bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attachment and Risk of Future Harm: A Case of Non‐Accidental Brain Injury
Authors: Kozlowska Kasia , Foley Sue
Published: July 2013

Decision making in cases of non‐accidental brain injury is complex. Courts often view ‘alternate care’ as a means of ensuring that children are protected from further physical abuse. It is important for treating and assessing clinicians to present the court with a broad systems perspective highlighting the multiple factors which combine to impact on the child's future safety, welfare and wellbeing. These include risk and protective factors in the family of origin, the family's openness to monitoring and treatment; the child's needs for long‐term attachment relationships, and the risks associated with alternate care. This article highlights the need to consider long‐term attachment needs as part of any risk‐of‐harm assessment for young children who have been maltreated. Attachment issues are considered in the case of Nellie, a 17‐month‐old toddler with a serious and unexplained non‐accidental brain injury.
Attachment and the Repetition of Trauma: A Case Study of Attachment‐Based Crisis Intervention
Authors: Cammell Paul
Published: July 2013

This article explores the difficult case of a 16‐year‐old who was causing a great deal of anxiety by presenting with dramatic behaviour, such as leaping off buildings, swallowing needles and poisons, and jumping in front of cars. The case study explores a six‐month period of crisis intervention, which focused on the unique kind of attachment relationship that existed between the teenager and his mother. The mother had experienced recurrent traumatisation prior to his birth, and it was found that the aftereffects of this traumatisation must have influenced the teenager's early attachment experiences and subsequent development. The attachment‐based therapy treated the crises as primarily ‘relational crises’. The therapy involved investigating and sharing formulations about their attachment history, cultivating an insight into the relational or dynamic determinants of the teenager's crises. Broader suggestions are made concerning the application of attachment theory to different approaches in family therapy, as well as to our understanding of phenomena such as transgenerational traumatisation.
The Delicate Scientist Practitioner
Authors: Drury Nick
Published: July 2013

This article offers an alternative understanding of the ‘scientist‐practitioner’ in clinical practice. The ‘dodo bird’ hypothesis or ‘common factors’ findings suggest that the specific technique of a particular treatment protocol, whether supported or not by empirical validation, are not as important as feedback to the clinician as to whether this particular treatment is working or not. A new philosophy of science and cognition suggests that ‘know‐how’ and ‘withness‐knowledge’ is of more importance than any ‘know‐that’ or ‘aboutness’ knowledge. Two hundred years ago Goethe suggested a method of science that was more focused on performativity than representationalism, which is being discovered again by postmodern science and philosophy. This model of science, combined with Levinas' call for an ethics first approach, can provide an alternative to the move towards treatment manuals.
Introducing Evidence‐Based Family Assessment and Therapy in Child and Youth Mental Health Services: Applying Systemic Principles to Maintain, Sustain and Build Capacity
Authors: Wagner Ingrid , Munt Glenn , Briner Peta
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this article is to overview the context of the mental health service in which we work, and family therapy's status prior to and after the impact of changes wrought by the introduction of the National Mental Health Policy. We then explore some key issues that we think contribute to the persistence of the occlusion of family therapy in child psychiatric services; and the strategies that we developed and are continuing to develop to support change. Finally, we describe the use of a family assessment instrument that we believe is central to our change strategy.
Case‐Based Research in Family Therapy
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: July 2013

Traditionally, case‐based research has not been considered as scientific by many in the field due to the lack of controlled conditions and objectivity. However, case‐study material may be more effective than once believed in educating family therapists. Future implications of the role of case studies in family therapy research are considered, including the manner in which case studies might be designed to be more rigorous so that they can serve as the basis for drawing causal inferences in clinical cases, and at the same time, provide family therapists with useful information to improve their skills. A discussion section highlights the future direction of case‐based research in the family therapy literature and how it may be used as an effective learning tool.
When Baby Brings the Blues: Family Therapy and Postnatal Depression
Authors: Hunt Christine
Published: July 2013

Postnatal depression impacts on a significant number of women and their families. As a topic it is attracting much interest from researchers as we become clearer about its impact on the long‐term mental health of both women and their partners, as well as on the couple's relationship and their children's mental health. This article will provide a brief overview of postnatal depression and the current research associated with it, and consider the usefulness of systemic family therapy interventions. Examples of these are included along with a clinical vignette.
South Australia's First Family Therapist — Jeff Gerrard Remembers: An Interview
Authors: Read Lorraine , Jeff's
Published: July 2013

Jeff Gerrard can claim the distinction of being the first family therapist in South Australia. Early on in his career as a psychiatrist he explored the growing field of psychotherapy overseas and observed, studied, and trained with some of the historical greats in the area. When he returned to South Australia in the early 70s, it seems to have been a natural step for him to begin practising family therapy and training other health professionals in the theory and practice of family therapy. The early training that Jeff led at the South Australian Children's Hospital enabled a cooperation between a number of early family therapists, such as Michael White and Anne Sved Williams, to train the first cohort of people who would later go on to become significant contributors to the family therapy field in Australia. In this interview, Lorraine Read invites Jeff to explore his early contributions to the field and to discuss the training and supervision experiences which were/are important in his development as a family therapist.
Numerical simulation of tropical cumulus congestus during TOGA COARE
Authors: Mechem D. B. , Oberthaler A. J.
Published: July 2013

Recent observational studies of tropical deep convection typically include some mention of cumulus congestus, a third mode of tropical convection, in addition to shallow trade cumulus and deep convection. This study analyzes congestus behavior in a multiday cloud‐resolving model simulation based on the Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) field campaign. Simulation results exhibit a pronounced congestus cloud mode, present during both suppressed and active phases of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), with a unique signature consistent with cloudy‐air detrainment near the 0°C isotherm. Congestus clouds in the simulation contribute 34% of the total precipitation during a 10 day transition period from suppressed to active phases, a number which corresponds well with previous estimates of the congestus contribution to precipitation. Domain‐mean profiles and statistics from conditionally sampled buoyant cloud cores are compared with similar quantities from a recent model intercomparison of RICO trade cumulus. In many respects, cumulus congestus act like overgrown trade cumulus clouds. Both cloud types demonstrate multiple cloud fraction maxima associated with cloud base and detrainment layers. Profiles of buoyancy flux and vertical velocity variance suggest that the buoyancy production of turbulence behaves similarly in both cloud types. The greater precipitation production in the simulated congestus clouds nearly balances the surface latent heat flux, and thus the congestus contribution to moistening the atmosphere is limited. The computational configuration is a compromise between providing both sufficient resolution to represent shallow cumulus and sufficient domain size to handle broader, deep convective clouds.
RECK Inhibits Stemness Gene Expression and Tumorigenicity of Gastric Cancer Cells by Suppressing ADAM‐Mediated Notch1 Activation
Authors: Hong Kun‐Jing , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Cheng Kuang‐Hung , Chen Li‐Tzong , Hung Wen‐Chun
Published: July 2013

The Reversion‐inducing Cysteine‐rich Protein with Kazal Motifs (RECK) gene encodes a membrane‐anchored glycoprotein that exhibits strong inhibitory activity against various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). RECK functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. However, whether RECK can modulate the stem‐like phenotypes of cancer cells is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that RECK is down‐regulated in gastric cancer cells and is further reduced in CD133‐positive cancer stem‐like cells. Ectopic expression of RECK induces down‐regulation of the expression of stemness genes including Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog and the cancer stem cell marker CD133. Treatment of DAPT (a γ‐secretase inhibitor) or TAPI‐2 (a hydroxamate‐based inhibitor of MMPs, tumor necrosis factor α converting enzyme and ADAM17) reduces Notch1 shedding and activation which results in attenuation of stemness genes and CD133. Our data show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are co‐pulled down by RECK suggesting a physical interaction between RECK and ADAMs on cell surface. In addition, RECK suppresses sphere formation and sphere size of CD133‐positive gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) or ADAM17 effectively reverse the inhibitory effect of RECK in CD133‐positive cells. More importantly, RECK reduces tumorigenic activity of CD133‐positive cells in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of RECK in non‐tumorigenic GI2 cells increases stemness and CD133 expression and sphere forming ability. Collectively, these results indicate that RECK represses stemness gene expression and stem‐like properties by inhibiting ADAM‐mediated Notch1 shedding and activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 191–201, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Polar Cap index: A critical review of methods and a new approach
Authors: Stauning Peter
Published: July 2013

The Polar Cap (PC) index introduced by Troshichev and Andrezen (1985) is derived from polar magnetic variations and is mainly a measure of the intensity of the transpolar ionospheric currents. These currents relate to the polar cap antisunward ionospheric plasma convection driven by the dawn‐dusk electric fields, which in turn are generated by the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere. Coefficients to calculate PCN and PCS index values from polar magnetic variations recorded at Thule and Vostok, respectively, have been derived by several different procedures in the past. The PCN index is found in seven different versions while the PCS index is found in five different versions in past publications. Recent publications (in 2011 and 2012) still convey three different PCN and two different PCS indices. The presentation here discusses the principal differences between the various PC index procedures and provides comparisons between coefficient and index values derived using the different procedures. Finally, a new approach to define a simplified PC index procedure is outlined.
Crustal radial anisotropy across Eastern Tibet and the Western Yangtze Craton
Authors: Xie Jiayi , Ritzwoller Michael H. , Shen Weisen , Yang Yingjie , Zheng Yong , Zhou Longquan
Published: July 2013

Phase velocities across eastern Tibet and surrounding regions are mapped using Rayleigh (8–65 s) and Love (8–44 s) wave ambient noise tomography based on data from more than 400 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere and Chinese Earthquake Array stations. A Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion method is applied to generate 3‐D distributions of Vsh and Vsv in the crust and uppermost mantle from which radial anisotropy and isotropic Vs are estimated. Each distribution is summarized with a mean and standard deviation, but is also used to identify “highly probable” structural attributes, which include (1) positive midcrustal radial anisotropy (Vsh > Vsv) across eastern Tibet (spatial average = 4.8% ± 1.4%) that terminates abruptly near the border of the high plateau, (2) weaker (−1.0% ± 1.4%) negative radial anisotropy (Vsh < Vsv) in the shallow crust mostly in the Songpan‐Ganzi terrane, (3) negative midcrustal anisotropy (−2.8% ± 0.9%) in the Longmenshan region, (4) positive midcrustal radial anisotropy (5.4% ± 1.4%) beneath the Sichuan Basin, and (5) low Vs in the middle crust (3.427 ± 0.050 km/s) of eastern Tibet. Midcrustal Vs < 3.4 km/s (perhaps consistent with partial melt) is highly probable only for three distinct regions: the northern Songpan‐Ganzi, the northern Chuandian, and part of the Qiangtang terranes. Midcrustal anisotropy provides evidence for sheet silicates (micas) aligned by deformation with a shallowly dipping foliation plane beneath Tibet and the Sichuan Basin and a steeply dipping or subvertical foliation plane in the Longmenshan region. Near vertical cracks or faults are believed to cause the negative anisotropy in the shallow crust underlying Tibet.
Tracking fluid pressure buildup from focal mechanisms during the 2003–2004 Ubaye seismic swarm, France
Authors: Leclère Henri , Daniel Guillaume , Fabbri Olivier , Cappa Frédéric , Thouvenot François
Published: July 2013

Recent studies have shown that the Ubaye seismic swarm that occurred in the French southwestern Alps in 2003–2004 was triggered by fluid overpressures. This contribution provides additional constraints on the temporal and spatial changes in fluid overpressure during this swarm. The orientations of the double‐couple nodal planes of an extended set of 74 focal solutions, spanning the whole 2003–2004 episode, are compared with the regional stress field. Based on a Mohr‐Coulomb analysis, these comparisons provide estimates of fluid pressures along seismic fault planes. We show that the fluid overpressures required to reactivate the cohesionless fault planes vary through time, with values close to 35 MPa at the inception of the swarm. Overpressures then increase up to 55 MPa during the burst of seismic activity and lastly decrease down to 20 MPa at the end of the crisis. We also show that the fluid overpressures are developed as patches along two parallel faults bordering a releasing bend structure characterized by low to null overpressure. The development of moderate fluid overpressure at the swarm inception enables the reactivation of normal, transtensional, and strike‐slip faults while the development of larger fluid overpressures during the burst of seismic activity progressively enables the reactivation of further misoriented normal, transtensional, and transpressional faults. In order to reconcile the spatial and temporal evolution of the fluid overpressures and the seismic activity, we propose that creep compaction could be the process allowing the successive development of fluid overpressure and the migration of seismicity.
Shear wave anisotropy beneath the volcanic front in South Kyushu area, Japan: Development of C‐type olivine CPO under H2O‐rich conditions
Authors: Terada Tadashi , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Mizukami Tomoyuki
Published: July 2013

Shear wave splitting from local intermediate‐depth earthquakes is investigated to detect the anisotropic structure in the mantle wedge beneath the South Kyushu area, Japan. We observed shear wave splitting with NEE‐SWW to NWW‐SEE polarization directions and delay times of 0.04–0.63 s. Trench‐normal shear wave polarization anisotropy with a delay time greater than 0.3 s probably overlaps in the high VP/VS region at a depth of 100–150 km beneath the volcanic front. Model calculations for the cause of the anisotropy suggest that the development of “C‐type” olivine crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) with a trench‐parallel b axis concentration and a trench‐normal a axis concentration best reproduces observations compared to A‐, B‐, or E‐type olivine CPOs and antigorite CPO. We conclude that a thick anisotropic layer, approximately 50 km, is formed by concentration of interstitial fluid in peridotite. We briefly discuss the mechanism carrying water to the deep mantle wedge. A possible explanation is that interstitial fluids in the mantle wedge are effectively released because of a decrease in dihedral angles of olivine‐fluid interfaces at 150 km depth. Our results imply a close relation between the high density of explosive volcanoes in the South Kyushu area and the underlying water‐rich mantle.
High‐resolution relocation of aftershocks of the Mw 7.1 Darfield, New Zealand, earthquake and implications for fault activity
Authors: Syracuse E. M. , Thurber C. H. , Rawles C. J. , Savage M. K. , Bannister S.
Published: July 2013

Low‐slip‐rate regions often represent under‐recognized hazards, and understanding the progression of seismicity when faults in such areas rupture will help us to better understand earthquake rupture patterns. The 3 September 2010 (UTC) Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake revealed a formerly unrecognized set of faults in the Canterbury region of New Zealand, an area that had previously been mapped as one of the lower‐hazard areas in the country. In this study, we analyze the first four months of its aftershock sequence to identify active faults and temporal changes in seismicity along them. We jointly invert for three‐dimensional P wave and S wave velocities and hypocentral locations, using data for 2840 aftershocks recorded at 36 temporary and permanent seismic stations within 70 km of the main shock epicenter. These relocations delineate eight individual faults active prior to the 22 February 2011 Mw 6.3 Christchurch earthquake, the largest aftershock of the Darfield earthquake. Two of these faults are in the Christchurch region, one of which corresponds to geodetically determined rupture planes of the Christchurch earthquake. Using focal mechanisms calculated from first‐motion polarities, we find mainly strike‐slip faulting events, with some reverse and normal faulting events as well. We compare the orientations of these faults to the prevailing regional stress directions to identify which faults may have been active prior to the Darfield earthquake and which may be newly developed.
Observations and modeling of the diurnal SST cycle in the North and Baltic Seas
Authors: Karagali I. , Høyer J. L.
Published: July 2013

This paper discusses the evaluation of three parameterizations for the diurnal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) during one year, from February 2009 to January 2010 (inclusive), using high resolution, regional atmospheric model outputs as input fields. Comparison of the spatial extent of diurnal warming in the Northern European Seas from the Spinning Enhanced Visible Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) and the models indicates the ability of the models to reproduce the general patterns seen from the observations. Mean absolute biases between the SEVIRI observed peak warming and the modeled results do not exceed 0.25 K, with a maximum standard deviation of 0.76 and a 0.45 correlation. When random noise is added to the models, their ability to reproduce the statistical properties of the SEVIRI observations improves. The correlation between the observed and modeled anomalies and different parameters highlights the importance of wind as a driving field. A positive correlation is found between hourly SEVIRI anomalies and the daily mean diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd(490).
Is there a linkage between the tropical cyclone activity in the southern Indian Ocean and the Antarctic Oscillation?
Authors: Mao Rui , Gong Dao‐Yi , Yang Jing , Zhang Zi‐Yin , Kim Seong‐Joong , He Hao‐Zhe
Published: July 2013

In this article, the relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and the tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) was examined. It was found that on the interannual time scale, the AAO is well linked with the TC activity in the SIO during TC season (December–March). The rank correlation coefficient between the AAO index and the TC frequency (TCF) in the SIO is 0.37, which is significant at the 95% confidence level. When the AAO is in a positive phase, TC passage in the northwestern coast of Australia (100E°–120°E and 10°S–30°S) increases by approximately 50%–100% from the climatology. The increase in the TC passage is primarily the result of more frequent TCs originating in this region due to enhanced water vapor convergence and ascending motions, which are caused by a cyclonic height anomaly over the western coast of Australia associated with the positive AAO phases. In addition, the AAO‐height covariations, which are essential to the formation of the AAO‐TC links in the SIO, were investigated through a historical climate simulation using the Community Climate System Model 4 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The AAO‐height links were well reproduced in the simulation. The similarity in the AAO‐height links between the observation and the simulation supports the physical robustness of the AAO‐TC links in the SIO.
A perspective on tritium versus carbon‐14: ensuring optimal label selection in pharmaceutical research and development
Authors: Krauser Joel A.
Published: July 2013

Tritium (3H) and carbon‐14 (14C) labels applied in pharmaceutical research and development each offer their own distinctive advantages and disadvantages coupled with benefits and risks. The advantages of 3H have a higher specific activity, shorter half‐life that allows more manageable waste remediation, lower material costs, and often more direct synthetic routes. The advantages of 14C offer certain analytical benefits and less potential for label loss.

Although 3H labels offer several advantages, they might be overlooked as a viable option because of the concerns about its drawbacks. A main drawback often challenged is metabolic liability. These drawbacks, in some cases, might be overstated leading to underutilization of a perfectly viable option. As a consequence, label selection may automatically default to 14C, which is a more conservative approach. To challenge this ‘14C‐by‐default’ approach, pharmaceutical agents with strategically selected 3H‐labeling positions based on non‐labeled metabolism data have been successfully implemented and evaluated for 3H loss.

From in‐house results, the long term success of projects clearly would benefit from a thorough, objective, and balanced assessment regarding label selection (3H or 14C). This assessment should be based on available project information and scientific knowledge. Important considerations are project applicability (preclinical and clinical phases), synthetic feasibility, costs, and timelines.
Cultural contingencies of mediation: Effectiveness of mediator styles in intercultural disputes
Authors: Salmon Elizabeth D. , Gelfand Michele J. , Çelik Ayşe Betül , Kraus Sarit , Wilkenfeld Jonathan , Inman Molly
Published: July 2013

The difficulties of intercultural negotiations are well established, yet few studies have examined the factors that facilitate the successful resolution of these disputes. This research took a dynamic approach and examined the types of mediation tactics that are most effective in intercultural disputes given specific disputant characteristics. One hundred and ten participants from the United States and Turkey negotiated a community‐based dispute in real time from their respective countries using a newly developed virtual lab. Dyads were randomly assigned to negotiate with a formulative computer mediator, a manipulative computer mediator, or in an unmediated control condition. As predicted, the results showed a significant interaction between manipulative mediation and markers of disputant difficulty on Pareto efficiency. Manipulative mediation produced agreements of higher Pareto efficiency in intercultural dyads with more difficult disputants (low openness to mediation, low motivational cultural intelligence (CQ), low trust, and low willingness to concede) but lower Pareto efficiency in dyads with more favorable disputant factors (high openness to mediation, high motivational CQ, high trust, and high willingness to concede). The results for subjective value also partially supported the hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications for the study of intercultural disputes are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supervisors' exceedingly difficult goals and abusive supervision: The mediating effects of hindrance stress, anger, and anxiety
Authors: Mawritz Mary B. , Folger Robert , Latham Gary P.
Published: July 2013

This study examined a contextual predictor of abusive supervision. Specifically, we hypothesized that job goals that are judged by supervisors to be exceedingly difficult to attain is a predictor of subordinate‐rated abusive supervisory behavior. Drawing on the cognitive theory of stress, we hypothesized that exceedingly difficult job goals assigned to supervisors predict abusive behavior directed at their subordinates, as mediated by the supervisors' hindrance stress and emotions (e.g., anger and anxiety). We collected data from employees and their immediate supervisors to test this theoretical model (N = 215 matched pairs). The results of this multisource field study provided support for the hypothesized relationships. In particular, assigned job goals that were appraised by supervisors as exceedingly difficult to attain predicted their hindrance stress. Also, hindrance stress was positively related to anger and anxiety, which in turn predicted abusive supervision. Theoretically, these findings contribute to research on goal setting, stress, and abusive supervision. In addition, these findings are practically important in that they provide suggestions on how to minimize abusive supervision in organizations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution temperature climatology for Italy: interpolation method intercomparison
Authors: Brunetti M. , Maugeri M. , Nanni T. , Simolo C. , Spinoni J.
Published: July 2013

High‐resolution monthly temperature climatologies for Italy are presented. They are based on a dense and quality‐controlled observational dataset which includes 1484 stations and on three distinct approaches: multi‐linear regression with local improvements (MLRLI), an enhanced version of the model recently used for the Greater Alpine Region, regression kriging (RK), widely used in literature and, lastly, local weighted linear regression (LWLR) of temperature versus elevation, which may be considered more suitable for the complex orography characterizing the Italian territory.

Dataset and methods used both to check the station records and to get the 1961–1990 normals used for the climatologies are discussed. Advantages and shortcomings of the three approaches are investigated and the results are compared.

All three approaches lead to quite reasonable models of station temperature normals, with lowest errors in spring and autumn and highest errors in winter. The LWLR approach shows slightly better performances than the other two, with monthly leave‐one‐out estimated root mean square errors ranging from 0.74 °C (April and May) to 1.03 °C (December). Further evidence in its favour is the greater reliability of local approach in modelling the behaviour of the temperature‐elevation relationship in Italy's complex territory.

The comparison of the different climatologies is a very effective tool to understand the robustness of each approach. Moreover, the first two methods (MLRLI and RK) turn out to be important to tune the third one (LWLR), as they help not only to understand the relationship between temperature normals and some important physiographical variables (MLRLI) but also to study the decrease of station normals covariance with distance (RK).
CXCR4 antagonism attenuates load‐induced periosteal bone formation in mice
Authors: Leucht Philipp , Temiyasathit Sara , Russell Ashley , Arguello Juan F. , Jacobs Christopher R. , Helms Jill A. , Castillo Alesha B.
Published: July 2013

Mechanical loading is a key anabolic regulator of bone mass. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1) is a stem cell homing factor that is important in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and fracture healing, though its involvement in skeletal mechanoadaptation is virtually unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize skeletal expression patterns of SDF‐1 and CXCR4, the receptor for SDF‐1, and to determine the role of SDF‐1 signaling in load‐induced periosteal bone formation. Sixteen‐week‐old C57BL/6 mice were treated with PBS or AMD3100, an antagonist against CXCR4, and exposed to in vivo ulnar loading (2.8 N peak‐to‐peak, 2 Hz, 120 cycles). SDF‐1 was expressed in cortical and trabecular osteocytes and marrow cells, and CXCR4 was primarily expressed in marrow cells. SDF‐1 and CXCR4 expression was enhanced in response to mechanical stimulation. The CXCR4 receptor antagonist AMD3100 significantly attenuated load‐induced bone formation and led to smaller adaptive changes in cortical geometric properties as determined by histomorphometric analysis. Our data suggest that SDF‐1/CXCR4 signaling plays a critical role in skeletal mechanoadaptation, and may represent a unique therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of age‐related and disuse bone loss. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1828–1838, 2013
The flavor of pomegranate fruit: a review
Authors: Mayuoni‐Kirshinbaum Lina , Porat Ron
Published: July 2013

Despite the increasing commercial importance of pomegranate, especially because of its recently discovered health‐promoting benefits, relatively little is yet known regarding its sensory quality and flavor preferences, or about the biochemical constituents that determine its sensory characteristics. The perceived flavor of pomegranate fruit results from the combination of various taste, aroma and mouthfeel sensations. The taste is governed mainly by the presence of sugars (glucose and fructose) and organic acids (primarily citric and malic acids). The aroma evolves from the presence of dozens of volatiles, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and terpenes, which provide a mixture of various ‘green’, ‘woody’, ‘earthy’, ‘fruity’, ‘floral’, ‘sweet’ and ‘musty’ notes. In addition, the sensory satisfaction during the eating of pomegranate arils is complemented by various mouthfeel sensations, including seed hardness and astringency sensations. In the present review we will describe the sensory quality and flavor preferences of pomegranate fruit, including the genetic diversity in flavor characteristics among distinct varieties. In addition, we will describe the dynamic changes that occur in fruit flavor during fruit ripening and postharvest storage. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Relating physico‐chemical properties of frozen green peas (Pisum sativum L.) to sensory quality
Authors: Nleya Kathleen M , Minnaar Amanda , de Kock Henriëtte L
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

The acceptability of frozen green peas depends on their sensory quality. There is a need to relate physico‐chemical parameters to sensory quality. In this research, six brands of frozen green peas representing product sold for retail and caterer's markets were purchased and subjected to descriptive sensory evaluation and physico‐chemical analyses (including dry matter content, alcohol insoluble solids content, starch content, °Brix, residual peroxidase activity, size sorting, hardness using texture analysis and colour measurements) to assess and explain product quality.

RESULTS

The sensory quality of frozen green peas, particularly texture properties, were well explained using physico‐chemical methods of analysis notably alcohol insoluble solids, starch content, hardness and °Brix. Generally, retail class peas were of superior sensory quality to caterer's class peas although one caterer's brand was comparable to the retail brands. Retail class peas were sweeter, smaller, greener, more moist and more tender than the caterer's peas. Retail class peas also had higher °Brix, a*, hue and chroma values; lower starch, alcohol insoluble solids, dry matter content and hardness measured.

CONCLUSIONS

The sensory quality of frozen green peas can be partially predicted by measuring physico‐chemical parameters particularly °Brix and to a lesser extent hardness by texture analyser, alcohol insoluble solids, dry matter and starch content. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Photopolymerizable Monomer Miniemulsions: Why Does Droplet Size Matter?
Authors: Jasinski Florent , Lobry Emeline , Chemtob Abraham , Croutxé‐Barghorn Céline , Criqui Adrien
Published: July 2013

In monomer miniemulsions, droplet size is a key parameter impacting the optical properties, and consequently their photopolymerizability under UV light. Three simple spectrophotometric methodologies are developed, based on an integrating sphere, to evaluate precisely the effect of droplet size on radiation absorption and scattering, which both contribute to light attenuation. Using a series of diluted acrylate monomer miniemulsions ranging from 40 to 300 nm, all the methods converge toward a constant absorption coefficient, comparable with that in solution. In contrast, a droplet‐size decrease causes a significant and progressive reduction of the scattering coefficient, with a positive effect on light penetration.

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The Interplay of Information Diagnosticity and Need for Cognitive Closure in Determining Choice Confidence
Authors: Andrews Demetra
Published: July 2013

This research augments efforts to produce a richer understanding of the drivers of choice confidence. It investigates the interplay of a contextual factor that is readily influenced by marketing channel members (i.e., information diagnosticity) and an individual difference variable that alters the nature and extent of information processing (i.e., Need for Cognitive Closure; NFCC). Findings from two experimental studies demonstrate a positive influence of NFCC on choice confidence when information diagnosticity is low, but not when it is high. Furthermore, at high levels of NFCC, the influence of information diagnosticity is fully attenuated such that people with high NFCC derive equivalent choice confidence from information that is high or low in diagnosticity. The NFCC effect appears to operate by undermining the influence of information diagnosticity on perceptions of information adequacy and performance expectations. This research holds implications for marketing communications strategy, targeted marketing practices, and public policy.
Shopping Orientation and Mindsets: How Motivation Influences Consumer Information Processing During Shopping
Authors: Büttner Oliver B. , Florack Arnd , Göritz Anja S.
Published: July 2013

This research examines the cognitive procedures that underlie experiential versus task‐focused shopping orientations. The authors propose that consumers with a task‐focused shopping orientation and consumers with an experiential shopping orientation apply different cognitive procedures during shopping. Studies 1, 2, and 3 show that consumers with a task‐focused shopping orientation are more likely to activate the cognitive procedures of an implemental mindset, whereas consumers with an experiential shopping orientation are more likely to activate the cognitive procedures of a deliberative mindset. Study 4 demonstrates a fit effect between activated cognitive procedures and shopping orientation. Activating a mindset that matches the shopping orientation increases the monetary value that consumers assign to a product. The studies extend previous research by linking shopping orientations to mindsets and by providing evidence for mindset fit. The findings suggest that marketers and retailers will benefit from addressing experiential and task‐focused shoppers via the mindsets that underlie their shopping orientation.
Shame‐Free Guilt Appeals: Testing the Emotional and Cognitive Effects of Shame and Guilt Appeals
Authors: Boudewyns Vanessa , Turner Monique M. , Paquin Ryan S.
Published: July 2013

Although many health communication researchers use the terms “shame” and “guilt” interchangeably, arguably these constructs are distinct and have widely divergent psychological consequences. The purpose of this study was to explore distinct cognitive and emotional outcomes resulting from shame relative to guilt appeals. Specifically, this paper provides empirical evidence that negative outcomes such as anger and perceived manipulative intent are more likely to be associated with shame than guilt. Using an experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to view either a shame or a guilt appeal about getting tested for STDs and completed an online questionnaire. Shame was correlated with both anger and perceived manipulative intent whereas guilt was not. Participants who viewed the shame appeal reported higher levels of shame, anger, and perceived manipulative intent. Tactics for creating shame‐free guilt appeals and future research are discussed.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Redox‐Responsive Polymers‐Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Their Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Sun Jiao‐Tong , Piao Ji‐Gang , Wang Long‐Hai , Javed Mohsin , Hong Chun‐Yan , Pan Cai‐Yuan
Published: July 2013

A versatile one‐pot strategy for the preparation of reversibly cross‐linked polymer‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) via surface reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is presented for the first time in this paper. The less reactive monomer oligo(ethylene glycol) acrylate (OEGA) and the more reactive cross‐linker N,N′‐cystaminebismethacrylamide (CBMA) are chosen to be copolymerized on the external surfaces of RAFT agent‐functionalized MSNs to form the cross‐linked polymer shells. Owing to the reversible cleavage and restoration of disulfide bonds via reduction/oxidation reactions, the polymer shells can control the on/off switching of the nanopores and regulate the drug loading and release. The redox‐responsive release of doxorubicin (DOX) from this drug carrier is realized. The protein adsorption, in vitro cytotoxicity assays, and endocytosis studies demonstrate that this biocompatible vehicle is a potential candidate for delivering drugs. It is expected that this versatile grafting strategy may help fabricate satisfying MSN‐based drug delivery systems for clinical application.

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Modulation of the Thermoresponsive Behavior of Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) via Cyclodextrin Host/Guest Interactions
Authors: Schmidt Bernhard V. K. J. , Hetzer Martin , Ritter Helmut , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: July 2013

The modulation of the cloud point of aqueous poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) solutions via the formation of supramolecular cyclodextrin complexes with hydrophobic end groups, namely adamantyl, tert‐butyl phenyl and azobenzene, synthesized via RAFT polymerization is described. The dependence of the apparent cloud points after cyclodextrin complexation is investigated with respect to the type and quantity of the guest end group, the polymer chain length and the cyclodextrin/end group ratio. Furthermore, the effect is reversed via the addition of guest molecules or via biocompatible enzymatic degradation of the cyclodextrins entire.

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Protein Remote Homology Detection by Combining Chou’s Pseudo Amino Acid Composition and Profile‐Based Protein Representation
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Xiaolong , Zou Quan , Dong Qiwen , Chen Qingcai
Published: July 2013

Protein remote homology detection is a key problem in bioinformatics. Currently the discriminative methods, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) can achieve the best performance. The most efficient approach to improve the performance of SVM‐based methods is to find a general protein representation method that is able to convert proteins with different lengths into fixed length vectors and captures the different properties of the proteins for the discrimination. The bottleneck of designing the protein representation method is that native proteins have different lengths. Motivated by the success of the pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC) proposed by Chou, we applied this approach for protein remote homology detection. Some new indices derived from the amino acid index (AAIndex) database are incorporated into the PseAAC to improve the generalization ability of this method. Finally, the performance is further improved by combining the modified PseAAC with profile‐based protein representation containing the evolutionary information extracted from the frequency profiles. Our experiments on a well‐known benchmark show this method achieves superior or comparable performance with current state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Soy fiber improves weight loss and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hu Xiaojie , Gao Jinlong , Zhang Qianyuan , Fu Yuanqing , Li Kelei , Zhu Shankuan , Li Duo
Published: July 2013

Scope

Studies have suggested that food rich in dietary fiber may facilitate body weight loss, lower total and LDL‐cholesterol levels, and reduce body fat. This study examined the effects of soy fiber (SF) on body weight, body composition, and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants.

Methods and results

Thirty‐nine overweight and obese college adults (19–39 years of age) were randomly assigned to consume control biscuits or biscuits supplemented with SF for their breakfast for 12 wk (approximately 100 g/day). There were significant differences in changes on body weight, BMI, and LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) between the two groups after 12‐wk intervention (p < 0.05). The changes of body weight, BMI, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL‐C, and glucose, body fat, and trunk fat of participants in SF group were observed significantly after 12 wk.

Conclusion

SF had favorable effects on body weight, BMI, and fasting LDL‐C levels in overweight and obese adults. These effects may be beneficial in antiobesity and the improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypertension (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number—NCT01802840).
Epigenetic control of cell fate in mouse blastocysts: The role of covalent histone modifications and chromatin remodeling
Authors: Paul Soumen , Knott Jason G.
Published: July 2013

The first cell‐fate decision in mammalian preimplantation embryos is the segregation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) cell lineages. The ICM develops into the embryo proper, whereas the TE ensures embryo implantation and is the source of the extra‐embryonic trophoblast cell lineages, which contribute to the functional components of the placenta. The development of a totipotent zygote into a multi‐lineage blastocyst is associated with the generation of distinct transcriptional programs. Several key transcription factors participate in the ICM and TE‐specific transcriptional networks, and recent studies indicate that post‐translational histone modifications as well as ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling complexes converge with these transcriptional networks to regulate ICM and TE lineage specification. This review will discuss our current understanding and future perspectives related to transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that are implicated in the initial mammalian lineage commitment steps, with a focus on events in mice. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 171–182, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo three‐dimensional molecular imaging with Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS) at high spatiotemporal resolution
Authors: Coman Daniel , de Graaf Robin A. , Rothman Douglas L. , Hyder Fahmeed
Published: July 2013

Spectroscopic signals which emanate from complexes between paramagnetic lanthanide (III) ions (e.g. Tm3+) and macrocyclic chelates (e.g. 1,4,7,10‐tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetate, or DOTMA4–) are sensitive to physiology (e.g. temperature). Because nonexchanging protons from these lanthanide‐based macrocyclic agents have relaxation times on the order of a few milliseconds, rapid data acquisition is possible with chemical shift imaging (CSI). Thus, Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS) which originate from nonexchanging protons of these paramagnetic agents, but exclude water proton detection, can allow molecular imaging. Previous two‐dimensional CSI experiments with such lanthanide‐based macrocyclics allowed acquisition from ~12‐μL voxels in rat brain within 5 min using rectangular encoding of k space. Because cubical encoding of k space in three dimensions for whole‐brain coverage increases the CSI acquisition time to several tens of minutes or more, a faster CSI technique is required for BIRDS to be of practical use. Here, we demonstrate a CSI acquisition method to improve three‐dimensional molecular imaging capabilities with lanthanide‐based macrocyclics. Using TmDOTMA–, we show datasets from a 20 × 20 × 20‐mm3 field of view with voxels of ~1 μL effective volume acquired within 5 min (at 11.7 T) for temperature mapping. By employing reduced spherical encoding with Gaussian weighting (RESEGAW) instead of cubical encoding of k space, a significant increase in CSI signal is obtained. In vitro and in vivo three‐dimensional CSI data with TmDOTMA–, and presumably similar lanthanide‐based macrocyclics, suggest that acquisition using RESEGAW can be used for high spatiotemporal resolution molecular mapping with BIRDS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycles: Interactions between ocean and sea ice intrinsic to the Nordic seas
Authors: Dokken Trond M. , Nisancioglu Kerim H. , Li Camille , Battisti David S. , Kissel Catherine
Published: July 2013

Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) cycles are the most dramatic, frequent, and wide‐reaching abrupt climate changes in the geologic record. On Greenland, D‐O cycles are characterized by an abrupt warming of 10 ± 5°C from a cold stadial to a warm interstadial phase, followed by gradual cooling before a rapid return to stadial conditions. The mechanisms responsible for these millennial cycles are not fully understood but are widely thought to involve abrupt changes in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation due to freshwater perturbations. Here we present a new, high‐resolution multiproxy marine sediment core monitoring changes in the warm Atlantic inflow to the Nordic seas as well as in local sea ice cover and influx of ice‐rafted debris. In contrast to previous studies, the freshwater input is found to be coincident with warm interstadials on Greenland and has a Fennoscandian rather than Laurentide source. Furthermore, the data suggest a different thermohaline structure for the Nordic seas during cold stadials in which relatively warm Atlantic water circulates beneath a fresh surface layer and the presence of sea ice is inferred from benthic oxygen isotopes. This implies a delicate balance between the warm subsurface Atlantic water and fresh surface layer, with the possibility of abrupt changes in sea ice cover, and suggests a novel mechanism for the abrupt D‐O events observed in Greenland ice cores.