bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Functionalization of Alkynes and Alkenes Catalyzed by Gold(I) and Palladium(II) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Gómez‐Herrera Alberto , Nahra Fady , Brill Marcel , Nolan Steven P. , Cazin Catherine S. J.
Published: August 2016

The iodination of terminal alkynes for the synthesis of 1‐iodoalkynes using N‐iodosuccinimide in the presence of a AuI‐NHC (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) catalyst is reported. A series of aromatic alkynes was transformed successfully into the corresponding 1‐iodoalkynes in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The further use of these compounds as organic building blocks and the advantageous choice of metal‐NHC complexes as catalysts for alkyne functionalization were further demonstrated by performing selective AuI‐catalyzed hydrofluorination to yield (Z)‐2‐fluoro‐1‐iodoalkenes, followed by a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling with aryl boronic acids catalyzed by a PdII‐NHC complex to access trisubstituted (Z)‐fluoroalkenes. All methodologies can be performed sequentially with only minor variations in the optimized individual reaction conditions, maintaining high efficiency and selectivity in all cases, which therefore, provides straightforward access to valuable fluorinated alkenes from commercially available terminal alkynes.
pH‐Regulated Aqueous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Biomass Carbohydrate Derivatives by Using Semisandwich Iridium Complexes
Authors: Wu Wei‐Peng , Xu Yong‐Jian , Chang Shang‐Wei , Deng Jin , Fu Yao
Published: August 2016

Semisandwich Ir complexes [Cp*Ir‐(di‐OMe‐bpy)(OH2)][SO4] (di‐OMe‐bpy=4,4′‐dimethoxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) and [Cp*Ir‐(di‐OH‐bpy)(OH2)][SO4] (di‐OH‐bpy=4,4′‐dihydroxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) are excellent efficient catalysts for the aqueous hydrogenation reactions of biomass carbohydrate derivatives. We show that pH value plays an important role in the hydrogenation reaction. By adjusting the pH value of the solvent, we can improve the catalytic efficiency and control the product distribution. The turnover frequencies (TOF) of hydrogenation of furfural up to 13 877 h−1 and TOF of hydrogenation of levulinic acid up to 12 200 h−1 at 120 °C were achieved. Converting furfural into γ‐valerolactone in one step is observed at strong acidic aqueous system, which makes it easy to achieve a distribution‐controlled product by pH adjustment.
11‐Substituted Benzo[c]phenanthridines: New Structures and Insight into Their Mode of Antiproliferative Action
Authors: Clement Bernd , Girreser Ulrich , Steinhauer Tamara N. , Meier Christopher , Marko Doris , Aichinger Georg , Kaltefleiter Ilka , Stenzel Lars , Heber Dieter , Weide Matthias , Wolschendorf Ulrich , Zebothsen Inga , zur Nieden Dana
Published: August 2016

The synthesis of various new structures of a library of 11‐substituted 6‐amino‐11,12‐dihydrobenzo[c]phenanthridines (BP) and 11‐substituted 6‐aminobenzo[c]phenanthridines (BP‐D) is presented. These structures, further synthetic modifications, and the preparation of follow‐up products which delivered about 40 new derivatives are described. Their potential as antiproliferative drug candidates was investigated by comparison of NCI 60 developmental therapeutics program (DTP) human tumor cell line screening data based on the results of in vitro tumor cell growth inhibition, including about 40 hitherto unpublished compound test results with up to 60 cancer cell lines. NCI‐COMPARE studies helped to suggest the modes of action of the highly active antiproliferative drugs. These findings are supported by in vitro biological investigations showing either inhibition of tubulin polymerization and depolymerization or topoisomerase inhibition. Together with physicochemical parameters of the drug candidates, structure–activity relationships are critically discussed. Tubulin interaction or inhibition of topoisomerase I and IIα/β activity are two rationales that can explain the antiproliferative activity observed in the NCI 60 DTP human tumor cell line screen. However, it can also be reasonably assumed that these compounds address several targets, thus prohibiting the identification of simple structure–activity relationships. The new structures described herein are thought to act as so‐called multitarget drugs, thus being of special interest in the area of multidrug resistance.
A comprehensive model of colour appearance for related and unrelated colours of varying size viewed under mesopic to photopic conditions
Authors: Wei Shou Ting , Luo Ming Ronnier , Xiao Kaida , Pointer Michael
Published: August 2016

CIE has recommended two previous appearance models, CIECAM97s and CIECAM02. However, these models are unable to predict the appearance of a comprehensive range of colours. The purpose of this study is to describe a new, comprehensive colour appearance model, which can be used to predict the appearance of colours under various viewing conditions that include a range of stimulus sizes, levels of illumination that range from scotopic through to photopic, and related and unrelated stimuli. In addition, the model has a uniform colour space that provides a colour‐difference formula in terms of colour appearance parameters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 293–304, 2017
Analgesic Efficacy of a New Immediate‐Release/Extended‐Release Formulation of Ibuprofen: Results From Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Postsurgical Dental Pain Studies
Authors: Christensen Steven , Paluch Ed , Jayawardena Shyamalie , Daniels Stephen , Meeves Suzanne
Published: August 2016

Analgesic effects of ibuprofen immediate‐release/extended‐release (IR/ER) 600‐mg tablets were evaluated in 2 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled dental pain studies. Patients 16–40 years old with moderate–severe pain following third‐molar extraction received single‐dose ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER (formulation A or B), naproxen sodium 220 mg, or placebo (2:2:2:1; study 1) or 4 doses of ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER (formulation A) or placebo (1:1; study 2). In study 1 (n = 196), mean (standard deviation [SD]) time‐weighted sum of pain intensity difference scores for placebo, ibuprofen IR/ER A, ibuprofen IR/ER B, and naproxen, respectively, were 0.05 (9.2), 16.87 (9.4), 17.34 (10.5), and 12.66 (10.0) over 0–12 hours and ‐0.03 (4.1), 6.57 (4.4), 7.14 (5.2), and 5.14 (5.0) over 8–12 hours (all P < .001 vs placebo). In study 2 (n = 106), mean (SD) time‐weighted sum of pain relief and pain intensity difference scores were 18.2 (20.0) versus 41.5 (21.0) at 0–12 hours and 10.3 (12.0) versus 18.4 (12.1) at 8–12 hours for placebo versus ibuprofen IR/ER, respectively (P < .001 for both); efficacy was sustained over each of the four 12‐hour dosing intervals with ibuprofen. Gastrointestinal adverse events predominated with placebo both after study medication administration and after rescue medication use, if applicable. Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER provided safe and effective analgesia after single and multiple doses.
Clinical Drug–Drug Interactions Through Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) for the Selective ALK Inhibitor Alectinib
Authors: Morcos Peter N. , Cleary Yumi , Guerini Elena , Dall Georgina , Bogman Katrijn , De Petris Luigi , Viteri Santiago , Bordogna Walter , Yu Li , Martin‐Facklam Meret , Phipps Alex
Published: August 2016

The efficacy and safety of alectinib, a central nervous system–active and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, has been demonstrated in patients with ALK‐positive (ALK+)non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progressing on crizotinib. Alectinib is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) to a major similarly active metabolite, M4. Alectinib and M4 show evidence of weak time‐dependent inhibition and small induction of CYP3A in vitro. We present results from 3 fixed‐sequence studies evaluating drug–drug interactions for alectinib through CYP3A. Studies NP28990 and NP29042 enrolled 17 and 24 healthy subjects, respectively, and investigated potent CYP3A inhibition with posaconazole and potent CYP3A induction through rifampin, respectively, on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of alectinib. A substudy of the global phase 2 NP28673 study enrolled 15 patients withALK+ NSCLC to determine the effect of multiple doses of alectinib on the single oral dose PK of midazolam, a sensitive substrate of CYP3A. Potent CYP3A inhibition or induction resulted in only minor effects on the combined exposure of alectinib and M4. Multiple doses of alectinib did not influence midazolam exposure. These results suggest that dose adjustments may not be needed when alectinib is coadministered with CYP3A inhibitors or inducers or for coadministered CYP3A substrates.
Effect of the Wetting Agent Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on the Pharmacokinetics of Alectinib: Results From a Bioequivalence Study in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Morcos Peter N. , Parrott Neil , Banken Ludger , Timpe Carsten , Lindenberg Marc , Guerini Elena , Dall Georgina , Bogman Katrijn , Sturm Carolina , Zeaiter Ali , Martin‐Facklam Meret , Phipps Alex
Published: August 2016

The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor alectinib is an effective treatment for ALK‐positive non‐small‐cell lung cancer. This bioequivalence study evaluated the in vivo performance of test 3 formulations with the reduced wetting agent sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) content. This randomized, 4‐period, 4‐sequence, crossover study compared alectinib (600 mg) as 25%, 12.5%, and 3% SLS hard capsule formulations with the reference 50% SLS clinical formulation in healthy subjects under fasted conditions (n = 49), and following a high‐fat meal (n = 48). Geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for Cmax, AUC0–last, and AUC0–∞ of alectinib, its major active metabolite, M4, and alectinib plus M4 were determined for the test formulations versus the reference formulation. Bioequivalence was concluded if the 90%CIs were within the 80% to 125% boundaries. The 25% SLS formulation demonstrated bioequivalence to the reference 50% SLS formulation for Cmax, AUC0–last, and AUC0–∞ of alectinib, M4, and alectinib plus M4 under both fasted and fed conditions. Further reductions in SLS content (12.5% and 3% SLS) did not meet the bioequivalence criteria. Cross‐group comparisons showed an approximately 3‐fold positive food effect. Reducing SLS to 25% resulted in a formulation that is bioequivalent to the current 50% SLS formulation used in alectinib pivotal trials.
A comparative analysis of conventional cytopreparatory and liquid based cytological techniques (Sure Path) in evaluation of serous effusion fluids
Authors: Dadhich Hrishikesh , Toi Pampa Ch , Siddaraju Neelaiah , Sevvanthi Kalidas
Published: August 2016

Background

Clinically, detection of malignant cells in serous body fluids is critical, as their presence implies the upstaging of the disease. Cytology of body cavity fluids serves as an important tool when other diagnostic tests cannot be performed. In most laboratories, currently, the effusion fluid samples are analysed chiefly by the conventional cytopreparatory (CCP) technique. Although, there are several studies comparing the liquid‐based cytology (LBC), with CCP technique in the field of cervicovaginal cytology; the literature on such comparison with respect to serous body fluid examination is sparse.

Methods

One hundred samples of serous body fluids were processed by both CCP and LBC techniques. Slides prepared by these techniques were studied using six parameters. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in detection of malignant cells was carried out with appropriate statistical tests.

Results

The samples comprised 52 pleural, 44 peritoneal and four pericardial fluids. No statistically significant difference was noted with respect to cellularity (P values = 0.22), cell distribution (P values = 0.39) and diagnosis of malignancy (P values = 0.20). As for the remaining parameters, LBC provided statistically significant clearer smear background (P values < 0.0001) and shorter screening time (P values < 0.0001), while CPP technique provided a significantly better staining quality (P values 0.01) and sharper cytomorphologic features (P values 0.05).

Conclusions

Although, a reduced screening time and clearer smear background are the two major advantages of LBC; the CCP technique provides the better staining quality with sharper cytomorphologic features which is more critical from the cytologic interpretation point of view. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:874–879. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid‐based sputum cytology of bicomponent mucin‐producing adenocarcinoma of the trachea with histologic comparison
Authors: Kwon Jeong‐Hwa , Jang Se Jin , Song Joon Seon , Choi Seung‐Ho , Cho Kyung‐Ja
Published: August 2016

Primary tracheal adenocarcinomas are rare. Here, we report on the liquid‐based sputum cytology of a bicomponent mucin‐producing tracheal adenocarcinoma with histologic and immunohistochemical comparison. A 72‐year‐old man presented with dyspnea. Computed tomography revealed a lobulated mass in the mid‐trachea. Sputum cytology showed clusters of atypical cuboidal cells that have pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei and intracytoplasmic mucin. There were additional bland‐looking components of regular clusters of cuboidal epithelial cells. These cells were initially evaluated as benign cells. Sleeve resection revealed a 3.7‐cm‐sized transmural mass, composed of tubulopapillary cuboidal epithelial cell structures. Half of the tumor comprised of bland‐looking epithelial cells with small nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm; the remainder comprised of hyperchromatic cells with larger, distinct nucleoli. Direct interfaces between these components were observed, and both of these components equally displayed the characteristics of invasion and p53 expression. Two cell types in sputum cytology were retrospectively evaluated as adenocarcinomas of different grades. The patient has not shown recurrence for 8 months, postoperatively. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:1120–1124. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delivery of Antipsychotics with Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Yuan , Kang Chen , Liu Fei , Song Lei
Published: August 2016

Preclinical Research

Psychosis remains one of the most challenging health problems for society, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Although current antipsychotics can alleviate the symptoms of psychosis, they are still far away from being perfect, often causing significant and even fatal side effects such as involuntary movement disorders and metabolic syndrome. With the lack of precise knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of psychosis, a rational approach to improve the efficiency of current antipsychotics is by nanoparticle‐based administration. Nanoparticles with the size of 1–500 nm can be used in drug formulations to pass through many biological barriers including the blood‐brain barrier, which makes them excellent candidates for the delivery of antipsychotics. Besides that, nanoparticles loaded with antipsychotics can solve the common aqueous solubility issues for most brain targeting drugs, and enable a slow‐release profile for the encapsulated drugs. This research overview provides a brief summary and discussion of the progress and development in the delivery of antipsychotics with nanoparticle formulations over the past five years (2011–2016). Drug Dev Res 77 : 393–399, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Welcome student‐veterans, affiliates to campus
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2016

INDIANAPOLIS — Student‐veterans can be a strong source of enrollment for your programs. So can active duty members of the military and affiliates such as children using a parent's benefits.
Reach more students with a social model of service delivery
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2016

Over two years, the University of Central Florida increased the number of students receiving services for disabilities by 51 percent. Adam Meyer, executive director of student accessibility services and inclusive education services, implemented a social model of service delivery. That model has driven transformation in the office.
Consider additional support for your students through collaboration with your academic support area
Authors: Gaddy Stephanie
Published: August 2016

At the end of a term, you might learn of a student with a disability who has failed her courses. This student did everything correctly concerning her disability. She self‐advocated and contacted you prior to beginning her courses. She submitted her disability documentation, self‐advocated to her instructors, and requested as well as received accommodations in her courses. But she still failed.
Accommodations in the clinical setting: The what, who, where, how, and why
Authors: Serrantino Jan
Published: August 2016

Determining accommodations in the clinical setting begins with advanced planning that includes collaboration, investigation, and creativity. During the early stages of any health science program, DS providers should anticipate and discuss the students' future needs in the clinical portion of the program. DS providers will need to think of who to involve and why, what accommodation or equipment is needed, when to disclose disability information, where students will intern, and how needs will be met. Finally, effective DS providers understand the overall requirements of health science programs, the core competencies and technical standards, and the culture and nuance of the clinic sites. Plus, they have established relationships with clerkship coordinators and directors.
Transient Study of Synchronous Machine Field Characteristic
Authors: HIRAMATSU DAISUKE , UEMURA YOICHI , NOZAKI DAI , MUKOYAMA SHINJI , KAMURO DAISUKE , TSUJIKAWA KAZUMA , ISHIZUKA HIROAKI , SUZUKI KAZUHIRO
Published: August 2016

The type of excitation systems mainly used for synchronous generators are the static excitation system and the blushless excitation system. In both cases, it is important to estimate the field characteristic. The authors derived about new knowledge of three‐phase sudden short circuit and mismatched synchronizing using the electromagnetic transients program (ATP‐EMTP). This paper studied these phenomena.
Aged B cells alter immune regulation of allografts in mice
Authors: Mori Daniel N. , Shen Hua , Galan Anjela , Goldstein Daniel R.
Published: August 2016

Organ transplantation in older people is increasing, but how aging impacts B‐cell responses to organ transplantation is still unknown. Here, we show that the depletion of B cells with anti‐CD20 antibodies has disparate effects depending on recipient age. In young murine recipients, anti‐CD20 treatment impaired the ability of immune modulation to extend skin allograft survival. In contrast, anti‐CD20 treatment extended allograft survival in aged recipients treated with immune modulation. Although regulatory B‐cell function and the numbers of marginal and follicular B cells were similar between age groups, a subpopulation of B cells, termed age‐associated B cells (ABCs), accumulated upon aging. ABCs isolated from aged mice exhibited upregulation of CD73, CD80, CD106, and TLR2 and an increased capacity to augment T‐cell alloimmunity compared to ABCs from young mice. Importantly, ABCs from aged, but not young, mice impaired the ability of immune modulation to enhance allograft survival after adoptive transfer into young transplant recipients. Our study indicates that ABCs impair the immune regulation of allografts. Thus, recipient age needs to be considered when proposing B‐cell‐depleting immune therapy.
A 3D CuII‐Based Energetic MOF: Synthesis, Structure, and Energetic Performance
Authors: Yang Qi , Song Xiaxia , Zhao Guowei , Yang Guoli , Yang Langlei , Wei Qing , Xie Gang , Chen Sanping , Gao Shengli
Published: August 2016

A new energetic MOF, [Cu2(to)(dns)(H2O)]n (1; H2to = 1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one, H2dns = 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1 possesses a compact 3D architecture. Noteworthy, the two oxygen atoms of one nitro coordinate to two CuII ions in a syn‐anti mode, which decreases its sensitivity but has no influence on its explosive properties. Based on the results of thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, MOF 1 displays a rapid thermal decomposition process and superior thermostability. The non‐isothermal kinetics of the exothermic process of 1 were studied by the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa. The sensitivity tests and calculated detonation properties show that 1 has the potential to be used in green explosives.
Hexaethyltripyrrindione (H3Et6tpd): A Non‐Innocent Ligand Forming Stable Radical Complexes with Divalent Transition‐Metal Ions
Authors: Bahnmüller Stefanie , Plotzitzka Jacqueline , Baabe Dirk , Cordes Birte , Menzel Dirk , Schartz Katharina , Schweyen Peter , Wicht Richard , Bröring Martin
Published: August 2016

Nickel, palladium, and copper complexes of the tripyrrolic ligand hexaethyltripyrrindione (H3Et6tpd, 1) have been prepared and characterized by UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy, as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination. In all cases the metal ion is coordinated in a distorted square‐planar geometry carrying a water ligand at the fourth coordination site. The Et6tpd ligand acts as a radical dianion in all cases. In solution, monomeric species are present in which the open‐shell character of the ligand becomes apparent through EPR spectroscopic measurements. In the solid state, the compounds form polymorphs with tightly bonded π–π dimers and chains showing small interplanar distances of 3.191–3.493 Å to one or more neighboring molecules. Magnetic measurements on the complexes confirmed the radical character of the tripyrrindione ligand and revealed strong intermolecular magnetic interactions in these complexes.
Copper‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Fluorescent 2′‐Phenyl‐1′H‐spiro[fluorene‐9,4′‐naphtho[2,3‐h]quinoline]‐7′,12′‐dione Derivatives
Authors: Meerakrishna Ramakrishnan Suseela , Periyaraja Somasundharam , Shanmugam Ponnusamy
Published: August 2016

Copper‐catalyzed multicomponent coupling reactions between ketones, alkynes, and amines (KA2 coupling) by using 9‐fluorenones 1a–1e, aryl alkynes 2a–2g, and amino anthraquinones 3a and 3b afforded the highly conjugated, fluorescent spirofluorenonaphthoquinoline derivatives 4a–4r in very good yields. The products obtained from 1‐aminoanthraquinone (3a) and 1,4‐diaminoanthraquinone (3b) appear different in color but both series of products show emission in the red region. An analogous reaction with 1‐aminopyrene (5) afforded the highly fluorescent hybrid pyrene‐fluorenone spirocycle derivative 6, which shows emission in the deep blue region.
Heat and Mass Transfer Effects in a Furnace‐Based Micropyrolyzer
Authors: Proano‐Aviles Juan , Lindstrom Jake K. , Johnston Patrick A. , Brown Robert C.
Published: August 2016

Microgram‐scale reactors combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or flame ionization detection (FID) are used widely in pyrolysis research. Whether these devices meet the expected fast heating rates and short vapor residence times of fast pyrolysis have not been verified. In this study, experiments and simulations are used to investigate heat and mass transfer in a furnace‐based micropyrolyzer. Surprisingly, heating rates obtained from the temperature history of sample cups in the reactor were modest compared to the greater than 1000 K s−1 heating rates sometimes assumed for such reactors. The heating rate at 773 K, employed commonly in fast pyrolysis, was only 180 K s−1. The highest rate observed was 494 K s−1 at a furnace temperature of 1268 K, which is well above typical pyrolysis temperatures. The mass transfer of volatilized samples was studied using both an optically accessible furnace and computational fluid dynamics. The standard sample cups used with these micropyrolyzers impede the escape of vapors. The use of shallow perforated cups overcame this mass transfer limitation to lead to levoglucosan yields ≈10 % higher than usually reported for the pyrolysis of cellulose.
One‐Pot Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural using Heterogeneous Lewis‐Acid and Brønsted‐Acid Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Tingwei , Fan Wei , Li Wenzhi , Xu Zhiping , Xin Haosheng , Su Mingxue , Lu Yijuan , Ma Longlong
Published: August 2016

Sn‐β zeolite and PTSA–POM, made from the copolymerization of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and paraformaldehyde (POM), were used for the production of 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) from glucose in an environmentally friendly solvent system including γ‐valerolactone (GVL) and H2O. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, solvent, and catalyst‐to‐reactant ratio on the production of HMF were investigated. The combination of the Brønsted acid and Lewis acid catalysts largely improved the catalytic system and resulted in the production of HMF in 60.1 % yield at 140 °C in 30 min. The presence of water in the solvent had a positive influence on the production of HMF from glucose. The combination of the two catalysts also improved the catalytic performance for the production of HMF from cellulose and corn stalk.
Seismic fragility and reliability of structures isolated by friction pendulum devices: seismic reliability‐based design (SRBD)
Authors: Castaldo Paolo , Amendola Guglielmo , Palazzo Bruno
Published: August 2016

The paper deals with the seismic reliability of elastic structural systems equipped with friction pendulum isolators (friction pendulum system). The behavior of these systems is analyzed by employing a two‐degree‐of‐freedom model accounting for the superstructure flexibility, whereas the friction pendulum system device behavior is described by adopting a widespread model that considers the variation of the friction coefficient with the velocity. With reference to medium soil condition, the uncertainty in the seismic inputs is taken into account by considering a set of artificial records, obtained through Monte Carlo simulations within the power spectral density method, with different frequency contents and characteristics depending on the soil dynamic parameters and scaled to increasing intensity levels. The sliding friction coefficient at large velocity is also considered as random variable modeled through a uniform probability density function. Incremental dynamic analyses are developed in order to evaluate the probabilities exceeding different limit states related to both r.c. superstructure and isolation level defining the seismic fragility curves through an extensive parametric study carried out for different structural system properties.

Finally, considering the seismic hazard curves related to a site near L'Aquila (Italy), the seismic reliability of the r.c. superstructure systems is evaluated, and seismic reliability‐based design abacuses are derived with the aim to define the radius in plan of the friction pendulum devices in function of the structural properties and reliability level expected. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Valuation of Power Exchange Options with Counterparty Risk and Jump Risk
Authors: Wang Xingchun , Song Shiyu , Wang Yongjin
Published: August 2016

This study presents a pricing model for power exchange options, in which the possibility of default by the risky counterparty as well as the arrival of important business information are taken into consideration. The idiosyncratic and common jump components induced by the arrival of business information are subsumed into all asset price processes whose dynamics are correlated with each other. Employing the measure‐change technique, we obtain a pricing formula for the values of power exchange options with counterparty risk. At last, based on the derived formula, we numerically analyze the impacts of counterparty risk and jump risk on option prices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:499–521, 2017
Look Out—EPA Is Repowering Its Hazy Visibility Program
Authors: McGuffey Carroll W. (“Mack”)
Published: August 2016

Of all the controversial Environmental Protection Agency air regulations making headlines in recent years, regional haze is not likely the first to come to mind.
The longitudinal relationship between mental health disorders and chronic disease for older adults: a population‐based study
Authors: Chen Chun‐Min , Lee I‐Chen , Su Yung‐Yu , Mullan Judy , Chiu Herng‐Chia
Published: August 2016

Objective

Although mental health disorders in older adults are common, their relationship with chronic disease and the influence of chronic disease on the development of mental health disorders over time is not well understood. This longitudinal study investigated the change in status of mental health disorders and chronic disease, as well as their interrelationships, over time.

Methods

Participants included community‐dwelling older adults living in Taiwan, aged 65 years or older, who completed six waves of survey interviews. Mental health disorders were scored using the Short Psychiatric Evaluation Schedule, and chronic disease(s) status was recorded during consecutive biennial data collection waves. The autoregressive latent trajectory model and parallel latent growth curve model were used for data analysis.

Results

The study findings suggest that in older people pre‐existing mental health disorders and/or chronic disease(s) will predispose them to developing significantly more mental health disorders and/or chronic diseases respectively. The study findings also suggest that pre‐existing mental health disorders can significantly contribute to the development of chronic disease over time, and that pre‐existing chronic disease(s) significantly can contribute to the development of mental health disorders over time, indicating a reciprocal interrelationship.

Conclusions

Our study findings suggest that it in addition to monitoring and treating chronic disease(s) in older people, it is also important to monitor and treat their mental health disorders. Doing so will result in overall better health outcomes and will facilitate a better quality of life as they age. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY AND TEMPERAMENT IN EARLY INFANCY: FINDINGS FROM A MULTI‐ETHNIC, ASIAN, PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORT STUDY
Authors: Chong Shang‐Chee , Broekman Birit Fp , Qiu Anqi , Aris Izzuddin M. , Chan Yiong Huak , Rifkin‐Graboi Anne , Law Evelyn , Chee Cornelia Yin Ing , Chong Yap‐Seng , Kwek Kenneth Y.C. , Saw Seang Mei , Gluckman Peter D. , Meaney Michael J. , Chen Helen
Published: August 2016

Maternal antenatal mood is associated with negative infant temperament. This link has not been substantiated in Asian populations. We evaluated the association between antenatal maternal mood and infant temperament among Asian mother–infant pairs. Antenatal maternal depression and anxiety were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (J. Cox, J. Holden, & R. Sagovsky, 1987) and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (C. Spielberger, R. Gorsuch, R. Lushene, P. Vagg, & G. Jacobs, 1983), respectively, at 26 weeks of pregnancy and 3 months’ postnatally. Infant temperament was evaluated with the Early Infant Temperament Questionnaire (B. Medoff‐Cooper, W.B. Carey, & S.C. McDevitt, 1993) at 3 months. Factor analysis was performed to extract culturally relevant categories of temperamental traits. Linear regression was performed to examine the influences of antenatal maternal mood on the factor‐model‐derived infant temperament. Of the 609 mothers, 11% met risk criteria for depression, 17% for state‐anxiety, and 19% for trait‐anxiety during pregnancy. Factor analysis yielded three infant temperament factors: Emotionality and Attentional Regulation, Sensory Reactivity, and Regularity and Motor Expression, Cronbach's αs = 0.613, 0.712, and 0.752, respectively. Maternal antenatal state‐anxiety, p < .001, and trait anxiety, p = .005, were associated with negative emotionality and poor attentional regulation, especially among Chinese, whereas depression was not, p = .090. There was an association between maternal antenatal anxiety and negative infant temperamental traits in this Asian sample.
TRAJECTORIES OF CHANGE IN ATTACHMENT AND BIOBEHAVIORAL CATCH‐UP AMONG HIGH‐RISK MOTHERS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Yarger Heather A. , Hoye Julie R. , Dozier Mary
Published: August 2016

Using an intensive short‐term longitudinal design, this study first examined whether there were significant differences in maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness after completion of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up (ABC; Dozier & the Infant‐Caregiver Project Lab, 2013) when compared to a control condition. The second aim was to explore the rate and shape of change in parenting behaviors. Participants were 24 mothers and their biological children, who were randomly assigned to ABC (n = 13) or a control condition (n = 11). A structured play assessment with each mother and her child was video‐recorded prior to randomization into the study, before each intervention session, and at a follow‐up visit. A total of 270 videos were coded for sensitivity and intrusiveness. Hierarchical linear growth models were used to estimate the total change in parenting qualities across the 10 intervention sessions when comparing ABC to a control condition. Piecewise hierarchical linear growth models were used to investigate patterns of change across the intervention for mothers within ABC. Mothers in the ABC condition showed greater increases in sensitivity and decreases in intrusiveness than mothers in the control condition. There was evidence for nonlinear patterns of change in sensitivity and intrusiveness among mothers in ABC. These results support the effectiveness of ABC in changing sensitivity quickly.
Adolescent Multilinguals’ Engagement With Religion in a Book Club
Authors: Choi Jayoung , Tinker Sachs Gertrude
Published: August 2016

The study examines four adolescent multilinguals’ engagement with religion, as well as outcomes of that engagement, in an out‐of‐school book club. The qualitative analysis of participants’ talk in book club meetings, writing responses, and individual interviews revealed that multilinguals tap into their religious knowledge and identities in making sense of secular literature. Engaging with different religious identities in literature discussion inevitably led to conflicts and tensions, but the ways in which the multilinguals dealt with the conflicts varied. In spite of tensions, they gained academic and social competence as learners of English as an additional language (EAL). This investigation contributes to the scarce body of literature around the interconnectedness among religion, identity, and literacy. It also adds to the field by depicting interactions ofEALlearners from diverse religious backgrounds, nonbelievers and believers in Hinduism and Islam.
2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]cinnolin‐3‐ones
Authors: Beshore Douglas C. , Johnson Adam W. , DiPardo Robert M. , Pitts Daniel R. , Cofre Victoria , Kuduk Scott D.
Published: August 2016

Complementary strategies to 2,5‐disubstituted pyrazolo[4,3‐c]cinnolin‐3‐ones are reported herein, providing late stage substituent introduction at either the 2‐ or the 5‐position. Treating a readily prepared 4‐thiocinnoline ester with substituted hydrazines afforded late stage access to the 2‐position, while late stage substituent introduction at the 5‐position was achieved via two different strategies: alkylation of 4‐hydrazonopyrazol‐3‐ones, followed by a ring‐closing intramolecular SNAr tactic and direct reaction of 5‐(2‐fluorophenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐ones with aryl diazonium salts, followed by cyclization. The strategies described herein provide practical and general methods to prepare 2,5‐disubstituted pyrazolo[4,3‐c]cinnolin‐3‐ones.
Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining as an Informal Safety Net: Evidence from Tanzania
Authors: Aizawa Yoshio
Published: August 2016

Artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) is an important means for diversifying economic activities to sustain people's rural livelihood in mineral‐rich African countries. To pursue economic benefits, ASM workers often take physical and legal risks in mining activities. However, a question arises as to whether the economic benefits are sufficient for explaining their engagement in risky mining activities. This article examines whether ASM functions as an informal safety net that brings social benefits to ASM workers and motivates their engagement in mining activities. To examine an informal safety net, the article analyses the case of artisanal and small‐scale gold mining in Geita, Tanzania. The result of the analysis states that social benefits are, in association with economic benefits, motivating factors for continuing the ASM activities. The analysis implies that in the ASM, the more impoverished sites are, the more functional they are in regard to exerting an informal safety net. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural irrigation‐induced climatic effects: a case study in the middle and southern Loess Plateau area, China
Authors: Xu Lihong , Shi Zhongjie , Wang Yanhui , Chu Xinzheng , Yu Pengtao , Xiong Wei , Zuo Haijun , Zhang Shulan
Published: August 2016

Irrigation and rain‐fed agriculture, the main agricultural practices in the middle and southern Loess Plateau area, impact the regional climate in different ways. Based on 38 meteorological stations in the middle and southern Loess Plateau area, the effects of agricultural irrigation on climatic variables from 1960 to 2005 were evaluated. Climatic trends from non‐irrigated areas were used as a reference. Trends in climatic variables for the growing season and the summer period are negatively correlated with the percentage of cultivated land within a 3 km radius of the meteorological stations. Trends for the average summer temperature (Ta), maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin) and the diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreased by 0.065, 0.073, 0.054 and 0.025 °C per decade, respectively. Summer net solar radiation (SR) decreased by 0.0325 MJ m−2 day−1 per decade and summer relative humidity (RH) increased by 0.255% per decade with a 10% increase in the area of cultivated land. The climatic effects on meteorological stations in irrigated areas are compared to the trends of non‐irrigated areas in the study region. The expansion of irrigation has had a noticeable cooling effect on summer Ta, Tmax, Tmin and DTR with values of 0.192, 0.193, 0.142 and 0.058 °C (10 years)−1, respectively. Irrigation increased RH by 0.916% per decade and net radiation reduced by 0.230 MJ m−2 day−1 per decade. On monthly scales, these effects were more obvious in June and August. The dependence of climatic trends on the proportion of cultivated land can be attributed to agricultural irrigation. The changes in climatic differences for Ta, Tmax, Tmin, RH and SR corresponded with the expansion of irrigation. The cooling effects induced by irrigation have also partly masked the effects of greenhouse gas‐induced warming.
Sampling and interpolation strategies derived from the analysis of continuous soil CO2 flux
Authors: Gana Cécilia , Nouvellon Yann , Marron Nicolas , Stape Jose Luiz , Epron Daniel
Published: August 2016

Soil CO2 flux (Fs) can be measured either manually or automatically. While manual measurements are well suited to capture the spatial variability of Fs, automated measurements are able to capture its temporal variability at fine time scales. The manual method is the most commonly used method to estimate annual carbon budgets. However, such estimates can be biased depending on the measurement frequency, the time at which measurements are made, and the method used to interpolate Fs between two measurements. In this study, we investigated the effects of within‐day measurement frequency and of the time of measurement on the estimation of daily Fs. We also investigated the effects on cumulative Fs estimates of weekly and fortnightly sampling frequencies over several months and of the interpolation method used to cumulate Fs. We based our analyses on two complete datasets of automated measurements (one 12‐month and one 4‐month) recorded in two contrasting ecosystems (a tropical eucalypt plantation and a temperate poplar plantation). Low‐frequency time step within a day (every 360 min for the eucalypt and every 180 min for the poplar plantations) was sufficient to capture mean daily Fs accurately. Furthermore, in the tropical site, measurements averaged over any 6h period provided good estimates of the daily flux. By contrast, biases were observed in the temperate site. With one measurement per week, linear interpolation methods provided accurate cumulative fluxes at both sites. However, all interpolation methods failed to produce robust estimates of cumulative Fs in the temperate plantation with one measurement every two weeks. Automated measurements will help to select the best time slot for manual measurements or to correct manual measurements from the apparent deviation between measurements collected during the sampling period and the 24 h‐mean CO2 flux. It will also be useful to elaborate empirical equations used to cumulate Fs obtained manually. Combining manual and automated methods will enhance the accuracy of annual soil carbon budgets in forest plantations.
Intraoperative assessment of laryngeal malignancy using elastic light single‐scattering spectroscopy: A pilot study
Authors: Turhan Murat , Yaprak Neslihan , Sircan‐Kucuksayan Aslinur , Ozbudak Irem , Bostanci Asli , Derin Alper , Canpolat Murat
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

The elastic light single‐scattering spectroscopy (ELSSS) system is a new tool for the real‐time diagnosis of cancerous lesions. In the current study, we have employed ELSSS to investigate its ability in differentiation between normal and cancerous larynx tissues ex vivo.

Study Design

Basic science study in assessment of laryngeal malignancy using spectroscopy.

Methods

ELSSS spectra of the larynx tissue were acquired using a single‐fiber optical probe. Ex vivo spectroscopic measurements were acquired on 95 laryngeal lesions of 40 patients. Average slopes of the spectra in the wavelength range of 450 to 750 nm were calculated. The signs of the spectral slopes were positive for benign and negative for cancerous larynx tissues. Histopathology results were used as a gold standard to define sensitivity and specificity.

Results

The ELSSS system correctly defined 38 out of 41 malignant tissues as cancerous; three of them were misclassified as benign. All benign tissues were correctly classified. Moderate, severely dysplastic, and malignant tissues were correctly classified as cancerous. The system could not classify mild dysplastic tissues either benign or cancerous, whereas nearly half of them were classified as benign and the other half as malignant. The signs of the spectral slopes were used as a discrimination parameter between benign and cancerous (moderate, severely dysplastic, and malignant) lesions with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

The ELSSS system has the potential to be used as an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of cancerous laryngeal tissues in real time and noninvasively. This new diagnostic technique may reduce the number of negative biopsies.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:611–615, 2017
Picosecond laser with specialized optic for facial rejuvenation using a compressed treatment interval
Authors: Khetarpal Shilpi , Desai Shraddha , Kruter Laura , Prather Heidi , Petrell Kathleen , Depina Joahinha , Arndt Kenneth , Dover Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2016

Studies using a 755 nm picosecond laser with a focus lens array have been reported to be effective for facial wrinkles and pigmentation. This study reports the safety and efficacy using a shorter interval of 2–3 weeks between treatments. Nineteen female subjects and one male subject, primarily Fitzpatrick skin types II and III (one skin type I), who had mild to moderate wrinkles and sun‐induced pigmentation were enrolled and treated using the 755 nm PicoSure Laser with focus lens array. The skin was cleansed then wiped with an alcohol wipe prior to treatment. Lidocaine 30% ointment and/or forced air cooling could be used to increase subject comfort. Adjacent pulses, with minimal overlap (10% or less), were delivered to the full face. Subjects received four treatments, performed at 2–3‐week intervals. The laser energy used was 0.71 J/cm2. The physician administered 3–7 passes with an average total of 6,253 pulses per treatment. Follow‐up visits occurred at 1 and 3 months post‐last treatment at which the physician scored satisfaction and improvement and subjects scored satisfaction and likelihood to recommend to others. The most common side effects were mild swelling, pain, redness, and crusting, most of which subsided within hours of the treatment, with the latest resolving within 48 hours. This is similar to a previous reported study (Weiss et al. ASLMS 2015) where treatments were performed every 6 weeks with side effects resolving within 24 hours. At the 1 and 3 month follow‐up visits, 94% (n = 19) and 93% (n = 15) of subjects scored themselves as satisfied or extremely satisfied with their overall results and 81% and 93% were likely to recommend the treatment based on global assessment, respectively. The treating physician was satisfied with 93% of subject's overall results. Three blinded evaluators were able to correctly identify the baseline from post‐treatment photographs in 77% of the subjects at the 1 month follow‐up and 69% of the subjects at the 3 month follow‐up, on average. The average treatment pain score was 4.2 on a 1–10 scale. A compressed treatment interval expedites results without increasing side effects and resulted in a high physician and subject satisfaction rate. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:723–726, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy of Erbium:YAG laser treatment compared to topical estriol treatment for symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause
Authors: Gaspar Adrian , Brandi Hugo , Gomez Valentin , Luque Daniel
Published: August 2016

Objectives

The objective of this prospective comparative cohort study was to establish the effectiveness and safety of Erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause and to compare it with an established topical estriol treatment.

Methods

Fifty patients with genitourinary syndrome of menopause were divided into two groups. The estriol group received a treatment of 0.5 mg estriol ovules for 8 weeks and the laser group was first treated for 2 weeks with 0.5 mg estriol ovules 3 times per week to hydrate the mucosa and then received three sessions with 2,940 nm Er:YAG laser in non‐ablative mode. Biopsies were taken before and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post‐treatment. Maturation index, maturation value and pH where recorded up to 12‐months post‐treatment, while the VAS analysis of symptoms was recorded up to 18 months post‐treatment.

Results

Statistically significant (P < 0.05), reduction of all assessed symptoms was observed in the laser group at all follow‐ups up to 18 months post‐treatment. Significant improvement in maturation value and a decrease of pH in the laser group was detected up to 12 months after treatment. The improvement in all endpoints was more pronounced and longer lasting in the laser group. Histological examination showed changes in the tropism of the vaginal mucosa and also angiogenesis, congestion, and restructuring of the lamina propria in the laser group. Side effects were minimal and of transient nature in both groups, affecting 4% of patients in the laser group and 12% of patients in the estriol group.

Conclusions

Our results show that Er:YAG laser treatment successfully relieves symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause and that the results are more pronounced and longer lasting compared to topical estriol treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:160–168, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.