The recurrent deep intronic pseudoexon-inducing variantCOL6A1c.930+189C>T results in a consistently severe phenotype of COL6-related dystrophy: Towards clinical trial readiness for splice-modulating therapy
Authors: Foley A. Reghan , Bolduc Véronique , Guirguis Fady , Donkervoort Sandra , Hu Ying , Orbach Rotem , McCarty Riley M. , Sarathy Apurva , Norato Gina , Cummings Beryl B. , Lek Monkol , Sarkozy Anna , Butterfield Russell J. , Kirschner Janbernd , Nascimento Andrés , Natera-de Benito Daniel , Quijano-Roy Susana , Stojkovic Tanya , Merlini Luciano , Comi Giacomo , Ryan Monique , McDonald Denise , Munot Pinki , Yoon Grace , Leung Edward , Finanger Erika , Leach Meganne E. , Collins James , Tian Cuixia , Mohassel Payam , Neuhaus Sarah B. , Saade Dimah , Cocanougher Benjamin T. , Chu Mary-Lynn , Scavina Mena , Grosmann Carla , Richardson Randal , Kossak Brian D. , Gospe Sidney M. , Bhise Vikram , Taurina Gita , Lace Baiba , Troncoso Monica , Shohat Mordechai , Shalata Adel , Chan Sophelia H.S. , Jokela Manu , Palmio Johanna , Haliloğlu Göknur , Jou Cristina , Gartioux Corine , Solomon-Degefa Herimela , Freiburg Carolin D. , Schiavinato Alvise , Zhou Haiyan , Aguti Sara , Nevo Yoram , Nishino Ichizo , Jimenez-Mallebrera Cecilia , Lamandé Shireen R. , Allamand Valérie , Gualandi Francesca , Ferlini Alessandra , MacArthur Daniel G. , Wilton Steve D. , Wagener Raimund , Bertini Enrico , Muntoni Francesco , Bönnemann Carsten G. 
Published: March 2024

Collagen VI-related dystrophies (COL6-RDs) manifest with a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), presenting with prominent congenital symptoms and characterised by progressive muscle weakness, joint contractures and respiratory insufficiency, to Bethlem muscular dystrophy, with milder symptoms typically recognised later and at times resembling a limb girdle muscular dystrophy, and intermediate phenotypes falling between UCMD and Bethlem muscular dystrophy. Despite clinical and immunohistochemical features highly suggestive of COL6-RD, some patients had remained without an identified causative variant inCOL6A1,COL6A2orCOL6A3. With combined muscle RNA-sequencing and whole-genome sequencing we uncovered a recurrent,de novodeep intronic variant in intron 11 ofCOL6A1(c.930+189C>T) that leads to a dominantly acting in-frame pseudoexon insertion. We subsequently identified and have characterised an international cohort of forty-four patients with thisCOL6A1intron 11 causative variant, one of the most common recurrent causative variants in the collagen VI genes. Patients manifest a consistently severe phenotype characterised by a paucity of early symptoms followed by an accelerated progression to a severe form of UCMD, except for one patient with somatic mosaicism for thisCOL6A1intron 11 variant who manifests a milder phenotype consistent with Bethlem muscular dystrophy. Characterisation of this individual provides a robust validation for the development of our pseudoexon skipping therapy. We have previously shown that splice-modulating antisense oligomers appliedin vitroeffectively decreased the abundance of the mutant pseudoexon-containing COL6A1 transcripts to levels comparable to thein vivoscenario of the somatic mosaicism shown here, indicating that this therapeutic approach carries significant translational promise for ameliorating the severe form of UCMD caused by this common recurrentCOL6A1causative variant to a Bethlem muscular dystrophy phenotype.