bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suicide in Hungary-epidemiological and clinical perspectives
Authors: Rihmer Zoltan , Gonda Xenia , Kapitany Balazs , Dome Peter
Published: June 2013

Annual suicide rates of Hungary were unexpectedly high in the previous century. In our narrative review, we try to depict, with presentation of the raw data, the main descriptive epidemiological features of the Hungarian suicide scene of the past decades. Accordingly, we present the annual suicide rates of the period mentioned and also data on how they varied by gender, age, urban vs. rural living, seasons, marital status, etc. Furthermore, the overview of trends of other factors that may have influenced suicidal behavior (e.g., alcohol and tobacco consumption, antidepressant prescription, unemployment rate) in the past decades is appended as well. Based on raw data and also on results of the relevant papers of Hungarian suicidology we tried to explain the observable trends of the Hungarian suicide rate. Eventually, we discuss the results, the possibilities, and the future tasks of suicide prevention in Hungary.
The role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in the development and BCR/TLR-dependent activation of AM14 rheumatoid factor B cells
Authors: Nündel Kerstin , Busto Patricia , Debatis Michelle , Marshak-Rothstein Ann
Published: June 2013

The protein kinase Btk has been implicated in the development, differentiation, and activation of B cells through its role in the BCR and TLR signaling cascades. These receptors and in particular, the BCR and either TLR7 or TLR9 also play a critical role in the activation of autoreactive B cells by RNA- or DNA-associated autoantigens. To explore the role of Btk in the development of autoreactive B cells, as well as their responses to nucleic acid-associated autoantigens, we have now compared Btk-sufficient and Btk-deficient mice that express a prototypic RF BCR encoded by H- and L-chain sdTgs. These B cells bind autologous IgG2a with low affinity and only proliferate in response to IgG2a ICs that incorporate DNA or RNA. We found that Btk-sufficient RF+ B cells mature into naïve FO B cells, all of which express the Tg BCR, despite circulating levels of IgG2a. By contrast, a significant proportion of Btk-deficient RF+ B cells acquires a MZ or MZ precursor phenotype. Remarkably, despite the complete inability of RF+ Xid/y B cells to respond to F(ab′)2 anti-IgM, RF+ Xid/y B cells could respond well to autoantigen-associated ICs. These data reveal unique features of the signaling cascades responsible for the activation of autoreactive B cells.
A Study of Psychological Contract Breach Spillover in Multiple-Agency Relationships in Consulting Professional Service Firms
Authors: Dawson Gregory S. , Karahanna Elena , Buchholtz Ann
Published: June 2013

Most psychological contract research examines single-agency situations in which a breach only affects one firm. In a multiple-agency relationship, however, the individual performs work that simultaneously satisfies the requirements of two firms, allowing for the possibility that breach outcomes extend across both the breaching and the nonbreaching firms. We theorize two mechanisms through which breach outcomes extend across organizational boundaries. First, we propose spillover effects for feelings of violation and for organizational citizenship behaviors from the breaching firm to the nonbreaching firm. Second, we propose that, in cases where the individual expects the nonbreaching firm to intervene and rectify the other firm’s breach as part of a regulatory obligation, there are direct and moderating effects of meeting (or failing to meet) these perceived obligations. Using professional service firms as the empirical context, we find evidence of breach outcome spillover between the two firms in the multiagency relationship and direct and moderating effects of unmet obligations to intervene by the nonbreaching firm. We also find some key differences in the nomological networks depending on whether the breaching firm was the consulting firm or the client firm. These insights highlight the importance of extending psychological contract study to multiple-agency relationships.
Use of a strontium-enriched calcium phosphate cement in accelerating the healing of soft-tissue tendon graft within the bone tunnel in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Kuang G. M. , Yau W. P. , Lu W. W. , Chiu K. Y.
Published: June 2013

We investigated whether strontium-enriched calcium phosphate cement (Sr-CPC)-treated soft-tissue tendon graft results in accelerated healing within the bone tunnel in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). A total of 30 single-bundle ACL reconstructions using tendo Achillis allograft were performed in 15 rabbits. The graft on the tested limb was treated with Sr-CPC, whereas that on the contralateral limb was untreated and served as a control. At timepoints three, six, nine, 12 and 24 weeks after surgery, three animals were killed for histological examination. At six weeks, the graft–bone interface in the control group was filled in with fibrovascular tissue. However, the gap in the Sr-CPC group had already been completely filled in with new bone, and there was evidence of the early formation of Sharpey fibres. At 24 weeks, remodelling into a normal ACL–bone-like insertion was found in the Sr-CPC group. Coating of Sr-CPC on soft tissue tendon allograft leads to accelerated graft healing within the bone tunnel in a rabbit model of ACL reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:923–8.
The relevance of the radiological signs of acetabular retroversion among patients with femoroacetabular impingement
Authors: Diaz-Ledezma C. , Novack T. , Marin-Peña O. , Parvizi J.
Published: June 2013

Orthopaedic surgeons have accepted various radiological signs to be representative of acetabular retroversion, which is the main characteristic of focal over-coverage in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Using a validated method for radiological analysis, we assessed the relevance of these signs to predict intra-articular lesions in 93 patients undergoing surgery for FAI. A logistic regression model to predict chondral damage showed that an acetabular retroversion index (ARI) > 20%, a derivative of the well-known cross-over sign, was an independent predictor (p = 0.036). However, ARI was less significant than the Tönnis classification (p = 0.019) and age (p = 0.031) in the same model. ARI was unable to discriminate between grades of chondral lesions, while the type of cam lesion (p = 0.004) and age (p = 0.047) were able to. Other widely recognised signs of acetabular retroversion, such as the ischial spine sign, the posterior wall sign or the cross-over sign were irrelevant according to our analysis. Regardless of its secondary predictive role, an ARI > 20% appears to be the most clinically relevant radiological sign of acetabular retroversion in symptomatic patients with FAI.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:893–9.
Clinical predictors of surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Pumberger M. , Froemel D. , Aichmair A. , Hughes A. P. , Sama A. A. , Cammisa F. P. , Girardi F. P.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical predictors of surgical outcome in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). We reviewed a consecutive series of 248 patients (71 women and 177 men) with CSM who had undergone surgery at our institution between January 2000 and October 2010. Their mean age was 59.0 years (16 to 86). Medical records, office notes, and operative reports were reviewed for data collection. Special attention was focused on pre-operative duration and severity as well as post-operative persistence of myelopathic symptoms. Disease severity was graded according to the Nurick classification.

Our multivariate logistic regression model indicated that Nurick grade 2 CSM patients have the highest chance of complete symptom resolution (p < 0.001) and improvement to normal gait (p = 0.004) following surgery. Patients who did not improve after surgery had longer duration of myelopathic symptoms than those who did improve post-operatively (17.85 months (1 to 101) vs 11.21 months (1 to 69); p = 0.002). More advanced Nurick grades were not associated with a longer duration of symptoms (p = 0.906).

Our data suggest that patients with Nurick grade 2 CSM are most likely to improve from surgery. The duration of myelopathic symptoms does not have an association with disease severity but is an independent prognostic indicator of surgical outcome.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:966–71.
Towards a praxis-based media research
Authors: Barkho Leon , Saleh Ibrahim
Published: June 2013

This article lays down the conceptual and methodological underpinnings the Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies seeks to advance. It positions the journal and its keyword ‘applied’ within the main schools of thought and philosophical deliberations that have characterized research in mainstream social science. It traces the term and its development as it first emerged in the treaties of ancient Greek philosophers down to modern thinkers such as Emanuel Kant, Jürgen Habermas, Max Horkheimer, Karl Marx, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Robert Brandom, Richard J. Bernstein and John Dewey. It seeks to carve a conceptual and methodological niche for the journal and steer the path for its future growth and development in the realm of media and journalism studies. It recommends special streams for future praxis-based media research and how the gap between media theory and media practice is to be bridged.
The Afterlife of the Cesi Garden
Authors: Bentz Katherine M.
Published: June 2013

One of the most celebrated gardens in early modern Rome was built by Cardinal Federico Cesi (d. 1565) near St. Peter’s Basilica. Earlier studies of the site have concentrated on the famous sixteenth-century antiquities collection displayed in the garden. The Afterlife of the Cesi Garden: Family Identity, Politics, and Memory in Early Modern Rome shifts the scholarly focus to also examine the changing appearance, functions, and the broader social, political, and economic significance of the garden for the Cesi family and for the city of Rome over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through a close analysis of visual evidence, unpublished archival documents, and a plan of the garden by the architect Giovanni Battista Contini (d. 1723), Katherine M. Bentz demonstrates that the long post-Renaissance afterlife of the Cesi Garden reveals the ways in which politics shaped specific urban environments in Rome, how aristocratic Romans considered and used gardens over generations, and the vital and symbolic role that the garden played for centuries.
The Hut on the Garden Plot
Authors: Urban Florian
Published: June 2013

In Berlin, self-built huts and sheds were a part of the urban fabric for much of the twentieth century. They started to proliferate after World War I and were particularly common after the Second World War, when many Berliners had lost their homes in the bombings. These unplanned buildings were, ironically, connected to one of the icons of German orderliness: the allotment. Often depicted as gnomeadorned strongholds of petty bourgeois virtues, garden plots were also the site of mostly unauthorized architecture and gave rise to debates about public health and civic order. In The Hut on the Garden Plot: Informal Architecture in Twentieth-Century Berlin, Florian Urban argues that the evolution and subsequent eradication of informal architecture was an inherent factor in the formation of the modern, functionally separated city. Modern Berlin evolved from a struggle between formal and informal, regulation and unruliness, modernization and lifestyles that appeared to be premodern. In this context, the ambivalent figure of the allotment dweller, who was simultaneously construed as a dutiful holder of rooted-to-the-soil values and as a potential threat to the well-ordered urban environment, evidences the ambiguity of many conceptual foundations on which the modern city was built.
Dihydrotestosterone alters urocortin levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Wan Rong , Zhu Chao , Guo Rui , Jin Lai , Liu Yunxin , Li Li , Zhang Hao , Li Shengnan
Published: June 2013

Urocortin (UCN1) is a member of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) family, which has been proven to participate in inflammation. Previous work showed that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) could promote the inflammatory process. Little is known about the effect of DHT on UCN1 expression. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of DHT on endothelial UCN1 expression in the absence and presence of induced inflammation. Therefore, we tested the alterations of endothelial UCN1 expression treated with DHT in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our data showed that DHT alone decreased UCN1 levels, which were attenuated in the presence of the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide. Conversely, in the presence of LPS, DHT augmented the LPS-induced increase in UCN1 expression, which was, interestingly, not affected by flutamide. When cells were treated with DHT alone, AR was upregulated and translocated into the nuclei, which might repress UCN1 expression via a potential androgen-responsive element found in human CRF family promoter. In the presence of LPS, DHT did not influence AR expression and location while it increased toll-like receptor 4 expression and activation, which was not altered by flutamide. DHT enhanced LPS-induced p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and nuclear factor κB pathway activation, which may contribute to the elevated expression of UCN1. These data suggest that DHT differentially influences UCN1 levels under normal and inflammatory conditions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which involves AR-dependent and -independent mechanisms respectively.
Processo de gestar e parir entre as mulheres Kaingang
Authors: Moliterno Aline Cardoso Machado , Borghi Ana Carla , Orlandi Larissa Helena de Souza Freire , Faustino Rosângela Célia , Serafim Deise , Carreira Lígia
Published: June 2013

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar o processo de gestação e nascimento entre as mulheres Kaingang. Pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem etnográfica, realizada com 30 mulheres Kaingang, na Terra Indígena de Faxinal de Catanduvas-PR. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de observação participante, entrevistas e grupo focal, no período de janeiro a abril de 2011 e foram analisados à luz da Teoria Transcultural do Cuidado. A população estudada tinha entre 14 e 100 anos. A concepção de parto tem mudado com o passar das gerações, sendo que as mais velhas acreditam ser melhor parir acocorada em casa, já as mulheres mais novas demonstram insegurança de ter os filhos fora do hospital. Foi identificada insatisfação na assistência durante o parto. É necessária a adequação das práticas de forma a preservar a cultura da etnia sem a exposição de mulheres e recém-nascidos ao risco de complicações ou mortalidade.
Mechanism and Characteristics of Horizontal-Wellbore Cleanout by Annular Helical Flow
Authors: Xianzhi Song , Gensheng Li , Zhongwei Huang , Laibin Zhang , Shouceng Tian , Haizhu Wang
Published: June 2013

Horizontal-wellbore cleanout by rotating jets and annular helical flow has developed rapidly in past decades, in which the annular helical flow is one of the most significant factors to transport the solids in a horizontal wellbore. Because of its complexity and lack of research approaches, the mechanism and characteristics of annular helical flow by high-pressure jets were never revealed comprehensively. By the computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) method, the flow field of annular helical flow (such as its generation, continuation, and attenuation) was first manifested. The axial velocity and tangential velocity vary regarding cleaning distance, flow rate, and nozzle assemblies. Furthermore, the dynamic simulation of sandbed sweeping by rotating jets and annular helical flow in a horizontal wellbore was accomplished, and the influences on sweeping efficiency were discussed. Finally, the recommended nozzle assembly and its flow-rate distribution in front jets, lateral jets, and rear jets were provided. This study is beneficial in designing the cleaning tool and in optimizing the hydraulic parameters and operation procedures.
Evaluation of Induced Thermal Pressurization in Clearwater Shale Caprock in Electromagnetic Steam-Assisted Gravity-Drainage Projects
Authors: Ghannadi Sahar , Irani Mazda , Chalaturnyk Rick
Published: June 2013

Inductive methods, such as electromagnetic steam-assisted gravity drainage (EM-SAGD), have been identified as technically and economically feasible recovery methods for shallow oil-sands reservoirs with overburdens of more than 30 m (Koolman et al. 2008). However, in EM-SAGD projects, the caprock overlying oil-sands reservoirs is also electromagnetically heated along with the bitumen reservoir. Because permeability is low in Alberta thermal-project caprock formations (i.e., the Clearwater shale formation in the Athabasca deposit and the Colorado shale formation in the Cold Lake deposit), the pore pressure resulting from the thermal expansion of pore fluids may not be balanced with the fluid loss caused by flow and the fluid-volume changes resulting from pore dilation. In extreme cases, the water boils, and the pore pressure increases dramatically as a result of the phase change in the water, which causes profound effective-stress reduction. After this condition is established, pore pressure increases can lead to shear failure of the caprock, the creation of microcracks and hydraulic fractures, and subsequent caprock integrity failure. It is typically believed that low-permeability caprocks impede the transmission of pore pressure from the reservoir, making them more resistant to shear failure (Collins 2005, 2007). In cases of induced thermal pressurization, low-permeability caprocks are not always more resistant. In this study, analytical solutions are obtained for temperature and pore-pressure rises caused by the constant EM heating rate of the caprock. These analytical solutions show that pore-pressure increases from EM heating depend on the permeability and compressibility of the caprock formation. For stiff or low-compressibility media, thermal pressurization can cause fluid pressures to approach hydrostatic pressure, and shear strength to approach zero for low-cohesive-strength units of the caprock (units of the caprock with high silt and sand percentage) and sections of the caprock with pre-existing fractures with no cohesion.
DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Silva Andréa Lúcia G da , Rosa Helen T da , Charlier Clara F , Salvador Miriam , Moura Dinara J , Moura Valim Andreia R de , Guecheva Temenouga N , Henriques João Antônio Pegas
Published: June 2013

Background:

We aimed to assess the level of DNA damage and susceptibility to exogenous mutagens in peripheral
blood cells of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients and healthy individuals by comet assay.
Oxidative stress was also evaluated by means of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) in blood plasma.

Methods:

Case-control study enrolling 51 COPD patients and 51 controls. Peripheral blood was used to perform the alkaline
(pH>13) and neutral (pH=8.5) comet assay. For the assessment of susceptibility to exogenous DNA damage, the cells
were treated with methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) for 1-hour or 3-hour at 37° C. The percentage of residual DNA damage
after 3-h MMS treatment was calculated using the value of 1-h MMS treatment for each subject as 100%. Lipid peroxidation
was evaluated by measuring TBARS in blood plasma.

Results:

DNA damage in patients was significantly higher than in controls as measured by the neutral and alkaline comet
assay. Residual DNA damage detected after MMS treatment increased in patients, in contrast to controls, indicating higher
susceptibility to alkylation damage and/or repair inhibition. High susceptibility to exogenous DNA damage in COPD
patients correlates with high amount of TBARS and low forced vital capacity and expiratory volume.

Conclusion:

The positive correlation between increased susceptibility to exogenous DNA damage and TBARS levels in
COPD patients suggests the possible involvement of oxidative stress in damage induction and/or repair inhibition.
Actualisation of Children's Participation Rights
Authors: Coppock Vicki , Phillips Louise
Published: June 2013

Childhood is that period during which persons are subject to a set of rules and regulations unique to them, and one that does not apply to members of other social categories. Moreover, childhood is a period in a person's life during which he/she is neither expected nor allowed to fully participate in various domains of social life. (Shamgar-Handelman, 1994, p. 251)
Impairments in Site-Specific AS160 Phosphorylation and Effects of Exercise Training
Authors: Consitt Leslie A. , Van Meter Jessica , Newton Christopher A. , Collier David N. , Dar Moahad S. , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F.P. , Treebak Jonas T. , Tanner Charles J. , Houmard Joseph A.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine if site-specific phosphorylation at the level of Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) is altered in skeletal muscle from sedentary humans across a wide range of the adult life span (18–84 years of age) and if endurance- and/or strength-oriented exercise training could rescue decrements in insulin action and skeletal muscle AS160 phosphorylation. A euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed in 73 individuals encompassing a wide age range (18–84 years of age), and insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation was determined. Decrements in whole-body insulin action were associated with impairments in insulin-induced phosphorylation of skeletal muscle AS160 on sites Ser-588, Thr-642, Ser-666, and phospho-Akt substrate, but not Ser-318 or Ser-751. Twelve weeks of endurance- or strength-oriented exercise training increased whole-body insulin action and reversed impairments in AS160 phosphorylation evident in insulin-resistant aged individuals. These findings suggest that a dampening of insulin-induced phosphorylation of AS160 on specific sites in skeletal muscle contributes to the insulin resistance evident in a sedentary aging population and that exercise training is an effective intervention for treating these impairments.
The Normalized Failure Index: A Method for Summarizing the Results of Studies on Restoration Longevity?
Authors: Burke FJT , Singh V , Wilson NHF
Published: June 2013

Satisfactory restoration longevity is central to operative dentistry and is the subject of a wide variety of publications. However, combining the results of a number of studies to provide an overview, for example, for a meta-analysis may be problematic because of the heterogeneity of the data, and a high proportion of studies may therefore not be included. It is the purpose of this study to present a means whereby the data from cohort studies may be combined to present a representation of restoration longevity, termed the “Normalized Failure Index.”
Detection of Marginal Leakage of Class V Restorations In Vitro by Micro–Computed Tomography
Authors: Zhao XY , Li SB , Gu LJ , Li Y
Published: June 2013

This in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of micro–computed tomography (CT) in marginal leakage detection of Class V restorations. Standardized Class V preparations with cervical margins in dentin and occlusal margins in enamel were made in 20 extracted human molars and restored with dental bonding agents and resin composite. All teeth were then immersed in 50% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution for 12 hours, followed by a developing solution for eight hours. Each restoration was scanned by micro-CT, the depth of marginal silver leakage in the central scanning section was measured, and the three-dimensional images of the silver leakage around each restoration were reconstructed. Afterward, all restorations were cut through the center and examined for leakage depth using a microscope. The silver leakage depth of each restoration obtained by the micro-CT and the microscope were compared for equivalency. The silver leakage depth in cervical walls observed by micro-CT and microscope showed no significant difference; however, in certain cases the judgment of leakage depth in the occlusal wall in micro-CT image was affected by adjacent enamel structure, providing less leakage depth than was observed with the microscope (p<0.01). Micro-CT displayed the three-dimensional image of the leakage around the Class V restorations with clear borders only in the dentin region. It can be concluded that micro-CT can detect nondestructively the leakage around a resin composite restoration in two and three dimensions, with accuracy comparable to that of the conventional microscope method in the dentin region but with inferior accuracy in the enamel region.
Frequency of Restoration Replacement in Posterior Teeth for U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel
Authors: Laccabue M , Ahlf RL , Simecek JW
Published: June 2013

Statement of Problem

There are no recent data that describe the replacement rates of resin composite and dental amalgam restorations placed by US Navy dentists. Information is needed to provide the best possible care for our military personnel which would minimize the probability of dental emergencies, especially for those who are deployed.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if the frequency of posterior restoration replacement in military personnel differed based on the type of restorative material utilized.

Methods and Materials

Data contained in dental records in an observational study (retrospective cohort) were evaluated to identify resin composite and dental amalgam restorations placed by navy dentists in posterior teeth. The status of all erupted, unerupted, missing, and replaced teeth was documented. The type and condition of all existing restorations were recorded for each posterior tooth. Investigators reviewed 2921 dental records, and of those, 247 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the study. A total of 1050 restorations (485 resin composite and 565 amalgam) were evaluated.

Results

A Cox proportional hazards model was adjusted for number of tooth surfaces restored, caries risk, and filled posterior surfaces at initial exam. The overall rate of replacement for all restorations in the sample was 5.7% during the average 2.8-year follow-up. No significant elevation of risk for restoration replacement existed when comparing resin composite and amalgam. Both the number of restored surfaces and caries risk status were independent risk factors for replacement. When restoring multisurface cavity preparations, providers placed amalgams by an approximate 2:1 ratio over resin composites for this study population.

Conclusion

The results for this study show that no difference existed in the rate of replacement for amalgam vs resin composite. When restorations increased from just a single occlusal surface to additional surfaces, the rate of replacement was elevated and statistically significant for both materials. A higher caries risk status was also significant in elevating replacement rates for both materials.
Comparison of Enamel and Dentin Shear Bond Strengths of Current Dental Bonding Adhesives From Three Bond Generations
Authors: Meharry MR , Moazzami SM , Li Y
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Durability is still a major challenge in adhesive dentistry. One of the biggest areas of development has been to simplify the bonding process by using all-in-one adhesives. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin and enamel of nine dental bonding agents (DBAs) from three generations after simulated aging.

Methods and Materials:

For this study, 108 sound extracted human molars were randomly assigned to nine groups (n=12). The sample teeth were mounted in self-cure acrylic resin sectioned to provide paired enamel and dentin samples. All samples were polished with 240 and 600-grit silicon carbide sandpaper and randomly grouped according to the product and substrates (enamel or dentin). Herculite Ultra resin composite cylinders were bonded on each test surface, stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 24 hours, and then thermocyled for 1,000 cycles at 5°C and 55°C. SBS testing was performed using an Ultratester at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical analysis included two-factor analysis of variance, one-sample Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and the Scheffe post hoc test at an alpha level of 0.05 using SAS version 9.2.

Results:

Significant differences in SBS were observed between the sixth- and seventh-generation DBAs (p=0.002) but not between the sixth- and fourth-generation DBAs. Scheffe post hoc tests for the sixth-generation DBAs showed that some DBAs yielded significantly higher enamel SBS than others, but not as much as dentin SBS. As for the seventh-generation DBAs, similar post hoc tests showed significant variations in SBS between substrates (enamel and dentin) and DBAs tested. Significant main effects were also found for the different substrates for the fourth-generation (F[1,96]=10.532; p=0.003) and seventh-generation (F[1,96]=22.254; p<0.001) DBAs, but not for the sixth-generation DBAs (F[1,96]=1.895, p=0.172). The SBS was higher on dentin than enamel for the fourth- and seventh-generation DBAs.

Conclusion:

As expected, fourth- and sixth-generation DBAs generally showed stronger SBS values than the seventh-generation all-in-one DBAs. The new sixth-generation DBA OptiBond XTR (Kerr) showed strong SBS values to both substrates and performed well in comparison to the other DBAs tested.
Transenamel and Transdentinal Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide Applied to Cracked or Microabrasioned Enamel
Authors: Briso ALF , Lima APB , Gonçalves RS , Gallinari MO , Santos PH dos
Published: June 2013

The present study evaluated transenamel and transdentinal penetration of hydrogen peroxide during tooth whitening recognized in altered enamel by the presence of cracks or microabrasion. We used 72 experimental units (n=20) obtained from bovine incisors: GI-sound enamel; GII-teeth showing visible enamel cracks (4 mm to 5.7 mm in length); and GIII-microabrasioned enamel. The 12 remaining specimens were used to analyze the enamel surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy. The specimens were cylindrical and 5.7 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm thick. A product based on 35% hydrogen peroxide was used for bleaching, following the manufacturer's recommendations for use. To quantify the H2O2 penetration, the specimens were placed in artificial pulp chambers containing an acetate buffer solution. After bleaching, the solution was collected and adequately proportioned with leucocrystal violet, peroxidase enzyme, and deionized water. The resulting solution was evaluated using ultraviolet visible reflectance spectrophotometer equipment. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's PLSD at a significance level of 0.05, and significant differences in the penetration of peroxide in different substrate conditions were observed (p<0.0001). The penetration of hydrogen peroxide was more intense in cracked teeth. The group in which the enamel was microabraded showed intermediate values when compared to the control group. Microabrasion and the presence of cracks in the enamel make this substrate more susceptible to penetration of hydrogen peroxide during in-office whitening.
Effects of chemical restraint on electroretinograms recorded sequentially in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs
Authors: Freeman Kate S. , Good Kathryn L. , Kass Philip H. , Park Shin Ae , Nestorowicz Natalia , Ofri Ron
Published: June 2013

Objective—To quantitatively and qualitatively compare electroretinography (ERG) recordings in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs.

Animals—Six 6-month-old Beagles.

Procedures—A brief ERG protocol for dogs was used. Following 1-minute and subsequent 5-minute dark adaptation, mixed rod-cone responses were recorded bilaterally with a handheld multispecies ERG device with dogs in each of 3 states of consciousness: awake, sedated (dexmedetomidine and butorphanol), and anesthetized (atropine and hydromorphone, followed by propofol and midazolam and anesthetic maintenance with isoflurane). Low- and high-frequency noise levels were quantified via Fourier analysis, and the effect of consciousness state on signal amplitude, implicit time, and noise was analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA. In addition, 13 veterinary ophthalmologists who were unaware of the dogs’ consciousness states subjectively graded the ERG recording quality, and scores for each tracing were compared.

Results—ERG amplitudes were highest in awake dogs and lowest in anesthetized dogs. Implicit times were shortest in awake dogs and longest in anesthetized dogs. Differences in b-wave amplitudes and a-wave implicit times were significant. Neither low- nor high-frequency noise levels differed significantly among consciousness states. Furthermore, no significant differences were identified among observers’ scores assigned to ERG tracings.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anesthesia and sedation resulted in significant attenuation and delay of ERG responses in dogs. Chemical restraint of dogs had no consistently significant effect on low- or high-frequency noise levels or on observer perception of signal quality.
Pharmacokinetics of repeated oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)
Authors: Souza Marcy J. , Gerhardt Lillian , Cox Sherry
Published: June 2013

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) following twice-daily oral administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Animals—9 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.

Procedures—Tramadol hydrochloride was administered to each parrot at a dosage of 30 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours for 5 days. Blood samples were collected just prior to dose 2 on the first day of administration (day 1) and 5 minutes before and 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 180, 360, and 720 minutes after the morning dose was given on day 5. Plasma was harvested from blood samples and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Degree of sedation was evaluated in each parrot throughout the study.

Results—No changes in the parrots’ behavior were observed. Twelve hours after the first dose was administered, mean ± SD concentrations of tramadol and its only active metabolite M1 (O-desmethyltramadol) were 53 ± 57 ng/mL and 6 ± 6 ng/mL, respectively. At steady state following 4.5 days of twice-daily administration, the mean half-lives for plasma tramadol and M1 concentrations were 2.92 ± 0.78 hours and 2.14 ± 0.07 hours, respectively. On day 5 of tramadol administration, plasma concentrations remained in the therapeutic range for approximately 6 hours. Other tramadol metabolites (M2, M4, and M5) were also present.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of these results and modeling of the data, tramadol at a dosage of 30 mg/kg, PO, will likely need to be administered every 6 to 8 hours to maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. (Am J Vet Res 2013;74:957–962)
Effect of dexmedetomidine, morphine-lidocaine-ketamine, and dexmedetomidine-morphine-lidocaine-ketamine constant rate infusions on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane and bispectral index in dogs
Authors: Ebner Lisa Sams , Lerche Phillip , Bednarski Richard M. , Hubbell John A. E.
Published: June 2013

Objective—To determine the effect of dexmedetomidine, morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK), and dexmedetomidine-morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (DMLK) constant rate infusions on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and bispectral index (BIS) in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized 4 times with a 7-day washout period between anesthetic episodes. During the first anesthetic episode, the MAC of isoflurane (baseline) was established. During the 3 subsequent anesthetic episodes, the MAC of isoflurane was determined following constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h), MLK (morphine, 0.2 mg/kg/h; lidocaine, 3 mg/kg/h; and ketamine, 0.6 mg/kg/h), or DMLK (dexmedetomidine, 0.5 μg/kg/h; morphine, 0.2 mg/kg/h; lidocaine, 3 mg/kg/h; and ketamine 0.6 mg/kg/h). Among treatments, MAC of isoflurane was compared by means of a Friedman test with Conover posttest comparisons, and heart rate, direct arterial pressures, cardiac output, body temperature, inspired and expired gas concentrations, arterial blood gas values, and BIS were compared with repeated-measures ANOVA and a Dunn test for multiple comparisons.

Results—Infusion of dexmedetomidine, MLK, and DMLK decreased the MAC of isoflurane from baseline by 30%, 55%, and 90%, respectively. Mean heart rates during dexmedetomidine and DMLK treatments was lower than that during MLK treatment. Compared with baseline values, mean heart rate decreased for all treatments, arterial pressure increased for the DMLK treatment, cardiac output decreased for the dexmedetomidine treatment, and BIS increased for the MLK and DMLK treatments. Time to extubation and sternal recumbency did not differ among treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infusion of dexmedetomidine, MLK, or DMLK reduced the MAC of isoflurane in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2013;74:963–970)
Towards the classification of weak Fano threefolds with ρ = 2
Authors: Cutrone Joseph , Marshburn Nicholas
Published: June 2013

In this paper, examples of type II Sarkisov links between smooth complex projective Fano threefolds with Picard number one are provided. To show examples of these links, we study smooth weak Fano threefolds X with Picard number two and with a divisorial extremal ray. We assume that the pluri-anticanonical morphism of X contracts only a finite number of curves. The numerical classification of these particular smooth weak Fano threefolds is completed and the geometric existence of some numerical cases is proven.
On the graph labellings arising from phylogenetics
Authors: Buczyńska Weronika , Buczyński Jarosław , Kubjas Kaie , Michałek Mateusz
Published: June 2013

We study semigroups of labellings associated to a graph. These generalise the Jukes-Cantor model and phylogenetic toric varieties defined in [Buczynska W., Phylogenetic toric varieties on graphs, J. Algebraic Combin., 2012, 35(3), 421–460]. Our main theorem bounds the degree of the generators of the semigroup by g + 1 when the graph has first Betti number g. Also, we provide a series of examples where the bound is sharp.
Singular cardinals and strong extenders
Authors: Apter Arthur , Cummings James , Hamkins Joel
Published: June 2013

We investigate the circumstances under which there exist a singular cardinal µ and a short (κ,µ)-extender E witnessing “κ is µ-strong”, such that µ is singular in Ult(V, E).
Corrigendum of the paper: some results on certain classes of multivalently analytic functions based on differential subordination involving a convolution structure math. Slovaca 60 (2010), 471–484 (subordination result and generalizations)
Authors: Prajapat J. , Raina R.
Published: June 2013

This note gives the correct form of a result (Theorem 2, p. 478) published recently in [Math. Slovaca 60 (2010), 471–484].
Extending asymmetric convergence and Cauchy condition using ideals
Authors: Das Pratulananda , Ghosal Sanjoy , Pal Sudip
Published: June 2013

In this paper we use the notion of ideals to extend the convergence and Cauchy conditions in asymmetric metric spaces. The asymmetry (or rather, absence of symmetry) of these spaces makes the whole treatment different from the metric case and we use a genuinely asymmetric condition called (AMA) to prove many results and show that certain classic results fail in the asymmetric context if the assumption is dropped.
On the diophantine equation x
2 + 2a · 3b · 11c = y
n
Authors: Cangül İsmaıl , Demırcı Musa , İnam İlker , Luca Florian , Soydan Gökhan
Published: June 2013

In this note, we find all the solutions of the Diophantine equation x
2 + 2a · 3b · 11c = y
n, in nonnegative integers a, b, c, x, y, n ≥ 3 with x and y coprime.
Understanding the “footprint of state socialism” in east central European post-socialism
Authors: Segert Dieter
Published: June 2013

The paper outlines the debate on European state socialism as a social and political order. There are different attempts to obtain a better understanding of the core principles of this type of society and a continuing public debate on it. Following the end of the decade of the transition from “socialism to capitalism” we can observe a renewal in the debates on the “Ancient regime” and its heritage. There are different reasons for this phenomenon; these include new insights from the archives and the recent politics on history in post-socialist societies. The new “zeitgeist” following the world financial crisis of 2008 might be an additional reason. The issues that developed are discussions on the nature of state socialism, some hypotheses on the role of reformers within the changes to late socialism from the perspective of political science, and some assumptions on the methods adopted by former reform socialists after 1989.
Evaluation of text document clustering approach based on particle swarm optimization
Authors: Karol Stuti , Mangat Veenu
Published: June 2013

Clustering, an extremely important technique in Data Mining is an automatic learning technique aimed at grouping a set of objects into subsets or clusters. The goal is to create clusters that are coherent internally, but substantially different from each other. Text Document Clustering refers to the clustering of related text documents into groups based upon their content. It is a fundamental operation used in unsupervised document organization, text data mining, automatic topic extraction, and information retrieval. Fast and high-quality document clustering algorithms play an important role in effectively navigating, summarizing, and organizing information. The documents to be clustered can be web news articles, abstracts of research papers etc. This paper proposes two techniques for efficient document clustering involving the application of soft computing approach as an intelligent hybrid approach PSO algorithm. The proposed approach involves partitioning Fuzzy C-Means algorithm and K-Means algorithm each hybridized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The performance of these hybrid algorithms has been evaluated against traditional partitioning techniques (K-Means and Fuzzy C Means).
The Employment and Recruitment of Immigrant Care Workers in Canada
Authors: Atanackovic Jelena , Bourgeault Ivy Lynn
Published: June 2013

This paper examines the employment and recruitment of immigrant care workers in the older adult care sector in Canada, based on data from interviews with 77 workers and 24 employers in care settings, as well as from 149 online employer surveys conducted in 2007–08. We find that workers enter this sector largely through social networks. Although recruitment agencies do not play a critical role in the employment and recruitment of immigrant workers, regulation could prevent instances of abuse we found. Our findings also suggest that immigration admission policies could be better aligned with Canada’s needs for older adult care.
Teaching and Assessing Veterinary Professionalism
Authors: Mossop Liz H. , Cobb Kate
Published: June 2013

The teaching and assessment of professional behaviors and attitudes are important components of veterinary curricula. This article aims to outline some important considerations and concepts which will be useful for veterinary educators reviewing or developing this topic. A definition or framework of veterinary professionalism must be decided upon before educators can develop relevant learning outcomes. The interface between ethics and professionalism should be considered, and both clinicians and ethicists should deliver professionalism teaching. The influence of the hidden curriculum on student development as professionals should also be discussed during curriculum planning because it has the potential to undermine a formal curriculum of professionalism. There are several learning theories that have relevance to the teaching and learning of professionalism; situated learning theory, social cognitive theory, adult learning theory, reflective practice and experiential learning, and social constructivism must all be considered as a curriculum is designed. Delivery methods to teach professionalism are diverse, but the teaching of reflective skills and the use of early clinical experience to deliver valid learning opportunities are essential. Curricula should be longitudinal and integrated with other aspects of teaching and learning. Professionalism should also be assessed, and a wide range of methods have the potential to do so, including multisource feedback and portfolios. Validity, reliability, and feasibility are all important considerations. The above outlined approach to the teaching and assessment of professionalism will help ensure that institutions produce graduates who are ready for the workplace.
Synthesis of N-(3-alkyl-4-phenyl-3H-thiazol-2-ylidene)Benzamide Derivatives by Reaction of Phenacyl Bromide and Aroyl Isothiocyanates in the Presence of Primary Amines
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: June 2013

A three-component and one-pot reaction between phenacyl bromide and aroyl isothiocyanates in the presence of primary amines gave N-(3-alkyl-4-phenyl-3H-thiazol-2-ylidene)benzamide derivatives in good yields.
Synthesis of β-Aryl Ketones by Heck Arylation of Allylic Alcohols Catalysed by a Mcm-41-Supported Bidentate Nitrogen Palladium Complex
Authors: Huang Yixiang , Wang Pingping , Liu Jiaqin , Cai Mingzhong
Published: June 2013

The Heck arylation reaction of aryl iodides with allylic alcohols catalysed by an mesoporous silica (MCM-41)-supported bidentate nitrogen palladium complex [MCM-41-2N-Pd(OAc)2] proceeded smoothly in the presence of tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) in DMF to afford β-aryl ketones in good to excellent yields. This heterogeneous palladium catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused several times without any decrease in activity.
An Improved Procedure for the Synthesis of Aryl Phosphonates by Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides and Diethyl Phosphite in Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Wang Ping , Lu Jie , Zhang Zhan-Hui
Published: June 2013

A general and greener protocol for the synthesis of aryl phosphonates by the cross-coupling of aryl halides and diethyl phosphite using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladiume/triethylamine/polyethylene glycol 600 [Pd(PPh3)4/Et3N/PEG 600] as an efficient catalytic system has been developed. This procedure also avoids hazardous solvents and is therefore an eco-friendly alternative to the existing methods.
An Improvement to the Preparation of Prasugrel Hydrochloride
Authors: Ou Wenhua , Yi Weiyin , Liu Feng , Pan Xianhua , Peng Xijiang
Published: June 2013

An efficient synthesis of prasugrel, a thienopyridine ADP-receptor antagonists, is described. A thienopyridine inter-mediate was prepared by N-protection, boric acid substitution and N-substitution. After acid hydrolysis of the methyl ether and subsequent acetylation, prasugrel was obtained with a total yield of 50% after seven linear steps from 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine and 2-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-2-(2- fluorophenyl)ethan-1-one as raw materials.
Microwave-Promoted Palladium Catalysed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of Benzyl Halides with Arylboronic Acid
Authors: Zhang Yu-Quan
Published: June 2013

Simple catalytic systems for the coupling of benzyl halides with phenylboronic acid under microwave conditions were tested. Microwave-promoted Suzuki reaction of arylboronic acid with benzyl halides catalysed by PdCl2(PPh3)2 in the mixed solvents DMF/H2O is reported to give diaryl methane derivatives in good to high yield.