bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Konsep Ekonomi Mercantilisme
Authors: RIZKULLAH MUSYAHID
Published: January 2024

Merkantilisme adalah “suatu teori ekonomi yang menyatakan bahwa kesejahteraan suatu negara hanya ditentukan oleh banyaknya aset atau modal yang disimpan oleh negara yang bersangkutan dan bahwa besarnya volume perdagangan global teramat sangat penting”. Merkantilisme mengajarkan bahwa pemerintahan suatu negara harus mencapai tujuan ini dengan melakukan perlindunga terhadap perekonomiannya, dengan mendorong ekspor (dengan banyak insentif) dan mengurangi impor (biasanya dengan pemberlakuan tarif yang besar). Kebijakan ekonomi yang bekerja dengan mekanisme seperti inilah yang dinamakan dengan sistem ekonomi merkantilisme
Pemikiran Konsep Ekonomi Laissez Faire Adam Smith
Authors: RIZKULLAH MUSYAHID
Published: January 2024

Permasalahan yang terjadi saat ini sangat kompleks dan menjadi perbincangan di masyarakat. Persoalan ini berkaitan dengan aktivitas perekonomian dimana sebagian pejabat hanya mengutamakan kepentingan pribadi dibandingkan kepentingan masyarakat. Adanya permasalahan ini dapat menimbulkan kebingungan. Sebab, pejabat yang seharusnya peduli rakyat justru mengutamakan kepentingan pribadi yang terpuaskan dengan hadirnya fasilitas dan kemewahan. Dalam sistem ekonomi kapitalis, perolehan kekayaan terjadi melalui proses akumulasi dan kemudian diinvestasikan untuk memperoleh keuntungan. Sistem perekonomian kapitalis disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat berkembang tidak hanya dalam satu arah saja melainkan dari banyak arah baik di tingkat nasional maupun internasional. Adam Smith adalah seorang pemikir klasik yang lahir di Skotlandia pada tahun 1723. Selain The Wealth of Nations, karyanya antara lain The Theory of Moral Sentiments pada tahun 1759, dan Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms pada tahun 1763. Cara berpikir ekonomi mengenai kapitalisme ini erat kaitannya dengan teori tangan tak kasat mata Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Dalam buku ini, Adam Smith pertama kali merumuskan gagasannya tentang ekonomi kapitalis. Adam Smith mendirikan sistem ini atas dasar sistem kebebasan alamiah yang mana setiap individu diberi kebebasan untuk mengejar kepentingannya sendiri.
Development and disorders of phonological processing in the brain
Authors: Wang Jin , Booth James R.
Published: January 2024

Phonological processing is measured behaviorally using phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming tasks. These tasks engage brain regions such as the superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus. This chapter is a selective review of behavioral and neural studies phonological processing as measured by these tasks. It focuses on the longitudinal development of phonological processing from early infancy to middle elementary years and its relations with language and reading skills. It also reviews how these tasks are related to neurodiversity, such as dyslexia, developmental language disorder, and cross-linguistic populations.
Pemikiran Ekonomi Robert Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo dan Jean-Baptiste Say
Authors: RIZKULLAH MUSYAHID
Published: January 2024

Pada abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19, masa yang dikenal dengan era ekonomi klasik, muncul tiga tokoh utama pemikiran ekonomi: Robert Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo dan Jean-Baptiste Say. Kehidupan dan pemikiran mereka tercermin dalam kondisi ekonomi dan sosial yang berubah dengan cepat pada masa Revolusi Industri dan periode pasca Perang Napoleon. Pada periode ini, masyarakat Eropa mengalami perubahan mendasar akibat revolusi industri. Pesatnya pertumbuhan manufaktur, perdagangan dan urbanisasi telah menciptakan tantangan baru dan merangsang pemikiran para pemikir ekonomi untuk memahami dan mengelola dampaknya. Malthus mengamati ketidakseimbangan antara pertumbuhan penduduk dan ketersediaan sumber daya, yang merupakan poin kuat dari tulisannya. Konteks revolusi industri dan perubahan sosial menjadi dasar analisisnya mengenai tekanan demografis terhadap pasokan. Seorang ekonom klasik Inggris, Ricardo hidup pada era transformasi ekonomi akibat Revolusi Industri. Pemikirannya mencerminkan tantangan perdagangan internasional yang berkembang pesat dan pertanyaan mengenai distribusi keuntungan. Say, ekonom Perancis, mengemukakan pandangan berbeda dari keyakinannya terhadap keseimbangan antara produksi dan konsumsi. Dalam konteks Perancis pasca-revolusioner, pemikirannya mencerminkan upaya untuk memahami dinamika ekonomi yang berkembang pasca perubahan politik dan sosial. Dengan demikian, pemikiran ketiga tokoh tersebut tidak hanya mencerminkan konsep-konsep ekonomi klasik namun juga merupakan respon terhadap isu-isu penting. masalah. tantangan dan perubahan dalam masyarakatnya. Melalui artikel ini, kita akan mengupas pandangan-pandangan mendalam tersebut dan dampaknya terhadap terbentuknya pemikiran ekonomi klasik.
Hierarchical Network Structure: A Novel Approach to Conceptualising ICD-11 Complex PTSD using a general population sample from Africa
Authors: Robinson Martin , Levin Yafit , Hyland Philip , Karatzias Thanos , Ben-Ezra Menachem
Published: January 2024

BackgroundInvestigations have sought to model the structure of ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD) using factor analytic models, finding support for higher-order domains representing PTSD and Disturbances in Self Organisation (DSO). Network analysis has alternatively modelled CPTSD through dimensional symptom associations.MethodologyThis study investigated the hierarchical structure of CPTSD leveraging a novel Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) using African general population samples (n=2,524).ResultsTwo structural representations were examined: a single-order network revealing PTSD and DSO communities, and a hierarchical network identifying higher-order communities and specific symptom domains. Results indicate the superiority of the hierarchical model, confirming the conceptualization of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptom groupings.LimitationsThe cross-sectional nature of these data, and novelty of the methods used prompt calls for additional investigation to support these findings.ConclusionsSense of Threat and Affect Dysregulation may serve as bridging symptoms between communities of PTSD and DSO difficulties. These may be prioritised as the therapeutic targets for CPTSD. This pioneering approach using EGA, offers new insights into the intricate structure of CPTSD, potentially informing the use of assessments and interventions across diverse populations.
ANALISIS PENERAPAN PENCATATAN AKUNTANSI MURABAHAH PADA LEMBAGA KEUANGAN SYARIAH
Authors: Mu'min Ali , Raihan Zulasfiani
Published: January 2024

Lembaga keuangan adalah badan yang kegiatannya dibidang keuangan yaitu menghimpun dan menyalurkan dana kepada masyarakat. Sedangkan lembaga keuangan syariah adalah perusahaan yang menyelenggarakan jasa keuangan sesuai dengan prinsip syariah sehingga pada perkembangan sistem lembaga keuangan syariah memberikan alternatif lain dalam lembaga keuangan syariah menggunakan sistem yang saling menguntungkan bagi kedua belah pihak serta didukung dengan keanekaragaman produk dan transparansi
Visual statistical learning requires attention
Authors: Duncan Dock H , van Moorselaar Dirk , Theeuwes Jan
Published: January 2024

Statistical learning is a person’s ability to automatically learn environmental regularities through passive exposure. Since the earliest studies of statistical learning in infants, it has been debated exactly how ‘passive’ this learning can be – i.e. whether attention is needed for learning to occur. In Experiment 1 of the current study, participants performed a serial feature search task where they looked for a target shape among heterogenous nontarget shapes. Unbeknownst to the participants, one of these nontarget shapes was presented much more often in location. Even though the regularity concerned a non-salient nontarget item that did not receive any attentional priority during search, participants still learned its regularity (responding faster when it was presented at this high-probability location). While this may suggest that not much, if any, attention is needed for learning to occur, a follow-up experiment showed that if, during search, no attention is directed to this regularity, incidental learning is no longer seen; suggesting that at least some attention to the critical regularity is needed for learning to occur. We conclude that some degree of attention to a regularity is needed for visual statistical learning to occur.
Screen time use and longitudinal effects on ADHD symptoms in children
Authors: Nivins Samson , Mooney Michael A. , Klingberg Torkel
Published: January 2024

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is largely hereditary. But environmental factors, such as digital media (DM) usage, might increase ADHD symptoms. Here we studied the long-term effects of DM by assessing whether DM usage decreased or increased symptoms over time, after accounting for symptoms at the first observation. Three types of DM usage were studied: (1. using social media; 2. playing video games; or 3. watching television/videos) on ADHD symptoms in both typically developing (TD) controls (n=3979) and children with ADHD (n=782) over four years (ages 9 to 14 years). In contrast to most previous studies, we accounted for genetic predisposition: polygenic risk score for ADHD (PRS-ADHD) and socioeconomic status (SES). Time spent with DM was captured using a self-reported Youth Screen Time Survey questionnaire. At each wave, ADHD symptoms were assessed with a parent-reported Child Behaviour Check List. In TD controls, playing video games, or watching television/videos decreased symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity (β= -0.06, p < 0.001). Social media usage, on the other hand, increased inattentive symptoms in girls (boys, β=0.04, p=0.02; girls, β=0.09, p < 0.001). Similar trends were also found in children with ADHD. In addition, there was a trend for interactions such that those who had higher PRS-ADHD, or who were under ADHD medications, had larger effects of screen time. Overall, our results suggest that video gaming is not associated with increased ADHD symptoms, but a slight decrease in symptoms. The increase in inattentive symptoms in girls could be related to previously described effects of social media usage on mental health in girls.
Correa Moylan Walsh beyond index numbers: from the “battle of the standards” to the science of money
Authors: Cruz-e-Silva Victor , Almeida Felipe
Published: January 2024

In 1901, Correa Moylan Walsh gained renown for writing a groundbreaking monograph on index numbers. His contributions to monetary economics, however, though neglected, transcend his work on index numbers, which was conceived to serve more foundational concerns of his. Therefore, our aim is twofold. First, we want to recover Walsh’s role as an important early twentieth-century economist. Second, we intend to provide a wider account of his incursion into monetary economics. Our argument is that the cornerstone of Walsh’s approach to the science of money is not confined to index numbers, but concerns his distinction between different kinds of economic value and the discussion regarding the kind of value that money should measure and store. As such, we identify Walsh’s 1903 book, The Fundamental Problem in Monetary Science, as his archetypical work.
Review of “Friedrich List: A Pioneer in Catchup Development” by Mei Junjie
Authors: Jiang George Hong
Published: January 2024

Review of “Friedrich List: A Pioneer in Catchup Development” by Mei Junjie.
The origins of yield curve theory: Irving Fisher and John Maynard Keynes
Authors: BRILLANT Lucy
Published: January 2024

The purpose of the paper is to rescue Irving Fisher’s theorizing of the yield curve (1896, 1907, 1930) from relative obscurity and to contrast it with the better known and equally pioneering theory of John Maynard Keynes (1930, 1936). The paper also adduces evidence that Fed economists and the U.S. monetary experience in the 1920s greatly influenced these authors, both of whom were concerned with the management of the long-term interest rate.
Ruminations on Rigor, Reliability and Research Integrity in 'Russia-Watching'
Authors: De Spiegeleire Stephan
Published: January 2024

Resetting Studies on Russian Foreign, Security and Defense Policy Analysis
Better idea-borrowing or borrowing better ideas?: Education policy-borrowing lessons from Korea’s and Japan’s histories
Authors: Crouch Luis Arturo , Spindelman Deborah
Published: January 2024

The paper describes how Korea and Japan borrowed education policies from the West in a manner where they were in the lead, where the policies were thoroughly analyzed and contested. The subsequent rise of Korea and Japan as education success stories possibly worthy of emulation is covered. International donors' agencies current approaches to lending or imposing policy ideas with soft power are then compared to what Korea and Japan did, and are found wanting. Case studies are made of the Korean and Japanse bilateral agencies, as well as of UNESCO and the World Bank. Ideas for improving the interchange of policy ideas are proposed.
Analysis of the Shahr-i Sokhta Board Game with 27 Pieces and Suggested Rules Based on the Game of Ur
Authors: Jelveh Sam , Moradi Hossein
Published: January 2024

The game boards found in Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan, southeastern Iran, and Ur in Mesopotamia exhibit similar characteristics, as both wooden variants were discovered along with pieces and dice. This study examines the game board set discovered at grave no. 731 in the Bronze Age site of Shahr-i Sokhta. It analyses the different pieces to elucidate the game’s strategy and rules based on theoretical and archaeological evidence. By unveiling the meaning of certain game pieces, this study has the potential to reshape our understanding of board games in the Near East. We focus on a newly proposed rule to introduce a playable set and examine all discovered pieces and dice. Furthermore, the study contributes to the refinement of the game’s rules and opens avenues for future discussions. The suggested rules are intended to be historically accurate and imbue significance to each game board component.
Review of “A History of Brazilian Economic Thought: From Colonial Times Through The Early 21st Century” edited by Ricardo Bielschowsky, Mauro Boianovsky and Mauricio Chalfin Coutinho
Authors: Cavalieri Marco
Published: January 2024

Review of “A History of Brazilian Economic Thought: From Colonial Times Through The Early 21st Century” edited by Ricardo Bielschowsky, Mauro Boianovsky and Mauricio Chalfin Coutinho.
Knowledge based interventions for sustainable development cooperation: insights from knowledge systems mapping in Zambia
Authors: Suchá Lenka , Dušková Lenka , Leventon Julia , Seidlová Aneta , Bubák Štěpán , Harmáčková Zuzana V.
Published: January 2024

Knowledge is an essential determinant and component of international development cooperation agenda and projects. Therefore, it is vital to understand and reflect on how knowledge in international development cooperation is created, what knowledge counts, and how it influences the planning, implementation, and outcomes of international development cooperation projects. In this paper, we critically examine the knowledge system of the development cooperation of the Czech Republic, an emerging donor country, by applying system theory and utilizing system properties as an analytical tool. To this end, we carried out a multi-phase qualitative research with actors from the Czech Republic and Zambia. Subsequently, we analysed the knowledge system properties and identified those often overlooked by development actors, such as taboos, mistrust, and development burden, revealing how knowledge flows can be obstructed by these characteristics. In addition, we compiled a set of suitable interventions to tackle the overlooked system properties and foster knowledge cross-fertilisation. These interventions include, among others, active engagement of traditional leaders, active work with narratives of success, and introducing action-reflection-reaction cycle into the development practice. Furthermore, the proposed interventions clearly emphasize the need for more collaborative and transdisciplinary processes. Finally, we discuss that it is essential to uncover deep layers of the international development cooperation knowledge system to shift and leverage it towards more inclusive and just outcomes.
The Long and Unfinished Road to Friedman and Meiselman’s “The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the Investment Multiplier”
Authors: Tavlas George S.
Published: January 2024

Milton Friedman and David Meiselman’s 1963 article “The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the Investment Multiplier in the United States, 1897-1958,” was one of the most influential studies to come out of the Keynesian-monetarist debates of the 1960s and 1970s. The gestation of the article, however, is shrouded with considerable inaccuracy and ambiguity. I use archival materials to provide a more accurate chronological ordering of the gestation of the article than has hitherto been available. I show that the gestation was subject to considerable delays. I provide reasons that explain why a long-promised follow-up paper was never completed and why a book sequel to Friedman’s 1956 Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, planned as a co-edited work shortly after the appearance of the Friedman and Meiselman 1963 article, was not published until 1970 and was edited by Meiselman alone.
Equine desmitis, pelvic disease Desmitis of the wide portion of the sacroiliac ligament in horses
Authors: Vasconcellos Luiz Alberto da Silva
Published: January 2024

Two adult horses, a male (6 years old, castrated) half-blooded Quarter Horse and a Mangalarga mare (7 years old) each showed decreased step amplitude and lameness of one of their hind limbs (right and left respectively) after working in handling cattle (both with Grade I, scale from 0 to 5). In addition, the male presented slight atrophy in the musculature of the right superficial gluteus. After clinical examination and screening with thermography (done before the animal worked, at the pen and not exposed to any heat source or solar irradiation or any product on the skin surface) no "hot spot" was found in in the right or left limb of either horse, thus raising suspicion of a "high" lesion, without neurological origin, opting for transrectal pelvic evaluation by ultrasound (6.5 MHz linear rectal transducer) in those animals. Differences were found between the left and right sides in the ligaments, in the images produced by the examination of the wide portions of the sacroiliac ligament, associated with pain on the side corresponding to the change in the image obtained. We can thus conclude, after thermography and clinical and neurological examination which excluded any injuries to the hind limbs, that the cause of lameness in these clinical cases is unilateral desmitis of the wide portions of the sacroiliac ligament, showing the importance of transrectal ultrasound evaluation in cases of pain in the limbs or even high claudication.
Alternative approaches for treating canine otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis
Authors: Gomes Roger Ferreira , Mace Manoela Almeida Martins , Loreto Érico Silva de , Fuentefria Alexandre Meneghello , Zanette Regis Adriel
Published: January 2024

Malassezia pachydermatis is a fungal pathogen that often leads to dog dermatitis and ear infections. The current treatment for otitis externa, which involves antifungal, antibiotic, and glucocorticoid drugs, faces challenges due to drug resistance and pet owners' compliance with prolonged treatment. This review delves into alternative treatment methods beyond conventional antifungal drugs and provides recommendations for their practical use. These methods include phytotherapies, chemical substances, drug repositioning, ear cleaners, alternative administration methods, and therapeutic diets. Further research, clinical trials, and comparative studies are needed to validate the efficacy of these alternative treatments and incorporate them into clinical practice. By implementing these methods, traditional treatment protocols can be optimized, drug resistance can be minimized, and the management of M. pachydermatis otitis externa in dogs can be improved, following the One Health approach that promotes prudent antimicrobial use.
Técnicas ultrassonográficas para diagnóstico da forma gastrointestinal de infecção por Pythium insidiosum em cães
Authors: Mattos Victoria Agnes dos Santos , Ancora da Luz Rafael Moreira , Cerqueira Thaina Aparecida Pereira Moura , Souto Sofia Simones , Ramos Camila Schulze , Amorim Giovana Côrtes , Barbosa Mariane Militão
Published: January 2024

Pythiosis constitutes a chronic pyogranulomatous infection that affects the gastrointestinal tract or the skin, caused by the waterborne pathogen Pythium insidiosum. This literature review explores the potential of abdominal ultrasonographic screening, encompassing the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon, as a diagnostic aid for gastrointestinal pythiosis in dogs. It also highlights the key findings observed in patients affected by the disease.
Peran Kriminalitas Sebagai Pemoderasi Antara Kemiskinan dan Pengangguran Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Authors: Priambodo Aji
Published: January 2024

This study uses the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) method which aims to analyze the effect of the crime rate as a moderating variable between the poverty rate and the unemployment rate on the rate of economic growth, and partially analyze poverty and unemployment on the growth rate in districts and cities in Central Java. The data used is secondary data in the form of panel data using the Eviews 10 software in 35 regencies and cities in Central Java Province in 2018-2021. The results of this study are poverty has a negative and significant effect on the rate of economic growth, unemployment has a negative and significant effect on the rate of economic growth, crime as a moderating variable between poverty and the rate of economic growth as a Predictor Moderator. Crime can strengthen the relationship between poverty and economic growth. Crime as a moderating variable between unemployment and the rate of economic growth as a Quasi Moderator. Crime can strengthen the relationship between unemployment and economic growth.
Pengembangan Model Pemberian Tambahan Penghasilan Pegawai Dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) Di Lingkungan Kantor Kecamatan Banjarmasin Tengah Kota Banjarmasin
Authors: Hadist Zelia . , Khuzani Khuzaini , Widyanti Rahmi
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to find out and obtain empirical evidence of the application of additional employee income that has been carried out at the Central Banjarmasin District Office, to develop a model for providing additional income at the Central Banjarmasin District Office to improve performance and also to find out what are the obstacles faced in implementing The Model for Providing Additional Employee Income that has been implemented at the Banjarmasin Tengah District Office.The approach in this study is a qualitative description method supported by interview data collection techniques, observation, and document review. To obtain information about the implementation of the Performance-Based TPP, key informants were selected who understood the condition of the object of research, namely the Banjarmasin City Civil Service Agency which handled the Additional Income of Banjarmasin City Employees and the Organizational Section which handled Job Evaluation and Organizational Performance Measurement.The results showed that the implementation of the Additional Employee Income in the District of Central Banjarmasin had been going well. Constraints in the application of the Additional Employee Income, that is:a) Activity Outcomes, where employees are able to achieve the target point every month and the supervisor of the appraiser has played an active role in evaluating employees through the system, but there are still many employee activity inputs that are not in accordance with their main duties and functions and have not described the performance of the employee, still describing what the employee does, b) Financial realization where the sub-district financial realization shows a good category where all employees and PPTK have tried to disburse the budget in accordance with the existing cash budget, c) Attendance rate, where the level of employee attendance is in the good category and increasing,The recommended Employee Income Supplement Model with two indicators, namely: a) Work productivity and b) Attendance.
Educational technology in inclusive classrooms: Assessing teacher awareness and needs
Authors: POLAT Elif , CEPDİBİ SIBIÇ Simge , CİRİT Nazli Ceren , HOPCAN Sinan , BAŞTUĞ Yunus Emre
Published: January 2024

The aim of this research is to reveal the awareness of teachers working in inclusion environments and their use of educational technology. Specifically, in this mixed methods study, a needs analysis was conducted to determine the knowledge levels of teachers about inclusive education, their awareness and use of educational technologies, and what kind of support they need. Data were collected through a questionnaire with 133 teachers and focus group discussions with 5 groups of 30 teachers. Based on the analysis of quantitative data using descriptive analysis and qualitative data employing the constant comparison method, the findings showed that teachers' knowledge of special education needs (SEN) students is insufficient and they need support at this point. In addition, the qualitative data analysis unveiled social, academic, and environmental positive outputs of inclusive education alongside the identification of the psychological, academic, and environmental challenges of inclusive education. The findings are expected to benefit the literature, the field of inclusive education, and policymakers.
Transposition versus interposition method in microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: midterm analysis of both techniques in a single-center study
Authors: Uhl Christian , Faraj Lara , Fekonja Lucius , Vajkoczy Peter
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

Operative interposition of material between the trigeminal nerve and offending artery for surgical treatment of drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia (TGN), following the Jannetta method, has been proven to be the most successful invasive treatment. Reexplorations of patients with recurrence of TGN have revealed nerve root irritations and scarring due to interposed material. To prevent these complications, modifications of microvascular decompression (MVD) aim at transposing the vessel away from the trigeminal nerve, without attachment of additional material to the nerve root. Given that both techniques (interposition and transposition) have been performed in the authors’ institution, they decided to analyze them for the short- and midterm outcomes.

METHODS

All patients who had undergone MVD for drug-resistant TGN in the authors’ institution between 2008 and 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Outcome at discharge and follow-up was evaluated using the Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity score. Additionally, complications and pain recurrence were assessed.

RESULTS

A total of 114 patients were operated on using transposition and 110 patients were treated using interposition. For transposition 102 patients were followed up for a median of 31.5 months, and for interposition 100 patients were followed up for a median of 95 months. At discharge 92.1% versus 94.5% of patients in the transposition and interposition groups, respectively, experienced a good outcome (Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity scores I–III). At follow-up, 83.3% versus 85% of patients in the transposition and interposition groups, respectively, continued to demonstrate a good outcome. In 4.9% of patients in the transposition group and in 6% of patients in the interposition group, recurrence of pain occurred. Complications occurred in 24.6% of patients in the transposition and in 27.3% of those in the interposition group. The most frequent complications were facial hypesthesia (10.5% vs 11.8%, transposition vs interposition), followed by CSF leaks (2.6% vs 8.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

Transposition for MVD is an elegant way of solving vessel-nerve conflicts at the cerebellopontine angle. Similar to interposition, transposition shows positive short- and midterm outcomes for patients experiencing drug-resistant TGN. However, the main objective of transposition, which is improved prevention of recurrence and reduction of complications at the trigeminal nerve, could not be confirmed in this study.
Intellectual function and memory in children with moyamoya disease: relationship between Wechsler Intelligence Scale and Benton Visual Retention Test scores and regional cerebral blood flow
Authors: Karashima Satoshi , Nakamizo Akira , Arimura Koichi , Yoshimoto Koji
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

Intellectual function declines in about 30% of children with moyamoya disease (MMD). Memory function underpins higher order brain function, but the relationship between intellectual function and memory in pediatric MMD patients has not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate correlations between scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), a visual memory test that can be administered to children, in children with MMD. Relationships between intellectual function or memory and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) have also not been well clarified in pediatric MMD patients. The authors also investigated associations between WISC or BVRT scores and rCBF in various brain regions.

METHODS

WISC and BVRT scores and rCBF were assessed in 17 children with ischemic-onset MMD before revascularization. Single-photon emission CT with 123I-iodoamphetamine was used to measure rCBF. Relationships between WISC and BVRT scores were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression analysis. Cutoff values were identified for BVRT scores. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to predict full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) > 85 or ≤ 85. Associations between rCBF and WISC or BVRT scores were evaluated using linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

BVRT scores were significantly correlated with FSIQ and scores on the Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index, and Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)/Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) of WISC. Multivariate linear regression revealed that number correct score and number of errors score of BVRT were associated with FSIQ. As cutoff values, a number correct score of 5 and a number of errors score of 8 offered the most reliable predictors of FSIQ > 85 and ≤ 85, respectively. FSIQ correlated positively with rCBF in the right and left hemispheres, right and left ganglia, right and left thalamus, right and left cerebellum, right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, pons, and vermis. WMI score was positively associated with rCBF in the right hemisphere, right anterior cerebral artery territory, right MCA territory, right basal ganglia, right and left thalamus, right and left cerebellum, pons, and vermis.

CONCLUSIONS

BVRT score correlated well with WISC index scores, suggesting that BVRT may be helpful in screening for intellectual impairments in children with MMD. In the MCA territory, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, pons, and vermis, rCBF associated well with WISC index scores, suggesting that reduced rCBF in relevant brain regions may influence intellectual function.
Rapid brain MRI for image-guided ventricular catheter placement in pediatric patients: protocol and preliminary clinical outcomes
Authors: Lai Grace Y. , Powers Andria , Chung Taylor , Sun Peter P.
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

Neuronavigation is a useful adjunct for catheter placement during neurosurgical procedures for hydrocephalus or ventricular access. MRI protocols for navigation are lengthy and require sedation for young children. CT involves ionizing radiation. In this study, the authors introduce the clinical application of a 1-minute rapid MRI sequence that does not require sedation in young children and report their preliminary clinical experience using this technique in their pediatric population.

METHODS

All patients who underwent ventricular catheter placement at a children’s hospital using a rapid noncontrast MRI protocol, standard MRI, or head CT from July 2021 to August 2023 were included. Type of procedure, etiology of hydrocephalus, ventricle configuration and size, morphology of ventricles, need for adjunctive intraoperative ultrasound, duration of procedure, accuracy of catheter placement, and need for proximal revision within 90 days were retrospectively recorded and compared across imaging modalities.

RESULTS

Sixty-eight patients underwent 83 procedures: 21 underwent CT navigation, 29 standard MRI, and 33 rapid MRI. Patients who received standard MRI more often had tumor etiology, while those who underwent CT and rapid MRI had posthemorrhagic etiology (χ2 = 13.04, p = 0.042). Intraoperative ultrasound was required for 1 patient in the standard MRI group and 1 patient in the CT group. There was no difference in procedure time across groups (p = 0.831). On multivariable analysis, procedure time differed by procedure type, where external ventricular drain placement and proximal revision were faster (p < 0.001 and p < 0.028, respectively). Proximal revision due to obstruction within 90 days occurred in 3 cases (in the same patient with complex loculated hydrocephalus) in the rapid MRI group and 2 cases in the CT group.

CONCLUSIONS

Although this study was not powered for statistical inference, the authors report on the clinical use of a 1-minute rapid MRI sequence for neuronavigation in hydrocephalus or ventricular access surgery. There were no instances in which intraoperative ultrasound was required as an adjunct for procedures navigated with rapid MRI, and intraoperative time did not differ from that of standard navigation protocols.
Lordosis distribution index for predicting mechanical complications after long-level fusion surgery: comparison of Global Alignment and Proportion score and Roussouly classification
Authors: Moon Min-Hyeong , Shin Myung-Hoon , Yoo Seung-Chan , Choi Doo-Yong , Kim Jong-Tae
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

Both the Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) score and Roussouly classification account for the lordosis distribution index (LDI), but the LDI of the GAP score (G-LDI) is typically set to 50%–80%, while the LDI of the Roussouly classification (R-LDI) varies depending on the degree of pelvic incidence (PI). The objective of this study was to validate the ability of the G-LDI to predict mechanical complications and compare it with the predictive probability of R-LDI in patients with long-level fusion surgery.

METHODS

A total of 171 patients were divided into two groups: 93 in the nonmechanical complication group (non-MC group) and 78 in the mechanical complication group (MC group). The mean age of the participants was 66.79 ± 8.56 years (range 34–83 years), and the mean follow-up period was 45.49 ± 16.20 months (range 24–62 months). The inclusion criteria for the study were patients who underwent > 4 levels of fusion and had > 2 years of follow-up. The predictive models for mechanical complications using the G-LDI and R-LDI were analyzed using binomial logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses.

RESULTS

There was a significant correlation between R-LDI and PI (r = −0.561, p < 0.001), while there was no correlation between G-LDI and PI (r = 0.132, p = 0.495). In reference to G-LDI, most patients in the non-MC group were classified as having alignment (72, 77.4%), while the MC group had an inhomogeneous composition (aligned: 34, 43.6%; hyperlordosis: 37, 47.4%). The agreement between the G-LDI and R-LDI was moderate (κ = 0.536, p < 0.001) to fair (κ = 0.383, p = 0.011) for patients with average or large PI, but poor (κ = −0.255, p = 0.245) for those with small PI. The areas under the curve for the G-LDI and R-LDI were 0.674 (95% CI, 0.592–0.757) and 0.745 (95% CI, 0.671–0.820), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The R-LDI, which uses a PI-based proportional parameter, enables individual quantification of LL for all PI sizes and has been shown to have a higher accuracy in classifying cases and a stronger correlation with the risk of mechanical complications compared with G-LDI.
Relationship between the postoperative variations of paraspinal muscles and adjacent-segment degeneration in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis after posterior instrumented lumbar fusion
Authors: Xu Fei , Zhou Siyu , Sun Zhuoran , Jiang Shuai , Han Gengyu , Li Weishi
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to quantify pre- and postoperative paraspinal muscular variation following posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS) and measure the association of this variation with adjacent-segment degeneration (ASD).

METHODS

Data from 149 patients who underwent L4–S1 PLIF for DLSS were collected. Patients were divided into radiologically confirmed ASD and control groups according to follow-up radiological findings. MRI was performed before surgery and at the last follow-up. Muscular parameters including the relative cross-sectional area (rCSA), relative functional cross-sectional area (rFCSA), relative total cross-sectional area (rTCSA), and fatty infiltration (FI) of the multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), and psoas major (PM) muscles were measured on preoperative and follow-up L2–S1 MR images. Logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for ASD.

RESULTS

The rate of radiological ASD was 42.3% at the final follow-up (mean 25.71 ± 8.35 months). At surgical levels, the rFCSA and rTCSA of the MF and ES muscles decreased. The FI of the MF from L2–3 to L5–S1 and ES muscles at L5–S1 significantly increased after surgery, while the rFCSA and rTCSA of the PM muscle increased and its FI decreased. At adjacent levels, the rFCSA and rTCSA of the MF muscle and rTCSA of the ES muscle decreased and the FI of the MF muscle increased postoperatively (p < 0.05), but the rFCSA and rTCSA of the PM muscle increased and its FI decreased (p < 0.05). The FIs of the MF, ES, and PM muscles at adjacent levels significantly differed between the ASD and control groups. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher BMI (p = 0.002) and FI of the PM muscle at adjacent levels (p = 0.025) were significant risk factors for ASD.

CONCLUSIONS

The functional area decreased in the MF and ES muscles and increased in the PM muscle after L4–S1 PLIF. A compensatory postoperative decrease in FI of the PM muscle at the adjacent level was a protective factor for ASD in DLSS patients after PLIF.
Effect of urgent surgery within 8 hours compared to surgery between 8 and 24 hours on perioperative complications and neurological prognosis in patients older than 70 years with cervical spinal cord injury: a propensity score–matched analysis
Authors: Shimizu Tomoaki , Suda Kota , Matsumoto Harmon Satoko , Komatsu Miki , Ota Masahiro , Ushirozako Hiroki , Inomata Kento , Minami Akio , Yamada Katsuhisa , Endo Tsutomu , Takahata Masahiko , Iwasaki Norimasa , Takahashi Hiroshi , Koda Masao , Yamazaki Masashi
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effect of surgery within 8 hours on perioperative complications and neurological prognosis in older patients with cervical spinal cord injury by using a propensity score–matched analysis.

METHODS

The authors included 87 consecutive patients older than 70 years who had cervical spinal cord injury and who had undergone posterior decompression and fusion surgery within 24 hours of injury. The patients were divided into two groups based on the time from injury to surgery: surgery within 8 hours (group 8 hours) and between 8 and 24 hours (group 8–24 hours). Following the preliminary study, the authors established a 1:1 matched model using propensity scores to adjust for baseline characteristics and neurological status on admission. Perioperative complication rates and neurological outcomes at discharge were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Preliminary analysis of 87 prematched patients (39 in group 8 hours and 48 in group 8–24 hours) revealed that the motor index score (MIS) on admission was lower for lower extremities (12.3 ± 15.5 vs 20.0 ± 18.6, respectively; p = 0.048), and total extremities (26.7 ± 27.1 vs 40.2 ± 30.6, respectively; p = 0.035) in group 8 hours. In terms of perioperative complications, group 8 hours had significantly higher rates of cardiopulmonary dysfunction (46.2% vs 25.0%, respectively; p = 0.039). MIS improvement (the difference in scores between admission and discharge) was greater in group 8 hours for lower extremities (15.8 ± 12.6 vs 9.0 ± 10.5, respectively; p = 0.009) and total extremities (29.4 ± 21.7 vs 18.7 ± 17.7, respectively; p = 0.016). Using a 1:1 propensity score–matched analysis, 29 patient pairs from group 8 hours and group 8–24 hours were selected. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics, neurological status on admission, and perioperative complications between the two groups, including cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Even after matching, MIS improvement was significantly greater in group 8 hours for upper extremities (13.0 ± 10.9 vs 7.8 ± 8.3, respectively; p = 0.045), lower extremities (14.8 ± 12.7 vs 8.3 ± 11.0, respectively; p = 0.044) and total extremities (27.8 ± 21.0 vs 16.0 ± 17.5, respectively; p = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS

Results of the comparison after matching demonstrated that urgent surgery within 8 hours did not increase the perioperative complication rate and significantly improved the MIS, suggesting that surgery within 8 hours may be efficient, even in older patients.
Repeat stereotactic radiosurgery for persistent cerebral arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients
Authors: Garcia Gracie , Mantziaris Georgios , Pikis Stylianos , Dumot Chloe , Lunsford L. Dade , Niranjan Ajay , Wei Zhishuo , Srinivasan Priyanka , Tang Lilly W. , Liscak Roman , May Jaromir , Lee Cheng-Chia , Yang Huai-Che , Peker Selcuk , Samanci Yavuz , Nabeel Ahmed M. , Reda Wael A. , Tawadros Sameh R. , Abdel Karim Khaled , El-Shehaby Amr M. N. , Emad Eldin Reem , Elazzazi Ahmed Hesham , Martínez Moreno Nuria , Martínez Álvarez Roberto , Padmanaban Varun , Jareczek Francis J. , McInerney James , Cockroft Kevin M. , Alzate Juan Diego , Kondziolka Douglas , Tripathi Manjul , Sheehan Jason P.
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term outcomes and associated risks related to repeat stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for persistent arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in pediatric patients.

METHODS

Under the auspices of the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation, this retrospective multicenter study analyzed pediatric patients who underwent repeat, single-session SRS between 1987 and 2022. The primary outcome variable was a favorable outcome, defined as nidus obliteration without hemorrhage or neurological deterioration. Secondary outcomes included rates and probabilities of hemorrhage, radiation-induced changes (RICs), and cyst or tumor formation.

RESULTS

The cohort included 83 pediatric patients. The median patient age was 11 years at initial SRS and 15 years at repeat SRS. Fifty-seven children (68.7%) were managed exclusively using SRS, and 42 (50.6%) experienced hemorrhage prior to SRS. Median AVM diameter and volume were substantially different between the first (25 mm and 4.5 cm3, respectively) and second (16.5 mm and 1.6 cm3, respectively) SRS, while prescription dose and isodose line remained similar. At the 5-year follow-up evaluation from the second SRS, nidus obliteration was achieved in 42 patients (50.6%), with favorable outcome in 37 (44.6%). The median time to nidus obliteration and hemorrhage was 35.5 and 38.5 months, respectively. The yearly cumulative probability of favorable outcome increased from 2.5% (95% CI 0.5%–7.8%) at 1 year to 44% (95% CI 32%–55%) at 5 years. The probability of achieving obliteration followed a similar pattern and reached 51% (95% CI 38%–62%) at 5 years. The 5-year risk of hemorrhage during the latency period after the second SRS reached 8% (95% CI 3.2%–16%). Radiographically, 25 children (30.1%) had RICs, but only 5 (6%) were symptomatic. Delayed cyst formation occurred in 7.2% of patients, with a median onset of 47 months. No radiation-induced neoplasia was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The study results showed nidus obliteration in most pediatric patients who underwent repeat SRS for persistent AVMs. The risks of symptomatic RICs and latency period hemorrhage were quite low. These findings suggest that repeat radiosurgery should be considered when treating pediatric patients with residual AVM after prior SRS. Further study is needed to define the role of repeat SRS more fully in this population.
Early versus delayed mobilization after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety
Authors: Morello *Alberto , Spinello Antonio , Staartjes Victor E. , Bue Enrico Lo , Garbossa Diego , Germans Menno R. , Regli Luca , Serra Carlo
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

A central tenet of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is evidence-based medicine. Survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) constitute a fragile patient population prone to prolonged hospitalization within neurointensive care units (NICUs), prolonged immobilization, and a range of nosocomial adverse events. Potentially, well-monitored early mobilization (EM) could constitute a beneficial element of ERAS protocols in this population. Therefore, the objective was to summarize the available evidence on EM strategies in patients with aSAH.

METHODS

The authors retrieved prospective and retrospective studies that reported efficacy or safety data on EM (defined as EM in the NICU starting ≤ 7 days after ictus) versus delayed mobilization (DM) (any strategy that comparatively delayed mobilization) after aSAH and were published after January 1, 2000, in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Ten studies analyzing 1292 patients were included for quantitative synthesis, including 1 randomized, 1 prospective nonrandomized, and 8 retrospective studies. Modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge were not different between the EM and DM groups (mean difference [MD] [95% CI] −0.86 [−2.93 to 1.20] points, p = 0.41). Hospital length of stay in days was markedly reduced in the EM group (MD [95% CI] −6.56 [−10.64 to −2.47] days, p = 0.002). Although there was a statistically significant reduction in radiological vasospasms (OR [95% CI] 0.65 [0.44–0.97], p = 0.03), the reduction in clinically relevant vasospasms was nonsignificant (OR [95% CI] 0.63 [0.31–1.26], p = 0.19). The odds of shunting were significantly lower in the EM group (OR [95% CI] 0.61 [0.39–0.95], p = 0.03). The rates of mortality, pneumonia, and thrombosis were similar among groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Due to a lack of high-quality studies, vastly varying protocols, and resulting statistical clinical and statistical heterogeneity, the level of evidence for recommendations regarding EM in patients with aSAH remains low. The currently available data indicated that mobilization within the first 5 days after aneurysm repair was feasible and safe without significant excessive adverse events, that neurological outcome with EM was almost certainly not worse than with prolonged immobilization, and that there was likely at least some reduction in length of hospital stay. Radiological and clinical vasospasms were not more frequent—with signals even trending toward a decrease—in patients who mobilized early. Higher-quality studies and implementation of full ERAS protocols are necessary to evaluate efficacy and safety with a higher level of evidence and to guide practical implementation through increased standardization.

Clinical trial registration no.: CRD42023432828 (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero)