bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating PbS Quantum Dots with Hematite for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
Authors: Ikram Ashi , Dass Sahab , Shrivastav Rohit , Satsangi Vibha R.
Published: March 2019

Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) thin film modified by PbS quantum dots (QDs) using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method is investigated as photoanode in PEC cell for different number of SILAR cycles for solar hydrogen production. Modified electrode shows a substantial increment in photocurrent density as well as in incident‐photon‐to‐current‐conversion efficiency. Maximum photocurrent density of 1.04 mA cm−2 at 0.75 V SCE−1 is exhibited by 6 SILAR cycles processed PbS QDs deposited below α‐Fe2O3 thin film. In depth analysis of the results of structural, optical, morphological, and photoelectrochemical characterization signifies that incorporating PbS QDs with α‐Fe2O3 allows higher visible light absorption along with favorable change in morphology. Further, improved photoelectrochemical performance has also been convinced by higher open circuit potential and more negative flat band potential of the sensitized samples.
Current weight of evidence of viruses associated with peri‐implantitis and peri‐implant health: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Akram Zohaib , Al‐Aali Khulud Abdulrahman , Alrabiah Mohammed , Alonaizan Faisal Abdullah , Abduljabbar Tariq , AlAhmari Fatemah , Javed Fawad , Vohra Fahim
Published: March 2019

The pathological role of human herpesviruses (HHVs) (Epstein‐Barr virus [EBV], Human cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Herpes simplex virus [HSV]) in peri‐implant health needs clarification quantitatively. To determine the weight of evidence for HHVs in patients with peri‐implantitis (PI) and substantiate the significance of HHVs in peri‐implant inflammation, electronic databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1964 up to and including November 2018. Meta‐analyses were conducted for prevalence of HHVs in PI and healthy controls. Forest plots were generated that recorded risk difference (RD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Five clinical studies were considered and included. Four clinical studies reported data on EBV while three clinical studies reported data on CMV. Considering the risk of these viruses in PI, significant heterogeneity for CMV (χ2 = 53.37, p < 0.0001, I2 = 96.25%) and EBV (χ2 = 14.14, p = 0.002, I2 = 78.79%) prevalence was noticed between PI and healthy control sites. The overall RD for only EBV (RD = 0.20, 95% CI, 0.01‐0.40, p = 0.03) was statistically significant between both groups. Frequencies of the viruses were increased in patients with PI compared with healthy nondiseased sites. However, the findings of the present study should be interpreted with caution because of significant heterogeneity and small number of included studies.
Withdrawn: How to investigate an accused serial sexual harasser
Authors: Shuster Jonathan J. , Handler Mark
Published: March 2019

Withdrawal: Shuster, JJ, Handler, M. How to investigate an accused serial sexual harasser. Statistics in Medicine. 2019; 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.8145. The above article from Statistics in Medicine, published online on 21 March 2019 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been withdrawn by agreement of the authors, the Journal Editors (Ralph D'Agostino, Simon Day, Els Goetghebeur and Joel Greenhouse) and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The editors acknowledge that the original manuscript did not undergo the rigorous peer‐review process that is customarily expected of a scholarly journal.
Impulse current withstanding capability of ZnO varistors with influence of varistor size
Authors: Wang Jianguo , Mei Linmao , Su Wanlu , Wang Xu , Zhou Mi , Fan Yadong
Published: March 2019

Through injecting 8/20 and 30/60 μs impulse currents to five kinds of ZnO varistors, the influence of the varistor size on the single impulse current withstanding capability of a ZnO varistor is investigated in this article. A comprehensive damage criterion of a varistor consisting of three aspects, namely, mechanical failure by visual inspection, abnormal saltation in voltage or current waveform, and over 5% variation in reference voltage or leakage current >50 μA is proposed here. The diameters of the ZnO varistor under test vary from 42 mm to 60 mm, and the heights vary from 22 mm to 31 mm. The obtained results show that, under the same impulse current waveform, the mean voltage and the mean energy density of ZnO varistor increase approximately, proportionally with increasing amplitude of impulse current density. Besides, the voltage withstanding capability per unit height of varistor varies from 4.408 to 4.940 kV/cm under 8/20 μs impulse current, and from 4.256 to 5.148 kV/cm under 30/60 μs impulse current. The current withstanding capability per unit area of the varistor varies from 2.134 to 3.842 kA/cm2 under 8/20 μs impulse current, and from 1.738 to 3.490 kA/cm2 under 30/60 μs impulse current. Moreover, the energy withstanding capability per unit volume of the varistor ranges from 206 to 421 J/cm3 under 8/20 μs impulse current, and from 311 to 752 J/cm3 under 30/60 μs impulse current. Furthermore, due to the fact that nonuniformity of the polycrystalline‐sintered body of ZnO varistors increases with the increasing varistor area, the normalized parameters, including the mean failure voltage, the failure current density, and the failure energy density, decrease with increasing varistor diameters. The normalized parameters proposed here are more effective ones to consider the effect of sizes on the withstanding capacity than the failure current, the failure voltage, and the failure energy. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Critical Thinking Is Critical: Octopuses, Online Sources, and Reliability Reasoning
Authors: Pilgrim Jodi , Vasinda Sheri , Bledsoe Christie , Martinez Elda
Published: March 2019

The ability to analyze and evaluate online sources for credibility continues to be a universal concern. In a 2006 study by the University of Connecticut, seventh graders lacked the ability to discredit a hoax website about a tree octopus. Using the same website in this qualitative study, 68 elementary students shared rationales about the source's authenticity during an exploration of reliability reasoning. Student responses provided insight into the application of web literacy skills and highlighted a need for increased instructional emphasis on critical thinking and explicit modeling of reliability reasoning during online searches.
Impact of vacuum stability constraints on the phenomenology of supersymmetric models
Authors: Hollik Wolfgang G. , Weiglein Georg , Wittbrodt Jonas
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We present a fast and efficient method for studying vacuum stability constraints in multi-scalar theories beyond the Standard Model. This method is designed for a reliable use in large scale parameter scans. The minimization of the scalar potential is done with the well-known polynomial homotopy continuation, and the decay rate of a false vacuum in a multi-scalar theory is estimated by an exact solution of the bounce action in the one-field case. We compare to more precise calculations of the tunnelling path at the tree- and one-loop level and find good agreement for the resulting constraints on the parameter space. Numerical stability, runtime and reliability are significantly improved compared to approaches existing in the literature. This procedure is applied to several phenomenologically interesting benchmark scenarios defined in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We utilize our efficient approach to study the impact of simultaneously varying multiple fields and illustrate the importance of correctly identifying the most dangerous minimum among the minima that are deeper than the electroweak vacuum.
Non-Cartan Mordell-Weil lattices of rational elliptic surfaces and heterotic/F-theory compactifications
Authors: Mizoguchi Shun’ya , Tani Taro
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The Mordell-Weil lattices (MW lattices) associated to rational elliptic surfaces are classified into 74 types. Among them, there are cases in which the MW lattice is none of the weight lattices of simple Lie algebras or direct sums thereof. We study how such “non-Cartan MW lattices” are realized in the six-dimensional heterotic/F-theory compactifications. In this paper, we focus on non-Cartan MW lattices that are torsion free and whose associated singularity lattices are sublattices of A
7. For the heterotic string compactification, a non-Cartan MW lattice yields an instanton gauge group H with one or more U(1) group(s). We give a method for computing massless spectra via the index theorem and show that the U(1) instanton number is limited to be a multiple of some particular non-one integer. On the F-theory side, we examine whether we can construct the corresponding threefold geometries, i.e., rational elliptic surface fibrations over ℙ1. Except for some cases, we obtain such geometries for specific distributions of instantons. All the spectrum derived from those geometries completely match with the heterotic results.
Intraoperative Body Fluid Amylase as a Novel Indicator of Postgastrectomy Pancreatic Fistula
Authors: Tanioka Toshiro , Kojima Kazuyuki , Saito Toshifumi , Kanemoto Emi , Okuno Keisuke , Gokita Kentaro , Kobayashi Kenta , Nakagawa Masatoshi , Inokuchi Mikito
Published: March 2019

Background

Although many methods to prevent the development of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after gastrectomy have been reported, POPF can only be identified after it has occurred. Various therapeutic measures could be taken if signs of POPF could be detected intraoperatively.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study in which we attempted to predict POPF by measuring the intraoperative amylase concentration in the peripancreatic body fluid. To collect the body fluid, three sponges were placed around the pancreas at lymph node station Nos. 6, 8, and 11 during lymphadenectomy. The amylase concentration was measured in the body fluid squeezed from the sponges. We investigated whether the intraoperative body fluid amylase concentration (IBAC) was associated with POPF formation.

Results

In total, 109 patients were enrolled from February 2016 to March 2018, and we analyzed 81 eligible patients. Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ II POPF occurred in eight patients (9%). The IBAC was significantly higher in sponges No. 6 (P = 0.044) and No. 8 (P = 0.007). The incidence of POPF was predicted by using an IBAC cutoff value for No. 6 (1047 IU/L; sensitivity 87.5%; specificity 65.0%; positive likelihood ratio 2.5) and No. 8 (400 IU/L; sensitivity 87.5%; specificity 68.5%; positive likelihood value 2.8), respectively. The IBAC in sponge No. 11 tended to be higher (P = 0.054).

Conclusions

By measuring the IBAC, surgeons might predict POPF easily and noninvasively during surgery. This method is one of the most effective ways to predict POPF intraoperatively.
The Operative Output of District Hospitals in KwaZulu‐Natal Province is Heavily Skewed Toward Obstetrical Care
Authors: Tefera Aida , Lutge Elizabeth , Sartorius Benn , Clarke Damian
Published: March 2019

Introduction

District hospitals are key to providing universal coverage of essential surgery and for strengthening surgical care in general. This audit set out to quantify the surgical output of all the district hospitals in KwaZulu‐Natal Province (KZN) over a 6‐month period to see whether district hospitals were delivering the surgical care they are expected to deliver.

Results

There were a total of 18,871 operations performed at 37 district hospitals in KwaZulu‐Natal from July to December 2015. The number of operations per hospital varied widely between 2150 at a single large district hospital and 68 at a small district hospital, respectively. Surgical operations for obstetrical conditions made up by far the majority of operations at 57%, with gynecological operations making up the second highest at 15%. Only 12% of operations were for general surgical conditions. With regards to the bellwether procedures, 96.1% of these were cesarean sections, 2.1% were laparotomies and 1.8% were ORIFs. For almost all the 37 hospitals, the percentage of laparotomies and ORIFs performed was small to negligible, while the percentage of cesarean sections performed was high. The number of bellwether operations performed per 100,000 population was much higher than the number of general surgical or orthopedic operations performed, primarily because of the preponderance of cesarean sections conducted in each hospital. We observed a strong and significant positive correlation (+0.691, 95% CI +0.538 to +0.800, p < 0.001) between increasing distance to nearest regional referral hospital and rate of laparotomies and ORIF procedures performed.

Conclusions

The surgical output of district hospitals in KZN is heavily skewed toward obstetrics and gynecology. Further work is required to understand the reasons for this, but the current data imply that district hospitals are not delivering surgical and orthopedic care at district hospitals in KwaZulu‐Natal.
A study of accidental impact scenarios for composite wing damage tolerance evaluation
Authors: Dubinskii S. , Feygenbaum Y. , Senik V. , Metelkin E.
Published: March 2019

The field data characterising aircraft accidental in-service damage was collected, sorted and processed. By means of probabilistic analysis, the wing damageability statistical parameters were determined. The scenarios of wing accidental impacts were described and the qualitative distribution of impact intensity over the wing surfaces was obtained. By means of original analytical method, the metal dent depth data were converted into impact energy data and energy probabilistic distributions were established. It was shown that the functional relationships generated on domestic data are generally consistent with similar foreign results obtained on other types of aircraft with serious differences in operating conditions. Along with realistic impact damage scenarios, the high energy impact events were considered. It was noted that in some cases severe damage events should not be addressed as extremely improbable and should be included into design and certification process.
Remarks by Maria Flores
Authors: Flores Maria
Published: March 2019

I first became involved with international law while I was at
university. After graduating, I decided to teach public international law.
As an undergraduate, I particularly enjoyed this branch of study. I was
attracted to it because it helped me to understand the problems, challenges,
and breakthroughs in the field of international relations on a global scale.
Therefore, after facing a competitive entry process, I joined the
international law department of the Universidad de la República. It was a
small department, but the university had produced some well-known scholars
like Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, who became a judge at the International
Court of Justice, and Hector Gross Espiell, who served as a judge at the
Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Remarks by Michelle Leighton
Authors: Leighton Michelle
Published: March 2019

Thanks very much. It is very exciting to be on this panel and listen to
so many interesting issues that we are involved in and see colleagues again.
I hope I will make the bridge between the refugee and migration issues and
take up where Alice left off.
Introductory Remarks by Christine Chinkin
Authors: Chinkin Christine
Published: March 2019

Welcome—you are a very select audience—to this roundtable. And I have
just been quibbling. How can you have a roundtable in a room this size? But,
anyway, it is still called a roundtable on the Security Council, Women,
Peace, and Security Agenda in Practice. I was going to say to start with, I
do not know how many people in the room for whom the words “women, peace,
and security” make sense or is a sort of language that you are actually used
to. Certainly, when I talk to many international lawyers who are not in the
room, they look at me blankly and say, “What? What is that?”
Remarks by Liz Evenson
Authors: Evenson Liz
Published: March 2019

Okay. Thank you very much, Hélène, and thank you to the organizers for
putting together this panel and for the invitation to be here.
Remarks by Sarah Williams
Authors: Williams Sarah
Published: March 2019

Thank you. I would also like to add my thanks to the conference
organizers for the invitation. This is my first time attending ASIL and it
is a real privilege to be here.
Remarks by Ashika Singh
Authors: Singh Ashika
Published: March 2019

Okay. I have been asked to address the second question, which is whether
conspiracy, terrorism, and hijacking can lawfully be tried by these law of
war military commissions. Well, in 2006 and then again in 2009, Congress
passed the Military Commissions Act, which defined these offenses as triable
by a military commission. Two different presidents from two different
parties signed those bills into law. And subsequently the D.C. Circuit
sitting en banc upheld the conspiracy conviction by military commission of
Ali Hamza Ahmad Suliman al-Bahlul, who had been known as bin Laden's media
man. He had produced Al Qaeda recruitment videos and provided some support
to the 9/11 hijackers in the run up to the operation.
Introductory Remarks by Molly K. Land
Authors: Land Molly K.
Published: March 2019

New innovations in human rights fact-finding and criminal investigations
offer both opportunities and challenges for human rights law in
practice.1 As documentation of human rights
violations becomes more difficult and complex, practitioners are exploring
ways to augment their work with new tools and new
methodologies.2 Social media, accessible satellite
data, and even drone technology have expanded the capacity of human rights
investigators to document abuses, even when access to the sites of
atrocities is limited.
Remarks by Bernard H. Oxman
Authors: Oxman Bernard H.
Published: March 2019

The chair of the panel, Professor Alina Miron, asked Professor
Oxman to address the following: Undoubtedly the first use of the
mechanism of compulsory conciliation under Annex V of the UN Convention
on the Law of the Sea by Timor-Leste was a tremendous success, though
not devoid of obstacles. What are the lessons that can be learned from
this first experience? How different from the judicial mechanisms were
the Commission's functions and procedures?
International Criminal Justice from the Bottom Up
Authors: Rapp Stephen
Published: March 2019

Thank you, Lucinda, for that kind introduction. Congratulations to Sean
Murphy on your election as the new ASIL president and on the success of the
initiative for a crimes against humanity convention. And thanks so much to
Mark Agrast for this great program.
The New Dilemmas of Rule of Law Assistance
Authors: Taylor Veronica L.
Published: March 2019

As we meet in 2018, it is nearly thirty years since the fall of the
Berlin Wall in 1989; seventeen years have passed since the terrorist attacks
in the United States of September 11, 2001; and it is nearly fifteen years
since the United Nations promulgated its definition of rule of law in
2004.
Remarks by Lisa Sachs
Authors: Sachs Lisa
Published: March 2019

In evaluating the investor state dispute settlement (ISDS) system, and
the numerous reform proposals circulating, it is worth remembering that the
entire history of ISDS is quite recent. Almost all concluded cases have been
decided in the last fifteen years. And even within the last ten years, there
have been notable changes in the types of cases that are brought, the size
of damages both claimed and awarded, and tribunals’ interpretations of key
provisions. So current discussions about reform are a timely and appropriate
stock-taking of the ISDS mechanism, and whether its use has met the aims and
objectives of the system, and with which outcomes and impacts.
Remarks by Natalie Y. Morris-Sharma
Authors: Morris-Sharma Natalie Y.
Published: March 2019

These remarks approach the panel topic of investor-state dispute
settlement (ISDS) at the crossroads, by reflecting on the ongoing
discussions on ISDS reform that are taking place at the United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). There are three sets of
factors likely to inform how ISDS is being transformed.
Introductory Remarks by Jarrod Wong
Authors: Wong Jarrod
Published: March 2019

International arbitration developments and practice in Asia have not
received the attention they deserve given the growth and increasing
complexity of the field in that region during recent years. At the turn of
the twenty-first century, international arbitration has flourished and
prospered across Asia, and within its major constituent jurisdictions. The
increasing importance of arbitration coincides with the growing cross-border
investment in Asia. Investment continues to flow in from both Asian and
Western economies. The capital inflow is accelerated by China's initiatives
such as the Belt and Road Policy (“One Belt One Road”) and the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Our panel session surveyed and sought
to shed light on the practice of international commercial as well as
investment treaty arbitration, both of which are crucial dispute resolution
vehicles to settle cross-border investment disputes. To try and cover this
vast ground and keep the session engaging, a series of questions was quickly
and successively posed to each panelist, who has expertise in international
arbitration in one or more Asian jurisdictions, to highlight the
little-known arbitration practice in her region and provide a cross-region
comparative perspective.
On Corporate Responsibility, Human Rights, and Transitional Justice:
Quo Vadis?
Authors: Teitel Ruti
Published: March 2019

The 2018 ASIL panel on the question of corporate responsibility and
human rights, and in particular, my remarks on corporate responsibility and
transitional justice, preceded a long-awaited United States Supreme Court
decision on the question of whether foreign corporate responsibility for
human rights abuses belonged in United States courts ending in a closely
decided vote—dividing sharply along political lines, with the Court
conservatives in splintered opinions deciding against such liability. A
forceful dissent by the four liberals on the Court would have allowed the
Alien Tort Claims Act (ACTA) claim to go forward.
International Arbitration and Japan: Stagnant, but Signs of
Change?
Authors: Fukunaga Yuka
Published: March 2019

Japan has been lagging far behind other jurisdictions in Asia such as
Hong Kong and Singapore, which have been widely recognized as international
arbitration hubs. However, efforts have been made to transform Japanese
cities into new arbitration hubs.
Remarks by Tania Voon
Authors: Voon Tania
Published: March 2019

The WTO general exceptions are crucial provisions that recognize that in
some circumstances non-trade objectives will trump trade liberalization.
That recognition flows from the fact that trade liberalization per se is not
the purpose of the WTO; rather, trade liberalization is a means to achieve
other objectives as specified in the preamble to the Marrakesh Agreement
Establishing the World Trade Organization, such as raising standards of
living and ensuring full employment. The predominant view is that the
general exceptions are extremely difficult to satisfy. Indeed, I am aware of
only three instances in which a respondent has successfully invoked GATT
Article XX; of these, two are compliance proceedings, and one of those is
under appeal. However, challenged measures typically fail to satisfy the
requirements of the Article XX chapeau because
they are discriminatory, and removing that discrimination provides a means
of benefiting from the exception.
Introduction
Authors: Bigge David , Nevill Penelope
Published: March 2019

How judges and arbitrators in international courts and tribunals do or
ought to judge are perennial topics. For the 2018 ASIL Annual Meeting, we
assembled a panel of judges, practitioners, and scholars for an informal
conversation on the modern, practical aspects of judging in international
courts and in arbitral tribunals.
Remarks by Holger Hestermeyer
Authors: Hestermeyer Holger
Published: March 2019

This question is inextricably connected with the first one. The more you
think a judge's or arbitrator's task consists in merely resolving a dispute,
the more you will insist on judicial economy. The more you regard a judge as
an instrument of the international community in developing international law
or elucidating its concepts, the more you will favor her or his straying
from what is strictly necessary to resolve the dispute. To some extent, the
international judiciary serves both of these functions, which was made
explicit with regard to World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement in
Article 3.2 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding. It obviously resolves
disputes with an important role for judicial economy. But it also elucidates
the concepts of international law. That function of adjudication gains some
importance in international law, because it is a legal system without
legislature, where pressures on legal rules can build over time and only the
adjudicator can ensure that the system remains operable in a changing world,
straying from the path of judicial economy.
Christopher Greenwood
Authors: Greenwood Christopher
Published: March 2019

I have also had the experience of sitting—though not silently—through
deliberations in the ICJ. Often professors say, “Oh well you know, they were
not quite clear where they were going because they had been ambiguous here.”
The common law world of academia often misses the point spectacularly,
because in common law courts—even when you have a lot of judges—the
tradition is that a judge writes his or her own judgment, and either other
judges agree or you have to distill the ratio
decidendi of the case from the different judgments. It is
a totally different exercise when the judges must produce a collective
judgment, especially if they must produce it in more than one language. Had
academics been a fly on the wall in the deliberations at the ICJ they would
have known we knew exactly what we were doing: we did not all agree on the
outcome, and this is a disagreement that has been reduced to writing in
order to enable the court to move on.
Philippa Webb
Authors: Webb Philippa
Published: March 2019

Four features make states potentially different to other litigants.
First, states are still the principal player in international law—they are
the parties to treaties, members of international organizations, and the
makers and breakers of customary international law. They also establish
courts, decide on budgets, and elect the judges. Second, states enjoy
immunity from jurisdiction and from enforcement measures—courts are obliged
to consider such immunity in limine litis and on
their own initiative. Third, states, whether they are democracies or
dictatorships, are political entities. Fourth, sovereignty is associated
with notions of honor, dignity, and comity.
The Indonesian Constitutional Court: Reconfiguring Decentralization for Better or Worse?
Authors: BUTT Simon
Published: March 2019

After Soeharto stepped down in 1998, Indonesia began a radical decentralization program, one aspect of which was granting wide-ranging lawmaking powers to subnational governments. The national legislation establishing the decentralization framework gave power to the central government to review provincial-level laws, and, from 2014, for provincial governors to review city and county laws, and to invalidate them if they are inconsistent with national laws, morality, or public order. In 2017, the Constitutional Court declared these review mechanisms unconstitutional, deciding that these reviews should be conducted by the Supreme Court rather than the national or provincial executive governments. This decision reversed the trend of successive reforms from 2004 that had begun restoring political and legal power to the centre. It was also one of the most problematic in the Court’s history, as this article demonstrates. The legal reasoning was poor and incomplete, the Court appeared to be equally split (though the Court did not acknowledge this), and the consequences of the decision (which the Court did not appear to consider) are likely dire. The decision has caused great confusion, but despite its flaws may well lead to reforms requiring the Constitutional Court, rather than the Supreme Court, to review subnational laws.
An empirical expression for on the axis of a slightly heated turbulent round jet
Authors: Lemay J. , Djenidi L. , Antonia R. A. , Benaïssa A.
Published: March 2019

Self-preservation analyses of the equations for the mean temperature and the second-order temperature structure function on the axis of a slightly heated turbulent round jet are exploited in an attempt to develop an analytical expression for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$, the mean dissipation rate of$\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}/2$, where$\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}$is the temperature variance. The analytical approach follows that of Thiessetet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, R2) who developed an expression for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{k}$, the mean turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, using the transport equation for$\overline{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}u)^{2}}$, the second-order velocity structure function. Experimental data show that complete self-preservation for all scales of motion is very well satisfied along the jet axis for streamwise distances larger than approximately 30 times the nozzle diameter. This validation of the analytical results is of particular interest as it provides justification and confidence in the analytical derivation of power laws representing the streamwise evolution of different physical quantities along the axis, such as:$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$,$R_{U}$,$R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}}$(all representing characteristic length scales), the mean temperature excess$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0}$, the mixed velocity–temperature moments$\overline{u\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}$,$\overline{v\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}$and$\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$. Simple models are proposed for$\overline{u\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}$and$\overline{v\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{2}}$in order to derive an analytical expression for$A_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}}$, the prefactor of the power law describing the streamwise evolution of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$. Further, expressions are also derived for the turbulent Péclet number and the thermal-to-mechanical time scale ratio. These expressions involve global parameters that are most likely to be influenced by the initial and/or boundary conditions and are therefore expected to be flow dependent.
Insulin-like growth factor I, binding proteins -1 and -3, risk of type 2 diabetes and macronutrient intakes in men
Authors: Similä Minna E. , Kontto Jukka P. , Virtamo Jarmo , Hätönen Katja A. , Valsta Liisa M. , Sundvall Jouko , Männistö Satu
Published: March 2019

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. We examined the associations of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 and -3 with diabetes risk and evaluated macronutrient intakes related to the observed associations. In a nested case–control study of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of Finnish male smokers aged 50–69 years, the IGF variables were measured from baseline serum samples for a random sample of 310 men with diabetes diagnosed during a 12-year follow-up and for 310 controls matched by age, recruitment day and intervention group. Diet at baseline was assessed using a validated FFQ. The associations of IGF proteins with diabetes risk were estimated using conditional logistic regression and the associations with macronutrient intakes using linear regression. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were not associated with the incidence of diabetes. Higher IGFBP-1 was associated with lower diabetes risk in an unadjusted crude model (OR 0·25; 95 % CI 0·15, 0·42 in the highest quartile compared with the lowest), but not after adjustment for BMI (corresponding OR 0·76; 95 % CI 0·41, 1·40). Intakes of carbohydrates, plant protein and milk protein associated positively and intake of meat protein and fat negatively with IGFBP-1 (P<0·005). IGFBP-1 was inversely associated with diabetes risk, but the association was substantially dependent on BMI. The associations between macronutrient intakes and IGFBP-1 may reflect influences of nutrients or foods on insulin concentrations.
Luther at Augsburg, 1518: New Light on Papal Strategies
Authors: KELLY HENRY ANSGAR
Published: March 2019

Leo x’s brief Cum nuper, which authorised Cardinal Cajetan to put Luther on trial but did not restrict debate between them, was sent not on 11 September 1518, as has been generally believed, but on 2 November. It referred to a lost brief countermanding the order of 23 August for Luther's arrest: this brief instead offered a safe conduct to Rome. However, Luther's abrupt departure from Augsburg prevented this offer from being made. Exsurge Domine (1520), which convicted Luther without trial on inflated charges of heresy, made the false claim that he had rejected an invitation to Rome.
The Coming Wave: Where Do Emerging Market Investors Put Their Money?
Authors: Karolyi G. Andrew , Ng David T. , Prasad Eswar S.
Published: March 2019

Using country- and institution-level data, we find that the “coming wave” of emerging- market (EM) investors systematically over- or underweight their equity portfolio holdings in a way that reflects the influences of past capital and trade flows from a foreign country. We interpret this finding as support for van Nieuwerburgh and Veldkamp (2009) information endowment hypothesis. Strong past capital and trade flows create an information advantage that leads EM investors to disproportionately overweight a given foreign market, even relative to developed market investor counterparts. We also pursue predictions of the information endowment hypothesis by constructing novel information-advantage proxies based on relationships among investment firms and the headquarters of their parent companies. These proxies also offer reliable explanatory power for international portfolio allocations.
Unravelling the strings attached: Philippine indigeneity in law and practice
Authors: Theriault Noah
Published: March 2019

After the fall of the Marcos regime in 1986, Philippine policymakers became the first in Asia to recognise indigeneity and Indigenous rights. By law, Indigenous groups throughout the archipelago now have priority rights to their ‘ancestral domains’, but in return they are expected to maintain an ‘ecological balance’ and cooperate with environmental regulations. As in many other parts of the world, the conditionalities of recognition mean that invocations of Indigenous rights often serve to initiate ever-deeper entanglements with governmental power. At the same time, however, Indigenous Peoples and their advocates do not approach the dilemmas of recognition as hapless bystanders; rather, they negotiate them in strategic and often unexpected ways. This article considers how members of Indigenous Palawan communities in the southwestern Philippines have used dominant policy assumptions to intervene in dispossessory processes. Specifically, I examine instances in which they have: (1) codified a ‘tradition’ of inheritance to influence legislative outcomes; (2) performed the policy narrative of ‘ecological balance’ to shape the outcome of conservation interventions; and (3) filed a civil case tacitly challenging official expectations that they govern themselves as homogenous collectivities. These examples, I argue, offer broader insights into the paradoxical and at times unexpected consequences of legislating Indigenous rights.
Preserving ‘tradition’: The business of indigeneity in the modern Philippine context
Authors: Paredes Oona
Published: March 2019

What are the practical and cultural consequences of embracing the ‘Indigenous’ label? Despite universalising aspirations, the concept of indigeneity carries distinct political connotations in the Philippines, where the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act has created a bureaucracy that purportedly responds to the special needs of Indigenous Peoples, including the preservation of cultural traditions and securing title to ancestral lands. While laudatory on the surface, in practice the current legal and bureaucratic framework allows the state to impose its own definition of indigeneity, often compelling indigenous minorities to conform to stereotypes in order to acquire the fundamental rights and benefits that, by law, are supposed to be guaranteed. The Philippine states’ requirements for being recognised as ‘Indigenous’ are transforming how Indigenous Peoples maintain and perform their ancestral traditions, often leading to highly divisive internal debates about proper cultural and political representation. This article examines the case of Higaunon Lumads in northern Mindanao, who have been responding locally to over thirty years of national trends in participatory development that require increased engagement with government bureaucracy. I explore how ‘indigeneity’ has been defined and employed by Higaunons in the service of ‘preserving tradition’, the political and other consequences that have emerged in this context, and the perils of representing and commodifying indigeneity in modern Southeast Asia.
Positioning of Murut and Bajau identities in state forest reserves and marine parks in Sabah, East Malaysia
Authors: Majid Cooke Fadzilah , Johari Sofia
Published: March 2019

This article, which looks at Indigenous communities in the multiethnic, multicultural region of Sabah, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, argues that indigeneity is not primordial, but exists in relation to dominant identities as well as other non-dominant, Indigenous groups. Moreover, Indigenous Peoples are not passive recipients of colonial or even postcolonial Othering: their identity is contextualised and contested within majority–minority relations. The article begins with a brief history of the dominant Kadazandusun nationalism in Sabah, in the context of the overarching Bumiputra policy of Malaysia, which privileges constructed Malayness, as background to the discourses and practices of smaller groups of land-based Murut and the sea-oriented ‘Bajau’, where identity switching is taking place in tandem with environmental justice claims. The land-based communities (Murut) have found leverage in making identity and livelihood claims attached to place (here, state-declared forest reserves that seek to exclude them) in line with the recent global environmental justice focus on participatory conservation rather than the older ‘fortress conservation’ model still dominant in state conservation thinking. However, the sea-oriented peoples (Bajau) require other social symbols than land for making their identity claims, in this instance, via claims to ‘modern’ livelihoods and as managers of marine resources with reference to the newly established Tun Mustapha Park. In Sabah, participatory conservation is being reappropriated by Indigenous Peoples to assert claims about place and /or livelihoods; if bureaucratised, however, this form of conservation might turn out to be less than participatory.
Becoming Indigenous Peoples in Thailand
Authors: Leepreecha Prasit
Published: March 2019

This article investigates the processes of becoming Indigenous Peoples in Thailand by tracing the transnational relationships and influences of global Indigenous movements on the creation of the Network and the Council of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand (NIPT and CIPT). In addition, it examines the Indigenous Peoples’ movement toward both internal and external recognition. I argue that in Thailand the Indigenous Peoples movement stems from the global movement and exists in relation to international organisations. Within Thailand, the movement represents a deterritorialisation of the ethnoscape, with those now identified as Indigenous Peoples previously being identified as ‘tribal peoples’, ‘ethnic minorities’, or ‘Others’ who threatened national security. Indigenous Peoples are also self-identifying as native and marginalised peoples whose basic rights must be recognised and who advocate for equal treatment as citizens. Yet, the Indigenous Peoples’ movement in Thailand is developing through a process of ongoing negotiations with various internal and external sectors. As a Hmong anthropologist and long-time participant in the Indigenous movement in Thailand, in addition to secondary sources, I draw mainly on personal observations and interviews with key informants.
Universal properties for universal types in bifibrational parametricity
Authors: Ghani Neil , Forsberg Fredrik Nordvall , Orsanigo Federico
Published: March 2019

In the 1980s, John Reynolds postulated that a parametrically polymorphic function is an ad-hoc polymorphic function satisfying a uniformity principle. This allowed him to prove that his set-theoretic semantics has a relational lifting which satisfies the Identity Extension Lemma and the Abstraction Theorem. However, his definition (and subsequent variants) has only been given for specific models. In contrast, we give a model-independent axiomatic treatment by characterising Reynolds’ definition via a universal property, and show that the above results follow from this universal property in the axiomatic setting.
Looking Down to Reach to the Stars
Authors: Sherwood Lollar Barbara
Published: March 2019

Discoveries deep beneath Earth’s surface drive planetary exploration, and discoveries on other planets inform our understanding of the world beneath our feet.
Fluorinated MOF platform for selective removal and sensing of SO2 from flue gas and air
Authors: Tchalala M. R. , Bhatt P. M. , Chappanda K. N. , Tavares S. R. , Adil K. , Belmabkhout Y. , Shkurenko A. , Cadiau A. , Heymans N. , De Weireld G. , Maurin G. , Salama K. N. , Eddaoudi M.
Published: March 2019

Conventional SO2 scrubbing agents, namely calcium oxide and zeolites, are often used to remove SO2 using a strong or irreversible adsorption-based process. However, adsorbents capable of sensing and selectively capturing this toxic molecule in a reversible manner, with in-depth understanding of structure–property relationships, have been rarely explored. Here we report the selective removal and sensing of SO2 using recently unveiled fluorinated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Mixed gas adsorption experiments were performed at low concentrations ranging from 250 p.p.m. to 7% of SO2. Direct mixed gas column breakthrough and/or column desorption experiments revealed an unprecedented SO2 affinity for KAUST-7 (NbOFFIVE-1-Ni) and KAUST-8 (AlFFIVE-1-Ni) MOFs. Furthermore, MOF-coated quartz crystal microbalance transducers were used to develop sensors with the ability to detect SO2 at low concentrations ranging from 25 to 500 p.p.m.
iRGD synergizes with PD-1 knockout immunotherapy by enhancing lymphocyte infiltration in gastric cancer
Authors: Ding Naiqing , Zou Zhengyun , Sha Huizi , Su Shu , Qian Hanqing , Meng Fanyan , Chen Fangjun , Du Shiyao , Zhou Shujuan , Chen Hong , Zhang Lianru , Yang Ju , Wei Jia , Liu Baorui
Published: March 2019

Poor infiltration of activated lymphocytes into tumors represents a fundamental factor limiting the therapeutic effect of adoptive cell immunotherapy. A tumor-penetrating peptide, iRGD, has been widely used to deliver drugs into tumor tissues. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that iRGD could also facilitate the infiltration of lymphocytes in both 3D tumor spheroids and several xenograft mouse models. In addition, combining iRGD modification with PD-1 knockout lymphocytes reveals a superior anti-tumor efficiency. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the binding of iRGD to neuropilin-1 results in tyrosine phosphorylation of the endothelial barrier regulator VE-cadherin, which plays a role in the opening of endothelial cell contacts and the promotion of transendothelial lymphocyte migration. In summary, these results demonstrate that iRGD modification could promote tumor-specific lymphocyte infiltration, and thereby overcome the bottleneck associated with adoptive immune cell therapy in solid tumors.
Compressive three-dimensional super-resolution microscopy with speckle-saturated fluorescence excitation
Authors: Pascucci M. , Ganesan S. , Tripathi A. , Katz O. , Emiliani V. , Guillon M.
Published: March 2019

Nonlinear structured illumination microscopy (nSIM) is an effective approach for super-resolution wide-field fluorescence microscopy with a theoretically unlimited resolution. In nSIM, carefully designed, highly-contrasted illumination patterns are combined with the saturation of an optical transition to enable sub-diffraction imaging. While the technique proved useful for two-dimensional imaging, extending it to three-dimensions is challenging due to the fading of organic fluorophores under intense cycling conditions. Here, we present a compressed sensing approach that allows 3D sub-diffraction nSIM of cultured cells by saturating fluorescence excitation. Exploiting the natural orthogonality of speckles at different axial planes, 3D probing of the sample is achieved by a single two-dimensional scan. Fluorescence contrast under saturated excitation is ensured by the inherent high density of intensity minima associated with optical vortices in polarized speckle patterns. Compressed speckle microscopy is thus a simple approach that enables 3D super-resolved nSIM imaging with potentially considerably reduced acquisition time and photobleaching.
Using a Novel Transfer Learning Method for Designing Thin Film Solar Cells with Enhanced Quantum Efficiencies
Authors: Kaya Mine , Hajimirza Shima
Published: March 2019

In this study a new method for design optimization is proposed that is based on “transfer learning”. The proposed framework improves the accuracy and efficiency of surrogate-based optimization. A surrogate model is an approximation to a costly black-box function that can be used for more efficient search of optimal points. When design specifications change, the objective function changes too. Therefore, there is a need for a new surrogate model. However, the concept of transfer learning can be applied to refit the new surrogate more efficiently. In other words insights from previous experiences can be applied to learning and optimizing the new function. We use the proposed method in a particular problem pertaining to the design of “thin film multilayer solar cells”, where the goal is to maximize the external quantum efficiency of photoelectric conversion. The results show that the accuracy of the surrogate model is improved by 2–3 times using the transfer learning approach, using only half as many training data points as the original model. In addition, by transferring the design knowledge from one particular set of materials to another similar set of materials in the thin film structure, the surrogate-based optimization is improved, and is it obtained with far less computational time.