bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsporidia
Authors: Weiss Louis M.
Published: December 2024

Microsporidia are found in invertebrates and vertebrates, infecting every major animal group. Microsporidia produce distinctive, environmentally resistant spores, and the shape and size of these spores vary depending on the species. This chapter summarizes microsporidia associated with human infection and related clinical manifestations. Encephalitozoon species including
E. intestinalis
,
E. hellem
,and
E. cuniculi
are widely distributed in mammals and have been identified in both immune‐competent and immune‐compromised humans. The successful sequencing of various microsporidia genomes has led to the application of molecular‐based techniques for the diagnosis of microsporidia infections in humans. Serologic assays such as carbon immunoassay, indirect immunofluorescence test, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoblot assays have been used to demonstrate microsporidian‐specific antibodies in several species of animals.
Plasmodium
and
Babesia
Authors: Pritt Bobbi S.
Published: December 2024

Plasmodium
and
Babesia
are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites that cause malaria and babesiosis, respectively. Both are transmitted through the bite of an infected arthropod and cause significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. The
Plasmodium
parasite is transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected
Anopheles
mosquito, and competent mosquito vectors are found throughout the world. The antigens most commonly detected by the commercially available rapid diagnostic tests are pan‐ or species‐specific
Plasmodium
lactate dehydrogenase,
Plasmodium falciparum
histidine‐rich protein 2, and panspecific
Plasmodium
aldolase. Serologic testing plays only a small role in diagnosis of acute malaria, given that antibodies are frequently absent at the time of patient presentation. Members of the genus
Babesia
infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals worldwide using primarily ixodid tick vectors. Babesiosis due to
Babesia microti
and
Babesia duncani
/
B. duncani
‐like parasites can manifest as asymptomatic or mild infection to life‐threatening illness.
Arthropods of Medical Importance
Authors: Mathison Blaine A.
Published: December 2024

Arthropods comprise a diverse group of invertebrate animals, united by a common body plan of a jointed, chitinous exoskeleton. Four major extant groups of arthropods have members of medical importance: hexapods (insects), arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods (e.g., millipedes and centipedes). Arthropods are thought of by many in clinical settings with respect to their role as vectors, transmitters of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, and, in the case of
Dermatobia hominis
(the “human” botfly), other arthropods. There are five major groups of vectors: the Diptera (flies and mosquitoes), Hemiptera (kissing bugs), Siphonaptera (fleas), Psocodea (lice), and the order Acarina (ticks and mites). Arthropods that invade a host's body and cause disease include mites (scabies), fleas (tungiasis), fly larvae (myiasis), and pentastomes. Delusion of parasitosis can be a serious illness which can be treated by experienced mental health professionals.
One Micrometer Channel Length, Coplanar Polycrystalline InGaO Thin Film Transistors Exhibiting 85 cm2 V−1 s−1 Mobility and Excellent Bias Stabilities by Using Offset Engineering
Authors: Rabbi Md. Hasnat , Arnob MD Redowan Mahmud , Nahar Sabiqun , Tooshil Abul , Jang Jin
Published: December 2024

The effect of N+ resistivity in the offset region, for ≈1 µm channel length coplanar, polycrystalline InGaO (PC‐IGO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is studied. The room temperature deposited amorphous IGO is solid phase crystallized at 450 °C. The PC‐IGO TFT exhibits a maximum effective field‐effect mobility (µFE) of ≈86.69 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage of ≈1.5 V, and a subthreshold swing of ≈300 mV decade−1, with remarkable stability under bias and temperature stress. The offset length (Loff) is varied from 1 to 3 µm and their electrical performances are analyzed. Upon increasing the Loff from 1 to 3 µm, the on current (Ion) and the µFE drops from 50.31 to 17.72 µA and 85.40 to 67.64 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, which can be attributed to a greater voltage drop in the Loff, resulting in the reduction of effective VDS applied to the channel. Technology computer‐aided design simulations shows that at the sheet resistance of 14.5 Ω sq−1. in the N+ offset region, the Ion dependency disappears with the change in Loff, which is attributed to the negligible voltage drop. These results provide valuable insight into optimizing N+ doping, for high‐performance, short‐channel coplanar oxide TFTs.
Room‐Temperature‐Integrated Flexible Diffusive Oxide Memristors for Artificial Nociceptive Systems
Authors: Li Jia Cheng , Liu Zi Chun , Xia Yang Hui , Liu Xia , Yang Hui Xia , Ma Yuan Xiao , Wang Ye Liang
Published: December 2024

Novel areas of human–computer interaction and intelligent robotics are rapidly boosted by flexible electronic devices, among which artificial nociceptors for pain perception are considered essential sensory devices. Recently, flexible diffusive memristors with volatile behavior are extensively studied to emulate biological synapses and neurons because of their rich threshold–switching dynamics, which are crucial for nociceptive functions. Herein, flexible diffusive memristors with an Ag/TaO1.8/TaO2.7/TaO1.8/Ag (ATTTA) structure are fabricated at room temperature, demonstrating a high switching ratio of 107, an ultra‐fast turn‐on speed of 40 ns, a long endurance up to 104 sweep cycles, low positive and negative threshold variation rates (6.7%/7.8%) for 50 devices, a good thermal stability at an 85 °C measurement temperature, and a high flexibility under an 8 mm bending radius. These high performances are attributed to the oxygen‐rich TaO2.7 layer, which can prevent the excessive migration of Ag atoms. Moreover, multiple biological nociceptor functions, including threshold firing, no adaptation, and sensitization, are successfully emulated in the flexible ATTTA diffusive memristor. Accordingly, the human–skin nociceptive system is successfully emulated by integrating ATTTA diffusive memristor array with force–sensing resistors (FSRs), which enables stereoscopic injury perception of inhomogeneous stimuli.
Implantable Biomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapies
Authors: Pechnikova Nadezhda A. , Aggeli Amalia , Latypova Anastasiia A. , Iaremenko Aleksandra V. , Domvri Kalliopi , Zubarev Ilya V. , Liu Chuang , Yaremenko Alexey V.
Published: December 2024

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate tumor cells. Implantable biomaterials, such as hydrogels, sponges, scaffolds, implantable microdevice platforms, and macrobeads, offer localized and sustained release of immunomodulatory agents, improving the delivery of treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies like CAR‐T cells. This review examines the emerging role of these biomaterials in modulating the tumor microenvironment, enhancing immune cell recruitment, and reducing systemic side effects, positioning them as significant tools for treating solid tumors. Recent advances in material engineering are also discussed, including the integration of bioactive molecules and real‐time therapeutic adjustments based on patient‐specific immune responses, which offer new potential in personalized cancer treatments. However, challenges such as biocompatibility, high production costs, variability in patient response, and the necessity of surgical manipulations remain key obstacles. Nonetheless, ongoing research and technological advancements are steadily addressing these issues, paving the way for more effective and accessible cancer immunotherapies. Overall, this review highlights the promise of implantable biomaterials overcoming the current limitations of cancer immunotherapy and expanding the scope of effective, targeted cancer treatments.
On‐Chip Engineered Living Materials as Field‐Deployable Biosensing Laboratories for Multiplexed Detection
Authors: Xu Benfeng , Tian Hui , Li Xinrui , Hao Qiya , Ma Yuying , Liu Ling , Lei Chunyang , Chen Ye , Nie Zhou
Published: December 2024

Engineered living materials (ELMs) harness engineered cells to fabricate functional materials with lifelike characteristics, offering unparalleled potential across various fields. Nonetheless, the deployment of ELM‐based biosensors beyond laboratory settings remains challenging. Herin, ELMs are explored as field‐deployable biosensing laboratories on a microfluidic chip (ELMlab‐on‐Chip) for the simultaneous detection of diverse analytes in the field. This approach engages a bottom‐up strategy that includes the molecular engineering of living biosensors, the construction of stimuli‐responsive ELMs, and the fabrication of an integrated biosensing device. Specifically, living biosensors are engineered with fine‐tuned sensitivity and response by designing chimeric receptors and precisely controlling receptor concentration. Integrating ionic and covalent cross‐linking strategies in manufacturing ELMs ensures good substance permeability and mechanical robustness. Moreover, a microfluidic chip is devised tailored for the orthogonally stimuli‐responsive ELMs, creating a spatially encoded sensor array with the output detected by a miniaturized smartphone‐based detection device. The integrated ELMlab‐on‐Chip platform has demonstrated its potential in the simultaneous analysis of multiple chemicals from a single environmental sample under field conditions, offering an effective strategy to expedite the real‐world application of living materials.
Hybrid Nanogenerator Harvesting Electric‐Field and Wind Energy for Self‐Powered Sensors on High‐Voltage Transmission Lines
Authors: Huang Xiaolong , Hu Dongyang , Wang Qianwang , Wu Zufen , Wang Ning , Chen Zehong , Xu Sixing , Chi Minghe , Chen She
Published: December 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show potential for powering distributed sensors in the smart grids. However, most studies on TENG's applications for energy harvesting from transmission lines primarily focus on vibration and wind energy, neglecting the abundant electric‐field energy from transmission systems. This study proposes a triboelectric‐electrostatic hybrid energy harvester (TEHEH) that integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator with an electric‐field energy harvester (EFEH) to simultaneously capture wind energy and electric‐field energy from the surroundings of transmission lines. The TENG and EFEH can generate open‐circuit voltages of 1280 and 2800 V, respectively, with output powers of 14.3 and 28.9 mW. Hybrid energy harvesting achieves an average power of 6.1 times that of TENG and 2.4 times that of EFEH, demonstrating its superiority. The dual‐channel energy management circuit, utilizing a gas discharge tube and the LTC‐3588, enables the hybrid nanogenerator to effectively power a wireless sensor node, demonstrating its practicality in the complex environments of power transmission lines. This work offers robust technical support for the development of self‐powered monitoring devices on high‐voltage transmission systems.
Machine‐Learning Enabled Biocompatible Capacitive‐Electromyographic Bimodal Flexible Sensor for Facial Expression Recognition
Authors: Gao Jianqiang , Niu Hongsen , Li Yuanyue , Li Yang
Published: December 2024

Single‐mode sensors suffer from poor robustness and insufficient data features in facial expression recognition, so fusing multi‐sensor signals is the key to improving the accuracy of expression recognition systems. Here, a biocompatible capacitive‐electromyographic dual‐mode sensor (CEDS) is presented, consisting of a capacitive pressure sensing unit and dry electrodes for electrophysiological signal monitoring, assembled in a 3D stacking fashion. A double‐coupled microstructure is prepared and the electrical double‐layer effect is realized by doping ionic liquid, which significantly improves the capacitive performance of the sensor. The application of dry electrodes effectively solves the problems of hydrogel electrodes that are prone to water loss and skin irritation. Besides, the good biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of CEDS are verified through cytotoxicity and bacteriostatic tests. Based on the sensing of a single signal, a fatigue driving monitoring system and a manipulator control system are constructed respectively. By further integrating the capacitive and electrophysiological signal monitoring functions of CEDS, a 1D convolutional neural network‐assisted facial expression recognition system is constructed, which effectively improves the accuracy of expression recognition and demonstrates the great potential of facial expression monitoring systems based on flexible sensor technology in practical applications.
Phase‐Transition Microcapacitor Network in Organohydrogel for Absorption‐Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Multi‐Mode Intelligent Responsiveness
Authors: Fang Ming , Huang Liya , Cui Zhenrong , Yi Peng , Zou Haihan , Li Xufeng , Deng Gao , Chen Chunyan , Geng Zhi , He Junzhe , Sun Xin , Shui Jianglan , Yu Ronghai , Liu Xiaofang
Published: December 2024

Hydrogels/organohydrogels show promise for flexible, intelligent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, yet simultaneously achieving absorption‐dominated shielding performance, excellent mechanical properties and multi‐mode intelligent responsiveness remains challenging. This study presents a microcapacitor network strategy as an alternative to the traditional conductive percolation network for EMI shielding materials. Paraffin‐nanoclay/MXene core‐shell microspheres are uniformly integrated into the hydrogel matrix via in situ polymerization, forming a microcapacitor network where the microsphere shells and hydrogel serve as capacitor plates and dielectric layers, respectively. Microcurrents and interfacial polarization at capacitor plates, along with dipole polarization within dielectric layer, significantly promote EM wave attenuation for absorption‐dominated EMI shielding (absorption coefficient >0.7). Meanwhile, the abundant hydrogen bonds and paraffin phase synergistically enhance mechanical strength (≈0.64 MPa) and stretchability (elongation at break > 1000%). Due to the solid‐liquid phase transition of the paraffin phase in microspheres, organohydrogel exhibits a unique ability to retain high‐temperature shielding performance at room temperature. This feature enhances room‐temperature shielding effectiveness and enables multi‐mode intelligent responsiveness. Under the same room‐temperature deformation mode, it exhibits programmable shielding performance regulation in response to different external stimuli, following room‐temperature changes or simulating high‐temperature changes.
Realizing a High Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency in Zintl‐phase NaCdSb via Suppressing the Intrinsic Carrier Excitation
Authors: Liu Kejia , Chen Chen , Cheng Jinxuan , Ma Xiaojing , Li Juan , Bao Xin , Li Haiqi , Zhang Qian , Chen Yue
Published: December 2024

Zintl‐phase NaCdSb compound exhibits exceptional intrinsic thermoelectric performance. However, the low‐temperature carrier concentration of NaCdSb significantly deviates from the ideal, which greatly limits its thermoelectric efficiency. Herein, a stepwise strategy is proposed to enhance the thermoelectric performance of the NaCdSb‐based Zintl phase. This approach effectively improves the power factor while maintaining low lattice thermal conductivity. Consequently, the Na0.99Cd0.995Ag0.005Sb achieves a zT value of 1.41 at 673 K, with an average zT of 0.81 over the temperature range of 300–673 K. Furthermore, the NaCdSb‐based single‐leg device demonstrates a respectable conversion efficiency of ≈7% at a temperature difference of 373 K. These findings highlight the potential of 1‐1‐1 type Zintl‐phase NaCdSb as a high‐performance thermoelectric material. This breakthrough encourages further research into Zintl‐phase thermoelectric materials.
Embodiment of Light‐Mediated Main‐Chain Scissionable Functionality While Preserving the Structure of Conventional Photoimaging Copolymer
Authors: Eun Kyunghyun , Yoon Sangmin , Lee Changjae , Kim Gayoung , Yang Jaesung , Jung Byung Jun , Lee Jin‐Kyun , Kim Myungwoong
Published: December 2024

The rational design and development of a main‐chain scissionable functional copolymer platform is reported by incorporating a photocleavable nitrobenzyl ester group into the middle of the copolymer backbone while fully preserving its overall structure and function for photopatterning applications on delicate organic semiconductor films. As a model system, a positive‐tone photoimaging fluoroalkyl copolymer is used containing a photoisomerizable spiropyranyl unit. The nitrobenzyl ester functionality degrades under UV light and enhances solubility modulation and photopatternability by reducing chain length. This behavior is systematically studied across copolymers with varying, yet narrowly distributed, molecular weights. To further improve the sensitivity of the photoimaging copolymer, it is demonstrated that minimal structural modification of the cleavable group, specifically altering the positions of the methoxy and nitro groups, are highly effective. Finally, a square array of a chemically susceptible organic electron transport material, suitable for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), is fabricated using the copolymer through conventional lithography and pattern transfer processes. This work highlights the importance of rationally designing main‐chain scission‐type light‐sensitive materials that maintain the core structure of conventional materials, making them highly compatible and desirable for standard organic electronic device fabrication processes.
Probiotic‐Based Mineralized Living Materials to Produce Antimicrobial Yogurts
Authors: Ramírez‐Rodríguez Gloria B. , Sabio Laura , Cerezo‐Collado Laura , Garcés Víctor , Domínguez‐Vera Jose M. , Delgado‐López José M.
Published: December 2024

Mineralization of living cells represents an evolutionary adaptation that enhances cellular resilience to physicochemical stress. Inspired by this strategy, we have here developed hybrid living materials (HLMs), incorporating probiotics into mineralized collagen 3D matrices, with the aim of protecting and promoting the successful oral delivery of the bacteria. Collagen fibrils are simultaneously self‐assembled and mineralized in the presence of the probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, La, was used as model), resulting in the integration of the probiotics into the hybrid matrix (i.e., bulk encapsulation). During this process, probiotics are also coated with a nanofilm of apatite mineral (single‐cell encapsulation), which provides them with extra protection and reinforces their viability and activity. In fact, the resulting HLM is metabolically active, and maintain the capacity to ferment milk into yogurt with antibacterial activity against the two major foodborne pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). Interestingly, the HLM provides probiotics an additional protection in the gastrointestinal environment (i.e., simulated gastric fluid), which is of special interest for healthcare materials for oral administration. The results pave the way for the creation of innovative healthcare materials with enhanced functionalities and the potential to produce probiotic foods with notable antimicrobial properties.
Temporary Nanoencapsulation of Human Intestinal Organoids Using Silk Ionomers
Authors: Wang Brooke , Hasturk Onur , Kumarasinghe Udathari , Rudolph Sara , Staii Cristian , Chen Ying , Kaplan David L.
Published: December 2024

Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are vital for modeling intestinal development, disease, and therapeutic tissue regeneration. However, their susceptibility to stress, immunological attack, and environmental fluctuations limits their utility in research and therapeutic applications. This study evaluated the effectiveness of temporary silk protein‐based layer‐by‐layer (LbL) nanoencapsulation technique to enhance the viability and functions of HIOs against common biomedical stressors, without compromising their native functions. Cell viability and differentiation capacity are assessed, finding that nanoencapsulation significantly improved HIO survival under the various environmental perturbations studied without compromising cellular functionality. Post‐stress exposures, the encapsulated HIOs still successfully differentiated into essential intestinal cell types such as enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells. Moreover, the silk nanocoatings effectively protected against environmental stressors such as ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, protease degradation, antibody binding, and cytokine‐induced inflammation. This nanoencapsulation technique shows promise for advancing HIO applications in disease modeling, drug testing, and potential transplantation therapies.
Controlled Synthesis of the FeB Nanometallic Glasses with Stronger Electron Donating Capability to Activate Molecular Oxygen for the Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy
Authors: Shi Gongyu , Zhang Yongxuan , Wang Wenting , Xiang Wanxuan , Zhang Feng , Zhu Xiaojiao , Zhou Hongping
Published: December 2024

Considering the strong electron‐donating ability and the superior biocompatibility, the integration of zero‐valent iron nanostructure Fe0 (electron‐reservoir) and zero‐valent boron nanostructure B0 offers great promise for fabricating novel ferroptosis nanoagents. Nevertheless, the controlled and facile synthesis of alloyed Fe0 and B0 nanostructure‐FeB nanometallic glasses (NMGs) has remained a long‐standing challenge. Herein, a complexion‐reduction strategy is proposed for the controlled synthesis of FeB NMGs with greater electron donating capacity to activate the molecular oxygen for improved ferroptosis therapy. In‐depth mechanism reveales that the complexion‐reduction strategy effectively prevent the long‐range diffusion of Fe0, resulting in the amorphous alloyed Fe0 and B0 nanostructure‐FeB nanoparticles (FeB NPs). The FeB NPs display stronger electron donating capability and electron transfer rate 9.4 times higher than that of the Fe0 NPs, which effectively activate the molecular oxygen to produce ∙O2
−, H2O2 and ∙OH. The in vitro cellular experiments confirm the FeB‐ss‐SiO₂ NPs (encapsulation with SiO2 outlayer containing ‐S‐S‐ bonds) demonstrates the enhanced ferroptosis. The tumor‐bearing mice models shows that FeB‐ss‐SiO₂ NPs exhibited superior biocompatibility and tumor inhibition effect (inhibition rate of 73%), which improve the overall survival rate for 30 days post‐treatment. This study will provide an innovative way to design therapeutic nanoagents for cancer treatments.
Sulfasalazine‐Loaded Copper‐Tannic Acid Coordination Nanozyme Enables ROS Scavenging and Immunomodulation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy
Authors: Yan Jian‐Hua , Liang Chun‐Xiao , Ma Ran‐Ran , Li Bo‐Jia , Chen Qi‐Wen , Li Wen , Zeng Xuan , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: December 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Anti‐inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulators are commonly employed to control the inflammatory response in the management of IBD. Here, a copper and tannic acid (TA) coordination nanozyme (CuTA) loaded with sulfasalazine (SSZ‐CuTA) is synthesized for the treatment of IBD by simultaneous scavenging ROS and immunosuppression. The CuTA exhibits both dismutase‐like activity and catalase‐like activity, making it efficient at scavenging ROS. These nanozymes can efficiently traverse gastric acid and subsequently exert their effects within the intestinal tract. It is verified that SSZ‐CuTA can restore intestinal mucosal and goblet cells to a healthy state by effectively eliminating ROS and reducing the pro‐inflammatory factors in a mouse IBD model. Overall, the SSZ‐CuTA will offer a promising alternative treatment for patients suffering from IBD where excessive ROS and high inflammation coexist.
Integrating 3D Bioprinting and Organoids to Better Recapitulate the Complexity of Cellular Microenvironments for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Hu Yan , Zhu Tong , Cui Haitao , Cui Haijun
Published: December 2024

Organoids, with their capacity to mimic the structures and functions of human organs, have gained significant attention for simulating human pathophysiology and have been extensively investigated in the recent past. Additionally, 3D bioprinting, as an emerging bio‐additive manufacturing technology, offers the potential for constructing heterogeneous cellular microenvironments, thereby promoting advancements in organoid research. In this review, the latest developments in 3D bioprinting technologies aimed at enhancing organoid engineering are introduced. The commonly used bioprinting methods and materials for organoids, with a particular emphasis on the potential advantages of combining 3D bioprinting with organoids are summarized. These advantages include achieving high cell concentrations to form large cellular aggregates, precise deposition of building blocks to create organoids with complex structures and functions, and automation and high throughput to ensure reproducibility and standardization in organoid culture. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of relevant studies from recent years and discusses the current limitations and prospects for future development.
Ba/Ti MOF: A Versatile Heterogeneous Photoredox Catalyst for Visible‐Light Metallaphotocatalysis
Authors: Muralirajan Krishnamoorthy , Khan Il Son , Garzon‐Tovar Luis , Kancherla Rajesh , Kolobov Nikita , Dikhtiarenko Alla , Almalki Maram , Shkurenko Aleksander , Rendón‐Patiño Alejandra , Guillerm Vincent , Le Khoa N. , Shterk Genrikh , Zhang Huabin , Hendon Christopher H. , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Gascon Jorge , Rueping Magnus
Published: December 2024

The field of sustainable heterogeneous catalysis is evolving rapidly, with a strong emphasis on developing catalysts that enhance efficiency. Among various heterogeneous photocatalysts, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant attention for their exceptional performance in photocatalytic reactions. In this context, contrary to the conventional homogeneous iridium or ruthenium‐based photocatalysts, which face significant challenges in terms of availability, cost, scalability, and recyclability, a new Ba/Ti MOF (ACM‐4) is developed as a heterogeneous catalyst that can mimic/outperform the conventional photocatalysts, offering a more sustainable solution for efficient chemical processes. Its redox potential and triplet energy are comparable to or higher than the conventional catalysts, organic dyes, and metal semiconductors, enabling its use in both electron transfer and energy transfer applications. It facilitates a broad range of coupling reactions involving pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products, and is compatible with various transition metals such as nickel, copper, cobalt, and palladium as co‐catalysts. The effectiveness of the ACM‐4 as a photocatalyst is supported by comprehensive material studies, photophysical, and recycling experiments. These significant findings underscore the potential of ACM‐4 as a highly versatile and cost‐effective photoredox catalyst, providing a sustainable, one‐material solution for efficient chemical processes.
Sustainable Silk Fibroin Ionic Touch Screens for Flexible Biodegradable Electronics with Integrated AI and IoT Functionality
Authors: Ye Chao , Zhang Hao , Yang Yunhao , Shan Yicheng , Fu Junhao , Gao Wenli , Ren Jing , Cao Leitao , Ling Shengjie
Published: December 2024

The increasing prevalence of electronic devices has led to a significant rise in electronic waste (e‐waste), necessitating the development of sustainable materials for flexible electronics. In this study, silk fibroin ionic touch screen (SFITS) is introduced, a new platform integrating natural silk fibroin (SF) with ionic conductors to create highly elastic, environmentally stable, and multifunctional touch interfaces. Through a humidity‐induced crystallization strategy, the molecular structure of SF is precisely controlled to achieve a balanced combination of mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and biodegradability. The assembly and operational reliability of SFITS are demonstrated under various environmental conditions, along with their reusability through green recycling methods. Additionally, the intelligent design and application of SFITS are explored by incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This integration enables real‐time touch sensing, handwriting recognition, and advanced human‐computer interactions. The versatility of SFITS is further exemplified through applications in remote control systems, molecular model generation, and virtual reality interfaces. The findings highlight the potential of sustainable ionic conductors in next‐generation flexible electronics, offering a path toward greener and more intelligent device designs.
Temperature‐Controlled Dearomative [5+1] Spiroannulation and Formal [5+2] Cyclization of Indoles with Enynones: Divergent Synthesis of Spiro‐Indolenines and Dihydrocyclohepta[b]Indolones
Authors: Dong Bin , Li Zhiming , Li Wei , Deng Jiang , Yan Junyuan , Guo Yihan , Wang Kai‐Kai , Qian Shan , Wang Zhouyu , He Xiao‐Long
Published: December 2024

We developed a temperature‐controlled intermolecular dearomative [5+1] spiroannulation and [5+2] cyclization of indoles with enynones, smoothly delivering a variety of spiroindolenines and dihydrocyclohepta[b]indolones under 40 °C and 80 °C, respectively. A three‐step cascade reaction was also realized by using OTBS or NHBoc containing enynones in the reaction with the indole under the identical condition. And a novel valuable highly‐oriented three‐dimensional indole‐based tetracyclic scaffold was produced in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. Additionally, various spiroindolines and spirooxindoles were facilely produced through simple operations. This highly efficient domino‐reaction represents an emblematic method for the preparation of indole‐based polycycles through the intermolecular pathway.
Solar‐Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production via BiVO4‐Based Photocatalysts
Authors: Tan Hui Ling , Chai Casandra Hui Teng , Heng Jerry Zhi Xiong , Thi Quyen Vu , Wu Xuelian , Ng Yun Hau , Ye Enyi
Published: December 2024

Solar hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production has garnered increased research interest owing to its safety, cost‐effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. The synthesis of H2O2 relies mainly on renewable resources such as water, oxygen, and solar energy, resulting in minimal waste. Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) stands out among various oxide semiconductors for selective H2O2 production under visible light via direct two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and two‐electron water oxidation reaction (WOR) pathways. Significant advancements have been achieved using BiVO4‐based materials in solar H2O2 production over the last decade. This review explores advancements in BiVO4‐based photocatalysts for H2O2 production, focusing on photocatalytic powder suspension (PS) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems, representing the main approaches for heterogenous artificial photosynthesis. An overview of fundamental principles, performance assessment methodologies, photocatalyst and photoelectrode development, and optimization of reaction conditions is provided. While diverse strategies, such as heterojunction, doping, crystal facet engineering, cocatalyst loading, and surface passivation, have proven effective in enhancing H2O2 generation, this review offers insights into their similar and distinct implementations within the PS and PEC systems. The challenges and future prospects in this field are also discussed to facilitate the rational design of high‐performing BiVO4‐based photocatalysts and photoelectrodes for H2O2 generation under visible light.
Orbitronics: Mechanisms, Materials and Devices
Authors: Wang Ping , Chen Feng , Yang Yuhe , Hu Shuai , Li Yue , Wang Wenhong , Zhang Delin , Jiang Yong
Published: December 2024

Spintronics has been extensively explored over the past decades, focusing primarily on the spin characteristic of the electron, while the orbital feature of the electron has been conventionally assumed to be quenched by the crystal field effect. Recently, studies have unveiled a fascinating discovery that orbital current, originating from orbital effects, can be generated in materials with weak spin‐orbit coupling by applying electric fields, enabling the manipulation of the ferromagnetic magnetization and induction of terahertz emission. This review highlights recent achievements in orbital effects, materials, and devices, beginning by discussing the mechanisms underlying orbital effects, e.g. the orbital Hall effect, orbital Rashba‐Edelstein effect, inverse orbital Hall effect, and inverse orbital Rashba‐Edelstein effect. Subsequently, a wide range of materials exhibiting orbital effects are classified and the orbital sources in them are identified. Furthermore, the review introduces the orbital torque devices and the orbital terahertz emitters, summarizing the in‐depth mechanisms of the orbital torque, orbital torque efficiency, and orbital diffusion length across various material structures. Additionally, the review presents strategies for enhancing orbital torque efficiency and driving magnetization switching. These efforts aim to explore the potential applications for orbitronic memory devices, computing components, and terahertz emitters.
Extension Doping with Low‐Resistance Contacts for P‐Type Monolayer WSe2 Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Chen Sihan , Zhang Yue , King William P. , Bashir Rashid , van der Zande Arend M.
Published: December 2024

Source/Drain extension doping is crucial for minimizing the series resistance of the ungated channel and reducing the contact resistance of field‐effect transistors (FETs) in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. 2D semiconductors, such as MoS2 and WSe2, are promising channel materials for beyond‐silicon CMOS. A key challenge is to achieve extension doping for 2D monolayer FETs without damaging the atomically thin material. This work demonstrates extension doping with low‐resistance contacts for monolayer WSe2 p‐FETs. Self‐limiting oxidation transforms a bilayer WSe2 into a hetero‐bilayer of a high‐work‐function WOxSey on a monolayer WSe2. Then, damage‐free nanolithography defines an undoped nano‐channel, preserving the high on‐current of WOxSey‐doped FETs while significantly improving their on/off ratio. The insertion of an amorphous WOxSey interlayer under the contacts achieves record‐low contact resistances for monolayer WSe2 over a hole density range of 1012 to 1013 cm−2 (1.2 ± 0.3 kΩ µm at 1013 cm−2). The WOxSey‐doped extension exhibits a sheet resistance as low as 10 ± 1 kΩ □−1. Monolayer WSe2 p‐FETs with sub‐50 nm channel lengths reach a maximum drain current of 154 µA µm−1 with an on/off ratio of 107–108. These results define strategies for nanometer‐scale selective‐area doping in 2D FETs and other 2D architectures.
Stable Hydrogen‐Bonded Cobalt‐porphyrin Framework for High‐Performance Electrochemical Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Authors: Wang Youfa , Han Jie , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Gu Huiwen , Wang Rui , Wu Shuang , Dong Pengfei , Raghavan Vijaya , Wang Jin
Published: December 2024

The accurate and sensitive detection of low‐abundance cancer‐related biomarkers in blood remains a key technical challenge in clinical applications. Herein, a simple and accurate sandwich‐type electrochemical immunosensor based on a stable hydrogen‐bonded cobalt‐porphyrin framework (Co‐HOF) was successfully developed for the ultrasensitive detection of the cancer‐related biomarker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The antibody‐modified Co‐HOF forms a sandwich structure with the CEA aptamer electrode exclusively in the presence of CEA, enabling the specific electrochemical detection of CEA. The electrochemical signal increased linearly with the concentration of CEA, demonstrating a wide linear range (0.001–50 ng mL−1) and a low detection limit (0.22 pg mL−1), surpassing the performance of commercial ELISA kits and most reported detection methods. The sensor was successfully employed for CEA detection in spiked human serum, with recoveries ranging from 85.04% to 105.20%. Additionally, we collected blood samples from colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals to clinically validate the sensor, observing that CEA levels increased with cancer progression. The sensor detection results showed strong consistency (R2 = 0.995) with those obtained from commercial ELISA kits, demonstrating the proposed sensor's practicality for clinical detection of CEA and related cancer biomarkers.
On the Stability of Metastable Monomers to Bias the Supramolecular Polymerization of Naphthalendiimides
Authors: Rey‐Tarrío Francisco , Sánchez Luis
Published: December 2024

Herein, we report the synthesis of the naphthalendiimides (NDIs) 1–3 endowed with peripheral 3,4,5‐trialkoxybenzamide units and a variable number of 1,2,3‐triazole rings. Both the benzamide units and the triazole rings are able to form six‐ or seven‐membered intramolecularly H‐bonded pseudocycles that behave as metastable monomeric units. Whilst freshly prepared solutions of 1–3 afford H‐type aggregates, the presence or lack of the 1,2,3‐triazole rings strongly conditions the kinetics and stability of the resulting aggregated species. These structural features result in highly stable metastable monomeric species M* for the symmetric 2 that can be trapped for long periods of time when the sample is subject to a heating/cooling cycle. Contrary to NDI 2, the M* species formed by 1 and 3 evolve to the final supramolecular polymers in shorter times. A detailed experimental and theoretical study display the different non‐covalent supramolecular forces operating in the stabilization of such M* species. In all cases, but especially in those NDIs endowed with the triazoles rings (NDIs 2 and 3), a number of conformers for the metastable monomeric units can be modelled. The high stability of such monomeric species justifies the delay in the formation of the H‐type aggregates.
Coulombic Condensation of Liquefied Gas Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries at Ambient Pressure
Authors: Yin Yijie , Holoubek John , Kim Kangwoon , Liu Alex , Bhamwala Bhargav , Wang Shen , Lu Bingyu , Yu Kunpeng , Gao Hongpeng , Li Mingqian , Raghavendran Ganesh , Cai Guorui , Li Weikang , Liu Ping , Meng Ying Shirley , Chen Zheng
Published: December 2024

The concept of employing highly concentrated electrolytes has been widely incorporated into electrolyte design, due to their enhanced Li‐metal passivation and oxidative stability compared to their diluted counterparts. However, issues such as high viscosity and sub‐optimal wettability, compromise their suitability for commercialization. In this study, we present a highly concentrated dimethyl ether‐based electrolyte that appears as a liquid phase at ambient conditions via Li+ ‐ solvents ion‐dipole interactions (Coulombic condensation). Unlike conventional high salt concentration ether‐based electrolytes, it demonstrates enhanced transport properties and fluidity. The anion‐rich solvation structure also contributes to the formation of a LiF‐rich salt‐derived solid electrolyte interphase, facilitating stable Li metal cycling for over 1000 cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2 condition. When combined with a sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) electrode, the electrolyte effectively reduces the polysulfide shuttling effect and ensures stable performance across a range of charging currents, up to 6 mA cm−2. This research underscores a promising strategy for developing an anion‐rich, high concentration ether electrolyte with decreased viscosity, which supports a Li metal anode with exceptional temperature durability and rapid charging capabilities.
Evolution of Interfacial Hydration Structure Induced by Ion Condensation and Correlation Effects
Authors: Li Han , Xu Zhi , Li Jiacheng , Siria Alessandro , Ma Ming
Published: December 2024

Interfacial hydration structures are crucial in wide‐ranging applications, including battery, colloid, lubrication. Multivalent ions like Mg2+ and La3+ show irreplaceable roles in these applications, which are hypothesized due to their unique interfacial hydration structures. However, this hypothesis lacks experimental supports. Here, we provide the first observation for their interfacial hydration structures with molecular resolution using atomic force microscopy. We observed the evolution of layered hydration structures at La(NO3)3 solution‐mica interfaces. As concentration increases from 25 mM to 2 M, the layer number varies from 2 to 1 and back to 2, and the interlayer thickness rises from 0.25±0.05 to 0.34±0.03 nm, with hydration force increasing from 0.27±0.07 to 1.04±0.24 nN. Theory and molecular simulation reveal that the cations form inner‐sphere complexes. Multivalence induces concentration‐dependent ion condensation and correlation effects, resulting in compositional and structural evolution within interfacial hydration structures. Additional experiments at seven different solid–liquid interfaces together with literature comparison confirm the universality of this mechanism for both multivalent and monovalent ions. New factors affecting interfacial hydration structures are revealed, including concentration and solvent dielectric constant. This insight provides guidance for designing interfacial hydration structures to optimize solid–liquid‐interphase for battery life extension, modulate colloid stability and develop efficient lubricants.
High‑Temperature Image Pre‐Processing Based on ε‐Ga2O3 Photo‐Synapses
Authors: Lin Yingtong , Zhu Yuhan , Wang Feng , Cai Yuchen , Li Zhengqiao , Li Shuhui , Zhan Xueying , He Jun , Jiang Chao , Wang Zhenxing
Published: December 2024

The era of big data has brought about substantial challenges in terms of power consumption and communication bandwidth. Edge‐based neuromorphic computing with data pre‐processing can help alleviate these burdens and enhance overall system efficiency. However, existing neuromorphic devices are typically limited to operation at room temperature, restricting their applications in extreme environments. Here, the use of wide‐bandgap ε‐Ga2O3 photo‐synapses as image pre‐processors is demonstrated, even at temperatures as high as 650 K. This is possible because of the high‐quality ε‐Ga2O3 epitaxial films, which exhibit angstrom‐level surface roughness, as evidenced by the highly uniform 152 photodetector devices. These devices show enhanced photo‐synaptic behavior at elevated temperatures, enabling high‐temperature image compression capability. The 4 × 4‐pixel images are compresed into 4 × 1 vectors, achieving an image recognition accuracy of 100% at 650 K. This work demonstrates the potential of ε‐Ga2O3 artificial synapses for extremely high‐temperature computing.
Considering Present‐Day Communities in Archaeological Remote Sensing of Burial Spaces: Introduction to Special Issue
Authors: Sturm Jennie O. , Herrmann Jason T.
Published: December 2024

In this editorial, we introduce the Special Issue, ‘Considering Present‐Day Communities in Archaeological Remote Sensing of Burial Spaces’. What does it mean to consider present‐day communities when we do geophysical surveys in burial spaces? This is the conversation we hoped to spark through this Special Issue, and the authors who contributed manuscripts to this Special Issue rose to this challenge. Within this Special Issue, readers will find thoughtful and thought‐provoking insights into many aspects of this work. While many of the authors present technical information on methods, approaches, and analyses of data from specific cemeteries, it is their engagement with these higher‐level questions that AP readers who engage in this type of work are likely to find most stimulating.
Topical Mupirocin Treatment Reduces Interferon and Myeloid Signatures in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous Lesions Through Targeting of Staphyloccal Species
Authors: Abernathy‐Close Lisa , Mears Joseph , Billi Allison C. , Sirobhushanam Sirisha , Berthier Celine , Lu Annie , Zhang Zeran , Hurst Amy , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Kahlenberg J. Michelle
Published: December 2024

Objective

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an inflammatory skin manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Type I interferons (IFNs) promote inflammatory responses and are elevated in CLE lesions. We recently reported that CLE lesions are frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we follow up via a proof‐of‐concept study to investigate whether type I IFN and inflammatory gene signatures in CLE lesions can be modulated with mupirocin, a topical antibiotic treatment against S aureus–mediated skin infections.

Methods

Participants with active CLE lesions (n = 12) were recruited and randomized into a week of topical treatment with either 2% mupirocin or petroleum jelly vehicle. Paired samples were collected before and after seven days of treatment to assess microbial lesional skin responses. Microbial samples from nares and lesional skin were used to determine baseline and posttreatment Staphylococcus abundance and microbial community profiles by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Inflammatory responses were evaluated by bulk RNA sequencing of lesional skin biopsies.

Results

We identified 173 differentially expressed genes in CLE lesions after topical mupirocin treatment. Decreased lesional Staphylococcus burden correlated with decreased IFN pathway signaling and inflammatory gene expression and barrier dysfunction. Interestingly, mupirocin treatment lowered skin monocyte levels, and this mupirocin‐associated depletion of monocytes correlated with decreased inflammatory gene expression.

Conclusion

Mupirocin treatment decreased lesional Staphylococcus, and this correlated with decreased IFN signaling and inflammatory gene expression. This study suggests a topical antibiotic could be employed to decrease lupus skin inflammation and type I IFN responses by reducing Staphylococcus colonization.

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Design and analysis of H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ control strategies with dynamic event‐triggered schemes and quantizer in the presence of hybrid attacks
Authors: Zhan Heng , Wu Jie , Cheng Lingli , Zhan Xisheng , Yan Huaicheng
Published: December 2024

This study explores the resilience of networked control systems (NCSs) against hybrid attacks, focusing on enhancing their
performance. To mitigate excessive data transmission, the article introduces dynamic event‐triggered schemes and quantizer within the sensor‐to‐observer communication channel. The network environment is susceptible to various attacks, including denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks and deception attacks. An augmented system model is formulated, and through the application of Lyapunov stability theory, conditions for ensuring the asymptotic stability of the system are established. The collaborative design of quantizer parameters, controller gain, and event‐triggered thresholds is achieved by solving linear matrix inequalities. Simulation‐based theoretical models have effectively demonstrated the reduction of the impact of network intrusions on NCSs, validating the proposed approach.