bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic trajectory, interplay and convergence/divergence across all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses: 6-year follow-up of the Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS)
Authors: Kingston T. , Scully P. J. , Browne D. J. , Baldwin P. A. , Kinsella A. , Russell V. , O'Callaghan E. , Waddington J. L.
Published: March 2013

Background

The boundaries of psychotic illness and the extent to which operational diagnostic categories are distinct in the long term remain poorly understood. Clarification of these issues requires prospective evaluation of diagnostic trajectory, interplay and convergence/divergence across psychotic illness, without a priori diagnostic or other restrictions.

Method

The Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS), conducted using methods to attain the closest approximation to epidemiological completeness, incepts all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses. In this study we applied methodologies to achieve diagnostic reassessments on follow-up, at a mean of 6.4 years after first presentation, for 196 (97%) of the first 202 cases, with quantification of prospective and retrospective consistency.

Results

Over 6 years, the 12 initial psychotic diagnoses were characterized by numerous transitions but only limited convergence towards a smaller number of more stable diagnostic nodes. In particular, for initial brief psychotic disorder (BrP), in 85% of cases this was the harbinger of long-term evolution to serious psychotic illness of diagnostic diversity; for initial major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDDP), in 18% of cases this was associated with mortality of diverse causality; and for initial psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (PNOS), 31% of cases continued to defy DSM-IV criteria.

Conclusions

CAMFEPS methodology revealed, on an individual case basis, a diversity of stabilities in, and transitions between, all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses over 6 years; thus, psychotic illness showed longitudinal disrespect to current nosology and may be better accommodated by a dimensional model. In particular, a first episode of BrP or MDDP may benefit from more vigorous, sustained interventions.
Footnotes on a Parthian sound change
Authors: Korn Agnes
Published: March 2013

The treatment of Proto-Iranian*θw(PIE *t) is one of the isoglosses distinguishing Middle Persian from Parthian and thus important for Western Iranian dialectology. The re-discussion of the Parthian development of this consonant cluster by Nicholas Sims-Williams presents a welcome opportunity for some notes on the matter. I will argue that there is some additional evidence in favour of his suggestion that the Parthian result is not-f-as previously assumed, but a consonant cluster. I will also suggest a modification of the steps that the development takes. The Middle Persian development of*θwas well as some related issues of historical phonology and Pth. orthography and Western Ir. are likewise discussed.
Effectiveness of a multidimensional approach for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in 21 adult intensive-care units from 10 cities in India: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)
Authors: MEHTA Y. , JAGGI N. , ROSENTHAL V. D. , RODRIGUES C. , TODI S. K. , SAINI N. , UDWADIA F. E. , KARLEKAR A. , KOTHARI V. , MYATRA S. N. , CHAKRAVARTHY M. , SINGH S. , DWIVEDY A. , SEN N. , SAHU S.
Published: March 2013

We report on the effect of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium's (INICC) multidimensional approach for the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in adult patients hospitalized in 21 intensive-care units (ICUs), from 14 hospitals in 10 Indian cities. A quasi-experimental study was conducted, which was divided into baseline and intervention periods. During baseline, prospective surveillance of VAP was performed applying the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network definitions and INICC methods. During intervention, our approach in each ICU included a bundle of interventions, education, outcome and process surveillance, and feedback of VAP rates and performance. Crude stratified rates were calculated, and by using random-effects Poisson regression to allow for clustering by ICU, the incidence rate ratio for each time period compared with the 3-month baseline was determined. The VAP rate was 17·43/1000 mechanical ventilator days during baseline, and 10·81 for intervention, showing a 38% VAP rate reduction (relative risk 0·62, 95% confidence interval 0·5–0·78, P = 0·0001).
Cost-effectiveness of influenza control measures: a dynamic transmission model-based analysis
Authors: CHEN S.-C. , LIAO C.-M.
Published: March 2013

We investigated the cost-effectiveness of different influenza control strategies in a school setting in Taiwan. A susceptible-exposure-infected-recovery (SEIR) model was used to simulate influenza transmission and we used a basic reproduction number (R0)–asymptomatic proportion (θ) control scheme to develop a cost-effectiveness model. Based on our dynamic transmission model and economic evaluation, this study indicated that the optimal cost-effective strategy for all modelling scenarios was a combination of natural ventilation and respiratory masking. The estimated costs were US$10/year per person in winter for one kindergarten student. The cost for hand washing was estimated to be US$32/year per person, which was much lower than that of isolation (US$55/year per person) and vaccination (US$86/year per person) in containing seasonal influenza. Transmission model-based, cost-effectiveness analysis can be a useful tool for providing insight into the impacts of economic factors and health benefits on certain strategies for controlling seasonal influenza.
PROCLUS ON PLATO'STIMAEUS89e3–90c7
Authors: Arnzen Rüdiger
Published: March 2013

Although the existence of an Arabic translation of a section of Proclus' commentary on Plato'sTimaeuslost in the Greek has been known since long, this text has not yet enjoyed a modern edition. The present article aims to consummate this desideratum by offering a critical edition of the Arabic fragment accompanied by an annotated English translation. The attached study of the contents and structure of the extant fragment shows that it displays all typical formal elements of Proclus' commentaries, whereas its conciseness and shortcomings raise certain doubts about its completeness. As a parergon, the article includes an analysis of a hitherto neglected letter by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, which is attached to the fragment in the manuscript transmission. In addition to providing some insight into the origins of the Proclian fragment, this letter sheds some light on the Syriac and Arabic reception of some works by Hippocrates and Galen, especially Hippocrates'On Regimen in Acute Diseasesand the history of its Arabic translation.
IMMEDIATE KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING TO AL-QĀḌĪ ʿABD AL-JABBĀR
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Radhi
Published: March 2013

Since Ibn Mattawayh and Mānkdīm up until George Hourani and Marie Bernand, there is an unstoppable interest among scholars towards ʿAbd al-Jabbār theory of knowledge. This interest has increased after the publication of the works of the late Muʿtazilites such asKitāb al-Muʿtamad fī Uṣūl al-Dīnof Ibn al-Malāḥimī andKitāb Taṣaffuḥ al-Adillaof his teacher Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī. This article seeks to examine ʿAbd al-Jabbār's theory of immediate knowledge based on hisMughnīand other sources from his students and the late Muʿtazilites. I will also examine the implication of ʿAbd al-Jabbār's view on immediate knowledge on his theological arguments. This article is divided into two divisions; firstly, I will study the definition of immediate knowledge according to ʿAbd al-Jabbār and the responses from his successors. Secondly, I will analyze his view on the types of immediate knowledge that closely related to his theological arguments. From this point of view I will indicate that the disagreement about the content of immediate knowledge will lead to the dispute on the theological arguments among Muslim theologians (mutakallimūn).
Cardiac Arrest on the Links: Are We Up to Par? Availability of Automated External Defibrillators on Golf Courses in Southeastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Lucas John , Davila A. Alex , Waninger Kevin N. , Heller Michael
Published: March 2013

Objectives:

A growing number of golfers are senior citizens, and it may be predicted that the number of golf-related medical emergencies, including the incidence of cardiac arrest, will increase. This study was designed to survey the level of preparedness of golf courses in Southeastern Pennsylvania to respond to cardiac arrest among their members.

Methods:

A telephone survey of all of the 180 golf courses in the area was conducted to determine their type (public/private), volume in rounds per year, presence of automated external defibrillator (AED) devices, number of employees, and percentage of employees with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Participants also were asked to estimate the time needed to reach the farthest point on their course in order to estimate a maximum time to the application of an AED device.

Results:

A total of 131 of 180 golf courses completed the survey (53 private, 78 public) for an overall response rate of 73%. Private courses reported a greater average number of employees with CPR training [private = 9.1, public = 3.6; p = 0.001] and in AED presence [public = 9%, private = 58.5%; p = 0.0001]. Public courses support a higher volume of play than do private courses [public = 32,000, private = 24,000; p = 0.001], yet have far fewer employees [public = 25, private = 44; p = 0.004]. The longest time necessary to reach the most remote point on the course was between four and five minutes in all courses. Analysis was performed using the Student's t-test and Pearson's Chi-square as appropriate.

Conclusion:

Neither public nor private golf courses are well equipped to respond to cardiac arrest, but outcomes on public courses likely are to be far worse.
Hot and cold cognition in depression
Authors: Roiser Jonathan P. , Sahakian Barbara J.
Published: March 2013

We discuss the importance of cognitive abnormalities in unipolar depression, drawing the distinction between “hot” (emotion-laden) and “cold” (emotion-independent) cognition. “Cold” cognitive impairments are present reliably in unipolar depression, underscored by their presence in the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes. There is good evidence that some “cold” cognitive abnormalities do not disappear completely upon remission, and that they predict poor response to antidepressant drug treatment. However, in many studies the degree of impairment is moderately related to symptoms. We suggest that “cold” cognitive deficits in unipolar depression may in part be explicable in terms of alterations in “hot” processing, particularly on tasks that utilize feedback, on which depressed patients have been reported to exhibit a “catastrophic response to perceived failure.” Other abnormalities in “hot” cognition are commonly observed on tasks utilizing emotionally valenced stimuli, with numerous studies reporting mood-congruent processing biases in depression across a range of cognitive domains. Additionally, an emerging literature indicates reliable reward and punishment processing abnormalities in depression, which are especially relevant for hard-to-treat symptoms such as anhedonia. Both emotional and reward biases are strongly influenced by manipulations of the neurochemical systems targeted by antidepressant drugs. Such a pattern of “hot” and “cold” cognitive abnormalities is consistent with our cognitive neuropsychological model of depression, which proposes central roles for cognitive abnormalities in the generation, maintenance, and treatment of depressive symptoms. Future work should examine in greater detail the role that “hot” and “cold” cognitive processes play in mediating symptomatic improvement following pharmacological, psychological, and novel brain circuit-level interventions.
Interpreting compound nouns with kernel methods
Authors: Ó SÉAGHDHA DIARMUID , COPESTAKE ANN
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a classification-based approach to noun–noun compound interpretation within the statistical learning framework of kernel methods. In this framework, the primary modelling task is to define measures of similarity between data items, formalised as kernel functions. We consider the different sources of information that are useful for understanding compounds and proceed to define kernels that compute similarity between compounds in terms of these sources. In particular, these kernels implement intuitive notions of lexical and relational similarity and can be computed using distributional information extracted from text corpora. We report performance on classification experiments with three semantic relation inventories at different levels of granularity, demonstrating in each case that combining lexical and relational information sources is beneficial and gives better performance than either source taken alone. The data used in our experiments are taken from general English text, but our methods are also applicable to other domains and potentially to other languages where noun–noun compounding is frequent and productive.
The Moderating Role of Rational Beliefs in the Relationship between Irrational Beliefs and Posttraumatic Stress Symptomology
Authors: Hyland Philip , Shevlin Mark , Adamson Gary , Boduszek Daniel
Published: March 2013

Background: Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) assumes that rational beliefs act as cognitive protective factors against the development of psychopathology; however little empirical evidence exists regarding the nature of the possible protective effects that they offer. Aims: The current study investigates whether rational beliefs moderate the impact of irrational beliefs on posttraumatic stress symptomology (PTS). Method: Three hundred and thirteen active law enforcement, military, and related emergency service personnel took part in the current study. Sequential moderated multiple regression analysis was employed to investigate: (i) the direct impact of irrational beliefs on PTS; (ii) the direct impact of rational beliefs on PTS; (iii) the moderating effects of rational beliefs in the relationship between irrational beliefs and PTS. Results: The irrational beliefs predicted by REBT theory emerged as critical predictors of PTS symptomology, in particular Depreciation beliefs. Rational beliefs (Preferences, and Acceptance beliefs) had a direct, negative impact on levels of PTS, and Acceptance beliefs moderated the impact of Catastrophizing beliefs on PTS. Conclusions: Irrational beliefs are important cognitive vulnerability factors in symptoms of PTS, while rational beliefs (Acceptance) appear to have a protective role in the emergence of PTS symptoms, both directly and by moderating the impact of Catastrophizing beliefs.
Microstructure Investigations of Streak Formation in 6063 Aluminum Extrusions by Optical Metallographic Techniques
Authors: Vander Voort George , Suárez-Peña Beatriz , Asensio-Lozano Juan
Published: March 2013

The present study investigates the effect of the solidification strategy for AA 6063 alloy on the surface appearance of anodized extrusions. The microstructure of the samples was analyzed using both light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that if heavy segregation occurs from rapid solidification, coarse Mg2Si particles form, thus reducing the potential for precipitation strengthening by the finer β-Mg2Si developed in the solid state. Differentially-strained regions formed during hot extrusion induce differences in particle size for magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) precipitates. Anodizing generates surface roughness due to Mg2Si particle dissolution and AlFeSi decohesion, which is related to both particle size and deformation. During anodizing, an oxide layer forms on the surface of the extruded products, which can lead to streak formation, usually a subject of rejection due to unacceptable heterogeneous reflectivity.
The giant quartz-breccia veins of the Tyndrum–Dalmally area, Grampian Highlands, Scotland: their geometry, origin and relationship to the Cononish gold–silver deposit
Authors: Tanner P. W. Geoff
Published: March 2013

The area lies within a ∼15 km-wide compartment of polyphase-deformed Dalradian (Neoproterozoic) rocks, bounded by the NE-trending Tyndrum and Ericht–Laidon transcurrent faults. Sinistral movement on these faults caused a periclinal structure, the Orchy Dome, to develop from flat-lying Dalradian rocks. This dome controlled the spatial distribution of lamprophyre intrusions and explosion breccia pipes, before being cross-cut by a network of near-vertical faults. Some of these faults are host to giant, segmented, quartz-breccia veins up to 5 km long and 19 m thick, formed by cyclic injection of over-pressured Si-rich fluid into newly-formed faults. The quartz-breccia bodies consist of a plexus of quartz veins with cockade and vuggy textures, indicative of open-space, high-level crystallisation. The faults comprise a NE-trending set of mineralised veins, including the Cononish Au–Ag deposit, and two pairs of conjugate [NW- and NE-trending] and [NNW- and NNE-trending], generally non-mineralised, faults. Their geometry is that predicted by the Coulomb model for Riedel R and R′ shear fractures, modified by variations in pore fluid pressure. They were active c. 430–425 Ma ago, coincident with emplacement of the Lochaber Batholith, whose buried extension, together with the mantle, probably provided the bulk of the fluid needed to form the veins.
Ein Video-Set zur experimentellen Untersuchung von Emotionen bei sozialen Interaktionen: Validierung und erste Daten zu neuronalen Effekten
Authors: Blechert Jens , Schwitalla Maria , Wilhelm Frank H.
Published: March 2013

Soziale Interaktionen sind vielschichtig und stellen häufige Auslöser für positive aber auch negative Emotionen im Alltag dar. Viele Psychopathologien sind zudem von gestörter Sozialinteraktion gekennzeichnet. Laborexperimentelle Ansätze, welche neurowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen ermöglichen, verwenden häufig Bilder von emotionalen Gesichtern, die präzise Präsentationsbedingungen ermöglichen und die interne Validität solcher Experimente maximieren. Allerdings wird dadurch die Reichhaltigkeit sozialer Interaktion und damit auch die externe Validität reduziert. In der vorliegenden Studie wird ein Kompromiss zwischen interner und externer Validität bei der Untersuchung sozialer Interaktion gesucht. Wir stellen das Video-Set «E.Vids» vor, in dem zehn Darsteller jeweils acht kurze, auf den Betrachter bezogene positive und negative sowie neutrale Aussagen machen (240 Videos). In einer Internet-basierten Validierungsstudie (N = 310) wurden die Videos sowohl auf dimensionalen (Valenz, Arousal) als auch auf diskreten Emotionskategorien untersucht. Es zeigte sich eine klare Unterscheidung der Aussagekategorien in Bezug auf Valenz und Arousal. Spezifisch wurden sozialrelevante emotionsbezogene Zustände wie Stolz, Anerkennung, Ablehnung und Peinlichkeit sowie Grundemotionen wie Ärger und Freude ausgelöst. Eine EEG-Studie (N = 23) zeigte negativere rechts-frontotemporale langsame Potentiale für die negativen Sätze im Vergleich zu neutralen Sätzen. E.Vids könnte die verhaltensbasierte und neurowissenschaftliche Erforschung sozialer Interaktion im deutschsprachigen Raum bereichern und zur Untersuchung sozialrelevanter emotionaler Defizite bei verschiedenen psychischen Störungen beitragen.
Emotionales Lernen: Ein naturalistisches experimentelles Paradigma zur Untersuchung von Angsterwerb und Extinktion mittels aversiver Filme
Authors: Wegerer Melanie , Blechert Jens , Wilhelm Frank H.
Published: March 2013

In der Forschung zu Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Angststörungen stellt die Furchtkonditionierung ein gut etabliertes experimentelles Paradigma dar. Ein Problem früherer Konditionierungsstudien und der bisher verwendeten Angst auslösenden Reize ist jedoch ihre meist geringe externe Validität in Hinblick auf natürlich auftretende aversive Situationen und einen in der Realität ablaufenden Prozess des Angsterwerbs. In Anlehnung an das in der Angstforschung etablierte Traumafilm-Paradigma nutzten wir mehrere aversive Filmausschnitte, die die Konfrontation mit Angst auslösenden Inhalten möglichst naturalistisch simulieren sollen. Im Sinne einer klassischen, differenziellen Furchtkonditionierung paarten wir die Filmszenen (unkonditionierte Stimuli, UCS) mit Geräuschen (konditionierte Stimuli, CS) und untersuchten Erwerb sowie Extinktion der konditionierten Reaktionen. In Studie 1 wurde das neue experimentelle Paradigma erstmals implementiert und evaluiert. In Studie 2 wurde das Paradigma methodisch verbessert und schließlich basierend auf der Hautleitfähigkeitsreaktion (SCR) sowie der kontinuierlichen Erfassung des emotionalen Empfindens der Probanden validiert. Sowohl die Ergebnisse der SCR-Messungen als auch der Emotions-Ratings zeigten einen signifikanten differenziellen Angsterwerb sowie anschließende Extinktion. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass das neue experimentelle Paradigma wichtige Kriterien einer Furchtkonditionierung erfüllt und ermutigen zu einem breiteren Einsatz naturalistischer Reize in Studien zur Entstehung von normalen Ängsten sowie Angststörungen.
Preference for Other Persons’ Traits Is Dependent on the Kind of Social Relationship
Authors: Abele Andrea E. , Brack Susanne
Published: March 2013

Three studies test the proposition that people appreciate others’ traits relative to the kind of relationship they have. Hypotheses are derived from the dual-perspective model, according to which the fundamental content dimensions of traits, agency, and communion are linked differently to the perspectives of actor versus observer; and that the kind of relationship between both persons is a moderator of the perspective-trait link. Study 1 shows that people generally prefer communal traits in others, and that agency traits are chosen less frequently in independence relationships than in unilateral dependence relationships than in mutual dependence relationships. Study 2 replicates the communion finding and reveals that – independent of respondents’ own agency and communion – agency traits are chosen less frequently in communal relationships than in exchange relationships. Study 3 shows that in both kinds of relationship well-being goals enhance the selection of communion traits, whereas mastery goals enhance the selection of agency traits.
The “Big Two” in Political Communication
Authors: Bertolotti Mauro , Catellani Patrizia , Douglas Karen M. , Sutton Robbie M.
Published: March 2013

In two experimental studies (conducted in Britain and Italy), participants read about a politician answering to leadership- versus morality-related allegations using either downward counterfactuals (“things could have been worse, if ...”) or upward counterfactuals (“things could have been better, if ...”). Downward messages increased the perception of the politician’s leadership, while both downward and upward messages increased morality perception. Political sophistication moderated the effect of message direction, with downward messages increasing perceived morality in low sophisticates and upward messages increasing perceived morality in high sophisticates. In the latter group, the acknowledgment of an intent to take responsibility mediated morality judgment. Results were consistent across different countries, highlighting previously unexplored effects of communication on the perception of the “Big Two” dimensions.
The Density of the Big Two
Authors: Bruckmüller Susanne , Abele Andrea E.
Published: March 2013

Communion and agency are fundamental dimensions of social perception and judgment. Previous research revealed a primacy of communion in social information processing. The present research investigates whether there is a similar asymmetry in the “density” of communion and agency. We test whether communal content is more densely clustered in memory than agentic content, that is, more similar to other communal content than agentic content is similar to other agentic content. Three multidimensional scaling studies address this question and suggest an interaction with valence: While negative communal content is more densely clustered than negative agentic content, we find no differences in density between positive communal and positive agentic content. In addition to enhancing our understanding of the fundamental dimensions and their structural representation, this research might open a new perspective on old questions regarding person perception and implicit personality theories.
Memory and Self-Esteem
Authors: Wojciszke Bogdan , Sobiczewska Paulina
Published: March 2013

The double perspective model (DPM) assumes that every social interaction involves two perspectives – that of the agent (a person who performs an action) and that of the recipient (a person toward whom the action is directed). Agency and communion constitute two basic dimensions of social cognition because they denote these two perspectives. In effect, interpersonal evaluations (made from the recipient perspective) are dominated by communal over agentic content. The present study experimentally showed that self-evaluations (made from the agentic perspective) are dominated by agentic over communal content. Participants were primed with negative or positive information involving agency or communion of the self or another person. Whereas the global evaluation of others was influenced by both agentic and communal primes, the global evaluation of self (self-esteem) was influenced by agentic but not communal primes. These findings are discussed as an evidence for DPM.
A RING finger to wed TCF and β‐catenin
Authors: Cantù Claudio , Valenta Tomas , Basler Konrad
Published: March 2013

In this issue of EMBO reports, Waterman and colleagues identify RNF14 as a new enhancer of the Wnt‐dependent transcriptional outputs that acts at the level of the TCF/LEF–β‐catenin complex.
The dynamics of gut‐associated microbial communities during inflammation
Authors: Winter Sebastian E , Lopez Christopher A , Bäumler Andreas J
Published: March 2013

Our intestine is host to a large microbial community (microbiota) that educates the immune system and confers niche protection. Profiling of the gut‐associated microbial community reveals a dominance of obligate anaerobic bacteria in healthy individuals. However, intestinal inflammation is associated with a disturbance of the microbiota—known as dysbiosis—that often includes an increased prevalence of facultative anaerobic bacteria. This group contains potentially harmful bacterial species, the bloom of which can further exacerbate inflammation. Here, we review the mechanisms that generate changes in the microbial community structure during inflammation. One emerging concept is that electron acceptors generated as by‐products of the host inflammatory response feed facultative anaerobic bacteria selectively, thereby increasing their prevalence within the community. This new paradigm has broad implications for understanding dysbiosis during gut inflammation and identifies potential targets for intervention strategies.
Rab12 regulates mTORC1 activity and autophagy through controlling the degradation of amino‐acid transporter PAT4
Authors: Matsui Takahide , Fukuda Mitsunori
Published: March 2013

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism that targets intracellular molecules and damaged organelles to lysosomes. Autophagy is achieved by a series of membrane trafficking events, but their regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we report small GTPase Rab12 as a new type of autophagic regulator that controls the degradation of an amino‐acid transporter. Knockdown of Rab12 results in inhibition of autophagy and in increased activity of mTORC1 (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1), an upstream regulator of autophagy. We also found that Rab12 promotes constitutive degradation of PAT4 (proton‐coupled amino‐acid transporter 4), whose accumulation in Rab12‐knockdown cells modulates mTORC1 activity and autophagy. Our findings reveal a new mechanism of regulation of mTORC1 signalling and autophagy, that is, quality control of PAT4 by Rab12.
Quantitative dynamic footprinting microscopy
Authors: Sundd Prithu , Ley Klaus
Published: March 2013

Quantitative dynamic footprinting (qDF) allows visualization of the footprints of live leukocytes rolling on a selectin‐coated cover glass. qDF works on the principle of total internal reflection fluorescence, which involves fluorescence excitation in a thin slice (∼200 nm) of the cell proximal to the cover glass while the rest of the cell remains dark. Dual color qDF (DqDF) is an advancement of qDF, which enables simultaneous visualization of two fluorochromes in the footprints of rolling leukocytes. When the fluorochrome is localized either in the cell cytoplasm or plasma membrane, the two‐dimensional qDF image is used to create a three‐dimensional rendition of the footprint topography. DqDF is a useful tool to study leukocyte adhesion under flow, and has recently been used to reveal mechanisms that enable neutrophils to roll at high shear stresses that prevail in venules during inflammation.
N-substituted sultam carboxylic acids as novel glycogen synthase activators
Authors: Qian Yimin , Bolin David R. , Conde-Knape Karin , Gillespie Paul , Hayden Stuart , Huang Kuo-Sen , Liu Mei , Olivier Andrée R. , Ren Yonglin , Sergi Joseph , Xiang Qing , Yi Lin , Yun Weiya , Zhang Xiaolei
Published: March 2013

We discovered a novel class ofN-substituted sultam carboxylic acids as potent glycogen synthase activators with cellular activity and oral bioavailability.
Multiparticle collision dynamics simulations of viscoelastic fluids: Shear-thinning Gaussian dumbbells
Authors: Kowalik Bartosz , Winkler Roland G.
Published: March 2013

The structural, dynamical, and rheological properties are studied of a multiparticle collision dynamics (MPC) fluid composed of shear-thinning Gaussian dumbbells. MPC is a mesoscale hydrodynamic simulation technique, which has successfully been applied in simulations of a broad range of complex fluids with Newtonian solvent. The MPC particles are replaced by Gaussian dumbbells, where we enforce a constant mean square length even under nonequilibrium conditions, which leads to shear thinning. This conserves the simplicity and efficiency of the original MPC fluid dynamics, since the analytical solution is known of Newton's equations of motion of the Gaussian dumbbells. Moreover, analytically obtained nonequilibrium structural, dynamical, and rheological properties are presented of Gaussian dumbbells under shear flow within the preaveraging approximation of hydrodynamic interactions. The comparison of the analytical and simulation results shows good agreement, with small deviations only due to the preaveraging approximation. In particular, we observe shear thinning and a nonzero second normal stress coefficient.
An ab initio study of the electronic structure of BF and BF+
Authors: Magoulas Ilias , Kalemos Apostolos , Mavridis Aristides
Published: March 2013

The BF and BF+ molecular systems have been thoroughly studied by multireference variational and single reference coupled-cluster methods employing basis sets of sextuple cardinality. Potential energy curves have been constructed for 33 (BF) and 8 (BF+) states and the usual molecular parameters have been extracted most of which are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. A characteristic feature of the BF system is the intense valence-Rydberg interaction in most of the studied states. Its X-state is of 1Σ+ symmetry featuring a triple bond of roughly 182 kcal/mol at re = 1.2631 Å. It is interesting indeed that for the last 50 years it was believed that the charge polarity of BF is B−F+. This is the first time that according to the present high level calculations, it is shown that the polarity of BF is the “normal” one B+F−, with a total charge transfer from B to F of about 0.2 electrons. Removing a rather inactive σ electron we get the X2Σ+ BF+ state sharing similar bonding features as the X1Σ+ one of the parental molecule.
A Cartesian quasi-classical model to nonequilibrium quantum transport: The Anderson impurity model
Authors: Li Bin , Levy Tal J. , Swenson David W. H. , Rabani Eran , Miller William H.
Published: March 2013

We apply the recently proposed quasi-classical approach for a second quantized many-electron Hamiltonian in Cartesian coordinates [B. Li and W. H. Miller, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 154107 (2012)10.1063/1.4757935] to correlated nonequilibrium quantum transport. The approach provides accurate results for the resonant level model for a wide range of temperatures, bias, and gate voltages, correcting the flaws of our recently proposed mapping using action-angle variables. When electron-electron interactions are included, a Gaussian function scheme is required to map the two-electron integrals, leading to quantitative results for the Anderson impurity model. In particular, we show that the current mapping is capable of capturing quantitatively the Coulomb blockade effect and the temperature dependence of the current below and above the blockade.
Discrete transistor measuring and matching using a solid core oven
Authors: Inkinen M. , Mäkelä K. , Vuorela T. , Palovuori K.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents transistor measurements done at a constant temperature. The aim in this research was to develop a reliable and repeatable method for measuring and searching transistor pairs with similar parameters, as in certain applications it is advantageous to use transistors from the same production batch due to the significant variability in batches from different manufacturers. Transistor manufacturing methods are well established, but due to the large variability in tolerance, not even transistors from the same manufacturing batch have identical properties. Transistors’ electrical properties are also strongly temperature-dependent. Therefore, when measuring transistor properties, the temperature must be kept constant. For the measurement process, a solid-core oven providing stable temperature was implemented. In the oven, the base-to-emitter voltage (VBE) and DC-current gain (β) of 32 transistors could be measured simultaneously. The oven's temperature was controlled with a programmable thermostat, which allowed accurate constant temperature operation. The oven is formed by a large metal block with an individual chamber for each transistor to be measured. Isolation of individual transistors and the highly thermally conductive metal core structure prevent thermal coupling between transistors. The oven enables repeatable measurements, and thus measurements between different batches are comparable. In this research study, the properties of over 5000 transistors were measured and the variance of the aforementioned properties was analyzed.
Nonlinear Landau damping and formation of Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal structures for plasmas with q-nonextensive velocity distributions
Authors: Raghunathan M. , Ganesh R.
Published: March 2013

In the past, long-time evolution of an initial perturbation in collisionless Maxwellian plasma (q = 1) has been simulated numerically. The controversy over the nonlinear fate of such electrostatic perturbations was resolved by Manfredi [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2815–2818 (1997)] using long-time simulations up to t=1600ωp−1. The oscillations were found to continue indefinitely leading to Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK)-like phase-space vortices (from here on referred as “BGK structures”). Using a newly developed, high resolution 1D Vlasov-Poisson solver based on piecewise-parabolic method (PPM) advection scheme, we investigate the nonlinear Landau damping in 1D plasma described by toy q-distributions for long times, up to t=3000ωp−1. We show that BGK structures are found only for a certain range of q-values around q = 1. Beyond this window, for the generic parameters, no BGK structures were observed. We observe that for values of q<1 where velocity distributions have long tails, strong Landau damping inhibits the formation of BGK structures. On the other hand, for q>1 where distribution has a sharp fall in velocity, the formation of BGK structures is rendered difficult due to high wave number damping imposed by the steep velocity profile, which had not been previously reported. Wherever relevant, we compare our results with past work.
Magnetic properties and structure of Fe83.3–85.8B7.0–4.5P9Cu0.7 nanocrystalline alloys
Authors: Urata Akiri , Yamaki Makoto , Satake Kaoru , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Makino Akihiro
Published: March 2013

The effects of Fe content on the magnetic properties and fine structure of the nanocrystalline Fe-B-P-Cu alloys have been investigated, with the objective of enhancing their magnetic softness. The nanocrystalline Fe83.3+xB7−xP9Cu0.7 (x = 0.0–2.5) alloys annealed at 673 K consist of uniform α-Fe grains embedded in a residual amorphous phase, and the average α-Fe grain diameter decreases from 18.1 to 14.6 nm with increasing Fe content. At the same time, the saturation magnetic flux density (Bs) increases and the coercivity (Hc) decreases with increasing Fe content and the x = 1.0 alloy has a high Bs of 1.72 T and a low Hc of 2.9 A/m. At x = 2.0 or higher, however, Hc drastically deteriorates from the effect of the coarse α-Fe grains. The core loss (W) of the x = 1.0 alloy at 50 Hz-1.6 T is 0.26 W/kg, which is one-third of that for oriented magnetic steel. These results indicate that the magnetic properties and structure of nanocrystalline Fe-B-P-Cu alloys are strongly affected by Fe content.
The zero-magnetization Heusler ferrimagnet
Authors: Hakimi M. , Venkatesan M. , Rode K. , Ackland K. , Coey J. M. D.
Published: March 2013

An unusual zero-moment half-metallic state has been predicted in stoichiometric Heusler compounds with 24 valence electrons, where, unlike an antiferromagnet, the two sublattices are chemically or crystallographically inequivalent. We have examined the following candidate materials: Cr2FeGe, Cr2CoGa, Fe2VGa, and Mn3Ga with various annealing and milling treatments. The Fe2VGa compound is identified as a weak itinerant ferromagnet, but both cubic Mn3Ga and perfectly ordered Cr2CoGa are potential zero-magnetization ferrimagnets.
Design of a scanning gate microscope for mesoscopic electron systems in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator
Authors: Pelliccione M. , Sciambi A. , Bartel J. , Keller A. J. , Goldhaber-Gordon D.
Published: March 2013

We report on our design of a scanning gate microscope housed in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator with a base temperature of 15 mK. The recent increase in efficiency of pulse tube cryocoolers has made cryogen-free systems popular in recent years. However, this new style of cryostat presents challenges for performing scanning probe measurements, mainly as a result of the vibrations introduced by the cryocooler. We demonstrate scanning with root-mean-square vibrations of 0.8 nm at 3 K and 2.1 nm at 15 mK in a 1 kHz bandwidth with our design. Using Coulomb blockade thermometry on a GaAs/AlGaAs gate-defined quantum dot, we demonstrate an electron temperature of 45 mK.
Recovery of the chemical ordering in L1 MnAl epitaxial thin films irradiated by 2 MeV protons
Authors: Anuniwat Nattawut , Cui Yishen , Wolf Stuart A. , Lu Jiwei , Weaver Bradley D.
Published: March 2013

Epitaxial MnAl films with a high chemical ordering were synthesized and characterized during a series of irradiations by 2 MeV protons (H+). The chemical ordering was first reduced to a minimum at a total fluence (TF) of 1 × 1015 H+/cm2, and consequently was recovered at the final total fluence of 2 × 1015 H+/cm2. We attributed the recovery of chemical ordering to thermal effects and the enhanced diffusion caused by the high energy protons. In addition, the damages by the protons have little effect on the magnetic scattering processing in MnAl characterized by the anomalous Hall effect.
Plasma parameters and electron energy distribution functions in a magnetically focused plasma
Authors: Samuell C. M. , Blackwell B. D. , Howard J. , Corr C. S.
Published: March 2013

Spatially resolved measurements of ion density, electron temperature, floating potential, and the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) are presented for a magnetically focused plasma. The measurements identify a central plasma column displaying Maxwellian EEDFs at an electron temperature of about 5 eV indicating the presence of a significant fraction of electrons in the inelastic energy range (energies above 15 eV). It is observed that the EEDF remains Maxwellian along the axis of the discharge with an increase in density, at constant electron temperature, observed in the region of highest magnetic field strength. Both electron density and temperature decrease at the plasma radial edge. Electron temperature isotherms measured in the downstream region are found to coincide with the magnetic field lines.
Tetragonal zinc-blende MnGa ultra-thin films with high magnetization directly grown on epi-ready GaAs(111) substrates
Authors: Arins A. W. , Jurca H. F. , Zarpellon J. , Varalda J. , Graff I. L. , de Oliveira A. J. A. , Schreiner W. H. , Mosca D. H.
Published: March 2013

We report on high quality MnGa epilayers directly grown on GaAs(111)-(1 × 1) reconstructed surface. MnGa layers are characterized by the stacking of (111) planes of tetragonal zinc-blende structure, which are rotated by 11° with respect to the underlying (111) planes of the GaAs lattice. These ultra-thin MnGa epilayers with lattice parameters a = 0.55 nm and c = 0.61 nm are stabilized for thickness between 5 and 20 nm with a net magnetic moment of 3.2 μB per Mn atom. These epilayers are potentially suited for semiconductor spintronics applications due to the reversal of its magnetization in relatively low magnetic fields.
Electronic transport in sub-micron square area organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Golmar F. , Stoliar P. , Gobbi M. , Casanova F. , Hueso L. E.
Published: March 2013

Scaling down organic field effect transistors to channel areas well below the micron square could improve positively its speed and integration capabilities. Here, we report a careful study of the electronic carrier transport for such nanoscale devices. In particular, we explore the validity of standard analysis for parameters extraction in this size regime. We also study the effect of the large longitudinal electric field and fringe currents, especially their influence on the ON/OFF ratio.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer based nanocomposites with significantly reduced energy loss by filling with core-shell structured BaTiO3/SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Ke , Niu Yujuan , Bai Yuanyuan , Zhou Yongcun , Wang Hong
Published: March 2013

Homogeneous ceramics-polymer nanocomposites comprising core-shell structured BaTiO3/SiO2 nanoparticles and a poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer matrix have been prepared. The nanocomposite of 2 vol. % BaTiO3/SiO2 nanoparticles exhibits 46% reduced energy loss compared to that of BaTiO3 nanoparticles, and an energy density of 6.28 J/cm3, under an applied electric field of 340 MV/m. Coating SiO2 layers on the surface of BaTiO3 nanoparticles significantly reduces the energy loss of the nanocomposites under high applied electric field via reducing the Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars interfacial polarization and space charge polarization.
Single antidot as a passive way to create caustic spin-wave beams in yttrium iron garnet films
Authors: Gieniusz R. , Ulrichs H. , Bessonov V. D. , Guzowska U. , Stognii A. I. , Maziewski A.
Published: March 2013

Single antidot as a passive point excitation source has been implemented to create caustic spin-wave beams in yttrium iron garnet film. Diffraction of surface magnetostatic spin waves from such antidot is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Our experimental results from Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy indicate that the diffraction beams, which manifest as reflection, extinction, and semicaustic lines, are tunable by the frequency and direction of the incident wave. Numerical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental findings and explain the directions of caustic beams caused by the diffraction.
Patterns of periphyton are determined by cascading trophic relationships in two neotropical streams
Authors: Moulton Timothy P. , Souza Marcelo L. , Silveira Roberto M. L. , Krsulovic Felipe A. M. , Silveira M. P. , de Assis Juliana C. F. , Francischetti César N.
Published: March 2013

Indirect foodweb interactions often determine the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Predators may reduce the activity of herbivores, which, in turn, may cause basal resources to increase. We studied the patterns of distribution of periphyton (organic and inorganic mass and chlorophyll) on rocks in pools in two Atlantic rainforest coastal streams that varied with respect to the presence or absence of fish. A steep waterfall apparently prevented most fish species from colonising the upper parts of one stream; the other stream was apparently naturally without most species of fish. When fish were present, atyid shrimps and baetid mayflies were less abundant compared with parts of the streams without fish. Concomitant with this, the quantity of periphyton organic and inorganic masses was much greater in the presence of fish. Previous experiments showed that atyid shrimps (Potimirim glabra) and baetid mayflies could reduce the quantity of periphyton by grazing and bioturbation. We deduce that fish inhibit the grazing and bioturbing activities of Potimirim and baetid mayflies, which resulted in larger quantities of inorganic and organic mass of periphyton in parts of streams with fish. Cascading interactions may be common in Atlantic coastal forest streams.
General practice visits by people with traumatic spinal cord injury: a Queensland longitudinal study
Authors: Amsters Delena , Schuurs Sarita , Kendall Melissa , Pershouse Kiley , Barker Ruth , Kuipers Pim
Published: March 2013

People with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), although proportionally fewer in number, are known to be high users of primary health care services; however, details of their visits to GPs are unclear. This study presents information about GP utilisation patterns of 193 people with SCI over a 5-year period. Results demonstrate substantially greater GP service utilisation, particularly for young men with SCI, compared with their counterparts in the general population. Interestingly, people with paraplegia were proportionally higher users of GP services than those with tetraplegia. Results indicate the need for specialist support for GPs to meet the SCI-specific needs of this patient group. Specialist SCI outreach teams may be a useful resource to primary health care practitioners.