bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Conceptual Cosmology of Paul Virilio
Authors: Der Derian James
Published: July 2003

Virilio constructs concepts as mental images for disturbing conventional, commonsensical views of world events but with the added visual warp of a life lived at the speed of cinema, video, light itself. It is not, then, a criticism (nor, for that matter, an unqualified recommendation) to say that reading Virilio will probably leave one feeling mentally disturbed, usually compounded by a bad case of vertigo, since speed is not only the subject but the style of Virilio (helping to account for a dozen books in as many years). In a typical Virilio sentence, which often elongates into a full paragraph, the concepts can spew out like the detritus of a Mir supply-ship. Many get recycled in later books. Some, benefiting from refinement and new empirical settings, stand out like polished gems. But almost all of them provide radically different takes on the social implications of new technological forces, liberating their analysis from the customary academic dullness and expert narrowness.
Paul Virilio's Bunker Theorizing
Authors: Gane Mike
Published: July 2003

This article reconstructs Virilio's thinking of and from the bunker. Around this theme and image it identifies the major volte face in his thinking. Before and during May '68 Virilio was committed to a project for the revolutionary acceleration of human circulation through oblique cities. He abandoned this in the aftermath of May `68, theorizing the new situation as one of pure war leading to pure communication. The article contrasts Virilio's analysis with that of Baudrillard.
Virilio and New Media
Authors: Cubitt Sean
Published: July 2003

Virilio's work as commentator and critic of new media forms takes its inspiration from the urgent need for an ethical dimension to our accommodation of these media in already complex social formations. Although Virilio relies upon a Catholic humanist liberalism and, it is argued here, a very specific mode of philosophical individualism and although these premises govern and constrain the grounding of his ethical critique in a simplistic conceptualization of representation, the article argues that certain facets of his thesis are still worthy of serious contemplation. Virilio's scenarios of disempowernment and indifferentiation can be re-read in the light of media theoretical concepts, specifically those concerned with suture, apparatus, dialogue, communication and mediation to provide an ethical aesthetics of the technologization of community.
Binded by the (Speed of) Light
Authors: McQuire Scott
Published: July 2003

This article traces the significant links that Virilio's dromological analysis posits between the social and political impact of mechanical vehicles and communications media. Focusing on the way that the 'revolutions' of transportation and transmission have fundamentally altered contemporary experiences of space and time, the article explores the implications of Virilio s concept of spatio-temporal 'overexposure". My contention is that Virilio's work has been of critical importance in placing questions about differential spatio-temporal regimes Oin the political agenda. However, his critique of 'tele-presence. is ultimately hampered by his continued attachment to a phenomenological subject, which I argue does not provide an adequate basis from which to rethink the dominant social relations of time and space manifest in the contemporary media.
The Tendency the Accident and the Untimely
Authors: Crogan Patrick
Published: July 2003

This article explores the issues for contemporary critical practice raised by Paul Virilio's engagement with the future. Virilio's project is an ongoing attempt to theorize cultural, political, military and techno-scientific developments in terms both of the speed at which those developments occur and the different speeds ('metabolic' and 'vehicular') which they impose on the modes and forms of existence. Virilio's work represents a key moment in the addressing of what I will call (after Derrida) the aporia of speed confronting critical work today. This aporia concerns the need for critical thought to move both slowly - with reference to traditional, established historico-critical interpretative frameworks - and quickly - at the ever-increasing speed(s) of techno-scientific developments that call into question the very viability of those conventional interpretative frameworks. Virilio's engagement with the aporia of speed is necessarily an engagement with the future, for his effort to maintain a critical discourse at the 'leading edge' must encounter the mainstream discourses of a 'future perfect' that accompany, promote and even generate techno-scientific progress. At a more profound level, Virilio's work addresses not only these technophilic discourses but also the humanist conceptions of space, time and history that allow both celebratory and critical discourse to be articulated (including his own). My examination of Virilio's encounter with these fundamental conceptions focuses on his theorization of the tendency and the accident, for an understanding of these is crucial to understanding how his work engages with questions of space, time and history. Indeed, Virilio's work is best thought of, I will argue, as an ongoing series of 'tendential analyses' that privilege the accident over the 'substance' of any given techno-scientific development. But these tendential analyses do not (or do not only) posit alternative, more pessimistic accounts of the 'future perfect'. In his paradoxical theorizing of the accident as unforeseeable but nevertheless substantive and non-contingent, Virilio approaches the aporia of speed - the dual necessity and impossibility of critical thought. His work is not so much another futurological discourse as it is a discourse that tends toward an experience of the untimely. It is this tendency that is its most valuable contribution to the criticism of the future.
Liking Some Things (in Some People) more than Others: Partner Preferences in Romantic Relationships and Friendships
Authors: Sprecher Susan , Regan Pamela C.
Published: July 2003

The present investigation examined the degree to which various characteristics are desired in five types of relational partners. Men and women (N = 700) indicated their preferences for several attributes in either a casual sex partner, dating partner, marriage partner, same-sex friend, or opposite-sex friend (randomly assigned). Participants also indicated how important it was to obtain a partner with the desired level of each attribute. Although participants most preferred warmth and kindness, expressivity and openness, and a good sense of humor across relationship types, they clearly distinguished between romantic/sexual relationships and friendships. Specifically, participants preferred (and felt that it was more important to obtain) higher levels of many desirable characteristics - including physical attractiveness, social status attributes, and disposition or personality traits (e.g., warmth, expressiveness, humor, intelligence) - in a romantic/sexual partner than in a friend. Participants also differentiated between same-sex and opposite-sex friend- ships. In general, they preferred higher levels of and/or believed it was more important to obtain physical attractive- ness, social status, and dispositional/personality attributes from opposite-sex friends than from same-sex friends. To at least some degree, men's preferences were associated with the number of others they believed were available for a particular type of relationship; women's preferences generally were associated with perceptions of their own desirability as a partner.
The Dyadic Interdependence of Attachment Security and Dependency: A Conceptual Replication Across Older Twin Pairs and Younger Couples
Authors: Neyer Franz J.
Published: July 2003

The dyadic interdependence of attachment security and dependency was conceptually replicated across 80 monozygotic and 47 dizygotic older twin pairs, and 214 younger heterosexual couples. Dyad members of each relationship type were similar in security and dependency. A substantial genetic contribution to dyadic attachment was indicated by higher similarity in MZ compared with DZ twins. Security and dependency were moderately correlated within individuals of each relationship type, but dyadic data analyses revealed relationship-specific patterns: The security of a dyad member correlated strongly with the dependency of the partner in both DZ pairs and couples, but not in MZ pairs. Whereas only actor effects were found in MZ twin pairs, actor and partner effects were observed in DZ pairs and couples. It is concluded that adult attachment should be generally viewed from a more dyadic perspective, one that also acknowledges relationship- specific variation.
Health-Related Social Influence: A Social Ecological Perspective on Tactic Use
Authors: Butterfield Rita M. , Lewis Megan A.
Published: July 2003

The present study investigated predictors of health-related social influence tactic use in close relationships. According to the social ecological perspective, predictors were classified as reflecting characteristics of the agent of social influence, characteristics of the target of social influence, characteristics of the agent and target's relationship, and characteristics of the social influence situation. One hundred and nine married couples reported on situations in which each partner was attempting to influence his or her spouse to change a health-related behavior. Using the actor-partner interdependence analysis approach, results revealed only actor effects for characteristics of the agent, primarily partner effects for characteristics of the target, and both actor and partner effects for characteristics of the situation when predicting health-related tactic use. Effects for relationship characteristics only emerged in interactions with respondent sex. These results indicate that social influence in marriage involves reciprocity and interdependence. The importance of examining the dyadic nature of health-related social influence in close relationships is also highlighted.
A Programmatic Review: Building a Two-Way Bridge between Social Psychology and the Study of the Early Years of Marriage
Authors: Orbuch Terri L. , Veroff Joseph
Published: July 2003

We summarize our programmatic efforts to make use of several critical processes advanced by social psychological theorists that have direct relevance to the study of marriage. We show how these processes have been useful in our Early Years of Marriage Project, a longitudinal study of marital phenomena among black couples and white couples, and in other similar longitudinal marital studies. We also argue that, in such marital research, we can understand many aspects of social interaction not easily studied elsewhere in social psychology, and thus important new insights about the nature of social psychological processes in general emerge. We thus extend the richness of the general theoretical processes with which we started.
Adolescents' Relatedness and Identity Formation: A Narrative Study
Authors: Flum Hanoch , Lavi-Yudelevitch Michal
Published: July 2003

In this study, the relational narratives of 10 adolescents were examined with the objective to investigate how qualities of connection with others are related to identity formation in adolescence. Participants were selected to represent a clear preference in a being alone situation to either engage in a dialog with the self or to focus on doing. The adolescent's experience of relationships was examined based on The Space Between Us model (Josselson, 1992). Two distinct patterns of relational dimensions were identified, patterns that are linked with the preference in a being alone situation and that are associated with different modes of identity formation. One pattern was mostly Mutuality-based, whereas the other was multidimensional, with a combination of relational dimensions (Holding-Attachment, Eye-to-Eye Validation, and Identification) at its core. The various meanings of the most dominant relational dimensions are exemplified and discussed, and shed light on the interplay between relatedness and identity formation as it is represented in the narratives of adolescents.
Sociometric Status and Adjustment in Middle School: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R.
Published: July 2003

Relations between sociometric status and school adjustment (classroom grades, prosocial behavior, and irresponsible behavior) were examined over time with a sample of 204 students. Perceived support, efforts to learn, and goals to be prosocial and to be responsible also were examined as mediators of these relations. Sixth-grade sociometric status predicted eighth-grade school adjustment when controlling for sixth-grade school adjustment. Compared to students of average sociometric status, controversial status students had lower classroom grades, rejected status students were rated as less prosocial, and members of rejected and popular status groups were rated as more irresponsible. In addition, neglected status group members perceived less peer support, controversial status group members reported less frequent efforts to learn, and rejected status group members reported less frequent pursuit of prosocial goals than did average status peers. Models, whereby perceived support and motivation explained significant links between sociometric status and school adjustment, were not supported.
Mothers’ Generalized Beliefs About Adolescents:
Authors: Buchanan Christy M.
Published: July 2003

Mothers’ generalized beliefs about adolescents were used to predict a mother’s expectations for her own child’s adolescent years. Participants were 75 mothers of children in either sixth grade or seventh grade. Generalized beliefs about adolescents predicted the mother’s expectations for her own young adolescent even after accounting for the young adolescent’s current attributes (e.g., depressed mood, closeness to mother). For example, the more likely a mother was to believe that adolescents as a group are conforming, risk-taking and rebellious, or internalizing, the more likely she was to expect adolescence to be difficult for her own child. Greater beliefs that adolescents are upstanding/prosocial predicted greater expectations for a closer parent/child relationship during the child’s adolescence. The link between a mother’s generalized beliefs and her expectations for her young adolescent did not vary by the child’s pubertal development or gender. Potential implications of parental beliefs concerning adolescence for parenting and parent/child relationships are discussed.
Current Life Concerns of Early Adolescents and Their Mothers:
Authors: Brackis-Cott Elizabeth , Mellins Claude Ann , Block Megan
Published: July 2003

Focus group discussions were conducted with inner-city ethnic minority families with regard to current life concerns, mother/child communication of concerns, and the influence of maternal HIV on both of those issues. Participants included early adolescents who were HIV-negative and their mothers (one-half were HIV-positive and one-half HIV-negative). Early adolescents were most concerned about sexual activity, pregnancy, safety and violence, and drugs. Early adolescents whose mothers were HIV-positive were concerned additionally with their mothers’ sickness and death, adult responsibilities, stigma and ostracism, and an even greater uncertainty about their futures. Mothers’ concerns for their children included safety and violence, sexual activity, drugs, and parenting. Mothers who were HIV-positive also were concerned about their own HIV-related issues of stigma, disclosure, becoming ill, and children assuming adult roles. Although early adolescents and mothers reported talking to each other about concerns, the quality of those discussions was unclear. Implications for family-based HIV prevention interventions are discussed.
Sociocognitive and Behavioral Correlates of a Measure of Prosocial Tendencies for Adolescents
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , Hausmann Anne , Christiansen Stacie , Randall Brandy A.
Published: July 2003

The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of prosocial behaviors to use with early adolescents and middle adolescents. One hundred thirty-eight students ( X̄ age = 15.8 years; 80 girls; 70% White, non-Hispanic) from a public middle school and high school completed measures of prosocial moral reasoning, sympathy, perspective taking, aggression, ascription of responsibility, social desirability, verbal skills, and a revised prosocial tendencies measure (PTM-R). The questionnaires were completed in two sessions each separated by a 2-week time span (to assess test-retest reliability of the PTM-R). Moreover, teacher ratings of adolescents’ generosity and helpfulness toward others were obtained. Analyses were conducted separately for early adolescents and middle adolescents and results showed adequate reliability and evidence of validity for PTM-R. Discussion focused on individual differences in prosocial behaviors among early adolescents and middle adolescents and the need to differentiate among differing types of prosocial behaviors.
The Reliability of Assessing the Appropriateness of Requested Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Bindels Rianne , Hasman Arie , van Wersch Jan W. J. , Pop Peter , Winkens Ron A. G.
Published: July 2003

Despite a poor reliability, peer assessment is the traditional method to assess the appropriateness of health care activities. This article describes the reliability of the human assessment of the appropriateness of diagnostic tests requests. The authors used a random selection of 1217 tests from 253 request forms submitted by general practitioners in the Maastricht region of the Netherlands. Three reviewers independently assessed the appropriateness of each requested test. Interrater kappa values ranged from 0.33 to 0.42, and kappa values of intrarater agreement ranged from 0.48 to 0.68. The joint reliability coefficient of the 3 reviewers was 0.66. This reliability is sufficient to review test ordering over a series of cases but is not sufficient to make case-by-case assessments. Sixteen reviewers are needed to obtain a joint reliability of 0.95. The authors conclude that there is substantial variation in assessment concerning what is an appropriately requested diagnostic test and that this feedback method is not reliable enough to make a case-by-case assessment. Computer support may be beneficial to support and make the process of peer review more uniform.
Toward Improved Methods for Measurement of Utility: Automated Repair of Errors in Elicitations
Authors: Lenert Leslie A. , Sturley Ann , Rupnow Marcia
Published: July 2003

This study examines the effects of use of an automated computer protocol to correct a common error in utility elicitations—namely, scoring of a health state with a greater impairment as being more desirable than one with lesser impairment. The authors studied the protocol in a sample of 563 members of the Internet-using public. Results revealed that errors were common (17% of ratings) but were typically successfully repaired (individuals who made only 1 or 2 errors had a 75% chance of repairing them). The values of individuals who repaired errors were similar to those without apparent error. In contrast, individuals who refused to repair errors had lower scores for the best health state in the series and higher ones for the worst health state. Results suggest that the repair procedures were successful and that inclusion of utility scores from individuals who fail to repair illogically ordered ratings may bias estimates of mean utilities.
Model-Based Methodology for Analyzing Incomplete Quality-of-Life Data and Integrating Them into the Q-Twist Framework
Authors: Mounier N. , Ferme C. , Flechtner H. , M. Henry-Amar M. , Lepage E.
Published: July 2003

Background. The standard Q-TWiST approach defines a series of health states and weights each state’s duration according to its quality of life (QOL) to calculate quality-adjusted lifetimes. However, a fixed weight may not adequately reflect time variations in QOL. Methods. To account for measurements derived from irregular visits and informative missing data, the authors estimated the mean QOL profile using a mixed-effect growth curve model for the response, combined with a logistic regression model for the drop-out process. Results. Using data from a clinical study of lymphoma patients, the authors demonstrated better readaptation to normal life for patients younger than 30. Sensitivity analyses and computer simulations demonstrated that modeling the drop-out probability as a function of the QOL measurements is necessary if conditioning by health state is not possible. Conclusion. Our model-based approach is useful to analyze studies with incomplete QOL data, especially when approximate QOL assessment by health state is not possible.
Economic Evaluation of Vaccination Programs: The Impact of Herd-Immunity
Authors: Brisson M. , Edmunds W. J.
Published: July 2003

The unique characteristic of vaccination is that it not only reduces the incidence of disease in those immunized but also indirectly protects nonvaccinated susceptibles against infection (produces herd-immunity). The bulk of economic evaluations of vaccination programs continue to use models that cannot take into account the indirect effects produced by herd-immunity. Here, the authors illustrate the importance of incorporating herd-immunity externalities when assessing the cost-effectiveness of vaccination programs. To do this, they compare 2 methods of estimating the benefits of routine mass vaccination: one that includes herd-immunity (dynamic approach) and one that does not (static approach). Finally, they use the results to clarify a number of misconceptions that are common in the literature concerning herd immunity and dynamical effects produced by models.
Long-Term HIV/AIDS Survival Estimation in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era
Authors: King Joseph T. , Justice Amy C. , Roberts Mark S. , Chang Chung-Chou H. , Fusco Jennifer S.
Published: July 2003

Background. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prolongs short-term survival in patients with HIV/AIDS. HAART has only been available since 1996; thus, no longterm survival data are available. Computer simulation models extrapolating short-term survival data can provide estimates of long-term survival. These survival estimates may assist patients and clinicians in HAART treatment planning. The authors construct a computer simulation model based on observational data to estimate long-term survival in a cohort of HIV/AIDS patients undergoing treatment with HAART. Methods. The authors use data from the Collaboration in HIV Outcomes Research-US (CHORUS) observational cohort ( N = 4791), the published literature, and US Life Tables to specify a computer simulation model of expected survival accounting for baseline CD4 cell count, progressive HAART treatment failure, progressive risk of HAART on treatment mortality, and age-associated mortality. Time to treatment failure for each of three rounds of HAART and risk of mortality on-treatment were estimated using parametric survival models with censoring of follow-up fit to CHORUS data. Off-treatment survival after HAART failure was estimated from the pre-HAART literature. Age-associated mortality was taken from US Life Tables. Results. Median projected survivals stratified by baseline CD4 cell count subgroups were CD4 > 200 cells/mm³, 15.4 years; CD4 ≤ 200 cells/mm³, 8.5 years; and CD4 ≤ 50 cells/mm³, 5.5 years. These values are 4 to 6 years longer than pre-HAART cohorts. The sensitivity analyses showed that the model survival predictions were most sensitive to the treatment failure rate, the on-treatment mortality rate, and the number of treatment rounds. Conclusions. Computer simulation modeling of long-term survival of patients with HIV/AIDS on HAART—accounting for differential treatment failure and death rates stratified by CD4 cell count and age-associated mortality—suggests a relatively consistent 4- to 6-year survival benefit over pre-HAAART therapies.
Use of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods to Model Cost-of-Illness Data
Authors: Cooper Nicola J. , Sutton Alex J. , Mugford Miranda , Abrams Keith R.
Published: July 2003

It is well known that the modeling of cost data is often problematic due to the distribution of such data. Commonly observed problems include 1) a strongly right-skewed data distribution and 2) a significant percentage of zero-cost observations. This article demonstrates how a hurdle model can be implemented from a Bayesian perspective by means of Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation methods using the freely available software WinBUGS. Assessment of model fit is addressed through the implementation of two cross-validation methods. The relative merits of this Bayesian approach compared to the classical equivalent are discussed in detail. To illustrate the methods described, patient-specific nonhealth-care resource-use data from a prospective longitudinal study and the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) are utilized for 218 individuals with early inflammatory polyarthritis (IP). The NOAR database also includes information on various patient-level covariates.
Critical Reflection in the Marketing Curriculum
Authors: Catterall Miriam , Maclaran Pauline , Stevens Lorna
Published: July 2003

This article examines how we can encourage students to engage critically with marketing ideas and activities. Critical marketing studies are currently on the margins of the discipline, and the ideas and challenges to conventional marketing studies posed by critical scholars are rarely tested or implemented in the marketing classroom. Often these are perceived as too academic and elitist to be relevant to the modern business environment. Drawing largely from debates in the management education literature, this article discusses the problems and possibilities of introducing critical reflection into the marketing curriculum and describes some strategies for encouraging critique in the marketing classroom.
Student Evaluation of Instructor: A Nomological Investigation Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Paswan Audhesh K. , Young Joyce A.
Published: July 2003

Structural equation modeling is used to examine the nomological relationships between the five latent constructs that comprise the Student Instructional Rating System (SIRS), a widely used student evaluation of instructor form. Our results indicate that input factors, that is, course organization and student-instructor interaction, influence the endogenous factors, that is, instructor involvement and student interest, in a positive manner. However, the factor—course demands affects these endogenous factors in a negative manner. In addition, course demands is also negatively associated with the other two input factors. Despite their apparent intuitive appeal, users of student evaluation forms often ignore these relationships. The authors hope that users of student evaluation forms take these relationships between the latent constructs into account when using the results.
A Gap Analysis Approach to Marketing Curriculum Assessment: A Study of Skills and Knowledge
Authors: Davis Richard , Misra Shekhar , van Auken Stuart
Published: July 2003

The need for continuous improvement in a marketing curriculum requires periodic outcomes assessments. Part of the process includes a monitoring of the relevance of a marketing curriculum to a graduate’s work environment. This article describes a process for conducting an outcomes assessment and the results of an actual alumni assessment encompassing skill and knowledge areas. Specifically, a gap analysis approach was employed in which the importance of key skill and knowledge areas to one’s current employment were contrasted with perceptions of their own academic preparation in these areas. Our results indicate that marketing alumni perceive that they are underprepared in skills and over-prepared in designated knowledge areas. The implications of the findings are discussed as well as the utility of the gap analysis in outcomes assessment.
Do Academics and Practitioners agree on What and How to Teach the Undergraduate Marketing Research Course?
Authors: Stern Bruce L. , Tseng L. P. Douglas
Published: July 2003

A survey was undertaken with executives from marketing research firms and marketing faculty who teach the under-graduate research course. Each group was asked comparable questions about desired course delivery methods, course content, and statistical coverage. Several significant gaps were found between the two groups but none larger than the perception of which statistical methods should be taught in the undergraduate research class. It is clear that both groups could benefit from learning more about each other’s preferences and reasoning.
Teaching Internationally: Matching Part-Time MBA Instructional Tools to Host Country Student Preferences
Authors: Clarke Irvine , Flaherty Theresa B.
Published: July 2003

While marketing professors are increasingly being asked to teach internationally, little is known about global students’ perceptions of how various instructional activities influence their learning experience. Consequently, marketing professors may be unsure which educational activities to incorporate into their overseas courses. This study investigates how various educational tools affect MBA students’perception of overall learning through a survey administered in an international marketing class in the People’s Republic of China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Findings reveal that students have differing opinions, by country, on the impact of these instructional activities. Pedagogical ideas are provided to help instructors maximize teaching effectiveness in global locations.
Blissful Ignorance: The Problem of Unrecognized Incompetence and Academic Performance
Authors: Kennedy Ellen J. , Lawton Leigh , Plumlee E. Leroy
Published: July 2003

The skills that develop competence in a particular area are often the same skills needed to evaluate competence in that area. When people are unable to judge their own achievement, they are in a double bind; they have neither a particular skill nor the cognitive ability to realize their own level of incompetence. If students are unaware of their poor performance on tests, they are unlikely to realize their limitations. Correspondingly, the high performers may not recognize their ability to be successful. This study tests students’ self-recognized competence by having them estimate the grade they expected to receive on a test immediately following its completion. Poorer students significantly overestimated their performance; better students underestimated their performance. Poorer students became better estimators over time, while there was no similar improvement in better students’ self-assessments.
A Framework for Understanding the Relationships between Religions and Markets
Authors: Mittelstaedt John D.
Published: July 2003

Religions and religious institutions affect markets in a variety of ways. The objectives of this study are threefold. First, it details the parameters of market activity affected by religions and religious institutions. Second, it discusses the ways in which religion exerts authority over the activities of markets. The presence of authority is a necessary prerequisite for religious influence on markets. Third, religious authority is used as a framework to understand how traditional questions of macromarketing inform, and are informed by, the intersection of religions and markets. The article uses the framework of religious authority to explore the variety of effects of religions on markets and markets on religions.
Compassionate Love, Agape, and Altruism: A New Framework for Understanding and Supporting Impoverished Consumers
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul
Published: July 2003

This article advances the premise that other-centered love is a resource that may improve the lives of impoverished consumers. It opens with a brief description of compassionate love, agape, and altruism and their potential relationship to helping behaviors. Data description and analysis are next, followed by ethnographic evidence that support the love-as-resource perspective. This support is distilled into five interrelated themes: loss/lack of familial/friendship love, lack of other-centered love or disdain, reactions to the loss/lack of love, expressions of other-centered love, and consumption adequacy. The article closes with implications for other-centered love as a paradigm to further the consumption adequacy of the poor on a global basis.
Macromarketing and International Trade: Comparative Advantage versus Cosmopolitan Considerations
Authors: Ellis Paul , Pecotich Anthony
Published: July 2003

Within the context of international trade, the case study method is used as an analogue of a natural experiment to contrast the economic concept of “comparative advantage” with the social network “cosmopoliteness” construct. Specifically, a conceptual reconciliation between these macro/micro theories is developed, and then rival propositions are derived pertaining to the initiation of new export ventures. These alternative explanations are juxtaposed in an empirical setting, which not only provides an approximation of a “crucial test” but also demonstrates the rather unusual situation (in marketing) of hypothesis testing with the qualitative case study method on macro to micro translations. The findings favored the social exchange cosmopolitan explanation and led to the rejection of the hypothesis derived from comparative advantage.
Understanding Organizational Change: Comments on Carman and Dominguez
Authors: Savitt Ronald
Published: July 2003

This article attempts to address some of the issues raised in the recently published article titled “Organizational Transformation in Transition Economies: Hypotheses.” The discussion challenges the fundamental reasoning in the Carman and Dominquez (2001) piece. Their basic arguments fall short of what is necessary to fully explain and understand the processes of economic reform taking place in Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere. Their premises are drawn from the American institutional setting, and they fail to fully include the basic cultural, historical, political, and societal elements that are part of change, especially with regard to the very individual characteristics found in the economies they refer to. This response is an attempt to widen the framework to better understand organizational change and the role that marketing has within it.
Enterprise Development under an Economic Detour? Black-Owned Advertising Agencies, 1940-2000
Authors: Davis Judy Foster
Published: July 2003

This article uses the economic detour theory of enterprise development to assess the origins and development of black-owned advertising agencies in the United States since the World War II era. In light of this concept, key socioeconomic phenomena—racial segregation, desegregation, and multiculturalism—are addressed in terms of their impact on opportunities for and practices among black advertising entrepreneurs. Historical evidence is largely consistent with key principles of the economic detour model. In sum, it appears that a contemporary form of racial separation persists in the advertising business, which serves to constrain entrepreneurial efforts among black and other ethnic minority entrepreneurs in the industry.
Out in the Market: A History of the Gay Market Segment in the United States
Authors: Branchik Blaine J.
Published: July 2003

In recent years, the American gay market segment has been recognized by publications and businesses as large and lucrative. Whether purposefully or inadvertently, U.S. businesses have been marketing to gay consumers for well over 100 years. This market segment has developed as a result of a series of historical and societal events, paralleling the development of the gay community and involving activities on the part of both buyers and sellers. This article traces the evolution of the gay market segment from the late nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century through three historical phases: (1) the underground phase, pre-1941; (2) the community-building phase, 1941-1970; and (3) the mainstream phase, 1970 to the present. A conceptual framework linking buyer and seller activities to historic events in these three phases is presented along with examples of products and services marketed to gay Americans within each phase.
Commercial Amphoras: The Earliest Consumer Packages?
Authors: Twede Diana
Published: July 2003

Commercial amphoras are large ceramic vessels that were used from 1500 B.C. to 500 A.D. to ship wine and other products throughout the Mediterranean, supplying the ancient Greek and Roman empires. Although their form is much different from our own packages, the shape and design were clearly the result of the same reasoning that we use to design successful packaging today. The unusual shape, especially the pointed base, facilitated handling, storage, transport, and use in marketing channels that were very differently shaped from those that are used today. This article investigates amphoras’ physical properties, manufacturing process, and logistical and marketing advantages and illustrates the value of such packaging artifacts in documenting the history of trade.
Postmodernism and Marketing: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: July 2003

Postmodernism, as a philosophy and a set of doctrines, has made incursions into marketing. The incursion into marketing has given postmodernism visibility among marketing academics. This article argues that there is a need for a critical appraisal of postmodernism’s potential contribution to marketing. What has been written so far on postmodernism as applied to marketing tends to be peripheral to the key doctrines of postmodernism. In setting out the postmodernist claims, this article argues that while some of these claims may be defensible, most are not. Insofar as the influence of postmodernism has been benign or progressive, it is because it has dramatized and intensified criticism already under way of the claim that the methodology of the physical sciences represents the only way to certain knowledge. The downside of postmodernism is an untenable extension of this insight that would, if adopted by marketing, be highly dysfunctional.
The Influence of Business on Nonprofit Organizations and the Complexity of Nonprofit Accountability
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: July 2003

The ultimate test of accountability for a nonprofit organization is whether its leadership can responsibly interpret, and honestly and energetically promote, the organization’s mission, even when environmental, stakeholder, and governance pressures make other paths more comfortable and secure. The degree to which nonprofits have become entwined with the business sector in recent years has brought new urgency to this challenge. Here, the risk is that contemporary nonprofit leaders, under tremendous financial and social pressures and eager to make their institutions economically successful are led, perhaps inadvertently, to compromise their missions. This risk is illustrated here with cases from private universities. Recommendations are offered that would strengthen nonprofit leadership and accountability practices.
Understanding Local Government Cooperation in Urban Regions
Authors: Visser James A.
Published: July 2003

This article examines the debate over metropolitan governmental form and the applicability of the reform-consolidation and market-public choice models to understanding the reality of how interlocal governmental relations operate in urban regions. These form-based models are found to be deficient as useful and inductively empirical paradigms for examining the day-to-day interplay of interlocal relations. The author presents an alternative model that posits that urban political and organizational cultures and their influence on the roles and behavior of local officials, especially administrators, may be more driving explanatory factors in interlocal relations than governmental form.
The Influence of Political Culture on State Budgets
Authors: Koven Steven G. , Mausolff Christopher
Published: July 2003

In addition to deepening the understanding of factors that influence budget outputs, this study also seeks to contribute to the larger discussion concerning the administrative implications of political culture. The data indicate that political culture exerted an independent impact on total state and local spending in the 1990s, even after controlling for commonly cited economic, political, and demographic variables. Although other variables undoubtedly influence policy outputs, this study suggests that the role of political culture should not be ignored and may be very useful for explaining policy variations that exist between jurisdictions.
Regulating the New Agricultural Biotechnology by Managing Innovation Diffusion
Authors: Stewart Patrick A. , Harding David , Day Esther
Published: July 2003

After 15 years of promise, the new agricultural biotechnology is now being planted in farmers’fields and is found in America’s food supply. Taken together with the promise of reduced pesticide use and the resulting healthier environment, the adoption and proper management of this technology, as well as public acceptance of it, is highly important for its continued use. This article considers objective attributes and subjective factors in the adoption and management of new technologies and applies them to a much-vaunted and widely used agricultural biotechnology that promises chemical pesticide reduction but threatens biological pollution of the environment: crops genetically engineered to express Bacillus thuringiensis. Analysis of user workshops in Chicago and Memphis during the summer of 1999 suggests that difficulties may lie not with the seeds themselves but with the adoption of management practices that preserve the pesticidal capabilities of the plants.
Assessing Administrative Accountability
Authors: Wang Xiaohu
Published: July 2003

This article presents the results of a national survey on accountability practices in U.S. municipal administrations. It also examines possible causes and effects of accountability. It finds that city administrations use a variety of political and legal accountability tools. They reveal more financial information than performance information to their stakeholders. Accountability appears to be enhanced through eliminating government workers’concerns about exposing their performances. Responsiveness, public consensus, and stakeholder trust are strengthened in accountable administrations. However, stakeholder fiscal commitments and administrative service capacities are not associated with accountability.
Avalanches and Incrementalism
Authors: True James L.
Published: July 2003

Incrementalism is the dominant theory for explaining government decisions about policy and budgets, but it is of little use in explaining the large-scale budget changes and policy redirections that are actually observed. This article reviews recent efforts to explain both large and small changes in government decision making, and argues that punctuated equilibrium theory offers a better way of relating politics, government institutions, and policies. This new theory incorporates both incrementalism and large-scale changes into its view of government as a complex, interactive system. Extending the new theory specifically to budgeting produces the avalanche budget model, which traces how a government of different levels and processes generates both the stability and upsets found today in policies and budgets. Major changes are now and have been much more common in government policies and budgets than previously imagined, and this article examines some of the implications of that finding.
Beyond Idealism
Authors: Maletz Donald J. , Herbel Jerry
Published: July 2003

The effort to oppose corruption has brought in recent decades a heightened emphasis on ethics, the establishment of official ethics codes, the creation of the first government agencies explicitly authorized to enforce ethics, and even the creation of ethics committees in Congress. Dennis Thompson has taken the lead in advocating and analyzing the increased attention to ethics, and yet one of his more recent studies draws attention to some “paradoxes” inherent in the pursuit of ethics in government. We take issue with Thompson’s argument that ethics is in some sense the most important of all policies. The hope for “ethics in government” may only be satisfied at a very modest level through the work of the current ethics agencies, the enforcement of ethics in government can impose important costs on the ethics project itself, and the democratic processes of government may limit what we should do to constrain the power of self-interest.
Changing the Paradigm
Authors: Nyhan Ronald C.
Published: July 2003

This article explores the feasibility of a trust-based organizational paradigm as a new model for public sector management. A conceptual model is developed from a literature review of more than 100 journal articles and books. The author proposes that participation in decision making, feedback from and to employees, and empowerment of employees lead to increased interpersonal trust (between supervisor and employee) in a public organization. The article further hypothesizes that these trust-building practices between supervisors and workers can lead to increased productivity and strengthened organizational commitment. The conceptual model is empirically tested using as a case study both structural equation modeling and data from a municipal government. The analysis demonstrates that the trust-based model is a viable paradigm for increasing interpersonal trust, organizational commitment, and productivity in the public sector.
Rethinking Public Administration’s Roots in Pragmatism
Authors: Snider Keith F.
Published: July 2003

This article portrays the pragmatism of Charles S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey as an insignificant influence during the early years of American public administration. The mainstream thinking during that time was exemplified by the ideas of Charles A. Beard, an influential figure in the early era of the field. Beard’s writings illustrate the way public administration ignored important aspects of pragmatism in favor of practical attitudes and focus on apolitical efficiency. As a result, administrative orthodoxy developed in opposition to pragmatism, which explains the abandonment and misinterpretation of Mary Parker Follett’s ideas. Equipped with the recognition that public administration has never really given pragmatism a chance, scholars and practitioners may be led to consider its possibilities in a contemporary administrative context.
Metropolitan Government in Decline
Authors: Carmichael Paul , Midwinter Arthur
Published: July 2003

Ostensibly, the reorganization of Scottish local government in 1996 was intended to create a more local, more efficient, and more accountable system. However, through grant abatement, the Conservative government simultaneously intensified its fiscal squeeze on local authorities, seeking expenditure reductions in real terms. Contrary to assurances from party leaders, both developments led to disruption for local authorities, felt particularly in Scotland’s four major cities. Overall, these and other changes have culminated in a period of downsizing for Scottish local government. Whereas a new Labor government is committed to wider constitutional changes, it is persisting with much of its predecessor’s policy agenda, albeit in muted form. Therefore, in the intermediate term, Scottish local government faces a continuing period of uncertainty and retrenchment. This article reviews the structure of local government in Scotland that was abolished in 1996 and the case for its replacement. Then, using evidence from Scotland’s four principal cities, the article examines and evaluates the broad thrust in recent central government policy—the downsizing of local government—using five criteria: scope, scale, staffing, spending, and comprehensibility.