bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spring‐applied corn herbicides impact fall‐planted cover crops in South Dakota
Authors: Pridie Sydney , Clay S. A. , Shaffer G.
Published: September 2020

Early spring herbicide applications can have residuals that impede fall‐planted cover crop growth. A greenhouse study examined radish (Raphanus sativus L.) or rye (Secale cereale L.) growth in silty clay loam (southeastern South Dakota) and silt loam (north‐central South Dakota) where corn herbicides had been applied about 120 d prior to collection. S‐metolachlor, acetochlor, flumetsulam, metribuzin, bicyclopyrone + mesotrione + S‐metolachlor + atrazine, and primisulfuron‐methyl + prosulfuron (northern site only) were applied at the suggested timing and highest recommended rate and planted to corn (Zea mays L.). Two 11‐cm diam. soil cores to a 10‐cm depth were collected per plot after silage harvest, with nontreated soils also collected. Soil was mixed within each core and two subsamples were placed into conetainers and planted with four seeds of the crop species. Plant height, and fresh shoot and root weights were quantified after 6 wk and compared to growth in nontreated soil. Radish was unaffected by any herbicide in either soil. Rye growth was influenced by soil and herbicide. In the silt loam, rye shoot biomass was reduced 15–25% by flumetsulam, acetochlor, and primisulfuron + prosulfuron; and acetochlor reduced root biomass by 44%. In the silty clay loam, acetochor reduced shoot biomass by 59%; and all treatments reduced root biomass by 35% or more. These data suggest that spring herbicide applications and cover crop species should be carefully matched to help in cover crop success.
“Epigenetic clocks”: Theory and applications in human biology
Authors: Ryan Calen P.
Published: September 2020

All humans age, but how we age—and how fast—differs considerably from person to person. This deviation between apparent age and chronological age is often referred to as “biological age” (BA) and until recently robust tools for studying BA have been scarce. “Epigenetic clocks” are starting to change this. Epigenetic clocks use predictable changes in the epigenome, usually DNA methylation, to estimate chronological age with unprecedented accuracy. More importantly, deviations between epigenetic age and chronological age predict a broad range of health outcomes and mortality risks better than chronological age alone. Thus, epigenetic clocks appear to capture fundamental molecular processes tied to BA and can serve as powerful tools for studying health, development, and aging across the lifespan. In this article, I review epigenetic clocks, especially as they relate to key theoretical and applied issues in human biology. I first provide an overview of how epigenetic clocks are constructed and what we know about them. I then discuss emerging applications of particular relevance to human biologists—those related to reproduction, life‐history, stress, and the environment. I conclude with an overview of the methods necessary for implementing epigenetic clocks, including considerations of study design, sample collection, and technical considerations for processing and interpreting epigenetic clocks. The goal of this review is to highlight some of the ways that epigenetic clocks can inform questions in human biology, and vice versa, and to provide human biologists with the foundational knowledge necessary to successfully incorporate epigenetic clocks into their research.
Circulating metabolites are associated with brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities
Authors: de Leeuw Francisca A. , Karamujić‐Čomić Hata , Tijms Betty M. , Peeters Carel F.W. , Kester Maartje I. , Scheltens Philip , Ahmad Shahzad , Vojinovic Dina , Adams Hieab H.H. , Hankemeier Thomas , Bos Daniel , van der Lugt Aad , Vernooij Meike W. , Ikram M. Arfan , Amin Najaf , Barkhof Frederik , Teunissen Charlotte E. , van Duijn Cornelia M. , van der Flier Wiesje M.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Our aim was to study whether systemic metabolites are associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain and hippocampal atrophy and white matter hyperintensities (WMH).

Methods

We studied associations of 143 plasma‐based metabolites with MRI measures of brain and hippocampal atrophy and WMH in three independent cohorts (n = 3962). We meta‐analyzed the results of linear regression analyses to determine the association of metabolites with MRI measures.

Results

Higher glucose levels and lower levels of three small high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were associated with brain atrophy. Higher glucose levels were associated with WMH.

Discussion

Glucose levels were associated with brain atrophy and WMH, and small HDL particle levels were associated with brain atrophy. Circulating metabolites may aid in developing future intervention trials.
Proton conductivity study on three CS/IL@fle‐MOF membranes
Authors: Zheng Xiaofeng , Zhao Xinyu , Huang Jie , Yang Hao , Wang Qinghui , Liu Yuhang , Gong Peiwei , Tian Laijin , Xiao Hongping , Liu Zhe
Published: September 2020

The low‐cost, high specific surface area and porosity, controlled pore size, and chemical properties of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials have attracted much attention in the exploration of proton conduction. The method of chemically modifying MOF structures or introducing conductive medium into the holes can effectively improve the proton conductivities of the materials. Here, the structural tunability of ionic liquid (IL) and flexible MOF (fle‐MOF) materials are matched to give full play to the conductivity of IL, the framework support, and the microporous effect of MOFs, which achieves the synergistic effect of performance and expands the temperature range of proton transfer. Three kinds of CS/IL@fle‐MOF membranes were prepared by combining three fle‐MOFs with 1‐carboxymethyl‐3‐methylimidazole (CMMIM) in different proportions to obtain 15 pieces of membranes. The comparative analyses show that CS/IL@fle‐MOF membranes have excellent proton conduction performance at a wider temperature range (263–353 K) and lower relative humidity (75% RH). Among them, the proton conductivities of CS/CMMIM@MIL‐88A‐25% and CS/CMMIM@MIL‐88B‐125% are up to 1.33 and 1.42 S cm−1 at 75% RH and 353 K, respectively; whereas those of CS/CMMIM@MIL‐53(Fe)‐75% and CS/CMMIM@MIL‐88B‐125% reach up to 2.1 × 10−3 and 1.28 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 75% RH and 263 K, respectively. The Ea of CS/CMMIM@fle‐MOFs is in the range of 0.1–0.5 eV, suggesting that the proton transport follows predominantly the typical Grotthuss transfer mechanism. The results of this study indicate that the CS/CMMIM@fle‐MOF membranes combinations offer great potential for the design of composite porous proton‐conducting materials.
Defining Positive Outcomes in More and Less Cognitively Able Autistic Adults
Authors: McCauley James B. , Pickles Andrew , Huerta Marisela , Lord Catherine
Published: September 2020

Identifying positive outcomes for a wide range of intellectual abilities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains a challenge. Several past studies of autistic adults have used outcome definitions that do not reflect the experiences of less cognitively able adults. The aim of the current study was to (1) define three domains of outcomes: autonomy, social relationships, and purpose, and (2) examine how these outcomes relate to concurrent aspects of adult functioning. Using data from a longitudinal sample of 126 adults (85% diagnosed with ASD at some point), mean age 26, who first entered the study in early childhood, we generated distinct outcomes for less (daily living skills above an 8‐year‐old level, having regular activities outside the home, and social contacts outside the family) and more cognitively able adults (living independently, having paid employment, and at least one true friend). Verbal IQ, assessed in adulthood, was a significant predictor of more outcomes achieved for individuals within more and less cognitively able groups. For less cognitively able adults, having ever received a formal ASD diagnosis (in contrast to current Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS] CSS scores) was associated with lower odds of positive outcomes. For more cognitively able adults, living skills and happiness measures were positively associated with number of outcomes met; higher ADOS CSS, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, being racially diverse, and having caregiver education below college graduation were all negatively associated with the number of positive outcomes. Tailoring outcomes to ability levels may lead to better identification of goals and service needs.

Lay Summary

This article describes the outcomes of autistic adults who are more and less cognitively able. For less cognitively able individuals, an earlier autism diagnosis was negatively related to outcomes. Several factors that were associated with positive outcomes for more cognitively able individuals, including daily living skills, fewer mental health problems, family demographics, and subjective measures of happiness. Our study identifies several important factors for families, individuals, and service providers to consider and discuss when planning the transition to adulthood. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1548–1560. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the Effect of Amino Acids and Copper on Monoclonal Antibody Productivity and Glycosylation: A Modular Approach
Authors: Luo Yu , Lovelett Robert J. , Price J. Vincent , Radhakrishnan Devesh , Barnthouse Kristopher , Hu Ping , Schaefer Eugene , Cunningham John , Lee Kelvin H. , Shivappa Raghunath B. , Ogunnaike Babatunde A.
Published: September 2020

In manufacturing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it is crucial to be able to predict how process conditions and supplements affect productivity and quality attributes, especially glycosylation. Supplemental inputs, such as amino acids and trace metals in the media, are reported to affect cell metabolism and glycosylation; quantifying their effects is essential for effective process development. We aim to present and validate, through a commercially relevant cell culture process, a technique for modeling such effects efficiently. While existing models can predict mAb production or glycosylation dynamics under specific process configurations, adapting them to new processes remains challenging, because it involves modifying the model structure and often requires some mechanistic understanding. Here, a modular modeling technique for adapting an existing model for a fed‐batch Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture process without structural modifications or mechanistic insight is presented. Instead, data is used, obtained from designed experimental perturbations in media supplementation, to train and validate a supplemental input effect model, which is used to “patch” the existing model. The combined model can be used for model‐based process development to improve productivity and to meet product quality targets more efficiently. The methodology and analysis are generally applicable to other CHO cell lines and cell types.
Rituximab used for simultaneous treatment of PR3‐ANCA positive vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: A case report
Authors: Yamada Akihiro , Sogabe Ayuko , Okuda Yasuaki
Published: September 2020

We treated PR3‐ANCA positive vasculitis in a patient diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis using rituximab. Monoclonal antibody therapy can be used to simultaneous treat more than one collagen disease in such patients. This suggests that shared pathogenic pathways exist between different collagen diseases.
Chyloma formation after anterior cervical disc fusion
Authors: Klug Theodore , Sebelik Merry , Shires Courtney B.
Published: September 2020

Chyle leak from iatrogenic thoracic duct injury is a rare but serious complication of head and neck surgery. The chyloma in this case took months to recognize and required open thoracic ligation. He fully recovered.
Initial Electrode Kinetics of Anion Intercalation and De‐intercalation in Nonaqueous Al‐Graphite Batteries†
Authors: Han Dan , Cao Mao‐Sheng , Li Na , She Dong‐Mei , Song Wei‐Li , Chen Haosen , Jiao Shuqiang , Fang Daining
Published: September 2020

Main observation and conclusion

Graphitic materials with intercalated sites are considered as the mostly used positive electrode materials in nonaqueous Al batteries. Unlike the small‐size cations, the intercalation/de‐intercalation of large‐size anions into/out of graphite would induce large volume expansion and micro‐structure reconfiguration, leading to unexpected coulombic efficiency in the full cells (<95% within initial several cycles). For understanding the irreversible processes induced by anion intercalation/de‐intercalation (AlCl4–), here the kinetics of first two cycles for the Al‐graphite batteries have been systematically studied. To study kinetics behaviors at representative states, a combined method upon galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been carried out. The achieved diffusion coefficients of the positive electrodes assembled with different graphite sizes suggest that size effect also plays a critical role in determining the electrochemical kinetics in the mass transport in both electrolyte and graphitic layers as well as in interface reaction. The morphologies and micro‐structures of the post‐cycled graphite electrodes have been also experimentally studied, which also well supports the irreversible intercalation/de‐intercalation behaviors in graphite electrodes. The results offer a significant platform to well understand the essential factors in tailoring coulombic efficiency from a kinetic view, which would be helpful in promoting the graphite electrodes in Al batteries.
Abundance of P‐Glycoprotein and Other Drug Transporters at the Human Blood‐Brain Barrier in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Quantitative Targeted Proteomic Study
Authors: Storelli Flavia , Billington Sarah , Kumar Aditya R. , Unadkat Jashvant D.
Published: September 2020

The human blood‐brain barrier (BBB) transporter P‐gp can efflux amyloid‐β (Aβ) out of the central nervous system (CNS). Aβ is thought to be the causative agent for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using positron emission tomography imaging, we have shown that BBB P‐gp activity is reduced in AD, as quantified by the in vivo brain distribution of the P‐gp probe [11C]‐verapamil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether this reduced BBB P‐gp activity in AD was due to decreased P‐gp abundance at the BBB. Using targeted proteomics, we quantified the abundance of P‐gp and other drug transporters in gray matter brain microvessels isolated from 43 subjects with AD and 38 age‐matched controls (AMCs) from regions affected by AD (hippocampus and the parietal lobe of the brain cortex) and not affected by AD (cerebellum). First, P‐gp abundance was decreased in the BBB of the hippocampus vs. the cerebellum in both subjects with AD and AMCs, and therefore was not AD‐related. In addition, gray matter BBB abundance of P‐gp (and of other transporters) in the hippocampus and the parietal lobe was not different between AD and AMC. The gray matter BBB abundance of all drug transporters decreased with age, likely due to age‐dependent decrease in the density of brain microvessels. Collectively, the observed reduced in vivo cerebral BBB P‐gp activity in AD cannot be explained by reduced abundance of P‐gp at the BBB. Nevertheless, the drug transporter abundance at the human gray matter BBB data provided here can be used to predict brain distribution of drugs targeted to treat CNS diseases, including AD.
Morpho‐physiological traits associated with drought responses in soybean
Authors: Guzzo Maria Carla , Costamagna Carla , Salloum Maria Soraya , Rotundo José Luis , Monteoliva Mariela Ines , Luna Celina M
Published: September 2020

Drought is currently a major constraint to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production worldwide and is becoming more widespread due to increased aridity and warmer temperatures in the context of global climate change. In this context, breeding for soybean varieties more tolerant to drought stress is critical and requires efficient screening techniques. To find traits associated with drought tolerance at the vegetative stage that are still present at the reproductive stage, we evaluated morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits in two soybean genotypes contrasting in their response to drought stress. Under drought stress at the vegetative stage, the tolerant A 5009 RG genotype showed higher proline and chlorophyll contents, and early activation of the enzymatic antioxidant system compared with well‐watered plants. On the other hand, the sensitive ADM 50048 genotype increased malondialdehyde (oxidative damage marker) and nonenzymatic antioxidant response under stress. Manipulative field assays under contrasting levels of water availability at the reproductive stage mimicked the biochemical patterns observed in the greenhouse tests for the sensitive and tolerant genotypes. A principal component analysis of parameters from vegetative and reproductive stages revealed proline and chlorophyll contents as drought tolerance traits in soybean. We found those traits useful to classify 14 genotypes from the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA) germplasm bank, identifying two new drought‐tolerant genotypes (PI 548510 and PI 200492). We propose proline and chlorophylls as useful tools to classify soybean genotypes according to their drought responses in early developmental stages, potentially reducing breeding times.
Resident macrophages as potential therapeutic targets for cardiac ageing and injury
Authors: Zhang Shiqing , Chen Rong , Chakrabarti Subrata , Su Zhaoliang
Published: September 2020

Cardiac‐resident macrophages (CRMs) play critical roles in maintaining cardiac homoeostasis and removing senescent and dying cells. Recent preclinical data have re‐energised the area of cardioimmunology and provided improved understanding of the modulation of compositional and functional phenotypes of CRMs. These data can aid in achieving improved cardiac regeneration, repair and functional remodelling following cardiac injury. In this review, we discuss the composition and renewal of various subsets of CRMs. Specific attention has been given to delineate the roles of various CRM subsets with respect to (1) facilitation of cardiac development and maintenance of physiological function such as electrical conduction and rhythm; (2) promotion of cardiac regeneration, inflammation resolution and functional remodelling following a cardiac injury; and (3) therapeutic potential. We have also highlighted the relationship between CRM replenishment and cardiomyocyte senescence as well as cardiovascular diseases development. Finally, we have addressed future perspectives and directions in basic research and potentially clinical applications of CRMs.
Optimized liquid‐based cytology for the cellular and molecular analysis of oral keratinocytes: A promising diagnostic tool
Authors: Osorio‐Osorno Yuliana Andrea , Arboleda Toro David , Arango Julian Camilo , Parada‐Sanchez Monica Tatiana
Published: September 2020

Background

Liquid‐based cytology (LBC) has improved exfoliative cytology by facilitating the extraction of more precise information from epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to optimize a protocol using a conventional cytobrush to perform LBC, obtaining oral keratinocytes for their further cellular and molecular analysis.

Methods

LBC was performed in 30 healthy donors from buccal mucosa. We evaluated the use of diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)‐treated Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) medium right after the collection of the cells. Cell morphology and viability were determined by Orcein staining and flow cytometry, respectively. RNA was extracted by the trizol method, and evaluated with spectrometry and electrophoresis. Finally, RNA was copied into cDNA and GAPDH and TLR2 genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) using specific primers.

Results

Only DEPC‐treated DMEM preserved the viability of intact intraepithelial keratinocytes. RNA quantity and quality improves in samples treated with DEPC. RNA integrity is comparable with a cell line control. GAPDH gene was successfully amplified by RT‐PCR and RT‐qPCR.

Conclusions

Therefore, LBC performed under these conditions becomes a reproducible technique for the retrieval of intraepithelial oral keratinocytes with good cell viability for cytomorphometric analysis, and extraction of good RNA quality suitable for molecular analyses such as PCR. We propose this LBC protocol as a complementary method to the cellular and molecular study of oral mucosa pathologies; however, it requires further study.
Study of detection method for collagenase enzyme reaction using two dimensional electrochemical sensor
Authors: Shichijo Masato , Hasegawa Yuki , Uchida Hidekazu
Published: September 2020

This paper addresses the assay of collagenase activity using Light Addressable Amperometric Sensor (LAAS). The redox current of LAAS was reduced by deposited collagen layers and recovered by collagenase solution. The collagen layers on the LAAS is considered to be broken down by collagenase. We expect an application of LAAS to activity evaluation.
Carrier transport properties in highly ordered smectic liquid crystal phase
Authors: Nitta Takenori , Usui Takayuki , Iino Hiroaki , Ohno Akira , Hanna Jun‐ichi
Published: September 2020

We have designed and synthesized a new liquid crystalline phenylbenzothienobenzothiphene derivative, Ph‐BTBT‐4S‐3, in order to investigate the carrier transport properties in highly ordered smectic liquid crystal phase at a wide temperature range lower than room temperature enough to analyze them. Ph‐BTBT‐4S‐3 exhibits smectic E (SmE) phase, which is the one of highly ordered smectic liquid crystal phases, at the wide temperature range from 200°C to under −130°C. Thanks to its wide temperature range of SmE phase, we could reveal the carrier transport properties in the low temperature range, which were well explained on the basis of Gaussian disorder model having a Gaussian width, σ, of 87 meV, which was larger than those of typical nonpolar liquid crystals of 40−60 meV and was attributed to additional dipole of a thioether group in the side chain.
A novel method to identify Post‐Aire stages of medullary thymic epithelial cell differentiation
Authors: Ferreirinha Pedro , Ribeiro Camila , Morimoto Junko , Landry Jonathan J. M. , Matsumoto Minoru , Meireles Catarina , White Andrea J. , Ohigashi Izumi , Araújo Leonor , Benes Vladimir , Takahama Yousuke , Anderson Graham , Matsumoto Mitsuru , Alves Nuno L.
Published: September 2020

Autoimmune regulator+ (Aire) medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play a critical role in tolerance induction. Several studies demonstrated that Aire+mTECs differentiate further into Post‐Aire cells. Yet, the identification of terminal stages of mTEC maturation depends on unique fate‐mapping mouse models. Herein, we resolve this limitation by segmenting the mTEChi(MHCIIhiCD80hi) compartment into mTECA/hi (CD24−Sca1−), mTECB/hi (CD24+Sca1−), and mTECC/hi (CD24+Sca1+). While mTECA/hi included mostly Aire‐expressing cells, mTECB/hi contained Aire+ and Aire− cells and mTECC/hi were mainly composed of cells lacking Aire. The differential expression pattern of Aire led us to investigate the precursor‐product relationship between these subsets. Strikingly, transcriptomic analysis of mTECA/hi, mTECB/hi, and mTECC/hi sequentially mirrored the specific genetic program of Early‐, Late‐ and Post‐Aire mTECs. Corroborating their Post‐Aire nature, mTECC/hi downregulated the expression of tissue‐restricted antigens, acquired traits of differentiated keratinocytes, and were absent in Aire‐deficient mice. Collectively, our findings reveal a new and simple blueprint to survey late stages of mTEC differentiation.
Metabolomics applied in the study of emerging arboviruses caused by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes: A review
Authors: Nunes Estéfane da Cruz , Canuto Gisele André Baptista
Published: September 2020

Arboviruses, such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and zika, caused by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, have been a frequent public health problem, with a high incidence of outbreaks in tropical and subtropical countries. These diseases are easily confused with a flu‐like illness and present very similar symptoms, difficult to distinguish, and treat appropriately. The effects that these infections cause in the organism are fundamentally derived from complex metabolic processes. A prominent area of science that investigates the changes in the metabolism of complex organisms is the metabolomics. Metabolomics measures the metabolites produced or altered in biological organisms, through the use of robust analytical platforms, such as separation techniques hyphenated with mass spectrometry, combined with bioinformatics. This review article presents an overview of the basic concepts of metabolomics workflow and advances in this field, and compiles research articles that use this omic approach to study these arboviruses. In this context, the metabolomics is applied to search new therapies, understand the viral replication mechanisms, and access the host‐virus interactions.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of using the heat and moisture exchangers compared with alternative stoma covers in laryngectomy rehabilitation:USperspective
Authors: Beck Ann‐Jean C. C. , Retèl Valesca P. , Bunting Glenn , Sethi Rosh K. V. , Deschler Daniel G. , van den Brekel Michiel W. M. , van Harten Wim H.
Published: September 2020

Background

This study aims to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of using heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) vs alternative stoma covers (ASCs) following laryngectomy in the United States.

Methods

A cost‐effectiveness and budget impact analysis were conducted including uncertainty analyses using real‐world survey data with pulmonary events and productivity loss.

Results

HME use was more effective and less costly compared with ASCs. Quality‐adjusted life years were slightly higher for HME‐users. Total costs per patient (lifetime) were $59 362 (HME) and $102 416 (ASC). Pulmonary events and productivity loss occurred more frequently in the ASC‐users. Annual budget savings were up to $40 183 593. Costs per pulmonary event averted were $3770.

Conclusions

HME utilization in laryngectomy patients was cost‐effective. Reimbursement of HME devices is thus recommended. Utilities may be underestimated due to the generic utility instrument used and sample size. Therefore, we recommend development of a disease‐specific utility tool to incorporate in future analyses.
Analytical approximation of the first grade MHD squeezing fluid flow with slip boundary condition using a new iterative method
Authors: Jasim Abeer M.
Published: September 2020

In this article, the steady two‐dimensional axisymmetric flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a porous medium under the influence of a uniform transverse magnetic field with slip boundary condition is analyzed and solved by using a new iterative method (NIM). This NIM depends mainly on the coefficients of a power series resulting from integrating the nth order differential equation with nonlinear operator derivatives. NIM has been used to obtain the approximate analytical solution by varying the pertinent flow parameters. The influence of different parameters on the present solution of the flow is shown through graphs with a discussion. These graphs refer to fact that increasing numbers of Reynolds () and Hartmann () give the attribute of decreasing velocity, with the addition that with an increase in Hartmann number and decrease in Reynolds number the streamlines are stretched towards the x‐axis. Finally, the NIM is effective and highly able to obtain an excellent result.
Young children's lying and early mental state understanding
Authors: Sai Liyang , Zhao Changzhi , Heyman Gail D. , Compton Brian J. , Fu Genyue
Published: September 2020

The relation between children' lying behaviour and their mental state understanding was investigated among a group of 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds (total N = 97). Two types of lying were examined: concealing‐transgression lying, which was assessed using a temptation resistance paradigm, and competitive game lying, which was assessed using a hide and seek paradigm. Mental state understanding was examined using a theory of mind scale that assessed children's understanding of diverse desire, diverse belief, knowledge access, false belief, and belief‐emotion. After controlling for age and verbal ability, children's concealing‐transgression lying was not related to any type of mental state understanding, whereas children's competitive game lying was significantly related to their understanding of diverse belief and belief‐emotion. These findings provide evidence that the cognitive correlates of young children's lying can differ as a function of the specific type of lie.
Radiomics predicts response of individual HER2‐amplified colorectal cancer liver metastases in patients treated with HER2‐targeted therapy
Authors: Giannini Valentina , Rosati Samanta , Defeudis Arianna , Balestra Gabriella , Vassallo Lorenzo , Cappello Giovanni , Mazzetti Simone , De Mattia Cristina , Rizzetto Francesco , Torresin Alberto , Sartore‐Bianchi Andrea , Siena Salvatore , Vanzulli Angelo , Leone Francesco , Zagonel Vittorina , Marsoni Silvia , Regge Daniele
Published: September 2020

The aim of our study was to develop and validate a machine learning algorithm to predict response of individual HER2‐amplified colorectal cancer liver metastases (lmCRC) undergoing dual HER2‐targeted therapy. Twenty‐four radiomics features were extracted after 3D manual segmentation of 141 lmCRC on pretreatment portal CT scans of a cohort including 38 HER2‐amplified patients; feature selection was then performed using genetic algorithms. lmCRC were classified as nonresponders (R−), if their largest diameter increased more than 10% at a CT scan performed after 3 months of treatment, responders (R+) otherwise. Sensitivity, specificity, negative (NPV) and positive (PPV) predictive values in correctly classifying individual lesion and overall patient response were assessed on a training dataset and then validated on a second dataset using a Gaussian naïve Bayesian classifier. Per‐lesion sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were 89%, 85%, 93%, 78% and 90%, 42%, 73%, 71% respectively in the testing and validation datasets. Per‐patient sensitivity and specificity were 92% and 86%. Heterogeneous response was observed in 9 of 38 patients (24%). Five of nine patients were carriers of nonresponder lesions correctly classified as such by our radiomics signature, including four of seven harboring only one nonresponder lesion. The developed method has been proven effective in predicting behavior of individual metastases to targeted treatment in a cohort of HER2 amplified patients. The model accurately detects responder lesions and identifies nonresponder lesions in patients with heterogeneous response, potentially paving the way to multimodal treatment in selected patients. Further validation will be needed to confirm our findings.
Reviewing the impact of 11 national Be Clear on Cancer public awareness campaigns, England, 2012 to 2016: A synthesis of published evaluation results
Authors: Lai Jennifer , Mak Vivian , Bright Chloe J. , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Elliss‐Brookes Lucy , Gildea Carolynn
Published: September 2020

The Be Clear on Cancer (BCoC) campaigns have run in England since 2010. They aim to raise awareness of possible cancer symptoms, encouraging people to consult a general practice with these symptoms. Our study provides an overview of the impact of 11 national campaigns, for bowel, lung, bladder and kidney, breast and oesophago‐gastric cancers. We synthesised existing results for each campaign covering seven clinical metrics across the patient pathway from primary care attendances to one‐year net survival. For each metric, “before” and “after” periods were compared to assess change potentially related to the campaign. Results show that primary care attendances for campaign‐related symptoms increased for 9 of 10 campaigns and relevant urgent referrals for suspected cancer increased above general trends for 9 of 11 campaigns. Diagnostic tests increased for 6 of 11 campaigns. For 7 of 11 campaigns, there were increases in cancer diagnoses resulting from an urgent referral for suspected cancer. There were sustained periods where more cancers were diagnosed than expected for 8 of 10 campaigns, with higher than expected proportions diagnosed at an early stage for sustained periods for 4 of 10 campaigns. There was no impact on survival. In summary, there is evidence that the BCoC campaigns impact help‐seeking by patients and referral patterns by general practitioners, with some impact on diagnosis (incidence and stage). There was no clear evidence of impact on survival.
Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the case of tourism island states: The moderating role of globalization
Authors: Akadiri Seyi Saint , Uzuner Gizem , Akadiri Ada Chigozie , Lasisi Taiwo Temitope
Published: September 2020

This article examines the relationship between carbon emissions and international tourism growth through the channels of globalization and real income via testing the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) over the periods of 1995 to 2016 for 16 selected tourism island states (TIS) that prioritized tourism as a means of maximizing economic growth. Using the dynamic panel‐based pooled mean group method of autoregressive distributed lag, results confirm globalization‐tourism‐induced EKC hypothesis for TIS. This implies international tourism growth and carbon emissions, through the channels of globalization and real income are in a long‐term equilibrium relationship. International tourism and squared term of real income have an inverse significant effect on carbon emission level, while globalization and real income without squared term exert positive and significant effects on carbon emissions level in the long run. Results of the direction of causality tests show that there is a two‐way causality between globalization and carbon emissions, while result also shows one‐way causality running from international tourism to carbon emissions level in the long‐run in the case of the TIS. Thus, globalization‐tourism‐induced EKC hypothesis is suggested in the case of TIS.
Environmental regulations and inward FDI in China: Fresh evidence from the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag approach
Authors: Ullah Assad , Zhao Xinshun , Abdul Kamal Muhammad , Zheng Jiajia
Published: September 2020

The relationship between environmental regulations and foreign direct investment (FDI) has garnered extensive attention, particularly in the context of China. The puzzle of whether environmental regulations deter or lure FDI has not resolved to the satisfaction of the curious mind. This research endeavor is to answer the question by exploring the asymmetric association between environmental regulations and FDI in China; utilizing a novel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. Our main results affirm that environmental regulations and FDI move together in the long‐run, and there is dependable evidence of asymmetry. We notice that FDI inflows react differently in response to positive and negative shocks of environmental regulations both in the long‐ and short‐run. The findings of our study corroborate both the “Pollution Haven” and the “Pollution Halo” hypotheses in China. The Chinese policymakers should strike a balance between environmental stringency and leniency pertaining to inbound FDI for sustainable economic growth—concurrently keeping environmental issues at bay.
Procedural fairness predicts cooperative behaviour for high‐self‐esteem individuals but not for low‐self‐esteem individuals
Authors: Sun Qian , Xiong Yuqi , Guo Shaoyang , Wang Xiuxin , Liu Yongfang
Published: September 2020

Cooperation is vital for modern society. Previous studies showed that procedural fairness promotes cooperation; however, they mainly focused on cooperation intention, which may fail to reveal actual cooperative behaviour. Moreover, little is known regarding the personality boundary of the effect of procedural fairness on cooperation. Guided by previous findings that self‐esteem increases sensitivity to procedural unfairness, we attempted to explore the moderating effect of self‐esteem on the association between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour. In Experiment 1, 160 participants' self‐esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale; procedural fairness was manipulated in two conditions, depending on whether money was allocated in an economic game by rolling the dice twice or an allocator's arbitrary choice. Cooperative behaviour was assessed using the chicken game paradigm. Experiment 2 (148 participants) aimed to replicate and extend the results of Experiment 1 using a more rigorous experimental design, in which the possible effect of outcome favourability was excluded. The results of both experiments consistently showed that procedural fairness positively predicted cooperative behaviour, and this association was significant in high‐self‐esteem individuals, but not in low‐self‐esteem individuals. These findings shed light on the vital role of self‐esteem in understanding the relationship between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour.
Developmental and medical factors associated with parenting stress in mothers of toddlers born very preterm in a neonatal follow‐up clinic
Authors: Dempsey Allison G. , Keller‐Margulis Milena A.
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this exploratory, cross‐sectional study was to identify child‐related factors associated with maternal parenting stress in toddlers born very preterm and followed in a neonatal follow‐up (NFU) clinic. The study aimed to describe the associations of current medical complications and presence of developmental delays with total parenting stress. Participants were 53 mother–child dyads presenting in a NFU clinic. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Index‐Short Form (PSI‐SF), and children were administered the Brigance Early Head Start Screen II. Medical variables were also collected from the child's medical record. Approximately 24% of mothers had at least one elevated subscale score on the PSI‐SF. Regression analyses indicated that receipt of early intervention services was associated with increased parenting stress among mothers of toddlers born very preterm, though number of current medical complications was not. Parents of children born very preterm are at increased risk for parenting stress that extends beyond discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit . Clinicians working in NFU clinics are positioned to monitor for increased parenting stress, particularly among families of children with emerging signs of developmental delay.
Overall introduction to irrigation and drainage development and modernization in China*
Authors: Chen Mingzhong , Gao Zhanyi , Wang Yunhui
Published: September 2020

During the last 70 years the development of irrigation schemes has made great progress in China. The total irrigated area has been developed from 15.9 million ha in 1949 to 68.3 million ha in 2018, and the irrigated area contributes 75% of the total grain production and 90% of cash crop production. Technical research and application have contributed significantly to the development of irrigation schemes in China. This paper introduces the irrigation and drainage developments, and technical research and application on water resource projects and conjunctive use water resources, canal systems, low‐pressure pipeline and on‐farm irrigation techniques, drainage techniques, information technology, reform of management mechanisms and standards for design and construction. This paper also introduces the planning for modernization of irrigation schemes in China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of rainfall and runoff time series using robust machine learning*
Authors: Alizadeh Amir , Rajabi Ahmad , Shabanlou Saeid , Yaghoubi Behrouz , Yosefvand Fariborz
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the precipitation and runoff time‐series data of the Shaharchay River basin from 2000 to 2017 are simulated by a modern hybrid artificial intelligence technique. In order to develop the mentioned artificial intelligence model, the extreme learning machine (ELM), differential evolution and wavelet transform are combined and the SAELM and WASAELM hybrid models are provided. Initially, the most effective lags of the time‐series data are distinguished using an autocorrelation function. Using the lags, seven artificial intelligence models are defined for each of the SAELM and WSAELM models. To simulate precipitation and runoff, the sym and coif mother wavelets are chosen as the optimal ones, respectively. For the best model, the values of R2, the scatter index and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSC) for simulating precipitation yielded 0.967, 0.208 and 0.965, respectively. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis shows that the lags (t‐1), (t‐2) and (t‐12) are regarded as the most effective input lags. Ultimately, an uncertainty analysis is carried out for the superior model that the performance of this model in simulating precipitation and runoff is over‐ and underestimated, respectively.
Inside Cover
Authors: Lezhnina Marina M. , Rochowiak Weronika , Göhde Wolfgang , Kuczius Rauni , Kynast Ulrich
Published: September 2020

Rare earth ions complexes provide numerous highly beneficial optical properties ‐ unusually large Stokes shifts, very narrow line emissions and long‐lived excited states being the most prominent of them. Surprisingly few attempts have this far been reported to directly exploit them as direct microbial stains. M. Lezhnina and coworkers here describe basic staining strategies for fluorescence microscopy and outline their eventual potential in fluorescence flow cytometry.

Further details can be found in the article by Marina M. Lezhnina, Weronika Rochowiak, Wolfgang Göhde, Rauni Kuczius, and Ulrich Kynast (e202000068).

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Dietary Inflammatory Index is associated with Healthy Eating Index, Alternative Healthy Eating Index, and dietary patterns among Iranian adults
Authors: Asadi Zahra , Ghaffarian Zirak Roshanak , Yaghooti Khorasani Mahdiyeh , Saedi Mostafa , Parizadeh Seyed Mostafa , Jafarzadeh‐Esfehani Reza , Khorramruz Fateme , Jandari Sajedeh , Mohammadi‐Bajgiran Maryam , Zare‐Feyzabadi Reza , Esmaily Habibollah , Rahimi Hamid Reza , Tayefi Maryam , Ferns Gordon A. , Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R. , Ghazizadeh Hamideh , Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid
Published: September 2020

Background

Recent investigations have evaluated the effect of the inflammatory potential of diet in several populations by calculating the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score. We aimed to evaluate the association of the DII with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and dietary pattern (DP) among healthy Iranian adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 4365 middle‐aged adults. Major DPs and DII score were identified using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Poisson regression was used to evaluate the association of DPs, HEI, and AHEI across tertiles of DII.

Results

After adjustment for confounding variables, a low HEI (HEI < 55) and AHEI (AHEI < 56.5) were more prevalent among the participants in the highest tertile of DII compared to the first tertile (PR: 1.13, P‐value <.05; PR: 1.10, P‐value <.05; respectively). Adherence to a balanced healthy dietary pattern was significantly lower in subjects with a diet that was more pro‐inflammatory compared to those with anti‐inflammatory diet (PR: 0.85, P‐value P < .01). No significant association was found between the DII and a western DP. High levels of HDL and hip and waist circumference were observed in the highest tertile of DII, and high levels of dietary intake of protein and fiber, minerals, fasting blood glucose, and monounsaturated fat were reported in the lowest tertile of DII.

Conclusion

The highest tertile of the DII (a pro‐inflammatory diet) was associated with a lower HEI, AHEI, and lower adherence to balanced DP in a representative sample of adults in Iran.
Ethnic, geographic, and seasonal differences of vitamin D status among adults in south‐west China
Authors: Li Lin , Li Kecheng , Li Jing , Luo Yulei , Cheng Yuheng , Jian Meiling , Xie Chunbao , Ji Chengjie , Chuan Liangmin , Wang Zhibin , Li Haijun , Guo Xiaolan , Liu Jinbo , Jiang Li
Published: September 2020

Background

There are limited data on vitamin D status of Sichuan province, and no investigation has been carried out on the correlations of 25(OH)D and BTMs between healthy Hans and Tibetans of Sichuan province. This study aimed to examine 25(OH)D levels around Sichuan province and to assess differences by ethnicity, age, gender, sunlight exposure, geographic location, and seasons.

Methods

Blood samples from 2317 healthy adults aged of 18 to 75 years and of Han and Tibetan ethnicities were collected in six regions and during four seasons. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels were measured by LC‐MS/MS method. Serum total P1NP and β‐CTX were measured by immunoassay.

Results

Participants aged 18‐40 years showed significantly lower 25(OH)D levels than participants aged 41‐75 years old (P < .0001). The median serum 25(OH)D level for males was significantly higher than that of females (P < .0001). Serum 25(OH)D levels among four seasons and different districts varied significantly (P < .0001). In addition, the 25(OH)D level of Tibetans was significantly lower than that of Hans, while the serum total P1NP and β‐CTX levels of Tibetans were significantly higher than those of Hans (P < .0001).

Conclusion

Adult population was more common to have vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency among Tibetans, females, north regions and in spring and winter.
Evaluation and Development of Vancomycin Dosing Schemes to Meet New AUC/MIC Targets in Intermittent Hemodialysis Using Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques
Authors: Lewis Susan J. , Mueller Bruce A.
Published: September 2020

Published vancomycin dosing recommendations for patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis were not designed to meet newly recommended 24‐hour area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24h/MIC) pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets. The aims of this study were to predict pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment rates with a commonly used vancomycin regimen and to design a new dosing scheme incorporating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to maximize target attainment in patients receiving vancomycin and hemodialysis with high‐ or low‐flux hemodialyzers. Vancomycin pharmacokinetic‐ and dialysis‐specific parameters were incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). A commonly used vancomycin regimen was modeled to determine its likelihood of attaining AUC24h/MIC targets for 1 week of thrice‐weekly hemodialysis treatments. MCS was then used to develop optimal initial vancomycin dosing for patients receiving intradialytic or postdialytic vancomycin administration with either high‐ or low‐flux hemodialyzers. Finally, a new MCS model incorporating TDM was built to further optimize the probability of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment. Traditional vancomycin dosing methods are unlikely to meet AUC24h/MIC targets. Vancomycin doses necessary to attain AUC24h/MIC targets are significantly influenced by hemodialyzer permeability and whether vancomycin is administered intradialytically or after hemodialysis. Depending on dialyzer type and whether vancomycin is administered during or after hemodialysis, loading doses of 25 to 35 mg/kg followed by maintenance doses of 7.5 to 15 mg/kg are necessary to reach minimum AUC24h/MIC targets in 90% of virtual patients. For a 3‐day interdialytic period, a 30% higher maintenance dose is required to maintain target attainment. Dosing based on a single vancomycin serum concentration obtained prior to the second dialysis session greatly enhances the probability of target attainment.