bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Aromatherapy Application on the Vital Signs of Intensive Care Patients
Authors: BÜYÜKBAYRAM Zeliha , ZENGİN AYDIN Leyla , ARAÇ Eşref
Published: December 2021

Objective: This study aims to examine the effect of aromatherapy application on vital signs in intensive care patients. Material-Method: This study was carried out as a nonrandomized controlled experimental trial. The population consisted of inpatients in the internal medicine intensive care unit of a research and training hospital located in southeastern Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 100 patients. The data were collected between July 2018 and February 2019 using patient identification and monitoring forms. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-squared test, analysis of variance and post-hoc test were used in the analysis of the data.Results: The mean age of the experimental group patients was 66.84±20.53, 54.0% of them were female, 92.0% were married, 28.0% were literate, 78.0% were unemployed, and 74.0% had not been subjected to aromatherapy before; The mean age of the control group patients was 61.30±22.67, 52.0% of them were female, 82.0% were married, 30.0% were highschool graduates, 66.0% were unemployed, and 64.0% had not been subjected to aromatherapy before. It was found that the mean respiratory rate of the patients in the experimental group decreased significantly (p<0.05).Conclusion: It was determined that aromatherapy applied on the intensive care patients was not effective on their pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure or partial oxygen pressure, but it was effective in reducing their respiratory rate.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN IMMUNOMODULATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SHILAJATU
Authors: Singh Rohit , Kaushik Shreshtha , Yadav Pramod , Ruknuddin Galib , Prajapati Pradeep K. ,   Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Gautampuri, Sarita Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110 076, India
Published: December 2021

Ayurveda focuses upon preventing and promoting health along with curing of diseases in a systematic way. Ayurvedic literature has numerous single and compound plant-based, herbo-mineral, herbo-metallic formulations for general well being and in disease-specifi c conditions relating to geriatrics. Rasayana is a specialized branch that deals with the problems related to ageing and methods to counter the same. Shilajatu is one such compound, which has been used in Ayurveda for centuries as Rasayana and as a treatment for all the ailments of body. It is composed of mainly humic acid (60-80 %), and fulvic acid, oxygenated dibenzo- -pyrones and minerals in ionic form (20-40 %). This article is aimed at analyzing and disseminating the classical concepts and available published researches inferring antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of Shilajatu. The review reveals that Shilajatu exhibits signifi cant antioxidant, immunomodulatory, chelating, cognitive and memory enhancing activities, thus it could prove to be a panacea for mankind.
PRE-FORMULATION PROFILING OF ACECLOFENAC AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSITIVE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR ITS ASSESSMENT
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Guarve Kumar , Singh Ranjit ,   Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar - 135 001, Haryana, India
Published: December 2021

Pre-formulation studies are an integral part of formulation development. For the successful development of the formulation, it is essential to perform all the pre-formulation studies. The present work was aimed at systematically investigating the physicochemical properties of aceclofenac, a non-steroidal anti- infl ammatory drug used for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, osteo arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The studies included pre-formulation profi ling of the drug in order to fi nalize the excipients for the development of its delivery. Drug characterization was carried out for solubility in different solvent systems, pKa determination, bulk characterization, melting point, dissolution. Further, and some other parameters RP-HPLC method for estimation of the drug was developed and validated. Earlier methods were developed using C18 column for the estimation of drug content. In the present research, an attempt was made to develop and validate an analytical method using HILIC column. The pre-formulation profi ling of the drug was successfully done and a sensitive analytical method was also developed.
Measuring Walkability for More Liveable and Sustainable Cities
Authors: Akkar Ercan Muge , Belge Züleyha Sara
Published: December 2021

Walkability is of rising importance in planning and design circles. In Turkey and the world, it is increasingly recognized as an urban strategy to create healthy societies within sustainable and ‘liveable’ cities. Despite this interest, the extent to which Turkish cities are walkable remains questionable. Defining the performative features of walkability, this research offers a micro- scale walkability assessment model with eight qualitative and quantitative factors of urban design. Describing the model with its factors, this article first presents a research methodology, then explores the walkability level of the historic city centre of Mersin, specifically Ataturk and Uray Streets (AUS). Finally, it discusses the major planning and design strategies that can improve walkability and liveability level of the historic city centre of Mersin, and underlines the contributions the model can make to current planning practice with reference to inclusive, human-centred and flexible design approaches. The research concludes that a sensitive qualitative and quantitative assessment of walkability is necessary to identify the walkability level of urban space. Additionally, it suggests that a comprehensive, integrated, and multi-dimensional planning and design approach regarding micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale is required to develop holistic and integrated urban design strategies to achieve walkable, liveable and sustainable cities.
The Changing landscapes of Ankara
Authors: Çavdar Sert Selin , Baş Bütüner Funda
Published: December 2021

This article offers a critical reading of the changing landscapes of Ankara, exposing the still existing potential for framing integrative urban strategy-making. Ankara has undergone intense urban expansion since the 1950s, and like other cities, it is still dealing with large scale construction/destruction engendering dramatic landscape loss in various contexts and scales. Although change in the landscape is typical of urbanization, nature and landscape were largely undervalued in the implementation of urban development strategies in Ankara. Contradicting per capita green space policies, the well-structured urban landscape, including both natural and planned/designed landscapes from the Republican Period were fragmented and reduced. Valleys creating corridors for fresh air and offering a reserve for agriculture were engulfed by squatter houses, then by new housing projects; streams, defining a blue infrastructure accompanied by fertile lands were partially covered over or canalized. Furthermore, the landscape heritage of the early Republican Period, which played a key role in the modernization of societal and urban life, was also undervalued, while the urban park system has been diminished. This article identifies representative examples of fragmentation and loss of the landscape fabric, as well as the latent potential of the landscape to articulate a sustainability agenda for Ankara.
Against Jugaad
Authors: Kudva Neema , Kamath Deepa
Published: December 2021

This paper examines jugaad through the lens of design as problem-solving and a driver of innovation. We include a range of design disciplines that have spatial and material impacts from architecture and urban planning to product design. The paper starts with a brief description of the ways in which jugaad is currently understood, and then proceeds to make the case for why jugaad is neither quality design nor frugal innovation. Our argument draws on a wide-ranging survey of jugaad as an idea across several fields, a series of in-depth interviews where we asked our interlocutors to use examples of work to situate their responses, and our engagement with Charles and Ray Eames’ ideas on design process and pedagogy in The India Report (1958, rep. 1997). In doing so, we wish to not just be against jugaad but to go beyond it, reading it as a crucial component of the design and innovation process but not the design solution or innovation itself.
İslâm Ceza Hukuku Sahasındaki Ruhsat Örnekleri
Authors: Var Mehmet Ali
Published: December 2021

Azîmet ve ruhsat İslâm hukukunun önemli konuları arasında yer alır. Azîmet, bütün mükellefler için konulan genel hükümler; ruhsat ise gerekli şartların bulunması halinde kullara getirilen özel hükümlerdir. Müslüman durum ve şartlara göre her iki hükümle de amel edebilir. Ruhsatın uygulanması için bazı sebeplerin bulunması gerekir. Fakihler arasında sayıları farklı olarak değerlendirilen ruhsat sebeplerine dayanarak kullara bir takım kolaylıklar getirilmiştir. Mükellef, ruhsat sebepleri bulunduğu sürece bu ruhsatlarla amel etmeye devam eder ve bundan dolayı kınanamaz. Fıkhın üç temel alanı olan ibadetler, muamelât ve ukûbât sahasında birçok ruhsat örneği bulunmaktadır. Kaynağı itibariyle ilâhi bir hukuk olan ceza hukukundan suçlular, ruhsat hükümlerinden şartlarına göre faydalanabilirler. Bu çalışmada fıkıh kitaplarında dağınık halde bulunan şahitlik ve hâkimlik, bazı had cezalarının uygu- lanmaması ve meşru müdafaa halinde saldırganı öldürme ruhsat örnekleri bir araya getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İslâm hukukunda işlenen suç ve bu suça verilecek ceza arasında makul bir denge bulunur. Cezalandırma esas gaye olmayıp zarûreten başvurulan bir metottur. Suçu işleyen fail hukuktaki karşılığına göre cezalandırılır. Ancak öyle durumlar vardır ki mücrime bu cezalar tatbik edilemeyebilir. Dinimizde bunlara ruhsat denilir. Bu çerçevede makalemizde girişten sonra birinci bölümde azîmet ve ruhsatın tanımları, ikinci bölümde ruhsat sebepleri ile cezaların tatbikini engelleyen ruhsat örnekleri ele alınmıştır.
ANALISIS PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI BERDASARKAN SISTEM ACTIVITY BASED COSTING PADA USAHA TEMPE PAK ALI DI SAMARINDA
Authors: SARI TITIK YUNI PUSPITA
Published: December 2021

The formulation of the problem in this study is to find out how much the basic price per pack of tempe in the Tempe Pak Ali business if calculated using conventional methods and activity based costing method, what factors cause differences in the cost of production based on the system activity based costing with conventional methods in Mr. Ali's Tempe Business. The research method used is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The type of primary data obtained from interviews and direct observations on the Tempe Pak Ali Business. The results of this study are the cost of tempe production based on the activity based costing system of Rp. 8632.66 and conventional system based of Rp. 9,389.41. The conclusion of this study is the difference that occurs in determining the cost of production used by Tempe Pak Ali's Business with the activity based costing method due to the imposition of overhead costs produced by making tempe and conventional methods and ABC methods are different, so that the costs obtained can be greater or more small. The activity based costing method can be applied to Pak Ali's Tempe Business because using the ABC method requires lower costs than using conventional methods.
Improving Fire Safety by Understanding the Fire Performance of Engineered Floor Systems and Providing the Fire Service with Information for Tactical Decision Making
Authors:   UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Kerber Steve , Madrzykowski Daniel , Dalton James , Backstrom Robert
Published: December 2021

This research project was a collaboration of several research organizations, product manufacturers and fire service representatives to examine hazards associated with residential flooring systems to improve firefighter safety. Funding for this project was provided through the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Grant Program. The main objective of this study was to improve firefighter safety by increasing the level of knowledge on the response of residential flooring systems to fire. Several types (or series) of experiments were conducted and analyzed to expand the body of knowledge on the impact of fire on residential flooring systems. The results of the study have been prepared to provide tactical considerations for the fire service to enable improved decision making on the fire scene. Experiments were conducted to examine several types of floor joists including, dimensional lumber, engineered I-joists, metal plate connected wood trusses, steel C-joists, castellated I-joists and hybrid trusses. Experiments were performed at multiple scales to examine single floor system joists in a laboratory up through a full floor system in an acquired structure. Applied load, ventilation, fuel load, span and protection methods were altered to provide important information about the impact of these variables to structural stability and firefighter safety. There are several tactical considerations that result from this research that firefighters can use immediately to improve their understanding, safety and decision making when sizing up a fire in a one or two family home.   This report summarizes the results from each of the experimental series and provides discussion and conclusions of the results.
A semi-implicit multiple-nested grid model for simulation of flow in a tropical storm
Authors: MANDAL J.C.
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT .A three-layer three-dimensional, triply-nested primitive equation model. suitable to simulate tropical storm, has been designed. A grid telescopic technique has been used with a fine grid mesh of 18 km grid length in the centre which is surrounded by a medium mesh of 54 km grid length; this is again surrounded by a course grid mesh of 162 km grid length. Each mesh consists of 32 X 32 array of momentum points enclosing 31 X 31 array of mass points. The variables are staggered in space which reduces the amount of averaging to a minimum and hence improves accuracy. To suppress non-linear instability an improved finite difference scheme has been applied. A two-way interaction method has been adopt to match the solutions between grids of different lengths. To increase the time step for integration, a semi-implicit scheme has been used. The speed of the solution of the system of Helmholtz equations arising out of semi-implicit scheme has been appreciably increased by devising an iterative method. To examine the role of surface friction as postulated by Yamasaki (1977) and forced subsidence as hypothesized by Arnold (1977), Gray (1977) and Yanai (1961) at the initial stage of development of a tropical storm. numerical experiments have been accomplished with this model varying coefficient of surface drag. and specifying heat around the centre of the to disturbance which is considered as the effect of forced subsidence through an analytical function similar to one used by Harrison (1973). The integration was started from a weak barotropic vortex in &r8dient balance en and continued for 48 hours in two cases and 60 hours in one case. It is observed that surface friction may not be an essential factor at the initial stage of development of tropical storm when the vortex is weak. On the  other  hand, initial development could be initiated by forced subsidence. But in the subsequent stage, surface friction plays an important role to induce mass convergence in the boundary layer and to reduce horizontal of the disturbance. This preliminary experiment has yielded smooth and encouraging results.
Effect of temperature and sunshine on the productivity of rice crop
Authors: SASTRI A. S. R. A. S. , RAI S. K. , SRIVASTAVA A. K. , CHAUDHARY J. L.
Published: December 2021

Based on the experimental work with 8 different thermal and light environments, the effect of temperature and sunshine on rice crop (var : IR-36) was studied. It was found that the rice crop grown during winter/summer season experience, extremes of minimum temperature at seedling and vegetative stages and extemes of maximum temperature at reproductive and maturity stages.  Correlation coeffcients between the grain yield and maximum and minimum temperature growing degree days and total number of sunshine hours at each of the growth stages.viz:. seedling.  vegetative. reproductive and maturity stages were worked out.                            

Multiple regression equation was worked out with 5 parameters upto vegetative stage to  predict the  grain yield of rice
Analysis of pre-monsoon thunderstorm frequency over Srlniketan, Alipore and Kalaikunda -The possible association with solar activity
Authors: KAR INDRANI , BONDYOPADHAYA R.
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT -General characteristic features of thunderstorm frequency (TSF) observed during (1951-89) during pre-monsoon season at Sriniketan (23°39'N, 87"42'E), Alipore (22° 32'N, 88"20'E) and Kalaikunda (21°20'N, 87" 13'E) have been studied. It is seen that premonsoon TSF follows a rough periodicity 0f 6.6) year. For Kalaikunda (KLK) there is an overal1 upward trend and for Sriniketan (SKT) an overall downward trend; whereas, for Alipore (ALP) the trend pattern remains practically constant. The maximum TSF attained by all these three stations is nearly twice that of mean TSF of respective stations.

The solar influence on the frequency of thunderstorm (TS) has been investigated and found to be interesting. TSF over SKT and KLK attained minimum value while that over ALP was near minimum during 1957; which in turn was the year of maximum sunspot (SS) number over the entire period of analysis. Now in general, if we take SS number and TSF of same year and calculate correlation coefficient (CC) considering all the years. i.e., taking SS without any restriction, the CC comes out to be quite small. But the result is just the reverse when the TSF value of those years is considered when SS number is higher. In particular when SS number exceeds some critical value (~140), TSF decreases sharply.

The effect of solar sub-cycle, 11-yearcycle and 22-yearcycle un TS has also been discussed. It is seen that during min-max sub-phases, mean TSF is comparatively higher than its value in neighbouring max-min sub-phases and also it is in opposite phase in relation with mean SS. During 11-yearcycle also in most of the cases an opposite phase relationship exists between mean TSF and mean SS.
Calculation of crosswind integrated concentration by using different dispersion schemes
Authors: ESSA KHALED S. M. , GHOBRIAL REFAAT A. R. , MINA A. N. , HIGAZY MAMDOUH
Published: December 2021

The Gaussian model is the most extensively used model for local dispersion. The Gaussian formula for a continuous release from a point source (GPM) is integrated to get crosswind integrated concentration. Different schemes such as Irwin, power law, Briggs, Standard method, and split sigma theta method can be used to obtain integrated concentration. Also downwind speed in power law, plume rise and Statistical measures are used in the model to know which is the best scheme agrees with the observed concentration data obtained from Copenhagen, Denmark.
Analysis of rainfall and temperatures for climatic trend in Kullu valley
Authors: JANGRA SUMAN , SINGH MOHAN
Published: December 2021

Kullu valley is famous for tourism and agricultural activities but recently it has assumed importance for studies on climatic variability. There is an increasing trend in minimum and maximum temperatures but no trend in annual rainfall. The slope of regression line for annual rainfall was negative at Bajaura and positive at Katrain but both were non significant. The coefficient of variation for annual rainfall (22 %) and for monsoon rainfall (33 %) was showing the consistence of annual and southwest monsoon rainfall but, a shifting of monsoon from its wettest months was observed. The rainfall was most variable during post monsoon season at Bajaura and in winter at Katrain. The decreasing rate in rainfall was higher during the recent period than the decadal period. Monthly, seasonal and annual average minimum temperature was showing decreasing trend at Bajaura and an increasing trend at Katrain, but, maximum temperature is increasing at both the stations. The minimum temperature was most variable during the winter season whereas the maximum temperature was during summer. Higher the altitude higher the variability in minimum temperature but lower the altitude higher the variability in maximum temperature. Both maximum and minimum temperatures were showing a higher rate of increasing during the recent period.
Prediction of solar radiation with air temperature data in a coastal location in Tamilnadu
Authors: MUGRAPAN A. , SIVAPRAKASAN SUBBARAYAN , MOHAN S.
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Hargreaves’ Radiation formula in estimating daily solar radiation for an Indian coastal location namely Annamalainagar in Tamilnadu State. Daily solar radiation by Hargreaves’ Radiation formula was computed using the observed data of maximum temperature, Tmax and minimum temperature, Tmin, sourced from the India Meteorological Observatory located at Annamalainagar and employing the adjustment coefficient KRS of 0.19. Daily solar radiation was also computed using Angstrom-Prescott formula with the measured daily sunshine hour data. The differences between the daily solar radiation values computed using the formulae were more pronounced in year around. Hence, the adjustment coefficient KRS is calibrated for the study location under consideration so that the calibrated KRS could be used to better predict daily solar radiation and hence better estimation of reference evapotranspiration.
Thunderstorm climatology over northeast and adjoining east India
Authors: SINGH CHARAN , MOHAPATRA M. , BANDYOPADHYAY B.K. , TYAGI AJIT
Published: December 2021

In this study an attempt has been made to develop climatology of thunderstorm, hail and squall over the northeast and adjoining east India region based on data of 26 India Meteorological Department (IMD) observatories for the months of April and May during 1981-2008. The data of 8 Indian Air Force (IAF) observatories in these regions which are available for the period of 1991-2008 have also been considered. The interannual & intraseasonal variation, climate change aspects and diurnal variation of occurrence of thunderstorms have been analysed and discussed.
The frequency and time of occurrence of thunderstorm, hail and squall days over the region show large spatial variation. The orographically dominant regions as well as the coastal areas are more prone for such activity. There is increasing trend in number of thunderstorm days over some parts of south coastal Orissa and coastal West Bengal and decreasing trend over some parts of north coastal Orissa, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura in recent years.
Analysis of weekly rainfall of different period during rainy season over Safdarjung airport of Delhi for 20th century – A study on trend, decile and decadal analysis
Authors: CHAND RAMESH , SINGH U.P. , SINGH Y.P. , KORE P.A.
Published: December 2021

The analysis of weekly rainfall and of different period during rainy season of Safdarjang airport using techniques like trend and decile have been attempted. Decadal analysis is also attempted to see any changes during the entire period. Rainy season is defined as rainfall received from week no. 23rd to 38th. Weekly rainfall data for period 1901 to 2000 is utilized for this location. As week is a shorter period to analyze rainfall for the season groups of different periods consisting of 4 weeks such as 1-4 as ‘A’, 5-8 as ‘B’ and so on up to ‘D’ is formed. For study of progressive season combination of groups such as ‘A+B’, A+B+C and ‘A+B+C+D’ are also subjected to analysis as done for weekly as well for group.

The average weekly rainfall distribution indicates very high positive value of coefficient of correlation (0.94) significant at 1% level. The coefficient variation (C.V.) of weekly average rainfall shows consistency from decade 5th to 8th and 10th. Profile of average C.V. of weekly rainfall for 100 years shows consistency from week 4 to 11. Week no. 8 shows peak of rainfall. Overall decile analysis of weekly rainfall shows increasing tendency from week no. 1 to 8 for all deciles and then decreasing tendency from week no. 9 on words for all decile values. Trend analysis of group ‘C’ shows significant positive tendency with correlation as +0.20 significant at 5% level. However trend analysis of deciles of all groups shows very high C.C. around +0.95 at 1% level. Trend analysis of combination of groups shows positive trend for A+B+C and for A+B+C+D with a C.C. of 0.25 and 0.20 at 5% level. Trend of deciles for these groups also shows very high C.C. values around +0.95 at 1% level. Average, excess and deficient rainfall seen at Safdarjung airport is 5th, 7th and 4th decile with values as 594, 708 and 472 mm respectively. Analysis of two halves of century, viz., 1901-50 and 1951-2000 shows no significant trend.
Spatial variability of daily rainfall over northeast India during summer monsoon season
Authors: MOHAPATRA M. , BISWAS H.R. , SAWAISARJE G.K.
Published: December 2021

The summer monsoon rainfall over northeast India shows characteristic spatial and temporal variability due to the interaction of basic monsoon flow with orography and the synoptic scale systems developing over Indian region. The aim of this study is to find out the main features of spatial variability of daily monsoon rainfall over northeast India and associated synoptic systems. The principal component analysis (PCA) is a good tool to filter out the main components from the noise and this is applied to daily monsoon rainfall (June-September) data of 50 almost uniformly distributed stations of northeast India over a period of 10 years (1991-2000). The association of synoptic systems with significant principal components (PC) has been confirmed by analyzing daily synoptic systems over northeast India and neighbourhood during the same period.

Eight PCs explaining about 46% of the total variance of daily monsoon rainfall over northeast India are significant and can be attributed to different physical processes. The first PC associated with good monsoon condition over northeast India may be attributed to low over Sub Himalayan West Bengal (SHWB). Similarly, the second PC may be attributed to good monsoon condition due to low level cyclonic circulation (cycir) over East Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh (EMPC), third PC to good monsoon condition due to depression over Bihar, fourth PC to good monsoon condition due to low level cycir over Arunachal Pradesh, fifth and sixth PCs to weak monsoon condition due to low over west central Bay and cycir extending upto mid tropospheric level (MTL) over North Coastal Andhra Pradesh respectively, seventh and eighth PCs to rainfall activity due to cycir extending upto MTL over Bangladesh and northwest Bay respectively.

According to rotation of these significant PCs in S-mode, northeast India consists of eight homogeneous regions with the rainfall over each region being dominantly associated with one significant PC.
Intensity and isoseismal map of 25th November 2007 Delhi earthquake
Authors: PRAKASH RAJESH , SINGH R.K. , SHUKLA A.K. , SINGH D. , RANA B.S. , JARYAL J.S. , BHATNAGAR A.K. , BALI S.
Published: December 2021

An earthquake of magnitude ML: 4.3 occurred on 25th November 2007 (2312 UTC) in Delhi with hypocenter at 28.56° N / 77.08° E and focal depth 33.1 km. The epicenter was at about 21 km SW of Delhi University. It was widely felt in and around Delhi and created panic among the local populace. A macroseismic survey was conducted in about ten days starting from 27th November, 2007 at 89 locations covering an area of about 1500 sq. km in Delhi and its neighborhood through a questionnaire. The results of the macroseismic survey allowed establishment of spatial distribution of the earthquake effects in the form of isoseismal map generated using geo-statistical analysis tool of ArcGIS 9.1. The isoseismal map shows that most parts of Delhi region experienced an intensity of V on MMI scale, except on northern most region of Delhi where intensity was found IV. The mean isoseismal radii for the zones V, IV, III and II are 29.13, 57.78, 83.63 and 100.75 km, respectively. The orientation of elongated epicentral track of intensity field shows that the stress release was pronounced along Delhi-Sargodha ridge and earthquake was attributed to activities of this ridge.
Chemical characterization of rainwater at Akkalkuwa, India
Authors: SALVE P.R. , GOBRE T. , KRUPADAM R.J. , SHASTRY S. , BANSIWAL A. , WATE S.R.
Published: December 2021

The chemical composition of rainwater changes from place to place and region to region under the influence of several major factors, viz., topography, its distance from sea and overall rainfall pattern. The present study investigated the chemical composition of precipitation at Akkalkuwa, district Nandurbar, in the State Maharashtra during southwest monsoon. The rainwater samples were collected on event basis during June-September 2008 and were analyzed for pH, major anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4). The pH varied from 6.0 and 6.8 with an average of 6.29 ± 0.23 indicating alkaline nature and dominance of Ca in precipitation. The relative magnitude of major ions in precipitation follows the pattern as Ca>Cl>Na>SO4>NO3>HCO3>NH4>Mg>K>F>H. The Neutralization factor (NF) was found to be NFCa = 0.95, NFNH4 = 0.31, NFMg = 0.27 and NFK = 0.08 indicating below cloud process in which crustal components are responsible for neutralization of anions. Significant correlation of NH4 with SO4 and NO3 was observed with correlation coefficient of r = 0.79 and 0.75, respectively.
Efeito do risco de crédito no desempenho financeiro das cooperativas de crédito de livre admissão brasileiras
Authors: Azevedo Stella Fernanda de , Gonçalves Rosiane Maria Lima , Ribeiro Lucas
Published: December 2021

As Cooperativas de Crédito têm se destacado no Sistema Financeiro Nacional pelo seu potencial de crescimento em momentos de crise e por terem se tornado um importante instrumento de desenvolvimento econômico devido à oferta de taxas de juros menores e à facilidade de acesso ao crédito. Porém, o aumento da concessão de crédito, consequentemente aumenta o risco de crédito da cooperativa. A relação risco de crédito e desempenho financeiro é um tema bastante estudado e ainda muito controverso perante aos diversos resultados obtidos pelos pesquisadores. Nesse sentido, utilizando uma amostra de 263 Cooperativas de Crédito de Livre Admissão, este estudo analisou a relação entre o risco de crédito e o retorno, no período de 2014 a 2018. Foi possível verificar por meio da regressão de dados em painel que o risco de crédito deve ser considerado fator determinante no desempenho financeiro das cooperativas de crédito de livre admissão, sendo o provisionamento para crédito de liquidação duvidosa negativamente relacionado com o retorno sobre o ativo (ROA) e com o retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido (ROE) das cooperativas analisadas. Sendo assim, uma gestão adequada do risco de crédito é fundamental para garantir a sobrevivência e o crescimento das cooperativas.
Peculiarities of Water Drop Dynamics in the Flow Behind Shock Wave
Authors: M. Boiko Viktor , V. Poplavski Sergey
Published: December 2021

The results of experimental and theoretical study of initial stage of water drop velocity relaxation in the flow behind shock wave are reported in the paper. The conditions of two known modes of drop interaction with flow were modeling: 1) sheet stripping mode; 2) wave crest stripping mode. The range of Weber number 200 < We < 5000 was investigated, which take place at the flow Mach number 0,15–0,55. Physical model of early stage of drop velocity relaxation is suggested for the linear approach of the cross-section size growth. Satisfactory agreement of the model with the experiments is shown.
Determination of the limits of stable combustion at high supersonic flow velocities in a channel
Authors: V. Starov Alexey
Published: December 2021

In this paper, analysis of existing methods application of criterial description of ignition conditions and combustion break-out for summarizing of experimental results is carried out. Experimental results are obtained at investigations of hydrogen combustion in combustor with high supersonic speed of airflow. For these conditions selection of several criterions was substantiated and they have a good agreement with new experimental results. At the same time complexity of determination of experimental physical parameters, which are included in criterions, do not allow confidently to apply them for prediction of steady-state combustion limits. Therefore further accumulation of experimental data and development of measurement methods are necessary for accurate criterions obtaining.
Subsonic Round and Plane Jets in the Transversal Acoustic Field
Authors: Kozlov Viktor V. , Grek Genrich R. , Litvinenko Yuriy A. , Kozlov Grigory V. , Litvinenko Maria V.
Published: December 2021

Results of the experimental studies of the subsonic round and plane both the macro and micro-jets are reported. The new phenomenon associated with transformation of the round micro-jets into the plane micro-jets under effect of a transversal acoustic field is revealed. It is shown, that its downstream development is determined by the sinusoidal instability mechanism of the plane jet. The disintegration phenomenon of the micro-jets on two jets developing separately from each other is revealed. It is found, that two new micro-jets are spreaded under a definite angle to each other and subjected by high-frequency secondary instability. It is shown, that sinusoidal instability of a plane jet is saved for macro and microjets both with acoustic and without acoustic effect. It is found, that the pseudo plane micro-jet at the presence of an acoustic field demonstrates presence in it of the vortex structures and dependence of the jet splitting angle from the frequency acoustic. The new phenomenon, so-called twist of a plane of a micro-jet on its edges in direction of the stream velocity vector created by a transversal acoustic field is revealed. It is shown, that process of the micro-jet twist result in a stupor of the jet downstream development and delay of its turbulisation. It is found, that sinusoidal instability of the round microjet depends on a direction of the acoustic field vector while the plane micro-jet does not depend. It is shown, that the new phenomena detected during investigations of a development both the round and plane micro-jet are stipulated by commensurability of the transversal acoustic field energy with the micro-jets energy.
Some Features of Pulse-Periodic Energy Supply in Supersonic Flow
Authors: Zudov Vladimir N. , Tretyakov Pavel K. , Tupikin Andrey V.
Published: December 2021

In the present work, the results of numerical and experimental investigations of supersonic flows with a localized energy supply are considered. The energy supply region (the heat source) was formed by the plasma created by a focused pulsed-periodic laser emission either by combustion in the separation zone upstream of the blunted body. The main attention is paid to the unsteady effects the role of which is determining at the integral flow structure formation. A physical model of energy source is formulated. The numerical and experimental data on the structure of the flow around the source and the characteristics of a thermal wake arising behind the source are compared. The energy pulses frequency and capacity are shown to determine the wake properties: the formation and development of subsonic regions, vortex structures, and reverse flow regions. It follows from an analysis of the aerodynamic drag variation at a flow with a thermal wake of the energy supply source around blunt bodies that the energy and pulse as well as its duration are the main parameters determining the efficiency of the frequency effect. A high sensitivity of the results to the physical model accepted in numerical investigation is shown. The pressure variation dynamics on a conical surface is presented versus the frequency of pulses. Comparison with experiment has shown a good quantitative agreement.
Experimental Study of Shock Wave / Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction
Authors: Vereshchagin Anton S. , Zinoviev Vitaliy N. , Pak Alexey Yu. , Kazanin Ivan V. , Fomina Anna F. , Lebiga Vadim A. , Fomin Vasiliy M.
Published: December 2021

The experimental and theoretical investigation of the process of helium permeation by hollow permeable solid particles (microspheres) was done. Mathematical model of this process was derived using the assumption of instant diffusion and nonlinear filtration law of gas through a particle shell. The comparison of experimental data and simulation of the process was made, the characteristic times of the process of helium permeation by microspheres were obtained.
Terahertz Coherent Scanning Probe Microscope
Authors: Trukhin Valeriy N. , N. Zinov’ev Nikolay , Andrianov Aleksandr V. , Samoilov Leonid L. , Golubok Aleksandr O. , Felshtyn Mikhail L. , Sapozhnikov Ivan D. , Bykov Viktor A. , Trukhin Aleksandr V.
Published: December 2021

We present the terahertz (THz) scanning probe microscope which combines a THz coherent spectrometer and a scanning probe microscope. It detects forward-scattered radiation and employs harmonic signal demodulation to extract the signal of near-field contribution to scattering of THz electromagnetic waves
Terahertz Tomography of Low Contrast Objects: Algorithms and Experimental Measurements
Authors: Pickalov Valeriy V. , Balandin Aleksandr L. , Rodionov Dmitriy G. , Vlasenko Maxim G. , Knyazev Boris A.
Published: December 2021

In this paper numerical modeling of tomography projections measurements is done and the iterative algorithm of diffraction tomography is developed for reconstruction of images of objects. Generalization of one of the most perspective algorithms of iterative type, – algorithm Gerchberg-Papoulis (G-P), from ray tomography to diffraction tomography, is evolved. Experimental methods of tomographical projections acquisition in a THz range are constructed
Thin Diaphragm in the Rectangular Waveguide
Authors: D. Chernousov Yuriy , E. Levichev Alexey , M. Pavlov Vyacheslav , K. Shamuilov Georgiy
Published: December 2021

This paper presents description of single diaphragm in the rectangular waveguide in the plane of the geometric diaphragm location. Relations to define diaphragm characteristics are obtained and compared with measured data. Such diaphragm presentation allows us relatively easy to describe bandpass characteristics of single cavity or system of several connected cavities by scattered wave method
Electromigration of Silicon Adatoms on Silicon (111) Surface
Authors: E. Rodyakina Ekaterina , S. Kosolobov Sergey , V. Latyshev Aleksandr
Published: December 2021

Existence of adatom gradient concentration on surface between step bunches was shown under sublimation, homoepitaxial growth and near equilibrium conditions on silicon (111) surface at above 900 ºС by means of in situ ultrahigh vacuum reflection electron microscopy and ex situ atomic force microscopy. It is experimentally confirmed that adatom have negative (at 1 100 ºС) and positive (at 1 300 ºС) effective charge. We found out the sign of adatom effective charge independent on the supersaturation volume on the surface. On the hasement of experimental data we evaluated the effective charge of adatom at 1 280ºС; this quantity is placed between 0,07 ± 0,01 and 0,17 ± 0,02 of electron unit
Thermophysical Properties Measurements of Graphite Composites for the Neutron Target Converter
Authors: I. Zhmurikov Evgeny , V. Savchenko Igor , V. Stankus Sergey , Tecchio L.
Published: December 2021

Measurements thermalphysic characteristics are carried out for the industrial graphites traditionally used in nuclear engineering, such as MPG-6 or SGL from Carbon Group, and for the first synthesized graphite composite on the basis of an isotope of carbon 13С. Measurements were carried out in a range of temperatures from room up to 1 400 оС by a method of laser flash on installation LFA-427 of firm Netzsch (Germany). These results are compared to the received earlier data of the X-Ray analysis and high-resolution electron microscopy and can be used in thermal calculations of a design of a graphite target of the neutron converter with use of program ANSYS
Reflections from Robotic Coding Trainer Training: Teacher Opinions
Authors: AVCI Ümmühan , BAŞARAN Rıza
Published: December 2021

In this study, it is aimed to examine how the teachers evaluated the robotic coding trainer training they received, the problems in the training, how they transferred the training to their lessons and their opinions on the practices. Seventeen teachers working at the Ministry of National Education in Ankara and receiving "Robotic Coding Trainer Training" participated in this research, which was designed as a qualitative case study. The data were collected by preparing a semi-structured interview form consisting of 15 questions in line with the purpose of the study. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. According to the results of the research, it is seen that teachers participate in this training because it supports the education process and contributes to their personal development. It has been observed that teachers receive training to teach students, apart from peer training, which is the main purpose of trainer training. When the positive opinions of the teachers about the robotic coding education were examined, the themes of contribution to personal development, information about robotic education, acquiring programming skills, cooperation and reward emerged. Inadequate time, inadequacy of materials and application were reflected as negative opinions. With the results of this research, it is aimed to contribute to the training of trainers, one of the most important aims of which is dissemination.
transformaciones urbanísticas como recurso pedagógico para el estudio de la historia local de Córdoba, en la formación del futuro profesorado de Educación Primaria
Authors: López serrano Miguel Jesús , Guerrero Elecalde Rafael
Published: December 2021

La imagen que tenemos del pasado en muchas ocasiones es una idea confusa y con múltiples acepciones. Normalmente solemos entenderlo como un recurso que pertenece al patrimonio de las personas y las sociedades a lo largo de la historia. Así pues, se hace perentoria la necesidad de que los futuros docentes estén capacitados y capacitadas tanto en materias transversales u optativas de Educación Medioambiental como en la consecución de los objetivos de etapa, área y los contenidos de las diferentes asignaturas que contribuyan a explicar y comprender el concepto del pasado más reciente a través de propuestas didácticas en el alumnado.
The Composition “Archangel Michael Takes the Soul of the Rich” in the Iconographic Program of the Temples from Southwestern Bulgaria
Authors:   SWU “Neofit Rilski” – Blagoevgrad Bulgaria, Pencheva Zhana
Published: December 2021

The article examines the composition Archangel Michael takes the soul of the rich in fifteen Orthodox churches from the territory of Southwestern Bulgaria. The scenes are frescoed by representatives of various art centers. They date mainly from the middle and second half of the XIX century. The analysis of the iconographic program reveals the interest of local painters in this plot and its place in interior decoration.
Boris Denev and „The Drawing Lessons in Primary Schools“
Authors:   ", Teofilova Marina ,   St. Cyril and Methodius",   University of Veliko Tarnovo
Published: December 2021

After the Liberation, education in Bulgaria became the work of the Ministry of Education, which at that time determined the cultural and educational policy of the society. At the beginning of the twentieth century the different education of teachers in Bulgaria, the lack of experience and traditions in the teaching of drawing, lead to the use of almost all methods known from the geometric copying system and the experience of foreign countries such as drawing on a grid, drawing on stigmographed sheets, drawing on “templates”, drawing on patterns, drawing on dictation, in tact and others. In this method, at the process of learning the student is required to accurately reproduce a certain image (decorative composition, abstract geometric shapes or real objects). The means and ways of copying are determined by the gradual development of the methodology, by the emergence of new pedagogical views and requirements to the learning process. Some of the most zealous opponents of the geometric-copying system in our country are Otto Horeyshi, Dimitar Daskalov, Dobri Hristov, Stoyan Chakarov, Konstantin Svrakov, teachers Georgi Palashev, Ivan Strelukhov, Boris Denev, Atanas Chesmedjiev, Petar Angelov and many others. United in their opposition of outdated and stereotyped teaching methods, however, their views differ on the future of art education and the drawing as a subject of teaching. At the beginning of the century Boris Denev became popular with his reformist ideas related to the creative nature of art education. Based on his experience as a primary school teacher, he was the first in Bulgaria who bring out aesthetic education as the main goal of art teaching.
On the Border: Bulgarian Art in the 60s of the 20th Century Faced at a New Choice
Authors:   National Art Academy, Bulgaria, Andirkova Mariya
Published: December 2021

The representation examines the complex choices that artists must make in the 60s of the last century in the face of strict control and liberal demagoguery. Some decide to accept the regime’s demands unconditionally, others are willing to cooperate with the hope that in time they will continue to develop their own aesthetics, but there are a few who do not accept to serve the system and remain in their personal world rich in inventions, enduring all misfortunes. In this different behaviour is the picture of Bulgarian art in this dramatic decade, which gave impetus to the subsequent development of new strategies in changing social and psychological conditions.
On the Influence of the Esoteric Literature of the XX Century on Abstractionism: An Unusual Point of View
Authors:   BAS, Bulgaria, Popova Vyara
Published: December 2021

Through her study Matic offers a provocative and risky speculative vision of the influence of the Blavatsky’s anthroposophical tradition of on the formation of abstractionism under Kandinsky. Only by following the course of her exposition, accompanied by evidential pictorial material, do we succeed in convincing ourselves of the validity of the hypothesis she has developed and its transformation into a thesis.
The Symbolism of Colors in Art – Traditions and Modernity
Authors:   National Art Academy, Bulgaria, Dimcheva Maya
Published: December 2021

The colors in art have always influenced the human consciousness through the power of the symbolism embedded in them from ancient times to the present. Some color values from the past are preserved for a long period of time, while others are transformed with a certain meaning in time, depending on various factors such as religion, cultural traditions, geographical location, etc. In modern times, the symbolic meaning of color is rethought with a new content, often uniting those laws that were once the basis of ancient knowledge.
The Sky, Sun, Moon and Stars in The Renaissance Churches Wood Carving from Southwestern Bulgaria (Semantic aspects)
Authors:   Sout-West University of Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria, Markov Vasil
Published: December 2021

The study presents images of the sky, sun, moon and stars in Christian art from Southwestern Bulgaria. Emphasis is placed on the semantics of the images and the cultural and historical layers in them. The author has studied the connection between the images of the celestial bodies and the beliefs about them from the Bulgarian folk mythology.