bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facing interfaces A clustering approach to grammaticalization and related changes
Authors: Norde Muriel , Beijering Karin
Published: November 2014

It has long been recognized that many instances of change that have been discussed within the framework of grammaticalization studies notoriously defy categorization, for instance because they share properties of grammaticalization and lexicalization (Brinton & Traugott 2005), or because they share some properties of grammaticalization, but not all of them, as in the case of discourse markers (e.g. Ocampo 2006). In order to avoid these classification issues, we will argue that it is more useful to reduce grammaticalization and related changes to their “main mechanisms” (formal reanalysis and semantic reinterpretation), “primitive changes” (micro-changes on the levels of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and/or discourse), and “side effects” (e.g. obligatorification or layering). In grammaticalization and related changes, formal reanalysis and semantic reinterpretation tend to coincide with different sets of primitive changes. Primitive changes will be defined as ternary parameters with the values reduction, expansion, or zero, and it will be seen that they tend to cluster in different ways. Some of these clusters may coincide with changes traditionally labeled “grammaticalization”, “degrammaticalization”, or “lexicalization”, but changes may also cluster in alternative ways. This novel approach to composite changes we term the “clustering approach”, and we aim to show that this model of analysis allows for a more fine-grained account of composite changes than definition-based taxonomies.
On the relationship between grammaticalization and constructionalization
Authors: Trousdale Graeme
Published: November 2014

Some recent approaches to language change within a constructional framework have been concerned with the development of procedural and of contentful constructions. This article considers how work in the tradition of grammaticalization has informed such approaches and points out some of the differences between the two research traditions. It highlights some of the problems around adopting key features of the grammaticalization tradition into a model of language structure which sees the language system as a network of conventionalized pairings of form and meaning, in which specific micro-constructions inherit properties from more general schemas. It also considers key issues in language change, such as directionality, the relationship between reanalysis and analogy, and the status of clines and parameters.
Historical Economics of Wars in the 20th Century
Authors: Streb Jochen , Vonyó Tamás
Published: November 2014

To stimulate projects on the historical economics of wars in the 20th century we advocate three promising research strategies by reviewing recent studies that focus on international or inter-temporal comparisons and on the economic and social consequences of war.
The Enemy on the Farm: The Economic Contribution of German and Italian POW Employment in Britain and the British Dominions during and after the Second World War
Authors: Custodis Johann
Published: November 2014

This paper attempts to fill the gap of the economic aspect of prisoner of war (POW) employment with regards to German and Italian POWs in British hands during and after the Second World War. It quantifies German POW employment in Britain and Canada, its productivity, economic contribution and revenues for the captors. Germans and Italians contributed almost 200 million man days and at peak one per cent to GDP to the British economy, mostly in agriculture and mostly post-war. Canada’s rural sector equally appreciated German POW labour and revenues almost exceeded costs. German POWs presented an asset in disguise: The unskilled, unwilling enemy was turned into a compliant and productive fire fighter against raw material bottlenecks.
Understanding Voting Behaviour in Complex Political Systems
Authors: Lapatinas Athanasios
Published: November 2014

We suggest in this paper that voting in political systems can be
profitably analysed using complex system analysis. We discuss how we
can capture the complexity of voting behaviour by applying graph
theory in networks and we develop a simplified theoretical model of
voting choice adopting the basic heuristics of the behavioural
decision theory. We feel that such a complex systems approach provides
a superior basis for understanding voting behaviour compared to
standard political economy analysis.
A Perishable Inventory Model with Bonus Service for Certain Customers, Balking and N + 1 Policy
Authors: Jeganathan Kathirvel
Published: November 2014

We consider a perishable inventory system with bonus service for
certain customers. The maximum inventory level is S. The ordering
policy is (0, S) policy and the lead time is zero. The life time of
each items is assumed to be exponential. Arrivals of customers follow
a Poisson process with parameter λ. Arriving customers form a
single waiting line based on the order of their arrivals. The capacity
of the waiting line is restricted to M including the one being
served. The first N ≥ 1 customers who arrive after the system
becomes empty must wait for service to begin. We have assumed that
these N customers received an additional service, called bonus
service, in addition to the essential service rendered to all
customers. The service times are exponentially distributed. An
arriving customer who finds the server busy or waiting area size ≥ N, proceeds to the waiting area with probability p and is lost
forever with probability (1 − p). The Laplace–Stieltjes transform of
the waiting time of the tagged customer is derived. The joint
probability distribution of the number of customers in the waiting
area and the inventory level is obtained for the steady state
case. Some important system performance measures and the long-run
total expected cost rate are derived in the steady state.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxic activity of bis(triorganotin) 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylates
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Liu Xijie , Tian Laijin
Published: November 2014

Two bis(triorganotin) 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylates, 2,6-C
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence peptide-based bioassay
Authors: Qi Honglan , Dang Qian , Dong Manman , Gao Hongfang , Li Min
Published: November 2014

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) involves the generation of species at electrode surfaces that then undergo electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. The ECL method is becoming an increasingly promising method in the life sciences, environmental analysis, and clinical analysis, owing to its good selectivity, high sensitivity, wide dynamic concentration response range, and potential and spatial controllability. Here, we give a mini-review on the advances of the ECL peptide-based bioassay using peptide as the molecular recognition element. First, a general history of ECL development is presented. Then, the general strategies of the ECL peptide-based bioassay are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the related progress in the last 5 years. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and prospects in the development of the ECL peptide-based bioassay.
Size effects on the in-plane mechanical behavior of hexagonal honeycombs
Authors: Jin Tao , Zhou Zhiwei , Liu Zhenguo , Shu Xuefeng
Published: November 2014

In-plane uniaxial compression tests were experimented on seven kinds of honeycomb specimens with different sizes (cell numbers) under the loading rate of 10 mm/min, in order to investigate the size effects on four important mechanical parameters (the curve modulus, initial collapse stress, densification strain, and plateau stress) of the honeycomb structure. The results show that the curve modulus of honeycombs decreases with decrease in specimen size, indicating that the curve modulus in in-plane direction is sensitive to size. In addition, the initial collapse stress in x
2-direction as well as energy absorption efficiency in x
1-direction is slightly sensitive to the specimen size. However, the other mechanical parameters of honeycomb show significant size independence. The weak boundary cells are used to explain size effects on the in-plane mechanical behavior of honeycomb. Consequently, the minimum specimen size of hexagonal honeycomb specimens for measuring the effective in-plane mechanical properties of a bulk honeycomb is determined according to these results.
O problema do pensamento outro em Alexandre Koyré e Lucien Febvre
Authors: Salomon Marlon
Published: November 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é reconstituir os termos de uma breve controvérsia ocorrida no final da década de 1940 entre Alexandre Koyré e Lucien Febvre em torno da interpretação da formação da ciência moderna e do nascimento da tecnologia na Europa do século XVII. Por meio da análise dessa controvérsia, podemos não apenas compreender o modo como se constituíram na França duas maneiras singulares de conceber a história das ciências, mas também e, sobretudo, mostrar como elas eram mobilizadas por um problema comum. Desde o início do século XX, as formas de pensamento que não eram as “nossas” não podiam mais ser compreendidas a partir de uma concepção evolucionista da razão. Era preciso, doravante, fundar essa compreensão em outra perspectiva. Não se podia mais tomar as formas do pensamento outro como formas proscritas, degredadas ou inatuais do pensamento. A história das mentalidades e a história do pensamento científico, por vias distintas, buscaram responder a esse problema.
The influence of birth date via body mass on individual fitness in a long‐lived mammal
Authors: Plard Floriane , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Coulson Tim , Hewison A. J. Mark , Douhard Mathieu , Klein François , Delorme Daniel , Warnant Claude , Bonenfant Christophe
Published: November 2014

The timing of birth has marked impacts on early life and early development of newborns in many species. In seasonal environments, early‐born offspring often survive and grow better than late‐born offspring, but despite the long‐lasting effects of early conditions on life history traits, the influence of birth date on fitness has rarely been investigated for long‐lived species. In this study, we analyzed both the short‐ and long‐term effects of birth date on individual life history traits and explored its subsequent impact on individual fitness in a population of roe deer. We considered both the direct effects, as well as the indirect effects of birth date mediated through the effects of body mass, on demographic parameters. We found that in addition to short‐term effects on early body growth and survival, birth date generates “silver spoon” effects on adult life history traits of female roe deer. Birth date had long‐lasting effects on female adult body mass such that early‐born females were, on average, 3 kg heavier as adults than late‐born females, although female adult survival was similar between these categories. Based on the observed relationships between birth date, body mass, and demographic parameters, we built an integral projection model describing the simultaneous distributions of birth date and body mass to quantify the fitness consequences of birth date. We found that the fitness of early‐born females was higher than that of late‐born females. These long‐lasting effects of birth date on fitness were mostly mediated through the influence of birth date on recruitment and adult body mass. By determining development of newborns during the early stages of life, birth date has a critical influence on each step of an individual's subsequent life history trajectory.
Physiological Factors Underpinning Grain Yield Improvements of Synthetic‐Derived Wheat in Southwestern China
Authors: Tang Yonglu , Rosewarne Garry M. , Li Chaosu , Wu Xiaoli , Yang Wuyun , Wu Chun
Published: November 2014

Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is a valuable source of genetic diversity for germplasm enrichment in wheat breeding. In China, SHW‐derived material has shown significant yield increases. A 3‐yr field experiment at Guanghan and Jiangyou in the Sichuan Basin of China was conducted to characterize the potential of three SHW‐derived cultivars (SDCs) with five local elite nonsynthetic‐derived cultivars as checks (NSCs). On average, SDCs showed an 11.5% or 951 kg ha−1 yield increase compared with NSCs. This yield gain was mainly attributed to increases in both grain number m−2 (5.7%) and thousand kernel weight (5.9%). A higher rate of aboveground dry matter accumulation, especially in the early growth stages, was observed in the SDCs. The SDCs also had better partitioning to the grain, as evidenced through an increased harvest index (HI). The SDCs had a relatively compact and erect plant type with medium and upper leaves having a mean extinction coefficient at 45° (EC45°) increase of 8.4% above the NSCs at 20‐d after flowering. Correlations between grain yield components and physiological traits were analyzed. We concluded that the use of SHW has the potential to significantly increase wheat yield grown under rain‐fed environments with low photosynthetically active radiation.
Association Between Hemoglobin A1c and All-Cause Mortality: Results of the Mortality Follow-up of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998
Authors: Paprott Rebecca , Schaffrath Rosario Angelika , Busch Markus A. , Du Yong , Thiele Silke , Scheidt-Nave Christa , Heidemann Christin
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the association of HbA1c-defined glycemic status and continuous HbA1c with all-cause mortality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study population comprised 6,299 participants (aged 18–79 years) of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998, who were followed up for mortality for an average of 11.6 years. Glycemic status was defined as known diabetes (self-reported diagnosis or intake of antidiabetic medication) and based on HbA1c levels according to American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria as undiagnosed diabetes (≥6.5% [≥48 mmol/mol]), prediabetes with very high (6.0–6.4% [42–46 mmol/mol]) or high diabetes risk (5.7–5.9% [39–41 mmol/mol]), and normoglycemia (<5.7% [<39 mmol/mol]). Associations between glycemic status and mortality were examined by Cox regression adjusting for age, sex, education, lifestyle factors, anthropometric measures, and history of chronic diseases (reference: normoglycemia). Spline models were fitted to investigate associations between continuous HbA1c and mortality among participants without known diabetes.

RESULTS

Excess mortality risk was observed for participants with known diabetes (hazard ratio 1.41 [95% CI 1.08–1.84]) and undiagnosed diabetes (1.63 [1.23–2.17]) but not for those with high (1.02 [0.80–1.30]) or very high diabetes risk (0.87 [0.67–1.13]). Spline models revealed a U-shaped association, with lowest risk at HbA1c levels 5.4–5.6% (36–38 mmol/mol) and a significantly increased risk at ≤5.0% (≤31 mmol/mol) and ≥6.4% (≥46 mmol/mol).

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike known and undiagnosed diabetes, HbA1c levels in the prediabetic range were not associated with an increased mortality risk. The observed U-shaped relationship adds to existing evidence that not only high but also low HbA1c levels might be associated with all-cause mortality.
Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pediatric Hemiparesis: Randomized Controlled Preliminary Study
Authors: Gillick Bernadette T. , Feyma Tim , Menk Jeremiah , Usset Michelle , Vaith Amy , Wood Teddi Jean , Worthington Rebecca , Krach Linda E.
Published: November 2014

Background

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of noninvasive brain stimulation that has shown improved adult stroke outcomes. Applying tDCS in children with congenital hemiparesis has not yet been explored.

Objective

The primary objective of this study was to explore the safety and feasibility of single-session tDCS through an adverse events profile and symptom assessment within a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled preliminary study in children with congenital hemiparesis. A secondary objective was to assess the stability of hand and cognitive function.

Design

A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled pretest/posttest/follow-up study was conducted.

Setting

The study was conducted in a university pediatric research laboratory.

Participants

Thirteen children, ages 7 to 18 years, with congenital hemiparesis participated.

Measurements

Adverse events/safety assessment and hand function were measured.

Intervention

Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group, with safety and functional assessments at pretest, at posttest on the same day, and at a 1-week follow-up session. An intervention of 10 minutes of 0.7 mA tDCS was applied to bilateral primary motor cortices. The tDCS intervention was considered safe if there was no individual decline of 25% or group decline of 2 standard deviations for motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and behavioral data and no report of adverse events.

Results

No major adverse events were found, including no seizures. Two participants did not complete the study due to lack of MEP and discomfort. For the 11 participants who completed the study, group differences in MEPs and behavioral data did not exceed 2 standard deviations in those who received the tDCS (n=5) and those in the control group (n=6). The study was completed without the need for stopping per medical monitor and biostatisticial analysis.

Limitations

A limitation of the study was the small sample size, with data available for 11 participants.

Conclusions

Based on the results of this study, tDCS appears to be safe, feasible, and well tolerated in most children with hemiparesis. Future investigations of serial sessions of tDCS in conjunction with rehabilitation in pediatric hemiparesis are indicated to explore the benefit of a synergistic approach to improving hand function.
Cell Phone Resting Locations
Authors: Harwood Leslie C. , Klauer Sheila G. , Doerzaph Zachary R.
Published: November 2014

The use of cellular phones while driving has been a growing topic of concern in the field of transportation safety research. Traditionally, a vehicle may have been equipped with multiple fixed displays that provided the driver various information, such as vehicle-related information and entertainment options (for example, AM-FM radio). The introduction of a mobile display has brought dramatic changes to the driving environment and has created a need for researchers to understand the full impact these devices have on the driving task. Many studies have been conducted to quantify the impact cell phones have on drivers’ crash risks. However, little or no research has been performed that examines the physical placement of the cell phone while the driver is engaged in the primary task of operating the vehicle. For determination of the most frequent cell phone resting locations and containers, a visual evaluation was performed during this study of the video collected during the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study between January 2003 and July 2004. In the video, drivers used a cell phone at any point during a trip. Knowing the placement of cell phones can aid researchers in designing experiments focused on in-vehicle cell phone use and can improve the design and technology of handheld devices and vehicles that attempt to integrate cell phone use safely.
Microscopic Simulation Model for Pedestrian Flow at Signalized Crosswalks
Authors: Ren Gang , Lu Lili , Wang Wei , Gong Xiaolin , Huang Zhengfeng
Published: November 2014

Signalized crosswalks are considered an important pedestrian facility, where the pedestrian flow possesses unique characteristics. This study used an improved cellular automaton model, which incorporated social forces to describe the interactions between pedestrians, to model the bidirectional pedestrian flow at a crosswalk. The simulation model was capable of estimating crossing time for various levels of pedestrian demand. The observation field data extracted from the video record validated the model's ability to estimate average crossing speed. It also found that pedestrian crossing time and speed are correlated to pedestrian demand. In addition, the proposed model presented the characteristics of pedestrian flow at the crosswalk visually and showed that the interaction between the conflicting flows contributed to an increase in crossing time and a reduction in crossing speed. The benefits of this model can be used to assess the design of signalized crosswalks, including their geometry and pedestrian cycle length.
Detection of p53 mutations in proliferating vascular cells in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Kawasoe Takuma , Takeshima Hideo , Yamashita Shinji , Mizuguchi Sohei , Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Yokogami Kiyotaka , Yamasaki Kouji
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one of the most aggressive tumors in humans, is highly angiogenic. However, treatment with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab has not significantly prolonged overall patient survival times. GBM resistance to angiogenesis inhibitors is attributed to multiple interacting mechanisms. Although mesenchymal transition via glioma stem-like cells has attracted attention, it is considered a poor biomarker. There is no simple method for differentiating tumor-derived and reactive vascular cells from normal cells. The authors attempted to detect the mesenchymal transition of tumor cells by means of p53 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) immunohistochemistry.

METHODS

Using antibody against p53 and IDH1 R132H, the authors immunohistochemically analyzed GBM tissue from patients who had undergone surgery at the University of Miyazaki Hospital during August 2005–December 2011. They focused on microvascular proliferation with a p53-positive ratio exceeding 50%. They compared TP53 mutations in original tumor tissues and in p53-positive and p53-negative microvascular proliferation cells collected by laser microdissection.

RESULTS

Among 61 enrolled GBM patients, the first screening step (immunostaining) identified 46 GBMs as p53 positive, 3 of which manifested areas of prominent p53-positive microvascular proliferation (> 50%). Histologically, areas of p53-positive microvascular proliferation tended to be clustered, and they coexisted with areas of p53-negative microvascular proliferation. Both types of microvascular proliferation cells were clearly separated from original tumor cells by glial fibrillary acidic protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, and low-/high-molecular-weight cytokeratin. DNA sequencing analysis disclosed that p53-positive microvascular proliferation cells exhibited TP53 mutations identical to those observed in the original tumor; p53-negative microvascular proliferation cells contained a normal allele. Although immunostaining indicated that 3 (2 primary and 1 secondary) of the 61 GBMs were positive for IDH1, no tumors contained microvascular proliferation cells positive for IDH1 R132H.

CONCLUSIONS

Some microvascular proliferation clusters in GBM result from mesenchymal transition. The identification of useful markers might reveal this phenomenon as an infrequent event in GBMs.
Management of spinal cord injury–related scoliosis using pedicle screw–only constructs
Authors: Hwang Steven W. , Safain Mina G. , King Joseph J. , Kimball Jeff S. , Ames Robert , Betz Randall R. , Cahill Patrick J. , Samdani Amer F.
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

Almost all pediatric patients who incur a spinal cord injury (SCI) will develop scoliosis, and younger patients are at highest risk for curve progression requiring surgical intervention. Although the use of pedicle screws is increasing in popularity, their impact on SCI-related scoliosis has not been described. The authors retrospectively reviewed the radiographic outcomes of pedicle screw–only constructs in all patients who had undergone SCI-related scoliosis correction at a single institution.

Methods

Medical records and radiographs from Shriner's Hospital for Children–Philadelphia for the period between November 2004 and February 2011 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Thirty-seven patients, whose mean age at the index surgery was 14.91 ± 3.29 years, were identified. The cohort had a mean follow-up of 33.2 ± 22.8 months. The mean preoperative coronal Cobb angle was 65.5° ± 25.7°, which corrected to 20.3° ± 14.4°, translating into a 69% correction (p < 0.05). The preoperative coronal balance was 24.4 ± 22.6 mm, with a postoperative measurement of 21.6 ± 20.7 mm (p = 1.00). Preoperative pelvic obliquity was 12.7° ± 8.7°, which corrected to 4.1° ± 3.8°, translating into a 68% correction (p < 0.05). Preoperative shoulder balance, as measured by the clavicle angle, was 8.2° ± 8.4°, which corrected to 2.7° ± 3.1° (67% correction, p < 0.05). Preoperatively, thoracic kyphosis measured 44.2° ± 23.7° and was 33.8° ± 11.5° postoperatively. Thoracolumbar kyphosis was 18.7° ± 12.1° preoperatively, reduced to 8.1° ± 7.7° postoperatively, and measured 26.8° ± 20.2° at the last follow-up (p < 0.05). Preoperatively, lumbar lordosis was 35.3° ± 22.0°, which remained stable at 35.6° ± 15.0° postoperatively.

Conclusions

Pedicle screw constructs appear to provide better correction of coronal parameters than historically reported and provide significant improvement of sagittal kyphosis as well. Although pedicle screws appear to provide good radiographic results, correlation with clinical outcomes is necessary to determine the true impact of pedicle screw constructs on SCI-related scoliosis correction.
Extracorporeal irradiation of tumorous calvaria: a case series
Authors: Tavanaiepour Daryoush , Broaddus William C. , Chung Theodore D. , Holloway Kathryn L. , Proper Michelle A. , Wolber Sharon B. , Neiderer Keith
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

When intracranial tumors invade the overlying skull, gross resection typically includes removal of the involved bone. Methods used to repair the resulting structural defect in the cranium include artificial prostheses, allogeneic bone grafts, and autoclaving the autologous graft. The authors have previously reported a case involving high-dose extracorporeal ionizing radiation to treat the tumorous calvaria intraoperatively, followed by reimplantation of the treated bone flap. In this paper the authors report the long-term follow-up of that case, as well as results of using extracorporeal irradiation of tumorous calvaria (EITC) for an additional 20 patients treated similarly.

METHODS

The decision to undergo EITC was typically anticipated preoperatively, but determined intraoperatively, if upon inspection the bone flap was invaded by tumor. The bone flap was then delivered to the radiation oncology department, where a total dose of 120 Gy was delivered, using a clinical linear accelerator, over a period of approximately 15 minutes. After the intracranial tumor resection was completed, the irradiated craniotomy bone flap was reimplanted and the wound was closed in a standard fashion. A retrospective review of patients who had undergone EITC was performed for evidence of calvarial tumor recurrence or other complications.

RESULTS

Since the originally reported case, 20 additional patients have received EITC during craniotomy for invasive tumors. Eighteen (86%) of 21 patients were diagnosed with meningioma: 12 (67%) with WHO Grade I, 5 (28%) with WHO Grade II, and 1 with WHO Grade III (6%). The remaining 3 patients presented with dural-based B-cell lymphoma with extensive adjacent bone invasion (n = 2) and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung (n = 1). Follow-up of the 21 patients ranged from 1 to 132 months, with a mean of 41 months and a median of 23 months. No patients have experienced tumor recurrence, infection associated with the treated calvaria, or evidence of bone flap resorption.

CONCLUSIONS

Calvaria reconstructions represent an important component in structural and cosmetic outcome following craniectomy for tumorous bone. The authors' long-term experience with EITC has been excellent with no local tumor recurrence or complications. Therefore, EITC represents an excellent and efficient option for cranial reconstruction in such patients.
Neural Correlates of Amusia in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Lense Miriam , Dankner Nathan , Pryweller Jennifer , Thornton-Wells Tricia , Dykens Elisabeth
Published: November 2014

Congenital amusia is defined by marked deficits in pitch perception and production. Though historically examined only in otherwise typically developing (TD) populations, amusia has recently been documented in Williams syndrome (WS), a genetic, neurodevelopmental disorder with a unique auditory phenotype including auditory sensitivities and increased emotional responsiveness to music but variable musical skill. The current study used structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to examine neural correlates of amusia in 17 individuals with WS (4 of whom met criteria for amusia). Consistent with findings from TD amusics, amusia in WS was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). The relationship between amusia and FA in the inferior component of the SLF was particularly robust, withstanding corrections for cognitive functioning, auditory sensitivities, or musical training. Though the number of individuals with amusia in the study is small, results add to evidence for the role of fronto-temporal disconnectivity in congenital amusia and suggest that novel populations with developmental differences can provide a window into understanding gene-brain-behavior relationships that underlie musical behaviors.
Self-oscillating Water Chemiluminescence Modes and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Induced by Laser Irradiation; Effect of the Exclusion Zone Created by Nafion
Authors: Gudkov Sergey , Astashev Maxim , Bruskov Vadim , Kozlov Valeriy , Zakharov Stanislav , Bunkin Nikolai
Published: November 2014

Samples of water inside and outside an exclusion zone (EZ), created by Nafion swollen in water, were irradiated at the wavelength l = 1264 nm, which stimulates the electronic transition of dissolved oxygen from the triplet state to the excited singlet state. This irradiation induces, after a long latent period, chemiluminescence self-oscillations in the visible and near UV spectral range, which last many hours. It occurs that this effect is EZ-specific: the chemiluminescence intensity is twice lower than that from the bulk water, while the latent period is longer for the EZ. Laser irradiation causes accumulation of H2O2, which is also EZ-specific: its concentration inside the EZ is less than that in the bulk water. These phenomena can be interpreted in terms of a model of decreasing O2 content in the EZ due to increased chemical activity of bisulfite anions (HSO3−), arisen as the result of dissociation of terminal sulfonate groups of the Nafion. The wavelet transform analysis of the chemiluminescence intensity from the EZ and the bulk water gives, that self-oscillations regimes occurring in the liquid after the latent period are the determinate processes. It occurred that the chemiluminescence dynamics in case of EZ is characterized by a single-frequency self-oscillating regime, whereas in case of the bulk water, the self-oscillation spectrum consists of three spectral bands.
Editorial: Biodegradable Materials
Authors: Schaschke Carl , Audic Jean-Luc
Published: November 2014

This Special Issue “Biodegradable Materials” features research and review papers concerning recent advances on the development, synthesis, testing and characterisation of biomaterials. These biomaterials, derived from natural and renewable sources, offer a potential alternative to existing non-biodegradable materials with application to the food and biomedical industries amongst many others. In this Special Issue, the work is expanded to include the combined use of fillers that can enhance the properties of biomaterials prepared as films. The future application of these biomaterials could have an impact not only at the economic level, but also for the improvement of the environment.
Assessing the Accuracy of Quantitative Molecular Microbial Profiling
Authors: O'Sullivan Denise , Laver Thomas , Temisak Sasithon , Redshaw Nicholas , Harris Kathryn , Foy Carole , Studholme David , Huggett Jim
Published: November 2014

The application of high-throughput sequencing in profiling microbial communities is providing an unprecedented ability to investigate microbiomes. Such studies typically apply one of two methods: amplicon sequencing using PCR to target a conserved orthologous sequence (typically the 16S ribosomal RNA gene) or whole (meta)genome sequencing (WGS). Both methods have been used to catalog the microbial taxa present in a sample and quantify their respective abundances. However, a comparison of the inherent precision or bias of the different sequencing approaches has not been performed. We previously developed a metagenomic control material (MCM) to investigate error when performing different sequencing strategies. Amplicon sequencing using four different primer strategies and two 16S rRNA regions was examined (Roche 454 Junior) and compared to WGS (Illumina HiSeq). All sequencing methods generally performed comparably and in good agreement with organism specific digital PCR (dPCR); WGS notably demonstrated very high precision. Where discrepancies between relative abundances occurred they tended to differ by less than twofold. Our findings suggest that when alternative sequencing approaches are used for microbial molecular profiling they can perform with good reproducibility, but care should be taken when comparing small differences between distinct methods. This work provides a foundation for future work comparing relative differences between samples and the impact of extraction methods. We also highlight the value of control materials when conducting microbial profiling studies to benchmark methods and set appropriate thresholds.
Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Upregulation Is Correlated with Prognostic Factors of Early-Stage Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tsai Ching-Chou , Huang Shun-Chen , Tai Ming , Chien Chan-Chao , Huang Chao-Cheng , Hsu Yi-Chiang
Published: November 2014

Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a unique nuclear/growth factor that plays an important role in the progression of different types of cancer. A total of 63 patients with early-stage cervical adenocarcinoma (Cx) were enrolled in this retrospective study. The expression of HDGF was significantly increased compared with adjacent non-tumor tissue samples (p < 0.001). Moreover, elevated nuclear HDGF levels were correlated with lymph-vascular space invasion (LVSI; p < 0.05), lymph node metastasis (LNM; p < 0.001), recurrence (p < 0.001) and advanced grade (AG; p < 0.001). The growth of cervical cancer cells (Hela cells) was enhanced by HDGF treatment. The HDGF mRNA and protein level were significantly higher in malignant cervical cancer cells compared with primary ones. By adenovirus gene delivery, HDGF overexpression enhanced, whereas HDGF knockdown perturbed the tumorigenic behaviors of cervical cancer cells. HDGF overexpression is common in early-stage cervical adenocarcinoma and is involved in the carcinogenesis of cervical adenocarcinoma. Cytoplasmic HDGF expression is strongly correlated with pelvic lymph node metastasis and recurrence, indicating that HDGF may serve as a novel prognostic marker for patients with Cx.
Therapeutic Phytogenic Compounds for Obesity and Diabetes
Authors: Jung Hee , Lim Yun , Kim Eun-Kyoung
Published: November 2014

Natural compounds have been used to develop drugs for many decades. Vast diversities and minimum side effects make natural compounds a good source for drug development. However, the composition and concentrations of natural compounds can vary. Despite this inconsistency, half of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceuticals are natural compounds or their derivatives. Therefore, it is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of new pharmaceuticals. This review provides comprehensive information and analysis on natural compounds from plants (phytogenic compounds) that may serve as anti-obesity and/or anti-diabetes therapeutics. Our growing understanding and further exploration of the mechanisms of action of the phytogenic compounds may afford opportunities for development of therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
Kinetic Study on the Formation of Bimetallic Core-Shell Nanoparticles via Microemulsions
Authors: Tojo Concha , Vila-Romeu Nuria
Published: November 2014

Computer calculations were carried out to determine the reaction rates and the mean structure of bimetallic nanoparticles prepared via a microemulsion route. The rates of reaction of each metal were calculated for a particular microemulsion composition (fixed intermicellar exchange rate) and varying reduction rate ratios between both metal and metal salt concentration inside the micelles. Model predictions show that, even in the case of a very small difference in reduction potential of both metals, the formation of an external shell in a bimetallic nanoparticle is possible if a large reactant concentration is used. The modification of metal arrangement with concentration was analyzed from a mechanistic point of view, and proved to be due to the different impact of confinement on each metal: the reaction rate of the faster metal is only controlled by the intermicellar exchange rate but the slower metal is also affected by a cage-like effect.
Microbiome Associations of Therapeutic Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Shah Rajesh , Kellermayer Richard
Published: November 2014

One of the most effective forms of therapeutic enteral nutrition is designated as “exclusive enteral nutrition” (EEN). EEN constitutes the monotonous enteral delivery of complete liquid nutrition and has been most explored in the treatment Crohn’s disease (CD), a form of inflammatory bowel disease. While EEN’s mechanisms of action are not clearly understood, it has been shown to modify the composition of the intestinal microbiome, an important component of CD pathogenesis. The current literature on the intestinal microbiome in healthy individuals and CD patients is reviewed with respect to EEN therapy. Further investigations in this field are needed to better understand the role and potential for EEN in chronic human disorders.
Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Insights into Diabetes Etiopathogenesis
Authors: Berná Genoveva , Oliveras-López María , Jurado-Ruíz Enrique , Tejedo Juan , Bedoya Francisco , Soria Bernat , Martín Franz
Published: November 2014

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a global pandemic, and the incidence of DM continues to grow worldwide. Nutrients and dietary patterns are central issues in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. The pathogenesis of DM is not completely understood, but nutrient-gene interactions at different levels, genetic predisposition and dietary factors appear to be involved. Nutritional genomics studies generally focus on dietary patterns according to genetic variations, the role of gene-nutrient interactions, gene-diet-phenotype interactions and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients; these studies will facilitate an understanding of the early molecular events that occur in DM and will contribute to the identification of better biomarkers and diagnostics tools. In particular, this approach will help to develop tailored diets that maximize the use of nutrients and other functional ingredients present in food, which will aid in the prevention and delay of DM and its complications. This review discusses the current state of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenomics research on DM. Here, we provide an overview of the role of gene variants and nutrient interactions, the importance of nutrients and dietary patterns on gene expression, how epigenetic changes and micro RNAs (miRNAs) can alter cellular signaling in response to nutrients and the dietary interventions that may help to prevent the onset of DM.
Hamlet le Scandale. Des identifications et de l'escamotage de l'objet.
Authors: Bautista Balbino
Published: November 2014

Le drame d’ Hamlet est l’enjeu d’une remise à plat du phallus atypique si cette remise à plat est non seulement génératrice d’une subjectivité, celle du sujet moderne, mais aussi de l’illusion d’un sujet au règne séparé et donc de l’élision de la castration.
La mort pas toute
Authors: Bruno Pierre
Published: November 2014

Le roman de Murakami Kafka sur le rivage revisite le complexe d’Œdipe. Sa lecture aide à renouveler l’intelligence des croisements entre la réalité et le rêve, celui-ci étant ce qui, du réel, fait signe plus sûrement que celle-là. D’où la possibilité d’envisager une autre relation, non religieuse, de l’humain à la mort.
L'autre Gandhi
Authors: Sinoué Gilbert
Published: November 2014

Qui était vraiment Gandhi ? La légende, dorée ou noire, s’est emparée de lui de son vivant. Mais il n’est pas impossible que ce soit la fiction qui permette de cerner au plus près les motivations profondes de cet homme complexe et secret.
ARTICLE RETIRÉ : Les mots et les choses autour de la fécondation in vitro
Authors: Mejía Claudia , Germond Marc , Ansermet François
Published: November 2014

LES MOTS ET LES CHOSES AUTOUR DE LA FéCONDATION IN VITRO À l’origine de cet article se trouve une étude clinique réalisée au moyen d’entretiens avec trente personnes qui ont eu des enfants à la suite d’une fécondation in vitro. Les résultats de cette étude ont comporté des données linguistiques surprenantes et contradictoires. Après avoir exposé brièvement ces données, le présent article tente de les comprendre en prenant en compte la rupture que signifie la découverte de la fécondation in vitro quant aux schémas conceptuels ayant trait à la reproduction humaine. Les mots servent aux hommes à partager ce qu’ils vivent à propos des choses. Lors de notre étude, les mots se sont dévoilés dans leur puissance évocatrice mais aussi dans leur faiblesse à exprimer le vécu de ces parents : lorsque viennent à manquer ces outils de maîtrise subjective que sont les mots, on est obligé de subir une réalité devenue envahissante car insaisissable. La réflexion développée ici dans une optique diachronique aboutit à une mise en garde contre les conséquences de la colonisation du terrain affectif par des termes médicaux. Paradoxalement, ce n’est cependant que sur la base de cette terminologie scientifique que les parents peuvent recréer les mots susceptibles de transmettre leur vécu singulier.
Du double-tu au double-je. Processus de subjectivation au décours d'un psychodrame d'adolescent
Authors: de Lanlay Fabienne
Published: November 2014

Cet article, à travers le cas d’un patient adolescent traité par le psychodrame, aborde le travail de figuration. Grâce à une utilisation particulière de la fonction du double mise en place par le patient, le traitement permettra un processus de subjectivation. Après une reprise des thèmes du double, des origines grecques du terme et de sa fonction, l’auteur se penchera sur l’élaboration qu’en fit Sigmund Freud. Le double joue un rôle d’alter-ego suffisamment proche et disponible pour supporter la frustration de ce qui est entravé. Au psychodrame, la fonction du double est particulièrement pertinente et utile chez l’adolescent face au remaniement pulsionnel qui le guette. Il est souvent nécessaire de figurer un double narcissique externalisé, permettant à l’adolescent un lien à l’objet dont la distance soit tolérable. L’exemple clinique développera les trois temps du processus d’intégration des figures du double et du travail de subjectivation : projection sur la figure du double, reconnaissance de l’affect chez le double, ré-introjection sur un mode quasi corporel de ce double. Le cas clinique permet de voir à l’œuvre ce processus d’appropriation et de subjectivation.
« Arrête de faire semblant, on joue pour vrai ! » Intégration de techniques d'intervention basées sur la mentalisation à la psychothérapie d'enfants d'orientation psychanalytique
Authors: Terradas Miguel M. , Achim Julie
Published: November 2014

Les techniques d’intervention basées sur la mentalisation représentent une voie prometteuse dans le traitement des enfants souffrant de psychopathologies graves pour lesquelles la psychothérapie d’orientation analytique dans sa forme classique s’avère moins profitable. Cette intervention, centrée sur la reconnaissance de ses propres états mentaux et de ceux d’autrui plutôt que sur l’identification des conflits intrapsychiques, apparaît particulièrement utile auprès d’enfants qui expriment par l’agir leurs conflits relationnels. Les auteurs relatent l’histoire et le processus psychothérapeutique d’Esther, une fillette de 9 ans, dont la mère a reçu un diagnostic de trouble de personnalité limite. Tout en faisant ressortir l’apport des théories récentes sur les notions de mentalisation et de régulation des affects, ils proposent l’utilisation de diverses techniques, adaptées par le thérapeute à la psychothérapie d’Esther, en considérant leur rôle dans les progrès réalisés par l’enfant quant à sa capacité à mentaliser et à mieux réguler ses affects.
Psychiatrie et pédopsychiatrie en Côte d'Ivoire, une histoire qui s'écrit toujours
Authors: Bissouma Anna-Corinne , Anoumatacky Madjara , Te Bonle Marguerite , Delafosse Roger , Fourment Marie-Claude
Published: November 2014

Née dans son acceptation moderne au cours du xx e siècle, la psychiatre ivoirienne et son corollaire la pédopsychiatrie sont toujours en quête de leur identité. Mais celle-ci ne peut se construire qu’en tenant compte des grands mouvements de son histoire et de la philosophie qui les a sous-tendus. Max Hazera a été un acteur important de la psychiatrie en Côte d’Ivoire et sa vision a fortement influencé les grands moments de son édification. C’est ce devoir de mémoire que les auteurs tentent d’honorer en retraçant l’histoire d’une discipline évoluant dans un contexte de profonds changements sociétaux et dont elle essaie de relever les défis.
Une méthode d'étude de cas clinique en pédopsychiatrie : analyse de l'expression de soi et du « corps propre » chez un enfant autiste de 7 ans à travers quinze dessins du bonhomme
Authors: Claudon Philippe , Floquet Brigitte , Muguet Vanessa , Recouvreur Béatrice , Maire Sylvie , Dekkoumi Sonia , Lawson Festus Body
Published: November 2014

Nous présentons une étude de cas clinique d’un enfant autiste sévère suivi lors d’un atelier thérapeutique à médiation corporelle (bain-massages) au long des quinze séances produites. Pour mener cette étude de cas, nous proposons une méthode d’analyse clinique fondée sur une approche psychosomatique du fonctionnement de la pensée et de l’identité. Cette méthode permet d’observer et d’évaluer concrètement les effets d’un atelier thérapeutique avec des enfants en grande difficulté de développement. L’étude s’appuie sur un matériel clinique pictural original, il s’agit de quinze dessins spontanés du bonhomme issus de chacune des séances d’atelier. Des pistes thérapeutiques/cliniques sont proposées et discutées.