bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: N,N‐Dimethylformamide: Much More than a Solvent
Authors: Muzart Jacques
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites.
Authors: McClory Caroline , Chin Seow Jecg , McNally Tony
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Syntheses of (+)‐Haplophytine
Authors: Doris Eric
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Organic Frameworks: Opportunities for Catalysis
Authors: Farrusseng David , Aguado Sonia , Pinel Catherine
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical, Electrochemical, and Structural Properties of Endohedral Metallofullerenes
Authors: Chaur Manuel N. , Melin Frederic , Ortiz Angy L. , Echegoyen Luis
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biotransformations on Organic Selenides and Tellurides: Synthetic Applications
Authors: Comasseto Joao V. , Gariani Rogerio A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrates: A Frontier in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Stallforth Pierre , Lepenies Bernd , Adibekian Alexander , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocatalytic Recycling of CO2 and Small Organic Molecules
Authors: Lee Jaeyoung , Kwon Youngkook , Machunda Revocatus L. , Lee Hye Jin
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Celebrating 20 Years of SYNLETT — Special Essay: General Procedure for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Khemchyan Levon L. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pure Peptides via Fluorocarbon Capping Technology: A Hands‐on Discussion
Authors: Montanari Vittorio
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Substituted D‐leucines and Their Relevance in the Total Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Aeruginosins
Authors: Del Valle Juan R. , Wang Xiaotian , Ersmark Karolina , Hanessian Stephen
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Production of Amino Acids Using Wild Type and Recombinant Whole Cell Catalysts: Using Platform Technologies for Enhancing Production Efficiency
Authors: Verseck S. , Becker U. , Doderer K. , Osswald S. , Wienand W.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Yasuda Mari Hara , Ueda Makoto , Okano Kazuya , Mihara Hisaaki , Esaki Nobuyoshi
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Archer Ian V. , Arnold S. Alison , Carr Reuben , Fotheringham Ian G. , Speight Robert E. , Taylor Paul P.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Trends in Carbon—Hydrogen Bond Activation in Nitriles and Chloroalkanes at Rhodium.
Authors: Evans Meagan E. , Li Ting , Vetter Andrew J. , Rieth Ryan D. , Jones William D.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetism in Graphene Systems
Authors: Kan Erjun , Li Zhenyu , Yang Jinlong
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Physical Methods and Techniques. NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Edgar Mark
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Applications of o‐Quinone Methides (o‐QMs) Anionically Generated at Low Temperatures: Kinetic Conditions
Authors: Pettus Thomas , Pettus Liping
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Site Specific Protein Labeling by Enzymatic Posttranslational Modification
Authors: Sunbul Murat , Yin Jun
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Lectins
Authors: Davis Anthony P.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Integrated Process for the Production of Grass Biomethane
Authors: Nizami Abdul‐Sattar , Korres Nicholas E. , Murphy Jerry D.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Protein Biochips in Biomedical and Biotechnological Research
Authors: Weinrich Dirk , Jonkheijm Pascal , Niemeyer Christof M. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Covalent Protein Immobilization: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Wong Lu Shin , Khan Farid , Micklefield Jason
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Investigation on Photochromic Diarylethene
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Yokojima Satoshi , Uchida Kingo , Tsujioka Tsuyoshi , Goldberg Alexander , Murakami Akinori , Shinoda Keiko , Mikami Masayoshi , Kobayashi Takao , Kobatake Seiya , et al. et al.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Susceptibility of isolated myofibrils to in vitro glutathionylation: Potential relevance to muscle functions
Authors: Passarelli Chiara , Di Venere Almerinda , Piroddi Nicoletta , Pastore Anna , Scellini Beatrice , Tesi Chiara , Petrini Stefania , Sale Patrizio , Bertini Enrico , Poggesi Corrado , Piemonte Fiorella
Published: December 2009

In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism of glutathionylation on isolated human cardiac myofibrils using several pro‐glutathionylating agents. Total glutathionylated proteins appeared significantly enhanced with all the pro‐oxidants used. The increase was completely reversed by the addition of a reducing agent, demonstrating that glutathione binding occurs by a disulfide and that the process is reversible. A sensitive target of glutathionylation was α‐actin, showing a different reactivity to the several pro‐glutathionylating agents by ELISA. Noteworthy, myosin although highly sensitive to the in vitro glutathionylation does not represent the primary glutathionylation target in isolated myofibrils. Light scattering measurements of the glutathionylated α‐actin showed a slower polymerisation compared to the non‐glutathionylated protein and force development was depressed after glutathionylation, when the myofibrils were mounted in a force recording apparatus. Interestingly, confocal laser scanning microscopy of cardiac cryosections indicated, for the first time, the constitutive glutathionylation of α‐cardiac actin in human heart. Due to the critical location of α‐actin in the contractile machinery and to its susceptibility to the oxidative modifications, glutathionylation may represent a mechanism for modulating sarcomere assembly and muscle functionality under patho‐physiological conditions in vivo. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Nd3+ on the growth and quality of KDP crystals
Authors: Zheng Guozong , Su Genbo , Zhuang Xinxin , Li Guohui , Wang Jiancheng , Li Zhengdong
Published: December 2009

KDP crystals were rapidly grown from solutions doped with different Nd3+ concentrations. During the growth process, “foggy” inclusions were selectively captured in the pyramidal sector of KDP crystal and hourglass shaped crystals were obtained. It is found that the nonuniform distribution of Nd3+ ions causes remarkable differences in optical quality between prismatic and pyramidal sectors. With increasing Nd3+ concentration, the optical quality is greatly decreased for pyramidal sectors, while the change is not so obvious for prismatic sectors. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Calculation of thermodynamic parameters of melts from experimentally determined liquidus‐curves
Authors: Simons B.
Published: December 2009

Thermodynamic parameters of melts (ΔHS, A0, A1) in the system Anorthite‐Diopside and Bi2O3‐Bi4B2O9 have been calculated by a rigorous application of solution thermodynamics. The data are internally consistent and yield values of ΔHS for Anorthite = 133 kJ/mole, Diopside = 81 kJ/mole, Bi2O3 = 19 kJ/mole and Bi4B2O9 = 39 kJ/mole. The activity of Anorthite and Diopside in an anorhtitic melt deviates negative from ideality, whereas a diopsidic melt behaves almost ideal. In a “Bi2O3” melt the activity of the Bi2O3 component is strongly positive, that of Bi4B2O9 is strongly negative. The opposite is observed for the “Bi4B2O9” melt. All calculated liquidi except the Bi4B2O9 liquidus closely match the experimental ones. In contrast to the experimental liquidus the calculated Bi4B2O9 liquidus has an inflection point. The crest of the metastable spinode (solvus) for a “Bi2O3” melt is close to the liquidus indicating melt separation at undercooling. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of nucleation during hanging drop protein crystallization using HF Treatment of cover glasses
Authors: Guo Yun‐Zhu , Yin Da‐Chuan , Lu Qin‐Qin , Wang Xi‐Kai , Liu Jun
Published: December 2009

We examined a simple approach, i.e., etching cover glasses using hydrofluoric acid (HF), to determine whether cover glass treatment enhances nucleation in hanging drop protein crystallization. Hen egg white lysozyme and proteinase K were used as the model proteins. We found that the treatment increased the success rate of crystallization. The results indicated that the simple treatment, which is easy to adopt without changing much in the hanging drop method, can be utilized as an alternative method to enhance protein crystallization screens (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of non‐stoichiometric nitrogen doped LPCVD silicon thin films
Authors: Bouridah H. , Mansour F. , Beghoul M.‐R. , Mahamdi R. , Temple‐Boyer P.
Published: December 2009

The influence of nitrogen on the internal structure and so on the electrical properties of silicon thin films obtained by low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) was studied using several investigation methods. We found by using Raman spectroscopy and SEM observations that a strong relationship exists between the structural order of the silicon matrix and the nitrogen ratio in film before and after thermal treatment. As a result of the high disorder caused by nitrogen on silicon network during the deposit phase of films, the crystallization phenomena in term of nucleation and crystalline growth were found to depend upon the nitrogen content. Resistivity measurements results show that electrical properties of NIDOS films depend significantly on structural properties. It was appeared that for high nitrogen content, the films tend to acquire an insulator behavior. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Etching of Nb2O5 Thin Films by NbCl5
Authors: Knapas Kjell , Rahtu Antti , Ritala Mikko
Published: December 2009

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Nb2O5 from NbCl5 has earlier been found to produce highly non‐uniform films. This was suspected to be due to etching of Nb2O5 by NbCl5. In this work the effect of NbCl5 vapor on Nb2O5 thin films is studied with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in‐situ in an ALD reactor. Nb2O5 is deposited from Nb(OEt)5 and water in the same reactor. NbCl5 is found to etch the Nb2O5 film producing volatile NbOCl3. The results are compared with thermodynamic data. Furthermore, the deposition of Nb2O5 using in‐situ‐generated NbOCl3 as the niobium source is considered.
Synthesis of Crystalline Carbon Nitride Nanocone Arrays by Direct‐Current Discharge Plasma‐Assisted CVD
Authors: Hu Wei , Xu Ning , Xu Xiaofeng , Wu Jiada , Shen Yiqun , Ying Zhifeng
Published: December 2009

Crystalline carbon nitride nanocone (CNNC) arrays are prepared by a rather simple and facile direct current, abnormal glow discharge plasma‐assisted (PA) CVD method. The CNNCs are grown on the surfaces of (100) silicon wafers covered by Co/Ni intermediate layers. The experiments are carried out in an atmosphere of mixtures of methane and nitrogen, under a total pressure of 4000 Pa, and CH4/N2 pressure ratios in the range 1:50–1:5. The as‐grown CNNCs are vertically aligned in arrays with rather perfect crystallinity, and smallest tip diameters of 2–3 nm. Based on the optical emission spectra from the abnormal glow discharge plasma, the growth mechanism of the as‐grown CNNCs is discussed.
Reactions of Unsaturated Nickel–Molybdenum and –Tungsten Complexes with Primary Amines: Chemoselective N‐Coordination to Nickel To Give the First Structurally Characterised Primary Amine–Organonickel Complexes
Authors: Carmona Carmen Cuncillos , Clapham Sarah , Gonidec Mathieu , Ritleng Vincent , Braunstein Pierre , Welter Richard , Chetcuti Michael J.
Published: December 2009

The reactions of selected primary amines with the unsaturated heterodimetallic complex [(η‐C5Me5)Ni(μ‐CO)Mo(CO)2(η‐C5H5)](Ni[pb2]Mo) (1a) were investigated. Primary aminesreact with this heterodimetallic complex to form unstable adducts, which are in equilibrium with the free amine and complex 1a in solution. Complex 1b, the nickel–tungsten analogue of 1a, reacts similarly with benzylamine. The position of the equilibrium shifts in favour of the adducts at low temperature, and crystals of the allylamine and benzylamine complexes [(η‐C5Me5)(RNH2)Ni–Mo(CO)3(η‐C5H5)], (2a, R = C3H5; 4a, R = PhCH2) could be isolated. Their structures were established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The primary amines in complexes 2a and 4a are each coordinated, by means of their respective nitrogen atoms, to the nickel atom and thus provide the first structurally characterised examples of primary amine organometallic nickel complexes. The bonding of the amine to the heterodimetallic centre is in contrast to what has been observed with phosphorus‐containing 2‐electron donor ligands, in which the phosphane ligand is coordinated to the group 6 metal atom. A measure of the Ni–N bond dissociation enthalpy for the (benzylamine)nickel–tungsten complex 4b was obtained from a VT 1H NMR spectroscopic study and was found to be –149 ± 10 kJ mol–1. N‐Bonded hydrogen atoms in both 2a and 4a exhibit intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions in the solid state with carbonyl oxygen atoms of adjacent molecules. These molecules exist as loosely bound dimers in the solid state. Complex 2a (C21H27MoNNiO3) crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.1922(2), b = 11.1538(3), c = 18.8053(4) Å, β = 90.777(2)° and Z = 4. Complex 4a (C25H29MoNNiO3) also crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 12.0840(4), b = 10.9490(4), c = 17.4930(6) Å, β = 90.396(3)° and Z = 4.
Fullerene Unsymmetrical Bis‐Adducts as Models for Novel Peptidomimetics
Authors: Milic Dragana , Prato Maurizio
Published: December 2009

Two classes of unsymmetrical, orthogonally protected bis‐fulleropyrrolidine amino acids have been prepared as models for fullerene‐based peptidomimetics with the carbon sphere inserted into the peptide backbone. Two successive [3+2]cycloadditions of azomethine ylides (thermally generated from formaldehyde and the corresponding orthogonally protected glycino‐amines and ‐acids) to C60 afforded NHFmoc/CO2tBu and NHBoc/CO2Me fulleropyrrolidine couples, offering the possibility of selective deprotection under both acidic and basic conditions. In both classes of unsymmetrical bis‐adducts, the distribution of all the trans (t1–t4) and equatorial (e′ and e″) isomers was quite similar except for the t3 NHBoc/CO2Me compound, which rapidly decomposed during chromatography. All compounds were characterized by UV/Vis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
Keronopsamides, a New Class of Pigments from Marine Ciliates
Authors: Guella Graziano , Frassanito Rita , Mancini Ines , Sandron Tommaso , Modeo Letizia , Verni Franco , Dini Fernando , Petroni Giulio
Published: December 2009

New pigments with an unprecedented skeleton, named keronopsamides A–C, were isolated from the marine ciliate Pseudokeronopsis riccii. The structure of the most abundant secondary metabolite, keronopsamide A, was established through extended Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and mass spectrometric (MS) data obtained by using electrospray (ESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI) ionizations. Structures of the minor analogues (keronopsamide B and C) were inferred from 1H NMR, chemical correlation, and LC‐MS measurements. The analysis of NOE dipolar couplings and quantum chemical calculations, carried out by density functional theory (DFT) on the preferred rotamers of keronopsamide A, suggested a fully planar structure with amide bond in anti stereochemistry capable to break down the extended conjugation of the whole π electronic system. Although the presence of a 2‐substituted 3,4‐dibromo‐pyrrole moiety is reminiscent of previously isolated metabolites isolated from a cell extract of Pseudokeronopsis rubra (keronopsins), keronopsamides show a new molecular skeleton formally derived from a peptide‐like condensation of a 3‐pyrrolepropenoic acid with an unsaturated bromotyramine.
Enhancing the Reactivity of an Electrophilic Barbiturate Dye by Cooperative Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Bauer Mirko , Spange Stefan
Published: December 2009

The supramolecular complex formation by cooperativehydrogen bonding of a highly dipolar barbiturate dye and 2,6‐diacetamidopyridine is shown to have a marked effect on the reactivity of the barbiturate. The increase of both Lewis acidity and electrophilicity by hydrogen bonding is demonstrated by thermodynamic and kinetic studies using the electrophile–nucleophile recombination reaction with cyanide.
A Water‐Soluble Cyclic Selenide with Enhanced Glutathione Peroxidase‐Like Catalytic Activities
Authors: Kumakura Fumio , Mishra Beena , Priyadarsini K. Indira , Iwaoka Michio
Published: December 2009

Antioxidative catalytic activities of trans‐3,4‐dihydroxyselenolane (DHSred), a water‐soluble cyclic selenide, were investigated in the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with three different thiol substrates, monothiol glutathione (GSH), dithiol dithiothreitol (DTTred), and polythiol reduced ribonuclease A (RNase A) having eight thiol groups along the polypeptide chain. For all the thiol substrates, DHSred exhibited higher glutathione peroxidase (GPx)‐like antioxidative catalytic activities than the corresponding linear selenide, that is, Se(CH2CH2OH)2. The rate‐determining step of the catalytic cycle was unambiguously assigned to the oxidation process of the selenide rather than the reduction process of the selenoxide intermediate. The enhanced catalytic activities of DHSred can be ascribed to the cyclic structure, which elevates the HOMO energy level and makes the selenium atom more exposed to the surroundings.
Bezerramycins A–C, Antiproliferative Phenoxazinones from Streptomyces griseus Featuring Carboxy, Carboxamide or Nitrile Substituents
Authors: Gomes Patrícia Bezerra , Nett Markus , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Sattler Isabel , Martin Karin , Hertweck Christian
Published: December 2009

Three new phenoxazinone antibiotics, named bezerramycins A–C (1–3), were isolated from a Streptomyces griseus strain (HKI 0545, DSM 41823) together with the known metabolite elloxazinone B (4). Their structures were elucidated by one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques (1H, 13C, HSQC, 1H‐1H COSY and HMBC) as well as mass spectrometry. One of the isolated phenoxazinones (bezerramycin C) features a nitrile moiety, which is scarce in natural products. All compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities. Those featuring a hydroxymethyl substituent at C‐8 were found to exhibit moderate antiproliferative properties against vascular endothelium cells (HUVEC) (GI50 = 14.5–20 μM). A biosynthetic model for the isolated compounds is discussed.
Poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) as a sieving matrix for SDS‐CE
Authors: Bernard Richard , Loge Gary
Published: December 2009

The use of poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) with a number‐average molecular weight (of polymer) of 500 000 g/mol in a sieving matrix for SDS CE size separation of proteins is investigated using polymer solutions with concentrations between 6 and 12% w/v. Optimal separation efficiency is obtained using 10% w/v, with an average separation efficiency of 150 000 (12 000) theoretical plates observed for myoglobin (weight‐average molecular weight=18 kDa) and 8 800 000 (2 400 000) theoretical plates for carbonic anhydrase (weight‐average molecular weight=30 kDa) for 14 capillaries with an 80 cm effective length. Some adsorbed polymers were found to be effective in reducing EOF when applied to a clean capillary; however, a covalently attached polyacrylamide coating was found to be much less troublesome after initial wall treatment. Two different buffer systems, (i) 25 mM HEPES and (ii) 20 mM Tris with 40 or 60 mM tricene, were tried with 0.05 or 0.10% w/v SDS added. Tris‐tricene gave generally better current stability than HEPES but with no observed improvement in separation efficiency. This polymer has all the desired characteristics for an SDS‐CE sieving matrix using LIF detection, including hydrolytic stability, optical clarity, low viscosity, acceptable hydrophilicity, and commercial availability.
Multiplex microsphere‐based flow cytometric platforms for protein analysis and their application in clinical proteomics – from assays to results
Authors: Hsu Hsin‐Yun , Joos Thomas O. , Koga Hisashi
Published: December 2009

Advances in high‐throughput screening, together with rapid progress in genomic and proteomic sciences, have considerably stimulated the development of a variety of biomarker discovery tools and have contributed to the improvement of clinical diagnosis. Major challenges include the obtaining of high‐quality data sets based on assays that are rapid, reliable, and inexpensive, but still highly sensitive and easy to perform. The microsphere‐based flow cytometric technology is a platform that is currently entering the diagnostic market. This article reviews the development and the applications of microsphere‐based flow cytometric platforms in basic and applied proteomic research, and discusses bead‐based assays used in clinical applications.
Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis‐based proteomic techniques for biomarker discovery
Authors: Fang Xueping , Balgley Brian M. , Lee Cheng S.
Published: December 2009

A compelling need exists for the development of technologies that facilitate and accelerate the discovery of novel protein biomarkers with therapeutic and diagnostic potential. The inherent disadvantage of biomarker dilution in complex biological fluids such as serum/plasma, urine, and saliva necessitates highly sensitive analytical approaches, often exceeding the dynamic range of currently available proteomic platforms. Thus, investigative studies directed at tissues obtained from the primary site of pathology probably afford the best opportunity for the discovery of disease biomarkers. This review therefore focuses on the most recent advances in capillary electrophoresis‐based single and multidimensional separations coupled with ESI‐MS for performing comprehensive and comparative analysis of protein expression profiles within clinical specimens. Advanced sample preparation techniques, including tissue microdissection, detergent‐based membrane protein extraction, and heat‐induced protein retrieval, further enable targeted protein profiling of both fresh‐frozen, formalin‐fixed, and paraffin‐embedded tissues. Comparative proteomics involving measurements in changes of biological pathways or functional processes are expected to provide relevant disease‐associated markers and networks, molecular relationships among different stages of disease, and molecular mechanisms that drive the progression of disease. From a practical perspective, the evaluation of comparative proteomic dataset within a biological context is essential for high‐throughput data validation, prioritization of follow‐on biomarker selection, and validation experiments.
Comparison of multidimensional shotgun technologies targeting tissue proteomics
Authors: Fang Xueping , Balgley Brian M. , Wang Weijie , Park Deric M. , Lee Cheng S.
Published: December 2009

A compelling need exists for the development of technologies that facilitate and accelerate the discovery of novel protein biomarkers with therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Comparisons among shotgun proteome technologies, including capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)‐based multidimensional separations and multidimensional LC system, are therefore performed in this study regarding their abilities to address the challenges of protein complexity and relative abundance inherent in glioblastoma multiforme‐derived cancer stem cells. Comparisons are conducted using a single processed protein digest with equal sample loading, identical second‐dimension separation (RPLC) and MS conditions, and consistent search parameters and cutoff established by the target‐decoy determined false‐discovery rate. Besides achieving superior overall proteome performance in total peptide, distinct peptide, and distinct protein identifications; analytical reproducibility of the CITP proteome platform coupled with the spectral counting approach are determined by a Pearson R2 value of 0.98 and a CV of 15% across all proteins quantified. In contrast, extensive fraction overlapping in strong cation exchange greatly limits the ability of multidimensional LC separations for mining deeper into the tissue proteome as evidenced by the poor coverage in various protein functional categories and key protein pathways. The CITP proteomic technology, equipped with selective analyte enrichment and ultrahigh resolving power, is expected to serve as a critical component in the overall toolset required for biomarker discovery via shotgun proteomic analysis of tissue specimens.
Hunting down fungal secretomes using liquid‐phase IEF prior to high resolution 2‐DE
Authors: Vincent Delphine , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène , Gibon Julien , Claverol Stéphane , Lapaillerie Delphine , Lomenech Anne‐Marie , Blaise Françoise , Rouxel Thierry , Martin Francis , Bonneu Marc , Amselem Joëlle , Dominguez Victoria , Howlett Barbara J. , Wincker Patrick , Joets Johann , Lebrun Marc‐Henri , Plomion Christophe
Published: December 2009

The secreted proteins (secretome) of fungi play a key role in interactions of pathogenic and symbiotic fungi with plants. Using the plant pathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans and symbiont Laccaria bicolor grown in culture, we have established a proteomic protocol for extraction, concentration and resolution of the fungal secretome. As no proteomic data were available on mycelium tissues from both L. maculans and L. bicolor, mycelial proteins were studied; they also helped verifying the purity of secretome samples. The quality of protein extracts was initially assessed by both 1‐DE and 2‐DE using first a broad pH range for IEF, and then narrower acidic and basic pH ranges, prior to 2‐DE. Compared with the previously published protocols for which only dozens of 2‐D spots were recovered from fungal secretome samples, up to approximately 2000 2‐D spots were resolved by our method. MS identification of proteins along several pH gradients confirmed this high resolution, as well as the presence of major secretome markers such as endopolygalacturonases, β‐glucanosyltransferases, pectate lyases and endoglucanases. Shotgun proteomic experiments evidenced the enrichment of secreted protein within the liquid medium. This is the first description of the proteome of L. maculans and L. bicolor, and the first application of liquid‐phase IEF to any fungal extracts.
Deciphering the proteomic profile of rice (Oryza sativa) bran: A pilot study
Authors: Ferrari Fabio , Fumagalli Marco , Profumo Antonella , Viglio Simona , Sala Alberto , Dolcini Lorenzo , Temporini Caterina , Nicolis Stefania , Merli Daniele , Corana Federica , Casado Begona , Iadarola Paolo
Published: December 2009

The exact knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative protein components of rice bran is an essential aspect to be considered for a better understanding of the functional properties of this resource. Aim of the present investigation was to extract the largest number of rice bran proteins and to obtain their qualitative characterization. For this purpose, three different extraction protocols have been applied either on full‐fat or on defatted rice bran. Likewise, to identify the highest number of proteins, MS data collected from 1‐DE, 2‐DE and gel‐free procedures have been combined. These approaches allowed to unambiguously identify 43 proteins that were classified as signalling/regulation proteins (30%), proteins with enzymatic activity (30%), storage proteins (30%), transfer (5%) and structural (5%) proteins. The fact that all extraction and identification procedures have been performed in triplicate with an excellent reproducibility provides a rationale for considering the platform of proteins shown in this study as the potential proteome profile of rice bran. It also represents a source of information to evaluate better the qualities of rice bran as food resource.
Development of a microfluidics‐based gel protein recovery system
Authors: Razunguzwa Trust Tariro , Biddle April , Anderson Heather , Zhan Dongliang , Powell Matthew
Published: December 2009

A PMMA microfluidic chip, in which fluid is manipulated to transport protein from a PAGE gel piece to a collection reservoir via a microfluidic channel, has been developed. The protein sample is mobilized out of the gel (loaded in a chip access hole) into a low EOF‐CE microfluidic channel under the influence of an electric field. Simultaneously, hydrostatic pressure from the filled buffer reservoirs is used to direct the protein sample to a third reservoir, through a field‐free channel connected to the electrophoresis channel. Using this novel process of protein transport from a gel sample, proteins from Coomassie‐stained gels have been transferred into solution in 15–30 min, with good sample recovery, using a run buffer containing an anionic acid‐labile surfactant. A variety of small‐ and medium‐sized proteins were successfully recovered and detected using both electrospray and MALDI MS over gel loads of 0.1–10 μg. This technological tool is very important for extracting quality intact protein samples from polyacrylamide gels, from which accurate protein molecular weights and protein sequences can be obtained using intact molecules.
A Finite Element Approach for the Modelling of Skeletal Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Böl M. , Reese S.
Published: December 2009

Skeletal muscles are the primary unit for the movement of the human body, they serve as shock absorber and protect the skeleton system against external loads. By maintaining a certain force level, muscle show fatigue effects, expressed by a decrease of the retentive force. To incorporate such effects in a finite element framework, we use a fatigue model that allows us to describe the dynamical processes between active, fatigued, and recovered fibres. The chosen modelling strategy facilitates the efficient transport of the known information about physiological processes in the single fibre to the three‐dimensional macroscopic level where e. g. the dependence of muscle contraction on fatigue effects is studied. Besides the theoretical derivation of the modelling approach, simulations at fibre as well as at muscle level have been investigated (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of the virtual reality on the neural representation of an environment
Authors: Mellet Emmanuel , Laou Laetitia , Petit Laurent , Zago Laure , Mazoyer Bernard , Tzourio‐Mazoyer Nathalie
Published: December 2009

Despite the increasing use of virtual reality, the impact on cerebral representation of topographical knowledge of learning by virtual reality rather than by actual locomotion has never been investigated. To tackle this challenging issue, we conducted an experiment wherein participants learned an immersive virtual environment using a joystick. The following day, participants' brain activity was monitored by functional magnetic resonance imaging while they mentally estimated distances in this environment. Results were compared with that of participants performing the same task but having learned the real version of the environment by actual walking. We detected a large set of areas shared by both groups including the parieto‐frontal areas and the parahippocampal gyrus. More importantly, although participants of both groups performed the same mental task and exhibited similar behavioral performances, they differed at the brain activity level. Unlike real learners, virtual learners activated a left‐lateralized network associated with tool manipulation and action semantics. This demonstrated that a neural fingerprint distinguishing virtual from real learning persists when subjects use a mental representation of the learnt environment with equivalent performances. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Professionalism and the know‐do gap: exploring intrinsic motivation among health workers in Tanzania
Authors: Leonard Kenneth L. , Masatu Melkiory C.
Published: December 2009

Professionalism can be defined generally as adhering to the accepted standards of a profession and placing the interests of the public above the individual professional's immediate interests. In the field of medicine, professionalism should lead at least some practitioners in developing countries to effectively care for their patients despite the absence of extrinsic incentives to do so. In this study we examine the behavior of 80 practitioners from the Arusha region of Tanzania for evidence of professionalism. We show that about 20% of these practitioners behave professionally, and almost half of those who do so practice in the public sector. These professional health care workers provide high quality care even when they work in an environment that does not reward this effort, a finding that has important implications for the use of performance‐based incentives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of antibodies induced by a conjugate vaccine on 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone absorptive transport, metabolism, and proliferation of human lung cells
Authors: De Buck Stefan S. , Schellenberger Mario T. , Ensch Corinne , Muller Claude P.
Published: December 2009

One of the most abundant and potent lung carcinogen is the nicotine‐derived tobacco‐specific nitrosamine, 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK). The monoclonal antibody P9D5 induced with a NNK‐conjugate vaccine was used to investigate the ability of NNK‐specific antibodies to modulate NNK‐induced adverse effects as well as its absorptive transport and metabolism in two lung cancer cell lines (Calu‐3 and NCI‐H82). Transport experiments in Calu‐3 cells with a 50‐fold molar excess of apical P9D5 increased the recovery of coadministered apical NNK, with a concomitant decrease in NNK transepithelial transport of more than 50% compared to controls. In contrast, basolateral P9D5 did neither influence transepithelial transport of NNK nor its disappearance from the apical compartment. Calu‐3 cells were also found to reduce NNK to NNAL and a 65‐fold molar excess of NNK‐specific antibody inhibited this metabolic conversion by 46 and 54% compared to irrelevant control antibody after 48 and 72 hr, respectively. The biological relevance of NNK redistribution by antibody was demonstrated by reversion of NNK‐induced cell proliferation in NCI‐H82 cells. Repartitioning of tobacco carcinogens by antibody may reduce their early effective peak concentrations in susceptible target organs and thus relieve overloaded local DNA repair mechanisms and diminish carcinogen‐induced cell proliferation. Thesein vitrodata therefore suggest that a prophylactic antibody response may be associated with a reduced risk of cancer.
The polyamine metabolism genes ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme 2 predict aggressive behavior in neuroblastomas with and without MYCN amplification
Authors: Geerts Dirk , Koster Jan , Albert David , Koomoa Dana‐Lynn T. , Feith David J. , Pegg Anthony E. , Volckmann Richard , Caron Huib , Versteeg Rogier , Bachmann André S.
Published: December 2009

High polyamine (PA) levels and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) overexpression are well‐known phenomena in many aggressive cancer types. We analyzed the expression of ODC and ODC‐activity regulating genes antizymes 1‐3 (OAZ1‐3) and antizyme inhibitors
1‐2 (AZ‐IN1‐2) in human neuroblastoma (NB) tumors and correlated these with genetic and clinical features of NB. Since ODC is a known target gene of MYCN, the correlation between ODC and MYCN was of special interest. Data were obtained from Affymetrix micro‐array analysis of 88 NB tumor samples. In addition, mRNA expression levels of ODC, OAZ2 and MYCN in a MYCN‐inducible NB cell line were determined by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). ODC mRNA expression in NB tumors was significantly predictive of decreased overall survival probability and correlated with several unfavorable clinical NB characteristics (all p < 0.005). Interestingly, high ODC mRNA expression also showed significant correlation with poor survival prognosis in Kaplan‐Meier analyses stratified for patients without MYCN amplification, suggesting an additional role for ODC independent of MYCN. Conversely, high OAZ2 mRNA expression correlated with increased survival and with several favorable clinical NB characteristics (all p < 0.003). In addition, we provide first evidence of a role for MYCN‐associated transcription factors MAD2 and MAD7 in ODC regulation. In NB cell cultures, ectopic overexpression of MYCN altered ODC but not OAZ2 mRNA levels. In conclusion, these data suggest that elevated ODC and low OAZ2 mRNA expression levels correlate with several unfavorable genetic and clinical features in NB, offering new insights into PA pathways and PA metabolism‐targeting therapy in NB.
Mammographic density, plasma vitamin D levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
Authors: Green Angela K. , Hankinson Susan E. , Bertone‐Johnson Elizabeth R. , Tamimi Rulla M.
Published: December 2009

Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, but the underlying biology for this association is unknown. Studies suggest that vitamin D may reduce breast cancer risk and dietary vitamin D intake has been associated with reduced breast density. We conducted a case–control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study cohort consisting of 463 and 497 postmenopausal cases and controls, respectively. We examined the association between mammographic density and plasma levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. We assessed whether plasma vitamin D metabolites modify the association between breast density and breast cancer. Percent mammographic density was measured from digitized film mammograms. Generalized linear models were used to determine mean percent breast density per quartile of vitamin D metabolite. Logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risks and confidence intervals. All models were adjusted for matching variables and potential confounders. We found no cross‐sectional association between circulating levels of 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D with mammographic density. Women in the highest tertile of mammographic density and lowest tertile of plasma 25(OH)D had 4 times greater risk of breast cancer than women with the lowest mammographic density and highest plasma 25(OH)D levels (RR = 3.8; 95% CI: 2.0–7.3). The overall interaction between mammographic density and plasma 25(OH)D was nonsignificant (p‐het = 0.20). These results indicate that the association between mammographic density and breast cancer is independent of plasma vitamin D metabolites in postmenopausal women. Further research examining vitamin D, mammographic density and breast cancer risk is warranted.
Alcohol consumption‐associated breast cancer incidence and potential effect modifiers: the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study
Authors: Suzuki Reiko , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Sasazuki Shizuka , Sawada Norie , Yamaji Taiki , Shimazu Taichi , Tsugane Shoichiro
Published: December 2009

Epidemiological studies have evaluated whether the impact of alcohol intake on breast cancer risk is modified by use of exogenous estrogens, folate intake, body weight and smoking status, but results have been inconsistent. Further, effect modification by intake of isoflavones and alcohol‐induced facial flushing, which are prevalent in Asian populations, have not been investigated. We investigated the association between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk and whether the association is modified by these factors among 50,757 premenopausal and postmenopausal women (aged 40–69 years) in the population‐based Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study. Alcohol consumption and other related factors were assessed using self‐reported questionnaires. Through to the end of 2006, 572 patients were identified. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by hazard ratios derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models. Compared with never‐drinkers, regular alcohol drinkers (>150 g of ethanol/week) had a higher risk of the development of breast cancer; the multivariable‐adjusted RRs were 1.75 (95% CI = 1.16–2.65; ptrend = 0.035) for overall, 1.78 (95% CI = 1.09–2.90) for premenopausal and 1.21 (95% CI = 0.53–2.75) for postmenopausal women. There was no statistical evidence for effect modification by menopausal status, use of exogenous estrogens, intakes of isoflavone and folate, body weight, alcohol‐induced facial flushing or smoking (All pinteractions ≥ 0.15). Excessive alcohol intake was associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer in this population. There was no statistical evidence for effect modification.