bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Key Drivers of Brain Injury by Systemic Inflammatory Responses after Sepsis: Microglia and Neuroinflammation
Authors: Xin Yuewen , Tian Mi , Deng Shuixiang , Li Jiaying , Yang Miaoxian , Gao Jianpeng , Pei Xu , Wang Yao , Tan Jiaying , Zhao Feng , Gao Yanqin , Gong Ye
Published: November 2022

Sepsis is a leading cause of intensive care unit admission and death worldwide. Most surviving patients show acute or chronic mental disorders, which are known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Although accumulating studies in the past two decades focused on the pathogenesis of SAE, a systematic review of retrospective studies which exclusively focuses on the inflammatory mechanisms of SAE has been lacking yet. This review summarizes the recent advance in the field of neuroinflammation and sheds light on the activation of microglia in SAE. Activation of microglia predominates neuroinflammation. As the gene expression profile changes, microglia show heterogeneous characterizations throughout all stages of SAE. Here, we summarize the systemic inflammation following sepsis and also the relationship of microglial diversity and neuroinflammation. Moreover, a collection of neuroinflammation-related dysfunction has also been reviewed to illustrate the possible mechanisms for SAE. In addition, promising pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies, especially those which target neuroinflammation or microglia, are also concluded in the final part of this review. Collectively, clarification of the vital relationship between neuroinflammation and SAE-related mental disorders would significantly improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms in SAE and therefore provide potential targets for therapies of SAE aimed at inhibiting neuroinflammation.
The primal garden: Tajikistan as a biodiversity hotspot of food crop wild relatives
Authors: Kotowski Marcin Andrzej , Świerszcz Sebastian , Khoury Colin K. , Laldjebaev Murodbek , Palavonshanbieva Barfiya , Nowak Arkadiusz
Published: November 2022

Despite being located within a primary region of crop diversity, documentation of Tajik crop and crop wild relative (CWR) resources is far from comprehensive, particularly regarding CWR. Here, we compile the first inventory of food CWR of Tajikistan. A total of 549 food CWR taxa belonging to 36 families and 125 genera were documented as occurring in the country. Among them, 71 taxa were recognized as native close relatives of globally important crops (category 1A), 67 as native distant relatives of these crops (1B) and 411 as native taxa with an undetermined relationship to these crops (1C). This documented CWR diversity far exceeds previous scientific assessments for the country and, in doing so, distinguishes the Tajik region from surrounding countries. Within the country, the results indicate a clear gradient of food CWR taxonomic richness from the eastern part of the country (least diversity) to the western part (greatest diversity). This trend adds important new information to the body of literature published by N. I. Vavilov and others, who mainly stressed the importance of the Pamir region (Eastern Tajikistan) for crop and CWR diversity.
Mars Constellation Design and Low-Thrust Deployment Using Nonlinear Orbit Control
Authors: Pontani Mauro , Pustorino Marco , Teofilatto Paolo
Published: November 2022

This research addresses the design of a Mars constellation composed of 12 satellites and devoted to telecommunications. While 3 satellites travel areostationary orbits, the remaining 9 satellites are placed in three distinct quasi-synchronous, inclined, circular orbits. The constellation at hand provides continuous global coverage, over the entire Martian surface. The use of 4 carrier vehicles, departing from a 4-sol orbit, is proposed as an affordable option for the purpose of deploying the entire constellation, even starting from dispersed initial conditions. Each carrier is driven toward the respective operational orbit using steerable and throttleable low-thrust propulsion, in conjunction with nonlinear orbit control. Lyapunov stability analysis leads to defining a feedback law that enjoys quasi-global stability properties. Orbit phasing concludes the constellation deployment, and is carried out by each satellite. The tradeoff between phasing time and propellant expenditure is characterized.
Late industrialisation and global value chains under platform capitalism
Authors: Naudé Wim
Published: November 2022

The digital (or 4th industrial) revolution has made industrialisation harder by being less consequential for structural transformation than was initially hoped. The rise of digital platform capitalism and its relation to global value chains (GVCs) is responsible for this. This paper explains why diminished expectations of the 4th industrial revolution are justified and how this is due to digital platforms as intellectual monopolies that are reconfiguring GVCs—and by this, making industrialisation harder. As such, the paper contributes to the research lacuna on the relationship between GVCs and digital platform capitalism. The implications for late industrialisation are identified, and broad recommendations for industrial policies are made.
Das Ringen um die Kolonialexpertise: Richard Thurnwalds Mitarbeit an Kolonialhandbüchern zu Afrika im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Rohrbacher Peter
Published: November 2022

Auf Grundlage bisher ungenutzter Archivalien aus sechs Archiven wird in dieser Studie erstmals die intensive Mitarbeit Thurnwalds an zwei kolonialpolitischen Handbüchern zu Afrika in der Zeit von 1940 bis Ende 1944 ausführlich dargestellt. Der Beitrag baut auf dem von George Steinmetz 2009 vorgeschlagenen Fünf-Phasen-Modell auf. Aus epistemologischer und methodischer Sicht verfolgt der Artikel eine evidenzbasierte Quellenanalyse, die die Ansätze der historischen Anthropologie mit denen der Zeitgeschichte für eine ethnologische Fachgeschichtsschreibung verbindet. Gegliedert in zwei Abschnitte zeigt der erste Teil, wie Thurnwalds kolonialanthropologischer Ansatz in einem heftigen Schlagabtausch mit seinem Kollegen Hugo A. Bernatzik herausgefordert und schließlich von Diedrich Westermann übernommen wurde. Der zweite Teil konzentriert sich auf ein von Thurnwald verfasstes Manuskript über Afrika, das nach seinen eigenen Angaben 400 Seiten umfasste, aber nie veröffentlicht wurde.
Dialogic theories, literacy practices and initial teacher education
Authors: Janfada Mahtab , Gannaway Jessica , Davies Larissa McLean
Published: November 2022

Initial Teacher Education has been informed by diverse perspectives in recent years; while the debates around what constitutes teacher quality and adequate preparedness focus on the structure and focus of programs, entry and exit requirements, the current era presents new challenges to which teachers must respond such as an increased call for cultural responsiveness. In this context, the way that literacy itself is conceptualised within teacher education requires expansion. We argue in this paper that literacy plays a key role in the ontological and epistemological development of quality teachers, beyond the way it is currently conceived as either a hurdle requirement for the successful completion of an ITE program (Barnes & CrossTeachers and Teaching,26(3-4), 307-325, 2020) or as a set of skills to support students to develop content knowledge across the disciplines (Scott et al.Teaching and Teacher Education,73, 1-13, 2018). We contend that literacy is central to teacher’s professional becoming (Matusov et al., 2019) and explore how a dialogic approach to teaching can support pre-service teachers’ professional meaning making. The paper proposes a dialogic framework to embrace different levels of dialogue not merely as a means of ‘doing’ in the classroom, but as central in the process of knowing, being and becoming a professional teacher.
Between vision and practice: lack of alignment between AI strategies and energy regulations in the Dutch electricity sector
Authors: Niet Irene
Published: November 2022

Different governmental institutions are publishing more and more visions, strategies, or proposed regulations related to artificial intelligence. This paper analyses how these visions or proposed regulations are put into practice. To this end, the proposed European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, the Dutch artificial intelligence strategy and the proposed new Dutch energy law are compared. Even though the new Dutch energy law was created parallel and published after the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, it does not take into account the use of artificial intelligence in the electricity actor. Similarly, the focus points of the Dutch artificial intelligence strategy are ignored in the new Dutch energy law. Two issues emerge from this. First, it is questionable if and how visions, strategies and proposed regulations related to AI are translated into different sectors and related practices. Second, as the different acts and proposed regulations do not communicate or overlap, gaps develop between the different policies. It is unclear which institutions will fill in these gaps.
A Rapid Assessment of Road Crashes in Uganda: Notes from the Field
Authors: Walekhwa Abel Wilson , Mulolo Francis , Achiro Carla , Nantongo Mary , Nakazibwe Brenda , Masanza Monica Musenero
Published: November 2022

Background

Road crashes continue to persist on Ugandan roads despite the government’s commendable efforts over many years. This study sought to explore the persistent causes of road crashes, suggest recommendations and evaluate the costs incurred by the government for treating accident victims.

Methods

A rapid cross-sectional study involving both quantitative and qualitative study approaches was performed. Desk reviews and six key informant interviews were conducted with traffic police officers and hospital administrators. Traffic road accident data were abstracted from the Uganda Police Force database for the period of January 2021 to February 2022, to ascertain the magnitude of the problem and its causes.

Results

The causes of road accidents are mainly caused by to human error, weather and the poor state of some roads. The government spends reasonable amounts of money in treating accident victims, at USD 245–3590, yet the funds could instead be used to promote socio-economic development in communities.

Conclusion

Road crashes continue to occur in Uganda, mainly because of human error. We recommend amelioration of the identified causes of road traffic crashes to save lives and conserve limited public resources.
Writing Yourself Well: Dispositional Self-Reflection Moderates the Effect of a Smartphone App-Based Journaling Intervention on Psychological Wellbeing across Time
Authors: MacIsaac Angela , Mushquash Aislin R. , Wekerle Christine
Published: November 2022

Self-reflection is often viewed positively; paradoxically, however, it is also associated with distress, potentially because of its relationship with rumination. Focusing self-reflection on positive themes may be one way to promote adaptive self-reflection. This study examined whether the disposition to engage in self-reflection motivates use of a journal containing positively focused writing prompts and moderates the benefit gained from it, specifically when rumination is controlled for. For 28 days, participants (N= 152) accessed an app-based mental health intervention containing various features, including the aforementioned journal. Outcomes of self-regulation and psychological wellbeing were assessed, controlling for time spent using other app features. As expected, journaling was associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing but only when baseline self-reflection was average or higher. Journaling was also initially associated with improvements in self-regulation, but this was diminished after controlling for time spent using other app features. Findings suggest self-reflection could be a strength for fostering wellbeing when it is directed in a positive way.
Physics-informed learning of aerosol microphysics
Authors: Harder Paula , Watson-Parris Duncan , Stier Philip , Strassel Dominik , Gauger Nicolas R. , Keuper Janis
Published: November 2022

Aerosol particles play an important role in the climate system by absorbing and scattering radiation and influencing cloud properties. They are also one of the biggest sources of uncertainty for climate modeling. Many climate models do not include aerosols in sufficient detail due to computational constraints. To represent key processes, aerosol microphysical properties and processes have to be accounted for. This is done in the ECHAM-HAM (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast-Hamburg-Hamburg) global climate aerosol model using the M7 microphysics, but high computational costs make it very expensive to run with finer resolution or for a longer time. We aim to use machine learning to emulate the microphysics model at sufficient accuracy and reduce the computational cost by being fast at inference time. The original M7 model is used to generate data of input–output pairs to train a neural network (NN) on it. We are able to learn the variables’ tendencies achieving an average

$ {R}^2 $

score of 77.1%. We further explore methods to inform and constrain the NN with physical knowledge to reduce mass violation and enforce mass positivity. On a Graphics processing unit (GPU), we achieve a speed-up of up to over 64 times faster when compared to the original model.
A dynamical approach to the asymptotic behavior of the sequence
Authors: LOYD KAITLYN
Published: November 2022

We study the asymptotic behavior of the sequence
$ \{\Omega (n) \}_{ n \in \mathbb {N} } $
from a dynamical point of view, where
$ \Omega (n) $
denotes the number of prime factors of
$ n $
counted with multiplicity. First, we show that for any non-atomic ergodic system
$(X, \mathcal {B}, \mu , T)$
, the operators
$T^{\Omega (n)}: \mathcal {B} \to L^1(\mu )$
have the strong sweeping-out property. In particular, this implies that the pointwise ergodic theorem does not hold along
$\Omega (n)$
. Second, we show that the behaviors of
$\Omega (n)$
captured by the prime number theorem and Erdős–Kac theorem are disjoint, in the sense that their dynamical correlations tend to zero.
Changes in soil hydraulic properties due to organic amendment
Authors: Bayabil Haimanote K. , Teshome Fitsum T. , Hailegnaw Niguss Solomon , Zhang Jian , Li Yuncong C.
Published: November 2022

The effect of milorganite, a commercially available organic soil amendment, on soil nutrients, plant growth, and yield has been investigated. However, its effect on soil hydraulic properties remains less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of milorganite amendment on soil evaporation, moisture retention, hydraulic conductivity, and electrical conductivity of a Krome soil. A column experiment was conducted with two milorganite application rates (15 and 30% v/v) and a non-amended control soil. The results revealed that milorganite reduced evaporation rates and the length of Stage I of the evaporation process compared with the control. Moreover, milorganite increased moisture retention at saturation and permanent wilting point while decreasing soil hydraulic conductivity. In addition, milorganite increased soil electrical conductivity. Overall, milorganite resulted in increased soil moisture retention; however, moisture in the soil may not be readily available for plants due to increased soil salinity.
‘In Nature's Good Old College’: Sexual Politics and the Long Shadow of Hegel
Authors: Daub Adrian
Published: November 2022

Although his positions on gender were neither particularly radical nor particularly representative of his age, Hegel proved counterintuitively central to early German philosophers elaborating openly feminist positions. The Young Hegelians' critique of religion offered a readymade way to critique traditional modes of grounding and vindicating gender roles. But it also, especially among more materialist thinkers like Ludwig Feuerbach, tended to rely on supposedly “natural” bases for gender inequality. This article traces a line of women thinkers beginning in Hegel's age, stretching through the immediate aftermath of Hegel's death, all the way to the fin-de-siècle, who sought to destabilize the very idea of nature that lay behind both Hegelian and Young Hegelian accounts. Thinkers like Bettina Brentano-von Arnim (1785–1859), Louise Dittmar (1807–1884), and Helene von Druskowitz (1856–1918) charted a path between Hegel himself, Hegel's critics, renewers, and overcomers, to arrive at strikingly modern position. In particular von Druskowitz, critic of Feuerbach and Comte, interlocutor to Nietzsche and Hartmann, ended up with a philosophical position on nature that was nearly identical to the most radical feminist proposals of the 1960s: the end of human nature, even if it meant the end of the species.
Hydrodynamic cavitation reduction in semidilute turbulent polymer solution flows
Authors: Azadi Reza , Nobes David S.
Published: November 2022

The hydrodynamic cavitation in semidilute solution flows of a flexible polymer additive in water was experimentally explored in a mesoscale converging–diverging nozzle to elucidate the cavitation reduction effects of polymer additives. Rheological measurements demonstrated that polymer solutions were shear-thinning, with infinite viscosities larger than pure water. The polymer additives significantly mitigated the intensity of cloud cavitation and the growth of violent cavity structures in the tested solution concentrations. Under conditions of supercavitation, the tested polymer solutions could not suppress the growth of large structures but showed a reduction in the population of cavitation bubbles. The temporal evolution and spatial variation of cavitation structures in different concentrations were captured using high-speed imaging. Statistical analysis of the images showed that polymers reduce cavitation via three main mechanisms. (1) The longitudinal expansion of cavities downstream is attenuated relative to the pure water. The streamwise distribution of vapour-ratio fluctuations was flattened, and its peak was shifted upstream in the solutions. (2) Mean collapse and growth rate of cavitating bubble pockets and their fluctuations were noticeably relaxed by polymer additives. For a 400 p.p.m. solution (parts per million (p.p.m.)), a reduction of 65 % was measured relative to pure water flow at the highest tested flow rate. (3) Spectral analysis of the downstream pressure indicated that the shedding frequency at the cavitation inception was reduced as the solution's concentration increased. This reduction was as high as 70 % for a 400 p.p.m. solution. These results highlight the strong interplay between polymer additives and the generation of cavitation-related structures.
Free surface in two-dimensional potential flow: singularities, invariants and virtual fluid
Authors: Dyachenko A.I. , Dyachenko S.A. , Zakharov V.E.
Published: November 2022

We study a two-dimensional (2-D) potential flow of an ideal fluid with a free surface with decaying conditions at infinity. By using the conformal variables approach, we study a particular solution of the Euler equations having a pair of square-root branch points in the conformal plane, and find that the analytic continuation of the fluid complex potential and conformal map define a flow in the entire complex plane, excluding a vertical cut between the branch points. The expanded domain is called the ‘virtual’ fluid, and it contains a vortex sheet whose dynamics is equivalent to the equations of motion posed at the free surface. The equations of fluid motion are analytically continued to both sides of the vertical branch cut (the vortex sheet), and additional time invariants associated with the topology of the conformal plane and Kelvin's theorem for a virtual fluid are explored. We called them ‘winding’ and virtual circulation. This result can be generalized to a system of many cuts connecting many branch points, resulting in a pair of invariants for each pair of branch points. We develop an asymptotic theory that shows how a solution originating from a single vertical cut forms a singularity at the free surface in infinite time, the rate of singularity approach is double exponential and supersedes the previous result of the short branch cut theory with finite time singularity formation. The present work offers a new look at fluid dynamics with a free surface by unifying the problem of motion of vortex sheets, and the problem of 2-D water waves. A particularly interesting question that arises in this context is whether instabilities of the virtual vortex sheet are related to breaking of steep ocean waves when gravity effects are included.
Inertial migration of red blood cells under a Newtonian fluid in a circular channel
Authors: Takeishi Naoki , Yamashita Hiroshi , Omori Toshihiro , Yokoyama Naoto , Wada Shigeo , Sugihara-Seki Masako
Published: November 2022

We present a numerical analysis of the lateral movement and equilibrium radial positions of red blood cells (RBCs) with major diameter 8 

$\mathrm {\mu }$

m under a Newtonian fluid in a circular channel with 50 

$\mathrm {\mu }$

m diameter. Each RBC, modelled as a biconcave capsule whose membrane satisfies strain-hardening characteristics, is simulated for different Reynolds numbers

$Re$

and capillary numbers

$Ca$

, the latter of which indicates the ratio of the fluid viscous force to the membrane elastic force. The effects of initial orientation angles and positions on the equilibrium radial position of an RBC centroid are also investigated. The numerical results show that depending on their initial orientations, RBCs have bistable flow modes, so-called rolling and tumbling motions. Most RBCs have a rolling motion. These stable modes are accompanied by different equilibrium radial positions, where tumbling RBCs are further away from the channel axis than rolling ones. The inertial migration of RBCs is achieved by alternating orientation angles, which are affected primarily by the initial orientation angles. Then the RBCs assume the aforementioned bistable modes during the migration, followed by further migration to the equilibrium radial position at much longer time periods. The power (or energy dissipation) associated with membrane deformations is introduced to quantify the state of membrane loads. The energy expenditures rely on stable flow modes, the equilibrium radial positions of RBC centroids, and the viscosity ratio between the internal and external fluids.
Determining the protocol requirements of in-home dog food digestibility testing
Authors: Bos Evelien , Hendriks Wouter , Beerda Bonne , Bosch Guido
Published: November 2022

In-home pet food testing has the benefit of yielding data which is directly applicable to the pet population. Validated and standardised in-home test protocols need to be available, and here we investigated key protocol requirements for an in-home canine food digestibility protocol. Participants were recruited via an online survey. After meeting specific inclusion criteria, sixty dogs of various breeds and ages received, during 14 consecutive days, a relatively low and high digestible complete dry extruded food containing titanium (Ti) dioxide. Both foods were given for 7 d in a cross-over design. Owners collected faeces daily allowing daily faecal Ti concentrations and digestibility of nitrogen (N), dry matter (DM), crude ash, organic matter (OM), crude fat (Cfat), starch and gross energy (GE) to be determined. Faecal Ti and digestibility values for all nutrients were not different (P > 0·05) from the second day onwards after first consumption for both foods. One day of faecal collection yielded reliable digestibility values with additional collection days not reducing the confidence interval around the mean. Depending on the accepted margin of error, the food and the nutrient of interest, the minimal required sample size was between 9 and 43 dogs. Variation in digestibility values could in part be explained by a dog’s neuter status (N, crude ash) and age (crude ash, Cfat) but not sex and body size. Future studies should focus on further identifying and controlling sources of variation to improve the in-home digestibility protocol and reduce the number of dogs required.
Improvement of soil aggregate-associated carbon sequestration capacity after 14 years of conservation tillage
Authors: Chen Siyu , Cao Yaqian , Zhang Tingting , Cui Jichao , Guo Liangliang , Shen Ying , Zhou Pengchong , Han Huifang , Ning Tangyuan
Published: November 2022

The North China Plain is an important summer maize/winter wheat rotation area. However, over the years, continued intensive tillage has destroyed the soil aggregate accelerating the mineralization and decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC), which plays an important role in soil quality, as increased organic carbon storage improves soil fertility and crop yields. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the comprehensive impact of tillage methods on soil aggregates, aggregate-associated SOC, and carbon sequestration capacity under a regime of straw return. In 2002, we started a 14-year long-term tillage experiment; then in 2016–2017, we tested the following tillage methods, zero tillage (ZT), rotary tillage (RT), subsoiling (SS), and conventional tillage (CT). The results showed that in the 0–10 cm soil layer, tillage methods significantly reduced the proportion of aggregates in the order of 2–0.25 > 5–2 > 0.25–0.053 mm. Additionally, conservation tillage (i.e., SS and ZT) significantly increased the percentage of macroaggregates (0–40 cm) and their SOC content, compared to CT. Additionally, the contribution rate of macroaggregates to SOC was 17.2% and 30.6% higher under SS and ZT than under CT, respectively. Conservation tillage methods improved the carbon sequestration capacity of soil aggregates. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the development of more suitable tillage methods. Furthermore, long-term conservation tillage seemingly protected large aggregates and, SOC, whereby carbon sequestration was enhanced and soil carbon emissions were effectively reduced.
‘It all comes from me’: Bahu Begam and the making of the Awadhnawabi, circa1765–1815
Authors: Abbott Nicholas J.
Published: November 2022

This article examines the durable, yet largely overlooked, claims of Bahu Begam (1727–1815) to dynastic wealth and authority in the Awadhnawabi(1722–1856), a North Indian Mughal ‘successor state’ and an important client of the East India Company. Chief consort (khass mahal) to Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula (r. 1754–75) and mother to his successor Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula (r. 1775–97), Bahu Begam played a well-documented role in the regime’s tumultuous politics, particularly during Warren Hastings’s tenure as the Company’s governor-general (1773–85) and his later parliamentary impeachment. But despite her prominent political influence, little attention has been paid to the substance of her persistent claims to proprietorship over revenue rights and the immense fortune in her custody, as well as her broader assertions of authority over Awadh’s male rulers. Taking those claims seriously, this article contends that the begam rooted her arguments in notions of natural deference to maternal authority and generational seniority, evolving dynastic traditions of co-sharing sovereignty and fiscal resources, and her particular history as a principal financier of the Awadh regime. In so doing, the article argues that the begam’s claims reflect the shifting conceptual language of late-Mughal Persianate political discourse and the ambivalent position of elite women as dynastic financiers and state-builders in early colonial South Asia.
IR's Roads to Freedom: Rereading Jean-Paul Sartre's trilogy as an International Relations text
Authors: Ashworth Lucian M.
Published: November 2022

Jean-Paul Sartre's trilogy Roads to Freedom is written against the backdrop of the crises between 1938 and 1940 that led to war and the Fall of France. In this article I argue that Roads to Freedom can be read as an IR text, and I concentrate on four areas. First, a refocusing on the international relations of the everyday. Second, the anatomy of a crisis from an existentialist viewpoint that can enrich our understanding of crises. Third how the interactions of the main characters reveal the ‘mediation of estrangement’ at the heart of diplomacy, first explored by Der Derian in his 1987 On Diplomacy. Fourth, it calls into question our emphasis in IR on the centrality of causes to understand a crisis. Rather, Roads to Freedom refocuses our gaze on the diverse effects in everyday IR. The argument of the article is interwoven with my own experiences reading the trilogy for the first time, and how it influenced my decision to study IR.
Are major lower extremity amputations well recorded in primary care electronic health records?: Insights from primary care electronic health records in England
Authors: Meffen Anna , Sayers Robert D. , Gillies Clare L. , Khunti Kamlesh , Gray Laura J.
Published: November 2022

Aims:

Major lower extremity amputations (MLEAs) are understood to be well recorded in secondary care in England in the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) database. It is unclear how well MLEAs are recorded in primary care databases.

Background:

This study compared MLEA event case ascertainment in Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) to that in HES.

Methods:

MLEA events were ascertained in CPRD and in HES linkage between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. The number of MLEA events and the number of patients with at least one MLEA in each database were recorded and compared. Individual events were matched between the databases using varying date-matching windows. Reasons for differences in case ascertainment were explored.

Findings:

In total 23 262 patients had at least one MLEA record, 8716 (37.5%) had an MLEA record in HES only, 5393 (23.2%) in CPRD only and 9153 (39.4%) in both. Out of a total of 75 221 events, 13 071 (62.4%) were recorded in HES only and 44 151 (81.3%) in CPRD only. 7874 (37.6%) of HES events were recorded in CPRD and 10 125 (18.6%) of CPRD events were recorded in HES when using the maximum date matching window of 28 days plus the time between admission and procedure. The main reasons for differences in case ascertainment included, re-recordings and miscoding in CPRD.

Compared to HES, MLEAs are poorly recorded in CPRD predominantly due to re-recordings of events and miscoding procedures. CPRD data cannot solely be relied upon to ascertain cases of MLEA; however, HES linkage to CPRD may be useful to obtain medical history of diagnoses, medication and diagnostic tests.
Raising the Bar: How Chambers Librarianship has Risen to Twenty Years of Challenges
Authors: Million Alison
Published: November 2022

Twenty years ago the author, Alison Million, submitted an article to Legal Information Management (LIM) entitled ‘Of Barristers and Books’ which recounted her experiences of working as a librarian to barristers’ chambers in the era of print and CDs. The article brought her into contact with the Librarian of Inner Temple Library and together they founded the Bar Librarians’ Group to meet the interests of both Inn and Chambers Librarians. This article in 2022 recounts how the ensuing 20 years have brought very different challenges to Chambers Librarians in the online era and how the Bar Librarians’ Group works hard to resolve difficulties on behalf of LIS professionals serving the Bar.
Regional‐Scale Landscape Response to an Extreme Precipitation Event From Repeat Lidar and Object‐Based Image Analysis
Authors: DeLong S. B. , Hammer M. N. , Engle Z. T. , Richard E. M. , Breckenridge A. J. , Gran K. B. , Jennings C. E. , Jalobeanu A.
Published: November 2022

Extreme precipitation events may cause flooding, slope failure, erosion, deposition, and damage to infrastructure over a regional scale, but the impacts of these events are often difficult to fully characterize. Regional‐scale landscape change occurred during an extreme rain event in June 2012 in northeastern Minnesota. Landscape change was documented by 8,000 km2 of airborne lidar data collected before and after the event. Following improved alignment of the lidar point data and reducing error using insight from analysis of extensive stable areas, elevation differences were classified into map objects representing geomorphic change in relation to process and landscape position using object‐based image analysis. This remote mapping compares favorably to field and imagery‐based mapping and provides the basis for volumetric sediment budgeting. Elevation differences in these objects indicate that 4.5 × 106 ± 1.0 × 106 m3 of sediment was eroded in the study area. Of this, 2.5 × 106 ± 3.3 × 105 m3 was deposited in deposits on hillslopes and valley floors, and 2.0 × 106 ± 4.6 × 105 m3 were removed from watersheds and exported to the Saint Louis River Estuary and Lake Superior. Multivariate logistic regression analysis emphasized that topographic slope and presence of glaciolacustrine clay lithology are the primary control on landslide occurrence, and landslides occur most frequently on slopes within tens of meters of stream channels. These results provide the basis to anticipate the impacts of similar future storm events. Because precipitation events are forecast to continue to increase in frequency and intensity owing to climate change, characterizing and anticipating their effects may support hazard planning.
The Numerical Formulation of Simple Hysteretic Models to Simulate the Large‐Scale Hydrological Impacts of Prairie Depressions
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Shook Kevin R.
Published: November 2022

Topographic depressions have large impacts on the hydrology, ecology, and biogeochemistry in prairie environments. Topographic depressions control the hydrological flow regime through their role in storing water from precipitation and snow melt, and the storage dynamics of topographic depressions affect the retention, transformations, and transport of sediment, carbon, and nutrients. The water stored in topographic depressions supports a diversity of animal and plant species. More generally, depressional wetlands are an integral component of global water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles. In this technical note, we present simple models to simulate hysteretic relationships between storage and contributing area. We consider both spatially distributed and spatially integrated models. The spatially distributed models (the ensemble‐depression model) explicitly simulate storage dynamics for a distribution of discrete depressions. In these spatially distributed models, the large‐scale storage‐contributing fraction relationships are an emergent property of the modeled system. The spatially integrated models (the meta‐depression model) parameterize the large‐scale storage‐discharge relationships. The spatially integrated models are formulated in a way to represent hysteretic behavior. We present a suite of numerical experiments and demonstrate that the ensemble‐depression and meta‐depression models have similar large‐scale behavior. The simple hysteretic models defined here are formulated in a way so that they can easily be incorporated in conventional hydrological models.
Consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus on neonatal cardiovascular health: MySweetHeart Cohort study
Authors: Di Bernardo Stefano C. , Lava Sebastiano A. G. , Epure Adina Mihaela , Younes Sandrine Estoppey , Chiolero Arnaud , Sekarski Nicole ,   on behalf of MySweetHeart Research Group, Arhab Amar , Bovet Pascal , Chiolero Arnaud , Di Bernardo Stefano , Epure Adina Mihaela , Gilbert Leah , Gross Justine , Horsch Antje , Lanzi Stefano , Mayerat Seyda , Mivelaz Yvan , Puder Jardena J. , Quansah Dan , Rossel Jean‐Benoit , Simeoni Umberto , Stuijfzand Bobby , Vial Yvan
Published: November 2022

Background

Hyperglycaemic disorders of pregnancy are associated with offspring cardiovascular alterations.

Methods

MySweetHeart cohort study aimed to assess the effect of maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) on offsprings’ cardiovascular health. Newborns underwent clinical and echocardiographic examinations between 2016 and 2020.

Results

Compared to mothers without GDM (n = 141), mothers with GDM (n = 123) were more likely to have had GDM in previous pregnancies and had higher weight, BMI, blood glucose, and HbA1c. Newborns of both groups showed similar clinical characteristics. Echocardiography was performed on the 3rd (interquartile range, IQR, 2nd–4th) day of life in 101 offsprings of mothers without and 116 offsprings of mothers with GDM. Left ventricular (LV) mass was similar. Children born to mothers with GDM had a thicker posterior LV wall (z-score +0.15, IQR –0.38/0.62, versus +0.47, IQR –0.11/+1.1,p = 0.004), a smaller end-systolic (1.3 mL, IQR 1.0–1.5 mL, versus 1.4 mL, IQR 1.2–1.8 mL,p = 0.044) but a similar end-diastolic LV volume. They also had shorter tricuspid valve flow duration and aortic valve ejection time, lower tricuspid E-wave and pulmonary valve velocities.

Conclusions

Newborns of mothers with or without GDM had similar clinical characteristics and LV mass. However, some echocardiographic differences were detected, suggesting an altered myocardial physiology among infants of mothers with GDM.

Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02872974).

Impact

Hyperglycaemic disorders of pregnancy are known to be associated with offspring cardiovascular alterations.

Clinical characteristics and estimated left ventricular (LV) mass were similar in children issued from mothers with and without gestational diabetes (GDM).

Children born to mothers with GDM had a thicker posterior LV wall and a smaller end-systolic LV volume.

Although LV mass is not different, myocardial physiology may be altered in these infants. Further studies should investigate the endothelial function of this population and the cardiovascular evolution of these children over time.
Pathway-level mutation analysis in primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer and matched brain metastases
Authors: Duchnowska Renata , Supernat Anna Maria , Pęksa Rafał , Łukasiewicz Marta , Stokowy Tomasz , Ronen Roy , Dutkowski Janusz , Umińska Monika , Iżycka-Świeszewska Ewa , Kowalczyk Anna , Och Waldemar , Rucińska Monika , Olszewski Wojciech P. , Mandat Tomasz , Jarosz Bożena , Bieńkowski Michał , Biernat Wojciech , Jassem Jacek
Published: November 2022

Brain metastases (BMs) in ovarian cancer (OC) are a rare event. BMs occur most frequently in high-grade serous (HGS) OC. The molecular features of BMs in HGSOC are poorly understood. We performed a whole-exome sequencing analysis of ten matched pairs of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from primary HGSOC and corresponding BMs. Enrichment significance (pvalue; false discovery rate) was computed using the Reactome, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway collections, and the Gene Ontology Biological Processes. Germline DNA damage repair variants were found in seven cases (70%) and involved theBRCA1,BRCA2,ATM,RAD50,ERCC4,RPA1,MLHI, andATRgenes. Somatic mutations ofTP53were found in nine cases (90%) and were the only stable mutations between the primary tumor and BMs. Disturbed pathways in BMs versus primary HGSOC constituted a complex network and included the cell cycle, the degradation of the extracellular matrix, cell junction organization, nucleotide metabolism, lipid metabolism, the immune system, G-protein-coupled receptors, intracellular vesicular transport, and reaction to chemical stimuli (Golgi vesicle transport and olfactory signaling). Pathway analysis approaches allow for a more intuitive interpretation of the data as compared to considering single-gene aberrations and provide an opportunity to identify clinically informative alterations in HGSOC BM.
Numerical optimization of pacing strategy in cross-country skiing based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method
Authors: Ni Xu , Liu Jiawei , Zhang Shuguang , Ke Peng
Published: November 2022

In cross-country skiing competitions, the choice of pacing strategy is of decisive significance to athletes' performance. A reasonable pacing strategy is essential for athletes to improve their performance. In this paper, the mathematical models of cross-country skiing simulation and pacing optimization are established, including motion model, athlete power output model, and optimization model. The actual competition data of a Chinese athlete in Guyangshu 1.5 km track was compared with the model simulation results. The whole process time error is less than 3%, which verifies the accuracy of the motion and power output model. Gauss pseudo-spectral method is applied to the optimization model. By changing the distribution of athletes' power output, the racing time is minimized under the condition that the total energy output remains unchanged. Compared with the pacing strategy before optimization, the optimized racing time was shortened by 12.6 s, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimization model. Optimized results show that in the first significant uphill section, a recommendation is to use a more conservative strategy, while in the latter half of uphill sections the power output should be increased.
Glutathione peroxidase 4 expression predicts poor overall survival in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Chao-Yu , Liu Chen-Chi , Li Anna Fen-Yau , Hsu Tien-Wei , Lin Jiun-Han , Hung Shih-Chieh , Hsu Han-Shui
Published: November 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the protein expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The clinical relevance and prognostic significance of GPX4 expression were analyzed. We reviewed patients with resected NSCLCs at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between September 2002 and January 2018. Available paraffin-embedded specimens were retrieved for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to detect GPX4 expression. The cutoff value for defining GPX4 positivity was determined according to the percentage of tumor stained in the microscopic field. The correlation between immune expression, clinicopathologic data, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. A total of 265 NSCLC specimens were retrieved for IHC staining. GPX4 expression positive was in 192 (72.5%) according to a cutoff value of 5%. GPX4 was a significant prognostic factor for OS and DFS on multivariate analysis at both 5% and 25% cutoff values. GPX4 expression was associated with poor OS and DFS, especially in lung adenocarcinoma (p = 0.008, and 0.027, respectively). In conclusions, IHC analysis revealed that GPX4 expression was associated with poor survival outcomes in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma. Further research is needed to understand the role of GPX4 in tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanism responsible for survival outcomes in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma.
Inverse forgetting in unconscious episodic memory
Authors: Pacozzi Luca , Knüsel Leona , Ruch Simon , Henke Katharina
Published: November 2022

Forming memories of experienced episodes calls upon the episodic memory system. Episodic encoding may proceed with and without awareness of episodes. While up to 60% of consciously encoded episodes are forgotten after 10 h, the fate of unconsciously encoded episodes is unknown. Here we track over 10 h, which are filled with sleep or daytime activities, the retention of unconsciously and consciously experienced episodes. The episodes were displayed in cartoon clips that were presented weakly and strongly masked for conscious and unconscious encoding, respectively. Clip retention was tested for distinct clips directly after encoding, 3 min and 10 h after encoding using a forced-choice test that demands deliberate responses in both consciousness conditions. When encoding was conscious, retrieval accuracy decreased by 25% from 3 min to 10 h, irrespective of sleep or wakefulness. When encoding was unconscious, retrieval accuracy increased from 3 min to 10 h and depended on sleep. Hence, opposite to the classic forgetting curve, unconsciously acquired episodic memories strengthen over time and hinge on sleep on the day of learning to gain influence over human behavior.
Towards a robust criterion of anomalous diffusion
Authors: Sposini Vittoria , Krapf Diego , Marinari Enzo , Sunyer Raimon , Ritort Felix , Taheri Fereydoon , Selhuber-Unkel Christine , Benelli Rebecca , Weiss Matthias , Metzler Ralf , Oshanin Gleb
Published: November 2022

Anomalous-diffusion, the departure of the spreading dynamics of diffusing particles from the traditional law of Brownian-motion, is a signature feature of a large number of complex soft-matter and biological systems. Anomalous-diffusion emerges due to a variety of physical mechanisms, e.g., trapping interactions or the viscoelasticity of the environment. However, sometimes systems dynamics are erroneously claimed to be anomalous, despite the fact that the true motion is Brownian—or vice versa. This ambiguity in establishing whether the dynamics as normal or anomalous can have far-reaching consequences, e.g., in predictions for reaction- or relaxation-laws. Demonstrating that a system exhibits normal- or anomalous-diffusion is highly desirable for a vast host of applications. Here, we present a criterion for anomalous-diffusion based on the method of power-spectral analysis of single trajectories. The robustness of this criterion is studied for trajectories of fractional-Brownian-motion, a ubiquitous stochastic process for the description of anomalous-diffusion, in the presence of two types of measurement errors. In particular, we find that our criterion is very robust for subdiffusion. Various tests on surrogate data in absence or presence of additional positional noise demonstrate the efficacy of this method in practical contexts. Finally, we provide a proof-of-concept based on diverse experiments exhibiting both normal and anomalous-diffusion.
Mitochondrial RNA stimulates beige adipocyte development in young mice
Authors: Hoang Anh Cuong , Sasi-Szabó László , Pál Tibor , Szabó Tamás , Diedrich Victoria , Herwig Annika , Landgraf Kathrin , Körner Antje , Röszer Tamás
Published: November 2022

Childhood obesity is a serious public health crisis and a critical factor that determines future obesity prevalence. Signals affecting adipocyte development in early postnatal life have a strong potential to trigger childhood obesity; however, these signals are still poorly understood. We show here that mitochondrial (mt)RNA efflux stimulates transcription of nuclear-encoded genes for mitobiogenesis and thermogenesis in adipocytes of young mice and human infants. While cytosolic mtRNA is a potential trigger of the interferon (IFN) response, young adipocytes lack such a response to cytosolic mtRNA due to the suppression of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)7 expression by vitamin D receptor signalling. Adult and obese adipocytes, however, strongly express IRF7 and mount an IFN response to cytosolic mtRNA. In turn, suppressing IRF7 expression in adult adipocytes restores mtRNA-induced mitobiogenesis and thermogenesis and eventually mitigates obesity. Retrograde mitochondrion-to-nucleus signalling by mtRNA is thus a mechanism to evoke thermogenic potential during early adipocyte development and to protect against obesity.