bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine-learning-based prediction of parameters of secondaries in hadronic showers using calorimetric observables
Authors: Chadeeva M. , Korpachev S.
Published: October 2022

The paper describes a novel neural-network-based approach to
study the distributions of secondaries produced in hadronic showers
using observables provided by highly granular calorimeters. The
response is analysed of the highly granular scintillator-steel
hadron calorimeter to negative pions with momenta from 10 to 80 GeV
simulated with two physics lists from the Geant4 package
version 10.3. Several global observables, which characterise
different aspects of hadronic shower development, are used as inputs
for a deep neural network. The network regression model is trained
using a supervised learning and exploiting true information from the
simulations. The trained model is applied to predict a number of
neutrons and energy of neutral pions produced within a hadronic
shower. The achieved performance and possible application of the
model to validation of simulations are discussed.
Viruses: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: October 2022

Viruses: A Very Short Introduction examines the recent rise in emerging virus infections, especially coronaviruses. It explores why SARS-CoV-2 was able to spread rapidly and cause a pandemic, as opposed to more localized epidemics. It also highlights the recent revolution in vaccine technology and other preventive measures for the management of future dangerous viruses that will undoubtedly emerge. This VSI provides a rounded and concise account of the nature of viruses, how they attack their hosts, and the efforts to control them. Viruses are everywhere and, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, cannot be ignored.
Emerging virus infections: arthropod-transmitted viruses
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses arboviruses, which are transmitted by biting insects that are small enough to remain undetected until the damage is done. These insects are not just passive carriers of the viruses but are required by the viruses to complete their life cycles. It describes how arboviruses spread widely, causing large epidemics in humans and domestic animals, with increasing morbidity and mortality and severe economic implications. The chapter highlights the transmission of arboviruses, which is directly affected by changes in vector population densities. Climate change and increased international travel have caused the emergence and re-emergence of several insect-borne viruses.
Emerging virus infections: the coronaviruses
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores coronaviruses, a family of large RNA viruses that in the past have mostly been ignored by medical virologists but were well known to veterinary practitioners and scientists. Up until 2002 coronaviruses were only known to cause mild infections in humans, such as the common cold. It points out how this family of viruses infects a wide range of mammals and birds, including farmed animals in which widespread epidemics have resulted in severe economic and financial loss. The chapter recounts the outbreak of atypical pneumonia that suddenly hit China in November 2002. The disease could be so severe that patients often required hospital admission and artificial ventilation.
Persistent viruses
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter emphasizes how viruses fight a constant battle against host immunity. For most viruses there is just a small window of opportunity in which to reproduce and make a hasty exit before being wiped out by the formidable array of host defences. It describes how some viruses have evolved strategies for overcoming immune mechanisms and survive inside their host for prolonged periods, even for a lifetime. The chapter highlights the frequency with which viruses persist in their hosts after a variety of primary infections. Herpesviruses virtually always establish a lifelong relationship that usually does no harm to the host.
World Mythology
Authors: Leeming David A.
Published: October 2022

This book treats myths from all parts of the word, first from a cultural and then from a more comparative perspective. How do myths of the ancient Egyptians or Greeks, for instance, reflect the realities of the Egyptian and Greek cultures? When compared, how do they reveal certain universal themes or motifs that point to larger transcultural issues, such as the place of the human species in creation or the nature of deity as a concept? This book is organized around the universal or near universal motifs: deities, creation, the flood, the trickster, and the hero. Myths from Greek, Egyptian, Norse, Native American, African, Polynesian, Jewish, Christian, Hindu, and other cultures are retold and treated as reflections of the cultures that “dreamed” them and then are compared and discussed in such a way as to expose universal significance, creating a world mythology.
Creation
Authors: Leeming David A.
Published: October 2022

Basic types of creation myth are treated here. The ex nihilo (from nothing) myth, for instance, emphasizes creation from the mind of the Creator (e.g., Yahweh/God/Allah) or creation from the words of the Creator (e.g., the Polynesian Io). The creation from chaos myth tells of creation from undifferentiated material such as cosmic eggs (e.g., the Dogon world egg). The world parents myth—creation from the sacrifice of the world parent(s) (e.g., the Chinese Pangu, the Indian Purusha, the Norse Ymir) often involves the separation of the two world parents, representing Earth and Heaven (e.g., the Polynesian Papa and Rangu, the Mesopotamian Apsu and Tiamat, the Egyptian Geb and Nut). In the earth diver myth an animal dives into the primordial waters to find soil that becomes Earth. This type is particularly prevalent among Native American tribes of the east (e.g., the Iroquoians). In the emergence-type myth, the people emerge from the World Mother (Earth). The birth metaphor is evident here. This myth type is almost exclusively southwestern Native American (e.g., Dine, Hopi) and in it goddesses play significant roles. The chapter undertakes to ask why we have creation myths. Why are they important for our sense of ourselves as cultures and as a species?
World mythology and cultural myths
Authors: Leeming David A.
Published: October 2022

The place of myth in our world, in our collective and individual lives, is the subject of this concluding segment. How do the myths of our religious traditions affect the way we see ourselves and others? Is there an essential conflict between myth and reality? Do myths function significantly in secular societies? How are universal mythic themes utilized by societies? As noted in this conclusion, the defining characteristic of human beings may well be the ability to conceive of plot (what Aristotle called mythos)—that is, of narratives with beginnings, middles, and ends. By extension, humans, unlike other animal species, think and act in relation to the past, the present, and the future. Myths reveal a human need to describe and explain the world in narratives. Behind these narratives are several universal human questions. Where did we come from? Did someone create us? Are we sometimes punished by that being? Why is there evil in the world? Do we have a way of breaking out of the limitations on our lives?
Evil: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: October 2022

Evil: A Very Short Introduction explores the concept of evil from a philosophical and psychological perspective. The book considers whether evil is nothing more than an outdated myth or is a horrifyingly real feature of our world. If we believe that evil is real, then we need to explain the difference between evil actions and ordinary wrongdoing. Is evil beyond our comprehension? Do we see the essence of evil in the sadistic and malicious actions of serial killers, or should we instead recognize the banality of evil? Do all evildoers knowingly defy the rules of morality, or do some evildoers mistakenly believe that they are doing the right thing? By working through these philosophical disagreements, this book leads us towards a deeper understanding of extreme wrongdoing.
The horror and incomprehensibility of evil action
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: October 2022

While all evil actions are wrong, not all wrong actions are evil. This prompts us to ask what distinguishes evil actions from ordinary wrongdoing. Is there a special quality possessed only by evil actions? This chapter considers whether evil is different from ordinary wrongdoing in virtue of the distinctive feelings and reactions that evildoing evokes in victims and in witnesses. Should evil be defined as wrongdoing that evokes horror, or as wrongdoing that is incomprehensible? It is true that horror and some kinds of incomprehension are justified reactions to evildoing and to atrocities such as the Holocaust. However, if we define evil actions in terms of our reactions, our definition will be too subjective.
The banality of evil
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: October 2022

Some philosophers have claimed that there is no distinctive psychological feature that lies behind evil actions. Instead, they claim that evil actions can come from all kinds of motives. This fits with Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the trial of Adolf Eichmann and her claims about the banality of evil. If evil is not distinguished from ordinary wrongdoing via the distinctive psychology of the evildoer, we might suggest that evil actions are simply extremely harmful wrong actions. Yet what if some evil actions are failed attempts to inflict extreme harm? Could harmless acts of sadistic voyeurism also count as evil?
The war and after
Authors: Barr Charles
Published: October 2022

This chapter studies the wartime films of 1940s Britain. It starts with Goodbye Mr Chips (1939) and The Lion Has Wings (1939). For officials learning to use films as propaganda, Mr Chips seemed an ideal model, celebrating ‘British life and character’. The chapter then considers Love on the Dole (1941); The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943); In Which We Serve (1942); Millions Like Us (1943); The Way Ahead (1944); and The Way to the Stars (1945). It also studies I Know Where I’m Going (1945); The Wicked Lady (1945); Brief Encounter (1945); A Matter of Life and Death (1946); Great Expectations (1946); and The Third Man (1949).
Ealing and after
Authors: Barr Charles
Published: October 2022

This chapter assesses the productions of Ealing Studios at the end of the 1940s. It evaluates films such as Passport to Pimlico, Whisky Galore, and Kind Hearts and Coronets, all of which were shown in 1949. These three comedies can be seen as a kind of triptych: very meaningful for their first audience, offering three forms of fantasy enjoyment at a time of austerity and restrictions, and tapping deep into longer-term tensions in the culture. Better than any other block of films, Ealing’s output has come to evoke and represent the period. The chapter then considers the rise of the ‘New Wave’ films, the Carry On series, and Hammer horror.
Optimal design of the Barker proposal and other locally balanced Metropolis–Hastings algorithms
Authors: Vogrinc Jure , Livingstone Samuel , Zanella Giacomo
Published: October 2022

We study the class of first-order locally balanced Metropolis–Hastings algorithms introduced in Livingstone & Zanella (2022). To choose a specific algorithm within the class, the user must select a balancing function $g:{\mathbb{R}}_+ \to {\mathbb{R}}_+$ satisfying $g(t) = tg(1/t)$ and a noise distribution for the proposal increment. Popular choices within the class are the Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm and the recently introduced Barker proposal. We first establish a general limiting optimal acceptance rate of 57$\%$ and scaling of $n^{-1/3}$, as the dimension $n$ tends to infinity among all members of the class under mild smoothness assumptions on $g$ and when the target distribution for the algorithm is of product form. In particular, we obtain an explicit expression for the asymptotic efficiency of an arbitrary algorithm in the class, as measured by expected squared jumping distance. We then consider how to optimize this expression under various constraints. We derive an optimal choice of noise distribution for the Barker proposal, an optimal choice of balancing function under a Gaussian noise distribution, and an optimal choice of first-order locally balanced algorithm among the entire class, which turns out to depend on the specific target distribution. Numerical simulations confirm our theoretical findings, and in particular, show that a bimodal choice of noise distribution in the Barker proposal gives rise to a practical algorithm that is consistently more efficient than the original Gaussian version.
Mapping faults in the laboratory with seismic scattering 1: the laboratory perspective
Authors: King Thomas , De Siena Luca , Benson Philip , Vinciguerra Sergio
Published: October 2022

Seismic waves produced by stressed and deforming rocks lose coherence when they cross regions of high heterogeneity. The delay in the arrival of maximum seismic energy amplitude (peak delay), an essential attribute to model earthquake source characteristics, is increasingly used to map complex crustal geology, heterogeneous reservoirs and fault networks. However, no laboratory calibration for the sensitivity of this parameter to fractures is currently available due to both experimental challenges and the difficulty in modelling wavefields in the near field. In this study, peak delays have been measured and mapped in space in the frequency range 50 kHz to 1 MHz using acoustic emission data recorded during a triaxial deformation experiment of Darley Dale Sandstone. Peak delays can increase dramatically throughout the experiment, but their behaviour depends on frequency and, especially, anomalous azimuth-dependent scattering. The changes in frequency depend on strain. At low frequencies, peak delays are sensitive to surface waves generated at the sample boundaries, but they also mark the zones of shadow and intense/intermediate strains expected for an heterogeneous sample. At high frequencies, peak delays detect the zone of intense strain corresponding to the post-deformation shear zone. Temporal variations of peak delays show a frequency-dependent sensitivity to fracture nucleation, fault coalescence and sample failure. Scattering from these heterogeneities produces waves reverberating through seismic coda if the source–station path is close to an acoustic boundary, such as the fault zone or the sample boundaries. Our results confirm that peak delay has notable sensitivity to heterogeneity and can map and monitor structural- and deformation-induced changes in the near-field. The companion modelling paper tests this sensitivity and the corresponding imaging potential.
Factors associated with COVID-19 masking behavior: an application of the Health Belief Model
Authors: White Allie , Maloney Erin , Boehm Michele , Bleakley Amy , Langbaum Jessica
Published: October 2022

Wearing a face mask is effective in minimizing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among unvaccinated individuals and preventing severe illness among the vaccinated. Country, state and local guidelines promote, and at times mandate, mask-wearing despite it being publicly perceived as an individual’s choice. Guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM), structural equation modeling was used to analyze longitudinal data in a sample of US adults aged 18–49 years to identify constructs that contribute to face mask-wearing. Results indicated that perceived COVID-19 severity, perceived masking benefits and self-efficacy were positively associated with masking behavior, and masking barriers were negatively associated with masking behavior. Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 and cues to action were nonsignificant correlates of masking behavior. These results’ theoretical and practical implications contribute to the literature on the HBM and the COVID-19 pandemic. Future directions and limitations are discussed.
Full-length whole-genome sequencing analysis of emerged meropenem-resistant mutants during long-term in vitro exposure to meropenem for borderline meropenem-susceptible carbapenemase-producing and non-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
Authors: Endo Yuko Tsutsumi , Aoki Kotaro , Hamada Masakaze , Kamura Haruka Nakagawa , Ishii Yoshikazu , Tateda Kazuhiro
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Molecular analysis of meropenem-resistant mechanisms in mutants emerging from long-term in vitro meropenem exposure to borderline meropenem-susceptible carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) and non-CPE.

Methods

Escherichia coli TUM13867 harbouring both blaIMP-6- and blaCTX-M-2-carrying IncN plasmid and Citrobacter koseri TUM13189 with blaCTX-M-2-carrying chromosome were used. Meropenem MIC was 1 mg/L against both strains. Each strain was cultured in the hollow-fibre infection model (HFIM) to approximately 1 × 106 colony formation unit (cfu)/mL, and meropenem 1 g q8h treatment was initiated. Then, changes in total and meropenem-resistant populations were observed for 124 h. Meropenem resistance mechanisms were analysed using full-length whole-genome sequencing (WGS), reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and digital PCR.

Results

Meropenem reduced TUM13867 and TUM13189 to approximately 5 and 2 log10 cfu/mL, respectively, at 2 h after initiation, but regrowth was observed at 24 h. The meropenem-resistant mutant emergence frequency at 120 and 124 h was 4.4 × 10−4 for TUM13867 and 7.6 × 10−1 for TUM13189. Meropenem MIC of the mutants derived from TUM13867 (TUM20902) and TUM13189 (TUM20903) increased 4- and 16-fold, respectively. TUM20902, which harboured pMTY20902_IncN plasmid with a 27 505-bp deletion that included blaCTX-M-2, and blaIMP-6 showed 4.21-fold higher levels of transcription than the parental strain. TUM20903 had a 49 316-bp deletion that included ompC and a replicative increase of blaCTX-M-2 to three copies.

Conclusions

Molecular analysis including full-length WGS revealed that the resistance mechanisms of meropenem-resistant mutants that emerged during long-term in vitro meropenem exposure were increased blaIMP-6 transcripts in CPE and increased blaCTX-M-2 transcripts due to gene triplication and OmpC loss resulting from ompC deletion in non-CPE.
Effects of microbial phytase on standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in feed phosphates fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lopez Diego A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H
Published: October 2022

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in feed phosphates are increased by microbial phytase when fed to growing pigs. Monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) from volcanic deposits were used in the experiment. Three corn-soybean meal based diets that contained 0, 500, or 4,000 units of microbial phytase (FTU), but no feed phosphates, were formulated. Nine additional diets were formulated by adding each of the three feed phosphates to the three basal diets. A P-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P, and therefore, 13 diets were used in the experiment. A total of 117 growing barrows (initial body weight: 15.56 ± 1.68 kg) were allotted to the 13 diets with 9 pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Installation of a screen floor under the slatted floor allowed for collection of feces. Diets were fed for 10 d, with the initial 5 d being a period of adaptation to the diet followed by a collection period of 4 d. During the experiment, pigs were fed equal amounts of feed twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h. Results indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P in all diets increased with the inclusion of 500 or 4,000 FTU, but the ATTD and STTD of P in the feed phosphates were not affected by the inclusion of phytase. This indicates that the increases in ATTD and STTD of P that were observed in the mixed diets when phytase was used were due to the release of P from phytate in corn and soybean meal and not from an increase in digestibility of P in feed phosphates. However, MgP had a lower (P < 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P than MCP and MSP. In conclusion, microbial phytase does not increase the digestibility of P in MCP, MSP, or MGP, but the digestibility of P in MgP is less than in MCP and MSP.
From ‘L’Orlando Furioso’ to ‘Roland’: Lully and Quinault Reading Ariosto
Authors: Cabrini Michele
Published: October 2022

Much like its source, Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, the opera Roland by Philippe Quinault and Jean-Baptiste Lully has been met with scepticism regarding its structure. In particular, recent criticism has focused on its bifurcated plot as a monstrous feature. This article reframes this issue by proposing that Roland’s bifurcated structure reflects Ariosto’s synchronic narrative. It shows how current misconceptions of Roland are indebted to the Furioso’s literary reception. Roland’s distinctive structure is a reflection of the changing French aesthetics concerning verisimilitude and the unity of time. The article demonstrates the influence of Ariosto’s narrative practices on the opera’s dramaturgy and structure, showing that fidelity to Ariosto’s narrative implied making unorthodox choices when crafting theatrical adaptations of his poem. It is suggested that Quinault and Lully manipulated the idiosyncrasy of the source to suit their dramatic end—to illustrate the irreconcilable gulf between love and duty.
Robust supermassive black hole spin mass-energy characteristics: a new method and results
Authors: Daly Ruth A
Published: October 2022

The rotational properties of astrophysical black holes are fundamental quantities that characterize the black holes. A new method to empirically determine the spin mass-energy characteristics of astrophysical black holes is presented and applied here. Results are obtained for a sample of 100 supermassive black holes with collimated dual outflows and redshifts between about 0 and 2. An analysis indicates that about two-thirds of the black holes are maximally spinning, while one-third have a broad distribution of spin values; it is shown that the same distributions describe the quantity ${(M_{\rm rot}/M_{\rm irr})}$. The new method is applied to obtain the black hole spin mass-energy, ${M_{\rm {spin}}}$, available for extraction relative to: the maximum possible value, the irreducible black hole mass, and the total black hole mass, ${M_{\rm {dyn}}}$. The total energy removed from the black hole system and deposited into the circumgalactic medium via dual outflows over the entire outflow lifetime of the source, ${E_{\rm {T}}}$, is studied relative to ${M_{\rm {dyn}}}$ and relative to the spin energy available per black hole, ${E_{\rm spin}/(M_{\odot }c^2)}$. The mean value of ${{\rm Log}(E_{\rm T}/M_{\rm dyn})}$ is about (−2.47 ± 0.27). Several explanations of this and related results are discussed. For example, the energy input to the ambient gas from the outflow could turn-off the accretion, or the impact of the black hole mass-loss on the system could destabilize and terminate the outflow. The small values and restricted range of values of ${{\rm Log}(E_{\rm T}/M_{\rm dyn})}$ and ${{{{\rm Log}}}(E_{\rm T}/E_{\rm spin})}$ could suggest that these are fundamental properties of the primary process responsible for producing the dual collimated outflows.
The regulatory landscape of multiple brain regions in outbred heterogeneous stock rats
Authors: Munro Daniel , Wang Tengfei , Chitre Apurva S , Polesskaya Oksana , Ehsan Nava , Gao Jianjun , Gusev Alexander , Woods Leah C Solberg , Saba Laura M , Chen Hao , Palmer Abraham A , Mohammadi Pejman
Published: October 2022

Heterogeneous Stock (HS) rats are a genetically diverse outbred rat population that is widely used for studying genetics of behavioral and physiological traits. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with transcriptional changes would help to identify mechanisms underlying these traits. We generated genotype and transcriptome data for five brain regions from 88 HS rats. We identified 21 392 cis-QTLs associated with expression and splicing changes across all five brain regions and validated their effects using allele specific expression data. We identified 80 cases where eQTLs were colocalized with genome-wide association study (GWAS) results from nine physiological traits. Comparing our dataset to human data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, we found that the HS rat data yields twice as many significant eQTLs as a similarly sized human dataset. We also identified a modest but highly significant correlation between genetic regulatory variation among orthologous genes. Surprisingly, we found less genetic variation in gene regulation in HS rats relative to humans, though we still found eQTLs for the orthologs of many human genes for which eQTLs had not been found. These data are available from the RatGTEx data portal (RatGTEx.org) and will enable new discoveries of the genetic influences of complex traits.
Income
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: October 2022

Millions of Americans live in or near poverty. Many try to take care of themselves by working part-time or full time at low-wage jobs. Many are unable to work (e.g., children, adults with severe disabilities). Organized charities seldom provide income support, which means that government’s role is essential. Social insurance programs, especially Social Security, lift millions of Americans out of poverty. Those programs are funded by payroll taxes; workers and employers help take care of those in need. The government spends less on means-tested public assistance (e.g., SSI, TANF). The Earned Income Tax Credit is the largest income support program aimed at low-income individuals. Means-tested programs are financed mostly by income taxes; thus, the rich help take care of the poor. The care received is inadequate: poverty rates are significantly higher for Blacks, Hispanics, and those who do not work full time.
Food
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: October 2022

When Americans cannot get enough to eat, they turn to family members, charities, and governments. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the single most important source of help. The two leading food charities are Feeding America and Meals on Wheels. Many churches operate food pantries and soup kitchens as well. While food charities operate across the country, their resources are limited. Although most types of income assistance are tied to employment, food assistance usually is not. Need is what matters most. Meeting that need requires contributions from government employees, taxpayers, grocery stores, corporate and individual donors, and local volunteers. Despite the efforts of many organizations, public and private, food insecurity affects millions of Americans. Many of them are not officially poor. Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than Whites to be food insecure.
Civil Law II Torts
Authors: Mallat Chibli
Published: October 2022

Following the review of modern theories of tort among the better contemporary Arab jurists, and their inability to root tortious liability in the framework of fiqh, the chapter notes the projection of the aporia in the floating language adopted by Saudi courts. The deadlock results in Arabic terms used in the floating language in tort cases: ta‘wid, arsh, daman, mas’uliyya taqsiriyya, tafrit, khata’, direct and indirect causality. The chapter then examines special categories: traffic accidents, battered wives, and mental impairment. A further section dwells on expertise and attorney’s costs. The conclusion addresses the difficulty of bringing the Saudi law of contracts and torts under a general remedial theory.
Diwan Al-Mazalem
Authors: Mallat Chibli
Published: October 2022

The chapter shows the uniqueness of Diwan al-mazalem (“Board of grievances”) in the way it developed in Saudi law from the archetype found in classical law through the French Egyptian model of Conseil d’État, and from a purely administrative court to “a court for all seasons,” covering most of the commercial law disputes and even some aspects of criminal and private international law. It dwells further on the DM’s administrative law judgments, including public contracts, excès de pouvoir and expropriation, as well as criminal law and the enforcement of foreign awards and decisions.
Epilogue
Authors: Mallat Chibli
Published: October 2022

The epilogue reviews the journey into the normalization of Saudi law, its achievements and shortcomings. It highlights roads taken and not taken, and the impact on Islamic law and its normalization. Roads taken are primarily those practised massively by courts in civil transaction, criminal and family law, and those where courts support an active codification process, especially in property, administrative and commercial law. Roads not taken are those that concern mostly constitutional law and human rights. Possible openings are also examined by way of fresh reading of classical law, including Muhammad ‘Abd al-Wahhab on basic human rights, Abu Ya‘la on voting (istihama), and the “five necessities” developed as basic rights in the Saudi-Islamic tradition.
The State (2000–2017)
Authors: Gautney Heather
Published: October 2022

This chapter tracks the neoliberal advance over the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations, considering how each of them exacerbated the social and political inequalities of our time and prefigured the Donald Trump presidency. It looks at how they and other political elites exploited various crises to serve the interests of elite powerholders and the techniques they employed in subordinating the American state, and other elements of the world order, to that end. In the case of Bush, it recalls how he used the attack on the World Trade Center to garner support for his agenda to redistribute wealth upward through tax cuts, financial deregulation, privatization schemes, and, of course, war. Regarding Obama, it analyzes how he took up Bush’s mantle of tax cuts, public-private partnerships, free trade, and balanced budgets, and importantly, provided cover for Wall Street during the 2007 global financial crisis. The chapter also assesses the ideological means through which each president reproduced neoliberalism’s class program, including Bush’s appeals to neoconservative values, and Obama’s cooptation of anti-racism to promote self-help, personal responsibility, and fiscal austerity, instead of public investment.
Musical Genre and Romantic Ideology
Authors: Gelbart Matthew
Published: October 2022

European Romanticism gave rise to a powerful discourse equating genres to constrictive rules and forms that great art should transcend; and yet without the categories and intertextual references we hold in our minds, “music” would be meaningless noise. This book teases out that paradox, charting the workings and legacies of Romantic artistic values such as originality and anti-commercialism in relation to musical genre. Genre’s persistent power was amplified by music’s inevitably practical social, spatial, and institutional frames. Furthermore, starting in the nineteenth century, all music, even the most anti-commercial, was stamped by its relationship to the marketplace, entrenching associations between genres and target publics (whether based on ideas of nation, gender, class, or subtler aspects of identity). These newly strengthened correlations made genre, if anything, more potent rather than less, despite Romantic claims. In case studies from across nineteenth-century Europe engaging with canonical music by Bizet, Chopin, Verdi, Wagner, and Brahms, alongside representative genres such as opéra-comique and the piano ballade, Gelbart explores the processes through which composers, performers, critics, and listeners gave sounds, and themselves, a sense of belonging. He examines genre vocabulary and discourse, the force of generic titles, how avant-garde music is absorbed through and into familiar categories, and how interpretation can be bolstered or undercut by genre agreements. Even in a modern world where transcription and sound recording can take any music into an infinite array of new spatial and social situations, we are still locked in the Romantics’ ambivalent tussle with genre.
Wagner’s meistersinger von nürnberg and the Generic Dilemma of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Gelbart Matthew
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores more specifically the paradox of genre in the avant-garde, juxtaposing authorial claims about escaping from genre with the reality of reception through the familiar. It zooms in on Wagner’s Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg to understand the ways in which that work could be parsed through various categories already quite recognizable to the audience. Some audiences, for example, including non-musically-trained fans of Wagner’s aesthetic claims, might first absorb the work through broad ideas of the “comic.” But for nearly all encountering the work, “opera” was the governing generic nexus through which Die Meistersinger was filtered. In keeping with operatic practicalities, Wagner himself emphasized “number”-sized chunks in previewing this and his other later works, and audiences consistency seized on such bite-sized parsing. Finally, ideas about the metageneric concept of high “art music” flow through the plot and through audience self-identities. These different levels and dimensions of genre, both ideological and practical, push against each other and ultimately lead to messy compromises that characterize avant-garde negotiations with genre. The symbolic clanging of the triangle part in Wagner’s score helps unravel these twisted connections.
Genres in Interpretation
Authors: Gelbart Matthew
Published: October 2022

One way that Romantic genres connect to the present day is through the question of interpretation. This excursion into the traditions of hermeneutics and criticism considers the ways in which generic awareness may open up, but may also narrow, how people make and listen to music. The focus here is on reading intertextual allusions in the music of a particularly generically “reverent” composer, Brahms, whose music has, precisely because of his reverence, provoked difficult interpretive questions. Three different types of allusion work differently in relation to genre: topical allusion, formal allusion, and melodic allusion. Brahms often blurred these, but the last has been the focus of most modern work on Brahmsian allusions. Reinforcing the idea that genre is primarily determined as a field of intertextual references in the mind of an audience community, this chapter considers which allusions Brahms might have expected his target audiences to perceive in the pieces he wrote and named a certain way. It argues that except in the most intimate private genres, and especially in large public genres, claims of melodic allusions in Brahms are most convincing and interpretively fruitful when they tell publicly perceptible stories about genres themselves and their relationships. Generally such allusions reference pieces in closely related but not “identical” genres, and help position these familial genres in relation to each other.
The Cooperative, Transformative Organization of Human Action and Knowledge
Authors: Goodwin Charles
Published: October 2022

Focusing on a range of features that are central to the constitution of action, this chapter is an empirically based theoretical contribution to the field of research attempting to understand how human sociality is established and sustained. Human action is intensely, perhaps uniquely, cooperative. Individual actions are constructed by assembling diverse materials, including language structure, prosody, and visible embodied displays. Semiotically charged objects, such as maps, when included within local action, incorporate ways of knowing and acting upon the world that have been inherited from predecessors. New action is built by performing systematic, selective operations on these public configurations of resources. The way in which a single action encompasses different kinds of resources makes possible (1) distinctive forms of cooperative social organization as alternatively positioned actors contribute different kinds of structure to a single shared action (e.g., the talk of a speaker and the silent visible displays of hearer work together to construct a turn-at-talk and the utterance emerging within it); and (2) the accumulation and differentiation through time within local cooperative transformation zones of dense substrates that create a multiplicity of settings for action. Each setting for action must be inhabited by competent members who have mastered the culturally specific practices required to perform the activities that animate the lifeworld of a particular community. Through the progressive development of, and apprenticeship within, diverse epistemic ecologies, communities invest their members with the resources required to understand each other in just the ways that make possible the accomplishment of ongoing, situated action. Human beings inhabit each other's actions.
Sex and the Sociological Dope
Authors: Schilt Kristen
Published: October 2022

Harold Garfinkel’s case study of “Agnes,” a young woman assigned male at birth who sought medical treatment at the University of California at Los Angeles in the late 1950s, is widely characterized as the first sociological case study of a person who might today identify as transgender. While myriad scholars have reinterpreted his written case material over the years, less attention has been paid to locating his theoretical insights about “sex status” within the context of the social sciences of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Drawing on published works and archival materials, the author situates Garfinkel’s writing about Agnes within the then-dominant strands of sociological and psychoanalytic thinking about sex and gender. In particular, the chapter focuses on the distinctive sociological lens through which Garfinkel interpreted Agnes’s life history through a juxtaposition of Garfinkel’s work with that of his collaborator on Agnes’s case, psychiatrist Robert J. Stoller.
Garfinkel, Social Problems, and Deviance
Authors: Weinberg Darin
Published: October 2022

Garfinkel and his earliest colleagues in ethnomethodology rejected the then conventional marginalization of the myriad forms of social knowledge, skill, and reason possessed by members of society themselves, and their derogation in the face of scientific sociology. Indeed, they installed the fine-grained analyses of members’ methods at sociology’s very core. Nowhere were these revolutionary initiatives more vividly displayed than in the study of social problems and deviance. This chapter traces the origins, expansion, and diffusion of ethnomethodological contributions to the study of social problems and deviance. More specifically, the chapter provides occasion to reflect on whether efforts to reconcile tensions within ethnomethodology between its own evaluative and value-neutral tendencies may contribute to overcoming the long-standing tensions between evaluative and value-neutral tendencies in the sociological subdiscipline of social problems and deviance. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first briefly reviews the historical development of social problems and deviance as a distinctive subdiscipline of sociology. The second section discusses various ways in which Garfinkel and other ethnomethodologists intervened in the study of deviance and social problems. The third section focuses on Garfinkel’s enduring legacy. The final section provides some concluding remarks.
The Sherlock Experiment
Authors: Livingston Eric , Heritage John
Published: October 2022

In psychology experiments on reasoning, the experimental subjects typically are given a number of logical or mathematical problems; the subjects’ individual responses are aggregated and compared with mathematically-correct solutions; inferences based on such comparisons are then made about the underlying mechanisms of human reasoning. In contrast, the Sherlock Experiment was designed to force the members of an experimental group to talk about and work toward a common solution to a given crime puzzle thereby, hopefully, making observable how the members of the group cultivated and assessed the adequacy of their own reasoning. Unexpectedly, the central resource for the group members was not the textual descriptions of the crime and the clues that had been given to them beforehand; instead, the fundamental grounds for their collaboration were what they themselves had said and were saying about the crime. Their task and problem, for themselves, was to find a solution to the crime by discovering the coherence of their own developing discussion of it. The material suggests not only the use of such experimental settings to examine how people observably reason together, but the possibility of investigating the congregational origins of reasoning’s phenomena.
Ethnomethodology and Atypical Interaction
Authors: Maynard Douglas W. , Turowetz Jason J.
Published: October 2022

Despite its dependency on common-sense knowledge, sociology as a field has yet to confront the fact that there simply is no time out from its use at any level of practical endeavor, including the most sophisticated theoretical and methodological efforts of scientific activity itself. The theme of this chapter is to suggest why the wider discipline could benefit from increased ethnomethodological inquiry, and to demonstrate just how such inquiry and its offshoot, conversation analysis (CA), contribute to the profession and larger society. Such endeavors were well within the realm of Garfinkel’s own ambitions. To get at the devices of commonsense, Garfinkel’s (1967: 37) stated preference was to “start with familiar scenes and ask what can be done to make trouble”—for example, directing his students to question what their friends, acquaintances, or partners meant by the most commonplace remarks. However, that strategy leaves uninvestigated more naturalistic breaches and the forms of reasoning on the part of so-called trouble-makers—i.e., those whose conduct threatens what we otherwise take for granted. Ethnomethodological studies of disability and atypical interaction may provide access to forms of reasoning that have an integrity in their own right. This chapter, with a specific focus on autism spectrum disorder, shows how the actions of children being tested and diagnosed may challenge the commonsense order of clinical reasoning. Such conduct provides opportunities for common-sense actors, whether professional or lay, to alter or expand their repertoires of reasoning. Entering and comprehending the world of the “other” also expands the parameters of local social arrangements themselves.
Hold Your Friends Close
Authors: Logan Sarah
Published: October 2022

Holding Your Friends Close: Countering Radicalization in Britain and America examines counterradicalization policies in the UK and United States, informed by both history and theory. The book traces the evolution of the threat of jihadi homegrown extremism and outlines a history of the counterradicalization policies that emerged globally in response. It takes the UK and United States as case studies within this broader analysis and provides a detailed policy history for each jurisdiction, interrogating policy measures, legislation, and the policies’ broader historical and political context. The book situates counterradicalization policies and homegrown extremism itself in the context of citizenship theory, transnationalism, and the concept of political community.
Softly Softly
Authors: Logan Sarah
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the puzzle underpinning this book’s analysis. It identifies counterradicalization measures as different to traditional counterterrorism measures in that they are concerned with integration and persuasion rather than coercion. It highlights the fact that these types of policies exist in a range of different states, and asks why such measures appear to have emerged in the post-9/11 era. The chapter goes on to define key terms used in the book, including radicalization, homegrown extremism, and political community, and symbolic power. It also outlines relevant literatures and theoretical frameworks, including constructivist counterterrorism studies, citizenship theory, transnationalism, and critical terrorism studies.
To form a more perfect union
Authors: Logan Sarah
Published: October 2022

Discourses about “American values” pervade American CVE policy. This chapter interrogates the meaning of “American values” in three ways. First, it provides a brief history of US citizenship and integration policies—the means by which immigrants are encouraged to become American. Second, it outlines the history of US citizen violence against the state and pre-9/11 responses to it, from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. Third, it gives a brief history of the emergence of the threat of homegrown extremism in the post-9/11 era, prior to the introduction of federal CVE programs.
Conclusion
Authors: Logan Sarah
Published: October 2022

This chapter summarizes the arguments made in the book. The bulk of the chapter is dedicated to outlining the argument that both counterradicalization and homegrown extremism are concerned with ideas of political community. In particular, counterradicalization policies are concerned with integration as a counterradicalization measure and with persuasive rather than coercive approaches. The chapter goes on to summarize similarities and differences between UK and US approaches to the issue, situating the analysis in the context of constructivist counterterrorism literature. It ends by integrating broader literatures on transnationalism and citizenship theory and by briefly offering lessons for policymakers.
Psychophysiological Responses to Mobile News Videos
Authors: Soroka Stuart N.
Published: October 2022

Building on the results from Chapter 5, this chapter lends additional support to both the physical and cognitive access model and the post-exposure processing model by using a second set of psychophysiological measures, skin conductance levels (SCL) and heart rate variability (HRV), to replicate the effects of mobile devices on attention to news content. This chapter additionally supplements our eye-tracking experiments by using video stimuli instead of text stimuli, manipulating story tone, and isolating the effect of screen size as a possible mechanism for the effects. These differences between the experiments presented in Chapter 5 and herein lend robustness to our results and permit us to test the effect of screen size as an influential feature of mobile technology. HRV and SCL results show that screen size does indeed curb cognitive access to online video news, and even more so for negative online video news.