bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethambutol Effect on Retinal and Optic Nerve Structural Changes in Toxic Optic Neuropathy Case: A Literature Review
Authors: Islam Itzar Chaidir , Umar Batari Todja , Minhajat Rahmawati , Bukhari Agussalim , Sari Dwi Kesuma , Kaelan Cahyono
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs that reported to cause toxic effects on the eye structure. This study aims to elucidate the histological mechanism of retinal and optic nerve damage in toxic optic neuropathy cases.

Reference Sources: The literature search was conducted in the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases using the latest publication of the 2012-2022 series.

Studies Selection: The observational and randomized controlled trial studies analyzing the effect of ethambutol on retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion layer, inner cell plexiform layer thickness, optic nerve tissue, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception, visual evoked response, and patients' visual field were included.

Data Extraction Method: Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent a specific evaluation, whereby the main focus was the ethambutol on retinal and optic nerve tissue.

Results: The results showed that ethambutol affects the thinning of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL), decreasing the amount of Ganglion Cells and changing the optic nerve's histological function by damaging the mitochondria and axonal fiber.

Conclusion: It was concluded that ethambutol has adverse effects on retinal and optic nerve tissue due to several mechanisms and significantly affects the patient's visual outcome.
Geoelectrical and Geotechnical Investigations for Development of Superstructures at Nkpologwu Proposed Judiciary Site, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Egwuonwu G. N. , Okwonna I. A. , Okpala P. K.
Published: June 2022

Geophysical and Geotechnical surveys were integrally carried out at a proposed Judiciary site for civil development of superstructures in Nkpologwu, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. Nkpologwu falls within 7 ̊06̍ '40” E to 7 ̊08 ' 42” E longitudes and 5 ̊56' 76” N to 5 ̊57' 78” N latitudes at about 320 m above the mean sea level. The study is aimed at interpreting the lithology of the subsurface at shallow depths in order to accentuate the competence of soil formations at the foundation depths of the site. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were acquired in the geophysical survey while various geotechnical tests were carried out to ascertain the bearing capacity of the site’s subsoil. The registered data from the VES survey were processed with WINGLET software hence, geoelectric models of at least four layers were obtained. Characterized by apparent resistivity values in the range of about 1524 to 96,561 Ωm. Geotechnical results showed values of 10.4% to 12.4% OMC, 1.95 to 2.01g/cm3 MDD, 30.0 to 39.0% CBR, 21.0 to 30.5% particle size distribution, <12% PI and <35%  LL Atterberg limit for soil samples within foundation depths at the site. Combined interpretation of the surveys showed that at foundation depths at the site were predominantly sand, laterite and sandstones delineated and these were found to meet the required standard of the Federal Ministry of works and housing for construction of superstructures. Therefore, the study provides the knowledge of the lithology and soil competence at foundation depths for future civil construction works at the site.
Willingness to pay for water management to support sustainable food production in tidal lowlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Tafarini Meitry Firdha , Yazid Muhammad , Prayitno Muh. Bambang , Faizal Muhammad , Xaverius Suryadi Fransiscus , Purba Khairul Fahmi
Published: June 2022

Operations and maintenance (OM) of water infrastructure cannot be separated from the role of farmers' water users associations (WUA) or farmer groups. OM needs to be supported not only skillfully but also financially. This research aimed to assess and identify several factors affecting self-financing in water management in tidal lowlands agriculture, using the Willingness To Pay (WTP) approach. The sample size of this research was 245 respondents, all of which are active members of WUA or farmer groups. Primary data were collected using direct interviews with structured questionnaires, and secondary data were collected from some related agencies. The data were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Multiple Linear Regression analyses. Regression analysis formally tested the factors and identified the selected significant factors. KMO and Bartlett's Test result was 0.587 > 0.5 (alpha), indicating significance. The R2 (0.86) showed that the independent variables simultaneously explained the dependent variable (YWTP). From seven independent variables, five variables significantly affect the willingness to pay for water management. This WTP is expected to ensure sustainable food production in tidal lowlands since water availability is crucial in tidal lowland agriculture
Effect of waste grape pomace on citric acid bioproduction by submerged fermentation
Authors: Oktay Başeğmez Hatice İmge
Published: June 2022

Citric acid is of great economic importance due to its wide range of applications. Citric acid, which is a versatile and widely used organic acid, constitutes 60% of organic acids used in the food industry and 10% of those in the pharmaceutical industry. Citric acid is produced using various agricultural wastes as a substrate through solid state or submerged fermentation. In this study waste grape pomace was proposed as a valuable substrate alternative for citric acid production using submerged fermentation. Initially screening of citric acid production capacity was conducted using 6 different Aspergillus niger strains (3 wildtype strains isolated from dried figs and 3 commercial ATCC strains) on synthetic medium. The wild type AN2 was determined as the highest producing strain with 14.32 mg/mL citric acid following 192 h fermentation. Then the waste grape pomace concentration effect on citric acid production was studied by five different concentrations in the range of 100-300 g of pomace in 1 L medium for 192 h fermentation. Using the wild type AN2 strain the highest production of citric acid and yield was achieved with 250 g/L grape pomace concentration as 28.26 mg/mL and 87%, respectively. Moreover, biomass production of the strains in grape pomace medium showed similar pattern with the citric acid production except biomass formation was increased with the grape pomace concentration increases. This study presented that comparing with synthetic medium waste grape pomace can be valuable substrate alternative for citric acid production using submerged fermentation. The study also contributed to the literature as waste grape pomace could be valuable substrate for future research studies
Climate Risks, Farmers Perception and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability in Afghanistan
Authors: Sarwary Meraj , Senthilnathan Samiappan , Saravanakumar Venkatachalam , Arivelarasan Tamilarasu , Manivasagam V.S.
Published: June 2022

This study examined the farmers’ perception, adaptation measures and coping strategies to mitigate climate extremes in Afghanistan using parametric and non-parametric methods. We selected the central agro-climatic zone to conduct farm household’s survey since it has significant climate variability in terms of maximum, minimum temperature and rainfall. Results show that majority of the farmers (>80%) perceived a “high to a very high” degree of climate induced impact on loss of employment, labor scarcity, pest and disease outbreak and decline in groundwater level. The important climate adaptation and coping strategies viz., changing cropping patterns, drilling new bore wells and farm diversification were extensively practiced by the farmers. In the policy side, establishing automatic weather stations, agro advisory services, weather-based crop insurance and climate-smart agricultural practices are the potential policy options to protect farm households from climate extremes.
Characteristics of flour plantain: use of fruit peels and ripening fruit stages
Authors: Ekafitri Riyanti , Kumalasari Rima , Suryani Yani , Sutisna Acahyadi Nana , Desnilasari Dewi , Indah Mayasti Nur Kartika
Published: June 2022

Tanduk plantain cultivar is one of the famous banana types in Indonesia and can be processed into plantain flour. The use of peels in raw and ripe plantain affects the characteristics of the flour. This research evaluates changes in the physic-chemical properties (starch, amylose, dietary fiber, antioxidant activity, color), functional properties (WAI, OAI, SC, solubility, hygroscopicity),  thermal, pasting, and crystalline properties, and also FTIR spectra affected by the ripening stage and peel use. Tanduk plantain flour is made in ripening stages 1, 4, and 6 through peeling and unpeeling processes. The higher the ripening stage, the lower the starch, amylose, and dietary fiber of plantain flour, yet its antioxidant activity increases. In terms of its pasting properties, the higher the ripening stage, the lower the value of plantain flour's peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity. Meanwhile, the unpeeled plantain flour has higher starch, amylose, dietary fiber, antioxidant activity, breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity but lower TO and TP values. The Tanduk plantain flour in the ripening stages 1, 4, and 6 through the peeling and unpeeling process has the same crystalline properties (type C) and functional group in structure. The physicochemical, pasting, and crystalline properties of plantain flour at each ripening stage through the peeling or unpeeling process allow better selection depending on the industrial application.
Fungicide application and residues in control of Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx in sweet cherry
Authors: Božić Vladimir , Vuković Slavica , Grahovac Mila , Lazić Sanja , Aleksić Goran , Šunjka Dragana
Published: June 2022

To minimize harmful effects of the fungicide application in sweet cherry orchards, it is necessary to use them in accordance with the good agricultural practice and to monitor presence of their residues. Cherry leaf spot caused by Blumeriella jaapii is a significant sweet cherry disease which control is heavily dependent on fungicide treatments. In this study, effects of fungicide treatments against B. jaapii and fungicide residues remaining in sweet cherry fruits after the treatments were evaluated, and the causal agent of cherry leaf spot was confirmed on cherry leaves from untreated control plots using conventional phytopathological techniques (isolation on nutrient media and morphological traits of developed fungal colonies). The trial was set up at two localities in south Serbia (District of Niš), in sweet cherry orchards, according to EPPO methods. Fungicides tested against B. jaapii were based on dodine (650 g a.i./kg) WP formulation, at concentration of 0.1% and mancozeb (800 g a.i./kg) WP formulation, at concentration of 0.25%. During the trial, two evaluations were carried out. Fungicide efficacy was determined according to Abbott. The obtained data were statistically processed by ANOVA and LSD test. In both sweet cherry orchards high efficacy in control B. jaapii was registered in case of dodine application efficacy of 96.3-98.9%, while mancozeb showed slightly lower efficacy of 91.0-95.6%. The results of the dissipation dynamic suggest that the dodine dissipation curves followed the first-order kinetic (Ct=6.23e−0.09, with R2=0.986) and its half-life in sweet cherry fruits was 7.7 days. The final residues in sweet cherry fruits were below the MRL (3 mg/kg) 21 days after the application. The results indicate that sweet cherry fruits can be safely consumed after dodine based fungicides applications at the recommended rate.
Effect of ethanolic extracts from Agave potatorum Zucc. leaves in the mycelial growth of Pleurotus spp.
Authors: Castro Delia Soto , García Patricia Araceli Santiago , López Alfonso Vásquez , Heraz Florisela Sánchez , Mendoza Yanet Vargas , Hernández Rigoberto Gaitán
Published: June 2022

Description or the subject. Agave potatorum Zucc. leaves make up the highest proportion of non-valued residue of the agave-mezcal process. Interest in their study lies in the presence of secondary metabolites with potential biological activity. Objectives. To evaluate the effect of a crude (CE) and fractionated extract of Agave leaves on mycelial growth of different strains of the genus Pleurotus. Method: The CE, obtained by maceration of A. potatorum leaves, was fractionated giving rise to ethyl acetate (AcOEt) and aqueous (Aq) fractions, in which a phytochemical screening was assessed. The effect in vitro of the CE and the AcOEt fraction on mycelial growth rate of Pleurotus sp. (12 days at 25 °C) was evaluated, whereas the CE and the Aq fraction were assessed for P. pulmonarius and P. djamor.

Results: The CE and the AcOEt fraction at 1 000 ppm increased the mycelium growth rate of Pleurotus sp. by 61 and 36 %, respectively, relative to the control. CE induced greater growth, significantly different from the control at 1 000 ppm, only on P. djamor, while the Aq fraction at 1 000 ppm was not significantly different from the control; and at 5 000 ppm growth in both strains was inhibited. Regardless of the concentration or the fraction assessed, mycelia showed higher density and more aerial growth than the control. Conclusions: The A. potatorum leaf extract contains secondary metabolites capable of accelerating radial growth of Pleurotus strains, which may lead to revaluing the leaves of this Agave.
Chemical and productivity characterization of parental and hybrid strains of Lentinula edodes cultivated in different agricultural residues
Authors: Cobos Juan Diego Valenzuela , Viejó Fabricio Guevara , Cobo Jesennia Cárdenas , Sulca Rafael Lazo , Verdugo Delia Noriega , Moncayo María Fernanda Garcés , Endara Ana Grijalva
Published: June 2022

Productivity of parental and hybrid strains of Lentinula edodes cultivated with two mixtures of agricultural wastes (mixture 1: peat moss, banana leaves, oak sawdust, millet seed, cotton seed hull and CaCO3, and mixture 2: wheat straw, oak sawdust, cotton seed hull and CaCO3), the chemical composition of the fruit bodies and also the antioxidant activities of hexanic extracts of the mushrooms were evaluated. The strains of Lentinula edodes (LEN97 and LEN954XLEC241) cultivated on both mixtures produced fruit bodies with highest protein contents since 16.71 to 17.10%. The hybrid strain of Lentinula edodes strain (LEN954XLEC241) cultivated on both mixtures showed the highest biological efficiencies since 74.61 to 82.80% and production rates between 1.21 and 1.30%, and also their hexanic extracts presented the highest antioxidant effects ranged from 8.01 to 9.84 mg mL- 1. The use of hybrid strain of Lentinula edodes can be used to improve the production of this genera.
Comparative examination of bioactive phytochemicals in quince (Chaenomeles) fruits and their in vitro antioxidant activity
Authors: Byczkiewicz Szymon , Szwajgier Dominik , Cisowska Joanna Kobus , Szczepaniak Oskar , Piotr Szulc Piotr
Published: June 2022

Chaenomeles fruits are being applied more frequently, mainly due to its high content of bioactive compounds and their positive effect on health condition. Currently, they are raw materials in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The aim of work was to characterize cultivar Cido of Chaenomeles japonica and two varietal hybrids: Chaenomeles x californica Gold Kalif and Chaenomeles x californica Maksim under their content of mineral, vitamins, antiradical capacity, organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonols. The content of individual macroelements varied between tested cultivars. Cido was the cultivar with the highest mineral content. In that cultivar Fe was comprised two-fold higher than in cv. Maksim, and Cu level (1.1 mg/100g) doubled the content of that element in cv. Gold Kalif. FRAP test results ranged between 379 µM FeSO4/g DM for cv. Cido and 403 µM FeSO4/g DM for cv. Maksim. Low content of amygdalin was also confirmed in all studied fruits. The highest amygdalin content was found in Cido (39.49 μg/100g), and Gold Kalif contained the fewest amygdalin (18.42 μg/100 g). All the cultivars tested were characterized by the highest content of malic acid (9.22-11.44 mg / g DM), while the main phenolic acid in quince fruits was chlorogenic acid 6953.9 - 8185.5 μg / g DM. The content of organic and phenolic acids depends on the variety of the quince. Due to the high content of phytochemicals in quince fruit and the low content of amygdalin, it seems reasonable to develop new directions of fruit application in food technology and functional food design.
The development of novel probiotic fermented plant milk alternative from flaxseed oil cake using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG acting as a preservative agent against pathogenic bacteria during short-term refrigerated storage
Authors: Łopusiewicz Łukasz , Drozłowska Emilia , Trocer Paulina , Kostek Mateusz , Bartkowiak Artur , Kwiatkowski Paweł
Published: June 2022

This study is aimed at investigating the suitability of flaxseed oil cake plant milk alternative (FOCM) to produce an innovative probiotic drink using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Three variants of beverage were prepared: without supplementation, supplemented with 1% of glucose and supplemented with 1% of fructose. The viability of LGG, levels of polyphenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were analysed. Moreover, color, viscosity and titratable acidity measurements were performed. Fermented beverages were artificially contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, and preservative effect of LGG was evaluated. The fermentation improved antioxidant activity, polyphenolics and flavonoids content, whereas viscosity of the samples decreased. During storage at 6°C for 48 hours the viability of LGG in all the samples was over the recommended probiotic minimum level (>106 CFU/mL). Supplementation with sugars significantly enhanced acidification of FOCM. Acidification was linked with preservative effect of LGG against pathogenic microflora. A significant reduction of Gram-negative pathogens was observed, whereas moderate activity was noted against Gram-positive bacteria. Due to the functional and biochemical characteristics conferred to the fermented beverages, the use of LGG showed adequate potential for industrial application. There is a potential for these products to be used where non-dairy alternatives for probiotic consumption are desired.
Cytotoxic effect of multifruit polyphenol preparation on human breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Sołtys Marta Ziaja , Szwajgier Dominik , Koch Wirginia Kukuła-
Published: June 2022

Natural compounds are extensively used in the treatment of various diseases. Regular consumption of polyphenols plays an important role in the protection of health by reducing the risk of degenerative diseases, including cancer. The evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of the newly obtained multifruit polyphenolic preparation (composed of seven fruit) on T47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-12A normal cells. The PP was produced on the basis of combined ultrafiltrates obtained from chokeberry, raspberry, wild strawberry, apricot, peach, bilberry, and cranberry. The experiments were performed using human mammary gland cancer cell lines T47D (ductal cancer) and MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma) and normal breast cell line MCF-12A. Chromatographic techniques confirmed the highest contribution of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, p-coumaroyl glucoside and chlorogenic acid in the PP. The PP exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects towards MCF-7 and T47D cancer cell lines (IC50 = 1.2 μg . cm-3) and MCF-12A cells (IC50 = 0.6 μg . cm-3). The MTT cytotoxicity assay and microscopic observations confirmed the cytopathic effect of the PP on cell lines. It is supposed that berry polyphenols interfered with estrogen receptors leading to changes in the production of paracrine growth factors and therefore, PP was less cytotoxic towards the MCF-7 and T47D cell lines than against the MCF-12A cell line.
Morphological characterization of wild populations of Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme in the tomato domestication area
Authors: Délices Gino , Ovalle Otto Raúl Leyva , Vargas Claudio Mota , Pastrana Rosalía Núñez , Meza Pablo Andrés , Corredor José Andrés Herrera
Published: June 2022

Wild tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme are found in regions with wide environmental diversity, in the state of Veracruz, México, which has originated morphological variations within this group leading to his adaptation to different environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological variations of S. l. var. cerasiforme in his domestication area. We collected plants and fruits during the field trips, and we extracted seeds from these fruits to sow them later, under the greenhouse. We evaluated 35 characters according to the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) descriptors in 10 collections of S. l. var. cerasiforme, we used a completely random design. In order to compare de collections and analyze the variables we performed variance analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis with euclidean distance (UPGMA clustering method). We found significant differences between the variables (Tukey, P≤ 0.05), except for the style length and flower number per plant variables. We found that 91 % of the collections have a pistil inserted and 9 % exert. The first two components explained 78 % of the total variation. The dispersion of the collections in the four quadrants of the first two components indicated great phenotypic diversity. We found four groups and we observed the greatest variation in the yield and reproductive variables. This study shows intraspecific morphological differences between wild tomato populations in the state of Veracruz, a state with a wide environmental and ecosystem diversity. It can be said that in terms of morphological characterization of wild tomato species and cultivated tomatoes for both the pattern of variability is the same. The populations we have studied could constitute a valuable germplasm bank for genetic improvement programs.
EFFECTS OF THE SEED OF Phalaris canariensis AND THE CHANGE OF DIET ON SERUM LIPIDS IN RATS
Authors: Ojeda Luis , Ruiz Yuliana Da , Martínez Franklin , Odreman Rafael , Torri Juan , Villegas Rodrigo , Ybarra Luis Pérez , Machado Nirza Noguera
Published: June 2022

Canary seed is a grassy plant in the family of poaceae, which grains are used almost exclusively to feed birds. With limited information reported but proven bioactive potential, led to study how does the consumption of a canary seed infusion affected rats with a change in a diet on the lipid profile, in an experimental model. The animals were divided into two groups, the first group received a hypercaloric diet (60 days) and the second was maintained on a normocaloric diet. Afterwards the groups were subdivided, one group received a diet change from hypercaloric to normocaloric, the second continued to receive the hypercaloric diet and the third kept a normocaloric diet, half of each group ingested 25% Canary seed infusion and the rest water for 45 days. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c and LDL-c were determined. Results showed a statistically significant reduction of 30.08% in triglyceride values in the group with combination of Canary seed infusion with a dietary change, while in cholesterol metabolism there were no significant changes. Thus, the ability of canary seed infusion to reduce serum triglycerides when combined with a dietary change was confirmed.
Physiological and physicochemical behavior of guamara (Bromelia pinguin) and cocuixtle (Bromelia karatas) fruits, as well as the antibacterial effect of their pre-purified proteases
Authors: Efigenia Montalvo-González , Miguel Anaya-Esparza Luis , Pay Martínez-Olivo Abraham Osiris, Abreu , Alberto Sánchez-Burgos Jorge , Lourdes García-Magaña María de
Published: June 2022

The objective was to study the behavior of the respiration rate (RR) of guamara and cocuixtle fruits during storage, the effect or the maturity stage (green maturity and consumption maturity) of these fruits on physicochemical parameters and specific proteolytic activity, as well as the antibacterial effect of the prepurified proteases of these fruits. The guamara and cocuixtle fruits presented a RR of 15 mL CO2/kg·h and 10 mL CO2/kg·h, respectively; and because the ethylene production was not detected in any of the species, it was concluded that both fruits are of the non-climacteric type. The cocuixtle fruits presented the highest specific enzymatic activity in the state of green maturity and the guamara fruits in the state of consumption maturity, with 18.99 and 53.88 U/mg of protein, respectively. Likewise, pre-purified proteases from both fruits showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. It is concluded that ripened guamara fruits and green cocuixtle fruits can be an important source of proteases for the food industry and they can be used against pathogens.
Influence of extracts of different Feijoa (Acca sellowiana) leaf genotypes on the lactic fermentation performed by a mixed culture
Authors: Beilke Luniele , Sumny Eduarda Heck , Moroni Liziane Schittler , Amarante Cassandro Vidal Talamini do , Kempka Aniela Pinto
Published: June 2022

The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the addition of aqueous extracts of Feijoa leaf genotypes (Acca Selowiana) (Access 2316, Alcântara, Helena, Mattos and Nonante) on the lactic fermentation performed by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, in MRS broth and milk. The total content of phenolic compounds (TPC), the antioxidant activity (AA) and the antimicrobial activity were determined. For the samples fermented in MRS broth, with and without the presence of extracts, the parameters analyzed were the kinetics of cell growth, TPC, AA, pH, and bacterial microscopy. For the samples fermented in whole milk, the parameters analyzed were pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, protein, total solids, and sensory profile. There was inhibition of the mixed culture’s growth in the dilution of 80% of the extracts (TPC 75.82 - 110.90 mg EAG g-1), the other experiments having been performed with TPC below 70 mg EAG g-1. The kinetics of growth was 16 hours. For the fermented samples, there were changes to the TPC and antioxidant activity, except for the one fermented with the Access 2316 extract, for which activity remained the same. The microscopy showed predominance of Streptococcus thermophilus. In the fermented milks, pH decreased, and acidity increased, and the sensory profile was modified by the addition of the extracts. The addition of Feijoa leaf extracts in fermentation enriches the fermented product with phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity and can be a viable alternative for the provision of bioactive compounds.
Impact of Insecticide Seed Treatments on population dynamics of Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Rodrigues Thiago Ferreira , Silva Luciana Barboza , Rodrigues Raimundo Henrique Ferreira , Almeida Lorrana Francisca Oliveira , Silva Maria Carolina Farias e , Pavan Bruno Ettore , Alvares Ciro Humberto Almeida , Brito João Derckson Borges
Published: June 2022

This study evaluated the effect of insecticides used in the treatment of soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merrill)] seeds on the population dynamics of Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), popularly known as the Neotropical brown stink bug. The experiment was conducted on 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 soybean crops in the experimental area of the Celeiro Seed Farm. Soybean seeds of the cultivar ‘TMG 132RR®’ were treated with the insecticides imidacloprid + thiodicarb, abamectin, fipronil and chlorantraniliprole. Two controls were used, the conventional cultivar ‘TMG 132RR®' and the transgenic cultivar  'M 8644IPRO®', both without insecticide treatments. Crop I (2015/2016) had an IAD (insects accumulated daily) 2.9 times greater than Crop II (2016/2017); however, treatment with insecticides did not affect the IAD. For Crop I, there was a population peak of E. heros at R5.5 (from 75 to 100% of the full grains), since the soybean treatment with imidacloprid + thiodicarb had 2 and 2.5 times more insects than the conventional and transgenic controls, respectively. For Crop II, there was no population peak of E. heros. The IAD showed significant negative correlations, by F test, with mass of 1,000 seeds - MTS (-0.44112 **) and productivity (-0.45895 **). After analyzing the results, it was verified that there was no residual effect of the insecticides on the population dynamics of E. heros during the cycles and under the conditions of the soybean crops studied.
Biosecurity assessment in relation to the occurrence of some coccidian parasites in poultry farms, with in vitro evaluation of Psidium gujava as coccidia sporulation inhibitor.
Authors: Abouelenien Fatma Ali , Elshahawy Ismail Saad , Hamad Mohamed Elfatih , Elsaidy Nagham Rafik
Published: June 2022

The present study was performed to assess the correlation between biosecurity compliance measures and the prevalence of Eimeria and Cryptosporidium species in commercial based (CBF) and house hold (HHF) poultry farms, in Delta region Egypt. Additionally, this study aims to evaluate the effect of Psidium gujava on sporulation of Eimeria oocysts in bird environment (the chicken litter or manure). This study was conducted in 74 poultry farms, from which, 74 litter samples were collected for detection of both species. Additionally, 74 water samples were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporium spp. Concurrently a series of experiments were done separately to evaluate the efficacy of Psidium gujava. The results showed that the overall prevalence of Eimeria spp. was 48.6% with a higher prevalence in CBF (53.3%), while that of Cryptosporium spp. was 54% with the highest prevalence in HHF (62.5%). Application of farms disinfection was insignificantly affected the prevalence of both protozoan parasites. Disposal of farm wastes as land fertilizers significantly decreased the prevalence of both protozoan parasites, in contrast disposing of wastes to fish farms was associated with the highest prevalence of Eimeria spp. The highest prevalence of Cryptosporium spp. was recorded in farms that dispose dead birds to domestic rubbish. Rodent control and All in all-out system application were significantly decreased the Cryptosporium spp. prevalence (P=0.012, and 0.025 respectively). Finally, the highest sporulation inhibition percentage (SP% of 86.4) was obtained by using crude watery extract (10%) at a concentration of 2.5ml /ml after 24hr contact time.
Effects of complementary and sole applications of inorganic fertilizers and winery solid waste compost on maize yield and soil health indices
Authors: Masowa Manare Maxson , Kutu Funso Raphael , Babalola Olubukola Oluranti , Mulidzi Azwimbavhi Reckson , Dlamini Phesheya
Published: June 2022

The development of plant nutrition systems that enhance soil productivity through the use of mineral fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers has recently gained increased attention. Two field experiments were conducted in 2018 (from February to June) and 2018/19 (from December 2018 to April 2019) to assess the effects of complementary application of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (INPF) and winery solid waste (WSW) composts on maize yield and soil health indicators. The INPF and optimum rates of microbially inoculated and uninoculated WSW compost types were combined at different ratios (0:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 w/w) to supply proportionate N and P amount. The recommended INPF rates for maize (200 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1) were mixed and included as a standard control. The interaction of compost type and application rate had no significant effects on total biomass yield (TBY), grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). The compost type had significant effects on GY and HI in 2018/19. The TBYs obtained from the 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 compost-INPF combinations were significantly higher than that recorded from untreated control across the compost types in 2018. The 25:75 and 50:50 compost-INPF combinations gave GYs which were significantly higher than that obtained from the untreated control in 2018/19. In many instances, soil pH and the contents of organic C, NO3, P, K, Na and Zn recorded from treatments with the different mix ratios of compost and INPF were higher than that recorded from the untreated control. Grain yield correlated significantly and positively with the contents of soil NH4 (r = 0.59) and P (r = 0.53) indicating that these nutrients contributed to the final GY. In conclusion, the joint application of compost and INPF at 25:75 and 50:50 ratios appears promising for improving GY. Increase in soil K content suggested the need for a controlled application of WSW compost followed by frequent soil testing exercise to monitor and avoid unnecessary K build-up that may induce the deficiencies of other plant nutrients.
Characterization of growth and visual symptoms of nitrogen, potassium and magnesium deficiencies in arugula
Authors: Silva Paulo Henrique Soares , Reis Isaias dos Santos , Nascimento Camila Seno , Nascimento Carolina Seno , Filho Arthur Bernardes Cecílio
Published: June 2022

Arugula is a short-cycle species with a high demand for nutrients. In the plant, each nutrient performs one or more specific functions, so its deficiency will negatively impact the crop growth and development, being important to recognize the nutritional symptoms to help in decision making. In this context, the objective of this study was to describe the evolution of N, K, and Mg deficiencies symptoms and their effect on the growth of arugula plants. One at a time, the nutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution. At 13, 16, 18, and 20 days after transplanting (DAT) the seedlings to the - Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system, plants were collected, symptoms characterized, and leaves were scanned in JPEG (1.200 pixels). At 10 DAT of arugula, plants grew in a nutrient solution N-depleted shown the initial visual symptoms of N deficiency and at 16 DAT was recorded the first symptoms of K and Mg depletion in nutrient solution. At 20 DAT, the plants showed severe N deficiency symptoms, the old leaves presented intense and generalized chlorosis, followed by necrosis. Deficient plants in K exhibited chlorosis at the edge of old leaves advancing to the center of the leaves and small white dots. For Mg, the older leaves developed interveinal chlorosis from the leaf tip towards the central vein. The omission of nitrogen resulted in plants with lower height, leaf area, and number of leaves when compared to arugula plants grown in a complete nutrient solution.
Rapid and nondestructive estimations of chlorophyll concentration in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaflets using SPAD-502+ and CCM-200 portable chlorophyll meters
Authors: Almansoori Thuraya , Salman Majeda , Aljazeri Mariam
Published: June 2022

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the oldest known tree grown in the world’s arid regions. It has been cultivated for centuries because of its enormous cultural, agricultural, and environmental benefits. Recently date palm groves have been declined drastically due to anthropogenic, abiotic and, biotic stresses. Attaining sustainable farming and optimum crop production requires frequent monitoring of the physiological status of date palms. This demands rapid and non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll concentration in date palm leaflets overtime. In this study, four date palm cultivars, exhibiting distinct concentrations of chlorophyll, were used to assess the potential of using SPAD-502+ and CCM-200 portable chlorophyll meters to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll in date palm leaflets. Regression analyses were performed to model the relationship between the absolute concentration of chlorophyll measured in vitro and the optic indices of the two portable chlorophyll meters (SPAD and CCI). The results revealed that polynomial and power prediction models, which demonstrated remarkably close fits to each another, are the best functions to parameterize the relationships. The calibration models developed in this study were very strong and recorded high coefficient of determinations along with low relative errors for both the cultivar-specific fits (R2 ≥ 0.89; Error % ≤ 18.3) as well as the generic species-specific fits (R2 ≥ 0.822; Error % ≤ 25.0). The results confirmed that both SPAD-502+ and CCM-200 are equally effective tools for rapid and nondestructive estimation of chlorophyll concentration in date palm leaflets.
Physicochemical properties of Muntingia calabura fruit and its effect on the quality characteristics of cookies
Authors: Miranda Jesús Rodríguez- , Barrientos José M. Juárez- , Canseco Johana Hernández- , Rivera Mónica Rivera- , Santos Betsabé Hernández-
Published: June 2022

The objective of this investigation was the physical characterization of the Muntingia calabura fruit and physicochemical property evaluation of its meal for use in the formulation of cookies and the physicochemical and sensory characterization of the optimized cookies. The fruit showed a length, width, and thickness of 12.75 mm, sphericity of 99.79%, and an average weight of 1.72 g. Muntingia calabura meal had a high content of protein (26.29 g/100 g) and fiber (13.33 g/100 g), a water solubility capacity of 24%, an oil absorption capacity of 2.17 g/g, and an emulsifying capacity of 16.03%. Cookies were made with different Muntingia calabura meal concentrations (MMC) (0-35 g/100 g) and added water amounts (17-27 g/100 g). Two optimal conditions were obtained (C1= MMC 8.07 g/100 g and C2= MMC 6.05 g/100 g, both with 28.46 mL/100 g of added water). The C1 cookie had a higher protein content (28.99 g/100 g), both cookies had the same degree of acceptance.
Characterization of five Chilean agribusiness by-products and their potential use as food supplements
Authors: Gallardo Yaneris Mirabal- , Soriano Maria del Pilar Caramantin , Olate Verónica Rachel , Jofré Luis Guzmán , Pyarasani Radha D. , John Amalraj , Laurie Felipe
Published: June 2022

Chilean agribusiness generates large quantities of by-products and they have been little studied. According to the literature they represent important sources of sugar, protein, lipid, micronutrient, fiber, and others that have a broad field of action. In this work, by-products (white and red grape seeds, peach stones, avocado seeds, olive pomace, and corn cob) of Chilean agribusiness are characterized chemically with a view to their functional and nutritional potential. They are analyzed following standardized methodology which revealed that by-products are found to be a suitable source of protein (0.59-10.00 % on DW), fiber (33.85-71.93 % on DW), lipid (0.61-14.4 % on DW)), organic matter (77.34-99.87 % on DW), inulin (8.3-33 mg fructose/g dry sample), and a wide range of essential metals. They are rich in K, Ca, and Mg. Moreover, they have very good antioxidant capacity (FRAP, and DPPH), and total phenolics and flavonoids contents.  In conclusion, Chilean agribusiness by-products are attractive potential sources of food products, which could be used for nutritional purposes, and for the development of technologies.
Elaeagnus umbellata fruit - chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and kinetic of DPPH inhibition compared to standard antioxidants
Authors: Zglińska Klara , Galewska Anna Rygalo , Bryś Joanna , Koczoń Piotr , Borek Kinga , Roguski Mateusz , Niemiec Tomasz
Published: June 2022

umbellata (Autumn Olive) is a medicinal plant used in traditional Asian medicine. In this study, we examine E. umbellata, which grows in central Europe (Poland). Despite significant climatic differences in both regions, we show that the fruits have a similar chemical composition and antioxidant activity to those observed in their native areas. For the first time, we examined the fatty acid composition of E. umbellata, showing that unsaturated fatty content for as much as 88.67% of total fat. Including the content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids was over 50% of the total fat. We also examined proximate content, the content of fat-soluble vitamins, lycopene, beta carotene, and the mineral composition of the fruit. Moreover, using FT-IR spectrometry, we have shown that the fruits of the Autumn olive can change the distribution of chemical bonds when treated with hydrogen peroxide. The fruits of E. umbellata showed dose-dependent antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 76.27 µg / ml We also investigated the kinetic antioxidant activity of E. umbellata fruits based on DPPH radical inhibition compared to standard antioxidants (vitamin c and BHT). We have shown that using available protocols to spectrophotometrically study antioxidants' reaction with the DPPH radical may underestimate the effects of the Autumn Olive fruits.
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Ageratina neriifolia (B.L.Rob.)(Asteraeae) extracts from Mérida-Venezuela
Authors: Ustáriz María Eugenia Lucena de , Fajardo Francisco Javier Ustáriz , Briceño Karina Meza , Fermín Luís Beltrán Rojas- , Carrero Verónica Soto , Rojas Yndra Elena Cordero de , Rodríguez Silvia Hipatia Torres , Lucena Javier Ernesto Ustáriz
Published: June 2022

This work's main objective was to chemically characterize and determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts from fresh leaves of Ageratina neriifolia (Asteraceae) collected at the La Culata area in the State of Mérida in Venezuela. The extracts obtained via cold maceration with hexane and dichloromethane were concentrated under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator and later analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identification of the components was carried out by comparison of their mass spectra. The evaluation of the extracts' antibacterial activity was carried out employing the agar-disk diffusion test against gram-positive and gram-negative strains. Sixteen (16) compounds were identified in each extract, corresponding to 75.03% (hexane) and 68.32% (dichloromethane) of the total of isolated compounds. The main components in the hexane and dichloromethane extracts were kaureno-19-acetate (24.48% and 18.41%, respectively) and kaurenol (10.46% and 11.22%, respectively). The results showed that the hexane extract showed not to be soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, so it was not possible to determine the antibacterial activity under the experimental conditions established in the study. While, the dichloromethane extract exhibited activity against the gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and against the gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomona aeruginosa), at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 156, 625, and 2.500 µg / mL, respectively. Results that show the antibacterial activity of Ageratina neriifolia  hexane extract against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, unlike that previously described for other species of the genus Ageratina.
Protecting the viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG using chocolate as a carrier
Authors: Hossain Md Nur , Ranadheera Chaminda Senaka , Fang Zhongxiang , Hutchinson Graham , Ajlouni Said
Published: June 2022

The novel probiotic encapsulation approaches in snacks have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG using chocolate as a carrier. Various encapsulants, including cocoa powder, Na-alginate, fructooligosaccharides, whey protein concentrate, hi-maize starch and skim milk powder were tested using a freeze-drying technique. The encapsulation efficiency of L. rhamnosus reached 91.82% using cocoa powder and Na-alginate formulations. The encapsulated probiotic survived at thermal exposure maintaining more than 9 logs at 60°C. Chocolate was proven as a good carrier for encapsulated probiotic maintained viability above the therapeutic level (107 log) up to 180 and 120 days stored at 4°C and 25°C, respectively. Additionally, encapsulated L. rhamnosus in chocolate showed higher survival number (8.47 log cfu/g) at the end of gastrointestinal digestion. Hence, cocoa powder with Na-alginate as an encapsulation agent has potential applications in the development of healthy probiotic chocolate.
The effect of different storage period on some egg quality characteristics and ovalbumin levels in goose eggs
Authors: BAYKALIR Yasin , ERISIR Zeki , EROGLU Mehmet
Published: June 2022

The aim of the current study was to investigate effect of different storage period on some external and internal egg quality and ovalbumin levels of goose eggs. The alterations of these traits have not been examined sufficiently in goose eggs during the storage. For this purpose, a total of 150 eggs were examined from 50 weeks-old German origin Embden geese. The eggs were stored under constant temperature (+4°C) and ~ 60-65% relative humidity conditions for a period of 7, 14 and 21 days. The weights of 50 eggs were measured and analyzed at 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. The weight loss, eggshell thickness, and the pH of the albumen and the yolk were different between the storage groups. Other parameters such as, shape index; weights and ratios of albumen, yolk, eggshell, and yolk color were similar between the groups. The pH values of the albumen and yolk, the weight loss, and ovalbumin levels of the albumen had increased during storage. In contrast, the eggshell thickness had declined. According to the results of this study, eggs stored under refrigeration had lower variability on quality parameters. Depending on the increase of ovalbumin with storage, it will be more appropriate to consume goose eggs by allergy-sensitive individuals freshly or after at least end of 1-week storage.
Exogenous application of ascorbic acid and putrescine: A natural eco-friendly potential for alleviating NaCl stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: Seleem Engy Alaa , Ibrahim Hend Mohammad Saad , Taha Zeinab Kassem
Published: June 2022

A pot experiment was performed in the green house of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt during the winter seasons of 2019 and 2020 to investigate the effect of exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) and putrescine (Put) in ameliorating the growth parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant under saline conditions (9.3 and 14 dS m-1). Two concentrations of either AsA (100 and 300 ppm) or Put (100 and 200 ppm) were foliar-sprayed individually or in combination with both salt concentrations. Vegetative, yield, and anatomical characters, leaf photosynthetic pigments, and grain crude protein declined in response to stress, while electrolyte leakage (EL), proline, glycine betaine (GB), total carbohydrates and antioxidant enzymes increased under same conditions. The maximum increments in vegetative characters were notable at concentrations of either AsA at 300 ppm or Put at 100 ppm. Yield characters were enhanced at 300 ppm AsA and both concentrations of Put. Improvement in anatomical features of leaf and stem was achieved with the combination of either AsA at 300 ppm or Put at 100 ppm with salinity at 14 dS m-1. AsA was more effective in enhancing photosynthetic pigments and crude protein individually or in combination with salinity. Combinations of either AsA or Put with salinity induced decrements in EL, GB and antioxidant enzymes and increments in proline and total carbohydrates. In conclusion, foliar application of AsA and Put could be considered an eco-friendly approach to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity on morphological and physiological characters of barley.