bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Presentation of Heart Failure Patients Admitted in National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka
Authors: Rahman Md. Toufiqur , Majumder A A S , Rahman Afzalur , Chowdhury Abdul Wadud
Published: August 2014

Background: Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that arises secondary to abnormalities of cardiac structure and/or function (inherited or acquired) that impair the ability of the left ventricle to fill or eject blood. The worldwide prevalence and incidence rates of heart failure (HF) are approaching epidemic proportions, as evidenced by the relentless increase in the number of HF hospitalizations, the growing number of HF-attributable deaths, and the spiraling costs associated with the care of HF patients. Worldwide, HF affects nearly 23 million people. In the United States, HF affects approximately 4.7 million persons (1.5 to 2 percent of the total population), with approximately 550,000 incident cases of HF diagnosed annually. Heart failure patients have various presentations and different etiologies. So, this study aimed to see the different clinical presentations of hospitalized heart failure patients. Methods: This study was done to see Clinical Presentation of Heart Failure Patients admitted in National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka. Total 2112 patients were enrolled for this study during the period of August 2006 to July 2011. Results: Most of the patients (65%) were of 51-70 years age group. 75% (1584) patients were male. 98% patients presented with SOB, 95% patients had basal crepitation, 74% had orthopnoea, 59% had Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspoea (PND), 40% had leg edema and 25% had raised JVP. Average heart rate was 85 beats/min, average systolic B.P. was 118 mm Hg and average diastolic B.P. was 73 mm Hg. 45% population had hypertension, 29% patients had diabetes and 27% had concomitant respiratory illness. Average EF was 38%. Ischemic Cardiomyopathy was the commonest (39%) cause of heart failure, acute coronary syndrome was the second leading (29%) cause and valvular heart disease is the third common cause.Conclusion: Most of the heart failure patients are elderly age group. Most of the patients presented with shortness of breath and bilateral basal creps. Most patients had co-morbid other illness that influences the natural course of heart failure patients. Most common causes are ischemic cardiomyopathy, a sequel of ischemic insult of the heart. So, patients of acute or chronic ischemic heart diseases should be treated and follow up with care, considering their socioeconomic condition also. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19854 J Medicine 2014; 15: 18-22
Outcome of Patients Hospitalized with Acute Coronary Syndrome Fulfilling the Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Hossain Mohammed Shahadat , Azad Khan Abul Kalam , Biswas Prodip Kumar , Hossain Md. Amir , Saha Jayanta Kumar , Ahmed Sharif Uddin
Published: August 2014

The aim of the study was to assess the association of metabolic syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome and the impact of metabolic syndrome on clinical outcome. Total 210 ACS patients were included in this study and divided in group I & II on the basis of presence or absence of MS respectively. Among the study patients mean age in group I and group II was 52.99 ± 11.49 years and 53.34 ± 12.54 years respectively. Among the risk factors, hypertension (70%vs 15%), dyslipidemia (100 vs. 97%), diabetes mellitus (36.4% vs. 6%) were significant between two groups. Mean waist circumference recorded was 103.12 ± 4.15 in group I and 96.50 ± 6.43 in group II which was significant. Present study showed, in hospital outcome was worse in group I in comparison to group II and was significant, like cardiogenic shock (11% vs. 1%), LVF (28.2% vs. 16%), and CVD (5.45 vs. 0%). But there were no significant difference in heart block, tachyarrhythmia, cardiac arrest, reinfarction and death. Complications were far more in group I than in group II (14.5% vs. 52.0%) which was also highly significant. So, we conclude that the presence of MS in patients suffered from ACS was associated with a greater incidence of in-hospital cardiovascular complications and mortality.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19857 J Medicine 2014; 15: 31-35
Takayasu Arteritis: A Rare Case Report with Ultrasonographic and Color Doppler Features
Authors: Ansari Sajid , Kumar Abhishek , Dhungel Kanchan , Ahmad Kaleem , Sah Pannalal , Gupta Mukesh Kumar , Rauniyar R K , Amanullah Md. Farid
Published: August 2014

Takayasu arteritis is a rare form of large vessel vasculitis predominantly occurs in young females. Ultrasonography is usually the primary modality of investigation in a patient with signs and symptoms of Takayasu arteritis and features includes wall thickening, luminal narrowing or stenosis, occlusion, luminal dilatation and aneurysms and high resistance flow patterns. Suppression of inflammation and preservation of vascular competence are the aims of treatment. We present the sonographicand color Doppler findings of Takayasu arteritis in a 21 year old female.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19878 J Medicine 2014; 15: 71-73
Rudimentary Horn Pregnancy Misleading Abdominal Missed Abortion
Authors: Biswas Sankar Prosad , Das Bishwajit , Akter Shahanaj
Published: August 2014

Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn is a very rare condition. It is responsible for severe complications and also a life threatening condition as it mostly terminates by rupture of pregnancy. This was a case of non communicating unruptered pregnancy which was misdiagnosed on 1st and 2nd transabdominal ultrasonography, progressing to 22weeks gestation and ends in a missed abortion. A transvaginal ultrasonography revealed it as an abdominal pregnancy and on laparotomy confirmed diagnosis was non communicating rudimentary horn pregnancy. Pregnancy sac with foetus was removed intact and patient. recovered without any complications. Gravid rudimentary horn may be misdiagnosed as abdominal pregnancy and are of interest in management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19879 J Medicine 2014; 15: 74-76
Giant Calculus in the Ureteropelvic Junction: A Case Report
Authors: Costa Luis Domingos R. , Alvarenga Raffael M. , Oliveira Yvis E. De Jesus De , Soares Fernanda T. , Junior Geraldo B Silva , Daher Elizabeth F.
Published: August 2014

Urinary lithiasis is an affection of high social impact associated with high costs. Its incidence varies from 1 to 15% in the general population and has a recurrence chance of 26-50%. We report one rare case of giant ureteral calculus in the ureteropelvic junction in a patient with complaints of left lumbar pain and recurrent urinary tract infection diagnosed in the outpatients Urology clinics. Antibioticotherapy was instituted and complementary tests were done. The abdomen x-ray showed a large opacity in the left kidney topography, and the computed tomography evidenced a giant left ureteral calculus associated with a large ureteropelvic junction dilation and grade III hydronephrosis. An ureterolitothomy was performed and evidenced a calculus of 9.5x6.5cm and weighting 347g. The patient became well after the surgery, and a pyelogram evidenced dilation of both caliceal groups and left ureter, without any calculus. Urinary lithiasis should be early diagnosed and treated in order to avoid severe complications as the presented here.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19884 J Medicine 2014; 15: 91-93
A Case Report on Autoimmune Polyendocrine SyndromeType 1
Authors: Ali Md. Yusuf , Rashiduzzaman H M , Masud Mahadi , Wadud Md. Abdul , Quadir Sadia , Fattah SK Abdul , Karim Md. Enamul
Published: August 2014

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by autoimmune multiorgan dysfunction. The major components of APS type 1 are chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis,hypoparathyroidism and Addisons disease.To establish this syndrome, at least two of these conditions have to be present. We report here one of such case, a 15-year old boy who presented with features of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, primary hypothyroidism,nail dystrophy and dental enamel hypoplasia that were consistent with APS-1.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19886 J Medicine 2014; 15: 98-101
Planetary Atmosphere and Surfaces Chamber (PASC): A Platform to Address Various Challenges in Astrobiology
Authors: Mateo-Marti Eva
Published: August 2014

The study of planetary environments of astrobiological interest has become a major challenge. Because of the obvious technical and economical limitations on in situ planetary exploration, laboratory simulations are one of the most feasible research options to make advances both in planetary science and in developing a consistent description of the origin of life. With this objective in mind, we applied vacuum technology to the design of versatile vacuum chambers devoted to the simulation of planetary atmospheres’ conditions. These vacuum chambers are able to simulate atmospheres and surface temperatures representative of the majority of planetary objects, and they are especially appropriate for studying the physical, chemical and biological changes induced in a particular sample by in situ irradiation or physical parameters in a controlled environment. Vacuum chambers are a promising potential tool in several scientific and technological fields, such as engineering, chemistry, geology and biology. They also offer the possibility of discriminating between the effects of individual physical parameters and selected combinations thereof. The implementation of our vacuum chambers in combination with analytical techniques was specifically developed to make feasible the in situ physico-chemical characterization of samples. Many wide-ranging applications in astrobiology are detailed herein to provide an understanding of the potential and flexibility of these experimental systems. Instruments and engineering technology for space applications could take advantage of our environment-simulation chambers for sensor calibration. Our systems also provide the opportunity to gain a greater understanding of the chemical reactivity of molecules on surfaces under different environments, thereby leading to a greater understanding of interface processes in prebiotic chemical reactions and facilitating studies of UV photostability and photochemistry on surfaces. Furthermore, the stability and presence of certain minerals on planetary surfaces and the potential habitability of microorganisms under various planetary environmental conditions can be studied using our apparatus. Therefore, these simulation chambers can address multiple different challenging and multidisciplinary astrobiological studies.
Tuning the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO2 Thin Films by Modifying the Preferred <001> Grain Orientation with Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Stefanov B. , Österlund L.
Published: August 2014

Anatase TiO2 thin films were deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering on glass substrates at 20 mTorr pressure in a flow of an Ar and O2 gas mixture. The O2 partial pressure (PO2) was varied from 0.65 mTorr to 1.3 mTorr to obtain two sets of films with different stoichiometry. The structure and morphology of the films were characterized by secondary electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and grazing-angle X-ray diffraction complemented by Rietveld refinement. The as-deposited films were amorphous. Post-annealing in air for 1 h at 500 °C resulted in polycrystalline anatase film structures with mean grain size of 24.2 nm (PO2 = 0.65 mTorr) and 22.1 nm (PO2 = 1.3 mTorr), respectively. The films sputtered at higher O2 pressure showed a preferential orientation in the <001> direction, which was associated with particle surfaces exposing highly reactive {001} facets. Films sputtered at lower O2 pressure exhibited no, or very little, preferential grain orientation, and were associated with random distribution of particles exposing mainly the thermodynamically favorable {101} surfaces. Photocatalytic degradation measurements using methylene blue dye showed that <001> oriented films exhibited approximately 30% higher reactivity. The measured intensity dependence of the degradation rate revealed that the UV-independent rate constant was 64% higher for the <001> oriented film compared to randomly oriented films. The reaction order was also found to be higher for <001> films compared to randomly oriented films, suggesting that the <001> oriented film exposes more reactive surface sites.
Factors Associated with No Dental Treatment in Preschoolers with Toothache: A Cross-Sectional Study in Outpatient Public Emergency Services
Authors: Machado Geovanna , Daher Anelise , Costa Luciane
Published: August 2014

Many parents rely on emergency services to deal with their children’s dental problems, mostly pain and infection associated with dental caries. This cross-sectional study analyzed the factors associated with not doing an oral procedure in preschoolers with toothache attending public dental emergency services. Data were obtained from the clinical files of preschoolers treated at all nine dental emergency centers in Goiania, Brazil, in 2011. Data were children’s age and sex, involved teeth, oral procedures, radiography request, medications prescribed and referrals. A total of 531 files of children under 6 years old with toothache out of 1,108 examined were selected. Children’s mean age was 4.1 (SD 1.0) years (range 1–5 years) and 51.6% were girls. No oral procedures were performed in 49.2% of cases; in the other 50.8%, most of the oral procedures reported were endodontic intervention and temporary restorations. Primary molars were involved in 48.4% of cases. With the exception of “sex”, the independent variables tested in the regression analysis significantly associated with non-performance of oral procedures: age (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5–0.8), radiography request (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.7–8.2), medication prescribed (OR 7.5; 95% CI 4.9–11.5) and patient referred to another service (OR 5.7; 3.0–10.9). Many children with toothache received no oral procedure for pain relief.
Lutein Inhibits the Migration of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells via Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Akt Pathways (Lutein Inhibits RPE Cells Migration)
Authors: Su Ching-Chieh , Chan Chi-Ming , Chen Han-Min , Wu Chia-Chun , Hsiao Chien-Yu , Lee Pei-Lan , Lin Victor , Hung Chi-Feng
Published: August 2014

During the course of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells will de-differentiate, proliferate, and migrate onto the surfaces of the sensory retina. Several studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) can induce migration of RPE cells via an Akt-related pathway. In this study, the effect of lutein on PDGF-BB-induced RPE cells migration was examined using transwell migration assays and Western blot analyses. We found that both phosphorylation of Akt and mitochondrial translocation of Akt in RPE cells induced by PDGF-BB stimulation were suppressed by lutein. Furthermore, the increased migration observed in RPE cells with overexpressed mitochondrial Akt could also be suppressed by lutein. Our results demonstrate that lutein can inhibit PDGF-BB induced RPE cells migration through the inhibition of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Akt activation.
Relative and Absolute Stereochemistry of Diacarperoxides: Antimalarial Norditerpene Endoperoxides from Marine Sponge Diacarnus megaspinorhabdosa
Authors: Yang Fan , Zou Yike , Wang Ru-Ping , Hamann Mark , Zhang Hong-Jun , Jiao Wei-Hua , Han Bing-Nan , Song Shao-Jiang , Lin Hou-Wen
Published: August 2014

Five new norditerpene endoperoxides, named diacarperoxides H–L (1–5), and a new norditerpene diol, called diacardiol B (6), were isolated from the South China Sea sponge, Diacarnus megaspinorhabdosa. Their structures, including conformations and absolute configurations, were determined by using spectroscopic analyses, computational approaches and chemical degradation. Diacarperoxides H–J (1–3) showed some interesting stereochemical issues, as well as antimalarial activity.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Potential of Osmotic Energy for Power Production
Authors: Sharif Adel , Merdaw Ali , Aryafar Maryam , Nicoll Peter
Published: August 2014

This paper presents a study on the potential of osmotic energy for power production. The study includes both pilot plant testing and theoretical modelling as well as cost estimation. A projected cost of £30/MWh of clean electricity could be achieved by using a Hydro-Osmotic Power (HOP) plant if a suitable membrane is used and the osmotic potential difference between the two solutions is greater than 25 bar; a condition that can be readily found in many sites around the world. Results have shown that the membrane system accounts for 50%–80% of the HOP plant cost depending on the salinity difference level. Thus, further development in membrane technology and identifying suitable membranes would have a significant impact on the feasibility of the process and the route to market. As the membrane permeability determines the HOP process feasibility, this paper also describes the effect of the interaction between the fluid and the membrane on the system permeability. It has been shown that both the fluid physical properties as well as the membrane micro-structural parameters need to be considered if further development of the HOP process is to be achieved.
Auxiliary Subunits: Shepherding AMPA Receptors to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Haering Simon , Tapken Daniel , Pahl Steffen , Hollmann Michael
Published: August 2014

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ligand-gated cation channels that mediate excitatory signal transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. The members of the iGluR subfamily of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate most of the fast excitatory signal transmission, and their abundance in the postsynaptic membrane is a major determinant of the strength of excitatory synapses. Therefore, regulation of AMPAR trafficking to the postsynaptic membrane is an important constituent of mechanisms involved in learning and memory formation, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Auxiliary subunits play a critical role in the facilitation and regulation of AMPAR trafficking and function. The currently identified auxiliary subunits of AMPARs are transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs), suppressor of lurcher (SOL), cornichon homologues (CNIHs), synapse differentiation-induced gene I (SynDIG I), cysteine-knot AMPAR modulating proteins 44 (CKAMP44), and germ cell-specific gene 1-like (GSG1L) protein. In this review we summarize our current knowledge of the modulatory influence exerted by these important but still underappreciated proteins.
Isolation and Characterization of Glycophorin from Carp Red Blood Cell Membranes
Authors: Aoki Takahiko , Chimura Kenji , Nakao Nobuhiro , Mizuno Yasuko
Published: August 2014

We isolated a high-purity carp glycophorin from carp erythrocyte membranes following extraction using the lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS)-phenol method and streptomycin treatment. The main carp glycophorin was observed to locate at the position of the carp and human band-3 proteins on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Only the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) form of sialic acid was detected in the carp glycophorin. The oligosaccharide fraction was separated into two components (P-1 and P-2) using a Glyco-Pak DEAE column. We observed bacteriostatic activity against five strains of bacteria, including two known fish pathogens. Fractions from the carp erythrocyte membrane, the glycophorin oligosaccharide and the P-1 also exhibited bacteriostatic activity; whereas the glycolipid fraction and the glycophorin fraction without sialic acid did not show the activity. The carp glycophorin molecules attach to the flagellum of V. anguillarum or the cell surface of M. luteus and inhibited bacterial growth.
Electron Beam-Induced Immobilization of Laccase on Porous Supports for Waste Water Treatment Applications
Authors: Jahangiri Elham , Reichelt Senta , Thomas Isabell , Hausmann Kristin , Schlosser Dietmar , Schulze Agnes
Published: August 2014

The versatile oxidase enzyme laccase was immobilized on porous supports such as polymer membranes and cryogels with a view of using such biocatalysts in bioreactors aiming at the degradation of environmental pollutants in wastewater. Besides a large surface area for supporting the biocatalyst, the aforementioned porous systems also offer the possibility for simultaneous filtration applications in wastewater treatment. Herein a “green” water-based, initiator-free, and straightforward route to highly reactive membrane and cryogel-based bioreactors is presented, where laccase was immobilized onto the porous polymer supports using a water-based electron beam-initiated grafting reaction. In a second approach, the laccase redox mediators 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and syringaldehyde were cross-linked instead of the enzyme via electron irradiation in a frozen aqueous poly(acrylate) mixture in a one pot set-up, yielding a mechanical stable macroporous cryogel with interconnected pores ranging from 10 to 50 µm in size. The membranes as well as the cryogels were characterized regarding their morphology, chemical composition, and catalytic activity. The reactivity towards waste- water pollutants was demonstrated by the degradation of the model compound bisphenol A (BPA). Both membrane- and cryogel-immobilized laccase remained highly active after electron beam irradiation. Apparent specific BPA removal rates were higher for cryogel- than for membrane-immobilized and free laccase, whereas membrane-immobilized laccase was more stable with respect to maintenance of enzymatic activity and prevention of enzyme leakage from the carrier than cryogel-immobilized laccase. Cryogel-immobilized redox mediators remained functional in accelerating the laccase-catalyzed BPA degradation, and especially ABTS was found to act more efficiently in immobilized than in freely dissolved state.
Electrochemical Quantification of the Antioxidant Capacity of Medicinal Plants Using Biosensors
Authors: Rodríguez-Sevilla Erika , Ramírez-Silva María-Teresa , Romero-Romo Mario , Ibarra-Escutia Pedro , Palomar-Pardavé Manuel
Published: August 2014

The working area of a screen-printed electrode, SPE, was modified with the enzyme tyrosinase (Tyr) using different immobilization methods, namely entrapment with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cross-linking using glutaraldehyde (GA), and cross-linking using GA and human serum albumin (HSA); the resulting electrodes were termed SPE/Tyr/PVA, SPE/Tyr/GA and SPE/Tyr/HSA/GA, respectively. These biosensors were characterized by means of amperometry and EIS techniques. From amperometric evaluations, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Km′, of each biosensor was evaluated while the respective charge transfer resistance, Rct, was assessed from impedance measurements. It was found that the SPE/Tyr/GA had the smallest Km′ (57 ± 7) µM and Rct values. This electrode also displayed both the lowest detection and quantification limits for catechol quantification. Using the SPE/Tyr/GA, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was determined from infusions prepared with “mirto” (Salvia microphylla), “hHierba dulce” (Lippia dulcis) and “salve real” (Lippia alba), medicinal plants commonly used in Mexico.
An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks
Authors: Cordero Juan , Yi Jiazi , Clausen Thomas
Published: August 2014

This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.
Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Different Molecular Beacon Multiplexed within a Suspended Core Optical Fiber
Authors: Nguyen Linh , Giannetti Sara , Warren-Smith Stephen , Cooper Alan , Selleri Stefano , Cucinotta Annamaria , Monro Tanya
Published: August 2014

We report a novel approach to genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using molecular beacons in conjunction with a suspended core optical fiber (SCF). Target DNA sequences corresponding to the wild- or mutant-type have been accurately recognized by immobilizing two different molecular beacons on the core of a SCF. The two molecular beacons differ by one base in the loop-probe and utilize different fluorescent indicators. Single-color fluorescence enhancement was obtained when the immobilized SCFs were filled with a solution containing either wild-type or mutant-type sequence (homozygous sample), while filling the immobilized SCF with solution containing both wild- and mutant-type sequences resulted in dual-color fluorescence enhancement, indicating a heterozygous sample. The genotyping was realized amplification-free and with ultra low-volume for the required DNA solution (nano-liter). This is, to our knowledge, the first genotyping device based on the combination of optical fiber and molecular beacons.
An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals
Authors: Chawla Parul , Singh Son , Sharma Shailesh Narain
Published: August 2014

In this work, we have demonstrated the structural and optoelectronic properties of the surface of ternary/quaternary (CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe) chalcopyrite nanocrystallites passivated by tri-n-octylphosphine-oxide (TOPO) and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) and compared their charge transfer characteristics in the respective polymer: chalcopyrite nanocomposites by dispersing them in poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymer. It has been found that CZTSe nanocrystallites due to their high crystallinity and well-ordered 3-dimensional network in its pristine form exhibit a higher steric- and photo-stability, resistance against coagulation and homogeneity compared to the CISe and CIGSe counterparts. Moreover, CZTSe nanocrystallites display efficient photoluminescence quenching as evident from the high value of the Stern–Volmer quenching constant (KSV) and eventually higher charge transfer efficiency in their respective polymer P3HT:CZTSe composites. We modelled the dependency of the charge transfer from the donor and the charge separation mechanism across the donor–acceptor interface from the extent of crystallinity of the chalcopyrite semiconductors (CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe). Quaternary CZTSe chalcopyrites with their high crystallinity and controlled morphology in conjunction with regioregular P3HT polymer is an attractive candidate for hybrid solar cells applications.
Naturally Occurring Dominant Drug Resistance Mutations Occur Infrequently in the Setting of Recently Acquired Hepatitis C
Authors: Applegate Tanya L , Gaudieri Silvana , Plauzolles Anne , Chopra Abha , Grebely Jason , Lucas Michaela , Hellard Margaret , Luciani Fabio , Dore Gregory J , Matthews Gail V
Published: August 2014

Background

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are predicted to transform hepatitis C therapy, yet little is known about the prevalence of naturally occurring resistance mutations in recently acquired HCV. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and frequency of drug resistance mutations in the viral quasispecies among HIV-positive and -negative individuals with recent HCV.

Methods

The NS3 protease, NS5A and NS5B polymerase genes were amplified from 50 genotype 1a participants of the Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C. Amino acid variations at sites known to be associated with possible drug resistance were analysed by ultra-deep pyrosequencing.

Results

A total of 12% of individuals harboured dominant resistance mutations, while 36% demonstrated non-dominant resistant variants below that detectable by bulk sequencing (that is, <20%) but above a threshold of 1%. Resistance variants (<1%) were observed at most sites associated with DAA resistance from all classes, with the exception of sofosbuvir.

Conclusions

Dominant resistant mutations were uncommonly observed in the setting of recent HCV. However, low-level mutations to all DAA classes were observed by deep sequencing at the majority of sites and in most individuals. The significance of these variants and impact on future treatment options remains to be determined. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00192569.
The Reactivation of Occult HBV Infection Emerging with the Case of Acute Hepatitis B in the Wife of a Subject Treated with Rituximab-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Macera Margherita , Capoluongo Nicolina , Gambardella Michele , Starace Mario , Minichini Carmine , Pisaturo Mariantonietta , Pasquale Giuseppe , Coppola Nicola
Published: August 2014

It is still a matter of debate whether nucleoside/nucleotide analogues should be administered as prophylaxis to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative/antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc)-positive patients with immunosuppression or whether these patients should be closely monitored and early treatment administered to those who become HBsAg-positive. We describe a reactivation of occult HBV infection emerging with the case of acute hepatitis B in the wife of an HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive subject treated with rituximab-based chemotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Long-Term Survival and Liver-Related Events after Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Labarga Pablo , Fernández-Montero José V , de Mendoza Carmen , Barreiro Pablo , Soriano Vincent
Published: August 2014

Background

Sustained HCV clearance after hepatitis C therapy is associated with reduced liver-related complications and death. It is unknown if treatment may provide any clinical benefit in patients that fail therapy. This could be particularly relevant in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients, in whom liver disease progresses more rapidly.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of clinical end points in a large cohort of HIV–HCV-coinfected patients with compensated liver disease followed since 2004. Patients were stratified into three groups: treated and cured, treatment failures and non-treated. Follow-up ended at the time of last visit, first liver decompensation event or death.

Results

A total of 527 HIV–HCV-coinfected patients were examined, of whom 339 (64.3%) had been treated with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. During a mean follow-up of 70.5 months, hepatic decompensation events or liver-related deaths occurred less frequently in cured patients (4/138; 2.9%) than in treatment failures (28/201; 13.9%) or untreated (25/188; 13.3%) patients ( P<0.001). Interestingly, in the subset of patients with baseline advanced liver fibrosis (Metavir F3–F4), those with treatment failure experienced less hepatic decompensation events or deaths than untreated patients (19% versus 42%; P=0.005) and this finding was more pronounced in patients harbouring IL28B-CC alleles (15.8% versus 47.4%; P=0.02).

Conclusions

Sustained HCV clearance following pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy is associated with a reduced incidence of liver complications and death in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients. In the subset of patients with baseline advanced liver fibrosis, treatment provides clinical benefit despite lack of sustained virological response. The transient antiviral and/or anti-inflammatory effect of interferon, more recognizable in IL28B-CC carriers, could explain this finding.
Successful Treatment with Sofosbuvir of Fibrosing Cholestatic Hepatitis C after Liver Transplantation in an HIV–HCV-Coinfected Patient
Authors: Borentain Patrick , Colson Philippe , Dhiver Catherine , Gregoire Emilie , Hardwigsen Jean , Botta-Fridlund Danielle , Garcia Stéphane , Gerolami René
Published: August 2014

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis is a severe form of post-liver transplantation HCV recurrence. Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis is characterized by its early onset and severe prognosis in HIV-infected patients. We report the case of an HIV–HCV genotype-4 coinfected patient successfully treated with a combination of sofosbuvir and ribavirin. After 4 weeks of treatment we observed a resolution of HCV recurrence related symptoms associated with a normalization of liver biochemistry and dramatic decrease of HCV viral load. This case illustrates the efficiency and tolerance of a sofosbuvir-based anti-HCV interferon-free regimen in post-liver HCV recurrence. Because of the absence of drug interactions between sofosbuvir and antiretroviral treatment or calcineurin inhibitors, its administration in HIV–HCV-coinfected liver transplanted patients is very promising.
Policy Implications of a Literature Review of Bariatric Surgery in Older Adults
Authors: Caceres Billy A.
Published: August 2014

In the past decade, bariatric surgery has garnered attention as a treatment for obesity in older adults. Its increased popularity is a direct response to growing obesity rates in this segment of the population. Bariatric surgery among older adults has emerged as a contentious issue debated by federal and state governments, health care providers, and patients. It is important for geriatric nurses to comprehend the policy and health implications of bariatric surgery for older adults. The purpose of this paper is to (a) discuss the burden of growing obesity rates on the health of older adults, (b) present the results of a literature review of bariatric surgery outcomes in older adults, and (c) evaluate the policy implications of insurance coverage of bariatric procedures. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 40(9), 14–19.]

Mr. Caceres is Nurse Clinician, New York University Langone Medical Center, and Doctoral Student, New York University College of Nursing, New York, New York.

The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

Address correspondence to Billy A. Caceres, MSN, RN-BC, Nurse Clinician, New York University Langone Medical Center, 726 Broadway, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10003; e-mail:
billy.caceres@nyu.edu.
Psychotropic Medication Use:What Will It Do To My Liver?
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: August 2014

Liver toxicity is the leading reason for withdrawal of marketed drugs and is a common reason for terminating the development of new drugs. Anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and antipsychotic drugs can be associated with significant liver injury or liver failure, but this is relatively rare compared to other non-psychotropic drug classes. More commonly, mild asymptomatic elevations in liver function tests are seen and these are not predictive of progression to more severe liver injury. Laboratory monitoring of liver function before and during treatment is recommended with the use of valproic acid and carbamazepine, but not for other psychotropic drugs, although regular laboratory testing is not a reliable method for detecting or preventing severe liver injury. Clinical monitoring for signs and symptoms suggesting hepatotoxicity or hypersensitivity reactions that affect the liver is more important. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 52
(8), 23–26.]
CHITOSAN/SULFATED GRIFOLA FRONDOSA POLYSACCHARIDE HYBRID SPONGE ACCELERATED WOUND HEALING
Authors: Huang Aibin , Zou Along , Liu Xiaofeng
Published: August 2014

The essential role and function of a dressing is to provide an environment that promotes wound healing. In this study, the development and characterization of novel polymer hybrid sponge based on chitosan-Grifola frondosa polysaccharide and cross-linked by freeze-thaw method for possible use in a variety of biomedical application is reported. A water-soluble sulfated derivative G. frondosa polysaccharide was obtained from G. frondosa polysaccharide with 98% of concentrated sulfuric acid. To make effective wound healing accelerator, a chitosan/sulfated G. frondosa polysaccharides hybrid sponge was prepared. To evaluate the wound healing effect, full thickness skin excision was performed on the backs of the rats and then the sponge was applied in the wounds, respectively. After 7 days and 14 days, gross and histological examination was performed. Grossly, untreated control group revealed that the wound had well-defined margin and was covered by crust. The testing group treated with sponge appeared to be nearly completely healed. Histology of each group was well correlated to gross findings. The testing group shows nearly complete regeneration of appendage structure similar to normal in the dermis in contrast to control group with absence and less number of skin appendages. It hints that the sponge can accelerate wound healing. The result indicates that the chitosan/sulfated G. frondosa polysaccharide hybrid sponge is a promising dressing for wound healing.
A New Breed of Socio-Cultural Leaders and How They Use CSR in ICT for Development as a Tool of Sustainability
Authors: Windsor G. Sampath S. , Royal Carol
Published: August 2014

Academic research has been scant with regard to examining the impact of leadership on telecentre sustainability. This chapter evolved from the e-Sri Lanka program funded by the World Bank as a unique South Asian project, which has seen the establishment of a network of 765 Nenasala telecentres, both grass-root non-profit and for-profit enterprises as its main interface with the community. This context provided an interesting avenue in which to examine different leadership models in the digital age. Through comprehensive analysis of archival material, focus group data from Nenasala operators, and interview data from stakeholders in Sri Lanka, the findings reveal that leadership was key to Nenasala telecentre sustainability and success at the telecentre organisation level. The researchers find that one of the models, the special community-based leadership model adopted by Sri Lankan Nenasalas as a Socio-Cultural Leadership (SCL) approach prevalent in Sri Lankan not-for-profit Nenasala telecentres, successfully enhanced sustainability through community focus and demonstrated competitive advantage over their for-profit telecentre counterparts. These findings suggest that a replication of the study in other developing countries could prove to be invaluable.
Embracing “Bring Your Own Device”
Authors: Blaisdell James , Kelly Michael , Lang Michael , Muldoon Kieran , Toner Joe
Published: August 2014

People today have greater access to information than ever previously thought possible, and through the acquisition of knowledge feel, they have more control and certainty in their lives. New usages of IT, the expansion of smart phones and tablets, and the arrival of the Internet generation in the job market now mean that the separation between private life and professional life has become muddled. A challenge for modern organisations is whether to allow employees to use their own devices or attempt to halt this advancing tide. Although there is some disagreement about the drivers and perceived benefits, an increasing number of organisations are beginning to accept the practice of “Bring Your Own Device” (BYOD). In view of this emerging trend in the modern workplace, this chapter outlines a number of risk control and mitigation strategies that organisations may consider adopting to address the challenges associated with BYOD that lie ahead.
Principles of Effective E-Learning
Authors: Kolakowski Matthew , Bishop Paul
Published: August 2014

What are the primary principles of effective e-learning and the subsequent impact on leadership in global business as digital technologies mediums continue to emerge within academia and the workplace? Maxwell (2013) defines this principle as “instructional practices and internet capabilities that direct learners toward a specified level of proficiency and competency in the shortest amount of time” (p. 89). Traditional learning measures that require extensive face to face interaction no longer fit Maxwell's description and inhibit audiences that require flexibility in obtaining proficiency on tasks like annual training requirements and sustaining Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for certifications. This chapter introduces the foundation of e-learning parameters, Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM), Instructional Management Systems (IMS), and how these mediums interact with learners in conjunction with its impact on leadership, business outcomes, and organizational value.
Visualisations of Relatonics
Authors: Johansson Peter , Backström Tomas , Döös Marianne
Published: August 2014

This chapter is based on theorising and analysis from an ongoing research and development project exploring the use of visualisations in task-based development, specifically the potential of new types of organisational images that may support understanding about work-integrated learning. Thus, the aim of the chapter is to explore the possibilities of visualising work-integrated competence networks—here referred to as relatonics—and contribute to the understanding of how such visualisations can support efforts of organising change when organisational boundary-crossing cooperation is needed for a significant task. A conclusion is that images representing relatonic can be utilised to identify areas with a developmental need and, in this way, are a resource to make more knowledgeable interventions and enable a relatonic to emerge in certain directions.
Cyber Security
Authors: Goedeker Michael A.
Published: August 2014

This chapter focuses on the understanding and skills needed by tomorrow's business leaders, namely understanding what security teams do and why security is so challenging based on external influences such as cyber espionage, warfare, and crime, which are currently having an adverse impact on the trust that customers have on the Internet and e-Business and e-Commerce. The introduction starts with issues that the business and IT security face in regards to a common language, which has caused issues in the past in understanding how vital security is to international business revenue through a secure and Internet-connected infrastructure and data. Details are then discussed about how cyber espionage and warfare hinder business and have adverse negative consequences through customer mistrust of Internet-based company resources and data storage. Lastly, this chapter looks at how both government and business lack a common connection between the business and IT as well as the vital security function in projects as well as the usage of proactive security teams, understanding the hacking process to secure systems, and the need and proper usage of security awareness campaigns to decrease risk and increase business value of the security function.
Emerging Digital Technologies and Women's Leadership in Global Business
Authors: Pereira Carlos Eduardo Nogueira Couto
Published: August 2014

Despite progress, women in global business are still widely underrepresented in leadership positions. In their path to become leaders, women have to deal with gender stereotypes and discriminatory practices on a daily basis while they interact and perform their work. As emerging digital technologies become instrumental for interaction and performance of global business, women are required to increasingly contest gender inequalities and enact their leadership roles while using these technologies. This chapter explores to what extent the use of emerging digital technologies can contribute to contest gender inequalities and enact women's leadership in business. It does it by revising the literature on emerging technologies and organisational practices and implications for gender and leadership and presenting the findings of an ethnographic study conducted among women's leaders in a global business. The conclusion brings actionable insights and recommendations for professionals, policy makers, and future research.
Mobile Technologies in the Emergency Department
Authors: Dexheimer Judith W. , Borycki Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

Hand-held and mobile technology is steadily expanding in popularity throughout the world. Mobile technologies (e.g. mobile phones, tablets, and smart phones) are increasingly being used in Emergency Departments (ED) around the world. As part of this international trend towards introducing mobile technologies into the ED, health professionals (e.g. physicians, nurses) are now being afforded opportunities to access patient information and decision supports anywhere and anytime in the ED. In this chapter, the authors present a model that describes the current state of the research involving mobile device use in the ED, and they identify key future directions where mobile technology use is concerned.
Effects of Perceived Information Quality, Perceived System Quality, and Perceived Flow on Mobile Social Networking Sites (SNS) Users' Trust
Authors: Suki Norazah Mohd , Suki Norbayah Mohd
Published: August 2014

This chapter examines the effects of perceived information quality, perceived system quality, and perceived flow on mobile Social Networking Sites (SNS) users' trust. Pearson correlations via SPSS 21.0 computer program was used for data analysis as it has the ability to ensure the consistency of the model with the data, to provide information necessary to scrutinize the study hypotheses, and to estimate associations among constructs. Each correlation coefficient was assessed as significant at the 0.01 level, and the overall model was determined to fit the data well as multicollinearity was absent. In terms of the associations with perceived user trust, perceived flow had highest significant positive correlation coefficients, followed by perceived information quality and perceived system quality. Next, further investigation of the study encountered that perceived flow is significantly associated by both perceived system quality and perceived information quality of mobile SNS, respectively. The chapter concludes with directions for future research.