bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 2.84 Mb deletion at 21q22.11 in a patient clinically diagnosed with marden–walker syndrome
Authors: Carrascosa‐Romero María Carmen , Suela Javier , Pardal‐Fernández José Manuel , Bermejo‐Sánchez Eva , Vidal‐Company Alberto , MacDonald Alexandra , Tébar‐Gil Roque , Martínez‐Fernández María Luisa , Martínez‐Frías María Luisa
Published: July 2013

We present a girl with the characteristic clinical picture associated with Marden–Walker syndrome (MWS; OMIM 248700), including mask‐like face with blepharophimosis, joint contractures, intellectual disability, a multicystic dysplastic kidney and cerebral dysgenesis. The long‐term follow‐up allowed us to monitor the evolution of the phenotype in this patient, and among the main findings we highlight the following: demyelination of the pyramidal tract demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation and the involvement of the levator muscles of angle of mouth in fixed facial expression with relative integrity of the rest of the facial expression muscles. A 244 k array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was carried out and showed a de novo interstitial deletion of approximately 2.84 Mb affecting only the cytoband 21q22.11 (genome coordinates chr21:31,874,016–34,711,763). We selected 10 of the most recent published cases with either total or partial deletions of cytoband 21q22.11 that provided good characterization of the genomic size or the genes in the deleted regions. We observed that in nine of the 10 cases the deleted regions included the RUNX1 gene in 21q22.12, which is not affected in the current patient's deletion or in that of Patient 3 from Roberson et al. [2011]. After a comparison of shared deleted genes between cases, and correlation of their potential phenotypes, we concluded that the pattern of defects considered for a diagnosis of MWS may represent part of the phenotypic expression of a partial or total deletion of 21q22.11. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recognition of Face and Non‐Face Stimuli in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Arkush Leo , Smith‐Collins Adam P. R. , Fiorentini Chiara , Skuse David H.
Published: July 2013

The ability to remember faces is critical for the development of social competence. From childhood to adulthood, we acquire a high level of expertise in the recognition of facial images, and neural processes become dedicated to sustaining competence. Many people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have poor face recognition memory; changes in hairstyle or other non‐facial features in an otherwise familiar person affect their recollection skills. The observation implies that they may not use the configuration of the inner face to achieve memory competence, but bolster performance in other ways. We aimed to test this hypothesis by comparing the performance of a group of high‐functioning unmedicated adolescents with ASD and a matched control group on a “surprise” face recognition memory task. We compared their memory for unfamiliar faces with their memory for images of houses. To evaluate the role that is played by peripheral cues in assisting recognition memory, we cropped both sets of pictures, retaining only the most salient central features. ASD adolescents had poorer recognition memory for faces than typical controls, but their recognition memory for houses was unimpaired. Cropping images of faces did not disproportionately influence their recall accuracy, relative to controls. House recognition skills (cropped and uncropped) were similar in both groups. In the ASD group only, performance on both sets of task was closely correlated, implying that memory for faces and other complex pictorial stimuli is achieved by domain‐general (non‐dedicated) cognitive mechanisms. Adolescents with ASD apparently do not use domain‐specialized processing of inner facial cues to support face recognition memory. Autism Res 2013, 6: 550–560. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects: Texas, 1999 to 2003
Authors: Sauber‐Schatz Erin K. , Bodnar Lisa M. , Weiss Harold B. , Wilson John W. , Pearlman Mark D. , Markovic Nina
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Case reports and series have suggested an association between injury during pregnancy and several nervous system and nervous system–related adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes. This study's purpose is to further determine if there is an association between injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects in infancy.

METHODS

Through a case–control study, the association between injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects was tested using the Texas Birth Defects Registry (1999–2003). Semiautomated probabilistic bias analysis was used to correct for systematic error from misclassification of injury during pregnancy.

RESULTS

Of the 59,750 infants eligible for this study, 4144 (6.94%) were diagnosed with a nervous system birth defect and 315 (0.53%) of the infants' mothers were injured during pregnancy. Among these 315 women, 25 (7.94%) delivered an infant with a subsequent nervous system birth defect. The adjusted odds ratio for the association between injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects among all study infants was 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–1.56 and 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–5.53 among breech presentation infants. Probabilistic bias analysis supported these findings.

CONCLUSION

No association between injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects was identified. Further exploration into the association among breech presentation infants is warranted. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:641–648, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allogeneic cell therapy bioprocess economics and optimization: Single‐use cell expansion technologies
Authors: Simaria Ana S. , Hassan Sally , Varadaraju Hemanthram , Rowley Jon , Warren Kim , Vanek Philip , Farid Suzanne S.
Published: July 2013

For allogeneic cell therapies to reach their therapeutic potential, challenges related to achieving scalable and robust manufacturing processes will need to be addressed. A particular challenge is producing lot‐sizes capable of meeting commercial demands of up to 109 cells/dose for large patient numbers due to the current limitations of expansion technologies. This article describes the application of a decisional tool to identify the most cost‐effective expansion technologies for different scales of production as well as current gaps in the technology capabilities for allogeneic cell therapy manufacture. The tool integrates bioprocess economics with optimization to assess the economic competitiveness of planar and microcarrier‐based cell expansion technologies. Visualization methods were used to identify the production scales where planar technologies will cease to be cost‐effective and where microcarrier‐based bioreactors become the only option. The tool outputs also predict that for the industry to be sustainable for high demand scenarios, significant increases will likely be needed in the performance capabilities of microcarrier‐based systems. These data are presented using a technology S‐curve as well as windows of operation to identify the combination of cell productivities and scale of single‐use bioreactors required to meet future lot sizes. The modeling insights can be used to identify where future R&D investment should be focused to improve the performance of the most promising technologies so that they become a robust and scalable option that enables the cell therapy industry reach commercially relevant lot sizes. The tool outputs can facilitate decision‐making very early on in development and be used to predict, and better manage, the risk of process changes needed as products proceed through the development pathway. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 69–83. © 2013 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coupling dark metabolism to electricity generation using photosynthetic cocultures
Authors: Badalamenti Jonathan P. , Torres César I. , Krajmalnik‐Brown Rosa
Published: July 2013

We investigated the role of green sulfur bacteria inlight‐responsive electricity generation in microbial electrochemical cells (MXCs). We operated MXCs containing either monocultures or defined cocultures of previously enriched phototrophic Chlorobium and anode‐respiring Geobacter under anaerobic conditions in the absence of electron donor. Monoculture control MXCs containing Geobacter or Chlorobium neither responded to light nor produced current, respectively. Instead, light‐responsive current generation occurred only in coculture MXCs. Current increased above background levels only in the dark and declined slowly over 96 h. This pattern suggested that Chlorobium exhausted intracellular glycogen reserves via dark fermentation to supply an electron donor, presumably acetate, to Geobacter. With medium containing sulfide as the sole photosynthetic electron donor, current generation had a similar and reproducible negative light response. To investigate whether this metabolic interaction also occurred without an electrode, we performed coculture experiments in batch serum bottles. In this setup, sulfide served as the sole electron donor, whose oxidation by Chlorobium was required to provide S0 as the electron acceptor to Geobacter. Copies of Geobacter 16S rDNA increased approximately 14‐fold in batch bottle cocultures containing sulfide compared to those lacking sulfide, and did not decline after termination of sulfide feeding. These results suggest that products of both photosynthesis and dark fermentation by Chlorobium were sufficient both to yield an electrochemical response by Geobacter biofilms, and to promote Geobacter growthin batch cocultures. Our work expands upon the fusion of MXCs with coculture techniques and reinforces the utility of microbial electrochemistry for sensitive, real‐time monitoring of microbial interactions in which a metabolic intermediate can be converted to electrical current. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 223–231. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of the adhesive bacterionanofiber AtaA to a novel microbial immobilization method for the production of indigo as a model chemical
Authors: Ishikawa Masahito , Shigemori Kazuki , Hori Katsutoshi
Published: July 2013

The toluene‐degrading bacterium Acinetobacter sp. Tol 5 shows high adhesiveness mediated by the bacterionanofiber protein AtaA, which is a new member of the trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) family. In contrast to other reported TAAs, AtaA mediates the adhesion of Tol 5 to various abiotic surfaces ranging from hydrophobic plastics to hydrophilic glass and stainless steel. The expression of ataA in industrially relevant bacteria improves their adhesiveness and enables immobilization directly onto support materials. This represents a new method that can be alternated with conventional immobilization via gel entrapment and chemical bonding. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of this immobilizing method by utilizing AtaA. As a model case for this method, the indigo producer Acinetobacter sp. ST‐550 was transformed with ataA and immobilized on a polyurethane support. The immobilized ST‐550 cells were transferred directly to a reaction solution containing indole as the substrate. The immobilized ST‐550 cells showed a faster indigo production rate at high concentrations of indole compared with planktonic ST‐550 not expressing the ataA gene, implying that immobilization enhanced the tolerance of ST‐550 to the substrate indole. As a result, the immobilized ST‐550 produced fivefold higher levels of indigo than planktonic ST‐550. These results proved that AtaA is useful for bacterial immobilization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 16–24. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer‐Hydrogenative Cyclization of 1,6‐Diynes with Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridine as a H2 Surrogate
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Mori Shota , Shibuya Masatoshi
Published: July 2013

The transfer‐hydrogenative cyclization of 1,6‐diynes with Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine as a H2 surrogate was performed in the presence of a cationic ruthenium catalyst of the type [Cp′Ru(MeCN)3PF6]. Exocyclic 1,3‐dienes or their 1,4‐hydrogenation products, cycloalkenes, were selectively obtained, depending on the substrate structure and the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Acid Mediated Fries Rearrangement of 3‐Dienyl‐azetidinones: Facile Synthesis of 3‐(But‐2‐enylidene)quinolin‐4(3H)‐ones.
Authors: Anand Amit , Mehra Vishu , Kumar Vipan
Published: July 2013

Treatment of β‐lactams (I) with TfOH results in a ring‐opening/ring‐closing isomerization to provide the target compounds in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of Efficiency of Chiral Atropisomeric Phosphorus Ligands in the Asymmetric Catalytic Processes Mediated by Transition Metal Complexes. Part 1. Evaluation of Steric Effects
Authors: Demchuk Oleg M. , Lastawiecka Elzbieta , Pietrusiewicz K. Michal
Published: July 2013

Review: 49 refs.
Adsorption of chromium(VI) metal ions from aqueous solution using hexagonal ZnO particles: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic modelling studies
Authors: Erduran Nuran , Gökgöz Murat , Ada Kezban
Published: July 2013

Zinc oxide powders having hexagonal plate particles were prepared by homogeneous precipitation from boiling aqueous solutions that contained excess urea and 0.075 (Z075) and 0.300 (Z300) M Zn2+. The equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamics of the adsorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution onto Z075 and Z300 were investigated. Thermodynamic parameters and K# equilibrium constant of activation were calculated. Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were used to describe the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto ZnO powders. The monomolecular adsorption capacity of Z075 and Z300 was determined as 980 and 1050 mg g−1 for Cr(VI), respectively.
Molecularly imprinted β‐cyclodextrin/Kaoline particles for the selective recognition and binding of bisphenol A
Authors: Xie Qingjie , Li Linzi , Pan JianMing , Meng Minjia , Song Zhilong , Zhu Wenjing , Wang Bing , Yu Ping
Published: July 2013

Molecularly imprinted β‐cyclodextrin/Kaoline particles (MIPs) were prepared for recognitive adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solution. The characterisation of MIPs were achieved by FTIR spectra, SEM micrographs, nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis and elemental analysis. The equilibrium data, at various temperatures, were described by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm models. The kinetic properties were successfully investigated by pseudo‐first‐order model, pseudo‐second‐order model, intraparticle diffusion equation, initial adsorption rate and half‐adsorption time. Based on the comparison of diffusion parameters, including intraparticle diffusion, film diffusion and pore diffusion, we can confirm the process of recognitive binging sites in MIPs. A diffusion‐controlled process as the essential adsorption rate‐controlling step was proposed. Moreover, intraparticle diffusion increased with BPA concentration while film and pore diffusion decreased. An increase in the temperature was found to increase intraparticle and pore diffusion, and reduce film diffusion. The selectivity of MIPs also demonstrated higher affinity for target BPA over competitive phenolic compounds than that of non‐imprinted polymers (NIPs).
Arsenic Removal from Natural Water Using Low Cost Granulated Adsorbents: A Review
Authors: Baig Shams Ali , Sheng Tiantian , Hu Yunjun , Xu Jiang , Xu Xinhua
Published: July 2013

Elevated arsenic concentrations have been detected in drinking water sources worldwide and it threatens to over 200 million people in both developing and developed countries. Adsorption is a conventional process for arsenic removal from contaminated water. Several classes of adsorbing materials have been tested so far. However, far less attention was paid towards granular‐based adsorption and granulation processes. The present work is the first attempt to consider both the granular adsorbent and the granulation process. A particular emphasis was given to cost‐efficient adsorbent for small scale arsenic removal. Some of the features of granular adsorbents are summarized in tables and graphs; address necessary outlines for readers to easily overview the adsorbents' characteristics and design sustainable adsorption system. Earlier, cost of arsenic removals from granular adsorbents were not widely affirmed, but in this review few of them are incorporated for comparisons in future studies. Thus, one gram of arsenic removal from water using novel and iron oxide‐coated sand adsorbents is approximately ranged US$2.3–5.1 and US$3.3–4.2, respectively. Moreover, methods employed for regeneration of exhausted granular adsorbents are discussed. Field scale arsenic remediation measures and the performance evaluations are additionally reported to identify the feasibility of these approaches for scaling up, awareness raising and promotion.
Flow‐induced ATP release in patient‐specific arterial geometries – a comparative study of computational models
Authors: Boileau E. , Bevan R. L. T. , Sazonov I. , Rees M. I. , Nithiarasu P.
Published: July 2013

The importance of the endothelium in the local regulation of blood flow is reflected by its influence on vascular tone by means of vasodilatory responses to many physiological stimuli. Regulatory pathways are affected by mass transport and wall shear stress (WSS), via mechanotransduction mechanisms. In the present work, we review the most relevant computational models that have been proposed to date, and introduce a general framework for modelling the responses of the endothelium to alteration in the flow, with a view to understanding the biomechanical processes involved in the pathways to endothelial dysfunction. Simulations are performed on two different patient‐specific stenosed carotid artery geometries to investigate the influence of WSS and mass transport phenomena upon the agonist coupling response at the endothelium. In particular, results presented for two different models of WSS‐dependent adenosine‐5’‐triphosphate (ATP) release reveal that existing paradigms may not account for the conditions encountered in vivo and may therefore not be adequate to model the kinetics of ATP at the endothelium. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Exploration of People's Experiences of Compassion‐focused Therapy for Trauma, Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Lawrence Verity A. , Lee Deborah
Published: July 2013

Self‐compassion enhances psychological well‐being, and compassion‐focused therapy aims to alleviate psychological distress by fostering its development. The experience of becoming self‐compassionate for people with complex mental health difficulties has not been analysed in the literature, despite clinical observations that this process is difficult. This study explored the process of becoming self‐compassionate for people with posttraumatic stress disorder, using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with seven participants. Five superordinate themes emerged from the data including: (1) the battle to give up the inner critic: who am I if I am not self‐critical?; (2) an aversive and alien experience: how it feels to develop self‐compassion; (3) the emotional experience of therapy; (4) self‐compassion as a positive emotional experience; and (5) a more positive outlook in the present and for the future. Self‐criticism formed an important part of the participants' self‐identity, and they experienced an initially aversive emotional response to self‐compassion, describing it as a completely new experience and one to be feared. Despite this, they were able to persist with therapy and subsequently experience positive emotional responses to self‐compassion. They reported the therapeutic relationship as an important factor making this possible. Participants reflected on several reasons for the aversive nature of developing self‐compassion, which are discussed. A process model of the journey from self‐criticism to self‐compassion is proposed. It is suggested that the obstacles frequently experienced when developing self‐compassion can be overcome, instilling hope for both therapists and clients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The process of developing compassion for the self can be frightening for people who have a tendency to be self‐critical and have few experiences of compassion from others.

Despite this initially aversive response, participants in this study were able to develop self‐compassion and experience its benefits, such as increased hopefulness for the future.

Therapists are encouraged to persist with compassion‐focused therapy when met with resistance from clients, since overcoming this can be a key part of the therapeutic process.
Design and Synthesis of a Prototype Scaffold for Five‐Residue α‐Helix Mimetics
Authors: Bayly Andrew R. , White Andrew J. P. , Spivey Alan C.
Published: July 2013

The development of structural mimetics of α‐helices has traditionally focused on representation of the three residues that protrude from one face of the helical surface on three consecutive turns (i.e., i, i+3/i+4, and i+7). Despite the decisive contribution these residues make to the binding interaction with protein partners, peripheral residues can play important roles particularly with regard to imparting selectivity. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a model azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane aryl amide scaffold designed to compactly present the i, i+1, i+2, i+4, and i+5 residues of an α‐helix.
Antisaccadic Training to Improve Impulsivity in Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Giel Katrin Elisabeth , Schag Kathrin , Plewnia Christian , Zipfel Stephan
Published: July 2013

Patients with binge eating disorder (BED) show generally increased impulsivity and especially increased food‐related impulsivity. Both are closely linked to the core pathology of BED, which relates to regular binge eating episodes with experienced loss of control. The antisaccade task is an established paradigm assessing response inhibition as a pivotal component of impulsivity. It requires participants to execute antisaccades; that is, they are supposed to look in the opposite direction of a stimulus that automatically catches attention by appearing in the peripheral visual field. High rates of prosaccades to the peripheral stimuli are considered indicators of increased impulsivity. Presenting food pictures as peripheral stimuli, this task can be used to investigate food‐related impulsivity. We propose modifications of this task in order to design it as an antisaccadic training in which BED patients practise the suppression of food‐related responses, which should result in enhanced control over their eating behaviour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Carbon burial in soil sediments from Holocene agricultural erosion, Central Europe
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas , Schlummer Manuela , Notebaert Bastiaan , Verstraeten Gert , Korup Oliver
Published: July 2013

Natural and human‐induced erosion supplies high amounts of soil organic carbon (OC) to terrestrial drainage networks. Yet OC fluxes in rivers were considered in global budgets only recently. Modern estimates of annual carbon burial in inland river sediments of 0.6 Gt C, or 22% of C transferred from terrestrial ecosystems to river channels, consider only lakes and reservoirs and disregard any long‐term carbon burial in hillslope or floodplain sediments. Here we present the first assessment of sediment‐bound OC storage in Central Europe from a synthesis of ~1500 Holocene hillslope and floodplain sedimentary archives. We show that sediment storage increases with drainage‐basin size due to more extensive floodplains in larger river basins. However, hillslopes retain hitherto unrecognized high amounts of eroded soils at the scale of large river basins such that average agricultural erosion rates during the Holocene would have been at least twice as high as reported previously. This anthropogenic hillslope sediment storage exceeds floodplain storage in drainage basins <105 km2, challenging the notion that floodplains are the dominant sedimentary sinks. In terms of carbon burial, OC concentrations in floodplains exceed those on hillslopes, and net OC accumulation rates in floodplains (0.7 ± 0.2 g C m−2a−1) surpass those on hillslopes (0.4 ± 0.1 g C m−2a−1) over the last 7500 years. We conclude that carbon burial in floodplains and on hillslopes in Central Europe exceeds terrestrial carbon storage in lakes and reservoirs by at least 2 orders of magnitude and should thus be considered in continental carbon budgets.
Exploring global nitrogen and phosphorus flows in urban wastes during the twentieth century
Authors: Morée A. L. , Beusen A. H. W. , Bouwman A. F. , Willems W. J.
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a global model‐based country‐scale quantification of urban N and P mass flows from humans, animals, and industries and their waste N and P discharges to surface water and urban waste recycling in agriculture. Agricultural recycling was practiced commonly in early twentieth century Europe, Asia, and North America. During the twentieth century, global urban discharge to surface water increased ~3.5‐fold to 7.7 Tg yr‐1 for N and ~4.5‐fold to 1.0 Tg yr‐1 for P; the major part of this increase occurred between 1950 and 2000. Between 1900 and ~1940, industrial N and P flows dominated global surface water N and P loadings from urban areas; since ~1940, human wastes are the major source of urban nutrient discharge to both surface water and agricultural recycling. During the period 1900–2000, total global recycling of urban nutrients in agriculture increased from 0.4 to 0.6 Tg N yr‐1 and from 0.07 to 0.08 Tg P yr‐1. A large number of factors (the major ones related to food consumption, urban population, sewer connection, and industrial emissions) contribute to the uncertainty of −18% to +42% for N and −21% to +45% for P around the calculated surface water loading estimate for 2000.
Interlaboratory study for coral Sr/Ca and other element/Ca ratio measurements
Authors: Hathorne Ed C. , Gagnon Alex , Felis Thomas , Adkins Jess , Asami Ryuji , Boer Wim , Caillon Nicolas , Case David , Cobb Kim M. , Douville Eric , deMenocal Peter , Eisenhauer Anton , Garbe‐Schönberg Dieter , Geibert Walter , Goldstein Steven , Hughen Konrad , Inoue Mayuri , Kawahata Hodaka , Kölling Martin , Cornec Florence L. , Linsley Braddock K. , McGregor Helen V. , Montagna Paolo , Nurhati Intan S. , Quinn Terrence M. , Raddatz Jacek , Rebaubier Hélène , Robinson Laura , Sadekov Aleksey , Sherrell Rob , Sinclair Dan , Tudhope Alexander W. , Wei Gangjian , Wong Henri , Wu Henry C. , You Chen‐Feng
Published: July 2013

The Sr/Ca ratio of coral aragonite is used to reconstruct past sea surface temperature (SST). Twenty‐one laboratories took part in an interlaboratory study of coral Sr/Ca measurements. Results show interlaboratory bias can be significant, and in the extreme case could result in a range in SST estimates of 7°C. However, most of the data fall within a narrower range and the Porites coral reference material JCp‐1 is now characterized well enough to have a certified Sr/Ca value of 8.838 mmol/mol with an expanded uncertainty of 0.089 mmol/mol following International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG) guidelines. This uncertainty, at the 95% confidence level, equates to 1.5°C for SST estimates using Porites, so is approaching fitness for purpose. The comparable median within laboratory error is <0.5°C. This difference in uncertainties illustrates the interlaboratory bias component that should be reduced through the use of reference materials like the JCp‐1. There are many potential sources contributing to biases in comparative methods but traces of Sr in Ca standards and uncertainties in reference solution composition can account for half of the combined uncertainty. Consensus values that fulfil the requirements to be certified values were also obtained for Mg/Ca in JCp‐1 and for Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in the JCt‐1 giant clam reference material. Reference values with variable fitness for purpose have also been obtained for Li/Ca, B/Ca, Ba/Ca, and U/Ca in both reference materials. In future, studies reporting coral element/Ca data should also report the average value obtained for a reference material such as the JCp‐1.
Upper Famennian and Lower Tournaisian sections of the Moravian Karst (Moravo‐Silesian Zone, Czech Republic): a proposed key area for correlation of the conodont and foraminiferal zonations
Authors: Kalvoda Jiří , Kumpan Tomáš , Bábek Ondřej
Published: July 2013

Foraminiferal and conodont faunas at the Devonian–Carboniferous (D–C) boundary in the southern part of the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) were studied in different facies of the basin slope. The joint presence of foraminifers and conodonts in calciturbidites along with a positive δ13C excursion of the Hangenberg anoxic event enabled the high‐resolution calibration of the late Famennian–early Tournaisian interval (Upper expansa–crenulata conodont zones). The conodont stratigraphic and biofacies succession reveals a strong correlation with other European areas. The Siphonodella sulcata morphotype (close to Group 1 sensu Kaiser and Corradini and “nov. gen. nov. sp. 1” sensu Tragelehn) enters prior to the Hangenberg Event, which resembles Upper and Uppermost Famennian conodont successions from Franconia, Bavaria and Morocco. The diversification of the early siphonodellids takes place after the Hangenberg Event and after the protognathodid radiation. In terms of foraminiferal biostratigraphy, the D–C boundary interval is characterized by the first appearance datum (FAD) of Tournayellina pseudobeata close below the D–C boundary followed by a sequence of Tournaisian bioevents, where apart from the last appearance datums (LADs) of quasiendothyrs, the FADs of the Neoseptaglomospiranella species and chernyshinellids play an important role in a similar manner as in Eastern Europe. The correlation of these bioevents elsewhere is often hindered by glacioeustatically‐driven unconformities and widespread occurrences of unfavourable facies for plurilocular foraminifers (Malevka beds and Bisphaera beds). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the Effects of Food on the Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Trametinib, a First‐in‐Class MEK Inhibitor, in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Cox Donna S. , Papadopoulos Kyri , Fang Lei , Bauman John , LoRusso Patricia , Tolcher Anthony , Patnaik Amita , Pendry Carolyn , Orford Keith , Ouellet Daniele
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of a high‐fat, high‐calorie meal on the single‐dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of trametinib, a MEK inhibitor. The design of this 2 treatment, 2 period crossover, incomplete wash‐out study was influenced by the subject population, long half‐life and PK variability; 24 subjects were randomized to a single, oral 2 mg trametinib dose administered in a fed/fasted state, followed by 7 days of serial PK sampling. Period 2 PK parameters were adjusted based on residual Period 1 concentrations. Geometric least square mean ratios of fed:fasted were 0.30, 0.76, and 0.90 for corrected maximum concentration (Cmax), area under concentration‐time curve from time 0 to last quantifiable sample (AUC(0–last)) and AUC from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0–α)), respectively. Median half‐life was 6.3 and 5.3 days for fed and fasted regimens, respectively. Uncorrected PK parameters were consistent with these results. Food delayed absorption and had a mean difference in time of maximum concentration (tmax) of 3.9 hours. Both oral trametinib doses were well‐tolerated. Single‐dose trametinib administration with food decreased the rate and, to a lesser degree, the extent of absorption, supporting the recommendation to administer trametinib 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of 2‐Alkyl(aryl)‐4‐amino‐3‐[alkyl(alkoxy)carbonyl]‐5‐cyano‐6‐[(3‐trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]‐pyridines
Authors: Zhai Yue‐E , Shi De‐Qing
Published: July 2013

To find novel bleaching herbicide lead compounds, a series of novel 2‐alkyl(aryl)‐4‐amino‐3‐[alkyl(alkoxy)carbonyl]‐5‐cyano‐6‐[(3‐trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]‐pyridines was designed and synthesized by the multistep reactions. N,S‐acetal 1 reacted with 2 to obtain multisubstituted pyridines 3 in the presence of zinc nitrate as the catalyst. The target compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l were formed by the oxidation of 3, followed by the substitution with 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol in the presence of potassium carbonate. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, EI‐MS, and elemental analyses. The preliminary bioassays indicated that some of them displayed moderate herbicidal activity against dicotyledonous weed Brassica campestris L at the concentration of 100 mg/L.
Molecular characterization of enteroviruses associated with neurological infections in Spain, 2008
Authors: Cabrerizo M. , Trallero G. , Echevarría J.E. , Moreno‐Docón A. , Pena M.J. , Pérez‐Ruiz M. , Avellón A. , de Ory F. ,   The Meningitis, Encephalitis Spanish Study Group
Published: July 2013

In order to investigate the etiology of viral neurological infections in Spain, a national study was performed in 2008. The results obtained have been published. Enteroviruses were the most frequent cause of the aseptic meningitis and infant febrile syndromes. The present report supplements the previous study with the genotyping of the detected enteroviruses. Typing was by amplification of partial VP1 region and sequencing in 70 (53%) of the 132 available cerebrospinal fluid samples positive for enteroviruses. Twelve different genotypes within the B species were identified. Echovirus 4 was predominant (24%), followed by echovirus 30 (19%), echovirus 9 (17%), and echovirus 6 (14%). In summary, a co‐circulation of several enterovirus types associated with meningitis in children under 15 years old was observed. Although infrequently detected, echovirus 4 was the predominant genotype identified due to an aseptic meningitis outbreak which occurred in the Canary Islands in 2008. J Med. Virol. 85:1975–1977, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can the mild clinical course of crimean–congo hemorrhagic fever in children be explained by cytokine responses?
Authors: Ozsurekci Yasemin , Arasli Mehmet , Oncel Eda Karadag , Caglayik Dilek Yagci , Kaya Ali , Icagasioglu Fusun Dilara , Engin Aynur , Korukluoglu Gulay , Elaldi Nazif , Ceyhan Mehmet
Published: July 2013

Cytokines are possibly one of the factors responsible for death due to Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). This study aimed to determine the differences between the cytokine levels in children and adult patients with CCHF; the influence of cytokines; and the severity of the course of the disease, which seems to be milder in children. Thirty‐four children and 36 adult patients diagnosed with CCHF between 2010 and 2011 were included in this study. Diagnosis was performed by serology or by the polymerase chain reaction for CCHF virus. Levels of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐9, IL‐10, IL‐12 p70, IL‐13, IL‐17A, and IL‐22 were measured in all serum samples. Although the disease had a fatal course in three adult patients, there were no deaths in children. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the cytokine concentrations in the adults and children. No differences were detected between the serum cytokine levels in the children with moderate and those with a severe clinical course of the disease. In the adult patients with fatal outcome, significantly higher serum levels of IL‐2, IL‐5, IL‐9, IL‐12 p70, and IL‐13 were detected as compared to the cytokine levels in patients who survived the infection. No differences were detected between the serum levels of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐10, IL‐6, IL‐4, and TNF‐α in the patients who died and those who survived. Thus, the milder clinical course in children with CCHF cannot be explained by the cytokine network alone. The incomplete maturation of the immune system and timing and scale of immune responses could change the outcome dramatically. J Med. Virol. 85:1955–1959, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coherent structures contributions in fluxes of momentum and heat at two tropical sites during pre‐monsoon thunderstorm season
Authors: Tyagi Bhishma , Satyanarayana A. N. V.
Published: July 2013

An attempt has been made to differentiate percentage contribution of coherent structures (CS) in the turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum during thunderstorm days (TD) and non‐thunderstorm days (NTD) at two tropical sites. Pre‐monsoon months (Marcha to May) fast response data (10 Hz) of wind and temperature at Kharagpur (22°30′N, 87°20′E) for years 2007, 2009, and 2010, and at Ranchi (23°25′N, 85°26′E) for years 2008–2010 have been used. The contributions were calculated after decomposing the time series using wavelet technique by two methods: (1) the method of quadrant analysis for each scale, and (2) the method of zero‐crossing. Contributions of CS in momentum flux are higher in TD than NTD, whereas for heat flux CS contribution is higher for NTD to that of TD at both sites; however, values are different at both sites and by each method as well. Significant percentages of contributions of CS to the total flux are noticed at both the sites.
A Pocock approach to sequential meta‐analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Shuster Jonathan J , Neu Josef
Published: July 2013

Three recent papers have provided sequential methods for meta‐analysis of two‐treatment randomized clinical trials. This paper provides an alternate approach that has three desirable features. First, when carried out prospectively (i.e., we only have the results up to the time of our current analysis), we do not require knowledge of the information fraction (the fraction of the total information that is available at each analysis). Second, the methods work even if the expected values of the effect sizes vary from study to study. Finally, our methods have easily interpretable metrics that make sense under changing effect sizes. Although the other published methods can be adapted to be “group sequential” (recommended), meaning that a set number and timing of looks are specified, rather than looking after every trial, ours can be used in both a continuous or group sequential manner. We provide an example on the role of probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular biomarkers for future screening of lung cancer
Authors: Hensing Thomas A. , Salgia Ravi
Published: July 2013

The Landmark National Lung Screening Trial established the potential for low dose CT screening (LDCT) to reduce lung cancer‐specific mortality in high‐risk patients as defined by smoking history and age. However, the prevalence of lung cancer in asymptomatic smokers selected based on the NLST criteria is low. Recent advances have facilitated biomarker discovery for early diagnosis of lung cancer through the analysis of surrogate tissues, including airway epithelium, sputum, exhaled breath, and blood. Although a number of candidate diagnostic biomarkers have been described, none have been validated for use in the clinical setting. The NLST ACRIN biomarker repository is a valuable resource of annotated biological specimens that were collected during the NLST trial, which has the potential to facilitate validation of candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis identified in discovery trials. It will be important to perform retrospective and prospective analysis of biomarkers to screen for lung cancer. The review below summarizes some of our understanding of biomarkers in screening. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;108:327–333. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lung cancer screening: State of the art
Authors: Munden Reginald F. , Godoy Myrna C.B.
Published: July 2013

Results from the National Lung Screening Trial have confirmed that lung cancer mortality is reduced using low‐dose CT screening. Opening a lung cancer screening program requires a multidisciplinary approach. While the fundamental aspects of a screening program are similar, such as scheduling, performing, and managing follow‐up, there are aspects of a lung cancer screening program that are unique. This article will discuss factors important in establishing a state of the art lung cancer screening program. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:270–274. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic Childhood Adversities and Complex Adult Psychopathology
Authors: Putnam Karen T. , Harris William W. , Putnam Frank W.
Published: July 2013

Numerous studies find a cumulative effect of different types of childhood adversities on increasing risk for serious adult mental and medical outcomes. This study uses the National Comorbidity Survey‐Replication sample to investigate the cumulative impact of 8 childhood adversities on complex adult psychopathology as indexed by (a) number of lifetime diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994); (b) number of 4 DSM‐IV disorder categories (mood, anxiety, impulse control, and substance abuse disorders); and (c) coexistence of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Seven of the 8 childhood adversities were significantly associated with complex adult psychopathology. Individuals with 4 or more childhood adversities had an odds ratio of 7.3, 95% confidence interval [4.7, 11.7] for 4 disorder categories. Additive and multiplicative synergistic effects increasing adult psychopathology were found for specific pairwise combinations of childhood adversities. Synergistic patterns differed by gender suggesting that women are more impacted by sexual abuse and men by economic hardship. The absence of childhood adversities was protective, in that it significantly decreased an individual's risk for subsequent adult mental illness. The results support the clinical impression that increased childhood adversity is associated with more complex adult psychopathology.
Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for assessing graft fibrosis after pediatric living donor liver transplantation: A pilot study
Authors: Tomita Hirofumi , Hoshino Ken , Fuchimoto Yasushi , Ebinuma Hirotoshi , Ohkuma Kiyoshi , Tanami Yutaka , Du Wenlin , Masugi Yohei , Shimojima Naoki , Fujino Akihiro , Kano Motohiro , Fujimura Takumi , Ishihama Hideo , Shimizu Takahiro , Tanabe Minoru , Saito Hidetsugu , Sakamoto Michiie , Hibi Toshifumi , Kitagawa Yuko , Kuroda Tatsuo
Published: July 2013

Graft fibrosis is a common finding during protocol biopsy examinations after pediatric liver transplantation. We evaluated the clinical utility of liver stiffness measurements by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, a novel ultrasound-based elastography method, for assessing graft fibrosis after pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We performed 73 liver stiffness measurements by ARFI imaging in 65 pediatric LDLT recipients through the upper midline of the abdomen (midline value) and the right intercostal space (intercostal value) around the time of protocol biopsy examinations. Fifty-nine of these liver stiffness measurements could be compared with histopathological findings. Graft fibrosis was assessed according to the degrees of portal and pericellular fibrosis. Significant fibrosis, which was defined as F2 or worse portal fibrosis and/or moderate or worse pericellular fibrosis, was observed in 14 examinations, which had significantly higher midline (P = 0.005) and intercostal values (P < 0.001) than the others. Liver stiffness measurements by ARFI imaging significantly increased with increases in the portal and pericellular fibrosis grades. For the diagnosis of significant fibrosis, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) were 0.760 (P = 0.005) and 0.849 (P < 0.001) for the midline and intercostal values, respectively. The optimal cutoff values were 1.30 and 1.39 m/second for midline and intercostal values, respectively. Slight but significant elevations were noted in the results of biochemical liver tests: serum levels of γ-glutamyltransferase showed the highest AUROC (0.809, P = 0.001) with an optimal cutoff value of 20 IU/L. In conclusion, liver stiffness measurements by ARFI imaging had good accuracy for diagnosing graft fibrosis after pediatric LDLT. The pericellular pattern of fibrosis was frequently observed after pediatric LDLT, and moderate pericellular fibrosis was detectable by ARFI imaging. Liver Transpl 19:1202–1213, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
Physical activity and metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Kallwitz Eric R. , Loy Veronica , Mettu Praveen , Von Roenn Natasha , Berkes Jamie , Cotler Scott J.
Published: July 2013

There is a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients, a population that tends to be physically inactive. The aim of this study was to characterize physical activity and evaluate the relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome after liver transplantation. A cross-sectional analysis was performed in patients more than 3 months after transplantation. Metabolic syndrome was classified according to National Cholesterol Education Panel Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Physical activity, including duration, frequency, and metabolic equivalents of task (METs), was assessed. The study population consisted of 204 subjects, with 156 more than 1 year after transplantation. The median time after transplantation was 53.5 months (range = 3-299 months). The mean duration of exercise was 90 ± 142 minutes, and the mean MET score was 3.6 ± 1.5. Metabolic syndrome was observed in 58.8% of all subjects and in 63.5% of the subjects more than 1 year after transplantation. In a multivariate analysis involving all subjects, metabolic syndrome was associated with a time after transplantation greater than 1 year [odds ratio (OR) = 2.909, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.389-6.092] and older age (OR = 1.036, 95% CI = 1.001-1.072). A second analysis was performed for only patients more than 1 year after transplantation. In a multivariate analysis, metabolic syndrome was associated with lower exercise intensity (OR = 0.690, 95% CI = 0.536-0.887), older age (OR = 1.056, 95% CI = 1.014-1.101), and pretransplant diabetes (OR = 4.246, 95% CI = 1.300-13.864). In conclusion, metabolic syndrome is common after liver transplantation, and the rate is significantly higher in patients more than 1 year after transplantation. The observation that exercise intensity is inversely related to metabolic syndrome after transplantation is novel and suggests that physical activity might provide a means for reducing metabolic syndrome complications in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 19:1125–1131, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.