bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mesencephalic Arteriolar and Neuronal Metabolic Profiles from Fresh and in vitro Incubated Tissue Sections in the Mouse: A Histochemical Approach
Authors: Cannon Samuel , Kapes Evelyn D. , Trulson Michael E.
Published: July 2008

Neuronal perikarya and arterioles of slices of mouse midbrain were examined histochemically to determine their metabolic profiles. No differences in reactivities of key metabolic enzymes were observed between fresh 400-µm tissue sections and sections undergoing in vitro incubation for 4 h at 35 °C. Both neurons and arterioles appear capable of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, while fatty acid utilization is limited. An operative hexose-monophosphate shunt occurs in midbrain neurons and arterioles.These data strongly suggest that electrophysiological and neurochemical studies using the in vitro preparation yield similar data to those obtained from fresh tissue.
Comparison of Histoenzymological Alterations in the Contralateral Ovary of Nulliparous and Parous Females of the Bat Taphozous melanopogon melanopogon Temmnick (Microchiroptera, Mammalia) Displaying Absolute Dextral Dominance of the Genital Tract
Authors: Jaroli D.P. , Lall S.B.
Published: July 2008

Taphozous melanopogon meianopogon is a unique emballonurid microchiropteran which exhibits a 100% dextral dominance of the female genital tract. Folliculogenesis occurs in the contralateral ovaries, but it is only in the right ovary that a single Graafian follicle attains maturity and ovulates.The product of fertilization is implanted in the dextral uterine cornu. Seven types of follicles were identified.in the right ovary, as compared with five in the left, on the basis of shape, size and number of associated granulosa cells. In the parous bats, a single, nearly extroverted corpus luteum was discerned in the ovary which survived for 2–2V2 months.The left ovary was nearly a vestigial structure during pregnancy. The structural asymmetry of the internal genitalia was observed to be correlated with the histochemical site and pattern of distribution of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Differential activites of phosphatases were discerned in the developing primary, secondary, preantral and antral follicles and the interstitial tissues of the contralateral ovary during the nulliparous state. A high enzyme reaction was displayed by follicles undergoing atretic and degenerative changes. In the parous bats, pronounced differences were noted in the histologic constituents of the contralateral ovary. This study shows a significant link between functional asymmetry of the genitalia and the structural and enzymological characteristics of the ovarian tissues.
Morphology of Globule Leucocyte from Bovine Bronchopulmonary Lavage
Authors: Coles Susan , Singh Amreek , Eyre Peter
Published: July 2008

It has hitherto been assumed that the globule leucocytes (GL) occur as free cells in the airways of animals. The present study provides definite evidence for the occurrence of these cells in the bronchopulmonary lavage of cattle. At the light-microscopic level, the GL was a round to elongate cell containing the characteristic large, round, metachromatic granules and an eccentric nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Ultrastructurally, the cell was round, ∼15 µm in diameter, and contained round, electron-dense granules which measured approximately 1.25 µm in diameter. The cell nucleus was endowed with abundant heterochromatin. The cytoplasm had only inconspicuous organelles. We conclude that the bovine GL is a specific cell which reaches the airway lumen following migration from the lining of the bronchopulmonary mucous membrane.
Type V Collagen in Splenic Reticular Fibers of the Macaque Monkey
Authors: Adachi Eijiro , Hayashi Toshihiko , Hashimoto Paulo H.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of type I, III and V collagens in the monkey spleen was examined by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy, and compared with that of reticular fibers revealed by a silver impregnation method. Type I collagen was localized on reticular fibers in the white pulps and on coarse reticular fibers in the splenic cords. Type III collagen was localized on the reticular fibers in the white pulps, and on the coarse reticular fibers and a limited number of fine reticular fibers, in the splenic cords. The anti-typeV collagen antibody reacted with annular reticular fibers around the splenic sinuses, as well as with the reticular fibers in the white pulps and with the coarse and fine reticular fibers in the splenic cords. Thus, the distribution pattern of fibers that reacted with the anti-type V collagen antibody was very similar to that of the reticular fibers revealed by the silver impregnation method. Electron-microscopically, the fine reticular fibers in the splenic cords were composed of collagen fibrils, 30–50 nm in diameter, and amorphous substances. They were covered by reticular cell processes. By immunoperoxidase labeling with the anti-type V collagen antibody, electron-dense reaction products were found over the collagen fibrils with a banding pattern. These results indicate that type V collagen is an indispensable component of the reticular fibers.
Reaction of Dendritic Melanocytes in Vitiligo to the Substrates of Tyrosine Metabolism
Authors: Iyengar Bhanu , Misra R.S.
Published: July 2008

Frozen sections of vitiliginous skin were treated with the substrates involved in melanogenesis and adrenergic activity to study the effect of changing chemical milieu on the biphasic dendritic melanocytes.The substrates used are tyrosine, DOPA, tyrosine + DOPA, dopamine, adrenalin and cupric ions. It was observed that tyrosine when used alone has a weak melanogenic reaction while DOPA and tyrosine + DOPA show a prominent activity. Adrenalin and dopamine inhibit the neural limb and enhance melanogenesis. Cupric ions on the other hand enhance the neural limb and inhibit melanogenesis. These changes are not evident in the non-dendritic melanocytes. Thus the highly dendritic melanocytes are at a lower state of differentiation. These biphasic cells are more sensitive to changes in the chemical milieu.
Immuno-Electron-Microscopic Application of Antiserum against Elastin
Authors: Akita Masumi , Fujita Keiko , Murata Eiko , Kaneko Katsuji , Merker H.-J.
Published: July 2008

The antiserum against insoluble elastin from human aorta was applied to immuno-electron microscopy. In the preembedding method, only the outer surface of the amorphous component (elastin) of elastic fibers showed a positive reaction. A major problem encountered with the preembedding method is associated with the penetration of either the primary antiserum or the secondary antibody into the tissue and, in particular, into elastin. On the contrary, a positive reaction was observed inner zones of elastin in the postembedding method. While the postembedding method employed here has limitations with nonspecific binding to the embedding medium, the postembedding method offers a decided advantage over the preembedding method.
Cartilage Calcification in the Human Thoracic Column
Authors: Dhem A. , Passelecq E. , Peten E.
Published: July 2008

A histological and microradiological study of the cartilage calcification processes in the human thoracic column of an old man has been performed. Two different types of cartilage mineralization have been identified. The first corresponds to a calcification of the hyaline cartilage ground substance where chondrocytes are apparently intact. The second is a real mineralization of the chondrocyte lacunae in an uncalcified matrix, which we have called cartilaginous necrosis.
Collagen Concentration and Mast Cell in Perinatal Murine Uterus
Authors: Shimizu Kiyoshí , Hokano Masami
Published: July 2008

Edema was found in the uterine tissue on the day of parturition. The number of mast cells was increased significantly on this day, indicating that the time of appearance of the edema is identical to the time of a significant increase in the number of mast cells. These results suggest that mast cells induce the high vascular permeability that permits passage of collagenase-activating proteases to the uterine tissue from the serum.
Effect of Reserpine on the Differentiation of the External Granular Layer of the Cerebellum in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Espinar A. , Quesada A. , Martinez-de-la-Torre M. , Armengol J.A.
Published: July 2008

In this work we analyse the effect produced by reserpine on the development of thickness and cell number in the external granular layer in the cerebellum of chick embryo. A striking 48-hour histo genetic delay is observed in the treated embryos relative to controls, as show by greater thickness and cell density of this layer in the former, as well as by retarded appearance of a typical radial morphological organization of the external granular layer.
Papain-Induced Changes in Intracellular Lipid Levels in Cartilage
Authors: Labandeira-Garcia J. , Guerra-Seijas M.
Published: July 2008

Loss of proteoglycans from the cartilage matrix of the ears of young rabbits was induced by intravenous injection of papain so as to permit histochemical observation of lipid levels in chondrocytes during both the depletion process and subsequent proteoglycan synthesis by the chondrocytes. Lipid content was quantified using an image analyser. Between 4 and 24 h after injection, loss of proteoglycans was accompanied by a fall in intracellular fat levels. In the 24- to 120-hour post-injection period, matrix proteoglycan levels and basophilia recovered parallel to the intracellular fat content. The function of intracellular lipids in cartilage is discussed in the light of these results.
Ependymal Foldings and Other Related Ependymal Structures in the Cerebral Aqueduct and Fourth Ventricle of Man
Authors: Alvarez Luis A. , Kato Takeo , Llena Josefina E. , Hirano Asao
Published: July 2008

The ependymal lining of the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle of 100 normal humans was studied with the light microscope. Ependymal foldings with normal morphology and a constant distribution pattern were detected in all. The most common sites were the median sulcus and sulcus limitans in the fourth ventricle, and the ventral and lateral walls in the cerebral aqueduct. Rows, islands and rosettes of ependymal cells embedded in normal subependyma were present in 25/82 adults (30%) and in 3/18 children (16%) in a similar distribution pattern as that of the ependymal foldings. We illustrate these normal structures which probably result from fusion between the walls of the ependymal foldings and distinguish them from granular ependymitis and postmortem artifact.
Development of the Bovine Ileal Mucosa
Authors: Asari Masao , Kawaguchi Naohíko , Wakui Shin , Fukaya Kosaku , Kano Yutaka
Published: July 2008

The development of the bovine ileal mucosa was studied with particular reference to maturation during the fetal and neonatal period. In this region, by 4–5 months of fetal development, vacuolation of the epithelial cells had occurred on the villi, and the goblet and absorptive cells in the crypts were present. By 6–9 months, the villi were longer and more numerous than in the previous stages. At the same time, the vacuolated cells could be seen predominantly on the upper half of each villus. The absorptive cells and goblet cells were more distinct in the crypt and lower half of each villus. Moreover, the goblet cells showed differences in mucin, while in the submucosa the lymphoid follicles were seen to have enlarged to become a prominent feature of the Peyer’s patches at this stage. At birth, in suckled animals, the ileal cells on the lower area of each villus and in the crypt appeared more like mature cells. In contrast, there were numerous inclusion bodies in epithelial cells on the upper half of each villus. They appeared in the apical portion of the cytoplasm as vacuoles with stainable or dense contents. By 1 week, however, epithelial cells no longer contained inclusion bodies, and absorptive and goblet cell populations had begun to emerge from the crypts.These histological results suggest that the bovine ileal mucosa has two distinct turning points during its development in the fetus and the neonate. Initially all the mucosal structures are present in fetuses at 6–7 months of gestation, and then the vacuolated cells covering the ileal villi are replaced by mature, nonpinocytosing epithelium which emerges from the crypts on or before the 7th day after birth (ileal closure).
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Morphologically Well-Defíned Type II Neurons of the Enteric Nervous System in the Porcine Small Intestine
Authors: Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Stach Werner , De Groodt-Lasseel Marie H.A. , Timmermans Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2008

The morphological classification of the different neuronal cell types is generally accepted and expanded by us; nevertheless, immunohistochemically and electrophysiologically the existence of clear-cut categories of enteric neurons is frequently questioned. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated in this study, however, provide the first direct link between a morphological type of enteric neuron and an immunohistochemical staining for a distinct peptide. Evidence demonstrates that calcitonin gene-related peptide occurs in only one morphologically defined type of neuron, viz. in type II neurons, and can therefore be regarded as a ‘marker peptide’ for type II neurons. Hence, the present immunohistochemical findings illustrate the validity of the morphological classification of the enteric neurons.
Identification of Alpha and Gamma Trigeminal Motoneurons by the Vibratome Paraplast Technique for HRP Histochemistry
Authors: Rokx J.T.M. , Liem R.S.B. , van Willigen J.D.
Published: July 2008

A morphometric analysis of the masseteric motoneuron pool of the trigeminal motor nucleus was performed in the rat using horseradish peroxidase as a marker. Thick (40 µm) cryosections and thin (7 µm) Paraplast sections were compared. Two types of motoneurons related to the masseter muscle were observed. Small motoneurons, which had a high nuclear index, were found interspersed between large motoneurons, which had more cytoplasm. Evidence is provided that the small trigeminal motoneurons are gamma neurons that innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers of the masseteric muscle spindles.
Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in the Secretory Epithelium of the Goat Bulbourethral Gland
Authors: Tsukise Azuma , Yamada Kazuyori
Published: July 2008

To investigate the histochemical nature of the secretory epithelium lining the goat bulbourethral gland, glycoconjugates contained in these secretory epithelial cells have been studied by means of light- and electron-microscopic histochemistry. The methods employed involved a series of conventional staining and peroxidase-labeled lectin diaminobenzidine procedures together with combined selective methods such as digestion with enzymes. According to the results obtained in the present work, the secretory cells of the goat bulbourethral gland can be grouped into two types: cells with glycoconjugate-rich granules and those with less amounts of glycoconjugates.The gland is at least dual in the nature of its secretory activities.
The Hypothalamic Magnocellular System in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Tolivia J. , Tolivia D. , Alvarez-Uría M.
Published: July 2008

Neuronal characteristics and location of the neurosecretory, magnocellular, fuchsin-paraldehyde-posi-tive (FA+) system of the fowl are described at the light-microscopic level on serial semithin sections. Three nuclei make up this system, the nucleus supraopticus, n. magnocellularis interstitialis and n. paraventricularis. These nuclei display magnocellular neurons, not showing a parvocellular component. The neurons of the three nuclei showed a scattered pattern of distribution and a dense surrounding neuropil. Groups formed by magnocellular neurons were found in the three nuclei and groups formed by one magnocellular and a parvocellular neurons were only found in the n. magnocellularis interstitialis and in the n. paraventricularis.The presence of neurons in apposition to blood vessels was frequent in the magnocellular FA+ system of the domestic fowl.
The Rete Testis of the Goat, a Morphological Study
Authors: Goyal H.O. , Williams C.S.
Published: July 2008

The rete testis of the goat can be divided into three parts, septal, mediastinal and extratesticular. The septal rete is short, relatively straight and connects the terminal part of the seminiferous tubules with the mediastinal rete. The mediastinal rete is a labyrinth of intercommunicating channels that occupies about two-thirds of the central axis of the testis. The extratesticular rete is located outside the testis at its extremitas capitata and forms sac-like dilations up to 2 mm in diameter. The rete testis, regardless of its location, is lined by simple cuboidal to simple squamous epithelium that invariably contains a few intra-epithelial lymphocytes and macrophages.The epithelial cells possess few microvilli and a centrally located flagellum at the luminal border. With the exception of a few small vesicles in the apical cytoplasm, morphological features associated with absorption such as coated vesicles, canaliculi, vacuoles and multivesicular bodies are absent. However, basolateral interdigitations between adjacent cells, another feature of absorptive epithelium, are frequently noticed. Most cytoplasmic organelles except mitochondria and free ribosomes are poorly developed, suggesting that caprine rete epithelial cells are not associated with protein/glycoprotein secretion. There is no evidence of sperm phagocytosis by the rete epithelium, but luminal macrophages containing sperm fragments are occasionally encountered.The structural-functional relationships of the rete epithelial cells are discussed.
Microdissection Studies of the Structural Alterations Induced in Rat Kidneys by Experimental Postischemic Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Fetterman George H. , Studnicki Frances M. , Hashida Yoshie
Published: July 2008

A unique opportunity presented itself for a morphologic study of experimental unilateral acute renal failure (ARF) in male rats. The ARF had been induced in the rats by temporary occlusion (1 h) of the left renal artery. Twenty-nine rats were divided into subsets as follows: 2–3 h, 24 h, 1 week, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks following release of occlusion. Microdissection showed a heterogeneous population of abnormally structured proximal tubules in which the regressive lesions of tubular necrosis were combined with the progressive reaction of repair. The lesions demonstrated are reminiscent of those which have been described in ARFin the human and in experimental animals. Many proximal tubules in the 2- to 3-hour subset presented 1–3 disruptive lesions (DLs) while greater numbers of proximal tubules from the 24-hour group presented 1–5 DLs. Many proximal tubules presented no DLs, but nearly all from the 24-hour subset (97–100%) displayed a squamate appearance which paralleled and was caused by acute tubular necrosis. At 1 week, a dilated pars recta was common, but by this time, the squamate pattern had disappeared. Many casts were present. At 2 weeks, many fewer casts were present in proximal tubules and none were seen at 4, 8 or 12 weeks. The nephrons, particularly the proximal tubules, presented a variety of structural alterations at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Changes of special interest include (1) the presence of swan-necks; (2) a distinctive squamate appearance of the proximal tubules in the animals killed at 24 h; (3) a spiral, curled appearance caused by differential hyperplasia in animals at 4, 8 and 12 weeks, and (4) a tendency for ischemic lesions to involve all layers of the renal cortex.
Aberrant Course of the Left Gastric Vein in the Human
Authors: Miyaki T. , Yamada M. , Kumaki K.
Published: July 2008

Two livers with an aberrant course of the left gastric vein were found in 245 Japanese cadavers. The left gastric vein collects branches from the lesser curvature of the stomach, enters the left side of the hepatogastric ligament from the cardiac region and runs towards the left side of hepatic hilus.The vein enters the liver at the left side and joins an intrahepatic branch ramified from the portal vein.
The Transitional Zone in the Epithelium Lining the Mouse Epiglottis
Authors: Nakano T. , Muto H.
Published: July 2008

The epithelium lining the caudal surface of the mouse epiglottis occupies the transitional zone between the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, continuing from the oral cavity, and the ciliated columnar epithelium, extending into the laryngeal cavity. The epithelium showed gradations ranging from stratified squamous through stratified cuboidal to ciliated stratified low-columnar type. It is suggested that the epithelium is identical with the ‘intermediate epithelium’ in the mouse nasopharynx.
Delayed Effects of Prenatal or Postnatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol in the Adult Female Guinea Pig
Authors: Davies Jack , Lefkowitz Judy
Published: July 2008

Of 25 mature female guinea pigs exposed transplacentally to diethylstilbestrol (DES) for more than 20 days before term, 8 showed abnormal changes in the genital tract (stimulation of the epithelium and stroma, cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrial glands near the junction of the upper endocervix and endometrium) and 9 showed severe changes (cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrial glands throughout the corpus uteri and cornua, squamous metaplasia). Hyperkeratosis of the vulvar and nipple skin was also observed. No neoplastic changes were observed with one exception at 14 months in one ovary. Prenatal exposure to DES for less than 15 days before term or after birth for 3 days failed to result in abnormal changes in the adults. Prenatal exposure to estradiol for more than 20 days also was without effect in the adult, despite the higher tolerated doses given to the mothers. Cycling activity as judged by vaginal opening was abnormal in all experimental groups, suggesting a derangement of the pituitary-hypothalamic function not specifically related to DES exposure. It was concluded that there is a critical period of exposure of the Müllerian duct- and sinus-derived tissues with respect to the delayed effects of prenatal exposure to DES, which is estimated on the basis of embryological studies to range from the 28th to about the 45th day of gestation.
The Urethral Muscle (Musculus urethralis) of the Female Calf
Authors: Sautet J.Y. , Amara A. , Cabanie P. , Van Haverbeke G. , More J.
Published: July 2008

Parts of the female urethra were examined topographically and microscopically in the female calf. The thickness and the straight course of the fibres of the musculus urethralis could best be analyzed in the ventromedian region of the urethra. Examination of the surface area and the distribution of the two primary metabolic fibre types showed that the urethral muscle is capable of contracting quickly with predominantly anaerobic metabolism. The different relationships between type I and type II fibres could be determined aslo in relation to the position of the lamina propriamucosae.
Postpubertal Changes in the Histomorphometric Characteristics of the Uterus of the Indigenous West African Pig
Authors: Egbunike Gabriel N. , Agiang Emmanue A.
Published: July 2008

The epithelial height and myometrial and endometrial characteristics of the fundus, corpus and neck regions of the uteri of 28 virgin West African indigenous gilts in four age groups (6–8 10–12 16–18 and 20–22 months) were histometrically evaluated. Though regionally stable, the height of luminal epithelial cells was, respectively, reduced and enhanced in the fundus and neck regions by 10–12 months. The myometrium was thinner in the fundus and was severely reduced in the corpus region in gilts aged 16–18 months. Contrarily, the endometrium was regionally stable in thickness but underwent some thickening in the corpus of 16 to 18-month-old gilts.The respective occurrence of muscular and glandular tissues in the myometrium and endometrium was regionally influenced while older gilts had more circular muscles than the others. Generally, over 70% of the glands and 60% of the muscles were complex glands and longitudinal muscles, respectively. Results depict the nonuniform growth rates of different uterine tissues in the different regions and suggest that the improvement in the litter-carrying capacity of the uterus in these pigs continues well after puberty.
Morphometric Analysis of Frozen Transverse Sections of Human Skeletal Muscle Taken Post-Mortem
Authors: Shorey C.D. , Cleland K.W.
Published: July 2008

Necropsies were obtained from 5 muscles from 5 young women.The muscles subjected to morphometrical analysis were the deltoid, brachial biceps, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and soleus. Results of measurements taken indicate significant differences in fibre sizes and fibre type composition in analogous muscles between individuals and between different muscles within individuals. Differences.were also encountered in muscle fibre size during rigor mortis for up to 48 h after death. Our results suggest that the fibre size variability between individuals determined from necropsy samples will contain a component of induced variation not found in muscle biopsies.
Morphology of the Lumbar Vertebral Canal
Authors: Piera V. , Rodriguez A. , Cobos A. , Hernández R. , Cobos P.
Published: July 2008

In a series of 215 anteroposterior X-ray films, a study was made of the horizontal distance between the pedicles of each lumbar vertebra, first of all sequentially, describing the morphology adopted by the lateral limits of the canal, and secondly determining the absolute value for each level separately and in relation to the variables of sex and age. The absolute value of this distance at each level is related to the thickness of the pedicles and the width of the vertebral bodies of L3 and L4. The values obtained were tested with the appropriate statistics in each case.
Skeleton, Blood Vessels and Viscera: Overlooked Targets in Fetuses of Small Species During the External Examination for Teratogenicity Assessment
Authors: Pinto-Machado J.
Published: July 2008

Due to the translucency of the skin and underlying soft tissues, the external examination of near-term mouse fetuses can be extended to parts of the skeletal, visceral and vascular systems which are not taken into account in the protocols of teratogenicity tests. The importance of such visualization for improving the accuracy of such tests is discussed.
Synchondroseal Growth in the First Cervical Vertebra of the Rat
Authors: Kylämarkula Seija
Published: July 2008

Growth and remodelling of the first cervical vertebra were studied in the rat by means of biometry, vital staining (alizarin red S and oxytetracycline) and histology. The measurements showed a change in the ratio of the dorso-ventral to the transversal diameter in the lumen after obliteration of the dorsal synchondrosis.The pattern of labelling between the three segments of the vertebrae joined by synchondroses in the young animals indicated that expansion of the vertebral lumen took the form of a displacement of all three parts making up the bony ring. After closure of the dorsal synchondrosis the two ventral ones were still active and the lumen size increased more in the dorso-ventral direction than transversally. Alizarin red S and oxytetracycline tended to persist in the ventral part of the vertebra, while the staining almost disappeared from the dorso-lateral segment. Resting lines were found laterally to the ventral synchondroses in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, but not in the ventral segment between the cartilages.The growth of the rat atlas is the result of an early rapid cartilage-mediated expansion of the vertebral lumen in conjunction with the growth of the spinal cord and at a later age mainly of a displacement of the ventral vertebral segment leading to the final form of the vertebra and its lumen.
Differentiation of Adreno-Chromaffin Cells in the Newborn Rat, as Detected by Formaldehyde-Induced Fluorescence, Compared with the Chromaffin Reaction
Authors: El-Maghraby Magda Z.
Published: July 2008

The newborn of 4 pregnant female rats were collected within 24 h of birth. Twelve neonates were used for the study of chromaffín reaction, by both the direct and the indirect methods. The medullary cells could be demonstrated at this stage; however, the demarcation between noradrenaline and adrenaline cells was not quite sharp. Application of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence to the newborn rat adrenal gland was highly significant. A clear distinction could be demonstrated between noradrenaline and adrenaline cells, the former giving off strong, white-green fluorescence and the latter being weakly green-fluorescent. A third type giving off moderate green fluorescence was interposed between the cells and possibly represented an equivocal cell type at this stage. Sympathetic nerves could be demonstrated in relation to blood vessels and medullary cells.
Masticatory Muscles in the Muscular Dystrophic Mouse
Authors: Vilmann H. , Kirkeby S.
Published: July 2008

Cross-sections of normal and dystrophic digastric and masseter muscles from 7- and 35- to 40-week-old mice were studied in the light microscope. Comparisons of mean cell size, cell size variance and number of centrally positioned nuclei in a given number of fibers were carried out. The masseter muscle seems at both ages to be far more affected by the disease than the digastric muscle. However, the progression of the disease from 7 to 40 weeks is more pronounced in the digastric muscle than in the masseter muscle.
Simple and Complex Synapses Shown by Freeze-Etching of Rat Cortical Synaptosomes
Authors: Surchev L.
Published: July 2008

The shape of the synaptic sites (specialized contact areas) was examined on the synaptic membrane fracture faces of freeze-etched rat cortical synaptosomes. Simple and complex synapses were differentiated on the basis of the absence or presence of unspecialized areas in the synaptic sites. The particle-free nature of these areas is discussed.
Funktion des Ligamentum coracoacromiale
Authors: Putz Reinhard , Liebermann Joachim , Reichelt Achim
Published: July 2008

The function of the coracoacromial ligament was investigated in 8 dissecting-room scapulae. Strain gauges were attached around the coracoid process and the acromion, and tension (50 or 100 N) applied through the remaining muscle stumps. The results showed that, after division of the ligament, significantly more distortion could be measured in the acromion than in the coracoid process, which suggests that the ‘stay’ effect of the coracoacromial ligament is stronger for the former. Since the degree of distortion is largely dependent on the direction of pull the ligament is interpreted as a dynamic brace between the two processes of the scapula.
Morphological Variations of Human Ossicula Tympani
Authors: Sarrat R. , Guzman García , Torres A.
Published: July 2008

In a series of 100 cases, morphological variations of human ossicula tympani were studied. These have seldom been considered either in classic or recent descriptions. Among them, the malleus and stapes are the most variable ones. A geometric model is proposed to systematically study any variation from the typical ossicles. These morphological variations of ossicles could be related to age, sex, race, .and could bring out peculiarities in acoustic transmission.
Cellular Proliferation in the Lymphoid Tissues of an Inbred (RTla) Rat Strain during the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Habbal O. , Leeming G. , McLean J.M.
Published: July 2008

Changes in body weight, uterine weight and tissue weight, cell content and cellular proliferation of the thymus and uterine regional and popliteal lymph nodes were examined at daily intervals during the oestrous cycle of the DA (RTla) inbred rat strain. Thirty-nine sexually mature virgin animals, aged between 13 and 15 weeks were used in this investigation. During dioestrus body weight and uterine weight fell significantly, while intrathymic and intranodal cellular proliferation increased significantly. These findings are discussed in relation to ovarian hormone secretion and it is suggested that increased thymocyte and lymphocyte proliferation occurs in response to rising oestrogen levels. This proliferative response prepares the female for the immunological challenge with allogeneic spermatozoa should mating occur during the subsequent oestrous phase.
Natural Protoberberine Alkaloids from Enantía Chlorantha, Palmatine, Columbamine and Jatrorrhizine for Thioacetamidc-Traumatized Rat Liver
Authors: Virtanen Pauli , Lassila Veijo , Njimi Thomas , Mengata Denis Ekotto
Published: July 2008

Experimental liver injury was provoked experimentally in rats with intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide. Traumatized rats received further intraperitoneal injections of Hepasor, a protoberberine alkaloid extract from Enαntiα chlorantha (Annonaceae) containing palmatine, columbamine and jatrorrhizine.The development of body weight was kept under continuous control. Biochemical assays of blood plasma, serum alanine transferase (S-ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (S-AP), serum creatinine S-CREAT, serum hydroxyproline (S-OH-PROL) and serum calcium (S-Ca) were done and liver samples for histological processing were taken.The biochemical results obtained indicate Hepasor exerted a marked influence on the S-ALT activities and S-OH-PROL values in female rats, but more incidental one in male rats. Some reduction in S-AP activity and S-CRE AT values, which was also dependent on sex, was also found. The histological findings in the liver sections of female rats show that Hepasor improves the blood flow and mitotic activity in thioacetamide-traumatized livers.
Filipin-Sterol Complexes in Disrupted Myelin in the Rat
Authors: Blanchard C.E. , Allt G.
Published: July 2008

Using filipin as a cytochemical probe for cholesterol we have compared the distribution of filipin labelling in mildly disrupted myelin and normal myelin. The myelin lamellae in rat sciatic nerve were separated either by hypotonic saline (0.035–0.07 M) or nerve section (24–32 h) before aldehyde fixation and filipin treatment. Myelin separation was assessed in ultrathin sections and filipin distribution in freeze-fracture replicas. In separated myelin lamellae filipin labelling was similar throughout the myelin sheath while in normal control myelin filipin occurred most in the outer (abaxonal), least in the inner (adaxonal) and intermediate in the middle lamellae. It is concluded that this heterogeneous filipin labelling in normal myelin is a result of diffusion gradients to filipin within the myelin sheath and that in vivo cholesterol is uniformly distributed throughout all the lamellae of the myelin sheath. The site of the diffusion barrier to filipin within normal myelin is considered.
Immunocytochemical Studies on Parafollicular Cells of Various Mammals
Authors: Zabel Maciej , Schäfer Hansjörg , Surdyk Joanna , Biela-Jacek Izabela
Published: July 2008

Using specific antisera, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin as well as neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, secretory peptide I and calbindin (vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein) were looked for in parafollicular cells of rats, Syrian hamsters, Mongolian gerbils, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and pigs. Calcitonin and CGRP were most invariably present in various species. Somatostatin was absent in mice and Mongolian gerbils and present in variable amounts in the remaining species. Neuron-specific enolase could not be detected in rabbits, while in the pigs and the Mongolian gerbils it could be demonstrated only in some parafollicular cells. Calbindin was present exclusively in parafollicular cells of guinea pigs. Chromogranin and secretory protein-I were present only in some animal species.
Electron-Microscopical Study of the Choroid Plexus and Epiplexus Cells in Cats following a Cisternal Injection of Crotoxin Complex
Authors: Ling E.A. , Gopalakrishnakone P. , Tan C.K.
Published: July 2008

The choroid plexus and its associated epiplexus cells in the fourth ventricle in cats were studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEMTEM) following a cisternal injection of crotoxin complex (phos-pholipase A2). In SEM the epiplexus cells of the control animals were predominantly stellate with long radiating processes. At 2 h after the administration of crotoxin complex, these radiating processes flattened out forming sheet-like membranes covering the ventricular surface of the choroid epithelial cells. The membranous coverings remained extended in 5-hour-survival cats. Numerous blebs of different sizes were observed in areas that were not covered by the cytoplasmic membrane in 5-hour animals. Some of the blebs appeared to have ruptured. InTEM, the microvilli of the choroid epithelial cells in crotoxin complex-treated rats were dilated. The luminal surface of the epithelial cells showed eruption of blebs filled with amorphous materials. Pinocytotic vesicles increased in number in the apical cytoplasm. The lumen of the ventricle often contained portions of cytoplasm believed to be derived from the extrusion of the blebs.These appeared to be engulfed by the overlying epiplexus cells. It was concluded that the injected crotoxin complex stimulated both the secretory as well as pinocytotic activity of the choroid epithelial cells. The phagocytosis of the secretory products from the epithelial cells by epiplexus cells suggests a close functional relationship between the two cell types.
Development of Alveolar Septa and Formation of Alveolar Pores during the Early Postnatal Period in the Rat Lung
Authors: Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Van Meir Frans , Adriaensen Dirk , Timmermans Jean-Pierre , De Groodt-Lasseel Marie H.A.D.
Published: July 2008

In order to investigate the formation of alveolar pores, lungs of rats, after intratracheal perfusion of glutaraldehyde, are processed at postnatal days 1,1,14,16 and 21 for light and transmission electron microscopy and at days 7 and 16 for scanning electron microscopy. The initial low secondary crests of day 1 rapidly elongate to pleats subdividing the primary saccules. The ledges of some pleats partly grow toward each other as ring like diaphragms, leaving openings whose boundary is composed of alveolar epithelium separated by a basal lamina from a connective tissue sheath with capillaries. At day 7, in scanning electron microscopy the lumina of some rudimentary alveoli communicate by apertures of different sizes, as a result of the outgrowth of curved alveolar pleats which narrow to a ringlike aperture. The interalveolar openings observed in scanning electron microscopy resemble those investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. The number of interalveolar pores increases from day 7 on; they become more and more frequent at days 14,16 and 21, respectively. It appears that alveolar multiplication in newborn rats proceeds not only by segmentation of terminal respiratory units but also by compoundment of septa. The difference between genuine pores and transsections of folds in transmission electron microscopy will be given closer attention in this study. Also, the incidence and location of type II pneumocytes during rapid enlargement of the alveolar surface area is discussed.
Arterial Segmentation and Subsegmentation in the Human Spleen
Authors: Garcia-Porrero J.A. , Lemes A.
Published: July 2008

The segmental nature of the arterial tree of the human spleen was analyzed in 181 subjects of both sexes, who had died of various accidental causes. Based on the observation of the pattern of the terminal and polar splenic branches, selective arteriographs and corrosion casts, and taking account of the ideas reported in the literature, we proposed that the spleen is divided in arterial segments and subsegments. Segments are the territories corresponding to both the primary branches of the splenic artery (primary segments) and the polar arteries (polar segments). In 92.82% of the cases there are two primary segments and in 7.18% three primary segments. Associated to these, in 29.28% there is a superior polar segment, in 44.75% an inferior polar segment, and in 10.49% both superior and inferior polar segments are present. Thus, the number of segments varies from two to five. Occasionally, two or three inferior polar segments can be present. Subsegments are the territories corresponding to the extrasplenic subdivisions of the primary branches and the polar arteries. According to the number of arterial subdivisions, the subsegments can be of second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth order. The last branches of the splenic artery (penetrating arteries) are all sub-segmentary in nature and supply hilar or polar subsegments. Anastomoses between extrasplenic branches of the splenic artery were observed in 19.89% of the cases. Sometimes, thin anastomotic bridges could be observed between arterial splenic compartments.
Some Aspects of the Morphology of the Human Temporomandibular Joint Capsule
Authors: Savalle W.R.M.
Published: July 2008

Since opinions about the presence of a band structure or a ligament in the lateral part of the temporomandibular joint capsule are divergent in the literature, the capsule of 16 post-mortem human specimens was examined both anatomically and histologically. A distinguishable ligamentous formation in the lateral part of the capsule was observed only in three specimens. In one of these, the distinguishable formation had morphological characteristics of tendineous tissue.This study indicates caution with too generalised opinions about temporomandibular morphology.
Aspekte der arteriellen Gefässbeziehungen im Hohlhandbereich
Authors: Ebner Inge , Hammer Heinz
Published: July 2008

The pattern of the superficial arteries in the palma manus can be characterized in the following manner. In 58% of the cases the arteria ulnaris runs in an arch from the ulna to the radius and gives off a varying number of arteries to the fingers. There is no connection with any other artery. In 42% of the cases there are arterial connections, of which 32.1% are present in the form of an ‘arcus’ of a rather large diameter, formed through connection of the arteria ulnaris with the ramus palmaris superficialis of the arteria radialis or with the arteria metacarpalis dorsalis I. Likewise, in 9.9% there is a connection between the arteries but this, which we call an ‘anastomosis’, is of a more delicate nature.
Ontogeny of Relationship of Human Middle Ear and Temporomandibular (Squamomandibular) Joint
Authors: Smeele L.E.
Published: July 2008

The temporomandibular joint disk was investigated in fetal and adult human specimens in a morphological study. The dorsal aspect of the disk appears to be composed of a superior, an intermediate and an inferior lamina, thus forming a trilaminar zone. The intermediate lamina continues via the petro tympanic fissure into the middle ear cavity to insert onto the malleus and its anterior ligament. However, the notion that traction on the disk causes the auditory ossicles to move is rejected on morphological grounds.
Pattern of Arteries in the Hindlimbs of Hybrid Mice
Authors: Roberts Helen E. , Holmes Lewis B.
Published: July 2008

The pattern of the arterial system has been studied in the hindlimbs of adult male and female mice in a hybrid strain. A technique was developed to inspect the distribution pattern after the vessels were injected with a blue polymer, the bone was stained with alizarin red S, and the soft tissue was cleared to transparency. Substantial variations were identified in the point of origin of 6 of 41 arterial branches; extra vessels and absence of vessels were uncommon. The types of arterial differences identified in normal adult mice were different from those identified in mice with absence of the tibia, which have absence of major arteries, including the popliteal and posterior tibial arteries.
Morphometrical Analysis of the Thymus from Mice Submitted to Low Temperature
Authors: Moura-Campos Lenira C. , Savino Wilson
Published: July 2008

Thymic involution is a slow physiological process that can be accelerated by some pathological or experimental conditions. In this work we kept male mice under low temperatures in order to observe whether or not thymic involution would be promoted. For this purpose, we carried out a histometrical analysis of the thymus and observed that there was a decrease in both cortical and medullary regions of the thymic lobules. These changes paralleled a loss in the absolute and relative weights of the thymus. It was concluded that low temperatures induce thymic involution even in nonhibernating animals.
Stereological Study of the Early Ultrastructural Differentiation of Chick Embryo Neuroepithelial Cells during Neurulation
Authors: De Paz Cabello P. , Fernandez M. , Chamorro C.A. , Fernandez J.G. , Villar J.M.
Published: July 2008

The neuroectodermal cells of chick embryos have been analyzed during neurulation by stereological and morphometrical ultrastructural methods in an attempt to describe their cytometric evolution. A profound change of cellular form coefficient was observed which is related to the typical process of columnarization of these cells. At stages 7 and 8 the nucleus appeared round in shape probably due to a loss of pressure of the vitelline inclusions. In this sense the volume density of these inclusions falls during this period. There was also a significant increase of the nuclear surface density, the significance of which is discussed on the basis of the nucleo-cytoplasmic interchanges and the differentiation process. At the same time, an increase in the number of mitochondria was observed, which is related to the neural folding process. Simultaneously, the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum increases, presumably related to the remarkable changes of the embryonic extracellular matrix.
Ultrastructure of the Rostral Notochord of the 35-Day Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Embryo
Authors: Jerome Christopher P. , Hendrickx Andrew G.
Published: July 2008

The notochords of three normal, 35-day Mαcαcα mulαttα embryos were examined ultrastructurally. Notochordal cells had numerous polysomes and ribosomes, and some rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, coated vesicles, and secretory granules. A discontinuous basal lamina surrounded the notochord. Intercellular channels and the perinotochordal sheath contained fibrils. It was found that the ultrastructure of the rhesus monkey notochord at stage 17 resembles that of the chick and mouse.
Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk Compression by Osteophytes Associated with Arthritis of the Costovertebral Joint
Authors: Lipschitz Meir , Bernstein-Lipschitz Liora , Nathan Hilel
Published: July 2008

Hyperostosis (lipping) due to costovertebral arthritis was found frequently (84.3%) impinging on the sympathetic trunks (ganglia and cord), rami communicantes and roots of the splanchnic nerves on both sides of the spine in more than 1,000 dissecting room cadavers examined and 34 cadavers of adult and elderly people specially dissected. As a result of the compression, the affected sympathetic structures were angulated, deflected from their course, enlarged and often infiltrated with connective tissue. The possible symptoms which may result from this kind of compression are discussed.
Recording of Chick Embryo Movements and Their Correlation with Joint Development
Authors: Llusa-Perez M. , Suso-Vergara S. , Ruano-Gil D.
Published: July 2008

Chick embryo movements were picked up, by means of a vibration-recording technique, from the 5th day of incubation until the moment of hatching, and correlated with histological observations of the main joints. A close relationship could be demonstrated between the dates on which the first movements can be recorded and the commencement of joint formation.