bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peyzaj Mimarlığında Heykel Kullanımı: Trabzon Kenti Örneği / Monument Usage in Landscape Architecture: Example of Trabzon City
Authors: Düzenli Tuğba , Mumcu Sema , Tarakci Eren Emine
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Monuments play a key role in the formation of a common memory and community consciousness by symbolizing important events or situations in the lives of people and societies and establish diverse dialogues with their surroundings in this context. The monument-art works to be placed in open spaces are important in terms of shaping social life and fulfill functions such as warning and activating society. For this reason, the use of monuments in open spaces is a matter for landscape architects to explore. The aim of the study is to determine the purposes and functions of monuments in urban open spaces. In this context, monuments in the city center of Trabzon are photographed and their usage types are classified. As a result, the monuments in urban open spaces in Trabzon are mostly composed of Atatürk and the persons in the history of the city (Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, Yavuz Sultan Selim, Mimar Sinan Etc.) And secondly the figures and events reflecting the culture of the city (horon/dancing figures, kamancha playing figures, anchovy, Trabzonspor etc.) Finally, it is seen that the expressions (military, martyr, etc.) reflect the national spirit. So in the monuments; it has been determined that the historical, cultural and social characteristics of the city are gaining more importance.

 

Öz

Toplum ve bireylerin yaşamında yer alan önemli olayları simgeleyen, ortak toplumsal bilinç ve hafıza oluşturan heykeller çevreleriyle ilişki kurarlar. Açık mekanlarda yeralan heykeller, toplumun yaşantısında, sanatsal, estetik, kültürel öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle heykellerin açık alanlardaki kullanım amaçları peyzaj mimarları için araştırılması gereken bir konudur. Çalışmada amaç kentsel açık mekanlardaki heykellerin kullanım amaçlarını belirlemektir. Bu bağlamda Trabzon kent merkezideki heykeller fotoğraflanarak kullanım türleri sınıflandırılmıştır. Sonuçta Trabzon’da kentsel açık mekanlardaki heykellerin çoğunlukla kentin kültürünü yansıtan figür ve olaylara (kemençe, horon, hamsi, Trabzonspor, taka vb.), ikinci olarak Atatürk ve kentin tarihinde yer alan kişilere (Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, Yavuz Sultan Selim vb.), ayrıca en son olarak milli ruhu yansıtan ifadelere (asker, şehit vb.) ait olduğu görülmüştür. Yani heykellerde; kente ilişkin tarihi, kültürel ve sosyal özelliklerin ağırlık kazandığı belirlenmiştir.
Medyada Şiddetin Yeniden Üretimi: Türkiye Ana Haber Bültenleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme / Reproduction of Violence in the Media: A Review on Turkey's Main News Bulletins
Authors: Kasap Fevzi , Mırçık Ali Murat , Dolunay Ayhan
Published: April 2018

Abstract

In the daily life, the media is a concept that gives direction to life and affects society from every direction. Media tools has been published with anxiety of economic and political concerns. This anxiety arises from the ideology, and according to this media is in the process of reproduction. In this framework, one of the reproduced concepts emerges as violence. Violence is often seen as a concept that often appears in the main news bulletins of television channels. The channels reproduce violent incidents according to their own ideological structures and present them to their target groups; because the television appeals to a large crowd, the influence is quite high. The universe of work is the main news bulletins. As a sample, main news bulletins of Kanal D, Kanal 7, Show TV and NTV between 07.11.2017 and 11.11.2017 were followed and related news were analyzed by discoursing analysis method and it was tried to be determined how violence incidents were regenerated.

 

Öz

Medya gündelik hayatın içinde, bu hayata yön veren, toplumu her yönden etkileyen bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Medya araçları ekonomik ve politik kaygılar çerçevesinde yayınlarını gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu kaygı ideolojiden kaynaklanır ve buna bağlı olarak medya, yeniden üretim sürecine girmektedir. Bu çerçevede, yeniden üretilen kavramlardan biri de şiddet olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Şiddet, özellikle televizyon kanallarının ana haber bültenlerinde sıklıkla karşımıza çıkan bir kavram olarak görülmektedir. Kanallar kendi ideolojik yapılanmaları gereği şiddet olaylarını yeniden üreterek hedef kitlelerine sunmakta olup; televizyonun büyük bir kitleye hitap etmesi nedeniyle, etki gücü oldukça yüksektir. Çalışmanın evreni ana haber bültenleridir. Örneklem olarak ise Kanal D,  Kanal 7, Show TV ve NTV kanallarının 07.11.2017-15.11.2017 tarihleri arasındaki ana haber bültenleri takip edilmiş ve yayınlanan ilgili haberler, söylem analizi yöntemiyle incelenerek, şiddet olaylarının nasıl yeniden üretilerek ele alındığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Pumpkin powdery mildew disease severity influences the fungal diversity of the phyllosphere
Authors: Zhang Zhuo , Luo Luyun , Tan Xinqiu , Kong Xiao , Yang Jianguo , Wang Duanhua , Zhang Deyong , Jin Decai , Liu Yong
Published: April 2018

Phyllosphere microbiota play a crucial role in plant-environment interactions and their microbial community and function are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. However, there is little research on how pathogens affect the microbial community of phyllosphere fungi. In this study, we collected 16 pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) leaf samples which exhibited powdery mildew disease, with a severity ranging from L1 (least severe) to L4 (most severe). The fungal community structure and diversity was examined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes. The results showed that the fungal communities were dominated by members of the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. ThePodosphaerawas the most dominant genus on these infected leaves, which was the key pathogen responsible for the pumpkin powdery mildew. The abundance of Ascomycota andPodosphaeraincreased as disease severity increased from L1 to L4, and was significantly higher at disease severity L4 (P< 0.05). The richness and diversity of the fungal community increased from L1 to L2, and then declined from L2 to L4, likely due to the biotic pressure (i.e., symbiotic and competitive stresses among microbial species) at disease severity L4. Our results could give new perspectives on the changes of the leaf microbiome at different pumpkin powdery mildew disease severity.
A walk in the maze: variation in Late Jurassic tridactyl dinosaur tracks from the Swiss Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland)
Authors: Castanera Diego , Belvedere Matteo , Marty Daniel , Paratte Géraldine , Lapaire-Cattin Marielle , Lovis Christel , Meyer Christian A.
Published: April 2018

Background

Minute to medium-sized (footprint length (FL) less than 30 cm) tridactyl dinosaur tracks are the most abundant in the Late Jurassic tracksites of Highway A16 (Reuchenette Formation, Kimmeridgian) in the Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland). During excavations, two morphotypes, one gracile and one robust, were identified in the field. Furthermore, two large-sized theropod ichnospecies (Megalosauripus transjuranicusandJurabrontes curtedulensis) and an ornithopod-like morphotype (Morphotype II) have recently been described at these sites.

Methods

The quality of morphological preservation (preservation grade), the depth of the footprint, the shape variation, and the footprint proportions (FL/footprint width (FW) ratio and mesaxony) along the trackways have been analyzed using 3D models and false-color depth maps in order to determine the exact number of small to medium-sized morphotypes present in the tracksites.

Results

The study of footprints (n= 93) recovered during the excavations has made it possible to identify and characterize the two morphotypes distinguished in the field. The gracile morphotype is mainly characterized by a high FL/FW ratio, high mesaxony, low divarication angles and clear, sharp claw marks, and phalangeal pads (2-3-4). By contrast, the robust morphotype is characterized by a lower FL/FW ratio, weaker mesaxony, slightly higher divarication angles and clear, sharp claw marks (when preserved), whereas the phalangeal pads are not clearly preserved although they might be present.

Discussion

The analysis does not allow the two morphotypes to be associated within the same morphological continuum. Thus, they cannot be extramorphological variations of similar tracks produced by a single trackmaker. Comparison of the two morphotypes with the larger morphotypes described in the formation (M. transjuranicus,J. curtedulensis, and Morphotype II) and the spatio-temporal relationships of the trackways suggest that the smaller morphotypes cannot reliably be considered as small individuals of any of the larger morphotypes. The morphometric data of some specimens of the robust morphotype (even lower values for the length/width ratio and mesaxony) suggest that more than one ichnotaxon might be represented within the robust morphotype. The features of the gracile morphotype (cf.Kalohipusisp.) are typical of “grallatorid” ichnotaxa with low mesaxony whereas those of the robust morphotype (cf.Therangospodusisp. andTherangospodus? isp.) are reminiscent ofTherangospodus pandemicus. This work sheds new light on combining an analysis of variations in footprint morphology through 3D models and false-color depth maps, with the study of possible ontogenetic variations and the identification of small-sized tridactyl ichnotaxa for the description of new dinosaur tracks.
Selective attention on representations in working memory: cognitive and neural mechanisms
Authors: Ku Yixuan
Published: April 2018

Selective attention and working memory are inter-dependent core cognitive functions. It is critical to allocate attention on selected targets during the capacity-limited working memory processes to fulfill the goal-directed behavior. The trends of research on both topics are increasing exponentially in recent years, and it is considered that selective attention and working memory share similar underlying neural mechanisms. Different types of attention orientation in working memory are introduced by distinctive cues, and the means using retrospective cues are strengthened currently as it is manipulating the representation in memory, instead of the perceptual representation. The cognitive and neural mechanisms of the retro-cue effects are further reviewed, as well as the potential molecular mechanism. The frontal-parietal network that is involved in both attention and working memory is also the neural candidate for attention orientation during working memory. Neural oscillations in the gamma and alpha/beta oscillations may respectively be employed for the feedforward and feedback information transfer between the sensory cortices and the association cortices. Dopamine and serotonin systems might interact with each other subserving the communication between memory and attention. In conclusion, representations which attention shifts towards are strengthened, while representations which attention moves away from are degraded. Studies on attention orientation during working memory indicates the flexibility of the processes of working memory, and the beneficial way that overcome the limited capacity of working memory.
PlasmidSeeker: identification of known plasmids from bacterial whole genome sequencing reads
Authors: Roosaare Märt , Puustusmaa Mikk , Möls Märt , Vaher Mihkel , Remm Maido
Published: April 2018

Background

Plasmids play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, making their detection an important task. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), it is possible to capture both bacterial and plasmid sequence data, but short read lengths make plasmid detection a complex problem.

Results

We developed a tool named PlasmidSeeker that enables the detection of plasmids from bacterial WGS data without read assembly. The PlasmidSeeker algorithm is based onk-mers and usesk-mer abundance to distinguish between plasmid and bacterial sequences. We tested the performance of PlasmidSeeker on a set of simulated and real bacterial WGS samples, resulting in 100% sensitivity and 99.98% specificity.

Conclusion

PlasmidSeeker enables quick detection of known plasmids and complements existing tools that assemble plasmids de novo. The PlasmidSeeker source code is stored on GitHub:https://github.com/bioinfo-ut/PlasmidSeeker.
Ethoxysulfuron no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do feijoeiro comum
Authors: Pagnoncelli Fortunato , Vidal Ribas Antonio , Trezzi Michelangelo Muzell , Batistel Sorhaila Camila , Gobetti Renata Caroline , Cavalheiro Bruna Mandryk , Viecelli Matheus
Published: April 2018

É necessário identificar novos herbicidas com amplo espectro de controle de plantas infestantes para a cultura do feijão e, que possuam margem de segurança adequada para a cultura. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram, avaliar o potencial uso do herbicida ethoxysulfuron para o controle de plantas infestantes em meio a cultura do feijão, assim como a tolerância da cultivar de feijão IAC Imperador a este herbicida. Um experimento foi conduzido a campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas principais foram alocadas as doses de ethoxysulfuron (0; 10,4; 20,8; 41,6; 62,5 e 83,3 g ha-1) e nas sub parcelas três cultivares de soja (AMS Tibagi, Dow 5D634 e Nidera 5909) + as plantas infestantes (Bidens spp., Ipomoea spp.). Adicionalmente foi incluído um tratamento extra sem infestantes e sem aplicação do herbicida. Ethoxysulfuron controlou as plantas de Ipomoea spp. e soja, mas não as de Bidens spp. Constatou-se tolerância diferencial entre as cultivares de soja avaliadas, em que a cultivar AMS Tibagi indica ser ligeiramente mais tolerante que as demais cultivares. Doses de até 20,8 g ha-1 são suficientes para controlar satisfatoriamente plantas de Ipomoea spp. e soja, no entanto, não as de Bidens spp. O herbicida proporcionou incremento no rendimento de grãos de feijão, todavia, não foi suficiente para alcançar o rendimento da testemunha extra. A cultivar de feijão IAC Imperador demostrou tolerância moderada ao ethoxysulfuron, além disso, as plantas tendem a se recuperar rapidamente da injúria do herbicida.
Glycan‐metabolizing enzymes in microbe–host interactions: the Streptococcus pneumoniae paradigm
Authors: Hobbs Joanne K. , Pluvinage Benjamin , Boraston Alisdair B.
Published: April 2018

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the upper airways; however, it is also an accomplished pathogen capable of causing life‐threatening diseases. To colonize and cause invasive disease, this bacterium relies on a complex array of factors to mediate the host–bacterium interaction. The respiratory tract is rich in functionally important glycoconjugates that display a vast range of glycans, and, thus, a key component of the pneumococcus–host interaction involves an arsenal of bacterial carbohydrate‐active enzymes to depolymerize these glycans and carbohydrate transporters to import the products. Through the destruction of host glycans, the glycan‐specific metabolic machinery deployed by S. pneumoniae plays a variety of roles in the host–pathogen interaction. Here, we review the processing and metabolism of the major host‐derived glycans, including N‐ and O‐linked glycans, Lewis and blood group antigens, proteoglycans, and glycogen, as well as some dietary glycans. We discuss the role of these metabolic pathways in the S. pneumoniae–host interaction, speculate on the potential of key enzymes within these pathways as therapeutic targets, and relate S. pneumoniae as a model system to glycan processing in other microbial pathogens.
Velocity Structure of the Subducted Yakutat Terrane, Alaska: Insights From Guided Waves
Authors: Coulson S. , Garth T. , Rietbrock A.
Published: April 2018

Dispersed P wave arrivals from intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the Alaskan subduction zone provide insight into the low‐velocity structure of the subducting oceanic crust. P wave arrivals from 41 earthquakes in the eastern section of the arc show significant guided wave dispersion, with high‐frequency (>1 Hz) energy delayed by up to 2–3 s. We simulate this dispersion using a 2‐D finite difference waveform propagation model, systematically varying both P wave velocity and low‐velocity layer thickness parameters to find the lowest misfit between the observed and synthetic waveforms. We infer a 6 to 10 km thick low‐velocity layer with a P wave velocity contrast of 7–15% with the overriding mantle, velocities which cannot be entirely accounted for by metamorphosed mid‐ocean ridge basalt compositions. We postulate that this structure is the remnant of the subducted Yakutat terrane, significantly thinned at depth by metamorphism or delamination of material during subduction.
Laboratory Strategies for Hydrate Formation in Fine‐Grained Sediments
Authors: Lei L. , Santamarina J. C.
Published: April 2018

Fine‐grained sediments limit hydrate nucleation, shift the phase boundary, and hinder gas supply. Laboratory experiments in this study explore different strategies to overcome these challenges, including the use of a more soluble guest molecule rather than methane, grain‐scale gas‐storage within porous diatoms, ice‐to‐hydrate transformation to grow lenses at predefined locations, forced gas injection into water saturated sediments, and long‐term guest molecule transport. Tomographic images and thermal and pressure data provide rich information on hydrate formation and morphology. Results show that hydrate formation is inherently displacive in fine‐grained sediments; lenses are thicker and closer to each other in compressible, high specific surface area sediments subjected to low effective stress. Temperature and pressure trajectories follow a shifted phase boundary that is consistent with capillary effects. Exo‐pore growth results in freshly formed hydrate with a striped and porous structure; this open structure becomes an effective pathway for gas transport to the growing hydrate front. Ice‐to‐hydrate transformation goes through a liquid stage at premelt temperatures; then, capillarity and cryogenic suction compete, and some water becomes imbibed into the sediment faster than hydrate reformation. The geometry of hydrate lenses and the internal hydrate structure continue evolving long after the exothermal response to hydrate formation has completely decayed. Multiple time‐dependent processes occur during hydrate formation, including gas, water and heat transport, sediment compressibility, reaction rate, and the stochastic nucleation process. Hydrate formation strategies conceived for this study highlight the inherent difficulties in emulating hydrate formation in fine‐grained sediments within the relatively short time scale available for laboratory experiments.
Evaluating the Impact of Emissions Regulations on the Emissions Reduction During the 2015 China Victory Day Parade With an Ensemble Square Root Filter
Authors: Chu Kekuan , Peng Zhen , Liu Zhiquan , Lei Lili , Kou Xingxia , Zhang Yi , Bo Xin , Tian Jun
Published: April 2018

In order to guarantee good air quality for the 15th International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships (22–30 August) and the China Victory Day parade (3 September) in Beijing, a series of comprehensive emissions regulations were implemented in Beijing and the surrounding provinces from 20 August to 3 September 2015. During this period, the intensity of the emissions regulation was enhanced step by step in the run‐up to the event. This period therefore allowed us to quantitatively estimate the reduction in emissions as a result of the emissions regulations under different intensity and strategy scenarios. The ensemble square root filter was employed to optimize the initial conditions and the emissions simultaneously. Numerical results showed that the variations of the anthropogenic emissions before, during, and after the emissions regulations were reasonably simulated. The updated emissions were about 80% and 50% of the prior anthropogenic emissions during the regular‐ and stringent‐regulations periods, respectively. As a result, the PM2.5 concentrations consistently reduced during the regulations period, and the largest reduction occurred under the stringent‐regulations period. Sensitivity simulations forced by the averaged emissions before the regulations and during the regular‐ and stringent‐regulation periods further highlighted the valuable impacts of emissions regulations, under different strategy and intensity scenarios, on the improvement of air quality. More intense emissions regulation will lead to a greater reduction in PM2.5 concentrations.
Controls on Yardang Development and Morphology: 2. Numerical Modeling
Authors: Pelletier Jon D.
Published: April 2018

Here I present a set of mathematical modeling results, constrained by the results of the companion paper, aimed at improving our understanding of yardang development and controls on yardang morphology. The classic model for yardang development posits that yardangs evolve to an aspect ratio of ≈4 in order to minimize aerodynamic drag. Computational fluid dynamics model results presented here, however, demonstrate that yardangs with an aspect ratio of 4 do not minimize drag. As an alternative, I propose that yardang aspect ratios are primarily controlled by the lateral downwind expansion of wind and wind‐blown sediments focused into the troughs among yardangs, which can be quantified using previous studies of wall‐bounded turbulent jets. This approach predicts yardangs with aspect ratios in the range of 5 to 10, that is, similar to those of natural yardangs. In addition to aerodynamics, yardang aspect ratios are influenced by the strikes and dips of strata, as demonstrated in the companion paper. To better understand the aerodynamic and bedrock structural controls on yardang morphology, I developed a landscape evolution model that combines the physics of boundary layer flow and abrasion by eolian sediment transport with a model for the erosion of the tops and lee sides of yardangs by water‐driven erosional processes. Yardang formation in the model is enhanced in substrates with greater heterogeneity (i.e., alternating strong and weak strata). Yardang morphology is controlled by the strikes and dips of strata as well as the topographic diffusivity associated with water‐driven erosional processes.
Tunable, Electrically Small, Inductively Coupled Antenna for Transportable Ionospheric Heating
Authors: Esser Benedikt , Mauch Daniel , Dickens James , Mankowski John , Neuber Andreas
Published: April 2018

An electrically small antenna is evaluated for use as the principle radiating element in a mobile ionospheric heating array. Consisting of a small loop antenna inductively coupled to a capacitively loaded loop, the electrically small antenna provides high efficiency with the capability of being tuned within the range of ionospheric heating. At a factor 60 smaller in area than a High‐Frequency Active Auroral Research Program element, this antenna provides a compact, efficient radiating element for mobile ionospheric heating. A prototype antenna at 10 MHz was built to study large‐scale feasibility and possible use with photoconductive semiconductor switch‐based drivers. Based on the experimental study, the design has been extrapolated to a small 6 × 4 array of antennas. At a total power input of 16.1 MW this array is predicted to provide 3.6‐GW effective radiated power typically required for ionospheric heating. Array cross talk is addressed, including effects upon individual antenna port parameters. Tuning within the range of ionospheric heating, 3–10 MHz, is made possible without the use of lossy dielectrics through a large capacitive area suited to tune the antenna. Considerations for high power operation across the band are provided including a method of driving the antenna with a simple switcher requiring no radio frequency cabling. Source matching may be improved via adjustment of the coupling between small loop antenna and capacitively loaded loop improving |S11| from −1 to −21 dB at 3 MHz.
Modeling the Mechanisms Behind Yardang Evolution
Authors: Barchyn Thomas E.
Published: April 2018

New work by Pelletier et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004461) and Pelletier (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004462) quantitatively explains how arid landscapes can be sculpted into regular “teardrop”‐shaped hills known as yardangs. A diversity of theories have been proposed to explain these perplexing hills. Pelletier (2018) helpfully clarifies that the most likely suite of mechanisms involves an interplay between wind‐ and water‐driven erosion. Using detailed field measurements from Ocotillo Wells, California, a model is developed that explains how yardangs achieve their characteristic form and spacing. Although couched around the iconic yardang, the work contributes a general and robust template for understanding landscapes where both wind and water erosion are present.
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Reduction of Phenols, Carboxylic Acids and Deriatives, and Nitriles
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: April 2018

Phenols and Derivatives

Acylsilanes

Carboxylic Acids

Acid Halides

Anhydrides

Esters

Thioesters

Selenoesters

Lactones

Amides and Imides

Nitriles and Acyl Nitriles

4,5‐Dihydrooxazoles and 2‐Imidazolines
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Cyclization and Annulation Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: April 2018

Cyclization

Spirocyclization and Spiroannulation

One‐Carbon Annulation

Two‐Carbon Annulation

Three‐Carbon Annulation

Four‐Carbon Annulation

Five‐Carbon Annulation

Five‐ and Six‐Carbon Annulation

Six‐Carbon Annulation
Formation of Nitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Derivatives by Carbonyl Homologation and Degradation
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli
Published: April 2018

Homologation

Degradation
Formation of Nitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Derivatives by Alkylation, Acylation, and Substitution
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli
Published: April 2018

Carboxylic Acids

Esters

Anhydrides

Amides and Carbamates

Imides and Related Derivatives

Nitriles
Elevated LGI1‐IgG CSF index predicts worse neurological outcome
Authors: Gadoth Avi , Zekeridou Anastasia , Klein Christopher J. , Thoreson Colton J. , Majed Masoud , Dubey Divyanshu , Flanagan Eoin P. , McKeon Andrew , Jenkins Sarah M. , Lennon Vanda A. , Pittock Sean J.
Published: April 2018

To determine whether CSF leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1(LGI1)‐IgG titer, index or IgG subclass has prognostic significance, we tested serum and CSF specimens collected concomitantly from 39 seropositive patients. LGI1‐IgG index was elevated (>1) in 21 patients (54%), suggesting intrathecal synthesis. Patients with worse outcome at last follow‐up (modified Rankin Scale >2) had significantly higher index (median 6.57 vs. 0.5, P = 0.048) compared to those with better outcome. Higher CSF LGI1‐IgG4 subclass‐specific titer and index correlated with worse outcome (P < 0.005 for both). These data suggest that evidence of intrathecal LGI1‐IgG synthesis may correlate with neuronal injury and warrant consideration of aggressive immunotherapy.
UV resistance and water barrier properties of PP/PLA/MAH/TiO2 functional hybrid biocomposite films for packaging application
Authors: Jiang Qian , Pei Xin , Wu Liwei , Li Ting‐Ting , Lin Jia‐Horng
Published: April 2018

Synthetic polymers have been commonly used in the packaging engineering field due to the excellent properties. However, they also generate non‐biodegradable waste which causes environmental pollutions. Therefore, a new material is expected to accelerate the degradation of packaging materials, making them naturally degraded and keeping the excellent properties meanwhile. One solution to address this problem is using hybrid biocomposites that are made of traditional polymer matrices, biodegradable polymers, and nanofiller using a melt‐blending process. Polylactic acid is added for dispersion phase and polypropylene is used as a matrix, during which maleic anhydride is used as a compatibilizer and nano‐TiO2 is added as fillers. The melt‐blending process is used to make the materials into biodegradable composite films with functions in terms of UV resistance and water barrier properties. The composite films are tested for different properties in order to obtain the optimal amount of nano‐TiO2. The test results show that comparing to the control group that contains 0 wt% nano‐TiO2, adding 1 wt% nano‐TiO2 improves the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the functional hybrid biocomposite films by 22% and 31%, respectively. The thermal resistance of hybrid biocomposite films is superior under 400°C. In addition, the functional hybrid biocomposite films have a UV transmittance that is less than 1%. After exposure to the medium waves (UVB) for 144 hr, the functional hybrid biocomposite films have tensile strength retention of 84.61%. The water contact angle of hybrid biocomposite films with 1 wt% nano‐TiO2 is 112.7°, showing good water barrier property.
Phylotranscriptomic analysis and genome evolution of the Cypripedioideae (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Unruh Sarah A. , McKain Michael R. , Lee Yung‐I , Yukawa Tomohisa , McCormick Melissa K. , Shefferson Richard P. , Smithson Ann , Leebens‐Mack James H. , Pires J. Chris
Published: April 2018

Premise of the Study

The slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae) are a morphologically distinct subfamily of Orchidaceae. They also have some of the largest genomes in the orchids, which may be due to polyploidy or some other mechanism of genome evolution. We generated 10 transcriptomes and incorporated existing RNA‐seq data to infer a multilocus nuclear phylogeny of the Cypripedioideae and to determine whether a whole‐genome duplication event (WGD) correlated with the large genome size of this subfamily. Knowing more about timing of ancient polyploidy events can help us understand the evolution of one of the most species‐rich plant families.

Methods

Transcriptome data were used to identify low‐copy orthologous genes to infer a phylogeny of Orchidaceae and to identify paralogs to place any WGD events on the species tree.

Key Results

Our transcriptome phylogeny confirmed relationships published in previous studies that used fewer markers but incorporated more taxa. We did not find a WGD event at the base of the slipper orchids; however, we did identify one on the Orchidaceae stem lineage. We also confirmed the presence of a previously identified WGD event deeper in the monocot phylogeny.

Conclusions

Although WGD has played a role in the evolution of Orchidaceae, polyploidy does not appear to be responsible for the large genome size of slipper orchids. The conserved set of 775 largely single‐copy nuclear genes identified in this study should prove useful in future studies of orchid evolution.
Ancient DNA reveals temporal population structure within the South‐Central Andes area
Authors: Russo M. Gabriela , Mendisco Fanny , Avena Sergio A. , Crespo Cristian M. , Arencibia Valeria , Dejean Cristina B. , Seldes Verónica
Published: April 2018

Objectives

The main aim of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of pre‐Hispanic genetic variation and population structure among the South‐central Andes Area by studying individuals from Quebrada de Humahuaca, North‐western (NW) Argentina.

Materials and methods

We analyzed 15 autosomal STRs in 19 individuals from several archaeological sites in Quebrada de Humahuaca, belonging to the Regional Developments Period (900–1430 AD). Compiling autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y‐chromosome data, we evaluated population structure and differentiation among eight South‐central Andean groups from the current territories of NW Argentina and Peru.

Results

Autosomal data revealed a structuring of the analyzed populations into two clusters which seemed to represent different temporalities in the Andean pre‐Hispanic history: pre‐Inca and Inca. All pre‐Inca samples fell into the same cluster despite being from the two different territories of NW Argentina and Peru. Also, they were systematically differentiated from the Peruvian Inca group. These results were mostly confirmed by mitochondrial and Y‐chromosome analyses. We mainly found a clearly different haplotype composition between clusters.

Discussion

Population structure in South America has been mostly studied on current native groups, mainly showing a west‐to‐east differentiation between the Andean and lowland regions. Here we demonstrated that genetic population differentiation preceded the European contact and might have been more complex than thought, being found within the South‐central Andes Area. Moreover, divergence among temporally different populations might be reflecting socio‐political changes occurred in the evermore complex pre‐Hispanic Andean societies.
Atomic Layer Deposition of the Metal Pyrites FeS2, CoS2, and NiS2
Authors: Guo Zheng , Wang Xinwei
Published: April 2018

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of the pyrite‐type metal disulfides FeS2, CoS2, and NiS2 is reported for the first time. The deposition processes use iron, cobalt, and nickel amidinate compounds as the corresponding metal precursors and the H2S plasma as the sulfur source. All the processes are demonstrated to follow ideal self‐limiting ALD growth behavior to produce fairly pure, smooth, well‐crystallized, stoichiometric pyrite FeS2, CoS2, and NiS2 films. By these processes, the FeS2, CoS2, and NiS2 films can also be uniformly and conformally deposited into deep narrow trenches with aspect ratios as high as 10:1, which thereby highlights the broad and promising applicability of these ALD processes for conformal film coatings on complex high‐aspect‐ratio 3D architectures in general.
Targeting legume loci: A comparison of three methods for target enrichment bait design in Leguminosae phylogenomics
Authors: Vatanparast Mohammad , Powell Adrian , Doyle Jeff J. , Egan Ashley N.
Published: April 2018

Premise of the Study

The development of pipelines for locus discovery has spurred the use of target enrichment for plant phylogenomics. However, few studies have compared pipelines from locus discovery and bait design, through validation, to tree inference. We compared three methods within Leguminosae (Fabaceae) and present a workflow for future efforts.

Methods

Using 30 transcriptomes, we compared Hyb‐Seq, MarkerMiner, and the Yang and Smith (Y&S) pipelines for locus discovery, validated 7501 baits targeting 507 loci across 25 genera via Illumina sequencing, and inferred gene and species trees via concatenation‐ and coalescent‐based methods.

Results

Hyb‐Seq discovered loci with the longest mean length. MarkerMiner discovered the most conserved loci with the least flagged as paralogous. Y&S offered the most parsimony‐informative sites and putative orthologs. Target recovery averaged 93% across taxa. We optimized our targeted locus set based on a workflow designed to minimize paralog/ortholog conflation and thus present 423 loci for legume phylogenomics.

Conclusions

Methods differed across criteria important for phylogenetic marker development. We recommend Hyb‐Seq as a method that may be useful for most phylogenomic projects. Our targeted locus set is a resource for future, community‐driven efforts to reconstruct the legume tree of life.
Practical considerations for plant phylogenomics
Authors: McKain Michael R. , Johnson Matthew G. , Uribe‐Convers Simon , Eaton Deren , Yang Ya
Published: April 2018

The past decade has seen a major breakthrough in our ability to easily and inexpensively sequence genome‐scale data from diverse lineages. The development of high‐throughput sequencing and long‐read technologies has ushered in the era of phylogenomics, where hundreds to thousands of nuclear genes and whole organellar genomes are routinely used to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. As a result, understanding which options are best suited for a particular set of questions can be difficult, especially for those just starting in the field. Here, we review the most recent advances in plant phylogenomic methods and make recommendations for project‐dependent best practices and considerations. We focus on the costs and benefits of different approaches in regard to the information they provide researchers and the questions they can address. We also highlight unique challenges and opportunities in plant systems, such as polyploidy, reticulate evolution, and the use of herbarium materials, identifying optimal methodologies for each. Finally, we draw attention to lingering challenges in the field of plant phylogenomics, such as reusability of data sets, and look at some up‐and‐coming technologies that may help propel the field even further.
Review: Unmet Needs and the Path Forward in Joint Disease Associated With Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition
Authors: Abhishek Abhishek , Neogi Tuhina , Choi Hyon , Doherty Michael , Rosenthal Ann K. , Terkeltaub Robert
Published: April 2018

Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal deposition (CPPD) is prevalent and can be associated with synovitis and joint damage. The population of elderly persons predominantly affected by CPPD is growing rapidly. Since shortfalls exist in many aspects of CPPD, we conducted an anonymous survey of CPPD unmet needs, prioritized by experts from the Gout, Hyperuricemia and Crystal‐Associated Disease Network. We provide our perspectives on the survey results, and we propose several CPPD basic and clinical translational research pathways. Chondrocyte and cartilage culture systems for generating CPP crystals in vitro and transgenic small animal CPPD models are needed to better define CPPD mechanism paradigms and help guide new therapies. CPPD recognition, clinical research, and care would be improved by international consensus on CPPD nomenclature and disease phenotype classification, better exploitation of advanced imaging, and pragmatic new point‐of‐care crystal analytic approaches for detecting CPP crystals. Clinical impacts of CPP crystals in osteoarthritis and in asymptomatic joints in elderly persons remain major unanswered questions that are rendered more difficult by current inability to therapeutically limit or dissolve the crystal deposits and assess the consequent clinical outcome. Going forward, CPPD clinical research studies should define clinical settings in which articular CPPD does substantial harm and should include analyses of diverse clinical phenotypes and populations. Clinical trials should identify the best therapeutic targets to limit CPP crystal deposition and associated inflammation and should include assessment of intraarticular agents. Our perspective is that such advances in basic and clinical science in CPPD are now within reach and can lead to better treatments for this disorder.
Vanadium‐Doped WS2 Nanosheets Grown on Carbon Cloth as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Jiang Anning , Zhang Baohua , Li Zhonghao , Jin Guoxia , Hao Jingcheng
Published: April 2018

Two‐dimensional transition‐metal dichalcogenides have been widely studied as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, limited active sites and poor conductivity hinder their application. To solve these disadvantages, heteroatom doping has attracted wide attention because it can not only increase the active sites but also affect the intrinsic catalytic properties of the electrocatalyst. Herein, we grew vanadium‐doped WS2 nanosheets on carbon cloth (V‐WS2/CC) as an electrocatalyst for HER under acidic and alkaline conditions. With a proper vanadium doping concentration, the electrochemical surface areas of V0.065‐WS2/CC were 9.6 and 2.6 times as large as that of pure WS2 electrocatalyst under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. In addition, the charge‐transfer resistance also decreased with moderate vanadium doping. Based on this, the synthesized vanadium‐doped WS2 nanosheets exhibited good stability with high HER catalytic activity and could reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of 148 and 134 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 1 m KOH, respectively. The corresponding Tafel slopes were 71 and 85 mV dec−1. Therefore, our synthesized vanadium‐doped WS2 nanosheets can be a promising electrocatalyst for the production of hydrogen over a wide pH range.
Simultaneous determination of 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol and its three metabolites in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS: application to their pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Li Jin‐Qi , Wang Jia‐Feng , Li Jie , Zhang Shu‐han , He Dan , Tong Rong‐Sheng , She Shu‐Ya
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to develop an LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 20(S) protopanaxadiol (PPD) and its three metabolites, PPD‐glucuronide (M1), (20S,24S)‐epoxy‐dammarane‐3,12,25‐triol (M2) and (20S,24R)‐epoxydammarane‐3,12,25‐triol (M3), in rat plasma. Precipitation with acetonitrile was employed for sample preparation and chromatographic separations were achieved on a C18 column. The sample was detected using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with selected reaction monitoring mode. The monitored precursor‐to‐product ion transitions were m/z 459.4 → 375.3 for PPD, m/z 635.4 → 113.0 for M1, m/z 477.4 → 441.4 for M2 and M3 and m/z 475.4 → 391.3 for IS. The developed assay was validated according to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the tested concentration ranges (r > 0.9993), with the LLOQ being 1 ng/mL for all analytes. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were < 9.51% while the accuracy (RE) ranged from −8.91 to 12.84%. The extraction recovery was >80% and no obvious matrix effect was detected. The analytes were stable in rat plasma with the RE ranging from −12.34 to 9.77%. The validated assay has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of PPD as well as its metabolites in rat plasma. According to the pharmacokinetic parameters, the in vivo exposures of M1, M2 and M3 were 11.91, 47.95 and 22.62% of that of PPD, respectively.
An analysis of the effect of statins on the risk of Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women’s Health Initiative cohort
Authors: Desai Pinkal , Wallace Robert , Anderson Matthew L. , Howard Barbara V. , Ray Roberta , Wu Chunyuan , Safford Monika , Martin Lisa W. , Schlecht Nicolas , Liu Simin , Cirillo Dominic , Jay Allison , Manson JoAnn E. , Simon Michael S.
Published: April 2018

Statins have been shown to induce a phosphoprotein signature that modifies MYC (myelocytomatosis viral oncogene) activation and to have anti‐inflammatory activity that may impact the risk of Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed the relationship between statins and risk of NHL using data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The study population included 161,563 postmenopausal women ages 50–79 years from which 712 cases of NHL were diagnosed after 10.8 years of follow‐up. Information on statin use and other risk factors was collected by self‐ and interviewer‐administered questionnaires. Multivariable‐adjusted HR and 95% CI evaluating the relationship between statin use at baseline, as well as in a time‐dependent manner and risk of NHL, were computed from Cox proportional hazards analyses. A separate analysis was performed for individual NHL subtypes: diffuse large B‐Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 228), follicular lymphoma (n = 169), and small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 74). All statistical tests were two‐sided. There was no significant association between use of statins at baseline and risk of NHL (HR 0.85, 95% C.I. 0.67–1.08). However, in the multivariable‐adjusted time‐dependent models, statin use was associated with a borderline lower risk of NHL (HR 0.81, 95% C.I. 0.66–1.00). Considering subtypes of NHL, statin use was associated with a lower risk of DLBCL (HR 0.62, 95% C.I. 0.42–0.91). This effect was driven by lipophilic statins (HR 0.62, 95% C.I. 0.40–0.96). In the WHI, statins were associated with a lower overall risk of DLBCL, particularly attributable to lipophilic statins. These results may have impact on primary or secondary prevention of NHL, particularly DLBCL.
Partner Selection, Interorganizational Coordination, and New Service Development Success in the Financial Service Industry
Authors: Tsou Hung‐Tai , Chen Ja‐Shen , Wang Zhi‐Qiang
Published: April 2018

This study aims to investigate the relationship between partner selection and new service development (NSD) success. We identified three partner selection factors based on partner selection theory: partner reliability, partner expertise, and partner compatibility, and suggested product‐market experience and technological experience as moderators. We developed a questionnaire and distributed it to 446 financial service companies in Taiwan. Overall, we received 122 usable pairs of responses from each firm's sales manager and marketing manager. The results indicate that interorganizational coordination contributes to NSD success. Among the three partner selection factors, partner reliability and partner compatibility were found to positively affect interorganizational coordination. In addition, product‐market experience enhances the positive effect of interorganizational coordination on NSD success. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted and non‐targeted metabolite identification of MAM‐2201 in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hyun , Kong Tae Yeon , Moon Ju‐Yeon , Choi Kyung Ho , Cho Yong‐Yeon , Kang Han Chang , Lee Joo Young , Lee Hye Suk
Published: April 2018

MAM‐2201 is a fluorinated naphthoylindole synthetic cannabinoid with potent psychoactive properties that has been detected as an active ingredient in herbal incense blends. To gain a greater understanding of MAM‐2201 metabolism and to compare its metabolic fate in humans with those in animals, the metabolism of MAM‐2201 in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes was investigated using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry combined with targeted and non‐targeted metabolite profiling approaches. Nineteen phase I metabolites (M1–M19) reported previously in human liver microsomes and 13 novel metabolites were identified in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes: 1 phase I metabolite (M20) and 12 phase II metabolites including 6 glucuronides (G1–G6), 1 sulfate (S1), and 5 glutathione (GSH) conjugates (GS1–GS5) of MAM‐2201 metabolites. G3 was human‐specific, but M20, G1, G2, and 5 GSH conjugates were rat‐specific, indicating species‐related differences in MAM‐2201 metabolism. The findings in the present study can be useful for the experimental design and assessment of metabolism‐mediated toxic risk of MAM‐2201.