bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Commonplace: Reclaiming Community in Adult Education
Authors: St. Clair Ralf
Published: March 2007

The notion of community offers a useful analytical concept for exploring the vocation of adult education, but the value of this approach depends upon careful exploration and application of the term. One means to achieve this is to consider community in terms of a relationship rather than an entity. This approach shows how communities serve to regulate behavior and inform values. It also demonstrates some ways in which analysis of the underlying relationships provides insight into adult education practice.
The Performance of Chinese and Canadian Early and Middle Adolescents on the Individual Differences Questionnaire
Authors: Harvey C. Brian , Manshu Zhu , Xiaoshun Miao
Published: March 2007

A reworded version of the Individual Differences Questionnaire (Paivio & Harshman, 1983) was administered to 857 early and middle adolescents in Victoria, Canada and was translated into Mandarin Chinese and given to 600 early and middle adolescents in Shanghai, China. The finding of three imaginal and three verbal factors in the Canadian sample replicated the Paivio and Harshman study; the two major imaginal and verbal factors were replicated in the Chinese sample. Both the Chinese and Canadian adolescent samples, however, indicated an endorsement of imaginal styles of thinking over verbal styles, a finding incongruent with the Paivio and Harshman research measuring Canadian adults who demonstrated a verbal rather than an imaginal preference.
Upper Elementary and High School Students' Attitudes toward Gender-Typed Occupations
Authors: Gorrell Jeffrey , Shaw Edward L.
Published: March 2007

Students in grades five, eight and eleven (N = 292) responded to three questions regarding a list of sex-typed and gender-neutral occupations: "Who can do these jobs?," "Would you like to do these jobs?," and "Could you learn to do these jobs?" ANCOVA (Covariate = Race) performed on each scale support the hypothesis that deeper (more personal) beliefs regarding occupations would be more traditional in nature and that males and females would diverge most prominently in their self-efficacy beliefs concerning the occupations. Males and females at each of the three grade levels are more alike in their generalized abstract views and personal preferences than in their personal efficacy or beliefs about their ability concerning gender-typed occupations.
Achievement Goals of Adolescent Figure Skaters: Impact on Self-Confidence, Anxiety, and Performance
Authors: Vealey Robin S. , Campbell Julie L.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to (a) determine what achievement goal orientations are present in adolescent figure skaters, (b) examine the relationship between the goal orientations conceptualized by Maehr and Nicholls (1980) and those conceptualized by Vealey (1986), and (c) investigate the influence of different goal orientations on the precompetitive self-confidence, precompetitive anxiety, and actual performance of adolescent skaters. Subjects included 106 youth figure skaters participating in regional competition. Skaters were found to have two achievement goal orientations which were termed extrinsic and task orientations. Some support was found for the relationship between the achievement orienta-tions and the sport-confidence/competitive orientation constructs of Vealey. Also, a multivariate relationship was supported between the sport-confidence/achievement orientation predictor constructs and the self-confidence, anxiety, and performance of adolescent figure skaters in sport competition. Results were discussed based on developmental characteristics of adolescent athletes and the socially evaluative achievement context of sport. The need to decrease the threatening nature of competitive sport for adolescents by emphasizing intrinsic enjoyment and the pursuit of personal performance goals is advocated.
Parental Power Bases and Processes as Predictors of Adolescent Conformity
Authors: Henry Carolyn S. , Wilson Stephan M. , Peterson Gary W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine how dimensions of parental power bases and processes predicted adolescent conformity to parental expectations. Questionnaire data were collected from a stratified random sample of 368 adolescents. Multiple regression was the statistical test used to analyze the data. Results from this study indicated that several dimensions of parental power bases and processes were significant predictors of adolescent coniformity. In addition, female adolescents demonstrated greater conformity than male adolescents. A major conclusion drawn from these findings was that social power theory provides a solid theoreticalfoundation for examining parental qualities as predictors of adolescent conformity.
Family Structure, Parental Strictness, and Sexual Behavior among Inner-City Black Male Adolescents
Authors: Jemmott Loretta Sweet , Jemmott John B.
Published: March 2007

Family structure, parental strictness, and sexual behavior were examined among 200 Black male adolescents who completed an anonymous questionnaire. Adolescents who lived with both of their parents reported using condoms more consistently in the past year and were less likely to report fathering a pregnancy as compared with adolescents who did not live with both of their parents. Parental strictness was related to sexual behavior, but the relation differed depending on whether the perceived strictness of the mother or the father was examined. Adolescents who perceived that their mothers were more strict than did other adolescents reported less frequent coitus and with fewer women. Adolescents who perceived that their fathers were more strict than did other adolescents reported using condoms more consistently in the past year.
Individuated Marital Relationships and the Regulation of Affect in Families of Early Adolescents
Authors: McDonough Marsha Laye , Carlson Cindy , Cooper Catherine R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the interdependence between the spousal relationship and the triadic parent-adolescent system. The purpose of the study was to examine the degree to which affect regulation in the family as a whole would be linked to a particular quality of the marital relationships-individuation. Affect regulation was defined as the ability to maintain constructive engagement with others in the face of negative affect, as well as the ability to express positive emotions that have the potential to enhance social interaction and social competence. Data collected for the study involved both parents and early adolescents (N = 31 intact, Caucasian families) completing afamily interaction task. The Individuation Code was used to determine individuation within the marital system and the Family Rating Scales were used to measure affect regulation within the parent-adolescent triad. Results of log linear analyses found evidence of a link between qualities of the spousal relationship and family affective process. Individuated marital systems were associated with more positive affective tone, better conflict resolution, greater optimization of individual development within family relationships, and lower hostility-cynicism. Results suggest that some organizational structures of relational styles may provide a more optimalfit for the developmental needs of early adolescents within the European-American cultural context.
Behaviors and Attributions
Authors: Young Delton W.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationships betweenfamily members'internal images of their hospitalized adolescents and those adolescents' actual pathological behaviors during the months prior to hospitalization. Five categories of pathological behavior were rated for each adolescent. The images held by parents of the adolescents and the adolescents' self-images were assessed along six dimensions of individual and interpersonal functioning. Ratings of actual pathological behavior were correlated with perceived adolescent attributes for each rater (mother, father, and adolescent). In four categories, parent and adolescent correlations diverged markedly. Adolescents who were mostself-destructive or most suicidal saw themselves as alienated from their families and from their peers and as more compromised overall. The parents of these adolescents did not recognize these deficits in their children ' functioning. The parents of substance-abusing adolescents saw their children as markedly more impaired whereas these adolescents did not acknowledge such deficits. Developmental and clinical implications are discussed.
Adolescent Bereavement and Social Support
Authors: Ringler Laural L. , Hayden Davis C.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined the incidence, experience, and perceptions of social support after an adolescent’s loss of a peer, grandparent, or other person by surveying 85 participants aged 17 to 20 years about their experience of loss during adolescence (ages 14 to 19 years). Overall, 70.6% of the participants had experienced a loss, and 43.5% experienced the loss of a peer. Participants rated peers and parents as the most helpful support people. Participants answered questions on the type and duration of support received and wanted. The authors compare participants’perceptions of peer loss to grandparent loss, any loss, and a problem situation (no loss); integrate it with prior research on adolescent loss of a parent or sibling; and discuss the implications for counselors in the field and for further research.
Acculturation and Psychological Well-Being among Immigrant Adolescents in Finland
Authors: Liebkind Karmela , Jasinskaja-Lahti Inga
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of acculturation on the psychological well-being of immigrant adolescents. The respondents were 11 to 20 years old, originally from the former Soviet Union, Turkey, Somalia, and Vietnam, and now living in Finland (N = 588). To gain an understanding of the complexity and specificity of the relationship between acculturation and psychological well-being, a large range of existing psychological well-being scales measuring acculturative stress, behavioral problems, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and sense of mastery were used as dependent variables. Most indices of psychological well-being were clearly and negatively related to perceived discrimination, and some of them were also positively related to second-language proficiency. In addition, the adolescents’ experiences of parental support and adherence to traditional family-related values promoted their psychological well-being. However, the impact of this adherence was found to depend on both the specific aspect of well-being measured and the specific family-related values in question.
The Effectiveness of a Sexuality Education Newsletter in Influencing Teenagers’ Knowledge and Attitudes about Sexual Involvement and Drug Use
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effectiveness of a newsletter written by teenagers on sexual and health issues in changing knowledge and attitudes regarding sexual activity, condom use, and drug use. Four hundred and nineteen high school students completed a pretest, were given a copy of an eight-page newsletter on sexual and health issues to read as homework, and then completed a posttest during the next class period. Findings indicate that reading the newsletter led to more positive attitudes toward postponing sexual involvement and more negative attitudes toward using drugs. Moreover, the newsletter was particularly effective in changing the knowledge and attitudes of Black students. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for school-based sexuality education.
The Relationship of ANOVA Models with Random Effects and Repeated Measurement Designs
Authors: Schuster Christof , Von Eye Alexander
Published: March 2007

Understanding ANOVA models is often difficult because of the large amount of different experimental designs presented in applied textbooks.This article shows how different experimental designs arise out of the variation of three basic distinctions: block versus treatment factors, fixed versus random factors, and crossed versus nested factors.Once it is understood how each distinction influences the statistical analysis, the amount of experimental designs can be considerably reduced, because sometimes seemingly different experimental designs are essentially equivalent.This is shown by an example comparing a two-way analysis of variance model to a three-factor partially nested design.Furthermore, the way each distinction influences the statistical analysis of an experimental design can simplify the computational effort of the analysis because virtually every basic ANOVA procedure implemented in common statistical software packages can be used to fit more complex ANOVA models that are usually analyzed using special computer modules.
Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex among Urban African American and Latino Families
Authors: O’Sullivan Lucia F. , Meyer-Bahlburg Heino F. L. , Watkins Beverly X.
Published: March 2007

Urban minority girls are at considerable risk for the negative health consequences of early sexual activity. Yet few researchers have explored the sources of information about sexual issues for these adolescents, particularly parent-child communication. As part of a larger qualitative study examining social cognitions about sexuality among urban girls, 72 African American and Latina mothers and 72 daughters representing two age groups (6-9 and 10-13) participated in focus group sessions. Both mothers and daughters addressed the cues associated with the timing of these conversations in the course of the daughters’ development; the content of their conversations, including the messages mothers used to influence girls’ decision making; and the approaches or strategies both employed. The authors’ analyses indicate that beneficial communication may be preempted by the antagonistic positions adopted by daughters and mothers as daughters advance sexually. Daughters may in fact benefit more from receiving sex education from other close sources.
Drug Abuse Treatment and Comprehensive Services for Adolescents
Authors: Etheridge Rose M. , Smith Jeff C. , Rounds-Bryant Jennifer L. , Hubbard Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Data from two national studies of treatment spanning two decades—Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS), 1979 to 1981, and Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies for Adolescents (DATOS-A), 1993 to 1995—provided a comparison of treatment and services provided to 261 TOPS and 1,519 DATOS-A intreatment adolescent patients in a cross-modality sample of 24 TOPS and 31 DATOS-A programs. The authors used patient self-reports of treatment needs and services received to compare unmet needs for six services. Findings showed a general decline over treatment eras in services received that was only partially offset by significant decreases in some self-reported service needs in DATOS-A. Unmet needs increased significantly over treatment eras for specific services, including psychological, family, employment, and financial services. Potential explanations include changes in treatment access and decreases in program resources for services.
Temperature Sensitivity of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Ground Squirrels and Rats in vitro
Authors: Ruby Norman F. , Heller H. Craig
Published: March 2007

Temperature compensation of circadian rhythms in neuronal firing rate was investigated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of ground squirrels and rats in vitro. A reduction in SCN temperature from 37 to 25°C reduced peak firing rates by > 70% in rats but only by = 21% in squirrels; trough firing rates were marginally altered in both species. In the rat SCN at 25°C, the peak in neuronal activity decreased progressively on successive days and circadian rhythms no longer were present by Day 3. There was a 37% reduction in the number of single units detected and an increase in the temporal variability of peak firing rates among individual rat SCN neurons at low temperature. By contrast, single units were readily detected and circadian rhythms were robust in squirrels at 37 and 25°C; a Q10 of 0.927 was associated with a shortening of tau by 2 h and a 5-h phase change after only 48 h at low temperature. These results suggest that temperature can have a substantial impact on circadian organization in a mammalian pacemaker considered to be temperature compensated.
The Effect of Transplanting One or Two Suprachiasmatic Nuclei on the Period of the Restored Rhythm
Authors: Davis Fred C. , Viswanathan N.
Published: March 2007

A fundamental property of circadian rhythms is the free-running period expressed by organisms when isolated from environmental periodicity. The physiological determinants of the free-running period, including variation among and within individuals and among species, are not known. The circadian rhythms of mammals are regulated by a circadian pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. To examine possible determinants of the free-running period, one or two SCNs were transplanted into hamsters that had their own SCNs ablated. Wheel-running behavior was measured to estimate the free-running period of restored rhythmicity. Hosts received grafts containing either the left or right SCN from a single fetus or both SCNs from a single fetus. In some cases, both the left and right SCNs from a single fetus restored rhythmicity in different hosts, demonstrating that each of the right and left SCN alone is a competent circadian pacemaker. The average free-running period of the restored rhythms was significantly longer in hamsters that received both of the SCNs from a single fetus. The sizes of grafts were estimated using immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a marker of SCN tissue. Grafts never grew to be larger than an intact SCN, and a graft only 6.5% the size of the combined left and right intact SCNs restored rhythmicity. The average volume of grafted SCN in hamsters that received two SCNs was larger than that in hamsters that received a single SCN. The results demonstrate that SCN graft volume and/or the number of SCNs that comprise the graft influence the free-running period.
Evaluation of Antithrombogenic Thermodilution Catheter
Authors: Nagaoka Shoji , Mikami Masato , Noishiki Yasuharu
Published: March 2007

In order to prevent the complications accompanied with pulmo nary-artery (Swan-Ganz) catheterization, we have developed an antithrombo genic coating, tradenamed Anthron®.* Anthron-coated thermodilution cath eters show excellent antithrombogenicity due to continuous release of heparin from its surface to the blood stream in animal experiments. As controls, a poly (vinyl chloride) thermodilution catheter was evaluated in the similar manner. All of Anthron-coated thermodilution catheters were completely free from thrombus formation and kept excellent sensing functions for more than 3 days, while in control catheters severe thrombus formations were found both on the surfaces of the catheters and blood vessels. The sensing functions of the control catheters deteriorated with passage of time because of the deposition of the blood constituents on the thermistor.
Financing State-Sponsored Local Growth Management Programs: Block Grants and the Federal Role
Authors: Gale Dennis E.
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1970s, eight states have enacted measures mandating or encouraging preparation of local comprehensive land-use plans according to state standards. In one sense, they have revived the earlier commitment to community planning largely abandoned by the federal government over the past two decades. However, it is unclear how states and municipalities will fund continuous management of local plans, once they are completed and adopted. The federal Community Development Block Grant program offers a logical source of assistance, but amendments are necessary to correct program shortcomings and ensure quality control in planning outcomes. Local and state matching contributions should complement federal assistance.
City Planning and the Planning of Cities: The Recent Historiography
Authors: Burgess Patricia
Published: March 2007

Recent historiography on city planning has greatly expanded its scope. Although the modern profession often dates its origins as the turn of the century, events of the earlier nineteenth century were actually incipient forms of contemporary planning. Moreover, though city planners are nonelected public employees, the profession has been inextricably tied to both the private sector and the political process. Much planning in U.S. cities has not been done by planners. In addition, a tension between idealism and realism has been present since the beginning. Because of external constraints, the planning profession's greatest impacts may have been in its indirect influence on the urban agenda and in the vision it has provided for a better urban future.
Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side
Authors: Yiftachel Oren
Published: March 2007

Theories of urban and regional planning have been deficient, neglecting to account sufficientlyfor its use as a tool of social control and oppression. The article argues that planning's well-documented progressive potential should be understood as being structurally accompanied by a more sinister dark side. It develops a conceptual framework within which the 'planning as control' can be theorized and studied, and by linking the public production of space to recent social science and Foucauldian debates on stateand nation-building. The framework delineates four principal dimensions: territorial, procedural, socioeconomic, and cultural, each with a capacity to influence intergroup relations. These dimensions should be understood as double-edged, with the influence of each potentially stretching between emancipatory reform and oppressive control. This article concludes by offering some explanations for the neglect of the dark side by most theorists, and by sketching a future agenda for a revised critical theory of planning.
Power and Gender Issues in Academic Administration: A Study of Directors of BSW Programs
Authors: Harper Karen V.
Published: March 2007

Many studies have found that the tenure, rank, and salaries of female faculty members in higher education are not equal to those of men. However, few studies have considered the perceptions of power held by those in leadership positions in academia. This article reports on a study of the differences in equity and the perceptions of power to carry out administrative functions of directors of BSW programs. It discusses the complexity of the gender-power relationship in light of the impact of sex-role socialization and structural barriers to advancement in academic organizations. Men's and women's perceptions of the balance of power in administrative positions are important if women are to understand and overcome their powerlessness.
Confronting Women's Caring: Challenges for Practice and Policy
Authors: Baines Carol T. , Evans Patricia M. , Neysmith Sheila M.
Published: March 2007

This article explores implications of the feminist perspective of women's caring for two major arenas in which social services and women's caring intersect: child welfare and "community" care for the frail elderly. It examines the concept of caring and considers its usefulness as an analytic framework that reveals the connections between the work women do in the home and as members of the "caring" professions and that incorporates the significance of women's caring. It then outlines the changes that are necessary to redress the current gender division of caring.
Disparities Between African-American Women and Men on Social Work Faculty
Authors: Schiele Jerome H.
Published: March 2007

The study reported here addressed the effect of gender on the academic status of social work faculty of color by comparing the academic status of 264 African-American women and men on social work faculty. It found that a greater percentage of women than men held lower academic ranks, were not tenured, and had not been members of editorial boards of professional journals. The implications of this pattern of inequality are discussed.
Women and Economic Crisis: The Untold Story
Authors: Baum Martha , Shore Barbara K. , Fleissner Kathy
Published: March 2007

The vital roles that women play in keeping households afloat in economic crises have been largely ignored. This study of 152 women in a region that experienced catastrophic unemployment found that women are the pillars of family support. Beyond maintaining their households and supplementing their families' income whenever pos sible, the women helped to mend their demoralized families and find necessary resources for comfort and aid. When unemployment strikes families, it affects all family members. The strength of the women in this study in dealing with the needs of their husbands and children had demonstrable effects.
Male Domestic Violence
Authors: KANE TAMSIN A. , STAIGER PETRA K. , RICCIARDELLI LINE A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether men who use violence toward their partners are more accepting of domestic violence and report higher levels of general aggression and levels of interpersonal dependency than comparison groups (football players and community service volunteers). Participants consisted of 83 men: 23 from an intervention program for violent men, 30 football players, and 30 community service volunteers. Measures of attitudes to the acceptability of domestic violence, aggression levels, and interpersonal dependency levels were administered. Results indicated the violent men were more aggressive and more dependent than both the comparison groups, whereas all three groups had a low tolerance of violence toward female partners. Football players and community service volunteers did not differ in their levels of general aggression. These findings emphasize the importance of intervention programs addressing the areas of male aggression and emotional dependency in their syllabuses as a strategy for curbing male violence toward female partners.
A Pilot Exploration of Family Violence Among Nonclinical Vietnamese
Authors: SEGAL UMA A.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory pilot project sought to determine what one group of Southeast Asian refugees, the Vietnamese, perceived were areas of difficulty in their adjustment to the United States. Furthermore, based on factors correlated with family violence and on literature that states that such violence is not culture-specific, this study sought to assess whether it is prevalent among this population. Findings were inconsistent and suggested that commonly used methods of identifying the occurrence of family violence may not accurately reflect its presence among populations that may fear repercussions of admission.
Factors Associated With Completion of the Restraining Order Process in Female Victims of Partner Violence
Authors: ZOELLNER LORI A. , FEENY NORAH C. , ALVAREZ JENNIFER , WATLINGTON CHRISTINA , O'NEILL MELANIE L. , ZAGER RUTH , FOA EDNA B.
Published: March 2007

Thousands of women each year initiate the process of obtaining a restraining order against a violent partner. Although many women request an emergency restraining order, many fail to return to obtain a final 1-year order. The present study examined factors associated with completion of this process. Sixty-five women who initiated the process of securing a restraining order against a male partner participated in the study. Participants completed an interview, self-report measures, and were followed up to determine final restraining order status. Less than half of the women who initiated the process obtained final orders. Women who indicated an attachment to the abusive partner were less likely to complete the process. Perceived threat to the women facilitated persistence with the process; however, when the threat involved her children, women were less likely to persist. Understanding factors influencing persistence in help seeking, especially attachment and threat, is a crucial step toward enhancing interventions to facilitate efforts toward violence-free lives.
The Brøset Violence Checklist
Authors: ALMVIK ROGER , WOODS PHIL , RASMUSSEN KIRSTEN
Published: March 2007

The Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC) assesses confusion, irritability, boisterousness, verbal threats, physical threats, and attacks on objects as either present or absent. It is hypothesized that an individual displaying two or more of these behaviors is more likely to be violent in the next 24-hour period. All 109 consecutive referrals to four psychiatric inpatient acute units during a 2-month period were included in the study. Ratings were performed at the time of admission and three times a day for each patient—once for each working shift. Interrater reliability was adequate. Thirty-four separate incidences of violence occurred. Comparisons between ratings performed in the 24-hour interval before the incident and all other ratings suggested moderate sensitivity and good specificity of the instrument. It is concluded that the BVC is a useful instrument in predicting violence within the next 24-hour period and that the psychometric properties of the instrument are satisfactory.
“Honey, We Don't Do Men”
Authors: DONNELLY DENISE A. , KENYON STACY
Published: March 2007

This research examines the effects of gender role stereotypes on the provision of services to adult, noninstitutionalized male victims of sexual assault. Thirty sexual assault crisis providers in a major Southeastern city participated in in-depth interviews focusing on their experiences with male sexual assault victims, their attitudes toward these men, and the services provided by their organizations. Although official reports of male sexual assault victims are relatively uncommon, our research confirms that male victims do exist and that they are more numerous than official statistics indicate. Moreover, our findings suggest that traditional gender role stereotypes, lack of responsiveness to male victims, and gaps in service provision prevent sexually assaulted men from getting the help they need.
Batterer Programs
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

Research is summarized that addresses the prevailing issues facing batterer programs: (a) Do batterer counseling programs work? (b) What program approach is the most effective and appropriate? (c) How do we reduce program dropout and noncompliance? (d) How do we increase the safety and protection of battered women? (e)How do we extend batterer programs to rural and minority communities? In order to answer these questions, program evaluation in general needs to be enhanced methodologically, descriptive case studies of model programs and demonstration innovations need to identify implementation prospects and problems, and fundamental needs assessments should be conducted, especially of rural and minority communities. Collaboration between researchers and practitioners is an essential aspect of the process.
The Controversy Regarding Recovered Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: LINDSAY D. STEPHEN , BRIERE JOHN
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss some of the factors that contribute to the intensity of the controversy regarding recovered memories of childhood abuse and suggest ways in which discussion of this topic could be made less polarized and more productive. They highlight briefly some of the key scientific questions raised by the phenomenon of recovered memories and offer several recommendations regarding clinical practice, research, and public policy.
Reducing Deviant Arousal in Juvenile Sex Offenders Using Vicarious Sensitization
Authors: WEINROTT MARK R. , RIGGAN MICHAEL , FROTHINGHAM STUART
Published: March 2007

Sixty-nine teenage child molesters received a 3-month regimen of vicarious sensitization (VS) within the context of a randomized wait-list control group design. An adjunct to specialized cognitive therapy, VS is a form of aversive conditioning the aim of which is to decrease sexual arousal to prepubescent children. Perpetrators were alternately exposed to an audiotaped crime scenario designed to evoke deviant arousal followed immediately by an aversive video vignette. The aversive stimuli portray adolescent sex offenders contending with negative social, emotional, physical, and legal consequences of their sex crimes. Subjects received approximately 300 VS trials over 25 sessions. Results based on both phallometric data and self-report measures showed significant decreases in deviant arousal for youths who received VS. Wait-listed youths did not improve, despite continuing in weekly cognitive therapy. When VS was later administered to wait-listed youths, they too showed a significant treatment effect. Three-month follow-up data indicated that treatment gains were maintained.
Self-Reports of Early Childhood Victimization Among Incarcerated Adult Male Felons
Authors: WEEKS ROBIN , WIDOM CATHY SPATZ
Published: March 2007

The extent of childhood victimization (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect) was assessed retrospectively through self-reports in a sample of 301 convicted adult male felons randomly selected from a New York State medium-correctional facility using a structured interview with known psychometric properties. Overall, 68% of the sample of incarcerated adult male felons reported some form of childhood victimization, although the percentage varied depending on the measure used to assess the childhood abuse experiences. Violent offenders reported significantly more childhood neglect than nonviolent offenders but not more physical abuse. On an overall index of childhood sexual abuse, sex offenders reported higher rates of childhood sexual abuse than other offenders (26.3% vs.12.5%). Implications of these findings are discussed.
An Empirical Evaluation of a Program Designed to Reduce the Risk of Multiple Sexual Victimization
Authors: BREITENBECHER KIMBERLY HANSON , GIDYCZ CHRISTINE A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to design and empirically evaluate a program designed to reduce women's risk of multiple sexual victimization. Participants in this study were 406 college women. At the beginning of the academic quarter, participants responded to survey instruments assessing history of sexual assault, dating behaviors, sexual communication, and knowledge about sexual assault. After responding to survey instruments, women in the treatment group participated in the program. Women in the control group did not participate in the program. Participants returned at the end of the academic quarter and responded to survey instruments again. Results suggest that the program was ineffective in reducing the incidence of sexual assault among participants. In addition, the program did not significantly affect dating behaviors, sexual communication, or knowledge about sexual assault. Furthermore, the ineffectiveness of the program in these areas did not appear to be related to participants' histories of sexual victimization.
Voices of Strength and Resistance
Authors: CAMPBELL JACQUELYN , ROSE LINDA , KUB JOAN , NEDD DAPHNE
Published: March 2007

An ethnically and economically heterogeneous (majority well educated, African American, and poor) urban community sample of women, self-identified as having a serious problem in an intimate relationship, were interviewed three times over 2½ years. The inclusion criteria of battering was repeated physical and/or sexual assault within a context of coercive control. Feminist action research was used, combining interview and measurement instruments. Thematic analysis (coding, clustering, “subsuming particulars into the general,” confirming) was used for a random subset of 31 women's in-depth interviews. The patterns of response identified were complicated and iterative, demonstrating resistance and resourcefulness. A process of achieving nonviolence was identified for most of the participants, although relationship status did not necessarily correspond to abuse status and there was continued violence after leaving the relationship. Identifiable themes included (a) active problem solving, including conscious decisions to “make do” in a relationship and/or subordinate the self; (b) responding to identifiable pivotal events, and (c) a negotiating process first with the self and then, directly and/or indirectly, with the male partner.
Rape Tactics From the Survivors' Perspective
Authors: CLEVELAND H. HARRINGTON , KOSS MARY P. , LYONS JAMES
Published: March 2007

This study uses sexual assault data drawn from both standard questionnaires and unstructured narratives to examine the association between the victim/perpetrator relationship and the tactics used to commit sexual assault. Participants, who were raped by strangers, acquaintances, dates, steady boyfriends, husbands, ex-husbands, and other relatives, provided narrative accounts of their rape experiences and responses to standard questionnaire items. Narratives were coded for the occurrence of different perpetrator behaviors such as use of force, threats of negative consequences, and use of alcohol or drugs to commit the rape. Based on factor analysis, these narrative-derived items were combined with questionnaire items to form two tactic scales: Power Tactics and Drug Tactics. Analysis revealed that tactic use varied according to the relationship between perpetrators and victims, and the use of Power Tactics was uncorrelated with use of Drug Tactics across all relationship types.
Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies in Child Molesters
Authors: MARSHALL W. L. , CRIPPS EMILY , ANDERSON D. , CORTONI FRANCA A.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the social self-esteem and the coping styles of child molesters, nonsex offenders, and nonoffenders. Child molesters were found to have lower self-esteem than the other participants, and they more typically made use of emotion-focused (i.e., ineffective) coping strategies. A combination of low self-esteem and poor coping was found to predict being a child molester, although the causal pathway was somewhat obscure and appeared to involve a complex feedback loop. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and treatment implications.
Criminal Victimization and Distress in the Czech Republic
Authors: HRABA JOSEPH , LORENZ FREDERICK O. , PECHAČOVÁ ZDEŇKA , BAO WAN-NING
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the process by which criminal victimization can affect Czechs' well-being by considering models that include fear of crime, protection against crime, avoidance of crime, and controls. The approach merges criminology with the stress-distress perspective. The sample consists of 703 Czech households in the second wave of a 3-year (1994-1996) panel study. The authors found that criminal victimization resulted in distress, after controls. For Czech women, fear of crime intervened between victimization and distress by increasing the latter. For men, protection and avoidance intervened between victimization and distress. Protection reduced the men's depression, whereas avoidance increased both depression and anxiety. The effects of criminal victimization on Czechs' distress are direct and indirect and vary by gender. Interpretations of results rest on the meanings offear, crime, protection, and avoidance for Czech men and women.
Value-Chain Compensaion
Authors: Newman Jerry M. , Krzystofiak Frank J.
Published: March 2007

To what extent do compensation programs create value for both the organization and employees? The authors argue that the "value chain" in production processes and in tracking the economics of organizational performance has its counterpart in compensation programs. Value-chain compensation balances four major compensation objectives: (1) to sustain membership (i.e., retention); (2) to motivate performance; (3) to build employee commitment; and (4) to encourage growth in employees' skills. The authors maintain that the reason many heralded compensation ideas have met with, at best, mixed results, is that their creators failed to consider the principles of value creation.
Equity-Based Compensation at High-Growth Companies
Authors: Larre Eric C.
Published: March 2007

Much has been written about the evils of stock option repricing as a compensation technique. The fundamental premise of repricing opponents is that the technique places employees in a superior economic position to shareholders because rewards are earned when stock prices improve but remain below historical levels. In principle, stock option repricing should be avoided where appropriate, and the practice needs to be managed to achieve fairness for all interested parties-shareholders and employees. But repricing may be necessary for business survival in many circumstances because stock options are a required compensation tool in certain industries. This article discusses the reasons why repricing will always be a potential response to stock price downturns. It also highlights the adverse ramifications of repricing under rules recently proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and proposes a strategic alternative to repricing that can meet the needs and expectations of all constituencies.
The Privatization Of Punishment: Justification, Expectations, And Experience
Authors: Durham Alexis M.
Published: March 2007

Interest in the privatization of the American correctional system has increased dramatically during the current decade. A number of arguments have been advanced to justify the transfer of correctional responsibilities from the public to the private sector. As with any reform movement, the reasons adduced in support of the movement should be reflected by the policies and practices that are adopted to operationalize the reform. This paper briefly describes the major rationales adduced to justify privatization, then projects the kinds of policies and practices that would be anticipated in view of these rationales. These projections are compared to the actual experience of the privatization movement during the 1980s. The analysis suggests the existence of a considerable lack of fit between expected and actual policies and practices adopted in the process of privatization. Several explanations for this lack of fit are considered.
Police Officer Job Satisfaction: Does agency size make a difference?
Authors: Dantzker M.L.
Published: March 2007

One of the more interesting aspects of employment is job satisfaction. Despite the growing body of knowledge on job satisfaction, much of it has been limited to certain occupations such as factory workers, teachers, and social workers. More recently, the literature has begun to expand in its coverage and includes policing, as an occupation, in which job satis faction can have impact and influence behavior. However, despite the occupation under study, there are common job, worker, and organization al characteristics attached to the work environment that one can explore in a particular occupation. The area that appears to receive limited atten tion is organizational characteristics. This paper addresses one such orga nizational characteristic, size, and whether there is a difference in per ceptions of job satisfaction among police officers from different size municipal agencies. The data was collected from fourteen municipal agencies using a specifically designed job satisfaction questionnaire. The results suggest that organizational size does make a difference on offi cers' perceptions of job satisfaction.
Political Culture and Felony Sentencing: An Examination of Trial Courts in 300 Counties
Authors: Bowers David
Published: March 2007

Criminal sentencing is such a fundamental power of government that variations in its use can be linked to political culture. Using Daniel Elazar's typology of American political culture, three-hundred counties in 49 states were classified in terms of the prevailing political culture. This data was matched with sentencing data gathered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. In the bivariate analysis traditionalistic political cultures administered harsher sentences; as for rates of incarceration, particularly in jails, moralistic political cultures incarcerated a higher percentage of individuals. In the multivariate model, many attributes closely related to political culture, such as conservatism, income distribution, and the over all crime rate, help to explain sentencing variations. However, political culture was significant only for larceny, and the results paralleled the bivariate analysis. This article concludes with a discussion of the advan tages and disadvantages of using political culture to study sentencing and the relevance of political culture to criminal justice policy.
Terminating A Prison Conditions Suit: A Case Study of Palmigiano V. Garrahy
Authors: Carroll Leo
Published: March 2007

Although hundreds of prisons in the United States have been the object of court orders, few have been resolved to the mutual satisfaction of all parties. Following a summary of the long history of one such case, Palmigiano v. Garrahy, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the process of disengagement that ultimately led to the termination of court supervision. The process is related to contextual factors bearing upon it; the major issues in the process are identified, and the manner of their res olution described. The agreement reached in Palmigiano could serve as a model for the settlement of other cases.
The Quasi-revolution and its Discontents: Emerging Political Pluralism in Post-ceauşescu Romania
Authors: Tismaneanu Vladimir
Published: March 2007

“There is no socialism with a human face, only totalitarianism with its teeth knocked out.”

Adam Michnik
Recounting Transition
Authors: Poznanski Kazimierz Z.
Published: March 2007

A wide range of questionable or at least ambivalent human tendencies has suddenly been liberated as it were from the straight jacket and given free rein at last. Thus, we are witnesses to a bizarre state of affairs, society has freed itself, true, but in some ways it behaves worse than when it was in chains.

Václav Havel
The Medicalization of Infant Feeding in the United States and New Zealand: Two Countries, One Experience
Authors: Apple Rima D.
Published: March 2007

In barely more than half a century, between the 1880s and the 1940s, infant feeding practices changed dramatically in the United States. In the nineteenth century, breastfeeding predominated, though alternatives were used in some cases. By the mid-twentieth century, the consensus of health care personnel and the general public supported medically-directed artificial infant feeding. A similar trend was apparent in New Zealand as well, although there the popularity of bottle-feeding occurred somewhat later and replaced breastfeeding more rapidly. Although the timing and pace of the shift from breastfeeding to bottle-feeding differed slightly for women in these geographically disparate parts of the world, the factors that influenced women's choices were similar (most particularly the medicalization of infant feeding and the institutionalization of childbirth), and the outcomes the same: women bottle-fed their infants.
The Effects on Professional Practices of a Three-Day Course on Breastfeeding
Authors: Valdes Verónica , Pugin Edda , Nurse-Midwife Registered , Labbok Miriam H. , Pérez Alfredo , Catalán Silvia , Aravena Ricardo , Adler Michelle R.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed reported changes in clinical breastfeeding support practices following a three-day (approximately 24 hour) course. The course, presented at the Catholic University in Santiago, Chile, included the physiology of lactation and lactational infertility, related policy, clinical skills, the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), and program-related findings. A questionnaire was sent to all participants and an additional systematic sample was telephoned to assure a statistically valid sample. Sixty-nine percent of respondents reported changes in clinical practices resulting from attendance at the course. The results support the concept, now being advanced by the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, that an 18-24 hour course can change clinical practices.