bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Action for Employment of Probationers
Authors: Macpherson David P.
Published: March 2007

The greatest problem of the Southwest Area Office of the Los Angeles County Probation Department is probationer unemploy ment. A bout three years ago, the office, which is located in an area of high delinquency and crime, embarked on a program of interesting the community's residents and business people in forming an independent, autonomous citizen group concerned with the employment of probationers. This article describes how such a group was formed and cites some of the problems and benefits that attend a local citizen-action program of this nature.
Mental Health Consultation with a Juvenile Probation Department
Authors: Berlin I.N.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile probation officers are faced with rather specific prob lems which stem from the authoritative nature of their work. They find that, in working with angry, defiant delinquents, sexually misbehaving young people, and their often indifferent and disturbed parents, the fears, anxieties, and hostilities common to all human beings are highlighted and aggravated. They find, too, that the problems these young people prescnt impinge upon the specific experiences of the workers' own past.
Suspended Sentences in Israel
Authors: Shoham Shlomo , Sandberg Moshe
Published: March 2007

A study to evaluate the presumable effectiveness of suspended sentence of imprisonment is described by the authors, who hypothesize that (1) suspended imprisonment is more effective with the first offender than with the recidivist, (2) its effectiveness depends more strongly on the offender's previous criminal history than on any other variable, (3) its effectiveness decreases for the "professional" offender, but (4) increases for offenders whose motive is lucrative. The authors compare a research group of offenders who had received suspended sentences with a control group of offenders who had received other sentences. Cross- tabulation of such factors as age, place of birth, sex, occupation, previous criminal history, and general success rate revealed that age and previous offense were the variables most significant in determining success rates. Those in the highest age group who had no previous convictions tended to be the "best risks" for suspended sentence while those in the lowest age group with more than four previous offenses tended to be the "worst risks." Since the general success rates of both the research and control groups did not differ significantly, the authors conclude that an offender's success or failure is related more to the variables of age, personality, and previous criminal history than to the type and severity of sentence he receives.
NCCD Field Services, 1963
Authors: Rector Milton G.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the activity of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency during 1963 under the headings Citizen Action, Surveys and Studies, Detention Services, Juvenile Training School Study, Advisory Council of Judges, National Parole Institutes Program, Advisory Council on Parole, Library, and Information Center on Crime and Delinquency.
A Look toward the Prevention of Crime and Delinquency
Authors: Larmon Sigurd S.
Published: March 2007

The author challenges the moral standards of our country. Pointing to the rapid rise in the crime rate and the rapid growth in population, he shows the need for more research and more complete statistics on crime, and for a reappraisal of NCCD and the correctional field. Recruiting for correctional manpower and a widespread crime prevention program are two demanding areas. The speech concludes with a plea for public awareness, responsibility, and action.
The Need for Defense Counsel in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Siler Eugene E.
Published: March 2007

Some experts in the juvenile field doubt whether lawyers have much to contribute in the children's courts. Most lawyers who appear in juvenile courts do not understand the proceedings, partly because of the paucity of law school courses on juvenile court proceedings. Lawyers could contribute a great deal if they were better educated in this field. The child has a right to coun sel, court-appointed when necessary; unless he has counsel to ad vise him properly, he does not have a true hearing. No one can better prevent abuses than an attorney who is there especially to look out for the interests of the child. "In the absence of counsel there is no assurance that the child will be heard at all fully."
Application of the Glueck Social Prediction Table on an Ethnic Basis
Authors: Craig Maude M. , Glick Selma J.
Published: March 2007

The Glueck Social Prediction Table, which the New York City Youth Board set out to test in 1952, has been validated on a sample of 301 boys, including 130 whites, 130 Negroes, and 41 Puerto Ricans. The second and third groups were not included in the population which the Gluecks used for the construction of the Social Factor Prediction Table.
The Case of the Premature Claims
Authors: Kahn Alfred J.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of the efforts, in New York City and in Washington, D.C., to validate the Glueck Social Prediction 'Tables reveals that in the course of the ten-year experiments the tables have gradcially been changed to conform with the groups studied and their experiences in growing up. Despite exaggerated claims made in press releases, the New York City Youth Board study in particular should be regarded as exploratory. Neither of the reported studies should be presented as validations of the tables offered by the Gluecks a dozen years ago.
Establishing the Relationship
Authors: Overton Alice
Published: March 2007

How to establish a relationship with someone who wants no part of you is a major problem faced by correctional workers. The relationship begins with the investigation, grows when there is meaningful work together on clearly identified tasks, and terminates with the completion of those tasks and the achievement of mutual goals. Important ingredients in this process are the worker's ability to make clear the working pur pose, deal with resistance, convey his expectations of and re spect for the client, and use a family focus wherever possible. Resistance may be present in the worker as well as in the client, for to be pushed away by someone you are trying to help is hard to take. Expectation is an important element because it is based on capacities and strengths we see and want to bring into use. Respect for the client finds expression as we trust him with our observations and find ways of being direct with him about those things he can use in avoiding more trouble. Draw ing upon and using the power of the family contributes to the achievement of treatment goals, for there can rarely be a success ful relationship with a child if his parents are opposed. These elements, combined in the treatment relationship, make it an effective means of helping the probationer get with, rather than fight against, society.
Parole Administration in the United States
Authors: Leary James , Chiles Chester L.
Published: March 2007

The success of parole programs is perceived as dependent upon administrative organization, qualifications of parole board members and parole officers, parole granting policies, caseload size, and costs. A survey of these factors in the United States shows wide variation among jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions have no specified qualifications for parole board members, while others require several years of responsible correctional service. Qualifirations required of parole officers were found to be, in general, neither high nor rigid. Caseloads were found to range from twenty-four to 167, with a median of approximately seventy-seven. The median cost of parole supervision was found to be $.47 per day per parolee.
Group Treatment Strategies in Juvenile Correctional Programs
Authors: Sarri Rosemary C. , Vinter Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Direct and indirect approaches to group intervention recently utilized by juvenile correctional agencies, including closed in stitutions, minimum security or work camps, courts, and de tached worker and street-gang programs in open community agencies, are examined to identify their distinguishing features and to assess their usefulness.
Group Counseling for Probationers and Staff
Authors: Crites M. Mark
Published: March 2007

Group counseling of juveniles on probation is different from this form of counseling in institutions or out-patient clinics. The Sacramento County Probation Department initiated a group counseling program which provided continuing training for the probation officers working with groups throughout the existence of each group. At the same time, these officers were members of their own adult groups. This helped to provide first-hand ex perience of group processes as well as the opportunity to profit from personal involvement in a group. Twelve officers started their groups in September 1963. Under my guidance, eleven groups were in operation in May 1964, when they were termi nated for the summer. Reports indicated that adjustment of the juveniles in these groups was improved. Staff group counseling demonstrated an increase of effective communication among the officers and a general rise in staff morale.
A Demonstration Project for Defective Delinquents
Authors: Rfed Amos E. , Hinsey W. Cecil
Published: March 2007

Defective delinquent boys have difficulty in adjusting to life on the training school campus and often become frustrated in their attempts to compete with peers. This article describes a program developed for defective delinquents by the MacLaren School for Boys. Initially, ten boys were transferred from the training school campus to a group foster home, located on a com bination farm and ranch, which provided opportunities for learn ing a variety of vocational skills. A remedial teacher gave aca demic instruction and directed craft and occupational therapy programs. The boys continued to receive professional services and supervision from the MacLaren staff. Results indicate that defective delinquents are able to adjust more adequately to this type of setting than to that of the training school. Progress was evident in both personal and social adjustment.
Portrait of a Glue Sniffer
Authors: Ellison Willie S.
Published: March 2007

A study of glue sniffing was initiated in 1962 by the Juvenile Probation Department, Santa Clara County (San Jose), Cali fornia, when the number of sniffer referrals continued to increase and when the community wanted to know more about the effects, physical and psychological, of inhaling fumes from model air plane glue. The writer, at that time an intake officer, handled most of the referrals and observed what appeared to be a pattern of similarities. The sniffers were all poor academic achievers, below average in intelligence, and from a minority group back ground.
A Group Treatment Program for Mentally III Offenders
Authors: Elliott Arthur E.
Published: March 2007

In recent years many institutions for offenders have adopted selected features of what has been termed the "therapeutic com munity" approach to treatment. This article describes the devel opment and implementation of a comprehensive group treatment program designed to meet the specific needs of mentally ill offenders. Vigorous efforts were made over a period of five years at Atascadero State Hospital to organize a program which com bines the skills of all personnel, the administrative structure of the hospital, and the emotional strengths of the patients into an effective treatment program for all patients.
Adolescent Delinquency and the Myth of Hospital Treatment
Authors: Miller Robert B. , Kenney Emmet
Published: March 2007

This article reports the experience of a psychiatric hospital's inpatient services for 247 adolescents between July 1, 1961, and June 30, 1964. Categories of referrals and patterns of community expectations are analyzed. Most of the referrals result from de linquency and are initiated by persons other than the patient or his family; e.g., courts, physicians, attorneys, sheriffs.
The Deterrent Influence of Punishment
Authors: Chambliss William J.
Published: March 2007

The general disrepute of the "classical" school of criminology and of the theory that capital punishment deters murder has led many investigators to assume that punishment, as administered through formal sanctioning agencies, does not prevent norm vio lation. An intensive study of parking violators indicates that, at least in this limited area, an increase in the severity and certainty of punishment does act as a deterrent to further violation. These findings suggest the necessity for a reappraisal of current think ing. Studies demonstrating the ineffectuality of punishment as a deterrent to certain types of offenses should not be interpreted to mean that punishment is ineffective in deterring all types of offenses.
The Reduction of Custodian-Professional Conflict in Correctional Institutions
Authors: Piliavin Irving
Published: March 2007

The article examines the possibility of resolving the conflict between custodial and professional personnel in correctional in stitutions, which results from differences in aims, methods and functions, and personal attributes. The mechanisms used with some success to reduce conflicts in commercial and industrial organizations are valueless in correctional institutions, where goals are unspecified, correspondence between a worker's per formance and his achievement is poor, and tasks are not clearly defined. An alternative means for reducing conflict lies in doing away with or greatly reducing the distinction between custodial and professional workers, so that their functions would overlap. No evidence is available to show that this move would vitiate the treatment potential of correctional institutions. On the contrary, by removing many of the current barriers to integrating staff efforts, the move would enable the treatment potential of cor rectional institutions to be realized more fully.
The New Correctional Era
Authors: Glaser Daniel
Published: March 2007

Changes in the treatment of criminals usually have required increases in size and changes in training of treatment staffs. The pattern currently emerging, pioneered in the care of the mentally ill, involves less exclusive reliance on highly trained treatment specialists and more infusion of treatment concerns and skills in line staff. Also, the boundary between institution and community treatment is becoming obscured because of new transitional pro cedures and facilities.

Strains develop with these changes because of inmate and staff comfort in fixed statuses, defects in much new treatment, inadequate research to evaluate treatment, and failure to recog nize that optimum treatment varies with the type of offender. The changes also create severe manpower problems. Shortages in re search personnel can be met by new recruitment strategies and by procedures which combine operations and research records, thus improving both. The primary need, however, is in recruit ment and training of line personnel who are committed to cor rectional careers and oriented to correctional change. The Cor rectional Rehabilitation Study Act of 1965 mobilizes educational and professional organizations for coordinated effort to meet these needs.
Recruitment and Retention of Correctional Personnel
Authors: Geis Gilbert , Cavanagh Elvin
Published: March 2007

Recruitment and retention policies of correctional agencies must be viewed in terms broad enough to encompass a wide variety of social circumstances which ultimately bear upon such policies, though they are not immediately within the control of correction. This paper suggests a few of the underlying issues involved in the recruitment and retention of correctional per sonnel, provides some brief background information concerning methods used by correctional agencies to recruit and retain work ers, presents attitudes expressed among such agencies toward personnel matters, and indicates, on the basis of a short explora tory study, some personnel issues which have been determined through a concurrent canvass of correctional workers now in the field and those who have left correction for other positions.
An Experiment in Student Interning in Correction
Authors: Kirby Bernard C. , Scher Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

California's minimum security institution at Chino and its women's prison nearby welcomed fifteen students from ten west ern colleges for a six-week work-study program in correction dur ing the summer of 1965. Registered for a sociology course at San Diego State College, with prerequisite academic background in criminology, they participated in group counseling and worked at various posts in the institutions. The male students worked alongside inmates in the fields and shops for a short period. The. fifteen also formed their own private counseling group.
Problems and Progress in Staff Training
Authors: Gilman Merritt
Published: March 2007

Improving services through staff training programs requires a delineation of the various jobs undertaken by correctional per sonnel. In order to know what to teach and how to teach it, train ing personnel need to understand the philosophy and function of the institution and to develop specific training goals for the learners. Training programs have developed without a con sensus regarding the correctional tasks and without agreement among the disciplines as to the preparation of workers. The paper comments on progress in the training of police, probation and parole officers, judges, and institutional personnel and points to some people and programs developing useful ideas. It holds that continued progress in training is dependent upon forming clear concepts of the various correctional tasks, administrative backing, new relationships among instructors and researchers, and a productive dialogue among those concerned with restoring offenders to society.
The Emerging Professionalism of the Correctional Officer
Authors: Frank Benjamin
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the increasing emphasis on profession alism in correctional work and relates this trend to the expanding roles of the correctional officer. In many ways the correctional officer is the most influential employee in the correctional insti tution, and yet the training he receives is brief and almost exclu sively focused on custodial skills. Recent developments and in novations in correctional practice are creating new roles for the correctional officer which involve him more actively in the total correctional process. Just what his training should be ard where and how he is to be trained are critical questions which need to be resolved.
The "Revolving Door" Game
Authors: Rubington Earl
Published: March 2007

"Revolving door" is generally played by persons found drunk in public, and by police officers, judges, and jailers. The rules of the game require public drunkards to "make trouble." Police, court, and jail personnel then get them to "take their medicine." All players seek longevity. Their object is just to stay in the game. In this game, however, unlike others, seniority and ex pertise bring discredit rather than fame and fortune. Lack of rewards, ill-feeling, and growing public distaste have opened the game to innovations.
The Status of the Federal Probation System
Authors: Fish Peter G.
Published: March 2007

Under the auspices of leaders in the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, a major effort to reform the federal correctional system is in progress. The goal is unification, within the Department of Justice, of federal prison, parole, and probation functions, which are now fragmented among agencies in that department as well as between it and the federal judiciary. Such administrative integration would produce numerous bene fits, including expanded research programs, enhancement of pro fessional competence among probation officers, and emergence of an identifiable organization meriting adequate financial support from Congress.
Federal Probation Belongs with the Courts
Authors: Wahl Albert
Published: March 2007

This article traces the history of the transfer of the Federal Pro bation System from the Department of Justice to the Administra tive Office of the United States Courts, pointing out that the change was not made "by accident." Further, the charge of frag mentation in the federal correctional service implies, erroneously, a lack of coordination. Administration should be with the agency which provides the greatest flow of work; federal probation offi cers perform more than 75 per cent of their work for the courts. The development of federal probation under court administra tion is set forth, in respect to both reduced caseloads and the increased quality and number of personnel. Finally, the basic objections to having probation in the same department that di rects the prosecution are listed.
Treatment Planning for Multiproblem Families
Authors: Trevvett Nina B.
Published: March 2007

Poor success in dealing with multiproblem families over the years has had little effect on agency methods of devising and executing reasonable treatment programs. Although intervention by many workers in the affairs of one troubled family is known to be ineffectual and sometimes harmful, we continue to split the family into many categorized problems and assign a different worker to each category as crises occur. It is not surprising that youngsters in these families perpetuate the problems.
From Prison to the Community
Authors: Hobbs David B. , Osman Marvin P.
Published: March 2007

The transition from prison to community is remarkably cru cial in determining whether the offender will adjust adequately to living in the community or will return to his previous or even more destructive pattern of behavior. The facilities, personnel, and services available for guiding the recently released offender are often insufficient for effecting constructive changes. The case of Sally is presented to illustrate some dilemmas confronting a conscientious worker who must rely on conventional rehabilita tive services and facilities.
Alternatives to Institutionalization
Authors: Stark Heman G.
Published: March 2007

In line with current developments in the youth correctional fieltl, the California Youth Authority has initiated two communi ty-based treatment programs for young offenders who would normally be institutionalized. These two programs—the Commu nity Treatment Project and the Community Delinquency Con trol Project—offer intensive supervision in the community, utilize multiple resources, and provide different types of treatment. The programs take place in community centers that house the parole operation and provide space for group counseling, school tutor ing, arts and crafts, and recreation. The principal difference between them is that the Community Treatment Project systema tically employs a "maturity-level typology" and matches types of wards with agents having particular skills, while the Community Delinquency Control Project usually does neither.
Criminal Enforcement and the IRS
Authors: Spatz Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This nation is run, essentially, by income tax collections, and the Internal Revenue Service painstakingly enforces criminal sanctions on would-be evaders. Tax evasion strikes more directly at the sovereignty, and less directly at individual citizens, than other white-collar crimes. The raison d' etre for vigorous crimi nal tax enforcement is to deter tax evasion and to assure the taxpaying public that each individual taxpayer is held account able for his fair share of the tax burden.
Unraveling Administrative Organization of State Juvenile Services
Authors: Harmon Maurice A.
Published: March 2007

Although there are almost as many methods of state admin istration of juvenile services as there are states, administrative structures fit into one or another of these five categories: (1) No central state agency (in seven states) ; (2) an autonomous central agency (in nine) ; (3) a central department of correction admin istratively responsible for both adults and juveniles (in six) ; (4) an identifiable juvenile services organization which is part of a larger unit of government performing other services or functions (in thirteen) ; (5) a large unit with several functions but no identifiable organization specifically set up to supervise juvenile services (in fifteen states) .
Regulations in the Life of an Institution
Authors: Powers Sanger B.
Published: March 2007

The article discusses the importance of rules, regulations, and operational procedures in the effective administration of a de partment of correction. Influences on the development of rules and regulations and resistance to change are examined. Sections of the Standard Act for State Correctional Services which deal with administration and establishment of rules and regulations governing a department of correction are discussed. Finally, the relationship between rules and regulations and effective commu nications is outlined.
Research and the Knowledge Base of Correction
Authors: Conrad John P.
Published: March 2007

The function of research in correction is viewed as the maintenance and extension of the knowledge base of practice. The provision for a research capacity in the Standard Act for State Correctional Services gives recognition to the urgent need for orderly development of the knowledge base in a rapidly changing social order. Organization of research strategy is re viewed and various options are discussed.
"It's Not All Girl Talk"
Authors: Shackelford Doyle
Published: March 2007

The clerical personnel in our offices are far more aware of what we do than most of us suspect. They possess amazingly precise insights into the purported technicalities and intricacies of our profession. Quite frequently they are called upon to do things— without training, experience, or guidance—which we would hesi tate to attempt ourselves. And they succeed! They talk about us among themselves, and much of what they say is pertinent. But we aren't listening. A communication gap exists which the administrator and the professional worker would do well to narrow. The initiative must be taken by the administrator and his staff. A closer relationship will contribute to improved staff efficiency and a sharpened correctional process.
Comprehensive Criminal Justice Planning-A New Challenge
Authors: Skoi Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

Under new federal legislation, the development of comprehen sive criminal justice plans will be a prerequisite for receipt of federal matching grants to strengthen state and local crime- control capabilities. This will be a difficult task in a national structure administered by a variety of disciplines, by numerous and often overlapping political jurisdictions, and with distinct subsystems for processing juvenile and adult offenders. The current status of criminal justice planning offers some guides, promising new instrumentalities, and the experience of federally financed planning in other fields to assist in the effort. However, few models of comprehensive criminal justice planning are available. A concerted program of technical assistance through training workshops, planning materials, and clearing-house and consultation services will be needed if the nation is to meet this challenge successfully. Finally, although the exact requirements of criminal justice planning will be determined by the final anticrime enactment, some basic requisites are likely to appear under any legislative formula. These include ( 1) a view of planning as a continuing process, (2) a bias toward the detail necessary to translate general improvement standards into solu tions workable for a given jurisdiction, (3) serious attention to all facets of criminal administration and a strong burden of justification for ignoring any, (4) a recognition in federal planning standards of the time needed to evolve and refine quality plans, (5) the establishment of planning machinery which involves all necessary competencies and is representative of all criminal justice interests, (6) well-designed and orderly programing for the planning mission, both in relation to long- term plans and annual action programs, and (7) the incorpora tion of explicit, quantified program goals and evaluative mechanisms capable of measuring their achievement.
The Hospitalized Adolescent
Authors: Miller Robert B. , Kenney Emmet
Published: March 2007

In 1964, the Nebraska Psychiatric Institute began exploring new ways to meet an increasing demand for adolescent inpatient services. It studied past experience with admissions of adolescents to its adult inpatient service and concluded that the comming ling of adults and youths in proper ratio was not just an unavoidable expedient; in fact, problems of group control were mitigated by such integration in a well-planned program. The NPI continued evaluating adolescents on the adult wards but began admitting more of them as day patients, keeping families and referring agencies involved in the action.
Interstate Supervision of Parole and Probation
Authors: Brendes Ralph C.
Published: March 2007

The paper examines operations under the Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, which enables a state to supervise other states' parolees and probationers who wish to serve their parole or probation within its territory because they have family and employment there. Administrative practices have been worked out so effectively that the system operates almost as a matter of routine. The highly successful annual meetings of Compact Administrators have resolved most of the major problems as they have arisen, including such matters as frequency of progress reports, degree of adherence to job or residence requirements demanded, methods used to appre hend violators, and procedure for handling men who have moved from one state to another without going through Com pact channels. Some problems still face the states under the Compact, including questions of procedure posed by recent Supreme Court decisions, such as Hyser v. Reed, but, on the whole, the Compact has had tremendous success.
Violence, U.S.A
Authors: Wolfgang Marvin E.
Published: March 2007

Violence in America today is more than the society wishes to tolerate, but should be considered historically and cross culturally. Labor and other riots in the nineteenth and twenti eth centuries were probably more destructive than current disturb ances. America is not a "sick" society but does have violence within an essentially nonviolent culture. The fear of being victimized from crimes of violence is real but greater than statistics on victimization indicate. To riot is a violation of the law and partially a reflection of inadequate response from government and other agencies to legitimate grievance and dissent. To resort to violence is a sign of despair and a failure to have alternative avenues of expression. A subculture of violence exists in many cities and is generated from the value system associated with the poor, the deprived, the residents of segrega tion. Dispersal of the population from this subculture is the major solution for its elimination. The task of a democracy is to guarantee the right to dissent, to respond to protest, and to fortify freedom while maintaining social control.
An Urban Riot
Authors: Walsh James F.
Published: March 2007

What is a juvenile court staff's role during a riot?
Family-focused Counseling: A New Dimension in Probation
Authors: Fike David F.
Published: March 2007

Probation and child welfare workers are looking for ways to serve their clients more effectively and efficiently. New research on family diagnosis and treatment, role theory, and crisis theory can be helpful. However, not much of this new material has appeared in the literature that is most widely read by probation and child welfare workers. This article describes the theories of family interaction, social role, and crisis; and then, through the use of illustrations from probation and child welfare cases, applies these theories to the primary tasks of workers in these settings—diagnosis, prediction, choice of treatment method, and treatment itself. It also examines the question that is especially applicable to workers carrying unmanageable caseloads: Whom shall you serve, and when?
The Use of the Death Penalty
Authors: Reckless Walter C.
Published: March 2007

Undoubtedly the most important trend in capital punishment has been the dramatic reduction in the number of offenses statutorily punishable by the death penalty. About two hundred years ago England had over two hundred offenses calling for the death penalty; it now has four. Some countries have abolished capital punishment completely; a few retain it for unusual offenses only. The trend throughout the world, even in the great number of countries that retain the death penalty, is definitely toward a de facto, not a de jure, form of abolition. In the United States, where the death penalty is possible in three-fourths of the states, the number of executions has declined from 199 in 1935 to an average of less than three in the last four years. This change is related to public sentiment against the use of the death penalty and even more directly to the unwillingness of juries and courts to impose a first-degree sentence. The increasing willingness of governors to commute a death sentence and of courts to hear appeals also contributes to this decline. A review of the evidence indicates that use of the death penalty has no discernible effect on the commission of capital offenses (especially murder).
Convicting the Innocent
Authors: Macnamara Donal E.J.
Published: March 2007

Miscarriages of justice-whether caused by errors, coerced confessions, mistaken identity, frame-ups, or, more frequently, denials of due process-challenge students of criminal justice administration and proponents of legal reform to provide reme dies. In many cases men whose innocence was substantiated or whose guilt was at least questionable have been either sentenced to death or actually executed. The irrevocability of an executed death sentence argues for the abolition of capital punishment.
Count Down for Death
Authors: Smith A. Lamont , Carter Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This article is a chronology of the day-by-day life of an inmate in his final week on death row. The procedures designed for this special prisoner—involving, for the warden, unique problems of management—deal with every detail that can possibly be regu lated : counting, feeding, shaving, clothing, mail, visits, preserva tion of good physical condition, etc. The daily schedules present a rhythmic application of traditional prison practices and unique death row procedures; together, they make up a script of how executions have been carried out for years in California. In space- age terms, this ritual of procedures in the last week of the con demned man's life is a "count down" to death.
The Supreme Court, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

The history of the Eighth Amendment (prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment) as interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States is bleak. For all practical purposes, the Court's rulings have rendered the Eighth Amendment a dead letter.
The Lifer Speaks for Himself
Authors: Unkovic Charles M. , Albini Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

This paper questions current categorization of the life-term prisoner as a member of a homogeneous group conditioned to a fatalistic existence in both thought and action. The infor mation is primarily descriptive and is taken from the per sonal documents of seven lifers, whose writings were reasonably extensive and perceptive. Six topics were selected for compari son : reaction to entering prison, socialization, time, religion, suicide, and rehabilitation. Analysis showed that lifers respond as individuals, not in any collective manner; they constitute a legal rather than a sociological group. The observations cast doubt upon the homogeneity generally ascribed to prisoners serv ing life terms.
Time Studies in Probation and Parole
Authors: Miles Arthur P.
Published: March 2007

Numerous time studies have been conducted in probation and parole agencies in recent years. The importance of these studies as bases for further research and for administrative decisions in the assignment of caseloads and allocation of costs indicates that many more will be conducted in the future.
A Citizen's View of the Impact of Crime
Authors: Stuart Julia D.
Published: March 2007

What is the impact of crime on the average individual in this country? What is the impact of the fear of crime on the quality of life in the United States? These questions are addressed in this article not from the point of view of an expert, or of an official in the criminal justice system, or of a victim of crime, but from that of an average person whose experience has included no direct encounter with crime of any kind. Those who have been victims of crime and those affected even indirectly by criminal behavior will react, naturally, with predictable concern; crime also has discernible effects on the attitudes and behavior of people generally, and this impact in turn has a corrosive effect on the quality of life in America.
Action for Change in Police-Community Behaviors
Authors: Eisenberg Terry , Glickman Albert S. , Fosen Robert H.
Published: March 2007

The escalation of antagonisms between police and citizens in certain sectors of society has tended to induce the formation of two distinct groups who communicate with and understand each other minimally, if at all.
Court Decisions and Crime
Authors: Brennan William J.
Published: March 2007

In the perennial debate on whether court decisions have helped heighten the crime problem, it is essential to reiterate that criminals are not freed on "technicalaties." Not only do these cases usually result in new trials, rather than release of the defendant, but the reversals enforce constitutional guarantees that protect the common interest against oppression. Fifty-five years ago the Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained through a violation of the Fourth Amendment could not be introduced in a federal court. When the same rule was applied to the states eight years ago, it was hardly an innovation. Rather, it represented a lag in applying the Fourteenth Amendment, which, requiring the states to apply due process of law as called for in the federal constitution, had been adopted in 1868. The evolving decisions are part of a lengthy re-examination de manded by the fact that government has become more powerful and more pervasive than in the days of our ancestors. The de cisions are essential to the preservation of the constitutional structure of government in a free society.
Illusions of Treatment in Sentences and Civil Commitments
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

Although the concept of rehabilitation is dominant in correc tion, in fact the treatment available is limited. Yet a number of complex statutory structures have been erected, ostensibly to facilitate treatment of offenders. The destructiveness of these devices outweighs the usefulness of the treatment or therapeutic processes they are presumably calculated to facilitate. The effect of the indeterminate sentence, youth authorities, even parole, is to lengthen terms of imprisonment substantially without any compensatory positive results. Commitment ostensibly for the primary purpose of treatment cannot be justified. The only basis for incarceration should be public safety. Even probation should be used selectively; outright discharge, fines, and suspended sentences are often more appropriate. There is a right not to be treated.
Gault: Procedural Change and Substantive Effect
Authors: Reasons Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Established to provide noncriminal treatment for youths, juve nile courts in the United States have been subjected recently to mounting criticism. Emphasis upon individual rights and the dis covery that the courts have often failed to achieve their goals contributed to an upheaval in the juvenile courts culminating in the Gault decision by the Supreme Court on May 15, 1967. To gauge the effects of the decision, this study analyzed a juvenile court's records for a two-year period. Both quantitative and quali tative changes were discovered, even though no statutory changes occurred. A doubling in the percentage of cases with counsel and a reduction in the total number of cases reflect an increased emphasis upon legal fact-finding. This change in normative em phasis was brought about primarily by changes in the attitudes of court personnel and law-enforcement agencies.
Violence and the Urban Crisis
Authors: Menninger W. Walter
Published: March 2007

A significant part of the study by the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence was addressed to the problem of violence and the urban crisis. While' this article in cludes a discussion of the emotional aspects of violence, acknowl edging that one root of violence is the "infant" in all of us, a creature of emotion and not of reason, it recognizes that environ mental factors are of considerable importance and reviews vari ous aspects of the urban environment, including the rate and characteristics of violent crime in the cities. Particular aspects of today's environment are discussed: the population explosion, a more widespread awareness of world affairs, the threat of nu clear war, and the frustration resulting from the increasing in ability of systems of government to respond to the needs of all the people. The article concludes with specific suggestions for coping with violence and the urban crisis on the national, state, and local levels, on the neighborhood level, at the organizational- institutional level, and on the personal level.
Alcoholics and Public Drunkenness
Authors: Hollister Burr C.
Published: March 2007

The widespread problem of indigent alcoholics trapped in the "revolving door" of public intoxication arrests should be rem edied by construing alcoholism as a legal defense. The U.S. Supreme Court recently declined to issue a federal constitutional mandate requiring all fifty states to provide such a defense through the Eighth Amendment, but that decision does not fore close such a constitutional defense in the future if the proper factual situation reaches the court. Moreover, each state can remedy the incongruous imposition of criminal sanctions on helpless and sick alcoholics by creating a common-law defense of alcoholism to the charge of public intoxication. Such a de fense has substantial precedent to support it in the evolving mens rea standard of criminal responsibility increasingly relied upon in state court decisions. More important, common sense supports the creation of this defense to alter the continuing spectacle of skid-row alcoholics being punished for a condition— public intoxication—which they cannot control.
Bifurcated Hearings in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Glen Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the nature and procedures of the juvenile court adjudication process, as distinguished from the disposition proc ess, are briefly discussed and related to the need for separate adjudicatory and dispositional hearings in the juvenile court. The problem of permitting certain dispositional functions to occur before the adjudication is then considered, as well as the question of whether the dispositional hearing, or dispositional phase of the hearing, must always take place at a later date than the adjudicatory hearing or phase. For the purposes of this paper, "bifurcation" refers to the separation of the adjudicatory hearing (analogous to the criminal trial) from the dispositional hearing (analogous to the criminal sentencing hearing) by a sub stantial period of time, the hearings being scheduled and held on different days. The discussion is based upon positions of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, as articulated in its Standard Juvenile Court Act (sixth edition, 1959) and the Council of Judges' Model Rules for Juvenile Courts (1969).
Southfields
Authors: Miller Lovick C.
Published: March 2007

Southfields, a Kentucky replication of Highfields, a New Jersey program for the treatment of delinquents, was evaluated annual ly for four successive years to determine whether the Highfields program could be effectively applied in another, widely different part of the country. Recidivism rates for 191 boys admitted to Southfields during that period were compared with rates for two similar groups, one put on probation and the other sent to Ken tucky Village, a correctional institution. Boys were assigned to treatment on the basis of the court's judgment but the study at tempted to match groups on major variables. Recidivism rates were also compared with Highfields recidivism rates. Statistical tests showed that South fields obtained results similar to, if not better than, Highfields' and better than Kentucky Village's. How ever, the success of the probation group was on a par with the Southfields graduate group. Psychometric measures were unable to specify either which boys would complete the South fields pro gram or which would resume delinquent behavior once released from the institution. All evidence suggests that South fields works as both a screening and a remedial procedure, helping some boys while screening out others either for return to the community or for further custodial care. Critical incident observations indicate that the treatment process is too complex for current measures of personality to be effective in predicting which candidate will successfully complete the Southfields program. The study con cluded that Southfields should be the second stage in a three- step remedial program, probation being the first and the state correctional institution the third.
Deadline, Vengeance, and Tribute
Authors: Echols Alvin E.
Published: March 2007

Young people are rebelling against the hypocrisy of a society that sets certain values and then lives up to their opposite. Young black offenders can find few good examples inside or outside their community, while the conditions which make delinquent acts an attractive choice are created and maintained by the entire society. The strategy set up by the society to contain black juve .nile delinquency has three elements: the deadline—keeping blacks in black neighborhoods; vengeance—a judicial and con finement system that punishes and does not rehabilitate; and tribute—programs to buy off trouble temporarily. This strategy has worked only in the sense of making poor blacks the most frequent victims of black juvenile crime. The blame for the strategy's failure to reduce crime has been placed on the black culture rather than the society that devised the strategy and carries it out.
The Problem of Entrapment
Authors: Sagarin Edward , Macnamara Donal E.J.
Published: March 2007

When, in order to make an arrest, police or other law-enforce ment officers, or agents working in their behalf, encourage the commission of a crime, this practice is known as entrapment; it has been frowned upon by American courts and has, in fact, been regarded as sufficient defense provided there is substantial reason to believe the crime would not have been committed had it not been for such encouragement. The courts have argued that the law sullies itself, failing to serve as an example of righteous ness, when it induces someone to commit a crime. Further, the law should not act to increase the temptations for persons with psychological or other predilections toward certain offenses. Finally, entrapment is said to lead to blackmail, extortion, and bribery, and to accusations against completely innocent persons in order to enhance the record of a police officer or to gain leniency for another offender who has aided the entrapment and may be under indictment. The defense of entrapment has been used in cases involving illegal purchases and sales (as narcotics, liquor, and pornogra phy); in prostitution and homosexual cases; and in political cases involving strikes, civil rights, anti-war and black militant actions, and student unrest. In these latter instances, the authors suggest that entrapment (usually by an agent provocateur) con stitutes a threat to the democratic process, tending to discredit otherwise legitimate social protest and to stay the hand of social change. The authors suggest guidelines for the use of undercover agents in crime detection in legitimate ways that would not con stitute entrapment.