bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Sign Language Recognition Techniques
Authors:   Dwarakdas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India, Nabar Deven Nabar , Gandhi Vaibhav , Gandhi Vedant , Tawde Prachi
Published: February 2022

Humans communicate with one another in order to share their views, emotions, and stories with other people. For people suffering from communication disorder, it is not the case. Deaf-mute people can interact owing tosign language. The idea of this research is to build a system for identifying sign language that allows people with speech impairments and regular people to communicate, bridging the communication barrier. Furthermore, being able to recognize common sentences that are used frequently becomes crucial for conversations to flow effectively. Such a system is essential in services like banking where privacy would be a toppriority.
COVID-19 Pandemic: current Challenges and future Perspectives
Authors: Saber Sameh , Khodir Ahmed E. , Maghmomeh Abdalkareem Omar , Nouh Nehal A. , El-Baz Ahmed M.
Published: February 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than one hundred million cases have been reported all over the world which resulted in millions of deaths and the outcome is increasing so far. It spreads certainly via contaminated droplets produced during breathing, coughing, sneezing and speaking. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis depends on the entry of the coronavirus into epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors. Previous studies have shown that increased proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β, IL6, IL12, INF-γ, IP10, and MCP1) in the serum of patients with SARS are associated with lung inflammation and extensive lung injury. Common symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There is no known specific antiviral medication, so primary treatment is currently symptomatic, while the current vaccines are still under testing and have not complete information's. Antiviral medications are under investigation for COVID-19, though none have yet been shown to be clearly effective on mortality. Herein, we discussed perspectives on pathophysiology, mechanisms underlying infection and some selected medications that are used in the challenge against COVID-19 pandemic.
Ricin in Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) Seeds: A Review on its Anticancer Activity and The Role of Cytotoxicity Enhancers
Authors: Herawati Irma Erika , Levita Jutti , Lesmana Ronny , Subarnas Anas
Published: February 2022

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that are capable to permanently inhibit the synthesis of protein. RIP type II is a heterodimeric protein consisting of an A subunit linked to a lectin-like B chain by a disulfide bridge. Ricin contained in the seeds of Ricinus communis L. is a type II RIP which possesses cytotoxicity activity. However, due to the non-selectivity of the B-lectin chain, ricin needs delivering-vehicles to enhance its cytotoxicity. This article is devoted to reviewing the anticancer activity of ricin in castor bean seeds (a plant type II RIPs) and its various types of cytotoxicity enhancers.
Reinforcement Strategies for Additive Manufacturing in Construction Based on Dynamic Fibre Winding: Concepts and Initial Case Studies
Authors: Gantner Stefan , Rothe Tom-Niklas , Hühne Christian , Hack Norman
Published: February 2022

Whereas entire houses are reported to be built by means of 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP), automated integration of reinforcement is still a vastly unresolved challenge and - undoubtfully - a crucial requirement for widespread adoption of 3DCP in construction practice. The disruptive technology of 3DCP opens up the chance to overcome insufficiencies of conventional steel reinforcement and its rationalised orthogonal use. This paper discloses a field of options for future construction by exploring possible reinforcement strategies for different kinds of cement-based Additive Manufacturing techniques using continuous textile fibres. A methodology is introduced to identify, compare and assess new processes for integration of fibre reinforcement based on robotic winding. Two novel approaches will be described regarding Large Particle 3D Concrete Printing and Shotcrete 3d Printing. Respective case studies will be presented in order to give a basic proof of concept.
Simultaneous Integration of Continuous Mineral-Bonded Carbon Reinforcement Into Additive Manufacturing With Concrete
Authors: Neef Tobias , Mechtcherine Viktor
Published: February 2022

3D concrete printing is becoming more and more popular, not only in research but also in practice of construction. One of the main challenges however remains the integration of reinforcement. This publication focuses on the use of continuous fibers for this purpose. The special feature of the new type of carbon yarns applied is the mineral impregnation used instead of the conventional polymer one. Such reinforcement not only yields excellent mechanical properties, but also offers many advantages, specifically with respect to processing flexibility and is therefore very well suited for additive manufacturing. The concrete for 3D printing to be reinforced with such yarns must meet particular requirements, especially when the finest concrete filaments are printed. This is also a subject of the article at hand.
Optimizing Reinforcement
Authors: Orlinski Adam , De Rycke Klaas , Heimrath Moritz
Published: February 2022

The combination of parametric modelling with structural analysis prompted new synergies between designing and engineering. The connection of structural calculation models such as Karamba3d to algorithmic modelling platforms such as Grasshopper3d allowed to embed tools for analysis and simulation into the environment of creative design processes. This way structural analysis advanced from its single sided calculation “duty” towards participation in design language of articulated structural expression.  3d-concrete-printing serves as a great new territory to apply the potential of real-time parametric structural analysis in the built environment of rapid prototyping and robotic fabrication. While 3d-printed-concrete rapidly advanced in technology and empiric know-how, so also grew the ambition to utilize them for larger purposes and bigger building projects. Known requirements such as structural integrity according to building code, interfaces for construction or waterproofing pose clear challenges for further realizations. In order to develop 3d-concrete-printing to its full potential all challenges must serve as opportunities to dissect and rethink established norms and practices, and to construct a new interdisciplinary rule book for an emerging building technology. In this field working through challenges via prototypes serve as great basis for development and allows for an applied discourse within the wider community. Furthermore to address challenges a flexible toolbox for structural analysis such as Karamba3d offers the potential to serve as an open instrument for structural analysis and to promote 3d-concrete-printing within that interdisciplinary effort to its next level. On the one hand the tool enables to suggest customized and optimized rebar layouts which could support the development of 3D-concrete-printing further. By enabling this more customizable calculation and tailored real time feedback for complex structures, solutions can develop more structurally informed. On the other hand, recent developments with Karamba3D within our office of Bollinger+Grohmann have shown the possibility of real time feedback loops between the physical printing process and the digital calculation model. Both developments show the potential that material systems can be optimized towards specific patterns or values of forces, or structures can be evaluated in real time for their load bearing capacity while hardening during printing.
THE NORTHWESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT AS THE TERRITORY OF A MACROREGION
Authors: Sovershaeva L. P.
Published: February 2022

The article provides an analysis of the progress in the implementation of measures for economic zoning, taking into account the emergence of federal districts, the development and implementation of the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the North-West. The role of the North-West as an emerging macro-region is determined on the basis of factors influencing the complex development of the territory.
DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE LARGEST CITY IN RUSSIA (THE CASE OF ST. PETERSBURG)
Authors:   NRU HSE - St. Petersburg, Kaisarov A. A. , Kaisarova V. P. ,   Saint Petersburg State University
Published: February 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the concepts of the development of modern cities, among which the ideas of sustainable development prevail. The authors assessed the sustainability of the development of the largest city that forms the image of modern urbanization in Russia based on an array of data from 31 indicators. According to a unique system, the stability of five areas of development of St. Petersburg assessed in 2006-2017. The results prove the need to conduct an examination and adjust the content aspects of the approved strategy for the socio-economic development of St. Petersburg in the field after of the COVID-19 pandemic.
On James Baldwin and Black Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: February 2022

What I aim to elucidate in this article is Baldwin's moral psychology of anger in general, and black rage in particular, as seen in his nonfiction. I'll show that Baldwin's thinking is significant for moral psychology and is relevant to important questions at the intersection of philosophy of emotions, race, and social philosophy. It also has pragmatic application to present-day anti-racist struggle. Baldwin's theoretical account of Black rage, I'll argue, (1) dignifies Blacks by centering them as people with agential capacities and (2) provides them with a pragmatic politics of rage that is useful in the fight against white supremacy and racial injustice.
What is an Anti-Racist Philosophy of Race and History?
Authors: Basevich Elvira
Published: February 2022

In this article, I defend the pragmatic relevance of race in history. Kant and Hegel's racist development thesis assumes that nonwhite, non-European racial groups are defective practical agents. In response, philosophers have opted to drop race from a theory of history and progress. They posit that denying its pragmatic relevance amounts to anti-racist egalitarianism. I dub this tactic “colorblind cosmopolitanism” and offer grounds for its rejection. Following Du Bois, I ascribe, instead, a pragmatic role to race in history. Namely, Du Bois argues that race is an “instrument of progress” that advances emancipatory struggle. He appeals to the writing of history—or historiography—to cultivate group consciousness of historical memory in order to (1) strengthen intragroup bonds among the racially oppressed, especially black Americans, and (2) create intergroup bonds that reconstruct the republic on the basis of universal ideals. I detail Du Bois's defense of the black struggle for freedom in the wake of the U.S. Civil War to provide a concrete illustration of “spirit” in American history.
Toward a Black Radical Critique of Natality
Authors: Castro Andrés Fabián Henao
Published: February 2022

In this article I criticize Hannah Arendt's concept of natality as unable to confront the ways in which racial capitalism links the biopolitical cultivation of natality to the necropolitical natal alienation that is structural to modern slavery. I base this argument in an understanding of social death as the production of racial capitalism, one that gives slavery an aftermath, post-abolition, which continues to dispossess Black and brown people of their capacity to begin something anew via their inclusion into juridical personhood. I conclude this article with an articulation of the political impossibility of Black and brown people to begin something anew under a polis that remains structured by racial capitalism in Ralph Ellison's phenomenological description of the invisible man's misrecognized new beginnings with the Brotherhood.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Cooperatif Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa di Kelas VIII MTsN 4 Bima
Authors: Sartika Dewi , Musyifah Siti , Syarifuddin Syarifuddin
Published: February 2022

Model pembelajaran CIRC adalah model pembelajaran kooperatif terpadu, membaca dan menulis. Dengan membaca siswa dapat memahami soal dan kemudian dilanjutkan mencari solusi dari soal tersebut. Kegiatan ini diharapkan pula siswa melakukannya untuk diri sendiri dan dapat membantu siswa lainnya untuk lebih memahami pelajaran matematika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran CIRC terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi SPLDV kelas VIII MTsN 4 Bima. Jenis penelitian adalah kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen. Desain eksperimen dalam penelitian ini adalah Quasi experimental design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh siswa kelas VIII MTsN 4 Bima dari kelas A sampai kelas D sejumlah 109 siswa. Tekhnik pengambilan sampel adalah simple random sampling dan diperoleh kelas VIII A sebagai kelas eksperimen yang diajarkan menggunakan model pembelajaran CIRC dan VIII B sebagai kelas kontrol menggunakan model konvensional. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes uraian (essay) sebanyak 4 nomer. Tekhnik pengumpulan data dipakai soal prettes, posttest. Tekhnik analisis data penelitian ini adalah uji normalitas, homogenitas, dan hipotesis (uji-t). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dari kelas eksperimen dengan nilai rata-rata 29,464 setelah diberikan perlakuan menggunakan model CIRC maka diperoleh nilai rata-rata 73,214 sedangkan pada kelas kontrol memperoleh nilai rata-rata 27,88 dan setelah diberi perlakuan diperoleh nilai rata-rata 57,69. Dari hasil perhitungan uji t diperoleh thitung = 4,326 > ttabel = 1,988 dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Berdasarkan kriteria pengujian hipotesis H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima. Sehingga ada pengaruh model pembelajaran cooperative integrated reading composition (CIRC) terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi sistem persamaan linear dua variabel (SPLDV).
Edirne Müftüsü Mehmed Fevzi Efendi’nin (1318/1900) Rûhu’s-Salât Adlı Eseri ve Çeviriyazısı
Authors: Şentürk Mustafa
Published: February 2022

Mehmed Fevzi Efendi (1318/1900); aslen Denizli, Yarangüme/Tavas doğumlu olmakla beraber, Edirne’de yirmi sene kadar kalıp müftülük yaptığı için, daha çok “Edirne Müftüsü Fevzi Efendi” olarak tanınmıştır. Edirne’de kaldığı yirmi yıl boyunca Eski Cami’de Envâru’t-Tenzîl, Şifâ-i Şerîf, Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî, Mes̱nevî, Ḳaṣîdetü’l-Bürde okutmuştur. Dersiâm, müftü ve nâib olarak yürüttüğü görevlerin sonunda Rumeli Kazaskerliğine kadar yükselmiştir. Devrinin velûd müelliflerinden kabul edilen Mehmed Fevzi Efendi, dinî ilimlere dâir Arapça olarak şerh ve hâşiyeler kaleme almıştır. Türkçe yazdığı eserlerinde ise daha çok Batılılaşma etkisiyle Osmanlı toplum hayatında zuhûr eden dinî ve içtimaî meseleler üzerinde durmuştur. Mevlide karşı özel bir ilgisi olduğu anlaşılan Mehmed Fevzi Efendi, Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça birer mevlid yazmış; Türk edebiyatında Hz. Peygamber’le (sas) ilgili en çok eser veren müelliflerden biri sayılmıştır. Fevzi Efendi, okutacağı birçok dersin kitabını bizzat kaleme alıp yayımlamış, onun telif ettiği bu eserler çeşitli cami ve medreselerde okutulmuştur. Edirne Müftüsü Fevzi Efendi, bütün bu yönleri ile ülkemizde ilgi çekmiş, onun hayatı ve çeşitli eserleri üzerine çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Fevzi Efendi’nin Rûhu’s-Salât’ının derkenarları ile birlikte çeviriyazısını (transliterasyon) yapmak, bu çerçevede metinde geçen âyet ve hadîsleri tahrîc ile eseri tahlîl etmek amacındadır.
Reforma do Ensino Médio e Gestão Escolar da escola pública em Minas Gerais: que parâmetros?
Authors: Cusati Iracema , Dos Santos Neide Elisa Portes , Cusati Raphael Campos
Published: February 2022

O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão a partir dos resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo de abordagem qualitativa-descritiva que se encontra em desenvolvimento cujo objeto de estudo é o projeto proposto pelo governo do estado de Minas Gerais voltado à implementação da reforma do Ensino Médio instituída pela Lei Federal no. 13.415 de 16 de fevereiro de 2017. Baseada na noção de qualidade, a reforma proposta coloca centralidade na flexibilização curricular e no aumento da carga horária mínima para 1.000 horas anuais (frente às atuais 800 horas). Nessa perspectiva, o governo mineiro propõe uma forma de gestão por ele denominada compartilhada a ser desenvolvida, através de um projeto que recebeu o nome de SOMAR. Cabe ressaltar que essa forma de gestão será compartilhada com as chamadas Organizações da Sociedade Civil (OSC) sem fins lucrativos. Além do caráter reducionista da proposta da reforma que estabelece uma relação direta entre os problemas da qualidade do ensino, currículo e carga horária, a proposta desconsidera a influência das desigualdades sociais que afetam as trajetórias escolares da juventude brasileira. Nesse sentido, há que se considerar a transferência de recursos públicos para a iniciativa privada e as mudanças nas relações de trabalho que tendem a se precarizar, sobretudo, considerando o trabalho docente e o trabalho do gestor à medida que, ao transferir a gestão de três escolas para as OSC, confere a elas a prerrogativa de contratar pessoal.
Avaliação da Toxicidade nas Sementes de Pimentão “Capsicum Annum L.”, Caracterização Físico-Química e Microbiológica em Amostras de Esgoto Doméstico de Recife-PE
Authors: Melo Niraldo M.M. , Moraes Cristiane M. , Oliveira Dinaldo C. , Dias Fernando F.S. , Oliveira Carolina G.C. , Benachour Mohand , Brandão Yana B.
Published: February 2022

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar, a partir de uma análise físico-química, microbiológica e testes de fitotoxicidade, as amostras de esgoto domésticos coletadas em alguns edifícios da Região Metropolitana do Recife-PE, após o tratamento desses efluentes em Reator UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), a fim de avaliar sua a eficiência de tratamento. Os testes de fitotoxicidade foram realizados nas sementes de Pimentão “Capsicum Annum L.” nesses efluentes, a partir de um planejamento fatorial (22) com dois níveis e dois fatores. Assim, nas referidas amostras foram realizadas as análises de DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio), DBO (Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio), T (Temperatura), OG (Óleos e Graxas), pH (potencial Hidrogeniônico), SD60 (Sólidos Sedimentáveis), Coliformes: Totais e Termotolerantes. Os resultados mostraram estar de acordo com a legislação do CONAMA (Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente) no tratamento de esgoto com o reator UASB. A toxicidade das amostras na saída do reator UASB tiveram 83,33% de IG (Índice de Germinação)< 80% e 16,67% de IG entre 80-120%, o que indica a presença de substâncias que estimulam a germinação das sementes de pimentão.
Urgensi Penyuluhan Pada Masa Pandemi Bagi Kehidupan Masyarakat Di Dusun Du’uman, Waru Timur, Waru, Pamekasan
Authors: Yanto Yanto , Jalaluddin Moh. , Juhairiyah Juhairiyah , Supatmi Any Faridatus
Published: February 2022

Du'uman is one of the hamlets that has problems, including: many people get sick and die from the corona virus, frequent early marriages that cause teenagers to lose hope to continue their education to a higher level, as well as the decline in religious activities, public activities, and lack of community solidarity values. So this service program is carried out with vaccination counseling and health protocols as well as early marriage counseling. This counseling is carried out offline, namely face to face directly on the target object. In vaccination counseling carried out by the seminar method, early marriage counseling by the lecture method. The implementation of the extension program went well, although there were several obstacles faced. Support from various parties, especially from the community itself is very helpful in the smooth implementation of this outreach program. Counseling has a positive impact on society.
Concentration of Nutrients in Litterfall of some Tree Species in Various Agroclimatic Zones of Punjab
Authors: Singh Baljit , Sharma K.N.
Published: February 2022

The study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of macro and micronutrients in litterfall of tree species existing in various agroclimatic zones of Punjab. Tree plantations were selected in three agroclimatic zones of the state viz., four species (Subabul, Shisham, Khair and Kikar) in sub montane zone, six species (Eucalyptus, Dek, Shisham, Siris, Subabul and Kikar) in semi arid zone and four species (Dek, Eucalyptus, Shisham and Arjun) in Central plain zone. Similarly, ten Poplar plantations i.e. five aged two years and five aged five years having fodder-wheat rotation were selected in Poplar growing belt of Punjab. Different macronutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were determined in the litterfall of these tree plantations. The concentration of macro as well as micronutrients varied significantly among various tree species in all the agroclimatic zones. Concentration of N (0.94-1.36%) among macronutrients and that of Fe (942-1316 mg/kg) among micronutrients was higher than other nutrients in various zones. The concentration of N, P, Fe and Mn was relatively higher in Subabul and lower in arjun than the other tree species. In Poplar plantations, the nutrient concentration also varied significantly among different plantations. The concentration of all the macro and micronutrients was the highest in younger (N: 1.17 %, Zn: 3.91 mg/kg) than the older (N: 0.99 %, Zn: 3.35 mg/kg) Poplar plantations. The study would be useful to estimate the return of macro and micronutrients through litterfall of tree species.
A package for objective analysis of isobaric contours
Authors: SINHA M. C. , DAYAL V. , BEGUM Z. N.
Published: February 2022

The paper gives details of a package for objective analysis of geopotential fields on isobaric surfaces. The model is a portable one with adjustable resolution and latitude-longitude grid. It includes time consistency, internal consistency and some other quality control procedures for checking the input data. The final output is obtained in chart form through printer output. A sample of cyclic global belt analysis from equator to 60 deg. N is also presented. Low values- of long term  verification statistics (RMSE) prove the good performance of this package.
Radiation measurements during the solar eclipse On 23 November 1965
Authors: CHACKO O. , DESIKAN V.
Published: February 2022

Special measurements of solar radiation parameters were made for three days in connection with the annular solar eclipse which occurred on 23 November 1965. The Magnitude of the eclipse was 0.56 at Poona. A reduction in intensity for the violet-blue region of the solar radiation was noticeable and it was higher than that for the longer wavelengths. The results of direct solar radiation, global and diffuse solar radiation and net radiation are presented. A comparative study of the radiation parameters measured with those obtained at other stations is also made.
Sea level isobaric analysis by the method of optimum interpolation
Authors: SINHA M. C. , TIWARI V. S. , GUPTA R. N. , ARORA B. R.
Published: February 2022

A programme has been developed to obtain analysis of sea level pressure by the Gandin's optimum interpolation method (Balousev et at. 1968 and Gandin 1969). In this paper the method of optimum interpolation is described and the algorithm followed is given. Finally the result of analysis of sea level pressure field are presented. The programme is portable with adjustable grid size.
A volumetric lysimeter system for use with puddled rice an its rotational crops
Authors: VENKATARAMAN S. , RAO K. SUBBA , SARKER R. P.
Published: February 2022

A volumetric lysimeter with provision for maintaining standing water or sub-surface water table at any desired level is described. Its use for measuring evapotranspiration losses of rice and its rotational, aerobic crops is detailed.
An objective technique to forecast movement of vorticity centres
Authors: RAO A. V. R. K. , KRISHNAMURTY L. , SINGH B. V.
Published: February 2022

The prediction of movement of low pressure centres of small intensity, which are capable of causing weather is a problem faced by the operational forecaster. Using the concept of steering by the basic current, three methods to evaluate the 'Steering Current' were attempted. This paper gives the results of advection of systems during March-May 1981.
200 bauds start-stop regenerator
Authors: DAS S. K. , SUNDARAM K. , PANT K. C.
Published: February 2022

Teleprinter signals on long and medium haul land-line and radio circuit get distorted causing delay in exchange of information due to its garbled reception. The authors have designed a simple start-stop regenerator to correct the distortions to the minimum to enable the acceptance of signals by the printing system.

 

The design evolved is simple in its circuitry capable of correcting distortions upto 49 per cent and also can accommodate a speed variation of  ±10 bauds. The regenerator can be used on circuits operating on 50, 75, 100 and 200 bauds speed.
Radar estimation of precipitation around Madras
Authors: RAGHAVAN S. , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN T. R.
Published: February 2022

Radar observations over a selected target area of 2000 sq km near Madras were compared with data from a recording raingauge network. A mean relationship for northeast monsoon rains not associated with cyclones between radar reflectivity factor (Z) and rainfall rate (R) was derived. The constants in the Z-R equation are found to be appreciably lower than the Marshall-Palmer values.
 
This mean relationship may not hold good for each individual occasion of rainfall. A gauge to radar estimate ratio was therefore determined for each occasion over this small raingauge network and this ratio used to adjust radar estimates over larger areas. Such adjusted estimates of total areal rainfall over 17000 sq km area were found to agree within a factor of two with a net work of 50 non-recording raingauges. Spatial distribution of rainfall indicated by radar and by raingauges also agree well but point estimates do not show good agreement.
 
It is concluded that total areal rainfall and spatial distribution of rainfall can be assessed over large areas by using a mean seasonal relationship and an adjustment factor derived for each occasion from a small raingauge network. The radar estimate can in turn be used as ground truth to adjust satellite estimates over larger areas.
On dynamic initialization experiment in Indian region
Authors: SINGH S. S. , KULKARNI A. A. , SIKKA D. R.
Published: February 2022

A comparative performance of dynamic initialization (Dl) and static initialization (SI) schemes for balancing initial wind and pressure fields for primitive equation barotropic model in Indian region has been investigated. For the purpose of dynamic initialization experiment the set of model equations are integrated forward and backward around the initial time following Euler backward time differcnce scheme without restoration of any variable. For static initialization the nonlinear balance equation is solved to obtain the balance height field from non-divergent wind.

 

The results of initialization experiments from both the schemes are compared and discussed. The initial fields from DI scheme are found to be superior than those based on SI scheme.
A theoretical approach to the problem of visibility associated with Andhi - Part I: Settling of raised dust due to gravity
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , BASU B. K.
Published: February 2022

Joseph et at. (1980) have shown from instrumental observations the changes in visibility associated with Andhi, the convective duststorm of northwest India. In the present paper an attempt has been made to deduce the above from, theoretical consideration using a simple model of short period constant updraft at the gust front of approaching squall. The improvement of visibility by settling of dust due to gravity alone has been considered. Taking some realistic values the visibility variations have been shown to agree very well with the observed ones.
Relationship between horizontal spiralling wind field and pressure field
Authors: LAKSHMINARAYANAN AIR CMDE. S.
Published: February 2022

Pressure field associated with a spiralling wind field as in a cyclone is obtained by areal integration and also by integration along isogons. Further, expression for vertical motion is obtained. Vertical downward motion is shown to occur in the eye of the cyclone when the cyclone is relatively intense characterised by strong winds on the ring of maximum wind and/or contraction of ring of maximum wind.
Cyclone wind threat estimates for the Bay of Bengal
Authors: JARRELL JERRY D.
Published: February 2022

Public officials are frequently required to make decisions relative to cyclone preparedness actions. For such decisions to be defensible they usually adhere to an official government forecast, yet some allowance for forecast error must be made. Complex relationships between errors in track and in the forecast wind distribution confused by lack of user familiarity makes this a particularly difficult problem. This paper introduces the concept of wind threat as a means of quantifying the risk thereby allowing simultaneously for all types of errors. Some simple examples of the use of such probabilities in decision making are presented and the model which makes the threat estimates is described.
Correlations and causal relationships between historical climatic indicators and price data
Authors: ANDERSON J. L.
Published: February 2022

In order to generate coefficients by which air temperatures in the past may be estimated from price data, Libby ( 1977) relates changes ill the price of wheat, and in the wheat equivalents of wages, to instrumentally recorded air temperatures.

 

However, the crucial effects on prices of changes in the population (and of demand generally) are neglected; the allowance made for the changing value of money ill terms of wheat is inadequate; and the suggested relationship between air temperatures and grain prices is not evident in the long term.

 

 Accordingly, the validity of temperature scales derived from correlations  Bengal be accepted.
Short-wave albedo of soil and jowar crop
Authors: MURTHY B. SRINIVASA , RAO K. SUBBA
Published: February 2022

Measurements of albedo of jowar were made during the kharif season of 1970. The diurnal variation of crop albedo under different sky conditions is discussed. The average noontime albedo of jowar was 22 per cent compared to the soil albedo of 11 per cent. There is a strong dependence of crop albedo on solar elevation under clear sky conditions; the dependence is relatively weak under cloudy conditions. The midday crop albedo values do not change significantly with cloudiness.

 

The seasonal trend of midday albedo of jowar shows an increase of albedo with crop growth, till it reaches 25 per cent when the crop was 55 days old, remains steady for 15 day" and decreases gradually thereafter to about 18 per cent as the crop matures.
Some features of a tropical depression over the Arabian Sea during the onset of the southwest monsoon during Monex 1979
Authors: KUMAR SURENDRA , PUNIAH K. B. , RAO G. S. P.
Published: February 2022

During the onset phase of the southwest monsoon, occasionally, deep depressions/cyclonic storms form over the Arabian Sea. Some aspects of formation and structure of a tropical depression which formed over the Arabian Sea have been studied based on extensive data. The relative vorticity, divergence, thermal and moisture fields for the system have been analysed. This study revealed the existence of the following main characteristics of the tropical depression/storm: (a) the depression developed from the middle level vortex; (b) the shear vorticity of the low level westerly jet, cumulus convection and low vertical wind shear played significant role in its development, (c) cyclonic vorticity maximum in the middle level, (d) convergence maximum in the forward sector to the west of the storm centre, (e) level of non-divergence around 700 mb, (f) lowest temperature in the southwest sector and highest temperature in the northern sector in the lowest troposphere and (g) moisture maximum around the storm centre upto middle troposphere.
Influence of weather condition on incidences of ergot of Bazra in Gujrat- A preliminary study
Authors: KAZI S. K. , VENKATARAMAN S.
Published: February 2022

The meteorological conditions pre disposing for an outbreak of the ergot disease of bajra are examined. Heavy precipitation with afternoon relative humidity about 80 percent followed by clearing of weather favours the initiations and full expression of the disease.
A study of performance of different types of radiosondes used over Indian sea areas during Monex- 79
Authors: SESHADRI N.
Published: February 2022

An attempt has been made to study and evaluate the compatibility of the upper air thermodynamic data recorded using different types of Radiosondes during Monex-79 from the various platforms over Indian sea areas. The observations recorded over the Arabian Sea and Bay  of Bengal areas using Russian Radiosondes from USSR research vessels, Vaisala Omegasonde from Indian Monex ships, and American dropsonde from the US research aircraft together with the Indian Radiosonde observations from coastal Indian land stations have been studied. The essential information on the sensors used in the different types of sondes is also given. The results of intercomparison between the Indian Radiosonde arid Vaisala Omegasonde data has also been presented.

 

This study provides an opportunity to evaluate the comparative performance of the Indian Radiosonde with that -of other established radiosonde techniques in the field of upper air sounding over land and sea areas. The performance of the temperature and humidity sensors used in the Indian radiosonde have showed a very high degree of reliability, stability and compatibility in respect of data recorded by the other established systems. The wind observations taken by the Indian sonde have also shown very close agreement with the Omega winds of Vaisala Omegasonde as brought out by the results of inter-comparison.
On certain features of atmospheric circulations in periods of droughts
Authors: KRUZHKOVA T. S.
Published: February 2022

An attempt to identify the main features of atmospheric circulation accompanying drought formation was made based on the analysis of data describing droughts occurred in the Northern Hemisphere in the period from 1970 to 1980. Conditions of circulation in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere in 1972 were considered for this purpose. In that year the drought spread over  vast territories of Africa, North India and East Europe. The total annual precipitation in that period on the territory between Sahara and 15 deg. N was less than half the long-range annual normal precipitation. The deficit of rainfall in Niger, Mali in June, July and August amounted to 35-40 per cent of relevant monthly- means. Delay of the beginning of monsoon in June 1972 and its long interruption in July resulted in drought occurrence in many regions of North India. In summer mean air temperatures over the European USSR were 4.6 deg. above normal.

 

Conditions of atmospheric circulation in 1972, particularly in summer months, were significantly different from normal. Unusually intensive and blocking situations were observed in the above mentioned territories both in summer and in winter during extended periods; mean pressure was considerably above normal.

 

Tropical troposphere in June 1972 according to "TROPEX-72" data was characterized by considerable anomalies, namely, the subtropical jet stream was at the latitude of winter climatic planetary maximum of wind, trade jet streams were shifted by 10 degrees towards the equator, as compared  with their climatic location.
Mean structure of inland monsoon
Authors: SHARMA FLT. LT. P. K. , PALIWAL SQN. LDR. R. K.
Published: February 2022

An attempt is made to arrive at a mean model of a monsoon low over land area with respect to clouds, rainfall, wind fields, Vorticity fields, vonv/div fields, temperature field and dew point depression fields. All these parameters show a diurnal variation. Area of maximum cloudiness is located in the SW sector. Rainfall is more in SW sector during evening and night and it shows a shift in NW sector during day time. NE sector is the preferred area for Cb development. Wind field is strongest at 700 mb. The vortex is vertical upto 700 mb and it shifts southward with respect to height above this level. Positive Vorticity and convergence fields are more pronounced at 900 mb. The vortex is of cold core nature in the lower troposphere and warmer in the middle and upper troposphere. The moist region associated with vortex in the SW direction with height and high moisture content continues upto 600 mb.
Swell observations on Soviet research vessels during Monsoon Experiment (Monex) 1977 : Part III -Bay of Bengal
Authors: SIVARAMAKRISINAN T. R.
Published: February 2022

The swell observations collected on board the Soviet research vessels during the third phase of Monex 77 expeditions over Bay of Bengal in August 1977 have been analysed. Time and space variations have been studied and the energy spectra derived. Some of the swell characteristics were found to be in contrast to what have been observed over Arabian Sea.
A study of the cyclonic storms incident on the different sections of the coast around the Bay of Bengal
Authors: MOOLEY D. A. , MOHILE C. M.
Published: February 2022

The study covers all the storms/severe storms incident on the different sections of the Bay coast during 1877-1980. The series of storms/severe storms have been examined for trend, changes in mean frequency and changes in the ratio of severe storms to storms incident on each section of the Bay coast, the east India coast and the whole Bay coast. The mean annual frequency of storms incident on Bangladesh coast shows a highly significant increase during the period 1965-80. For the severe storm series for the Andhra Pradesh, the Bangladesh,  the east India and the Bay coasts, mean annual and mean post-monsoon season frequency shows a highly significant increase in the same period. Possible causes have been given for the highly significant increase in the incidence of storm/severe storms. Locations of the origin of storms reaching different sections of the Bay coast have been brought out. The number of storms which form over each of the different sectors of the Bay and of these, the numbers which reach each of the sections of the Bay coast have been indicated. The frequency of 0, 1, 2, 3, etc storms in a year/season are found to be consistent with the Poisson probability model. Finally, mean annual frequency has been estimated for the next 50-year period and using this mean, frequencies of 1, 2, 3, 4 etc storms in a year have been worked out on the basis of the Poisson probability model. These frequencies may be useful for planning funds to mitigate the hardship of the people affected by storm havoc or for evolving a suitable insurance scheme for the benefit of the areas liable to storm havoc.
A theoretical study regarding heterogeneity of Rainfall over Madhya Maharashtra
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , RAY K. C. SINHA
Published: February 2022

While studying the normal rainfall over different districts in Madhya Maharashtra a line of  delineation running north-south across the districts was suggested by Mukherjee et al. (1979 1980), This line roughly distinguishes the rainfall distribution in the talukas to the east and the talukas to the east during the months of July and August. In the present paper an effort is made to explain theoretically this heterogeneity of rainfall on both sides of the line of delineation. A two dimensional model for orographic rainfall developed by Sarker (1967) was used for this study. This study shows that the line of delineation roughly coincides with the place where rainfall due to orography becomes nearly zero in the lee side of the Western Ghats.
A simple electronic system for automatic telemetering raingauge
Authors: IYER N. V.
Published: February 2022

The article describes a simple electronic logic circuit developed in the Instruments Division, Meteorological Office, Pune for automatic telemetering of rainfall data. The sensor is a tipping bucket raingauge which gives a momentary electrical pulse output for every millimetre of rainfall. The cumulative number of such electrical pulses is counted and stored in a four digit BCD electronic counter. A crystal clock turns the system control circuit 'on' once every three hours. Under the control of the circuit programme the station code and the data bits stored in the counter are transferred in parallel to a shift register and then they are shifted out serially. The output is then converted to a short note or a long note corresponding to a logical zero state or one state, shifted out serially from the shift register. Two BCD words are used for station identification. In a single transmission the station code and data is repeated four times and then the control circuit automatically switches off the system.
Meteorological factors associated with grasshopper outbreak at Vagholi village (Solapur district, Maharashtra) in 1975
Authors: KAZI S. K.
Published: February 2022

Influence of weather conditions on an outbreak of a spoladic pest are examined. Temperature and precipitation relationship to the abundance of an  insect pest are outlined.

 

The analysis supports the belief that weather effects on insects often act over a short period.
Distribution of equivalent potential temperature in the Field of monsoon depressions
Authors: CHOWDHURY A.
Published: February 2022

Spatial variation in the structure of the depression as portrayed by equivalent potential temperature has been examined in this paper. Areas of enhanced and suppressed convection have been identified. Height to which the cumulonimbus tops could penetrate have been obtained and compared with those actually observed. Upper air temperatures have also been computed and compared with the mean monsoon atmosphere. Zones of high and low relative humidity have been demarcated and its relationship with convective areas, established and discussed.
A statistical study of Bay of Bengal disturbances ( 1961-80) using satellite imagery
Authors: VEERARAGHAVAN K. , MANIKIAM B. , VEERARAGHAVAN N.
Published: February 2022

With a view to understand the probable intensity of disturbances in the Bay of Bengal that are likely to occur during the various months of the year, a statistical study has been undertaken of depressions and storms during the period .1961 to 1980. As T-number classification according to Dvorak’s scale is available over India only from 1974, systems during the period 1961 to 1973 were converted to the corresponding T-numbers for the purpose of this study.

 

The frequency distribution of the disturbances reveals the present of double maximum, one in May and the other in October. The modal curve suggests that while severe cyclonic storms occur In May, those with core of hurricance winds generally occur in November and December only.
Waves in a cyclone field
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN T. R.
Published: February 2022

From the real time measurements of winds/waves made in the storm field of Gopnath cyclone of May/June 1976, a model for wave distribution in a cyclone has been proposed and the characteristics described. The energy of the waves encountered has been calculated. The validity of the various formulae relating wind speed with wave height has been tested. O. M. Philips' model for irrotational waves is found to fit in with some deviations.
Estimation of wheat yields -over Punjab using district and State models
Authors: RAO G. APPA
Published: February 2022

The influence of climate and technology on wheat yield over Punjab State and four of its districts is studied based on climatic models. The important climatic factors are identified and their role is discussed. The validity of the models is judged by their relative performance in estimating the yields over a four year independent data set. The use of State model to estimate the district yields is suggested.
The southwest monsoon activity over India in Relation to upper tropospheric thermal features
Authors: RAO D. VENKATA , SRINIVASAN T. R.
Published: February 2022

It has been observed that in 1972 and 1979 which were years of very poor monsoon activity, the upper troposphere over northwest India in the period preceding the onset of monsoon was considerably colder compared to other years of the decade 1970-1979 which experienced generally normal monsoon activity.

 

The paper presents a study of upper tropospheric thermal features in the pre-monsoon period for the years 1970-1979 with the help of temperature cross-sections at 300 mb level roughly along longitude 75 deg. E. The study has revealed a good association of upper tropospheric thermal features in the pre.monsoon period with the subsequent monsoon activity.
Drought spells over north-central India during the 1979 southwest monsoon
Authors: MOHAN H. S. RAM , VAISALA P. , RAO B. V. APPA
Published: February 2022

Widespread drought spells were observed over north-central India during the 1979  summer monsoon. An attempt has been made in the present paper to study the impact of drought conditions on the short period water balances of representative stations in the region, following the bookkeeping procedure of Thornthwaite and Mather ( 1955) .Cumulative deviation techniques have been used to delineate and categorise the intensity and duration of drought spells.
A cyclonic storm as seen from enhanced AVHRR satellite imagery
Authors: VEERARAGHAVAN K. , TIWARI V. S. , PRASAD SANT
Published: February 2022

An Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor has been provided in the TIROS-N series of polar orbiting satellites. With this, very high resolution pictures (1.1 km at the sub-satellite point) can be obtained of the earth's cloud cover. A suitable ground equipment to receive these signals has been set up in the Meteorological Department at New Delhi in February 1981. An attempt has been made m this paper to study the finer aspects of a cyclonic storm which developed in the Bay of Bengal in September 1981.

 

This study reveals the great utility of enhanced satellite pictures in correctly estimating the centre and intensity of weather systems. The formation of an area of intense Cb clouds to the northeast of the system suggests that the system will subsequently move in a northeasterly direction.
Biomass production in wheat in relation to evaporative demand and ambient temperature
Authors: CHAKRAVARTY N. V. K. , SASTRY P. S. N.
Published: February 2022

Biomass production in 3 varieties of wheat grown under irrigated field conditions was found to be linearly related to cumulative evaporation and accumulated heat units above certain threshold value. Biomass production estimates at different levels of cumulative evaporation and accumulated heat indicated the possibility of using this information for a qualitative assessment of varietal response to evaporative demand and thermal regime prevailing in the region.
Atmospheric turbidity measurements with Volz sunphotometer at a few background air pollution monitoring network stations in India
Authors: NAND KRISHNA , MASKE S. J.
Published: February 2022

A network of ten stations was established in India in 1976 for measurement of atmospheric turbidity. The data obtained at Allahabad, Jodhpur, Pune and Srinagar have been analysed and the results are presented. Turbidity is found to be maximum in summer and a minimum in winter at all stations except at Srinagar. Rainout and washout have been found to be quite effective in removing (20 to 30 per cent) the atmospheric particulate matter.

 

The wavelength exponent measured at Pune has a mean value of 0.5 and exhibits an annual variation with high values during the post monsoon and winter and low values during the summer months.