bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Data Aggregation Moel for the Healthcare Data Transmission and Security in Wireless Sensor Network Environment
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Balaji Institute of Technology and Science, Laknepally, Narsampet, Telangana,506004, India., k Vijay Kumar , S Sravanthi ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Balaji Institute of Technology and Science, Laknepally, Narsampet, Telangana,506004, India., Sameer Syed Shujauddin ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Balaji Institute of Technology and Science, Laknepally, Narsampet, Telangana,506004, India., K Anil Kumar ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Balaji Institute of Technology and Science, Laknepally, Narsampet, Telangana,506004, India.
Published: July 2024

Data aggregation is the process of collecting and combining information from multiple sources to provide a unified view or summary. In various fields such as statistics, economics, and data analysis, aggregating data helps reveal patterns, trends, or general insights that may not be apparent when examining individual data points. Aggregated data can provide a more comprehensive perspective, facilitating decision-making and strategic planning. This paper explores the application of Sugeno Fuzzy Model Monkey Swarm Optimization (SFMMsO) in healthcare, specifically focusing on data aggregation and security within Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The study demonstrates SFMMsO’s efficacy in aggregating patient health data, generating comprehensive Aggregated Health Indices. It also highlights SFMMsO’s optimization capabilities, refining decision variables to enhance healthcare algorithm performance. The paper addresses the critical dimension of security, showcasing SFMMsO’s adaptability in optimizing security parameters and assessing its vulnerability to various attack types. The findings underscore SFMMsO’s potential as a robust tool for healthcare applications, emphasizing the need for proactive security measures to fortify its resilience against potential threats. This study contributes valuable insights into the intersection of optimization algorithms, data aggregation, and security in healthcare, paving the way for advancements in utilizing SFMMsO for secure and comprehensive healthcare systems.
Artificial Intelligence: A Way to Promote Innovation
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, SDSM College Palghar, Kharekuran Road, Palghar(W), Maharashtra, 401404, India., Swara Snehit Patil
Published: July 2024

The theme of artificial intelligence is how to use it to make computers useful in solving problems concerning health. We interpret the data obtained by diagnosing various diseases, such as various types of cancer, diabetes, etc. The largest scientific goal of information construction—the theory of processing intelligence. It is the science and engineering of manufacturing. Intelligent machines, especially an intelligent computer. This work presents artificial intelligence (A.I.). Study how to make computers that have some characteristics of the human mind. A.I. systems are now routinely used in the economy, Medicine, and the military. They also have broad data that can potentially solve many problems in clinical trials. This article provides an overview of A.I. and its innovations. It is one of the cutting-edge technologies shaping the future of pharmacy. Various advanced systems, such as mathematics, machining performance, cloud computing, and algorithm design, have accelerated the development of methods that can be used to analyze, interpret, and make predictions using these data sources. We can learn how to get machines to solve problems by observing others.There has been sporadic research growth in two main areas: genomics and digital Medicine. This article examines the introduction, definition, history, applications, and innovation in pharmacy.
Ffsgc-Based Classification of Environmental Factors in IOT Sports Education Data during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of ECE, Ramireddy Subbaramireddy Engineering College Kavali, SPSR Nellore, A.P, 524142, India., P Brundavani , D Vishnu Vardhan ,   Professor, Department of ECE, JNTUA, Ananthapuramu, A.P,515002, India, B Abdul Raheem ,   Professor, Department of ECE, JBR Engineering College, Moinabad,Ranga Reddy (Dist), Hyderabad, Telangana,500075,India.
Published: July 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to sports education, requiring the implementation of rigorous measures to ensure the safety of athletes and staff. In this context, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, deep learning image processing, and sustainable optimization The Fruitfly Statistical Gradient Classifier (FfSGC) is a novel algorithm developed to address the challenges of classification tasks in the context of IoT sports education data during the COVID-19 pandemic. This algorithm combines fuzzy set theory and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to effectively handle the uncertainty and imprecision inherent in the dataset. The FfSGC algorithm incorporates feature selection and extraction techniques, such as Fruitfly optimization and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to identify the most relevant features for classification. By considering the impact of COVID-19 on player performance, environmental factors, injury risk, and training load, the algorithm enables accurate and robust classification. Simulation experiments were conducted using different datasets related to player performance, environmental factors, injury risk, and training load. The results showed that the FfSGC algorithm consistently achieved high accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and mean squared error across the datasets. Compared to existing classification algorithms like SVM and Random Forest, FfSGC demonstrated superior performance in terms of classification metrics. The FfSGC algorithm has significant implications for the sports education domain during the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides valuable insights for decision-making processes related to COVID-19 prevention and control strategies in sports settings.
Assessing Academic Writing Challenges facing Undergraduate Students at Teofilo Kisanji University in Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Authors: Edward Marco ,   Teofilo Kisanji University
Published: July 2024

This paper investigated the academic writing challenges facing undergraduate students at Teofilo Kisanji University (TEKU) in Mbeya Region. This study used Qualitative research approach and the interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured open ended interview and documentary analysis methods. Data were analyzed through content analysis method to obtain themes. Twenty participants formed a sample for research in the following categories educational officers, lecturers, teachers, and undergraduate students. Findings revealed that undergraduate students mostly fail to write academic papers at higher learning institutions despite having good teachers at the university. It was found that educational institutions in Ordinary and Advanced Secondary Schools failed to provide students with good basis for academic writing due to various factors, such as incompetent teachers, inadequate working environments, improper education qualifications, lack of creativity of teachers, lack of knowledge on the use of technology and the dilemma in academic instructional language. The study found that most undergraduate students failed to write academically due to poor foundation from lower levels of education. It was therefore recommended that, strengthening academic writing for students in lower-level institutions the government should review the educational curriculum to focus entirely on competence-based teaching methods.
The Effectiveness of Traditional and Modern Memorization Techniques for Quranic Learning in Indonesia
Authors: Chandra Wijaya Adi
Published: July 2024

The process of memorizing the Quran, a revered practice in the Muslim world, employs a variety of methods ranging from traditional oral repetition to contemporary technological aids. The research primarily seeks to identify which techniques yield the highest retention rates and the most profound understanding among students. This study employs a literature review methodology, analyzing a wide array of existing research, articles, and case studies that focus on Quranic memorization techniques. Sources include academic journals, educational reports, and empirical studies conducted in Indonesian madrasas and Quranic schools. By synthesizing findings from these sources, the study offers a comprehensive overview of the strengths and limitations of both traditional and modern memorization strategies. The results of this research indicate that while traditional methods such as rote learning and oral recitation continue to be highly effective in fostering deep memorization, modern techniques incorporating digital tools and interactive learning platforms significantly enhance engagement and accessibility for students. The integration of both methods appears to offer the most balanced and effective approach, combining the thoroughness of traditional practices with the innovation of modern technology
Integrating Character Education in Al-Syifa Islamic Boarding Schools: A Case Study Approach
Authors: Aijat Mau Fajli
Published: July 2024

Character education is a crucial aspect of student development, especially in Islamic boarding schools, known as pesantren, where both academic and moral education are emphasized. This study investigates the integration of character education at Al-Syifa Islamic Boarding Schools, aiming to understand the theoretical and practical frameworks used in these institutions. The primary objective of this research is to analyze how character education is integrated into the educational framework of Al-Syifa Islamic Boarding Schools. The study aims to uncover the strategies, principles, and effectiveness of character education programs through an extensive review of existing literature and documented practices. This research employs a literature review approach, systematically examining academic articles, books, official school documents, and previous studies related to character education in Islamic boarding schools. By synthesizing findings from these sources, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the methods and outcomes of character education integration at Al-Syifa. The literature review reveals that Al-Syifa Islamic Boarding Schools employ a multifaceted approach to character education, integrating it through both curricular and extracurricular activities. The curriculum includes dedicated character education subjects, while extracurricular activities reinforce these values through real-life applications and community involvement. The review also highlights several key principles, such as the emphasis on Islamic values, community living, and moral exemplarity. The integration of these principles has shown positive outcomes, including enhanced student behavior, improved academic performance, and stronger community ties. Challenges noted include the need for continuous professional development for teachers and the alignment of character education goals with academic objectives
The Funding Issues With The Concept of Interest and The Implementation of Mudharabah Contracts in Islamic Banking Funding Systems
Authors: Amriatus Safa’ah  , Putri Adinda Audy , Muara Zahra Bintan
Published: July 2024

Mudharabah contract is a lending agreement conducted within banks with a profit-sharing scheme. In this case, the Mudharabah contract is regulated in the DSN-MUI fatwa which has several aspects of rules in the implementation of Mudharabah contracts as funding or loans. This research is a literature analysis conducted and observed through examination, review, discussion of classic and modern literature as well as analysis using existing data. Data collection is carried out using documentation methods from various papers, articles, books, and journals. Then analyzed using content analysis and quantitative analysis methods, by analyzing descriptive or scientific data. The results of this study are explanations regarding Mudharabah, implementation, and contemporary issues. The similarity of this research with other studies is discussing Mudharabah, implementation, and contemporary issues, while the difference is that this paper provides discussions that have been studied from the thoughts of the authors based on what the authors obtained from papers, articles, books, and journals that already exist and adjust the implementation of Mudharabah contracts based on Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Al•legat en defensa d’un temps que (encara) no existeix. Sobre El temps de la promesa, de Marina Garcés
Authors: Martínez Martínez Miquel Àngel
Published: July 2024

En el darrer llibre que ha publicat, Marina Garcés traça una anàlisi en profunditat sobre el concepte de promesa i sobre les implicacions que té aquesta noció a l’hora d’entendre la conformació de les relacions socials i polítiques, així com l’espai de la subjectivitat. Tant des de la perspectiva de les instàncies de poder com des del punt de vista dels moviments que tracten de proposar resistències i alternatives, la capacitat de prometre configura el camp de batalla en què s’han dirimit els principals conflictes del nostre temps.
Statement of the Materiology and Variantology node: invitation to dialogue
Authors: Zielinski Siegfried , Irrgang Daniel
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this special issue is to dialogue around the concepts of materialology and variantology of media, arts, science and technology. The guests’ editors of this node are Siegfried Zielinski and Daniel Irrgang.
Severe Weather Warnings for Sofia, Bulgaria: May – September 2010–2019
Authors: Tsalova Stanislava , Stoev Krasimir , Stoycheva Anastasiya , Guerova Guergana
Published: July 2024

Severe weather monitoring and forecasting is the prime task of the National Meteorological Services according to World Meteorological Organization Guidelines (WMO). Since 2009 Bulgarian National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) issues 48 h ahead severe weather warnings as a contribution to the European warning system (METEOALARM). A total of 243 days with warnings for heat, thunderstorms and intense rain were issued for the period May-September 2010–2019. The monthly maximum for heat is 42 days in July, for thunderstorms it is 26 days in June, and for intense rain it is 27 days in June. Objective circulation classification is conducted which shows that the majority of heat warnings are associated with Anticyclonic and West flow circulation types. About 40% of thunderstorm warnings are of Cyclone type followed by 28.6% of Cyclonic Directional types. For rain warnings, most of the days are with Cyclone type (46.2%) and Cyclonic Directional types (27.5%). Analysis of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) derived Integrated Water Vapour (IWV), from the Bulgarian station in Sofia, shows consistently higher values for the days with METEOALARM warnings for heat, thunderstorm and rain.
Features of Network Flow Systems for Decision Making with Motivation Accounting
Authors: Doukovska Lyubka , Sgurev Vassil , Tsopanova Ekaterina
Published: July 2024

The present work investigates the problem of considering the influence of motivation in discrete network flow decision-making systems. Motivation is the primary factor that drives people to achieve their goals and plays a key role in decision-making systems. A method is proposed by which this influence is accounted for using the arc flow function amplification or attenuation coefficients. These operations are in the class of generalized network flows (flows with gains and losses). Methods to determine both the maximal and minimal value of the generalized network flow with consideration of the motivation are proposed A numerical example of a decision-making system based on a generalized network flow with motivation accounting is described, which confirms the obtained theoretical results.
Contribution of Dental Dimensions in Sex Prediction and Identification
Authors: Harizanova Zdravka , Popova Ferihan , Petleshkova Tsvetanka , Peycheva Marieta , Baltadjiev Atanas
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this research is to assess the differences of tooth measurements between Bulgarians and Spaniards. The survey included 232 Bulgarians aged 20–40 years. Vestibulo-lingual and mesio-distal dental diameters were obtained by a hand-held laser scanner (FastSCAN Cobra, Polhemus Inc., Colchester VT) and analyzed with SPSS 28.0. We detected significant differences in mesio-distal measurements of upper central incisors, premolars, and molars and mandibular first molars, vestibulo-lingual measurements of upper central incisors, canines and first molars and lower first molars between Bulgarians and Spaniards. Our findings revealed that tooth measurements vary in the populations and thus they can be reliable predictors in forensic identification.
Unveiling the Intricacies of Acute Aortic Syndromes through Imaging: A Case Series
Authors: Kikkeri Madhu Shankar , Rani R Vidhya , Naveen D , Akshay MR , Leelashree S
Published: July 2024

Acute Aortic Syndrome (AAS) comprises of three distinct pathological conditions: Aortic Dissection (AD), Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer (PAU), and Intramural Haematoma (IMH). Although AAS and its emergencies are not common occurrences, they are considered highly dangerous and potentially fatal. Clinically, differentiating between the various types of aortic syndromes can be challenging. The prognosis of these conditions significantly depends on speedy and precise analysis. Therefore, present study emphasised the critical role of radiology in the diagnosis of AASs, with Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) being the quickest and most consistent imaging modality. In this case series, four cases of AASs are presented, comprising three cases of AD and a case of PAU in a patient with infrarenal aortic occlusion. Notably, one of the dissection cases was accompanied by renal ischaemia. Recognising acute aortic emergencies promptly is essential for saving lives.
Empowering Women through Education and Skill Development: A Descriptive Analysis of Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao, Stand-Up India, and Skill India Mission
Authors: S. Manju Prem , Manjunatha. B. , H. Gunashekhar , Kiran N. R. , R. Karthik
Published: July 2024

This paper explores three pivotal government initiatives in India—Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao (BBBP), Stand-Up India, and Skill India Mission—aimed at enhancing the education and skill development of women. By examining the genesis, objectives, key components, and impacts of each program, this review highlights the significant strides and ongoing challenges in promoting gender equality and empowering women. Despite progress, gender-based disparities and deeply rooted cultural norms continue to pose significant challenges. The analysis underscores the importance of sustained community engagement, policy enforcement, and resource allocation to address deeply rooted gender disparities and foster a more inclusive society. This research is particularly significant in today's context, as it sheds light on the persistent gender inequality issues in India and the need for comprehensive strategies to overcome them.
External Financial Flows, Fiscal Policy and Human Development Index in Nigeria
Authors: Ebenezer Ariyibi, M. , O Akingunola, Richard. , A Obadeyi, James.
Published: July 2024

The sustainable development goals that were rolled out and adjusted from the un-attainment of Millennium development goals of 2015, lacks a notable financial option and channel that would help developing countries like Nigeria to achieve goal 3, goal 4 and goal 8, which this study captured with the human development index. This study examines the effect of external financial flows, fiscal policy and human development index in Nigeria. The used the secondary data that was collected from World development indicators and Central bank of Statistical Bulletin.  The period was between 1991 to 2022 bot year inclusive. The external financial flows was captured with foreign direct investment, foreign aid, remittances, net exports, external debt while fiscal policy was captured with government expenditure for education and government expenditure for health. The findings from the external financial flows revealed that foreign direct investment and remittances have a negative significant effect on human development index while net export have a positive significant human development index. The fiscal policy measures revealed that government expenditure on education have a positive significant effect on human development index while government expenditure on health have a negative significant effect on health. The Nigerian government should focus on policies that boost export sectors, especially those that add significant value to raw materials. This can be achieved through subsidies, tax incentives, and investment in infrastructure. The Nigerian government should allocate a larger portion of the national budget to education. This increase in funding should aim to address infrastructural deficits, enhance teacher training, and provide adequate learning materials. Implement robust mechanisms to ensure that health funds are used efficiently and transparently.
Assessing the Impact of Social Media on SME Performance Using Structural Equation Modelling
Authors: Kumar Kishlay , Mishra Puja
Published: July 2024

Social media technology plays a crucial role in boosting productivity and competitiveness within various industries. It has made a substantial impact on the growth and vitality of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the global economy. Through the utilization of social media technologies, SMEs can efficiently reach markets and interact with stakeholders while keeping costs to a minimum. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence SMEs' adoption of social media and the subsequent impact on their performance. The research team conducted a comprehensive study on the difficulties encountered by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), considering various aspects such as technology, organization, and the environment. To gather data for the investigation, a survey with predefined answer options was administered. By adopting a quantitative methodology, the researchers analyzed 395 responses using structural equation modelling from industries such as Pharmaceutical, Automobile parts components, Electronics, IT solution Provider, Logistics, Financials, Khadi, Ceramics and glass product in Jharkhand. The results suggest that social media is becoming increasingly important for SMEs. By focusing on studying the innovative use of social media, managers and decision-makers in SMEs can improve their performance. However, Business performance refers to how well an organization achieves its goals and objective, typically measured through Sales, Brand Awareness and Customer Relationship. Additionally, incorporating social media into their operations acts as a positive mediator between technology, organization, environment, and SME performance. This research also highlights the advantages of using social media for organizations and provides insights into the motivations behind investing in this digital platform. It will help SME owner/Manager to improve marketing practices via social media adoption.
Ameliorative Effect of Bambara Nut on Cognito-motor Functions of Konzo-induced Wistar Rats Model
Authors: V. O. Dimkpa , L. K. David , A. A. Ajah
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Konzo is a neurological disease characterized by a sudden onset of symmetrical and spastic paraparesis due to selective upper motoneuron damage.
Aim: To determine the Cognito-motor modulatory functions of Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) extract in improperly processed bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour Konzo-induced male Wistar rats.
Methodology: Twenty-five (25) Adult Male Wistar rats weighing between 180–200g were randomly divided into five (5) groups of five rats per group. The rats were allowed to acclimatize for 2 weeks. Konzo was induced following unprocessed bitter cassava flour feeding for a period of three weeks and fed with Bambara nut (BN). Feeding was as follows for 28 days: Group 1: Control group - rats in this group were fed with water and rat feed; Group 2 rats were fed with improperly processed bitter cassava flour to induce Konzo: Groups 3-5 rats were fed with different doses of Bambara nut extract 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively. Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted weekly using barnes maze and hand grip tasks to assess cognition, perception, motor functions and muscular strength. The data was analyzed using Graphpad Prism and Microsoft Excel 2019.
Results: In weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 trials, konzo-induced rats (Group 2) displayed significantly increased trial times for both cognitive and motor functions compared to Group 1 rats (p < 0.05). Administration of graded doses of BN extract amongst Groups 3, 4, and 5 rats      resulted in significant reduction in trial times compared to Group 2 rats (p < 0.05), suggesting a possible modulatory function of the extract of Bambara nut in bitter cassava induced  neurotoxicity.
Conclusion: Bambara nut extract improved cognito-motor functions in a dose dependent manner, resulting in a possible prevention of Konzo in male Wistar rats.
Ionospheric disturbance dynamo associated to a coronal hole: Case study of 5–10 April 2010
Authors: Fathy I. , Amory‐Mazaudier C. , Fathy A. , Mahrous A. M. , Yumoto K. , Ghamry E.
Published: April 2014

In this paper we study the planetary magnetic disturbance during the magnetic storm occurring on 5 April 2010 associated with high‐speed solar wind stream due to a coronal hole following a coronal mass ejection. We separate the magnetic disturbance associated to the ionospheric disturbance dynamo (Ddyn) from the magnetic disturbance associated to the prompt penetration of magnetospheric electric field (DP2). This event exhibits different responses of ionospheric disturbance dynamo in the different longitude sectors (European‐African, Asian, and American). The strongest effect is observed in the European‐African sector. The Ddyn disturbance reduces the amplitude of the daytime H component at low latitudes during four consecutive days in agreement with the Blanc and Richmond's model of ionospheric disturbance dynamo. The amplitude of Ddyn decreased with time during the 4 days. We discuss its diverse worldwide effects. The observed signature of magnetic disturbance process in specific longitude sector is strongly dependent on which Earth's side faces the magnetic storms (i.e., there is a different response depending on which longitude sector is at noon when the SSC hits). Finally, we determined an average period of 22 h for Ddyn using wavelet analysis.
The primary and recycling sources of OH during the NACHTT‐2011 campaign: HONO as an important OH primary source in the wintertime
Authors: Kim Saewung , VandenBoer Trevor C. , Young Cora J. , Riedel Theran P. , Thornton Joel A. , Swarthout Bob , Sive Barkley , Lerner Brian , Gilman Jessica B. , Warneke Carsten , Roberts James M. , Guenther Alex , Wagner Nicholas L. , Dubé William P. , Williams Eric , Brown Steven S.
Published: April 2014

We present OH observations from Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition, and Halogens on a Tall Tower 2011 (NACHTT‐11) held at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Weld County, Colorado. Average OH levels at noon were ~ 2.7 × 106 molecules cm−3 at 2 m above ground level. Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis was the dominant OH source (80.4%) during this campaign, while alkene ozonolysis (4.9%) and ozone photolysis (14.7%) were smaller contributions to OH production. To evaluate recycling sources of OH from HO2 and RO2, an observationally constrained University of Washington Chemical Mechanism (UWCM) box model (version 2.1) was employed to simulate ambient OH levels over several scenarios. For the base run, not constrained by observed HONO, the model significantly underestimated OH by a factor of 5.3 in the morning (9:00–11:00) and by a factor of 3.2 in the afternoon (13:00–15:00). The results suggest that known chemistry cannot constrain HONO and, subsequently, OH during the observational period. When HONO is constrained in the model by observations (< 50 m), the discrepancy between observation and model simulation improves to a factor of 1.3 in the morning and a factor 1.1 in the afternoon, within the 35% estimated instrumental uncertainty. However, the model produces both a morning and afternoon maximum in OH, in contrast to the observations, which show strong evidence for morning OH production but no distinct morning maximum. Two additional OH sources were also considered, although they do not improve the differences in modeled and measured temporal OH profiles. First, the impact of daytime HONO gradients near the ground surface (< 20 m) was evaluated. Strong HONO gradients were observed between 06:00 and 09:00 MST (mountain standard time), especially within 20 m of the surface. When constrained to HONO observed below 20 m (rather than 50 m), the model produced an even larger morning OH maximum, in contrast to the observations. Second, Cl atoms from ClNO2 photolysis producing RO2 from reaction with alkanes, while significant, produced steady state Cl atom levels (~ 103 atoms cm−3) that were too low to significantly perturb measured OH through reactions of organic peroxy radicals produced from Cl reactions with volatile organic compounds.
To what extent can interannual CO2 variability constrain carbon cycle sensitivity to climate change in CMIP5 Earth System Models?
Authors: Wang Jun , Zeng Ning , Liu Yimin , Bao Qing
Published: April 2014

We analyze the carbon‐climate feedback in eight Earth System Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We focus on tropical land carbon change and find decreases (−31.02 to −169.32 GtC K−1) indicating tropical ecosystems will release carbon as temperature warms, thus contributing to a positive feedback identified in earlier studies. We further investigate the relationship between tropical land carbon change and sensitivity of historical atmospheric CO2 growth rate to tropical temperature variability and find a weak linear relationship. This sensitivity for most models is stronger than observed. We further use this “emergent constraint” to constrain uncertainties in model‐projected future carbon‐climate changes and find little effect in narrowing the model spread, but the mean sensitivity is slightly smaller. This contrasts with earlier Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project results, highlighting the challenge in constraining future projections by modern observations and the necessity for evaluating such relationships continuously.
Effect of self‐absorption on attenuation of lightning and transmitter signals in the lower ionosphere
Authors: Marshall R. A.
Published: April 2014

The attenuation of VLF signals from lightning and ground‐based VLF transmitters during transionospheric propagation has been the subject of recent interest, as discrepancies have been found between satellite data and model calculations. Previous modeling efforts, however, have not considered the self‐absorption effect due to nonlinear heating and ionization in the lower ionosphere. A self‐consistent model of ionospheric heating is presented here using a time‐domain model of VLF wave propagation through the ionosphere. The model is able to estimate the attenuation of signals due to heating below ∼100 km altitude. In this model, the ionospheric state is updated as the fields propagate, leading to changes in collision frequency and electron density, which in turn affect the wave propagation. We use this model for ground‐based VLF transmitters at different frequencies, amplitudes, and latitudes (i.e., magnetic dip angle), and for lightning‐generated sferics with different amplitudes, at different latitudes, and using a variety of ionospheric density profiles. We find that the inclusion of self‐consistent heating causes a change in the transionospherically propagating wave amplitude that varies considerably with the source amplitude and other parameters. Typical values for the heating contribution to wave attenuation are 1−2 dB for VLF transmitters, but greater than 10 dB for large amplitude lightning discharges. An interesting effect is observed for VLF transmitters and low‐amplitude lightning, where the signal is actually enhanced due to heating, rather than attenuated, in the direction propagating across the Earth's magnetic field.
Field‐Assisted Sintering Technology/Spark Plasma Sintering: Mechanisms, Materials, and Technology Developments
Authors: Guillon Olivier , Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus , Dargatz Benjamin , Kessel Tobias , Schierning Gabi , Räthel Jan , Herrmann Mathias
Published: April 2014

Field‐assisted sintering technology/Spark plasma sintering is a low voltage, direct current (DC) pulsed current activated, pressure‐assisted sintering, and synthesis technique, which has been widely applied for materials processing in the recent years. After a description of its working principles and historical background, mechanical, thermal, electrical effects in FAST/SPS are presented along with the role of atmosphere. A selection of successful materials development including refractory materials, nanocrystalline functional ceramics, graded, and non‐equilibrium materials is then discussed. Finally, technological aspects (advanced tool concepts, temperature measurement, finite element simulations) are covered.
Nanoporous Hydrogen Bonded Polymeric Microparticles: Facile and Economic Production of Cross Presentation Promoting Vaccine Carriers
Authors: Dierendonck Marijke , Fierens Kaat , De Rycke Riet , Lybaert Lien , Maji Samarendra , Zhang Zhiyue , Zhang Qilu , Hoogenboom Richard , Lambrecht Bart N. , Grooten Johan , Remon Jean Paul , De Koker Stefaan , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: April 2014

Nanoporous microparticles are produced in a single step based on hydrogen bonding between a neutral polymer and tannic acid. These particles are stable in physiological medium, are non‐toxic to in vitro cultured cells, and can efficiently encapsulate proteins. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that these porous hydrogen bonded microparticles are able to induce antigen‐specific cellular and humoral immune responses against encapsulated vaccine antigens. Considering the easy and low cost manufacturing of this dry powder formulation from approved readily available components, it is anticipated that this technology holds great promise for the formulation of vaccines for developing countries or for pandemic vaccines where long term storage under refrigerated conditions is a major issue. Additionally, due to the versatility of the approach facilitates straightforward co‐encapsulation of a wide variety of additional components to further modulate the immune response.
Microbial Synthesis of Medium‐Chain α,ω‐Dicarboxylic Acids and ω‐Aminocarboxylic Acids from Renewable Long‐Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Song Ji‐Won , Lee Jung‐Hoo , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Park Jin‐Byung
Published: April 2014

Biotransformation of long‐chain fatty acids into medium‐chain α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids or ω‐aminocarboxylic acids could be achieved with biocatalysts. This study presents the production of α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids (e.g., C9, C11, C12, C13) and ω‐aminocarboxylic acids (e.g., C11, C12, C13) directly from fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, lesquerolic acid) using recombinant Escherichia coli‐based biocatalysts. ω‐Hydroxycarboxylic acids, which were produced from oxidative cleavage of fatty acids via enzymatic reactions involving a fatty acid double bond hydratase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase and an esterase, were then oxidized to α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, AlkJ) from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 or converted into ω‐aminocarboxylic acids by a serial combination of ADH from P. putida GPo1 and an ω‐transaminase of Silicibacter pomeroyi. The double bonds present in the fatty acids such as ricinoleic acid and lesquerolic acid were reduced by E. coli‐native enzymes during the biotransformations. This study demonstrates that the industrially relevant building blocks (C9 to C13 saturated α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids and ω‐aminocarboxylic acids) can be produced from renewable fatty acids using biocatalysis.

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Modular Synthesis of Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos for Catalytic Asymmetric Alkynylation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Unexpected Reversal of Enantioselectivity
Authors: Song Tao , Zheng Long‐Sheng , Ye Fei , Deng Wen‐Hui , Wei Yun‐Long , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: April 2014

An interesting group of multifunctional phosphines (Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos; Ar‐BINMOL=1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2‐α‐arylmethanol‐2′‐ol) with multi‐stereogenic centers of axial and sp3‐central chirality has been prepared successfully from a single chiral source through a concise synthetic route, in which the neighbouring lithium‐promoted [1,2]‐Wittig rearrangement proceeding with excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity is the key process in this approach. Also, in the catalytic alkynylation of aromatic aldehydes with terminal alkynes, the combination of these Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos ligands with dimethylzinc was found to be an effective catalyst system to afford predominantly the S‐configured propargylic alcohols, whereas the additional use of calcium hydride and n‐butyllithium along with the same Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos ligands gave the R‐configured products in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).

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Tetrabutylammonium Iodide‐Catalyzed Radical Alkoxycarbonylation of 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls with Carbazates: Synthesis of Phenanthridine‐6‐carboxylates
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Fang Mingwu , Hu Peizhu , Hong Guo , Tang Yucai , Xu Xiangsheng
Published: April 2014

A practical and environmentally friendly strategy for generating alkoxycarbonyl radicals from readily available carbazates under metal‐free conditions has been developed. In the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide, 2‐isocyanobiphenyls smoothly underwent radical alkoxycarbonylation with carbazates to afford phenanthridine‐6‐carboxylates.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Picolinamide‐Directed Acetoxylation of Unactivated γ‐C(sp3)H Bonds of Alkylamines
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhang Shu‐Yu , He Gang , Nack William A. , Chen Gong
Published: April 2014

We report a new protocol for palladium‐catalyzed acetoxylation of the γ‐C(sp3)H bonds of N‐alkylpicolinamide substrates using PhI(OAc)2 oxidant. These reactions involve the use of substoichiometric amounts of Li2CO3 additive, which effectively suppresses the competing intramolecular CH amination process. Under these conditions, N‐propylpicolinamides bearing α substituents can be cleanly converted to γ‐acetoxylated amine products in excellent yield. This CH acetoxylation can also be used in concert with other Pd‐catalyzed picolinamide‐directed CH functionalization reactions for rapid scaffold diversification.

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CH Activation by Amide Chelation Control: Ruthenium‐ Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐3‐furanamides
Authors: Zhao Yigang , Snieckus Victor
Published: April 2014

A new, catalytic methodology for the synthesis of heterobiaryls by the ruthenium‐catalyzed CH activation/cross‐coupling of heterocyclic amides with aryl boroneopentylates is surveyed. From this survey, the highly regioselective reaction of furan‐3‐carboxamide to give 2‐aryl‐3‐furanamides is optimized and generalized in scope with respect to the aryl boroneopentylate coupling partners. Established thereby is a one‐step synthetic method which may supercede the broadly applied two‐step directed ortho metalation (DoM)–cross coupling reaction involving cryogenic and strong base conditions and which has potential for further ortho and remote metalation chemistry.

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Directed CH Alkenylation of Quinoline N‐Oxides at the C‐8 Position Using a Cationic Rhodium(I) Catalyst
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Matsuo Yusuke
Published: April 2014

The cationic rhodium‐catalyzed alkenylation proceeds at the C‐8 position of quinoline N‐oxides. Regioselective CH bond activation was achieved by the directing effect of the anionic oxygen of an N‐oxide moiety, which can be readily removed by reductive treatment. A variety of 8‐alkenylated quinoline N‐oxides was obtained in moderate to high yields.

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Using multivariate adaptive regression splines to estimate subadult age from diaphyseal dimensions
Authors: Stull Kyra E. , L'Abbé Ericka N. , Ousley Stephen D.
Published: April 2014

Subadult age estimation is considered the most accurate parameter estimated in a subadult biological profile, even though the methods are deficient and the samples from which they are based are inappropriate. The current study addresses the problems that plague subadult age estimation and creates age estimation models from diaphyseal dimensions of modern children. The sample included 1,310 males and females between the ages of birth and 12 years. Eighteen diaphyseal length and breadth measurements were obtained from Lodox Statscan radiographic images generated at two institutions in Cape Town, South Africa, between 2007 and 2012. Univariate and multivariate age estimation models were created using multivariate adaptive regression splines. k‐fold cross‐validated 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were created for each model, and the precision of each model was assessed. The diaphyseal length models generated the narrowest PIs (2 months to 6 years) for all univariate models. The majority of multivariate models had PIs that ranged from 3 months to 5 and 6 years. Mean bias approximated 0 for each model, but most models lost precision after 10 years of age. Univariate diaphyseal length models are recommended for younger children, whereas multivariate models are recommended for older children where the inclusion of more variables minimized the size of the PIs. If diaphyseal lengths are not available, multivariate breadth models are recommended. The present study provides applicable age estimation formulae and explores the advantages and disadvantages of different subadult age estimation models using diaphyseal dimensions. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:376–386, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Chelating Azides for Efficient Click Conjugation Reactions in Complex Media
Authors: Bevilacqua Valentina , King Mathias , Chaumontet Manon , Nothisen Marc , Gabillet Sandra , Buisson David , Puente Céline , Wagner Alain , Taran Frédéric
Published: April 2014

The concept of chelation‐assisted copper catalysis was employed for the development of new azides that display unprecedented reactivity in the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Azides that bear strong copper‐chelating moieties were synthesized; these functional groups allow the formation of azide copper complexes that react almost instantaneously with alkynes under diluted conditions. Efficient ligation occurred at low concentration and in complex media with only one equivalent of copper, which improves the biocompatibility of the CuAAC reaction. Furthermore, such a click reaction allowed the localization of a bioactive compound inside living cells by fluorescence measurements.
A Protic Ionic Liquid Catalyzes CO2 Conversion at Atmospheric Pressure and Room Temperature: Synthesis of Quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones
Authors: Zhao Yanfei , Yu Bo , Yang Zhenzhen , Zhang Hongye , Hao Leiduan , Gao Xiang , Liu Zhimin
Published: April 2014

The chemical fixation of CO2 under mild reaction conditions is of significance from a sustainable chemistry viewpoint. Herein a CO2‐reactive protic ionic liquid (PIL), [HDBU+][TFE−], was designed by neutralization of the superbase 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) with a weak proton donor trifluoroethanol (TFE). As a bifunctional catalyst for simultaneously activating CO2 and the substrate, this PIL displayed excellent performance in catalyzing the reactions of CO2 with 2‐aminobenzonitriles at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, thus producing a series of quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones in excellent yields.
Biocatalytic Self‐Assembly of Supramolecular Charge‐Transfer Nanostructures Based on n‐Type Semiconductor‐Appended Peptides
Authors: Nalluri Siva Krishna Mohan , Berdugo Cristina , Javid Nadeem , Frederix Pim W. J. M. , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: April 2014

The reversible in situ formation of a self‐assembly building block (naphthalenediimide (NDI)–dipeptide conjugate) by enzymatic condensation of NDI‐functionalized tyrosine (NDI‐Y) and phenylalanine‐amide (F‐NH2) to form NDI‐YF‐NH2 is described. This coupled biocatalytic condensation/assembly approach is thermodynamically driven and gives rise to nanostructures with optimized supramolecular interactions as evidenced by substantial aggregation induced emission upon assembly. Furthermore, in the presence of di‐hydroxy/alkoxy naphthalene donors, efficient charge‐transfer complexes are produced. The dynamic formation of NDI‐YF‐NH2 and electronic and H‐bonding interactions are analyzed and characterized by different methods. Microscopy (TEM and AFM) and rheology are used to characterize the formed nanostructures. Dynamic nanostructures, whose formation and function are driven by free‐energy minimization, are inherently self‐healing and provide opportunities for the development of aqueous adaptive nanotechnology.
Ester Carbonyl Vibration as a Sensitive Probe of Protein Local Electric Field
Authors: Pazos Ileana M. , Ghosh Ayanjeet , Tucker Matthew J. , Gai Feng
Published: April 2014

The ability to quantify the local electrostatic environment of proteins and protein/peptide assemblies is key to gaining a microscopic understanding of many biological interactions and processes. Herein, we show that the ester carbonyl stretching vibration of two non‐natural amino acids, L‐aspartic acid 4‐methyl ester and L‐glutamic acid 5‐methyl ester, is a convenient and sensitive probe in this regard, since its frequency correlates linearly with the local electrostatic field for both hydrogen‐bonding and non‐hydrogen‐bonding environments. We expect that the resultant frequency–electric‐field map will find use in various applications. Furthermore, we show that, when situated in a non‐hydrogen‐bonding environment, this probe can also be used to measure the local dielectric constant (ε). For example, its application to amyloid fibrils formed by Aβ16–22 revealed that the interior of such β‐sheet assemblies has an ε value of approximately 5.6.