bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM) enables improved outcomes in the pediatric trauma population
Authors: Deng Qin , Hao Fabao , Wang Yongming , Guo Chunbao
Published: September 2018

Objective

We evaluated the role of rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in managing acute traumatic coagulopathy in pediatric patients with trauma.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of pediatric patients with trauma from six institutes was studied during a 10-year period from 2007 to 2017. The associations between ROTEM-guided, goal-directed coagulation therapy and clinical outcomes were determined.

Results

Three hundred thirty-two pediatric patients (age < 15 years) who were treated with ROTEM-guided, goal-directed coagulation therapy were matched to 332 control pediatric patients with conventional plasmatic coagulation tests. The ROTEM protocol was associated with a significant reduction in the interval for admission to acute traumatic coagulopathy treatment, less plasma transfusions in the first 24 hours of admission, and a favorable coagulopathy recovery. Furthermore, the median number of total hospital days was significantly shorter for patients who had the ROTEM protocol than for control patients.

Conclusions

There are significant favorable outcomes, including rapid acute traumatic coagulopathy treatment and a lower 24-hour blood product requirement, following ROTEM-guided, goal-directed coagulation therapy among pediatric patients with blunt trauma.
The case of Kiva and Grameen: Towards a Marxist feminist critique of ‘smart economics’
Authors: Byatt Brett
Published: September 2018

‘Smart Economics’ is no epiphenomenon. It is an instrument of exploitation at the heart of neoliberalism. The global neoliberal agenda has co-opted feminism, creating what Roberts calls ‘transnational business feminism’. With the promotion of entrepreneurialism, women in the Global South are targeted for exploitation in an attempt to introduce them into the formal markets. Female empowerment has become the new fetish for capital accumulation through the indebtedness of women in the Global South and the subsequent reproduction of capitalism. This reproduction of capital is possible due to the newfound access to the financial markets that is introduced through bringing women’s purchasing power into the fold. Microfinance institutions are the spearhead of ‘Smart Economics’ in the Global South, while arguing to alleviate poverty in rural areas. Microfinance institutions such as the Grameen Bank and kiva.org are examples of this. These organisations target women with a patriarchal agenda, which reinforces the gender relations in the Global South.
Life Cycle Assessment Framework for the U.S. Bridge Inventory
Authors: Babanajad Saeed , Bai Yun , Wenzel Helmut , Wenzel Moritz , Parvardeh Hooman , Rezvani Ali , Zobel Robert , Moon Franklin , Maher Ali
Published: September 2018

The effective management of bridges requires a good understanding of their life expectancies. Improved prediction of bridge service life is required to be developed in order to better understand bridge deterioration and to find more effective maintenance and repair strategies. These models are integral components of the Long-Term Bridge Performance Program (LTBP), a 20-year research effort initiated by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to improve the understanding of bridge performance. In this paper, the development of a life expectancy model framework, as part of the research effort in this program, is presented. The framework is established based on a semi-probabilistic approach to adherently maintain the advantages of both deterministic and probabilistic techniques. The modeling follows a step-by-step process which incorporates data collected from historical records, training the data, creating a model based on the most suitable approach, and reducing the associated uncertainties. The basic model is first trained by the network of bridge inventory and the uncertainties are reflected by determining lower and upper margins. Then the model is improved by introducing the new knowledge gained from the external attributes influencing the structure. Finally, the condition states of the bridge components are employed directly to refine the model for realistic assessment. The developed model is later automated into the Bridge Portal, the main core of the bridge-performance data warehouse. A detailed example using the Mid-Atlantic cluster bridge inventory data is presented in this paper to illustrate the application of the method described above.
Modified Mixed Generalized Ordered Response Model to Handle Misclassification in Injury Severity Data
Authors: Balan Lacramioara , Paleti Rajesh
Published: September 2018

Traditional crash databases that record police-reported injury severity data are prone to misclassification errors. Ignoring these errors in discrete ordered response models used for analyzing injury severity can lead to biased and inconsistent parameter estimates. In this study, a mixed generalized ordered response (MGOR) model that quantifies misclassification rates in the injury severity variable and adjusts the bias in parameter estimates associated with misclassification was developed. The proposed model does this by considering the observed injury severity outcome as a realization from a discrete random variable that depends on true latent injury severity that is unobservable to the analyst. The model was used to analyze misclassification rates in police-reported injury severity in the 2014 General Estimates System (GES) data. The model found that only 68.23% and 62.75% of possible and non-incapacitating injuries were correctly recorded in the GES data. Moreover, comparative analysis with the MGOR model that ignores misclassification not only has lower data fit but also considerable bias in both the parameter and elasticity estimates. The model developed in this study can be used to analyze misclassification errors in ordinal response variables in other empirical contexts.
Performance Measures for Characterizing Regional Congestion using Aggregated Multi-Year Probe Vehicle Data
Authors: Brennan Thomas M. , Venigalla Mohan M. , Hyde Ashley , LaRegina Anthony
Published: September 2018

Probe vehicle speed data has become an important data source for evaluating the congestion performance of highways and arterial roads. Pre-defined spatially located segments known as traffic message channels (TMCs) are linked to commercially available, temporal anonymous probe vehicle speed data. These data have been used to develop agency-wide performance measures to better plan and manage infrastructure assets. Recent research has analyzed individual as well as aggregated TMC links on roadway systems to identify congested areas along spatially defined routes. By understanding the typical congestion of all TMCs in a region as indicated by increased travel times, a broader perspective of the congestion characteristics can be gained. This is especially important when determining the impact of such occurrences in the region as a major crash event, special events, or during extreme conditions such as a natural or human-made disaster. This paper demonstrates how aggregated probe speed data can be used to characterize regional congestion. To demonstrate the methodology, an analysis of vehicle speed data during Hurricane Sandy, the second costliest hurricane in the United States, is used to show the regional impact in 2012. Further, the analysis results are compared and contrasted with comparable periods of increased congestion in 2013, 2014, and 2016. The analysis encompasses 614 TMCs, within 10 miles of the New Jersey coast. Approximately 90 million speed records covering five counties are analyzed in the study.
Sex-age-specific handgrip strength and mortality in an incident hemodialysis cohort: The risk explained by nutrition and comorbidities
Authors: Lopes Marcelo B , Silva Luciana F , Dantas Marina AS , Matos Cacia M , Lopes Gildete B , Lopes Antonio A
Published: September 2018

Objective:

To investigate associations of sex-age-specific handgrip strength by a dynamometer with all-cause mortality and the percent excess risk explained (%ERE) by comorbidities and nutritional indicators in incident maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Methods:

Prospective cohort of 413 adult patients (165 women, 248 men, 299 <60 years and 114 ⩾60 years) with <6 months (82% <3 months) on dialysis enrolled in PROHEMO in Salvador, Brazil. Low and high handgrip strength groups were based on sex-age-specific cutoffs (17.8 kg for women <60 years, 13.8 kg for women ⩾60 years, 29.5 kg for men <60 years, and 21.9 kg for men ⩾60 years). We used Cox regression to estimate the mortality hazard ratio. The %ERE was determined by the equation (HR1 – HR2)/(HR1 – 1) × 100, in which HR1 represented the hazard ratio in a model with a smaller number of covariates and HR2 represented the hazard ratio in a subsequent model with the inclusion of new covariates plus the variables included in the previous model.

Results:

The mortality hazard ratio comparing low and high handgrip strength was 2.58 (95% confidence interval: 1.73, 3.85) in the model with sociodemographic factors and vintage and 2.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.49, 3.43) with addition of comorbidities, corresponding to a %ERE of 21%. The hazard ratio was 1.98 (95% confidence interval: 1.29, 3.06) after addition of nutritional indicators corresponding to %ERE of 38%. Results stratified by age and gender followed similar patterns.

Conclusion:

These results provide support for the assessment of handgrip strength in all maintenance hemodialysis patients for early identification of those who may require special care to improve nutritional status and survival.
Valorization of poly(lactic acid) wastes via mechanical recycling: Improvement of the properties of the recycled polymer
Authors: Beltrán F.R. , Barrio I. , Lorenzo V. , del Río B. , Martínez Urreaga J. , de la Orden M.U.
Published: September 2018

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biobased polymer that represents one of the most interesting alternatives to fossil-fuel based polymers in food packaging applications. Most of the PLA used in food packaging is used only once and then discarded, even though the PLA types used in packaging have good properties and stability. Therefore, it seems reasonable to consider the possibility of recycling the used polymer through a mechanical recycling process. The main aims of this work are to study the effect of the mechanical recycling on the properties of PLA and the usefulness of different upgrading methods to obtain recycled PLA with improved properties. A commercial type of PLA was subjected to accelerated thermal, photochemical and hydrolytic aging and then reprocessed. During reprocessing, aged PLA was blended with virgin PLA and a commercial chain extender was added. Results point out that recycling causes the degradation of PLA, and negatively affects the thermal stability and mechanical properties. However, addition of virgin PLA, and the chain extender, led to an increase of up to 9% in the intrinsic viscosity and 8% in the Vickers hardness of the recycled material. These results suggest that mechanically recycled PLA with improved performance can be obtained, a fact which might improve the recyclability of PLA and thus the environmental impact of this material.
Andikapemobility: Haitian subjectivity at the juncture of disability, gender, and insecurity
Authors: Flaugh Christian
Published: September 2018

This article begins the study of the under-explored yet fundamental role of andikape (disability) mobility—the expression of subjectivity and the exercise of rights by the disabled—in Haitian history and society. It considers how recent tragic events in the Soud (Deaf) community fostered increased, collaborative mobilization of the moun andikape (the disabled) and related organizations to advocate for greater social inclusion, the securing of rights, and the expression of subjectivity. The article highlights the need to peel back the layers of systemic social insecurity that menace andikape mobility, as it also conducts intersectional analysis (disability, gender), focusing on the dispossessing states of insecurity that andikape women regularly experience.
Citizenship ethics: German-Turkish return migrants, belonging, and justice
Authors: Beth Rottmann Susan
Published: September 2018

This article examines citizenship for German-Turkish return migrants attending monthly meetings of the Rückkehrer Stammtisch (Returner’s Meetings) in Istanbul. Meeting attendees call themselves “world citizens” and remain deeply concerned about disrespect and inequality they experience as ethnic minorities in Germany and as citizens in Turkey. Drawing on the anthropology of ethics, this research demonstrates the importance of ethical relationships for understanding these migrants’ experience of citizenship. Moving beyond work that views citizenship primarily in terms of state power and legal disciplining, this research demonstrates that citizenship for these migrants is focused heavily on an ethics of care and responsibility developed in the course of personal interactions with fellow citizens. This article also adds ethnographic specificity to the concepts of belonging and justice. It analyzes how ethical relationships established among meeting attendees confer feelings of comfort, intimacy, and a sense of shared humanity that structure migrants’ inclusion in national spaces.
Re/entangling Irish and Nigerian diasporas: Colonial amnesias, decolonial aesthetics and archive-assemblage praxis
Authors: Feldman Alice
Published: September 2018

This article discusses the practice of ‘genealogical re/entanglement’ developed in the context of a project about the ways colonial amnesias obscure the connections between the histories of Anglo-European colonialities and the crises of contemporary migrations. This methodology appropriates archival and assemblage art making practices to make visible and ‘familialise’ the prior encounters of Irish and Nigerian diasporans that remain unknown in Ireland, towards reshaping the grounds of present and future relations. The centrality of embodied knowledges in decolonial scholarship creates an imperative of not only grounding theoretical work in the materialities of lived experiences but also confronting the colonial inheritances that underpin the methods employed to engage them. As such, in the contexts of this project, the development of the methodology became a project in itself. In this article, I reflect on the decolonial interrogations and method(il)logical transfigurations of the Western art and research traditions that intersected with and co-constructed the substantive analysis of Irish and Nigerian diasporic entanglements. An interactive account of how the method operates provides an opportunity to explore the ways the interconnectedness of the aesthesic, epistemological and pedagogical projects underpinning decolonial work combine to constitute a dynamic praxis.
Crisis and catastrophe on Chiloé: Collective memory and the (re)framing of an environmental disaster
Authors: Thomas Eric H
Published: September 2018

In May 2016, residents of Chiloé in southern Chile blockaded their island to protest the contamination of their fishery by aquaculture operators as well as the state’s failure to adequately regulate this new industry. Media coverage of events on the island, particularly the scarcity of food resulting from the blockade, constituted a discourse of images that invoked the mobilization of “respectable” women during other moments of political crisis—specifically the bread shortages during the Popular Unity government (1970–1973) and the widespread human rights abuses of the Pinochet Dictatorship (1973–1990). These images helped protestors transform an environmental crisis into a humanitarian catastrophe, mobilizing collective memory of suffering and gaining widespread support for their cause. This article argues that media coverage of the protest and subsequent support for the protestors in other parts of Chile strengthened the hand of those whose livelihoods had been affected by the crisis and led to greater compensation for fishing families.
Welfare, innovation capacity, and economic performance: Evidence from American federalism
Authors: Shin Geiguen
Published: September 2018

Despite years of increased federal welfare spending, it is unclear how federal financial investments in welfare areas influence state economies. Based on the theory of functional federalism, this paper examines the impact of federal welfare spending on state economic performance. Employing error correction models, this research finds that state economic growth and volatility are directly observed by the long-term impact of welfare spending. The results also show that increased federal welfare spending boosts state economic performance indirectly, by motivating states to generate higher innovation capacity, especially, in knowledge-based economic development programs. This research extends our understanding of the determinants of state economic performance by addressing intergovernmental redistributive transfers, and state government’s innovation capacity.
Potential field–based hierarchical adaptive cruise control for semi-autonomous electric vehicle
Authors: Ren Yue , Zheng Ling , Yang Wei , Li Yinong
Published: September 2018

Adaptive cruise control, as a driver assistant system for vehicles, can adjust the vehicle speed to keep the appropriate distance from other vehicles, which highly increases the driving safety and driver’s comfort. This paper presents hierarchical adaptive cruise control system that could balance the driver’s expectation, collision risk, and ride comfort. In the adaptive cruise control structure, there are two controllers to achieve the function. The one is the upper controller which is established based on the model predictive control theory and used to calculate the desirable longitudinal acceleration. The collision risk is described by the Gaussian distribution. A quadratic cost function for model predictive control is formulated based on the potential field method through the contradictions between the tracking error, collision risk, and the longitudinal ride comfort. The other one is the lower optimal torque vectoring controller which is constructed based on the vehicle longitudinal dynamics. And it can generate the desired acceleration considering the anti-wheel slip limitations. Several simulations under different road conditions demonstrate that the proposed adaptive cruise control has significant performance on balancing the tracking ability, collision avoidance, ride comfort, and adhesion utilization. It also maintains vehicle stability for the complex road conditions.
Servant leadership theory in practice: North America’s leading public libraries
Authors: Lo Patrick , Allard Bradley , Wang Na , Chiu Dickson K.W.
Published: September 2018

This study aims to understand the current North American public library directors’ views and perceptions of successful library leadership in the 21st century. It was carried out based around a series of semi-structured interviews with 10 top-level directors of public libraries in the United States and Canada, which were published in the book World’s Leading National, Public, Monastery and Royal Library Directors: Leadership, Management: Future of Libraries. The data collection method for this study consisted of narrative analysis of the 10 interviews utilizing Robert Greenleaf’s servant leadership theory, which highlights the leader’s desire to serve others first and foremost. With the current trends of increased globalization, digitization, and cultural diversity, among others, public libraries need to have leadership focused on creating shared-power environments encouraging collaboration. Analysis of these interviews showed that many of the directors’ responses were quite similar to the concepts discussed in servant leadership. The library directors, through their leadership philosophies, benefited in boosting team cohesion, fostering collaboration, increasing creativity, and promoting morality-centered self-reflection amongst leaders, thereby helping their libraries gain and maintain competitive advantage, and improving the overall ethical culture of their organizations. The results of this study would be of interest to library professionals interested in management as well as LIS students who want to understand how library directors view successful traits of library leadership.
An analysis of nursing students’ ethical conflicts in a hospital
Authors: Eckardt Margit , Lindfelt Mikael
Published: September 2018

Background:

Education can be taken as a key factor in transmission of a value tradition in healthcare. In professional and educational contexts, transmission of values appears to be a kind of guarantee for an occupational group’s professional identity, awareness and ethical integrity. Given the positives of such transmission of value traditions, one can also pay attention to conflicts between the professional tradition and individuals who are brought into that tradition.

Objectives:

How does mediation of value tradition in healthcare education appear out of the students’ perspective based on their own narratives?

Research design and participants:

Students’ texts were analysed through a combination of contrastive discourse analysis and sociohistorical description and then evaluated from an ethical perspective. Data were collected from the annual electronic feedback given by students after their clinical practice at a University Hospital.

Ethical considerations:

Organizational approval was received. Information about the voluntary nature of participation was a part of the feedback tool.

Findings:

The analysis points to the fact that there is a definite theme in the students’ experiences that both the previous research has neglected and that stands in conflict with the current tradition of healthcare education in Finland. That theme can be summarized in the experience of ‘losing one’s identity’, and it is expressed in a request to experience of ‘losing one’s identity’ and it is expressed in a request to have a right to ‘use one’s own name’ also as a healthcare professional.

Discussion and conclusion:

Being addressed by one’s name is to make the person directly involved and responsible, realizing that that person’s perspective is of importance to the way the world is. We argue that this theme (my name) is of ethical importance and could have empowering potentiality when used in an ethically sound way.
Outsourcing and Productivity During Economic Crisis: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Kar Saibal , Dutta Meghna
Published: September 2018

Outsourcing as a form of production reorganisation has important implications for factor productivity. Empirical verification of this relationship for India, however, is unavailable in the recent times. To fill this gap, we measure the relationship between outsourcing and multifactor productivity for Indian firms between 2010 and 2014. We use fixed-effect panel data regression and GMM estimates to establish that outsourcing raises productivity significantly at the source. The outsourcing–productivity link has important policy implications for developing countries, such as India. Relative inflexibility of labour market institutions and slow-moving legal procedures may otherwise restrict the restructuring of firms under duress. Outsourcing-related productivity improvements might have helped to overcome such disadvantages even during the global crisis of 2008–2009.

JEL: D24, L6
Congenital abnormalities in calves associated with Peaton virus infection in Japan
Authors: Matsumori Yoichi , Aizawa Maki , Sakai Yoshiko , Inoue Daisuke , Kodani Michiko , Tsuha Osamu , Beppu Akira , Hirashima Yoshimasa , Kono Ryota , Ohtani Akifumi , Yanase Tohru , Shirafuji Hiroaki , Kato Tomoko , Tanaka Shogo , Yamakawa Makoto
Published: September 2018

Peaton virus (PEAV; family Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus) appears to be capable of producing congenital malformations in ruminants; however, its pathogenicity remains unknown given its relatively low incidence. We evaluated the relationship between congenital abnormalities of calves and PEAV infection by serologic, epidemiologic, pathologic, and virologic investigations using specimens from 31 malformed calves in the years 1996–2016 in Japan. Antibody testing was carried out for known teratogenic viruses, including Akabane, Aino, Chuzan, and bovine viral diarrhea viruses, in the precolostral sera of these abnormal calves, but all results were negative. However, all 31 malformed calves were positive for antibodies against PEAV. A PEAV-specific gene was amplified from central nervous system tissues from a stillborn calf delivered in April 2007, and its nucleotide sequence was identical with that of PEAV isolated from healthy sentinel cattle in September 2006. These findings indicate that PEAV can cause bovine congenital anomalies.
Retrospective comparison of standard clotting tests and novel clot waveform parameters in dogs using the turbidimetric ACL-TOP CTS 300 coagulation analyzer
Authors: Yagneswar Hamsini , Todd Jeffrey M. , Sharkey Leslie C. , Rendahl Aaron , Tart Kelly
Published: September 2018

Clot waveforms are generated by coagulation analyzers, such as the ACL-TOP, that utilize photo-optical turbidimetric methods to measure prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), which are standard clotting tests (SCTs). Additional quantitative clot waveform analysis (CWA) parameters include maximum velocity of the PT curve (PT1d), maximum acceleration of the aPTT curve (aPTT2d), and their change in optical density (ODdelta). We explored the potential for CWA to contribute unique information compared to SCTs and quantitative fibrinogen assay (QFA) in dogs with clinical indications for laboratory evaluation of coagulation. We retrospectively evaluated the frequency and agreement between normal, high, and low values of CWA and SCTs for 203 dogs relative to reference intervals (RIs). Most dogs had SCTs within RIs, but most CWA values were high regardless of whether SCT values were within, below, or above the RI. Agreement between SCTs and CWA was slight (kappa <30%). Clinically significant bleeding was noted in 28 of 203 (14%) dogs. SCTs were not different between bleeders and non-bleeders. Median QFA, PT1d, aPTTdelta, and aPTT2d values were statistically significantly higher than RIs in non-bleeders compared to bleeders, whose median values were not below RI. Compared with SCTs, CWA identified differences between the 2 groups. However, wide overlap between the 2 groups limits the use of CWA to clinically discriminate between bleeders and non-bleeders in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Further studies on the diagnostic utility of CWA in coagulopathic dogs are needed.
The effect of chemical clarification of oral fluids on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus antibody responses
Authors: Poonsuk Korakrit , Giménez-Lirola Luis G. , Magtoto Ronaldo L. , Ji Ju , Baum David H. , Rademacher Christopher J. , Brown Justin T. , Zhang Jianqiang , Wang Chong , Main Rodger G. , Zimmerman Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2018

Routine testing of breeding herd oral fluid (OF) samples for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) IgG and/or IgA is used to track levels of PEDV immunity over time. However, OFs contain particles of feed, feces, and inorganic material that detract from the quality of the sample. We clarified swine OF samples using lyophilized chitosan-based formulas (A–C) tested by PEDV IgG and IgA ELISAs. To evaluate both the immediate and residual effects of treatment on antibody detection, samples were tested immediately post-treatment, then stored at 4°C and retested at 2, 4, and 6 days post-treatment (DPT). Formulations were shown to effectively clarify samples. Statistical analysis comparing treated to untreated OF samples at 0 DPT found that neither chitosan nor Tween 20 affected the OF ELISA IgA and IgG sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio results ( p > 0.05). Furthermore, pairwise comparisons of 0 DPT to 2, 4, and 6 DPT results detected no significant differences ( p > 0.05) in IgA and IgG S/P ratios (i.e., treated OF samples were stable over time). Therefore, chitosan efficiently clarified OF specimens without affecting the results of the PEDV IgG and IgA antibody ELISAs.
Molecular detection of equine trypanosomiasis in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alanazi Abdullah D. , Puschendorf Robert , Salim Bashir , Alyousif Mohamed S. , Alanazi Ibrahim O. , Al-shehri Hajri R.
Published: September 2018

We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect trypanosome infections of horses and donkeys in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 368 horses and 142 donkeys, and subjected to universal first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1)-PCR followed by Trypanosoma evansi species–specific RoTat1.2-PCR. The universal ITS1-PCR revealed T. evansi infection in horses ( n = 12; 3.3%) and donkeys ( n = 4; 2.8%). There was no significant effect of sex or age on the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in horses or donkeys. Application of the RoTat1.2-PCR revealed that the RoTat1.2 VSG gene was absent from the positive ITS1-PCR samples of 3 horses and 1 donkey. This discrepancy could be explained by the circulation of T. evansi type B in Saudi Arabia; however, this suspicion requires confirmation.
Financier Search and Boundaries of the Angel and VC Markets
Authors: Pandher Gurupdesh
Published: September 2018

This paper studies how critical entrepreneurial finance outcomes such as the investment return and equity division are shaped by venture characteristics, financier risk preferences, and competitive searching. Our analysis uses a double-hazard agency model in which financiers determine the equity division to maximize the expected utility of their investment return while entrepreneurs search for the best deal. Model results provide new theoretical insights on the venture funding cycle, the coexistence of angels/venture capitalists (VCs) with heterogeneous risk aversion, and risk separation in the entrepreneurial finance market. The model predicts that financiers with higher funding capacity and advisory capabilities (e.g., VC firms) will prefer to fund at later stages as their expected investment return rises with the venture’s initial value and financier productivity. Competitive searching by entrepreneurs enables financiers with a diverse set of risk preferences to coexist profitably by reducing the advantage (disadvantage) of lower (higher) risk aversion financiers and making investment returns more similar. Further, the model shows the emergence of a risk separation cutoff beyond which only angels/VCs with lower levels of risk aversion can profitably fund riskier ventures.
When Do Women Make a Better Table? Examining the Influence of Women Directors on Family Firm’s Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Cruz Cristina , Justo Rachida , Larraza-Kintana Martín , Garcés-Galdeano Lucía
Published: September 2018

Our paper seeks to further understand the influence of gender board diversity on firms’ corporate social performance (CPS) in the context of publicly held family firms. Grounded on corporate governance and family firm literature, we argue that the influence of women directors on CSP will be contingent on their relative power and legitimacy within the board, and that such dynamics are particularly important in family firm boardrooms. Our empirical results show that increases in CSP associated with the presence of women in the boards of family firms are due mainly to the presence of outsider nonfamily and insider family women directors. Implications for the theory of family firms are discussed.
Family Firms and the Choice Between Wholly Owned Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures: A Transaction Costs Perspective
Authors: Sestu Maria Cristina , Majocchi Antonio
Published: September 2018

We examine the effects of family control on entry mode choice by integrating Transaction Costs Economics with the family business literature. Using a dataset of 951 foreign investments, we investigate the role of family involvement on entry modes. After controlling for endogeneity, we find that if both the investing and the local firm are family firms, forming a joint venture is preferred, while if only the investing firm is a family firm, a wholly owned subsidiary is more likely. Results show that family control has an important impact on entry modes, an hypothesis that has not yet been fully explored.
Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social–Emotional as a Teacher-Report Measure
Authors: Pooch Abigail , Natale Ruby , Hidalgo Tatiana
Published: September 2018

Universal screening of social–emotional deficits in preschool children is a promising avenue for detecting children in need of early intervention. Due to the enormity of this task, it is vital that the instruments used in universal screening be brief, inexpensive, and capable of accurately measuring social–emotional development. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social–Emotional (ASQ:SE) fulfills these requirements, but has been established only as a parent-report instrument, which makes it difficult to assess preschool-based child behavior and reporter bias. The current study examined the reliability and validity of the ASQ:SE in a sample of 443 preschool children and their teachers. Overall, the teacher-report ASQ:SE produced promising findings, including adequate internal consistency reliability (α = .73-.74) and strong concurrent validity. Further studies should include discriminant validity analyses, and more representative samples to allow for generalization of results.
Pharmacotherapy-Induced Hepatitis B Reactivation Among Patients With Prior Functional Cure: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bath Rhiannon M. , Doering Brandelyn E. , Nailor Michael D. , Goodlet Kellie J.
Published: September 2018

Objective: To describe and quantify the incidence and morbidity of hepatitis B reactivation (HBVr) secondary to pharmaceutical agents (eg, rituximab, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, direct-acting antivirals [DAAs] for hepatitis C) among patients with previously resolved hepatitis B infection. Data Sources: The MEDLINE database was searched from inception through July 2018 using the terms hepatitis B + ( reactivation OR [drug or drug class linked to HBVr]). Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant English-language cohort studies or randomized trials quantifying the incidence of HBVr secondary to pharmacotherapy among patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and DNA and positive for hepatitis B core antibody were included. Data Synthesis: Among 2045 articles, 102 met inclusion criteria. Receipt of rituximab was associated with the highest risk of HBVr (for oncological indication: 6.2% rate [225/3601 patients]) and subsequent hepatitis (up to 52.4% of all HBVr cases). Biologic agents for autoimmune disease were uncommonly associated with HBVr (2.4%, 56/2338), with only 4 cases of hepatitis, all attributable to rituximab. Reactivation caused by DAAs was rare (0.3%, 28/8398), with no cases of hepatitis. Relevance to Patient Care/Clinical Practice: This review compares and contrasts the incidence and clinical relevance of HBVr for various pharmacotherapies among patients with functionally cured hepatitis B, with discussion of appropriate risk mitigation strategies. Conclusions: Among patients with prior functional cure of hepatitis B, prophylactic antiviral therapy is recommended with rituximab administration irrespective of indication because of a high risk for HBVr-associated morbidity. Enhanced monitoring alone is reasonable for patients receiving nonrituximab biologics or DAAs.
Income Inequality, Poverty, and Fear of Crime in Europe
Authors: Kujala Pietari , Kallio Johanna , Niemelä Mikko
Published: September 2018

Studies of fear of crime in Europe associate country-level income inequality with fear of crime. However, by considering only income inequality these studies do not account for the effects of poverty. This article provides a more comprehensive perspective through multiple country-level indicators of income inequality and poverty and thereby provides important insights into fear of crime. The research data consist of the European Social Survey, Round 7 (2014), and country-level indicators provided by Eurostat. The results show that the Gini coefficient, S80/S20 ratio, and material deprivation are positively associated with fear of crime. The association is statistically significant but is moderate at best. However, the association between the relative median at-risk-of-poverty risk gap and fear of crime is not statistically significant. Education and income only appear to be mediators between material deprivation and fear of crime. Trust appears to be a mediator between the country-level indicators and fear of crime.
Cultural Impacts on National Innovativeness: Not Every Cultural Dimension Is Equal
Authors: Deckert Carsten , Schomaker Rahel M.
Published: September 2018

National innovativeness is one key driver of economic development. The relation of national innovativeness and national culture has been firmly established by research. Cultural factors, however, influence national innovativeness via different mechanisms on the macro-, meso-, and micro-level of a country. In our article, we build on existing research on the link between cultural dimensions and national innovativeness to develop a new model that classifies different cultural dimensions in groups according to their mechanism: political, social, or individual (PSI-model). Using a newly established data set composed of world data, we test and find support for this model using a variety of regression models. The PSI-model provides a more structured theoretical background of the impact of different cultural dimensions on national innovativeness, especially with regard to social practices and social values. It can be used to generate policy recommendations on national innovativeness and offers further applications in fields related to the various impacts of national culture.
Pilot Study of a 3-Dimensional Method for Analysis of Pronation of the First Metatarsal of Hallux Valgus Patients
Authors: Campbell Bradley , Miller Mark Carl , Williams Lance , Conti Stephen F.
Published: September 2018

Background:

The current work sought to quantify pronation of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal and of the proximal phalanx of the great toe relative to the first metatarsal.

Methods:

Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from weightbearing computed tomography (CT) images (10 hallux valgus, 10 normal). The orientations of bones related to hallux valgus (HV) (ie, the phalanx, first and second metatarsals) were determined from coordinate systems established by selecting landmarks. After determining the hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles, additional calculations geometrically determined the 3-dimensional (3D) angles using the aeronautical system of yaw-pitch-roll. The 3D geometrically determined angles were compared to the conventional plain radiographic angles.

Results:

HV measurements taken with CT and 3D computer-aided design (3DCAD) geometric methods were the same as measurements taken from plain radiographs (P > .05). The average pronation of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal was 8.2 degrees greater in the hallux valgus group (27.3 degrees) than in the normal group (19.1 degrees) (P = .044). A regression analysis of pronation vs intermetatarsal angle (IMA) was not found to be significant. There was also no correlation between pronation of the great toe and first metatarsal in the HV group.

Conclusions:

The pronation angle of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal between normal and hallux valgus patients was larger in HV patients but was not well correlated with the IMA.

Clinical Relevance:

The findings of this study indicate that pronation may need to be considered in the operative correction of hallux valgus for restoration of normal anatomy.
Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Transfibular Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Usuelli Federico G. , Maccario Camilla , Granata Francesco , Indino Cristian , Vakhshori Venus , Tan Eric W.
Published: September 2018

Background:

Ankle arthritis is a highly limiting pathology that causes pain and functional limitation with subsequent deterioration of quality of life. With recent advances in surgical instrumentation and techniques, prosthetic replacement of the ankle has proven to be a valid alternative to arthrodesis with comparable outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiological findings in a transfibular total ankle replacement with follow-up of at least 2 years.

Methods:

This prospective study included 89 patients who underwent transfibular total ankle arthroplasty from May 2013 to February 2016. The mean age was 53.2 ± 13.5 years. All patients were followed for at least 24 months postoperatively with an average follow-up of 42.0 ± 23.5 months. Patients were assessed clinically and radiographically preoperatively and at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively.

Results:

At 24 months postoperatively, patients demonstrated statistically significant improvement in the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle Hindfoot Score from 33.8 ± 14.3 to 88.5 ± 6.6 ( P < .001), visual analog scale (VAS) from 80.5 ± 17.0 to 14.1 ± 9.2 ( P < .001), and Short Form-12 Physical and Mental Composite Scores from 29.9 ± 6.7 and 43.3 ± 8.6 to 47.0 ± 7.6 and 53.3 ± 8.1, respectively ( P < .001). In addition, ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion improved from 6.2 ± 5.5 and 9.6 ± 5.8 degrees to 24.2 ± 7.9 and 18.1 ± 7.6 degrees, respectively ( P < .001). Radiographically, patients demonstrated maintained neutral alignment of the ankle at 24 months. No patient demonstrated any radiographic evidence of tibial or talar lucency at final follow-up. Seven patients underwent reoperation for removal of symptomatic hardware (6 fibular plates, 1 syndesmotic screw); 2 patients experienced delayed wound healing. The first one was treated with plate removal and flap coverage. The second one required fibular plate removal. One patient developed a postoperative prosthetic infection requiring operative debridement, removal of implants, and placement of an antibiotic spacer.

Conclusion:

This study found that transfibular total ankle replacement was a safe and effective option for patients with ankle arthritis resulting in improvements in patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, and radiographic parameters. However, further studies are required to determine the mid- and long-term performance of these implants.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Precorrection: An Effective, Efficient, Low-Intensity Strategy to Support Student Success
Authors: Ennis Robin Parks , Lane Kathleen Lynne , Menzies Holly M. , Owens Penney Patterson
Published: September 2018

Precorrection is a low-intensity strategy that focuses on preventing problem behaviors from occurring by providing reminders for appropriate responding, context modification to support student success, and reinforcement for appropriate responding. In this article, we describe a step-by-step process for using precorrection. Throughout the article, we offer lessons from the field featuring the perspectives of practitioners who have successfully implemented this easy-to-use strategy with students, including those at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders.
Pilot study using intraoperative fluorescence angiography during arteriovenous hemodialysis access surgery
Authors: Regus Susanne , Klingler Felix , Lang Werner , Meyer Alexander , Almási-Sperling Veronika , May Matthias , Wüst Wolfgang , Rother Ulrich
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

In this pilot study, we used indocyanine green fluorescence angiography during hemodialysis access surgery. The aim was to evaluate its relevance as a diagnostic tool to visualize changes in hand microperfusion.

Patients and methods:

In this prospective single-center study, 47 adult patients (33 male, 14 female) with renal disease (24 preemptive, 23 endstage) were enrolled. Surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula was performed (22 forearm, 25 upper arm). Microperfusion of the ipsilateral hand and fingers was evaluated intraoperatively using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography. We compared the cumulated microperfusion parameters ingress (In) and ingress rate (InR) before and after opening of the anastomosis. To compare the dimension of microcirculatory decline, we calculated the ratios of the parameters (RatioIn and RatioInR) after to those before anastomosis opening.

Results:

The cumulated microperfusion parameters In and InR showed a significant decrease after completion of anastomosis and declamping. This effect has been seen in all patients for the hand and for each finger consecutively. During follow-up (mean 4.6, range 3–11 months), 5 patients (10.6%) complained about hemodialysis access–induced distal ischemia. The ratio of intraoperative microperfusion in those five hemodialysis access–induced ischemia patients was significantly lower compared to asymptomatic patients (RatioIn 0.23 vs 0.58, p = 0.001, and RatioInR 0.25 vs 0.62, p = 0.003).

Conclusion:

Intraoperative fluorescence angiography could visualize the deterioration of ipsilateral hand microperfusion after surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula. It seems to be a promising tool to detect patients at risk for hemodialysis access–induced distal ischemia early in the peri- or even intraoperative stage.
“If You Can’t Hear Me, I Will Show You”: Insurgent Claims to Public Space in a Marginalized Social Housing Neighborhood in France
Authors: Dijkema Claske
Published: September 2018

This article is concerned with public space as a place of contestation, of confrontation, and insurgency. It situates these everyday forms of confrontation in France’s postcolonial history, arguing that the occupation of communal spaces by groups of youths should be understood as part of a larger conflict about the place that those called “of immigrant origin” can occupy in French society. The article seeks to explain why youths involved in the unsanctioned use of space rely on means that are widely interpreted as uncivil or violent in order to make themselves visible and to be heard. It argues that these claims to space may be interpreted as subaltern claims to citizenship. As second-class citizens, they lack “a place” in society, as subalterns their discourse is not heard, so they seek alternative ways to exist. The neighborhood proves to be an eminent place to be somewhere and someone.
Triathlon Bodies in Motion: Reconceptualizing Feelings of Pain, Nausea and Disgust in the Ironman Triathlon
Authors: Andreasson Jesper , Johansson Thomas
Published: September 2018

This study focuses on the physical expressions and intensity of embodiment that occur in the Ironman Triathlon. More specifically, the study investigates the transformational bodily experiences taking place during Ironman competitions. Using an ethnographic approach, a total of 29 Ironman triathletes participated in the study (15 men and 14 women). Theoretically, the article focuses on how triathletes’ bodies ‘move’ between different forms of embodiment. The results show that, in the process of disciplining the body, the athletes reconceptualized feelings of pain, nausea and even disgust, making these emotionally expressive aspects of the corpus into a part of the experience and bending them towards the pleasure of reaching potential divinity. Situated in a long tradition of philosophical and sociological explorations of the transgressing and transcending body, the study interprets and understands the performing body as a site for change and utopian possibilities. Thus the study adds to existing debates on contemporary individuals’ exploration of the existential and corporeal dimensions of modernity.