bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is reproductive isolation?
Authors: Westram Anja M. , Stankowski Sean , Surendranadh Parvathy , Barton Nick
Published: September 2022

Reproductive isolation (RI) is a core concept in evolutionary biology. It has been the central focus of speciation research since the modern synthesis and is the basis by which biological species are defined. Despite this, the term is used in seemingly different ways, and attempts to quantify RI have used very different approaches. After showing that the field lacks a clear definition of the term, we attempt to clarify key issues, including what RI is, how it can be quantified in principle, and how it can be measured in practice. Following other definitions with a genetic focus, we propose that RI is a quantitative measure of the effect that genetic differences between populations have on gene flow. Specifically, RI compares the flow of neutral alleles in the presence of these genetic differences to the flow without any such differences. RI is thus greater than zero when genetic differences between populations reduce the flow of neutral alleles between populations. We show how RI can be quantified in a range of scenarios. A key conclusion is that RI depends strongly on circumstances—including the spatial, temporal and genomic context—making it difficult to compare across systems. After reviewing methods for estimating RI from data, we conclude that it is difficult to measure in practice. We discuss our findings in light of the goals of speciation research and encourage the use of methods for estimating RI that integrate organismal and genetic approaches.

Abstract

Reproductive isolation (RI) is a core concept in evolutionary biology and the basis by which biological species are defined. Despite this, the term is used in different ways and efforts to quantify RI from data have used vastly different approaches. In this paper, we attempt to clarify key issues about RI, including what it is, how it can be quantified in principle, and how it can be measured in practice.
Having a better home range does not reduce the cost of reproduction in Soay sheep
Authors: Regan Charlotte E. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Pilkington Jill G. , Smiseth Per T.
Published: September 2022

A cost of reproduction may not be observable in the presence of environmental or individual heterogeneity because they affect the resources available to individuals. Individual space use is critical in determining both the resources available to individuals and the exposure to factors that mediate the value of these resources (e.g. competition and parasitism). Despite this, there has, to our knowledge, been little research to understand how between‐individual differences in resource acquisition, caused by variation in space use, interact with environmental variation occurring at the population scale to influence estimates of the cost of reproduction in natural populations. We used long‐term data from the St. Kilda Soay sheep population to understand how differences in age, relative home range quality, and average adult body mass, interacted with annual variation in population density and winter North Atlantic Oscillation index to influence over‐winter survival and reproduction in the subsequent year, for females that had invested into reproduction to varying degrees. Our results suggest that Soay sheep females experience costs both in terms of future survival and future reproduction. However, we found little evidence that estimated costs of reproduction vary depending on relative home range quality. There are several possible causes for the lack of a relationship between relative home range quality and our estimate of the costs experienced by females. These include the potential for a correlation between relative home range quality and reproductive allocation to mask a relationship between home range quality and reproductive costs, as well as the potential for the benefit of higher quality home ranges being offset by higher densities. Nevertheless, our results raise questions regarding the presence or context‐dependence of relationships between resource access and the estimated cost of reproduction.
Detection rates of colorectal neoplasia during colonoscopies and their associated factors in the SCREESCO study
Authors: Sekiguchi Masau , Westerberg Marcus , Ekbom Anders , Hultcrantz Rolf , Forsberg Anna
Published: September 2022

Background and Aim

Colonoscopy quality, including lesion detectability, is variable, and factors influencing lesion detection are not fully understood. This study investigated lesion detection rates during colonoscopies and the associated factors in the SCREEning of Swedish COlons (SCREESCO) study.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional analysis of data from SCREESCO, a large‐scale randomized controlled trial of colorectal cancer screening in the Swedish population aged 60 years, we assessed data of first‐time colonoscopies performed in both colonoscopy and fecal immunochemical test (FIT) arms.

Results

This study included 16 552 individuals. The adenoma detection rate was 23.9% and 37.8% in colonoscopy and FIT arms, respectively. Regarding colonoscopy procedures, a withdrawal time ≥ 6 min was associated with higher detection rates of advanced adenomas (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.474, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.295–4.723), adenomas (2.181, 1.515–3.140), and proximal serrated lesions (pSLs) (1.713, 1.007–2.915). Antispasmodic use was associated with higher detection rates of these lesions and sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) (AOR, 95% CI: 1.523, 1.295–1.791; 1.361, 1.217–1.522; 1.450, 1.247–1.687; and 1.810, 1.512–2.167, respectively). Insertion time > 20 min was related to lower detection rates of adenomas, pSLs, and SSLs (AOR, 95% CI: 0.753, 0.639–0.887; 0.640, 0.495–0.828; and 0.704, 0.518–0.955, respectively). The relationship between a recent period and higher detection rates of pSLs and SSLs was also demonstrated.

Conclusion

Lesion detectability in SCREESCO was mostly acceptable with room for improvement. In addition to sufficient withdrawal time, antispasmodic use and acquiring skills enabling short insertion time may improve lesion detection.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02078804.
Expanding the role of interdisciplinary teams in the emergency department: Using a consultative model to serve older adults who are abused
Authors: Mosqueda Laura A.
Published: September 2022

This Editorial comments on the article by Rosen et al. in this issue.
Acne and its post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation treatment by applying anti‐acne dissolving microneedle patches
Authors: Tai Meiling , Zhang Chenggong , Ma Yonghao , Yang Jian , Mai Zhuoxian , Li Chengguo , Leng Gang
Published: September 2022

Objective

Acne is a significant problem in young people. At present, most acne treatment products are topically applied cosmetics, whose efficacy is limited by the stratum corneum. The dissolving microneedle technique can effectively deliver drug molecules into the body. In this study, dissolving microneedles containing anti‐acne ingredients were tested for human efficacy and safety.

Methods

We conducted a 28‐day clinical efficacy and safety trial on 30 individuals with visible facial acne. During the trial, anti‐acne microneedle (AA‐DMN) patches were applied to designated skin areas once daily for 28 consecutive days. Skin pigmentation was measured using a Courage + Khazaka skin melanin and hemoglobin test probe Mexameter MX18. Acne volume was measured using a Canfieldsci skin rapid optical imaging system PRIMOS. In addition, skin irritation was evaluated via self‐report and dermatologist's examination.

Results

The AA‐DMN patches showed good efficacy including improvement of skin pigmentation and reduced acne volume. Acne volume was reduced by 12.34% after 3 days of patch use and further reduced by 10.01% after 7 continuous days of use. After 28 days of treatment, skin melanin decreased by 5.88% and heme decreased by 7.83%. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the participants.

Conclusions

Anti‐acne microneedle patches showed an excellent effect in reducing acne and post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), without adverse skin reactions. The novel AA‐DMN patch is a safe and effective anti‐acne treatment.
Targeting SDF‐1 as an efficient strategy to resolve skin hyperpigmentation issues with Himanthalia elongata extract
Authors: Meunier Marie , Bracq Marine , Chapuis Emilie , Lapierre Laura , Humeau Anne , Bernard Sylvie , Lambert Carole , Paulus Chantal , Auriol Pascale , Lemagnen Perrine , Sandré Jérôme , Auriol Daniel , Scandolera Amandine , Reynaud Romain
Published: September 2022

Background

During aging, human skin is facing hyperpigmentation disorders: senile lentigo (chronobiologic aging) leads to loss of melanogenesis' control while solar lentigo (UV exposure) promotes an increase of oxidized proteins, melanogenesis, and lipofuscin.

Aims

Stromal‐cell‐derived‐factor‐1 (SDF‐1) was identified as key regulator of hyperpigmentation and its expression is reduced in senescent fibroblasts, highlighting this protein as new target for skin hyperpigmentation.

Materials

We developed two skin explant models mimicking of senile and solar lentigo, based on H2O2 systemic treatment and UV irradiation, respectively. We evaluated Himanthalia elongata extract (HEX) on these models after 5 days of treatment and analyzed SDF‐1 expression and skin pigmentation. For solar lentigo, we also analyzed oxidized proteins and lipofuscin accumulation. Finally, we evaluated HEX in vivo on nearly 100 multi ethnicities' volunteers.

Results

SDF‐1 expression decreased in senile lentigo model, associated with hyperpigmentation. HEX application restored SDF‐1 expression, leading to skin pigmentation decrease. For solar lentigo, we showed an impact of UVs on SDF‐1 expression linked to hyperpigmentation, while the application of HEX restored SDF‐1 expression and reduced skin pigmentation. On same model, HEX reduced oxidized proteins quantity and lipofuscin which increased after UV exposure. Clinically, HEX reduced dark spot pigmentation on Caucasian volunteers' hands and on Asian and African volunteers' face after 28 days.

Discussion

We have developed ex vivo models mimetic of senile and solar lentigo and showed for a very first time that SDF‐1 can be also a key regulator for UV‐induced hyperpigmentation.

Conclusion

Our ex vivo and clinical studies highlighted the power of HEX with strong reduction of dark spots regardless of volunteers' ethnicities.
Interleukin‐18 serum level before and after intralesional immunotherapy with tuberculin purified protein derivative in patients with cutaneous and genital warts
Authors: Korsa Hadeer Hazem Abo , Nashaat Hebat‐Allah Hassan , Halim Halim Maher , Atwa Mona A. , Mahmoud Marie Radwa El‐Sayed
Published: September 2022

Background

Several studies demonstrated the efficacy of intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) immunotherapy in warts eradication. Nevertheless, the precise induced immune mechanisms are undetermined. Injected PPD is hypothesized to induce a delayed hypersensitivity reaction associated with cytokines release. Interleukin (IL)‐18 has a major role in defense against viral infection via inducing interferon‐γ release from T‐helper 1 and natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, IL‐18 triggers Fas ligand expression on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells enhancing their cytotoxicity against virally infected cells.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the role of IL‐18 in the response to intralesional PPD injection in patients with warts.

Methods

The study included 25 patients with warts and 25 HCs. Patients underwent PPD skin test, and only patients with positive tests were included and received intralesional PPD injections starting 72 h after the test then every 2 weeks until wart clearance or a maximum of 3 sessions. Serum IL‐18 level was measured via enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay in patients (pre‐treatment and 2 weeks after the last injection) and HCs.

Results

After 3 sessions of injection, six (24%) patients were designated responders, nine (36%) patients showed partial response, and 10 (40%) patients were designated non‐responders. Serum IL‐18 level, post‐treatment, was significantly higher than pre‐treatment level (p = 0.025) and level in HCs (p = 0.036). Furthermore, the post‐treatment level was significantly higher in responders than non‐responders (p = 0.025).

Conclusion

IL‐18 is probably implicated in the immune mechanisms induced by PPD injection that cause eradication of warts.
‘Never once was I thinking the c‐word’: Parent perspectives on the facilitators and barriers to getting a childhood cancer diagnosis
Authors: Christensen Vivian , Parker Kellee , Chan Lai Hin Kimi , Saxton Lauren , Cottrell Erika
Published: September 2022

Aims and Objectives

To describe the facilitators and barriers of getting from ‘something's not right’ to a childhood cancer diagnosis from the perspective of parents living in the United States of America.

Background

It is common for families to experience long trajectories from when they first notice symptoms to receiving a childhood cancer diagnosis. Understanding this trajectory within the social and cultural contexts of the United States healthcare system is the first step in developing strategies for reducing this timeframe and mitigating some of the psychosocial impact for parents in receiving a childhood cancer diagnosis. This study examines the interpretations and meanings parents attributed to their child's symptoms, their decisions regarding seeking medical care, interactions with healthcare providers and the time course of events.

Design

An inductive qualitative inquiry.

Methods

In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 55 participants representing 39 unique cases of childhood cancer were conducted. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. COREQ guidelines were followed.

Results

Participants described multiple barriers and facilitators in their path to receiving a childhood cancer diagnosis. Facilitators included noticing something ‘wasn't right’ and physician in agreement that symptoms were unusual; acute symptoms requiring action; advocating for a diagnosis; and obtaining a second opinion. Barriers included parents having to interpret symptoms in the context of daily life; physician dismissiveness even when symptoms persisted; and not feeling they could question their physician's assessment.

Conclusion

Families experience multiple facilitators and barriers in their trajectory to receiving a childhood cancer diagnosis.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Understanding the path to diagnosis from the parent perspective may increase opportunities for shared decision‐making. Clinician educational modules that include family perspectives may improve patient/parent–provider relationships.

Participant Contribution

Participants described their family's cancer journey through narrative storytelling. Participants had the opportunity to review and make edits to their transcript.
Self‐reported sleep bruxism in 1990 and 2011 in a nationwide twin cohort: Evidence of trait persistence and genetic liability
Authors: Ahlberg Jari , Lobbezoo Frank , Hublin Christer , Piirtola Maarit , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: September 2022

Background

Due to different assessment modes employed, a clear picture of the prevalence of sleep bruxism across time cannot be formed. Moreover, studies on the persistent or fluctuating nature of sleep bruxism have yielded divergent and even contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a nationwide twin cohort whether self‐reported sleep bruxism was correlated longitudinally, pairwise and cross‐twin over a 20‐year period.

Objectives

Self‐reported bruxism was assessed in 1990 and 2011 by mailed questionnaires in the Finnish Twin Cohort study of same‐sex twins born 1945–1957.

Methods

We assessed the phenotypic stability over time for all participating individuals (n = 4992). Among zygosity verified pairs (n = 516 MZ and n = 837 DZ), we estimated the cross‐sectional zygosity correlations and the zygosity‐specific cross‐twin cross‐time correlations.

Results

Reported bruxism appeared rather persistent over time without significant difference regarding zygosity. The overall phenotypic longitudinal correlation was 0.540 and somewhat higher in men (0.596) than in women (0.507). Pairwise trait correlations in 1990 and 2011 were higher in MZ than in DZ pairs. The cross‐twin cross‐time correlations were higher in MZ twins than in DZ twins, but less than the cross‐sectional MZ and DZ pairwise correlations.

Conclusions

The higher correlation of reported sleep bruxism in the cross‐twin cross‐time analyses in MZ than in DZ pairs implies a genetic background for bruxism persistence. Also, bruxism over time in individual twins appears to be fairly persistent and somewhat higher in men than women.
Gender difference in ratings of odor intensity during olfactory training
Authors: Chao Yun‐Ting , Woosch Dorothea , Pieniak Michal , Hummel Thomas
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to elucidate the role of smell diaries in Olfactory training (OT) and probe gender differences in intensity ratings and measured olfactory function throughout the OT course. Fifty olfactory loss patients (36 women and 14 men) undergoing OT rated odor intensities on a daily basis for at least 12 weeks. They exhibited significant improvement in measured olfactory function after OT; gender had no significant effect. As for the diaries, women rated odors with higher intensities than men, and ratings from women increased with time while men rated odors at the same level. Across all patients, there was a weak positive correlation between ratings and psychophysical test scores (r = 0.30, p = .04). Throughout the OT course, the increase in odor intensity ratings was more pronounced in women than it was in men (F[1, 44] = 7.9, p = .007). However, this gender‐related difference was not found for measured olfactory function, suggesting pronounced gender‐differentiated behaviors in terms of self‐ratings of olfactory function.

Practical Applications

OT is often used for the rehabilitation of olfactory loss, and a smell diary is suggested to document the perceived odor intensity. The patients can benefit from this rating procedure by surveying the olfactory change, predicting their OT outcomes, and motivating them to maintain training. Our study provides evidence that each gender rates odor intensity in different ways; therefore, the rating scores should be interpreted correspondingly. It also implied that women among well‐trained sensory panelists (e.g., for food quality control) could rate the intensity of stimuli higher than men in the same panel. The rating bias arising from gender should be taken into consideration when it comes to professional sensory evaluation.
Congenital portopulmonary shunt in a cat
Authors: Terai K. , Ishigaki K. , Sakamoto Y. , Sakurai N. , Heishima T. , Yoshida O. , Sakai M. , Asano K.
Published: September 2022

A 9‐year‐old spayed female crossbreed cat with chief complaints of anorexia and hypersalivation had high serum concentrations of ammonia and fasting and postprandial total bile acid. Therefore, she was referred to our hospital. On the first evaluation, haematology, serum chemistry, radiography and ultrasonography findings suggested that she had a congenital portosystemic shunt. CT revealed a shunt vessel from the left gastric vein to the left pulmonary vein. During median celiotomy and sternotomy, gross findings and mesenteric portography revealed abnormal vessel shunting from the left gastric vein to the left pulmonary vein. Complete ligation of the shunt vessel was achieved. She recovered without any complications. Postoperative serum chemistry revealed that ammonia and total bile acid levels decreased to within the reference intervals. This report is the first to describe the clinical features and surgical outcome of a cat with a congenital portopulmonary shunt.
In search of a cut‐off apnea–hypopnea index in type 3 home portable monitors to diagnose and treat obstructive sleep apnea: a mathematical simulation
Authors: Buyse Bertien , Borzée Pascal , Kalkanis Alexandros , Testelmans Dries
Published: September 2022

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) uses similar apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) cut‐off values to diagnose and define severity of sleep apnea independent of the technique used: in‐hospital polysomnography (PSG) or type 3 portable monitoring (PM). Taking into account that PM theoretically might underestimate the AHI, we explored whether a lower cut‐off would be more appropriate. We performed mathematical re‐calculations on the diagnostic PSG‐AHI (scored using AASM 1999 rules) of 865 consecutive patients with an AHI of ≥20 events/h who started continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). For a PSG‐AHI of ≥15 events/h re‐scored using AASM 2012 rules (PSG‐AHIAASM2012), a PM‐respiratory event index (REI)AASM2012 cut‐off point of ≥15 events/h resulted in a post‐test probability of 100% of having the disease, but with negative tests in 57.1%. A PM‐REIAASM2012 cut‐off of 8 events/h, still resulted in a positive post‐test probability of 100% but with negative tests in only 34.3%. Combination of the cut‐off values with clinical estimation of being ‘at high risk’ based on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Berlin Questionnaire scores only resulted in a small reduction in the percentage of negative tests (respectively 52.7% and 32.7%). After 6 months, CPAP adherence was not lower using the PM‐REIAASM 2012 cut‐off ≥8 events/h in comparison to ≥15 events/h (median 5.7 vs. 5.8 h/night, p = 0.368) and the reduction in ESS was similar too (median –4 and –5 points, p = 0.083). Consequently, using a lower PM‐REIAASM2012 cut‐off could result in cost savings because of less negative studies and lesser need for a confirmatory PSG or a performance of a CPAP trial.
Hepatitis C active viremia over time in an ED‐based testing programme: Impact, disparities and surveillance tool
Authors: Reynolds Lindy , Franco Ricardo , Prados Myles , Rodgers Joel B. , Hand Delissa T. , Walter Lauren A.
Published: September 2022

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) surveillance is a critical component of a comprehensive strategy to prevent and control HCV infection and HCV‐related chronic liver disease. The emergency department (ED) has been increasingly recognized as a vital partner in HCV testing and linkage. We sought to consider active RNA HCV viremia over time in patients participating in an ED‐based testing programme as a measure of local HCV surveillance and as a barometer of ED‐testing programme impact. We performed a retrospective analysis of individuals participating in our ED‐based HCV testing programme between 2015 and 2021. Chi‐square tests were used to compare the demographic characteristics of HCV antibody positive tests with active viremia to those without active viremia. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the trend in active viremia risk over time in the overall study population as well as in key subpopulations of interest. Of 5456 HCV antibody positive individuals, 3102 (56.8%) had active viremia. In the overall study population, we found that the risk of active viremia decreased by 4.8% per year during the study period (RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.97|p < .0001). Baby boomers experienced a 9% decrease in active viremia risk per year over the study period while non‐baby boomers only had a 2% decrease in risk per year (p = .0009). Compared with insured patients, uninsured patients had a smaller decrease in risk of active HCV viremia per year (p = .003). No significant differences in the risk of active viremia over time were observed for gender (p = .4694) or by primary care provider status (p = .2208). In conclusion, this ED‐based testing and linkage programme demonstrates significantly decreased active HCV viremia over time. It also highlights subpopulations, specifically non‐baby boomers and uninsured patients, who may benefit from focused interventions to improve access to and adoption of definitive HCV care.
Predicting early‐age stress evolution in restrained concrete by thermo‐chemo‐mechanical model and active ensemble learning
Authors: Liang Minfei , Chang Ze , He Shan , Chen Yu , Gan Yidong , Schlangen Erik , Šavija Branko
Published: September 2022

Early‐age stress (EAS) is an important index for evaluating the early‐age cracking risk of concrete. This paper encompasses a thermo‐chemo‐mechanical (TCM) model and active ensemble learning (AEL) for predicting the EAS evolution. The TCM model provides the data for the AEL model. First, based on Fourier's law, Arrhenius’ equation, and rate‐type creep law, a TCM model is built to simulate the heat transfer, cement hydration, and viscoelasticity, which together determine the EAS evolution. Then, a material model composed of an eXtreme Gradient Boosting model and adjusted Model Code 2010 is built to allow for parametric study and database construction. Finally, an AEL framework is built, which incorporates principal component analysis (PCA), Gaussian process, and light gradient boosting machine (LGBM). This study resulted in the following findings: (1) The dimensionality of the 672‐by‐1 EAS vector can be effectively reduced by PCA, and the first principal component (PC) is a global index representing the magnitude of the EAS; (2) the mechanical field of the TCM model is validated by testing data. Correlation analysis on the first PC quantifies the influence of various input parameters of the TCM model, which is in accordance with common understandings of the EAS evolution process. (3) The AEL and one‐shot ensemble learning (OSEL) both achieve high prediction performance in the testing set, whose R2 reaches 0.961 and 0.948, respectively. Thanks to the uncertainty‐based query procedure, comparing with OSEL, AEL shows advantages in prediction performance over the whole training history. (4) AEL can significantly reduce the number of samples required for training, which can be a major improvement in efficiency considering the computational cost of the TCM model.
Community resilience assessment via agent‐based modeling approach
Authors: Aghababaei Mohammad , Koliou Maria
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a comprehensive community‐level model is developed advancing the use of agent‐based modeling for the purpose of community resilience planning. Agents to simulate businesses, healthcare system, and people are introduced, which are utilized along with a set of developed agents for the education system, utilities, and households to create an agent‐based model of the Centerville testbed subjected to tornado hazards. Resilience measures are also introduced to quantify the resilience of the community and its systems and make it possible to assess various strategies related to pre‐disaster preparedness for informed decision‐making. The results show the capability of the proposed computational model to capture the complex behaviors and dynamics of interdependent systems within a community and to evaluate the impact of disruptions on the community as well as a series of resilience measures (mitigation strategies) for the purposes of community planning. Therefore, the proposed model and its findings could provide a new tool for interested community stakeholders and decision‐makers assessing mitigation strategies to enhance the recovery time and resilience of the community.
Systematic review of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis: The contribution of neuroimaging
Authors: de Oliveira Vítor Falcão , Magri Marcello Mihailenko Chaves , Levin Anna S. , Silva Guilherme Diogo
Published: September 2022

Background

Advanced neuroimaging demonstrated that neurological involvement occurs in up to 30% of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) cases. Current knowledge of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) is based on a 2009 systematic review. However, in the last decade, several new cases have been published, with modern neuroimaging techniques.

Objectives

We believe a new systematic review is needed to summarise these advances.

Methods

We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and LILACS for studies from January 2010 to May 2022. Case series and case reports of NPCM were included. We performed a metaproportion to estimate a summary proportion with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Thirty‐four studies including 104 patients were evaluated. We combined our data with the results from the previous review that included 257 cases, totalling 361 patients. We found no new important demographic, clinical or laboratory characteristics. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that 72% (95%CI: 38–91) had hyperintensity on T1‐weighted image; 84% (95%CI: 71%–92%) had hypointensity on T2‐weighted image; 80% (95%CI: 66–89) had contrast enhancement with the classical ring‐enhancing pattern. All 8 patients undergoing spectroscopy presented lipid peaks. We found a 16% mortality, lower than in the previous review (44%).

Conclusion

NPCM presents a characteristic pattern on MRI that may help to differentiate it from other causes of single or multiple brain lesions. Albeit there is a frequent pattern, it is not specific, as other granulomatous diseases may show similar findings. Advances in neuroimaging with early diagnosis and appropriate management of the disease may have contributed to reducing its mortality.
Sugar‐sweetened beverages and periodontal disease: A systematic review
Authors: Gupta Vandana , Dawar Anika , Bhadauria Upendra Singh , Purohit Bharathi M. , Nilima Nilima
Published: September 2022

This systematic review aims to determine the association between the consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) and periodontal disease. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines were followed to conduct a literature search on five electronic databases till January 2022. Systemically healthy individuals consuming SSBs and presenting periodontal disease (gingivitis/periodontitis) were included. The modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation criteria were respectively used to assess the risk of bias and the evidence's quality. Of the 1303 eligible records identified in the initial search, ten studies (nine cross‐sectional and one case–control) were selected for the final review. Among the included articles, five reported SSBs intake in the form of carbonated soft drinks, two as sugary drinks, two as soft drinks, and one as coffee with added sugar. Four studies reported gingivitis as an outcome, while the remaining six studies reported periodontitis using validated indices. The included studies were of medium to high quality. Consumption of SSBs may increase gingival bleeding, thereby gingivitis and the risk of periodontitis. Intake of added sugars like SSBs should be considered as a potential factor during gingival/periodontal risk assessment. Further studies are warranted to establish additional evidence of association.
Use of combined cerebral and somatic renal near infrared spectroscopy during noncardiac surgery in children: a proposed algorithm
Authors: Franzini Stefania , Brebion Myriam , Crowe Ann‐Marie , Querciagrossa Stefania , Ren Melissa , Leva Ernesto , Orliaguet Gilles
Published: September 2022

Cerebral near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring has been extensively applied in neonatology and in cardiac surgery, becoming a standard in many pediatric cardiac centers. However, compensatory physiological mechanisms favor cerebral perfusion to the detriment of peripheral tissue oxygenation. Therefore, simultaneous measurement of cerebral and somatic oxygen saturation has been advocated to ease the differential diagnosis between central and peripheral sources of hypoperfusion, which may go undetected by standard monitoring and not mirrored by cerebral NIRS alone. A clinical algorithm already exists in cardiac surgery, aimed to correct intraoperative cerebral oxygen desaturations. A similar algorithm still lacks in noncardiac pediatric surgery. The goal of this paper is to propose a clinical algorithm for the combined use of cerebral and somatic NIRS monitoring during anesthesia in the pediatric population undergoing noncardiac surgery. A panel of experienced pediatric anesthetists developed the algorithm that is based on the clinical experience and intraoperative observations. It aims to lessen the current variability in interpreting NIRS measurement. Multisite NIRS monitoring was achieved applying one pediatric sensor to the forehead for cerebral tissue perfusion reading and a second one to the decumbent lumbar region for recording somatic renal tissue perfusion. The algorithm describes a sequence of acts aimed to identify the putative cause of intraoperative organ tissue desaturation and suggests clinical interventions expected to restore adequate tissue perfusion. It is composed of two arms: the main arm includes patients with an observed decrease in cerebral perfusion (CrO2), the second one includes those with a stable CrSO2 with declining RrSO2. Described also are five clinical cases of infants and neonates in whom pathological alterations of organ perfusion were detected using intraoperative multisite NIRS monitoring, portrayed in the accompanying figures (Annex).
Vitiligo‐like manifestations of graft‐versus‐host disease in a pediatric population
Authors: Dai Julia , Hight Robert S. , Grullon Karina , Xiao Teresa L. , Stein Sarah L.
Published: September 2022

Vitiligo‐like changes are an uncommon cutaneous manifestation of graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). We report three cases and review the literature of pediatric patients with vitiligo‐like changes associated with GVHD. Improved characterization of this phenomenon may lend insight into the biologic pathways that underlie both vitiligo and GVHD.
‘Self‐confidence and Self‐Conceit Render Men Fools’: Seventeenth‐Century ‘Self‐’ Compounds, Puritan Discourse and Early Modern Subjectivity☆
Authors: Keeble N. H.
Published: September 2022

The unprecedented enlargement of the English lexicon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries included a conspicuous group of new compounds with ‘self’ as the first element. After only a handful of such compounds in Middle English, nearly 150 were coined in the sixteenth century, and then an astonishing 600 or so in the seventeenth (approaching half of all such compounds recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary). This sudden obsession with one compounded element is unparalleled in English lexical history. It signals a very significant conceptual and ideological shift, one which we might expect to herald modernity's positive emphasis on subjectivity and individuality. However, these compounds came into being to express not the potentiality and value of individual experience but deep anxiety and wariness about ‐ even loathing and castigation of ‐ the self as the primary tool of Satan: Adam and Eve fell though becoming ‘selfists’. This paper explores this disquiet through discussion of a range of such compounds recorded in OED from Puritan texts, to conclude that they articulated not a growing confidence in the self and encouragement to self‐reliance and self‐realisation, but a drive towards self‐abnegation and subjection.
A hierarchical spatial unit partitioning approach for fine‐grained urban functional region identification
Authors: Jing Changfeng , Zhang Hongyang , Xu Shishuo , Wang Mingshu , Zhuo Feifei , Liu Sirui
Published: September 2022

Urban functional regions (UFRs) are formed and developed with human social actions and can reflect urban land use types. Appropriately identifying UFRs helps solve existing urban problems, optimize the spatial structure of cities, and provide a database for sustainable urban development. Most existing studies focus on developing novel methods and fusing multiple data sources, but neglect the impact of heterogeneous spatial units on UFR identification results. In this work, a hierarchical spatial unit partition approach was proposed to split the research area into many hierarchical units whilst considering the mixed degree of each unit. We further explored its capacity for identifying UFRs by integrating it with three widely used UFR identification methods. The results reveal that our proposed approach can correctly identify 10% more UFRs compared with the traditional grid‐based method, showing the efficiency of our proposed approach for identifying UFRs at a finer scale. This work provides support for those who are engaged in urban planning and urban policymaking, promoting urban sustainable development.
Point‐of‐interest detection from Weibo data for map updating
Authors: Yang Xue , Gao Jie , Zheng Xiaoyun , Fang Mengyuan , Tang Luliang , Zhang Xia
Published: September 2022

Points‐of‐interest (POIs) geographic information system data are increasingly important for supporting map generation and navigation services, although updating their semantic and location information still largely depends on manual labor. In this study, we propose a novel method to automatically detect the changes in POIs from Chinese text and check‐in position data provided by the Chinese social media platform, Weibo. The proposed method includes three steps: (1) POI name recognition; (2) location confirmation; (3) and change detection. First, we propose recognizing a POI's name from Weibo text using the improved conditional random field algorithm. Then, we detect the location of each named POI by integrating the text address with the check‐in position. The changes in the detected POIs are recognized by extracting the status words from Weibo text and a three‐level status word database. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we examine Wuhan as a case and detect the changes in the commercial POI using real‐world Weibo data collected from January to September 2020. Based on the validation of three common map platforms, the data provided and the manual field investigation of 55 random samples, the identification accuracies for newly added POIs, the unchanged POIs, and expired POIs are approximately 100, 95.8, and 91.7%, respectively.
An improved optimization model for crowd evacuation considering individual exit choice preference
Authors: Gao Fei , Du Zhiqiang , Werner Martin , Zhao Yuhui
Published: September 2022

Guidance‐assisted crowd evacuation is a process of combining individual exit choice behavior with managers' exit assignment control. The knowledge of individual exit choice preference is of great significance for optimizing global exit assignment planning. This study proposes an improved optimization model for crowd evacuation by integrating the individual‐level exit choice preference analysis with system‐level exit assignment optimization to represent more realistic crowd evacuation decisions. First, the impact factors of individual exit choice behavior are considered in a mixed logit model to predict the probability of each individual choosing each exit in specific situations. Second, a preference‐based exit filtering strategy is designed to analyze the sensible alternative exits for individuals or groups in multi‐scale evacuation cells. Finally, to pursue optimal exit assignment planning, a multi‐objective particle swarm optimization algorithm and an improved social force model are adopted to simulate the process of crowd evacuation and evaluate the performance of the specific exit assignment plans. The case study of an outdoor multiple‐exit scenario in Xi'an, China, indicates that the proposed model can help managers to understand the heterogeneity of individual evacuation behaviors. Furthermore, it will support more reliable and realistic evacuation decisions in real‐life situations than conventional plans that typically implement the top‐n strategy.
Why We Swab: A library of stories in stem cell donation
Authors: Jagelaviciute Gabriele , Kum Elena , Li Edward W. , Rosenfeld Aaron , Williams Kenneth , Kandel Rana , DeGurse Natalie , Park Brady , Okonofua Sylvia , Sano Lauren , Gerofsky Moriah , Sharp Alexander , Hatkar Rupal , Thyagu Santhosh , Fingrut Warren B.
Published: September 2022

Background

Stories are powerful in their ability to disseminate information in a meaningful way. We hypothesized that a stem cell donation story library optimized for social media could support the education and recruitment of committed unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors from needed demographic groups.

Study Design and Methods

We developed Why We Swab, a library of stories on stem cell donation (facebook.com/WhyWeSwab; instagram.com/WhyWeSwab; twitter.com/WhyWeSwab), and evaluated its impact across social and traditional media as well as on eligible potential donors' knowledge and attitudes towards donation.

Results

As of December 2021, the library included 28 story arcs featuring 45 storytellers from diverse ancestral backgrounds, including 8 donor‐recipient stories. Overall, the stories reached >92,000 people across social media. Notably, stories were republished by 18 print/ broadcast media outlets in Canada and by major medical organizations. A series of stories shown to 33 eligible potential donors improved mean total scores on a donation knowledge test (64% to 85%, p < 0.001), reduced mean ambivalence scale scores (3.85 to 2.70, p < 0.001), and improved participants' willingness to register as donors (45% to 73%, p < 0.005). Data are also shown demonstrating that stakeholders valued the library and that its deployment was associated with improved donor recruitment outcomes in Canada.

Conclusion

Why We Swab is accessible and relevant to a wide audience, including stem cell donor registries and recruitment organizations seeking to improve their recruitment efforts as well as to blood and organ & tissue donation organizations who can adapt the Why We Swab model to their audiences.
Efficacy of a spot‐on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin against naturally acquired Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in 10 pet rabbits: Retrospective case series
Authors: d'Ovidio Dario , Santoro Domenico
Published: September 2022

Background

Current treatments for sarcoptic mange in rabbits mainly include administration of avermectines every 10–30 days. Recently, a single oral dose of fluralaner has been shown to be effective to treat sarcoptic mange in 12 pet rabbits over a three‐month period.

Objectives

To retrospectively assess the efficacy of a spot‐on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto Plus) for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits.

Animals

Ten client‐owned rabbits diagnosed with sarcoptic mange.

Materials and Methods

An application of fluralaner plus moxidectin at an average dose of 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was administered topically once. Parasitological and dermatological examination was carried out weekly for one month and monthly for three months.

Results

The median age at diagnosis was 15 (range 3–48) months. Based on the age of onset, there were three juvenile (<6‐month‐old) and seven adult‐onset cases. Of those, four were generalized (head, feet and/or genital area) and six were localized form (head only). The combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions within 21 days. Recurrence was not observed 90 days post‐treatment. Relapse was not observed in one case followed up for a further four months and two rabbits followed up for a further six months. The other pets were lost to follow‐up.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

These results indicated that a single dose of a formulation containing fluralaner plus moxidectin, at 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was effective for the treatment of naturally occurring sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
Outcomes and complications reported from a multiuser canine hip replacement registry over a 10‐year period
Authors: Allaith Sumaya , Tucker Lydia J. , Innes John F. , Arthurs Gareth , Vezzoni Aldo , Morrison Shane , Onyett Jeremy , Stork Christoph K. , Witte Philip , Denny Hamish , Pettitt Rob , Moores Andy P. , Maddox Thomas , Comerford Eithne J.
Published: September 2022

Objective

To report outcomes and complications associated with total hip replacements (THR) using a multiuser canine hip registry (CHR) and owner‐administered questionnaire.

Study design

Prospective longitudinal clinical study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 1852).

Methods

Total hip replacement cases submitted to a CHR were reviewed. An online questionnaire including an adapted “Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs” (LOAD) score was e‐mailed to owners. Data were analyzed to determine associations between clinical variables and the agreement by veterinary surgeons and owners for complications.

Results

A group of 1329 (72%) dogs had unilateral THRs and another group of 523 (28%) dogs had bilateral THRs, resulting in 2375 THRs. Indications included hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis (n = 2028/2375, 85%). Implants were manufactured by Kyon (n = 1087, 46%), BioMedtrix CFX (n = 514, 22%), BioMedtrix hybrid (n = 264, 11%), BioMedtrix BFX (n = 221, 9%), and Helica (n = 107, 4.5%). Median veterinary surgeon and owner follow up were 1328 and 900 days respectively. Postoperative LOAD scores (21 ± 9) reported by 461 owners improved compared to preoperative scores (11 ± 9) (P < .001). Veterinary surgeons reported complications in 201/2375 (8.5%) THRs and owners in 107/461 (23%) THRs, with moderate agreement (weighted kappa = 0.44). No associations were identified between complications and weight, age, sex, or breed. BioMedtrix BFX and Helica implants were associated with increased complications (P = .031) when used for revisions of femoral head and neck excisions.

Conclusion

Excellent outcomes, including improved canine mobility, were reported after THRs. Complications were underreported by veterinary surgeons compared to owners in this first multiuser CHR.

Clinical significance

Canine THRs are safe, effective procedures but THR implants should be carefully selected when revising femoral head and neck excisions.
Identification of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) ecotypes and the effect of environmental factors on tuber sprouting in China
Authors: Du Long , Gao Xingxiang , Qu Chunjuan , Bai Shuang , Shi Chengren , Jiang Xiaojing , Li Xiao , Ju Qian , Qu Mingjing
Published: September 2022

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a widely distributed weed. To evaluate the effect of environmental factors on tuber sprouting in different ecotypes, an inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR)‐based genetic analysis approach was used to assess the genetic relatedness among 24 purple nutsedge populations collected in China. Twenty‐one ISSR primers were selected to generate 167 scorable bands. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 97%, indicating a high level of genetic diversity, and the cluster results largely coincided with the geographical locations. Three ecotypes, HN‐1, HB‐1 and SD‐1 (collected from Hai'nan Island, central China and northern China, respectively), with large genetic and geographic distances from each other, were selected to assess variation in the purple nutsedge sprouting trait. Compared with the other ecotypes, ecotype SD‐1 showed the highest sprouting capacity at constant 15°C and at 10/20°C, and the shortest time to reach 80% sprouting (t80) at constant 20°C and at 15/25 and 20/30°C. The sprouting percentage was very high (95%–98.8%) and without significant differences between the three ecotypes over a pH range between 5 and 9. The osmotic potentials that caused 50% inhibition of the maximum sprouting percentages of HN‐1, HB‐1 and SD‐1 were −0.37, −0.43 and −0.44 MPa respectively. Ecotype SD‐1 appeared to maintain a slightly higher sprouting percentage under osmotic stress, but the difference was not significant. These findings suggest that the higher tolerance to lower temperatures and drought of ecotype SD‐1 might be an adaptation to lower winter temperature and drier climatic conditions in North China. Abundant genetic diversity may be a potential factor that endows purple nutsedge with strong environmental adaptability.