bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking organic carbon sedimentation, burial efficiency, and long‐term accumulation in boreal lakes
Authors: Ferland Marie‐Eve , Prairie Yves T. , Teodoru Cristian , del Giorgio Paul A.
Published: January 2014

Carbon (C) storage in lakes is now recognized as a significant sink of C at a global scale, but the pathways that lead to this storage remain poorly understood. In this study, we attempt to reconstruct and connect the processes that lead to long‐term C accumulation in boreal lakes. These include the rate of particulate organic C (POC) sedimentation in the water column and sediment metabolism operating at a temporal scale of weeks to months, organic C accumulation in the top sediment layers integrated over scales of tens of years, and long‐term organic C burial in lake sediment integrated over hundreds to thousands of years. The sinking POC flux was tenfold higher than the short‐term sediment C accumulation rates in all systems, and we found no direct relationship between this downward C flux and either the short‐term or long‐term C accumulation rates. However, the resulting C burial efficiency (which ranged from 5 to 62%) was strongly related to lake shape, which ultimately constrains the time freshly deposited material that is exposed to oxygen and thereby regulates the fraction of the carbon sinking flux that is mineralized back to the atmosphere or permanently buried in the sediments. Small and deep lakes act as more efficient C sinks than large and flat lakes. We also show that long‐term burial rates are nearly identical to current centennial‐scale accumulation rates and that therefore, little degradation occurs after a few decades. Sediment C storage tends to be small (<5%) relative to lake C emissions, but that this balance is also strongly related to lake morphometry.
Seismic Network in Greenland Monitors Earth and Ice System
Authors: Clinton John F. , Nettles Meredith , Walter Fabian , Anderson Kent , Dahl‐Jensen Trine , Giardini Domenico , Govoni Aladino , Hanka Winfried , Lasocki Stanislaw , Lee Won Sang , McCormack David , Mykkeltveit Svein , Stutzmann Eleonore , Tsuboi Seiji
Published: January 2014

Some of the most dramatic effects of climate change have been observed in the Earth's polar regions. In Greenland, ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet has accelerated in recent years [Shepherd et al., 2012]. Outlet glaciers are changing their behavior rapidly, with many thinning, retreating, and accelerating [Joughin et al., 2004]. The loss of ice weighing on the crust and mantle below has allowed both to rebound, resulting in high rock uplift rates [Bevis et al., 2012]. Changes in ice cover and meltwater production influence sea level and climate feedbacks; they are expected to contribute to increasing vulnerability to geohazards such as landslides, flooding, and extreme weather.
Photophysics of PbS Quantum Dot Films Capped with Arsenic Sulfide Ligands
Authors: Tsokkou Demetra , Papagiorgis Paris , Protesescu Loredana , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Choulis Stelios A. , Christofides Constantinos , Itskos Grigorios , Othonos Andreas
Published: January 2014

PbS quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes capped with short (NH4)3AsS3 inorganic ligands are produced via ligand exchange processes from oleate‐capped PbS QDs. The solid‐state photophysical properties of the control organic‐capped and the inorganic‐ligand‐capped QDs are investigated to determine their potential for optoelectronic applications. Ultrafast transient transmission shows that in the oleate‐capped QDs, carrier recombination at sub‐nanosecond scales occurs via Auger recombination, traps, and surface states. At longer times, intense signals associated with radiative recombination are obtained. After ligand exchange, the QDs become decorated with (NH4)3AsS3 complexes and relaxation is dominated by efficient carrier transfer to the ligand states on timescales as fast as ≈2 ps, which competes with carrier thermalization to the QD band edge states. Recombination channels present in the oleate‐capped QDs, such as radiative and Auger recombination, appear quenched in the inorganic‐capped QDs. Evidence of efficient carrier trapping at shallow ligand states, which appears more intense under excitation above the (NH4)3AsS3 gap, is provided. A detailed band diagram of the various relaxation and recombination processes is proposed that comprehensively describes the photophysics of the QD systems studied.
Dual salt mixtures in mixed mode chromatography with an immobilized tryptophan ligand influence the removal of aggregated monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Vajda Judith , Mueller Egbert , Bahret Eva
Published: January 2014

In downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies, proper aggregate removal is crucial. Mixed mode ligands such as immobilized tryptophan have been developed to satisfy the need for efficient removal of antibody aggregates. However, method development for mixed mode applications is complicated, since protein binding and elution can be modulated by an increased set of parameters. In the current study, we investigate the effect of different dual salt mixtures on mixed mode chromatography using TOYOPEARL MX‐Trp‐650M resin, with respect to the dynamic binding capacity, resolution and monomer purity of two different humanized immunoglobulins. Binding capacities varying by more than 50% were observed for different salt mixtures. Furthermore, antibody monomer and aggregate resolution deviated by 30% for different salt mixtures and linear gradient elution. Similar trends were obtained using an immobilized carboxymethyl ligand for the same set of experiments, but the overall resolution was lower. Less kosmotropic salt systems emphasize the electrostatic binding of the relatively hydrophobic mAbs and reduce hydrophobic attraction to a selectivity‐determining constraint. Kosmotropic salts such as citrate appear to cause dominating hydrophobic interactions in protein adsorption that hinder electrostatic protein‐ligand interactions. This effect may depend on the ionic and hydrophobic site distribution of a protein. The data presented here are important for the further improvement of downstream processing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
A xenogeneic‐free bioreactor system for the clinical‐scale expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
Authors: dos Santos Francisco , Campbell Andrew , Fernandes‐Platzgummer Ana , Andrade Pedro Z. , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Wen Yuan , Boucher Shayne , Vemuri Mohan C. , da Silva Cláudia L. , Cabral Joaquim M.S.
Published: January 2014

The large cell doses (>1 × 106 cells/kg) used in clinical trials with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) will require an efficient production process. Moreover, monitoring and control of MSC ex‐vivo expansion is critical to provide a safe and reliable cell product. Bioprocess engineering approaches, such as bioreactor technology, offer the adequate tools to develop and optimize a cost‐effective culture system for the rapid expansion of human MSC for cellular therapy. Herein, a xenogeneic (xeno)‐free microcarrier‐based culture system was successfully established for bone marrow (BM) MSC and adipose tissue‐derived stem/stromal cell (ASC) cultivation using a 1L‐scale controlled stirred‐tank bioreactor, allowing the production of (1.1 ± 0.1) × 108 and (4.5 ± 0.2) × 107 cells for BM MSC and ASC, respectively, after 7 days. Additionally, the effect of different percent air saturation values (%Airsat) and feeding regime on the proliferation and metabolism of BM MSC was evaluated. No significant differences in cell growth and metabolic patterns were observed under 20% and 9%Airsat. Also, the three different feeding regimes studied—(i) 25% daily medium renewal, (ii) 25% medium renewal every 2 days, and (iii) fed‐batch addition of concentrated nutrients and growth factors every 2 days—yielded similar cell numbers, and only slight metabolic differences were observed. Moreover, the immunophenotype (positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105 and negative for CD31, CD80 and HLA‐DR) and multilineage differentiative potential of expanded cells were not affected upon bioreactor culture. These results demonstrated the feasibility of expanding human MSC from different sources in a clinically relevant expansion configuration in a controlled microcarrier‐based stirred culture system under xeno‐free conditions. The further optimization of this bioreactor culture system will represent a crucial step towards an efficient GMP‐compliant clinical‐scale MSC production system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1116–1127. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of time‐course morphological features for efficient prediction of osteogenic potential in human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Matsuoka Fumiko , Takeuchi Ichiro , Agata Hideki , Kagami Hideaki , Shiono Hirofumi , Kiyota Yasujiro , Honda Hiroyuki , Kato Ryuji
Published: January 2014

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) represents one of the most frequently applied cell sources for clinical bone regeneration. To achieve the greatest therapeutic effect, it is crucial to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation potential of the stem cells during their culture before the implantation. However, the practical evaluation of stem cell osteogenicity has been limited to invasive biological marker analysis that only enables assaying a single end‐point. To innovate around invasive quality assessments in clinical cell therapy, we previously explored and demonstrated the positive predictive value of using time‐course images taken during differentiation culture for hBMSC bone differentiation potential. This initial method establishes proof of concept for a morphology‐based cell evaluation approach, but reveals a practical limitation when considering the need to handle large amounts of image data. In this report, we aimed to scale‐down our proposed method into a more practical, efficient modeling scheme that can be more broadly implemented by physicians on the frontiers of clinical cell therapy. We investigated which morphological features are critical during the osteogenic differentiation period to assure the performance of prediction models with reduced burden on image acquisition. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed characterization that describes both the critical observation period and the critical number of time‐points needed for morphological features to adequately model osteogenic potential. Our results revealed three important observations: (i) the morphological features from the first 3 days of differentiation are sufficiently informative to predict bone differentiation potential, both activities of alkaline phosphatase and calcium deposition, after 3 weeks of continuous culture; (ii) intervals of 48 h are sufficient for measuring critical morphological features; and (iii) morphological features are most accurately predictive when early morphological features from the first 3 days of differentiation are combined with later features (after 10 days of differentiation). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1430–1439. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of high‐capacity cation exchange chromatography for direct capture of monoclonal antibodies from high‐titer cell culture processes
Authors: Tao Yinying , Ibraheem Aladein , Conley Lynn , Cecchini Douglas , Ghose Sanchayita
Published: January 2014

Advances in molecular biology and cell culture technology have led to monoclonal antibody titers in excess of 10 g/L. Such an increase can pose concern to traditional antibody purification processes due to limitations in column hardware and binding capacity of Protein A resins. Recent development of high capacity cation exchangers can make cation exchange chromatography (CEX) a promising and economic alternative to Protein A capture. This work investigates the feasibility of using CEX for direct capture of monoclonal antibodies from high titer cell culture fluids. Two resin candidates were selected from seven newer generation cation exchangers for their higher binding capacity and selectivity. Two monoclonal antibodies with widely differing pI values were used to evaluate the capability of CEX as a platform capture step. Screening of loading pH and conductivity showed both resins to be capable of directly capturing both antibodies from undiluted cell culture fluid. At appropriate acidic pH range, product loading of over 65 g/L resin was achieved for both antibodies. A systematic design of experiment (DOE) approach was used to optimize the elution conditions for the CEX step. Elution pH showed the most significant impact on clearance of host cell proteins (HCPs). Under optimal conditions, HCP reduction factors in the range of 9–44 were achieved on the CEX step based on the pI of the antibody. Apart from comparing CEX directly to Protein A as the capture method, material from either modality was also processed through the subsequent polishing steps to compare product quality at the drug substance level. Process performance and product quality was found to be acceptable using the non‐affinity based process scheme. The results shown here present a cheaper and higher capacity generic capture method for high‐titer antibody processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1354–1364. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics of dronedarone in rat using a newly developed high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay method
Authors: Bin Jardan Yousef A. , Gabr Raniah Q. , Brocks Dion R.
Published: January 2014

A sensitive and selective high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dronedarone in rat plasma was developed. Dronedarone was extracted using one‐step liquid–liquid extraction. The separation of dronedarone was accomplished using a C18 analytical column. The mobile phase was composed of a combination of monobasic potassium phosphate and acetonitrile. The UV detection was at 254 nm for ethopropazine, the internal standard, and after its elution, changed to 290 nm for dronedarone detection. The total analytical run time was 20 min. Mean recovery was >80%; the assay had excellent linear relationships (>0.999) between peak height ratios and plasma concentrations; the lower limit of quantification 25 was ng/mL, based on 100 μL of rat plasma. Accuracy and precision were <18% over the concentration range of 25–500 ng/mL. The assay was applied successfully to the measurement of dronedarone plasma concentrations in rats given the drug orally. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uterine cervix cancer treatment at Radiumhemmet: 90 years' experience. Time trends of age, stage, and histopathology distribution
Authors: Hellman Kristina , Hellström Ann‐Cathrin , Pettersson B. Folke
Published: January 2014

Since the introduction of screening programs for cervical cancer (CC) the incidence has decreased and CC is discovered at an earlier stage. The purpose of this study was to analyze time trends in age, stage, and histopathology over a 90‐year period and to our knowledge this is the largest single institutional series in the literature of invasive cervical carcinoma (CC) cases. This is a retrospective study comprising 18,472 women treated for CC from 1914 until 2004 at Radiumhemmet, Stockholm. The material is part of the international CC statistics published since 1937 in the League of Nations' Annual Reports, and since 1958 under the patronage of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). During the 90‐year study period, the annual number of cases treated increased to over 400 up until 1965, after which there was a gradual drop to less than 100 cases in 2004. A pronounced shift toward earlier stages at diagnosis was noted. The mean age at diagnosis increased in all stages, predominantly in advanced stages. A reduction in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases and a sixfold increase in the proportion of adenocarcinoma (AC) cases were observed. The mean age at diagnosis for squamous and AC cases shifted after 1970, when the SCC cases ultimately became 3 years older than the AC cases in contrast to around 1950 when they were 3 years younger than the AC cases. The changes in the distribution by age, stage, and histopathology during this 90‐year period are probably associated with: improved social conditions and increased access to health care, the introduction of screening programs for CC in the 1960s, and a change in the risk factors for CC (changed sexual behavior, introduction of contraceptive pills, and changed smoking habits).
The geometry of PLS1 explained properly: 10 key notes on mathematical properties of and some alternative algorithmic approaches to PLS1 modelling
Authors: Indahl Ulf G.
Published: January 2014

The insight from, and conclusions of this paper motivate efficient and numerically robust ‘new’ variants of algorithms for solving the single response partial least squares regression (PLS1) problem. Prototype MATLAB code for these variants are included in the Appendix. The analysis of and conclusions regarding PLS1 modelling are based on a rich and nontrivial application of numerous key concepts from elementary linear algebra. The investigation starts with a simple analysis of the nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) PLS1 algorithm variant computing orthonormal scores and weights.

A rigorous interpretation of the squared P‐loadings as the variable‐wise explained sum of squares is presented. We show that the orthonormal row‐subspace basis of W‐weights can be found from a recurrence equation. Consequently, the NIPALS deflation steps of the centered predictor matrix can be replaced by a corresponding sequence of Gram–Schmidt steps that compute the orthonormal column‐subspace basis of T‐scores from the associated non‐orthogonal scores.

The transitions between the non‐orthogonal and orthonormal scores and weights (illustrated by an easy‐to‐grasp commutative diagram), respectively, are both given by QR factorizations of the non‐orthogonal matrices. The properties of singular value decomposition combined with the mappings between the alternative representations of the PLS1 ‘truncated’ X data (including PtW) are taken to justify an invariance principle to distinguish between the PLS1 truncation alternatives. The fundamental orthogonal truncation of PLS1 is illustrated by a Lanczos bidiagonalization type of algorithm where the predictor matrix deflation is required to be different from the standard NIPALS deflation.

A mathematical argument concluding the PLS1 inconsistency debate (published in 2009 in this journal) is also presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adding semantics to internet of things
Authors: Su Xiang , Riekki Jukka , Nurminen Jukka K. , Nieminen Johanna , Koskimies Markus
Published: January 2014

The development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications can be facilitated by encoding the meaning of the data in the messages sent by IoT nodes, but the constrained resources of these nodes challenge the common Semantic Web solutions for doing this. In this article, we examine enabling technologies for adding semantics to the IoT. Especially, we analyze data formats, which enable IoT applications consume semantic IoT data in a straightforward and general fashion, and evaluate resource usage of different alternatives with a sensor system. Our experiment illustrates encoding and decoding of different data formats and shows how big a difference a data format can make in energy consumption. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic group‐based fault tolerance technique for reliable resource management in mobile cloud computing
Authors: Park JiSu , Yu HeonChang , Kim Hyongsoon , Lee Eunyoung
Published: January 2014

Researches on utilizing mobile devices as resources in mobile cloud environments have gained attentions recently because of the enhanced computing power of mobile devices such as the advent of quad‐core chips. However, mobile devices have several problems of the availability and the mobility. Especially, the availability and the mobility of mobile devices cause system faults more frequently due to dynamic changes, and system faults prevent applications using mobile devices from being processed reliably. Therefore, we classify mobile devices into groups according to the availability and the mobility in order to manage reliable mobile resource. Because information of mobile devices is constantly changing, grouping should consider the dynamic environment. We also provide dynamic group‐based mobile cloud computing that applies fault tolerance techniques using checkpoints or replication in each group. The experimental result shows that our algorithm performs dynamic grouping, which is more suitable for the dynamic environment of mobile devices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H‐SOFT: a heuristic storage space optimisation algorithm for flow table of OpenFlow
Authors: Ge Jingguo , Chen Zhi , Wu Yulei , E Yuepeng
Published: January 2014

OpenFlow has become the key standard and technology for software defined networking, which has been widely adopted in various environments. However, the global deployment of OpenFlow encountered several issues, such as the increasing number of fields and complex structure of flow entries, making the size of flow table in OpenFlow switches explosively grows, which results in hardware implementation difficulty. To this end, this paper presents the modelling on the minimisation for storage space of flow table and proposes a Heuristic Storage space Optimisation algorithm for Flow Table (H‐SOFT) to solve this optimisation problem. The H‐SOFT algorithm degrades the complex and high‐dimensional fields of a flow table into multiple flow tables with simple and low‐dimensional fields based on the coexistence and conflict relationships among fields to release the unused storage space due to blank fields. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that the H‐SOFT algorithm can effectively reduce the storage space of flow table. In particular, with frequent updates on flow entries, the storage space compression rate of flow table is stable and can achieve at ~70%. Moreover, in comparison with the optimal solution, the H‐SOFT algorithm can achieve the similar compression rate with much lower execution time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Two‐Photon Properties of Multi‐Branched Fluorophores Composed of Ladder‐Type Conjugated Cores and Functionalized Diquinoxalinylamino Peripheries
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chau , Li Mei‐Ling , Liu Che‐Yu , Tsai Ming‐Yu , Lee Ying‐Hsuan , Febriani Yuyun , Lin Ja‐Hon , Shen Yu‐Kai
Published: January 2014

Two multipolar fluorophores using ladder‐type oligo‐(p‐phenylene) units as the central π‐bridges and functionalized diquinoxalinylamino moieties as the peripheral groups have been synthesized and experimentally shown to manifest strong two‐photon absorption (2PA) and medium‐high up‐converted emission properties in the near‐IR (NIR) spectral region under the irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses. Tentative analysis of the structure–2PA property revealed that in the presented structural combination, diquinoxalinylamino units are useful 2PA‐enhancing subunits when properly incorporated. The π‐conjugation length of the central oligo‐(p‐phenylene) components was also found to be one of the key parameters that relates to the magnitude of the overall molecular 2PA properties in the studied molecular system, and this structural motif provides access to highly efficient two‐photon absorbers with large two‐photon action cross‐section values.
The Alternative Route to Enantiopure Multicomponent Reaction Products: Biocatalytic or Organocatalytic Enantioselective Production of Inputs for Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Moni Lisa , Riva Renata
Published: January 2014

To access enantiopure multicomponent reaction (MCR) products, the two most convenient approaches are (1) the development of an asymmetric catalytic version of the MCR, starting from achiral substrates; and (2) the use of chiral, enantiomerically pure inputs by taking advantage of the substrate‐controlled diastereoselection achieved during the MCR step. In this microreview we will focus on the second alternative strategy and, more specifically, on the generation of chiral inputs through biocatalytic or organocatalytic methodologies.
Rapid Access to Multiple Classes of Peptidomimetics from Common γ‐AApeptide Building Blocks
Authors: Wu Haifan , Teng Peng , Cai Jianfeng
Published: January 2014

Herein we report a highly efficient new method for preparing γ‐AApeptides capable of theoretically containing any functionality; the method uses a few common N‐alloc γ‐AApeptide building blocks. More importantly, using the same approach, new classes of peptidomimetics bearing novel backbone scaffolds can also be readily generated. Our results not only demonstrate the versatility of this new synthetic method, but also highlight the possibility that the resulting novel peptidomimetics may find discrete biomedical/biomaterial applications in the future.
Improving cover‐letter writing skills of individuals with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Pennington Robert , Delano Monica , Scott Renee
Published: January 2014

We evaluated a multicomponent intervention for improving the cover‐letter writing skills of individuals with intellectual disabilities. An intervention that included modeling, self‐monitoring, prompting, and feedback increased correct performance for all participants. In addition, the skill was demonstrated across audiences.
Environmental enrichment and response cost: Immediate and subsequent effects on stereotypy
Authors: Watkins Nicholas , Rapp John T.
Published: January 2014

We assessed the immediate and subsequent effects of environmental enrichment (EE) as a stand‐alone intervention and when EE was combined with response cost (RC) for 5 participants using a 2‐component multiple‐schedule design. Environmental enrichment failed to decrease any participant's immediate engagement in stereotypy; however, the addition of RC decreased the immediate engagement in stereotypy for all participants. After the withdrawal of EE plus RC, stereotypy did not immediately increase for 3 of 5 participants.
Cortical Porosity Identifies Women With Osteopenia at Increased Risk for Forearm Fractures
Authors: Bala Yohann , Zebaze Roger , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Iuliano Sandra , Peterson James M , Amin Shreyasee , Bjørnerem Åshild , Melton L Joseph , Johansson Helena , Kanis John A , Khosla Sundeep , Seeman Ego
Published: January 2014

Most fragility fractures arise among the many women with osteopenia, not the smaller number with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Thus, most women at risk for fracture assessed only by measuring areal bone mineral density (aBMD) will remain untreated. We measured cortical porosity and trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) of the ultradistal radius (UDR) using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, aBMD using densitometry, and 10-year fracture probability using the country-specific fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) in 68 postmenopausal women with forearm fractures and 70 age-matched community controls in Olmsted County, MN, USA. Women with forearm fractures had 0.4 standard deviations (SD) higher cortical porosity and 0.6 SD lower trabecular BV/TV. Compact-appearing cortical porosity predicted fracture independent of aBMD; odds ratio (OR) = 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–3.33). In women with osteoporosis at the UDR, cortical porosity did not distinguish those with fractures from those without because high porosity was present in 92% and 86% of each group, respectively. By contrast, in women with osteopenia at the UDR, high porosity of the compact-appearing cortex conferred an OR for fracture of 4.00 (95% CI 1.15–13.90). In women with osteoporosis, porosity is captured by aBMD, so measuring UDR cortical porosity does not improve diagnostic sensitivity. However, in women with osteopenia, cortical porosity was associated with forearm fractures. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
N2O and CH4 emission from soil amended with steam‐activated biochar
Authors: Fungo Bernard , Guerena David , Thiongo Margaret , Lehmann Johannes , Neufeldt Henry , Kalbitz Karsten
Published: January 2014

Steam‐activation increased CH4 emission of stover biochar but decreased it for wood biochar by 14%–70%. Biochar generally increased CH4 emission but reduced N2O emission by 10%–41%. Emission of N2O was 17% lower for maize‐stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar, and 3% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. Emission of CH4 was 21% higher for activated stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar and 10% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. No difference in net CO2 equivalent was observed among biochar grades.
Isolated limb perfusion with melphalan for melanoma
Authors: Nieweg Omgo E. , Kroon Bin B.R.
Published: January 2014

Isolated limb perfusion with melphalan is a well‐established and effective treatment for inoperable melanoma metastases of the extremities, with an overall response rate of 80% and a complete response rate of 54%. The surgical technique is complex and serious morbidity can occur, but with attention to detail major side effects can be kept to a minimum. This article reviews the technique, results and other aspects of this sophisticated form of treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:332–337. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms Through Which Reciprocal Filial Values Protect Wellbeing of Chinese Adult‐Child Caregivers in the US
Authors: Hsueh Kuei‐Hsiang , Bachman Jean A. , Richardson Lloyd I. , Cheng Wen‐Yung , Zimmerman Rick S.
Published: January 2014

In this study, we explored the role of reciprocal filial values in protecting the wellbeing of Chinese adult‐child caregivers in the US. Using survey data obtained from 137 Chinese adult‐child caregivers living in seven US cities, we tested a latent variable model using structural equation modeling. In this model, informed by role theory, social exchange theory and stress‐coping theory, reciprocal filial values affect caregiver wellbeing in the face of caregiver role strain, both directly and indirectly through protective effects of role rewards and coping. In the final model, reciprocal filial values had both direct and indirect protective effects on caregivers' wellbeing, offering evidence to address culturally sensitive issues in family caregivers with similar filial values. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives, practices and prospects of public affairs in Central and Eastern Europe: a lobbying future anchored in an institutional context
Authors: Millar Carla C. J. M. , Köppl Peter
Published: January 2014

‘Public Affairs’ is not a term most people in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) will recognise and associate with interest representation and lobbying as ways of linking business, society and government. The term may be seen as a euphemism for corruption‐inspired ‘lobbying’, an artificial and confusing umbrella term or a public relations creation. It is a term in transition for a subject in transition in a part of Europe in transition.

Even as part of the European Union, CEE is still different, in transition, finding its own feet like a phoenix arising from the ashes of 50 years of communism, but slowly, in bursts, réculer pour mieux sauter and very different from country to country.

Which are the features and values of the 50 years of communism that will disappear, fast more slowly, which ones will linger on? What are the institutions in CEE countries that public affairs will have to deal with, and what is the view on transparency and transparency regulation in CEE? To add understanding, values, cultural differences, institutional context and other factors affecting the public affairs environment are examined. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing metastabilities in Cu(In,Ga)Se2/(CBD)Zn(S,O,OH)/i‐ZnO‐based solar cells
Authors: Buffière Marie , Barreau Nicolas , Arzel Ludovic , Zabierowski Pawel , Kessler John
Published: January 2014

Chemical bath deposited (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH) is among the alternatives to (CBD)CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGSe)‐based devices. Nevertheless, the performances reached by devices buffered with (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH) vary strongly from one sample to another and from one laboratory to another, indicating that parameters of minority impact with (CBD)CdS‐buffered devices have major influence when buffered with (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH). Moreover, the literature reports, but not systematically, the requirement of substituting the standard resistive intrinsic ZnO by (Zn,Mg)O and/or soaking the devices in ultraviolet‐containing light in order to reach optimal device operation. The present study investigates the impact of the three following parameters on the optoelectronic behavior of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/(CBD)Zn(S,O,OH)/i‐ZnO‐based solar cells: (i) CIGSe surface composition; (ii) (CBD)Zn(S,O,OH) layer thickness; and (iii) i‐ZnO layer resistivity. The first conclusion of this study is that all of these parameters are observed to influence the electrical metastabilities of the devices. The second conclusion is that the light soaking time needed to achieve optimal photovoltaic parameters is decreased by (i) using absorbers with Cu content close to stoichiometry, (ii) increasing the buffer layer thickness, and (iii) increasing the resistivity of i‐ZnO. By optimizing these trends, stable and highly efficient Zn(S,O,OH)‐buffered CIGSe solar cells have been fabricated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure, electrical properties, and electric field‐induced phase transitions in NaNbO3–LiTaO3 lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Sun Hailing , Zheng Qiaoji , Wan Yang , Li Qiang , Chen Yan , Wu Xiao , Kwok Kin Wing , Chan Helen Wong Lai‐Wa , Lin Dunmin
Published: January 2014

Lead‐free ceramics (1–x)NaNbO3–xLiTaO3 were synthesized by an ordinary solid‐state reaction method. Rietveld analysis reveals that the crystal structure changes from one orthorhombic phase with Pbcm space group to another orthorhombic phase with P2221 space group when increasing x. The morphotropic phase boundary between two different orthorhombic symmetries is formed at 0.14 < x < 0.18. Excess LiTaO3 causes an abnormal grain growth behavior. The pure NaNbO3 presents four current peaks in the I–E loop, indicating electric‐field‐induced transitions. A low LiTaO3 doping induces ferroelectricity in the initially antiferroelectric (AFE) NaNbO3. Enhanced ferroelectricity is obtained at x = 0.02–0.12. The addition of LiTaO3 makes the ceramics undergo a transition from an antiferroelectricity dominant to a ferroelectricity dominant phase state. The optimum d33, kp, Qm, and Pr values of 46 pC/N, 18.3%, 1333, and 27.1 μC cm−2 are obtained when x equals 0.12, and the ceramic exhibits good temperature stability because of its high TC.
A Comparison of Four Stream Substratum Restoration Techniques Concerning Interstitial Conditions and Downstream Effects
Authors: Pander J. , Mueller M. , Geist J.
Published: January 2014

Stream substratum plays a key role for many riverine species and has become a focus topic in the context of structural habitat improvements. There is a lack of studies that compare the effectiveness of different substratum restoration measures. Herein, we compare four restoration techniques (two different gravel introductions, substratum raking and sickle‐formed constrictor) that were carried out in six replicate rivers. Each measure was monitored for changes in physicochemical substratum quality and the effects of the construction work on downstream sites. Generally, the effects on physicochemical substratum quality were highly variable between restoration types and rivers and strongly decreased within 1 year. Most pronounced changes of substratum quality were detected for the gravel introductions. Substratum raking and the sickle‐formed constrictor had the smallest effects, which were dependent on the original substratum composition of the restored sites. At the same time, substratum raking caused an average fine sediment deposition of 17 kg m−2 on downstream sites, being sixfold higher than for the other measures. Consequently, all of the investigated substratum restoration techniques are confined to short‐term improvement of substratum quality. This finding, together with the observed damage on downstream sites, suggests that a rethinking of the currently applied restoration techniques is required, better considering catchment and natural substratum dynamics in river restoration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis and aggregation of multiple published prediction models
Authors: Debray Thomas P.A. , Koffijberg Hendrik , Nieboer Daan , Vergouwe Yvonne , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Moons Karel G.M.
Published: January 2014

Published clinical prediction models are often ignored during the development of novel prediction models despite similarities in populations and intended usage. The plethora of prediction models that arise from this practice may still perform poorly when applied in other populations. Incorporating prior evidence might improve the accuracy of prediction models and make them potentially better generalizable. Unfortunately, aggregation of prediction models is not straightforward, and methods to combine differently specified models are currently lacking. We propose two approaches for aggregating previously published prediction models when a validation dataset is available: model averaging and stacked regressions. These approaches yield user‐friendly stand‐alone models that are adjusted for the new validation data. Both approaches rely on weighting to account for model performance and between‐study heterogeneity but adopt a different rationale (averaging versus combination) to combine the models. We illustrate their implementation in a clinical example and compare them with established methods for prediction modeling in a series of simulation studies. Results from the clinical datasets and simulation studies demonstrate that aggregation yields prediction models with better discrimination and calibration in a vast majority of scenarios, and results in equivalent performance (compared to developing a novel model from scratch) when validation datasets are relatively large. In conclusion, model aggregation is a promising strategy when several prediction models are available from the literature and a validation dataset is at hand. The aggregation methods do not require existing models to have similar predictors and can be applied when relatively few data are at hand. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the Bendability of Press‐Hardened 22MnB5 Steel
Authors: Choi Won Seok , De Cooman Bruno C.
Published: January 2014

The bendability of press‐hardened 22MnB5 steel was used as evaluation criterion to assess the ability of a press‐hardened part to deform plastically in side impact crash conditions. The initiation sites of crack initiating shear bands during the bending operation of press‐hardened 22MnB5 steel were found to be formed by surface roughening. Uncoated press‐hardened 22MnB5 steel is subject to decarburization and oxidation phenomena occurring during austenitization. These surface processes were found to have a pronounced influence on the bendability of the steel, but their influence on the tensile properties was negligible. Decarburization has a positive influence on bendability by softening the outer sheet surface. Austenitization times prior to press forming in excess of 10 min, resulted in the formation of a surface oxide layer which suppressed the continuation of the decarburization and resulted in the re‐homogenization of the carbon concentration profile in the subsurface region. As a result, the decarburization layer was gradually removed, and the bendability of the press‐hardened 22MnB5 steel was reduced.
Modelling, verification and investigation of behaviour of circular CFST columns
Authors: Gupta Pramod K. , Ahuja Ashok K. , Khaudhair Ziyad A.
Published: January 2014

This paper is an attempt to provide a detailed procedure for the finite element modelling and simulation of concrete‐filled steel tubular (CFST) columns subjected to axial compression using the commercial software package ANSYS 12. A modified material model for modelling the concrete core is described and explained. Composite action is modelled between the concrete core and the steel tube and the procedure is presented with the recommended properties for modelling such behaviour. The proposed model is then validated by comparing its numerical results with selected experimental results available in the literature. The proposed model is used to investigate numerically the load transfer mechanism of CFST columns filled with different grades of concrete in order to study the effect of this parameter – i.e. compressive strength of concrete core – on the load transfer mechanism in such columns. Further, the proposed model has been employed for investigating the confining pressure provided by the steel tube on the concrete core along the length of the CFST column.
Effect of welding heat on precast steel composite hollow columns
Authors: Won Deok Hee , Park Woo Sun , Yi Jin‐Hak , Han Sang‐Hun , Han Taek Hee
Published: January 2014

Steel composite hollow columns have been studied in order to ease their construction. Welding or bolting are mostly used for connecting the steel tubes of precast steel composite hollow columns. However, welding generally results in temperatures of about 20000 °C in the welding zone and 1300 °C around the welding zone. Thus, the strength of the concrete in regions close to a welding zone is reduced. In this paper, the effects of arc welding and electro‐slag welding – two widely used methods for connecting the column modules of steel composite hollow columns – on the temperature change in the welding zone are studied by performing heat transfer analysis. The changes in the strength of the concrete are investigated for each welding method. The rate of decrease in concrete strength due to electro‐slag welding was greater than that due to arc welding. In addition, an effective method using ceramic fibres is suggested for preventing strength reduction in concrete due to welding heat.
Stochastic fracture‐mechanical parameters for the performance‐based design of concrete structures
Authors: Strauss Alfred , Zimmermann Thomas , Lehký David , Novák Drahomír , Keršner Zbyněk
Published: January 2014

The experimental results for quasi‐brittle materials such as concrete and fibre‐reinforced concrete exhibit high variability due to the heterogeneity of their aggregates, additives and general composition. An accurate assessment of the fracture‐mechanical parameters of such materials (e.g. compressive strength fc and specific fracture energy Gf) turns out to be much more difficult and problematic than for other engineering materials. The practical design of quasi‐brittle material‐based structures requires virtual statistical approaches, simulations and probabilistic assessment procedures in order to be able to characterize the variability of these materials. A key parameter of non‐linear fracture mechanics modelling is the specific fracture energy Gf and its variability, which has been a research subject for numerous authors although we will mention only [1, 2] at this point. The aim of this contribution is the characterization of stochastic fracture‐mechanical properties of four specific, frequently used classes of concrete on the basis of a comprehensive experimental testing programme.
Biological substrates of addiction
Authors: Joffe Max E. , Grueter Carrie A. , Grueter Brad A.
Published: January 2014

This review is an introduction to addiction, the reward circuitry, and laboratory addiction models. Addiction is a chronic disease hallmarked by a state of compulsive drug seeking that persists despite negative consequences. Most of the advances in addiction research have centered on the canonical and contemporary drugs of abuse; however, addictions to other activities and stimuli also exist. Substances of abuse have the potential to induce long‐lasting changes in the brain at the behavioral, circuit, and synaptic levels. Addiction‐related behavioral changes involve initiation, escalation, and obsession to drug seeking and much of the current research is focused on mapping these manifestations to specific neural pathways. Drug abuse is well known to recruit components of the mesolimbic dopamine system, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. In addition, altered function of a wide variety of brain regions is tightly associated with specific manifestations of drug abuse. These regions peripheral to the mesolimbic pathway likely play a role in specific observed comorbidities and endophenotypes that can facilitate, or be caused by, substance abuse. Alterations in synaptic structure, function, and connectivity, as well as epigenetic and genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie the pathologies of addiction. In preclinical models, these persistent changes are studied at the levels of molecular pharmacology and biochemistry, ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiology, radiography, and behavior. Coordinating research efforts across these disciplines and examining cell type‐ and circuit‐specific phenomena are crucial components for translating preclinical findings to viable medical interventions that effectively treat addiction and related disorders. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:151–171. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1273

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Behavior

Neuroscience > Physiology

Neuroscience > Plasticity
Three‐Dimensional Self‐Penetrated 4‐Connected Network derived from a Three‐Interpenetrating 63‐hcb Two‐Dimensional Subnet: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Luminescent Property
Authors: Jia Huali , Li Yanxia
Published: January 2014

The coordination polymer [Zn(bpdc)(bimb)(H2O)]n (1) [H2bpdc = biphenyl‐3,4′‐di carboxylate, bimb = 1,4‐bis(1‐imidazol‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyl benzene] was constructed under hydrothermal conditions. The structure of complex 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, IR spectroscopy, and TG analysis. Complex 1 shows an exceptional self‐penetrating 4‐connected net derived from a threefold interpenetrating 63‐hcb subnet. Furthermore, the luminescent property of complex 1 is investigated
Continuous positive airway pressure therapy converted atrial fibrillation in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Senthong Vichai , Chindaprasirt Jarin , Makarawate Pattarapong , Limpawattana Panita , Timinkul Akkaranee , Domthong Aonchuma , Chumjan Somchit , Chotmongkol Verajit , Aekphachaisawat Noppadol , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: January 2014

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the possible causes of atrial fibrillation (AF). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy may lower the recurrence rate of AF after cardioversion to normal sinus rhythm. We report a case of AF caused by OSA and successfully converted by CPAP therapy.

Case

A 65‐year‐old man presented with AF of unidentified causes. After severe OSA was diagnosed, he was treated with CPAP for 2 months and his cardiac rhythm returned to sinus rhythm without any antiarrhythmic drugs or cardioversion.

Conclusion

AF caused by OSA may be converted to sinus rhythm by CPAP treatment.