bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model Based Algorithm for the Study of the Vehicle Suspension
Authors: Preda Ion
Published: January 2016

The design of a vehicle suspension system starts with very few input parameters. Simple models are used during initial simulations in order to ensure the desired compromise between comfort and dynamic performance qualities, at different vehicle speeds and loads. That stage leads to the setup of the needed suspension parameters on the model, mainly the stiffness of the suspension springs and tires and the damping coefficient.In an algorithmic way, this paper summarizes design recommendations existing in the field of vehicle suspensions. Based on the procedure in this article, a computer program was implemented in the software MDesign.
Aspects Regarding the Influence of Lambda Control System Faults on Pollutant Emissions of Spark Ignition Engines
Authors: Lespezeanu Ion , Militaru Florin Marius , Alexa Octavian , Ilie Constantin Ovidiu , Marinescu Marin
Published: January 2016

Flow corrections established based on Lambda control system of spark ignition engines, determines in a decisively way the quality of air-fuel mixture. Faults in the operation of the control system generates deviations of the mixture composition from stoichiometric report, in this way affecting the entire combustion process in engine cylinders. This phenomenon leads, among others, to changes regarding the density of pollutant emissions from exhaust gases. In this context, this paper presents experimental researches made using the simulation of faults that may occur in the control system to highlight their influence on the concentration of engine emissions.
Virtual Modeling, Detail Design and FEM Analysis for a Testing Device
Authors: Gavrilă Cornel Cătălin , Velicu Radu
Published: January 2016

The paper presents aspects regarding the virtual modeling, detailed design and FEM analysis of a testing device, to be used to fix small pieces in tribological tests. First there are presented some aspects of the device virtual modeling and drafting, using CATIA software. Then are defined the geometrical and kinematical restrictions between the parts. Finally, there are presented some aspects about the Finite Element Analysis and the results of this, using ANSYS software. In the final part of the paper, there are presented the conclusions of the simulation.
Dual Supercharging with Turbocharger and Pressure Wave Supercharger
Authors: Leahu Cristian Ioan , Chiru Anghel , Dogariu Dan , Mitroi Gabriel
Published: January 2016

TThe efficiency of the turbochargers is not satisfactory while the supercharged engine is working at low speeds. The dual supercharging can represent a solution to improve the supercharging process efficiency of the turbochargers. Due to the different functioning principles of the turbochargers and the pressure wave superchargers, this compressors are not having the same efficiency when the engines is running at a certain speed. The pressure wave superchargers can operate with a satisfactory efficiency at low-medium engine speeds. For this reason the dual supercharging with turbocharger-pressure wave supercharger is making the supercharging processes applied on engines more efficient. The two supercharging compressors are compressing the intake air by using a part of the exhaust gases energy. Due to the pressure wave supercharger rotor is having only gas distribution role, the power needed to drive it is reduced. The driving of the rotor can be realized by the crankshaft or by an electric motor.
Simulation Models of the Complex Type Pressure Wave Supercharger
Authors: Radu Sebastian , Hârceagă Marius , Radu Gheorghe Alexandru , Leahu Cristian , Abăităncei Horia , Iakab-Peter Marton
Published: January 2016

In order to efficiently supercharge Diesel engines with pressure wave superchargers it is necessary to correlate the superchargers rotation speed with certain parameters of the supercharged engine. For this purpose, to reduce the research costs and duration, simulation models can be used which help to determine the parameters which have a major impact on the supercharger's rotational speed and efficiency. In this paper there are presented two simulation models: a one-dimensional (made in AMESim software) and a three dimensional (made in Fluent Software). This simulation models offer the possibility to visualize some dynamic phenomenon within the supercharger, like the evolution of the pressure waves or the turbulent flow inside the rotor channels. These phenomena are difficult and expensive to study with conventional methods.
Simulation of a Mono Cylindrical Engine with LES Software
Authors: Gherghina George , Popa Dragos Laurentiu , Tutunea Dragos
Published: January 2016

This paper analyzes the numerical research carried out on a single-cylinder research engine. 1D engine simulation tools are widely used to model the combustion and gas flow processes in a four-stroke spark ignited engine. LES software represents a powerful tool for optimization of engine dynamic processes and parameters. The simulation and design of engines can drastically reduce time and costs in automotive industry. 1D advance systems are needed for an effective boosting of the engine. A mono cylindrical spark ignition engine was analyzed to determine the performance and general parameters.
Flow Measurement to a Kaplan Turbine Using a Direct Method and an Indirect One
Authors: Budai Ana Maria , Cuzmos Adrian , Fanica Cristian , Pepa Damaschin , Ursoniu Cosmin , Campian Viorel Constantin
Published: January 2016

The paper present two different methods for measuring flow in hydropower, one direct and one indirect method. The study consists in comparing the results obtained by measurements made by both methods in a Romanian hydropower plant. The indirect method used is the Winter-Kennedy method. The other method involves direct measurement of the flow rate of water using a specialized outfit in this.
Balancing of a Slider-Crank Mechanism by Using a Counter Mass and a Progressive Spring with Two Rates
Authors: Groza Doru
Published: January 2016

This paper investigates the possibility to individually balance the specific shaking forces and shaking moment of the slider-crank mechanism. The most common mean of balancing the slider crank mechanism is to use a counter mass. This solution is applied for almost every slider-crank mechanism used in commercial mechanical devices. However the nature of the mechanism does not allow a perfect balancing in such a way. The different nature of motions that govern the piston displacement and crank rotation imply that a counter mass can only statically balance the mechanism. An ideal dynamic balancing cannot be achieved this way. Therefore in this paper the excitations that act on the mechanism are split by the nature of motion that generates them and balanced accordingly. Two motions are defined, respectively the motion of the piston and the motion of the crank. The inertia force associated with the crank motion is balanced by building a dynamically equivalent system around the axis of the crankshaft while the excitation associated with the motion of the piston is balanced with a progressive spring with two rates.
About Inverse Problem in Heat Transfer
Authors: Rosca Adrian Sorin , Nanu Andrei Gheorghe , Roşca Doina
Published: January 2016

The paper presents a method for obtaining the power of thermal source, based on finite element approach, when the temperature distribution is known from an infrared image. The method is solving for the load vector, and extracts the power at element level from this vector.
Mechatronic System for Spectral Monitoring of the Crops Vegetation Status
Authors: Luculescu Marius Cristian , Cristea Luciana , Zamfira Sorin Constantin , Barbu Ion
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a mechatronic solution for monitoring the crops vegetation status. A data acquisition system containing different types of sensors (multispectral, temperature, plant height, GPS) is placed on a terrestrial mechatronic platform that is carried by a tractor or on an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). The multispectral sensor offers information about the reflectance, for discrete wavelengths, necessary to compute the so called vegetation indices. They are correlated with the degree of development and plant health, thermal and water stress, pests, fertilizer need and so on. Knowing these information, a timely intervention is possible, allowing to supply water, pesticide and fertilizer in the proper quantity, at the proper time and in the precise place, leading to major economic impact and significant environmental protection. Geographical information are used for geo-referencing the acquired data, so that the thematic maps to be generated.
Differential Model for a Six-Weeled Robot (ACM1PT)
Authors: Segura G. Crhistian C. , Hernandez Juan , Avilés Oscar F.S. , Mauledoux Mauricio M. , Dutra Max Suell
Published: January 2016

The article aims to make the description of the process for obtaining a mathematician, kinematic and dynamic model of a six-wheeled robot, in order to obtain a representation that allows simulations of drivers in the following items addressed in different ways the development of differential kinematics robots mostly with castor wheel as a fulcrum.
New Formulations on Motion Equations in Analytical Dynamics
Authors: Negrean Iuliu , Kacso Kalman , Schonstein Claudiu , Duca Adina , Rusu Florina , Cristea Felicia , Haragas Simion
Published: January 2016

Using the main author's researches on the energies of acceleration and higher order equations of motion, this paper is devoted to new formulations in analytical dynamics of mechanical multibody systems (MBS). Integral parts of these systems are the mechanical robot structures, serial, parallel or mobile on which an application will be presented in order to highlight the importance of the differential motion equations in dynamics behavior. When the components of multibody mechanical systems or in its entirety presents rapid movements or is in transitory motion, are developed higher order variations in respect to time of linear and angular accelerations. According to research of the main author, they are integrated into higher order energies and these in differential equations of motion in higher order, which will lead to variations in time of generalized forces which dominate these types of mechanical systems. The establishing of these differential equations of motion, it is based on a generalization of a principle of analytical differential mechanics, known as the D`Alembert – Lagrange Principle.
The Reinforcement Effect of Two Extra Carbon Fiber Layers on the Flexural Rigidity and Young Modulus for Sandwich Bars with Honeycomb Core
Authors: Miriţoiu Cosmin Mihai , Burada Cristian Oliviu , Tărâţă Daniela Florentina , Bolcu Alexandru , Miriţoiu Claudia Alina
Published: January 2016

In this paper we will build some new and original composite sandwich bars reinforced with two and four layers of carbon fiber (in the upper and lower sides), with the core made of polypropylene honeycomb. For these sandwich bars, we will use the next experimental setup: we will clamp them at one end and we will leave the other free. Using an accelerometer, we will record the eigenfrequencies. Bu using the eigenfrequencies values and the Euler-Bernoulli theory, there is established a procedure to determine the bars flexural rigidity and dynamic Young modulus. We will consider the bars as having 320 and 350 mm free lengths. We will highlight how the two extra carbon fiber layers will influence the flexural rigidity values and the dynamic Young modulus.
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Cutting Temperature during the Turning of the C45 Steel
Authors: Abdelkrim Mourad , Brioua Mourad , Belloufi Abderrahim , Gherfi Abdelhafid
Published: January 2016

In machining operation, the quality of surface finish is an important requirement for many turned work pieces. cutting temperature is one of the most important parameters in determining the cutting performance and tool life. the objective for this work is to estimate the cutting temperature in 3D model on tool-chip interface and the interface temperature during turning process, using the digital simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.The tool–chip interface temperature results obtained from experimental results by using C45 medium carbon steel work piece with natural contact tools, without the application of cooling and lubricating agents and a K type thermocouple technique was used for estimating cutting temperatures in a turning operation.This procedure facilitates the determination of the temperature at tool-chip interface in dry turning process, which is still a challenge for existing experimental and numerical methods.
Heavy Metals in Mollusc Shells: A Quick Method for their Detection
Authors: Osuna-Mascaro Antonio , Cruz-Bustos Teresa , Marie Benjamin , Checa Antonio G. , Marin Frédéric
Published: January 2016

It is known for a long time that calcified tissues secreted by aquatic or terrestrial invertebrates – such as mollusc shells – have the ability to concentrate large amounts of pollutants, in particular heavy metals. In the present paper, we have found an extremely rapid and easy procedure to qualitatively detect the putative presence of heavy metals in shells, without having to use sophisticated techniques such as Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy, atomic adsorption spectroscopy or ICP-MS. Our method rests on the capacity of the silver enhancement chemicals that are traditionally used in immunogold localization experiments to increase the size of heavy metal nanoparticles, whatever the chemical element. It goes as follows: freshly broken pieces of shells that are suspected to contain traces of heavy metals are simply incubated 15 minutes in few drops of a silver enhancement solution (British Biocell International), and, after short rinsing and drying, the shell fragments are directly observed with a tabletop Scanning Electron Microscope, under back scattered electron (BSE) mode without any further preparation. Heavy metals nanoparticles are detected as bright spots. Our method is extremely fast (about half an hour in total), and may be used as a quick check for pre-selecting series of calcified samples prior to the quantitative analysis of their heavy metal content.
Natural Pearls
Authors: Vasiliu Ana
Published: January 2016

A literature less traveled – peaking between 1900-1920 – draws on pre-classical concepts of crystal growth and a trove of field biology, to understand ectopic shell production, the natural source of pearls. By 1907, grafts from the calcifying mantle epithelium on gonads induced nacre mineralization consistently in Pinctada margaritifera, suggesting that anomalously displaced, readily specialized cells are at least a sufficient cause of natural pearl formation. Otherwise, the epithelial sacks wrapping natural nacreous pearls must specialize for nacre production independently from the shell producing mantle – an idea supported by experiments with shell regeneration, but not amenable to a method of inducing pearl formation. At the time, chasing epithelial cell migration was technically unfeasible, signalling was news, stemness was fiction. Boldly, Jameson & Rubbel [1902-1912] marshalled natural pearl nuclei and shell repairs as mineral records of cells specializing de novo into the shell’s secretory regimes. Much of this paper reenacts the historic debate on the origin of pearls: thence bold ideas connect smoothly with new work both on bone or shell. I replicate Jameson’s choice of samples and revisit his proposal to search for an “agency [other than the] shell-secreting mechanism“ acting on ”replacement cells” as the origin of pearls. Much has changed: specialized epithelial cells reportedly migrate; non-differentiated cells remain available throughout and near the calcifying mantle epithelium – both, open possibilities for natural pearl nucleation. Interest in understanding the latter now connects with results sketching the signalling cascade in cell specialization toward bone morphogenesis. Replicating Jameson’s choice of samples, I describe the more spectacular structural changes in the mineralization of pearls associated with two instances of cell specialization: toward producing one shell material – in the event of natural pearl nucleation, or switching between two in later pearl growth. Clusters of cells producing distinctly novel mineralization – nacre over fibrous-prismatic aragonite – could be singled out next to natural pearls by Jameson. The possibility has not been probed in roughly a hundred years. Natural pearl nucleation as a cellular event has never been explored.
Efficient Algorithm for Many-Electron Angular Momentum and Spin Diagonalization on Atomic Subshells
Authors: Mendl Christian B.
Published: January 2016

We devise an efficient algorithm for the symbolic calculation of irreducible angular momentum and spin (LS) eigenspaces within the n-fold antisymmetrized tensor product ^n Vu, where n is the number of electrons and u = s,p,d,… denotes the atomic subshell. This is an essential step for dimension reduction in configuration-interaction (CI) methods applied to atomic many-electron quantum systems. The algorithm relies on the observation that each Lz eigenstate with maximal eigenvalue is also an L2 eigenstate (equivalently for Sz and S2), as well as the traversal of LS eigenstates using the lowering operators L_ and S_. Iterative application to the remaining states in ^nVu leads to an implicit simultaneous diagonalization. A detailed complexity analysis for fixed n and increasing subshell number u yields run time O(u3n–2). A symbolic computer algebra implementation is available online.
Teorías y metáforas
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: January 2016

ORIENTACIONES TRANSANDINAS PARA LOS ESTUDIOS ANDINOS
De nuevo sobre la organización de la justicia en el Levante andalusí en el periodo almorávide. El caso especial de Alcira
Authors: El Hour Rachid
Published: January 2016

En una ocasión anterior, realicé un estudio amplio sobre el cadiazgo de toda la zona del levante y he llegado a varios conclusiones relativas al funcionamiento de la justicia en esta zona, y cómo controlaba el poder local levantino el cadiazgo en las diversas localidades levantina. Vamos a ver cómo afectó la política judicial almorávide aplicada en toda la zona del Levante al cadiazgo de Alcira. Para ello, esta contribución intentará abordar dos aspectos primordiales. Por una parte, hará un breve análisis de los datos históricos que ofrecen las fuentes árabes para ver cómo la presentan, pero sobre todo para estudiar la evolución política de la localidad y su papel en los posibles cambios judiciales y administrativos que hubiera sufrido durante el periodo que se extiende desde finales de la época de taifas hasta finales del periodo almorávide en al-Ándalus. Por otra parte, se analizará la composición del cadiazgo de la localidad, con el objetivo de estudiar los posibles cambios producidos en la época almorávide.
Presencia de Homero: Iliada, II, 204 en la cultura árabe islámica
Authors: Tornero Poveda Emilio
Published: January 2016

Se pone de manifiesto en este trabajo la presencia en la cultura árabe-islámica del verso II, 204 de la Ilíada en el que se defiende la jefatura única, verso que a través de Aristóteles ha tenido gran repercusión en Occidente y que, en menor medida, también ha sido tenido en cuenta en el mundo árabe, destacando el comentario de Miskawayh, comentario que es traducido aquí.
Gobernanza local comparada el análisis de los patrones de influencia en los sistemas políticos locales
Authors: Rodríguez-García María Jesús , J. Navarro Yáñez Clemente J.
Published: January 2016

Como en otros ejercicios comparativos, el análisis comparado de la gobernanza local enfrenta algunos desafíos metodológicos, como el diseño de las muestras y la medición de conceptos. Uno de los principales problemas es el análisis de las pautas de influencia de diferentes actores en las decisiones del gobierno local. Este artículo propone un modelo de medida para analizar este asunto en estudios comparativos entre los líderes políticos. Se sostiene que estos patrones se organizan en torno a cuatro sectores (gobierno local, intergubernamental, prodesarrollo y grupos de interés público) y estos en dos arenas políticas (gubernamental y social). La propuesta es validada mediante la aplicación de análisis factorial confirmatorio a una encuesta a alcaldes europeos en 17 países. La propuesta podría ser útil para analizar estudios previamente realizados o diseñar nuevos estudios.
Demografía de las parejas homosexuales en España
Authors: Cortina Clara
Published: January 2016

El propósito principal de este trabajo es avanzar en el conocimiento de las parejas y los hogares homosexuales en España. La cuantificación de esta población, así como el análisis de sus comportamientos demográficos, son todavía una asignatura pendiente en un contexto de creciente reconocimiento de derechos. Para ello, utilizamos el censo de población de 2011, que proporciona una visión general y completa de las características demográficas de los matrimonios y las parejas de hecho del mismo sexo en España. Tras un ejercicio de validación de estos datos censales, los resultados obtenidos apuntan a un perfil de las parejas homosexuales marcadamente heterógamo, a una presencia minoritaria de hijos en el hogar y a un predominio del modelo igualitario de pareja. Los resultados también muestran una menor propensión de las parejas homosexuales a formalizar su relación mediante el matrimonio.
¿Qué significa estar bien informado? Retóricas, percepciones y actitudes ante el problema del etiquetado de los alimentos transgénicos
Authors: Larrión Jósean
Published: January 2016

En este trabajo realizo un estudio de caso de la controversia sobre el etiquetado de los alimentos transgénicos, centrándome en España y la Unión Europea. Inicialmente, comparo los discursos sociales que conciben el etiquetado fundamentalmente como un problema o como una solución. Después, analizo las principales respuestas legislativas y los aspectos concretos que en este ámbito siguen siendo polémicos. A continuación, expongo los límites del modelo del déficit cognitivo y el problema de establecer qué información es relevante o irrelevante. El trabajo concluye mostrando la presencia de las retóricas de la seguridad y el riesgo, y proponiendo un esquema de posiciones sociales ante el consumo de transgénicos, su etiquetado diferencial y el quehacer científico en nuestras sociedades.
Relation between Poaceae pollen concentrations and meteorological factors during 2000–2010 in Timisoara, Romania
Authors: Ianovici Nicoleta
Published: January 2016

This paper presents the results of Poaceae pollen seasons from 2000–2010 in Timisoara, Romania. Airborne Poaceae pollen concentrations was high. An increasing trend in the annual totals was observed. The longest pollen season was recorded in the year 2000. The period in which the Poaceae pollen count exceeded the threshold value of 30 grains/m3 lasted from 9 to 46 days. The present study analyzed the dynamics of pollen seasons in relation to meteorological factors. On the basis of Spearman’s correlation test, the strongest positive correlation was found between the Poaceae pollen counts and temperature; and sunshine hours. Daily average relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and precipitation had a negative effect. A multiple regression analysis was applied to determine how much of the total variance in Poaceae pollen counts can be explained by meteorological parameters. The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.245 to 0.460. Our data illustrate the contrasting effects of temperature, wind, relative humidity and rainfall on the concentration of pollen in the air. The optimum conditions for Poaceae pollen release occur during late spring and early summer. The Poaceae pollen remains one of the major aeroallergens in Timisoara area.
The comparison of pollen abundance in air and honey samples
Authors: Šaulienė Ingrida , Šukienė Laura , Noreikaite-Merkeliene Auste , Pileckas Vidmantas
Published: January 2016

Honey as a food has long been used in human nutrition and is still popular. Honey is important because of its therapeutic, prophylactic and strengthening value. Pollen is one of the most decisive components that ensure the quality and type of honey. Modern society becomes more and more sensitive to airborne pollen. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the composition of allergenic plant pollen in natural honey. For this purpose, we studied and compared pollen abundance in honey and air samples collected in Lithuania. Standard methods for pollen investigation in air and honey were used in this study. The botanical diversity of pollen identified in honey and air samples indicates 10 morphotypes: 8 of woody plants and 2 of herbaceous plants, in both the honey and air samples. Salix pollen counts in the honey were found to be highest among airborne pollen from May to September. The anemophilous allergenic pollen constituted 44 % of the total pollen detected in the honey.
Airborne pollen spectrum and hay fever type prevalence in Vinnitsa, central Ukraine
Authors: Rodinkova Victoria Valeriivna
Published: January 2016

The article deals with the main pollen spectrum in relation to patients’ sensitivity determined in the ambient air of Vinnitsa city located in central Ukraine. The study performed by gravimetric sampling in the years 1999–2000 and by volumetric sampling in the years 2009–2014 showed that Urtica, Betula, Pinus, Alnus, Fraxinus, Ambrosia, Artemisia, Juglans, Carpinus, Populus, Quercus, Acer, Salix, Poaceae, Amarathaceae, and Polygonaceae pollen grains are prevalent among the airborne allergen types in the urban atmosphere. The principal pollen types remain the same but over time their quantities have changed. The relative abundance of Carpinus and Amaranthaceae airborne pollen decreased while the fraction of Urtica pollen increased in the last decade. From 50 to 69 pollen types were determined in the ambient air depending on the season. From 24 to 27 pollen types represented woody plants and from 22 to 46 pollen types belonged to the herbaceous plants. A considerable decrease in herbal pollen types is noted in the Vinnitsa air at present.

It was shown that children were sensitive to weed pollen grains, including ragweed, mugwort, and grass, while adults were more sensitive to tree and grass pollen grains. Further studies of the pollen spectrum in the ambient air of this city are required in order to control the hay fever symptoms.
Footprint areas of pollen from alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) in the UK (Worcester) and Poland (Wrocław) during 2005–2014
Authors: Skjøth Carsten Ambelas , Bilińska Daria , Werner Małgorzata , Malkiewicz Małgorzata , Adams-Groom Beverley , Kryza Maciej , Drzeniecka-Osiadacz Anetta
Published: January 2016

In this study we analyzed daily pollen concentrations of Alnus spp. and Betula spp. from Worcester, UK and Wrocław, Poland. We analyzed seasonality, annual pollen index and footprint areas for the observed pollen concentrations by using the trajectory model hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT). We examined 10 years of data during the period 2005–2014 and found substantial differences in the seasonality, pollen indices and footprint areas. For both genera, concentrations in Wrocław are in general much higher, the seasons are shorter and therefore more intense than in Worcester. The reasons appear to be related to the differences in overall climate between the two sites and more abundant sources in Poland than in England. The footprint areas suggest that the source of the pollen grains are mainly local trees but appear to be augmented by remote sources, in particular for Betula spp. but only to a small degree for Alnus spp. For Betula spp., both sites appear to get contributions from areas in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, while known Betula spp. rich regions in Russia, Belarus and Scandinavia had a very limited impact on the pollen concentrations in Worcester and Wrocław. Substantial and systematic variations in pollen indices are seen for Betula spp. in Wrocław with high values every second year while a similar pattern is not observed for Worcester. This pattern was not reproduced for Alnus spp.
Motion along the mental number line reveals shared representations for numerosity and space
Authors: Schwiedrzik Caspar M , Bernstein Benjamin , Melloni Lucia
Published: January 2016

Perception of number and space are tightly intertwined. It has been proposed that this is due to ‘cortical recycling’, where numerosity processing takes over circuits originally processing space. Do such ‘recycled’ circuits retain their original functionality? Here, we investigate interactions between numerosity and motion direction, two functions that both localize to parietal cortex. We describe a new phenomenon in which visual motion direction adapts nonsymbolic numerosity perception, giving rise to a repulsive aftereffect: motion to the left adapts small numbers, leading to overestimation of numerosity, while motion to the right adapts large numbers, resulting in underestimation. The reference frame of this effect is spatiotopic. Together with the tuning properties of the effect this suggests that motion direction-numerosity cross-adaptation may occur in a homolog of area LIP. ‘Cortical recycling’ thus expands but does not obliterate the functions originally performed by the recycled circuit, allowing for shared computations across domains.
α/β coiled coils
Authors: Hartmann Marcus D , Mendler Claudia T , Bassler Jens , Karamichali Ioanna , Ridderbusch Oswin , Lupas Andrei N , Hernandez Alvarez Birte
Published: January 2016

Coiled coils are the best-understood protein fold, as their backbone structure can uniquely be described by parametric equations. This level of understanding has allowed their manipulation in unprecedented detail. They do not seem a likely source of surprises, yet we describe here the unexpected formation of a new type of fiber by the simple insertion of two or six residues into the underlying heptad repeat of a parallel, trimeric coiled coil. These insertions strain the supercoil to the breaking point, causing the local formation of short β-strands, which move the path of the chain by 120° around the trimer axis. The result is an α/β coiled coil, which retains only one backbone hydrogen bond per repeat unit from the parent coiled coil. Our results show that a substantially novel backbone structure is possible within the allowed regions of the Ramachandran space with only minor mutations to a known fold.
Phase interference due to multiple impurities and space-average resistance in quasi-one-dimensional nanowires
Authors: Sano Nobuyuki , Ueda Akiko
Published: January 2016

The impurity-limited resistance in quasi-one-dimensional nanowires is studied by using the nonequilibrium Green function simulations and the Lippmann–Schwinger scattering theory under various spatial configurations of localized impurities. It is shown explicitly that both phase interference and phase randomization simultaneously play a crucial role in determining the impurity-limited resistance even under fully coherent circumstances. Consequently, the ensemble average resistance of multiple impurities under the uniform configuration of impurities becomes very close to the series resistance owing to independent multiple impurities at room temperature, and thus each impurity could be regarded as an independent scattering center.
Rapid detection of hemagglutination using restrictive microfluidic channels equipped with waveguide-mode sensors
Authors: Ashiba Hiroki , Fujimaki Makoto , Awazu Koichi , Fu Mengying , Ohki Yoshimichi , Tanaka Torahiko , Makishima Makoto
Published: January 2016

Hemagglutination is utilized for various immunological assays, including blood typing and virus detection. Herein, we describe a method of rapid hemagglutination detection based on a microfluidic channel installed on an optical waveguide-mode sensor. Human blood samples mixed with hemagglutinating antibodies associated with different blood groups were injected into the microfluidic channel, and reflectance spectra of the samples were measured after stopping the flow. The agglutinated and nonagglutinated samples were distinguishable by the alterations in their reflectance spectra with time; the microfluidic channels worked as spatial restraints for agglutinated red blood cells. The demonstrated system allowed rapid hemagglutination detection within 1 min. The suitable height of the channels was also discussed.
Keys of Japanese prosody and didactical — technical analysis of OJAD (Online Japanese Accent Dictionary)
Authors: Delgado Algarra Emilio José
Published: January 2016

Most of the studies focus on the teaching of foreign languages indicate that little attention is paid to the prosodic features both didactic materials and teaching-learning processes (Martinsen, Avord and Tanner, 2014). In this context and throughout this article, an analysis of the didactical and technical dimensions of OJAD (Japanese Accent Online Dictionary) is performed, linked to a project of the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics led by Minematsu (University of Tokyo). With the collection of data and information through an adaptation of the CEETP “Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Didactical, Technical and Pedagogical aspects of Educational Websites” by Cabello, Martinez-Segura and García Sánchez (2013) and supported by studies and researches of the responsible teams, it is performed an analysis of the web that allows us to highlight its positive and to be reviewed aspects from an educational point of view. OJAD is an accessible and systematic tool linked to the didactic of Japanese language, with a great potential regarding the searching criteria and adaptation to the user tool.
Empathy in future teachers of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia
Authors: Herrera Torres Lucía , Buitrago Bonilla Rafael Enrique , Avila Moreno Aida Karina
Published: January 2016

This study analyzes cognitive and emotional empathy in students who started their training at the Education Science Faculty of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia. The sample was formed by 317 students enrolled in the study programs of Preschool, Plastic Arts, Natural Sciences, Physical Education, Philosophy, Computer Science, Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Music, Psychopedagogy, and Social Sciences. The Cognitive and Affective Empathy Scale (TECA for its Spanish initials) was used to collect data. Both the reliability of TECA and its construct validity were determined for this sample. Participants obtained better results in the cognitive dimension, the highest scores additionally corresponding to the emotional understanding scale. As far as gender is concerned, women outperformed men in their scores, especially in the two affective dimension scales. Differences also appeared according to age, scores growing as age increased. With regard to the training program in which students were enrolled, significant contrasts were identified in perspective adoption and empathic stress. Finally, a suggestion is made about the need for teacher training curricula to envisage empathy development for the purpose of strengthening the emotional skills of future lecturers.
The educational possibilities of Augmented Reality
Authors: Cabero Julio , Barroso Julio
Published: January 2016

A large number of emergent technologies have been acquiring a strong impulse in recent years. One of these emergent technologies is Augmented Reality (RA), which will surely have a high level of penetration into all our educational centers, including universities, in the next 3 to 5 years, as a number of different reports have already highlighted.

The present paper shows various elements which, in our opinion, play an essential role when it comes to the incorporation of Augmented Reality into teaching, stressing the fact that this incorporation should not entail a technological problem but an educational and didactic issue. A mention is additionally made of several studies which have been performed with regard to the didactic exploitation of this emergent technology, as well as to the potential that it offers us. Our study forms part of an R&D&I initiative undertaken within the framework of the Plan Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia 2013–2016 [2013–16 State (National) Plan for the Promotion of Excellence Scientific and Technical Research], with reference EDU2014-57446-P.
Nurse practitioner and physician assistant students' knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives of chiropractic
Authors: Bowden Briana S. , Ball Lisa
Published: January 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess nurse practitioner (NP) and physician assistant (PA) students' views of chiropractic. As the role of these providers progresses in primary care settings, providers' views and knowledge of chiropractic will impact interprofessional collaboration and patient outcomes. Understanding how NP and PA students perceive chiropractic may be beneficial in building integrative health care systems.

Methods: This descriptive quantitative pilot study utilized a 56-item survey to examine attitudes, knowledge, and perspectives of NP and PA students in their 2nd year of graduate studies. Frequencies and binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine responses to survey totals.

Results: Ninety-two (97%) students completed the survey. There were conflicting results as to whether participants viewed chiropractic as mainstream or alternative. The majority of participants indicated lack of awareness regarding current scientific evidence for chiropractic and indicated a positive interest in learning more about the profession. Students who reported prior experience with chiropractic had higher attitude-positive responses compared to those without experience. Participants were found to have substantial knowledge deficits in relation to chiropractic treatments and scope of practice.

Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the need for increased integrative initiatives and chiropractic exposure in NP and PA education to enhance future interprofessional collaboration in health care.
Simulating the modern δ30Si distribution in the oceans and in marine sediments
Authors: Gao S. , Wolf‐Gladrow D. A. , Völker C.
Published: January 2016

The δ30Si of biogenic silica (
) in marine sediments is a promising proxy for the reconstruction of silicic acid utilization by diatoms in the geological past. The application of this proxy, however, requires an understanding of the modern δ30Si distributions and their controlling mechanisms. Here we present results from a modern climate simulation with a coupled ocean‐sediment model that includes a prognostic formulation of biogenic silica production with concurrent silicon isotopic fractionation. In agreement with previous studies, biological fractionation combined with physical transport and mixing determines the oceanic distribution of simulated δ30Si. A new finding is a distinct seasonal cycle of δ30Si in the surface ocean, which is inversely related to that of silicic acid concentration and mixed layer depth. We also provide the first simulation results of sedimentary δ30Si, which reveal that (1) the
distribution in the surface sediment reflects the exported
signal from the euphotic zone and (2) the dissolution of biogenic silica in the sediment acts as a source of relatively light δ30Si into the bottom waters of the polar oceans, while it is a source of heavier δ30Si to the subtropical South Atlantic and South Pacific.
Photochemical response of the nighttime mesosphere to electric field heating—Recovery of electron density enhancements
Authors: Kotovsky D. A. , Moore R. C.
Published: January 2016

A photochemical model has been developed to examine the response of the nighttime mesosphere to electric field heating. Time dynamics of 29 chemical species are accounted for by a set of 156 reactions. Recovery dynamics of electron density enhancements are examined in detail, and the recovery timescales of VLF scattering resulting from the modeled conductivity changes are quantitatively estimated. Both typical recovery (up to 240 s) and long recovery (>300 s) timescales of early VLF scattering events are explainable in terms of the model results. Electron production and loss during recovery is determined by a small set of attachment, detachment, and recombination processes. Based on the model results, we conclude that long recovery VLF scattering proceeds from sufficiently large electron density enhancements that are controlled by slow recombination loss (i.e., when attachment loss is small or balanced by detachment).
Enhanced terrestrial carbon preservation promoted by reactive iron in deltaic sediments
Authors: Shields Michael R. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Gélinas Yves , Allison Mead A. , Twilley Robert R.
Published: January 2016

We examined the role of reactive iron (FeR) in preserving organic carbon (OC) across a subaerial chronosequence of the Wax Lake Delta, a prograding delta within the Mississippi River Delta complex. We found that ~15.0% of the OC was bound to FeR, and the dominant binding mechanisms varied from adsorption in the youngest subaerial region to coprecipitation at the older, vegetated sites. The δ13C of the iron‐associated OC was more negative than the total OC (mean = −2.6‰), indicating greater preference for terrestrial material and/or compounds with more negative δ13C values. However, only the adsorbed OC displayed preferential binding of lignin phenols. We estimate that ~8% of the OC initially deposited in deltaic systems is bound to FeR (equivalent to 6 × 1012 gC yr−1), and this percentage increases postdepositionally, as coprecipitation of FeR and OC allows for an even greater amount of OC to be bound to FeR.
Photochemistry of forbidden oxygen lines in the inner coma of 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Authors: Cessateur G. , Keyser J. De , Maggiolo R. , Gibbons A. , Gronoff G. , Gunell H. , Dhooghe F. , Loreau J. , Vaeck N. , Altwegg K. , Bieler A. , Briois C. , Calmonte U. , Combi M. R. , Fiethe B. , Fuselier S. A. , Gombosi T. I. , Hässig M. , Le Roy L. , Neefs E. , Rubin M. , Sémon T.
Published: January 2016

Observations of the green and red‐doublet emission lines have previously been realized for several comets. We present here a chemistry‐emission coupled model to study the production and loss mechanisms of the O(1S) and O(1D) states, which are responsible for the emission lines of interest for comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko. The recent discovery of O2 in significant abundance relative to water 3.80 ± 0.85% within the coma of 67P has been taken into consideration for the first time in such models. We evaluate the effect of the presence of O2 on the green to red‐doublet emission intensity ratio, which is traditionally used to assess the CO2 abundance within cometary atmospheres. Model simulations, solving the continuity equation with transport, show that not taking O2 into account leads to an underestimation of the CO2 abundance within 67P, with a relative error of about 25%. This strongly suggests that the green to red‐doublet emission intensity ratio alone is not a proper tool for determining the CO2 abundance, as previously suggested. Indeed, there is no compelling reason why O2 would not be a common cometary volatile, making revision of earlier assessments regarding the CO2 abundance in cometary atmospheres necessary. The large uncertainties of the CO2 photodissociation cross section imply that more studies are required in order to better constrain the O(1S) and O(1D) production through this mechanism. Space weather phenomena, such as powerful solar flares, could be used as tools for doing so, providing additional information on a good estimation of the O2 abundance within cometary atmospheres.
Observations of the directional distribution of the wind energy input function over swell waves
Authors: Shabani Behnam , Babanin Alex V. , Baldock Tom E.
Published: January 2016

Field measurements of wind stress over shallow water swell traveling in different directions relative to the wind are presented. The directional distribution of the measured stresses is used to confirm the previously proposed but unverified directional distribution of the wind energy input function. The observed wind energy input function is found to follow a much narrower distribution (
) than the Plant (1982) cosine distribution. The observation of negative stress angles at large wind‐wave angles, however, indicates that the onset of negative wind shearing occurs at about
, and supports the use of the Snyder et al. (1981) directional distribution. Taking into account the reverse momentum transfer from swell to the wind, Snyder's proposed parameterization is found to perform exceptionally well in explaining the observed narrow directional distribution of the wind energy input function, and predicting the wind drag coefficients. The empirical coefficient (ε) in Snyder's parameterization is hypothesised to be a function of the wave shape parameter, with ε value increasing as the wave shape changes between sinusoidal, sawtooth, and sharp‐crested shoaling waves.
Observational evidence for the convective transport of dust over the Central United States
Authors: Corr C. A. , Ziemba L. D. , Scheuer E. , Anderson B. E. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Chen G. , Crosbie E. , Moore R. H. , Shook M. , Thornhill K. L. , Winstead E. , Lawson R. P. , Barth M. C. , Schroeder J. R. , Blake D. R. , Dibb J. E.
Published: January 2016

Bulk aerosol composition and aerosol size distributions measured aboard the DC‐8 aircraft during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment mission in May/June 2012 were used to investigate the transport of mineral dust through nine storms encountered over Colorado and Oklahoma. Measurements made at low altitudes (<5 km mean sea level (MSL)) in the storm inflow region were compared to those made in cirrus anvils (altitude > 9 km MSL). Storm mean outflow Ca2+ mass concentrations and total coarse (1 µm < diameter < 5 µm) aerosol volume (Vc) were comparable to mean inflow values as demonstrated by average outflow/inflow ratios greater than 0.5. A positive relationship between Ca2+, Vc, ice water content, and large (diameter > 50 µm) ice particle number concentrations was not evident; thus, the influence of ice shatter on these measurements was assumed small. Mean inflow aerosol number concentrations calculated over a diameter range (0.5 µm < diameter < 5.0 µm) relevant for proxy ice nuclei (NPIN) were ~15–300 times higher than ice particle concentrations for all storms. Ratios of predicted interstitial NPIN (calculated as the difference between inflow NPIN and ice particle concentrations) and inflow NPIN were consistent with those calculated for Ca2+ and Vc and indicated that on average less than 10% of the ingested NPIN were activated as ice nuclei during anvil formation. Deep convection may therefore represent an efficient transport mechanism for dust to the upper troposphere where these particles can function as ice nuclei cirrus forming in situ.