bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Investigation of the Photopolymerization of Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid Styrene and Vinyl Monomers
Authors: Whitley John W. , Jeffrey Horne William , Shannon Matthew S. , Andrews Mary A. , Terrell Kelsey L. , Hayward Spenser S. , Yue Shuwen , Mittenthal Max S. , O'Harra Kathryn E. , Bara Jason E.
Published: September 2018

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as media in radical polymerizations has demonstrated the ability of these unique solvents to improve both reaction kinetics and polymer product properties. However, the bulk of these studies have examined the polymerization behavior of common organic monomers (e.g., methyl methacrylate, styrene) dissolved in conventional ILs. There is increasing interest in polymerized ILs (poly(ILs)), which are ionomers produced from the direct polymerization of styrene‐, vinyl‐, and acrylate‐functionalized ILs. Here, the photopolymerization kinetics of IL monomers are investigated for systems in which styrene or vinyl functionalities are pendant from the imidazolium cation. Styrene‐functionalized IL monomers typically polymerized rapidly (full conversion ≤1 min) in both neat compositions or when diluted with a nonpolymerizable IL, [C2mim][Tf2N]. However, monomer conversion in vinyl‐functionalized IL monomers is much more dependent on the nature of the nonpolymerizable group. ATR‐FTIR analysis and molecular simulations of these monomers and monomer mixtures identified the presence of multiple intermolecular interactions (e.g., π–π stacking, IL aggregation) that contribute to the polymerization behaviors of these systems. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2364–2375
Importance of Feedback and Feedforward Loops to Adaptive Immune Response Modeling
Authors: Rahman Anisur , Tiwari Abhinav , Narula Jatin , Hickling Timothy
Published: September 2018

The human adaptive immune system is a very complex network of different types of cells, cytokines, and signaling molecules. This complex network makes it difficult to understand the system level regulations. To properly explain the immune system, it is necessary to explicitly investigate the presence of different feedback and feedforward loops (FFLs) and their crosstalks. Considering that these loops increase the complexity of the system, the mathematical modeling has been proved to be an important tool to explain such complex biological systems. This review focuses on these regulatory loops and discusses their importance on systems modeling of the immune system.
Inline PECVD Deposition of Poly‐Si‐Based Tunnel Oxide Passivating Contacts
Authors: Temmler Jan , Polzin Jana‐Isabelle , Feldmann Frank , Kraus Leonard , Kafle Bishal , Mack Sebastian , Moldovan Anamaria , Hermle Martin , Rentsch Jochen
Published: September 2018

In this publication, the deposition of a‐Si(n) layers using an industrially relevant inline plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) tool for the successful realization of passivating contacts is reported. Dynamic inline deposition has the potential to increase production throughput and yield compared to the conventional cluster‐like PECVD tools which is the current standard for deposition of a‐Si:H layers. Besides structural investigations concerning absorbance and band gap energy of these layers, the dependence of layer thickness and PH3 gas phase doping on implied open circuit voltage iVOC, sheet resistance, and the corresponding diffusion profile is investigated. A significant influence of PH3 gas phase doping is demonstrated whereas no significant dependence of the layer thickness is elaborated. Excellent values of iVOC = 740 mV and iFF = 85% on planar and iVOC = 720 mV and iFF = 84% on textured surfaces can be reached implementing the developed n‐doped layers in the tunnel oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) structure.
Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Hole Injection Layer for Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Song Dae‐Ho , Song Suk‐Ho , Shen Tian‐Zi , Lee Jun‐Seo , Park Won‐Hyeok , Kim Jae‐Moon , Kim Yong‐Sang , Yu Woo‐Jong , Kim Sang Soo , Song Jang‐Kun
Published: September 2018

Polyethylene dioxythiophene:polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used for preparing the solution processable hole injection layer (HIL) in quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs), but it can cause erosion of the anode, posing a critical issue for long‐term stability. Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising candidate to replace PEDOT:PSS, but its performance is somewhat inferior to that of a PEDOT:PSS device. Here, we investigate the effect of reduction in a GO HIL on the hole injection ability and resulting QLED performance. We find that the hole current in reduced GO (rGO) HIL is one order of magnitude larger than that with GO HIL. The greater hole injection ability dramatically improves the current efficiency and external quantum efficiency of an rGO‐QLED by more than two times. To verify the underlying mechanism, we analyze the conductivity and energy barriers, and find that both the conductivity and the energy barriers vary depending on the degree of reduction of GO. We conclude that the increasing conductivity dominantly contributes to the improved hole conductivity in rGO layer. Thus, the optimization of reduction in rGO HILis an excellent approach to solve the anode erosion issue and to improve QLEDperformance, increasing the potential of applications in QLEDdevices.
Role of Aluminum Doping in Anatase‐to‐Rutile Transformation from Thermodynamic View Point
Authors: Ho Dai Q. , Kim Seungchul
Published: September 2018

Millions of tons of TiO­2­ is being annually produced at the global scale utilizing AlCl­3 as an additive for preferential formation of rutile phase. However, there is contrary data showing that Al doping is in fact working as an inhibitor for the anatase–rutile transformation (ART), raising questions on the role of Al‐containing compound in the ART process. In this study, by using density functional theory (DFT) in combination with thermodynamic modeling, the role of Al‐doping in bulk and surfaces of TiO­2, and the co‐effect of intrinsic defects on ART at plausible thermodynamic conditions of TiO­2­ synthesis have been investigated­. Our results show a conditional behavior, i.e., that Al dopant under reduction condition energetically promotes ART by stabilizing rutile bulk phase while it inhibits ART under oxidizing condition. On the surface, substitutional Al inverts surface energies of rutile and anatase phases, hence it promotes the direct formation of rutile from the beginning. This study will provide a better understanding on the role of the Al as a dopant, especially on the TiO2 surface, as this aspect is not well understood in spite of its wide application in the industry.
Heats of formation and thermal stability of substituted 1,1′‐Azobis(tetrazole) compounds with an extended nitrogen chain
Authors: Pimienta Ian , Patkowski Konrad
Published: September 2018

The molecular structures of 1,1′‐Azobis(tetrazole) (N10) and monosubstituted compounds involving F, CH3, CN, NH2, OH, OCH3, N3, NF2, NO2, and CH2NO2 groups are investigated using density functional theory. The heats of formation of these compounds are investigated using ab initio composite methods. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations are performed to determine the energies along the decomposition pathways. The optimized geometries of the N10 compounds indicate planar configurations consisting of aromatic nitrogen–nitrogen and carbon–nitrogen bonds. The stability and energy content of the substituted compounds are highly correlated with the nature of the substituents. Electron‐donating groups reduce the heats of formation but increase the exothermicity of the decomposition. The decomposition of the N10 compounds is classified into two general pathways: (1) a scheme involving straight‐up decomposition and (2) a scheme involving functional rearrangement. Compounds undergoing decomposition pathway (1) are more exothermic with lower rate‐determining activation barriers than those undergoing the latter pathway (2).
Shaping organizational network structure to enable sustainable transformation
Authors: Rydzak Felicjan , Monus Paul A.
Published: September 2018

This paper reports on investigations of organizational social network structure in relation to setting up a successful improvement program. The study was inspired by and is based on data from two organizations that attempted transformational change. Both organizations used the same method for transformation—defect elimination action teams—but had different outcomes. Data analysis and computer simulation are used to investigate how the strategies guiding the composition of action teams shaped the organizational network structure. The study suggests that the introduction of new cross‐functional relations between individuals increases the potential for innovation in organizations. It also stresses the importance of building cross‐functional relations to improving organization‐wide performance and fostering resilience with which to endure social disruptions.

© 2018 System Dynamics Society
Recent Advances of Cellulose‐Based Materials and Their Promising Application in Sodium‐Ion Batteries and Capacitors
Authors: Zhang Tianyun , Yang Liang , Yan Xingbin , Ding Xin
Published: September 2018

Cellulose as the most abundant natural biopolymer on earth has shown promising potential because of its excellent physical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties, which are very important for sustainable energy storage systems (ESSs). In this review, a comprehensive summary of the applications involving all kinds and forms of cellulose in the advanced Na‐related ESSs, including sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium ion capacitors (SICs), is presented. For cellulose, the impact of various structures and surface chemical properties on the electrochemical performance is focused on. In particular, the latest developments in cellulose‐based binders and separators are highlighted. In addition, an in‐depth understanding of the structure and performance of electrode materials and the storage mechanism of a hard carbon anode derived from cellulose for SIBs is provided. Further, the manufacturing of full‐cellulose‐based SICs assembled by all parts of devices including hard carbon anodes, active carbon cathodes, binders, and separator based on cellulose or cellulose derivatives is reviewed. Finally, the prospects of cellulose‐based energy storage systems on several issues that need further exploration are presented.
Li‐Rich Li[Li1/6Fe1/6Ni1/6Mn1/2]O2 (LFNMO) Cathodes: Atomic Scale Insight on the Mechanisms of Cycling Decay and of the Improvement due to Cobalt Phosphate Surface Modification
Authors: Li Xing , Zhang Kangjia , Mitlin David , Paek Eunsu , Wang Mingshan , Jiang Fei , Huang Yun , Yang Zhenzhong , Gong Yue , Gu Lin , Zhao Wengao , Du Yingge , Zheng Jianming
Published: September 2018

Lithium‐rich Li[Li1/6Fe1/6Ni1/6Mn1/2]O2 (0.4Li2MnO3‐0.6LiFe1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, LFNMO) is a new member of the xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 family of high capacity–high voltage lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cathodes. Unfortunately, it suffers from the severe degradation during cycling both in terms of reversible capacity and operating voltage. Here, the corresponding degradation occurring in LFNMO at an atomic scale has been documented for the first time, using high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM), as well as tracing the elemental crossover to the Li metal anode using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is also demonstrated that a cobalt phosphate surface treatment significantly boosts LFNMO cycling stability and rate capability. Due to cycling, the unmodified LFNMO undergoes extensive elemental dissolution (especially Mn) and O loss, forming Kirkendall‐type voids. The associated structural degradation is from the as‐synthesized R‐3m layered structure to a disordered rock‐salt phase. Prior to cycling, the cobalt phosphate coating is epitaxial, sharing the crystallography of the parent material. During cycling, a 2–3 nm thick disordered Co‐rich rock‐salt structure is formed as the outer shell, while the bulk material retains R‐3m crystallography. These combined cathode–anode findings significantly advance the microstructural design principles for next‐generation Li‐rich cathode materials and coatings.
Revealing the Role of Electrocatalyst Crystal Structure on Oxygen Evolution Reaction with Nickel as an Example
Authors: Wang Changhong , Wang Yun , Yang Hongchao , Zhang Yejun , Zhao Huijun , Wang Qiangbin
Published: September 2018

Establishing a correlation between the crystal structure and electrocatalytic activity is crucial to the rational design of high performance electrocatalysts. In this work, taking the widely investigated nickel (Ni) based nonprecious oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst as an example, for the first time, it is reported that the crystal structure plays a critical role in determining the OER performance. Similar‐sized nickel nanoparticles but in different hexagonal close‐packed phase and face‐centered cubic phase coated with N‐doped carbon shells, noted as hcp‐Ni@NC and fcc‐Ni@NC, are successfully prepared, respectively, in which the N‐coated carbon shell structures were also similar. Surprisingly, a dramatically enhanced OER performance of hcp‐Ni@NC in comparison with fcc‐Ni@NC is observed. The hcp‐Ni@NC only requires 305 mV overpotential to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, which is 55 mV lower than that of fcc‐Ni@NC, which can be ascribed to the influence of nickel crystal phase on the electron structure of N‐doped carbon shell. This finding will bring new thinking toward the rational design of high performance non‐noble metal electrocatalysts.
State‐of‐practice survey of model‐based systems engineering
Authors: Huldt T. , Stenius I.
Published: September 2018

This paper aims to examine and document the current state of practice of model‐based systems engineering (MBSE), and how organizations look toward the future. The paper is based on a survey of how MBSE has been applied and factors that influenced the perceived benefits and results. The survey was designed to evaluate the maturity and status of the implementation of MBSE (also called model‐centric systems engineering), within industry, academia, and governments. The approach to the survey development is described along with the survey results. The study indicates that one of the main hurdles to introducing a model‐based approach is the lack of clear and adopted organizational structures and an understanding of required conditions and needs at a management level. The survey also indicates that 50–75% of the respondents noted some improvement or a significant improvement across almost all systems engineering tasks.
Characterization, distribution, antimicrobial resistance and resistance risk factors in staphylococci isolated from cats from 2001 to 2014
Authors: Lane Martha J. , Roy Alma F. , Kearney Michael T. , Pucheu‐Haston Cherie M.
Published: September 2018

Relatively few studies have been published describing the patterns of staphylococcal isolation and antimicrobial resistance over time in cats. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the frequency, location, characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated by the Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between the years 2001 and 2014. All feline staphylococcal isolates were classified phenotypically. Isolates corresponding to known or possibly pathogenic species (Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA)) as well as Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) and non‐speciated coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) were further evaluated to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 519 staphylococci were isolated. The largest percentage of isolates was CNS, representing 39.3% of the total, while SIG, SE, SA and non‐speciated coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) represented 18.1%, 10.2%, 8.3% and 7.3%, respectively. Methicillin resistance (MR) was identified in 57.1% of SA and 20.5% of SIG. Resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial classes (multidrug resistance; MDR) was demonstrated in 54.5% of SA and 23.9% of SIG. The prevalence of MDR increased over time in both SIG and SA, while the prevalence of MR increased over time in SIG. An increase in mean antimicrobial resistance score over time was seen in SIG. This study demonstrates a high and increasing prevalence of MDR in SIG and SA, as well as increasing prevalence of MR in SIG isolated from cats.
Water and Indigenous rights: Mechanisms and pathways of recognition, representation, and redistribution
Authors: Jackson Sue
Published: September 2018

Indigenous water rights contests take many forms, manifesting in conflict over water resource development, exclusion from decision‐making, marginalization in regional political economies and opposition to environmental degradation. A growing number of institutional options are available to recognize Indigenous water rights and a diversity of approaches is being taken by governments, courts of law, Indigenous peoples and others in response to historical and contemporary inequities and discrimination in patterns of distribution and participation in the institutions of water governance. Although not the only arena, political action directed towards change in state‐based institutions is a principal focus for Indigenous peoples engaged in water struggles. This article reviews the literature on Indigenous water rights in national frameworks of water governance from a range of disciplines. It describes the leading approaches to recognition, representation, and redistribution that exist under the domestic arrangements of nation‐states to recognize localized norms and rules of water use and custodianship, as well as Indigenous forms of political organization. These include statutory mechanisms to increase water access, treaties and settlements, constitutional protections for collective rights, self‐organized or internal governance models, market‐based approaches and moves in law to recognize reciprocal relationships to water and legitimize custodianship of rivers. Rather than take recognition for granted as an essential condition of or ideal end‐point to Indigenous water rights struggles, the paper critically reflects on the multi‐faceted dimensions of this ambivalent concept, revealing the opportunities as well as tensions and dilemmas in the leading approaches to addressing Indigenous water rights claims.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Logarithmic accuracy of parton showers: a fixed-order study
Authors: Dasgupta Mrinal , Dreyer Frédéric A. , Hamilton Keith , Monni Pier Francesco , Salam Gavin P.
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We formulate some first fundamental elements of an approach for assessing the logarithmic accuracy of parton-shower algorithms based on two broad criteria: their ability to reproduce the singularity structure of multi-parton matrix elements, and their ability to reproduce logarithmic resummation results. We illustrate our approach by considering properties of two transverse-momentum ordered final-state showers, examining features up to second order in the strong coupling. In particular we identify regions where they fail to reproduce the known singular limits of matrix elements. The characteristics of the shower that are responsible for this also affect the logarithmic resummation accuracies of the shower, both in terms of leading (double) logarithms at subleading N

C
and next-to-leading (single) logarithms at leading N

C
.
The Thouless time for mass-deformed SYK
Authors: Nosaka Tomoki , Rosa Dario , Yoon Junggi
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We study the onset of RMT dynamics in the mass-deformed SYK model (i.e. an SYK model deformed by a quadratic random interaction) in terms of the strength of the quadratic deformation. We use as chaos probes both the connected unfolded Spectral Form Factor (SFF) as well as the Gaussian-filtered SFF, which has been recently introduced in the literature. We show that they detect the chaotic/integrable transition of the mass-deformed SYK model at different values of the mass deformation: the Gaussian-filtered SFF sees the transition for large values of the mass deformation; the connected unfolded SFF sees the transition at small values. The latter shows a closer agreement with the transition as seen by the OTOCs. We argue that the chaotic/integrable deformation affects the energy levels inhomogeneously: for small values of the mass deformation only the low-lying states are modified while for large values of the mass deformation also the states in the bulk of the spectrum move to the integrable behavior.
Ghost-free infinite derivative gravity
Authors: Gording Brage , Schmidt-May Angnis
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We present the construction of a gravitational action including an infinite series of higher derivative terms. The outcome is a classically consistent completion of a well-studied quadratic curvature theory. The closed form for the full action is ghost-free bimetric theory, describing the interactions of a massive and a massless spin-2 field. At energies much smaller than the spin-2 mass scale, the theory reduces to general relativity. For energies comparable to the spin-2 mass, the higher derivative terms completing the Einstein-Hilbert action capture the effects of the additional massive spin-2 field. The theory is only ghost-free when the full series of higher derivatives is kept.
S-matrix bootstrap for resonances
Authors: Doroud N. , Miró J. Elias
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We study the 2 → 2 S-matrix element of a generic, gapped and Lorentz invariant QFT in d = 1 + 1 space time dimensions. We derive an analytical bound on the coupling of the asymptotic states to unstable particles (a.k.a. resonances) and its physical implications. This is achieved by exploiting the connection between the S-matrix phase-shift and the roots of the S-matrix in the physical sheet. We also develop a numerical framework to recover the analytical bound as a solution to a numerical optimization problem. This later approach can be generalized to d = 3 + 1 spacetime dimensions.
Insight into the surfactin production of Bacillus velezensis B006 through metabolomics analysis
Authors: Wang Junqiang , Guo Rongjun , Wang Wenchao , Ma Guizhen , Li Shidong
Published: September 2018

Bacillus velezensis B006 is a biocontrol agent which functions through effective colonization and surfactin production. To reveal the surfactin-producing mechanism, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was performed to compare the metabolite profiles of strain B006 grown in industrial media M3 and M4. Based on the statistical and pathway topology analyses, a total of 31 metabolites with a fold change of less than − 1.0 were screened as the significantly altered metabolites, which distributed in 15 metabolic pathways. Fourteen amino acids involving in the metabolisms of alanine/aspartate/glutamate, glycine/serine/threonine, arginine/proline, glutathione/cysteine/methionine and valine/leucine/isoleucine as well as succinic acid in TCA cycle were identified to be the hub metabolites. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and pantothenate/CoA biosynthesis also contributed to surfactin production. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the metabolic pathways of B. velezensis on surfactin production, and will benefit the optimization of commercial fermentation for higher surfactin yield.
First principles in the life sciences: the free-energy principle, organicism, and mechanism
Authors: Colombo Matteo , Wright Cory
Published: September 2018

The free-energy principle states that all systems that minimize their free energy resist a tendency to physical disintegration. Originally proposed to account for perception, learning, and action, the free-energy principle has been applied to the evolution, development, morphology, anatomy and function of the brain, and has been called apostulate, anunfalsifiable principle, anatural law, and animperative. While it might afford a theoretical foundation for understanding the relationship between environment, life, and mind, its epistemic status is unclear. Also unclear is how the free-energy principle relates to prominent theoretical approaches to life science phenomena, such as organicism and mechanism. This paper clarifies both issues, and identifies limits and prospects for the free-energy principle as a first principle in the life sciences.
Avalanche Safety Practices Among Backcountry Skiers and Snowboarders in Jackson Hole in 2016
Authors: Nichols Ty B. , Hawley Alana C. , Smith William R. , Wheeler Albert R. , McIntosh Scott E.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Carrying standard safety gear (beacon, probe, and shovel), planning a route of descent, and recreating with companions can help to mitigate the risk of injury or death resulting from avalanches in the backcountry. The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with performance of these safety practices.

Methods

A convenience sample of backcountry skiers and snowboarders was surveyed in 2016 at the backcountry gates of Jackson Hole Mountain Resort. Each participant was surveyed on characteristics including skill level, sex, age, prior avalanche education, and residency in the Jackson Hole area. Safety practices were also measured against avalanche hazard forecasts. Correlations were assessed using Fisher's exact testing.

Results

A total of 334 participants were surveyed. Factors associated with carrying avalanche safety gear included higher expertise, being a resident of the Jackson Hole area, and prior avalanche education. Factors associated with having a planned route of descent included higher expertise and being a resident of the Jackson Hole area. Factors associated with recreating with companions included younger age and lower expertise. Sex had no association with any of the surveyed safety practices. Participants were less likely to carry avalanche safety gear on low avalanche hazard days.

Conclusions

Certain individual characteristics of backcountry skiers and snowboarders are associated with increased frequency of adherence to recommended safety practices. These findings suggest that particular categories of backcountry recreationists may benefit from further avalanche safety education. The results of this study could help direct future educational efforts among backcountry recreationists.
Christian Religiosity and Corporate Community Involvement
Authors: Cui Jinhua , Jo Hoje , Velasquez Manuel G.
Published: September 2018

We examine whether religion influences company decisions related to corporate community involvement (CCI). Employing a large US sample, we show that the CCI initiatives of a company are positively associated with the level of Christian religiosity present in the region within which that company’s headquarters is located. This association persists even after we control for a wide range of firm characteristics and after we subject our results to several econometric tests. These results support our religious morality hypothesis which holds that companies headquartered in regions with higher levels of Christian religiosity will engage in more CCI initiatives. We also find that while Catholic and mainline Protestant religiosity have a positive influence on firms’ CCI initiatives, evangelical Protestant religiosity does not. This supports our differentiated responses hypothesis which holds that institutional differences among religious groups will produce different effects on companies’ CCI. This hypothesis is based on institutional theory.
What is a representative language sample for word and sound acquisition?
Authors: Yamaguchi Naomi
Published: September 2018

Naturalistic data are a useful source for language acquisition research. Recently, the emphasis has been placed on using denser corpora, in order to capture a more accurate picture of child language development. However, working with large amounts of data raises resource issues, since it is time-consuming to record and to transcribe. In this article, I focus on what would be the ideal duration of a naturalistic recording for it to be considered a representative enough sample of children's linguistic behaviours to observe the acquisition of words and sounds. Some of the results suggest that 30 minutes of recording may be enough to capture these specific developments, but these results are discussed in the perspective of what an ideal session could be.
“We Should Have Maintained This Unity, Then There Would Be More Development:” Lessons from a Pop-Up Museum of the Fante Confederation
Authors: Getz Trevor R. , Ehrisman Lindsay , Yeboah Tony
Published: September 2018

This article examines the potential of an unconventional method in applied history – the pop-up museum – for analyzing relationships between history and memory and producing meaningful histories of African pasts. Specifically, we assess our application of this tool to accounts of events surrounding the Fante Confederation of 1868–1873 in the Central Region of modern-day Ghana. By utilizing a pop-up museum exhibit in the field, we determined that the construction of a meaningful history of the Fante Confederation requires the apperception of “durable bundles” – continuities between collective memory and history that also serve as survivals from the mid-nineteenth century to contemporary society. Our original sources and interlocutors in common identified themes of “unity” and “development” as particularly meaningful durable themes. We posit that these shared themes can serve as points of attachment for contemporary Fante speakers to work with histories of the Fante Confederation, and propose them as motifs around which relevant histories can be built in this case. Finally, in reflecting on our experience, we hypothesize that this model of applied history may be useful in other situations as well.
Diffusiophoresis in narrow channel flows
Authors: Ault Jesse T. , Shin Sangwoo , Stone Howard A.
Published: September 2018

Flows containing suspended colloidal particles and dissolved solutes are found in a multitude of natural and man-made systems including hydraulic fractures, water filtration systems and microfluidic devices, e.g. those designed for biological or medical applications. In these types of systems, unexpected particle dynamics such as rapid particle transport and focusing has been observed in the presence of local solute gradients due to the cooperating or competing effects of fluid advection and particle diffusiophoresis, the latter driven by local chemical gradients. We develop analytical expressions for the fluid, solute and particle dynamics in long, narrow channels due to the combined influence of pressure-driven channel flow with diffusiophoretic and diffusioosmotic effects. The results confirm a rapid particle focusing effect that can be controlled by manipulating the particle, solute and flow properties, as well as the channel’s geometry and surface chemistry. Thus, we propose a new approach for performing microfluidic zeta potentiometry, as well as techniques for sorting, concentrating and/or capturing particles based on their sizes or zeta potentials. Finally, we demonstrate that diffusioosmotic effects can be used to pump fluid against a pressure gradient.
On the evaluation of the stress intensity factor in calving models using linear elastic fracture mechanics
Authors: JIMÉNEZ STEPHEN , DUDDU RAVINDRA
Published: September 2018

We investigate the appropriateness of calving or crevasse models from the literature using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). To this end, we compare LEFM model-predicted stress intensity factors (SIFs) against numerically computed SIFs using the displacement correlation method in conjunction with the finite element method. We present several benchmark simulations wherein we calculate the SIF at the tips of water-filled surface and basal crevasses penetrating through rectangular ice slabs under different boundary conditions, including grounded and floating conditions. Our simulation results indicate that the basal boundary condition significantly influences the SIF at the crevasse tips. We find that the existing calving models using LEFM are not generally accurate for evaluating SIFs in grounded glaciers or floating ice shelves. We also illustrate that using the ‘single edge crack’ weight function in the LEFM formulations may be appropriate for predicting calving from floating ice shelves, owing to the low fracture toughness of ice; whereas, using the ‘double edge crack’ or ‘central through crack’ weight functions is more appropriate for predicting calving from grounded glaciers. To conclude, we recommend using the displacement correlation method for SIF evaluation in real glaciers and ice shelves with complex geometries and boundary conditions.
Generation Crisis: How Population Research Defined the Baby Boomers
Authors: Bouk Dan
Published: September 2018

This article presents an intellectual and social history of the concept of the baby boom. Researchers first invented the notion of a population bulge in the mid-twentieth-century United States to explain birth rates that were higher than predicted by their theories of a mature population and economy. As the children born during this “baby boom” entered schools in the 1950s, they were drawn into a pre-existing conversation about an educational emergency that confirmed researchers’ suspicions that the bulge would spread crisis over time throughout all of the nation's age-graded institutions. New sociological and demographic explanations of the bulge subsequently merged with heightened talk of generational conflict during the 1960s and 1970s to define, with journalistic help in 1980, the “baby boom generation” and the “baby boomer.” Crisis talk has pursued the boomers into the present, mobilized most effectively by opponents of the welfare state.
Isotope Analytical Characterization of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Szabó Tibor , Janovics Róbert , Túri Marianna , Futó István , Papp István , Braun Mihály , Németh Krisztián , Szekeres Gergő Péter , Kinka Anikó , Szabó Anna , Hernádi Klára , Hajdu Kata , Nagy László , Rinyu László
Published: September 2018

Carbon-based nanomaterials of different dimensions (1–3D, tubes, bundles, films, papers and sponges, graphene sheets) have been created and their characteristic properties have been discussed intensively in the literature. Due to their unique advantageous, tunable properties these materials became promising candidates in new generations of applications in many research laboratories and, recently, in industries as well. Protein-based bio-nanocomposites are referred to as materials of the future, which may serve as conceptual revolution in the development of integrated optical devices, e.g. optical switches, microimaging systems, sensors, telecommunication technologies or energy harvesting and biosensor applications. In our experiments, we designed various carbon-based nanomaterials either doped or not doped with nitrogen or sulfur during catalytic chemical vapor deposition synthesis. Radio- and isotope analytical studies have shown that the used starting materials, precursors and carriers have a strong influence on the geometry and physico-/chemical characteristics of the carbon nanotubes produced. After determining the 14C isotope constitution 53 m/m% balance was found in the reaction center protein/carbon nanotubes complex in a sensitive way that was prepared in our laboratory. The result is essential in determining the yield of conversion of light energy to chemical potential in this bio-hybrid system.
Increase in Radiocarbon Concentration in Tree Rings from Kujawy Village (Se Poland) Around Ad 993–994
Authors: Rakowski Andrzej Z , Krąpiec Marek , Huels Mathias , Pawlyta Jacek , Boudin Mathieu
Published: September 2018

An increase in atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) content of about 11.3‰ in the period AD 993–994 was observed in annual tree rings from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) (Miyake et al. 2013, 2014). Single-year samples of dendrochronologically dated tree rings (English oak, Quercus robur) from Kujawy, a village near Krakow (SE Poland), spanning the years AD 981–1000, were collected, and their 14C content was measured using the AMS system in the Leibniz Laboratory. The results clearly show an increase of 6.2±1.6‰ in the 14C concentration in tree rings between AD 993 and 994, with a maximum increase of 10.9±1.7‰ between AD 991 and 994.
Donatism of History: Recent Questions
Authors: WILHITE DAVID E.
Published: September 2018

Two roads diverged in Roman Africa. One led to the movement that came to be known as Donatism, and the other to the so-called Catholic party. The controversy emerged soon after the Diocletian persecution, one side selecting Caecilius as the bishop of Carthage, the other eventually selecting Donatus (and therefore dubbed ‘Donatist’). The schism widened when Constantine supported the former and attempted to enforce his party's status. Violence sporadically erupted between these two parties for the next century, around which time Augustine led the charge to bring about unity, ultimately through legal and coercive means. The success of this unification, however, and the ultimate fate of the Donatists is open to debate, along with virtually every other datum from this controversy. The debated nature of the controversy, therefore, needs to be closely examined, for just what paradigm one takes from the outset could make all the difference.
Antimalarial bednet protection of children disappears when shared by three or more people in a high transmission setting of western Kenya
Authors: Tamari Noriko , Minakawa Noboru , Sonye George O. , Awuor Beatrice , Kongere James O. , Munga Stephen , Larson Peter S.
Published: September 2018

A sizeable proportion of households is forced to share single long-lasting insecticide treated net (LLIN). However, the relationship between increasing numbers of people sharing a net and the risk for Plasmodium infection is unclear. This study revealed whether risk for Plasmodium falciparum infection is associated with the number of people sharing a LLIN in a holoendemic area of Kenya. Children ⩽5 years of age were tested for P. falciparum infection using polymerase chain reaction. Of 558 children surveyed, 293 (52.5%) tested positive for parasitaemia. Four hundred and fifty-eight (82.1%) reported sleeping under a LLIN. Of those, the number of people sharing a net with the sampled child ranged from 1 to 5 (median = 2). Children using a net alone or with one other person were at lower risk than non-users (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.82 and OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.22–0.97, respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between non-users and children sharing a net with two (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.44–1.77) or more other persons (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.32–1.72). LLINs are effective in protecting against Plasmodium infection in children when used alone or with one other person compared with not using them. Public health professionals should inform caretakers of the risks of too many people sharing a net.
DETECTING FINANCIAL DATA DEPENDENCE STRUCTURE BY AVERAGING MIXTURE COPULAS
Authors: Liu Guannan , Long Wei , Zhang Xinyu , Li Qi
Published: September 2018

A mixture copula is a linear combination of several individual copulas that can be used to generate dependence structures not belonging to existing copula families. Because different pairs of markets may exhibit quite different dependence structures in empirical studies, mixture copulas are useful in modeling the dependence in financial data. Therefore, rather than selecting a single copula based on certain criteria, we propose using a model averaging approach to estimate financial data dependence structures in a mixture copula framework. We select weights (for averaging) by a J-fold Cross-Validation procedure. We prove that the model averaging estimator is asymptotically optimal in the sense that it minimizes the squared estimation loss. Our simulation results show that the model averaging approach outperforms some competing methods when the working mixture model is misspecified. Using 12 years of data on daily returns from four developed economies’ stock indexes, we show that the model averaging approach more accurately estimates their dependence structures than some competing methods.
Short-term changes in the structure of ant assemblages in a Guinean savanna under differing fire regimes at Lamto Scientific Reserve, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kone Mouhamadou , Dosso Kanvaly , Yode Christine Dakele , Kouakou Akissi Evelyne , N'dri Aya Brigitte , Kone N'Golo Abdoulaye , N'dri Julien Kouadio , Dekoninck Wouter , Barot Sebastien
Published: September 2018

To maintain savanna vegetation, mid-seasonal fire has been applied since 1961 in the Lamto Savanna (Côte d'Ivoire). However, this prescribed fire has not impeded tree encroachment during recent years, nor have its effects on insect assemblages been documented. Also the impact of tree intrusion on insect assemblages is poorly studied in savanna. To prevent tree density increasing, a change in fire regime might be a solution. In this study, we examined the effect of different fire regimes (early, mid-seasonal and late fires) on leaf-litter ant assemblages in order to suggest appropriate measures for preventing tree invasion without having an effect on insect communities. Sampling was implemented by combining pitfall trapping and leaf-litter sampling before and after three different fire regimes, early, mid-seasonal and late fires. While the ant species richness declined after the passage of early and mid-seasonal fires, significantly more species were found in the burnt savanna after the late fire. However, the losses or gains of species due to different fire regimes did not cause severe changes in the ant species composition. Of the functional groups identified, only the generalists and specialist predators were respectively strongly affected by the early and mid-seasonal fires, certainly due to micro-habitat modification. Based on the trends observed in the present study, we suggest sampling other invertebrate fauna in similar savanna plots to find out if other insect groups have similar reactions to the applied fire regimes.
Examining the Attitudes and Knowledge of Social Work and Nursing Students on Later-Life Sexuality
Authors: Gewirtz-Meydan Ateret , Even-Zohar Ahuva , Werner Shoshi
Published: September 2018

Cette étude a examiné les croyances, les attitudes et les savoirs âgistes liés à la sexualité au grand âge chez 148 étudiants en sciences infirmières et 137 étudiants en travail social de première année. Les étudiants ont complété les questionnaires Fraboni Scale of Ageism et Attitudes and Knowledge towards Older Adult’s Sexuality Scale, ainsi que des questionnaires portant sur leurs contacts avec des personnes âgées, leur éducation sexuelle et des variables sociodémographiques. Les résultats ont montré que les étudiants en sciences infirmières avaient des attitudes plus conservatrices envers la sexualité des personnes âgées. Les croyances âgistes corrélaient positivement avec des attitudes plus conservatrices envers la sexualité des personnes âgées. Les attitudes conservatrices envers la sexualité des personnes âgées étaient négativement corrélées avec les connaissances liées à la sexualité au grand âge. Les étudiants plus âgés avaient davantage de connaissances sur la sexualité des personnes âgées et des attitudes plus permissives concernant cet aspect de la sexualité. Les étudiants plus religieux avaient moins de connaissances liées à la sexualité des personnes âgées et des attitudes plus conservatrices sur ce sujet. L’éducation sexuelle reçue par les étudiants n’était pas associée avec leurs attitudes et leurs connaissances liées à la sexualité des personnes âgées. Les implications de ces résultats pour l’élaboration de programmes d’éducation continue sont discutées.
Space, Law, and Justice in Leibniz: Leibniz as a Theorist of Spatial Justice
Authors: Krivenko Ekaterina Yahyaoui
Published: September 2018

This article argues that Leibniz should be viewed as a predecessor of the idea of spatial justice and that Leibniz's heritage remains a valuable source for inspiration and critical reading of the contemporary literature on spatial justice. The article first demonstrates interdependency between Leibniz's conceptualisation of space and his conceptualisation of law and justice. This is the first time that this argument is made in relation to Leibniz, therefore significant space is devoted to justifying this argument. The article then proceeds to comparing Leibniz's views on space, law and justice to one of the most “spatial” contemporary articulation of the idea of spatial justice, namely that proposed by Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos. The article concludes by pointing out some aspects of Leibniz's thought that are most valuable for the further study of law, space and spatial justice in contemporary scholarship.
Time adaptive numerical solution of a highly non-linear degenerate cross-diffusion system arising in multi-species biofilm modelling
Authors: GHASEMI MARYAM , SONNER STEFANIE , EBERL HERMANN J.
Published: September 2018

We propose a numerical method for the simulation of a quasi-linear parabolic biofilm model that exhibits three non-linear diffusion effects: (i) a power law degeneracy, (ii) a super diffusion singularity and (iii) non-linear cross-diffusion. The method is based on a spatial Finite Volume discretisation in which cross-diffusion terms are formally treated as convection terms. Time-integration of the resulting semi-discretised system is carried out using an error-controlled, time-adaptive, embedded Rosenbrock–Wanner method. We compare several variants of the method and two variants of the model to investigate how details such as the choice cross-diffusion coefficients, and specific variants of the time integrator affect simulation time.
Neurophilosophical and Ethical Aspects of Virtual Reality Therapy in Neurology and Psychiatry
Authors: KELLMEYER PHILIPP
Published: September 2018

Highly immersive virtual reality (VR) systems have been introduced into the consumer market in recent years. The improved technological capabilities of these systems as well as the combination with biometric sensors, for example electroencephalography (EEG), in a closed-loop hybrid VR-EEG, opens up a range of new potential medical applications. This article first provides an overview of the past and current clinical applications of VR systems in neurology and psychiatry and introduces core concepts in neurophilosophy and VR research (such as agency, trust, presence, and others). Then, important adverse effects of highly immersive VR simulations and the ethical implications of standalone and hybrid VR systems for therapy in neurology and psychiatry are highlighted. These new forms of VR-based therapy may strengthen patients in exercising their autonomy. At the same time, however, these emerging systems present ethical challenges, for example in terms of moral and legal accountability in interactions involving “intelligent” hybrid VR systems. A user-centered approach that is informed by the target patients’ needs and capabilities could help to build beneficial systems for VR therapy.