bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reaction of acrylonitrile and fumaronitrile with alpha‐and beta‐eleostearates. Plasticizer properties of the n‐butyl esters of the adducts
Authors: Hoffmann Joan S. , O'connor R. T. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

Acrylonitrile and fumaronitrile have been employed as dienophiles in the Diels‐Alder reaction with butylalpha‐ andbeta‐eleostearates, and infrared and ultraviolet spectra determined for the addition product as well as for the dienophiles.

The adducts have been tested as primary plasticizers for vinyl resins and compared with dioctyl phthalate. The fumaronitrile adducts were found superior to the acrylonitrile adducts with regard to compatibility; however the latter are satisfactory as secondary plasticizers. By incorporating the acrylonitrile adducts with DOP or TCP, it is possible to achieve either a reduction in volatility of DOP plasticized stocks or an improvement in the modulus and low‐temperature performance of TCP plasticized stocks. This does not entail any sacrifice in the desirable plasticizing characteristics of DOP or TCP.
Permeability of some fat products to moisture
Authors: Landmann Werner , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

Films of cocoa butter, highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil, mixtures of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and cottonseed oil, chocolate liquor, and sweet milk chocolate were prepared; and their permeability to water vapor was determined by the cup method. The permeability constant was calculated in terms of grams of water diffusing through a centimeter cube in one second under a vapor pressure gradient of one millimeter of mercury across the cube.

Under the test conditions employed, the permeability constant for cocoa butter at room temperature was found to vary from 5.8×10−12 to 81.6×10−12. The permeability constants for the highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and the cocoa butter, under comparable conditions at room temperature, was found to be approximately 1.3×10−12 and 33×10−12, respectively.

From data obtained with cocoa butter it was concluded that the permeability constant increased with moderate increases in film thickness.

Polymorphism was found to have a large effect on permeability, an approximately 15‐fold difference was found between quickly chilled and tempered films of cocoa butter at 3°C. (37.4°F.).

The percentage of liquid component in the fat was found to have a large effect on permeability. The increasing of the percentage of liquid cottonseed oil in highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil from 0 to 40% increased the permeability constant from 1.3×10−12 to about 420×10−12.

The permeability of chocolate liquor and sweet milk chocolate at room temperature was increased greatly when the relative humidity on the wet side of the films was increased to 100%. The nonfat components absorbed enough moisture to impair the structure of the film.
A new development in vegetable oil refining equipment
Authors: Kaiser Herbert R. , Doyle Collin M.
Published: May 2007

New developments, using the rotating contactor, in the vegetable oil processing industry have been described and illustrated. Results from various refining operations on a number of oils have been presented. Economies from reduction of capital expenditures and operating costs are expected to accrue to the user. He can also choose the process to give those products best suited to the market. The improved rotating contactor offers to the vegetable oil processor a most versatile plant.
Isolation of an hydroxy acid concentrate from wool wax acids
Authors: Noble Wilfred R. , Eisner Abner , Scanlan John T.
Published: May 2007

The fractionation of the methyl esters of wool wax acids by partitioning between two immiscible solvent layers has been described. Three fractions were obtained: a fraction rich in hydroxyl content, a fraction low in hydroxyl content, and a small amount of hard, transparent, highly colored material. The same procedure when applied to the free wool wax acids did not yield a satisfactory hydroxy acid concentrate.

The preparation of wool wax acids with an essentially zero ester number, that is, in a form free of estolides, lactides, and lactones has also been described.
Preparation of 8t, 10t‐octadecadienoic acid
Authors: Gupta S. C. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Oleic acid was brominated with N‐bromosuccinimide, followed by addition of free bromine to the double bond. Upon debromination of the brominated product with zinc in ethanol and fractionation of the resultant ethyl esters, the fractions containing 74–75% of conjugated dienoic acids were combined. The ethyl esters were hydrolyzed; upon irradiation by ultraviolet light of the fatty acids in petroleum ether (40–60°) in the presence of a trace of iodine, and upon cooling, 8t,10t‐octadecadienoic acid, m.p. 56–56.5°, was obtained in 15–20% yield.
A distillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods
Authors: Tarladgis Basil G. , Watts Betty M. , Younathan Margaret T. , Dugan Leroy
Published: May 2007

An improved distillation method is described for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in foods containing oxidized fats. The procedure is compared with other methods in current use for the determination of malonaldehyde. A high correlation of TBA numbers with rancid odor in cooked meats was established.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. VII. Detergent combinations
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Maurer E. W. , Weil J. K.
Published: May 2007

Laboratory measurements of detergency were made on mixtures of sodium salts of sulfated hydrogenated tallow alcohol (X), disodium salts of α‐sulfonated hydrogenated tallow acids (Y), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Z), and a builder (B) using three different kinds of standard soiled cotton. Component X was the most important, and mixtures not containing X were generally inferior detergents. Built XY mixtures were better than XZ mixtures with one kind of soiled cotton (cloth I). Built XZ mixtures were better than XY mixtures with another soiled cotton (cloth III).

The results, based on laboratory measurements of detergency using standard soiled cotton, are suggestive rather than conclusive. Partial substitution of X by Y or Z, or by both Y and Z, may be possible without loss in detergency.
Use of the multistage countercurrent contactor for degumming and refining of vegetable oils
Authors: Podbielniak W. J. , Gavin A. M. , Kaiser H. R.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Duozon centrifugal contactors seem to have the following advantages in the refining of glyceride oils: decreased losses and increased yields of products; large capacity in a single machine resulting in low first cost, reduced requirement for floor space, and simple flow and installation; because of comparatively low speed, low maintenance cost and low power requirement; practically automatic operation; continuous operation unhampered by particles of meal in the charge; and an entirely enclosed system, allowing no oxidation of hot oil.
Hepatic participation in lipid metabolism
Authors: Di Luzio N. R.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

During alimentary lipemia induced in dogs by the feeding of saturated or unsaturated fats no significant alteration occurred in phagocytic function as indicated by colloidal carbon removal and colloidal gold tissue distribution studies. The cellular distribution of intravenously administered triglyceride indicated that most of the injected triglyceride was found in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cell. The distribution of an intravenously administered free cholesterol emulsion indicated initial localization in the parenchymal cell and a later elevation in the Kupffer cell. These findings suggest that both hepatic parenchymal and Kupffer cells participate in the removal of chylomicra; the parenchymal cell has the greatest role. The late elevation in cholesterol content of the Kupffer cell is indicative of a metabolic or excretory function of these cells in cholesterol metabolism.
The fatty acid content of selected foods before and after cooking
Authors: Chang Irene C. L. , Tchen Li Ing Yang , Watts Betty M.
Published: May 2007

Effect of cooking on the fatty acid composition of the extracted fat of baked products, butterscotch, frying fat, and stewed soybeans was studied. Except for the frying fat, no significant loss of essential fatty acid was observed among all the samples. Slight losses of linoleic acid occurred when vegetable oil had been used for deep fat frying for several hours.
The semi‐continuous deodorization of oils in all‐glass equipment
Authors: Allen R. R. , Van Akkeren L. A. , Vander Wal R. J.
Published: May 2007

Two semi‐continuous all‐glass vacuum deodorizers have been constructed and tested. One operates on a bubble‐cap principle. The other is constructed from a modified 15‐plate Oldershaw distillation column. Both columns effectively deodorize oils and remove fatty acids, but the latter has the higher capacity.
Study of carcass fats of beef animals. I. The composition of beef brisket fat
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Maroney J. E. , Petheram Marjorie
Published: May 2007

The iodine value, titer, and unsaturated fatty acid composition of a number of beef brisket fats have been determined.

Beef brisket fats have been found to differ from beef tallows representing composites of fats from other portions of the carcass. The variations are manifested in a higher iodine value, lower titer, lowersaturated fatty acid, and a higher monoethenoid fatty acid composition. The outer brisket fat seems to differ from composite tallows more than the inner brisket fat. This observation, previously unreported, does not apparently conflict with Shorland's designation of beef tallows as “heterolipids.”
The conidendrols as inhibitors of oxidation and polymerization
Authors: Mack C. H. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Alpha and beta conidendrol have been tested and intercompared with accepted stabilizers in the following applications: a) as antioxidants for the prevention of rancidification in fats, oils, and fat‐containing candies; b) as stabilizers against aging and resinification in GR‐S type polymers; and c) as additives for inhibiting the polymerization of vinyl type monomers. Accepted acceleration tests were employed in determining the relative efficiencies of the various stabilizers. Such tests do not necessarily yield quantitative information concerning stabilization performance under conditions of use. However experience has shown that any marked differences observed in these tests indicate proportional differences in normal use. On the basis of the data reported here it may be concluded that the conidendrols are approximately equal or superior to other stabilizers in current use in their respective fields. In addition, the conidendrols are produced from a raw material which is in abundant supply and offer the possibility of supplementing or replacing stabilizers derived from benzene or naphthalene.
Solvent extraction of cottonseed and peanut oils. IX. Determination of fines in miscella
Authors: Graci A. V. , Crovetto A. J. , Parker J. S. , Reuther C. G.
Published: May 2007

Four oil‐yielding materials, cottonseed, peanuts, okraseed, and rice bran, were used to develop a rapid method of determining the solids content of miscellas. In each case straight‐line plots of the gravimetric determination vs. the volumetric determination were obtained when samples were diluted to fall within the proper range.
Disappearance of BHA and BHT in relation to peroxide content in breakfast cereals
Authors: Anderson R. H. , Huntley T. E. , Schwecke W. M. , Nelson J. H.
Published: May 2007

In ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereals the amounts of BHA and BHT remaining at any time during storage were inversely proportional to the amount of peroxides present in the cereal. At the point of organoleptic unacceptability of stored cereals the peroxide numbers were approximately 120, and contents of BHA and BHT were each approximately 10% to 20% of the initial levels.

No discernible amount of a dimeric oxidation product of BHA or BHT could be isolated from any stored cereal which contained BHA and BHT. It is likely that dimeric oxidation products do not occur in appreciable amounts as intermediates or final products in the reactions of BHA and BHT with peroxides in cereals. It is probable that each mole of BHA and BHT in cereals reacts with several moles of peroxide radicals to form hydroperoxides and complexes of antioxidants with peroxide radicals.
A novel continuous countercurrent epoxidation process
Authors: Latourette H. K. , Castrantas H. M. , Gall R. J. , Dierdorff L. H.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion and Summary

A laboratory process has been developed for the continuous countercurrent preparation of epoxidized oils. This consists of introducing continuously, to a packed column, an unsaturated oil, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid, and withdrawing the epoxidized product. Operating variables have been investigated and optimum conditions predicted. Obtainment of maximum yields must await construction of a longer column.
A nutritive evaluation of over‐heated fats
Authors: Rice E. E. , Poling C. E. , Mone P. E. , Warner W. D.
Published: May 2007

According to the tests used, harmful substances do not occur in fried foods or in fats used in preparing foods. It is possible to obtain biologically undesirable materials by excessively heating and/or oxidizing fats in the laboratory, but the conditions required for the production of such materials differ greatly from those used in practical cooking or processing of foods. There appears to be no reason to believe that fats are nutritionally damaged when handled by normally‐accepted good practice in present‐day food preparation.
Search for new industrial oils. VI. Seed oils of the genusLesquerella
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acid composition of seed oil from 14 species of the genusLesquerella has been determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. All but two species contain hydroxyeicosenoie acid in amounts ranging from 45 to 74%. The remaining two species contain about 50% C18 hydroxy acids, but none of the C20 hydroxy acid.
Thermal oxidation of synthetic triglycerides I. composition of oxidized triglycerides
Authors: Endres J. G. , Bhalerao V. R. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Tripalmitin, 1‐ and 2‐lauryl dipalmitin and 1‐ and 2‐oleyl dipalmitin were subjected to thermal oxidation at 200C in the presence of air for various lengths of time. The triglycerides showed a loss in weight, and an increase in carbonyl hydroxyl and acid values. The I.V. increased in the case of saturated triglycerides and decreased in the case of unsaturated triglycerides.

Hydrolysis of the ester linkage between glycerol and fatty acid was found to occur during thermal oxidation of the type and position of the fatty acid in the triglyceride molecule. The fatty acids released from the triglyceride by hydrolysis were found either to be oxidized further to short chain fatty acids, or were oxygenated with the introduction of a carbonyl or hydroxyl group in the molecule. Moreover, the unsaturated fatty acid in the triglyceride molecule was found to be oxidized more readily than the saturated fatty acid.

A hydroxy fatty acid with a carbon number of 13.5 on a diethylene glycol succinate column was isolated from oxidized tripalmitin and was also found to occur in the free fatty acid fraction of oxidized tripalmitin, 1‐lauryl, 2–3 dipalmitin, and 1‐oleyl, 2–3 dipalmitin. The presence of laurie or oleic acid in the 2‐position of the triglyceride prevented the formation of this acid, which suggested that it is an oxidation product of palmitic acid.
Fatty acid composition ofChoanephora curubitarum
Authors: White H. B. , Chu F. S. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

Crude lipid extracts were prepared fromChoanephora cucurbitarum which had been grown on a glucose‐glutamie acid medium for periods up to 12 days. Methanolysis of the extracts and gas chromatography of the esters revealed that palmitate accumulated continuously at a rate 7‐fold that of palmitoleate. Oleate accumulation followed a different pattern at a rate nearly 6‐fold that of stearate. The esters included linoleate and four others which were not identified.
Analysis of nonvolatile material in solvent hexane
Authors: Ryder J. W. , Sullivan G. P.
Published: May 2007

The amount and composition of the nonvolatile residue in solvent hexane are important quality criteria. These residue characteristics are particularly significant in the hexane extraction of foods because of the possibility of contaminating edible products. A laboratory evaluation of the residue from a typical hexane was made to find if there was any trace of multi‐ring aromatics which might be potential carcinogens.

Samples of hexane directly from a refinery and after storage and transportation to two solvent extraction plants were analyzed. All residues were separated by paper chromatography and analyzed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. In no case, were they found to contain polynuclear aromatic carcinogenic materials. The test method is sensitive to less than 0.01 ppm.

In order to verify the accuracy of the test, an analysis was made for the quantitative recovery of a known carcinogen. For this purpose, 0.01 ppm of 3,4 benzpyrene was added to the hexane as an internal standard and the analysis conducted as before. In these tests, the benzpyrene was recovered quantitatively.
Fatty acid composition of hydrogenated linseed oil
Authors: Lie John , Spillum Eirik
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid composition of hydrogenated linseed oil has been calculated from the iodine value, ultraviolet absorption with and without alkali isomerization, and the contents of saturated acids determined by the Bertram oxidation method. The hydrogenations are carried out at 160°C. and 235°C. The isomerization effect of the catalyst at the two temperatures is shown by heating the oils with 0.2% Ni‐catalyst at 160°C. and 235°C. in CO2‐atm. The analyses show:

At 235°C. the conjugation of the double bonds is very large compared with 160°C.

The hydrogen seems to serve as an additional activator for the isomerization.

By hydrogenation at 235°C. 14% conjugated linoleic acid is found in the hydrogenated fat. By 160°C. only 3.6% of the acid is found. The contents of conjugated linoleic acid are due to the isomerization effect of the catalyst.

By 235°C. the reactions: linolenic→conjugated linolenic→conjugated linoleic→oleic, predominate. By 160°C the reactions: {fx604‐1}

A theory is advanced that the temperature influences the selectivity through the conjugation of the double bonds.
Effects of heat on crude peat wax
Authors: Sundgrén A. , Rauhala Veikko T.
Published: May 2007

On heating, there is formed in crude peat wax a product insoluble in ethanol and several other organic solvents.

In the crude resins of peat bitumen a product insoluble in alcohol is not formed at a temperature below 80°C. while at a temperature of 100°C. the quantity formed is insignificant compared with that of the crude wax.

When ethanol is used to extract bitumen, less insoluble material forms on heating than when the benzene‐ethanol mixture is employed as the solvent.

The amount of the insoluble part formed by heating purified wax in an ethanol solution is less than by heating it in air at the same temperature.

The formation of an insoluble part in crude wax occurs in the absence of oxygen, but its presence accelerates the rate of formation.

In the range, room temperature up to 100°C., one or more condensation‐polymerization type of reactions take place in crude wax.
Solvent extraction of oil from cottonseed prior to the removal of linters and treatment of the residue to effect separation of meal, hulls, and linters
Authors: Clark S. P. , Cecil Wamble A.
Published: May 2007

The results of the work which has been described can be summarized as follows:

A new, workable process has been developed using standard oil mill machinery, which can process cottonseed into oil, meal, linters, and a new product.

The economic position of the new process depends upon the use made of the new product; in the version of the new process investigated by this study, the new process competes on about equal terms with existing processes.

Although the new process does not give immediate promise of additional profits to cottonseed processors, another possibility for new products from cottonseed has been explored which might become important in the future if the present demands for second cut linters and hulls should decline.
A determination of the effects of several variables on the performance characteristics of shortening, using statistical experimental designs
Authors: Truax H. Mack , MacDonald Ira A.
Published: May 2007

To obtain shortening of higher water absorption, one should increase the level of monoglyceride used in the shortening. Icing volume is adversely affected by higher levels of monoglycerides. It is immaterial whether the monoglyceride has 40–44% or 56–58%alpha mono content, and the I.V. may range from 56 to 90 without producing significant effects on water absorption, icing volume, or cake results. Tempering and the choice of vegetable fat or rearranged meat fat stocks are of importance.
Epoxy acid in seed oils ofMalvaceae and preparation of (+)threo‐12,13‐Dihydroxyoleic acid
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: May 2007

Seed oils of six species ofMalvaceae, representing four genera, were found to containcis‐12,13‐epoxyoleic acid in amounts estimated at 1,5–7% of the total fatty acids. Acetolysis of the oils gave the corresponding dihydroxyoleic acid, which was shown to be predominantly adextro‐rotatory form ofthreo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid. It was obtained optically pure, and its structure was confirmed by orthodox methods. The hydrogenation product, (+)‐threo‐12,13‐dihydroxystearic acid, was also obtained optically pure and characterized. The best yield of dihydroxyoleic acid was obtained from the seed oil ofMalope trifida.

Samples of oil from four other species ofMalvaeae had a very low or negligible content of epoxy acid.
Butter texture: The prevalent triglycerides
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel
Published: May 2007

The effect of composition on butter texture usually has been treatedvia the iodine value or the fatty acid content. The development of a new analytical technique allowed accurate determination of triglyceride composition of five different types of butters collected in winter and summer periods. The firmness of these samples has been measured in parallel, by using an Instron® universal testing machine and a cone penetrometer. As expected, a regional and seasonal variation of butter firmness was found. The correlation between firmness at 15°C and triglyceride composition allows the selection of four triglyceride fractions (TG1, TG2, TG3 and TG4) mainly represented by: TG1, POO; TG2, MyOO; TG3, CLaO + CyMyO + CoPO + BuSO and TG4, BuPO + CoMyO + CoPL (P, palmitic acid; O, oleic acid; My, myristic acid; C, capric acid; La, lauric acid; Cy, caprylic acid; Co, caproic acid; Bu, butryic acid; S, stearic acid; L, linoleic acid). The proportions of TG1 and TG2 are negatively correlated with firmness (r=0.89 and r=0.95, respectively). The level of the two other groups runs parallel to firmness (r=0.95 and r=0.91, respectively). The high correlation coefficients of these prevalent triglyceride fractions could be a better representative indication than iodine value or fatty acid content on the variation of this physical property of butter.
Solubilization of Acyl‐CoA elongases from developing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Créach Anne , Lessire René
Published: May 2007

Acyl‐CoA elongases are important in producing high‐erucic acid rapeseed. The effects of Triton X‐100,N‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and deoxycholate on the C18:1‐CoA and C20:1‐CoA elongase(s) have been studied by using a 15,000 ×g pellet from developing rapeseed. The synthesis of very long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (VLCMFA) and, in particular, that of erucic acid were stimulated by Triton X‐100, whatever the substrate used. In the presence ofN‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, the elongase activity was practically unchanged, whereas deoxycholate strongly inhibited VLCMFA synthesis. Triton X‐100 was chosen for the solubilization, at an optimal Triton X‐100/protein (w/w) ratio of 2.5. Acyl‐CoAs were the major products synthesized by the solubilized acyl‐CoA elongase(s). The analysis of the reaction intermediates showed that the entire elongation complex has been solubilized and was still functional.
Purification and characterization of thermophilic and alkalophilic tributyrin esterase fromBacillus strain A30‐1 (ATCC 53841)
Authors: Wang Yongxiang , Saha Badal C.
Published: May 2007

An extracellular esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) from a thermophilicBacillus A30‐1 (ATCC 53841) was purified 139‐fold to homogeneity by sodium chloride (6 M) treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation (30–80%) and phenyl‐Sepharose CL‐6B column chromatography. The native enzyme was a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 65,000 and an isoelectric point at pH 4.8. The optimum pH for esterase activity was 9.0, and its pH stability range was 5.0–10.5. The optimum temperature for its activity was 60°C. The esterase had a half‐life of 28 h at 50°C, 20 h at 60°C and 16 h at 65°C. It showed the highest activity on tributyrin, with little or no activity toward long‐chain (12–20 carbon) fatty acid esters. The enzyme displayed Km and Kcat values of 0.357 mM and 8365/min, respectively, for tributyrin hydrolysis at pH 9.0 and 60°C. Cyclodextrin (α, β, and γ), Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ enhanced the esterase activity, and Zn2+ and Fe2+ acted as inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was not affected by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, p‐chloromercuribenzoate andN‐bromosuccinimide.
Report of the color committee, 1953–1954
Authors: Agee G. W. , Buswell R. J. , Coleman W. T. , Formo M. W. , Goldwasser Seymore , Henry D. L. , Macmillan Duncan , Wallen E. J. , Manning C. L. , Mehlenbacher V. C. , O’Connor R. T. , Pope R. C. , Whyte L. K. , Stillman R. C.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

It may be concluded from the work of the committee during the past year that

eight of 18 instruments used in reporting requested data do not meet A.O.C.S. specifications. This conclusion is not necessarily a criticism of the instruments since only two of the instruments gave results materially out of line;

the use of standardizing solutions holds promise;

the possibility of using readings at only one or two appropriate wave‐lengths suggests itself as a practical method of oil grading;

additional committee work is necessary not only in the direction so far taken but in other directions which may hold promise of giving precise instrumental color values.
Fractionation of some polyethenoxy lauryl ethers
Authors: Karabinos J. V. , Quinn E. J.
Published: May 2007

Molecular distillation was applied to the fractionation of lauryl ether‐ethylene oxide condensates. It was shown that the distribution, in general, follows Poisson’s Law as applied to polyethylene glycols by Flory. Detergency studies on the individnal fractions indicate optimum soil removal at approximately seven ethenoxy units and optimum whiteness retention at about four ethenoxy units.
Purification of crude glycerin by ion exclusion
Authors: Prielipp Glenn E. , Keller Harold W.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

The results obtained from operating a pilot plant, using the ion exclusion process for the separation of crude glycerin from its dissolved solids, proved to be predictable according to previous publications. The operating variables investigated were: temperature, flow rate, nonionic concentration, ionic concentration, and feed volume. No serious problems were incurred as a result of scale up from the 0.6‐in. diameter laboratory column to the 12‐in. diameter pilot plant and laboratory data were duplicated in the pilot plant. The product obtained from the ion exclusion pilot plant, which was finished by ion exchange and evaporation, meets and/or exceeds U.S.P. specifications for CP glycerin.

A cost analysis based on the above process, which includes operational cost, equipment, and resin amortization, indicates that CP glycerin could be produced for one cent per pound.
A paper chromatographic procedure for separating 1‐mono‐, 1,3‐di‐, and triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters
Authors: Dieckert Julius W. , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

A reproducible paper chromatographic procedure has been developed for resolving a mixture consisting of 1‐mono‐, 1,3‐di‐, and triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. The separation is accomplished, using silicic acid impregnated glass fiber filter paper as the chromatographic medium and various ethyl ether‐isooctane mixtures as the solvent systems. A reagent consisting of 1:1 concentrated sulfuric acid: water has been introduced for visualizing the lipides on the chromatogram and for distinguishing between glycerides and cholesterol‐containing lipides. Unsaturation in the fatty acid moiety of the mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides had no detectable effect on the Rf values of these substances. Fatty acid chain length did not affect the Rf of the cholesteryl esters with the solvent systems studied. Increasing the percentage ethyl ether in the solvent system caused an increase in the Rf values of each lipide not moving at the solvent front.
Effects of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (hempa) upon allylic grignard reagents: Synthesis of long chain alkenol acetates
Authors: Sonnet P. E. , Bierl B. A. , Beroza M.
Published: May 2007

E or Z allylic Grignard reagents reacted with allylic halides in tetrahydrofuran‐Hempa to give products in which the double bond from the organometallic fragment was predominantly Z. Protonation of the allylic Grignard reagents gave an increased proportion of Δ2‐alkene and a higher ratio of Z:E isomers when Hempa was added.
Lipid peroxidationin vivo
Authors: Witting Lloyd A.
Published: May 2007

Under a rather rigidly defined set of empirical conditions, the kinetics of production of a specific tocopherol‐deficiency sign, creatinuria, in the rat were comparable to the kinetics of the autoxidation of pure polyunsaturated fatty acids in model systemsin vitro. The tocopherol requirement of the rat under these conditions was clearly related to the kinetics of lipid peroxidation. Dietary, biologically available selenium decreased the rate of production of creatinuria and the rate of disappearance of tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) equally and, therefore, may have functioned as a lipid antioxidantin vivo. A hypothetical model of lipid peroxidation was prepared in an attempt to describe the interaction of PUFA, tocopherol, biologically available selenium, and sulfur amino acids.
Glyceride studies. Part III. The component glycerides of five seed oils containing linolenic acid
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Padley F. B.
Published: May 2007

The component glycerides of linseed, wild rose, candlenut, soya and stillingia oils have been estimated by chromatography on thin layers of silica impregnated with silver nitrate. The separated glycerides are identified, qualitatively and quantitatively, by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl esters in presence of added methyl heptadecanoate as an internal standard. The results agree with those obtained by lipolysis or calculated directly from the component acids on the basis of the theory of positional distribution.
Glyceride studies. Part IV. The component glycerides of ten seed oils containing linoleic acid
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Qureshi M. Ilyas
Published: May 2007

The component glycerides of ten seed oils (safflower, tobacco, sunflower,Argemone mexicana, maize, cotton, groundnut,Macadamia ternifolia, Gmelina asiatica, andMadhuca latifolia) have been estimated by chromatographic procedures. The results agree with those obtained by lipolysis or calculated directly from the component acids on the basis of the theory of positional distribution.
Glyceride studies. V. The distribution of unsaturated acyl groups in vegetable triglycerides
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Hamilton R. J. , Padley F. B. , Qureshi M. Ilyas
Published: May 2007

The distribution of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, petroselinic, hexadec‐9 and 11‐enoic, sterculic, four conjugated octadecatrienoic acids, isolinolenic, and octadeca‐6,9,12,15‐tetraenoic acid in vegetable triglycerides has been studied by hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase. The results, discussed in terms of a selectivity factor, indicate that these unsaturated acids do not compete equally for the secondary hydroxyl group.
The triglyceride composition of linseed oil
Authors: Vereshchagin A. G. , Novitskaya Galina V.
Published: May 2007

The triglyceride composition of linseed oils obtained under different ecological conditions and having different fatty acid compositions was determined by a combination of several chromatographic techniques. The triglyceride mixture was first separated in 8 fractions of different polarity by reversed‐phase paper chromatography. Each glyceride fraction was then separated in a partition chromatographic system as the triglyceride coordination complexes with silver ions into individual compounds. The fatty acid compositions of the original oil, single glyceride fractions, and individual triglycerides were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The molar ratio between the two neighboring glyceride fractions was determined by relating the fatty acid composition of each fraction to the fatty acid composition of their sum. The triglyceride composition of the total oil was then calculated from these results.

The presence of 18舑19 triglycerides was ascertained in the samples studied, and the molar concentration of each glyceride was estimated. Linseed oil contains only triunsaturated and monosaturated‐diunsaturated triglycerides. Within each of these types the fatty acid distribution is close to random. At the same time, the content of some triglycerides departed regularly from a random pattern.

A method for calculation of linseed oil triglyceride composition from the fatty acid composition is given.

The same general pattern of glyceride formation in linseed is followed regardless of ecological conditions; therefore, the qualitative and quantitative triglyceride composition reflects the differences in fatty acid composition of linseed oil.
Determination of nonionic surfactant biodegradability: Physical properties vs. colorimetry
Authors: Huddleston R. L. , Allred R. C.
Published: May 2007

Biodegradation studies with three alkyl phenol nonionic products have revealed that loss of cobaltothiocyanate colorimetric sensitivity may not necessarily correlate with loss of surface tension lowering and foaming properties when these type structures are exposed to microbial attack. Where this type of disagreement between analytical methods is present, only the surface tension and foam data are valid measurements of biodegradation.
Titration of cyclopropene esters with hydrogen bromide
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Zarins Zigrida , White John L. , Holmes Raiford L.
Published: May 2007

Esters of the naturally occurring cyclopropene acids have heretofore been determined by titration with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid. However, highly purified cyclopropenes had an apparent purity of only 83–86% by this method. The catalyzed addition of acetic acid during the titration has been shown to occur. Substituting toluene for the acetic acid not only gives the correct cyclopropene content, but also sharpens the end point of the titration. The new titration is performed at 70–75 C and 1,3‐diphenylguanidine, which is soluble in toluene, should be used as a primary standard. The indicator solution is 0.03% crystal violet in butyric acid. Mono‐ and diglycerides and oxidized fatty compounds must be removed before titration. Oxirane oxygen can be determined by the new procedure, probably with an accuracy greater than that possible with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid.
The effects of the changing textile technology on detergent formulations
Authors: Hunter Robert T. , Roga Robert C.
Published: May 2007

The rapidly changing character of the laundry load has created new cleaning criteria for the modern detergent composition. The effect of some likely changes in detergent formulations on the performance of a representative set of modern fabrics has been investigated. The results indicate that certain benefits in the cleaning of permanent press fabric can be achieved through some rather simple formulation changes. These changes include: the use of olefin sulfonate surfactant; and the use of mixed STPP‐SNTA builders. Nonionics and nonionic‐LAS mixtures were found to have rather flat response curves on the fabrics in this study. The maintenance of adequate use concentration when laundering with common detergents was also found to be quite beneficial in cleaning the modern textiles. The most apparent progress in achieving better appearance of laundered fabrics has been made by the development of the soil release finish for permanent press.
Comparison of oxalic acid and phosphoric acid as degumming agents for vegetable oils
Authors: Ohlson R. , Svensson C.
Published: May 2007

For many years, phosphoric acid has been used for degumming vegetable oils with high phosphatide content prior to alkali refining. One disadvantage of this technique is the resulting undesirable phosphate waste in streams, a problem which has increased substantially in importance in recent times. We have investigated an alternative degumming technique using oxalic acid that alleviates the pollution problem in cases where water purification by means of a chemical treatment process is not possible.
Continuous sheeting and packaging of pastry type and other fats
Authors: Edmunds R. S. , Budlong T. L.
Published: May 2007

High speed production of sheeted roll‐in pastry fats, margarine, and butter is featured in a general discussion. Methods of processing the fat products to be sheeted, including the use of scraped surface heat exchangers and continuous and vane type butter churns, are included. Various means of connecting the processing function to the sheeting and packaging equipment, including fully closed systems and open hopper systems, round out this discussion on provisions now available to set up fully continuous processes to handle products from liquid, emulsion, and churning cream stages to finished packages for industrial and consumer use.
Geometrical isomerization of 1,5‐dienes: Isomers of gossyplure, the pink bollworm sex attractant
Authors: Sonnet P. E.
Published: May 2007

The isomeric components of gossyplure, (Z,Z)‐and (Z,E)‐7,11‐hexadecadien‐1‐o1 acetates, were isomerized cleanly to the (E,E) and (E,Z) acetates by the method of Vedejs and Fuchs. This method is applicable to the double inversion of 1,5‐dienes. Thus, geometrical isomers of some compounds of biological interest, such as the insect sex attractants, can be more readily obtained.
The reactions of hydrogen bromide with oleic acid and its esters. II. Free radical addition
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Spoerri P. E.
Published: May 2007

Oleic acid and a series of its esters were reacted with hydrogen bromide under conditions favoring addition by a free radical mechanism. Variations of the solvents, catalysts, temperatures, dilution, and the ester groups were investigated. Under all conditions a statistical 50∶50 distribution of position isomers was found.
The 2‐thiobarbituric acid reagent for determination of oxidative rancidity in fish oils
Authors: de Koning A. J. , Silk M. H.
Published: May 2007

A method has been devised for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in oxidized fish oils by means of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid reagent in alcoholic solution. TBA numbers and peroxide values have been determined at intervals during hydroperoxidation of pilchard oil. The curves follow the same general pattern but the numerical relationship between them depends upon the temperature of oxidation.

In alcoholic solution, the reaction between thiobarbituric acid and malonaldehyde is carried out in the dark, because sunlight causes a decrease in optical density of the TBA‐malonaldehyde complex at 532 mॖ with the appearance of a second maximum at 452 mॖ. The nature of the compounds responsible for absorption at these two wave‐lengths is discussed.
Suspensions of high‐melting triglycerides
Authors: White J. L. , Singleton W. S.
Published: May 2007

A method for preparing stable oil/water suspensions of cottonseed stearine, tristearin, tripalmitin, trimyristin, methyl stearate, and palmitic acid in concentrations up to 10% with minimum concentrations of stabilizing agents is described. Using 2.5% of polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate (based on weight of hard fat), 0.1% of Pluronic F 68, and 0.2舑0.25% of Carbopol 934 (the concentrations of these two agents are based on the weight of the aqueous phase), suspensions of the hard fats were prepared by simple stirring, were stable for at least one month at room temperature, and could be sterilized. The size of the dispersed fat particles was 20舑40 ॖ. Apparent viscosities of cottonseed stearine suspensions at 2, 5, and 10% concentrations were 3.59, 5.95, and 6.62 poises at 25C, respectively. Suspensions as described should have utility in those areas of investigation in which solid fatty materials in the form of stable dispersions are desirable.
Glycidyl esters. IV. Hydration of glycidyl stearate
Authors: Maerker G. , Ault W. C. , Port W. S.
Published: May 2007

The acid‐catalyzed conversion of glycidyl stearate to monostearin has been investigated. By use of au essentially nonaqueous reaction medium and a two‐step procedure, high yields of monostearin were obtained at 15舑20C in brief reaction periods, while avoiding ester hydrolysis. Distearin was found to be a by‐product. The influence of solvent, reaction temperature, and type of acid catalyst upon the relative amounts of monostearin and distearin produced were studied. A possible reaction path leading to the formation of distearin is proposed.
Dynamics of the soap industry
Authors: Peet Roy
Published: May 2007

This has been a review of the dynamics of the soap industry. We have seen the growth of cleanliness and of a recognition of the part cleanliness plays in health and morale. We have traced the increase of industrialization which has brought low‐priced plumbing equipment, hot water in the home, and washing machines within the reach of all. Each has made life better, healthier, easier, and each has increased the consumption of soap.

It is fitting that an industry which makes a product so basic to the health and well‐being of the people should be an aggressive, competitive, and enlightened industry.

We are proud of the fact that the soap industry has played its part for the welfare of the country as a whole and is ever alert to serve the public better. I hope those of you who are already working in the industry will derive as much pleasure from it as I have; and to those who have taken this course only because of an outside interest in the subject of soap, let me just say, “Come on in, the water is fine!”
The analysis of soaps
Authors: Stillman R. C.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

In conclusion, let us say that, while the basic methods for soap analysis were pretty well worked out 50 years ago, laboratory techniques and equipment have changed greatly. Many new analyses have been added due mainly to the use of new builders, antioxidants, and additives of all kinds. Instrumental analyses, such as pH and photometric colors, coupled with a change‐over to rapid analytical methods utilizing polarographs, spectrophotometers, flame photometers, and electronic devices of all kinds have changed the laboratory equipment picture and the man‐power requirements. The analysts must be trained to handle the tools and maintain the equipment. A continuing search for newer and better methods and tools continues.
Screening cottonseed for aflatoxins
Authors: Whitten M. E.
Published: May 2007

A rapid screening method for detecting aflatoxins in cottonseed has been developed. Using long‐wave ultraviolet light and samples containing aflatoxins, the fibers on a few cottonseed fluoresced a greenish yellow and the ends of some sticks and stems (foreign material) fluoresced with a bluish color. Nine out of 10 of the 2300 samples of cottonseed were correctly screened during the last two years of the study. In only one category, 1–10 ppb aflatoxins, was there an appreciable error in the screening method.
Fatty acids of cows' milk. B. Composition by gas‐liquid chromatography aided by other methods of fractionation
Authors: Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Luddy Francis E. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

A fresh sample of cows' milk was converted directly to the methyl esters by methanolysis and the esters were fractionated into eleven distilled fractions and an undistilled portion. The latter, which contained the bulk of the polyunsaturated and long chain esters, was further fractionated by adsorption chromatography on a silicic acid column. Each fraction from the distillation and adsorption chromatography was analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography on columns containing polyester stationary phases of different polarity. Twenty‐seven minor components, including some not previously reported, were present each in less than 0.1%. The fatty acid distribution of the major components fell within the range generally reported.
Keeping properties of edible oils. Part II. Refining by treatment with alumina
Authors: Crossley A. , Davies A. C. , Pierce J. H.
Published: May 2007

A new refining technique is described in which the normal earth‐bleaching process is replaced by a treatment of the neutral oil, in light petroleum solution, on a column of activated alumina. The products are generally of somewhat improved color and have considerably longer keeping times compared with conventional oils. The application of the process on the semi‐large seale is described.
Structural information of long‐chain fatty material obtained rapidly and conveniently by the use of X‐ray diffraction studies of single crystals of urea and thiourea adducts
Authors: Nicolaides N. , Laves F.
Published: May 2007

X‐ray diffraction patterns of single crystals of urea or thiourea adducts of long chain fatty material (channel type of inclusion compounds) yield diffuse, continuous layer lines instead of the usual spots obtained with ordinary crystals. These lines result because adduct crystals have order in one dimension only, (the channel direction) whereas in ordinary crystals there is order in three dimensions which yields spots.

These continuous layer lines offer possibilities for structure determination of the included molecule (guest). From their spacing, i.e., their distance from the equator, the length of the guest can be quickly calculated. This in turn can give information on 1) degree of branching, 2)cis‐transisomerism if the substance is unsaturated, and 3) molecular weight of the guest. From an evaluation of the intensities of the various orders of the layer lines, the position of a substituent group (such as a methyl, hydroxyl or keto group) on the hydrocarbon chain of the guest can be determined.
Variability of aflatoxin test results
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Monroe R. J.
Published: May 2007

Using 12 lb samples, 280 g subsamples, the Waltking method of analysis, and densitometric procedures, the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variances associated with aflatoxin test procedures were estimated. Regression analysis indicated that each of the above variance components is a function of the concentration of aflatoxin in the population being tested. Results, for the test procedures given above, showed that sampling constitutes the greatest single source of error, followed by subsampling and analysis. Functional relationships are presented to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance for any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses.