bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tight Junctions
Authors: Schulzke Jörg‐Dieter , Fromm Michael
Published: May 2009

Tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells form selective barriers that regulate paracellular transport of solutes, immune cells, and drugs. Tight junctions consist of proteins that physically “seal” the tight junction but also form channels that allow for permeation between the cells, resulting in epithelial surfaces of different tightness. The tight junction proteins occludin, tricellulin, and at least 24 members of the claudin family are characterized by four transmembranal domains and two extracellular loops that, like teeth of a zipper, contact the appropriate loops from opposing cell membranes. Tight junctions are regulated in their molecular composition, ultrastructure, and function by intracellular scaffolding proteins and the cytoskeleton; such regulation serves normal, physiologic adaptation but also occurs in numerous diseases.
Do Melanoidins Induced by Topical 9% Dihydroxyacetone Sunless Tanning Spray Inhibit Vitamin D Production? A Pilot Study†
Authors: Armas Laura A. G. , Fusaro Ramon M. , Sayre Robert M. , Huerter Christopher J. , Heaney Robert P.
Published: May 2009

We report here preliminary pilot study data of the effect of sunless tanning spray with 9% [Correction added after online publication (August 24th, 2009): The concentration of Dihydroxyacetone used in the study was 9% and not 3% as previously stated] dihydroxyacetone (DHA) on 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] serum levels in subjects exposed to controlled amounts of UV‐B radiation during April/May in Omaha, NE, 41°N latitude. We found that DHA‐induced melanoidins in skin act as a topical sunscreen attenuating the formation of 25(OH)D.
The Current Situation of Retirement Income Provisions in Japan: Social Security Pension Schemes and Corporate Pension Plans
Authors: Sakamoto Junichi
Published: May 2009

Japan has been faced with rapid population ageing for decades. This has continuously reduced the level of social security pension benefits. Based on this it is often said that corporate pension plans should play a wider role forward in providing retirement benefits. However, we also have to know that there is a limit to what corporate pension plans can do in place of the social security pension schemes. In this paper we extract lessons from the history of social security pension schemes in our country and try to define the roles of corporate pension plans and social security pension schemes. In conclusion we should keep adequacy of social security pension benefits even if the contribution rate becomes a bit higher. Corporate pension plans just enrich people’s life in retirement. We have to remember that corporate pension plans were not certain means for reducing the poverty in old age and that for this reason social security pension schemes by social insurance were invented.
Islamic Political Activism as a Means of Women's Empowerment? The Case of the Female Islamic Action Front Activists
Authors: Ababneh Sara
Published: May 2009

This paper examines the effect that Islamic political activism has on the personal lives of women who are members of the Islamic Action Front. The paper studies how female members are able to better their daily lives through their Islamic party activism. To give the reader a better understanding of who the women are who are examined in this paper, the paper begins with a brief overview of the IAF and its women's section. Then the paper moves to examining how political Islam alters the lives of female partisans. I discuss one of the factors responsible for the perceived change in the lives of female activists, namely: Islamic knowledge. The paper will examine how Islamic knowledge has affected the lives of the female Islamists in question. I argue that the Islamic knowledge gained impacts the lives of female activists on three levels: the personal, the familial, and the social.
From Rhetoric to Reality: A Critical Analysis of the National Action Plan for the Achievement of Gender Equality in Kosovo
Authors: Hunt Abigail , Undurraga Rosario
Published: May 2009

This paper provides an overview of the current situation of Kosovo using a gendered perspective to highlight the challenges posed to the implementation of the National Action Plan for the Achievement of Gender Equality in Kosovo (NAP). The NAP arose through collaboration between the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the Kosovan women's movement and as such reflects both local and international gender knowledge and expertise. However, the current socio‐political climate in Kosovo and its history of ethnic/religious conflict create significant difficulties that hinder the implementation of the NAP throughout all sections of society, and the subsequent achievement of gender equality. With this in mind, a contextualised assessment and discussion of the NAP is presented using feminist theory. Central to this is the recommendation that the incorporation of concrete steps stipulating how to achieve certain NAP objectives would contribute towards the successful achievement of gender equality in Kosovo.
Colonialism, Gender and the Family in North America: For a Gendered Analysis of Indigenous Struggles
Authors: Leigh Darcy
Published: May 2009

This paper explores the case for a feminist, gendered analysis of anti‐colonial Indigenous struggles in two stages: It considers the historical and contemporary relationship between colonialism and gender, moving from pre‐colonial Indigenous life through colonisation and assimilation to explore Indigenous life today. It then discusses the problems and possibilities that the intersection of colonial power and gender presents for Indigenous struggles. The paper focuses on Indigenous communities in North America, engaging in particular with Inuit in Nunavut. It suggests that a gendered analysis is critical to understanding colonial power and is therefore vital to thinking about anti‐colonial Indigenous struggles; that an Indigenous Feminism may be able to move beyond the limits of dominant, Liberal and European feminisms as well as those of Indigenous resistance strategies.
Special Feature Article
Authors: Zine Jasmin
Published: May 2009

Since 9/11 Muslim women have played a critical role in unsettling and reconfiguring the boundaries of citizenship and belonging in the Canadian national imaginary. Muslim women have been at the centre of several contemporary debates in Muslim cultural politics in Canada, such as proposals for sharia‐based tribunals in Ontario, a Citizen's Code in Herouxville, Quebec outlawing face veils, banning hijab in girls' soccer and the ‘honour killing’ of a Pakistani Canadian teen. My aim is to examine through these case studies how gender and religion have become discursively located within broader political negotiations of national identity, citizenship and belonging. All of these flashpoints have galvanised debates about the ‘limits of multiculturalism’, the boundaries of nation and citizenship and ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ immigrants. The discussion will be framed around three primary themes: (1) disciplining culture, (2) death by culture, (3) death of culture.
A NEW SENSOR FOR PNEUMATIC TONOMETRY Construction and working principle
Authors: TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

A pneumatic tonometer has been described. Particular attention has been paid to the construction and working principle of the sensor, which enables a continuous recording of the intraocular pressure and its variations in both human eyes, and eyes of even conscious animals.
TRABECULOTOMY AB EXTERNO
Authors: KESSING SVEND VEDEL
Published: May 2009

During recent years microsurgery has opened up new possibilities for the surgical treatment of glaucoma by operative procedures applied direct to Schlemm's canal.

The present report deals with the experience of trabeculotomy ab externo on 26 eyes affected with various forms of glaucoma.

This procedure appears to be less traumatizing than the conventional filtering operations, and the preliminary results based upon postoperative follow‐up periods of 1–6 months are extremely promissing.
TRABECULOTOMY, TRABECULECTOMY AND SINUSOTOMY—SOME CLINICAL RESULTS
Authors: AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

Trabeculotomy was carried out in 30 eyes, in 3 of these combined with trabeculectomy. The intraocular pressure became normalized in 23 eyes, in 7 of these without post‐operatively medical treatment. Sinusotomy was carried out in 18 eyes. Satisfactory regulation of the intraocular pressure was achieved in 15 eyes, in 9 of these without medical treatment.

The new microsurgical methods thus seem to give a satisfactory regulation of the intraocular pressure as frequently as conventional fi1tration operations.
EXPERIENCE WITH KERATOPROSTHESES
Authors: BERTELSEN T. I. , SYVERSEN K.
Published: May 2009

A perforating keratoprosthesis was implanted on five patients with densely vascularized leukoma of the cornea. Two of the patients experienced no or minimal visual improvement due to posterior segment pathology. Considerable visual improvement was achieved for the other three patients. Extrusion of the prosthesis frequently occured but it could be replaced without loss of the visual gain.
FOLLOW‐UP OF INITIALLY NONGLAUCOMATOUS PATIENTS WITH FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS (SO‐CALLED SENILE EXFOLIATION OF THE ANTERIOR LENS CAPSULE)
Authors: ODLAND MAGNUS , AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

It is well‐known that patients with fibrillopathy (so‐called senile exfoliation) relatively often have open‐angle glaucoma. The frequency appears to be about 25% (Aasved 1971). It is equally certain, however, that many of these patients do not suffer from glaucoma. It is nevertheless generally considered that patients with fibrillopathy should be examined at regular intervals, due to the risk of subsequent development of glaucoma.

There are, however, a few earlier studies which indicate that this risk may not be very great (Klouman 1967, Hansen & Sellevold 1970, Aasved 1971). This is a problem of practical clinical significance. The present study presents a follow‐up of initially non‐glaucomatous patients with fibrillopathy registered at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bergen, since it opened in 1961.
EXPERIENCES IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC GLAUCOMA
Authors: MADSEN P. H.
Published: May 2009

Treatment of the fully developed haemorrhagic glaucoma is difficult. Surveys of the most commonly used methods of treatment have recently been published by Krüger (1963), Müller‐Jensen (1965), and Ohrt (1967). Miotics, adrenaline, and Diamox are usually ineffective. Retrobulbar injection of alcohol results in satisfactory, but often transient relief of pain. The common filtering operations should scarely be used because of the great risk of haemorrhage from the many large vessels on the iris and in the chamber angle.

The best operations seem to be cyclodiathermy, cyclocryothermy, or filtering operation with electrocoagulation of iris and sclera by the methods of Preziosi (1924), or Ellis, Thompson & Tyner (1962).

In the present paper the long‐term results after filtering operation with electrocoagulation are presented.
BEUGUNGSGITTER AUF GRENZFLÄCHEN DES OPTISCHEN SYSTEMS DES MENSCHLICHEN AUGES
Authors: LAUINGER NORBERT
Published: May 2009

Auf den sphärischen Grenzflächen des optischen Systems des menschlichen Auges sind Epithelzellen in Dichtestpackung vorwiegend als 1‐Zell‐Lagen‐Flächenepithelien eingelagert. Die Zellgrenzstrukturen weisen in Aufsicht poly‐bzw. hexagonale Feldstrukturen mit Feldmittenabständen im μm‐Bereich auf. Ihre Interpretation als Amplituden‐ und/oder Phasengitter muss aufgrund der Gitterkonstanten‐Massperiodizitäten als naheliegend betrachtet werden. Der Beitrag der auf sphärischen Grenzflächen vor der Netzhaut eingelagerten Beugungsgitter zur optischen Abbildung kann lediglich in einem Einfluss auf das Fraunhofersche Beugungsbild bestehen, das in der Fokusebene des optischen Systems, also im Fernbereich dieser Gitter zustandekommt. Wenn jedoch auch die Netzhaut, die ebenfalls aus der Invagination eines Flächenepithels entsteht, als in die Fokusebene eingelagertes Beugungsgitter bzw. mit einer oder beiden Grenz‘membranen’ als Einfach‐ oder Doppelraster interpretiert werden darf, so muss ihr Beitrag zur optischen Signalverarbeitung in direktem Bezug zu den ihr unmittelbar nachgelagerten Rezeptoren (Zapfen und Stäbchen) gesehen werden. In einer Gitter‐Rezeptoren‐Kombination, bei der die Photorezeptoren im Nahbereich des Gitters eingelagert sind, bestcht die Möglichkeit der Frequenzanalyse in den diskreten Fresnelschen Interferenzebenen hinter dem Gitter. Die hierfür gültigen Gesetzmässigkeiten werden beschricben und eine Modellrechnung für die photopische Frequenzanalyse auf der Grundlage histologischer und funktioneller Netzhautdaten vorgestellt.
PIGMENT CHANGES OF THE RETINA IN CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA (CPEO)
Authors: BASTIAENSEN L. A. K.
Published: May 2009

A study was made of the retinal functions in 4 patients with chronic‐progressive external ophthalmoplegia, general myopathy, EEG anomalies and pigment changes of the fundus oculi (ophthalmoplegia‐plus). Three of them exhibited typical, granular pigmentations in a linear or reticular arrangement at the periphery.

All tour showed slight to moderate pigment epithelial defects in the maculae, mostly only discernible with fluorescence angiography.

In all 4 cases, a slight decrease of the visual acuity, a mildly abnormal ERG, mild concentric restriction of the field of vision and, in two cases, an abnormal dark‐adaptation curve led to the conclusion of a mild diffuse, widely disseminated receptor affection of the retina (both rods and cones). The EOG appeared normal in 3, and at the lower limit of normal in 1 case. On the basis of a detailed study of the literature we can conclude that the retinal lesions in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia may vary from benign pigmentations without functional impairment to genuine ‘retinitis pigmentosa’ with all gradations of rod‐cone or cone‐rod dystrophy. Emphasis is laid on the possibility of a correlation between the mitochondrial abnormalities encountered in ocular myopathy and ophthalmoplegia‐plus on the one hand, and the retinal abnormalities on the other, with special reference to a possible disorder of the utilization of pyruvate in the citric‐acid cycle and a loose coupling of the oxidative phosphorylation.
THE PROCESS OF WOUND HEALING OF THE AVASCULAR OUTER LAYERS OF THE RETINA
Authors: BÜLOW NIELS
Published: May 2009

The process of wound healing of the avascular outer layers of the retina is studied on a series of Laser lesions of the monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The extent of the retinal lesions is limited to the pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells, whereas Bruch's membrane and the vascular inner layers of the retina remain intact.

The retinal lesions are not seen to be invaded by cells from the choroid, nor from the retinal vessels. During the first three days after irradiation the pigment epithelial cells in a zone, about 75 μm wide, around the lesions appear to be changed into bi‐ or multinucleate cells with the additional nuclei situated in apical cytoplasmic protrusions which extend towards and into the lesions. During the second and third days after irradiation the lesions are invaded by two kinds of cells which both appear to arise through the off‐budding of the nucleus‐containing apical protrusions of the pigment epithelial cells around the lesions: (a) phagocytic cells which disintegrate the damaged tissue and, as this process is completed 4–9 days after irradiation show evidence of melanogenesis; and (b) regenerated pigment epithelium which form a single layer of cells along Bruch's membrane, but show no evidence of phagocytosis or intracellular disintegration of the damaged tissue. Within the lesions both these kinds of cells show mitotic figures the third day after irradiation.
ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Authors: ATKINSON JANETTE , BRADDICK OLIVER
Published: May 2009

The forced‐choice preferential looking method (FPL) shows the development of acuity during the first year of life, and is applicable to clinical assessment. A tracking test using a narrow strip of grating yields a more sensitive measure for the later part of this age range, however. The development of acuity is dominated by neural rather than optical or accommodative factors. By age 3 years resolution acuity is very close to adult performance, but at 5 years ‘crowding’ effects may still impair performance on practical acuity tasks more than for the adult.
THE USE OF ISOTROPIC PHOTOREFRACTION FOR VISION SCREENING IN INFANTS
Authors: ATKINSON JANETTE , BRADDICK OLIVER
Published: May 2009

Isotropic photorefraction is a technique which makes possible the rapid, economic, large scale screening of infants and young children for refractive errors. The relative size of blur circles reflected from the fundus in 3 flash photographs with different camera settings allows the size and direction of refractive errors to be estimated. The method has been validated against retinoscopic measures on a large group of infants. Findings of a high incidence of astigmatism in the first year are confirmed. Detection of hypermetropia in early infancy by this screening procedure may allow preventive treatment for accommodative strabismus.
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILDREN
Authors: HYVÄRINEN LEA
Published: May 2009

Spatial contrast sensitivity may decrease differently at different spatial frequencies when vision is impaired. Patients with central scotoma may have normal or decreased sensitivity at low spatial frequencies, their Snellen acuity often is lower than grating acuity estimated on the basis of contrast sensitivity values. In retinitis pigmentosa contrast sensitivity may decrease at the low spatial frequencies already in the early teens. Because the ability to discern low contrasts is important in daily living, spatial contrast sensitivity measurements should become a part of clinical evaluation of vision.
THE HLA SYSTEM
Authors: OHNO SHIGEAKI
Published: May 2009

The HLA system is a major histocompatibility system in man, and the HLA antigens are controlled by a complex genetic locus on the autosomal chromosome 5. There exist five HLA loci, HLA‐A, HLA‐C, HLA‐B, HLA‐D and HLA‐DR. HLA‐A, B, C and DR antigens are detected serologically, and HLA‐D antigens by a mixed lymphocyte culture. Polymorphism, racial differences and linkage disequilibrium are three important characteristics of the HLA system. HLA system has various significant biological functions, and HLA genes have a marked effect on the immune reponse and susceptibility to diseases.
ACUTE ANTERIOR UVEITIS AND HLA ANTIGENS
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

Different clinical entities of acute anterior uveitis (AAU) may occur due to different pathogenetic, race and geographig conditions. A highly significant association of HLA‐B27 with AAU has been confirmed in different countries. HLA‐B27 associated AAU was associated neither with MLC (HLA‐D) determinants nor with α1‐antitrypsin phenotype MZ. Family studies suggested that a pleiotropic HLA‐B27 linked gene with autosomal dominant inheritance, incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity may determine the susceptibility to AAU. Different infections may trigger AAU in HLA‐B27 positive patients. In the immune response cytotoxic T cells may react simultaneously with the antigen and HLA‐B27 with increased chemotaxis and release of prostaglandins. In Caucasians the pathogenesis of “HLA‐B27 negative” AAU in many cases, e.g. in varicella iritis, may be explained by deposition of circulating immune complexes in the iris.

Bilateral nongranulomatous iridocyclitis in black Americans was associated with HLA‐B8 and HLA‐DR5 but this entity showed no systemic disease association.
HLA SYSTEM AND SERONEGATIVE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

Reactive conjunctivitis and acute anterior uveitis may occur in association with ankylosing spondylitis, sarcoiliitis, reactive arthritis, and Reiter's disease. These diseases showed a very close association with HLA‐B27 but not with any of the HLA‐Dw/DR antigens.
HLA AND TOXOPLASMIC RETINOCHOROIDITIS
Authors: OHNO SHIQEAKI
Published: May 2009

The frequency of HLA antigens was determined in patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the patients and the controls.
HLA AND BEHCET'S DISEASE
Authors: OHNO SHIGEAKI
Published: May 2009

Behcet's disease occurs most frequently among the Japanese and Mediterranean populations. This disease was shown to have a close association with HLA‐Bw51, a split antigen of HLA‐B5. Frequency of this antigen is highest in the male complete type, and lowest in the female incomplete type. Most patients inherited the HLA‐B5 from their mothers, and not from the fathers. The frequency of HLA‐B5 is equally high in populations with a high incidence of Behcet's disease, and it is possible that the susceptibility genes to Behcet's disease have been spread by the old nomadic tribes or by the Turks via the Silk Route.
HLA IN KERATOPLASTY
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

HLA antigens of corneal cells are associated with allograft rejection. Although there seems to be no specific HLA antigens as risk factors for allograft reaction, the selection of donor corneas on the basis of HLA compatibility may increase the graft survival rate.
NO ASSOCIATION OF CATARACT WITH THE HLA SYSTEM
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

The frequency of HLA antigens has been determined in patients with different types of cataract. No association was found between the development of senile cataract and HLA. Although HLA antigens are associated with susceptibility to acute anterior uveitis and juvenile‐onset diabetes, and these diseases may be complicated by cataract, it is obvious that the development of cataract is only secondary to these diseases and not itself associated with HLA antigens. We can conclude that there is no association between HLA and the development of cataract.
CONTROVERSY IN GLAUCOMA AND HLA
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

Early studies described the presence or absence of HLA associations in various forms of glaucoma. Recent reports from several countries indicate that there is no association between glaucoma and HLA.
HLA AND RETINAL DISEASES
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

Eales' disease, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, idiopathic central serous retinopathy, and juvenile hemorrhagic maculopathy have been studied for the association with HLA antigens. The results did not show any confirmed evidence that HLA would be involved in the susceptibility to any of these fundal lesions.
HLA AND TUMORS OF THE EYE
Authors: OHNO SHIGEAKI
Published: May 2009

Retinoblastoma and malignant melanoma have been studied for the association with HLA. Both diseases were shown to have no association with HLA antigens.
HLA SYSTEM AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs most frequently in northern and central Europe, the north of the United States, and Canada; it is more rare in China and Japan. Population studies showed association between HLA‐A3, B7, Dw2, and DR2 with MS. There was a close association of MS with HLA‐Dw2 and DR2, and the increased frequencies of A3 and B7 were secondary to linkage disequilibrium of B7 with Dw2, and of A3 with B7 in Caucasians. Black American MS patients showed a slight association with Dw2. In Japan, there was an association between MS and Dw6.

The HLA pattern in optic neuritis (ON) patients failed between that of MS patients and healthy controls; ON only progressed to MS if the immunogenetic terrain was favourable.
HLA AND ADIE'S SYNDROME
Authors: OHNO SHIGEAKI
Published: May 2009

A preliminary study on HLA antigens and Adie's syndrome showed that HLA‐A2 was slightly increased and HLA‐B5 was decreased as compared with the controls. However, further investigations are indicated to formulate firm conclusions.
HLA AND COELIAC DISEASE
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

Coeliac disease may be associated with several immunological disorders including ocular inflammation. Panuveitis with iridocyclitis, vasculitis of the retina and optic nerve head, haemorrhages into the retina and vitreous with retinal detachment, secondary retinitis pigmentosa, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjögren's syndrome may occur in association with CD. This disease was shown to have a strong association with HLA‐Dw3 and DR3 and a secondary association with HLA‐A1, B8 due to linkage disequilibrium between HLA‐Dw3 and HLA‐B8.
THE RELATIVE RISK
Authors: SAARI K. M.
Published: May 2009

A relative risk (RR) indicates how many times more frequent the disease is in individuals carrying the factor (HLA antigen) relative those who lack it. RR values are calculated by the formula RR=ad:bc where a and b are the numbers of patients carrying and lacking the factor (antigen), respectively, and c and d the corresponding numbers of controls. Associations between HLA and disease may be much stronger (e.g. RR=90 in ankylosing spondylitis and RR=5.2 to 53 in acute anterior uveitis) than the classical association between blood group O and duodenal ulcer (RR=1.33) indicating a more important involvement of HLA in many diseases than of ABO in duodenal ulcer.
OCULAR EXPOSURE TO INFRARED RADIATION IN THE SWEDISH MANUAL GLASS INDUSTRY
Authors: Lydahl Eva , Glansholm Anders , Levin Mats
Published: May 2009

Glass workers suffer from cataract significantly more often than workers without occupational exposure to infrared (IR) radiation. The present study was made to determine the level of IR radiation to the eyes of workers in different work operations in the manual glass industry. The work operations are described and the measurement results presented.

This investigation was supported by the Swedish Work Environment Fund
THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PHYSICIAN IN PROTECTION OF THE EYES AND VISION
Authors: PARVINEN ARVI
Published: May 2009

Eye protection and preventive health care of eyes need activity of occupational health care. Most succes in the prevention of occupational eye injuries can be done in changing wrong attitudes in the work place. With bad vision the employee does not succeed in his work. Refraction should be corrected to get good visual acuity. In prevention of occupational eye injuries it is valuable to look all over the work places in order to get perfect eye protection. The use of safety glasses or other equipment should be encouraged and controlled. Information on the right use of contact lenses and good first‐aid may complete your success in protection of eyes and vision.
THE ROLE OF AN OPTICIAN IN THE EYE PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
Authors: LIUKKONEN ILKKA
Published: May 2009

To describe the role of an ophthalmic optician in the eye protection activities of occupational health care this paper concerns the basic training of the opticians in Finland, the optoergonomics courses, the importance of eye protection activities, and the role of an optician in the protection of eyes and vision at work. It is concluded that it is important to correct the refraction of the employees, because the workers with poor vision have more industrial accidents than those with normal vision. A programme created to increase the use of eye protectors indicates the role of the optician in eye protection activities.
PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL EYE INJURIES
Authors: LEHTONEN KALEVI E.
Published: May 2009

The prevention of eye accidents is one part in the whole field of occupational safety which can be carried out in the most clear‐cut manner. Solution patterns are easily mapped out and applied to use. Eye accidents occur mostly in the metal industry but are spreading through the whole field of industry from year to year. The principles of the prevention of eye accidents can be applied as an example for many other branches of occupational safety and thus models of functions created by the enterprise for sight protection can be projected to other prevention points.
THE SOURCES OF LIGHT AND LIGHTING AT WORK
Authors: LAMPI EINO
Published: May 2009

Succeeding in lighting industrial, office and other work environments is dependent on many factors. Good result is not guaranteed if only one of these factors is taken into account. It is essential to choose appropriate light sources and use them correctly for different tasks.

Although the amount of light and its composition is considered satisfactory for a certain task, glare and reflected glare still cause inconvenience in the work places making the performance of visual tasks difficult. The lux and luminance levels of the work areas regulate the size of the observer's pupils. The size of the pupil determines for its part how easily and quickly eyes can be accommodated for a sight distance.

The indirect disadvantages caused by poor visual conditions are often significant. For example at display work reflected glare does not only slow down reading. The effort to avoid the reflections from the screen by changing the direction of observation effects the working positions. Inconvenient posture may cause pains in the neck and back.

In lighting design the problems of age vision are taken into account. We should also bear in mind the significance of the colour of light when considering these problems.
MINIMUM VISUAL REQUIREMENTS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS IN FINLAND
Authors: AINE ESKO
Published: May 2009

In Finland the employers can individually fix the minimum visual requirements for their personnel in almost every occupation. In transportation, in police and national defence proper eyesight is regarded so important that strict visual requirements for these have been fixed by the Government. The regulations are often more close when accepting the person to the occupation than later on when working. The minimum requirements are mostly stated for visual acuity, colour perception and visual fields. In some occupations the regulations concern also the refractive error of the eyes and possible eye diseases. In aviation the regulations have been stated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The minimum visual requirements for a driving licence in highway traffic are classed according to the types of motor vehicles. In railways, maritime commerce and national defence the task of the worker determines the specified regulations. The policeman must have a distant visual acuity of 0.5 without eyeglasses in both eyes and nearly normal colour perception when starting the training course.
WORKING WITH CATHODE‐RAY TUBE BASED VISUAL DISPLAY UNITS
Authors: NYMAN KARL GÖSTA
Published: May 2009

Eye strain when working with visual display units might be due to bad ergonomics but also to eye functions not meeting the demands. If the symbol on the screen has a 4 mm height and the working distance is 60 cm, a visual acuity of 0.4 is required. However to read with ease in the long run a visual acuity of 0.7 is needed. Therefore the employee's visual acuity and refraction must be examined when newly employed, at the age of forty, then every fifth year and when having problems. Other eye dysfunctions could be revealed from questionnaires.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ON THE EYES WITH REFERENCE TO SOFT CONTACT LENSES
Authors: CASTRÉN JORMA
Published: May 2009

Many aircraft passengers wearing contact lenses have complained about visual disturbances, tearing and smarting of the eyes. This kind of discomfort has been named jet‐set disease. The literature on this subject has been reviewed. Also my own study is reported. In that study seven test persons were examined during four hours in a decompression chamber. The atmospheric pressure was lowered to 560 millibars, which corresponds to an altitude of 4,000 metres. All test persons wore soft contact lenses. Objective symptoms were verified in four eyes after one hour and in all 14 eyes after three hours. The most serious objective findings were corneal erosions in 4 and opacities of corneal stroma in 10 eyes. The two investigators who did not wear contact lenses remained without both subjective and objective symptoms.
PERCEPTION AND EYE MOVEMENTS IN SIMULATED TRAFFIC SITUATIONS
Authors: LUOMA JUHA
Published: May 2009

In an experiment to simulate the perception task of a driver, subjects were shown uninterrupted series of colour slides of different kinds of highway scenes. The dependent variables were eye fixations, fixation times and conscious perceptions for the part of the traffic signs and roadside advertisements. Perceptions were achieved mostly as a result of fixation, but partly also by using peripheral vision. On the other hand fixation did not always cause perception. The lengthening of fixation time increased the number of correct perceptions. When the traffic sign and the roadside advertisement were in the same slide, the advertisement disturbed the perception of the sign, but in the daylight conditions this effect was not noticed as an alteration of the fixation of the sign, but as prevention of further information processing. The disturbing influence of the advertisement was increased by its bad information ergonomics which caused a long fixation time.
CLINICAL ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAPHY
Authors: ALANKO HANNU I.
Published: May 2009

Electro‐oculography (EOG), a retinal function test, indirectly records slow, light‐induced changes in the potential difference between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye. EOG is a valuable clinical tool in diagnosis of tapetoretinal degenerations, vitelliform foveal dystrophy including the carriers of this disease, retinal intoxications and in differential diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas. EOG is not an alternative to electroretinography but yields additional information on the function of the retinal pigment epithelium. The main drawback of the present technique is the high inter‐ and intraindividual variability of the results.
SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS—USE IN ERGOPHTHALMOLOGY
Authors: IGNATIUS JAAKKO
Published: May 2009

Saccadic eye movements are the fast »catching movements» we use to bring a new object to the foveal region. They can be measured and analysed quantitatively e.g. with electrooculography. Saccades are sensitive to drugs, alcohol and fatigue and thus their measurement seems to be a promising method for research in toxicology and ergonomics.
OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS
Authors: RAHKO TAPANI
Published: May 2009

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), one of the phenomena examined in order to analyse balance and sight disturbances, is manifest in two types: The cortical and the subcortical OKN. Their main distinction is in the velocities. They are also transmitted via different nervous pathways. This paper introduces a method to record the OKN of the two eyes individually. While joint OKN‐recordings of both eyes together may mask disturbances of one eye, the separate recordings could reveal them. The discussion deals with applications of OKN‐examination to ergophthalmology e.g. in cases of industrial solvent intoxications.
HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDY OF CHANGES OCCURRING IN EYES WITH INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION: AUTOPSY EYES, ENUCLEATED EYES AND CORNEAL BUTTONS
Authors: Riedel K. G. , Rudin S. R. , McMahon M. S. , Weiss J. S. , Chess J. , Albert D. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The clinicopathologic findings in 17 eyes which were surgically enucleated or removed at autopsy as well as the histopathology of 72 corneal buttons removed from eyes with intraocular lenses are described. In four of five autopsy eyes the intraocular lens was well tolerated; however, in all cases, changes related to the pseudophakos were found. In seven of 12 surgically enucleated eyes, postsurgical bacterial or fungal endophthalmitis had developed. On histopathological examination, one eye revealed clinically unsuspected endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. In two cases, choroidal melanoma became evident after cataract extraction and insertion of a pseudophakos. In both cases preoperative ultrasonography was limited to A‐scan axial measurements. The 72 corneal buttons were removed from patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy; histologically the most striking findings were guttata‐like changes in 50% of the specimens and retro‐corneal membranes in 13.9% of the specimens.
CELLULAR DEPOSITS ON INTRAOCULAR LENSES
Authors: Puck A. , Tso M. O. M. , Yue B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We examined cellular deposits on 14 intraocular lenses (IOL) that were removed after implantation for a variety of clinical reasons. Five of the lenses were cultured to evaluate the growth potential of preexisting cells on the IOLs.

The most common cells found were iris pigment epithelial cells. The thickest membranes were probably formed by iris stromal cells. Other cellular deposits included macrophages, multinucleated foreign body giant cells, lens epithelial cells, squamous epithelial ingrowth, red blood cells, uveal melanocytes, and vitreous strands. Cells around the IOL had only limited growth in tissue culture. We propose that a continuous influx of inflammatory cells in conjunction with a disruption of the blood‐aqueous barrier may be an important pathogenetic mechanism for the production of thick secondary membranes around an IOL.
POSTERIOR CHAMBER LENS IMPLANTATION
Authors: Tarkkanen A. , Merenmies L. , Pajari S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This report describes the clinical and histopathological studies of an eye 13 months after successfull extracapsular cataract surgery and J‐loop‐type posterior chamber lens implantation. The lens was of PMMA while the loops were made of polypropylene. The corrected visual acuity of the patient was 1.0 and clinically the eye showed no evidence of anterior uveitis. The lower loop was in the capsular bag while the upper loop was embedded in the ciliary body surrounded by chronic foreign body giant‐cell inflammatory reaction.
The retinal pigment epithelium controls the potassium activity in the subretinal space
Authors: la Cour M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The potassium transport of the isolated retinal pigment epithelium from bullfrogs was studied using micropuncture with double barrelled ionselective micro‐electrodes. Transient changes in intracellular values of electrical potential and potassium activity were monitored in response to abrupt changes in the K+ concentration on the retinal side of the tissue.

It is shown, that the transport of potassium in the pigment epithelium depends on the K+ concentration on the retinal side of the tissue in such a way as to keep variations in this concentration at a minimum.
Tear pH after instillation of buffer in vivo
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract The pH of the conjunctival fluid was measured with a micro‐electrode at the middle of the inferior conjunctival fornix of 160 eyes (86 subjects). After instillation of buffer of pH 5 (in 22 eyes pH 9) the linear course of pH changes was followed until the starting value had been regained. The coefficient of regression K was computed (pH‐units/min.). In normal eyes the K‐value declines with increasing age from 1.0 to 0.5, corresponding to a return to the starting value after 2 to 5 minutes. The K‐value is reduced significantly in keratoconjunctivitis sicca (K = 0.21, pemphigoid (0.36), during local anaesthesia (0.38±0.03 against 1.04±0.10 prior to 0.4% oxibuprocain), in the presence of a cotton plug in the inferior fornix, and in wearers of soft contact lenses. The K‐value is normal in cases of lacrimal occlusion (owing to overflow), in exophthalmos and endothelial dystrophy, following corneal grafting, in conjunctivitis and keratitis, and in wearers of hard contact lenses. In cadaveric eyes we find incomplete, irregular neutralization. Conclusion: Tear dilution is the most important factor in the elimination of buffered eye drops in vivo, compared with the proper buffering capacities of the tears and the tissue.
Von Hippel‐Lindau's angiomatosis ‐ a disease with multiple manifestations
Authors: Tuppurainen Kaija , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract We describe a Finnish family, in which two sisters, 54 and 57 years of age, have bilateral retinal hemangiomas, cerebral/cerebellar symptoms, renal adenocarcinomas and renal cysts. Two daughters of the younger sister have bilateral retinal angiomas; three daughters and a son are unaffected.
Ophthalmologic prognosis in Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Krogsaa Bent , Sørensen Per Soelberg , Seedorff Hans Henrik , Trojaborg Werner , Gjerris Flemming
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a prospective study twenty patients with benign intracranial hypertension, 15 females and five males with mean age 34 years (range 12–61 years), were followed up from 12 to 61 months (mean 22 months). Initially all patients showed marked papilledema, normal visual acuity, considerable enlargement of the blind spot area, and significantly delayed pattern reversal visual evoked potentials.

During medical treatment eleven patients showed within 3–6 months a rapidly regression and normalization of papilledema, blind spot area, and visual evoked potentials.

Eight patients continued in showing papilledema including disc gliosis, enlargement of blind spot area, and pathological visual evoked potentials.

One patient developed optic nerve atrophy. The results indicated that repeated examinations of visual evoked potentials, when suspect of threatening visual loss has come up (papilledema, increased blind spot area, and field defects), might increase the change of diagnose of an optic nerve atrophy as early as possible.
Intracapsular cataractextration with and without implantation of an anterior chamber lens. A comparative study
Authors: Eriksen Jens Sindberg , Ring Karsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract Intracapsular cataract extraction with anterior lens implatation was performed in 60 eyes and matched to a control group of 55 eyes, which were operated without implantation. Per‐ and immediately postoperatively 8 eyes in each group had minor complications without consequences for the final visual outcome. 76.7% of the implanted eyes obtained a final visual acuity of 0.5 or better versus 70.9% in the non‐implanted eyes. In both groups senile maculopathy was the main cause of permanentvisual reduction. At the time of follow‐up (between 12 and 29 months after surgery) maculopathy was seen in 12 eyes of the implanted group versus 14 eyes of the non‐implanted group. 91% of the eyes in the implanted group gave a subjectively satisfactory result to the patient, in the non‐implanted group 63% gave a satisfactory result. It is concluded that anterior chamber lens implantation in this material has been a safe procedure with no more short term complications than cataract extraction alone, and that the patients obtain a high degree of visual comfort.
Vision and refraction of school children
Authors: Jensen H. , Goldschmidt E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Even though prophylactic medical examination of children has been carried out in Denmark since 1947, measurement of visual acuity in young children was not performed systematically until the National Health Service issued instructions making sight testing a major part of the 4 year medical examination. If this has had an effect, it should now be possible to record a fall in the number of school children with amblyopia as a result of anomalies of refraction and strabismus.

The present investigation comprises all the children, who attended int the 2nd to 5th classes during the school year 1983/84, in schools in the municipality of Odense. 8769 school medical files were examined and 1216 children selected for supplementary eye examination. The remainder had normal vision without glasses. 1034 of those examined had an anomaly of refraction or reduced vision from other causes.

97% of all the eyes had a visual acuity of 6/6. The frequency of children with unilateral vision ≤6/12, and who did not suffer from eye disease, comprised 1.07%. There were statistically significantly more boys (1.39%) than girls (0.73%) with amblyopia. Thus, there is a fall in the number of amblyopic children in relation to previous Danish investigations. Bilateral reduction in visual acuity ≤6/18 was found in 0.09%; this has not changed to any greater extent during the last decades.

Myopia was found in 4.0% of the children between the ages of 7–11 years. compared to previous studies no change was observed in the younger ages and modest rise in the older age groups. The onset of myopia occurred earlier in girls (9–10 years) than in boys (11 years). This may, in part, explain why myopia was seen in 4.4% of the girls and only in 3.6% of the boys. Severe myopia (>/6.0 D) was found in 13 children (18 eyes) corresponding to a frequency of 0.15%.
Refractive and accommodative changes in normal adults, aged 18‐40years
Authors: Tinning S. , Dreyer V. , Goldschmidt E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A longitudinal study of refraction in 182 flight cadets, followed at least ten years, showed some disagreement between the results of initial subjective refraction (fogging method) and the subsequent retinoscopy with repidly acting cycloplegics, the latter revealing the highest degree of hypermetropia. The most prevelent refraction was between +0.5 and +1.0. During the follow‐up period only 7 per cent changed their subjective refraction, and this changes could only be demonstrated between the initial and second examination 3 years later, suggesting that a prior knowledge of the results of objective refraction made it more easily to get acceptance of the entire refraction which seemed unchanged.

Only modest astigmatism was found due to the strict visual requirements at the entrance of flight training.

The amplitude of accomodation was tested with a pushup‐chart attached to a phoropter. The results were amazingly in agreement with Duane's data from 1912, both with respect to the decline with age and the standard error. In the range from 18 to 40 years the amplitude of acommodation decreases almost linearly. Minor variations should be accredited day‐to‐day deviations or instrument inaccuracies, but the data do not indicate differencies in capacity connected to particular individuals. The development of the amplitude of accommodation beyond the age of 40 cannot be clarified by the present study.
Some physiological and psychological charateristics of myopic and non‐myopic young men
Authors: Pärssinen O , Era P. , Leskinen A.‐L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract As a part of a research project on the health and functional capacity of men at different ages a comparison of selected physiological and psychological characteristics of myopic and non‐myopic 31–35 year‐old men was made. The random sample studied consisted of 31 myopic and 100 non‐myopic men. It was found that the body mass index and fat content were lower among the myopic than among the non‐myopic. No significant differences were found in the elastic properties of skin, in blood pressure or in haematological assays studied between the groups. With respect to physical performance it was observed that the myopic had a higher aerobic capacity whereas there were no significant differences in muscular strenght between the groups. In the psychological functions the myopic had a higher level in certain tests of intelligence. In the ophthalmological examination there were no significant differences between the groups in corrected vision, in eye tension and in dark adaptation. The amplitude of accommodation was 0.6‐0.9 D. wider among the myopic. The results indicated some differences in physical and psychological characteristics between myopic and non‐myopic young men. The differences could mainly be explained by differences in education and in physical activity during leisure.