bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance venous velocity mapping during intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf and foot
Authors: Pierce I T , Gatehouse P D , Kalodiki E , Lattimer C , Geroulakos G , Xu X Y , Firmin D N
Published: December 2011

Objective

Assessment and optimization of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis has previously used duplex ultrasound. The aim was to investigate novel magnetic resonance (MR) venous velocity mapping (VM) for IPC research and development.

Methods

Twelve normal subjects were scanned in the supine position using realtime MR VM with sequential foot and calf IPC (120 mmHg) at 1.5 T. Measurements were taken in the popliteal vein at baseline using both cuffs and each cuff individually recording 60 seconds continuously. Temporal resolution was 310 ms per independent image, at 1 ×1 mm spatial resolution.

Results

Peak velocity ( Vp) measurements: baseline, Vp = 2.1 cm/second (range = 1.1–3.5); using both compression cuffs, Vp = 41.5 cm/second (18.0–58.1); calf cuff alone, Vp = 40.6 cm/second (18.1–62.2); foot cuff alone, Vp = 7.9 cm/second (4.2–15.3). Flow volume measurements per compression cycle ( F): baseline, F = 2.3 cm3 (0.5–11.4); both compression cuffs, F = 7.1 cm3 (2.5–24.6); calf cuff only, F = 7.1 cm3 (2.4–24.5); foot cuff only, F = 2.6 cm3 (0.9–10.7). The foot cuff contribution was insignificant when combined with the calf cuff ( P < 0.01). The MR venous VM results were similar to those reported elsewhere using ultrasound.

Conclusion

This novel technique for MR venous VM can measure the realtime variations in venous blood flow during IPC.
Dynamic Appointment Scheduling of a Stochastic Server with Uncertain Demand
Authors: Erdogan S. Ayca , Denton Brian
Published: December 2011

We formulate and solve two new stochastic linear programming formulations of appointment scheduling problems that are motivated by the management of health services. We assume that service durations and the number of customers to be served on a particular day are uncertain. In the first model, customers may fail to show up for their appointments (“no-show”). This model is formulated as a two-stage stochastic linear program. In the second model, customers are scheduled dynamically, one at a time, as they request appointments. This model is formulated as a multistage stochastic linear program with stages defined by customer appointment requests. We analyze the structure of the models and adapt decomposition-based algorithms to solve the problems efficiently. We present numerical results that illustrate the impact of uncertainty on dynamic appointment scheduling, and we identify useful insights that can be applied in practice. We also present a case study based on real data for an outpatient procedure center.
A Network Simplex Algorithm for the Equal Flow Problem on a Generalized Network
Authors: Morrison David R. , Sauppe Jason J. , Jacobson Sheldon H.
Published: December 2011

A network simplex algorithm is described for the minimum-cost network flow problem on a generalized network, with the additional constraint that there exist sets of arcs that must carry equal amounts of flow. This problem can be modeled as a linear programming problem and solved using the standard simplex algorithm. However, because of the structure of the problem, more efficient algorithms are possible that solve the problem by operating directly on the network itself. One such algorithm is described that leads to improved asymptotic performance per iteration over the standard simplex algorithm, as long as the number of side constraints is small relative to the size of the network. Computational results are given comparing this algorithm to CPLEX's primal simplex solver on randomly generated graphs.
Assessing the Value of Dynamic Pricing in Network Revenue Management
Authors: Zhang Dan , Lu Zhaosong
Published: December 2011

Dynamic pricing for a network of resources over a finite selling horizon has received considerable attention in recent years, yet few papers provide effective computational approaches to solve the problem. We consider a resource decomposition approach to solve the problem and investigate the performance of the approach in a computational study. We compare the performance of the approach to static pricing and choice-based availability control. Our numerical results show that dynamic pricing policies from network resource decomposition can achieve significant revenue lift compared with choice-based availability control and static pricing, even when the latter is frequently resolved. As a by-product of our approach, network decomposition provides an upper bound in revenue, which is provably tighter than the well-known upper bound from a deterministic approximation.
Measuring and Managing Returns from Retailer-Customized Coupon Campaigns
Authors: Venkatesan Rajkumar , Farris Paul W.
Published: December 2011

The authors assess how and why retailer-customized coupon campaigns affect customer purchases. The conceptual model proposes effects on trip incidence and revenues through the mere exposure to campaigns (exposure effect) and the redemption of coupons (redemption effect). The authors propose monetary savings of the coupons, regularity of the campaigns, and coupon fit with customer preferences as moderators. Analysis of data from a group of regional grocery chains that were part of a quasi experiment demonstrates that retailer-customized coupon campaigns have a positive exposure and redemption effect on customer purchases. Mere exposure to customized coupon campaigns contributes more than coupon redemption to campaign returns. Consistent with theoretical expectations, customized coupon campaigns are more effective if they provide more discounts, are unexpected, and are positioned as specially selected for and customized to consumer preferences. The substantial exposure effects suggest that managers should look beyond redemption rates and also consider sales lift from nonredeemers when measuring the effectiveness of customized coupon campaigns.
Generating Sales While Providing Service: A Study of Customer Service Representatives' Ambidextrous Behavior
Authors: Jasmand Claudia , Blazevic Vera , de Ruyter Ko
Published: December 2011

Cross- and up-selling in inbound call centers is a growing business practice, with the promise of enhanced revenue generation and customer retention. Yet firms struggle to create conditions that are conducive to customer service representatives' (CSRs') concurrent engagement in service and sales. By developing a framework of the antecedents and performance consequences of aligned sales and customer service provision, this study advances understanding of ambidexterity at the employee level. The framework receives strong support from an empirical study based on CSRs' survey responses and matched performance data. A CSR's locomotion orientation facilitates ambidextrous behavior and interacts positively with an assessment orientation. However, team identification and bounded discretion impair this valuable interplay. Ambidextrous behavior also increases customer satisfaction and sales performance but decreases efficiency. Nevertheless, the overall performance effect is positive.
Assessment of Deliverability of a Natural Gas Gathering and Production System: Development of an Integrated Reservoir – Surface Model
Authors: Alexis Dennis Arun
Published: December 2011

The present work describes the development of a one-dimensional steady state isothermal reservoir – surface gas pipeline network model. The model was developed by combining reservoir with surface facility description parameters to effectively capture the variations in reservoir flow dynamics with changes in surface network operating conditions. The developed model is an extension of the general pipeline network model where the deliverability from the wells are calculated in addition to the nodal pressures and gas flows in different pipe sections in the system based on a set of operating conditions. Validation of the developed model was done by history matching using field data obtained from a currently operating gas gathering and transportation network located in the Northeastern, United States. After successful validation, the model was used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate ‘what if’ scenarios to identify the pressure and deliverability changes that can happen in the network. Based on the model predictions, recommendations were made to the operator in terms of total production, total sales and fuel consumed by the compressors present in the network. This integrated modeling approach helped in analyzing the system response as a whole and gave a good insight of how the well shut-in pressures used in the model had a significant impact on the deliverability predictions.
Validation Study of Oxford Classification of IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Katafuchi Ritsuko , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Nagata Masaharu , Mitsuiki Koji , Hirakata Hideki
Published: December 2011

Background and objectives

The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) includes mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary hypercellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis (S), and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T) as prognosticators. The value of extracapillary proliferation (Ex) was not addressed. Because the Oxford classification excludes patients with urinary protein <0.5 g/d and eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at biopsy, the significance of Ex should be confirmed by validation cohorts that include more rapidly progressive cases. We present such a study.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The significance of pathologic features for development end-stage renal failure (ESRF) was examined by multivariate analysis in 702 patients with IgAN. The association of Ex with kidney survival was examined by univariate analysis in 416 patients who met the Oxford criteria and 286 who did not, separately.

Results

In a multivariate model, S and T were significantly associated with ESRF. With addition of Ex, not S but Ex was significant for ESRF. In univariate analysis, kidney survival was significantly lower in patients with Ex than in those without, in patients who did not meet the Oxford criteria, but such a difference was not found in patients who met it.

Conclusions

The prognostic significance of Ex was evident in our cohort. It seems that Ex did not emerge from the Oxford classification as a prognosticator because of exclusion of severe cases (eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2). We suggest that extracapillary proliferation be included in the next version of the Oxford classification of IgAN to widen the scope of the classification.
Low-Molecular-Weight Proteins as Prognostic Markers in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: van den Brand Jan A.J.G. , Hofstra Julia M. , Wetzels Jack F.M.
Published: December 2011

Background

Accurate prediction of prognosis in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) allows restriction of immunosuppressive therapy to patients at high risk for ESRD. Here we re-evaluate urinary low-molecular-weight proteins as prognostic markers and explore causes of misclassification.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

In a cohort of 129 patients with serum creatinine concentration <135 μmol/L and proteinuria ≥3.0 g/10 mmol, urinary α1- (uα1m) and β2-microglobulin (uβ2m) excretion rate was determined. Urinary α1m and uβ2m-creatinine ratio was also obtained. We defined progression as a rise in serum creatinine ≥50% or ≥25% and an absolute level ≥135 μmol/L.

Results

Median survival time was 25 months, and 47% of patients showed progression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for uβ2m was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.89). Using a threshold value of 1.0 μg/min, sensitivity and specificity were 73% and 75%, respectively. Similar accuracy was observed for the uβ2m-creatinine ratio with sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 73%, respectively, at a threshold of 1.0 μg/10 mmol creatinine. Similar accuracy was found for uα1m and uα1m-creatinine ratio. Blood Pressure and cholesterol contributed to misclassification. Repeated measurements improved accuracy in patients with persistent proteinuria: the positive predictive value of uβ2m increased from 72% to 89% and the negative predictive value from 76% to 100%.

Conclusions

Urinary excretion of uα2m and uβ2m predict prognosis in iMN. A spot urine sample can be used instead of a timed sample. A repeated measurement after 6 to 12 months increases prognostic accuracy.
Isolation of complexes formed between insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and transferrin from the human serum
Authors: Miljus Goran , Petrovic Miomir , Nedic Olgica
Published: December 2011

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play an important role in the regulation
of cell growth, differentiation and metabolism. The amount of free,
biologically active IGFs is regulated by the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs).
IGFBP-3 is the most abundant binding protein and it is known to interact
with other circulating proteins, including transferrin (Tf). In order to
elucidate the possible role of IGF/IGFBP-3 in the iron metabolism, it is
necessary to isolate IGFBP-3/Tf complexes. Several affinity-based techniques
were employed. Results have shown that only double immunoprecipitation
method with anti-Tf and anti-IGFBP-3 antibodies selectively separated
complexes from other molecular forms, such as monomers, oligomers or
fragments of IGFBP-3 and Tf. Isolated complexes can now be used to
investigate the relationship between IGF/IGFBP-3 and iron, both in
structural and metabolic t?rms.
D2-40 is Expressed on the Luminal Surface of Pulmonary Airspaces in Normal Developing and Adult Lung but is Lost in Conditions Associated with Intra-Alveolar Infiltrates
Authors: Sherman Christopher G. , Jani Prashant , Marks Alexander , Kahn Harriette J.
Published: December 2011

The D2-40 antigen is a glycosylated sialomucin that is strongly expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells. Recently we observed the expression of D2-40 on the luminal surface of pulmonary airspaces in lung sections. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of D2-40 antigen in normal lung development and in various pathologic conditions in which abnormal alveolar infiltrates were present. Formalin-fixed lung tissue was selected from 42 fetal/neonatal autopsy cases ranging in gestational age from 12 to 41 weeks and from 10 adult lungs. In the fetal/neonatal group, 22 cases were histologically normal, whereas 20 were abnormal (including cases of pneumonia, alveolar hemorrhage, meconium aspiration, pulmonary hypoplasia, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema). In the adult group, 5 cases were histologically normal and 5 had pneumonia. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on all cases using antibody to D2-40. All cases of normal fetal/neonatal lung and normal adult lung showed diffuse strong expression of D2-40 on the luminal surface of the alveolar lining cells. D2-40 expression was also noted on the bronchiolar lining cells of normal fetal/neonatal lung. In all cases in which there was an abnormal infiltrate or foreign material within the airspaces, expression of D2-40 was lost in the alveolar lining. The production of the D2-40 antigen in the alveolar lining occurs as early as 12 weeks gestation and continues to be present throughout all other stages of lung development, as well as in adult lung. These results suggest that D2-40 may have a cell membrane protective function.
Syntaxonomy and Ecology of Black Alder Vegetation in the Southern Part of Central Slovakia
Authors: Slezák Michal , Hrivnák Richard , Petrášová Anna
Published: December 2011

Syntaxonomy and Ecology of Black Alder Vegetation in the Southern Part of Central Slovakia

The study presents phytosociological and ecological data from azonal black alder forest sites in the southern part of central Slovakia. A data set of 29 relevés was collected by authors in vegetation season 2010 following the standard Braun-Blanquet approach. Numerical classification was performed to delimit the main vegetation types, while statistical analyses were applied to explain the vegetation-environmental relationships. Three associations within two classes were distinguished using a TWINSPAN algorithm. Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Schwickerath 1933 is an alder carr forest occurring on waterlogged soils in spring fed areas and alluvial zones along rivers. Carici acutiformis-Alnetum glutinosae Scamoni 1933 represents an alder carr forest on habitats with stagnant or slowly flowing water along water courses and artificial water reservoirs. Mesic to humid stands along small brooks are typical for the riparian alder vegetation of Stellario-Alnetum glutinosae Lohmeyer 1957. A detailed description of the floristic and ecological features of these associations is presented. The major environmental gradients affecting variation in species composition of these communities were interpreted as a response of vegetation to soil moisture and nutrient availability regarding the Ellenberg indicator values (moisture and nutrients) and measured variables (total N and C).
A novel adaptation approach for electromagnetic device optimization
Authors: Ouyang Jun , Lowther David
Published: December 2011

A novel adaptation approach for electromagnetic device optimization

The ability of case-based reasoning systems to solve new problems mainly depends on their case adaptation knowledge and adaptation strategies. In order to carry out a successful case adaptation in our case-based reasoning system for a low frequency electromagnetic device design, we make use of semantic networks to organize related domain knowledge, and then construct a rule-based inference system which is based on the network. Furthermore, based on the inference system, a novel adaptation algorithm is proposed to derive a new device case from a real-world induction motor case-base with high dimensionality.
Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica using new gemini surfactants as templates in neutral pH conditions
Authors: Gui Xia , Xie Anjian , Shen Yuhua , Pan Zhongwen , Sun Song
Published: December 2011

A series of MSU-x wormlike mesoporous silica samples were synthesized using a new type of gemini surfactants [C
n
H2

n

+1N+(CH3)2–CO2–(CH2)4–CO2–N+(CH3)2C
n
H2

n

+1] ·2 Br (n = 12, 14, 16) at circumneutral pH and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption and scanning electron microscopy. The MSU-x samples have high surface area and thick pore walls. The pore structure remained after treatment in boiling water for 72 h, which has hardly been reported among mesoporous materials synthesized under mild conditions. The effects of synthesis temperature, aging time and concentration of surfactant on the mesoporous structure were investigated. Based on these, a formation mechanism of mesoporous silica using the new gemini surfactant was proposed.
Anterior cervical myelomeningocele: a rare malformation of the spinal cord
Authors: Jiang Jun , Zhu Zezhang , Qian Bangping , Liu Zhen , Qiu Yong
Published: December 2011

Cervical myelomeningocele (MMC) is an uncommon congenital malformation of the spinal cord and accounts for a small proportion of neural tube defects. These lesions mostly occur in the dorsal part of the body. Only a single case of an anterior cervical MMC has been previously reported. The authors report a second case of anterior cervical MMC diagnosed when the patient began to experience symptoms of bilateral hand weakness in adulthood. In this patient, MR imaging of the cervical spine showed an anterior cervical MMC at the C6–7 level with hydrocephalus, thinning of the genu and trunk of the corpus callosum, maldevelopment of the cerebellar tonsils, and expansion of the fourth ventricle, posterior cranial fossa, and subarachnoid space. A CT scan and a 3D CT reconstruction of the cervical spine clearly demonstrated contiguous fusions of multiple lower-cervical vertebrae and neural arches, which was consistent with Type III Klippel-Feil syndrome. The patient was advised to undergo operative treatment to prevent the progression of her neurological deficit. However, after being notified of the potential neurological risks, the patient declined surgery and opted for conservative treatment with a hard neck collar. At 4 months' follow-up, the patient's neurological deficit remains stable with the MMC left untreated. The authors presume that the possible pathogenesis of anterior cervical MMC may greatly differ from that of posterior lesions. This lesion could also be associated with multiple other spinal abnormalities, which highlights the importance of comprehensive preoperative radiological examinations.
Human Papilloma Virus in Cervical Cancer Carcinogenesis and Its Immunology
Authors: Hussain Maleeha
Published: December 2011

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9125BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 1-2
Role of Light Emitting Diode (LED) Fluorescence Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Smear Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Authors: Khatun Zohra , Roy Chandan Kumar , Sultana Tuhin , Rahman Md Quddusur , Ahmed AN Nashimuddin
Published: December 2011

Light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy offers well described benefits compared with brightfield microscopy by Ziehl-Neelsen stained sputum, even which are smear negative. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of fluorescence microscopy, using novel light-emitting diode (LED) technology as an alternative to the brightfield microscopy. The objective of this study was the role of LED fluorescence microscopy in diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary tUberculosis. This is a prospective study consisted of 50 smear negative patients, who were clinically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. All samples were stained by both ZN stain and Auramine stain and as a gold standard all were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen Media. On evaluation of all sputum samples were found negative by ZN method but by auramine stain 16%, 20%, 20% cases were found positive by conventional fluorescence microscopy (CFM), LED and culture respectively. LED fluorescence microscopy is more useful test to distinguish the smear negative cases. It also provide an effective guideline to make decisions regarding judicious use of antitubercular drug therapy. Keywords: Smear negative Sputum; LED; CFM; Culture; Pulmonary Tuberculosis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9126 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 3-6
Haematopoietic Recovery On Induction Therapy In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia By Automated Reticulocyte Analysis
Authors: Yesmin MS , Nesa A , Sultana T , Roy CK , Rahman Md Quddusur , Ahmed AN Nashimuddin
Published: December 2011

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy in Bangladesh. ALL is treated with chemotherapy due to high responsiveness. After chemotherapy infection may occur which increases the time of aplasia. For this purpose, reliable laboratory tests that will indicate early haematological recovery are needed. At present, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), reticulocyte counts and peripheral blood film (PBF) examination are used after chemotherapy for prediction of bone marrow recovery. Reticulocyte quantification in the peripheral blood samples, as a percentage or absolute count with immature reticulocyte fraction (lRF) are a reliable measure of haematological recovery established by many studies. This cross sectional study was carried out to evaluate the haematopoietic recovery in children with ALL by automated reticulocyte analysis. Total fifty patients were enrolled in this study on remission induction phase. They received the drugs of the protocol of UKALL-XI. All patients were between 8 months to 15 years age range with a mean age of 5.5 ±3.2. In this study the recovery of reticulocyte percentage occurred at a median of 20 days; ARC 18 days; IRF 16 days; HFR 18 days and ANC was obtained after a median of 23 days. This study established that among the various parameters IRF recovered earlier than others. Keywords: Immature Reticulocyte Fraction(lRF); High fluorescent reticulocyte (HFR); Low fluorescent reticulocyte (LFR); Middle fluorescent reticulocyte (MFR); Absolute neutrophil count (ANC); Absolute Reticulocyte count(ARC). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9128 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 10-13
Immune Deposits in Glomerular Diseases and Their Clinical, Histopathological and Immunopathological Correlation
Authors: Hossain Md Towhid , Begum Morshida , Rahman AJE Nahar , Kamal Mohammed
Published: December 2011

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a common renal disease and common cause of chronic renal failure (CRF) accounts for more than one-third of patients of end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring either dialysis or transplantation. In our country, early diagnosis and treatment of GN depends on routine urine and blood examination and using light and immunofluorescent microscopic study of renal biopsy. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the frequency, type, intensity, pattern and site of deposition of immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 by direct immunofluorescence microscopic technique (DIF) in various pattern of GN and to correlate with clinical and histopathological findings. Among 120 cases of renal biopsy, 110 cases (91.67%; n=120) were adequate for histopathologic study only and 98 cases (81.67%; n=120) were adequate for both histopathologic and direct immunofluorescence microscopic study. In this series, maximum numbers of cases were found in 21-30 age group (27.27%). Most frequent clinical presentation and pattern of glomerulonephritis were nephrotic syndrome (61.22%; n=98) and mesangioproliferative GN (40.81%) respectively. Among 98 cases of study group, 49 cases (50%; n=98) were DIF positive. The most frequent type of depositions were C3 (type) in various combinations (98%; n=49) followed by IgG (67.35%) and IgA (40%). Mesangium followed by glomerular basement membrane were the most frequent site and granular pattern was the most frequent pattern of deposition. The frequent combination of depositions in various pattern of GN were C3 + IgG (36.73%; n=49) followed by C3 + IgA (20.41%). There was a correlation between histopathologic pattern of GN and type-site-pattern of deposition in the glomeruli. Immune-depositions were cent percent in IgA nephropathy, membranous GN (MGN), diffuse proliferative GN and membranoproliferative GN. Among 15 cases of IgA neph.ropathy (15.31%; n=98), most frequent pattern and clinical presentation of GN was mesangioproliferative GN (60%; n=15) and haematuria (46.67; n=15) respectively. In this study, DIF was proved to be essential, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool in the evaluation of glomerular diseases. However, DIF study is no substitute of light microscopy but both provide information which when taken as a whole contributes to better understanding of GN. Key words: DIF; GN; CRF; ESRD DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9129 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 14-19
Return of Nipah virus: Bangladesh perspective
Authors: Karim M Manjurul , Rahman Md Tahminur
Published: December 2011

Keywords: Nipah virus; infection; outbreaks; prevention; awarenessDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9147 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 23-25
Synchronous ovarian and endometrial carcinoma or metastasis
Authors: Enam Suraiya , Sayeeda Nur , Choudhury Tamanna , Hafiz Farzana
Published: December 2011

Keywords: synchronous tumors; independent tumors; metastatic tumorsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9149 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 32-35
Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a case report
Authors: Ferdousi Shamima , Banu Sultana Gulshana
Published: December 2011

Keywords: ovary-mature cystic; teratoma; malignant transformationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9150 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 36-38
Uncommon pancreatic tumor - a case report
Authors: Afroze Nazma , Akhter Shabnam , Parvez Mashud , Mohiuddin AS
Published: December 2011

Keywords: uncommon pancreatic cancer; anaplastic carcinomaDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9151 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 39-40
Pre-Reduction of Au/Iron Oxide Catalyst for Low-Temperature Water-Gas Shift Reaction Below 150 °C
Authors: Kudo Shinji , Maki Taisuke , Fukuda Takashi , Mae Kazuhiro
Published: December 2011

Low-temperature water-gas shift reaction (WGS) using gold catalyst is expected to be an attractive technique to realize an efficient on-site hydrogen production process. In this paper, Au/Fe3O4 catalysts for promoting the WGS below 150 °C were developed by a preliminary reduction of Au/iron oxide (Fe3+) catalyst utilizing high reactivity of Au nano-particles. The reduction was conducted under a CO, H2, or CO/H2O stream at either 140 or 200 °C, and the effect of reduction conditions on the characteristics of the Au/Fe3O4 catalyst and on the catalytic activity in WGS at 80 °C was investigated. The reaction progress during the pre-reduction treatment was qualitatively analyzed, and it was found that the iron oxide in Au/Fe2O3 calcined at 200 °C was easily reduced to Fe3O4 phase in all reduction conditions. The reduction conditions affected the characteristics of both Au and iron oxide, but all of the reduced catalysts had small Fe3O4 particles of less than 20 nm with Au particles on the surface. The surface area and content of cationic Au were high in the order of CO, H2, CO/H2O, and 140, 200 °C. In the WGS test at 80 °C using the developed catalysts, the activities of the catalysts pre-reduced by CO at 140 or 200 °C and by H2 at 140 °C were very high with 100% CO conversion even at such a low temperature. These results indicated that factors such as higher surface area, crystallized Fe3O4, and cationic Au content contributed to the catalytic activity.
Structure and Regeneration Patterns of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii Natural Forests: A Basic Knowledge for Adaptive Management in a Changing Climate
Authors: Tíscar Pedro A. , Linares Juan C.
Published: December 2011

Since climate change projections contain many uncertainties and are normally unable to predict the direction and magnitude of change at the small scale needed by forest managers, some understanding about the functioning of the target forest should be obtained before a robust management strategy can be applied. Structure and regeneration patterns are related to key ecosystem processes which, on the other hand, can be modified by silvicultural treatments. In this research, the structure and recruitment dynamics of two stands with different histories of management were investigated in the southern limit of the range of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii (Southeast Spain). We described forest structure and facilitation effects by forest canopies and nurse shrubs, and quantified the processes affecting each stage of regeneration (dispersed seed, first year seedling and second year seedling) in different microhabitats. Forest structure was more complex in the stand scarcely influenced by human activities. Juniperus communis shrubs seemed to facilitate the establishment of tree saplings. Most seedlings died of desiccation during their first summer. At best, 190 out of 10,000 emerged seedlings survived the first summer. In light of these results, the possibilities of applying close-to-nature forestry in the study forests and other aspects of silviculture under a frame of adaptive forest management are discussed.
The Resolution Game: A Dual Selves Perspective
Authors: Migrow Dimitri , Uhl Matthias
Published: December 2011

This article explains the emergence of an unique equilibrium resolution as the result of a compromise between two selves with different preferences. The stronger this difference is, the more generous the resolution gets. This result is in contrast to predictions of other models in which sinful consumption is distributed bimodally. Therefore, our result fits better with our daily observations concerning a lot of ambivalent goods where we often form nonrigid resolutions. The normative analysis uses the device of a hypothetical impartial self that regards both conflicting motives as equally legitimate. The result of this analysis is dilemmatic. It demonstrates that the resolution is broken too often to be welfare maximal. However, the introduction of external self-commitment devices results in their overuse and is welfare decreasing.
Hormonal Influence on Coenzyme Q10 Levels in Blood Plasma
Authors: Mancini Antonio , Festa Roberto , Raimondo Sebastiano , Pontecorvi Alfredo , Littarru Gian Paolo
Published: December 2011

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), also known as ubiquinone for its presence in all body cells, is an essential part of the cell energy-producing system. However, it is also a powerful lipophilic antioxidant protecting lipoproteins and cell membranes. Due to these two actions, CoQ10 is commonly used in clinical practice in chronic heart failure, male infertility, and neurodegenerative disease. However, it is also taken as an anti-aging substance by healthy people aiming for long-term neuroprotection and by sportsmen to improve endurance. Many hormones are known to be involved in body energy regulation, in terms of production, consumption and dissipation, and their influence on CoQ10 body content or blood values may represent an important pathophysiological mechanism. We summarize the main findings of the literature about the link between hormonal systems and circulating CoQ10 levels. In particular the role of thyroid hormones, directly involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, is discussed. There is also a link with gonadal and adrenal hormones, partially due to the common biosynthetic pathway with CoQ10, but also to the increased oxidative stress found in hypogonadism and hypoadrenalism.
The Role of the Transmembrane RING Finger Proteins in Cellular and Organelle Function
Authors: Nakamura Nobuhiro
Published: December 2011

A large number of RING finger (RNF) proteins are present in eukaryotic cells and the majority of them are believed to act as E3 ubiquitin ligases. In humans, 49 RNF proteins are predicted to contain transmembrane domains, several of which are specifically localized to membrane compartments in the secretory and endocytic pathways, as well as to mitochondria and peroxisomes. They are thought to be molecular regulators of the organization and integrity of the functions and dynamic architecture of cellular membrane and membranous organelles. Emerging evidence has suggested that transmembrane RNF proteins control the stability, trafficking and activity of proteins that are involved in many aspects of cellular and physiological processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mammalian transmembrane RNF proteins, focusing on their roles and significance.
An Integrated Testbed for Cooperative Perception with Heterogeneous Mobile and Static Sensors
Authors: Jiménez-González Adrián , Martínez-de Dios José Ramiro , Ollero Aníbal
Published: December 2011

Cooperation among devices with different sensing, computing and communication capabilities provides interesting possibilities in a growing number of problems and applications including domotics (domestic robotics), environmental monitoring or intelligent cities, among others. Despite the increasing interest in academic and industrial communities, experimental tools for evaluation and comparison of cooperative algorithms for such heterogeneous technologies are still very scarce. This paper presents a remote testbed with mobile robots and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) equipped with a set of low-cost off-the-shelf sensors, commonly used in cooperative perception research and applications, that present high degree of heterogeneity in their technology, sensed magnitudes, features, output bandwidth, interfaces and power consumption, among others. Its open and modular architecture allows tight integration and interoperability between mobile robots and WSN through a bidirectional protocol that enables full interaction. Moreover, the integration of standard tools and interfaces increases usability, allowing an easy extension to new hardware and software components and the reuse of code. Different levels of decentralization are considered, supporting from totally distributed to centralized approaches. Developed for the EU-funded Cooperating Objects Network of Excellence (CONET) and currently available at the School of Engineering of Seville (Spain), the testbed provides full remote control through the Internet. Numerous experiments have been performed, some of which are described in the paper.
The 2011 Brisbane Floods: Causes, Impacts and Implications
Authors: Van den Honert Robin C. , McAneney John
Published: December 2011

On 13th January 2011 major flooding occurred throughout most of the Brisbane River catchment, most severely in Toowoomba and the Lockyer Creek catchment (where 23 people drowned), the Bremer River catchment and in Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland. Some 56,200 claims have been received by insurers with payouts totalling $2.55 billion. This paper backgrounds weather and climatic factors implicated in the flooding and the historical flood experience of Brisbane. We examine the time history of water releases from the Wivenhoe dam, which have been accused of aggravating damage downstream. The dam was built in response to even worse flooding in 1974 and now serves as Brisbane’s main water supply. In our analysis, the dam operators made sub-optimal decisions by neglecting forecasts of further rainfall and assuming a ‘no rainfall’ scenario. Questions have also been raised about the availability of insurance cover for riverine flood, and the Queensland government’s decision not to insure its infrastructure. These and other questions have led to Federal and State government inquiries. We argue that insurance is a form of risk transfer for the residual risk following risk management efforts and cannot in itself be a solution for poor land-use planning. With this in mind, we discuss the need for risk-related insurance premiums to encourage flood risk mitigating behaviours by all actors, and for transparency in the availability of flood maps. Examples of good flood risk management to arise from this flood are described.
A High-Fat/High-Cholesterol Diet Inhibits Growth of Fetal Hippocampal Transplants via Increased Inflammation
Authors: Freeman L. R. , Small B. J. , Bickford P. C. , Umphlet C. , Granholm A.-Ch.
Published: December 2011

A diet containing high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol is detrimental to many aspects of health and is known to lead to obesity, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. However, the effects of a diet rich in saturated fat and cholesterol on the brain are not currently well understood. In order to determine direct effects of a high saturated fat and cholesterol diet upon fetal hippocampal tissue, we transplanted hippocampal grafts from embryonic day 18 rats to the anterior eye chamber of 16-month-old host animals that were fed either a normal rat chow diet or a 10% hydrogenated coconut oil + 2% cholesterol diet (HFHC diet) for 8 weeks. One eye per rat received topical application of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, Kineret®) and the other served as a saline control. Results revealed that the HFHC diet led to a marked reduction in hippocampal transplant growth, and detrimental effects of the diet were alleviated by the IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra. Graft morphology demonstrated that the HFHC diet reduced organotypical development of the hippocampal neuronal cell layers, which was also alleviated by IL-1Ra. Finally, grafts were evaluated with markers for glucose transporter expression, astrocytes, and activated microglia. Our results demonstrate significant effects of the HFHC diet on hippocampal morphology, including elevated microglial activation and reduced neuronal development. IL-1Ra largely blocked the detrimental effects of this diet, suggesting a potential use for this agent in neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.
Cardiomyoplasty Improves Contractile Reserve after Myocardial Injury in Mice: Functional and Morphological Investigations with Reconstructive Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Ghanem Alexander , Röll Wilhelm , Bostani Toktam , Dewald Oliver , Fleischmann Bernd K. , Stypmann Jörg , Nickenig Georg , Tiemann Klaus
Published: December 2011

Cellular cardiomyoplasty (CMP) is a novel therapeutic approach to myocardial injury (MI). Post-MI remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) comprises dilatation and impairment of systolic function and gives rise to progressive hemodynamic deterioration. We aimed to investigate: a) the impact of CMP on global and regional parameters of LV remodeling (LVR) as well as contractile reserve and b) the suitability and validity of different echocardiographic methods in this scenario. Murine ventricular cardiomyocytes (E13.5–E16.5) were transplanted into cryolesioned hearts of male HIM-OF1 mice. Echocardiography was performed at rest 4 and 14 days postoperatively. For quantification of akinetic myocardial mass and contractile reserve 2 weeks postoperatively additionally low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography was conducted. Reconstructive 3D-echocardiography (r3D-echo) was compared to “plain” echocardiographic investigations and was compared to invasive measurements with conduction catheter. CMP significantly attenuated LV dilatation and reduced LV function decline on day 14, as obtained with all echocardiographic modalities and confirmed with conduction catheter measurements. In contrast to plain echocardiography and invasive testing, r3D-echo allowed noninvasive quantification of scar size and assessment of regional contractile reserve. Cell transplanted hearts demonstrated a significant decrease of akinetic myocardial mass (-CMP: 13 ± 2%; +CMP 7 ± 1%; p < 0.001) and increased regional contractile reserve, an indirect sign of myocardial viability. The present study demonstrates beneficial effects of CMP on global and regional parameters of LVR and contractile reserve after MI. In contrast to “simple” 2D echocardiography, r3D-echo allowed the assessment of regional contractile reserve and quantification of akinetic myocardial mass as additive functional and morphological measures of LVR.
Bypassing the Patient: Comparison of Biocompatible Models for the Future of Vascular Tissue Engineering
Authors: Khait L. , Birla R. K.
Published: December 2011

The objective of vascular tissue engineering is to develop tissue-engineered, biocompatible, small-diameter vessels suitable to withstand in vivo systolic pressures as well as be immunologically compatible with the patient, in order to minimize graft rejection. In this study, we present and compare two models of biocompatible, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVG), using chitosan and acellularized rat aortas as options for scaffolds. Human aortic adventitial smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were seeded onto a fibrin gel and subsequently wrapped around either of the two scaffolds. After several weeks of maturation in standard culturing conditions, the graft models were analyzed and compared by mechanical testing, cell viability, and histology. Histological and viability data showed that both models were viable and developed similarly, with a scaffold surrounded by two layers of cells, the fibroblasts lying on top of the smooth muscle cells. Both models responded to 200 mM potassium chloride (KCl) (tensions of 38 ± 3, 78 ± 13, and 52 ± 7 μN) and 25 mM 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (tensions of −23 ± 4, −39 ± 10, and −31 ± 12 μN) stimulation by vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation ( n = 3), respectively; however, the chitosan model was unable to maintain the contracted and relaxed tension. Because the acellularized aorta TEVGs were able to maintain stimulated tension better than chitosan TEVGs, we concluded that the acellularized aorta model was better suited for further development.
Functional Modulation of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Clusters in Vitro for Tissue Repair Applications
Authors: Thanos C. G. , Bintz B. E. , Goddard Moses , Boekelheide K. , Hall Susan , Emerich D. F.
Published: December 2011

One of the primary obstacles in the restoration or repair of damaged tissues is the temporospatial orchestration of biological and physiological events. Cellular transplantation is an important component of tissue repair as grafted cells can serve as replacement cells or as a source of secreted factors. But few, if any, primary cells can perform more than a single tissue repair function. Epithelial cells, derived from the choroid plexus (CP), are an exception to this rule, as transplanted CP is protective and regenerative in animal models as diverse as CNS degeneration and dermal wound repair. They secrete a myriad of proteins with therapeutic potential as well as matrix and adhesion factors, and contain responsive cytoskeletal components potentially capable of precise manipulation of cellular and extracellular niches. Here we isolated CP from neonatal porcine lateral ventricles and cultured the cells under a variety of conditions to specifically modulate tissue morphology (2D vs. 3D) and protein expression. Using qRT-PCR analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and gene microarray studies we demonstrate a fine level of control over CP epithelial cell clusters opening further opportunities for exploration of the therapeutic potential of this unique tissue source.
GMP-Compliant Culture of Human Hair Follicle Cells for Encapsulation and Transplantation
Authors: Marazzi Mario , Crovato Francesca , Bucco Massimo , Sironi Maria Chiara , Tosca Marta Cecilia , Antonioli Barbara , Chlapanidas Theodora , Lucconi Giulia , Rapisarda Vincenzo , Scalise Alessandro , Vigo Daniele , Faustini Massimo , Torre Maria Luisa
Published: December 2011

Human hair follicle cells, both bulge and dermal papilla cells, were isolated and cultured in a GMP cell factory, in order to obtain an in vitro hair follicle source for encapsulation end transplantation in alopecia regenerative cell therapy. An in vitro model, constituted by organotypic cultures of human skin sample, was set up to simulate the dermal–epidermal interaction between bulge cells and dermal papilla cells, evaluating the possible new follicles formation and the regenerative potentiality of these hair follicle cells. Both the bulge and dermal papilla cells show an excellent cellular proliferation as well as an abundant extracellular matrix production. The immunofluorescence investigation revealed the positivity of both cell lines to CK15 and CD200, whereas both cell lines were negative to CD71 and Oct-4. The pool of cultured bulge and dermal papilla cells was injected into the deep dermis; at day 28 of culture, some organized areas with a higher cell density can be observed: the cells self-organize into papilla-like lengthened aggregates. In samples in which the follicular cells have been seeded on the dermis surface, an epidermis-like homogeneous monolayer on the dermis surface can be seen, therefore showing a potentiality of these cells for epidermis regeneration. These data show the efficacy of a cellular isolation and amplification approach to obtain an in vitro human hair follicle regenerative source on industrial scale in a GMP cell factory. The results also proved an intrinsic potentiality of follicular cells to in vitro recreate the epidermis for tissue engineering purposes. Thus, it is feasible to produce bioengineered hair follicles in a GMP cell factory, for encapsulation and transplantation in alopecic patients.