bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Occurrence of Tantalum in Some Marine Organisms
Authors: Burton J. D. , Massie K. S.
Published: May 2009

Determinations have been made, by neutron activation analysis, of the concentrations of tantalum in the tissues of some common crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and tunicates of coastal waters of southern England. The concentrations ranged from less than 0·01 ppm dry weight in the muscle of Mytilus edulis to 2 ppm dry weight in Neomysis integer. Two ascidian species showed concentrations of about 0·2 ppm dry weight in the whole organism. The measurements support the generalised concentration factors which have previously been assumed in assessing the radiobiological significance of discharges of radioactive tantalum to the marine environment.
The Typification of the Diatom Species Coscinodiscus Concinnus Wm. Smith and Coscinodiscus Granii Gough
Authors: Boalch G. T.
Published: May 2009

The original descriptions of these two species are discussed and the material mentioned in Smith's description is examined. Discrepancies between Smith's description of Coscinodiscus concinnus and the present interpretation of this species are pointed out. Ways of typifying the two species so as to preserve current usage and still fulfil the requirement of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are given. Lectotypes for the two species are designated. Diagnostic characters distinguishing the two species in the living state as well as the cleaned valves are given.
Chemical changes in sea water off Plymouth during 1957
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

Analyses of sea water collected during 1957 at the International Hydrographic Station E1 (lat. 50° 02′ N., long 4° 22′ W.) are given here in the same form as in earlier reports (Armstrong, 1954, 1955, I957> 1958). The methods of collection and of analysis for phosphorus and silicon are substantially unchanged. Some analyses were made for ammonia by a vacuum distillation method (Riley, 1953), and for inorganic nitrogen (nitrate + nitrite + ammonia) by reduction of nitrate and nitrite with nickel (Riley & Sinhaseni, 1957) to ammonia, which was vacuum distilled. Salinities were determined by the Government Chemist's Department.

We wish to express our thanks to Lt.-Cdr. C. A. Hoodless and the crew of R.V. ‘Sarsia’ and to Capt. W. J. Creese and the crew of R.V. ‘Sula’, for assistance at sea.
Reproductive biology ofEulalia viridis(Müller) (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae) in the north eastern U.K.
Authors: Olive P. J. W.
Published: May 2009

Eulalia viridisis the most common littoral phyllodocid at Cullercoats Bay, where it occupies crevices and small holes in the well-sutured sandstone and limestone rocks. It is particularly common in rocks having a heavy encrustation of barnacles. The reproductive biology of this species in particular, and of phyllodocids in general, is poorly known. Meyer (1938) has described the development of larvae ofEulalia viridisboth from artificial fertilizations and from egg cocoons said to belong toEulalia viridiscollected in January at Plymouth, U.K. The observations made during the present investigation differ in a number of important respects from those of Meyer and his conclusions cannot be considered appropriate to all populations ofE. viridis.
Reversible epitoky in the life history of the polychaete Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda 1861)
Authors: Daly John M.
Published: May 2009

The phenomenon of epitoky in polychaetes, in which maturing individuals of benthic species undergo metamorphosis and then swim to the surface of the sea for spawning, has been extensively documented (see Fage & Legendre, 1927; Clark, 1961 for references). The death of individuals after spawning has been widely recorded and has been assumed to apply to all swarming species of polychaetes. However, Herpin (1925) recorded the survival of Pionosyllis lamelligera and Eusyllis blomstrandi after they had swarmed and spawned. He noted the loss of the swimming chaetae present at the time of spawning and that the individuals survived for some time. Goodrich (1933) found that individuals of Odontosyllis enopla survived swarming and considered that they might live to breed again.
Quantitative differences in the fauna of boreal mud associations
Authors: McIntyre A. D.
Published: May 2009

The fauna of a muddy area in the northern North Sea (the Fladen ground) is compared with that of a similar area in a Scottish west-coast sea loch (Loch Nevis). These areas were selected because certain similarities in environmental features and in fauna, coupled with their marked difference in biomass, make them particularly suitable for studies of the factors affecting benthic production.

For macrobenthos samples (from a grab) a coarse sieve with round holes of 1-3 mm diameter and a fine sieve with meshes of 0-5 mm side were used. Meiobenthos samples (from a corer) were sieved through a 0124 mm mesh and the total residue stained in rose bengal.

The Fladen ground, depth 140 m, had annual bottom temperatures between 6-31 and 8-22 C and salinities between 35-20 and 35-2.50. The deposit was mainly of coarse silt with abundant tests of small Foraminifera. The fauna is redescribed. The characteristic species was the foraminifer Saccammina sphaerica. By separating empty tests from living specimens it is shown that this species was not so abundant as had been thought. The main lamellibranch was Thyasira equalis, not T. flexuosa as recorded in previous work. Other important species were the polychaetes Paraonis gracilis, Myriochele heeri, Spiophanes kroyeri, Tharyx sp., Lumbrineris impatiens, and Nephthys incisa. The standing crop of macrobenthos was 6-42 g/m2 wet weight.
Biological differences between sea waters: experiments in 1960
Authors: Wilson Douglas P. , Armstrong F. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Sea water from the Plymouth district and sea water from the Firth of Clyde each produced, from the same batches of fertilized eggs of Echinus esculentus, a different morphological type of larva. Each type was clearly recognizable irrespective of the copper concentration up to a level higher than that ever likely to be found naturally in the localities from which sea waters contrasted in earlier experiments had been obtained. Suggestions by continental workers that these earlier results may have been due to varying copper concentration are thus shown to be inapplicable.
The use of thin-layer chromatography for the separation and identification of phytoplankton pigments
Authors: Riley J. P. , Wilson T. R. S.
Published: May 2009

Thin-layer chromatography has been used for the rapid separation of microgram amounts of pigments of marine phytoplankton, both from cultures and from the sea. The separation is carried out on plates coated with silica gel; the chromatogram is developed with a solvent consisting of petroleum ether (b.p. 60–80°), ethyl acetate and diethylamine in the ratio 58:30:12 by volume. The separated individual pigments may be eluted from the plate and characterized by their absorption spectra. The pigments of the following phytoplankton have been examined: Dunaliella primolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Isochrysis galbana, Dicrateria inornata, Coccolithus huxleyi, and Peridinium trochoidium.

Introduction

A knowledge of the component pigments of phytoplankton is of value in the systematic classification of these organisms and in the study of the mechanism of photosynthesis. Very little is known about the amounts of the lesser phyto-plankton pigments associated with the natural phytoplankton crop in the sea, but a considerable amount of work has been carried out on the measurement of chlorophylls a, b and c and of carotenoids for the estimation of the plant bio-mass in the sea. These determinations are usually carried out by modifications of the poly-chromatic spectrophotometric method originally described by Richards with Thompson (1952) and modified by Creitz & Richards (1955) (see also Parsons & Strickland, 1963). While these procedures give a satisfactory measure of chlorophylls a and b, their precision for chlorophyll c and carotenoids is poor; furthermore, no resolution of carotenes from xanthophylls can be attained; nor can any indication of the presence of unusual pigments be obtained.
A towed underwater camera
Authors: Blacker R. W. , Woodhead P. M. J.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of an underwater camera unit mounted inside a high-speed tow-net body. The method of using this apparatus for surveying the seabed is described. The illustrations show that good quality results can be obtained when the camera is towed at speeds around 5 knots. By keeping the camera within a fathom from the bottom, satisfactory photographs can be obtained even where turbidity prevents photography at greater ranges.
Raja richardsoni from the continental slope off south-west England
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

A pair of rays caught by line from 1300fm westward of the English Channel have been identified as Raja richardsoni Garrick known only from the type specimen also taken by line in New Zealand waters from about the same depth. The Plymouth rays agree well with the New Zealand fish in proportional measurements, in bearing denticles on both surfaces, and in the absence of spines but differ slightly in colour, in their smaller number of teeth, and in the greater development of a lateral process on the nasal flap.
The larvae of some monogenetic trematode parasites of Plymouth fishes
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: May 2009

Techniques for the rearing of monogenean larvae are described.

The new term ‘oncomiracidium’ is proposed for the larvae of monogenetic trematodes.

Eleven new oncomiracidia offish parasites are described, bringing the total now known to thirty-five.

These oncomiracidia are tentatively classified, and the classification is compared with the existing classification of adult monogeneans.
A new diatom species from the river Avon
Authors: Round F. E.
Published: May 2009

A new species, Navicula avonensis, is described, living on the estuarine sediment of the River Avon at Bristol. It has an extremely hyaline theca and can be tentatively assigned to the section Naviculae subtilissimae.
Persistent, vertical-migration rhythms in benthic microflora.: II. Field and Laboratory Studies On Diatoms From The Banks Of The River Avon
Authors: Round F. E. , Palmer J. D.
Published: May 2009

The vertical migration of two Euglena species and several diatom species into and out of the sediment on the banks of the River Avon has been studied under natural conditions. All species have been shown to migrate vertically upwards when exposed during daylight. Tidal flooding of the sediment is generally preceded by re-burrowing of the algae beneath the surface. Methods have been devised to follow these migrations in both the field and laboratory. Laboratory experiments show that these migrations are rhythmic, continuing under constant illumination and temperature and removed from tidal influence. The effect of three different temperatures and three different light intensities has been investigated. Transfer from low to high temperatures has been shown to reset the phase of the rhythm. The results are discussed in relation to other work and to the ‘biological clock’ hypothesis.
A numerical taxonomic study of the British Phaeophyta
Authors: Russell G. , Fletcher R. L.
Published: May 2009

The principles and aims of numerical taxonomy were clearly stated by Sokal & Sneath (1963) and their procedures have since been adopted by many botanists working with numerous different groups of plants. Marine algal taxonomists, however, seem largely to have ignored these developments although Whitton (1969) has recommended that numerical techniques should be employed to help solve outstanding problems in the taxonomy of the Cyanophyta.
The Species of Lebetus [Teleostei: Gobiidae]
Authors: Miller P. J.
Published: May 2009

The north-eastern Atlantic gobiid genus Lebetus Winther, 1877, was formerly believed to contain two species, Lebetus scorpioides (Collett, 1874) and L. orca (Collett, 1874). These have been subsequently shown to represent females (and immature fish) and males respectively of a single, sexually dimorphic species whose valid name is L. scorpioides. The discovery of two forms of Lebetus postlarvae, differing in meristic characters, fin growth, and pigmentation, is shown not to affect this conclusion but to suggest provisional recognition of another species, L. guilleti (Le Danois, 1913), with fewer anal fin-rays (A I/5–6) and vertebrae (25–26) than L. scorpioides (A I/7–8; vertebrae 27-29). A key and limited synonymy for the species is provided. As a possible alternative view it is suggested that relatively high summer sea-temperatures during early development of L. scorpioides in certain areas may produce the lower meristic features of L. guilleti.
Current Issues in Cephalopod Behaviour
Authors: Messenger J. B.
Published: May 2009

The fourth Cephalopod International Advisory Council (CIAC) Symposium, on The Behaviour and Natural History of Cephalopods, was held at Vico Equense, Naples, Italy, from 5 to 11 June 1994. The meeting comprised lectures, poster sessions, keynote review lectures and a series of workshops. These were designed to examine the present status of six key subject areas and to identify possible ways forward for research. Summaries of the main conclusions from the workshops are given here in order to draw the attention of a wider audience to some of the main issues now being debated among students of cephalopod behaviour.
Chrysochromulina Parkeae Sp.Nov. [Haptophyceae] a New Species Recorded From S.W. England and Norway
Authors: Green J. C. , Leadbeater B. S. C.
Published: May 2009

The genus Chrysochromulina Lackey (1939) comprises a number of golden-brown flagellates now included in the class Haptophyceae {sensu Christensen, 1962, 1966). So far 21 species have been described and their scale morphology and fine structure are well documented.
Observations on the Silicoflagellate Dictyocha Speculum Ehrenb.: Double Skeletons and Mirror-Images
Authors: Boney A. D.
Published: May 2009

In an earlier paper (Boney, 1973) the skeletal variations, and their quantitative significance, were described for autumn collections of Dictyocha speculum obtained with a 600 m.p.i. tow-net from surface waters in the Fairlie Channel, Firth of Clyde, in 1970. It was shown that skeletal abnormalities constituted a very small number (1·78%) of the 6025 skeletons examined. In these same samples numerous double skeletons were observed. These are regarded as pre-division stages (Gemeinhardt, 1930; Hovasse, 1932; Marshall, 1934), in which the replica of the first skeleton usually has thinner tubular skeletal rods (Marshall, 1934). A detailed examination of these double skeletons was undertaken to determine whether true mirror-imaging occurred, and the extent to which a ‘normal’ skeleton was joined to a partner of aberrant form. The methods used to obtain slide preparations in glycerine jelly were described in the previous paper (Boney, 1973) and the terminology of the components of the skeletal unit are also the same (Fig. 1A–C).
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton X. Quantitative Aspects ofCalanus HelgolandicusFeeding as a Carnivore
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Head R. N. , Lindapennycuick C. C. Kilvington
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In an earlier study (Corneret al.1974) the copepodCalanus helgolandicus(Claus) was found to feed actively on nauplii of the barnacleElminius modestusDarwin, one adult female ingesting a maximum daily ration equivalent to 25% of the body nitrogen. The present work, in whichElminiusnauplii have again been used as a diet, extends the earlier study by determining how efficientlyCalanusdigests an animal food. In addition, the methods used have provided information on other aspects of carnivorous feeding byCalanus, including the relationship between food concentration and size of ration ingested as well as gross growth efficiency, i.e. the proportion of ingested food invested in growth.
Comparison of the Temperature Responses of Barnacles From Britain, South Africa and New Zealand, With Special Reference to Temperature Acclimation In Elminius Modestus
Authors: Ritz D. A. , Foster B. A.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

The importance of temperature in limiting the distribution of marine invertebrates by its effects on breeding and survival has been shown by Orton (1920) and Hutchins (1947). Prosser (1955) recognized the use of physiological variation in describing interspecific relations, intraspecific variation and the limits of ecological range. The effects of temperature on marine organisms have been reviewed by Kinne (1963). Temperature responses are to a certain extent genetically fixed and species characteristic, although it is well known that many species can adjust these responses with changing temperatures.
Morphogenesis of the Hinge in the Larva and Postlarva of the Brackish-Water Cockle, Cerastoderma Glaucum
Authors: Pennec Marcel Le , Yankson Kobina
Published: May 2009

Introduction

The morphology of the Cardiidae is extremely variable and their taxonomy is uncertain because of the difficulty in recognizing the differences that are genetic and the variations that are due to environmental conditions. This is the reason why Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière) (Fig. 1) and C. edule have been for a long time considered as ecotypes of one species or two taxons belonging to a super-species C. edule (Lubet, 1976).
A Note on the status of Rhabdopleura From Bermuda
Authors: Dilly P. N.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

G. O. Sars found the first specimens of Rhabdopleura in 1866. The specimens were found by dredging at 220 m at Skraaven in the Lofoten Islands. However, the first Rhabdopleura was described by Allman in 1869 (a, b, c) which he called Rhabdopleura normani in honour of A. M. Norman who together with J. G. Jefferys found them while dredging at 165 m off the Shetland Islands in 1868.
Herring Behaviour in the Dark: Responses to Stationary and Continuously Vibrating Obstacles
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Batty R. S.
Published: May 2009

The behaviour of herring subjected to stationary and vibrating obstacles in their swimming path was recorded in daylight and darkness using an infra-red sensitive TV system. The herring avoided stationary obstacles using visual stimuli and usually collided with such obstacles in darkness. They showed strong avoidance to a continuously vibrating sound source in darkness but the speed of turning was relatively slow and there was no evidence for habituation. As they approached the source they usually responded when the sound pressure reached 10–20 Pa, about 70 dB above the threshold. Particle velocity within the lateral line canals was calculated and was 40–60 dB above threshold. Herring seem to be able to adapt their avoidance behaviour to suit the urgency of the situation.
Aspects of Gametogenesis in the Marine Mussel Mytilus Edulis L.
Authors: Lowe D. M. , Moore M. N. , Bayne B. L.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Marine bivalve molluscs have in recent years attracted considerable attention for a variety of reasons, not least of which is their importance as a source of food for man. Much of this research has concentrated on studies of reproduction; Mytilus viridis (India: Nagabhushanam & Mane, 1975), M. edulis aoteanus and Aulacomya maoriana (New Zealand: Kennedy, 1977);Choromytilus meridionalis and Aulacomya ater (South Africa: Berry, 1978); Mytilus (= Perna) perna (Brazil: Lunetta, 1969); M. edulis planulatus (Australia: Wilson & Hodgkin, 1967); Mytilus californianus and M. edulis (U.S.A.: Hines, 1979); Mytilus galloprovincialis (France: Lubet, 1959) and M. edulis (U.K.: Chipperfield, 1953; Seed, 1975; Bayne et al. 1978). A review of the literature revealed that in the majority of studies cytology was used as a descriptive tool for the ‘staging’ (Chipperfield, 1953; Lubet, 1957; Seed, 1975, 1976) of the developing gametes and certain anomalies were apparent with regard to the nomenclature of the connective tissue matrix of the mantle lobes.
Food And Feeding Habits Of Raja Species (Batoidei) In Carmarthen Bay, Bristol Channel
Authors: Ajayi T. O.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The food and feeding habits of rays (genus Raja) have received more attention than other aspects of their biology. Being nocturnal feeders (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1953), they have been thought to locate food by smell rather than by sight (Steven, 1930, 1947). More recently, the ability of the electric receptors to detect even weak action potentials has been linked with food foraging (Kalmijn, 1966). Wilson (1953) observed that the behaviour of Raja while apprehending prey was similar to that of Torpedo spp. The functional advantages of a ventral mouth as an adaptation to bottom feeding have been stressed by Alexander (1970).

Day (1880–1884) recorded that rays ate molluscs, crustaceans and fish. That the young of Raja clavata, R. montagui (as R. maculata), R. naevus and R. brachyura feed on crustaceans was observed by Clark (1922). Steven (1930, 1932, 1947) confirmed this in a wider age sample of the same species, adding that juveniles which ate amphipods and crangonids later changed to Upogebia, Portunus and Corystes cassivelaunus, whereas the adults were highly piscivorous and sometimes cannibalistic. Both Clark and Steven obtained their fish close to Plymouth. Lazzareto (1964) and du Buit (1969), largely corroborating the above, included polychaetes in the list of food items but specified no differentiation according to size.

Holden & Tucker (1974), recording only presence or absence of food items, studied R. clavata, R. brachyura, R. montagui and R. naevus from a much wider area.
Pleurosigma Planctonicum, a Rare Diatom in the Dutch Coastal area
Authors: Kat Marie
Published: May 2009

Since 1973 the main groups of diatoms and dinoflagellates have been analysed in a monthly monitoring programme of phytoplankton in Dutch coastal waters. In 1974 a large, conspicuous diatom, Pleurosigma planctonicum Simonsen (Simonsen, 1974) occurred in small numbers with a denser population at two sampling sites where the salinity was greater than 33%. Details of the distribution are shown in Fig. 1.
Petroleum compounds in the marine food web: short-term experiments on the fate of naphthalene in Calanus
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Harris R. P. , Kilvington C. C. , O'Hara S. C. M.
Published: May 2009

Adult female Calanus helgolandicus Claus immersed for 24 h in sea-water solutions of [1-14C]naphthalene accumulated a detectable quantity (3.6 pg/animal) from concentrations as low as 0.10 μg/1.

Feeding experiments using barnacle nauplii or diatoms as foods showed that the dietary route of entry was more important quantitatively than direct uptake from solution in that in order to ensure that the same quantity of radioactivity in the animals was attained by the two routes the level of hydrocarbon in solution had always to be far greater than that present as paniculate food. Relevant to these observations was the further finding that after naphthalene had been accumulated directly from solution in sea water depuration was rapid and only a small fraction, less than 5%, of the original radioactivity could be detected after 10 days: by contrast, when the hydrocarbon was taken up by way of the food depuration was much slower, so that at the end of 10 days about a third of the original level of radioactivity still remained in the animals. Short-term experiments in which Calanus were fed on labelled diets for 24 h under bacteria-free conditions showed that at the end of this period over 90% of the radioactivity in the animals was present as unchanged naphthalene. However, more than two thirds of that released by the animals was in some form other than the hydrocarbon, a finding consistent with the view that Calanus is able to metabolize it.
Larval and post-larval stages of fishes recorded from the plankton of Galway Bay, 1972–73
Authors: Fives Julie M. , O'Brien F. I.
Published: May 2009

The Galway Bay area was sampled quantitatively for plankton during 1972–3. The larvae and/or post-larvae of 67 species of fish were identified from the plankton. The recorded occurrence per m3 and the percentage occurrence of the individual species is presented and discussed, and reference is made to the concurrent occurrence of various chaetognath species and copepod species. The results of previous investigations of the plankton of the Galway Bay area are mentioned.
New British species of Doto Oken, 1815 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Lemche Henning
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

During the last 25 years I have collected opisthobranchs from more than 1200 stations (dredgings, collecting by divers, visits on the tides etc.) all around the Northern Atlantic, and among them close to 200 from the British Isles, viz. during two short visits to Plymouth, two somewhat longer ones to Menai Straits, one to Millport in Scotland, and three to Carna in W. Eire. In all those places, the respective marine stations, leaders and personnel, have been of the utmost help and assistance, and I hereby express my warmest appreciation for the kind way in which I have been received. Without that strong support I should never have been able to accomplish the task of comparing live specimens of opisthobranchs from all around the Northern Atlantic in order to tackle all the taxonomic problems involved. The present paper on the genus Doto is my first separate contribution to a revision of the British nudibranchs. The material obtained is kept in the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen.
The effect of food concentration on cumulative ingestion and growth efficiency of two small marine planktonic copepods
Authors: Harris R. P. , Paffenhöfer G.-A.
Published: May 2009

A knowledge of the growth rates and feeding behaviour of planktonic copepods at natural food concentrations is important for an understanding of food-chain dynamics in the sea. In many areas of the open oceans average concentrations of particulate organic carbon rarely exceed 100 µ carbon 1-1, and even in coastal regions the maximum levels are probably only one or two orders of magnitude higher (Parsons, 1975). Thus, most herbivorous marine copepods live in a nutritionally dilute environment (Conover, 1968). In contrast to natural conditions, many laboratory investigations have been carried out at unnaturally high food concentrations, often more than one order of magnitude higher than those which might be expected in the sea.
The taxonomy of the order Isochrysidales (Prymnesiophyceae) with special reference to the generaIsochrysisParke,DicrateriaParke andImantoniaReynolds
Authors: Green J. C. , Pienaar R. N.
Published: May 2009

The order Isochrysidales was erected by Pascher in 1910 to accommodate chrysomonads with two equal flagella. It was based on the family Hymenomonadaceae (Senn, 1900) and included such genera asSynuraEhrenberg (later shown to be heterokont and therefore incorrectly placed here; Hovasse, 1949; Manton, 1955),WyssotzkiaLemmermann andHymenomonasStein. Papenfuss (1955) used the name in a similar sense but encompassing also the coccolithophorids, while those genera with two equal flagella and a ‘short third flagellum’ ((PrymnesiumMassart,PlatychrysisN. Carter,ChrysochromulinaLackey) were placed in the order Prymnesiales. Subsequently it was demonstrated that members of the Isochrysidales and Prymnesiales differ from other chrysomonads in that the two true flag-ella are smooth with no coarse hairs (‘mastigonemes’) and that the third appendage found in genera of the latter order is a unique structure, termed the ‘haptonema’ by Parke, Manton & Clarke (1955). On the basis of these observations, Christensen (1962) erected a new class, the Haptophyceae (now referred to by the typified name Prymnesiophyceae; Hibberd, 1976 a), to contain the two orders although Bourrelly (1968) preferred to retain them within the Chrysophyceae whilst recognizing their unique status by the erection of a sub-class, the Isochrysophycidae.
Observations on the ultrastructure of the cryptomonad endosymbiont of the red-water ciliateMesodinium rubrum
Authors: Hibberd David J.
Published: May 2009

Mesodinium rubrumis a marine planktonic holotrich ciliate of extremely wide geographical distribution which has often been found to be associated with ‘red water’ phenomena (Taylor, Blackbourn & Blackbourn, 1971). It has mainly been recorded from extremely neritic locations such as bays and fjords; away from the coast it is usually associated with regions of upwelling and in such conditions the blooms have been recorded as extending over areas as large as 100 square miles (Ryther, 1967). Fifty instances of the occurrence ofM. rubrumare usefully summarized by Tayloret al.(1971).
On the Status of Golfingia intermedia (Sipuncula)
Authors: Gibbs P. E.
Published: May 2009

The taxonomy and distribution of sipunculan species in the shallow-water zone (< 200 m depth) of European seas are fairly well-documented. One notable exception is Phascolosoma intermedium, a small-sized species described by Southern (1913 a) from material dredged off the west coast of Ireland at 44–143 m depth. Since its description, no further specimens of P. intermedium have been reported in the region and the species was not considered by Stephen (1960) in his synopsis of the British species.
Additions to the littoral fauna of Rockall, with a description of Araeolaimus penelope sp.nov. (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae)
Authors: Moore P. G.
Published: May 2009

Information on the littoral fauna of Rockall (lat. 57° 36′ 20” N, long. 13° 41′ 32” W) is limited to the report by Crisp (1956) on a collection made during the occasion of the annexation of Rockall to the British Crown in 1955. An historical survey (Fisher, 1956) reveals that only once previously has a marine biological (phycological) collection been taken from the rock, during a landing from the French’ Pourquoi-Pas ?’ in 1921 (Charcot, 1921; Hamel, 1922).
The Comparative Anatomy of leg Proprioceptors in some Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Alexandrowicz J. S.
Published: May 2009

According to the generally adopted view, all the proprioceptors of the leg articulations of decapod Crustacea respond to stretching or relaxation of the organs caused by joint movements or joint position. This view is based on anatomical and physiological studies made, originally, mostly on crabs. It has been found, however, that in other groups of Crustacea, such as Anomura and Macrura Reptantia, some of these receptor organs are anatomically related to structures on the exoskeleton. This type of receptor organ, examined inPalinurus vulgarisLatreille,Homarus gammarus(L.) andPagurus bernhardus(L.), is the main subject of the present paper. In the course of this work some observations have been made on other proprioceptors, particularly those in the ischiopodite-meropodite articulation, and these too are reported below. The organs in the coxal region, the special structure of which was the subject of previous investigations (Alexandrowicz & Whitear, 1957; Alexandrowicz, 1958, 1967), are not included.
The Diversity of Nematode Communities in the Southern North Sea
Authors: Heip C. , Decraemer W.
Published: May 2009

Diversity is one of the most important parameters used in the description of a community; several theories relating diversity to other phenomena as predation, competition and stability have been proposed (Pianka, 1966). As a result of the increasing interest in diversity a number of studies have appeared during recent years, but the meiofauna has until recently been almost completely neglected, rather surprisingly when one considers the importance of this group of organisms in all marine benthic communities. Coull (1972) studied recently the diversity of harpacticoid copepods, with nematodes the major meiobenthic component, along the North Carolina shelf and in the deep sea. Warwick & Buchanan (1970) appear to be the only ones to have studied diversity in nematode communities, using α of the logarithmic series (Fisher, Corbett & Williams, 1943) as a diversity measure. The paucity of data seems primarily to be due to the taxonomic difficulties encountered in studying nematodes.
Frontal Horns and Associated Gland Cells of the Nauplii of the Barnacles, Balanus Hameri, Balanus Balanoides and Elminius Modestus (Crustacea:Cirripedia)
Authors: Walker G.
Published: May 2009

Frontal horns are prominent structures, characteristic of the nauplii of most cirripedes. Such horns are more prominent amongst the Lepadomorpha, i.e. Lepas (see Groom, 1894).

Reference is made to frontal horns in those papers concerned with the identification of nauplii (Nilsson-Cantell, 1921; Herz, 1933; Bassindale, 1936; Batham, 1946; Pyefinch, 1948; Buchholz, 1951; Barnes and Barnes, 1959a, b), but more detailed descriptions of horns and associated gland cells are limited to the studies of Groom (1894), Kaufmann (1965) and Walley (1969).

In the present study, the morphology of the frontal horns and the cytology of associated frontal horn gland cells of three barnacle species - Balanus hameri (Ascanius), Balanus balanoides (L.) and Elminius modestus Darwin were investigated.
OnSchedophilus Medusophagus(Pisces: Stromateoidei)
Authors: Bone Q. , Brook C. E. R.
Published: May 2009

Stromateoid fishes form a small group among the Perciformes, characterized by remarkable toothed saccular outgrowths in the gullet just behind the last gill arch (Haedrich, 1967). Most are associated with medusae when young but are poorly known as adults. In addition to the diagnostic oesophageal teeth, a striking feature of many stromateoids is the curious subdermal canal system, whose function is unknown and whose structure has not been described in detail. The present note describes observations upon the biology ofSchedophilus medusophagusCocco, and upon the structure of its integument.
Muscle Proteins of the CoelacanthLatimeria ChalumnaeSmith
Authors: Hamoir G. , Piront A. , Gerday Ch. , Dando P. R.
Published: May 2009

Although the anatomy of the coelacanth muscles has been examined very thoroughly, their protein composition has, until recently, not been investigated. Thanks, however, to the 1972 British–French–American expedition to the Comores, frozen material has been made available and some results on myoglobin and four glycolytic enzymes have already been published. We have carried out a comparison of the sarcoplasmic proteins of red and white muscle by starch-gel electrophoresis. The ninhydrin-positive dialysable constituents and the myofibrillar proteins of white muscle have also been examined.

A few puzzling results obtained with the white muscle extracts have been related to the occurrence of o.1 M ammonia, due presumably to the splitting of urea by a bacterial urease, and to an alteration of the active thiol groups of GAPDH and PK. If due account is taken of these unusual post-mortem changes, the extractability of the proteins and their properties are strikingly similar to those of teleosteans. The comparison of the sarcoplasmic proteins of white and red muscle by starch-gel electrophoresis revealed also that the differentiation observed in the coelacanth was similar to that occurring in the carp. A study of the low-molecular-weight proteins, or parvalbumins, of white muscle and of the myofibrillar proteins also shows the expected differences between the two muscle types.

The only abnormal features observed in this study were the high concentration of parvalbumins, 1.5–2 times that found in other species examined, and the occurrence of an unusual globulin fraction which was easily extracted at ionic strength 0.5 and insoluble at ionic strength 0.35 and neutral pH.
The Fine Structure and Taxonomy of Platychrysis Pigra Geitler (Haptophyceae)
Authors: Chretiennot Marie-Josèphe
Published: May 2009

The type species of Platychrysis, P. pigra, was described by Geitler in 1930 from a sample taken at Las Palmas in the Canary Islands (Geitler, 1930). It was later recorded by Carter in 1937 from a brackish pool at Bembridge, Isle of Wight, and a more complete description of the species was given, including a description of the motile cells (Carter, 1937). A taxonomic comparison of the three genera Prymnesium J. Massart, Chrysochromulina Lackey and Platychrysis Geitler was published by Conrad (1941), whose Belgian records for the species (Lilloo) were subsequently published in 1954 (Conrad & Kufferath, 1954). In 1967, Norris (Norris, 1967) described a new species, P. neustophila, recorded from Puerto Peñasco (Mexico), but this species needs further investigation since the account is somewhat incomplete.
The Life History ofBryopsis HypnoidesLamour. from Anglesey, North Wales and from the Caribbean
Authors: Diaz-Piferrer M. , Burrows E. M.
Published: May 2009

Heteromorphic life histories are now known for a number of species ofBryopsis, B. halymeniaeBerth. (Hustede, 1964),B. monoicaFunk (Rietema, 1971a),B. plumosa(Huds.) C.Ag. (Rietema, 1969, 1970) andB. hypnoidesLamour. (Rietema, 1971; Bartlett & South, 1973). Further it has been shown by Rietema (1970, 19716) that for bothB. plumosaandB. hypnoidesthe life history changes with latitude.
Fine Structure of the Gills ofJaera Nordmanni(Rathke) [Crustacea, Isopoda]
Authors: Bubel A. , Jones M. B.
Published: May 2009

The isopod genusJaeraLeach (Crustacea) is a common component of the fauna in estuaries (Green, 1968; Jones & Naylor, 1971; Naylor, 1972; Jones, 1974). The members of this genus are able to survive low salinity (Jones, 1972a; Harvey, Jones & Naylor, 1973) by active control of the osmotic concentration of the body fluids above that of the external environment (Jones, 1972&; Forbes, 1974). While it has been well established that the crustacean gill is the site of the transport system involved in osmoregulation (Koch, 1954; Shaw, i960; Bielawski, 1964; Croghan, Curra & Lockwood, 1965; Quinn & Lane, 1966), there have been few studies on the fine structure of this organ (Copeland, 1968; Copeland & Fitzjarrell, 1968; Bielawski, 1971; Fisher, 1972; Talbot, Clark & Lawrence, 1972; Lockwood, Inman & Courtenay, 1973). The present paper describes the structure of the gills ofJaera nordmanni(Rathke) and relates the role of the various elements observed to the physiological functioning of the gill.
Notes from the Plymouth Aquarium
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

During the daily maintenance work of a large aquarium many casual observations are made on the habits of the inmates. These are sometimes worthy of record, though too slight in themselves to justify separate papers each under its own distinctive title. It has, however, been thought fit to bring together in the form of a series of notes some of the more interesting of these observations. It is not intended to discuss each with full reference to the comparable literature; rather are they presented as raw material for the use of other investigators in their own specialized fields. Most of these observations have been made since the re-establishment of the Plymouth aquarium in 1946 (after its war damage), and up to the date of writing, November 1948.
A Note on the Theory of a Dwarf Race of Lobsters on the Norfolk Coast
Authors: Graham Michael
Published: May 2009

The evidence points strongly to the effect that Sheringham fishes the same race of lobsters as ports farther north. The most likely explanation of the smaller average size of the lobsters at Sheringham, which is shown to be due to abundance of small and rarity of large, is that it is in some way natural, and not due to fishing. A neat theory to fit the facts is Meek's, based on the position of Sheringham downstream in the main current system.
The Larva of a Didemnid Ascidian, with Notes on the Structure of the Colony and the Adult
Authors: Millar R. H.
Published: May 2009

There are few adequate descriptions of British members of the ascidian family Didemnidae and little attention has been given to the larvae. In the autumn of 1947 a didemnid was collected from the intertidal zone in the Menai Strait, North Wales. This ascidian agrees superficially with Leptoclinum maculosum Edwards, as figured by Milne Edwards (1842) and by Alder & Hancock (1905–1912), although differing somewhat from the diagnosis of Didemnum maculosum (Edwards) given by Harant & Vernières (1933). It is closer anatomically to the D.fulgens (Edwards) of Harant & Vernières, but differs in colour. In most features the colony and zooid closely resemble the descriptions given by Michaelsen (1923) for his species D. helgolandicum Michaelsen, and it is probable that this is the species to which it should be assigned. Nevertheless, the name D. maculosum has been retained since it is under that name that it has probably appeared in most faunistic lists.

Until recently all accounts of didemnid larvae have described three anterior adhesive organs. This was the number given by Giard (1872) for Diplosoma gelatinosum Edwards, and by Lahille (1890) for Trididemnum tenerum Verrill and Polysyncraton lacazei Giard. Berrill (1947), however, has described a new species of didemnid, Trididemnum alleni Berrill, the larva of which has only two anterior adhesive organs, a condition not previously found in any ascidian larva.

The larva (Fig. IA) of the colonies found in the Menai Strait resembles that of T. alleni in many features. The trunk is about 0.35 mm. long from the tip of the adhesive organs to the base of the tail.
Correlation of Some of the Physical and Chemical Properties of the Sea With the Chemical Constitution of the Algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T.
Published: May 2009

Monthly samples of the Laminariaceae, L. saccharina and L. cloustoni, from three localities on the Argyllshire coast have been taken from March 1948 to March 1949, and analysed for dry matter, ash, mannitol, laminarin, crude proteins, inorganic nitrogen and alginic acid, and the seasonal variation in these constituents correlated with the changes in composition of the sea water.

The results show that a correlation does exist and that a period of rapid photosynthesis occurs from March to June/July, but is restricted in July/August when nitrate is undetectable in the water and phosphate is as low as 0·16–0–20 mg. atom/m.3. The replenishment of the photosynthetic layer with nutrients is retarded in July/August, apparently due to the warming of the inshore waters, which may set up a thermocline restricting vertical mixing.

The autumn cooling of the uppermost waters facilitates vertical mixing, regenerating the nutrients in the photosynthetic region, and a second burst of photosynthesis at a reduced rate from the spring ‘outburst’ occurs in October/November.
Notes on Plymouth Mysidacea
Authors: Tattersall Olive S.
Published: May 2009

The mysid fauna of eight night hauls made near the Eddystone Lighthouse is analysed.

Keys are given for the identification of Mysidacea which have been recorded from, or are likely to occur in, the Plymouth area.
The Fecundity of Clyde Plaice
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

In early 1956 and again in 1957 small samples of mature female Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. were collected for fecundity estimates to be compared with Simpson's (1951) results for the North Sea populations, and the data from elsewhere that Simpson summarizes.
Tube Formation by Pomatoceros Triqueter (Polychaeta)
Authors: Hedley R. H.
Published: May 2009

The attached tube of P. triqueter is described with special reference to the calcareous grating which is usually found inside the posterior end of damaged tubes. An explanation of the morphology of the tube, and of the calcareous grating, is attempted with reference to an account of the mode of deposition characteristic of the worm.
The Growth Rate Of Verruca Stroemia (O. Müller)
Authors: Barnes H.
Published: May 2009

Data are presented on the growth rate of Verruca stroemia under natural conditions and when exposed continuously and cleaned repeatedly. Several series exposed at different times of the year were followed.

Rapid growth takes place (under raft conditions) following settlement; the maximum size is virtually reached in one season's growth between spring and early winter. There is little growth in midwinter.

Differences between the mean specific growth rates of the various series can be ascribed to differences in the availability of food.

The question is discussed as to whether there is any seasonal rhythm; the evidence indicates that no marked rhythmic pattern of growth exists.

Observations on deep-water populations would be of value for comparison and to unmask any relatively weak rhythmic growth.

The mean specific growth rates at half their maximum size are compared for several species—Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus, B. balanus, Chthamalus stellatus and Verruca stroemia; it is similar for all species except Chthamalus stellatus. The high level barnacle may require stimulation such as is provided by wave action to elicit full metabolic activity.
The Buoyancy of the Cuttlefish,Sepia Officinalis(L.)
Authors: Denton E. J. , Gilpin-Brown J. B.
Published: May 2009

The excess weight in sea water of the living tissues ofSepia officinalis(L.) is approximately balanced by the cuttlebone, which accounts for about 9·3% of the animal's volume. The density of cuttlebone varies around 0·6. The cuttlefish without its cuttlebone would be about 4% denser than sea water.

The chambers of the cuttlebone are independent of one another but liquids and gases are free to move within any one chamber.

Animals caught and studied fresh aboard ship exhibited a much less wide range of cuttlebone densities than those kept in an aquarium.

Specimens kept in aquaria vary greatly in buoyancy. These variations result from changes in density of the cuttlebone.

Cuttlebones differ not in the weight of dry matter per unit volume, which is always close to 38%, but in the amount of liquid they contain. A cuttlebone of density 0·7 contains about 30% liquid whereas a cuttlebone of density 0·5 contains about 10% liquid. The remainder of the cuttlebone contains gas, but this gas is at less than atmospheric pressure. The pressure of gas varies around 0·8 atmosphere. Within the duration of the experiments described here, the mass of gas per unit volume of bone remained almost constant whatever the bone's density. The pressure of gas is lower the less dense the cuttlebone. There can be no question of an evolution of gas expelling liquid from a bone when it becomes lighter. The constancy of the mass of gas within the cuttlebone is explained in terms of the slowness of diffusion of gases into the bone.
A Postlarva of an unknown Fish from the West Coast of Scotland
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

While examining collections of young fish taken with a 2 m stramin net on the west coast of Scotland in 1975 for the unstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory of the Scottish Marine Biological Association I found two postlarvae unlike any I have seen before.

These two specimens, both about 6.2 mm long, were taken on 31 July 1975 from the Tiree Passage between the Islands of Mull and Tiree, and from Bloody Bay on the south-west coast of Mull.
The Composition of Gas in the Chambers of the Cuttlebone of Sepia Officinalis
Authors: Denton E. J. , Taylor D. W.
Published: May 2009

Gases from the chambers of the cuttlebone have been analysed. Their partial pressures were never higher than those expected in the tissues of the animals.

In the older chambers the gas was about 97 % N2. The pressure of the gas in these chambers is always close to 0.8 atm.

These results are in accord with the theory that the gases play an unimportant role in the mechanism of the cuttlebone and merely diffuse into spaces created by forces other than gas pressure.

Observations have been made which can be used in studies of the life history and the rates of growth of cuttlefish in the Channel.
Line-Fishing on the Continental Slope
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

A method of line fishing in depths of over 1000 fm has been used successfully from R.V. ‘Sarsia’ on the continental slope. The catches have been mainly black squaloids but two brotulids, truly abyssal fishes, have also been taken.