bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF RECONSTITUTING HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL POPULATIONS
Authors: O'QUIGLEY JOHN
Published: August 2010

Clonal dominance in hematopoietic stem cell populations is an important question of interest but not one we can directly answer. Any estimates are based on indirect measurement. For marked populations, we can equate empirical and theoretical moments for binomial sampling, in particular we can use the well-known formula for the sampling variation of a binomial proportion. The empirical variance itself cannot always be reliably estimated and some caution is needed. We describe the difficulties here and identify ready solutions which only require appropriate use of variance-stabilizing transformations. From these we obtain estimators for the steady state, or dynamic equilibrium, of the number of hematopoietic stem cells involved in repopulating the marrow. The calculations themselves are not too involved. We give the distribution theory for the estimator as well as simple approximations for practical application. As an illustration, we rework on data recently gathered to address the question as to whether or not reconstitution of marrow grafts in the clinical setting might be considered to be oligoclonal.
HIERARCHICAL POLYTHIOPHENE-COATED MnO2 NANOSHEETS AS NON-PRECIOUS ELECTRO-CATALYST TO OXYGEN REDUCTION
Authors: LU QING , ZHOU YIKAI
Published: August 2010

In this work, hierarchical polythiophene-coated MnO 2 nanosheets have been synthesized employing a modified interfacial process. The materials have been thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. It is found that the in situ generated polythiophene-coating cannot only retard the overgrowth of nuclei but also stabilize the ultrathin nanosheets (less than 5 nm), and enhance the electronic conductivity of MnO 2 as well. The cyclic voltammetric measurement verifies that the prepared nanocomposite electrode possesses good electro-catalytic activity to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The corresponding electro-catalytic mechanism on ORR is also investigated. The excellent activity of the synthesized nanocomposite brings about an overall 4-electron reduction of oxygen.
FIRST-PRINCIPLE THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE CALCIUM FERRITE-TYPE LiMn2O4
Authors: LI MEILING , ZHANG YUE , LI LIN
Published: August 2010

The structural and electronic properties of the calcium ferrite-type LiMn 2 O 4 were studied using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. The results showed that LiMn 2 O 4 was an antiferromagnetic semiconductor from GGA+U calculations, similar to the experimental report of Li 0.92 Mn 2 O 4. The spin magnetic moments and density of states of Mn atoms showed that LiMn 2 O 4 was a mixed-valence compound with Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ cations randomly distributed amongst the octahedral sites.
INFLUENCE OF pH VALUE ON THE STRUCTURES AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFZnONANOCRYSTALLINE SYNTHESIZED WITH A SOLUTION PROCESS
Authors: HE GUAN-NAN , WU SUN-TAO , LI JING , HUANG BO , WU QI-HUI
Published: August 2010

Three types of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanostructures namely nanorods, nanodisks and nanoflowers were prepared in three different pH value solutions. The results indicated that the concentration of H+ions in the solution would greatly affect the growth behaviors of ZnO crystal. In addition to a broad ultraviolet emission found on the photoluminescence spectra, two weaker peaks corresponding to the blue emission of ZnO were observed at 2.75 and 2.68 eV, which probably originate from the electron transition from the shallow donor level of interstitial Zn to the valence band of ZnO .
SOLVOTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF UNIFORM MAGNETITE MICROSPHERES
Authors: ZHANG CAIQUAN , CUI YALI , DIDI  , YAN KUNPING , CHEN CHAO , PENG MINGLI
Published: August 2010

Facile procedures to synthesize large quantities of uniform and well dispersed magnetite particles in water were developed through a solvothermal method. Magnetite microspheres were obtained by using FeCl 3 · 6H 2 O , urea and polyethylene glycol as the starting materials in ethylene glycol at 200°C for 8 h. The samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. Experimental results revealed that the particles were well dispersed with uniform particle size and diameters in the range 260 to 280 nm. The saturation magnetization value was 71.5 emu/g with negligible remanence.
SYNTHESIS OF Al DOPED ZnO FILMS BY SOL–GEL TECHNIQUE
Authors: BHATTACHARYYA S. R. , MAJUMDER S.
Published: August 2010

Transparent and conducting aluminium doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) films having different Al:Zn ratio were deposited by simple sol–gel technique on glass substrates. The films were characterized by microstructural, optical and electrical studies. It was observed that the films were transparent but highly resistive. The films were annealed at 300°C in an ( nitrogen ( N 2) + hydrogen ( H 2) - 95% + 5%) atmosphere to obtain low resistive films. While the films showed transparency of > 70% in the visible range, the resistivity of the films was of the order of 10-3 Ω cm. The optical constants of the films were studied by a modified Kramers–Kronig model to study its variation with the change in aluminium ( Al ) concentration.
Deformation bands in gravels: displacement gradients and heterogeneous strain
Authors: Exner Ulrike , Grasemann Bernhard
Published: August 2010

We analyse deformation bands in middle Miocene deltaic gravels, which can be characterized as disaggregation bands formed by predominant grain rotation without cataclasis of the pebbles. The bands are restricted to single gravel beds, and only a few developed to faults with larger displacement by propagation into over- and underlying finer-grained layers. The deformation bands record a strain gradient from the undeformed host sediment to the core, perpendicular to the shear vector, evidenced by a sigmoidal deflection of markers. Additionally, a strain gradient parallel to the shear vector of the bands is documented by displacement–distance distributions. The resulting heterogeneous displacement in the surrounding host sediment causes a rotation of marker horizons (reverse drag). Between closely spaced deformation bands, the geometries can be explained by the soft-domino model, where fault block rotation is accompanied by ductile deformation adjacent to the faults. The maximum displacement/length ratio of the observed deformation bands lies in the range between 0.01 and 0.1, which seems to be favourable for the development of reverse drag, adjacent to faults as well as deformation bands.
Regional mapping of pre-metamorphic spilitization and associated chemical mobility in greenschist-facies metabasalts of the SW Scottish Highlands
Authors: Skelton Alasdair , Arghe Fredrik , Pitcairn Iain
Published: August 2010

Both spilitic and non-spilitic metabasaltic sills are hosted by greenschist-facies metasediments in the SW Scottish Highlands. Spilitization is mainly characterized by enrichment in Na
2
O, elevated modal plagioclase and epidote segregations. Mapping of the spatial distribution of spilitic metabasalts reveals an ancient sub-sea-floor fluid cell centred on the extrusive Tayvallich Volcanics. Fluid circulation was most extensive at shallow levels where most sills were spilitized. We attribute this to pervasive flow of saline fluid, which was thermally driven by the cooling suite of lava flows and sills. Spilitization below this lithostratigraphic depth was restricted to only a few sills. Their spilitization is largely unrelated to specific properties of these sills (e.g. width, chemistry or host lithology). We conclude that fluid channelling was an intrinsic property of sub-sea-floor fluid flow either at deeper levels or earlier during fluid circulation. By profiling of the size distributions of relic phenocrysts in a partly spilitized sill, we conclude that spilitization proceeds with the symmetric propagation of a spilitization front from the sill margins towards the sill interior. Based on chemical profiling across the margin of an epidote segregation, we conclude that spilitization is associated with chemical transport on scales ranging from 0.1 to 10 m.
Regional sand injectite architecture as a record of pore-pressure evolution and sand redistribution in the shallow crust: insights from the Panoche Giant Injection Complex, California
Authors: Vigorito Mario , Hurst Andrew
Published: August 2010

Observations on outcrop of a regionally developed sand injectite are used to infer and estimate the pore-pressure conditions in the shallow crust that caused the fluidization and injection of tens of cubic kilometres of sand. The estimated pore-fluid pressures at the base of the injection complex (at 1500 m burial depth, below a regionally developed shale-dominated seal) are from 22.26 to 25.08 MPa, which respectively correspond to 0.81 and 0.95 lithostatic pressure. A theoretical basis for prediction of sand injection is defined and applied to the prediction of pore pressure at the time of sand injection, the depth at which seal failure occurred, and the density and granular content of the fluidized flow. Lateral variations in the style and abundance of sandstone intrusions are described and these all fit into a remarkably uniform tripartite division of parent units, an intrusive complex and an extrusive complex. A sill zone (intrusions are dominated by sills) occurs in a restricted stratigraphic interval 200–270 m thick. Location of the base of the sill zone is directly related to the thickness of the overburden, and an isobaric surface at the time of sand injection, the lithostatic equilibrium surface, is defined at the base of the sill zone. When the sills formed an extended period of supra-lithostatic pressure occurred within the sill zone.
Modern seawater acidification: the response of foraminifera to high-CO
2
conditions in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Dias B.B. , Hart M.B. , Smart C.W. , Hall-Spencer J.M.
Published: August 2010

The seas around the island of Ischia (Italy) have a lowered pH as a result of volcanic gas vents that emit carbon dioxide from the sea floor at ambient seawater temperatures. These areas of acidified seawater provide natural laboratories in which to study the long-term biological response to rising CO
2
levels. Benthic foraminifera (single-celled protists) are particularly interesting as they have short life histories, are environmentally sensitive and have an excellent fossil record. Here, we examine changes in foraminiferal assemblages along pH gradients at CO
2
vents on the coast of Ischia and show that the foraminiferal distribution, diversity and nature of the fauna change markedly in the living assemblages as pH decreases.
Acquired Long QT Syndrome and Torsade de Pointes Associated with HIV Infection
Authors: Shimabukuro-Vornhagen Alexander , Rybniker Jan , Zoghi Shahram , Faetkenheuer Gerd , Michels Guido , Erdmann Erland , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael , Kochanek Matthias
Published: August 2010

Here, we report the case of an HIV infected patient that was treated for pneumonia with a macrolid antibiotic. The patient experienced a prolongation of the already pathologic QTc interval resulting in repeated torsades de pointes necessitating CPR and implantation of an AICD. This case exemplifies that torsades de pointes due to acquired long QT syndrome is a serious and potentially fatal complication in HIV-positive patients.
Infinite‐Dimensional Lie Groups and Algebras in Mathematical Physics
Authors: Schmid Rudolf
Published: August 2010

We give a review of infinite‐dimensional Lie groups and algebras and show some applications and examples in mathematical physics. This includes diffeomorphism groups and their natural subgroups like volume‐preserving and symplectic transformations, as well as gauge groups and loop groups. Applications include fluid dynamics, Maxwell′s equations, and plasma physics. We discuss applications in quantum field theory and relativity (gravity) including BRST and supersymmetries.
Coordinated Increased Expression of Cyclooxygenase2 and Nuclear Factor B Is a Steady Feature of Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis
Authors: Kontos Stylianos , Sotiropoulou-Bonikou Georgia , Kominea Athina , Melachrinou Maria , Balampani Eleni , Bonikos Dionysis
Published: August 2010

Objectives. The inescapable relationship between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis has long been established. Our objective was to investigate COX-2 and NF-B immunohistochemical expression in a large series of normal epithelium and bladder carcinomas.Methods. Immunohistochemical methodology was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from urinary bladder carcinomas of 140 patients (94 males and 46 females with bladder carcinomas).Results. COX-2 expression is increased in the cytoplasm of bladder cells, during loss of cell differentiation (, ) and in muscle invasive carcinomas (). A strong positive association between tumor grade and nuclear expression of NFB has been established. A positive correlation between COX-2 and nuclear NFB immunoreactivity was observed.Conclusions. The possible coordinated upregulation of NFB and COX-2, during bladder carcinogenesis, indicates that agents inhibitors of these two molecules may represent a possible new treatment strategy, by virtue of their role in bladder carcinogenesis.
New Types of Behavioral Manipulation of Host Spiders by a Parasitoid Wasp
Authors: Eberhard William G.
Published: August 2010

The larva of the parasitic waspZatypotasp. nr.solanoiinduces its host spidersAnelosimusspp. to modify its web in ways not seen in normal webs of this species or in any other species, providing apparent protection and support for the wasp's cocoon by covering the entire web with a protective sheet and adding a central platform and opening a space below in the enclosed tangle, where the larva suspends its cocoon. These modifications differ qualitatively from those induced by a congeneric wasp. Parasitized spiders appeared to adjust modified web construction behavior to local conditions, implying that larval manipulations may occur at higher rather than lower levels of behavioral control (e.g., eliciting overall design decisions, rather than particular motor patterns).
Renal Cell Carcinoma Mimicking Adrenal Tumor
Authors: Moslemi Mohammad Kazem , Al-Mousawi Shabir , Dehghani Firoozabadi Mohammad Hasan
Published: August 2010

There are a variety of causes of adrenal pseudotumors on computerized tomography (CT) scan, including upper-pole renal mass, gastric diverticulum, prominent splenic lobulation, pancreatic mass, hepatic mass, and periadrenal varices. We present a case of a large subhepatic mass that discrimination of its origin from neighborhood organs was difficult preoperatively. Our patient was a 58 years old man, that three months after an unsuccessful operation in another center for a pseudoadrenal mass underwent a very difficult subcapsular tumorectomy in our center.
Evaluation of ProC Global assay in women with a history of venous thromboembolism on hormonal therapy
Authors: Aberbach Irit , Schliamser Liliana , Blumenfeld Zeev , Brenner Benjamin , Sarig Galit
Published: August 2010

The risk of thrombosis in women increases significantly during treatment with hormonal therapy (HT). The aim of this study was to evaluate ProC Global assay in women with a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) while using HT. Protein C activation time normalized ratio (PCAT-NR) levels were significantly lower in 32 women with a history ofVTE while using HT (0.72 ± 0.1) compared with 56 healthy controls without HT, matched by age at blood sampling (0.99 ± 0.2) and 40 healthy controls with HT, matched by age and HT at VTE event (0.94 ± 0.2) (P<0.001 for both). PCAT-NR lower than the cut-off level of 0.8 was found in 23/32 (72%) patients compared with 5/56 (9%) age-matched controls (OR=26, 95%CI: 7-106, P<0.001) and 9/40 (22.5%) of HT-matched controls (OR=9, 95%CI: 2.7-30, P<0.001). Any thrombophilic risk factor was found in 20/32 (62.5%) of patients compared with 12/56 (21.4%) of agematched controls (OR=6, 95%CI: 2.1-10, P<0.001) and 12/40 (30%) of HT-matched controls (OR=4, 95%CI: 1.3-11.8, P=0.006).Out of the variables that are risk factors of VTE as age, HT or thrombophilic risk factor, ProC Global assay was found in the multivariate analysis - logistic regression, as the parameter that was the most associated with patient group [Exp(B)=15.8, 95% CI: 4.2-59.0, P<0.001]. In conclusion, abnormal PCAT-NR is associated with VTE in women using HT. ProC Global assay may potentially serve asa diagnostic tool for evaluating the risk of VTE in women prior to administration of HT.
Wind Class Sampling of Satellite SAR Imagery for Offshore Wind Resource Mapping
Authors: Badger Merete , Badger Jake , Nielsen Morten , Hasager Charlotte Bay , Peña Alfredo
Published: August 2010

High-resolution wind fields retrieved from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery are combined for mapping of wind resources offshore where site measurements are costly and sparse. A new sampling strategy for the SAR scenes is introduced, based on a method for statistical–dynamical downscaling of large-scale wind conditions using a set of wind classes that describe representative wind situations. One or more SAR scenes are then selected to represent each wind class and the classes are weighted according to their frequency of occurrence. The wind class methodology was originally developed for mesoscale modeling of wind resources. Its performance in connection with sampling of SAR scenes is tested against two sets of random SAR samples and meteorological observations at three sites in the North Sea during 2005–08. Predictions of the mean wind speed and the Weibull scale parameter are within 5% from the mast observations whereas the deviation on power density and the Weibull shape parameter is up to 7%. These results are promising and may be improved further through a better population of the wind classes. Advantages of the wind class sampling method over random sampling include, in principle, selection of the most representative SAR scenes such that wind resources can be predicted from a lower number of SAR samples. Furthermore, the wind class weightings can be adjusted to represent any time period.
Using Satellite-Derived Snow Cover Data to Implement a Snow Analysis in the Met Office Global NWP Model
Authors: Pullen Samantha , Jones Clive , Rooney Gabriel
Published: August 2010

Snow cover and amount are important components in the interaction between the land surface and atmosphere, but until recently there has been no observational snow information incorporated into the Met Office global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. This paper presents a Northern Hemisphere (NH) snow analysis, based on satellite-derived observations of snow cover, that has recently been implemented in the operational global Unified Model (UM). The analysis uses daily snow maps from the NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) to modify the UM background snow amount. Assimilation experiments carried out during the NH snow accumulation and ablation periods show improvements in analyzed snow cover, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when compared with unmodified control runs. Although the effect on forecast accuracy of introducing the snow analysis is largely neutral, there is some evidence of small improvements in screen-level temperature and humidity forecasts. Retention of information introduced by the snow analysis is hard, and so the limited impact on forecast accuracy is not unexpected. Several methods of validation and verification are presented, and their results and implications are discussed. The NH snow analysis delivers a basic snow assimilation system that can be expanded and developed further in future iterations to improve the representation of snow cover and amount in global and regional forecasting models.
The Definition of GOES Infrared Lightning Initiation Interest Fields
Authors: Harris Ryan J. , Mecikalski John R. , MacKenzie Wayne M. , Durkee Philip A. , Nielsen Kurt E.
Published: August 2010

Within cumulus cloud fields that develop in conditionally unstable air masses, only a fraction of the cumuli may eventually develop into deep convection. Identifying which of these convective clouds is most likely to generate lightning often starts with little more than a qualitative visual satellite analysis. The goal of this study is to identify the observed satellite infrared (IR) signatures associated with growing cumulus clouds prior to the first lightning strike, or lightning initiation (LI). This study quantifies the behavior of 10 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) IR fields of interest in the 1 h in advance of LI. A total of 172 lightning-producing storms, which occurred during the 2009 convective season, are manually tracked and studied over four regions: northern Alabama, central Oklahoma, the Kennedy Space Center, and Washington, D.C. Four-dimensional and cloud-to-ground lightning array data provide a total cloud lightning picture (in-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-air, and cloud-to-ground) and thus precise LI points for each storm in both time and space. Statistical significance tests are conducted on observed trends for each of the 10 LI fields to determine the unique information each field provides in terms of behavior prior to LI. Eight out of 10 LI fields exhibited useful information at least 15 min in advance of LI, with 35 min being the average. Statistical tests on these eight fields are compared for separate large geographical areas. Median IR temperatures and 3.9-μm reflectance values are then determined for all 172 events as an outcome, which may be valuable when implementing a LI prediction algorithm into real-time satellite-based systems.
Downward Wave Coupling between the Stratosphere and Troposphere: The Importance of Meridional Wave Guiding and Comparison with Zonal-Mean Coupling
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Perlwitz Judith , Harnik Nili
Published: August 2010

The nature of downward wave coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere in both hemispheres is analyzed using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset. Downward wave coupling occurs when planetary waves reflected in the stratosphere impact the troposphere, and it is distinct from zonal-mean coupling, which results from wave dissipation and its subsequent impact on the zonal-mean flow. Cross-spectral correlation analysis and wave geometry diagnostics reveal that downward wave-1 coupling occurs in the presence of both a vertical reflecting surface in the mid-to-upper stratosphere and a high-latitude meridional waveguide in the lower stratosphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, downward wave coupling occurs from September to December, whereas in the Northern Hemisphere it occurs from January to March. A vertical reflecting surface is also present in the stratosphere during early winter in both hemispheres; however, it forms at the poleward edge of the meridional waveguide, which is not confined to high latitudes. The absence of a high-latitude waveguide allows meridional wave propagation into the subtropics and decreases the likelihood of downward wave coupling. The results highlight the importance of distinguishing between wave reflection in general, which requires a vertical reflecting surface, and downward wave coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere, which requires both a vertical reflecting surface and a high-latitude meridional waveguide.

The relative roles of downward wave and zonal-mean coupling in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres are subsequently compared. In the Southern Hemisphere, downward wave-1 coupling dominates, whereas in the Northern Hemisphere downward wave-1 coupling and zonal-mean coupling are found to be equally important from winter to early spring. The results suggest that an accurate representation of the seasonal cycle of the wave geometry is necessary for the proper representation of downward wave coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere.
Employing cognitive chunking techniques to enhance sight-reading performance of undergraduate group-piano students
Authors: Pike Pamela D. , Carter Rebecca
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive chunking techniques among first-semester group-piano music majors. The ability to group discrete pieces of information into larger, more meaningful chunks is essential for efficient cognitive processing. Since reading keyboard music and playing the piano is a cognitively complex task, the ability to recognize patterns and execute the necessary motor skills is critical for proficiency in sight-playing. Three groups of beginning group-piano students ( N = 43) worked on 12 sight-reading examples during six class sessions. A control group rehearsed the examples without benefit of rhythm or pitch drills. Two experimental groups drilled either rhythm or pitch patterns prior to practicing the sight-reading exercises. Following the treatment phase, all subjects were tested on three sightreading examples to determine whether rhythmic and pitch chunking drills impacted reading performance at the keyboard. Subjects were evaluated on rhythmic accuracy, pitch accuracy and continuity. There were significant improvements from pretest to posttest in several subcategories. The pitch experimental group improved significantly in pitch, rhythm and continuity accuracy. The rhythm experimental group improved in rhythm and continuity, while the control group improved only in pitch accuracy. Experimental subjects reported significant engagement in rhythm and pitch chunking even if lack of motor skills impaired the actual performance.
Framing uncertainty: narratives, change and digital technologies
Authors: Garcia-Lorenzo Lucia
Published: August 2010

Using material from three qualitative studies into the social psychological processes surrounding uncertainty and change in organizations, this paper explores the insights gained from conceptualizing narratives as a bounded space that accommodates disruptions while providing safety in uncertain conditions. The empirical material illustrates how narratives are used to transmit permanence and collective knowledge while allowing for self-development and the managing of emotions. The use of narratives to make sense of change processes is particularly relevant in regard to the current widespread use of digital technologies for communication and information sharing. The paper suggests that the fragmentation and plurivocality that new digital technologies bring to the workplace can be framed, contained and managed safely within collectively created narrative spaces.
Some other kind of being: Human nature and animal subjects in ape language research
Authors: Bishop Rebecca
Published: August 2010

When asked to describe herself, Koko the nonhuman primate replied in sign-language that she was indeed a ‘fine animal gorilla’. One of several nonhuman primates that have been undergoing language training since the 1970s, Koko’s ability to grasp the fundaments of human expression have caused both fascination and derision in popular and scientific cultures. Yet visions of the language-using ape have not been simply a phenomenon of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Early natural history and Enlightenment philosophy make curious reference to the possibility of communicating apes. So similar to the human and yet existing in the terrain of animality, it was believed by some that the ape held a latent capacity for perfectibility — for emerging out of the mute world of the animal into the terrain of the human. An historically liminal entity, the great ape has been cast in both scientific literature and popular culture in various ways as a ‘pre-human’, a species that may be capable of becoming, through a training in the civilized manners and language of the world, fully human. In this sense, striking similarities can be found between the representation of nonhuman primates in contemporary ape language projects and historical discourses linking human childhood with a state of animality.
Roosters, hawks and dawgs: Toward an inclusive, embodied eco/feminist psychology
Authors: jones pattrice
Published: August 2010

The gendered exploitation of roosters used in cockfighting is a case example of the social construction of gender via animals — a psychosocial process that injures both people and animals. Similar processes of social construction by way of animals occur in relation to race and sexual orientation, with similarly mutually hurtful results. The rehabilitation of roosters used in cockfighting illustrates the utility of an expanded and amended conception of Herman’s principles of trauma recovery enacted within the emerging insights of trans-species psychology. Those insights lead us toward a truly inclusive eco/feminist psychology centered on acceptance of situated human animality and an understanding of traumatic alienation as a factor in both personal and communal problems in living, including climate change. This perspective shifts the ground for clinical practice, mandating explicit attention not only to interpersonal and intrapsychic cleavages but also to schisms between self and nature, other animals, and one’s own animality.
Christopher Lasch’s The Culture of Narcissism
Authors: De Vos Jan
Published: August 2010

Christopher Lasch’s bestseller The Culture of Narcissism had, beyond doubt, a significant impact—it was even read in the White House. Today it is not only still frequently taught and referenced, there are also still empirical studies conducted which try to verify Lasch’s assertion of the preponderance of the narcissistic personality. This paper re-reads the book as a critique of psychologization processes, and this allows us to discern, besides the flaws in Lasch’s approach, a fundamental insight which goes largely unnoticed by both Lasch’s opponents and his proponents. Following this, the article will situate subjectivity within the matrix of psychology, science, psychoanalysis, and politics. In this way a critique of contemporary forms of psychologization—psychologization under globalization, as it were—is made possible.
The Role of Affordances in the Evolutionary Process Reconsidered
Authors: Withagen Rob , van Wermeskerken Margot
Published: August 2010

Gibson asserted that affordances are the primary objects of perception. Although this assertion is especially attractive when considered in the context of evolutionary theory, the role that affordances play in the evolution of animals’ perceptual and action systems is still unclear. Trying to combine the insights of both Gibson and Darwin, Reed developed a selectionist view in which affordances are conceived as resources that exert selection pressures, giving rise to animals equipped with action systems. Reed’s advocacy of selectionism, however, has been criticized on several grounds, among which is an inconsistency with recent trends in evolutionary thinking. Current developments in evolutionary biology indeed ask for a reconsideration of the role of affordances in the evolution of perceptual and action systems. Adopting a niche construction perspective, we reexamine the role of affordances in the evolutionary process. It is argued that affordances and their utilization, destruction, and creation are central elements in evolutionary dynamics. The implications for ecological psychology and evolutionary theory are explored.
Missile Defence Discourses and Practices in Relevant Modalities of 21st-Century Deterrence
Authors: Hynek Nik
Published: August 2010

In recent considerations of deterrence in strategic studies, there are almost no works that would systematically link deterrence to one of the most important current issue areas of contemporary strategic studies: ballistic missile defence (BMD). In an attempt to address this lacuna, this article considers ways in which missile defence has been — and can be — intertwined with deterrence of the 21st century. The article begins with a historical outline of the relationship between nuclear deterrence and BMD, and continues by comparing and contrasting US political and strategic-planning discourses in how they have addressed the examined relationship. What follows is the recasting of traditional understanding of deterrence as a set of disparate modalities underpinned by different principles and organizing logics. The article will show the role and function of BMD in three relevant modalities of deterrence in the 21st century: first, in a renewed strategic deterrence between the USA and Russia based on an axiomatic logic of MAD; second, in the deterrence of rogue states in reaction to their asymmetric nuclear threats; and, finally, in a reverse deterrence from intervention in regional conflicts. Consequently, the presented outline of the three modalities will be theoretically furthered to allow for conceptualization of possible links to BMD in ways in which practical implications for future research, strategic planning and political action can be seen.
Editorial: Steps towards the Renovation of Acculturation Research Paradigms: What Scientists’ Personal Experiences of Migration Might Tell Science
Authors: Rudmin Floyd W.
Published: August 2010

Acculturation refers to cultural learning and adjustment in the context of continuous cross-cultural experience. Plato, in his ‘Laws’, considered cross-cultural imitation to be a risk arising from foreign commerce. In the 19th century, European theorists wrote of the amalgamation processes by which diverse peoples were culturally unified for the purposes of the nation-state. In the 20th century, acculturation research first focused on the cultural changes of conquered and dispossessed native peoples, and later on the cultural adaptation, assimilation, or integration of immigrants and other minorities. Native peoples and immigrants were stereotyped as genetically and culturally inferior and prone to diseases and mental illness. Thus, in most research, improved health became the criterion of successful acculturation, and further confusion came from the good intentions to advise public policy. A century of such research has come to no confident conclusions and has produced little useful information. Acculturation research paradigms need renovation. As one step forward, four acculturation researchers have here reflected on their own research in the light of their own acculturation experiences. Their self-observations and insights point to new questions and constructs, and eventually to new research paradigms.
Self-Development and Relationships through Acculturation
Authors: Kwak Kyunghwa
Published: August 2010

The present paper sheds some light on difficulties experienced by Asian immigrant adolescents in North America while undergoing self-development and social relationships within the larger stream of acculturation processes. Given the strong emphasis placed by their original culture on collectivity and hierarchical harmony within the family, and given the family’s evolving lifestyle as new immigrants in the new society, immigrant parents do not sufficiently promote the adolescent’s sense of self to grow toward full independence. Faced with the different cultural practices of the broader society, both the parents and the adolescents in immigrant families need to shape new cultural rules to negotiate their social interactions in order for their relationships to develop continuously. Immigrant parents need not fear the apparently widening intergenerational distance following migration, since their children retain their core values of family loyalty and respect for parents. Instead, it is recommended that they allow their children to experience certain freedom to maneuver in their own self-construction and to learn responsibility from own socialization attempts through the acculturative contexts.
Commentary: Liminality in Acculturation and Pilgrimage: When Movement Becomes Meaningful
Authors: Beckstead Zachary
Published: August 2010

Movement entails both local/short-term and distant/long-term journeys to unfamiliar lands. Psychology has traditionally neglected human-beings-on-the-move to concentrate on fixed structures. Overcoming this oversight, acculturation studies shed light on human beings crossing boundaries, and the authors of these articles bring up the positive side of acculturation (without leaving out the ambivalence). I want to elaborate on these insights in the context of pilgrimages and tourism. Particularly, there are numerous tensions that are constitutive of acculturative experiences and travel in general, including the interplay between the longing for the far away and the longing for the near and familiar, structure and agency, and encapsulation and decapsulation. Liminality in travel is not static or a given, but rather is dynamic and negotiated by various social actors. Thus I also wish to briefly examine, based on pilgrimage experiences, how the sense of the extraordinary (sacred) is generated through the above dynamic processes and then relate this to the notion of catalysis in the psychological domain. Bringing in the notion of catalysts from chemistry offers an alternative conceptual tool to investigate complex, systemic, and dynamic phenomena.
Prosthetic white hyper-masculinities and ‘disaster education’
Authors: Preston John
Published: August 2010

Critiques of Whiteness Studies paradoxically focus on embodiment whether this is whiteness as an embodied identity that has realist properties or the inscription of labouring bodies through a process of racialization. In this article I consider the ways in which whiteness may be best understood as a prosthetic that can situationally be attached/detached from white bodies. Paradoxically, this flexibility of whiteness increases white people’s powers of symbolic and material control over environments and the bodies of people of colour. In earlier work I have considered prosthetic whiteness to be mostly associated with ruling class masculinities. However, in certain contexts this ruling class discourse may become generalized. To examine how situationally this might be the case I examine survivalist and preparedness literature (‘disaster education’) that considers the racialized other to be embodied, mindless, bodies (‘zombies’) and surviving whites to be disembodied, primal, heroic agents. Using popular culture, public information films and the recent preparedness information in the UK on ‘swine flu’ I show how people of colour are positioned as non-agentic, static and (most significantly) as immobile and risky bodies as opposed to the portrayal of ‘white’ subjects in preparedness as mobile and able subjects whose genetic survival is at stake.
Thermal degradation of pearlitic steels: Influence on mechanical properties including fatigue behaviour
Authors: Cvetkovski K. , Ahlström J. , Karlsson B.
Published: August 2010

With the aim to predict the durability of railway wheels, thermomechanical damage was studied for two steels with different alloying levels of silicon and manganese in the temperature range of 500–725°C. Softening caused by cementite spheroidisation in pearlite leads to changes in the mechanical behaviour and an accompanying decrease in fatigue lifetimes. It was found that higher contents of Si and Mn lead to better resistance to softening of both virgin and plastically deformed material. Correspondingly, the high Si-Mn alloyed steel loses much less in fatigue lifetime than the lower alloyed steel.
Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anion-linked Supramolecular Frameworks of Cucurbit[5]uril and Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Zhang Jie , Ren Huifang , Liu Li
Published: August 2010

Two crystals based on cucurbit[5]uril and cucurbit[7]uril, C30H30N20O10·2CF3SO3H·7.25H2O (1) and C42H42N28O14·CF3SO3H·8H2O (2) have been synthesized in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. These two crystal structures demonstrated that the highly-ordered trifluoromethanesulfonate anions play essential roles in the formation of three-dimensional supramolecular frameworks with 1D elliptical channels or circular channels.
Preparation of Well-defined Nanometer-sized Layered Double Hydroxides by Novel pH Adjustment Method Using Ion-exchange Resin
Authors: Nitoh Konomi , Ayral Andre , Ogawa Makoto
Published: August 2010

Well-defined finite particles of layered double hydroxides were successfully synthesized from aqueous solution of metal salts by the newly developed pH adjustment method, where hydroxide form ion-exchange resin was used to make acidic starting solution to basic for the hydroxide formation.
Optical Resolution of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Molecular Recognition with Chiral Diporphyrin Nanotweezers
Authors: Peng Xiaobin , Wang Feng , Bauri Ajoy Kumar , Rahman A F M Mustafizur , Komatsu Naoki
Published: August 2010

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have either chiral or achiral form, and synthesized chiral SWNTs include both left- and right-handed structures in equal amounts. Recently, a racemic mixture was found to be resolved through molecular recognition with gable-type chiral diporphyrins, namely, nanotweezers. This novel separation method for SWNTs allowed optical resolution of SWNTs for the first time. The chiral nanotweezers consist of two chiral porphyrins and rigid spacer in between. Therefore, they have potential to discriminate not only the handedness but also the diameters or alignments of the hexagons of SWNTs. We have prepared the following three types of chiral nanotweezers; m-phenylene-, 2,6-pyridylene-, and 3,6-carbazolylene-bridged diporphyrins. In the extraction of SWNTs, different selectivities have been observed among the nanotweezers. This can be attributed to the differences in their structures; namely, the dihedral angles and the distance of the two porphyrins. In this review, we would like to discuss the relationship between the structures of the nanotweezers and the results of the optical and (n,m) enrichments of the extracted SWNTs.
Preparation and Characteristics of Well-defined Polyethylene/Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrid Materials of Different Molecular Architectures
Authors: Matoishi Kaori , Nakatsuka Shiro , Nakai Kazuoki , Isokawa Motoaki , Nagai Naoshi , Fujita Terunori
Published: August 2010

New well-defined polyethylene/poly(ethylene glycol) AB3-type hybrid materials have been developed, and the materials form nanosized particles in water (water dispersion, average particle size 18 nm) as a result of the self-assembly. This is the first example of nanosized particles comprised of polyolefin/polar polymer hybrid materials, which display unprecedented material properties.
Noncyclic Isobutenyl Compounds with Esters and Amides: Effect of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds Tuned by Tandem Claisen Rearrangement on the Two-dimensional Structures
Authors: Omori Kazuhiro , Kikkawa Yoshihiro , Kanesato Masatoshi , Hiratani Kazuhisa
Published: August 2010

Two-dimensional structures of noncyclic isobutenyl compounds containing ester moieties were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Folded alignment of the molecule was transformed into open extended-structure after a simple thermal reaction of tandem Claisen rearrangement. The drastic change in the two-dimensional structures was caused by the intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Having a Hydrophobic Fluorescent Dye Group and Its Formation of Fluorescent Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Kuwahara Shin-ya , Yamamoto Kazuya , Kadokawa Jun-ichi
Published: August 2010

In this study, we synthesized an amphiphilic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) having controlled numbers of hydrophilic and fluorescent hydrophobic groups (seven and one, respectively) by the successive reactions of a starting compound, octa(3-aminopropyl)-POSS, with gluconolactone and with dansyl chloride under appropriate conditions. The product formed fluorescent nanoparticles with relatively well-defined morphology in water by self-aggregation, which was confirmed by SEM, DLS, and fluorescence measurements.
Homogeneous Ruthenium Precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction
Authors: Kawatsura Motoi , Kamesaki Kosuke , Yamamoto Mitsuaki , Hayase Shuichi , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: August 2010

Ru(cod)(2-methylallyl)2 was found to catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of aryl bromides and aryl iodides with arylboronic acids. The reaction was catalyzed by 10 mol % Ru(cod)(2-methylallyl)2 at 60 °C, and afforded the biaryls in moderate to good yields.
Facing social identity change: Interactive effects of current and projected collective identification on expectations regarding future self‐esteem and psychological well‐being
Authors: Packer Dominic J. , Chasteen Alison L. , Kang Sonia K.
Published: August 2010

We hypothesized that prospective changes in social identity that involve transitioning out of a currently valued group would be associated with negative expectations regarding future states, but that this effect would be mitigated among individuals who expect to belong to a future in‐group of similar importance. Consistent with predictions, strongly identified young adults in two studies projected significantly lower self‐esteem/psychological well‐being in old age than weakly identified young adults. Critically, however, this effect was fully attenuated if they expected to identify with their future aged in‐group when they were old. Study 2 showed that the capacity for projected identification to buffer projected well‐being among strongly identified young adults was contingent on their membership in the future in‐group being highly salient. Analyses of participants' written descriptions of old age (Study 1) and a valence manipulation (Study 2) indicated that these effects were not attributable to the anticipated valence of future selves/states, but rather to the value placed on current and future group memberships.
Blaming, praising, and protecting our humanity: The implications of everyday dehumanization for judgments of moral status
Authors: Bastian Brock , Laham Simon M. , Wilson Sam , Haslam Nick , Koval Peter
Published: August 2010

Being human implies a particular moral status: having moral value, agency, and responsibility. However, people are not seen as equally human. Across two studies, we examine the consequences that subtle variations in the perceived humanness of actors or groups have for their perceived moral status. Drawing on Haslam's two‐dimensional model of humanness and focusing on three ways people may be considered to have moral status – moral patiency (value), agency, or responsibility – we demonstrate that subtly denying humanness to others has implications for whether they are blamed, praised, or considered worthy of moral concern and rehabilitation. Moreover, we show that distinct human characteristics are linked to specific judgments of moral status. This work demonstrates that everyday judgments of moral status are influenced by perceptions of humanness.
Aboriginal Violence and State Response: Histories, Policies and Legacies in Queensland 1860–1940
Authors: Finnane Mark , Richards Jonathan
Published: August 2010

During the long era of ‘protection’ (enacted in 1897, flourishing in the interwar years and with effects continuing to this day) policy towards Australian Indigenous people suspected of interpersonal violence was ambiguous in its objectives and its means. Formally, Indigenous peoples in Australia were British subjects entitled to the full protection of the law. As a consequence, violence between Indigenous people was made visible through the conduct of inquests, police inquiries and, in many cases, subsequent arrest and charge with a criminal offence. Disposal of those charged or even suspected of crimes reflects tension between the universalising presumptions of the criminal law and the particularising effects of welfare regimes that ruled the lives of Indigenous people. Drawing on archives of inquests, courts and prisons in the Queensland jurisdiction before 1940, this article examines the policies and decision-making that characterised a state that remained determinedly colonial in its practices and ambitions. In conclusion, we consider briefly the question of how distinctive or how representative was Queensland practice as a state response to Indigenous violence during these decades of colonial subordination.