bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employers’ and employees’ views on responsibilities for career management in nursing: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Philippou Julia
Published: July 2014

Aim

To examine nurse employees’ and employers’ views about responsibilities for managing nurses’ careers.

Background

Career management policies are associated with cost savings, in terms of workforce recruitment and retention and an increase in job and career satisfaction. In nursing, responsibility for career management remains relatively unexplored.

Design

A multicenter, cross‐sectional questionnaire survey.

Methods

Data were collected from 871 nurse employees and employers in the British National Health Service. The study was conducted in 2008, a period when policy reforms aimed at modernizing the healthcare workforce in England. In the current discussions in Europe and theUSAabout the future of nursing, these data reveal insights not previously reported. Exploratory analyses were undertaken using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

The analysis indicated a temporal dimension to career management responsibilities. Short‐term responsibilities for securing funding and time for development lay more with employers. Medium‐term responsibilities for assessing nurses’ strengths and weakness, determining job‐related knowledge and skills and identifying education and training needs appeared to be shared. Long‐term responsibilities for developing individual careers and future development plans lay primarily with employees.

Conclusion

New ways of managing nurses’ career development that lead to greater independence for employees and greater flexibility for employers, while retaining a high‐calibre and competent workforce, are needed. Ultimately, career management responsibilities should not tilt to either side but rather be shared to benefit both parties. Clarifying employers’ and employees’ responsibilities for career management may help both parties to develop a common understanding of each other's role and to meet their obligations in a constructive dialogue.
Efficacy and safety of switching to insulin glulisine from other rapid‐acting insulin analogs in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Urakami Tatsuhiko , Kuwabara Remi , Habu Masako , Okuno Misako , Suzuki Junichi , Takahashi Shori
Published: July 2014

We investigated the efficacy and safety of switching to insulin glulisine (GLU) from other rapid‐acting insulin analogs (Ra) in children with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily injections of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A total of 26 children with type 1 diabetes were included. Ra in all of these patients was changed to GLU, and they were observed for a 6‐month period after having previously finished treatment with other Ra. The mean glycated hemoglobin value decreased from 7.6 ± 1.0 to 7.4 ± 0.9% (P = 0.0034), and mean plasma glucose values after breakfast and supper also improved from 183 ± 50 to 153 ± 32 mg/dL (P = 0.0035), and from 203 ± 29 to 164 ± 23 mg/dL (P < 0.0001), respectively. Furthermore, the mean frequency of hypoglycemia was reduced from 7 ± 6 to 4 ± 4/month (P = 0.0004), while insulin doses and obesity degree were stable with statistically non‐significant differences. In conclusion, switching to GLU might be a good treatment option for improving glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes.
Influence of Combined Far‐Infrared and Superheated Steam for Cooking Chicken Meat Patties
Authors: Suwannakam Mano , Noomhorm Athapol , Anal Anil Kumar
Published: July 2014

Skinless deboned chicken breast meat were roasted using three cooking systems, including a combination of far‐infrared and superheated steam with forced air (FIR‐SS‐FA) system, a combination of far‐infrared and superheated steam (FIR‐SS) system, and a combination of force air and superheated steam (FA‐SS) system. Response surface methodology was applied to predict the physical properties of the chicken meat in terms of full cooking time, product yield and tenderness. The conditions of 130, 150 and 170C cooking temperatures, and 70, 80 and 90Cdew point of humidity were conducted to evaluate the cooking systems. The full cooking times were evaluated when the core temperature of the meat reached 74C. The lowest energy consumption observed was in the FIR‐SS‐FA system, which has the shortest full cooking time. Humidity under the superheated steam system affected the full cooking time, product yield and shear force more than cooking temperature in all three systems. The FIR‐SS‐FA system at 170C cooking temperature and 90Cdew point of humidity showed the fastest full cooking time, highest meat tenderness, slight difference in product yield and the lowest specific energy consumption when compared with other systems.

Practical Applications

In chicken cooking industries, the conventional oven is widely used by combining between hot air and steam techniques. However, conventional cooking ovens use high‐velocity hot air, which causes surface deterioration, overheating, charring and high energy costs. A new innovative cooking technique combining infrared and force air with superheated steam will be useful to enhance product yield and the water‐holding capacity of cooked meat, and maintain its standard quality. This oven will reduce the overall energy consumption during cooking.
Modeling Counter‐Current Osmotic Dehydration Process of Pork Meat in Molasses
Authors: Filipović Vladimir , Lončar Biljana , Nićetin Milica , Knežević Violeta , Filipović Ivana , Pezo Lato
Published: July 2014

Osmotic dehydration is recognized as a pretreatment step to meat drying processes. Sugar beet molasses is an excellent medium for osmotic dehydration, primarily because of high dry matter and specific nutrient content. The main aim of here presented study was the development of acceptable empirical mathematical models for the representation of counter‐current osmotic dehydration process of pork meat in molasses. The effectiveness of the counter‐current process was compared with the co‐current process, according to experimental results and the developed mathematical models. Response Surface Methodology and Analysis of Variance were selected to estimate the main effects of observed process variables on mass transfer variables. Developed mathematical models showed good fitting capabilities with experimental data. Maximum obtained counter‐current osmotic dehydration process responses were: dry matter content of 72.98%; water loss of 0.57 g/g i.s.; solid gain equal to 0.18 g/g i.s. and water activity of 0.84, indicating that counter‐current process had 32.20% higher total process efficiency compared with co‐current process.

Practical Applications

The osmotic dehydration of food is a commonly used technique for food processing, mostly utilized prior to drying and freezing operations, which reduces energy requirements of these processes. This study investigates mathematical models of the counter‐current osmotic dehydration process of pork meat in molasses at different temperatures and durations of the process and also determines the effectiveness of the process in comparison with the co‐current process. Developed mathematical models can be considered as precise for process parameters prediction and optimization in experimental and industrial applications. The wide range of processing variables were considered in the model formulation and its easy implementation in a spread sheet using a set of equations makes it very useful and practical for outputs prediction.
Factors Influencing the Dry Heat Sensitivity of Salmonella enterica on Alfalfa Sprouting Seeds
Authors: Neetoo Hudaa , Chen Haiqiang
Published: July 2014

Sprouts have been implicated in several outbreaks of salmonellosis where the seeds were found to be the likely source of contamination. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of heat to eliminate Salmonella on alfalfa seeds as affected by the water activity of seeds, inoculum strain(s) of Salmonella, storage temperature of seeds and heat treatment duration. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella at 65C was less effective in seeds of reduced water activity of 0.3 or 0.5 compared with 0.6. Prior freezing of inoculated seeds enhanced heat inactivation of Salmonella in seeds with an elevated water activity of 0.6, but not for seeds with a water activity of 0.3–0.5. Salmonella DT104 and a cocktail of four typical strains of Salmonella were more heat resistant than Salmonella Senftenberg 775W regardless of the storage temperature. Heat treatment (65C) of durations ranging from 8 to 48 h of seeds (aw ∼0.6), previously kept at freezing or refrigeration temperatures, resulted in complete elimination of Salmonella irrespective of the strains tested. Freezing of seeds (aw ∼0.6) followed by heating at 65C for 6–8 h did not significantly reduce the germinability of seeds although the yield was significantly impaired (P < 0.05).

Practical Applications

Sprouts have been implicated in the outbreaks of salmonellosis where seeds were found to be the likely source of contamination. The effect of water activity, inoculum strain(s) of Salmonella, storage temperature and treatment duration on the lethality of the heat treatment of seeds was investigated. A decrease in the seed water activity from 0.6 to 0.3 resulted in a considerable decrease in the efficacy of the thermal treatment. There was an appreciable difference in the extent of heat inactivation of the different strains, suggesting the importance of using strain cocktails in inactivation studies. Storage of seeds (aw of 0.6) at freezing temperature followed by heating at 65C for 6–8 h reduced the load of Salmonella to undetectable levels although the sprouting yield was greatly reduced. Findings from this study highlight the important intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that need to be optimized for effective pathogen load reduction and viability retention of seeds.
Decreased astrocytic thrombospondin‐1 secretion after chronic ammonia treatment reduces the level of synaptic proteins: in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Jayakumar Arumugam R. , Tong Xiao Y. , Curtis Kevin M. , Ruiz‐Cordero Roberto , Shamaladevi Nagarajarao , Abuzamel Missa , Johnstone Joshua , Gaidosh Gabriel , Rama Rao Kakulavarapu V. , Norenberg Michael D.
Published: July 2014

Chronic hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) is a major complication in patients with severe liver disease. Elevated blood and brain ammonia levels have been implicated in its pathogenesis, and astrocytes are the principal neural cells involved in this disorder. Since defective synthesis and release of astrocytic factors have been shown to impair synaptic integrity in other neurological conditions, we examined whether thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), an astrocytic factor involved in the maintenance of synaptic integrity, is also altered in CHE. Cultured astrocytes were exposed to ammonia (NH4Cl, 0.5–2.5 mM) for 1–10 days, and TSP‐1 content was measured in cell extracts and culture media. Astrocytes exposed to ammonia exhibited a reduction in intra‐ and extracellular TSP‐1 levels. Exposure of cultured neurons to conditioned media from ammonia‐treated astrocytes showed a decrease in synaptophysin, PSD95, and synaptotagmin levels. Conditioned media from TSP‐1 over‐expressing astrocytes that were treated with ammonia, when added to cultured neurons, reversed the decline in synaptic proteins. Recombinant TSP‐1 similarly reversed the decrease in synaptic proteins. Metformin, an agent known to increase TSP‐1 synthesis in other cell types, also reversed the ammonia‐induced TSP‐1 reduction. Likewise, we found a significant decline in TSP‐1 level in cortical astrocytes, as well as a reduction in synaptophysin content in vivo in a rat model of CHE. These findings suggest that TSP‐1 may represent an important therapeutic target for CHE.

image

Defective release of astrocytic factors may impair synaptic integrity in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. We found a reduction in the release of the astrocytic matricellular proteins thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) in ammonia‐treated astrocytes; such reduction was associated with a decrease in synaptic proteins caused by conditioned media from ammonia‐treated astrocytes. Exposure of neurons to CM from ammonia‐treated astrocytes, in which TSP‐1 is over‐expressed, reversed (by approx 75%) the reduction in synaptic proteins. NF‐kB = nuclear factor kappa B; PSD95 = post‐synaptic density protein 95; ONS = oxidative/nitrative stress.
Aberrant DNA methylation of G‐protein‐coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 predicts prognosis of acute‐on‐chronic hepatitis B liver failure
Authors: Gao S. , Ji X.‐F. , Li F. , Sun F.‐K. , Zhao J. , Fan Y.‐C. , Wang K.
Published: July 2014

The G‐protein‐coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) has been demonstrated to be able to negatively regulate hepatic inflammatory response. In this study, we aimed to determine the methylation status of TGR5 promoter in patients with acute‐on‐chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) and its predictive value for prognosis. We enrolled 76 consecutive ACHBLF patients, 80 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs). Methylation status of TGR5 promoter in peripheral mononuclear cell (PBMC) was detected by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). The mRNA level of TGR5 was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). We found that the frequency of TGR5 promoter methylation was significantly higher in ACHBLF (35/76, 46.05%) than CHB patients (5/80, 6.25%; χ2 = 32.38, P < 0.01) and HCs (1/30, 3.33%; χ2 = 17.50, P < 0.01). TGR5 mRNA level was significantly lower (Z = −9.12, P < 0.01) in participants with aberrant methylation than those without. TGR5 methylation showed a sensitivity of 46.05% (35/76), specificity of 93.75% (75/80), positive predictive value (PPV) of 87.5% (35/40) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 64.66% (75/116) in discriminating ACHBLF from CHB patients. ACHBLF patients with methylated TGR5 showed significantly poor survival than those without (P < 0.01). When used to predict 3‐month mortality of ACHBLF, TGR5 methylation [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.75] performed significantly better than model for end‐stage liver diseases (MELD) score (AUC = 0.65; P < 0.05). Therefore, our study demonstrated that aberrant TGR5 promoter methylation occurred in ACHBLF and might be a potential prognostic marker for the disease.
Interleukin‐28B genetic variants in untreated Italian HCV‐infected patients: a multicentre study
Authors: Mottola Leonardo , Cenderello Giovanni , Piazzolla Valeria A. , Forte Paolo , Carretta Vito , Mecenate Fabrizio , Brancaccio Giuseppina , Minisini Rosalba , Zuin Massimo , Terreni Natalia , Monti Monica , Colombo Alberto Eraldo , Nosotti Lorenzo , Minerva Nicola , Luzzitelli Ilaria , Kostandini Alba , Cuccorese Giuseppe , Russello Maurizio , Santoro Rosanna , Mangia Alessandra
Published: July 2014

Background & Aims

Different prevalence of favourable IL28BCC genotype have been reported in studies performed in different countries around the world. Data on distribution of IL28B genotypes in healthy Italian subjects are lacking.

Methods

Studies on prospectively collected untreated chronic HCV‐infected Italian patients led to conflicting results. To investigate the prevalence of IL28B genotypes in untreated HCV‐infected patients and in subjects able to clear HCV, and to compare them to the prevalence registered in healthy Italian controls. To evaluate IL28B prevalence across different HCV genotypes.

Results

IL28BCC was observed in 30.9% of chronic HCV patients, in 71.0% of subjects able to clear HCV infection and in 41.6% of the Italian controls. The frequency of IL28BCC was higher in HCV genotype 2 and 3 than in 1 (38.3 vs. 28.2) (P = 0.02). Levels of ALT higher in IL28BCC than in non‐CC were observed regardless of HCV genotypes (P = 0.0014).

Conclusions

IL28BCC frequencies progressively decline from subjects with spontaneous HCV clearance to normal non‐infected subjects and to chronically infected. This study suggests that patients with IL28BCC, if genotype 1, are able to clear HCV more often than if genotype 2 and 3 infected, and that CC genotype is associated with higher grade of necro‐inflammation.
The gravity of pollination: integrating at‐site features into spatial analysis of contemporary pollen movement
Authors: DiLeo Michelle F. , Siu Jenna C. , Rhodes Matthew K. , López‐Villalobos Adriana , Redwine Angela , Ksiazek Kelly , Dyer Rodney J.
Published: July 2014

Pollen‐mediated gene flow is a major driver of spatial genetic structure in plant populations. Both individual plant characteristics and site‐specific features of the landscape can modify the perceived attractiveness of plants to their pollinators and thus play an important role in shaping spatial genetic variation. Most studies of landscape‐level genetic connectivity in plants have focused on the effects of interindividual distance using spatial and increasingly ecological separation, yet have not incorporated individual plant characteristics or other at‐site ecological variables. Using spatially explicit simulations, we first tested the extent to which the inclusion of at‐site variables influencing local pollination success improved the statistical characterization of genetic connectivity based upon examination of pollen pool genetic structure. The addition of at‐site characteristics provided better models than those that only considered interindividual spatial distance (e.g. IBD). Models parameterized using conditional genetic covariance (e.g. population graphs) also outperformed those assuming panmixia. In a natural population of Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae), we showed that the addition of at‐site characteristics (clumping of primary canopy opening above each maternal tree and maternal tree floral output) provided significantly better models describing gene flow than models including only between‐site spatial (IBD) and ecological (isolation by resistance) variables. Overall, our results show that including interindividual and local ecological variation greatly aids in characterizing landscape‐level measures of contemporary gene flow.
Association of angiotensin type 2 receptor gene polymorphisms with ureteropelvic junction obstruction in Brazilian patients
Authors: Miranda Debora M , dos Santos Augusto Cesar , Sarubi Helena C , Bastos‐Rodrigues Luciana , Rosa Daniela Valadão , Freitas Izabella S , De Marco Luiz Armando , Oliveira Eduardo A , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina
Published: July 2014

Aim

The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor takes part in the process of ureteric bud during kidney development. Therefore, the gene encoding AT2 receptor, the AGTR2 gene located in the X chromosome, is a potential candidate for genetic association with Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT). This study aimed to investigate whether AGTR2 gene polymorphisms are associated with CAKUT in general or even with common phenotypes of CAKUT in a Brazilian sample of paediatric patients.

Methods

We analyzed 290 paediatric patients with CAKUT and 262 healthy controls from the same geographic area. TaqMan single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays for AGTR2 gene at rs1403543, rs3736556, rs35474657, rs5193 and rs5194 were performed. The sample was in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium for all five SNPs.

Results

The presence of CAKUT in general was not significantly associated with the SNPs included in this study. However, when patients were segregated according to major phenotypes, the diagnosis of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJO) was significantly associated with AGTR2 gene polymorphisms at rs3736556 and at rs5194. On the other hand, the diagnoses of vesicoureteral reflux and of multicystic dysplastic kidney were not associated with AGTR2 gene polymorphisms.

Conclusion

Our results support that the AGTR2 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of UPJO and the genetic origin of CAKUT could vary according to phenotype expression.
Establishing equations to evaluate 24 hour urine protein excretion using routine urinalysis
Authors: Yang Yang , Xie Yuansheng , Wang Chao , Chen Guanglei , Kong Deyang , Zhou Zhuliang , Wang Yaping , Qi Ka , Song Minghui , Ma Lu
Published: July 2014

Aim

It is necessary to screen people at high risk for proteinuria with an economical, reliable and convenient method. The aim of this study is to establish a new approach to predict 24 h urine protein (24 h UP) by routine laboratory assays.

Methods

Five centres were included and a total of 4211 hospitalized patients were enrolled. All samples were assayed for dipstick protein (DSP), specific gravity (SG), 24 h UP and serum albumin (ALB) simultaneously. 4211 patients were randomly divided into two groups for establishing and testing the equations. Equations were built by multiple log‐linear regressions.

Results

(i) DSP is significantly correlated to 24 h UP in a logarithmic pattern; (ii) SG interprets 24 h UP for specific DSP; (iii) Equation 1 = 0.203 × 10dummy‐variable F × [100 (SG‐1)]−0.470; and (iv) Equation 2 = 13.366 × 10dummy‐variable F × [100 (SG‐1)]−0.547 × [ALB (g/L)]−1.130 The dummy‐variable F had a point‐to‐point accordance to DSP (detailed in text).

Conclusion

Combination of DSP and SG can interpret normal‐range proteinuria well, and helped by ALB, their interpretation for macro proteinuria is much improved. It is dependable and economical for routine urinalysis to evaluate pathological proteinuria by equation.
Efficacy of the Greater Occipital Nerve Block for Cervicogenic Headache: Comparing Classical and Subcompartmental Techniques
Authors: Lauretti Gabriela R. , Corrêa Selma W. R. O. , Mattos Anita L.
Published: July 2014

Aim

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of the greater occipital nerve (GON) block using the classical technique and different volumes of injectate with the subcompartmental technique for the treatment of cervicogenic headache (CH).

Methods

Thirty patients acted as his/her own control. All patients were submitted to the GON block by the classical technique with 10 mg dexamethasone, plus 40 mg lidocaine (5 mL volume). Patients were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups (n = 10) when pain VAS was > 3 cm. Each group was submitted to a GON subcompartmental technique (10 mg dexamethasone + 40 mg lidocaine + nonionic iodine contrast + saline) under fluoroscopy using either 5, 10, or 15 mL final volume. Analgesia and quality of life were evaluated.

Results

The classical GON technique resulted in 2 weeks of analgesia and less rescue analgesic consumption, compared to 24 weeks after the subcompartmental technique (P < 0.01). Quality of life improved at 2 and 24 weeks after the classical and the suboccipital techniques, respectively (P < 0.05). The data revealed that groups were similar regarding analgesia when compared to volume of injection (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

While the classical technique for GON block resulted in only 2 weeks of analgesia, the subcompartmental technique resulted in at least 24 weeks of analgesia, being 5 mL volume sufficient for the performance of the block under fluoroscopy.
The auxin response factor, OsARF19, controls rice leaf angles through positively regulating OsGH3‐5 and OsBRI1
Authors: ZHANG SAINA , WANG SUIKANG , XU YANXIA , YU CHENLIANG , SHEN CHENJIA , QIAN QIAN , GEISLER MARKUS , JIANG DE AN , QI YANHUA
Published: July 2014

Auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) are important phytohormones for controlling lamina inclination implicated in plant architecture and grain yield. But the molecular mechanism of auxin and BR crosstalk for regulating lamina inclination remains unknown. Auxin response factors (ARFs) control various aspects of plant growth and development. We here report that OsARF19‐overexpression rice lines show an enlarged lamina inclination due to increase of its adaxial cell division. OsARF19 is expressed in various organs including lamina joint and strongly induced by auxin and BR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and yeast one‐hybrid assays demonstrate that OsARF19 binds to the promoter of OsGH3‐5 and brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (OsBRI1) directing their expression. OsGH3‐5‐overexpression lines show a similar phenotype as OsARF19‐O1. Free auxin contents in the lamina joint of OsGH3‐5‐O1 or OsARF19‐O1 are reduced. OsGH3‐5 is localized at the endoplasmic retieulum (ER) matching reduction of the free auxin contents in OsGH3‐5‐O1. osarf19‐TDNA and osgh3‐5‐Tos17 mutants without erected leaves show a function redundancy with other members of their gene family. OsARF19‐overexpression lines are sensitive to exogenous BR treatment and alter the expressions of genes related to BR signalling. These findings provide novel insights into auxin and BR signalling, and might have significant implications for improving plant architecture of monocot crops.
Diffusional limitations explain the lower photosynthetic capacity of ferns as compared with angiosperms in a common garden study
Authors: CARRIQUÍ M. , CABRERA H. M. , CONESA M. À. , COOPMAN R. E. , DOUTHE C. , GAGO J. , GALLÉ A. , GALMÉS J. , RIBAS‐CARBO M. , TOMÁS M. , FLEXAS J.
Published: July 2014

Ferns are thought to have lower photosynthetic rates than angiosperms and they lack fine stomatal regulation. However, no study has directly compared photosynthesis in plants of both groups grown under optimal conditions in a common environment. We present a common garden comparison of seven angiosperms and seven ferns paired by habitat preference, with the aims of (1) confirming that ferns do have lower photosynthesis capacity than angiosperms and quantifying these differences; (2) determining the importance of diffusional versus biochemical limitations; and (3) analysing the potential implication of leaf anatomical traits in setting the photosynthesis capacity in both groups.

On average, the photosynthetic rate of ferns was about half that of angiosperms, and they exhibited lower stomatal and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm), maximum velocity of carboxylation and electron transport rate. A quantitative limitation analysis revealed that stomatal and mesophyll conductances were co‐responsible for the lower photosynthesis of ferns as compared with angiosperms. However, gm alone was the most constraining factor for photosynthesis in ferns. Consistently, leaf anatomy showed important differences between angiosperms and ferns, especially in cell wall thickness and the surface of chloroplasts exposed to intercellular air spaces.
The Phenomenal Use of ‘Look’ and Perceptual Representation
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: July 2014

The article provides the state of the art on the debate about whether the semantics of ‘look’ statements commits us to any particular theory of perceptual experience. The debate began with Frank Jackson's argument that ‘look’ statements commit us to a sense‐datum theory of perception. Thinkers from different camps have since then offered various rejoinders to Jackson's argument. Others have provided novel arguments from considerations of the semantics of ‘look’ to particular theories of perception. The article closes with an argument of this sort for a representational theory of perceptual experience.
Controlling Illegal Immigration: On the Scope for Cooperation with a Transit Country
Authors: Djajić Slobodan , Michael Michael S.
Published: July 2014

We consider the implications of cooperation with respect to immigration control between a final‐destination country (D) and its poorer neighbor (T). Assuming that the latter serves as a transit country for undocumented immigrants, a key question is how much aid should D provide to T for the purpose of strengthening its immigration controls. The problem for T is to determine what proportion of aid to use strictly for immigration control rather than trying to meet other border‐security objectives. We examine the Nash equilibrium values of the policy instruments of both countries and compare them with those which are optimal when international cooperation on immigration control extends to maximization of joint welfare. We also consider a two‐stage game in which D first decides on how much aid to transfer to T, with the latter subsequently choosing how to use it.
Bayesian Analysis of Measurement Error Models Using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations
Authors: Muff Stefanie , Riebler Andrea , Held Leonhard , Rue Håvard , Saner Philippe
Published: July 2014

To account for measurement error (ME) in explanatory variables, Bayesian approaches provide a flexible framework, as expert knowledge can be incorporated in the prior distributions. Recently, integrated nested Laplace approximations have been proven to be a computationally convenient alternative to sampling approaches for Bayesian inference in latent Gaussian models. We show how the most common approaches to adjust for ME, the classical and the Berkson ME, fit into this framework. This is achieved through a reformulation with augmented pseudo-observations and a suitable extension of the latent Gaussian field. Two specific classes are described, which allow for a particularly simple implementation using integrated nested Laplace approximations. We present three applications within the framework of generalized linear (mixed) models with ME. To illustrate the practical feasibility, R code is provided in on-line supplementary material.
Diagnostic accuracy of instrumented and manual talar tilt tests in chronic ankle instability populations
Authors: Rosen A. B. , Ko J. , Brown C. N.
Published: July 2014

Diagnostic accuracy of the talar tilt test is not well established in a chronic ankle instability (CAI) population. Our purpose was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of instrumented and manual talar tilt tests in a group with varied ankle injury history compared with a reference standard of self‐report questionnaire. Ninety‐three individuals participated, with analysis occurring on 88 (39 CAI, 17 ankle sprain copers, and 32 healthy controls). Participants completed the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, arthrometer inversion talar tilt tests (LTT), and manual medial talar tilt stress tests (MTT). The ability to determine CAI status using the LTT and MTT compared with a reference standard was performed. The sensitivity (95% confidence intervals) of LTT and MTT was low [LTT = 0.36 (0.23–0.52), MTT = 0.49 (0.34–0.64)]. Specificity was good to excellent (LTT: 0.72–0.94; MTT: 0.78–0.88). Positive likelihood ratio (+ LR) values for LTT were 1.26–6.10 and for MTT were 2.23–4.14. Negative LR for LTT were 0.68–0.89 and for MTT were 0.58–0.66. Diagnostic odds ratios ranged from 1.43 to 8.96. Both clinical and arthrometer laxity testing appear to have poor overall diagnostic value for evaluating CAI as stand‐alone measures. Laxity testing to assess CAI may only be useful to rule in the condition.
Political Violence and Adolescent Out‐group Attitudes and Prosocial Behaviors: Implications for Positive Inter‐group Relations
Authors: Taylor Laura K. , Merrilees Christine E. , Goeke‐Morey Marcie C. , Shirlow Peter , Cairns Ed , Cummings E. Mark
Published: July 2014

The negative impact of political violence on adolescent adjustment is well established. Less is known about factors that affect adolescents' positive outcomes in ethnically divided societies, especially influences on prosocial behaviors toward the out‐group, which may promote constructive relations. For example, understanding how inter‐group experiences and attitudes motivate out‐group helping may foster inter‐group co‐operation and help to consolidate peace. The current study investigated adolescents' overall and out‐group prosocial behaviors across two time points in Belfast, Northern Ireland (N = 714 dyads; 49% male; Time 1: M = 14.7, SD = 2.0, years old). Controlling for Time 1 prosocial behaviors, age, and gender, multi‐variate structural equation modeling showed that experience with inter‐group sectarian threat predicted fewer out‐group prosocial behaviors at Time 2 at the trend level. On the other hand, greater experience of intra‐group non‐sectarian threat at Time 1 predicted more overall and out‐group prosocial behaviors at Time 2. Moreover, positive out‐group attitudes strengthened the link between intra‐group threat and out‐group prosocial behaviors one year later. Finally, experience with intra‐group non‐sectarian threat and out‐group prosocial behaviors at Time 1 was related to more positive out‐group attitudes at Time 2. The implications for youth development and inter‐group relations in post‐accord societies are discussed.
Learning on the Ground: Ecology, Engagement, and Embodiment
Authors: Ayres Jennifer R.
Published: July 2014

If theological education is to prepare religious leaders who will respond faithfully and capably to ecological challenges, what models of teaching and learning will best equip them for this work? In conversation with environmental education theory and examples from diverse learning contexts, this paper proposes a model of “learning on the ground” which is characterized by engaged and embodied pedagogy through participation in earth‐honoring social practices. See a companion essay in this issue of the journal (Kevin J. O'Brien, “Balancing Critique and Commitment”) and a response to both these essays (Forrest Clingerman, “Pedagogy as a Field Guide to the Ecology of the Classroom”) also published in this issue of the journal.
Reproductive health during conflict
Authors: Black Benjamin O , Bouanchaud Paul A , Bignall Jenine K , Simpson Emma , Gupta Manish
Published: July 2014

Key content

Reproductive health (RH) outcomes worsen during conflict and displacement, the causes of which are considered multi‐factorial.

In conflict and displacement settings, there are unique challenges in providing emergency obstetric care.

There has been increased recognition of the need to provide adequate RH in emergency responses.

Providing appropriate assistance to populations affected by conflict requires continued monitoring and evaluation, and the further development of life‐saving interventions.

Learning objectives

To understand the effect of conflict on RH.

To discuss the reasons why RH outcomes worsen during conflict and displacement.

To consider the ways in which responses can be made during an emergency.

Ethical issues

Should RH be considered a priority during an emergency response to conflict and disasters?

Does offering RH assistance to conflict‐affected populations put other local groups at a disadvantage?

Will greater knowledge of how conflict and displacement affect RH help in understanding and treating refugees and asylum seekers in the UK?
Determination of Babesia microti seroprevalence in blood donor populations using an investigational enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Levin Andrew E. , Williamson Phillip C. , Erwin James L. , Cyrus Sherri , Bloch Evan M. , Shaz Beth H. , Kessler Debra , Telford Sam R. , Krause Peter J. , Wormser Gary P. , Ni Xiaoyan , Wang Haihong , Krueger Neil X. , Caglioti Sally , Busch Michael P.
Published: July 2014

Background

Transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis caused by Babesia microti has emerged as a significant risk to the US blood supply. This study estimated the prevalence of B. microti antibodies in blood donors using an investigational enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

Study Design and Methods

A peptide‐based EIA that detects both immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM antibodies to B. microti was developed and validated. Donor samples randomly selected from areas defined as high‐risk endemic, lower‐risk endemic, and nonendemic for B. microti were deidentified and tested using the investigational EIA. Samples that were EIA repeat reactive were further tested by B. microti immunofluorescent assay (IFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on red blood cell lysates, and peripheral blood smear examination. A random subset of 1272 samples from high‐risk endemic areas was tested by IFA, PCR, and peripheral blood smear in parallel with EIA.

Results

Among 15,000 donations tested with the investigational B. microti EIA, EIA repeat‐reactive rates were 1.08% (54/5000) in a high‐risk endemic area, 0.74% (37/5000) in a lower‐risk area, and 0.40% (20/5000) in a nonendemic area. After application of a revised cutoff, these values were reduced to 0.92%, (46/5000), 0.54% (27/5000), and 0.16% (8/5000). Overall concordance between EIA and IFA among donor samples was 99.34%. One seropositive sample was positive by PCR.

Conclusion

The seroprevalence of B. microti in blood donors in a high‐risk area measured by an investigational EIA was approximately 1%. The EIA shows promise as an efficient high‐throughput blood donor screening assay for B. microti.
Applying System Dynamics for Nuclear Power Plant Design
Authors: Lisse Stephen D.
Published: July 2014

This study analyzed a system dynamics model for outsourcing engineering services in a large and complex project organizational structure that is typically associated with nuclear power plants. A literature review indicated that most of the reviewed papers implied the project engineering resources were totally insourced or the authors were silent regarding any resources that were outsourced. Comprehensive sensitivity analysis of various model parameters was performed. Results of running the SD model indicate that the quality and productivity of the outsourced resources and the initial number of assigned experienced engineers significantly impacted the amount and timing of engineering work completion. An analysis was also performed on the project outcomes by varying the number of initial and changed engineering tasks. The results indicate the decision to insource/outsource engineering work on nuclear power plant projects may have significant cost and time impacts which should be considered by decision makers.
Determination of Material Constants for Creep Damage Models Using Small Two-Bar and Notched Specimens
Authors: Ali Balhassn S. M. , Hyde Thomas H. , Sun Wei
Published: July 2014

The work presented in this paper forms part of the research related to the development of small specimen creep testing techniques, which can be used when only small volumes of materials are available. Commonly used small creep test specimen types such as the impression and small ring creep tests can be only used to determine the minimum creep strain rate data. In this paper, two novel small-sized creep test specimens are described: (i) the recently developed small two-bar specimen, which is suitable for use in obtaining both uniaxial creep strain rate and creep rupture life data, and (ii) the newly developed small notched specimen, which can be used to determine the multiaxial stress state parameter. The two specimen types have been used to determine a full set of material constants for Norton model, Kachanov and Liu-Murakami creep damage models. Conversion relationships have been obtained based on the reference stress method in conjunction with the finite elements analyses and have been used to convert the two-bar specimen data to the corresponding uniaxial data. Two P91 power plant steels have been used to assess the accuracy of the two testing methods, (i) a weak P91 (Bar-257) steel at 650°C and (ii) a normal P91 (as received) steel at 600°C. The correlation between the data obtained from the two small specimens testing techniques and the corresponding uniaxial and Bridgeman specimens tests is excellent. The major advantages of the two novel small specimens testing techniques, over some existing small specimen creep testing techniques, are also highlighted in this paper.
Risk-Informed Structural Integrity Management: Development of SMR-Centric Piping Reliability Models
Authors: Lydell Bengt
Published: July 2014

In the context of risk-informed applications, this paper addresses the progress with piping reliability analysis methods and techniques and their role in supporting development of risk-informed structural integrity programs for small modular reactors (SMRs). The structural integrity of a pressure boundary is determined by multiple and interrelated reliability attributes and influence factors. Depending on the conjoint requirements for damage and degradation, certain combinations of material, operating environment, loading conditions together with applicable design codes and standards, certain passive components are substantially more resistant to damage and degradation than others. As an example, for stabilized austenitic stainless steel pressure boundary components, there are no recorded events involving active, through-wall leakage. By contrast, for unstabilized austenitic stainless steel, multiple events involving through-wall leakage have been recorded, albeit with relative minor leak rates.

The field experience with safety- and non-safety related piping in commercial GenI through GenIII nuclear power reactors is quite extensive. Equally extensive is the experience gained from the implementation of different degradation mechanism mitigation strategies. By applying advanced piping reliability models, this body engineering data and integrity management insights can be used to assess the projected structural integrity of new piping system designs, including those of SMRs. The paper presents an overview of recent methodological advances and insights from the application of statistical piping reliability models to advanced reactor designs. Examples are provided on how piping reliability parameter estimates are affected by different integrity management strategies as well as by advanced, degradation mechanism (DM) resistant materials. The technical basis for the work that is presented in this paper has evolved over a period of 20+ years of focused and sustained R&D in the area of statistical models of piping reliability.
Mainstreaming Risk-Informed, Performance-Based Approaches for SMRs
Authors: Kadambi N. Prasad
Published: July 2014

The principles pertaining to risk-informed, performance-based (RIPB) concepts to analyze and implement safety strategies for nuclear technology have not received the investment in effort needed to fully obtain their benefits. The initiative by the USNRC to apply them in the safety review of SMRs presents industry and standards developing organizations opportunities that were previously unavailable. Tools and methods are publicly available for the benefit of all stakeholders to enable applications of these concepts. Given the economic benefits that may be available from application of RIPB approaches standards developing organizations such as the American Nuclear Society (ANS) and ASME can fulfill the role of enablers by getting volunteer experts in formally established consensus bodies to propose measures that can be reviewed subsequently from a regulatory standpoint. The ANS set up the RP3C as a committee to facilitate the transitioning of existing and proposed new standards to an RIPB framework. Recognizing the limitations of the existing framework in which deterministic and prescriptive approaches were the mainstay, ANS will engage innovative thinking to address issues that have been obstacles to RIPB approaches in the past. This paper offers information about the current and projected work of RP3C.
Approaches to Process Monitoring in Small Modular Reactors
Authors: Upadhyaya B. R. , Mehta C. , Lollar V. B. , Hines J. W. , de Wet D.
Published: July 2014

One of the advantages of small modular reactors (SMRs) is their possible deployment in remote locations and continued long-term operation with minimum downtime. In order to achieve this operational goal, the SMRs may require remote and continuous monitoring of process parameters. This feature is also important in monitoring critical parameters during severe accidents and for post-accident recovery. Small integral light water reactors have in-vessel space constraints and many of the traditional instrumentation are not practical in actual implementation. In order to resolve this issue, experiments were carried out on a flow test loop to characterize the relationship among process variables (flow rate, pressure, water level) and pump motor signatures. The paper presents the findings of this research with implications in relating electrical signatures to pump parameters.
Inservice Testing Program Improvements for New Reactors Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
Authors: Lippy Ronald C.
Published: July 2014

The nuclear industry is preparing for the licensing and construction of new nuclear power plants in the United States. Several new designs have been developed and approved, including the “traditional” reactor designs, the passive safe shutdown designs and the small modular reactors (SMRs).

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides specific Codes used to perform preservice inspection/testing and inservice inspection/testing for many of the components used in the new reactor designs. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews information provided by applicants related to inservice testing (IST) programs for Design Certifications and Combined Licenses (COLs) under Part 52, “Licenses, Certifications, and Approvals for Nuclear Power Plants,” in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part 52) (Reference 1). The 2012 Edition of the ASME OM Code defines a post-2000 plant as a nuclear power plant that was issued (or will be issued) its construction permit, or combined license for construction and operation, by the applicable regulatory authority on or following January 1, 2000. The New Reactors OM Code (NROMC) Task Group (TG) of the ASME Code for Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants (NROMC TG) is assigned the task of ensuring that the preservice testing (PST) and IST provisions in the ASME OM Code to address pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints (snubbers) in post-2000 nuclear power plants are adequate to provide reasonable assurance that the components will operate as needed when called upon. Currently, the NROMC TG is preparing proposed guidance for the treatment of active pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints with high safety significance in non-safety systems in passive post-2000 reactors including SMRs.
ASME Codes and Small Modular Reactors
Authors: Demoss Dennis , Janusz Stefan J. , Niemer Richard P.
Published: July 2014

Authors: Sargent & Lundy, LLC: Dennis Demoss, Stefan Janusz, and Richard Niemer. Focus: Codes and Standards. This paper will review new Small Modular Reactor (SMR) designs and implications on ASME Codes and Standards. SMR technologies which will be discussed include B&W mPower (TVA Clinch River site), Westinghouse SMR (Ameren Callaway site), NuScale/Fluor SMR (Pacific NW lab site), Holtec SMR (Savannah River site), and Non-U.S. Designs such as the Russian SMRs.

U.S. SMR reactor designs vary from 45 to approximately 225 MWe. SMRs, as defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency, have an electrical output less than 700 MW [1]; however, U.S. SMRs are typically defined as producing less than 350 MWe. SMR goals include significantly reducing plant capital cost requirements and enabling multi-reactor module construction and addition over time providing greater utility flexibility. A primary SMR advantage includes its installation in smaller grids typical of electrical power systems in developing countries. Unique aspects of the SMR technologies include integral reactor and steam generator vessel, integral pressurizer and internal piping, below-grade containment vessel, helical-coil integral steam generators, integral decay heat removal systems, modular plant construction and arrangement, in-service inspection unique requirements, special materials, and welding. SMR technologies provide unique challenges for conformance with ASME Codes and Standards.

Non-U.S. designs, such as the Russian floating ship-type configuration SMR (KLT-40S) and Russian land-based SMR (VBER-300), will be discussed from the perspective of compatibility with ASME Codes. Discussion will be provided regarding non-U.S. SMR operational safety and inspection requirements based on ASME Codes.

SMR development may require the expansion and clarification of current ASME Code design rules and requirements. For example, Section XI testing requirements and frequencies may require revision due to longer intervals between refueling. New divisions of ASME Codes may be required to address inspection of SMR inaccessible plant components and materials and plant operational differences from previous LWR designs. Additional reactor internal components and equipment may also require additional ASME Code considerations. Finally, higher design temperatures resulting from passive design shutdown considerations may require development and Code acceptance of new materials.