bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Pituitary
Authors: Hogben Lancelot , Charles Enid , Slome David
Published: April 2021

The principal facts presented in this communication may be summarised as follows: Removal of the pituitary gland or of the anterior lobe alone results in involution of the ovaries, lowering of the serum calcium and cessation of skin secretion.Ovulation and skin secretion can be induced in Xenopus by injection of extracts of the pituitary gland.

This communication has raised a number of issues which would have been investigated more extensively if circumstances had not forced two of the authors to leave South Africa. It is therefore advisable to bring into sharper relief the two most important conclusions which are justified by the facts recorded.

The first of these is the very conclusive and complete evidence in support of the view that the anterior lobe of the pituitary controls the activity of the ovaries. Zondek and Ascheim (1927), Smith and Engle (1927), Bellerby (1930) and Parkes (1930) have shown that anterior lobe extracts or transplants stimulate the development of the ovaries in mammals. Unfortunately the removal of the pituitary gland in mammals is an operation of extreme difficulty. Conclusive evidence that the pituitary has a functional relation to the ovaries is lacking, unless the effects of operative removal can be brought into harmonious relationship with the effects of injection and implantation. In Xenopus it is possible to do this in a very striking manner. It is now therefore justifiable to assert that the results obtained by injection and implantation in mammals are not merely an indication of a new and specific pharmaco-dynamic constituent in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland but of a genuine functional influence of the pituitary on the normal ovarian cycle. The new evidence presented in this communication reinforces a large volume of previous work on the comparative physiology of the ductless glands pointing to a widespread uniformity of endocrine phenomena within the vertebrate series.

The other conclusion of outstanding importance which emerges from the present study is the influence of the pituitary gland on calcium metabolism. This opens up a field for further research and it would be premature to discuss it except in a very tentative way. Although there is no evidence at present to indicate that the pituitary gland exerts its influence on calcium metabolism directly, two considerations indicate that the influence of the anterior lobe on serum calcium is independent of the ovary. One is a comparison of the figures given for the eyeless and seeing groups in Table II which summarises the data presented in Sections II and III. The other is that Mirvish and Bosman (1927) have shown that injection of ovarian extracts lowers the serum calcium of rabbits.
On the Physiology of Amoeboid Movement
Authors: Pantin C. F. A.
Published: April 2021

A

The action of isotonic sucrose, glucose, glycerol and urea on a marine amoeba has been studied. Experiments were performed with these to elucidate the action of calcium on locomotion. No movement occurs in these pure nonelectrolytes. The amoebae have remarkable powers of survival in pure isotonic nonelectrolytes (1·05 M). Survival ranges from 1 hour in the sugars to over 16 hours in the urea. Survival in the latter is far longer than in any other pure solution, including salts. Even when the concentration is as low as 0·04 M, the sugars tested inhibit movement in solutions which normally support it. Addition of calcium to glycerol does not support movement. But an optimum mixture of NaCl + CaCl2 which supports movement will suffer at least 75 per cent, dilution with isotonic glycerol and yet maintain movement. The addition of calcium to urea allows good movement over a wide range of low calcium concentrations: movement at the optimum is maintained for over 12 hours. The addition of urea to optimal mixtures of NaCl + CaCl2 necessitates the further addition of calcium to balance the effect of the added urea. The rôle of calcium in the external medium in relation to movement is reviewed. The physiological action of urea in these amoebae is compared with its action on many cells. It is suggested that the long survival and continued movement in the presence of urea is related to the maintenance of a condition of impermeability to dissolved substances at the cell surface. It is pointed out that this is in agreement with the denaturing action of urea in strong solutions on proteins. The possible significance of this in the adaptation of cell surfaces to a freshwater environment is mentioned.

B

An attempt has been made to determine the iso-electric point of the proteins of a marine amoeba by staining with methylene blue and eosine after fixation in alcohol. There appears to be a fairly definite iso-electric point between pH 4·6 and 5·0. This is at a considerable distance on the acid side from the pH at which movement is inhibited in the amoebae. It is suggested that sol ⇌ gel changes accompanying amoeboid movement cannot be related simply to the external H-ion concentration in a manner comparable to the relation of the latter to the properties of simple protein systems around the iso-electric point.
The Effect of Oestrin on the Testis of the Adult Mouse
Authors: Allanson Marjorie
Published: April 2021

Two groups of adult male mice were injected daily with 340 m.u. of an aqueous solution of crystalline oestrin for fifteen days and twenty-one days respectively. Matings with these injected mice were fertile. The testis showed no degenerative changes, spermatogenesis being active in the large majority of seminiferous tubules. The diameter of the tubules showed no decrease in size. The epididymis was distended with spermatozoa. The anti-masculine effects obtained by previous workers have not been confirmed.
The Physiology of Excretion in a Blood-Sucking Insect, Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: April 2021

An adult Rhodnius will ingest from two to three times its weight of blood at a single meal, and about three-quarters of the water in this blood is excreted as a clear fluid during the next three or four hours.

This fluid is alkaline (pH 7·8), more or less isotonic with the blood (sp. gr. 1·007; Δ = 0·62–0·68), and serves for the elimination of most of the sodium and potassium chlorides in the meal. It also contains urea, bicarbonate, sulphate and uric acid.

After the first day, the urine gradually becomes acid (pH 6·0–6·5) and much more concentrated, and contains a yellow pigment. Uratic spheres appear and increase in number until the urine is semi-solid. The urine now contains only traces of sodium, potassium, chloride and urea. There are small amounts of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate, creatine and probably amino acids. There is never any ammonia.

Almost all the nitrogen is excreted as uric acid. This is in the form of minute spheres with radial striation, in which about 80 to 90 per cent, of the uric acid is free ; the rest, presumably, as sodium and potassium acid urate.
The Physiology of Excretion in A Blood-Sucking Insect, Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: April 2021

The excretory system of Rhodnius consists of four Malpighian tubes discharging into the rectum. Each tube consists of two segments :

An upper (distal) segment, comprising two-thirds of the tube, made up of very granular epithelium, and with only clear fluid in the lumen. The striated border of this segment is a rigid structure of the type called “honeycomb border” (“Wabensaum”). A lower (proximal) segment, comprising one-third of the tube, in which the epithelium is almost free from granules and the lumen filled with uratic spheres. The striated border of this segment is a typical “brush border” (“Bürstensaum”).

Below, each tube opens into the gut by way of a button-like ampulla. The four ampullae are lined by large cells which send long processes into the rectum; and around their opening is a zone of large cells, in the wall of the rectum, which constitutes a rectal gland.

After feeding, all the tubes are distended and clear while the watery urine is being excreted. Apart from this temporary distension, the cells of the upper segment show no definite changes. But the filaments of the striated border of the lower segment become very elongated, and, when the passage of the watery urine has ceased, uratic granules appear among them in increasing numbers. Later, these filaments retract, and the granules become free in the lumen.

The processes of the ampulla cells extend far into the rectum during excretion, and float in the fluid urine. Later they retract again.

Well-marked “vesicular secretion” is visible in sections of the Malpighian tubes, as well as in isolated tubes in Ringer’s solution, but it is shown that, in Rhodnius, these changes are artefacts.
Morphology of Identified Neurones in the Buccal Ganglia of Lymnaea Stagnalis
Authors: Benjamin P. R. , Rose R. M. , Slade Carole T. , Lacy M. G.
Published: April 2021

The morphology of seven types of identified neurones in buccal ganglia of Lymnaea was investigated by intracellular injection of Procion Yellow and retrograde injection of cobaltous chloride into the nerve roots of the buccal ganglia. The results provided anatomical support for the electrophysiological findings that some cells are motoneurones for muscles of the buccal mass (type 4-group cells, types 6 and 8 cells). Others project to nerves innervating oesophageal tissue (types 2, 3 and 5 cells) and to pro-oesophageal tissue (types 3 and 5 cells). The type-i cells project to the salivary gland ducts and are similar to the salivary gland motoneurones found in other molluscan species.
Anatomy of the Regional Differences in the Eye of the Mantis Ciulfina
Authors: Horridge G. A. , Duelli Peter
Published: April 2021

In the compound eye of Ciulfina (Mantidae) there are large regional differences in interommatidial angle as measured optically from the pseudopupil. Notably there is an acute zone which looks backwards as well as one looking forwards. There are correlated regional differences in the dimensions of the ommatidia. The following anatomical features which influence the optical performance have been measured in different parts of the eye: (a) The facet diameter is greater where the interommatidial angle is smaller. This could influence resolving power, but calculation shows that facet size does not exert a dominant effect on the visual fields of the receptors. (b) The rhabdom tip diameter, which theoretically has a strong influence on the size of visual fields, is narrower in eye regions where the interommatidial angle is smaller. (c) The cone length, from which the focal length can be estimated, is greater where the interommatidial angle is smaller. Estimation of the amount of light reaching the rhabdom suggests that different parts of the eye have similar sensitivity to a point source of light, but differ by a factor of at least 10 in sensitivity to an extended source. There is anatomical evidence that in the acute zone the sensitivity has been sacrificed for the sake of resolution. Maps of the theoretical minimum fields of the photoreceptors, plotted in their positions on the eye in angular coordinates, suggest that there are too few ommatidia for the eye as a whole to reconstruct all the visual detail that the individual receptors can resolve. The conclusion from (3) and (4), together with some behavioural evidence, suggests that the eye structure must make possible the resolution of small movements of contrasting edges and of small dark contrasting objects but there is less emphasis on the total reconstruction of fine patterns because the interommatidial angle is greater than the estimate of the acceptance angle.
Body Temperature and Singing in the Bladder Cicada, Cystosoma Saundersii
Authors: Josephson R. K. , Young D.
Published: April 2021

Body temperatures during singing were measured in the cicada, Cystosoma saundersii Westwood, both in the field and in tethered animals indoors. The temperature of the sound-producing tymbal muscle rises rapidly during singing to reach a plateau approximately 12 °C above ambient. This produces a temperature gradient in the abdominal air sac which surrounds the muscle. When singing stops, the tymbal muscle cools exponentially. Heat production during singing, estimated from the cooling curve, is 4·82 cal min−1 g muscle−1. Generation of the same temperature excess in the air sac by an artificial heat source yields an estimated heat production of 54·4 cal min−1 g muscle−1. This discrepancy may be caused by air mixing in the air sac during singing. As temperature rises, tymbal muscle twitch contractions become faster and stronger. This and heat transfer to the thorax cause changes in the song pattern: a marked decrease in the interval between the two sound pulses produced by a single tymbal buckling and a lesser decrease in the interval between bucklings. The fundamental sound period remains unaltered. These effects are consistent with earlier data on sound production.
Synaptic and Hormonal Modulation of A Neuronal Oscillator: A Search for Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Harmar Anthony J. , Adams William B.
Published: April 2021

The central ganglia of a number of gastropod molluscs (including the marine snail Aplysia californica and the terrestrial snail Helix pomatia) contain neurones which exhibit endogenous patterns of oscillatory activity. This oscillatory activity can be modulated for long periods of time by synaptic and hormonal stimulation. Stimulation of appropriate pre-synaptic nerves causes long-lasting hyperpolarization in these neurones, with complete abolition of oscillatory activity. This synaptic response is mediated by an increase in K+ conductance, together with a decrease in inward (Na+/Ca2+) conductance. The ionic conductances affected by synaptic stimulation are those responsible for producing the rhythmic oscillations. The oscillatory activity can also be modulated by the vertebrate neurohypophyseal peptides, vasopressin and oxytocin, and by an endogenous peptide-containing extract of molluscan ganglia. In contrast to synaptic stimulation, these agents cause an increase in oscillatory activity. The endogenous molluscan factor which produces an increase in oscillatory activity can be purified by affinity chromatography on bovine neurophysin linked to Sepharose. This indicates that the molluscan nervous system may contain a neurohypophyseal-like peptide. Oscillatory activity can be modulated by manipulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in these neurones. Increases in cAMP alone are associated with abolition of oscillatory activity; this mimics long-lasting synaptic hyperpolarization. Increases in cAMP and cGMP together are associated with an increase in oscillatory activity and mimic the effects of the vertebrate and molluscan peptides. Thus, it is possible that cyclic nucleotides play a role in these physiological responses.
Cardiac Pacemaker Oscillation and Its Modulation by Autonomic Transmitters
Authors: Brown Hilary , Difrancesco Dario , Noble Susan
Published: April 2021

A scheme is presented which summarizes the activation and deactivation of the membrane currents which underlie pacemaking in the natural pacemaker of the heart. Experimental evidence (mostly obtained using the voltage-clamp technique) for the properties of the time-dependent membrane currents in pacemaking tissue of the frog and the rabbit is discussed. The mode of the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on pacemaker cells is considered. In the amphibian pacemaker cell, acetylcholine probably reduces slow inward current (as it certainly does in amphibian atrium) but in mammalian sino-atrial node it seems that such action, if present at all, is much less marked. In the pacemakers of both amphibian and mammal, acetylcholine greatly increases outward potassium current and there is recent evidence that it may do so by opening up a special acetylcholine-activated potassium channel. Adrenaline greatly increases the slow inward current in pacemaker as in other cardiac tissues. This increase, together with (in mammal at least) an increased change of an additional pacemaking current, overrides an adrenaline-induced increase in outward current and leads to acceleration of the pacemaking rate. The Appendix contains a brief consideration of the experimental and theoretical basis for the method of exponential separation of outward current components in the presence of the extracellular potassium accumulation that inevitably accompanies the flow of outward membrane current.
Cellular and Subcellular Mechanisms of Cardiac Pacemaker Oscillations
Authors: Tsien R. W. , Kassr R. S. , Weingart R.
Published: April 2021

Rhythmic oscillations in the membrane potential of heart cells are important in normal cardiac pacemaker activity as well as cardiac arrhythmias. Two fundamentally different mechanisms of oscillatory activity can be distinguished at the cellular and subcellular level. The first mechanism, referred to as a surface membrane oscillator, can be represented by a control loop in which membrane potential changes evoke delayed conductance changes and vice versa. Since the surface membrane potential is a key variable within the control loop, the oscillation can be interrupted at any time by holding the membrane potential constant with a voltage clamp. This mode of oscillation seems to describe spontaneous pacemaker activity in the primary cardiac pacemaker (sinoatrial node) as well as other regions (Purkinje fibre, atrial or ventricular muscle). In all tissues studied so far, the pacemaker depolarization is dominated by the slow shutting-off of an outward current, largely carried by potassium ions.

The second mechanism can be called an internal oscillator since it depends upon a subcellular rhythm generator which is largely independent from the surface membrane. Under voltage clamp, the existence of the internal oscillation is revealed by the presence of oscillations in membrane conductance or contractile force which occur even though the membrane potential is held fixed. The two oscillatory mechanisms are not mutually exclusive; the subcellular mechanism can be preferentially enhanced in any given cardiac cell by conditions which elevate intracellular calcium. Such conditions include digitalis intoxication, high Ca0, low Na0, low or high Ko, cooling, or rapid stimulation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the subcellular mechanism involves oscillatory variations in myoplasmic calcium, probably due to cycles of Ca uptake and release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The detailed nature of the Ca1 oscillator and its interaction with the surface membrane await further investigation.
Membrane Potential Oscillations In Molluscan “Burster” Neurones
Authors: Meech R. W.
Published: April 2021

Membrane potential oscillations can be induced in molluscan neurones under a variety of artificial conditions. In the so-called ‘burster’ neurones oscillations are generated even in isolated cells. A likely mechanism for ‘bursting’ involves the following ionic currents:

A transient inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+. This current is responsible for the upstroke of the action potentials. A delayed outward current carried by K+. This current is voltage-sensitive and is responsible for the downstroke of the action potential during the early part of the burst. It becomes progressively inactivated during the burst. Its amplitude depends on the intracellular pH. A rapidly developing outward current carried by K+ which is in-activated at potentials close to action potential threshold. This current tends to hold the membrane in the hyperpolarized state and is involved in spacing the action potentials. A prolonged inward current which may not inactivate. It is probably carried by both Na+ and Ca2+. This current is responsible for the depolarizing phase of the burst but also contributes to the action potential. A slowly developing outward current, carried by K+. This current appears as a result of a slow increase in intracellular ionized calcium and is responsible for the hyperpolarizing phase of the burst. Note that a transient increase in this current may also contribute to the falling phase of the action potential during the later stages of the burst. It is also sensitive to intracellular pH.

One of the more significant features of this system of producing membrane potential oscillations is that the frequency of the bursts depends on the rate at which the intracellular ionized calcium returns to its resting level. This process depends on the metabolic state of the animal which can thereby exert a considerable influence on the electrical activity of burster neurones.
ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF THE INPUT-OUTPUT-RESULT MODEL IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Authors: Karagodin Dmitriy , Cyguleva Mariya , Ostaev Gamlet , Klychova Guzaliya
Published: April 2021

Agricultural production is a strategic branch of the national economy, designed to ensure the food independence and security of the country. The leading role in this is given to animal husbandry, since the industry produces vital food products. Improving the tools of accounting and information support for industry management, adapting cost accounting methods to functional features contribute to the sustainable antidepressant functioning of agricultural organizations. With the introduction of advanced cost accounting methods, the significance of classification and the validity of determining the composition of costs in relation to the volume of production increases. Due to the long process of production in animal husbandry, it is advisable to classify the costs of this industry in relation to the volume of production, taking into account their progressive, regressive and abrupt behavior in relation to the functional activity of the subject. This grouping creates the conditions and methodological basis for determining and analyzing margin income, that is, analyzing the relationship between costs, production volume and the result of activity. Information on costs should be accumulated on separate analytical accounts for the periods and stages of biotransformation in conjunction with a system of accounting for variable costs, which provides conditions for calculating the cost of each type of product received, work performed for the periods of the year and physiological phases of animal development, responsibility centers and in general for the industry. The greatest effect of cost accounting and control is achieved in the "input-output-result" model. The formation of a management accounting system within the framework of this approach determines the need to bring all organizational and methodological aspects into line for its practical implementation
CHANGE IN SPECIES COMPOSITION, BIOECOLOGY AND HARMFULNESS OF MAIN APPLIAN PHYTOPHAGES IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE NON-BLACK EARTH ZONE OF RUSSIA UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE FACTORS
Authors: Zeynalov Adalet Sehrab ogly , Orel Dar'ya
Published: April 2021

The studies were carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization “Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery” (FSBSI FRCHBAN) in 1995-2020. The aim of the research was to clarify the species composition, bioecology, and the characteristics of harmfulness of the main phytophages of apple trees in the Central Region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia under climate change conditions. Route surveys were carried out in 5 regions of this zone - Bryansk, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Tula. When studying the bioecological features of the development and dynamics of summer of the codling moth and corrosive arboretum, along with other methods, pheromone traps were used. Trapping belts (sticky and corrugated paper) were used to signal the exit of the apple blossom beetle from wintering places, as well as the method of shaking off in the morning, at a temperature of no higher than 10˚С. The count of four-legged microscopic mites in the early spring period was carried out before the leaves blooming by the method of selecting the tops of annual growths up to 10 cm long, at 10 counting sites (to view the opening buds). During the growing season, 10 leaves were sampled (4 ... 5th leaves from the top of the shoot), at each registration area. The analysis of microscopic objects on the selected samples was carried out using an MBS-10 stereoscopic microscope. In the research area, new dangerous invasive apple phytophages were identified: corrosive arboreal tree Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), apple rusty mite Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Acariformes: Eriophyidae), apple felt mite Phyllocmespates malinus (Acariformes: Eriophyidae). The bioecology and harmfulness of autochthonous phytophages have changed significantly. The apple moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) gives up to two generations, and the summer lasts up to 132 days. Red (Panonychus ulmi Koch. (Acariformes: Tetranychidae)) and brown (Bryobia redikorzevi Reck (Acariformes: Bryobiidae)) fruit mites, depending on weather conditions, develop in 4 ... 5 generations a year, common spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acariformes: Tetranychidae)) at 7. The prevalence of ticks reaches 100%, and the degree of damage to plants by them is up to 3-4 points. Damage to apple flowers by the weevil Anthonomus pomorum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reaches 60 ... 85%, the colonization of leaves and shoots by the red-gall aphid Dysaphis devecta Walk. (Homoptera: Aphididae) 35 ... 45%, fruit loss from apple sawfly Haplocampa testudinea Klug. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) 15%
DYNAMICS OF FERTILITY OF AGRICULTURAL CHERNOZEMS OF FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGIONS OF RUSSIA
Authors: Surinov Artem
Published: April 2021

The research was carried out to study the dynamics of fertility of arable soils in the southwestern part of the forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozem region. The work was carried out according to the results of an agrochemical soil survey on the territory of Yakovlevsky district of Belgorod region. The soil cover was represented mainly by typical chernozems (57.7%) and leached (28.2%). Under these conditions, an increase in the average dose of organic fertilizers in the region from 6.5 t/ha in 2010–2014 up to 14.6 t/ha in 2015-2018 while maintaining the use of mineral fertilizers at the level of 82.9 kg a.i./ha, it became one of the main factors in the growth of the weighted average content of mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil from 101 to 167 mg/kg, potassium - from 120 to 183, sulfur - from 2.5 to 4.7, manganese - from 11.0 to 13.1, zinc - from 0.4 to 0.7 mg/kg. Bringing liming volumes in the region for 2015–2018 to 32.7 thousand hectares contributed to a decrease in the share of acidic soils from 84.7 in 2009 to 52.9% in 2018.Along with the improvement of the agrochemical parameters of arable soils, there was a significant increase in the yield of the main agricultural crops: winter wheat - from 3.38 to 4.55 t/ha, corn for grain - from 4.84 to 7.60 t/ha, sugar beet - from 36.8 to

56.4 t/ha
WALKING MOTION OPTIMIZATION OF THE WALKING MACHINE WITH DYNAMIC STABILITY
Authors: Aleynikov Yuriy Georgievich Yuriy
Published: April 2021

The movement of machines with a walking legs is accompanied by dynamic vibrations of its body and a large energy consumption for the reciprocating movements of the legs. The greatest influence on the smoothness of the course is exerted by the alternating accelerations of the moving masses and the rigid contact of the leg with the ground surface. To reduce the negative factors affecting the smoothness of movement and energy consumption, are proposed to optimize the trajectory of movement of the legs. The optimized trajectory of the legs movement made it possible to reduce the consumption of electrical energy by 12 ... 18% per cycle of movement compared to the trajectory lying in the same geometric plane. In order to reduce shock loads, the time interval between the triggering of the shock sensor and the load sensor when lowering the support to the surface was experimentally determined, which was about 100 ms at a lowering speed of 20 mm/s. Reducing the speed of the leg at the moment of triggering the shock sensor after contact with the surface and its subsequent smooth loading made it possible to reduce shock loads and reduce body vibrations caused by sharp impacts of the feet on the surface. Support acceleration on impact decreased from 6g to 1.5g. The triggering of the shock sensor located on the support foot when it touches hard and soft surfaces requires adjusting the sensor's sensitivity while the machine is moving. Optimization of the algorithm for filtering false alarms and dynamic change in sensitivity did not give a satisfactory result, therefore, it is necessary to equip the design with additional load sensors that react to contact with the surface when lowering the support
DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF PARAMETERS OF DUAL-RESONATOR MICROWAVE INSTALLATION FOR DEFROSTING AND HEATING COW COLOSTRUM
Authors: Novikova Galina , Ziganshin Bulat , Mihaylova Ol'ga , Ershova Irina , Prosviryakova Mar'yana , Zaycev Petr , Kirillov Nikolay
Published: April 2021

A method for creating continuous-flow microwave installations for defrosting and heating cow’s milk is developed on the basis of a step-by-step systematization of methods for optimizing the electrodynamic and structural-technological parameters of the installation, which allow preserving the feed value of raw materials. Construction of the resonator radiodermatitis microwave installation continuous-flow action allows you to implement the innovative idea of separation processes defrosting and heating colostrum in accordance with the nature of the change of dielectric properties of materials in the range of negative and positive temperatures to speed up the process, allowing you to keep feeding value of colostrum. The developed two-resonator installation most fully implements the main criteria of the technological process: acceleration of the processes of defrosting and heating of cow colostrum; continuous-flow mode in the presence of electromagnetic safety; variability of the plant performance due to the use of several air-cooled magnetrons. The total power of the microwave installation is 4.5 kW with a capacity of 35...40 kg/h, specific energy costs of 0.12...0.13 kWh/kg. The duration of the process is reduced by 4 times, and, consequently, the cortical value of colostrum is preserved. The basic colostrum defroster, with a capacity of 6 kW, operates at an energy cost of 0.3 kWh / kg, the process duration reaches 1.5...2 hours. The improved conical resonator allows to preserve the conditions for the occurrence of resonant oscillations due to the re-reflections of higher-order electromagnetic waves from critical sections and provides for the limitation of electromagnetic wave radiation without an additional shielding housing. The efficiency of a quasi-stationary toroidal resonator, estimated by the magnitude of the electric field strength (EF), the generator power and the intrinsic Q-factor is 0.93
MODULAR PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL MIXED FEEDSAND PREMIXES IN FARMS
Authors: Syrovatka Vladimir , Didmanidze Otari , Parlyuk Ekaterina , Obuhov Andrey , Zhdanova Natal'ya
Published: April 2021

The article presents the results of research on the optimization of machine technology and rational design of modular units for fractional grinding of grain components of the farms own production and a ball mixer that provides high uniformity of compound feeds and a mixture of premixes from medicinal preparations, vitamin and mineral additives with filler. The specified fractional composition of the grinding (crushing ratio) is the original design of hammer mill with a vertical cylindrical interchangeable perforated sieve with perforations 4; 5; 6 mm (instead of 2 or 3 mm as used crushers) through which the particle grinding as their education freely transported by the air stream from the crusher through the cyclone to woven sieve mill, where the grinding is divided into checkpoint – specified fraction and not the checkpoint – the gathering – a large part of which is 10…15 % and pitched the Board shall be sent to the crusher for re-crushing. This results in the grinding of a given fraction, a multiple reduction in the presence of flour dust, and the elimination of energy costs for its formation. Experience has proven (23) that the fractional grinding unit provides a grinding modulus of 1,8 versus 2,4 on the crushers used, reducing the specific energy costs by 1,8…2,7 times, and operating costs are lower by 29 %. The modularity of the units with a capacity of 2,0, 4,0 and 6,0 t/h is based on the constructive interchangeability. It is taken as the basic unit with a capacity of 4,0 t/h, and in the rest, only the power of the electric motor for driving the crusher and small design changes of the crushing chamber are replaced. The set of modular installations does not have a large and metal-intensive mixer. A ball chopper-mixer is proposed, which provides a high degree of homogeneity of the mixture (95…98 %) due to simultaneous selective and diffusive mixing methods. The forms for calculating the plant's performance are presented, taking into account the daily demand and the time lost for troubleshooting, configuration and maintenance
Desarrollo y evaluación de elementos de pensamiento crítico sobre la química verde en el bachillerato.
Authors: Meinguer Ledesma Jorge , Pérez Pérez María del Consuelo
Published: April 2021

En este artículo se presentan los resultados encontrados al aplicar una estrategia didáctica que tuvo como finalidad desarrollar elementos de pensamiento crítico sobre la química verde en el bachillerato. La estrategia reportada es el resultado de incorporar y analizar un texto divulgativo sobre esta temática en el ámbito escolar, así como su problematización mediante la realización de actividades de indagación. En la primera parte de este escrito se ofrece una caracterización del pensamiento crítico que resulta compatible con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la ciencia, se discute sobre algunas aportaciones que se asocian con el fomento de este tipo de pensamiento en la educación científica y se revisan algunos aspectos que justifican la pertinencia de la temática disciplinar que guió este estudio, la química verde. Posteriormente, se describe con detalle el contexto de aplicación y los logros obtenidos en materia de pensamiento crítico con la estrategia didáctica reportada. Finalmente, se analiza la viabilidad del trabajo metodológico emprendido y sus contribuciones al ámbito de la enseñanza de la química en general.
Castration anxiety, COVID-19 and the extremist right
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: April 2021

In this article, I draw on Theodor W. Adorno’s psychoanalytically inspired works on (neo-)fascism and psychoanalytic theory to outline the threat of castration in contemporary capitalist societies on economic, interpersonal and bodily levels. I then explain how the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened people’s castration anxieties on all three levels in a class- and gender-specific way. Finally, I expose how the right extremist president of the United States, Donald Trump, and the right extremist leader of the Austrian Freedom Party, Norbert Hofer, utilised castration anxieties in their psychologically oriented tricks to strengthen their base and capture new followers.
Miniaturized integrated spectrometer using a silicon ring-grating design
Authors: Alshamrani Naif , Grieco Andrew , Hong Brandon , Fainman Yeshaiahu
Published: April 2021

We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a miniaturized integrated spectrometer operating over a broad bandwidth in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectrum that combines an add-drop ring resonator narrow band filter with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) based broadband filter realized in a silicon photonic platform. The contra-directional coupling DBR filter in this design consists of a pair of waveguide sidewall gratings that act as a broadband filter (i.e., 3.9 nm). The re-directed beam is then fed into the ring resonator which functions as a narrowband filter (i.e., 0.121 nm). In this scheme the free spectral range (FSR) limitation of the ring resonator is overcome by using the DBR as a filter to isolate a single ring resonance line. The overall design of the spectrometer is further simplified by simultaneously tuning both components through the thermo-optic effect. Moreover, several ring-grating spectrometer cells with different central wavelengths can be stacked in cascade in order to cover a broader spectrum bandwidth. This can be done by centering each unit cell on a different center wavelength such that the maximum range of one-unit cell corresponds to the minimum range of the next unit cell. This configuration enables high spectral resolution over a large spectral bandwidth and high extinction ratio (ER), making it suitable for a wide variety of applications.
Excitation of nonlinear beams: from the linear Talbot effect through modulation instability to Akhmediev breathers
Authors: Schiek Roland
Published: April 2021

The smooth transition between stable, Talbot-effect-dominated and modulationally unstable nonlinear optical beam propagation is described as the superposition of oscillating, growing and decaying eigenmodes of the common linearized theory of modulation instability. The saturation of the instability in form of breather maxima is embedded between eigenmode growth and decay. This explains well the changes of beam characteristics when the input intensity increases in experiments on modulation instability and breather excitation in spatial-spatial experimental platforms. An increased accuracy of instability gain measurements, a variety of interesting nonlinear beam scenarios and a more selective and well-directed breather excitation are demonstrated experimentally.
Online survey on healthcare skin reactions for wearing medical-grade protective equipment against COVID-19 in Hubei Province, China
Authors: Yuan Xiuqun , Xi Huiqin , Le Ye , Xu Honglian , Wang Jing , Meng Xiaohong , Yang Yan
Published: April 2021

With the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 globally, more than 40,000 healthcare staff rushed to Wuhan, Hubei Province to fight against this threatening disease. All staff had to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) for several hours when caring for patients, which resulted in adverse skin reactions and injuries. In this study, we used an online questionnaire to collect the self-reported skin damages among the first-line medical staff in the epidemic. The questionnaire was designed by four front-line wound care nurses and then revised through Delphi consultants. Items mainly focused on the adverse skin reactions and preventive strategies. The survey was distributed through phone application from March 15thto March 20thand received 275 responses in total. The prevalence of skin reactions (212, 77.09%) was high in both head and hands. The common clinical symptoms of skin reactions were redness, device-like mark, and burning pain in face; and dryness, dermatitis, and itch/irritation in hands. Three risk factors included gender, level of protection, and daily wearing time of PPE were identified that caused skin reactions among medical staff. 150 of 275 (54.55%) participants took preventive strategies like prophylactic dressings, however, more than 75% users had little knowledge about dressings. We suggest the frontline staff strengthened the protection of skin integrity and reduced the prevalence of adverse skin reactions after professional education.
The Perfect Victim: ‘Young girls’, domestic trafficking, and anti-prostitution politics in Canada
Authors: Durisin Elya , Van der Meulen Emily
Published: April 2021

This article explores debates among politicians in Ontario, Canada, regarding anti-trafficking legislation introduced in 2016 and 2017. We find that contemporary discussions in the political sphere have shifted away from concerns about the trafficking of migrant exotic dancers and toward the sexual exploitation of girls and young women, represented as idealised, inculpable victims. We suggest that this conflates the diverse experiences of girls and adult women, configures them all as child-like, and renders both groups as being in need of state protection. The new ‘perfect victim’ serves to legitimise policy approaches that criminalise sexual services, despite those laws being deemed harmful to sex workers in courts and other venues.
Detection of aerobic bacterial pathogens associated with early embryonic death in pregnant New Zealand female Rabbits in Egypt
Authors: Roshdy Heba , Shalaby Azhar G. , Mohamed Ahmed Abd Elhalem , Badr Heba
Published: April 2021

Background and Aim: Rabbits are a highly sensitive species and susceptible to various bacterial pathogens that may be causative agents for early embryonic death. This study aimed to explore the administration of different bacterial agents in does suffering from early embryonic death. Furthermore, identification of genes associated with virulence was performed to identify the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns that may increase the virulence of pathogens and lead to early embryonic death.

Materials and Methods: We isolated and identified bacterial agents in 106 samples from live and dead female rabbits that had undergone early embryonic death, including liver and intestine tissue, aborted fetuses, discharges, and vaginal swabs. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to confirm the identity of the isolated bacterial strains and their virulence. Moreover, antibiotic resistance was studied phenotypically and genotypically.

Results: We isolated Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, and Listeria monocytogenes. PCR confirmed typical identification except in P. multocida, which was confirmed as Gallibacterium spp. in some cases. The final percentage of detection was 34%, 30.2%, 16.9%, 13.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. Virulence properties were investigated using different designated genes. All Salmonella strains harbored invA, stn, avrA, and ompf genes, while the sopE gene was identified in 31.25%. E. coli strains harboring the iss gene lacked the shiga toxin (stx1) gene. L. monocytogenes and S. aureus strains harbored the hemolysin gene (66.7% and 33.4%, respectively). Multidrug resistance was detected phenotypically and genotypically in most strains. Each bacterial pathogen had a different antibiotic resistance profile.

Conclusion: Multiple bacterial species may contribute to early embryonic death in does. Furthermore, the combined infection could be the main cause of early embryonic death. Thus, monitoring programs should bear this in mind and focus on the early detection of these bacterial agents in female rabbits to avoid embryonic death.
Pandemic Panic and Retail Reconfiguration: Consumer and Supply Chain Responses to COVID- 19
Authors: Stewart Barbara L.
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 ignited a revolution in retail. Family and consumer sciences (FCS) professionals, including students of retail and consumer sciences, can be the change agents that create the post-pandemic retail future. Massive disruptions to traditional retail practices for both consumers
and retailers will result in changed retail environments as the United States and the world recoil and enter a new era changed by the global pandemic. Consumers have experienced panic and product availability anxieties, especially in food and grocery products. Shelves have been devoid of toilet
paper, antibacterial products, and flour. Online shopping, including delivery and store pickup, is the new reality, with online sales at full-assortment grocers up 325% for March 12 and 13 in the midst of the panic (Melton, 2020). Retailers, especially grocers, have scrambled to maintain inventory
and boost employment to feed the population, while non grocery brick-and-mortar retailers closed their doors and lost revenue to pay employees, leases, and outstanding invoices. How long until familiar times return—or will they? Forging ahead and influencing the post-pandemic retail
world presents an opportunity for FCS professionals and consumers.
Inhibitors of interleukin 17A in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: what's new?
Authors: Korotaeva Т. V.
Published: April 2021

In recent years, highly effective target drugs – inhibitors of interleukin 17A (iIL17A) – monoclonal antibodies, – have been widely used to treat patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The efficacy of iIL-17A in psoriasis, PsA, and axial spondyloarthritis has been proven in large multicenter randomized clinical and observational studies. The accumulated evidence and first direct comparative studies with inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor α (iTNFα) suggest that this class of drugs is becoming one of the key drugs in PsA, and the choice of this therapy is more justified, which is reflected in international recommendations. The 2019 revised EULAR guidelines consider iIL 17 first-line biologics along with iTNF-α, whereas iIL-17A is a drug of choice in patients with significant concomitant skin psoriasis.
Advantages of osteoarthritis combined treatment with symptomatic slow-acting drugs
Authors: Zonova E. V.
Published: April 2021

The effectiveness of combined drugs, consisting of chondroitin and glucosamine (GA) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) is discussed. Due to their high safety and pleiotropic effects, these drugs can be used in patients with OA (primarily with metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes) and comorbid diseases. The effect of oral chondroitin and GA on the intestinal microbiota is described: regulation of the composition, metabolic and immunological activity of intestinal microbiota. The relationship between the regular administration of chondroitin and GA and decrease in overall mortality and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, as well as the decrease of malignancy development risk is marked.
FENOMENA CROSS HIJAB DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERGESERAN SAKRALITAS KEAGAMAAN DI MASYARAKAT
Authors: Kamaludin Ihsan , Suheri Suheri
Published: April 2021

Religion within Indonesian society is considered as a sacred institution. The appearance of a Cross Hijab phenomenon in social media has created a controversy for netizens because of its cross-gender clothing style. The presence of members of this group has caused unrest among most Muslims in Indonesia because its potential to decrease the sacredness of the hijab in society. This paper aims to analyze how cross hijab affects religious sacredness in society. This study used a qualitative approach in tracing cross-hijab group data on social media, and conducting a survey of 165 respondents from junior high school, high school, undergraduate, graduate, and non-Islamic boarding schools. The theory uses in this study is the sacred and profane theory of Mircea Eliade. The results showed that the emergence of the cross hijab phenomenon can have a major effect on the level of sacredness in some Islamic values of Indonesian Muslim communities. Besides, it also causes a shift in views and social situations regarding the function of hijab which theologically means sacred to something profane (accessories).Agama dalam masyarakat Indonesia merupakan salah satu institusi yang memiliki nilai sakral. Munculnya Cross Hijab di media sosial menimbulkan pro-kontra di masyarakat karena anggotanya mengenakan pakaian lintas gender yaitu hijab. Kehadiran anggota kelompok ini menimbulkan keresahan pada sebagian besar muslim di Indonesia karena dianggap dapat menggeser sakralitas hijab di masyarakat. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana cross hijab mempengaruhi sakralitas keagamaan di masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif  berupa penelusuran data kelompok cross hijab di media sosial, dan diperkuat dengan melakukan survey terhadap 165 responden dari jenjang pendidikan SMP, SMA, S1, S2, S3, lulusan pesantren maupun non-pesantren. Adapun teori yang penulis gunakan sebagai alat analisis adalah teori sakral dan profan dari Mircea Eliade. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa munculnya fenomena cross hijab dapat berpengaruh besar terhadap tingkat sakralitas pada sebagian nilai keislaman masyarakat muslim Indonesia. Disamping itu juga menimbulkan pergeseran pandangan dan situasi sosial tentang perubahan fungsi hijab yang secara teologis bermakna sakral menjadi sesuatu yang profan (aksesoris).