bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel membrane inlet‐infrared gas analysis (MI‐IRGA) system for monitoring of seawater carbonate system
Authors: Camp Emma F. , Dong Laing F. , Suggett David J. , Smith David J. , Boatman Tobias G. , Crosswell Joseph R. , Evenhuis Christian , Scorfield Steven , Walinjkar Amit , Woods John , Lawson Tracy
Published: October 2016

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations are driving changes in ocean chemistry at unprecedented rates resulting in ocean acidification, which is predicted to impact the functioning of marine biota, in particular of marine calcifiers. However, the precise understanding of such impacts relies on an analytical system that determines the mechanisms and impact of elevated pCO2 on the physiology of organisms at scales from species to entire communities. Recent work has highlighted the need within experiments to control all aspects of the carbonate system to resolve the role of different inorganic carbon species on the physiological responses observed across taxa in real‐time. Presently however, there are limited options available for continuous quantification of physiological responses, coupled with real‐time calculation of the seawater carbonate chemistry system within microcosm environments. Here, we describe and characterise the performance of a novel pCO2 membrane equilibrium system (the Membrane Inlet Infra‐Red Gas Analyser, MI‐IRGA) integrated with a continuous pH and oxygen monitoring platform. The system can detect changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry and determine organism physiological responses, while providing the user with real‐time control over the microcosm system. We evaluate the systems control, response time and associated error, and demonstrate the flexibility of the system to operate under field conditions and within a laboratory. We use the system to measure physiological parameters (photosynthesis and respiration) for the corals Pocillipora damicornis and Porites cylindrica; in doing so we present a novel dataset examining the interactive role of temperature, light and pCO2 on the physiology of P. cylindrica.
A fast and direct liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method to detect and quantify polyunsaturated aldehydes and polar oxylipins in diatoms
Authors: Kuhlisch Constanze , Deicke Michael , Ueberschaar Nico , Wichard Thomas , Pohnert Georg
Published: October 2016

Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are a group of microalgal metabolites that have attracted a lot of attention due to their biological activity. Determination of PUAs has become an important routine procedure in plankton and biofilm investigations, especially those that deal with chemically mediated interactions. Here we introduce a fast and direct derivatization free method that allows quantifying PUAs in the nanomolar range, sufficient to undertake the analysis from cultures and field samples. The sample preparation requires one simple filtration step and the initiation of PUA formation by cell disruption. After centrifugation the samples are ready for measurement without any further handling. Within one chromatographic run this method additionally allows us to monitor the formation of the polar oxylipins arising from the cleavage of precursor fatty acids. The robust method is based on analyte separation and detection using ultra high performance liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐APCI MS) and enables high throughput investigations by employing an analysis time of only 5 min. Our protocol thus provides an alternative and extension to existing PUA determinations based on gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) with shorter run times and without any chemical derivatization. It also enables researchers with widely available LC‐MS analytical platforms to monitor PUAs. Additionally, non‐volatile oxylipins such as ω‐oxo‐acids and related compounds can be elucidated and monitored.
Perspectives in the application of residual dipolar couplings in the structure elucidation of weakly aligned small molecules
Authors: Schmidts Volker
Published: October 2016

This perspective article aims to review the general methodology in the application of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in the structure elucidation of small molecules and give the author's view on challenges for future applications. Recent improvements in the availability of alignment media, new pulse sequences for the measurement of couplings and improvements in the analysis software have garnered widespread interest in the technique. However, further generalization is needed in order to make RDC analysis into a truly “routine” method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic shortest‐path interdiction
Authors: Sefair Jorge A. , Smith J. Cole
Published: October 2016

We study a dynamic network game between an attacker and a user. The user wishes to find a shortest path between a pair of nodes in a directed network, and the attacker seeks to interdict a subset of arcs to maximize the user's shortest‐path cost. In contrast to most previous studies, the attacker can interdict arcs any time the user reaches a node in the network, and the user can respond by dynamically altering its chosen path. We assume that the attacker can interdict a limited number of arcs, and that an interdicted arc can still be traversed by the user at an increased cost. The challenge is therefore to find an optimal path (possibly repeating arcs in the network), coupled with the attacker's optimal interdiction strategy (i.e., which arcs to interdict and when to interdict them). We propose an exact exponential‐state dynamic‐programming algorithm for this problem, which can be reduced to a polynomial‐time algorithm in the case of acyclic networks. We also develop lower and upper bounds on the optimal objective function value based on classical interdiction and robust optimization models, or based on an exact solution to variations of this problem. We examine the efficiency of our algorithms and the quality of our bounds on a set of randomly generated instances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 68(4), 315–330 2016
Propagation of material and surface profile uncertainties on MEMS micro‐resonators using a stochastic second‐order computational multi‐scale approach
Authors: Lucas V. , Golinval J.‐C. , Voicu R. C. , Danila M. , Gavrila R. , Müller R. , Dinescu A. , Noels L. , Wu L.
Published: October 2016

This paper aims at accounting for the uncertainties because of material structure and surface topology of micro‐beams in a stochastic multi‐scale model. For micro‐resonators made of anisotropic polycrystalline materials, micro‐scale uncertainties exist because of the grain size, grain orientation, and the surface profile. First, micro‐scale realizations of stochastic volume elements are obtained based on experimental measurements. To account for the surface roughness, the stochastic volume elements are defined as a volume element having the same thickness as the microelectromechanical system (MEMS), with a view to the use of a plate model at the structural scale. The uncertainties are then propagated up to an intermediate scale, the meso‐scale, through a second‐order homogenization procedure. From the meso‐scale plate‐resultant material property realizations, a spatially correlated random field of the in‐plane, out‐of‐plane, and cross‐resultant material tensors can be characterized. Owing to this characterized random field, realizations of MEMS‐scale problems can be defined on a plate finite element model. Samples of the macro‐scale quantity of interest can then be computed by relying on a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. As a case study, the resonance frequency of MEMS micro‐beams is investigated for different uncertainty cases, such as grain‐preferred orientations and surface roughness effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autism genetics – an overview
Authors: Yin Jiani , Schaaf Christian P.
Published: October 2016

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable, clinically diverse group of neurodevelopmental disorders. Its genetic heterogeneity is remarkable, with more than 800 ASD predisposition genes identified to date. They are involved in various biological processes, including chromatin remodeling and gene transcription regulation, cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitination, and neuronal‐specific processes, such as synaptic organization and activity, dendritic morphology, and axonogenesis. This review aims to discuss basic autism genetics, explicate ways to investigate ASD in model systems, highlight some key genes and their molecular pathways, and introduce novel theories of ASD pathogenesis, such as imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory brain activity, oligogenic heterozygosity, and the female protective model. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much do CEOs really matter? Reaffirming that the CEO effect is mostly due to chance
Authors: Fitza Markus A.
Published: October 2016

How much of the variance in firm performance can be attributed to CEOs? This question has been the focus of a long debate in management research. In a recent study, I showed that a large portion of the performance differences that are often attributed to CEOs might in fact be due to chance. In a recent article, Quigley and Graffin argue that my conclusions can be avoided if more advanced methodological approaches are applied. Here I show that this is not the case, in fact if more realistic assumptions of how chance can affect firm performance are made, the effect of CEO leadership is almost indistinguishable from the effect of chance, independent of the estimation methodology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cambrian palaeoscolecids (Cycloneuralia) of southern Scandinavia
Authors: Streng Michael , Ebbestad Jan Ove R. , Berg‐Madsen Vivianne
Published: October 2016

A previously undocumented diversity of Cambrian palaeoscolecids is described from localities in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The material described here includes isolated sclerites as well as the first macroscopic specimens reported from the palaeocontinent Baltica. The sclerites are all of early middle Cambrian age (Ptychagnostus gibbusBiozone) and are assigned to at least four new species ofHadimopanella, two of which are formally introduced:H. incubosp. nov. andH. oelandianasp. nov. The two macroscopic specimens are of late early Cambrian (Ellipsocephalus lunatusBiozone) and early middle Cambrian age (Acadoparadoxides oelandicusBiozone), respectively. The early Cambrian specimen is described asMaotianshania? sp. and comprises an incomplete annulated trunk fragment which is uniformly covered with circular sclerites, indicative of the palaeoscolecid family Maotianshaniidae. This is the first record of this family outside China. The middle Cambrian specimen is almost complete and introduced asWronascolex?johanssonisp. nov. It is characterized by a previously undocumented distribution of itsHadimopanella‐like sclerites which increase in size and change ornamentation from the anterior to the posterior end of the distinctly annulated trunk. The observed distribution pattern can explain the high variability of species of the sclerite‐based genusHadimopanellaas well as the occurrence of rare morphotypes ofHadimopanellain otherwise rich samples. Available data on the ontogeny of palaeoscolecids regarding the relationship between body and sclerite size of a taxon are evaluated. It is concluded that sclerite size might be species specific and should be considered when comparing taxa with morphological similar sclerites.
The roles of starch metabolic pathways in the cold‐induced sweetening process in potatoes
Authors: Zhang Huiling , Hou Juan , Liu Jun , Zhang Juping , Song Botao , Xie Conghua
Published: October 2016

Cold‐induced sweetening (CIS) is critical for the postharvest quality of potato tubers, and the accumulation of reducing sugar is regulated by several metabolic pathways, such as starch synthesis and degradation, hexogenesis, glycolysis, and anaerobic respiration. Starch is the energy source of storage organs, and its metabolism plays an important role in potato CIS. Here, the processes of starch synthesis and degradation in potato tubers and the functions of related genes in potato CIS are summarized, e.g., adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthases, branching enzymes, and debranching enzymes for starch biosynthesis as well as α‐amylase, β‐amylase, amylase inhibitors, and starch phosphorylase for starch degradation. Powerful evidence concerning the relevance of genes related to starch degradation and CIS is described. Moreover, future perspectives in starch metabolic research are discussed.
Cover Image, Volume 7, Issue 6
Authors: Kumar Shailesh , Razzaq Sundus Khalid , Vo Angie Duy , Gautam Mamta , Li Hui
Published: October 2016

The cover image, by Shailesh Kumar et al., is based on the Advanced Review Identifying fusion transcripts using next generation sequencing, DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1382.

image
Disclosing Huntington's Genetic Testing Results in the Context of Intellectual Disability and Guardianship: Using the Family Illness Narrative to Guide the Flow of Information
Authors: Warren Mark B. , Schak Kathryn M.
Published: October 2016

A diagnosis of Huntington's disease has broad social, vocational, reproductive and psychological implications. The ability to accurately diagnose the illness via genetic testing is not new. However, given a persistent lack of robustly effective interventions, it remains an area of ethical concern. The difficulty is compounded in cases of intellectual disability. This paper presents a case of genetic testing for Huntington's disease conducted on a patient with intellectual disability with guardian consent, but without the patient's direct knowledge and how the family illness narrative and psychiatric care were employed in the eventual disclosure of the patient's diagnosis and subsequent management.
New Role of Hispidulin in Lipid Metabolism: PPARα Activator
Authors: Wu Xinchi , Xu Juan
Published: October 2016

Hispidulin is a naturally occurring flavonoid isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Saussurea involucrata. In this study, the regulating role of hispidulin on the mRNA expression level of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism was examined in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the in vivo lipid‐modulating effect of hispidulin was compared with that of fenofibrate, a classical PPARα agonist. Our results in present study demonstrated that hispidulin can directly bind to and activate PPARα as an agonist and thus modulate the downstream lipid‐metabolizing genes. Moreover, hispidulin could attenuate dyslipidemia in high fat diet induced dyslipidemia rat model. Although further studies are needed, this study provided evidence for the potential use of hispidulin in dyslipidemia management.
Departmental h-Index: Evidence for Publishing Less?
Authors: Tyrrell Pascal N. , Moody Alan R. , Moody J. Oscar C. , Ghiam Neda
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The h-index is an established method for determining an individual faculty member's impact on the scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to measure and describe over time the combined h-index of a large university medical imaging department.

Materials and Methods

All faculty members from the Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, were identified from administrative records for 6 separate years between 2000-2014. Individual members' and the departmental h-index were calculated using citation data from the Scopus database. Descriptive univariate statistics were reported. Factors contributing to the change in departmental h-index over time were assessed using linear regression analysis.

Results

The number of faculty members increased from 117 in 2000 to 186 in 2014. The departmental h-index increased from 48 in 2000 to 142 in 2014. During this time period, the median h-index for faculty members increased from 4 (interquartile range 2-8) to 10 (interquartile range 5-19). Regression analysis revealed that for every additional staff member, the departmental h-index increased by 1.4 (standard error = 0.1, P < .01), whereas, by increasing the median h-index of members by 1 the departmental h-index increased by 15.7 (standard error = 0.6, P < .01).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that to increase a department's h-index, it is important to foster impactful research from within the faculty ranks of the department. The h-index of academic radiology departments is a meaningful tool that allows for evaluation from within and against other academic centres.
Fibroma sinovial como causa atípica de síndrome de túnel del carpo: presentación de 2 casos clínicos
Authors: Paredes-Carnero X. , Vidal B. , Delgado P.J.
Published: October 2016

El fibroma sinovial (FS) es una tumoración benigna que puede encontrarse en la mano, teniendo predilección por las vainas flexoras. Esta lesión puede comportarse como una lesión ocupante de espacio (LOE), la cual puede llegar a comprimir nervios, como en el túnel del carpo, provocando un síndrome del túnel del carpo (STC). Este hecho solo ha sido descrito en 9 ocasiones. Cuando el STC se presenta de manera unilateral debemos descartar una LOE, entre las cuales el FS debería ser considerado como diagnóstico diferencial, especialmente frente al tumor de células gigantes, del cual solo es diferenciable microscópicamente, por lo que la resección de la masa es imprescindible. Los 2 casos aquí descritos tuvieron diferentes presentaciones clínicas pero sin complicaciones tras la resección.
Colgajos libres en cirugía de la mano: nuestra experiencia en 49 casos
Authors: Villanueva A. , de Ona I. , de Oya A. , López J.I.
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Revisar los colgajos libres utilizados más frecuentemente en la reconstrucción de la mano y evaluar sus resultados, ventajas y complicaciones.

Material y método: Entre el 2011 y el 2014, 49 pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante diferentes transferencias microquirúrgicas, con una edad media de 41 años (25-57). En función de la localización del defecto, se han realizado: a) 29 colgajos libres para los dedos; b) 11 transferencias libres para cobertura de la mano, diferenciando entre zona dorsal de la mano y primera comisura: 5 pacientes; zona volar: 2 pacientes, y cobertura de ambas simultáneamente: 4 pacientes, y c) 9 transferencias óseas vascularizadas para seudoartosis (7 casos) y reconstrucción de articulaciones (2 casos) en la mano y los dedos.

Los resultados fueron evaluados en términos de supervivencia del colgajo, complicaciones, reintervenciones y satisfacción del paciente. Además, en los casos de afectación de los pulpejos de los dedos, también se valoró el índice de discriminación de 2 puntos.

Resultados: El porcentaje de supervivencia del colgajo fue del 100%. En 5 casos fue necesaria una tenoartrólisis secundaria y en otro caso (lateral de brazo para cobertura volar de 4 dedos) se intervino al paciente en 2 ocasiones más para la separación completa de los dedos. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados estéticos y funcionales en todos los pacientes, con alto grado de satisfacción. Los pacientes con afectación del pulpejo obtuvieron una media en el índice de discriminación de 2 puntos de 9,1 mm (8-11).

Conclusiones: En nuestra opinión, el uso de colgajos libres en cirugía de la mano proporciona un mejor resultado, sin sacrificar —a diferencia de los colgajos locales—, otras zonas sanas de la mano, consiguiéndose una mínima morbilidad de la zona donante y muy buenos resultados estéticos y funcionales.
Green Roof Cost-Benefit Analysis: Special Emphasis on Scenic Benefits
Authors: Nurmi Väinö , Votsis Athanasios , Perrels Adriaan , Lehvävirta Susanna
Published: October 2016

This article presents a green roof cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Green roofs are roofs which are partially or completely covered by vegetation. We discuss the benefits and costs of light self-sustaining vegetated roofs. The benefits of the ecosystem services (ES) provided by green roofs can be classified into private and public benefits. We apply the selected valuation methods first in Helsinki, Finland and subsequently explain how results can be transferred to other urban locations. Past research and this study show that private benefits are usually not high enough to justify the expensive investment for a private decision maker. However, when the public benefits are added to the private benefits, social benefits are higher than the costs of green roofs in most cases.

Past research quantified most types of the benefits, excluding scenic and biodiversity benefits. Scenic benefits denote the intangible benefits that people derive from the presence of green space, including at least aesthetic and psychological ones. In this article, special emphasis is placed on the valuation of the scenic benefits; these are among the most challenging benefits to valuate in monetary terms. We employ hedonic pricing theory, implemented via spatial regression models, and green roof implementation scenarios in order to estimate the aggregate willingness to pay for a “unit” of green roof. The results show that the scenic benefits can be a significant attribute in cost-benefit calculations. Yet, the amount of benefits strongly depends on the green roof design.
Challenges Faced and Support Received: Older Adults’ Perceptions of Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Heid Allison R. , Schug Seran , Cartwright Francine P. , Pruchno Rachel
Published: October 2016

Objective

Individuals exposed to natural disasters are at risk for negative physical and psychological outcomes. Older adults may be particularly vulnerable; however, social support can act as a resource to help individuals respond to severe stressors. This study explored the challenges older people faced before, during, and after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 and the people they turned to for support.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 older adults in New Jersey drawn from the ORANJ BOWL (Ongoing Research on Aging in New Jersey – Bettering Opportunities for Wellness in Life) research panel, who experienced high levels of primary home damage during Hurricane Sandy. Content analysis of interview transcripts classified older adults’ perceptions on how they “made it” through—the challenges they faced and the support they received.

Results

The findings suggested that older adults experienced emotional, instrumental, social, and financial challenges before, during, and after the storm. However, by relying on family and friends, as well as neighbors and community networks, older people were able to respond to stressors.

Conclusions

Our findings carry implications for ensuring that older adults are connected to social networks before, during, and after disasters. The role of neighbors is particularly important when disasters strike. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:39–47)
Stimulation parameters differ between current anti-modiolar and peri-modiolar electrode arrays implanted within the same child
Authors: Polonenko M J , Cushing S L , Gordon K A , Allemang B , Jewell S , Papsin B C
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To compare stimulation parameters of peri-modiolar and anti-modiolar electrode arrays using two surgical approaches.

Methods:

Impedance, stimulation thresholds, comfortably loud current levels, electrically evoked compound action potential thresholds and electrically evoked stapedial reflex thresholds were compared between 2 arrays implanted in the same child at 5 time points: surgery, activation/day 1, week 1, and months 1 and 3. The peri-modiolar array was implanted via cochleostomy in all children (n= 64), while the anti-modiolar array was inserted via a cochleostomy in 43 children and via the round window in 21 children.

Results:

The anti-modiolar array had significantly lower impedance, but required higher current levels to elicit thresholds, comfort, electrically evoked compound action potential thresholds and electrically evoked stapedial reflex thresholds than the peri-modiolar array across all time points, particularly in basal electrodes (p< 0.05). The prevalence of open electrodes was similar in anti-modiolar (n= 5) and peri-modiolar (n= 3) arrays.

Conclusion:

Significant but clinically acceptable differences in stimulation parameters between peri-modiolar and anti-modiolar arrays persisted four months after surgery in children using bilateral cochlear implants. The surgical approach used to insert the anti-modiolar array had no overall effect on outcomes.
Handling Ophelia: a Story in Four Unscripted Scenes
Authors: Cinpoeş Nicoleta
Published: October 2016

Referring to several European productions of Hamlet between 2001 and 2014, Nicoleta Cinpoeş in this article examines the stage struggle to ‘recuperate’ an Ophelia that both discursive criticism and visual objectification bury prematurely, albeit by different means and for different aims, when they claim, in Laertes's words: ‘The woman will be out.’ She takes Laertes's words to mean both taking the woman out and putting the woman on view, and offers a preliminary survey of the customary textual cuts and their effect on Ophelia's part, exploring ‘the four unscripted scenes’ of three directors – Vlad Mugur, Radu Alexandru Nica, and Jan Klata – and their impact on Ophelia's role as found in Shakespeare's play. Nicoleta Cinpoeş is Principal Lecturer at the University of Worcester and author of Shakespeare's Hamlet in Romania 1778–2008 (Mellen, 2010) as well as editor of, and contributor to, Doing Kyd (Manchester University Press, 2016). She has published articles in Shakespeare Bulletin, SEDERI, Testi e linguaggi, Arrêts sur scène, Theatrical Blends, and Studia Dramatica.
How Does the Billy-Goat Produce Milk? Sergei Eisenstein's Reconstitution of Kabuki Theatre
Authors: Tian Min
Published: October 2016

Through a close examination of Eisenstein's writings on the Kabuki theatre, Min Tian demonstrates in this article that Eisenstein's interpretation of Kabuki from the perspective of his theory displaced the techniques and principles of Kabuki theatre from its historical and aesthetic contexts. Predicated upon his ‘montage thinking’, Eisenstein reconstituted the techniques and principles integral to Kabuki as an organic whole in the context of his evolving and synthesizing theory. Min Tian has a PhD in theatre history from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a doctorate at the Central Academy of Drama in Beijing. Currently teaching at the University of Iowa, he is the author of Mei Lanfang and the Twentieth-Century International Stage (2012) and The Poetics of Difference and Displacement: Twentieth-Century Chinese–Western Intercultural Theatre (2008), and editor of China's Greatest Operatic Male Actor of Female Roles: Documenting the Life and Art of Mei Lanfang, 1894–1961 (2010).
The Popular Picturesque: Landscape in Boucicault's Irish Plays
Authors: Smyth Patricia
Published: October 2016

The inspiration for Dion Boucicault's first Irish subject, The Colleen Bawn, in a set of pictur esque views of Ireland after the artist W. H. Bartlett is well documented, and Bartlett's iconography of wild scenery, moonlight, round towers, and ruined abbeys features strongly throughout the Irish plays. Although Bartlett's compositions were widely known in the nineteenth century, there has been little consideration of how they may have informed the audience's understanding of the plays. Rather, they are regarded as a set of clichéd, stereotyped images, which the playwright subverted through a process of ironic distancing and repurposing. In this article Patricia Smyth argues that, on the contrary, Boucicault made use of the mythical and supernatural associations of picturesque Ireland in order to convey a particular narrative of Irish history. Patricia Smyth is a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Warwick. She has published articles and book chapters on French and British nineteenth-century art, visual culture and theatre. She is co-editor of Nineteenth-Century Theatre and Film, co-edited with Jim Davis a special issue dedicated to theatrical iconography (2012), and is currently completing a book on Paul Delaroche and theatre.
How Cathleen Became Mrs Monihan: Sara Allgood's ‘Grave Acting’ and Irish Female Performance
Authors: Redwine Elizabeth Brewer
Published: October 2016

Sara Allgood was an integral member of the Abbey Theatre from its opening in December 1904, yet her presence in its histories or in the growing national theatre movement of the time tends to be rather peripheral. Drawing on archival research in the Berg Collection and the Abbey Theatre Archives, Elizabeth Brewer Redwine argues here for the centrality of Allgood in the experiments of William Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory, and reveals the complicated class and religious fissures that surrounded the performance of Irish female identity in which Allgood was embroiled. By tracing her own trajectory, Redwine also challenges the dominant narratives of the Abbey Theatre that present it as distinct from earlier nationalist theatre movements, exploring the impact of the tableaux of the all-female street theatre group on the images of women presented on the Abbey stage. Further, she draws important connections between Allgood's work on the stage and her later work in Hollywood film, showing how she challenged stereotypes consistently to present a new kind of Irish female performance. Elizabeth Brewer Redwine lectures in the English Department at Seton Hall University, New Jersey, and is the co-editor with Amrita Ghosh of the forthcoming Tagore and Yeats: a Postcolonial Re-Envisioning. Her current research project, titled Written for Her to Act: Female Performance and Collaboration, examines Yeats's and Synge's collaborations with actresses at the Abbey Theatre.
The Merry Wives of Moscow: Komisarjevsky, Shakespeare, and Russophobia in the British Theatre
Authors: Burt Philippa
Published: October 2016

Theodore Komisarjevsky was a prominent figure in the inter-war British theatre until his migration to North America in 1936. While recent studies have foregrounded the various artistic factors that influenced his work and his eventual departure, little attention has been placed on the sociopolitical issues. Most notably, there has been no serious consideration of the impact that his nationality had on the opportunities that were available to him. In this article Philippa Burt examines Komisarjevsky's work in relation to the growing nationalistic and Russophobic attitudes in Britain during the 1920s and 1930s. It focuses particularly on his series of productions at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, and shows the subsequent critical outrage to be rooted in a desire to protect Shakespeare and, by extension, Britain as a whole from the ‘interference’ of a Russian director. Dr Philippa Burt is a lecturer in the Department of Theatre and Performance at Goldsmiths, University of London. She has previously published articles on Harley Granville Barker and Joan Littlewood, and is the recent recipient of a Harry Ransom Research Fellowship in the Humanities at the University of Texas at Austin.
Infant EEG and temperament negative affectivity: Coherence of vulnerabilities to mothers' perinatal depression
Authors: Lusby Cara M. , Goodman Sherryl H. , Yeung Ellen W. , Bell Martha Ann , Stowe Zachary N.
Published: October 2016

Associations between infants' frontal EEG asymmetry and temperamental negative affectivity (NA) across infants' first year of life and the potential moderating role of maternal prenatal depressive symptoms were examined prospectively in infants (n= 242) of mothers at elevated risk for perinatal depression. In predicting EEG, in the context of high prenatal depressive symptoms, infant NA and frontal EEG asymmetry were negatively associated at 3 months of age and positively associated by 12 months of age. By contrast, for low depression mothers, infant NA and EEG were not significantly associated at any age. Postnatal depressive symptoms did not add significantly to the models. Dose of infants' exposure to maternal depression mattered: infants exposed either pre- or postnatally shifted from a positive association at 3 months to a negative association at 12 months; those exposed both pre- and postnatally shifted from a negative association at 3 months to a positive association at 12 months. Prenatal relative to postnatal exposure did not matter for patterns of association between NA and EEG. The findings highlight the importance of exploring how vulnerabilities at two levels of analysis, behavioral and psychophysiological, co-occur over the course of infancy and in the context of mothers' depressive symptomatology.
Transdiagnostic factors and pathways to multifinality: The error-related negativity predicts whether preschool irritability is associated with internalizing versus externalizing symptoms at age 9
Authors: Kessel Ellen M. , Meyer Alexandria , Hajcak Greg , Dougherty Lea R. , Torpey-Newman Dana C. , Carlson Gabrielle A. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: October 2016

There is increasing interest among developmental psychopathologists in broad transdiagnostic factors that give rise to a wide array of clinical presentations (multifinality), but little is known about how these processes lead to particular psychopathological manifestations over the course of development. We examined whether individual differences in the error-related negativity (ΔERN), a neural indicator of error monitoring, predicts whether early persistent irritability, a prototypical transdiagnostic construct, is associated with later internalizing versus externalizing outcomes. When children were 3 years old, mothers were interviewed about children's persistent irritability and completed questionnaires about their children's psychopathology. Three years later, EEG was recorded while children performed a go/no-go task to measure the ΔERN. When children were approximately 9 years old, mothers again completed questionnaires about their children's psychopathology. The results indicated that among children who were persistently irritable at age 3, an enhanced or more negative ΔERN at age 6 predicted the development of internalizing symptoms at age 9, whereas a blunted or smaller ΔERN at age 6 predicted the development of externalizing symptoms. Our results suggest that variation in error monitoring predicts, and may even shape, the expression of persistent irritability and differentiates developmental trajectories from preschool persistent irritability to internalizing versus externalizing outcomes in middle to late childhood.
Parent–child relationship quality and family transmission of parent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and child externalizing and internalizing symptoms following fathers' exposure to combat trauma
Authors: Snyder James , Gewirtz Abigail , Schrepferman Lynn , Gird Suzanne R. , Quattlebaum Jamie , Pauldine Michael R. , Elish Katie , Zamir Osnat , Hayes Charles
Published: October 2016

Transactional cascades among child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and fathers’ and mothers’ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were examined in a sample of families with a male parent who had been deployed to recent military conflicts in the Middle East. The role of parents’ positive engagement and coercive interaction with their child, and family members’ emotion regulation were tested as processes linking cascades of parent and child symptoms. A subsample of 183 families with deployed fathers and nondeployed mothers and their 4- to 13-year-old children who participated in a randomized control trial intervention (After Deployment: Adaptive Parenting Tools) were assessed at baseline prior to intervention, and at 12 and 24 months after baseline, using parent reports of their own and their child's symptoms. Parents’ observed behavior during interaction with their children was coded using a multimethod approach at each assessment point. Reciprocal cascades among fathers’ and mothers’ PTSD symptoms, and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, were observed. Fathers’ and mothers’ positive engagement during parent–child interaction linked their PTSD symptoms and their child's internalizing symptoms. Fathers’ and mothers’ coercive behavior toward their child linked their PTSD symptoms and their child's externalizing symptoms. Each family member's capacity for emotion regulation was associated with his or her adjustment problems at baseline. Implications for intervention, and for research using longitudinal models and a family-systems perspective of co-occurrence and cascades of symptoms across family members are described.
Beyond comorbidity: Toward a dimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology across the life span
Authors: Forbes Miriam K. , Tackett Jennifer L. , Markon Kristian E. , Krueger Robert F.
Published: October 2016

We propose a novel developmentally informed framework to push research beyond a focus on comorbidity between discrete diagnostic categories and to move toward research based on the well-validated dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology. For example, a large body of research speaks to the validity and utility of the internalizing and externalizing spectra as organizing constructs for research on common forms of psychopathology. The internalizing and externalizing spectra act as powerful explanatory variables that channel the psychopathological effects of genetic and environmental risk factors, predict adaptive functioning, and account for the likelihood of disorder-level manifestations of psychopathology. As such, our proposed theoretical framework uses the internalizing and externalizing spectra as central constructs to guide future psychopathology research across the life span. The framework is particularly flexible, because any of the facets or factors from the dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology can form the focus of research. We describe the utility and strengths of this framework for developmental psychopathology in particular and explore avenues for future research.
Understanding comorbidity among internalizing problems: Integrating latent structural models of psychopathology and risk mechanisms
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L. , Snyder Hannah R. , Gulley Lauren D. , Schweizer Tina H. , Bijttebier Patricia , Nelis Sabine , Toh Gim , Vasey Michael W.
Published: October 2016

It is well known that comorbidity is the rule, not the exception, for categorically defined psychiatric disorders, and this is also the case for internalizing disorders of depression and anxiety. This theoretical review paper addresses the ubiquity of comorbidity among internalizing disorders. Our central thesis is that progress in understanding this co-occurrence can be made by employing latent dimensional structural models that organize psychopathology as well as vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms and by connecting the multiple levels of risk and psychopathology outcomes together. Different vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms are hypothesized to predict different levels of the structural model of psychopathology. We review the present state of knowledge based on concurrent and developmental sequential comorbidity patterns among common discrete psychiatric disorders in youth, and then we advocate for the use of more recent bifactor dimensional models of psychopathology (e.g., p factor; Caspi et al., 2014) that can help to explain the co-occurrence among internalizing symptoms. In support of this relatively novel conceptual perspective, we review six exemplar vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms, including executive function, information processing biases, cognitive vulnerabilities, positive and negative affectivity aspects of temperament, and autonomic dysregulation, along with the developmental occurrence of stressors in different domains, to show how these vulnerabilities can predict the general latent psychopathology factor, a unique latent internalizing dimension, as well as specific symptom syndrome manifestations.
Pathways from neurocognitive vulnerability to co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems among women with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively for 16 years
Authors: Owens Elizabeth B. , Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: October 2016

Using a sample of 228 females with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively across 16 years, we measured childhood neurocognitive vulnerability via executive dysfunction using teacher-reported cognitive and learning problems. We then ascertained relations between dimensionally measured internalizing and externalizing psychopathology during adulthood and showed that childhood neurocognitive vulnerability reliably predicted such associated psychopathology. We identified six serial mediation pathways from childhood neurocognitive vulnerability to adult psychopathology through three early- and late-adolescent domains: individual (self-control and delay of gratification), peer (rejection/conflict and acceptance/friendship), and school (academic performance and school failure). The serial indirect effects occurred for the pathways from childhood neurocognitive vulnerability through early-adolescent academic performance, to late-adolescent school failure, to adult associated psychopathology, and from neurocognitive vulnerability through adolescent self-control and then the ability to delay gratification, to adult psychopathology. Furthermore, these indirect effects, plus two others, were moderated by parental distress during childhood and early adolescence, such that under conditions of high distress, the serial indirect effects were weaker than when parental distress was low. We discuss the potential importance of behavioral self-regulation and educational success for later psychological functioning, especially among girls, as well as implications for ontogenic process models of psychopathology.
The dynamics of internalizing and externalizing comorbidity across the early school years
Authors: Willner Cynthia J. , Gatzke-Kopp Lisa M. , Bray Bethany C.
Published: October 2016

High rates of comorbidity are observed between internalizing and externalizing problems, yet the developmental dynamics of comorbid symptom presentations are not yet well understood. This study explored the developmental course of latent profiles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms across kindergarten, first grade, and second grade. The sample consisted of 336 children from an urban, low-income community, selected based on relatively high (61%) or low (39%) aggressive/oppositional behavior problems at school entry (64% male; 70% African American, 20% Hispanic). Teachers reported on children's symptoms in each year. An exploratory latent profile analysis of children's scores on aggression/oppositionality, hyperactivity/inattention, anxiety, and social withdrawal symptom factors revealed four latent symptom profiles: comorbid (48% of the sample in each year), internalizing (19%–23%), externalizing (21%–22%), and well-adjusted (7%–11%). The developmental course of these symptom profiles was examined using a latent transition analysis, which revealed remarkably high continuity in the comorbid symptom profile (89% from one year to the next) and moderately high continuity in both the internalizing and externalizing profiles (80% and 71%, respectively). Internalizing children had a 20% probability of remitting to the well-adjusted profile by the following year, whereas externalizing children had a 25% probability of transitioning to the comorbid profile. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a common vulnerability factor contributes to developmentally stable internalizing–externalizing comorbidity, while also suggesting that some children with externalizing symptoms are at risk for subsequently accumulating internalizing symptoms.
Mechanisms of comorbidity, continuity, and discontinuity in anxiety-related disorders
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Corr Philip J.
Published: October 2016

We discuss comorbidity, continuity, and discontinuity of anxiety-related disorders from the perspective of a two-dimensional neuropsychology of fear (threat avoidance) and anxiety (threat approach). Pharmacological dissection of the “neurotic” disorders justifies both a categorical division between fear and anxiety and a subdivision of each mapped to a hierarchy of neural modules that process different immediacies of threat. It is critical that each module can generate normal responses, symptoms of another syndrome, or syndromal responses. We discuss the resultant possibilities for comorbid dysfunction of these modules both with each other and with some disorders not usually classified as anxiety related. The simplest case is symptomatic fear/anxiety comorbidity, where dysfunction in one module results in excess activity in a second, otherwise normal, module to generate symptoms and apparent comorbidity. More complex is syndromal fear/anxiety comorbidity, where more than one module is concurrently dysfunctional. Yet more complex are syndromal comorbidities of anxiety that go beyond the two dimensional fear/anxiety systems: depression, substance use disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Our account of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–anxiety comorbidity entails discussion of the neuropsychology of externalizing disorders to account for the lack of anxiety comorbidity in some of these. Finally, we link the neuropsychology of disorder to personality variation, and to the development of a biomarker of variation in the anxiety system among individuals that, if extreme, may provide a means of unambiguously identifying the first of a range of anxiety syndromes.
Development of self-inflicted injury: Comorbidities and continuities with borderline and antisocial personality traits
Authors: Crowell Sheila E. , Kaufman Erin A.
Published: October 2016

Self-inflicted injury (SII) is a continuum of intentionally self-destructive behaviors, including nonsuicidal self-injuries, suicide attempts, and death by suicide. These behaviors are among the most pressing yet perplexing clinical problems, affecting males and females of every race, ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status, and nearly every age. The complexity of these behaviors has spurred an immense literature documenting risk and vulnerability factors ranging from individual to societal levels of analysis. However, there have been relatively few attempts to articulate a life span developmental model that integrates ontogenenic processes across these diverse systems. The objective of this review is to outline such a model with a focus on how observed patterns of comorbidity and continuity can inform developmental theories, early prevention efforts, and intervention across traditional diagnostic boundaries. Specifically, when SII is viewed through the developmental psychopathology lens, it becomes apparent that early temperamental risk factors are associated with risk for SII and a range of highly comorbid conditions, such as borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Prevention efforts focused on early-emerging biological and temperamental contributors to psychopathology have great potential to reduce risk for many presumably distinct clinical problems. Such work requires identification of early biological vulnerabilities, behaviorally conditioned social mechanisms, as well as societal inequities that contribute to self-injury and underlie intergenerational transmission of risk.