bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fullerene‐Based In Situ Doping of N and Fe into a 3D Cross‐Like Hierarchical Carbon Composite for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Peng Zhiyao , Hu Yajing , Wang Jingjing , Liu Sijie , Li Chenxi , Jiang Qinglong , Lu Jun , Zeng Xiaoqiao , Peng Ping , Li Fang‐Fang
Published: February 2019

Fullerene‐based carbons are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their unique carbon structures and tunable architectures at the molecular level. By introducing various functional groups with many elements on the fullerene cages, diverse in situ metal/nonmetal‐doped carbon materials with enhanced pseudocapacitances and/or double layer capacitances can be prepared. In the present work, a fullerene derivative, ferrocenylpyrrolidine C60, containing nitrogen and iron, is chosen as the only precursor. A unique microstructure is fabricated by a liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation process. Subsequently, a facile, one‐step annealing of the microstructure at different temperatures is performed. A series of in situ N and Fe‐codoped laminated 3D hierarchical carbon composites in the shape of a cross are successfully synthesized. The as‐prepared N and Fe‐codoped carbon material treated at 700 °C exhibits a high specific capacitance of 505.4 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. To the best knowledge, this is the highest supercapacitor capacitance based on fullerene electrode materials. The use of a fullerene derivative as an in‐situ doped carbon for applications in energy storage opens a new avenue for developing future synthetic strategies to extend the repertoire of electrode materials with high performance.
Lithium/Oxygen Incorporation and Microstructural Evolution during Synthesis of Li‐Rich Layered Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 Oxides
Authors: Hua Weibo , Chen Mingzhe , Schwarz Björn , Knapp Michael , Bruns Michael , Barthel Juri , Yang Xiushan , Sigel Florian , Azmi Raheleh , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Missiul Alkesandr , Simonelli Laura , Etter Martin , Wang Suning , Mu Xiaoke , Fiedler Andy , Binder Joachim R. , Guo Xiaodong , Chou Shulei , Zhong Benhe , Indris Sylvio , Ehrenberg Helmut
Published: February 2019

As promising cathode materials, the lithium‐excess 3d‐transition‐metal layered oxides can deliver much higher capacities (>250 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) than the current commercial layered oxide materials (≈180 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) used in lithium ion batteries. Unfortunately, the original formation mechanism of these layered oxides during synthesis is not completely elucidated, that is, how is lithium and oxygen inserted into the matrix structure of the precursor during lithiation reaction? Here, a promising and practical method, a coprecipitation route followed by a microwave heating process, for controllable synthesis of cobalt‐free lithium‐excess layered compounds is reported. A series of the consistent results unambiguously confirms that oxygen atoms are successively incorporated into the precursor obtained by a coprecipitation process to maintain electroneutrality and to provide the coordination sites for inserted Li ions and transition metal cations via a high‐temperature lithiation. It is found that the electrochemical performances of the cathode materials are strongly related to the phase composition and preparation procedure. The monoclinic layered Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 cathode materials with state‐of‐the‐art electrochemical performance and comparably high discharge capacities of 171 mAh g−1 at 10 C are obtained by microwave annealing at 750 °C for 2 h.
Survivin facilitates T‐helper 2–biased inflammation in the airway
Authors: Xue Jin‐Mei , Zhao Mei‐Zhen , Ma Fei , Li Shan‐Shan , Mo Li‐Hua , Zeng Xian‐Hai , Wu Yong‐Jin , Liu Jiang‐Qi , Hu Tian‐Yong , Xie Rui‐Di , Liu Zhi‐Gang , Zhao Chang‐Qing , Yang Ping‐Chang
Published: February 2019

Background

The biased T helper 2 (Th2) responses play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergy. The underlying mechanism is not fully understood yet. Survivin can regulate multiple cellular activities. This study aims to elucidate the role of survivin in the development and maintenance of Th2 polarization.

Methods

CD4+ T cells were isolated from blood samples collected from patients with allergic asthma (AS) and HS control (HS) subjects. Mice carrying CD4+ T cells with survivin knockout (KO mice) were employed to test the role of survivin in the development of the biased Th2 responses.

Results

KO mice failed to induce airway allergy. Peripheral CD4+ T cells expressed survivin, which was higher in the AS group than that in the HS group. Naive CD4+ T cells with higher expression of survivin were prone to differentiating into Th2 cells. Survivin bound to the Il4 promoter in CD4+ T cells to enhance Il4 gene transcription. The expression of Fas was lower in CD4+ T cells of the AS group than that in the HS group. Overexpression of survivin suppressed the expression of Fas and impaired the activation‐induced cell death (AICD) of CD4+ T cells.

Conclusion

Survivin facilitates the development of biased Th2 polarization through promoting expression of interleukin 4 (IL‐4) and impairing the AICD machinery of CD4+ T cells. To modulate the expression of survivin in CD4+ T cells has the translational potential in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Chiral Heteroaromatic Propellers with Small Optical Bandgaps
Authors: Navakouski Maksim , Zhylitskaya Halina , Chmielewski Piotr J. , Lis Tadeusz , Cybińska Joanna , Stępień Marcin
Published: February 2019

Chiral heteroaromatic propellers based on radially π‐extended hexapyrrolohexaazacoronenes were obtained in a concise synthesis from suitably functionalized donor–acceptor monopyrroles. To overcome steric hindrance, a new cyclodehydrogenation method was developed, and it uses bromine electrophiles as oxidative coupling agents instead of the commonly employed high‐potential oxidants. The new reaction offers high yields of propeller‐shaped targets, even for electron‐deficient precursors, and shows electrophile‐dependent stereoselectivity, with N‐bromosuccinimide and dibromine yielding, respectively D6‐ and C2‐symmetric products. The propeller azacoronenes are chiral and can be separated into configurationally stable enantiomers. In addition to providing steric bulk, peripheral functionalization considerably affects the electronic properties of the propellers, which exhibit reduced optical and electrochemical band gaps, and a more clearly defined electroreduction behavior.
Phosphahelicenes: From Chiroptical and Photophysical Properties to OLED Applications
Authors: Yavari Keihann , Delaunay Wylliam , De Rycke Nicolas , Reynaldo Thibault , Aillard Paul , Srebro‐Hooper Monika , Chang Victoria Y. , Muller Gilles , Tondelier Denis , Geffroy Bernard , Voituriez Arnaud , Marinetti Angela , Hissler Muriel , Crassous Jeanne
Published: February 2019

Herein, the experimental physicochemical and chiroptical properties of a series of phosphahelicenes are reported, focusing on their UV/Vis absorption, luminescence, electronic circular dichroism, optical rotations, and circularly polarized luminescence. Furthermore, detailed analysis of absorption and ECD spectra performed with the help of quantum‐chemical calculations allowed us to highlight general features of these helicenic phosphines. Finally, due to well‐suited electrochemical properties and thermal stability, the systems were successfully used as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes.
Hydrogen supply via power‐to‐gas application in the renewable fuels regulations of petroleum fuels
Authors: Alsubaie Abdullah A. , Fowler Michael , Elkamel Ali
Published: February 2019

Power‐to‐gas (PtG) is an evolving energy storage technique that can transfer surplus and intermittent renewable generated power into a marketable hydrogen, among other ancillary services for the electrical grid. This study provides a comparative assessment of blending 10 % corn‐ethanol and using an electrolytic hydrogen supply via PtG on the well to wheel of gasoline fuel, based on Ontario's energy system. The analysis is performed using the GREET® model to investigate the energy and emissions results of the subject comparison. Consequently, PtG renewable hydrogen, when used for gasoline production, is found to decrease 4.6 % of the natural gas consumption of the gasoline cycle and, therefore, increase the renewable content of gasoline. Furthermore, the deployment of electrolytic hydrogen at the refinery results in minimizing gasoline carbon intensity by 0.15 kg CO2e per 100 km (0.5 g CO2e per MJ) of the fuel. When associated with the annual gasoline sales in Ontario, the use of electrolytic hydrogen can offer a reduction of 0.26 MT of greenhouse gas emissions yearly. Moreover, the hydrogen supply from the PtG method used for gasoline production may contribute to lowering VOCs, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5 criteria air pollutants from the gasoline cycle, which cannot be achieved with blending corn‐based ethanol. Therefore, the results of this paper support the inclusion of the PtG concept in renewable fuels regulations for petroleum fuels.
Improvement of Aglycone π‐Stacking Yields Nanomolar to Sub‐nanomolar FimH Antagonists
Authors: Schönemann Wojciech , Cramer Jonathan , Mühlethaler Tobias , Fiege Brigitte , Silbermann Marleen , Rabbani Said , Dätwyler Philipp , Zihlmann Pascal , Jakob Roman P. , Sager Christoph P. , Smieško Martin , Schwardt Oliver , Maier Timm , Ernst Beat
Published: February 2019

Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious concern for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In this context, an anti‐adhesive approach targeting FimH, a bacterial lectin enabling the attachment of E. coli to host cells, has attracted considerable interest. FimH can adopt a low/medium‐affinity state in the absence and a high‐affinity state in the presence of shear forces. Until recently, mostly the high‐affinity state has been investigated, despite the fact that a therapeutic antagonist should bind predominantly to the low‐affinity state. In this communication, we demonstrate that fluorination of biphenyl α‐d‐mannosides leads to compounds with perfect π–π stacking interactions with the tyrosine gate of FimH, yielding low nanomolar to sub‐nanomolar KD values for the low‐ and high‐affinity states, respectively. The face‐to‐face alignment of the perfluorinated biphenyl group of FimH ligands and Tyr48 was confirmed by crystal structures as well as 1H,15N‐HSQC NMR analysis. Finally, fluorination improves pharmacokinetic parameters predictive for oral availability.
An intelligent and robust conditional privacy preserving authentication and group‐key management scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks using elliptic curve cryptosystem
Authors: Pulagara Seshu Babu , Alphonse P.J.A.
Published: February 2019

From the last decade, every developing nations are focusing on the smart cities. Smart city will provide all necessary services, ie, water management, waste management, traffic management, and health services, to its citizens effectively. A new paradigm in the smart vehicles is able to form a network called vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). There is a wireless enabled roadside unit (RSU) through which the vehicle drivers can effectively exchange the important traffic data and take proper driving decisions. Each roadside unit is capable of managing some vehicles, which can form a group. There are many schemes available for data transmission in VANET group but they are less secured. In this paper, we propose an intelligent conditional privacy preserving scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks using elliptic curve cryptography. The security analysis showed that the proposed scheme is intelligent, efficient, and easily deployable.
A compact CMOS DC‐DC buck converter based on a novel complement value leaping PWM technique
Authors: Monfaredi Khalil , Yousefi Mousa , Razyani Kamran
Published: February 2019

A very compact ultra‐low power DC‐DC buck converter is presented. The proposed buck converter employs a novel complement value leaping pulse‐width modulation (PWM) technique to realize the desired DC mean‐value for various loads. Incorporating just two counters with a simple digital controller to load the repeatedly complemented value of the 4bit up/down counter as the initial value of the least significant bits of the 5bit up counter, a PWM pulse is created to manage the charge/recharge period. The realized PWM signal maintains the same desired output voltage mean value for any load resistance between 80 and 140 Ω. The switching frequency is 160 kHz, and the overall power consumption is 26.9 nW, while the efficiency is 93.4% for current range of 1.7 to 3 mA. The performance of the proposed converter is validated by Cadence post‐layout simulations utilizing TSMC180nm CMOS technology for 1‐V supply voltage providing the output voltage mean value of 0.24 V.
Characteristics of a dual‐radio‐frequency cylindrical inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Hua Yue , Song Jian , Hao Zeyu , Zhang Gailing , Ren Chunsheng
Published: February 2019

The plasma parameters such as electron density, effective electron temperature, plasma potential, and uniformity are investigated in a new dual‐frequency cylindrical inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source operating at two frequencies (2 and 13.56 MHz) and two antennas (a two‐turn high‐frequency antenna and a six‐turn low‐frequency (LF) antenna). It is found that the electron density increases with 2 MHz power, whereas the electron temperature and plasma potential decrease with 2 MHz power at a fixed 13.56 MHz power. Moreover, the plasma uniformity can be improved by adjusting the LF power. These results indicate that a dual‐frequency synergistic discharge in a cylindrical ICP can produce a high‐density, low‐potential, low‐effective‐electron‐temperature, and uniform plasma.
Protective role of sitagliptin against oxidative stress in a kainic acid‐induced status epilepticus in rats models via Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway
Authors: Wang Chong‐Hao , Zhu Na
Published: February 2019

Aim: Sitagliptin (Sita) is a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor which has been approved as a curing medicine for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and has also reported its neuroprotective and antioxidant activity. This article describes the therapeutic eﬀects of Sita on induced rat model of SE by kainic acid (KA) and investigated the antioxidative pathway of sita. Methods: Sprague–Dawley male rats were used randomly divided in four groups: vehicle control, KA and Sita + KA in a 5 and 10 mg/kg doses respectively in further groups. SE in rats was induced by the administration of KA in Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) intraperitoneally (IP) in a dose of 15 mg/kg. Seizure intensity, oxidative stress parameters, TUNEL assay, histopathology, and Nrf2/HO‐1 expressions were evaluated. Results: Increment in the latency in SE results in delaying the initiation of disease in the pretreated rats by Sita compared to induce group (KA) as well the percentage of occurrence of SE was decreased. The content of MDA elevates whereas the SOD production decreases on administering the KA at various time intervals. Sita shows protective action against the KA‐induced SE by reducing the oxidative stress thus inhibiting the change in SOD and MDA was observed after KA administration prior SE onset. Based on the above results, the study explains possible molecular mechanism of Sita. Sita Pretreatment showed significant elevation in expression of Nrf2 and HO‐1 proteins in hippocampus region of the brain. Conclusion: Above parameters defines the potential effect of Sita on brain injury occurred due to SE by anti‐oxidative pathway.
Ectomycorrhizas and tree seedling establishment are strongly influenced by forest edge proximity but not soil inoculum
Authors: Grove Sara , Saarman Norah P. , Gilbert Gregory S. , Faircloth Brant , Haubensak Karen A. , Parker Ingrid M.
Published: February 2019

Reforestation is challenging when timber harvested areas have been degraded, invaded by nonnative species, or are of marginal suitability to begin with. Conifers form mutualistic partnerships with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to obtain greater access to soil resources, and these partnerships may be especially important in degraded areas. However, timber harvest can impact mycorrhizal fungi by removing or compacting topsoil, removing host plants, and warming and drying the soil. We used a field experiment to evaluate the role of EMF in Douglas‐fir reforestation in clearcuts invaded by Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) where traditional reforestation approaches have repeatedly failed. We tested how planting distance from intact Douglas‐fir forest edges influenced reforestation success and whether inoculation with forest soils can be used to restore EMF relationships. We used an Illumina DNA sequencing approach to measure the abundance, richness and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on Douglas‐fir roots, and assessed differences in Douglas‐fir seedling survival and growth near to and far from forest edges with and without forest soil inoculum. Planting Douglas‐fir seedlings near forest edges increased seedling survival, growth, and EMF root colonization. Edge proximity had no effect on EMF richness but did change fungal community composition. Inoculations with forest soil did not increase EMF abundance or richness or change community composition, nor did it improve seedling establishment. With Illumina sequencing, we identified two to three times greater species richness than described in previous edge effects studies. Of the 95 EMF species we identified, 40% of the species occurred on less than 5% of the seedlings. The ability to detect fungi at low abundance may explain why we did not detect differences in EMF richness with distance to hosts as previous studies. Our findings suggest that forest edges are suitable for reforestation, even when the interiors of deforested areas are not. We advocate for timber harvest designs that maximize edge habitat where ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to tree establishment. However, this study does not support the use of inoculation with forest soil as a simple method to enhance EMF and seedling survival.
Incomplete datasets obscure associations between traits affecting dispersal ability and geographic range size of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Authors: Alzate Adriana , van der Plas Fons , Zapata Fernando A. , Bonte Dries , Etienne Rampal S.
Published: February 2019

Dispersal is thought to be an important process determining range size, especially for species in highly spatially structured habitats, such as tropical reef fishes. Despite intensive research efforts, there is conflicting evidence about the role of dispersal in determining range size. We hypothesize that traits related to dispersal drive range sizes, but that complete and comprehensive datasets are essential for detecting relationships between species’ dispersal ability and range size. We investigate the roles of six traits affecting several stages of dispersal (adult mobility, spawning mode, pelagic larval duration (PLD), body size, aggregation behavior, and circadian activity), in explaining range size variation of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). All traits, except for PLD (148 species), had data for all 497 species in the region. Using a series of statistical models, we investigated which traits were associated with large range sizes, when analyzing all TEP species or only species with PLD data. Furthermore, using null models, we analyzed whether the PLD‐subset is representative of the regional species pool. Several traits affecting dispersal ability were strongly associated with range size, although these relationships could not be detected when using the PLD‐subset. Pelagic spawners (allowing for passive egg dispersal) had on average 56% larger range sizes than nonpelagic spawners. Species with medium or high adult mobility had on average a 25% or 33% larger range, respectively, than species with low mobility. Null models showed that the PLD‐subset was nonrepresentative of the regional species pool, explaining why model outcomes using the PLD‐subset differed from the ones based on the complete dataset. Our results show that in the TEP, traits affecting dispersal ability are important in explaining range size variation. Using a regionally complete dataset was crucial for detecting the theoretically expected, but so far empirically unresolved, relationship between dispersal and range size.
The development and prevalidation of anin vitromutagenicity assay based on MutaMouse primary hepatocytes, Part II: Assay performance for the identification of mutagenic chemicals
Authors: Cox Julie A. , Zwart Edwin P. , Luijten Mirjam , White Paul A.
Published: February 2019

As demonstrated in Part I, cultured MutaMouse primary hepatocytes (PHs) are suitable cells for use in anin vitrogene mutation assay due to their metabolic competence, their “normal” phenotype, and the presence of the MutaMouse transgene for reliable mutation scoring. The performance of these cells in anin vitrogene mutation assay is evaluated in this study, Part II. A panel of 13 mutagenic and nonmutagenic compounds was selected to investigate the performance of the MutaMouse PHin vitrogene mutation assay. The nine mutagens represent a range of classes of chemicals and include mutagens that are both direct‐acting and requiring metabolic activation. All the mutagens tested, except for ICR 191, elicited significant, concentration‐dependent increases in mutant frequency (MF) ranging from 2.6‐ to 14.4‐fold over the control. None of the four nonmutagens, including two misleading, or “false,” positives (i.e., tertiary butylhydroquinone [TBHQ] and eugenol), yielded any significant increases in MF. The benchmark dose covariate approach facilitated ranking of the positive chemicals from most (i.e., 3‐nitrobenzanthrone [3‐NBA], benzo[a]pyrene [BaP], and aflatoxin B1[AFB1]) to least (i.e.,N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea [ENU]) potent. Overall, the results of this preliminary validation study suggest that this assay may serve as a complimentary tool alongside the standard genotoxicity test battery. This study, alongside Part I, illustrates the promise of MutaMouse PHs for use in anin vitrogene mutation assay, particularly for chemicals requiring metabolic activation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:348–360, 2019. © 2019 The Authors.Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesispublished by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
Study on the Structure Characteristics of Diesel Engine Particulates Based on Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Ruina Li , Zhong Wang , Shuai Liu
Published: February 2019

In this article, the particulates formed by the combustion of diesel, 20% and 50% biodiesel blended in diesel (denoted as B20 and B50, respectively), and biodiesel were collected. The micromorphologies of the particulates were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering technique was used to analyze the gyration radius, size distribution, interfacial characteristics, and fractal characteristics of the particulates. The results show that the size of the particulates formed by combustion of the fuels was concentrated between 10 and 35 nm and obeyed a Gaussian distribution. Moreover, the addition of biodiesel to diesel led to smaller particulate sizes for the biodiesel/diesel blend: the mean radii of the particulates for diesel, B20, B50, and biodiesel were 11.5 nm, 10.8 nm, 10.2 nm, and 9.7 nm, respectively. In addition, an interfacial layer was observed between the particulates, and the average interfacial thickness of the particulates was between 1.54 and 1.89 nm. The mass fractal dimension of the particulates was between 0.2 and 2.5, and the surface fractal dimension of the particulates was between 2.1 and 2.9. The addition of biodiesel to diesel resulted in a more compact particulate structure and the rougher surface. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Synthesis of Alpha‐Fe2O3 nanospheres and its dark‐degradation for organic dye pollutions
Authors: Wu Fengmin , Wang Xiaowei , Li Mei , Xu Hang
Published: February 2019

The removal of organic dye from aqueous solution is crucial to human health and environmental pollution. Herein, α‐Fe2O3 nanospheres were synthesized through sol–gel method and applied as adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The precursor samples annealed at different temperature were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed the as‐prepared sample was α‐Fe2O3 phase with well‐crystallized rhombohedra structure. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope showed that the synthesized α‐Fe2O3 product was consisted of nanospheres. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller showed the synthesized samples exhibited possessing high specific surface area with mesoporous structures. The as‐prepared synthesized α‐Fe2O3 nanospheres had excellent degraded properties; the maximum degradation rate for MB was around 94% within 10 min when the α‐Fe2O3 nanospheres content was 0.15 g L−1. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Soft‐Template Synthesis of Hybrid Carbon and Carbon Nitride Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of Methylene Blue under Visible Light
Authors: Li Yan , Meng Meng , Ji Chunnuan , Teng Shuai , Gao Luyao , Qu Rongjun , Yang Zhenglong , Sun Changmei , Zhang Ying
Published: February 2019

The porous hybrid carbon and carbon nitride composites (C/CN‐P123‐x) with higher adsorption capacity and improved photocatalytic activity for methylene blue (MB) degradation were obtained using partially formaldehyde‐modified dicyandiamide and amphiphilic block polymers (P123) as precursor and soft‐template, respectively. The structures of as‐prepared composites were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of carbon content on the structure of the composites and the catalytic activity for the photodegradation of MB were determined under visible light. The optimal carbon content is determined to be 27.17 wt % on the C/CN‐P123‐0.8 with MB photodegradation rate of 0.0115 min−1, which was 1.92 times higher than that of C/CN‐P123‐0. The remarkably increased photocatalytic performance arises from the synergistic effect of hybrid carbon and graphitic carbon nitride. Also, the possible degradation mechanism of C/CN‐P123‐0.8 for MB was proposed. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Deep convolutional neural network for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules on ultrasound
Authors: Ko Su Yeon , Lee Ji Hye , Yoon Jung Hyun , Na Hyesun , Hong Eunhye , Han Kyunghwa , Jung Inkyung , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Moon Hee Jung , Park Vivian Y. , Lee Eunjung , Kwak Jin Young
Published: February 2019

Background

We designed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to diagnose thyroid malignancy on ultrasound (US) and compared the diagnostic performance of CNN with that of experienced radiologists.

Methods

Between May 2012 and February 2015, 589 thyroid nodules in 519 patients were diagnosed as benign or malignant by surgical excision. Experienced radiologists retrospectively reviewed the US of the thyroid nodules in a test set. CNNs were trained and tested using retrospective data of 439 and 150 US images, respectively. Diagnostic performances were compared between the two groups.

Results

Of the 589 thyroid nodules, 396 were malignant and 193 were benign. The area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosing thyroid malignancy was 0.805‐0.860 for radiologists. The AUCs for diagnosing thyroid malignancy for the three CNNs were 0.845, 0.835, and 0.850. There was no significant difference in AUC between radiologists and CNNs.

Conclusions

CNNs showed comparable diagnostic performance compared to experienced radiologists in differentiating thyroid malignancy on US.
Synthesis and Reactivity of 5‐Bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile (BrC5N): an Access to π‐Conjugated Scaffolds
Authors: Kerisit Nicolas , Ligny Romain , Gauthier Etienne S. , Guégan Jean‐Paul , Toupet Loïc , Guillemin Jean‐Claude , Trolez Yann
Published: February 2019

The synthesis of 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile (BrC5N) in three steps from commercially available compounds is reported. Reacting 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile with secondary amines led to the formation of stable butadiynamines or enynenitriles, depending on the nature of the amine reactant. The reaction of 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile with simple terminal alkynes in the presence of secondary amines, copper, and palladium catalysts, provided a straightforward access to original polyfunctional carbon‐rich scaffolds. In this work, different alkynes and secondary amines were tested, which allowed for the preparation of a family of substituted dienes. Given the high synthetic potential of 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile, we also prepared iodinated counterparts of this compound, that is, 5‐iodopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile and its lower homologue 3‐iodopropiolonitrile. The UV‐visible spectrum of some relevant compounds was also recorded.
Determinants of post‐migration changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours and implications for health promotion: Evidence from Australian residents of sub‐Saharan African ancestry
Authors: Addo Isaac Yeboah , Brener Loren , Asante Augustine Danso , de Wit John
Published: February 2019

Issue addressed

Several studies have attributed excess weight gain after immigration to changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours. However, recognising the main factors that influence post‐migration changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours is less clear, particularly among Australian residents of sub‐Saharan African (SSA) ancestry. Drawing on acculturation theory, this study examines main factors driving changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours among Australian residents who were born in SSA and provides insight into the extent to which the factors are related to immigration.

Methods

A qualitative design based on a phenomenological approach was employed and a quota sampling technique was used to recruit 24 study participants for in‐depth interviews.

Results

The study found significant self‐reported changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours after immigration that increase the risk of excess weight gain. The changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours were mainly driven by issues related to availability, accessibility and affordability of dietary and physical activity products. Time management and factors related to convenience also emerged as key determinants of change in dietary and physical activity behaviours. Apparently, some factors noted by participants shape dietary and physical activity behaviours irrespective of immigration, and these factors include: tastes and cravings for foods; friends and family influence on behaviour; and misconceptions about food and exercise.

Conclusion

Migration from SSA to Australia contributed to changes (mainly less healthy) in dietary and physical activity behaviours. To a large extent, post‐migration changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours were driven by socio‐economic and environmental factors.

So what?

Health promotion programs that address the risky behaviours associated with excess weight gain among Australian residents of SSA ancestry should pay more attention to socio‐economic and environmental factors.
Numerical computation of nonlinear oscillatory two‐immiscible magnetohydrodynamic flow in dual porous media system: FTCS and FEM study
Authors: Bég Osama Anwar , Zaman Akbar , Ali Nasir , Gaffar Shaik Abdul , Bég Eemaan T.
Published: February 2019

The transient Hartmann magnetohydrodynamic flow of two immiscible fluids flowing through a horizontal channel containing two porous media with oscillating lateral wall mass flux is studied. A two‐dimensional spatial model is developed for two fluids, one of which is electrically conducting and the other is electrically insulating. Both the fluid regimes are driven by a common pressure gradient. A Darcy‐Forchheimer drag force model is used to simulate the porous media effects on the flow in both the fluid regimes. Special boundary conditions are imposed at the interface. The governing second‐order nonlinear partial differential dimensionless equations are obtained for each region using a set of transformations. The resulting transport equations are controlled by the Hartmann hydromagnetic parameter (Ha), viscosity ratio parameter (α), two Darcy numbers (Da
1 and Da
2), two Forchheimer numbers (Fs
1 and Fs
2), two Reynolds numbers (Re
1 and Re
2), frequency parameter (
εA) associated with the transpiration (lateral wall flux) velocity and a periodic frequency parameter (
ω*t*). Numerical forward time/central space finite‐difference solutions are obtained for a wide range of the governing parameters. Bench marking is performed with a Galerkin finite‐element method (MAGNETO‐FEM), and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. Applications of the model include magnetic cleanup operations in coastal/ocean seabed oil spills and electromagnetic purification of petroleum reservoir fluids.
External Bone Size Is a Key Determinant of Strength-Decline Trajectories of Aging Male Radii
Authors: Bigelow Erin MR , Patton Daniella M , Ward Ferrous S , Ciarelli Antonio , Casden Michael , Clark Andrea , Goulet Robert W , Morris Michael D , Schlecht Stephen H , Mandair Gurjit S , Bredbenner Todd L , Kohn David H , Jepsen Karl J
Published: February 2019

Given prior work showing associations between remodeling and external bone size, we tested the hypothesis that wide bones would show a greater negative correlation between whole-bone strength and age compared with narrow bones. Cadaveric male radii (n = 37 pairs, 18 to 89 years old) were evaluated biomechanically, and samples were sorted into narrow and wide subgroups using height-adjusted robustness (total area/bone length). Strength was 54% greater (p < 0.0001) in wide compared with narrow radii for young adults (<40 years old). However, the greater strength of young-adult wide radii was not observed for older wide radii, as the wide (R2 = 0.565, p = 0.001), but not narrow (R2 = 0.0004, p = 0.944) subgroup showed a significant negative correlation between strength and age. Significant positive correlations between age and robustness (R2 = 0.269, p = 0.048), cortical area (Ct.Ar; R2 = 0.356, p = 0.019), and the mineral/matrix ratio (MMR; R2 = 0.293, p = 0.037) were observed for narrow, but not wide radii (robustness: R2 = 0.015, p = 0.217; Ct.Ar: R2 = 0.095, p = 0.245; MMR: R2 = 0.086, p = 0.271). Porosity increased with age for the narrow (R2 = 0.556, p = 0.001) and wide (R2 = 0.321, p = 0.022) subgroups. The wide subgroup (p < 0.0001) showed a significantly greater elevation of a new measure called the Cortical Pore Score, which quantifies the cumulative effect of pore size and location, indicating that porosity had a more deleterious effect on strength for wide compared with narrow radii. Thus, the divergent strength–age regressions implied that narrow radii maintained a low strength with aging by increasing external size and mineral content to mechanically offset increases in porosity. In contrast, the significant negative strength–age correlation for wide radii implied that the deleterious effect of greater porosity further from the centroid was not offset by changes in outer bone size or mineral content. Thus, the low strength of elderly male radii arose through different biomechanical mechanisms. Consideration of different strength–age regressions (trajectories) may inform clinical decisions on how best to treat individuals to reduce fracture risk. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Inhibition of apoptosis via CHIP‐mediated proteasomal degradation of TAp73α
Authors: Tanwar Kamia , Pati Uttam
Published: February 2019

TAp73, a homologous of tumor suppressor p53, regulates apoptosis in a p53‐independent manner and its suppressive as well as stimulatory role in promoting angiogenesis has been reported. It exists in multiple isoforms which varies structurally in their N‐terminus and C‐terminus region and crucial interplay among them guides the decision of cell survival and death. As molecular chaperones control both stability and degradation of TAp73, selective regulation of p73 isoforms has implication upon developing new therapeutic for hypoxic tumor. We have discovered that under DNA damage carboxy terminus Hsp70 interacting protein (CHIP's) antiapoptotic function is displayed via its E3 ligase activity that inhibits exclusively TAp73α‐mediated apoptosis in cancer cell. The decrease in TAp73α level by CHIP as it is supported by increased ubiquitination pattern is reverted back by sh‐CHIP. Further, the transactivation of p53‐downstream apoptotic genes BAX, PUMA and PIG3 by TAp73α is also shown to be subsequently inhibited by CHIP. The tetratricopeptide TPR‐domain of CHIP in its amino‐terminus interacts with the carboxy‐terminus of TAp73α and ΔNp73α and as a result, U‐BOX domain of CHIP in the carboxy‐terminus is able to ubiquitinate TAp73α for proteasomal degradation. Due to lack of C‐terminus in TAp73β, CHIP fails to interact with and degrade it. In conclusion, we have thus uncovered for the first time a novel mechanism of chaperone‐assisted regulation of p73 stability as well as its apoptotic functions by CHIP that might be utilized to develop new anticancer strategies.
Six‐transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 is associated with tumor invasion and migration in endometrial carcinomas
Authors: Sun Jiali , Ji Guoxin , Xie Jie , Jiao Zhi , Zhang Haozheng , Chen Jie
Published: February 2019

Six‐transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), a member of the STEAP family, is a general tumor antigen. However, no information has been available to date regarding the function of STEAP1 in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo strategies to prove that STEAP1 plays an important role in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of STEAP1 in normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancer cell lines. The progression of the cell cycle, plate clone formation assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to examine the effects of STEAP1 on cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, and their invasive capacity. In addition, we confirmed that STEAP1 was tightly correlated with the development of tumor in vivo. The relationship between epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and STEAP1 expression was evaluated by RT‐qPCR and Western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) zymography assay was used to detect the activities of MMP2 and MMP9. STEAP1 was restrictively expressed in endometrial carcinoma and downregulation of the STEAP1 gene increased proliferation and clonogenicity, as well as promoted cell migration, invasion, and the progress of EMT. STEAP1 is downregulated in endometrial carcinoma and can restrict migration and invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells. Overall, STEAP1 may be an ideal target for tumor therapy and diagnosis in the future.
Association of Crohn's disease with Foxp3 gene polymorphisms and its colonic expression in Chinese patients
Authors: Xia Shenglong , Zhang Daguan , Zheng Shuzi , Wu Chaoqun , Lin Qianru , Ying Shijie , Shao Xiaoxiao , Jiang Yi
Published: February 2019

Background

Fork head/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3) plays a pivotal role in regulatory T (Treg) cells. The present study aimed to assess the association of Crohn's disease (CD) with Foxp3 polymorphisms and its colonic expression in Chinese patients.

Methods

The Foxp3 polymorphisms, rs3761547, rs2232365, rs2294021, and rs3761548, were examined by SNaPshot in 268 CD patients and 490 controls. The colonic expression levels of Foxp3, IL‐2, and IL‐4 were detected in 31 CD patients and 31 controls using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Compared to male controls, the proportion of variant allele of rs3761547 was increased in male patients. The variant alleles of rs3761547, rs2232365, and rs2294021 were less in male patients with stricturing CD compared to those with non‐stricturing, non‐penetrating CD; however, these variants were frequently detected in male patients with colonic CD than in those with ileocolonic CD. The variant allele of rs3761548 was increased in male patients with penetrating CD compared to those with non‐stricturing, non‐penetrating CD. The colonic expression of Foxp3 was higher in CD patients than in controls (both males and females). Compared to male patients carrying wild‐type alleles, the colonic expression of Foxp3 was downregulated in male patients with variant alleles, rs3761547, rs2232365, rs2294021, and rs3761548, respectively. However, the Foxp3 polymorphisms were not significantly related with the colonic expression levels of IL‐2 and IL‐4 in CD patients (both males and females).

Conclusion

Foxp3 polymorphisms might increase the CD susceptibility by reducing the colonic expression of Foxp3 in male patients.
Long noncoding RNA LINC00483/microRNA‐144 regulates radiosensitivity and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma by interacting with HOXA10
Authors: Yang Qing‐Shan , Li Bin , Xu Ge , Yang Si‐Qi , Wang Peng , Tang Huai‐Hui , Liu Yuan‐Yuan
Published: February 2019

Lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play an important regulatory role in cancer biology, including that of LAD. The aim of this experiment was to explore the interaction of LINC00483, microRNA‐144 (miR‐144), and homeobox A10 (HOXA10), and their effects on radio sensitivity and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of LAD. Initially, microarray analysis was used to screen out miRNAs and lncRNAs, as well as the differentially expressed genes related to LAD. Following the screening process, the targeting relationship of LINC00483, miR‐144, and that of miR‐144 and HOXA10 was determined. Following that, the expression of LINC00483, miR‐144, messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as protein expression of HOXA10, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, E‐cadherin, vimentin, and N‐cadherin that followed in cells was determined. Also, the effect of LINC00483 on cell migration and invasion ability, and cell tumorigenic ability was detected. LINC00483 and HOXA10 were found to be upregulated whereas miR‐144 was downregulated in LAD. Silencing of LINC00483 could competitively bind to miR‐144, thereby upregulating HOXA10. LINC00483 or HOXA10 silencing led to decreased HOXA10, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, vimentin, and N‐cadherin but elevated miR‐144 and E‐cadherin. Moreover, after being transfected with silenced LINC00483, the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were inhibited with enhanced radiosensitivity. Consequently, the data of the study indicates that interference of LINC00483 weakens its competitive binding ability to miR‐144, thus reducing HOXA10 expression, and enhancing radiosensitivity in LAD.
Sonic hedgehog pathway activation regulates cervical cancer stem cell characteristics during epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Authors: Sharma Anuka , De Renaissa , Javed Shifa , Srinivasan Radhika , Pal Arnab , Bhattacharyya Shalmoli
Published: February 2019

Resistance to therapy and metastasis remains one of the leading causes of mortality due to cervical cancer despite advances in detection and treatment. The mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) provides conceptual explanation to the invasiveness and metastatic spread of cancer but it has not been fully understood in cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which silencing of E‐cadherin gene regulates EMT leading to proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance of cervical cancer cells through the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. We developed an in vitro EMT model by the knockdown of E‐cadherin expression in cervical cancer cell lines. To understand the role of developmental pathway like Hh in the progression of cervical cancer, we investigated the expression of Hh pathway mediators by array in E‐cadherin low cervical cancer cells and observed upregulation of Hh pathway. This was further validated on low passage patient‐derived cell lines and cervical carcinoma tissue sections from cervical cancer patients. Further, we evaluated the role of two inhibitors (cyclopamine and GANT58) of the Hh pathway on invasiveness and apoptosis in E‐cadherin low cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, we observed that inhibition of Hh pathway with GANT58 along with current therapeutic procedures could be more effective in targeting drug‐resistant EMT cells and bulk tumor cells in cervical cancer.
Autophagic regulation of platelet biology
Authors: Luo Xu‐ling , Jiang Jin‐yong , Huang Zhen , Chen Lin‐xi
Published: February 2019

Platelets, developed from megakaryocytes, are characterized by anucleate and short‐life span hemocyte in mammal vessel. Platelets are very important in the cardiovascular system. Studies indicate the occurrence of autophagy platelets and megakaryocytes. Moreover, abnormal autophagy decreases the number of platelets and suppresses platelet aggregation. In addition, mitophagy, as a kind of selective autophagy, could inhibit platelet aggregation under oxidative stress or hypoxic, whereas promote platelet aggregation after reperfusion. Finally, autophagy regulates hemorrhagic and thrombosis diseases by influencing the number and function of platelets. In this paper, the role of autophagy in platelets and megakaryocytes, as well as coupled with the promotive or inhibitory role of hemorrhagic and thrombosis diseases are elucidated. Therefore, autophagy may be a potentially therapeutic target in modulating the platelet‐related diseases.
Bacterial hyaluronic acid production through an alternative extraction method and its characterization
Authors: Güngör Gökhan , Gedikli Serap , Toptaş Yağmur , Akgün Dilber E , Demirbilek Murat , Yazıhan Nuray , Aytar Çelik Pınar , Denkbaş Emir B , Çabuk Ahmet
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) was produced using Streptococcus equi ssp. equi via an optimized Central Composite Design process, with purification by an alternative extraction method. Determinations of molecular weight, cytotoxicity, viscosity; proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H‐NMR) and Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflection (FTIR‐ATR) analyses were provided.

RESULTS

The HA yield obtained was up to c. 12 g L−1 under the reaction conditions of pH 7.8, 33 °C incubation temperature, 24 h incubation time and 187 rpm agitation rate. According to gel permeation chromatography results, HA has an average molecular weight of 79 416 Da. FTIR‐ATR analysis showed that the spectrum of the standard HA sample overlapped with the spectrum obtained from this study.

CONCLUSION

In this study, higher titer production of HA was obtained with a simple and economical sequential process. Additionally, the results indicate that the HA produced is an appropriate biomaterial for medical applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry