methyl Jasmonate on the growth and production of some cardiac glycosides of Digitalis purpurea under water stress. A factorial experiment (2 × 3 × 3) was conducted according to the RCBD, with three replicates, and the results of the experiment were as follows: The results of the experiment indicated that there was a significant effect of the treatments for the irrigation periods, as the irrigation treatment every three days showed a significantly excelled in the percentage of nitrogen (2.04%), the percentage of phosphorus (0.51%) and the percentage of potassium (2.31%) The percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves was (8.02%). As for the irrigation treatment every seven days, the best results were recorded in the proline content in the leaves (0.31 mg gm-1), digitoxin content (441.81 μg g -1), and digoxin content (649.83 μg g-1) and Gitaloxin content (900.22 μg g-1) and Digitalin content (815.64 μg g-1). The results showed that there was a significantly excelled when spraying Methyl Jasmonate at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 in the percentage of nitrogen (1.88%), the percentage of phosphorus (0.43%), the percentage of potassium (2.22%) and the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves (6.81%). Leaves proline content (0.30 μg g-1), digitoxin content (421.52 μg g-1), digoxin content (592.37 μg g-1), Gitaloxin content (885.05 μg g-1), and digitalin content (665.49 μg g-1). The results of the binary interactions between the study factors indicated a significant effect in improving most of the biochemical treatments and the production of cardiac glycosides of the digitalis plant, and the interaction treatments Ir3 × Mj100 excelled in recording the best results.
The Effect of Organic Amendments and Minerals on Increasing Soil Fertility (A review )
Authors: Hasan Ali Abd ALameer , Aubied Imad Ali , Al-Taey Duraid K. A.
Published: December 2023

Sustainable agriculture emphasizes the maintenance and improvement of soil, water, and biodiversity reserves. Cover cropping, conservation tillage, and agroforestry are all examples of soil conservation practices that serve to reduce soil erosion, preserve soil fertility, and enhance soil health. Organic additions and minerals can help the soil produce grapes. Organic fertilizers and minerals can boost grape soil productivity. Organic additions improve physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. These chemicals include a lot of natural nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. Organic additions include compost, manure, and cover crops. Organic grape additions have many benefits. They improve soil structure and porosity, improving root growth and water penetration. Organic additives promote soil fertility through improving water, nutrient, and other element retention. Minerals may improve soil fertility as much as organics. Minerals are essential to plant growth. Minerals include calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. Magnesium creates chlorophyll for photosynthesis, whereas calcium builds strong cells. Proteins and amino acids, necessary to plant growth, require sulphur. Organic additions and minerals boost grape soil fertility. These compounds improve soil structure, nutrient absorption, and root growth, increasing grape yields and vine health. Remember that minerals and organic additions differ. It’s important to use high-quality materials that meet your soil and crop needs because these resources differ in quality and nutrition. Organic additions and minerals boost grape soil fertility. These compounds improve soil structure, nutrient absorption, and root growth, increasing grape yields and vine health. High-quality merchandise and expert agriculture assistance usually provide the best yields.
Effect of Humic Acid, Organic Nitrogen and Thidiazuron Spray on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) cv.Le-Conte
Authors: Hathal Nisreen M. , Al-Hayany Ali M.
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out on 5-yrs old Pear trees cv.Le-Conte), grown in a private orchard located at Otomaniyah area, Diyala Governorate, Iraq during 2019 growing season to study the effect of Humic Acid (0 and 1%), Organic Nitrogen (0 and 1%) and Thidiazuron (0,7.5 and 15 mg l-1) Spray on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Pear trees. Three replicates and one tree per experimental unit were utilized in a factorial experiment with three factors (2×2×3) using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data analysis was performed with the use of ready-made program and the Duncan’s multiple range test with 0.05 probability. The solutions were sprayed three times ( 20 march, 10 April, and 10 may ). The results showed that TDZ spray gave a significant effect through improving most of the studied traits as leaf area, leaves nitrogen, and potassium content (%), fruit weight, fruit flesh total titratable acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS %) of fruit juice.