bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shell buckling design and assessment and the LBA‐MNA methodology
Authors: Rotter J. Michael
Published: October 2011

The European Standard for Shell Strength and Stability has many provisions for the global analysis of shell structures using finite element analysis. Three alternative treatments are permitted: a simple linear analysis (LA) giving stress resultants to be compared with simple algebraic hand calculation strength assessment rules, a fully fledged nonlinear analysis, with material and geometric nonlinearities as well as properly characterised imperfections (GMNIA), and an intermediate treatment that requires only two strength assessments: linear bifurcation (LBA) and plastic limit (MNA). Because of the sensitivity of shell buckling to different forms and different amplitudes of imperfection, which depend strongly on the stress state, the GMNIA procedure is very onerous. This paper gives a brief outline of the design process and the relationship between algebraic and computational strength assessments. It then discusses the challenges facing the user of the LBA‐MNA procedure and resolves some of the uncertainties surrounding it.

Bemessung und Nachweis beulgefährdeter Schalen und das LBA‐MNA‐Konzept. Die europäische Norm (der Eurocode) für Festigkeit und Stabilität von Schalen enthält eine Reihe von Regeln für die globale Berechnung von Schalenstrukturen unter Verwendung der Finite‐Elemente‐Methode. Es werden drei alternative Vorgehensweisen erlaubt: eine einfache lineare Berechnung (LA), die Schalenkräfte liefert, welche Beanspruchbarkeiten gegenüber gestellt werden müssen, die mittels algebraischer Handrechnungs‐Formeln ermittelt werden; eine vollständige nichtlineare Berechnung mit sowohl materieller und geometrischer Nichtlinearität als auch geeignet modellierten Imperfektionen (GMNIA); und eine dazwischen liegende Vorgehensweise, welche nur zwei vereinfachte Berechnungsläufe benötigt: eine lineare Verzweigungsanalyse (LBA) und eine plastische Grenzlastanalyse (MNA). Aufgrund der Empfindlichkeit des Schalenbeulens gegenüber verschiedenen Formen und Amplituden der Imperfektionen, die ihrerseits stark vom Spannungszustand abhängen, ist die GMNIA‐Vorgehensweise höchst aufwändig. Der vorlie‐ gende Beitrag bringt einen kurzen Überblick über den Bemessungsprozess und die Beziehung zwischen algebraischen und computergestützten Beulsicherheitsnachweisen. Er diskutiert dann die Herausforderungen, denen sich der Anwender des LBA/MNA‐Konzepts gegenüber sieht, und beseitigt einige der das Konzept umgebenden Verunsicherungen.
Roles of recruiter political skill, influence strategy, and organization reputation in recruitment effectiveness in college sports
Authors: Magnusen Marshall J. , Mondello Michael , Kim Yu Kyoum , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: October 2011

Recruitment of top talent is one of the most important things organizations do, and if they do it well, it can be a source of sustained competitive advantage. In this article, we propose that recruiting effectiveness has a lot to do with the individual qualities and characteristics of the coaches doing the recruiting, in addition to the reputation of the university. Indeed, we argue that recruiters' political skills equip them to select the proper combination of situationally appropriate influence tactics in the formulation of their influence strategy, while also leveraging the organization's reputation in order to ensure recruitment effectiveness. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scoring strategy goals: Measuring corporate social responsibility in professional European football
Authors: Breitbarth Tim , Hovemann Gregor , Walzel Stefan
Published: October 2011

In this article, we develop a model for measuring corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the club level in European professional football. Modern CSR management and activities have advanced considerably throughout most industries since the late 1990s. However, CSR has only gained recognition in the sports management literature very recently, and models to evaluate CSR programs and activities in the sports context hardly exist. Hence, we conceptualize a CSR Performance Scorecard based on literature on CSR and sports management as well as empirical exploration into particularities of the football business. Relevant to scholars and managers alike, this article seeks to motivate the strategic CSR engagement of professional football. This is achieved through an innovative and context‐specific way for its organizational measurement along quantifiable economic, integrative‐political, and ethical‐emotional dimensions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the drivers of sport sponsor identification: Findings from an empirical lab study
Authors: Breuer Christoph , Rumpf Christopher
Published: October 2011

The relevance of sport sponsorship as a vehicle for implementing marketing communication strategies has grown at an increasing rate. However, the evaluation of sponsorship activities still lacks a substantial understanding of how brand stimuli are processed in a sport media context. Therefore, this article is intended to contribute to the understanding of sponsorship effectiveness. In a quasi‐experimental lab study, five drivers of sponsor identification were assessed. These drivers were classified by the level of sponsor logo exposure on TV and the proximity between brand and consumer. While previous research assessed the level of sponsor logo exposure by counting seconds of clear visibility on screen, this research also examines the effects of on‐screen size and competitors on screen. The results suggest that the size and exclusiveness of sponsor logo exposure are key drivers in generating sponsor identification. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Betting on the US market: A discussion of the legality of sports gaming businesses
Authors: Light Glenn , Rutledge Karl , Singleton Quinton
Published: October 2011

Over time, the US sports gaming industry has progressed dramatically beyond what the US anti‐gaming law drafters envisioned. The result is a system of mostly antiquated laws controlling modern industry causing confusion across the board. This discussion, therefore, intends to shed light on the US sports gaming legal framework, including analysis of the preeminent US laws that regulate the sports gaming industry and a brief review of various sports gaming businesses that fall within the US legal rubric. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence
Authors: Pielke Roger A. , Pitman Andy , Niyogi Dev , Mahmood Rezaul , McAlpine Clive , Hossain Faisal , Goldewijk Kees Klein , Nair Udaysankar , Betts Richard , Fall Souleymane , Reichstein Markus , Kabat Pavel , de Noblet Nathalie
Published: October 2011

This article summarizes the changes in landscape structure because of human land management over the last several centuries, and using observed and modeled data, documents how these changes have altered biogeophysical and biogeochemical surface fluxes on the local, mesoscale, and regional scales. Remaining research issues are presented including whether these landscape changes alter large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns far from where the land use and land cover changes occur. We conclude that existing climate assessments have not yet adequately factored in this climate forcing. For those regions that have undergone intensive human landscape change, or would undergo intensive change in the future, we conclude that the failure to factor in this forcing risks a misalignment of investment in climate mitigation and adaptation. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:828–850. doi: 10.1002/wcc.144

This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Climate Forcing
Zur Chemie heterocyclischer 5‐Ringe mit Schwefel bzw. Selen und Stickstoff
Authors: Jensen K. A.
Published: October 2011

Über die Chemie heterocyclischer 5‐Ringe sind während einer Reihe von Jahren im Rahmen anderer Arbeiten am II. Chemischen Laboratorium der Universität Kopenhagen verschiedene Ergebnisse angefallen. Diese sind in der Literatur verstreut und werden deshalb in der vorliegenden Übersicht zusammenfassend und nach abnehmender Zahl von Heteroatomen, d. h. in der Reihenfolge Tetrazol‐, 1,2,3,4‐Thiatriazol‐, 1,3,4‐Thiadiazol‐, 1,3,4‐Selenadiazol‐Derivate usw., dargestellt.
Visitor Effects on the Behavior of Captive Western Lowland Gorillas: The Importance of Individual Differences in Examining Welfare
Authors: Stoinski Tara S. , Jaicks Hannah F. , Drayton Lindsey A.
Published: October 2011

Given the conflicting and somewhat limited findings available on the effect of zoo visitors on primate behavior, the primary purpose of this study was to provide additional data on gorillas' response to variations in crowd size and to look at what other factors—both intrinsic (e.g. personality, sex, and rearing history) and extrinsic (e.g. group)—might influence such responses. Subjects included four groups (three mixed‐sex and one bachelor) of captive western lowland gorillas living at Zoo Atlanta. Overall activity budgets and rates of social behaviors in high and low crowd conditions were compared. Behaviors suggestive of general welfare did not vary as a function of crowd size alone, although we did observe one significant interaction and several trends. Specifically, two groups spent more time engaged in undesirable behaviors in the high crowd condition, whereas the other two groups showed the opposite response pattern. Additionally, males, but not females, showed a trend toward greater rates of contact aggression in the high crowd condition, although wounding rates did not vary with crowd size. We also found trends towards variation in response to crowd size as a function of individual personality ratings. These results suggest that although the visitor effect may constitute an impediment to optimal animal welfare, this may only apply to some individuals or groups. We emphasize the importance of continuing to explore individual differences and the limitations of a one‐size‐fits‐all approach when describing influences on animal welfare. Zoo Biol 31:586‐599, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of a Documentary Film on Public Stigma Related to Mental Illness Among Genetic Counselors
Authors: Anderson Kelly , Austin Jehannine C.
Published: October 2011

Many people, including genetic counselors, have been found to hold stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illnesses. We aimed to determine whether these attitudes could be changed by exposing genetic counselors and genetic counseling students to a documentary film about people with mental illness. We screened the documentary at the 2010 North American conferences for genetic counselors. Immediately before (T1), immediately after (T2), and one month after (T3) watching the documentary, participants self‐rated their comfort with asking patients about mental illness, and they completed scales measuring two aspects of stigma: stereotype endorsement, and desire for social distance. A total of 87 T1 and T2 questionnaires, and 39 T3 questionnaires were returned. At T2 and T3, 34.5% and 48.7% respectively reported feeling more comfortable to ask patients about mental illness. Scores on the social distance and stereotype endorsement scales decreased significantly from T1 to T2, but returned to initial levels at T3. The findings suggest the documentary increased genetic counselors’ and genetic counseling students’ comfort with asking about mental illness and temporarily decreased their stigmatizing attitudes.
Gender differences in youths’ political engagement and participation. The role of parents and of adolescents’ social and civic participation
Authors: Cicognani Elvira , Zani Bruna , Fournier Bernard , Gavray Claire , Born Michel
Published: October 2011

Research examining youths’ political development mostly focused on young people as a general group; comparatively less attention has been devoted to the examination of gender pathways toward citizenship. Two studies were conducted addressing (a) the role of parents’ participation and the moderating role of adolescent gender and age group (n = 1419) and (b) the role of adolescent social and civic participation and the moderating role of adolescent gender and type of school (n = 1871). Results confirmed the gender gap in political interest and in the use of the Internet for political participation, while no differences emerged for political activity and voting intentions. Adolescents’ political engagement and participation are influenced by parents’ participation (especially among girls) and by adolescents’ social and civic participation (especially among boys). The impact of adolescents’ social and civic participation on conventional participation (voting intentions) is partially mediated by sense of community and institutional trust.
Health Care Worker Safety in Surgery
Authors: King Cecil A.
Published: October 2011

Nursing is ranked as one of the occupations with the most incidences of workplace‐related injury and illness. The six types of injury risk specific to the perioperative environment are biological, ergonomic, chemical, physical, psychosocial, and cultural in nature. Strategies to improve safety include the use of engineering controls to change the work environment, the equipment used, and how the work is done; administrative controls, such as implementing policies and procedures to develop a culture of safety; and behavioral controls that individuals can exercise to reduce the risk of injury. In addition, every perioperative RN is responsible for following safety policies and has the responsibility to identify safety hazards, take appropriate actions, and report the hazards through appropriate channels.
Shades of Life
Authors: Zimmerman Pamela G.
Published: October 2011

Shades of Life Vasundhara Ramanujan, Mohammad Akmal 2010, iUniverse 168 pages, softcover
Safer Hospital Care: Strategies for Continuous Innovation
Authors: Walter Deb
Published: October 2011

Safer Hospital Care: Strategies for Continuous Innovation Dev Raheja 2011, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis 253 pages, softcover
Developmental changes in the mammalian gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH) ortholog RFamide‐related peptide (RFRP) and its cognate receptor GPR147 in the rat hypothalamus
Authors: Iwasa Takeshi , Matsuzaki Toshiya , Murakami Masahiro , Kinouchi Riyo , Osugi Tomohiro , Gereltsetseg Ganbat , Yoshida Shinobu , Irahara Minoru , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi
Published: October 2011

The mammalian gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH) ortholog RFamide‐related peptide (RFRP) is considered to act on gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and on the pituitary to inhibit gonadotropin release and synthesis. To understand the functional significance of this neuropeptide, we investigated the physiological changes in RFRP at mRNA and peptide levels, as well as at the mRNA level of its cognate receptor, G protein‐coupled receptor 147 (GPR147), in the rat hypothalamus during development. We also investigated the effects of gonadal steroids on mRNA expression levels of these molecules. In male rats, mRNA expressions of both RFRP and GPR147 increased from postnatal days 12 and 16, peaking at postnatal days 35 and 42, respectively. However, their expressions fell at postnatal day 49. In female rats, mRNA expression of RFRP continued to increase throughout development; mRNA expression of GPR147 in female rats increased from postnatal day 16, peaking at postnatal day 28, but decreased from postnatal day 35. The hypothalamic contents of RFRP on postnatal days 28 and 42 were significantly higher than on postnatal day 4 in male rats, and those on postnatal day 42 were significantly higher than those on postnatal days 4 and 28 in females. Neither orchidectomy nor ovariectomy influenced mRNA expression levels of RFRP or GPR147 in the prepubertal period when endogenous sex steroid levels were low in males and females. Administration of estradiol‐17β (E2) increased mRNA expression of RFRP in prepubertal females. These results suggest that the hypothalamic RFRP system changes during development. An ovarian sex steroid, E2, may stimulate mRNA expression of RFRP in the prepubertal period when the basal E2 concentration is low.
Schistosoma mansoni infection among prenatal attendees at a secondary‐care hospital in central Sudan
Authors: Khalid Abelrahman , Abdelgadir Mohamed A. , Ashmaig Abellatif , Ibrahim Abelrahman M. , Ahmed Abdel‐Aziz M. , Adam Ishag
Published: October 2011

Objective

To investigate the epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection among pregnant women in a secondary‐care hospital in Geizera state, Sudan.

Method

Between August and September 2010, a cross‐sectional study was conducted and questionnaires were administered to obtain basic sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women attending prenatal care at Araba Waeshreen Hospital. Stool samples were investigated for helminth infection via formol–ether concentration and Kato–Katz techniques.

Results

Of 292 pregnant women, 38 (13.0%) had S. mansoni infections. Hymenolepis nana and hookworm infections were present in 5 (1.7%) and 1 (0.3%) women, respectively. The intensity of the S. mansoni infection was light, moderate, and high in 13 (34.2%), 21 (55.3%), and 4 (10.5%) women, respectively. In multivariate analyses, parity, gestational age, and occupation were not associated with S. mansoni infection, unlike maternal age less than 20 years (odds ratio [OR] 9.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–16.3; P = 0.01) and no education (OR 6.2; 95% CI, 2.8–12.9; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

There was a high level of S. mansoni infection among pregnant women in the present setting, especially among younger women and those with no education. Control and preventive measures should be used in the area.
Concussion in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population: “Different Population, Different Concerns”
Authors: Karlin Aaron M.
Published: October 2011

Abstracts

Sports‐related concussions are common among pediatric and adolescent athletes, yet a scarcity of age‐specific research often has meant that practitioners use guidelines developed for collegiate or adult populations. This situation is changing, as more studies are being published about this population that bears special attention because of the immaturity of the developing brain. This article describes existing knowledge about the epidemiology and etiology of concussions in youth athletes; discusses issues related to assessment, clinical management, and return to activity; examines special concerns related to the effects of concussion on the developing brain; and discusses prevention and education initiatives related to concussion in youth athletes.
Headache Management in Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lucas Sylvia
Published: October 2011

Headache is one of the most common symptoms after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and posttraumatic headache (PTH) may be part of a constellation of symptoms that is seen in the postconcussive syndrome. PTH has no defining clinical features; currently it is classified as a secondary headache based on its close temporal relationship to the injury. A growing number of studies are characterizing PTH by using primary headache classifications. Moderate to severe PTH that is often disabling may be classified as migraine or probable migraine and is found in substantial numbers of individuals. Recent data from civilian adult, pediatric, and military populations all find that PTH may be more of a chronic problem than previously thought, with a prevalence of close to half of the injured population. In addition, if PTH definitions are strictly adhered to, then many cases of PTH may be missed, thus underestimating the scope of the problem. New headaches may be reported well after the 7 days required for diagnosis of PTH by the guidelines of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition. A history of headache before a head injury occurs and female gender are possible risk factors for headache after TBI. Treatment of PTH may be acute or preventive, and recommendations are made for the use of migraine‐specific acute therapy when indicated. Preventive therapy may be considered when PTH is frequent, disabling, or refractory to acute therapies. Comorbid conditions should be considered when choosing an appropriate preventive therapy. The symptom of headache as a “return to play” or “return to duty” barrier must be viewed in the context of other symptoms of mild TBI.
Neuropsychological Testing as It Relates to Recovery From Sports‐related Concussion
Authors: Putukian Margot
Published: October 2011

Concussion is a challenging injury for the sports medicine team, and neuropsychological testing has been used as an adjunct to other clinical measures for assessment and management, and to guide return‐to‐play decisions. Understanding the limitations as well as the role of neuropsychological testing in the evaluation and management of sports‐related concussion is important for the sports medicine team. This article will review the evidence regarding the utility of neuropsychological testing as it relates to concussion in sports.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Occupational Setting
Authors: Chang Victor H. , Lombard Lisa A. , Greher Michael R.
Published: October 2011

The evaluation and management of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the occupational setting may pose significant challenges for even the most‐seasoned practitioner. Providers must simultaneously address the clinical management of mTBI and be familiar with the systematic and administrative requirements related to the management of injured workers with mTBI who are covered by workers' compensation insurance, including causation, return to work, and the potential of permanent impairment. Given the primarily subjective nature of many mTBI symptoms, an injured worker with a delayed recovery may raise the question, if not suspicion, of symptom magnification and secondary gain. This review discusses the evaluation and treatment of the injured worker with mTBI, and focuses on the medicolegal issues that are present in the workers' compensation system, especially the role of neuropsychological evaluations. Although significant differences exist regarding classification schema, for the purposes of this discussion, mTBI is used to encompass the terms concussion, postconcussive syndrome, and persistent postconcussive syndrome.
Postconcussive Impairment Differences Across a Multifaceted Concussion Assessment Protocol
Authors: Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Register‐Mihalik Johna K.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine the proportion of athletes with concussion and with impairment disagreements across various clinical concussion assessment measures.

Design

Quasi‐experimental repeated measures design.

Setting

Clinical research laboratory.

Participants

A sample of 100 collegiate‐aged athletes participated in the study (mean [SD] age, 18.5 ± 1.1 years; mean [SD] height, 180.6 ± 9.9 cm; mean [SD] weight, 84.1 ± 20.6 kg).

Methods or Interventions

Participants completed preseason baseline and postconcussive injury assessments on a clinical assessment battery, including a 17‐item graded symptom checklist, a computerized neurocognitive assessment, and a balance performance assessment.

Main Outcome Measurements

Symptom severity total score, 8 cognitive domain scores from the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, and the composite balance score obtained from the Sensory Organization Test served as outcome measures for the study. McNemar tests of paired proportions were then used to analyze impairment disagreements (where one measure identified impairments not identified by the other) between the study outcome measures. The α level was set to .05 a priori.

Results

We observed significant disagreements between symptom severity total scores, and all other measures used in the study in which symptom severity total scores identified more impairments than all other measures. In addition, we observed significant disagreements for half of the clinical measures used in the study, with disagreement proportions that ranged from 22%‐52%.

Conclusions

Our study underscores the importance of using a multifaceted approach for management of concussion that includes assessment of symptom severity, cognitive function, and balance. Use of this multifaceted approach also can aid clinicians in understanding other comorbidities that may complicate the management of concussion.
A chironomid-based reconstruction of late glacial summer temperatures in the southern Carpathians (Romania)
Authors: Tóth Mónika , Magyari Enikő K. , Brooks Stephen J. , Braun Mihály , Buczkó Krisztina , Bálint Miklós , Heiri Oliver
Published: October 2011

Late glacial and early Holocene summer temperatures were reconstructed based on fossil chironomid assemblages at Lake Brazi (Retezat Mountains) with a joint Norwegian"Swiss transfer function, providing an important addition to the late glacial quantitative climate reconstructions from Europe. The pattern of the late glacial temperature changes in Lake Brazi show both similarities and some differences from the NGRIP δ18O record and other European chironomid-based reconstructions. Our reconstruction indicates that at Lake Brazi (1740 m a.s.l.) summer air temperature increased by ~ 2.8ºC at the Oldest Dryas/Bølling transition (GS-2/GI-1) and reached 8.1–8.7ºC during the late glacial interstade. The onset of the Younger Dryas (GS-1) was characterized by a weak (< 1ºC) decrease in chironomid-inferred temperatures. Similarly, at the GS-1/Holocene transition no major changes in summer temperature were recorded. In the early Holocene, summer temperature increased in two steps and reached ~ 12.0–13.3ºC during the Preboreal. Two short-term cold events were detected during the early Holocene between 11,480–11,390 and 10,350–10,190 cal yr BP. The first cooling coincides with the Preboreal oscillation and shows a weak (0.7ºC) temperature decrease, while the second is characterized by 1ºC cooling. Both cold events coincide with cooling events in the Greenland ice core records and other European temperature reconstructions.
Holocene lake salinity changes in the Wimmera, southeastern Australia, provide evidence for millennial-scale climate variability
Authors: Kemp Justine , Radke Lynda C. , Olley Jon , Juggins Steve , De Deckker Patrick
Published: October 2011

Palaeosalinity records for groundwater-influenced lakes in the southwest Murray Basin were constructed from an ostracod-based, weighted-averaging transfer function, supplemented with evidence fromCampylodiscus clypeus(diatom), charophyte oogonia,Coxiella striata(gastropod),Elphidiumsp. (foraminifera),Daphniopsissp. ephippia (Cladocera), and brine shrimp (Parartemia zietziana) faecal pellets, the δ18O of ostracods, and > 130 μm quartz sand counts. The chronology is based on optically stimulated luminescence and calibrated radiocarbon ages. Relatively wet conditions are marked by lower salinities between 9600 yr and 5700 yr ago, but mutually exclusive high- and low-salinity ostracod communities suggest substantial variability in effective precipitation in the early Holocene. A drier climate was firmly in place by 4500 yr and is marked at the groundwater-dominated NW Jacka Lake by an increase in aeolian quartz and at Jacka Lake, by a switch from surface-water to groundwater dominance. Short-lived, low-salinity events at 8800, 7200, 5900, 4800, 2400, 1300 and 400 yr are similar in timing and number to those recorded on Australia's southern continental shelf, and globally, and provide evidence for the existence of the ~ 1500-yr cycle in mainland southern Australia. We surmise that these are cool events associated with periodic equatorward shifts in the westerly wind circulation.
CO2 migration in saline aquifers. Part 2. Capillary and solubility trapping
Authors: MacMinn C. W. , Szulczewski M. L. , Juanes R.
Published: October 2011

The large-scale injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) into saline aquifers is a promising tool for reducing atmospheric CO2 emissions to mitigate climate change. An accurate assessment of the post-injection migration and trapping of the buoyant plume of CO2 is essential for estimates of storage capacity and security, but these physical processes are not fully understood. In Part 1 of this series, we presented a complete solution to a theoretical model for the migration and capillary trapping of a plume of CO2 in a confined, sloping aquifer with a natural groundwater through-flow. Here, we incorporate solubility trapping, where CO2 from the buoyant plume dissolves into the ambient brine via convective mixing. We develop semi-analytical solutions to the model in two limiting cases: when the water beneath the plume saturates with dissolved CO2 very slowly or very quickly (‘instantaneously’) relative to plume motion. We show that solubility trapping can greatly slow the speed at which the plume advances, and we derive an explicit analytical expression for the position of the nose of the plume as a function of time. We then study the competition between capillary and solubility trapping, and the impact of solubility trapping on the storage efficiency, a macroscopic measure of plume migration. We show that solubility trapping can increase the storage efficiency by several-fold, even when the fraction of CO2 trapped by solubility trapping is small.
Beneficial effects of catechin-rich green tea and inulin on the body composition of overweight adults
Authors: Yang Hsin-Yi , Yang Suh-Ching , Chao Jane C.-J. , Chen Jiun-Rong
Published: October 2011

Green tea catechin has been proposed to have an anti-obesity effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the effect of catechin-rich green tea in combination with inulin affects body weight and fat mass in obese and overweight adults. A total of thirty subjects were divided into a control group and an experimental group who received 650 ml tea or catechin-rich green tea plus inulin. A reduction of body weight ( − 1·29 (sem 0·35) kg) and fat mass (0·82 (sem 0·27) kg) in the experimental group was found after 6 weeks, and no adverse effects were observed. After refraining from consumption for 2 weeks, sustained effects on body weight and fat mass were observed. We conclude that continuous intake of catechin-rich green tea in combination with inulin for at least 3 weeks may be beneficial for weight management.
Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy
Authors: Seino Y , Nakayama M , Okamoto M , Hayashi S
Published: October 2011

Introduction:

Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy is an organ-preserving procedure used to treat laryngeal cancer. However, the post-operative neoglottis tends to be variable in form and difficult to predict.

Methods:

We retrospectively analysed three-dimensional images reconstructed from multidetector-row computed tomography data for 21 patients, assessing arytenoid motion and minimum neoglottic gap cross-sectional area.

Results:

While mean transverse and coronal motion was similar for bilateral and unilateral arytenoids, movement along the sagittal axis was greater for unilateral than bilateral arytenoids. The neoglottic gap during respiration was wider in patients with bilateral arytenoids, but both groups had a similar neoglottic gap during phonation.

Conclusion:

Anterior shifting of the unilateral arytenoid plays an important role in compensating for the inability to achieve neoglottic closure. These two results demonstrate that the unilateral arytenoid alone is capable of achieving sufficient neoglottic narrowing to compensate for the resected arytenoid. Three-dimensional analysis was useful to evaluate the physiological status of the neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy.
Taste disturbance after mastoid surgery: immediate and long-term effects of chorda tympani nerve sacrifice
Authors: Kiverniti E , Watters G
Published: October 2011

Objective:

To determine the immediate and long-term taste effects of chorda tympani nerve sacrifice in patients undergoing open cavity mastoidectomy.

Design, setting and participants:

A retrospective, questionnaire survey of patients receiving follow up and aural toilet following open cavity mastoidectomy, over a four-month period. The questionnaire assessed taste disturbance, both immediately post-operative and current. Available surgical records were reviewed for chorda tympani references.

Results:

Of 57 patients, six had undergone surgery to both ears. Of those who could recall (37/57), 24.3 per cent were aware of taste disturbance immediately after surgery, while 8.7 per cent reported current disturbance (median post-operative interval, 28.5 years; range, one month to 67 years). No bilateral surgery patients were aware of taste disturbance.

Conclusion:

Mastoidectomy consent procedure emphasises the risk of hearing loss and facial nerve injury, yet in open cavity surgery chorda tympani division is almost inevitable. Reassuringly, most post-operative taste disturbance resolves, and most patients are not aware of long-term disturbance. However, a small percentage suffer ongoing taste disturbance; this could be significant for professional chefs and wine-tasters. The risk of taste disturbance should be addressed in the consent procedure.
Functional results of temporalis fascia versus cartilage tympanoplasty in patients with bilateral chronic otitis media
Authors: Onal K , Arslanoglu S , Songu M , Demiray U , Demirpehlivan I A
Published: October 2011

Objectives:

To compare the functional results of type I tympanoplasty performed with either temporalis fascia or a perichondrium and cartilage island flap, in patients with bilateral chronic otitis media.

Method:

The study included primary tympanoplasty cases with a subtotal perforation, an intact ossicular chain, a dry ear for at least one month and normal middle-ear mucosa, together with contralateral tympanic membrane perforation. Temporalis fascia tympanoplasty was undertaken in 41 patients, and cartilage tympanoplasty in 39 patients.

Results:

The graft success rate was 65.9 per cent for the fascia group and 92.3 per cent for the cartilage group. Post-operatively, the mean ± standard deviation air conduction threshold was 28.54 ± 14.20 dB for the fascia group and 22.97 ± 8.37 dB for the cartilage group, while the mean ± standard deviation bone conduction threshold was 11.71 ± 8.50 dB for the fascia group and 7.15 ± 5.56 dB for the cartilage group.

Conclusion:

In patients with bilateral chronic otitis media, cartilage tympanoplasty seems to provide better hearing results and graft success rates.
Cochlear implant failures: lessons learned from a UK centre
Authors: Masterson L , Kumar S , Kong J H K , Briggs J , Donnelly N , Axon P R , Gray R F
Published: October 2011

Objectives:

To review our experience of cochlear implant failure and subsequent revision surgery, and to illustrate the experience we have gained by presenting a series of lessons learned.

Methods:

A combined retrospective and prospective study of revision surgery in a UK regional cochlear implant centre.

Results:

Of the 746 cochlear implantations undertaken, 33 (4.7 per cent of adults and 4.1 per cent of children) had a registered failure requiring re-implantation. The mean time to device failure was 60 months in adults and 35 months in children. Causes of cochlear implant failure were medical (n = 11), electrode displacement (n = 2), ‘hard device failure’ (n = 15) and ‘soft device failure’ (n = 5). Chronic suppurative otitis media and post-auricular mastoid abscess were the commonest causes of medical failure. There was one case of electrode array displacement as a direct result of skin flap revision surgery. In 80 per cent of cases, audiological performances were stable or improved following re-implantation.

Conclusion:

As the number of cochlear implants increase and patients outlive the lifespan of their devices, we will face a growing number of revision procedures. Audiologists and otologists should be competent in diagnosing and managing device failure and medical complications requiring cochlear re-implantation.
Congenital salivary fistula of an accessory parotid gland in Goldenhar syndrome
Authors: Sun Z , Sun L , Zhang Z , Ma X
Published: October 2011

Objectives:

We report two cases of congenital salivary fistula of an accessory parotid gland, and we discuss its occurrence in Goldenhar syndrome.

Methods:

Two teenagers complained of a congenital cheek fistula with constant salivary discharge. Computed tomography fistulography and sialography were performed. The diagnosis of Goldenhar syndrome was established based on clinical and imaging findings. Previously reported cases are reviewed and the clinical and radiological features summarised.

Results:

In these two patients, a salivary fistula of an accessory parotid gland was demonstrated on computed tomography fistulography, and did not communicate with Stensen's duct. Deformity of Stensen's duct and hypoplasia of the ipsilateral mandibular ramus were present. Tragal appendices have frequently been reported in such cases.

Conclusion:

A congenital cheek salivary fistula of an accessory parotid gland should be considered indicative of Goldenhar syndrome.
Successful treatment of a rare metastatic malignant carotid body tumour in a young adult, with conservative surgery and local radiotherapy
Authors: Williamson J , Leopold G , Prabhu V , Ingrams D
Published: October 2011

Objective:

We report a patient with a malignant carotid body paraganglioma treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. We discuss her treatment and outcome in the light of the published literature.

Case report:

A 26-year-old woman presented with a 12-month history of a painless, left-sided neck lump. Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a carotid body tumour, which at surgical excision was found to be adherent to the vagus and hypoglossal cranial nerves (X and XII). The tumour was resected from the surrounding structures. Two local lymph nodes were removed to allow access. The internal carotid artery was also involved and had to be repaired with a synthetic graft. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed malignant carotid body paraganglioma. There were positive resection margins, and cervical lymph node metastasis was reported in one of the two nodes. Post-operatively, she had left Horner's syndrome, left vocal fold palsy and right upper limb weakness, all of which resolved spontaneously. She underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and remained recurrence free after 30 months.

Conclusion:

Malignant carotid body paraganglioma can affect young adults, with an insidious onset of symptoms. In this patient, local excision (without neck dissection) and adjuvant radiotherapy were well tolerated and resulted in satisfactory local disease control.
Synthesis of control law considering wheel–ground interaction and contact stability of autonomous mobile robot
Authors: Zielinska Teresa , Chmielniak Andrzej
Published: October 2011

We proposed a new method of mobile robot motion synthesis. A dynamical model describing the slip phenomenon taking into account the wheel–ground interaction was derived. The novelty of this work stems from the assumption that the slip already exists and the wheel motion pattern must reduce it, not exceeding the acceleration and torque limits. Moreover, a slip estimation method is proposed by introducing a critical friction coefficient. The theoretical considerations are confirmed by simulation and experiment. This research was performed in the framework of the PROTEUS project aiming at the development of autonomous robots for inspection and exploration. These robots will move in natural terrain.
The fracture system and the melt emplacement beneath the Deception Island active volcano, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: Pedrera Antonio , Ruiz-Constán Ana , Heredia Nemesio , Galindo-Zaldívar Jesús , Bohoyo Fernando , Marín-Lechado Carlos , Ruano Patricia , Somoza Luis
Published: October 2011

A new magnetotelluric (MT) survey, along with new topographic parametric sonar (TOPAS) profiles and geological field observations, were carried out on the Deception Island active volcano. 3-D resistivity models reveal an ENE–WSW elongated conductor located at a depth between two and ten kilometres beneath the south-eastern part of the island, which we interpret as a combination of partial melt and hot fluids. The emplacement of the melt in the upper crust occurs along the ENE–WSW oriented, SSE dipping regional normal fault zone, which facilitates melt intrusion at shallower levels with volcanic eruptions and associated seismicity. Most of the onshore and offshore volcanic rocks are deformed by high-angle normal and sub-vertical faults with dominant dip-slip kinematics, distributed in sets roughly parallel and orthogonal to the major ENE–WSW regional tectonic trends. Faults development is related to perturbations of the regional stress field associated with magma chamber overpressure and deflation in a regional setting dominated by NW–SE to NNW–SSE extension.
Phenotypic changes in satellite glial cells in cultured trigeminal ganglia
Authors: Belzer Vitali , Shraer Nathanael , Hanani Menachem
Published: October 2011

Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are specialized cells that form a tight sheath around neurons in sensory ganglia. In recent years, there is increasing interest in SGCs and they have been studied in both intact ganglia and in tissue culture. Here we studied phenotypic changes in SGCs in cultured trigeminal ganglia from adult mice, containing both neurons and SGCs, using phase optics, immunohistochemistry and time-lapse photography. Cultures were followed for up to 14 days. After isolation virtually every sensory neuron is ensheathed by SGCs, as in the intact ganglia. After one day in culture, SGCs begin to migrate away from their parent neurons, but in most cases the neurons still retain an intact glial cover. At later times in culture, there is a massive migration of SGCs away from the neurons and they undergo clear morphological changes, and at 7 days they become spindle-shaped. At one day in culture SGCs express the glial marker glutamine synthetase, and also the purinergic receptor P2X7. From day 2 in culture the glutamine synthetase expression is greatly diminished, whereas that of P2X7 is largely unchanged. We conclude that SGCs retain most of their characteristics for about 24 h after culturing, but undergo major phenotypic changes at later times.
Früherkennung von umschriebenen Sprachentwicklungsstörungen
Authors: von Suchodoletz Waldemar
Published: October 2011

Kinder mit umschriebenen Sprachentwicklungsstörungen sind hinsichtlich ihrer kognitiven, sozialen und emotionalen Entwicklung erheblich gefährdet. Sie sollten deshalb frühzeitig erkannt und behandelt werden. Im Beitrag wird ein Überblick über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Früherkennung gegeben. Sprachscreenings für Kinder vom Säuglingsalter bis zum Ende des dritten Lebensjahres werden beschrieben und hinsichtlich ihrer Aussagefähigkeit bewertet. Die Übersicht macht deutlich, dass der Sprachentwicklungsstand eines Kindes mit Elternfragebögen mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit beurteilt werden kann. Eine Früherkennung von Kindern mit Sprachentwicklungsstörungen gelingt hingegen nur eingeschränkt. Vorläuferfertigkeiten und erste Schritte des Spracherwerbs korrelieren zwar mit späteren Sprachfähigkeiten, jedoch sind die Beziehungen bis zum Ende des Säuglingsalters gering. Bei einem einzelnen Kind ist deshalb keine Vorhersage möglich. Am Ende des zweiten Lebensjahres lassen sich Kinder mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Sprachentwicklungsstörungen erfassen. Eine ausreichend sichere Identifizierung sprachentwicklungsgestörter Kinder gelingt aber erst am Ende des dritten Lebensjahres. Als zuverlässige Screeninginstrumente haben sich in den ersten drei Lebensjahren Elternfragebögen bewährt.
Die Wirksamkeit der Reaktionsumkehr-Behandlung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit chronischen Tic-Störungen
Authors: Woitecki Katrin , Döpfner Manfred
Published: October 2011

Fragestellung: Mit der vorliegenden Studie soll das Training der Reaktionsumkehr erstmals im deutschen Sprachraum mit gruppenstatistischen Ansätzen auf seine Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich mehrerer Zielgrößen bei der Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit chronischen Tic-Störungen überprüft werden. Die Intervention wird anhand eines Trainingsmanuals operationalisiert. Methodik: Es wurden 16 Kinder/Jugendliche behandelt. Es wurden sowohl Verhaltensbeobachtungen als auch Eltern-, Selbst- und klinische Urteile zur Erfassung der Tic-Symptomatik eingesetzt. Die Wirksamkeit einer Intensivinterventionsphase wird außerdem im Vergleich zu einer Minimalinterventionsphase untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Studie liefert erste Hinweise auf die Akzeptanz und Effektivität des neu entwickelten Therapieprogramms. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Therapieprogramm erwies sich als gut einsetzbar. Weitere Studien sind jedoch notwendig, um die Wirksamkeit der Intervention abzusichern.
Stellungnahme zu einem Schreiben der «Pyramid Educational Consultants of Germany UG» vom Mai 2010
Authors: Freitag Christine , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Dose Mathias , Lüken Michael
Published: October 2011

In dieser Stellungnahme wird ein Schreiben der Firma «Pyramid Educational Consultants of Germany UG» zum Training und Einsatz des PECS-Ansatzes in der Therapie von Kindern mit Autismus kritisch gewürdigt.
ADHS und Störung des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Petermann Franz , Lehmkuhl Gerd
Published: October 2011

Im Bereich der externalisierenden Störungen (ADHS, Störungen des Sozialverhaltens) werden für den deutschsprachigen Bereich Trends seit 2009 in Forschung und Praxis skizziert. Vor allem wurden Publikationen aus der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Klinischen Kinderpsychologie gesichtet; zudem werden die wissenschaftlichen Beiträge des 32. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie mit einbezogen. Es wird deutlich, dass auch im deutschen Sprachraum die Beschäftigung mit der Störung des Sozialverhaltens (inkl. Bullying, Psychopathie) im Umfang und ihrer Differenziertheit gegenüber der weitgefassten Diskussion um die ADHS aufgeholt hat und kein Schattendasein mehr führt.
Liberty, safety or neither?
Authors: Jacobs Howy
Published: October 2011

Our laboratories are potentially vulnerable to catastrophic misuse by terrorists. Howy argues that we need a beefed up but non‐intrusive security to counter this obvious threat.
A proteasome‐dependent, TAP‐independent pathway for cross‐presentation of phagocytosed antigen
Authors: Merzougui Nawel , Kratzer Roland , Saveanu Loredana , van Endert Peter
Published: October 2011

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cross‐presentation is thought to involve two pathways, one of which depends on both the TAP transporters and the proteasome and the other on neither. We found that preincubation of TAP‐deficient dendritic cells at low temperature increases the density of MHC class I at the surface and fully restores cross‐presentation of phagocytosed antigen, but not of soluble antigen internalized through receptors. Restoration of cross‐presentation by TAP‐deficient cells requires antigen degradation by the proteasome. Thus, TAP might mainly be required for recycling cell surface class I molecules during cross‐presentation of phagocytosed antigens. Furthermore, phagosomes—but not endosomes—seem to have a TAP‐independent mechanism to import peptides generated by cytosolic proteasome complexes.