bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy in Children—When Should We Think Neurometabolic Disease?
Authors: Dhamija Radhika , Patterson Marc C. , Wirrell Elaine C.
Published: March 2012

Seizures are often the first manifestation of central nervous system dysfunction and are common in many inborn errors of metabolism, especially in neonates, infants, and children. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose inborn errors of metabolism as the cause of seizures. It is also important to recognize these metabolic disorders early, as specific disease-modifying treatments are available for some with favorable long-term outcomes. This review discusses the classification of metabolic disorders as a cause of seizures based on pathogenesis and age and proposes a tiered approach for cost-effective diagnosis of metabolic disorders.
Clinical and Polygraphic Improvement of Breathing Abnormalities After Valproate in a Case of Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome
Authors: Maini Ilenia , Cantalupo Gaetano , Turco Emanuela Claudia , Paolis Fernando De , Magnani Cinzia , Parrino Liborio , Terzano Mario Giovanni , Pisani Francesco
Published: March 2012

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome is a rare genetic form of severe psychomotor delay, caused by mutations in transcription cell factor-4 gene and characterized by distinctive dysmorphic features and abnormal breathing pattern. The current report describes the polygraphic features of the syndrome’s typical breathing pattern in a patient both in wakefulness and in sleep. The control of these breathing alterations is important to prevent the neurological sequelae linked to chronic cerebral hypoxemia in early ages. No data are available on effective treatment options for breathing abnormalities of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. The authors polygraphically documented a reduction of apneic and hypopneic phenomena, with a significant improvement in saturation values, after the introduction of sodium valproate.
Zellweger Syndrome and Associated Brain Malformations
Authors: Mohebbi Mohammad R. , Rush Eric T. , Rizzo William B. , Banagale Raul C.
Published: March 2012

Zellweger syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome) is very rare and is the most severe form of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. These can be caused by mutations in any of the currently known Peroxin genes and typically present in the neonatal period with multiorgan involvement. Patients usually do not survive beyond 1 year of age. This article reports a case of Zellweger syndrome in a male Native American infant confirmed by clinical findings, imaging studies, and biochemical analysis. Genetic studies show a novel mutation (c.3030G>T, p. Glutamine1010Histidine) altering the last nucleotide of exon 19 in the Peroxin1 (PEX1) gene.
Peripheral Nerve Involvement in Fukuyama Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Jang Dae-Hyun , Sung In Young , Ko Tae Sung
Published: March 2012

Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy is characterized by generalized muscle weakness and disturbances in central nervous system migration. Although this disorder is caused by mutations in the fukutin gene, which encodes a protein associated with the hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan, the specific functions of fukutin protein are largely unknown. In addition to being found in muscle and brain, α-dystroglycan is expressed in various other tissues including peripheral nerves, suggesting that deficiencies in fukutin may result in abnormal myelination of peripheral nerves due to the aberrant glycosylation of Schwann cell α-dystroglycan. This report describes a 7-year-old girl with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy and demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathy.
High Waste Contributes to Low Food Intake in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: van Bokhorst–de van der Schueren Marian A. E. , Roosemalen Martin M. , Weijs Peter J. M. , Langius Jacqueline A. E.
Published: March 2012

Background: The prevalence of disease‐related malnutrition in hospital inpatients is high; many patients do not meet individual nutrition requirements while hospitalized. To better understand the reasons for inadequate nutrition intake, this study describes patient satisfaction, food provision, food intake, and waste of hospital meals. Methods: Over 6 days, 150 hospital meals were weighed and nutrient composition was calculated. On return from the wards, waste was weighed. In addition, nutrition intake was compared to nutrition requirements in 42 patients. In a separate study, the authors studied patient satisfaction with the hospital food service using interviews (n = 112). Results: The 3 main meals accounted for a mean of 1809 ± 143 kcal and 76 ± 13 g of protein per day. In total, 38% of the food provided by the kitchen was wasted. As a consequence, the main meals supplied an average of 1105 ± 594 kcal and 47 ± 27 g of protein to patients. Sixty‐one percent of patients had an energy intake <90% and 75% had a protein intake <90% of requirements. Most patients were satisfied or fairly satisfied with the choices, taste, and presentation of the main meals. Satisfaction with snack meals and information was inadequate. Conclusions: The standard meals provided by the hospital kitchen provide adequate amounts of energy and protein. However, most patients do not consume complete meals. It may be concluded that food waste is largely attributed to the inadequate intake of many hospitalized patients. Patients who experienced the worst health status ate the least.
A.S.P.E.N. Position Paper
Authors: Vanek Vincent W. , Seidner Douglas L. , Allen Penny , Bistrian Bruce , Collier Sharon , Gura Kathleen , Miles John M. , Valentine Christina J. , Kochevar Marty ,   Novel Nutrient Task Force, Intravenous Fat Emulsions Workgroup,   American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors
Published: March 2012

The currently available, standard soybean oil (SO)–based intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs) meet the needs of most parenteral nutrition (PN) patients. There are alternative oil‐based fat emulsions, such as medium‐chain triglycerides (MCTs), olive oils (OOs), and fish oils (FOs), that, based on extensive usage in Europe, have an equivalent safety profile to SO. These alternative IVFEs are metabolized via different pathways, which may lead to less proinflammatory effects and less immune suppression. These alternative oil‐based IVFEs are not currently available in the United States. Many patients who require IVFEs are already in a compromised state. Such patients could potentially have better clinical outcomes when receiving one of the alternative IVFEs to diminish the intake of the potentially proinflammatory ω‐6 fatty acid—linoleic acid—which comprises more than 50% of the fatty acid profile in SO. Further research is needed on these alternative oil‐based IVFEs to identify which IVFE oils or which combination of oils may be most clinically useful for specific patient populations.
Diet and Nutrition in Palliative Care
Authors: Schwartz Denise Baird
Published: March 2012

Contributing Editor—Pam Charney, PhD, RD Preedy VR (editor). Diet and Nutrition in Palliative Care. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2011. 446 pp; $124.95. ISBN 9781439819326.
Estimation of effective compression ratio for engines utilizing flexible intake valve actuation
Authors: Stricker Karla , Kocher Lyle , Koeberlein Ed , Van Alstine Dan , Shaver Gregory M
Published: March 2012

Modulation of the effective compression ratio, a measure of the amount of compression of in-cylinder gases above intake manifold conditions, is a key enabler of advanced combustion strategies aimed at reducing emissions while maintaining efficiency, and is directly influenced by modulation of intake valve closing time. To date, the effective compression ratio has most commonly been calculated from in-cylinder pressure data, requiring reliable in-cylinder pressure sensors. These sensors are generally not found on production engines, and thus a method is needed to determine effective compression ratio without in-cylinder pressure data. The work presented here outlines an estimation scheme that combines a high-gain observer with a physically-based volumetric efficiency model to estimate effective compression ratio using only information available from stock engine sensors, including manifold pressures and temperatures and air flows. The estimation scheme is compared to experimental engine data from a unique multi-cylinder diesel engine test bed with flexible intake valve actuation. The effective compression ratio estimator was tested transiently at five engine operating points and demonstrates convergence within three engine cycles after a transient event has occurred, and exhibits steady-state errors of less than 3%.
Design and simulation of a non-linear, discontinuous, flight control system using rate actuated inverse dynamics
Authors: Brindley Joseph , Counsell John M , Zaher Obadah S , Pearce John G
Published: March 2012

This article presents the novel non-linear controller design method of rate actuated inverse dynamics. The rate actuated inverse dynamics controller design uses a novel variable structure control based anti-windup method to ensure that the actuator does not become overdriven when rate or deflection limits are reached. This allows the actuator to remain on both rate and deflection limits without the system becoming unstable. This is demonstrated in a non-linear simulation of a missile body rate autopilot using a multivariable controller designed using rate actuated inverse dynamics methods and, for comparison, a controller designed using robust inverse dynamics estimation. The simulation is performed with an advanced solver which uses a discontinuity detection mechanism to ensure that errors do not occur during the simulation due to the presence of multiple discontinuities. The results show that using a smaller actuator, with reduced rate limits, is not possible with the robust inverse dynamics estimation design. Conversely, the rate actuated inverse dynamics design demonstrates excellent performance, despite the actuator limiting in both deflection and rate of deflection. This illustrates the possibility of using smaller, less powerful actuators without sacrificing system stability.
Longitudinal assessment of two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in challenged and contact-exposed pigs
Authors: Fano Eduardo , Pijoan Carlos , Dee Scott , Deen John
Published: March 2012

The objective of the current study was to compare the sensitivity of 2 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in experimentally challenged and contact-exposed pigs in a long-term longitudinal assessment. On day 0 of the assessment, twelve 2-month-old M. hyopneumoniae–negative pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 (group A). Twelve negative pigs were placed alongside the inoculated pigs, allowing direct contact exposure (group B). A third group of 12 pigs was allocated into 2 independent pens; no direct contact was allowed (group C). A longitudinal serologic profile was performed; samples were collected on days 0, 28, 35, 42, 49, 63, 91, 119, 154, and 170 of the study. Serum samples were tested using a blocking ELISA and an indirect ELISA. Results of the study demonstrated higher sensitivity of the blocking ELISA during early infection (clinical signs). Both ELISAs were 100% sensitive in challenged and naturally infected groups at several testing points during late infection (63, 91, 119, 154, and 170 days of the study) and showed a long antibody detection period. Both tests worked equally well during the chronic phase of infection but the blocking ELISA was more sensitive during acute stages of infection.
Comparative evaluation of specific methods for labeling of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in paraffin wax–embedded tissue samples
Authors: Habenbacher Bettina , Klang Andrea , Fragner Karin , Dinhopl Nora , Künzel Frank , Weissenböck Herbert
Published: March 2012

Detection of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi in tissue samples is considered difficult. The aim of the current study was to determine whether immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) represent reliable methods for the detection of E. cuniculi in postmortem tissue samples of rabbits. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of brain and kidneys of 48 naturally infected pet rabbits, 10 negative controls, and the eyes of 3 further rabbits were used for all investigations. By IHC in 19 animals (37.3%), spores could be clearly detected and were all equally stained. By ISH using a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe, only 6 animals (11.8%) proved undoubtedly positive. In these cases, many parasite-like objects revealed strong typical purple-black positive signals. However, several of the examined samples showed only partial staining of the pathogen or unclear results. Thus, in order to find an explanation for these inconsistent ISH results and to take a more detailed look at the different developmental stages of the organism, electron microscopy was applied. Empty spores, which had already discharged their polar filaments, prevailed in total number. Taken together, both techniques are rather insensitive, but under the condition that sufficient numbers of microsporidia are present, IHC can be recommended for specific identification of E. cuniculi in tissue samples. In contrast, ISH failed to detect some developmental stages of the organism, and, as such, ISH is therefore considered an inappropriate diagnostic method.
Toxicokinetics and pathology of plant-associated acute selenium toxicosis in steers
Authors: Davis T. Zane , Stegelmeier Bryan L. , Panter Kip E. , Cook Daniel , Gardner Dale R. , Hall Jeffery O.
Published: March 2012

Sixteen of approximately 500 yearling steers died of acute selenium (Se) toxicosis after grazing on a Se-contaminated range for only a few days. Field studies and chemical analyses identified the predominant toxic plant as western aster ( Symphyotrichum ascendens, previously Aster ascendens), which contained over 4,000 ppm Se (dry weight). Several dead animals that were necropsied had acute severe myocardial necrosis characterized by edema and myocyte swelling, with hypereosinophilia, clumping, and coagulation of myocardial proteins. Whole blood from 36 surviving steers was collected and analyzed, and 10 steers with elevated Se concentrations were selected for close monitoring and clinical evaluations. Each steer was weighed, and serum, blood, liver, skeletal muscle, and hair were regularly collected after removal from the Se-contaminated range. One animal that died 18 days after exposure was necropsied and exhibited severe multifocal myocardial fibrosis with extensive hepatic congestion, degeneration, and hemosiderosis. At 180 days postexposure, 2 of the 10 steers were euthanized, and tissue samples were collected. Both steers had rare, small fibrotic foci in their hearts. The Se elimination half-lives from serum, whole blood, liver, and muscle of the recovering steers were 40.5 ± 8.2, 115.6 ± 25.1, 38.2 ± 5.0, and 98.5 ± 19.1 days, respectively. The Se concentration in hair reached a peak of 11.5 ± 5.3 ppm at 22 days postexposure. The findings indicate that cattle are sensitive to acute Se toxicosis caused by ingestion of Se-accumulator plants, with myocardial necrosis as the primary lesion. Some poisoned animals may develop congestive heart failure weeks after the toxic exposure, and in the current study, Se was slowly excreted requiring a relatively long withdrawal time.
Comparison of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection
Authors: Díaz Ivan , Venteo Ángel , Rebollo Belén , Martín-Valls Gerard E. , Simon-Grifé Meritxell , Sanz Antonio , Mateu Enric
Published: March 2012

Early diagnosis of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is critically important for control of the disease. Two new commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on different methodologies have been developed. In the present report, the 2 ELISAs were compared using blood samples from experimentally and naturally infected pigs. One of the 2 ELISAs was shown to be more sensitive than the other. The higher sensitivity of one of the ELISAs could pose a problem in PRRS diagnosis in endemic farms, because it can detect maternally derived antibodies for a longer time, overlapping with the detection of antibodies developed after PRRSV infection. However, the ELISA with higher sensitivity could be suitable for early detection of PRRSV antibodies in individual pigs, especially in PRRS-free herds.
Acute bovine viral diarrhea associated with extensive mucosal lesions, high morbidity, and mortality in a commercial feedlot
Authors: Hessman Bill E. , Sjeklocha David B. , Fulton Robert W. , Ridpath Julia F. , Johnson Bill J. , McElroy Diana R.
Published: March 2012

In 2008, a northwest Texas feedlot underwent an outbreak of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causing high morbidity and mortality involving 2 lots of calves (lots A and B). Severe mucosal surface lesions were observed grossly in the oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus. Mucosal lesions varied from small (1–3 mm) infrequent mucosal ulcerations to large (5 mm to 1 cm) and coalescing ulcerations. Necrotic debris was present in ulcerations of some mortalities with some having plaque-like debris, but other mortalities presented more proliferative lesions. A calf persistently infected with BVDV arrived with one lot and the isolated virus was genotyped as BVDV-1b. Identical BVDV-1b strains were isolated from 2 other mortalities. A BVDV-2a genotype was also isolated in this outbreak. This genotype was identical to all BVDV-2a strains isolated in both lots. Serum samples were collected from exposed and unexposed animals and tested for antibodies for multiple viral pathogens. Seropositivity ranged from zero percent for calicivirus to 100% positive to Pseudocowpox virusx. At the end of the feeding period, the morbidity and mortality for the 2 lots involved was 76.2% and 30.8%, respectively, for lot A, and 49.0% and 5.6%, respectively, for lot B. Differential diagnoses included vesicular stomatitis viruses, Bovine papular stomatitis virus, and Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Based on the present case, acute BVDV should be considered when mucosal lesions are observed grossly.
Maintaining an Outward Image
Authors: Pistulka Gina M. , Winch Peter J. , Park Hyunjeong , Han Hae-Ra , Kim Miyong T.
Published: March 2012

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) disproportionately affect minority populations in the United States, including Korean American immigrants (KAI). We conducted qualitative interviews with middle-aged KAI in Maryland living with DM and HTN to examine the illness experience to inform future intervention strategies. Study results show that participants utilized strategies to maintain respect and Korean identity, including an image of being healthy and in control of their behavior in the public arena. These strategies included the lack of disclosure of their illness, even to family members, and avoiding outside assistance when engaging in problem solving. Maintaining an outward image of health was a common goal that affected the self-care of KAI in this study, a finding that might prove significant in the management of other chronic illnesses affecting this population. The study findings demonstrate the importance of in-depth understanding of specific populations when treating chronic illness, and caretakers’ sensitivity to each population’s unique cultural issues regarding identity, image, and disclosure.
Friction of a pimpled rugby ball surface: Force and velocity weakening and strengthening of the coefficient of friction
Authors: Fuss Franz K
Published: March 2012

Friction of rubber is known to behave non-linearly, depending on contact pressure and sliding speed. The surface of a rugby ball made of natural rubber with regular pimples was investigated, and the coefficient of friction between finger skin and rubber surface was determined at normal forces of 0.4–40 N and sliding speeds of 0.001–3.2 m/s. The kinetic coefficient of friction asymptoted to the static coefficient at small speeds. The coefficient of friction exhibited force strengthening and weakening, as well as velocity strengthening and weakening. The maximal coefficient of friction amounted to 3.55 at a normal force of 1 N and a sliding speed of 70 mm/s. When throwing a ball, the coefficient of friction is static and in the force weakening regime at the beginning of the acceleration phase, then moves to the velocity strengthening regimes once finger sliding sets in and finally crosses over to the force strengthening and velocity weakening regimes before the fingers leave contact with the ball.
Cosmopolitans and cosmopolitanism: Between and beyond sociology and political philosophy
Authors: Inglis David
Published: March 2012

There has been an explosion of interest in recent years in cosmopolitanism, as both political philosophy and object of sociological investigation. In the empirical sociological literature, there is a strong tendency to present Western cosmopolitan thought as purely theoretical in nature, devoid of empirical referents and underpinnings. This article re-narrates the history of cosmopolitan thinking – stretching from ancient Greece and Rome through Kantian philosophy to the time of Durkheim – to demonstrate that this is a caricature, and that there are important empirical and sociological elements in cosmopolitan thought. This fact must be acknowledged in future cosmopolitanism studies, so that political philosophy and sociological analysis are no longer seen to stand in unhelpful opposition to each other, and such that broader, unproductive divisions between the empirical and normative domains are transcended.
The insubstantial pageant: producing an untoward land
Authors: Thrift Nigel
Published: March 2012

This paper will consider how we might think about the capitalist economy that now seems to be emerging, one based on spontaneous synthesis. Following an extended introduction, the first part of the paper examines the main changes that have been taking place in the economy grouped around the notion and value of innovation. I will argue that these changes might be thought of as adding up to a second industrial revolution. Then, in the second part of the paper, I will consider how these changes are producing a different kind of production – one that is both industrial and cultural – which is constructing naturalism. The Industrial Revolution is often characterized as the first break in human history with the natural economy. But what if the natural economy was now being recovered – by other means – as a redefinition of what counts as land? In the final part of the paper, I will then turn to modern cities and the imprint that these changes are making upon them as this new land is founded and endowed and rented out to grow new kinds of crop upon.
Global cardiovascular disease risk assessment in United States adults with diabetes
Authors: Wong Nathan D , Glovaci Diana , Wong Kalina , Malik Shaista , Franklin Stanley S , Wygant Gail , Iloeje Uchenna
Published: March 2012

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is often considered a risk equivalent for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the variation in CVD risk in adults with DM has not been described.

Methods: We studied 1114 US adults aged ≥18 years with DM from national survey data and the proportion at low (<10%), intermediate (10–20%) and high (>20%) risk, or with CVD, by age, gender, ethnicity and diabetes type and treatment, and glycaemic and risk factor control by risk group.

Results: Overall, 22.9% were low, 17.5% intermediate, 31.4% high risk and 28.2% had pre-existing CVD (total 59.6% high risk/CVD). More Hispanics (32.4%) and Blacks (30.6%) versus Whites (18.8%) were at lower risk ( p<0.0001). Among type 1 versus 2 DM, 35% vs. 65% ( p<0.0001) and among insulin users 68.1% were high risk or with CVD. However, among low-intermediate risk, >50% have metabolic syndrome and 7% chronic kidney disease, increasing the high risk/CVD group to 86.8%. Simultaneous achievement of HbA1c, blood pressure and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol goals was low (<15%) regardless of risk group.

Conclusions: Many DM patients are not at high 10-year CVD risk, but metabolic factors may place them at greater long-term risk. Risk assessment could help target the intensity of treatment.
Use of Social Media in Health Promotion
Authors: Neiger Brad L. , Thackeray Rosemary , Van Wagenen Sarah A. , Hanson Carl L. , West Joshua H. , Barnes Michael D. , Fagen Michael C.
Published: March 2012

Despite the expanding use of social media, little has been published about its appropriate role in health promotion, and even less has been written about evaluation. The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) outline purposes for social media in health promotion, (b) identify potential key performance indicators associated with these purposes, and (c) propose evaluation metrics for social media related to the key performance indicators. Process evaluation is presented in this article as an overarching evaluation strategy for social media.
Treatment of Severe Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia With the Applied-Tension Method
Authors: Mednick Lauren M. , Claar Robyn Lewis
Published: March 2012

Blood-injection-injury phobias can be so severe that they interfere with receiving necessary medical care. Compared with most other phobias that typically increase heart rate, blood-injection-injury phobias are unique in their association with vasovagal responses. Thus, patients with blood-injection-injury phobias are typically less responsive to relaxation techniques, which in fact may be counterproductive. The current case studies describe use and clinical effectiveness of applied tension for treatment of severe blood-injection-injury phobia in two adolescent patients. Treatment included in vivo gradual exposure to feared stimuli combined with mastery of the tension technique to cope with anxiety, reduce vasovagal responses, and ultimately receive recommended medical treatment. Both patients experienced a significant decrease in anxiety and successfully underwent medical intervention without experiencing syncope. Directions for future research are discussed.
Understanding Men’s Body Image in the Context of Their Romantic Relationships
Authors: Goins Laura B. , Markey Charlotte N. , Gillen Meghan M.
Published: March 2012

This study examined men’s body image in the context of their romantic relationships. One hundred and four heterosexual romantic couples ( N = 208 participants) completed measures assessing men’s body image, perceptions of men’s weight change, relationship length, and sexual intimacy. Men’s height and weight were also measured. Results indicate that men were more likely to be satisfied with their bodies when they perceived their partners to be, when their partners actually were satisfied with their bodies, and when they perceived themselves to have gained relatively little weight throughout the duration of their relationships. Analyses also revealed that men expressed greater body satisfaction when there was a relatively high degree of sexual intimacy in the relationship. Findings are discussed in terms of their contributions to researchers’ and practitioners’ understanding of men’s body satisfaction.
Polymicrobial challenges to Koch’s postulates: Ecological lessons from the bacterial vaginosis and cystic fibrosis microbiomes
Authors: Nelson Andrew , De Soyza Anthony , Perry John D , Sutcliffe Iain C , Cummings Stephen P
Published: March 2012

Koch’s postulates have shaped our understanding of infectious diseases; however, one of the tangential consequences of them has been the emergence of a predominantly monomicrobial perspective concerning disease aetiology. This orthodoxy has been undermined by the growing recognition that some important infectious diseases have a polymicrobial aetiology. A significant new development in our understanding of polymicrobial infections is the recognition that they represent functional ecosystems and that to understand such systems and the outcome and impact of therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of how these communities arise and develop. Therefore, it is timely to explore what we can learn from other fields. In particular, ecological theory may inform our understanding of how polymicrobial communities assemble their structure and their dynamics over time. Such work may also offer insights into how such communities move from stable to unstable states, as well as the role of invasive pathogens in the progression of the disease. Ecological theory offers a theoretical framework around which testable hypotheses can be developed to clarify the polymicrobial nature and dynamics of such infections in the face of environmental change and therapeutic interventions.
Key Factors Driving Customers’ Word-of-Mouth Intentions in Full-Service Restaurants
Authors: Han Heesup , Ryu Kisang
Published: March 2012

To date, little empirical study has tested the effects of service encounter performance, satisfaction, trust, commitment, and switching costs on word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions in a single framework. To fill this gap, this study attempted to investigate the roles that these variables play in determining WOM intentions of customers in a full-service restaurant by considering monetary and nonmonetary switching costs as moderators in WOM intentions, along with satisfaction, trust, and commitment. The results of the structural equation modeling showed that encounter performance, satisfaction, trust, and commitment had essential roles in generating WOM intentions, whereas satisfaction, trust, and commitment were found to act as partial or complete mediators in the proposed framework. Last, the tests verified the moderating effects of monetary and nonmonetary switching costs on the bonds linking encounter performance and satisfaction to WOM intentions. However, the paths from trust and commitment to WOM intentions were not moderated by switching costs. A key finding was that the perception of high switching costs may diminish customers’ intent to share word of mouth. Rather than attempt to create high switching costs, however, restaurateurs may improve WOM and reduce defections by paying careful attention to service excellence and meeting guests’ needs and desires.
A Revenue Management Model for Casino Table Games
Authors: Chen Michael , Tsai Henry , McCain Shiang-Lih Chen
Published: March 2012

Revenue management (RM) principles can apply to casino table games just as they do many other service industry operations. Creating a sound and feasible RM model for casinos relies foremost on the ability to create a demand forecast that accounts for the intermittent demand patterns of casino table games. Using a modified Croston’s approach to forecast demand, this article proposes a revenue optimization model to help managers determine how many tables to open and what limits to set. Empirical tests of historical data for hourly demand at blackjack tables in a casino in Ontario, Canada, show that the theoretical win amounts derived using RM applications exceeded the theoretical win actually recorded by the casino. By recording players’ betting patterns and speed of play, the casino industry should be able to use this model to improve on the current practice of opening and closing tables according to intuition and historic demand patterns. With the data in hand, casinos should be able to implement the model without substantial difficulty.
Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma Composition on Anabolic and Catabolic Activities in Equine Cartilage and Meniscal Explants
Authors: Kisiday John D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Rodkey William G. , Frisbie David D. , Steadman J.Richard
Published: March 2012

Objective:

To evaluate the effects of single- and double-spin preparations of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on anabolic and catabolic activities of cartilage and meniscal explants in vitro.

Methods:

Single- and double-spin PRP was prepared using laboratory processing or commercial kits. The cellular contents were quantified, and each PRP was mixed in equal quantities with cell culture medium and added to cartilage or meniscus explant cultures, with or without interleukin 1 β (IL-1β). Extracellular matrix synthesis was quantified over 24 hours via 35S-sulfate and 3H-proline incorporation, while gene expression of catabolic enzymes was evaluated using real-time PCR.

Results:

The platelet concentration in single-spin laboratory PRP was 59% higher than blood. Platelet and white blood cell concentrations in single-spin laboratory and kit PRP were not significantly different, while the double-spin kit resulted in approximately 2.5-fold higher platelet and approximately 400-fold higher white blood cell concentrations. In cartilage cultures without IL-1β, radiolabel incorporation in single-spin PRP cultures was significantly higher than in double-spin cultures. Similar results were obtained for 35S-sulfate incorporation in meniscus cultures without IL-1β. In IL-1β, radiolabel incorporation was largely similar among all PRPs. After 24 hours of culture, ADAMTS-4 gene expression in cartilage was lowest for single-spin PRP, while expression in the double-spin kit was not significantly different from double-spin laboratory PRP in which platelets were concentrated 6-fold.

Conclusions

This study suggests that single-spin PRP preparations may be the most advantageous for intra-articular applications and that double-spin systems should be considered with caution.
Thrombopoietin receptor down-modulation by JAK2 V617F: restoration of receptor levels by inhibitors of pathologic JAK2 signaling and of proteasomes
Authors: Pecquet Christian , Diaconu Carmen C. , Staerk Judith , Girardot Michael , Marty Caroline , Royer Yohan , Defour Jean-Philippe , Dusa Alexandra , Besancenot Rodolphe , Giraudier Stephane , Villeval Jean-Luc , Knoops Laurent , Courtoy Pierre J. , Vainchenker William , Constantinescu Stefan N.
Published: March 2012

The constitutively active JAK2 V617F mutant is the major determinant of human myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). We show that coexpression of murine JAK2 V617F and the murine thrombopoietin (Tpo) receptor (TpoR, c-MPL) in hematopoietic cell lines or heterozygous knock-in of JAK2 V617F in mice leads to down-modulation of TpoR levels. Enhanced TpoR ubiquitinylation, proteasomal degradation, reduced recycling, and maturation are induced by the constitutive JAK2 V617F activity. These effects can be prevented in cell lines by JAK2 and proteasome inhibitors. Restoration of TpoR levels by inhibitors could be detected in platelets from JAK2 inhibitor-treated myelofibrosis patients that express the JAK2 V617F mutant, and in platelets from JAK2 V617F knock-in mice that were treated in vivo with JAK2 or proteasome inhibitors. In addition, we show that Tpo can induce both proliferative and antiproliferative effects via TpoR at low and high JAK2 activation levels, respectively, or on expression of JAK2 V617F. The antiproliferative signaling and receptor down-modulation by JAK2 V617F were dependent on signaling via TpoR cytosolic tyrosine 626. We propose that selection against TpoR antiproliferative signaling occurs by TpoR down-modulation and that restoration of down-modulated TpoR levels could become a biomarker for the treatment of MPNs.
The hypersensitive sites of the murine β-globin locus control region act independently to affect nuclear localization and transcriptional elongation
Authors: Bender M. A. , Ragoczy Tobias , Lee Jongjoo , Byron Rachel , Telling Agnes , Dean Ann , Groudine Mark
Published: March 2012

The β-globin locus control region (LCR) is necessary for high-level β-globin gene transcription and differentiation-dependent relocation of the β-globin locus from the nuclear periphery to the central nucleoplasm and to foci of hyperphosphorylated Pol II “transcription factories” (TFys). To determine the contribution of individual LCR DNaseI hypersensitive sites (HSs) to transcription and nuclear location, in the present study, we compared β-globin gene activity and location in erythroid cells derived from mice with deletions of individual HSs, deletions of 2 HSs, and deletion of the whole LCR and found all of the HSs had a similar spectrum of activities, albeit to different degrees. Each HS acts as an independent module to activate expression in an additive manner, and this is correlated with relocation away from the nuclear periphery. In contrast, HSs have redundant activities with respect to association with TFys and the probability that an allele is actively transcribed, as measured by primary RNA transcript FISH. The limiting effect on RNA levels occurs after β-globin genes associate with TFys, at which time HSs contribute to the amount of RNA arising from each burst of transcription by stimulating transcriptional elongation.
Correlation of CD33 expression level with disease characteristics and response to gemtuzumab ozogamicin containing chemotherapy in childhood AML
Authors: Pollard Jessica A. , Alonzo Todd A. , Loken Michael , Gerbing Robert B. , Ho Phoenix A. , Bernstein Irwin D. , Raimondi Susana C. , Hirsch Betsy , Franklin Janet , Walter Roland B. , Gamis Alan , Meshinchi Soheil
Published: March 2012

CD33 is expressed on the majority of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leukemic blasts and is the target for gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), a toxin-conjugated anti-CD33 mAb. In the present study, we quantified the CD33 mean fluorescent intensity of leukemic blasts prospectively in 619 de novo pediatric AML patients enrolled in Children's Oncology Group GO-containing clinical trials and determined its correlation with disease characteristics and clinical outcome. CD33 expression varied more than 2-log fold; a median mean fluorescent intensity of 129 (range, 3-1550.07) was observed. Patients were divided into 4 quartiles, quartiles 1-4 (Q1-4) based on expression and disease characteristics and clinical response defined across quartiles. High CD33 expression was associated with high-risk FLT3/ITD mutations (P < .001) and was inversely associated with low-risk disease (P < .001). Complete remission (CR) rates were similar, but patients in Q4 had significantly lower overall survival (57% ± 16% vs 77% ± 7%, P = .002) and disease-free survival from CR (44% ± 16% vs 62% ± 8%, P = .022). In a multivariate model, high CD33 expression remained a significant predictor of overall survival (P = .011) and disease-free survival (P = .038) from CR. Our findings suggest that CD33 expression is heterogeneous within de novo pediatric AML. High expression is associated with adverse disease features and is an independent predictor of inferior outcome. The correlation between CD33 expression and GO response is under investigation. These studies are registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00070174 and NCT00372593.
Analysis of intracellular expressed proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates
Authors: Singhal Neelja , Sharma Prashant , Kumar Manish , Joshi Beenu , Bisht Deepa
Published: March 2012

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most threatening infectious disease globally. Although progress has been made to reduce global incidence of TB, emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB threatens to undermine these advances. To combat the disease, novel intervention strategies effective against drug resistant and sensitive subpopulations of M. tuberculosis are urgently required as adducts in the present treatment regimen. Using THP-1 cells we have analyzed and compared the global protein expression profile of broth-cultured and intraphagosomally grown drug resistant and sensitive M.tuberculosis clinical isolates.

Results

On comparing the two dimensional (2-DE) gels, many proteins were found to be upregulated/expressed during intracellular state which were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Four proteins (adenosylhomocysteinase, aspartate carbomyltransferase, putatitive thiosulfate sulfurtransferase and universal stress protein) were present in both intracellular MDR and sensitive isolates and three of these belonged to intermediary metabolism and respiration category. Two proteins (alanine dehydrogenase and adenosine kinase) of intracellular MDR isolate and two (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and ATP synthase epsilon chain) of intracellular sensitive isolate belonged to intermediary metabolism and respiration category. One protein (Peroxidase/Catalase) of intracellular MDR and three (HSPX, 14 kDa antigen and 10 kDa chaperonin) of sensitive isolate belonged to virulence, detoxification and adaptation category. ESAT-6 of intracellular MDR belonged to cell wall and cell processes category. Two proteins (Antigen 85-C and Antigen 85-A) of intracellular sensitive isolate were involved in lipid metabolism while probable peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A was involved in information pathways. Four (Rv0635, Rv1827, Rv0036c and Rv2032) of intracellular MDR and two proteins (Rv2896c and Rv2558c) of sensitive isolate were hypothetical proteins which were functionally characterized using bioinformatic tools. Bioinformatic findings revealed that the proteins encoded by Rv0036, Rv2032c, Rv0635, Rv1827 and Rv2896c genes are involved in cellular metabolism and help in intracellular survival.

Conclusions

Mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis of both MDR and sensitive isolates of M. tuberculosis during intraphagosomal growth showed that majority of commonly upregulated/expressed proteins belonged to the cellular metabolism and respiration category. Inhibitors of the metabolic enzymes/intermediate can therefore serve as suitable drug targets against drug-resistant and sensitive subpopulations of M. tuberculosis.
Epidemiological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis patients affected by oral bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws
Authors: Conte-Neto Nicolau , Bastos Alliny Souza , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chierici , Junior Elcio Marcantonio
Published: March 2012

This literature review aims to evaluate the epidemiologic profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that developed a bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis that affect the jaws (BRONJ), including demographic aspects, as well as clinical and therapeutic issues. A search of PUBMED/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from January 2003 to September 2011 was conducted with the objective of identifying publications that contained case reports regarding oral BRONJ in RA patients. Patients with RA who develop oral BRONJ are usually women above 60 years taking steroids and long-term alendronate. Most of them have osteoporosis, and lesions, triggered by dental procedures, are usually detected at stage II in the mandible. Although there is no accepted treatment protocol, these patients seem to have better outcomes with conservative approaches that include antibiotic therapy, chlorhexidine, and drug discontinuation.
Group psychological therapies for depression in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Huntley Alyson L. , Araya Ricardo , Salisbury Chris
Published: March 2012

Background

Psychological therapies have been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. However, evidence is focused on individually delivered therapies, with less evidence for group-based therapies.

Aims

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of group-based psychological therapies for depression in primary care and the community.

Method

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group database from inception to July 2010. The Cochrane risk of bias methodology was applied.

Results

Twenty-three studies were included. The majority showed considerable risk of bias. Analysis of group cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) v. usual care alone (14 studies) showed a significant effect in favour of group CBT immediately post-treatment (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.55 (95% CI −0.78 to −0.32)). There was some evidence of benefit being maintained at short-term (SMD =–0.47 (95% CI −1.06 to 0.12)) and medium- to long-term follow-up (SMD =–0.47 (95% CI – 0.87 to −0.08)). Studies of group CBT v. individually delivered CBT therapy (7 studies) showed a moderate treatment effect in favour of individually delivered CBT immediately post-treatment (SMD = 0.38 (95% CI 0.09–0.66)) but no evidence of difference at short- or medium- to long-term follow-up. Four studies described comparisons for three other types of group psychological therapies.

Conclusions

Group CBT confers benefit for individuals who are clinically depressed over that of usual care alone. Individually delivered CBT is more effective than group CBT immediately following treatment but after 3 months there is no evidence of difference. The quality of evidence is poor. Evidence about group psychological therapies not based on CBT is particularly limited.
Why should we care about measuring callous–unemotional traits in children?
Authors: Viding Essi , McCrory Eamon J.
Published: March 2012

Callous–unemotional traits consist of lack of empathy, guilt and shallow affect. A growing body of research suggests that the presence of these traits are of clinical significance, even if they occur in the absence of concurrent antisocial behavour.
Holistic psychiatry without the whole self
Authors: Crossley David Richard
Published: March 2012

This article considers why whole-person care is often aspired to but remains problematic for psychiatry. One reason is that psychiatry wants to use ideas about the self in restricted senses rather than examine the idea as a whole. In particular, this includes wider issues that interconnect values to identity, which then ambiguously get raised in clinical practice, such as questions about who it is good to be. This issue is the context behind unresolved boundary disputes in mental health around well-being, spirituality, self-esteem and recovery, and reflects broader cultural tensions about the making of modern identity best understood in a historical context. It has impacts on service design, therapeutics and training. Suggestions are made about how the self can be approached in psychiatric practice.
Medicine and mental illness: how can the obstacles sick doctors face be overcome?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: March 2012

One in four of the UK population is expected to have a mental health problem at some time in their lives. There is no reason to believe that this statistic should not apply to doctors just as it does to everyone else. This paper discusses the obstacles to accessing treatment that doctors with mental ill health face, and goes on to consider potential solutions to these problems. There is a great pool of talent within the field of medicine and those doctors with mental health problems often have increased empathy as well as professional expertise. This article sets out to demonstrate that there are ways of supporting these doctors and enabling them to overcome their illnesses and regain satisfaction in their work.
Self-belief: holistic psychiatry in a secular age: Commentary on … Holistic psychiatry without the whole self
Authors: Cook Christopher C. H.
Published: March 2012

Charles Taylor provides important philosophical accounts of what it means to be a ‘self’ in a secular age. Psychiatry has not traditionally concerned itself with other than limited accounts of the concept of the self but Taylor's work sheds a revealing light on the challenges to be met by aspirations to an holistic practice of psychiatry in our secular age.
A Climate for Wisdom?
Authors: Leduc Timothy B.
Published: March 2012

Environmentalists have already provided the rational arguments for major societal transformations. What we need now is the wisdom for the prerequisite cultural transformations.
A New Psychology of Hope in Palestine?
Authors: Spielberg Warren
Published: March 2012

For their survival as a people, Palestinians require recognition and appreciation of their real accomplishments under the harshest of circumstances.
Circumcision: Identity, Gender, and Power
Authors: Pollack Miriam
Published: March 2012

There are reasons why some people are challenging the practice of circumcision. Tikkun once again gives space to positions with which we disagree.