bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resonant scattering of central plasma sheet protons by multiband EMIC waves and resultant proton loss timescales
Authors: Cao Xing , Ni Binbin , Liang Jun , Xiang Zheng , Wang Qi , Shi Run , Gu Xudong , Zhou Chen , Zhao Zhengyu , Fu Song , Liu Jiang
Published: January 2016

This is a companion study to Liang et al. (2014) which reported a “reversed” energy‐latitude dispersion pattern of ion precipitation in that the lower energy ion precipitation extends to lower latitudes than the higher‐energy ion precipitation. Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the central plasma sheet (CPS) have been suggested to account for this reversed‐type ion precipitation. To further investigate the association, we perform a comprehensive study of pitch angle diffusion rates induced by EMIC wave and the resultant proton loss timescales at L = 8–12 around the midnight. Comparing the proton scattering rates in the Earth's dipole field and a more realistic quiet time geomagnetic field constructed from the Tsyganenko 2001 (T01) model, we find that use of a realistic, nondipolar magnetic field model not only decreases the minimum resonant energies of CPS protons but also considerably decreases the limit of strong diffusion and changes the proton pitch angle diffusion rates. Adoption of the T01 model increases EMIC wave diffusion rates at > ~ 60° equatorial pitch angles but decreases them at small equatorial pitch angles. Pitch angle scattering coefficients of 1–10 keV protons due to H+ band EMIC waves can exceed the strong diffusion rate for both geomagnetic field models. While He+ and O+ band EMIC waves can only scatter tens of keV protons efficiently to cause a fully filled loss cone at L > 10, in the T01 magnetic field they can also cause efficient scattering of ~ keV protons in the strong diffusion limit at L > 10. The resultant proton loss timescales by EMIC waves with a nominal amplitude of 0.2 nT vary from a few hours to several days, depending on the wave band and L shell. Overall, the results demonstrate that H+ band EMIC waves, once present, can act as a major contributor to the scattering loss of a few keV protons at lower L shells in the CPS, accounting for the reversed energy‐latitude dispersion pattern of proton precipitation at low energies (~ keV) on the nightside. The pitch angle coverage for H+ band EMIC wave resonant scattering strongly depends on proton energy, L shell, and field model. He+ and O+ band EMIC waves tend to cause efficient scattering loss of protons at higher energies, thereby importantly contributing to the isotropic distribution of higher energy (> ~ 10 keV) protons at higher L shells on the nightside where the geomagnetic field line is highly stretched. Our results also suggest that scattering by H+ band EMIC waves may significantly contribute to the formation of the reversed‐type CPS proton precipitation on the dawnside where both the wave activity and occurrence probability is statistically high.
STEREO database of interplanetary Langmuir electric waveforms
Authors: Briand C. , Henri P. , Génot V. , Lormant N. , Dufourg N. , Cecconi B. , Nguyen Q. N. , Goetz K.
Published: January 2016

This paper describes a database of electric waveforms that is available at the Centre de Données de la Physique des Plasmas (CDPP, http://cdpp.eu/). This database is specifically dedicated to waveforms of Langmuir/Z‐mode waves. These waves occur in numerous kinetic processes involving electrons in space plasmas. Statistical analysis from a large data set of such waves is then of interest, e.g., to study the relaxation of high‐velocity electron beams generated at interplanetary shock fronts, in current sheets and magnetic reconnection region, the transfer of energy between high and low frequencies, the generation of electromagnetic waves. The Langmuir waveforms were recorded by the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) of the WAVES radio instrument on board the STEREO mission. In this paper, we detail the criteria used to identify the Langmuir/Z‐mode waves among the whole set of waveforms of the STEREO spacecraft. A database covering the November 2006 to August 2014 period is provided. It includes electric waveforms expressed in the normalized frame
with B and Vsw the local magnetic field and solar wind velocity vectors, and the local magnetic field in the variance frame, in an interval of ±1.5 min around the time of the Langmuir event. Quicklooks are also provided that display the three components of the electric waveforms together with the spectrum of E∥, together with the magnitude and components of the magnetic field in the 3 min interval, in the variance frame. Finally, the distribution of the Langmuir/Z‐mode waves peak amplitude is also analyzed.
Grain size distribution uncertainty quantification in volcanic ash dispersal and deposition from weak plumes
Authors: Pardini Federica , Spanu Antonio , de' Michieli Vitturi Mattia , Salvetti Maria Vittoria , Neri Augusto
Published: January 2016

We present the results of uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis applied to volcanic ash dispersal from weak plumes with focus on the uncertainties associated to the original grain size distribution of the mixture. The Lagrangian particle model Lagrangian Particles Advection Code is used to simulate the transport of inertial particles under the action of realistic atmospheric conditions. The particle motion equations are derived by expressing the particle acceleration as the sum of forces acting along its trajectory, with the drag force calculated as a function of particle diameter, density, shape, and Reynolds number. Simulations are representative of a weak plume event of Mount Etna (Italy) and aimed at quantifying the effect on the dispersal process of the uncertainty in the mean and standard deviation of a lognormal function describing the initial grain size distribution and in particle sphericity. In order to analyze the sensitivity of particle dispersal to these uncertain variables with a reasonable number of simulations, response surfaces in the parameter space are built by using the generalized polynomial chaos expansion technique. The mean diameter and standard deviation of particle size distribution, and their probability density functions, at various distances from the source, both airborne and on ground, are quantified. Results highlight that uncertainty ranges in these quantities are drastically reduced with distance from source, making them largely dependent just on the location. Moreover, at a given distance from source, the distribution is mostly controlled by particle sphericity, particularly on the ground, whereas in air also mean diameter and sorting play a main role.
High‐resolution satellite‐gauge merged precipitation climatologies of the Tropical Andes
Authors: Manz Bastian , Buytaert Wouter , Zulkafli Zed , Lavado Waldo , Willems Bram , Robles Luis Alberto , Rodríguez‐Sánchez Juan‐Pablo
Published: January 2016

Satellite precipitation products are becoming increasingly useful to complement rain gauge networks in regions where these are too sparse to capture spatial precipitation patterns, such as in the Tropical Andes. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (TPR) was active for 17 years (1998–2014) and has generated one of the longest single‐sensor, high‐resolution, and high‐accuracy rainfall records. In this study, high‐resolution (5 km) gridded mean monthly climatological precipitation is derived from the raw orbital TPR data (TRMM 2A25) and merged with 723 rain gauges using multiple satellite‐gauge (S‐G) merging approaches. The resulting precipitation products are evaluated by cross validation and catchment water balances (runoff ratios) for 50 catchments across the Tropical Andes. Results show that the TPR captures major synoptic and seasonal precipitation patterns and also accurately defines orographic gradients but underestimates absolute monthly rainfall rates. The S‐G merged products presented in this study constitute an improved source of climatological rainfall data, outperforming the gridded TPR product as well as a rain gauge‐only product based on ordinary Kriging. Among the S‐G merging methods, performance of inverse distance interpolation of satellite‐gauge residuals was similar to that of geostatistical methods, which were more sensitive to gauge network density. High uncertainty and low performance of the merged precipitation products predominantly affected regions with low and intermittent precipitation regimes (e.g., Peruvian Pacific coast) and is likely linked to the low TPR sampling frequency. All S‐G merged products presented in this study are available in the public domain.
Small‐Scale Biomass Combustion
Authors: Gaderer Matthias
Published: January 2016

In this chapter, a review is provided of the state of the art for combusting biomass at small scale to produce heat or heat and power. First, explanations are provided of the biomass which is used, and of the principles of combustion and the firing systems. The functionality of traditionally fireplaces, log wood combustors and comfortable automatically fed combustors are also explained in detail, and special furnaces for straw are described. Increases in the thermal efficiency of boilers and in the reduction of emissions, especially of particulate matter, are also described, together with details of the technology employed to reduce such emissions.
BLEVE‐Fireball
Authors: Planas Eulàlia , Casal Joaquim
Published: January 2016

The BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) can occur with almost any liquid contained in a closed vessel, at a temperature well above its boiling point at atmospheric pressure. If the vessel fails, the vapor will expand and the superheated liquid will undergo a quick flash vaporization; the associated sudden increase in volume will originate an overpressure wave, that is, an explosion. This explosion can occur with any liquid, be it flammable or not, but if flammable then it will be followed by a fireball. The couple BLEVE‐fireball can occur both in fixed plants and in transportation by rail or road. Knowledge of this type of accident has improved significantly during past decades, and measures to reduce its risk have consequently improved. Nevertheless, it still occurs from time to time and its consequences can still be very severe. In this chapter, a description of this phenomenon is provided, together with a review of the diverse methods employed to evaluate the mechanical, thermal and fragment rocket effects associated with this accident. Some recommendations concerning the management of these types of emergency are also provided.
Dioxins
Authors: Kulkarni Prashant Shripad
Published: January 2016

Dioxins mainly include polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and the “dioxin‐like” biphenyls (polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs). These highly toxic and ubiquitous compounds are generated from municipal solid waste incineration processes, industrial and chemical manufacturing, and metallurgical operations. In this chapter, the structure, occurrence and types of dioxin group chemicals are first discussed, and details of their toxicity and risk assessment provided. A role of the Ah (dioxin) receptor inside the cell is described in brief. The toxic equivalence factor for the most common isomers and congeners of the dioxins family is presented, together with the current status on dioxins limits imposed in various countries. The sources of dioxins, such as combustion, industrial and reservoir processes, are broadly classified, and the various factors that affect their emission from combustion sources are discussed in detail. The remediation, reduction and prevention technologies currently available for dioxins formation and emission from the important resources such as flue gas, fly ash and soil are described.
Transformation of Biomass (Pyrolysis, Gasification, Combustion)
Authors: Ramsurn Hema , Gupta Ram B.
Published: January 2016

Biomass is one of the largest primary resources available, and its use results in no net carbon emissions and lower SOxand NOx. However, the transformation of biomass into fuels is very challenging because of its complex lignocellulosic structure. Although biological processes have been used to convert biomass, they require catalysts which are usually selective and generate low yields of the desired products. Thermochemical routes include gasification, pyrolysis and combustion, all of which are energy‐intensive. Although combustion, through co‐firing of biomass and coal, is the only proven technology, improvements are still needed to reduce environmental impacts. Research is also being conducted to implement sufficient gas mixing in the furnaces, as well as optimization of the furnace design. Because of its greater overall conversion efficiency and proven gasifier performance, gasification is more likely to be commercially viable; however, pyrolysis has great potential to produce liquid fuels as well as value‐added products. Further research is needed to investigate catalytic gasification and pyrolytic processes and the catalytic upgrading of the bio‐oils and gases produced.
CO2‐Rich Combustion
Authors: Jayanti Sreenivas
Published: January 2016

The atmospheric concentration of CO2is only around 400 ppm, and is often neglected in combustion calculations. CO2‐rich combustion arises in two important contexts, namely syngas combustion and exhaust gas recirculation. Syngas is produced through the gasification of coal, biomass, petroleum (pet) coke and other opportunity fuels, and may contain between 10% and 40% CO2by volume. The CO2content in exhaust gas from fossil fuel combustion varies in the range of 5% to 15% by volume (on a wet basis), the lower end occurring in gas turbines and the higher end in case of coal combustion. In power plants involving CO2capture using oxy‐fuel combustion, the concentration of CO2in the exhaust gas can be as high as 80–85%. When this is recirculated to moderate the flame temperature in oxy‐fuel combustion, the CO2concentration in the combustion environment can be in the range of 50–70%. The presence of CO2in significant quantities in the combustion environment can alter the characteristics of the flame, such as flame length, temperature and appearance, stability, extinction, and soot formation. These aspects are discussed in this chapter, with attention primarily focused on non‐premixed flames, which are industrially important.
Plasmonic Gas Sensing Using Nanocube Patch Antennas
Authors: Powell Alexander W. , Coles David M. , Taylor Robert A. , Watt Andrew A. R. , Assender Hazel E. , Smith Jason M.
Published: January 2016

The ability of individual nanocube patch antennas, consisting of a silver nanocube separated from an Ag sheet by a thin fluoropolymer spacer, to act as subwavelength sensing elements is demonstrated. An increase in relative humidity (RH) causes the spacer to expand, which alters the resonance of the plasmon cavity mode formed between the cube and the sheet. Using bottom‐up fabrication techniques, sensitivities up to 0.57 nm/% RH are recorded, and a resolution of better than 1% RH achieved with a rapid response time, making this the most effective single nanoparticle plasmonic humidity sensor to date. Finite‐difference time–domain simulations are conducted to understand the effects of particle geometry on the sensitivity. This platform could be utilized to detect a variety of gases with an appropriate choice of spacer material, and could be scaled up to create a large‐area metamaterial sensor, or used as a subwavelength sensing element with the potential for integration into plasmonic circuitry.
Functionalized Metamaterials Enable Frequency and Polarization Agility in a Miniaturized Lightweight Antenna Package
Authors: Scarborough Clinton P. , Werner Douglas H. , Wolfe Douglas E.
Published: January 2016

Electromagnetic metamaterials share a perceived disadvantage with miniature radio communication antennas: limited operating bandwidths. In conventional radio systems, tuning has been confined to the radio, requiring broadband antennas and materials. With the advent of software defined and digital radios, adding the antenna into the plethora of tunable radio subsystems can become a reasonable proposition, allowing miniaturized antennas with narrow instantaneous (channel) bandwidths to be tuned across entire communications bands, depending on the channel in use. Moreover, the antenna will provide an effective filtering stage before the signal reaches the radio. The tunable metamaterial presented herein enables an antenna showcasing this functionality and more. Dramatic size reductions are made possible by a tunable, lightweight, miniaturized metamaterial. Tuning the metamaterial and antenna in tandem provides a dynamic operating channel, with a tunable, nearly arbitrary polarization response as an added benefit. Finally, this antenna provides one of the first examples in the literature of a practical device improved by functionalized metamaterials, which has been tested on a real‐world platform.
Ternary Synaptic Plasticity Arising from Memdiode Behavior of TiOx Single Nanowires
Authors: Hong De Shun , Chen Yuan Sha , Sun Ji Rong , Shen Bao Gen
Published: January 2016

Electric field‐induced resistive switching (RS) effect has been widely explored as a novel nonvolatile memory over the past few years. Recently, the RS behavior with continuous transition has received considerable attention for its promising prospect in neuromorphic simulation. Here, the switching characteristics of a planar‐structured TiOx single nanowire device are systematically investigated. It exhibits a strongly history‐dependent rectifying behavior that is defined as a “memdiode.” It is further demonstrated that a ternary synaptic plasticity could be realized in such TiOx nanowire device, characterized by the resistance and photocurrent response. For a given state of the memdiode, a conjugated memristive characteristic and a distinct photocurrent can be simultaneously obtained, resulting in a synchronous implementation of various Hebbian plasticities with the same temporal order of spikes. These intriguing properties of TiOx memdiode provide a feasible way toward the designing of multifunctional electronic synapses as well as programmable artificial neural network.
Hard Carbon Anodes and Novel Electrolytes for Long‐Cycle‐Life Room Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Full Cell Batteries
Authors: Kohl M. , Borrmann F. , Althues H. , Kaskel S.
Published: January 2016

A novel combination of hard carbon anode sodium pre‐loading and a tailored electrolyte is used to prepare room temperature sodium‐sulfur full cell batteries. The electrochemical loading with sodium ions is realized in a specific mixture of diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and fluoroethylene carbonate electrolyte in order to create a first solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode surface. Combining such anodes with a porous carbon/sulfur composite cathode results in full cells with a significantly decreased polysulfide shuttle when compared to half cells combined with metallic sodium anodes. Further optimization involves the use of Na2S/P2S5doped tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether based electrolyte in the full cell for the formation of a second SEI, reducing polysulfide shuttle even further. More importantly, the electrochemical discharge processes in the cell are improved by adding this dissolved complexation agent to the electrolyte. As a result of this combination sodium‐sulfur cells with tailored cathode materials and electrolytes can achieve high discharge capacities up to 980 mAh g−1sulfurand 1000 cycles with 200 mAh g−1sulfurremaining capacity, at room temperature.
Interstitial 10p deletion derived from a maternal ins(16;10)(q22;p13p15.2): Report of the first familial case of 10p monosomy affecting to two familial members of different generations
Authors: Fernández Raquel M. , Sánchez Javier , García‐Díaz Lutgardo , Peláez‐Nora Yolanda , González‐Meneses Antonio , Antiñolo Guillermo , Borrego Salud
Published: January 2016

Monosomy 10p is a rare chromosomal disorder with a prevalence <1/1,000,000, in which a terminal or interstitial distal region of chromosome 10 is deleted resulting in a variable phenotype depending on the size of the deletion. Two main phenotypes have been defined depending on the location of the deletion: HDR syndrome (Hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural Deafness, and Renal disease), and DGS2 (DiGeorge syndrome type 2). The vast majority of cases reported so far have resulted from de novo events. Here, we present the first familial presentation of this contiguous gene deletion syndrome, affecting two family members in different generations: a child and his maternal uncle. In both cases, the deletion was due to a malsegregation of a maternal balanced rearrangement, ins(16;10)(q22;p13p15.2). The identification and characterization of this rearrangement was possible using a combination of different genetic analyses such as karyotype, MLPA, FISH, and array CGH. We underline the importance of the present results in terms of genetic and reproductive counseling for the carriers of the balanced rearrangement within the family, and demonstrate again the utility of expanding the genetic studies to the relatives of the affected patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The 22q11 PRODH/DGCR6 deletion is frequent in hyperprolinemic subjects but is not a strong risk factor for ASD
Authors: Richard Anne Claire , Rovelet‐Lecrux Anne , Delaby Elsa , Charbonnier Camille , Thiruvahindrapuram Bhooma , Hatchwell Eli , Eis Peggy S. , Afenjar Alexandra , Gilbert Dussardier Brigitte , Scherer Stephen W. , Betancur Catalina , Campion Dominique
Published: January 2016

The proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) gene maps to 22q11.2 in the region deleted in the velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (VCFS). A moderate to severe reduction (>50%) in PRODH activity resulting from recessive deletions and/or missense mutations has been shown to cause type 1 hyperprolinemia (HPI). Autistic features have been reported as a common clinical manifestation of HPI. Here we studied the frequency of a recurrent small 22q11.2 deletion encompassing PRODH and the neighboring DGCR6 gene in three case‐control studies, one comprising HPI patients (n = 83), and the other two comprising autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients (total of n = 2800), analyzed with high‐resolution microarrays. We found that the PRODH deletion is a strong risk factor for HPI (OR = 50.7; 95%CI = 7.5–2147) but not for ASD (P = 0.4, OR = 0.6–3.3). This result indicates either that the suggested association between ASD and HPI is spurious and results from a bias leading to the preferential inclusion of patients with autistic features in HPI series, or that HPI is present in only a very small subset of ASD patients. In this latter case, a very large sample size would be required to detect an association between the PRODH deletion and ASD in a case‐control study. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic Rhodium/Phosphoric Acid Catalysis for the Enantioselective Addition of Oxonium Ylides to ortho‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Alamsetti Santosh Kumar , Spanka Matthias , Schneider Christoph
Published: January 2016

We report herein a powerful and highly stereoselective protocol for the domino‐type reaction of diazoesters with ortho‐quinone methides generated in situ to furnish densely functionalized chromans with three contiguous stereogenic centers. A transition‐metal and a Brønsted acid catalyst were shown to act synergistically to produce a transient oxonium ylide and ortho‐quinone methide, respectively, in two distinct cycles. These intermediates underwent subsequent coupling in a conjugate‐addition–hemiacetalization event in generally good yield with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
Tandem Allylboration–Prins Reaction for the Rapid Construction of Substituted Tetrahydropyrans: Application to the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Clavosolide A
Authors: Millán Alba , Smith James R. , Chen Jack L.‐Y. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: January 2016

Tetrahydropyrans are common motifs in natural products and have now been constructed with high stereocontrol through a three‐component allylboration‐Prins reaction sequence. This methodology has been applied to a concise (13 steps) and efficient (14 % overall yield) synthesis of the macrolide (−)‐clavosolide A. The synthesis also features an early stage glycosidation reaction to introduce the xylose moiety and a lithiation‐borylation reaction to attach the cyclopropyl‐containing side chain.
Site‐fidelity and movement patterns of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in central Argentina: essential information for effective conservation
Authors: Vermeulen Els , Balbiano Alejandro , Belenguer Florencia , Colombil Daniel , Failla Mauricio , Intrieri Edgardo , Bräger Stefan
Published: January 2016

The effectiveness of conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs) for the conservation of cetaceans is determined by how well their home range or critical habitat is covered. The present study seeks to provide information on the site‐fidelity and movement patterns of individual bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in central Argentina.

Between 2007 and 2013, photo‐identification data of bottlenose dolphins were collected in four study sites some 90–200 km apart from each other along the central Argentinean coast.

Results show long‐term site‐fidelity (over 5 years) in one of the study areas. Re‐sighting rates further suggest the existence of different sub‐populations of bottlenose dolphins, but also confirm some connectivity (with movements over 200–290 km) and thus potential for gene flow within the region.

Considering the population declines of bottlenose dolphins in Argentina, information on site‐fidelity and movement patterns will be of value to improve the effectiveness of existing MPAs for the conservation of the species as well as prioritizing areas for increased research.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetic Pathways of Oncogenic Viruses: Therapeutic Promises
Authors: El‐Araby Amr M. , Fouad Abdelrahman A. , Hanbal Amr M. , Abdelwahab Sara M. , Qassem Omar M. , El‐Araby Moustafa E.
Published: January 2016

Cancerous transformation comprises different events that are both genetic and epigenetic. The ultimate goal for such events is to maintain cell survival and proliferation. This transformation occurs as a consequence of different features such as environmental and genetic factors, as well as some types of infection. Many viral infections are considered to be causative agents of a number of different malignancies. To convert normal cells into cancerous cells, oncogenic viruses must function at the epigenetic level to communicate with their host cells. Oncogenic viruses encode certain epigenetic factors that lead to the immortality and proliferation of infected cells. The epigenetic effectors produced by oncogenic viruses constitute appealing targets to prevent and treat malignant diseases caused by these viruses. In this review, we highlight the importance of epigenetic reprogramming for virus‐induced oncogenesis, with special emphasis on viral epigenetic oncoproteins as therapeutic targets. The discovery of molecular components that target epigenetic pathways, especially viral factors, is also discussed.
Metal Oxide/Graphene Composites for Supercapacitive Electrode Materials
Authors: Jeong Gyoung Hwa , Baek Seungmin , Lee Seungyeol , Kim Sang‐Wook
Published: January 2016

Graphene composites with metal or metal oxide nanoparticles have been extensively investigated owing to their potential applications in the fields of fuel cells, batteries, sensing, solar cells, and catalysis. Among them, much research has focused on supercapacitor applications and have come close to realization. Composites include monometal oxides of cobalt, nickel, manganese, and iron, as well as their binary and ternary oxides. In addition, their morphological control and hybrid systems of carbon nanotubes have also been investigated. This review presents the current trends in research on metal oxide/graphene composites for supercapacitors. Furthermore, methods are suggested to improve the properties of electrochemical capacitor electrodes.
Photoinduced Processes of Supramolecular Nanoarrays Composed of Porphyrin and Benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide Units through Triple Hydrogen Bonds with One‐Dimensional Columnar Phases
Authors: Sakai Hayato , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Hasobe Taku
Published: January 2016

One‐dimensional supramolecular columnar phases composed of porphyrins (electron donor: D) and benzo[ghi]perylenetriimides (electron acceptor: A) through triple hydrogen bonds have been successfully constructed to perform sequential light‐harvesting and electron‐transfer processes. A series of benzo[ghi]peryleneimide derivatives have been synthesized to examine the substituent effects such as imide and nitrile groups on the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. Then, formation of the 1:1 supramolecular complex between zinc porphyrin and benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide derivatives through triple hydrogen bonds was confirmed by Job's plot of 1H NMR titration. Next, the one‐dimensional supramolecular nanoarrays were successfully prepared in a mixed solvent. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurement suggested that these nanoarrays contained one‐dimensional columnar phases composed of stacked donor and acceptor layers. Finally, femtosecond transient absorption and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements clearly indicated that photoinduced electron transfer occurred via the singlet excited states in the supramolecular columns.
Trajectory Control of Snake‐Like Robots in Natural Oscillation
Authors: Jin Huifeng , Zhu Lijun , Chen Zhiyong
Published: January 2016

A class of body movement patterns called natural oscillation has been revealed to mimic the gaits observed in many animals. In this paper, we introduce an additional higher level control loop that is capable of manipulating a robot's motion orientation. With such a new orientation turning functionality, a snake‐like robot is able to achieve trajectory tracking while maintaining its body in a natural oscillation gait. The effectiveness of the control design is illustrated by some case studies with various trajectories.
Investigation on Toxicity and Teratogenicity in Rats of a Retinoid‐Polyamine Conjugate with Potent Anti‐Inflammatory Properties
Authors: Petridis Theodoros , Giannakopoulou Dimitra , Stamatopoulou Vassiliki , Grafanaki Katerina , Kostopoulos Christos G. , Papadaki Helen , Malavaki Christina J. , Karamanos Nikos K. , Douroumi Stathianna , Papachristou Dionysios , Magoulas George E. , Papaioannou Dionissios , Drainas Denis
Published: January 2016

Previous studies have shown that N1,N12‐bis(all‐trans‐retinoyl)spermine (RASP), a retinoid analog, inhibits RNase P activity and angiogenesis in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrates anti‐tumor activity on prostate cancer cells, and acts as anti‐inflammatory agent, being more effective and less toxic than all‐trans retinoic acid. In an attempt to further characterize the biological profile of RASP, we tested its effects on organ toxicity and teratogenicity by daily oral gavage of RASP at a level of 50 mg/Kg of body weight in two generations of rats. We found that this compound does not induce changes to the body growth, the appearance of physical features, and the animal's reflexes. Additionally, no substantial histopathological lesions were found in brain, heart, lung, thymus, liver, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, kidneys, spleen, skin, femora, prostate, testis, epididymis, vagina, uterus, and ovaries of RASP‐treated animals. These results suggest RASP, as a promising lead compound for the treatment of several dermatological disorders and certain cancer types, has apparently minimal toxic side‐effects as revealed in this two‐generation reproduction study in rats.
Intermediate filament dynamics: What we can see now and why it matters
Authors: Robert Amélie , Hookway Caroline , Gelfand Vladimir I.
Published: January 2016

The mechanical properties of vertebrate cells are largely defined by the system of intermediate filaments (IF). As part of a dense network, IF polymers are constantly rearranged and relocalized in the cell to fulfill their duty as cells change shape, migrate, or divide. With the development of new imaging technologies, such as photoconvertible proteins and super‐resolution microscopy, a new appreciation for the complexity of IF dynamics has emerged. This review highlights new findings about the transport of IF, the remodeling of filaments by a process of severing and re‐annealing, and the subunit exchange that occurs between filament precursors and a soluble pool of IF. We will also discuss the unique dynamic features of the keratin IF network. Finally, we will speculate about how the dynamic properties of IF are related to their functions.
Bulk Concentration Dependence of Electrolyte Resistance Within Mesopores of Carbon Electrodes in Electric Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Kim Jaekwang , Kim Daeun , Lee Ilbok , Shim Hyewon , Lee Jinwoo , Son Hyungbin , Lee Donghyun , Yoon Songhun
Published: January 2016

Hexagonally ordered mesoporous carbon materials were prepared and used as electrode materials in an electric double‐layer capacitor. Using this electrode, the change of electrolyte resistance within the mesopores was investigated according to the bulk electrolyte concentration. Using three different electrochemical transient experiments—imaginary capacitance analysis, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry—the time constant associated with electrolyte transport was determined, which was then used to obtain the electrolyte resistance within the mesopores. With decreasing electrolyte concentration, the increase in electrolyte resistance was smaller than the increase in the resistivity of the bulk electrolyte, which is indicative of a different environment for ionic transport within the mesopores. On using the confinement effect within the mesopores, the predicted higher concentration within mesopore probably results in lower electrolyte resistance, especially under low bulk concentrations.
Determination of metoprolol enantiomers in human plasma and saliva samples utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Elmongy Hatem , Ahmed Hytham , Wahbi Abdel‐Aziz , Amini Ahmad , Colmsjö Anders , Abdel‐Rehim Mohamed
Published: January 2016

A sensitive, accurate and reliable bioanalytical method for the enantioselective determination of metoprolol in plasma and saliva samples utilizing liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Human plasma and saliva samples were pretreated by microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) prior to analysis. A new MEPS syringe form with two inputs was used. Metoprolol enantiomers and internal standard pentycaine (IS) were eluted from MEPS sorbent using isopropanol after removal of matrix interferences using aliquots of 5% methanol in water. Complete separation of metoprolol enantiomers was achieved on a Cellulose‐SB column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using isocratic elution with mobile phase 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in hexane–isopropanol (80:20, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. A post‐column solvent‐assisted ionization was applied to enhance metoprolol ionization signal in positive mode monitoring (+ES) using 0.5% formic acid in isopropanol at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The total chromatographic run time was 10 min for each injection. The detection of metoprolol in plasma and saliva samples was performed using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in +ES under the following mass transitions: m/z 268.08 → 72.09 for metoprolol and m/z 303.3 → 154.3 for IS. The linearity range was 2.5–500 ng/mL for both R‐ and S‐metoprolol in plasma and saliva. The limits of detection and quantitation for both enantiomers were 0.5 and 2.5 ng/mL respectively, in both matrices (plasma and saliva). The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were presented in terms of RSD values for replicate analysis of quality control samples and were <5%; the accuracy of determinations varied from 96 to 99%. The method was able to determine the therapeutic levels of metoprolol enantiomers in both human plasma and saliva samples successfully, which can aid in therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connecting Active‐Site Loop Conformations and Catalysis in Triosephosphate Isomerase: Insights from a Rare Variation at Residue 96 in the Plasmodial Enzyme
Authors: Pareek Vidhi , Samanta Moumita , Joshi Niranjan V , Balaram Hemalatha , Murthy Mathur R. N. , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: January 2016

Despite extensive research into triosephosphate isomerases (TIMs), there exists a gap in understanding of the remarkable conjunction between catalytic loop‐6 (residues 166–176) movement and the conformational flip of Glu165 (catalytic base) upon substrate binding that primes the active site for efficient catalysis. The overwhelming occurrence of serine at position 96 (98 % of the 6277 unique TIM sequences), spatially proximal to E165 and the loop‐6 residues, raises questions about its role in catalysis. Notably, Plasmodium falciparum TIM has an extremely rare residue—phenylalanine—at this position whereas, curiously, the mutant F96S was catalytically defective. We have obtained insights into the influence of residue 96 on the loop‐6 conformational flip and E165 positioning by combining kinetic and structural studies on the PfTIM F96 mutants F96Y, F96A, F96S/S73A, and F96S/L167V with sequence conservation analysis and comparative analysis of the available apo and holo structures of the enzyme from diverse organisms.
Molecular Recognition of Parallel DNA Quadruplex d(TTAGGGT)4 by Mitoxantrone: Binding with 1:2 Stoichiometry Leading to Thermal Stabilization and Telomerase Inhibition
Authors: Tripathi Sweta , Pradeep Tarikere Palakshan , Barthwal Ritu
Published: January 2016

The interaction of the anthraquinone derivative mitoxantrone, a semisynthetic anti‐cancer drug with two non‐planar side chains, with heptamer G‐quadruplex d(TTAGGGT)4, which contains the human telomere DNA sequence, was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence Job plotting, absorption, and NMR and CD spectroscopy. Binding led to thermal stabilization of DNA (ΔTm=13–20 °C). The spectra revealed that two mitoxantrone molecules bind externally at two sites of the DNA quadruplex as monomers, by partial insertion of the chromophore and side‐chain interaction at the grooves. The inhibition of telomerase (IC50=2 μm), as determined by a TRAP assay, can be attributed to thermal stabilization of the DNA quadruplex because of the interactions with mitoxantrone. The studies revealed highly specific molecular recognition between a ligand and a parallel‐stranded G‐quadruplex; this might serve as a platform for the rational design of new drugs.
Prolactin receptor and osteogenic induction of prolactin in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Authors: Surarit Rudee , Krishnamra Nateetip , Seriwatanachai Dutmanee
Published: January 2016

Prolactin is an important hormone involved in the interaction between maternal, extraembryonic, and fetal tissues that remains in high levels during the entire duration of pregnancy. Although many systemic alterations occur during pregnancy, such as hormonal changes, that are known to be associated with periodontitis and tooth loss, PRL function in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF) had never been studied. Herein, we investigated the role of PRL in the regulation of HPDLF proliferation and differentiation. HPDLF were cultured in differentiating medium with various concentrations of PRL. The present study demonstrated that HPDLF and primary human PDL cells that were extracted for orthodontic purpose expressed both short and long isoforms of PRLR mRNA and its proteins. An incubation with of high concentration of PRL (600 and 1,000 ng/mL) modestly decreased the HPDLF number. In contrast, PRL at a non‐reproductive level (10 ng/mL) and pregnant level (100 ng/mL) significantly upregulated the markers of osteogenesis, such as RUNX2, BMP2, and POSTN, but not SOX9. Mineral nodule formation was induced, whereas proteoglycan accumulation was reduced by PRL suggesting that HPDLF were undergoing differentiation into preosteoblastic cells. In conclusion, the presence of hPRLR in human PDL together with PRL‐induced upregulation of osteogenic markers strongly suggested a direct regulatory role of PRL in PDL and periodontal tissue development.
A comparison of the boomerang wire vascular access management system versus manual compression alone during percutaneous diagnostic and interventional cardiovascular procedures
Authors: Echeverria Angela , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: January 2016

Key Points

Vascular closure devices allow for early sheath removal, allowing for earlier patient mobilization

The Boomerang vascular access management system does not alter arterial integrity for future interventions

Access site complications provide significant morbidity in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions
Insulin‐treated diabetes mellitus: An important, actionable risk marker after coronary stenting
Authors: Hillegass William B.
Published: January 2016

Key Points

Insulin treatment for diabetes is a simple but important risk marker for doubled adjusted death and myocardial infarction rates and tripled stent thrombosis risk after coronary stenting.

Insulin treatment does not predict meaningfully increased major bleeding or additional revascularization procedures after drug eluting coronary stent implantation.

Third generation P2Y12 receptor antagonists substantially lower risk of events in diabetics after stenting with insulin treated diabetics having twice the magnitude of benefit of diabetics not needing insulin.
PCI in failing saphenous vein grafts: DES trumps BMS for the older patient
Authors: Patel Pranav M. , Kern Morton J.
Published: January 2016

Key Points

PCI to SVG is considered a higher risk intervention requiring clinical judgment, especially in the elderly who may have the oldest and most degenerated SVG conduits.

In a cohort of patients with a median age of 75 years who received PCI to SVG with DES, all‐cause mortality was lower compared to those receiving BMS, and no difference in MI or urgent revascularization was observed to 3 years.

PCI to SVG using DES may be a viable and perhaps superior treatment option for elderly patients.
Saphenous vein graft lesions: Are second‐generation drug‐eluting stents better?
Authors: Kolte Dhaval , Dawn Abbott J.
Published: January 2016

Key Points

Long‐term outcomes were similar in patients treated with first‐ or second‐generation drug‐eluting stents (DES) for saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions.

Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction as a result of occluded SVG may derive some benefit from the use of second‐ versus first‐generation DES

Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine whether newer DES types including those with bioabsorbable polymer or scaffolds offer a distinct advantage in the treatment of SVG lesions.
Heterogeneous Catalysis by Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF): Pd(OAc)2@COF‐300 in Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Gonçalves Raoni S. B. , de Oliveira Alline B. V. , Sindra Haryadylla C. , Archanjo Bráulio S. , Mendoza Martín E. , Carneiro Leonardo S. A. , Buarque Camilla D. , Esteves Pierre M.
Published: January 2016

COF‐300, an imine‐linked, crystalline, and microporous covalent organic framework, modified by coordination of Pd(OAc)2 to its walls, afforded a hybrid material, Pd(OAc)2@COF‐300, which was used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for cross‐coupling reactions. This material showed excellent catalytic activity for the phosphine‐free Suzuki–Miyaura, Heck, and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions with low palladium loadings (0.1 mol % Pd). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the catalyst after the reaction showed that PdII is converted to Pd0, which is trapped within the COFs nanopores. This was confirmed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, promising results were obtained using Pd(OAc)2@COF‐300 under continuous‐flow conditions for a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction.
Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Anchored on Carbon Serve the Dual Role of Catalyst and Magnetically Recoverable Entity in the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Geng Longlong , Zheng Bin , Wang Xiang , Zhang Wenxiang , Wu Shujie , Jia Mingjun , Yan Wenfu , Liu Gang
Published: January 2016

A composite of Fe3O4 nanoparticles anchored on a carbon support (Fe3O4/C), possessing both superparamagnetism and molecular oxygen activating properties, was prepared by an ammonia‐assisted precipitation method. Fe3O4/C could catalyze the selective oxidation of various benzyl alcohols with air as the oxidant source, and could be easily separated and recycled with an external magnet. The small particle size and the interaction between the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and carbon support endow the Fe3O4/C catalyst with relatively high reducibility. Its oxidation state is easy to change. This intrinsic property of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles could be responsible for the high activity of Fe3O4/C in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols.
Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal‐Catalyzed Thin‐Film Pyrolysis of Cellulose
Authors: Zhu Cheng , Maduskar Saurabh , Paulsen Alex D. , Dauenhauer Paul J.
Published: January 2016

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to “bio‐oils” by thermochemical pyrolysis is a promising reactor technology for renewable chemicals and biofuels. Although the fundamental understanding of relevant catalysts within reacting biomass particles is only in its infancy, it is known that inorganic materials naturally present within biomass act as catalysts that limit the yield of bio‐oil and alter the product distribution. In this work, the effect of alkaline earth metals on cellulose pyrolysis chemistry was investigated to determine the catalytic effect on primary (transport‐free) and secondary (diffusion‐limited) reaction pathways. The catalytic materials included homogeneous metal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ from their inorganic salts, Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2, and their corresponding heterogeneous metal oxides, CaO and MgO. Although the oxides had a limited impact on cellulose pyrolysis chemistry, the metal ions altered the secondary reaction pathways of cellulose significantly under diffusion‐limited conditions common to lignocellulosic particles within industrial reactors.
Grafting of Aryl Diazonium, Iodonium, and Sulfonium Salts in Unusual Patterns by Exploiting the Potential Gradient in Bipolar Electrochemistry
Authors: Koefoed Line , Pedersen Steen U. , Daasbjerg Kim
Published: January 2016

Bipolar electrochemistry makes various kinds of surface modifications possible by appropriately tuning the applied potential difference. In this study aryl diazonium, iodonium, and sulfonium salts are reductively grafted onto gold surfaces using an excess of hydroquinone to set the anode at a fixed potential. In general, aryl diazonium salts are easier to reduce than the corresponding iodonium salts which, again, are more easily reduced than sulfonium salts. For all three salts grafting is observed at the reductive site of the bipolar electrode, but with distinctly different features due to the different reduction potentials required to facilitate the grafting. Depending on the reduction potentials of the salts relative to that of the grafting agent, that is, the aryl radical, it is possible to create movable band‐like grafted areas by diazonium grafting, expanding bands by iodonium grafting, or optically invisible thin bands by sulfonium grafting. From these findings, a relationship between the grafting behavior and the applied potential difference is deduced.