bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greater sage‐grouse Centrocercus urophasianus nesting success and habitat use in northeastern California
Authors: Popham Gail P. , Gutiérrez R. J.
Published: May 2018

From mid‐March through mid‐August 1998–2000, we studied greater sage‐grouse Centrocercus urophasianus nesting habitat in northeastern California, USA. We located nest sites of 45 radio‐marked hens, which had an average nest success of 40.2%. The radio‐marked grouse used low sagebrush Artemisia arbuscula cover type less than expected; big sagebrush A. tridentata wyomingensis and mixed shrub cover types were used in proportion to their availability. Grouse used sites with habitat characteristics similar to random sites for nesting. However, successful nests differed from unsuccessful nests in several respects. Mean distance between nest and lek was greater for successful nests ( = 3,588 m, SE = 811 m, N = 20) than for unsuccessful nests ( = 1,964 m, SE = 386 m, N = 20). Rock cover was greater at successful nests ( = 27.7%, SE = 4.6%) than at unsuccessful nests ( = 14.49%, SE = 3.04%). Total shrub height was greater at successful nests ( = 65.5 cm, SE = 4.7) than at unsuccessful nests ( = 49.2 cm, SE = 1.7). The height of visual obstruction was greater at successful nests ( = 40.2 cm, SE = 2.6) than at unsuccessful nests ( = 32.5 cm, SE = 2.0). Our results suggest that sage‐grouse use more diverse vegetation than previously reported, and we conclude that either this represents a natural behaviour for sage‐grouse in this area, or we observed a selection response to a landscape altered by human activity.
Modifying roadside vegetation management practices to reduce vehicular collisions with mooseAlces alces
Authors: Rea Roy V.
Published: May 2018

Vegetation management practices currently used within transportation corridors are primarily aimed at minimising encroaching shrub and tree growth in order to increase driver visibility and road safety. Such practices create prime foraging habitat for ungulates such as mooseAlces alcesby inhibiting forest succession and maintaining early seral shrub communities. Increased foraging activity within the corridor increases the likelihood of encounters between moose and motorists. Moose‐related vehicular collisions are costly in terms of material damage claims and have significant negative impacts on public safety and moose populations in many parts of their range. Although several countermeasures have been developed in an attempt to reduce the frequency of these collisions, few have proven effective and even fewer have taken into consideration possible links between roadside vegetation management, the quality of browse regenerating from cut vegetation, and how moose use browse within the transportation corridor. To better understand these relationships, I reviewed the literature on ungulate‐related vehicular collisions in combination with literature on plant response to mechanical damage. Many authors recognise the need to reduce the attractiveness of vegetation growing within transportation corridors. To date, diversionary feeding, forage repellents, establishment of unpalatable species and elimination of roadside brush have been used. Unfortunately, such techniques are only semi‐effective or are not cost‐efficient when applied across the landscape. It has long been recognised that the ability of plants to regenerate following mechanical damage is influenced by the timing of damage. Current research suggests that the quality of regenerating plant tissues for herbivores also depends on when plants are cut. Plants cut in the middle of the growing season produce regrowth that is high in nutritional value for at least two winters following brush‐cutting as compared to plants cut at other times of the year, and uncut controls. Because roadside brush is generally cut during mid‐summer, possible links between the quality of regenerated browse and increases in ungulate‐related vehicular collisions during the autumn and winter should be elucidated. Based on this review, I recommend cutting brush early in the growing season and emphasize the need for collaborative long‐term research to properly address this issue.
Effects of tick Ixodes ricinus infestation on pheasant Phasianus colchicus breeding success and survival
Authors: Hoodless Andrew N. , Kurtenbach Klaus , Nuttall Patricia A. , Randolph Sarah E.
Published: May 2018

In some parts of Britain, pheasants Phasianus colchicus are infested by Ixodes ricinus ticks in the spring and summer. The effects of experimental reduction of tick infestation levels on the breeding success and survival of reared female pheasants were studied on two estates in southern England during 1995–1997. Females were radio‐tagged and half of the birds, selected at random, were fitted with a slow‐release acaricide, which substantially reduced their tick burdens. Clutch survival was significantly higher for treated females throughout the three‐year study period, and hence more chicks were hatched by treated females (3.30 ± 0.86) than by control females (0.70 ± 0.36), even though treated and control birds produced the same numbers of clutches and eggs. During April‐July, the female survival rate was significantly higher for acaricide‐treated birds, showing an improvement of 10–15% over that of control birds each year. While these impacts will be of minor importance where annual pheasant releasing takes place to supplement autumn stocks for shooting, they might reduce the potential harvest on estates with wild pheasants or on those aiming to re‐establish self‐sustaining naturalised populations.
Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition
Authors: Bender Louis C. , Myers Woodrow L. , Gould William R.
Published: May 2018

Both ground and helicopter surveys are commonly used to collect sex and age composition data for ungulates. Little attention has been paid, however, to whether data collected by each technique are similar. We compared helicopter and ground composition data for both elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus across a variety of habitats in the state of Washington, USA. We found that ground and helicopter counts differed (P's < 0.002) consistently in male age structure estimates for elk, and that the two survey methods differed in estimates of adult sex ratios for mule deer (P = 0.023). Counts from helicopters provided larger sample sizes, tended to be more consistent annually in their results, and were corroborated by other demographic studies of the test populations. We conclude that helicopter and ground surveys differ for male age structure and perhaps male:female ratios, but are similar for young:female ratios. Managers should maintain a standardized technique using the same survey vehicle for trend analysis of composition data.
Dynamics of hunted and unhunted mountain goatOreamnos americanuspopulations
Authors: Voyer Alejandro Gonzalez , Smith Kirby G. , Festa‐Bianchet Marco
Published: May 2018

Native populations of mountain goatsOreamnos americanusare sensitive to harvest. To assess the potential effects of limited hunting on population dynamics, we analysed long‐term data obtained from aerial counts of 12 native mountain goat herds in Alberta, Canada, during 1973–2001. Seven herds were hunted until 1987 and five were not hunted. Despite a decrease in the number of permits issued, mountain goat numbers declined in most hunted herds between 1980 and 1983. Hunting was closed in 1987. Only three of seven herds increased after hunting was closed. Unhunted herds also showed substantial among‐herd differences in population trends. Our results suggest that factors other than sport hunting contributed to the population decline. Future harvests should target adult males, but the adult sex ratio of one intensively studied population was heavily biased in favour of females. A herd of 100 goats may only sustain the harvest of 1–2 adult males per year.
Presence of free‐living wild boar Sus scrofa in southern England
Authors: Goulding Martin J. , Roper Timothy J. , Smith Graham C. , Baker Simon J.
Published: May 2018

Wild boar Sus scrofa has been extinct in Britain for several centuries. Recently, however, some conservationists have argued that it should be reintroduced. Here, we report that two populations of free‐living wild boar are already present in Britain, in the south of England, ranging over areas of approximately 15 km2 in the county of Dorset and 175 km2 in the counties of Kent and East Sussex. Presence of the animals was indicated initially by unsolicited reports to the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, and was confirmed by searching the relevant areas for field signs such as tracks, faeces, nests and rooted areas. Six carcasses of road‐killed or shot animals were available for inspection from the Kent/East Sussex area and had the morphological characteristics of wild boar. Breeding was confirmed in the Kent/East Sussex area and is suspected in the Dorset population. A simple population dynamics model, based on an estimated initial population of 100 animals, suggests a growth rate, r, of between 0.016 and 0.267 for the Kent/East Sussex population. We conclude that the Kent/East Sussex population is likely to prove viable unless actively persecuted, and discuss the social, agricultural, ecological and conservational implications.
Sexual segregation in moose Alces alces: an experimental manipulation of foraging behaviour
Authors: Spaeth Douglas F. , Bowyer R. Terry , Stephenson Thomas R. , Barboza Perry S.
Published: May 2018

We studied Alaskan moose Alces alces gigas to test the hypothesis that sexual segregation among polygynous ruminants is the result of competitive exclusion of males by females. We first examined differences in foraging behaviour between sexes, and then tested whether foraging by females influenced subsequent browsing by males, an outcome necessary to postulate competitive exclusion of males by females. Our experiments during the winter of 1999 and 2000 were made on captive moose at the Kenai Moose Research Center, Alaska, USA. Twig diameters of Barclay willows Salix barclayi affected bite sizes taken by foraging moose, independent of sex, when that relationship was examined with respect to absolute or relative sizes of bites; bite size can not be invoked as an explanation for sexual segregation. Moose of both sexes overcompensated by consuming more second‐year growth when feeding on smaller twigs compared with larger ones, ostensibly to adjust for lower nutritional returns in smaller twigs of current annual growth. We modelled the intake rate of moose browsing on willow with multiple‐linear regression. The best model included sex, body mass of moose and density of twigs, but not shape of willows. Females had higher bite rates and rates of forage intake than males, and generally took smaller bites of greater variability. Thus, the differences in foraging behaviour between the sexes may relate to sexual dimorphism and allometric differences in digestive morphology, and ultimately to spatial segregation of sexes, as proposed by the gastrocentric hypothesis. No difference, however, occurred in the rate of intake between the sexes foraging on previously browsed willows, which resulted in our rejection of the hypothesis that selective foraging by females could lead to competitive exclusion of males.
Status of Tibetan plateau mammals in Yeniugou, China
Authors: Harris Richard B. , Loggers Chris O.
Published: May 2018

During September 2002, we conducted surveys focussing on the Tibetan plateau ungulate species in Yeniugou, Qinghai province, China, to compare abundance estimates with those from 1997 and the early 1990s. Wild yaks Bos grunniens, for which the area is named, evidently increased in number from about 1,200 to almost 1,700 animals. White‐lipped deer Cervus albirostris, formerly quite rare in Yeniugou, also increased in number. Blue sheep Pseudois nayaur, Tibetan gazelle Procapra picticaudata and Tibetan wild ass Equus kiang remained almost steady or may have declined slightly. Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni which were historically resident in Yeniugou, but suffered a dramatic reduction during the 1990s, were completely absent in 2002. Argali Ovis ammon evidently continued to decline from their early 1990s level of approximately 250; we accounted for only 94 animals in 2002. We are uncertain of the causes for the argali decline, but the best supported hypothesis is that the recent increase in year‐round presence of specific pastoral encampments has displaced argali groups from preferred seasonal foraging areas, causing permanent emigration, lower reproduction, higher mortality or some combination of the three. Poaching and disturbance from itinerant gold miners have declined in recent years, and most remaining species are fairing relatively well. The rapid development associated with the adjacent Qinghai‐Tibet railroad has not yet affected the wildlife populations. Yeniugou contains probably the densest population of wild yaks in existence. Unfortunately, despite its obvious importance for Tibetan plateau fauna, Yeniugou still has no conservation‐oriented management. Thus, wildlife populations are controlled indirectly by social and economic forces. Most Tibetan plateau mammals have limited tolerance for human activity; they persist in Yeniugou because people are still sparse. With the continued rapid economic development of nearby areas, the future of Yeniugou's wildlife will not be secure until incentives are created for pastoralists, county officials and higher government authorities to favour maintaining its essentially wild and undeveloped character.
Interactions between wolvesCanis lupusand dogsC. familiarisin Finland
Authors: Kojola Ilpo , Ronkainen Seppo , Hakala Antero , Heikkinen Samuli , Kokko Sanna
Published: May 2018

We examined wolfCanis lupusattacks on domestic dogsC. familiarisin six Finnish wolf territories occupied by mated pairs and packs. Most incidents (76%, N = 21 confirmed cases) took place inside one territory. The wolves mostly (70%) attacked dogs in house yards. It appeared that wolves in the territory were actively seeking for dogs rather than killing them as a result of random encounters. A strong tendency to attack dogs seemed to be adopted by pups born to the wolf pack. We did not find evidence that the density of primary prey or resident dogs were associated with the risk of wolf attacks.
Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex x domestic goat C. aegagrus domestica hybrids in a restricted area of southern Switzerland
Authors: Giacometti Marco , Roganti Renato , De Tann Dario , Stahlberger‐Saitbekova Nasikat , Obexer‐Ruff Gabriela
Published: May 2018

We documented hybridisation of domestic goats Capra aegagrus domestica with free‐ranging male Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex in a restricted area of the southern Swiss Alps in 1989–2001. The number of animals in the hybrid herd reached a maximum of 18 in 1998. We confirmed hybridisation through morphological data and genetic analysis. All presumed hybrids were larger and heavier than Alpine ibex. Horns of hybrids were longer than those of Alpine ibex, and some male horns lacked nodes. In two males studied, the first horn increment was longer than the second. In some cases the pelage colour revealed characteristics untypical for ibex such as prominent leg markings and dark brown colour in young animals. Microsatellite analysis in one male revealed ibex specific alleles as well as goat specific alleles. We concluded that this male, as well as the other animals studied, were Alpine ibex x domestic goat hybrids. All wild goats and their hybrid offspring were removed by state gamekeepers in 1998–2001 to maintain the genetic integrity of free‐ranging Alpine ibex living in the area. We suggest that the survival of hybrids depends largely on habitat characteristics. In the study area, the hybrid winter range was exposed to the south. The sunny rocky slope was steep and reached down to an altitude of 1,500 m a.s.l. On this slope, animals found food in early spring and a refuge against adverse weather conditions.
Suitability of NIRS analysis for estimating diet quality of free‐living red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus
Authors: Kamler Jiří , Homolka Miloslav , Čižmár David
Published: May 2018

In this study, we tested the efficiency of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess nitrogen content in faeces of free‐living ruminants. Faecal nitrogen (FN) content was analysed in 168 pellet groups from red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus in the growing season and in winter using both the standard Kjeldahl method and NIRS analysis. Estimates of nitrogen content obtained by the two methods did not differ (P > 0.1), and the correlation between FN values was significant (P < 0.001). FN content ranged within 1.10–4.58% of dry matter and, as anticipated, it was higher in the growing season than in winter in both species (P < 0.01). Faecal nitrogen values were also higher for roe deer than for red deer, although the difference was only significant in the growing season (P = 0.007). Our study confirmed that faecal nitrogen of free‐living ruminants can be accurately determined with NIRS analysis. NIRS represents a low‐cost analytical technique, which could replace conventional labourious methods and is highly promising for analyses of diet quality in free‐living ruminants.
Sex differences and data quality as determinants of income from hunting red deer Cervus elaphus
Authors: Milner‐Gulland E.J. , Coulson Tim , Clutton‐Brock Tim H.
Published: May 2018

When hunting species in which the sexes differ substantially in value, sex‐selective harvesting can increase income dramatically. In some hunted species, for example the red deer Cervus elaphus in Scotland, there are also marked ecological differences between the sexes. In red deer, stag mortality and dispersal rates are substantially higher when hind densities are high. Hence, there is a trade‐off between having enough hinds to produce valuable stags, but keeping densities low enough to minimise losses from dispersal and stag mortality. We develop a model, parameterised for red deer on Rum, to explore these trade‐offs. This stochastic, age and sex‐structured model includes two neighbouring estates with differing harvesting policies. Due to stag dispersal, estates with low hunting levels act as sources of stags for neighbouring estates that harvest more heavily. The optimal harvesting strategy depends on the actions of neighbours, but keeps hinds below 50% of carrying capacity and imposes heavy hunting pressure on stags. Scottish deer estates aim to harvest fewer stags and more hinds than the model suggests as optimal, which could lead to substantially reduced incomes. We explore the reasons for this mismatch between predicted optimal behaviour and actual harvesting strategies by incorporating realistic levels of uncertainty, bias and infrequent population counts into our model. We show that the estates' harvesting strategies lead to approximately optimal hind harvesting, because hind numbers are generally underestimated in counts, whereas the uncertainty surrounding population sizes leads to a lower than optimal stag harvest. The most effective method of improving incomes is to increase count frequency. This modelling approach is broadly applicable, both for the management of hunted species under uncertainty and for spatially explicit conservation policies such as no‐take areas.
Temporal variation in the number of car‐killed red deerCervus elaphusin Norway
Authors: Mysterud Atle
Published: May 2018

Determining the factors causing variation in traffic accidents both in space and time are important for management, as it can help in designing mitigation efforts. The annual harvest of red deerCervus elaphusin Norway has increased from 2,695 in 1971 to 23,597 in 2001, while the number of car‐killed red deer increased from 27 to 443 over the same period. I analysed how the temporal variation in the annual number of car‐killed red deer along the west coast of Norway varied with population density and climate. The increase in the number of car‐killed red deer was mainly an effect of increasing population size (as evidenced from harvest records). The parameter estimate for the population size effect was 1.722 and 1.025, respectively, before and after adding the (non‐significant) effect of ‘year‘ (as a continuous term). An increase in population size therefore led to an increase in the proportion of the number of car‐killed red deer only when excluding the year effect which was likely due to an increase in traffic volume. Spring conditions, as measured by the March–May value of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), correlated with the number of car‐killed red deer, but winter, summer or autumn NAO did not. I argue that the consequences of an increasing number of car‐deer collisions with increasing population density should be incorporated into future modelling of harvesting strategies if the aim is to maximise the economic outcome at a national scale.
Supplemental feeding of migratory mooseAlces alces: forest damage at two spatial scales
Authors: Gundersen Hege , Andreassen Harry P. , Storaas Tor stein
Published: May 2018

Landowners in southeast Norway have supplied mooseAlces alceswith ensilaged bales of hay for up to eight winters. The incentive has been to limit migratory movements into heavily trafficated winter areas and away from young forest plantations. In this article, we report on landscape characteristics that increase the use of feeding stations, and on how browsing activity on Scots pinePinus sylvestristwigs as well as leader stems of both pine and Norway sprucePicea abieswas associated with distance to feeding stations at two different spatial scales: 1) at a local scale we sampled data from 50 m2observational plots up to 200 m from the feeding stations, and 2) at a regional scale we sampled data at all available young forest plantations up to 7 km from a feeding station. The probability that a feeding station was used increased towards the bottom of side valleys. The frequency of use of feeding stations increased annually, with increasing distance to other feeding stations, and with increasing distance to the more populated main valley. Moose‐induced browse damage was extensive at proximate distances (< 200 m) to feeding stations, decreased to a minimum at 1–2 km, and increased slightly again at 3–7 km distance from less intensely used feeding stations. Indices of moose activity distribution (i.e. piles of faecal pellets) resembled browsing activity.
Trends and spatial patterns in ungulate‐vehicle collisions in Sweden
Authors: Seiler Andreas
Published: May 2018

I studied trends and the spatial variation in ungulate‐vehicle collisions (UVC) in Sweden varying the spatial resolution in order to test the hypothesis that UVC are proportional to animal density and traffic volume. Spatial patterns were studied at the level of individual hunting areas (N = 311), moose management districts (N = 95), and counties (N = 22), whereas trends in UVC were studied at national, county and district level covering periods of 30,16 and 12 years, respectively. During 1970–1999 the overall number of reported collisions with moose Alces alces and roe deer Capreolus capreolus was closely correlated with changes in annual game bags and the increase in traffic volume. Large‐scale spatial variations in UVC also showed a strong correlation with harvest and traffic. The ratio of collision numbers to harvest, however, increased significantly over time, suggesting a growing importance of traffic over ungulate management. With increased resolution, other environmental factors such as preferred habitat, road density and the presence of road underpasses that can provide passages for wildlife, gained significance over ungulate density and traffic volume. My results suggest that the relationship between animal abundance, road traffic, mitigation measures and collision numbers are not linear. For future prediction, evaluation and mitigation of UVC in Sweden, improved knowledge about passage design, fence location, and the occurrence of UVC in time and space is needed.
Medical Regulation
Authors: Yam Carrie H.K. , Griffiths Sian M. , Liu S. , Wong Eliza L.Y. , Chung Vincent C.H. , Yeoh E.K.
Published: May 2018

The licensing and regulation of physicians is an important topic worldwide and is often tied to discussions in various countries of health care system reform. We conducted a review of current practices for regulating physicians as a key group of health care professionals in eight jurisdictions in Asia and other parts of the world in order to draw implications for the development of future regulatory policies in Hong Kong. Jurisdictions studied included Australia, Canada, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. A literature search, supplemented by interviews, was conducted. In analyzing information gathered about global regulatory systems, we used a framework for comparing regulatory typology, developed by the RAND Europe research institute. Our review found that the jurisdictions studied exhibited both similarities and differences in terms of how physicians are regulated and by whom. As a result of our search, we were able to identify 10 key trends in international medical regulation of importance to Hong Kong as it considers reforms to its health care system overall:Changes in medical regulation are seen as a way of improving the quality of patient care.Reform of medical regulation often requires government legislation.The creation of common principles for policies, structures and the organization of regulation between professions is an emerging practice.The involvement of lay people on boards and in inquiries is increasingly common.Medical regulation is moving away from models of self-regulation and toward regulatory models that emphasize partnership between professions and the public, physicians and patients.Health care providers and institutional regulators play complementary roles in medical regulation.Regulation impacts the quality of care — not just the detection and remediation of poor performance.Investigatory and disciplinary functions are increasingly separated and organized independently of each other.Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is compulsory for physicians in many jurisdictions.Overseas medical graduates are admitted into practice in different ways from country to country.

These trends are important for regulators in all countries to note as they assess the basic structure and effectiveness of their own medical regulatory systems.
Counting Physicians in Specialties: By What They Do or How They Train?
Authors: Ricketts Thomas C. , Fraher Erin P. , Spero Julie C.
Published: May 2018

The number of actively practicing physicians in the United States is not precisely known, nor do we know the total number of physicians required to meet population needs. The possible gap between these two numbers is a controversial issue, especially for primary care physicians. Primary care physicians can be counted in more than one way, either by their “area of practice” (in other words, what they do) or by the specialty in which they train. Regulatory agencies and other health organizations see the area of practice as more relevant to understanding physician supply. In North Carolina, the counts of primary care physicians were historically based on specialty of training. In 2010, the way physicians were counted was changed from definition by specialty of training to definition by area of practice, which resulted in an apparent drop in the number of primary care physicians by more than 16% in a single year. When terms such as “hospitalist,” “urgent care,” “student health,” and “integrative medicine” were added to describe additional practice areas of physicians, most of the loss was accounted for. Researchers, regulators and policy makers need to be aware of the effects of a shift in how physicians are counted and assigned to specialties to understand the extent of pending shortages.
Standardized Assessment of Pharmacists' Patient Care Competencies:
Authors: Austin Zubin , Williams Deanna , Marini Anthony
Published: May 2018

Assessing the ongoing competence of practicing health care professionals requires regulators to balance complex demands of governments and the public, as well as interests and concerns of practitioners. A proliferation of models has evolved across professions and jurisdictions. In this article, we report on a model utilizing standardized assessment using best-practice measurement techniques and methods for evaluation of ongoing (i.e., post-registration) clinical competencies in the profession of pharmacy in Ontario, Canada. This model involves categorization of the profession into an active patient-facing and non patient-facing register, implementation of a learning portfolio requirement to replace mandatory continuing education credit accumulation, and the use of standardized assessment techniques, such as a multiple-choice test of clinical knowledge and an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of clinical reasoning and interpersonal skills. Lessons learned from the development, implementation and retrospective analysis of almost two decades of data from this program can provide regulators in diverse professions and different jurisdictions with tools for standardized assessment of patient care competencies.
Quality Assurance and Maintenance of Competence Assessment Mechanisms in the Professions:
Authors: Austin Zubin , Gregory Paul A.M.
Published: May 2018

Regulatory bodies of health and non-health professions around the world have developed a diverse array of mechanisms to ensure maintenance of competence of practitioners. Quality assurance of professionals' practices is crucial to the work of regulators, yet there are few examples of interprofessional or cross-jurisdictional comparisons of approaches and mechanisms used to achieve this important objective. This review was undertaken using an indicative sampling method: to control for local cultural factors, all regulated health- and non-health professions in a single jurisdiction (Ontario, Canada) were studied, while intra-jurisdictional comparison was facilitated through targeted study of large professions (such as medicine, pharmacy and teaching) in other English-language jurisdictions (such as California, USA; the United Kingdom and Australia). A total of 91 regulated professions were examined to identify trends, commonalities and differences related to approaches used for professional quality assurance and maintenance of competence assessment. A diverse array of approaches was identified, highlighting divergent approaches to defining and measuring competency in the professions. Further comparative work examining this issue is required to help identify best- and promising-practices that can be shared among regulators from different jurisdictions and professions.
A Census of Actively Licensed Physicians in the United States, 2016
Authors: Young Aaron , Chaudhry Humayun J. , Pei Xiaomei , Arnhart Katie , Dugan Michael , Snyder Gregory B.
Published: May 2018

An accurate understanding of the demographic and state medical licensure characteristics of physicians in the United States is critical for health care workforce planning. Overall changes in the nation's population demographics, state and federal medical regulatory policies and dynamics surrounding the ongoing health care reform debate further highlight the need to have an up-to-date census of actively licensed physicians across all medical specialties.

This article uses data received by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) from the nation's state medical and osteopathic licensing boards to report and summarize key features of actively licensed physicians in the United States and the District of Columbia. Our biennial census, current through the end of 2016, identifies a total of 953,695 actively licensed allopathic and osteopathic physicians serving a national population of 323 million people. This represents a net physician-increase of 12% from the 2010 census. From 2010 to 2016, the actively licensed U.S. physician-to-population ratio increased from 277 physicians per 100,000-population to 295 physicians per 100,000-population. Females now make up one-third of all licensed physicians, with osteopathic physicians and Caribbean medical graduates continuing to demonstrate substantial increases in both their absolute numbers and as a percentage of all actively licensed physicians from the 2010 to 2016 time period.
A ‘Period of Maladjustment’:
Authors: Caldicott Catherine V.
Published: May 2018

Rapid changes in the medical practice environment pose novel ethical challenges for clinicians. As during any time of great innovation, unanticipated conflicts, problems, or ethical questions may arise, creating a “period of maladjustment” between the introduction of the innovation or technological advancement and the point at which society achieves consensus on the appropriate use of that innovation or advancement. This article reports examples of physicians and physician assistants who exercised poor judgment — often in the absence of systems or structural supports — when faced with novel ethical dilemmas involving advancements such as electronic health records, social media, medical marijuana certification, and access to an international marketplace for drugs and devices. It suggests areas for intervention for licensing boards, educators, and other oversight entities that may better equip licensees to address these novel ethical dilemmas. Finally, because the primacy of patient welfare cannot be the responsibility of individual providers alone, this article supports a call to action for organizations to develop structures to support a culture of professionalism dedicated to safeguarding patients, clinicians, and the profession of medicine itself in this new medical environment.
A Glossary in Support of Physicians' Continuing Professional Development Across the World
Authors: Smith Amy L. , Regnier Kate , McKenna Mindi K. , Staz Mark L. , Warken Mya A.
Published: May 2018

As the physician learning environment becomes more global, the importance of a common language for CME/CPD is becoming increasingly important in order that physicians, the regulatory community, and the public may grasp the meaning of particular terms and understand the context in which they are being used. Establishment of a common language for continuing professional development is essential for developing substantive equivalency agreements among regulatory jurisdictions and improving the quality of CME/CPD systems worldwide. The International Academy for CPD Accreditation (IACPDA) developed a glossary of commonly used terms and consensus-based definitions of those terms. There is not an expectation that accrediting bodies must change their terminology to conform to the glossary. Rather, the intent is for the glossary to facilitate greater understanding and potential for harmonization of standards among CME/CPD accreditors, certifying boards, medical regulatory authorities and other stakeholders, thus enabling improvement worldwide in the quality of CME/CPD activities in which health professionals participate, and therefore improvement in their competence and practice performance. This article highlights synergies created by a standardization in CME/CPD terminology and summarizes the methodology used, and design of, the new glossary of terminology by the IACPDA. While the IACPDA has identified modifications and enhancements to be incorporated into future updates, the current glossary is already publicly accessible. The IACPDA welcomes comments from all stakeholders, including the medical regulatory community.
Eksplorasi Keragaman FMA yang Bersimbiosis dengan Beberapa Tanaman Budidaya Pada Deposit Fosfat Alam Ayamaru
Authors: Suparno Antonius , Purnomo Dwiana Wasgito , Amat Karyoto Sardi
Published: May 2018

The research was conducted at Soroan, Ayamaru District, South Sorong, Papua. �The objective of the study was to observe the diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) that symbiosis with cultivated plants at the Ayamaru rock phosphates deposit. Based on the observation, there were four AMF associated with nine cultivated plants at the Ayamaru rock phosphates deposit, namely genus Glomus, Acaulospora, Sclerocystis and Gigaspora. Genus Glomus had the greatest diversity (13 types) followed by Acaulospora which comprised of seven types.� On the other hand, the diversity of genus Sclerocystis and Gigaspora only consisted of two types and one type, respectively.
Kandungan Fenol, Flavonoid dan Terpenoid Ekstrak Metanol Daun Akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.)
Authors: Cepeda Gino Nemesio , Santoso Bimo Budi , Lisangan Meike Meilan
Published: May 2018

Akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.) is the woody, evergreen and aromatic plant that is member of winteraceae family. This plant is used for medical purpose by Sougb tribe lived in Sururey village, Manokwari District. The medical value of the plant lies in some phytochemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on human body. The objective of the research was to know phenol, flavonoid and terpenoid content of akway leaves extracted by methanol. The results indicated that extract methanol of akway leaves contains total phenol 186.40 mg/g and flavonoid 70 mg/g. The main terpenoid compound composed extract was caryophyllene in concentration of 37.09%.
Mekanisme Parasitisme antara Fusarium lateritium (Cendawan Penyebab Gaharu) dan Cendawan Soil Born di Daerah Rhizosfer Pohon Gaharu (Aquilaria filarial)
Authors: Ruimassa Reymas M. R.
Published: May 2018

As a kind of plant that has many utilities, experiments about inoculation method of gaharu are done continously. One method that is considered succesful is natural innoculation method which is naturally infected gaharu causing pathogens directly into the soil. In this method, pathogens are directly expected to infect plants root and causing gaharu in tree pig. This research is performed in vivo in the laboratory of plant pests and diseases Fapertek Unipa, by growing the pathogen causes gaharu and soil fungi in the same dish. Observations were made on the types of soil fungi, gaharu causing pathogens and parasites mechanism arising between soil fungi and gaharu pathogens. Results showed that soil fungi inside rhizosf
Struktur Masyarakat Imekko di Kabupaten Sorong Selatan
Authors: Sagrim Mecky
Published: May 2018

Social structure is a construction of social relations which explains relation within a social institution. This concept is important to understand community effort in establishing the interrelation between aspects of traditional and modern. The aim of this research was to explore the social structure of Imekko community including their social structure and kinship, social interaction, leadership structure, and decision pattern of leadership. The results show that the important factors in the society such as cita-textile (kain-cita), block-textile (kain-blok), cleaver, spear, axe, and the ownership of orchad/ forest sagoo and other resources are not used in the grouping of the society hierarchically. Kinship system adopted is assessed based on the pattern of inheritance (patrilineal). Marriage system adopted is exogamy which is not allowed marriage between couple who is having consanguinity or coming from the same clan. Indigenous custom adopted is virilokal which requires the newly married couples to be settled in the husband's extended family environment. Social interaction in society is associative that seen in the bond of marriage, religious tolerance, verbal communication, custom meeting, and the goods exchange. Dissociative process is rarely occurs, even so it is only at the level of disagreement. There are two systems of leadership that is formal and non-formal. The authority usually depends on the status or social position of the leader and the decision making system is based on consensus.
Kandungan Pati pada Tiga Fase Pertumbuhan Sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb)
Authors: Santoso Budi
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this research is to determine the starch content in three phase of sago growth. Sago type used was sago thorn from sago forest in Sorong Regency. The method used is the experimental with observation techniques. The observed growth phase that is full trunk, bolting, and young fruiting. Observation yield of starch made in every section of sago trunk. From the result of these calculation are used to calculate the starch content per tree. The result showed that yield of starch in each section of sago trunk varies depending on the its growth phase. The average yield of starch in all phases of growth ranged from 9,80 to 16,40% and include the category �low�. While the starch yield per tree in all phase of growth ranged from 231,99 � 296,59 kg per tree and include the category �medium�.
Kelembagaan Masyarakat dan Struktur Agraria serta Keberlanjutan Sumberdaya Alam di Kawasan Capa
Authors: Sagrim Mecky
Published: May 2018

Aim of the research as follows: (1) inquisitive about variation of laws in regulating agrarian resources use, (2) function of traditional law in regulation at used of natural resources and related with existence on natural preservation-in formal law, and (3) inquiring influence outsider intervention to local institutions with the agrarian structure and relationship between expectation agrarian conflict. The unity of the study is Arfak community-as much as local community- was that administrative limited seatle in certain locations around natural preservation area of the Arfak Mountain. The trategy of the research is case study, while analysis of the data with qualitative manner. Result of the research is in the locations study beside property right of local community and movement of Arfak community from high land include at the resettlement programme. Not a problem related with economic subsistence with economic un-security because group property right community give free to the movement community for use to agriculture developing. For developing concept of forest sustainable as nit side to one side, income several NGO as well as role as institution relationship (young-shoot autonomy) for accommodation importance various party supra-village in relationship with existence natural preservation area of the Arfak Mountain and the party of local community in related of security in economic subsistence.
Status Ekonomi Jamur Patogen Tomat di Manokwari akibat Penggunaan Varietas Introduksi Baru
Authors: Meliala Cipta
Published: May 2018

Economic status of fungi pathogenic on tomato was affected by introducing of new varieties of tomato in Manokwari. Observation on Amelia, Ratna and Permata, was found that fungus is responsible in a leaf disease, wilting, and fruit rot. Leaf disease was caused by Cercospora sp. And Corynespora sp. The fungus which causing a leaf disease in this observation was one of major disesase with disease intensity is 20 to 80 percent. Other disease such as wilt caused by Fusarium sp. and Sclerotinia sp.; and fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum sp. become a minor disease with disease intensity is 0 � 2 percent.
Peran Sektor Pertanian Arti Luas dalam Perekonomian Papua (Pendekatan Model Input-Output)
Authors: Waromi Josina
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study is to know contribution of agriculture sectors on Gross Domestic Product of Papua in 2002 based on input-output table analysis. The result of analyzing shows that contribution of agriculture sectors in broad meaning to Gross Domestic Regional Product of Papua about 20,11% . Based on backward linkage analysis, it describes that plantations subsector; animal husbandry subsector and fishery subsector have an increase number in backward linkage, on the other hand backward linkage of food crops goes down. Furthermore, forward linkage of agriculture sectors which have link with others sector is fall in 2002. In conclusion, contribution of agriculture setors on Gross Domestic Regional product of Papua in 2002 is still low. In case link internal sector in agriculture sector such as animal husbandry with food crops subsector and plantations subsector are higher than forestry subsector. Therefore, anything which need to be considered by Papua Government are government provides stimulus agriculture sectors that have high link with others sector and also considers sectors that have strong backward and forward linkage in economic Papua.
Pendugaan Parameter Genetik Kedelai Generasi F4 pada Intensitas Cahaya Rendah
Authors: Mustamu Yohanis Amos , Trikoesoemaningtyas Trikoesoemaningtyas , Wirnas Desta , Sopandie Didy , Arsyad Darman M.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to collect information on genetic parameter and agronomy character of soybean F4 generation in the low light intensity condition. The parameter was tested to 130 lines F4 which are produced by Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian (BBP2TP) Boor and the genotype of Sibayak, Tegal, Tanggamus, and Argomulyo were used as controls. The experiment was conducted in the university�s experimental field in Cikabayan, from September to December 2007. A total of 130 advance (F4) soybean lines were evaluated under shading in an augmented design experiment. The result of this study showed that all character has low genetic coefficient. The weight character of 25 grains has a considerably high heritability number in low li
Epidemi Penyakit Busuk Buah yang Disebabkan oleh Phytopthora palmivora Butl. Pada Perkebunan Rakyat di Distrik Kosiwo, Yapen Selatan dan Angakaisera, Kabupaten Yapen
Authors: Paiki Frenki Arthur , Ruimassa Reymas M. R. , Wayeni Yonas
Published: May 2018

The objective of this research is to know the pod rot disease�s epidemic in Kosiwo, South Yapen and Angkaisera Distric in Yapen regency. The result shown that the disease intensity in Kosiwo, South Yapen, and Angkaisera is ranged between 54.2 percent to 82.4 percent with average 66 percent. The high level of damage is 82.4 percent found in Ariepi village Kosiwo district and the low level of damage is 54.2 percent in Kontiunai village. The high level of disease intensity is influence by the plant�s susceptibility, the virulence of pathogen, compatibility of environment, and disease management of farmer.
Symptoms Development as Tools to Differentiate Dorizontal Resistance in Sunflower
Authors: Meliala Cipta , Fear Felicity , Tourvieille de Labrouhe Denis
Published: May 2018

Downy mildew symptoms caused by Plasmopara halstedii encountered in sunflower plantation are varied. This variation may be related to the resistance mechanism presented by plant to the invasion of the fungus. Our objectives were firstly is to evaluate symptom development after fungus race 710 inoculation on some vegetative stage of susceptible hybrid. Second objective is to evaluate the reaction some sunflower genotypes after fungus inoculation. The study was conducted under controlled conditions or under netting cages in the field. The development of downy mildew symptoms were affected by all factors studied. Shoot inoculation may present a good method to produce downy mildew symptom similar to the natural infection. Downy mildew symptom progression may be used to screen a genotype with a horizontal resistance.
Analisis Sidik Lintas dan Seleksi Diskriminan Galur-galur Kedelai untuk Toleransi Terhadap Intensitas Cahaya Rendah
Authors: Mustamu Yohanis Amos
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to develop soybean lines adapted to low light intensity for intercropping with rubber trees. The experiment was conducted in the University Farm experimental field in Cikabayan, from September to December 2007. A total of 67 advanced (F7) soybean lines were evaluated under shading and open field in an Augmented Design experiment. Parental lines Ceneng, Pangrango, Godek and Slamet were used as control. The results showed that the number of filled pod has the highest direct effect on yield (0.552). Soybean lines selected for tolerance to low light intensity based on number of filled pod are PG-36-8, CP 32-1, CG, 23-7, CS-38-1, CS- 45-4, CS-52-1, GC- 22-10.