bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Antimicrobial De-escalation with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Utilisation in a Tertiary Care Hospital at South India
Authors: Martinraj Jasper Victoria Leelarani , S Harini. , Thomas Feba Mary , Bibila S. , George Keren Ann
Published: August 2024

Background: Research and literature on antimicrobial de-escalation are often confined to assessment of safety and efficacy of de-escalation for patients with infection and, not antimicrobial utilization. Evidence suggests that the key intervention to stop further emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is to optimize antimicrobial de-escalation and improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices. An audit of antibiotic use in infection and measuring antibiotic consumption is the basic area of an Antimicrobial stewardship AMSP. This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of antibiotic de-escalation on length of stay (LOS), days on IV antibiotics, along with antibiotic utilization and duration of antibiotic therapy.
Methods: This prospective observational study included in-patients with antibiotic prescriptions. Data collected included patient demographics, empiric, de-escalated or non-de-escalated antibiotic regimens, microbiological reports and final diagnoses were collected. The outcomes of de-escalation and non-de-escalation were compared. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and the p value < 0.05% was considered significant.
Results: Out of the 360 patients, 226 patients were de-escalated and 134 patients had their therapy non-de-escalated. The de-escalated population had a shorter LOS (mean: 4 days vs. 6 days, p <.05), shorter DOT (mean: 11.3 days vs. 13.9 days, p = .05), and fewer days on IV antibiotics (median: 3 days vs. 5 days, p = .05) compared to the non-de-escalated group.
Conclusion: De-escalation resulted in a:

Reduction of 2.6 DOT (Days of Therapy) units of antimicrobial use (p value= .05), despite similar durations of antimicrobial therapy (LOT).
Reduction of 2 days of intravenous antimicrobial (p value= .05).

Reduction of 1.7 days in the Length of hospital Stay (p value < .05).
Chemical Composition and Oxidative Properties of Moringa Peregrina Dried-Ground Parts Extracted with Different Solvents
Authors: Abdallh Almujtaba H. M. , Babiker Elfadil E.
Published: August 2024

Background: Moringa species contain extremely high level of antioxidant and low levels of anti-nutritional compounds distributed between different parts of the plant.
Objective: The present study examined the chemical composition, total energy, and oxidative properties of several solvent extracts of Moringa peregrina (MP) seeds, bark, and leaves dried-ground.
Methods: The chemical composition, total energy, and mineral content of the MP parts were all determined. The total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts were also measured.
Results: The chemical composition differed between parts, with seeds having considerably (p ≤ 0.05) high levels of protein (19.4%), fat (32.23%), and ash (2.90%). The bark was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in carbohydrates (76.1%) than the other parts. The leaves had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of Na, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Se.  However, the seeds are rich in P and Cu, whereas the bark is rich in calcium. The solvents' efficacy in extracting phenolics and flavonoids from the three parts varied substantially, with aqueous methanol ranking first and the leaves having larger amounts than the other parts. The antioxidant activity was examined using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests. Leaves had stronger antioxidant activity than other parts. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was strongly associated with total phenolics and flavonoids.
Conclusion: In general, extracts made with aqueous organic solvents produced more total phenolics and flavonoids and had higher antioxidant activity, with leaves demonstrating superior antioxidant properties compared to other parts.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Climate Resilient Agricultural Technologies in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Neelima A. Sandhya , Rao C. A. Rama , Kumar K. N. Ravi , Rao V. Srinivasa , Devy M. Rama
Published: August 2024

In Andhra Pradesh, climate change may negatively impact crop yields and variability, especially in rainfed agricultural areas, which account for 46 per cent of the total cultivated area.  Besides drought-prone areas like the districts in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, even the state's coastal districts are prone to cyclones and floods.  In this context, farmers have to adopt Climate Resilient Agricultural (CRA) technologies to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change.  Certain factors influence the farmer's decision to adopt these technologies.  In this context, this study investigated the factors influencing the adoption of CRA technologies in the Srikakulam and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh by employing a logistic regression model. Primary data was collected from 300 purposively selected farmers comprising of 240 adopters and 60 non-adopters from both the districts. The results revealed that education (6.2%), farming experience (7.8%), family size (5.1%), annual farm income (4.8%), access to climate information (9.8%) and access to extension contact (16.5%) significantly influenced the adoption of CRA technologies in Srikakulam district. Similarly, in Anantapur district age of the farmer (0.7%), education (6.6%), annual farm income (5.2%), access to climate information (9.0%), access to extension contact (17.6%) and membership in organisation (7.1%) significantly influenced the adoption of CRA technologies. Therefore, the results indicated that it is necessary to set up an appropriate institutional structure to provide climate information, extension services and non-formal education to farmers on the benefits of CRA technologies for the wide spread adoption of CRA technologies.
Advanced Horticultural Techniques: Hydroponics, Aquaponics and Aeroponics for Optimal Crop Production
Authors: Kumar Aman , Mehta Akshay , Yadav Alkesh , Kumari Kalpana
Published: August 2024

Hydroponics, Aquaponics and Aeroponics are innovative horticultural techniques that offer efficient, sustainable alternatives to traditional soil-based agriculture. These methods leverage advanced technology to optimize plant growth, conserve resources, and increase crop yields. Hydroponics involves growing plants in a nutrient-rich water solution, eliminating the need for soil. Plants are supported by inert media such as rock wool or clay pellets, which provide stability and facilitate root development. This method allows precise control over nutrient delivery, water usage, and environmental conditions, leading to faster growth rates and higher yields. Hydroponic systems can be implemented in various forms, including nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC) and drip systems. Aquaponics integrates hydroponics with aquaculture, creating a symbiotic environment where plants and fish coexist. Fish waste provides an organic nutrient source for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This closed-loop system minimizes waste and reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers. Aquaponics is highly efficient, requiring less water than traditional farming and promoting biodiversity. It is particularly suitable for small-scale, urban, and sustainable agriculture initiatives. Aeroponics involves growing plants with their roots suspended in the air, misted with a nutrient solution. This method ensures that roots receive ample oxygen, promoting faster growth and higher nutrient uptake. Aeroponic systems use minimal water and nutrients compared to soil-based and hydroponic systems, making them highly efficient. They are also adaptable to vertical farming, allowing for space-efficient crop production in urban environments.
The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol in Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Effects
Authors: Silva Isabelle Nunes Shimith da , Castro Sophia Souza Campos Nascente de , Lima Pedro Lucas Enomoto , Paiva Maykon Jhuly Martins de
Published: August 2024

Aims: This study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic effects and mechanisms of cannabidiol (CBD) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Specifically, it focuses on understanding the role of CBD in managing motor and non-motor symptoms and its neuroprotective properties.
Study Design: This research is a literature review.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the University of Gurupi, Paraíso do Tocantins, TO, in 2023.
Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as Medline (PubMed), Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Articles published in Portuguese and English were included. The search terms used were "Parkinson's Disease," "CBD," and "Treatment." The selection criteria focused on studies exploring the mechanisms of action, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of CBD in the context of PD. Articles unrelated to the use of CBD for PD treatment or not exclusively focusing on CBD administration were excluded.
Results: The review included findings from seven scientific articles. Key outcomes indicate that CBD exhibits neuroprotective effects, reduces global symptom scores, and does not produce adverse motor effects. Notably, CBD was found to protect against cell death induced by neurotoxins like MPP+ and provide potential anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating cytokine release.
Conclusion: CBD shows promise as a therapeutic agent in PD due to its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, the clinical use of CBD remains limited and controversial, requiring further research to validate its efficacy and safety in treating PD. This summary provides an overview of the findings and methodologies covered in the full text, highlighting the potential and challenges of using CBD in Parkinson's disease treatment.
A Comprehensive Review on Biofortification in Vegetable Crops
Authors: Reddy Baddigam Kasi , Vijayreddy Dumpapenchala , Chandra K Bharath , Emmi Shridhar Ramesh , Hegde Suneel Subray , Majumder Barnali , Kumar Dara Prasanth
Published: August 2024

Biofortification is an approach that combines biotechnology and fortification to improve the nutritional profile of staple crops, combating human malnutrition caused by essential vitamin and mineral deficiencies. It involves conventional breeding, biotechnology and agronomic strategies to increase the concentration of plant-derived nutrients and vitamins in edible parts during growth. While not as nutrient-dense as supplements or fortified foods, biofortified crops enhance daily micronutrient intake for all age groups. This sustainable, affordable approach is crucial for addressing micronutrient malnutrition, affecting around two billion people, particularly those with iron deficiency anaemia. Strategies include agronomic biofortification, involving micronutrient fertilizers and conventional breeding and hybridizing varieties for increased micronutrient levels. Genetic engineering enhances nutrient synthesis, while agronomic biofortification improves nutrient absorption and distribution. However, acceptance challenges and regulatory complexities persist. Future efforts should involve collaboration between plant breeders, molecular scientists and nutrition experts to enhance crop nutrition and receive increased funding from various organisations to combat global malnutrition effectively.
Orthodontic Appliances and Microbial Dysbiosis: Insights and Implications
Authors: Maheshwari Sandhya , M P Ameen Ashraf , Ahmad Shariq , Khan Saba
Published: August 2024

Orthodontic treatment can lead to significant changes in the oral microbiome, potentially resulting in dysbiosis associated with increased risk of gingivitis and caries. The complex hard-soft tissue structures in the mouth harbour a diverse bacterial community, with around 700 different species identified. Orthodontic appliances, such as fixed braces, can alter the oral environment, leading to changes in the composition and abundance of oral microorganisms.
Studies have shown that fixed orthodontic appliances, including brackets and bands, can influence the colonization of periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which are associated with periodontal diseases. These appliances can also increase the levels of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli, which are linked to dental caries.
On the other hand, clear aligners have been found to have a lesser impact on the oral microbiome compared to traditional braces, with some studies suggesting that they may even reduce the negative effects on periodontal health. However, clear aligners can still lead to changes in the oral microbiome, including increases in bacteria associated with gingivitis and periodontitis.
Overall, orthodontic appliances can significantly alter the oral microbiome, potentially leading to dysbiosis and increased risk of oral diseases. Proper oral hygiene instructions and monitoring are essential to minimize these risks during orthodontic treatment.
Dissolved Fe and Al in the upper 1000 m of the eastern Indian Ocean: A high‐resolution transect along 95°E from the Antarctic margin to the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Grand Maxime M. , Measures Christopher I. , Hatta Mariko , Hiscock William T. , Landing William M. , Morton Peter L. , Buck Clifton S. , Barrett Pamela M. , Resing Joseph A.
Published: February 2015

A high‐resolution section of dissolved iron (dFe) and aluminum (dAl) was obtained along ~95°E in the upper 1000 m of the eastern Indian Ocean from the Antarctic margin (66°S) to the Bay of Bengal (18°N) during the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) CO2 Repeat Hydrography I08S and I09N sections (February–April 2007). In the Southern Ocean, low concentrations of dAl (<1 n M) reflect the negligible dust inputs impacting the water masses subducted in the circumpolar domain. The low dAl concentrations characterizing the Southern Ocean terminate near 45°S, probably because of the advection of subtropical water masses that received dust and sedimentary inputs in their formation region. Our subsurface dFe data near the southern Kerguelen Plateau were significantly higher than historical observations in other Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean. We surmise that the offshore advection of dFe‐rich waters along the western flank of the southern Kerguelen plateau and enhanced vertical mixing could contribute to this elevated subsurface dFe inventory. Elevated subsurface particulate and dFe levels downstream of the northern Kerguelen Plateau may reflect long‐range lateral transport from the plateau's sediments and/or remineralization inputs. At the northern edge of the south Indian subtropical gyre, the deposition of Australian dust, possibly combined with the advection of dAl‐enriched waters from the Indonesian Throughflow, creates a region of elevated dAl in the upper 400 m but without a corresponding enrichment in dFe. In the northern Indian Ocean, the South Equatorial Current constitutes a remarkable biogeochemical front separating the oxygen‐rich and dFe‐poor subtropical gyre waters from the dFe‐rich and oxygen‐depleted waters of the northern Indian Ocean. By tracing the accumulation of macronutrients and dFe along the advective pathway of Indian Central Water, we show that the central waters of the northern Indian Ocean receive excess dFe in addition to that produced by remineralization inputs. The resuspension of shelf sediments and release of pore waters probably contribute to the elevated dFe and dAl levels observed below the highly stratified upper layers of the Bay of Bengal.
Structure of turbulence and sediment stratification in wave‐supported mud layers
Authors: Hooshmand Abbas , Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Lamb Michael P.
Published: February 2015

We present results from laboratory experiments in a wave flume with and without a sediment bed to investigate the turbulent structure and sediment dynamics of wave‐supported mud layers. The presence of sediment on the bed significantly alters the structure of the wave boundary layer relative to that observed in the absence of sediment, increasing the TKE by more than a factor of 3 at low wave orbital velocities and suppressing it at the highest velocities. The transition between the low and high‐velocity regimes occurs when
, where
is the Stokes Reynolds number. In the low‐velocity regime (
) the flow is significantly influenced by the formation of ripples, which enhances the TKE and Reynolds stress and increases the wave boundary layer thickness. In the high‐velocity regime (
) the ripples are significantly smaller, the near‐bed sediment concentrations are significantly higher and density stratification due to sediment becomes important. In this regime the TKE and Reynolds stress are lower in the sediment bed runs than in comparable runs with no sediment. The regime transition at
appears to result from washout of the ripples and increased concentrations of fine sand suspended in the boundary layer, which increases the settling flux and the stratification near the bed. The increased stratification damps turbulence, especially near the top of the high‐concentration layer, reducing the layer thickness. We anticipate that these effects will influence the transport capacity of wave‐supported gravity currents on the continental shelf.
Marine microbes rapidly adapt to consume ethane, propane, and butane within the dissolved hydrocarbon plume of a natural seep
Authors: Mendes Stephanie D. , Redmond Molly C. , Voigritter Karl , Perez Christian , Scarlett Rachel , Valentine David L.
Published: February 2015

Simple hydrocarbon gases containing two to four carbons (ethane, propane, and butane) are among the most abundant compounds present in petroleum reservoirs, and are introduced into the ocean through natural seepage and industrial discharge. Yet little is known about the bacterial consumption of these compounds in ocean waters. To assess the timing by which microbes metabolize these gases, we conducted a three‐phase study that tested and applied a radiotracer‐based method to quantify the oxidation rates of ethane, propane, and butane in fresh seawater samples. Phase 1 involved the synthesis of tritiated ethane, propane, and butane using Grignard reagents and tritiated water. Phase 2 was a systematic assessment of experimental conditions, wherein the indigenous microbial community was found to rapidly oxidize ethane, propane, and butane. Phase 3 was the application of this tritium method near the Coal Oil Point seeps, offshore California. Spatial and temporal patterns of ethane, propane, and butane oxidation down current from the hydrocarbon seeps demonstrated that >99% of these gases are metabolized within 1.3 days following initial exposure. The oxidation of ethane outpaced oxidation of propane and butane with patterns indicating the microbial community responded to these gases by rapid adaptation or growth. Methane oxidation responded the slowest in plume waters. Estimates based on the observed metabolic rates and carbon mass balance suggest that ethane, propane, and butane‐consuming microorganisms may transiently account for a majority of the total microbial community in these impacted waters.
Physical and biogeochemical mechanisms of internal carbon cycling in Lake Michigan
Authors: Pilcher Darren J. , McKinley Galen A. , Bootsma Harvey A. , Bennington Val
Published: February 2015

The lakewide seasonal carbon cycle of Lake Michigan is poorly quantified and lacks the mechanistic links necessary to determine impacts upon it from eutrophication, invasive species, and climate change. A first step toward a full appreciation of Lake Michigan's carbon cycle is to quantify the dominant mechanisms of its internal carbon cycle. To achieve this, we use the MIT general circulation model configured to the bathymetry of Lake Michigan and coupled to an ecosystem model to simulate the seasonal cycle of productivity, temperature, circulation, and the partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2). This biogeochemistry is designed to be appropriate for the prequagga mussel state of the lake. The primary mechanism behind the seasonal cycle of primary productivity is lake physics. The offshore spring phytoplankton bloom begins following a reduction in deep vertical mixing and ends with the depletion of nutrients via thermal stratification. The exception is the western shoreline, where summer winds drive coastal upwelling, providing hypolimnetic nutrients and generating significant productivity. Surface pCO2 is controlled by the net effect from temperature on solubility, and is modulated by biological uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and isothermal mixing of DIC‐rich water in winter. Temperature tends to have the greatest seasonal impact in nearshore regions, while local DIC has the greatest impact in offshore regions. Lakewide, the model suggests that carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere during the spring bloom and released to the atmosphere during winter mixing and when summer surface temperatures are at their maximum.
Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus shale gas production regions
Authors: Peischl J. , Ryerson T. B. , Aikin K. C. , de Gouw J. A. , Gilman J. B. , Holloway J. S. , Lerner B. M. , Nadkarni R. , Neuman J. A. , Nowak J. B. , Trainer M. , Warneke C. , Parrish D. D.
Published: February 2015

We present measurements of methane (CH4) taken aboard a NOAA WP‐3D research aircraft in 2013 over the Haynesville shale region in eastern Texas/northwestern Louisiana, the Fayetteville shale region in Arkansas, and the northeastern Pennsylvania portion of the Marcellus shale region, which accounted for the majority of Marcellus shale gas production that year. We calculate emission rates from the horizontal CH4 flux in the planetary boundary layer downwind of each region after subtracting the CH4 flux entering the region upwind. We find 1 day CH4 emissions of (8.0 ± 2.7) × 107 g/h from the Haynesville region, (3.9 ± 1.8) × 107 g/h from the Fayetteville region, and (1.5 ± 0.6) × 107 g/h from the Marcellus region in northeastern Pennsylvania. Finally, we compare the CH4 emissions to the total volume of natural gas extracted from each region to derive a loss rate from production operations of 1.0–2.1% from the Haynesville region, 1.0–2.8% from the Fayetteville region, and 0.18–0.41% from the Marcellus region in northeastern Pennsylvania. The climate impact of CH4 loss from shale gas production depends upon the total leakage from all production regions. The regions investigated in this work represented over half of the U.S. shale gas production in 2013, and we find generally lower loss rates than those reported in earlier studies of regions that made smaller contributions to total production. Hence, the national average CH4 loss rate from shale gas production may be lower than values extrapolated from the earlier studies.
Impact of equatorial ionospheric irregularities on GNSS receivers using real and synthetic scintillation signals
Authors: Ghafoori F. , Skone S.
Published: February 2015

The impact of L‐band equatorial ionospheric scintillation on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers is investigated in this paper using both real and synthetic scintillation data. To this end, various low‐latitude data sets, recorded during the most recent solar maximum, are exploited in post‐processing to develop and verify realistic simulation tools and evaluate GNSS receiver performance. A scintillation simulation model is implemented based on the phase screen formulation of Dr. Charles Rino (1979, 1982, and 2011) which allows oblique signal propagation in an anisotropic propagation medium with multiple irregularity layers (or phase screens) for multiple GNSS frequencies. The observed real scintillation parameters are used to drive GNSS signal simulations. The subsequent simulated GNSS signal time series are verified through comparison with real data for different signal tracking states including the most severe and challenging tracking scenarios. Using both real and synthetic data sets, the impact of scintillation on observation quality and receiver performance is evaluated in terms of probability of loss of phase and frequency lock, as well as the correlation of disturbed L‐band signals transmitted by GNSS satellites on the same transionsopheric path.
Detection of traveling ionospheric disturbances by medium‐frequency Doppler sounding using AM radio transmissions
Authors: Chilcote M. , LaBelle J. , Lind F. D. , Coster A. J. , Miller E. S. , Galkin I. A. , Weatherwax A. T.
Published: February 2015

Nighttime traveling ionosphere disturbances (TIDs) propagating in the lower F region of the ionosphere have been detected by measuring time variations in the Doppler shifts of commercial AM radio broadcast signals. Three receivers, components of the Intercepted Signals for Ionospheric Science (ISIS) Array software radio instrumentation network in the northeastern United States, recorded signals from two radio stations during 11 nights in March–April, 2012. By combining these measurements, TIDs were detected as approximately 40min periodic variations in the frequencies of the received signals resulting from Doppler shifts produced by the ionosphere. The variations had amplitudes of up to a few tenths of a hertz and were correlated across the array. For one study interval, 0000–0400 UT on 13 April 2012, simultaneous GPS total electron content, Digisonde®, and Super Dual‐Auroral Radar Network coherent backscatter radar measurements confirmed the detection of TIDs with the same characteristics. Besides TIDs, the receiver network often detected large (nearly 1 Hz) upward (downward) Doppler shifts of the AM broadcast signals at the dawn (dusk) terminator. These results demonstrate that AM radio signals can be used for detection and monitoring of nighttime TIDs and related effects.
Can an Intensive Diet and Exercise Program Prevent Knee Pain Among Overweight Adults at High Risk?
Authors: White Daniel K. , Neogi Tuhina , Rejeski W. Jack , Walkup Michael P. , Lewis Cora E. , Nevitt Michael C. , Foy Capri G. , Felson David T. ,   for the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: February 2015

Objective

It is unclear whether an intensive program of weight loss combined with exercise prevents the onset of knee pain among those at high risk. We examined whether an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) prevents incident knee pain compared with a diabetes mellitus support and education (DSE) comparison group among overweight adults with diabetes mellitus.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study, which is a randomized intervention trial of adults who were obese and had type 2 diabetes mellitus starting in 2001. We studied a subcohort of 2,889 subjects who reported no knee pain at baseline but were at high risk due to obesity. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to examine the association of ILI versus DSE with incident knee pain at year 1 and year 4. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Age, sex, and body mass index were similar among ILI and DSE participants with no knee pain at baseline. At year 1, ILI participants were 15% less likely to develop knee pain compared with DSE participants (RR 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.74–0.98). At year 4, this difference decreased to 5% and was no longer statistically significant.

Conclusion

An ILI of diet and exercise may prevent the development of knee pain among those at high risk in the short term. Health care providers may consider recommending diet and exercise as a means to prevent the development of knee pain among those at high risk.
Modulation of red blood cell population dynamics is a fundamental homeostatic response to disease
Authors: Patel Harsh H. , Patel Hasmukh R. , Higgins John M.
Published: February 2015

Increased red blood cell (RBC) volume variation (RDW) has recently been shown to predict a wide range of mortality and morbidity: death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, infection, renal disease, and more; complications in heart failure and coronary artery disease, advanced stage and worse prognosis in many cancers, poor outcomes in autoimmune disease, and many more. The mechanisms by which all of these diseases lead to increased RDW are unknown. Here we use a semi‐mechanistic mathematical model of in vivo RBC population dynamics to dissect the factors controlling RDW and show that elevated RDW results largely from a slight reduction in the in vivo rate of RBC turnover. RBCs become smaller as they age, and a slight reduction in the rate of RBC turnover allows smaller cells to continue circulating, expanding the low‐volume tail of the RBC population's volume distribution, and thereby increasing RDW. Our results show that mildly extended RBC lifespan is a previously unrecognized homeostatic adaptation common to a very wide range of pathologic states, likely compensating for subtle reductions in erythropoietic output. A mathematical model‐based estimate of the clearance rate may provide a novel early‐warning biomarker for a wide range of morbidity and mortality.Am. J. Hematol. 90:422–428, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Craniofacial dysmorphology in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: Illuminating the developmental relationship to risk for psychosis
Authors: Prasad Sarah , Katina Stanislav , Hennessy Robin J. , Murphy Kieran C. , Bowman Adrian W. , Waddington John L.
Published: February 2015

Persons with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) are characterized inter alia by facial dysmorphology and greatly increased risk for psychotic illness. Recent studies indicate facial dysmorphology in adults with schizophrenia. This study evaluates the extent to which the facial dysmorphology of 22q11.2DS is similar to or different from that evident in schizophrenia. Twenty‐one 22q11.2DS‐sibling control pairs were assessed using 3D laser surface imaging. Geometric morphometrics was applied to 30 anatomical landmarks, 480 geometrically homologous semi‐landmarks on curves and 1720 semi‐landmarks interpolated on each 3D facial surface. Principal component (PC) analysis of overall shape space indicated PC2 to strongly distinguish 22q11.2DS from controls. Visualization of PC2 indicated 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia to be similar in terms of overall widening of the upper face, lateral displacement of the eyes/orbits, prominence of the cheeks, narrowing of the lower face, narrowing of nasal prominences and posterior displacement of the chin; they differed in terms of facial length (increased in 22q11.2DS, decreased in schizophrenia), mid‐face and nasal prominences (displaced upwards and outwards in 22q11.2DS, less prominent in schizophrenia); lips (more prominent in 22q11.2DS; less prominent in schizophrenia) and mouth (open mouth posture in 22q11.2DS; closed mouth posture in schizophrenia). These findings directly implicate dysmorphogenesis in a cerebral‐craniofacial domain that is common to 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia and which may repay further clinical and genetic interrogation in relation to the developmental origins of psychotic illness. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
17q12 Microduplications: A challenge for clinicians
Authors: Bertini V. , Orsini A. , Bonuccelli A. , Cambi F. , Del Pistoia M. , Vannozzi I. , Toschi B. , Saggese G. , Simi P. , Valetto A.
Published: February 2015

In the recent years, some cases of 17q12 deletions and duplications have been reported, but the clinical impact of these imbalances is still to be fully elucidated. In particular, 17q12 duplications elude syndrome classification, since they are associated with a wide phenotypic spectrum, ranging from very mild to quite severe phenotypes. Here, two unrelated patients with the same 1.2 Mb microduplication of 17q12 are reported. Comparing these patients' phenotype with those previously published, it emerges that the more patients reported, the more difficult is finding common characteristics, even in presence of exactly the same genetic anomaly. The role of the genes duplicated in this region and the impact of this chromosomal imbalance are discussed.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further insight into the phenotype associated with a mutation in the ORC6 gene, causing Meier–Gorlin syndrome 3
Authors: Shalev Stavit Allon , Khayat Morad , Etty Daniel‐Spiegl , Elpeleg Orly
Published: February 2015

Mutations in genes encoding the origin recognition complex subunits cause Meier–Gorlin syndrome. The disease manifests a triad of short stature, small ears, and small and/or absent patellae with variable expressivity. We report on the identification of a homozygous deleterious mutation in the ORC6 gene in previously described fetuses at the severe end of the Meier–Gorlin spectrum. The phenotype included severe intrauterine growth retardation, dislocation of knees, gracile bones, clubfeet, and small mandible and chest. To date, the clinical presentation of ORC6‐associated Meier–Gorlin syndrome has been mild compared to other the phenotype associated with other loci. The present report expands the clinical phenotype associated with ORC6 mutations to include severely abnormal embryological development suggesting a possible genotype–phenotype correlation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent enlarged nuchal translucency: First trimester presentation of a familial 15q26→qter deletion
Authors: Reiss Rosemary , Ahern Diane , Sandstrom Mary , Wilkins‐Haug Louise
Published: February 2015

A 15q26 terminal chromosomal microdeletion was associated with markedly enlarged 1st trimester nuchal translucency in three of four pregnancies of a couple seen in our prenatal diagnosis unit. Nuchal translucency was normal in the couple's fourth pregnancy, which did not carry the microdeletion. The diagnosis of a 15q26.2→qter microdeletion was first made when the couple's affected daughter displayed significant postnatal growth delay and minor malformations consistent with this contiguous gene syndrome. The microdeletion was confirmed on archived material from the first pregnancy, and identified prospectively on chorionic villi in the third pregnancy. This is the second reported case of familial recurrence of this microdeletion syndrome. As in the other reported family, no deletion or chromosomal rearrangement was identified in either parent, suggesting gonadal mosaicism as a possible cause. First trimester ultrasound findings in 15q26 terminal deletion syndrome have not previously been described. This family illustrates the utility of performing prenatal chromosomal microarray testing in the presence of ultrasound findings of enlarged nuchal translucency or structural abnormalities. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Renal complications in 6p duplication syndrome: Microarray‐based investigation of the candidate gene(s) for the development of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
Authors: Yoshimura‐Furuhata Megumi , Nishimura‐Tadaki Akira , Amano Yoshiro , Ehara Takashi , Hamasaki Yuko , Muramatsu Masaki , Shishido Seiichiro , Aikawa Atsushi , Hamada Riku , Ishikura Kenji , Hataya Hiroshi , Hidaka Yoshihiko , Noda Shunsuke , Koike Kenichi , Wakui Keiko , Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Matsumoto Naomichi , Awazu Midori , Miyake Noriko , Kosho Tomoki
Published: February 2015

6p duplication syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that frequently manifests renal complications, including proteinuria, hypoplastic kidney, and hydronephrosis. We report a girl with the syndrome, manifesting left hydronephrosis, proteinuria/hematuria, and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) resulting in chronic end‐stage renal failure, successfully treated with renal transplantation. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization showed the derivative chromosome 6 to have a 6.4‐Mb duplication at 6p25.3–p25.1 with 32 protein‐coding genes and a 220‐Kb deletion at 6p25.3 with two genes of no possible relation to the renal pathology. Review of the literature shows that variation of renal complications in the syndrome is compatible with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). FSGS, observed in another patient with 6p duplication syndrome, could be a non‐coincidental complication. FOXC1, located within the 6.4‐Mb duplicated region at 6p25.3–p25.2, could be a candidate gene for CAKUT, but its single gene duplication effect would not be sufficient. FSGS would be a primary defect associated with duplicated gene(s) albeit no candidate could be proposed, or might occur in association with CAKUT. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome in sisters with novel compound heterozygous mutation in UBE3B
Authors: Pedurupillay Christeen Ramane J. , Barøy Tuva , Holmgren Asbjørn , Blomhoff Anne , Vigeland Magnus D. , Sheng Ying , Frengen Eirik , Strømme Petter , Misceo Doriana
Published: February 2015

A pair of sisters was ascertained for multiple congenital defects, including marked craniofacial dysmorphisms with blepharophimosis, and severe psychomotor delay. Two novel compound heterozygous mutations in UBE3B were identified in both the sisters by exome sequencing. These mutations include c.1A>G, which predicts p.Met1?, and a c.1773delC variant, predicted to cause a frameshift at p.Phe591fs. UBE3B encodes a widely expressed protein ubiquitin ligase E3B, which, when mutated in both alleles, causes Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome. We report on the thorough clinical examination of the patients and review the state of art knowledge of this disorder. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solid‐State 17O NMR Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Coordination Compounds
Authors: Kong Xianqi , Terskikh Victor V. , Khade Rahul L. , Yang Liu , Rorick Amber , Zhang Yong , He Peng , Huang Yining , Wu Gang
Published: February 2015

High‐quality solid‐state 17O (I=5/2) NMR spectra can be successfully obtained for paramagnetic coordination compounds in which oxygen atoms are directly bonded to the paramagnetic metal centers. For complexes containing VIII (S=1), CuII (S=1/2), and MnIII (S=2) metal centers, the 17O isotropic paramagnetic shifts were found to span a range of more than 10 000 ppm. In several cases, high‐resolution 17O NMR spectra were recorded under very fast magic‐angle spinning (MAS) conditions at 21.1 T. Quantum‐chemical computations using density functional theory (DFT) qualitatively reproduced the experimental 17O hyperfine shift tensors.
Target‐Based Whole‐Cell Screening by 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Ma Junhe , Cao Qing , McLeod Sarah M. , Ferguson Keith , Gao Ning , Breeze Alexander L. , Hu Jun
Published: February 2015

An NMR‐based approach marries the two traditional screening technologies (phenotypic and target‐based screening) to find compounds inhibiting a specific enzymatic reaction in bacterial cells. Building on a previous study in which it was demonstrated that hydrolytic decomposition of meropenem in living Escherichia coli cells carrying New Delhi metallo‐β‐lactamase subclass 1 (NDM‐1) can be monitored in real time by NMR spectroscopy, we designed a cell‐based NMR screening platform. A strong NDM‐1 inhibitor was identified with cellular IC50 of 0.51 μM, which is over 300‐fold more potent than captopril, a known NDM‐1 inhibitor. This new screening approach has great potential to be applied to targets in other cell types, such as mammalian cells, and to targets that are only stable or functionally competent in the cellular environment.
Regioselektive Pd‐katalysierte Methoxycarbonylierung von Alkenen unter Verwendung von Paraformaldehyd/Methanol als CO‐Surrogat
Authors: Liu Qiang , Yuan Kedong , Arockiam Percia‐Beatrice , Franke Robert , Doucet Henri , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2015

In den letzten Jahren wurde intensiv an der Entwicklung neuartiger carbonylierender Transformationen mit CO‐Alternativen geforscht, die es ermöglichen, das toxische CO‐Gas durch besser handhabbare anorganische oder organische Carbonylverbindungen zu ersetzen. Hier wird über die erste regioselektive Methoxycarbonylierung von Alkenen mit Paraformaldehyd und Methanol als CO‐Ersatz berichtet. Dieses neue Verfahren ist für eine Reihe von Alkenen in Gegenwart von Palladium‐Katalysatoren unter relativ milden Bedingungen anwendbar und wesentlich atomeffizienter als früher beschriebene CO‐Alternativen.
A Superamphiphobic Coating with an Ammonia‐Triggered Transition to Superhydrophilic and Superoleophobic for Oil–Water Separation
Authors: Xu Zhiguang , Zhao Yan , Wang Hongxia , Wang Xungai , Lin Tong
Published: February 2015

Superhydrophilic and superoleophobic materials are very attractive for efficient and cost‐effective oil–water separation, but also very challenging to prepare. Reported herein is a new superamphiphobic coating that turns superhydrophilic and superoleophobic upon ammonia exposure. The coating is prepared from a mixture of silica nanoparticles and heptadecafluorononanoic acid‐modified TiO2 sol by a facile dip‐coating method. Commonly used materials, including polyester fabric and polyurethane sponge, modified with this coating show unusual capabilities for controllable filtration of an oil–water mixture and selective removal of water from bulk oil. We anticipate that this novel coating may lead to the development of advanced oil–water separation techniques.
Exploring Diradical Chemistry: A Carbon‐Centered Radical May Act as either an Anion or Electrophile through an Orbital Isomer
Authors: Gonçalves Théo P. , Mohamed Mubina , Whitby Richard J. , Sneddon Helen F. , Harrowven David C.
Published: February 2015

Diradical intermediates, formed by thermolysis of alkynylcyclobutenones, can display radical, anion, or electrophilic character because of the existence of an orbital isomer with zwitterionic and cyclohexatrienone character. Our realization that water, alcohols, and certain substituents can induce the switch provides new opportunities in synthesis. For example, it can be used to shut down radical pathways and to give access to aryl carbonates and tetrasubstituted quinones.
Hybrid Fibers Made of Molybdenum Disulfide, Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Solid‐State, Flexible, Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Sun Gengzhi , Zhang Xiao , Lin Rongzhou , Yang Jian , Zhang Hua , Chen Peng
Published: February 2015

One of challenges existing in fiber‐based supercapacitors is how to achieve high energy density without compromising their rate stability. Owing to their unique physical, electronic, and electrochemical properties, two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, e.g., molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene, have attracted increasing research interest and been utilized as electrode materials in energy‐related applications. Herein, by incorporating MoS2 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets into a well‐aligned multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sheet followed by twisting, MoS2‐rGO/MWCNT and rGO/MWCNT fibers are fabricated, which can be used as the anode and cathode, respectively, for solid‐state, flexible, asymmetric supercapacitors. This fiber‐based asymmetric supercapacitor can operate in a wide potential window of 1.4 V with high Coulombic efficiency, good rate and cycling stability, and improved energy density.
Unexpected Self‐Sorting Self‐Assembly Formation of a [4:4] Sulfate:Ligand Cage from a Preorganized Tripodal Urea Ligand
Authors: Pandurangan Komala , Kitchen Jonathan A. , Blasco Salvador , Boyle Elaine M. , Fitzpatrick Bella , Feeney Martin , Kruger Paul E. , Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur
Published: February 2015

The design and synthesis of tripodal ligands 1–3 based upon the N‐methyl‐1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxamide platform appended with three aryl urea arms is reported. This ligand platform gives rise to highly preorganized structures and is ideally suited for binding SO42− and H2PO4− ions through multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The solid‐state crystal structures of 1–3 with SO42− show the encapsulation of a single anion within a cage structure, whereas the crystal structure of 1 with H2PO4− showed that two anions are encapsulated. We further demonstrate that ligand 4, based on the same platform but consisting of two bis‐urea moieties and a single ammonium moiety, also recognizes SO42− to form a self‐assembled capsule with [4:4] SO42−:4 stoichiometry in which the anions are clustered within a cavity formed by the four ligands. This is the first example of a self‐sorting self‐assembled capsule where four tetrahedrally arranged SO42− ions are embedded within a hydrophobic cavity.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions of (Hetero)Arylzinc Reagents with Primary and Secondary Alkyl Bromides and Iodides
Authors: Hammann Jeffrey M. , Haas Diana , Knochel Paul
Published: February 2015

We report a cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of di(hetero)arylzinc reagents with primary and secondary alkyl iodides or bromides using THF‐soluble CoCl2⋅2 LiCl and TMEDA as a ligand, which leads to the corresponding alkylated products in up to 88 % yield. A range of functional groups (e.g. COOR, CN, CF3, F) are tolerated in these substitution reactions. Remarkably, we do not observe rearrangement of secondary alkyl iodides to unbranched products. Additionally, the use of cyclic TBS‐protected iodohydrins leads to trans‐2‐arylcyclohexanol derivatives in excellent diastereoselectivities (up to d.r.=99:1).
Efficient Cu‐catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reactions of Fluoroalkylsulfonyl Chlorides with Electron‐deficient Alkenes Induced by Visible Light
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Jun , Dolbier William R.
Published: February 2015

Fluoroalkylsulfonyl chlorides, RfSO2Cl, in which Rf=CF3, C4F9, CF2H, CH2F, and CH2CF3, are used as a source of fluorinated radicals to add fluoroalkyl groups to electron‐deficient, unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Photochemical conditions, using Cu mediation, are used to produce the respective α‐chloro‐β‐fluoroalkylcarbonyl products in excellent yields through an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) process. Facile nucleophilic replacement of the α‐chloro substituent is shown to lead to further diverse functionalization of the products.
Fabrication of Condensate Microdrop Self‐Propelling Porous Films of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Copper Surfaces
Authors: Luo Yuting , Li Juan , Zhu Jie , Zhao Ye , Gao Xuefeng
Published: February 2015

Condensate microdrop self‐propelling (CMDSP) surfaces have attracted intensive interest. However, it is still challenging to form metal‐based CMDSP surfaces. We design and fabricate a type of copper‐based CMDSP porous nanoparticle film. An electrodeposition method based on control over the preferential crystal growth of isotropic nanoparticles and synergistic utilization of tiny hydrogen bubbles as pore‐making templates is adopted for the in situ growth of cerium oxide porous nanoparticle films on copper surfaces. After characterizing their microscopic morphology, crystal structure and surface chemistry, we explore their CMDSP properties. The nanostructure can realize the efficient ejection of condensate microdrops with sizes below 50 μm.
Cobalt manganese oxide nanoparticles as recyclable catalyst for efficient synthesis of 2‐aryl‐1‐arylmethyl‐1H‐1,3‐benzimidazoles under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Ahmadian Hossein , Veisi Hojat , Karami Changiz , Sedrpoushan Alireza , Nouri Maryam , Jamshidi Fariba , Alavioon Iman
Published: February 2015

Cobalt manganese oxide nanocatalyst was synthesized and it was found that it is a highly efficient green catalyst for the synthesis of 2‐aryl‐1‐arylmethyl‐1H‐1,3‐benzimidazoles under solvent‐free conditions. The marked advantages of this method are the simple experimental procedures, shorter reaction times, high yields of product, reusable and non‐toxic catalyst and solvent‐free conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.