bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a novel frontal bone defect mouse model for evaluation of osteogenesis efficiency
Authors: Kim Ju‐Young , Kwak Sung Chul , Ahn Sung‐Jun , Baek Jong Min , Jung Sung Tae , Yun Ki Jung , Yoon Kwon‐Ha , Oh Jaemin , Lee Myeung Su
Published: June 2015

The skull defect model is the existing representative osteogenesis model. The skull defect model involves monitoring osteogenesis patterns at the site of a skull defect, which has the advantages that identical defects can be induced across individual experimental animals and the results can be quantitatively evaluated. However, it can damage the cerebrum because it requires a complex surgery performed on the parietal bone. This study aims to develop a new osteogenesis model that compensates for the weak points of the existing model. Male 8‐week‐old imprinting control region mice were put under inhalational anesthesia, and the surgery area was disinfected with 70% ethanol prior to the creation of a 5‐mm incision along the sagittal line between the glabella with a pair of scissors. The incised area was opened and, after we checked the positions of the inferior cerebral vein and the sagittal suture, a 21‐gauge needle was used to make two symmetrical holes with respect to the sagittal suture 3 mm below the inferior cerebral vein and 2 mm on either side of the sagittal suture. After images were obtained using micro‐computed tomography, the degree of osteogenesis was quantitatively analyzed. In addition, mRNA extracted from the site of the defect confirmed a significant increase in mRNA levels of collagen 1a, alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and Runx2, known markers for osteoblasts. The promotion of osteogenesis could be observed at the site of the defect, by histological analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3764–3771, 2015.
Modulation of extracellular signal‐related kinase, cyclin D1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and vimentin expression in estradiol‐pretreated astrocyte cultures treated with competence and progression growth factors
Authors: Bramanti Vincenzo , Grasso Sonia , Tibullo Daniele , Giallongo Cesarina , Raciti Giuseppina , Viola Maria , Avola Roberto
Published: June 2015

The present study seeks to elucidate the interactions between the “competence” growth factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and/or estrogen 17β‐estradiol and the “progression” growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), and insulin (INS) on DNA labeling and also cyclin D1, extracellular signal‐related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin expression in astroglial cultures under different experimental conditions. Pretreatment for 24 hr with bFGF and subsequent exposure for 36 hr to estradiol (E2) and EGF, IGF‐I, or INS stimulated DNA labeling in the last 12 hr, especially when the cultures were treated with progression growth factors. bFGF pretreatment and subsequent treatment with E2 for 36 hr stimulated DNA labeling. The 36‐hr E2 treatment alone did not significantly decrease DNA labeling, but contemporary addition of E2 with two or three growth factors stimulated DNA labeling remarkably. When E2 was coadded with growth factors, a significantly increased DNA labeling was observed, demonstrating an astroglial synergistic mitogenic effect evoked by contemporary treatment with growth factors in the presence of estrogens. Cyclin D1 expression was markedly increased when astrocyte cultures were pretreated for 36 hr with E2 and subsequently treated with two or three competence and progression growth factors. A highly significant increase of ERK1/2 expression was observed after all the treatments (EGF, bFGF, INS, IGF‐I alone or in combination with two or three growth factors). GFAP and vimentin expression was markedly increased when the cultures were treated with two or three growth factors. In conclusion, our data demonstrate estradiol–growth factor cross‐talk during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in culture. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The endonasal endoscopic harvest and anatomy of the buccal fat pad flap for closure of skull base defects
Authors: Markey Jeff , Benet Arnau , El‐Sayed Ivan H.
Published: June 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Extirpation via expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to the skull base can result in defects requiring vascularized rotational flap reconstruction. The buccal fat pad (BFP) is a vascularized graft described in open skull base resections, but its harvest and adequacy of vascular supply have not been examined for use with EEA.

Study Design

A transfacial cadaveric dissection was carried forth in a latex‐injected specimen to characterize the BFP blood supply. Then a cadaveric dissection series was performed involving the endoscopic harvest and rotation of 10 buccal fat pads in five cadaveric specimens to assess defect coverage.

Methods

An endoscopic medial maxillectomy combined with an anterior maxillotomy was performed prior to endoscopic harvest in cadaveric specimens. The BFP was rotated to assess its capability to reconstruct seven possible ventral skull base defects. Finally, the BFP vascular anatomy was further characterized following harvest and transposition.

Results

The BFP reconstructed defects at the greater sphenoid wing, inferior and superior clivus, sella, planum, and bilateral ethmoids in all cadaveric specimens. In some cases it covered two sites concurrently.

Conclusions

The BFP pedicled rotational flap is a potential alternate flap following EEA in select cases.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:2247–2252, 2015
Effects of top confinement and diluents on morphology in crystallization of poly(l‐lactic acid) interacting with poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Woo Eamor M. , Lugito Graecia , Tsai Jia‐Hsuan
Published: June 2015

Effects of top confinement and diluent poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) crystal morphology have been investigated. When crystallized at 120 °C, uncovered neat PLLA sample exhibits higher growth rate ringless spherulites; while the covered sample exhibits lower growth rate ring‐banded spherulites. As PEO is introduced into PLLA, the morphology also undergoes significant changes. For the same Tc,PLLA = 120 °C, the PEO/PLLA blend with PEO composition greater than 25% exhibits ring‐banded patterns even in uncovered sample. However, in much greater PEO composition (>80 wt %), uncovered samples exhibit ring bands diverging into dendritic patterns, while top covered samples tend to maintain the spiral ring‐band patterns. Both PEO inclusion in PLLA and top cover on films impose growth kinetic alterations. Additionally, the top glass cover tends to prevent the lower surface tension PLLA to be accumulated on the surface, resulting in the formation of ring‐band pattern. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1160–1170
Inequality of rights: Rural industrial workers' access to the law in Guatemala
Authors: Goldín Liliana , Dowdall Courtney
Published: June 2015

We examine unequal access to the law among industrial workers in the export processing plants of the central highlands of Guatemala. Through qualitative interviews with 40 workers and a three‐wave panel survey in four communities, we elicited perspectives on labor conditions and legal protections as perceived by workers. The workers, mostly young, indigenous women, are caught in the apparent fragmentation of transnational circuits of production through outsourcing, flexibilization strategies, and layers of removed accountability. Workers are subjected to discrimination and inequality before the law. This is facilitated by global regimes that allow corporations to create separate realms of responsibility by relying on contractors and subcontractors that renegotiate national and international laws with states. The nature of global regimes is such that new forms of activism and participation, including transnational networks of workers and consumers, are needed to provide protections and equal access to rights to a vulnerable, young, and mostly indigenous workforce.
Physicochemical properties of glutinous rice in the presence of alkali and borax
Authors: Anupapsamosorn Sukanya , Charoenrein Sanguansri
Published: June 2015

The influences of alkali, represented by sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium tetraborate (borax) on the physicochemical properties of glutinous rice (RD6 cultivar) were investigated. The results showed that NaOH and borax treatment differently influenced the properties of glutinous rice. NaOH‐treated flour (NTF) had the highest pH value, followed by borax‐treated flour (BTF), and the control sample, respectively. NaOH caused a significant decrease in the protein content while borax had no effect. These results related to scanning electron micrographs of NTF which showed a smoother surface than that of the others. The BTF had the highest peak and final viscosity, possibly due to cross‐linkages between borate ions and hydroxyl pairs on the polysaccharide chains. The results of pasting properties were in line with the hardness of the flour paste. Gelatinization temperature of both NTF and BTF was significantly higher than in the control, but enthalpy was not significantly different. This information provides a greater understanding of the behavior of NaOH and borax on glutinous rice and is useful for applications of NaOH and borax in food and non‐food products. It is also important to understand borax's effect on starch and to find a suitable substitute.
Adjuvants in micro‐ to nanoscale: current state and future direction
Authors: Gupta Ankur , Das Soumen , Schanen Brian , Seal Sudipta
Published: June 2015

Adjuvants have been used in vaccines for over 70 years to promote long‐lived and sterilizing immunity. Since then, various adjuvant systems were developed by combining nanotechnology with natural and/or synthetic immunomodulatory molecules. These systems are biocompatible, immunogenic, and possess higher antigen carrying capacity. This article showcases advancements made in the adjuvant systems formulations, their synthesis routes, and the improvement of these adjuvants have brought in response to combat against ongoing global health threats such as malaria, hepatitis C, universal influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus. This review also highlights the interaction of adjuvants with the delivery of antigens to cells and unfolds mechanism of actions. In addition, this review discusses the physicochemical factors responsible for the efficient interaction of nanoadjuvants with antigen receptors to develop more effective, less reactogenic, and multifunctional systems for the next generation vaccines. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 8:61–84. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1354

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures
Maverick total disc replacement in a real-world patient population: a prospective, multicentre, observational study
Authors: Assaker Richard , Ritter-Lang Karsten , Vardon Dominique , Litrico Stéphane , Fuentes Stéphane , Putzier Michael , Franke Jörg , Jarzem Peter , Guigui Pierre , Nakach Gérard , Le Huec Jean-Charles
Published: June 2015

Purpose

Controlled trials have shown that total disc replacement (TDR) can provide pain and disability relief to patients with degenerative disc disease; however, whether these outcomes can also be achieved for patients treated in normal surgical practice has not been well documented.

Methods

This prospective, international study observed changes in disability and back pain in 134 patients who were implanted with Maverick TDR within the framework of routine clinical practice and followed for 2 years post-surgery. Primary and secondary outcomes were the differences from baseline to 6 months post-surgery in the means of the Oswestry Disability Index and the change in back pain intensity assessed on a 10-cm visual analogue scale, respectively. Mean patient age at surgery was 43 years, but ranged up to 65 years.

Results

One hundred twenty-three patients had an implant at one level, 10 patients at two levels, and one patient at three levels. Statistically significant improvements in mean disability (−25.4) and low back pain intensity (−4.0) scores were observed at 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.0001 for both) in the hands of experienced surgeons (>10 TDRs per centre). During the study, 56 patients (42 %) experienced a complication or adverse event.

Conclusions

This is the first international observational study to report outcomes of TDR in real-world clinical settings. We showed statistically significant improvements in disability and pain scores at 6 months following Maverick TDR, which were maintained for 2 years alongside an acceptable rate of perioperative complications. The safety and tolerability shown in this observational study were comparable to those from controlled trials.
Micellar and Interfacial Behavior of Mixed Systems Containing Glycoside‐Based Surfactant and Cationic Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Han Zhiguo , Yang Xiuquan , Liu Yong
Published: June 2015

The behavior of binary mixtures of glycoside‐based surfactants in combination with didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) has been studied using surface tension measurements. The three glycoside‐based surfactants are nonionic decyl glycoside (APG), nonionic dodecyl ethoxy glycoside (AEG) and anionic disodium dodecyl ethoxy glycoside citrate (AEG‐EC). Lower critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and minimum molecular area (Amin) values were obtained for all the mixed systems. The pC20 values of APG/DDAC and AEG‐EC/DDAC mixtures are larger than pure surfactants, while the values of AEG/DDAC are between those of AEG and DDAC. Interactions between the monomers have also been investigated by determining the interaction parameters. Negative βm and βs values indicate synergistic effects in both the mixed micelle and monolayer formation. For different mixed systems, interaction in the mixed micelle formation becomes stronger in the order: AEG/DDAC < AEG‐EC/DDAC < APG/DDAC. The degree of synergism in the mixed monolayer formation follows the order: AEG/DDAC < APG/DDAC < AEG‐EC/DDAC.
Boundary lubrication by adsorption film
Authors: Zhang Jun , Meng Yonggang
Published: June 2015

A complete understanding of the mechanism of boundary lubrication is a goal that scientists have been striving to achieve over the past century. Although this complicated process has been far from fully revealed, a general picture and its influencing factors have been elucidated, not only at the macroscopic scale but also at the nanoscale, which is sufficiently clear to provide effective instructions for a lubrication design in engineering and even to efficiently control the boundary lubrication properties. Herein, we provide a review on the main advances, especially the breakthroughs in uncovering the mysterious but useful process of boundary lubrication by adsorption film. Despite the existence of an enormous amount of knowledge, albeit unsystematic, acquired in this area, in the present review, an effort was made to clarify the mainline of leading perspectives and methodologies in revealing the fundamental problems inherent to boundary lubrication. The main content of this review includes the formation of boundary film, the effects of boundary film on the adhesion and friction of rough surfaces, the behavior of adsorption film in boundary lubrication, boundary lubrication at the nanoscale, and the active control of boundary lubrication, generally sequenced based on the real history of our understanding of this process over the past century, incorporated by related modern concepts and prospects.
Changes in family cohesion and links to depression during the college transition
Authors: Guassi Moreira João F. , Telzer Eva H.
Published: June 2015

Parent relationships remain an important component in the lives of adolescents, with particular respect to their well‐being. In the current study, we sought to understand how changes in family cohesion across the high school–college transition may be related to changes in depressive symptoms. Three hundred and thirty‐eight college freshman completed self‐report measures prior to attending college and again two months into their first semester. Although depressive symptoms significantly increased, adolescents who reported increases in family cohesion reported declines in depressive symptoms during the college transition. Furthermore, this effect was mediated by changes in self‐esteem and optimism. Finally, we show unique associations for male and female adolescents, such that changes in family cohesion were only related to changes in depression for girls. Results suggest that parent relationships may buffer against increased depressive symptoms during this important transition period.
Gender Differences in Psychotropic Use Across Europe: Results From a Large Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study
Authors: Boyd A. , Van de Velde S. , Pivette M. , ten Have M. , Florescu S. , O’Neill S. , Caldas-de-Almeida J.-M. , Vilagut G. , Haro J.M. , Alonso J. , Kovess-Masféty V.
Published: June 2015

Background

In many epidemiological studies, women have been observed to consume psychotropic medication more often than men. However, the consistency of this relationship across Europe, with differences in mental health care (MHC) resources and reimbursement policies, is unknown.

Methods

Questions on 12-month psychotropic use (antidepressants, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers) were asked to 34,204 respondents from 10 European countries of the EU-World Mental Health surveys. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) criteria were used to determine 12-month prevalence of mood/anxiety disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (v3.0).

Results

For all participating countries, women were significantly more likely than men to use psychotropic medication within the previous 12 months (overall-OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.81–2.31). This relationship remained significant after adjusting for common sociodemographic factors (age, income level, employment status, education, marital status) and country-level indicators (MHC provision, private household out-of-pocket expenditure, and Gender Gap Index). In multivariable gender-stratified risk-factor analysis, both women and men were more likely to have taken psychotropic medication with increasing age, decreasing income level, and mental health care use within the past 12 months, with no significant differences between genders. When only including participants with a mental disorder, gender differences overall were still significant with any 12-month mood disorder but not with any 12-month anxiety disorder, remaining so after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and country-level indicators.

Conclusions

Women use psychotropic medication consistently more often than men, yet reasons for their use are similar between genders. These differences also appear to be contingent on the specific mental disorder.
On the demultiplexing of chromosome capture conformation data
Authors: Junier Ivan , Spill Yannick G. , Marti-Renom Marc A. , Beato Miguel , le Dily François
Published: June 2015

How to describe the multiple chromosome structures that underlie interactions among genome loci and how to quantify the occurrence of these structures in a cell population remain important challenges to solve, which can be addressed via a proper demultiplexing of chromosome capture conformation related data. Here, we first aim to review two main methodologies that have been proposed to tackle this problem: restrained‐based methods, in which the resulting chromosome structures stem from the multiple solutions of a distance satisfaction problem; and thermodynamic‐based methods, in which the structures stem from the simulation of polymer models. Next, we propose a novel demultiplexing method based on a matrix decomposition of contact maps. To this end, we extend the notion of topologically associated domains (TADs) by introducing that of statistical interaction domains (SIDs). SIDs can overlap and occur in a cell population at certain frequencies, and we propose a simple method to estimate these frequency values. As an application, we show that SIDs that measure 100 kb to tens of Mb long occur both frequently and specifically in the human genome.
Decision‐to‐delivery intervals and perinatal outcomes following emergency cesarean delivery in a Nigerian tertiary hospital
Authors: Bello Folasade A. , Tsele Taiwo A. , Oluwasola Timothy O.
Published: June 2015

Objective

To determine the decision‐to‐delivery interval (DDI) for emergency cesarean deliveries (CDs) at a tertiary center in Nigeria, to evaluate causes of delay, and to assess the effects of delays on perinatal outcomes.

Methods

Between September and November 2010, a prospective, observational study was undertaken at University College Hospital, Ibadan. Events that occurred after a decision to perform an emergency CD were recorded. Associations between outcomes and the DDI were analyzed.

Results

Among 235 emergency CDs included, 5 (2.1%) occurred within 30 minutes and 86 (36.6%) within 75 minutes. The mean DDI was 119.2 ± 95.0 minutes. Among CDs with a DDI of more than 75 minutes, logistic factors were the reason for delay in 65 (43.6 %) cases. No significant associations were recorded between DDI and the 5‐minute Apgar score, admission to the special‐care baby unit, or perinatal mortality (P > 0.05 for all). In multivariate analysis, neonates delivered after 75 minutes were significantly less likely to die during the perinatal period than were those delivered within this period (odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.03–0.66; P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Institutional delays in CDs need to be addressed. However, the DDI could be less important for perinatal outcome than are some other factors, such as the severity of the indication.
Structural determinants of dual contraceptive use among female sex workers in Gulu, northern Uganda
Authors: Erickson Margaret , Goldenberg Shira M. , Ajok Mirriam , Muldoon Katherine A. , Muzaaya Godfrey , Shannon Kate
Published: June 2015

Objective

To describe the characteristics of female sex workers (FSWs) who do and do not use dual contraceptives (i.e. male condoms plus a non‐barrier method) in Gulu, northern Uganda.

Methods

The present analysis was based on data gathered as part of a questionnaire‐based, cross‐sectional study conducted between May 2011 and January 2012. FSWs aged 14 years or older were recruited through peer‐led or sex worker‐led outreach and community‐based services. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of dual contraceptive use.

Results

Among the 400 FSWs who participated, 180 (45.0%) had ever used dual contraceptives. In the multivariate model, dual contraceptive use was positively associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.15; P = 0.001), prior unintended pregnancy (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.01–2.34; P = 0.046), and HIV testing (AOR 5.22, 95% CI 1.75–15.57; P = 0.003). Having to rush sexual negotiations owing to police presence was negatively associated with dual contraceptive use (AOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.42–1.00; P = 0.050).

Conclusion

Although a history of unintended pregnancy and accessing HIV testing might promote contraceptive use, criminalized work environments continue to pose barriers to uptake of sexual and reproductive health services among FSWs in post‐conflict northern Uganda. Integrated links between HIV and sexual health programs could support contraceptive uptake among FSWs.
Inhibition of ligand‐independent constitutive activation of the Met oncogenic receptor by the engineered chemically‐modified antibody DN30
Authors: Vigna Elisa , Chiriaco Cristina , Cignetto Simona , Fontani Lara , Basilico Cristina , Petronzelli Fiorella , Comoglio Paolo M.
Published: June 2015

An awesome number of experimental and clinical evidences indicate that constitutive activation of the Met oncogenic receptor plays a critical role in the progression of cancer toward metastasis and/or resistance to targeted therapies. While mutations are rare, the common mechanism of Met activation is overexpression, either by gene amplification (‘addiction’) or transcriptional activation (‘expedience’). In the first instance ligand‐independent kinase activation plays a major role in sustaining the transformed phenotype. Anti‐Met antibodies directed against the receptor binding site behave essentially as ligand (Hepatocyte Growth Factor, HGF) antagonists and are ineffective to counteract ligand‐independent activation. The monovalent chimeric MvDN30 antibody fragment, PEGylated to extend its half‐life, binds the fourth IPT domain and induces ‘shedding’ of the Met extracellular domain, dramatically reducing both the number of receptors on the surface and their phosphorylation. Downstream signaling is thus inhibited, both in the absence or in the presence of the ligand. In vitro, MvDN30 is a strong inhibitor not only of ligand‐dependent invasive growth, sustained by both paracrine and autocrine HGF, but notably, also of ligand‐independent growth of ‘Met‐addicted’ cells. In immunocompromised mice, lacking expression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor cross‐reacting with the human receptor – thus providing, by definition, a model of ‘ligand‐independent’ Met activation – PEGylated MvDN30 impairs growth of Met ‘addicted’ human gastric carcinoma cells. In a Met‐amplified patient‐derived colo‐rectal tumor (xenopatient) MvDN30‐PEG overcomes the resistance to EGFR targeted therapy (Cetuximab). The PEGylated MvDN30 is thus a strong candidate for targeting tumors sustained by ligand‐independent Met oncogenic activation.
Lithologic and facies characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Usolka Formation and its age analogs in the Cis-Yenisei sedimentary basin, West Siberia
Authors: Saraev S.V.
Published: June 2015

Based on the correlation between Lower Cambrian sections of deep wells on the left bank of the Yenisei River and outcrops in the westernmost Yenisei Ridge, the sedimentologic characteristics of the Usolka Formation and coeval deposits are compared. Three paleogeographic regions (subbasins) are distinguished in the Cis-Yenisei basin in Usolka time. The leading role in the sediment genesis was played by the region of barrier reefs stretching northwestward and northward as a ~ 70 km wide band to their joint with the reefs of the Igarka–Noril’sk facies region in the north. The salt basin east of the barrier reef ridge was a bay of the East Siberian salt basin, separated from the latter by the Yenisei paleoislands (at the place of the Yenisei Ridge). Sedimentation in that basin was controlled by evaporite processes, the supply of terrigenous material from the islands and carbonate debris from the opposite side (barrier reef), and the predominance of storm processes. The subbasin west of the barrier reefs evolved under different scenario. Since the Early Cambrian, a trough has been forming here, which was initially characterized by a regime of starvation and the first appearance of carbonaceous rocks (Lower Churbiga Subformation), regarded as Domanic oil source rocks, in the general Cambrian section. On the estimation of the prospects for the distribution of reservoirs whose origin depends on the facies regularities, the leading role is played by the barrier reef region. Importantly, the Lower Cambrian section of the Cis-Yenisei basin contains two large adjacent paleogeomorphologic structures and the corresponding facies zones of a starved prereef depression with the Domanic oil source rocks of the Lower Churbiga Subformation at the early stage of evolution and a potentially productive barrier reef system with a steep slope toward the basin. The favorable combination of these factors suggests that the Cis-Yenisei basin has a high petroleum potential.
Colonial Policy and Practice
Authors: Furnivall John Sydenham
Published: June 2015

A noted historian of Burma and a founder of the Burma Research Society, John Sydenham Furnivall (1878–1960) supported Burmese independence and freedom from colonial rule. However, he has been considered as Eurocentric and in favour of colonialism, in part because he saw it as a necessary stage in the improvement of certain societies. Stemming from a request in 1942 by the colonial government for Furnivall's views on reconstruction, this influential study was published in 1948. Using the Dutch East Indies as a case study for comparison, Furnivall assesses the effects of the different systems of colonial rule, framed within general surveys of their colonial policies and practices. The book is driven by the goal of consolidating and stabilising Burma's plural society, focusing on the importance of the welfare of the native population. Furnivall's Netherlands India (1939) has also been reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Practical Tunnelling
Authors: Simms Frederick Walter
Published: June 2015

The engineer and technical writer Frederick Walter Simms (1803–65) ranked as a leading authority on tunnel construction for railways. After working for a time at the Royal Observatory, Simms assisted Henry Robinson Palmer and later Sir William Cubitt on the South Eastern Railway. He was awarded the Telford medal by the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1842 for his articles on tunnelling, and further employment on railways in England and France was followed by engineering consultancies to the East India Company and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. He gained greatest recognition, however, as the author of authoritative engineering textbooks, notably this work, first published in 1844. Considered the standard textbook on the subject at the time, it sets out the approved practices of the day, using the Bletchingley and Saltwood tunnels, whose construction Simms supervised, as key examples. A number of technical illustrations accompany the text.
The History of the Drainage of the Great Level of the Fens, Called Bedford Level
Authors: Wells Samuel
Published: June 2015

Much of eastern England is below sea level, resulting in wide swathes of marshland that are easily flooded. In the seventeenth century, the Bedford Level Corporation was set up by Francis Russell, fourth earl of Bedford, in order to manage the drainage of the Great Level of the Fens, which became known as the Bedford Level and is the largest region of fenland in eastern England. Between 1828 and 1830, Samuel Wells, the corporation's registrar, published his well-documented history of the Bedford Level and the attempts made at various points to clear it of water using a variety of methods, from earthworks raised by the Romans to the strategies of Sir Cornelius Vermuyden and the eventual introduction of steam-powered technology. Volume 1, published in 1830, contains a historical account of the area and of the commission set up to address the perennial problem of flooding.
Concrete
Authors: Potter Thomas
Published: June 2015

Clerk of works to an aristocratic landowner, Thomas Potter possessed considerable practical experience when he published this work in 1877. His intention was to provide a source of helpful information relating to a building material that was being increasingly used in Victorian construction, yet not without detractors, who objected on aesthetic as well as technical grounds. Clearly enthusiastic about concrete's potential applications, Potter seeks to give a balanced assessment of its usefulness and versatility. While the text does not discuss the chemical processes involved, it does cover aggregates, matrices, how to mix the two, the apparatus needed, the construction of walls, floors and roofs, and the costs and disadvantages of using concrete. The book also features several contemporary advertisements, including one for 'Potter's Concrete Building Apparatus and Appliances'. Of related interest, Charles William Pasley's Observations on Limes, Calcareous Cements, Mortars, Stuccos, and Concrete (1838) is also reissued in this series.
A Memoir on Suspension Bridges
Authors: Drewry Charles Stewart
Published: June 2015

Published in 1832, this was the first English textbook dedicated to the topic of suspension bridges in Britain and continental Europe. Having assisted the naval officer and civil engineer Samuel Brown in preparing plans for the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Charles Stewart Drewry (1805–81) used information supplied directly by his engineering contemporaries to give an overview of the principles and challenges involved in the construction of suspension bridges. A key reference for the early history of this type of structure, the book discusses various methods and materials, ranging across rope, wood, chain and wire. Details regarding experiments on the strength of iron bars and wires are also given. Enhanced by lithographic plates and woodcut illustrations, the work is notable for its discussion of many examples of important bridges, such as Thomas Telford's Menai Suspension Bridge and the first such construction over the Thames at Hammersmith, as well as designs from overseas.
Motor Vehicles and Motors
Authors: Beaumont W. Worby
Published: June 2015

'Cheap or rapid or convenient road transport for man and goods is one of the most important of all contributions to national comfort and prosperity.' An early evangelist for the automobile, William Worby Beaumont (1848–1929) drew on his engineering background to produce the first volume of this work in 1900, when motor vehicles were still relatively new to British roads. Rapid developments in the automotive industry prompted the publication of a second volume in 1906. Replete with technical drawings and photographs, the work describes in great detail the design, construction and operation of the earliest motor vehicles, including those powered by steam, electricity and fuels derived from oil. Volume 2 describes the advances made both in the technological development of automobiles and in the volume produced. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the leading examples of the time from manufacturers such as Renault, Cadillac, Daimler and Wolseley.
Orthopaedic Biomechanics Made Easy
Authors: Malik Shahbaz S. , Malik Sheraz S.
Published: June 2015

Orthopaedic surgeons require not only an understanding of anatomy and clinical sciences, and competence in surgical skills, but also a strong foundation in biomechanics. The application of biomechanics plays an increasing role in modern orthopaedics; for example, correct decisions about the mode of treatment and choice of implants are just as important as operating precisely to reach a specific anatomical landmark. This book simplifies the core principles in orthopaedic biomechanics, giving readers the solid grounding they need to flourish in the specialty. Each topic is covered in a discrete, double-page spread, featuring concise text accompanied by illustrations or tables to give readers a solid understanding of the concepts discussed. This is a must-read guide for orthopaedic trainees at every level, and will be valuable for biomechanical researchers and other professionals in the field.
Self-Help
Authors: Smiles Samuel
Published: June 2015

One of the most popular and prolific writers during the Victorian age, Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) emphasised individual responsibility in the pursuit of personal and social improvement. Among other titles, his acclaimed Lives of the Engineers (1861–2) and insightful Autobiography (1905) are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. He is best known, however, for the present work. First published in 1859, it sold 20,000 copies in its first year, more than a quarter of a million by 1905, and was widely translated. Using hundreds of biographical examples, ranging from George Stephenson to Josiah Wedgwood, Smiles champions the virtues of hard work, perseverance and character in achieving success. While these values appealed to a large readership in the book's heyday, later critics saw the work as promoting a form of selfish materialism. However interpreted, this remains a crucial text for those fascinated by the Victorian drive for self-improvement.
A Handbook to the Palace of Minos at Knossos
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S.
Published: June 2015

Sir Arthur Evans's excavation at the Cretan site of Knossos from 1900 onwards uncovered a previously unknown civilization. His enthusiastic (though controversial) reconstructions of the site and its fresco decorations made it an attractive destination for travellers and tourists, and Evans thought a simple guidebook for visitors would be desirable alongside his own multi-volume work, The Palace of Minos (also reissued in this series). This was published in 1933 by John Pendlebury (1904–41), a brilliant young archaeologist later killed by German troops during the invasion of Crete in 1941. With a foreword by Evans, the handbook is in two parts: an architectural history of the Palace of Minos, and a guide to the site, with a note of the time needed to explore each building, maps showing the best trail to be followed, plans, and detailed descriptions. The book continues to be of value to both archaeologists and tourists.
Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales
Authors: Conybeare W. D. , Phillips William
Published: June 2015

In the early nineteenth century, the gifted stratigrapher and amateur geologist William Phillips (1773–1828) gave several lectures to interested young people in Tottenham on the subject of geology. These lectures were later collected into a book, which Phillips expanded in later versions. This reached its peak in 1822 when the clergyman William Daniel Conybeare (1787–1857) collaborated with Phillips to produce this rigorous and improved assessment of the geological composition of England and Wales. Although no second volume was ever published, the book had a tremendous impact on geologists throughout the United Kingdom and Europe, inspiring foreign scholars to produce equivalent volumes about their own countries. Conybeare's concern for the stratigraphy of fossils is especially remarkable for the time. William Fitton, later president of the Geological Society of London, praised the book highly, remarking that 'no equal portion of the earth's surface has ever been more ably illustrated'.
Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Authors: Kakkar Rita
Published: June 2015

Spectroscopy is the study of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with solid, liquid, gas and plasma. It is one of the widely used analytical techniques to study the structure of atoms and molecules. The technique is also employed to obtain information about atoms and molecules as a result of their distinctive spectra. The fast-spreading field of spectroscopic applications has made a noteworthy influence on many disciplines, including energy research, chemical processing, environmental protection and medicine. This book aims to introduce students to the topic of spectroscopy. The author has avoided the mathematical aspects of the subject as far as possible; they appear in the text only when inevitable. Including topics such as time-dependent perturbation theory, laser action and applications of Group Theory in interpretation of spectra, the book offers a detailed coverage of the basic concepts and applications of spectroscopy.
An Artist's Reminiscences
Authors: Crane Walter
Published: June 2015

Walter Crane (1845–1915) is best remembered today as the illustrator of whimsical stories for children, but in fact he worked in many styles and genres throughout his life. The son of a painter, he was apprenticed to a wood engraver at the age of thirteen, and his father died shortly afterwards. By the time his apprenticeship was completed, Crane was painting as well as engraving, and joined the circle of the Pre-Raphaelites, being especially influenced by the politics of William Morris and the aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts movement. This highly illustrated 1907 autobiography traces his life from his childhood in Torquay through the difficult period following his father's death to his success as an illustrator and decorative artist, describing work, politics and travel. Crane may have felt that he was not given recognition as a serious painter, but this engaging account of a happy life does not show it.
The Structure of Enquiry in Plato's Early Dialogues
Authors: Politis Vasilis
Published: June 2015

This book proposes and defends a radically new account of Plato's method of argument and enquiry in his early dialogues. Vasilis Politis challenges the traditional account according to which these dialogues are basically about the demand for definitions, and questions the equally traditional view that what lies behind Plato's method of argument is a peculiar theory of knowledge. He argues that these dialogues are enquiries set in motion by dilemmas and aporiai, incorporating both a sceptical and an anti-sceptical dimension, and he contends that Plato introduces the demand for definitions, and the search for essences, precisely in order to avoid a sceptical conclusion and hold out the prospect that knowledge can be achieved. His argument will be of great value to all readers interested in Plato's dialogues and in methods of philosophical argument more generally.
Memoir of Gabriel Beranger, and his Labours in the Cause of Irish Art and Antiquities, from 1760 to 1780
Authors: Wilde William Robert
Published: June 2015

Sir William Wilde (1815–76), surgeon and father of Oscar Wilde, was an Irish patriot and antiquarian with a keen interest in the history of his country. This life of Gabriel Beranger (1729–1817), published in 1880, describes the activities of an Irish antiquarian in the eighteenth century. Born in Rotterdam, the Huguenot Beranger moved to Dublin in 1750 and opened a print shop. Historical pursuits were becoming popular in Dublin society at the time, and Beranger's sketches of ruins and monuments found great popularity. He went on several tours of Ireland, keeping a journal of his observations and the people he encountered, while making plans and drawings of antiquities with a view to later publication. Wilde's work, drawn from Beranger's journal and from the memories of people who had known him in his old age, offers an engaging insight into early antiquarian practice in Ireland.
Letters from India
Authors: Eden Emily
Published: June 2015

Emily Eden's childhood prepared her well for her role as companion to her brother, the Governor-General of India. Outwardly all that a minor aristocrat should be, the observant and sharp-tongued Eden (1797–1869) never censored her letters for the sake of diplomacy. This two-volume collection of letters, edited by her niece Eleanor Eden, was published posthumously in 1872 after the success of her 1866 collection, Up the Country (also reissued in this series). Volume 1 begins in England, with an account of preparations (including lessons in Hindi) for the voyage and subsequent seven-year stay in India, about which Emily was originally apprehensive. In spite of suffering from the heat (and from considerable boredom at her formal duties as Lord Auckland's hostess) she produces a series of light-hearted and engaging letters to friends and family, from 'At Sea, Nowhere in Particular' to the Governor-General's palatial residence in Calcutta.
A Botanical Arrangement of All the Vegetables Naturally Growing in Great Britain
Authors: Withering William
Published: June 2015

This two-volume milestone work, published in 1776, was the first major publication of William Withering (1741–99), a physician who had also trained as an apothecary (his Account of the Foxglove, and Some of its Medical Uses is also reissued in this series). The first systematic botanical guide to British native plants, the present work uses and extends the Linnaean system of classification, but renders the genera and species 'familiar to those who are unacquainted with the Learned Languages'. Withering offers 'an easy introduction to the study of botany', explaining the markers by which the plants are classified in a particular genus, and giving advice on preserving specimens, but the bulk of the work consists of botanical descriptions (in English) of the appearance, qualities, varieties, common English names, and uses of hundreds of plants. The book continued to be revised and reissued for almost a century after Withering's death.
The Parks, Promenades and Gardens of Paris
Authors: Robinson William
Published: June 2015

The innovative gardener and writer William Robinson (1838–1935), many of whose other works are reissued in this series, was sent by The Times as its horticultural correspondent to the Paris International Exposition of 1867. As a result of his visit, he produced two books, one on gardening trends in France, and this work of 1869 on the parks and gardens of Paris and its environs (including Versailles), and on the fruit and vegetable farming which fed the famous Parisian food markets such as Les Halles. Robinson admired especially the small planted open spaces, squares and courtyards in Paris, which had no equivalent in London, and which he claimed were 'saving [its inhabitants] from pestilential overcrowding, and making their city something besides a place for all to live out of who can afford it'. This highly illustrated work will interest not only historians of horticulture but also lovers of Paris.
Old Time Gardens, Newly Set Forth
Authors: Earle Alice Morse
Published: June 2015

The American social historian and antiquarian Alice Morse Earle (1851–1911) published this work in 1901. She was a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on pre-revolutionary New England, and her writings were very popular with readers who took great interest in the social history and material culture of their country. In this work, which contains more than 200 illustrations, Earle describes the historic and modern gardens of the north-eastern seaboard, the gardening activities - for pleasure as well as for food - of early settlers, and the progress of plant-hunters and nursery-men such as John Bartram in discovering and categorising new specimens, as well as the introduction into the United States of cottage garden favourites from Europe and exotica from the Far East. Earle's Sundials and Roses of Yesterday (1902) is also reissued in this series.
Through the First Antarctic Night, 1898–1899
Authors: Cook Frederick A.
Published: June 2015

In this illustrated 1900 publication, Frederick Cook (1865–1940) gives a detailed account of his experiences on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, the first to endure the harsh winter of the Antarctic. The goal of the expedition was scientific discovery, and Cook, the ship's doctor, tells an engaging story of 'new human experience in a new, inhuman world of ice'. Boarding the Belgica in Rio de Janeiro, he joined a crew that included Roald Amundsen, who would later lead a Norwegian expedition to the South Pole. Cook describes the challenging conditions in the Antarctic Circle, where the ship became ice-bound for almost a year, with over two months of total darkness. When crew members developed scurvy, Cook took over command from the Belgian naval officer Adrien de Gerlache. Notably, he helped save lives by promoting the consumption of penguin and seal meat at a time when Vitamin C had yet to be discovered.
Contesting Immigration Policy in Court
Authors: Kawar Leila
Published: June 2015

What difference does law make in immigration policymaking? Since the 1970s, networks of progressive attorneys in both the US and France have attempted to use litigation to assert rights for non-citizens. Yet judicial engagement - while numerically voluminous - remains doctrinally curtailed. This study offers new insights into the constitutive role of law in immigration policymaking by focusing on the legal frames, narratives, and performances forged through action in court. Challenging the conventional wisdom that 'cause litigation' has little long-term impact on policymaking unless it produces broad rights-protective principles, this book shows that legal contestation can have important radiating effects on policy by reshaping how political actors approach immigration issues. Based on extensive fieldwork in the United States and France, this book explores the paths by which litigation has effected policy change in two paradigmatically different national contexts.