bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE QUESTION OF THE MUTUAL EXCLUSIVENESS OF BETALAINS AND ANTHOCYANINS
Authors: Kimler Linda , Mears James , Mabry T. J. , Rösler Heinz
Published: April 2006

In 1949 betalains were reported to possibly co‐occur with an anthocyanidin (cyanidin) in Carpobrotus edulis; however, upon re‐examination of this plant, only betalains and leuco‐anthocyanidins were detected. Thus, to date, all evidence indicates that the two classes of plant pigments, betalains and anthocyanins, are mutually exclusive. The detection of betalains in seven species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae and ten species of the Chenopodiaceae are also reported.
STOMATAL DEVELOPMENT IN LUDISIA DISCOLOR (ORCHIDACEAE): MESOPERIGENOUS SUBSIDIARY CELLS IN THE MONOCOTYLEDONS
Authors: Williams Norris H.
Published: April 2006

A number of recent publications have erroneously stated that the Orchidaceae are characterized by stornata that lack subsidiary cells. The situation is clarified in this article by information obtained from the study of development of the stomatal complex in Ludisia discolor and Spiranthes sp., representatives of the subfamily Neottioideae of the Orchidaceae, as well as by studies of mature stomata of five additional genera of the Neottioideae. These developmental studies document the presence of mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in the Neottioideae and also substantiate the presence of mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in at least one group of the monocotyledons.
THE COLLECTORS AND TYPE LOCATIONS OF SOME OF LABILLARDIÈRE'S “TERRA VAN‐LEU WIN” (WESTERN AUSTRALIA) SPECIMENS
Authors: Nelson E. Charles
Published: April 2006

Labillardière visited Australia in 1792 when he collected many botanical specimens at “capite van‐Dieman” (Tasmania) and at “Baie Le Grand” (Esperance Bay) in “terra van‐Leuwin” (Western Australia). In 1804, Labilkrdière published the first part of “Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen”, which contains descriptions of some of the plants that he collected in New Holland (Australia).

While studying Labillardière's original description of Adenanthos obovata, it was noted that the type location was inconsistent with the present distribution pattern of that species. An examination of the areas of distribution of all the species labelled “terra van‐Leuwin” showed that some specimens could not have been collected in Western Australia. In other cases the species could be shown to have been collected in localities in Western Australia that Labillardière did not visit, and therefore must have been collected by other botanists. Thus the type locations, indicated by Labillardière, for a group of species are incorrect. An attempt has been made to correct these anomalies, and to suggest the probable collectors.
POLYPLOIDY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS
Authors: de Wet J. M. J.
Published: April 2006

Polyploidy played a significant role in the origin and evolution of many plant species. The primary phylogenetic effect of polyploidy is to stabilize selected hybrid genotypes. It also provides a mechanism by which daughter and parental populations become immediately isolated from each other. Isolation, however, is rarely complete, and introgression commonly takes place across partially sterile hybrids. Polyploidy also buffers genotypes against the shock of absorbing foreign genomes, making hybridization possible between species that are otherwise genetically isolated from each other. Traditional taxonomy can usually not adequately indicate the extent of variability that characterize polyploid complexes.
THE VARIATION PROBLEM: THE GENE FLOW‐VARIATION HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Soulé Michael
Published: April 2006

Phenotypic variation is as poorly understood as it is ubiquitous. Many biologists hold simplistic and even contradictory views of the relation between genic diversity and phenotypic variation. The correlation of electrophoretically detectable enzyme polymorphisms and morphological variation in island populations of lizards is described. A model explaining the different levels of genetic‐phenetic variation among the populations is suggested by a multiple regression analysis. The principal conclusions are that gene flow between habitats significantly elevates variation, and isolation by distance results in a variation asymptote.
ON SPECIFIC SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS IN CARYOPHYLLALES
Authors: Behnke H.‐D. , Turner B. L.
Published: April 2006

Sieve tubes of Caryophyllales (35 species from 12 families investigated) contain specific plastids that are characterized by peripherally lying ring‐shaped bundles of proteinaceous filaments and often an additional core. In most of the families the presence of a peculiar plastid in sieve tubes coincides with the formation of betacyanins and betaxanthins, typically restricted to Caryophyllales, but there are some exceptions: Molluginaceae and Caryophyllaceae have the specific plastids but lack the special plant‐pigments; Batis, often put next to the Chenopodiaceae, has neither of them. The taxonomic value of both sieve‐tube plastids and plant pigments with special reference to Bataceae is discussed. Finally, these data are used to suggest a restructuring of the subclass Caryophyllidae.
A MORPHOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ORIGIN OF HETEROSTYLY IN THE RUBIACEAE
Authors: Anderson William R.
Published: April 2006

Dimorphic heterostyly is common in the Rubiaceae, distributed throughout the family in a way that suggests that it has evolved repeatedly. In its essentials this heterostyly suggests protandry in which some plants have normal elongation of the styles and others have precocious maturation of the stigmas at a stage of arrested elongation of the styles. It is suggested that the initiation of heterostyly in this family may lie in a modification of the common protandry. High reproductive fitness of the self‐pollinating short‐styled plants would begin a shift in the population from predominant outcrossing to predominant autogamy, even though the resulting homozygosity might be disadvantageous. This shift might be halted by the addition of diallelic self‐incompatibility of the kind regularly found in heterostylous plants. The population would then achieve the stable polymorphism characteristic of dimorphic heterostyly. Additional morphological refinements might accrue in time.
A BIOSYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO GENERIC DELIMITATION IN RUELLIA (ACANTHACEAE)
Authors: Long Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Ruellia is a large, pantropical group of herbs and shrubs that has undergone a long series of changes in classification. Soon after Linnaeus's original description the genus was divided into numerous segregate genera by Nees von Esenbeck and by others. Later Bentham sunk 18 Neesian genera in his expanded concept of Ruellia, and this circumscription has come to be the accepted definition for the plants. Recently Bremekamp revived a number of old segregate groups and described several new ones. He believes Ruellia sensu lato is an unwieldy and unnatural assemblage of taxa.

Experimental hybridizations have established the existence of species‐complexes (ecospecies) and species‐groups (comparia) in Ruellia. The latter are genetically isolated from other species‐groups, and taxonomically they correspond to certain segregate genera. There is evidence that North American taxa are closely related to tropical species. Since numerous species can be artificially hybridized, application of the ecotype concept may provide a practical means of identifying natural species‐groups. Present evidence suggests that Ruellia, as generally understood, is not a natural, phyletic, unit.
METCALFE AND CHALK'S ANATOMY OF THE DICOTYLEDONS AND ITS REVISION
Authors: Metcalfe C. R.
Published: April 2006

A second edition of Metcalfe and Chalk's Anatomy of the Dicotyledons is now being prepared more than 20 years after the first edition was published. The circumstances that led up to the publication of the first edition are described, partly for their historical interest and partly to show the status of systematic anatomy in relation to taxonomy that existed at the time. The second edition is being expanded to include not only the additional data concerning the histology of the vegetative organs that have accumulated since the first edition was published, but also to cover briefly the main taxonomic views concerning the interrelationships of families and other higher taxa that depend on other laboratory disciplines such as the study of palynology, embryology and chemotaxonomy etc., all of which are now accepted as forming parts of the general subject of taxonomy. In the second edition the arrangement of the families will be according to Takhtajan's system.
THE USE OF CHEMISTRY IN THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE LICHENS
Authors: Culberson William Louis
Published: April 2006

The extracellular metabolic end‐products that accumulate on the outer surface of the cell walls of the fungal hyphae in lichens have long been used in taxonomy. Although most morphological species of lichens are chemically uniform with regard to these substances, many others are differentiated into chemical races having distinct geographic distributions. The commonest type of chemical variation, noted in hundreds of examples, is a replacement series of the main constituent substances of the medulla. The fact that major chemical races in apparently sexually reproducing, morphologically uniform or nearly uniform lichens maintain their complete identity in places where they are sympatric suggests that such races are perhaps better regarded as distinct species. Such interpretation is further supported by the recent demonstration that where six such races are sympatric in an environmentally telescoped maritime community in Britain, the chemically different plants select different habitats, resulting in conspicuous zonation but with no alteration of plant characteristics where zones overlap. Examples of the use of lichen chemistry in genus‐level taxonomy are also given.
PRESUMED TAXODIACEOUS FOSSILS FROM THE PALEOGENE OF ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND, ALASKA
Authors: Cridland Arthur A.
Published: April 2006

A collection of Paleogene plants reputed to contain distichous short shoots of Taxodium and Metasequoia (Taxodiaceae) has been studied. The evidence to support this view is weak and it appears that if a genus of the Taxodiaceae is involved, Sequoia is the most likely. A number of other gymnospermous genera, both within and without the Taxodiaceae, could have produced these shoots but there is no clear evidence to decide which one of them. These plants are referred to Elatocladus Halle, a form genus for sterile coniferous and taxad shoots.
VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Gilmartin Amy Jean
Published: April 2006

Variation was measured in samples of populations of species from four plant families including tropical, temperate and cosmopolitan taxa. Populations of species of Asclepiadaceae, Bromeliaceae, Leguminosae and Umbelliferae were sampled. Employing a simple application of numerical phenetics and tested character lists, estimates of within‐group overall variation were made. The coefficients of phenetic variation (CPV) are compared among the various groups. The groups considered are populations as well as taxa at several levels in the classification hierarchy, although in all cases, individuals sampled randomly from putative populations are the operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A small number of individuals is employed with a large number of characters. This application of numerical phenetics serves both alpha taxonomic and biosystematic goals and an OTU x OTU matrix of distance values is the basis for obtaining estimates of a population's variability. The phenetic distances between OTUs are the variates. Distinct trends of within‐group variation are consistent as they were revealed in the four families. Intrapopulational coefficient of phenetic variation for populations of the tropical family Bromeliaceae is estimated as nearly double that for the other three families. The intraspecific variation as portrayed by CPV in the Asclepiadaceae and Leguminosae is about half that for the tropical family, Bromeliaceae. As sampled a clear distinction is evidenced in the change in variation between various taxonomic ranks for the families. The difference in CPV between the intrapopulational and intraspecific levels for the Leguminosae and Bromeliaceae is nearly double the difference between these two ranks for the Asclepiadaceae. Results show that the method has descriptive and heuristic value for systematics.
GENETICS OF LUPINUS VI. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS IN THE NANUS GROUP
Authors: Elliot Mathilde , Harding James , Mankinen C. B.
Published: April 2006

The large‐flowered species L. nanus and L. vallicola, and the small‐flowered L bicolor of Dunn's classification are fully interfertile. The large‐flowered species L. spectabilis and L. affinis are reproductively isolated from the rest of the group, but some sterile hybrids can be obtained between these two species and L. nanus. The small‐flowered species L. polycarpus and L. pachylobus are completely reproductively isolated. In the hybridizations attempted, the pollen of one species can not germinate on the stigma of the other species of the group. In the light of the results of the hybridization experiments the two subspecies of L. vallicola were placed in the species L. nanus.
LA NAISSANCE DE LA “FLORE DESCRIPTIVE ET ILLUSTRÉE DE LA FRANCE” DE L'ABBÉ HIPPOLYTE COSTE
Authors: Aymonin Gérard G.
Published: April 2006

A short review of the preparation by the publisher Paul Klincksieck (Paris) and French botanists such as Malinvaud of the basic French flora of the early 20th century, the Flore of the abbé Coste. The genesis of the first parts of the flora is described on the basis of letters from Coste, Flahault, Klincksieck and Malinvaud. Some subsequent uses of Coste's illustrations and some other projects of the publisher are discussed.
PARALLEL EVOLUTION
Authors: Went F. W.
Published: April 2006

A considerable number of instances are discussed where parallel developments outside family relationships occur, restricted in geographical distribution:

divaricate shrubs in New Zealand, with 51 species in 23 families,

the Eucalypt leaf type in Australia, occurring in 12 families,

terete and holly‐type leaves in Western Australia,

red autumn leaf coloration in Northeastern America and Japan,

leaf convergence in Mediterranean climates,

the cushion plants in Southern Patagonia,

parallels in anatomical structure in the Southwestern United States,

red tubular hummingbird flowers of the Southwestern United States.

This is contrasted with cases of convergent characters on the genus or family level, or geographically unrelated parallel development. In the discussion it is argued that such parallel development might well represent rare‐nonsexual transfer of chromosomal segments. It is obviously one of the major evolutionary mechanisms in the development of the multitude of dicotyledonous species.
GERMINAL APERTURAL FORMATION IN POLLEN
Authors: Rowley John R.
Published: April 2006

Evolutionary proposals involving pollen grain characters have treated germinal apertures as though they were formed by one universal process and hence derivable from a common type. A review of published data on apertural formation for pollen ofSilene, Tradescantia, andNelumboand original information forEpilobiumindicates that there are several possibly distinct apertural induction processes. It would seem to be an oversimplification and perhaps misleading to ignore apertural genesis in interpretations involving relationships between taxa.
SYSTEMATICS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON FIXATION PATHWAYS IN EUPHORBIA
Authors: Webster Grady L. , Brown Walter V. , Smith Bruce N.
Published: April 2006

Using the technique of carbon isotopic ratio determinations, 20 selected species of Euphorbia (s. lat.) have been investigated to determine their metabolic status. Previous work is reviewed, and as found by previous investigators, enriched 13C values ‐ indicating Crassulacean acid metabolism or C4 photosynthesis ‐ have been detected only in subgenera Euphorbia and Chamaesyce, respectively. All taxa investigated in subg. Chamaesyce except two species of subsect. Acutae show the Kranz syndrome and C4 photosynthesis; the probable phylogenetic origin of the subgenus is therefore pinpointed within this subsection. Apparently taxa with Crassulacean acid metabolism and C4 photosynthesis have arisen independently within the genus.
THE ROLE OF POLYPLOID COMPLEXES IN THE EVOLUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard
Published: April 2006

The evolutionary history of the grass flora of the Great Plains of North America is interpreted on the basis of the probable origin and development of eight different polyploid complexes that include common species of this flora. The related complexes of Bouteloua and Buchloc have their centers of distribution in the southwestern United States and particularly northern and central Mexico, so probably entered the Great Plains from the southwest. The genus Bouteloua has the distribution pattern of a relatively youthful complex, while Buchloe and related genera, which are mostly polyploid and are separated from each other by distinct morphological gaps, show signs of greater maturity. The complexes of Andropogon sects. Schizachyrium and Arthrolophis, as well as the genus Sorghastrum and sect. Virgata of Panicum, all have similar distribution patterns. Diploids related to the polyploids of the Great Plains exist, for the most part, either along the Gulf Coast of the southeastern United States or in more mesic regions of tropical America. These polyploids either originated in situ or entered the Great Plains from the southeast. In the tribe Stipeae, the species of Piptochaetium which are abundantly represented by fossil fruits of Pliocene age now survive only in peripheral woodlands to the eastward and mountains to the southwestward, and in the pampas of South America. They have been replaced on the North American plains by Stipa species that entered from Asia and from the mountains to the westward. A final element of the modern grasslands, consists of species assigned to the genera Agropyron and Hordeum. The species of the Great Plains probably entered that region from the western Cordillera during either late Pliocene or early Pleistocene times. These drastic changes in the grass flora of the Great Plains were brought about by equally drastic alterations in climate, edaphic conditions, and fauna of grazing herbivores that took place during the Pleistocene epoch.
TYPIFICATION OF THE NEW WORLD SUBDIVISIONS OF IPOMOEA L. (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Austin Daniel F.
Published: April 2006

The various subdivisions of the genus Ipomoea have been created largely without regard for rules of nomenclature and priority. This complex genus has been divided into an unusually large number of species groups which have been given formal names at several levels. The groups are assimilated and discussed.
TWO NEW SUPRAGENERIC TAXA IN THE MONIMIACEAE ALLIANCE (LAURALES)
Authors: Schodde Richard
Published: April 2006

One new family, Siparunaceae, and one new subfamily, Peumoideae (Monimiaceae), are proposed from a reappraisal of the relationships between the families of the order Laurales and within Monimiaceae s.s. Siparunaceae comprise three genera, namely Siparuna Aubl., Bracteanthus Ducke, and Glossocalyx Benth., which were hitherto included in Monimiaceae; Peumoideae is monotypic. Notes on the characters and affinities of these taxa are given and Monimiaceae are redefined.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE GENUS ONCIDIUM SW.
Authors: Garay Leslie A.
Published: April 2006

The monograph of the genus Oncidium, published by Kränzlin, in “Das Pflanzenreich IV. 50, Heft 80, 1922” has been found to be quite inaccurate and most unsatisfactory for identifications. Because accuracy is of paramount importance in taxonomy, and because this is the only available monograph of Oncidium, an attempt is made here to reappraise the whole work as well as to rearrange the species within the limits of the established sections. All existing type specimens have been studied and Kränzlin's illustrations reidentified with them. The nomenclature, whether pertaining to species or to supraspecific categories, is updated and brought in line with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. For convenience, bibliographic references of omissions, as well as of species described since 1922, are added in the appropriate places.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND FLAVONOID CHEMISTRY OF SYNTHETIC INFRASPECIFIC HYBRIDS IN COREOPSIS MUTICA (COMPOSITAE).
Authors: Crawford Daniel J.
Published: April 2006

The morphology and flavonoid chemistry of synthetic F1, first generation backcross, and F2 hybrids involving two varieties of Coreopsis mutica DC. were studied. The F1 hybrids are variable in certain morphological features, particularly with respect to characteristics of the leaves. By contrast, there is little variation in the flavonoid components of these plants. First generation backcross hybrids fall within the range of variation of the recurrent parent, but retain certain compounds which are characteristic of the non‐recurrent parent. The F2 hybrid plants are quite variable in their flavonoid components. The results of these greenhouse studies are related to observations of suspected natural hybridization and introgression.
LINNAEUS'S NOTES ON PLUMIER DRAWINGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MIMOSA LATISILIQUA
Authors: Polhill R. M. , Stearn W. T.
Published: April 2006

In 1961 de Wit typified Mimosa latisiliqua L., Sp. PL 1: 519 (1753), the basionym of Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Benth. and Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis, by a Plumier illustration published by Burman in 1755 but based on one among 500 Plumier drawings seen by Linnaeus in Holland in 1738. Gillis & Stearn (1974) rejected this typification, albeit reluctantly, on the ground that (1) this illustration was not available to Linnaeus when preparing the Species Plantarum (1753), that (2) there was no evidence of his making notes on these drawings in 1738 for later use and that (3) he must have had another source of evidence. The second two suppositions can now be proved incorrect. Linnaeus's notes are to be found in an interleaved copy of the first edition of his Genera Plantarum (1737). They include a reference to the Plumier plant which he later named Mimosa latisiliqua and also to many other West Indian species drawn by Plumier. The type of M. latisiliqua is accordingly a copy of a Plumier drawing now at Groningen, the typotype is Plumier's original drawing at Paris; it represents the species later named Lysiloma bahamense Benth., for which the name L. latisiliquum (L.) Benth. should be re‐instated; Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit remains the correct name for L. glauca Benth. The choice of Linnaean Herbarium 1228.19 to typify Mimosa latisiliqua as advocated by Gillis & Stearn (1974) is to be rejected because this specimen does not satisfactorily fit the Linnaean protologue.
POLLEN‐COLLECTING HAIRS OF CAMPANULA (CAMPANULACEAE), I: HISTORICAL REVIEW
Authors: Shetler Stanwyn G.
Published: April 2006

The literature on the unique pollen‐collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae) is reviewed as background for new pollination studies, with particular reference to the nature and function of the collecting‐hair mechanism in the breeding system. The main features of the floral mechanism, including the pronounced dichogamy (protandry) and insect adaptation, were first described and depicted accurately by Sprengel in 1793, although pollination observations date back at least to Linnaeus in 1738. Numerous other workers have since added details but little that is basically new to our knowledge of the floral mechanism. Brief reference is made to some of the significant contributions to cytology, cytogenetics, and pollen morphology in recent years. Campanula is basically allogamous, although cases of limited autogamy are known. Experimental studies have shown that campanulas range from complete self‐sterility to complete self‐compatibility, but self‐fertilization usually is accomplished only with difficulty under experimental conditions, and there is little evidence of spontaneous self‐pollination in nature. The pollen is presented from the hairs on the style, which collect the pollen from the anthers while in the bud. The hairs have been known since 1839 to possess the unusual capacity to retract into the style, but the adaptive significance of this mechanism has yet to be explained satisfactorily. The collecting hairs, since before they were known to invaginate, have been interpreted by some investigators as part of a mechanism either to effect fertilization directly through the style without the stigmas or as a back‐up to insure autogamy when cross‐pollination breaks down. Although little evidence exists to support either view, there is still no definitive explanation of their function in the breeding system. Among campanulaceous families, the genera of the Campanulaceae s.str. are believed to have the least advanced (“naked”) form of stylar pollen presentation.
LINNAEUS AND BOTANISTS IN EIGHTEENTH‐CENTURY RUSSIA
Authors: Rowell Margery
Published: April 2006

There was a close interaction between Linnaeus and botanists in Russia. Linnaeus corresponded with many of them, both native Russians and foreign scholars working in Russia. Their letters illustrate the deep concern with identification which dominated botany in the eighteenth century. Through his contacts in Russia, Linnaeus acquired specimens from the earliest collections made in Russia and Siberia and was able to include them in the Species Plantarum. Linnaeus influenced the early development of modern botany in Russia through established scholars working there, and also through Russians who studied under him at Uppsala. Many dissertations reflect Linnaeus' interest in the Russian and Siberian flora. Linnaeus' published works were used in Russian medical schools and some were translated into Russian at the end of the century. Linnaeus had a high opinion of the achievements of Russian botany in the eighteenth century. Collections made throughout the Russian Empire greatly increased the knowledge of the world's flora.
ALGAE TERRAE NOVAE, EXSICCATA OF NEWFOUNDLAND BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE—II. DEPOSITION OF SETS
Authors: South G. Robin , Hooper Robert G.
Published: April 2006

Algae Terrae Novae, an exsiccata of nine sets of benthic marine algae from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, was distributed from 1968–1978 to more than 60 institutions and individual phycologists throughout the world. The exsiccata comprises 200 numbers of 162 species, with a total of about 12,000 specimens distributed. Approximately 64% of the Newfoundland and Labrador flora is represented.
THREE TAXA CONSTITUTE THE SEXES OF A SINGLE DIOECIOUS SPECIES OF SOLANUM
Authors: Anderson Gregory J. , Levine Deborah A.
Published: April 2006

Solanum appendiculatum H. et B. ex Dun., S. connatum Corr., and S. inscendens Rydb. constitute the single dioecious species, S. appendiculatum. These taxa are fully intercompatible and morphologically very similar. They were distinguished by differences in style length and in the degree of filament fusion; however, the first character is associated with the gender of the plants, and the latter shows variability and inheritance patterns not associated with species boundaries.
CHEMOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS ABIES. IV. INTROGRESSION IN ABIES LASIOCARPA AND ABIES BIFOLIA
Authors: Hunt Richard S. , von Rudloff Ernst
Published: April 2006

The volatile oils of the leaves of alpine fir were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. In the Pacific Northwest, alpine fir separates into two types, Coastal and Rocky Mountain. They were distinguished by quantitative differences in santene, tricyclene, camphene, β‐pinene, myrcene, β‐phellandrene, borneol, and ∗∗∗bornyl acetate. Coastal populations had red colors in the periderm, whereas the Rocky Mountain populations had only brown colors. A literature search revealed additional differences between these populations which were originally described as Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and A. bifolia Murray, respectively, and more recently as only A. lasiocarpa or as a single variety of A. balsamea. However, our evidence suggests that the original designations more accurately describe these two populations, which have hybridized extensively.
VASCULAR PLANT TYPE SPECIMENS IN THE MOHR HERBARIUM, UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA
Authors: Davenport L. J.
Published: April 2006

The Herbarium of the Geological Survey of Alabama (Mohr Herbarium) was founded in 1878 with the contacting of Charles Mohr by the Alabama State Geologist. The Herbarium remained active until the death of Mohr in 1901 and was directly utilized in two publications, most notably Plant Life of Alabama. An investigation of its contents reveals that the Herbarium contains 47 types, including four holotypes, six isotypes, two syntypes, and one paratype. A list of these type specimens is provided.
THE TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN PLANT NAMES: A PROJECT OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON
Authors: Cannon J. F. M. , Jarvis C. E. , Robson N. K. B.
Published: April 2006

The Linnean Society of London has undertaken a project on the typification of Linnaean plant names. Grant support from the Science and Engineering Research Council has enabled work to begin on the first phase—a survey of existing data relating to typifications and an assessment of the problems involved in completing the whole task. The end product is envisaged as a comprehensive catalogue of Linnaean plant species, their lectotypes, and appropriate supporting data.
FESTUCA VIRIDULA VASEY (POACEAE): RE‐ESTABLISHMENT OF ITS ORIGINAL LECTOTYPE
Authors: Pavlick Leon E.
Published: April 2006

Vasey (1893b) was correct in selecting Suksdorf's Mt. Adams, Washington specimen as lectotype of Festuca viridula. Piper (1906) misinterpreted the protologue in Vasey (1893a) and his selection of a superseding lectotype (Bolander, California) does not stand.
RUBIACEAE TYPES IN THE TRIANA COLLECTIONS AT THE INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS NATURALES, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

José Jerónimo Triana was one of the most important collectors in 19th Century Colombia. The history of his collection and its numbering after his active period of collecting are traced. He employed a dual numbering system and prepared two separate catalogues for his collection. The set now at the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá (COL) is numbered systematically, and the sets deposited in European herbaria, particularly the British Museum (Natural History) (BM), are numbered serially from 1 to 4490. Consequently many important cited duplicates and types of Triana's collections at COL are not indicated as such; 26 previously unrecognized type collections of Triana Rubiaceae at COL are presented. Some collections in the Triana herbarium may actually be Linden duplicates.
CHROMOSOME BANDING AND SYNTHETIC SYSTEMATICS IN ANACYCLUS (Asteraceae‐Anthemideae)
Authors: Ehrendorfer Friedrich , Schweizer Dieter , Greger Harald , Humphries Christopher
Published: April 2006

Taxa of the small genus Anacyclus, centered in N.W. Africa, have very similar karyotypes (2n = 18), but Giemsa C‐banding reveals striking differences. Chemosystematic information mainly come from distinct flavonol and diosmetin O‐glycosylation patterns. Furthermore, morphological analyses according to the principles of Hennig (1966) are presented in cladogram form. Comparison of results obtained by such different methods is facilitated by similarity diagrams, which show good (but not complete) correspondence of the data‐sets. Chromosome C‐banding therefore appears to be a powerful new tool for karyosystematics in plants. Potentials for a synthetic systematic treatment of Anacyclus and an evolutionary interpretation of the various data are discussed.
THE INTERPRETATION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD RADII AND LINKAGE DISTANCE AS USED FOR CLUSTERING
Authors: Newman K. W.
Published: April 2006

A procedure has been described for interpreting the resemblance distance between objects which are represented by points in a multidimensional space, in terms of percentile radii about these points. An illustration of the procedure demonstrated its usefulness for the recognition and analysis of innate group structure.
THE TERMINOLOGY OF LEAF ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Melville R.
Published: April 2006

A comparative study of leaf architecture throughout the Angiosperms has been made and six classes of venation patterns are recognised. The terms employed are defined and arranged in a systematic order for convenience of reference. Some new terms have been introduced where greater precision was needed and for little known venation patterns.
STUDIES ON MANGANESE‐ACCUMULATING ALYXIA SPECIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA
Authors: Brooks Robert R. , Trow Jennifer M. , Veillon Jean‐Marie , Jaffré Tanguy
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐one species of Alyxia from New Caledonia were analysed for their manganese content. Most of the species showed excessive uptake of manganese with a maximum of 1.15% Mn in dried leaves of A. rubricaulis. The manganese content alone was sufficient to distinguish a number of species from each other. Composite samples were in addition analysed for calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Correlation analysis and calculation of the slopes of regression lines showed that manganese uptake was mainly at the expense of calcium, rather than magnesium. Similarly magnesium was preferred to potassium and potassium to sodium. It is possible that manganese may have some physiological role in Alyxia, compensating to some extent for reduced uptake of the nutrients calcium and potassium.
TYPIFICATION OF DIANELLA LAM. EX JUSS. (LILIACEAE)
Authors: Henderson R. J. F.
Published: April 2006

A. L. de Jussieu in 1789 first validly published the generic name Dianella which has usually been attributed to Lamarck.

D. ensata (Thunberg) R. J. Henderson comb. nov. is the correct name for the type species. Dracaena ensata Thunberg, Dracaena ensifolia Linnaeus and Dianella nemorosa Lamarck nom. illeg. are lectotypified.
THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF ASCYRUM (GUTTIFERAE)
Authors: Robson N. K. B.
Published: April 2006

Ascyrum L. is now regarded as a synonym of Hypericum L. Typification of all three Linnaean species of this genus has given rise to problems. In particular, Linnaeus's concept of A. cruxundreae was confused; and the present treatment of this species as a synonym of Hypericum mutilum L. is clearly unsatisfactory. Following a review of the nomenclatural history of the three species it is concluded that: (1) A. crux‐andreae L. should be lectotypified by Clayton 230 (LINN), i.e., it has priority over Ascyrum stans Michaux ex Willd., so that Hypericum crux‐andreae (L.) Crantz replaces H. stans (Michaux ex Willd.) Adams & Robson as the accepted name of a well‐known species from south‐eastern U.S.A.; (2) A. hypericoides L. should be lectotypified by Plumier, Nov. Pl. Amer. Gen: t.7 (1703), a procedure which preserves the current usage; (3) A. villosum L. should be lectotypified by Plukenet, Phytographia: t.245, f.6 (1691) and treated as a synonym of Hypericum setosum L., thus preserving the current usage. In addition A. multicaule is given a new rank: H. hypericoides subsp. multicaule (Michaux ex Willd.) N. Robson, stat. nov.
A NAME CHANGE FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN TEOSINTE
Authors: Bird Robert McK.
Published: April 2006

The differences between maize and annual teosinte are so numerous that individuals of the two species are never confused, and hybrids and backcrosses are easily distinguished. Mexican and Central American teosintes are similar, but differences in the male and female inflorescences, as well as cytogenetic and geographical separation, allow them to be delimited as two species of Zea Linnaeus (1753) (Gramineae).
PHENETIC TAXONOMY AT THE SPECIES LEVEL AND ABOVE
Authors: Sneath P.H. A.
Published: April 2006

Phenetic analyses are valuable at all taxonomic ranks. A review of work at higher ranks is presented, and certain difficulties are discussed: these are just as serious for traditional studies, though often glossed over. Difficulties include determination of homologies, incompleteness of data and shortage of constant characters. It is also necessary to employ similarity coefficients and cluster methods that are not too sensitive, respectively, to effects of gross size and numbers of OTU's. The number of OTU's required to represent a homogeneous cluster is apt to be underestimated: even with a simplified model of phenetic variation this number should be at least 10 and preferably 25 or more. Some newer developments in numerical analysis of phytogeny are briefly reviewed.
WHAT IS LECYTHIS?
Authors: Prance Ghillean T. , Mori Scott A.
Published: April 2006

Terminology of the androecium and fruit of the Lecythidaceae are reviewed and illustrated. The uncertainty of earlier workers (Miers, 1874; Knuth, 1939) as to the identity of the generic and familial type, Lecythis ollaria Loefling, is reviewed. The genuine identity of L. ollaria is established and the species is described and illustrated. The genus Lecythis is re‐defined and described, and comments on its relationship with Couroupita, Corythophora and Eschweilera are given. The reasons for placing Chytroma pro parte, Holopyxidium, Sapucaya and Pachylecythis in synonomy under Lecythis are discussed. A key to the New World genera of the family is provided.
1. INTRODUCTION AND FLORAL AND GENERAL ANATOMY
Authors: Philipson W. R. , Stone B. C.
Published: April 2006

The monotypic genus Aralidium Miq. of the West Malesian floristic region has been assigned by different authors to both the Araliaceae and the Cornaceae. A renewed investigation of floral, stem, and leaf anatomy, and some other features of the genus, confirmed the absence of secretory canals, the dorsal position of the raphe and the peripheral origin of the ventral bundles; these characters preclude the assignment of Aralidium to the Araliaceae. The genus also possesses some features discordant in the Cornaceae, having lobed palisade cells, multilacunar nodes, and fibre‐pits without borders. Additionally, the anisocytic stomata and glandular hairs of Aralidium are rarely found in either Araliaceae or Cornaceae. Of the possible relatives, only Griselinia, a genus of the Cornales found in South America and New Zealand, appears to be moderately close, but the two genera differ nonetheless sufficiently to favour the erection of a separate family Aralidiaceae, established herein.
SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE GENUS KLEINODENDRON (EUPHORBIACEAE)
Authors: Webster Grady L.
Published: April 2006

The status of the Brazilian genus Kleinodendron Smith and Downs is reconsidered on the basis of studies of floral morphology, pollen characters, and wood anatomy. The plant does not belong to the tribe Clutieae but rather to the tribe Phyllantheae, and the genus cannot be separated from the genus Savia. Although there are some differences between the specimens of Kleinodendron from Santa Catarina and material of Savia dictyocarpa Muell. Arg. from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the Santa Catarina populations are not sharply separable, and both the genus Kleinodendron and the species Kleinodendron riosulense must pass into synonymy.
CONSENSUS TREES IN PHENETIC ANALYSES
Authors: Smith P. G. , Phipps J. B.
Published: April 2006

Consensus trees are graphical summarizations of the information shared between two or more classifications of the same set of elements. A new application of consensus tree methods, useful for those performing cluster analyses, is described. When more than one phenogram is produced during the course of a cluster analysis, consensus trees can be used to summarize the information about group structure shared by the different phenograms. This can lead to a clearer understanding of group relationships in the data. Application of consensus tree methods, specifically Adams‐II and durchschnitt consensus, in cluster analyses of Crataegus individuals, made a significant contribution to clarifying species relationships in a taxonomically difficult genus.
A. T. BRONGNIART'S INTERPRETATION OF THE MILKWEED FLOWER
Authors: Sundell Eric
Published: April 2006

A. T. Brongniart's investigations of the unique floral morphology of milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) during the early 19th century were marked by incisive, original observation but also by misinterpretation.
NATURAE NOVITATES, 1879‐1944: ITS PUBLICATION AND INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSIT TIMES MIRROR EUROPEAN HISTORY
Authors: Schmid Rudolf
Published: April 2006

Bibliographic details are given for the current awareness journal Naturae novitates, which listed new books, separates, and issues of journals in biology, paleontology, geology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy. Collation is given for the 66 volumes of the serial published between 1879 and 1944. Mail transit of the serial from Berlin to Berkeley, California, averaged 40.7 days (42.0 if abnormal times are included) per issue for 1903 to 1916 and 44.0 days (51.1 days) per issue for 1922 to 1941, with some issues in 1906 requiring only eleven or twelve days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. Transit times of issues and the total number of pages and numbered references per volume are graphed; these varied directly with unfavorable economic and especially wartime conditions in Germany.
THE SPELLING OF PEHR FORSSKÅL'S FAMILY NAME
Authors: Friis I. , Thulin M.
Published: April 2006

It is recommended that the orthography of Forsskål's family name to be used in bibliography and when referred to in scientific papers is ‘Forsskål.’ The abbreviation recommended for citation in connection with Latin plant names is ‘Forssk.’ When used for the formation of Latin scientific names a number of the variant spellings proposed in the past can be accepted, e.g. with ‐s‐ or ‐ss‐, and with or without ‐h‐, depending upon the choice of the original author. The choice, however, should be restricted to the consonants alone; deviation from an orthography in which the first vowel is ‐o‐ and the second is ‐å‐ (transcribed according to Art. 73.6 as ‐ao‐ in Latin plant names) should be treated as an orthographic error and hence corrected. The history of the special Scandinavian letter ‐å‐ is briefly outlined.
HISTORY OF THE LCU HERBARIUM, 1895–1986
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , Poston Muriel E. , Iltis Hugh H.
Published: April 2006

The herbarium at the Catholic University of America, founded as early as 1895 and later known as the Langlois Herbarium at the Catholic University (LCU), Washington, D.C., was dispersed by sale in 1985 to 1986. The institutions which received portions of the LCU herbarium included CAN, CM, DOV, F, NA, TEX, US, WIS, and the Department of Botany, Howard University, Washington, D.C. (HUDC).
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION FROM THE TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY IN COMPARING VEGETATION TYPES
Authors: Dale M. B. , Feoli E. , Ganis P.
Published: April 2006

This paper reports on a method of extending species descriptions by incorporating information from the taxonomic hierarchy into a numerical classification of plant community types based on species. The basic species data are expanded to include information on higher taxonomic categories, such as genus, family, order, or class. Each stand is described by the presence, or abundance, of taxonomic categories but, unlike previous methods, only the necessary levels of the hierarchy are included. “Necessary” is here defined to be the highest level in the taxonomic hierarchy which uniquely identifies some specific taxon in the data set. If only a single member of an order is present in the data, then only taxonomic categories equal to or higher than, order are necessary to uniquely identify that taxon. Information on family, genus or species is simply redundant. Where several members of the same genus are present then all levels of the hierarchy will be recorded since they are all necessary for unique identification. Having obtained stand descriptions in terms of the taxonomic categories then classification can proceed normally using standard techniques. The method was applied to a small set of data, for which a variety of previous results was already available for comparison. The method appears to provide an effective means of extending species descriptions.
SPECIES—PATTERN OR PROCESS?
Authors: Lidén Magnus , Oxelman Bengt
Published: April 2006

It is emphasized that taxonomy concerns pattern and that attempts to apply temporal aspects to taxa, including species, are doomed to lead to unsolvable paradoxes. The temporal species concepts have serious impacts on biological theory as the recognition of taxa is confused with evolutionary processes. The choice of inclusiveness of any Linnean taxon is in principle arbitrary in each particular case.
A TECHNICALLY NEW LECTOTYPIFICATION OF HARPALEJEUNEA (HEPATICAE)
Authors: Grolle Riclef
Published: April 2006

The European species of Harpalejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. is H. molleri (Steph.) comb. nov. (=Lejeunnea molleri Steph., =H. ovata auct., (non (Dicks.) Schiffn. =Douinia ovata (Dicks.) Buch). Under Art. 8, H. ovata (Dicks.) Schiffn. is superseded by H. ancistrodes (Spruce) Schiffn. as the lectotype of Harpalejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., preserving its traditional sense and also Douinia (C. Jens.) Buch.
ODICARDIS, AN OLDER NAME FOR OLIGOSPERMUM (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
Authors: Barringer Kerry
Published: April 2006

Odicardis Raf. is a validly published, legitimate name that antedates Oligospermum Hong.
GRIFFITHS' “CACTI GLASS NEGATIVES” COLLECTION
Authors: Funk V. A. , Tuccinardi Christian
Published: April 2006

Dr. David Griffiths studied Opuntia from 1905 until 1916. The glass negatives of his collections are housed at the Smithsonian Institution and have recently been catalogued. Two lists are given here, one by species and one by negative number. Additional information is available on request.
DE LA PRESENCIA DE IBERIS SAXATILIS L. EN LAS MONTAÑAS NORTEAFRICANAS (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Moreno M. , Velasco M.
Published: April 2006

Se discuten las afinidades de I. sempervirens L. subsp. pseudosaxatilis Emberger con I. sempervirens L. y se justifica la nueva combinación: I. saxatilis L. subsp. pseudosaxatilis (Emberger) Moreno & Velasco, que supone la presencia de I. saxatilis L. en el norte de Africa.
INFLORESCENCE STRUCTURE IN PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Weberling Focko
Published: April 2006

The inflorescences of Magnoliales exhibit a wide range of diverse forms. Monotelic inflorescences prevail by far. Panicles or thyrses terminating the flowering shoots are relatively rare, mostly the main axis shows a proliferating growth, then bearing “axillary” inflorescences only. By reduction of the ramification of the flower bearing axis, botryoids or even further reduced inflorescences can be formed. Solitary flowers terminating leafy shoots are also found in several families of the Magnoliales (as well as in Dilleniales). Highly specialized long shoot–short shoot systems are not rare (Calycanthaceae, Schisandraceae, Winteraceae, Eupteleaceae, Tetracentraceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Eucommiaceae, Myristicaceae), and even cauliflory occurs. Progression to an inflorescence of the polytelic type is relatively rare and occurs especially in some genera of the Lauraceae and apparently generally in Hernandiaceae and probably in members of Myristicaceae.