bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Necrotizing encephalitis in Yorkshire terriers
Authors: Tipold A. , Fatzer R. , Jaggy A. , Zurbriggen A. , Vandevelde M.
Published: April 2008

During the past six years these authors have observed a distinctive multifocal non‐suppurative necrotizing encephalitis in Yorkshire terriers. Histopathological findings were different from those in canine encephalitides of known and unknown causes. Clinically, the Yorkshire terriers presented primarily brain stem signs or evidence of cerebral involvement, including seizures. The course of the disease was mostly chronic and progressive. Protozoal, bacterial and mycotic organisms were not found on histopathological examinations. The morphology of the lesions was strongly suggestive of a viral aetiology. Immunocytochemistry as well as in situ hybridisation failed to provide evidence for canine distemper virus infection. Likewise, canine herpesvirus was not detected by immunocytochemistry. Other known canine encephalitides could be excluded on clinical and morphological grounds; however, certain similarities may exist to pug dog encephalitis.
Metatarsal III fractures in the racing greyhound
Authors: Ness M. G.
Published: April 2008

During a five‐year period, six single stress fractures of metatarsal Iii fractures were diagnosed in five greyhounds. All cases occurred while racing and without external trauma. Treatment by external support had previously been unsuccessful in three cases. However, surgical treatment permitted a prompt return to racing in all cases treated. The aetiopathogenesis of these fractures, the relative importance of the functional anatomy of the canine hock and the practice of racing greyhounds around tight curves are discussed.
Isolation ofNocardia asteroidesfrom a dog with haemorrhagic cystitis
Authors: Buoro I. B. J. , Mande J. D. , Nyamwange S. B.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, clinicopathological, serial urinalysis, urinary bladder radiography and urine bacteriological culture results in a three‐year‐old male dog with haematuria of four days duration are presented. The dog had cystitis associated with suspectedNocardia asteroidesinfection. There was rapid resolution of clinical signs on institution of treatment with ampicillin.
Tonographic effects of pilocarpine and pilocarpineepinephrine in dogs
Authors: Gum G. G. , Metzger K. J. , Gelatt K. J. , Gilley R. L. , Gelatt K. N.
Published: April 2008

Topical pilocarpine (1·0, 2·0 and 4·0 per cent) and 2·0 per cent pilocarpine plus 1·0 per cent epinephrine markedly increased conventional aqueous humour outflow, as measured by noninvasive tonography, in both normal beagles and beagles with inherited glaucoma. Pilocarpine in normal eyes increased the coefficient of outflow from 0·33 μl/min/mmHg (pre‐drug) to 0·55 μl/min/mmHg (1·0 per cent), 0·57 μl/min/mmHg (2·0 per cent), and 0·61 μl/min/mmHg (4·0 per cent). In beagles with inherited glaucoma, topical pilocarpine increased the coefficient of outflow from 0·15 μl/min/mmHg (pre‐drug) to 0·24 μl/min/mmHg (1·0 per cent), 0·21 μl/min/mrnHg (2·0 per cent) and 0·38 μl/min/mmHg (4·0 per cent). The 2·0 per cent pilocarpine plus 1·0 per cent epinephrine solution in normal eyes increased the coefficient of outflow from 0·27 μl/min/mmHg to 0·36 μl/min/mmHg. In the glaucomatous eyes the 2 per cent pilocarpine plus 1 per cent epinephrine combination increased the coefficient outflow from 0·20 μl/min/mmHg to 0·30 μl/min/mmHg.
Calculations of energy requirements of dogs, cats and small psittacine birds
Authors: Earle K. E.
Published: April 2008

How much and on what should I feed my dog, cat or budgerigar? This must be a common question veterinarians are asked by their clients and possibly the most difficult question to answer because of the number of options available. When advising on the most appropriate daily feeding regimen for a companion animal, one must not only consider the animal's requirement for energy and other key nutrients at a particular bodyweight or age but also provide a food that is readily consumed by the pet. Feeding plays an important role in the relationship between the pet and its owner. The occasion provides the greatest pleasure for the owner when the pet has not only eaten the food supplied but also indicated, via its behaviour pattern, that the occasion was pleasurable. These factors, together with the animal's own individual preferences, will determine whether a particular food, even if nutritionally balanced, is eaten or not.
Calcaneoquartal arthrodesis in the dog
Authors: Allen M. J. , Dyce J. , Houlton J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of calcaneoquartal arthrodesis was evaluated retrospectively in 36 dogs (39 joints) with instability of the proximal intertarsal joint. Instability was caused by rupture of the plantar ligament in 27 dogs (75 per cent) while in the remaining nine dogs it was complicated by fractures or luxations of other tarsal bones. The average period between the time of injury and referral was 10 weeks. Thirteen dogs had received prior treatment. Arthrodesis was achieved in 33 of the 39 joints (85 per cent) following the initial surgery, while a further four joints were subsequently successfully treated, giving an overall success rate of 95 per cent. Sixteen limbs (41 per cent) developed complications; these complications were seen more frequently in dogs referred with a history of previous unsuccessful cast or surgical management. After an average follow‐up period of 37 months, 76 per cent of the dogs were reported to be sound.
Morphological study of the corpus luteum in the rat
Authors: Fransen J. , Verheyen A. , Marsboom R.
Published: April 2008

The cyclic related growth and regression of the corpus luteum during four consecutive oestrous cycles of the regular four‐day‐cycling (ie, 16 days), virgin albino Wistar rat were followed up by light and electron microscopic investigation of the ovaries. After ovulation, follicular granulosa cells differentiated into luteal cells in the newly formed corpus luteum. Based on their specific histological characteristics, four various types of corpus luteum in each stage of the oestrous cycle could be identified. As soon as the luteal cells started to degenerate, the number of fibroblasts progressively increased and apoptotic degeneration of luteal cells was initiated and became most prominent during oestrus. Complete regression of the corpus luteum was seen after 15 days. This study shows a strictly organised pattern of luteal cell growth and degeneration in the corpus luteum of the regular four‐day‐cycling, virgin Wistar rat. The morphological alterations may be regulated by a hormonal fluctuation.
Risk factors for humeral condylar fractures in the dog: A retrospective study
Authors: Rørvik A. M.
Published: April 2008

Humeral condylar fractures have fracture lines that extend through the joint surface and through one or both epicondyles. One hundred and eighty‐nine dogs with humeral condylar fractures are presented in this study. Lateral condylar fractures were the most frequent (67 per cent), occurring nearly 10 times as often as the medial condylar fracture. Intercondylar fractures represented about 35 per cent of these. Condylar fractures occur as a result of moderate trauma and only rarely due to traffic accidents. The histories and circumstances of the three fracture types are not essentially different. Dogs, three and four months old, were strongly over‐represented among the lateral and medial condylar fractures, compared with the age distribution of other types of fractures in the extremities of the dogs. Humeral condylar fractures were recorded in 58 breeds. All dogs are vulnerable to humeral condylar fractures. All sizes and both sexes are equally at risk. Some breeds seem to be more vulnerable to lateral condylar fractures: English and French bulldogs, Yorkshire terriers, miniature schnauzers, Gordon setters and German short‐haired pointers. The St Bernard seems to be more vulnerable to medial and intercondylar fractures and the German shepherd dog and beagle to intercondylar fractures. A retrospective case control study does not provide wholly reliable statistical information on risk factors, and the statistics concerning breed and breed size must be judged accordingly. The method was considered to be the best statistical model available for this study.
Valvular pulmonic stenosis in bullmastiffs
Authors: Malik R. , Church D. B. , Hunt G. B.
Published: April 2008

Six bullmastiffs with congenital heart disease were evaluated over a three‐year period. In all the cases the problem was shown to be dysplasia of the pulmonary valve. Five cases were male, one was female. All dogs available to follow‐up developed signs of cardiac decompensation. Bullmastiffs must be added to the list of breeds in which valvular pulmonic stenosis is encountered frequently.
Canine kinematic hindleg gait analysis using a microcomputer
Authors: Wingfield C. , Law H. T. , Stead A. C.
Published: April 2008

A microcomputer‐based gait measurement system, originally developed for human subjects, has been adapted for analysis of canine walking and trotting gaits. Examples of gait in a normal and an abnormal dobermann are shown to demonstrate the collection and presentation of kinematic data of locomotion. The potential of the system for clinical and research work is discussed.
Fibrocartilaginous embolism in the dog
Authors: Dyce J. , Houlton J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

Eighteen dogs with acute neurological symptoms suggestive of ischaemic myelopathy are described. A presumptive diagnosis of spinal parenchymal infarction, due to fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE), was made in 16 cases. This was confirmed by histological examination post mortem in the remainder. Clinical neurological parameters were the most reliable prognostic indicators following FCE. High dose corticosteroid therapy should be administered as soon as possible to influence the secondary pathophysiological reaction in such cases. Only one dog made a complete neurological recovery, however nine returned to normal activity with‐out regaining normal neurological function. Eight dogs required euthanasia.
Dermoid sinus in a Rhodesian ridgeback
Authors: Marks S. L. , Harari J. , Dernell W. S.
Published: April 2008

A dermoid sinus was identified in a Rhodesian ridgeback dog. Diagnosis was by physical examination, contrast radiography, gross and microscopic evaluations. Surgical resection of the lesion was curative.
Lateral fabellar fractures in the dog: A review of eight cases
Authors: Houlton J. E. F. , Ness M. G.
Published: April 2008

Fractures of the lateral fabella were recorded in seven medium or large breed dogs. Six dogs had unilateral fractures and one had bilateral fractures. The fractures appeared to occur spontaneously, without external trauma. Four fractures were managed conservatively and four were treated by surgical removal of the fracture fragments. Both treatments were successful in resolving the lameness.
Third degree atrioventricular block following non‐penetrating chest trauma in a dog
Authors: Abbott J. A. , King R. R.
Published: April 2008

A two‐year‐old mixed breed dog was referred to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for the management of post traumatic ventricular arrhythmias. Electrocardiography revealed third degree atrioventricular (AV) block. An echocardiogram demonstrated an echogenic, pedunculated mass arising from the caudoventral aspect of the atrial septum. The mass was believed to represent a haematoma or a thrombus associated with trauma to this region of the atrial septum. The patient was managed conservatively; third degree AV block was still pre‐ sent five days after trauma. The owner of the dog refused specific therapy of the arrhythmia. The patient was discharged and, unfortunately, lost to follow‐up. Third degree AV block has not previously been reported following accidental, blunt thoracic trauma in the dog.
Immunopathology of analfurunculosis in the dog
Authors: Day M. J.
Published: April 2008

Perianal tissue obtained from 10 normal dogs and 40 dogs with anal furunculosis was immunostained in order to determine the number and distribution of B lymphocytes/plasma cells (expressing IgG, IgM or IgA) and T lymphocytes (expressing the CD3 marker) within the inflammatory infiltrates. Differences in these parameters between tissue obtained from affected German shepherd dogs (n = 20) and affected dogs of other breeds (n = 20) were recorded. The immunological phenotype of cells comprising lymphoid follicles and associated with ductal eosinophilic pustules observed in the anal sacs of dogs with anal furunculosis is described. The results of this study suggest that a simple immunological defect does not underlie the predisposition of dogs of the German shepherd breed for anal furunculosis.
Role of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of canine transmissible venereal tumour
Authors: Batamuzi E. K. , Kessy B. M.
Published: April 2008

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the role of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of canine transmissible venereal tumour and to improve the success rate of surgical excision of this tumour. The technique was used to screen 360 dogs and, at the time of surgery, 34 clinical cases. Seventy‐five per cent of the cases detected by screening were described as early stage disease in comparison with 23 per cent of cases reported by owners. The value of exfoliative cytology at the time of surgery to determine tumour cell removal was demonstrated by the reduction in local tumour recurrence from 22 per cent to 8 per cent. The technique is, therefore, recommended for use in screening dogs for canine transmissible venereal tumour and in determining the extent of surgical removal. However, more work is needed to assess its applicability in practice by determining its sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of a positive and negative test answer.
Ciliary body haemangioma in a dog with secondary glaucoma
Authors: Read R. A.
Published: April 2008

A case of ciliary body haemangioma causing secondary glaucoma is described in an 11‐year‐ old English setter which presented with an acute history of ocular pain and an opaque cornea. Ultrasound was used to detect the tumour and a definitive diagnosis was made by histological examination after enucleation. Haemangioma in this location does not appear to have been previously reported in the dog.
Dermatosis associated with Listrophorus gibbus in the rabbit
Authors: Patel A. , Robinson K. J. E.
Published: April 2008

A dermatosis associated with Listrophorus gibbus, a pelage mite, is described in the rabbit. The case details of four domestic rabbits are described including diagnostic investigations, treatment, and successful recovery.
Laryngeal paralysis in dogs: An evaluation of the bilateral arytenoid lateralisation procedure
Authors: Burbidge H. M. , Goulden B. E. , Jones B. R.
Published: April 2008

Within the past decade, the number of reported cases of laryngeal paralysis in dogs has increased markedly. The disease is characterised by laryngeal obstruction caused by the inadequate abduction and instability of the arytenoid cartilages, aryepiglottic folds and vocal cords. Therefore, surgery performed to alleviate the clinical signs should ideally aim to reduce the airway obstruction and to prevent dynamic collapse. This paper presents the effectiveness of bilateral arytenoid lateralisation in 19 dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis. The procedure was effective in alleviating the clinical signs of laryngeal obstruction in all 19 dogs, with most surviving for several years. Postoperative laryngoscopic observations showed that the arytenoid cartilages were held in a satisfactory abducted position. A comparison of PaO2 values before and after surgery demonstrated a significant (P 0·001) fall in the PaO2 measurement between the pre‐ and postoperative blood samples. Postoperative complications included suture prosthesis failure in two dogs and a single non‐fatal incident of aspiration pneumonia in two dogs.
BSAVA Congress Overseas speakers
Authors: Senior Professor David , Quesenberry Dr Katherine , Smith Dr Gail , ALDERMAN CLIFF
Published: April 2008

NEXT year's BSAVA Congress has succeeded in luring some of the world's top speakers to these shores. To whet your appetite, three overseas speakers are featured this month, with the remaining speakers appearing in future issues of Bsava News.
Effects of combinations of medetomidine/pethidine when used for sedation and pre‐anaesthetic medication in dogs
Authors: Bartram D. H. , Young L. E. , Diamond M. J. , Gregg A. S. , Jones R. S.
Published: April 2008

Medetomidine, either 5, 10 or 20 (μg/kg, was administered together with pethidine, 2 mg/kg, by either the intramuscular or subcutaneous route to 88 dogs from a clinical population. Administration of all the drug combinations consistently produced profound sedation in the dogs, accompanied by dramatic reductions in heart rate. The degree of sedation was similar to that seen after 40 μg/kg medetomidine is administered on its own to dogs. Intramuscular administration produced more reliable sedation, but was associated with more pain than subcutaneous administration. In a number of dogs, sedation permitted the completion of various diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Several dogs were anaesthetised with thiopentone and the induction doses required were characteristically low (mean doses between 2 to 3·3 mg/kg depending on the dose of medetomidine and the route of administration). Administration of atipamezole at the termination of sedation or anaesthesia, produced a rapid and full recovery (mean time to standing between seven and 11 minutes).
Ascites and portal hypertension in three young dogs with non‐fibrosing liver disease
Authors: Hunt G. B. , Malik R. , Chapman B. L. , Lamb W. A. , Allan G. S.
Published: April 2008

Three young dogs were evaluated because of the sudden development of ascites. In each case ascites was referable to non‐fibrosing hepatic disease associated with portal hypertension. Obstruction to portal flow was pre‐sinusoidal in two cases and post sinusoidal in the other. In all cases ascites developed in the absence of severe hypoalbuminaemia. The ratio of the protein content of ascitic fluid in relation to the protein content of plasma proved useful in differentiating between pre‐ and post sinusoidal portal hypertension. All three animals died or were euthanased because of the sequelae of portal hypertension.
Mitral valve stenosis in three cats
Authors: Stamoulis M. E. , Fox P. R.
Published: April 2008

Two‐dimensional and M‐mode echocardiography were used to diagnose mitral stenosis in two cats with heart failure. This appeared to be related to mitral valve complex malformation. Ultrasound findings included thickened mitral valve leaflets with inhibited mobility, reduced mitral valve orifice size, abnormal upward (cranial) motion of the caudal mitral leaflet during diastole and severe left atrial enlargement. Colour‐flow and spectral Doppler imaging helped characterise this condition. Colour‐flow Doppler mapping showed turbulence and increased mitral filling velocity (aliasing) at the site of stenosis and related jets of mitral regurgitation. Spectral Doppler recordings showed increased diastolic mitral filling velocities with spectral broadening and prolonged pressure half‐time. Mitral stenosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of cats with severe left atrial enlargement when congenital or acquired mitral valve disease is detected; it may represent an advanced form of mitral valve complex malformation in some cases.
Unilateral exophthalmos and strabismus due to cranio‐mandibular osteopathy
Authors: Dennis R. , Barnett K. C. , Sansom J.
Published: April 2008

A nine‐month‐old male West Highland white terrier puppy presented because of non‐painful exophthalmos and strabismus of the left eye. Ultrasonographic examination of the globe and retrobulbar space showed abnormal prominence of the dorsal and medial bony wall of the orbit resulting in compression of the retrobulbar structures and indentation of the globe. A similar but less dramatic finding was present in the clinically unaffected right eye. Radiographic examination demonstrated the presence of extensive, active new bone on the frontal and parietal bones, with almost total occlusion of the frontal sinuses. In view of the dog's breed and age a tentative diagnosis of craniomandibular osteopathy was made. Although the dog was clinically well at the time of the initial presentation he sub‐sequently suffered an acute episode of severe pain, pyrexia and depression with marked swelling of the periocular tissues and conjunctival oedema. This episode responded well to symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids and analgesics and the dog has continued to progress well with a reduction in the degree of deviation of the eye.
Bone plating to stabilize atlantoaxial subluxation in four dogs
Authors: Stead A. C. , Anderson A. A. , Coughlan A.
Published: April 2008

Four dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation were treated surgically via a ventral approach and the application of an ASIF mini H plate and 2·0 mm screws to the vertebral bodies. Three dogs recovered and are well but one dog died of a cardiac arrest postoperatively.
Use of a hospital database for the evaluation of clinical biochemistry results
Authors: Little C. , Gettinby G. , Irvine D. , Eckersall P. D. , Murray M.
Published: April 2008

A database of the clinical chemistry results from unwell animals referred to Glasgow University Veterinary School, by general practitioners, was studied. This database contains over 60,000 records, from more than 25,000 animals, obtained over a period of 18 years. A four‐year period was selected during which the instruments and methods used for these analyses were unchanged. The biochemical analyses made on plasma from those dogs when first presented to the veterinary school were scrutinised in detail. These data have been summarised in a tabular form using the first, fifth, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles. The distributions of these values differ for different analytes and in particular do not conform to a normal curve. These data can be used to provide estimates of rarity to indicate the frequency with which extreme values associated with disease can be expected. Thus an individual datum can be flagged as high*, high**, high***, or high**** depending on whether it lies in the top 25 per cent, top 10 per cent, top 5 per cent or top 1 per cent, respectively, of cases in the hospital database. Low values can be flagged in the same way. This approach can complement the use of reference ranges from healthy animals to aid the interpretation of clinical biochemistry results from a new patient.
Tracheal adenocarcinoma in two domestic shorthaired cats
Authors: Evers P. , Sukhiani H. R. , Sumner‐Smith G. , Binnington A. G.
Published: April 2008

The occurrence of primary endotracheal adenocarcinoma in two 12‐year‐old cats is reported. Dyspnoea was the most dominant clinical sign in both cases. The endotracheal masses were identified radiographically and removed via thoracotomy and tracheotomy in the first case and cervical tracheal resection and anastomosis in the second case. In both cases, the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was confirmed histopathologically.
Two cases of hereditary quadriplegia and amblyopia in a litter of Irish setters
Authors: Sakai T. , Harashima T. , Yamamura H. , Nitaya R. , Ikeda T.
Published: April 2008

Two, one‐month‐old male Irish setters from the same litter showed incoordination, rotary nystagmus and motor and visual impairment. No abnormalities were found in either the blood, urine or cerebrospinal fluid. Radiographs of the head, chest and abdomen were normal. Histopathology revealed degeneration and necrosis of the granular layer and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. On electron microscopic examination, the granular cells showed dilated endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolated mitochondrial cristae. There was also serious destruction of Purkinje cells.
Treatment of canine aural haernatorna using an indwelling drain and corticosteroids
Authors: Joyce J. A.
Published: April 2008

Aural haematomas were treated using a Pen‐rose tissue drain inserted through the haematoma and left in situ for two weeks. Oral prednisolone was prescribed at a dose of 2 mg/kg for two weeks then 1 mg/kg for a further two weeks. Twenty‐nine haematomas were treated in 22 dogs. Twenty‐six cases resolved after a single treatment. Three ears required a second treatment two to four weeks after the initial treatment and one dog had a postoperative infection of the drain tract. No ears required more than one repeated drainage. Good cosmetic results were achieved in all cases.
Modified lateral spinal decompression in 61 dogs with thoracolurnbar disc protrusion
Authors: Yovich J. C. , Read R. , Eger C.
Published: April 2008

A modified lateral spinal decompression technique was performed in 61 dogs with thoracolumbar disc protrusion. Myelography combined with plain radiography and neurological examination determined the side of greatest compression in 93 per cent of the dogs. Disc material was retrieved in 98 per cent of the cases. Of the 35 non‐ambulatory dogs, 95 per cent regained the ability to walk. The recovery time was three weeks.
Preservation versus excision of the ileocolic junction during colectomy for megacolon: A study of 22 cats
Authors: Sweet D. C. , Hardie E. M. , Stone E. A.
Published: April 2008

From 1984 to 1991, 22 cats with megacolon underwent colectomy by end‐to‐end anastomosis of the distal colon to either the proximal colon (preserving the ileocolic junction in 14 cats) or to the distal small intestine (excising the ileocolic junction in eight cats). During the postoperative adaptive period, the two groups showed similar stool consistency, and the presence of either anorexia, lethargy, weight loss or diarrhoea with faecal incontinence. During the long term post‐operative adaptive period, no significant difference in recurrent constipation was found between the two groups. The overall constipation rate after colectomy was 45 per cent (10 cats), and because of constipation recurrence 18 per cent (four cats) were euthanased, and 18 per cent (four cats) required further surgery. Long term following colectomy, those cats which under‐went excision of the ileocolic junction had significantly looser stools than those cats in which the ileocolic junction was preserved. The preservation of the ileocolic junction during colectomy is therefore recommended.
Multifocal idiopathic pyogranulomatous bone disease in a dog
Authors: Canfield P. J. , Malik R. , Davis P. E. , Martin P.
Published: April 2008

Disseminated, multifocal idiopathic pyogranulomatous bone disease in a five‐year‐old neutered female crossbred cattle dog is described. The dog was presented for neck pain and reluctance to exercise. Radiography demonstrated polyostotic bone disease, the predominant change consisting of a mottled pattern of osteosclerosis interspersed with punctate foci of osteolysis. Numerous bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton were affected including cervical vertebrae, ribs, scapulae and humeri. Biopsy revealed sterile pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis. This was confirmed at necropsy which showed that lesions were restricted to bone. Idiopathic granulomatous or pyogranulomatous conditions have been described in the dog in relation to skin but not bone. In people, idiopathic granulomatous bone disease is one of a group of conditions collectively called histiocytosis X, which are thought to be immunoregulatory disorders related to Tlymphocyte suppressor cell deficiency and Langerhans' cell proliferation.
Psychomotor epilepsy associated with metastatic thymoma in a dog
Authors: Sordé A. , Pumarola M. , Fondevila M. D. , Manteca X.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐year‐old female German shepherd dog was presented with a history of anorexia, weight loss and fever of three months' duration. On general examination she showed a marked behavioural change represented by episodic excitement and 'fly snapping. A general blood screening showed neutrophilia with left shift and hyperalbuminaemia. Survey radiographs were taken and a mass was identified in the cranial mediastinum. Cytological examination of fine needle aspiration smears of the mass yielded a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma. The dog was euthanased and necropsy findings concluded that the primary tumour was a thymoma; metastases were found in the choroid plexus, leptomeninges, cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
Central core myopathy in a great dane
Authors: Targett M. P. , Franklin R. J. M. , Olby N. J. , Dyce J. , Anderson J. R. , Houlton J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐month‐old female great dane was referred for investigation of exercise intolerance that had developed progressively over one month. Examination revealed poor muscle mass, elevated plasma levels of muscle‐associated enzymes and electromyographic abnormalities. The dog was euthanased at 15 months old because of severe exercise intolerance. Tissue obtained by biopsy and at post mortem examination revealed prominent well defined central core structures within most muscle fibres, but no other abnormalities. The condition was diagnosed as a central core myopathy.
Successful derotation of a splenic torsion in a racing greyhound
Authors: Goldsmid S. E. , Davis P. , Pechman R.
Published: April 2008

A two‐year‐old male racing greyhound was presented to the Sydney University Veterinary Hospital with a six‐week history of intermittent gastric dilatation. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography were suggestive of splenic torsion without gastric dilatation. Exploratory ceoliotomy confirmed a 540° clockwise rotation of the spleen. Derotation of the spleen was performed and thrombosis was not present in the splenic vessels. Epinephrine was injected into the splenic parenchyma to aid in splenic contraction. The spleen was left in situ. The greyhound made an uneventful recovery and has won several races in the 10‐month follow‐up period without further problems.
WSAVA/Kennel Clubs meeting Control of hereditary elbow disease in pedigree dogs
Authors: BEDFORD PROFESSOR P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

ONE of the major activities of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association over the past 12 months has been the investigation of potential international measures for the control of inherited disease in the pedigree dog. Three areas of concern are currently being examined; elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia and ocular disease. The standardisation of diagnostic expertise on an international basis is high on the list of priorities for any scheme to prove successful, and with this intent in mind the first joint WSAVA/Kennel Clubs meeting was held in 1993 on the subject of elbow dysplasia. This report of the meeting was accepted as Association policy by the WSAVA Assembly at its annual meeting in October last year. A form of certification is currently being prepared and next a joint meeting to discuss hip dysplasia will take place in June of this year.
Overseas speakers
Authors: ALDERMAN CLIFF
Published: April 2008

BSAVA Congress is outstanding value for money and by now you will have received your Congress envelope with complete details of the events that I have touched on over the past few months. The following are three more of the overseas speakers participating in this year's scientific programme.
Comparative efficacy of fenthion, dichlorvos/fenitrothion and permethrin against the flea, Ctenocephahdes felis, on the dog
Authors: Fisher M. A. , Hutchinson M. J. , Jacobs D. E. , Dick I. G. C.
Published: April 2008

In a series of three replicated and controlled trials, nine dogs artificially infected with Ctenocephalides felis were treated with a systemically active ‘spot‐on’ formulation of fenthion, six with a topical spray containing dichlorvos and fenitrothion and six with a surface active ‘spot‐on’ preparation containing permethrin, all at recommended dose rates. Good knockdown efficacy was apparent at eight hours with the dichlorvos/fenitrothion combination and at 24 hours with the other formulations. Efficacy values in excess of 95 per cent persisted for at least 22 days in the case of the systemic fenthion preparation and the permethrin product and eight days for the dichlorvos and fenitrothion combination. Twenty‐nine days after treatment there was still substantial protection in the fenthion‐ and permethrin‐treated animals, indicated by an 88 and a 77 per cent reduction in flea counts in the two groups, respectively.
Serological findings in cases of acute leptospirosis in the dog
Authors: Scanziani E. , Calcaterra S. , Tagliabue S. , Luini M. , Giusti A. M. , Tomba M.
Published: April 2008

Fourteen dogs which had died from acute leptospirosis, three dogs which survived an acute attack of leptospirosis and seven healthy dogs living in close contact with the animals which died were examined for the presence of lepto‐spiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. Twelve dogs had titres of 1:3200 or greater. The predominant titre was directed against serovarbratislavain seven cases, serovargrippothyphosain two cases and both these serovars in two cases. In one case the predominant titre was directed against serovarsbratislava, grippothyphosa, copenhageni(serogroupicterohaemorrhagiae)andpomona.The present study and other recent reports suggest that the epidemiology of canine leptospirosis is changing with the emergence of serovars differing from those typically infecting dogs, namelycanicolaandicterohaemorrhagiae.
Acquired caudal vena cava occlusion and high protein ascites in a dog
Authors: Smith K. R.
Published: April 2008

High protein ascites developed following acquired obstruction of the vena cava in a dog. The cause of the obstruction was fibrosis associated with migration of a foreign body to the area. Diagnosis was made by venography and biochemical and cytological assessment of the ascitic fluid. The dog responded to surgical resection of the fibrous tissue and removal of the foreign body, a needle.
Serum total prostatic and non‐prostatic acid phosphatase in healthy dogs and in dogs with prostatic diseases
Authors: Corazza M. , Guidi G. , Romagnoli S. , Tognetti R. , Buonaccorsi A.
Published: April 2008

Total acid phosphatase (TAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and non‐prostatic acid phosphatase (NPAP) serum concentrations were determined using a spectrophotometric technique in 52 healthy dogs, 15 male dogs suffering from non‐prostatic diseases and in 19 dogs suffering from prostatic diseases (12 dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy and seven dogs with prostatic adenocarcinoma). TAP, PAP and NPAP serum concentrations did not differ between normal male and normal female dogs. Dogs with prostatic adenocarcinoma had significantly higher TAP, PAP and NPAP serum concentrations than dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy, normal dogs and dogs with non‐prostatic disease. The authors conclude that low serum concentrations of TAP and PAP do not rule out prostatic adenocarcinoma in the dog, but elevated concentrations can be useful criteria for the diagnosis of canine prostatic cancer.
Steroid responsive meningitis‐arteritis in dogs: Long‐term study of 32 cases
Authors: Tipold A. , Jaggy A.
Published: April 2008

Steroid responsive meningitis‐arteritis in 32 cases was studied. Two forms were recognised: The typical form showing cervical rigidity and pain, fever and pleocytosis with polymorphonuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and the atypical form, a more protracted type characterised by additional neurological deficits and lack of typical CSF changes. Both groups responded to steroid application. Several ancillary laboratory procedures were applied in an attempt to improve the diagnosis. Electroencephalography was found to be helpful in detecting an inflammatory process. Measuring IgA levels in the serum and CSF was also another useful technique for detecting atypical cases. Long‐term treatment with prednisolone was undertaken in 20 dogs. The treatment was monitored by rigorous control examinations of the blood and CSF at regular intervals. Twelve dogs were considered cured after this treatment. Thirteen dogs were euthanased; five of these in the acute stage of the disease and eight because of progressive neurological disease. In all these cases histopathological examination was performed. The data are compared to reports in the literature on meningitis and arteritis in dogs and the pathogenesis of the disease is briefly discussed.
Clinic accessions to Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital: 1986 to 1990
Authors: Ambali A. G. , Mohammed A.
Published: April 2008

A survey of disease conditions of dogs presented to the small animal unit of the University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital, between January 1986 and December 1990, was undertaken. A total of 559 cases was recorded during this period and these were divided into 13 groups according to the distribution of the following conditions: Ectoparasitism 21.1 per cent, helminthiasis 20.4 per cent, vaccination requests 13.4 per cent, trauma 11.1 per cent, orthopaedic problems 7.9 per cent, protozoan infections 6.3 per cent, castration 3.9 per cent, dermatitis 3.6 per cent, pneumonia 3.6 per cent, obstetrical problems 3.2 per cent, viral infections 2.5 per cent, cosmetic surgery 1.6 per cent and neoplasm (transmissible venereal tumour) 1.4 per cent.
Iatrogenic enterovaginal fistula following hysterectomy
Authors: Grassi F. , Romagnoli S. , Camillo F. , Rombai M. , Frateschi C.
Published: April 2008

A four‐year‐old toy poodle was presented with a recurrent foul smelling vulval discharge of faecal origin following hysterectomy. A contrast radiograph revealed an iatrogenic enterovaginal fistula. After confirming the clinical and radiographic diagnosis by exploratory laparotomy, the defect was surgically repaired by separating the adhesions and closing the communicating tracts between the jejunum and the vaginal stump. The fistula may have developed after hysterectomy when parts of the jejunum became trapped in the ligature of the vaginal stump.
Canine transmissible venereal tumour and ovarian papillary cystadeno‐carcinoma in a bitch
Authors: Booth M. J.
Published: April 2008

A young German shepherd dog was presented for a protruding vaginal mass of one month's duration. Clinical appearance of the mass was suggestive of a canine transmissible venereal tumour. Diagnosis was confirmed by cytology; a single drug chemotherapy regimen using vincristine was instituted. Regression was evident within seven days after the first treatment. Bilateral ovarian papillary cystadenocarcinoma was an incidental finding after an elective ovariohysterectomy was performed.
Thoracic and abdominal wall swellings in dogs caused by foreign bodies
Authors: Frendin J. , Greko C. , Hellmén E. , Iwarsson M. , Gunnarsson A. , Chryssantou E.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐seven hunting dogs with local swellings on the thoracic and, or, abdominal wall, were treated mainly by radical surgery supported by chemotherapy. The lesions were characterised histopathologically as pyogranulomatous inflammation. One of the dogs died during surgery because of a technical accident. Four of the dogs underwent further surgery because of relapse. Treatment was successful in 26 cases, with a mean observation period of 3.3 years (range, 0.6 to 6.5 years) without signs of disease. In 12 of the 26 dogs which underwent surgery, parts of grasses (Poaceae family), usually the floret, were found in the lesions. Predominantly anaerobic bacteria (including actinomyces) common to the oropharyngeal tract were isolated from lesions. It is proposed that the plant material is inhaled during open‐mouth breathing and, after migration through the lungs to the peripheral attachment of the diaphragm, causes productive inflammation by synergism with endogenous microorganisms of mucous membrane origin.
Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in boxer dogs in the UK
Authors: Hall E. J. , Rutgers H. C. , Scholes S. F. E. , Middleton D. J. , Tennant B. J. , King N. M. , Kelly D. F.
Published: April 2008

Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is an uncommon cause of canine large bowel diarrhoea that is generally refractory to standard treatment for idiopathic colitis. It is characterised pathologically by mucosal ulceration with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, in which periodic acid‐Schiff positive histiocytes are a dominant feature. The disease is well recognised in young boxer dogs in the USA, Australasia and mainland Europe. This paper reports the occurrence of seven cases of histiocytic ulcerative colitis seen recently in the UK, along with the clinical signs, histopathology, treatment and post mortem findings.
Borrelia burgdorferiinfection in cats in the UK
Authors: May C. , Carter S. D. , Barnes A. , McLean C. , Bennett D. , Coutts A. , Grant C. K.
Published: April 2008

Using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting techniques, cats from the north west of England and North Wales were tested for antibodies toBorrelia burgdorferi.Seropositivity toB burgdorferiin these cats was similar (4.8 per cent) to that found in dogs and horses in the UK from non‐endemic areas. Cross‐reactive antibodies toLeptospira interrogansserovars did not affect the catB burgdorferiELISA data. Clinical signs of Lyme disease were generally absent; lameness was rarely reported. As in other species, it must be considered that high levels of serum anti‐borrelia antibodies are not diagnostic for clinical Lyme disease.
Efficacy of a pimaricin suspension for treating otitis externa associated with M pachydermatis
Authors: Uchida Y. , Nakade T. , Otomo K. , Yamane Y. , Higasitsutsumi M.
Published: April 2008

A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a 1 per cent pimaricin suspension in the treatment of canine otitis externa associated with Malassezia pachydermatis. Of 40 dogs examined, M pachydermatis was the sole infection in five ears and was commensal with other organisms in 35 ears. Pimaricin in a 1 per cent suspension was administered twice a day for two weeks. Employing continuous therapy, signs accompanying otitis externa were ameliorated steadily, and satisfactory results were achieved in 33 of the dogs. No noticeable side effects were observed with the pimaricin suspension.
Sulphanilamide toxicity and crystalluria in a dog after suspected ingestion of a wound treatment ointment
Authors: Frank A. , Egenvall A.
Published: April 2008

A dog was presented in a comatose state with spastic convulsions. Five to six hours before admission the dog had been in a stableyard for some time. The dog recovered within three days, after symptomatic treatment with barbiturates and sodium bicarbonate. During the first day of observation, urinary examination revealed crystalluria, and the urinary precipitate consisted of sulphanilamide as identified by mass and infrared spectrometry. Sulphanilamide toxicity was diagnosed on the basis of the neurological disturbances and the concomitant presence of sulphanilamide crystals in the urine. The most plausible explanation of the accidental poisoning and unusual case of crystalluria was ingestion of a sulphanilamide‐containing ointment used in the topical treatment of wounds and fetlock eczema in horses, to which the dog had access.
Common difficulties with myelographic diagnosis of acute intervertebral disc prolapse in the dog
Authors: Lamb C. R.
Published: April 2008

Surgical treatment of acute intervertebral disc prolapse (Hansen type 1) normally requires myelography to accurately localise the lesion. When performing or interpreting myelograms in dogs with this condition, a number of problems may arise that have not been emphasised by existing radiology texts. Technical problems include difficulties injecting the contrast medium, poor distribution of contrast medium and incorrect radiographic views; pathoanatomical problems include atypical displacement of disc material and spinal cord swelling. These problems, and ways of avoiding them, are described.
Food intake and growth of German shepherd puppies
Authors: Schroeder G. E. , Smith G. A.
Published: April 2008

The nutritional programme followed during the growth and development of the German shepherd puppy may have a significant influence on the dog's value as a potential working or breeding animal. Limited research has been undertaken on the nutrition of the dog from birth until four to five weeks of age. The objective of this study was to establish a baseline in terms of food intake and growth, which can be used in a nutritional and managerial programme in a commercial breeding unit. The food intake and growth of 10 German shepherd dog litters, with an average of six puppies per litter, were monitored from birth to 12 weeks of age. Both food intake and growth was described by regression equations. A commercially available diet was fed throughout the study. Performance criteria, namely food intake and bodyweight, were established which could be used in a commercial German shepherd dog breeding unit.
New ideas for the dietary management of gastrointestinal tract disease
Authors: Guilford W. G.
Published: April 2008

Drugs are often given inappropriate precedence in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases. Diet has a marked influence on gastrointestinal tract function and the manipulation of dietary composition provides clinicians with a powerful therapeutic tool. During acute gastroenteritis, a short period of fasting is recommended. ‘Feeding through’ diarrhoea (without a period of fasting) is recommended in human infants but has limited applicability in dogs and cats, primarily because different types of diarrhoea are commonly treated by veterinary surgeons compared to physicians. Following the fast, a change from the animal's regular food to a diet containing novel protein sources is advisable. This minimises the likelihood of acquired food allergies to staple proteins. Allergy avoidance may require special techniques such as rotation diets or protein hydrolysates. Dietary fat is usually kept to a minimum during gastrointestinal dysfunction as malabsorbed fatty acids and bile acids promote secretory diarrhoea in the large bowel. Recommendations to feed high fat rather than high carbohydrate diets to cats with diarrhoea need to be objectively examined. The type of fat fed may also prove to be an important consideration. Incorporation of omega‐3 fatty acids into the diet has been shown to have anti‐inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa. In diseases of the small bowel, it is traditional to use low fibre diets. This recommendation needs re‐examination because the binding and gelling properties of fibre are of potential benefit in the treatment of small bowel diarrhoea. High fibre diets are useful in most large bowel diseases. Soluble (fermentable) fibres (eg, psyllium, oat bran and fibrim) rather than insoluble (non‐fermentable) fibres (eg, wheat bran) give better results in treating colitis. The benefits from soluble fibre probably relates to the binding of irritant bile acids and the generation of volatile fatty acids, such as butyrate, that nourish the colonic epithelium and encourage growth of normal bacterial flora.
Microsporum canis:Inapparent carriage by cats and the viability of arthrospores
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Werrett G. , Stokes C. R. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J.
Published: April 2008

A total of 181 dermatologically healthy pet cats from 177 different households, attending a veterinary clinic, were sampled for the presence of dermatophytes by a modified MacKenzie hair brush technique.Microsporum caniswas the only dermatophyte recovered and was isolated from four cats (2.2 per cent) from four different households. In addition to clinical details, owners were questioned about the environment and management of all the cats sampled. The data regarding the cats from whichM caniswas recovered showed little variation from that of the culture‐negative cats except that all four cats were from multi‐cat (more than two cats) households, whereas only 35 per cent of the culture‐negative cats were from a similar environment. The viability ofM canisin infected feline hairs stored at room temperature was maintained for between 13 and 18 months.