bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is Catholic is Christian
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores Rossetti’s radical reading of creation in her earliest poetry as an interconnected body held together by grace in relation to Tractarianism. It discusses her membership of the Christ Church, Albany Street community, and the renewed Anglicanism, or Anglo-Catholicism, she discovered there through figures such as Edward Bouverie Pusey and William Dodsworth. It shows how her vision of a revealed and interconnected cosmos originates in Tractarianism’s promotion of a universal Catholicism founded on a unity of all things as well as its commitment to religious education for women. The chapter also focuses on Rossetti’s engagement with premillennialism and patristics, and introduces her fascination with the Second Advent and the end of time. Rossetti thought that Christ would not return, however, to an internally atomized creation. In response, she followed the Tractarian emphasis on communion and grace to envision a companionable fellowship of divine, human, and nonhuman.
Kinship and Creation
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: June 2018

Rossetti’s involvement with the Pre-Raphaelites transformed her perception of the visible and invisible world, shaping her Christological and ecological reading of all things as part of one body. While critics have acknowledged her relationship with Pre-Raphaelitism, its influence has often been separated from her faith. This chapter suggests, however, that Rossetti’s reading of an early Pre-Raphaelite affinity with what Dante Gabriel Rossetti called an ‘art-Catholic’ helped found her nondual understanding of creation as embracing both the material and the divine, and that her vision of an interconnected creation evolved in this period in her encounters with Plato, Gregory of Nyssa, Francis of Assisi, and William Blake. Through a series of close readings of her earliest published poetry, including ‘Goblin Market’, and contributions to the Pre-Raphaelite periodical The Germ, the chapter relates her communal and participatory vision of creation to a form of kinship modelled in the Sermon on the Mount.
The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

This book gives a concise account of one of the most vibrant episodes in the history of ancient Indian thought, the development of Buddhist philosophy from the composition of the Abhidharma works before the beginning of the Common Era up to the time of Dharmakīrti in the sixth century CE. This period was characterized by the development of a variety of Buddhist philosophical schools and approaches that have shaped Buddhist thought up to the present day: the scholasticism of the Abhidharma, the Madhyamaka’s theory of emptiness, Yogācāra idealism, and the logical and epistemological works of Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti. The book attempts to describe the historical development of these schools in their intellectual context, with particular emphasis on three factors that shaped the development of Buddhist philosophical thought: the need to spell out the contents of canonical texts, the discourses of the historical Buddha and the Mahāyāna sutras; the desire to defend their positions by sophisticated arguments against criticisms from fellow Buddhists and from non-Buddhist thinkers of classical Indian philosophy; and the need to account for insights gained through the application of specific meditative techniques. While the main emphasis of our presentation is the period up the the sixth century CE, we will we also discuss some important selected figures who influenced Buddhist thought between this time and the decline of Buddhist scholastic philosophy in India at the beginning of the thirteenth century.
Abhidharma
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

The chapter begins by introducing the origin of the Abhidharma and the structure of Abhidharma texts, focusing on the role of matrices, texts in question-and answer-format and the status of the omniscience of the Buddha in the development of the Abhidharma. It examines the question of the authenticity of the Abhidharma texts, followed by a discussion of five major Abhidharma schools: Mahāsaṃghika and the Sthaviranikāya schools, Theravāda, Pudgalavāda, Sarvāstivāda, and Sautrāntika. The section on Mahāsaṃghika contains discussion of its anticipation of Mahāyāna themes, the Theravāda section examines a key Abhidharma text, the Kathāvatthu, the Pudgalavāda discussion focuses on its conception of a person (pudgala) as distinct from a self, while Sarvāstivāda and Sautrāntika concentrate on the specific theories of time that differentiate these two schools.
Symmetric Dependence
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

Metaphysical orthodoxy maintains that the relation of ontological dependence is irreflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. The goal of this paper is to challenge that orthodoxy by arguing that ontological dependence should be understood as non-symmetric, rather than asymmetric. A series of cases across a wide range of ontological commitments are presented, and it is argued that each case should be understood as one in which the relation of dependence holds symmetrically. If these arguments work, however, they provide reasons to be skeptical of the way in which contemporary discussions typically lump dependence together with relations such as grounding and in virtue of, which arguably need to be understood as asymmetric. If the asymmetry of dependence is relinquished, interesting things follow for what can be said about metaphysical explanation—particularly for the prospects of explanatory holism.
Grounding and Reflexivity
Authors: Bliss Ricki
Published: June 2018

Grounding is commonly assumed to induce a strict partial ordering: it is said to be asymmetric, transitive and irreflexive. Why it is that we ought to believe that grounding is irreflexive, in particular, appears to turn in large part on the impossibility of any instance of it being reflexive. But why is this? Indeed, how would things need to be such that anything could ground itself? And why is this so bad? This paper explores metaphysical and explanatory reasons for supposing that nothing can ground itself. The discussion centers on the thoughts that there are problems with bootstrapping, the priority ordering and necessary beings, and finds them wanting. A conclusion is reached that the best reasons we have for supposing that grounding is irreflexive are going to be epistemic rather than metaphysical.
Indefinitely Descending Ground
Authors: Bohn Einar Duenger
Published: June 2018

Chapter 8 proposes that there might not be any metaphysically fundamental facts. It argues that reality might be structured such that some facts obtain in virtue of some other facts, which in turn obtain in virtue of yet some other facts, and so on indefinitely. In addition to this, the chapter also provides some reasons to think that reality is not just possibly so, but actually so.
Heidegger’s Grund
Authors: Casati Filippo
Published: June 2018

Martin Heidegger holds the position according to which every entity is grounded in being and being is ungrounded. Some interpreters have recently shown that this metaphysical picture is untenable because Heidegger’s characterization of being leads to a contradiction. This paper challenges this approach. With the help of dialetheism and paraconsistent logic, metaphysical and logical sense is made of Heidegger’s position, developing two inconsistent, but not logically trivial, grounding theories (called para-foundationalism 1.0 and para-foundationalism 2.0). Finally, employing the inconsistent grounding theories developed in this paper, an interpretation is given of one of the most obscure concepts of the so-called late Heidegger, namely the Last God.
Because Without Cause
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: June 2018

This chapter investigates non-causal scientific explanations that work by describing how the explanandum involves stronger-than-physical necessity by virtue of certain facts (“constraints”) that possess some variety of necessity stronger than ordinary causal laws possess. In particular, the chapter offers an account of the order of explanatory priority in explanations by constraint. It examines several important examples of explanations by constraint, distinguishing their natural kinds. It gives an account of the sense in which constraints are modally stronger than ordinary causal laws and an account of why certain deductions of constraints exclusively from other constraints possess explanatory power whereas others lack explanatory power.
Symmetries and Explanatory Dependencies in Physics
Authors: French Steven , Saatsi Juha
Published: June 2018

Many important explanations in physics are based on ideas and assumptions about symmetries, but little has been said about the nature of such explanations. This chapter aims to fill this lacuna, arguing that various symmetry explanations can be naturally captured in the spirit of the counterfactual-dependence account of Woodward, liberalized from its causal trappings. From the perspective of this account symmetries explain by providing modal information about an explanatory dependence, by showing how the explanandum would have been different, had the facts about an explanatory symmetry been different. Furthermore, the authors argue that such explanatory dependencies need not be causal.
The Right in the Good
Authors: Littlejohn Clayton
Published: June 2018

Littlejohn considers and criticizes the value theory that underlies epistemic consequentialism. He first casts doubt on veritism, the view according to which accuracy and only accuracy is the final epistemic good. One might think that the consequentialist is unscathed by this: simply put in something else as the epistemic good. But Littlejohn argues that this fails, too. For whatever it is that the consequentialist says is the epistemic good, she cannot make sense of why such a good should be promoted.
The Naturalistic Origins of Epistemic Consequentialism
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: June 2018

Kornblith argues that epistemic consequentialism has several real advantages over non-consequentialist approaches. It is naturalistically acceptable in that normative properties are present at the ground floor, and it offers a real answer to why we might want beliefs that come highly recommended by an epistemic theory. That is, it not only tells us which beliefs are good, it explains why those beliefs are good.
Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in Australia
Authors: Huntir Alex
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the practice of palliative care volunteering and volunteer management in Australia. The history of volunteering in Australia is briefly considered as are the formative influences that have shaped volunteer services within the palliative care system. The chapter outlines the federated model of health funding, and the various service models within which volunteers are supported. Data from recent research is used to illustrate models of volunteer support in the state of New South Wales. The chapter considers the way in which volunteering is changing in Australia, the shifting demographics of volunteers, the effect of risk management on volunteer satisfaction, and the revival of interest in hospices. Factors that contribute to success are also considered including the positive effect of organizational support for the work of the volunteers, the skills of the volunteer manager, and the importance of acknowledging and including volunteers in aspects of service management.
Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in Africa
Authors: Kiyange Fatia
Published: June 2018

Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in Africa occurs in existing cultures of care for the sick by families and their communities. The high burden of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa further accelerated the development and involvement of volunteers in the delivery of hospice and palliative care services, as well as other health services. Similar to the Alma Ata Declaration which recognizes the importance of community members in the provision of primary health care, the World Health Assembly resolution on palliative care recognizes the role of volunteers in services. Volunteers are integral to palliative care teams and can help address the human resources crisis in health care systems in Africa. Various models for volunteering have emerged, each with unique characteristics. Different terminologies are also used to describe volunteering in hospice and palliative care, although the roles of volunteers are very similar.
Shikinen Sengu
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: June 2018

An ontology of art specifies the category of being to which works of art belong. Most philosophers accept that works in different art forms belong to different categories of being—e.g. sculptures are objects but symphonies are events. Some go further: also ontology varies by cultural context because practices of art appreciation vary enough from one culture to the next that they imply different ontologies. This chapter examines the continuous plan of architectural renovation and restoration in the Shinto shrine complex of Ise Jingu in Japan as a case study in Japanese traditional architectural aesthetics. In doing so, it illustrates how empirical studies of culture can be used to construct an ontology of art.
Against Open-Minded Engagement (for Some People)
Authors: Fantl Jeremy
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that you shouldn’t engage open-mindedly with salient counterarguments in some standard situations—those standard situations in which you know that the counterarguments are misleading. This conclusion relies on a general principle: you should do the things that what you know is a decisive reason to do (a principle that has been used to argue for so-called “pragmatic encroachment” in epistemology). That a counterargument is misleading is a decisive reason, in standard situations, to be unwilling to reduce your confidence in response to the counterargument. Therefore, if you know that the counterargument is misleading—which you sometimes do—you should do exactly that. You should be unwilling to reduce your confidence in response to the counterargument and, therefore, you should be closed-minded toward it.
Poetic Realisms
Authors: Renker Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that multiple heterogeneous subtypes of realist poems circulated actively and to a broad readership during the postbellum period. These subtypes included but were not limited to the three heuristic categories presented in this chapter: gothic and phantasmagoric realism; social or earthly realism; and comic, commercial, and advertising realism. These subtypes often work in implicit modes of relation to the explicit romance/realist binary formulations traced in Chapter 2. Those explicit formulations undergird how these more implicit versions played out in a larger print-culture conversation. Yet, over the long history of scholarship that assumed a priori that poems were not an active part of “realism,” these implicit and attenuated realist poetries have been easy to miss. This chapter brings them back into a thicker history of postbellum realist poetries, demonstrating their wide circulation; their familiarity to readers; and their influence across print culture.
Humility: Nature, Value, and Virtue
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: June 2018

The traditional account of the virtues is Aristotelian, where virtue requires knowledge. Recent literature has emphasized the importance of ignorance in a proper account of some virtues, including humility. The goal of the present chapter is to resist this ignorance portrayal and the skepticism it engenders about the value of humility and its classification as a virtue. An alternative, attention‐based account of humility is explained and defended, one on which humility’s value and virtue are defensible.
Literalism
Authors: Figdor Carrie
Published: June 2018

Chapter 4 elaborates and provides an initial defense of Literalism. Updated versions of the inference to the best explanation argument for other minds provide a familiar framework for thinking about the plausibility of Literalism, as well as an additional argument for it as the default interpretation of the predicates as they are used in contemporary science. The chapter articulates what Literalism does not claim and what would falsify it. It also presents a series of initial objections to Literalism by means of a dialogue between the Literalist and an imaginary interlocutor, the Implicit Scare Quoter. The ISQ represents the broad range of intuitive objections to Literalism that follow from the initial response that the uses involve implicit scare quotes, indicating an implicit difference in meaning. The dialogue shows the strength of the Literal position in response to common objections.
So What?
Authors: Marshall Colin
Published: June 2018

This chapter defends the significance of the epistemic answer to the “why be moral?” question in the face of possible moral skeptics who shrug it off. First, it is argued that the answer may be significant even if it does not motivate any moral skeptics to change, since it is capable of providing reassurance to compassionate people. Similar limitations, it is argued, would confront even the most successful possible answer that appealed to happiness. Second, a series of possible further extensions of the epistemic answer are considered that would give it more force with some skeptics. These extensions concern epistemic pride, compensation for immorality, special epistemic norms, epistemic isolation, and the possibility that the only properties a subject can be in touch with outside her mind are the affective properties of other creatures.
Defending Virtuous Motivation
Authors: May Joshua
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers remaining empirical challenges to the idea that we’re commonly motivated to do what’s right for the right reasons. Two key factors threaten to defeat claims to virtuous motivation, self-interest (egoism) and arbitrary situational factors (situationism). Both threats aim to identify defective influences on moral behavior that reveal us to be commonly motivated by the wrong reasons. However, there are limits to such wide-ranging skeptical arguments. Ultimately, like debunking arguments, defeater challenges succumb to a Defeater’s Dilemma: one can identify influences on many of our morally relevant behaviors that are either substantial or arbitrary, but not both. The science suggests a familiar trade-off in which substantial influences on many morally relevant actions are rarely defective. Arriving at this conclusion requires carefully scrutinizing a range of studies, including those on framing effects, dishonesty, implicit bias, mood effects, and moral hypocrisy (vs. integrity).
Charles Olson and American Modernism
Authors: Byers Mark
Published: June 2018

The Practice of the Self situates the work of American poet Charles Olson (1910–70) at the centre of the early postwar American avant-garde. It shows Olson to have been one of the major advocates and theorists of American modernism in the late 1940s and early 1950s; a poet who responded fully and variously to the political, ethical, and aesthetic urgencies driving innovation across contemporary American art. Reading Olson’s work alongside that of contemporaries associated with the New York Schools of painting and music (as well as the exiled Frankfurt School), the book draws on Olson’s published and unpublished writings to establish an original account of early postwar American modernism. The development of Olson’s work is seen to illustrate two primary drivers of formal innovation in the period: the evolution of a new model of political action pivoting around the radical individual and, relatedly, a powerful new critique of instrumental reason and the Enlightenment tradition. Drawing on extensive archival research and featuring readings of a wide range of artists—including, prominently, Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, David Smith, Wolfgang Paalen, and John Cage—The Practice of the Self offers a new reading of a major American poet and an original account of the emergence of postwar American modernism.
Demand-Rights—and the Demand-Right Problem
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: June 2018

Starting with some important remarks of Hohfeld’s on legal claims, this chapter introduces and focuses on rights of the kind accrued by the parties to informal agreements, among others, which it labels “demand-rights.” One with a demand-right has, centrally, the standing to demand an action from the right’s addressee. This point is clarified as, among other things, demands are distinguished from requests and commands. H. L. A. Hart’s discussion of a promisee’s rights is reviewed, and demand-rights are further characterized by means of a series of equivalences of Hohfeld’s type. Some possible further equivalences, including one suggested by remarks of Joel Feinberg, are considered. An argument for the primacy of demand-rights is sketched and the demand-right problem is raised: how are demand-rights possible?
Are There Any Moral Demand-Rights? Part II
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: June 2018

The first part of this chapter addresses the question whether there are any generalized moral demand-rights, such as a moral demand-right of each person against each person that he not assault anyone. Moral demand-rights are demand-rights discovered by moral argument without any appeal to joint commitment as the immediate basis of the right. Discussion includes consideration of a variety of understandings of the idea of a moral community. No ground for any generalized moral demand-right is found. Several alternative definitions of “moral demand-right” are noted. If there are moral demand-rights in one of these senses, that does not show that there are moral demand-right in the sense at issue. Finally, a range of interpretations of the phrase “moral right” prevalent in moral theory are reviewed. The non-existence of moral demand-rights does not mean that there are no moral rights in any of these prevalent senses.
Demand-Rights, Law, and Other Institutions
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: June 2018

The abstract and concrete conceptions of a legal system are distinguished, and it is proposed that legal systems abstractly conceived can accord both analogues of demand-rights and demand-rights. On the concrete conception a legal system exists in a given population. Do members of the population then have demand-rights against each other to conformity with the rules of the system? The answer depends on one’s account of the existence of a legal system. A number of possible criteria of adequacy for such an account are listed, and a range of candidate accounts are sketched. Only a joint commitment account allows for a positive answer. It also satisfies all of the criteria of adequacy listed. Given that a legal system exists according to the joint commitment account, does one with a legal demand-right in that system have the corresponding demand-right period? A positive answer is defended and its implications discussed.
Just How Unreasonable is the Effectiveness of Mathematics?
Authors: Bueno Otávio , French Steven
Published: June 2018

Eugene Wigner famously challenged philosophers to account for ‘the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics’. Mark Steiner responded that mathematics is essentially species specific and thus the strategies involved in its applicability are, at their core, anthropocentric. This chapter tackles Steiner’s claims and suggests that the mystery he sees in mathematics’ applicability can be dispelled by adopting a kind of optimistic attitude with regard to the variety of mathematical structures that are typically made available in any given context. This suggests applying mathematics is simply a matter of finding a structure to fit the phenomena in question. However, as Wilson notes, mathematics is more ‘rigid’ than this attitude assumes and certain ‘special circumstances’ must obtain for it to be brought into contact with physics. We suggest that it is via certain idealizations that these circumstances are constructed and the mystery of the applicability of mathematics is dispelled.
Scientific Representation and the Application of Mathematics
Authors: Bueno Otávio , French Steven
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, we show how the partial structures framework can be used to give an account of how scientific models represent systems, and in a way that pays due regard to the relations between the relevant mathematics and such models. In particular, both the open-ended nature of these developments and the transfer of relations between one structure and another can be accommodated within the partial structures account. Finally, the expansion of the framework to include partial homomorphisms holding between structures also allows us to accommodate the fact that typically not all of the mathematics is used in a particular application, leaving surplus structure that can be subsequently exploited.
Jesus as Philosopher in the Gospel of Luke
Authors: Thorsteinsson Runar M.
Published: June 2018

The chapter discusses the following aspects of the question of Jesus as philosopher in the Gospel of Luke: ascetic appearance, abandoning one’s family, attitude towards material possessions and outward appearance, Jesus as a teacher of ethics, the wisdom of Jesus, Jesus and the philosophers as messengers of God, the philosopher’s emotions, and the philosopher’s suffering and death. It is concluded that, compared with the other Gospels, Luke’s Jesus is the ‘most philosophical’. There are indeed some minor differences between Luke and the Graeco-Roman descriptions, but they are precisely that: minor. Even Mark’s and (to a lesser extent) Matthew’s portrayals of the ‘unphilosophical’ emotions of Jesus are largely absent in Luke. In this respect, Luke characterizes Jesus in much the same way as a Stoic would have. On the basis of this, it is suggested that in his characterization, Luke made use of Graeco-Roman discourses portraying the philosophical sage.
The interpretation of pro in consistent and partial null-subject languages
Authors: Frascarelli Mara
Published: June 2018

This chapter deals with the acceptability and interpretation of referential null subjects (NSs) and compares consistent pro-drop in Italian with equivalent sentences in Finnish (a partial NS language), in different syntactic constructions (matrix, completive, factive, and adverbial clauses). This leads to the formulation of an original proposal that opens new perspectives for future research. Specifically, based on the interpretive judgements of 273 native speakers of Finnish, it is shown that a Topic chain analysis (Frascarelli 2007) can (and should) be assumed in partial NS languages as well, and that ‘partiality’ cannot be explained through narrow syntactic constraints. The Locality requirement is thus re-proposed as an Interface Visibility Condition (IVC), according to which in partial NS languages a pro is preferably interpreted as referring to the closest overt link in a Topic chain. The Topic Criterion is thus proposed as a Macroparameter of NS languages and the necessity of a ‘graded analysis’ ascribed to the IVC (as a Mesoparameter).
Wordsworth’s Creation of Taste
Authors: Fay Jessica
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the conceptual background against which Wordsworth’s engagement with monastic history developed. It does so by identifying The White Doe of Rylstone as central to Wordsworth’s scheme to regenerate the moral wellbeing and aesthetic taste of the reading public, an ambition that particularly concerned him between 1807 and 1815. The chapter analyses Wordsworth’s attempt to purify the romance revival with reference to The WhiteDoe’s intertextuality with Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. In addition, an examination of the poems and epigraphs printed with the first edition of The White Doe, and of the ‘Essay, Supplementary to the Preface’ (1815), illuminates what Wordsworth meant when, in 1807, he said that ‘to be incapable of a feeling of Poetry … is to be without love of human nature and reverence for God’. The chapter proposes that this statement underpins stylistic developments that occurred in Wordsworth’s poetry after 1807.
St Theodore the Studite's Defence of the Icons
Authors: Tollefsen Torstein Theodor
Published: June 2018

This book is an investigation of the icon theology of St Theodore the Studite, mainly as it is presented in his three refutations of the iconoclasts, even if some passages from his letters are also brought into the picture. The book fills a gap in scholarly literature since, even though treated by some scholars, his doctrine of the icon has never been the subject of such an extensive or in-depth investigation before. In addition to the main elements of his defence of the icon, like the Christological issue, the relation between image and prototype, the question of veneration, his explanation of why we may say of an image that ‘this is Christ’, and his innovative thinking on the representative character of icon production, there is an introduction that places Theodore in the history of Byzantine philosophy: he has some knowledge of traditional logical topics and is able to utilize argumentative forms in countering his iconoclast opponents. The book also has an appendix in which the author tries to show that the making of images is somehow natural given the character of Christianity as a religion.
Women as Text, Text as Woman
Authors: Lombardi Elena
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores an ancient cultural theme: the links between women and textuality, involving images of female nudity (‘the naked truth’) and of clothing and make up (ornatus). It begins by exploring the mechanics of reading as a homoerotic exchange between a male author and a male reader through the guise of a personified female text, and it documents the evolution of such a theme in the age of Dante, with the flourishing of a rather independent form of female lyric textuality. In creating an embodied text that moves about, speaks, cries out in joy or sorrow, but also writes and reads itself, and, most importantly, opens itself up to the plurality of interpretation, poets promote a very nuanced image of textuality, which defies gender barriers and stereotypes. Eventually such ‘live’ texts, with their fertility, come to challenge the all-male myth of poetic generation and the masculinity of authority.
Staging the Spanish Golden Age
Authors: Jeffs Kathleen
Published: June 2018

This book offers first-hand experiences from the rehearsal room of the Royal Shakespeare Company’s 2004–5 Spanish Golden Age season in order to put forth a collaborative model for translating, rehearsing, and performing Spanish Golden Age drama. Building on the RSC season, the volume proposes translation and communication methodologies that can feed the creative processes of working actors and directors, while maintaining an ethos of fidelity with regards to the original texts. A successful theatrical ensemble thrives on the mingling of these different voices directed towards a common goal. The work carried out during this season has repercussions in the areas comedia critics debate on the page; each of the chapters engages with one area of these overlapping disciplines. Now that the Royal Shakespeare Company’s Spanish Golden Age season has closed, this book posits a model for future productions of the comedia in English, one that recognizes the need for the languages of the scholar and the theatre artist to be made mutually intelligible by the use of collaborative strategies, mediated by a consultant or dramaturg proficient in both tongues. This model applies more generally to theatrical collaborations involving a translator, writer, and director, and is intended to be useful for translation and performance processes in any language.
Introduction
Authors: Fishkin James S.
Published: June 2018

Democracy requires some connection to the “will of the people.” But there are impediments to how that will is formed and how it is connected to public decisions. Efforts to manipulate public opinion, the competitive pressures of campaigns, discussions among the like-minded on social media, distortions of campaign finance all make it difficult for a mostly inattentive mass public to come to considered judgments. “Deliberative democracy” offers a useful method of supplementing our current political practices. There is a need for research and experimentation into entry points for a thoughtful and representative public voice. Such efforts provide a solution to a recurring dilemma—do we listen to the people and get the angry voices of populism or rely on widely distrusted elites and get policies that seem out of touch with the public’s concerns. Populism or technocracy? Deliberative democracy can provide a thoughtful and representative public voice.
Reimagining Democratic Possibilities
Authors: Fishkin James S.
Published: June 2018

Consider four main arguments against applications of deliberative democracy—domination by the more advantaged, polarization, lack of citizen competence, and the gap between mini-publics and the broader society. We consider why these problems seem intractable according to the political theory literature. Drawing on the case studies in Part III, we show that these challenges can be overcome. Thought experiments for deliberation are considered, drawing on work from John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas. The argument for applied deliberative democracy, as in Deliberative Polling, is developed. “Deliberative systems,” where deliberation enters a democratic decision process at one point or another, are discussed. Topics include reform of the US presidential selection process, commissions within specific issue domains such as the Texas utility experience, the Japanese use of Deliberative Polling, and the use of Deliberation Day. The issue of constitutional change is also discussed, drawing on the recent Deliberative Poll in Mongolia.
Pindar and the Poetics of Permanence
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

This work is concerned with Pindar and archaic Greek literary culture. Part One discusses Pindar’s relationship to his audiences. It demonstrates how his victory odes address an audience present at their premiere performance and also a broader secondary audience throughout space and time. I argue that getting the most out of these texts involves simultaneously assuming the perspectives of both. Part Two describes how Pindar uses other lyric to situate his work both within an immanent poetic history and within a contemporary poetic culture. It sets out Pindar’s vision of the literary world, both past and present, and shows how this framework shapes the meaning of his work. Whereas the last several decades of scholarship on early Greek lyric have focused on the immediate contexts of first performance, this work instead focuses on the rhetoric and realities of poetic permanence and provides the first book-length study devoted to this topic. It combines historical and literary perspectives in a unique way in order to offer a new understanding of the nature of early Greek poetic culture and new insights into the texts that it produced.
Secondary Audiences
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

Chapter I lays the groundwork by showing how Pindar’s epinicians, despite being occasional poetry, take into account audiences beyond their first performance. Using the texts themselves as evidence, it first shows how Pindar’s poems anticipate and accommodate secondary audiences. Two sections then examine types of knowledge necessary for understanding the poems: first, knowledge of debut performance contexts; secondly, knowledge of external data including public history, individual circumstances, and mythological traditions. The conclusion emerges that knowledge available to debut audiences but unavailable to secondary audiences is largely inessential for understanding and appreciating Pindar’s poetry. Section 3 addresses the question of Pindar’s difficulty while section 4 considers the role of written texts in the reception of his work. The odes’ complexity provides an impetus, not an obstacle, to their later reception. The evidence for a text-based literary culture in Pindar’s day is cumulatively stronger than is sometimes supposed.
Vital Light in Isthmian 4
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

Isthmian 4 is very interested in light imagery. This chapter offers an interpretation of this ode focused on the interplay between fire and celestial light in order to show how these images invite audiences to reflect on the paradoxical nature of this poem and indeed all of Pindaric epinician as simultaneously an utterance forming part of a transitory revel and an enduring artefact. Isthmian 4 highlights a paradox central to Pindaric epinician: the poem succeeds in its original setting by promising to transcend it. One understands this ode best by simultaneously assuming the perspectives of both initial and later audiences. Epinician performance is a concrete action that derives its distinctive value from its consequences ramifying into the future. We misconstrue the genre if we discount the consciousness of posterity which pervades the act or if we sever the link between the artefact and its origins in an unrepeatable moment.
The Poetics of Permanence
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores ways in which the idea of permanence matters for understanding Pindar. Each section focuses on one ode in order to bring out a broader feature of his poetics. Section 1 (Pythian 1) illustrates how the aesthetics of traditionality can enrich the experience of a secondary audience. Section 2 (Nemean 4) shows how the possibility of participating in a tradition might have mattered to Pindar’s first audiences. Section 3 (Pythian 6) considers the didactic value of epinician for secondary audiences. Section 4 (Pythian 3) describes how Pindar invites reflection on the future reception of his work through his own reception of Homer. Section 5 (Nemean 5) demonstrates how Pindar evokes the language of inscriptions in order to depict the communicative powers of his poetry. Section 6 enters into a controversy surrounding Nemean 7 and argues that this poem can be adequately understood by secondary audiences.
The Epinician Present
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

Chapter VII discusses epinician as a living social practice in Pindar’s day. By assembling clues from across his corpus one can see further into a cultural and literary context which shapes the meaning of many passages and indeed the significance of Pindar’s authorial project as a whole. The texts themselves provide our best evidence for the contours of that context. This chapter analyses different sorts of references and draws conclusions from each type. Five sections treat, in order, the epinician genre, Pindar’s career, patrons’ history of patronage, other eulogists, and revels at the site of the games. Section 6 offers an interpretation of Nemean 6, an ode that situates itself both within traditional social practices and a poetic canon. A conclusion then synthesizes preceding arguments and offers a reconstruction of the literary culture surrounding fifth-century epinician.
Epistocracy or Democracy
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Spiekermann Kai
Published: June 2018

The case for epistocracy rests on the assumption that identifiable experts tend to be better truth trackers than the electorate. The case is typically weak because large numbers of only minimally competent voters are difficult to beat and unbiased experts are hard to identify in advance. Sample calculations demonstrate that enfranchising more voters is often epistemically advantageous, even if additional voters are less competent. To deal with less-competent voters, it has been suggested that votes be weighted by competence. This strategy works, but the effects tend to be limited. Looking from the perspective of the Best Responder Corollary (Chapter 5), there are reasons why smaller groups can beat larger groups and vice versa, depending on which group faces a more truth-conducive decision problem. A final argument in favour of universal franchise is that voters learn from experience and thereby improve their competence.
The Relation between Truth and Politics, Once Again
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Spiekermann Kai
Published: June 2018

This chapter returns to the question whether there are truths that politics ought to track. We argue, first, that while there may occasionally be reasons to practise ‘epistemic abstinence’, there are plenty of important factual matters of major political consequence that can and should be tracked. It is sometimes argued, second, that the pursuit of truth can be abused to coerce. Our proposal, however, is about enfranchising everyone for democratic truth-seeking, not enabling coercion by the few. Admittedly, third, not all matters can and should be put to a vote. Sometimes surprise is necessary, and occasionally decisions are all about values and not facts. Finally, who should decide what is true? All we claim is that competence deriving from good epistemic performance is a good-making feature of a system of government. Democratic majorities have epistemic authority on the basis of their superior truth-tracking.
What Truth Is
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

What Truth Is presents and defends a novel theory of what truth is, in terms of the metaphysical notion of truthmaking. This is the relation which holds between a truth and some entity in the world, in virtue of which that truth is true. By coming to an understanding of this relation, I argue, we gain better insight into the metaphysics of truth. The first part of the book discusses the property being true, and how we should understand it in terms of truthmaking. The second part focuses on truthmakers, the worldly entities which make various kinds of truths true, and how they do so. I argue for a metaphysics of states of affairs, which account for things having properties and standing in relations. The third part analyses the logic and metaphysics of the truthmaking relation itself, and links it to the metaphysical concept of grounding. The final part discusses consequences of the theory for language and logic. I show how the theory delivers a novel and useful theory of propositions, the entities which are true or false, depending on how things are. One feature of this approach is that it avoids the Liar paradox and other puzzling paradoxes of truth.
Arguments for Truthmaking
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

The theory of truth I’m proposing analyses truth in terms of truthmaking. But why think that truths need to be made true by entities in the world? That’s a key question in this project. There are no quick, easy arguments in favour of truthmaking (§2.2 and §2.3). My strategy will be to argue that properties and relations exist (§2.4), and from there, to argue in favour of states of affairs (§2.5). Once we’ve got these in our ontology, it’s but a short step to argue that they are truthmakers for the corresponding propositions (§2.6).
Truthmaking and Grounding
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

In previous chapters, I’ve argued that all truths have a truthmaker, and I’ve developed an ontological account of what those truthmakers are. They’re states of affairs, and they include negative and other logically complex entities. Now it’s time to turn our focus to the truthmaking relation itself. What kind of relation is it? What are its logical properties? Can it be defined, or otherwise understood, in more conceptually basic terms? What is its relation to the general concepts of grounding and metaphysical determination? These are the questions I’ll try to answer in this chapter.
Panegyric and Apology
Authors: Omissi Adrastos
Published: June 2018

This chapter opens by considering the accession of Jovian, a case study of how political expedient could dominate the tone and content of panegyrics. Themistius’ Oratio V presents Jovian’s humiliating peace with Persia in 363 as a victory for the Romans and as a legitimating tool for Jovian. The chapter then examines the usurpation of Procopius in 365, an incident treated by Themistius’ Oratio VII and Symmachus’ Oratio I. These two very different panegyrics demonstrate how their messages were crafted to the specific needs of the orator and the emperor whom they addressed. Themistius, representing a people and a city closely associated with Procopius, makes him out to be a scheming trickster, but Symmachus, far removed from events, an insignificant bandit. The chapter also examines how Themistius’ portrait influenced Ammianus Marcellinus, and so how it has influenced modern viewpoints. It closes by considering the usurpation of Valentinian II in 375.
A Dialogue Between Business and Philosophy
Authors: Collomb Bertrand , Neiman Susan
Published: June 2018

Is there a way of doing business that can sustain material progress without displacing other values that are the essence of the good life? This chapter is a dialogue on this and related questions. Has the present economic system reversed the means–end relation between markets and life? What forms of reasoning and value might redress this? Given our growing awareness and relations, what responsibilities do we have toward people in other parts of the planet? Will enterprises face a sunset on the notion of limited liability? The chapter discusses the marketing economy’s manufacture of needs and the seeming overfinancialization of the economy. It concludes by proposing that if something is necessary to act morally, it is rational for us to believe in it. The spontaneous outcomes of the free market have to be evaluated against our societal goals, and the process reshaped via education and not only regulation.
Purpose-Driven Business for Sustainable Performance and Progress
Authors: Hansmeyer Ebba Abdon , Mendiola Ramón , Snabe Jim Hagemann
Published: June 2018

This chapter proposes and discusses how a “purpose-driven” approach can help business reinvent and sustain itself and serve society. It outlines and explains a “tesseract model” which has purpose at its core and four vertices corresponding to economic, human, social, and environmental values. To be effective, a company’s purpose has to be authentic, ambitious, and achievable. A company’s purpose can furnish meaning and status, and act as a matching/sorting device for attracting compatible employees, investors, and customers. Based on the authors’ first-hand experience, this chapter describes two concrete instances of firms that adopted this purpose-driven approach. In an organization that adopts a societally oriented purpose, employees become emotionally engaged, energized, and differentiating in ways that can sustain performance and progress.
Taming Platform Capitalism to Meet Human Needs
Authors: Davis Gerald F. , Shibulal S.D.
Published: June 2018

We are witnessing the emergence of an information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled platform capitalism in which traditional corporations are being displaced. Railing against traditional firms to rescue capitalism would, under these circumstances, seem like misdirected effort. The “working anarchies” (e.g. Uber, Wikipedia) and “pop-up firms” (e.g. Vizio) of this new world use “labor on demand.” Here too there is risk that platform owners exploit their power and become rapacious. Yet, ICT can enable platform capitalism to create community-based, locally controlled alternatives to corporations and states. Cooperatives and democratic software platforms (e.g. Linux) must be important business forms in the future.