bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflicts of Law and Internet Jurisdiction in the US
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 9 focuses on conflicts of law and jurisdiction in internet cases before the US courts and contrasts the US approach with that found in EU states. It examines jurisdiction as emanating from the due process clause of the US Constitution and the relevant caselaw. It analyses jurisdictional due process and minimum contacts jurisprudence in general, the distinction between general and specific personal jurisdiction and the application of the jurisdictional principles to internet cases. It then continues by looking at specific doctrines and how they have evolved in respect of internet disputes, such as the effects doctrine, stream of commerce cases, and e-commerce contracts. The chapter analyses the doctrines tempering the assumption of jurisdiction and governing the interface with foreign law and, specifically forum non conveniens, comity, and reasonableness. Finally, it examines procedural jurisdiction in the context of adjudications and conflicts of law with regard to (civil litigation) evidence and draws conclusions from the subject matters examined.
Consumer Protection and Jurisdiction
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 10 examines the validity and enforceability of forum selection (jurisdiction) and choice of law (applicable law) clauses in consumer contracts in the US and in the EU, comparing two differing approaches to finding a balance between business’ interests, transactional efficiency, and consumer protection in e-commerce. The chapter explains the US jurisprudence, which has established a presumption in favour of the validity of jurisdiction and choice of law clauses in the absence of fraud, undue influence, or overweening bargaining power (US Supreme Court in Bremen and Carnival Cruise Lines v Shute). It contrasts the contractual analysis in the US, which may hold certain forms of clauses in adhesion contracts unenforceable, depending on the applicable state law with the stricter public policy approach in the EU, which implements consumer protection law through its private international law rules in the Brussels I Regulation and the Rome I Regulation. It examines the EU rules with respect to the types of consumers and consumer contracts to which the protective jurisdictional rules apply. The chapter critically analyses the jurisprudence on jurisdiction in internet and e-commerce cases and incisively conceptualizes the legal approaches and latest developments on both sides of the Atlantic. This includes the directing/targeting line of cases after Pammer/Alpenhof in the EU.
Deontic and Maximizing
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: May 2021

This chapter tackles the question of whether prudence is deontic (whether, in other words, there is such a thing as a prudential requirement), and whether prudence is maximizing (whether, in other words, one is prudentially required to act in accordance with the strongest balance of prudential reasons). I argue in the affirmative in both cases, against, most importantly, satisficing approaches to prudence.
How to Treat Someone with Respect
Authors: Sensen Oliver
Published: May 2021

Oliver Sensen analyses what, more concretely, one must do to respect someone. In order to find a universal criterion of respect, Sensen first distinguishes different usages of “respect,” such as “not using someone as a mere means,” “gaining another’s consent,” feeling esteem for someone, or being polite. Sensen argues that—while these usages are of central importance in our everyday life—they are not the universal respect that we always owe to all others. Rather, he argues, universal respect consists in not exalting oneself above others, which itself consists in not breaking rules that we regard as objectively necessary. The discovery of these necessary rules is largely an empirical matter that involves universal human needs, cultural norms, and giving others a voice in how they are treated. If one does not make an exception to these rules, one’s behavior is respectful toward all others.
Respect and the Dynamics of Finitude
Authors: Bagnoli Carla
Published: May 2021

Carla Bagnoli argues that Kant’s conception of respect as a moral feeling is crucial to any constructivist theory of practical reason because it provides the only satisfactory account of how moral commands carry subjective authority—how they are experienced as binding by finite agents endowed with rationality. Without positing a moral feeling of respect, a constructivist theory can account for objective moral obligations, but it cannot explain why finite agents can take an interest in action. This account centered on the moral feeling of respect is defended in contrast to the mechanisms of the “reflective endorsement” of moral ends or actions, which has been proposed by prominent Kantian constructivists. The theory of respect as a moral feeling is an integral and eliminable element of Kantian constructivism, whose absence compromises the constructivist account of practical reason and undermines its objectivist aspirations.
Beyond Respect and Beneficence
Authors: Hill Thomas E.
Published: May 2021

Thomas E. Hill, Jr. breaks with two conventional approaches in moral philosophy. Hill eschews the recent tendency to focus either on duties or on virtues, and instead emphasizes the importance of moral attitudes. And Hill specifically steps outside the usual framework of Kantian ethics by developing and defending the importance of a moral attitude besides respect and beneficence, namely the attitude of appreciation. To appreciate something is to recognize and respond appropriately to its value as something worth attending to, observing, admiring, cherishing, or the like, for its own sake. The attitude of appreciation is especially important in personal relationships, although it includes recognizing and responding positively to the distinctive features possessed by many sorts of things, not just persons.
Valuing Our Humanity
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2021

In the past Christine Korsgaard has argued that when Kant claims we value our humanity as an end in itself, he means that we take the value of the power of rational choice to be the condition of the value of our ends, and therefore to be unconditional. Here she reexamines these arguments by raising questions about the nature of valuing. She argues that valuing our moral nature does not imply thinking ourselves superior to non-moral creatures. She identifies two different ways of valuing ourselves that are at work in Kant’s arguments, regarding humanity as a valuable property and as the source of normative standing. She argues that we value ourselves as ends both in the sense of attributing normative standing to ourselves and in the sense that we regard our ends as good because they are good for us, a sense which extends to the other animals.
Introduction
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the aims and overall structure of the volume. There follows an overview of the history of Romanian. Essential information is given as to the nature and history of the Romanian writing systems. Particular attention is paid to the relationship-ancient and modern, past and present-between writing and phonology. The chapter concludes with a sketch of the major typological characteristics of Romanian morphology.
Nouns and adjectives
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica
Published: May 2021

What are the principal characteristics of the inflexional marking of number, gender, and case in Romanian nouns and adjectives? What role do ideas of ‘animacy’ and ‘mass’ play in the system? What are the patterns of desinential number marking? What are the origins and the nature of the so-called Romanian neuter (or genus alternans)? How is case marking expressed? How have patterns of root allomorphy been created, and then levelled? What is the status of morphological invariance? What are the origins and nature of the inflexional marking of the vocative?
Determiners and the deictic system
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica
Published: May 2021

How did the definite article evolve morphologically from Latin ILLE? What is the determiner al and how did it evolve? What is the history of the indefinite article? How does locative and adverbial deixis work? What is the function of the formatives -a, -le, and -și?
Rape Culture and Epistemology
Authors: Crewe Bianca , Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Bianca Crewe and Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa consider the complex interactions between rape culture and epistemology. A central case study is the consideration of a deferential attitude about the epistemology of sexual assault testimony. According to the deferential attitude, individuals and institutions should decline to act on allegations of sexual assault unless and until they are proven in a formal setting, i.e. a criminal court. Crewe and Ichikawa attack this deference from several angles, including the pervasiveness of rape culture in the criminal justice system, the epistemology of testimony and norms connecting knowledge and action, the harms of tacit idealizations away from important contextual factors, and a contextualist semantics for “knows” ascriptions.
Epistemic Responsibility in Sexual Coercion and Self-Defense Law
Authors: Liberto Hallie
Published: May 2021

Those accused of sexual coercion and unjustified killing can defend themselves in American courts by arguing that a reasonable person in their situation could have held an exonerating belief—respectively: a belief in another person’s sexual consent, or another person’s murderous intentions. In this chapter, Liberto argues that this reasonable belief standard is problematic. Liberto presents an alternative suggestion by Donald Hubin and Karen Healey with regard to cases of sexual coercion that she labels the “reasonable expectation from state” (REfS) standard. Liberto argues that adopting a REfS standard for adjudicating both self-defense and sexual coercion cases is better than the “reasonable person” standard. However, contra Hubin and Healey, Liberto argues that expectations from the state towards victims of these criminal cases—expectations that ascribe epistemic responsibility to the victims—are misdirected.
SONET/SDH, OTN, and RPR
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

With the emergence of high-speed optical transmission, the pre-existing plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) appeared unsuitable for achieving network synchronization, leading to the development of the synchronous optical network (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) as the two equivalent standards for circuit-switched optical networks. Several bandwidth-efficient techniques were also developed to carry packet-switched data traffic over SONET/SDH networks, offering some useful data-over-SONET/SDH architectures. Subsequently, with the increasing transmission rates for SONET/SDH and Ethernet-based LANs, a convergent networking platform called optical transport network (OTN), was developed. With the ever-increasing volume of bursty data traffic, a standard for packet-switched ring networks, called resilient packet ring (RPR), was also developed for better bandwidth realization in optical fibers. In this chapter, we first present the SONET/SDH networks and the techniques for supporting the data traffic therein, followed by a description of the basic concepts and salient features of the OTN and RPR networks. (147 words)
Survivability of Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

Telecommunication networks with their unprecedented penetration in today’s society must deliver services that can survive unpredictable failures across the network. Recovery from failure can be made in various ways, broadly categorized in two types: protection and restoration schemes. Realization of these schemes varies for different network segments: access, metro, and long-haul networks. Protection schemes are proactive in nature and need more resources, while ensuring fast recovery from failure. However, restoration schemes are reactive in nature, as in such schemes a network starts exploring the possible alternate connections after a failure occurs, and hence they offer slower recovery while needing fewer resources. We present various protection and restoration schemes, as applicable to the respective network segments: PON, SONET/SDH and WDM-over-SONET/SDH rings, and long-haul WRONs, and we discuss the underlying issues for the implementation of these schemes. (135 words)
Union and its Challengers in the United Kingdom
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

The United Kingdom was created over time without a clear plan. Creation of the state largely coincided with the creation of the Empire so that there was not a clear distinction between the two. The union preserved many of the elements of the pre-union component parts, but was kept together by the principle of unitary parliamentary sovereignty. Within the union, the distinct nationalities developed in the modern period and produced nationalist movements. Most of these aimed at devolution within the state, but some demanded separation. Management of these demands was a key task of statecraft in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the post-World War Two era, the nationalities question appeared to have gone away but it returned in the 1970s. Devolution settlements at the end of the twentieth century represented a move to stabilize the union on new terms.
The Millennium Settlement
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

Devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1999 was the culmination of over 100 years of intermittent debate about the territorial constitution. It aimed to reconcile the transfer of power to the peripheral nations with the maintenance of untrammelled sovereignty for the Westminster Parliament. This was achieved by allowing different interpretations of the settlement and leaving critical issues in abeyance. The settlement did not resolve the constitutional question. The devolution acts themselves were revised several times over their first twenty years. Wales which initially had a weaker form of devolution, moved towards the stronger Scottish model. The Northern Ireland settlement was punctuated by crises. The Scottish settlement was challenged by the independence referendum of 2014. There was no devolution for England, although an ill-specified ‘English question’ emerged.
Union and Unionisms in the United Kingdom
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

Unionism is a complex set of doctrines with various strands. There is assimilative unionism; patriot unionism, which accepts the multinational nature of the UK but insists on Westminster supremacy; contractual unionism, which insists on the historic rights of the nations; and a smaller devolutionary unionism. After 1999, unionists almost all accepted the new dispensation and regrouped against the renewed secessionist demands. This neo-unionism has sought a set of normative and constitutional principles to underpin it, but this has proved elusive. Historic unionism did not have such a comprehensive doctrine but combined the different strands according to time and place. Nor are neo-unionists agreed on the place of the UK within Europe. Neo-unionism is thus reduced to caricaturing its opponents as parochial and backward-looking at a time when peripheral nationalism, by and large, has accepted Europe and the pooling of sovereignty, and is mostly socially progressive.
Economic Union
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

Unionism has stressed the benefits of economic union but this is an elusive concept. The United Kingdom was formed as part of a wider imperial market, committed historically to global free trade, not as a national market. Only from the 1930s did a closed national market and national development strategy emerge. From the 1970s, the UK formed part of the wider European market. Policies for territorial cohesion were introduced in the 1930s and greatly expanded in the 1960s, but from the 1980s these were largely abandoned in favour of a laissez-faire approach. The UK now has some of the largest territorial disparities in Europe. The 1999 settlement devolved most of the regional development powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The recent re-commitment to regional development on the part of the UK Government has not been accompanied by measures on the scale of those deployed in the 1970s.
References for Preliminary Rulings
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 gives an account of the development of the preliminary ruling procedure and outlines the different types of preliminary references in the EU system. It gives an account of the broadly similar reference procedure laid down in the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement where the EFTA Court admits preliminary references from the EFTA States, and it provides an account of other ways of obtaining guidance on interpretation of EU law, namely questions to the Commission and the European Ombudsman. Chapter 1 ends with a discussion of what future changes one might envisage for the preliminary reference procedure.
Variations in Member State Use of Preliminary References
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 analyses the variations in frequency of preliminary references to the European Court of Justice from the different Member States. This analysis focuses upon two factors; firstly the structural factor that a relevant case must be pending before a national court in an EU Member State (structural factor), and secondly a behavioural factor that the national judge/judges hearing the national case must choose to make a preliminary reference (behavioural factor). The chapter determines each of these two factors and it concludes that about three-quarters of the total variation in preliminary references across Member States can be explained exclusively on the basis of total number of cases (a component of the structural factor). If we fully account for the structural factor and also account for the component whether the Member States may be categorised as either civil law or common law we are able to explain almost 90% of the total variation.
When Ought a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 concerns the situation where the national court has discretion in its decision as to whether or not it should refer a preliminary question to the Court of Justice. It analyses (1) the different criteria that form the basis for the national court’s discretionary decision, (2) to what extent EU law interferes with that discretion, and (3) at what time in the proceedings it is best to make a preliminary reference. The chapter first identifies the different criteria that in general form the basis for the national court’s decision as to whether or not it should make use of the preliminary reference procedure. It then deals with the particular situation where a similar question is already pending before the Court of Justice or where the national court has a cluster of parallel cases before it and must decide whether to make a preliminary reference in all cases or only in one or a few test cases. Next, it discusses to what extent a national court not sitting as a court of last instance should refrain from posing a preliminary question because such a question could also be posed during a possible appeal procedure. Finally, chapter 7 examines at what stage of the proceedings it is most appropriate to refer a preliminary question and discusses to what extent points of fact and national law ought to be clarified before it is decided whether to make use of the preliminary procedure.
The Preliminary Ruling
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 11 examines the preliminary ruling as such, including the extent to which the Court of Justice reformulates the preliminary question. It considers when the Court of Justice renders the preliminary ruling as a judgment and when as an order. The chapter also examines when the Court narrows down the preliminary question, when it includes other EU law provisions, when it provides alternative answers, and when it includes issues that do not form part of the preliminary reference, but nevertheless may be relevant for the referring court’s decision of the main action. Moreover, chapter 11 analyses when and how the Court of Justice may tailor its preliminary ruling to the facts of the case before the referring court.
Litigation Costs and Legal Aid
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 13 presents the rules on costs and legal aid. It is for the referring court to decide on the allocation of costs in connection with a reference for a preliminary ruling. This means that parties to the main proceedings and any other persons or entities who intervene before the national court may have their costs covered. Others entitled to present observations before the Court of Justice as part of the preliminary reference are responsible for their own costs. The Court of Justice may grant legal aid to a party to the main proceedings who is wholly or partly unable to meet the costs of the proceedings before the Court. The legal aid covers, fully or partly, the costs incurred both for written and oral observations.
Sophie of Hanover on the Soul–Body Relationship
Authors: Leduc Christian
Published: May 2021

This chapter aims to examine Sophie of Hanover’s original, but often overlooked contribution to the debate over the soul–body relationship. It explains that her main interest is in problems pertaining to the influence of bodily motion on the soul, for instance how the mother’s physiological imagination has an impact on the development of the foetus or how ideas are caused by material determinations. It also argues that Sophie remains sceptical of any metaphysical explanation in the domain of rational psychology, for instance of the Leibnizian hypothesis of pre-established harmony. For a similar reason, I contend that it is very unlikely that Sophie would maintain a materialistic conception of ideas, as commentators have argued.
Mutation, Randomness, and Evolution
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Mutation, Randomness, and Evolution presents a new understanding of how the course of evolution may reflect biases in variation and unites key concerns of molecular and microbial evolution, evo-devo, evolvability, and self-organization by placing these concerns on a solid theoretical and empirical foundation. It situates them within a broader movement away from externalism and towards a focus on the internal details of living systems, including their evolutionary causes and their predictable evolutionary consequences. In the neo-Darwinian theory, by contrast, selection is the potter and variation is the clay: external selection does the important work of evolution, and gets all the credit, while variation merely supplies an abundance of random raw materials. Indeed, one of the meanings of the randomness doctrine is that any peculiarities or tendencies of mutation are ultimately irrelevant. The theory that the course of evolution is determined externally, without any dispositional role for internal factors, was particularly attractive before the molecular revolution, when biologists had little systematic knowledge of internal factors. Today, scientists are deeply immersed in the molecular, genetic, and developmental details of life. The potential for a new understanding of the role of these internal factors rests on the recognition that the introduction process is a distinctive kind of cause, not the same thing (conceptually, historically, or theoretically) as the classical “force” of mutation, but with different implications, including the ability to impose biases on adaptive evolution. This predicted influence is verified by recent evidence from episodes of adaptation traced to the molecular level.
Introduction: a curious disconnect
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 begins with a synopsis of the central argument concerning models of evolution (and theories of causation) that incorporate a mutational introduction process, using a study of laboratory adaptation that shows proportional effects of a 50-fold range of rates for different mutations. The exploration of the role of variation in this book covers mutation and randomness, the neo-Darwinian dichotomy of selection and variation, the shifting-gene-frequencies theory of the Modern Synthesis (and its relation to population-genetic “forces“), developmental bias, self-organization, the emergence of evolvability as a major topic, and the causes of parallel adaptation. This chapter provides a guide to the remainder of the book, and explains how the main arguments relate to more familiar topics such as evo-devo, the distinctiveness of molecular evolution, the “directed mutations“ controversy, and debates about the adequacy of a “Modern Synthesis.”
Practical Randomness
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 addresses the idea of randomness as a simplifying assumption, beginning with a discussion (using examples from phylogenetics) of the reasons that scientists employ simplifying assumptions that are known to be incorrect. That is, some ways of thinking about mutation may be useful, even if they are only approximately correct. Approximations come at a cost, and thus the practical use of an approximation, e.g., the assumption that mutation is uniform when it really is not, is a matter of weighing costs and benefits. The application of probabilistic reasoning to problems of mutation may be understood as an extension of logic that does not rely on any concept of “randomness.” In this context, references to “chance” or “randomness” as something that exists in the physical world, rather than in our minds, represent what E.T. Jaynes calls a “mind projection fallacy.”
Evolutionary Randomness
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Contemporary defenses of the randomness doctrine refer not to ordinary meanings of randomness, but to a special evolutionary meaning by which mutation is said to be independent of, or uncorrelated with, something like environment, selection, evolution, or adaptation. Chapter 4 addresses whether this type of claim is justified, either empirically or on the basis of principles of biology. In fact, claims of evolutionary randomness typically fail for obvious reasons. Mutation in a particular locale is not walled off from the rest of biology, but is sensitive to conditions such as gene expression and the concentration of DNA precursors, and this leads to nonindependence with conditions and even with fitness. The incipient fitness effects of mutational intermediates typically are not involved in feedback loops that enhance (diminish) the chances of completing a beneficial (harmful) mutation, but this narrow sense of independence has little practical value.
The revolt of the clay
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Chapter 9 presents an empirical case for the importance of mutational biases, based on studies of adaptation traced to the molecular level. Where Chapter 8 identified a variational cause of bias that does not depend on neutral evolution, absolute constraints, or high mutation rates, this chapter focuses on how quantitative biases in ordinary nucleotide mutations influence adaptive evolution. It uses published studies of parallel adaptation in nature and in the laboratory. The natural studies include both (1) cases of recent local adaptation, e.g., evolution of resistance to insecticides and herbicides, and (2) cases of fixed changes, e.g., altitude adaptation via changes in hemoglobins, spectral tuning of photoreceptors used in color vision, and so on. The results indicate that the kinds of changes that happen most often in adaptation are the kinds favored by simple biases in mutation, e.g., transition-transversion bias.
Moving on
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Chapter 10 includes a synopsis of key points from previous chapters as well as reflections on changing explananda, notions of causation, and the importance of identifying testable theories. The ongoing delay in recognizing the introduction process as a dispositional evolutionary cause reflects the lasting influence of the shifting-gene-frequencies theory, and a lack of influence of molecular studies of evolution. Evolutionary discourse proceeds as if the major issues are defined relative to the morphology and behavior of large charismatic animals, yet evolutionary biologists themselves focus increasingly on molecules and microbes. Verbal theories of causation play an important role in determining what causes are possible and what they may explain. In contemporary debates on the status of “evolutionary theory,” the pressure to defend or reject a flexible “Synthesis” distorts history and spawns confusion over what makes a theory. Testable theories, not loosely defined traditions, are what make science distinctive.
Recollection in the Republics
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

Following the execution of Charles I in January 1649, England’s fledgling republic was faced with a dilemma: which parts of the nation’s bloody recent past should be remembered, and how, and which were best consigned to oblivion? Across the country, the state’s opponents, local communities, and individual citizens were grappling with many of the same questions, as calls for remembrance vied with the competing goals of reconciliation, security, and the peaceful settlement of the state. Recollection in the Republics provides the first comprehensive study of the ways Britain’s Civil Wars were remembered in the decade between the regicide and the restoration. Drawing on a wide-ranging and innovative source base, it places the national authorities’ attempts to shape the meaning of the recent past alongside evidence of what the English people—lords and labourers, men and women, veterans and civilians—actually were remembering. It demonstrates that memories of the domestic conflicts were central to the politics and society of the republican interval, inflecting national and local discourses, complicating and transforming interpersonal relationships, and infusing and forging individual and collective identities. In so doing, it enhances our understanding of the nature of early modern memory and the experience of post-civil war states more broadly. Described as ‘ground breaking’ and an ‘intellectually brilliant’ work by ‘one of the outstanding talents of her generation’, Recollection in the Republics makes a major contribution to the fields of both early modern history and memory studies.
Rival Recollections
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the ways in which the republics’ opponents sought to propagate their own, alternative interpretations of Britain’s domestic conflicts. The first two sections focus on different facets of Royalist memory, while the third section examines the ways memory was deployed by some of the Parliament’s former allies, with an emphasis on the Levellers and proponents of the ‘good old cause’. It argues that these counter-narratives had significant implications for the political culture of the 1650s, the shape of public memory after 1660, and the Restoration settlement. It also shows that though there were significant recurring themes in opposition memory these groups were broad churches, and suggests that an appreciation of the subtle differences in manifestations of memory reveals some of the fissures which existed within these groups, both ideologically and temporally.
Narratives of War
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the ways in which individuals narrated, structured, and recalled their own wartime experiences, and those of their family. The first section analyses the military memoirs of two Royalist commanders, Sir Hugh Cholmley and Sir Richard Grenville. The second and third sections draw on the war stories contained in the petitions of maimed Parliamentarian soldiers and war widows. It argues that, in all three cases, subjects were principally concerned with curating an account of their wartime experiences that would reconcile the events of the past with their present identity, a task that combined partial, partisan remembering with a healthy dose of selective amnesia. It also considers the extent to which individual accounts were coloured by public memory, and demonstrates that though historians often make a conceptual distinction between ‘public’ and ‘private’ recollection, the boundary between these two categories was highly porous.
Conclusion
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This conclusion offers an account of the main similarities between the experiences of early modern England and those of modern post-civil war states. It argues that many of the challenges that the republican governments faced have continued to confront states into the twenty-first century, and that, though the shape of a particular post-war settlement is historically contingent, the central issues with which its instigators must wrestle are not as temporally or geographically specific as we might expect. Further, it suggests that this is also true of many of the responses, from the use of amnesties and pardons to martyr narratives and the ‘othering’ of opponents. It provides one of the first transtemporal and transnational comparisons of Civil War memory and, in so doing, attempts to initiate further conversation between scholars of civil war memory across time and space.
The Roads to Rapallo
Authors: Arrington Lauren
Published: May 2021

This chapter charts the arrivals of the poets to Rapallo, beginning with Pound and Yeats, and extending to Richard Aldington, Thomas MacGreevy, Basil Bunting, and Louis Zukofsky. It surveys the complex history of Pound and Yeats’s relationship, their individual motivations for going to Italy, and their ideas about Mussolini’s promise as a political and cultural leader.
Thus Mammon Spake
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: May 2021

Even those who endorse the religious worldview underlying the optimism discussed in the first chapter frequently willfully resist the efforts required to cooperate with God and to respond to the demands that love places upon us with respect to God and neighbor. Like the demons in Paradise Lost, many of us are beguiled by the prospect of pursuing our own happiness and well-being (or flourishing) on our own power, of making a Heaven of the Hell that the philosophy of pessimism has taught us is our current abode. Thus many of us adopt the frame of mind in which we are willing to trust in our own powers, skill, artistry, intelligence, and all the magnificent resources of our own selves. No need of God. No loss in rebellion. This chapter defends certain maligned aspects of a popular philosophical methodology and then conducts a critical study of the current leading literature on well-being and happiness. Assuming we can come to have knowledge of these matters, the chapter critically examines and argues against hedonistic, desire-fulfillment, and perfectionistic theories of well-being, advocating instead for an objective-list theory, and critically examines and argues against hedonistic and life-satisfaction theories of happiness, advocating instead for the Psychic Affirmation view. Thus, the attempt to seek out happiness and well-being on our own power without the benefit of reconciliation with the divine need not be thwarted by skepticism about happiness and well-being.
Between Adenauer and Coca-Cola
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the experiences of centre-right women and the cultural practices of centre-right students more generally to determine to what extent they participated in the broader cultural moment that was 1968. It examines different forms of cultural expression and everyday aesthetics to investigate whether centre-right activists viewed these as political. It also examines their attitudes towards the evident modernization of sexuality in West Germany in this period. Finally, it puts women’s experiences centre stage. Analysing changing gender roles and centre-right women’s attitudes towards the emerging women’s movement, it seeks to understand why at least some of them thought that emancipation did not have to equal revolution.
From Berlin to Saigon and Back
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that centre-right activists had a distinct internationalist imagination. In spite of an ever-growing literature on the Global 1960s, we know surprisingly little about how centre-right activists conceived of the global. This chapter broadens—and ultimately hopes to correct—our view of student internationalism around 1968 by showing that the centre-right also looked beyond the borders of the Federal Republic. It explores three areas on their ‘mental map’ in detail: the powerful ways in which the Cold War binary structured the centre-right’s view of the world; the (Western) European ties of conservative and centre-right student groups; and, finally, their campaigns for human rights in the wake of 1968.
Combative Politics
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the shift towards a more confrontational form of campus politics in the wake of the dissolution of SDS in 1969/70, one in which concerns about left-wing violence moved centre-stage. It analyses centre-right students’ roles in some of the key debates of the 1970s—the controversy surrounding the ‘Radicals Decree’, the ‘Mescalero Affair’, and students’ alleged support for the terrorism of the RAF. It argues that Christian Democratic students were instrumental in making a scandal of left-wing activism at a time when a left-wing coalition governed the country for the first time since the war. Centre-right students contributed much to the febrile climate of the 1970s, this chapter shows, stoking public hysteria and helping to create a climate of distrust that made left-wing dissent politically suspect. Their conduct highlights that the process of political liberalization in the wake of 1968 was not a linear but rather a winding one.
Functional networks for peripersonal space coding and prediction of impact to the body
Authors: Cléry Justine , Hamed Suliann Ben
Published: May 2021

Peripersonal space is defined as the space surrounding the body, which we can interact with and act upon. It has been hypothesized to play a key functional role in body representation and in the definition of a safety boundary around the body. More recently, growing evidence suggests that this space is dynamically resized both as a function of internal states such as anxiety or as a function of external contingencies such as social interactions or goal-directed actions. In the following review, we will review seminal and recent work in both human and non-human primates, describing the functional cortical networks involved in the coding of body margin (the skin), peripersonal space (around the body) and far space (away from the body), and we will describe how these networks are recruited during the prediction of an impact to the body (near the skin). We will propose a functional perspective to recent evidence for multiple behaviourally dissociable peripersonal spaces, and discuss the putative neuronal and network mechanisms that could account for the observed dynamic resizing of peripersonal space.
What do ‘peripersonal space measures’ really reflect? The action field perspective
Authors: Bufacchi R.J. , Iannetti G.D.
Published: May 2021

The magnitude of a large number of behavioural and neurophysiological measures depends on the proximity between an individual and environmental objects. This relationship has led to the concept of peripersonal space (PPS). Here we argue that the proximity-dependence of such PPS measures could arise as a result of calculating the relevance of actions that aim to create or avoid contact with objects in the world. This perspective, supported by the interactive behaviour framework of systems-level brain function, allows us to describe PPS as a set of continuous fields reflecting contact-related action relevance. The action relevance perspective gets rid of incorrect notions about PPS, such as it being a single in-or-out zone that mainly reflects the spatial distance between objects and the body. This reconceptualization incorporates PPS into mainstream theories of action selection and behaviour. Furthermore, the formal comparison of this framework to others shows that contact-action value allows for a more complete description of PPS measures than proximity coding, impact prediction, and multisensory integration do, while simultaneously explaining the relationship between those concepts and PPS measures.
Arithmetical Advice
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents advice on how to avoid simple mistakes when performing mental calculations at high speed. It includes a method to speed up the rate at which you recite your multiplication tables. This can save fractions of a second, which, in an exam with many such multiplications, can be crucial. It urges neat handwriting, and shows the superfluity of zeros at the end, or decimal points in the middle of a number, provided you make estimates before calculating an answer. It presents a quick look at factors, which can slash seconds from the time it take to multiply and divide, and introduces the art of shunting.
Interlude III
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

Write it on your heart that every day is the best day of the year. No man has learned anything rightly, until he knows that every day is Doomsday.

RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Society and Solitude: Twelve Chapters

“What day is it?” asked Pooh. “It’s today,” squeaked Piglet. “My favorite day,” said Pooh....
Close-Enough Calculations: Quick and Accurate Approximations
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes techniques to estimate division and multiplication by certain numbers. The purpose is to help in test taking. By knowing some ways to approximate answers rapidly, some potential answers can be eliminated, enhancing the chance of choosing the correct answer from the smaller number of remaining options. It presents easy ways to determine whether a number is divisible by 11, 17, and 19. It introduces sphenic numbers, cannonball (or square pyramidal numbers) in relation to the Kepler Conjecture, as well as the Kaprekar number. Examples are drawn from the Azerbaijan Grand Prix and two triple dead heats in dog racing.
Perceptual Experience and Physicalism
Authors: Gow Laura
Published: May 2021

Although there is much disagreement within the philosophy of perception, there is one thing that the majority of philosophers agree on: our philosophical account of perceptual experience should be compatible with physicalism. The aim of this paper is to explore the impact this has had within the philosophy of perception, and to point out some of the problems a physicalist approach must face. Representationalism is the leading account of perception, and was developed precisely to meet the physicalist’s criteria. This chapter supports and expands on an existing argument that representationalism fails in this aim. It then points out a problem with the new view—non-relationalism—which has arisen as a result of the failure of standard representationalism to qualify as a genuinely physicalist view. Non-relationalist accounts have difficulty doing justice to the idea that our perceptual experiences are assessable for accuracy or veridicality.
Naturalism and the Metaphysics of Perception
Authors: Drayson Zoe
Published: May 2021

This paper focuses on two debates: the Metaphysical debate over intentionalism and naïve realism, and the Psychological debate over constructivist and ecological theories. While these two debates are generally assumed to be orthogonal, it is difficult to specify the grounds for this assumption. The chapter considers the usual strategies for distinguishing between philosophical and scientific theories—such as appeals to modal strength, methodology, or explanatory features—and suggests that they do not apply in this case. It argues that both debates rely on inference to the best explanation to draw contingent conclusions about the constitutive nature of perceptual experience. The chapter also claims that the distinction between personal and subpersonal explanations will not separate the two debates unless we are already committed to the idea that the metaphysics of mind must be conducted at one particular level of explanation. It concludes that the two debates are engaged in the same general project concerning the nature of perception, and that the Psychological theories are no less metaphysical than the Metaphysical theories.
Phenomenology as Radical Reflection
Authors: Ward Dave
Published: May 2021

What does it mean to adopt a phenomenological approach when doing philosophy of perception? What form should such an approach take? This chapter addresses these questions by first distinguishing three different kinds of phenomenological approach: ‘Humean’ phenomenology, which attempts to discern the structure of perceptual experience via reflection on its surface properties; ‘Kantian’ phenomenology, which aims to provide a priori arguments about the structure perceptual experience must have if it is to possess manifest properties; and ‘Husserlian’ phenomenology, which aims to achieve an intuitive grasp of the essential properties of perceptual experience via imaginative variation. It then argues that the shortcomings of each of these approaches motivate a ‘Merleau-Pontian’ conception of phenomenology as ‘radical reflection’—a mode of reflection on perceptual experience that simultaneously attempts to understand the origins and authority of reflection itself. The methodology that results is thoroughly interdisciplinary, aiming to reconcile philosophical conclusions about the necessary structures of perceptual experience with our best empirical knowledge of the contingencies that shape both our experiences and our reflective capacities.
Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Romdenh-Romluc Komarine
Published: May 2021

A methodology is a theory of method. In asking for a methodology, one wants to know which method(s) we should use for investigating some topic, and why. Merleau-Ponty is a phenomenologist who is famous for his analyses of perception. Phenomenology is not a unified movement—it’s more like a tradition, where figures are linked by historical lineages: the inheritance and taking up of particular themes and ideas. Whilst it explicitly bills itself as having a distinct method, different phenomenologists interpret it in various ways. This chapter explains how Merleau-Ponty understands the phenomenological method, and how he applies it in his study of perception.
Introduction: Telling Stories
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

The introduction traces the divide in scholars’ views of the Jacquerie as either a spasmodic explosion or a carefully directed movement, and sets forth the book’s understanding of the revolt as heterogenous and fluid. It introduces the main chronicle and documentary sources for the Jacquerie and discusses their interpretative difficulties, paying specific attention to the problems of retrospection, composition, and the over-representation of some kinds of rebels. The methodology adopted combines the analysis of collective data and the close reading of individual texts in order to tell a story about how individuals reacted to a specific set of circumstances, how events both planned and accidental altered their course, and what and how they chose to remember (or to forget) in its aftermath.