bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Structured Interview: A Selection Device
Authors: Burgess Michael M. , Calkins Virginia , Richards James M.
Published: September 2011

This study is a first step in evaluating the value of a structured interview in the selection of students for a six-year joint bachelor's-medical degree program. Specifically, the structured interview results were related to the admissions decision. The predictive utility of the interview will be explored in subsequent studies. 73 candidates were interviewed for 40 openings in the first year of the program and 132 candidates were interviewed for 36 openings in the third year of the program. Each candidate was interviewed both by a physician and by a non-physician. Each interviewer rated each interviewee on several traits plus making an over-all recommended admissions decision. Interviewers responded mainly in terms of over-all global impressions of candidates. Correlations between physician and non-physician ratings of the same candidates were low. The influence on admissions decisions of interviewer recommendations (by both physicians and non-physicians) was also low. There was some suggestion that physician ratings had more influence on decisions about candidates for the first year while non-physician ratings had more influence for candidates for the third year.
Regular-Insulin Doses in Monkeys Measured by an Operant Schedule of Titrated Sucrose Reinforcement
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Phillips Ronald L. , McCrory R. Bruce
Published: September 2011

2 adult male squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were conditioned on titration schedules of reinforcement which enabled the animals to adjust sucrose concentrations of Noyes 190-mg. food pellets received as reinforcers. Responding on a titration operandum increased available sucrose concentrations by 20% for 30 sec. per titration response. An alternate operandum, which required a response of different topography, produced reinforcers of sucrose concentration determined by titration rate under a FR 30 schedule. Regular insulin, U-40, was administered via the intraperitoneal route in four doses. Highest and lowest doses of insulin resulted in highest sucrose proportion acquired. Intermediate doses resulted in lowest sucrose proportion acquired.
Social Class Differences in Patients' Self-Perceived Treatment Needs
Authors: Fitzgibbons David J.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the factor structure of patients' self-perceived treatment needs between psychiatric patients of low and high social class showed strong similarity on several factors. Reports of need for help with marital and economic-vocational difficulties and psychotic symptoms were identical. The phenomenological experience of anxiety and depression was indistinguishable, but patients of high social class expected relief in improved interpersonal relations while patients of lower class sought relief in escape. Guilt appeared to be without specific referent in the lower-class group but associated with behavioral acts among higher class Ss. Groups differed in their reported feelings of inadequacy. Patients of higher class failed to attribute psychological difficulties to physical causes. The influence of patients' self-definition of disturbance upon choice of treatment is discussed.
Nurse-Initiated Social Interaction and Patients' Behaviour on a Ward for Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Stöffelmayr Bertram E.
Published: September 2011

44 chronic hospitalized psychiatric patients' frequency of social interaction and level of activity was observed under two conditions of staff interaction: (a) the usual actual helping mode typically used on the ward and (b) the staff as passive observers offering no help at all. Patients engaged in social interaction more frequently and their behaviour was more variable during the passive staff period. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Leadership and Voluntary Seating Choice
Authors: Heckel Robert V.
Published: September 2011

55 professional persons at a community mental health workshop were Ss in a study to determine the relationship between group judgments of those playing major leadership roles and the tendencies of leaders voluntarily to occupy head seats at mealtimes. A low, positive relationship was found. A high relationship was found between judgments of staff and participants on perceived leaders.
Auditory Discrimination under Increased Pressures of Helium-Oxygen and Air
Authors: Thomas John R.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on a conditional discrimination task to differentially respond to the presence or absence of an auditory stimulus in a background of noise. Performance on the discrimination task was impaired during exposure to increased pressures of simulated depths in a hyperbaric chamber. The extent of performance impairment was determined by the particular depth. No systematic differences on the discrimination task were found between compressed air and helium-oxygen as the breathing mixtures at depth.
Experimental Analysis of a Technique Based on the Premack Principle Changing Verbal Behavior of Depressed Individuals
Authors: Robinson John C. , Lewinsohn Peter M.
Published: September 2011

A technique based on the Premack principle was successfully used in the laboratory to change verbal behavior. The aim of the present study was to identify the critical behavioral change agents in this situation. Four groups of depressed Ss were used. The treatment of one group was based on the Premack principle. The other groups received treatment based on critical isolated components of this procedure. The first group showed a significant increase in the low-frequency verbal behavior. Contingent light onset was rejected as a critical behavioral change agent but deprivation of high-frequency verbal behavior could not be rejected. The results are discussed relative to the potential application of these findings to treatment.
Personality Variables as Predictors of Attitudes toward Science and Religion
Authors: Barton K. , Modgil S. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

114 13-yr.-old girls and 91 13-yr.-old boys, all from British public schools (public in the American sense, i.e., not private) were given Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ), the Science Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Religious Attitude Scale (RAS). Regression analyses were performed to assess the degree of prediction of attitudes toward science and religion from personality variables. Results indicated that while the personality measures were relatively poor predictors of religious attitudes, they did account for a significant amount of variance in the attitude toward science scores. Specifically, “interest in science” scores were related to the personality variables Q2 (Self-sufficiency), C (Ego strength or emotional stability), and B (Intelligence). Personality variables which significantly predicted attitudes toward “social implications of science,” “learning activities,” “science teachers,” and “liking for school” are also reported.
Personality Differences of Offenders and Nonoffenders
Authors: Christensen Larry , Leunes Arnold
Published: September 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to isolate the similarities and differences between offenders and nonoffenders. 114 public offenders and 152 college students were administered the Thorndike Dimensions of Temperament. One discriminant function ( p < .0001) was obtained. The weights indicated that the responsible, sociable, accepting, ascendant and tough-minded dimensions separated the two groups.
Follower-Maturity and Preference for Leader-Behavior Style
Authors: Stinson John E. , Robertson John H.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports research designed to investigate the relationship between the maturity of followers and their preference for leader-behavior style. Ss were 108 student-clinicians who were participating in practicum training in a hearing and speech clinic under the direction of clinical supervisors. Inexperienced student clinicians preferred a leader-behavior style that emphasized consideration, while the more experienced preferred their leaders to initiate more structure.
Escape Behavior as a Function of Delay of Negative Reinforcement
Authors: Leeming Frank C. , Robinson Joel E.
Published: September 2011

Rats in a shuttle box were reinforced by shock termination after delays of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 sec. All Ss received 100 training trials and Ss in Groups 0, 1, and 4 received an additional 30 test trials on which shock termination was delayed for 20 sec. During training and testing, escape latency, and Ss' location in the compartment at the moment of shock termination were recorded. Number of trials required to reach criterion was directly related to length of delay. The differences between asymptotic response levels were small and, with the exception of Group 16, nonsignificant. Ss in Groups 2, 4, and 8 showed a significant increase in location consistency during training. During resting Groups 0 and 1 showed marked decrements in performance while Group 4 showed no increase in escape latency. Group 4 also showed significantly higher location consistency than Groups 0 and 1. These findings were discussed in relation to Spence's theories of delay of reinforcement and extinction.
Role of Positive and Negative Instances in Learning Disjunctive Concepts
Authors: Schroth Marvin L. , Tamayo Federico M. V.
Published: September 2011

The present study involved comparing the learning of disjunctive concepts when information is presented by the use of all positive instances or all negative instances. The series of disjunctive concepts varied in complexity in terms of number of dimensions and values. 128 college students served as Ss and 4 different stimulus sets of varying complexity were used. All negative instances groups performed significantly better than positive-instances groups and task complexity was significant. These results were interpreted as support for Bourne's hypothesis that negative instances provide more information about disjunctive concepts than positive instances.
Pain-Tolerance as a Measure for Assessing Instructionally Induced Ego-Involvement
Authors: Levine Stuart
Published: September 2011

The use of ego-involvement in laboratory studies of attitudes necessitates the development of procedures designed to test whether or not involvement was successfully induced. In addition, such tests should be independent of predicted dependent variable effects. The present study reports the use of pain-tolerance measures to indicate the success of instructionally induced ego-involvement. As part of an investigation studying ego-involvement effects on psychophysical judgments, an Involvement condition ( N = 36) and a Control group ( N = 36) were given pre- and post-experimental assessments of pressure and cold-pressor pain-tolerance. The pre-experimental measures served as a baseline from which to compare changes in pain-tolerance following either ego-involving or standard instructions which were introduced in conjunction with a statement that connected pain-tolerance with participation in future experiments. Results reliably indicated that Ss in Involvement condition increase and Controls lower their pain-tolerance on the post-experimental measures. The general usefulness of the technique in attitude studies is discussed.
A Proposed Integration of Independent Mental Health Facilities into Behaviorally Oriented Social Training Programs
Authors: Ulmer Raymond A. , Franks Cyril M.
Published: September 2011

Traditional insight psychotherapy and the medical model have little relevance to mental health facilities viewed as essentially social training institutions for disturbed and disturbing persons with limited social competence. If training for community living is indeed the major function of so-called mental health facilities, it would be as well to change their name to behavioral, social training programs. An integrated four-level training program is suggested: Level I. Out-patient Clinics; Level II. Day Treatment Centers; Level III. Halfway Houses; and Level IV. State and Community Mental (Psychiatric) Hospitals.
Effect of an Incentive upon Intelligence Test Performance
Authors: Dickstein Louis S. , Ayers Jayne
Published: September 2011

Previous research has indicated that the manipulation of motivating conditions through explicit examiner's expectancy of good performance can significantly improve performance on intelligence tests. In the present study, the manipulation of incentive was used to improve performance. College women were told that the five best scorers would receive monetary rewards. The group receiving incentive-instructions scored significantly higher than the control group on the WAIS Performance Scale and on the Object Assembly subtest. No difference between the groups was obtained for the Advanced Progressive Matrices.
Discontinuous Shock and Discriminated-Avoidance Learning by Tadpoles (Rana Pipiens)
Authors: Hoyer William J.
Published: September 2011

20 larval leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens) were given 40 trials per day for 5 consecutive days in a discriminated-avoidance situation. Light was used as the conditional stimulus (CS), and the unconditional stimulus (US) consisted of scrambled electric current. Ss were matched for size and assigned to 4 cells of a 2 by 2 factorial design. The factors were US intensity (0.4 ma vs 0.8 ma) and type of US (discontinuous vs continuous). Over sessions there was an increase in the number of avoidance responses ( p < .005) and a corresponding decrease in the number of no-response trials ( p < .05). Discontinuous shock, which facilitates discriminated-avoidance learning in tats, did not affect the level of avoidance responding in tadpoles but did significantly reduce the number of no-response trials ( p < .01). This finding suggested that the role of the discontinuous shock in discriminated-avoidance learning may be adventitiously to eliminate responses (e.g., freezing) which are incompatible with the avoidance response.
Class Performance as a Function of Student Achievement and Type of Learning Material
Authors: Cashen Valjean M. , Leicht Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that high-scoring students, when compared to low-scoring students in the same general psychology course, would better be able to answer correctly questions directed at knowledge of principles and that superior knowledge of principles by high-scoring students would result in their better performance on questions concerned with examples of principles and questions on trivial materials as well. Both predictions were supported.
Suicidal and Depressive Feelings among College Students
Authors: Murray D. C.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire concerning their suicidal and depressive thoughts was administered to a sample of university students Over 40% had thought of killing themselves and less than 10% denied at least having felt deeply discouraged and unhappy. Religion was related to the presence of suicidal thoughts, and sex to reported frequency of such thoughts. Students were most likely to tell a friend of such thoughts, and, at a significant level, the friend was of the same sex as the respondent. Scores on locus of control, social desirability, and test anxiety measures were unrelated to suicidal and depressive thoughts. Results are compared with findings from other studies. The utility of reported depressive and suicidal thoughts as predictors of suicidal behavior is questioned.
Judged Frequency of Endorsement and Frequency of Occurrence Scale Values and Dispersions for MMPI Items
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Messick Samuel
Published: September 2011

The scaling method of successive intervals was applied to 9-point rating data based on judgments of frequency of occurrence and on judgments of frequency of endorsement for all items in the booklet form of the MMPI, obtained from 111 college students, divided randomly into groups of 55 and 56 for their respective sets of judgments. Judged frequency of occurrence and judged frequency of endorsement scale values and discriminal dispersions for these items are reported. Evidence was obtained for their stability and certain applications noted and discussed.
Detection of Learning Difficulties in First Grade: Preliminary Analysis of the Johnson-Kenney Screening Readiness Test
Authors: Seitz Frank C. , Johnson Rosalie C. , Kenney Rose K.
Published: September 2011

The Johnson-Kenney Screening Readiness test was administered to two samples of beginning first grade students. Data indicated a strong relationship between students' scores on this test and teacher's year-end evaluation of these students' academic progress, which included the development of reading skills. The results were considered highly favorable support for the use of the test as a preliminary screening device for learning difficulties of first grade students.
Effects of Semantic Consensus Index on Associative Response Strength
Authors: Kanungo Rabindra N.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments that test the validity of the Semantic Consensus Index are reported. The effects of this index on measures of associative response strength were measured in Exp. I. Results showed that keeping both meaningfulness and imagery constant, the index seems to be a good predictor of response latency. In Exp. II, its effects in a paired-associate learning situation were examined; results suggest that the semantic consensus value of stimulus items can be used to predict facilitatory and inhibitory effects of response competition in paired-associate learning.
Semantic Differential for Third through Fifth Grade Students
Authors: Oles Henry J.
Published: September 2011

A semantic differential attitude scale was administered to 238 third through fifth grade students in an individualized instructional program. None of the students had any difficulty using the instrument with the directions provided. Coefficient alpha reliabilities ranged from .86 to .92 for the nine basic scales. There was little difference in the reliability between the grades. The scale was again, 7 mo. later, administered to the same students to assess the long-term stability of the scale and students' attitudes. The coefficients ranged from .35 to .44 for those scales expected to have some consistency while it was near zero for those scales not expected to maintain consistency. Properly constructed and presented, the semantic differential is both usable and internally reliable with students as young as third grade. Selected questions show reasonable long-term stability.
Discrimination and Extinction as a Function of Internal and External Discriminanda
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Crumbaugh Charles M. , McLeroy Robert R. , Framer Edward
Published: September 2011

32 rats were trained on a successive discrimination problem for 40 days. 4 separate groups received the factorial combinations of presence vs absence of internal (aftereffects) or external (alley color) discriminanda. Discrimination learning was quite apparent in the rats with external cues but failed to develop in the rats trained only with internal cues. During an extinction phase the rats trained with only internal cues proved to be more persistent. These results were related to an earlier experiment suggesting the superiority of internal cues.
Children's Selective Listening to Stories: Familiarity Effects Involving Vocabulary, Syntax and Intonation
Authors: Rileigh Kathryn K.
Published: September 2011

Grade-school children's selective listening preferences for natural and altered narratives were investigated. The listening material involved variations in the linguistic familiarity of the following: vocabulary-syntax-intonation (English versus German), syntax (natural versus random word order), and intonation (natural versus flat). Each child listened freely to pairs of stories; response frequency and duration were automatically recorded. Findings were: (a) patterns of listening preference changed with age (older children showed increasing preference for familiar versions); (b) preference for familiar syntax patterns arose at a later age than preference for other dimensions; (c) ability to verbalize differences between natural and altered versions paralleled selective listening skills. Discussion of results is in terms of current psycholinguistic theory and the potential utility of the selective listening methodology.
Personality Correlates of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Adults
Authors: Duke Marshall P. , Nowicki Stephen
Published: September 2011

Relationships with personality dimensions previously obtained with the Rotter I-E scale were compared with those gathered with a new scale, the adult form of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale (ANSIE). Results indicated that the ANSIE and the Rotter scales were similarly related to personality needs. It was concluded that these results promote further validity for the ANSIE measure and support the use of parallel child and adult forms when a wide range of Ss is investigated either longitudinally or cross-sectionally.
Acquisition and Clustering in Multiple-Trial Free Recall as a Function of Meaningfulness of Dissyllables
Authors: Segal Marianne W. , Olson Gayle A.
Published: September 2011

Lists of 10 dissyllables varying in meaningfulness were presented to subjects in a multiple-trial free recall task. Measures of recall and clustering showed superior recall and greater amounts of clustering for the high-meaningful list than for the low-meaningful list. Differential item integration and associative relatedness were mechanisms employed to explain the differences.
Word Association and Creativity
Authors: Rothenberg Albert
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the tendency to opposite responding on word-association tests and creativity or originality was tested in this experiment. Standard word-association stimuli are administered individually to Ss identified as high and low in creativity, and responses are timed. That rapid opposite responding is significantly greater in highly creative Ss supports the hypothesis that the capacity to conceive and utilize one or more contradictory or opposite concepts, ideas or images simultaneously is associated with creativity (Janusian thinking). This finding also indicates that uncommon responses are not necessarily associated with creativity, as has been assumed in word-association originality studies, and it helps account for the lack of consistency in studies based on commonality of response.
Psychological Needs of Professional Police Personnel
Authors: Simon William E. , Wilde Veronica , Cristal Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The psychological needs, as measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, of a sample of 29 male county police personnel were compared to the EPPS needs of normative samples of males selected from the general population and college males. The police personnel differed significantly from general adult population males on 9 of the 15 EPPS needs and from college males on 7. The EPPS needs of Ss who had been involved in police work for more than 6 yr. were not different from those of Ss who had been involved in police work for less than 6 yr.
Biographical Factors Related to Academic Achievement
Authors: Halpin Gerald , Scott Owen , Halpin Glennelle
Published: September 2011

Biographical factors related to academic achievement in college were identified. Academic achievement in high school was positively related to both grade in educational psychology class and college grade-point average for females and to college grade-point average for males. For women, popularity with the opposite sex was negatively related to college grade-point average. For men, parental warmth was negatively related to college grade-point average. Athletic participation was negatively related to grade in educational psychology for both sexes.
Effects of Chlorpromazine and Pentobarbital on Pattern and Number of Responses in Extinction
Authors: Griffiths Roland R. , Thompson Travis
Published: September 2011

In a series of experiments rats were trained and subsequently extinguished under different conditions of drug administration. High doses of chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (20 mg/kg) were administered during the first extinction session and the dose was progressively reduced to zero over 10 successive sessions. Extinction was continued until all Ss had consistent near zero responding. When compared to saline control, chlorpromazine had no effect on total extinction responding, while pentobarbital significantly reduced total extinction responding. Ss receiving both drugs had erratic runs of responding in extinction, whereas Ss receiving saline showed a normal extinction pattern. Ss receiving pentobarbital during both training and extinction had more total extinction responding than Ss receiving only pentobarbital in extinction.
Use of Pictures of Multiethnic Interaction to Change Attitudes of White Elementary School Students toward Blacks
Authors: Litcher John H. , Johnson David W. , Ryan Frank L.
Published: September 2011

Several pictures portraying varied mixed racial groups of children in either a middle-class suburban setting or a lower-class intercity setting were used as part of a 1-mo. long curriculum unit. White second grade students ( N = 128) in a midwestern metropolitan area were Ss. Results indicate that the attitudes toward blacks of Ss were not affected by the curriculum unit.
Treatment of Test Anxiety by Group Implosive Therapy
Authors: Dawley Harold H. , Wenrich W. W.
Published: September 2011

36 test anxious Ss were randomly assigned to 3 groups. One group served as the no-treatment control, while the other two groups received either placebo-attention or implosive therapy. Implosive therapy consisted of 5 30-min. sessions of treatment in which Ss were asked to imagine highly anxiety-evoking scenes pertaining to test anxiety while concentrating on experiencing the accompanying sensations as intensely as possible. The placebo group imagined non-relevant scenes while concentrating on experiencing the accompanying sensations as intensely as possible. The results indicated a significant difference in terms of anxiety reduction between the no-treatment control group and the implosive-therapy group. No significant difference was obtained between the placebo group and the implosive-therapy group, or between the placebo group and the no-treatment group. The importance of a placebo group in behavior therapy research was noted.
Some Comments about the Personality Comparison of Incarcerated and Street Heroin Addicts
Authors: Fracchia John , Sheppard Charles , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

This note questions the assumption that the greater personality deviance seen in the MMPI profiles of street heroin addicts than in those of incarcerated heroin addicts is a function of environmental and situational differences between these samples. The street addicts' elevations on the scales comprising the neurotic triad may instead represent a drug effect.
Birth Order and Tendency to “Adopt the Sick Role”
Authors: Franklin Billy J.
Published: September 2011

Assumptions regarding parent-child interaction patterns are combined to generate the prediction that firstborns exhibit a greater tendency to adopt the role of being sick than do later-borns. Data from 152 student volunteers are consistent with this prediction.
Effects of Differential Reinforcement Procedures on Discrimination Learning by Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Blair John Raymond , Fox Bruce R.
Published: September 2011

Institutionalized mentally retarded children performed on a two-choice discrimination task under one of 6 conditions of reward (response-contingent consumable, response-contingent nonconsumable, token-consumable, token-nonconsumable, token, social). The results indicated that response-contingent nonconsumable rewards were not more distracting than response-contingent consumable rewards nor was the presentation of material rewards by the token-reinforcement procedure less distracting than the response-contingent reinforcement procedure. Further, social reinforcement was less effective than response-contingent nonconsumable rewards; however, no differences were found between social reinforcement and the other material rewards regardless of reinforcement procedure.
Rotter's Internal-External Scale and Prediction of Suicide Contemplators among Students
Authors: Lambley Peter , Silbowitz Myrna
Published: September 2011

Rotter's Internal-External scale was used in an attempt to discriminate suicide contemplators from non-contemplators. No significant difference, recorded between the groups, was interpreted as reflecting the possible inability of the scale to reflect the pathological nature of suicidal thoughts.
Instigative Aggression in Females
Authors: Gaebelein Jacquelyn W.
Published: September 2011

40 females suggested to partners (confederates) which shock intensity should be delivered to an opponent during a competitive task. Aggressiveness of the instigations was a function of cooperativeness of the partner, aggressiveness of the opponent, and winning and losing in the competition, but not of either instrumental value or E. Results were compared with data from male Ss. Only instrumental reward differentially affected behaviors of men and women.
Evaluation with the Personal Orientation Inventory of a Problem-Solving Approach in Teaching an Undergraduate Psychology Course
Authors: Gross Steven Jay , Schwebel Andrew I.
Published: September 2011

A major issue in evaluating innovative teaching methods has been the selection of outcome criteria. With a goal of developing students' process skills, the authors taught a clinical psychology course to undergraduates. To evaluate the course's effectiveness, Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory was utilized. There were significant changes in students' scores on 6 of the 12 scales. The implication of utilizing outcome measures consonant with the goals of a particular course was examined.
Response-Reinforcer Relationships in Variable Delay and Non-Contingent Schedules of Reinforcement
Authors: Lachter Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

Following 30 sessions of training on a 60-sec. random-interval schedule of reinforcement, 2 pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule containing non-contingent and variable delay components that provided equal frequencies of reinforcement. The introduction of the multiple schedule resulted in decreased response rare in both components, with a higher rate maintained under the variable delay. Post-reinforcement pauses were systematically increased during the non-contingent schedule, but no systematic increases in pause duration were noted for the variable delay component.
Relationship between Self-Actualization and Manipulation
Authors: Di Marco Nicholas J. , Wilhelm Paul
Published: September 2011

To assess the r between self-actualization and Machiavellianism the Personal Orientation Inventory and Mach IV were administered to 137 Ss. The inventory's major scales, Time Competent and Inner-directed, were not significantly correlated with Mach IV scores. Significant positive rs held between the Mach IV scale and subscales of Existentiality, Feeling Reactivity, Self-acceptance, Capacity for Intimate Contact. A significant negative r was found between the inventory subscale of Nature of Man Constructive and the Mach IV scale. Similarities between self-actualizers and Machiavellians were discussed.
Fixed Ratio Schedule Responding as a Function of Contingency Descriptions and Reinforcement Delay
Authors: Frazier James R.
Published: September 2011

15 human Ss received alternating sequences of 0- and variable 15-sec. delay of reinforcement on a FR 15 schedule lever-pulling task. Groups of 5 Ss received either rate instructions to maximize reinforcement or correct responses, or no instructions. Results indicate that delay of reinforcement reduced response rates only for Ss with rate instructions.
An Objective Measure of the Motive to Avoid Success
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The development of a 29-item, dichotomously scored, self-report measure of fear of success is described. The measure evidenced a KR-20 of .81 for a sample of 228 college students.
Behavioral Correlates of Commitment: An Abortive Study
Authors: Wohl Julian , Palmer Albert B.
Published: September 2011

This study was devised to identify behavior reported in hospital admission records as leading to involuntary mental hospitalization. A survey of 101 such records was undertaken. Data were categorized with respect to legal criteria for hospitalization and behavior available in the records. Information in the records was woefully incomplete so reasons for hospitalization were unclear. The observation was made that on the basis of the hospital records, almost half the patients might be seen as being hospitalized without proper legal justification. Results are discussed with respect to social and legal aspects of involuntary hospitalization.
Some Social and Personality Correlates of Heroin Use
Authors: Weissbach Theodore A. , Auerbach Bonnie , Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Ss, one heroin knowledgeable and one heroin naive, were administered tests of personality and degree of contact with the drug culture. It was predicted that: (1) drug use is related to association with other users, (2) personality measures would distinguish heroin from non-heroin users, and (3) heroin-knowledgeable Ss would be more impulsive in their judgments than heroin-naive Ss.
Female Personality Patterns in Two Cultures
Authors: Ghei Som N.
Published: September 2011

That personality tests developed to measure certain variables in one culture may be used to measure the same variables in other cultures is not supported by research. It seems more reasonable to make cross-cultural comparisons on individual items comprising a test than on the variables purportedly being measured by the test. In such a comparison, 102 U. S. college females were observed to be much more expressive of sexual impulse than 110 college females from India. The American Ss showed more social orientation, the Indian Ss more achievement motivation. Both showed a need for dependency and emotional support.
Cooperation and Competition in Interethnic Evaluation in Preschool Children
Authors: Fulcher Dianne , Perry David G.
Published: September 2011

White preschool children in Queensland, Australia, were administered a pretest of attraction toward black Aboriginal children. Children classified as high, medium, or low in prejudice either cooperated or competed with a black “picture playmate” (or were assigned to a control group). Results from a post-experimental test of attraction indicated that children who cooperated with their black partner significantly decreased their prejudice. There were no differences attributable to levels of initial attitude.
Semantic Dimensionality of the Subjective Stress Scale
Authors: Neufeld R. W. J.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of the similarity of feelings denoted by the 14 adjectives of the Subjective Stress Scale were obtained from 24 male and 24 female undergraduates and analyzed with an individual-differences multidimensional scaling procedure. Results indicated high consistency in the similarity judgments among Ss and supported consideration of the items as varying along a single dimension.
Dimensions of Jewish-American Identity
Authors: Zak Itai
Published: September 2011

The main problem posed in this study is: What are the content and structure of Jewish and American identity? The Jewish-American Identity Scale, which was adapted and refined for this study, was administered in 1971 to four samples, totaling 1006 Jewish-American college students from various parts of the United States. Initially, factor analysis was applied to the separate samples. Intersample comparisons of factor structures indicated a high degree of congruency; consequently, the samples were combined for subsequent analyses. Factor analysis of the test scores demonstrated that most of the common factor variance was appropriated by two relatively orthogonal factors. Items dealing with American identity and those dealing with Jewish identity had medium to high loadings on the two respective factors. These findings supported the hypothesis of the duality and the orthogonality of dimensions of Jewish and American identity, and cast doubt on the notion forwarded by some researchers that Jewish-American identity forms a bipolar continuum.
Effect of Inescapable Shock on Efficacy of Punishment of Appetitive Instrumental Responding by Dogs
Authors: Hollis Karen L. , Overmier J. Bruce
Published: September 2011

Exposure of 4 dogs to a series of 60 5-sec. inescapable electric shocks increased the effectiveness of subsequent reinforcement correlated shock punishments of VR-3 responding for food, relative to 4 non-preshocked control dogs.
Production and Use of Mnemonic Phrases in Paired-Associate Learning with Digits as Response-Terms
Authors: Hatano Giyoo , Kuhara Keiko
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate students learned paired-associates, with names of shops as stimulus-terms and sets of 4 digits (“telephone numbers”) as response-terms. In Exp. I, Ss, by assigning one of several alternative pronunciations, or “readings,” to each digit, as permitted in modern Japanese, were quickly able to produce mnemonic words or phrases for about half the 20 pairs, and these devices greatly facilitated Ss' recall and recognition of the numbers. In Exp. II, experimental Ss given these mnemonic phrases performed significantly better in recall and recognition of the numbers than control Ss. The nature of verbal ‘coding’ is discussed in detail.
Relation between Dogmatism and Anxiety
Authors: Gaensslen Hermann , May Friedrich , Wölpert Friedrich
Published: September 2011

The Dogmatism scale consists of items whose semantic content is anxiety and of items whose content is purely dogmatic. The first group of items correlates highly with all seven anxiety dimensions from Cattell's 16 PF Test, the second group moderately with only 2 of the 7 anxiety dimensions. Therefore, the significant correlation of the usually computed total Dogmatism score with 4 anxiety dimensions cannot be regarded as a valid proof of Rokeach's hypothesis of a general relation between anxiety and dogmatism. Conclusions like these are questionable because of the heterogeneous structure of the Dogmatism scale, for which evidence accumulates and which contradicts the traditional use of the Dogmatism scale as a summated rating scale.
Attempted Suicide by Males and Females
Authors: Beck Aaron T. , Lester David , Kovacs Maria
Published: September 2011

A study of 240 attempted suicides indicated different patterns for males and females. The attempts for females seemed motivated more by severe interpersonal friction whereas the attempts of males tended to be preceded more by job loss, difficulties with the law, and alcoholism. The female attempters were more depressed than the males, but the males were more likely to be loners.
Internal-External Control and Ideology
Authors: Fink Herbert C. , Hjelle Larry A.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that internal Ss would agree more with ideologies which emphasize the importance of self-determination of behavior, whereas external Ss would agree more with ideologies which emphasize the importance of social determination of behavior. Internals scored significantly higher on the traditional American ideology scale, whereas externals scored significantly higher on the New Left scale and one assessing a political philosophy of conservatism. These significant results ( p < .02) for college students supported the hypothesis. The implications for perception and understanding social problems were discussed.
Rehearsal and List Structure
Authors: Weist Richard M.
Published: September 2011

During the input phases of a multitrial free recall experiment, Ss were either free to rehearse or required to write the to-be-remembered words as they were presented. Under these input conditions, Ss learned 24-word lists which varied in structure. The lists contained either 2, 4, or 12 categories. The writing procedure caused a decrement in recall in the 2- and 12-category conditions. Hence, restriction of rehearsal was only effective when the list structure placed higher demands on processing time.
Renewed Interest in Attention
Authors: Murray Rev. John B.
Published: September 2011

Interest in attention, once prominent declined, but psychological investigations have returned this phenomenon to prominence as a topic of research. The older views of attention of James and Judd, as well as experimentation on selective attention initiated in World War II are recalled. Broadbent and Treisman's theories together with recent physiological and brain-research findings on attention have given impetus to renewed research. Finally, experimentation has turned to investigations of classroom problems and to developmental changes in attention, especially during the school years.
Forced-Choice Adjectival Masculinity-Femininity Scale
Authors: Reany Marilyn , Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

Es outline the steps in the development of an M-F scale having as its differentiating items 67 of those included in Ferguson's pair-comparisons self-assessment scale (Ferguson, 1970). Four replications show the scale to have sex-differentiating power.
Conservatism and Sexual Responsivity
Authors: Joe Victor C. , Kostyla Stanley , Gridley Nick , Cook Teresa
Published: September 2011

The relationship between conservatism and sexual responsivity was examined. Scores for 29 female and 28 male college students on socio-sexual fundamentalism ( r = −.28 for all Ss, −.49 for women) and socio-religious rigidity were negatively related to sexual responsivity ( r = −.40 for women) while intolerance to youth ( r = .49 for women only) was positively related.
Use of Response-Contingent Withdrawal of Reinforcement in Reducing Inappropriate Behavior of a Retarded Child
Authors: Levine Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Reinforcement withdrawal has been shown to be a powerful tool in the analysis and control of various undesirable behaviors. However, attempts to apply this technique to non-institutionalized retardates are notably lacking. In the present study 4 classes of inappropriate behavior were followed by brief withdrawal of reinforcing events (timeout) with a non-institutionalized retarded child. This treatment produced a marked reduction in the frequency of the 4 classes of behavior. Suggestions for future research were discussed.
Attitudes toward Death: A Desensitization Hypothesis
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Klar Larry R. , Rex George , White Cheryl
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward death is a subject largely overlooked by psychology. This article reports on the development of a Likert-type scale measuring attitude toward death. Item analysis produced 32 items, with a corrected split-half reliability coefficient of .92. The scale did not predict differences between donors and professors and did not relate to age, sex, or self-esteem. It did, however, correlate negatively with religiosity, level of education, and positively with exposure to deaths of non-intimate persons. The results suggest that positive attitudes toward death are indicated by a non-religious outlook, low investment in self-relevant goals, and exposure to non-intimate (and less traumatic) deaths.
Instrumentality Model of Age and Job Satisfaction for Males and Females
Authors: Shapiro H. Jack , Sodano Valerie L.
Published: September 2011

This study examines the relationship between age and job satisfaction for males and females. An instrumentality model dealing with age and job satisfaction is proposed and an empirical test of an hypothesis from this model is run. The predictions of the instrumentality model are supported. Job satisfaction increased with both age and tenure up to the pre-retirement period and then declined. Therefore, these results do not support Herzberg's U-shaped curve of the relationship between age and job satisfaction. In general, job satisfaction was lower for females than for males, particularly in pay and promotion. Implications of these results are discussed.
Wais Scores for Black and White Air Force Basic Trainees
Authors: Thompson Ronnie A. , Mc Grevy David F. , Knouse Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS was administered to 100 black and 100 white male Air Force basic trainees. t tests showed that the white group scored significantly higher on Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ and on all subtests except Digit Span and Digit Symbol. Findings were discussed in terms of cultural opportunity and heritability.
Authoritarianism, Occupational Sex-Typing, and Attitudes toward Work
Authors: Slotnick Robert S. , Bleiberg Joseph
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relationships between authoritarianism, work motivation, and occupational sex-role typing. There was a direct positive relationship between high F scores, extrinsic work motivation, and rigid occupational sex-role typing and between low F scores, intrinsic work motivation and flexible occupational sex-role typing. The way in which this directly affects men's perceptions about women at work is discussed. The study presented here explores a constellation of personality traits and attitudes related to authoritarianism and examines their contribution to a particular pattern of social and political perception.
Hierarchical Factor Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Authors: Blaha John , Wallbrown Fred H. , Wherry Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A Wherry-Wherry (1969) hierarchical factor analysis was performed on WISC subtest intercorrelations reported by Wechsler (1949). An hierarchical ability arrangement congruent with Vernon's (1950) structural paradigm was obtained. A strong general factor (g) was defined by positive loadings from all subtests and two relatively weak subgeneral factors; a subgeneral factor corresponding to Vernon's (1950) verbal-educational (v:ed) factor was defined by the verbal subtests and another by the performance sub-rests. The latter seemed to correspond to the spatial-perceptual (k:m) factor of Vernon's (1950) paradigm. These data not only provided strong support for the construct validity of the WISC as a measure of g but also provided some conditional support for Wechsler's (1949) decision to maintain separate verbal and performance IQs.
Linguistic Categorization and Hypothesis Testing in a Simple Concept-Identification Task
Authors: Harpur John G. E.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine the degree of relationship between 48 Ss' verbal descriptions of three-dimensional, binary-valued stimuli, and the linguistic structure present in the hypothesis-testing sequences when these Ss were presented with the same stimuli in a simple concept-identification task. It was observed that Ss manifested a type of “gambler's fallacy” when testing hypotheses in such situations, and that this imposes a structure on Ss concept-identification performance which, to a large extent, obscures the linguistic patterns which were observed to occur.
Discriminative, Informational, Eliciting, and Contiguous Stimuli as Secondary Reinforcers for Human Subjects
Authors: Long John B.
Published: September 2011

128 humans (8 groups of 16 Ss) were used to test the efficacy of operations proposed for establishing a neutral stimulus (SN) as a secondary reinforcer (Sr) by the discriminative, eliciting, informational and contiguous stimulus hypotheses. Phase I was a factorial design composed of 2 levels of consistency of pairing SN with verbal reinforcement (experimental vs control Ss) and 4 treatments (SN presented as a discriminative stimulus vs as a trace vs as a forward vs as a backward conditional stimulus). In Phase II, SN was tested as an Sr in a verbal conditioning paradigm. The analyses showed that all treatments established SN as an Sr for the experimental Ss only, thus supporting the contiguous stimulus hypothesis. It was suggested that an Sr is a confirmational stimulus and that discriminative, eliciting, or informational stimuli be considered secondary motivators insofar as such stimuli control emission of an operant.