bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing stability for the inverse problem for the Schrödinger equation
Authors: Pal Choudhury Anupam , Heck Horst
Published: October 2017

In this article, we study the increasing stability property for the determination of the potential in the Schrödinger equation from partial data. We shall assume that the inaccessible part of the boundary is flat, and homogeneous boundary condition is prescribed on this part. In contrast to earlier works, we are able to deal with the case when potentials have some Sobolev regularity and also need not be compactly supported inside the domain.
A two‐phase SPH model for debris flow propagation
Authors: Pastor M. , Yague A. , Stickle M.M. , Manzanal D. , Mira P.
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a model which can be used for fast landslides where coupling between solid and pore fluid plays a fundamental role. The proposed model is able to describe debris flows where the difference of velocities between solid grains and fluid is important. The approach is based on the mathematical model proposed by Zienkiewicz and Shiomi, which is similar to those of Pitman and Le and Pudasaini. The novelty of the present work is the numerical technique used, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We propose to use a double set of nodes for soil and water phases, the interaction between them being described by a suitable drag law. The paper presents both mathematical and numerical models, describing the main assumptions and their limitations. Then, the model is applied to (1) a simple case where shocks and expansion waves appear, (2) a dam break problem on a horizontal plane with a frictional soil phase, and (3) a debris flow which happened in Hong Kong. The main conclusions that can be drawn from the applications are:

Debris flows having 2 phases with important relative mobility present a rich structure of shocks and rarefaction waves, which has to be properly modeled. Otherwise, the model will have numerical damping or dispersion.

Dambreak exercises provide interesting information in simple and controlled situations. We can see how both phases move relative to each other.

Real debris flows can be simulated with the proposed model, obtaining reasonable results.
Alleviating time inconsistent behaviors via a competition scheme
Authors: Cui Xiangyu , Shi Yun , Xu Lu
Published: October 2017

Under quasi‐hyperbolic discounting, the valuation of a payoff falls relatively rapidly for earlier delay periods, but then falls more slowly for longer delay periods. When the salespersons with quasi‐hyperbolic discounting consider the product sale problem, they would exert less effort than their early plan, thus resulting in losses of future profit. We propose a winner‐takes‐all competition to alleviate the above time inconsistent behaviors of the salespersons, and allow the company to maximize its revenue by choosing an optimal bonus. To evaluate the effects of the competition scheme, we define the group time inconsistency degree of the salespersons, which measures the consequence of time inconsistent behaviors, and two welfare measures, the group welfare of the salespersons and the company revenue. We show that the competition always improves the group welfare and the company revenue as long as the company chooses to run the competition in the first place. However, the effect on group time inconsistency degree is mixed. When the optimal bonus is moderate (extreme high), the competition motivates (over‐motivates) the salesperson to work hard, thus alleviates (worsens) the time inconsistent behaviors. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 64: 357–372, 2017
The role of magnetization transfer in the observed contrast in T1 weighted imaging under clinical setups
Authors: Eliav U. , Navon G.
Published: October 2017

In T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging of brain and spinal cord in the clinical setting, the white matter (WM) appears with greater intensity than the gray matter (GM). This contrast has been assigned to differences in T1 values. In these experiments the RF pulses are too long to excite both the water and the species with restricted motion of the protons (SRMP). In in vitro studies using short RF pulses, the contrast is reversed, with greater intensity for the GM. These results raise the question of whether magnetization transfer (MT) plays a role in the contrast observed in the T1 weighting experiments. In the present work we implemented selective saturation recovery alone and together with the conventional magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) method. The results confirm that a major factor that determines the characteristic WM/GM averaged intensity ratio observed in T1 weighted imaging under clinical conditions is MT between the SRMP and water. When selective saturation recovery is combined with MTC, the SRMP yields spectral widths ranging from a few to tens of kilohertz, indicating that more than one type of SRMP is involved in the MT. The z‐spectrum obtained with this combination is free of the effect of direct saturation of the water peak. Selective saturation recovery enables an independent measurement of the exchange time and T1, while the combination with MTC with complete saturation of the SRMP enables measurement of T1 without the effect of MT. The latter measurement can be carried out on a timescale much shorter than T1.
Three dimensional hybrid‐Trefftz stress finite elements for plates and shells
Authors: Martins P. H. C. , Bussamra F. L. S. , Lucena Neto E.
Published: October 2017

Three‐dimensional hybrid‐Trefftz stress finite elements for plates and shells are proposed. Two independent fields are approximated: stresses within the element and displacement on their boundary. The required stress field derived from the Papkovitch‐Neuber solution of the Navier equation, which a priori satisfies the Trefftz constraint, is generated using homogeneous harmonic polynomials. Restriction on the polynomial degree in the coordinate measured along the thickness direction is imposed to reduce the number of independent terms. Explicit expressions of the corresponding independent polynomials are listed up to the fifth order. Illustrative applications to evaluate displacements and stresses are conducted by hexahedral hybrid‐Trefftz stress element models. The hierarchical p‐ and h‐refinement strategy are exploited in the numerical tests.
Successful management of transfusion‐dependent congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type 1b with interferon alfa‐2a
Authors: Rathe Mathias , Møller Michael Boe , Greisen Pernille Wied , Fisker Niels
Published: October 2017

The congenital dyserythropoietic anemias (CDAs) are a group of rare inherited blood disorders characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis as the principal cause of anemia. We present a child with CDA 1b—the rarest and least well‐described type—due to a mutation in the C15orf41 gene. The patient presented with severe in utero and neonatal manifestations, typical peripheral limb anomalies as well as rarely reported cardiac manifestations, visual impairment, short stature, and hip dysplasia. Anemia was complicated by iron overload and pronounced extra medullary erythropoiesis leading to skull deformities. The patient responded to treatment with pegylated interferon alfa‐2a.
To what extent do data from pharmaceutical claims under‐estimate opioid analgesic utilisation in Australia?
Authors: Gisev Natasa , Pearson Sallie‐Anne , Karanges Emily A. , Larance Briony , Buckley Nicholas A. , Larney Sarah , Dobbins Timothy , Blanch Bianca , Degenhardt Louisa
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Although pharmaceutical claims are an essential data source for pharmacoepidemiological studies, these data potentially under‐estimate opioid utilisation. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the extent to which pharmaceutical claims from Australia's national medicines subsidy programs (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme [PBS] and Repatriation Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits [RPBS]) under‐estimate prescription‐only and total national opioid utilisation across time and for different opioids. A secondary aim was to examine the impact of the 2012 policy change to record all PBS/RPBS dispensed medicines, irrespective of government subsidy, on the degree of under‐estimation.

Methods

Aggregated data on Australian opioid utilisation were obtained for the 2010 to 2014 calendar years, including all single ingredient and combination opioid analgesic preparations available on prescription or over‐the‐counter (OTC). Total opioid utilisation (oral morphine equivalent kilogrammes) was quantified using sales data from IMS Health and compared with pharmaceutical claims data from the PBS/RPBS.

Results

PBS/RPBS claims data did not account for 12.4% of prescription‐only opioid utilisation in 2014 and 19.1% in 2010, and 18.4% to 25.4% of total opioid use when accounting for OTC preparations. Between 2010 and 2014, 5.6% to 5.3% of buprenorphine, 8.1% to 6.3% fentanyl, 17.7% to 10.7% oxycodone, 18.4% to 11.0% tramadol, 38.4% to 21.0% hydromorphone, and 28.6% to 21.0% of prescription‐only codeine utilisation were not accounted for in PBS/RPBS claims.

Conclusions

Despite increased capture of less expensive (under co‐payment) opioid items since 2012, PBS/RPBS claims still under‐estimate opioid use in Australia, with varying degrees across opioids. The estimates generated in this study allow us to better understand the degree of under‐estimation and account for these in research using Australia's national pharmaceutical claims data.
Effects of Mechanical Stress on Flexible Dual‐Gate a‐InGaZnO Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Yang Jianwen , Chang Ting‐Chang , Chen Bo‐Wei , Liao Po‐Yung , Chiang Hsiao‐Cheng , Zhang Qun
Published: October 2017

The effects of mechanical tensile and compressive stress on dual‐gate amorphous InGaZnO thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs) on a flexible substrate were investigated. Both the tensile and compressive stresses led to increases in free electrons and deep states in a‐IGZO. Strong tensile stress tends to form more deep defects than compressive stress, resulting in severe deterioration in performance. Small compressive stress seems to repair defects in the relatively poor quality etch‐stop layer (ESL), resulting in increased mobility in the top‐gate‐controlled performance.
Field Effect of a Chemically Assembled Fe3O4 Nanocrystal Film Single‐Electron Transistor
Authors: Kohiki Shigemi , Nakamura Yuki , Akiyama‐Hasegawa Kotone , Mitome Masanori , Tsuya Daiju
Published: October 2017

The gate voltage dependence of the source‐drain current of a chemically assembled Fe3O4 nanocrystal film single‐electron transistor reflects the energy level splitting of the minority spin 3d band due to two‐electron Coulomb repulsion in each nanocrystal. Using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique, a Fe3O4 nanocrystal self‐assembled film was deposited on a quartz substrate where a three‐terminal electrode made of Au was prefabricated. At 300 K in a magnetic field of 0.2 T, the source‐drain current peaked near the source‐drain bias voltage of 100 V at a gate voltage of +1 to +3 V. At a bias voltage of 100 V, a gate voltage of +1 V amplified the current 13 times more than at a gate voltage of 0 V. Upon increasing the gate voltage to +5 V, the amplification of the current declined to less than three times more than at 0 V. At the optimized gate voltage, by adjusting the empty upper band energy of each Fe3O4 nanocrystal over the gate electrode to match the filled lower band energy outside of the gate electrode, the tunneling current can be greatly increased, because electron transport via the empty state of each nanocrystal over the gate electrode requires no extra energy cost.
Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract (p‐synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study
Authors: Ratamess Nicholas A. , Bush Jill A. , Stohs Sidney J. , Ellis Nicole L. , Vought Ira T. , O'Grady Elizabeth A. , Kuper Jeremy D. , Hasan Saif B. , Kang Jie , Faigenbaum Avery D.
Published: October 2017

The purpose was to examine cardiovascular responses to supplementation with p‐synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during quiet sitting. Sixteen subjects were given (in double‐blind manner) either 103 mg of p‐synephrine (S), 233 mg of caffeine +104 mg of p‐synephrine (LC + S), 240 mg of caffeine (LC), 337 mg of caffeine +46 mg of p‐synephrine (HC + S), 325 mg of caffeine (HC), or a placebo. The subjects sat quietly for 3 hr while heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured. Only HC + S and HC significantly increased mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) during the second hour and tended to increase mean SBP during the third hour. Mean diastolic blood pressure in S was significantly lower than the other trials during the first and second hours, and mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in S compared to the LC, LC + S, HC, and HC + S trials. No differences were observed in HR. Consumption of p‐synephrine may acutely reduce diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and not affect SBP or HR during quiet sitting. The addition of p‐synephrine to caffeine did not augment SBP or HR indicating that consumption of up to 104 mg of p‐synephrine does not induce cardiovascular stress during quiet sitting.
Management system of preventive maintenance and repair for reinforced concrete subway tunnels
Authors: Ishida Tetsuya , Kawabata Mitsuhiro , Maruyama Akira , Tsuchiya Satoshi
Published: October 2017

The authors propose a maintenance management system for reinforced concrete subway tunnels to perform efficient maintenance management in view of preventive maintenance and repair of distressed concrete. The proposed system consists of three subsystems and has been put into trial use on an actual subway line. Based on the deterioration prediction using numerical models coupled with on‐site measurement information, priorities, and timings are assigned to repair work based on the thresholds uniquely determined by the company, and maintenance management plans are created within imposed budget constraints. Through a couple of case studies on corrosion of reinforcing bars used for the actual structure, the proposed system is shown to be capable of predicting deterioration propagation almost approximately. Further, it is also demonstrated to be helpful to calculate maintenance management cost and to make an appropriate maintenance management plan under various repair strategies.
The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in interspecific Saccharomyces hybrids and their properties in winemaking
Authors: Verspohl Alexandra , Pignedoli Samuele , Giudici Paolo
Published: October 2017

The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in yeast hybrids is heteroplasmic, turning into homoplasmic after few cell cycles. Mitotype restoration is reported to be biparental and random. This study shows that mitotype restoration follows fixed schemata. We created isogenic, interspecific Saccharomyces cerevisiae × Saccharomyces uvarum hybrids through direct mating and analysed their mating frequency and mitotype. The mating frequency increased for most crosses in staggered mating. Mitotyping revealed that breeding lines with the same parental strain of S. cerevisiae and different parental strains of S. uvarum give rise to the same mitotype. According to our results, we postulate that the inheritance of mtDNA is dominated by one parental strain and that the superior mitotype is specific to each breeding line. Technological tests showed typical hybrid heterosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A topological similarity‐based bootstrapping method for inferring food web parameters
Authors: Liu Wei‐Chung , Lai Shu‐Mei , Chen Hsuan‐Wien
Published: October 2017

A food web is a representation of trophic interactions in an ecosystem. Food webs are often generated by a single dataset aggregated from one or several surveys. Point estimates of food web parameters can be calculated from the data, but it remains an open question as to how their corresponding interval estimates can be quantified. Although conventional methods such as bootstrapping represent potential solutions, they tend to underestimate several network parameters. Here, we propose a simple bootstrap‐based resampling procedure for inferring food web parameters. First, for a particular food web parameter, we obtain its point estimate by calculating the corresponding statistics from the original food web. Second, we generate a resampled food web by sampling with replacement the same number of species from the original food web, and for each resampled species we record how many prey items it consumes in the original food web. Third, a resampled species is allowed to consume its original prey species if such a species is also present; if not present, it instead consumes the resampled species that is most topologically similar to its original prey species. Many resampled food webs can be generated in this manner, and we calculate particular food web statistics for each of them. These form a sampling distribution from which interval estimates of the true food web parameter can be determined. We demonstrate our methodology on two different food web datasets and discuss its application in comparing food webs of various sizes and connectance.
Regulation of inflammatory pathways in schizophrenia: A comparative study with bipolar disorder and healthy controls
Authors: García-Álvarez L. , Caso J.R. , García-Portilla M.P. , de la Fuente-Tomás L. , González-Blanco L. , Sáiz Martínez P. , Leza J.C. , Bobes J.
Published: October 2017

Background

Immune-inflammatory processes have been implicated in schizophrenia (SCH), but their specificity is not clear.

Main aim

To identify potential differential intra-/intercellular biochemical pathways controlling immune-inflammatory response and their oxidative-nitrosative impact on SCH patients, compared with bipolar disorder (BD) patients and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

Cross-sectional, naturalistic study of a cohort of SCH patients (n=123) and their controls [BD (n=102) and HC (n=80)].

Statistical analysis

ANCOVA (or Quade test) controlling for age and gender when comparing the three groups, and controlling for age, gender, length of illness, cigarettes per day, and body mass index (BMI) when comparing SCH and BD.

Results

Pro-inflammatory biomarkers: Expression of COX-1 was statistically higher in SCH and BD than HC (P<0.0001; P<0.0001); NFκB and PGE2 were statistically higher in SCH compared with BD (P=0.001; P<0.0001) and HC (P=0.003; P<0.0001); NLRP3 was higher in BD than HC (P=0.005); and CPR showed a gradient among the three groups. Anti-inflammatory biomarkers: BD patients had lower PPARγ and higher 15d-PGJ2 levels than SCH (P=0.005; P=0.008) and HC (P=0.001; P=0.001). Differences between SCH and BD: previous markers of SCH (NFκB and PGE2) and BD (PPARγ and 15d-PGJ2) remained statistically significant and, interestingly, iNOS and COX-2 (pro-inflammatory biomarkers) levels were statistically higher in SCH than BD (P=0.019; P=0.040).

Conclusions

This study suggests a specific immune-inflammatory biomarker pattern for established SCH (NFκB, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2) that differentiates it from BD and HC. In future, their pharmacological modulation may constitute a promising therapeutic target.
Diplomacy
Authors: Trager Robert F.
Published: October 2017

How do adversaries communicate? How do diplomatic encounters shape international orders and determine whether states go to war? Diplomacy, from alliance politics to nuclear brinkmanship, almost always operates through a few forms of signaling: choosing the scope of demands on another state, risking a breach in relations, encouraging a protégé, staking one's reputation, or making a diplomatic approach all convey specific sorts of information. Through rich history and analyses of diplomatic network data from the Confidential Print of the British Empire, Trager demonstrates the lasting effects that diplomatic encounters have on international affairs. The Concert of Europe, the perceptions of existential threat that formed before the World Wars, the reduction in Cold War tensions known as détente, and the institutional structure of the current world order were all products of inferences about intentions drawn from the statements of individuals represented as the will of states. Diplomacy explains how closed-door conversations create stable orders and violent wars.
Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt
Authors: Rosenthal Bernard
Published: October 2017

This book represents a comprehensive record of all legal documents pertaining to the Salem witch trials, in chronological order. Numerous manuscripts, as well as records published in earlier books that were overlooked in other editions, offer a comprehensive narrative account of the events of 1692–3, with supplementary materials stretching as far as the mid-18th century. The book can be used as a reference book or read as an unfolding narrative. All legal records are newly transcribed, and included in this edition is a historical introduction, a legal introduction, and a linguistic introduction. Manuscripts are accompanied by notes that, in many cases, identify the person who wrote the record. This has never been attempted, and much is revealed by seeing who wrote what, when.
The Global Regime for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Seuba Xavier
Published: October 2017

In The Global Regime for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, Xavier Seuba offers a comprehensive description of the international norms and bodies dealing with the enforcement of intellectual property rights. The book analyzes multilateral, plurilateral, and bilateral treaties, and their national implementation, along with civil, border, and criminal enforcement. The book also explores the interface between the enforcement of intellectual property rights and the norms regulating international trade, competition, and human rights, as well as the conceptual and systemic aspects of enforcement, while illustrating the importance of these rights with examples in litigation. The book should be read by anyone interested in how intellectual property rights are being enforced around the world, and how these efforts relate to other legal regimes.
A Web-based module and online video for pain management education for caregivers of children with fractures: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Golden-Plotnik Stevi , Ali Samina , Drendel Amy L. , Wong Tammy , Ferlisi Frank , Todorovich Sydney , Canton Kyle , Miller Michael , Younan Julia , Elsie Sharlene , Poonai Naveen
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Over 80% of children experience compromise in functioning following a fracture. Digital media may improve caregiver knowledge of managing fracture pain at home.

Objectives

To determine whether an educational video was superior to an interactive web-based module (WBM) and verbal instructions, the standard of care (SOC).

Methods

This randomized trial included caregivers of children 0-17 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) with non-operative fractures. Primary outcome was the gain score (pre-post intervention) on a 21-item questionnaire testing knowledge surrounding pain recognition and management for children with fractures. Secondary outcomes included survey of caregiver confidence in managing pain (five-item Likert scale), number of days with difficulty sleeping, before return to a normal diet, and work/school missed.

Results

We analyzed 311 participants (WBM 99; video 108; SOC 104) with a mean (SD) child age of 9.6 (4.2) years, of which 125/311 (40.2%) were female. The video (delta=2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.3; p<0.001) and WBM (delta=1.6; 95% CI: 0.5, 2.6; p=0.002) groups had significantly greater gain scores than the SOC group. The mean video gain score was not significantly greater than WBM (delta=0.7; 95% CI: -0.3, 1.8; p=0.25). There were no significant differences in caregiver confidence (p=0.4), number of absent school days (p=0.43), nights with difficulty sleeping (p=0.94), days before return to a normal diet (p=0.07), or workdays missed (p=0.95).

Conclusions

A web-based module and online video are superior to verbal instructions for improving caregiver knowledge on management of children’s fracture pain without improvement in functional outcomes
Explaining extremism: Western women in Daesh
Authors: Loken Meredith , Zelenz Anna
Published: October 2017

Women participate extensively in armed, Islamist struggle. In recent years, foreign women have travelled from the West to join Daesh. Their participation perplexes policymakers, government officials, and researchers who call attention to the group’s gendered regulation, violence, and widespread use of rape. Consequently, observers often argue that women are deceived by the organisation or seduced by the promise of romance. This suggests that women would not, under rational circumstances, choose to join the group. In this article, we address two resultant questions: why do Western women join Daesh? Are their motivations distinct from other Islamist recruits? Using an original dataset of social media activity from 17 Western female recruits between 2011–15, we conclude that women are primarily driven by religious ideology that adopts an expressly gendered frame. We find that feelings of isolation and disaffection also drive migration. We suggest that female foreign recruits are not unique in their motivations and share many similarities with male fighters and women in other Islamist organisations. This research has valuable implications for security studies and counterterrorism, which tend to treat extremist women as unique. Female recruits should be taken seriously as insurgents intent on establishing an Islamic caliphate.
Morality and Sociability in Commercial Society: Smith, Rousseau—and Mandeville
Authors: Douglass Robin
Published: October 2017

In 1756 Adam Smith reviewed Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality and claimed that it was indebted to the second volume of Bernard Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees. While much recent scholarship has taken this as the point of departure for studying Smith's engagement with Rousseau, the place of Mandeville in shaping that engagement has been largely neglected. This article brings Mandeville back into the picture and reassesses Smith's engagement with both thinkers in light of the connections he identified between their works. This involves reconstructing Mandeville's historicized account of the development of sociability and government, and showing how Rousseau developed this to articulate his critique of modern society. In evaluating Smith's response to this challenge, it is argued that he only partially succeeded in distancing his own analysis of commercial society from Mandeville's principles.
Comparison of the environmental performance of different treatment scenarios for the main phosphorus recycling sources
Authors: Hörtenhuber Stefan Josef , Theurl Michaela Clarissa , Möller Kurt
Published: October 2017

Efficient phosphorus (P) recycling from rural and urban areas is becoming an increasing issue due to the scarcity of natural P deposits. Based on a life cycle assessment (LCA), we analyzed the environmental performance of 17 different P supply and recycling approaches from urban wastes, biosolids and slaughterhouse wastes compared with the two conventional inorganic fertilizers phosphate rock and triple superphosphate. The results show that many recycled P fertilizers (RPFs; e.g., digestates from urban organic wastes, biosolids and their ashes, meat and bone meal (MBM) and its recycling products) are competitive in terms of LCA results compared with conventional P fertilizers. For each of the P recycling sources, one or more treatment options were identified, which have more favorable LCA results than the conventional references. For sewage sludge, we found that direct application of the stabilized biosolids, and incineration with application of the ash showed the lowest LCA impacts per kg P; their treatments even generated net credits from added values. The same applies for the anaerobic digestion treatment of urban organic wastes. For MBM, low environmental impacts were identified for each of the analyzed treatment options, especially for anaerobic digestion, incineration, feeding with application of manure and direct application. Similarly, low environmental impacts and net credits were found for directly applied biomass ash. Some organically based RPFs demonstrate added values, i.e., as nitrogen and potassium fertilizer effect, energy gains during the treatment, or a humus sequestration potential. If these added values are considered in the LCAs, 11 out of 17 RPFs will have advantageous effects for the majority of addressed impact categories.
Hypothermie thérapeutique après arrêt cardio-respiratoire en 2017 – revue pour le praticien
Authors: Ratano Damian , Oddo Mauro
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die therapeutische Hypothermie oder gezieltes Temperaturmanagement ist eine wirksame und einfache neuroprotektive Technik. Der Haupteffekt ist eine Milderung der Nebenhirnschädigungen, die mit dem Ischämie-Reperfusions-Phänomen nach einem Herzstillstand auftreten. Die therapeutische Hypothermie hat sich auch für die Neugeborenen-Hypoxie als wirksam erwiesen. Die modernen und automatisierten Geräte erlauben eine sehr strenge Temperaturkontrolle. In diesem Review werden die verschiedenen Aspekte der therapeutische Hypothermie diskutiert und die jüngsten veröffentlichten Empfehlungen und Ergebnisse zusammengefasst.
An Ultra-Short Measure for Work Engagement
Authors: Schaufeli Wilmar B. , Shimazu Akihito , Hakanen Jari , Salanova Marisa , De Witte Hans
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The current study introduces an ultra-short, 3-item version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Using five national samples from Finland ( N = 22,117), Japan ( N = 1,968), the Netherlands ( N = 38,278), Belgium/Flanders ( N = 5,062), and Spain ( N = 10,040) its internal consistency and factorial validity vis-à-vis validated measures of burnout, workaholism, and job boredom are demonstrated. Moreover, the UWES-3 shares 86–92% of its variance with the longer nine-item version and the pattern of correlations of both versions with 9 indicators of well-being, 8 job demands, 10 job resources, and 6 outcomes is highly similar with an average, absolute difference between correlations of only .02. Hence, it is concluded that the UWES-3 is a reliable and valid indicator of work engagement that can be used as an alternative to the longer version, for instance in national and international epidemiological surveys on employee’s working conditions.
p53 dynamics orchestrates with binding affinity to target genes for cell fate decision
Authors: Wu Mengqiu , Ye Hui , Tang Zhiyuan , Shao Chang , Lu Gaoyuan , Chen Baoqiang , Yang Yuyu , Wang Guangji , Hao Haiping
Published: October 2017

Emerging evidence support that temporal dynamics is pivotal for signaling molecules in orchestrating smart responses to diverse stimuli. p53 is such a signaling molecule that employs temporal dynamics for the selective activation of downstream target genes and ultimately for cell fate decision. Yet how this fine-tuned p53 machinery is quantitatively decoded remains largely unclear. Here we report a quantitative mechanism defining how p53 dynamics orchestrates with binding affinity to target genes for cell fate decision. Treating cells with a genotoxic drug doxorubicin at various doses and durations, we found that a mild and prolonged challenge triggered sequential p53 pulses and ultimately resulted in a terminal pulse enacting apoptosis in a comparable rate with that induced by an acute and high-dose treatment. To transactivate proapoptotic genes and thereafter executing apoptosis, p53 must exceed a certain threshold and accumulate for sufficient time at levels above it. Effective cumulative levels above the threshold, defined as E∫p53, but not the total accumulation levels of p53, precisely discriminate survival and apoptotic cells. p53 accumulation below this threshold, even with prolonging time to reach a total level comparable to that from the accumulation over the threshold, could not transactivate proapoptotic genes to which the binding affinity of p53 is lower than that of proarrest genes, and this property is independent of dynamic features. Our findings indicate that the dynamic feature per se does not directly control cell fate, but rather it orchestrates with the binding affinity to target genes to confer an appropriate time window for cell fate choice. Our study provides a quantitative mechanism unifying p53 dynamics and binding affinity to target genes, providing novel insights to understand how p53 can respond quantitatively to chemotherapeutic drugs, and guiding the design of metronomic regimens for chemotherapeutic drugs.
miR-3656 expression enhances the chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine through modulation of the RHOF/EMT axis
Authors: Yang Rui-Meng , Zhan Ming , Xu Sun-Wang , Long Man-Mei , Yang Lin-Hua , Chen Wei , Huang Shuai , Liu Qiang , Zhou Jun , Zhu Jun , Wang Jian
Published: October 2017

The highly refractory nature of pancreatic cancer (PC) to chemotherapeutic drugs is one of the key reasons contributing to the poor prognosis of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and have been implicated in a variety of processes from cancer development through to drug resistance. Herein, through miRNA profiling of gemcitabine-resistant (GR) and parental PANC-1 cell lines, we found a consistent reduction of miR-3656 in GR PANC-1 cells. miR-3656 overexpression enhanced the antitumor effect of gemcitabine, whereas silencing of miR-3656 resulted in the opposite effect. By performing mechanistic studies using both in vitro and in vivo models, we found that miR-3656 could target RHOF, a member of the Rho subfamily of small GTPases, and regulate the EMT process. Moreover, enforced EMT progression via TWIST1 overexpression compromised the chemotherapy-enhancing effects of miR-3656. Finally, we found significantly lower levels of miR-3656 and higher levels of RHOF in PC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous pancreatic tissues, and this was also associated with poor PC patients’ prognosis. Taken together, our results suggest that the miR-3656/RHOF/EMT axis is an important factor involved in regulating GR in PC, and highlights the potential of novel miR-3656-based clinical modalities as a therapeutic approach in PC patients.
Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases
Authors: Allen Toph , Murray Kris A. , Zambrana-Torrelio Carlos , Morse Stephen S. , Rondinini Carlo , Di Marco Moreno , Breit Nathan , Olival Kevin J. , Daszak Peter
Published: October 2017

Zoonoses originating from wildlife represent a significant threat to global health, security and economic growth, and combatting their emergence is a public health priority. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their emergence remains rudimentary. Here we update a global database of emerging infectious disease (EID) events, create a novel measure of reporting effort, and fit boosted regression tree models to analyze the demographic, environmental and biological correlates of their occurrence. After accounting for reporting effort, we show that zoonotic EID risk is elevated in forested tropical regions experiencing land-use changes and where wildlife biodiversity (mammal species richness) is high. We present a new global hotspot map of spatial variation in our zoonotic EID risk index, and partial dependence plots illustrating relationships between events and predictors. Our results may help to improve surveillance and long-term EID monitoring programs, and design field experiments to test underlying mechanisms of zoonotic disease emergence.
Actomyosin pulsation and flows in an active elastomer with turnover and network remodeling
Authors: Banerjee Deb Sankar , Munjal Akankshi , Lecuit Thomas , Rao Madan
Published: October 2017

Tissue remodeling requires cell shape changes associated with pulsation and flow of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Here we describe the hydrodynamics of actomyosin as a confined active elastomer with turnover of its components. Our treatment is adapted to describe the diversity of contractile dynamical regimes observed in vivo. When myosin-induced contractile stresses are low, the deformations of the active elastomer are affine and exhibit spontaneous oscillations, propagating waves, contractile collapse and spatiotemporal chaos. We study the nucleation, growth and coalescence of actomyosin-dense regions that, beyond a threshold, spontaneously move as a spatially localized traveling front. Large myosin-induced contractile stresses lead to nonaffine deformations due to enhanced actin and crosslinker turnover. This results in a transient actin network that is constantly remodeling and naturally accommodates intranetwork flows of the actomyosin-dense regions. We verify many predictions of our study in Drosophila embryonic epithelial cells undergoing neighbor exchange during germband extension.
Activation of STAT3 integrates common profibrotic pathways to promote fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis
Authors: Chakraborty Debomita , Šumová Barbora , Mallano Tatjana , Chen Chih-Wei , Distler Alfiya , Bergmann Christina , Ludolph Ingo , Horch Raymund E. , Gelse Kolja , Ramming Andreas , Distler Oliver , Schett Georg , Šenolt Ladislav , Distler Jörg H. W.
Published: October 2017

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is phosphorylated by various kinases, several of which have been implicated in aberrant fibroblast activation in fibrotic diseases including systemic sclerosis (SSc). Here we show that profibrotic signals converge on STAT3 and that STAT3 may be an important molecular checkpoint for tissue fibrosis. STAT3 signaling is hyperactivated in SSc in a TGFβ-dependent manner. Expression profiling and functional studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that STAT3 activation is mediated by the combined action of JAK, SRC, c-ABL, and JNK kinases. STAT3-deficient fibroblasts are less sensitive to the pro-fibrotic effects of TGFβ. Fibroblast-specific knockout of STAT3, or its pharmacological inhibition, ameliorate skin fibrosis in experimental mouse models. STAT3 thus integrates several profibrotic signals and might be a core mediator of fibrosis. Considering that several STAT3 inhibitors are currently tested in clinical trials, STAT3 might be a candidate for molecular targeted therapies of SSc.
Stable and ordered amide frameworks synthesised under reversible conditions which facilitate error checking
Authors: Stewart David , Antypov Dmytro , Dyer Matthew S. , Pitcher Michael J. , Katsoulidis Alexandros P. , Chater Philip A. , Blanc Frédéric , Rosseinsky Matthew J.
Published: October 2017

Abstarct

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are network polymers with long-range positional order whose properties can be tuned using the isoreticular chemistry approach. Making COFs from strong bonds is challenging because irreversible rapid formation of the network produces amorphous materials with locked-in disorder. Reversibility in bond formation is essential to generate ordered networks, as it allows the error-checking that permits the network to crystallise, and so candidate network-forming chemistries such as amide that are irreversible under conventional low temperature bond-forming conditions have been underexplored. Here we show that we can prepare two- and three-dimensional covalent amide frameworks (CAFs) by devitrification of amorphous polyamide network polymers using high-temperature and high-pressure reaction conditions. In this way we have accessed reversible amide bond formation that allows crystalline order to develop. This strategy permits the direct synthesis of practically irreversible ordered amide networks that are stable thermally and under both strong acidic and basic hydrolytic conditions.
Temporal correlation detection using computational phase-change memory
Authors: Sebastian Abu , Tuma Tomas , Papandreou Nikolaos , Le Gallo Manuel , Kull Lukas , Parnell Thomas , Eleftheriou Evangelos
Published: October 2017

Conventional computers based on the von Neumann architecture perform computation by repeatedly transferring data between their physically separated processing and memory units. As computation becomes increasingly data centric and the scalability limits in terms of performance and power are being reached, alternative computing paradigms with collocated computation and storage are actively being sought. A fascinating such approach is that of computational memory where the physics of nanoscale memory devices are used to perform certain computational tasks within the memory unit in a non-von Neumann manner. We present an experimental demonstration using one million phase change memory devices organized to perform a high-level computational primitive by exploiting the crystallization dynamics. Its result is imprinted in the conductance states of the memory devices. The results of using such a computational memory for processing real-world data sets show that this co-existence of computation and storage at the nanometer scale could enable ultra-dense, low-power, and massively-parallel computing systems.
Genetic interaction of DISC1 and Neurexin in the development of fruit fly glutamatergic synapses
Authors: Pandey Himani , Bourahmoune Katia , Honda Takato , Honjo Ken , Kurita Kazuki , Sato Tomohito , Sawa Akira , Furukubo-Tokunaga Katsuo
Published: October 2017

Originally identified at the breakpoint of a (1;11)(q42.1; q14.3) chromosomal translocation in a Scottish family with a wide range of mental disorders, the DISC1 gene has been a focus of intensive investigations as an entry point to study the molecular mechanisms of diverse mental dysfunctions. Perturbations of the DISC1 functions lead to behavioral changes in animal models, which are relevant to psychiatric conditions in patients. In this work, we have expressed the human DISC1 gene in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and performed a genetic screening for the mutations of psychiatric risk genes that cause modifications of DISC1 synaptic phenotypes at the neuromuscular junction. We found that DISC1 interacts with dnrx1, the Drosophila homolog of the human Neurexin (NRXN1) gene, in the development of glutamatergic synapses. While overexpression of DISC1 suppressed the total bouton area on the target muscles and stimulated active zone density in wild-type background, a partial reduction of the dnrx1 activity negated the DISC1–mediated synaptic alterations. Likewise, overexpression of DISC1 stimulated the expression of a glutamate receptor component, DGLURIIA, in wild-type background but not in the dnrx1 heterozygous background. In addition, DISC1 caused mislocalization of Discs large, the Drosophila PSD-95 homolog, in the dnrx1 heterozygous background. Analyses with a series of domain deletions have revealed the importance of axonal localization of the DISC1 protein for efficient suppression of DNRX1 in synaptic boutons. These results thus suggest an intriguing converging mechanism controlled by the interaction of DISC1 and Neurexin in the developing glutamatergic synapses.
Individual mobility promotes punishment in evolutionary public goods games
Authors: Cong Rui , Zhao Qianchuan , Li Kun , Wang Long
Published: October 2017

In explaining the pressing issue in biology and social sciences how cooperation emerges in a population of self-interested individuals, researchers recently pay intensive attentions to the role altruistic punishment plays. However, as higher-order cooperators, survival of punishers is puzzling due to their extra cost in regulating norm violators. Previous works have highlighted the importance of individual mobility in promoting cooperation. Yet its effect on punishers remains to be explored. In this work we incorporate this feature into modeling the behavior of punishers, who are endowed with a choice between leaving current place or staying and punishing defectors. Results indicate that optimal mobility level of punishers is closely related to the cost of punishing. For considerably large cost, there exists medium tendency of migration which favors the survival of punishers. This holds for both the direct competition between punishers and defectors and the case where cooperators are involved, and can also be observed when various types of punishers with different mobility tendencies fight against defectors simultaneously. For cheap punishment, mobility does not provide with punishers more advantage even when they are initially rare. We hope our work provide more insight into understanding the role individual mobility plays in promoting public cooperation.
Establishment and Validation of a Prediction Equation to Estimate Risk of Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Receiving General Anesthesia
Authors: Yi Jie , Zhan Lujing , Lei Yongjing , Xu Shiyuan , Si Yongyu , Li Shiyang , Xia Zhongyuan , Shi Yisa , Gu Xiaoping , Yu Jianshe , Xu Guohai , Gu Erwei , Yu Yonghao , Chen Yanqing , Jia Hequn , Wang Yinglin , Wang Xiuli , Chai Xiaoqing , Jin Xiaoju , Chen Junping , Xu Meiying , Xiong Junyu , Wang Guonian , Lu Kaizhi , Yu Wenli , Lei Weifu , Qin Zaisheng , Xiang Jingguo , Li Longyun , Yao Min , Huang Yuguang
Published: October 2017

Inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia (core temperature <36 °C) is a frequent but preventable complication of general anesthesia. Accurate risk assessment of individual patients may help physicians identify patients at risk for hypothermia and apply preventive approaches, which include active intraoperative warming. This study aimed to develop and validate a risk-prediction model for intraoperative hypothermia. Two independent observational studies in China, the Beijing Regional Survey and the China National Survey, were conducted in 2013 and 2014, respectively, to determine the incidence of hypothermia and its underlying risk factors. In this study, using data from these two studies, we first derived a risk calculation equation, estimating the predictive risk of hypothermia using National Survey data (3132 patients), then validated the equation using the Beijing Regional Survey data (830 patients). Measures of accuracy, discrimination and calibration were calculated in the validation data set. Through validation, this model, named Predictors Score, had sound overall accuracy (Brier Score = 0.211), good discrimination (C-Statistic = 0.759) and excellent calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = 0.5611). We conclude that the Predictors Score is a valid predictor of the risk of operative hypothermia and can be used in deciding whether intraoperative warming is a cost-effective measure in preventing the hypothermia.
Effect of light, gibberellic acid and nitrogen source on germination of eight taxa from dissapearing European temperate forest, Potentillo albae-Quercetum
Authors: Kołodziejek Jeremi , Patykowski Jacek , Wala Mateusz
Published: October 2017

Little is known about how light affects seed germination and revegetation of species of thermophilous oak forest. To reveal this relationship effects of white, red, far-red irradiations and dark incubation on germination of eight Potentillo albae-Quercetum taxa were examined. Attempts were also made to evaluate the influence of gibberellic acid and different nitrogen sources on the germination characteristics. Interaction between light and nitrogen was also studied. Freshly matured seeds of all taxa germinated very poorly, indicating presence of primary dormancy. Germination rates increased after wet-stratification treatment and were low in darkness. The highest concentration of the nitrogenous solutions that resulted in high germination level was 10 mM, whereas higher concentrations had a negative effect. Nitrate had the strongest influence which can be proved by a ‘gap detection’ mechanism for gaps in the vegetation. Far-red and red irradiation showed antagonistic effect on seed germination. There was a decrease in germination when far-red was followed by red and an improvement when red was followed by far-red treatment. Under red light, gibberellic acid enhanced germination of positively photoblastic taxa. It was concluded that light factor, associated with vegetation gaps, was the most important signal stimulating germination of the studied taxa.