bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Television-Related Injuries to Children in the United States, 1990–2011
Authors: De Roo Ana C. , Chounthirath Thiphalak , Smith Gary A.
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the epidemiology of television (TV)-related injuries to children in the United States.

METHODS:

Using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, children aged <18 years treated in United States hospital emergency departments for an injury associated with a TV from 1990 through 2011 were investigated.

RESULTS:

An estimated 380 885 patients aged <18 years were treated in emergency departments for a TV-related injury during the 22-year study period, which equals an annual average of 17 313 children. The median age of patients was 3 years; children <5 years represented 64.3% of patients, and boys comprised 60.8%. The average annual injury rate was 2.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07–2.80) injuries per 10 000 children aged <18 years, with a range of 2.15 (95% CI: 1.64–2.66) to 2.90 (95% CI: 2.31–3.49). Although the overall injury rate was steady, the number and rate of injuries associated with falling TVs increased significantly by 125.5% and 95.3%, respectively, during the study period. In addition, there was a significant 344.1% increase in the number of injuries associated with a TV falling from a dresser/bureau/chest of drawers/armoire during 1995–2011.

CONCLUSIONS:

The rate of pediatric injuries caused by falling TVs is increasing, which underscores the need for increased prevention efforts. Prevention strategies include public education, provision of TV anchoring devices at the point of sale of TVs, TV anchoring device distribution programs, strengthening of standards for TV stability, and redesign of TVs to improve stability.
Transmethylation and the redox homeostasis
Authors: Kleiner Dénes , Bersényi András , Fébel Hedvig , Hegedűs Viktor , Mátis Eszter , Sárdi Éva
Published: July 2013

Introduction: Transmethylation modifies configuration and proceeds via formaldehyde. It has a significant role for example in epigenetic regulation. The whole methyl-pool can be evaluated by the measurement of bound formaldehyde. Aim: The bound formaldehyde was measured in wheat, bean, beetroot, cabbage, broiler- and rabbit liver. The relationship between transmethylation and redox homeosthasis was studied in the liver of domestic animals, and in the rat model of fatty liver. Method: The diet of rats was enriched with cholesterol, sunflower oil and cholic acid. The bound formaldehyde was determined by overpressured layer chromatography. The hydrogen-donating ability was measured with 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazylt free radical using spectrophotometric measurement. Results: Beans had the most bound formaldehyde. The liver of broilers possessed significantly elevated hydrogen-donating ability and transmethylation ability. Rats with severe fatty liver had significantly less bound formaldehyde and the hydrogen-donating ability tendentiously decreased. Conclusions: These results draw attention to the diet, especially in obesity and obesity-related diseases. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1180–1187.
Orthopaedic relevance of baby carrying
Authors: Szeverényi Csenge , Varga Marcell
Published: July 2013

Recently, various ways of carrying a baby have become popular again. Different methods and options of infant carrying are largely influenced by current fashion trends. The term of baby carrying refers to carrying the infant close to the caregiver’s body with special devices, which aid attachment parenting. The authors often face the question in the pediatric orthopedic clinic: what kind of carrying method to recommend to the parents. In this article the authors briefly present the different means of carrying devices and they review the literature regarding orthopedic consequences of baby carrying. For the healthy development of a child, position and correct support of the hips and the spine are essential, whereas the carrier’s spinal protection is also an important aspect. After reviewing the literature, the authors conclude that baby carrying with an adequate device has advantages from orthopaedic point of view. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1172–1179.
Clostridium difficileinfection: epidemiology, disease burden and therapy
Authors: Gulácsi László , Kertész Adrienne , Kopcsóné Németh Irén , Banai János , Ludwig Endre , Prinz Gyula , Reményi Péter , Strbák Bálint , Zsoldiné Urbán Edit , Baji Petra , Péntek Márta , Brodszky Valentin
Published: July 2013

Introduction:C. difficile causes 25 percent of the antibiotic associated infectious nosocomial diarrhoeas. C. difficile infection is a high-priority problem of public health in each country. The available literature of C. difficile infection’s epidemiology and disease burden is limited. Aim: Review of the epidemiology, including seasonality and the risk of recurrences, of the disease burden and of the therapy of C. difficile infection. Method: Review of the international and Hungarian literature in MEDLINE database using PubMed up to and including 20th of March, 2012. Results: The incidence of nosocomial C. difficile associated diarrhoea is 4.1/10 000 patient day. The seasonality of C. difficile infection is unproved. 20 percent of the patients have recurrence after metronidazole or vancomycin treatment, and each recurrence increases the chance of a further one. The cost of C. difficile infection is between 130 and 500 thousand HUF (430 € and 1665 €) in Hungary. Conclusions: The importance of C. difficile infection in public health and the associated disease burden are significant. The available data in Hungary are limited, further studies in epidemiology and health economics are required. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1188–1193.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN A REFERRAL CENTER OF MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
Authors: OSÓRIO Fernanda Maria Farage , LAUAR Gabriel Martin , LIMA Agnaldo Soares , VIDIGAL Paula Vieira Teixeira , FERRARI Teresa Cristina Abreu , COUTO Claudia Alves
Published: July 2013

Context Studies on epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and modalities of therapy used to treat this condition are scarce in Brazil. Our aim was to characterize hepatocellular carcinoma according to etiology of the underlying chronic liver disease, and treatment modalities, in a referral center in Brazil. Methods All cases of hepatocellular carcinoma registered in the Department of Pathology during a 12-year period (1998-2010) were included. Demographic data, etiology of the underlying liver disease and treatment performed were collected. Results This case series included 215 patients, mean age 57.3 (± 14.1) years, 164 (76.2 %) male. Virus C and virus B infection were detected in 88 (43%) and 47 (23%) patients, respectively. Ethanol abuse alone or combined with other etiologies was identified in 64 (32%) individuals. Schistosomiasis was found in 18 (9%) patients. Liver transplantation was the treatment of choice in 112 (51%) patients. This procedure was more frequently performed in hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (70%) than B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (17%). Tumor resection was performed in 40 (18%) individuals, ethanol injection or thermo ablation in 18 (14%), and chemoembolization in 14 (7%). In 40 (19.4%) patients no treatment was performed and this percentage remained constant over the years. Conclusions Chronic hepatitis C, followed by ethanol abuse and chronic hepatitis B were the leading causes of underlying chronic liver disease associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. The results show a trend of increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma; however, the proportion of untreated patients remained constant over the analyzed period.
ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY IN TROUBLESOME BELCHING
Authors: SILVA Ana Cristina Viana da , APRILE Lilian Rose Otoboni , DANTAS Roberto Oliveira
Published: July 2013

Context Supragastric belches are the main determinants of troublesome belching symptoms. In supragastric belches, air is rapidly brought into the esophagus and is immediately followed by a rapid expulsion before it has reached the stomach. Objective To evaluate the esophageal contraction and transit after wet swallows in patients with troublesome belching. Methods Esophageal contraction and transit were evaluated in 16 patients with troublesome belching and 15 controls. They were measured at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by a solid state manometric and impedance catheter. Each subject swallowed five 5 mL boluses of saline. Results The amplitude, duration and area under the curve of contractions were similar in patients with troublesome belching and control subjects. The total esophageal bolus transit time was 6.2 (1.8) s in patients with troublesome belching and 6.1 (2.3) s in controls (P = 0.55). The bolus presence time was longer in controls than in patients at 5 cm from the LES [controls: 6.0 (1.1) s, patients: 4.9 (1.2) s, P = 0.04], without differences at 10, 15 and 20 cm from the LES. The bolus head advanced time was longer in patients than controls from 20 cm to 15 cm [controls: 0.1 (0.1) s, patients: 0.7(0.8)s, P = 0.01] and from 15 cm to 10 cm [controls: 0.3 (0.1) s, patients: 1.6 (2.6) s, P = 0.01] of the LES, without difference from 10 cm to 5 cm [controls: 0.7 (0.3) s, patients: 1.0 (1.1) s, P = 0.37]. There was no difference in segment transit time. Conclusion There was no difference in esophageal contractions between patients with troublesome belching and controls. The swallowed bolus went slower into the proximal and middle esophageal body in patients than in control, but cross the distal esophageal body faster in patients than in controls.
PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS C AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS: a population-based study in southern Brazil
Authors: KVITKO David Timm , BASTOS Gisele Alsina Nader , PINTO Maria Eugênia Bresolin
Published: July 2013

Context The hepatitis C is a severe public health problem worldwide because its consequences. Studies which aim at determining the prevalence of risk factors are really important to understand the problem. Objective To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with some risk factors for the disease in a community, called Restinga, located in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Method This paper is based on a population-based cross-sectional study, with systematic sampling and proportional to the size of census tracts in which 3,391 adults answered a standardized questionnaire. Results The prevalence of blood transfusion among the people who were interviewed was 14.98%, 60.83% of those had it before 1993. A total of 16.16% of the people had a tattoo, 7.23% wore a piercing, 1.09% said they had already injected illicit drugs and 12.39% reported previous hospitalization. Prevalence ratios showed that tattoos were more common among young people, piercings among women and illicit drugs among men. Conclusions To summarize, the recognition of risk factors for hepatitis C enables proper screening of possible carriers of the hepatitis C virus, thus enabling a reduction in virus shedding. However, being only possible if health services are prepared to deal with hepatitis C virus, through education and public awareness.
INTESTINAL AND EXTRAINTESTINAL NEOPLASIA IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: CAMPOS Fábio Guilherme , TEIXEIRA Magaly Gemio , SCANAVINI Arceu , ALMEIDA Maristela Gomes de , NAHAS Sergio Carlos , CECCONELLO Ivan
Published: July 2013

Context The development of neoplasia is an important concern associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially colorectal cancer (CRC). Objectives Our aim was to determine the incidence of intestinal and extraintestinal neoplasias among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Methods There were retrieved information from 1607 patients regarding demographics, disease duration and extent, temporal relationship between IBD diagnosis and neoplasia, clinical outcomes and risk factors for neoplasia. Results Crohn's disease (CD) was more frequent among women (P = 0.0018). The incidence of neoplasia was higher in ulcerative colitis (UC) when compared to CD (P = 0.0003). Eight (0.99%) patients developed neoplasia among 804 with CD: 4 colorectal cancer, 2 lymphomas, 1 appendix carcinoid and 1 breast cancer. Thirty (3.7%) patients developed neoplasia among the 803 UC: 13 CRC, 2 lymphomas and 15 extraintestinal tumors. While CRC incidence was not different among UC and CD (1.7% vs 0.5%; P = 0.2953), the incidence of extraintestinal neoplasias was higher among UC (2.1% vs 0.5%, P = 0.0009). Ten (26.3%) patients out of 38 with neoplasia died. Conclusions CRC incidence was low and similar in both diseases. There was a higher incidence of extraintestinal neoplasia in UC when compared to CD. Neoplasias in IBD developed at a younger age than expected for the general population. Mortality associated with malignancy is significant, affecting 1/4 of the patients with neoplasia.
ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSE OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE TO BIOLOGICAL THERAPY USING NEW NON-INVASIVE MARKERS: lactoferrin and calprotectin
Authors: NOGUEIRA Islaine Martins , MISZPUTEN Sender Jankiel , AMBROGINI Jr. Orlando , ARTIGIANI-NETO Ricardo , CARVENTE Cláudia Teresa , ZANON Maria Ivani
Published: July 2013

Context The use of fecal markers to monitor Crohn's disease is crucial for assessing the response to treatment. Objective To assess the inflammatory activity of Crohn's disease by comparing fecal markers (calprotectin and lactoferrin), colonoscopy combined with biopsy, and the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI), as well as serum markers, before treatment with infliximab, after the end of induction, and after the end of maintenance. Methods Seventeen patients were included who had been previously diagnosed with Crohn's disease and were using conventional treatment but required the introduction of biological therapy with infliximab. Each patient underwent a colonoscopy with biopsy, serum, and fecal (calprotectin and lactoferrin) tests to assess inflammatory activity, and CDAI assessments before treatment with infliximab, after induction (week 8), and after maintenance (week 32). Results The calprotectin levels exhibited significant reductions (P = 0.04) between the assessment before treatment with infliximab and the end of induction, which did not occur after the end of the maintenance phase. Lactoferrin remained positive throughout the three phases of the study. Regarding the histological assessment, a significant difference was found only between the assessment before treatment and after the end of maintenance (P = 0.036), and 60% of the patients exhibited histological improvements after the completion of the follow-up period. The CDAI exhibited a significant difference between the assessment before treatment with infliximab and after induction, as well as before treatment and after maintenance (P<0.01). Conclusion Calprotectin and lactoferrin are not useful for monitoring inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease patients who are subjected to biological therapy.
MOLECULAR MARKERS OF MUCOSA HARBORING GASTRIC ADENOMAS
Authors: SAFATLE-RIBEIRO Adriana Vaz , FRANCO Kátia Adriana Tessima , CORBETT Carlos Eduardo Pereira , IRIYA Kiyoshi , ZILBERSTEIN Bruno , RIBEIRO Jr. Ulysses
Published: July 2013

Context Gastric adenoma is a precursor lesion of the adenocarcinoma. Objective To characterize gastric adenomas according to the mucin immunoexpression and to evaluate the immunoexpression of p53, p16ink4a, BCL-2, cyclin D, Ki-67, in the adenoma and in the gastric mucosa harboring adenoma. Methods Forty gastric specimens from 20 patients were classified as intestinal (MUC2 - goblet cell mucin) or foveolar (MUC5AC - gastric-foveolar mucin) adenomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed using streptavidin-biotin-complex method. Results Twelve (60%) patients were men. The mean age was 67.9 ± 12.9 years-old. Intestinal adenomas were detected in 13 (65%) patients and gastric type in 7 (35%). Low-grade dysplasia was present in 13 (65%) of the adenomas, high-grade in 3 (15%), and adenocarcinoma within the polyp in 4 (20%). Six (30%) patients had synchronous adenocarcinoma. p53 immunoexpression was observed in 6/20 (30%) of adenomas, and in 2/6 (33.3%) of synchronous tumors. There was an association between p53 immunoexpression and intestinal type of adenoma/tumor, P = 0.04. There was no association between p16ink4a, Bcl-2, cyclin D and Ki-67 and adenoma clinicopathological characteristics. Conclusion Immunohistochemistry may be useful to classify the adenomas subtypes and may define the pathway of adenoma to carcinoma sequence.
INITIAL EXPERIENCE OF ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION IN BRAZIL TO TREAT EARLY GASTRIC AND ESOPHAGHEAL CANCER: a multi-institutional analysis
Authors: CHAVES Dalton Marques , MOURA Eduardo Guimarães H. , MILHOMEM Daniela , ARANTES Vitor N. , YAMAZAKI Kendi , MALUF Fauze , ALBUQUERQUE Walton , CONRADO Antonio Carlos C. , ARAÚJO Júlia C. , UEJO Paula H. S. , SAKAI Paulo
Published: July 2013

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and clinicopathological characteristics of early gastric and esophageal cancers treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) at five centers in Brazil. Methods Five centers in Brazil reported their initial experience with ESD. The cases reported had already been collected by each center before pooled analysis. Results Were resected 62 gastric lesions; 52(83,8%) of the gastric lesions were well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, 31(50%) from the antrum, 24 (38.7%) type IIa. 51 (82.2%) lesions had en-block resection with three showing lateral margin compromise. Concerning invasion, 25 (40.3%) tumors were M1. Mean tumor diameter was 18.9 mm (range, 0.6-5.0 cm) and mean procedure duration was 119.45 minutes. Gastric perforation occurred in three (4.8%) patients. Mean follow-up duration was 11.3 months, with two local recurrences and one death from pneumonia Seven months after treatment. Of the 16 esophageal lesions resected, 14 (87.4%) were squamous cell carcinoma, 10 (62.5%) were located proximally and 8 (50.0%) type IIa. Mean tumor diameter was 23.8 mm (range, 6-60 mm). Thirteen (81.2%) lesions had en-block resection with five cases of lateral margin compromise. Eight (50.0%) lesions were M1. Mean procedure duration was 78 minutes (range, 20-150 min). Complications included pneumomediastinum in two (12.5%) patients and stenosis in one (6.2%). Mean duration of follow-up was 8.6 months, with no local recurrence despite the presence of lateral margin compromise. Conclusion Different centers in Brazil feasibly perform ESD with a high success rate.
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHISTOSOMAL PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE COLOPATHY AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT
Authors: MIRANDA Maria Angelina Carvalho , FERRAZ Álvaro Antônio Bandeira , DOMINGUES Ana Lúcia Coutinho , CHAVES Renata Carvalho Miranda , JUCÁ Norma , MOTA Diógenes Luiz da
Published: July 2013

Context Data on vascular alterations in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and portal hypertensive colopathy and changes in these after surgery to decrease portal hypertension are limited. Objective The purpose of this study was to analyse the alterations of portal hypertensive colopathy previously and 6-12 months after splenectomy and gastric devascularization. Methods Twelve patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis who also had upper gastrointestinal bleeding were studied prospectively. Their endoscopic findings before and 6-12 months after the surgery were analysed. In addition, mucosal biopsies from ascending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum at these time points were subjected to histological and histomorphometric assessment. It was used a control group due to lack of normal pattern of the histomorphometric measures of vessels in individuals without portal hypertension. The critical level of significance adopted in all tests was of a maximum probability error of 5%. Results Surgery did not lead to significant improvement in histological and endoscopic findings. However, on histomorphometry, there was a significant decrease in the area, diameter and thickness of the vessels in mucosa at all colonic sites. Conclusion Surgery for decompression of schistosomal portal hypertension has a beneficial effect on the associated colopathy, being best indicated in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and esophageal varices.
3rd BRAZILIAN CONSENSUS ON Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Coelho Luiz Gonzaga , Maguinilk Ismael , Zaterka Schlioma , Parente José Miguel , Passos Maria do Carmo Friche , Moraes-Filho Joaquim Prado P.
Published: July 2013

Significant progress has been obtained since the Second Brazilian Consensus Conference on Helicobacter pylori Infection held in 2004, in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and justify a third meeting to establish updated guidelines on the current management of H. pylori infection. The Third Brazilian Consensus Conference on H pylori Infection was organized by the Brazilian Nucleus for the Study of Helicobacter, a Department of the Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology and took place on April 12-15, 2011, in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil. Thirty-one delegates coming from the five Brazilian regions and one international guest, including gastroenterologists, pathologists, epidemiologists, and pediatricians undertook the meeting. The participants were allocated in one of the five main topics of the meeting: H pylori, functional dyspepsia and diagnosis; H pylori and gastric cancer; H pylori and other associated disorders; H pylori treatment and retreatment; and, epidemiology of H pylori infection in Brazil. The results of each subgroup were submitted to a final consensus voting to all participants. Relevant data were presented, and the quality of evidence, strength of recommendation, and level of consensus were graded. Seventy per cent and more votes were considered as acceptance for the final statement. This article presents the main recommendations and conclusions to guide Brazilian doctors involved in the management of H pylori infection.
The effect of counterion in lignosulfonates as oil-well cement retarders
Authors: Bassioni Ghada , Ali Mohammed M.
Published: July 2013

Cement retarders are traditionally used to control the fluidity of oil-well cement. In this study, the retardation effect on the cement hydration of two different commercially available lignosulfonates is compared. A calcium and a sodium lignosulfonate were analysed at seven different concentrations. The retardation of the cement hydration process was monitored by way of isothermal calorimetry. The retardation mechanism was better understood by studying the morphology of cement/retarder systems using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform, infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography and total organic and inorganic carbon analyses were conducted. This paper provides a recommendation for applying the most effective retarder in drilling and well completions operations as well as enhancing the well cementing quality.
Early carbonation behaviour of no-clinker steel slag binder
Authors: He Zhen , Yang Huamei , Shao Yixin , Liu Meiyan
Published: July 2013

The use of steel slag as a no-clinker binder was studied. Steel slag was activated by CO2 to develop strength as a cementing material for building product applications. The performance of slag paste compacts formed by low water to slag ratio was characterised by X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis affiliated with energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. Results showed that the mineral components of steel slag, such as calcium hydroxide and calcium silicates (C3S and C2S), were CO2 reactive. The reaction products were strength contributing. Immediate carbonation of 2 h was capable of developing rapid early strength while promoting subsequent hydration. The reaction products of steel slag after carbonation and hydration were the combination of poorly crystalline CaCO3 intermingled with C-S-H gel, which was the characteristic of the early hardening structure of no-clinker steel slag.
Characterising impact resistance of latex–cement mortars for external insulation systems
Authors: Petit Jean-Yves , Wirquin Eric
Published: July 2013

The effect of various redispersible powders on the impact resistance of latex–cement composite mortars for external insulation and finishing systems (EIFS) was investigated. A set of eight polymer mortars, using different polymer technologies and exhibiting different glass transition temperatures, were tested for impact resistance. It was observed, on mortars prepared with 5·8% latex redispersible powders, that the intrinsic properties of the polymer used in the EIFS latex mortars have no effect on the material resistance to impact loading. The impact resistance of the mortars mainly depends on their capacity to absorb and dissipate energy from dynamic loading. A methodology to analyse the capacity of the mortars to absorb impact energy is proposed using the evaluation of the consumption energy ratio (Ef/Et) between the energy dissipated at the down point under the load in the bending test and the energy dissipated in the tensile test.
Sulfoaluminate cement behaviours in carbon dioxide, warm and moist environments
Authors: Mechling Jean-Michel , Lecomte André , Roux André , Le Rolland Bruno
Published: July 2013

Calcium sulfoaluminate cements are hydraulic binders characterised by fast setting and hardening, moderate shrinkage and high resistance to aggressive agents. Their manufacture requires less energy and generates less carbon dioxide than traditional Portland cement; however, their long-term durability, mechanical properties and dimensional stability in different environments are not much studied. The aim of this work is to compare the properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cement mortars at three different water to cement (w/c) ratios, 0·45, 0·58 and 0·78, with a standard CEM I Portland cement mortar. The study was performed during 3 months when the samples were kept in four different environments: ambient air at 20°C and 65% relative humidity; dry air at 45°C and 35% relative humidity; water at 45°C; and saturated carbon dioxide at 20°C. Results show a great sensitivity of the calcium sulfoaluminate mortars to carbonation, with various consequences on their mechanical properties and dimensional stability. The consequences are much more moderate, however, when w/c ratio is low.
Influence of carbonated pozzolana on sulfate attack of cement stone at low temperatures
Authors: Kaminskas Rimvydas , Drapanauskaite Donata , Barauskas Irmantas
Published: July 2013

This study investigates the influence of natural pozzolana (opoka) additive on the sulfate attack process of Portland cement stone at low temperatures. In the samples, 5%, 15% and 25% (by weight) of the Portland cement is replaced with additive. The specimens are then hardened for 28 days in water and then soaked in a 5% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solution for 6 months at 4°C. It is estimated that under normal conditions, opoka decreases the compressive strength of cement stone. A decrease in strength is the result of the slow pozzolanic reaction; moreover, part of the pozzolana carbonate component acts as an inert filler. In this study, however, pozzolana additive increased the compressive strength of samples after treatment for 3 months in a 5% sodium sulfate solution at 4°C. This effect is related to the ongoing pozzolanic reaction and the formation of a greater amount of calcium silicate hydrates. With increasing maintenance of samples for up to 6 months in a 5% sodium sulfate solution, it is found that pozzolana promotes the formation of thaumasite. This process is initiated by calcite, which is an integral part of pozzolana, and there is a greater formation of calcium silicate hydrates in samples with opoka.
News: Reservoirs committee guidance on panel applications
Authors: Hughes Andy K
Published: July 2013

This note provides guidance for candidates applying or reapplying to reservoirs panels, emphasising the need for applicants to prepare their application well, demonstrate adequate reservoir-related continued professional development and also prepare for an interview if required.
Technical visit: Llyn Alaw reservoir stressed anchor stabilisation
Authors: Prisk David
Published: July 2013

The British Dam Society (BDS) was invited to a site visit to Llyn Alaw reservoir to see the dam stabilisation works in progress. The visit was organised by Dwr Cymru Welsh Water to the Llyn Alaw reservoir and treatment works site where Black & Veatch are the principal contractor, Atkins have designed and are supervising the dam stabilisation works and BAM Ritchies are the specialist contractor designing part of the anchor system and installing the anchors. Ten members of the BDS attended the visit.
Assessing the potential for internal erosion of peat in Pennine canal dams
Authors: Eddleston Malcolm
Published: July 2013

Ongoing risk assessments on a series of dams built to supply water locks used to ascend and descend over the summit of the Rochdale Canal have indicated that they are particularly vulnerable to internal erosion. The dams were built between 1794 and 1857. The risk assessment method known as ‘Unified Method of Risk Analysis' (Internal Erosion Toolbox) uses a generic event tree approach to assessing potential seepage and piping failure paths. A number of potential initiation modes identified in the Toolbox, that could progress to failure of the dam, required assessments of the erodibility of peat, which was shown to be present either in the embankment fill material or the dam foundations. This paper reviews the available data on the properties of peat, in respect to internal erosion. It describes the method used to assess the properties of peat to undertake reasonable risk assessments of a variety of potential failure modes.
Meeting report: European Working Group on Internal Erosion, ICSE-6, Paris, 2012
Authors: Shire Tom , Bridle Rodney
Published: July 2013

The International Commission on Large Dams’ European Working Group on Internal Erosion met at the 6th International Conference on Scour and Erosion in Paris, 27–31 August 2012. The delegates were scientists and engineers from a wide spectrum of disciplines from hydraulics to grain mechanics.
The potential of sand dam road crossings
Authors: Neal Ian
Published: July 2013

In many African dryland regions, culverts are built under low-volume rural road river crossings. The capacity of culverts is often inadequate to accommodate the peak floods and, over time, sedimentation reduces this capacity further. As a result, culverts are vulnerable to being washed away. Sand dams that incorporate a ford are an alternative to culverts and offer significant benefits. Correctly designed sand dams manage flood flows and are a robust, cost-effective alternative. Among additional benefits, sand dams recharge the aquifer, reduce downstream flood risks and provide a reliable, year-round water supply in water-scarce environments. This paper documents a case study from Kenya where a sand dam acts as both a road crossing and the source for a water pipeline. The paper describes the principles for siting, design and construction of sand dam road crossings, where this approach is appropriate and the barriers and enablers to wider adoption.
Meeting report: British Dam Society annual general meeting 2013
Authors: Airey Martin
Published: July 2013

The annual general meeting of the British Dam Society was held at 1 Great George Street on the evening of 25 March 2013.
News: Dams and reservoirs conduits – a new guide
Authors: Hughes Andy
Published: July 2013

The Construction Industry Research and Information Association is to produce a succinct consolidated guidance report on the inspection, monitoring, investigation, maintenance and repair of conduits at reservoirs.
News: Presidential and vice presidential elections for ICOLD
Authors: Hughes Andy
Published: July 2013

This article details the electoral procedures for the president and six vice presidents that sit on the board of the International Commission on Large Dams.
Design waste mapping: a project life cycle approach
Authors: Osmani Mohamed
Published: July 2013

An ever-increasing amount of global research on construction waste has been conducted over the past two decades, ranging from ‘soft’ mapping and management, reduction tools and methodologies to ‘hard’ material and recycling technologies. However, the current state of research is largely dominated by endeavours to manage waste that has already been produced. Hence, there is a need for a shift from ‘end-of pipe’ solutions that focus on on-site waste management to a source-based approach that is aimed at ‘life cycle’ analysis. This research engaged a sample population from the major UK architectural and contracting firms through 24 interviews to investigate the underlying origins, causes and sources of waste across all project life cycle stages. Respondents reported that designing out waste has never been the most glamorous end of sustainable design. Moreover, the results reveal that waste generation is affected by a wide practice of not embedding waste reduction in briefing and contractual documents, no baseline setting, and lack of designers’ understanding of design waste origins, causes and sources. This is hindered by limited know-how and incoherent coordination and communication between project members and impeded by time constraints and disjointed design information. Collectively, these impediments disallow the consideration, engagement and implementation of designing out waste.
Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis of Hysteretic Behavior of End-plate Connection Semi-Rigid Space Steel Frames
Authors: Tao Wang , Zhan Wang , Junqi Wang
Published: July 2013

To investigate the seismic behavior of end-plate connection semi-rigid space steel frames, three 1/4-scale specimens
were tested under cyclic load. Finite element analysis which took initial geometric imperfections into consideration
was also conducted, and the results conform to experimental results. The failure modes, hysteretic behavior, deformation
capacity and energy-dissipation capacity of the end-plate connection semi-rigid space steel frame have been explicated
in this paper. The investigation in this paper indicates that: (1) the end-plate connection semi-rigid space steel
frames exhibit full hysteretic loops under horizontal cyclic load and have good ductility as well, indicating that this kind
of frames can satisfy the deformation demand in strong earthquakes. (2) Plastic hinges formed at beam ends, and the stress
and deformation amplitudes of joint-panels were smaller than those of column base and beam ends. It shows that this kind
of frames satisfy the design principle “strong column weak beam, strong joint weak component”.
Experimental and Numerical Study for the Shaping Formation of SCST Structures by Cable-tensioning
Authors: Kim J.W. , Doh J. H. , Fragomeni S.
Published: July 2013

This paper discusses the behaviour characteristics of the shaping formation of Single-Chorded Space Truss
(SCST) structures by means of cable-tensioning of bottom chords. The innovative technique is fast and economical and
issued in many types of space structures. The small-scale test models presented herein consist of uniform pyramids with
multi-directional ball type joints which are erected into their final shape by cable-tensioning. Since the joint behaviour is
very significant in studying the shaping of SCST structures, basic tests for beam and pyramidal units were performed. The
feasibility of the proposed cable-tensioning technique and the reliability of the established geometric model were confirmed
by finite element analysis. The proposed cable-tensioning technique indicates that the behaviour characteristic of
joints is very important in the shaping formation of SCST structures. More specifically in situations where heavy cranes
are inaccessible, the cable-tensioning construction technique has proven to be an easy and reasonable method compared
to conventional construction methods that typically include heavy cranes and scaffolding.
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of using Bragg Breakwaters in the Shoreline Wave Climate for East Taiwan Ocean Energy
Authors: Wen Chih-Chung , Lee Tsung-Lin , Chen Chien-Lin , Lin Yong-Jun
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this paper is to test the feasibility and affectivity of Bragg breakwaters on increasing wave energy
by using wave conditions. The Bragg reflection phenomena will depend on the wavelength of surface waves and the
spacing of the submerged breakwater. The spacing of the submerged breakwater is the most important parameter for designing
a series of submerged breakwaters. In this paper, the Hybrid Mild-Slope Equation model (HMSE) was applied to
calculate the phenomena of Bragg reflection and the feasibility and affectivity of ocean power. The data comprising wave
records from three harbors in Taiwan during 1999 to 2004 were used to illustrate performance of this model. The effect
and feasibility of Bragg breakwaters were also assessed in the practical cases. From the calculated results, the average of
the ocean power comes to be 2.54 times more than the original condition in Keelung Harbor, 2.5 times in Su-Ao Harbor
and 2.4 times in Hualien Harbor.
Corneal Transplantation at an Ophthalmological Referral Center in Colombia: Indications and Techniques (2004-2011)
Authors: Galvis Virgilio , Tello Alejandro , Gomez Augusto José , Rangel Carlos Mario , Prada Angélica María , Camacho Paul Anthony
Published: July 2013

Purpose:

To analize changing trends in indications and surgical techniques of corneal transplantation at an ophthalmological tertiary referral center in Colombia over a 7 year period.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed of medical records from patients who underwent corneal transplantation surgeries at Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) in Bucaramanga, Colombia, between August 2004 and August 2011.

Results:

During this period from a total of 450 corneal transplants performed, we had access to 402 medical records (89.4%). The patients’ mean age was 55. Leading indications were: pseudophakic/aphakic bullous kerathopathy (PBK/ABK) (34.6%), corneal scar (15.7%), active infectious keratitis (14.4%) and keratoconus (12.7%). During the first period (2004-2007) PBK/ABK was the leading indication, followed by stromal opacities and keratoconus. During the second period (2008-2011) PBK/ABK remained the leading indication. Infectious keratitis, however, became the second most common indication. Stromal opacities and keratoconus, moved to third and fourth, respectively. All transplants performed in the first period (2004-2007) were penetrating keratoplasties. In the second period (2008-2011) 18.7% of the procedures were performed using the Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty technique (DSAEK).

Conclusions:

Similar to other international results, PBK/ABK was the leading indication for corneal transplantation at our institution. Keratoconus is becoming a less common indication for keratoplasty in our institution. Infectious keratitis remains a frequent indication for corneal transplantation in this geographical area. In our institution we started performing DSAEK in 2009, and it is emerging as the procedure of choice in corneal diseases that involve only the endothelial layers.
Analysis of the microstructural evolution and solidification behaviour of Sn-9 wt% Zn alloy with small additions of Mg
Authors: Figueroa I.A. , Novelo-Peralta O. , Suárez M.A. , Lara-Rodríguez G.A.
Published: July 2013

The microstructure, solidification behaviour and hardness of Sn-9Zn-xMg
(where x = 0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5 wt%) alloys were studied. The addition of 0.5
wt% did show a clear effect on the microstructure, producing three
distinctive zones: a) fine eutectic structure b) coarse eutectic structure
composed by large needles of Zn dispersed into a b-Sn matrix and c) small
particles of the intermetallic Mg2Sn. The further additions Mg provoked that
the fine eutectic structure disappeared giving place to the formation a
coarse eutectic structure, large particles of Mg2Sn and Zn-rich needles. The
hardness of the alloys increased with the additions of Mg. Similarly, the
additions of Mg steadily drop the eutectic temperature, from 196.5?C for the
binary base alloy to 180?C for the alloy with 5 wt% Mg. The low temperature
achieved in this alloy is very close to the eutectic Sn-Pb alloy (183?C),
thus it could be a plausible substitute of the classical Pb-containing solder
alloys.
Fabrication of Al-based composites reinforced with Al2O3-Tib2 ceramic composite particulates using vortex-casting method
Authors: Roshan M.R. , Mousavian Taherzadeh , Ebrahimkhani H. , Mosleh A.
Published: July 2013

Vortex casting is one of the simplest methods of producing metal matrix
composites (MMCs). However, this simple method does have some drawbacks,
which reduce the mechanical properties of the produced composites. In this
study, we tried to modify the process of composite production before, during,
and after the casting procedure. Low-cost Al2O3-TiB2 ceramic composite
particles, which produced after combustion synthesis, were used as
reinforcement. These powders, which are thermodynamically stable with molten
aluminum below 900?C, were mixed with aluminum and magnesium powders before
casting using ball milling and the mixed powders were injected into the
molten metal (pure Al). This process was applied to enhance the wettability
of ceramic particles with molten aluminum. After casting, warm equal channel
angular pressing (ECAP) and hot extrusion processes were applied to
investigate their effects on the mechanical properties of the final
composites. It was revealed that both warm ECAP and hot extrusion have a
strong influence on increasing the mechanical properties mainly due to
decreasing the amount of porosities.
Relationship between cooling rate and microsegregation in bottom-chilled directionally solidified ductile irons
Authors: Chang W.S. , Lin C.M.
Published: July 2013

This study explores the relationship between cooling rate and
microsegregation of directionally solidified ductile iron. The unidirectional
heat transfer system used in this research is made up of a copper mold kept
chilled by circulating water and embedded in the bottom of Furan sand mold.
Thermocouples are connected to the computer measuring system to record the
cooling curves of the castings at a distance of 0, 30, 60 and 90 mm from the
chilled copper mold surface. Alloys including Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni and Ti were
added to the specimens. Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) was employed to
examine distribution of elements between the dendrite arms and nodular
graphite. Results show that unidirectional heat transfer affects directly the
solidification mode and microstructure of the casting. The cooling curves
reveal that local solidification time increases with increasing distance from
the chilled copper mold surface. Different solidification rates with
corresponding microstructure and element segregation were observed in the
same unidirectionally solidified casting. Local solidification time was
closely related to element segregation. The effective segregation coefficient
(Keff) calculated using the Scheil equation was found to vary, according to
the stage of solidification. The actual segregation characteristics of
complex alloys generally follow the Scheil equation.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Bi-M (M = Ti, Cr, V) systems
Authors: Cao Z. , Xin J. , Chen C. , Liu S. , Hu B. , Tang C. , Du Y.
Published: July 2013

The Bi-M (M = Ti, Cr, V) systems have been critically reviewed and modeled by
means of the CALPHAD technique. All the intermetallics (BiTi3, BiTi2, Bi9Ti8,
Bi3Ti2 and Bi2Ti) were treated as stoichiometric compounds. The enthalpy of
formation at 0 K for BiTi2 was computed via first-principles calculations to
assist the thermodynamic modeling. The gas phases for the Bi-Cr and Bi-V
systems were treated as ideal gas. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic
parameters has been finally obtained for each of these binary systems.
Comparisons between the calculated and measured phase diagrams as well as
first-principles calculations show that most of experimental data can be
satisfactorily reproduced by the present thermodynamic descriptions.
Challenges to Healthy Eating for People With Diabetes in a Low-Income, Minority Neighborhood
Authors: Breland Jessica Y. , McAndrew Lisa M. , Gross Rachel L. , Leventhal Howard , Horowitz Carol R.
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE

This study used qualitative interviews with black and Latino participants with diabetes to further understanding about types of foods eaten, food preparation, sources of foods and meals, communication with providers, and effects of race and ethnicity on eating in this population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Researchers recruited black and Latino adults from East Harlem, New York, to participate in four English and Spanish focus groups. Discussions were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to uncover prevalent themes, which were interpreted with the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven adults with diabetes participated in four focus groups. The following four major themes emerged from the analyses: 1) The food environment limited participants’ access to healthy foods; 2) understanding of diabetes and communication with clinicians about healthy eating was limited and abstract; 3) the short-term, negative consequences of healthy eating outweighed the benefits; and 4) stress, in large part from poverty and discrimination, was seen as a causal factor for both poor eating and diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants’ responses indicated that using healthy eating to control diabetes does not provide immediate, tangible results. Thus, these participants followed their own common sense to guide their diabetes management and improve their health. Clinicians may be better able to help patients eat healthfully if they consider these factors during medical visits.
Categorical Analysis of the Impact of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training, Alone and in Combination, on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Johannsen Neil M. , Swift Damon L. , Lavie Carl J. , Earnest Conrad P. , Blair Steven N. , Church Timothy S.
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE

Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Age-predicted, sex-stratified, and maximal MET cut points have been developed to determine the risk of CVD events and mortality in low CRF categories. We examined the proportion of Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes (HART-D) participants above these cut points before and after 9 months of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), or a combination of both (ATRT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants from the HART-D study (n = 196) who were randomly assigned to exercise training (AT, RT, or ATRT) or to a nonexercise control group between April 2007 and August 2009 were used in this ancillary study. Cut points were previously established for age-predicted METs (>100% and >85%, mean and increased CVD risk, respectively), age- and sex-stratified METs (Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study), and clinically discernible METs (men >8.0, women >6.5).

RESULTS

Baseline prevalence of participants above these cut points was similar for all intervention groups (P > 0.50) and ranged from 11.9% (>100% age predicted) to 55.1% (>85% age predicted). Baseline prevalence and age-, sex-, and race/ethnic group–adjusted percentage of participants above each cut point increased significantly after AT and ATRT (P < 0.05 for all).

CONCLUSIONS

Structured exercise training, especially the AT component, was associated with a greater number of participants moving above established cut points indicative of low CRF. These results have public health and clinical implications for the growing number of patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for CVD.