bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aluminum(III) Coordination to Hydroxy Carboxylates: the Influence of Hydroxy Substituents Enabling Tridentate Binding
Authors: Best WM , Harrowfield JM , Shand TM , Stick RV
Published: September 2010

Potentiometric evalution of the interaction between aluminium(III) and the hydroxy carboxylates 3-deoxy-D-ribo-hexonate (L1H) and 2,5-dihydroxypentanoate (L2H) provided evidence for the formation of 1:1 complexes only, though with the ligand being present in singly, doubly and quadruply deprotonated forms in the hexonate complexes, and in singly, doubly and triply deprotonated forms in those of the pentanoate. At 298 K in aqueous media, I = 0.1 ( NaCl ), equilibrium quotient values obtained through use of the programs PKAS and BEST were: -log([(L1)-][H+]/[L1H])(or pKa(L1H))= 3.58�0.03 log([(AlL1)2+]/[Al3+][(L1)-])=1.97�0.03 log([(AlH-1L1)+][H+]/[(AlL1)2+])= -2.83�0.05 log([(AlH-3L1)-][H+]2/[(AlH-1L1)+])= -9.17�0.08 -log([(L2)-][H+]/[L2H])(or pKa(L2H))= 3.92�0.03 log([(AlL2)2+]/[Al3+][(L2)-])= 2.04�0.03 log([(AlH-1L2)+][H+]/[AlL2)2+])= -3.14�0.06 log([AlH-2L2][H+]/[(AlH-1L2)+])= -2.25�0.09 The very close similarity of the results for 3-deoxy-D-ribo-hexonate (3-deoxygluconate) and those known for D(+)-gluconate has led to the suggestion that the complexes of the quadruply deprotonated ligands may involve trialkoxo coordination through the C1, C5 and C6 substituents.
2-α,4-Dihydroxy-1,8-cineole. A New Possum Urinary Metabolite
Authors: Carman RM , Rayner AC
Published: September 2010

2α,4-Dihydroxy-1,8-cineole (2a) is present in the urine of brushtail possums fed a diet enhanced with 1,8-cineole (1). Chemical syntheses of this novel metabolite (2a) and its 2β-epimer (19a) are described. The n.m.r. spectra of various 1,8- and 1,4-cineoles are reported, and literature assignments for C1 and C4 in the 1,4-cineole series are corrected.
Dust creation and transport in MAST
Authors: De Temmerman G. , Bacharis M. , Dowling J. , Lisgo S.
Published: September 2010

In this contribution, we report on experiments performed in MAST to investigate dust creation, transport and influence on plasma performance. The exceptional diagnostic access of MAST allows stereoscopic imaging of dust particles' motion in both the divertor and the main chamber, utilizing fast infrared cameras. This technique allows the 3D trajectory of the particles to be reconstructed. Infrared imaging of dust creation during disruptions revealed an isotropic release of dust particles from the surface with very high velocities (up to 350 m s−1). Stereoscopic imaging has been used to study, for the first time, the mobilization and transport in the divertor plasmas of carbon and tungsten particles with known size distributions, which were introduced into the vessel through a divertor probe. A correlation between the carbon particle size and acceleration by the plasma is observed. Tungsten particles are found to move with lower velocities and experience lower acceleration and are found to be more prone to vertical motion towards the core plasma. In the case of large particles this can lead to early disruptions. Modelling of the dust injection experiments has been conducted using the DTOKS code in an attempt to validate the transport equations employed in the simulation.
Phenoloxidase but not lytic activity reflects resistance against
Pasteuria ramosa
in
Daphnia magna
Authors: Pauwels Kevin , De Meester Luc , Decaestecker Ellen , Stoks Robby
Published: September 2010

The field of ecological immunology strongly relies on indicators of immunocompetence. Two major indicators in invertebrates, the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) and lytic activity have recently been questioned in studies showing that, across a natural range of baseline levels, these indicators did not predict resistance against a manipulated challenge with natural parasites. We confirmed this finding by showing that baseline levels of PO and lytic activity in the host
Daphnia magna
were not related to spore load of the parasite
Pasteuria ramosa
. Yet, PO levels in infected hosts did predict spore load, indicating PO activity can be useful as an indicator of immunocompetence in this model parasite–host system.
Microstructure reconstruction using entropic descriptors
Authors: Piasecki Ryszard
Published: September 2010

A multi-scale approach to the inverse reconstruction of a pattern’s microstructure is reported. Instead of a correlation function, a pair of entropic descriptors (EDs) is proposed for a stochastic optimization method. The first of them measures a spatial inhomogeneity, for a binary pattern, or compositional one, for a greyscale image. The second one quantifies a spatial or compositional statistical complexity. The EDs reveal structural information that is dissimilar, at least in part, to that given by correlation functions at almost all discrete length scales. The method is tested on a few digitized binary and greyscale images. In each of the cases, the persuasive reconstruction of the microstructure is found.
Speciation along a depth gradient in a marine adaptive radiation
Authors: Ingram Travis
Published: September 2010

Oceans are home to much of the world's biodiversity, but we know little about the processes driving speciation in marine ecosystems with few geographical barriers to gene flow. Ecological speciation resulting from divergent natural selection between ecological niches can occur in the face of gene flow. Sister species in the young and ecologically diverse rockfish genus
Sebastes
coexist in the northeast Pacific, implying that speciation may not require geographical isolation. Here, I use a novel phylogenetic comparative analysis to show that rockfish speciation is instead associated with divergence in habitat depth and depth-associated morphology, consistent with models of parapatric speciation. Using the same analysis, I find no support for alternative hypotheses that speciation involves divergence in diet or life history, or that speciation involves geographic isolation by latitude. These findings support the hypothesis that rockfishes undergo ecological speciation on an environmental gradient.
Spawning stock and recruitment in North Sea cod shaped by food and climate
Authors: Olsen Esben Moland , Ottersen Geir , Llope Marcos , Chan Kung-Sik , Beaugrand Grégory , Stenseth Nils Chr.
Published: September 2010

In order to provide better fisheries management and conservation decisions, there is a need to discern the underlying relationship between the spawning stock and recruitment of marine fishes, a relationship which is influenced by the environmental conditions. Here, we demonstrate how the environmental conditions (temperature and the food availability for fish larvae) influence the stock–recruitment relationship and indeed what kind of stock–recruitment relationship we might see under different environmental conditions. Using unique zooplankton data from the Continuous Plankton Recorder, we find that food availability (i.e. zooplankton) in essence determines which model applies for the once large North Sea cod (
Gadus morhua
) stock. Further, we show that recruitment is strengthened during cold years and weakened during warm years. Our combined model explained 45 per cent of the total variance in cod recruitment, while the traditional Ricker and Beverton–Holt models only explained about 10 per cent. Specifically, our approach predicts that a full recovery of the North Sea cod stock might not be expected until the environment becomes more favourable.
Pervasive genetic associations between traits causing reproductive isolation inHeliconiusbutterflies
Authors: Merrill Richard M. , Van Schooten Bas , Scott Janet A. , Jiggins Chris D.
Published: September 2010

Ecological speciation proceeds through the accumulation of divergent traits that contribute to reproductive isolation, but in the face of gene flow traits that characterize incipient species may become disassociated through recombination.Heliconiusbutterflies are well known for bright mimetic warning patterns that are also used in mate recognition and cause both pre- and post-mating isolation between divergent taxa. Sympatric sister taxa representing the final stages of speciation, such asHeliconius cydnoandHeliconius melpomene, also differ in ecology and hybrid fertility. We examine mate preference and sterility among offspring of crosses between these species and demonstrate the clustering of Mendelian colour pattern loci and behavioural loci that contribute to reproductive isolation. In particular, male preference for red patterns is associated with the locus responsible for the red forewing band. Two further colour pattern loci are associated, respectively, with female mating outcome and hybrid sterility. This genetic architecture in which ‘speciation genes’ are clustered in the genome can facilitate two controversial models of speciation, namely divergence in the face of gene flow and hybrid speciation.
The temporal selfish herd: predation risk while aggregations form
Authors: Morrell Lesley J. , Ruxton Graeme D. , James Richard
Published: September 2010

The hypothesis of the selfish herd has been highly influential to our understanding of animal aggregation. Various movement strategies have been proposed by which individuals might aggregate to form a selfish herd as a defence against predation, but although the spatial benefits of these strategies have been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to the importance of predator attacks that occurwhile the aggregation is forming. We investigate the success of mutant aggregation strategies invading populations of individuals using alternative strategies and find that the invasion dynamics depend critically on the time scale of movement. If predation occurs early in the movement sequence, simpler strategies are likely to prevail. If predators attack later, more complex strategies invade. If there is variation in the timing of predator attacks (through variation within or between individual predators), we hypothesize that groups will consist of a mixture of strategies, dependent upon the distribution of predator attack times. Thus, behavioural diversity can evolve and be maintained in populations of animals experiencing a diverse range of predators differing solely in their attack behaviour. This has implications for our understanding of predator–prey dynamics, as the timing of predator attacks will exert selection pressure on prey behavioural responses, to which predators must respond.
New epitopes and function of anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Tsuboi H , Matsumoto I , Wakamatsu E , Nakamura Y , Iizuka M , Hayashi T , Goto D , Ito S , Sumida T
Published: September 2010

M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) plays a crucial role in the secretion of saliva from salivary glands. It is reported that some patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) carried inhibitory autoantibodies against M3R. The purpose of this study is to clarify the epitopes and function of anti-M3R antibodies in SS. We synthesized peptides encoding the extracellular domains of human-M3R including the N-terminal region and the first, second and third extracellular loops. Antibodies against these regions were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 42 SS and 42 healthy controls. For functional analysis, human salivary gland (HSG) cells were preincubated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) separated from sera of anti-M3R antibody-positive SS, -negative SS and controls for 12 h. After loading with Fluo-3, HSG cells were stimulated with cevimeline hydrochloride, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [(Ca2+)i] were measured. Antibodies to the N-terminal, first, second and third loops were detected in 42·9% (18 of 42), 47·6% (20 of 42), 54·8% (23 of 42) and 45·2% (19 of 42) of SS, while in 4·8% (two of 42), 7·1% (three of 42), 2·4% (one of 42) and 2·4% (one of 42) of controls, respectively. Antibodies to the second loop positive SS-IgG inhibited the increase of (Ca2+)i induced by cevimeline hydrochloride. Antibodies to the N-terminal positive SS-IgG and antibodies to the first loop positive SS-IgG enhanced it, while antibodies to the third loop positive SS-IgG showed no effect on (Ca2+)i as well as anti-M3R antibody-negative SS-IgG. Our results indicated the presence of several B cell epitopes on M3R in SS. The influence of anti-M3R antibodies on salivary secretion might differ based on these epitopes.
On Achondroplasia in the Dog
Authors: Almlöf J.
Published: September 2010

In the introduction the author gives an account of achondroplasia in the dog, both as a disease occurring spontaneously and sporadically, and as a breed characteristic. He then describes the clinical and pathological observations on this developmental error in a litter of pups belonging to the miniature poodle breed. The histological picture is typical of achondroplasia throughout. Furthermore, the inner annulus zone of the intervertebral discs was immature. This observation is in accordance with the appearance of the discs of newborn individuals belonging to the breeds especially predisposed towards disc degeneration — the so‐called chondrodystrophoid breeds.

Zur Achondroplasie beim Hund

In der Einführung gibt der Autor einen Überblick über das Vorkommen der Achondroplasie beim Hund, die sowohl spontan und sporadisch als Krankheit wie auch als Rassenmerkmal auftritt. Er beschreibt dann die klinischen und pathologischen Beobachtungen zu diesem Entwicklungsfehler bei einem Wurf Zwergpudelwelpen. Das histologische Bild ist durchaus typisch für Achondroplasie. Auz̀erdem war die innere Ringzone der Zwischenwirbelscheiben unentwickelt. Diese Beobachtung stimmt überein mit dem Aussehen der Zwischenwirbelscheiben von Neugeborenen, die zu den besonders zur Diskus‐Degeneration prädisponierten Rassen gehören — den sog. chondrodystrophen Rassen.

L'achondroplasie chez le chien

Dans l'introduction, l'auteur présente une revue concernant l'achondroplasie du chien qui existe aussi bien comme malformation spontanée et sporadique que sous la forme d'une particularité raciale. Il décrit ensuite les observations cliniques et anatomo‐pathologiques de cette anomalie de développement dans une portée de caniches nains. L'image histologique est tout à fait caractéristique pour l'achondroplasie. En outre la zone interne de l'anneau des disques intervertébraux n'était pas développée. Cette observation correspond à l'aspect des disques intervertébraux des nouveaux‐nés appartenant aux races particulièrement prédisposées aux dégénérescences du disque, les races dites chondrodystrophiques.

Sobre la acondroplasia en el perro

En la introducción, el autor presenta una revisión sobre la presencia de la acondroplasia en el perro, la cual aparece bien espontánea y esporádicamente como enfermedad, bien como característica. A continuación describe las observaciones clínicas y patológicas relativas a este defecto en el desarrollo en una camada de cachorros caniches serranos. El cuadro histológico es realmente típico para la acondroplasia. Además, estaba sin desarrollar la zona anular de los discos intervertebrales de recién nacidos, pertenecientes a las razas en especial predisponentes a una degeneración discal — las llamadas razas condrodistróficas.
Short‐Tailed Murrah Buffaloes
Authors: FISCHER HELMUT
Published: September 2010

Various anomalies of the caudal part of the vertebral column in cattle are well known in the literature, but there is no evidence of similar reports for the water buffalo. Four Murrah buffalo cows with short tails were observed in Malaysia. One had a tail of only 67 cm and her daughter a tail length of 75 cm. The length in a normal animal is about 100 cm. It is assumed that short taillessness is inherited in the buffalo as in cattle. In view of the few cases, however, nothing can be said on the mode of inheritance of the anomaly. The existence of other inherited defects in cattle as well as buffaloes is mentioned.

Verschiedene Anomalien des kaudalen Teils der Wirbelsäule sind beim Rind wohl bekannt, jedoch bisher noch nicht beim Wasserbüffel beschrieben worden. Vier Murrah Büffelkühe mit Kurzschwänzen wurden in Malaysia beobachtet. Eine Kuh hatte eine Schwanzlänge von nur 67 cm und ihre Tochter eine solche von 75 cm. Die normale Länge einer gleichaltrigen Büffelkuh beträgt etwa 100 cm. Es wird angenommen, daß die Kurzschwänzigkeit beim Wasserbüffel wie beim Rind erblich bedingt ist, jedoch kann wegen der wenig beobachteten Fälle nichts über den Vererbungsmodus ausgesagt werden. Einige Bemerkungen über Beobachtungen von ähnlichen Erbdefekten beim Rind und beim Büffel werden gemacht.

Les buffles  à queue courte

Diverses anomalies de la partie caudale de l'épine dorsale sont certes bien connues chez le Boeuf, mais n'ont pas encore été décrites chez le Buffle asiatique. Quatre bufflonnes  à queue courte ont été observées en Malaisie. Une bufflonne avait une queue longue de 67 cm seulement et sa fille une queue de 75 cm. La longueur normale de la queue d'une bufflonne du même âge est d'environ 100 cm. On admet que la queue courte chez le Buffle  comme chez le Boeuf, est héréditaire, cependant à cause du petit nombre de cas observés on ne peut rien affirmer sur le mécanisme de cette hérédité. L'auteur fait quelques remarques concernant des observations de défauts héréditaires analogues chez le Boeuf.

Búfalos Murrah rabicortos

Aunque se conocen muy bien varias anomalías de la parte caudal de la columna vertebral en los vacunos, hasta la fecha no se han descrito en el búfalo acuático. En Malaysia se observaron cuatro búfalas Murrah rabicortas. Una búfala tenía una longitud de rabo de solo 67 cm y su hija una de 75 cm. La longitud normal en una búfala de igual edad mide unos 100 cm. Se supone que la cortedad del rabo en el búfalo doméstico, al igual que en la vaca, es hereditaria, ahora bien, debido a los pocos casos observados no se puede decir nada acerca del modo de herencia. Se comunican algunas observaciones hechas sobre defectos hereditarios semejantes en la vaca y en el búfalo.
Effect of Partial Substitution of NaCl with KCl on Halloumi Cheese during Storage: Chemical Composition, Lactic Bacterial Count, and Organic Acids Production
Authors: Ayyash Mutamed M. , Shah Nagendra P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on chemical composition, lactic bacterial count, and organic acids profile of Halloumi cheese was investigated. Halloumi cheeses were made and kept in 4 different brine solutions at 18% including NaCl only (HA), 3NaCl : 1KCl (HB), 1NaCl : 1KCl (HC), and 1NaCl : 3KCl (HD) and then stored at 4 °C for 56 d. No significant effect was observed between control and experimental cheeses in terms of moisture, fat, protein, lactic bacterial count, and pH values at the same storage period. There was a significant difference in ash, sodium, and potassium contents among experimental cheeses at the same storage period. Ash, sodium, and potassium contents increased significantly during storage at same salt treatment. There was no significant difference in lactic and citric acid contents among experimental cheeses and that of the control. In contrary, there was a significant difference in acetic acid among experimental cheeses. A strong positive correlation was observed between ash, Na, and K contents. An inverse correlation between organic acids and both Na and K contents was also observed.
Effects of Vitamin D3 on Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Chemokines by Monocytes
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Ting , Kuo Chang‐Hung , Lam Ka‐Pan , Chu Yu‐Te , Wang Wei‐Li , Huang Ching‐Hua , Hung Chih‐Hsing
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The association between vitamin D deficiency and asthma epidemic has been recognized. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and chemokines play important roles in pathogenesis of asthma. However, whether vitamin D has immunoregulatory function on TNF‐α and chemokines expression in human monocytes is still unknown. The human monocytic cell line, THP‐1 cells and human primary monocytes were pretreated with various concentration of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 for 2 h before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants were collected 24 or 48 h after LPS stimulation. The levels of TNF‐α, interferon‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10)/CXCL10 (the Th1‐related chemokine), macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC)/ CCL22 (the Th2‐related chemokine), and interleukin 8 (IL‐8)/CXCL8 (the neutrophil chemoattractant) were measured by ELISA. 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 could significantly suppress TNF‐α and IP‐10 expression in LPS‐stimulated THP‐1 and human primary monocytes. However, 1α,25‐(OH)2D3, especially in higher concentration, could significantly enhance MDC expression. 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 had no significant effects on IL‐8 expression. We found 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 could significantly suppress TNF‐α and Th1‐related chemokine IP‐10, which both play important roles in pathogenesis of severe refractory asthma and autoimmune diseases. However, 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 enhanced Th2‐related chemokine MDC, which may result in Th2 inflammatory cell recruitment and thus adversely affect asthmatic patients. Although vitamin D has potential utility in the treatment of asthma and autoimmune diseases, excessive use of vitamin D may not be suitable in patients with Th2 allergic diseases.
Effect of Salmon Type and Presence/Absence of Bone on Color, Sensory Characteristics, and Consumer Acceptability of Pureed and Chunked Infant Food Products
Authors: DeSantos F.A. , Ramamoorthi L. , Bechtel P. , Smiley S. , Brewer M.S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Salmon‐based infant food (puree) and toddler food (puree plus chunks) were manufactured from pink salmon, with and without bone, and from Sockeye salmon, with and without bone, to contain 45% salmon, 55% water, and 5% starch. Products were retort processed at 118 to 121 °C for 55 min in a steam‐jacketed still retort. A trained descriptive panel (n = 7) evaluated infant and toddler foods separately. Instrumental color, pH, and water activity were also determined. Infant and toddler foods were also evaluated by a consumer panel (n = 104) of parents for product acceptability. During the manufacturing process (cooking, homogenization, retort processing), salmon infant food from pink salmon lost much of its characteristic pink color while that from sockeye salmon retained a greater amount. Bitterness was more evident in samples with bones. In the toddler food formulation containing chunks, the odor and flavor characteristics were influenced primarily by the type of salmon. The presence of bone affected visual pink color and lightness, and salmon odor only. Consumers scored products made with sockeye salmon as more acceptable despite the fact that they had more off‐flavor than products from pink salmon. The appearance and thickness of the pureed infant food was more acceptable than the toddler food with chunks despite the chunky toddler product having more acceptable salmon flavor. This indicates that the color and appearance of the prototypes were the main drivers for liking. Of the total number of parents surveyed, 73% would feed this salmon product to their children.
Preliminary study of capsule endoscopy in the small intestine of horses
Authors: Sasaki N , Yamada H
Published: September 2010

Objective  To evaluate the visibility of various portions of the small intestine in healthy horses using capsule endoscopy.

Procedure  Six healthy, conscious adult Thoroughbreds were restrained and an endoscopic capsule (PillCam® SB capsule) was inserted into the oesophagus using an intranasal catheter aided by a guide wire. Water (500 mL) flushed the capsule down the gastrointestinal tract. Data were collected and stored in the recorder of the endoscopic system for 6 hours after capsule insertion and the images were evaluated using an image reader and scored using a visual analogue scale.

Results  Capsule endoscopy enabled observation of the distinct mucosal shape, colour, and villus structure of the intestinal lumen from the duodenum through the proximal jejunum. At 4 h after passing the pylorus, the endoscopic capsule started transmitting increasingly dark images in the distal jejunum as the lumen circumference increased. Means of the visual analogue scale in the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and distal jejunum were 93.8 ± 1.3%, 86.2 ± 2.5% and 48.8 ± 6.3%, respectively. Differences among these values were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance  Capsule endoscopy enables observation of the distinct mucosal shape, colour and villus structure of the proximal and mid‐small intestine in healthy horses.
The Development of Psychological Indexes for Product Design and the Concepts for Product Phases
Authors: Luh Ding ˜ Bang
Published: September 2010

WITH FAST‐PACED CHANGE as the context for product development, managers and designers keep close tabs on technological life cycles. As Ding‐Bang Luh points out, however, they also need to keep an eye on perceptual life cycles. He identifies four phases in the perceptual life of a product, and describes how consumer understanding and use of a product changes as it moves through this cycle. Knowing where products stand in this sequence is an asset that permits organizations to use their design resources effectively and efficiently
Experience‐Based Design: Toward a Science of Artful Business Innovation
Authors: Cain John
Published: September 2010

ALES OF GREAT products and services inspired by an intuitive hunch abound. But the idiosyncrasies of that approach can't consistently ensure high quality. John Cain argues that an experienced‐based design process yields the best results. It is one in which researchers first “frame” in a particular cultural context the experiences people seek and then test what is being designed to make sure it fulfills those needs and desires, as well as reflects a corporation's strengths and talents.
Strategic Branding Bringing the Customer Closer
Authors: Peyrache Marie‐Claude , Bouchenoire Jean‐Léon
Published: September 2010

INLESS THAN a decade, France Télécom has totally reinvented itself. In the early nineties, it was the state‐owned monopoly responsible for telephone service. Today, it is a publicly traded, global communications corporation focused on mobile and Internet technologies. Marie‐Claude Peyrache, group vice president of corporate communications, explains the role design played in this metamorphosis in this recent interview with Jean‐Léon Bouchenoire.
Whom do you trust?Collaboration, privacy, and brand management
Authors: Ores Pauline
Published: September 2010

Imagine swiping a credit card at a vending machine and being offered a discount for a particular purchase, or getting ready to do the laundry and finding a recommendation to switch detergents. With interconnected wireless communication, this is our future. But as Pauline Ores makes dear, these possibilities come with serious business and design challenges related to branding, privacy, and the offering of experiences that consumers actually value.
Design matters
Authors: Smith Jeff , Ulrich Karl
Published: September 2010

It's in the Web site that invites interaction and positions Nova Cruz as a leader in its industry. It's in the trade show booth and brochures that clearly distinguish Nova Cruz from competitors. And of course, it's in the Xootr, a “techno‐chic” scooter developed specifically for adults. This is an insiders' look at a new company, and Jeff Smith and Karl Ulrich highlight the connections they forged between design and business success.
Continuous learning: The creative journey from research to innovation and invention
Authors: Long Jim
Published: September 2010

A design leader in its industry, Herman Miller is known for transforming insights about work, technology, corporate culture, and decision making into award‐winning seating and furniture systems. Jim Long shares his thoughts about the process and strategies that sustain this impressive track record, amplifying his comments with examples of Herman Miller research tactics and products.
Corporate brand and packaging design
Authors: Nelson Susan , Vogler Jack
Published: September 2010

Brands exist at many levels and in many combinations. After defining corporate brand, masterbrand, and product brand, Susan Nelson and Jack Vogler explore how companies take advantage of these types of branding and how packaging can be designed to reflect alternative brand priorities. Bridging the gap between theory and reality, they present a rich diversity of options and examples, and propose a rationale for each choice.
Brand design for the long term
Authors: Bevolo Marco , Brand Reon
Published: September 2010

Future brands will evolve from complex interactions among consumers, culture, and technology. Marco Bevolo and Reon Brand present strategies and examples that suggest how their organization engages multidisciplinary research to uncover insights into the brand experiences that will drive future successes. They believe that brands will go beyond corporate‐designed experiences to emphasize individual control and the fulfillment of personal values and aspirations.
Designing brands for the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: DeLor Ken , Bowman Martha
Published: September 2010

This critique is about opening up new arenas in branding. Over the past few years, drug companies have used product brands to achieve public and professional recognition. But Ken DeLor and Martha Bowman show how, given the current cost‐conscious, competitive marketplace, there's more that can be done to tap into the awareness and loyalty of healthcare professionals, administrators, patients, and financial stakeholders.
The role of the intranet in brand knowledge management
Authors: DeLarge Craig A.
Published: September 2010

It's well known that brands should engage employees, suppliers, and partners, as well as consumers. Craig A. DeLarge discusses how intranets and extranets can be used to share important brand facts and strategies with a cross‐brand teams network. He highlights the attributes of this networked approach and describes how it can make brand management a team effort that enhances efficiency, promotes consistency, and saves resources.
Ballistic Impact of Single Particles Into Gelatin: Experiments and Modeling With Application to Transdermal Pharmaceutical Delivery
Authors: Guha R. A. , Shear N. H. , Papini M.
Published: September 2010

The impact and penetration of high speed particles with the human skin is of interest for targeted drug delivery by transdermal powder injection. However, it is often difficult to perform penetration experiments on dermal tissue using micron scale particles. To address this, a finite element model of the impact and penetration of a 2 μm gold particle into the human dermis was developed and calibrated using experiments found in the literature. Using dimensional analysis, the model was linked to a larger scale steel ball-gelatin system in order to extract key material parameters for both systems and perform impact studies. In this manner, an elastic modulus of 2.25 MPa was found for skin, in good agreement with reported values from the literature. Further gelatin experiments were performed with steel, polymethyl methacrylate, titanium, and tungsten carbide balls in order to determine the effects of particle size and density on penetration depth. Both the finite element model and the steel-gelatin experiments were able to predict the penetration behavior that was found by other investigators in the study of the impact of typical particles used for vaccine delivery into the human dermis. It can therefore be concluded that scaled up systems utilizing ballistic gelatins can be used to investigate the performance of transdermal powder injection technology.
MRI-Based Characterization of Bone Anatomy in the Human Knee for Size Matching of a Medial Meniscal Implant
Authors: Elsner Jonathan J. , Portnoy Sigal , Guilak Farshid , Shterling Avi , Linder-Ganz Eran
Published: September 2010

Allograft or synthetic menisci have been suggested as a means to restore contact pressures following meniscectomy. However, when the natural meniscus is severely damaged/absent, the necessary size cannot be determined according to the recipient size and there is a need to estimate it from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the contralateral knee or the injured knee bones. The use of the contralateral-knee for size matching is problematic due to economic and practical reasons. Hence, there are significant advantages for a sizing algorithm based only on the candidate knee geometry. The aim of this study is to characterize midrange values and variability of knee dimensions and to develop a set of mathematical relations representing knee dimensions using a minimum of imaging-based bone measurements. Tibia, femur, and meniscus measurements were taken in 118 MRI scans and used to develop a representative parametric knee model in which all dimensions are expressed using tibia plateau width. The model was verified by comparing the predicted values to direct MRI measurements for 20 additional subjects by means of the Pearson correlation and Bland and Altman (1986, “Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement,” Lancet, 1, pp. 307–310) plot. Anatomical parameters in the male knee were significantly larger (∼17%) compared with corresponding female measurements. However, most relations between tibia, femur, and meniscus measurements (43/56) were not significantly different between male and female populations (p≥0.05), indicating that differences between male and female joints are generally related to scaling and not shape. Dimensions predicted by the knee model were in a good agreement with dimensions measured directly from the MRI (R2>0.96) and the Bland and Altman plot indicated that ∼95% of data points were well within the ±2 standard deviation lines of agreement. The model proposed in this study is advantageous in being able to describe typical knee proportions for a given tibial width and can be used to predict the dimensions of a candidate knee based on a single measurement. The anatomical/anthropometric data presented in the study can be utilized in a sizing algorithm for artificial meniscal implants or in the design of artificial meniscus prostheses.
Comparison of the sputter rates of oxide films relative to the sputter rate of SiO2
Authors: Baer D. R. , Engelhard M. H. , Lea A. S. , Nachimuthu P. , Droubay T. C. , Kim J. , Lee B. , Mathews C. , Opila R. L. , Saraf L. V. , Stickle W. F. , Wallace R. M. , Wright B. S.
Published: September 2010

There is a growing interest in knowing the sputter rates for a wide variety of oxides because of their increasing technological importance in many different applications. To support the needs of users of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility, as well as our research programs, the authors made a series of measurements of the sputter rates from oxide films that have been grown by oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition, atomic layer deposition, electrochemical oxidation, or sputter deposition. The sputter rates for these oxide films were determined in comparison with those from thermally grown SiO2, a common reference material for sputter rate determination. The film thicknesses and densities for most of these oxide films were measured using x-ray reflectivity. These oxide films were mounted in an x-ray photoelectron or Auger electron spectrometer for sputter rate measurements using argon ion sputtering. Although the primary objective of this work was to determine relative sputter rates at a fixed angle, the measurements also examined (i) the angle dependence of the relative sputter rates, (ii) the energy dependence of the relative sputter rates, and (iii) the extent of ion beam induced reduction for some oxides. Oxide films examined include SiO2, Al2O3, CeO2, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, HfO2, In–Sn oxide, Ta2O5, TiO2 (anatase, rutile, and amorphous), and ZnO. The authors found that the sputter rates for the oxides can vary up to a factor of 2 (usually lower) from that observed for SiO2. The ratios of sputter rates relative to those of SiO2 appear to be relatively independent of ion beam energy in the range of 1–4 kV and for incident angles <50°. As expected, the extent of ion beam induced reduction of the oxides varies with the sputter angle.
Investigation of microstructure, surface morphology, and hardness properties of PtIr films by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Lee Chao-Te , Liu Bo-Heng , Chang Chun-Ming , Lin Yu-Wei
Published: September 2010

Pt 1 − x Ir x films with x varying from 22.76 to 63.25 at. % are deposited on (100) Si wafer substrates at 400 °C by magnetron sputtering deposition. The effects of the Ir concentration on the microstructure, morphology, and hardness of PtIr films are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and nanoindentation system. The columnar structures are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that PtIr films have preferred orientation along Pt(111) when the Ir concentration is below 50.84 at. %. When the Ir content is more than 50.84 at. %, the PtIr film shifts to another preferred orientation, Ir(111). The surface morphology is analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The roughness of the PtIr films decreases with increasing Ir content. The hardness of all the PtIr films is below 20 GPa. The maximum hardness of the PtIr films is about 14.9 GPa when the Ir concentration is 57.9 at. %.
Human-Restricted Bacterial Pathogens Block Shedding of Epithelial Cells by Stimulating Integrin Activation
Authors: Muenzner Petra , Bachmann Verena , Zimmermann Wolfgang , Hentschel Jochen , Hauck Christof R.
Published: September 2010

Here to Stay

For systemic infection, bacterial pathogens must breach the mucosal epithelial barrier. Our bodies have developed a variety of strategies to protect the mucosa, including rapid turnover of epithelial cells.

Muenzner
et al.

(p.
1197
; see the cover) show how invasive bacteria overcome this host defense in a humanized mouse model susceptible to
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
urogenital infection. The bacteria bind to a host-cell surface protein called carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which triggers a cascade of changes modulating the cell adhesion properties of the targeted epithelium to prevent the cells from being shed.
Real-Time Dynamics of Single Vortex Lines and Vortex Dipoles in a Bose-Einstein Condensate
Authors: Freilich D. V. , Bianchi D. M. , Kaufman A. M. , Langin T. K. , Hall D. S.
Published: September 2010

Free Falling Vortices

When a vessel containing a superfluid is set in rotational motion, the superfluid does not rotate uniformly with it; instead, quantized vortices develop. Vortices have been observed in a range of superfluids, including helium, atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, and type II superconductors in a magnetic field.

Freilich
et al.

(p.
1182
) visualized real-time vortex dynamics in the most tunable of superfluid systems, an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. A small section of condensate was displaced from the trap and imaged as it fell in the gravitational field. The technique is applicable to exploring other complex dynamic systems, such as vortex reconnections and the role of vortices in quantum turbulence.
Rapid Detection of Multidrug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tube
rculosis
by Use of Real-Time PCR and High-Resolution Melt Analysis
Authors: Ramirez Melissa V. , Cowart Kelley C. , Campbell Patricia J. , Morlock Glenn P. , Sikes David , Winchell Jonas M. , Posey James E.
Published: September 2010

The current study describes the development of a unique real-time PCR assay for the detection of mutations conferring drug resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosi
s
. The rifampicin resistance determinant region (RRDR) of
rpoB
and specific regions of
katG
and the
inhA
promoter were targeted for the detection of rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance, respectively. Additionally, this assay was multiplexed to discriminate
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
complex (MTC) strains from nontuberculous
M
ycobacteria
(NTM) strains by targeting the IS
6110
insertion element. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis following real-time PCR was used to identify
M
.
t
uberculosis
strains containing mutations at the targeted loci, and locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes were used to enhance the detection of strains containing specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) transversion mutations. This method was used to screen 252
M. tuberculosis
clinical isolates, including 154 RIF-resistant strains and 174 INH-resistant strains based on the agar proportion method of drug susceptibility testing (DST). Of the 154 RIF-resistant strains, 148 were also resistant to INH and therefore classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). The assay demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 98%, respectively, for the detection of RIF resistance and 87% and 100% for the detection of INH resistance. Overall, this assay showed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 98% for the detection of MDR strains. This method provides a rapid, robust, and inexpensive way to detect the dominant mutations known to confer MDR in
M. tuberculosis
strains and offers several advantages over current molecular and culture-based techniques.
Variability of the Polymerase Gene (NS5B) in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Women
Authors: Blackard Jason T. , Ma Gang , Limketkai Berkeley N. , Welge Jeffrey A. , Dryer Peter D. , Martin Christina M. , Hiasa Yoichi , Taylor Lynn E. , Mayer Kenneth H. , Jamieson Denise J. , Sherman Kenneth E.
Published: September 2010

There are limited data on diversity within the hepatitis C virus polymerase (NS5B). In concordance with its key functional role during the life cycle, NS5B intrapatient variability was low. Moreover, differences between NS5B nonsynonymous (
dN
) and synonymous (
dS
) mutation rates (
dN
−
dS
) were positively correlated with CD4 cell count, while nonsynonymous mutations were strongly correlated with reduced replication
in vivo
.
Cytopathogenesis of Sendai Virus in Well-Differentiated Primary Pediatric Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Villenave Rémi , Touzelet Olivier , Thavagnanam Surendran , Sarlang Severine , Parker Jeremy , Skibinski Grzegorz , Heaney Liam G. , McKaigue James P. , Coyle Peter V. , Shields Michael D. , Power Ultan F.
Published: September 2010

Sendai virus (SeV) is a murine respiratory virus of considerable interest as a gene therapy or vaccine vector, as it is considered nonpathogenic in humans. However, little is known about its interaction with the human respiratory tract. To address this, we developed a model of respiratory virus infection based on well-differentiated primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells (WD-PBECs). These physiologically authentic cultures are comprised of polarized pseudostratified multilayered epithelium containing ciliated, goblet, and basal cells and intact tight junctions. To facilitate our studies, we rescued a replication-competent recombinant SeV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (rSeV/eGFP). rSeV/eGFP infected WD-PBECs efficiently and progressively and was restricted to ciliated and nonciliated cells, not goblet cells, on the apical surface. Considerable cytopathology was evident in the rSeV/eGFP-infected cultures postinfection. This manifested itself by ciliostasis, cell sloughing, apoptosis, and extensive degeneration of WD-PBEC cultures. Syncytia were also evident, along with significant basolateral secretion of proinflammatory chemokines, including IP-10, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8. Such deleterious responses are difficult to reconcile with a lack of pathogenesis in humans and suggest that caution may be required in exploiting replication-competent SeV as a vaccine vector. Alternatively, such robust responses might constitute appropriate normal host responses to viral infection and be a prerequisite for the induction of efficient immune responses.
SCHEDULING WITH DISCRETELY COMPRESSIBLE RELEASE DATES TO MINIMIZE MAKESPAN
Authors: ZHANG SHU-XIA , CAO ZHI-GANG , ZHANG YU-ZHONG
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we address the scheduling model with discretely compressible release dates, where processing any job with a compressed release date incurs a corresponding compression cost. We consider the following problem for the first time: scheduling with discretely compressible release dates to minimize the sum of makespan plus total compression cost. We show its NP-hardness, and design an approximation algorithm with worst-case performance ratio 2, which is the best possible if the processing order of the jobs is pre-specified.
Underpricing, Risk Management, Hot Issue and Crowding out Effects: Evidence From the Australian Resources Sector Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Nguyen Hoa , Dimovski William , Brooks Robert
Published: September 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the role of risk management, speculative industry competition effect and hot issue markets. We used a sample of 260 initial public offerings (IPOs) in the Australian resource sector for the 1994–2004 period to test the underpricing effect. We do not find any evidence that risk management can reduce the uncertainty relating to the new issue and hence alleviate the extent of underpricing. A plausible explanation for this lack of evidence is the poor information content of publicly available disclosures regarding risk management activities of IPO firms. We further provide evidence that the underpricing returns for resources IPOs are not impacted upon by the strength of alternative speculative IPO markets. We also show that the degree of underpricing adjusts to both market return in the preceding three months and the average underpricing of resources IPOs in the 12 month period leading to the float which offers an explanation to the hot issue effect observed in the IPO market.
Monocyte CD147 is induced by advanced glycation end products and high glucose concentration: possible role in diabetic complications
Authors: Bao W. , Min D. , Twigg S. M. , Shackel N. A. , Warner F. J. , Yue D. K. , McLennan S. V.
Published: September 2010

CD147 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein that is known to play a role in regulation of many protein families. It has the unique ability to maintain functional activity in both the membrane bound state and in the soluble form. CD147 is known to play a role in regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, but whether its expression is affected by the diabetic milieu is not known, and its role in regulation of monocyte MMPs in this environment has not been investigated. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and high glucose (HG; 25 mM), on monocyte CD147 expression. Culture of THP-1 monocytes in the presence of AGEs or HG significantly increased CD147 at the gene and protein level. THP-1 cell results were confirmed using freshly isolated monocytes from human volunteers. The effect of AGEs and HG on CD147 expression was also mimicked by addition of proinflammatory cytokines. Addition of AGEs or HG also increased expression of monocyte MMP-1 and MMP-9 but not MMP-2. This increase in MMPs was significantly attenuated by inhibition of CD147 using either a small interfering RNA or an anti-CD147 antibody. Inhibition of NF-κB or addition of antibodies to either TNF-α or the receptor for AGE (RAGE) each significantly prevented in a dose-dependent manner the induction of CD147 gene and protein by AGE and also decreased MMP-1 and MMP-9. This novel result shows that AGEs can induce monocyte CD147 expression, an effect mediated by inflammatory pathways and RAGE. Because MMPs play a role in monocyte migration, inhibition of their regulator CD147 may assist in the prevention of diabetic complications, particularly those where monocyte infiltration is an early initiating event.