bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimisation of the Reflux‐symptom Association Statistics for Use in Infants Being Investigated by 24‐hour pH impedance
Authors: Omari Taher I , Schwarzer Andrea , vanWijk Michiel P , Benninga Marc A , McCall Lisa , Kritas Stamatiki , Koletzko Sibylle , Davidson Geoffrey P
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:

pH‐impedance monitoring is used to diagnose symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) based on symptom association probability (SAP). Current criteria for calculation of SAP are optimised for heartburn in adults. Infants, however, demonstrate a different symptom profile. The aim of the present study was to optimise criteria for calculation of SAP in infants with GER disease.

Patients and Methods:

Ten infants referred for investigation of symptomatic reflux were enrolled. GER episodes were recorded using a pH‐impedance probe, which remained in place for 48 hours. During the test, cough, crying, and regurgitation were marked. Impedance recordings were analysed for the occurrence of bolus reflux episodes. SAP for behaviors following reflux episodes was separately calculated for day 1 and day 2 using automated reporting software, which enabled the time window used for SAP calculations to be modified from 15 to 600 seconds. Day‐to‐day agreement of SAP was assessed by calculating the 95% limits of agreement (mean difference ± 1.96 standard deviations of differences) and their confidence intervals.

Results:

The number of bolus GER episodes and symptom episodes reported did not differ from day to day. The best agreement in SAP between the 2 days was found using time intervals of 2 minutes for cough, 5 minutes for crying, and 15 seconds and/or 2 to 5 minutes for regurgitation.

Conclusions:

We conclude that the standard 2‐minute time interval is appropriate for the investigation of cough and regurgitation symptoms. The day‐to‐day agreement of SAP for crying was poor using standard criteria, and our results suggest increasing the reflux‐symptom association time interval to 5 minutes.
Early High Calcium and Phosphorus Intake by Parenteral Nutrition Prevents Short‐term Bone Strength Decline in Preterm Infants
Authors: Pereira‐da‐Silva L , Costa AB , Pereira L , Filipe AF , Virella D , Leal E , Moreira AC , Rosa ML , Mendes L , Serelha M
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:

Very premature newborns have an increased risk of low bone mass and metabolic bone disease. Most longitudinal studies report a significant decline in bone strength in the first weeks after birth. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether higher early calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) intake delivered by parenteral nutrition (PN) can prevent bone strength decline in preterm infants, within the first weeks after birth.

Patients and Methods:

This was a randomized controlled trial of consecutively admitted neonates born with ≤33 weeks of gestational age, assigned to receive either Ca 45 mg · kg−1 · day−1 (low dose [LD]) or Ca 75 mg · kg−1 · day−1 (high dose [HD]) by PN. P was added to the PN solutions at a fixed Ca:P ratio (mg) of 1.7:1. Bone strength was assessed by the speed of sound (SOS) using the quantitative ultrasound method. Measurements were performed weekly from birth until discharge. Low bone strength (SOS <10th centile of reference values) was the main outcome.

Results:

Eighty‐six infants were enrolled, 40 assigned to LD group and 46 to HD group. Mean (standard error) gestational age was 29.6 weeks (2.1) and birth weight was 1262 g (0.356). In the HD group, the SOS values never fell below those recorded at birth and, up to the sixth week of life, low bone strength was significantly less frequent as compared with that in the LD group, in spite of progressive reduction in parenteral mineral intake and/or establishment of full enteral feeding.

Conclusions:

Early assigned parenteral intake of Ca 75 mg · kg−1 · day−1 and P 44 mg · kg−1 · day−1 significantly contributed to preventing short‐term bone strength decline in preterm infants.
Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics in Children With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Barshop Nicole J , Capparelli Edmund V , Sirlin Claude B , Schwimmer Jeffrey B , Lavine Joel E
Published: January 2011

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to evaluate UDP‐glucuronyltransferase activity and the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of acetaminophen (APAP) in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Patients and Methods:

Twelve boys 10 to 17 years old with biopsy‐proven NAFLD and 12 age‐ and sex‐matched controls without NAFLD were recruited. Following administration of a single oral dose of APAP (5 mg/kg, maximum 325 mg), APAP and its glucuronide metabolite (APAP‐G) were measured in plasma, urine, and sputum at various intervals up to 24 hours. The activity of UDP‐glucuronyltransferase was estimated by the plasma ratio of APAP‐G to APAP at 4 hours.

Results:

Following administration of APAP, children with NAFLD had significantly higher concentrations of APAP‐G in serum (P= 0.0071) and urine (P= 0.0210) compared with controls. No significant differences in APAP pharmacokinetics parameters were observed between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:

APAP glucuronidation is altered in children with fatty liver disease. Despite the altered disposition of this metabolite, the pharmacokinetics of a single 5 mg/kg dose of APAP is the same in children with NAFLD as in children with normal liver function.
Relations of Steatosis Type, Grade, and Zonality to Histological Features in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Carter‐Kent Christine , Brunt Elizabeth M , Yerian Lisa M , Alkhouri Naim , Angulo Paul , Kohli Rohit , Ling Simon C , Xanthakos Stavra A , Whitington Peter F , Charatcharoenwitthaya Phunchai , Yap Jason , Lopez Rocio , McCullough Arthur J , Feldstein Ariel E
Published: January 2011

Background:

The relations between hepatic steatosis and histological features of hepatocyte injury in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have yet to be examined. The aims of the present study were to establish associations between steatosis amount, type, and distribution in a well‐characterized group of children with biopsy‐proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Patients and Methods:

One hundred eight children with NAFLD seen in 5 centers were studied. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Hematoxylin‐eosin and Masson trichrome stains were evaluated by 2 expert liver pathologists. Steatosis grade (0–3), type (macrovesicular, microvesicular, or mixed), and zone (1, 3, azonal, or panacinar) were determined. The NAFLD activity score and fibrosis stage were determined.

Results:

Median patient age was 12 years and median body mass index was 31 kg/m2. Fibrosis was present in 87%. The median NAFLD activity score was 4. Mild, moderate, and severe steatosis were present in 42%, 34%, and 24% of biopsies, respectively. Macrovesicular steatosis was present in 81% and mixed steatosis was present in 19%. Panacinar distribution of steatosis was most frequent (40%), followed by azonal (27%). Steatosis grade positively correlated with portal inflammation (P = 0.018). Azonal distribution positively correlated with presence of hepatocyte ballooning (P = 0.03). Biopsies with mixed steatosis were approximately 20 times more likely to have megamitochondria than those with macrovesicular steatosis alone (95% confidence interval 2.3–204.9). There was no relation between steatosis amount, type, or distribution to fibrosis stage.

Conclusions:

Specific histological patterns of steatosis in children are associated with histological markers of steatohepatitis. Ballooning and portal inflammation correlated well with features of steatosis.
Addition of Polydextrose and Galactooligosaccharide to Formula Does Not Affect Bacterial Translocation in the Neonatal Piglet
Authors: Monaco Marcia H , Kashtanov Dimitri O , Wang Mei , Walker D Carey , Rai Deshanie , Jouni Zeina E , Miller Michael J , Donovan Sharon M
Published: January 2011

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of polydextrose (PDX) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) on bacterial translocation (BT) in neonatal piglets.

Materials and Methods:

Piglets (n = 36) were randomized 12 hours after birth to receive total enteral nutrition (TEN) as formula; TEN + GOS (4 g/L), TEN + PDX (4 g/L), or TEN + GOS + PDX (2 g/L each) for 7 days or were supported by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as a positive control for BT (n = 8). Blood, spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) samples were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Colon microbiota 16S rDNA was measured by polymerase chain reaction. Myeloperoxidase activity and tumor necrosis factor‐α expression were measured in ileum and ascending colon.

Results:

Among the enterally fed groups, no difference was seen in the Lactobacillus and Bacteroides 16S rDNA copies per gram of colonic contents, yet total bacterial levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the TEN + GOS group compared with TEN alone. Bacteria were detected in the blood, liver spleen, and MLN of TPN piglets. In contrast, bacterial counts were predominantly detected in the MLN of TEN piglets, at much lower levels than in TPN, and levels were not affected by GOS and PDX addition. TPN piglets had elevated (P < 0.05) ileal myeloperoxidase activity and a trend in elevated ascending colon tumor necrosis factor‐α expression (P = 0.1).

Conclusions:

PDX and GOS added to formula do not induce BT in healthy piglets. Low levels of bacteria in MLN of healthy neonatal piglets may reflect mucosal sampling rather than pathological BT.
Esophageal Impedance Monitoring for Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Mousa Hayat M , Rosen Rachel , Woodley Frederick W , Orsi Marina , Armas Daneila , Faure Christophe , Fortunato John , O'Connor Judith , Skaggs Beth , Nurko Samuel
Published: January 2011

Dual pH‐multichannel intraluminal impedance (pH‐MII) is a sensitive tool for evaluating overall gastroesophageal reflux disease, and particularly for permitting detection of nonacid reflux events. pH‐MII technology is especially useful in the postprandial period or at other times when gastric contents are nonacidic.

pH‐MII was recently recognized by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition as being superior to pH monitoring alone for evaluation of the temporal relation between symptoms and gastroesophageal reflux. In children, pH‐MII is useful to correlate symptoms with reflux (particularly nonacid reflux), to quantify reflux during tube feedings and the postprandial period, and to assess efficacy of antireflux therapy. This clinical review is simply an evidence‐based overview addressing the indications, limitations, and recommended protocol for the clinical use of pH‐MII in children.
Ileal Immune Dysregulation in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Role of CD40/CD40L in the Pathogenesis of Disease
Authors: Xu Jiliu , Treem William R , Roman Christopher , Anderson Virginia , Rubenstein Richard , Schwarz Steven M
Published: January 2011

Objectives:

CD40, a co‐stimulatory molecule, plays a critical role in coordinating enteric inflammatory immune responses. In necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), upregulation of IL‐10, a CD40‐modulated cytokine, has been described, but the role of the IL‐10 receptor (IL‐10Rβ), CD40, and its ligand CD40L in disease pathogenesis is unknown. The study herein investigates ileal expression of CD40, CD40L, and IL‐10R in a rat model of NEC.

Subjects and Methods:

NEC was induced in newborn rats using established methods of formula feeding, asphyxia, and cold stress. Expression of CD40, CD40L, IL‐10Rβ, and other proinflammatory molecules, including Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) and IL‐18, was assessed by immunoblotting. Tissue infiltration by macrophages, monocytes, and T cells was examined by confocal immunohistochemistry.

Results:

Ileum from rat pups with NEC showed increased expression of TLR‐4, IL‐18, and IL‐10Rβ. Sections from both NEC and control pups demonstrated preservation of ileal cells expressing CD40/CD40L. The distal ileum of controls expressed both CD40 and CD40L; conversely, neither molecule was detected in ileal tissue from NEC pups. Additional studies showed that treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF), previously shown to ameliorate the severity of NEC in an animal model, did not restore CD40 expression.

Conclusions:

Ileal cytokine dysregulation, manifested by decreased CD40/CD40L and increased IL‐10Rβ expression, may be involved in the pathogenesis of NEC. Dampened CD40 signaling may be related to enhanced IL‐10 expression and a suppressed T‐cell response to injury. We speculate that augmenting CD40‐CD40L interactions may achieve a protective effect in this NEC model.
Condition- and parasite-dependent expression of a male-like trait in a female bird
Authors: Martinez-Padilla J. , Vergara P. , Pérez-Rodríguez L. , Mougeot F. , Casas F. , Ludwig S. C. , Haines J. A. , Zeineddine M. , Redpath S. M.
Published: January 2011

In many species, females display brightly coloured and elaborate traits similar to those that males use in intra- and inter-sexual selection processes. These female characters are sometimes related to fitness, and might function as secondary sexual characteristics that have evolved through sexual selection. Here, we used descriptive data from 674 females in 10 populations and an experimental removal ofTrichostrongylus tenuisparasites in four populations, to examine the effects of season, age, condition, and parasites on the size of supra-orbital combs displayed by female red grouseLagopus lagopus scoticus. We found that comb size (i) was greater during the breeding than the non-breeding season, (ii) was greater in adult than in young females, (iii) was positively correlated with body condition, and (iv) negatively correlated with parasite abundance. Experimentally, we showed that comb size increased proportionally to the number of worms removed after parasite dosing. Our findings provide a better understanding of proximate mechanisms behind the expression of a male-like trait in females, and we discuss its possible function as a female ornament.
Acinetobacter rudis sp. nov., isolated from raw milk and raw wastewater
Authors: Vaz-Moreira Ivone , Novo Ana , Hantsis-Zacharov Elionora , Lopes Ana Rita , Gomila Margarita , Nunes Olga C. , Manaia Célia M. , Halpern Malka
Published: January 2011

Two bacterial strains, G30T and A1PC16, isolated respectively from raw milk and raw wastewater, were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic characterization supported the inclusion of these strains in the genus Acinetobacter, with Q-8 and Q-9 as the major respiratory quinones, genomic DNA G+C contents within the range observed for this genus (38–47 mol%) and C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C16 : 1ω7c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH as the predominant fatty acids. The observation of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity lower than 97 % with other Acinetobacter species with validly published names led to the hypothesis that these isolates could represent a novel species. This hypothesis was supported by comparative analysis of partial sequences of the genes rpoB and gyrB, which showed that strains G30T and A1PC16 did not cluster with any species with validly published names, forming a distinct lineage. DNA–DNA hybridizations confirmed that the two strains were members of the same species, which could be distinguished from their congeners by several phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of these arguments, it is proposed that strains G30T and A1PC16 represent a novel species, for which the name Acinetobacter rudis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain G30T ( = LMG 26107T  = CCUG 57889T  = DSM 24031T  = CECT 7818T).
Virgibacillus alimentarius sp. nov., isolated from a traditional Korean food
Authors: Kim Jandi , Jung Mi-Ja , Roh Seong Woon , Nam Young-Do , Shin Kee-Sun , Bae Jin-Woo
Published: January 2011

A novel, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, endospore-forming, halophilic bacterial strain, J18T, was isolated from a traditional salt-fermented seafood made of gizzard shad in Korea. Colonies were convex, cream-coloured and 1.0–2.0 mm in diameter after incubation for 3 days on marine agar. Growth occurred at pH 7.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 10.0), at 4–40 °C (optimum, 37 °C) and in the presence of 0–30 % NaCl (optimum, 9–10 %). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain J18T was related most closely to Virgibacillus byunsanensis ISL-24T (96.3 % similarity), Virgibacillus carmonensis LMG 20964T (96.2 %), Virgibacillus halodenitrificans DSM 10037T (96.0 %), Virgibacillus arcticus Hal 1T (95.5 %) and Virgibacillus necropolis LMG 19488T (95.5 %). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strain J18T was 37.0 mol%. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was of the meso-diaminopimelic acid type. The major quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain J18T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus alimentarius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J18T ( = KACC 14624T  = JCM 16994T).
Whereas short-term facilitation is presynaptic, intermediate-term facilitation involves both presynaptic and postsynaptic protein kinases and protein synthesis
Authors: Jin Iksung , Kandel Eric R. , Hawkins Robert D.
Published: January 2011

Whereas short-term plasticity involves covalent modifications that are generally restricted to either presynaptic or postsynaptic structures, long-term plasticity involves the growth of new synapses, which by its nature involves both pre- and postsynaptic alterations. In addition, an intermediate-term stage of plasticity has been identified that might form a bridge between short- and long-term plasticity. Consistent with that idea, although short-term term behavioral sensitization in Aplysia involves presynaptic mechanisms, intermediate-term sensitization involves both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. However, it has not been known whether that is also true of facilitation in vitro, where a more detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved in the different stages and their interrelations is feasible. To address those questions, we have examined pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of short- and intermediate-term facilitation at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses in isolated cell culture. Whereas short-term facilitation by 1-min 5-HT involves presynaptic PKA and CamKII, intermediate-term facilitation by 10-min 5-HT involves presynaptic PKC and postsynaptic Ca2+ and CamKII, as well as both pre- and postsynaptic protein synthesis. These results support the idea that the intermediate-term stage is the first to involve both pre- and postsynaptic molecular mechanisms, which could in turn serve as some of the initial steps in a cascade leading to synaptic growth during long-term plasticity.
Identification and Characterization of Thioredoxin h Isoforms Differentially Expressed in Germinating Seeds of the Model Legume Medicago truncatula
Authors: Renard Michelle , Alkhalfioui Fatima , Schmitt-Keichinger Corinne , Ritzenthaler Christophe , Montrichard Françoise
Published: January 2011

Thioredoxins (Trxs) h, small disulfide reductases, and NADP-thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) have been shown to accumulate in seeds of different plant species and play important roles in seed physiology. However, little is known about the identity, properties, and subcellular location of Trx h isoforms that are abundant in legume seeds. To fill this gap, in this work, we characterized the Trx h family of Medicago truncatula, a model legume, and then explored the activity and localization of Trx h isoforms accumulating in seeds. Twelve Trx h isoforms were identified in M. truncatula. They belong to the groups previously described: h1 to h3 (group I), h4 to h7 (group II), and h8 to h12 (group III). Isoforms of groups I and II were found to be reduced by M. truncatula NTRA, but with different efficiencies, Trxs of group II being more efficiently reduced than Trxs of group I. In contrast, their insulin disulfide-reducing activity varies greatly and independently of the group to which they belong. Furthermore, Trxs h1, h2, and h6 were found to be present in dry and germinating seeds. Trxs h1 and, to a lesser extent, h2 are abundant in both embryonic axes and cotyledons, while Trx h6 is mainly present in cotyledons. Thus, M. truncatula seeds contain distinct isoforms of Trx h that differ in spatial distribution and kinetic properties, suggesting that they play different roles. Because we show that Trx h6 is targeted to the tonoplast, the possible role of this isoform during germination is finally discussed.
Glutathione-Indole-3-Acetonitrile Is Required for Camalexin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Su Tongbing , Xu Juan , Li Yuan , Lei Lei , Zhao Luo , Yang Hailian , Feng Jidong , Liu Guoqin , Ren Dongtao
Published: January 2011

Camalexin, a major phytoalexin in Arabidopsis thaliana, consists of an indole ring and a thiazole ring. The indole ring is produced from Trp, which is converted to indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) by CYP79B2/CYP79B3 and CYP71A13. Conversion of Cys(IAN) to dihydrocamalexic acid and subsequently to camalexin is catalyzed by CYP71B15. Recent studies proposed that Cys derivative, not Cys itself, is the precursor of the thiazole ring that conjugates with IAN. The nature of the Cys derivative and how it conjugates to IAN and subsequently forms Cys(IAN) remain obscure. We found that protein accumulation of multiple glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), elevation of GST activity, and consumption of glutathione (GSH) coincided with camalexin production. GSTF6 overexpression increased and GSTF6-knockout reduced camalexin production. Arabidopsis GSTF6 expressed in yeast cells catalyzed GSH(IAN) formation. GSH(IAN), (IAN)CysGly, and γGluCys(IAN) were determined to be intermediates within the camalexin biosynthetic pathway. Inhibitor treatments and mutant analyses revealed the involvement of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) in the catabolism of GSH(IAN). The expression of GSTF6, GGT1, GGT2, and PCS1 was coordinately upregulated during camalexin biosynthesis. These results suggest that GSH is the Cys derivative used during camalexin biosynthesis, that the conjugation of GSH with IAN is catalyzed by GSTF6, and that GGTs and PCS are involved in camalexin biosynthesis.
The Submergence Tolerance Regulator SUB1A Mediates Crosstalk between Submergence and Drought Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Fukao Takeshi , Yeung Elaine , Bailey-Serres Julia
Published: January 2011

Submergence and drought are major constraints to rice (Oryza sativa) production in rain-fed farmlands, both of which can occur sequentially during a single crop cycle. SUB1A, an ERF transcription factor found in limited rice accessions, dampens ethylene production and gibberellic acid responsiveness during submergence, economizing carbohydrate reserves and significantly prolonging endurance. Here, we evaluated the functional role of SUB1A in acclimation to dehydration. Comparative analysis of genotypes with and without SUB1A revealed that SUB1A enhanced recovery from drought at the vegetative stage through reduction of leaf water loss and lipid peroxidation and increased expression of genes associated with acclimation to dehydration. Overexpression of SUB1A augmented ABA responsiveness, thereby activating stress-inducible gene expression. Paradoxically, vegetative tissue undergoes dehydration upon desubmergence even though the soil contains sufficient water, indicating that leaf desiccation occurs in the natural progression of a flooding event. Desubmergence caused the upregulation of gene transcripts associated with acclimation to dehydration, with higher induction in SUB1A genotypes. SUB1A also restrained accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aerial tissue during drought and desubmergence. Consistently, SUB1A increased the abundance of transcripts encoding ROS scavenging enzymes, resulting in enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. Therefore, in addition to providing robust submergence tolerance, SUB1A improves survival of rapid dehydration following desubmergence and water deficit during drought.
Young consumers' perception of functional foods in Croatia
Authors: Markovina Jerko , Čačić Jasna , Gajdoš Kljusurić Jasenka , Kovačić Damir
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The goal of this paper is to explore the Croatian young consumers' perception of functional food, to investigate underlying attitudes and their willingness to buy functional food in the future.

Design/methodology/approach

Consumer survey was conducted using a self‐administered questionnaire on a sample of 1,035 young consumers aged between 14 and 30 years. Research questions focused on knowledge about functional food, attitudes and buying behaviour regarding functional food. Data were analysed using univariate statistics, bivariate correlations and factor analysis.

Findings

About 40 per cent of young consumers are familiar with the concept of functional food, and 27 per cent of them are regular buyers. The usual place where functional food is acquired is supermarkets and most commonly bought are functional dairy products. The most important functional food attributes are taste and price/quality ratio. Consumers are satisfied with functional food health enhancing characteristics and less satisfied with its appearance and durability. Three factors that explain young consumers' attitudes towards functional food are health awareness and confidence, lack of trust for functional food and its price and quality. More than half of respondents are willing to buy functional food in the future (51.8 per cent). Female consumers aged between 19 and 30, living in smaller households with higher income are more likely to be functional food consumers in the future.

Research limitations/implications

A limitation of this study is the sample including only young consumers. Further research is needed to analyse other consumer groups, and to determine which segments are most appropriate for functional food products marketing.

Practical implications

Research results indicate a need to increase consumer familiarity with functional food and improvements in some of its characteristics. Overall positive attitudes toward functional food should be reinforced and young consumers can be influenced through targeted advertising.

Originality/value

This paper gives the first account of young consumers' perception of functional food in Croatia. The results of this research can be used to plan further marketing activities.
Implementation of food safety management system in Bulgaria
Authors: Vladimirov Zhelyu
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors for the implementation of the efficient food quality and safety management system in the food industry and the food retail sector in Bulgaria.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the standardised questionnaire 422 companies have been studied: 326 from four food sub sectors (meat, diary, fruit and vegetable cans, and bread products), and 96 food retailers. The fieldwork was accomplished in the period June‐October 2007, the first year of the Bulgarian membership in the EU.

Findings

The findings revealed that the main factors for the adoption of the efficient food safety and quality management system were related to the company's information capacity and the information environment; firm's belonging to food producers or retailers; overall company development; place of residence; expected benefits; improvement of the working conditions; customers satisfaction; capacity of consultants; frequency of inspections; size; and environment protection. This implementation is hindered by some infrastructural difficulties and perceived negative effects of the official control.

Research limitations/implications

The research is limited only to four food sub sectors, and to a small sample of food retailers.

Practical implications

Some recommendations were drawn, mainly concerning the improvement of the information environment and the creation of special politics on quality issues for small firms.

Originality/value

This was a first attempt to investigate the food safety and quality problems in the food industry and food retail sectors in Bulgaria after the country membership in the EU.
Wine with geographical indication – awareness of Croatian consumers
Authors: Čačić Jasna , Tratnik Miroslav , Gajdoš Kljusurić Jasenka , Čačić Dražen , Kovačević Dragan
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Quality and top quality wines (wines with geographical indication (GI)) have a larger share (59 per cent) on the Croatian market and this was one of the reasons for defining the subject of the research. Although there are a few market research studies, none of them is completely oriented on the role and market significance of GI of wine. There is an evident lack of information in this field. This paper aims to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The population of the basic group is a high‐qualified population for reviewing different aspects of wine as a complex product. Stratification of the units from the sample has been made on the sample (n=200). Data were analysed using univariate statistics, bivariate correlations and multiple factor analysis.

Findings

Results have shown a high correlation degree between the higher socioeconomic status of examinees and preferences for wine with GI. It might be concluded that examinees with a higher level of education are more familiar with wine with GI and also have a higher culture of wine consumption.

Research limitations/implications

The sample, including only expert groups from institutions, could be understood to be a limitation of this study although they are a highly‐qualified population for reviewing different aspects of wine as a complex product. Further research is needed to analyse other consumer groups and to determine possible differences in attitudes.

Practical implications

Research results indicate a need to increase consumers' familiarity with GI wine. Overall positive attitudes towards wine with GI should be reinforced and consumers could be influenced through targeted advertising.

Originality/value

The paper presents some Croatian consumers' opinions about the importance of GI of consumed wine. Extracted are the main impact factors regarding the wine selection.
SEE trade liberalisation – new opportunity for B&H agrobusiness?
Authors: Nikolić Aleksandra , Bajramović Sabahudin , Ognjenović Dragana , Lalić Davor , Uzunović Mirza
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to analyze implications of SEE trade liberalisation for the B&H agribusiness sector and to provide policy recommendations for both the public and private sector.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index and Grubel‐Lloyd index (GLIIT) to indicate sectors and markets where country's exports are more (or less) competitive in relation to their trading partners, present on a given destination market.

Findings

B&H agrifood import, export and trade deficit are growing, but export growth rate is significantly higher, especially on SEE markets. The values of RCA and GLIIT index are indicating better overall B&H agribusiness performances at SEE market in comparison with EU 27. Findings confirm that trade liberalization opened up a window of opportunity, which is not efficiently utilized by B&H agribusiness sector.

Research limitations/implications

RCA does not provide information of how spotted advantages will evolve and overlooks impacts of public policies. The GLIIT offers no information of correlation in quality between imported and exported goods.

Practical implications

As for the government, the main implication is the mode to improve the business environment, especially to empower institutions which have to provide services in order to meet international agreements requirements and customers' requirements.

Originality/value

There are no studies examining B&H agribusiness trade patterns, competitiveness and level of integration at SEE market which used disaggregated trade data. The outcomes could be used to craft both direct public sector policies and private business policies in order to improve sector competitiveness.
Differences between younger and older populations in nutrition label reading habits
Authors: Ranilović Jasmina , Colić Barić Irena
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the socio‐demographic and health variables of a representative sample of Croatian subjects over 15 years of age associated with reading nutrition labels and, in particular, to examine the association of age characteristics of “label users” with nutrition reading habits.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 1,011 randomly selected subjects over 15 years of age were interviewed by telephone. Moreover, 638 “label users” were recruited for assessing nutrition label habits.

Findings

Of the subjects, 36 per cent claimed that they had never, 25 per cent rarely, 19 per cent always and 15 per cent sometimes read nutrition labels. Females, participants with the highest levels of education, still undergoing education, physically active and on special diets claimed that they were more likely to read nutrition labels. Among “label users”, younger participants mentioned “curiosity” as the most important reason for reading nutrition labels, while older participants more often pointed out “wish for healthy eating habits”. “Interpretational aids” were often mentioned among younger participants for easier understanding of nutritional information, while older participants requested “bigger letter size”.

Research limitations/implications

The present study provides a starting point for establishing nutrition education targeted at specific groups of consumers. Research is limited to the subject's self‐reported nutrition label reading. Future research is needed to explore the differences between “label users” and “’non‐users”.

Originality/value

As the study showed, a notable difference exists between younger and older subjects regarding nutrition habits that could help experts toward effective communication. Nevertheless, the study could fill the research gaps in nutrition reading habits of specific groups of consumers in European countries, other than northern Europe.
Polish consumer food choices and beliefs about organic food
Authors: Żakowska‐Biemans Sylwia
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers' motives for food choice and to reveal beliefs about organic food.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on results of a survey conducted on a sample of 1,010 Polish consumers. The questionnaire included items to identify food choice motives, attributes of organic food and barriers to buy organic products. The data collected was analyzed with SPSS 15.0 using descriptive statistics and carrying out two step cluster analysis to identify consumers' segments. To get better insight into factors decisive to organic food consumption, the segments were profiled according to declared consumption of organic food.

Findings

Sensory factors were the most important motives for food choice, followed by price and safety. Consumers with convenience and price orientation in their food choices were less inclined to buy organic products while consumers open to novelties and willing to try new foods more often declared to buy organic products. Polish consumers conceptualize organic food referring to aspects such as healthiness and safety. Despite the developments observed in the organic food sector in Poland, the information related that barriers to buy organic food still prevail.

Research limitations/implications

The choice of validated scale items related to food choice and food related lifestyle was limited and there is a need to further explore Polish consumers food related lifestyle and its relation to organic food consumption. Cluster analysis used to identify segments is a method not based on probabilistic statistics, so it is the researcher's interpretation that is most relevant.

Originality/value

Prior research concerning Polish consumers food choices with relation to organic food consumption is very limited. Such information is particularly pertinent to food manufacturers and distributors to support developing communication strategies to stimulate organic food market development in Poland.
Determinants of Polish consumers' food choices and their implication for the national food industry
Authors: Ozimek Irena , Żakowska‐Biemans Sylwia
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reveal factors underlying Polish consumers' food choices and particularly their perception of food quality attributes in relation to selected food products and points of sale and to reflect on the implication of shifting consumers' expectation towards food for the national food industry.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides a review of previous research results relevant for the problem analyzed – emphasizing the results from the authors' own research conducted in the years 2000‐2007 with the use of quantitative approach on representative in terms of gender, level of education, place of residence samples of Polish consumers.

Findings

Polish consumers are more and more concerned with various food quality attributes and particularly sensory properties, healthiness and safety. They differentiate between quality of foodstuffs offered in various points of sale and have favorable opinions about specialized shops and tend to perceive the quality of food bought in super and hypermarkets as inferior. Perception of food quality is dependent on the product being assessed, and foodstuffs addressed to particular groups such has infants and people facing health problems were perceived as having high quality, while food with additives, highly processed and genetically modified was assessed as having low quality.

Research limitations/implications

The results have implications for the Polish food sector in terms of highlighting the aspects related to food quality that influence Polish consumers' food choices.

Originality/value

The paper provides a review of previous research results on Polish consumers relevant for the problem analyzed and give insights into Polish consumers' food choices and their perception of various quality cues. It is of value for the companies operating on the Polish food market and could be used for developing communication strategies and identification of future research areas.
Pitting load carrying capacity under increased thermal conditions
Authors: Höhn Bernd‐Robert , Michaelis Klaus , Otto Hans‐Philipp
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to make an attempt to evaluate the pitting load carrying capacity under increased thermal conditions. This is the basis for an estimated lifetime which is one of the most important parameters defining transmission reliability.

Design/methodology/approach

Recommendations related to pitting load carrying capacity calculation of case hardened gears running at high gear bulk temperatures are formulated. These factors are based on extensive experimental data, obtained in pitting tests with high oil injection temperatures, high oil sump temperatures or high operational gear bulk temperatures due to a lack of heat dissipation caused by minimised lubrication.

Findings

Testing of gear type C‐PT on FZG back‐to‐back test rig at high gear bulk temperatures by either heating up the lubricant or caused by a lack of heat dissipation as it appears with poor lubrication conditions resulted in a decrease of up to 30 per cent of the endurance strength in various investigations. This results in a reduction of the material strength due to tempering effects and high surface shear stress due to low oil film thicknesses caused by low operating oil viscosities.

Originality/value

The present calculation method in the standard DIN/ISO is not valid for high gear bulk temperatures. Nevertheless, the present calculation algorithms of the standards DIN/ISO are valid for low and moderate thermal operating conditions when using oil temperatures of up to 80 (90)°C in the case of a sufficient cooling oil supply to the gear mesh. With the presented modifications higher gear bulk temperatures (>120°C) can be taken into account.
Evolution of tooth flank roughness during gear micropitting tests
Authors: Martins Ramiro , Locatelli Cristiano , Seabra Jorge
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of roughness evolution and micropitting initiation on the tooth flank, as well as the evolution of surface topography during the test load stages in a modified DGMK short micropitting test procedure.

Design/methodology/approach

A modified DGMK short micropitting test procedure was performed, using an increased number of surface observations (three times more) in order to understand the evolution of the surface during each load stage performed. Each of these surface observations consists in the evaluation of surface roughness, surface topography, visual inspection and also weigh measurements as well as lubricant analysis.

Findings

This work showed that the larger modifications on surface took place in the beginning of tests, especially during load stage K3 (lowest load, considered as running‐in) and on the first period of load stage K6, that is, during the first 200,000 cycles of the test. The 3D roughness parameters (St and Sv), obtained from the surface topographies, gave a more precise indication about surface roughness evolution and micropitting generation than the 2D parameters, especially in what concerns to inferring the depth of micropits and the reduction of roughness. Tooth flank topography allows to identify local changes on the surface and the appearance of first micropits.

Research limitations/implications

This work was performed with gears holding a high surface roughness and with a ester‐based lubricant. It was interesting to see the differences observed for surface evolution, for other base oils and also for gears with lower roughness.

Practical implications

The main implication of this work is the understanding that major changes in the surface took place in the first cycles, indicating that the running‐in procedure could be very important for the surface fatigue life. This work also showed that micropitting depends on local contact conditions. Depending on the roughness of the counter surface, micropitting can appear on the bottom of the deep valleys and/or do not appear on the tip of the roughness peaks. The surface topography, and implicitly 3D roughness parameters, is very useful for the observation of surface evolution.

Originality/value

This paper shows in detail the evolution of the tooth surface during a micropitting test. The micropits generation and evolution and also surface wear evolution are presented.
Influence factors on gearbox power loss
Authors: Michaelis Klaus , Höhn Bernd‐Robert , Hinterstoißer Michael
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Besides other approaches, fuel savings in automotive applications and energy savings, in general, also require high‐efficiency gearboxes. Different approaches are shown regarding how to further improve gearbox efficiency. This paper aims to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes the following approach: theoretical and experimental investigations of bearing arrangements and gear design as well as lubricant type and lubricant supply to the components lead to efficiency optimisation.

Findings

No‐load losses can be reduced, especially at low temperatures and part‐load conditions when using low‐viscosity oils with a high viscosity index and low oil immersion depth or low spray oil supply of the components. Bearing systems can be optimised when using more efficient systems than cross‐loading arrangements with high preload. Low‐loss gears can contribute substantially to load‐dependent power loss reduction in the gear mesh. Low‐friction oils are available for further reduction of gear and bearing mesh losses. All in all, a reduction of the gearbox losses in an average of 50 per cent is technically feasible.

Originality/value

Results from different projects of the authors and from the literature are combined to quantitatively evaluate the potential of power loss reduction in gearboxes.
Factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria
Authors: Okpara John O.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that hinder the growth and survival of small businesses in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey method was used to gather data from 211 small business owners and managers located in selected cities in Nigeria. Several statistical analyses were conducted to identify the factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria.

Findings

The results of the study reveal that the most common constraints hindering small business growth and survival in Nigeria are lack of financial support, poor management, corruption, lack of training and experience, poor infrastructure, insufficient profits, and low demand for product and services.

Research limitations/implications

The instruments used for this study need to be subjected to more statistical tests in order to establish a more robust validity and reliability. Based on what we have learned, the instruments could be further refined to more closely capture each of the problem areas identified in the literature. Replication of this study using larger samples and a broader geographic base is suggested for cross‐validation purposes.

Practical implications

Understanding the factors hindering the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria will help policy makers – governments (federal, state, and local), NGOs, and other stakeholders – to design targeted policies and programs that will actively stimulate innovation, as well as helping those policy makers to support, encourage, and promote SMEs for poverty alleviation in Nigeria. For SMEs, this study offers alternative models to counteract the problem of collateral and lending issues. Strategic alternatives on how to address issues such as poor management, poor infrastructure, and corruption are discussed.

Originality/value

The significance of this study stems from the fact that very few studies have explored the issue of factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs for poverty alleviation in Nigeria. The results provide additional insights into operations of SMEs in Nigeria, a sub‐Saharan African country. Sub‐Saharan Africa has been negated and, therefore, has been less researched. Also, the insights gained from this study to contribute the future development of this line of research, particularly in a non‐Western context.
Small business finance in Sub‐Saharan Africa: the case of Ghana
Authors: Amo Yartey Charles
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how unlisted companies in Ghana finance their growth and to what extent do they rely on internal finance relative to external sources of finance. Additionally, the paper seeks to investigate the determinants of the capital structure of unlisted companies in Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses the Singh‐Hamid methodology as well as panel data techniques to evaluate the financing decisions of unlisted companies in Ghana.

Findings

The analysis shows that unlisted firms in Ghana finance most of their growth from external debt and they are also characterized by shorter debt maturity. The results also show that the dominant factors affecting the debt equity ratios of unlisted firms in Ghana are size, firm growth, tangibility, profit margin, and financial development.

Research limitations/implications

Overall, the evidence in this paper suggests that standard models of corporate finance can be applicable to unlisted companies in Ghana.

Practical implications

Informative when planning for future development of the small business sector of the Ghanaian economy.

Originality/value

Provides empirical evidence on how unlisted companies in Ghana finance their growth and what determines their capital structure.