bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uczestnictwo w globalnej ekumenie kulturowej?
Authors: Nobis Adam
Published: March 2020

Participationin a global cultural ecumene?Certain theorists of global processes and phenomena find it useless for their studies to imagine culture in terms national or tribal that depart from an assumption of there being amultitude of different cultures. The conception of global cultural ecumene of Ulf Hannerz is one of the alternative propositions, for it assumes the existence of one cross-human cultural ecumene within which influences, borrowings, modifications and other cultural processes can occur. If we were to follow this route, one would have to begin by posing afew questions. Can we speak of our participation in a global ecumene? And how is it possible in the first place? Can we, and if yes, how and why, take part, or share, cultural contents that are so different and distant in time and space? My paper searches for an answer to these questions. It opens with an analysis of objects located in the quotidian spaces of our homes, yet coming from distant places and times.
„Mythopoeia” and „Quenta Silmarillion” by J.R.R. Tolkien — God, Faith, Freedom, and the Second Coming
Authors: Lichański Jakub Z.
Published: March 2020

Mythopoeia and Quenta Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien — God, Faith, Freedom, and the Second Coming The aim of the study is to describe how such categories as: God, faith, freedom, Second Coming are presented in the works of J.R. R. Tolkien, mainly in the poem Mythopoeia and in the epos Quenta Silmarillion. The author referring to the achievements of the writer, and also literature and tries to show how specified categories are introduced to the aforementioned literary works and what a role they play. The myth that in Tolkien’s work plays an important role, is an expression of hope; analysis also shows that faith and expectation of the Second Coming do not restrict the freedom of heroes. On the contrary — they are its full expression.Another problem is the issue of “kiss of Circe”, which symbolizes Tolkien’s “seduction economic delusion of happiness” and that deprives us of the gift of being free. The thesis of the author coincides with Hermann Brochs note that our hope lies in remaining faithful „Platonic ideas”, which is close conjunction with Christian hope. Otherwise — we will fight in barbarism. Tolkien’s work shows us the essence of said Hope. As said Stefan Lichański “in the process of exploring this love works in a latent, we delude ourselves that everything we get, we owe yourself while here we need the inspirational power of God’s love”.
Adapting tone from novel to film: Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita and its film adaptation by Stanley Kubrick
Authors: Piwińska Maria
Published: March 2020

Adapting tone from novel to film: Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita and its film adaptation by Stanley KubrickThe article deals with Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita and its film adaptation by Stanley Kubrick. The tone of the novel makes a simple transfer from novel to film impossible without losing characteristics of the novel. These consist of unreliable narration, wordplays, satire and numerous examples of parody. Kubrick suggests a range of devices to convey the tone of the novel.
Estetyka i perswazja. Czytanie plakatu na podstawie posterów Rafała Olbińskiego
Authors: Biała Alina
Published: March 2020

Aesthetics and persuasion: Reading the poster based on posters by Rafał Olbiński The article discusses the art of the poster: its characteristics, beginnings, development, materials, goals, interpretations, and connections with other arts. With reference to the opinions of R. Barthes, U. Eco and S. Wysłouch, the author presents the poster as a two-code text, which connects the signs of the primary verbal language with the signs of the secondary iconic system. The process of creating the meanings of a poster has also been described: the conversion of a poster’s denotative perceptional form into a connotative cultural one, and the creation of visual metaphors and symbols. Theoretical aspects have been illustrated with interpretations of posters made by Rafał Olbiński. The conclusion discusses a three-variant model of reading posters, which reflects various research perspectives concerning the signs of poster forms.
Legendy miejskie netloru jako wyraz niepokojów współczesnego świata na przykładzie legend internetowych
Authors: Napiórkowski Mateusz
Published: March 2020

Netlore urban legends as an expression of unrestin the modern worldThe article discusses the topic of urban legends on the Internet. The author presents the contemporary context in which urban legends function, paying attention to the importance of social un­rest in shaping and disseminating these stories. Furthermore, the author presents other forms related to urban legends circulating on the internet, such as chain letters and creepypasta. Using the example of netlore legends, the author presents areas in which the anxiety arising from the development of modern technology can freely spread — primarily the internet, viruses and computer applications that can be provided as a source and form of fear transmission. The author refers to the theory of the rumor of Jean Delumeau, and Marshall McLuhan’s media theory. The examples of urban legends have been drawn from Mark Barber’s book Urban legends.
Od ofiary po sukuba. Wizerunek kobiety w kinie giallo
Authors: Wajda Piotr
Published: March 2020

From victim to succubus: Women representation in giallo filmsThe presented article revolves around depictions of women protagonists in giallo films. The author starts with a brief introduction on the controversies connected with the directors’ comments and critique of the violence, nudity and the ways the fate of a woman is presented in giallo. Furthermore, the author describes how different types of women are presented in selected films. He emphasizes the influence of social changes of the 1960s and 1970s on the mentioned depictions. Firstly, he focuses on the “woman as a victim” motif; secondly, the author describes other archetypes, known as “a fighting woman”, “femme fatale” and “menades”. The article is concluded with a brief commentary on the artistic reinterpretations of traditional Western symbolism in the Italian giallo genre.
Będę singielką jak moja mama, czyli o cywilizacyjnych zmianach w języku dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym
Authors: Zgółkowa Halina , Matuszewska Izabela
Published: March 2020

„I will be a single-woman like my Mummy”, or about civilization changes in language using by pre-school childrenThe main aim of this paper is to show how two immediately successive generations of pre-school children own — thanks to language — the rules of participation in social life and knowledge of the surrounding world. These two generations were the ones, who in the years 1980–83 were at a pre-school age and are now parents of children of the same age in 2010–2013. The analysis of the lexical score and language consciousness conducted from a thirty years’ perspective gave unexpected results which suggest the need to revise Baudouin de Courtenay’s thesis, according to which children’s language is a kind of projection of adult users language representing the next generation. Made confrontations done show how many new words which were not used by the previous generation, i.e. parents appear in the lexical score and in consciousness of today pre-schools.
Radość w nabożeństwie drogi krzyżowej w kontekście przemian językowych i kulturowych
Authors: Sieradzka-Mruk Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Radość joy in devotion of Stations of the Cross in the context of changes of language and cultureThe article presents the specificity of the image of joy in the discourse of Catholic devotion of the so-called Way of the Cross Stations of the Cross and changes of conceptualization of this emotion that occurred in the twentieth century. The study uses elements of methodology of the lexical-semantic field. The analysis is based on about 100 Polish texts used in the Way of the Cross published during the first half of the twentieth century and 100 contemporary texts of devotional practice after the II Vatican Council. The study is an attempt to explain why some words are replaced by others, for example what are the reasons for a frequent use of the word przyjemność pleasure instead of the word rozkosz delight. It highlights the emergence of new lexemes in the discourse, such as optymizm optimism, satysfakcja satisfaction. It also shows changes in the frequency of occurrence of different subcategories of joy, for example disappearance of the model of sacrificial joy and appearance of the joy of the Resurrection.
Totalitaryzm — doświadczenie i konceptualizacja językowa. Obraz pojęcia w języku polityki okresu drugiej wojny światowej
Authors: Poprawa Marcin
Published: March 2020

Totalitarianism as a collective experience and conceptualisation in language: The language image of the concept in the underground press and the language of political propaganda of the Second World WarThe article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author of the article describes the history of the concept of totalitarianism and words used in the semantic field of that lexeme. In the theoretical fragments, the author describes the phenomenon of lexicographical and semantic researches on the word totalitarianism also presents a history of that important word from the political vocabulary. The second part of the article is empirical. The author presents examples of how lexical meanings of totalitarianism were used in a very important period of history and a very important period for that word. The article describes the process of beginning to name totalitarianism and the semantic process of that concept during the Second World War.
Orient po polsku. Obraz orientu w polskiej leksykografii
Authors: Prokop Daria
Published: March 2020

The Orient in Polish: An image of the Orient in Polish lexicographyThe article focuses on the study of the meaning, occurrence and use of the term Orient and its derivatives — associated words related to it — in the Polish language. The starting point is the concept of a linguistic image of the world that assumes the dependence of the individual’s perception of reality on the language he or she uses. A person, learning about the world, experiences it with the help of native speech, which imposes a certain specific way of thinking. The language appears as a filter and a ready set of interpretive schemes that impose a specific point of view on the user. The aim of the presented research is the reconstruction of the linguistic image of the non-linguistic reality section represented by the Orient lexeme and its derivatives. The study covered the National Corpus of the Polish Language, more widely available dictionary and encyclopedic definitions, and types of usage that can be observed in the contemporary public space represented by the so-called old and new media. The article also focuses on the connotations of the word Orient appearing in the Polish language system. An important part of the research focuses on the functioning of the analyzed lexeme and its derivatives in Polish culture, taking into account the changes taking place. The observed changes were separated and described, then presented in a chronological manner. The presented analysis creates the possibility of a better understanding of the perception of the Orient by people speaking Polish.
Slovní druh jako základní jazykovědný a didaktický pojem
Authors: Klímová Květoslava
Published: March 2020

Word class as a basic linguistic and didactic termthe beginning of the article deals with a word class as a linguistic term. The emphasis is put on its application in both semantic and formal morphology, in lexicology, word formation and syntax. We pay attention to the fact that word classes are not disjunctive groups; it means that there are many words that convert from one word class to another one. In the second part of the contribution, we focus on the meaning of word classes for teaching at primary school, especially at the lower grade. The emphasis is put on three basic functions of words, the semantic, form and syntactic one, whose features are principal components for a definition of a word class. The attention is paid to the last curricular document, i.e. Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education, which was introduced into the education system in 2006/2007. We focus on the position of curriculum about word classes in this document. Finally, we offer possibilities of illustrative tasks that may be used when introducing Primary School Standards and that have been created on the basis of Bloom’s taxonomy minimal, optimal and excellent level. All of the exemplary tasks relate to the curriculum about word classes at lower primary school.
Język domostwem bycia — o funkcjonalnym nauczaniu polszczyzny w podręcznikach dla nauczycieli Tadeusza Czapczyńskiego
Authors: Gajak-Toczek Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

The language as home — on the functional teaching of Polish in textbooks for teachers by Tadeusz Czapczyński The aim of this article is to discuss Tadeusz Czapczyński’s textbooks for teachers: Exercises in Speaking 1922 and Methodology of Stylistic Exercises in Primary and Secondary School. The Manual for Taught 1929. It grew out of the reform tendencies specific to the education in Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland and correlated with the innovative findings of the pedagogical and psychological sciences and the disciplines of motherhood. In an innovative way Czapczyński prevented nineteenth-century verbalism, placing the student in a new role: researcher and explorer. This Polish teacher was advocating for the training of correct and proficient skills in speech and writing, and thus subjected practical purposes to classroom activities. In place of memorizing the norms and rules he introduced exercises in everyday language use.
Łemkowie — tylko „inni” czy aż „obcy”?
Authors: Misiak Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

The Lemkos — just others or no less than strangersThe Lemkos are a group of Ruthenian population, whose history is closely linked with that of Poland. Historically, they emerged as a fully distinct ethnographic entity in the Polish Carpathians, that is within the Polish state. The article is an attempt to answer the question: how are the Lemkos perceived by the Poles, who for centuries have constituted their natural social and national milieu? There is no doubt that the Lemkos differ from the Poles in their customs, language and religion. But are they strangers? In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the Polish gentry regarded the Ruthenians living in the Commonwealth as part of the Polish community. In the Second Polish Republic they enjoyed all the rights of Polish citizens. Shortly after the war, in 1944–1947, they were forcibly moved by the communist authorities from their little homeland in the Beskid Mountains. Today, as surveys conducted among the Poles show, the Lemkos are a group practically unknown to ordinary Poles.
Economic features of monetary policy of countries in and their influence on unemployment rate of Ukraine
Authors: Navrotska Iryna
Published: March 2020

Economic features of monetary policy of countries in transition and their influence on unemployment rate of UkraineThe aim of the article is to investigate the role of monetary policy in stimulating labor markets. The paper identifies instruments of monetary policy that affect labor market of countries in transition. The examined determinants are investment inflows, level of inflation and interest rate. Data were collected from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the National Bank of Ukraine. The empirical results reveal that high interest rates of the countries in the EU are almost the lowest in comparison to those in transition economies, which reflects existing risk and instability of the economic system of countries in transition. Furthermore, the paper discovers gross capital investment to GDP per country and demonstrates Belarus leading in inflows of investment to the country. The research was conducted using the methods of theoretical explanations, descriptive and econometric analysis. The results of the empiric research have determined that for the period 2008–2016 asignificant relationship between refinance rate, amount of government securities and unemployment rate of Ukraine is observed. Consequently, Ukraine is provided with recommendations to decrease refinance rate for the purpose of stimulating inflows of investment to the country.
Konsumenci versus przedsiębiorcy w kontekście opłaty za obsługę posprzedażną
Authors: Dobosz Damian
Published: March 2020

Consumers versus Entrepreneurs through the lens of a rate of the after-sales serviceThe article delves into preliminary questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union posed by the Landgericht in Stuttgart in the case Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs Frankfurt am Main e.V against Comtech GmbH. The author refers to a recent opinion of Maciej Szpunar, the Advocate General. The introductory part of the paper starts with the in-depth study of EU and Germany’s regulations due to their application in the case at issue. The crucial issue is to decide whether arranging higher fees by entrepreneurs - as far as off-premises or distance contracts are concerned — is proceeding in accordance with the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2011/83/UE. Then the author adumbrates the factual circumstances presented by the Advocate General, comments them and — by detailed analysis, indicates staples of the case. Afterwards the author contemplates widely understood legal implications. Finally, compensation claims are taken into consideration.
Spór wokół prokury łącznej niewłaściwej jako sposobu reprezentacji w spółkach kapitałowych
Authors: Karkowski Paweł J. , Stefaniuk Weronika A.
Published: March 2020

The dispute over the incorrect joint procuration as a way of representation in private limited companiesThe subject of this article is an attempt to present the most important problems related to a power of attorney in a company that raises many questions for people who apply specific rules on a daily basis. Authors will analyze the individual issues that are the cause of doctrinal disputes as well as case law, but not without reference to practice. The purpose of the study will be to describe the incorrect joint commercial representation which should no longer be called this way. Authors will analize the legal status before and after the amendment of the Civil Code, referring to the changes critically and answering at the same time question whether those already introduced changes solve the problems that have occurred so far or they are still not sufficient. To sum up considerations in the end, authors will mark new problems pending after the amendment.
Zdolność do wyrażenia zgody na zabieg przez pacjenta a zdolność do czynności prawnych
Authors: Klimas Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

THE ABILITY OF A PATIENT TO CONSERT TO MEDICAL TREATMENT AND THE ABILITY TO CIVIL ACTIONSThis article is devoted to the analysis of the relation between the institution of the ability to civil actions established by the provisions of the Civil Code and the patient’s consent provided by the Patient Rights and Patient Rights Act, as well as the Act on Doctor and Dentist Professions. The work aim is to make a detailed assessment of the status of a patient equipped with full legal capacity, deprived of this ability and having restricted legal capacity, to present discrepancies between the norms regulating the subjective conditions for effective legal actions under civil law and the provisions that determine the rules for granting consent for medical treatment.
Ewolucja audytu wewnętrznego na świecie
Authors: Dasek Tomasz
Published: March 2020

EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AUDIT IN THE WORLDThe role of internal audit is to provide independent and objective assurance that anorganisation‘s risk managment, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively. The article presents the history of internal audit in the world, which due to environment changes as well as unfavourable occurrences taking place on the global market, play a remarkable role in banking systems.
Instytucja przymusowego leczenia jednostki w aspekcie przepisów prawnych i teorii psychologicznych
Authors: Słapczyński Tomasz , Stradomska Marlena
Published: March 2020

FORCED TREATMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL. LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTThis article is intended to provide a summary of legal and psychological considerations on issues related to the forced treatment of people who suffer from mental disorders and addicted person. The presented subject has interdisciplinary connotations, which are interpreted in a multidimensional manner. These groups of people are exposed to many difficulties in the professional, interpersonal or family environment. Forced treatment involves many limitations, deficits, self-control of emotional control, regular medication and the potential side effects of therapy. What is more, difficulties arise within the planning itself and actions. In some cases, it is necessary to forced treatment people who are dangerous to themselves and their environment. The legal regulations are helpful to undertake these activities. Focusing on the proposed topic may outline the course of action and provide a framework for people who works with individuals and institutions dealing with that kind of problems.
Osoba starsza jako pokrzywdzony w postępowaniu przed sądem karnym
Authors: Górnicka Maria
Published: March 2020

Elderly person as an aggrieved party in the criminal court proceedings The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the special regulations concerning the situation of an elderly person as an aggrieved party in the criminal court proceedings are rudimentary and inadequate, so it is worth to have been extended. This will be done at first by drawing attention to the definition and status of the aggrieved elderly person in the criminal court proceedings, and a description of its current permissions divided on a victim without a party status and a victim with a party status. Then the whole is topped with a proposal for regulations to facilitate the use of the permissions of the elderly persons as an aggrieved party in the criminal court proceedings.
Jednostki organizacyjne urzędów celno-skarbowych w zakresie przeciwdziałania organizacji nielegalnych gier hazardowych na automatach
Authors: Politowicz Jerzy
Published: March 2020

Organizację gier hazardowych na automatach polski ustawodawca poddał szczególnie rygorystycznym ograniczeniom. Kontrola tego  obszaru powierzona została organom Krajowej Administracji Skarbowej i działającym w jej strukturach organom celno-skarbowym. Z kolei organy celno-skarbowe realizują swoje zadania dzięki podległym sobie urzędom. Struktura organizacyjna tych urzędów została uregulowana prawnie. W urzędach utworzono piony, w ramach których funkcjonują poszczególne komórki organizacyjne, realizujące ściśle określony zakres zadań. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: jakim komórkom organizacyjnym urzędów celno-skarbowych powierzone zostało zadanie przeciwdziałania nielegalnej organizacji gier hazardowych na automatach, a także w jakim zakresie? Literatura przedmiotu dowodzi, że podobnego zadania nikt jeszcze się nie podjął. Niniejszy artykuł może zatem przyczynić się do wypełnienia luki w tym obszarze prawa finansowego. Organizational units of customs and tax offices in the field of illegal games on gambling machinesThe organization of gambling on machines has been subject to particularly rigorous restrictions by the Polish legislator. The control of this area was entrusted to the bodies of the National Tax Administration and the customs and tax authorities operating within its structures. In turn, customs and tax authorities carry out their tasks with the help of subordinate offices. The organizational structure of these offices has been regulated by law. In offices, divisions have been created within which individual organizational units, fulfilling a well-defined scope of tasks, function. The purpose of this article is an attempt to answer the question: what organizational cells of customs and tax offices have been entrusted with the task of counteracting the illegal organization of gambling on machines and to what extent? The literature of the subject proves that no one has yet undertaken a similar task. This article can therefore contribute to filling the gap in this area of financial law.
Wpływ antropologii na naukę prawa
Authors: Daniel Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wpływ antropologii na naukę prawa, która jest dyscypliną podlegającą stałym przemianom. Zdefiniowane zostały kluczowe takie pojęcia, jak: nauka, szkoła naukowa, antropologia. Przedstawiono ewolucję powstania antropologii oraz jej kształtowanie się w Polsce w ciągu lat. W tym celu powołano się na trzy najważniejsze nurty uprawiania antropologii, a mianowicie szkoły lwowską, krakowską i paryską. Antropologia jest powiązana z wieloma dziedzinami nauki, a od lat czterdziestych–pięćdziesiątych zaczęto również łączyć ją z prawem. Co prawda antropologia prawna jest stosunkowo nową dyscypliną, lecz nie należy bagatelizować jej znaczenia w nauce prawa. The influence of anthropology on the science of lawThis article concerns the influence of anthropology on the science of law, which is a discipline subject to constant change. Key terms such as: science, science school, anthropology have been defined. The evolution of the formation of anthropology and its formation in Poland over the years has been presented. To this end, the three most important trends of practicing anthropology were referred to, namely the Lviv, Krakow and Paris schools. Anthropology is associated with many fields of science, and from the 1940s and 1950s it was also connected with the law. Although legal anthropology is a relatively new discipline, one should not underestimate its importance in learning the law.
Pracownicze Plany Kapitałowe jako przykład zastosowania ekonomii behawioralnej
Authors: Kolek Antoni , Sobolewski Oskar
Published: March 2020

Zmiany wprowadzane w obszarze długoterminowego oszczędzania w Polsce mają na celu stworzenie dodatkowych zasobów finansowych niezbędnych do pokrycia przyszłych potrzeb i zobowiązań. Funkcjonujące dotychczas produkty emerytalne wchodzące w skład III filaru systemu emerytalnego nie zyskały powszechności i nie zapewniają wystarczających środków na przyszłe świadczenia emerytalne. W celu przeciwdziałania dotychczasowym barierom rozwoju produktów długoterminowego oszczędzania zastosowano wiele rozwiązań wspierających wysoki poziom uczestnictwa w dobrowolnym, dodatkowym oszczędzaniu. Fundamentem aksjologicznym podjętych działań stało się pojęcie wolności, a teorią wyjaśniającą zachowania jednostek ekonomia behawioralna. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono mechanizmy zaczerpnięte z dorobku ekonomii behawioralnej, które zapisane zostały w ustawie z dnia 4 października 2018 roku o pracowniczych planach kapitałowych oraz aktach niższego rzędu konstytuujących system PPK w Polsce. W pierwszej części pracy przedstawione zostały przyczyny wprowadzenia nowego rozwiązania długoterminowego oszczędzania. W drugiej części pracy wskazano praktyczne zastosowania ekonomii behawioralnej wykorzystane w konstrukcji PPK. Pracę wieńczy krytyczne podsumowanie, wskazujące wyzwania i problemy, które mogą stanowić bariery w upowszechnieniu się tej formy oszczędzania. Employee Capital Plans as an example of behavioral economy implementationThe changes introduced in the area of long-term savings in Poland are aimed at creating additional financial resources necessary to cover future needs and obligations. Previously functioning pension products included in the third pillar of the pension system have not become popular and do not provide sufficient funds for future retirement benefits. In order to counteract the existing barriers to the development of long-term saving products, a number of solutions supporting a high level of participation in voluntary, additional savings were applied. The axiological foundation of the actions undertaken became the notion of freedom and the theory explaining the behavior of individuals in behavioral economics. This study presents the mechanisms taken from the heritage of behavioral economics, which were recorded in the Act of 4 October 2018 on employee capital plans and lower-level acts constituting the PPK system in Poland. The first part of the work presents the reasons for introducing a new long-term saving solution. In the second part, the work contains a description of the duties of employing entities and the rights of participants of the Employee Capital Plans. In the third part of the work, practical applications of behavioral economics used in the construction of PPK were indicated. The work is crowned with a critical summary showing the challenges and problems that may constitute barriers to the spread of this form of saving.
The devil is in the details: Regulation EU 2017/1129
Authors: Chyla Łukasz
Published: March 2020

On July 21, 2019, the prospective Prospectus Regulation EU 2017/1129 effectively came into force, replacing the previous Prospectus Directive. Its main goals are to increase effective investor protection and to reduce barriers and burdens for issuers, especially the smaller ones. In addition to flagship reforms, such as raising the prospectus exemption thresholds and introducing new, alleviated types of prospectuses, the Regulation introduces a number of controversial changes, such as limiting the concept of private offers, extending the scope of the “wholesale prospectus,” creating a prospectus summary modeled on a key information document known from PRIIPS and reforming risk factors. Seemingly less prominent, these changes can nonetheless have a significant impact on issuers and investors in the European Union. The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate selected changes introduced by the new prospectus law. Diabeł tkwi w szczegółach. Rozporządzenie UE 2017/112921 lipca 2019 roku weszło w życie rozporządzenie prospektowe UE 2017/1129, które zastąpiło obowiązującą do tej pory dyrektywę prospektową. Jego główne cele to zwiększenie efektywnej ochrony inwestorów oraz redukcja barier i obciążeń dla emitentów — szczególnie tych mniejszych. Oprócz flagowych reform, takich jak podniesienie progów zwolnienia z obowiązku publikacji prospektu emisyjnego czy wprowadzenie nowych rodzajów prospektów emisyjnych, rozporządzenie wprowadza liczne kontrowersyjne zmiany, między innymi ograniczenie pojęcia ofert prywatnych, rozszerzenie zakresu „prospektów hurtowych”, stworzenie podsumowania prospektowego na wzór kluczowego dokumentu informacyjnego znanego z PRIIPS oraz reformę czynników ryzyka. Te z pozoru mniej wyeksponowane zmiany mogą mieć istotny wpływ na emitentów i inwestorów w Unii Europejskiej. Celem artykułu jest analiza i ocena wybranych zmian wprowadzonych przez nowe prawo prospektowe.
The European Union’s voice in the debate of the global governance of the internet
Authors: Jaskiernia Alicja
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the European Union’s policy regarding internet regulation. EU policy is examined regarding its role in the debate about internet governance at internal and global levels primarily. Based on the document currently accepted by European institutions, the paper first analyses the position of the European Union on key problems connected with the global debate on internet governance, such as the globalization of IANA and ICANN and increasing the role of other participants in the governance process. The paper attempts to reconstruct the current position of the European Union on internet governance and the vision and rules that the EU intends to promote on different platforms of the global discussion on the future of the internet.
Systemowa mechanika zmiany — innowacja i postęp w świetle nauki o komunikacji
Authors: Wszołek Mariusz
Published: March 2020

The systemic mechanism of change — innovation and progressin the light of communication scienceIn the article I discuss the concept of innovation and progress with regard to the results of the design process within the framework of the communication design system. I understand the concept of innovation and progress as mechanisms controlling development on two different levels. In the case of innovation we can speak of a change within a given category, while in the case of progress — a change of the entire category. The concept will correspond to a given sector of the economy.
Kategoria ‘miasto’ jako wyznacznik technik pracy reportera
Authors: Borkowski Igor
Published: March 2020

The category of the ‘city’ as a determinant of techniques used by reporters in their work The perspective of the city understood as a unique conglomerate of points of view, emotions, experiences and predictions as well as sender-receiver roles is very interesting and significant in the context of reporters’ work. First of all, the city as an urban, spatial category teaches reporters a very instructive lesson in terms of putting their protagonists, sources of information, stories in a physically existing and physically limited space. The article features an analysis of examples of journalists’ actions and their textual effects in search of the city as an important category in constructing the world in non-fiction. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the perspective and value of the category of the city in numerous and varied reporters’ writings. It combines people and places, cultures, articulation, customs, emotions and values overlapping with a physical space. Numerous lessons of this type of reporters’ work can be found in the history of both Polish and international reportage.
Polemika religijna jako wojna w wypowiedziach szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych autorów
Authors: Kamieniecki Jan
Published: March 2020

The development of Protestant communities in the Republic of Poland caused the response of Catholics. Catholic theologians conducted many theological debates, both in writing as long as disputes, usually held in churches. Both Catholic and Protestant polemicists spoke at times about the dispute itself, describing it as a quarrel with a tiresome neighbour or, directly, as a war. In this article I show that the authors I discuss referred to polemics as a war in a metaphorical and real sense. On the metaphorical level, it was a continuation of a long tradition of describing spiritual life in military terms, and on the level of physical reality, it was about linking the religious doctrine with the current socio-political reality.
Sterowanie pamięcią zbiorową. Propagandowy wielogłos o wojnie polsko-sowieckiej/radzieckiej 1919–1921
Authors: Kamińska-Szmaj Irena
Published: March 2020

Controlling the collective memory. A multitude of propaganda voices on the Polish-Soviet War 1919–1921The author of the article discusses the creation — in three successive historical periods — of the image of the 1919–1920 war between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, referred to as the Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Bolshevik War, Polish-Russian War, 1920 War. The name, description and opinion about the war — in the Second Polish Republic, in the Polish People’s Republic and in Poland today — depends on propaganda objectives, current politics and attitude to Poland’s eastern neighbour. The image of the war of 1919–1921 is highly ideologised, as is evidenced by the choice of words and metaphors used to provoke emotions, to provide strong value judgements with regard to the enemy and thus to control society’s behaviour as well as create myths and stereotypes which are kept in the collective memory for a long time. The history of this armed conflict has been and still is written under the pressure of various ideologies and propaganda strategies. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that the image of wars in verbal accounts history textbooks, historical monographs, literary works, oral histories etc. and visual accounts paintings, films etc. depends on the historical context, socio-political determinants as well as the point of view of the individual creating the narrative of a given event. The shaping of collective memory is always accompanied by value judgements, selection of events and strong emotions.
Kampanie i strategie propagandowe towarzyszące budowie muru berlińskiego
Authors: Matkowska Ewa
Published: March 2020

Propaganda campaigns and strategies accompanying the construction of the Berlin Wall The article deals with propaganda campaigns connected with the construction of the Berlin Wall. Propaganda activities assisted the police operations which were aimed at the separation of the east sector from the west sectors of Berlin. These activities took place before, during and after the operation 13, August 1961. In the first part of the paper I describe the prior campaign on the basis of daily newspaper „Neues Deutschland”, the main press organ of the political party SED. The two dominating topics are related: „the human trafficking” and the people regularly crossing the sector border. Refugees became the main topic of the campaign due to the constant mass outflow of people from 100 to even 300 thousand people fled through West Berlin annually. The fake story, common in the soviet Stalin era, tells about western agents recruiting and trading citizens of the GDR to the West. They were denominated by the propaganda as „head hunters” or „human traffickers”. The people regularly crossing the sector border became the inner enemy. They lived in the eastern sector and worked in the western sectors which resulted in higher revenue. By manipulating the aroused feeling of jealousy the propagandists turn the group into a scapegoat. They accuse them of lack of merchandise and of offences. To put an end to these activities the border had to be closed. The closer to the day of the operation, the more aggressive and hysteric becomes the campaign. The culminant events are the „show trials” at the end of July 1961 during which the assumed „human traffickers” are sentenced to prison. The second part of the article deals with post campaigns which aimed at integration of the citizens within the borders of the DDR.
Lektura kulturoznawcza „Peregrynacji po Europie” Jakuba Sobieskiego
Authors: Rozwadowski Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Cultural reading of Jakub Sobieski’s Peregrynacja po EuropieThe article is an attempt of reading Jakub Sobieski’s Peregrynacja po Europie in cultural ap­proach. The paper is focused on the moments in which the author valuates things he experiences during his travel. It presents modes of Sobieski’s reference to the God, the human and the world and it shows modes in which particular types of values were realized. Typology of values were taken from Max Scheler’s axiology.
Pamiętniki żołnierzy uczestniczących w działaniach wojennych jako przykład materiałów uzupełniających wywiady biograficzne
Authors: Nowaczyk Olga
Published: March 2020

The soldiers’ memoirs involved in the warfare as an example of additional materials in biographical researchThe aim of the article is an attempt to explore the role of personal documents in sociological research. I asked myself whether it makes sense to use those documents as an additional materi­al describing the problems raised by people with whom I carry out biographical interviews. The interviews were conducted with soldiers and former soldiers, participants of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. During and after the interviews have emerged some problems, which I did not predict, and which surprised me and have prompted to look at my research in a new way. Those problems are related with important issues concerning: ethical research, the role of the researcher, its impact on research, as well as the fear of trivialization of research. I think that the memoirs, as a particular kind of personal documents, may complement my research or be a ma­terial illustrating states of mind of the soldiers involved in the war and their readaptation to the everyday life after returning a home. The validity of those documents is also significant because the material is free from the influence of research situations and gives the possibility to scrutinize the reflexive consciousness and individual sphere of writer’s knowledge, which is not always be re­vealed during the biographical interview.
Wybrane psychologiczne metody jakościowe stosowane w badaniach nad tekstem pisanym
Authors: Żurko Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Selected psychological qualitative methods used for research into written textThis article presents selected methods of written text analysis and interpretation using interpretative approach. This approach aims at discovering senses, i.e. personal attitudes experiences. The work starts with classic theory of life-span development by Ch. Buhler and moves on to present contemporary research, published since 2005, including psychological interpretation of B. Cohler’s diaries from the ghetto, as well as studies in the area of narrative identity. The article includes an example of extensive analysis and interpretation of a diary, inspired by D. McAdams’ method of Life Stories. Presented theoretical and practical proposals constitute a pragmatic contribution to interdisciplinary discussion on methods of using private documents as research material.
Bliskie relacje na odległość w migranckich rodzinach chłopskich na początku XX wieku. Analiza serii listów Stelmachów
Authors: Dolińska Anna
Published: March 2020

Close relationships at a distance among migrating peasant family members at the beginning of the 20th century. An analysisof the Stelmach Series of LettersIn the proposed article and its demonstrative approach, I put the question about the nature of close, intimate relationships in peasant families from the early twentieth century, which were separ­ated by migration and maintained contact with their children through letters, with reference to the series of letters of John and Eve Stelmach taken from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by Thomas and Znaniecki. Referring to the paradigm of transnationalism, modern phenomena and research categories associated with migration of families, I try to show how the Stelmach family, Galician peasant farmers, tried to experience togetherness and feelings across the borders in the pre-technology era.
Ut non diligat vir uxorem sicut adulteram – poglądy kaznodziejów na seksualność w średniowiecznej Polsce
Authors: Morawska Karolina
Published: March 2020

Ut non diligat vir uxorem sicut adulteram — sexuality in medieval Poland as seen by the preachersHow can the attitudes of medieval people towards any manifestations of sexuality be examined? The objective of the study is to reveal the utility of sermons in research on sexuality in medieval Poland. Knowing that the content of the studied sermons is frequently set in the reality of everyday life, it is not unfounded to expect that any kinds of behaviour and attitudes criticized and con­demned by preachers constitute a credible reflection of the customs typical for the inhabitants of medieval Poland. One can therefore discover what kind of sexually motivated behaviour was per­mitted, what attitudes were expected and what eluded any control, shaping the reality and customs of medieval Poland.
The new burlesque as an example of double-simulacrum
Authors: Staśkiewicz Joanna
Published: March 2020

The new burlesque as an example of double-simulacrumThis article deals with the phenomenon of the new burlesque in a double sense: as a simulacrum of gender and sexuality construction and as a simulacrum of local myths. It shows, according to the simulacrum approach of Jean Baudrillard, the current research on burlesque and an example of the international comparison of the burlesque scenes in New Orleans USA, Berlin Germany, and Warsaw Poland. It poses the question of how the imaginings of gender roles, sexuality, and local “authenticity” are embodied in the new burlesque.
Zjawisko „zdrady kontrolowanej” jako przykład kulturowej nienormatywności seksualnej
Authors: Buczkowski Adam
Published: March 2020

The phenomenon of “cuckold” as an example of cultural sexual non-conformityThis article considers the phenomenon of cuckold as an example of cultural transformations of sexuality in the Western culture. Author distinguishes three sexual cultures: religious, sexological and individualistic. Each of the sexual culture defines the cuckold in different way. Moreover the author analyses the content of internet group focused on cuckold in Poland as an example of indi­vidualistic sexual culture.
Social media i nowy marketing w społeczeństwie konsumpcyjnym
Authors: Wolska-Zogata Irena
Published: March 2020

Social media and new marketing within the consumer society  In sociological theories, one can find at least two explanations for the emergence of a consumer society. One of them refers to economics, looking to the growth of production efficiency and the enrichment of society as the causes of consumption revolution. The second refers to culture, treat­ing the change in social practices, consumption patterns as a result of changes in the usual social norms. The paradigm that has dominated for over 10 years in the social sciences sees in consump­tion the tool of reflective shaping of the consumer’s identity. On the other hand, some sociologists look for units of identity formatted by marketing. Undoubtedly, the author is closer to this second statement, but he sees a kind of technological determinism. The contemporary consumer, immersed in the world of new technologies, which is his choice, at the same time submits to marketing tech­nical means, made possible by these technologies. The author, based on the existing data, puts for­ward the thesis that individualism, strengthened among others by new media, has been successfully used by marketers to sell standardized products.
Fenomen „rogu obfitości” w faktograficznej rekonstrukcji programu intelektualnego Alvina Warda Gouldnera
Authors: Stochmal Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

The phenomenon of the “horn of abundance” in the factual reconstruction of the intellectual program of Alvin Ward Gouldner  By making a quick systematization of the sociological achievements in the field of scientific cognition and technological progress, we are facing a real challenge. The phenomenon of the “horn of abundance” in the factual reconstruction of sociological explanatory visions explaining scienti­fic cognition and technological progress almost overwhelms the multiplicity of the proposed con­cepts. Many of the proposed polarized approaches are maintained in terms of convergence, while others remain divergent. Systematization of even selected theoretical positions goes far beyond the scope of this study, hence my attention is focused on the character of Alvin Ward Gouldner. The subject of my research activities is the reconstruction of the intellectual program expressed in the most important works of this sociologist. He is such an interesting figure of the intellectual estab­lishment that many of his works can be considered a “magnum opus” of sociology. The “map” of relational themes, threads and issues co-creates extremely detailed and multidimensional achie­vements. Undoubtedly, Gouldner’s remarkable sense of intellectual awareness resounds today in his works and inspires social scientists. One can only regret the lack of sufficient dissemination of Gouldner’s intellectual ideas in our native sociology. While appreciating the value of such theoreti­cal-empirical efforts, this article tries to minimize this gap by presenting Gouldner’s achievements that have not yet been translated into Polish.