bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auf welcher Seite des Baumes können Reflexionsfolien die Fruchtfarbe stärker verbessern?
Authors: Hess Patrick , Blanke Michael
Published: June 2021

Im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit sollte untersucht werden, wie weit und von welcher Seite des Baumes bzw. Baumreihe Reflexionsfolien aus Kunststoff (in der Fahrgasse) und recyceltem Aluminium (direkt unter den Bäumen) zur Verbesserung der Fruchtfarbe im Herbst beitragen.

Aus früheren Arbeiten war bekannt, dass die Lichtstrahlung durch Gewebefolien weit in die Baumkrone reflektiert wird, aber nicht, ob diese Lichtstärke ausreicht, die Äpfel in verschiedenen Regionen der Baumkrone besser zu färben und ob Aluminiumfolie die gleiche Wirkung zeigt.

Daher wurden 90 neun Jahre alte Apfelbäume der Sorte ‘Braeburn, Hillwell‘ auf M 9 unter grauem Hagelnetz auf dem Campus Klein-Altendorf der Universität Bonn im September 2018 – einem Jahr mit guter Fruchtausfärbung – untersucht. Die Apfelbäume waren als schlanke Spindel erzogen und die Reihen zur Optimierung der Lichtnutzung in N‑S-Ausrichtung gepflanzt. Die Gewebefolie Lumilys mit 2,6 m Breite wurde in den Fahrgassen und eine Folie aus 80 % recyceltem Aluminium 2 × 60 cm breit direkt unter den Bäumen ca. 6 Wochen vor dem geschätzten Erntetermin ausgelegt. Als chemische Variante wurden Bäume mit dem Biostimulanz StimplexTM mit 2 × 4 l/ha nach Herstellerempfehlung behandelt; Bäume der gleichen Reihen ohne Behandlung dienten als Kontrolle. Ab 6 Wochen vor der Ernte wurden 3600 Farbwinkelmessungen an den gleichen 180 Apfelfrüchten am Baum durchgeführt mit folgenden Ergebnissen

Die schlechtere Rotfärbung der Apfelfrüchte auf der Ostseite (Kontrolle ca. 69°hue) als auf der Westseite (ca. 51°hue) kann eine Farbverbesserung auf der Ostseite des Baumes durch Folien, Chemikalien oder andere Mittel erfordern.

Auf dieser schlecht belichteten Ostseite zeigten die Apfelfrüchte im unteren Kronenbereich unter 1 m Kronenhöhe die schlechteste Rotfärbung – mit 66,4°hue bei Stimplex, 69,1°hue in der Kontrolle und 70,4°hue bei Folienwechsel.

Auf dieser schlecht belichteten Ostseite unter 1 m Kronenhöhe zeigten die Reflexionsfolien die stärkste Wirkung – mit guter Rotfärbung der Apfelfrüchte direkt über der Aluminiumfolie (53,3°hue) und sowohl über der Gewebefolie Lumilys in jeder (59,6°hue) als auch jeder 2. Reihe (57°hue).

Auf der gut belichteten Westseite im Kronenbereich über 1 m zeigten die Reflexionsfolien dagegen eine geringe Wirkung; nur in diesem Bereich verbesserten weder die Aluminium- noch die Textilfolie Lumilys die Rotfärbung.

Das Auslegen der Gewebefolie Lumilys in jeder 2. Reihe bzw. Fahrgasse erzielte eine gleich gute Verbesserung der Rotfärbung wie das Auslegen in jeder Reihe und die (recycelte) Aluminiumfolie direkt unter den Bäumen.

Generell wirkten die Reflexionsfolien – unabhängig von Material und Auslegen – auf die Fruchtausfärbung in diesem Jahr 2018 am besten an den stärker beschatteten Stellen in der Baumkrone.
Repeated talaporfin sodium photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer: safety and efficacy
Authors: Tamaoki Masashi , Yokoyama Akira , Horimatsu Takahiro , Hirohashi Kenshiro , Amanuma Yusuke , Higuchi Hirokazu , Mitani Yosuke , Yoshioka Masahiro , Ohashi Shinya , Muto Manabu
Published: June 2021

Background

Talaporfin sodium photodynamic therapy (tPDT) is an effective salvage treatment for local failure after chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Repeated tPDT could also be indicated for local recurrence or residue after the first salvage tPDT. However, the safety and efficacy of repeated tPDT have not been elucidated.

Methods

We reviewed 52 patients with esophageal cancer who were treated with the first tPDT at Kyoto University Hospital between October 2015 and April 2020.

Results

Among 52 patients, repeated tPDT after the first tPDT was indicated for 13 patients (25%), of which six had residual tumor, four had local recurrence after complete response (CR) after the first tPDT at the primary site, and six had metachronous lesion. The total session of repeated tPDT was 25; 16 were for primary sites and nine were for metachronous sites. Among them, six patients (46.2%) achieved local (L)-CR and nine lesions (56.3%) achieved lesion L-CR. By session, 10 sessions (40%) achieved L-CR. There were no severe adverse events except for one patient; this patient showed grade 3 esophageal stenosis and perforation after the third tPDT on the same lesion that was previously treated with porfimer sodium photodynamic therapy four times.

Conclusion

Repeated tPDT could be an effective and safe treatment for local failure even after salvage tPDT for esophageal cancer.
Therapeutic Properties of Highly Selective β-blockers With or Without Additional Vasodilator Properties: Focus on Bisoprolol and Nebivolol in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: AlHabeeb Waleed , Mrabeti Sanaa , Abdelsalam Ahmed Adel Ibrahim
Published: June 2021

Bisoprolol and nebivolol are highly selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonists, with clinical indications in many countries within the management of heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and hypertension. Nebivolol has additional vasodilator actions, related to enhanced release of NO in the vascular wall. In principle, this additional mechanism compared with bisoprolol might lead to more potent vasodilatation, which in turn might influence the effectiveness of nebivolol in the management of HFrEF, IHD and hypertension. In this article, we review the therapeutic properties of bisoprolol and nebivolol, as representatives of “second generation” and “third generation” β-blockers, respectively. Although head-to-head trials are largely lacking, there is no clear indication from published studies of an additional effect of nebivolol on clinical outcomes in patients with HFrEF or the magnitude of reductions of BP in patients with hypertension.
Data challenges for future plant gene editing: expert opinion
Authors: Lassoued Rim , Macall Diego M. , Smyth Stuart J. , Phillips Peter W. B. , Hesseln Hayley
Published: June 2021

Agricultural data in its multiple forms are ubiquitous. With progress in crop and input monitoring systems and price reductions over the past decade, data are now being captured at an unprecedented rate. Once compiled, organized and analyzed, these data are capable of providing valuable insights into much of the agri-food supply chain. While much of the focus is on precision farming, agricultural data applications coupled with gene editing tools hold the potential to enhance crop performance and global food security. Yet, digitization of agriculture is a double-edged sword as it comes with inherent security and privacy quandaries. Infrastructure, policies, and practices to better harness the value of data are still lacking. This article reports expert opinions about the potential challenges regarding the use of data relevant to the development and approval of new crop traits as well as mechanisms employed to manage and protect data. While data could be of great value, issues of intellectual property and accessibility surround many of its forms. The key finding of this research is that surveyed experts optimistically report that by 2030, the synergy of computing power and genome editing could have profound effects on the global agri-food system, but that the European Union may not participate fully in this transformation.
Phases of collaborative mathematical problem solving and joint attention: a case study utilizing mobile gaze tracking
Authors: Salminen-Saari Jessica F. A. , Garcia Moreno-Esteva Enrique , Haataja Eeva , Toivanen Miika , Hannula Markku S. , Laine Anu
Published: June 2021

Given the recent development of mobile gaze-tracking devices it has become possible to view and interpret what the student sees and unravel the associated problem-solving processes further. It has also become possible to pinpoint joint attention occurrences that are fundamental for learning. In this study, we examined joint attention in collaborative mathematical problem solving. We studied the thought processes of four 15–16-year-old students in their regular classroom, using mobile gaze tracking, video and audio recordings, and smartpens. The four students worked as a group to find the shortest path to connect the vertices of a square. Combining information on the student gaze targets with a qualitative interpretation of the context, we identified the occurrences of joint attention, out of which 49 were joint visual attention occurrences and 28 were attention to different representations of the same mathematical idea. We call this joint representational attention. We discovered that ‘verifying’ (43%) and ‘watching and listening’ (35%) were the most common phases during joint attention. The most frequently occurring problem solving phases right after joint attention were also ‘verifying’ (47%) and ‘watching and listening’ (34%). We detected phase cycles commonly found in individual problem-solving processes (‘planning and exploring’, ‘implementing’, and ‘verifying’) outside of joint attention. We also detected phase shifts between ‘verifying’, ‘watching and listening’, and ‘understanding’ a problem, often occurring during joint attention. Therefore, these phases can be seen as a signal of successful interaction and the promotion of collaboration.
Palaeoclimatic models - predicted changes in the potential Neogene distribution patterns of Phlebotomus similis and Phlebotomus sergenti (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Trájer Attila J.
Published: June 2021

Former studies proposed that the speciation of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus happened in the Neogene Epoch in the circum-Mediterranean region due to the geographical segregation effect of the former Paratethys Sea. It was aimed to study whether the modelled Neogene ranges of Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus similis support or contradict this barrier role of the Paratethys in the speciation of Paraphlebotomus sandfly. For this purpose, the potential Neogene geographical ranges of Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus similis were modelled based on the present climatic requirements of the taxa. The Miocene models do not support the circum-Paratethyan migration of the ancestor of Phlebotomus similis. In general, Phlebotomus similis shows a low affinity to the North Paratethyan shorelines during the entire Miocene epoch. The only exceptions are the Tortonian and early Messinian periods when the climatic conditions could be suitable for Phlebotomus similis in the North Paratethyan shorelines. It was found that neither the modelled late Miocene, Pliocene nor the mid-Pleistocene period distributions of Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus similis shows notable differences in the suitability values in the Balkans and the Middle East. It is most plausible that the divergence of the Phlebotomus similis and its relatives was related to the tectonic subsidence of the Hellene Orogenic Belt and Phlebotomus similis specialised in the Balkan Peninsula and the present-day North Pontic area during the middle-late Miocene epoch. The Messinian desiccations of the Mediterranean Basin and the Zanclean re-flood caused the migration, but not the speciation of Phlebotomus similis and its sister taxa.
Possible Recycling of End-of-Life Dolomite Refractories by the Production of Geopolymer-Based Composites: Experimental Investigation
Authors: Furlani E. , Rondinella A. , Aneggi E. , Maschio S.
Published: June 2021

Production and characterization of geopolymers prepared by mixing metakaolin, end-of-life dolomite refractories, sodium silicate solution, and sodium hydroxide solution have been performed. The as-received refractory was crumbled in order to obtain products having, respectively, 250 μm, 1 mm, and 2.5 mm maximum particles size. Each batch of powder was added in different proportions to a blank geopolymeric matrix. It has been observed that the addition of waste refractory reduces workability of the reference refractory-free slurry. After hardening, only the set of samples prepared with powders with maximum size of 250 μm maintain integrity while the others resulted affected by the presence of fractures caused by volumetric instabilities; samples with composition R100 showed the highest compressive strength, whereas higher refractory addition lowers strength. Specific surface area appears independent by materials composition; conversely pore volume slightly increases with the addition of dolomite refractory powder. During the thermodilatometric tests all compositions display a shrinkage of about 0.1% between 170 and 400 °C; however, sintering starts at higher temperature (above 600 °C) and samples melt in the range between 650 and 750 °C as a function of their composition, thus showing that the resulting materials loose refractoriness with respect to both the reference geopolymer and the dolomite refractory.

Graphical Abstract
Life History Recorded in the Vagino-Cervical Microbiome Along with Multi-Omes
Authors: Jie Zhuye , Chen Chen , Hao Lilan , Li Fei , Song Liju , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhu Jie , Tian Liu , Tong Xin , Cai Kaiye , Zhang Zhe , Ju Yanmei , Yu Xinlei , Li Ying , Zhou Hongcheng , Lu Haorong , Qiu Xuemei , Li Qiang , Liao Yunli , Zhou Dongsheng , Lian Heng , Zuo Yong , Chen Xiaomin , Rao Weiqiao , Ren Yan , Wang Yuan , Zi Jin , Wang Rong , Liu Na , Wu Jinghua , Zhang Wei , Liu Xiao , Zong Yang , Liu Weibin , Xiao Liang , Hou Yong , Xu Xun , Yang Huanming , Wang Jian , Kristiansen Karsten , Jia Huijue
Published: June 2021

The vagina contains at least a billion microbial cells, dominated by lactobacilli. Here we perform metagenomic shotgun sequencing on cervical and fecal samples from a cohort of 516 Chinese women of reproductive age, as well as cervical, fecal, and salivary samples from a second cohort of 632 women. Factors such as pregnancy  history, delivery history, cesarean section, and breast  feeding were all more important than menstrual cycle in shaping the microbiome, and such information would be necessary before trying to interpret differences between vagino-cervical microbiome data. Greater proportion of Bifidobacterium breve was seen with older age at sexual debut. The relative abundance of lactobacilli especially Lactobacillus crispatus was negatively associated with pregnancy history. Potential markers for lack of menstrual regularity, heavy flow, dysmenorrhea, and contraceptives were also identified. Lactobacilli were rare during breastfeeding or post-menopause. Other features such as mood fluctuations and facial speckles could potentially be predicted from the vagino-cervical microbiome. Gut and salivary microbiomes, plasma vitamins, metals, amino acids, and hormones showed associations with the vagino-cervical microbiome. Our results offer an unprecedented glimpse into the microbiota of the female reproductive tract and call for international collaborations to better understand its long-term health impact other than in the settings of infection or pre-term birth.
Morality and Metaphysics
Authors: Larmore Charles
Published: June 2021

In this book, Charles Larmore develops an account of morality, freedom, and reason that rejects the naturalistic metaphysics shaping much of modern thought. Reason, Larmore argues, is responsiveness to reasons, and reasons themselves are essentially normative in character, consisting in the way that physical and psychological facts - facts about the world of nature - count in favor of possibilities of thought and action that we can take up. Moral judgments are true or false in virtue of the moral reasons there are. We need therefore a more comprehensive metaphysics that recognizes a normative dimension to reality as well. Though taking its point of departure in the analysis of moral judgment, this book branches widely into related topics such as freedom and the causal order of the world, textual interpretation, the nature of the self, self-knowledge, and the concept of duties to ourselves.
Impact of antibiotic heterogeneity by periodic antibiotic monitoring and supervision strategy at two units with different prevalences of multidrug-resistant organisms
Authors: Chaononghin Surachai , Jantarathaneewat Kittiya , Weber David J. , Warren David K. , Apisarnthanarak Anucha
Published: June 2021

In an intensive care unit, antibiotic heterogeneity led to an increase in antibiotic heterogeneity index (P = .002) and a reduction in carbapenem-resistance Enterobacteriaceae incidence (P = .04). In a general medicine unit with low prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms, antibiotic heterogeneity index and incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms did not improve.
The impact of patient-reported penicillin or cephalosporin allergy on surgical site infections
Authors: Seidelman Jessica L. , Moehring Rebekah W. , Weber David J. , Anderson Deverick J. , Lewis Sarah S.
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To determine the impact of a documented penicillin or cephalosporin allergy on the development of surgical site infections (SSIs).

Background:

Appropriate preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis reduces SSI risk, but documented antibiotic allergies influence the choice of prophylactic agents. Few studies have examined the relationship between a reported antibiotic allergy and risk of SSI and to what extent this relationship is modified by the antibiotic class given for prophylaxis.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass, craniotomy, spinal fusion, laminectomy, hip arthroplasty and knee arthroplasty at 3 hospitals from July 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017. We built a multivariable logistic regression model to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of developing an SSI among patients with and without patient-reported penicillin or cephalosporin allergies. We also examined effect measure modification (EMM) to determine whether surgical prophylaxis affected the association between reported allergy and SSI.

Results:

We analyzed 39,972 procedures; 1,689 (4.2%) with a documented patient penicillin or cephalosporin allergy, and 374 (0.9%) resulted in an SSI. Patients with a reported penicillin or cephalosporin allergy were more likely to develop an SSI compared to patients who did not report an allergy to penicillin or cephalosporins (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95% confidence interval, 2.71–3.93). Surgical prophylaxis did not have significant EMM on this association.

Conclusions:

Patients who reported a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy had higher odds of developing an SSI than nonallergic patients. However, the increase in odds is not completely mediated by the type of surgical prophylaxis. Instead, a reported allergy may be a surrogate marker for a more complicated patient population.
Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean, Preliminary Objections (ITLOS)
Authors: Burri Thomas , Trinidad Jamie
Published: June 2021

On January 28, 2021, a Special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) delivered a judgment in which it rejected preliminary objections raised by the Maldives in arbitral proceedings instituted by Mauritius, concerning the delimitation of the maritime boundary north of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.
Factors influencing complementary feeding practices in rural and semi-urban Rwanda: a qualitative study
Authors: Umugwaneza Maryse , Havemann-Nel Lize , Vorster Hester H. , Wentzel-Viljoen Edelweiss
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present study was to identify and describe the factors influencing feeding practices of children aged 6–23 months in Rwanda. This is a cross-sectional descriptive qualitative study. A total of ten focus group discussions were conducted separately with mothers, fathers, grandmothers and community health workers (CHWs) from five different districts in Rwanda. The discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed using qualitative data analysis software, Atlas.ti. The study participants were mothers, fathers and grandmothers of children aged 6–23 months and CHWs in charge of child health. Caregivers’ knowledge and beliefs about the benefits of breast-feeding and timely introduction of complementary food were found to be the primary individual factors facilitating good infant and young child feeding practices. The common belief of caregivers that infants should be given liquids (thin gruel, fruit juices and meat broth) as first foods instead of semi-solid foods was a barrier to good feeding practices. The community-based nutrition education and counselling programmes were facilitators of good complementary practices at the group level. At the society level, poverty in rural agrarian households was a barrier to optimal feeding practices. The study shows that there is a need to empower caregivers with more specific guidelines, especially on complementary feeding.
FOSSIL FUEL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION: A STRATEGY USING RADIOCARBON, N-ALKANES, AND ALGAE
Authors: Silva Túlio César Aguiar , Carvalho Carla , Libardoni Bruno , Macario Kita , de Lima Felippe Braga , Pimenta Mariana Cruz , de Oliveira Maria Isabela Nascimento , Bernardes Marcelo Corrêa , Marques Gabriela da Silva , Pinto Fernanda , de Souza Rosa , Cavalcanti Diana Negrão
Published: June 2021

Fossil fuels are of utmost importance to the world we live in today. However, their use can cause major impacts on the environment, especially on water resources. In this regard, algae have been intensively used as a strategy for remediation and monitoring of environmental pollution due to its efficient absorption of contaminants. In this work, samples of seaweed collected in Niterói/RJ—contaminated with kerosene and diesel—were analyzed by radiocarbon (14C) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and by n-alkane quantification with gas chromatography to evaluate bioaccumulation in function of the dosage of contaminants. The biogenic content measured by radiocarbon analysis resulted in 95.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of kerosene and 67.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of diesel. The maximum intensity of n-C17 n-alkane in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL, and 15 mL of diesel was 768.2, 1878.1, and 5699.2 ng.g-1, respectively. While the maximum concentration of n-C27 in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL and 15 mL of kerosene was 3.3, 35.9, and 150.3 ng.g-1. We concluded that, for both contaminants, their incorporation into algae increases as the contamination dosage increases, making this methodology an effective technique for monitoring and remediation of urban aquatic ecosystems.
Poland's Colonial Aspirations and the Question of a Mandate over Liberia, 1933–1939
Authors: Skulimowska Milena
Published: June 2021

This article examines Poland's political and economic involvement in Liberia in the 1930s in an attempt to address the question of how countries that were not classical colonial powers were engaging in colonialism. Interwar Poland was a newly established country struggling to achieve political stability and economic growth. Looking for a solution to the economic difficulties, Poland started to show an interest in obtaining colonies in Africa. This interest developed into the colonial movement. Poland attempted to establish a long-lasting economic and political presence in Liberia in the 1930s. This attempt failed; however, Polish involvement in Liberia demonstrates the effect that the idea of colonialism had on Polish society and the Polish government.
Growth of prefrontal and limbic brain regions and anxiety disorders in children born very preterm
Authors: Gilchrist Courtney P. , Thompson Deanne K. , Alexander Bonnie , Kelly Claire E. , Treyvaud Karli , Matthews Lillian G. , Pascoe Leona , Zannino Diana , Yates Rosemary , Adamson Chris , Tolcos Mary , Cheong Jeanie L. Y. , Inder Terrie E. , Doyle Lex W. , Cumberland Angela , Anderson Peter J.
Published: June 2021

Background

Children born very preterm (VP) display altered growth in corticolimbic structures compared with full-term peers. Given the association between the cortiocolimbic system and anxiety, this study aimed to compare developmental trajectories of corticolimbic regions in VP children with and without anxiety diagnosis at 13 years.

Methods

MRI data from 124 VP children were used to calculate whole brain and corticolimbic region volumes at term-equivalent age (TEA), 7 and 13 years. The presence of an anxiety disorder was assessed at 13 years using a structured clinical interview.

Results

VP children who met criteria for an anxiety disorder at 13 years (n = 16) displayed altered trajectories for intracranial volume (ICV, p < 0.0001), total brain volume (TBV, p = 0.029), the right amygdala (p = 0.0009) and left hippocampus (p = 0.029) compared with VP children without anxiety (n = 108), with trends in the right hippocampus (p = 0.062) and left medial orbitofrontal cortex (p = 0.079). Altered trajectories predominantly reflected slower growth in early childhood (0–7 years) for ICV (β = −0.461, p = 0.020), TBV (β = −0.503, p = 0.021), left (β = −0.518, p = 0.020) and right hippocampi (β = −0.469, p = 0.020) and left medial orbitofrontal cortex (β = −0.761, p = 0.020) and did not persist after adjusting for TBV and social risk.

Conclusions

Region- and time-specific alterations in the development of the corticolimbic system in children born VP may help to explain an increase in anxiety disorders observed in this population.
The Impact of Political Apologies on Public Opinion
Authors: Kitagawa Risa , Chu Jonathan A.
Published: June 2021

Apology diplomacy promises to assuage historical grievances held by foreign publics, yet in practice appears to ignite domestic backlash, raising questions about its efficacy. This article develops a theory of how political apologies affect public approval of an apologizing government across domestic and foreign contexts. The authors test its implications using large-scale survey experiments in Japan and the United States. In the surveys, the authors present vignettes about World War II grievances and randomize the nature of a government apology. They find that apology-making, both as statements acknowledging wrongdoing and as expressions of remorse, boosts approval in the recipient state. But in the apologizing state, backlash is likely among individuals with strong hierarchical group dispositions—manifested as nationalism, social-dominance orientation, and conservatism—and among those who do not consider the recipient a strategically important partner. This microlevel evidence reveals how leaders face a crucial trade-off between improving support abroad and risking backlash at home, with implications for the study of diplomatic communication and transitional justice.
Bidirectional and transactional relationships between parenting styles and child symptoms of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety over 6 years
Authors: Allmann Anna E. S. , Klein Daniel N. , Kopala-Sibley Daniel C.
Published: June 2021

It is well established that mothers’ parenting impacts children's adjustment. However, much less is known about how children's psychopathology impacts their mothers’ parenting and how parenting and child symptoms relate either bidirectionally (i.e., a relationship in both directions over two time points) or transactionally (i.e., a process that unfolds over time) to one another over a span of several years. In addition, relatively little research addresses the role of fathers’ parenting in the development of children's symptoms and, conversely, how children may elicit certain types of parenting from fathers. In this study, data were collected from 491 families on mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles (authoritarianism, authoritativeness, permissiveness, and overprotectiveness) and children's symptoms of psychopathology (attention deficit, oppositional defiant, depression, and anxiety) when children were age 3, 6, and 9 years old. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that parents and children affected one another in a bidirectional and transactional fashion over the course of the six years studied. Results suggest that children's symptoms may compound over time partially because they reduce exposure to adaptive and increase exposure to maladaptive parenting styles. Likewise, maladaptive parenting may persist over time due to the persistence of children's symptoms.
Geographical variation and temporal trend in anemia among children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries during 2000–2018: forecasting the 2030 SDG target
Authors: Hasan Md. Mehedi , Magalhaes Ricardo J Soares , Ahmed Saifuddin , Pervin Sonia , Tariqujjaman Md. , Fatima Yaqoot , Mamun Abdullah A
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To examine geographical variations, trends and projections in the prevalence of childhood anemia at national and subpopulation levels.

Design:

Repeated cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted during 2000–2018.

Setting:

Fifty-three low- and middle-income countries (LMIC)

Participants:

Totally, 776 689 children aged 6–59 months.

Results:

During the latest DHS rounds between 2005 and 2018, the prevalence of child anemia was > 20 % in fifty-two out of fifty-three countries and ranged from 15·9 % in Armenia in 2016 to 87·8 % in Burkina Faso in 2010. Out of thirty-six countries with at least two surveys during 2000–2018, the prevalence of child anemia decreased in twenty-two countries, highest in Zimbabwe (–4·2 %) and increased in fourteen countries, highest in Burundi (5·0 %). Based on the trend, eleven and twenty-two out of thirty-six countries are projected to experience, respectively, moderate and severe public health problem according to the WHO criteria (moderate problem: 20–39·9 % and severe problem: ≥ 40 %) due to child anemia in 2030, with the highest prevalence in Liberia (87·5 %, 95 % credible interval 52·0–98·8 %). The prevalence of child anemia varied across the mother’s education and age, child sex, wealth quintiles, and place of residence, with the highest rate of child anemia among the poorest, rural and low-educated mothers. These scenarios are projected to continue. The probability of reducing child anemia at < 0·5 % by 2030 is 0 % for all study countries.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of child anemia varied between and within countries. None of the thirty-six LMIC is likely to eradicate child anemia by 2030.
Listening to the voices of adolescents for the design of strategies to promote healthy eating: an exploratory study in a Latin American country
Authors: Ares Gastón , Antúnez Lucía , Alcaire Florencia , Vidal Leticia , Bove Isabel
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To explore adolescents’ views about the foods they consume and to identify their ideas about strategies to encourage healthier eating habits.

Design:

Individual questionnaires based on open-ended questions and group discussions (6–8 participants) were used to address the objectives. Data were analysed using content analysis based on deductive-inductive coding.

Setting:

Montevideo and its metropolitan area (Uruguay, Latin America).

Participants:

Totally, 102 adolescents (aged between 11 and 15 years, 52 % female) recruited at two educational institutions.

Results:

Adolescents reported frequently consuming ultra-processed products and fast food although they were perceived as bad for their health, whereas they reported an infrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. Multifaceted strategies to promote healthy eating habits emerged from adolescents’ accounts, including public awareness campaigns, nutrition education programmes, nutrition label standards and regulations, and changes in food availability and affordability.

Conclusions:

Results from the present work suggest that co-creation with adolescents may be an effective way to inform the development of strategies to promote healthier eating habits. The strategies suggested by adolescents were mainly focused on behaviour change communication, who emphasised the importance of social media and the involvement of celebrities and influencers. The need for educational and communication strategies to raise awareness of the social and environmental drivers of eating patterns among adolescents was identified.
Absorption and translocation of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in ten aquatic plant species
Authors: Haug Erika J. , Ahmed Khalied A. , Gannon Travis W. , Richardson Rob J.
Published: June 2021

Additional active ingredients are needed for use in aquatic systems to respond to new threats or treatment scenarios, enhance selectivity, reduce use rates, and mitigate the risk of herbicide resistance. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a new synthetic auxin developed for use as an aquatic herbicide. A study was conducted at North Carolina State University in which 10 µg L−1 of 25% radiolabeled florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied to the isolated shoot tissue of 10 different aquatic plant species to elucidate absorption and translocation patterns in these species. Extremely high levels of shoot absorption were observed for all species, and uptake was rapid. Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A192 = 20 µg g−1), dioecious hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] (A192 = 25.3 µg g−1), variable watermilfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.) (A192 = 40.1 µg g−1), and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A192 = 25.3 µg g−1). Evidence of translocation was observed in all rooted species tested, with the greatest translocation observed in N. cristata (1.28 µg g−1 at 192 h after treatment). The results of this study add to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the behavior of this newly registered herbicide within aquatic plants.
Arterial stiffness as an ultrasound biomarker of radiation-induced	carotid artery disease
Authors: Fernández-Alvarez Veronica , Nieto Carlos Suárez , Alvarez Fernando López
Published: June 2021

Summary: Background: Radiation-induced carotid artery disease (RICAD) is an important issue in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors after radiotherapy (RT). The risk of cerebrovascular disease in these patients is doubled. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of RT on carotid artery stiffness in HNC patients. Patients and methods: Conventional arterial stiffness parameters were measured in a total of 50 HNC survivors treated with RT for at least 5 years and compared to 50 unirradiated HNC patients. Elastic modulus (Ep) and Beta stiffness index (β) were measured in proximal, mid and distal common carotid artery (CCA). Results: The mean age of the subjects was 68±9 years (range: 44–84) in the irradiated group and 67±10 years (range: 45–85) in the control group. The RT group was treated with a mean radiation exposure of 60.3±6.7 Gy (range: 44–72) in the neck. Carotid stiffness parameters showed significant group differences: Ep in the RT group was 2.329±1.222 vs 1.742±828 in the non-RT group (p=0.006) and β index in the RT group was 23±11 vs 15±8 in the non-RT group (p<0.001). Radiation-induced carotid stiffness was quantified and cervical exposure to RT increased Ep in 575 kPa (p=0.014) and β in 7 units (p<0.003). Conclusions: Ep and β index could be suitable ultrasound biomarkers of radiation-induced atherosclerosis in HNC survivors. Further prospective studies are needed to feature RICD in this setting.
Risky Development: Increasing Exposure to Natural Hazards in the United States
Authors: Iglesias Virginia , Braswell Anna E. , Rossi Matthew W. , Joseph Maxwell B. , McShane Caitlin , Cattau Megan , Koontz Michael J. , McGlinchy Joe , Nagy R. Chelsea , Balch Jennifer , Leyk Stefan , Travis William R.
Published: June 2021

Losses from natural hazards are escalating dramatically, with more properties and critical infrastructure affected each year. Although the magnitude, intensity, and/or frequency of certain hazards has increased, development contributes to this unsustainable trend, as disasters emerge when natural disturbances meet vulnerable assets and populations. To diagnose development patterns leading to increased exposure in the conterminous United States (CONUS), we identified earthquake, flood, hurricane, tornado, and wildfire hazard hotspots, and overlaid them with land use information from the Historical Settlement Data Compilation data set. Our results show that 57% of structures (homes, schools, hospitals, office buildings, etc.) are located in hazard hotspots, which represent only a third of CONUS area, and ∼1.5 million buildings lie in hotspots for two or more hazards. These critical levels of exposure are the legacy of decades of sustained growth and point to our inability, lack of knowledge, or unwillingness to limit development in hazardous zones. Development in these areas is still growing more rapidly than the baseline rates for the nation, portending larger future losses even if the effects of climate change are not considered.
Rare Event Algorithm Study of Extreme Warm Summers and Heatwaves Over Europe
Authors: Ragone F. , Bouchet F.
Published: June 2021

The analysis of extremes in climate models is hindered by the lack of statistics due to the computational costs required to run simulations long enough to sample rare events. We demonstrate how rare event algorithms can improve the statistics of extreme events in state‐of‐the‐art climate models. We study extreme warm summers and heatwaves over France and Scandinavia with CESM1.2.2 in present‐day climate. The algorithm concentrates the simulations on events of importance, and shifts the probability distributions of regional temperatures such that warm summers become common. We estimate return times of extremes orders of magnitude larger than what feasible with direct sampling, and we compute statistically significant composite maps of dynamical quantities conditional on the occurence of the extremes. We show that extreme warm summers are associated to wavenumber 3 hemispheric teleconnection patterns, and that the most extreme summers are related to the succession of rare subseasonal heatwaves.
Phosphate Scavenging During Lava‐Seawater Interaction Offshore of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii
Authors: Foreman Rhea K. , Björkman Karin M. , Funkey Carolina P. , Hawco Nicholas J. , Wilson Samuel T. , Rohrer Tully , White Angelicque E. , John Seth G. , Karl David M.
Published: June 2021

The 2018, subaerial eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, resulted in a 5‐km‐long stretch of coastline that actively drained lava into the ocean. Nutrients were added to the surrounding ocean through the dissolution of basaltic rock and thermal upwelling of deep water, thereby fueling a large phytoplankton bloom. Lava‐impacted, surface seawater had high suspended particle loads, and concentrations of chlorophyll, silicic acid, phosphate (Pi), nitrate, and iron that were elevated up to 12, 36, 5, 960, and 1,400 times, respectively, above the background oligotrophic levels. Widespread precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides (Feox) led to extensive scavenging of the dissolved Pi pool, similar to what occurs along mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. This scavenging transformed a “fertilization” event into a Pi sink near the coast of the ocean entry; however, nutrient data from outside the bloom suggest that Pi could also desorb from the Feox as it is dispersed into the open ocean. From lava quench experiments, we estimate that the hydration state of the Feox precipitate (H2O/Fe) was 5.2–5.7, and that the equilibrium partition coefficient of Pi into Feox (solid/liquid) was 106. In addition, 33Pi radiotracer incubations were used to differentiate between biotic and abiotic uptake of Pi at Kīlauea's ocean entry. These findings are important for understanding modern‐day volcanic fertilization events, modeling nutrient dynamics during major events in Earth history (such as oxygenation of the atmosphere and the formation of large igneous provinces), and predicting the marine response to greater continental weathering in a warming climate.
Evidence for Latent Crustal Fluid Injection Transients in Southern California From Long‐Duration Earthquake Swarms
Authors: Ross Zachary E. , Cochran Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2021

Earthquake swarms are manifestations of aseismic driving processes deep in the crust. We examine the spatiotemporal distribution of aseismic processes in Southern California using a 12‐years catalog of swarms derived with deep learning algorithms. In a core portion of the plate boundary region, which is not associated with elevated heat flow, we identify 92 long‐duration swarms ranging from 6 months to 7 years that constitute 26.4% of the total seismicity. We find that 53% of the swarms exhibit ultra‐slow diffusive patterns with propagating backfronts, consistent with expectations for natural fluid injection processes. The chronology of the swarms indicates that the aseismic driving processes were active at all times during 2008–2020. The observations challenge common views about the nature of swarms, which would characterize any one of these sequences as anomalous. The regional prevalence of these sequences suggests that transient fluid injection processes play a key role in crustal fluid transport.
Impacts of Ozone‐Vegetation Interactions on Ozone Pollution Episodes in North China and the Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Gong Cheng , Liao Hong , Yue Xu , Ma Yimian , Lei Yadong
Published: June 2021

Persistent ozone (O3) pollution episodes (OPEs, with regionally averaged maximum daily 8‐h average (MDA8) O3 concentration exceeding 80 ppbv and lasting for 5 days or longer) occurred frequently in megalopolis over eastern China in recent years. Here, we apply a newly developed chemistry‐biosphere model (GEOS‐Chem‐YIBs) to comprehensively quantify the vegetation contributions to OPEs in North China and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) over May to October in 2014–2017. The simulated MDA8 O3 concentrations increases 16.7 and 16.6 ppbv) during OPEs in North China and YRD, of which about 1.4 ppbv (8.4%) and 3.8 ppbv (22.9%) are caused by the processes including increased BVOC emissions and reduced stomatal dry deposition. Furthermore, the O3 damages to vegetation stomata slightly increase seasonal‐mean O3 concentrations by <1 ppbv, but such effects are not exacerbated during OPEs despite the high O3 exposure.
A Granular Jamming Model for Low‐Frequency Earthquakes
Authors: Sammis C. G. , Bostock M. G.
Published: June 2021

A catalog of low frequency events (LFEs) beneath Vancouver Island is analyzed in the context of a granular flow model. The catalog contains origin‐times and magnitudes of 269,423 LFEs grouped within 130 families and recorded between 2003 and 2013. Each family represents a distinct location within the boundary between the subducting Juan de Fuca and overriding North American plates. The LFEs occurred during 10 episodic tremor and slip (ETS) events that recurred at ∼14‐month intervals and lasted for about a week. With one exception, each family was active in all 10 ETS episodes. Our analysis suggests that LFEs do not follow Gutenberg‐Richter statistics, but are normally distributed with respect to magnitude and, therefore, log‐normally distributed with respect to moment. The Kostrov strain associated with the moments in a given family is used to estimate its size as L = 350 ± 15 m. These observations are explained through a model of granular flow in a channel that accommodates displacement along the plate boundary. In this model the LFE families correspond to granular jams in flow that persist over many ETS episodes. Each LFE is a slip between two grains in the jam. The log‐normal distribution of LFE moments can be ascribed to a theoretically predicted log‐normal distribution of grain sizes in each jam. This model explains the weak dependence of seismic duration on LFE moment because frictional slip between grains in an over‐pressured environment need not scale like a growing rupture in an elastic medium.
Quantification of Enhancement in Atmospheric CO2 Background Due to Indian Biospheric Fluxes and Fossil Fuel Emissions
Authors: Halder Santanu , Tiwari Yogesh K. , Valsala Vinu , Sreeush M. G. , Sijikumar S. , Janardanan Rajesh , Maksyutov Shamil
Published: June 2021

Regional carbon emissions impact global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) background concentrations. This study quantified the enhancement in the atmospheric CO2 mole fractions due to biospheric and fossil fuel fluxes from India. Sensitivity experiments using model simulations were conducted, allowing CO2 enhancement due to biospheric and fossil fuel fluxes from India to diffuse into the global atmospheric background. The areal extent of column‐averaged enhancement of 0.2 ppm and above due to Indian fluxes are spread over a larger area covering the Indian subcontinent, neighboring Asian regions, and the north Indian Ocean in all four seasons. The boundary layer CO2 enhancement due to biospheric fluxes (fossil fuel fluxes) have a maximum range of −2.6 to +1.4 ppm (1.8–2.0 ppm) most time of the year. At higher altitude, the amplitudes of enhancement are reduced from ±1.8 to ±0.6 ppm as we go up from 850 to 500 hPa due to diffusion by prevailing atmospheric dynamics and convection. With the information of the areal extent of >0.2 ppm CO2 enhancement due to Indian fluxes, we have evaluated the representativeness of satellite observations (GOSAT and OCO‐2) in capturing those enhancements. Both the satellite coverage show a similar number of observations (0.1 per day) during all seasons except for June to August, wherein the cloud screening eliminates almost all the satellite data over the region. Within this areal extent, the satellite XCO2 shows average anomalies of nearly ±2.0 ppm; it is a valuable piece of information because it is well above the retrieval uncertainty, yet capturing the potential enhancement due to fluxes from India. The study implies that the regions of enhancement greater than 0.2 ppm can be considered locations for surface observations representing Indian fluxes. Similarly, the region with enhancement greater than one ppm could be covered by satellites/airborne observations to discern enhancement in the atmospheric CO2 mole fractions due to Indian fluxes.
The pseudogene PRELID1P6 promotes glioma progression via the hnHNPH1-Akt/mTOR axis
Authors: Xi Shaoyan , Cai Haiping , Lu Jiabin , Zhang Yu , Yu Yanjiao , Chen Furong , Huang Qitao , Wang Fang , Chen Zhongping
Published: June 2021

Research over the past decade has suggested important roles for pseudogenes in glioma. This study aimed to show that pseudogene PRELI domain-containing 1 pseudogene 6 (PRELID1P6) promotes glioma progression. Aberrant expression of genes was screened using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. We found that mRNA level of PRELID1P6 was highly upregulated in glioma and was associated with a shorter survival time. Functional studies showed that the knockdown of PRELID1P6 decreased cell proliferation, sphere formation, and clone formation ability and blocked the cell cycle transition at G0/G1, while overexpression of PRELID1P6 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, knockdown of PRELID1P6 changed the cellular localization of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNPH1) from nucleus to cytoplasm, which promoted ubiquitin-mediated degradation of hnRNPH1. RNA-sequence and gene set enrichment analysis suggested that knockdown of PRELID1P6 regulates the apoptosis signaling pathway. Western blotting showed that PRELID1P6 increased TRF2 expression by hnRNPH1-mediated alternative splicing effect and activated the Akt/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, Akt inhibitor MK2206 treatment reversed the oncogenic function of PRELID1P6. PRELID1P6 was also found to be negatively regulated by miR-1825. Our result showed that PRELID1P6 promotes glioma progression through the hnHNPH1-Akt/mTOR pathway. These findings shed new light on the important role of PRELID1P6 as a novel oncogene for glioma.