bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumption profile and factors associated with the ingestion of beer and distilled beverages among elderly Brazilians: Gender differences
Authors: Souza João Gabriel Silva , Jones Kimberly Marie , Fonseca Adelia Dayane Guimarães , de Barros Lima Martins Andréa Maria Eleutério
Published: August 2015

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of the consumption of beer and distilled beverages and associated factors among Brazilian older adults residing in a highly populated city in Brazil, highlighting the factors associated with frequent consumption and differences in consumption between men and women.

Methods

It was a cross‐sectional, analytic study carried out by means of probability samples of conglomerates of older adults (aged 65–74 years). Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and estimates of multivariate models through logistic regression (OR, 95% CI) were realized.

Results

500 of the 736 evaluated seniors were included in the present analysis. 128 (27.3%), 103 (21.3%) and 167 (34.9%) of the seniors indicate past or current use of beer, distilled beverages and frequent use of alcohol, respectively. The consumption of beer was associated with use of tobacco between women; and with marital status and schooling between men. The consumption of distilled beverages was associated with schooling and use of tobacco between women; and age and use of tobacco in men. Daily or weekly use was associated with schooling and use of tobacco between women; age and the use of tobacco between men.

Conclusion

In the elderly population studied, a noteworthy prevalence of the consumption of beer and distilled beverages was identified, and this use was associated with personal and behavioral determinants. Similar associations related to frequent (daily or weekly) consumption were also identified. Significant differences in the profile of consumption were identified between men and women, with more abusive use among men. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 810–820.
Daytime sleepiness is independently associated with falls in older adults with dementia
Authors: Chen Pin‐Yuan , Chiu Hsiao‐Ting , Chiu Hsiao‐Yean
Published: August 2015

Aim

To examine whether elderly people with dementia have a higher prevalence of falls and sleep disturbances than those without dementia, and to determine the subjective sleep characteristics associated with falls in older adults with dementia.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, population‐based study derived from the data in the 2009 Taiwan National Health Interview Survey. A total of 123 older adults with dementia (aged 65 years or older), and 246 older adults without dementia who were randomly selected from the database were included. The occurrence of falls and subjective sleep characteristics (e.g. sleep hours, insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, difficulty in breathing during sleep and daytime naps) were evaluated using the responses to the survey questions.

Results

The prevalence of falls in older adults with dementia were approximately twofold higher than that for those without dementia (27.6% vs 15.3%, P = 0.006). Older adults with dementia had longer sleep hours, and increased daytime sleepiness, daytime naps and difficulty in breathing during sleep (all P < 0.05) than those without dementia. Among older adults with dementia, daytime sleepiness was the only sleep characteristic that was significantly correlated to an increased risk of falls (adjusted odds ratio 5.56, 95% confidence interval 1.95–15.91) despite controlling for possible risk factors.

Conclusions

Older adults with dementia had a higher prevalence of falls and sleep disturbances than that observed for those without dementia. Daytime sleepiness was an independent risk factor of falls in elderly people, with dementia after accounting for a range of covariates. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 850–855.
Effect of gallium aluminium arsenide diode laser therapy on Porphyromonas gingivalis in chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Alzoman HA , Diab HM
Published: August 2015

Objectives

The aim of this randomized, controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of 685‐nm gallium aluminium arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser therapy (1.6 J cm−2) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients aged 35–60 years old who had chronic periodontitis met the eligibility criteria. They were randomly assigned to two equal groups: scaling and root planing were performed in the SRP group, while scaling, root planing and laser irradiation of periodontal pockets were performed in the SRP + DL group. Subgingival plaque samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect P. gingivalis‐colonized sites, and common clinical indices were evaluated before and 2 months after treatment. Clinical examination included gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival bleeding index (GBI), all of which were recorded.

Results

Data from 30 patients [19 women and 11 men; mean age, 48.4 (5.4) years old] were analysed. There were statistically significant improvements in GI, PD, CAL and GBI for the SRP + DL group compared to SRP group but no significant difference in PI between the groups. Additionally, the percentage of P. gingivalis‐positive sites in the SRP + DL group decreased from 80% (12/15) to 20% (3/15) after laser irradiation (P < 0.05). No significant changes were noted in the SRP group.

Conclusion

GaAlAs diode laser irradiation of diseased periodontal pockets at 685 nm and 1.6 J cm−2 seemed to be an effective adjuvant to mechanical instrumentation to treat chronic periodontitis.
Molecular structure characteristics, functional parameters and in vitro protein digestion of pressure‐cooked soya bean flours with different amounts of water
Authors: de la Rosa‐Millán Julián , Chuck‐Hernandez Cristina , Serna‐Saldívar Sergio O.
Published: August 2015

When a food product is cooked at high temperature with different proportions of water, the differential degradation that occurs in the molecular structure promotes changes in their functional characteristics. In this study, water and soya bean flour (dry base) were mixed in different ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 0.25:1 and 0:1) and pressure cooked at 130 °C, 1.5 kg cm−2 for 30 min, cooled down to 40 °C and air dried for 24 h. Protein changes due to thermal process were determined with the ATR‐FTIR, as well as some functional parameters and in vitro protein digestibility. At higher water:soya bean flour ratios (3:1 and 2:1), the protein digestibility increased due to denaturation of tertiary structures, while urease activity (UA) and the functional characteristics of water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) decreased. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that molecular changes on amide I, II and in α‐helix: β‐sheet ratios were directly related with the amount of added water.
A vaccine formulated with the major outer membrane protein can protect C3H/HeN, a highly susceptible strain of mice, from a Chlamydia muridarum genital challenge
Authors: Pal Sukumar , Tatarenkova Olga V. , de la Maza Luis M.
Published: August 2015

C3H/HeN female mice were vaccinated with native Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP), using Montanide+CpG or Alum+CpG as adjuvants. Negative control groups were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) and the same adjuvants. As positive control, mice were inoculated intranasally with live Chlamydia. Mice were challenged in the ovarian bursa with 105 C. muridarum inclusion forming units. Six weeks after the genital challenge the animals were caged with male mice and monitored for pregnancy. Mice vaccinated with MOMP+Montanide+CpG developed high levels of C. muridarum‐specific antibodies, with a high IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and neutralizing titres. Animals immunized using Alum+CpG had low antibody levels. Cellular immune responses were significantly higher in mice vaccinated with MOMP and Montanide+CpG, but not with Alum+CpG, when compared with negative controls. Following the genital challenge, only 20% (4/20) of mice vaccinated with MOMP+CpG+Montanide had positive vaginal cultures whereas 100% (9/9) of mice immunized with MOMP+CpG+Alum had positive cultures. Of the positive control animals inoculated with live Chlamydia only 15% (3/20) had positive vaginal cultures. In contrast, 100% (20/20) of mice immunized with OVA+CpG+Montanide, or minimal essential medium, had positive cultures. Following mating, 80% (16/20) of mice vaccinated with MOMP+CpG+Montanide, and 85% (17/20) of animals inoculated intranasally with live C. muridarum carried embryos in both uterine horns. No protection against infertility was observed in mice immunized with MOMP and CpG+Alum or OVA. In conclusion, this is the first time that a subunit vaccine has been shown to elicit a protective immune response in the highly susceptible C3H/HeN strain of mice against an upper genital challenge.
Maturing out, natural recovery, and dual diagnosis: What are the implications for older adult mental health services?
Authors: Searby Adam , Maude Phil , McGrath Ian
Published: August 2015

In 1962, Charles Winick proposed that addiction was a self‐limiting process, whereby individuals stopped using substances once the stresses of life transitions ceased. The notion of maturing out, as labelled by Winick, often forms the basis of the natural recovery movement in alcohol and other drug (AOD) research, aiding the notion that older individuals either cease their substance use or fall victim to the higher mortality rates prevalent in substance‐using populations. As more consumers present to adult mental health treatment settings with co‐occurring substance use disorders, the idea that individuals will simply cease using AOD is outdated. Given the future challenges of an ageing population, it is prudent to explore those who fail to mature out of substance use, as well as challenge the notion that older adult mental health services rarely encounter substance‐using individuals. The present study explores Winick's research in the context of an ageing population and older adult mental health services. It also ponders the proposition put forth in subsequent research that older individuals with lifelong substance use switch to substances that are easier to obtain and better tolerated by their ageing bodies.
Mental health inpatient experiences of adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Taua Chris , Neville Christine , Scott Theresa
Published: August 2015

This paper presents findings from a study exploring the mental health inpatient care of people with a dual disability of intellectual disability and mental health issues from the perspective of those people with the dual disability. A mixture of semi‐structured interviews and focus group interviews were carried out with nine participants who had been admitted to an inpatient unit for mental health care exploring their experience of care. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using open coding and Leximancer (an online data mining tool) analysis to identify dominant themes in the discourse. Analysis revealed themes around ‘Therapeutic and Meaningful Activity’, ‘Emotion Focussed Care’, and ‘Feeling Safe?’ Participants were able to identify the aspects of inpatient care that worked for them in terms of coping with time in hospital. This research suggests that there are several factors that should be considered in providing effective mental health inpatient care for people with dual disability. A number of strategies and recommendations for responding to their needs are identified and discussed.
Exposure of mental health nurses to violence associated with job stress, life satisfaction, staff resilience, and post‐traumatic growth
Authors: Itzhaki Michal , Peles‐Bortz Anat , Kostistky Hava , Barnoy Dor , Filshtinsky Vivian , Bluvstein Irit
Published: August 2015

Workplace violence towards health workers in hospitals and in mental health units in particular is increasing. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of exposure to violence, job stress, staff resilience, and post‐traumatic growth (PTG) on the life satisfaction of mental health nurses. A descriptive, cross‐sectional design was used. The sample consisted of mental health nurses (n = 118) working in a large mental health centre in Israel. Verbal violence by patients was reported by 88.1% of the nurses, and 58.4% experienced physical violence in the past year. Physical and verbal violence towards nurses was correlated with job stress, and life satisfaction was correlated with PTG and staff resilience. Linear regression analyses indicated that life satisfaction was mainly affected by PTG, staff resilience, and job stress, and less by exposure to verbal and physical violence. The present study is the first to show that, although mental health nurses are frequently exposed to violence, their life satisfaction is affected more by staff resilience, PTG, and job stress than by workplace violence. Therefore, it is recommended that intervention programmes that contribute to PTG and staff resilience, as well as those that reduce job stress among mental health nurses, be explored and implemented.
A non‐destructive tissue sampling technique for holothurians to facilitate extraction of DNA for genetic analysis
Authors: Nowland Samantha J. , Jerry Dean R. , Southgate Paul C.
Published: August 2015

Increasing demand and overfishing of high‐value species has promoted interest in both conservation and aquaculture initiatives supporting stock restoration programs for tropical sea cucumbers. Accordingly, there is a need for baseline information on the genetic structures and relatedness of sea cucumber populations to support sustainable implementation of mariculture and conservation programs, which often involve coastal communities in developing countries. Identification of a non‐destructive tissue sampling technique for sea cucumbers that allows extraction of high‐quality genomic DNA in a sustainable and culturally appropriate way is thus required. Six sampling techniques were assessed for their suitability to collect tissue for DNA extraction from sandfish (Holothuria scabra): core needle biopsy, punch biopsy, shave biopsy, buccal swab, anal swab, and evisceration. The quantity, quality, and purity of extracted DNA were compared to assess the relative merit of each sampling method. The swab biopsy method produced the best quality DNA agarose band image, and evisceration resulted in the highest yields of DNA, at an average of 525.9 (±98.0) μg g−1. However, when considering all criteria assessed, the swab biopsy methods (both buccal and anal) proved superior. Swabbing not only produced the best quality DNA agarose band image, it was also the only technique that produced DNA that amplified 100% of the time across both extraction protocols. We hope that the non‐destructive sampling techniques evaluated in this study provide a foundation for the genetic analysis of sea cucumber stocks to support their conservation and management.
Factors that influence the non‐technical skills performance of scrub nurses: a prospective study
Authors: Kang Evelyn , Massey Debbie , Gillespie Brigid M.
Published: August 2015

Aim

To identify and describe the factors that impact on the performance of scrub nurses' non‐technical skills performance during the intra‐operative phase of surgery.

Background

Non‐technical skills have been identified as important precursors to errors in the operating room. However, few studies have investigated factors influencing non‐technical skills of scrub nurses.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Methods

Structured observations were performed on a sample of 182 surgical procedures across eight specialities by two trained observers from August 2012–April 2013 at two hospital sites. Participants were purposively selected scrub nurses. Bivariate correlations and a multiple linear regression model were used to identify associations among length of surgery, patients' acuity using the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system, team familiarity, number of occasions scout nurses leave the operating room, change of scout nurse and the outcome, the non‐technical skills performance of scrub nurses.

Results

Patient acuity and team familiarity were the strongest predictors of scrub nurses' non‐technical skills performance at hospital site A. There were no correlations between the predictors and the performance of scrub nurses at hospital site B.

Conclusion

A dedicated surgical team and patient acuity potentially influence the performance of scrub nurses' non‐technical skills. Familiarity with team members foster advanced planning, thus minimizing distractions and interruptions that impact on scrub nurses' performance. Development of interventions aimed at improving non‐technical skills has the potential to make a substantial difference and enhance patient care.
Licensing Parents in International Contract Pregnancies
Authors: Botterell Andrew , McLeod Carolyn
Published: August 2015

The Hague Conference on Private International Law currently has a Parentage/Surrogacy Project, which evaluates the legal status of children in cross‐border situations, including situations involving international contract pregnancy (or ‘surrogacy’). Should a convention (or other legal instrument) focusing on international contract pregnancy emerge from this project, it will need to be consistent with the Hague convention on Intercountry Adoption. The latter convention prohibits adoptions unless, among other things, ‘the competent authorities of the receiving State have determined that the prospective adoptive parents are eligible and suited to adopt’ (Article 5a). Included in it, therefore, is a parental vetting or licensing requirement. In our view, a similar requirement must also appear in any Hague Convention on international contract pregnancy if the two conventions are to be ethically consistent with one another. In particular, there should be a licensing requirement in such a convention for at least some of the prospective parents in contract pregnancy arrangements. We consider several arguments against this conclusion, and argue that none of them is successful.
Luck, Justice and Systemic Financial Risk
Authors: Linarelli John
Published: August 2015

Systemic financial risk is one of the most significant collective action problems facing societies. The Great Recession brought attention to a tragedy of the commons in capital markets, in which market participants, from the first‐time homebuyer to Wall Street financiers, acted in ways beneficial to themselves individually, but which together caused substantial collective harm. Two kinds of risk are at play in complex chains of transactions in financial markets: ordinary market risk and systemic risk. Two moral questions are relevant in such cases. First, from the standpoint of interactional morality, does a person have a moral duty to avoid risk of harm to others if their financial transactions contribute in some way, however small, to the loss or harm? This article identifies the conditions in which persons are morally responsible in such cases. Second, from the standpoint of institutional morality, how should society distribute the risk of harm associated with massively complex financial markets? This question is considered in the context of the home mortgage credit market. Luck egalitarianism, in particular a Dworkinian insurance scheme to allocate risks and resources relating to mortgage credit and private home ownership, offers substantial promise.
The assessment of the influence of vertical incisions on the aesthetic outcome of the Miller class I and II recession treatment: a split‐mouth study
Authors: Skurska Anna , Dolińska Ewa , Sulewska Magdalena , Milewski Robert , Pietruski Jan , Sobaniec Stefan , Pietruska Małgorzata
Published: August 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and aesthetic parameters following a connective tissue graft (CTG) combined with the modified coronally advanced flap (MCAF), or the coronally advanced flap combined with vertical incisions (CAF) in the treatment of Miller class I and II recessions.

Materials and Methods

Twenty patients with 99 recessions were treated in a split‐mouth study model. The MCAF with CTG was used on the right side, while the CAF with CTG was applied on the left side. The clinical and aesthetic evaluation was executed.

Results

The mean root coverage on the MCAF side was 90.52% 1 year post‐operatively, whereas on the CAF side was 91.77%. A complete root coverage (CRC) was achieved in 78.43% of gingival defects treated with the MCAF and 83.33% defects treated with the CAF. The average RES after the MCAF was 7.98 ± 1.88 and after the CAF was 8.37 ± 1.81. There was no significant difference in the CRC and RES values or their variables between the two techniques.

Conclusions

MCAF with CTG and CAF with CTG allow obtaining satisfactory and comparable root coverage as well as an aesthetic outcome without the negative effect of vertical incisions on the appearance of soft tissue.
PCR‐based prevalence of a fatal reovirus of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun) along the northern Atlantic coast of the USA
Authors: Flowers E M , Simmonds K , Messick G A , Sullivan L , Schott E J
Published: August 2015

There is a need for more information on the relationship between diseases and fluctuations of wild populations of marine animals. In the case of Callinectes sapidus reovirus 1 (CsRV1, also known as RLV), there is a lack of baseline information on range, prevalence and outbreaks, from which to develop an understanding of population‐level impacts. An RT‐qPCR assay was developed that is capable of detecting 10 copies of the CsRV1 genome. In collaboration with state, federal and academic partners, blue crabs were collected from sites throughout the north‐eastern United States to assess the northern range of this pathogen. In addition, archived crab samples from the Chesapeake Bay were assessed for CsRV1 by RT‐qPCR and histology. PCR‐based assessments indicate that CsRV1 was present at all but one site. Prevalence of CsRV1 as assessed by RT‐qPCR was highly variable between locations, and CsRV1 prevalence varied between years at a given location. Mean CsRV1 prevalence as assessed by RT‐qPCR was >15% each year, and peak prevalence was 79%. The wide geographic range and highly variable prevalence of CsRV1 indicate that more study is needed to understand CsRV1 dynamics and the role the virus plays in blue crab natural mortality.
The White Diet is preferred, better tolerated, and non‐inferior to a clear‐fluid diet for bowel preparation: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Butt Joshua , Bunn Cate , Paul Eldho , Gibson Peter , Brown Gregor
Published: August 2015

Background and Aim:

Dietary restrictions contribute to the unpleasantness of bowel preparation for colonoscopy. We compare the effectiveness and tolerability of a low residue diet of white‐colored foods (“White Diet”) with a clear‐fluid diet the day prior to colonoscopy in an endoscopist‐blinded randomized non‐inferiority trial.

Methods:

Adults undergoing outpatient colonoscopy were randomized with stratification by procedure timing to a White Diet or clear‐fluid diet. All received a 2‐L polyethylene glycol lavage solution with ascorbate, sodium sulfate, and electrolytes, the day‐before for morning and as a split‐dose for afternoon procedures. The primary end‐point was successful bowel preparation (A or B on the Harefield Cleansing Scale). Regimen tolerance/acceptance was assessed by questionnaire. An intention‐to‐treat analysis with a predefined non‐inferiority margin of 15% was used to compare efficacy.

Results:

A total of 226 patients (average age 52 years, 51% male) were randomized (111 clear diet, 115 White Diet). Bowel preparation was successful in 91% on the clear‐fluid diet vs 84.4% on the White Diet, difference being −6.6% (lower one sided 95% CI −13.8%), with no difference according to diet. The split‐dose regimen (in 55%) had a higher success rate than day‐before regimen (96% vs 80%, p < 0.001). The White Diet was preferred with less hunger and interference with daily activities (p < 0.001). Procedural/withdrawal time and polyp/adenoma detection were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

The White Diet was preferred and better tolerated by patients without detriment to the success of bowel preparation or colonoscopy performance, especially with the split‐dose regimen.
Construction Materials from Stainless Steel Slags: Technical Aspects, Environmental Benefits, and Economic Opportunities
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Dubois Maarten , Maria Andrea Di , Van Acker Karel , Van Balen Koenraad
Published: August 2015

State‐of‐the‐art technologies that implement theindustrial ecology concept only make it to the market if environmental gains and economic benefits are significant. Therefore, the article investigates, in an interdisciplinary way, two innovative technologies that valorize stainless steel (SS) slags as block masonry (bricks): carbonation and thermo‐alkali‐activation. The technical, environmental, and economic features of three SS bricks—solid bricks, perforated bricks, and lightweight aerated blocks—are compared to commercially available construction materials. Although the produced bricks meet industrial standards, technical challenges, such as optimization of alkali addition and use of metal molds, should be dealt with before upscaling to industrial production. A cradle‐to‐gate life cycle assessment that aggregates the results of the various impact categories shows that the environmental impact of solid and perforated SS bricks is lower than the impact of conventional clay‐baked bricks owing to the avoidance of additives for slag stabilization and energy consumption for sintering clay. The impact of aerated SS bricks was found to be similar to the commercially available aerated blocks. More specifically, the carbon dioxide uptake from carbonation reduces the overall environmental impact, whereas use of alkalis increases the impact. A strengths weaknesses opportunity threats analysis highlights the economic advantages of SS bricks originating from lower energy requirements, reduced dependence on primary resources, and improved metal recovery from slag. However, in order to apply the innovative technologies at industrial scale, challenges related to processing conditions, feedstock variability, and potential competition from existing brick suppliers have to be overcome.
Capturing and displaying microscopic images used in medical diagnostics and forensic science using 4K video resolution – an application in higher education
Authors: MAIER HANS , de HEER GERT , ORTAC AJDA , KUIJTEN JAN
Published: August 2015

To analyze, interpret and evaluate microscopic images, used in medical diagnostics and forensic science, video images for educational purposes were made with a very high resolution of 4096 × 2160 pixels (4K), which is four times as many pixels as High‐Definition Video (1920 × 1080 pixels). The unprecedented high resolution makes it possible to see details that remain invisible to any other video format. The images of the specimens (blood cells, tissue sections, hair, fibre, etc.) are recorded using a 4K video camera which is attached to a light microscope. After processing, this resulted in very sharp and highly detailed images. This material was then used in education for classroom discussion. Spoken explanation by experts in the field of medical diagnostics and forensic science was also added to the high‐resolution video images to make it suitable for self‐study.
RISE OF THE FIDUCIARY STATE: A SURVEY OF SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND RESEARCH
Authors: Megginson William L. , Fotak Veljko
Published: August 2015

We survey the literature documenting the rise of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), which, with assets under management of over $5.4 trillion at year‐end 2014, are a major force in global finance. Research papers have analyzed the evolution of SWFs from stabilization funds to stand‐alone wealth management funds; we both survey this research and show that more than 25 countries have launched or proposed new SWFs since January 2008. The most salient and controversial feature of SWFs is that they are state‐owned; we survey the existing literature on state ownership and discuss what this predicts about the efficiency and beneficence of government control of SWF assets. We discuss the documented importance of SWF funding sources (oil sales revenues versus excess reserves from export earnings) and survey the normative literature describing how SWFs should allocate funds. We then summarize the empirical literature studying how SWFs actually do allocate funds—across asset classes, geographically, and across industries. We document that most SWF equity investments in publicly traded firms involve cross‐border purchases of sizeable minority stakes (median around 20%) in target firms, with a strong preference for investments in the financial sector. Next, we assess empirical studies examining the impact of SWF stock investments on target firm financial and operating performance, and find universal support for a positive announcement period stock price increase of 1–3%. This, however, is significantly lower than the 5% abnormal return documented for stock purchases by comparable privately owned financial investors in recent studies, indicating a “sovereign wealth fund discount.” We conclude by summarizing the lessons of SWF research and pointing out unresolved issues.
THE CREATION AND DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Zanello Giacomo , Fu Xiaolan , Mohnen Pierre , Ventresca Marc
Published: August 2015

In this study, we review the literature on the creation and diffusion of innovation in the private sectors (industry and services) in developing countries. In particular, we collect evidence on what are the barriers to innovation creation and diffusion and the channels of innovation diffusion to and within developing countries. We find that innovation in developing countries is about creation or adoption of new ideas and technologies; but the capacity for innovation is embedded in and constituted by dynamics between geographical, socio‐economic, political and legal subsystems. We contextualize the findings from the review in the current theoretical framework of diffusion of innovations, and we emphasize how the institutional context typical of developing countries impacts the diffusion itself.
Internal Capital Markets in Business Groups: Evidence from the Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: ALMEIDA HEITOR , KIM CHANG‐SOO , KIM HWANKI BRIAN
Published: August 2015

This paper examines capital reallocation among firms in Korean business groups () in the aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the consequences of this capital reallocation for the investment and performance of firms. We show that transferred cash from low‐growth to high‐growth member firms, using cross‐firm equity investments. This capital reallocation allowed chaebol firms with greater investment opportunities to invest more than control firms after the crisis. These firms also showed higher profitability and lower declines in valuation than control firms following the crisis. Our results suggest that chaebol internal capital markets helped them mitigate the negative effects of the Asian crisis on investment and performance.
Functional changes after early treatment of unilateral posterior cross‐bite associated with mandibular shift: a systematic review
Authors: Tsanidis N. , Antonarakis G. S. , Kiliaridis S.
Published: August 2015

The objective of this systematic review was to investigate whether oral functional asymmetry in children treated for unilateral functional posterior cross‐bite disappears after orthodontic treatment with a resulting normalisation of oral functions. A literature search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to locate longitudinal studies reporting on clinical oral functional changes, recorded by methods including masseter muscle thickness, bite force, masticatory/chewing cycle or electromyographic masticatory muscle activity, following the treatment of unilateral functional posterior cross‐bite. All potential articles were initially screened according to their title and abstract, the full text of selected articles was evaluated, and the final study selection was made based on the pre‐defined criteria. Data extraction was subsequently carried out. The initial literature search identified 736 articles, with 12 articles fulfilling pre‐defined criteria. Although there was a lack of high‐quality prospective studies, based on the available evidence, results suggest that the abnormal masticatory cycle associated with functional posterior unilateral cross‐bite tends to normalise following early cross‐bite treatment. Masticatory muscle activity shows an increase after early functional unilateral posterior cross‐bite treatment, and this activity approaches normal levels. Insufficient evidence was available to conclude on maximal molar bite force or masticatory muscle thickness changes following early treatment of functional unilateral posterior cross‐bite. Results should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of high‐quality controlled studies. Well‐designed prospective studies with large patient samples and long‐term follow‐up are necessary before making reliable conclusions concerning change in functional asymmetry following unilateral functional posterior cross‐bite correction.
The pattern of lip cancer occurrence over the 1990–2011 period in public hospitals in Madrid, Spain
Authors: Domínguez‐Gordillo Adelaida , Esparza‐Gómez Germán , García‐Jiménez Belén , Cerero‐Lapiedra Rocío , Casado‐Gómez Inmaculada , Romero‐Lastra Patricia , Warnakulasuriya Saman
Published: August 2015

Background

Some regions of Spain along with Canada and Australia have the highest rates of lip cancer in the world. The objective of this study was to examine the trends in the pattern of occurrence of lip cancer in Madrid, Spain.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Central Tumour Registry of Madrid, between 1990 and 2011. Variables examined were age, sex, topographic and morphological location and tumour histology. Two consecutive periods, 1990–2001 and 2002–2011, were studied by descriptive and analytical methods, and the data from the two periods were statistically compared.

Results

A total of 881 cases were registered during the period 1990–2011. Comparing data between the two periods (1990–2001 and 2002–2011), subtle variations in age, histology and location were noted. Gender ratios remained constant. The mean age increased from 66.3 to 69.7 years (P < 0.05). In the second period, the histological distribution showed an increase in frequency of basal cell carcinoma, from 2.1% to 4.7%, while the frequency of squamous cell carcinomas remained constant. Basal cell carcinoma no longer predominantly occurred in women, decreasing from 80% to 21.1% (P < 0.001). The distribution by gender of squamous cell carcinoma had become more equal due an increase in its frequency in women (P < 0.001). Frequency of tumours on lip mucosa and commissure had increased between the two periods (P < 0.004).

Conclusions

The pattern of lip cancer reported to Public Hospitals of Madrid is changing: declining rates are noted since 2001–02. However, it is necessary to monitor these data to confirm the observed trends in future years.
Personality Correlates of Midlife Cardiometabolic Risk: The Explanatory Role of Higher‐Order Factors of the Five‐Factor Model
Authors: Dermody Sarah S. , Wright Aidan G. C. , Cheong JeeWon , Miller Karissa G. , Muldoon Matthew F. , Flory Janine D. , Gianaros Peter J. , Marsland Anna L. , Manuck Stephen B.
Published: August 2015

Varying associations are reported between Five‐Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and cardiovascular disease risk. Here, we further examine dispositional correlates of cardiometabolic risk within a hierarchical model of personality that proposes higher‐order traits of Stability (shared variance of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, inverse Neuroticism) and Plasticity (Extraversion, Openness), and we test hypothesized mediation via biological and behavioral factors. In an observational study of 856 community volunteers aged 30–54 years (46% male, 86% Caucasian), latent variable FFM traits (using multiple‐informant reports) and aggregated cardiometabolic risk (indicators: insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, adiposity) were estimated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The cardiometabolic factor was regressed on each personality factor or higher‐order trait. Cross‐sectional indirect effects via systemic inflammation, cardiac autonomic control, and physical activity were tested. CFA models confirmed the Stability “meta‐trait,” but not Plasticity. Lower Stability was associated with heightened cardiometabolic risk. This association was accounted for by inflammation, autonomic function, and physical activity. Among FFM traits, only Openness was associated with risk over and above Stability, and, unlike Stability, this relationship was unexplained by the intervening variables. A Stability meta‐trait covaries with midlife cardiometabolic risk, and this association is accounted for by three candidate biological and behavioral factors.
Preparation and characterization of spray-dried co-amorphous drug–amino acid salts
Authors: Jensen Katrine Tarp , Blaabjerg Lasse Ingerslev , Lenz Elisabeth , Bohr Adam , Grohganz Holger , Kleinebudde Peter , Rades Thomas , Löbmann Korbinian
Published: August 2015

Objectives

Recently, co-amorphous drug–amino acid mixtures were introduced as a promising alternative to other amorphous stabilization approaches such as the use of polymers to form glass solutions. So far, these co-amorphous mixtures have been mainly prepared via vibrational ball milling on a lab scale. In this study, spray-drying was investigated as a scale up preparation method for co-amorphous indomethacin (IND)–amino acid mixtures. In addition, the physico-chemical properties of the different co-amorphous systems were investigated with respect to the amino acids' ability towards co-amorphous salt formation.

Methods

The mixtures were characterized for their solid state properties using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze molecular interactions. Furthermore, intrinsic dissolution behaviour, and physical stability at various storage conditions, were examined.

Key findings

Results showed that IND could be converted into an amorphous form in combination with the amino acids arginine (ARG), histidine (HIS) and lysine (LYS) by spray-drying. Solid state characterization revealed elevated glass transition temperatures for all mixtures compared with the pure amorphous drug due to co-amorphization with the amino acids. Furthermore, strong intermolecular interactions in the form of salt/partial salt formation between the drug and amino acids were seen for all blends. All mixtures were physically stable (>10 months) at room temperature and 40°C under dry conditions. Intrinsic dissolution of the co-amorphous mixtures showed an improved dissolution behaviour under intestinal pH conditions for IND–ARG compared with the crystalline and amorphous forms of the drug. On the other hand, IND–LYS and IND–HIS revealed no significant improvement in the intrinsic dissolution rate of IND due to recrystallization of IND during dissolution.

Conclusions

It could be shown that strong intermolecular interactions between drug and co-amorphous coformer that persist during the dissolution are crucial to prevent recrystallization and to enhance dissolution of a co-amorphous formulation.
Energy requirements for growth of pubertal female Saanen goats
Authors: Figueiredo F. O. M. , Berchielli T. T. , Resende K. T. , Gomes H. F. B. , Almeida A. K. , Sakomura N. K. , Teixeira I. A. M. A.
Published: August 2015

Previous research on energy requirements of female Saanen goats, using the factorial approach, has not considered the specific requirements for maintenance and growth during the pubertal phase. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate energy requirements for maintenance (Trial 1) and growth (Trial 2) of non‐pregnant and non‐lactating female Saanen goats at the pubertal phase from 30 to 45 kg. In Trial 1, the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were estimated using 18 female Saanen goats randomly assigned to three levels of intake: ad libitum, and 70% and 40% of ad libitum intake. These animals were pair‐fed in six slaughter groups, each consisting of one animal for each level of intake. In Trial 2, the net energy requirements for growth (NEg) were estimated using 18 female Saanen goats, which were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW of 30, 38 and 45 kg. The NEm was 52 kcal/kg0.75 of BW. The NEg increased from 3.5 to 4.7 Mcal/kg of BW gain as BW increased from 30 to 45 kg. Our results suggest that the guidelines of the major feeding systems for the entire growth phase may not be adequate for females at pubertal phase.
Heat stress effects on livestock: molecular, cellular and metabolic aspects, a review
Authors: Belhadj Slimen I. , Najar T. , Ghram A. , Abdrrabba M.
Published: August 2015

Elevated ambient temperatures affect animal production and welfare. Animal's reduced production performances during heat stress were traditionally thought to result from the decreased feed intake. However, it has recently been shown that heat stress disturbs the steady state concentrations of free radicals, resulting in both cellular and mitochondrial oxidative damage. Indeed, heat stress reorganizes the use of the body resources including fat, protein and energy. Heat stress reduces the metabolic rates and alters post‐absorptive metabolism, regardless of the decreased feed intake. Consequently, growth, production, reproduction and health are not priorities any more in the metabolism of heat‐stressed animals. The drastic effects of heat stress depend on its duration and severity. This review clearly describes about biochemical, cellular and metabolic changes that occur during thermal stress in farm animals.
Cyst‐motile stage relationship, morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of the gymnodinioid dinoflagellate Barrufeta resplendens comb. nov., formerly known as Gyrodinium resplendens, isolated from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Gu Haifeng , Luo Zhaohe , Mertens Kenneth Neil , Price Andrea Michelle , Turner Robert Eugene , Rabalais Nancy N.
Published: August 2015

In the present study, we redescribed Gyrodinium resplendens through incubation of process bearing cysts extracted from sediment collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The morphology and ultrastructure of the motile stage and cyst stage were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy and this revealed that the species should be transferred to the genus Barrufeta. This genus differs from other gymnodinioid genera in possessing a Smurf‐cap apical structure complex (ASC) and currently encompasses only one species, Barrufeta bravensis. B. resplendens shows a Smurf‐cap ASC that consists of three rows of elongated vesicles with small knobs in the middle one. B. resplendens is very similar to B. bravensis in cell morphology, but can be separated using the ultrastructure such as the shape and location of nucleus and pyrenoids, which highlights the importance of ultrastructure at inter‐specific level in the genus Barrufeta. The unique cysts of B. resplendens are brown and process bearing, and have a tremic archeopyle with a zigzag margin on the dorsal side of the epicyst, and not polar as in cysts of Polykrikos. The cysts do not survive the palynological treatment used here and probably have a wide distribution. Maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian inference were carried out based on partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences. Molecular phylogeny supports that the genus Barrufeta is monophyletic, and that the genus Gymnodinium is polyphyletic. Our results suggest that details of the ASC together with ultrastructure are potential features to subdivide the genus Gymnodinium.
The Use of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rTPA) in The Treatment of Fibrinous Pleuropneumonia in Horses: 25 Cases (2007–2012)
Authors: Tomlinson J.E. , Byrne E. , Pusterla N. , Magdesian K. Gary , Hilton H.G. , McGorum B. , Davis E. , Schoster A. , Arroyo L. , Dunkel B. , Carslake H. , Boston R.C. , Johnson A.L.
Published: August 2015

Background

Information about treatment protocols, adverse effects and outcomes with intrapleural recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) use in horses with fibrinous pleuropneumonia is limited.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Describe factors that contribute to clinical response and survival of horses treated with rTPA intrapleurally.

Animals

Horses with bacterial pneumonia and fibrinous pleural effusion diagnosed by ultrasonography, that were treated with rTPA intrapleurally.

Methods

Retrospective multicenter case series from 2007–2012. Signalment, history, clinical and laboratory evaluation, treatment, and outcome obtained from medical records. Regression analysis used to identify associations between treatments and outcomes.

Results

Thirty three hemithoraces were treated in 25 horses, with 55 separate treatments. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (375–20,000 μg/hemithorax) was administered 1–4 times. Sonographically visible reduction in fibrin mat thickness, loculations, fluid depth, or some combination of these was seen in 32/49 (65%) treatments. Response to at least 1 treatment was seen in 17/20 (85%) horses with sonographic follow‐up evaluation after every treatment. Earlier onset of rTPA treatment associated with increased survival odds. No association was found between cumulative rTPA dose or number of rTPA doses and survival, development of complications, duration of hospitalization or total charges. Clinical evidence of hypocoagulability or bleeding was not observed. Eighteen horses (72%) survived to discharge.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Treatment with rTPA appeared safe and resulted in variable changes in fibrin quantity and organization within the pleural space. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator could be a useful adjunct to standard treatment of fibrinous pleuropneumonia, but optimal case selection and dosing regimen remain to be elucidated.
Network Statistical Models for Language Learning Contexts: Exponential Random Graph Models and Willingness to Communicate
Authors: Gallagher H. Colin , Robins Garry
Published: August 2015

As part of the shift within second language acquisition (SLA) research toward complex systems thinking, researchers have called for investigations of social network structure. One strand of social network analysis yet to receive attention in SLA is network statistical models, whereby networks are explained in terms of smaller substructures of social ties. This article offers an overview and instructive demonstration of exponential random graph models as applied to a cohort of English for Academic Purposes students (N = 75) and their willingness to communicate in the second language (L2 WTC). Results indicate that cross‐cultural ties build off of intracultural ties through triadic closure (meeting through a mutual contact). Furthermore, situational subtypes of L2 WTC are associated with various network tie patterns.