bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State, Rural Environments, and Globalisation: ‘Action at a Distance’ via the Australian Landcare Program
Authors: Lockie S
Published: October 2006

Contrary to the suggestion that transnational capital has largely subsumed the agency of Australian governments and farmers in shaping rural environments, in this paper I argue that new, often indirect, forms of action have developed within the context of globalisation and neoliberalism. These may be described as forms of ‘action at a distance’, oriented towards shaping both the environment within which people make decisions and the ways in which they are likely to respond to that environment. Since 1989, the National Landcare Program has mobilised around 30% of farm businesses to participate in community Landcare groups based on principles of self-help, cooperation, and localised action. This has initiated a new phase of negotiation over the delimitation of objects of governance, and facilitated the deployment of novel forms of state influence. Of particular importance have been technologies of knowledge that promote the further intensification of agriculture as environmentally rational and responsible, a trend reinforced by the vast bulk of neoliberal agricultural policy. Although neoliberal policy and local Landcare action appear contradictory, they do appear consistent with the self-understandings of Australian farmers as independent and self-reliant—understandings that render more direct forms of state intervention problematic. It thus remains to be seen how profoundly Landcare will reshape rural landscapes.
Discursive Aspects of Technological Innovation: The Case of the British Motor-Sport Industry
Authors: Pinch S , Henry N
Published: October 2006

A discursive approach to technological innovation recognises that scientific and technical innovations are the products of groups of people. The subject of this paper is how this insight from the sociology of scientific knowledge can make a contribution to debates in economic geography. Principally drawing on the work of social constructionists, this approach is used to provide insights into the reasons for both the creation and the maintenance of the geographical agglomeration of small firms constituted by the British motor-sport industry.
A Regulationist Approach to Regional Studies
Authors: Krätke S
Published: October 2006

In this paper regulation theory is reexamined in order to further its methodological programme in the area of regional studies. The complex and many-sided determinants of regional development are brought together in a regulationist conceptual framework which emphasizes the socioeconomic patterns of interaction, interfirm linkages and industrial labour relations, supportive institutions, and politics in a region. This conceptual framework for regional studies gives key importance to the regions' institutional resources and the differentiation of regional systems of regulation. From the point of view of a regulationist approach, the quality of a region's system of regulation and the degree of coherence achieved in its development configuration can be seen as a foundation for the region's development potential.
Local and Regional Implications of Trans-European Transport Networks: The Channel Tunnel Rail Link
Authors: Norman C , Vickerman R
Published: October 2006

Trans-European transport networks in the European Union have been based on plans submitted by the member states, in most cases already existing plans. One of the largest elements is the planned North European High Speed Rail Network (Paris–Brussels–Köln–Amsterdam–London). This involves five member states, of which one, France, has completed its contribution. Part of the Belgian contribution is under construction, and agreement has been reached on the northern and eastern extensions beyond Brussels. In the United Kingdom the contribution is the Channel Tunnel Rail Link. The planning has already taken nearly ten years and has involved conflicts over route choice, station location choice, environmental issues, and detailed local planning. These include vertical conflicts between national, regional, and local governments and horizontal conflicts between regional and local governments. As it is an international link there are both vertical (EU) and horizontal (inter-national government and inter-local government) issues to be resolved. In this paper we provide a detailed analysis of the issues and the procedures used to resolve identified conflicts and attempt an evaluation of the current procedure for assessing projects of this type.
Why Simple Regression Models Work So Well Describing ‘Risk Behaviors’ in the USA
Authors: Wallace R , Fullilove R
Published: October 2006

The generalized anger created by individual experience of marginalization in the USA makes violent behavior frequent enough to become a ‘typical’ symbol, in the information-theoretic sense, for use in communicating along the damaged social networks of oppressed communities. Simple regression models relating violence and other risk behaviors to indices of relative deprivation emerge, after some mathematical development, as a natural consequence of this underlying dynamic, described elegantly by Franz Fanon in the early 1960s.
Temporary Migration and Regional Development in China
Authors: Ma Z
Published: October 2006

A new approach to migration in developing countries is used in this paper, which integrates into the migration process the experiences of moving to cities, working in urban areas, and returning to the countryside. As a result, rural labor migration is directly linked to rural development through remittances, as well as through physical and human capital brought back by return migrants. Migration information is mainly drawn from China's 1995 1% National Population Survey. Findings from other recent migration surveys are also incorporated. It has been found that patterns of temporary migration are mainly shaped by the magnetic force of the growth-pole region. Job opportunities created there in labor-intensive industries have attracted large numbers of migrants, first from the surrounding rural areas and then from the peripheral regions, enhancing migration propensity in both areas. As a result, migrations from the periphery to the growth-pole region become the largest interregional flow. With respect to the effects of temporary migration on the development of the rural origin, it is found that the enhancing effect of migration on net income is large. In some relatively poor provinces, migrants' net income can even outweigh the provincial rural net income. More importantly, a return trend has recently emerged. About 4 million migrants returned to rural areas in the early 1990s, bringing back both physical and human capital. The volume is increasing, with returnees playing a crucial role in the development of rural areas in the peripheral regions.
Aspects of the Interrelationships of Attitudes and Behaviour as Illustrated by a Longitudinal Study of British Adults: 1. Interactions among Attitudes and Changing Voting Intentions
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

Most models of people's voting intentions suggest that the choice of party to support is a function not only of external influences in the individual's home, neighbourhood, and workplace but also of their attitudes—their perspectives on society, their goals and values, their opinions on contemporary social and political issues, and their degree of attachment (if any) to the political parties and their programmes. Those models have been tested in Great Britain on many occasions, though the data employed rarely allow detailed exploration of all aspects of the many interrelationships suggested. In particular, the great majority of studies are cross-sectional in nature, and although most produce the same general findings, indicating stability in attitudes and their links to behaviour at the aggregate level, they do not allow study of whether such stability is also characteristic of individuals. With data provided by the first four waves of a large panel study of British adults (the British Household Panel Survey) this first paper in a series exploring the stability of attitude—behaviour links over time tests five hypotheses regarding the interrelations among attitudes, party identification, and voting (or voting intention) during the period 1991–94, and finds very strong support for all five.
A Home is for Ever? Residential Mobility and Homeownership in Self-Help Settlements
Authors: Gilbert A
Published: October 2006

Self-help housing is clearly an ‘architecture that works’. Owner-occupation is also a highly desired tenure among the Third World urban poor. Governments in most poor countries are encouraging self-help ownership. But what do poor households actually gain through ownership? Unlike the housing of the better off, consolidated self-help housing is seldom sold. If there is a limited market for this kind of property, capital appreciation must be limited and, therefore, the poor are likely to lose out relative to the rich. If the poor do not sell their consolidated self-help homes what do they do with them? Are homes merely to live in or do they have economic functions too? The author attempts to answer some of these questions with the aid of research on consolidated self-help suburbs in Bogotá, Colombia. He broadly concludes that self-help ownership does not offer the same advantages in terms of capital appreciations as does ownership in higher income areas.
Deconstructing Communicative Planning Theory: A Reply to Tewdwr-Jones and Allmendinger
Authors: Healey P
Published: October 2006

This paper comments on a recent paper by Tewdwr-Jones and Allmendinger which presents a critique of the new paradigm of communicative planning theory. The comments focus on the significance of a social relational perspective in the communicative/institutionalist approach, the treatment of power, the method of ‘critical theory’, and the condition of contemporary British land-use planning practice. I conclude the paper by emphasising the need for new forms of policy analysis to reflect both new perspectives on the social relations of governance processes and the reconfiguration of governance unfolding in practice.
Housing Market Adjustment and Land-Supply Constraints
Authors: Bramley G
Published: October 2006

Significant differences exist between national, regional, and local housing markets in the extent to which land is available for new housing development and in the planning regime which regulates the supply of land. The author examines the impact of different levels and forms of planning restraint on the process of market adjustment, including effects on house and land prices, on quantity of new housing supplied, and on density and related characteristics. The emphasis is on modelling the process of response in the medium term in a way which illuminates the interaction with demographic processes of household formation and migration. Use is made of a simulation model developed on the basis of cross-sectional data for local areas in England.
Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Configurations in Rural Areas
Authors: Goffette-Nagot F , Schmitt B
Published: October 2006

The question to be addressed in this paper is that of the agglomeration and dispersion forces that are likely to account for the location of people and jobs in rural areas and the way these forces explain spatial patterns in rural areas depending on urban influence. Economic geography models may provide suitable tools with which to investigate the organization of rural areas. We first review these models, focusing on dispersion forces, which rest on land consumption and transport costs. We then suggest a set of hypotheses concerning the main forces at work in rural areas. Intensity of agglomeration economies is hypothesized to be related to urban size, which in turn induces increasing land rents and finally agglomeration diseconomies. Such diseconomies encourage population spread around the city and in a second stage a possible partial decentralization of population-serving firms, which seek proximity to households because of shopping transport costs. The consequences in terms of spatial patterns are that beyond a certain threshold of city size, decentralization of population-serving firms occurs, giving rise to secondary service centers, whereas services remain concentrated in the center for smaller cities. Empirical results concerning population densities, labor-force exchanges, and distribution of residentiary services in labor-market areas surrounding cities in six French regions are presented.
Aspects of the Interrelationships of Attitudes and Behaviour as Illustrated by a Longitudinal Study of British Adults: 2. Predicting Voting Intention, Strength of Party Identification, and Change in Both
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

It is widely held in the social sciences that behaviour patterns can be predicted from knowledge of peoples' attitudes. Electoral studies in Great Britain largely accept this, but there has been little formal testing of the general hypothesis. In building on work reported in a previous paper, we discuss formal tests of the predictive link between attitudes and voting behaviour, and use voting intentions, strength of party identification, and changes in each as the dependent variables in a series of discriminant analyses. These are reasonably successful, but not overwhelmingly so.
Faulty Environments and Risk Reasoning: The Local Understanding of Industrial Hazards
Authors: Irwin A , Simmons P , Walker G
Published: October 2006

Building upon a detailed empirical analysis of the local understanding of hazards in one geographical area, in this paper we offer a critique of both the psychometric and ‘risk society’ approaches to the relationship between lay and scientific groups. Specifically, we explore the connection between lay understandings of risk and the contexts of their development and application with regard to one industrial hazard site in northeast England. Rather than presenting local knowledges as fixed or separable from cultural practices and social worldviews, we examine the relational and active construction of environmental understandings—noting the significance of such factors as local memory, observation and evidence, definitions of expertise, risk and credibility, and moral discourses. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between knowledge, understanding, and context. We also consider the wider significance of this case study both for environmental policy and for more theoretical treatments of science and its publics.
Hazard-Rate Modelling of Store-Switching Behaviour
Authors: Reader S , McNeill F R
Published: October 2006

In marketing science, hazard-rate models have shown great promise for investigating the dynamics of brand choice. In this paper, the value of hazard-rate models in geographic research is illustrated by the estimation of proportional hazards models and accelerated failure-time models for a well-defined spatial choice problem. These hazard-rate models produce satisfactory results and provide insights into the state and temporal dependencies of the spatial choice situation being investigated.
Development of Real Estate Markets in Central Europe: The Case of Prague, Warsaw, and Budapest
Authors: Ghanbari-Parsa A R , Moatazed-Keivani R
Published: October 2006

The countries of Central Europe have been undergoing major structural transformations since the collapse of Soviet and communist domination towards the end of 1989. However, there has been a relative scarcity of published research on the impact of these transformations on the development of real estate markets in these countries. The authors aim to rectify in part this lack by examining the process of development of real estate markets in the three Central European cities of Prague, Warsaw, and Budapest. Their analysis is focused on the development of markets in the larger commercial activities in urban areas, particularly the office and retail sectors. To this end the authors utilise the structure-and-agency model as their basic methodological approach to identify and examine the overall socioeconomic and political structure which governs the activities of real estate markets and the main agents or actors involved in these activities. They first examine the impact of the continuing societal transformations in terms of the legal framework, restitution of private property, and privatisation on the reemergence and development of real estate markets in the studied cities. The authors then go on to consider the development of real estate markets in more detail by using the results of field surveys carried out in the above cities during 1993 and 1994 to examine the organisation, behaviour, and stage of development of the real estate markets through an analysis of the development of the real estate professionals, the role and behaviour of local and international firms, and factors inhibiting the activities of these firms and limiting the growth of the real estate markets. The authors conclude by arguing that, in addition to the structural reforms, the role of international investment and foreign firms has been crucial in the rapid development and growth of the real estate markets in the studied cases. Nevertheless, lack of further investment finance, particularly local finance, is a major obstacle to the further growth and development of the real estate market and industry in these cities. Moreover, although these markets have developed remarkably rapidly since the end of 1989, they are still in an immature state of development in comparison with Western European markets. This, however, does not negate the fact that they still offer good opportunities for international investment at acceptable rates of return.
Reciprocal Link between Exit from Unemployment and Geographical Mobility
Authors: Détang-Dessendre C
Published: October 2006

Is geographical migration a consequence of the end of unemployment or does it help in finding a job? This question is approached within the general framework of human capital theory. Two main categories of determinants may be distinguished. The first is termed the decisionmaking context and groups factors which are intrinsic to the individual (such as gender or age) and factors which are related to spatial issues (such as employment or economic conditions in an area). The second category is formed by the human capital available at the moment of the choice. The aim of this paper is to take past investment into consideration and incorporate the fact that some decisions may be joint ones. A model is introduced in the form of a system of two simultaneous equations with qualitative endogenous variables. The test is based on a 1993 survey of 1176 young rural people of seven areas of France. A main finding is that migrations of young rural people are essentially the result of professional preoccupations. However, migration is not a factor which always helps in finding a job, when people are unemployed. When a young person has a good initial training, he or she has to migrate (and leave a rural area) to get a job. Yet, migration does not seem to be necessary for less trained people.
Consumer Subjectivity, Space, and Advertising Research
Authors: Leslie D
Published: October 2006

In response to conditions of reflexive accumulation, advertising research has turned from positivist approaches dominant from the 1960s to the 1980s towards the use of qualitative method-ologies such as focus groups and ethnography. This includes an emphasis on place rather than space and signals a new mode of subjectification.
Filling the Vacuum in New Management Practice? Lessons from US Employee-Owned Firms
Authors: Wills J , Lincoln A
Published: October 2006

In this paper we explore the way in which Anglo-American capitalism is evolving to meet the competitive challenges of a global economy. A wide range of scholars, policymakers, and business leaders now argue that the post-Fordist economy requires greater levels of employee involvement, participation, and empowerment, and a new set of management practices have been developed to secure this new culture of work. In this paper we explore these developments and point to the different ways in which terms such as involvement, empowerment, participation, and partnership can be mobilised in the workplace. Moreover, research suggests that new management practices and cultures of work have evolved in different ways across space, crafting an uneven geography of new management practice. In this regard, we look at the ways in which some employee-owned firms in Ohio, America, have been the arena for considerable managerial experiment in fostering employee participation. Although we acknowledge the limitations of employee ownership, empirical material from two majority employee-owned firms illustrates the way in which employees have been able to take a greater role in the business. Employee ownership is much further advanced in the United States than the United Kingdom, and there is scope for building on US experiences in the United Kingdom.
Regulation, Land-Use Mix, and Urban Performance. Part 2: Simulation
Authors: Webster C J , Wu F
Published: October 2006

Part 1 of this two-part paper presented a spatial economic model of the urban development process which captures developers' profit-seeking behaviour, communities' welfare-seeking behaviour, and the mediating effects of alternative systems of land-use rights. Different systems of rights were shown to result in different land-use and density outcomes. In part 2 we describe the simulation model used to implement the theoretical model. The emphasis is on explaining the cellular automata methodology, but we also go on to illustrate the model output by comparing the structure and economic performance of two simulations. One simulates a free-market city in which developers have full property rights over land use. The other simulates a city in which the community has land-use rights and uses these to regulate development densities at socially optimal levels.
The Reconquest of the Historic Centre: Urban Conservation and Gentrification in Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Jones G A , Varley A
Published: October 2006

This is one of the first studies evaluating the experience of gentrification in a developing country. The conservation of the historic centre of Puebla, Mexico, is analysed with particular attention to the uses to which renovated properties are put and the nature and motivations of the agents involved. Gentrification in Puebla constitutes the symbolic reconquest of a space over which the local middle classes feared they had lost moral authority. The class and ‘race’ symbolism of conservation and gentrification is emphasised.
Hayek and Town Planning: A Note on Hayek's Views towards Town Planning in The Constitution of Liberty
Authors: Lai L W C
Published: October 2006

Although Hayek was unquestionably an intellectual giant who persistently condemned central economic planning as a comprehensive social system, his The Constitution of Liberty reveals that at one stage he supported the market-failure theses of social cost and public goods. Hayek's concepts on social cost, public goods, and other issues pertinent to theorization for planning intervention are discussed with reference to the works of Hayek, Popper, Nozick, Coase, Sowell, and others.
Labor-Productivity Changes in Regional Econometric +Input−Output Models
Authors: Rey S J , Jackson R W
Published: October 2006

In 1988 Moghadam and Ballard first introduced the interindustry demand variable (IDV) as an innovative approach to integrate regional econometric and input—output models. Since then, several extensions of the IDV have been suggested in the literature, including adjustments for labor-productivity differentials across sectors to generate an interindustry employment demand variable (IEDV). In this paper we revisit the IEDV variable, and offer extensions that transform it from a static to a dynamic form. We implement the range of these specifications for the San Diego labor market, and evaluate their estimation properties and forecasting performance in the context of simulation and projection analyses. The results suggest that problems of multicollinearity plague the conventional specification, and have obscured the assessment of the value of adjustments for industry productivities and the nature of productivity specification. Based on an alternative specification, we find that dynamic labor-productivity adjustments lead to lower simulation errors. These adjustments also result in significantly lower impact multipliers relative to those from the IDV model.
The Politics of Relocation: Gender, Nationality, and Value in a Mexican Maquiladora
Authors: Wright M W
Published: October 2006

In this paper, I combine a Marxist critique of the labor theory of value with poststructuralist feminist theories of subjectivity to illustrate how the decision to transfer a manufacturing operation out of Mexico revolves around the culturally constructed meanings of identity internal to the firm. I attempt to illustrate how the managers of a maquiladora establish patterns for designating national and sex differences among their employees to support an argument that the production of valuable commodities is a social process interwoven with the social construction of differential values in people. And I endeavor to show how these complicated processes for identifying value in things, and in the people who make them, have an impact upon the internal structure of the firm. The paper is based upon several months of ethnographic research conducted in a multinational maquiladora located in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.
Treasure Island Revisited. Jersey's Offshore Finance Centre Crisis: Implications for other Small Island Economies
Authors: Hampton M P , Christensen J E
Published: October 2006

Jersey appears to be a successful offshore finance centre (OFC) with high levels of gross domestic product per capita. The OFC is the largest contributor to Jersey's tax revenue, and accounts for about 20% of local employment. Jersey has become a major OFC in a global industry and is a conduit for sizeable capital flows. However, an unparalleled crisis in 1996 generated international media interest. The crisis involved three separate but related issues: a US $26 million fraud; the fast-tracking of Limited Liability Partnership legislation through the island's parliament; and a political crisis resulting in the unprecedented expulsion of an outspoken Senator from the parliament. The anatomy of this crisis reveals several causes of concern for other OFC hosts, especially regulatory failure and the overlap of interests between the local political elite and those of international financial capital. We examine the changing international perceptions of ‘offshore’, question the need for bank secrecy, and consider Jersey's role as legitimiser for other OFCs. In addition, we discuss lessons for other OFC hosts, including the need for efficient regulation, the impacts of OFCs in small economies; and demonstrate that the costs of hosting an OFC are now significantly higher than was first realised.
Local Exchange and Trading Schemes: A Useful Strand of Community Economic Development Policy?
Authors: O'Doherty R K , Dürrschmidt J , Jowers P , Purdue D A
Published: October 2006

We identify local exchange and trading schemes (LETS) as a social movement rooted in the alternative milieux of greens, feminists, new agers, and so on, comprising those committed to experimenting with new ideas and identities. LETS have the potential to strengthen these milieux and thereby reinforce civil society within a locality, enhancing the benefits from a web of personal networks and extending them through weak links. LETS might also act as seed beds for new skills and practices which spill over into wider social and economic networks. Thus, by promoting networks which facilitate flows of information and innovation, and thereby building the capacity for responding to social change, LETS could contribute to community economic development. LETS form part of a cultural rather than technological innovation milieu. Our fieldwork in Stroud, Bristol, and environs suggests that, given the typical member's preference to remain distanced from the state, it is likely that a hands-off approach would be most successful in realising the potential of LETS. To tie such schemes to specific policy goals would ignore the symbolic meanings attached to membership of them.
From Exclusion to Inclusion: Rethinking Johannesburg's Central City
Authors: Tomlinson R
Published: October 2006

In this paper I develop an alternative way of explaining the decline of the Johannesburg central city and of then looking to its present transformation and future potential. There has been a strongly predominant and blaming set of explanations based on crime and grime, poor service delivery, and lack of control of informal trading during the 1990s. These explanations and especially the conception of the future have relied on American models of inner-city development. It is argued that policymakers have been blinded to local economic potentials that do not exist in American cities. The point is critical owing to the restructuring of the central city's economy. The central city is no longer the metropolitan CBD; it is losing most of its business and financial services and many manufacturing enterprises. It is, however, developing trading networks throughout sub-Saharan Africa and backward-linked small manufacturing opportunities. A new and different economy appears to be emerging.
Double Deflation and Aggregation
Authors: Dietzenbacher E , Hoen A R
Published: October 2006

Published input—output tables in constant prices are relatively scarce. Therefore, input—output tables often have to be deflated by the practitioners themselves. The method of double deflation is used predominantly for this purpose. The present paper shows that the double-deflation method is subject to aggregation problems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the double-deflation method to provide the correct answers are derived. The conditions are found to be stringent and unlikely to be met in empirical cases. The results for aggregation in the case of double deflation are shown to be dual to the traditional results for aggregation in the case of a quantity model, which have been extensively discussed in the literature.
The ‘Game’ of Landed-Property Production and Capital Circulation in China's Transitional Economy, with Reference to Shanghai
Authors: Wu F
Published: October 2006

The complex process of landed-property production in postreform China is examined with reference to Shanghai. In the specific context of a transitional economy, where planned and market elements coexist, the flow of capital into and out of the built environment is not automatically conditioned by the production sphere, or relative profitability, as suggested by Harvey's original theory of capital switching in an advanced market economy, but rather is dependent upon active involvement of various agents or ‘game players' with different vested interests and motivations. Attention is focused on intertwined local and global forces in the ‘game’ of production of new urban space. It is argued that capital circulation is the intrinsic dynamic rather than the precondition of the game. The new phase of urban development is characterised as property-led rather than industrial surplus-driven development. Specifically, I examine the role of central and local governments, state-owned enterprises, and foreign investors in urban land development and reveal that the predominant role of the state is now being substituted by complex interactions among these actors in a local context of globalisation.
Emerging Infections and Nested Martingales: The Entrainment of Affluent Populations into the Disease Ecology of Marginalization
Authors: Wallace R , Wallace D
Published: October 2006

The observed diffusion of tuberculosis and AIDS from marginalized, inner-city populations to surrounding suburban counties, and of AIDS from larger to smaller metropolitan regions, constitutes an empirical ‘failure of containment’ at odds with the culturally defined ideology of the US system of de facto apartheid. Such spread, occurring along the commuting field defined by the daily journey to work, and along national travel routes connecting metropolitan regions, is characterized, respectively, as ‘spatially contagious' and as ‘hierarchical’ by geographers. Here we explore the nested ecology of these and similar infections by using the martingale theorem of probability theory to study the endemic limit and apply Ito's stochastic calculus to analyze the approach to endemicity. We find that increasing segregation and marginalization of subpopulations creates, in terms of incurable infectious disease, the paradox of a highly integrated apartheid system, entraining the rich into the diseases of the poor across vast scales of space and population, in effect poisoning the public health well for all. We suggest that, on the global scale, analogous processes can entrain the affluent North into the suffering of the South, particularly through the importation and redistribution of emerging infections.
Civilian Diversification, Learning, and Institutional Change: Growth through Knowledge and Power
Authors: Feldman J M
Published: October 2006

In this paper I argue that large defense firms can successfully diversify into civilian markets if innovators gain complementary knowledge and power to promote new civilian innovations. For such firms, diversification is neither easy nor impossible, but requires that new product teams overcome barriers based on bureaucracy, changing managerial regimes, and state policies that discourage diversification. Political barriers to diversification, based on managerial choices and government policies, exist both within and outside the firm. Although specialization hurdles based on knowledge can be overcome, political barriers are more challenging, and limit the rate of civilian spin-offs in large military hub firms.
Scientific Visualisation and the Exploratory Analysis of Area Data
Authors: Wise S , Haining R , Signoretta P
Published: October 2006

Area data are commonly used in many social science disciplines, but have a number of characteristics which have necessitated the development of specialist tools for analysis and display. In this paper we discuss the application to area data of exploratory analysis methods and visualisation techniques, and in particular the growing number of software packages which provide visualisation methods to support exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). In the exploratory analysis of nonspatial data, the data are often considered to consist of rough and smooth elements. If this idea is extended to spatial data, it can be argued that a software system for ESDA should have facilities for exploring the rough and smooth elements of both the spatial and nonspatial elements of the data. Visualisation techniques can assist with this by providing a wide range of graphical displays, in a highly interactive environment. Conceptual frameworks are developed for both ESDA and scientific visualisation, and four software packages that link graphical and cartographical views of the data are reviewed against these requirements. The packages fall into two broad groups. In one, the emphasis is on highly interactive graphics, but with few numerical methods or tools for exploring the spatial properties of the data. In the other, specialist spatial tools are provided, but the graphical tools are less flexible. It is argued that a combination of both approaches would provide a package which more fully satisfied the requirements of ESDA. The need to assess the effectiveness of different visualisation techniques in supporting and encouraging the exploratory analysis of spatial data is noted.
The Long Arm of the Law: London's Law Firms in a Globalising World Economy
Authors: Beaverstock J V , Taylor P J , Smith R G
Published: October 2006

The ‘geography of law’ is an emerging subdiscipline within human geography. However, the ‘geography of law firms' and their functional capabilities remains strangely neglected in both producer-service and world-city literatures. In this paper we begin to address these gaps by investigating the importance of London in the globalisation of law and the uneven nature of that globalisation. We focus upon why, how, and where leading London law firms are developing world-city office networks.
Group-Based versus Individual-Based Conjoint Preference Models of Residential Preferences: A Comparative Test
Authors: Molin E , Oppewal H , Timmermans H
Published: October 2006

The conjoint preference approach, measuring individual preferences, has a long history in the study of residential decisionmaking processes. Residential choice behaviour, however, is often the result of a group decisionmaking process. In this paper we investigate whether conjoint preference models derived from group responses are different from and predict better than conventional conjoint models derived from the responses of individuals who do not interact during the data-collection process. In particular, we propose a new approach to modelling group preferences for residential choice alternatives that extends previous work of Timmermans et al. The new approach is illustrated in an application among 193 families with children. The results confirm that preference structures of individual family members differ from group preference structures and that the proposed group-based model predicts family preferences for new residential environments better than do conventional models.
Assessing the Impact of School Marketing: Conjoint Choice Experiments Incorporating Availability and Substitution Effects
Authors: Borgers A , Oppewal H , Ponjé M , Timmermans H
Published: October 2006

In this paper we illustrate the idea that conventional conjoint choice models are not well suited to the modelling of parents' school choices for the purpose of assessing the impact of school policies on school choice. We apply an extended logit model formulation to capture the differential competition between and among elementary schools of different or the same denomination. Aggregate models are compared with models estimated separately for different religious groups and it is found that these segment-based models perform best if substitution and availability effects are included.
Testing a Behavioural and a Developmental Model of Migration: A Reevaluation of Migration Patterns among the Elderly and Why Older People Move
Authors: Burholt V
Published: October 2006

The author examines the types of relocation made by older people in six rural Welsh communities over sixteen years. By analysing data from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing (BLSA) she tests the proposition that two of the typologies that have been used to categorise older people's moves are not supported by empirical evidence from the BLSA. It is hypothesised that the best-fitting model has a greater number of types of move than the three proposed by Litwak and Longino in their behavioural model, but fewer than the eight suggested by Wiseman in his developmental model. By using latent class analysis the author develops a classification of types of move from the relationships between combinations of observable factors. Probabilistic equations are devised to give the relationship of factors to each other, and a set of theoretical statements are formulated to describe each category of migration. The two aforementioned models are rejected in favour of a five-class model in which moves are classified as long-distance amenity, wide-choice local amenity, narrow-choice local amenity, low levels of assistance, and high levels of assistance.
Sector-Specific Factor Subsidies and Employment in a Regional Price-Endogenous Export-Base Model
Authors: McVittie E , Swales J K
Published: October 2006

In this paper we use a variant of the 1–2–3 trade-focused general-equilibrium model to calculate the employment effects of factor subsidies applied to the regional export base. Analytical expressions are derived for the change in basic employment and the export-base employment multiplier. These expressions are compared with the conventional hybrid approach where the impact on the recipient sectors is analysed by using a partial-equilibrium method and the effect on other sectors is calculated through some form of demand-driven multiplier. The conventional hybrid procedure fails to capture fully displacement in the regional labour market. If we use the general-equilibrium results as a benchmark, numerical simulation suggests that the hybrid approach substantially overestimates the employment effects of the subsidies. Similar problems are likely to apply to the evaluation of all supply-side policies targeted on the regional export base.
Distance, Land, and Proximity: Economic Analysis and the Evolution of Cities
Authors: Duranton G
Published: October 2006

The author attempts to provide a synthesis of the long-run evolution of cities by taking an economic perspective. He defends the idea that urban growth for preindustrial cities has been limited by the tyranny of distance. Then he argues that technological progress, by fostering mobility, has reinforced economies of agglomeration and thus allowed for larger cities. This has led to the development of industrial cities and the dominance of the tyranny of distance. Nowadays, however, technological progress in communications and telecommunications seems to be challenging the rationale for agglomeration in cities as more and more economic interactions can be realized at arm's length. Increasing mobility may have turned into a threat for cities, hence the prediction about the demise of cities. Nonetheless, it is argued that the ‘tyranny of proximity’ may provide a strong glue to keep postindustrial cities together.
Life Course and Residential Mobility in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Si-Ming
Published: October 2006

This paper analyzes the residential mobility rate in Beijing over the period 1980–2001 as revealed by retrospective residential histories collected by a questionnaire survey conducted in early 2001. The results show that there was a sharp increase in residential mobility in the early reform period; however, from the mid-1980s onwards the mobility rate has been oscillating, with a slightly downward trend. Adjusting the gross mobility rate observed by means of logit regression estimation shows that this downward trend is more than a statistical artefact. Structural forces are at work continually to restrain residential moves under the reform. The regression results also show that, although there are similarities between the effects of various life-course variables on residential mobility in Beijing and those in cities in market economies, substantial differences are also found. Age exhibits similar curvilinear effects but mobility peaks at a somewhat later age. Homeownership with partial property rights deters mobility by an even greater margin in Beijing than in cities in the West. Change in marital status is important, but does not automatically bring about a change in residence. Birth of a child, moreover, appears to carry minimal weight in residential change. In this sense, the thesis that residential mobility is a housing-adjustment process is less applicable to the case of Beijing than it is in cities in the West.
The Use of Propositional Calculus in Architectural Design
Authors: Moučka J
Published: October 2006

Functional requirements in architectural design are usually expressed verbally as normative statements (norms) to be satisfied by the physical design. The norms may be formalised and propositional calculus used to determine an exhaustive set of possible solutions (and vice versa). Some early examples from apartment layout designs are given (Moučka, 1960).
The Language of Formal Architecture
Authors: Oksala T
Published: October 2006

The aim of this paper is to present a view of the basic concepts used in research into formal architectures. The concept of a language of architecture is a set of constructions analogous to a set of strings. All in all, the static description of architecture by means of graphs and semilattices is compiled from a dynamic description of operations, which leads to the proposed formalization of some central definitions in architectural research.
Catalogue of Activity Schedules for Small Organisations
Authors: Fawcett W H
Published: October 2006

This catalogue enumerates the possible activity schedules for small organisations containing up to ten individuals. It also associates a number of microstates with each schedule and demonstrates how the set of activity schedules may be depicted by a lattice of schedules.
An Approach to Built-Form Connectivity at an Urban Scale: Variations of Connectivity and Adjacency Measures Amongst Zones and other Related Topics
Authors: Krüger M J T
Published: October 2006

The objective of this paper is to study the relations between connectivity and adjacency measures (Krüger, 1979; and table 1) for the ninety-five kilometre-square cells used to record the urban spatial structure for the town of Reading, England. The measures describe aspects of the built-form patterns in the town: these aspects define five universes of description, Un, n = 1, …, 5 (Krüger, 1979; and figure 1). Correlation analysis is used to determine the degree of redundancy and complementarity between the connectivity and adjacency measures. The original twelve measures are reduced to five. Spatial representation effects are examined. Comparisons are then made with Kruskal (1954) and Roach (1968). Finally relationships between built-form measures and channel-network measures are tested by use of regression techniques.
The Best Perspective Picture of an Object
Authors: Bonfiglioli L
Published: October 2006

One often wishes to draw accurately a perspective picture which resembles almost identically one's free-hand sketch of an object. This goal can be attained by means of a very simple graphical method that supplies the location of the point of sight and determines its links with the other elements of the perspective.
The Representation of Kinematic Chains
Authors: Earl C F
Published: October 2006

Representations are developed for kinematic chains in terms of the incidence between the component links both at pairs and at joints. Coplanar kinematic chains with only revolute pairs are considered in this paper.
Programmed Form Generation in Design
Authors: Koleichuk V F
Published: October 2006

This article distinguishes design research that is concerned with further developments of existing formal systems from fundamental research in technical or geometrical fields that is capable of opening up new form-generating programmes. A historical discussion includes analysis of an early series of ‘spatial compositions’ by the pioneer Soviet Constructivist artist and designer Aleksandr Rodchenko. The general character of serial form is discussed, and its relationship to the concept and the transmission of ‘style’. Reference is also made to work by the nineteenth-century Russian mathematician P L Chebyshev, the American designer George Nelson, and the pioneer of Soviet Rationalist architectural theory in the 1920s, Vladimir Krinskii. Illustrations include the Rodchenko works discussed, and examples drawn from the author's own research, his public commissions, and his devices for developing spatial and combinatorial thinking amongst architecture students.