bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior Shaping Techniques and Personalized Instruction in an Archery Class
Authors: Davis Steve , Hersh Leonard , Nevitt James
Published: September 2011

The five aspects of Keller's Personalized System of Instruction were applied in the setting of an archery class. Two groups of 9 undergraduates each matched on pretest score were given practice sessions shooting arrows at standard targets or at special “sun” targets that progressively went from large to small as the student improved in score. A t test for matched groups was significant. The findings suggest that Keller's method adapted in this fashion enhances acquisition of archery skills.
Comparison of Brief Empathy Training Methods
Authors: Bath Kent E.
Published: September 2011

48 college students underwent either an experiential, a didactic or a didactic-experiential training program for empathy, or no training. The three training programs were equally more effective than no training. Subjects lower in empathy before training were significantly more affected by the didactic program than were subjects higher on empathy before training. Subjects high and low in pretraining were not differentially affected by the experiential and didactic-experiential programs.
Assessment of Conceptual Deficits in Brain-Damaged and Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Wadsworth Helen M.
Published: September 2011

Five concept-formation scores for 20 brain-damaged and 20 schizophrenic inpatients were factor analyzed, along with WAIS Vocabulary and Block Design. One factor emerged from this analysis, suggesting that these concept-formation tests do not measure an ability which is greatly different from general intelligence when administered to patients of the type studied. None of the single concept-formation scores discriminated between the brain-damaged and schizophrenic groups independently of general intellectual level, although an exploratory analysis of the subtests of the Halstead Category Test indicated that differential performance on Subtest IV versus Subtest V produced valid criterion variance beyond that attributable to Vocabulary and Block Design alone, The findings were discussed in terms both of the factors underlying the performance of the present subjects versus those from different patient populations, and the need for refining ability-oriented diagnostic strategies when studying impaired patients who do not manifest highly specific psychological deficits on standard clinical tests yielding single scores.
Extraordinary Experiences during Cross-Modal Perception
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

9 Ss were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which Ss experienced harmony between the taste and the sound were determined. At the pitch of harmony Ss reported characteristic experiences, e.g., optimum taste of the beer, rhythmic sensations in the head, and tickling sensations in the jaws and the mouth. 3 Ss also reported experiences resembling those described by persons under the influence of such drugs as mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis.
Nurses' Perceptions of Themselves, Cancer Nurses, Typical, Ideal and Cancer Patients
Authors: Morrow Gary R. , Craytor Josephine K. , Brown Jean , Fass Margot
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to four independent samples of hospital staff nurses (40 working on surgical floors, 40 on medical floors, 10 cancer specialists, and 10 in an outpatient department) to investigate differences in how nurses perceived themselves versus the type of nurse who works best with cancer patients, as well as differences in the perceptions of typical hospital patients, ideal patients, and cancer patients. Highly congruent stereotype clusters for the perception of the typical patient and cancer patient were found along with two less congruent stereotype clusters of the ideal patient and a stereotype cluster of perceptions of the cancer nurse. Both typical patients and typical cancer patients were seen as significantly below average in terms of their potential for action and were perceived as exercising less foresight, planning ability, moral judgment, and ethical conduct than nurses.
Patterns of Conservation Acquisition and the Relationship of Conservation to Intelligence for Children of Low Income
Authors: Wasik Barbara H. , Wasik John L.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition pattern of conservation tasks of the Concept Assessment Kit—Conservation (Kit) and its relationship to intelligence was determined for 105 children, ages 6 to 8 yr., from low-income backgrounds. The acquisition pattern of these children was similar to that demonstrated by the standardization sample of the Concept Assessment Kit—Conservation. The comparison of interrelationships of tasks, intelligence and age of the subjects and children of middle income indicated less differentiation in task performance between tasks for the low-income sample. Conservation performance correlated significantly and positively with age and with 1Q; for older children only, conservation performance was related within age to IQ.
On Scaling of Future Time
Authors: Von Wright Johan , Kinnunen Riitta
Published: September 2011

Five future points of time (range: 1977 to 2034), described in terms of either (A) year number, or (B) “after N years,” were scaled using two different types of scaling method. Subjective temporal distance was in each case a power function of chronological time, the exponent being consistently lower in Condition A than in B. A corresponding difference was found when subjects rated how threatening they experienced each of three events to be when the events were assumed to take place at the five alternative points of time. Experienced threat decreased exponentially with increasing temporal distance.
Hand Test Characteristics of Marijuana-Experienced and Multiple-Drug-Using College Students
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Romanik Dale G.
Published: September 2011

Three matched groups of 30 college students (17 males, 13 females) categorized as marijuana users, multiple-drug users, and complete abstainers were compared across 24 Hand Test scores. Both drug-using groups were characterized by significantly lower scores on Acquisition, Active, and Environmental responses. Results were interpreted as supporting the amotivational hypothesis that drug-users display a lessened interest in environmental accomplishment. The marijuana group also proved to be slightly higher on the Exhibition score.
Effects of Intermittency of Feedback on a Compensatory Tracking Task
Authors: Kao Henry S. R.
Published: September 2011

Target intermittence in tracking has been studied as frequency of target presentation at various time intervals. Task efficiency increased as a function of increased frequency of target display in open-loop tracking tasks, where the steady state of presentation resulted in the best performance. The present study examined effects of feedback intermittency in compensatory tracking as a major source of disruption of the motor-sensory feedback process in the closed-loop tracking system. Feedback intermittency is defined as the feedback of momentary sampling of the difference between target movements and the operator's control motion for specified time lengths before being displayed to him in a continuous tracking task. With a random wave pattern of 9.76 cpm, 7 magnitudes of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 sec. were used to represent various levels of feedback intermittency. Task efficiency decreased as a function of increased magnitudes of intermittency. Results are discussed relative to the difference between target intermittence and feedback intermittency and their effects on different tracking tasks. The findings also establish the concept of feedback intermittency as a disturbing factor in compensatory tracking in degrading the operator's performance.
Effect of Introducing Novel Configurational Cues on a Learned Color Discrimination in Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Abordo Enrique J. , Lee Jerome
Published: September 2011

The study explored the effect of introducing novel cues on a learned color discrimination. 6 squirrel monkeys were initially trained to discriminate between plaques covered with green and brown construction paper. In a series of transfer tests, these color cues were then presented in 6 different patterns and varied in 4 sizes. The results indicate that some patterns will produce more disruption than others. Furthermore, reducing the size of the cues may also lead to a decrement in performance level. The outcome corresponds well with those of studies which show that contextual variables influence the acquisition of discriminative responses.
Articulation Improvement and Oral Tactile Changes in Children
Authors: Ruscello Dennis M. , Lass Norman J.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether oral tactile changes accompany improvement in articulation, 16 children were administered two tests of oral tactile perception and two tests of articulation competency at three time periods: before, during, and at the end of speech therapy. A positive relationship between articulation proficiency and oral tactile perception was established. Both articulation tests reflected a progressive improvement for the group across the three testing periods. One of the tests of oral tactile perception reflected the same progressive trend and the second test, while not exhibiting the identical trend, did reflect a general improvement from the first to the third testing period. These findings indicate that oral tactile skills appear to be important factors in speech production and that such skills should be assessed in cases of functional articulation disorders.
Word Recognition: A Developmental Analysis
Authors: Krulee Gilbert K. , Heisey John A. , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

This report summarizes an experiment with children in Grades 5, 7, 9, and 11, testing 48 subjects at each grade level. Subjects processed sequences of letters of lengths 4 through 10, in the form of either words, pronounceable nonwords, or random sequences. Performance improves with grade level, particularly with the pronounceable nonwords and random sequences, rather than with the words. However, effects on performance of materials or grade level are minimal for the shorter strings and increase markedly as a function of length. We conclude that the older subjects have learned to read using higher order functional units. In this way, they use their limited channel capacity more effectively and take advantage of the redundancies inherent in the spelling of English words.
Effects of Self-Esteem and Status on Size of Signature
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: September 2011

142 second year university students from both Memorial University of Newfoundland ( n = 81) and Laurentian University ( n = 61) wrote their own signatures as they imagined the following people would do: (a) faculty member (high status) with high self-esteem, (b) faculty member (high status) with low self-esteem, (c) student (low status) with high self-esteem, and (d) student (low status) with low self-esteem. The areas of the signatures were calculated in square centimeters, and there was a significant positive relationship between size of signature and the conditions of high and low self-esteem for both “faculty” and “student” role-playing conditions. There was however no significant relationship between size of signature and status. The results held for both groups of subjects.
Sex Differences in Use of Indoor Space by Preschool Children
Authors: Melson Gail F.
Published: September 2011

Indoor spatial movements, activity choices, social interaction, and motoric behavior in play were observed in a sample of 34 4-yr.-old children. No sex differences in amount or rate of use of space were obtained. However, sex differences in preferences for activity, patterns of social interaction, and motoric behavior within activity areas indicated that girls distributed their attention among social and nonsocial stimuli more evenly than did boys. Support for the energizing effect of play with other boys was also obtained.
Summative Evaluation Scale for Measuring a Workshop Format
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The topic-oriented workshop/institute is a popular alternative in adult education, especially among professional groups. The purpose of the study was to develop a brief reliable scale to assess the impact of a workshop on participants. Corrected split-half reliability reached .93 for an 8-item scale.
Predictive Head-Movements during Automobile Mirror-Sampling
Authors: Mourant Ronald R. , Grimson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

Eye-head response patterns of 3 novice, 3 young experienced, and 3 mature drivers were recorded by television cameras as they sampled their vehicle's mirrors just prior to making freeway left-lane changes, right-lane changes, and entrance merges. Eye-head responses were called “classical” if the eyes moved before the head and “predictive” if the head moved before the eyes. Drivers made about twice as many predictive responses as classical ones. Data suggested that the rate of making predictive head-movements may increase with driving skill. The latency of predictive head-movements was 90 msec, and that of classical responses was 45 msec. Latency was not related to the amount of driving experience.
The Crossover Model Applied to Nonhuman Operators
Authors: Jaeger Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Two manual control systems with rhesus monkey operators have been studied using control theory techniques. The first control system was a single-axis compensatory task; the second was a dual-axis ground-based simulator. The present study summarizes the control theory analysis of these two previous experiments. The crossover model, developed for human operators in manual control systems, was successfully applied to these data. Results of the present study provide additional evidence for monkey-man extrapolation in the area of manual control.
Relation of the Frame in a Portable Rod-and-Frame Apparatus to Judgments of Perceived Verticality
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey H.
Published: September 2011

To assess the effect of the frame on the mean error in the portable rod-and-frame 18 subjects were tested once with frame present and once without it. 11 frame-dependent subjects produced smaller mean error without the frame; 7 frame-independent subjects were not significantly affected by removal of the frame. Nyborg's statistical method of differentiating frame-dependent and frame-independent subjects appears validated.
Judging Reduced Price Effects on Product Trial, Repeated Purchase, and Attitudes
Authors: Wims Earl W.
Published: September 2011

Price incentives have traditionally been utilized to influence consumers to purchase new produces with the long-run objective being repeated purchase. An analysis of triers of new products suggests that this strategy is questionable and further study should be undertaken. Cognitive dissonance theory may account for the behavior resulting from a change in attitude induced by various levels of incentive.
Somesthetic Hallucinations and Motility in Schizophrenia: Neurophysiological Views and Information Flow Model
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

Clinical study of three schizophrenic men without known seizure disorders has heuristic implications, pointing to neurophysiological factors in their somesthetic hallucinations: (a) In two instances the body areas involved in such hallucinations (the abdominal cavity and the top of one foot) also happen to be represented side by side on the “map” of the receptive somesthetic areas at the postcentral gyrus. (b) In all three schizophrenic men the occurrence of their somesthetic hallucinations can be conceptualized along the lines of MacKay's (1970) information flow model for perception in general, with some specific modifications, which center around the key roles of sufficient change occurring in two specific aspects of this model. (c) Further conceptualization is suggested within Grey Walter's (1973) testable model of triple association among Conditional, Imperative and Operant Response—albeit mostly in reverse sequence with respect to somesthetic hallucinations under discussion. These schizophrenic men reveal in their past and present experiences a pattern in which the sequence of events is initiated through changes at the efferent side (restriction of voluntary motility), which trigger afferent experiences, albeit hallucinated ones. Practical implications center around the probably salutary role of voluntary motility performed purposefully and at the person's own pace.
Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion
Authors: Gronwall D. M. A.
Published: September 2011

The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.
Preferences for the Visual Arts: A Review of Recent Studies
Authors: Hardiman George W. , Zernich Theodore
Published: September 2011

This article reviewed 20 recent studies which investigated preference for visual arts stimuli. Each study was examined in terms of research objective, methods, and results. Two conclusions were evident: (a) researchers have made no concentrated effort to isolate specific dimensions of stimuli in visual art which are critical to understanding preference judgments and (b) researchers appear to have little interest in relating findings to broad theoretical issues.
Response-Selection Processes in Paranoid and Nonparanoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Neufeld Richard W. J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research (Marshall, 1973) has shown that the most pronounced component of deficit on a choice reaction time task among a mixed schizophrenic sample involved response-selection processes. Other evidence has indicated that paranoids may be more deficient in this respect than nonparanoids. Hence, it was hypothesized that the former subgroup of schizophrenics would display response-selection deficit while the latter subgroup would display either less or no deficit. Response-selection processes were re-examined using the CRT paradigm with comparisons carried out among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and a group of nonschizophrenic controls. Results indicated that only the paranoid schizophrenics displayed abnormally retarded response-selection operations, the nonparanoid schizophrenics being nonsignificantly discriminable from the controls. It was suggested that past evidence of CRT response-selection deficit among mixed schizophrenics might have been attributable primarily to the performance of the paranoids, whose performance appears to be adversely affected by an increase in the number of dimensions relevant to response selection.
Preference Study Based on “Like Best” Choices for Photographic Slides of Anglo, Black, and Chicano Children
Authors: Levine Elaine S. , Ruiz Rene A.
Published: September 2011

216 third- and sixth-grade Anglo, black, and Chicano school children indicated preferences for photographic slides of unfamiliar boys and girls from the same grade levels and ethnicities. Patterns of choice emerged, that is, photographs of some children were preferred significantly more often than others. Since pattern of choice was independent of ethnicity of subjects, however, it was concluded that attractiveness of photographic stimuli is not uniquely different among children of these ethnicities.
Specific and General Contour Adaptation Effects Found Using a Selective Adaptation Paradigm
Authors: Goedert Edmund R. , Rodwan Albert S. , Salmon Paul G.
Published: September 2011

There is evidence for discrete property analyzers in mammalian visual systems. Research has indicated that prolonged stimulation of such units reduces their sensitivity to subsequent stimulation. Psychophysical studies have employed this effect, termed selective adaptation, to study feature extractors in the human visual system. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of density and deviation in the adaptation figure on the recognition thresholds of simple and complex test figures. A selective adaptation paradigm was employed. A strict property analyzer model suggests that increases in density, deviation, or complexity should lead to an increased recognition time for the test figures. This was not confirmed. The complexity of the test figure had no effect on its recognition time. Both increased density and deviation did have an effect on the recognition times of the test figures. The results thus suggest that contour adaptation involves at least two processes: a general, probably peripheral effect due to the fatigue of visual receptor units and a more specific effect generated by the similarity between test figure and adaptation contours, independent of the site of stimulation.
Development of a Mechanism for Detection of Error and Retention of a Graded Motor Response
Authors: Wrisberg Craig A. , Metcalf Gregory R.
Published: September 2011

Several methods for developing an internal mechanism for error detection were compared to determine the extent to which a self-paced response could be acquired and retained without knowledge of results. During training, blindfolded subjects attempted to learn a positioning response under one of three conditions. One group was presented with the criterion end location by means of a stop and then required to recall the location with the stop removed. A second group moved the total distance of the track and then was instructed to replace the slide in a location representing a specific fraction of the total. A final group of subjects learned the criterion location by using post-response knowledge of results administered on each trial. Following acquisition subjects were given retention trials involving only repetition of the acquired response. The development of a strong mechanism for error detection was indicated only for those groups presented with the standard or with post-response knowledge of results. During retention trials (without knowledge of results), performance of the group required to learn the criterion by estimating a fraction of the total range was characterized by significantly greater response biasing and less consistency than the other conditions. The findings were discussed in terms of several predictions from Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory of motor learning.
Effects of Overlearning and Similarity on Transfer in Word Recognition
Authors: Gilbert Nancy , Spring Carl , Sassenrath Julius
Published: September 2011

Kindergarten children required more trials to learn a training list of similar than dissimilar words but made fewer errors on subsequent transfer tasks which tested their knowledge of all of the letters in the training words. This replication of previous work was extended by including a third group of children who were trained on the dissimilar list but who were given a few overlearning trials to make up for the additional training trials given the group who learned the similar list. In general, scores of the children in the overlearning group fell between scores of the children in the similar and dissimilar groups. Implications for reading instruction are discussed.
Saccadic Eye Movements and Eye-Head Coordination in Children
Authors: Funk Cynthia J. , Anderson Marjorie E.
Published: September 2011

The eye and head movements of nine children, ages 6 through 10, were measured in order to establish quantitative characteristics of eye movements and eye-head coordination patterns of children with normal vision and reading levels. The relationship between saccade amplitude and duration was linear, but the slope of this relationship indicated that saccades in children may have higher velocities than they do in adults. One of three temporal patterns of head and saccadic eye movement occurred during shifts of gaze to visual targets, depending on the temporal and spatial predictability of the target. It is suggested that quantitative measurements such as these could be used to examine developmental characteristics of eye and eye-head movement control.
Third-Year Summary of IES Arrow-Dot Longitudinal Comparisons in Preschool Children
Authors: Goldberg Lois Strauss
Published: September 2011

Three samples of preschool children in a suburban nursery school and kindergarten were administered the IES Arrow-Dot test at the beginning and end of three successive school years. Trends for declining Impulsivity and similar baselines for this variable were found in all three samples. Results for Ego and Superego scores showed variation. These findings support the effective use of this instrument with preschool children. Future investigations within varying educational environments are suggested to delineate further patterns of preschool personality development and integration.
Verbal Reinforcement, Socio-Economic Status, and Intelligence Test Performance of Preschool Children
Authors: Goh David S. , Lund Jean M.
Published: September 2011

90 preschool children of middle- and low-socioeconomic-status were administered Form A of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the verbal portion of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence under three treatment conditions to study effects of verbal reinforcements on individual test performance. Data indicate that subjects of middle status scored significantly higher than their lower-status counterparts on both the Peabody and the WPPSI measures. No significant verbal reinforcement effect or interaction of status × reinforcement was found. Correlations of .58, .65, and .75 between the Peabody and the WPPSI scores were demonstrated in the groups, control, praised, and “correctness” feedback.
Reversible Perspective Figures and Eye Movements
Authors: Flamm Lois E. , Bergum Bruce O.
Published: September 2011

Eye movements and perspective reversals were continuously recorded on film for 9 subjects who fixated a central point on black line drawings of the Necker cube and Rubin vase figure. There were significantly more Necker cube reversals than Rubin figure reversals in the 1 1/2-min. test periods. Perceptual reversals were unrelated to the occurrence of eye movements but appear possibly to be related to the perceived tridimensionality of the figures.
Relation of the Aubert-Foerster Phenomenon to Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Sarwar Kaiser A.
Published: September 2011

The relation of the increase in distance to narrowing of the visual angle was investigated with 20 subjects in high and low anxiety states. Stimuli were introduced from the periphery, and readings were taken at the limits of sharp perception of figures. The investigation partially confirmed that increase in distance resulted in narrowing of the visual field for the group low in anxiety. However, the visual angles were greater for the group high in anxiety.
Characteristics of the Inside-of-the-Body Test Drawings Performed by Normal School Children
Authors: Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

The Inside-of-the-Body test was administered to an unselected group of 150 elementary school children in Grades 1 to 6. The most frequently identified body part was the heart. Musculoskeletal and visible body parts were identified by younger children. Children in the higher grade levels drew more cavity organs and their drawings more frequently showed the organs in the correct anatomic arrangement. The Inside-of-the-Body test may be a useful adjunctive tool in the psychological assessment of children by identifying the development of internal body perception in normal children as well as those with physical and psychological disorders.
Subjective and Objective Symmetry in Perception of Form
Authors: Plug C.
Published: September 2011

A new quantitative measure of the physical symmetry of 2-dimensional shapes is proposed which relates it to the proportion of translational and rotational (TR) overlap between a figure and its mirror image. Category ratings of the apparent vertical symmetry of distorted diamond figures correlate highly with this measure while it is also an important contributor in the prediction of the apparent symmetry and geometricity of random polygons.
Mode of Input in Long-Term Recognition
Authors: Schwartz Neil H. , Garabedian A. Alexander , Dean Raymond S. , Yekovich Frank R.
Published: September 2011

Recent research by Garabedian, Yekovich, Sherman, and Dean has demonstrated that recognition from long-term memory was superior for words presented visually over those presented auditorily. Because their results could have been influenced by the salience of the projected visual items, the present investigation attempted to eliminate the possible visual bias. 16 undergraduates were presented a list of nouns of mixed input modality and were tested 6 min. later for incidental recognition of input mode. The present data corroborated findings by Garabedian, et al. who postulated that subjects use some form of stored visual information when identifying the input mode of words.
“Taboo Word” Norms
Authors: Sandwith Michael , Evans James D.
Published: September 2011

A procedure for constructing taboo-word norms for a college population is described. The results of a pilot study of perceptual defense, employing these norms with 30 students, are also reported. There was no correlation between word frequency and perceptual defense.
Use of Distance and Location in Short-Term Motor Memory
Authors: Hagman Joseph D. , Williams Evelyn
Published: September 2011

A retroactive interference paradigm was used to determine whether kinesthetic distance, location, or distance and location cues are used at recall of a blind, simple linear movement. Students performed interpolated movements which varied distance and location cues separately or jointly. Relative to a rest condition, joint distance and location interpolation produced significant interference while no significant interference was found for interpolation of individual distance or location. The results were interpreted as supporting the involvement of multiple kinesthetic cues in the establishment of memorial representations of motor movements.
Methodological Factors Affecting Interpersonal Distance in Dyads
Authors: Schiavo R. Steven , Schiffenbauer Allen , Roberts Jean
Published: September 2011

Two variables based on methodological variations in personal space research were examined. Predictions of their effects on interpersonal distances were made based on Evans and Howard's hypothesis (1973) that personal space is related to stress. Smaller interpersonal distances were expected when the subject approached a target rather than vice versa and when the approach occurred in a small room rather than a large one. Thirty-two female subjects were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial design; approach was a repeated factor. The first hypothesis was supported. Although the effects of room size were in the predicted direction, they were not significant. Theoretical implications were also discussed including the relationship of perceived control to interpersonal distance.
Effect of Verbal and Nonverbal Short-Term Memory Coding with Normal and Retarded Children
Authors: Swanson Lee
Published: September 2011

20 retarded children (CA 11.7 yr.), matched with 20 normal ones, were assigned to verbal or nonverbal stimulus conditions. Pairs of 8-point random shapes were shown as sryrofoam objects or drawings, d' measures for adjacent positions showed better recall for verbal coding and three-dimensional stimuli. Serial position effects were noted. Coding and dimensionality interacted.
Transformation of Stimulus Information from Very Short-Term Memory
Authors: Klein Helen Altman
Published: September 2011

Observers were shown a simple stimulus pattern, a mask pattern, and a test pattern on each trial. Different types of test patterns were used to assess transformations of material from very short-term memory. The durations of the initial stimulus pattern and the mask pattern were also varied. Significant differences in average response data were found between types of test pattern over exposure durations; however, sensitivity measures showed minimal differences between types of test pattern. This suggested some distinctions between input processing and response selection in the paradigm. Selective feature analysis seems to be a characteristic of response selection.
Individual Differences in Responses to Induced Perceptual Conflict
Authors: Cegalis John A. , Leen David
Published: September 2011

Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying perceptual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-and-frame test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17–19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts ( n = 20) and extraverts ( n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in post-inversion levels of field-dependence were observed.
Effects of Delay of Feedback and Intermittency of Feedback in Compensatory Tracking
Authors: Kao Henry S. R.
Published: September 2011

Previous research established both delay and intermittency of feedback as two major sources of temporal perturbation in a compensatory tracking task. Tracking accuracy decreased as a function of an increase in both feedback conditions. Also, disruption of both types of feedback showed similar deterioration of the task as observed in separate studies. The present study was designed to compare effects of differential severity of delay and intermirtency of feedback on identical magnitudes of temporal perturbation on a compensatory tracking task. Time intervals of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 sec. were used for both conditions. After 10 trials at 0.0 sec. as practice, each subject was tested under each of the perturbation conditions with 6 trials for each of the 6 intervals, making a total of 12 experimental trials. Delay of feedback affected tracking significantly more than intermittency of feedback at all magnitudes. Normal feedback of zero perturbation was the best condition for task performance. In both feedback conditions, tracking deteriorated as a function of increased magnitudes of disruption of feedback. Learning occurred in the two experimental conditions but not in the condition of normal feedback.
Concept of Visual Sensation
Authors: Bundesen Claus
Published: September 2011

A direct-realist account of visual sensation is outlined. The explanatory notion of elements in visual sensation (atomic sensations) is reinterpreted, and the suggested interpretation is formally justified by constructing a Boolean algebra for visual sensations. The related notion of sensory levels (visual field vs visual world) is discussed.
Rotation and Perspective Tasks in 7–8- and 9–10-Yr.-Old Children
Authors: Finlay David C.
Published: September 2011

Huttenlocher and Presson's (1973) method and apparatus were used to study rotation and perspective tasks in 42 7–8- and 9–10-yr.-old children. The study was designed to investigate the effects of different stimulus dimensions. The stimulus dimensions used were colour, size, and colour and size combined. The results generally supported Huttenlocher and Presson (1973) but indicated differences between visible and hidden aspects of the tasks.
Perception and Interpretation of Explicit Negations by Learning-Disabled Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Florence Diane P. , Kutner Shari M. , Sherman Barbara , Semel Eleanor M.
Published: September 2011

The present study evaluated and compared the perception and interpretation of 21 explicit negative sentences by 15 learning disabled third graders and 15 controls, 20 learning disabled adolescents and 20 controls, and 16 randomly selected adults. The proportions of correct interpretations of the experimental sentences did not differ significantly among subject groups. In a similar vein the proportions of correct responses to individual test items did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that the learning-disabled third graders and adolescents adequately perceived the stressed negated elements and interpreted the meanings of the explicit negative sentences appropriately. These findings conflict with previous observations that dyslexic children experienced problems in processing prosodic suprasegmental features (Vogel, 1974).
A Multifactor Theory of Sensation: Individuality in Sensory Structure and Sensory Processing
Authors: Kearsley Gregory P. , Royce Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

A conceptual framework for individual differences in sensory structure and processing is outlined which provides a theoretical integration of multivariate, psychophysical, and experimental studies of sensation. A hierarchy of sensory dimensions is proposed which involves lower-order modality specific factors integrated by higher-order modality independent factors. The relationship between lower-order dimensions and individual power law exponents is discussed. A model of sensory processing is presented which specifies the functional significance of individual differences.
Dream Content Scanning without Coding
Authors: Haller Bernhard
Published: September 2011

An efficient system is described which allows the retrieval from dreams in response to certain questions. No coding is necessary, as the computer works with a large thesaurus containing all semantic relations. For each chosen question word it is possible to find automatically all dreams containing related words (synonyms, subnotions, etc.) and to print them in the output list. Four examples are given and some limitations due to linguistic difficulties discussed.
Preference for Stimulus Complexity and Architectural Creativity
Authors: Ridley Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

Previous research linking creativity with preference for stimulus complexity was questioned. A measure of preference for stimulus complexity was derived from a previous study in which mean ratings of complexity of stimuli in the Welsh Figure Preference Test were obtained. Preferences for complexity by 116 architects in MacKinnon's (1961) study were unrelated to judged creativity. Barron-Welsh Art Scale scores of these subjects were significantly related to creativity only after the effects of preference for stimulus complexity were statistically removed.
The Cross-Lagged Panel Design: A Review
Authors: Marmor Gloria Strauss , Montemayor Raymond
Published: September 2011

Articles pertaining to the cross-lagged panel correlational technique, a method for selecting among causal interpretations of correlational data, are reviewed. Underlying assumptions, problems in application, and extent of application are discussed. It is concluded that use of the cross-lagged panel correlational technique makes causal inferences more plausible but the technique should not be viewed as a substitute for experimentation.
Decline in Oral Perception from 20 to 70 Years
Authors: Canetta Robert
Published: September 2011

120 adults were given a task to determine whether performance on an oral perception task declines with increasing chronological age. Subjects in their 70's performed significantly worse than those in their 60's and younger. This loss of oral perceptual skills is considered relevant to the remediation and training of older individuals with difficulties in speech articulation.
Age at Onset of Blindness in Visual Imagery Development
Authors: Marmor Gloria Strauss
Published: September 2011

Eleven college students who were born blind, 16 blinded at approximately 15 years of age (range 6 to 30 years), and 16 with normal vision were asked to visualize the letters of the uppercase, typeset, English alphabet. If the shape of a letter had one or more curves, like B, subjects were to classify it as curved. If the shape of the letter had no curves, like A, they were to classify it as straight. Letters were presented one at a time in random order. Reaction time and errors were recorded. Controlling for knowledge of the alphabet, the early blind took longer and made more errors than did the late blind and sighted, who did not differ from each other. The results suggest that age of onset of blindness influences the development of visual imagery.
Memory Load, Critical Features and Retrieval Processes in Facial Recognition
Authors: Orenstein Howard B. , Hamilton Kathy M.
Published: September 2011

A Sternberg-type varied set procedure was used in which the set of stimuli associated with the “different” response was, in some cases, large and unspecified. A 3-factor design was used with repeated measures on list length (1, 2, or 4 faces), decision (“same” or “different”), and number of critical features varied between memory and target faces (0, 2, 4, or 7). Reaction times of college students for recognition of faces were analyzed to determine the nature of the retrieval processes employed. Reaction times were faster as the number of feature changes increased, and both parallel and serial processes were indicated for both “same” and “different” responses.
Concrete vs Abstract Information: A Correlational Test of Variability Hypothesis
Authors: Wippich Werner
Published: September 2011

It was shown that there were only low and nonsignificant correlations within abstract information-processing groups under divergent encoding conditions between the number of generated uses or sentences and the incidental free-recall performance. Moderate correlations (with one exception) were found within concrete (pictures or their labels) information-processing groups. The results are at variance with an interpretative variability hypothesis for abstract words.
Intra-Cultural Differences in the Perception of Visual Illusions: An Urban/Rural Comparison
Authors: Hagen Donna L.
Published: September 2011

Urban and rural college students, men and women ( n = 6 each, N — 24), were compared (2 × 2) on six geometric illusions using materials and procedures of Herskovits, Campbell, and Segall (1969). As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility were found for the Müller-Lyer, Sander parallelogram, or Poggendorf illusions. Rural subjects proved more susceptible to the perspective illusion; however, the urban group was more susceptible to the L-form of the horizontal-vertical illusion, but not to the T-form.
Relation of Birth Order, Family Size and Social Class to Psychological Functions
Authors: Belmont Lillian , Wittes Janet , Stein Zena
Published: September 2011

Findings are reported on birth-order and family-size effects for five psychological functions measured by the military preinduction test battery which was administered to a total population of 19-yr.-old Dutch men. These men were born between 1944 and 1946, were members of 1- to 6-child families and were from the two major social classes. A clear birth-order gradient was present on all test measures for both social classes. Family-size effects, however, differed by social class. The results extend to a range of psychological functions the findings previously reported for a single test of non-verbal intelligence, suggesting that family-structure variables play a role in understanding intellectual development.
Some Algorithms for the Computation of Independent Cluster Solutions
Authors: Hofmann Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The Harris and Kaiser algorithm for computing independent cluster solutions is discussed and an alternative algorithm is presented. Both algorithms are presented within the context of a general algebraic framework for ideal orthogonal and oblique independent cluster solutions. Finally an example is presented whereby the alternative algorithm defines a better approximation to an ideal independent cluster solution than does Harris and Kaiser's algorithm.
Temporal Patterns of the Use of Non-Prescribed Drugs
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Morris Jeff B.
Published: September 2011

Licit and illicit non-prescribed drugs, regardless of their classification, are used in a common temporal pattern with the possible exceptions of caffeine and cocaine. The temporal patterns of drug use are highly correlated with the nationwide temporal pattern of TV watching, suggesting a pleasure-oriented, recreational use. The peak times for substance use and abuse may have implications for the delivery of professional or paraprofessional services.
Children's Comprehension of Time-Compressed Speech: Effect of Speaker's Familiarity
Authors: Thompson Andrea J. , Silverman Ellen-Marie
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted with 42 third grade children from a parochial school system in a large metropolitan area. 21 classmates whose teacher served as the speaker for this experiment comprised the experimental group. A matched group of 21 classmates from another third grade classroom formed the control group. Each subject individually listened to a 940-word narrative passage that had been compressed at a rate of 45% or 275 words per minute. 10 questions about the material presented in the final three-fourths of the passage were asked of the subjects. The difference between the mean number of correct responses produced by the experimental group (5.5) and the control group (4.9) was not statistically significant. The results indicate that familiarity with the speaker does not facilitate 8-yr.-olds' comprehension of time-compressed speech.
A Film Technique for Assessing Children's Self-Estimation of Body Size under Static and Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Stiles David B. , Smith Hope M.
Published: September 2011

A film technique was developed to obtain children's self-estimates of selected aspects of their own body dimensions under static and dynamic conditions. Subjects were 40 children, ranging in age from 6.10 to 10.10 yr. They estimated their own heights and shoulder widths while viewing projected images of themselves in two conditions, static and dynamic. The condition films displayed the projected image of the subject from 6 in. below to 6 in. above his or her actual height. The subject responded by stopping a remote-controlled projector when the projected image was perceived by the subject to be his or her own body dimension. A nested factorial design was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, condition, and mode (direction of trials). A paired difference test indicated whether the subjects' estimates were in fact significantly different from the actual body dimensions. Analysis showed no significant differences in main effects of age or sex. Self-estimates of selected body dimensions were significantly different from actual, measured, body dimensions. The motion-picture technique was considered successful in obviating several difficulties encountered in the past by workers using other techniques and was effective in introducing dynamics as a condition under which subjects could make self-estimates of their own body dimensions.
A Color Image Hierarchy
Authors: Switras Joseph E.
Published: September 2011

There is renewed interest by psychologists in mental imagery. While practical uses of imagery are being rapidly developed, there still remains a great deal to learn about imaging itself. One aspect of imaging is color. A review of the literature provided no research data as to which colors were easiest or hardest to image. Using the method of pair comparisons, an interval scale was devised, indicating the relative ease with which various colors could be imaged. The final scale, from easiest to most difficult to image, was black, red, yellow, blue, green, white, orange and finally purple. Implications for image training are suggested.