bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Registration and travel arrangements IUGG Fifteenth General Assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The English portion of the Second Circular and registration form for the Fifteenth General Assembly of IUGG was published in the January issue of EOS. It is recommended that the registration form, fully and correctly completed, be sent to AGU for forwarding to the Soviet Organizing Committee. Payments should be handled in a similar fashion. It is felt that this procedure will help to secure against the loss of individual correspondence; furthermore the U.S. National Committee will make up its official list of delegates and guests from the registration forms submitted through it as a primary source. (Those who submit their registration forms directly may be placed on this list of delegates or guests as appropriate by so requesting of the AGU headquarters.) Registration forms should be received in the AGU office not later than March 25, 1971, and payment or registration fees not later than May 15, 1971.
Joint efforts to measure environmental pollution
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

More than 170 experts from 32 countries and seven international organizations participated in a five‐day symposium in October on the Use of Nuclear Techniques in the Measurement and Control of Environmental Pollution. The meeting, which was held in Vienna and Salzburg, Austria, was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The wide program of the meeting included discussions of nuclear techniques in pollution studies, measurements of air pollutants and their dispersion, identification and analysis of water pollutants, environmental pollution by mercury and metallic compounds, movements of pollutants in water and soil, tracer techniques in coastal pollution studies, nuclear techniques and ecosystems, and sludge and wastewater treatment. Fifty‐four papers were presented.
Access to JPL facilities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

In accordance with federal policy, and by agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology in making certain of its facilities available to qualified investigators from the academic community. Access will be on a noninterference basis with continuing research programs at the laboratory. These facilities are given below.
New movie on the study of earthquakes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

‘The Earthquake Observatory’ a movie on the study of earthquakes, is now available. The movie was made by the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the Seismographic Station, University of California, Berkeley, in the summer of 1970. The 16 mm color sound movie, which lasts 26 minutes, is designed as a visual teaching aid to introduce undergraduate students in geology, geophysics, physics and earthquake engineering to the work of a modern seismological observatory. The movie concerns the history of recording earthquakes, methods of locating earthquakes, workings of the seismograph, types of seismic waves, the relation between faulting and fault creep and earthquakes, and the study of the earth's interior using observatory records.
Joint Symposium on Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada, will host a Joint Symposium on Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media which will take place August 7–11, 1972. The symposim is jointly sponsored by the Section on Flow Through Porous Media of the International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR)and Commission I (Soil Physics) of the International Society of Soil Science ISSS) The symposium will serve as a meeting ground not only for hydraulic engineers, hydrologists and soil scientists, but also for scientists and engineers from other associated disciplines such as chemical and petroleum engineering, textile physics, etc.
Twelfth Pacific Science Congress
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Twelfth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association will be held at the Australian National University, Canberra, from August 18 to September 3, 1971. The host organization is the Australian Academy of Science. The Congress will mark the Fiftieth‐Anniversary of the foundation of the Pacific Science Association in 1920.
The President's Page: The IUGG General Assembly
Authors: Newell Homer E.
Published: April 2012

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics will hold its Fifteenth General Assembly in Moscow, August 2–14, 1971. There, among other activities, the IUGG will elect new officers, discuss major issues of membership, organization, budget, relations with other unions, and international cooperative activities. The Assembly will also provide the occasion for both administrative and technical meetings of the various international associations belonging to the Union, with particular attention to interdisciplinary sessions. Reports on progress and results and continued planning and discussion will take place for such specialized activities as the International Hydrological Decade, the Global Atmospheric Research Program, the Upper Mantle Project, and the Geodynamics Project.
Air pollution: Our ecological alarm and blessing in disguise
Authors: Ellsaesser Hugh W.
Published: April 2012

Air pollution is the one feedback signal of man's overgrazing of his ecological niche on earth which is capable of spreading an alarm throughout his self‐encapsulating cities and suburbs—hopefully in time to allow preventive action. It has already stimulated a greater awareness of, and interest in, man's total environment and his impact on other species. If air pollution does indeed arouse man to achieve a planned, as opposed to a catastrophically imposed, equilibrium with the ecology of earth, no one can deny that it will truly have been a blessing in diguise.
Report of a Meeting sponsored by The Universities Space Research Association October 19”23, 1970, Houston, Texas: Meteorite Impact and Volcanism
Authors: Hürz Friedrich , Foss T. H.
Published: April 2012

A meeting on ‘Meteorite Impact and Volcanism’ sponsored by the Universities Space Research Association under NASA contract NSR‐09‐051‐001, was held at the Lunar Science Institute, Houston, October 19–23, 1970. About 80 specialists in the areas of meteorite impact and volcanic phenomena met to bring their collective knowledge to bear on the exploration and interpretation of lunar surface phenomena. The following is a general summary of this meeting.
Operational re‐entry accomplished by DSDP
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Deep Sea Drilling Project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, completed successful operational use of the re‐entry technique to recover ancient deep‐sea sediment beneath the Caribbean Sea.

Operating in water 13,000 feet deep in the Venezuelan Basin of the Caribbean, aboard the drilling research vessel Glomar Challenger, the expedition replaced a worn drill bit after drilling 2300 feet. They then re‐entered the same five‐inch bore hole at the bottom of the sea with a more‐than three‐mile drill string and drilled 200 additional feet to recover chert, hard limestone and crystalline rocks previously unattainable even to the DSDP drilling because of layers of chert, or flint‐like rock.
COSPAR Plenary Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

COSPAR will hold its Fourteenth Plenary Meeting, including specialized symposia and open meetings of working groups, in Seattle, Washington, June 17–July 2, 1971. The business meetings of COSPAR Working Groups and Panels are an occasion to exchange information on multilateral cooperative programs on space research, to express or to form collective opinions about space research, and to suggest or carry out appropriate cooperative studies and projects. The topics of the four specialized symposia are: Global Biophysics, The Total Solar Eclipse of March 7, 1970, Dynamics of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere above 120 km, and High (Angular) Resolution Astronomical Observations from Space. Both invited and contributed papers will be presented.
National atlas now available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The National Atlas of the United States is now available from the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior for $100 per copy. The 431‐page, hardbound volume contains 336 pages of multicolored maps as well as an index with more than 41,000 entries, including geographic coordinates, finding code and, where appropriate, population of places named. Page size is 19″×14″, many open double fold. First printing totals 15,000 copies.
New corporation formed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A new corporation has been formed in Marion, Massachusetts, offering such services as environmental surveys, ecological surveys, scientific analysis, instrumentation, laboratory analysis, and engineering services. The Environmental Devices Corporation (ENDECO) is composed of a group of engineers and technicians who are capable of providing almost any type of underwater equipment in the category of instruments and vehicles. Primary concentration is on equipment specifically tailored to shallow‐water pollution monitoring and abatement. In the area of instrumentation and data gathering, the instruments of the corporation as well as those from other sources will be used, depending on the type of situation. Surveys can be planned and carried out from the conceptual stage through the analysis of computer‐processed data.
Early results of Bomex Air‐Sea Study announced
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Scientists have found that the earth is less bright, the ocean more complex, and the air over the tropical Atlantic is hazier than they had believed. These are among the early findings of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment, as analysis of the data proceeds.

The field phase of the Bomex project was conducted from May through July 1969, when fleets of ships and aircraft, several satellites, a dozen buoys, and numerous other instruments gathered data from a cube of tropical sea and air.
New products
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Nuclear Equipment Corporation recently announced its complete non‐dispersive X‐ray powder diffractometer. The NEC nondispersive system utilizes a revolutionary new approach to X‐ray diffraction that allows one to grow all diffraction peaks simultaneously. Diffraction patterns that would take over an hour to plot with conventional dispersive diffractometers can be obtained in a minute with the NEC system. Resolution is comparable to that of conventional diffraction equipment. The complete system, including X‐ray tube and generator, sample chamber, silicon solid‐state detector, multichannel analyzer, and stripchart recorder sells for less than $20,000. Readout is available on computer‐compatible punch paper tape or magnetic tape. Spectrum stripping capability is available, allowing the ‘unfolding’ of complex diffraction spectra.
Selenodesy and planetary geodesy
Authors: Kaula W. M.
Published: April 2012

Selenodesy and planetary geodesy are here defined as the determination for the moon and the eight planets (other than the earth) of (1) the mass, either as the ratio thereto of the sun's mass, or as the product with the gravitational constant GM, (2) the radius R, (3) the rotation rate and orientation, (4) variations of the gravitational field, and (5) broad variations in topographic elevation. We divide this review into three parts: the moon, the inner planets, and the outer planets. The distinction is mainly one of accessibility: only the moon has been orbited by artificial satellites; all the inner planets have been probed by radar, and two have had close approaches by space vehicles; the outer planets as yet have been observed only by passive techniques.
Crustal movement investigations
Authors: Meade B. K.
Published: April 2012

During the past 4 years the program of repeating geodetic surveys for the purpose of monitoring horizontal and vertical crustal movement was continued in the United States. New surveys were also accomplished in several areas along the San Andreas fault system, where observational data from previous surveys had shown a systematic rate of fault creep.
Marine geodesy
Authors: Strange William E.
Published: April 2012

Marine geodesy is generally understood to cover the extension of the principles and practices of land geodesy to the ocean areas of the world, but no agreement yet exists as to its exact scope. Recognition of marine geodesy as a distinct branch of geodesy in the United States can be traced to the First Marine Geodesy Symposium in Columbus, Ohio. A review of the proceedings of both the First Marine Geodesy Symposium and the Second Marine Geodesy Symposium held in New Orleans in 1969 and of meeting sessions described as marine geodesy sessions reveals that the following five primary subjects have been covered: needs and requirements for marine geodesy, establishment of control points on the ocean floor, determination of the oceanic geoid by surface methods, use of a satellite altimeter to determine the geometry of the ocean surface, and methods of ship positioning.
Satellite geodesy: Results
Authors: Gaposchkin E. M.
Published: April 2012

Since the last Quadrennial Report in 1967, progress in satellite geodesy has been confined to refining the results as of 1967 by adding data of greater accuracy and better distribution and to combining the various solutions. None of the avant‐garde methods, such as satellite, altimetry, very long base line interferometry (VLBI), drag‐free satellites, or satellite‐to‐satellite tracking with continuous coverage, has produced results at this time. Other representations of the gravity field, such as a layer model [Koch and Morrison, 1970] and gravity anomalies estimated from satellite data [Obenson, 1970], have been successful and show promise. Several studies [e.g., Wong and Prislin, 1970] have shown that electronic (Tranet Doppler) data and optical (Baker‐Nunn) data are quite compatible and equivalent for orbit calculation purposes. This compatibility indicates that either type of data can be used for geodetic research.
Satellite geodesy: Interpretation
Authors: Rapp R. H.
Published: April 2012

This report outlines the activity during the past 4 years in the area of interpreting geodetic data derived through procedures of satellite geodesy. No attempt has been made to synthesize the ideas of the various investigators; the report simply points out where the activity lies and briefly what it is.

The procedures of dynamic satellite geodesy generally analyze the variations of the orbital elements of artifical satellites for various quantities of interest. Such analysis may yield estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the earth's gravitational potential, their time variation, if any, observation station coordinates in a geocentric system, and other quantities on which the orbits and observation of satellites depend. Although many such quantities are of interest, in this paper we shall regard the potential coefficients and quantities derived from them as the basis for information that can be interpreted to learn more about the structure and behavior of the earth.
Geodetic operations
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

This report is on the geodetic activities of various agencies in the United States covering the period from January 1, 1967, through December 31, 1970. The material is arranged in five parts corresponding to the five Sections of the International Association of Geodesy: (1) Geometrical Determination of Positions; (2) Leveling and Ground Movements; (3) Geodetic Astronomy and Artificial Satellites; (4) Measurement of Gravity; and (5) Physical Geodesy.
Fracture Mechanics and Earthquake Source Mechanisms Conference
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Geological Society of America will sponsor a Penrose Conference on Fracture Mechanics and Earthquake Source Mechanisms on September 27 through 30, 1971, at the Snowmass Mountain Chalet, Snowmass‐at‐Aspen, Colorado. The purpose of the conference is to bring together experts in the fields of rock mechanics and earthquake source mechanisms in order to develop a better understanding of the causes of earthquakes, and to focus attention on current research needs.

Seven informal three‐hour sessions will review and discuss current research in friction, pore pressure, microearthquakes, seismic source mechanisms, and crustal deformation relevant to the source problem. Three informal geological field trips will be offered.
New products
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Geophysical Instrument and Supply Company (GISCO) announces two new low‐cost, lightweight, shallow‐refraction‐type seismographs, Models MD‐1 and MD‐3. Model MD‐1 is a 0.25‐ msec instrument binary readout. Model MD‐3, a 0.1‐msec instrument, has a digital readout. Both models feature noise control, a geophone polarity selector, high accuracy, solid‐state transistorized circuitry, a multi‐geophone, and low‐cost shock source. The Model MD‐3 also has an automatic resetting device and rechargeable batteries.
[Comment on “Call for rehearsal” by Robert Cohen] Endorsement for rehearsal
Authors: Krasnow Shelley
Published: April 2012

This letter is in reference to the comments made by Robert Cohen in the February Forum (‘Call for Rehearsal’).

Having been exposed during my career to a considerable number of scientific papers presented at various society meetings, I must endorse Cohen's suggestion most enthusiastically. I must confess that the presentation of many papers is painfully poor. Cohen's suggestion that the talk be subjected to an oral review is a very good one. But I would like to add that even if this is not possible, practice by the author in advance of the meeting would effect an improvement in the smoothness of the presentation.
[Comment on “On science for the people” by A.F. Spilhaus, Jr.]
Authors: Ingerson Earl
Published: April 2012

I was very much interested in the editorial, "Science for the People" (A.F. Spilhaus, Jr., February President's Page). Certainly there is a great deal of misunderstanding by legislative bodies at all levels concerning the nature of research and the necessity for it in our modern technologically supported civilization. In particular, I think there is a wide failure to distinguish among kinds of research. Because of their nature or magnitude, or both, many essential studies must be supported, at least in large part, by public funds.
Fight against mercury
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A noted scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution recently urged members of the New Bedford, Massachusetts, fishing industry to fight the use of mercury in agriculture and industry by contacting their congressmen and lobbyists in Washington.

‘The fishing industry has a responsibility to exert pressure on federal agencies to minimize the use of mercury by agriculture and industries that are still introducing mercury into the environment,’ said John M. Hunt, a senior scientist and Chairman of the Chemistry Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. ‘If it doesn't, then we're going to see an increase in the mercury level in marine organisms.’
Sediments as pollution clues
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Three University of Rhode Island engineers believe that measuring the pollutant concentration in estuarine sediments is usually more revealing and important in establishing the quality of an estuary than measuring the pollutant concentration in its water. In a recently completed study of the sediment in Narragansett Bay, the researchers, all from the URI Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, found that pollutant materials in bottom sediments usually stay for a significantly longer time and are more stable than pollutant materials in water.

The study was completed by Vito A. Nacci, who hasa joint appointment with the URI Department of Ocean Engineering, Calvin P.C. Poon, and Milton T. Huston, a research associate.
Oceanographic Office opens files containing data on coastal ecology
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Oceanographic data taken as much as 20 years ago from American, Canal Zone, and Puerto Rican coastal waters as part of a program for the defense of those areas will help provide today's scientists with a base on which to determine whether or not significant pollution has invaded those waters.

Oceanographic data, which graphically depict the ecology of the waters in thirteen major harbors and their seaward approaches, have been turned over to the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC).
NSF launches major ocean study
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The first awards in support of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration were recently announced by William D. McElroy, Director of the National Science Foundation. The awards, totaling $3 million, will fund a project to provide information about levels of pollutants and of fission and waste products in the sea, oceanic mixing, and the production of organic matter in the oceans.

Called GEOSECS, (Geochemical Ocean Sections Study) the project is the first major research effort in the IDOE, a multi‐nation investigation of oceanic problems that affect man.
ERC begins earthquake study
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Environmental Research Corporation, a subsidiary of Computer Sciences Corporation, has begun a study of the aftershocks that continue to shake the Los Angeles area following the major earthquake there in February.

John K. Swearingen, Vice President and General Manager of ERC, said the study should provide ‘significant new information that will lead to improved methods of selecting building sites and designing structures.’
Environmental impact of industrial and civil construction to get close federal scrutiny
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The environmental impact of all federally related construction work will soon come under close government scrutiny before necessary approvals are granted, according to a leading environmental specialist, John M. Heckard of Dames and Moore, a consulting engineering firm specializing in applied earth sciences.

‘Companies should be aware that what is happening now in the nuclear power field will soon be common for general industry,’ said Heckard. ‘The Atomic Energy Commission requires that facilities under its jurisdiction submit Environmental Reports measuring their environmental impact before granting them necessary permits. But AEC is only the first government agency to implement ERs under the National Environmental Policy Act. Other federal agencies will call for similar reports for every construction effort involving federal funds, licenses, or public lands,’ Heckard said.
1972 USGS budget aimed at attacking resource and environmental problems
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The fiscal year 1972 budget estimate for the U.S. Geological Survey amounts to $121,207,000—a gross increase of $9,857,000 over the current fiscal year.

‘The proposed budget,’ said USGS Director William T. Pecora, ‘is aimed at providing a balanced program of mapping, investigations, and inventorying of the land, mineral, and water resources of the United States, and supervision of mineral leases on public and Indian lands and the outer continental shelf.’
Third International Gondwana Symposium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The International Union of Geological Sciences and the Australian Academy of Science will sponsor the Third International Gondwana Symposium on August 6–11, 1973, in Canberra, Australia. The program topics will include: Paleogeography (including paleoclimate and paleomagnetism); Gondwana floras; Environment and origin of Gondwana coal deposits; Age and stratigraphical relations of the glacial deposits; Advances in stratigraphy and paleontology; and Tectonics (igneous activity, geochronology, structural geology, and nature of the continental margins). Field excursions are being planned for the week preceding and two weeks following the symposium.
New products
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The DK 06 Multi‐Dekameter measures the dielectric loss and dielectric constant of any sample, with the highest accuracy, using a built‐in generator that can be continuously varied from 100 kc to Mc. Dielectric constant determinations over the range of 1 to 90 can be made, using any of a variety of water jacketed sample holding cells suitable for organic as well as inorganic compounds in liquid, paste, sheet, granulate, or film state. Special cells are available for immersion method analyses of foils (ASTM D 1531 59T) or powders. Dielectric constant measurements are based on the heterodyne beat system, with tuning indication by a built‐in oscilloscope and synchronization reading from a 4000 division condenser scale, while the dielectric loss is obtained by the difference substitution technique. Moisture analyses, as well as determinations of oxidation, polymerization, distillation, and other chemical processes can be easily accomplished.

For further information concerning the DK 06 Multi‐Dekameter, write Kahl Scientific Instrument Company, P.O. Box 1166, El Cajon, California 92022.
Volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology: U.S. National Report, 1967”1971, Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Investigations at Active Volcanoes
Authors: Wright Thomas L.
Published: April 2012

The field of volcanology has expanded greatly in the years 1967–1970, and work on active volcanoes has kept pace with this expansion. I have restricted this summary and the accompanying bibliography to studies by U.S.‐based investigators of active or potentially active volcanoes. I have been immeasurably aided in writing this summary by communications from R. Citron of the Smithsonian Institution Center for Short‐Lived Phenomena, W. Melson and T. Simkin of the Smithsonian Institution, A. McBirney of the Center for Volcanology, University of Oregon, R.B. Forbes of the University of Alaska, and R.W. Decker of Dartmouth College.
Radioactive and radiogenic isotope research
Authors: Tilton G. R.
Published: April 2012

The number of laboratories and workers in the field of radioactive isotope research has grown rapidly over the past four years. With this growth has come a large increase in the volume of literature on the subject. Consequently the bibliography, given below is meant to include the more significant or more complete investigations. The references are restricted to papers published by U.S. laboratories from approximately January 1967 through October 1970.
Theoretical Equations of State
Authors: Sammis Charles G.
Published: April 2012

The primary objective of theoretical equation‐of‐state work in geophysics has been to provide a framework with which the ultrasonic, X‐ray compression, and shock data can be used in interpreting the seismic velocity and density profiles in the earth. Each of these experimental techniques falls short of the ultimate experiment of reproducing the temperature‐pressure conditions at any depth in the earth and measuring Vp, Vs, and p of mantle‐candidate mineral assemblages for direct comparison with the seismic profiles. The ultrasonic data give Vp, Vs, and p as a function of T and P, but the pressure range has been limited to ∼10 kb. This limit necessitates a large extrapolation for discussion of even the upper mantle. The X‐ray static compression measurements have a pressure range to 300 kb, but are limited to room temperature and to only the pure compression properties KT and p. Finally, although the shock‐wave techniques can generate pressures comparable to those found throughout the earth's mantle and core, the shock‐produced states are characterized by pressure and internal energy. Thus an E(T, P) equation of state is required before the data can effectively be used. Further, like static compression experiments, the shock technique now yields only K and p.
Rock mechanics and dynamic processes in the crust
Authors: Scholz Christopher H.
Published: April 2012

During the past four years experimental and theoretical studies of the fracture and flow of rock have provided important new insights into the dynamics of geologic processes in the crust and upper mantle. In addition, intensive new observational studies, particularly along the San Andreas fault in California, have yielded new information on the mechanism of earthquakes and faulting. Of particular interest are: (1) work on the friction characteristics of rock under crustal temperature and pressure conditions and its application to the mechanism of faulting; (2) use of laboratory experiments as scale models of seismicity with applications to earthquake statistics; (3) recognition and measurement of fault creep over extensive portions of the San Andreas fault system; (4) use of geologic, geodetic, and seismic data for the determination of rates of movement and strain accumulation on the San Andreas fault; (5) observations and experiments with earthquake triggering; (6) studies of the creep of rock at high temperatures and pressures.
Sea‐floor spreading and plate tectonics
Authors: Pitman W. C.
Published: April 2012

The hypotheses of sea‐floor spreading [Hess, 1968; Dietz, 1961, 1968] and plate tectonics [McKenzie and Parker, 1967; Morgan, 1968; Isacks et al., 1968; Le Pichon, 1968] have led to a fundamental new approach to many geologic problems. The theory may be stated simply as follows: To a first approximation the surface of the earth can be regarded as being composed of a number of rigid crustal plates each in motion with respect to all the others. The boundaries between the plates are the locus of most of the world's seismic, orogenic, and tectonic activity. Where these plates are separating, sea‐floor spreading is occurring and oceanic crust is being formed. Boundaries of transcurrent motion are transform faults. Boundaries of compressional motion result in the formation of trenches, island arcs, and/or mountain chains.
Static and dynamic compression of Earth materials
Authors: Ahrens Thomas J. , Takahashi Taro
Published: April 2012

The triennium, 1967–1970, has been a period of marked increase in acquisition of pressure‐volume data for minerals, rocks, and compounds of geophysical interest. A wide assortment of data has been obtained by the conventional dilatometric techniques as well as by the more recently developed X‐ray diffraction and shock‐wave techniques. Highlights of progress during the last 3 years include hydrostatic compression measurements for Apollo 11 lunar samples [Stephens and Lilley, 1970; Schreiber et al., 1970], static compression measurements of the spinel phase of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 solid solutions, which are likely constituents of the transition zone of the earth's mantle [Mao et al., 1969], and Hugoniot data for high‐pressure phases of ferromagnesian silicates, which may represent the constituents of the lower mantle [McQueen et al., 1967b].
Lunar Seismology
Authors: Latham Gary V.
Published: April 2012

The past 4 years have marked the beginning of a new era in lunar exploration. With the successful landing of instruments on the lunar surface by unmanned spacecrafts of the Luna, Ranger, and Surveyor series, and finally the first manned landing on the moon in July 1969, as part of the Apollo program, direct measurements of the physical and chemical properties of the moon have become a reality.

Thus far we have had the opportunity to record data from two lunar seismic stations installed by the astronauts during Apollo missions 11 and 12 as part of an integrated set of geophysical experiments called ALSEP (Apollo lunar surface experiments package). The combined recording time from these stations was 13 months at the time of this writing, but there was no overlap in operation to permit recording the same event at two stations. Results from the analysis of these data have been presented by the seismic experiment team in six papers [Latham et al., 1969, 1970a, b, c, d; Ewing et al., 1970].
Man‐made earthquakes and earthquake prediction
Authors: Healy J. H. , Pakiser L. C.
Published: April 2012

Convincing evidence that man can trigger earthquakes has been developed since the 1963–1967 report. The fact that man can start earthquakes has increased our understanding of earthquake mechanisms and reinforced our judgment that we are approaching the possibility of earthquake prediction.

Traditionally, seismologists have avoided the subject of earthquake prediction because of its distasteful association with people who claim to be able to predict earthquakes by mystical nonscientific methods. Research on prediction has been intensified since the reports of the Panel on Earthquake Prediction [Press, 1965] and the Interagency Working Group for Earthquake Research [Pecora, 1968],. however, and it is appropriate to assess our progress toward that goal. Pakiser et al. [1969] and Oliver [1970] have also summarized recent U.S. progress toward earthquake prediction.
Structure and composition of the mantle
Authors: Anderson Don L.
Published: April 2012

The last four years have been a period of increased emphasis on the problems of discontinuities, lateral variations, and shear velocities in the mantle. The presence of discontinuities near 400 km and 600 km has been verified by travel time, apparent velocity, and reflection and amplitude studies; it has been shown by refraction and reflection amplitudes that these discontinuities are extremely sharp, 4 km or less. Other discontinuities, or abrupt changes in velocity gradient, have been found in the upper and lower mantle. It now appears that there are relatively few large radial stretches of the mantle that are truly homogeneous. A summary of the locations of discontinuities in the mantle is given in Johnson [1967] and Whitcomb and Anderson [1970]. A second‐order discontinuity has been found near 500 km by Helmberger and Wiggins [1971].
Structure, composition, and state of the core
Authors: Bolt Bruce A.
Published: April 2012

Since 1967 two major advances in our knowledge of the core and core‐mantle boundary have occurred. First, the giant large‐amplitude seismic array (Lasa) in Montana provided convincing observations of reflections (PKiKP) from the inner‐core boundary (ICB); second, evidence grew that a low‐velocity shell existed in P and S above the mantle‐core boundary (MCB).

After the recent energetic studies of the upper mantle, there are signs of quickening geophysical interest in the physical state of the earth's core. The precise nature of the striking structural discontinuities that define the MCB and ICB is of importance to solid‐state physics, to geochemistry, and to geophysics. In particular, laboratory shock‐wave results must be matched against the seismological inferences.
Studies relating to magnitudes of earthquakes and explosions
Authors: Evernden J. F.
Published: April 2012

A problem plaguing magnitude studies, which was recently re‐emphasized by Freedman [1967], is the scatter in the magnitude estimates of individual stations for a given event. Significant progress on this problem has been made in the last few years. Much of the scatter can be removed if proper account is taken of source, path, and receiving area effects.
Instrumentation and data processing
Authors: Pomeroy Paul W.
Published: April 2012

Two recent developments in seismometry allow the study of seismic phenomena over a broad period range. Block and Moore [1970] developed a quartz accelerometer with the required stability and sensitivity to record seismic waves as well as earth tides. The instrument, especially useful at periods greater than 80 sec, recorded free oscillations of the earth associated with an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 [Block et al., 1970]. Pomeroy et al. [1969] described three‐component wide‐band long‐period seismographs that operate at maximum magnifications up to 500,000 in the period range of 30 to 60 sec. Relatively noise‐free output at these magnifications was achieved by using rigid environmental control (i.e., an air‐tight chamber in a deep mine). A displacement transducer output on the same instrumentation permits concurrent recording of the solid‐earth tides.
Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism U.S. National Report, 1967”1971 Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Magnetic Surveys
Authors: Fabiano E. B.
Published: April 2012

As a result of increased survey activities by satellites and marine vessels, it is likely that more geomagnetic data have been recorded in the past 4 years than in any previous 4‐year interval.

From marine magnetic surveys, measurements of total intensity have provided data that have contributed significantly to the newer concepts of sea‐floor spreading and continental drift [Allan, 1969]. Magnetic measurements in the oceans will continue to be a major tool in the exploration of the sea floor and its underlying crust and mantle.
Geomagnetic secular variation
Authors: Cain Joseph C.
Published: April 2012

This review attempts to reference the works on geomagnetic secular change that have appeared by authors based, even if temporarily, in the United States since 1967. It is thus an extension of the last portion of the paper given for the 1967 ‘Main Geomagnetic Field’ IUGG report [Cain, 1967], excluding the topics of field models and magnetic surveys except insofar as they contain information related to secular change.
Rock magnetism
Authors: Banerjee Subir , Cox Allan
Published: April 2012

Work in rock magnetism during the last 4 years in the United States has been concentrated on several important intrinsic problems, the solutions of which are needed to answer some of the larger questions now being raised in paleomagnetism. The questions include whether it is feasible to measure variations in geomagnetic field intensity in rocks as old as Precambrian, what the exact frequency of geomagnetic reversals throughout the earth's history is, and whether the natural remanence of rocks is thermal or chemical in origin and, if it is chemical, when during the rocks' history it was acquired. A summary of some of this research is contained in the following paragraphs. Additional references to significant research in rock magnetism and related instrumentation are contained in the bibliography.
Author's Reply [to “Comment on “Air pollution: Our ecological alarm and blessing in disguise” by Hugh W. Ellsaesser” Air Pollution Signals]
Authors: Ellsaesser Hugh W.
Published: April 2012

S.L. Dingman's quote, by deletion of the italicized words, has changed the thrust of the following statement by Lave and Seskin: ‘Thus, we conclude that an objective observer would have to agree that there is an important association between air pollution and various morbidity and mortality rates.’

Lave and Seskin set out to quantify, (in dollars) the effect of air pollution on human health. They could hardly have reached this goal without having first concluded that a health effect did indeed exist. Since they both reviewed the literature in considerable detail and needed the existence statement to reach their goal, I believe that it is highly significant that they chose to protect themselves with a caveat rather than to make the stronger statement attributed to them by Dingman. This belief is fortified by their careful delineation of the pitfalls and weaknesses in the literature on health effects both in their introductory sections and in the one specifically entitled ‘Some Caveats.’
Aurora and airglow 1970
Authors: McCormac Billy M. , Bradbury J. N. , Evans John E.
Published: April 2012

The Summer Advanced Study Institute, ‘Aurora and Airglow 1970,’ held at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, August 3–1970, was attended by 122 persons from 15 different countries. Through aurora and airglow, atmospheric processes were studied and an effort was made to analyze magnetospheric phenomena. This paper is a summary of some of the significant findings of the institute. The participants mentioned here whose papers are in the proceedings are listed in the references; those who contributed to discussions are indicated within parentheses in text.
NOAA announces plan to monitor climatic change
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A program designed to take another step toward description of human effects upon weather and climate—and ultimately to learn whether man is inducing serious climatic change—has been announced by Robert M. White, Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The climate of the earth is constantly but slowly varying. In the past, only nature produced the changes; now there is concern that man's activities may also play a role.

Under the program, NOAA will seek to learn, for example, whether carbon dioxide in the air is increasing sufficiently to enhance the ‘greenhouse effect’ on the planet and cause an over‐all warming of the earth, or whether particulate pollution could cool the atmosphere.
New oceanic research projects
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Fifteen oceanic research projects aimed at improving marine environmental prediction and at expanding knowledge of the seabed and its resources are being financed by a $3.35 million grant from the National Science Foundation.

The projects, to be conducted by a number of units of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), are part of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE).
The first Southern Hemisphere tidal observatory
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

By July 1971 the first southern hemisphere earth‐tidal observatory is expected to be operational under the auspices of the Department of Geophysics of the University of New England, Australia.

This satisfies repeated calls by the International Association of Geodesy for a data center in a southern part of the globe.
NSF Program for Research Applied to National Needs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The National Science Foundation can play a crucial role as a ‘pilot plant’ in the application of science to solutions of important problems of our society, according to Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NSF Deputy Director.

Among the objectives of the program of Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) cited by Bisplinghoff in testimony. before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development, Committee on Science and Astronautics, House of Representatives are:

Advanced Technology Applications. Projects will seek to develop and apply advanced technology relating to energy resources, earthquake engineering, fire research, enzyme technology, urban engineering problems, particle accelerator applications, and technology for rapid excavation and tunneling.
NSF funds National Earthquake Engineering Information Center
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A National Information Center for Earthquake Engineering to provide professional structural engineers and designers with information necessary for the design and construction of safer and more durable buildings, bridges, and other stnictures, will be established in California.

According to an NSF official, the primary goal of the center will be to fill the gap that often exists between research results and the practical problems of the engineer and designer. The center will gather all known research information about earthquake engineering, organize and atsess it, and disseminate it to users who will apply the knowledge to practical problems.
Bureau of Mines Office encourages mineral resource education and research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Department of the Interior has announced the establishment of a new office to administer Bureau of Mines research grants to universities and colleges. The creation of the new office is intended to help the nation's system for educating engineers and scientists in mineral resource disciplines. Alvin Van Valkenburg, on loan to the Bureau from the National Science Foundation, is setting up the new Office of University Relations. Van Valkenburg, Acting Chief of the new Office, was a program director with NSF's Earth Sciences Division, where he administered a major university research grant program.
Federal Interns Environmental Law Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Council on Environmental Quality and the Environmental Law Institute of Washington, D.C. have initiated a new project designed to encourage young lawyers to enter the rapidly growing work related to environmental quality that is being done by the government. Supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation, the Federal Interns' Environmental Law Program will consist of a series of seminars on current issues in environmental law for summer interns serving with federal agencies. Thirty‐five law student interns and lawyer trainees serving in federal agencies with environmental responsibilities will be selected by the agencies to participate.
Variability of ocean circulation
Authors: Webster Ferris
Published: April 2012

An increasing emphasis in recent years has been given to studies of the variation in ocean currents in terms of processes or mechanisms and their dynamics. Observational studies of variability in the large, named currents, such as the Gulf Stream, continue. However, a growing proportion of effort is being devoted to studies iway from intense currents in relatively quiet regions where, it is hoped, the component mechanisms in the spectrum of variability can be isolated, their properties can be described, and their interaction with other mechanisms can be determined.
Antarctic circulation
Authors: Gordon Arnold
Published: April 2012

The circulation of antarctic waters is responsible for massive interoceanic water exchange and for what may be thought of as the ‘airing out’ of abyssal waters by exposing large quantities of these waters to the antarctic atmosphere. Estimates of zonal and meridional volume transports have been made, in addition to further investigations of water mass distribution and alteration of the circumpolar deep water (CDW) to antarctic intermediate water (AAIW) and antarctic bottom water (AABW).
Marine geochemistry
Authors: Turekian Karl K.
Published: April 2012

During the last 4 years (January 1967 through December 1970) several major trends in marine geo‐chemical studies in the United States can be noted, These are: (1) the intercalibration of radioactive, ‘chemical,’ and magnetic dating techniques in deep‐sea sediments; (2) the improvement in the understanding of the major chemical controls on the composition of sea water and sediments derived from them including the carbon dioxide‐calcium carbonate system; (3) the more refined application of uranium and thorium decay series nuclides to ocean circulation problems; (4) the improvement of the reliability of trace element analyses on natural waters including sea water, pore waters, and streams; and (5) the study of sources and chemical properties of detrital deep‐sea deposits using isotopic, mineralogic, and chemical data.
Precipitation
Authors: Peck Eugene L.
Published: April 2012

Increasing concern about the environment has resulted in a greater need for improved knowledge of precipitation for the solution of water resources problems. A specific example of such a need is the recent world‐wide research in development of hydrologic models for continuous synthesis of stream flow, the success of which will be ultimately limited by the reliability of the n‐unary input function, precipitation. Much of the precipitation research during the 1967–1970 period has been concerned with errors in measurement and development of better methods for measuring areal and temporal distribution of precipitation.
Ground water
Authors: Johnson A. I.
Published: April 2012

The demand for ground water has continued to increase during the period 1967–1970. An estimated 500,000 wells of all types are being drilled each year, further, as available surface water resources become increasingly more fully used, ground water represents an increasingly greater percentage of the total water resource being used. As a result of the increasing demand for ground water, investigational programs have increased rapidly, and, in spite of a general tightening of funding during this period, there has been a general increase in both applied and basic research. Publications byNace[1967, 1969],G. H. Davis and Meyer[1967a, 1967b],Langbein[1968],McGuinness[1968], andD. F. Peterson[1968] have reflected the increased value of ground water in the over‐all water resources system.