bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Activity of Haramounting Leaf Ethanol Extract (Rhodomytrus tomentosa) In Preventing Heart Damage of Mice (Mus musculus L.) after exposure to Electronic Cigarette
Authors: Ilyas S , Tanjung R S , Hutahaean S , Tanjung M , Elimasni  , Jamilah I , Murdela F
Published: July 2019

Cigarette smoke is one factor that increases free radicals in the blood will affect liver health in the body. The purpose of this study is to find outthe effect of giving leaves ethanol extract haramounting to histology of male mice liver exposed to electric cigarettes. The design of this study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of + Group, - Group and three treatments of Haramounting Leaf Ethanol Extract (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) for 30 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW Body Weight, 200 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW for treament use of five replications. Liver organ preparations were made using paraffin block method and Hematoxylin Erlich-Eosin (HE) staining. The results of the study show on histological observations The liver has a tendency that electric cigarette smoke can cause damage in liver cells. The results of this study indicate that ethanol extract leaves of Haramounting after exposure to eletric cigarette smoke can effectively regenerate damaged liver cells.
Immunostimulatory Activity from Pirdot Leaves Ethanolic Extract (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Sinaga Erlintan , Ilyas Syafruddin , Hutahaean Salomo , Sitorus Panal
Published: July 2019

Erythrocyte, lymphocyte quantities and spleen histology were observed to investigate the immunostimulatory effect Pirdor leaves ethanolic extract (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) (EES) in white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) -induced with sheep red blood cell (SRBC) as antigen. Experimental design used in this study was Complete Randomized Design. Twenty four rats were classified into four groups: a control group fed with distilled water (G0), a group treated with sheep red blood cell (SRBC) (G1), a group treated with ethanol extract of pirdot leaves (G2), and a group treated with ethanol extract of pirdot leaves + SRBC (G3) for 31 days. Blood was withrawnThen the red blood cell in white rats were sized by using ABX micros 60. Spleen of white rats were taken and stained by using haematoxylin and eosin to visualize lymphoid follicles. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at 5% significance level. Significant differences were observed in total erythrocytes and spleen histological image which showed a prospect of EES as immunostimulant.
The Ability of Fungi Isolated from Landfill in Decolorization of Liquid Waste of Batik Industry
Authors: Lubis M A Y , Munir E , Nurtjahja K
Published: July 2019

Isolation of soil fungi from landfill in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia was conducted. The aim was to investigate the fungal that potential to decolorize waste liquid batik home industry. Results showed that twenty-three species of filamentous fungi were successfuly isolated. All of the isolates were cultured in minimum salt medium containing waste liquid batik at concentration 25, 50, and 75%. At 75% waste, only 4 fungal isolates (Ys02, Ys13, Ys14, and Ys21) showed growth response. Cultured of the fungal isolates in minimum salt medium with 25% waste + 0.5% glucose were found three fungal isolates (Ys02, Ys14, and Ys21). Whereas, medium with 25% waste with no glucose were found only two fungal isolates (Ys14, and Ys21).
Keratinolytic fungi isolated from Asam Kumbang Crocodile Breeding Farm, Medan, North Sumatra
Authors: Mamangkey J , Suryanto D , Munir E , Mustopa A Z
Published: July 2019

Hydrolysis of keratin waste by fungi is an alternative biotechnology for recycling and valorization by utilizing its keratinolytic activities. The purpose of this study was to isolate the keratinolytic fungi and to test the degradation ability of chicken feather keratin. Crocodile feces and soil samples were collected from crocodile breeding farm in Asam Kumbang, North Sumatera. Casein and keratin of basal feather agar of 1% was used to isolate keratinolytic fungi. Fungal isolate was grown in feather meal broth incubated at 28°C and shake at 180 rpm using shaking orbital. Remain chicken feather was weighted after application of keratinolytic fungi. After 4 days of incubation two fungi showed to have clear zone around their colony. THB7 was found to have relatively high hydrolysis zone in casein, while FB4 degraded more keratin in keratin agar. Most feather was degraded in 10, 12, and 16 days in THB7, FB4, and THB4 application respectively. THB4 showed to degrade feather to 1.6 g, while FB3 and FB4 remained feather to 2 and 3.4 of 10 g respectively. Further study includes molecular identification, characterization and keratinase production should be done.
Isolation, Molecular Identification and Verification of Gene Encoding Bacterial Keratinase from Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) Feces
Authors: Mamangkey J , Suryanto D , Munir E , Mustopa AZ
Published: July 2019

Keratinase is a group of protease enzymes which acts to degrade keratin. Keratin is a fiberous protein difficult to be degraded because of hydrogen and disulfide bonds. The purpose of this study was to isolate and to identify keratinase coding genes using molecular approach. The object of this study was crocodile feces from Asam Kumbang crocodile farm. Bacterial isolation was done by using feather agar (FA) and was screened in skim milk agar. Keratinolytic bacteria isolates were identified molecularly with 16S rDNA specific markers. Detection of keratinase gene was done by using keratinase-specific primers through primer3 application (version 0.4.0). The result showed that isolate FB3 are potential to produce keratinase. Isolate FB3 showed a clear zone in FA and SMA. FB3 was 100% similar to Aeromonas hydrophila. Amlification using kerD gene specific primer showed that FB3 was a novel bacteria possessing kerD gene with a fragment length of 750 bp. This result provided a new database of kerD gene.
Breeding season of Cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) at Tanjung Rejo, Sumatera Utara
Authors: Jumilawaty E , Andriayani
Published: July 2019

Cormorant is one of waterbirds which inhabit Tanjung Rejo mangrove as breeding site and feeding ground. This research is aimed to obtain economic potential of cormorant eggs as an alternative source of animal protein to coastal communities with limited economic efforts. The research was conducted during February to May 2018. Observation of cormorant nest was focused on 5 nests. Observations were conducted every two days from the first egg laying until nestlings, consisted of breeding season, clucth size, and egg morphology. Data were analyzed descriptively using MS. Excel. The results showed that the breeding season of cormorant occurred in two periods: February to May and August to December. The clutch sizes ranged from 1 to 4 eggs. Egg-laying varied on 2 to 4 d of interval and incubation began after the first egg laying. The eggs hatched after being incubated for 21-25 d. In conclusion, the eggs are one of the most important cycle for breeding succes of cormorant.
The Liverwort, Genus Bazzania of Mount Sibuatan, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Susilo Ferdinand , Pasaribu Nursahara , Syamsuardi  , Siregar Etti Sartina
Published: July 2019

Information on the diversity of liverworts of genus Bazzania in Sumatra, especially North Sumatra, is still limited in research. The aim of this study was to invent and describe the morphological characters and to obtain the diversity of Bazzania on Mount Sibuatan, Karo regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Specimens were collected during explorative survey along the climbing path and potential habitats such as riverbanks and open areas from July 2017 until January 2018. The results showed that there were 15 documented species of Bazzania with following species: Bazzania calcarata, B. loricata, B. caudisapexula, B. densa, B. erosa, B. fallax, B. filiformis, B. francara, B. japonica, B. longicaulis, B. paradoxa, B. pectinata, B. praerupta, B. spiralis, B. subtilis, and B. tridens. The genus, Bazzania is commonly found living in soil substrates, tree trunks and witherred woods.
Ethnobotanical Study of Fodder Plant Species used by the Batak Parmalim Communities in Toba Samosir, Indonesia
Authors: Amrul Hanifah M Z N , Pasaribu Nursahara , Harahap R Hamdani , Aththorick Tengku Alief
Published: July 2019

Batak Parmalim used various plant species to fulfill their daily activities. Several plants are also used traditionally as live feeds or fodders. Livestock raised by the Batak Parmalim community includes buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep, chickens, and ducks. The purpose of this study was to obtain information of utilized plant species, its locations, and methodology in practicing plant species as fodders. Research methodology used in this study was an in-depth interview by determining key informants. In addition, interviews and questionnaires were distributed to the people who owned livestock farms/ranches. Through interviews and observations in the field, 34 plant species were documented as fodders. The plant may be prepared in fresh or dried fodders. Fodderss were obtained from fields, farms, grazing fields, roadside (cliffs) and cultivated plants. Most farmers used members of Poaceae consisted of 12 species in this study.
First Report of Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria from Medicinal Invasive Plants (Chromolaena odorata)
Authors: Mamangkey Jendri , Suryanto Dwi , Munir Erman , Lutfia Anisa , Hartanto Adrian , Huda Muhammad Komarul
Published: July 2019

Ki rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) is one of invasive plants species in Indonesia with potency as traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of endophytic bacteria symbionts with Chromolaena odorata, and to evaluate the plant-growth promoting properties of endophytic bacteria in producing IAA, producing hydrolytic enzymes (α-amylase, β-amylase, cellulase, chitinase, protease) solubilizing phosphate. Isolation of endophytic bacteria was carried out by surface sterilizing the samples of roots, stems, leaves with 70% alcohol and 2% sodium hypochlorite, followed by direct plating of organ parts (1-2 cm) on top of Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) medium. Bacterial isolates were differentiated through morphological biochemical characterization. A total of 19 endophytic bacteria were successfully recovered from Chromolaena odorata roots, stems and leaves. Four isolates produced the highest IAA, namely BECA1 (109 ± 0.98 ppm), BECA5 (104.13 ± 0.32 ppm), BECA8 (104.13 ± 0.71 ppm) and BECB3 (83.29 ± 0.47 ppm). Three isolates exhibit the highest phosphate solubilization (+++) namely BECA5, BECA1, BECA8 after 4 days of incubation. Furthermore, BECB3 produced a considerable hydrolytic enzyme activities: β-amylase (+++), α-amylase (++), cellulase (+++), chitinase (++) and protease (+++) compared to other isolates. Our result may provide an insight upon the beneficial interaction by plant-growth promoting endophytic bacteria to support the invasiveness of the plant.
Biodiversity of Mushrooms in Conservative Forest of Batu Katak resort, Langkat regency, North Sumatra
Authors: Siahaan Doni Aldo Samuel , Nurtjahja Kiki , Hartanto Adrian , Siregar Etti Sartina , Berliani Kaniwa
Published: July 2019

Eighty mushroom species were collected during a field study at Conservative Forest in Batu Katak resort, Langkat regency, North Sumatera. Inventory was conducted by exploring four accessible paths and mushrooms were recorded for its identity and growth substrates. The most common mushroom species found in this study were lignicolous species, i.e. Polyporus, Marasmius, Schizophyllum, Trametes and Xylaria. The most utilized substrates for mushroom growth were dead logs which indicate a light-penetrated area of opened gap in forest favoring the growth of bracket fungi or lignicolous species. This baseline study may be used as data record for further mycological and laboratory studies. In addition, our records may be utilized as valuable information to local and foreign tourists who interest of mushroom picking and hunting in the future.
Spectacle and Détournement
Authors: Wark McKenzie
Published: July 2019

The concepts of spectacle and détournement are closely associated with the Paris-based postwar avant-garde movement known as the Situationist International. Spectacle is meant to work as a concept that critiques not this or that aspect of media culture, but its totality. It reveals the spectacle as the double, in the world of consumption, of capitalist commodity production. Détournement is the practice which opposes spectacle by refusing all forms of private property in the production of cultural works. While the Situationist International expired as a movement in 1972, these concepts were subsequently taken up by others, although most often shorn of the revolutionary impulse their linkage was meant to forge. This is why it is important to stress the origins of these concepts in both Western Marxism and also in the radical avant-garde movements of the prewar period. Guy Debord, a central animating presence in the Situationist International, was drawing on militant Marxist thinkers such as Georg Lukács and Henri Lefebvre, as well as the lesser-known Belgian branch of the Surrealist avant-garde. Understood as keys to a unified critical theory and practice, spectacle and détournement can be retrieved from merely descriptive studies of literature and media, and also from more narrowly formalist avant-garde literary practices.
Sex Reclassification for Trans and Gender-Nonconforming People: From the Medicalized Body to the Privatized Self
Authors: Katri Ido
Published: July 2019

Sex reclassification is a core issue of gender nonconforming legal engagements. Access to proper identification documents for trans and nonbinary people relates to lower levels of exposure to anti-trans violence, discrimination, and suicidality. In the first decades of the 21st century, the majority of global jurisdictions have seen some kind of reform with respect to sex reclassification. Nonbinary classifications, such as the X marker, are also becoming available for those who wish not to be classified as either M or F. Across the globe, five major policy streams can be found: total ban on reclassification, that is, having no law or policy in place that allows for reclassification; reproduction-related prerequisite, that is, requiring applicants to undergo sterilization or genital-related surgery; other medical intervention-based schemes, that is, requiring applicants to provide proof that they have modified their body using some kind of gender-related medical technology; corroboration requirements, that is, requiring that a third party, usually a medical professional, corroborates the identity of the applicant; and the emerging “gold standard,” gender self-determination, that is, laws and policies requiring only an expression of a desire or need to be reclassified.

These streams of policy provide varying levels of access to proper identification documents and place different burdens on applicants, some requiring bodily modifications while others rely on autonomous will. Yet all these policies still demand an alignment between the internal truth of the body and external facts, resonating with the logic of birth assignment of sex itself—that is, the idea that the allocation of differentiated legal status of M or F reflects an immutable truth about legal subjects. Current laws and policies fail to address harms caused to gender nonconforming people by state mechanisms themselves. They only provide remedies ex post facto. In the early 21st century, all countries assign a differentiated legal status of either M or F at birth based solely, in almost all cases, on external genitals of newborns. This differentiated legal status is recorded on the birth certificate and becomes a part of one’s legal identity for life. This allocation of status reflects the idea that external genitals of newborns are proof of their owners’ future roles as men or women, that is, an idea that there is a pre-legal alignment between certain bodily configurations, social role, and gender performance. This mundane administrative mechanism not only justifies different treatment for men and women but also marks trans and nonbinary people as others. In order to better address the harm caused by systems of gendered distribution of resources and opportunities, there is a need to go beyond sex reclassification to question birth assignment itself.
Ideas and Political Mobilization in Africa
Authors: Heffernan Anne
Published: July 2019

Ideas play a key role in political mobilization around the world, and often ideas travel cross-nationally. It is important to recognize the diverse influences and iterative processes that produce political ideologies and influence mobilization. The sociological literature on diffusion offers scholars a framework for thinking about and recognizing the channels through which ideas move. When tracing such channels, scholars must also be cognizant of the ways that movement of this sort affects ideas and ideologies themselves; international concepts will always be read through domestic lenses, and local realities prompt reinterpretation of global ideas. The Black Consciousness Movement offers a case study to analyze some key channels through which global ideas moved and impacted a university student movement in 1970s South Africa. Influenced by anti-colonialism and antiracism discourses originating in Europe, the Caribbean, and the United States, Black Consciousness thinkers took these ideas and refashioned them into their own ideology. They used relational networks as well as channels like art, theatre, fashion, and development projects to mobilize a constituency and to propagate their own ideas, which have endured beyond the end of the formal Black Consciousness Movement.
Sufficientarianism
Authors: Huseby Robert
Published: July 2019

Sufficientarianism is a principle of distributive justice according to which it is important that everyone has enough of some relevant form of advantage. Many, but not all, sufficientarian theories accept both the positive thesis, which holds that there is a level of advantage such that it is especially important that people reach it, and the negative thesis, which holds that there is a level of advantage such that above it, distributive justice concerns do not arise. Sufficientarians disagree on a number of questions: whether it is welfare, resources, or capabilities (or something else) that constitutes the relevant form of advantage; whether the incidence of sufficiency should be maximized or the extent of insufficiency should be minimized; whether the threshold should be high or low; whether there should be more than one threshold; and whether sufficiency should have a wide scope, temporally and spatially. Most sufficientarians agree, however, that absolute levels of advantage are morally important, that equality is not intrinsically valuable, and that advantage need not be maximized.
Law and Political Philosophy
Authors: Thaysen Jens Damgaard
Published: July 2019

Modern states pursue most of their (domestic) ends by creating law and acting in accordance with the law they create. Moreover, many believe states ought to pursue most of their ends this way. If a state ought to do something, then chances are it ought to do it by creating, abolishing, changing, upholding, or enforcing some law. Therefore, almost any kind of political philosophy with bearing on what states should do has bearing on what law should be like. Justifying the legal proscription of some conduct involves more than just showing that citizens ought to refrain from that conduct. Legally restricting conduct is an exercise of coercion and must be justified as such. Criminal prohibitions in particular require special justification, as they are not only coercive but also commit the state to deliberately inflict the harm and stigma of punishment on some of its own citizens. Nevertheless, if the state must coerce its citizens, it ought generally to do so through a law that conforms to the rule of law. Law conforms to the rule of law if it is capable of guiding the citizens as they act and plan for the future. This the law can do only if it is open, clear, prospective, and stable, such that citizens can know what it demands now and predict with reasonable certainty what it will demand in the future. Conformity to the rule of law promotes freedom and is required to respect human dignity. Much of the debate about the justification and scope of legal coercion revolves around several principles that advance claims about what considerations are relevant to the justifiability of law. These principles all have the following structure: The fact that a legal restriction of a certain kind is related in a certain way to a certain type of conduct has a certain impact on whether that restriction is justifiable. Common principles include (a) legal moralism, according to which it is always a good reason to criminalize conduct that the conduct is wrongful; (b) the wrongness constraint, according to which criminalizing morally permissible conduct is never justified; (c) liberalism, according to which it is always a good reason to criminalize conduct that the conduct is either harmful or seriously offensive to others, and criminalizing conduct that is neither harmful nor offensive is never justified; (d) the public wrong principle, according to which it is always a good reason to criminalize conduct that the conduct is a public wrong, and criminalizing conduct is never justified unless the conduct is a public wrong; (e) the sovereignty principle, according to which the only legitimate restrictions on conduct are those that secure independence. Which, if any, of these principles one should accept is the subject of an extensive and sophisticated academic debate.
Q Methodology in Research on Political Decision Making
Authors: Brown Steven R.
Published: July 2019

Q methodology was introduced in 1935 and has evolved to become the most elaborate philosophical, conceptual, and technical means for the systematic study of subjectivity across an increasing array of human activities, most recently including decision making. Subjectivity is an inescapable dimension of all decision making since we all have thoughts, perspectives, and preferences concerning the wide range of matters that come to our attention and that enter into consideration when choices have to be made among options, and Q methodology provides procedures and a rationale for clarifying and examining the various viewpoints at issue. The application of Q methodology commonly begins by accumulating the various comments in circulation concerning a topic and then reducing them to a smaller set for administration to select participants, who then typically rank the statements in the Q sample from agree to disagree in the form of a Q sort. Q sorts are then correlated and factor analyzed, giving rise to a typology of persons who have ordered the statements in similar ways. As an illustration, Q methodology was administered to a diverse set of stakeholders concerned with the problems associated with the conservation and control of large carnivores in the Northern Rockies. Participants nominated a variety of possible solutions that each person then Q sorted from those solutions judged most effective to those judged most ineffective, the factor analysis of which revealed four separate perspectives that are compared and contrasted. A second study demonstrates how Q methodology can be applied to the examination of single cases by focusing on two members of a group contemplating how they might alter the governing structures and culture of their organization. The results are used to illustrate the quantum character of subjective behavior as well as the laws of subjectivity. Discussion focuses on the broader role of decisions in the social order.
Race, Ethnicity, and the War on Terror
Authors: Welch Kelly
Published: July 2019

The unofficial War on Terror that began in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks in the United States expanded a wide range of formal social controls as well as more informal methods of punitive control that were disproportionately directed toward Muslims, Arabs, Middle Easterners, and those who were perceived to be. Although terrorism had been racialized long before 9/11, this event galvanized American support for sweeping new policies and practices that specifically targeted racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those who were immigrants. New agencies and prisons were created, individual rights and civil liberties were restricted, and acts of hate and discrimination against those who were racially, ethnically, and religiously stereotyped as potential terrorists increased. Although research shows that most domestic terrorism is not perpetrated by Muslims, Arabs, or those originating from the Middle East, the racialized stereotype of terrorists had a major impact on how the War on Terror was executed and how its implementation affected members of certain minority groups in the United States.
Prosecution Appeals Against Sentence
Authors: Freiberg Arie
Published: July 2019

Sentencing is a complex task that involves judicial officers imposing sentences in the first instance and deciding appeals from those judges in certain circumstances. Both trial and appellate courts are usually invested with some discretion as to the nature and quantum of sentence that may be imposed. Appellate jurisdiction varies widely between countries reflecting disparate approaches to discretion, differences in the grounds of appeal, in the deference paid to trial judges and the role of prosecution in the appellate process. While most jurisdictions give defendants the right to appeal against sentence, they differ in the ability of prosecuting authorities to appeal against sentence. In some jurisdictions there is considerable asymmetry between defendants’ and prosecution’s appellate rights.

Historically, defendants’ rights of appeal preceded, and have been more extensive those of the prosecution, and traditionally, the balance has been tilted in favor of defendants. However, in a number of jurisdictions, this imbalance has been questioned. The principal arguments against prosecution appeals have centered on the concept of double jeopardy, which has long applied in substantive criminal procedure. Since the early 1980s the analogy with substantive double jeopardy has been questioned or rejected as has the double jeopardy principle itself. Justifications for the principle such as the anxiety and distress suffered by the defendant, the need for finality, the possibility of double punishment, and the abuse of power have all been re-assessed.

The case for equal or symmetrical rights rests on the basis that the law requires that error, whether in favor of the defendant or the prosecution, should be corrected as a matter of justice. A balanced appellate process can ensure consistency in, and the adequacy of, sentencing standards, provide guidance to sentencing judges, and increase victims’ and public confidence in the criminal justice system.
Neuroendocrine Influences on Human Sexuality
Authors: Swift-Gallant Ashlyn , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: July 2019

While prenatal sex hormones guide the development of sex-typical reproductive structures, they also act on the developing brain, resulting in sex differences in brain and behavior in animal models. Stemming from this literature is the prominent hypothesis that prenatal neuroendocrine factors underlie sex differences in human sexual orientation, to explain why most males have a preference for female sexual partners (gynephilia), whereas most females display a preference for male sexual partners (androphilia). Convergent evidence from experiments of nature and indirect markers of prenatal hormones strongly support a role for prenatal androgens in same-same sexual orientations in women, although this finding is specific to a subset of lesbians who are also gender nonconforming (“butch”). More gender-conforming lesbians (“femmes”) do not show evidence of increased prenatal androgens. The literature has been more mixed for male sexual orientation: some report evidence of low prenatal androgen exposure, while others report evidence of high androgen levels and many other studies find no support for a role of prenatal androgen exposure in the development of androphilia in males. Recent evidence suggests there may be subgroups of gay men who owe their sexual orientation to distinct biodevelopmental mechanisms, which could account for these mixed findings. Although this research is young, it is similar to findings from lesbian populations, because gay men who are more gender nonconforming, and report a preference for receptive anal sex, differ on markers of prenatal development from gay men who are more gender conforming and report a preference for insertive anal sex. This chapter concludes with future research avenues including assessing whether multiple biodevelopmental pathways underlie sexual orientation and whether neuroendocrine factors and other biological mechanisms (e.g., immunology, genetics) interact to promote a same-sex sexual orientation.
Bourdieu and Education
Authors: Grenfell Michael
Published: July 2019

The French social Pierre Bourdieu became known as a key sociologist of education in the 1970s, contributing seminal books and articles to the “new” sociology of education, which focuses on knowledge formation in the classroom and institutional relations. His own social background was modest, but he rose through the elite French schools to become a leading intellectual in the second half of the 20th century. His early studies dealt with Algeria, which he had experienced firsthand in the 1950s at a time of their war of independence. Issues of education and culture grew out of his field studies and formed the basis of further early work in the 1960s. Subsequently, he developed a wider research corpus, which considered the French state and society as a whole: cultural consumption, politics, religion, law, economics, literature, art, fashion, media, and philosophy.

Bourdieu developed a highly original “theory of practice” and set of conceptual thinking tools: habitus, field, and cultural capital. His approach sought to rise above conventional oppositions between subjectivism and objectivism. Structure as both structured and structuring was a central principle to this epistemology.

Early studies of university students focused on the role that education played in social class reproduction and the place of language in academic discourse. For him, pedagogy was a form of “symbolic violence,” played out in the differential holdings of “cultural capital” that the students held with respect to each other and the dominant ethos of schooling. He undertook further extensive studies of French higher education and elite training schools. He was involved in various education review committees and put forward a number of principles for change in curricula, all while accepting that genuine reform was extremely challenging. He catalogued some of the tensions and conflicts of contemporary education policy. Both his discoveries and conceptual terms still offer researchers powerful tools for analyzing and understanding all national education systems and the particular individual practical contexts within them.
Qualitative Methodologies and the Life Course in Brazil
Authors: Sposito Marilia , Tarábola Felipe
Published: July 2019

The specifics of approaches to qualitative research in the field of youth studies in Brazil are presented. Research projects that focus on young people should recognize the specificities that can be translated into analyses of the diversity and inequalities of youth experience. Two aspects are key: Markers of age can inform early approaches, since there is international agreement on the general extent of this stage of life (from 15 to 29 years of age), and the occurrence of differences among adolescents, that is, young people approaching the age of majority and young people in transition to adult life. Thus, the process of data collection needs to allow for the possibility of bricolage techniques in order to effectively study the subjects, presupposing their interactions and positions in contemporary society. Starting from an initial reflection on the main milestones that guide the very idea of youth and the ways in which the studies in education have dialogued with this field in Brazil, four aspects need to be considered when carrying out empirical investigations: contexts and research spaces; the successive approximations and times of investigation; sounds and images; and the potential benefits and hazards of using virtual networks and the internet for data collection in studies of young people. This combination of procedures requires the researcher to exercise sociological imagination and act with some degree of creativity. However, there must also be rigorous care in selecting research techniques and applying them to whatever the project may be.
Education and Activism
Authors: Beckett Lori , Nuttall Amanda
Published: July 2019

The case story of a local struggle in the north of England by research-active teachers to raise their collective voice and advocate for more realistic policies and practices in urban schools is one which premises teacher activism. A school–university partnership initiative exemplifies how teachers, school heads, school leaders, and academic partners can work together to address disadvantaged students’ lives, learning needs, and schooling experiences. The practitioners’ participation in an intensive, research-informed project to build teachers’ knowledge about poverty effects on teaching and learning was successful in the yield of teacher inquiry projects which were published. However, teachers’ efforts to combat student disaffection and under-achievement were deprecated with a lack of system support to the point where democratic impulse and social justice goals were weakened. It would be a misnomer to describe these teachers’ professional intellectual and inquiry work as activist, but they did engage in transformative practices. This led to the production of new knowledge and teachers working collectively toward school—and community—improvement, but it was not enough to effect policy advocacy. Professional knowledge building as a foundation of teacher activism is foregrounded in the matter of trust in teachers. To agitate for change and action in a vernacular neoliberal climate means to fight for teachers’ and academics’ voices to be heard.
Classification Process of Languages in Schools
Authors: Goswami Nirmali
Published: July 2019

Advances in different disciplinary traditions suggest that the classification of languages into standard and non-standard, official and popular, and school and home languages has more to do with power relations than factors intrinsic to language as such. Such classifications, in school space and beyond, articulate hierarchical relations constituted through interaction of class, race, and ethnicity in specific historic context. An examination of the process of classification of languages gives us important insights into the interrelation between social and learner identity of students in school and about discourses of power in general. Scholars from a political economic perspective have argued how identification and hierarchical positioning of languages as high and low status in school context contribute to the process of social reproduction of class based inequality through education. In recent years the reproduction framework has been challenged for being too rigidly framed on the grids of class while ignoring the gendered and ethnic identity of students that might influence and constitute the language practice of students. The approaches that view language use in school as an act of identity production have generated a number of interesting insights in this field, but these have also been subjected to criticism because of their tendency to essentialize social identities. Many of these have also been questioned for directly or indirectly employing a cultural deficit theory on the basis of class, race, or ethnicity. Such concerns necessitate a shift of focus toward examination of the process through which the very category of standard languages, considered appropriate for schooling, emerges. In this respect the work of Pierre Bourdieu is significant in highlighting the political economic context of how certain languages come to acquire higher value than the others. Another perspective emerges from critical studies of colonial encounters that relied on classification of languages as one of the techniques of modern governance. Investigations of such colonial pasts explicate how linguistic groups are imagined, identified, and classified in a society. Postcolonial scholars have argued that such colonial classificatory techniques continue to influence much of social science research today. Methods of research, particularly in the field of education, have been affected by these process to such an extent that our attempts at recovery of non-standard, multilingual speech forms are affected by the very process of investigation. Consequently, studying languages in the school context becomes a more complicated exercise as one is trapped in the very categories which one seeks to open up for investigation. The decolonization of school space, therefore, calls for a fresh methodological approach to undertake study of languages in the school context.
Social Cartography in Educational Research
Authors: Suša Rene , Andreotti Vanessa de Oliveira
Published: July 2019

Social cartography is a method for qualitative research in education. It has been used mostly in comparative and international education, but it has wider applications. It originated from the body of work of Rolland Paulston, who outlined its main conceptual premises and methodological propositions. Unlike other cartographic practices that are mostly concerned with mapping of physical space, social cartography was developed with the purpose of providing a research tool that is capable of mapping relations between and within various epistemic communities and discursive and interpretative frameworks. The practice of social cartography seeks to challenge the positivist and objectivist imperative for singular, “authentic” knowledge and to disrupt the universalizing and totalizing claims of dominant perspectives and frameworks. It does so by mapping the complex and overlapping relations between different discursive and epistemic communities and by situating them in a broader discursive field. Post-representational approaches to social cartography emphasize the agentic properties of maps. These approaches work both on and with the mapmaker and the map reader in ways that seek to trouble and interrupt usual investments in meaning-making and epistemic and discursive privilege.
Ethnography in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Ritchie Jenny
Published: July 2019

Ethnography is a qualitative methodology worthy of consideration for application in studies within the field of early childhood education. The long-term, immersive, relational nature of ethnography enables rich, detailed descriptions of the complex interactions occurring, and ongoing engagement with children, families, and teachers provides the opportunity for co-analysis of the meanings that underlie the observed activities and interrelationships. The foremost source of data for ethnographic research is the regular writing of in-depth fieldnotes over a lengthy period of time, which may be supplemented by photographs, videos, interviews, focus group discussions, and analysis of relevant documents. Issues to be considered by those intending to conduct ethnographic research in early childhood care and education settings include: their availability to be immersed in the site that is the focus of the study, on a regular basis over a long period of time; sensitivity to power dynamics between adults and children and to cultural differences; the ethical issues pertaining to gaining and maintain young children’s informed consent; and collaborating with participants, including young children, in co-analyzing the meanings underlying the data gathered. The ethnographic researcher in an early childhood care and education setting can attend to such issues through an ongoing receptivity to the messages, including body language, of participants, along with a commitment to self-reflexivity on an ongoing basis. The nuanced, culturally located understandings that are gleaned by ethnographic researchers offer potential for such research to inform policymakers in relation to delivering conditions that will enable teachers to offer high-quality, culturally responsive early childhood care and education pedagogies and programs.
Qualitative Methods, Critical Geography, and Education
Authors: Helfenbein Robert J.
Published: July 2019

The work known as critical geography, a distinct yet varied subfield of spatial analysis, seeks to understand how the social construction of both space and place interact with, resist, and reinforce structures of power and the work of individual and collective identity. A critical geography approach to qualitative educational research privileges inquiry that includes how the lived experiences of schools (i.e., students, teachers, schools, communities) are defined, constrained, and potentially liberated by spatial relationships in both discursive and material ways. That is, a critical geography approach includes how such understandings may be used, for example, to critically examine how spaces are used, by whom, when, and how in the process of learning and not learning; what spaces mean (and mean differently) for different people inhabiting the spaces of education; how spaces are used to construct identities, allegiances, and bodies; how they act pedagogically to position bodies to know and be known; and the kind of pedagogies they help make possible and intelligible for both teachers and students in classrooms.
Pacific Research Methodologies
Authors: Naepi Sereana
Published: July 2019

Pacific research methodologies refer to Indigenous research that is conducted from the ontological and epistemological standpoint of Pacific peoples. Pacific research methodologies are an act of decolonial resistance that recognizes the legitimacy of Pacific ontologies and epistemologies, enabling research that is truly reflective of Pacific peoples. They are a response to colonial research patterns that have framed and stereotyped Pacific peoples in problematic ways. Pacific research methodologies are a resurgence practice that empowers Pacific people to define and critique the Pacific from a Pacific viewpoint. They include but are not limited to vanua, kakala, talanoa, ula, and fa’afaletui. They can be regionally specific, such as the vanua or kakala, and they can also be pan-Pacific and refer to shared values, such as respect, reciprocity, communal relationships, collective responsibility, gerontocracy, humility, love and charity, service, and spirituality. Pacific duality means that Pacific research methodologies can be both pan-Pacific and regional. Pacific research methodologies continue to be developed as more Pacific people enter the research space.
Teacher Education and Lesson Study
Authors: Dudley Peter
Published: July 2019

Lesson Study is a form of collaborative, classroom-based teacher professional development, and also a form of institutional and local educational system improvement. It originated in Japan and experienced rapid global spread in the 21st century. The deliberate processes of Lesson Study can help overcome specific factors that can form barriers to teacher professional learning—factors such as the complex environment of the classroom and the role of tacit knowledge.
Applying Disability Critical Race Theory (DISCRIT) in the Practice of Teacher Education in the United States
Authors: Migliarini Valentina , Annamma Subini
Published: July 2019

Strategies for behavioral management have been traditionally derived from an individualistic, psychological orientation. As such, behavioral management is about correcting and preventing disruption caused by the “difficult” students and about reinforcing positive comportment of the “good” ones. However, increased classroom diversity and inclusive and multicultural education reform efforts, in the United States and in most Western societies, warrant attention to the ways preservice teachers develop beliefs and attitudes toward behavior management that (re)produce systemic inequities along lines of race, disability, and intersecting identities. Early-21st-century legislation requiring free and equitable education in the least restrictive environment mandates that school professionals serve the needs of all students, especially those located at the interstices of multiple differences in inclusive settings. These combined commitments create tensions in teacher education, demanding that educators rethink relationships with students so that they are not simply recreating the trends of mass incarceration within schools. Disability Critical Race Theory (DisCrit) shifts the questions that are asked from “How can we fix students who disobey rules?” to “How can preservice teacher education and existing behavioral management courses be transformed so that they are not steeped in color evasion and silent on interlocking systems of oppression?”

DisCrit provides an opportunity to (re)organize classrooms, moving away from “fixing” the individual—be it the student or the teacher—and shifting toward justice. As such, it is important to pay attention not only to the characteristics, dispositions, attitudes, and students’ and teachers’ behaviors but also to the structural features of the situation in which they operate. By cultivating relationships rooted in solidarity, in which teachers understand the ways students are systemically oppressed, how those oppressions are (re)produced in classrooms, and what they can do to resist those oppressions in terms of pedagogy, curriculum, and relationship, repositions students and families are regarded as valuable members. Consequently, DisCrit has the potential to prepare future teachers to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interactions and active engagement in learning focused on creating solidarity in the classroom instead of managing. This results in curriculum, pedagogy, and relationships that are rooted in expansive notions of justice. DisCrit can help preservice teachers in addressing issues of diversity in the curriculum and in contemplating how discipline may be used as a tool of punishment, and of exclusion, or as a tool for learning. Ultimately, DisCrit as an intersectional and interdisciplinary framework can enrich existing preservice teachers’ beliefs about relationships in the classroom and connect these relationships to larger projects of dismantling inequities faced by multiply marginalized students.