bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ИМУНИТЕТИ И ПРИВИЛЕГИЈЕ ДИПЛОМАТСКИХ ПРЕДСТАВНИКА
Authors: Правуљац Маја
Published: September 2018

У раду је представљена проблематика имуните-та и привилегија дипломатских представника и сталних дипло-матских мисија у оквиру међународног права.Бечка конвенција о дипломатским односима из 1961. годинеизвршила је кодификацију међународног права у области имуни-тета и привилегија дипломатских представника која су до тадабила регулисана обичајним правилима. У циљу лакшег обављањадипломатске функције у држави пријема, Конвенција постављајак оквир имунитета и привилегија које ужива мисија. Класифика-ција права је извршена на права која се тичу објеката и архиве ми-сије (ratione materiae), олакшице у раду мисије, слобода кретањаи комуницирања те на личне имунитете и привилегије (rationepersone).Усредсредивши се на прописе регулисане Конвенцијом, јављасе питање теоријске и практичне идентификације сврсисходно-сти њиховог обима у данашње вријеме.
ПРОДУЖЕНО КРИВИЧНО ДЈЕЛО И НЕКИ ИНСТИТУТИ КРИВИЧНОГ ПРАВА
Authors: Бajић Mиoдрaг
Published: September 2018

Аутор се бави односом између продуженог кри-вичног дјела и неких института кривичног материјалног и про-цесног права. Одабир ових института и њихово довођење у везу са инситутом продуженог кривичног дјела извршен на основу ана-лизе међусобне везе између примјене института продуженог кри-вичног дјела и ових других инстутута. Тако аутор обрађује однос између продуженог кривичног дјела и временског важења кривич-ног закона, затим примјеном начела ne bis in idem у случају про-дуженог кривичног дјела, као и односа између продуженог кри-вичног дјела и института застарјелости и аменестије. Аутор истиче да управо однос продуженог кривичног дјела према овим институтима одражава сву комплексност његове примјене у пракси, као и да ново законско рјешење овог института у Репуб-лици Српској настоји да превазиђе ове проблеме, али и поједине дилеме његове примјене нису у потпуности ријешене.
ПРОМЕТ ПРАВА ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНЕ СВОЈИНЕ УГОВОРОМ О ФРАНШИЗИНГУ И ПРАВО КОНКУРЕНЦИЈЕ
Authors: Јовић Његослав
Published: September 2018

Предмет овог рада је промет права интелектуалне својинеуговором о франшизингу и однос са правом конкуренције.Уговор о франшизингу је још увијек неименовани привредниуговор у већини држава, осим у САД-у гдје је био регулисанзаконским прописима. Данас га све више регулишу законскимпрописима и друге државе свијета, па је приједлог о његов омзаконском регулисању ушао и у преднацрт Грађанскогзаконика Републике Србије. Међународна регулатива је достаскромна и још увијек не постоје конвенцијска рјешења, већ суосновни извори општи услови пословања, формуларни уговори,модел закони и правни водичи што су у основи soft law.У раду се полази од дефинисања уговора о франшизингу,врста уговора о франшизингу, специфичности промета праваинтелектуалне својине и објашњења какве консеквенце можеда има закључење овог уговора на право конкуренције. Аут орне анализира права и обавезе уговорних страна, већ аспект овогуговора који се односи на промет права интелектуалне својине.
СТИЦАЊЕ СВОЈИНЕ ОДРЖАЈЕМ (USUCAPIO)
Authors: Чубриловић Босиљка
Published: September 2018

Тема рада је стицања својине оригинарним путем, тј.одржајем, са кратким освртом на историјски настанак и развојпоменутог института али и његово позитивно – правно ирегулисање у упоредном праву. Анализирана су питања зако-ните и незаконите државине, савјесне и несавјесне државине,праве и манљиве државине, имајућу у виду да су услови застицање државине везани за квалитет исте. Такође, разматранису и рокова потребни за настанак одржаја, дејство уписасвојине стечене одржајем у јавну евиденцију непокретности каои веза између одржаја и службености.Одржај (доспјелост, усуцапио) представља оригинаран начи-на стицања права својине на основу државине, која испуњавапрописане услове који се односе на њена својства (квали-фикована, узукапиона државина) и која је трајала закономодређено вријеме.У данашњем праву, јављају се два облика одржаја, редовнии ванредни, са својим специфичностима који се односе наквалификовану (узукапиону) дрзавину и протек времена. Застицање права својине редовним одржајем потребна је квали-фикована државина и протек времена. Квалификована је онадржавина која је истодобно законита, савјесна и права (нијеманљива). За разлику од редовног одржаја, гдје се јављадржавина највећег степена квалификованости, ванредни одр-жај се одликује мањом квалификованошћу државине али идужим роковима (довољно је да државина буде савјесна,законитост се не тражи).Значај института одржаја у праву не исцрпљује се само кодстицања својине над стварима већ се његово дејство простирена још једну област, веома актуелну у правном промету. Наиме,одржајем се могу стећи службености испуњавањем одређенихуслова који се односе на државину (фактичко оставривањеслужбености) и рок (протек времена).
НЕЗАПОСЛЕНОСТ КАО РИЗИК У СОЦИЈАЛНОМ ОСИГУРАЊУ
Authors: Лале Радислав
Published: September 2018

У раду се на цјеловит и систематичан начин расправља о ризику незапослености као једном од најтежих и најсложенијих социјалних случајева у систему социјалног осигурања. Аутор даје објашњење појма и смисла социјалног осигурања, правног појма ризика незапослености, основних претпоставки незапослености, а посебна пажња је посвећена битним елементима овог социјалног ризика. Аутор закључује да домаће право не познаје осигурање радника који се налазе у стању дјелимичне незапослености. Међутим, осигурање радника за случај дјелимичне незапослености, у бити, прелази ,,могућности“ нашег система социјалног осигурања. Такође, аутор наглашава да је наше важеће право пренагласило важност воље односно кривице у погледу осигурања за случај незапослености. Понашање радника у вези са престанком радног односа је важно, али при томе не треба занемарити чињеницу да он плаћа доприносе за случај туђе, али и своје незапослености. Ако је због објективних разлога (велики број незапослених, здравствено осигурање, итд.) потребно ограничити обим заштите незапослених, онда би основа за то требала бити врста радног односа или одређена категорија радника, а не његова воља или кривица. То је један од услова за законити развој заштите незапослених и да се од система материјалног осигурања пређе на систем социјалног осигурања у правом смислу тог појма.
ШВАЈЦАРСКИ ПОСТУПАК ЗА ИЗДАВАЊЕ КАЗНЕНОГ НАЛОГА
Authors: Јанковић Раденко
Published: September 2018

Почетком XXI вијека је радикално измијењено кривичнопроцесно законодавство у БиХ. Једна од најзначајних новина је поступак за издавање казненог налога. Он је прихваћен под различитим страним утицајима. Иако се ради о новом поступку масовно се примијењује. Отприлике у половини оптужница тужилац ставља захтјев за издавање казненог налога. Међутим, овај поступак је изазвао и бројне дилеме, како у теорији, тако и у пракси. Јасно се уочава потреба измјене и допуне одредаба које га регулишу како би се он још боље, потпуније и прецизније нормирао. Том задатку свакако може да допринесе проучавање овог поступка у другим законодавствима. У упоредном законодавству посебно је значајан швајцарски Strafbefehlsverfahren. Он је представник традиционалног облика поступка за издавање казненог налога, који се обично назива мандатним поступком, a постоји у већини законодавстава. Тамо казнени налог представља посебну судску, изузетно тужилачку одлуку која се доноси на основу списа, без непосредног контакта суда и странака. Поступак за издавaње казненог налога у БиХ се битно разликује од мандатног поступка. Основна разлика се налази у томе што издавању казненог налога претходи судско рочиште на коме се оптужени изричито изјашњава да ли ће прихватити приједлог тужиоца. Швајцарски Strafbefehlsverfahren је утицао на појаву овог поступка у другим законодавствима, па и у БиХ. Та чињеница указује на потребу познавања основних карактеристика овог чувеногшвајцарског поступка. Нека рјешења из швајцарског Strafbefehlsverfahrenсу прихватљива и могла би унаприједити овај поступак и у БиХ.
Multiple roles for O‐glycans in Notch signalling
Authors: Varshney Shweta , Stanley Pamela
Published: September 2018

Notch signalling regulates a plethora of developmental processes and is also essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in adults. Therefore, fine‐tuning of Notch signalling strength needs to be tightly regulated. Of key importance for the regulation of Notch signalling are O‐fucose, O‐GlcNAc and O‐glucose glycans attached to the extracellular domain of Notch receptors. The EGF repeats of the Notch receptor extracellular domain harbour consensus sites for addition of the different types of O‐glycan to Ser or Thr, which takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. Studies from Drosophila to mammals have demonstrated the multifaceted roles of O‐glycosylation in regulating Notch signalling. O‐glycosylation modulates different aspects of Notch signalling including recognition by Notch ligands, the strength of ligand binding, Notch receptor trafficking, stability and activation at the cell surface. Defects in O‐glycosylation of Notch receptors give rise to pathologies in humans. This Review summarizes the nature of the O‐glycans on Notch receptors and their differential effects on Notch signalling.
Raman Spectroscopy of Proteins and Nucleic Acids: From Amino Acids and Nucleotides to Large Assemblies
Authors: Krafft Christoph
Published: September 2018

Nucleic acids and proteins are important biomolecules in all living organisms. Here, the principles are summarized to analyze Raman spectra of nucleic acids, proteins, and complexes of proteins and lipids in solutions and in crystallized form. These principles are transferred to Raman analysis of cells and tissues that contain spectral contributions of proteins and nucleic acids. Raman images of cells are able to resolve subcellular features with distinct spectral signatures. Raman images of tissues are able to resolve cellular features. In general, Raman spectra provide a phenotypic fingerprint for the cell type and tissue type, and cell‐ and tissue‐associated processes and pathologies. The knowledge about the assignment of protein and nucleic acid bands is the key to understand the underlying molecular variations. Tables are compiled for bands of protein secondary structures, bands of nucleotides, and bands of nucleic acids conformations. Figures present Raman spectra of (i) aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, (ii) proteins bovine serum albumin, concanavalin A and collagen, (iii) DNA and RNA, (iv) protein–DNA complexes, (v) nucleus and cytoplasm of cells, (vi) nucleic acid and protein distribution in dried and nondried tissue sections, and (vii) segmentation of various tissue types in colon cross section.
Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Julia Bauzá‐Martinez , de Oliveira Eliandre
Published: September 2018

Photodissociation has been extensively explored in the last decades for the analysis of peptides and proteins by mass spectrometry (MS). In the photodissociation process, ions interact with photons generating an increment on internal energy that leads to their fragmentation. The specific characteristics of photodissociation techniques have led to improvements in different applications of MS. Among them, the cleavage of molecular bonds in a selective manner, based on the incorporation of chromophore molecules. Moreover, the ability to generate an almost complete array of fragment ions is the main reason for the increment in the utilization of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). This technique has been applied to the most challenging proteomics studies, such as the characterization of posttranslational modifications and protein sequence variations, de novo sequencing, and the analysis of intact proteins. This article is focused on the most recent and relevant developments of infrared photodissociation and UVPD techniques and their application to the study of peptides and proteins.
Impact of a novel exponential weighted 4DCT reconstruction algorithm
Authors: Morris Eric D. , Kim Joshua P. , Klahr Paul , Glide‐Hurst Carri K.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This work characterizes a novel exponential 4DCT reconstruction algorithm (EXPO), in phantom and patient, to determine its impact on image quality as compared to the standard cosine‐squared weighted 4DCT reconstruction.

Methods

A motion platform translated objects in the superior–inferior (S‐I) direction at varied breathing rates (8–20 bpm) and couch pitches (0.06–0.1) to evaluate interplay between parameters. Ten‐phase 4DCTs were acquired and data were reconstructed with cosine squared and EXPO weighting. To quantify the magnitude of image blur, objects were translated in the anterior–posterior (A‐P) and S‐I directions for full‐width half maximum (FWHM) analysis between both 4DCT algorithms and a static case. 4DCT sinogram data for 10 patients were retrospectively reconstructed using both weighting factors. Image subtractions elucidated intensity and boundary differences. Subjective image quality grading (presence of image artifacts, noise, spatial resolution (i.e., lung/liver boundary sharpness), and overall image quality) was conducted yielding 200 evaluations.

Results

After taking static object size into account, the FWHM of EXPO reconstructions in the A‐P direction was 3.3 ± 1.7 mm (range: 0–4.9) as compared to cosine squared 9.8 ± 4.0 mm (range: 2.6–14.4). The FWHM of objects translated in the S‐I direction reconstructed with EXPO agreed better with the static FWHM than the cosine‐squared reconstructions. Slower breathing periods, faster couch pitches, and intermediate 4DCT phases had the largest reductions of blurring with EXPO. 18 of 60 comparisons of artifacts were improved with EXPO reconstruction, whereas no appreciable changes were observed in image quality scores. In 18 of 20 cases, EXPO provided sharper images although the reduced projections also increased baseline noise.

Conclusion

Exponential weighted 4DCT offers potential for reducing image blur (i.e., improving image sharpness) in 4DCT with a tendency to reduce artifacts. Future work will involve evaluating the impact on treatment planning including delineation ability and dose calculation.
Effect of Hydrogen on Phase Transformation, Thermal Deformation Behavior, and Forming Limit of TC2 Alloy
Authors: Zong Yingying , Shao Bin , Wang Xingguang , Guo Bin , Shan Debin
Published: September 2018

The present study investigates the effect of hydrogen addition (0–0.44 wt%) on the phase transformation, thermal deformation behavior, and forming limit of TC2 alloy. The α + β → β phase transformation point decreases with an increase in the hydrogen content. When the hydrogen content was 0.44%, the α + β → β phase transformation point is 720 °C, a decrease of more than 200 °C compared with the 0H alloy. The optimal hydrogen content is 0.18 wt%, as determined by tensile testing. The ultimate tensile stress of the 0.18H alloy measured at 600 °C and a 0.001 s−1 strain rate is 11% lower than that of the 0H alloy, whereas the elongation percentage is 41.5% higher. The results indicate that hydrogen promotes the slip deformation and the dynamic recrystallization of the α phase of the alloy. The forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of the 0H and 0.18H alloys are obtained by bulge testing. The forming limit of the 0.18H alloy is significantly higher than that of the 0H alloy. The FLD 0 value of the 0.18H alloy (0.230) is approximately 16% higher than that of the 0H alloy (0.199), indicating that a 0.18 wt% hydrogen content can effectively improve the plasticity of TC2 alloy.
Marching Toward Highly Efficient, Pure‐Blue, and Stable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cai Xinyi , Su Shi‐Jian
Published: September 2018

The vast market demands for applications of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have quickened the pace of the search for future high‐performance materials, emphasizing the importance of exploring blue light‐emitting materials, which determine the performance bottleneck of OLEDs. Moreover, actualizing highly efficient, pure‐blue, stable, and purely organic electroluminescence will pave the way toward the realization of cost‐effective, high‐quality, and long‐lasting commercialized OLED displays and illumination applications. Without the aid of noble heavy metal atoms, the newly emerging thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials can effectively utilize triplet excitons owing to the small singlet–triplet splitting energy (ΔEST) for rapid reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process, leading to the achievement of 100% internal quantum efficiency under electrical operation. Nevertheless, fundamental scientific challenges with respect to simultaneously achieving stable pure‐blue emission, large radiative recombination rates with short exciton lifetimes and small ΔEST continue to hinder the popularization of blue TADF materials. A review of the current state of blue TADF emitters is timely and underscores the key challenges that must be overcome toward the development of a stable, true‐blue TADF‐based electroluminescent application in the future.
Environmental Stimuli‐Irresponsive Long‐Term Radical Scavenging of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides through Defect‐Mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kim Ji Eun , Yim DaBin , Lee Chi Ho , Jun Byeongsun , Nam Jin , Han Sang Hoon , Lee Sang Uck , Kim Jong‐Ho , Kim Jin Woong
Published: September 2018

A transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) based antioxidation platform is proposed, in which radical scavenging is accomplished by the defect‐mediated one‐step hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) occurring on the nanosheets in water. To this end, the TMD nanosheets, including MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, are finely dispersed in water with the aid of an amphiphilic poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL‐b‐PEO) diblock copolymer that envelops the nanosheets with a molecular layer of less than 1 nm thickness. It is then demonstrated that the PCL‐b‐PEO‐stabilized TMD nanosheets show the extraordinarily enhanced and prolonged radical scavenging activity in water even under harsh storage conditions. Theoretical modeling studies on HAT suggest that more favorable hydrogen association from chalcogen vacancies on the nanosheets dispersed in water can lead to the easier dissociation of hydrogen atoms with exothermicity by −0.43 to −1.33 eV, thus exhibiting such an outstanding radical scavenging performance.
General Construction of Molybdenum‐Based Nanowire Arrays for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Xing , Zhou Feng , Pan Weiying , Liang Yongye , Wang Ruihu
Published: September 2018

Robustly integrated electrodes constructed by well‐organized building blocks of active materials are appealing in versatile electrochemical systems. Herein, orderly oriented nanowire arrays (NWAs) of multiple molybdenum‐based compounds (MoXn, MoXn = MoP, MoS2, Mo2C, MoN, and MoO2) on carbon fiber paper (CFP) are generally fabricated by topotactic transformations from molybdenum‐containing precursor NWAs. Extensive structural characterizations reveal that these MoXn nanowires are composed of either closely interconnected nanoparticles or edge‐rich nanosheets. When being used as self‐supported electrodes, these MoXn NWAs/CFP exhibit excellent catalytic activities and stabilities toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in pH‐universal electrolytes. Especially, the best‐performed MoP NWAs/CFP shows comparable or even superior HER performance over platinum benchmark, which holds great promises in HER‐related energy technologies. This work presents a simple yet effective approach toward general synthesis of self‐supported Mo‐based NWAs on CFP, which also possesses huge application prospects in other fields, such as supercapacitors, batteries, and sensors.
Energy Materials Design for Steering Charge Kinetics
Authors: Zhang Guozhen , Yang Li , Wang Xijun , Wu Ziye , Jiang Jun , Luo Yi
Published: September 2018

Charge kinetics is a critical factor that determines working efficiencies of energy materials in their various applications. It is governed by electronic structures of the materials of interest and can be fine‐tuned via purposeful adjustment of electronic structures. Recent advances in the development of energy materials with desirable electronic structures to steering charge kinetics toward specific applications are highlighted here. Two key strategies are presented: one is through the tuning of energy states and the other is to control spatial distributions of charges. Each strategy is described by several different schemes. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in designing energy materials with fine control of charge kinetics are discussed.
Epitaxial Growth of Few‐Layer Black Phosphorene Quantum Dots on Si Substrates
Authors: Xu Hao , Han Xiaoyu , Li Zhuangnan , Liu Wei , Li Xiao , Wu Jiang , Guo Zhengxiao , Liu Huiyun
Published: September 2018

Elemental 2D materials, such as silicene, germanene, and stanene, are synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). However, the epitaxial growth of black phosphorene is challenging to date. Herein, the successful MBE growth of few‐layer black phosphorene quantum dots (BPQDs) directly on Si substrates at relatively low temperature using white phosphorus as the precursor is reported. The formation of black phosphorene is confirmed by atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Uniform and pyramid‐shaped BPQDs with an average radius of 27.5 ± 5 nm and height of 3.1 ± 0.6 nm are obtained at surface steps on fully deoxidized Si(111) substrates. The growth mechanism is probed by DFT at atomic level, demonstrating the crystallization of BPQDs at steps in preference to terraces on Si substrates of (111) and (100) surfaces. The results show that BPQDs follow the Frank‐van der Merwe growth mode and the favored few‐layer growth trend with pyramid configuration. The realization of MBE‐grown BPQDs enables the synthesis of inch‐sized low‐dimensional black phosphorus with high purity and crystallinity, particularly promising for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.
Ti‐Substituted Keggin‐Type Polyoxotungstate as Proton and Electron Reservoir Encaged into Metal–Organic Framework for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction
Authors: Liu Shu‐Mei , Zhang Zhong , Li Xiaohui , Jia Hongjie , Ren Mingwen , Liu Shuxia
Published: September 2018

A key challenge for photocatalystic CO2 reduction is the design and synthesis of photocatalyst with remarkable performance in visible‐light absorption, CO2 adsorption, and electron‐coupled proton transfer. Here a visible light–driven hybrid photocatalyst Au@NENU‐10, consisting of Au nanoparticles (NPs), Ti‐substituted keggin‐type polyoxometalate [PTi2W10O40]7− (PTiW), and HKUST‐1, is synthesized by the one‐pot method at atmosphere condition where PTiW acts as both electrons' and protons' reservoir, and a reactive active center is encaged into HKUST‐1 to boost CO2 reduction, HKUST‐1 as a microreactor to concentrate CO2 molecules, and Au NPs harvesting visible light. Notably, compared to [PW12O40]3−‐encaged HKUST‐1 (NENU‐3) with an octahedron shape, the Ti‐substituted counterpart of NENU‐10 shows a cube shape with a little corner cut, which is ascribed to the higher net charge on terminal oxygen atoms of PTiW, slowing down the crystal growth along the 〈100〉 direction. Moreover, PTiW always exposes on {100} plane of HKUST‐1 in the synthesis process, stabilizing Au NPs and thus being dispersed evenly in NENU‐10. Owing to the stronger protonation of TiO and TiOW, Au@NENU‐10 shows higher CO2 reduction activity and selectivity under visible‐light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), about 85.3‐fold and 5.2‐fold enhancement, respectively, corresponding to the CO2‐to‐CO and CO2‐to‐H2 conversion in contrast to Au@NENU‐3.
Large Thermal Conductivity Switch Ratio in Barium Titanate Under Electric Field through First‐Principles Calculation
Authors: Liu Chenhan , Mishra Vivek , Chen Yunfei , Dames Chris
Published: September 2018

The thermal conductivity of crystalline materials is typically one or two orders of magnitude higher than that of their amorphous structures. The phase transition in barium titanate is generally considered to exhibit order–disorder character, suggesting the potential for thermal conductivity switching if this order–disorder transition can be controlled. To investigate this possibility computationally, following the method of Fu and Bellaiche, here electric fields are applied to align the polarizations and transform disordered paraelectric structures to ordered ferroelectric structures. Solving the Boltzmann transport equation, the theoretical limit of a perfectly disordered structure is found to have thermal conductivity of a factor of 3.9 lower than the perfectly ordered structure. The thermal conductivity of the ordered structure can be further enhanced by up to another 2.4 times under electric fields due to the reduction in phonon scattering rates, implying a theoretical maximum thermal conductivity switching ratio of 9.4. This study yields two guidelines in searching for high thermal conductivity switch ratio in ferroelectric materials: the structure should be single domain under electric field and the phase transition should be fully order–disorder rather than displacive.
Effect of Water, Oxygen, and Air Exposure on CH3NH3PbI3–xClx Perovskite Surface Electronic Properties
Authors: Ralaiarisoa Maryline , Salzmann Ingo , Zu Feng‐Shuo , Koch Norbert
Published: September 2018

The stability of hybrid perovskite materials for solar cells and high surface property reproducibility are important topics of present research. To understand the impact of water, oxygen, and air exposure, as experienced during typical device fabrication and operation conditions, on the surface electronic properties of solution‐processed CH3NH3PbI3–xClx perovskite thin films, and subsequently formed interfaces to other materials, a comprehensive photoelectron spectroscopy study is performed. It is shown that pure oxygen exposure reduces the typically observed pronounced n‐type surface character, while pure water exposure increases it. Very low water partial pressure, e.g., as encountered in inert‐gas glove boxes and in high vacuum of 10−6 mbar, reduces the perovskite work function due to water physisorption, which is fully reversible upon mild annealing (room temperature to 50 °C) in ultrahigh vacuum. Upon exposure to ambient air, the effect of oxygen prevails over that of water, and the perovskite become less n‐type as seen by a 0.6 eV Fermi level shift toward midgap. The results help in understanding variations of the surface electronic properties reported for perovskites, which in turn impact the energy level alignment at heterojunctions in devices. For future studies, the crucial importance of stringent environment control is stressed upon.
Closing Information Gaps in Kakuma Refugee Camp: A Youth Participatory Action Research Study
Authors: Bellino Michelle J. ,   the Kakuma Youth Research Group
Published: September 2018

This study explores the role of academic and social support on young people's educational pursuits in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp. Pairing ethnographic methods with youth participatory action research, we find that support often manifests as abstract, decontextualized encouragement with little grounding in the educational opportunity structure. We argue that this motivational discourse generates information gaps, fueling aspirations that neither prepare youth for understanding, nor navigating the constraints they will encounter. In response, we designed a social media platform orienting Kakuma youth to the opportunity structure, while encouraging them to set realistic goals and plan accordingly. Designing a resource by, for, and with Kakuma youth, we illustrate that refugees have the rights and means to access information on which their everyday well‐being and futures depend. This study illustrates that critical understanding of local and global opportunities can empower, rather than demoralize, young people as they shape their futures in exile.
Enabling Lasing Action in Hybrid Atomic–Nanophotonic Integrated Structures
Authors: Alaeian Hadiseh , Odom Brian C. , Bravo‐Abad Jorge
Published: September 2018

The incorporation of neutral atoms in nanophotonic structures offers significant potential to realize novel quantum optical devices. Here, the possibility of creating low‐threshold integrated lasers in hybrid systems based on coupling room‐temperature atomic gases with both dielectric and metallic nanophotonic systems is investigated. Two different classes of devices resulting from incorporating an optically pumped Rb–ethane mixture in a dielectric ring resonator and a plasmonic lattice are studied. It is shown that the combination of the optical gain provided by the atomic vapor, along with the unique field‐confinement properties of nanophotonic structures, enables the generation of coherent radiation, that is, laser light, at moderate power levels. In addition, general design guidelines for these hybrid nanophotonic lasers are provided. These results pave the way toward a novel class of active nanophotonic and metamaterial systems.
Borocyclopropanation of Styrenes Mediated by UV‐light Under Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Sayes Morgane , Benoit Guillaume , Charette André B.
Published: September 2018

Herein, we report a user‐friendly and metal‐free UV‐A light mediated borocyclopropanation of styrenes using continuous flow technology. A broad range of styrene derivatives can be cyclopropanated in good yields within 1 h residence time to produce highly valuable cyclopropylboronate esters with modest to good diastereoselectivities. The reaction is also applicable to α‐substituted styrenes. Mechanistic studies support a photoredox process during which xanthone, a well‐known organic photosensitizer, can easily reach a photoexcited state that is available for both an oxidative and a reductive quenching.
Divergent Reactivity of Stannane and Silane in the Trifluoromethylation of PdII: Cyclic Transition State versus Difluorocarbene Release
Authors: Pu Maoping , Sanhueza Italo A. , Senol Erdem , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: September 2018

The transmetalation is a key elementary step in cross‐coupling reactions. Yet, the precise nature of its mechanism and transition state geometry are frequently elusive. This report discloses our study of the transmetalation of [PdII]‐F complexes with the silane‐ and stannane‐based trifluoromethylation agents, R3SiCF3and R3SnCF3. A divergent reactivity was uncovered, with the stannane showing selective R‐group transfer, and the silane selective CF3‐group transfer. Using a combined experimental and computational approach, we uncovered a hitherto unrecognized transmetalation mechanism with the widely employed R3SiCF3reagent, explaining its unique activity in metal‐catalyzed trifluoromethylations. While the stannane reacts via a cyclic, 4‐membered transition state, the silane undergoes a fundamentally different pathway and releases a difluorocarbene in the transmetalation event. Molecular dynamics studies clearly reinforced the liberation of a free CF2carbene, which reacts with [PdII]‐F to ultimately generate [PdII]‐CF3.
Electrostatic Origins of Linear Scaling Relationships at Bifunctional Metal/Oxide Interfaces: A Case Study of Au Nanoparticles on Doped MgO Substrates
Authors: Choksi Tej , Majumdar Paulami , Greeley Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2018

Linear scaling relationships (SRs), which relate binding energies of adsorbates across a space of catalyst surfaces, have been extensively explored for metal and oxide surfaces, but little is known about their properties at interfaces between metal nanoparticles and oxide supports, which are ubiquitous in heterogeneous catalysis. Using periodic DFT calculations, scaling principles are extended to bifunctional Au/oxide interfaces. Adopting a Au nanorod on doped MgO (100) as a model, SRs for species participating in water gas shift, methanol synthesis, and oxidation reactions are reported. SR slopes are not constrained by the bond order conservation rule postulated for metals, oxides, and zeolites, potentially permitting greater flexibility in catalyst design strategies. The deviation from bond counting, along with the physical origin of scaling behavior at interfaces, are explored using a conceptual framework involving electrostatic interactions at the Au/oxide interface.
Improvement of the liquid oxygen compatibility of epoxy via the addition of surface‐modified boehmite
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Peng Cong , Li Shichao , Liu Xin , Wu Zhanjun
Published: September 2018

To improve the liquid oxygen compatibility and cryogenic mechanical properties of epoxy resin, we synthesized and characterized a hybrid compound (functionalized boehmite) containing boehmite, phosphorus, and silicon element. The thermal properties and liquid oxygen compatibility of the composites were investigated in detail. The results show that the addition of functionalized boehmite increased the char residue obviously but had little effect on the thermal decomposition temperature and glass‐transition temperature of the composites. The liquid oxygen compatibility of the composites was significantly improved. Composites with 4 wt % boehmite, 0.99 wt % Si, and 1.1 wt % P passed the impact test. Surface element analyses before and after the drop tests suggested that the functionalized boehmite in epoxy might have prevented the impact reaction in liquid oxygen through two steps. First, the compound decomposed into phosphoric oxyacid and Al2O3 under the impact energy and captured the H• and •OH radicals produced from the decomposition of the resin. Then, the decomposition covered the surface, forming a protective layer to isolate the oxygen. The mechanism of the liquid oxygen compatibility of the epoxy composites was subsequently analyzed. In addition, the cryogenic tensile properties of the epoxy composites containing functionalized boehmite showed that the composites had potential applications under cryogenic liquid oxygen environments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46918.
Formation of bicontinuous, hydrophobic nylon 12 membranes via cold‐solvent‐induced phase separation for membrane distillation application
Authors: Tsai Chih‐Hao , Beltsios Konstantinos , Cheng Liao‐Ping
Published: September 2018

Skinless nylon 12 microporous membranes were prepared via a cold‐solvent‐induced phase‐separation process from a binary nylon 12–formic acid system. Through the incorporation of an aging step, polymer nucleation in the dope was enhanced, and the formed membranes exhibited a special particulate structure composed of interlocked sticklike or sheaflike crystallites, which coexisted with continuous microporosity. The crystallite size was affected by the polymer concentration in the dope and the aging time; for example, aging alone allowed for the reduction of the particle diameter from about 20 μm to about 1 μm. Because the membranes were skinless and hydrophobic (contact angles ≈ 105°), they were potentially appropriate for desalination via membrane distillation (MDi). For the case of desalting 3.5% NaCl(aq) by means of direct‐contact MDi, very high rejection ratios (∼99.6%) were achieved for all membranes under the operation conditions (temperature of the hot stream = 50°C, temperature of the cold stream = 20°C, and circulation rate = 0.7 L/min), whereas the highest permeation flux obtainable was 5.15 L/m2 h. The membranes were strong, with tensile strengths ranging from 4.7 to 6.3 N/mm2. Finally, we discovered a shift from α to γ structure as the dope polymer increased, whereas the crystallinity was about 27% in all cases. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47036.
Comparison of dam failure frequencies and failure probabilities
Authors: Proske Dirk
Published: September 2018

Recently the author has compared observed collapse frequencies and computed failure probabilities of bridges. In contrast, in this paper the comparison of observed failure frequencies and the failure probabilities of large dams is carried out.

In the paper the failure frequencies are estimated based on various publications related to the failure statistics of dams for different regions and different times. The various publications are considered in terms of a meta‐analysis to provide a robust estimation of the failure frequencies and to identify trends of the failure frequencies. The failure trend analysis considers both; the failure frequency per year and the failure frequency related to the accumulated experience in dam years. The latter enables the comparison to the generalized learning curve.
The failure frequencies are compared to the computed probabilities of failure for dams. The comparison is evaluated with regard to the accuracy of the computed values to the observed ones.
Avoid liability exposure by ensuring safety of playing surfaces, surrounding areas
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: September 2018

Although colleges and universities understandably place significant emphasis on keeping their athletic facilities safe for the fans attending athletic competitions, the recent case involving Reggie Bush and the St. Louis Rams serves as a stark reminder that the playing surfaces and surrounding areas also require close attention.
Provide effective booster/donor training to reduce compliance violations
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2018

WASHINGTON, D.C. — No doubt you appreciate the beneficial support of boosters and donors. But if you aren't careful, those relationships can also lead to compliance violations and legal hot water for your college athletics department.
Off‐label use of duct occluder devices to close hemodynamically significant perimembranous ventricular septal defects: A multicenter experience
Authors: Udink ten Cate Floris E.A. , Sobhy Rodina , Kalantre Atul , Sachdev Sakshi , Subramanian Anand , Koneti Nageswara Rao , Kumar Raman Krishna , Hamza Hala , Jayranganath Mahimarangaiah , Sreeram Narayanswami
Published: September 2018

Objective

We sought to evaluate the feasibility, technical aspects, and outcome of transcatheter perimembranous ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) closure using duct occluder devices with a single retention disc.

Background

Use of duct occluder devices to close pmVSD seems a promising alternative therapy. However, limited data exist on this technique.

Methods

From 2010 to 2016, 222 patients (female 47.7%) were identified from databases of five participating institutions in whom pmVSD closure was attempted using an Amplatzer Duct Occluder I or Lifetech duct occluder device.

Results

Patients ranged in age from 0.7 to 52 years (median, 7.0 years) and in weight from 4.0 to 70 kg (median, 18.0 kg). The mean size of the VSD was 6.8 ± 2.2 mm. A large defect (> 6 mm) was present in 137 patients (61.7%). Device closure was successful in 218 patients (98.2%). The 10/8 mm device was used in most patients (n = 85, 38.3%), and the vascular approach was from the femoral vein in 169 patients (76.1%). There were 18 early complications in 17/218 patients (7.8%). Three patients (1.4%) developed complete heart block (transient n = 2; requiring permanent pacing n = 1). Median follow‐up was 6 months (6 months–6 years). A mild residual shunt was seen in 10 patients at 6 months follow‐up.

Conclusions

The immediate results of transcatheter pmVSD closure using a duct occluder device with a single retention disc are promising. It is an effective technique with a lower rate of complications than for other currently available devices.
Reactions of Fluoroalkanes with Mg−Mg Bonds: Scope, sp3C−F/sp2C−F Coupling and Mechanism
Authors: Coates Greg , Ward Bryan J. , Bakewell Clare , White Andrew J. P. , Crimmin Mark R.
Published: September 2018

sp3C−F Bonds of fluoroalkanes (7 examples; 1°, 2° and 3°) undergo addition to a low‐valent Mg−Mg species generating reactive organomagnesium reagents. Further reactions with a series of electrophiles results in a net C−F to C−B, C−Si, C−Sn or C−C bond transformation (11 examples, diversity). The new reactivity has been exploited in an unprecedented one‐pot magnesium‐mediated coupling of sp3C−F and sp2C−F bonds. Calculations suggest that the sp3C−F bond activation step occurs by frontside nucleophilic attack of the Mg−Mg reagent on the fluoroalkane.
Partial nephrectomy is not associated with an overall survival advantage over radical nephrectomy in elderly patients with stage Ib‐II renal masses: An analysis of the national cancer data base
Authors: Ristau Benjamin T. , Handorf Elizabeth A. , Cahn David B. , Kutikov Alexander , Uzzo Robert G. , Smaldone Marc C.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is recommended for localized T1a (≤4 cm) renal masses and is preferred over radical nephrectomy (RN) for amenable T1b/T2 (>4 cm) tumors. The objective of the current study was to assess overall survival (OS) differences between PN and RN in patients with T1 and T2 renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

METHODS

The National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients with T1 and T2 RCC who underwent PN or RN from 2004 to 2014. Trends in surgery were evaluated using Cochran‐Armitage tests. Differences in OS were assessed using adjusted Kaplan‐Meier methods. The effects of procedure on OS were analyzed using propensity score‐based, weighted Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

In total, 212,016 patients with T1 and T2 RCC who underwent either RN (59.7%) or PN (40.3%) were included. The use of PN rose from 2004 to 2014 (T1a: from 40.6% to 71.4%; T1b/T2: from 8.4% to 26.5%; P < .01). Adjusted 5‐year OS was longer for patients who underwent PN in both subsets, although effect magnitude was reduced in the T1b/T2 cohort (T1a: 89.6% vs 85.1%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70‐0.75; P < .01; T1b/T2: 82.5% vs 80.8%; HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83‐0.94; P = .01). The benefit of PN on OS diminished as age and time from diagnosis increased; no OS improvement was observed in patients age ≥75 years who had T1b/T2 tumors (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76‐1.06).

CONCLUSIONS

Receipt of PN is associated with improved OS in patients with T1a RCC. No procedure‐related differences in OS were observed for patients age ≥75 years who had tumors measuring >4 cm. Decisions to undergo PN for T1b/T2 tumors should be based on individualized risk assessment.
Multimodal lung tumor image recognition algorithm based on integrated convolutional neural network
Authors: Shi Hongyan , Zhang NanDong , Wu Xiao‐qiang , Zhang Yu‐Dong
Published: September 2018

Lung cancer has become one of the major diseases that seriously threaten human health. Early diagnosis of lung cancer is very important for the quality of lung cancer patients. Researching computer‐assisted systems for lung cancer recognition is one of the effective means to help physicians quickly diagnose lung cancer. Therefore, this paper studies the multimodal recognition algorithm for lung images. This algorithm uses CT images, PET images, and PET/CT images of lung tumors as the experimental objects and uses convolutional neural network to realize lung tumor recognition. Based on the recognition of lung tumors by convolutional neural networks, an integrated convolutional neural network was used to identify lung tumors to improve the recognition accuracy and reduce the training time. The experimental results show that the convolutional neural network can effectively identify the lung tumor images. The number of iterations and batch size in the training process will have an impact on the recognition of lung tumors. The integrated convolutional neural network designed is superior to single convolutional neural network in terms of recognition accuracy and time consumption.
Nanometer‐scale Multiplexed Super‐Resolution Imaging with an Economic 3D‐DNA‐PAINT Microscope
Authors: Auer Alexander , Schlichthaerle Thomas , Woehrstein Johannes B. , Schueder Florian , Strauss Maximilian T. , Grabmayr Heinrich , Jungmann Ralf
Published: September 2018

Optical super‐resolution microscopy is rapidly changing the way imaging studies in the biological and biomedical sciences are conducted. Due to the unique capability of achieving molecular contrast using fluorescent labels and sub‐diffraction resolution down to a few tens of nanometers, super‐resolution is developing as an attractive imaging modality. While the increased spatial resolution has already enabled structural studies at unprecedented molecular detail, the wide‐spread use of super‐resolution approaches as a standard characterization technique in biological laboratories has thus far been prevented by mainly two issues: (1) Intricate sample preparation and image acquisition and (2) costly and complex instrumentation. We here introduce a combination of the recently developed super‐resolution technique DNA‐PAINT (DNA points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography) with an easy‐to‐replicate, custom‐built 3D single‐molecule microscope (termed liteTIRF) that is an order of magnitude more economic in cost compared to most commercial systems. We assay the performance of our system using synthetic two‐ and three‐dimensional DNA origami structures and show the applicability to single‐ and multiplexed cellular imaging.
Unusual BK polyomavirus‐associated urologic malignancies in renal transplant recipients: Report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Odetola Oluwatobi E. , Isaila Bogdan , Pambuccian Stefan E. , Barkan Güliz A.
Published: September 2018

Renal transplant recipients are at increased risk of developing urologic malignancies, some of which are associated with prolonged BK virus infection. We report two cases of BK virus‐associated carcinoma with variant morphological patterns (clear cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder and micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the pelvicaliceal system) arising in the urinary tract of renal transplant recipients. In both cases, the diagnosis was initially established on cytologic specimens: on urine cytology in one patient and on fine needle aspiration of an inguinal lymph node in the other patient. The unusual cytologic features of both cases (multiple morphologies in one patient and micropapillary pattern in the other), co‐occurrence of decoy cells in the urine of one patient and the occurrence of these tumors in renal transplant recipients raised the possibility of BK polyomavirus‐associated malignancy and led to confirmatory SV40 immunostains that were positive. These cases expand the morphologic variants of BK virus‐associated urologic malignancies diagnosed in solid organ transplant patients. While differentiating BK virus‐infected cells from malignant cells in urine cytology specimens is a diagnostic challenge, greater awareness of their possible co‐existence is vital, as this could be the only chance for an early diagnosis.