bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Look‐ahead content balancing method in variable‐length computerized classification testing
Authors: Li Xiao , Zhang Jinming , Chang Hua‐hua
Published: March 2019

Content balancing is one of the most important issues in computerized classification testing. To adapt to variable‐length forms, special treatments are needed to successfully control content constraints without knowledge of test length during the test. To this end, we propose the notions of ‘look‐ahead’ and ‘step size’ to adaptively control content constraints in each item selection step. The step size gives a prediction of the number of items to be selected at the current stage, that is, how far we will look ahead. Two look‐ahead content balancing (LA‐CB) methods, one with a constant step size and another with an adaptive step size, are proposed as feasible solutions to balancing content areas in variable‐length computerized classification testing. The proposed LA‐CB methods are compared with conventional item selection methods in variable‐length tests and are examined with different classification methods. Simulation results show that, integrated with heuristic item selection methods, the proposed LA‐CB methods result in fewer constraint violations and can maintain higher classification accuracy. In addition, the LA‐CB method with an adaptive step size outperforms that with a constant step size in content management. Furthermore, the LA‐CB methods generate higher test efficiency while using the sequential probability ratio test classification method.
Habitat use and seed removal by invasive rats (Rattus rattus) in disturbed and undisturbed rain forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Shiels Aaron B. , Ramírez de Arellano Gabriela E.
Published: March 2019

Despite frequent occurrences of invasive rats (Rattus spp.) on islands, their known effects on forests are limited. Where invasive rats have been studied, they generally have significant negative impacts on native plants, birds, and other animals. This study aimed to determine invasive rat distribution and effects on native plant populations via short‐term seed removal trials in tropical rain forest habitats in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. To address the first objective, we used tracking tunnels (inked and baited cards inside tunnels enabling animal visitors’ footprints to be identified) placed on the ground and in the lower canopy within disturbed (treefall gaps, hurricane plots, stream edges) and undisturbed (continuous forest) habitats. We found that rats are present in all habitats tested. Secondly, we compared seed removal of four native tree species (Guarea guidonia, Buchenavia capitata, Tetragastris balsamifera, and Prestoea acuminata) between vertebrate‐excluded and free‐access treatments in the same disturbed and undisturbed habitats. Trail cameras were used to identify animals responsible for seed contact and removal. Black rats (Rattus rattus) were responsible for 65.1% of the interactions with seeds, of which 28.6% were confirmed seed removals. Two plant species had significantly more seeds removed in disturbed (gaps) than undisturbed forest. Prestoea acuminata had the lowest seed removal (9% in 10 days), whereas all other species had >30% removal. Black rats are likely influencing fates of seeds on the forest floor, and possibly forest community composition, through dispersal or predation. Further understanding of rat–plant interactions may be useful for formulating conservation strategies.
LinesLab: A Flexible Low‐Cost Approach for the Generation of Physical Monochrome Art
Authors: Stoppel S. , Bruckner S.
Published: March 2019

The desire for the physical generation of computer art has seen a significant body of research that has resulted in sophisticated robots and painting machines, together with specialized algorithms mimicking particular artistic techniques. The resulting setups are often expensive and complex, making them unavailable for recreational and hobbyist use. In recent years, however, a new class of affordable low‐cost plotters and cutting machines has reached the market. In this paper, we present a novel system for the physical generation of line and cut‐out art based on digital images, targeted at such off‐the‐shelf devices. Our approach uses a meta‐optimization process to generate results that represent the tonal content of a digital image while conforming to the physical and mechanical constraints of home‐use devices. By flexibly combining basic sets of positional and shape encodings, we are able to recreate a wide range of artistic styles. Furthermore, our system optimizes the output in terms of visual perception based on the desired viewing distance, while remaining scalable with respect to the medium size.
Peripheral blood test provides a practical method for glioma evaluation and prognosis prediction
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Liang , Zhang Chuan‐Bao , Liu Yu‐Qing , Wang Zheng , Jiang Tao
Published: March 2019

Objective

To investigate the relationship between tumor characteristics and the preoperative counts of immune cells in peripheral blood test in glioma patients.

Methods

We included 260 WHO grades II‐IV patients who had preoperative peripheral blood test result from Sanbo hospital as training set. The 66 patients from Tiantan hospital was obtained for validation. RNA sequencing data from CGGA and TCGA datasets were used to evaluate the features of neutrophil subtype and lymphocyte subtype in glioma.

Results

We revealed that the count of preoperative lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils were associated with glioma grades. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) <3.2 was associated with better prognosis, whereas increased NLR was strongly corresponding with a poor prognosis. Lymphocyte type glioma patients demonstrated a positive correlation with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation and lower grade. IDH mutant glioma contained a higher proportion of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes than IDH wild‐type glioma. The immune subtype (neutrophil subtype and lymphocyte subtype) was an independent prognostic factor in glioma.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that NLR was an important prognostic factor in glioma. We classified that the immune subtype of glioma may contribute to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for glioma patients.
The LEADER approach and drivers of job creation
Authors: Angioloni Simone , Sherry Erin , Wu Ziping
Published: March 2019

This study investigates the links between rural development funding delivered via LEADER and job creation. Analysis is carried out using application‐level data during the 2007–2013 period in Northern Ireland. A two‐step procedure is employed to estimate a negative binomial model and correct for sample selection. Results indicate that there is a positive relationship between the number of jobs created and the amount of funds awarded, and that this depends on what Measure within Axis 3 applications are submitted under. More economic‐focused Measures, such as Farm Diversification, Business Development, and Tourism show a positive relationship between the amount of public funds and the number of jobs created. No such relationship was found for the more social, or cultural Measures. This result supports the argument that in such cases “jobs created” is not an appropriate indicator for evaluation purposes, but rather non‐economic criteria should be given priority to better suit the primary objective of such Measures. Other factors that are linked to job creation include applicant characteristics, such as its business status. In general, we find a limited connection between the process to select which applications are funded and the application characteristics most strongly associated with job creation.
Investigation of expressions of PDK1, PLK1 and c‐Myc in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Feng Yuhua , Lin Jinguan , Liu Yiping , Tang Youhong , Zhou Yangying , Zhong Meizuo
Published: March 2019

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Because the prognosis of DLBCL patients varies considerably, there is an urgent need to identify novel prognostic factors. In this study, we investigated the expression levels of the signalling enzyme 3‐phosphoinositide‐dependent protein kinase‐1 (PDK1), the cell cycle regulatory enzyme Polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1) and the transcription factor (c‐Myc) in DLBCL tissues and evaluated their clinical and prognostic significance. PDK1, PLK1 and c‐Myc were detected by immunohistochemical staining of paraffin‐embedded specimens from 152 DLBCL and 48 lymphadenitis patients. Expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological factors. PDK1, PLK1 and c‐Myc were more commonly expressed in DLBCL specimens than in lymphadenitis specimens, and the expression of each protein correlated positively with that of the other two molecules. High PDK1, PLK1 and c‐Myc expression, high international prognostic index score, high lactate dehydrogenase levels and late Ann Arbor stage were shown to correlate with shorter overall survival time. A multivariate Cox regression model showed that high expression levels of PLK1 and c‐Myc were independent prognostic factors for DLBCL. Our findings indicate that PLK1 and c‐Myc expression might be promising predictive biomarkers for DLBCL patients.
The long‐term effectiveness and failure mechanism of the chemically bonded phosphate ceramic coatings with different thickness
Authors: Liu Yaxuan , Bian Da , Zhao Yongwu
Published: March 2019

In this study, the chemically bonded phosphate ceramic coatings (CBPCs) with different thickness (100 µm, 200 µm, and 300 µm) are prepared on the mild steel (Q235). Potentiodynamic polarization testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were carried out to study the synthetic effect of coating thickness and etching time (12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) on the corrosion behavior of CBPCs. The surface and cross section microstructure of CBPCs before and after different immersion time in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution is investigated to better understand the corrosion behavior. Results revealed that the enhanced coating thickness can effectively postpone the corrosive factors infiltration into the substrate and prohibit the corrosion of the mild steel. From the potentiodynamic polarization testing results, the protection efficiency of the coating greatly increases with the increase in etching time. In addition, an increase in 10 000 and 1000 orders of magnitude of impedance value for the CBPCs with 12 hours and 48 hours etching time has been observed, respectively, indicating the CBPCs can effectively protect the mild steel from corrosion damage even with long‐term service.
The Political Influence of Return: From Diaspora to Libyan Transit Returnees
Authors: Zanker Franzisca , Altrogge Judith
Published: March 2019

In December 2016, Gambian dictator Jammeh was surprisingly ousted through the ballot box by a democratically motivated opposition. With this remarkable change, tables also turned for Gambian migrants. Gambians abroad were called upon to return and help rebuild the nation, while political interests in host states increased to return “irregular” migrants. In what ways can migrant return be politically influential, especially after a critical juncture as in the Gambia? Current studies fail to consider different types of returnees, including those perceived as highly skilled compared to those seen as low‐skilled. We found that in post‐dictatorial Gambia, both types of returnees have political influence on the new regime. Highly skilled diaspora returnees were explicitly invited as contributors to political developments in the country and thus have a direct political influence. In contrast, low‐skilled returned migrants from Libya are considered as receivers of public goods; yet through claims to political representation they managed to carve out political influence, albeit indirectly.
The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN): associations with mental and physical health, risky behaviors, and psychiatric diagnoses in youth seeking treatment
Authors: Slavich George M. , Stewart Jeremy G. , Esposito Erika C. , Shields Grant S. , Auerbach Randy P.
Published: March 2019

Background

Numerous theories have posited that stressors occurring over the lifespan may exert a cumulative effect on psychological and biological processes that increase individuals’ risk for a variety of mental and physical health problems. Given the difficulty associated with assessing lifetime stress exposure, however, few empirical studies have directly tested these cumulative risk models of psychopathology and human health.

Method

To address this issue, we examined the usability, acceptability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the recently developed Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN) in 338 youth (Mage = 15.64; 229 females) seeking mental health treatment.

Results

The Adolescent STRAIN achieved high acceptability and was completed in approximately 25 min (interquartile range: 20–32 min). Concurrent associations with other measures of early adversity (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire‐Short Form) and interpersonal stress (Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire) were very good (rs = .50–.59). In analyses that adjusted for participants’ age, sex, and race, the STRAIN was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and anhedonia severity; general mental and physical health complaints; risky behavior engagement; and number of interviewer‐based psychiatric diagnoses (βs = .16–.52; risk ratios = 1.006–1.014). Contrary to classic theories of stress which assume that different stressors exert similar effects on health, substantial differences were observed across the two stressor types, twelve life domains, and five core social‐psychological characteristics assessed by the Adolescent STRAIN.

Conclusions

These data confirm the relevance of lifetime stress exposure for multiple health outcomes in adolescence, which can in turn inform existing theories of lifespan health. Because stress is a common presenting problem in hospitals and clinics, these data also suggest the possibility of using the Adolescent STRAIN to generate stress exposure profiles for case conceptualization and treatment planning purposes.
OsCIPK7 point‐mutation leads to conformation and kinase‐activity change for sensing cold response
Authors: Zhang Dajian , Guo Xiaoyu , Xu Yunyuan , Li Hao , Ma Liang , Yao Xuefeng , Weng Yuxiang , Guo Yan , Liu Chun‐Ming , Chong Kang
Published: March 2019

Calcineurin B‐like interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play important roles via environmental stress. However, less is known how to sense the stress in molecular structure conformation level. Here, an OsCIPK7 mutant via TILLING procedure with a point mutation in the kinase domain showed increased chilling tolerance, which could be potentially used in the molecular breeding. We found that this point mutation of OsCIPK7 led to a conformational change in the activation loop of the kinase domain, subsequently with an increase of protein kinase activity, thus conferred an increased tolerance to chilling stress.
Jasmonic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis via suppression of cadmium uptake and translocation
Authors: Lei Gui Jie , Sun Li , Sun Ying , Zhu Xiao Fang , Li Gui Xin , Zheng Shao Jian
Published: March 2019

Jasmonic acid (JA) is thought to be involved in plant responses to cadmium (Cd) stress, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that Cd treatment rapidly induces the expression of genes promoting endogenous JA synthesis, and subsequently increases the JA concentration in Arabidopsis roots. Furthermore, exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) alleviates Cd‐generated chlorosis of new leaves by decreasing the Cd concentration in root cell sap and shoot, and decreasing the expression of the AtIRT1, AtHMA2 and AtHMA4 genes promoting Cd uptake and long‐distance translocation, respectively. In contrast, mutation of a key JA synthesis gene, AtAOS, greatly enhances the expression of AtIRT1, AtHMA2 and AtHMA4, increases Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, and confers increased sensitivity to Cd. Exogenous MeJA recovers the enhanced Cd‐sensitivity of the ataos mutant, but not of atcoi1, a JA receptor mutant. In addition, exogenous MeJA reduces NO levels in Cd‐stressed Arabidopsis root tips. Taken together, our results suggest that Cd‐induced JA acts via the JA signaling pathway and its effects on NO levels to positively restrict Cd accumulation and alleviates Cd toxicity in Arabidopsis via suppression of the expression of genes promoting Cd uptake and long‐distance translocation.
Specifying the role of BAK1‐interacting receptor‐like kinase 3 in brassinosteroid signaling
Authors: Großeholz Ruth , Feldman‐Salit Anna , Wanke Friederike , Schulze Sarina , Glöckner Nina , Kemmerling Birgit , Harter Klaus , Kummer Ursula
Published: March 2019

Brassinosteroids (BR) are involved in the control of several developmental processes ranging from root elongation to senescence and adaptation to environmental cues. Thus, BR perception and signaling have to be precisely regulated. One regulator is BRI1‐associated kinase 1 (BAK1)‐interacting receptor‐like kinase 3 (BIR3). In the absence of BR, BIR3 forms complexes with BR insensitive 1 (BRI1) and BAK1. However, the biophysical and energetic requirements for complex formation in the absence of the ligand have yet to be determined. Using computational modeling, we simulated the potential complexes between the cytoplasmic domains of BAK1, BRI1 and BIR3. Our calculations and experimental data confirm the interaction of BIR3 with BAK1 and BRI1, with the BAK1 BIR3 interaction clearly favored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BIR3 and BRI1 share the same interaction site with BAK1. This suggests a competition between BIR3 and BRI1 for binding to BAK1, which results in preferential binding of BIR3 to BAK1 in the absence of the ligand thereby preventing the active participation of BAK1 in BR signaling. Our model also suggests that BAK1 and BRI1 can interact even while BAK1 is in complex with BIR3 at an additional binding site of BAK1 that does not allow active BR signaling.
Association of sustained supraphysiologic hyperinsulinemia and inflammatory signaling within the digital lamellae in light‐breed horses
Authors: Watts Mauria R. , Hegedus Olivia C. , Eades Susan C. , Belknap James K. , Burns Teresa A.
Published: March 2019

Background

Hyperinsulinemia is associated with equine laminitis, and digital lamellar inflammation in equine metabolic syndrome‐associated laminitis (EMSAL) is modest when compared with sepsis‐associated laminitis.

Objectives

To characterize digital lamellar inflammation in horses in a euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) model of laminitis.

Animals

Sixteen healthy adult Standardbred horses.

Methods

Prospective experimental study. Horses underwent EHC or saline infusion (CON) for 48 hours or until the onset of Obel grade 1 laminitis. Horses were euthanized, and digital lamellar tissue was collected and analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (pro‐inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes—CXCL1, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL‐6, MCP‐1, MCP‐2, IL‐1β, IL11, cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF‐α], E‐selectin, and ICAM‐1), immunoblotting (phosphorylated and total signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [STAT1], STAT3, and p38MAPK), and immunohistochemistry (markers of leukocyte infiltration: CD163, MAC387).

Results

Lamellar mRNA concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐11, COX‐2, and E‐selectin were increased; the concentration of COX‐1 was decreased; and concentrations of CXCL1, CXCL6, MCP‐1, MCP‐2, IL‐8, TNF‐α and ICAM‐1 were not significantly different in the EHC group compared to the CON group (P ≤ .003). Lamellar concentrations of phosphorylated STAT proteins (P‐STAT1 [S727], P‐STAT1 [Y701], P‐STAT3 [S727], and P‐STAT3 [Y705]) were increased in the EHC group compared to the CON group, with phosphorylated STAT3 localizing to nuclei of lamellar basal epithelial cells. There was no change in the lamellar concentration of P‐p38 MAPK (T180/Y182), but the concentration of total p38 MAPK was decreased in the EHC samples. There was no evidence of notable lamellar leukocyte emigration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These results establish a role for lamellar inflammatory signaling under conditions associated with EMSAL.
Association of adipokines with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients on long‐term nucleoside analogue
Authors: Mak Lung‐Yi , Lee Chi‐Ho , Cheung Ka‐Shing , Wong Danny Ka‐Ho , Liu Fen , Hui Rex Wan‐Hin , Fung James , Xu Aimin , Lam Karen Siu‐Ling , Yuen Man‐Fung , Seto Wai‐Kay
Published: March 2019

Background & Aims

It is unknown how concomitant hepatic steatosis affects disease progression in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Adipokines such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein (AFABP) have been associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. We determined the significance of these metabolic markers in CHB‐related liver injury.

Methods

We recruited CHB patients on antiviral treatment for transient elastography assessment to determine liver stiffness (advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, F3/F4, defined by EASL‐ALEH criteria) and controlled attenuation parameter (hepatic steatosis, defined as ≥ 248 dB/m). Plasma FGF‐21, AFABP and adiponectin levels were measured.

Results

A total of 415 patients [mean age 59.6 years, 71.6% male, median treatment duration 6.2 years] were recruited. Patients with F3/F4 (N = 151) had lower FGF‐21 (11.7 vs 13.6 pg/mL, P = 0.055), higher AFABP (126.8 vs 84.1 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and HOMA‐IR (7.1 vs 5.1, P = 0.004) levels compared to those without F3/F4 (N = 264). Multivariate analysis showed that FGF‐21 level was associated with hepatic steatosis (OR 1.005, 95% CI 1.001‐1.009) and F3/F4 (OR 0.993, 95% CI 0.989‐0.998), while AFABP level (OR 1.001, 95% CI 1‐1.002), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.107, 95% CI 1.037‐1.182) and presence of diabetes mellitus (OR 2.059, 95% CI 1.206‐3.516) were associated with F3/F4. With the combined presence of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, diabetes and AFABP > 105.9 pg/mL, the odds ratio for F3/F4 was 3.712 (95% CI 1.364‐10.105, P = 0.010).

Conclusions

Low FGF‐21 and high AFABP levels were associated with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in CHB patients on antiviral treatment. Plasma AFABP, together with other metabolic risk factors, may aid identification of patients lacking fibrosis improvement during antiviral treatment.
Shock‐induced microtextures in lunar apatite and merrillite
Authors: Černok Ana , White Lee Francis , Darling James , Dunlop Joseph , Anand Mahesh
Published: March 2019

Apatite and merrillite are the most common phosphate minerals in a wide range of planetary materials and are key accessory phases for in situ age dating, as well as for determination of the volatile abundances and their isotopic composition. Although most lunar and meteoritic samples show at least some evidence of impact metamorphism, relatively little is known about how these two phosphates respond to shock‐loading. In this work, we analyzed a set of well‐studied lunar highlands samples (Apollo 17 Mg‐suite rocks 76535, 76335, 72255, 78235, and 78236), in order of displaying increasing shock deformation stages from S1 to S6. We determined the stage of shock deformation of the rock based on existing plagioclase shock‐pressure barometry using optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM‐based panchromatic cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of plagioclase. We then inspected the microtexture of apatite and merrillite through an integrated study of Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐CL imaging, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). EBSD analyses revealed that microtextures in apatite and merrillite become progressively more complex and deformed with increasing levels of shock‐loading. An early shock‐stage fragmentation at S1 and S2 is followed by subgrain formation from S2 onward, showing consistent decrease in subgrain size with increasing level of deformation (up to S5) and finally granularization of grains caused by recrystallization (S6). Starting with 2°–3° of intragrain crystal‐plastic deformation in both phosphates at the lowest shock stage, apatite undergoes up to 25° and merrillite up to 30° of crystal‐plastic deformation at the highest stage of shock deformation (S5). Merrillite displays lower shock impedance than apatite; hence, it is more deformed at the same level of shock‐loading. We suggest that the microtexture of apatite and merrillite visualized by EBSD can be used to evaluate stages of shock deformation and should be taken into account when interpreting in situ geochemically relevant analyses of the phosphates, e.g., age or volatile content, as it has been shown in other accessory minerals that differently shocked domains can yield significantly different ages.
Poultry husbandry, water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, and child anthropometry in rural Burkina Faso
Authors: Gelli Aulo , Headey Derek , Becquey Elodie , Ganaba Rasmane , Huybregts Lieven , Pedehombga Abdoulaye , Santacroce Marco , Verhoef Hans
Published: March 2019

Poultry production in low income countries provides households with nutrient‐rich meat and egg products, as well as cash income. However, traditional production systems present potential health and nutrition risks because poultry scavenging around household compounds may increase children's exposure to livestock‐related pathogens. Data from a cross‐sectional survey were analysed to examine associations between poultry, water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, and anthropometric indicators in children (6–59 months; n = 3,230) in Burkina Faso. Multilevel regression was used to account for the hierarchical nature of the data. The prevalence of stunting and wasting in children 6–24 months was 19% and 17%, respectively, compared with a prevalence of 26% and 6%, respectively, in children 25–60 months. Over 90% of households owned poultry, and chicken faeces were visible in 70% of compounds. Caregivers reported that 3% of children consumed eggs during a 24‐hr recall. The presence of poultry faeces was associated with poultry flock size, poultry‐husbandry and household hygiene practices. Having an improved water source and a child visibly clean was associated with higher height‐for‐age z scores (HAZ). The presence of chicken faeces was associated with lower weight‐for‐height z scores, and no associations were found with HAZ. Low levels of poultry flock size and poultry consumption in Burkina Faso suggest there is scope to expand production and improve diets in children, including increasing chicken and egg consumption. However, to minimize potential child health risks associated with expanding informal poultry production, research is required to understand the mechanisms through which cohabitation with poultry adversely affects child health and design interventions to minimize these risks.
A process of convergent amplification and tissue‐specific expression dominates the evolution of toxin and toxin‐like genes in sea anemones
Authors: Surm Joachim M. , Smith Hayden L. , Madio Bruno , Undheim Eivind A.B. , King Glenn F. , Hamilton Brett R. , van der Burg Chloé A. , Pavasovic Ana , Prentis Peter J.
Published: March 2019

Members of phylum Cnidaria are an ancient group of venomous animals and rely on a number of specialized tissues to produce toxins in order to fulfil a range of ecological roles including prey capture, defence against predators, digestion and aggressive encounters. However, limited comprehensive analyses of the evolution and expression of toxin genes currently exist for cnidarian species. In this study, we use genomic and transcriptomic sequencing data to examine gene copy number variation and selective pressure on toxin gene families in phylum Cnidaria. Additionally, we use quantitative RNA‐seq and mass spectrometry imaging to understand expression patterns and tissue localization of toxin production in sea anemones. Using genomic data, we demonstrate that the first large‐scale expansion and diversification of known toxin genes occurs in phylum Cnidaria, a process we also observe in other venomous lineages, which we refer to as convergent amplification. Our analyses of selective pressure on sea anemone toxin gene families reveal that purifying selection is the dominant mode of evolution for these genes and that phylogenetic inertia is an important determinant of toxin gene complement in this group. The gene expression and tissue localization data revealed that specific genes and proteins from toxin gene families show strong patterns of tissue and developmental‐phase specificity in sea anemones. Overall, convergent amplification and phylogenetic inertia have strongly influenced the distribution and evolution of the toxin complement observed in sea anemones, while the production of venoms with different compositions across tissues is related to the functional and ecological roles undertaken by each tissue type.
Understanding the mechanism of Chikungunya virus vector competence in three species of mosquitoes
Authors: Ghosh A. , Mullapudi T. , Bomanna S. , Tyagi B. K. , Ravi V. , Desai A.
Published: March 2019

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is primarily transmitted byAedesspp. mosquitoes. The present study investigated vector competence for CHIKV inAedes aegyptiandAedesalbopictusmosquitoes found in Madurai, South India. The role of receptor proteins on midguts contributing to permissiveness of CHIKV toAedesspp. mosquitoes was also undertaken. Mosquitoes were orally infected with CHIKV DRDE‐06. Infection of midguts and dissemination to heads was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay at different time points. A plaque assay was performed from mosquito homogenates at different time points to study CHIKV replication. Presence of putative CHIKV receptor proteins on mosquito midgut epithelial cells was detected by virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA). The identity of these proteins was established using mass spectrometry. CHIKV infection ofAe. aegyptiandAe. albopictusmidguts and dissemination to heads was observed to be similar. A plaque assay performed with infected mosquito homogenates revealed that CHIKV replication dynamics was similar inAedessp. mosquitoes until 28 days post infection. VOPBA performed with mosquito midgut membrane proteins revealed that prohibitin could serve as a putative CHIKV receptor onAedesmosquito midguts, whereas an absence of CHIKV binding protein/s onCulex quinquefasciatusmidguts can partially explain the non‐permissiveness of these mosquitoes to infection.
A Matter of Experience? Understanding the Decline in Group Lending
Authors: Ahlin Christian , Suandi Matthew
Published: March 2019

Group lending, often considered a key innovation driving the successful expansion of microcredit across the world, appears to be on the decline. Using MIX data on microfinance institutions (MFIs), we study this time trend, focusing on macroeconomic predictors of group lending and MFI experience. Results suggest that any movement away from group lending is better explained via MFIs gaining experience rather than a secular time trend. We also find that group lending is used more extensively in poorer and low‐growth economies. We argue that these findings can be understood within established views of group lending, and carry important implications for the historical and continuing importance of group lending.
Rapid maxillary expansion effects of nasal airway in children with cleft lip and palate using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Iwasaki Tomonori , Yanagisawa‐Minami Ayaka , Suga Hokuto , Shirazawa Yoshito , Tsujii Toshiya , Yamamoto Yuushi , Ban Yuusuke , Sato‐Hashiguchi Makiko , Sato Hideo , Kanomi Ryuzo , Yamasaki Youichi
Published: March 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) improves nasal airway ventilation in non‐cleft palate children. Children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) may have nasal obstruction and experience an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea. The effect of RME in UCLP children is unclear. This retrospective study evaluated RME‐induced changes in ventilation parameters in children with UCLP using computational fluid dynamics.

Setting and Sample Population

Nineteen patients (10 boys, mean age 10.7 years) who required RME had cone‐beam computed tomography images taken before and after RME. Twenty control participants (11 boys, mean age 11.1 years) received regular orthodontic treatment.

Methods

Nasal airway ventilation parameters (air pressure, air velocity and airflow rate) were analysed via computational fluid dynamics, and nasal cross‐sectional area (CSA) was measured.

Results

Maximum pressure, velocity and nasal resistance were significantly reduced by RME in the UCLP group. Air flow rate and CSA on the cleft side significantly were increased by RME in the UCLP group.

Conclusions

In children with UCLP, increasing the quantity of airflow and CSA on the cleft side by RME substantially improved nasal ventilation.
Transplantation of dental pulp‐derived cell sheets cultured on human amniotic membrane induced to differentiate into bone
Authors: Takizawa Shigeta , Yamamoto Toshiro , Honjo Ken‐Ichi , Sato Yoshiki , Nakamura Koya , Yamamoto Kenta , Adachi Tetsuya , Uenishi Toshihiro , Oseko Fumishige , Amemiya Takeshi , Yamamoto Yoshiaki , Kumagai Wataru , Kita Masakazu , Kanamura Narisato
Published: March 2019

Objective

The usefulness of the amniotic membrane as a cell culture substrate has led to its use in the development of dental pulp‐derived cell sheets. We induced osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp‐derived cell sheets and conducted histological and immunological examinations in addition to imaging assessments for regeneration of bone defects.

Methods

Dental pulp cells were obtained by primary culture of the dental pulp tissue harvested from extracted wisdom teeth. These cells were maintained for three to four passages. Subsequently, the dental pulp cells were seeded onto an amniotic membrane to produce dental pulp‐derived cell sheets.

Following the induction of osteoblastic differentiation, the sheets were grafted into the subcutaneous tissue of the lower back and maxillary bone defect of a nude mouse. Histological and immunological examinations of both grafts were performed.

Results

Dental pulp‐derived cell sheets cultured on an osteoblast differentiation‐inducing medium demonstrated resemblance to dental pulp tissue and produced calcified tissue. Mineralization was maintained following grafting of the sheets. Regeneration of the maxillary bone defect was observed.

Conclusion

Induction of osteoblastic differentiation of the dental pulp‐derived cell sheets may be indicated for the regeneration of periodontal tissue.
Augmenting Fixed Framework Agreements in Humanitarian Logistics with a Bonus Contract
Authors: Wang Xihui , Fan Yu , Liang Liang , De Vries Harwin , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: March 2019

Framework agreements (FAs) are commonly used by relief organizations to cooperate with suppliers to pre‐position relief items. Many Chinese local authorities with disaster responding experience choose a specific type of FA, the fixed framework agreement (FFA), which contains fixed terms for item quality, quantity, price, and delivery lead time. These FFAs, however, do not fully motivate suppliers to further improve the effectiveness of a humanitarian logistics (HL) operation. We suggest using a bonus contract as a supplemental agreement to FFAs to incentivize suppliers to reduce delivery lead times. We develop a performance measurement model using deprivation level functions (DLFs) to measure effectiveness, efficiency and cost‐effectiveness of an HL operation. With this model, we quantify the performance of an FFA with and without bonus contract and study the feasibility and optimality of the bonus contract. A case study on an FFA observed in practice is used to illustrate our methodology. The results show that the bonus contract can be both practical and capable of improving the performance of an HL operation.
Understanding “corruption” in regulatory agencies: The case of food inspection in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al‐Mutairi Saad , Connerton Ian , Dingwall Robert
Published: March 2019

Corruption is a relatively neglected topic in studies of regulatory agencies. The label is applied to a wide range of deviations from behavioral standards ultimately derived from Weber's account of the ideals of Prussian bureaucracy. This paper draws on a study of the work of Saudi Food Inspectors to argue that it is unhelpful to reduce a complex phenomenon to simple allegations of malpractice that can be managed by disciplinary sanctions. Our data show that irregular behavior by street‐level agents may be deeply embedded in the expectations that members of a society have of one another. It is less a matter of personal gain than of maintaining one's recognition as a fellow citizen. Such behavior is not easily changed through sanctions directed at individual inspectors. Our study does not exclude the possibility that irregular behavior can be motivated by personal gain, and properly managed by criminal or similar penalties. However, it does propose that research should be more sensitive to the contexts within which irregular behavior occurs rather than treating “corruption” as a uniform and homogenous phenomenon.
Explaining Nigeria’s Economic Growth: Balance of Payments Constrained Growth Approach With External and Internal Imbalances
Authors: Panshak Yohanna , Civcir Irfan , Ozdeser Hüseyin
Published: March 2019

This study employs a system estimator to examine the validity of balance of payment constrained growth model in the case of Nigeria. We modified a version of Thirlwall’s model developed by Soukiaziset al.(2014) to incorporate the role of foreign contents in growth process. The new version of the model improves significantly explaining the growth in Nigeria. The outcome of this study shows that imported intermediate and capital goods significantly contribute to manufacturing export and domestic investment growth. However, high reliance on the imports of intermediate goods constrains economic growth. World real income exerts significant effect on aggregate exports, similar arguments could not be established when the manufacturing export sector is considered in isolation. Our results reveal that economic growth in Nigeria is constrained by internal and external imbalances. The study recommends among others increasing the manufactured export share, efficient use of oil rents as well as containing budget deficit within acceptable threshold to position the economy on a viable growth path.
Consumers’ Attitude Toward Socially Responsible Consumerism in the Sustainable Fashion Market
Authors: Delieva Daniela , Eom Hyo Jin
Published: March 2019

The fashion industry is one of the most toxic industries, which has led luxury brands to get involved in their efforts to build a more sustainable fashion future. Although the current fashion industry has put efforts into introducing ethical and sustainable consumption, customers have displayed contradictory attitudes toward green products in the luxury sector. Specifically, customers have generally shown an interest in environmentally friendly apparel while many customers are also shown to be reluctant in purchasing sustainable fashion clothing. This study was aimed at analyzing key variables in regards to attitude towards sustainable fashion advertising for luxury brands. The results showed three statistically significant regression coefficients: Interdependent-self, independent-self, and perceived personal relevancy. In light of the previous discussion, this study also sheds more light into the construal-level influence based on the notion of self-construals on attitude toward sustainable fashion advertisement. Therefore, the results of this study provides empirical evidence for luxury fashion brands seeking to influence and increase green purchase behavior and this gives more insight into the decision making for luxury brand advertisement strategy.
Research on a Transonic Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Centrifugal Turbine
Authors: Yang Zehai , Luo Dan , Huang Diangui
Published: March 2019

Recently, the supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton (SCO2) cycle gained a lot of attention for its application to next-generation nuclear reactors. Turbine is the key component of the energy conversion in the thermodynamic cycle. Transonic centrifugal turbine has advantages of compatibility of aerodynamic and geometric, low cost, high power density, and high efficiency; therefore, it has opportunity to become the main energy conversion equipment in the future. In this paper, a transonic nozzle and its corresponding rotor cascade of the single-stage centrifugal turbine were designed. In addition, the three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation and performance analysis were conducted. The numerical simulation results show that the predicted flow field is as expected and the aerodynamic parameters are in good agreement with one-dimensional (1D) design. Meanwhile, the off-design performance analysis shows that the transonic centrifugal turbine stage has wide stable operation range and strong load adaptability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed turbine blade has good performance characteristics.
Olivocochlear efferent contributions to speech-in-noise recognition across signal-to-noise ratios
Authors: Mertes Ian B. , Johnson Kristin M. , Dinger Zoë A.
Published: March 2019

The medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system modifies cochlear output to aid signal detection in noise, but the precise role of efferents in speech-in-noise understanding remains unclear. The current study examined the contribution of the MOC reflex for speech recognition in noise in 30 normal-hearing young adults (27 females, mean age = 22.7 yr). The MOC reflex was assessed using contralateral inhibition of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions. Speech-in-noise perception was evaluated using the coordinate response measure presented in ipsilateral speech-shaped noise at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranging from −12 to 0 dB. Performance was assessed without and with the presence of contralateral noise to activate the MOC reflex. Performance was significantly better with contralateral noise only at the lowest SNR. There was a trend of better performance with increasing contralateral inhibition at the lowest SNR. Threshold of the psychometric function was significantly correlated with contralateral inhibition. Response time on the speech task was not significantly correlated with contralateral inhibition. Results suggest that the MOC reflex contributes to listening in low SNRs and the relationship between the MOC reflex and perception is highly dependent upon the task characteristics.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Mennigke Caryn , Struck Christopher J.
Published: March 2019

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To receive a copy of the latest Standards catalog, please contact asastds@acousticalsociety.org.

Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.

This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National Catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
Psychological Skills and Characteristics Facilitative of Youth Athletes’ Development: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dohme Lea-Cathrin , Piggott David , Backhouse Susan , Morgan Gareth
Published: March 2019

Research has identified psychological skills and characteristics (PSCs) perceived to facilitate talented youth athletes’ development. However, no systematic categorization or synthesis of these PSCs exists to date. To provide such synthesis, this systematic review aimed to identify PSCs perceived as facilitative of talented youth athletes’ development, group and label synonymous PSCs, and categorize PSCs based on definitions established by Dohme, Backhouse, Piggott, and Morgan (2017). PRISMA systematic-review guidelines were employed and a comprehensive literature search of SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and ERIC completed in November 2017. Twenty-five empirical studies published between 2002 and 2017 met the inclusion criteria. Through thematic analysis, 19 PSCs were identified as facilitative of youth athletes’ development—8 were categorized as psychological skills (e.g., goal setting, social-support seeking, and self-talk) and 11 as psychological characteristics (e.g., self-confidence, focus, and motivation). The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
UK Trainee Sport and Exercise Psychologists’ Perspectives on Developing Professional Judgment and Decision-Making Expertise During Training
Authors: Smith Michelle , McEwan Hayley E. , Tod David , Martindale Amanda
Published: March 2019

The research team explored UK trainee sport and exercise psychologists’ perspectives on developing professional-judgment and decision-making (PJDM) expertise during their British Psychological Society Qualification in Sport and Exercise Psychology (Stage 2). An assorted analysis approach was adopted to combine an existing longitudinal qualitative data set with the collection and analysis of a new qualitative data set. Participants (1 female, 6 male) were interviewed 4 times over a 3-yr training period, at minimum yearly intervals. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and reflexive thematic analysis applied to transcripts using the theoretical concepts of PJDM. Experience, analytical reasoning, and observation of other practitioners’ practice was useful for developing PJDM expertise. PJDM expertise might be optimized through the use of knowledge-elicitation principles. For example, supervisors could embed critical cues in the anecdotes they share to expand the experience base that trainees can draw from when making decisions.
Enzymatically oxidized phospholipids assume center stage as essential regulators of innate immunity and cell death
Authors: O’Donnell Valerie B. , Aldrovandi Maceler , Murphy Robert C. , Krönke Gerhard
Published: March 2019

Enzymatically oxidized phospholipids have important functions in normal physiology and disease states.
Next-Generation-Sequencing-Based Hospital Outbreak Investigation Yields Insight into Klebsiella aerogenes Population Structure and Determinants of Carbapenem Resistance and Pathogenicity
Authors: Malek Adel , McGlynn Kelly , Taffner Samantha , Fine Lynn , Tesini Brenda , Wang Jun , Mostafa Heba , Petry Sharon , Perkins Archibald , Graman Paul , Hardy Dwight , Pecora Nicole
Published: March 2019

Klebsiella aerogenes
is a nosocomial pathogen associated with drug resistance and outbreaks in intensive care units. In a 5-month period in 2017, we experienced an increased incidence of cultures for carbapenem-resistant
K. aerogenes
(CR-KA) from an adult cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CICU) involving 15 patients.