bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brazil’s Historians in North America, 1980-2019: A Survey of Their Careers
Authors: Kraay Hendrik
Published: March 2021

This article examines the professional careers of the 290 historians who received doctorates in Brazilian history from universities in Canada and the United States between 1980 and 2019. It is a follow-up to a 1990 study by Roderick J. Barman on North American historians of Brazil from 1950 to 1987. While the 1980s were a nadir for the field, historians of Brazil enjoyed unexpectedly good academic career outcomes in the 1990s and early 2000s; they continued to do well in the academic job market, while many of their dissertations were published. The data also reveal some enduring patterns when it comes to the chronological periods and geographical areas on which these historians focus, as well as the rising interest in post-1945 history. The proportion of women winning doctorates has stabilized at levels slightly higher than that of the profession as a whole; however, some small but troubling gender inequities persist.
INDONESIAN LEGAL PLURALISM FOR STATE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGES: BETWEEN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Endri Endri
Published: March 2021

This research  is explaining  the challenges and opportunities for the resolution of administrative disputes by administration judges as executors of the judicial authority to examine, decide and resolve disputes in the reality of legal pluralism in Indonesia. To analyze the legal issues, this research presents the concepts of legal pluralism and then sees how the implications for the implementation of the authority of administration judges in the process of dispute resolution. This study is important because law enforcement and justice by the judiciary in the midst of legal pluralism have provided challenges and opportunities for judges in order to ensure court decisions are able to answer legal needs and provide substantive justice for justice seekers.
ASSESSMENT REGARDING THE NULLITY OR INVALIDITY OF A GOVERNMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION AND/OR ACTION
Authors: Putra Hidayat Pratama
Published: March 2021

The concept of Nullity (Nietigheid) is very important in administrative law because of the validity of a government act (bestuurshandelingen) either in the form of a decision (besluit) or in the form of an action (Feitelijk Handelingen) depends on the existence of the doctrine regarding Nullity. Since when is a decision declared invalid, and what are the legal consequences, if this is answered by the existence of this Nullity doctrine. Law No. 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration, has more or less changed the paradigm regarding the teachings of annulment from the one held by administrative law experts in Indonesia, especially with regard to the doctrine of abuse of power, which is regulated in several articles in the Government Administration Law. In this paper, it is found that government decisions and/or actions that are canceled or declared invalid have different consequences. This paper uses a normative juridical research method, namely using secondary data in the form of primary and secondary sources of law, both applicable laws and related literature.
Mathematical framework for detection and quantification of nonclassical correlation
Authors: SaiToh Akira , Rahimi Robabeh , Nakahara Mikio
Published: March 2021

Existing measures of bipartite nonclassical correlation that is typically characterized by nonvanishing nonlocalizable information under the zero-way CLOCC protocol are expensive in computational cost. We define and evaluate economical measures on the basis of a new class of maps, eigenvalue-preserving-but-not-completely-eigenvalue-preserving (EnCE) maps. The class is in analogy to the class of positive-but-not-completely-positive (PnCP) maps that have been commonly used in the entanglement theories. Linear and nonlinear EnCE maps are investigated. We also prove subadditivity of the measures in the form of logarithmic fidelity.
Efficient photon sorter in a high-dimensional state space
Authors: Miller Warner A.
Published: March 2021

An increase in the dimension of state space for quantum key distribution (QKD) can decrease its fidelity requirements while also increasing its bandwidth. A significant obstacle for QKD with qu$d$its ($d\geq 3$) has been an efficient and practical quantum state sorter for photons whose complex fields are modulated in both amplitude and phase. We propose such a sorter based on a multiplexed thick hologram, constructed e.g. from photo-thermal refractive (PTR) glass. We validate this approach using coupled-mode theory with parameters consistent with PTR glass to simulate a holographic sorter. The model assumes a three-dimensional state space spanned by three tilted planewaves. The utility of such a sorter for broader quantum information processing applications can be substantial.
Black-box Hamiltonian simulation and unitary implementation
Authors: Childs Andrew M. , Berry Dominic W.
Published: March 2021

We present general methods for simulating black-box Hamiltonians using quantum walks. These techniques have two main applications: simulating sparse Hamiltonians and implementing black-box unitary operations. In particular, we give the best known simulation of sparse Hamiltonians with constant precision. Our method has complexity linear in both the sparseness $\sparseness$ (the maximum number of nonzero elements in a column) and the evolution time $t$, whereas previous methods had complexity scaling as $\sparseness^4$ and were superlinear in $t$. We also consider the task of implementing an arbitrary unitary operation given a black-box description of its matrix elements. Whereas standard methods for performing an explicitly specified $\UN\times\UN$ unitary operation use $\tilde O(\UN^2)$ elementary gates, we show that a black-box unitary can be performed with bounded error using $O(\UN^{2/3} (\log\log \UN)^{4/3})$ queries to its matrix elements. In fact, except for pathological cases, it appears that most unitaries can be performed with only $\tilde O(\sqrt{\UN})$ queries, which is optimal.
Large-scale multipartite entanglement in the quantum optical frequency comb
Authors: Shahrokhshahi Reihaneh , Pfister Olivier
Published: March 2021

We show theoretically that multipartite entanglement is generated on a massive scale in the spectrum, or optical frequency comb, of a single optical parametric oscillator (OPO) emitting well above threshold. In this system, the quantum dynamics of the strongly depleted pump field are responsible for the onset of the entanglement by correlating the two-mode squeezed, bipartite-entangled pairs of OPO signal fields. (Such pairs are independent of one another in the undepleted, classical pump approximation.) We verify the multipartite nature of the entanglement by evaluating the van Loock-Furusawa criterion for a particular set of entanglement witnesses deduced from physical considerations.
Limit theorems for the discrete-time quantum walk on a graph with joined half lines
Authors: Chisaki Kota , Konno Norio , Segawa Etsuo
Published: March 2021

We consider a discrete-time quantum walk W_{t,\kappa} at time t on a graph with joined half lines J_\kappa, which is composed of \kappa half lines with the same origin. Our analysis is based on a reduction of the walk on a half line. The idea plays an important role to analyze the walks on some class of graphs with symmetric initial states. In this paper, we introduce a quantum walk with an enlarged basis and show that W_{t,\kappa} can be reduced to the walk on a half line even if the initial state is asymmetric. For W_{t,\kappa}, we obtain two types of limit theorems. The first one is an asymptotic behavior of W_{t,\kappa} which corresponds to localization. For some conditions, we find that the asymptotic behavior oscillates. The second one is the weak convergence theorem for W_{t,\kappa}. On each half line, W_{t,\kappa} converges to a density function like the case of the one-dimensional lattice with a scaling order of t. The results contain the cases of quantum walks starting from the general initial state on a half line with the general coin and homogeneous trees with the Grover coin.
Perfect state transfer on quotient graphs
Authors: Bachman Rachel , Fredette Eric , Fuller Jessica , Landry Michael , Opperman Michael , Tamon Christino , Tollefson Andrew
Published: March 2021

We prove new results on perfect state transfer of quantum walks on quotient graphs. Since a graph G has perfect state transfer if and only if its quotient G/\pi, under any equitable partition \pi, has perfect state transfer, we exhibit graphs with perfect state transfer between two vertices but which lack automorphism swapping them. This answers a question of Godsil (Discrete Mathematics 312(1):129-147, 2011). We also show that the Cartesian product of quotient graphs \Box_{k} G_{k}/\pi_{k} is isomorphic to the quotient graph \Box_{k} G_{k}/\pi, for some equitable partition \pi. This provides an algebraic description of a construction due to Feder (Physical Review Letters 97, 180502, 2006) which is based on many-boson quantum walk.
Distribution of entanglement in networks of bi-partite full-rank mixed states
Authors: Lapeyre Jr. G John , Perseguers Sébastien , Lewenstein Maciej , Acín Antonio
Published: March 2021

We study quantum entanglement distribution on networks with full-rank bi-partite mixed states linking qubits on nodes. In particular, we use entanglement swapping and purification to partially entangle widely separated nodes. The simplest method consists of performing entanglement swappings along the shortest chain of links connecting the two nodes. However, we show that this method may be improved upon by choosing a protocol with a specific ordering of swappings and purifications. A priori, the design that produces optimal improvement is not clear. However, we parameterize the choices and find that the optimal values depend strongly on the desired measure of improvement. As an initial application, we apply the new improved protocols to the Erd\"os--R\'enyi network and obtain results including low density limits and an exact calculation of the average entanglement gained at the critical point.
On QMA protocols with two short quantum proofs
Authors: Le Gall Francois , Nakagawa Shota , Nishimura Harumichi
Published: March 2021

This paper gives a QMA (Quantum Merlin-Arthur) protocol for 3-SAT with two logarithmic-size quantum proofs (that are not entangled with each other) such that the gap between the completeness and the soundness is $\Omega(\frac{1}{n\polylog{n}})$. This improves the best completeness/soundness gaps known for NP-complete problems in this setting.
Ekal dravya (Single Herbal Drug) exploit in Covid 19 – A Review
Authors: Snehal P Khobrgade  , Sneha Rajendra Vidhate  , Abhijeet Futane
Published: March 2021

Ayurveda is the study of life through which a delayed, glad and sound life can be achieved. Rasayana is certainly one of the approaches to achieve it. Rasayana is clarified in every single traditional treatise in incredible subtleties. It is an unmistakable branch in Ashtanga Ayurveda and shows its significance in treatment. Makers of Bruhattrayi and Laghutrayi have devoted separate sections for clarifying Rasayanas. Pundits, for example, Acharya Chakrapanidatta, Gangadhara, Yogendranath Sen, Dalhana, Arundatta, have likewise advanced various parts of Rasayana and have presented various features. The reason for Ayurveda is the support of Swasthya (wellbeing) and treatment of the Aatura (infected individual). Down to earth utilization of Rasayana at both, the levels help in filling the need. Point: The point is to arrange the single Rasayana drugs helpful in Covid-19.
Role of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) as Immunomodulator in Coronavirus in a pandemic – A systemic review
Authors: Shweta Dadarao Parwe  , Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha  , Dipak Tryambak Morey
Published: March 2021

The novel coronavirus has been transmitted all over the world. Many deaths were occurred due to Coronavirus. The main symptoms are pyrexia, fatigue, and dry cough. Some individual also develops a headache, running nose, congestion, sore throat, shortness of breath. At present, no vaccines or medicines available for the prevention and management of Coronavirus disease. Prevention is better than cure. This verse is famous and all known about it. So now the time has come to used or implement this. Prevention is the only measure to fight against Coronavirus. Ayurveda can offer the best option having preventive as well as curative measures. Many herbs have been mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts, which have immunomodulatory action or works as immunobusting drugs. Ashwagandha is well-known or a far old drug which said in Ayurvedic text as a Rasayan and Immunomodulatory activity. Ashwagandha can be used for the prevention of Coronavirus due to it has property like promoting betterment for health and longevity by an increase defence mechanism. Many kinds of research are conducted on Ashwagandha to prove its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective. Anti-stress properties. We concluded, in Systemic review to know the role of Ashwagandha in the prevention and curing symptoms of Coronavirus its efficacy and mechanism in Coronavirus. Some more research studies should be on COVID -19 for experimental and clinical validation to needed.
An Ayurvedic perspective of COVID 19: A Pandemic Situation
Authors: Megha Dipak Rudey  , Renu Rathi  , Bharat Rathi
Published: March 2021

COVID-19 (Novel coronavirus or corona disease is spreading continuously all over the world. Overloading of ICU and health care system capacity. Along with age factor, community spread, vertical transmission of disease and clinical manifestation is the risk factor for the poor outcomes. The transmission is mainly through respiratory droplets when individual sneezes or coughs and also due to the close contact with an infected individual. Every researcher is in found of preventive measure, and in found of effective treatment for it. As the population is rushing to keep themselves protected from the infection, Ayurveda practitioners are in stress that the kalpas cited in Ayurveda literature will be helpful in strengthening the immunity and to fight against COVID-19. It is an attempt to study the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) it's clinical diagnostic and management in Ayurveda perspective. Various Samhitas, such as Charaka Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Madhava Nidana  articles were referred for this study. According to Ayurveda literature, a unique method of impending a fresh identified illness Rather than centring on the bacteriological etiology, Ayurveda encirclements a universal skill for particularising the details of the illness at hand. Till the date, no vaccination is being found for COVID-19 yet, but the concepts given in Vedas have information about diagnostic and management. This attempt is to encourage Ayurveda  practitioners and young researcher’s to work on the formulations, which are cited thousands of years ago to breakdown the pathology of disease and work for the development and promotion of Ayurveda.
Rapid and Cost Effective Covid-19 Diagnostic Test Kit
Authors: Muniraj Bhattacharya  , Preeta Bose  , Abhishek Jana  , Srikanta Chandra
Published: March 2021

Covid-19 or Corona virus disease spreading since December 2019, starting from Wuhan China has now become a pandemic throughout the globe. For early detection of the infected persons prior to the onset of the disease has become necessary to stop the spreading of this communicable disease. The process of testing of respiratory Covid-19 and the associated SARS- COV-2 virus is proved to be possible only by the detection of antibody produced due to response to the infection. This process of antibody detection can be used for both diagnosis and population surveillance. The testing of generated antibodies due to SARS-COV-2 are antibody isotopes that are to be detected are IgG and IgM. Due to having novel antigens, the first responding antigen antibody interactions was IgM. Antibodies that show a higher affinity for more specifically binding capable antigens leading to the proper immune response is IgG. Due to the infectious reactions, IgG antibodies are produced. The positiveness of a sample is considered if both IgG and IgM are present. Whole blood, serum or plasma specimens are used for membrane based immunoassay in a qualitative IgG and IgM test kit. The principle for the testing is the same that of a HCG pregnancy test where human glycoprotein is assayed in a rapid chromatographic way. The mentioned process is very useful for mass detection of the Covid-19 infected population in a minimum time and is also safe for the laboratory technicians as it can easily be done without getting infected if proper physical barrier is taken personally.
A Review of Selected Phyto-derivative Compounds Evaluated by In silico studie as Potential Effective Options to Combat Life Threatening COVID-19
Authors: Tamara Al-Daghastani  , Maisa Alnaqeeb  , Shereen Arabiyat  , Odate Tadros  , Farah Al-Mamoori
Published: March 2021

SARS-COV-2 identified as COVID-19, has become the world's most contagious and dangerous pandemic disease today. It was firstly reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, then due to its strong infectious nature, it had spread to almost 214 countries. Precautionary steps remain the only mandatory technique before a successful form of treatment or vaccine is created to avoid person-to-person transmissions. In the absence of any unique or therapeutic vaccine against this virus, current attempts are being made to find a cure for this pandemic. Using derivatives from previously known antiviral drugs are a beneficial strategy until a specific treatment methodology for COVID-19 is available. Since ancient times, herbal medicines have been used as natural remedies for treating different infectious diseases. A good way to treat COVID-19 will be to look for new compounds from natural sources known for their high safety and applicability since the development of innovative drugs takes a long time and cost. Molecular docking analysis is routinely used in modern drug research to understand and predict the interaction between the molecule of the drug and the microbe's target protein. Drugs designed in this way can prevent access of pathogens into host cells and replication. The present study gives an insight about some plant phytoderivatives that were examined via in silico  studies to have the potentiality in treating coronavirus disease through various potential mechanisms such as hindering genome replication, inhibition of spike proteins or preventing inflammatory storm that causes lung injury.
Facts and Myths Regarding COVID-19 in Athletes
Authors: Sayed Yasser Ahmed Nisar
Published: March 2021

After the rise of the Coronavirus infection from the country of China in the year-end of 2019, brought about by the Novel Coronavirus, a total of approximately 45 million cases all around the world with deaths of more than 1.17 million individuals and 29.8 million recoveries. The SARS-COV2, also known as the coronavirus, usually presents as an asymptomatic carrier state with respiratory illness and pneumonia-like symptoms. Grown-ups speak to the populace with the largest rate of infection; in any case, youngsters, kids, and old patients can likewise be affected by the virus. The most widely seen abnormality on chest x-ray amongst individuals with lung infection was ground-glass opacity, with B/L findings. Serious cases are bound to be found in patients with other illnesses contrasted with other non-serious cases. In reality, age and illness seriousness might be corresponded with the results of the coronavirus disease. Until this point, viable treatment is missing; notwithstanding, clinical preliminaries researching the viability of a few drugs, including remdesivir and chloroquine, are in progress. Right now, viable contamination control poses the best method to forestall the outbreak of the virus.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Patients with Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
Authors: Rona Thomas  , Sunitha L  , Jasveen Saluja  , Parto Ghasemidehkordi  , Malini Muraleedharan Nair  , Sreelatha S
Published: March 2021

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) cause unfavourable perinatal as well as maternal complications in 5-10% of all gestations. Pregnancies entangled with hypertension stays as a vital issue and complicate obstetric practice in developing countries like India.  Majority of these complications can be prevented by early identification and legitimate treatment. Our study was aimed to comprehend the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of pregnant women regarding HDP as it is significantly affecting overall pregnancy outcome. One hundred four subjects with a mean age of 26.07 ± 3.27 years were recruited for the study and were assessed for their knowledge attitude and practice related to hypertension in pregnancy. Relevant data were collected, questionnaires were administered, and appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Our findings demonstrated that there is a moderate correlation between the level of knowledge with the practice towards HDP among the participants. The current study indicated that the majority of the participants had a moderate level of knowledge but showed the right attitude and practice towards HDP. This implies the need to expand knowledge and public awareness regarding the disease. Involving the study subjects with clinical activities such as patient counselling, medication review, and pharmaceutical care program helps to increase the subject's Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about the disease condition.
An Analysis of the Lack of Modern Educational Technology in the Teaching of Secondary Vocational English Subjects and its Teaching Strategies——Take Pingli Vocational Education Center as an Example
Authors: Yuan Dunmei , Li Ping
Published: March 2021

The report of the Educational sector in China advocates modern education technology, and now a new round of curriculum reform has thoroughly revised the curriculum standards of middle school students in various subjects, and penetrated modern educational technology into the teaching of various subjects. In recent years, the education department has raised the importance of vocational education, changed the concept of education for teachers and students, vocational education is in the fastest-growing period, the majority of secondary vocational education students has greatly improved, the curriculum is colorful. We should make good use of all kinds of the up-to-dated educational technologies in various subjects. However, in the process of education, the basic level of secondary vocational students is relatively poor phenomenon slowly appeared, which is a common problem in secondary vocational education, so we should strengthen the modern education technology in English subjects of the value of education. English, like our mother tongue, has a wealth of humanistic knowledge and spiritual connotation. Many English teachers in secondary vocational school simply teach basic English knowledge aspects and English grammars. It only lets the most vocational students to learn only the most basic English textbook knowledge, and then English teachers find many bad aspects, such as: students do not understand foreign culture; Therefore, secondary vocational English teachers in the English classroom to penetrate modern education technology, is the most important measure. So, as an English teacher, how to modernize secondary school students in classroom teaching? This article mainly talks about the teaching of secondary English subjects lack modern education technology and its teaching strategies.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITION, TECHNOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF GRANULES WITH LARYNX TREE EXTRACT LIQUID
Authors: T.Y. Mandzhigoladze , L.S. Kuznetsova
Published: March 2021

The purpose of the study was to substantiate the optimal composition, development of technology and methods for analyzing a new dosage form - granules with hydrangeas with a liquid tree extract. Optimal auxiliary substances for granule production were experimentally selected and process parameters were determined: fractional composition, abrasion, disintegration, mass loss during drying, bulk density. It was found that for all indicators granules with hydrangea tree extract liquid meet the requirements of GF XIV. Process diagram of granules manufacturing by wet granulation method has been developed. The TLC method made it possible to identify rutin, quercetin, luteolin, chlorophyll, coumarin. The method of differential spectrophotometry was tested for the method of quantitative determination of the sum of flavonoids. The proposed quantification methodology has been found to be suitable for analytical purposes. The content of the sum of flavonoids in the granules in terms of rutin is about 0,0225%. The relative error of the technique does not exceed ± 2,5%.
TO THE QUESTION ABOUT SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS STRUCTURE IN MEN UNDER 60 YEARS OLD WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY DURING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: A.V. Gordienko , A.S. Balabanov , B.B. Tassybayev
Published: March 2021

Relevance. Acute kidney injury (AKI) worsens the prognosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Aim. To study the characteristics of cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors in men under 60 years of age with AKI in myocardial infarction (MI) to improve prevention. Material and methods. The study included men aged 19-60 years old with type I MI. Patients are divided into two age-comparable groups: I - the study group, with ACI - 25 patients; II - control, without it - 168 patients. A comparative analysis of the frequency of observation of the main and additional CVD risk factors in groups was performed. Results. In the patients of the study group, more often than in the control group, the following was observed: MI in winter (68.0 and 36.3%, respectively; p = 0.01), with repeated cases - the interval between infarction of more than one year (48.0 and 29.8%; p = 0.04); psychoemotional stress (64.0 and 46.1%; p = 0.04) or hypertensive crisis as a situation provoking MI (28.0 and 19.2%; p = 0.04); a history of: overweight less than 10 years (72.0 and 35.7%; p = 0.002) with moderate obesity (48.0 and 22.6%; p = 0.03), chronic heart failure (36.0 and 14.0%; p = 0.006), peptic ulcer (32.0 and 13.7%; p = 0.01), unstable angina (64.0 and 42.6%; p = 0.003), peripheral angiopathies (80.0 and 56.5%; p = 0.02), coronary angiography (45.5 and 25.5%; p = 0.04) and coronary artery bypass surgery (24.0 and 8.6%; p = 0.009). Conclusions. The structure of CVD risk factors in men under 60 years old with MI and AKI is characterized by the prevalence of moderate obesity, gastroduodenal ulcers, chronic heart failure, stress and crisis course of hypertension, coronary angiography and a history of coronary artery bypass surgery, as well as MI in winter. It is advisable to use the listed combinations of factors in predictive modeling and planning of preventive measures in such patients.
SELF-PRESERVING ATTITUDES AND ITS PHENOMENA DURING THE PANDEMIC
Authors: I.N. Simaeva , A.O. Budarina , V.A. Shatokhina
Published: March 2021

The aim of this work is an analysis of the funda-mental structure, functions and self-preservation attitude and manifestations in the behavior of the population under conditions of a threat to health and survival. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the cognitive, emotionally-evaluative, and stimulating components of the self-preservation attitudes of adolescents and youth. The results of the study make it possible to assess risks and develop preventive measures for correcting the social orientation towards main-taining health among individuals and social groups.
Design of a cable-stayed footbridge adaptable to various urban areas
Authors: Clerici Franco , Mirabella Silvia
Published: March 2021

The present paper relates to the design of a cable-stayed footbridge, composed by ready made elements and with span suitable to various urban and building areas. At present, in order to find a solution to traffic problems, local governments look for many ways to alleviate city’s main roads, increasing public transportation and designing dedicated underground pedestrian routes. Although this subways already built are not really used by pedestrians, which prefer wide-open spaces, such as skyways also designed for people with reduced mobility. In this context the described footbridge, with access ramps designed in accordance with accessibility standards, represents not only a good solution for cycle and pedestrian mobility problems, but it is also easy to transport and to be installed, due to its modular elements. The access ramps are suspended to pilons with inclination depending by the required bridge lengths and they can be assembled in different configurations in order to be well integrated also in limited space areas. Finally a particular focus is dedicated to cables, with dismountable end terminations designed to reduce transportation space and costs
One Vanderbilt: Unprecedented Project Delivery Through Integrated Innovation
Authors: Cleary Andrew , DePaola Edward M. , Horch Christopher R.
Published: March 2021

One Vanderbilt Avenue, currently under construction in midtown Manhattan, will be one of the tallest buildings in New York. By collaborating with the construction teams in the early stages of the design, the foundations and the superstructure were able to proceed well in advance of a typical project. For example, the structural steel was erected to the 6th floor, was fabricated to the 32nd Floor, and the shop drawings were checked up to the 45th floor on the day that the 100% Construction Documents were issued.

The structural steel frame was designed so that its core columns only carried 12 levels of framing and construction loads during the tower’s erection. A concrete shear wall system followed the steel framing, permitting the steel erection to proceed without regard to the concrete operations. When complete, the project will stand 1,401 feet tall and contain 26,000 tons of structural steel, and 93,000 cubic yards of concrete.

The presentation focuses on the challenges and technological requirements for vertical construction in dense urban environments. It explains the amount of detail, thought, and knowledge of construction that must happen earlier in the design process and the participants will appreciate how the fast‐track process can be applied to complex architectural, mechanical and structural designs.

It describes the integration of design team parametric modelling with the construction process early in the design schedule. Fast‐track projects with complex designs like One Vanderbilt can be successfully completed by understanding and integrating an IPD process, even with competing objectives. The presentation discusses the challenges and technological requirements for vertical construction in dense urban environments, including the importance of direct links to mass transportation.

This type of team structure is the future of the industry, and One Vanderbilt is the first of its kind to illustrate how innovative design ambitions are being realized through the use of increasingly refined and advanced technology.
Influence of changing environment conditions on the development of shrinkage strain and the expansion coefficient of large concrete specimens
Authors: Suza Dominik , Kollegger Johann , Müller Harald S.
Published: March 2021

The standard creep and shrinkage strain measurements of concrete are usually conducted in a laboratory with constant temperature and humidity with a low variation. The creep and shrinkage measurements are conducted over a few months with the expectation that small concrete specimens can sufficiently describe the evolution of the rheology effects on a large multi-span bridge in the course of its operating life.

The monitoring of real bridge structures shows the actual progression of the deflections and concrete strains. Unfortunately the evaluation and interpretation of the measured values is complicated. The idea of the scientific Creep & Shrinkage project was to combine the two described situations (laboratory experiments and monitoring of real bridge structures) creating an experimental setup which would benefit from the advantages of both approaches.

In order to achieve conformity of the measured test results with those of theoretical models (MC 2010, EC) it was necessary to upgrade the current models to include the effects of changing temperature and humidity. Within this paper the upgrade of the current standard models to include changing environment conditions will be elaborated, in addition to an explanation of the method used to separate shrinkage strains from the temperature strains from the measured data. The measured concrete expansion coefficients will also be discussed.
The City of Calgary 12 Street Bridge Replacement and Monitoring
Authors: Azarnejad Azita , Murdoch Nathan , Hikita Katherine , Kroman Jadwiga
Published: March 2021

This project included the construction of a new three-span, 170 m-long steel box girder bridge to replace the existing St. George’s Island Bridge over the Bow River. The new bridge is composed of variable depth (arched), rectangular, steel box girders. Flood resiliency and sustainability were major considerations in the design of the bridge. The girders have a curved profile that allows for the majority of the superstructure to sit at least 1 m above the 1:100 year flood level. To minimize the work required over the river, full-depth, full-width, precast concrete deck panels were used. The panel-to-panel and panel-to-girder connections were made with Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC). Continuity of bridges with full-depth precast panels is usually provided by longitudinal post-tensioning. This was not preferred due to concerns about future deck rehabilitations. Therefore, the design relies on reinforcement splices for continuity. UHPC made it possible to transfer longitudinal forces in relatively short splice lengths. To verify the efficiency of these connections, some of the panels and connecting joints were instrumented with wireless strain gauges to monitor force transfer between adjacent panels. The paper includes a description of the bridge structure (girders and the precast deck panels) and the initial results of the strain monitoring.
Structural Health Monitoring of Henry Hudson I89
Authors: Andersen Jacob Egede , Rex Simon
Published: March 2021

To increase construction safety during and after establishing an alternative load path for the arch supports of the Henry Hudson I89 Bridge in New York a Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) was employed in combination with a digital twin calibrated by the SHMS data. This method is one of the first in the United States used on a large-scale bridge installation.

The calibration was done by moving a Live Load across the bridge and use the strain gauges to detect weight, speed, and spacing of the passing trucks.

The measured configuration of the Live Load has subsequently been applied to a Digital Twin creating the digital responses. The measured forces analysed by applying linear stress theory and least square method on the strain gauge measurements, and the calculated Digital Twin forces show the same behaviour and the absolute values do not deviate more than 5%. This despite of a very small utilisation.

After the Live load validation of the measurements a data-driven approach has been applied to identify critical behavior of the bridge while the digital twin has been held as backup for analyzing consequences of any extreme load combination, should it occur.
The partial collapse of the Bridge Galeria dos Estados in Brasília, DF, Brazil
Authors: Almeida Pedro A. de O. , Feijão Carlos H. L. , Holanda Maruska L. S. , Almeida Ronaldo O.
Published: March 2021

The partial collapse of the Bridge Galeria dos Estados occurred on February 6th, 2018, in Brasília, Brazil when blocked the strategic traffic of downtown. Accessing the central bus station came to a complete stop, vitally impacting the commercial, banking and hospital sectors, and Government Administration District of the capital. The viaduct was built for the inauguration of Brasília, in February 1960, exactly 58 years ago. With 5,000 m², the viaduct has 8 spans with dimensions of 21.70 m and 27.0 m. The partial collapse of the viaduct suddenly occurred without large deformations, or other evidence visible to the naked eye, which could indicate, in advance, the fragility of the structure. The investigations indicated stress-corrosion on all prestressed cable the cap beam. The corrosion is systematic damage that occurs in all seven bent of the bridge. The structural retrofit of the bridge makes removals and reconstruction of the cap beam, easy for maintenance. Finally, the partial collapse could have been avoided if there was any visual inspection possibility, of reasonable cost, which would allow repairs before the collapse.
Overview of Design of Structures to Extreme Hazards
Authors: Marjanishvili Shalva
Published: March 2021

Common engineering practice in multi-hazard design is to consider each natural hazard independently. The underlying assumption is that it is highly unlikely that one disaster will be closely followed by another. This approach dominated large part of the 20th century. The engineering community has made large strides in designing structures to withstand known hazards, leading to improved reliability and safety of infrastructure. This in turn has supported population growth and increased prosperity. As witness to our success, it is common in developed nations to consider it unacceptable for a disaster to cause large scale devastation. However, the nature of the disasters has proved otherwise.

It is unlikely that one extreme event will have catastrophic consequences on communities, because we know how to prepare for a single event. Instead, as experience shows, disasters are more typically comprised by one event followed by one or more other events, exposing the vulnerability of our design assumptions. The examples of multiple disasters are Indonesia (i.e., earthquake followed by tsunami followed by volcano), Haiti (i.e., earthquake followed by cholera outbreak) and Japan (i.e., earthquake followed by tsunami followed by nuclear meltdown). The obvious solution is to focus on understanding on the resilience of the system as an its ability to rapidly recover from the event.

This paper proposes a framework for quantitative measure and mathematically reproducible definitions of structural resilience as it pertains to a building’s ability to minimize the potential for undesirable consequences. The resilience assessment and design process follow logical progression of steps, starting with the characterization of hazards, continuing through analysis simulations, damage modelling, and loss assessment by finding and subsequently balancing functional relationships between design and analysis and consequences. The outcomes of each process are articulated through a series of generalized variables, termed as topology, geometry, damage and hazard intensity measures. Topological analysis methods are developed to map the effects of blast and extreme fire exposure so that the corresponding intensity measures can be addressed simultaneously during design
Comparison of Track-Beam Interaction among Chinese Code, Eurocode and Japanese code
Authors: Dai Gonglian , Dang Kan , Chen Y. Frank , Liu Tianpei
Published: March 2021

After the continuously welded rail (CWR) is laid on the bridge, relative displacements between beam and track under the action of temperature, creep, vertical live load, and braking force will occur. Due to the constraint between beam and track, the longitudinal forces are generated in the track, beam, and pier. This paper aims to compare the differences in rack-beam interaction between the Japanese code, the Eurocode and the Chinese code. Particularly the distinctions in track resistance models, braking forces, temperature loads, and vertical live loads. For example, the Chinese code and Eurocode use a nonlinear resistance model, but the Japanese code uses a constant resistance model. A representative bridge example is used to demonstrate the differences, where the finite element analysis is adopted. In the finite element analysis, nonlinear bars or constant bars are used to simulate the track resistance, beam elements with rigid links are used to simulate the bridge, and the mechanical model for the ballasted track was is established. Continuous simply- supported beam is assumed in the analysis.

Based on the calculation results, it is found that the additional longitudinal stress, the relative displacement, and the reaction force caused by the temperature, vertical live loads, and braking force are higher as calculated by the Eurocode compared to the Chinese code and the Japanese code.
Tawatinâ Bridge - An Extradosed Rail and Pedestrian Bridge
Authors: Tarasuik Luke , Rodgers Andrew
Published: March 2021

Tawatinâ Bridge is a new 260m long extradosed light rail and pedestrian bridge over the North Saskatchewan River. The hybrid bridge consists of a concrete box girder which supports two tracks of light rail and a lightweight steel pedestrian bridge which is suspended below the box. The bridge is being constructed cast- in-situ balanced cantilever using two moveable form travelers. This paper explains the design and construction challenges and solutions adopted in the creation of this landmark structure.
Design of Integral Abutment Bridges for a Lateral Slide Replacement
Authors: McFadden Matthew , Raby Douglas , Mermigas Konstantinos Kris , Utigard Brian
Published: March 2021

Jacobs is completing the preliminary and detailed design of two bridge replacements on County Road 17 in Ontario, Canada using an accelerated bridge construction technique known as lateral slide (also known as slide-in-bridge or jack-and-slide) for the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. The Hawkesbury Creek & CNR Overhead is a multi-span slab-on-girder structure spanning a creek and locomotive tracks. The Highway 34 Overpass is a single-span rigid frame structure spanning over the main road leading to the Town of Hawkesbury. The existing structures are approaching the end of their useful service life and rehabilitation is no longer a viable option. The new superstructures will be built on temporary supports located north of the existing structures. The new foundations consist of non-standard integral abutment details supported by composite caissons drilled through the existing roadway using temporary lane closures along County Road 17. This is an alternative to conventional integral abutment design which typically consists of a single row of steel H-piles. County Road 17 will be closed for up to four weeks to permit rapid demolition of the existing structures followed by the lateral slide. This is the first integral abutment lateral slide in the Province of Ontario. New design concepts, non-standard details and construction sequencing have been developed to achieve an economical, practical and robust design solution.
Construction Techniques and Development of 1st Monorail System in Thailand
Authors: Sirisonthi Athasit , Julphunthong Phongthorn , Suparp Suniti , Joyklad Panuwat
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to present the construction techniques and development of first and unique monorail system in Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies 1,568.7 km2and has a population of over eight million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. In the last decade, Bangkok has attracted millions of migrants seeking economic opportunity and city is expanding quickly. Recently, Mass Rapid Transit Authority (MRTA) Thailand has decided to adopt monorail system in Bangkok as a rapid transit system due to the limited space, narrow roads and sharp curves in the city. The design of monorail track lines permits flexible and various alignments that include curves of small radiuses and large slopes. The first two projects i.e., Pink Line and Yellow Line projects consist of elevated structure around 64.9 km long, 53 stations, 2 depots and 2 park-and-ride buildings. MRTA has awarded these projects (design, test run and construction of first two lines) to the BSR Joint Venture who invited Sino-Thai Engineering &
Restoration and Conversion of a Historic Building into a New Learning Park
Authors: Buddee Samard
Published: March 2021

In 2013, a local government official in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand undertook a project to restore a two‐story building in a historic zone. The 976‐square‐meter building was converted into a learning park for the general public. Architects and engineers collaborated on the project following precise procedures, ensuring most of the original features and significant structures were preserved. The main steps involved a survey and safety evaluation in assessing the choice of design criteria and construction techniques. The building design was analyzed, and significant modifications to the structures were deemed necessary. The structural engineer decided that new steel structures were required both above and below the existing structures to support the new precast concrete slabs which were to be covered by new wooden floors. The new and existing structures were able to maintain their independence because there were sufficient gaps to provide separation between them; this also necessitated the construction of new separate footings as independent support for all the new loads. The new learning park opened in 2017.
The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Expansion Project
Authors: Beane Jeffrey A. , Buntrock Rebecca
Published: March 2021

The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is located on the banks of the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. The Kennedy Center is home to the National Symphony Orchestra, the Washington National Opera and The Suzanne Farrell Ballet. In addition to being the nation's busiest arts facility, the Kennedy Center is also a "Living Memorial" to President Kennedy. The south expansion of the Kennedy Center, known as the REACH, provides much needed educational and rehearsal space, as well as a pedestrian link to the nearby Memorials.

The new structure combines practicality, versatility and innovation. Each surface and space created is unique, forming complex geometries and large span to depth ratios. The cast-in-place concrete structure is exposed on the interior or the exterior, including three white concrete pavilions rising out of the landscaped substructure. The pedestrian bridge connects the Kennedy Center to the river with over a 35-to-1 span to depth ratio. The REACH is scheduled to open in the Fall of 2019.
Terra Cotta Flat Arches: A Historic Modern-Day Challenge
Authors: Vandenbergh Alex
Published: March 2021

At the turn of the 20th century, terra cotta flat arches (TCFA’s) were a popular floor system in steel framed buildings for industrial and office construction in the United States. These arches were lighter but just as fireproof as standard brick arches, and were designed empirically using proprietary allowable load tables, which were based mostly on load testing.

In the 21st century, the proprietary nature of the TCFA makes evaluating these systems problematic for the modern engineer, architect, and contractor. Renovations of buildings with TCFA floor assemblies typically will have new penetrations as well as altered loading conditions from its original construction.

It is important for all parties involved in the design and construction process of a renovation to understand the history, mechanisms, and limitations of TCFAs in order to have a successful renovation from both a design and a cost perspective. Conversely, renovating a building without the proper knowledge or experience with the existing materials can lead to change orders, time overruns, and most importantly life safety risks.

This paper is a summary of a presentation given by the same author to the Association for Preservation Technology (APT) conference in September, 2018. A more in-depth paper by the same author and colleagues Derek Trelstad and Rebecca Buntrock will appear as an article in the APT Bulletin in 2019.