bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) protects the tripartite synapse in the ischemic brain via ezrin-mediated formation of peripheral astrocytic processes
Authors: Diaz Ariel , Merino Paola , Manrique Luis G , Cheng Lihong , Yepes Manuel
Published: June 2018

Cerebral ischemia has a harmful effect on the synapse associated with neurological impairment. The “tripartite synapse” is assembled by the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, embraced by astrocytic elongations known as peripheral astrocytic processes (PAPs). Ischemic stroke induces the detachment of PAPs from the synapse, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Ezrin is a membrane-associated protein, required for the formation of PAPs, that links the cell surface to the actin cytoskeleton. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine proteinase that upon binding to its receptor (uPAR) promotes neurite growth during development. In the adult brain, neurons release uPA and astrocytes recruit uPAR to the plasma membrane during the recovery phase from an ischemic stroke, and uPA/uPAR binding promotes functional improvement following an ischemic injury. We found that uPA induces the synthesis of ezrin in astrocytes, with the subsequent formation of PAPs that enter in direct contact with the synapse. Furthermore, either the release of neuronal uPA or intravenous treatment with recombinant uPA (ruPA) induces the formation of PAPs in the ischemic brain, and the interaction of these PAPs with the pre- and postsynaptic terminals protects the integrity of the “tripartite synapse” from the harmful effects of the ischemic injury.
Reentry Programs for Adult Male Offender Recidivism and Reintegration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Berghuis Maria
Published: June 2018

The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of reentry programs designed to reduce recidivism and ensure successful reintegration among adult, male offenders. Studies were included if they (a) evaluated a reentry program incorporating elements dealing with the transition from prison to community for adult, male offenders; (b) utilized a randomized controlled design; and (c) measured recidivism as a primary outcome. In addition, secondary outcomes measures of reintegration were also included. The systematic search of 8,179 titles revealed nine randomized controlled evaluations that fulfilled eligibility criteria. The random-effects meta-analysis for rearrest revealed a statistically nonsignificant effect favoring the intervention (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.74, 1.07]). Similar results were found for reconviction (OR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.77, 1.12]) and reincarceration (OR = 0.90, 95% CI [0.78, 1.05]). Studies reported mixed results of secondary outcomes of reintegration. The results of this review reflect the variability of findings on reducing recidivism. The challenges faced in conducting this review highlight a need for further research and theory development around reentry programs.
A Comparative Analysis of Truck Parking Travel Diary Data
Authors: Boris Caroline , Brewster Rebecca
Published: June 2018

Critical information on the effects that truck parking shortages have on crucial stakeholders, truck drivers in particular, has historically been obtained through survey methods. However, survey methodologies rely heavily on generalizations, respondents’ memory, the recency effect in memory recall, or experiences that evoked strong feelings. To investigate detailed truck parking shortage impacts using a method less reliant on historical recollections, the researchers developed and implemented a 14-day truck parking travel diary study. A total of 148 U.S. drivers participated, providing detailed data for 2,035 days of parking activity and 4,763 unique stops. The analysis focused on truck parking topics that have a nexus to previous survey findings that relate to drivers, state departments of transportation and enforcement activities, and other stakeholders, to facilitate the comparison of truck parking survey data with the diary data. Generally, the truck parking diary findings corroborated survey results. Almost 90% of drivers parked in an unauthorized location at least once a week – supporting survey findings that a majority of drivers find parking is difficult at least once a week. Data on unauthorized parking demonstrated that time-of-day can affect the ease of finding available parking, with peak difficulty occurring during evening hours. Drivers primarily choose parking locations for the mandated 10-h hours-of-service breaks based on practical needs – proximity to route, restroom and shower access, and expected parking availability. The research findings can provide policy, regulatory, and infrastructure guidance to both private industry and public agencies.
Generation of “Biking Schedules” for Bicycle Travel Analysis
Authors: Mohamed Amr , Bigazzi Alexander Y.
Published: June 2018

With an increasing focus on bicycling as a mode of urban transportation, there is a pressing need for improved tools for bicycle travel analysis and modeling. This paper introduces “biking schedules” to represent archetypal urban cycling dynamics, analogous to driving schedules used in vehicle emissions analysis. Three different methods of constructing biking schedules with both speed and road grade attributes are developed from the driving schedule literature. The methods are applied and compared using a demonstration data set of 55 h of 1-Hz on-road GPS data from three cyclists. Biking schedules are evaluated based on their ability to represent the speed dynamics, power output, and breathing rates of a calibration data set and then validated for different riders. The impact of using coarser 3, 5, and 10 s GPS logging intervals on the accuracy of the schedules is also evaluated. Results indicate that the best biking schedule construction method depends on the volume and resolution of the calibration data set. Overall, the biking schedules successfully represent most of the assessed characteristics of cycling dynamics in the calibration data set (speed, acceleration, grade, power, and breathing) within 5%. Future work will examine the precision of biking schedules constructed from larger data sets in more diverse cycling conditions and explore additional refinements to the construction methods. This research is considered a first step toward adopting biking schedules in bicycle travel analysis and modeling, and potential applications are discussed.
Injury Severity of Truck Drivers in Crashes at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings in the United States
Authors: Khan Waleed A. , Khattak Aemal J.
Published: June 2018

The physical and operational characteristics of large trucks distinguish them from other types of vehicles in terms of facility design needs and safety requirements. A critical node in the surface transportation network is the highway-rail grade crossing (HRGC) because it represents a conflict point between different modes of transportation. The focus of this research was to identify factors related to different injury severity levels of truck/truck-trailer drivers in crashes reported at HRGCs. This study utilized a mixed logit model to investigate injury severity of those drivers and relied on 2007–2014 Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) crash and inventory data involving trucks/truck-trailers. Results showed that truck/truck-trailer drivers’ injuries in crashes reported at HRGCs were positively associated with train speed, when train struck the road user (truck/truck-trailer), when the driver “went around crossing gates”, older drivers, crashes reported in rural areas, and crashes at crossings with a minimum crossing angle of 60–90 degrees. Presence of crossbucks, gates, track obstructions, and HRGCs located within 500 feet of a highway were associated with relatively less severe driver injuries. The paper provides recommendations for safety improvements at HRGCs and recommendations for future research.
Biomechanical analysis of walking gait when simulating the use of an Ilizarov external fixator
Authors: Layton Robin B , Stewart Todd D , Harwood Paul , Messenger Neil
Published: June 2018

The Ilizarov frame is an external fixation device, primarily used for the treatment of complex fractures. The authors postulate that the size and weight of the frame may lead to biomechanical adaptations to gait, independent to any injury. Temporospatial characteristics, kinetics and kinematics were assessed when simulating the use of an Ilizarov frame. Fifteen healthy participants performed walking trials, with and without the simulated frame. Significant changes to temporospatial characteristics were identified, with a decreased mean walking speed (with: 1.24 m s–1; without: 1.29 m s–1) and increased mean step width (with: 0.14 m; without: 0.11 m). The push-off phase of gait differed significantly between test conditions with mean increases in ankle dorsiflexion angles (with: 90.4°; without: 89.0°) and extension moments (proportional to body weight or P BWT) at the knee and ankle (knee with: 0.8 P BWT·m; without: 0.7 P BWT·m; ankle with: 1.6 P BWT·m; without: 1.6 P BWT·m). Although changes were small and likely to be clinically insignificant, the size and weight of the frame led to adaptations which may be magnified for patient groups with associated injury and pain at the lower limb. Results provide an argument for the potential redesign of the frame.
Self-efficacy and ability to read as factors associated with antiretroviral therapy adherence in an HIV-infected population
Authors: Dworkin Mark S , Chakraborty Apurba , Zychowski Diana , Donenberg Geri , Novak Richard , Garofalo Robert
Published: June 2018

Determining the barriers and facilitators of antiretroviral adherence among former and current substance users may be useful in the creation of successful interventions that target this hard-to-reach population. We performed a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients (N = 123) prescribed antiretroviral therapy at four Chicago healthcare venues. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine factors associated with non-adherence based on definitions of non-adherence (any missed doses) within the past 4-day, 14-day, and 1-month time periods. Factors consistently associated with non-adherence in bivariate and multivariate analyses, regardless of duration of non-adherence definition, were lower confidence in taking medication consistently and less self-reported ability to read. These data reveal the importance of self-efficacy and ability to read (rather than specific knowledge of CD4 and viral load definitions) in the design of interventions in a population of HIV-infected persons with significant substance use.
Biogas production from food waste via anaerobic digestion with wood chips
Authors: Oh Jeong-Ik , Lee Jechan , Lin Kun-Yi Andrew , Kwon Eilhann E , Fai Tsang Yiu
Published: June 2018

In many countries, the uncontrolled generation of large amounts of food waste has resulted in severe environmental issues. Among various treatment methods that have been proposed, anaerobic digestion to produce biogas from food waste is a proven and environmentally friendly route for simultaneous food waste treatment and energy recovery. In this study, we suggest an effective methane fermentation of food waste by mixing wood chips with feedstock to minimize the sludge generation in the process. The food waste generated in an apartment complex in the Republic of Korea was used as biogas feedstock. The use of wood chips in the process increased the production of methane and hydrogen. At the food waste to wood chip ratio of 0.5, 20 ml g−1 of methane and 13.9 ml g−1 of hydrogen were produced for 15 days at 35°C. The results of this study suggest the successful application of wood chips to the anaerobic digestion of food waste for producing biogas.
Thermo-economic and exergy assessment and optimization of performance of a hydrogen production system by using geothermal energy
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Banihashem Seyed Ali , Ghazvini Mahyar , Sadeghzadeh Milad
Published: June 2018

Due to the increasing need to find alternative fuels to restrict the use of oil in the world, substantial alternative sources have been identified. One of these alternative sources is hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced through an electrochemical process. The purpose of this paper is to model an electrochemical process and to determine the yields or losses of process efficiency by increasing or decreasing the water supply temperature. For the adaptation of the environmental process, the electricity required for the electrolyzer is supplied from a geothermal unit. For the sake of achieving the desired goals, the geothermal unit has been modeled and various parameters have been investigated. In this paper, an analysis of energy and exergy thermodynamics, as well as the exergy-economic analysis of the proton exchange membrane (PEM-type) electrolysis process for hydrogen production, which derives its driving power from ground-based power has been carried out. For this purpose, the required work is generated from the geothermal source by the Rankine cycle. The resulting work is used as an input for the electrolysis process and electrolysis water is preheated by geothermal sewage treatment. Funtional parameters based on the first and second thermodynamic rules are determined for the system and the performance of the system has been evaluated. The effects of geothermal water temperature and electrolysis on the amount of generated hydrogen have been studied and it has been shown that these parameters have a correlation with each other. Also, energy, exergy and thermo-economic analysis methods have been carried out by using MATLAB software.
Energy consumption and economic growth in Ethiopia: A dynamic causal linkage
Authors: Nyasha Sheilla , Gwenhure Yvonne , Odhiambo Nicholas M
Published: June 2018

In this study, we have explored the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Ethiopia, during the period from 1971 to 2013. We have employed a multivariate Granger-causality framework that incorporates financial development, investment and trade openness as intermittent variables – in an effort to address the omission-of-variable bias. Based on the newly developed ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration and the error-correction model-based causality model, our results show that in Ethiopia, there is a distinct unidirectional Granger-causality from economic growth to energy consumption. These results apply, irrespective of whether the estimation is done in the short run or in the long run. We recommend that policy makers in Ethiopia should consider expanding their energy-mix options, in order to cope with the future demand arising from the real sector growth.
Equation-based domain knowledge utilization into neural network structure and learning
Authors: Kulkarni Shrinivas , Guha Anirban
Published: June 2018

The use of neural networks as black boxes, though useful for modeling complicated industrial systems, has some limitations. No physical interpretation can be given to sections of the trained network. Incorporation of domain knowledge into neural network attempts to address this lacuna. Most of the attempts in this direction have been in the area of data classification in which sub-classes created with the help of domain experts have led to better neural networks. This work attempts to incorporate domain knowledge into the structure of a neural network for solving a regression problem—that of a piston pump leakage prediction. It shows a way in which prior knowledge about subsystems, in the form of equations, can be used to create a neural network for modeling the entire system. This approach significantly outperforms a traditional feed forward neural network. As a key contribution, this approach allows physical interpretation of the neurons which can aid in troubleshooting and anomaly detection.
Group sequential designs with robust semiparametric recurrent event models
Authors: Mütze Tobias , Glimm Ekkehard , Schmidli Heinz , Friede Tim
Published: June 2018

Robust semiparametric models for recurrent events have received increasing attention in the analysis of clinical trials in a variety of diseases including chronic heart failure. In comparison to parametric recurrent event models, robust semiparametric models are more flexible in that neither the baseline event rate nor the process inducing between-patient heterogeneity needs to be specified in terms of a specific parametric statistical model. However, implementing group sequential designs in the robust semiparametric model is complicated by the fact that the sequence of Wald statistics does not follow asymptotically the canonical joint distribution. In this manuscript, we propose two types of group sequential procedures for a robust semiparametric analysis of recurrent events. The first group sequential procedure is based on the asymptotic covariance of the sequence of Wald statistics and it guarantees asymptotic control of the type I error rate. The second procedure is based on the canonical joint distribution and does not guarantee asymptotic type I error rate control but is easy to implement and corresponds to the well-known standard approach for group sequential designs. Moreover, we describe how to determine the maximum information when planning a clinical trial with a group sequential design and a robust semiparametric analysis of recurrent events. We contrast the operating characteristics of the proposed group sequential procedures in a simulation study motivated by the ongoing phase 3 PARAGON-HF trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01920711) in more than 4600 patients with chronic heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. We found that both group sequential procedures have similar operating characteristics and that for some practically relevant scenarios, the group sequential procedure based on the canonical joint distribution has advantages with respect to the control of the type I error rate. The proposed method for calculating the maximum information results in appropriately powered trials for both procedures.
Comparison of arthroscopic versus open surgery on external snapping hip caused by gluteal muscle contracture
Authors: Dai Zhu , Chen Zhiwei , Liao Ying , Tang Zhengwu , Cui Juncheng
Published: June 2018

Purpose:

To compare the outcomes of contracture release by arthroscopic versus open surgical approach in patients with external snapping hip (ESH) caused by gluteal muscle contracture (GMC).

Methods:

Medical records of patients with ESH due to GMC who underwent open surgery (n = 44) or arthroscopic surgery (n = 48) between October 2008 and October 2014 were reviewed. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Operation time, incision length, postoperative pain, postoperative complication rate, and recurrence rate were compared between the 2 groups. Hip adduction, and Harris Hip Scores (HHS) at 1 and 2 years postoperatively were compared between the groups and with preoperative data.

Results:

Mean operation time did not differ between the 2 groups (p>0.05). The arthroscopic surgery group had smaller incisions (p<0.05), less postoperative pain (p<0.05), lower complication rates (p<0.05) than did the open surgery group. The recurrence rates were similar for the 2 groups (p>0.05). Hip adduction, and HHS 1 year and 2 years postoperatively were significantly better postoperatively than they had been preoperatively for both groups (all p<0.01), and were similar for the 2 groups (all p>0.05).

Conclusions:

Arthroscopic release of contracture tissue is a safe and effective approach for the treatment of ESH caused by GMC, with the advantages of small scars, less postoperative pain, fewer complications compared with open surgery.
Higher UHMWPE wear-rate in cementless compared with cemented cups with the Saturne® Dual-Mobility acetabular system
Authors: Tabori-Jensen Steffan , Frølich Christina , Hansen Torben B. , Bøvling Søren , Homilius Morten , Stilling Maiken
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

Dual mobility (DM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) may reduce dislocation risk, but might increase the risk of high polyethylene (PE) wear due to double wearing surfaces.

Methods:

127 patients (97 female) with 129 hips operated with THA after displaced femoral neck fracture FNF between 2005 and 2011, were seen for a cross-sectional clinical follow-up. Acetabular components were Saturne® DM cups with 28mm chrome-cobalt heads in UHMWPE. Cementless cups (n = 73) were hydroxyapatite coated. Radiographs were obtained for analysis of cup placement, 2D polyethylene wear and wear-rate (PolyWare 3D), and further radiological evaluation. Activity measurements included Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and walking distance from Harris Hip Score (HHS).

Results:

At a mean follow-up of 2.83 (1.0-7.7) years the mean wear was 0.82 mm (range 0.17-4.51, SD 0.50), and the wear-rate was 0.37 mm (range 0.06-1.90, SD 0.29). Wear-rate of 0.43 mm/year (SD 0.30) in cementless cups was higher (p = 0.004) than 0.30 mm/year (SD 0.27) in cemented cups. Mean age at time of surgery was 75.1 years (range 30-95). There was no correlation between age at time of surgery and wear (p = 0.56). There was no correlation between cup inclination and wear-rate (p = 0.35). TUG was mean 13.4 seconds (range 4.5-30.1) and correlated with wear rate (p = 0.03).

Conclusions:

At short term follow-up, the mean wear-rate in old and low demand patients was high, correlated to activity, and was above the generally accepted osteolysis threshold (0.1 mm/yr.). Cementless HA-coated cups had higher wear-rate than cemented cups.
3rd generation ceramic-on-ceramic cementless total hip arthroplasty: a minimum 10-year follow-up study
Authors: Lau Yeong J. , Sarmah Shashank , Witt Johan D.
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

3rd generation ceramic bearings were introduced in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with the potential to have better mechanical strength and wear properties than their predecessors. At present, there are few studies looking at the long-term results of this latest generation of ceramic bearings. The purpose of our study was to investigate the long-term clinical and radiographic results of 3rd generation ceramic-on-ceramic THA and the incidence of ceramic specific complications such as squeaking and bearing surface fracture.

Methods:

The database of the senior author (J.D.W.) was reviewed. A total of 126 hip replacements performed in 108 patients (average age 39.6 years) with an average follow-up of 12.1 years (10-16 years) was identified. Clinical notes and plain radiographs were reviewed. To measure function, patients were contacted and an Oxford Hip Questionnaire was completed. Patients were also directly questioned about the presence of squeaking or any other sounds from the hip. Radiographs were evaluated for signs of wear, osteolysis, loosening and heterotopic ossification. The abduction angle of the acetabular component was measured.

Results:

The average Oxford Hip Score was 39.8 out of 48. Survivorship at 10 years was 94.6% (95% CI) with revision for any cause as the endpoint. There was 1 femoral head fracture, no osteolysis, no squeaking and no detectable wear.

Conclusions:

The good clinical and radiographic results for this series of patients are similar to other recent long-term studies looking at 3rd generation ceramic-on-ceramic THA. The results compare favourably with other bearing surfaces. The lack of osteolysis associated with this articulation is encouraging and may also make it a good choice for younger patients requiring total hip replacement.
Transfusion rate using intravenous tranexamic acid in hip revision surgery
Authors: Mariani Pablo , Buttaro Martin A. , Slullitel Pablo A. , Comba Fernando M. , Zanotti Gerardo , Ali Pablo , Piccaluga Francisco
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

Hip revision surgery is associated with a high probability of the necessity for a blood transfusion. Different studies support the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) to decrease the rate of transfusions in primary hip surgery. Nevertheless, the use of this drug in hip revision surgery has not yet been widely accepted. The aim of our study was to establish the rate of blood transfusion with and without TXA in hip revision surgery.

Methods:

We retrospectively studied 125 hip revision surgery patients operated on between 2011 and 2014. We divided our series into 2 groups: the TXA group with 61 patients (in which a 1000 mg dose of TXA was used before the skin incision and a second identical dose after skin closure) and a control group with 64 patients. We analysed the red blood cell (RBC) transfusion rates and their odds risk as well as the presence of collateral complications.

Results:

Average RBC transfusion was 2.7 units/patient (range 0-6) in the control group compared to 1.6 units/patient (range 0-6) in the TXA group. A 90.11% (odds ratio [OR] 0.098; confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.04; p<0.0029) odds risk reduction for transfusion of at least 1 unit of erythrocyte blood cell was observed in the TXA group. Complications associated with the TXA were similar in both groups.

Interpretation:

The benefits of TXA have been shown in elective hip replacement. In this study, TXA proved to be safe and efficacious in reducing the need for transfusions following revision total hip arthroplasty.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery Dermatopathology Concordance in Canada: A Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Chia Justin C. , Abi Daoud Marie S. , Williamson Tyler S. , Kurwa Habib A.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a surgical modality that achieves high cure rates of nonmelanoma skin cancers but is dependent on accurate histologic examination of surgical margins. Therefore, quality assurance is essential to ongoing assessment of histological margins.

Objectives:

To prospectively determine the concordance rate between a Mohs surgeon (MS) and dermatopathologist (DP) with respect to tumour status (ie, present or absent) and tumour type. Secondary end points were to determine the relationship between discordant interpretations and slide quality and to assess the feasibility of using an electronic webform for data collection.

Methods:

Ten percent (10%) of the planned MMS cases between January 2015 and March 2016 were randomly selected by a histotechnologist at the start of each month. The MS and DP were blinded to the chosen cases, and slides were reviewed independently at the beginning of the following month. Data were collected using an online webform. A blinded third party determined if there were discrepancies in interpretation, and any discordant slides were reviewed together and a consensus was reached.

Results:

A total of 270 slides from 54 total cases were reviewed. The overall tumour status concordance rate was 93.6%. Cohen’s κ was 0.86. Tumour type concordance was 98.9%. No discrepancy required a change in patient care. All discrepant slides were from cases that required multiple stages.

Conclusions:

This is the first study looking at MS-DP concordance in Canada, and our findings support the MS acting as his or her own pathologist.
Differences, predictors, and moderators of therapeutic adherence in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pereira M Graça , Pedras Susana , Ferreira Gabriela , Machado José C
Published: June 2018

This study analyzed the differences over time in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients on reported adherence. A longitudinal design with two assessment moments was used with 268 patients who were assessed on adherence to self-care behaviors and medication, beliefs about medicines, psychological distress, trust in the physician, and satisfaction with care. HbA1c and general beliefs about medicines decreased from T1 to T2 while adherence to foot care, the needs of medicines, and psychological distress increased. Beliefs about medicines, satisfaction with communication/information, and trust in physician predicted adherence. Intervention should consider these variables when promoting adherence.
Vibro-acoustic analysis of a trapezoidal cavity with a clamped flexible wall
Authors: Wang Yuan , Zhang Jianrun , Zhang Xinzhou , Wu Bo
Published: June 2018

The coupled model between trapezoidal cavity and its clamped flexible wall is developed using classical modal coupling theory. Based on the coupled model, the resonance frequencies of coupled system are obtained and compared with the corresponding uncoupled one. Meanwhile, the reason for the variation of resonance frequencies of coupled system modes is analyzed in detail. Then, the response of coupled system is investigated using the acoustic potential energy in the cavity and panel vibration kinetic energy when it is excited by an incident plane wave outside of the cavity. Coupling coefficient between trapezoidal cavity and its clamped flexible wall is proposed to assess the modal matching degree between them. It is shown that the coupling selection is not satisfied except in the axis direction which is parallel to the inclined wall. In addition, a rectangular cavity with a clamped flexible wall is also considered and compared with that of the trapezoidal one.
The place of the Rochdale envelope approach in offshore renewable energy
Authors: Caine Catherine Ann
Published: June 2018

With ever-increasing pressure to produce low carbon energy, the offshore renewables industry is growing at a rapid rate. However, with the currently lengthy process from pre-application to obtaining development consent in England, it can take a number of years from securing a Crown Estate lease to obtaining development consent. During this time, the offshore renewables industry is capable of making significant improvements to technology, producing more efficient and larger models. In order to accommodate for emerging new technology within pre-existing offshore renewable development consent applications, a planning approach conceived by case law – the Rochdale envelope approach – has been transplanted into the planning process for offshore renewables allowing developers to describe their project using general parameters that cater for uncertainties at the time of application. However, with little official guidance, developers have been left to advance the approach in such a way that suits their needs. This article will outline the problems of the current application of the Rochdale envelope approach, and will argue that, if left unchanged, these problems will significantly impede the applications of future developers wishing to construct. The article proposes recommendations to guarantee further development of the offshore renewables industry with fewer regulatory impediments.
Contesting early childhood professional identities: A cross-national discussion
Authors: Arndt Sonja , Urban Mathias , Murray Colette , Smith Kylie , Swadener Beth , Ellegaard Tomas
Published: June 2018

In this collective article, the authors explore constructions of early childhood practitioners and how they disconnect and reconnect in a global neo-liberal education policy context. The contributions to the conversation provide windows into shifting professional identities across five national contexts: New Zealand, the USA, Ireland, Australia and Denmark. The authors ask who benefits from the notion of distinct professional identities, linked to early childhood education as locally and culturally embedded practice. They conceptualize teachers’ shifting subjectivities, drawing on Kristeva’s philosophical conception of identity as constantly in construction, open and evolving. Arguments for the urgency to counter the global uniformity machine, streamlined curricula, standardized assessment and deprofessionalization are not new. However, the authors wonder whether these arguments are missing something. Does our localized and highly contextualized identity construction enable ‘divide and rule’ politics by global agents such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank and international corporations? The authors’ (preliminary) answer is to build individual and collective professional identities that are grounded in diverse local contexts and in a broader transnational professional (political) consciousness and collective voice.
Condition monitoring and predictive modelling of coating delamination applied to remote stationary and mobile assets
Authors: Latif Jawwad , Khan Zulfiqar Ahmad , Nazir Mian H , Stokes Keith , Plummer Joseph
Published: June 2018

The ambiguous nature of meteorological parameters in uncontrolled environmental conditions makes it difficult to determine the structural integrity of stationary and mobile assets. The weather conditions for large vehicles, at The Tank Museum at Bovington, UK, which are operating in controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions are investigated through weather history and corrosion monitoring techniques applied to large military vehicles by using linear polarisation resistance method. Corrosion initiation and propagation was found on several occasions during the operation of large vehicles within uncontrolled environment due to critical level of metrological parameters including salinity, relative humidity and rainfall. Comprehensive solutions have been proposed to detect damage initiation at the earliest possible stage to prompt maintenance professionals to take necessary actions to avoid damage. Early detection techniques will help to prolong the service life of large vehicles or metal structures which are operating or installed remotely. The analysis of diffusion of salt particles into coating during summer and winter season is also presented by estimating the salt concentration by taking linear relationship between wind speed and salt deposition rate based on ISO classification of airborne salinity. The proposed solutions can be applied to valuable assets operating in coastal, non-coastal and near the sea regions to predict and estimate the damage. The research will directly impact the maintenance and reliability of the automotive, oil and gas pipelines, aerospace and defence applications through remote condition monitoring technique.
Risk and Protective Factors for Probation Success Among Youth Offenders in Singapore
Authors: Li Dongdong , Chu Chi Meng , Xu Xuexin , Zeng Gerald , Ruby Kala
Published: June 2018

The study examined the risk and protective factors for the successful completion of probation orders among youth offenders in Singapore. Specifically, we proposed a typology whereby a predictor can be labeled as a promotive factor, hazard factor, or mixed factor in a direct relationship; or a booster factor or buffering factor in an interactive relationship. This study included 701 youth offenders. Retrospective case file coding was conducted to score the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) and Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk–Youth Version (SAPROF-YV). Most SAPROF factors were shown to be mixed protective factors, whereas most YLS/CMI domains were either mixed risk factors or hazard factors. An absence of a supportive external pedagogical climate (PC) was the strongest mixed factor. For youth with high PC, significant booster factors included high levels of attitudes toward agreements and conditions, motivation for treatment, perseverance, and bonding to school/work, as well as low levels of risk in peer relations and education/employment. For youth with limited PC, buffering factors with the strongest effects include self-control, future orientation, and school/work. Implications for practice and future research were discussed.
The Increase in Overlap of Cortical Activity Preceding Static Elbow/Shoulder Motor Tasks Is Associated With Limb Synergies in Severe Stroke
Authors: Yao Jun , Dewald Julius P. A.
Published: June 2018

The loss of independent joint control, clinically referred to as limb synergies, is prevalent in the paretic upper limb of individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. To understand the underlying neural mechanisms, we previously reported that an increased overlap of cortical representations of shoulder/elbow could contribute to the abnormal poststroke synergies. However, these previous results were limited to a fixed time window just before the onset of motor tasks. Questions such as (1) how this overlap develops during motor preparation and (2) whether such development is also linked to upper limb synergies, remain unclear. To answer these questions, we investigated cortical overlap during motor preparation of isometric shoulder and elbow torque generation tasks in healthy individuals (n = 8), and individuals with moderate to severe chronic hemiparesis following a subcortical stroke (n = 12). We found a significant group difference in how the cortical overlap developed. In the healthy control and moderately impaired stroke groups, cortical overlap between shoulder and elbow motor tasks decreased during the motor preparation; however, this overlap increased in individuals with severe stroke. Furthermore, the rate of cortical overlap decrease/increase was linked to the upper limb Fugl-Meyer scores and limb synergies. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the increase in overlap of the cortical activity during motor preparation is associated with the expression of synergies in the paretic upper limb of severely impaired poststroke individuals.
Shrink-fitted joint behavior using three-dimensional solid finite elements in rotor dynamics with inclusion of stress-stiffening effect
Authors: Sikanen Eerik , Heikkinen Janne E , Sopanen Jussi
Published: June 2018

In this article, the contact behavior of a shrink-fitted joint in a rotor assembly at different spin speeds is studied, using the three-dimensional solid finite element approach. A custom frictionless contact model is proposed and extensively tested by means of simulation. The theory for solving pre-stressed damped eigenvalue problem is presented and implemented, and the results are presented in Campbell diagram form. Two sample rotor assemblies are studied. In addition, experimental modal analysis results of a shrink-fitted joint with various interferences are presented and numerically studied. The reduction of the interference of the shrink-fitted joint due to centrifugal forces at high-speed operation as well as the contact status are updated at each rotational speed step. The inclusion of stress-stiffening effect is studied in detail. The comparison of the Campbell diagram results with the results obtained using a commercial finite element software (Ansys) shows a good agreement.
Stepwise fusion algorithm with dual correction for multi-sensor navigation
Authors: Wang Rong , Xiong Zhi , Liu Jianye , Cao Yuxuan
Published: June 2018

In high-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles, a celestial attitude determination system is used to enhance the inertial navigation system (INS)/global positioning system (GPS) to achieve the required attitude performance. The traditional federal filter is not applicable for INS/GPS/celestial attitude determination system information fusion because it does not consider the mutually coupled relationship between the horizontal reference error in the celestial attitude determination system and the navigation error; this limitation results in reduced navigation accuracy. This article proposes a novel stepwise fusion algorithm with dual correction for multi-sensor navigation. Considering the horizontal reference error, the celestial attitude determination system measurement model is constructed and the issues involved in applying the federal filter are discussed. Then, preliminary error estimation and horizontal reference compensation are added to the navigation architecture. In addition, a sequential update strategy is derived to estimate the attitude error with the compensated celestial attitude determination system based on the preliminary estimation. A stepwise correction filtering algorithm with interactive preliminary and sequential updates that can effectively fuse celestial attitude determination system measurements with the INS/GPS is constructed. High-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle navigation in a remote sensing task is simulated to verify the performance of the proposed method. The simulation results demonstrate that the horizontal reference error is effectively compensated, and the attitude accuracy is significantly improved after stepwise error estimation and correction. The proposed method also provides a novel multi-sensor integrated navigation architecture with mutually coupled errors; this architecture is beneficial in unmanned aerial vehicle navigation applications.
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma and kidney cancer: from sequencing to rational selection
Authors: Flynn Michael , Pickering Lisa , Larkin James , Turajlic Samra
Published: June 2018

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs), including antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 and programmed cell death protein 1, have been shown to induce durable complete responses in a proportion of patients in the first-line and refractory setting in advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. In fact, there are several lines of both targeted agents and ICPI that are now feasible treatment options. However, survival in the metastatic setting continues to be poor and there remains a need for improved therapeutic approaches. In order to enhance patient selection for the most appropriate next line of therapy, better predictive biomarkers of responsiveness will need to be developed in tandem with technologies to identify mechanisms of ICPI resistance. Adaptive, biomarker-driven trials will drive this evolution. The combination of ICPI with specific chemotherapies, targeted therapies and other immuno-oncology (IO) drugs in order to circumvent ICPI resistance and enhance efficacy is discussed. Recent data support the role for both targeted therapies and ICPI in the adjuvant setting of melanoma and targeted therapies in the adjuvant setting for renal cell carcinoma, which may influence the consideration of treatment on subsequent relapse. Approaches to select the optimal treatment sequences for these patients will need to be refined.
Prevalence of subarachnoid haemorrhage among patients with cranial venous sinus thrombosis in the presence and absence of venous infarcts
Authors: Azeemuddin Muhammad , Awais Muhammad , Mubarak Fatima , Rehman Abdul , Baloch Noor Ul-Ain
Published: June 2018

Introduction

In patients with cranial venous sinus thrombosis, the occurrence of subarachnoid haemorrhage in association with haemorrhagic venous infarcts is a well described phenomenon. However, the presence of subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with cranial venous sinus thrombosis in the absence of a haemorrhagic venous infarct is exceedingly rare.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed charts and scans of all patients who had cranial venous sinus thrombosis confirmed by magnetic resonance venography at our hospital between September 2004 and May 2015. The presence of subarachnoid haemorrhage was ascertained on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, susceptibility-weighted imaging and/or unenhanced computed tomography scans by a single experienced neuroradiologist. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Differences in the proportion of haemorrhagic venous infarcts among patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage versus those without subarachnoid haemorrhage were compared using the chi-square test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

A total of 138 patients who had cranial venous sinus thrombosis were included in the study. Seventy-three (52.9%) were women and the median age of subjects was 35 (interquartile range 22–47) years. Venous infarcts and haemorrhagic venous infarcts were noted in 20/138 (14.5%) and 62/138 (44.9%) cases, respectively. Subarachnoid haemorrhage was present in 15/138 (10.9%) cases and, in three cases, subarachnoid haemorrhage occurred in the absence of a venous infarct. Haemorrhagic venous infarcts were more prevalent ( P = 0.021) among patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (11/15) than in those without subarachnoid haemorrhage (51/123).

Conclusion

In patients with cranial venous sinus thrombosis, subarachnoid haemorrhage can occur even in the absence of a haemorrhagic venous infarct. The recognition of cranial venous sinus thrombosis as the underlying cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage is important to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate management.
Anatomic reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament with tibial tuberosity–patellar tendon autograft for chronic lateral ankle instability
Authors: Chen Can , Lu Hongbin , Hu Jianzhong , Qiu Xuqiang , Li Xiong , Sun Deyi , Qu Jin , Zhang Tao , Xu Daqi
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

Anatomic repair of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) is challenging when the local ligamentous tissue is severely attenuated. Anatomic reconstruction of the ATFL with tibial tuberosity–patellar tendon (TT-PT) autograft is a feasible choice that can avoid the complicated tendon–bone healing and restore ankle stability.

Materials and methods:

From 2009 to 2015, 31 chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) patients (31 ankles), who had a serious injury on the ATFL only, were treated with anatomic reconstruction of ATFL with TT-PT. American orthopedic foot and ankle society ankle–hindfoot score (AHS), visual analog scale for pain score (VAS), Karlsson–Peterson score, Tegner activity level, and objective examination comprehending range of motion were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes before and after operation. Radiographically, talar tilt angles and anterior drawer were assessed in pre- and postoperative ankle stress views.

Results:

Among the 31 ankles, 17 ankles with single-bundle ATFL and 14 ankles with double-bundle ATFL were found at operation. At a mean follow-up of 42 months (24–82 months), all patients were satisfied with the procedure. Mean AHS significantly increased from 60.5 ± 8.2 to 93.5 ± 4.8. Mean Karlsson–Peterson score significantly increased from 55.2 ± 11.0 preoperatively to 91.2 ± 6.9 at final follow-up. Average VAS significantly decreased from 5.9 ± 1.6 preoperatively to 1.4 ± 1.0 at the latest follow-up. Mean Tegner activity level was 3.7 ± 0.9 before operation, compared with 7.0 ± 0.8 after operation. On stress radiographs, mean talar tilt angle was 17.0 ± 3.4° before operation and 3.8 ± 2.1° at the latest follow-up. In addition, mean anterior tibiotalar translation was 7.5 ± 2.2 mm before operation and 1.8 ± 1.1 mm at the latest follow-up.

Conclusion:

Anatomic reconstruction of the ATFL using a TT-PT autograft allows bone–bone healing in talus and tendon–tendon/periosteum healing in fibula rather than requiring tendon–bone healing, which is an alternative choice for treating CLAI caused by single ATFL insufficiency.