bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH AND YIELD OF EARLY, MID AND LATE SEASON CULTIVARS OF BROCCOLI AND CAULIFLOWER
Authors: Setyowati Nanik , Knavel Dean E.
Published: February 2019

Plant growth and yield of broccoli (`Green Comet'), and cauliflower (`Majestic', `Snow Crown') cultivars were evaluated by no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) in the fall 1987 with NH4NO3 applied dry or through the trickle line. Total plant dry weight, plant stand, average head weight and number of heads harvested were not affected by tillage system. `Snow Crown' plants had less of the following leaf area, dry weight, plant stand, number of heads harvested, and total head weight, than `Majestic', especially in NT where NH4NO3 applied dry. In the greenhouse, cauliflower cultivars had similar leaf area, leaf dry weight, and mot dry weight at 30, 45, and 60 days after growing in sand culture while broccoli cultivars had similar leaf area, leaf dry weight, and mot dry weight after 35, 50, and 65 days. Generally, nutrient uptake was similar at each sampling date for cultivars within crops. Cultivars had similar leaf water and osmotic potentials when grown for 2 weeks in modified growth chambers at either 23.9 or 29.4 C day, and 18.3 C night. These plants were then root-pruned and grown in sand culture for 3 weeks. Leaf area, mot dry weight, and plant dry weight was greeter for `Majestic' than for `Snow Crown' and `Olympus'.
MODIFICATION OF THE BEAN BETA-PHASEOLIN GENE AND RELATED IMPACT ON EXPRESSION IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO.
Authors: Reichert Nancy A. , Kemp John D.
Published: February 2019

Beta-phaseolin, the seed storage protein gene isolated from French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) displays the same developmental pattern of protein accumulation when transferred into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) The phaseolin gene was modified and then introduced into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation to look for changes in phaseolin gene expression. Modifications included substitution of the promoter region with that of CaMV 35S, the removal of 3, 4, or all 5 introns, substitution of the 3' untranslated region with that of nopaline synthase, and reversal of internal DNA sequences. All gene constructions (with the exception of those containing reversed sequences) displayed overall correct developmental regulation-phaseolin protein preferentially accumulated to comparable levels at the correct stage of seed maturation.
POLYGALACTURONASE IN POLLENS
Authors: Pressey Russell
Published: February 2019

Polygalacturonase (PG) in higher plants has been considered to be associated with ripening fruits although it is now known to be present in foliage and storage organs. We recently found very high levels of PG in some grass pollens (Plant Science 59, 57-62, 1989). This prompted an examination of other pollens for PG activity. All of the pollens analyzed contained PG but the range of activities was great. Eastern cottonwood pollen contained the most PG, with a level about 12 times higher than that usually found in ripe tomato fruit. Pollens from the other members of Populus were generally high in PG. Pollens from the oak family also contained very high PG, with the highest amount in white oak pollen. Pollens from pecan, English walnut, willows, birch and hickories contained moderate levels of PG. The lowest amounts of PG were found in pollens from beech, sycamore and conifers. The PG's from the two richest sources (eastern cottonwood and white oak pollens) were partially purified and characterized. Both enzymes were found to be exopolygalacturonases that require Ca2+ for activity. PG may be involved in some function related to pollination but an explanation for the wide range of activities indifferent pollen is not obvious.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TRICHOMES IN THE LYCOPERSICON SPECIES USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Authors: Ricotta Jacqueline A. , Masiunas John B.
Published: February 2019

In the past few years, leaf trichomes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and related wild species have received considerable attention due to their potential role in insect resistance. However, the last complete characterization of all 7 trichome types was by Luckwill in 1943, before the advent of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Since that time, the taxonomic designations of the genus have been modified, expanding from 6 species to 9. The purpose of this work was to use SEM to observe and record trichome types from the presently accepted Lycopersicon species, and determin etheir species specific distribution. Studies have shown variation within trichome type due to number of cells per trichome, and base and surface characteristics.
THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON WATER IMBIBITION AND RADICLE GROWTH OF SEEDS
Authors: Liang Benjamin , Brown John M.
Published: February 2019

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging is currently being investigated as a nondestructively and noninvasively observing plant-water relationships, Researchers have not considered the effects of magnetic fields on plant growth and development. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of magnetic fields on seed water imbibition and radicle growth. Corn (cv. pioneer 3379), pea (cv. little marvel), and soybean (cvs. forrest and D86-4669) seeds were embedded in petri dishes with water saturated Smither's oasis porus foam, and were oriented for the East, South, West, and North. Seeds were exposed to either 1.5 Tesla or 1×10-10 Tesla static magnetic field for 48 hours. Changes in seed weights and radicle lengths were measured. Results showed that the strong magnetic field and seed orientations had no effect on the water imbibition rate. However, growth of corn and pea radicles was affected by the magnetic field. The 1.5 Tesla magnetic field enhanced the growth of corn radicle length, whereas it retarded the growth of pea radicles.
PHOTOCONTROL OF DIOSCOREA ALATA PLANTLET GROWTH IN VITRO
Authors: John Joan , Courtney William , Decoteau Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

The effects of light spectral quality on Discorea alata cv, Oriental in vitro grown plantlets were investigated. Cultured nodes were treated with red (R) or far-red (FR) light at the end of a 14 hr photoperiod. End-of-day (EOD) light treatments did not affect organogenesis. EOD FR light increased average internode lengths as compared to plantlets treated with EOD R light. The EOD FR enhancement of internode elongation was reversed by following the FR with R suggesting the involvement of phytochrome. There were no residual light effects on subsequent plantlet development from subcultured nodes or potted plantlets after EOD light treatments were terminated.
CALCIUM FERTILIZATION AND CULTIVAR AFFECT WATERMELON RIND THICKNESS AND RESILIENCY
Authors: Scott W.D. , McCraw B.D.
Published: February 2019

Three cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), `Crimson Sweet', `Charleston Gray' and `Tri-X Seedless' were grown in combination with 4 levels of soil applied calcium (0, 280, 560, 1120 kg Ca/ha). Gypsum was incorporated into 6 m plots on 5 m centers then covered with black plastic mulch. Irrigation requirements were provided through a M-wall drip system and soil water status monitored with tensiometers. Transplants were spaced 1.2 m apart in-row spacing allowing for 5 plants per plot and replicated times. Rind tissue from mature watermelon fruit was divided into 4 sections, blossom-end, middle top, grounds spot and stem end. Each section was measured for resistance to shear and puncture by a Model T-1200-G texture and tenderometer system. Thickness was also measured. Lab determinations for total and extractable calcium on the sections was done to determine if there is a relationship between rind resiliency and calcium concentration. Data will be presented et the meeting.
CAFFEINE AND THEOBROMINE ARE SYNTHESIZED BY TWO DIFFERENT PATHWAYS IN LEAVES OF COFFEA ARABICA
Authors: Nazario Gladys M. , Lovatt Carol
Published: February 2019

A study was undertaken to identify the pathway(s) leading to the synthesis of caffeine and theobromine in leaves of Coffea arabica. The relative contribution of purine nucleosidcs and bases to the biosynthesis of these alkaloids was assessed by measuring the incorporation of radiolabeled inosine, adenosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine into caffeine and theobromine.

The results of this investigation suggest that caffeine and theobromine are end products of two distinctively different pathways. The incorporation of radiolabeled formate, adenosine, and xanthine was significantly greater into caffeine than into theobromine. Furthermore, exogenously supplied theobromine did not dilute the incorporation of [14C]formate, [14C]inosine, or [14C]xanthine into caffeine. In contrast, radiolabeled adenine was incorporated into theobromine but not into caffeine, and exogenously supplied adenine diluted the incorporation of [14 C]adenosine into theobromine, but not into caffeine.

Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that theobromine is not a precursor of caffeine biosynthesis in leaves of C. arabica.

Supported by the Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of California, Riverside,
FRUCTANS ISOLATED FROM FLOWERS AND STEMS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM MORIFOLIUM
Authors: Trusty Susan E. , Miller William B. , Smith Dale
Published: February 2019

In order to more fully understand flower growth and development, we are interested in carbohydrate partitioning and metabolism in floricultural crops. In recent work with Chrysanthemum, we noted the occurrence of several early-eluting carbohydrate peaks (as detected by HPLC with a resin-based column in the calcium form). These peaks were present in flowers and stems, and in lesser amounts in leaves. Acid hydrolysis of the unknowns liberated large amounts of fructose and much smaller amounts of glucose, indicating that these peaks are fructans, or medium chain-length fructose polymers. Fructans represented 10% and 25% of the carbohydrate in a 12:5:3 methanol: chloroform: water extract of leaves and stems, respectively. Flower petals were extracted with 95%. ethanol, then with water. Fructans accounted for more than 40'% of the water soluble carbohydrate in flower bud tissue. It is likely that fructans serve as a major reserve carbohydrate in Chrysanthemum. Additional studies are underway to better characterize flower petal fructans, and to understand their role in flower development.
NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF SWEET POTATO CULTIVARS IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA.
Authors: Ndolo P.J. , Rhoden E.G. , Carver G. W.
Published: February 2019

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the uptake, accumulation and percent recovery of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cv `TI-155', `Centennial', `Georgia Jet' and `Rojo Blanco'. These cultivars were grown in a fritted clay medium and harvested after 42 and 32 days. There were no significant difference in total elements uptake among the cultivars at 42 days. However, Georgia Jet accumulated more P and K than TI-155 and had higher levels of K than Rojo Blanco at day 82. Total accumulation of elements increased significantly from 42 to 82 days. Leaves accounted for most of the plant N at both harvest periods. Storage roots contained significantly more K than leaves, vines or fibrous roots. Percent N, P and K uptake was significantly lower at 42 than at 82 days. Cultivars also had no significant difference in percent uptake at day 42. However, at day 82, Georgia Jet showed a significantly higher P and K percent recovery than Rojo Blanco.
DOES CHRYSANTHEMUM DISPLAY AN ENDOGENOUS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF STEM ELONGATION?
Authors: Tutty Jason , Hicklenton Peter
Published: February 2019

The rate of internodal extension of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. cv. Envy) under various temperature and photoperiod conditions was studied to determine whether reproducible diurnal patterns of growth existed and whether any such patterns conformed to an endogenous circadian rhythm. Stem growth was monitored continuously by means of linear displacement voltage transducers. At constant temperature and under 11 h light/13 h dark photoperiod, stem elongation followed a clearly defined pattern consisting of a peak in rate immediately after the dark to light transition and then a gradual decline until the start of the dark period. During darkness, elongation rate increased and reached a maximum approximately 8 hours after the light to dark transition. This pattern differed when light period temperature was either above or below dark period temperature, but these patterns were also highly reproducible. When plants were subjected to continuous light at constant temperature, the rhythm of stem elongation initially showed a periodicity of approximately 27 hours. After 2 or 3 diurnal cycles the rhythm was less distinct and the rate became essentially constant. Furthermore, the interruption of a long period of continuous light with a 13 h dark period did not restore the rhythm. These findings do not support the existence of an endogenous circadian rhythm of stem elongation. Diurnally-cued rhythms do, however, exist and can be modified by temperature.
REGENERATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF VFNT CHERRY TOMATO
Authors: Van Eck J.M. , Earle E.D.
Published: February 2019

Regeneration from VFNT Cherry tomato was optimized prior to transformation. Cotyledon and hypocotyl sections from 7-day-old in vitro grown VFNT Cherry tomato were cultured on medium containing MS salts, B5 vitamins and the following per liter: sucrose, 30g; zeatin, 1 mg; IAA, 0.1 mg; agar, 8.0g or GelriteR, 2.2g. Culture conditions investigated included cotyledon and upper hypocotyl explant lengths, light vs. dark germination, and agar vs. GelriteR. The conditions which resulted in the highest average number of shoots per explant were cotyledon basal explants 2 mm in length, 3.95; cotyledons from dark germination, 6.2; and hypocotyls from light germination, 8.6. An equal number of shoots regenerated on medium containing agar or GelriteR, however, shoots regenerated on medium containing agar were more vigorous. Cotyledon and hypocotyl sections were cocultivated with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector pBI121 containing the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) and B-glucuronidasc (GUS) genes. Transformants were selected by regeneration and rooting on medium containing kanamycin. Southern blot and PCR analysis indicated regeneranrs contain the NPTII and GUS genes. Mapping the chromosomal location of the NPTII gene is in progress.
CONTROL OF PERENNIAL GRASSES ON CULTIVATED AND UNCULTIVATED LAND
Authors: Al-Juboory Bakir A.
Published: February 2019

This experiment was conducted to determine effects of herbicides on the control of noxious perennial grass weeds. The results indicate that the rate, timing, duration and number of applications employed were the major factors in the successful control of perennial grass weeds such as Cogon Grass (Imperala cylindrica), Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense), Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus) and Common Red (Phragmites spp.), commonly found in Iraq growing both in cultivated fields and wild on uncultivated land.
BLUE LIGHT AND ELEVATED CO2 INDUCE LIGNIN SYNTHESIS IN WHEAT
Authors: Bubenheim David L.
Published: February 2019

The role of spectral quality and CO2 concentration in environmental control of lignin synthesis in spring wheat is being studied by the NASA Controlled Ecological Life Support System Program (CELSS). Wheat cultivars were exposed to four different spectral environments provided by 1) metal halide lamps (MH), 2) high pressure sodium lamps (HPS), 3) low pressure sodium lamps (LPS; almost monochromatic, 589 nm), or 4) LPS plus low irradiance blue light (5 μmol m-2 s-1; LPS + Blue) at equal photosynthetic photon flux. Stem lignin content was suppressed 25% under the LPS compared with the MH and HPS; blue addition (LPS + Blue) resulted in 25% greater lignin content compared with the LPS alone and 8% suppression compared with MH and HPS. CO2 studies compared lignin content of wheat grown in the field, greenhouse at 350 μmol mol-1 CO2, and growth chambers at 350 and 700 μmol mol-1 CO2, Lignin content was greatest and equal in the field and growth chamber at 700 μmol mol-1 CO2. Lowest lignin content was measured in the growth chamber at 350 μmol mol-1 CO2; lignin content in the greenhouse was intermediate between that measured in the field and growth chamber at 350 μmol mol-1 CO2, Additional CO2 studies in controlled environments will be discussed.
VEGETABLE AND GRAIN AMARANTH SEED YIELD AND QUALITY AFFECTED BY APPLIED NITROGEN
Authors: Makus D. J.
Published: February 2019

Twenty-one day old seedlings of a vegetable amaranth (RCC 241, Amaranthus tricolor) and a grain amaranth (K343, A. hybridus × A. hvpocondriacus) were transplanted on July 28, 1989. Equal applications of NH4N O3 were made on July 28 and August 25 to give total N rates of 0, 60, 120 and 240 kg/ha. Accessions were harvested on Oct. 18 and 14, respectively. Increasing N, induced a quadratic response in plant dry wt, seed wt/plant and seed size fractions in both amaranth types. Seed size fractions as a percent of the total seed, plant height and seed to plant dry weight ratio were not affected by increased N. Seed protein increased linearly whereas seed nitrate increased quadratically with increasing N application. Higher N rates increased residual soil NO3, NR4 and electrolytes and decreased pH. Decreasing soil pH appeared to reduce soil K and Cu but increase Fe and Mn availability. The effect of N rate on seed germination was inconclusive, but the larger seed size was higher in germination. There were differences among species in most responses tested. These data suggest that N applications be tailored to the season growing length required by the respective species/cultivar.
THE UNILATERAL INTERSPECIFIC CROSSING BARRIER IN LYCOPERSICON IS NOT SELF INCOMPATIBILITY
Authors: Liedl Barbara E. , Mutschler Martha A.
Published: February 2019

Little is known about the mechanisms controlling interspecific barriers, unlike the well studied intraspecific barrier, self incompatibility (SI),. A unilateral crossing barrier (unilateral incongruity - UI) exists among the Lycopersicon species, in which crossing is impeded or prevented in one direction. Since both UI and SI can give unilateral differences in seed set, suggestions have been made that UI and SI are functionally related. L. pennellii LA716 is self-compatible, unlike the other accessions which are SI, but LA716 still exhibits UI with L. esculentum (esc). We observed the development of pollen tubes in self and cross pollinations of LA716, esc and SI accessions of L. pennellii (pen). Selfed pollen tubes in esc were at the ovary in 24 hours, while pen were 1/2 way down the style and in LA716 the pollen had not germinated. By 48 hours, the pollen tubes in LA716 were in the ovary and growth had halted in pen styles. Crosses with LA716 pollen on esc and pen resulted in pollen tube growth starting within 24 hours continuing to the ovary. Thus, UI is not a SI response and LA716 shows a delayed pollen germination and growth unlike the other Lycopersicon species examined.
EFFECT OF CALCIUM CHELATORS ON WALL STRUCTURE AND DEEP SUPERCOOLING OF XYLEM PARENCHYMA OF PEACH
Authors: Wisniewski Michael , Davis Glen
Published: February 2019

The pit membrane of xylem parenchyma of peach plays an important role in deep supercooling. Enzyme hydrolysis of xylem tissue indicated that the pit membrane is rich in pectin. The objective of the present study was to determine if removal of calcium from the cell wall would effect deep supercooling by loosening the cell wall. Current year shoots of `Loring' peach were infiltrated with oxalic acid, EGTA, or sodium phosphate buffer for 24-48 hours and then prepared for either ultrastructural analysis or differential thermal analysis. The use of 5-50 mM oxalic acid resulted in a distinct reduction in the size of the low-temperature exotherm (LTE) with increasing concentration. Oxalic acid also produced a loosening and swelling of the pit membrane. The use of EGTA (100 mM) or NaP04 (150 mM) produced only a slight shift in the LTE to warmer temperatures when compared to fresh tissues. Heat treatments (30-100°C) also resulted in a gradual shift of the LTE to warmer temperatures. The data indicate that cross-linking of pectins may play a role in defining the pore structure of the pit membrane and that this area of the cell wall plays an integral role in deep supercooling of peach wood.
HERITABILITY ESTIMATES OF THERMODORMANCY IN LETTUCE
Authors: Ray Dennis , Smith Steven , Hurlburt Mark
Published: February 2019

Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) seeds imbibe water but most fail to germinate, This phenomenon now termed “thermodormancy” is prevalent in arid and semiarid climates like the southwest desert regions, Inheritance studies of thermodormancy were performed in two lettuce cultivars, Dabora (Dutch butterhead) and PI 251245 (a plant introduction from Egypt). Dabora will germinate up to 27 C and PI 251245 up to 36C. Reciprocal crosses were made. Pericarp color was used as a marker to determine successful crosses. Dabora X PI 251245 was used to estimate the heritability of thermodormancy by germinating seed from 10 F3 families and 160 F4 families at “high” temperatures.
EFFECTS OF PRECONDITIONING TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS ON BACTERIAL ICE NUCLEATION
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey
Published: February 2019

Epiphytic populations of ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria responded differently to preconditioning temperature treatments depending on plant species. Ice nucleation activity of inoculated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings was not affected by preconditioning temperature treatments of 7, 21, or 33C for 3 hr prior to freezing assays. In contrast, preconditioning at 33C for 3 hr prior to assay decreased mean freezing temperatures of inoculated pine shoots compared with preconditioning at 5C. Preconditioning treatments of pine shoots had a greater effect on freezing temperatures when tissues were submerged in water during treatment. Cucumber seedlings responded similarly regardless of whether they were exposed to preconditioning treatments with dry surfaces or in a saturated environment. Preconditioning temperatures had a greater effect on ice nucleation activity of bacterial suspensions than on plants harboring INA bacteria.
INHERITANCE OF PLANT REGROWTH AFTER HARVEST AND YIELD RELATED CHARACTERS IN GUAYULE
Authors: Dierig D. A. , Thompson A. E. , Ray D. T.
Published: February 2019

Guayule. (Parthenium argentatum Gray), a rubber-producing shrub of the southwest desert, is currently being investigated to increase rubber yields through a breeding and geneties program in Arizona. Reproduction and seed formation in guayule results from facultative apomixis with estimated occurrence between 85 and 95%. The degree of environmental and genetic influences on traits related to yield is unknown. Four guayule lines propagated both from cuttings and from seeds were compared to estimate the environmental influence on yield components. Yields were also examined on plants regenerated after harvest by clipping plants above ground level. The plants' ability to regenerate after a clipping harvest is dependent on both environmental and genetic influences. The yields were compared to unclipped plants of the same line.
FRUIT AGE AND SEED EXTRACTION PROCEDURES AFFECT GERMINABILITY OF CUCURBIT SEEDS
Authors: Nerson Haim
Published: February 2019

Fruits of four cucurbit crops, cucumber, melon, watermelon. and squash, were harvested 25, 35 and 45 days past anthesis (dpa) and their seeds were extracted immediately or after 10 or 20 days of pre-extraction storage. Upon extinction, the seeds were subjected or not subjected to fermentation, washing and drying, The effects of these procedures on terminability was examined immediately after extraction or after up to 48 months of storage. Cucumber, melon and watermelon reached full germinability by 35 dpa, but squash required a longer period. Fermentation and drying were important for improving terminability of immature seeds of cucumber, melon and watermelon. Fermentation had a deleterious effect on immature squash seeds, but drying and washing improved terminability of squash seeds. Washing of cucumber, melon and watermelon seeds increased the rate of germination but not the percentage. Pre-extraction storage had a positive effect on terminability but was less effective than leaving the fruit on the vine for a comparable period of time. The seed coat completed its growth earlier than did the embryo.
MUTANT SEEDLINGS OF CONIFERS FROM WITCHES'- BROOMS
Authors: Waxman Sidney
Published: February 2019

Seedlings obtained from mutations on conifer trees exhibit populations of dwarf shrubs. The general characteristics of the shrubs often differ from progeny to progeny. The most obvious difference between progenies is in annual rates of growth, with some showing growth rates 10 or more times greater than the slowest growing group. Differences that appear within each progeny include needle length, foliage coloration, branching habit and plant form. As a consequence, many interesting forms have been produced and named that are miniature, dwarf, and intermediate in size.

Variations in form include plants that are columnar, rounded, spreading, and weeping. Whereas variation in foliage color include blue-green, green, and gold.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF RUBUS FLORAL BUDS IN LIQUID NITROGEN
Authors: Gu Jianying , Warmund Michele , George Milon
Published: February 2019

Floral buds of `Royalty' purple raspberry and `Heritage' red raspberry were used to develop a cryopreservation method without loss of viability. The effects of prefreezing (PF), cooling rate, thawing rate, and cold storage at -7°C were tested. No survival was observed in samples immersed directly in LN2 whereas `Heritage' and `Royalty' had 90 and 97% survival after holding the samples at -22°C (`Heritage') or -18°C (`Royalty') for one week before immersion in LN2. In all cases, fast thawing resulted in a higher survival rate than slow thawing. Rapid cooling rate decreased the buds survival in LN2, however the effect was diminished when the samples were stored at the PF temperature for one week. The effect of both thawing and PF storage became less critical with bud dehydration. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was conducted on buds without any PF treatment and buds that were subjected to PF and cold storage. DTA samples that did not receive PF exhibited LTEs, while LTEs were absent in samples subjected PF for one week. Thus, the slow removal of intracellular water to extracellular ice appears to be associated with subsequent survival of Rubus buds in LN2.
MINERAL UPTAKE BY ROOTS OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS
Authors: Lim L.Y. , Hew C.S.
Published: February 2019

The kinetics and efficiency of uptake of minerals (ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium) by roots of three tropical orchid genera (Aranda, Dendrobium and Oncidium) were studied and compared. Mericloned plantlets of these three orchids were cultured in solid Vacin and Went medium. The pattern of mineral uptake by orchids of these three orchid genera was similar. There was a preferential uptake of ammonia over nitrate. Rapid nitrate uptake by roots began only after 3 weeks in culture. Initial uptake of potassium, calcium and magnesium were rapid but the residual levels of these minerals either remained constant (Mg, PO4) or increased (K, Ca) after the 4th week. The % of uptake for ammonium nitrate, phosphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium over 9 weeks of culture was 60-76%, 24-28%, 12.8-27%, 17–30%, 17-26% respectively for the three orchid genera. A good correlation between growth of plantlets and uptrake was observed.
CELL WALL SYNTHESIS IN `RUTGERS', RIN AND NOR TOMATO FRUIT
Authors: Mitcham Elizabeth J. , Gross Kenneth C. , Ng Timothy J
Published: February 2019

Cell wall synthesis during development and ripening of `Rutgers', rin and nor tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit was quantified by monitoring incorporation of 14C into outer pericarp cell walls after pedicel injection of (U-14C) - sucrose. Fruit color (Hunter “a” and “b” values) and firmness (Instron) were also monitored. 14C-Incorporation continued throughout development and ripening in `Rutgers' cell walls and exhibited a transient increase from late maturegreen to the turning stage. Incorporation of 14C into cell walls of rin pericarp tissue was similar to `Rutgers' at 20 days pest-anthesls (DPA) (immature-green) but decreased to a level similar to red `Rutgers' fruit by 35 DPA. Incorporation of 14C into nor pericarp cell walls was low throughout the experimental period (20 to 75 DPA). In contrast to previous reports, rin and nor pericarp tissue exhibitad a decrease in firmness of the outer pericarp. However, the rate of softening was slower than in `Rutgers'. Pericarp tissue from rin and nor fruit at 70 and 75 DPA, respectively, resisted compression as much as pink `Rutgers' pericarp tissue.
THE ANESTHETIC NITROUS OXIDE PROLONGS STORAGE LONGEVITY OF LYCHEE AND LONGAN SEED
Authors: Sowa Sharon , Roos Eric E. , Zee Francis
Published: February 2019

Seeds of the recalcitrant species Litch i chinénis and Euphoria longan were stored in humid conditions at 8-10C under three different atmospheres: air, 80% nitrous oxide (N20)/20 % oxygen, and 100% nitrous oxide. The combination of anesthetic and oxygen extended storage longevity of both species. Oxygen was required for maintenance of viability; seeds stored under 100% N20 lost germinability at the most rapid rate. Lychee seeds retained 92% of control germination after 12 weeks under 80% N20/20% 02, while those under air lost 56% viability. Longan seeds lost all viability after 7 weeks under air, yet retained 70% of their control germination under 80% N20/20% 02. The combination of anesthetic and oxygen atmospheres could provide a new approach to recalcitrant seed storage.
SHOOT GROWTH STIMULATION DURING SOFTWOOD CUTTING PROPAGATION OF BETULA AND FORSYTHIA
Authors: Pellett Norman , Heleba David
Published: February 2019

Gibberellic acid (GA) and benzyladenine (BA) were evaluated for stimulating shoot growth during rooting of softwood cuttings of two species whose propagation causes bud dormancy. Cuttings of Betula papyrifera Marsh. and Forsythia mandschurica Uyeki `Vermont Sun' were treated with 4 levels of GA or 2 levels of BA while rooting in a polyethylene-covered chamber humidified by fog. GA treated Forsythia produced longer shoots, but did not increase the percentage of cuttings producing new shoots (overcoming dormancy). GA treatments of Betula at 1000, 2500, and 5000 ppm resulted in reduced shoot growth and caused death of most cuttings. BA at 1000 ppm in a solution of ethanol, DMSO, and water was detrimental to cuttings.
UNTANGLING LEAF INJURY NOMENCLATURE IN THE LITERATURE
Authors: Conley M.E. , Pair J.C. , Paparozzi E. T.
Published: February 2019

During 1989, leaves of 3 cultivars of Acer saccharum were sampled from a cultivar trial. The purpose was to anatomically investigate development of leaves and incidence of foliar injury due to tatter. Previously, certain cultivars had been observed to be more predisposed to tatter than others. However, more injury symptoms than just tatter occurred. An extensive literature search revealed that definitions for each type of injury varied and often conflicted.

In this poster, photographs of various injuries plus the terms and definitions deemed most representative of what was observed will be presented. Terms explored will include tatter, windburn, sunburn, scorch and scald. Also, a separate symptom which may prompt creation of a new term. will be presented. This injury appears to be part of, but could be separate from, the etiology of leaf tatter. This new term must be considered carefully as preliminary results suggest that tatter does appear to be linked to anatomical differences among cultivars. A questionnaire soliciting opinions/reactions to the confusion in the literature, these terms, and the new term(s) will be featured. Hopefully, this will help resolve the leaf injury nomenclature dilemma.
FUMIGATION WITH CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR PROLONGING THE POST HARVEST LIFE OF GRAPES AND BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Patterson M. E , Apel G.
Published: February 2019

Table grapes cvs. Flame Seedless, Black Monukka and Canadice and blueberries cvs. Bluecrop and Northland were exposed to chlorine dioxide (C102) gas under laboratory conditions. Chlorine dioxide was generated chemically. Grapes were fumigated in a plexiglass chamber with C102 for 30 minutes, packed in TKV lugs with Botrytis inoculum planted among the clusters and stored at 0° C for 8 weeks. Blueberries were consumer packed with 5, 10, and 15 gr. Absorb (C102 generator) in Tyvex sachets, enclosed in pillow-pak bags and stored at 0° C for 75 days and at 20 or 30° C for 16 days.

At periodical intervals, moisture loss, decay and quality parameters were evaluated. Chlorine dioxide caused bleaching and skin injury around the capstem on blueberries but not on grapes. Decay was reduced with C102 treatment but moisture loss increased in blueberries. We could store grapes for two weeks without fungal growth. Storage for longer periods necessitated treatment with higher concentrations of C102 which were not generated under our laboratory conditions.
HEAT STRESS TOLERANCE AND SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CONIFER SEEDLINGS
Authors: Burr Karen E. , Wanner Stephen J. , Tinus Richard W.
Published: February 2019

It is not known when changes in primary direct heat stress tolerance of conifer seedlings occur in relation to other seasonally changing physiological parameters. This information should be incorporated into nursery practices and the matching of genotypes to landscape sites. Greenhouse-cultured, container-grown Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, and ponderosa pine. were cold acclimated and reacclimated in growth chambers over 19 weeks. Direct heat stress tolerance of needles, cold hardiness, and bud dormancy were measured weekly. Douglas-fir and Engelmann spruce heat stress tolerance increased with the development of new growth through one complete growth cycle, i.e., bud break, maturation, cold hardening, dehardening, and bud break the following growing season. Ponderosa pine differed in that new needles had intermediate tolerance, and fully cold hardy needles were the most intolerant. In none of the species did the timing of changes in heat stress tolerance coincide consistently with changes in cold hardiness or bud dormancy.
LEACHING OF SIX PHOSPHATE SOURCES FROM A PINE BARK CONTAINER MEDIUM
Authors: Bilderback T.E.
Published: February 2019

Research reports documenting phosphorus leaching from soilless container media has changed commercial nursery phosphorus fertilizing practices. However, rhododendron growers are concerned that phosphorus levels are adequate as plants begin setting flower buds in July and August. Medium solution of 10 to 15 ppm P are recommended. Five replicated leachate samples were collected from 6 phosphate sources for 11 weeks following surface application to 2 container grown rhododendron cultivars. Each fertilizer source wax blended to an analysis of 14.0N-11.2P-5.0K except a 14.0N-0P-5.0K control. Phosphate sources included Diammonium Phosphate, Triple superphosphate, Sulfur coated Diammonium Phosphate, Sulfur coated triple superphosphate, and a commercial rhododendron sulfur coated fertilizer. With the exception of control, all treatment leachate phosphorus levels ranged from 180 to 145 ppm two days and 85 to 75 ppm one week after application. All sources ranged from 45 to 10 ppm weeks 2-5 and were lower than 10 ppm weeks 7-11. Leachate levels of the control were below 10 ppm at all sample times. Bud set and foliar P levels were different among phosphate treatments, but growth index measurements were not significant.
GAS MIXTURES FOR BLUEBERRY PRESERVATION
Authors: Patterson Max , Ahmedullah M. , Younce Frank , Robbins Jo Ann , Luo Yaguang
Published: February 2019

Blueberries were exposed to a series of atmospheric gas mixtures using an automated, computerized, gas-mixing, monitoring, controlling and recording system. Nitrogen was obtained from a PSA generator, O2 from an in-house air compressor and CO2 from compressed gas cylinders. Precise mixtures were made by introducing source gas streams into electronic gas-mixing valves where they were pre-mixed at desired concentrations and directed to fruit chambers. Gas mixtures giving maximum decay control and retention of harvest quality at 0°C were determined. Mixtures preserving fruit without causing fermentation or toxicity were also determined. Quality was retained in excess of 60 days at optimum gas levels. Increasing the fresh market period of blueberries with CA storage and prolonging shelf life and extending shipping distances with MA packaging appears promising.
CRYO-SEM OBSERVATION OF OCCLUSIONS IN STRAWBERRY HYDATHODES
Authors: Takeda F. , Wisniewski M. , Glenn D. M.
Published: February 2019

In previous work no difference was found in leaf water potential or solute potential between young guttating leaves and older non-guttating leaves of the same plant. This suggested that the absence of guttation in older leaves was associated with a plant resistance component in the hydathodes. Hydathodes of young, folded leaves contained water pores with various apertures and no signs of occlusion.. In expanded, young leaves, production of epicuticular waxes and excretion of some substance through the pores was observed in the hydathode region. By the time leaves had fully expanded the hydathodes had become brownish. The combination of wax deposition and excreted substance had formed plates of solid material covering water pores. These observations suggest that deposition of substances on top of pores contribute to occlusion of water pores in old leaves.
SHORT DAY TREATMENTS CAUSE EARLY DEHARDENING IN CONIFER SEEDLINGS
Authors: Bigras F.J. , D'Aoust A.L.
Published: February 2019

Seventeen weeks old white spruce seedlings were hardened under 8 h or 16 h photoperiod for 28 d at 15°C (12 h) followed by 21 d at 3°C (8 h photoperiod) and 28 d at 0°C without light. Dehardening conditions were a 14 h photoperiod at 10°C for 21 d followed by 18 d at 20°C. Frost tolerance of whole plants and exised organs were measured at regular intervals. An earlier rehardening was observed for plants hardened under short day treatments. Similar results have been reported for black spruce in independant studies. Hypotheses to explain this phenomenon will be presented based on bud phenology, mineral content, sugar analyses and morphological data.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL AND PHOTOPERIODIC LIGHTING ON FLOWERING OF SATIN FLOWER
Authors: Utami Liliek , Anderson Robert G. , Geneve Robert L. , Kester Sharon
Published: February 2019

Satin flower (Clarkia amoena ssp. whineyi: syn. Godetia whitneyi) is a cool temperature, high light plant grown as a cutflower in Japan, Europe and California. In preliminary greenhouse cutflower and pot plant trials, satin flower plants flowered in 10-11 weeks when grown under 24hr supplemental HID lighting compared to 20-22 weeks under ambient winter conditions. In Sept. and Nov. 1989, satin flower plants were treated with the following supplemental and photoperiodic lighting treatments ambient light; SD (ambient day, black cloth 1600 to 800 HR); LD (ambient day, incandescent light 1600 to 400 HR, 5 μmol s-1 m-2); SD-SPL (ambient day supplemented with 100 μmol s-1m-2 HPS, black cloth 1600 to 800 HR); LD-SPL (ambient day supplemented with 100 μmol s-1m-2 800 to 400 HR), Node number and days to flowering were significantly different between the treatments. Plants grown under LD-SPL flowered in 10 weeks and had 32 nodes, LD -13 weeks and 37 nodes (weak, spindly, few flowers), SD-SPL - 17 weeks and 70 nodes, SD - 21 weeks and 75 nodes. Strategies for supplemental lighting for greenhouse cutflower production will be discussed.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLAVOR VOLATILES AND OTHER PARAMETERS IN TWO TOMATO VARIETIES DURING RIPENING
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth A. , Nisperos-Carriedo Myrna O. , Moshonas Manuel G.
Published: February 2019

Whole tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cvs. Sunny and Solarset, were analyzed at 5 different ripening stages for ethylene and CO2 production. Homogenates from the same fruit were prepared for determination of color, flavor volatiles, sugars and organic acids. Of the flavor volatiles measured, only eugenol decreased during ripening in both varieties and 1-penten-3-one in `Sunny' tomatoes. Ethanol, and trans-2-trans-4-decadienal levels showed no change or fluctuated as the fruit matured while all other volatiles measured (cis-3-hexenol, 2-methyl-3-butanol, vinyl guiacol, acetaldehyde, cis-3-hexenal, trans-2-hexenal, hexanal, acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranylacetone and 2-isobutylthiazole) increased in concentration, peaking in the later stages of maturity. Synthesis of some volatile compounds occurred simultaneously with that of climacteric ethylene and color. `Solarset' fruit exhibited higher levels of sugars and all flavor components except ethanol, vinyl guiacol, hexanal and 2-methyl-3-butanol in the red stage. There were no differences between these varieties for acids
CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE, AND PYROPHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE, AND IN THE LEVELS OF FRUCTOSE-2,6-DIPHOSPHATE, PYRUVATE AND ATP IN RESPONSE TO C2H4 IN AIR AND 3% O2
Authors: Zhou Dingbo , Solomos Theophanes
Published: February 2019

The mechanism of C2H4 action on plant respiration is not well understood. In the present work we treated peeled sweet potato roots (Ipomea batatas cv. MD715) with 10 ppm C2H4 in air and 3% O2 Analytical data showed a close relationship between respiration and activity of phosphofructokinase while the activity of pyrophosphate fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase remained constant under all experimental treatments. At the respiratory peak there was an increase in both pyruvate and fructose-2,6-diphosphate. The change in the levels of pyruvate, followed closely that of the respiration drift, while those of fructose-2,6-diphosphate did not correlated so closely. The data indicate that the stimulation of respiration by C2H4 in sweet potato roots is closely associated with an enhancement of glycolysis. The levels of ATP also increased with the rise in respiration and reflected the magnitude of the respiratory increment.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CROP WATER STRESS INDEXES AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CONDUCTANCE, OR COLD HARDINESS OF PEACHES
Authors: Gaus Alvan G. , Greene George M.
Published: February 2019

Water stress in mature `Redhaven' / Lovell peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees was imposed, during the 1988 growing season. Trickle irrigation was reduced from 100% to 25% of a calculated weekly evaporation amount on 22 June, 11 July, and 8 and 27 Aug. Trees were isolated from rainfall by tents under the canopy and from horizontal water movement between root systems on 4 sides to a depth of 0.5 m by a water-proof barrier. Canopy to air temperature differentials monitored throughout the growing season were developed into 3 stress indexes: crop water stress index (CWSI); cumulative crop water stress index (CCWSI); and postharvest cumulative crop water stress index (PCCWSI). CWSI values varied from 0 to 0.6, while both CCWSI and PCCWSI increased through late Sept. Mean PCCWSI of the 22 June 25% treatment increased at a greater rate than the other treatments. Significant linear regressions were found with some of the indexes and net photosynthesis or stomatal conductance; however, the r-square values were low. In general, no linear relationships were found between either CCWSI of PCCWSI and the Index of Injury for cold hardiness.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF CRASPEDIA UNIFLORA.
Authors: Annis David C. , Starman Terri
Published: February 2019

Flowers of Craspedi a uniflora (Billy Buttons), a New Zealand annual plant, have been introduced recently into the U.S.A. florist market. Craspedia is relatively unknown in the U.S.A., but is beginning to be utilized by florists as a cut flower and has potential for specialty cut flower production. Craspedia uniflora cut flowers were grown from seed in an inflated, double-layer, polyethylene greenhouse. Short day (SD) and long day (LD) photoperiod treatments were applied by daylength reduction via black cloth and night interruption lighting, respectively. Treatments began 10 weeks after sowing (15 leaf stage) and continued until harvest. Gibberellic acid was applied as a single foliar spray to runoff at 0 and 500 mg·liter-1 at initiation of photoperiod treatment. Long day treatment reduced days to anthesis, increased flower number, and decreased stem length and plant fresh weight. Gibberellic acid (500 mg·liter-1) increased foliage height under both photo period treatments and increased plant dry weight under LD but reduced dry weight under SD treatment. Flower fresh weight, diameter and bud number were not affected by treatment.
VARIABLES IN PROCESSING PROTOCOL THAT AFFECT THE SHELF-LIFE AND POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF SHREDDED CABBAGE
Authors: Rushing James W. , Testin Robert F.
Published: February 2019

Antioxidants and certain variables in the processing protocol were evaluated for their influence on the respiration, ethylene production, color, and storage potential of shredded cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Four commercially available antioxidants were compared to ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite. Compounds were applied either by dipping or by vacuum infusion after the cabbage was shredded. Weight changes occurring during each step of processing were measured. Shredded cabbage was packaged under vacuum in 1.75 mil polyethylene bags and stored at 4°C. In all studies, untreated controls had longer shelf life than any of the treated shredded cabbage based on subjective evaluation as well as objective color scores. Respiration and ethylene production were not influenced by treatment other than centrifugation immediately after shredding, which reduced the rate of both processes by about 50%. Any treatment resulting in weight gain, e.g. vacuum infusion or dipping in aqueous solutions, caused a decrease in shelf life.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED SALINITY ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY OF `MICRO TOM' MINIATURE DWARF TOMATO
Authors: Seron J.S. , Ferree R.J. , Knight S.L. , Smith M.A.L. , Spomer L.A.
Published: February 2019

Tolerance of increased salinity by tomato is of great importance to the tomato processing industry, where increased conductivity of up to 6 dS m-1 is used to increase specific yield components. A new line of miniature dwarf tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Micro Tom, was evaluated for photosynthetic response to elevated salinity. Tomatoes were grown in solution batch culture and subjected to constant salt treatments of 2.4 (control), 7.6, 12.8, or 18 dS m-1. Weekly photosynthetic measurements were made beginning week 4 on the most recent fully open leaf or leaf opposite a fruit. Net photosynthesis decreased across all salt treatments over the last six weeks of sampling. As salinity level increased, net photosynthesis decreased compared to the control. The 18 dS m-1 treatment reduced net photosynthesis relative to 12.8 and 7.6 dS m-1. Although salinity increased succulence, limitations to net photosynthesis were due to diminished utilization of intercellular CO2, rather than reduced internal CO2 concentration or stomatal conductance.