bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dan Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica) sebagai Biolarvasida
Authors: Shobah Afifah Nur , Noviyanto Fajrin , Kurnia Nia Marlina
Published: December 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara tropis dengan dua musim yaitu musim kemarau dan musim penghujan. Dimusim penghujan merupakan waktu untuk penyebaran penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Kecombrang sudah lama digunakan sebagai bahan pangan dan bahan obat. Bagian bunga, daun, batang, dan rimpang kcombrang mengandung senyawa alkaloid, saponin, tanin, fenolik, flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, dan glikosida. Daun beluntas mengandung tannin dan alkaloid, selain itu juga mengandung flavonoid, fenol, saponin, dan minyak atsiri. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui efektvitas ekstrak daun kecombrang  (Etlingera elatior) dan daun beluntas (Pluchea indica) sebagai biolarvasida terhadap larva nyamuk A.aegypti. Manfaat dari penelitian ini yaitu dapat mengetahui potensi dari ekstrak etanol daun kecombrang dan daun beluntas sebagai biolarvasida untuk A.aegypti. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber pengetahun dari daun kecombrang dan daun beluntas sebagai bahan biolarvasida. Bahan yang digunakan menggunakan air sumur, daun kecombrang, daun beluntas, larva nyamuk A.aegypti, dan ethanol 96%. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tujuh perlakuan dan ulangan sebanyak empat kali. Pengamatan dilakukan setelah 24 jam dengan cara menghitung larva yang mati dan dinyatakan dalam persen kematian. Selanjutnya hasil dianalisis menggunakan analisis probit untuk mengetahui nilai LC50. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak daun kecombrang  (E.elatior) dan daun beluntas (P.indica) positif mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid/steroid, dan tannin serta negatif mengandung saponin. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu kombinasi dari kedua ekstrak ini memiliki potensi sebagai biolarvasida dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 910 ppm.
Norma Sosial dan Pengaruh Sosial terhadap Minat Vaksin Covid-19
Authors: Zaid Zaid , Shinta Arundati , Aufa Muhammad Fikri , Pratondo Katon
Published: December 2021

Pandemi penyakit yang disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV2 atau Coronavirus Diseas 2019 (COVID-19) telah sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan, ekonomi, sosial, politik bahkan budaya hingga kesehatan orang-orang di seluruh dunia terkhusus di Indonesia. Karenanya, ini juga telah menjadi tantangan besar bagi kesehatan publik di seluruh dunia hingga dinyatakan sebagai pandemi global dan dinobatkan sebagi bencana penyakit menular terbesar di abad ke-21. Setelah menerapkan beberapa kebijakan kesehatan, pemerintah Indonesia nampaknya menaruh semua harapannya pada kebijakan wajib vaksin Covid-19 untuk mencapai herd immunity. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini berfokus dan bertujuan untuk meneliti faktor-faktor seperti norma sosial dan pengaruh sosial yang dipercaya dapat mempengaruhi minat seseorang untuk divaksinasi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan corss-sectional yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus hingga September 2021 di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan melibatkan 393 responden yang dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling, penelitian ini pada akhirnya menemukan bahwa baik norma sosial (β=0.563, t-value = 12.614, ρ-value = 0.000) maupun pengaruh sosial (β=0.293, t-value = 6.507, ρ-value = 0.000) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap minat vaksinasi Covid-19 telah terkonformasi. Beberapa rekomendasi untuk pemerintah, masyarakat dan juga penelitian selanjutnya juga dipaparkan dalam penelitian ini.
Post-Modern Dönem Kentsel Toplumsal Hareketlerine İlişkin Bir Literatür İncelemesi
Authors: MARDİNLİ İsmail
Published: December 2021

Tarihsel süreç içerisinde siyasal, ekonomik, kültürel ve teknolojik alanlarda meydana gelen dönüşümler, her alanda olduğu gibi kentsel toplumsal hareketlerin şekillenmesinde de etkili olmuştur. Bu değişimin yaşanmasında ekonomik, siyasal, kültürel ve ideolojik etkenler olduğu kadar değişen haberleşme ağları da önemli rol oynamıştır. Bireylerin mobil iletişim araçları ve sosyal medya aracılığıyla daha kolay iletişime geçebilmeleri onların sosyal hareketliliğini de artırmıştır. Bunun neticesinde eski sınıf temelli toplumsal hareketlerin yerini küreselleşme ile birlikte post-modern temelli kentsel toplumsal hareketler almıştır. Başka bir deyişle, işçi sınıfı hareketleri ile özdeşleşmiş olan toplumsal hareketler artık çevre, özgürlük ve barış hareketleri gibi evrensel değerler etrafında şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Post-modern dönem ile birlikte bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler ışığında toplumsal hareketlerin örgütlenme ve eylem biçimleri değişmiştir. Artık internet ve mobil iletişim araçları aracılığıyla eylemler ulusal sınırları aşarak kolektif bir yapıda çözüm önerileri üretilmesine olanak sağlamıştır.
INCREASING THE STUDENTS’VOCABULARY MASTERY THROUGH CONSTRUCTIVISM PRINCIPLE IN THE FIFTH GRADE OF SDN ZAHA PROBOLINGGO
Authors: Zainuddin  , Hamdani Beny , Deviana Avinda Mega
Published: December 2021

This study focused on finding out whether “Constructivism Principle” approach can be used to improve students’ vocabulary mastery in the fifth grade of SDN ZAHA Probolinggo.This research involved twenty fifve students,thereare ten boys ang fifteen girls.The research instruments of this study consisted of obsevation guide in learning process, test, and given questionnaire. This study was a classroom action research. From the first cycle reflection result, some procedures and activities were  revised accordingly.Steps include: (1)The students did the activities in groups made by the teacher which was not previously done in cycle 1; (2) different from cycle 1 which used “constructivism principle”.In cycle 2 used Constructivism principle and some pictures related of tehnique used.The result from the action in cycle 2 was that the average score of students achieve 80,96.It can be concluded that used “Constructivism principle” tehnique can improve the vocabulary mastery in the fifth grade of SDN ZAHA Probolinggo.
Pelatihan Kewirausahaan Pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 Dengan Memanfaatkan Media Digital Bagi Para Remaja Lingkungan RT 04, Bambu Apus, Pamulang, Kota Tangerang Selatan
Authors: Eliyani Citra , Ida Farida Syarifah , Dana Dana , Syamtoro Budi , Ratnawati Ratnawati
Published: December 2021

This community service is titled training to be an entrepreneurship in the Pandemic COVID-19 by digital media at RT 04 Bambu Apus, Pamulang, South Tangerang City. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide entrepreneurs training during COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing digital media to teenagers. The methods used are survey methods and direct material delivery, social service as well as simulations and discussions with teenagers of RT 04 Bambu Apus. The resulted of this activity is that participants received direct training to become entrepreneurs by digital media, such as: they can make their own shops in an e- commerce and be able to make product photography by utilizing materials around which are no longer used.
Statistical Tools Driven Science Policy Interface for Strengthening Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Authors: Ugle Dr. Prachi
Published: December 2021

In lieu of ever so evolving landscapes, there is a constant pressure on biodiversity and the myriad of ecosystem services it offers. In order to strengthen science policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services for conservation of human well-being, nexus between biodiversity and conservation and sustainable development varied statistical tools are applied. Science policy interface with the Science Based Target Initiative is a evolving landscapes in ecosystem based restoration framework. Aligning it with statistical tools further adds to dynamics for ecosystem management. The statistical tool includes : Good Quality of Life (GQL) = Human Wellbeing and factor is under pressure and indicated as P* - Percentage of undernourished populace ; Nature Contributions to People (NCP) = Ecosystem Goods Services - impacted where in two factors are considered – being at risk, not at risk, unknown level of risk extinction.
Kötülük Problemi ve Muhammed İkbal’in Bu Probleme Yaklaşımı
Authors: KORKMAZ Alper
Published: December 2021

Tanrı’nın iyi, güçlü, bilgili oluşu ve dünyada kötülüğün bulunuşu arasında mantıksal bir tutarsızlık olması, kötülük probleminin çıkış noktasını oluşturur. Bu problemden hareketle Tanrı’nın yokluğunu kanıtlamaya çalışanlar olduğu gibi, yokluğunu değil ama kötülüğünü yahut güçsüzlüğünü kanıtlamayı deneyenler de vardır. Bazı teistler bunlara cevap vermeye çalışırlar. Bu cevaplar kötülük problemini teizmin lehine çözme girişimleridir ki bu girişimin terim olarak ifadesi, teodisedir. Muhammed İkbal de Müslüman bir düşünür olarak kötülük problemini ele almış ve bu konuda, asıl olarak varlıkların özgürlüğünü ön plana çıkaran bir çözüm önermiştir. O, bunu yaparken, teistik tanrı tasarımında özgün bir değişiklik yapmıştır. Bu değişiklikle teizmin tanrısı artık fiilen değil, potansiyel olarak her şeye gücü yeten diye nitelenebilecektir.
Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: BALIM Sercan , AYDIN Muhammed Sukru
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencileri ve yetişkinlerin hangi tür yalanları uygun bulduklarının incelenmesi amacıyla geliştirilen “Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin” geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerinin yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmaya, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasındaki (Ortyaş= 27.55) 615 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcılara, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin yanı sıra Dürüstlük Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Geçerlik çalışmaları kapsamında, açımlayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiş ve ölçeğin son halinin 9 maddeli “kendini koruma yalanları”, 6 maddeli “imaj yönetimi yalanları”, 7 maddeli “prososyal yalanlar”, 5 maddeli “geçiştirme yalanları”, 4 maddeli “zorunlu yalanlar” ve 4 maddeli “araçsal yalanlar” olmak üzere toplamda 35 maddeden oluşan altı faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, testin iç-tutarlılık katsayıları ve üç hafta ara ile yapılan uygulamalar sonucunda hesaplanan test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayıları testin oldukça güvenilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular, “Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin” ilgili örneklemde kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
A Review of Feedback Models and Theories: Descriptions, Definitions, and Conclusions
Authors: Lipnevich Anastasiya A. , Panadero Ernesto
Published: December 2021

The positive effect of feedback on students’ performance and learning is no longer disputed. For this reason, scholars have been working on developing models and theories that explain how feedback works and which variables may contribute to student engagement with it. Our aim with this review was to describe the most prominent models and theories, identified using a systematic, three-step approach. We selected 14 publications and described definitions, models, their background, and specific underlying mechanisms of feedback processes. We concluded the review with eight main points reached from our analysis of the models. The goal of this paper is to inform the field and to help both scholars and educators to select appropriate models to frame their research and intervention development. In our complementary review (Panadero and Lipnevich, 2021) we further analyzed and compared the fourteen models with the goal to classify and integrate shared elements into a new comprehensive model.
Relationship Between Fish Oil Use and Incidence of Primary Liver Cancer: Findings From a Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jiang Wei , Li Fu-Rong , Yang Huan-Huan , Chen Guo-Chong , Hua Yong-Fei
Published: December 2021

Background: N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) prevented non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in studies of mouse models. We examined prospective relationships between fish oil use and risk of primary liver cancer and the major histological subtypes, such as HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Methods: We included 434,584 middle-aged and older men and women who were free of cancer at recruitment of the UK Biobank (2006–2010). Information on fish oil use and other dietary habits was collected via questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of liver cancer associated with fish oil use, with adjustment for socio-demographic, lifestyle, dietary, and other clinical risk factors.

Results: At baseline, 31.4% of participants reported regular use of fish oil supplements. During a median of 7.8 years of follow-up, 262 incident liver cancer cases were identified, among which 127 were HCC and 110 were ICC cases. As compared with non-users, fish oil users had a significantly 44% (95% CI: 25–59%) lower risk of total liver cancer, and 52% (95% CI: 24–70%) and 40% (95% CI: 7–61%) lower risk of HCC and ICC, respectively. Higher intake of oily fish also was associated with a lower risk of HCC (≥2 vs. <1 serving/week: HR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.23–0.96; P-trend = 0.027) but not ICC (P-trend = 0.96).

Conclusion: Habitual use of fish oil supplements was associated lower risk of primary liver cancer regardless of cancer histological subtypes, potentially supporting a beneficial role of dietary n-3 LCPUFAs in liver cancer prevention.
EjRAV1/2 Delay Flowering Through Transcriptional Repression of EjFTs and EjSOC1s in Loquat
Authors: Peng Ze , Wang Man , Zhang Ling , Jiang Yuanyuan , Zhao Chongbin , Shahid Muhammad Qasim , Bai Yunlu , Hao Jingjing , Peng Jiangrong , Gao Yongshun , Su Wenbing , Yang Xianghui
Published: December 2021

Most species in Rosaceae usually need to undergo several years of juvenile phase before the initiation of flowering. After 4–6 years’ juvenile phase, cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a species in Rosaceae, enters the reproductive phase, blooms in the autumn and sets fruits during the winter. However, the mechanisms of the transition from a seedling to an adult tree remain obscure in loquat. The regulation networks controlling seasonal flowering are also largely unknown. Here, we report two RELATED TO ABI3 AND VP1 (RAV) homologs controlling juvenility and seasonal flowering in loquat. The expressions of EjRAV1/2 were relatively high during the juvenile or vegetative phase and low at the adult or reproductive phase. Overexpression of the two EjRAVs in Arabidopsis prolonged (about threefold) the juvenile period by repressing the expressions of flowering activator genes. Additionally, the transformed plants produced more lateral branches than the wild type plants. Molecular assays revealed that the nucleus localized EjRAVs could bind to the CAACA motif of the promoters of flower signal integrators, EjFT1/2, to repress their expression levels. These findings suggest that EjRAVs play critical roles in maintaining juvenility and repressing flower initiation in the early life cycle of loquat as well as in regulating seasonal flowering. Results from this study not only shed light on the control and maintenance of the juvenile phase, but also provided potential targets for manipulation of flowering time and accelerated breeding in loquat.
Tracing Links Between Early Auditory Information Processing and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An ERP Study
Authors: Giordano Giulia M. , Brando Francesco , Perrottelli Andrea , Di Lorenzo Giorgio , Siracusano Alberto , Giuliani Luigi , Pezzella Pasquale , Altamura Mario , Bellomo Antonello , Cascino Giammarco , Del Casale Antonio , Monteleone Palmiero , Pompili Maurizio , Galderisi Silvana , Maj Mario ,   The Italian Network for Research on Psychoses
Published: December 2021

Background: Negative symptoms represent a heterogeneous dimension with a strong impact on functioning of subjects with schizophrenia (SCZ). Five constructs are included in this dimension: anhedonia, asociality, avolition, blunted affect, and alogia. Factor analyses revealed that these symptoms cluster in two domains: experiential domain (avolition, asociality, and anhedonia) and the expressive deficit (alogia and blunted affect), that might be linked to different neurobiological alterations. Few studies investigated associations between N100, an electrophysiological index of early sensory processing, and negative symptoms, reporting controversial results. However, none of these studies investigated electrophysiological correlates of the two negative symptom domains.

Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate, within the multicenter study of the Italian Network for Research on Psychoses, the relationships between N100 and negative symptom domains in SCZ.

Methods: Auditory N100 was analyzed in 114 chronic stabilized SCZ and 63 healthy controls (HCs). Negative symptoms were assessed with the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS). Repeated measures ANOVA and correlation analyses were performed to evaluate differences between SCZ and HCs and association of N100 features with negative symptoms.

Results: Our findings demonstrated a significant N100 amplitude reduction in SCZ compared with HCs. In SCZ, N100 amplitude for standard stimuli was associated with negative symptoms, in particular with the expressive deficit domain. Within the expressive deficit, blunted affect and alogia had the same pattern of correlation with N100.

Conclusion: Our findings revealed an association between expressive deficit and N100, suggesting that these negative symptoms might be related to deficits in early auditory processing in SCZ.
In vivo Infection Dynamics and Human Adaptive Changes of SIVsm-Derived Viral Siblings SIVmac239, SIVB670, and SIVhu in Humanized Mice as a Paralog of HIV-2 Genesis
Authors: Curlin James Z. , Schmitt Kimberly , Remling-Mulder Leila , Moriarty Ryan V. , Baczenas John J. , Goff Kelly , O'Connor Shelby , Stenglein Mark , Marx Preston A. , Akkina Ramesh
Published: December 2021

Simian immunodeficiency virus native to sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) is believed to have given rise to HIV-2 through cross-species transmission and evolution in the human. SIVmac239 and SIVB670, pathogenic to macaques, and SIVhu, isolated from an accidental human infection, also have origins in SIVsm. With their common ancestral lineage as that of HIV-2 from the progenitor SIVsm, but with different passage history in different hosts, they provide a unique opportunity to evaluate cross-species transmission to a new host and their adaptation/evolution both in terms of potential genetic and phenotypic changes. Using humanized mice with a transplanted human system, we evaluatedin vivoreplication kinetics, CD4+T cell dynamics and genetic adaptive changes during serial passage with a goal to understand their evolution under human selective immune pressure. All the three viruses readily infected hu-mice causing chronic viremia. While SIVmac and SIVB670caused CD4+T cell depletion during sequential passaging, SIVhu with a deletion innefgene was found to be less pathogenic. Deep sequencing of the genomes of these viruses isolated at different times revealed numerous adaptive mutations of significance that increased in frequency during sequential passages. The ability of these viruses to infect and replicate in humanized mice provides a new small animal model to study SIVsin vivoin addition to more expensive macaques. Since SIVmac and related viruses have been indispensable in many areas of HIV pathogenesis, therapeutics and cure research, availability of this small animal hu-mouse model that is susceptible to both SIV and HIV viruses is likely to open novel avenues of investigation for comparative studies using the same host.
Mixed Poisson Regression Models with Varying Dispersion Arising from Non-Conjugate Mixing Distributions
Authors: Tzougas George , Hong Natalia , Ho Ryan
Published: December 2021

In this article we present a class of mixed Poisson regression models with varying dispersion arising from non-conjugate to the Poisson mixing distributions for modelling overdispersed claim counts in non-life insurance. The proposed family of models combined with the adopted modelling framework can provide sufficient flexibility for dealing with different levels of overdispersion. For illustrative purposes, the Poisson-lognormal regression model with regression structures on both its mean and dispersion parameters is employed for modelling claim count data from a motor insurance portfolio. Maximum likelihood estimation is carried out via an expectation-maximization type algorithm, which is developed for the proposed family of models and is demonstrated to perform satisfactorily.
Optimal Decision-Making Model of Agricultural Product Information Based on Three-Way Decision Theory
Authors: Gu Yifan , Yang Zishang , Zhu Tailong , Wang Junshu , Han Yuxing
Published: December 2021

As an effective heuristic method, three-way decision theory gives a new semantic interpretation to the three fields of the rough set, which has a huge application space. To classify the information of agricultural products more accurately under certain thresholds, this paper first makes a comprehensive evaluation of the decision, particularly the influence of the attributes of the event itself on the results and their interactions. By using fuzzy sets corresponding to membership and non-membership degree, this paper analyzes and puts forward two cases of proportional correlation coefficients in the transformation of a delayed decision domain, and selects the corresponding coefficients to compare the results directly. Finally, consumers can conveniently grasp product attribute information to make decisions. On this basis, this paper analyzed the standard data to verify the accuracy of the model. After that, the proposed algorithm, based on three decision-making agricultural product information classification processing, is applied to the relevant data of agricultural products. The experimental results showed that the algorithm can obtain more accurate results through a more straightforward calculation process. It can be concluded that the algorithm proposed in this paper can enable people to make more convenient and accurate decisions based on product attribute information.
Cause of Death: Phytophthora or Flood? Effects of Waterlogging on Phytophthora medicaginis and Resistance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Dron Nicole , Simpfendorfer Steven , Sutton Tim , Pengilley Georgina , Hobson Kristy
Published: December 2021

Chickpea production in Australia is constrained by both waterlogging and the root disease Phytophthora root rot (PRR). Soil saturation is an important pre-condition for significant disease development for many soil-borne Phytophthora spp. In wet years, water can pool in low lying areas within a field, resulting in waterlogging, which, in the presence of PRR, can result in a significant yield loss for Australian chickpea varieties. In these circumstances, the specific cause of death is often difficult to discern, as the damage is rapid and the spread of PRR can be explosive in nature. The present study describes the impact of soil waterlogging on oxygen availability and the ability of P. medicaginis to infect chickpea plants. Late waterlogging in combination with PRR reduced the total plant biomass by an average of 94%; however, waterlogging alone accounted for 88% of this loss across three reference genotypes. Additional experiments found that under hypoxic conditions associated with waterlogging, P. medicaganis did not proliferate as determined by zoospore counts and DNA detection using qPCR. Consequently, minimizing waterlogging damage through breeding and agronomic practices should be a key priority for integrated disease management, as waterlogging alone results in plant stunting, yield loss and a reduced resistance to PRR.
Non-Invasive Assessment of the Seasonal Stress Response to Veterinary Procedures and Transportation of Zoo-Housed Lesser Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla)
Authors: Eguizábal Gabina V. , Superina Mariella , Palme Rupert , Asencio Camila J. , Villarreal Daniel P. , Borrelli Luciana , Busso Juan M.
Published: December 2021

Management procedures affect behavioural and physiological stress responses of wild mammals under human care. According to the Reactive Scope Model, normal values are presumed to exist within predictive and reactive ranges. First, stress parameters of zoo-housed adult Tamandua tetradactyla were evaluated in winter and summer (29 days each), determining the level of behaviour and/or physiological parameters needed to respond to predictable environmental changes. Secondly, the effects of veterinary procedures and transportation were studied in both seasons. Non-invasive methods were applied, assessing behaviour through videos and adrenocortical activity by faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs). Lesser anteaters exhibited seasonality (summer > winter) in some behavioural parameters, such as nocturnal activities, as well as in the activity cycle (e.g., acrophase) and FGMs. A veterinary check elicited an increase in total activity (TA), natural behaviours and repetitive locomotion and affected the activity cycle, particularly in summer. Transport produced changes in TA, nocturnal and natural activity and some variables of the activity cycle, mostly during summer. Although the effects of routine management procedures were different from each other and presumably stressful, they elicited changes only at the behavioural level, which was greater during summer. The differences observed according to non-invasive methodologies highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this context and suggest that it is unlikely that individual welfare was affected.
Organ-Specific Metabolome Deciphering Cell Pathways to Cope with Mercury in Wild Fish (Golden Grey Mullet Chelon auratus)
Authors: De Marco Giuseppe , Brandão Fátima , Pereira Patrícia , Pacheco Mário , Cappello Tiziana
Published: December 2021

Metabolomics is a powerful approach in evaluating the health status of organisms in ecotoxicological studies. However, metabolomics data reflect metabolic variations that are attributable to factors intrinsic to the environment and organism, and it is thus crucial to accurately evaluate the metabolome of the tissue/organ examined when it is exposed to no stressor. The metabolomes of the liver and gills of wild golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) from a reference area were analyzed and compared by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics. Both organs were characterized by amino acids, carbohydrates, osmolytes, nucleosides and their derivatives, and miscellaneous metabolites. However, similarities and differences were revealed in their metabolite profile and related to organ-specific functions. Taurine was predominant in both organs due to its involvement in osmoregulation in gills, and detoxification and antioxidant protective processes in liver. Environmental exposure to mercury (Hg) triggered multiple and often differential metabolic alterations in fish organs. Disturbances in ion-osmoregulatory processes were highlighted in the gills, whereas differential impairments between fish organs were pointed out in energy-producing metabolic pathways, protein catabolism, membrane stabilization processes, and antioxidant defense system, reflecting the induction of organ-specific adaptive and defensive strategies. Overall, a strict correlation between metabolites and organ-specific functions of fish gills and liver were discerned in this study, as well as organ-specific cytotoxicity mechanisms of Hg in fish.
Acoustic and Genetic Data Can Reduce Uncertainty Regarding Populations of Migratory Tree-Roosting Bats Impacted by Wind Energy
Authors: Hale Amanda M. , Hein Cris D. , Straw Bethany R.
Published: December 2021

Wind turbine-related mortality may pose a population-level threat for migratory tree-roosting bats, such as the hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) in North America. These species are dispersed within their range, making it impractical to estimate census populations size using traditional survey methods. Nonetheless, understanding population size and trends is essential for evaluating and mitigating risk from wind turbine mortality. Using various sampling techniques, including systematic acoustic sampling and genetic analyses, we argue that building a weight of evidence regarding bat population status and trends is possible to (1) assess the sustainability of mortality associated with wind turbines; (2) determine the level of mitigation required; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures to ensure population viability for these species. Long-term, systematic data collection remains the most viable option for reducing uncertainty regarding population trends for migratory tree-roosting bats. We recommend collecting acoustic data using the statistically robust North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) protocols and that genetic diversity is monitored at repeated time intervals to show species trends. There are no short-term actions to resolve these population-level questions; however, we discuss opportunities for relatively short-term investments that will lead to long-term success in reducing uncertainty.
Antimicrobial Resistance and PFGE Molecular Typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum Isolates from Chickens in South Korea from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Zhang Jun-Feng , Shang Ke , Park Jong-Yeol , Lee Yea-Jin , Choi Yu-Ri , Kim Sang-Won , Cha Se-Yeoun , Jang Hyung-Kwan , Wei Bai , Kang Min
Published: December 2021

Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected S. enterica ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological relationship between field outbreak isolates of S. enterica ser. Gallinarum. Thirty S. enterica ser. Gallinarum isolates collected from poultry farms with FT outbreaks from 2013 to 2018 in South Korea were analyzed. All isolates were resistant to at least 3 of the 18 antimicrobials tested and exhibited an MDR phenotype. All isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and colistin. One isolate was resistant to 9 antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance profile, streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-colistin-nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-gentamicin (18/30, 60.0%), was the most prevalent. PFGE types were classified into 10 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for 30 field isolates. The dominant PFGE types were 1 (8/30, 26.7%), 4 (7/30, 23.3%), and 9 (5/30, 16.7%). Interestingly some isolates collected from the same and different companies had the same PFGE type. We reported a high MDR rate in S. enterica ser. Gallinarum isolates. The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal spread and cyclic contamination of MDR S. enterica ser. Gallinarum within the same company. Furthermore, we showed cross-contamination between different companies. The characterization of these isolates would be helpful in the development of prevention and control strategies for MDR S. enterica ser. Gallinarum infection in South Korea.
One Health Genomic Study of Human and Animal Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated at Diagnostic Laboratories on a Small Caribbean Island
Authors: Butaye Patrick , Stegger Marc , Moodley Arshnee , Damborg Peter , Williams Andrea , Halliday-Simmonds Iona , Guardabassi Luca
Published: December 2021

Klebsiella pneumoniae causes a variety of infections in both humans and animals. In this study, we characterised the genomes of human and animal isolates from two diagnostic laboratories on St. Kitts, a small Caribbean island inhabited by a large population of vervet monkeys. In view of the increased chances of direct or indirect contact with humans and other animal species, we used the One Health approach to assess transmission of K. pneumoniae across host species by sequencing 82 presumptive K. pneumoniae clinical isolates from humans (n = 51), vervets (n = 21), horses (n = 5), dogs (n = 4) and a cat (n = 1). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out using Illumina technology. De novo assembly was performed in CLC Genomics Workbench v.11.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected using NASP followed by phylogenetic analysis using IQ-TREE. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene contents were analysed using the Kleborate and CGE pipelines. WGS-based analysis showed that 72 isolates were K. pneumoniae sensu stricto and five K. quasipneumoniae and five K. variicola. K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to 35 sequence types (ST), three of which were occasionally shared between humans and animals: ST23, ST37 and ST307. The ST23 strains from vervets formed a separate cluster amongst publicly available sequenced ST23 strains, indicating the presence of a specific vervet sublineage. Animal strains harbored fewer resistance genes and displayed distinct virulence traits that appeared to be host-specific in vervet isolates. Our results show that K. pneumoniae infections on this Caribbean island are usually caused by host-specific lineages.
Antimicrobial Selection for the Treatment of Clinical Mastitis and the Efficacy of Penicillin Treatment Protocols in Large Estonian Dairy Herds
Authors: Timonen Anri , Sammul Marju , Taponen Suvi , Kaart Tanel , Mõtus Kerli , Kalmus Piret
Published: December 2021

Clinical mastitis (CM) is the most common microbial disease treated in dairy cows. We analyzed the antimicrobial usage in cows with CM (n = 11,420) in large dairy herds (n = 43) in Estonia. CM treatment data were collected during a 12-month study period. The antimicrobial usage was observed during the 21 days from the initiation of treatment, and the incidence of antimicrobial-treated CM was calculated for each study herd. The effect of intramammary (IMM), systemic, and combined (systemic and IMM) penicillin treatment of CM on the post-treatment somatic cell count (SCC) was analyzed using the treatment records of 2222 cows from 24 herds with a mixed multivariable linear regression model. The median incidence of antimicrobial-treated CM was 35.8 per 100 cow-years. Procaine benzylpenicillin and marbofloxacin were used in 6103 (35.5%, 95% CI 34.8–36.2) and 2839 (16.5%, 95% CI 16.0–17.1) CM treatments, respectively. Post-treatment SCC was higher after IMM penicillin therapy compared to systemic or combination therapy. Treatment of CM usually included first-choice antimicrobials, but different antimicrobial combinations were also widely used. The effect of procaine benzylpenicillin to post-treatment SCC was dependent on the administration route, cow parity, and days in milk. Further studies should evaluate the factors affecting veterinarians’ choice of antimicrobial used in the treatment of CM.
Stability of Antimicrobials in Elastomeric Pumps: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fernández-Rubio Beatriz , del Valle-Moreno Paula , Herrera-Hidalgo Laura , Gutiérrez-Valencia Alicia , Luque-Márquez Rafael , López-Cortés Luis E. , Gutiérrez-Urbón José María , Luque-Pardos Sonia , Fernández-Polo Aurora , Gil-Navarro María V.
Published: December 2021

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAThttp) programs have become an important healthcare tool around the world. Portable elastomeric infusion pumps are functional devices for ambulatory delivery of antimicrobial drugs, and their stability is an essential point to guarantee an appropriate infusion administration. We conducted a systematic review to provide a synthesis and a critical evaluation of the current evidence regarding antimicrobial stability in elastomeric pumps. Data sources were PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Sciences. The review protocol was registered on the Center for Open Science, and it was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were eligible if the aim was the evaluation of the physicochemical stability of an antimicrobial agent stored in an elastomeric device. Of the 613 papers identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria. The most studied group of antimicrobials was penicillins, followed by cephalosporins and carbapenems. In general, the stability results of the antimicrobials that have been studied in more than one article agree with each other, with the exception of ampicillin, flucloxacillin, and ceftazidime. The antibiotics that displayed a longer stability were glycopeptides and clindamycin. Regarding the stability of antifungals and antivirals, only caspofungin, voriconazole, and ganciclovir have been investigated. The information provided in this article should be considered in patient treatments within the OPAT setting. Further stability studies are needed to confirm the appropriate use of the antimicrobials included in this program to ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Full-Scale Measurements of Wind Characteristics on a High-Rise Building during Typhoon Sarika
Authors: Hu Jiaxing , Li Zhengnong , Zhao Zhefei
Published: December 2021

A full-scale measurement of wind characteristics atop a high-rise building (with a height of 115 m) was conducted during the passage of Typhoon Sarika on 18 October 2016. Wind field characteristics, wind speed, and wind direction atop the building were recorded synchronously, and turbulence intensity, turbulence integral scale, gust factor, and power spectrum were investigated. Meanwhile, the time and frequency domain characteristics of the wind field were analyzed. The stationarity test results of Typhoon Sarika at different time steps are researched in a runs test. And the time-frequency analysis of non-stationary samples of fluctuating wind speed are conducted by wavelet transform, the measured data are valuable for the wind-resistant design of high-rise buildings in typhoon-prone regions.
Silicon 3D Microdosimeters for Advanced Quality Assurance in Particle Therapy
Authors: Tran Linh T. , Bolst David , James Benjamin , Pan Vladimir , Vohradsky James , Peracchi Stefania , Chartier Lachlan , Debrot Emily , Guatelli Susana , Petasecca Marco , Lerch Michael , Prokopovich Dale , Pastuović Željko , Povoli Marco , Kok Angela , Inaniwa Taku , Lee Sung Hyun , Matsufuji Naruhiro , Rosenfeld Anatoly B.
Published: December 2021

The Centre for Medical Radiation Physics introduced the concept of Silicon On Insulator (SOI) microdosimeters with 3-Dimensional (3D) cylindrical sensitive volumes (SVs) mimicking the dimensions of cells in an array. Several designs of high-definition 3D SVs fabricated using 3D MEMS technology were implemented. 3D SVs were fabricated in different sizes and configurations with diameters between 18 and 30 µm, thicknesses of 2–50 µm and at a pitch of 50 µm in matrices with volumes of 20 × 20 and 50 × 50. SVs were segmented into sub-arrays to reduce capacitance and avoid pile up in high-dose rate pencil beam scanning applications. Detailed TCAD simulations and charge collection studies in individual SVs have been performed. The microdosimetry probe (MicroPlus) is composed of the silicon microdosimeter and low-noise front–end readout electronics housed in a PMMA waterproof sheath that allows measurements of lineal energies as low as 0.4 keV/µm in water or PMMA. Microdosimetric quantities measured with SOI microdosimeters and the MicroPlus probe were used to evaluate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions and protons delivered by pencil-beam scanning and passive scattering systems in different particle therapy centres. The 3D detectors and MicroPlus probe developed for microdosimetry have the potential to provide confidence in the delivery of RBE optimized particle therapy when introduced into routine clinical practice.
Synchrotron FTIR Microspectroscopy Investigations on Biochemical Changes Occurring in Human Cells Exposed to Proton Beams
Authors: Delfino Ines , Ricciardi Valerio , Lepore Maria
Published: December 2021

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy using a synchrotron radiation source (SR-μFTIR) has great potential in the study of the ionizing radiation effects of human cells by analyzing the biochemical changes occurring in cell components. SR-μFTIR spectroscopy has been usefully employed in recent years in some seminal work devoted to shedding light on processes occurring in cells treated by hadron therapy, that is, radiotherapy with charged heavy particles (mainly protons and carbon ions), which is gaining popularity as a cancer treatment modality. These studies are particularly useful for increasing the effectiveness of radiotherapy cancer treatments with charged particles that can offer significant progress in the treatment of deep-seated and/or radioresistant tumors. In this paper, we present a concise revision of these studies together with the basic principles of μFTIR spectroscopy and a brief presentation of the main characteristics of infrared SR sources. From the analysis of the literature regarding the SR-μFTIR spectroscopy investigation on human cells exposed to proton beams, it is clearly shown that changes in DNA, protein, and lipid cell components are evident. In addition, this review points out that the potential offered by SR-μFTIR in investigating the effects induced by charged particle irradiation have not been completely explored. This is a crucial point for the continued improvement of hadron therapy strategies.
Experimental Study on Microstructure of Unsaturated Expansive Soil Improved by MICP Method
Authors: Yu Xinpei , Xiao Hongbin , Li Zhenyu , Qian Junfeng , Luo Shenping , Su Huanyu
Published: December 2021

The soil water characteristic curve and microstructure evolution of unsaturated expansive soil improved by microorganisms in Nanning, Guangxi were studied by means of filter paper method and scanning electron microscope imaging (SEM). Based on Fredlung & Xing model, the influence law of different cement content on the soil water characteristic curve of improved expansive soil is proved. According to the analysis of SEM test results, the influence mechanism of MICP method on the engineering characteristics of improved expansive soil is revealed. The results show that with the increase of cement content, the saturated water content and residual water content of the improved expansive soil gradually increased. At the same time, the water stability gradually increased while the air inlet value gradually decreased. The improved expansive soil changes from the superposition of flat particles and flake particles to the contact between spherical particles and flake particles, which indicates that the aggregate increases significantly. With the increase of the content of cement solution, the contact between particles tends to be smooth and the soil pores gradually tend to be evenly distributed. The particle size and microstructure of soil particles was changed and the connection between particles was enhanced in the improved expansive soil. Eventually the strength and water stability of expansive soil were improved. The conclusions above not only provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of engineering characteristics of unsaturated expansive soil improved by MICP method, but also offer theoretical evidence for perfecting engineering technology of expansive soil improved by MICP method.
Numerical Simulation of Non-Spherical Submicron Particle Acceleration and Focusing in a Converging–Diverging Micronozzle
Authors: Wang Yanru , Shen Jiaxin , Yin Zhaoqin , Bao Fubing
Published: December 2021

Submicron particles transported by a Laval-type micronozzle are widely used in micro- and nano-electromechanical systems for the aerodynamic scheme of particle acceleration and focusing. In this paper, the Euler–Lagrangian method is utilized to numerically study non-spherical submicron particle diffusion in a converging–diverging micronozzle flow field. The influence of particle density and shape factor on the focusing process is discussed. The numerical simulation shows how submicron particle transporting with varying shape factors and particle density results in different particle velocities, trajectories and focusing in a micronozzle flow field. The particle with a larger shape factor or larger density exhibits a stronger aerodynamic focusing effect in a supersonic flow field through the nozzle. In the intersection process, as the particle size increases, the position of the particle trajectory intersection moves towards the throat at first and then it moves towards the nozzle outlet. Moreover, the influence of the thermophoretic force of the submicron particle on the aerodynamic focusing can be ignored. The results will be beneficial in technological applications, such as micro-thrusters, microfabrication and micro cold spray.
IMU: A Content Replacement Policy for CCN, Based on Immature Content Selection
Authors: Rashid Salman , Razak Shukor Abd , Ghaleb Fuad A.
Published: December 2021

In-network caching is the essential part of Content-Centric Networking (CCN). The main aim of a CCN caching module is data distribution within the network. Each CCN node can cache content according to its placement policy. Therefore, it is fully equipped to meet the requirements of future networks demands. The placement strategy decides to cache the content at the optimized location and minimize content redundancy within the network. When cache capacity is full, the content eviction policy decides which content should stay in the cache and which content should be evicted. Hence, network performance and cache hit ratio almost equally depend on the content placement and replacement policies. Content eviction policies have diverse requirements due to limited cache capacity, higher request rates, and the rapid change of cache states. Many replacement policies follow the concept of low or high popularity and data freshness for content eviction. However, when content loses its popularity after becoming very popular in a certain period, it remains in the cache space. Moreover, content is evicted from the cache space before it becomes popular. To handle the above-mentioned issue, we introduced the concept of maturity/immaturity of the content. The proposed policy, named Immature Used (IMU), finds the content maturity index by using the content arrival time and its frequency within a specific time frame. Also, it determines the maturity level through a maturity classifier. In the case of a full cache, the least immature content is evicted from the cache space. We performed extensive simulations in the simulator (Icarus) to evaluate the performance (cache hit ratio, path stretch, latency, and link load) of the proposed policy with different well-known cache replacement policies in CCN. The obtained results, with varying popularity and cache sizes, indicate that our proposed policy can achieve up to 14.31% more cache hits, 5.91% reduced latency, 3.82% improved path stretch, and 9.53% decreased link load, compared to the recently proposed technique. Moreover, the proposed policy performed significantly better compared to other baseline approaches.