bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value-driven attentional capture enhances distractor representations in early visual cortex
Authors: Itthipuripat Sirawaj , Vo Vy A. , Sprague Thomas C. , Serences John T.
Published: March 2019

When a behaviorally relevant stimulus has been previously associated with reward, behavioral responses are faster and more accurate compared to equally relevant but less valuable stimuli. Conversely, task irrelevant stimuli that were previously associated with a high reward can capture attention and distract processing away from relevant stimuli (e.g. the chocolate bar in the pantry when you are looking for a nice healthy apple). While increasing the value of task-relevant stimuli systematically up-regulates neural responses in early visual cortex to facilitate information processing, it is not clear if the value of task-irrelevant distractors influences behavior via competition in early visual cortex or via competition at later stages of decision-making and response selection. Here, we measured fMRI in human visual cortex while subjects performed a value-based learning task, and applied a multivariate inverted encoding model to assess the fidelity of distractor representations in early visual cortex. We found that the fidelity of neural representations related to task-irrelevant distractors increased when the distractors were previously associated with a high reward. Moreover, this value-based modulation of distractor representations only occurred when the distractors were previously selected as targets on preceding trials. Together, these findings suggest that value-driven attentional capture begins with sensory modulations of distractor representations in early areas of visual cortex.
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Regulatory Mechanism for Trophoblast Cell-Fate Divergence in Human Peri-Implantation Embryo
Authors: Lv Bo , An Qin , Zeng Qiao , Lu Ping , Zhu Xianmin , Ji Yazhong , Fan Guoping , Xue Zhigang
Published: March 2019

Multipotent trophoblasts undergo dynamic morphological movement and cellular differentiation after embryonic implantation to generate placenta. However, the mechanism controlling trophoblast development and differentiation during peri-implantation development remains elusive. In this study, we modeled human embryo peri-implantation development from blastocyst to early post-implantation stages by using an in vitro coculture system, and profiled the transcriptome of individual trophoblast cells from these embryos. We revealed the genetic networks regulating peri-implantation trophoblast development. While determining when trophoblast differentiation happens, our bioinformatic analysis identified T-box transcription factor 3 (TBX3) as a key regulator for the differentiation of cytotrophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast. The function of TBX3 in trophoblast differentiation is then validated by a loss-of-function experiment. In conclusion, our results provided a valuable resource to study the regulation of trophoblasts development and differentiation during human peri-implantation development.
School externalities and scholastic performance: an efficiency analysis
Authors: Deutsch Joseph , Dumas Audrey , Silber Jacques
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of scholastic performance using an efficiency analysis perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) at the pupil level using the 2009 PISA survey in Azerbaijan. Before applying DEA with multiple outputs, this paper integrates the maximum amount of available information on inputs via the use of correspondence analysis.

Findings

The results show that scholastic efficiency depends positively on the externalities due to the resources of the school and to a peer effect. The analysis of the determinants of these externalities shows how they influence scholastic performance and has some policy implications.

Practical implications

Education policies should promote the resource externality, because its effect is more homogeneous among pupils. The mechanisms generating school externalities should be taken into consideration by educational authorities, when allocating resources to school and should give some guidelines about how to use these resources and how to manage a school in order to promote peer effects externalities.

Originality/value

The authors distinguish various sources of efficiency: that of the pupil and that due to school externalities operating via resources and peer effects. The authors relate the efficiency due to school externalities to individual, family and school characteristics.
Getting Better, Slowly. Ethnicity, Gender and Party in London's Local Government
Authors: Muroki Mercy , Cowley Philip
Published: March 2019

This article reports black and Asian descriptive representation in London's elected local government. In both absolute and relative terms, the levels of descriptive representation are higher than previously, and London's Asian population is now represented proportionately, although black Londoners remain under‐represented. Such aggregate levels of representation, however, mask considerable disparities between the two groups in many instances. The same is true of gender representation, with overall figures hiding the fact that Asian men are over‐represented (and white women broadly proportionately represented) while black men are the least represented category analysed.
First record of the western black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 (Araneae: Theridiidae) in South Korea
Authors: Choi Moon Bo , Lee Sue Yeon , Yoo Jung Sun , Jun Jumin , Kwon Ohseok
Published: March 2019

Two individuals of Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie were newly found in munitions storage at military facilities in Daegu, South Korea. A female was first discovered on August 31, 2018, and followed by another female along with three egg sacs on September 20, 2018. These spiders were identified based on morphological characters and DNA barcode sequence analysis. Additional surveys were made around the initial detection site to examine the range and spread of this species, but no additional individuals were found.
Missense mutation in PRKCQ is associated with Crohn's disease
Authors: Zhang Yu Wei , Xu Xiao Ying , Zhang Jie , Yao Xin , Lu Chao , Chen Chun Xiao , Yu Chao Hui , Sun Jing
Published: March 2019

Objective

Recent genome‐wide association studies have demonstrated that rs2236379 in PRKCQ is a novel significant locus for Crohn's disease (CD). However, the association has not been replicated in any populations. We therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of the PRKCQ rs2236379 variant in the Chinese Han population and evaluate whether the genetic variant of PRKCQ confers susceptibility to CD and is associated with its clinical characteristics.

Methods

A total of 283 patients with CD and 381 healthy controls were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from their whole blood samples and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for genotyping. The association between PRKCQ polymorphisms and susceptibility to CD, and between genotypes and clinical phenotypes was analyzed.

Results

A higher frequency of the T allele was discovered in CD patients than in healthy controls (P = 0.027). A significant difference in the distribution of the TT and CT/CC genotypes was observed between CD patients and controls (P = 0.024). The TT genotype showed a significant association with susceptibility to CD (odds ratio 1.647, 95% confidence interval: 1.088‐2.574, P = 0.019). Patients with CD with the rs2236379 TT mutant risk genotype were most likely to exhibit perianal disease (P = 0.044).

Conclusions

Our research revealed an association between the PRKCQ rs2236379 (C>T) and CD. The TT homozygous mutation increased the risk of developing CD and may contribute to perianal disease.
Recurrent Kawasaki disease at a tertiary care center in Chandigarh, North West India: 24 years of clinical experience
Authors: Guleria Sandesh , Pilania Rakesh Kumar , Jindal Ankur Kumar , Bhattarai Dharmagat , Suri Deepti , Singh Surjit
Published: March 2019

Background

Kawasaki disease (KD) is emerging as the most common medium vessel vasculitis in children. Recurrence of KD (0.8%‐3.0%) is unusual and not commonly reported.

Objective

To study the clinico‐laboratory profile of children with recurrent KD.

Methods

Case records of 714 children with KD, registered from January 1994 to April 2018 in the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at the Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, were reviewed and data were analyzed for children having had recurrent KD.

Results

Seven (0.98%) children (five boys; two girls) had recurrent KD in our cohort of 714 patients. Mean age at diagnosis was 4.3 years (range, 2‐9 years). Six (85.7%) had recurrence of KD within 1.5 years. Incomplete KD was more common during recurrence (71.4%) as compared to the first episode (33.3%). Five children with recurrent KD developed desquamation during the first week of illness. Laboratory investigations did not show any significant difference during the two episodes of KD. Six of the seven children in the first episode received treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Five of the seven children received IVIG during recurrence. One child had transient left main coronary artery ectasia during the first episode of KD as well as during recurrence and it normalized after treatment on both occasions.

Conclusion

Recurrences in KD are unusual. Over a period of 24 years the recurrence rate in our cohort of children with KD was 0.98%. Further, children with recurrences tended to have milder and incomplete form of the disease.
Detection of subclinical synovial hypertrophy by musculoskeletal gray‐scale/ power Doppler ultrasonography in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Han Nan , Tian Xiliang
Published: March 2019

Objective

Laboratory investigations are invasive methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a small field of view. Ultrasound can be performed at multiple parts of the body. The objective of the study was to find out subclinical synovial hypertrophy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients using gray‐scale/power Doppler ultrasonography.

Methods

A total of 247 systemic lupus erythematosus (without musculoskeletal involvement) patients from 21 February 2017 to 28 October 2018 were included in the cross‐sectional study. Patients were subjected to physical examinations, laboratory tests, and gray‐scale/power Doppler ultrasonography examinations. Synovial hypertrophy was confirmed if it was present in at least 4 out of 100 of the examined location sites. MRI examinations were performed for confirmation purposes. Spearman correlation was performed between imaging and laboratory investigations at the 99% confidence level.

Results

No correlation was observed for results of synovial hypertrophy between physical examinations/laboratory tests and gray‐scale/power Doppler ultrasonography examinations except erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.354). Cost of laboratory tests (315.47 ± 19.15 ¥/person) for subclinical synovial hypertrophy detection was higher than that of gray‐scale/power Doppler ultrasonography examinations (135.47 ± 8.17 ¥/person, P <0.0001, q = 230.87). Results of gray‐scale/power Doppler ultrasonography have a correlation with results of MRI (r = 0.34).

Conclusion

Only perform gray‐scale/power Doppler ultrasonography examinations for regular maintenance of rheumatologic disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol and Marijuana Use Outcomes Among Concurrent Users: A Motivational Model of Substance Use
Authors: Villarosa‐Hurlocker Margo C. , Bravo Adrian J. , Pearson Matthew R. ,   Protective Strategies Study Team
Published: March 2019

Background

College students with more social anxiety symptoms are particularly vulnerable to problematic alcohol and marijuana use given their susceptibility for elevated anxiety symptoms in social settings combined with the normative nature of substance use. Existing research has established substance use as coping motivated for these students when examining alcohol and marijuana use problems separately. The next step is to determine whether students with more social anxiety who use both substances do so for similar or different reasons. The current study tested a comprehensive (i.e., all variables in the same model) motivational model of alcohol/marijuana use in a sample of college students from 10 universities across the United States who endorsed both past‐month alcohol and marijuana use.

Methods

College students were recruited through psychology department participant pools and completed an online survey assessing mental health symptoms, substance use motives, and substances use behaviors. Current sample comprised concurrent alcohol/marijuana users (n = 2,034), 29.6% of whom endorsed clinically indicated levels of social anxiety and nearly one‐fourth exceeded the cutoff for hazardous drinking (23.2%) and hazardous marijuana use (21.9%).

Results

Across both substances, coping motives significantly mediated the positive relationship between social anxiety symptoms and substance use problems. Unique to alcohol, conformity motives mediated the association between social anxiety symptoms and alcohol‐related problems.

Conclusions

Taken together, students with more social anxiety who are focused on anxiety management may use either alcohol or marijuana; however, these students may experience more alcohol‐related problems when drinking to fit in with peers.
State alcohol policies, taxes, and availability as predictors of adolescent binge drinking trajectories into early adulthood
Authors: Fairman Brian J. , Simons‐Morton Bruce G. , Haynie Denise L. , Liu Danping , Goldstein Risë B. , Hingson Ralph W. , Gilman Stephen E.
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

A number of alcohol policies in the United States have been presumed to reduce underage youth drinking. This study characterized underage youth binge‐drinking trajectories into early adulthood and tested associations with the strength of the alcohol policy environment, beer excise taxes and number of liquor stores.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

United States.

Participants

A national cohort of 10th graders in 2010 (n = 2753), assessed annually from 2010 to 2015.

Measurements

Participants reported on their 30‐day binge drinking [defined as consuming five or more+ (for boys) or four or more (for girls) drinks within 2 hours]. We scored the strength of 19 state‐level policies at baseline and summarized them into an overall score and two subdomain scores. We also assessed state beer excise taxes (dollars/gallon) and linked the number of liquor stores in 1 km to the participants’ geocoded address.

Findings

We identified five binge‐drinking trajectories: low‐risk (32.9%), escalating (26.1%), late‐onset (13.8%), chronic (15.1%) and decreasing (12.0%). Lower overall alcohol policy strength was associated with increased risk of being in the escalating versus low‐risk binge‐drinking class [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.44 per 1 standard deviation (SD) in policy score; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17, 1.77)]. Higher beer excise taxes were associated with a reduced risk of being in the escalating class (RRR = 0.22 per 1‐dollar increase; 95% CI = 0.09, 0.50). The number of liquor stores was not significantly associated with any binge‐drinking trajectory.

Conclusions

In the United States, stronger state alcohol policies and higher beer excise taxes appear to be associated with lower risk of escalating alcohol consumption trajectories among underage youth.
Zoogeography of a South African Province: A framework for management
Authors: Power Richard John , Olivier Pieter I.
Published: March 2019

State‐level conservation in South Africa is structured around distinct political entities (i.e. municipalities). This is problematic because an ecological approach that considers species distribution is required to delineate meaningful management units. To do so, vegetation types can be used as management units—however, it is uncertain whether vertebrate communities are associated with vegetation types as defined by the national vegetation map. Here, we investigate mammal diversity patterns within and among biomes (savannah and grassland) and bioregions and test whether different mammal communities were associated with different vegetation types. We used an extensive database of species occurrences in the North West Province. We found that species richness was higher in the savannah than grassland biome. Beta diversity was higher within the savannah than grassland biome, due to greater environmental heterogeneity, though one grassland bioregion was similar to the savannah bioregions. Mammal communities were significantly different among bioregions, but not biomes, suggesting mammal communities are congruent with vegetation type at finer scales (i.e. bioregional), but not at coarser scales (biomes). It thus makes sense to use a bioregional framework to design mammal management strategies. The invasion of grasslands by savannah species should be monitored, specifically given the predicted changes in climate.
Host plants and edaphic factors influence the distribution and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting bodies within rainforests from Tshopo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Milenge Kamalebo Héritier , Seya Wa Malale Hippolyte Nshimba , Masumbuko Ndabaga Cephas , Nabahungu Léon Nsharwasi , Degreef Jérôme , De KeseL André
Published: March 2019

Ectomycorrhizal fungi constitute an important component of forest ecosystems that enhances plant nutrition and resistance against stresses. Diversity of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi is, however, affected by host plant diversity and soil heterogeneity. This study provides information about the influence of host plants and soil resources on the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting bodies from rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Based on the presence of fungal fruiting bodies, significant differences in the number of ectomycorrhizal fungi species existed between forest stand types (p < 0.001). The most ectomycorrhizal species‐rich forest was the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei‐dominated forest (61 species). Of all 93 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, 19 demonstrated a significant indicator value for particular forest stand types. Of all analysed edaphic factors, the percentage of silt particles was the most important parameter influencing EcM fungi host plant tree distribution. Both host trees and edaphic factors strongly affected the distribution and diversity of EcM fungi. EcM fungi may have developed differently their ability to successfully colonise root systems in relation to the availability of nutrients.
Birch pollen allergy in Europe
Authors: Biedermann T. , Winther L. , Till S. J. , Panzner P. , Knulst A. , Valovirta E.
Published: March 2019

Birch and other related trees of the families Betulaceae and Fagaceae (alder, hazel, oak, hornbeam, chestnut, and beech) constitute the birch homologous group. This grouping is primarily based on the extensive IgE cross‐reactivity of allergen homologs to the major birch allergen Bet v 1. Birch pollen is the most dominant tree pollen in Northern and Central Europe and is a major cause of allergic rhinitis and, possibly, asthma symptoms. Over the last few decades, levels of birch pollen have risen and the period of exposure has increased due to climate changes. Subsequently, the prevalence of birch pollen sensitization has also increased. The cross‐reactivity and sequential pollen seasons within the birch homologous group create a prolonged symptomatic allergy period beyond birch pollen alone. Furthermore, many plant food allergens contain homologs to Bet v 1, meaning that the majority of patients with birch pollen allergy suffer from secondary pollen food syndrome (PFS). As a result, the negative impact on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients allergic to birch pollen is significant. The purpose of this manuscript was to narratively review topics of interest such as taxonomy, cross‐reactivity, prevalence, clinical relevance, PFS, and HRQoL with regard to birch pollen allergy from a European perspective.
Lack of muscle fibre hypertrophy, myonuclear addition, and satellite cell pool expansion with resistance training in 83‐94‐year‐old men and women
Authors: Karlsen Anders , Bechshøft Rasmus L. , Malmgaard‐Clausen Nikolaj M. , Andersen Jesper L. , Schjerling Peter , Kjaer Michael , Mackey Abigail L.
Published: March 2019

Aims

To examine satellite cell and myonuclear content in very old (≥83 years) individuals, and the response to heavy resistance training.

Methods

A group of very old men and women (Old, 83‐94 years, n = 29) was randomized to 12 weeks of heavy resistance training or untrained controls. A group of young men who did not resistance train (Young, 19‐27 years, n = 9) were included for comparison.

Results

Compared to young men, prior to training the old men had smaller type II fibres (−38%, P < 0.001), lower satellite cell content (−52%, P < 0.001), smaller myonuclear domain (−30%, P < 0.001), and a trend for lower myonuclear content (−13%, P = 0.09). Old women were significantly different from old men for these parameters, except for satellite cell content. Resistance training had no effect on these parameters in these old men and women. Fibre‐size specific analysis showed strong correlations between fibre size and myonuclei per fibre and between fibre size and myonuclear domain for both fibre types (r = 0.94‐0.99, P < 0.0001). In contrast, muscle fibre perimeter per myonucleus seemed to be constant across the range in fibre size, particularly in type I fibres (r = −0.31, P = 0.17).

Conclusions

The present data demonstrate that type II fibre size, satellite cell content and myonuclear domain is significantly smaller in very old men compared to young men, while myonuclear content is less affected. These parameters were not improved with heavy resistance training at the most advanced stage of ageing.
Volatile organic compounds emitted from faeces as a biomarker for colorectal cancer
Authors: Bond Ashley , Greenwood Rosemary , Lewis Stephen , Corfe Bernard , Sarkar Sanchoy , O'Toole Paul , Rooney Paul , Burkitt Michael , Hold Georgina , Probert Chris
Published: March 2019

Background

Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. The UK Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) has demonstrated that detection of colorectal cancer at an earlier stage and identification of advanced pre‐malignant adenomas reduces mortality and morbidity.

Aim

To assess the utility of volatile organic compounds as a biomarker for colorectal neoplasia.

Methods

Faeces were collected from symptomatic patients and people participating in the UK BCSP, prior to colonoscopy. Headspace extraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry was performed on faeces to identify volatile organic compounds. Logistic regression modelling and 10‐fold cross‐validation were used to test potential biomarkers.

Results

One hundred and thirty‐seven participants were included (mean age 64 years [range 22‐85], 54% were male): 60 had no neoplasia, 56 had adenomatous polyp(s) and 21 had adenocarcinoma. Propan‐2‐ol was significantly more abundant in the cancer samples (P < 0.0001, q = 0.004) with an area under ROC (AUROC) curve of 0.76. When combined with 3‐methylbutanoic acid the AUROC curve was 0.82, sensitivity 87.9% (95% CI 0.87‐0.99) and specificity 84.6% (95% CI 0.65‐1.0). Logistic regression analysis using the presence/absence of specific volatile organic compounds, identified a three volatile organic compound panel (propan‐2‐ol, hexan‐2‐one and ethyl 3‐methyl‐ butanoate) to have an AUROC of 0.73, with a person six times more likely to have cancer if all three volatile organic compounds were present (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Volatile organic compound analysis may have a superior diagnostic ability for the identification of colorectal adenocarcinoma, when compared to other faecal biomarkers, including those currently employed in UK.

Clinical trial details: National Research Ethics Service Committee South West ‐ Central Bristol (REC reference 14/SW/1162) with R&D approval from University of Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust (UoL 001098).
Randomised clinical trial: the DPP‐4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, inhibits gastric accommodation and increases glucagon‐like peptide‐1 plasma levels in healthy volunteers
Authors: Rotondo Alessandra , Masuy Imke , Verbeure Wout , Biesiekierski Jessica R. , Deloose Eveline , Tack Jan
Published: March 2019

Background

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inactivates glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1). Whether DPP‐4 inhibition affects GLP‐1 metabolism and/or food intake in humans remains unknown.

Aims

To evaluate the effect of vildagliptin (DPP‐4 inhibitor) on gastric accommodation and ad libitum food intake in healthy volunteers (HVs)

Methods

The effects of acute oral vildagliptin administration (50 mg) were evaluated in two randomised, placebo‐controlled, single‐blinded trials. Protocol 1 (n = 10, 32.3 ± 3 years, 23.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2): 60 min after treatment, a nutrient drink (270 kcal) was infused intragastrically and intragastric pressure (IGP) was measured for 1 h. Protocol 2 (n = 10, 24.3 ± 0.8 years, 22.3 ± 0.9 kg/m2): 60 min after treatment, HVs consumed one nutrient drink (300 kcal). Thirty minutes thereafter, HVs ate ad libitum from a free‐choice buffet for 30 min. Blood was collected at several time points to measure active GLP‐1 plasma levels.

Results

During the first 20 min after nutrient infusion, the drop in IGP was smaller after vildagliptin compared to placebo (treatment‐by‐time interaction effect: P = 0.008). No differences were seen on epigastric symptom scores. Planned contrast analysis showed that active GLP‐1 levels were higher after vildagliptin compared to placebo (P = 0.018) only after nutrient ingestion. Total food intake (316.38 ± 58.89 g vs 399.58 ± 63.02 g, P = 0.359) and total caloric intake (594.77 ± 115.17 kcal vs 742.77 ± 107.10 kcal, P = 0.371) did not differ between treatments.

Conclusions

Vildagliptin inhibits gastric accommodation without affecting epigastric symptom scoring in HVs. Active GLP‐1 plasma levels were increased after vildagliptin treatment, but the increase was not sufficient to affect ad libitum food intake. The study was registered at Clincialtrials.gov (NCT 03500900).
Response of a mountain‐foreland fluvial system to an advancing ice sheet, southern Poland
Authors: Salamon Tomasz , Zieliński Tomasz
Published: March 2019

In this paper, fluvial deposits of Middle Pleistocene age in the mountain‐foreland area of southern Poland (Eastern Sudetes and Western Carpathians) are studied in order to document the evolution of fluvial systems during the coldest stages of glacial periods when the Scandinavian Ice Sheet advanced far to the south. The focus is on fluvial response to climate change and glacial impact on river system behaviour. Also considered is the tectonic uplift of the mountain part of river catchments and its potential influence on the style of fluvial sedimentation in the fore‐mountain area. Three drainage basins that were active during the Elsterian and Saalian glaciations are investigated. Facies analyses are carried out on thick successions of braided river deposits covered with till or glaciolacustrine sediments, which result in a reconstruction of the fluvial activity synchronous with the ice‐sheet advance. The results suggest that fluvial activity declined prior to ice‐sheet advance into the fore‐mountain area. This climatically induced change is directly recorded in alluvial successions by upward‐decreasing bed thicknesses and grain sizes. River longitudinal profiles were shortened in front of the advancing ice sheet. The base level of the studied rivers, created by the ice‐sheet margin, rose in parallel with glacial advance. As a result, the successive reaches of rivers (degradational, transitional, aggradational) underwent shortening and moved upstream within the catchments. Moreover, tectonically induced local increases of river slopes may have influenced the depositional processes.
A hurricane alters pollinator relationships and natural selection on an introduced island plant
Authors: Temeles Ethan J. , Bishop Gabriella A.
Published: March 2019

Novel relationships between the floral morphology of introduced plants and the trophic morphology of native pollinators have been hypothesized to cause strong natural selection on both parties, but evidence for such selection is rare. We capitalized on a natural disturbance to examine selection on an introduced plant,Heliconia wagneriana, on the island of Dominica, before and after Hurricane Maria. Prior to the hurricane, femaleAnthracothorax jugularishummingbirds, which have longer bills than males, were the main visitor toH. wagneriana, and directional selection on corolla length was insignificant. After the hurricane, shorter‐billed maleA. jugulariswere the main visitor toH. wagneriana. The absence of trait matching between a short‐billed pollinator and a long‐flowered plant resulted in directional selection for shorter flowers because males preferentially visited plants with shorter flowers. The amount of nectar removed by maleA. jugulariswas negatively associated with flower length, with flowers >53 mm containing nearly five times the nectar than flowers <53 mm. We estimate a roughly 75% decrease in the population size ofA. jugularis, and results suggest the heaviest mortality occurred among short‐billed male hummingbirds and larger‐bodied individuals of both sexes, which would have higher nectar requirements and the most difficulty obtaining nectar. Our results indicate that hurricanes may alter relationships between plants and pollinators and that lack of trait matching resulting from such disturbances may lead to selection on both plant and pollinator.
Information as a crucial factor for toilet training by parents
Authors: Van Aggelpoel Tinne , Vermandel Alexandra , Fraeyman Jessica , Massart Michiel , Van Hal Guido
Published: March 2019

Background

Toilet training (TT) is a milestone in a child's development. Nowadays, children complete TT later than previous generations. This can have detrimental consequences for the child, the parents, and the environment. TT is experienced as difficult and time‐consuming; parents could benefit from guidelines to assist in this process.

Methods

Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to explore parents' experiences in an inductive approach applying purposive sampling. The FGDs aimed to explore the type of information parents wanted to receive on TT, from whom and how.

Results

After six FGDs, including 37 participants with personal experience in TT, data saturation was achieved. The findings of this qualitative study show that reputable agencies, family, friends, day‐care workers, and nursery school teachers were considered very helpful and trustworthy sources. TT information should be easily understandable and not contain scientific terms or much text. A colourful and illustrated brochure sent by regular mail is preferred.

Conclusion

Our study allows to develop a source of correct and wanted information about TT that parents can and want to use, which helps them completing this training more easily and timely.
Perception of impact of Dravet syndrome on children and caregivers in multiple countries: looking beyond seizures
Authors: Nabbout Rima , Auvin Stephane , Chiron Catherine , Thiele Elizabeth , Cross Helen , Scheffer Ingrid E , Schneider Amy L , Guerrini Renzo , Williamson Nicola ,   Zogenix and Adelphi Values study group
Published: March 2019

Aim

To assess the relevance and generalizability across countries of concepts of the impact of Dravet syndrome beyond seizures, as recognized by families.

Method

Caregivers of children with Dravet syndrome in four countries (Australia [n=8]; USA, UK, and Italy [all n=4]) participated in 1‐hour qualitative telephone interviews, identifying key Dravet syndrome concepts. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and, where necessary, translated into English for thematic analysis. Conceptual saturation was assessed and findings compared to the previously developed French conceptual disease model.

Results

The most common seizure types reported by caregivers were tonic–clonic, absence, or focal‐impaired awareness (localized/partial). Fever and physical activity were the most commonly reported triggers. Patient‐relevant impacts included impairment in cognition, motor skills, communication, social skills, and behavioural functioning. Caregivers consistently reported negative social, physical, and family impacts. Concepts identified in the interviews showed similarity with the French conceptual model. Minor differences between countries are likely to reflect variations in health care systems.

Interpretation

Findings in Italy, Australia, UK, and USA confirm that the key impacts of Dravet syndrome on children and caregivers identified in France are generalizable across countries. Key symptom and impact concepts relevant to children and parents should be targeted as critical outcomes in new therapy evaluations.

What this paper adds

Relevance of the impact of Dravet syndrome on children and caregivers was confirmed across countries.

Patient and caregiver‐relevant Dravet syndrome impacts contribute to poorer health‐related quality of life.

Indirect seizure impacts were reported to be as important as direct impacts.

Country‐specific differences in concepts probably reflect differences in health care systems.
Trial design and baseline data for LIRA‐PRIME: A randomized trial investigating the efficacy of liraglutide in controlling glycaemia in type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting
Authors: Unger Jeff , Allison Dale C. , Carlton Melissa , Lakkole Kavitha , Lowe Derek , Murphy Gerri , Panda Jayant K. , Sargin Mehmet , Kaltoft Margit , Treppendahl Marianne B. , Zoghbi Marouan ,   on behalf of the LIRA‐PRIME global panel
Published: March 2019

Aims

Using a pragmatic approach, the LIRA‐PRIME trial aims to address a knowledge gap by comparing efficacy in controlling glycaemia with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog liraglutide vs oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) uncontrolled with metformin monotherapy in primary care practice. We report the study design and patient baseline characteristics.

Materials and methods

This 104‐week, two‐arm, open‐label, active‐controlled trial is active in 219 primary care practices across nine countries. At screening, eligible patients with T2D were at least 18 years of age, had been using a stable daily dose of metformin ≥1500 mg or the maximum tolerated dose for ≥60 days, and had a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.5% to 9.0%, measured ≤90 days before screening. Patients were randomized (1:1) to liraglutide or OAD, both in addition to pre‐trial metformin. Individual OADs were chosen by the treating physician based on local guidelines. The primary endpoint is time to inadequate glycaemic control, defined as HbA1c above 7.0% at two scheduled consecutive visits after the first 26 weeks of treatment.

Results

The trial randomized 1997 patients with a mean (standard deviation) age of 56.9 (10.8) years, T2D duration of 7.2 (5.9) years (range, <1‐47 years), and HbA1c of 8.2%. One‐fifth of patients had a history of diabetes complications, and most were overweight (24.8%) or had obesity (65.3%).

Conclusions

This pragmatically designed, large‐scale, multinational, randomized clinical trial will help guide treatment decisions for patients with T2D who are inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy and treated in primary care.
Decision models of prediabetes populations: A systematic review
Authors: Leal Jose , Morrow Liam Mc , Khurshid Waqar , Pagano Eva , Feenstra Talitha
Published: March 2019

Aims

With evidence supporting the use of preventive interventions for prediabetes populations and the use of novel biomarkers to stratify the risk of progression, there is a need to evaluate their cost‐effectiveness across jurisdictions. Our aim is to summarize and assess the quality and validity of decision models and model‐based economic evaluations of populations with prediabetes, to evaluate their potential use for the assessment of novel prevention strategies and to discuss the knowledge gaps, challenges and opportunities.

Materials and methods

We searched Medline, Embase, EconLit and NHS EED between 2000 and 2018 for studies reporting computer simulation models of the natural history of individuals with prediabetes and/or we used decision models to evaluate the impact of treatment strategies on these populations. Data were extracted following PRISMA guidelines and assessed using modelling checklists. Two reviewers independently assessed 50% of the titles and abstracts to determine whether a full text review was needed. Of these, 10% was assessed by each reviewer to cross‐reference the decision to proceed to full review. Using a standardized form and double extraction, each of four reviewers extracted 50% of the identified studies.

Results

A total of 29 published decision models that simulate prediabetes populations were identified. Studies showed large variations in the definition of prediabetes and model structure. The inclusion of complications in prediabetes (n = 8) and type 2 diabetes (n = 17) health states also varied. A minority of studies simulated annual changes in risk factors (glycaemia, HbA1c, blood pressure, BMI, lipids) as individuals progressed in the models (n = 7) and accounted for heterogeneity among individuals with prediabetes (n = 7).

Conclusions

Current prediabetes decision models have considerable limitations in terms of their quality and validity and do not allow evaluation of stratified strategies using novel biomarkers, highlighting a clear need for more comprehensive prediabetes decision models.
Efficacy and safety of pemafibrate in people with type 2 diabetes and elevated triglyceride levels: 52‐week data from the PROVIDE study
Authors: Araki Eiichi , Yamashita Shizuya , Arai Hidenori , Yokote Koutaro , Satoh Jo , Inoguchi Toyoshi , Nakamura Jiro , Maegawa Hiroshi , Yoshioka Narihito , Tanizawa Yukio , Watada Hirotaka , Suganami Hideki , Ishibashi Shun
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pemafibrate in people with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridaemia over a 52‐week period. Participants were randomly assigned to receive treatment with placebo or pemafibrate at a dose of 0.2 or 0.4 mg/d for 24 weeks (treatment period 1). The main results from treatment period 1 have been reported previously. The assigned treatment was continued up to week 52, except that the placebo was changed to pemafibrate 0.2 mg/d after week 24 (treatment period 2). The percentage changes in fasting serum triglyceride (TG) levels at week 52 (last observation carried forward) were −48.2%, −42.3%, and −46.4% in the placebo/pemafibrate 0.2 mg/d (n = 57), pemafibrate 0.2 mg/d (n = 54), and pemafibrate 0.4 mg/d (n = 55) groups, respectively. Levels of TG, non‐HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol stably decreased, whereas levels of HDL cholesterol increased with pemafibrate treatments over 52 weeks. Pemafibrate was well tolerated throughout the study period. The present study is the first to show that pemafibrate treatment substantially ameliorated lipid abnormalities and was well tolerated for 52 weeks in people with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridaemia.
Time trends in prescribing of type 2 diabetes drugs, glycaemic response and risk factors: A retrospective analysis of primary care data, 2010–2017
Authors: Dennis John M. , Henley William E. , McGovern Andrew P. , Farmer Andrew J. , Sattar Naveed , Holman Rury R. , Pearson Ewan R. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Shields Beverley M. , Jones Angus G. ,   on behalf of the MASTERMIND consortium
Published: March 2019

Aim

To describe population‐level time trends in prescribing patterns of type 2 diabetes therapy, and in short‐term clinical outcomes (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c], weight, blood pressure, hypoglycaemia and treatment discontinuation) after initiating new therapy.

Materials and methods

We studied 81 532 people with type 2 diabetes initiating a first‐ to fourth‐line drug in primary care between 2010 and 2017 inclusive in United Kingdom electronic health records (Clinical Practice Research Datalink). Trends in new prescriptions and subsequent 6‐ and 12‐month adjusted changes in glycaemic response (reduction in HbA1c), weight, blood pressure and rates of hypoglycaemia and treatment discontinuation were examined.

Results

Use of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors as second‐line therapy near doubled (41% of new prescriptions in 2017 vs. 22% in 2010), replacing sulphonylureas as the most common second‐line drug (29% in 2017 vs. 53% in 2010). Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors, introduced in 2013, comprised 17% of new first‐ to fourth‐line prescriptions by 2017. First‐line use of metformin remained stable (91% of new prescriptions in 2017 vs. 91% in 2010). Over the study period there was little change in average glycaemic response and in the proportion of people discontinuing treatment. There was a modest reduction in weight after initiating second‐ and third‐line therapy (improvement in weight change 2017 vs. 2010 for second‐line therapy: −1.5 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.9, −1.1; P < 0.001), and a slight reduction in systolic blood pressure after initiating first‐, second‐ and third‐line therapy (improvement in systolic blood pressure change 2017 vs. 2010 range: −1.7 to −2.1 mmHg; all P < 0.001). Hypoglycaemia rates decreased over time with second‐line therapy (incidence rate ratio 0.94 per year, 95% CI 0.88, 1.00; P = 0.04), mirroring the decline in use of sulphonylureas.

Conclusions

Recent changes in prescribing of therapy for people with type 2 diabetes have not led to a change in glycaemic response and have resulted in modest improvements in other population‐level short‐term clinical outcomes.
The Determinants of Subjective Financial Satisfaction and the Moderating Roles of Gender and Marital Status
Authors: Fan Lu , Babiarz Patryk
Published: March 2019

Utilizing a unique question on subjective financial satisfaction from the National Financial Capability Study, the goal of this research was to examine the demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral determinants of financial satisfaction and the moderating roles of gender and marital status in these associations. Results from the ordered logistic regressions indicated that single women and divorcees of both genders reported significantly lower financial satisfaction than married counterparts and that widowed men were generally better off than married men. After documenting large adverse effects of divorce on reports of financial satisfaction, the gaps in financial satisfaction between married and divorced individuals were measured and compared by gender. Results are expected to help individuals, households, and financial professionals understand the perceived financial satisfaction effects of marital decisions.
Stem growth characteristics of high yielding Miscanthus correlate with yield, development and intraspecific competition within plots
Authors: Robson Paul R. H. , Donnison Iain S. , Clifton‐Brown John C.
Published: March 2019

High yielding perennial grasses are utilized as biomass for the bioeconomy and to displace fossil fuels. Many such grasses, including Miscanthus, are largely undomesticated. The main Miscanthus crop is a naturally occurring hydrid M. × giganteus (Mxg). All above ground biomass from Miscanthus is harvested. Stem traits correlate strongly with yield and therefore understanding the seasonal progression of stem growth should identify routes for improved yield. If such studies utilized high yielding commercial genotypes growing in plots the conclusions are likely to be more commercially relevant. Stem elongation was measured from five high yielding genotypes, 10 plants per plot from 20 plots in a replicated field trial over 4 years. Richards growth function produced an accurate fit to stem elongation. Differentials, double differentials and integrals of the parameterized function produced six growth characteristics, describing growth rate, timing and duration of the logarithmic growth phase and area under the growth curve. Maximum growth rate was correlated with yield and compensatory interactions were identified, for example plants with higher maximal growth rates had shorter durations of logarithmic growth. Plant position within plots of lower yielding genotypes did not affect growth characteristics but had a significant effect on late season growth characteristics in higher yielding genotypes. Two high yielding genotypes were compared over 3 years and growth parameterized using four different factors. The inverse correlation between maximum growth rate and duration of logarithmic growth was consistent across years and factors in both genotypes except when parameterized using temperature and only in Mxg. This suggested that different limitations to growth were exerted on the two genotypes which may help explain the exceptional performance of the Mxg genotype. We discuss the implications of the identified complex interactions in growth characteristics for approaches to maximize seasonal yield in perennial biomass crops.
Why is fruit colour so variable? Phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships between fruit‐colour evolution, biogeography and diversification
Authors: Lu Lu , Fritsch Peter W. , Matzke Nicholas J. , Wang Hong , Kron Kathleen A. , Li De‐Zhu , Wiens John J.
Published: March 2019

Aim

Are different fruit colours related to large‐scale patterns of dispersal, distribution and diversification? Here, we investigate this question for the first time, using phylogenetic approaches in the tribe Gaultherieae (Ericaceae). We test relationships between fruit colour and (a) biogeographic dispersal, (b) elevational and latitudinal species distributions and (c) rates of diversification.

Location

Global.

Time period

Recent to 30 million years ago.

Major taxa studied

The plant tribe Gaultherieae in the family Ericaceae (blueberries and relatives).

Methods

We estimated a new time‐calibrated phylogeny for Gaultherieae. Data on fruit colours and geographic distributions for each species were compiled from published sources and field observations. Using phylogenetic methods, we estimated major dispersal events across the tree and the most likely fruit colour associated with each dispersal event, and tested whether dispersal between major biogeographic regions was equally likely for different fruit colours, and whether dispersal distances were larger for certain colours. We then tested the relationships between fruit colours and geographic variables (latitude, elevation) and diversification rates.

Results

Large‐scale dispersal events were significantly associated with red‐fruited lineages, even though red‐fruited species were relatively uncommon. Further, different fruit colours were associated with different elevations and latitudes (e.g. red at lower elevations, violet at lower latitudes, white at higher elevations). Violet colour was related to increased diversification rates, leading to more violet‐fruited species globally.

Main conclusions

Overall, we show that different fruit colours can significantly impact the large‐scale dispersal, distribution and diversification of plant clades. Furthermore, the interplay between biogeography and fruit‐colour evolution seems to generate “taxon cycles” in fruit colour that may drive variation in fruit colour over macroevolutionary time‐scales.