bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Downscaling global reference points to assess the sustainability of local fisheries
Authors: Zamborain‐Mason Jessica , Connolly Sean R. , MacNeil M. Aaron , Barnes Michele L. , Bauman Andrew G. , Feary David A. , Huertas Victor , Januchowski‐Hartley Fraser A. , Lau Jacqueline D. , Mihalitsis Michalis , Cinner Joshua E.
Published: January 2025

Multispecies coral reef fisheries are typically managed by local communities who often lack research and monitoring capacity, which prevents estimation of well‐defined sustainable reference points to perform locally relevant fishery assessments. Recent research modeling coral reef fisheries globally has estimated multispecies sustainable reference points (i.e., the maximum reef fish yields that can be harvested sustainably and the corresponding reef fish standing biomass at which those are expected to be achieved) based on environmental indicators. These global reference points are a promising tool for assessing data‐poor reef fisheries but need to be downscaled to be relevant to resource practitioners. Using a small‐scale multispecies reef fishery in Papua New Guinea, we estimated sustainable reference points and assessed the sustainability of the fishery by integrating global‐scale analyses with local‐scale environmental conditions (i.e., coral cover, sea surface temperature, ocean productivity, and whether the reef is an atoll), reef area, fish catch and standing biomass estimates, and fishers’ perceptions. Local‐scale relevant data were obtained from a combination of remote sensing products, underwater visual censuses, catch surveys, and household structured social surveys. Our sustainability assessment based on downscaled estimated sustainable reference points was consistent with local fishers’ perceptions. Specifically, our downscaled results suggested that the fishing community was overfishing their reef fish stocks and stocks were below biomass levels that maximize production, making the overall reef fishery unsustainable. These results were consistent with fisher perceptions that reef fish stocks were declining in abundance and mean fish length and that fishers had to spend more time finding fish. Our downscaled site‐level assessment revealed severe local resource exploitation, the dynamics of which were masked in national‐scale assessments, emphasizing the importance of matching assessments to the scale of management. Overall, we show how global reference points can be applied locally when long‐term data are not available, providing baseline assessments for sustainably managing previously unassessed multispecies reef fisheries around the globe.
A roadmap toward promoting and improving brain health in Europe and closing the awareness and funding gap
Authors: Boon Paul A. J. M. , Berger Thomas , Leonardi Matilde , Marson Tony , Kallweit Ulf , Moro Elena , Toscano Antonio , Rektorova Irena , Accorroni Alice , Scheerens Charlotte , Boesch Antonia , Crean Michael , Sander Anja , Lee Simon , Bassetti Claudio L. A.
Published: January 2025

Background and Purpose

The global burden of neurological diseases exceeds 43.1%, imposing a significant burden on patients, caregivers and society. This paper presents a roadmap to reduce this burden and improve brain health (BH) in Europe.

Methods

The roadmap is based on the European Academy of Neurology's (EAN) five‐pillar BH strategy: advancing a global BH approach (P1), supporting policymaking (P2), fostering research (P3), promoting education (P4), and raising awareness of prevention and treatment (P5). It reviews current efforts, collaborations and future directions aligned with the WHO Intersectoral Global Action Plan (iGAP) for Neurological Disorders and suggests future initiatives and call for action.

Results

P1: Support WHO‐iGAP through defined action points, international collaborations, in particular, the WHO BH Unit, and the EAN Brain Health Mission.

P2: Collaborate with 48 national neurological societies to promote National Brain Plans (NBPs), addressing local needs, and improving access to care.

P3: Advocate for more research funding; identify determinants of BH; develop preventive measures.

P4: Provide educational opportunities for neurologists, public education programs, and advocacy training, including tools to educate the public.

P5: Spearhead global awareness campaigns, organize public educational activities, and train BH advocates to contribute toward sustainable and long‐term public health campaigns and policy engagement.

Conclusions

The paper highlights the importance of a unified approach, integrating international collaborations and local initiatives, to improve BH outcomes based on the WHO‐iGAP, and support sustainable development goals, in particular SDG 3: Good Health and Well‐being and SDG 4: Quality Education.
Prognostic Value of Signal Abnormalities on Brain MRI in Post‐Anoxic Super‐Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Single‐Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Diamanti Susanna , Pasini Francesco , Capraro Cristina , Patassini Mirko , Bianchi Elisa , Pozzi Matteo , Normanno Marco , Coppo Anna , Remida Paolo , Avalli Leonello , Ferrarese Carlo , Foti Giuseppe , Beretta Simone
Published: January 2025

Background

Epileptiform activity, including status epilepticus (SE), occurs in up to one‐third of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest and may predict poor outcome. The relationship between SE and hypoxic–ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is not established.

Methods

This is a single‐center retrospective study on consecutive patients with post‐anoxic super‐refractory SE. HIBI was graded as non‐widespread (group 1) or widespread (group 2) by qualitative analysis of DWI/ADC and T2w‐FLAIR. Between‐group differences in the rate of poor neurological outcome at 6 months (primary outcome), SE resolution and consciousness recovery before discharge, and mortality at 6 months (secondary outcomes) were investigated.

Results

From January 2011 to February 2023, 40 patients were included. HIBI was widespread in 45% of patients and non‐widespread in 55%. The rate of poor neurological outcome at 6 months was 27% in group 1 and 83% in group 2 (OR 12.8, CI 95% [2.5–64.3], p = 0.002). The rate of consciousness recovery before discharge was 73% in group 1 versus 22% in group 2 (OR 8.8, CI 95% [1.9–40.3], p = 0.005). SE resolved in 95% of patients in group 1 versus 67% in group 2 (OR 10.5, CI 95% [1.1–97.9], p = 0.039). Mortality rate at 6 months was 27% in group 1 versus 50% in group 2 (OR 0.4, CI 95% [0.1–1.9], p = 0.303).

Conclusion

Patients with widespread HIBI had higher odds of poor outcome at 6 months, lower probability of SE resolution and of consciousness recovery before discharge compared to those with non‐widespread HIBI. Mortality at 6 months did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Spatial Scale and the Underestimation of Stream Fish Community Invadedness
Authors: Thompson Lily M. , Annis William K. , Midway Stephen R. , Olden Julian D. , Peoples Brandon K.
Published: January 2025

Scale‐Dependency of Native Status

Classifying populations as native or nonnative requires well‐defined range boundaries for species. While many studies define native status according to large biogeographic realms, natural dispersal barriers often limit species distributions at regional or smaller spatial extents. As such, native/nonnative definitions are inherently scale‐dependent and estimates of community invadedness thus depend on the spatial resolution at which native status is defined. For example, nonnative species can be introduced among realms, among regions within realms, and among ecological provinces within regions (hereafter, simply “provinces”). By explicitly considering the scale‐dependency of native/nonnative status definitions, we can more effectively compare results across studies, more comprehensively evaluate the degree of invasion levels, and more objectively communicate the native status of a species.

Location

30,034 stream segments, conterminous United States.

Time Period

2000–2023.

Major Taxa Studied

Freshwater fishes.

Quantifying Fish Community Invadedness Across US Streams

We illustrate the importance of scale‐dependent native status definitions by quantifying nonnative species richness and relative abundance in stream fish communities across the United States, finding that provincially nonnative species are nearly four times as prevalent as extra‐realm nonnative species, and represented approximately 10% of all individuals in average community surveys.

Implications

Unrealistically broad native status definitions underestimate community invadedness. Dismissing regionally and provincially nonnative species can have severe ecological consequences, including displacement and hybridisation with native species and the loss of unique communities through biotic homogenisation. These consequences may undermine efforts to maintain and protect distinct local biodiversity and conserve endemic species.
Detrimental effects of chronic sugar‐sweetened carbonated soft drink consumption on inflammatory response and the size of apical periodontitis: An animal‐based study
Authors: Conceição Gabriela Serrão Abreu , Pinto Karem Paula , Ferreira Claudio Malizia Alves , de Souza Jenif Braga , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Coelho Bárbara P. , Sassone Luciana Moura , da Silva Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal
Published: January 2025

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic consumption of two sugar‐sweetened carbonated soft drinks – one containing caffeine (Coca‐Cola®) and one without (Sprite®) – on the progression of periapical lesions and the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in rats.

Methodology

Twelve Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 4): Control group, Coca‐Cola group and Sprite group. The rats in Coca‐Cola and Sprite groups were given ad libitum access to their respective soft drinks for 3 months, while the Control group received filtered water. After 2 months of consumption, the pulps of the lower left first molars were exposed for 28 days to induce periapical lesions. Following euthanasia, the jaws were removed, and the periapical lesions were assessed using micro‐computed tomography imaging. Blood samples were collected to analyse the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐17 and TNF‐α via Luminex assay. Non‐parametric data were analysed using the Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Dunn's test, while parametric data were analysed using one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Results

Both the Coca‐Cola and Sprite groups exhibited periapical lesions with significantly greater volume and diameter compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, both soft drink groups had significantly higher levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐2 compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). The Sprite group displayed significantly higher levels of IL‐1β than the Coca‐Cola group (p < 0.05), while the Coca‐Cola group showed significantly elevated TNF‐α levels compared to both the Control and Sprite groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences in IL‐17 levels were observed among the groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The chronic consumption of sugar‐sweetened carbonated soft drinks, regardless of caffeine content, has detrimental effects on the inflammatory response and progression of apical periodontitis in rats.
Fabrication and characterization of 3D‐printed polymeric‐based scaffold coated with bioceramic and naringin for a potential use in dental pulp regeneration (in vitro study)
Authors: Dawood Reem Mones , Mahdee Anas Falah
Published: January 2025

Aim

3D‐printed scaffolds loaded with healing directed agents could be employed for better treatment outcome in regenerative dentistry. The aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize simple 3D‐printed poly lactic acid (PLA) scaffolds coated with nanoHydroxyapatite (nHA), Naringin (NAR), or their combination, and testing their morphological, chemical, mechanical, antibacterial, biocompatible and bioactive properties.

Methodology

Two variants pore sizes, 300 and 700 μm, of 3D‐printed PLA disc scaffolds measuring (10 × 1 mm) were fabricated. These scaffolds were dip‐coated with nHA, NAR, or both (nHA/NAR). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), compressive and flexural strength testing was employed for optimizing pore size. Then, antibacterial activity against isolated Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis, and cytotoxicity against normal human fibroblast were assessed. Additionally, appetite formation on scaffold surfaces was assessed after storage in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 14 days by further using FeSEM, EDX and XRD.

Results

FeSEM showed uniform structure for 3D‐printed scaffolds in both pore size designs, and a consistent surface coating with nHA and NAR, which were further confirmed by EDX and FTIR. However, mechanical testing revealed statistical significant higher compressive and flexural strengths (p < .000) for 300 μm pore size scaffolds. Statistical significant antibacterial activities (p < .05) were also found with PLA/NAR, and PLA/nHA /NAR scaffolds in comparison with neat. The MTT assay revealed biocompatibility of PLA, nHA and NAR, with the combinations of the latter two working synergistically. Lastly, the formation of a calcium‐phosphate appetite layer was recognized on the surface of PLA/nHA, PLA/nHA/NAR scaffold after being stored in SBF.

Conclusions

3D‐printed, 300 μm pore size, PLA scaffold coated with a combination of nHA and NAR showed the best surface characteristics and improved mechanical, antibacterial and biocompatible properties for further investigation in regenerative studies.
Anti‐Consumption Research: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Garima  , Sangroya Deepak , Joshi Yatish
Published: January 2025

This research aims to address the fragmented perspectives in the literature on anti‐consumption by conducting a systematic literature review. The major goal is to offer an integrated and holistic understanding of the essential factors impacting consumer behavior within the anti‐consumption domain. By utilizing the SPAR‐4‐SLR protocol, we examined 86 studies, encompassing diverse theories, contexts, characteristics, and methodologies (TCCM). A conceptual framework that outlines the antecedents, mediators, and outcomes of anti‐consumption behavior was developed by combining variables in this study. The results highlight the diverse factors shaping individuals' anti‐consumption behaviors, shedding light on the complex dynamics that vary across industries, cultures, and consumer segments. Additionally, this research has pinpointed neglected domains that have received limited attention in this field and put forth pioneering pathways for future research by incorporating the TCCM framework. Specifically, this research proposes potential future research directions, including exploring theories like social learning theory, behavioral reasoning theory, and self‐determination theory. Furthermore, we recommend employing advanced methodologies like longitudinal studies, netnography, and neuromarketing to push the boundaries of knowledge in this field. By identifying these theoretical and methodological gaps, the study makes a substantive contribution to advancing academic inquiry and practical applications in anti‐consumption research.
Concurrent management of vitiligo and acquired disorders of hyperpigmentation: a comprehensive literature review and current practice gaps
Authors: Lane Brittany N. , Hamzavi Iltefat H. , Lim Henry W. , Rodrigues Michelle , Elbuluk Nada , Mohammad Tasneem F.
Published: January 2025

Few studies discuss the co‐management of vitiligo and acquired hyperpigmentation disorders (AHD) such as melasma, erythema dyschromicum perstans, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation, drug‐induced hyperpigmentation, and lichen planus pigmentosus. This review discusses clinical studies examining co‐management strategies and identifies current practice gaps. Dermatology Life Quality Index scores are higher in individuals with vitiligo or melasma. It is plausible that populations experiencing both conditions may exhibit worsened psychological outcomes because of stigmas and perceived social beauty standards. Standard treatments for vitiligo aim to increase pigmentation, while AHD treatments target decreasing pigmentation, causing potential worsening of contrast between multiple skin tones for patients experiencing both disorders. Tretinoin may prevent narrowband ultraviolet B (NBUVB)‐induced hyperpigmentation in patients with vitiligo without altering treatment response and is also beneficial for managing AHD. In addition, the use of oral tranexamic acid to treat melasma does not diminish the response to NBUVB phototherapy. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injections and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract may also be beneficial for comanaging vitiligo and AHD. However, practice guidelines are needed to optimize care for this patient population.
Towards a functional place: Syrian refugees' contending with the European Union's host‐home schism
Authors: Sharani Samer , Muftuler‐Bac Meltem
Published: January 2025

The refugee crisis is rooted in the host‐home schism, a fundamental disconnection between the host (the EU) and home (refugees' country of origin). This schism is generated by the EU's migratory policies resulting from the struggles between different political camps, and the resulting compromise between the far‐right/exclusive camp and the liberal camp. To assess this schism, we have conducted an in‐depth analysis of Syrian refugees' perceptions with focus groups. Our findings demonstrate that this schism between home and host countries shapes the everyday experiences of the Syrian refugees in the EU. The divide between home and host countries is reflected in their experiences, limiting their agency and distorting their identity. As a result, this schism renders their integration into European countries ineffective. Moreover, it creates multiple dilemmas for their positions in their host societies as they find themselves entrapped inside multifaceted contradictions that they cannot escape from whatever they do. We propose that the host‐home schism could be bridged by institutionalizing both refugees' transnational activities and responsibility towards home. We label this proposal as a functional place.
A Conversation With David Bellhouse
Authors: Genest Christian
Published: January 2025

David Richard Bellhouse was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on 19 July 1948. He studied actuarial mathematics and statistics at the University of Manitoba (BA, 1970; MA, 1972) and completed his PhD at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, in 1975. After being an Assistant Professor for 1 year at his alma mater, he joined the University of Western Ontario in 1975, where he was a Staff Member in the Social Science Computing Laboratory before becoming an Assistant Professor of Statistics in 1977. He was tenured in 1982, promoted to the rank of Full Professor in 1987, chaired his department from 1992 to 1999 and retired in 2016. He is the author or coauthor of eight books and over 100 research papers in survey sampling and in the history of probability and statistics. In addition to his methodological contributions, he did much collaborative work in fields such as archaeology, law and medicine. His acclaimed biographies of Thomas Bayes and Abraham De Moivre also brought to light many new facts about these pioneers. During his career, David supervised 45 MSc students, 4 PhD students and 2 postdoctoral fellows. He also served the community in various ways, notably as an Associate Editor for five different journals, including the Journal of the American Statistical Association (1983–1988) and Survey Methodology (1985–2006). Moreover, he was Secretary (1988–1990) and later President (1998–1999) of the Statistical Society of Canada (SSC). He is an Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute (1987), a Fellow of the American Statistical Association (1989) and an Honorary Member of the SSC (2017). Moreover, he received the University of Western Ontario Gold Medal for Excellence in Teaching (1985), the SSC Service Award (2003) and the 2017 University of Manitoba Faculty of Science Alumni Award. Since 2020, he is also an Honorary Fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries of the United Kingdom.
Current Trends of German Codetermination by Works Councils: On Path Dependencies, Erosion and Innovation
Authors: Haipeter Thomas
Published: January 2025

This article is about current developments of codetermination by works councils as a core institution of labour relations in Germany. It is argued that we can observe seven different paths of development which point into different directions, combining processes of erosion, functional change and social innovation in co‐determination.
Ca‐substituted Na3SbS4 glass–ceramic electrolytes: Achieving high conductivity and excellent interfacial stability
Authors: Shen Yu , Huan Tao , Lu Jingxin , Gao Chengwei , Liu Yongxing , Dai Shixun , Lin Changgui , Zhang Xianghua , Ma Hongli , Shen Xiang , Jiao Qing
Published: January 2025

Super conductor Na3SbS4 has received substantial attention in electrolyte research because of its high ionic conductivity and low grain boundary resistance. A breakthrough in electrochemical stability with good ionic conductivity has yet to be captured. Calcium (Ca) appears as an ideal substitute for sodium (Na) due to its abundance in geological resources, nontoxic properties, and equivalent ionic radius. The proposed Na3‐2xCaxSbS4 glass–ceramic electrolytes were subsequently manufactured using ball milling and heat treatment. The results acquired the maximum ionic conductivity of 1.59 mS cm−1 at room temperature, which reached the commercial use level when compared with the current popular lithium‐ion battery. Moreover, calcium ions partially replaced sodium sites while creating massive Na vacancies to maintain charge neutrality, resulting in fast ion transport. Furthermore, a more stable ionic bond Ca–S was formed at the interface, which inhibited additional reactions at the electrolyte–metal interface and demonstrated exceptional cyclic stability, making it a viable electrolyte for solid‐state sodium‐ion batteries.
AI‐Based Adaptive Feedback in Simulations for Teacher Education: An Experimental Replication in the Field
Authors: Bauer Elisabeth , Sailer Michael , Niklas Frank , Greiff Samuel , Sarbu‐Rothsching Sven , Zottmann Jan M. , Kiesewetter Jan , Stadler Matthias , Fischer Martin R. , Seidel Tina , Urhahne Detlef , Sailer Maximilian , Fischer Frank
Published: January 2025

Background

Artificial intelligence, particularly natural language processing (NLP), enables automating the formative assessment of written task solutions to provide adaptive feedback automatically. A laboratory study found that, compared with static feedback (an expert solution), adaptive feedback automated through artificial neural networks enhanced preservice teachers' diagnostic reasoning in a digital case‐based simulation. However, the effectiveness of the simulation with the different feedback types and the generalizability to field settings remained unclear.

Objectives

We tested the generalizability of the previous findings and the effectiveness of a single simulation session with either feedback type in an experimental field study.

Methods

In regular online courses, 332 preservice teachers at five German universities participated in one of three randomly assigned groups: (1) a simulation group with NLP‐based adaptive feedback, (2) a simulation group with static feedback and (3) a no‐simulation control group. We analysed the effect of the simulation with the two feedback types on participants' judgement accuracy and justification quality.

Results and Conclusions

Compared with static feedback, adaptive feedback significantly enhanced justification quality but not judgement accuracy. Only the simulation with adaptive feedback significantly benefited learners' justification quality over the no‐simulation control group, while no significant differences in judgement accuracy were found.

Our field experiment replicated the findings of the laboratory study. Only a simulation session with adaptive feedback, unlike static feedback, seems to enhance learners' justification quality but not judgement accuracy. Under field conditions, learners require adaptive support in simulations and can benefit from NLP‐based adaptive feedback using artificial neural networks.
Improving the Accuracy of Flood Damage Assessments to Residential Structures via the Use of Experimental Data
Authors: Opel Anna Katya , Matthews Elizabeth Chisolm
Published: January 2025

The current practice of flood loss prediction presents limitations in accurately predicting building flood losses at multiple scales. While whole‐building estimates can more accurately predict high‐level losses (i.e., large groups of buildings), a significant analysis error is revealed with small‐scale (i.e., individual, or small groups of buildings) investigation. This research presents a more robust, data driven, small‐scale, flood damage estimation approach for residential buildings. The approach is based on component‐level, depth–damage curves derived from experimental analysis. Structures with standard residential construction materials typical to the south‐eastern United States were built and incrementally flooded for short durations. The materials were assessed to determine the level of damage inflicted. This experimentally derived damage data were then translated into a set of flood depth–damage functions (DDFs). The DDFs were tailored for analysis at smaller scales and incorporated the ability to apply damage uncertainty in damage analysis. To demonstrate the applicability of the experimentally derived DDFs to damage estimation at smaller scales, the functions are applied to a hypothetical building design typical of the south‐eastern United States.
Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in a Contract Simulation to Promote Student Learning in Business Law
Authors: Rolf Rachel E.
Published: January 2025

Experiential learning plays an important role in teaching business law. This paper builds upon prior research regarding the use of experiential learning activities to teach contract law, by adding the use of generative artificial intelligence to a contract simulation activity. As part of a multi‐week, in‐class simulation, students used generative artificial intelligence to generate contract language and applied the principles learned in an undergraduate business law course to critically evaluate and revise contract terms with instructor guidance. Students perceived that this experiential learning exercise effectively promoted student engagement, critical thinking skills, and learning about contract law and generative artificial intelligence.
Towards a comprehensive definition of the human fascial system
Authors: Stecco Carla , Pratt Rebecca , Nemetz Laurice D. , Schleip Robert , Stecco Antonio , Theise Neil D.
Published: January 2025

The absence of a clear consensus on the definition and significance of fascia and the indiscriminate use of the term throughout the clinical and scientific literature has led to skepticism regarding its importance in the human body. To address this challenge, we propose that: (1) fasciae, and the fascial interstitia within them, constitute an anatomical system, defined as a layered body‐wide multiscale network of connective tissue that allows tensional loading and shearing mobility along its interfaces; (2) the fascial system comprises four anatomical organs: the superficial fascia, musculoskeletal (deep) fascia, visceral fascia, and neural fascia; (3) these organs are further composed of anatomical structures, some of which are eponymous; (4) all these fascial organs and their structural components contain variable combinations and arrangements of the four classically defined tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural; (5) the overarching functions of the fascial system arise from the contrasting biomechanical properties of the two basic types of layers distributed throughout the system: one predominantly collagenous and relatively stiff, the other rich in hyaluronic acid and viscous, allowing for the free flow of fluid; (6) the topographical organization of these layers in different locations is related to local variations in function (e.g. unidirectional arrangements favor tensional loading, interwoven structures favor shear mobility) thereby accounting for both the system's universal functional aspects and the site‐specific variations between them. A universal language related to fascia will break down linguistic barriers and facilitate cross‐disciplinary cooperation, enabling scientists and practitioners from diverse backgrounds to contribute their expertise seamlessly.
Accumulation by Intermediation: The Contestation of Agro‐Food Capital in the South African Maize Industry
Authors: Bowman Andrew , Robb Nishal
Published: January 2025

The power of agro‐food capital is frequently highlighted, but its internal dynamics are under‐researched. This paper contributes to the understanding of agro‐food capital in agrarian political economy through an analysis of milling and storage activities that intermediate grain production and consumption in South Africa. The paper shows that these activities can provide important sources of income and optionality supporting diverse accumulation strategies by a range of big business interests. Our analysis highlights that agro‐food capital may not always be a coherent set of interests that is distinct from, and acts upon, other fractions of capital in the agrarian political economy. Instead, it may come to be a contested space, used to support differing accumulation strategies pursued by actors with varying interests. Such contestation may produce complex amalgamations of agricultural, industrial, financial and trading capital and contribute to variegation in trajectories of agrarian change.
Migrant parents' perceptions of the benefits, barriers, and facilitators of young children's physical activity and sedentary behavior: A systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Paudel Susan , Marshall Sarah , Veitch Jenny , Paudel Chahana , Hesketh Kylie D.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Despite increasing global migration, children from migrant backgrounds are underrepresented in physical activity research. This systematic review aimed to consolidate existing qualitative evidence on parental perceptions of the benefits, barriers, and facilitators of promoting physical activity and limiting sedentary behavior of their first‐ or second‐generation migrant children aged 0–6 years.

Methods

Six electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Global, and Health EMBASE) were searched for qualitative peer‐reviewed English language studies using terms covering migrants, parents, perceptions, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Analysis was guided by the best‐fit framework synthesis approach and the socio‐ecological model.

Results

Database searches yielded 6059 unique records, with 33 studies included in this review. Key parent perceived benefits of physical activity were better health outcomes, development, and long‐term outcomes and perceived benefits of sedentary behavior were education, health and development, and a parenting tool to keep children calm and occupied. Eight themes (25 sub‐themes) across four levels of the socio‐ecological model (primarily interpersonal and community level) were identified as barriers and facilitators of physical activity. Seven themes (14 sub‐themes: primarily interpersonal) were identified for sedentary behavior.

Conclusion

Parents from migrant backgrounds perceived that their young children experienced some unique barriers to physical activity and sedentary behavior.
Augmented Reality Navigation System Enhances the Accuracy of Spinal Surgery Pedicle Screw Placement: A Randomized, Multicenter, Parallel‐Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Ma Yichao , Wu Jiangpeng , Dong Yanlong , Tang Hongmei , Ma Xiaojun
Published: January 2025

Objective

The pedicle screw insertion technique has evolved significantly, and despite the challenges of precise placement, advancements like AR‐based surgical navigation systems now offer enhanced accuracy and safety in spinal surgery by integrating real‐time, high‐resolution imaging with virtual models to aid surgeons. This study aims to evaluate the differences in accuracy between novel AR‐guided pedicle screw insertion and conventional surgery techniques.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted from March 2019 to December 2023 to compare the efficacy of AR‐guided pedicle screw fixation with conventional freehand surgery using CT guidance. The study included 150 patients, aged 18–75, with 75 patients in each group. The total number of pedicle screws planned for the clinical trial placement was 351 and 348 in the experimental and control groups. The safety and efficacy of the procedures were evaluated by assessing screw placement accuracy and complication rates.

Results

In the full analysis set (FAS) analysis, the difference in the excellent and good rates of screw placement (experimental group − control group) and 95% confidence interval was 6.3% [3.0%–9.8%], with a p value of 0.0003 for the superiority test. In the FAS sensitivity analysis, the success rate was 98.0% (344 out of 351) in the experimental group and 91.7% (319 out of 348) in the control group, with a difference and 95% confidence interval of 6.3% [2.9% and 9.8%, respectively]. In the per‐protocol set (PPS) analysis, the difference in the excellent and good rates of screw placement between the experimental and control groups, and the 95% confidence interval was 6.4% [3.3%–9.5%], with a p value of 0.0001 for the superiority test. In the actual treatment set (ATS) analysis, the excellent and good rates of screw placement were 99.1% in the experimental group and 91.7% in the control group. The difference in the excellent and good rates of screw placement (experimental group − control group) and 95% confidence interval was 7.3% [4.1%–10.6%], with a p value of < 0.0001 for the superiority test.

Conclusions

The AR surgical navigation system can improve the accuracy of pedicle screw implantation and provide precise guidance for surgeons during pedicle screw insertion.
Robot‐Assisted Positioning for Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Discectomy
Authors: Jiang Shuai , Xu Fei , Li Zhuofu , Sun Chuiguo , Zhong Woquan , Wang Chengxia , Li Weishi
Published: January 2025

Objective

During percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID), a range of technologies including medical robotics, visual navigation, and spatial registration have been proposed to expand the application scope and success rate of minimally invasive surgery. The use of robotic technology in surgery is conducive to improving accuracy and reducing risk. This study aims to introduce a precise and efficient targeting method tailored for robot‐assisted positioning under C‐arm fluoroscopy inPEID.

Methods

This study conducted a retrospective analysis of 107 patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) who underwent surgical treatment at our hospital from February 2023 to February 2024 (average age: 43.3 ± 13.3 years; 61 males and 43 females). The method entails constructing a specialized end‐effector capable of simultaneous fluoroscopy calibration and robot‐to‐image‐space registration. The average time of the surgical procedure and the average number of fluoroscopy exposures were collected. Preoperative and postoperative follow‐up data were collected, including assessment scores from the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Paired t‐tests were employed to compare differences in each clinical outcome between the preoperative and follow‐up time.

Results

These techniques effectively reduce both radiation exposure and operation time. Clinical data reveals that the average time for robot‐assisted positioning stands at 2.5 ± 0.7 min, with anteroposterior and lateral radiographs demonstrating accuracies of 2.4 ± 2.8 mm and 3.1 ± 3.7 mm, respectively, during robot‐assisted positioning. Postoperative VAS scores for back pain and leg pain were significantly lower than preoperative scores (1.2 ± 1.8 vs. 4.1 ± 2.3, 0.9 ± 2.0 vs. 5.9 ± 1.8; p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). Postoperative JOA scores were significantly higher than preoperative scores (26.1 ± 3.5 vs. 14.5 ± 4.9; p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Through the evaluation of the system in robot‐assisted positioning during PEID, this study substantiates the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method in clinical applications.
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated With Pembrolizumab in a Patient With Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Authors: Do Ngan , Smith Robert J. , Choi Sara , Queenan Maria , Larijani Mary
Published: January 2025

A 5‐year‐old male with xeroderma pigmentosum from Honduras presented with a rapidly growing mass on the left post‐auricular neck, associated with left‐sided hearing loss. MRI revealed a large mass with invasion of the external auditory canal, temporal bone, and metastasis to lymph nodes. Biopsy confirmed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Given the extensive spread, the patient was started on pembrolizumab, resulting in dramatic clinical and radiographic improvement after four rounds of therapy over 3 months, without associated side effects such as diarrhea, fever, dermatitis, or joint pain. This case demonstrates the effectiveness and tolerability of pembrolizumab in young pediatric patients with metastatic SCC, highlighting its potential as a life‐saving treatment for xeroderma pigmentosum patients.
Impact of Heat and Mitigation Strategies on Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review
Authors: Freire Kate , Green Elyce , Kernaghan Latitia , Castelletto Kathryn , Schubert Julie Ann
Published: January 2025

Background

Rising global temperatures and increased use of personal protective equipment has led to increased risk of heat stress amongst healthcare professionals. This review synthesizes recent research on the impact of heat and heat mitigation strategies on healthcare professionals across disciplines and settings.

Method

Databases were systematically searched using keywords and data from included studies were extracted for content analysis.

Results

Among 15 eligible studies, 13 investigated the impact of heat stress on healthcare professionals. Six investigated mitigation strategies. Most studies utilized survey methodology and were related to the use of personal protective equipment during the recent pandemic. Large proportions of healthcare professionals reported high levels of thermal discomfort and preferred a cooler temperature in the workplace. The most commonly reported heat strain symptoms included sweating, fatigue, thirst, and poor or reduced concentration. Investigation of mitigation strategies has thus far focused on individual strategies with little insights gained into organizational support or heat policy.

Conclusions

Supporting healthcare professionals to manage the impact of heat stress has received little attention in the literature. Mitigation strategies have thus far focused predominantly upon individual strategies. Future studies should adopt a more comprehensive approach to investigating healthcare professional's experiences, investigating all levels of controls.
Oral and Maxillofacial Manifestations of Kallmann Syndrome: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Soares João Miguel Alves Lauria , Sousa‐Neto Sebastião Silvério , Lima Cleiton Rone dos Santos , Drumond Victor Zanetti , de Andrade Bruno Augusto Benevenuto , Mesquita Ricardo Alves , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Sampaio Gerhilde Callou
Published: January 2025

Aims

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and varied clinical features. Despite its recognition, the oral and maxillofacial manifestations remain poorly understood. This study synthesized clinical aspects and management of KS‐related oral and maxillofacial alterations.

Methods

Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and LILACS databases, supplemented by manual scrutiny and gray literature. Case series and/or case reports were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was employed for critical appraisal of the studies.

Results

A total of 46 studies comprising 108 cases were included. The mean age of individuals was 19.8 (±12.6) years, and there was a marked predominance of males (79.3%). Cleft lip/palate (32.7%) was the predominant oral condition, followed by high‐arched palate (21.7%), and dental agenesis (19.8%). Oral treatment consisted of corrective surgery of the cleft lip and/or palate (n = 9), myoplasty (n = 1), and tooth extraction/orthodontic treatment (n = 1). Hyposmia/anosmia (71.3%) was the most frequently reported manifestation.

Conclusion

Early diagnosis and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for addressing the complex nature of KS‐related oral and maxillofacial alterations and improving patient outcomes. The scarcity of data on oral treatment underscores the need for additional research and clinical attention in this field.
Discrete Symmetry Analysis of Free Convection in a Cylindrical Porous Annular Microchannel at Low-Pressure Level
Authors: Avramenko Andriy A. , Shevchuk Igor V. , Kobzar Andrii S.
Published: January 2025

This article studies the natural convection in an annular porous microchannel in case of one wall being heated and another being cooled. For the first time, such a problem was solved using discrete symmetries of the Navier–Stokes equations. Using discrete symmetries, self-similar forms of differential equations were obtained. Solutions of self-similar equations made it possible to obtain velocity and temperature profiles incorporating slip and temperature jump at the channel walls as boundary conditions. The effects of Grashof, Knudsen, Darcy, and Prandtl numbers on the velocity and temperature profiles in the microchannel and Nusselt numbers are demonstrated. At high Grashof numbers, an ascending flow forms near the hot cylinder, while a descending flow develops near the cold cylinder. As the Knudsen number increases, rise of velocity and temperature jump at the walls as well as heat transfer coefficients decrease is observed. An increase in the Darcy number results in higher velocities for both flows. The temperature jump at the heated cylinder increases, remaining unchanged at the cooled cylinder, and the heat transfer coefficient at the heated cylinder drops.
Simulating 500 million years of evolution with a language model
Authors: Hayes Thomas , Rao Roshan , Akin Halil , Sofroniew Nicholas J. , Oktay Deniz , Lin Zeming , Verkuil Robert , Tran Vincent Q. , Deaton Jonathan , Wiggert Marius , Badkundri Rohil , Shafkat Irhum , Gong Jun , Derry Alexander , Molina Raul S. , Thomas Neil , Khan Yousuf A. , Mishra Chetan , Kim Carolyn , Bartie Liam J. , Nemeth Matthew , Hsu Patrick D. , Sercu Tom , Candido Salvatore , Rives Alexander
Published: January 2025

More than 3 billion years of evolution have produced an image of biology encoded into the space of natural proteins. Here, we show that language models trained at scale on evolutionary data can generate functional proteins that are far away from known proteins. We present ESM3, a frontier multimodal generative language model that reasons over the sequence, structure, and function of proteins. ESM3 can follow complex prompts combining its modalities and is highly responsive to alignment to improve its fidelity. We have prompted ESM3 to generate fluorescent proteins. Among the generations that we synthesized, we found a bright fluorescent protein at a far distance (58% sequence identity) from known fluorescent proteins, which we estimate is equivalent to simulating 500 million years of evolution.
New Perspectives on Antimicrobial Agents: Omadacycline for community-acquired pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, and nontuberculous mycobacteria (focus on
M. abscessus
)
Authors: File Thomas M. , Ramirez Julio A. , Wilde Ashley M.
Published: January 2025

Omadacycline is a novel antimicrobial belonging to the tetracycline class. It has the ability to evade both efflux and ribosomal methylation types of resistance and therefore has an expanded spectrum compared to other tetracycline agents. Omadacycline is active against a number of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including macrolide and doxycycline-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and several enteric gram-negative bacilli. It also has activity against many nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species. It is available both orally and intravenously, which allows for feasible switch therapy. This review will assess the antimicrobial activity, pharmacology, safety, and clinical efficacy of omadacycline and present the opinions of the authors on where to position omadacycline for clinical practice.
Evidence of dissemination of a
clc
-type integrative and conjugative element to
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
, mediating acquisition of
sul1
and other resistance determinants
Authors: Boncompagni Selene Rebecca , Riccobono Eleonora , Cusi Maria Grazia , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Rossolini Gian Maria
Published: January 2025

A
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
strain positive for the
bla
VIM-1
metallo-beta-lactamase gene and resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was unexpectedly isolated from a surveillance rectal swab. The characterization of the strain revealed carriage of a 91 kb integrative and conjugative element (ICE) harboring several resistance determinants [
sul1
,
bla
VIM-1
,
aac(6')-Ib
,
aac(6')-31
,
qacE
∆
1
,
cld
, and
merEDAPTR
], closely related with a group of
clc
-type ICEs widespread among
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and other pseudomonads. Results highlighted the possible spreading of similar elements to
S. maltophilia
, mediating the acquisition of relevant resistances.
Screening a library of temperature-sensitive mutants to identify secretion factors in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Leddy Owen , Ibrahim Amany M. , Azam Muhammad S. , Solomon Sadie , Yu Wenqi , Schneewind Olaf , Missiakas Dominique
Published: January 2025

Protein secretion is an essential cell process in bacteria, required for cell envelope biogenesis, export of virulence factors, and acquisition of nutrients, among other important functions. In the Sec secretion pathway, signal peptide-bearing precursors are recognized by the SecA ATPase and pushed across the membrane through a translocon channel made of the proteins SecY, SecE, and SecG. The Sec pathway has been extensively studied in the model organism
Escherichia coli
, but the Sec pathways of other bacteria such as the human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
differ in important ways from this model. Unlike in
E. coli
, a subset of precursors in
S. aureus
contains a YSIRK/GXXS (YSIRK) motif in an extended signal peptide. These proteins are secreted into the cross-wall compartment bounded by invaginating septal membranes during cell division. To gain insights into the factor(s) and mechanism(s) enabling protein secretion and spatial specificity in
S. aureus
, we isolated and screened a collection of temperature-sensitive (
ts
) mutants. These efforts identified at least one
secA(ts
) allele as well as mutations in the
secG
and
pepV
genes. A SecA pull-down experiment identified SecDF, all ribosomal proteins, several chaperones and proteases, as well as PepV, validating the genetic screen in identifying candidate cofactors of SecA in
S. aureus
.

IMPORTANCE

All organisms use the Sec pathway for protein secretion, and key components of this pathway are essential for viability. The discovery of conditional loss-of-function mutants played an important role in defining the genetic basis of protein secretion in model organisms. In turn, the identification of Sec components facilitated mechanistic studies and revealed general rules for protein secretion but did not answer species-specific intricacies. Gram-positive bacteria, such as
Staphylococcus aureus
, restrict the secretion of some proteins into the septal membranes that bind their division site at mid-cell. Here, we screen a library of conditional temperature-sensitive mutants to define components of the Sec pathway of
S. aureus
and factors that may regulate its activity.