bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Influence of Ion Components in Geothermal Water on Scaling Behavior
Authors: Yang Yansong , Li Zhouhang , Wang Hua
Published: February 2025

Understanding the scaling behavior of geothermal water is essential for optimizing geothermal plant performance and ensuring sustainable energy use. However, research on the effects of common ionic components in geothermal environments on scaling is still insufficient, and there is a lack of in-depth exploration of the quantitative control of ion concentrations. This study selected common ionic components based on the ionic composition of geothermal water samples and simulated a realistic geothermal environment by setting concentration gradients. Static aeration immersion experiments, combined with XRD and SEM analysis, were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of various ionic components on scaling behavior. The results indicate that CaCO3 is the primary scaling substance in the simulated geothermal water. Ca2+, HCO3−, and SiO32− significantly influence scaling. Specifically, the scaling amount increases with higher Ca2+ concentration. HCO3− exhibits a nonlinear trend, with scaling initially increasing and then decreasing once its concentration exceeds approximately 1000 mg/L. This inhibition is likely due to HCO3−’s pH-buffering effect, restricting its conversion to CO32− and limiting CaCO3 precipitation. SiO32− significantly inhibits scaling, reducing the scaling amount by about 88.91% when its concentration increases from 0 to 200 mg/L. The effect of Mg2+ is relatively minor, with a 13.21% reduction in scaling as its concentration increases from 0 to 50 mg/L. However, Mg2+ notably alters the crystal phase of CaCO3, promoting aragonite formation. Without Mg2+, CaCO3 predominantly forms as calcite. These findings emphasize the crucial role of ionic components and their concentration gradients in scaling, providing theoretical support for effective scaling prevention and control strategies.
Experimental Approach to Evaluate Effectiveness of Vortex Generators on Francis Turbine Runner
Authors: Kayastha Atmaram , Neopane Hari Prasad , Dahlhaug Ole Gunnar
Published: February 2025

The global need for balance between energy generated from intermittent renewable sources and the actual demand has introduced severe operational challenges on hydropower, a steady energy source in the current context. Although it has some flexibility in operation by varying flow, head, and speed, the entirety of its operational range must be optimized to be more effective. The non-optimal conditions caused by these operational changes result in flow separation on runner blades that results in low efficiency and can be mitigated with the use of vortex generators. The vortex generators can be designed with the empirical method based on the boundary layer height, and the estimated boundary layer height for the Francis turbine runner blade in this study is 2.5 mm. The selected height of the counter-rotating rectangular vortex generators is 5 mm, and two pairs are attached close to the leading edge of the runner blade on the pressure side. The experimental analysis of the runner is conducted at all operating ranges, and efficiency is compared with the reference case. The reliable increment in efficiency obtained is 0.40% ± 0.22%, measured at a GV opening of 13 degrees (full load) and a reference speed of (333 rpm). Similarly, at the same GV opening, the increment in efficiency is obtained at a high speed (408 rpm) with a value of 1.20% ± 0.40%. However, the efficiency increment at part load and the BEP is not as significant since the values lie within the uncertainty band. Thus, these simple passive devices can be employed, and the streamwise vortices generated can be utilized to reduce the impact of flow separation on the Francis runner blades.
A Comprehensive Review on the Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Horizontal and Inclined Closed Rectangular Enclosures with Internal Objects at Various Heating Conditions
Authors: Jobby Antony , Khatamifar Mehdi , Lin Wenxian
Published: February 2025

This study is a comprehensive review on the natural convection heat transfer in horizontal and inclined closed rectangular enclosures with internal objects (including circular, square, elliptic, rectangular, and triangular cylinders, thin plates, as well as other geometries) at various heating conditions. The review examines the influence of various pertinent governing parameters, including the Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, geometries, inclination of enclosure, concentration of nanoparticles, non-Newtonian fluids, magnetic force, porous media, etc. It also reviews various numerical simulation methods used in the previous studies. The present review shows that the presence of inner objects at different heating conditions and the inclination of enclosures significantly changes the natural convection flow and heat transfer behavior. It is found that the existing studies within the scope of the present review are essentially numerical with the assumption of laminar flow and at relatively low Rayleigh numbers, which significantly restrict the usefulness of the results for practical applications. Furthermore, the majority of the past studies focused on single and two inner objects in simple shapes (circular, square, and elliptic) and assumed identical objects and uniformly distributed placements when multiple inner objects are presented. Based on the review outcomes, some recommendations for future research on this specific topic are made.
A Privacy-Preserving RL-Based Secure Charging Coordinator Using Efficient FL for Smart Grid Home Batteries
Authors: Elshazly Amr A. , Elgarhy Islam , Mahmoud Mohamed , Ibrahem Mohamed I. , Alsabaan Maazen
Published: February 2025

Smart power grids (SGs) enhance efficiency, reliability, and sustainability by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar panels and wind turbines. A key challenge in SGs is managing home battery charging during periods of insufficient renewable energy generation to ensure fairness, efficiency, and customer satisfaction. This paper introduces a secure reinforcement learning (RL)-based framework for optimizing battery charging coordination while addressing privacy concerns and false data injection (FDI) attacks. Privacy is preserved through Federated Learning (FL), enabling collaborative model training without sharing sensitive State of Charge (SoC) data that could reveal personal routines. To combat FDI attacks, Deep Learning (DL)-based detectors are deployed to identify malicious SoC data manipulation. To improve FL efficiency, the Change and Transmit (CAT) technique reduces communication overhead by transmitting only model parameters that experience enough change comparing to the last round. Extensive experiments validate the framework’s efficacy. The RL-based charging coordinator ensures fairness by maintaining SoC levels within thresholds and reduces overall power utilization through optimal grid power allocation. The CAT-FL approach achieves up to 93.5% communication overhead reduction, while DL-based detectors maintain high accuracy, with supervised models reaching 99.84% and anomaly detection models achieving 92.1%. Moreover, the RL agent trained via FL demonstrates strong generalization, achieving high cumulative rewards and equitable power allocation when applied to new data owners which did not participate in FL training. This framework provides a scalable, privacy-preserving, and efficient solution for energy management in SGs, offering high accuracy against FDI attacks and paving the way for the future of smart grid deployments.
Cryptography Based on (Idempotent) Semirings: Abandoning Tropicality?
Authors: Durcheva Mariana
Published: February 2025

This review explores the current state of public key cryptography based on idempotent semirings, with an emphasis on tropical semirings. It examines key hard problems, such as the tropical discrete logarithm problem, semidirect tropical product problem, the factorization of tropical polynomials, and the matrix power function, that underpin the security of these protocols. Given the significant number of compromised protocols based on tropical semirings, most of which are variations of the Stickel protocol, we present three algorithms and classify schemes of this type. The analysis is further illustrated with a figure that maps the relationships between tropical Stickel’s-like protocols and the attacks targeting them. Additionally, the review provides an in-depth exploration of the vulnerabilities that have led to many tropical semiring-based cryptosystems being compromised. To address these challenges, the review highlights promising alternative approaches, including non-tropical idempotent platforms and non-idempotent options, such as supertropical semirings, which offer potential solutions to overcome known limitations. Furthermore, a discussion on the interplay between tropical cryptography and post-quantum cryptography is presented, raising the following question: what is the future of tropical cryptography?
Effect of Different Oak Forest Management Models on Seasonal Variability in Soil Properties at Sites with Igneous and Sedimentary Subsoil
Authors: Volánek Jiří , Samec Pavel , Holík Ladislav , Bajer Aleš , Balková Marie
Published: February 2025

Traditional forest management models could potentially be used to combat changes in environmental conditions by stimulating soil properties and supporting tree growth. In this study, we compare the effects of different oak (Quercus petraea /Matt./Liebl.) forest models [coppice, coppice-with-standard, stocked coppice (reference)] on seasonal variability in soil properties at upland igneous and sedimentary sites (280–418 m a.s.l.). Soils were sampled at 0–5 and 10–15 cm in 50 × 50 m model and reference plots in January, April, July and October between 2015 and 2019, and soil organic matter, soil respiration, enzyme activity, pH and water-holding capacity were determined. The effects of forest model and seasonality were then compared using time-series analysis, analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. Overall, the models differentiated subsurface soil horizons from the topsoil and their feedback varied between sites. While water-holding capacity increased at the igneous stands, acid phosphomonoesterase activity increased and nitrogen content decreased at the sedimentary site. While the most significant negative influence of the forest model on soil properties was observed at the sedimentary site, the greatest increase in soil organic matter and water holding capacity was registered at the igneous coppice-with-standards site. Consequently, using the appropriate forest management model on different subsoil types could be valuable for improving carbon sequestration and drought resistance.
Development of Full Growth Cycle Crown Width Models for Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Southern China
Authors: Wu Zheyuan , Xie Dongbo , Liu Ziyang , Feng Linyan , Ye Qiaolin , Ye Jinsheng , Wang Qiulai , Liao Xingyong , Wang Yongjun , Sharma Ram P. , Fu Liyong
Published: February 2025

This study focused on 16,101 Cunninghamia lanceolata trees across 133 plots in seven cities of Guangdong Province, China, to develop a comprehensive full growth cycle crown width (CW) model. We systematically analyzed the dynamic characteristics of CW and its multi-scale influencing mechanisms. A binary basic model, with the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) as core predictor variables, effectively reflected tree growth patterns. The inclusion of age groups as dummy variables allowed the model to capture the dynamic changes in CW across different growth stages. Furthermore, the incorporation of a nested two-level nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) model, accounting for random effects from the forest block- and sample plot-level effects, significantly improved the precision and applicability of the final model (R2 = 0.731, RMSE = 0.491). This model quantified both macro- and micro-level effects of region and plot on CW. Our findings showed that the two-level NLME model, incorporating tree age groups, optimally accounted for environmental heterogeneity and tree growth cycles, resulting in the best-fitting statistics. The proposed full growth cycle CW model effectively enhanced the model’s efficiency and predictive accuracy for Cunninghamia lanceolata, providing scientific support for the sustainable management and dynamic monitoring of plantation forests.
Growth and Energy Characteristics of Arboreal Wood Irrigated with Treated Effluent in Degraded Soil of Semi-Arid Regions
Authors: Felix Victor Junior Lima , Medeiros Salomão de Sousa , Araújo Vanderléia Fernanda dos Santos , de Medeiros Neto Pedro Nicó , Macedo Rodrigo Santana , Santos Robson Vinício dos , Fraga Vânia da Silva , Campos Milton César Costa
Published: February 2025

The management of forest species in the recovery of degraded areas of semi-arid regions is mainly limited by the availability of water and nutrients. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the growth, yield, and energy characteristics of the wood of two forest species of the Brazilian semi-arid region subjected to deficient irrigation with sewage effluent by drip in degraded soil. For this, a field experiment was conducted in an agroforestry system with two native species of the Caatinga biome: sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) and aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), intercropped with forage palm (Opuntia stricta (Haw) Haw). The wastewater used was domestic, coming from kitchen and bathroom sinks, which underwent primary and secondary treatment. The irrigation treatments were applied in the first two years: in the first year, water supply in the volume of 0.5 L/plant/week (WS0.5), treated effluent in the volume of 0.5 L/plant/week (TE0.5), and treated effluent in the volume of 1 L/plant/week (TE1). In the second year, all treatments were leveled at 0.5 L/plant/week, and in the following two years, all irrigation treatments were discontinued. Growth variables were monitored and, at the end of the study period, wood production was calculated and energetic analyses were performed. The Richards model adjusted satisfactorily to the growth variables for the species studied. The treated effluent at a volume of 1 L/week increased the yield in condensed liquid and decreased the volatile materials (VM) of sabiá, while in aroeira it increased the basic density and VM, with a decrease in the gravimetric yield.
The Potential Risk Posed by Emerald Ash Borer to Cultivated and Wild Olive Trees
Authors: Cipollini Don
Published: February 2025

Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is an Asian woodborer that is a destructive pest of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees throughout North America and in parts of Asia and Europe. It has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees worldwide in the past two decades and has shown some ability to infest novel hosts, most notably white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). Here, I review the evidence that this beetle can succeed on cultivated olive (Olea europaea L), a close relative of white fringetree. Studies and observations thus far indicate that, while young trees are largely resistant to EAB larval development, adults will oviposit on olive trees, can feed on their foliage and produce viable eggs, and that larger, older and possibly stressed trees have the potential to support larval development to the adult stage in the field. Emerald ash borer will soon interact with cultivated olive trees in the wild in parts of the U.S. and in Europe, and the realized risk to olives by this beetle will be revealed.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profile Analysis of the NF-Y Transcription Factor Gene Family in Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Li Juan , Gong Chaoyan , Zhuang Li , Li Guangyou , Xu Jianmin , Lu Zhaohua
Published: February 2025

The nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factor family identified in plant organisms consists of NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC subunits, known for their pivotal role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stress. Despite extensive studies on the NF-Y gene family across various species, the understanding of the NF-Y gene family in Eucalyptus is incomplete. This study aimed to identify 31 EgrNF-Y genes (7 EgrNF-YA, 16 EgrNF-YB, and 8 EgrNF-YC) in Eucalyptus grandis, all displaying conserved core regions. The chromosome distribution analysis showed that these genes were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. The protein interaction analysis revealed EgrNF-YA1/A4/A6 as central within the EgrNF-Y protein network, interacting extensively with other EgrNF-Y proteins. Prediction of promoter cis-elements suggested that the expression of EgrNF-Y genes may be affected by various hormonal and abiotic stresses. Tissue-specific expression patterns indicated the widespread presence of all 30 EgrNF-Y genes across different tissues. EgrNF-YB1 and EgrNF-YB11 are implicated in regulating E. grandis flowering, whereas the upregulated expression of EgrNF-YB6/B11/B13 under phosphorus deficiency is involved in phosphorus absorption and utilization. This study lays a foundation for further understanding of the evolutionary diversity of the NF-Y gene family and serves as a reference for future studies in woody plants.
The Impact of Trust on Chinese Consumers’ Acceptance of Meat Substitutes: The Mediating Role of Perceived Benefits and Perceived Risks, and the Moderating Role of Consumer Knowledge
Authors: Pareti Muhabaiti , Guo Junsong , Abudurofu Nadire , Liu Qiankun , Bulibuli Abulizi , Canavari Maurizio
Published: February 2025

In recent years, meat substitutes have become a prominent global topic in academic research. As one of the world’s most populous countries, China may increasingly consider meat substitutes as a new dietary option to meet the growing consumer demand. The potential acceptance of meat substitutes by consumers is a critical foundation for the industry’s development, as it directly influences it’s success. Moreover, consumer trust in meat substitutes plays a pivotal role in shaping this potential acceptance. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the impact of consumer trust on potential acceptance. Additionally, it incorporates the mediating roles of perceived benefits and perceived risks, as well as the moderating effect of consumer knowledge. A questionnaire survey was administered to 2647 Chinese consumers and a moderated dual-mediation model, based on the Bootstrap method, was employed to investigate the effects of consumer trust on the potential acceptance of meat substitutes. The study subsequently validated the mediating roles of perceived benefits and perceived risks, along with the moderating role of consumer knowledge. The findings indicate that consumer trust positively influences the potential acceptance of meat substitutes. Furthermore, consumer trust enhances perceived benefits while simultaneously reducing perceived risks. It affects consumer acceptance both directly and indirectly, through the mediating variables of perceived benefits and perceived risks. Consumer knowledge moderates the relationships between consumer trust, perceived benefits, and perceived risks, but does not significantly moderate the relationship between consumer trust and consumer acceptance.
Biosynthesis of Edible Terpenoids: Hosts and Applications
Authors: Wang Mengyu , Zhang Zhengyi , Liu Xinyu , Liu Zhixuan , Liu Ruirui
Published: February 2025

Microbial foods include microbial biomass, naturally fermented foods, and heterologously synthesized food ingredients derived from microbial fermentation. Terpenoids, using isoprene as the basic structure, possess various skeletons and functional groups. They exhibit diverse physicochemical properties and physiological activities, such as unique flavor, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and hypolipemic, making them extensively used in the food industry, such as flavor, fragrance, preservatives, dietary supplements, and medicinal health food. Compared to traditional strategies like direct extraction from natural species and chemical synthesis, microbial cell factories for edible terpenoids have higher titers and yields. They can utilize low-cost raw materials and are easily scaling-up, representing a novel green and sustainable production mode. In this review, we briefly introduce the synthetic pathway of terpenoids and the applications of microbial cell factories producing edible terpenoids. Secondly, we highlight several typical and non-typical microbial chassis in edible terpenoid-producing cell factories. In addition, we reviewed the recent advances of representative terpenoid microbial cell factories with a gram-scale titer in food flavor, food preservation, nutritional enhancers, and medicinal health foods. Finally, we predict the future directions of microbial cell factories for edible terpenoids and their commercialization process.
Natural Copper Ion Scavenger: Investigation of the Hepatoprotective Effects of Green Tea Extract in Toxic-Milk Mice with Wilson’s Disease Model
Authors: Yang Delai , Xuan Shujuan , Zhang Wang , Wu Huan , Jiang Yuge , Zhou An
Published: February 2025

Wilson’s disease (WD) is an inherited disorder characterized by abnormal copper metabolism with complex pathological features. Currently, the mechanism of copper overload-induced hepatic injury is unclear. Green tea is a natural chelator, and its main ingredients, green tea polyphenol (GTP) and L-theanine (L-TA) are good at binding to heavy metals like iron and copper. There have been no reports on green tea extracts (GTE) for the treatment of Wilson’s disease. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of GTE on WD model mice. Initially, we examined the impact of green tea extract on copper metabolism, excretion, and hepatoprotective effects in WD model toxic milk mice. Then, Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-DAD) was established to analyze GTP and L-TA in green tea extract. Further screening of eight active components and copper complex active components in green tea extract was carried out by ion analyzer. Finally, we verified the pharmacodynamic effects of these active ingredients at the animal level. The results showed that GTE improves liver function and attenuates liver injury in TX mice by promoting tissue copper excretion and inhibiting oxidative stress, which provides a theoretical basis for green tea’s potential to improve the clinical symptoms of WD.
Chromatin Remodulator CHD4: A Potential Target for Cancer Interception
Authors: Goswami Krishnendu , Venkatachalam Karthikkumar , Singh Surya P. , Rao Chinthalapally V. , Madka Venkateshwar
Published: February 2025

Cancer initiation and progression are associated with numerous somatic mutations, genomic rearrangements, and structure variants. The transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell involves spatio-temporal changes in the regulation of different gene networks. The accessibility of these genes within the cell nucleus is manipulated via nucleosome remodeling ATPases, comprising one of the important mechanisms. Here, we reviewed studies of an ATP-dependent chromatin remodulator, chromodomain helicase DNA-binding 4 (CHD4), in cancer. Multiple domains of CHD4 are known to take part in nucleosome mobilization and histone binding. By binding with other proteins, CHD4 plays a vital role in transcriptional reprogramming and functions as a key component of Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase, or NuRD, complexes. Here, we revisit data that demonstrate the role of CHD4 in cancer progression, tumor cell proliferation, DNA damage responses, and immune modulation. Conclusively, CHD4-mediated chromatin accessibility is essential for transcriptional reprogramming, which in turn is associated with tumor cell proliferation and cancer development.
Near-Real-Time Event-Driven System for Calculating Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in Earthquake-Affected Areas: A Critical Tool for Seismic Risk Management in the Campi Flegrei Area
Authors: Martino Claudio , Cantiello Pasquale , Peluso Rosario
Published: February 2025

Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is a measure of the maximum ground shaking intensity during an earthquake. The estimation of PGA in areas affected by earthquakes is a fundamental task in seismic hazard assessment and emergency response. This paper presents an automated service capable of rapidly calculating the PGA’s values in regions impacted by seismic events and publishing its results on an interactive website. The importance of such a service is discussed, focusing on its contribution to timely response efforts and infrastructure resilience. The necessity for automatic and real-time systems in earthquake-prone areas is emphasized, enabling decision-makers to assess damage potential and deploy resources efficiently. Thanks to a collaboration agreement with the Civil Protection Department, we are able to acquire accelerometric data from the Italian National Accelerometric Network (RAN) in real time at the monitoring center of the Osservatorio Vesuviano. These data, in addition to those normally acquired by the INGV network, enable us to utilize all available accelerometric data in the Campi Flegrei area, enhancing our capacity to provide timely and accurate PGA estimates during seismic events in this highly active volcanic region.
3D Imaging and Additive Manufacturing for Original Artifact Preservation Purposes: A Case Study from the Archaeological Museum of Alexandroupolis
Authors: Kantaros Antreas , Douros Panagiotis , Soulis Evangelos , Brachos Konstantinos , Ganetsos Theodore , Peppa Efstathia , Manta Eleni , Alysandratou Elli
Published: February 2025

This study explores the use of advanced 3D imaging and printing technologies to digitally document and physically replicate cultural artifacts from the Archaeological Museum of Alexandroupolis. By employing structured light scanning and additive manufacturing techniques, detailed digital models and precise physical replicas of two significant artifacts were created—a humanoid ceramic vessel and a glass cup. A handheld 3D scanner was utilized for capturing intricate surface details, with post-processing methods to refine and colorize the digital models. Regarding 3D printing, both Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) were employed, tailored to the artifacts’ unique requirements for resolution and material properties. This dual approach supports heritage preservation by generating tangible educational resources and providing alternative exhibits to safeguard original artifacts. Our results demonstrate that integrating 3D scanning and printing effectively enhances the accessibility, durability, and educational utility of cultural heritage assets, offering a sustainable model for artifact preservation and study.
Bioactive Compounds and Bitterness Properties of Newly Developed Interspecific Citrus Hybrids (Citrus maxima [Burm. f.] Osbeck × Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck)
Authors: Singh Narendra , Sharma Radha Mohan , Dubey Anil Kumar , Saha Supradip , Awasthi Om Prakash , Bharadwaj Chellapilla , Sevanthi Amitha Mithra , Kumar Amrender , Sharma Nimisha , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Vijay , Yadav Anil Kumar , Shivran Mukesh , Porat Ron , Deepak
Published: February 2025

In the present study, variation in phytochemical properties was estimated in 16 newly developed interspecific citrus hybrids (Citrus maxima [Burm. f.] Osbeck × C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and parental genotypes. Results showed that the interspecific hybridization of pummelo with sweet orange significantly improved the fruit quality traits. Ascorbic acid, total phenol, total flavonoids, total carotenoid, and lycopene content in the fruit juice of studied genotypes varied from 37.8 to 72.02 mg/100 mL, 19.63–112.59 GAE mg/100 mL, 1.09–2.39 QE mg/100 mL, 34.6–519.81 μg/100 mL, and 17.59–395.71 μg/100 mL, respectively. Among the new hybrids, the highest antioxidant value (DPPH assay) was recorded as 2.53 TE μmol/mL as against the 2.22 TE μmol/mL in sweet orange cv. Mosambi. The citrus hybrid genotypes SCSH-9-2/12, SCSH-9-10/12, SCSH-11-9/13, SCSH-11-15/12, and SCSH-17-19/13 proved superior for studied phytochemicals. Pearson’s correlation and principal component analyses revealed the association among the traits and key components underlying the genetic variations. The bitterness properties were studied by quantifying naringin and limonin content in the fresh and stored juice (24 h storage at 4 °C) in addition to the sensory evaluation. The new hybrid SCSH-9-2/12, SCSH-9-10/12, and SCSH-11-9/13 have very low limonin content (<1.0 mg/L) with the least delayed bitterness properties, thus proving their potential for juice processing and storage.
Flood Modelling of the Zhabay River Basin Under Climate Change Conditions
Authors: Nurbatsina Aliya , Salavatova Zhanat , Tursunova Aisulu , Didovets Iulii , Huthoff Fredrik , Rodrigo-Clavero María-Elena , Rodrigo-Ilarri Javier
Published: February 2025

Flood modelling in snow-fed river basins is critical for understanding the impacts of climate change on hydrological extremes. The Zhabay River in northern Kazakhstan exemplifies a basin highly vulnerable to seasonal floods, which pose significant risks to infrastructure, livelihoods, and water resource management. Traditional flood forecasting in Central Asia still relies on statistical models developed during the Soviet era, which are limited in their ability to incorporate non-stationary climate and anthropogenic influences. This study addresses this gap by applying the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM) to project climate-driven changes in the hydrological regime of the Zhabay River. The study employs a process-based, high-resolution hydrological model to simulate flood dynamics under future climate conditions. Historical hydrometeorological data were used to calibrate and validate the model at the Atbasar gauge station. Future flood scenarios were simulated using bias-corrected outputs from an ensemble of General Circulation Models (GCMs) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 for the periods 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2099. This approach enables the assessment of seasonal and interannual variability in flood magnitudes, peak discharges, and their potential recurrence intervals. Findings indicate a substantial increase in peak spring floods, with projected discharge nearly doubling by mid-century under both climate scenarios. The study reveals a 1.8-fold increase in peak discharge between 2010 and 2040, and a twofold increase from 2041 to 2070. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, extreme flood events exceeding a 100-year return period (2000 m3/s) are expected to become more frequent, whereas the RCP 8.5 scenario suggests a stabilization of extreme event occurrences beyond 2071. These findings underscore the growing flood risk in the region and highlight the necessity for adaptive water resource management strategies. This research contributes to the advancement of climate-resilient flood forecasting in Central Asian river basins. The integration of process-based hydrological modelling with climate projections provides a more robust framework for flood risk assessment and early warning system development. The outcomes of this study offer crucial insights for policymakers, hydrologists, and disaster management agencies in mitigating the adverse effects of climate-induced hydrological extremes in Kazakhstan.
How Hydrological Extremes Affect the Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Inland Water in Jiujiang City, China: Evidence from Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: Jiang Wei , Ding Xiaohui , Kong Fanping , Luo Gan , Long Tengfei , Pang Zhiguo , Cui Shiai , Liu Jie , Adam Elhadi
Published: February 2025

From 2020 to 2022, hydrological extremes such as severe floods and droughts occurred successively in Jiujiang city, Poyang Lake Basin, posing a threat to regional water quality safety. The chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is a key indicator of river eutrophication. Until now, there has been a lack of empirical research exploring the Chl-a trend in inland water in Jiujiang in the context of hydrological extremes. In this study, Sentinel-2 satellite remote sensing data sourced from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, along with hourly water quality data collected from monitoring stations in Jiujiang city, Jiangxi Province, China, are utilized to develop a quantitative inversion model for the Chl-a concentration. The Chl-a concentrations for various inland water types were estimated for each quarter from 2020 to 2022, and the spatiotemporal distribution was analyzed. The main findings are as follows: (1) the quantitative inversion model for the Chl-a concentration was validated via in situ measurements, with a coefficient of determination of 0.563; (2) the spatial estimates of the Chl-a concentration revealed a slight increasing trend, increasing by 0.1193 μg/L from 2020 to 2022, closely aligning with the monitoring-station data; (3) an extreme drought in 2022 led to less water in inland water bodies, and consequently, the Chl-a concentration displayed a significant upward trend, especially in Poyang Lake, where the mean Chl-a concentration increased by approximately 1 μg/L from Q1 to Q2 in 2022. These findings revealed the seasonal changes in the Chl-a concentrations in inland waters in the context of extreme hydrological events, thus providing valuable information for the sustainable management of water quality in Jiujiang city.
Pinealectomy-Induced Melatonin Deficiency Exerts Age-Specific Effects on Sphingolipid Turnover in Rats
Authors: Tchekalarova Jane , Georgieva Irina , Vukova Teodora , Apostolova Sonia , Tzoneva Rumiana
Published: February 2025

The existing body of literature, in conjunction with our recent studies, shows that melatonin dysfunction can accelerate the aging process, with this effect depending on the specific age of the subject. The present study aims to ascertain the impact of pinealectomy on sphingolipid (SL) turnover in young adult (3-month-old), middle-aged (14-month-old), and old (18-month-old) rats. Ceramide (Cer) levels, neutral (NSMase) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), acid ceramidase (ASAH1), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in hippocampus and/or plasma, were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The accumulation of Cer and its metabolite second messenger S1P in the hippocampus and plasma was associated with increased levels and activity of hippocampal NSMase in the hippocampus and plasma. However, no such association was observed for hippocampal ASMase, whose levels and activity were reduced in middle-aged and old rats compared to young adult rats. Pinealectomy-induced melatonin deficiency in young adult rats showed an increase in hippocampal Cer content compared to the sham group. However, in contrast to young adult rats, pinealectomy had an inverse effect on age-related changes in hippocampal Cer, NSMase, and ASMase in middle-aged rats. Furthermore, pinealectomy exacerbated the age-related increase in S1P in the hippocampus of 18-month-old rats. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that melatonin deficiency may influence the aging process by modulating SL turnover in an age-specific manner.
T-Cell Receptor/CD3 Downregulation and Impaired Signaling in HTLV-1-Infected CD4+ T Cells of HAM Patients
Authors: Nozuma Satoshi , Matsuzaki Toshio , Tanaka Masakazu , Kodama Daisuke , Dozono Mika , Yoshida Takashi , Takashima Hiroshi , Kubota Ryuji
Published: February 2025

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a hematological malignancy, and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), a progressive neurological disorder. HTLV-1 predominantly infects CD4+ T cells in vivo. The T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex on CD4+ helper T cells plays a pivotal role in immune responses by recognizing antigens and facilitating coordination with other immune cells. Dysfunction of the TCR/CD3 complex may impair immune function. Although CD3 downregulation has been identified as a characteristic of ATL cells, it remains uncertain whether a similar downregulation occurs in HTLV-1-infected cells from HAM patients. We hypothesized that HTLV-1 infection leads to TCR and CD3 downregulation, contributing to immune dysfunction in HAM patients. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed TCR/CD3 expression, TCR signaling, and immune responses in HTLV-1-infected cells from HAM patients. Intracellular HTLV-1 Tax detection revealed that HTLV-1 preferentially targets CD4+ over CD8+ T cells. CD3 and TCR expression levels were significantly lower in CD4+ T cells from HAM patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, HTLV-1-infected cells exhibited markedly reduced CD3 and TCR expression compared to uninfected cells. Impairments in TCR signaling, assessed through Lck and ZAP70 phosphorylation upon CD3 stimulation, were observed in CD4+ T cells from HAM patients compared to those from healthy controls. Notably, this reduction in TCR signaling was more pronounced in HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells than in uninfected CD4+ T cells in HAM patients. Additionally, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ T cells detected by an addition of CMV antigens demonstrated reduced interferon-γ production in HTLV-1-infected cells compared to their uninfected counterparts. These findings suggest that TCR/CD3 downregulation and impaired TCR signaling contribute to immune dysfunction in HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. As CD4+ T cells play a central role in immune responses, this mechanism may partially explain the cellular immune dysfunction to other pathogens observed in HAM patients.
A Magnetic Nanocarrier of Ciprofloxacin Used for Restraining the Growth of the Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Giannousi Kleoniki , Zouni Eleni , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Vizirianakis Ioannis S. , Oikonomou Ilias M. , Nicolosi Valeria , Dendrinou-Samara Catherine
Published: February 2025

Ciprofloxacin (CPL) is an effective antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, its use is limited by the emergence of multi-resistant strains. In this study, 8–15 nm manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles, aminated and/or PEGylated, have been used as drug-delivery systems of CPL. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared in the presence of the aliphatic amines octadecylamine (ODA), oleylamine (OAm), or PEG8000 to achieve the appropriate surface chemistry for the direct conjugation of CPL and drug loading into the PEG matrix, respectively. The primary MNPs proved to be biocompatible in calf thymus (CT)-DNA interaction studies, with binding constant values Kb in the range of 4.43–6.5 × 104 (g/mL)−1. ODA as a coater gave rise to MnFe2O4 MNPs, with a high percentage of free amines that further allowed for the conjugation of 90.9% CPL, which gradually released via a non-Fickian anomalous transport motif. The 25.1% CPL that loaded in the PEGylated MNPs led to a partial transformation of the nanoflowers into more aggregated forms. The release profile, although steeper, is described by the same model. The isolated magnetic nanocarrier with a high content of CPL was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against a multi-resistant strain of P. aeruginosa using an automated industrial instrument (BacT/ALERT®3D), and its molecular profile was outlined by studying its interaction with plasmid DNA (pDNA). The prototype use of BacT/ALERT®3D allows for the simultaneous screening of multiple samples, while it foreshadows the transition to a preclinical phase.
New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition
Authors: Mostoni Silvia , Nisticò Roberto
Published: February 2025

The interest in inorganic nanostructured oxides is growing extensively, thanks to their remarkable features and their wide range of applications, which include (photo)catalysis [...]
Optical Absorption and Luminescence Spectra of Terbium Gallium Garnet TbGaG and Terbium Aluminum Garnet TbAlG
Authors: Bozorov Nosirjon S. , Kokanbayev Ismailjan M. , Madaliev Akmaljon M. , Kuchkarov Mavzurjon X. , Meliboev Muxtarjan , Kurbonaliev Kobiljon K. , Sultonov Ravshan R. , Makhmudov Khayrullo F. , Dadaboyeva Feruza O. , Mamadalieva Nargiza Z. , Kukanbaeva Shakhlo R.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we investigate the optical absorption and luminescence spectra of rare-earth garnets activated by the terbium (Tb3+) ion, as well as their magneto-optical properties. Crystals of terbium gallium garnet (TbGaG) and terbium aluminum garnet (TbAlG) are considered. The focus is on the physical and optical properties and structural features of the energy levels of rare-earth ions in the crystal field of garnets. This work highlights the importance of studying intraconfigurational 4f-4f and interconfigurational 4f-5d transitions, as well as the influence of the crystal field on the magnetic and optical properties of materials. Integrated methods are used, including absorption spectroscopy, luminescence and magneto-optical studies, which allows us to obtain detailed information on the excited states of rare-earth ions. The experimental results show the presence of significant Zeeman shifts, as well as anisotropy of the absorption and luminescence spectra, depending on the orientation of the crystal lattice and the external magnetic field. This work contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of light absorption and emission in rare-earth garnets, which may facilitate the development of new optoelectronic devices based on them.
Cutaneous Infections Caused by Trichophyton indotineae: Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: De Marco Aurora , Liguori Giovanni , Cafarchia Claudia , Triggiano Francesco , Ciccarese Giulia , Poli Melita Anna , Ambrogio Francesca , Bonamonte Domenico , Cassano Nicoletta , Vena Gino Antonio , Foti Caterina , Caggiano Giuseppina
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton (T.) indotineae has spread worldwide, and the acquisition of new drug resistances is making this threat challenging to face. We report four cases of dermatophytosis caused by T. indotineae and perform a systematic review of case reports to explore the most relevant clinical and demographic features and the treatment patterns of this infection. Methods: A literature search, using the PubMed database and following PRISMA guidelines, was performed up to the 6th of December 2024. Articles were included if written in English and presented in the form of case reports/series involving human subjects, with detailed information and T. indotineae infection confirmed by internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Results: Initially, 255 records were identified, and 30 articles were finally selected, including 64 patients, mainly from the Asian continent. Most patients were healthy and/or immunocompetent (65.52%), and the mean disease duration suggested long-lasting lesions. At least two different body sites were generally involved, with a predilection for lower body areas (groins included), as also observed in our patients (all from South Asia). Review results indicated itraconazole as the most commonly prescribed final medication. Treatment with itraconazole led to complete remission in three of our patients (one patient was lost to follow-up). Conclusions: T. indotineae infection should be suspected in case of extensive and/or recalcitrant dermatophytosis, especially in patients with a travel history to Asian countries. Further research is needed to develop rapid, inexpensive, and accurate techniques for the identification of T. indotineae and drug-resistant strains and to define the optimal preventive and treatment strategies.
Development of the Crossmatch Test in Kidney Transplantation Up to the Virtual Level
Authors: Katalinić Nataša , Crnić Marčetić Tajana , Trobonjača Zlatko , Barin-Turica Franco , Balen Sanja
Published: February 2025

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system forms the central part of the immune system and is crucial in the recognition and elimination of “non-self” antigens. While this role of the HLA system is essential in the effective defense of the organism against pathogens, it is undesirable in organ and tissue transplantation because it enables the recognition of mismatched HLA molecules of the donor as being foreign and stimulates the graft rejection reaction. Organ transplantation involves the introduction of antigens that are more or less mismatched to the recipient; therefore, in order to achieve the best possible match in the HLA system between the recipient and the donor, a whole series of immunogenetic tests is performed, including crossmatching (XM). If performed before kidney transplantation, it represents the final in vitro test to rule out the presence of donor-specific antibodies, which may cause graft rejection and which may not have been detected by earlier serum screening. The beginning of XM was marked by the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) method developed by Terasaki and colleagues in 1964. Later, as a result of advances in technology and the need for methods that overcome the limitations of CDC, flow cytometry and Luminex XM assays were developed. The introduction of solid-phase technology brought a new dimension to the detection of low-level HLA antibodies and the determination of their specificities, which enabled the development and implementation of the virtual XM test (vXM). It is an in silico test that assesses the immunological match between the recipient and the organ donor based on the analysis of the specificity of the antibodies present in the recipient’s serum and the HLA typing of the organ donor. Each method has its own advantages and limitations, which are described below and need to be taken into account, considering their significant impact on clinical application in kidney transplantation.
Minimally Invasive and Navigation-Assisted Fracture Stabilization Following Traumatic Spinopelvic Dissociation
Authors: Girgis Mina Y. , Tang Alex , Pheasant Michael S. , Koury Kenneth L. , Jung Michael T. , Chen Tan
Published: February 2025

Spinopelvic dissociation is a highly unstable orthopedic injury with a growing incidence worldwide. Operative treatment classically involves an open lumbopelvic fusion and sacroiliac stabilization, which carries high perioperative morbidity and mortality in a frail patient population. Advancements in spinal navigation, robotics, and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques now allow these fracture patterns to be treated entirely percutaneously through small incisions. These incisions are just large enough to accommodate pedicle screw guides and enable the placement of lumbopelvic instrumentation, with rods being passed subfascially across pedicle screws and extending caudally to iliac fixation. This contrasts with the open midline approach, which requires more extensive soft tissue dissection and results in increased blood loss compared to percutaneous techniques. Modern imaging techniques, including CT navigation and robotics, facilitate the precise placement of sacral S2AI screw instrumentation in both open and percutaneous methods, all while safely avoiding previously placed trans-sacral fixation and other existing hardware, such as acetabular screws. Trans-sacral screws are typically percutaneously inserted first by the orthopedic trauma service, utilizing inlet, outlet, and lateral sacral fluoroscopic guidance to navigate the limited available corridor. With the advent of MIS techniques, trauma patients can now benefit from faster postoperative rehabilitation, minimal blood loss, decreased pain, and quicker mobilization. This article will review current concepts on spinopelvic anatomy, fracture patterns, indications for treatment, and current concepts for minimally invasive percutaneous lumbopelvic fixation, and it will present illustrative examples.