bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twice-Exceptional Students' Use of Metacognitive Skills on a Comprehension Monitoring Task
Authors: lynne hannah c. , Shore Bruce M.
Published: January 2008

Boys identified as learning-disabled gifted or twice exceptional, at two different grade levels (5th or 6th grades, and 11th or 12th grades), were asked to read a history text with unknown vocabulary words, internal inconsistencies, and prior knowledge violations inserted to make immediate comprehension difficult. The students were asked to read one sentence at a time and report their thoughts verbally. Their verbalizations were analyzed for evidence of how they used metacognitive skills. The older students actively monitored and evaluated their comprehension as they tried to make sense of the text but were more willing to accept problematic text. The younger students were not as active in monitoring their comprehension, but they were less likely to accept the prior knowledge violations.
The Insufficiency of Non-Domination
Authors: Markell Patchen
Published: January 2008

This essay argues that the neo-Roman republican principle of “non-domination,” as developed in the recent work of Philip Pettit, cannot serve as a single over-arching political ideal, because it responds to only one of two important dimensions of concern about human agency. Through critical engagements with several aspects of Pettit's work, ranging from his philosophical account of freedom as “discursive control” to his appropriation of the distinction between dominium and imperium, the essay argues that the idea of domination, which responds to concerns about “control,” needs to be supplemented by the idea of usurpation, which responds to questions about “involvement”; and it shows how attention to both domination and usurpation (and to the interaction between them) can shed light on such phenomena as imperialism, slavery, and democracy.
Democratic Theory and Border Coercion
Authors: Abizadeh Arash
Published: January 2008

The question of whether a closed border entry policy under the unilateral control of a democratic state is legitimate cannot be settled until we first know to whom the justification of a regime of control is owed. According to the state sovereignty view, the control of entry policy, including of movement, immigration, and naturalization, ought to be under the unilateral discretion of the state itself: justification for entry policy is owed solely to members. This position, however, is inconsistent with the democratic theory of popular sovereignty. Anyone accepting the democratic theory of political legitimation domestically is thereby committed to rejecting the unilateral domestic right to control state boundaries. Because the demos of democratic theory is in principle unbounded, the regime of boundary control must be democratically justified to foreigners as well as to citizens, in political institutions in which both foreigners and citizens can participate.
The Perversions of Bored Liberals
Authors: Marso Lori
Published: January 2008

Counting himself as a boring liberal who would usually dismiss the likes of thinkers such as Emma Goldman as the radical fringe, Don Herzog purports to engage with Goldman's work in order to interrogate the political centrality of reasonableness among liberals and deliberative democrats. Casting Goldman as a lovesick radical, Herzog invites us to read her activism and politics as an affective stance resulting in an accurate critique of the Soviet state. This move countenances Herzog's perverted depiction of Goldman as a swooning girl in love with anarchism and authorizes his lack of engagement with her searing political critique of capitalism and liberal democracy. Hence, Herzog's strategy—to read Goldman's politics as an emotional stance—serves to undermine precisely the sort of political engagement he claims to celebrate.
Inmate-On-Inmate Assault
Authors: Lahm Karen F.
Published: January 2008

Most literature on inmate assaultive behavior considers only one level of analysis, thereby ignoring the importance of prison context on inmate behavior. This study improved on past research by combining inmate and prison-level data into a multilevel model explaining inmate-on-inmate, nondeadly assaults. Data from 1,054 male inmates in 30 prisons revealed that age and aggression were the most robust predictors of inmate-on-inmate assaults. In terms of multilevel effects, aggressive inmates were found to commit more assaults in prisons that were more crowded and had a greater percentage of younger inmates (e.g., younger than age 25). Policy implications and suggestions for a multilevel theory of prison violence are discussed.
Dropout From Sex-Offender Treatment and Dimensions of Risk of Sexual Recidivism
Authors: Nunes Kevin L. , Cortoni Franca
Published: January 2008

The extent to which general criminality and sexual deviance are associated with dropout or expulsion from a sex-offender treatment program was examined. Participants were 52 offenders who dropped out of, or were expelled from, their last sex-offender program and a comparison group of 48 program completers. As expected, the general criminality items of the Static—99 were significantly associated with dropout/expulsion but the sexual deviance items were not. Thus, risk for sexual recidivism and risk for dropout/expulsion from sex-offender programs do not appear to be synonymous. Basing estimates of risk for dropout/expulsion on general criminality rather than sexual deviance may be a more effective and efficient strategy for managing sex offenders.
A Study of Methadone Maintenance for Male Prisoners
Authors: Kinlock Timothy W. , Gordon Michael S. , Schwartz Robert P. , O'Grady Kevin E.
Published: January 2008

This study examined benefits of methadone maintenance among prerelease prison inmates. Incarcerated males with preincarceration heroin dependence ( n = 197) were randomly assigned to (a) group educational counseling (counseling only); (b) counseling, with opportunity to begin methadone maintenance on release (counseling + transfer); or (c) counseling and methadone maintenance in prison, with opportunity to continue methadone maintenance on release (counseling + methadone). At 90-day follow-up, counseling + methadone participants were significantly more likely than counseling-only and counseling + transfer participants to attend drug treatment ( p = .0001) and less likely to be reincarcerated ( p = .019). Counseling + methadone and counseling + transfer participants were significantly less likely (all ps < .05) to report heroin use, cocaine use, and criminal involvement than counseling-only participants. Follow-up is needed to determine whether these findings hold over a longer period.
Guilt and Shame as Predictors of Recidivism
Authors: Hosser Daniela , Windzio Michael , Greve Werner
Published: January 2008

Shame and guilt are moral emotions that result from deviations from internalized standards. Both constructs differ with respect to their genesis, to the emotions accompanying them, and to their behavioral consequences. Shame is associated with a loss of self-respect, social withdrawal, anger, and aggression. Guilt, on the other hand, supports prosocial behavior and motivates compensation for the inflicted loss. Based on repeated interviews with 1,243 offenders from six prisons for young offenders, the study examined to what extent feelings of shame and guilt experienced during a prison term influenced recidivism after release. An event-history analysis indicated that feelings of guilt at the beginning of a prison term correlated with lower rates of recidivism, and feelings of shame correlated with higher rates. Results are discussed with regard to their implications for further research and the justice system.
Predictors of Retention in an Alternative-To-Prison Substance Abuse Treatment Program
Authors: Brocato JO , Wagner Eric F.
Published: January 2008

This longitudinal study examines predictors of retention among alternative-to-prison substance abuse treatment clients. The roles of motivational factors and the client-therapist relationship are examined. The sample was composed of 141 male felony offenders who were legally mandated to a community-based, long-term residential drug treatment program. Results support the following conclusions: (a) retention in treatment is positively related to motivation to change; (b) motivation to change, particularly recognition of a drug problem, is positively related to the therapeutic alliance; and (c) changes in motivation in response to treatment are positively related to the therapeutic alliance. Implications of these findings for treatment and research are discussed.
Differential Relationships Between the Dimensions of Psychopathy and Intelligence
Authors: Vitacco Michael J. , Neumann Craig S. , Wodushek Thomas
Published: January 2008

Previous research with adult mental health and adolescent forensic samples has found that intelligence is differentially related to the four dimensions of psychopathy. The current study evaluated the relations between the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) factors and full-scale intelligence (FIQ) in 100 males detained in a county jail. Structural equation modeling results revealed that the PCL:SV interpersonal factor had a strong positive relationship to the FIQ latent variable, whereas the antisocial factor was moderately positively associated with FIQ. In contrast, FIQ was negatively related to both the affective and lifestyle PCL:SV factors. Overall, the psychopathy factors accounted for 25% of the variance of FIQ. The current study adds to a growing literature suggesting that features of psychopathy are differentially related to intellectual functioning.
The Dynamics of the Profit Rate in Spain (1954—2001)
Authors: Cámara Izquierdo Sergio
Published: January 2008

The article evaluates the Spanish economy from 1954 to 2001 from the standpoint of capital profitability. The profit rate combines a cyclical behavior caused by evolution of income distribution and a downward trend caused by increase in capital composition. Increase in capital composition is caused by mechanization of the economy, while the evolution of income distribution is conditioned by a particular performance of real wages.

JEL classification: P-17, E-11, J-30
Participatory Research for Rape Survivor Groups
Authors: Mason Susan E. , Clemans Shantih E.
Published: January 2008

This article proposes a model for rape survivor groups that encompasses the participatory research model in the context of feminist ideology and strategies. The use of a participatory research model for rape survivor groups can be expected both to heal and to produce evidence of the recovery process. In this model, groups design a protocol for writing and disseminating their personal stories of overcoming the trauma of rape. The conceptualization is illustrated by excerpts of experience-based, aggregated group processes that provide guidance for conducting participatory research for rape survivors.
Creating Politicized Spaces
Authors: Dossa Parin
Published: January 2008

Drawing on an ethnographic study of Afghan women in metropolitan Vancouver (2002—05), this article argues that it is necessary to recognize research participants as producers of context-specific knowledge. Afghan women, a disenfranchised population, deploy particular strategies to foreground two interrelated scripts—the political economy of migration and resettlement and the remaking of a world—that help to bridge the analytical divide between the political economy and human agency. Within this blurred space, the women bring forth three themes that speak to policy makers and stakeholders: social provision as entitlement, valorization of the women's multiple identities, and transnational networks that contain but also go beyond the unit of the nation-state. The article concludes by making a case for locally-informed policy and service provision to effect progressive change.
It's Just That Much Harder
Authors: Parish Susan L. , Magaña Sandra , Cassiman Shawn A.
Published: January 2008

This article reports on a focus-group study that examined the experiences and perspectives of low-income mothers with disabilities who were receiving disability income transfers. The women faced severe deprivation and multilayered hardships. Their impairments were not their central problem, but they intersected with the challenges associated with the women's poverty and single-parent status. The women coped with or resisted their hardships by serving as advocates for their and their children's needs, accessing resources from safety-net services and their families, and relying on their religious beliefs. The women's aspirations included setting a moral example for their children, securing a better life for their children, and wanting to work. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
A Long-Neglected Mother of Contemporary Ethnography
Authors: Hallett Tim , Jeffers Greg
Published: January 2008

As ethnographers look forward, we risk losing sight of the past. Short memories are common, and most sociologists have a certain “amnesia” (Gans 1992). Sometimes old scholarship is best forgotten, but this is not always the case. We argue that the neglected ethnographic work of Annie Marion MacLean— who was writing at the turn of the last century—deserves our attention despite its age. To the extent that contemporary ethnography has a metaphorical “genetic code” in common, MacLean's work has these traits, and we argue that her work speaks to contemporary concerns: it gives us perspective on the realist-postmodernist debate, it demonstrates the challenges of ethnography as a career and how it can change over the life-course, and it forces us to reflect on our short scholarly recall. Much can be learned from MacLean and other relevant but neglected ethnographers. Failing to engage these works stunts our ethnographic growth.
Interactions in Expert Service Work
Authors: George Molly
Published: January 2008

Using participant observation and in-depth interviews, the author explores the experiences of a relatively new form of semiprofessionals, personal trainers, to advance our understandings of the complexities of interactive service work. Personal training is a compelling example of the increasing number of occupations that require workers to use emotional labor and specialized knowledge to provide customized service for individual clients. The author examines a range of service interactions that occur in personal training sessions to explore how workers demonstrated their professionalism and negotiated the competing demands of their jobs. This study provides an extension to the extant understanding of “expert service work” by highlighting the unique features of hybrid forms of work emerging in the postindustrial labor market. Furthermore, it extends implications about workers who are in a rapidly expanding, but not yet fully credentialized, profession and how they manage their selves to legitimate their contributions for potential clients. This research also raises a number of questions surrounding the gendered accomplishment of professionalism.
Interactive Use of Genograms and Ecomaps in Family Caregiving Research
Authors: Rempel Gwen R. , Neufeld Anne , Kushner Kaysi Eastlick
Published: January 2008

This article argues for the concurrent and comparative use of genograms and ecomaps in family caregiving research. A genogram is a graphic portrayal of the composition and structure of one's family and an ecomap is a graphic portrayal of personal and family social relationships. Although development and utilization of genograms and ecomaps is rooted in clinical practice with families, as research tools they provide data that can enhance the researcher's understanding of family member experiences. In qualitative research of the supportive and nonsupportive interactions experienced by male family caregivers, the interactive use of genograms and ecomaps (a) facilitated increased understanding of social networks as a context for caregiving, (b) promoted a relational process between researcher and participant, and (c) uncovered findings such as unrealized potential in the participant's social network that may not be revealed with the use of the genogram or ecomap alone, or the noncomparative use of both.
Does International Family Nursing Need a Professional Organization?
Authors: Curry Donna Miles
Published: January 2008

An International Family Nursing Conference has been held on a periodic basis since the 1980s. It started with several nursing professionals with a common interest: wanting to meet to share research and practice ideas. The organization of these conferences has been completely voluntary and sponsored by some very benevolent individuals and an institution of higher education. The fact that any of these conferences came off is attributed to considerable personal financial support and an untold number of volunteer hours. A group met in 2005 at the 7th International Family Nursing Conference in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, to discuss whether there was any interest in forming a professional organization for family nursing. This article explores the cost/ benefits of such an endeavor. Input from other small newly created professional nursing organizations is shared. Conclusions provide summative questions related to development of a formal international professional nursing organization that family nurses must address.
Development of the Family Nurse Caring Belief Scale (FNCBS)
Authors: Meiers Sonja J. , Tomlinson Patricia , Peden-McAlpine Cynthia
Published: January 2008

Measurement of family nursing practice phenomena needs particular attention. This study develops a new instrument, Family Nursing Caring Belief Scale (FNCBS), that measures nurse attitudes regarding provision of family-sensitive care to families in crisis and establishes initial psychometric properties. Classical test theory was used to construct a discriminative, summative instrument for measuring nurse attitudes. Internal consistency reliability in a randomly selected sample ( N = 163) of pediatric intensive care unit and neonatal intensive care unit nurses was estimated at .81 (Cronbach's α) and .78 (Guttman split half). A four-factor structure was revealed: ethical caring practices, systems orientation to family, child advocacy, and normalizing milieu. The FNCBS demonstrated concurrent ( r = .57) and criterion-related validities. The FNCBS demonstrated sound psychometric properties with a child-rearing population of families and has the potential for future use in family nursing research, education, and practice. It requires further assessment before testing with an adult population.
An Empirical Examination of the Statutory Characteristics and Effects of Highway and Transportation Commissions on DOT Capital Management Capacity
Authors: Yusuf Juita-Elena (Wie) , O'Connell Lenahan , Hackbart Merl , Wallace Candice
Published: January 2008

A majority of the states have created, by statute, some type of external body (such as a board or commissions) to oversee their departments of transportation (DOTs). The focus of this research is on two types of commissions: highway-only commissions and multimodal transportation commissions. We review the authorizing statutes that establish these boards and commissions to identify their statutorily defined membership characteristics and roles. We then empirically estimate the possible contribution of commissions'statutory characteristics to a measure of DOT capital and infrastructure management capacity taken from the Government Performance Project. The findings suggest that commissions are designed to promote the general interest in the efficient allocation of transportation resources. They also suggest that large commissions may improve management capacity by fostering more open discussion. There were no significant differences between highway-only and multimodal transportation commissions.
Balancing communication and grammar in beginning-level foreign language classrooms: A study of guided planning and relativization
Authors: Mochizuki Naoko , Ortega Lourdes
Published: January 2008

This study investigated whether pre-task planning that embeds grammatical guidance to attend to a specific L2 form might be a suitable pedagogical choice in beginning-level foreign language classrooms. First-year high school students of English in Japan were asked to do an oral story-retelling task with a class partner under one of three conditions: without any prior planning ( n = 17), after 5 minutes of unguided planning ( n = 20), or after 5 minutes of planning with guidance in the form of a grammar handout about English relative clauses ( n = 19). The resulting narratives were analyzed for task essentialness, amount and quality of use of relativization, and global complexity and fluency. It was found that the guided planning group produced more and more accurate relative clauses in their narratives than the other two groups, to both statistically significant and large degrees, while at the same time exhibiting global levels of complexity and fluency that were similar to those of the other two groups. The results show that guided planning can succeed in creating favorable conditions for striking a pedagogical balance between communication and grammar, even with high school learners at incipient levels of proficiency and under conditions that are typical of many foreign language contexts.
Interacting inside and outside of the language classroom
Authors: Springer Suzanne , Collins Laura
Published: January 2008

To extend the reach of the second language (L2) classroom, learners may be given opportunities to interact with native speakers through contact assignments or volunteer work organized through their L2 program. An underlying assumption of these practices is that `real-world' and classroom experience offer different but complementary opportunities for oral interaction. The nature of the difference is not well documented, however, which makes it difficult to assess the relative contributions that interaction in the two environments may make to the language learning process. In this study, we compared selected aspects of oral interaction experienced by two advanced adult L2 speakers of English in two contexts: one where they were students in a nine-week communicative ESL class and another where they were volunteer tutors in a three-week summer program for academically at-risk English-speaking children. The findings revealed differences in the types and quantities of activities during which oral interaction occurred, the frequency with which they were completed, and the degree of attention that the participants paid to language during communication. Overall, these differences reflected the different roles the L2 speakers assumed in the two contexts: that of language `learner' in the classroom and of language `user' outside the classroom.
The effect of processing instruction and dictogloss tasks on acquisition of the English passive voice
Authors: Qin Jingjing
Published: January 2008

This study was intended to compare processing instruction (VanPatten, 1993, 1996, 2000), an input-based focus on form technique, to dictogloss tasks, an output-oriented focus-on-form type of instruction to assess their effects in helping beginning-EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners acquire the simple English passive voice. Two intact classes of Grade 7 beginning EFL learners (n = 110) in China were randomly assigned to each type of instruction: Group A (n = 55) to processing instruction (PI), and Group B (n = 55) to dictogloss tasks (DG). A pretest and posttest (immediate and delayed) design was used, where participants' ability to comprehend and produce the target feature was assessed. Results showed that the PI group performed significantly better than the DG group in comprehension, and as well as the DG group in production on the immediate posttest. One month later, the two groups' performances were similar in terms of both comprehension and production on the delayed posttest. Both groups improved significantly from the pretest to the two posttests in comprehension and production. One reasonable pedagogical implication is that both PI and DG are effective pedagogical tools to help beginning-EFL learners to acquire target grammatical forms.
Supporting learner autonomy: Developing practice through the production of courses for distance learners of French, German and Spanish
Authors: Murphy Linda
Published: January 2008

The development of autonomous learners is an important goal for language teaching programmes. However, achievement of this goal depends on teachers creating an environment where learners can experience autonomy in order to become more autonomous, a process referred to by Little (2003) as `autonomization'. In distance learning, course materials are the main vehicle for this process which brings particular challenges to course writers. This paper explores those challenges and how `autonomization' can be achieved through distance language teaching materials, by examining experience and developments at The Open University (UK) during its first decade of language course production. It reports the ways in which course writers in French, German and Spanish for adult distance learners have turned commitment into practice in order to develop the capacity for reflection, metacognitive strategies and conscious decision-making essential for autonomous learning. The paper concludes by considering how support for `autonomization' can be further enhanced, the implications for course writers and future research.
International and local curricula: The question of ideology
Authors: Taki Saeed
Published: January 2008

This article examines the ideological import of (a) a selection of internationally distributed ELT textbooks to find out whether a recurrent ideological pattern could be observed and (b) the ELT books used in Iranian high schools to see if the ideological import of these books was different from that of the internationally distributed ELT textbooks. To this end, the theory and procedures of critical discourse analysis (CDA), as expounded by Fairclough (1989), were applied to conversations in these textbooks and three dimensions of meaning — the social relations of textbook characters, their subject positions, and the content of the texts — were categorized and statistically analyzed. The analysis revealed that the internationally distributed ELT textbooks tend to represent a particular discourse type — the discourse of western economy and consumer society. Moreover, in the locally produced ELT materials, owing to the absence of certain topics and features, the preparation of the high school books appears to have been influenced by post-revolution norms and standards.
Back to the Future: Doxiadis's Plans for Baghdad
Authors: Pyla Panayiota
Published: January 2008

This article examines the 1955 to 1958 restructuring of Baghdad proposed by the architect and planner Constantinos Doxiadis. Analyzing the overall master plan and the design and construction of housing units and public squares, the article demonstrates how Doxiadis's social and formal experiments, which drew on larger mid-twentieth-century debates on modernism, urbanism, regionalism, and development, also became intertwined with the Iraqi regime's agenda for nation building. As the Iraqi capital has again become the site for new visions of reconstruction and development, it is important to critically revisit this recent history of the city.
California's Fair-Share Housing 1967—2004: The Planning Approach
Authors: Baer William C.
Published: January 2008

Fair-share housing in California has gone through six stages since the requirement was established as the housing element in the general plan. At first, each stage required greater rigor and care than the previous one in preparing the housing plan. After a while, the state also began reviewing local elements for compliance with state law, challenging cherished traditions of home rule. All the while, however, the focus was exclusively on housing. Most recently, planning implications of housing have forced a broader focus, now also beginning to consider other regional planning concerns dealing with transportation, air quality, and the environment.
Renal Artery Intervention in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: A 20-Year Experience
Authors: Ying Huang  , Duncan Audra A. , McKusick Michael A. , Milliner Dawn S. , Bower Thomas C. , Kalra Manju , Gloviczki Peter , Hoskin Tanya L.
Published: January 2008

Between 1986 and 2005, 22 patients (mean age, 14.7 years; range, 3-21) with renal hypertension underwent renal artery revascularization for 28 lesions, 23 with open repair (OR) and 5 with percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA). Thirty-day morbidity was 17% (4/23). Hypertension was cured in 13 (57%), improved in 8 (38%), and unchanged in 1 (5%). Renal function worsened in 1. At a mean follow-up of 4.9 years, 1-year patency rate was 94% and maintained for 5 years. Hypertension at 1 year was cured in 6 of 14 patients (43%; OR, 4; PTRA, 2) and improved in 8 (57%; OR, 7; PTRA, 1); hypertension at 5 years was cured in 50% and improved in 50%. Renal function remained unchanged in all patients who were followed. The authors conclude that both OR and PTRA benefit pediatric patients. PTRA for selected patients may be promising as a first line treatment or as a bridge to definitive OR in children with small arteries.
State of the Art Reviews: Patient and Physician Communication About Weight Management: Can We Close the Gap?
Authors: Beran Mary Sue , Fowles Jinnet B. , Kind Elizabeth A. , Craft Cheryl E.
Published: January 2008

Purpose. To understand and gain insight into improving communication about weight management between patients and physicians and answer the question, “How should physicians communicate with obese patients about weight management?” Design. Three patient focus groups of 5 participants each and 2 physician focus groups of 6 participants each, segregated by gender, during July and August 2004. Participants. Patients with a body mass index of ≥ 30, English speaking, aged 25 to 75 years. Physicians trained in internal medicine or family medicine from a large multispecialty group. Methods. Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim, a coding scheme developed, and 4 independent reviewers coded each transcript. Consensus among reviewers was obtained. Results. Patients perceive that physicians do not initiate weight discussions, whereas physicians feel that they initiate these conversations regularly. Patients expressed desire for individualized information and advice about weight loss, yet physicians used 1 or 2 messages with all their patients and felt the individualized plans that some patients want are outside the role of the physician. Conclusion. Our results indicate that a communication gap does exist between patients and physicians about weight management. Individualized weight management advice by physicians for patients may reduce this gap.
Behavioral Medicine Review: Promoting Healthy Lifestyles in Pediatric Populations
Authors: Terre Lisa
Published: January 2008

The upsurge in lifestyle-related, pediatric health problems has become the focus of widespread concern. This review discusses developmental considerations in lifestyle risk reduction and their implications for research, evidence-based practice, and public policy.
Nutrition Review: Lifestyle Approaches to Promoting Healthy Eating for Children
Authors: Melanson Kathleen J.
Published: January 2008

Healthy eating habits are vital to establish during childhood and sustain thereafter. Nourishing, well-balanced diets are essential for proper growth, immunity, physical and mental development, health and well-being, and reduced risk of chronic diseases later in life. Health care professionals, parents, and teachers should be aware of common nutrition-related concerns in children and teens, such as dental caries, allergies, anemia, growth retardation, eating disorders, and obesity, and watch for indicators that a child may be at risk for these. Foods that comprise a healthy diet for children include vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, low-fat dairy products, and lean sources of protein. Foods and beverages with low nutrient density and high energy density should be consumed in moderation only, within a child's discretionary calorie allowance. Although children may need to eat more frequently than adults, they should be taught healthy snacking practices. Role modeling and nutrition education from adults in children's lives are critical in promoting lifelong healthy eating. Resources to facilitate these include Web sites from the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Dietetics Association, MyPyramid.gov/kids, and the US Dietary Guidelines.
Interfacing National Health Insurance and Income Maintenance
Authors: DeJong Gerben
Published: January 2008

The current debate on national health insurance has not given sufficient attention to the impact of various proposals upon income maintenance programs. Health and welfare benefits are difficult to coordinate and frequently work at cross purposes. Health care benefits are one of several in-kind forms of income that can affect the economic behavior and well-being of welfare recipients. As an in-kind form of income, subsidized health insurance for low income persons can undermine the objectives of public assistance, particularly the willingness to work, by making some individuals worse off when income rises. Five national health insurance proposals are analyzed to determine how each will interface with cash transfer programs. Most of these proposals perpetuate many of the benefit coordination problems that now exist with the Medicaid program. The article concludes by delineating some of the difficult policy decisions that must be made if health and welfare reforms are to be meaningful.
From “Pressure Group Politics” To “Medical-Industrial Complex”
Authors: Weller G. R.
Published: January 2008

This paper analyzes the development of the study of the politics of health. In doing so it explores the connection between the changing conceptions of the politics of health and actual changes in the health systems of the western world.

Three stages are identified in the development of health care systems. These are labelled the eras of benign neglect, health insurance and government regulation. It is then noted that three basic approaches to the politics of health have been taken over the years. These are labelled the group, modified group and holistic approaches. The article then argues that these three approaches tend to reflect the basic assumption explicit and implicit in the three stages of the development of the actual health systems of Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.

After critically commenting upon the value of each of the approaches, the paper notes that very few political scientists have used anything other than a rather narrow group approach to analyze the politics of health and therefore have failed to explain the dynamism of the health care field. Then a few explanations for this unhappy state of affairs are ventured and the conclusion states a case for eclecticism in the study of the politics of health.
Social Class, Political Power, and the State
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: January 2008

This is the third part of an article on the distribution of power and the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and their implications in medicine. Parts I and II were published in the preceding issue of this Journal. Part I presented a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discussed the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concluded with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presented a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine.
Heuristic Approaches to Decision-Making in the Delivery of Primary Health Care within Developing Regions
Authors: Parker Barnett R. , Lassner Karen Johnson
Published: January 2008

The delivery of primary health care (PHC) services is now recognized as a crucial element in the development of low-income regions. Effective delivery of these services requires the ability to solve a variety of policy decision problems. Research has demonstrated the utility of operations research/management science (OR/MS) models and methodologies in the analysis and solution of such problems. However, this approach may be limited in some regions by the data and computational requirements of the models. Intuitive approaches in the spirit of OR/MS models, termed heuristics, can provide an effective alternative in such cases. The current paper proposes a general heuristic procedure for solving problems of PHC delivery in developing regions. The heuristic is applied, in detail, to the problem of identifying “best” community financing schemes for PHC services in low-income sections of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Patient Selection for Heart Transplantation: When Is a Discriminating Choice Discrimination?
Authors: Merrikin Karen J. , Overcast Thomas D.
Published: January 2008

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against the handicapped in any program receiving federal funds. With its implementing regulations, Section 504 may well apply to the selection of patients for medical treatments. This article examines patient selection for heart transplantation, in light of the Rehabilitation Act and its previous application in similar (but non-medical) contexts. With the growing need to allocate scarce medical resources comes a need to examine carefully the legal bounds for patient-selection procedures.
The Community Health Care Center: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Ginzberg Eli , Ostow Miriam
Published: January 2008

This paper presents an assessment of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Municipal Health Services Program, a demonstration in five major cities of neighborhood-based health care delivery for inner-city residents, started in 1978 and supported until 1984. The program was successful in achieving higher levels of clinic utilization, as well as in integrating preventive and therapeutic services; it was less successful in reducing the dependence of inner-city residents on hospital-based ambulatory services. Although the neighborhood centers provided care at substantially lower cost than that of other public facilities, they remained dependent on outside financial support. The viability of the community health care centers at the end of the grant period is discussed, in terms of the changes that have affected the health delivery system in the seven years since the program was started, and in terms of expected changes over the next few years that will affect their future usefulness and stability. A series of alternatives that might provide for the health care needs of the indigent are also discussed.
The Effects of Health Care Advertising
Authors: Folland Sherman T.
Published: January 2008

This paper begins by assessing the current status of health care advertising and its potential for growth, arguing that this form of marketing is not just a passing fad among a few clinics and hospitals. It then describes the opposing schools of thought concerning the economics of advertising, and considers both theory and evidence on the effects of advertising on prices, profits, quality, utilization, and innovation.
Differences between Voluntary and Public Organizations: The Behavior of Hospitals in England and Wales
Authors: Hollingsworth J. Rogers , Hollingsworth Ellen Jane
Published: January 2008

This study confronts the following questions: what are the conditions under which a society decides to do things in the public and voluntary nonprofit sectors, and in what ways do organizations behave differently, depending on whether they are in the public or the voluntary nonprofit sector? To address these questions, the study focuses on English and Welsh hospitals during the twentieth century but prior to the National Health Service. The study argues that as long as the sources of funding for public and voluntary organizations diverge, their behavior will diverge. Because English and Welsh voluntary hospitals prior to the National Health Service were heavily dependent on the voluntary sector for funding and the public hospitals were primarily dependent on the public sector for their funding, the data set is especially valuable for observing how divergent sources of funding influence the behavior of organizations.
Medicare Reform: Social and Ethical Perspectives
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Callahan Daniel
Published: January 2008

Despite Medicare's success as a social program, its future is in question because of the program's enormous costs. Because the issue of Medicare reform has been forced upon us at this juncture by a crisis of finance rather than by the longstanding inequities in the present system of paying for the health care of the elderly, questions about how best to secure its fiscal integrity have seized the attention of the public. Yet, such questions are hard to contain; they force an examination of broader and more fundamental issues. In this article, we examine the validity of the ultimate moral and social rationales for continuing Medicare in something approximating its present form; the legitimacy of a social entitlement program that is age- rather than means-based; the implications for the future of health care reform if significant changes were to be made in the Medicare program and its underlying rationale; and the possibility that changes in that program may jeopardize the chances for a more rational, just, and systematic approach to the provision of health care to all Americans.
Medicare Reimbursement for Hospice Care: Ethical and Policy Implications of Cost-Containment Strategies
Authors: Fraser Irene
Published: January 2008

In several areas of health policy, current concern over rising costs has generated considerable political support for reforms that many in the business have advocated unsuccessfully on philosophical, ethical, or humanitarian grounds for years. Thus, for example, the spiraling cost of caring for the mentally ill and the develop-mentally disabled in an institutional setting has breathed new life into proposals to bring these groups out into the community where they can live more independently– and more cheaply. But this overlap of quality and frugality goals is only partial. Although alliances with cost-cutters can bring reform, health policy reformers are discovering that they may have to accept a lot of bathwater along with the baby. Medicare reimbursement for hospice care, authorized by Section 122 of PL 97-248, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, provides one recent example of this dilemma. This article discusses the results of a survey–conducted by the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services–to discover how many hospices would seek certification for reimbursement by Medicare, how many patients would be served, and the consequences of this legislation for cost, access, and quality of service.
Technocratic Corporatism and Administrative Reform in Medicare
Authors: Brown Lawrence D.
Published: January 2008

For two decades administrators of Medicare have tried to reconcile the competing goals adopted by the program's political creators–meeting obligations to the beneficiaries of a social insurance system, maintaining peace with and the participation of providers, and protecting the federal budget. Administrative efforts to balance these objectives have evolved in three phases. The search of the late 1960s for measures to placate providers and win consensus among them, gave way in the early and mid-1970s to new organizations and programs (Professional Standards Review Organizations, capital expenditure review, and others) that would impose controls on the program at the state and local levels, which in turn have yielded to more centralized and direct strategies, notably the prospective payment system adopted in 1983. The new federal activism may be initiating a period of “technocratic corporatism,” in which administrators and providers will engage in increasingly structured negotiations over the details of reimbursement policies.
The Competitive Effects of Health Maintenance Organizations: Another Look at the Evidence from Hawaii, Rochester, and Minneapolis/St. Paul
Authors: Luft Harold S. , Maerki Susan C. , Trauner Joan B.
Published: January 2008

There has been much discussion about the potential cost-containing impact of HMOs upon the local medical care market. Three areas have been identified by various observers as experiencing such beneficial effects: Hawaii, after the development of Kaiser in the late 1950s; Rochester, New York, which experienced rapid HMO growth and declining Blue Cross hospital use in the late 1970s; and Minneapolis/ St. Paul, which has been the focus of vigorous HMO competition in the last decade. While comprehensive data on health care expenditures are not available, bits of evidence can be pieced together to develop case studies of each area. Careful review of the available data often identifies internal inconsistencies and contradictions, but in none of the three sites is there a reduction in hospital use that is most plausibly attributed to HMO competition. Instead, the reported reductions are in each case attributable to other factors–including biases in data, long-term trends predating HMOs, indirect effects of other policy changes, and other forms of competition.
Applying Rawls to Medical Cases: An Investigation into the Usages of Analytical Philosophy
Authors: Shevory Thomas C.
Published: January 2008

John Rawls's Theory of Justice has been widely and correctly recognized as a tremendous intellectual accomplishment. It has been applauded as a comprehensive and satisfying approach to the problem of defining justice. Health policy analysts and medical ethicists have thus been inspired to apply Rawls's principles to various health care issues. The result has not been greater coherence in approaches to issues of policy and ethics, leading the author to question the validity of Rawls's analytical approach.
Ownership Conversions in Health Care Organizations: Who Should Benefit?
Authors: Young David W.
Published: January 2008

Because equity capital is becoming an important financing source for health care organizations, the conversion of many such organizations from nonprofit to for-profit status is a significant public policy issue. Since many states require converting nonprofits to repay the “community” for its investment during the nonprofit status period, three questions arise: (1) How much is the entity worth? (2) How much of that worth should be returned to the community? (3) In what form should it be returned? The paper addresses these questions, and demonstrates why responsible public policy calls for them to be carefully considered if community interests are to be preserved.
Razing a Tower of Babel: A Taxonomy for Managed Care and Health Insurance Plans
Authors: Weiner Jonathan P. , Lissovoy Gregory de
Published: January 2008

To many, the U.S. health care system has become an unintelligible alphabet soup of three-letter health plans. There is little agreement about which characteristics distinguish one type of plan from another. In this article we chip away at what has become a Tower of Babel of managed care and health insurance terminology. We review past and current trends in the market for nontraditional health benefit plans and propose a taxonomy, or system of classification, that will aid in understanding how managed care plans differ from conventional health insurance and from one another. Also included is a comprehensive glossary of terms.