bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renewal of Implementing Regulations in Minimizing Control in Limited Liability Companies Outside of Acquisitions
Authors: Pakpahan Kartina , Tanjaya Willy , Ferina Wulan Me
Published: January 2025

Introduction: The problem is that the definition of "control" of a company is not found explicitly in the Company Law, resulting in the emergence of practices of "control" of companies which are carried out not in accordance with the provisions as stipulated in the provisions of Article 1 point 11 and Article 125 paragraph (3) of the Company Law. When taking over company shares, it does not always result in a change in control of the company if the number of shares taken over does not exceed 50% of the company's shares. If the takeover of shares exceeds 50% of the company's shares, the party taking over a company will become the controller of the party being taken over.Purposes of the Research:  The control intended by UUPT is very limited and cannot be interpreted more broadly. Methods of the Research: The research method used in this research is Empirical Legal Research, which uses a sociological legal approach focusing on reality by examining the application of law, in this case the PT UU, which is used as a basis for the formation and implementation of a Legal Entity (limited liability company).Results of the Research: The results of the research found the first fact that there were actions to control limited liability companies that were not in accordance with the provisions of Article 1 number 11 and Article 125 paragraph (3) of the Company Law and the aims and objectives of the Articles of Association of the Deed of Establishment were not achieved. These findings occurred at PT. ESG. Second, there is the involvement of a Notary in legalizing the actions of the Commissioner of PT. ESG to control PT. ESG Beyond Acquisitions. Third, there is a conflict between the norms of Article 102 paragraph 1 of the Company Law with Article 102 paragraph 4 of the Company Law regarding the "Requirement to seek approval from the GMS" to transfer assets, but the entire assets of PT. ESG has been transferred without asking for approval from the GMS and a Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement and Transfer of Rights has been issued by a Notary.
Legal Protection For Notaries Against False Information Given By Participants In The Drafting of Authentic Deeds
Authors: Octavia Jane Maria , Silviana Ana
Published: January 2025

Introduction: A problem that often occurs in connection with the implementation of the duties of a Notary is if there is a Notarial deed that is faulted by the parties, especially if the parties come to the Notary with false information or fake evidence.Purposes of the Research: This research aims to analyze the validity of a notary's statement which is based on evidence that is declared to be fake and legal protection for notaries for fake statements.Methods of the Research: This research uses normative legal research methods by looking for solutions and legal issues that arise, which will be achieved and then provide predictions. Legal approach and conceptual approach, with primary and secondary legal materials.Results of the Research: Based on Supreme Court Decision Number 702/J/Sip/1973 dated September 5 1973, the Notary who recorded what was shown and conveyed by the person facing, there is no obligation for the notary to investigate materially. In this way, the Notary is not asked to be held responsible for losses incurred because the parties provided false information.
Regspraak: Teleological interpretation of section 189A of the Labour Relations Act and procedural fairness in large-scale retrenchments
Authors: Van Staden M
Published: January 2025

In die uitspraak het die konstitusionele hof geworstel met die interpretasie van artikels 189A(13) en 189A(18) van die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge 66 van 1995 in die konteks van grootskaalse afleggings vir operasionele vereistes. Die saak het deurslaggewende vrae aangespreek oor die jurisdiksie van die arbeidshof om die prosedurele billikheid van sodanige afleggings te beoordeel en die aard en omvang van die remedies wat ingevolge artikel 189A(13) van Wet 66 van 1995 aan werknemers beskikbaar is.

Hierdie bespreking ontleed die uiteenlopende uitlegbenaderings wat deur die meerderheids- en minderheidsuitspraak in die uitspraak aanvaar is sowel as die uitlegbenadering wat geheers het voor uitspraak in die saak gelewer is. Die meerderheid het ’n breë, doelgerigte interpretasie nagevolg – ’n teleologiese uitleg – wat uiting gee aan, onder meer, die grondwetlike reg op billike arbeidspraktyke en die reg op toegang tot die howe. Die meerderheid het aanvaar dat artikel 189A(18) van Wet 66 van 1995 slegs arbeidshof-jurisdiksie kragtens artikel 191 uitsluit en nie jurisdiksie kragtens artikel 189A(13) uitskakel nie. Die meerderheid het bevind dat artikel 189A(13) beide primêre oogmerke dien om prosedurele voldoening voor ontslag af te dwing en sekondêre doeleindes nastreef om remedies vir prosedurele onbillikheid te verskaf, met vergoeding beskikbaar selfs wanneer primêre remedies nie meer lewensvatbaar is nie. Die minderheid het, hoewel hulle met die beslissing van die meerderheid saamgestem het, ’n enger, meer terughoudende benadering tot die uitleg van voorafgaande uitsprake en die genoemde wetsbepalings verkies.

Die bespreking evalueer hierdie uitlegbenaderings teen sleutelvermoedens van statutêre interpretasie, insluitend dat regstellende wetgewing mildelik uitgelê moet word, dat wetgewing nie geredelik hofjurisdiksie uitskakel nie en dat wetgewing uitgelê moet word om die openbare belang te bevorder. Daar word aangevoer dat die meerderheid se benadering verkieslik is, aangesien dit volle uitvoering gee aan die beskermende en remediërende doeleindes van Wet 66 van 1995 in ooreenstemming met grondwetlike waardes. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die meerderheidsuitspraak ’n belangrike bydrae lewer tot die ontwikkeling van ’n transformerende arbeidsregspraak. Die meerderheid se breë, doelgerigte interpretasie van artikels 189A(13) en 189A(18), onderlê deur grondwetlike beginsels en waardes, bied ’n waardevolle model vir howe wanneer arbeidswetgewing vertolk moet word. Die uitspraak bevorder die fundamentele doelwitte van Wet 66 van 1995 en die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996 deur doeltreffende remedies en toegang tot howe te behou vir werknemers wat prosedureel onbillike afleggings in die gesig staar.
Regspraak: Exposing the bureaucratic red tape of adoptions and the department’s underlying prejudices
Authors: Rosenberg W
Published: January 2025

Hierdie saak behels twee byna identiese stelle feite oor die eerste en tweede applikant en hul keuses om hulle babas B and L vir aanneming af te gee en die departement van maatskaplike ontwikkeling se verontagsaming eerstens van die eerste en tweede applikant se reg om aanneming te kies en tweedens vir die beste belange van B en L. Volgens die feite in beide gevalle is die applikante “geviktimiseer en gestraf” vir hul keuse van aanneming as opsie uit hul verknorsings.

Die optrede van die departement en maatskaplike werkers het ’n reeks gebeure tot gevolg gehad wat daartoe gelei het dat die beste belange van die kinders geskend is en die regte van die aansoekers op menswaardigheid, privaatheid en liggaamlike en sielkundige integriteit ook geskend is. Die departement het praktykriglyne vir aanneming opgestel en deur middel van hierdie riglyne gepoog om die aanneming van B en L te ontspoor en kultuur as ’n rede aan te voer, asook daarop aan te dring dat ’n bykomende ondersoek gedoen moet word of die kinders sorg en beskerming benodig voordat B en L aanneembaar verklaar kan word. Die departement het ook beweer dat die kinderhof nie ’n aannemingsbevel kan uitreik alvorens’n aanbevelingsbrief wat sodanige aanneming goedkeur, van die departement ontvang is nie. Dít het die hof bevind is in stryd met die skeiding van magte-leerstellings. Regter Dippenaar het die optrede van die departement en maatskaplike werkers krities onder die loep geneem en ook die praktykriglyne wat nie deur die minister opgestel en afgekondig is nie krities ontleed.

Hierdie uitspraak dien as ’n wekroep aan die departement én maatskaplike werkers om te besef dat die grondwet en kinderwet geen ruimte laat vir onderliggende vooroordele nie en dat ons nuwe grondwetlike bedeling die erkenning, beskerming en afdwinging van sowel die regte van kinders as dié van die betrokke volwassenes beskerm. Hierdie beslissing is veral belangrik aangesien aannemingsgetalle in Suid-Afrika afneem en die aantal kinderlose gesinne wat begerig is om ’n kind aan te neem, afneem terwyl die getal weerlose kinders wat gesinne benodig as gevolg van die stygende koers van kinderverlating in Suid-Afrika toeneem. As gevolg van die stygende koers van kinderverlating is dit belangrik dat aannemings vaartbelyn word en alle onnodige rompslomp verwyder word.
Regspraak: Geregistreerde eienaar verloor eiendomsreg met koste teen onregmatige besetters wat klaarblyklik wesenlik ongegrond verryk word danksy die hofuitspraak
Authors: Sonnekus JC
Published: January 2025

The applicant, as the registered owner of immovable property in Newlands East, Durban, applied for the eviction of the first and second respondents from the residence on the premises held by the applicant bought from the respondents in 2016. The repondents, on the face of it, as erstwhile tenants who had defaulted on the tenancy agreement have no ius possidendi to justify their continued occupation of the residence and premises.

The respondents, as former tenants, allegedly committed a material breach of contract by failing over a long period of time to pay either the agreed rent due or the municipal services bill as was agreed. The latter obligations, such as for the used electricity, water, sewerage and refuse removal, had allegedly not been paid by them since their occupation of the erf as tenants in December 2016, and the fact that the services have not been cut off is due simply to the fact that they had been paid for regularly by the applicant as registered owner. Notwithstanding demand and later the rightful termination of the tenancy agreement on account of that non-performance and consequent notice that the premises had to be vacated in view of the breach of contract, the respondents simply persisted in their unlawful occupation after nearly seven years. Moreover, their reliance on their supposed lien to bolster their alleged enrichment claim for unspecified so-called improvements made on the premises is most unconvincing.

On the face of it, this should be a clear case where the applicant is entitled to the requested legal aid. The court, however, decided to dismiss the application for the eviction of the respondents with costs, and to set aside the sale agreement entered into between the applicant and the respondents on 22 December 2016 in respect of the erf; since held under title deed number 8647/2017. The court also set aside the subsequent transfer of the above property from the respondents to the applicant, and authorised the registrar of deeds, Pietermaritzburg, to re-register the transfer of the abovementioned property in the names of the respondents.

The judgment not only punishes the registered owner with expropriation without compensation, but also punishes her with an outrageous cost order. Moreover, not a single word in the decision refers to the fact that the consequence of this judgment is to leave the respondents materially unjustly enriched. Not only do they benefit from the recovery of their unburdened right of ownership over an asset that, adjusted for inflation, is now worth more than half a million rand after more than seven years, but not a word is said about the outstanding debt plus interest over several years towards the applicant as a then friendly credit provider that is now likely to remain unsettled. Most of that debt had probably become prescribed by now.
Obtaining control of insolvent estates by way of warrants in terms of section 69(3) of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936
Authors: De Wet W
Published: January 2025

Artikel 69 van die Insolvensiewet 24 van 1936 voorsien ’n effektiewe remedie tot trustees se beskikking, welke remedie ten doel het om trustees in staat te stel om effektiewe beheer te neem van ’n insolvente boedel. Hierdie remedie word geïmplementeer deur trustees wat vermoed dat bates van ’n insolvente boedel versteek of onregmatig van die trustees weerhou word. Die remedie is nie beperk tot insolvente boedels van natuurlike persone, vennootskappe of trusts nie, maar vind ook toepassing in insolvente boedels van maatskappye en beslote korporasies. Die remedie vind derhalwe toepassing in die geval van beide trustees en likwidateurs wat poog om beheer te neem oor bates wat van hulle versteek of weerhou word.

Volgens die Insolvensiewet se bewoording is hierdie remedie beskikbaar sodra die balju van die hof beslag gelê het op al die bates van die insolvent en die nodige inventaris opgestel het ingevolge artikel 19(1) van die wet. Dit is op hierdie stadium dat die trustee somtyds ’n vermoede ontwikkel dat bates versteek of weerhou word van die insolvente boedel, welke vermoede die implementering van artikel 69(3) noodsaak. Met oorweging van die nodige elemente waaraan voldoen moet word alvorens ’n landdros ’n lasbrief sal uitreik ingevolge artikel 69(3), is die trustee se blote vermoede van verberging of weerhouding van bates oënskynlik voldoende regverdiging vir die uitreik van genoemde lasbrief. Gevolglik kan die remedie beskou word as drasties, maar gepaardgaande met ’n opmerklik lae maatstaf om dit tog te bekom. Dit blyk dat praktisyns in hierdie gebied eers onlangs begin het om hierdie remedie te implementeer op die wyse soos dit deur die wetgewer beoog is en deur onlangse gesag ondersteun word. Deur hierdie remedie korrek te implementeer sal die doeltreffendheid daarvan bevorder word, veral aangesien die wetgewer se bedoeling klaarblyklik is dat hierdie remedie spoedig en sonder die nakoming van onnodige formaliteite toegestaan behoort te word. Dit is te verwagte dat, indien trustees bewus is van die aard van die remedie, asook die resultate wat genoemde remedie kan teweeg bring in gevalle van ’n vermoede van verdagte gebeure in ’n insolvente boedel, hierdie remedie meer gereeld geïmplementeer sal word.
Unpacking the 1993 Lesotho constitution’s radical social transformation ideals and its normative implications for the judiciary
Authors: Maqakachane ST , Laubscher R
Published: January 2025

Die 1993-Lesotho grondwet is aanvaar na meer as ’n honderd jaar van koloniale beheer en byna drie dekades van outoritêre en militêre regering. Hierdie periode is gekenmerk deur die oorplanting van vreemde regsbeginsels in Lesotho se regstelsel; die vervanging van tradisionele Afrika-regeringstelsels, beginsels en waardes; politieke geweld; menseregteskendings; sosio-ekonomiese ongelykheid; armoede en ’n beperkende regskultuur. Teen hierdie voor-demokratiese en historiese agtergrond, het die Lesotho grondwet ’n drieledige radikale sosiale hervormingsproses in die lewe geroep. Hierdie hervormingsproses behels, eerstens, die radikale hervorming van bestaande wetgewing, tweedens, hervorming ten aansien van sosiale gelykheid en -geregtigheid en derdens, die daarstel van ’n regverdige en stabiele regsorde.

Die Lesotho grondwet het hierdie hervormingspligte onder andere op die regsprekende gesag geplaas. Die regsprekende gesag moes dus hierdie grondwetlike ideale in realiteit omskep deur “transformative adjudication”, oftewel “transformerende” of “hervormende beregtiging”. Vir 30 jaar (1993-2023) het die regbank nie net misluk om die verkose regeringsfere verantwoordelik te hou vir hul versuim om die radikale sosiale hervormingsoogmerke van die grondwet te implementeer nie, maar het die regbank self ook daarin gefaal om die nodige metodologiese kopskuif te maak om hierdie radikale sosiale hervormings teweeg te bring in regspraak.

Hierdie bydrae ondersoek die normatiewe inhoud van die radikale sosiale hervormingsoogmerke wat deur die 1993 grondwet voorgeskryf word en die ooreenstemmende normatiewe implikasies daarvan vir die regbank. Die bydrae argumenteer dat, totdat die regbank die nodige metodologiese benadering tot beregtiging, naamlik ’n “publiekreg beregtingsmodel” (“distributive justice model” of “herverdelende beregtingsmodel”) met ooreenstemmende metodes en tegnieke aanvaar, in plaas van die tradisionele “regstellende beregtigingsmodel” (“corrective justice model”), daar geen werklike regshervorming in Lesotho kan plaasvind nie. Daar word egter aangevoer dat die beslissing van die hooggeregshof in Lesotho Medical Association v Minister of Health 2020 LSHC 14 ’n welkome verwikkeling ten aansien van die gebruik van ’n publiekreg beregtingsmodel in Lesotho verteenwoordig en beslis ’n stap in die regte rigting is vir die afdwinging van staats- en publieke instellings se sosiale verpligtinge ingevolge die “directive principles of state policy”, ingevolge hoofstuk 3 van die Lesotho grondwet.
Section 2B of the Wills Act 7 of 1953: is it unfairly discriminatory?
Authors: Moosa F
Published: January 2025

Artikel 2B van die Wet op Testamente 7 van 1953 is ’n oorblyfsel uit die apartheidsera. Dit bepaal dat, tensy ’n teenstrydige bedoeling uit ’n oorledene se testament blyk, testamentêre voordele wat deur ’n gewese gade aan ’n ander voormalige gade verleen word, ex lege, herroep word indien hul huwelik binne drie maande voor die erflater se dood ontbind is. In artikel 2B bedoel “huwelik” die gemeenregtelike idee van ’n monogame verbintenis tussen ’n man en ’n vrou. Gevolglik toon hierdie artikel aan dat die beskerming wat daardeur verleen word, nie die volgende persone bevoordeel nie: (i) voormalige lewensmaats wie se lewensverhouding binne drie maande voor die dood van een eks-lewensmaat geëindig het; (ii) voormalige eggenote wie se huwelik uitsluitlik deur godsdienstige reg ontbind is deur ’n godsdienstige proses (soos ’n Talãq of Faskh onder Shari’ah-wet); en (iii) voormalige eggenote wie se huwelik uitsluitlik ooreenkomstig die kultuur en/of tradisies van ’n etniese groep bevestig is en later ook ontbind is op ’n wyse wat deur sy gebruike en/of tradisies voorgeskryf word. Hierdie artikel toon aan dat artikel 2B slegs voormalige gades omvat in huwelike wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse familiereg erken word, wat in opdrag van ’n bevoegde hooggeregshof ontbind is (nie deur enige godsdienstige of kulturele instelling of liggaam nie).

Hierdie artikel kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, vir doeleindes van artikel 2B, die gemeenregtelike opvatting van “huwelik” onbillik diskriminerend is teen persone wat verkies om nie ooreenkomstig die burgerlike reg van Suid-Afrika te trou en te skei nie, maar slegs in ooreenstemming met die voorskrifte van hul godsdiens en/of kultuur. Daar word verder tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat sodanige diskriminasie onredelik en onregverdigbaar is ingevolge artikel 36 van die grondwet, 1996, sodat, artikel 2B ongrondwetlik verklaar mag word, nieteenstaande die hoogste hof van appèl se beslissing in Wallage v Williams-Ashman NO.

As gevolg van die omvang van die weglatings uit artikel 2B soos in hierdie artikel aangetoon, sal ’n inlees van woorde wat sy reikwydte uitbrei na die kategorieë gewese gades wat daaruit uitgesluit is, nie ’n gepaste remedie wees om artikel 2B uit ’n verklaring van ongeldigheid te red nie. Dit is omdat die omvang van die inlees wesenlik sou wees en altyd van ’n hof vereis om die spreekwoordelike Rubicon oor te steek van bloot die wettige interpretasie tot die oorgaan na ’n wetgewende funksie deur ’n geregtelike besluit. Dit sal aanstoot gee aan die beginsel van skeiding van magte wat in die grondwet vervat is en moet ten sterkste ontmoedig word.
Aantekeninge: A review muddle on an inappropriate application of general anti-avoidance rules
Authors: Keulder C , Legwaila T
Published: January 2025

In Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service v Absa Bank Limited (2024 1 SA 361 (HHA)) het die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens die belastingbetalers in kennis gestel van die voorneme om die algemene reëls teen belastingvermyding op ’n reeks onderling verbonde transaksies toe te pas. In hierdie verband het die belastingbetalers die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens versoek om hierdie kennisgewing kragtens artikel 9 van die Wet op Belastingadministrasie 28 van 2011 terug te trek. Hierdie versoek is geweier. Verder het die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens ’n bykomstige aanslag uitgereik om gehoor te gee aan die algemene reëls teen belastingvermyding.

Die belastingbetalers het beide besluite, naamlik die weiering om die kennisgewing terug te trek en die uitreiking van die bykomstige aanslag, op hersiening na die hooggeregshof geneem. Dié hof het bevind dat die algemene reëls teen belastingvermyding nie toegepas kon word nie omdat Absa nie direk by die reëling betrokke was nie en géén belastingvoordeel uit die transaksies verkry is nie. Alhoewel die kennisgewing van voorneme om die reël toe te pas nie finaal was nie, was dit steeds hersienbaar. Die hof het ook beslis dat die hooggeregshof jurisdiksie het om ’n belastingaangeleentheid direk aan te hoor as ’n hersieningsaansoek waar daar ’n dispuut ten opsigte van ’n regspunt is.

Hierdie vonnisbespreking fokus op die daaropvolgende appèlbeslissing van die hoogste hof van appèl. Ten opsigte van die weiering om die kennisgewing van voorneme om die algemene reël teen belastingvermyding toe te pas, toon hierdie vonnisbespreking die hoogste hof van appèl se verwarring aangaande ’n hersieningsaansoek kragtens die “Promotion of Administrative Justice Act” 3 van 2000 en een op grond van legaliteit. In hierdie verband wys die outeurs verskeie redes uit waarom die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens se besluit irrasioneel was, aangesien die onderling verbonde transaksies wat oorweeg is nie binne die omskrywing van die algemene reëls teen belastingvermyding val nie. Verder beklemtoon die vonnisbespreking die verwarring oor wanneer die hooggeregshof se inherente hersieningsbevoegdheid van toepassing is.
Regspraak: Email hackers, conveyancers and pure economic loss
Authors: Zitzke E
Published: January 2025

Hierdie vonnisbespreking is ’n kritiek op Edward Nathan Sonnenberg v Hawarden (2024 5 SA 9 (HHA)). Die saak handel oor epos-kuberkraking in die konteks van aktebesorging wat lei tot suiwer ekonomiese verlies. Die koper van onroerende eiendom moes die koopprys aan die aktebesorger oorbetaal. Die aktebesorger het sy bankbesonderhede per epos aan die koper gekommunikeer. ’n Kuberkraker het die epos onderskep voordat die koper dit ontvang het en het sy eie bankbesonderhede aan die koper verskaf. Die misleide koper het toe R5,5 miljoen aan die boosdoener oorbetaal. Die kuberkraker het verdwyn teen die tyd wat die waarheid na vore gekom het.

Die koper eis haar verlore miljoene van die aktebesorger in ’n deliksaksie in die hooggeregshof. In Hawarden v Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs Inc (2023 4 SA 152 (GJ)) bevind die hof van eerste instansie dat die aktebesorger onder ’n regsplig was om “nie nalatig” teenoor die eiser te handel nie. Die hof bevind ook dat die regsplig nie nagekom is nie en dat die verweerder die eiser se skade op ’n nalatige wyse veroorsaak het. Dus slaag die eiser. Terwyl die uitspraak swak gestruktureer is en konseptuele foute daarin gemaak word, bevat dit ’n paar akkurate stellings oor die beleidsoorwegings wat in ag geneem moet word by die bepaling van die onregmatigheid van die verweerder se handeling.

Op appèl beslis die hoogste hof van appèl dat die eiser om twee redes nie onregmatigheid kon bewys nie: Eerstens sou ’n bevinding van onregmatigheid lei tot onbepaalde aanspreeklikheid en tweedens was die eiser nie kwesbaar vir die risiko nie omdat sy haarself kon beskerm het teen die skade wat sy gely het.

In hierdie vonnisbespreking word daar geargumenteer dat die hoogste hof van appèl se bevinding oor onregmatigheid foutief is. Teenstrydig met die hoogste hof van appèl se bevinding, word geargumenteer dat verskeie faktore daarop dui dat onregmatigheid wél aanwesig is: (i) die feit dat die erkenning van ’n regsplig in hierdie konteks ’n inkrementele verwikkeling van die reg sou behels wat alreeds ’n regsplig erken tussen ’n prokureur en derde partye wat betalings maak; (ii) die professionele aansien van prokureurs en statutêre verpligtinge wat op regspraktisyns geplaas word; (iii) die nabye en direkte verhouding tussen die eiser en verweerder in hierdie geval; (iv) die vertroue wat die publiek in regsfirmas behoort te hê; (v) die feit dat daar geen aantoonbare risiko van onbepaalde aanspreeklikheid is nie; (vi) die feit dat die eiser se bydraende nalatigheid nie as ’n absolute verweer teen haar gebruik mag word nie; en (vii) die feit dat die tegnologiese risiko van epos-kuberkraking objektief akuut voorsienbaar is asook die verweerder se subjektiewe kennis hieroor.
Regspraak: Return to the infamous English case of Hollington v F Hewthorn & Co Ltd 1943 KB 587 (CA): still authoritative in South Africa, albeit restricted to its original ratio
Authors: De Vos W
Published: January 2025

In Technology Corporate Management (Pty) Ltd v De Sousa het die vraag onder andere ter sprake gekom of die reël in die dikwels gekritiseerde Engelse saak Hollington v F Hewthorn & Co Ltd, bo en behalwe ’n skuldigbevinding in ’n strafsaak, ook van toepassing is op die bevindinge van ander tribunale. Die verhoorhof het, met ’n beroep op die Hollington-saak, beslis dat die bevinding van die Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie (meestal op Engels afgekort as die CCMA), dat die eerste respondent (De Sousa) se ontslag uit die diens van die eerste appellant (Technology Corporate Management (Pty) Ltd) (TCM) billik was, ontoelaatbaar was in die daaropvolgende siviele geding tussen De Sousa en TCM. Die verhoorhof het die eiser (De Sousa) se eis op die meriete gehandhaaf. Daarteen het TCM na die hoogste hof van appèl geappelleer.

Die hoogste hof van appèl, bestaande uit vyf waarnemende appèlregters, het by monde van waarnemende appèlregter Wallis bevind dat die verhoorregter gefouteer het wat die toepassing van die reël uit die Hollington-saak betref. Volgens die appèlhof moet die Hollington-reël streng beperk word tot skuldigbevindings in strafsake. Die verrigtinge in die KVBA was nie ’n strafverhoor nie en die bevinding van die tribunaal het dus buite bestek van die Hollington-reël geval. Derhalwe was die verwysing na die bevinding van die KVBA wél toelaatbaar in die daaropvolgende siviele saak tussen die genoemde partye.

Aangesien die hoogste hof van appèl bevind het dat die Hollington-reël nie van toepassing was op die onderhawige siviele saak nie, was die hof nie geroepe om oorweging te gee aan die afskaffing van die reël deur die uitoefening van die hof se inherente bevoegdheid om die gemenereg te ontwikkel nie. Enige uitlatings in die verband sou obiter dicta gewees het, wat nie bindend op laer howe sou wees nie. Alhoewel dit nie die geleentheid was om die Hollington-saak ter ruste te lê nie, is die hof se beslissing dat die reël in die saak streng tot skuldigbevindings in strafsake beperk moet word te verwelkom. Daar was in die verlede wel enkele sake waarin die uitbreiding van die Hollington-reël na ander tribunale se bevindinge goedgekeur is. Gelukkig het die hoogste hof van appèl se beslissing hierdie ontwikkeling gekelder.

Die appellant het ook geargumenteer dat die verhoorregter se optrede gedurende die verhoor die billikheid van die verhoor geskaad het. Die hoogste hof van appèl het dit nie nodig gevind om dié punt te beslis nie aangesien die hof eenparig op die meriete beslis het dat die appèl gehandhaaf moes word. Desnietemin het die hof sekere riglyne neergelê oor hoe ’n verhoorregter behoort op te tree om te verseker dat die verhoor in alle opsigte billik verloop. Die uitlatings is uiteraard alles obiter dicta, maar nietemin gesaghebbend aangesien dit deur die hoogste hof van appèl gemaak is.
Role of some Hematological and Immunological Parameters in Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis in a Sample of Iraqi Male Patients.
Authors: Sumyah H. Hassan  , Ekhlass N. Ali  , Ibtesam G. Auda  , Mohammed Hadi Munshed Al-Osami
Published: January 2025

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease that is chronic, systemic seronegative inflammatory spondyloarthropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in the diagnosis of AS patients, as well as other clinical and laboratory criteria like symptoms and elevated levels of ESR and C-reactive protein. The current study intends to establish the role of certain hematological and immunological factors in the development of AS and to analyze the connections between these indicators. The methods of work included blood sample collection from 100 participants (50 AS male patients and 50 healthy controls). The ages of both groups were between 20-60 years. Two milliliters of blood were used for CBC (Hb and WBC) and ESR analysis, while three milliliters of the blood were put in a gel tube to measure serum levels of CRP, IL-17, and IL-22 using the ELISA technique. It shows that the AS was most prevalent in the age range of 20-35 years (p = 0.013). There was a highly significant increase (p<0.001) in, ESR, CRP, IL17, and IL22 in AS patients as a result of inflammation compared to controls, while the Hb is significantly raised in the control group as compared with patients and except for the WBC level that was non-significant. The WBC was a non-specific parameter associated with AS development, while AS patients have lower Hb and increased levels of CRP, ESR, IL17, and IL22 that were excellent biomarkers for the diagnosis of AS they were all greater in AS patients than in healthy controls, and they might be recommended as a predictive measure for AS patients.
CREATING THE IMAGE OF A HERO IN THE DOCUMENTARY “LABORATORY B”
Authors: Derkunova Ksenia A.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this study is to find out what methods for creating hero images are used in the documentary film “Laboratory B”, prepared by Chelyabinsk journalists of the editorial board of “Regional Television”. Narrative analysis was chosen as the leading method of work. The study is practice-oriented in nature, since it examines specific techniques of journalistic work and methods of their application. The main result of the study is the conclusion that it is the storytelling technique that is the main method of creating and developing the image of the hero in the narrative. It also provides for the identification and
description of other methods of creating a hero, which can be applicable not only to the documentary film, but also be universal for other media projects. It is assumed that the results of the work can be important in the future study of documentaries and their artistic components.
PORTRAIT OF A CONTEMPORARY AS A JOURNALISTIC TASK: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (based on the article by A. Valeev “Arkaim after Putin”)
Authors: Zagidullina Marina V.
Published: January 2025

The article addresses the issue of implementing journalistic tasks in covering the theme of “portrait of a contemporary.” The author suggests examining the peculiarities of the discursive organization of texts of this nature using the example of an article by the “Golden Pen” 2005 laureate Ayvar Valeev, which relates to the history of the Chelyabinsk State Historical and Archaeological Open-Air Museum “Arkaim” and its then-director Gennady Borisovich Zdanovich. The article, which raises several socially significant issues, is considered from the perspective of discursive practice, which in the context of journalistic texts is understood as the implicit formation of meanings “above” the denotative component and the general “template” of the genre. The author highlights such aspects of the discursive aspect as the overall tonal dominance of the narrative, the meaning-generating potential of the plot, and the affective contradictions of the narrative. The author concludes that the personality of the article’s hero is revealed through the description of the hero’s attitude towards events, rather than their actions, which creates additional dramatic tension in the narrative.
IDENTIFICATION OF MODERN TRENDS IN CHILDREN’S CONTENT TELEVISION PRODUCTION
Authors: Alekseeva Tamara V.
Published: January 2025

The author of the article draws attention to the problems of creating television content for children, since at present children’s television serves as a means of occupying the child’s attention and allowing parents to focus on their own affairs. This important factor, in turn, should be taken into account when creating children’s audiovisual content that has an impact on the little viewer. As a result, children’s television viewing and television consumption require special attention from professional specialists in television production and broadcasting. In this regard, one of the priority areas for the development of television content production for children should be considered the training of specialists capable of ensuring a high level of quality of children’s television content in modern conditions. It is assumed that the training of such specialists is advisable based on the existing previous experience and experiments, since the analysis of the existing background showed the presence of a solid culturally significant resource that can successfully serve as a substantive component of educational programs. Based on the study of created television products for children, the author points to the existing diversity of television content, a detailed study of which will help in creating high-quality modern audiovisual television products for children. It is advisable to begin training
competent specialists with the issues of the formation and development of domestic children’s television, as well as with the study of genre and format features of television content for children’s audiences. It is assumed that the study of and attention to this problem can effectively influence not only the upbringing of the future generation, but also the need to form the knowledge, skills and abilities of future television industry specialists.
“OLD AGE” AS A MEDIA CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIAN WOMEN’S AND MEN’S LIFESTYLE GLOSS
Authors: Soldatkina Valeria S.
Published: January 2025

The author, using women’s and men’s glossy “lifestyle” magazines as an example, examines the use of the media concept of “old age” in texts, as well as the formulation of specific thematic features of “old age” in publications of different types, their emotional focus. The analysis showed that in many texts “old age” is a problem from which it is necessary to escape. The authors of the magazines give advice and strive to show readers that old age can be lived “correctly”, even if with losses. It is important to note the modern media controversy about “old age”, which, although it seeks to challenge some stereotypes, continues to support them with the help of alarming headlines and frightening facts about this process in the materials. Thus, the dominant frames of “old age” are associated with negative attitudes. Namely: “old age” as a problem that must be fought, “old age” as an inconvenience and losses th
FAMILY IN THE FOCUS OF PHOTO STORIES IN THE DIGITAL MEDIA “TAKIE DELA” (“SUCH THINGS”) (2021–2023)
Authors: Surnina Anastasia N. , Belenko Viktoria E.
Published: January 2025

Photo series are one of the compelling genres of journalism. The aim of this article is to demonstrate which themes related to family issues and intra-family interactions are embodied in the photo materials of the digital media “Takie Dela”, and to determine which visual techniques journalists use when working on this topic. The practical significance of the article lies in the opportunity to utilize the experience of “Takie Dela” for preparing one’s own materials on family themes. The object of the study consists of the photo stories from the “Such Cases” online portal. The subject of the research is the theme of family in the site’s photo stories and the visual techniques employed in this context. Using a comprehensive sampling method, all photo series from “Takie Dela” published between 2021 and 2023 were identified. Out of 104 photo series, 13 were dedicated to the theme of family. The methodological foundation of the article is based on thematic content analysis followed by clustering into several sub-themes, as well as an analysis of semiotic means used by journalists when covering specific sub-themes within the analyzed context. The results showed that “Takie Dela” offers a diverse representation of family themes, with a focus on motherhood and parent-child relationships. The photo series combine artistic intent with social significance and feature thoughtful symbolism.
PREPARING AN ART INTERVIEW: HOW TO REVEAL A CREATIVE PERSON
Authors: Tkachenko Polina A.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze specific features of preparing an art interview in Russian online journalism and ways of revealing the interviewee. This article analyzes the functions, features and distinctive properties of an art interview, and formulates practical recommendations for working with the hero of the material. The study is based on the analysis of author’s publications, as well as works presented in the public domain on various journalistic Internet platforms. In the course of the work, specific approaches were identified that authors of materials were asked to rely on both in the process of preparing for an interview and composing questions, and during the conversation, analyzing the character and behavior of the interviewee. When analyzing their own publications, additional aspects of working with an art interview were identified that must be taken into account when preparing high-quality material.
THE SPECIFICS OF INFORMATIONAL TELEVISION PROGRAMS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF NTV CHANNEL)
Authors: Vinogradov Alexandr B.
Published: January 2025

This article analyzes the specifics of television programs of the information genre, presented in the broadcasting grid of the Russian federal channel NTV. Based on the study of their content and structure, methods of adapting the television news format to the modern realities of the media environment are determined. It was revealed that the content broadcast by the NTV channel is characterized by the use of infotainment methods, which involve the introduction of game and entertainment elements into information broadcasting. In particular, using the example of the program “Today”, this is manifested in the inclusion of messages about positive events on the current agenda in news stories, while in the case of “Results of the Week with Irada Zeynalova” we are talking about the constant presence of a charismatic host on screen. Such tools simplify the presentation of information and make it more interesting, which allows the TV channel to attract a mass audience and subsequently retain it more effectively.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE MEDIA IMAGE OF THE CITY WITH THE IMAGE AND BRAND OF THE TERRITORY IN THE REGIONAL MEDIA
Authors: Katunova Ekaterina S.
Published: January 2025

The media image changes all year round, it is formed due to many factors. The proposed work considers the concepts of brand and image of the region’s territory. The process of image and brand formation, their components and the difference between the two concepts. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate and analyze the relationship of the city’s media image with the image and brand in regional media. The article provides a review of the literature on the topic of the study: brand creation strategies, brand objectives in the territorial aspect and the algorithm for its construction are considered. The relationship of the city’s media image in the media with the brand and image is analyzed. The author focuses on the factors influencing the image in the media: residents, comments, ratings, etc. The article analyzes four communities in the VKontakte social network: “Chelyabinsk memes for every day”, “Our Chelyabinsk”, “Channel 31”, “1obl.ru | Chelyabinsk News”. The article examines what city residents and authors of posts pay attention to, what materials receive the most feedback, where, how and with the help of what the region’s media image is formed in the social network. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that both concepts complement each other and are directly related to the media and the city’s media image. Residents and authors of communities also have a direct influence on the media image, since it is with their help that the region’s image is directly transmitted in the media space. The brand and image of the territory, their development contribute to the improvement of the overall media image, competitiveness with other regions and the attraction of tourists.
MASS CULTURE AND THE GLOBAL MEDIA SPACE
Authors: Vasilev Albert P.
Published: January 2025

The article examines the role of mass culture in shaping the global media community, which is a complex network of users and media platforms united by information exchange processes. The key criteria of mass culture influence are analyzed: content standardization, which contributes to the creation of a universal media product; the dissemination of cultural symbols that influence the formation of public sentiment; the impact on national identities, expressed both in strengthening and weakening them; as well as commercialization, which transforms the media environment into a global market of cultural products. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the evolution of the Yandex.News platform, which reflects changes in mass culture in the context of digital globalization in 2016, 2020 and 2024. The work is based on research by Russian and foreign scientists and offers a new look at the relationship between mass culture and media platforms in the digital era.
IMAGOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTION OF NATIONAL IMAGES (RUSSIA «EUROVISION» 2008)
Authors: Kobyakova Anna I.
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to an imagological analysis of Russia’s performance at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, demonstrating how music, visual effects, costumes and other elements shaped the national image of the country on the international stage. Imagology is considered as a discipline that studies the perception of images of nations through media, culture and public communication. The article examines the concepts of stereotypes and images in the context of imagological research, emphasizing their role in creating the perception of another nationality. An example is the analysis of Dima Bilan’s performance with the song “Believe”, which examines visual and musical components, including the symbolism of clothing and choreography. The study highlights the importance of international cultural platforms, such as Eurovision, for the formation of a positive image of the country and the exchange of cultural values.
CULTURAL EDUCATION AS A KEY SOCIAL FUNCTION OF TELEVISION
Authors: Shevchenko Ilya A.
Published: January 2025

This article discusses the cultural and educational function as one of the key social functions of television in terms of maintaining its status as one of the main mass communication media in Russia. While studying of the practical implementation of the cultural and educational function, we introduce a typology of cultural and educational TV programs. It includes informational (cultural news), analytical (interpretation of cultural events and phenomena), with an entertainment component (programs which include elements of the TV show so as to attract a wider audience to cultural topics) and mixed (combining features of other types of programs) programs. We describe examples of programs of each type on modern Russian television, their characteristics, and assess their role in the implementation of cultural education as a social function of television. Typological and descriptiveanalytical methods were used, as well as the method of content analysis.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF “ARZAMAS”
Authors: Tsyganova Irina V.
Published: January 2025

This article focuses on the communication tools that the Arzamas cultural and educational project uses in positioning content aimed at solving cultural and educational problems. The portal is one of the largest platforms in the Russian segment of the Internet space. Published materials are an important link in intercultural communication, the study of the history and mentality of other peoples. Based on the scientific work of researchers, the author of the article applies the concept of intercultural communication and dialogue of cultures to the analysis of this content. As part of the study, two episodes of the “Words of Cultures” podcast of the Arzamas project were examined. The role of vocabulary as an important component of communication in the field of education is determined. The author comes to the conclusion that unique communication tools include: 1) lexical analysis, 2) selection of presenters with experience living in the environment of the culture being studied, 3) practical application of knowledge.
Трудности внедрения digital-стратегии в деятельность современной компании
Authors: Хайбуллин А.А. , Вегнер-Козлова Е. О.
Published: January 2025

Данное исследование посвящено изучению трудностей, с которыми сталкиваются современные компании при внедрении digital-стратегии в свою деятельность. Актуальность вопросов использования современных цифровых инструментов подтверждается тенденцией развития мирового рынка программного обеспечения. Рассмотрены понятие digital-стратегии, обоснование необходимости ее внедрения в компанию, основные трудности внедрения digital-стратегии и решения для преодоления трудностей. Сделаны выводы о необходимости комплексного подхода к внедрению данной стратегии.

This study examines the difficulties faced by modern companies when implementing a digital strategy in their operations. The relevance of the issues of using modern digital tools studied in the article is confirmed by the trend in the development of the global software market. The article discusses the concept of digital strategy, the rationale for the need to implement a digital strategy in a company, the main difficulties of implementing a digital strategy and solutions to overcome difficulties. The author draws conclusions about the need for an integrated approach to the implementation of a digital strategy.
Диагностика вероятности банкротства предприятия
Authors: Бакаева З.Р. , Тагузлоев А.Х.
Published: January 2025

В статье приводится сравнительный анализ существующих научных трактовок понятия «банкротство» и представлена авторская трактовка отличий исследуемого категория по его сущностному содержанию. Проведен анализ вероятности банкротства на ООО «Нальчикский консервный завод» основными имеющимися методами и определена степень угрозы наступления банкротства.

The article provides a comparative analysis of existing scientific interpretations of the concept of “bankruptcy” and presents the author’s interpretation of the differences between the category under study in its essential content The analysis of the probability of bankruptcy at Nalchik Service Plant LLC was carried out using the main available methods and the degree of threat of bankruptcy was determined.