bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation on Fire Phenomena During Simultaneous Fires in Two Rooms Connected by Side Opening
Authors: Kim Yun Young , Lee Chi Young
Published: February 2025

Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze fire phenomena in two rooms connected by a side opening, each containing a single fire source. The two rooms (Room-A and Room-B) were connected via Opening-A, with Room-B also connected to the outside via Opening-B. Fire sources with heat release rates of 2.605 kW (Case1) and 5.21 kW (Case2) were placed at the centers of both rooms. The results were compared with those of previous numerical simulations of a single 5.21 kW fire source placed in either Room-A (Case3) or Room-B (Case4). Flow velocities through Opening-A were lower in Case1 and Case2 than in Case3, with Case2 exhibiting higher velocity than Case1. The flow velocity through Opening-B was highest in Case2. When a fire source was in Room-A, mass flow rates through Opening-A were lower in Case1 and Case2 than in Case3, while Case2 showed the highest mass flow rate through Opening-B. When a fire source was in Room-B, Case2 exhibited the highest mass flow rates through both openings, and Case4 the lowest. The highest hot gas layer (HGL) temperature rise and thickness were observed in Case2, while the lowest HGL temperature rise was observed in Case1. The thinnest HGL was observed in Case3 and Case4 when the fire source was in Room-A and Room-B, respectively.
Morphological and Physiological Responses of Sorghum to Drought: Implications for Development of Climate-resilient Cultivars
Authors: Danquah A. , Otwe E. P. , Galyuon I. K. A. , Kumi F. , Napo C.
Published: February 2025

Drought is a significant environmental stress affecting crop productivity, particularly, in semi-arid regions where sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] serves as an essential crop for food and fodder. Therefore, it is paramount to evaluate such crop varieties with potential for use in the development of climate-resilient ones through breeding and selection. A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of the School of Agriculture (A. G. Carlson Technology area), University of Cape Coast (UCC), to determine the morpho-physiological responses of seven sorghum varieties, focusing on the stay-green trait under drought-stressed (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. Parameters measured included green leaf area (GLA), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and grain yield. The results showed that the Dorado and Kapaala varieties exhibited greater drought resilience, maintaining higher GLA, RWC, chlorophyll levels and grain yield under drought stress conditions. Strong positive correlations between RWC, GLA, chlorophyll level, and grain yield parameters under DS highlighted these metrics as potential indicators for selecting drought-tolerant sorghum varieties. Thus, sorghum varieties such as Dorado and Kapaala could be employed in breeding programs for the development of climate-resilient varieties. The strong positive correlations between some morphological and physiological characters could be used to indirectly select for improved grain yields. This study underscores the importance of genetic diversity in crop resilience and provides valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at enhancing drought tolerance in sorghum.
Kidney Function Decline After COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Mahalingasivam Viyaasan , Faucon Anne-Laure , Sjölander Arvid , Bosi Alessandro , González-Ortiz Ailema , Lando Stefania , Fu Edouard L. , Nitsch Dorothea , Bruchfeld Annette , Evans Marie , Wing Kevin , Mansfield Kathryn E. , Tomlinson Laurie , Carrero Juan-Jesús
Published: December 2024

Importance

COVID-19 infection has been associated with acute kidney injury. However, its possible association with long-term kidney function is not well understood.

Objective

To investigate whether kidney function decline accelerated after COVID-19 compared with after other respiratory tract infections.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used linked data from the Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) Project between February 1, 2018, and January 1, 2022, in Stockholm, Sweden. All hospitalized and nonhospitalized adults in the database with at least 1 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurement in the 2 years prior to a COVID-19 positive test result or pneumonia diagnosis were selected. Statistical analyses were conducted between June 2023 and October 2024.

Exposure

COVID-19 and pneumonia (including influenza).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Mean annual change in eGFR after COVID-19 and after pneumonia was calculated with a linear regression model.

Results

The COVID-19 cohort comprised 134 565 individuals (74 819 females [55.6%]; median [IQR] age, 51 [37-64] years). The pneumonia cohort consisted of 35 987 individuals (19 359 females [53.8%]; median [IQR] age, 71 [56-81] years). The median (IQR) baseline eGFR was 94 (79-107) mL/min/1.73m2 for the COVID-19 cohort and 79 (61-92) mL/min/1.73m2 for the pneumonia cohort. After adjustment for covariates, both infections demonstrated accelerated annual eGFR decline, with greater magnitude of decline after COVID-19 (3.4% [95% CI, 3.2%-3.5%] after COVID-19; 2.3% [95% CI, 2.1%-2.5%] after pneumonia). This decline was more severe among individuals hospitalized for COVID-19 (5.4%; 95% CI, 5.2%-5.6%) but remained similar among those hospitalized for pneumonia.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found an association between COVID-19 and accelerated decline in kidney function, particularly after hospitalization, compared with pneumonia. People who were hospitalized for COVID-19 should receive closer monitoring of kidney function to ensure early diagnosis and optimized management of chronic kidney disease to effectively prevent complications and further decline.
Persistence of a Birth Cohort Effect in the US Among the Adult Homeless Population
Authors: Byrne Thomas , Doran Kelly M. , Kuhn Randall , Metraux Stephen , Schretzman Maryanne , Treglia Dan , Culhane Dennis P.
Published: December 2024

This cross-sectional study evaluates the persistence of a birth cohort effect among adults born between 1955 and 1965 in the US homeless population.
The End of Medicare Telehealth Coverage for Audiology
Authors: Dixon Peter R. , Camposeo Elizabeth , McRackan Theodore R.
Published: December 2024

This Viewpoint describes disparities in audiologic care in the US and the need for continued Medicare coverage of telehealth for this care.
Intelligent Point‐of‐Care Microchip Based on Ternary Hybrids: Incorporating AIEgens and Nanozymes into Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Feng Niu , Huang Xiaolin , Zhao Yongkun , Wang Qinyu , Peng Xuewen , Dong Yiming , Xue Li , Tang Ben Zhong , Chen Yiping
Published: December 2024

The risk of disease highlights the necessity of point‐of‐care testing. Here, a ternary hybrid (MAP) combining metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), aggregate‐induced emission luminogens, and Pt nanoparticles is introduced. MAP demonstrates a greater fluorescence quantum yield (62.1%) and greater anti‐photobleaching ability than conventional fluorescent MOFs and organic fluorophores, as well as a 2214‐fold and 16‐fold increase in catalytic capacity over those of horseradish peroxidase and Pt nanoparticles, respectively. The MAP exhibited a slight attenuation after 180 days at room temperature in signal intensity. Polydopamine‐coated polystyrene microsphere‐enabled microchips are economical, user‐friendly, and portable. The combination of MAP and microchips allows for determination using the fluorescence/colorimetric mode in different scenarios. Compared with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, the fluorescence mode exhibited a 41.9‐fold increase in sensitivity, a 94.2% decrease in time, and an 80.7% decrease in cost. The accuracy of clinical samples reached 100%, and the specificity is 96.2%. Chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin serve as small molecule targets, demonstrating the versatility of this strategy.
Research and Progress in Mitigating Carbon Oxidation in Air Electrodes
Authors: Fan Jin‐Ge , Pan Jian‐Min , Wang Han , Liu Sheng , Zhan Yi , Yan Xingbin
Published: December 2024

Oxygen electrocatalysis plays a pivotal role in fuel cells and metal‐air batteries, which hold immense potential for energy conversion and storage systems due to their superior theoretical energy density, cost‐effectiveness, and safety profile. However, carbon‐based materials in air electrode face challenges stemming from the harsh oxidative environment of oxygen catalysis, leading to thermodynamic instability. This underscores the urgent necessity for the development of effective carbon anti‐oxidation strategies. This comprehensive review initially explores the complex mechanisms underlying the oxygen reduction/oxygen evolution reactions (ORR/OER) and the prevalent issue of carbon corrosion in carbon‐based materials. It then delves into diverse strategies aimed at mitigating catalyst corrosion through doped carbons, encompassing techniques such as graphitization, active site management, surface modification using functional groups, and corrosion resistance coating. Moreover, the review discusses methods to counteract carbon oxidation in catalyst supports, including the utilization of novel carbons, highly active catalysts to minimize oxidation, and the exploration of non‐carbon alternatives. Furthermore, the review also sheds light on protecting current collectors and conductive additives within the air electrode from corrosion. Ultimately, it outlines emerging challenges and opportunities for addressing carbon oxidation in air electrode, paving the way for enhanced performance and longevity in fuel cells and metal‐air batteries.
Dual‐Mechanism mRNA Delivery via Fluorinated‐Sorbitol Polyplexes: Enhancing Cellular Uptake and Endosomal Escape for COVID‐19 Vaccination
Authors: Vasukutty Arathy , Chahal Sahil , Lee Kyung‐Hwa , Park So‐Hee , Kim Soo‐Min , Shin Eunkyung , Kim You‐Jin , Kim Dokeun , Lee Jung‐Ah , Jeong Hye‐Sook , Park In‐Kyu
Published: December 2024

Advancements in mRNA delivery nanoparticles have significantly improved the potential for treating challenging diseases. Due to the inherent immunogenicity and rapid degradation of mRNA, specialized nanoparticles are required for efficient intracellular uptake, endosomal escape, and protection from lysosomal degradation. Although current methods enable transgene expression but achieving a balance between efficiency and toxicity remains challenging. In this study, an effective mRNA delivery system is developed by modifying a cationic polymer with sorbitol and fluorine, resulting in fluorinated polyethyleneimine with sorbitol functionalization (PFS). This polyplex enhances mRNA delivery through improved cellular uptake via sorbitol channels and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis, while fluorination facilitates endosomal escape and mitigates toxicity. The formulation demonstrated successful expression of Gaussian luciferase mRNA in both Raw 264.7 cells and Balb/c mice. Additionally, intramuscular administration of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike mRNA vaccine elicited robust immune responses comparable to Moderna's LNP formulation. The vaccine effectively neutralized the Wuhan variant strain of SARS‐CoV‐2, as shown by PRNT50 testing. These findings suggest that the PFS formulation is a promising candidate for developing polymeric mRNA vaccines targeting various infectious and non‐infectious diseases.
Photoimmunologic Therapy of Stubborn Biofilm via Inhibiting Bacteria Revival and Preventing Reinfection
Authors: Wang Jia‐Li , Pan Xiu , Li Xin , Liu Kun‐Mei , Yao Mei , An Jin‐Yu , Wan Yu , Yu Xiao‐Qi , Feng Shun , Wu Ming‐Yu
Published: December 2024

Stubborn biofilm infections pose serious threats to public health. Clinical practices highly rely on mechanical debridement and antibiotics, which often fail and lead to persistent and recurrent infections. The main culprits are 1) persistent bacteria reviving, colonizing, and rejuvenating biofilms, and 2) secondary pathogen exposure, particularly in individuals with chronic diseases. Addressing how to inhibit persistent bacteria revival and prevent reinfection simultaneously is still a major challenge. Herein, an oligo‐ethylene glycol‐modified lipophilic cationic photosensitizer (PS), TBTCP‐PEG7, is developed. It effectively eradicates Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under light irradiation. Furthermore, TBTCP‐PEG7‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) not only conquers stubborn biofilm infections by downregulating the two‐component system (TCS), quorum sensing (QS), and virulence factors, thereby reducing intercellular communication, inhibiting persistent bacterial regrowth and biofilm remodeling but also prevents reinfection by upregulating heat shock protein‐related genes to induce immunogenetic cell death (ICD) and establish immune memory. In vivo, TBTCP‐PEG7 efficiently eradicates MRSA biofilm adhered to medical catheters, stimulates angiogenesis, reduces inflammatory factor expression, and accelerates wound healing. Furthermore, ICD promotes short‐term immune and long‐term immunological memory for coping with secondary infections. This two‐pronged strategy not only effectively overcomes stubborn, persistent and recurrent biofilm infection, but also provides theoretical guidance for designing the next generation of antibacterial materials.
Solid‐State Oxide‐Ion Synaptic Transistor for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Langner Philipp , Chiabrera Francesco , Alayo Nerea , Nizet Paul , Morrone Luigi , Bozal‐Ginesta Carlota , Morata Alex , Tarancón Albert
Published: December 2024

Neuromorphic hardware facilitates rapid and energy‐efficient training and operation of neural network models for artificial intelligence. However, existing analog in‐memory computing devices, like memristors, continue to face significant challenges that impede their commercialization. These challenges include high variability due to their stochastic nature. Microfabricated electrochemical synapses offer a promising approach by functioning as an analog programmable resistor based on deterministic ion‐insertion mechanisms. Here, an all‐solid‐state oxide‐ion synaptic transistor is developed, employing Bi2V0.9Cu0.1O5.35 as a superior oxide‐ion conductor electrolyte and La0.5Sr0.5FeO3‐δ as a variable‐resistance channel able to efficiently operate at temperatures compatible with conventional electronics. This transistor exhibits essential synaptic behaviors such as long‐ and short‐term potentiation, paired‐pulse facilitation, and post‐tetanic potentiation, mimicking fundamental properties of biological neural networks. Key criteria for efficient neuromorphic computing are satisfied, including excellent linear and symmetric synaptic plasticity, low energy consumption per programming pulse, and high endurance with minimal cycle‐to‐cycle variation. Integrated into an artificial neural network (ANN) simulation for handwritten digit recognition, the presented synaptic transistor achieved a 96% accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) dataset, illustrating the effective implementation of the device in ANNs. These findings demonstrate the potential of oxide‐ion based synaptic transistors for effective implementation in analog neuromorphic computing based on iontronics.
Cu‐ZnS Modulated Multi‐Carbon Coupling Enables High Selectivity Photoreduction CO2 to CH3CH2COOH
Authors: Huang Fuxia , Wang Feng , Liu Ya , Guo Liejin
Published: December 2024

The direct photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and H2O into high‐value C3 chemicals holds great promise but remains challenging due to the intrinsic difficulty of C1–C1 and C2–C1 coupling processes and the lack of clarity regarding the underlying reaction mechanisms. Here, the design and synthesis of a Cu‐ZnS photocatalyst featuring dispersed Cu single atoms are reported. These Cu single atoms are coordinated with S atoms, forming unique Cu‐S‐Zn active units with tunable charge distributions that interact favorably with surface‐adsorbed intermediates. This configuration stabilizes the *COHCO intermediate and facilitates its subsequent coupling with *CO to form *COCOHCO both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable on the Cu‐ZnS surface. Notably, multiple critical C3 intermediates, including *COCOHCO, *OCCCO, and *CHCHCO, are identified, providing a clear reaction pathway for CO2 to CH3CH2COOH conversion. The Cu‐ZnS photocatalyst achieves a CO2 to CH3CH2COOH conversion rate of 0.45 µmol h−¹ with an electron selectivity of 91.2%. Remarkably, in the presence of triethanolamine, the production rate increases to 16.9 µmol h−¹ with a selectivity of 99.8%. These findings underscore the importance of modulating multicarbon coupling processes to enable the efficient photocatalytic transformation of CO2 into C3 products, paving the way for future advancements in sustainable chemical synthesis.
Deciphering the Effects of Plasmonic Nanoparticles Doping in Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaic and Photodetector Devices
Authors: Zheng Daming , Prado Yoann , Pauporté Thierry , Coolen Laurent
Published: December 2024

Obtaining high‐performance films of organo‐metallic halide perovskites is still a challenging task, with tremendous potential outcomes for devices involving light absorption such as next‐generation photovoltaics or photodetectors. In many experimental reports, particularly on perovskite solar cells, the addition of metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver…) has demonstrated promising performance improvements. However, while light management strategies based on plasmonic resonances are the initial motivation for these experiments, various other explanations have been proposed and the plasmonic nature of the performance boost is not always clear. In this article, optical simulation analysis is combined with a general review of the experimental reports to elucidate the role of nanoparticles in perovskite devices from a multifaceted perspective. Performance improvements were recently reported for various devices (solar cells, photodetectors) of different perovskite materials where gold nanoparticles were introduced either by spin coating or evaporation. Alongside a comprehensive examination of conventional optical effects, a novel function is identified of nanoparticles in regulating the crystallization rate of perovskite films, leading to enhanced film quality and ultimately boosting light absorption and device optical performance. This analysis enriches the mechanistic understanding for future studies on the use of nanoparticles in perovskite‐based devices, offering a novel approach for optimizing perovskite films.
Cluster and Kill: the Use of Clustering‐Triggered Emission Materials for Singlet Oxygen Photosensitization in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Dueñas‐Parro Karina , Gulias Oscar , Agut Montserrat , de la Cruz‐Martínez Felipe , Lara‐Sánchez Agustín , Castro‐Osma José A. , García‐Reyes Juan F. , Sánchez‐Ruiz Antonio , Martín Cristina , Nonell Santi , Bresolí‐Obach Roger
Published: December 2024

The emergence of light‐based technologies is revolutionizing modern medicine and healthcare by enabling precise disease diagnosis and treatment through various luminescent agents and imaging techniques. Despite challenges like biocompatibility, spectral tuning, and synthesis complexity, the primary issue is the aggregation‐caused quenching of emission on high concentrations or physiological conditions. In light of these problems, Clustering‐Triggered Emission (CTE), which involves the formation of atomic clusters to induce light absorption and the luminescence of unconventional chromophores, represents an all‐in‐one solution to the challenges identified. Given the potential for CTE materials to behave in ways previously only associated with conventional chromophores, it seems reasonable that highly oxidative reactive oxygen species can be formed from CTE excited states. The results demonstrate that it is possible to transfer the excess energy from the CTE long‐lived excited states to molecular oxygen, thereby producing singlet oxygen. It is also noteworthy that over 99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus cells can be eradicated using fluences comparable to those used in traditional systems under violet light irradiation. Uncovering these photophysical properties of CTE opens the door to a revolutionary breakthrough that can disrupt conventional photodynamic therapy and usher in a new era of CTE‐based photosensitizers.
Progress Toward Stable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Tegegne Newayemedhin A. , Nchinda Leonato T. , Krüger Tjaart P. J.
Published: December 2024

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are suitable candidates for next‐generation renewable energy sources due to their low cost of production and flexibility. Their power conversion efficiency has improved significantly to about 20% in both single‐ and multi‐junction devices due to the tremendous work in optimizing the synthesis of novel active‐layer materials while improving device fabrication. Despite a few reports predicting a 20‐year lifetime for OSC devices, their stability currently lags behind their commercialization. This Review discusses the issues that impair OSC stability and how to mitigate them. While emphasizing the importance of the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols, an overview of recent advancements in OSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) and lifetime is provided. Finally, fundamental challenges to developing high‐performance and stable OSCs are discussed along with general recommendations for improving the stability of OSCs.
Iontronically Tunable Broadband Graded Index Films
Authors: Franceschini Paolo , Tognazzi Andrea , Demartis Virginia Maria , Carletti Luca , Menshikov Evgenii , Alessandri Ivano , Cino Alfonso Carmelo , Torricelli Fabrizio , De Angelis Costantino , Vincenti Maria Antonietta
Published: December 2024

Tunable optical devices are of paramount importance in modern optical engineering, offering the flexibility to dynamically adjust key optical parameters, thus enhancing functionality and adaptability. In this study, a fresh approach is presented to achieve on‐demand, spatially tunable optical properties using organic mixed ion‐electron conductors, which can be produced using large‐scale, cost‐effective technologies. It is demonstrated how, by exploiting, the spatial modulation of the bulk electronic conductance of PEDOT:PSS through an organic electrochemical transistor configuration, we can create a spatially tunable broadband gradient index profile with multiple degrees of freedom. These findings introduce a new class of tunable graded index media, which hold potential for a wide range of applications that span from optical interconnections to multi‐focal optical devices.
Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence From Chiral Manganese(II) Complexes
Authors: Huo Zhong‐Zhong , Wang Yu , Yang Bo , Liang Jia‐Qi , Hong Xian‐Fang , An Qi , Yuan Li , Ma Huili , Zuo Jing‐Lin , Zheng You‐Xuan
Published: December 2024

Due to the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and high efficiency, chiral phosphorescent complex holds promise for CP organic light‐emitting diode (CP‐OLED) and 3D display, but the application of chiral manganese(II) (Mn(II)) complex is rare. Herein, the CP‐OLEDs with Mn(II) enantiomers, R/S‐DFPO‐MnBr2 and R/S‐XTDPO‐MnBr2, based on tert‐butyl(6‐(diphenylphosphoryl) dibenzo[b,d]furan‐4‐yl)(phenyl)phosphine oxide and tert‐butyl(5‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐xanthen‐4‐yl)(phenyl) phosphine oxide ligands are reported containing phosphorus‐centered point chirality. R/S‐DFPO‐MnBr2 and R/S‐XTDPO‐MnBr2 exhibit yellow‐green emissions peaking at 541 and 532 nm with photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 87%, CPL spectra with dissymmetry factors (|gPL|) around 2.0 × 10−3. The CP‐OLEDs achieve external quantum efficiencies of up to 12.9% and CP electroluminescence spectra with |gEL| values of about 1.8 × 10⁻3, suggesting potential application of chiral Mn(II) complexes.
Advanced Exciplex Sensitized Green InP‐Based Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes for Extended Lifespan
Authors: Truong Thi Thuy , Vergineya S Nisha , Lim Jaemin , Mude Nagarjuna Naik , Bae Wan Ki , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: December 2024

Charge imbalance in inverted InP‐based quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) due to higher electron injection is a well‐known hindrance to the device's stability. To overcome this, the exciton harvesting layer (EHL) is inserted between QD and the hole transport layer to recycle overflowing electrons, form excitons, and transfer exciton energies to QD layer. This study utilized exciplex as EHL in InP‐based QLEDs. The exciplex EHL is composed of 2‐(5‐(dibenzo[b,d]furan‐4‐yl)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl)‐4‐phenyl‐6‐(8‐phenyldibenzo[b,d]furan‐1‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (diDBFTrz) as n‐type and ([1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl).‐9′‐phenyl‐9H,9′H‐3,3′‐bicarbazole (BPP‐BCZ) as p‐type material. The exciplex is chosen based on its compatibility with QD, which mitigates issues in QLEDs. Through the optimization of the exciplex layer, the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) is enhanced from 10.9% to 19.2%. The BPP‐BCZ: diDBFTrz exciplex ratio of 6:4 (max EQE: 17.3%) achieves the calculated half‐operation lifetime of 1881 h at 1000 cd m−2. The findings pave the way for using exciplex as EHL in QLEDs to increase the device's operational lifetime and efficiency.
Efficient Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation and Application in the Total Synthesis of Phallotoxins and Virotoxins
Authors: Fan Lin , Li Jiashan , Yan Xinlong , Li Zongwei , Wang Yang , Pan Le , Liu Guodu
Published: December 2024

Asymmetric alkylation is one of the most important methods for synthesis of chiral unnatural α‐substituted α‐amino acids. Herein, we reported the asymmetric alkylation catalyzed by Cu/(4S,2R)‐tBu‐Phosferrox catalyst. This catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic performance in the asymmetric alkylation at catalyst loading as low as 1.0 mol %, giving the desired products with up to 95% yield and >99% ee, which is the best result to date. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to the scalable practical synthesis of unnatural amino acid 4,5‐OH‐Leu, which could be directly used in the total syntheses of phalloidin, phallacidin, other four phallotoxins and six virotoxins.
Dual‐Mode Flexible Parylene‐C‐Based In‐Memory Tactile Sensory Device with CMOS Compatibility
Authors: Ban Chaoyi , Wang Zongwei , Zhang Shuangjie , Shan Linbo , Chen Qingyu , Cai Yimao , Huang Ru
Published: December 2024

The artificial tactile memory system enables electronic skin (e‐skin) electronics to detect and record tactile sensations like natural skin, significantly expanding the applications of flexible electronics in wearable devices, human‐computer interaction, and healthcare. However, current tactile memory electronics still face challenges such as complex structures and high hardware costs, limiting further high‐density integration. Herein, an in‐memory tactile sensory (IMTS) device with a simple structure is experimentally demonstrated, which can achieve pressure information detecting, storage, and erasure in a single device. Due to the chemical stability of the parylene‐C and its compatibility with standard photolithography, the device can be manufactured on advanced CMOS process platforms, showing potential for high‐density integration. Additionally, the device demonstrates excellent mechanical properties, maintaining outstanding electrical performance in both flat and bending conditions. Furthermore, pressure distribution can be detected and recorded with the IMTS arrays, providing new avenues for developing high‐performance tactile memory systems in human‐computer interaction and wearable electronics.
Food Values in China
Authors: Wang Erpeng , Yuan Jing , Gao Zhifeng
Published: December 2024

Drawing a clear overall picture of consumers' preferences for food is essential for designing effective marketing strategies and promoting a healthy and sustainable food system. Based on China's unique food culture and food system, this study describes the Chinese food value system and designs a best−worst scaling survey with 2165 Chinese respondents to explore Chinese consumers' food value structure. Results show that Chinese consumers have similar preferences for food values with Western consumers, who all rank safety, nutrition, and taste as the important food values and rank origin and appearance as the least important. Interestingly, Chinese consumers consider price to be a less important value but place more value on food safety and nutrition. They also have a relatively high share of preference for medicine diet and antipoverty food value, implying a unique food system. This study also shows a significant heterogeneity in Chinese consumers' preferences for food values. Food values are significantly related to some particular food consumption, indicating that the distribution and changing of food values in the population can help identify the transformation of food systems.
Motion Capture and Augmented‐Reality‐Assisted Surface Reconstruction and Robotic Remanufacturing System
Authors: Liu Guoliang , Sun Wenlei , Li Pinwen
Published: December 2024

The remanufacturing of complex curved workpieces has a high added value. However, conventional remanufacturing robots have not been widely used due to complex equipment, isolated manufacturing processes, and lack of skill. Traditional methods are difficult to adapt to the unstructured environment of remanufacturing. In this article, an augmented reality (AR)‐ and motion‐capture‐assisted surface remanufacturing system that provides more intuitive and efficient programming compared to traditional techniques is presented. An AR remanufacturing virtual simulation system registered with a physical system in three dimensions is designed. A multisystem registration method is proposed to register the motion capture system, the robot system, and the AR system. A motion‐tracked handheld pointer is designed to reconstruct a virtual model of the area to be repaired directly on the surface of the workpiece. Remanufacturing path planning algorithms and AR simulations are designed. Universal robot (UR)10 robot experiments verified the correctness of the proposed method.
Printed Wearable Sweat Rate Sensor for Continuous In Situ Perspiration Measurement
Authors: Islam Mohammad Shafiqul , Cha Sangwon , Hassan Md Farhad , Cai Wenxin , Saniat Tahsin Sejat , Leach Cedar Rose , Khan Yasser
Published: December 2024

Sweat rate measures key physiological states such as hydration levels and heat tolerance. Incorporating wearable technology with sweat rate sensors allows individuals to conveniently monitor their health, optimize workouts, and enhance occupational safety. However, challenges persist in such integration techniques, including intricate manufacturing, nonlinear responses to changes in sweat rates, and errors from the intermediate measurement of the distance sweat travels in the sensor. To address these issues, we present a comprehensive wearable platform that includes a fully printed, flexible sensor patch, readout electronics, and a mobile app for continuous, real‐time monitoring of sweat rate. We fabricate a sensor patch with an area of 700 mm2 and a weight of 380 mg by utilizing direct 3D printing and scalable microfluidic fabrication. The microfluidic channels are 850 μm wide and 164 μm thick, with serpentine electrodes measuring sweat rate using capacitance. The custom readout electronics capture these changes in capacitance to accurately measure sweat rate, achieving a sensitivity of 0.01 μL min−1. The sensor's performance is validated against analytical models, simulations, and on‐body trials with commercial sensors. This cost‐effective, flexible, and fully integrated sweat‐sensing solution has significant potential in precision health.
Constraining CO2 Coverage on Copper Promotes CO2 Electroreduction to Multi‐carbon Products in Strong Acid
Authors: Yang Wanfeng , Zhao Yong , Chen Yiqing , Ren Hangjuan , Sun Jiameng , Shi Zhangsheng , Jin Xindie , Zhang Zhonghua , Wang Xin
Published: December 2024

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2R) to multi‐carbon (C2+) products in strong acid presents a promising approach to mitigate the CO2 loss commonly encountered in alkaline and neutral systems. However, this process often suffers from low selectivity for C2+ products due to the competing C1 (e.g., CO and HCOOH) formation and complex C−C coupling kinetics. In this work, we report a CO2 coverage constraining strategy by diluting CO2 reactant feed to modulate the intermediate distribution and C−C coupling pathways for an enhanced electrosynthesis of C2+ products in strong acid. Lowering the CO2 feed concentration reduces CO2 coverage on copper catalyst, enriching the surface coverage and optimizing the adsorption configuration of the key CO intermediate for C−C coupling. This approach efficiently suppresses the formation of undesired C1 products. By employing a 20 % CO2 feed, we achieved a significant improvement in C2+ Faradaic efficiency, reaching 68 % at 100 mA cm−2, approximately 1.7 times higher than the 41 % obtained using pure CO2. We demonstrated the direct electroreduction of a 30 % CO2 feed—representative CO2 concentration of typical industrial flue gases—in a full electrolyzer, achieving a C2+ selectivity of 78 % and an energy efficiency of 23 % at 200 mA cm−2.
Achieving over 20 % Efficiency in Laminated HTM‐Free Carbon Electrode Perovskite Solar Cells through In Situ Interface Reconstruction
Authors: Huang Guopeng , Zhang Taiyang , Lin Weidong , Qin Lixia , Kang Shi‐Zhao , Li Xiangqing
Published: December 2024

Laminating a free‐standing carbon electrode film onto perovskite film is a promising method for fabricating HTM (hole transport material)‐free carbon electrode perovskite solar cells (c‐PSCs), offering more flexibility by decoupling the processes of carbon electrode and perovskite layer formation. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of laminated HTM‐free c‐PSCs (<16.5 %) remains lower compared to c‐PSCs with printed carbon pastes (>20 %), primarily due to poor interfacial contact between the perovskite and carbon layers. Herein, we report a chemical‐mechanical driven in situ interface reconstruction strategy to solve such interface contact issues. The in situ interface reconstruction is firstly triggered by methylammonium chloride (MACl) surface treatment to chemically activate the film and then mechanically laminate the carbon electrode onto the softened perovskite film under heating. The perovskite film undergoes in situ regrowth and the carbon film starts to cure simultaneously, dynamically reconstructing the perovskite/carbon electrode interface. A tighter and conformal contact is achieved, greatly facilitating the carrier transport and extract. Ultimately, a champion PCE of 20.31 % is achieved with enhanced stability. Our in situ interface reconstruction strategy which is combinating the chemical and mechanical process offers a new choice for the further design of low‐cost and efficient HTM‐free c‐PSCs.
New Mononuclear Metal Complexes Based on 3‐Acetyl‐4‐Hydroxy Coumarin as Potential Antitumor Agents: Full Structural Elucidation, Theoretical Calculations, and Biological Activity Studies
Authors: Fouad R. , Saif M. , Mashaly Mahmoud M. , Zekrallah M.
Published: December 2024

New transition metal complexes (M‐AHyC) have been prepared: M = Ni2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ metal ions; AHyC = 3‐acetyl‐4‐hydroxy coumarin. The synthesized complexes (M‐AHyC) were also subjected to elemental and TGA analysis, magnetic moment, and molar conductivity measurements with comprehensive spectral characterization (Fourier transform‐IR, UV‐visible, NMR, and XR diffraction). Ni2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ metal ions react with AHyC to form complexes with a stoichiometric ratio 1:2 (M:L). The results of spectral data revealed that the AHyC coordinated the central metal ions in a monoanionic bidentate manner via the carbonyl oxygen and phenolic oxygen atoms forming octahedral geometry. Against HepG‐2 cell lines, the cytotoxic properties of fabricated M‐AHyC compounds were assessed. The cytotoxic study revealed that the Zn‐AHyC complex showed significant activity to inhibit the growth of the HepG‐2 cell line. Additionally, the binding properties of M‐AHyC complexes with herring sperm DNA (HS‐DNA) have been identified using UV‐visible spectroscopy. The interaction between M‐AHyC complexes and DNA revealed a moderately strong interaction depending on the intercalative binding mode. The interaction of M‐AHyC complexes with DNA was further investigated with molecular docking simulation, which supports previously spectroscopic findings. A study on DNA cleavage using agarose gel electrophoresis has also been performed. The DFT calculations were utilized to compute chemical quantum parameters, validate the proposed structures, and provide evidence for the biological findings.
Dot‐by‐Dot Printing of Capacitors by Lift
Authors: Lux Stefan , Kuznetsova Nadezda , Simha Ajeya R. , Mager Dario , Breitling Frank , Korvink Jan G.
Published: December 2024

Capacitors play a crucial role in modern electronics as they are widely employed for energy storage, signal processing, radiofrequency tuning and matching, and signal filtering. This paper presents a novel approach to chip‐scale capacitor fabrication utilizing the laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique, a versatile 3D printing method that offers a flexible and cost‐effective alternative to conventional manufacturing processes. Plate capacitors were fabricated through dot‐by‐dot printing of titanium di‐oxide and silver paste layers, and their performance evaluated. Optimal dot circularity at a diameter of 130 m were achieved with printing parameters of 120 mW for 4 ms, with no noticeable surface defects. Using smaller dots enabled higher resolution, but this compromised the quality of the printed surface. The fabricated capacitors demonstrated a mean capacity of 40.1  2.2 pF at 100 MHz, making them suitable also for high‐frequency applications. The resistivity of the printed silver tracks was , measured over 16 structures, and closely matched the manufacturer's specifications for the silver ink. The achieved resolution from the dot‐by‐dot method used in this paper provided greater flexibility in transfer in comparison to previously reported results using a square‐shaped transfer geometry.
Concluding Remarks to the IWARA 2024
Authors: Horvath J. E.
Published: December 2024

A brief discussion of the science presented at the IWARA 2024 (with emphasis in Cosmology) is given as a summary of the workshop held in Machu Picchu, Peru.
Childhood maltreatment and depression in adult patients: The mediator role of personality functioning
Authors: Vaccarezza Stephanie , Opazo Sebastián , Mundt Adrian P. , Cortázar Alejandra , Errázuriz Paula
Published: December 2024

Background

Childhood maltreatment (CM), including emotional neglect, physical neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse, is associated with an increased risk of adult depression, particularly emotional abuse and neglect. Personality impairment is a significant mediator in the relationship between CM and adult depression.

Methods

This naturalistic cross‐sectional study aimed to examine the mediating role of personality functioning in the association between CM types and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample of adults. We assessed the two dimensions of personality functioning proposed by Section III of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5), specifically self‐functioning and interpersonal functioning. The participants were 335 adult patients starting individual psychotherapy who completed intake self‐report questionnaires to evaluate experiences of CM, personality functioning, depression, and comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Bootstrap mediation analyses were performed to examine the mediating role of personality functioning in the relation between each CM type and depressive symptoms, as well as the comorbidity of depression and anxiety.

Results

Personality functioning explained half (53%) of the total effect of CM on depressive symptoms and comorbidity. Regarding the different CM types, only the total effects of emotional abuse and neglect on depressive symptoms were significant, evidencing their direct and indirect effect on adult depression. Both personality functioning dimensions were significant mediators, yet self‐functioning had a larger mediating effect, underscoring its critical role.

Conclusions

Psychotherapeutic interventions addressing impairments in personality functioning may be crucial in the treatment of depressive symptoms in adult patients with CM.
Identification of Potential Genes in Rheumatoid Arthritis‐Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Using RNA‐seq and In Vitro Analyses
Authors: Nie Liu‐yan , Zhao Kun , Xu Cheng , Zhang Wen‐juan , Huang Xin , Han Yong‐mei
Published: December 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis‐associated interstitial lung disease (RA‐ILD) is an increasingly recognized extra‐articular manifestations (EAMs) in the RA, with highly morbidity and mortality. The identification of key molecules involved in RA‐ILD has a high requirement in clinic, and the role of their transcriptional regulation in the etiology of RA‐ILD is great significant for investigation. In this study, we collected the whole peripheral blood samples of RA‐ILD and RA only patients to bulk RNA‐sequence. Differential gene expression analysis was employed to identify key genes, common pathways, and potential drug targets for RA‐ILD. Furthermore, RT‐qPCR was conducted to verify potential biomarkers in RA‐ILD. Four hundred seventy‐eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified that related to chromatin‐modifying enzymes. A robust correlation with immune and inflammation biological processes and pathways was indicated through enrichment analyses of these shared DEGs, like B cell receptor signaling pathway, complement activation, NF‐kappa B signaling pathway. Protein–protein interaction network analysis further emphasized the significance of 12 hub genes, including CHD4, MUS81, CXCL8, NSUN6, RAD9A, CCL4, B3GAT1, KAT2A, TBX21, HDAC2, ERBB2, and ITGAL. Notably, NSUN6 expression was statistically significant in RA‐ILD by the machine learning LASSO regression analysis and RT‐qPCR. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of RA‐ILD, identifies potential biomarkers, and lays the groundwork for future therapeutic strategies.
Fractional Flow Reserve Directed Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Optimization Using High‐Definition Intravascular Ultrasound in Non‐ST‐Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Versus Chronic Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Groenland Frederik T. W. , Neleman Tara , Ziedses des Plantes Annemieke C. , Scoccia Alessandra , Kardys Isabella , den Dekker Wijnand K. , Wilschut Jeroen M. , Diletti Roberto , Van Mieghem Nicolas M. , Daemen Joost
Published: December 2024

Background

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)‐guided optimization of suboptimal fractional flow reserve (FFR) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) results in a significant increase in both post‐PCI FFR and minimal lumen and stent areas (MLA and MSA, respectively). However, the impact of clinical presentation with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) versus chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) on the efficacy of PCI optimization remains unknown.

Methods

This was a prespecified subgroup analysis of the FFR REACT trial comparing IVUS‐guided PCI optimization versus no further treatment in 291 patients with a post‐PCI FFR < 0.90. Post‐PCI physiology and pre optimization IVUS findings were compared between patients presenting with NSTE‐ACS versus CCS, as well as optimization strategy, final FFR and IVUS findings.

Results

Out of 291 patients, 130 (44.7%) presented with NSTE‐ACS. Median post‐PCI FFR was similar in patients with NSTE‐ACS and CCS (0.85 for both, p = 0.55). Pre optimization IVUS findings did not differ significantly between both groups and subsequent optimization strategy was comparable (p = 0.71). In both NSTE‐ACS and CCS, optimization resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.01 for all) of similar magnitude in median FFR (0.02 vs. 0.03, p = 0.80), MLA (0.37 vs. 0.50 mm2, p = 0.46) and MSA (0.29 vs. 0.32 mm2, p = 0.61), respectively. The clinical impact of IVUS‐guided optimization on 2‐year target vessel failure showed no signs of heterogeneity based on clinical presentation (interaction p = 0.36).

Conclusions

In patients undergoing FFR‐directed IVUS‐guided optimization, post‐PCI FFR, pre optimization IVUS findings and optimization strategy did not differ significantly between patients presenting with either NSTE‐ACS or CCS, with comparable improvements in FFR, MLA and MSA.
An Oropharyngeal Accessory Tragus in a Young Patient With Conductive Hearing Loss
Authors: Husman Tiffany , Benjamin Tania , Patel Evan J. , Akanuma Naoki , Pigal Anastasiya , Cheng Yew Song
Published: December 2024

In this report, we describe the first reported case of an oropharyngeal accessory tragus in a 20‐year‐old female presenting with moderate to severe left‐sided conductive hearing loss. This case shares rare developmental anomalies to consider when diagnosing oropharyngeal masses that highlight the intricate embryological development of the head and neck region.
Bubble Plume Behavior and Turbulence Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Phase in Power‐Law Fluids
Authors: Dong Xin , Shan Yongrui , Xue Can , Liu Yinuo , Feng Ying , Zhang Jianwei
Published: December 2024

The turbulent characteristics of bubble plumes in power‐law fluids are studied by experiments and numerical simulations. The effects of liquid phase rheological properties and superficial gas velocity on liquid phase velocity, shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent scale, and gas holdup of the bubble plume are investigated. The velocity, shear stress, and turbulent kinetic energy of the liquid phase are distributed in a circular pattern during the generation stage, forming stage, and free‐surface interaction stage of the bubble plume. The average shear stress and average turbulence kinetic energy that decomposed turbulent scales in CMC aqueous solution are 31–50 times and 1.4–2 times than that in tap water environment. The gas holdup in the flow field decreases with the increase of concentration of liquid phase and increases with the increase of superficial gas velocity. The flow pattern of the bubble plume is significantly affected by the superficial gas velocity and the rheological properties of the liquid phase that affect the transfer of mass and momentum between phases.