bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astrometeorology: Relationship between Two Planet’s Aspect and Cyclone Events over Bay of Bengal (BOB)
Authors: Sankar T. , Dheebakaran Ga , Kokilavani S. , Ramanathan S. P.
Published: November 2020

Aim: Identifying the astrometeorological relationship between two planet’s aspect and cyclone events over Bay of Bengal (BOB).

Study Design: Correlating the two planet aspects calculated from the ephemeris and different stages of Cyclone event.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted as a part of post graduate thesis research at Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Methodology: Collection of Cyclone track and their stage for each cyclone event observed from 1990 to 2016 over Bay of Bengal (BOB). Calculating planetary position for the cyclone track (eye point) and developing two planet’s aspects from the ephemeris. Correlating the two planet aspects and Cyclone event to identify frequency.

Results: Among the 36 two planets aspects studied, Uranus – Neptune and Sun – Mercury and Sun – Venus had higher influence on all the cyclone categories, whereas the Saturn – Uranus, Saturn - Neptune and Venus – Mars had high influence on high intensity cyclones from Very Severe Cyclone to Super Cyclone system. The highest number of category ‘D’ cyclones were observed with the conjunction of Uranus – Neptune (69.8%), category ‘DD’ in the Uranus – Neptune (67.6%), category ‘CS’ in the Uranus - Neptune (64.8%), category ‘SCS’ in the Uranus - Neptune (66.8%), category ‘VSCS’ in the Uranus – Neptune (68.3%), category ‘VSCS’ in the Uranus – Neptune (64.7%) and the category ‘SUCS’ in the Saturn conjunction with Uranus and Neptune (76.9%).

Conclusion: The study inferenced that, irrespective of 36 two-planet combinations, the 0-30 degrees two-planet aspects had more influence on cyclone intensity than other aspects of any two planets, in particular 0 – 10 degree aspects. Squares and oppositions angles between Mars, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are considered to be storm breeders and these angle between Mars and Saturn or Mars and Uranus can influence the formation of very energetic storm systems.
Public Stigma, Knowledge and Behaviors of the Attendees of Outpatient Clinics towards People with Mental Illness, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ibrahim Nahla Khamis , Wayyani Lamis Abdulrahman , Alhusaini Ola Ahmed , Alotabi Rakan , Ahmadi Jawaher Al- , Abalkhail Bahaa
Published: November 2020

Background: Mental stigma represents a critical obstacle for delivering mental health care.

Aims: To determine public stigma, knowledge & behaviors of the attendees of outpatient clinics towards People with Mental Illness (PWMI), King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 2018. A sample of 600 attendees of outpatient clinics of KAUH were included. A standardized interviewing data collection sheet was used. It included three scales namely: the Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI), Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS) & Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS). Authoritarian, socially restrictiveness, benevolent & Community Mental Health Ideology of CAMI sub-scales were calculated. Descriptive, inferential, and multiple linear regression analyses were applied.

Results: About two-thirds of the participants agreed that mental illness causes lacking self-discipline & will power. Gender was significantly associated with all CAMI sub-scales (P < 0.01). An increasing level of knowledge about mental illness was associated with lower stigma towards PWMI (P< 0.001). After controlling confounders in regression analyses, gender and knowledge were significant predictors of all CAMI sub-scales. Concerning MAKS, about half of participants incorrectly identified stress & grief as types of mental illness. Regarding RIBS, living with (30.2%), and having a neighbor (28.8%) with mental illness were the commonest reported experiences.

Conclusions: Negative attitudes towards PWMI still prevailed. Mental stigma was higher among males, older people, lower-educators, lower-income & those with poor mental knowledge. Participants had a moderate intention to accept PWMI. Anti-stigma intervention educational programs are required.
Diagnostic Utility of Electrocardiogram and Transthoracic Echocardiography in Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy among Known Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Botre Amit C. , Mane U. T. , Patil Dilip P. , Pardesi A. T. , Bhattad Anil
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the study is to find out presence of LVH by 2D Echo in all cases of hypertension in relation to their duration and severity. In this study it was observed that 59% subjects were males and 41% were females and the mean age of males and females was 64 yrs. Majority of them 36.5% were in the age group of 61-70 yrs, out of them majority of females 48.6% were from age group 71-80 yrs and majority of males 76.5% were from age group of >80 yrs. Study showed that occurrence of LVH by Interventricular septal thickness criteria and Left ventricular posterior wall thickness criteria of 2D Echo in relation to duration of hypertension was statistically not significant. Occurrence of LVH by interventricular septal thickness criteria and Left ventricular posterior wall thickness criteria of 2D Echo in relation to severity of hypertension was statistically not significant.
A novel long noncoding RNA, TMEM92‐AS1, promotes gastric cancer progression by binding to YBX1 to mediate CCL5
Authors: Song Shubin , He Xuezhi , Wang Jing , Song Hongtao , Wang Yimin , Liu Yansong , Zhou Zhengbo , Yu Zhiyong , Miao Dengshun , Xue Yingwei
Published: November 2020

Numerous studies have revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with oncogene properties play vital roles in gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the function of TMEM92‐AS1 in GC progression and to investigate its underlying mechanisms. TMEM92‐AS1 was filtered from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were used to detect the expression level of TMEM92‐AS1. MTT, colony‐formation assays, Edu, cell cycle, apoptosis and subcutaneous tumour formation assays were used to detect the role of TMEM92‐AS1 in cell function. RNA transcriptome sequencing was used to seek downstream target genes. Reverse transcription (RT)‐qPCR, western blot, RNA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to investigate the mechanisms involved. TMEM92‐AS1 was significantly overexpressed in GC tissues and correlated with poor overall survival and disease‐free survival. Furthermore, TMEM92‐AS1 promoted GC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumorigenic ability in vivo. RNA transcriptome sequence analysis revealed a potential downstream target gene, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and a mechanistic study found that TMEM92‐AS1 regulated CCL5 by binding to the transcription factor Y‐box binding protein 1(YBX1), which has oncogene properties. In addition, TMEM92‐AS1 was found to be associated with peripheral blood leukocyte counts, especially neutrophils. Further investigation found that TMEM92‐AS1 may affect leukocytes via regulation of the expression of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in GC tissues. Our data provide an in‐depth insight into the mechanism behind the lncRNA TMEM92‐AS1, how it promotes GC progression and the possible mechanism in affecting peripheral leukocyte counts. Therefore, TMEM92‐AS1 is a potential target for GC individualized therapy and prognostic assessment.
Development of an activity assay for characterizing deoxyhypusine synthase and its diverse reaction products
Authors: Kaltenegger Elisabeth , Prakashrao Arunraj S. , Çiçek Serhat S. , Ober Dietrich
Published: November 2020

Deoxyhypusine synthase transfers an aminobutyl moiety from spermidine to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) in the first step of eIF5A activation. This exclusive post‐translational modification is conserved in all eukaryotes. Activated eIF5A has been shown to be essential for cell proliferation and viability. Recent reports have linked the activation of eIF5A to several human diseases. Deoxyhypusine synthase, which is encoded by a single gene copy in most eukaryotes, was duplicated in several plant lineages during evolution, the copies being repeatedly recruited to pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis. However, the function of many of these duplicates is unknown. Notably, deoxyhypusine synthase is highly promiscuous and can catalyze various reactions, often of unknown biological relevance. To facilitate in‐depth biochemical studies of this enzyme, we report here the development of a simple and robust in vitro enzyme assay. It involves precolumn derivatization of the polyamines taking part in the reaction and avoids the need for the previously used radioactively labeled tracers. The derivatized polyamines are quantified after high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors. By performing kinetic analyses of deoxyhypusine synthase and its paralog from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid‐producing plant Senecio vernalis, we demonstrate that the assay unequivocally differentiates the paralogous enzymes. Furthermore, it detects and quantifies, in a single assay, the side reactions that occur in parallel to the main reaction. The presented assay thus provides a detailed biochemical characterization of deoxyhypusine synthase and its paralogs.
New physaloid fruit‐fossil species from early Eocene South America
Authors: Deanna Rocío , Wilf Peter , Gandolfo Maria A.
Published: November 2020

Premise

Solanaceae is a scientifically and economically important angiosperm family with a minimal fossil record and an intriguing early evolutionary history. Here, we report a newly discovered fossil lantern fruit with a suite of features characteristic of Physalideae within Solanaceae. The fossil comes from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco site (ca. 52 Ma) in Chubut, Argentina, which previously yielded the only other physaloid fruit fossil, Physalis infinemundi.

Methods

The fruit morphology and calyx venation pattern of the new fossil were compared with P. infinemundi and extant species of Solanaceae.

Results

Physalis hunickenii sp. nov. is clearly distinct from P. infinemundi in its fruiting calyx with wider primary veins, longer and thinner lobes, and especially in its venation pattern with high density, transverse tertiary veins; these features support its placement in a new species. In comparison with extant physaloid genera, the calyx venation pattern and other diagnostic traits reinforce placement of the new fossil, like P. infinemundi, within the tribe Physalideae of Solanaceae.

Conclusions

Both species of fossil nightshades from Laguna del Hunco represent crown‐group Solanaceae but are older than all prior age estimates of the family. Although at least 20 transoceanic dispersals have been proposed as the driver of range expansion of Solanaceae, the Patagonian fossils push back the diversification of the family to Gondwanan times. Thus, overland dispersal across Gondwana is now a likely scenario for at least some biogeographic patterns, in light of the ancient trans‐Antarctic land connections between South America and Australia.
Want climate‐change adaptation? Evolutionary theory can help
Authors: Jones James Holland , Ready Elspeth , Pisor Anne C.
Published: November 2020

The idea of adaptation, in which an organism or population becomes better suited to its environment, is used in a variety of disciplines. Originating in evolutionary biology, adaptation has been a central theme in biological anthropology and human ecology. More recently, the study of adaptation in the context of climate change has become an important topic of research in the social sciences. While there are clearly commonalities in the different uses of the concept of adaptation in these fields, there are also substantial differences. We describe these differences and suggest that the study of climate‐change adaptation could benefit from a re‐integration with biological and evolutionary conceptions of human adaptation. This integration would allow us to employ the substantial theoretical tools of evolutionary biology and anthropology to understand what promotes or impedes adaptation. The evolutionary perspective on adaptation focuses on diversity because diversity drives adaptive evolution. Population structures are also critical in facilitating or preventing adaptation to local environmental conditions. This suggests that climate‐change adaptation should focus on the sources of innovation and social structures that nurture innovations and allow them to spread. Truly innovative ideas are likely to arise on the periphery of cohesive social groups and spread inward. The evolutionary perspective also suggests that we pay careful attention to correlated traits, which can distort adaptive trajectories, as well as to the importance of risk management in adaptations to variable or uncertain environments. Finally, we suggest that climate‐change adaptation could benefit from a broader study of how local groups adapt to their dynamic environments, a process we call “autochthonous adaptation.”
Intracerebral hemorrhage in a neonate with an intragenic COL4A2 duplication
Authors: Koene Saskia , Peeters‐Scholte Cacha M. P. C. D. , Knijnenburg Jeroen , de Vries Linda S. , van Scheltema Phebe N. Adama , Meuwissen Marije E. , Steggerda Sylke J. , Santen Gijs W. E.
Published: November 2020

Intracerebral hemorrhage is rare in term born neonates. Besides several non‐genetic risk factors, pathogenic variants in COL4A1 and COL4A2 have been described to play a role in the pathophysiology of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge, no intragenic COL4A2 duplications have been reported in humans to date. We report a neonate with intracerebral hemorrhage and a de novo intragenic COL4A2 duplication. Although it is not clear yet whether this genetic factor fully explains the clinical phenotype, it may have contributed at least as a risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage. Screening for intragenic COL4A1 and COL4A2 duplications as part of collagen IV diagnostics should be considered as part of the fetal and neonatal work‐up for unexplained cerebral hemorrhages and to collect more evidence of the pathogenicity of this genetic mechanism.
Historical overview, current research, and emerging bioethical guidelines in researching the New York African burial ground
Authors: Clinton Carter K. , Jackson Fatimah L. C.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

The issues addressed in this article are those related to the bioethical actions and decisions surrounding the excavation of the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG) in the 1990s, the significance of conducting research on historical African/African American remains, and the eminence of protecting newly discovered African American burial sites in the future for research purposes.

Materials and methods

Skeletal (n = 419, at the time of excavation) and soil (n = 92) remains of the 17th and 18th century New York African Burial Ground were used to discuss the necessity of research on historical African/African American remains.

Discussion

Studying the remains of enslaved Africans is critical to understanding the biological processes and existence of all people. Researching the NYABG site, the oldest and largest burial site of free and enslaved Africans, illuminates the necessity and significance of scientific research on other historical African/African American cemeteries throughout the nation. The results of future research will provide a more profound sense of identity for a group of people who were forcefully severed from their genetic and cultural origins. This research will increase the representation of African descended people in genomic, anthropological, and cultural research, and ultimately help researchers to learn more about the origins of all humans.
A robust alternative to assessing three‐dimensional relative enamel thickness for the use in taxonomic assessment
Authors: Yi Zhixing , Liao Wei , Zanolli Clément , Wang Wei
Published: November 2020

Objective

Three‐dimensional relative enamel thickness (3DRET) is important for assessing hypotheses about taxonomy, phylogeny, and dietary reconstruction for primates. However, its weaknesses have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze its weaknesses and propose an index aiming at better taxonomic discrimination.

Materials and Methods

The dimensionless 3D index, ratio of enamel‐thickness to dentine‐thickness (3DRED), which is defined as the cubic root of the ratio of 3D average enamel thickness (3DAET) to 3D average dentine thickness (3DADT), is proposed here. To compare 3DRET and 3DRED and their sensitivity to voxel size, a fossil orangutan molar was scanned 14 times with different resolutions ranging from 10 to 50 μm. Enamel thickness analysis was carried out for each resultant digital model. In addition, enamel thickness measurements of 179 mandibular permanent molars (eight genera) were analyzed, followed by investigating the relationship between 3DRET and 3DAET and between 3DRED and 3DAET.

Results

Regarding sensitivity, 3DRED is more robust than 3DRET. In addition, 3DRET is correlated with 3DAET by linear curve with regression coefficients approximating or larger than 0.8 in most cases, while 3DRED shows less correlation with 3DAET. Furthermore, there are clear separations between different taxa in the bivariate plot of 3DRED against 3DAET, indicative of the taxonomic value of 3DRED.

Conclusion

Under certain conditions, 3DRED promises to be a robust and reliable alternative to 3DRET in taxonomic study.
Performance of polyurea formulations against impact loads: A molecular dynamics and mechanical simulation approach
Authors: Jandaghian Mohammad Hossein , Kazerooni Hanif
Published: November 2020

Today, polyurea is known as one of the most famous and widely used protective coatings in the world. The unique properties of polyurea are at such a high level that it is possible to use this coating in a wide range of applications. Although polyurea is generally made from the reaction between two types of precursors (diisocyanate and diamine), it is challenging to choose the right precursor pair for producing a coating with a specific application due to the great variety of introduced diisocyanate and diamine precursors. On the other hand, the experimental synthesis of the formulations and the study of their performance is also very costly and time‐consuming. In this study and by examining a series of commercially available precursors for polyurea coatings synthesis, well‐known materials have been introduced and classified. Then, a representative of each formulation family is simulated by a molecular dynamics and mechanical approach using a three‐step method on atomic, meso, and continuum scales, and the mechanical properties of the formulations are extracted. Then, by examining the response of each formulation to the three types of dynamic load (earthquake, projectile impact, and air blast), the protective capabilities of these formulations have been compared, and the optimal formulation for each application has been introduced.
The activation of furfuryl alcohol polymerization by oxygen and its enhanced mechanical properties
Authors: Shibutani Kazushi , Nakai Jun , Aphichartsuphapkhajorn Ketkanok , Kayaki Yoshihito , Kuwata Shigeki , Arao Yoshihiko , Kubouchi Masatoshi
Published: November 2020

The effect of oxygen and additional oxygen providers on furfuryl alcohol polymerization was investigated through chemical analyses and mechanical evaluation. NMR, UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results suggested that atmospheric oxygen and the further addition of an oxygen source functioned as an activator for the entire network polymerization. Interestingly, the construction of a conjugated structure on the furan linear chain, which is key to three‐dimensional cross‐linking, also appears to be accelerated in the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, the introduction of oxygen providers into the curing system successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of the cured furan resin.
Composites from biodegradable and biocompatible methylcellulose, poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) and poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) with enhanced properties
Authors: Xu Airong , Wang Fen , Zhang Luwei , Xu Xingmin , Xiao Zhihong , Liu Rukuan
Published: November 2020

Polymer materials based on fossil resources have brought great convenience to various industries. However, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly conspicuous due to their difficult degradation in nature. Therefore, biodegradable composites are highly desired. In the present work, a simple and feasible preparation approach was presented to fabricate biodegradable and biocompatible composite films including methylcellulose/poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (MC/PLGA) and methylcellulose/poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) (MC/PBS). The effects of MC/PLGA and MC/PBS mass ratios on the morphology, crystalline state, mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composite films were systematically investigated. At the same time, the influence of thermal compression treatment on mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) and the cyclic utilization of the composite films were also estimated. The composite films displayed enough good mechanical properties, re‐usability and thermal stability.
A combined pH and temperature precipitation step facilitates the purification of tobacco‐derived recombinant proteins that are sensitive to extremes of either parameter
Authors: Opdensteinen Patrick , Lobanov Aleksandr , Buyel Johannes Felix
Published: November 2020

Incubation at pH 4.0 or blanching at ∼65°C facilitates the purification of biopharmaceutical proteins from plants by precipitating most of the host cell proteins (HCPs) before chromatography. However, both methods are compatible only with pH or thermostable target proteins whereas many target proteins may irreversibly denature, e.g., at pH < 4.0. Here, we developed a combined pH/temperature treatment for clarified tobacco extracts and intact leaves. The latter were subjected to a blanching procedure, i.e., the submersion into a hot buffer. Using a design of experiments approach we identified conditions that remove ∼70% of HCPs at ∼55°C, using the thermosensitive antibody 2G12 and the pH‐sensitive DsRed as model proteins. We found that pH and temperature exerted a combined effect during the precipitation of HCPs in the pH range 5.0–7.0 at 35°C–60°C. For clarified extracts, the temperature required to achieve a DsRed purity threshold of 20% total soluble protein (TSP) increased from 54°C to 63°C when the pH was increased from 6.4 to 7.3. The pH‐stable antibody 2G12 was less responsive to the combined treatment, but the purity of 1% TSP was achieved at 35°C instead of 44°C when the pH was reduced from 6.3 to 5.8. When blanching intact leaves, product losses were not exacerbated at pH 4.0. Indeed, the highest DsRed purity (58% TSP) was achieved at this pH, combined with a temperature of 60°C and an incubation time of 30 min. In contrast, the highest 2G12 purity (0.7% TSP) was achieved at pH 5.1 and 40°C with an incubation time of 20 min. Our data suggest that a combined pH/temperature regime can avoid extreme values of either parameter; therefore, broadening the applicability of these simple purification techniques to other recombinant proteins.
Evaluating determinants of receipt of molecular imaging in biochemical recurrent prostate cancer
Authors: Borno Hala T. , Kuo Lin Tracy , Odisho Anobel Y. , Desai Arpita , Koshkin Vadim , Werner Kalin , Legaspi Nichole , Bucknor Matthew , Bell Alexander , Zhang Sylvia , Hope Thomas A.
Published: November 2020

Background

Molecular imaging with novel radiotracers is changing the treatment landscape in prostate cancer (PCa). Currently, standard of care includes either conventional and molecular imaging at time of biochemical recurrence (BCR). This study evaluated the determinants of and cost associated with utilization of molecular imaging for BCR PCa.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational cohort study among men with BCR PCa from June 2018 to May 2019. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to analyze the primary outcome: receipt of molecular imaging (e.g. Fluciclovine PET and Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen PET) as part of diagnostic work‐up for BCR PCa. Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the secondary outcome: overall healthcare cost within a 1‐year time frame.

Results

The study sample included 234 patients; 79.1% White, 2.1% Black, 8.5% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 10.3% Other. The majority were 55 years or older (97.9%) and publicly insured (74.8%). Analysis indicated a one‐unit reduction in PSA is associated with 1.3 times higher likelihood of receiving molecular imaging (p < 0.01). Analysis found that privately insured patients were associated with approximately $500,000 more in hospital reimbursement (p < 0.01) as compared to the publicly insured. Additionally, a one‐unit increase in PSA is associated with $6254 increase in hospital reimbursement or an increase in total payments by 2.1% (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Higher PSA was associated with lower likelihood for molecular imaging and higher cost in a one‐year time frame. Higher cost was also associated with private insurance, but there was no clear relationship between insurance type and imaging type.
Patterns of distant metastases in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma––A population‐based analysis
Authors: Xue Jianxin , Chen Wensun , Xu Wenbo , Xu Zicheng , Li Xiao , Qi Feng , Wang Zengjun
Published: November 2020

We developed this study to describe the patterns of distant metastasis (DM) and explore the predictive and prognostic factors of DM in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. We collected the eligible patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database from 2010 to 2015. Then, comparisons of baseline characteristics between patients in different metastatic patterns were made. In addition, proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and proportion trends of different patterns were calculated. Afterward, survival outcomes were explored by Kaplan–Meier (KM) analyses. Finally, predictive and prognostic factors of DM were investigated. A total of 33,449 ccRCC patients were eventually identified, including 2931 patients with DM and 30,518 patients without DM. 8.76% of patients suffered DM at their initial diagnosis, 35.01% of them had multiple metastases. Generally, lung (6.19%) was the most common metastatic site in patients with DM, and brain (1.20%) was the least frequent metastatic organ. The proportion trends of different metastatic patterns tended to be stable between 2010 and 2015. Moreover, higher tumor grade, T stage, and N stage were identified as risk factors of DM. Finally, age at diagnosis, grade, T stage, N stage, the administration of surgery, the number of metastatic sties, marital status, and household income were found to be significantly associated with prognosis. Lung was the most common metastatic site in ccRCC patients. Different survival outcomes and prognostic factors were identified for different metastatic patterns. Hence, our study would have great value for clinical practice in the future.
Negotiating the language(s) for psychotherapy talk: A mixed methods study from the perspective of multilingual clients
Authors: Rolland Louise , Costa Beverley , Dewaele Jean‐Marc
Published: November 2020

Background

Multilingual clients can benefit from expressing themselves in more than one language in psychotherapy. Yet, research suggests that language switching is typically instigated by clients, although some do not feel empowered to negotiate the language(s).

Methods

This paper addresses how language options, from the main therapy language(s) to language switching, were negotiated between client and therapist, as reported by 109 multilingual clients. All participants completed a web survey and five participated in follow‐on interviews. In addition, we reflect on the advantages of the mixed methods approach—particularly with regard to ethics and the explanatory sequential design. Analyses combine descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to elaborate on the trends identified in this international sample.

Key Results

Whereas some multilingual clients did not feel inhibited about using languages other than the main therapy language, for others the therapist played an important role in promoting multilingualism in the therapy room. Indeed, a lack of discussion surrounding language use—beyond such technical aspects as agreeing the main therapy language—was found to lead to assumptions about therapists' proficiency or the (non‐)acceptability of multilingual language practices. By contrast, metalinguistic discussions which explored process and meaning were welcomed by clients and typically opened up ways to use languages; the study itself was a catalyst for self‐reflection and productive discussions for one interviewee.

Conclusions & Inferences

Thus, the research provides further evidence, from clients, that developing therapists' metalinguistic awareness and competence and empowering multilingual clients to share their insights has therapeutic benefits.
Novel inhibitory brainstem neurons with selective projections to spinal lamina I reduce both pain and itch
Authors: Agostinelli Lindsay J. , Bassuk Alexander G.
Published: November 2020

Sensory information is transmitted from peripheral nerves, through the spinal cord, and up to the brain (“bottom up” pathway). Some of this information may be modulated by “top‐down” projections from the brain to the spinal cord. Discovering endogenous mechanisms for reducing pain and itch holds enormous potential for developing new treatments. However, neurons mediating the top‐down inhibition of pain are not well understood, nor has any such pathway been identified for itch sensation. Here, we identify a novel population of GABAergic neurons in the ventral brainstem, distinguished by prodynorphin expression, which we named LJA5. LJA5 neurons provide the only known inhibitory projection specifically to lamina I of the spinal cord, which contains sensory neurons that transmit pain and itch information up to the brain. Chemogenetically activating LJA5 neurons in male mice reduces capsaicin‐induced pain and histamine‐induced itch. Identifying this new pathway opens new treatment opportunities for chronic, refractory pain, and pruritis.
Preclinical Models for Studying the Impact of Macrophages on Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Markov Spas Dimitrov , Gonzalez Daisy , Mehla Kamiya
Published: December 2020

Cancer‐associated cachexia is defined by loss of weight and muscle mass, and by the potential loss of adipose tissue accompanied by insulin resistance and increased resting energy expenditure. Cachexia is most prevalent in pancreatic cancer, the third leading cause of cancer‐related deaths. While various factors interact to induce cachexia, the precise mechanisms underlying this clinical condition are not fully understood. Clinically relevant animal models of cachexia are needed given the lack of standard diagnostic methods or treatments for this condition. Described in this article are in vitro and in vivo models used to study the role of macrophages in the induction of cachexia in pancreatic cancer. Included are procedures for isolating and culturing bone marrow−derived macrophages, harvesting tumor‐ and macrophage‐derived conditioned medium, and studying the effect of conditioned medium on C2C12 myotubes. Also described are procedures involving the use of an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, including a method for examining skeletal muscle atrophy in this model. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: In vitro model of pancreatic tumor‐induced cachexia using C2C12 cell lines (myotube model)

Support Protocol 1: Molecular evaluation of cachectic markers in C2C12 myotubes using real‐time PCR and immunoblotting

Basic Protocol 2: In vivo model to study cachectic phenotype in pancreatic tumor‐bearing mice

Support Protocol 2: Evaluation of cachectic markers in the skeletal muscle of tumor‐bearing mice
Encapsulation of Cobalt Oxide into Metal‐Organic Frameworks for an Improved Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Ma Yiwen , Du Juan , Fang Yuanxing , Wang Xinchen
Published: November 2020

The increased emission of CO2 has negative impacts on the environment. Among the strategies, photocatalytic reduction is promising to convert the CO2 into chemicals. In this report, CoOx nanoparticles were loaded in the channels of MIL‐101(Cr), a kind of metal‐organic frameworks (MOF), to construct a novel CoOx/MIL‐101(Cr) system to facilitate CO2 photoreduction. Under the optimal conditions, the CoOx/MIL‐101(Cr) showed a significantly enhanced performance for photocatalytic CO2 reduction compared with bare CoOx and MIL‐101(Cr). Our findings provide a pathway for a rational design of efficient MOF systems for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2.
Voltage‐gated sodium channel‐dependent retroaxonal modulation of photoreceptor function during post‐natal development in mice
Authors: Smith Benjamin J. , Côté Patrice D. , Tremblay François
Published: November 2020

Juvenile (postnatal day 16) mice lacking Nav1.6 channels (null‐mutant Scn8admu) have reduced photoreceptor function, which is unexpected given that Nav channels have not been detected in mouse photoreceptors and do not contribute appreciably to photoreceptor function in adults. We demonstrate that acute block of Nav channels with intravitreal TTX in juvenile (P16) wild‐type mice has no effect on photoreceptor function. However, reduced light activity by prolonged dark adaptation from P8 caused significant reduction in photoreceptor function at P16. Injecting TTX into the retrobulbar space at P16 to specifically block Nav channels in the optic nerve also caused a reduction in photoreceptor function comparable to that seen at P16 in null‐mutant Scn8a mice. In both P16 null‐mutant Scn8admu and retrobulbar TTX‐injected wild‐type mice, photoreceptor function was restored following intravitreal injection of the TrkB receptor agonist 7,8‐dihydroxyflavone, linking Nav‐dependent retrograde transport to TrkB‐dependent neurotrophic factor production pathways as a modulatory influence of photoreceptor function at P16. We also found that in Scn8admu mice, photoreceptor function recovers by P22‐25 despite more precarious general health of the animal. Retrobulbar injection of TTX in the wild type still reduced the photoreceptor response at this age but to a lesser extent, suggesting that Nav‐dependent modulation of photoreceptor function is largely transient, peaking soon after eye opening. Together, these results suggest that the general photosensitivity of the retina is modulated following eye opening by retrograde transport through activity‐dependent retinal ganglion cell axonal signaling targeting TrkB receptors.
Anorexia nervosa restricting type has increased in severity over three decades: Japanese clinical samples from 1988 to 2018
Authors: Harada Tomoko , Yamauchi Tsuneo , Miyawaki Dai , Miyamoto Saori , Yoshida Hisako , Nishimoto Kazuya , Matsuzuka Takumi , Honda Mihoko , Inoue Koki
Published: November 2020

Objective

Although eating disorders (EDs) surged in the late 1900s and are now recognized worldwide, the time trend of ED characteristics remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify changes in characteristics of anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN‐R) over 30 years.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study and examined 996 female treatment‐seeking patients with AN‐R in Japan from 1988 to 2018. Demographics, body mass index (BMI), and Eating Disorder Inventory scores were compared among three groups in accordance with the time of initial consultation: Group 1 (1988–1998), Group 2 (1998–2008), Group 3 (2008–2018).

Results

The mean BMI at the initial consultation significantly decreased by 0.6 kg/m2 (from 14.0 kg/m2 in Group 1 to 13.4 kg/m2 in Group 3). Groups 2 and 3 scored significantly higher in drive for thinness, interpersonal distrust, and interoceptive awareness than those in Group 1. The range of onset age is wider and the number of late‐onset AN‐R with prolonged delay in treatment has increased over time.

Discussion

This study shows that AN‐R has increased in physical and psychopathological severity over the past 30 years in Japan. Interdisciplinary research is needed to clarify the relationship between AN‐R and time trend.
Intrapopulation genetic variation in the level and rhythm of daily activity in Drosophila immigrans
Authors: Ueno Takahisa , Takahashi Yuma
Published: November 2020

Genetic diversity within a population, such as polymorphisms and personality, is considered to improve population performance because such intraspecific variations have the potential to alleviate the competition for a limited resource or the risk of predation and sexual harassment at a population level. Variation in the level and rhythm of daily activity in a population could also affect population performance by directly altering ecological, social, and sexual interactions among individuals. However, it remains to be elucidated whether such intra‐population variation in the level and rhythms of daily activity exists in a natural population. Here, we investigated the genetic variation in daily activity within a single natural population of Drosophila immigrans. We established 21 isofemale lines from a single natural population and measured larval activity level and the level and daily pattern of adult activity over a 24 hr period. Larval activity level significantly varied among isofemale lines. Likewise, the activity level in the adult stage significantly varied among lines. The significant variation was also found in the daily pattern of adult activity; some lines showed greater activity level in the daytime, and others showed greater activity level in the night. Our results consistently suggest that there is a genetic variation in behavioral activity in a natural population, probably contributing to shaping the population performance.
Stimuli‐Responsive Emission of Dinuclear Rhombic Copper(I) Iodide Complexes Having Triphenylarsine and N‐Heteroaromatic Co‐Ligands
Authors: Kobayashi Ryosuke , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke
Published: November 2020

Copper(I) iodide complexes of triphenylarsine with a series of N‐heteroaromatic co‐ligands, i.e., pyridine, 2‐picoline, 2,6‐lutidine, and quinoline, were synthesized. The structures of the complexes were analyzed by X‐ray crystallography, which revealed that they adopted dinuclear rhombic structures. It was found that the arsenic atom effectively worked for forming shorter cuprophilic interaction when compared with the corresponding triphenylphosphine complex. The N‐heteroaromatic co‐ligand highly affected Cu–Cu interactions, denoted as cuprophilic interactions, as well as emission behaviors. In addition, the emission color and/or efficiency were altered by thermal and mechanical stimuli, and the responsiveness was dependent on the complex structure.
Optimization of simultaneous reduction of NO and soot by using simulated‐exhaust gas recirculation (CO2 + N2) in compression ignition engine under early combustion conditions
Authors: Min Se Hun , Suh Hyun Kyu
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the simultaneous reduction of exhaust emission in CI engine, and to find the optimal operating conditions.For the better expression of the actual EGR, the different CO2 mole fractions from 0% to 20% were applied for the simulated‐EGR. The CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐EGR was changed in the initial air in steps of 5% from 0% to 20% in the cylinder. The N2 mole fraction in the initial air was also changed according to the CO2 mole fraction, and the O2 mole fraction was fixed by 16.2% due to the same overall equivalence ratio.When the CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐EGR increased by 5%, the peak cylinder pressure was decreased by about −1.5% and the indicated specific nitrogen oxide value was also reduced from −4.9% to −48.8% because the ignition delay was longer by the higher specific heat of CO2 than N2, it induced to suppress the rise of cylinder temperature. In addition, when the start of energizing timing was advanced until BTDC 23 deg, the ISSoot value was decreased because the proportion of premixed combustion was increased.
Retrospective analysis of hypophosphatemia rates and other clinical parameters in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Richardson Candice , Huniewicz Paulina , Paslakis Georgios
Published: November 2020

Objective

To retrospectively assess medical services of a specialist inpatient eating disorders (EDs) unit.

Method

We retrospectively evaluated clinical parameters of 288 inpatients classified as ‘moderately’ or ‘significantly’ medically compromised between 1 January 2016 and 30 June 2019.

Results

We analysed 288 patients (mean age 32.5 [SD = 11.4] years, 96% women, 76% with anorexia nervosa). Average length of stay was 38.4 (SD = 28.4) days. Average admission body mass index (BMI) was 14.8 (SD = 1.8) kg/m2, and 16.1 (SD = 1.9) kg/m2 at 4 weeks. At admission, 82% of patients were considered significantly medically compromised, while 6% were deemed moderately compromised. Only 5% of patients required transfer to intensive care unit. Prevalence of hypophosphatemia was 17.7%; rates did not increase significantly between years despite more assertive re‐feeding processes. There was no association between risk classification at admission and change in BMI at 4 weeks (F(2,166) = 0.588, p = 0.557). BMI at admission was found to be significantly associated with clinical outcome (β = 0.92, p < 0.001).

Discussion

Hypophosphatemia rates did not increase despite more assertive re‐feeding over 3 years. Our results provide support for a model of treatment that simultaneously addresses the medical and psychiatric sequelae of patients with severe EDs.
Observations on decadal sandbar behaviour along a large‐scale curved shoreline
Authors: Gijsman R. , Ruessink B.G. , Visscher J. , Schlurmann T.
Published: November 2020

Nearshore sandbars are characteristic features of sandy surf zones and have been observed with a variety of geometries in cross‐shore (e.g. location) and longshore direction (e.g. planform). Although the behaviour of sandbars has been studied extensively on spatial scales up to kilometres and timescales up to years, it remains challenging to observe and explain their behaviour on larger spatial and temporal scales, especially in locations where coastline curvature can be prominent. In this paper, we study a data set with 38 years of coastal profiles, collected with alongshore intervals of 50 m, along the 34 km‐long curved sandy shoreline of Sylt island, Germany. Sylt's shoreline has an orientation difference of ~20° between the northern and southern half of the island. We found that the decadal coastal profiles on the southern half show features of a low‐tide terrace and a sandbar located further from the shoreline (~441 m). On the nothern half, the sandbar was located closer to the shoreline (~267 m) and was less pronounced, while the profiles show transverse bar and rip features. The alongshore planform also differed systematically and significantly along the two island sides. The sandbar on the southern island half, with alongshore periodicity on a larger length scale (~2240 m), was coupled out‐of‐phase to the shoreline, while no phase coupling was observed for the sandbar with periodicity on a shorter length scale (~670 m) on the northern half. We related the observed geometric differences of the sandbars to the difference in the local wave climate along Sylt, imposed by the shoreline shape. Our observations imply that small alongshore variations in wave climate, due to the increasing shoreline curvature on larger spatial scales, can lead to significant alongshore differences in the decadal evolution of coastal profiles, sandbars and shorelines. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis
Authors: das Neves Sofia Pereira , Sousa João Carlos , Sousa Nuno , Cerqueira João José , Marques Fernanda
Published: November 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients’ immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later‐disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low‐grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
Upshot of radiative rotating Prandtl fluid flow over a slippery surface embedded with variable species diffusivity and multiple convective boundary conditions
Authors: Sajid Tanveer , Sabir Zulqurnain , Tanveer Sumbul , Arbi Adnène , Altamirano Gilder Cieza
Published: November 2020

Here, modeling and computations are performed to explore the impact of variable molecular diffusivity, nonlinear thermal radiation, convective boundary conditions, momentum slip, and variable molecular diffusivity on Prandtl fluid past a stretching sheet. By using the compatible transformation, the partial differential equations regarding momentum, energy, and concentration are reformed into ordinary differential equations and furthermore, these equations are handled numerically via the shooting method. The behavior of intricate parameters that emerge during numerical simulation is displayed in the form of tables and graphs. These outcomes are supplemented with the information for the heat transfer rate and surface drag coefficients. It is perceived that an uplift in the temperature profile occurs by virtue of augmentation in the temperature convection parameter, and furthermore, mass fraction field escalates owing to an amplification in the chemical reaction coefficient.
Natural convection heat transfer from two horizontal cylinders using a large lateral shearing interferometer
Authors: Zhu Jinrong , Wang Lingyue , Lv Hui , Cheng Chunfu , Zhang Jinye
Published: November 2020

Natural convection heat transfer from two horizontal cylinders in the air was investigated experimentally and numerically. Two cylinders were spaced at 1.3, 1.8, and 2.7 cylinder diameters horizontally. The experiments were carried out by large lateral shear interferometry (LSI) for various Rayleigh numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Large LSI is common path interferometry with the advantages of simple structure, strong antivibration, and fewer required optical components. It is not necessary for LSI to perform a complex algorithm to restore wavefront with a large shear amount. Simple and infinite fringe interferograms of the cylinders heated from ambient temperature 282.15 to 723.15 K were obtained. A numerical simulation was carried out with ANSYS‐Fluent 18.0. The influence of two factors, the distance between the cylinders, and the Rayleigh number, on the heat transfer of two horizontal cylinders was examined. The average Nusselt number and local Nusselt number were determined from the experimental results and numerical results, respectively, and the two results were in good agreement. The rising direction for the plume flow pattern of each horizontal cylinder was no longer simply vertically upward but was inclined toward the central symmetry axis of the two cylinders. In addition, the heat transfer from a cylinder increased with the cylinder spacing at any Rayleigh number.