bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractional analysis of unsteady magnetohydrodynamics Jeffrey flow over an infinite vertical plate in the presence of Hall current
Authors: Abbas Shajar , Nazar Mudassar
Published: July 2024

The impact of Hall current on the multiphase thermal transfer of an incompressible electrically conductive Jeffrey flow over an infinitely vertical plate when heat absorption and chemical reaction are present has been examined. Partial differential equations have been used to describe the process, accounting for heat and mass transfer effects. This study uses extended Fourier's and Fick's laws together with the recently announced constant proportional Caputo (CPC) fractional operator. The fractional model is converted into a nondimensional form by applying some appropriate quantities. The nondimensional produced fractional model for momentum, heat, and diffusion equations based on the CPC fractional operator has been calculated semi‐analytically by applying the Laplace method. The Mathcad 15 software to sketch the graphs for several factors, like the Grashof number, mass Grashof number, Schmidt number, Prandtl number, Hall, and magnetic field parameters, is used to describe the velocity profile. Additionally, a graphical explanation is provided for the influence of the appeared parameters, particularly the effect of the fractional parameters. It is concluded that the result of the fluid model developed by the generalized constitutive relations is more accurate and generalized than the results of the artificially contracted fractional model. A fractional derivative is therefore the ideal option to achieve controlled concentration, temperature, and velocity. The current study is immediately relevant to geophysical, cosmically fluid dynamics, medical, biological, and any other processes that are significantly enhanced by a low gas density and a high magnetic field.
High infection rates and risk‐adapted prevention strategies in contemporary pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Yeung Tsz Wing , Chan Wilson Yau Ki , Wong Sally Cheuk Ying , Lee Pamela Pui Wah , Cheuk Daniel Ka Leung , Leung Wing
Published: July 2024

With recent changes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) practices, such as the increasing use of alternative donors and ex vivo T‐cell depletion, how various risk factors interplay and affect the timeline of infections have not been well elucidated. We retrospectively reviewed the first 100 consecutive HSCT from April 2019 to October 2021 in the only pediatric HSCT center in Hong Kong. We found that the vast majority of the allogeneic transplant recipients (69/74, 93.2%) had infections after HSCT, amongst which bacterial, viral, and fungal infection rates were 35.1%, 90.5%, and 9.5%, respectively. In contrast, only 30.8% (8/26) of autologous transplant recipients had infections (rate of bacterial, viral, and fungal infection were 19.2%, 15.4%, and 3.8%, respectively). Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) and BK virus (BKV) typically occurred early after HSCT, adenovirus (ADV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) thereafter, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) throughout the entire 2.5‐year observation period. Ex vivo T‐cell depletion was a general risk factor for viral infection with HHV‐6 (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.03), BKV (HR = 3.36), CMV (HR = 4.45), and EBV (HR = 7.15); all p < 0.02. Cancer in second‐complete remission compared with first‐complete remission was a risk factor for bacterial infection (OR = 6.0, 95% CI = 1.12–32.2, and p = 0.037). Patients with gut graft‐versus‐host disease were at risk for fungal infections (OR = 12.3, 95% CI = 1.33–114.4, and p = 0.027). The infection‐related mortality rate was 10.0%, which occurred only in allogeneic HSCT patients with hematological malignancies receiving cord blood (n = 4) or haploidentical HSCT (n = 6). Collectively, our findings in pediatric patients after contemporary HSCT support both time‐dependent and risk‐adapted measures against infective complications to improve transplant outcome.
Consensus recommendations for use of long‐acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV‐1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: An executive summary
Authors: Sherman Elizabeth M. , Agwu Allison L. , Ambrosioni Juan , Behrens Georg M. N. , Chu Carolyn , Collins Lauren F. , Jimenez Humberto R. , Koren David E. , McGorman Leslie , Nguyen Nancy N. , Nicol Melanie R. , Pandit Neha Sheth , Pierre Natacha , Scarsi Kimberly K. , Spinner Gary F. , Tseng Alice , Young Jeremy D. , Badowski Melissa E.
Published: July 2024

Five long‐acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) are currently available in a limited number of countries worldwide for HIV‐1 prevention or treatment – cabotegravir, rilpivirine, lenacapavir, ibalizumab, and dapivirine. Implementing use of LA ARVs in routine clinical practice requires significant changes to the current framework of HIV‐1 prevention, treatment, and service provision. Given the novelty, complexity, and interdisciplinary requirements of safe and optimal use of LA ARVs, consensus recommendations on the use of LA ARVs will assist clinicians in optimizing use of these agents. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide guidance for the clinical use of LA ARVs for HIV‐1 treatment and prevention. In addition, future areas of research are identified and discussed.
Consensus recommendations for use of long‐acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV‐1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
Authors: Sherman Elizabeth M. , Agwu Allison L. , Ambrosioni Juan , Behrens Georg M. N. , Chu Carolyn , Collins Lauren F. , Jimenez Humberto R. , Koren David E. , McGorman Leslie , Nguyen Nancy N. , Nicol Melanie R. , Pandit Neha Sheth , Pierre Natacha , Scarsi Kimberly K. , Spinner Gary F. , Tseng Alice , Young Jeremy D. , Badowski Melissa E.
Published: July 2024

Five long‐acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) are currently available in a limited number of countries worldwide for HIV‐1 prevention or treatment—cabotegravir, rilpivirine, lenacapavir, ibalizumab, and dapivirine. Implementing use of LA ARVs into routine clinical practice requires significant changes to the current framework of HIV‐1 prevention, treatment, and service provision. Given the novelty, complexity, and interdisciplinary requirements needed to safely and optimally utilize LA ARVs, consensus recommendations on the use of LA ARVs will assist clinicians in optimizing use of these agents. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide guidance for the clinical use of LA ARVs for HIV‐1 treatment and prevention. In addition, future areas of research are also identified and discussed.
Positive charge delocalization and anti‐aromaticity of cations generated by protonation of benzo[a]fluoranthenes in superacid
Authors: Okazaki Takao , Yamashita Haruki , Kitagawa Toshikazu
Published: July 2024

Benzo[a]fluoranthene (4a) is one of non‐alternate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A reaction of 4a in CF3SO3H yielded a dark yellow solution. Direct NMR observation indicated the exclusive formation of carbocation 4aH+ by protonation at the C(8) position. The most deshielded 1H and 13C signals were observed at 8.99 ppm for H(12) and 8.29 ppm for H(1), 182.6 ppm for C(12b), 155.6 ppm for C(8a), and 149.4 ppm for C(7a). The signals for H(4) and H(5) were significantly more shielded than those of 4a. A reaction of 3‐tert‐butylbenzo[a]fluoranthene (4b) in CF3SO3H afforded carbocation 4bH+ by the protonation at the C(8) position. 4bH+ was gradually converted to 4aH+. The changes in 13C NMR chemical shifts (Δδ13C) suggested that positive charge was delocalized into mainly seven carbons in 4aH+ and 4bH+. The observed cations were found to be the most stable cations among the possible protonation cations by the DFT method. The NICS(1)zz values for the five‐membered rings were calculated to be 35.6 for 4aH+ and 34.4 for 4bH+ by GIAO‐B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d,p). The experimental NMR and the NICS(1)zz data indicated that the five‐membered rings in 4aH+ and 4bH+ exhibited anti‐aromaticity.
A 4‐year field study monitoring the evolution of Trp574Leu‐resistant plants in an Echinochloa crus‐galli population under different crop rotation and herbicide programs in maize
Authors: Torra Joel , Mora German , Montull José María , Royo‐Esnal Aritz , Notter Jean Sébastien , Salas Marisa
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

A 4‐year experiment evaluated the effects of different integrated weed management (IWM) programs on the evolution of a Echinochloa crus‐galli population resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in a maize cropping system. The programs included the continued use of ALS inhibitors, mixing them with alternative herbicides, or without ALS‐inhibitors, in all cases under maize monocrop or a biennial crop rotation.

RESULTS

IWM programs that relied solely on non‐ALS‐inhibitors usually achieved high control levels across years (> 90%). Additionally, Trp574Leu‐resistant plants became prevalent (> 90%) in programs only using ALS inhibitors, while in the rest the frequency of susceptible plants did not substantially decrease below 40%. Regarding the other monitored grass weeds, Digitaria sanguinalis and Panicum dichotomiflorum were effectively controlled in programs using ALS‐inhibitors without soybean rotation or in programs without ALS‐inhibitors altogether, excepting the program relying on an 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)‐inhibitor under maize monocrop for the latter species (0%).

CONCLUSION

At the end of the experiment, the only IWM programs that reduced infestation levels were the one without ALS‐inhibitors under soybean rotation, and the one with standard pre‐emergence treatments. These findings highlight the effectiveness of crop rotation and alternative herbicides both pre‐ or post‐emergence in controlling E. crus‐galli. ALS‐inhibitors, while challenged by resistance in E. crus‐galli, remain valuable tools for managing other grass weed species in maize. It is crucial to adapt IWM strategies for herbicide‐resistant E. crus‐galli and other grass weed populations to mitigate the further evolution of resistance. © 2024 Corteva Agriscience. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The Met Office Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) using a 1/12‐degree grid for global forecasts
Authors: Barbosa Aguiar Ana , Bell Michael J. , Blockley Edward , Calvert Daley , Crocker Richard , Inverarity Gordon , King Robert , Lea Daniel J. , Maksymczuk Jan , Martin Matthew J. , Price Martin R. , Siddorn John , Smout‐Day Kerry , Waters Jennifer , While James
Published: July 2024

The Met Office Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) ocean–sea‐ice analysis and forecasting operational system has been using an ORCA tripolar grid with 1/4° horizontal grid spacing since December 2008. Surface boundary forcing is provided by numerical weather prediction fields from the operational global atmosphere Met Office Unified Model. We present results from a 2‐year simulation using a 1/12° global ocean–sea‐ice model configuration while keeping a 1/4° data assimilation (DA) set‐up. We also describe recent operational data assimilation enhancements that are included in our 1/4° control and 1/12° simulations: a new bias‐correction term for sea‐level anomaly assimilation and a revised pressure correction algorithm. The primary effect of the first is to decrease the mean and variability of sea‐level anomaly increments at high latitudes, whereas the second significantly reduces the vertical velocity standard deviation in the tropical Pacific. The level of improvement achieved with the higher resolution configuration is moderate but consistently satisfactory when measured using neighbourhood verification metrics that provide fairer quantitative comparisons between gridded model fields at different spatial resolutions than traditional root‐mean‐square metrics. A comparison of the eddy kinetic energy from each configuration and an observation‐based product highlights the regions where further system developments are most needed.
Using dopants in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion source to determine the site of protonation by ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Valadbeigi Younes , Mirzahosseini Fatemeh , Ilbeigi Vahideh , Matejcik Stefan
Published: July 2024

Rationale

Compounds like caffeine metabolites with more than one proton acceptor site can produce a mixture of isomeric protonated ions (protomers) in electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion sources. Discrimination between the protomers is of interest as the charge location influences ion structure and chemical and physical properties.

Methods

Protonation of caffeine in an APCI ion source was studied using ion mobility spectrometry. The hydronium ions, H3O+(H2O)n, are the main reactant ions in the APCI ion source. Different dopant gases including NO2, NH3, and CH3NH2 were used to produce new reactant ions NO+, NH4+, and CH3NH3+, respectively. Density functional theory was employed to explain the experimental results and calculate the energies of the ionization reactions.

Results

The ion mobility spectrum of caffeine showed three peaks. In the presence of NO2 dopant and NO+ reactant ion, caffeine was ionized via charge transfer and formation of M+ ion. As NH3 and CH3NH2 are stronger bases than H2O, the reactant ions NH4+ and CH3NH3+ selectively protonated the more basic site of caffeine, that is, the imidazole nitrogen. Using these dopants, we could attribute the first ion mobility peak to M+ ion, the second peak to the protonation of caffeine at the carbonyl oxygen atom, and the third peak to the protonation of the imidazole nitrogen atom. The calculated collisional cross‐sections of M+ and the protomers of caffeine confirmed the peaks' assignment.

Conclusions

The criterion for the selection of an appropriate dopant is that its proton affinity (PA) should be between those of the proton acceptor sites of the molecule studied.
Beyond Conventional Catalysts: Monoelemental Tellurium as a Game Changer for Piezo‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Mishra Hari Krishna , Ankush  , Barman Narad , Mondal Bidya , Jha Menaka , Thapa Ranjit , Mandal Dipankar
Published: July 2024

The increasing demand for clean hydrogen production over fossil fuels necessitates the development of sustainable piezoelectrochemical methods that can overcome the limitations of conventional electrocatalytic and photocatalytic approaches. In this regard, existing piezocatalysts face challenges related to their low piezoelectricity or active site coverage for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Driven by global environmental concerns, there is a compelling push to engineer practical materials for highly efficient HER. Herein, monoelemental 2D tellurium (Te) is presented as a class of layered chalcogenide with a non‐centrosymmetric crystal structure (P3121 space group). The refined Te nanosheets demonstrate an unprecedented highly efficient H2 production rate ≈9000 µmol g−1 h−1 under ultrasonic mechanical vibration due to built‐in piezo‐potential in the system. The remarkable piezocatalytic performance of Te nanosheets arises from a synergistic interplay between their semi‐metallic nature, favorable free energy landscape, enhanced electrical conductivity and outstanding piezoelectricity. As a proof of concept, the theoretical approach based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) validates the findings due to the gradual exposure of active sites on the Te nanosheets leading to a self‐optimized catalytic performance for hydrogen generation. Therefore, mechanically driven Te emerges as a promising piezocatalyst with the potential to revolutionize highly efficient and sustainable technology for futuristic applications.
All‐Organic Piezo‐Photocatalytic Film with Highly Efficient Catalysis, Weak‐Force Excitation, and Recyclability
Authors: Liu Ya , Tong Wangshu , Zhuang Jialin , Zhang Yihe
Published: July 2024

Polyaniline (PANI), a typical organic photocatalyst, has an adjustable structure and good stability, can be easily synthesized on a large scale, and is economical. PANI is doped with ions to regulate its internal structure and improve its photocatalytic performance. However, its photocatalytic performance is limited by the doping concentration and its intrinsic properties, hindering its further application. Herein, PANI films with a piezo‐photocatalytic function are fabricated to improve photocatalytic performance and explore their self‐powered environmental purification property. PANI/poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) sandwich films, with PVDF‐HFP as the interlayer, are prepared by introducing a piezoelectric field into PANI photocatalysts, thereby achieving excellent piezo‐photocatalytic performance. The as‐fabricated piezo‐photocatalyst degrades methyl orange at a rate of 91.2% after 60 min under magnetic stirring. Owing to the low Young's modulus of the all‐organic catalyst, self‐powered purification is realized using the PANI/PVDF‐HFP film. Leaf surfaces are functionalized by loading the film in them for removing pollutants under sunlight and water flow. Thus, this study proposes a common strategy, wherein a piezoelectric interlayer is introduced to load the organic photocatalyst for preparing an all‐organic piezo‐photocatalyst. This piezo‐photocatalyst can be easily recycled and responds to weak forces, realizing its application for self‐powered environmental purification.
Adjustable Ultra‐Light Mechanical Negative Poisson's Ratio Metamaterials with Multi‐Level Dynamic Crushing Effects
Authors: Xu Xiang , Huang Chuanqiang , Li Chongchong , Wang Xin , Li Xiaojie , Li Zhen , Feng Xiangchao , Li Bingyang , Zhang Yong , Ji Haibo , Wang Pengfei
Published: July 2024

Mechanical metamaterials with multi‐level dynamic crushing effects (MM‐MLs) are designed in this study through coordinate transformation and mirror arrays. The mechanical effects of the diameter and length ratio of the struts and connecting rods, the Euler angles, and the cell numbers on the mechanical properties are investigated separately. MM‐ML can exhibit significant two‐level platform stress, and the local cells in the first platform stress stage undergo rotational motion, while the second platform stress stage mainly involves collapse compression and bending. Although increasing the length of the connecting rods can increase the range of Poisson's ratio, it will reduce the level of platform stress and energy absorption. Increasing the Euler angle will reduce the strain interval of the first platform stress and can improve the energy absorption capacity. In addition, increasing the cell number while maintaining a constant relative density can effectively enhance energy absorption. MM‐ML has significant parameter controllability, can achieve different platform stress regions, different ranges of Poisson's ratios, and energy absorption requirements according to the application scenario, and can demonstrate functional diversity compared to existing research. The design scheme can provide ideas for adaptive crushing protection requirements.
Recent Functionalized Strategies of Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Anode Protection of Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Battery
Authors: Chen Ming , Fu Wei , Hou Chunchao , Zhu Yunhai , Meng Fanlu
Published: July 2024

The inherent benefits of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs), such as environmental friendliness, affordability, and high theoretical capacity, render them promising candidates for energy storage systems. Nevertheless, the Zn anodes of ZIBs encounter severe challenges, including dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution reaction, corrosion, and surface passivation. These would result in the infeasibility of ZIBs in practical situations. To this end, artificial interfaces with functionalized materials are crafted to protect the Zn anode. They have the capability to modulate the zinc ion flux in proximity to the electrode surface and shield it from aqueous electrolytes by leveraging either size effects or charge effects. Considering metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with tunable pore size, chemical composition, and stable framework structures, they have emerged as effective materials for building artificial interfaces, prolonging the lifespan, and improving the unitization of Zn anode. In this review, the contributions of MOFs for protecting Zn anode, which mainly involves facilitating homogeneous nucleation, manipulating selective deposition, regulating ion and charge flux, accelerating Zn desolvation, and shielding against free water and anions are comprehensively summarized. Importantly, the future research trajectories of MOFs for the protection of the Zn anode are underscored, which may propose new perspectives on the practical Zn anode and endow the MOFs with high‐value applications.
Colossal Orbital Current Induced by Gradient Oxidation for High‐Efficiency Magnetization Switching
Authors: Xu Xinkai , Zhang Dainan , Liao Zhimin , Yan Peng , Wang Yixin , Zhang Lei , Zhong Zhiyong , Bai Feiming , Qu Yuanjing , Zhang Huaiwu , Jin Lichuan
Published: July 2024

Orbital angular momentum flow can be used to develop a low‐dissipation electronic information device by manipulating the orbital current. However, efficiently generating and fully harnessing orbital currents is a formidable challenge. In this study, an approach is presented that induces a colossal orbital current by gradient oxidation in Pt/Ta to enhance spin‐orbit torque (SOT) and achieve high‐efficiency magnetization switching. The maximum efficiency of the SOT before and after the gradient oxidation of Ta is improved relative to that of Pt by ≈600 and 1200%, respectively. The large SOT originates from the colossal orbital current because of the orbital Rashba–Edelstein effect induced by the gradient oxidation of Ta. In addition, a large spin‐to‐charge conversion efficiency is observed in yttrium iron garnet/Pt/TaOx because of the inverse orbital Rashba–Edelstein effect. Harnessing the orbital current can help effectively minimize the critical current density of the current‐induced magnetization switching to 2.26–1.08 × 106 A cm−2, marking a 12‐fold reduction compared to that using Pt. This findings provide a new path for research on low‐dissipation spin‐orbit devices and improve the tunability of orbital current generation.
High Stability Hypha‐Like Core–Shell Nanostructure by In Situ Induced Phase Inversion for Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Peng Yuanyou , Fu Yihan , Zhang Jie , Liu Guang , Wang Rui , Wu Youzhi , Ran Fen
Published: July 2024

Nanomaterials are widely used in many fields for their unique physical and chemical properties and especially demonstrate irreplaceability in energy storage systems. In this paper, a novel composite of copper sulfide with hypha‐like core‐shell nano‐structure is synthesized by in situ phase inversion method, which serves as high stability negative electrode materials of zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs). The unique structure facilitates efficient electron and ion transport, enhances the kinetics of electrochemical reactions, and effectively suppresses the undesired expansion and decomposition of transition metal compounds. As a result, the half battery exhibits high specific capacity (250.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), reliable rate performance, and cycle stability (98.3 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles). Additionally, when assembled with ZnxMnO2 positive to form a full battery, it demonstrates good cycling capacity at an intermediate current density of 2 A g−1, while maintaining excellent structural stability over 5,000 cycles (61% retention).
Construction of Fe Nanoparticles Interfacial Layer on Micron Al Surface: Boosting the Efficient Energy Release of High‐Energy DAP‐4 as a Gradient Catalyst
Authors: Kou Yong , Lu Qiangqiang , Fu Xiaolong , Yang Ronghuan , Yu Jiahao , Yang Hongyu , Zhang Cheng , Di Jun , Liu Guigao , Gao Hongxu , Zhao Fengqi , Jiang Wei , Hao Gazi
Published: July 2024

The high‐energy (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] (DAP‐4) with excellent energetic performance attracts wide attention from researchers. The investigation of its interaction with the Aluminum (Al) is of great importance. However, the higher ignition threshold of DAP‐4 and the dense oxide layer (Al2O3) of Al severely limit the energy release efficiency of Al/DAP‐4. In this study, a new idea to is first proposed to improve and adjust the thermal decomposition and combustion performance of Al/DAP‐4 by constructing a highly dispersed iron (Fe) nanoparticle interfacial layer. It acts as a gradient catalyst to promote the thermal decomposition and combustion of DAP‐4 and Al, and it also act as an oxygen transport channel to promote the contact and reaction of oxidizing gases with the internal reactive Al powder. It reduces the thermal decomposition temperature of Al@Fe‐3/DAP‐4 from 386.30 °C (Al/DAP‐4) to 349.48 °C and leads to the vigorous combustion. Theoretical calculations show that Fe nanoparticle interfacial layer can facilitate the transport of oxygen through the established oxygen transport channels, and it can also significantly improve the energetic properties of Al@Fe‐3/DAP‐4 composites. In conclusion, the new approach is proposed to improve the performance of metal fuel/oxidizer composites by constructing interfacial layers, which is expected to promote their practical applications.
Facile preparation of alkali metal‐modified hollow nanotubular manganese‐based oxide catalysts and their excellent catalytic soot combustion performance
Authors: Zhang Chunlei , Gao Siyu , Chen Xinyu , Yu Di , Wang Lanyi , Fan Xiaoqiang , Cheng Ying , Yu Xuehua , Zhao Zhen
Published: July 2024

The soot emitted during the operation of diesel engine exhaust seriously threatens the human health and environment, so treating diesel engine exhaust is critical. At present, the most effective method for eliminating soot particles is post‐treatment technology. Preparation of economically viable and highly active soot combustion catalysts is a pivotal element of post‐treatment technology. In this study, different single‐metal oxide catalysts with fibrous structures and alkali metal‐modified hollow nanotubular Mn‐based oxide catalysts were synthesized using centrifugal spinning method. Activity evaluation results showed that the manganese oxide catalyst has the best catalytic activity among the prepared single‐metal oxide catalysts. Further research on alkali metal modification showed that doping alkali metals is beneficial for improving the oxidation state of manganese and generating a large number of reactive oxygen species. Combined with the structural effect brought by the hollow nanotube structure, the alkali metal‐modified Mn‐based oxide catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance. Among them, the Cs‐modified Mn‐based oxide catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance because of its rich active oxygen species, excellent NO oxidation ability, abundant Mn4+ ions (Mn4+/Mnn+ = 64.78%), and good redox ability. The T10, T50, T90, and CO2 selectivity of the Cs‐modified Mn‐based oxide catalyst were 267°C, 324°C, 360°C, and 97.8%, respectively.
Lattice‐Confined Single‐Atom Catalyst: Preparation, Application and Electron Regulation Mechanism
Authors: Ma Ting , Li Haibo , Yu Yanyan , Wang Kaixuan , Yu Wei , Shang Yu , Bai Yilin , Zhang Rongyu , Yang Yue , Nie Xiangqi
Published: July 2024

Lattice‐confined single‐atom catalyst (LC SAC), featuring exceptional activity, intriguing stability and prominent selectivity, has attracted extensive attention in the fields of various reactions (e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), etc.). To design a “smart” LC SAC for catalytic applications, one must systematically comprehend updated advances in the preparation, the application, and especially the peculiar electron regulation mechanism of LC SAC. In this review, the specific preparation methods of LC SAC based on general coordination strategy are updated, and its applications in HER, OER, ORR, N2 reduction reaction (NRR), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and so forth are summarized to display outstanding activity, stability and selectivity. Uniquely, the electron regulation mechanisms are first and deeply discussed and can be primarily categorized as electron transfer bridge with monometallic active sites, novel catalytic centers with polymetallic active sites, and positive influence by surrounding environments. In the end, the existing issues and future development directions are put forward with a view to further optimize the performance of LC SAC. This review is expected to contribute to the in‐depth understanding and practical application of highly efficient LC SAC.
Comparative Assessment of Soil Parameters and Ecological Dynamics in the Western Himalayan Wetland and Its Surrounding Periphery
Authors: Sahu Himanshu , Purohit Pooja , Srivastava Aman , Singh Raj , Mishra Arun Pratap , Arunachalam Kusum , Kumar Ujjwal
Published: July 2024

Disparities in pH, conductivity, organic carbon (OC), nutrients, and moisture between the Asan Wetland and its periphery in the Western Himalaya, India, highlight the need to investigate influencing factors. This study thus addresses two gaps: (1) identifying key drivers for alkaline pH and elevated wetland concentrations and (2) understanding how different values outside the wetland relate to ecological processes. Asan Wetland soil samples, collected on April 15, 2023, underwent analysis for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), moisture content (M), total organic carbon (TOC), and total organic matter (TOM) using standard laboratory procedures, APHA, CPCB, and standard manual techniques. Within the wetland, results indicated that the soil is more alkaline (pH 8.50 ± 0.13) than the periphery in the concentrations of EC, N, K, and M were found to be higher compared to the corresponding concentrations outside the wetland, with mean values of 1.10 ± 0.15 ds/m, 364 ± 117.13 kg/ha, 86.42 ± 21.64 kg/ha, and 20.87 ± 1.50%, respectively. Conversely, outside the wetland, higher values of OC, OM, P, Na, Ca, TOC, and TOM were recorded (0.39 ± 0.23%, 0.66 ± 0.39%, 0.82 ± 0.35 ppm, 80.45 ± 8.46 ppm, 268.12 ± 61.12 ppm, 56.80 ± 0.33%, and 97.70 ± 0.57%, respectively). pH, EC, K, Ca, Na, and moisture content variations indicate location‐based differences. pH, TOM, TOC, and soil moisture were positively correlated within wetlands but negatively correlated with Na and N. In addition, moisture was positively correlated with pH and N but negatively correlated with Ca, K, Na, and P. The study concluded that the Asan Wetland exhibits distinct soil characteristics compared to its periphery, exhibiting location‐based differences while emphasizing these factors' interconnectedness.
Intra- and inter-operator reliability of three-dimensional preoperative planning in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Cosendey Killian , Moerenhout Kevin , Stanovici Julien , Jolles Brigitte M. , Favre Julien
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To characterize the intra- and inter-operator reliability of a CT-based 3D preoperative planning software.

Materials and methods

This study analyzed 30 CT scans of de-identified knees with osteoarthritis. For each scan, a case planner segmented the bones and pre-planned the TKA. Three orthopedic surgeons then reviewed each pre-planning three times at least one week apart, in a blinded manner. During the reviews, the surgeons modified the pre-plannings until they felt the plannings matched the objectives defined collegially at the beginning of the study. Reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM).

Results

The intra- and inter-operator reliabilities for implant size selection were almost perfect (ICC between 0.97 and 0.99). Implants of same sizes were selected in 67.1–90.0% of cases. For implant placements, almost perfect intra- and inter-operator reliability was observed in all degrees-of-freedom (ICC between 0.81 and 1.00), except in flexion-extension for the femur (intra-operator ICC between: 0.76 and 0.99; inter-operator ICC of 0.61) and the tibia (intra-operator ICC between 0.12 and 1.00; inter-operator ICC of 0.03). All implant placements SEM were below 1.3 mm or 1.7°.

Conclusions

This study showed high intra- and inter-operator reliability for implant size selection and, in most of the degrees-of-freedom, also for implant placements. Further research is needed to evaluate the benefit of developing more precise means of describing the objectives of the surgical planning as well as to evaluate the possibility and relevance of adding features in the planning software to assist the operators.
Production of activated carbons from Quercus cerris acorn shell under various experiment conditions, and their characterizations
Authors: Çesko Cengiz , Geçgel Ünal , Koraqi Hyrije , Üner Osman , Nuha Demokrat , Durmishi Berat , Daci Roland , Elshani Diellëza , Palüzar Hatice
Published: July 2024

Due to the high porosities, large surface areas, insolubilities in solutions, and unique structural and morphological structures, porous materials are utilized in various application areas such as energy conversion and storage, wastewater treatment, adsorption, catalysis and photocatalysis. In this study, activated carbons (QCACs), one type of porous materials, were synthesized from Quercus cerris acorn shells by using ZnCl2 chemical activation under various production conditions. The effects of carbonization temperature, carbonization period, and impregnation ratios on the yields, surface areas, pore developments, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of activated carbons obtained were investigated in detail. The highest surface area (1751.61 m2/g) was reached when utilized at the impregnation ratio of 2.0 at 500 ℃ for 90 min. The total pore volume of QCAC increased with increasing impregnation ratio, however the micropore volume of QCAC reduced. It was found from the pore distribution data that QCACs contained mostly narrow mesopores and a little amount of micropores. Also, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm data revealed that QCACs produced under different conditions were usually mesopore structures, and the pores were narrow slit-shaped. Moreover, the data provided from SEM, FTIR, Boehm titration, and elemental analysis gave more characterization information about QCACs synthesized.
Mass-spring model for elastic wave propagation in multilayered van der Waals metamaterials
Authors: Jing Yabin , Wang Lifeng , Gao Yuqiang
Published: July 2024

Multilayered van der Waals (vdW) materials have attracted increasing interest because of the manipulability of their superior optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. A mass-spring model (MSM) for elastic wave propagation in multilayered vdW metamaterials is reported in this paper. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are adopted to simulate the propagation of elastic waves in multilayered vdW metamaterials. The results show that the graphene/MoS2 metamaterials have an elastic wave bandgap in the terahertz range. The MSM for the multilayered vdW metamaterials is proposed, and the numerical simulation results show that this model can well describe the dispersion and transmission characteristics of the multilayered vdW metamaterials. The MSM can predict elastic wave transmission characteristics in multilayered vdW metamaterials stacked with different two-dimensional (2D) materials. The results presented in this paper offer theoretical help for the vibration reduction of multilayered vdW semiconductors.
A low-frequency pure metal metamaterial absorber with continuously tunable stiffness
Authors: Wang Xingzhong , Rui Shiteng , Yang Shaokun , Zhang Weiquan , Ma Fuyin
Published: July 2024

To address the incompatibility between high environmental adaptability and deep subwavelength characteristics in conventional local resonance metamaterials, and overcome the deficiencies in the stability of existing active control techniques for band gaps, this paper proposes a design method of pure metal vibration damping metamaterial with continuously tunable stiffness for wideband elastic wave absorption. We design a dual-helix narrow-slit pure metal metamaterial unit, which possesses the triple advantage of high spatial compactness, low stiffness characteristics, and high structural stability, enabling the opening of elastic flexural band gaps in the low-frequency range. Similar to the principle of a sliding rheostat, the introduction of continuously sliding plug-ins into the helical slits enables the continuous variation of the stiffness of the metamaterial unit, achieving a continuously tunable band gap effect. This successfully extends the effective band gap by more than ten times. The experimental results indicate that this metamaterial unit can be used as an additional vibration absorber to absorb the low-frequency vibration energy effectively. Furthermore, it advances the metamaterial absorbers from a purely passive narrowband design to a wideband tunable one. The pure metal double-helix metamaterials retain the subwavelength properties of metamaterials and are suitable for deployment in harsh environments. Simultaneously, by adjusting its stiffness, it substantially broadens the effective band gap range, presenting promising potential applications in various mechanical equipment operating under adverse conditions.
A viscoelastic metamaterial beam for integrated vibration isolation and energy harvesting
Authors: Zhao Long , Lu Zeqi , Ding Hu , Chen Liqun
Published: July 2024

Locally resonant metamaterials have low-frequency band gaps and the capability of converging vibratory energy in the band gaps at resonant cells. It has been demonstrated by several researchers that the dissipatioin of vibratory energy within the band gap can be improved by using viscoelastic materials. This paper designs an integrated viscoelastic metamaterial for energy harvesting and vibration isolation. The viscoelastic metamaterial is achieved by a viscoelastic beam periodically arrayed with spatial ball-pendulum nonlinear energy harvesters. The nonlinear resonator with an energy harvesting function is achieved by placing a free-rolling magnetic ball in a spherical cavity with an additional induction coil. The dynamic equations of viscoelastic metamaterials under transverse excitation are established, and the energy harvesting and vibration isolation characteristics within the dispersion relation of viscoelastic metamaterials are analyzed. The results show that the vibrations of the main body of the viscoelastic metamaterial beam are significantly suppressed in the frequency range of the local resonance band gap. At the same time, the elastic waves are limited in the nonlinear resonator with an energy harvesting function, which improves the energy output. Finally, an experimental platform of viscoelastic metamaterial vibration is established for validation purposes.
Reconfigurable mechanism-based metamaterials for ternary-coded elastic wave polarizers and programmable refraction control
Authors: Hu Zhou , Wei Zhibo , Chen Yan , Zhu Rui
Published: July 2024

Elastic metamaterials with unusual elastic properties offer unprecedented ways to modulate the polarization and propagation of elastic waves. However, most of them rely on the resonant structural components, and thus are frequency-dependent and unchangeable. Here, we present a reconfigurable 2D mechanism-based metamaterial which possesses transformable and frequency-independent elastic properties. Based on the proposed mechanism-based metamaterial, interesting functionalities, such as ternary-coded elastic wave polarizer and programmable refraction, are demonstrated. Particularly, unique ternary-coded polarizers, with 1-trit polarization filtering and 2-trit polarization separating of longitudinal and transverse waves, are first achieved. Then, the strong anisotropy of the proposed metamaterial is harnessed to realize positive-negative bi-refraction, only-positive refraction, and only-negative refraction. Finally, the wave functions with detailed microstructures are numerically verified.
Recent advances on nanocellulose-graphene oxide composites: a review
Authors: Mokhena T. C. , Mochane M. J. , Mtibe A. , Sigonya S. , Ntsendwana B. , Masibi E. G. , Sikhwivhilu L. , Motsoeneng T. S.
Published: July 2024

Nanocellulose (NC)/graphene oxide (GO) composites are attractive materials with a range of unique features obtained from the integration of NC and GO. These materials have high potential use in various sectors such as biomedicine, wastewater remediation, sensor/biosensor technology, and energy storage/conversion. The simple functionalization and modification of NC or GO afford an opportunity for tailoring these materials for anticipated applications. In wastewater treatment applications, they can be employed as reliable adsorbents for the removal of different pollutants, such as metals, dyes, oils, and pesticides as well as sensors for the detection and monitoring of these pollutants. Besides that, NC/GO composites can be applied as catalysts for catalytic degradation for a wide variety of pollutants. These materials have been also reported to be applicable in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, antibacterial and biosensing. Energy storage applications such as supercapacitors NC/GO-based materials were also utilized. This review summarizes NC/GO hybrid fabrication, characterization, and their application in different fields, i.e. sensing, energy storage, and wastewater remediation. It also covered a broad overview of the status of integrating GO with nanocellulose materials, i.e. bacterial cellulose, cellulose nanofibrils, and cellulose nanocrystals. We concluded with the challenges and outlook for NC/GO-based composites.
Attachment Problems and Mentalizing Capacity Relate to Parent–Child Informant Discrepancies in Female Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Jørgensen Mie Sedoc , Vestergaard Martin , Beck Emma , Storebø Ole Jakob , Poulsen Stig , Simonsen Erik , Bo Sune
Published: July 2024

Parent–child informant discrepancies on psychopathology provide important knowledge on the parent–child relationship and the child’s mental health, but mechanisms underlying parent–child informant discrepancies are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between attachment problems and mentalizing capacity and parent–child informant discrepancies on borderline personality disorder (BPD) severity, internalizing, and externalizing pathology in a clinical sample of 91 adolescent girls with BPD and their parents. Results showed that more attachment problems to parents and peers were related to adolescents reporting more severe BPD than parents. Adolescents who described more internalizing symptoms relative to parents, reported more parental attachment problems, but enhanced peer attachment, suggesting those adolescents who do not feel recognized by their parents might turn to their friends. When parents rated adolescents higher on externalizing behaviors, the adolescent reported more attachment problems to parents and lower mentalizing capacity, indicating that this sub-group of adolescents may reflect less about how their behavior affects others.
Therapeutic Effect of Melatonin on CCl4-Induced Fibrotic Liver Model by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway in Pinealectomized Rats
Authors: Cinar Derya , Altinoz Eyup , Elbe Hulya , Bicer Yasemin , Cetinavci Dilan , Ozturk Ipek , Colak Tuncay
Published: July 2024

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model in pinealectomized rats and biochemically, immunohistochemically, and histopathologically investigate the therapeutic effect of melatonin on liver fibrosis. The surgical procedure for pinealectomy was performed at the beginning of the study, and the sham and pinealectomized rats were administered CCl4 dissolved in corn oil (1:1) alone every other day to induce liver fibrosis or together with melatonin (10 mg/kg) therapy for 15 days. Melatonin is an essential therapeutic agent and offers an alternative therapeutic strategy in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Treatment with melatonin ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by restoring hepatocellular damage and reducing plasma AST, ALT, and ALP values. Melatonin increases the activity of SOD and CAT, which are important enzymes for antioxidant defence, and raises GSH levels, which further enhances antioxidant function. Also, melatonin reduced hepatic inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1β) and oxidative stress indices. Moreover, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of TGF-β1 were restored following melatonin supplementation in the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model in pinealectomized rats. Our study shows that melatonin supplementation has a beneficial effect in protecting the liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in pinealectomized rats.
Developing College Students’ Jewish Appreciation: A Four-year Mixed-methods Study
Authors: Selznick Benjamin S. , Mayhew Matthew J. , Winkler Christa E. , Shaheen Musbah , Rockenbach Alyssa N.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study is to understand the climates and contexts that promote college students’ development of appreciative attitudes toward Jews over four college years. Drawing on an established theoretical framework and a comprehensive literature foundation, we approached this question through an integrative mixed-methods perspective. We recruited a longitunidal sample of 9,470 students from 122 campuses in the United States and generated qualitative focus group data from 268 students at 18 campuses. Findings demonstrated that a host of student characteristics (e.g., political identification), psychological perceptions (e.g., space for support, negative engagement) and participation in formal and informal interfaith activities were associated with the development of Jewish appreciation. Meta-inferences are discussed, future directions offered, and initial conclusions provided.