bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale approach including microfibril scale to assess elastic constants of cortical bone based on neural network computation and homogenization method
Authors: Barkaoui Abdelwahed , Chamekh Abdessalem , Merzouki Tarek , Hambli Ridha , Mkaddem Ali
Published: October 2013

The complexity and heterogeneity of bone tissue require a multiscale modeling to understand its mechanical behavior and its remodeling mechanisms. In this paper, a novel multiscale hierarchical approach including microfibril scale based on hybrid neural network (NN) computation and homogenization equations was developed to link nanoscopic and macroscopic scales to estimate the elastic properties of human cortical bone. The multiscale model is divided into three main phases: (i) in step 0, the elastic constants of collagen‐water and mineral‐water composites are calculated by averaging the upper and lower Hill bounds; (ii) in step 1, the elastic properties of the collagen microfibril are computed using a trained NN simulation. Finite element calculation is performed at nanoscopic levels to provide a database to train an in‐house NN program; and (iii) in steps 2–10 from fibril to continuum cortical bone tissue, homogenization equations are used to perform the computation at the higher scales. The NN outputs (elastic properties of the microfibril) are used as inputs for the homogenization computation to determine the properties of mineralized collagen fibril. The mechanical and geometrical properties of bone constituents (mineral, collagen, and cross‐links) as well as the porosity were taken in consideration. This paper aims to predict analytically the effective elastic constants of cortical bone by modeling its elastic response at these different scales, ranging from the nanostructural to mesostructural levels. Our findings of the lowest scale's output were well integrated with the other higher levels and serve as inputs for the next higher scale modeling. Good agreement was obtained between our predicted results and literature data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element methods to analyze helical stent expansion
Authors: Paryab Nasim , Cronin Duane S. , Lee‐Sullivan Pearl
Published: October 2013

Helical polymeric stents have been proposed as a suitable geometry for biodegradable drug‐eluting polymer‐based stents. However, helical stents often experience nonuniform local expansion (dog boning), which can prohibit full stent expansion using conventional methods. The development of stents and deployment methods is challenging and can be supported by numerical analysis; however, this complex problem is often approached with simplified boundary conditions that may not be appropriate for helical stents. The finite element method (explicit and implicit) was used to investigate three common stent expansion approaches with a focus on helical stent geometry, which differs from traditional wire mesh stent expansion. Although each of the three methods considered provided some insight into the expansion characteristics, common displacement controlled, and uniform expansion methods were not able to demonstrate the characteristic local deformations observed in expansion. A coupled stent‐balloon model, although computationally expensive, was able to demonstrate the expected nonuniform deformation. To address nonuniform expansion, a progressive expansion approach has been investigated and verified numerically. This method may also provide a suitable solution for nonuniform expansion in other stent designs by minimizing loading and potential damage to the artery that can occur during stent deployment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color tolerance study on white in practical aspect: Perceptibility versus acceptability
Authors: Na Nooree , Choi Kyungah , Lee Jeongmin , Suk Hyeon‐Jeong
Published: October 2013

This study investigates how the color tolerance for whites is affected by color category and context. Two experiments with different contexts, perceptibility or acceptability, were conducted using 27 color variation samples from six color categories (Neutral‐White, Red‐White, Yellow‐White, Green‐White, Blue‐White, and Blue‐Vivid). The results indicated that the color tolerance for Green‐white is dominantly higher relative to the other white‐based colors, whereas the color tolerance for Yellow‐White and Neutral‐White are relatively lower. However, contrary to the hypothesis, no significant differences in the level of color tolerances could be found between the two context of perceptibility and acceptability. The color tolerance thresholds for each color category groups in both experiments were similar. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 582–588, 2014
The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of tivozanib hydrochloride
Authors: Cotreau Monette M. , Massmanian Lisa , Strahs Andrew L. , Slichenmyer William , Vargo Dennis L.
Published: October 2013

Tivozanib hydrochloride (tivozanib) is a potent, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3, with a long half‐life. This Phase I study evaluated the effect of food on tivozanib pharmacokinetics (PK). A single oral dose of tivozanib was administered to healthy subjects in a fasted/fed and a fed/fasted state. Thirty subjects enrolled; 29 completed the study. Maximum concentration (Cmax) in the fed state was lower than in the fasted state (geometric means, 14.1 and 18.1 ng/mL). The geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) (fed/fasted states) for Cmax was 77.5% (72.9–82.4%), indicating a food effect on Cmax. There was no difference in tivozanib area under the curve to infinity (AUC0–∞) between states (geometric means, 2,377 and 2,198 ng h/mL). Geometric mean ratios also indicated no food effect on tivozanib AUC0–∞. Other PK parameters were similar between states. The most commonly reported adverse events affected the gastrointestinal system and were mild in intensity. There were no clinically significant changes in other safety measures. In conclusion, food does not have an impact on the AUC0–∞ of tivozanib but does decrease Cmax approximately 23%, suggesting that this agent can be dosed with or without food.
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone furoate, a novel inhaled corticosteroid, in children aged 5–11 years with persistent asthma: A randomized trial
Authors: Oliver Amanda , Allen Ann , VanBuren Sandi , Hamilton Melanie , Tombs Lee , Kempsford Rodger , Qaqundah Paul
Published: October 2013

This multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐way crossover study characterized the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone furoate (FF) in children (5–11 years) with persistent asthma. Twenty‐seven children received inhaled FF 100 µg or placebo via the ELLIPTA™ dry powder inhaler once daily for 14 days, with a ≥7 day washout period. Adverse events (AEs) were reported by eight (31%) and four (16%) subjects during FF 100 µg and placebo treatment, respectively. Headache was reported by three subjects during FF 100 µg treatment and by no subjects during placebo treatment, all other AEs were reported by only one subject on either treatment; there were no serious AEs. Following repeat dosing, the arithmetic mean (SD) FF Cmax was 26.71 pg/mL (9.16) at 31 minutes post‐dose. Arithmetic mean (SD) FF AUC(0–t) was 121.44 pg h/mL (83.04). Arithmetic mean values for weighted mean (SD) serum cortisol (0–12 hours) on day 14 were 56.49 (16.51) and 67.57 (20.66) ng/mL for FF 100 µg and placebo, respectively. No clinically significant effect of FF on serum cortisol levels was observed. FF was well tolerated. Pharmacokinetic profiles were well defined and did not differ between age groups in the study population, and no clinically significant suppression of serum cortisol was observed.
Effect of food and gemfibrozil on the pharmacokinetics of the novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor GSK1278863
Authors: Johnson Brendan M. , Stier Brendt A. , Caltabiano Stephen
Published: October 2013

Anemia, a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease, is most commonly treated with recombinant human erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents. Oral administration of GSK1278863, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, results in the accumulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α, and stimulates erythropoiesis by triggering the pathways involved in innate hypoxia. In vitro biotransformation data indicate that GSK1278863 is primarily metabolized by CYP2C8. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics of single‐dose (100 mg) GSK1278863 administered alone, or co‐administered with a high‐fat/high‐calorie meal or steady‐state gemfibrozil (a strong CYP2C8 and OATP1B1 inhibitor). Co‐administration of single‐dose 100 mg GSK1278863 with a high‐fat/high‐calorie meal did not significantly affect the plasma exposure of GSK1278863 or its 6 predominant metabolites. Co‐administration of GSK1278863 with steady‐state gemfibrozil resulted in an 18.6‐fold increase in the area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC(0–∞)) of GSK1278863. Additionally, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and terminal elimination half‐life increased 3.92‐ and 3.70‐fold, respectively. The appearance of metabolites was delayed, and their Cmax and AUC(0–∞) were reduced by at least 90% and 62%, respectively. These findings indicate that GSK1278863 can be safely administered without regard to food. Until further studies with weaker CYP2C8 inhibitors are conducted, co‐administration of GSK1278863 with CYP2C8 inhibitors should be avoided.
Graphics processing unit‐accelerated bounding for branch‐and‐bound applied to a permutation problem using data access optimization
Authors: Melab N. , Chakroun I. , Bendjoudi A.
Published: October 2013

Branch‐and‐bound (B&B) algorithms are attractive methods for solving to optimality combinatorial optimization problems using an implicit enumeration of a dynamically built tree‐based search space. Nevertheless, they are time‐consuming when dealing with large problem instances. Therefore, pruning tree nodes (subproblems) is traditionally used as a powerful mechanism to reduce the size of the explored search space. Pruning requires to perform the bounding operation, which consists of applying a lower bound function to the subproblems generated during the exploration process. Preliminary experiments performed on the Flow‐Shop scheduling problem (FSP) have shown that the bounding operation consumes over 98% of the execution time of the B&B algorithm. In this paper, we investigate the use of graphics processing unit (GPU) computing as a major complementary way to speed up the search. We revisit the design and implementation of the parallel bounding model on GPU accelerators. The proposed approach enables data access optimization. Extensive experiments have been carried out on well‐known FSP benchmarks using an Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPU card. Compared to a CPU‐based single core execution using an Intel Core i7‐970 processor without GPU, speedups higher than 100 times faster are achieved for large problem instances. At an equivalent peak performance, GPU‐accelerated B&B is twice faster than its multi‐core counterpart. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoter Effects on Iron–Silica Fischer–Tropsch Nanocatalysts: Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Lower Olefins and Hydrocarbons at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Owen Rhodri E. , O'Byrne Justin P. , Mattia Davide , Plucinski Pawel , Pascu Sofia I. , Jones Matthew D.
Published: October 2013

If CO2 hydrogenation is to become a viable process for the utilisation of CO2, improved catalysts are urgently needed. We report the promotional effects of Group 11 and 13 metals on the performance of iron–silica catalyst systems under atmospheric pressure. The addition of low loadings of gold resulted in a significant improvement in catalyst performance both in terms of conversion and selectivity to lower (C2–C4) olefins. Small loadings of indium proved highly effective for increasing CO2 conversion, whereas at higher loadings the selectivity to lower olefins could be dramatically increased. Catalysis tests involving palladium‐promoted systems also proved successful with large increases in selectivity towards C5+ hydrocarbons observed. The catalysts were characterised by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, TEM and SEM, which confirmed the nanostructured nature of the catalytic species involved.
Emotion and Self‐Cutting: Narratives of Service Users Referred to a Personality Disorder Service
Authors: Morris Charlotte , Simpson Jane , Sampson Mark , Beesley Frank
Published: October 2013

Theory and existing research suggest that emotion regulation capabilities develop during the formative years. Emotion dysregulation is associated with psychological distress and may contribute towards difficulties such as personality disorder and self‐harm. This study aimed to explore the contexts in which individuals' narratives of emotional experience and self‐harm developed. Eight participants who cut themselves and were seen by a personality disorder service were recruited. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out, and interview transcripts were analysed using a narrative approach.

Five temporal themes were generated: ‘Seen and not heard’, ‘A big release … to get rid of all the pain and hurt’, ‘A vicious circle’, ‘A different world’ and ‘Trying to turn my life around’. The findings highlight how early experiences may have led participants to perceive emotions as unacceptable and subsequently suppress emotion in adulthood. Suppression of emotions appeared to be related to appraisals of emotions and to secondary emotional distress. Furthermore, cutting was linked to suppression of emotions as well as negative self‐beliefs formed during childhood and reinforced through subsequent experiences. The study emphasizes the need for therapeutic approaches to focus on emotions when working with individuals who self‐cut. Furthermore, the findings indicate the need for compassionate and validating health services that may help service users develop more optimistic future narratives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Focusing on emotions in therapy rather than self‐harming behaviour per se may be beneficial for individuals who self‐cut.

Encouraging abstinence from cutting, without first helping clients learn emotion regulation skills, may lead to more serious self‐cutting.
Pride or Embarrassment? Employees’ Emotions and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Onkila Tiina
Published: October 2013

This study explores how the employees of a financial firm use emotional arguments to construct different views of their employer's corporate social responsibility (CSR). It is theoretically based on the recent literature regarding employee perspectives of CSR, and especially on the role of emotions in CSR. Furthermore, the study utilizes rhetorical theory as a framework for data analysis. A qualitative study, based on face‐to‐face interviews, was conducted among 27 employees in a Finnish financial firm. The study identifies six categories of emotional arguments the employees used to construct views of where their employing organization's CSR is derived from. These categories relate positive emotions to satisfaction with the employing organization's CSR and negative emotions to dissatisfaction. The results show that employees also experience external pressures for CSR, but only implicitly, because they do not wish be embarrassed by their employer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Are Socially Responsible Behaviors Paid Off Equally? A Cross‐cultural Analysis
Authors: del Mar Miras‐Rodríguez María , Carrasco‐Gallego Amalia , Escobar‐Pérez Bernabé
Published: October 2013

Based on the strong influence that national culture has on corporate social and responsibility (CSR) actions (institutional theory), it is necessary to study how the financial outcomes of CSR actions could be affected by these cultural characteristics. This fact is particularly interesting for managers whose companies operate in different cultures given that they have to deal with this aspect. The aim of this paper is to analyze the moderator role that national culture could have on the CSR and firm performance (CSR‐FP) relationship through a meta‐analysis, hence helping to clarify the debate existing about this relationship in the literature. The results show that this relationship is greatly affected by national culture. In this sense, countries with a high assertiveness and gender egalitarianism show a very negative relationship. Nevertheless, those with a higher future orientation, institutional collectivism, and a humane orientation reveal a positive correlation which reaches its maximum value in those countries with a high uncertainty avoidance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A Method for Creating Microporous Carbon Materials with Excellent CO2‐Adsorption Capacity and Selectivity
Authors: Qian Dan , Lei Cheng , Wang En‐Min , Li Wen‐Cui , Lu An‐Hui
Published: October 2013

A new synthetic approach for the fabrication of microporous carbon materials (HCMs) by using discrete chelating zinc species as dynamic molecular porogens to create extra micropores that enhance their CO2‐adsorption capacity and selectivity is reported. During the carbonization process, the evaporation of the in situ‐formed Zn species would create additional nanochannels that contribute to the additional micropore volume for CO2 adsorption. The resultant HCMs show an increased number of micropores, with sizes in the range 0.7–1.0 nm and a high CO2‐adsorption capacity of 5.4 mmol g−1 (23.8 wt %) at 273 K and 3.8 mmol g−1 (16.7 wt %) at 298 K and 1 bar, which are superior to those of most carbon‐based adsorbents with N‐doping or high specific surface areas. Dynamic gas‐separation measurements, by using 16 % CO2 in N2 (v/v) as a feedstock, demonstrated that CO2 could be effectively separated from N2 under ambient conditions and shows a high separation factor (S=110) for CO2 over N2, thereby reflecting a strongly competitive CO2‐adsorption capacity. If the feedstock contained water vapor, the dynamic capacity of CO2 was almost identical to that measured under dry conditions, thus indicating that the carbon material had excellent tolerance to humidity. Easy CO2 release could be realized by purging an argon flow through the fixed‐bed adsorber at 298 K, thus indicating good regeneration ability.
Noble‐Metal‐Free NiS/C3N4 for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Water
Authors: Hong Jindui , Wang Yongsheng , Wang Yabo , Zhang Wei , Xu Rong
Published: October 2013

A NiS/C3N4 photocatalyst containing earth‐abundant elements only was constructed by means of a simple hydrothermal method. This photocatalyst shows efficient hydrogen evolution (48.2 μmol h−1) under visible light when using triethanolamine as a sacrificial reagent. The optimal loading of 1.1 wt % NiS on C3N4 as a cocatalyst can enhance the H2 production by about 250 times compared with the native C3N4. The highest apparent quantum efficiency of 1.9 % was recorded at 440 nm.
A sub‐1 V nanopower temperature‐compensated sub‐threshold CMOS voltage reference with 0.065%/V line sensitivity
Authors: Magnelli Luca , Crupi Felice , Corsonello Pasquale , Iannaccone Giuseppe
Published: October 2013

We present the design of a nanopower sub‐threshold CMOS voltage reference and the measurements performed over a set of more than 70 samples fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The circuit provides a temperature‐compensated reference voltage of 259 mV with an extremely low line sensitivity of only 0.065% at the price of a less effective temperature compensation. The voltage reference properly works with a supply voltage down to 0.6 V and with a power dissipation of only 22.3 nW. Very similar performance has been obtained with and without the inclusion of the start‐up circuit. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FFT‐based calibration method for 1.5 bit/stage pipelined ADCs
Authors: Lee Shuenn‐Yuh , Liang Ming‐Chun , Hsieh Cheng‐Han
Published: October 2013

A fast Fourier transform (FFT)‐based digital calibration method for 1.5 bit/stage pipeline analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) is proposed in this paper. Capacitor mismatch and finite gain of the operational amplifier (OPAMP) can be overcome by the proposed calibration method. Given that the capacitor mismatch and the finite OPAMP gain cause the radix of all the stages of 1.5 bit/stage pipeline ADC to become unequal to 2, the FFT processor can be adopted to evaluate the actual radixes of all the stages and then generate new digital output to compensate for error caused by these non‐ideal effects. Moreover, as capacitor mismatch and the finite gain of OPAMP can be compensated, low‐gain OPAMP can be used in high‐performance ADC to reduce power dissipation; a small capacitor can then be adopted to save on space. An example of a 10 bit 1.5 bit/stage pipelined ADC with only an 8 bit circuit performance is implemented in 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS process. Circuit measurement result reveals that the signal‐to‐noise‐and‐distortion ratio of 51.03 dB with 11 dB improvement after calibration can be achieved at the sample rate of 1 MHz. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of a Zero Average Dynamics‐controlled buck converter using different pulse‐width modulation schemes
Authors: D'Amico María Belén , Angulo Fabiola
Published: October 2013

The response of a digital Zero Average Dynamics (ZAD)‐controlled buck converter under the variation of its intrinsic parameters as well as the pulse‐width modulation signal is studied in detail. The multiparameter analysis presented here leads to a complete knowledge of the different dynamical scenarios exhibited by the system. Numerical results indicate that the success of the ZAD‐strategy is highly dependent on the parameter and pulse‐width modulation (PWM) combinations. Experiments are included to validate the performance inside the so‐called optimum region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From “truly naïve” to “exhausted senescent” T cells: When markers predict functionality
Authors: Larbi Anis , Fulop Tamas
Published: October 2013

The study of T cell biology has been accelerated by substantial progress at the technological level, particularly through the continuing advancement of flow cytometry. The conventional approach of observing T cells as either T helper or T cytotoxic is overly simplistic and does not allow investigators to clearly identify immune mechanisms or alterations in physiological processes that impact on clinical outcomes. The complexity of T cell sub‐populations, as we understand them today, combined with the immunological and functional diversity of these subsets represent significant complications for the study of T cell biology. In this article, we review the use of classical markers in delineating T cell sub‐populations, from “truly naïve” T cells (recent thymic emigrants with no proliferative history) to “exhausted senescent” T cells (poorly proliferative cells that display severe functional abnormalities) wherein the different phenotypes of these populations reflect their disparate functionalities. In addition, since persistent infections and chronological aging have been shown to be associated with significant alterations in human T cell distribution and function, we also discuss age‐associated and cytomegalovirus‐driven alterations in the expression of key subset markers. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The effect of cell subset isolation method on gene expression in leukocytes
Authors: Beliakova‐Bethell Nadejda , Massanella Marta , White Cory , Lada Steven M. , Du Pinyi , Vaida Florin , Blanco Julià , Spina Celsa A. , Woelk Christopher H.
Published: October 2013

Multiple scientific disciplines require the isolation of specific subsets of blood cells from patient samples for gene expression analysis by microarray or RNA‐sequencing, preserving disease‐ or treatment‐related signatures. However, little is known with respect to the impact of different cell isolation methods on gene expression and the effects of positive selection, negative selection, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) have not previously been assessed in parallel. To address this knowledge gap, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and monocytes were isolated from blood samples from five independent donors using positive immunomagnetic selection, negative immunomagnetic selection, and FACS. We hypothesized that positive selection and FACS would yield higher purity but may have an impact on gene expression since both methods utilize antibodies that bind surface receptors of the cell type of interest. Moreover, FACS might upregulate stress response genes due to passage of the cells through the sorter. Microarray gene expression data were generated and subjected to unsupervised clustering and differential gene expression analysis. Surprisingly, these analyses revealed that gene expression signatures were more similar between cells isolated by negative selection and FACS compared to cells isolated by positive selection. Moreover, genes that are involved in the response to stress generally had the highest expression in cells isolated by negative or positive selection and not FACS. Thus, FACS is the recommended method for isolation of leukocyte subsets for gene expression studies since this method results in the purest subset populations and does not appear to induce a stress response. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
DNA damage signaling, impairment of cell cycle progression, and apoptosis triggered by 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporated into DNA
Authors: Zhao Hong , Halicka H. Dorota , Li Jiangwei , Biela Ewa , Berniak Krzysztof , Dobrucki Jurek , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: October 2013

The “click chemistry” approach utilizing 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) as a DNA precursor was recently introduced to assess DNA replication and adapted to flow‐ and imaging‐cytometry. In the present study, we observed that EdU, once incorporated into DNA, induces DNA damage signaling (DDS) such as phosphorylation of ATM on Ser1981, of histone H2AX on Ser139, of p53 on Ser15, and of Chk2 on Thr68. It also perturbs progression of cells through the cell cycle and subsequently induces apoptosis. These effects were observed in non‐small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 as well as in B‐cell human lymphoblastoid TK6 and WTK1 cells, differing in the status of p53 (wt versus mutated). After 1 h EdU pulse‐labeling, the most affected was cells progression through the S phase subsequent to that at which they had incorporated EdU. This indicates that DNA replication using the template containing incorporated EdU is protracted and triggers DDS. Furthermore, progression of cells having DNA pulse‐labeled with EdU led to accumulation of cells in G2, likely by activating G2 checkpoint. Consistent with the latter was activation of p53 and Chk2. Although a correlation was observed in A549 cells between the degree of EdU incorporation and the extent of γH2AX induction, such correlation was weak in TK6 and WTK1 cells. The degree of perturbation of the cell cycle kinetics by the incorporated EdU was different in the wt p53 TK6 cells as compared to their sister WTK1 cell line having mutated p53. The data are thus consistent with the role of p53 in modulating activation of cell cycle checkpoints in response to impaired DNA replication. The confocal microscopy analysis of the 3D images of cells exposed to EdU for 1 h pulse and then grown for 24 or 48 h revealed an increased number of colocalized γH2AX and p53BP1 foci considered to be markers of DNA double‐strand breaks and enlarged nuclei. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Estimation of high performance in Schmitt triggers with stacking power‐gating techniques in 45 nm CMOS technology
Authors: Saxena Anshul , Shrivastava Akansha , Akashe Shyam
Published: October 2013

In the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nanoscale technology ground bounce noise and power consumption are becoming important metric. In presented paper, low leakage Schmitt trigger circuits are proposed for wave shaping or cleaning process with low ground bounce noise. Schmitt trigger play important role in communication electronics. Power‐gating and stacking power‐gating techniques have provided for maintaining the parameter of Schmitt trigger. An ideal approach has been investigated with stacking power‐gating technique. For further reduction in peak of ground bounce noise during sleep to active (power) mode transition, we have performed simulations using cadence specter 45 nm standard CMOS technology at nominal temperature (27°C) with supply voltage Vdd = 0.7 V and input voltage vary from 0.7 V to 1.5 V. The simulation results show that a proposed design provide efficient 6 T and 4 T Schmitt triggers in term of minimum leakage power (8.18 fW), active power (17.80 pW), ground bounce noise (1.65 μV) and propagation delay (1.98 ns), transconductance (4.51 × 10−14 S), voltage gain (29.44 dB), hysteresis width (11.07 V) and efficiency (64.68%). Reported devices use for low‐power communication systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple access interference and multipath interference analysis of orthogonal complementary code‐based ultra‐wideband systems over multipath channels
Authors: Bai Zhiquan , Zhao Fang , Wang Changhui , Wang Cheng‐Xiang
Published: October 2013

In order to alleviate multiple access interference and multipath interference of ultra‐wideband (UWB) system, we propose the orthogonal complementary code (OCC)‐based direct‐sequence UWB system and offset‐stacking (OS)‐UWB system. OCC has perfect partial autocorrelation and cross‐correlation characteristics. With the application of OCC in UWB system, we can obtain better performance in multiple access interference and multipath interference. The proposed OS‐UWB structure can also achieve variable data rate transmission because of its innovative OS spreading technique. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed UWB system can achieve excellent performance and outperform the unitary code‐based direct‐sequence UWB system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptanalysis of a dynamic identity‐based remote user authentication scheme with verifiable password update
Authors: Li Xiong , Niu Jianwei , Liao Junguo , Liang Wei
Published: October 2013

In the authentication scheme, it is important to ensure that the user's identity changed dynamically with the different sessions, which can protect the user's privacy information from being tracked. Recently, Chang et al. proposed an untraceable dynamic identity‐based remote user authentication scheme with verifiable password update. However, our analysis show that the property of untraceability can easily be broken by the legal user of the system. Besides, we find the scheme of Chang et al. vulnerable to offline password guessing attack, impersonation attack, stolen smart card attack, and insider attack. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Provable secure identity‐based multi‐proxy signature scheme
Authors: Sahu Rajeev Anand , Padhye Sahadeo
Published: October 2013

Multi‐proxy signature is one of the useful primitives of the proxy signature. Till now, only a few schemes of identity‐based multi‐proxy signature (IBMPS) have been proposed using bilinear pairings, but most of the schemes are insecure or lack a formal security proof. Because of the important application of IBMPS scheme in distributed systems, grid computing, and so on, construction of an efficient and provable‐secure IBMPS scheme is desired. In 2005, Li & Chen proposed an IBMPS scheme from bilinear pairings, but their paper lacks a formal model and proof of the security. Further, in 2009, Cao & Cao presented an IBMPS scheme with the first formal security model for it. Unfortunately, their scheme is not secure against the Xiong et al's attack. In this paper, first, we present an IBMPS scheme, then we formalize a security model for the IBMPS schemes and prove that the presented scheme is existential unforgeable against adaptive chosen message and identity attack in the random oracle model under the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption. Also, our scheme is not vulnerable for the Xiong et al's attack. The presented scheme is more efficient in the sense of computation and operation time than the existing IBMPS schemes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward energy‐proportional Internet core networks: an energy‐minimized routing and virtual topology design for Internet protocol layer
Authors: Wu Yuansheng , Guo Bing , Shen Yan , Wang Jihe , Liu Xiaobin
Published: October 2013

With the exponential growth of Internet traffic, the energy consumption issue of core networks is increasingly becoming critical. Today's core networks are highly underutilized most of the time because of the over‐provisioning and redundancy dimensioning, which results in severe energy inefficiency. In previous work, many non‐deterministic polynomial‐time hard mathematics formulation models have been proposed to minimize the energy consumption of core networks. However, effective heuristics are needed to solve these models in medium/large‐size networks. This work studies the energy‐minimized routing and virtual topology design problem of the power‐hungry Internet protocol (IP) layer in core networks, aiming to achieve an energy‐proportional IP layer by exploiting the variation of traffic with hours to reconfigure virtual topology and reroute traffic. We formulate energy‐minimized routing and virtual topology design as an Integer linear programming problem and propose a LR algorithm, a heuristic based on the Lagrangian relaxation, to solve this problem in a polynomial‐time. The simulation results indicate that the LR algorithm outperforms the best previous algorithm and can achieve a near energy‐proportional IP layer with significant power saving. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of simulation results is conducted, which suggests a design principle of network equipment to facilitate the power saving. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient pairing‐free identity‐based authenticated group key agreement protocol
Authors: Tan Zuowen
Published: October 2013

An authenticated group key agreement protocol allows participants to agree on a group key that will be subsequently used to provide secure group communication over an insecure network. In this paper, we give a security analysis on a pairing‐free identity‐based authenticated group key agreement because of Islam et al. We show that the protocol of Islam et al. cannot satisfy the minimal security requirements of the key agreement protocols. We propose an efficient pairing‐free identity‐based authenticated group key agreement for imbalanced mobile network. The proposed protocol can be implemented easily for practical application in mobile networks as it is free from bilinear. Under the difficulty of the InvCDH and CDH we demonstrate that the proposed protocol provides perfect forward secrecy, implicit key authentication and the dynamic functionality. As compared with the group key agreement protocols for imbalanced mobile network, the proposed protocol provides stronger security properties and high efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal sensory experience affects hatching behavior in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Sleigh Merry J. , Casey Michael B.
Published: October 2013

Species‐typical developmental outcomes result from organismic and environmental constraints and experiences shared by members of a species. We examined the effects of enhanced prenatal sensory experience on hatching behaviors by exposing domestic chicks (n = 95) and Japanese quail (n = 125) to one of four prenatal conditions: enhanced visual stimulation, enhanced auditory stimulation, enhanced auditory and visual stimulation, or no enhanced sensory experience (control condition). In general, across species, control embryos had slower hatching behaviors than all other embryos. Embryos in the auditory condition had faster hatching behaviors than embryos in the visual and control conditions. Auditory–visual condition embryos showed similarities to embryos exposed to either auditory or visual stimulation. These results suggest that prenatal sensory experience can influence hatching behavior of precocial birds, with the type of stimulation being a critical variable. These results also provide further evidence that species‐typical outcomes are the result of species‐typical prenatal experiences. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 935–942, 2014.
Age‐dependent MDPV‐induced taste aversions and thermoregulation in adolescent and adult rats
Authors: Merluzzi Andrew P. , Hurwitz Zachary E. , Briscione Maria A. , Cobuzzi Jennifer L. , Wetzell Bradley , Rice Kenner C. , Riley Anthony L.
Published: October 2013

Adolescent rats are more sensitive to the rewarding and less sensitive to the aversive properties of various drugs of abuse than their adult counterparts. Given a nationwide increase in use of “bath salts,” the present experiment employed the conditioned taste aversion procedure to assess the aversive effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; 0, 1.0, 1.8, or 3.2 mg/kg), a common constituent in “bath salts,” in adult and adolescent rats. As similar drugs induce thermoregulatory changes in rats, temperature was recorded following MDPV administration to assess if thermoregulatory changes were related to taste aversion conditioning. Both age groups acquired taste aversions, although these aversions were weaker and developed at a slower rate in the adolescent subjects. Adolescents increased and adults decreased body temperature following MDPV administration with no correlation to aversions. The relative insensitivity of adolescents to the aversive effects of MDPV suggests that MDPV may confer an increased risk in this population. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 943–954, 2014.
Bolus calculator and wirelessly communicated blood glucose measurement effectively reduce hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic children – randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ramotowska Anna , Szypowska Agnieszka
Published: October 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bolus calculator function and wireless communication between insulin pump and blood glucose metre on metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes, treated with insulin pumps.

Methods

In this randomized, controlled, 12‐week trial, 156 patients, aged 12.9 ± 2.6 years, with a history of diabetes of 5.1 ± 3.3 years and glycated haemoglobin values of 7.3 ± 1.2% (56.3 ± 13.44 mmol/mol) were included. Children were assigned to one of three arms: group A, subjects using bolus calculator and wireless communication between insulin pump and blood glucose metre; group B, subjects using bolus calculator without communication between the devices and group C, control group. Devices were downloaded at 0, 6 and 12 weeks.

Results

There were statistically fewer episodes of hypoglycaemia in children using bolus calculator compared with the control group: A versus C (3.8 ± 3.1 versus 7.8 ± 5.13 episodes/2 weeks, respectively, p < 0.0001); B versus C (3.6 ± 3.3 versus 7.8 ± 5.1 episodes/2 weeks, respectively, p < 0.0001). Patients in group A used bolus calculator function significantly more frequently than patients in group B (4.9 ± 3.4 versus 2.5 ± 2.9 times/24 h, respectively, p = 0.0006). No significant differences in glycated haemoglobin levels were found between the experimental and the control groups: group A versus C (p = 0.699). The use of bolus calculator did not influence post‐prandial glycaemia, body mass index‐SD score or insulin/kg/24 h.

Conclusions

Bolus calculator use reduces hypoglycaemic episodes independently of communication between insulin pump and blood glucose metre. Wireless communication between devices results in more frequent bolus calculator use. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of residual β cell function in long‐standing type 1 diabetes
Authors: Sherr Jennifer L. , Ghazi Tara , Wurtz Anna , Rink Linda , Herold Kevan C.
Published: October 2013

Background

Some patients with long‐standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) maintain detectable levels of C‐peptide. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of insulin secretion in these subjects have not been assessed, but may shed light on the basis for maintained β cell function. Our objective was to characterize insulin secretion in subjects with varying duration of T1D.

Methods

Data from mixed‐meal tolerance tests were collected in this cross‐sectional study. We screened 58 subjects with T1D <1 year and 34 subjects with T1D >2 years, 20 of whom had previously participated in trials of anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody. Data from 38 historical non‐diabetic controls were utilized. Insulin secretory rates were calculated from C‐peptide levels from mixed‐meal tolerance tests. Patterns and rates of insulin secretion were characterized along with relationships between insulin secretion and clinical parameters.

Results

C‐peptide was detected in 68% of subjects with T1D duration >2 years. Insulin secretion was negatively correlated with HgbA1c and insulin use. A decline in total insulin secretion was seen with increasing disease duration (p < 0.0001). More subjects with long duration of T1D had a delayed time to peak secretion compared with those with new onset T1D or non‐diabetic subjects. Insulin and glucagon secretory responses appeared unrelated.

Conclusions

Meal‐stimulated insulin secretory responses are seen in those with long‐standing T1D and detectable C‐peptide. Delayed insulin secretory responses are more common in individuals with longer disease duration. Residual insulin secretory responses are associated with improved clinical parameters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep quality and the metabolic syndrome: the role of sleep duration and lifestyle
Authors: Mesas Arthur Eumann , Guallar‐Castillón Pilar , López‐García Esther , León‐Muñoz Luz María , Graciani Auxiliadora , Banegas José Ramón , Rodríguez‐Artalejo Fernando
Published: October 2013

Background

This study examined the association between sleep quality and the metabolic syndrome and whether if it is independent of sleep duration and if it can be explained by lifestyles linked to sleep quality.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study conducted from 2008 to 2010 with 10 342 individuals representative of the population aged ≥18 years in Spain. Poor sleep quality was ascertained through self‐reported difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep and sleeping pill consumption. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the recent harmonized definition. Analyses were conducted with logistic regression and adjusted for the main confounders.

Results

Difficulty falling asleep was associated with higher frequency of metabolic syndrome after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, lifestyle and diagnosed morbidity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–1.47]. The association was slightly attenuated after further adjusting for sleep duration (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.04–1.46) and held after additional adjustment for energy intake, adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern, energy spent in physical activity and time watching TV (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.01–1.42). No associations were found between metabolic syndrome and other sleep quality indicators. Difficulty falling asleep was associated with high blood pressure in the fully adjusted analyses (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.00–1.37) but not with the rest of components of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

Difficulty falling asleep is associated with metabolic syndrome and, in particular, with high blood pressure. This association is independent of sleep duration and is not due to lifestyles related to poor sleep. This finding should be replicated in prospective studies using objective sleep measures; also, the influence of antihypertensive and lipid‐lowering drug treatment on this association should be further studied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of corticosterone and DHEA on doublecortin immunoreactivity in the song control system and hippocampus of adult song sparrows
Authors: Wada Haruka , Newman Amy E.M. , Hall Zachary J. , Soma Kiran K. , MacDougall‐Shackleton Scott A.
Published: October 2013

Adult neuroplasticity is strongly influenced by steroids. In particular, corticosterone (CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can have opposing effects, where CORT reduces while DHEA increases neurogenesis and neuron recruitment. It has been previously shown that in adult male song sparrows, DHEA treatment increases neuron recruitment throughout the telencephalon, including the lateral ventricular zone, while the effect of CORT treatment is restricted to HVC, one of the song control regions. These data suggest that the two steroids may differentially affect proliferation, migration, differentiation, and/or survival of new neurons. To determine if CORT or DHEA alters the migration and differentiation of young neurons, we examined an endogenous marker of migrating immature neurons, doublecortin (DCX), in HVC and hippocampus of adult male song sparrows that were treated with CORT and/or DHEA for 28 days. In HVC, DHEA increased the number of DCX‐labeled round cells, while CORT had no main effect on the number of DCX‐labeled cells. Furthermore, DHEA increased the area covered by DCX immunoreactivity in HVC, regardless of CORT treatment. In the hippocampus, neither DHEA nor CORT affected DCX immunoreactivity. These results suggest that DHEA enhances migration and differentiation of young neurons into HVC while CORT does not affect the process, whether in the presence of DHEA or not. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 52–62, 2014
Dendritic differentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells is promoted by ryanodine receptors expressed by Purkinje and granule cells
Authors: Ohashi Ryo , Sakata Shin‐ichi , Naito Asami , Hirashima Naohide , Tanaka Masahiko
Published: October 2013

Cerebellar Purkinje cells have the most elaborate dendritic trees among neurons in the brain. We examined the roles of ryanodine receptor (RyR), an intracellular Ca2+ release channel, in the dendrite formation of Purkinje cells using cerebellar cell cultures. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells express RyR1 and RyR2, whereas granule cells express RyR2. When ryanodine (10 µM), a blocker of RyR, was added to the culture medium, the elongation and branching of Purkinje cell dendrites were markedly inhibited. When we transferred small interfering RNA (siRNA) against RyR1 into Purkinje cells using single‐cell electroporation, dendritic branching but not elongation of the electroporated Purkinje cells was inhibited. On the other hand, transfection of RyR2 siRNA into granule cells also inhibited dendritic branching of Purkinje cells. Furthermore, ryanodine reduced the levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the culture medium. The ryanodine‐induced inhibition of dendritic differentiation was partially rescued when BDNF was exogenously added to the culture medium in addition to ryanodine. Overall, these results suggest that RyRs expressed by both Purkinje and granule cells play important roles in promoting the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells and that RyR2 expressed by granule cells is involved in the secretion of BDNF from granule cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 467–480, 2014