bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brazilian dustywings (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae): new species of Incasemidalis Meinander, 1972 and Coniopteryx Curtis, 1834, checklist and key for the Brazilian species
Authors: MARTINS CALEB C. , AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA
Published: February 2016

Two subfamilies and three genera of Coniopterygidae have been reported to date for Brazil, with a total of 44 of species. In this paper two new Brazilian species are described from the genera Coniopteryx Curtis, 1834 and Incasemidalis Meinander, 1972—C. (Scotoconiopteryx) letardii sp. n. and Incasemidalis brasiliensis sp. n. —increasing the number of reported genera for Brazil to four and the number of Brazilian species to 46. This is the first report of Incasemidalis for Brazil. Moreover, in the case of C. (C.) callangana Enderlein, 1906, C. (Scotoconiopteryx) flinti Meinander, 1975, C. (S.) tucumana Navás, 1930, Semidalis nimboiformis Monserrat, 1989 and S. normani Meinander, 1982 some additional characteristics are given to the original descriptions or earlier redescriptions, with new records increasing their known distribution. An updated checklist of the Coniopterygidae from Brazil is provided, as well as a key for the Brazilian species of the family.
First record of the Kuwana pine mealybug Crisicoccus pini (Kuwana) in Italy: a new threat to Italian pine forests?
Authors: BOSELLI MAURO , PELLIZZARI GIUSEPPINA
Published: February 2016

The Asiatic Kuwana pine mealybug, Crisicoccus pini (Kuwana, 1902) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae), is reported in Italy for the first time. It was detected in September 2015 on maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, and stone pine, Pinus pinea, trees growing in the town of Cervia (Ravenna Province), Northern Italy. The mealybug has caused yellowing and decline of the pine trees. Pinus pinea is recorded here as a new host for C. pini.
The effect of two fixation methods (TAF and DESS) on morphometric parameters of Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
Authors: CHAŁAŃSKA ANETA , BOGUMIŁ ALEKSANDRA , MALEWSKI TADEUSZ , KOWALEWSKA KATARZYNA
Published: February 2016

Identification of nematode species by using conventional methods requires fixation of the isolated material and a suitable preparation for further analyses. Tentative identification using microscopic methods should also be performed prior to initiating molecular studies. In the literature, various methods are described for the preparation of nematodes from the genus Aphelenchoides for identification and microscopic studies. The most commonly used fixatives are formalin (Timm 1969; Szczygieł & Cid del Prado Vera 1981, Crozzoli et al. 2008, Khan et al. 2008), FAA (Wasilewska 1969; Vovlas et al. 2005, Khan et al. 2007) and TAF (Hooper 1958, Chizhov et al. 2006, Jagdale & Grewal 2006).
Turbulent Winds and Temperature Fronts in Large-Eddy Simulations of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Sullivan Peter P. , Weil Jeffrey C. , Patton Edward G. , Jonker Harmen J. J. , Mironov Dmitrii V.
Published: February 2016

The nighttime high-latitude stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) is computationally simulated using high–Reynolds number large-eddy simulation on meshes varying from 2003 to 10243 over 9 physical hours for surface cooling rates Cr = [0.25, 1] K h−1. Continuous weakly stratified turbulence is maintained for this range of cooling, and the SBL splits into two regions depending on the location of the low-level jet (LLJ) and . Above the LLJ, turbulence is very weak and the gradient Richardson number is nearly constant: . Below the LLJ, small scales are dynamically important as the shear and buoyancy frequencies vary with mesh resolution. The heights of the SBL and Ri noticeably decrease as the mesh is varied from 2003 to 10243. Vertical profiles of the Ozmidov scale show its rapid decrease with increasing , with over a large fraction of the SBL for high cooling. Flow visualization identifies ubiquitous warm–cool temperature fronts populating the SBL. The fronts span a large vertical extent, tilt forward more so as the surface cooling increases, and propagate coherently. In a height–time reference frame, an instantaneous vertical profile of temperature appears intermittent, exhibiting a staircase pattern with increasing distance from the surface. Observations from CASES-99 also display these features. Conditional sampling based on linear stochastic estimation is used to identify coherent structures. Vortical structures are found upstream and downstream of a temperature front, similar to those in neutrally stratified boundary layers, and their dynamics are central to the front formation.
Rates of Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in a High Reynolds Number Tidal Channel
Authors: McMillan Justine M. , Hay Alex E. , Lueck Rolf G. , Wolk Fabian
Published: February 2016

The ability to estimate the rate of dissipation (ε) of turbulent kinetic energy at middepth in a high-speed tidal channel using broadband acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) is assessed by making comparisons to direct measurements of ε obtained using shear probes mounted on a streamlined underwater buoy. The investigation was carried out in Grand Passage, Nova Scotia, Canada, where the depth-averaged flow speed reached 2 m s−1 and the Reynolds number was 8 × 107. The speed bin–averaged dissipation rates estimated from the ADCP data agree with the shear probe data to within a factor of 2. Both the ADCP and the shear probe measurements indicate a linear dependence of ε on the cube of the flow speed during flood and much lower dissipation rates during ebb. The ebb–flood asymmetry and the small-scale intermittency in ε are also apparent in the lognormal distributions of the shear probe data. Possible sources of bias and error in the ε estimates are investigated, and the most likely causes of the discrepancy between the ADCP and shear probe estimates are the cross-channel separation of the instruments and the high degree of spatial variability that exists in the channel.
Explicit Precipitation-Type Diagnosis from a Model Using a Mixed-Phase Bulk Cloud–Precipitation Microphysics Parameterization
Authors: Benjamin Stanley G. , Brown John M. , Smirnova Tatiana G.
Published: February 2016

The Rapid Refresh (RAP) and High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), both operational at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) use the Thompson et al. mixed-phase bulk cloud microphysics scheme. This scheme permits predicted surface precipitation to simultaneously consist of rain, snow, and graupel at the same location under certain conditions. Here, the explicit precipitation-type diagnostic method is described as used in conjunction with the Thompson et al. scheme in the RAP and HRRR models. The postprocessing logic combines the explicitly predicted multispecies hydrometeor data and other information from the model forecasts to produce fields of surface precipitation type that distinguish between rain and freezing rain, and to also portray areas of mixed precipitation. This explicit precipitation-type diagnostic method is used with the NOAA operational RAP and HRRR models. Verification from two winter seasons from 2013 to 2015 is provided against METAR surface observations. An example of this product from a January 2015 south-central United States winter storm is also shown.
“A False Idea of Economy”
Authors: Ball W. David
Published: February 2016

Realignment in California comes at a time when the state’s prison system is expensive and overcrowded; the response has been to reevaluate and reconfigure the way counties use state prisons. Based on an original historical analysis of state archival records from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as a well as a review of secondary historical accounts of California’s prison system, I show that similar problems and policies were present at the state’s founding: issues of expense, overcrowding, and the county-state relationship help to explain the origins, size, and shape of the California prison system. California’s lack of money first drove it to try to house prisoners on the cheap, starting when it made county jails the state prison system by fiat, continuing through a decade of privatization and convict lease arrangements in San Quentin, and concluding with a state-administered system partly funded by prison labor. By the time the value of prison labor atrophied and the true costs of a nonremunerative prison system revealed itself, the state was locked into fiscal and administrative responsibility for prisoners. Along the way, however, state and local governments sought to pass carceral responsibilities—and their attendant expenses—from one level of government to another in a manner that resembles today’s battles over Realignment.
A Research Agenda on Reform
Authors: Schoenfeld Heather
Published: February 2016

In the past 10 years, state legislatures from across the political spectrum have passed or considered reforms aimed at reducing prison populations. The breadth of reform challenges social science scholarship that views mass incarceration as “locked-in” by political, social, and economic forces and, as such, presents an important area of scholarly inquiry. In this article, I argue that new research on reform should be animated by a sociopolitical perspective on punishment that developed out of social science research explaining the rise of mass incarceration. In particular, I pose research questions, hypotheses, and potential methodologies related to (1) the causes of the new moment of reform; (2) the variation in reform efforts; and (3) the process, content, and political effects of reform. I conclude by briefly summarizing what we know about the underlying rationales and strategies of this new moment.
Realignment and Recidivism
Authors: Bird Mia , Grattet Ryken
Published: February 2016

California’s 2011 Public Safety Realignment created an unprecedented policy experiment by transferring the authority over lower-level felony offenders from the state correctional system to fifty-eight county jail and probation systems. While centered in California, these changes are reflective of an ongoing national conversation about the appropriate level of government at which to focus crime control efforts. In this article, we first situate Realignment in criminological and sociolegal literatures, showing how the reform offers opportunities to further inquiry as to the effectiveness of a wide variety of correctional strategies, implementation, and local variation in correctional law and policy. We then review early research focused on the statewide effect of Realignment on recidivism, which has produced mixed findings depending on the measure of recidivism applied. We then examine variation in recidivism outcomes across county sites and present findings that indicate there is an important relationship between local Realignment implementation strategies and recidivism outcomes. Throughout, we focus on two overarching themes. The first is the challenge of disentangling the roles of offender behavior from justice system response in meaningfully interpreting changes in recidivism outcomes. The second is the challenge of evaluating the effects of policy or practice changes under limited data. Although the need for better and more expansive data is a common theme, we highlight it here in the context of a larger data collection that we have under way.
The New Gaol
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: February 2016

Since John Howard’s (1777) condemnation of local places of detention at the end of the eighteenth century, the goal of prison reform has been to replace local jails with their porous boundaries and mixes of troubled citizens, with austere and complete “total institutions.” The current crisis of mass imprisonment is an opportune moment to rethink this strategy. In particular, California’s Correctional Realignment law represents a provocative counter note to the historic link between progress in prison reform and state administration. This article proposes that we see crime, mental illness, and incarceration less like a state (Scott 1998) and more like a city (Valverde 2011). When we do, the jail emerges as a potentially equilibrium solution to the problems of mental illness, crime, and incarceration.
Ketamine augmentation for outpatients with treatment-resistant depression: Preliminary evidence for two-step intravenous dose escalation
Authors: Cusin Cristina , Ionescu Dawn Flosnik , Pavone Kara Jean , Akeju Oluwaseun , Cassano Paolo , Taylor Norman , Eikermann Matthias , Durham Kelley , Swee Michaela Ballentyne , Chang Trina , Dording Christina , Soskin David , Kelley John , Mischoulon David , Brown Emery Neal , Fava Maurizio
Published: February 2016

Objective:

Preliminary evidence supports the safety and efficacy of subanesthetic ketamine as an experimental antidepressant, although its effects are often not sustained beyond one week. Studies are lacking that have examined the sustained effects of escalating ketamine doses as augmentation in outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. Therefore, the aims of this study were twofold: (1) to assess the safety and antidepressant efficacy of two-step, repeated-dose ketamine augmentation and (2) to assess the duration of ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy as augmentation to ongoing antidepressant pharmacotherapy for 3 months after the final infusion.

Methods:

Fourteen patients with treatment-resistant depression were eligible to receive augmentation with six open-label intravenous ketamine infusions over 3 weeks. For the first three infusions, ketamine was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg over 45 minutes; the dose was increased to 0.75 mg/kg over 45 minutes for the subsequent three infusions. The primary outcome measure was response (as measured on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale–28 items).

Results:

After the completion of three ketamine infusions, 7.1% (1/14) responded; after all six ketamine infusions, 41.7% (5/12) completers responded and 16.7% (2/12) remitted. Intent-to-treat response and remission rates at the end of the final infusion were 35.7% (5/14) and 14.3% (2/14), respectively. However, all but one responder relapsed within 2 weeks after the final infusion.

Conclusion:

Repeated, escalating doses of intravenous ketamine augmentation were preliminarily found to be feasible, efficacious and well tolerated. Interaction with concomitant medications and elevated level of treatment resistance are possible factors for non-response.
Changes in Parent–Child Relationship Quality Across Early Adolescence: Implications for Engagement in Sexual Behavior
Authors: McElwain Alyssa D. , Bub Kristen L.
Published: February 2016

The present study investigated how changes in specific dimensions of the parent–adolescent relationship predict adolescent engagement in sexual intercourse and oral sex. Longitudinal data from 1,364 participants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were gathered at six time points spanning from first grade to age 15. Latent growth curve modeling was used to investigate whether changes in mother–adolescent and father–adolescent closeness or conflict predicted adolescents’ sexual behavior at age 15. Results indicate that more rapid increase in mother–adolescent conflict predicted engagement in sexual intercourse but not oral sex by age 15, whereas change in mother–adolescent closeness did not predict sexual behaviors. A more rapid decline in father–adolescent closeness and a more rapid increase in father–adolescent conflict predicted more engagement in sexual behaviors by age 15.
Peers' perceived support, student engagement in academic activities and life satisfaction: A structural equation modeling approach
Authors: Hakimzadeh Rezvan , Besharat Mohammad-Ali , Khaleghinezhad Seyed Ali , Ghorban Jahromi Reza
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the relationships among peers' perceived support, life satisfaction, and student engagement in academic activities. Three hundred and fifteen Iranian students (172 boys and 143 girls) who were studying in one suburb of Tehran participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete Peers' Perceived Support scale (PPSS), Student Engagement in Academic Activities scale (SEAAS), and Brief Multi-dimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS). Structural equation modeling was used to analyse the data. According to the results, there are significant positive correlations between components of peers' perceived support, student engagement in academic activities, and life satisfaction in pairs. In two examined models, the direct and indirect effects of peers' perceived support on student engagement in academic activities and life satisfaction were significantly positive. In addition, life satisfaction and student engagement in academic activities had a mediating role and bi-directional effect in the surveyed models. In sum, the results of this research endorse not only the importance of peers' perceived support in enhancing student engagement in academic activities and life satisfaction but also the cross-effect of student engagement in academic activities and life satisfaction variables on each other.
The Chinese dream shattered between hard and soft power?
Authors: Servaes Jan
Published: February 2016

Sometimes the Chinese dream is of sustainable development, of anti-corruption, of constitutionalism, of a clean environment, or of social harmony. Essentially, like the American dream or any dream for that matter, the Chinese dream can mean anything to anyone. However, more so than in ‘democratic societies’, where dreaming is free and extensively discussed, the authoritarian Chinese government and Communist Party seem to have a problem as these slogans do not resonate with the broader public, neither nationally nor internationally
The civil disobedience of Edward Snowden
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: February 2016

This article responds to William Scheuerman’s analysis of Edward Snowden as someone whose acts fit within John Rawls’ account of civil disobedience understood as a public, non-violent, conscientious breach of law performed with overall fidelity to law and a willingness to accept punishment. It rejects the narrow Rawlsian notion in favour of a broader notion of civil disobedience understood as a constrained, conscientious and communicative breach of law that demonstrates opposition to law or policy and a desire for lasting change. The article shows that, according to Rawls’ unduly narrow conception, Edward Snowden is not a civil disobedient. But, according to the more plausible, broader conception, he is. It then identifies some advantages of the broader conception in contemporary analyses of new forms of disobedience, including globalized disobedience and digital disobedience.
Similarity in L2 Phonology: Evidence from L1 Spanish late-learners’ perception and lexical representation of English vowel contrasts
Authors: Barrios Shannon , Jiang Nan , Idsardi William J
Published: February 2016

Adult second language (L2) learners often experience difficulty producing and perceiving nonnative phonological contrasts. Even relatively advanced learners, who have been exposed to an L2 for long periods of time, struggle with difficult contrasts, such as /ɹ/–/l/ for Japanese learners of English. To account for the relative ease or difficulty with which L2 learners perceive and acquire nonnative contrasts, theories of L2 speech perception and phonology often appeal to notions of ‘similarity’, but how is ‘similarity’ best captured? In this article, we review two prominent approaches to similarity in L2 speech perception and phonology and present the findings from two experiments that investigated the role of phonological features in the perception and lexical representation of two vowel contrasts that exist in English, but not in Spanish. In particular, we explored whether L1 phonological features can be reused to represent nonnative contrasts in the second language (Brown, 1998, 2000), as well as to what extent new phonological structure might be acquired by advanced late-learners. We show that second language acquisition of phonology is not constrained by the phonological features made available by the learner’s native language grammar, nor is the use of particular phonological features in the native language grammar sufficient to trigger redeployment. These findings suggest that feature availability is neither a necessary, nor a sufficient, condition to predict the observed learning outcomes. These results are discussed in the context of current theories of nonnative and L2 speech perception and phonological development.
Early-Onset Mild Type Leukoencephalopathy Caused by a Homozygous EARS2 Mutation
Authors: Taskin Birce Dilge , Karalok Zeynep Selen , Gurkas Esra , Aydin Kursad , Aydogmus Ummu , Ceylaner Serdar , Karaer Kadri , Yilmaz Cahide , Pearl Phillip Lawrence
Published: February 2016

Childhood leukoencephalopathies are a broad class of diseases, which are extremely rare. The treatment and classification of these disorders are both challenging. Nearly half of children presenting with a leukoencephalopathy remain without a specific diagnosis. Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brain stem involvement and high lactate (LTBL) is a newly described childhood leukoencephalopathy caused by mutations in the gene encoding a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase specific for glutamate, EARS2. Magnetic resonance images show a characteristic leukoencephalopathy with thalamic and brain stem involvement. Here, we report a different clinical course of LTBL supported by typical MRI features in a Turkish patient who presented with a history of failure to walk. The EARS2 gene mutation analysis identified a c.322C>T transition, predicting a p.R108W change. This is the first reported early-onset mild type LTBL caused by a homozygous EARS2 mutation case in the literature.
Vibration and sound radiation analysis of the final drive assembly considering the gear-shaft coupling dynamics
Authors: Wang Yawen , Yang Junyi , Guo Dong , Lim Teik C
Published: February 2016

A generalized dynamic model of driveline system is formulated that includes the coupling effect and gyroscopic moments of the propeller shaft and hypoid gear rotor assembly. Firstly, the dynamic models with only gear-shaft coupling, with only gyroscopic effect, and with both gear-shaft coupling and gyroscopic effect are analyzed and compared. The results show that the combined effects of the gear-shaft interaction and gyroscopic behavior have considerable influence on the system dynamic responses surrounding gear bending resonances, especially for the bearing responses. However, the gear out-of-phase torsional modes still dominate the gear mesh frequency response. Secondly, the influence of pinion bending moment of inertia, propeller shaft stiffness and bearing stiffness on the system dynamic responses are examined. The system responses are then applied to perform further vibration and acoustic analysis for an axle housing structure. Computational results reveal that NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) refinement can be achieved by tuning the pinion bearing rotational stiffness and pinion bending moment of inertia for the example considered. This study provides an understanding of the interaction between hypoid gear pair and propeller shaft, and can be employed to enhance driveline system design.
Taming the White Bear
Authors: Cunningham Corbin A. , Egeth Howard E.
Published: February 2016

Previous research indicates that prior information about a target feature, such as its color, can speed search. Can search also be speeded by knowing what a target will not look like? In the two experiments reported here, participants searched for target letters. Prior to viewing search displays, participants were prompted either with the color in which one or more nontarget letters would appear (ignore trials) or with no information about the search display (neutral trials). Critically, when participants were given one consistent color to ignore for the duration of the experiment, compared with when they were given no information, there was a cost in reaction time (RT) early in the experiment. However, after extended practice, RTs on ignore trials were significantly faster than RTs on neutral trials, which provides a novel demonstration that knowledge about nontargets can improve search performance for targets. When the to-be-ignored color changed from trial to trial, no RT benefit was observed.
The Role of Identity Subversion in Structuring the Effects of Intergroup Threats and Negative Emotions on Belief in Anti-West Conspiracy Theories in Indonesia
Authors: Mashuri Ali , Zaduqisti Esti , Sukmawati Fitri , Sakdiah Halimatus , Suharini Ninik
Published: February 2016

Indonesian Muslims believe in conspiracies, suggesting that the West is behind terrorist attacks in Indonesia. This belief persists despite overwhelming evidence that Islamist radicals were the true perpetrators. The current research examines the role intergroup threats and negative emotions have in moulding this type of conspiratorial belief, and how this role is dependent upon the level of Muslims’ perceived identity subversion, that is, a sense that the Western ways of life have fundamentally changed Islamic identity. Data from 246 Indonesian Muslim students revealed that negative emotions of dejection-agitation towards Western ways of life significantly mediated the effects of both symbolic and realistic threats on belief in anti-West conspiracy theories. The effects of intergroup threats and dejection-agitation on belief in conspiracy theories, as predicted, were contingent on Muslim participants’ perceived identity subversion. Higher symbolic threat, realistic threat and dejection-agitation, indeed, positively predicted the belief, but only when the degree of identity subversion was high. Identity subversion moderated the roles of dejection-agitation in mediating the effect of symbolic and realistic threats in predicting belief in conspiracy theories. More specifically, the empirical evidence of these mediating roles of dejection-agitation was only among Muslim participants with high identity subversion. Finally, theoretical implications and study limitations of the current findings were discussed.
Childhood Maltreatment and Perception of Child Maltreatment among Respondents in Nigeria
Authors: Bammeke Funmi O. , Fakunmoju Sunday B.
Published: February 2016

This study examined childhood maltreatment and perception of maltreatment among respondents in Nigeria. A sample of 304 respondents completed online questionnaire on childhood experience and perception of abusive behaviours. Descriptive analysis was used to examine the responses. Of the 71 abusive behaviours examined, a high level of consensus (95–100 per cent agreement) was reached on five sexually abusive behaviours: having sexual intercourse with a child, asking a child to perform oral sex on adults, having sex in the presence of a child, fondling the breasts of a child for sexual pleasure and forcing a child to masturbate adults or other children. Abusive behaviour least perceived as abusive was experienced by most respondents during childhood: using corporal punishment as the only form of discipline. Finally, those who experienced the following abusive behaviours during childhood were significantly less likely to perceive of them as abusive: witnessing a parent/guardian being drunk all the time and forcing a child younger than 11 years old to take care of parents/guardians or siblings almost daily. Findings highlight the potential risks of childhood experience of abusive behaviours on perception of abusive behaviours and indicate the relevance of abusive behaviours to child protection policy and practice in the region.
Developing a Personal and Social Identity With Type 1 Diabetes During Adolescence
Authors: Commissariat Persis V. , Kenowitz Joslyn R. , Trast Jeniece , Heptulla Rubina A. , Gonzalez Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2016

This study explored the incorporation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) into self-identity among adolescents. Guided interviews explored 40 adolescents’ views of T1DM in relation to their sense of self and relationships with others. Responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results revealed that the entire sample described T1DM as a significant burden; many described how T1DM made them feel less “normal.” Adolescents described both positive and negative aspects of self-management in social relationships, though most reported benefits in sharing T1DM with friends. Females were more likely to share information about T1DM and to describe positive changes in self-perception as a result of T1DM. The psychosocial processes related to integration of T1DM into self-identity described in these qualitative data provide hypothesis-generating findings that can guide future quantitative research examining incorporation of T1DM into adolescent self-identity in relation to measures of self-esteem, peer orientation, self-management, and glycemic control.
Intensive Care Nurses’ Views and Practices for Eye Care: An International Comparison
Authors: Güler Elem Kocaçal , Eşer İsmet , Fashafsheh Imad Hussein Deeb
Published: February 2016

Eye care is an important area of critical care. However, lack of eye care studies is a common issue across the globe. The aim of this study is to determine the views and practices of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses on eye care in Turkey and Palestine. This descriptive study was conducted using a self-administrated questionnaire. The data were collected from 111 nurses in nine kinds of ICUs in two education hospital. Normal saline (75.9%) was the most commonly reported solution for eye hygiene among the Palestinian nurses, and gauze soaked in normal saline or sterile water (64.3%) were the most frequently used supplies by the Turkish nurses. Although both Palestinian and Turkish ICU nurses took some precautions to prevent eye complications in critical patients, there were some gaps and insufficiencies in the eye care of ICU patients. There is a need for continuing training in this area.
“A Circular Council of People With Equal Ideas”
Authors: Davis Susan A.
Published: February 2016

Mentoring in music education programs is such a ubiquitous part of the process; it is sometimes overlooked or subsumed under other categories. The purpose of this article is to highlight mentoring relationships within an undergraduate music teacher education program. Formal, informal, vertical, and horizontal mentoring are examined from the perspectives of undergraduate preservice music teachers working in a community-university partnership. The data are culled from a 14 month, intrinsic case study of the University of South Carolina String Project, designed to examine the participant experience for all member groups within the string project—the undergraduate preservice teachers, the community students, and the faculty. Mentoring relationships are explored as a critical component of experience for the preservice teachers. Their voices are presented here to illustrate the value they placed on mentoring, as well as the challenges that emerged in construction of a mentoring mosaic as part of their preservice teaching experience.
Combined Anterior and Dual Posterolateral Approaches for Ankle Arthroscopy for Posterior and Anterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Song Bin , Li Changchuan , Chen Zhong , Yang Rui , Hou Jingyi , Tan Weiquan , Li Weiping
Published: February 2016

Background:

We introduce a novel method of combining the standard anteromedial and anterolateral approaches and dual posterolateral approaches in the arthroscopic treatment of posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome and compare the postoperative outcomes with conventional anteromedial/anterolateral and posteromedial/posterolateral approaches.

Methods:

From January 2013 to January 2015, we treated 28 patients with posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome by arthroscopy. The patients were divided into the conventional group (n = 13) and the modified group (n = 15) according to the surgical approaches used in the operation. Preoperative and postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, range of ankle motion, and operation time were recorded. The average follow-up was 16 months (range 6-24 months).

Results:

Posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome was confirmed arthroscopically in all patients. After the operation, the range of ankle motion in all patients was restored. There was no significant difference in postoperative AOFAS score, VAS score, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion between the conventional group and the modified group. Moreover, the operation time was significantly reduced in the modified group compared with the conventional group. There was no recurrence of osteophyte and no complications such as infection, neurovascular injury, or delayed healing of surgical incision in the modified group.

Conclusions:

Dual posterolateral approaches combined with standard anteromedial and anterolateral approaches was a novel method for arthroscopic treatment of posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome. It proved to be safe and effective, and significantly reduced the operation time. Reposition, repeated prep and drape, and limb distraction were avoided.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Intraoperative Hydroxyethyl Starch and its Effects on Different Fibrinogen Measurements
Authors: Winstedt Dag , Solomon Cristina , Hillarp Andreas , Lundahl Tom , Schött Ulf
Published: February 2016

Background:

Intravenous fluids with synthetic colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) are known to interfere with plasma fibrinogen concentration measurements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an HES solution on fibrinogen measurements in a clinical setting.

Methods:

The study was performed in patients who received at least 1 L of HES during intracranial tumor resection surgery. Blood samples were drawn before the start of surgery (baseline), after infusion of 1 L of HES, and at later time points. The fibrinogen concentration was measured using 3 different methods: (a) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (b) Clauss method with a photometric readout, and (c) Clauss method with an electromechanical readout. In addition, the fibrin-based clot quality was evaluated with the thromboelastometric FIBTEM test.

Results:

Forty patients were enrolled, and 25 patients were included in the analysis. The fibrinogen concentrations at baseline were 2.2, 2.3, and 2.6 g/L and after 1 L of HES 1.6, 1.7, and 1.9 g/L as measured by ELISA, the photometric test, and the electromechanical test, respectively. The electromechanical Clauss test measured significantly higher concentrations at these time points. The relative decrease, however, was comparable between methods (31%, 29%, and 25%, respectively) but significantly lower than the 44% relative decrease with FIBTEM maximum clot firmness.

Conclusion:

Despite providing different fibrinogen concentration values at baseline, the relative decrease in fibrinogen concentration after HES infusion was comparable among the 3 tests. In contrast, fibrin-based clot quality was more affected than fibrinogen concentration tests by HES infusion.
ADHD Symptoms in Adolescents’ Everyday Life: Fluctuations and Symptom Structure Within and Between Individuals
Authors: Schmid Johanna , Stadler Gertraud , Dirk Judith , Fiege Christiane , Gawrilow Caterina
Published: February 2016

Objective: This study investigated whether self-reported ADHD symptoms fluctuate substantially within adolescents from day to day, and examined the underlying symptom factor structure on a within- and between-person level. Method: Adolescents ( N = 166) rated their ADHD symptoms over the phone on eight consecutive evenings (total ratings: n = 1,264). Results: ADHD symptoms showed substantial fluctuations within adolescents from day to day, as indicated by within-person standard deviations and intraclass correlation coefficients. Both a two-level factor model with three correlated factors (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity) and a two-level bifactor model with a general ADHD symptom factor and a specific inattention factor provided acceptable to good accounts of the structure underlying daily ADHD symptom ratings on the between- and the within-person level. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that adolescents’ ADHD symptoms fluctuate from day to day and highlights the need for intensive diagnostic processes with repeated symptom assessments and interventions that address symptom fluctuations.
Education and training to support the use of clinical telehealth: A review of the literature
Authors: Edirippulige S , Armfield NR
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Despite a growing literature base, substantial investment, and policy changes within governments, the integration of telehealth into routine clinical care has been limited. The availability of appropriate systematic education and training for practitioners has been highlighted as necessary for strong adoption. However, the availability and nature of telehealth-related education and training for practitioners is not understood. By reviewing the literature, we aimed to describe the delivery of education and training in telehealth, with particular focus on content, modes of delivery, types of institutions, and target clinician groups.

Methods

We performed searches using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and ERIC. We included studies that were focused on the delivery of telehealth-related academic or vocational education and training. We extracted information pertaining to country, programs and their participants, and tabulated the results.

Results

Altogether 388 articles were identified, of which nine studies were selected for final review. Programs from five countries were represented and articles were spread across telemedicine and clinically oriented journals. Education and training in telehealth has been provided as both university level and vocational courses using conventional classroom based delivery methods and e-learning. Reported curriculum items included terminology, clinical applications, the evidence-base, and technological aspects.

Conclusions

Published evidence in peer-reviewed literature on telehealth education and training is limited. According to this review, a number of topics relating to telehealth have been covered by existing education programs both within tertiary and professional development levels.
Recruiting African Americans with peripheral artery disease for a behavioral intervention trial
Authors: Love Brittany , Nwachokor Daniel , Collins Tracie
Published: February 2016

We report recruitment strategies for an NIH-funded trial focused on African Americans with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We present complete recruitment efforts for this 1-year trial, 5-year study. Eligibility included the following: African American, a resting ankle–brachial index (ABI) ⩽ 0.99, a short physical performance battery (SPPB) score of 10 or lower, English speaking, telephone access, and absence of coronary ischemia during a submaximal treadmill test. Recruitment included mailings of brochures to zip codes in which more than 50% of residents were African American, advertisements, community events, and physician/clinic referrals. We telephone-screened 3511 persons, of whom 792 did not recall the method by which they learned about the study. We randomized 174 participants. Mailings yielded the highest percentage of randomized participants ( n=60, 34.4%), followed by television advertisements ( n=42, 24.1%), followed by community events ( n=24, 13.8%). In conclusion, to recruit African Americans with PAD for a clinical trial, investigators should consider mailings of brochures, television advertisements, and community events. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01321086
Obesity and associated factors in youth with an autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Granich Joanna , Lin Ashleigh , Hunt Anna , Wray John , Dass Alena , Whitehouse Andrew JO
Published: February 2016

Weight status on children and youth with autism spectrum disorder is limited. We examined the prevalence of overweight/obesity in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder, and associations between weight status and range of factors. Children and youth with autism spectrum disorder aged 2–16 years ( n = 208) and their parents participated in this study. Body mass index was calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts and the International Obesity Task Force body mass index cut-offs. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule was administered. Parents completed questionnaires about socio-demographics, diagnosed comorbidities, sleep disturbances, social functioning and medication of youth with autism spectrum disorder. The prevalence of overweight/obesity in participants with autism spectrum disorder was 35%. One quarter of obese children and youth (25.6%) had obese parents. There was a significant association between children and youth’s body mass index and maternal body mass index ( r = 0.25, n = 199, p < 0.001). The gender and age, parental education, family income, ethnicity, autism spectrum disorder severity, social functioning, psychotropic and complementary medication use of children and youth with autism spectrum disorder were not statistically associated with their weight status. Findings suggest the need for clinical settings to monitor weight status of children and youth with autism spectrum disorder in a bid to manage or prevent overweight/obesity in this population. Incorporating a family system approach to influence health behaviours among children and youth with autism spectrum disorder especially for specific weight interventions is warranted and should be further explored.
Children making sense of economic insecurity: Facework, fairness and belonging
Authors: Butler Rose
Published: February 2016

This article contributes to our understanding of how children cope with economic insecurity in affluent nations. Based on research with children and adults in regional Australia, it argues for the importance of cultural narratives in making sense of children’s strategies to cope with financial hardship. Drawing on Goffman’s concept of ‘facework’, and recent analysis by Pugh, it analyses the complex forms of facework that children use to manage situations of economic insecurity and shows how such practices may be anchored in cultural narratives of ‘fairness’. Goffman’s ‘facework’ refers to the expressive order required to save face, a term used to signify how we participate in a social regime, particularly when we perform unexpected feelings. In this article, the author develops a theoretical framework to analyse three types of facework used by children from low-income families in this Australian context, and coins these practices ‘going without’, ‘cutting down’, and ‘staying within’. Through such facework, children sought to maintain inclusion and uphold dignity, practices which were increasingly difficult amidst rising inequality. This raised contradictions in belonging and acceptance among others, particularly for children from refugee backgrounds.
Ideology and utopia: Historic crisis of economic rationality and the role of public sociology
Authors: Colic-Peisker Val
Published: February 2016

This article reflects on the role of public sociology in the debate on the systemic crisis of western capitalism reinvigorated by the 2007–8 global financial crisis. The article argues that, in the current moment in history, sociologists have a professional duty to challenge the growing irrationality of the economically rational public discourse and to more vigorously uphold the formulation of alternative ‘real-utopian’ discourses. The article first introduces capitalism’s core ideology – economic rationality – arguing that it has hardened into the irrational dogma of the ostensibly rational West, with an unrelenting grip on the public discourse, especially in the ‘neoliberal’ Anglosphere. The ideology suppresses measures needed to address issues such as global warming and global financial disorder. Contemporary ‘Anglo’ sociology, including Australian sociology, is internally compartmentalized, self-referential and of marginal influence in the public sphere. Moreover, it espouses economic rationality in its practice within increasingly corporatized universities, while maintaining a progressive cloak over its intellectual products.
An online electoral connection? How electoral systems condition representatives’ social media use
Authors: Obholzer Lukas , Daniel William T
Published: February 2016

This article analyses the impact of electoral institutions on the re-election campaigning and outreach strategies of Members of the European Parliament on the Twitter social media platform. Social media offers politicians a means to contact voters remotely and at low cost. We test the effect of diverse national proportional representation electoral institutions in European elections on a possible online electoral connection. We draw upon an original dataset of Members of the European Parliament Twitter activity before, during, and after the 2014 European elections. Our results confirm that variation in electoral institutions leads to meaningful differentiation in representatives' social media campaigning, which is further affected by national party, voter and legislator characteristics. Representatives make constructive use of Twitter, but there is no sustained online electoral connection.
The bereavement experience of spousal caregivers to persons with dementia: Reclaiming self
Authors: Peacock Shelley , Bayly Melanie , Gibson Kirstian , Holtslander Lorraine , Thompson Genevieve , O’Connell Megan
Published: February 2016

Spouses of persons living with dementia both anticipate future loss and grieve for multiple losses occurring with caregiving and this ultimately influences their bereavement experience. Little research has been conducted regarding the bereavement experience in the caregiving journey with dementia and what does exist is mostly quantitative in nature. The purpose of this study is to describe the bereavement experience of spousal caregivers ( n = 10) utilizing Thorne’s interpretive description. Thematic analysis revealed the features and facilitators of the bereavement process for spousal caregivers to persons with dementia. The unique contribution of this study to the dementia literature is the finding that the overall process of reclaiming self is significant to the bereavement journey. Future work should investigate identity as understood by spousal caregivers to persons with dementia, and further explore the processes, facilitators, and barriers to healthy bereavement in this population.
Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Market Multinationals
Authors: Fey Carl F. , Nayak Amar K. J. R. , Wu Changqi , Zhou Abby Jingzi
Published: February 2016

Traditionally, few companies were worried about Chinese, Indian, or Russian companies becoming important global players. Now companies from emerging market economies are starting to do just this and are emerging as significant global competitors. It is clearly time to pay attention to emerging market multinational corporations as serious competitors. This article seeks to help with this task by investigating the internationalization of firms from China, India, and Russia, and developing an understanding of what firms from transforming economies should do to increase their chances of success. The article also shows that they internationalize for different reasons using different entry mode ordering and by initially entering different countries than would their Western counterparts. This article develops a new framework called the Five M framework to guide managers and academics in their understanding of the internationalization of firms from transforming economies. With the help of illustrative examples from 18 mini case studies, this article investigates the motivations, markets, entry modes, methods, and management practices that have allowed these firms to be successful.