bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Canada Entitled to the Arctic?
Authors: Moore Margaret
Published: October 2019

This article is interested in the general question of what justifies territorial rights over unoccupied places, including places that are not occupied but are situated within the territorial borders of a state. This question arises because one of the most common defenses of rights over territory makes use of the idea of occupancy and has difficulty explaining such rights in places that are not occupied. It explores this question through an examination of the claims and arguments in the Canadian Arctic, which provides an historically specific test case for the merits and plausibility of the various arguments appealed to. It argues that territorial rights in unoccupied places, including the Canadian Arctic, are justified on different grounds than in occupied parts of the territory, and that the justification also affects the kinds of rights—particularly over resources—that such states can claim.
Gene Editing for the EU Agrifood: Risks and Promises in Science Regulation
Authors: LEONE Luca
Published: October 2019

In today’s innovation-driven agrifood domain, the perspective of using so-called New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) on both non-human animals and plants calls into question the regulatory approach (process/product-based) to be used, while asking for a critical reflection on the potential impact of products on the industrial sector and citizens. A possible reconfiguration of European (EU) discipline will have to grapple with not only agrifood market’s interests and needs, but mostly and primarily with the growing quest for public and participatory discussion on the current dominant vision on life sciences. Only through restoring visibility to the intertwining of knowledge production will it be possible to obtain EU governance of gene editing that is more authoritatively reliable from a scientific stance, as well as more transparently discussed and democratically shared at legal and policy level.
High versus low intensity: What is the optimal approach to prospective audit and feedback in an antimicrobial stewardship program?
Authors: Langford Bradley J. , Brown Kevin A. , Chan April J. , Downing Mark
Published: October 2019

Background:

Antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) interventions, such as prospective audit and feedback (PAF), have been shown to reduce antimicrobial use and improve patient outcomes. However, the optimal approach to PAF is unknown.

Objective:

We examined the impact of a high–intensity interdisciplinary rounds–based PAF compared to low–intensity PAF on antimicrobial use on internal medicine wards in a 400–bed community hospital.

Methods:

Prior to the intervention, ASP pharmacists performed low–intensity PAF with a focus on targeted antibiotics. Recommendations were made directly to the internist for each patient. High–intensity, rounds–based PAF was then introduced sequentially to 5 internal medicine wards. This PAF format included twice–weekly interdisciplinary rounds, with a review of all internal medicine patients receiving any antimicrobial agent. Antibiotic use and clinical outcomes were measured before and after the transition to high–intensity PAF. An interrupted time–series analysis was performed adjusting for seasonal and secular trends.

Results:

With the transition from low–intensity to high–intensity PAF, a reduction in overall usage was seen from 483 defined daily doses (DDD)/1,000 patient days (PD) during the low–intensity phase to 442 DDD/1,000 PD in the high–intensity phase (difference, −42; 95% confidence interval [CI], −74 to −9). The reduction in usage was more pronounced in the adjusted analysis, in the latter half of the high intensity period, and for targeted agents. There were no differences seen in clinical outcomes in the adjusted analysis.

Conclusions:

High–intensity PAF was associated with a reduction in antibiotic use compared to a low–intensity approach without any adverse impact on patient outcomes. A decision to implement high–intensity PAF approach should be weighed against the increased workload required.
The devil is in the details: Factors influencing hand hygiene adherence and contamination with antibiotic-resistant organisms among healthcare providers in nursing facilities
Authors: Mills John P. , Zhu Ziwei , Mantey Julia , Hatt Savannah , Patel Payal , Kaye Keith S. , Gibson Kristen , Cassone Marco , Lansing Bonnie , Mody Lona
Published: October 2019

Background:

Antibiotic-resistant organism (ARO) colonization rates in skilled nursing facilities (NFs) are high; hand hygiene is crucial to interrupt transmission. We aimed to determine factors associated with hand hygiene adherence in NFs and to assess rates of ARO acquisition among healthcare personnel (HCP).

Methods:

HCP were observed during routine care at 6 NFs. We recorded hand hygiene adherence, glove use, activities, and time in room. HCP hands were cultured before and after patient care; patients and high-touch surfaces were cultured. HCP activities were categorized as high-versus low-risk for self-contamination. Multivariable regression was performed to identify predictors of hand hygiene adherence.

Results:

We recorded 385 HCP observations and paired them with cultures performed before and after patient care. Hand hygiene adherence occurred in 96 of 352 observations (27.3%) before patient care and 165 of 358 observations (46.1%) after patient care. Gloves were worn in 169 of 376 observations (44.9%). Higher adherence was associated with glove use before patient care (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–4.54) and after patient care (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.77–5.48). Compared with nurses, certified nurse assistants had lower hand hygiene adherence (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15–0.67) before patient care and physical/occupational therapists (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11–0.44) after patient care. Hand hygiene varied by activity performed and time in the room. HCP hands were contaminated with AROs in 35 of 385 cultures of hands before patient care (0.9%) and 22 of 350 cultures of hands after patient care (6.3%).

Conclusions:

Hand hygiene adherence in NFs remain low; it is influenced by job title, type of care activity, and glove use. Hand hygiene programs should incorporate these unique care and staffing factors to reduce ARO transmission.
Laminar–turbulent transition in channel flow with superhydrophobic surfaces modelled as a partial slip wall
Authors: Picella Francesco , Robinet J.-Ch. , Cherubini S.
Published: October 2019

Superhydrophobic surfaces are capable of trapping gas pockets within the micro-roughnesses on their surfaces when submerged in a liquid, with the overall effect of lubricating the flow on top of them. These bio-inspired surfaces have proven to be capable of dramatically reducing skin friction of the overlying flow in both laminar and turbulent regimes. However, their effect in transitional conditions, in which the flow evolution strongly depends on the initial conditions, has still not been deeply investigated. In this work the influence of superhydrophobic surfaces on several scenarios of laminar–turbulent transition in channel flow is studied by means of direct numerical simulations. A single phase incompressible flow has been considered and the effect of the micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces has been modelled imposing a slip condition with given slip length at both walls. The evolution from laminar, to transitional, to fully developed turbulent flow has been followed starting from several different initial conditions. When modal disturbances issued from linear stability analyses are used for perturbing the laminar flow, as in supercritical conditions or in the classical K-type transition scenario, superhydrophobic surfaces are able to delay or even avoid the onset of turbulence, leading to a considerable drag reduction. Whereas, when transition is triggered by non-modal mechanisms, as in the optimal or uncontrolled transition scenarios, which are currently observed in noisy environments, these surfaces are totally ineffective for controlling transition. Superhydrophobic surfaces can thus be considered effective for delaying transition only in low-noise environments, where transition is triggered mostly by modal mechanisms.
A tale of two airfoils: resolvent-based modelling of an oscillator versus an amplifier from an experimental mean
Authors: Symon Sean , Sipp Denis , McKeon Beverley J.
Published: October 2019

The flows around a NACA 0018 airfoil at a chord-based Reynolds number of$Re=10\,250$and angles of attack of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0^{\circ }$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=10^{\circ }$are modelled using resolvent analysis and limited experimental measurements obtained from particle image velocimetry. The experimental mean velocity fields are data assimilated so that they are solutions of the incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations forced by Reynolds stress terms which are derived from experimental data. Resolvent analysis of the data-assimilated mean velocity fields reveals low-rank behaviour only in the vicinity of the shedding frequency for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0^{\circ }$and none of its harmonics. The resolvent operator for the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=10^{\circ }$case, on the other hand, identifies two linear mechanisms whose frequencies are a close match with those identified by spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. It is also shown that the second linear mechanism, corresponding to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in the shear layer, cannot be identified just by considering the time-averaged experimental measurements as an input for resolvent analysis due to missing data near the leading edge. For both cases, resolvent modes resemble those from spectral proper orthogonal decomposition when the resolvent operator is low rank. The$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0^{\circ }$case is classified as an oscillator and its harmonics, where the resolvent operator is not low rank, are modelled using parasitic modes as opposed to classical resolvent modes which are the most amplified. The$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=10^{\circ }$case behaves more like an amplifier and its nonlinear forcing is far less structured. The two cases suggest that resolvent-based modelling can be achieved for more complex flows with limited experimental measurements.
Drag reduction in boiling Taylor–Couette turbulence
Authors: Ezeta Rodrigo , Bakhuis Dennis , Huisman Sander G. , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef
Published: October 2019

We create a highly controlled laboratory environment – accessible to both global and local monitoring – to analyse turbulent boiling flows and in particular their shear stress in a statistically stationary state. By precisely monitoring the drag of strongly turbulent Taylor–Couette flow (the flow in between two coaxially rotating cylinders, Reynolds number$Re\approx 10^{6}$) during its transition from non-boiling to boiling, we show that the intuitive expectation, namely that a few volume per cent of vapour bubbles would correspondingly change the global drag by a few per cent, is wrong. Rather, we find that for these conditions a dramatic global drag reduction of up to 45 % occurs. We connect this global result to our local observations, showing that for major drag reduction the vapour bubble deformability is crucial, corresponding to Weber numbers larger than one. We compare our findings with those for turbulent flows with gas bubbles, which obey very different physics from those of vapour bubbles. Nonetheless, we find remarkable similarities and explain these.
Orthogonal experimental research on the structural parameters of a novel drill bit used for ice core drilling with air reverse circulation
Authors: Cao Pinlu , Zhao Qi , Chen Zhuo , Cao Hongyu , Chen Baoyi
Published: October 2019

A new type of ice core drill bit, designed with a vane swirler, was developed for ice core drilling with air reverse circulation. An orthogonal experimental design method was employed to investigate the effects of the swirler structure parameters on the reverse circulation performance of the drill bit including helical angle, number of blades, blade length and blade central angle, etc. The entrainment ratio was used to evaluate the reverse circulation effectiveness of the drill bit. The results show that the helical angle is the dominant factor regardless of whether or not the flushing nozzles are part of the design of the drill bit. The number of blades is the least important factor for the drill bit designed with the flushing nozzles (referred to as drill bit I), while the outlet area of the swirling slot is the least influential factor for the drill bit without flushing nozzles (referred to as drill bit П). In addition, the appearance of the ice core has a certain effect on the air reverse circulation for both drill bits. Within the ranges of this study, the optimal structure of the drill bit was determined based on the range analysis of the orthogonal design.
The SLS and the modern history of Libya
Authors: Kelly Saul
Published: October 2019

The Society for Libyan Studies has been in the forefront of research and writing on the modern history of Libya. The example was set by the first president of the society, Sir Duncan Cumming. Following the defeat of Axis forces in North Africa in 1942–43, he was closely involved with the British military administration of Libya. In this role he was instrumental in establishing local self-government and lobbying for Libyan independence, finally achieved in 1951. In retrospect it is clear that he also laid the groundwork for the study of the emergence of Libya as a modern state. Historians and members of the SLS, such as John Wright, have followed suit and have made major contributions through their books and articles to our understanding of the history of Libya. Long may this continue.
Digitising Libyan heritage: inscriptions and toponomy
Authors: Abdelhamed Muna H. Haroun , Roueché Charlotte
Published: October 2019

The new digital technologies have become an effective tool for researchers in different fields. Historians and archaeologists who are studying Greek and Roman Libya have benefited from technical developments in presenting different kinds of data, particularly relating to the epigraphy and toponymy of Libya. They have recently published several resources, and are working on more. This study presents the story of how scholars have collected a variety of Libyan heritage materials and published them online; the account makes it clear that these digital projects are the result of extensive and ongoing collaboration between researchers from different countries, including Libya. They have worked together, and are still working to produce valuable online corpora of inscriptions alongside the Heritage Gazetteer of Libya which records names used at different times, and in a variety of languages, of heritage sites. We also discuss plans for further improving the accessibility of these materials, and encouraging their wider use.
The effect of Pleistocene glacial morphogenesis on the genetic structure of the humid- and cold-tolerant root voleMicrotus oeconomus(Rodentia, Cricetidae) in Poland, central Europe
Authors: Jancewicz Elżbieta , Falkowska Ewa
Published: October 2019

During the Pleistocene in the northern part of Europe and Asia, the presence of ice sheets not only limited the range of species but also influenced landscape and thus the contemporary habitat system that determines the pattern of biodiversity. The aim of the research was to find out whether and how a lowland landscape, which formed as a result of subsequent Pleistocene glaciations (five) that in Eurasia covered various and generally successively smaller areas, affected the genetic differentiation of a species. The research was carried out in eastern Poland on the root voleMicrotus oeconomus(Arvicolinae, Rodentia), a model boreal and hygrophilous species. Samples were collected from 549 vole individuals at 33 locations. Based on the analysis of 12 microsatellite loci and the 908 bp of cytochrome b sequences (mitochondrial DNA), the genetic structure ofM. oeconomusin the landscape zones of the Polish Lowlands was determined. The results show that the latitudinal variability of the relief in eastern Poland (resulting from different ranges of Pleistocene ice sheets) and the related specific configuration of hydrogenic habitats are reflected in the genetic differentiation of the root vole. Therefore, it may be concluded that the history of landscape development affects the genetic structure of hydrophilic species.
Race and Representation in Campaign Finance
Authors: GRUMBACH JACOB M. , SAHN ALEXANDER
Published: October 2019

Racial inequality in voter turnout is well-documented, but we know less about racial inequality in campaign contributions. Using new data on the racial identities of over 27 million donors, we find an unrepresentative contributor class. Black and Latino shares of contributions are smaller than their shares of the population, electorate, and elected offices. However, we argue that the presence of ethnoracial minority candidates mobilizes coethnic donors. Results from regression discontinuity and difference-in-difference designs suggest that the presence of ethnoracial minority candidates increases the share of minority contributions in US House elections. We find a reduction in white contributions to black Democrats, and to black and Latino Republicans, but little difference in overall fundraising competitiveness. Although we cannot definitively rule out alternative mechanisms that covary with candidate ethnorace, the results suggest that the nomination of minority candidates can increase the ethnoracial representativeness of campaign finance without costs to fundraising.
Effect of dietary threonine on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant-related signalling pathways of hybrid catfishPelteobagrus vachelli♀ ×Leiocassis longirostris♂
Authors: Zhao Ye , Jiang Qin , Zhou Xiao-Qiu , Xu Shang-Xiao , Feng Lin , Liu Yang , Jiang Wei-Dan , Wu Pei , Zhao Juan , Jiang Jun
Published: October 2019

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary threonine (Thr) on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant-related signalling pathways of hybrid catfishPelteobagrus vachelli♀ ×Leiocassis longirostris♂. A total of 1200 fish (14·19 (se0·13) g) were randomly distributed into six groups with four replicates each, fed six diets with graded level of Thr (9·5, 11·5, 13·5, 15·4, 17·4 and 19·3 g/kg diets) for 56 d. Results showed (P< 0·05) that dietary Thr (1) increased percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio; (2) up-regulated growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, myogenic regulation factors (MyoD, Myf5, MyoG and Mrf4) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNA levels; (3) increased muscle protein content via regulating the protein kinase B/target of rapamycin signalling pathway and (4) decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, increased catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase and GSH activities, up-regulated mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes related to NFE2-related factor 2 andγ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit. These results suggest that Thr has a potential role to improve muscle growth and protein synthesis, which might be due to the regulation of GH-IGF system, muscle growth-related gene, antioxidative capacity and protein synthesis-related signalling pathways. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of specific growth rate, the Thr requirement of hybrid catfish (14·19–25·77 g) was estimated to be 13·77 g/kg of the diet (33·40 g/kg of dietary protein).
Magnetic resonance imaging for vestibular schwannoma: cost-effective protocol for referrals
Authors: Mettias B A D , Lyons M
Published: October 2019

Objective

Vestibular schwannoma is the most common neoplasm in the cerebellopontine angle, and fast spin-echo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive test for diagnosing it. This study evaluated the financial and time costs of unnecessary magnetic resonance imaging referrals before and after the application of a magnetic resonance imaging protocol.

Method

A full audit cycle was used for the assessment. The first cycle in January 2012 was retrospective and evaluated the financial impact of current selection criteria for magnetic resonance imaging referral against standard guidelines. The second cycle in January 2014 was prospective after implementation of the protocol.

Results

There were 46 and 112 patients who had magnetic resonance imaging during first and second cycle, respectively. Of the referrals for magnetic resonance imaging, 65 per cent versus 81 per cent of the referrals were appropriate in the first and second cycles, respectively. The relative risk was reduced from 0.5 to 0.2. The waiting times for magnetic resonance imaging scans improved.

Conclusion

Selection criteria for magnetic resonance imaging referral are important in reducing waiting times for scans, patient anxiety and conserving trust resources.
Influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and psychosocial functioning in patients with first episode psychosis
Authors: González-Ortega I , González-Pinto A , Alberich S , Echeburúa E , Bernardo M , Cabrera B , Amoretti S , Lobo A , Arango C , Corripio I , Vieta E , de la Serna E , Rodriguez-Jimenez R , Segarra R , López-Ilundain JM , Sánchez-Torres AM , Cuesta MJ ,   PEPs Group:, Zorrilla I , López P , Bioque M , Mezquida G , Barcones F , De-la-Cámara C , Parellada M , Espliego A , Alonso-Solís A , Grasa EM , Varo C , Montejo L , Castro-Fornieles J , Baeza I , Dompablo M , Torio I , Zabala A , Eguiluz JI , Moreno-Izco L , Sanjuan J , Guirado R , Cáceres I , Garnier P , Contreras F , Bobes J , Al-Halabí S , Usall J , Butjosa A , Sarró S , Landin-Romero R , Ibáñez A , Selva G
Published: October 2019

Background

Social cognition has been associated with functional outcome in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP). Social cognition has also been associated with neurocognition and cognitive reserve. Although cognitive reserve, neurocognitive functioning, social cognition, and functional outcome are related, the direction of their associations is not clear. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyze the influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning in FEP both at baseline and at 2 years.

Methods

The sample of the study was composed of 282 FEP patients followed up for 2 years. To analyze whether social cognition mediates the influence of cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning, a path analysis was performed. The statistical significance of any mediation effects was evaluated by bootstrap analysis.

Results

At baseline, as neither cognitive reserve nor the cognitive domains studied were related to functioning, the conditions for mediation were not satisfied. Nevertheless, at 2 years of follow-up, social cognition acted as a mediator between cognitive reserve and functioning. Likewise, social cognition was a mediator between verbal memory and functional outcome. The results of the bootstrap analysis confirmed these significant mediations (95% bootstrapped CI (−10.215 to −0.337) and (−4.731 to −0.605) respectively).

Conclusions

Cognitive reserve and neurocognition are related to functioning, and social cognition mediates in this relationship.
Dimensions of irritability in adolescents: longitudinal associations with psychopathology in adulthood
Authors: Hawes Mariah T. , Carlson Gabrielle A. , Finsaas Megan C. , Olino Thomas M. , Seely John R. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: October 2019

Background

There is an emerging consensus in developmental psychopathology that irritable youth are at risk for developing internalizing problems later in life. The current study explored if irritability in youth is multifactorial and the impact of irritability dimensions on psychopathology outcomes in adulthood.

Methods

We conducted exploratory factor analysis on irritability symptom items from a semi-structured diagnostic interview administered to a community sample of adolescents (ages 14–19; 42.7% male; 89.1% white). The analysis identified two factors corresponding to items from the mood disorders v. the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (Leibenluft and Stoddard) sections of the interview. These factors were then entered together into regression models predicting psychopathology assessed at age 24 (N = 941) and again at age 30 (N = 816). All models controlled for concurrent psychopathology in youth.

Results

The two irritability dimensions demonstrated different patterns of prospective relationships, with items from the ODD section primarily predicting externalizing psychopathology, items from the mood disorder sections predicting depression at age 24 but not 30, and both dimensions predicting borderline personality disorder symptoms.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the current standard of extracting and compositing irritability symptom items from diagnostic interviews masks distinct dimensions of irritability with different psychopathological outcomes. Additionally, these findings add nuance to the prevailing notion that irritability in youth is specifically linked to later internalizing problems. Further investigation using more sensitive and multifaceted measures of irritability are needed to parse the meaning and clinical implications of these dimensions.
Subjective wellbeing of Chinese elderly: a comparative analysis among Hong Kong, Urban China and Taiwan
Authors: Miao Jia , Wu Xiaogang
Published: October 2019

This study investigates the relative importance of living with adult children and social participation for the elderly's subjective wellbeing (happiness) in three Chinese societies (Hong Kong, urban China and Taiwan). We use data from the 2011 wave of the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (N = 1,658), the 2010 China Family Panel Studies in mainland China (N = 3,198) and the 2010 wave of the Taiwan Social Change Survey (N = 790). The ordinary least squares regression shows that, as the family value of society moves forward on a traditional–modern continuum, the elderly benefit more psychologically from social participation and less from living with children. The older people in Hong Kong who live independently with a spouse are in a significantly better emotional state than those living with adult children. Social participation is positively associated with subjective wellbeing among the aged in Hong Kong but not among those in urban China and Taiwan. The findings suggest that encouraging social involvement is important for effective public policy to tackle rapid population ageing in Chinese societies.
Cultural Expertise and Law: An Historical Overview
Authors: Holden Livia
Published: October 2019

The use of anthropology and sociology for dispute resolution, law-making, and governance has been frequent throughout the history of law and anthropology. Anthropological expertise in the form of expert witnessing or expert information, has been one among the significant activities of applied anthropology. However, no concept such the one of cultural expertise was formulated to theorise the engagement of anthropologists and sociologists with law. This paper adopts an historical approach in order to understand why socio-legal studies have not developed a conceptualisation that encompasses the variety of the types of engagement of social scientists, and anthropologists in particular. It investigates the connection between law and culture in the history of anthropology of law since social evolutionism, and focuses in particular on legal pluralism. This paper suggests that the reasons for the late conceptualisation of cultural expertise lies on the one hand in the difficulty to define the dynamics between law and culture, and on the other hand in the specific development of legal pluralism vis-à-vis the state. This paper concludes with a reformulation of the concept of cultural expertise as an umbrella concept that encompasses the existing array of socio-legal instruments that use cultural knowledge for conflict resolution.
Francisella tularensisin Swedish predators and scavengers
Authors: Hestvik G. , Uhlhorn H. , Koene M. , Åkerström S. , Malmsten A. , Dahl F. , Åhlén P-A. , Dalin A-M. , Gavier-Widén D.
Published: October 2019

Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease, in Europe caused byFrancisella tularensissubsp.holarctica. Many lagomorphs and a variety of small rodents are wildlife species prone to develop clinical disease, while predators and scavengers are relatively resistant and may serve as sentinels. Blood samples from 656 Swedish wild predators and scavengers were serologically investigated using slide agglutination and microagglutination. In the slide agglutination test, 34 seropositive animals were detected, and they were found among all species investigated: brown bear (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolf (Canis lupus) and wolverine (Gulo gulo). Due to haemolysis the microagglutination test was more difficult to read at low titres, and only 12 animals were classified as seropositive.F. tularensissubsp.holarcticawas detected by a polymerase chain reaction in lymphatic tissues of the head in one brown bear, one red fox and one wolf. The significance of this finding regarding possible latency of infection is not clear. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that all predator and scavenger species included in this study may serve as sentinels for tularaemia in Sweden. Their role as reservoirs is unclear.
Rethinking Hare's Analysis of Moral Thinking
Authors: Daskal Steven
Published: October 2019

R. M. Hare has an ambitious project of arguing from a limited set of premises about the nature of moral thought and language all the way to substantive utilitarian conclusions. I reconstruct Hare's argument, identify an important problem for Hare, and then develop and endorse a restricted Hare-like argument. This argument is less ambitious than Hare's, and does not substantiate utilitarian conclusions on its own, but I demonstrate that it nonetheless imposes important constraints on moral judgements and I indicate how it can play a role in a larger argument for utilitarian conclusions.
Fatty acid trophic transfer of Antarctic algae to a sympatric amphipod consumer
Authors: Schram Julie B. , Amsler Margaret O. , Galloway Aaron W.E. , Amsler Charles D. , McClintock James B.
Published: October 2019

The shallow benthos along the western Antarctic Peninsula supports brown macroalgal forests with dense amphipod assemblages, commonly including Gondogeneia antarctica (Amsler et al. 2014). Gondogeneia antarctica and most other amphipods are chemically deterred from consuming the macroalgae (Amsler et al. 2014). They primarily consume diatoms, other microalgae, filamentous macroalgae and a few undefended macroalgal species, including Palmaria decipiens (Aumack et al. 2017). Although unpalatable when alive, G. antarctica and other amphipods will consume the chemically defended brown algae Himantothallus grandifolius and Desmarestia anceps within a few weeks of death (Amsler et al. 2014).
Too Many Cooks May Spoil the First Book—and Jeopardize the Author’s Career: Potential Pitfalls of Book Workshops
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: October 2019

Book workshops are widely regarded as yielding important benefits for junior scholars; therefore, these intensive feedback sessions have proliferated in recent years. However, closer consideration suggests some important notes of caution. A wealth of additional suggestions does not necessarily improve a post-dissertation manuscript; instead, comments and criticisms advanced by senior experts may induce young authors to back away from or tone down innovative ideas or to address numerous additional factors and conditions, which can make their theory unwieldy and complicated. More important than the potential pitfalls for the first book itself are the heavy opportunity costs created by book workshops, which can jeopardize a junior colleague’s career advancement. After all, the substantial revisions arising from these feedback sessions take time away from article production and the design and initial research for a second major project. In these ways, overinvestment in the first book can hurt a young scholar’s chances at tenure time.
Assessment of Risks to Public Water Supply From Low Flows and Harmful Water Quality in a Changing Climate
Authors: Mortazavi‐Naeini Mohammad , Bussi Gianbattista , Elliott J. Alex , Hall Jim W. , Whitehead Paul G.
Published: October 2019

Water resources planning and management by water utilities have traditionally been based on consideration of water availability. However, the reliability of public water supplies can also be influenced by the quality of water bodies. In this study, we proposed a framework that integrates the analysis of risks of inadequate water quality and risks of insufficient water availability. We have developed a coupled modeling system that combines hydrological modeling of river water quantity and quality, rules for water withdrawals from rivers into storage reservoirs, and dynamical simulation of harmful algal blooms in storage reservoirs. We use this framework to assess the impact of climate change, demand growth, and land‐use change on the reliability of public water supplies. The proposed method is tested on the River Thames catchment in the south of England. The results show that alongside the well‐known risks of rising water demand in the south of England and uncertain impacts of climate change, diffuse pollution from agriculture and effluent from upstream waste water treatment works potentially represent a threat to the reliability of public water supplies in London. We quantify the steps that could be taken to ameliorate these threats, though even a vigorous pollution‐prevention strategy would not be sufficient to offset the projected effects of climate change on water quality and the reliability of public water supplies. The proposed method can help water utilities to recognize their system vulnerability and evaluate the potential solutions to achieve more reliable water supplies.
Europe’s Mightiest Glaciers Are Melting
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: October 2019

Here’s what a century of ice melt looks like on the Alps’ highest peak.
Contribution of Global warming and Urbanization to Changes in Temperature Extremes in Eastern China
Authors: Sun Ying , Hu Ting , Zhang Xuebin , Li Chao , Lu Chunhui , Ren Guoyu , Jiang Zhihong
Published: October 2019

The anthropogenic‐induced global warming and local urbanization exert important influences on temperature extremes in Eastern China. Here we use China station observations and climate models to investigate their effects on the warm and cold days and nights simultaneously. We quantified the contribution from these two factors based on an optimal fingerprinting method. We find that both anthropogenic and urbanization signals can be clearly detected and separated from each other in the nighttime temperature extremes. The effect of urbanization may explain as much as one third of the observed changes in cold and warm nights while the urbanization signal is weak in the daytime extremes. The results are robust against sampling uncertainty in the estimate of urbanization signal, but uncertainty due to collinearity between the urbanization signal and global warming is difficult to assess.
Constraining Geothermal Flux at Coastal Domes of the Ross Ice Sheet, Antarctica
Authors: Fudge T. J. , Biyani Surabhi C. , Clemens‐Sewall David , Hawley Robert L.
Published: October 2019

The geothermal flux is an important boundary condition for ice‐sheet models because it influences whether the ice is melting at the bed and able to slide. Point measurements and remotely sensed estimates vary widely for the Ross Ice Sheet. A basal temperature measurement at Roosevelt Island reveals a geothermal flux of 84 ± 13 mW/m2. The presence of Raymond Arches, which form only at ice divides that are frozen at the bed, allows inferences of the maximum geothermal flux at two coastal domes along the Siple Coast: Engelhardt Ridge, 85 ± 11 mW/m2 and Shabtaie Ridge, 75 ± 10 mW/m2. These measurements indicate heat flows similar to measurements at Siple Dome and the Whillans grounding zone and to the continental crust average. The high values measured at Subglacial Lake Whillans and estimated from satellite observations of Curie depths are not widespread.
The Lithic Component of Pyroclastic Deposits as a Proxy for the Reconstruction of the Syneruptive Evolution of Volcanic Conduits: The CE 79 Eruption of Vesuvius
Authors: Aravena A. , Cioni R. , de' Michieli Vitturi M. , Neri A.
Published: October 2019

Dynamics of explosive eruptions is often strongly controlled by temporal changes in conduit geometry. Quantitative constraints to this problem are difficult to define, but basic information on the lithic fraction in pyroclastic deposits can be used as an input of numerical models to infer conduit and crater evolution in terms of shape and dimension. Field data on the 79 CE Pompeii eruption (Vesuvius, Italy) are used here to constrain depth‐dependent variations in conduit geometry. The different lithology of the accidental components, resulting from the erosion of a conduit/crater system crosscutting a well‐known subsurface stratigraphy, helps in defining the provenance depth of the eroded fragments. We reproduced the eruption evolution by considering three periods of the Plinian phase, associated with the white phonolitic pumice clasts (EU2a) and the tephro‐phonolitic gray pumice clasts (EU3a and EU3b). Results constrain the evolution of key eruptive parameters and are consistent with the estimates of mass discharge rate (MDR) and volume of eroded lithic fragments, which require the involvement of conduit geometries with depth‐dependent diameters rather than a constant‐radius shape. The onset of the Plinian phase (EU2a) was characterized by intense crater excavation processes. The MDR increase during the transition from EU2 to EU3 coincided with a significant increase of conduit diameter at bottom. After the peak of MDR (EU3b), a significant deeping of the fragmentation level and an abrupt inlet pressure drop probably occurred. Exit pressure and velocity would have decreased during all the Plinian phase, consistent with a shift to a collapsing column dynamics.
Meteorological Aspects of Self‐Initiated Upward Lightning at the Säntis Tower (Switzerland)
Authors: Pineda Nicolau , Figueras i Ventura Jordi , Romero David , Mostajabi Amirhossein , Azadifar Mohammad , Sunjerga Antonio , Rachidi Farhad , Rubinstein Marcos , Montanyà Joan , van der Velde Oscar , Altube Patricia , Besic Nikola , Grazioli Jacopo , Germann Urs , Williams Earle R.
Published: October 2019

Interest in exploring the meteorological conditions favoring upward lightning from tall man‐made structures has grown in recent years, largely due to the worldwide expansion of wind energy. To this end, instrumented towers existing around the world are the most suitable places to study upward lightning. In this context, an LMA network was deployed around the Säntis Mountain (northeast Switzerland) during the summer of 2017, in order to complement the long‐term measurements currently held at the Säntis telecommunications tower, a lightning hot spot in central Europe. This campaign allowed, for the first time, to gather a comprehensive set of observations of self‐initiated upward lightning emerging from the Tower. With the help of C‐band dual‐polarimetric radar data, the present work focuses on the meteorological conditions conductive to self‐initiated upward lightning from the Säntis. The analysis revealed that the upward propagating positively charged leaders spread mostly horizontal above the melting level, after an initial short vertical path from the tower tip. After this initial stage, the majority of upward leaders were followed by a sequence of negative return strokes. The inception upward lightning under a stratiform cloud shield would be favored by the low height of the charge structure. From the obtained results, it turns out that a key feature favoring self‐initiated upward lightning would be the proximity of the tower tip to the melting level.
A Physically Based Method for Soil Evaporation Estimation by Revisiting the Soil Drying Process
Authors: Wang Yunquan , Merlin Olivier , Zhu Gaofeng , Zhang Kun
Published: October 2019

While numerous models exist for soil evaporation estimation, they are more or less empirically based either in the model structure or in the determination of introduced parameters. The main difficulty lies in representing the water stress factor, which is usually thought to be limited by capillarity‐supported water supply or by vapor diffusion flux. Recent progress in understanding soil hydraulic properties, however, have found that the film flow, which is often neglected, is the dominant process under low moisture conditions. By including the impact of film flow, a reexamination on the typical evaporation process found that this usually neglected film flow might be the dominant process for supporting the Stage II evaporation (i.e., the fast falling rate stage), besides the generally accepted capillary flow‐supported Stage I evaporation and the vapor diffusion‐controlled Stage III evaporation. A physically based model for estimating the evaporation rate was then developed by parameterizing the Buckingham‐Darcy's law. Interestingly, the empirical Bucket model was found to be a specific form of the proposed model. The proposed model requires the in‐equilibrium relative humidity as the sole input for representing water stress and introduces no adjustable parameter in relation to soil texture. The impact of vapor diffusion was also discussed. Model testing with laboratory data yielded an excellent agreement with observations for both thin soil and thick soil column evaporation experiments. Model evaluation at 15 field sites generally showed a close agreement with observations, with a great improvement in the lower range of evaporation rates in comparison with the widely applied Priestley and Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model.
Coupling Concentration‐ and Process‐Discharge Relationships Integrates Water Chemistry and Metabolism in Streams
Authors: O'Donnell B. , Hotchkiss E. R.
Published: October 2019

Stream ecosystem processes, such as metabolism, are dynamically impacted by flow intensity. Therefore, without integrating ecosystem processes with water quality, we miss opportunities to develop frameworks to understand metabolic responses to changing flow. Flow simultaneously affects the material transport and biological opportunities for material transformation. Combining the strengths of ecohydrology and stream ecology to understand how flow variation alters ecosystem processes, we analyzed more than 5 years of water quality and stream metabolism data. We created segmented process‐discharge (P‐Q) relationships to examine how metabolism rates vary across discharge and compared them to concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships to explore the dynamic effects of discharge on processes and physicochemical parameters. Within the segmented P‐Q relationships, we found the behavior of ecosystem respiration (ER), gross primary production (GPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) to be different at high and low flows with varying degrees of statistical significance, demonstrating the potential for divergent metabolic responses across changing flows. GPP declined with increasing discharge. The rate of ER declined with discharge initially but then became unchanging at higher flows. NEP reflected the divergent trends between ER and GPP, as the relationship of NEP to Q was flat at lower discharge and declined at higher flows. Interrelated physicochemical parameters and ecosystem processes, such as pH and NEP, had mirrored responses to discharge. Coupling analyses of flow, water quality, and metabolism offers a more complete picture of interrelated ecosystem processes, allowing for a better understanding of ecosystem response to the physical and chemical changes that occur across flows.
Rapid identification and quantification of the antibiotic susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Panxue , Wang Xuejie , Sun Yan , Gong Guoli , Fan Mingtao , He Lili
Published: October 2019

SERS was used to discriminate and quantify the antibiotic susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria at the early period of treatment.
N-Doped holey carbon materials derived from a metal-free macrocycle cucurbit[6]uril assembly as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wu Dongshuang , Cao Minna , You Hanhui , Zhao Chuan , Cao Rong
Published: October 2019

The first example of the preparation of nitrogen-doped holey carbon (NHC) with abundant in-plane holes derived from a rigid macrocycle cucurbit[6]uril self-assembly is reported.
A stable AIEgen cis-diarylethene-based ‘ESIPT’ benchmark
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Wen Liu , Liu Genjiang , Yan Jiaying , Liu Xiang , Zheng Kaibo , Zhang Nuonuo
Published: October 2019

A stable AIEgen locked by the seven-membered ring hydrogen bond and steric hindrance which made ‘ESIPT’ take place. It features a highly fluorescence in aggregate and solid states and large Stokes shift in solution.
Digital quantitative detection of serum circulating miRNAs using dual-enhanced magnetobiosensors based on cascaded nucleic acid circuits
Authors: Liu Chunxue , An Yayun , Zhang Yuanfu , Li Xia , Xue Qingwang , Wang Huaisheng
Published: October 2019

Here, we developed a dual-enhanced magnetobiosensor based on cascaded nucleic acid circuits for sensitive, portable and digital quantitative detection of circulating miRNAs in serum by a personal glucose meter (PGM).
Fission of charged nano-hydrated ammonia clusters – microscopic insights into the nucleation processes
Authors: Oostenrijk Bart , Barreiro Darío , Walsh Noelle , Sankari Anna , Månsson Erik P. , Maclot Sylvain , Sorensen Stacey L. , Díaz-Tendero Sergio , Gisselbrecht Mathieu
Published: October 2019

The dynamics of nucleation and fission in atmospheric aerosols is tackled in a joint experimental–theoretical study using a model system that consists of hydrogen-bonded ammonia and water molecules.
MoS2 coated CoS2 nanocomposites as counter electrodes in Pt-free dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Subbiah Vijaya , Landi Giovanni , Wu Jerry J. , Anandan Sambandam
Published: October 2019

Here, the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells has been performed utilizing CoS2 and MoS2 coated CoS2 nanocomposite materials as the counter electrode.
A comprehensive study of the red persistent luminescence mechanism of Y2O2S:Eu,Ti,Mg
Authors: Qu Bingyan , Wang Juntao , Liu Kai , Zhou Rulong , Wang Lei
Published: October 2019

Y2O2S:Eu,Ti,Mg, a persistent luminescence (PersL) material that exhibits eye-sensitive red emission for longer than 4–5 h, its PersL mechanism comprehensively uncovered in this work will intrigue new practical guidelines for the design of red-PersL.
Solution self-assembly behavior of rod-alt-coil alternating copolymers via simulations
Authors: Li Shanlong , Li Ke , Xu Qingsong , Wang Yuling , Yu Chunyang , Zhou Yongfeng
Published: October 2019

The self-assembly behaviors of rod-alt-coil alternating copolymers were systematically investigated by employing dissipative particle dynamics simulations.
Structure and surface characteristics of Fe-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol to 1,4-butenediol in a slurry-bed reactor
Authors: Wu Hongli , Guo Lisheng , Ma Fengyun , Wang Yuelan , Mo Wenlong , Fan Xing , Li Hangjie , Yu Yuming , Mian Inamullah , Tsubaki Noritatsu
Published: October 2019

Nanostructured Ni–xFe/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by sol–gel combustion synthesis (SGC) display superior activity in hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol to 1,4-butenediol. The Fe addition promoted the Ni reducibility and stabilized the Al2O3 structure.
Structural characterization of potassium salts of the decamethylmanganocene anion Cp*2Mn−
Authors: Malischewski Moritz , Seppelt Konrad
Published: October 2019

Decamethylmanganocene Cp*2Mn is reduced to its anion [Cp*2Mn]− by the potassium metal in refluxing THF.