bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Proton and Electron Acceleration by Shock Waves during Large Solar Flares
Authors: Gubchenko V. M. , Zaitsev V. V.
Published: July 2016

Lin and Hudson (1976) have recently analysed non-thermal processes in proton flares, using observations of a series of major events in August 1972. They concluded that the 10–100 keV electrons accelerated during the flash phase account for the bulk of the total energy of a large proton flare (about 1032 – 1033 ergs); that most protons are accelerated later than the 10 — 100 keV electrons; and that most energetic protons escape to the interplanetary medium. Their conclusions with regard to proton acceleration are supported firstly by the delay of the maximum of γ-ray emission by 3-5 minutes after the maximum of X-ray emission, and secondly by the satisfactory agreement between the 7-ray spectrum and the thin-target model of emission. The energetic protons contain a very small fraction of the total flare energy (of the order of 10-5).
Molecules in the Sun
Authors: Sinha K.
Published: July 2016

In view of the already available reviews on the subject, the progress after 1972 is summarised. Newly identified species and molecular transitions are listed. How the studies of solar molecules can be helpful in understanding the solar atmosphere, in structuring better models and in deriving molecular parameters with some degree of confidence, is stated.
Survey of Quasars over Large Areas
Authors: He Xiang-Tao
Published: July 2016

The survey techniques for finding quasars in large areas of sky have developed rapidly in recent years. One can search for quasars in all wavelengths. The area of sky surveyed may be more than 1000 square degrees. The average density of quasar candidates down to magnitude 20 is about 20 per square degree. Therefore, more than 20 000 quasar candidates are waiting for further observation. The total number of confirmed quasars is currently about 5000. This paper gives a discussion of some of the physical properties of quasars, such as space distribution, luminosity function, clustering and redshift limit.
Heavy Element Abundances in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Russell Stephen C.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a brief discussion of the apparent underdepletion of the heavy neutron-capture elements (elements heavier than Ba), compared with Fe in the Magellanic Clouds. The s-process appears to have been only effective in forming elements in the light neutron-capture group (Sr, Y, Zr) in the Magellanic Clouds, but to have much reduced effectiveness in forming the heavy neutron-capture group. The abundances of the elements heavier than Ba have a distribution that indicates that they were produced by the r-process alone.
The Emission-line Filaments in Centaurus A
Authors: Bicknell G. V.
Published: July 2016

This paper examines recent investigations of emission-line filaments along the edge of the radio source in Centaurus A. It shows how these studies have ramifications for the excitation of the narrow line regions and extended emission-line regions of other active galaxies.
Cosmic Ray Positron Production by Gamma Ray Interactions on Starlight
Authors: Mastichiadis A. , Protheroe R. J. , Stephens S. A.
Published: July 2016

We examine the production of cosmic ray positrons by photon-photon pair production of high-energy γ-rays on starlight photons. We start by calculating the production rate as a function of positron energy and distance from the Sun resulting from interactions with sunlight. The results are generalized to production on other types of star. We calculate the average production rate per unit volume averaged over the local region of the galaxy, and we estimate the contribution to the observed intensity from this process.
The Galactic Magnetic Field from Pulsar Rotation Measures
Authors: Costa M. E. , Hamilton P. A. , McCulloch P. M.
Published: July 2016

Pulsar rotation measures have been used to investigate the structure of the local Galactic magnetic field. The Galactic field is found to be concentrated in the spiral arms and hence to be a spiral field. From the pulsars within 2kpc of the Sun, the field in the local spiral feature was modelled with Gaussian profiles in altitude and azimuth. In this model the field has a peak strength of 4.3 ± 0.2 μGauss directed towards Galactic longitude l = 73°±6°.
Collimation and Dissipation of Pulsar Winds
Authors: Chiueh Tzihong
Published: July 2016

A nearly stationary pulsar wind is shown to be always collimating along the direction of rotation. It follows that the conventional picture of the equatorial pulsar wind can occur only in a highly time-dependent manner, which, if true, may account for the observed time variation within a single pulse. Furthermore, a mechanism, via excitation of magnetosolitons, is proposed for explaining the continuous generation of energetic electrons, which yield the observed radio emission in the Type II supernova remnants. Fully relativistic analyses will be presented to substantiate these claims.
Barrel-like Supernova Remnants
Authors: Bisnovatyi-Kogan G. S. , Lozinskaya T. A. , Silich S. A.
Published: July 2016

The origin of cylindrically symmetric supernova remnants (SNR) is discussed. The results of numerical simulations of the two best examples of barrel-like SNRs, SN 1006 and G296.5+10.0, are presented.
Spectroscopic Observations of Emission-line Stars
Authors: Kogure T. , Ogua K. , Nakano M. , Yoshida S.
Published: July 2016

In this paper we present the results of spectroscopic observations for 34 emission-line stars (ELSs) in the Orion belt region, which were detected in an extensive survery. Spectral classification and the intensities of Hα and Hβ emission have revealed that the observed ELSs are probably T-Tauri type stars.
Cold HI Gas in the Chamaeleon I Dark Cloud Region
Authors: Sato F. , Whiteoak J. B. , Otrupcek R. E. , Shimizu M.
Published: July 2016

We have detected a large cold HI cloud consisting of several fragments in the region south of the Chamaeleon I dark cloud. The cold HI cloud is shown to be a future site of star formation.
Cold HI Gas in the M17SW Giant Molecular Cloud
Authors: Sato F. , Whiteoak J. B. , Otrupcek R. E. , Tokushige T.
Published: July 2016

The cold HI cloud in the region of the M17SW giant molecular cloud comprises three major fragments with a mean size of ~ 30 pc. Their overall distribution is rather similar to that of CO gas, but one of the fragments does not seem to have a molecular counterpart. It is shown that such a cloud is also a future site of star formation.
Extending Integration Time of a Philips Type 56470 CCD Camera for Use in Telescope Offset Guiding
Authors: Maclean C. , Tobin W.
Published: July 2016

We have extended the integration time of a Philips type 56470 video camera to make it useful for visual offset guiding on 0.6- and 1-metre telescopes.
Astronomy in the City
Authors: Perwick Jennifer A. , Urquhart Glenn K. , Walker William S. G.
Published: July 2016

Auckland Observatory is a public observatory with a strong research interest. Its activities are reviewed and described. The important role which public access to current astronomy plays is mentioned.
Organised Observations of Night-sky Brightness in Japan during 1987–1989
Authors: Kosai Hiroki , Isobe Syuzo
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the Star Watch Program in Japan to monitor night-sky brightness.
Near Infrared Mapping of Jets and Outflow Cavities Associated with Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Zealey W.J. , Suters M.G. , Randall P.R.
Published: July 2016

Our current understanding of Herbig-Haro objects and their relationship with outflows and Pre-Main-Sequence objects is limited. Although the general mechanism of outflows is understood, the detailed questions concerning the outflowing material’s origin and the collimation mechanisms remain largely unanswered. The role of multi-waveband observations (visible, infrared and radio) is vital to our understanding of the shock dynamics of outflows.

This paper discusses high spatial resolution near infrared maps of three outflow complexes, HH34, HH46/HH47 and HH54, made using the Anglo Australian Observatory’s infrared camera, IRIS. For the first time molecular hydrogen emission is observed associated with the edges of outflow cavities. In the cases of HH46/47 and to a lesser extent HH34 molecular emission is seen coincident with highly collimated jets feeding the outflow cavities.
Radio Jets and UHE Gamma-ray Emission in Cyg X-3
Authors: Manchanda R.K. , Waldron L.E. , Sood R.K.
Published: July 2016

The low-mass X-ray binary source Cyg X–3 has been extensively observed from radio to ultra-high-energy (UHE) gamma-ray energies (i.e., energies >1015eV). In the radio, Cyg X–3 exhibits intense non-thermal outbursts (flares) and a double-sided relativistic jet morphology. Interestingly, at energies above 1 TeV (1012eV), the gamma-ray emission is highly variable and possibly correlated with the radio outbursts. This emission results primarily from the radiative decay of π°-mesons generated in inelastic collisions between relativistic nuclei (predominantly protons) and the surrounding matter. The observed flux of UHE gamma-rays from Cyg X–3 implies that Cyg X–3 is a localised accelerator of such particles.

We propose a model of Cyg X–3 wherein particles expelled by the source are accelerated by Shockwaves in the relativistically expanding jets. Intense flaring episodes then lead to time variations in the ambient particle flux which account for the observed features at UHE energies.
Automated Optical Identifications of Radio Sources
Authors: Unewisse A.M. , Hunstead R.W. , Piestrzynski B.
Published: July 2016

This paper evaluates the COSMOS database as a tool for large-scale automated optical identification programs. Firstly, we explore the limitations inherent in the database by a study of regions centred on clusters of galaxies. We then perform an automated search in the database for a sample of previously measured optical objects and compare the properties of corresponding objects. Finally, we describe a set of new plotting routines in AIPS (Astronomical Image Processing System) designed to plot COSMOS-derived ellipses and, optionally, magnitudes onto radio images.
Modelling the Galactic Centre Snake
Authors: Nicholls Jennifer , Gray A.D.
Published: July 2016

High resolution imaging at radio frequencies has revealed several long, filamentary, non-thermal sources in the Galactic Centre region. One of these, known as the Snake, is unique in that it lies outside the Galactic Centre Lobe, and has two kinks along its length, one of which appears to be associated with a small, resolved source. For this work the Snake is assumed to be embedded in a region where both the magnetic field and the particle energy spectrum are uniform. The Snake is then modelled as an enhancement over the background of the particle energy spectrum. Some preliminary results from this model are presented here.
Magnetic Fields and Disks in Star-forming Regions
Authors: Wright C.M. , Aitken D.K. , Smith C.H. , Roche P.F.
Published: July 2016

The star-formation process is an outstanding and largely unsolved problem in astrophysics. The role of magnetic fields is unclear but is widely considered to be important at all stages of protostellar evolution, from cloud collapse to ZAMS. For example, in some hydromagnetic models, the field may assist in removing angular momentum, thereby driving accretion and perhaps bipolar outflows.

Spectropolarimetry between 8 and 13μm provides information on the direction of the transverse component of a magnetic field through the alignment of dust grains. We present results of 8–13μm spectropolarimetric observations of a number of bipolar molecular outflow sources, and compare the field directions observed with the axes of the outflows and putative disk-like structures observed to be associated with some of the objects. There is a strong correlation, though so far with limited statistics, between the magnetic field and disk orientations. We compare our results with magnetic field configurations predicted by current models for hydromagnetically driven winds from the disks around Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). Our results appear to argue against the Pudritz and Norman model and instead seem to support the Uchida and Shibata model.
Model Atmospheres and the Teff Scale for M Dwarfs
Authors: Brett John M. , Plez Bertrand
Published: July 2016

The Teff (effective temperature) scale for M dwarfs is very uncertain. One method which can be used to establish this scale is to compare observed spectra to synthetic ones derived from appropriate model atmospheres. With this method the adequacy of the model atmosphere is of great importance and simple models can give incorrect results. Alternatively if the Teff scale is known with some accuracy then this comparison is a good test of the adequacy of the models. We have computed some new and preliminary model atmospheres for late type dwarfs which accurately treat the line opacity with the opacity sampling technique and employ laboratory values for the transition strengths of molecular bands. With the above two considerations in mind we compare the fluxes of these models to observed fluxes of late K and early M dwarfs. This preliminary analysis indicates a discrepancy with the currently accepted Teff scale for early M dwarfs with the models suggesting values some 200 K hotter.
The Effect of Magnetic Field Strength on the Oscillatory Characteristics of Multimode Magnetoconvection
Authors: Murphy J.O. , Lopez J.M. , Dyt C.P.
Published: July 2016

The effect of varying magnetic field strength on the frequency of oscillatory motions for cellular multimode magnetoconvection has been investigated. In addition the influence of the thermal, viscous and magnetic diffusivities have been taken into account and the range of preferred horizontal scales established. The relationship between the period of oscillation and the magnetic field strength is determined.
First Test Data from the CANGAROO Project for Stereo Čerenkov Imaging
Authors: Edwards P.G. , Gregory A.G. , Patterson J.R. , Roberts M.D. , Rowell G.P. , Smith N.I. , Thornton G.J. , Wild N.R. , Fujii H. , Kabe S. , Watase Y. , Fujimoto M. , Hara T. , Hayashida N. , Kifune T. , Teshima M. , Kakimoto F. , Ogio S. , Tanimori T. , Yoshikoshi T. , Mizumoto Y. , Suda T. , Matsubara Y. , Muraki Y.
Published: July 2016

The CANGAROO project incorporates two Čerenkov imaging telescopes at Woomera to obtain stereo images of very high-energy gamma-ray (and cosmic-ray) showers. The first stereo observations, with one imaging system, were made in March 1992, and preliminary stereo imaging observations began in July 1992. This paper describes the stereo imaging technique, the sources under investigation, and the indications from the first data sets.
Cosmic Ray Isotropy at Energies Above 1018 eV
Authors: Smith A.G.K. , Clay R.W.
Published: July 2016

Studies have been made of the extent to which extragalactic cosmic rays observed at the earth would be deviated by the galactic magnetic field. The distribution of these deviations is presented as a function of observed direction for two field models. Also using these two models, possible extragalactic directions are derived for the cosmic rays detected by the SUGAR giant air shower array as a basis of a possible technique for searching for extragalactic cosmic ray sources.
Structure in the Radio Remnant of Supernova 1987A
Authors: Staveley-Smith L. , Manchester R.N. , Kesteven M.J. , Tzioumis A.K. , Reynolds J.E.R.
Published: July 2016

The radio emission associated with SN 1987A appears to be synchrotron emission resulting from the acceleration of electrons at the interface between the outward moving shock wave and clumps of circumstellar material. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is now able to resolve this region, which has dimensions of ~ arcsec, revealing a slight (10%) asphericity in the distribution of the low density gas within the [OIII] circumstellar ring. Assuming that the radio emission arises from a region just behind the shock front, we deduce a mean radial expansion velocity, from 1987 to 1992, of 29 200 kms. First observed contact of the shock with the [OIII] circumstellar ring could occur as early as mid-1993, depending on the deceleration in the intervening gas. This will probably be closely followed by shock-excited optical lines, a strong X-ray outburst and a further increase in the radio emission.
On the Existence of DA, F White Dwarfs
Authors: Bessell M.S.
Published: July 2016

The ideas and work presented in this paper date almost entirely from 1977 when the original paper was submitted. The referee suggested that we check out several other strong northern candidates before publication, but upon resubmission several years later the editor noted that as it was now accepted that DA,F white dwarfs did not exist there was little point in publishing the paper. In view of the fact that our preprint was the main stimulus for this status change and reference to this work remains ‘1977 unpublished’, we would like the paper to be published and thus complete the historical record.

Observations of some of the stars considered by Weidemann as the most likely DA,F candidates are discussed together with theoretical computations of white dwarfs and subdwarfs. The reddest stars BPM 23251 and G 82–23 are shown to be K subdwarfs and L 532–81 (EG62) is a DA white dwarf. It is suggested that the DA,F stars, if they exist at all, are extremely rare and that the metal abundance of the DA sequence may be less than 10–74 of the solar abundance.
A Proposed Correlator Backend for the Culgoora Radioheliograph
Authors: McLean D. J. , Beard M. , Bos A.
Published: July 2016

The Culgoora radioheliograph was designed in the early 1960s and commissioned in 1967. Since then there have been dramatic increases in the speed and versatility of digital integrated-circuit devices, and also a marked fall in their cost. It is now possible to replace the original signal processing electronics with equipment, based on modern digital technology, which will significantly enhance the performance of this radio telescope for solar and cosmic radio observations at metre wavelengths.
Radio Observations with a Wide Fractional Bandwidth
Authors: Cole T. W.
Published: July 2016

Interesting observations have been made possible by the success of the acousto-optical radio spectrograph, a unique form of multi-channel filter type of spectral receiver whose channel outputs ian be sampled at high rates by a computer. Three spectrographs are available at the Division of Radiophysics. Two divide a 100 MHz spectral range into 512 channels and are normally dedicated to spectral-line work (Cole and Milne 1977) and solar work (Cole et al. 1978). The Parkes observations reported here use a more compact spectrograph, which gives increased performance — up to 270 MHz can be studied, divided into 256 frequency channels. The light deflector of this spectrograph was kindly supplied by Itek Corporation.
On Interpretations of Observed Radio Properties of Cas A
Authors: Lerche† I. , Caswell J. L.
Published: July 2016

Cas A has a radio surface brightness much higher (by a factor of about 100) than that of any other galactic supernova remnant (SNR) and is probably the youngest (≤ 300 yr). It therefore providesuniqueinformation on young remnants, but this very uniqueness makes it hazardous to treat Cas A as a typical remnant. However, because it (i) shows a clearly defined shell of radio emission of much the same type as older remnants, and (ii) lies approximately on the extrapolation of theΣ.-D(surface brightness-diameter) relationship derived for older remnants (Clark and Caswell 1976); Caswell and Lerche 1979a), detailed comparison with older remnants seems appropriate.
Balloon Observations of Several Southern X-Ray Sources
Authors: Greenhill J. G. , Duldig M. L , Emery M. W. , Fenton A. G. , Fenton K. B. , Thomas R. M. , Watts D. J.
Published: July 2016

The University of Tasmania balloon-borne large area X-ray telescope was flown from Alice Springs on 20 November 1978. A number of known X-ray sources were observed and a transient increase believed to be a gamma ray burst was detected.
Initial Observations with the Tidbinbilla 64-m Telescope at λ = 13.5 mm
Authors: Fourikis N. , Jauncey David L.
Published: July 2016

The primary function of the 64-m telescope, situated at Tidbinbilla near Canberra, is to communicate with and to control NASA’s unmanned interplanetary space craft (Reid et al. 1973). Similar telescopes are situated at Goldstone in California and in Madrid and are part of the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network (DSN). Under the Host Country Radio Science Agreement between the U.S. and Australia the telescope is available to Australian astronomers at times outside those committed to normal tracking. A radiometer operating at λ = 13.5 mm has been built by CSIRO for use on the 64-m telescope. It was initially used for VLBI observations of water vapour masers on baselines between the U.S., Australia and USSR (Batchelor et al. 1976).
On Changes in the Kinetic Energy and Frequency of the Chandler Nutation
Authors: Abraham H. J. M.
Published: July 2016

The causes of various traits of the polar motion are still unknown or uncertain. For exploring these the Chandler nutation has the advantage of being readily observable and it should be independent of external torques. This nutation shows a prograde motion of the earth’s axes of rotation and of excitation about each other. For simplicity the positions of the poles of rotation P and excitation ψ (Munk & MacDonald, 1960) are given in terms of dimensionless excitation functions which apply in principle whether they come from distributions of mass, relative motions or torques. Let O be the pole of zero excitation and R be the angular distance between P and ψ.
A Medium Rigidity Muon Experiment for the South Pole Station
Authors: Duldig M. L. , Jacklyn R. M. , Pomerantz M. A.
Published: July 2016

A proposal for a medium rigidity muon telescope system to be installed at the U.S. South Pole Station for observations of time variations of cosmic ray intensity is at present being prepared by Professor Pomerantz, Director of the Bartol Research Foundation, University of Delaware and Drs Jacklyn and Duldig of the Cosmic Ray Section, Antarctic Division, Department of Science. A novel approach to medium energy cosmic ray observations viewing in equatorial to mid-latitude directions is described. The absorber depth required for the proposed 50-1000 GV rigidity range would be achieved by locating the telescope system at a depth of approximately 7 metres water equivalent (MWE) in the ice and viewing at high zenith angles. Optimization techniques used in the telescope design are presented together with the unique advantages of the location. Justification for the experiment and comparison with important observatories in this rigidity range are also discussed.
Halley's Comet: its Origin and Composition
Authors: Prentice A. J. R.
Published: July 2016

The fast-approaching return of Halley's comet in early 1986 has awakened fresh interest in comets and their role in the origin and evolution of the solar system. Some 2 years ago I suggested (Prentice 1983a, referred to as P83a) that the Sun may possess at its centre a comet-like core of mass about 1%M⊙ which had accreted from a swarm of grains and cometesimals which once occupied the interstellar cloud fragment from which the Sun had formed. The existence of such a central chemical inhomogeneity leads to a new class of evolved solar models which have a neutrino capture rate of 2.1 SNU, in line with the Davis experiment (Cleveland et al. 1981).
The Australia Telescope — Current Status
Authors: Forster J . R.
Published: July 2016

The design of the Australia Telescope is discussed, particularly in reference to the compact array, the frequency ranges of operation, the field of view, dynamic range, polarization, bandwidth, correlators, time resolution and flexibility. Site preparation at Culgoora, antenna design, reflector panel construction, feed horns, receivers an cryogenics, and computing are receiving full attention.
Gamma-Ray Astronomy at the Highest Energies
Authors: Protheroe R.J.
Published: July 2016

In 1983 ultra high energy γ-rays were detected from Cygnus X-3. This was of particular interest since it is the first identifiable source of cosmic rays. Since then, there has been an explosion of interest in the field with more than twenty air shower arrays planned or being used to search for γ-rays at energies above 1014 eV. Observational techniques for both very high energy and ultra high energy γ-ray astronomy are described and existing and proposed experiments reviewed with particular reference to their geographical locations. The results obtained so far are summarised together with some of the models proposed to explain them.
The Giotto Radio Science Experiment at Parkes
Authors: Hall P. J .
Published: July 2016

On 14 March 1986 the European Space Agency’s Giotto spacecraft passed within 600 km of the nucleus of Halley’s comet. During the encounter a radio science experiment was conducted with the aim of determining the total amount of cometary material which impacted the probe. In this paper the theory and implementation of the experiment are discussed and a summary of experimental results is given.
A Nonlinear Bifurcation in Cellular Convection Theory
Authors: Yannios N. , Lopez J. M. , Murphy J. O.
Published: July 2016

Time dependent solutions of the nonlinear modal equations for cellular convection in a fluid layer heated below have demonstrated the existence of a nonlinear bifurcation which leads to a stable regime with reduced heat flux and vertical velocities. This new state is brought about by the growth, to a significant level, of the vertical component of vorticity after an initial quasi-steady state has been established. The growth rate mechanism has been investigated analytically and compared with the numerical results. These vorticity modified solutions exhibit favourable features Which could be established in the solar convection zone.
Development of the Buckland Park Cosmic Ray Air Shower Array for Ultra High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy
Authors: Ciampa D. , Clay R. W. , Corani C. L. , Edwards P. G. , Patterson J. R.
Published: July 2016

The Buckland Park air shower array is being developed particularly for use as an ultra-high-energy gamma ray astronomy telescope. The properties of this instrument are described with an emphasis on improvements being made to its angular resolution. Some early data are presented to illustrate the way in which the data obtained will be used.
An ‘X-Banded’ Tidbinbilla Interferometer
Authors: Batty Michael J. , Gardyne R. G. , Gay G.J. , Gulkis S. , Jauncey David L. , Kirk A. , Peters W. L.
Published: July 2016

The recent upgrading of the Tidbinbilla two-element interferometer to simultaneous S-band (2.3 GHz) and X-band (8.4 GHz) operation has provided a powerful new astronomical facility for weak radio source measurement in the Southern Hemisphere. The new X-band system has a minimum fringe spacing of 38 arcsec, and about the same positional measurement capability (approximately 2 arcsec) and sensitivity (1 s rms noise of 10 mJy) as the previous S-band system. However, the far lower confusion limit will allow detection and accurate positional measurements for sources as weak as a few millijanskys. This capability will be invaluable for observations of radio stars, X-ray sources and other weak, compact radio sources.
Neutral Hydrogen in the Galactic Halo
Authors: McGee R. X. , Newton Lynette M.
Published: July 2016

Observations of 21 cm HI emission-line profiles have been made in 34 directions from l= 172° through 0° to l=97° at high galactic latitudes and in 59 directions towards the LMC (b~ –33°) with the aim of detecting low-intensity halo features which may be compared with other element features of similar radial velocities detected by ultraviolet or optical absorption lines. Data are presented as spectra and tables of the parameters: radial velocities, line temperatures, halfwidths and column densities. Spectra of both low-intensity (halo) and high-intensity components are given for 48 positions in three tracks across the LMC.

Features near radial velocities –48 and +58 km s -1 are found in all the directions examined, whereas significant numbers of features grouped around average radial velocities + 112, +160 and +373 km s-1 (Isr) are found only in the directions of the LMC.

Using the HI column densities as references, we have estimated depletions in the abundances of calcium and sodium in the halo, spiral arms and the LMC disk. In one direction towards the LMC depletions in the halo features of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon and iron (from International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite data) have also been estimated.
The Globular Cluster NGC 6266
Authors: Gascoigne S. C. B. , Ford V.
Published: July 2016

This cluster has two notable characteristics: it contains more than 80 variables, and relative to its NP half its SF half is covered by a cloud absorbing up to a magnitude in the blue. These properties make it an ideal object for determining the ratio Av/E of V absorption to colour excess—one simply compares mean colours and magnitudes of variables in the obscured part with those in the clear part.
Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?
Authors: Cho Kuk
Published: July 2016

The death penalty is one of the most contentious issues in Korea. In contrast to other Asian countries, the issue of whether the death penalty should be abolished has been actively debated and reviewed at governmental levels and in civil society. It is important to note that it is not just civic organizations that have begun to favor abolition of the death penalty but also state organizations including the National Assembly and the National Human Rights Commission. The Constitutional Court has invalidated some disproportionate provisions in relation to the death penalty. Since President Kim Dae-Jung took office in February 1998, there has been an “unofficial moratorium” on executions.

This article provides an overview of the legal regime governing the death penalty and the ongoing debate on the death penalty in Korea. It begins by briefly reviewing international treaties that call for the abolition of the death penalty, contrasting them with the retentionist trend in most Asian countries. It then reviews the major decisions of the Korean Supreme Court and the Korean Constitutional Court. It also discusses recent moves in the National Assembly and the National Human Rights Commission to abolish the death penalty. It suggests that the Korean death penalty debate has potentially significant implications for its retentionist Asian neighbours grappling with similar issues.
Chinese Migrant Worker Representation and Institutional Change: Social or Centralist Corporatism?
Authors: Croucher Richard , Miles Lilian
Published: July 2016

This article argues that the Chinese state has more highly articulated policies to deal with social disturbance than previously recognized by specialists. It does so by highlighting and critically analyzing the policies followed to improve the opportunities for migrant worker representation. The state has adopted a three-pronged policy. It has improved migrant worker rights, encouraged the official unions to help enforce these rights and allowed NGOs to offer certain services. The official unions are encouraged to adopt a legal watchdog role by a combination of legislation and limited external organizational competition. We argue that the dynamic of organizational competition is a previously unrecognized factor in moving China in a ‘socialist corporatist’ direction.
Financial Regulation in Hong Kong: Time for a Change
Authors: Arner Douglas W. , Hsu Berry F.C. , Roza Antonio M. Da
Published: July 2016

The global financial system experienced its first systemic crisis since the 1930s in autumn 2008, with the failure of major financial institutions in the United States and Europe and the seizure of global credit markets. Although Hong Kong was not at the epicentre of this crisis, it was nonetheless affected. Following an overview of Hong Kong's existing financial regulatory framework, the article discusses the global financial crisis and its impact in Hong Kong, as well as regulatory responses to date. From this basis, the article discusses recommendations for reforms in Hong Kong to address weaknesses highlighted by the crisis, focusing on issues relating to Lehman Brothers “Minibonds.” The article concludes by looking forward, recommending that the crisis be taken not only as the catalyst to resolve existing weaknesses but also to strengthen and enhance Hong Kong's role and competitiveness as China's premier international financial centre.
New Protection Status of Juvenile Victims with the Passage of the New Criminal Legislation in Cambodia
Authors: Starygin Stan V.
Published: July 2016

This article seeks to explore whether the position of juvenile victims, vis-à-vis the Cambodian criminal law, has changed with the passage of the new criminal legislation and whether this change is positive or otherwise. The quality of this change, henceforth, will demonstrate to the reader whether the overall reform of the juvenile justice component of Cambodia's criminal justice system, which has spanned over the last 15 years and has been funded by the international community, has been a success. The author has limited the scope of this inquiry to a comparison between the various domestic laws applicable to juvenile victims and did not include comparisons with international law, model laws or juvenile laws of other states. Being the first publication of its kind, this analysis limits its claim to the analysis of the relevant statutory provisions rather than ‘practice notes’ which have yet to develop.
The China Dilemma: Internet Censorship and Corporate Responsiblity
Authors: Nolan Justine M.
Published: July 2016

The ever increasing nexus between human rights and business and the accompanying vagueness of concepts such as a company's ‘sphere of responsibility’ for human rights can, and has, created anxiety amongst companies. Considerations of human rights traditionally take place in the context of a state-based system of global governance; however, the rise of the corporation as a powerful non-state actor in recent decades has seen increased interest in understanding the emerging relationship between human rights and business and what, if any, responsibility business should assume for protecting human rights. This article considers the role played by U.S. technology companies such as Yahoo, Google and Microsoft in working with the Chinese government to censor internet content and thus intrude on the human rights to freedom of expression and opinion and the right to privacy. It concludes by focusing on the practicalities of protection and how human rights responsibilities might be apportioned between states and business and if so, how, when and why such an obligation might ensue.
Reform of Charity Law in Hong Kong and Australia: What Lessons Can Be Learned from the United Kingdom?
Authors: Ho John Kong Shan , Price Rohan Bruce Edward
Published: July 2016

Since 2001, a number of common law jurisdictions have initiated reforms to their charity law and the United Kingdom has taken the lead. This article examines what Hong Kong and Australia can learn from the United Kingdom in reforming their own outdated and fragmented charity laws. It is contended that the lessons and experiences of the United Kingdom provide good insights for Hong Kong and Australia as each jurisdiction anticipates implementing a broadly similar regime to the United Kingdom's to modernize regulation of their charity sectors. This article contends that there is no need to make a choice between retaining judicial decision-making over charities (inconsistent as it is) and establishing a type of charity commission which makes determining charitable status akin to a decision of a government department. Instead, Hong Kong and Australia can have charity commissions with missions that are sensitive to their own legal terrains but which are subject to judicial review.
Developing Active Learning of Skills in Professional Legal Education in Hong Kong — From Theory to Ethnography
Authors: Chow Wilson W.S. , Wu Richard W.S. , Chan Felix W.H.
Published: July 2016

In Hong Kong, the Postgraduate Certificate in Laws is the normal prerequisite for practice. Following a comprehensive review in 2001, the programme was redesigned to emphasize problem-oriented learning and skills-based training. This discussion explains the principal features of the current curriculum and how it has worked out in practice. It calls for a systematic collection and study of feedback on the current programme, and announces a plan for that purpose.
Possible Reform for Legal Education in Taiwan: A Refined “J.D. System”?
Authors: Lo Chang-fa
Published: July 2016

This focus of this brief paper is on the current discussion in Taiwan concerning the introduction of the United States “J.D. System” where law is studied as a graduate degree. The author sees the advantages of such a programme over the existing primarily undergraduate legal education, but argues that, in addition to a full fledged J.D. system, another “track” of undergraduate students transferring to law school after 2 years of undergraduate education would be a more suitable compromise for Taiwan.
The Right to Collective Bargaining in Malaysia in the Context of ILO Standards
Authors: Shatsari Rabiu Sani , Hassan Kamal Halili
Published: July 2016

Collective bargaining is the best mechanism to attain a cordial relationship between employers and employees. It is also an effective forum to agree on terms and conditions of employment. In order to achieve such purposes, industrial relations systems in a country must provide legal mechanism to enable parties to bargain collectively with a view to concluding a collective agreement. The ILO has adopted a convention providing a framework for member states to enact laws that would facilitate such a mechanism. In this respect, Malaysia has enacted the Industrial Relations Act 1967, which provides among others a mechanism for collective bargaining. In this article we argue on the extent of the right of Malaysian workers to collective bargaining in the context of the ILO standards. Here we argue that despite the legal mechanism available that facilitates collective bargaining between the two parties, Malaysian workers and their trade unions face some difficulties in bargaining with their employers.
An Analysis of China's System of Protecting Geographical Indications
Authors: Zhu Lanye
Published: July 2016

Geographical indications are a kind of intellectual property required to be protected under the TRIPS Agreement of the WTO. In order to fulfil its WTO obligations, China started to protect geographical indications even before it was formally admitted to the WTO. At present, geographical indications can be protected in Chinese law through one or both of the following ways: trademark registration pursuant to the Trademark Law, and the registration of special labels bearing geographical indications. However, internal problems exist within both of these systems, and the co-existence of the systems also creates conflicts. This article analyses these problems and proposes ways of resolving them.
Institutions of International Law and the Development of Regional Forum for Peaceful Dialogue in South Asia
Authors: Rehman Javaid
Published: July 2016

Since 11 September 2001, international law and the community it governs are at a crossroads. While the world appears to be besieged by terrorist threats from non-state actors such as the Al-Qaeda, there is also a substantial risk of super-power unilateralism and arrogance. Amidst these crises, South-Asia occupies a sensitive and vulnerable position. The region is also beset with ethnic, religious, and domestic political conflicts which provide substantial threats to regional peace and security. Against the backdrop of the enormous complications faced by South Asia, the present article considers the role of international and regional institutions in developing forums for establishing peace and security for the region, as well greater promotion of human rights. A particular focus is upon the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) which, it is contended, is an organisation capable of providing a suitable platform for peaceful dialogue within South-Asia.
Arztberuf und Familiengründung: Karrierevorstellungen von Medizinstudierenden der Universität Basel
Authors: Flury Bodenmann Bettina , Zeller Andreas
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ist gerade für angehende Ärzte/innen eine Herausforderung. Schweizer Daten dazu sind rar. Deswegen untersuchten wir mittels eines 22-items-Fragebogens bei 914 Medizinstudierenden (1.–6. Jahreskurs, Universität Basel, Studienjahr 2014/2015) verschiedene Aspekte hinsichtlich Vereinbarkeit von Studium/Assistenzarztzeit und Familiengründung (Rücklaufrate 86,4 % [N=790]). Den Studierenden, zu 59,0 % (N=466) weiblich, waren persönliche Verwirklichung (Likert-Skala 3,4), ein sicherer Arbeitsplatz (3,3) und Teilzeitarbeit (3,0) am wichtigsten. Es gewichteten 38,4 % (N=303) Familie/Freizeit höher als Beruf, für 53,8 % (N=425) waren diese gleichrangig. 35,5 % (N=277) planten die Familiengründung vor oder während den Assistenzarztjahren. Während dem Kleinkindalter wollten 91,5 % (N=723), während dem Schulalter 74,9 % (N=592) Teilzeit (bis 80 %) arbeiten. Es bleibt offen, inwieweit die zukünftige Generation sich diese Bedürfnisse erfüllen kann.
Reconstructing Catastrophic Floods on Earth and Mars
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: July 2016

A new theoretical model suggests that ancient floods that carved canyons on Earth and Mars may have been much smaller but lasted longer than previously thought.
Unbiased measurements of reconstruction fidelity of sparsely sampled magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Wu Qinglin , Coggins Brian E. , Zhou Pei
Published: July 2016

The application of sparse-sampling techniques to NMR data acquisition would benefit from reliable quality measurements for reconstructed spectra. We introduce a pair of noise-normalized measurements, "Equation missing" and "Equation missing", for differentiating inadequate modelling from overfitting. While "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" can be used jointly for methods that do not enforce exact agreement between the back-calculated time domain and the original sparse data, the cross-validation measure "Equation missing" is applicable to all reconstruction algorithms. We show that the fidelity of reconstruction is sensitive to changes in "Equation missing" and that model overfitting results in elevated "Equation missing" and reduced spectral quality.
Tracking of plus-ends reveals microtubule functional diversity in different cell types
Authors: Shaebani M. Reza , Pasula Aravind , Ott Albrecht , Santen Ludger
Published: July 2016

Many cellular processes are tightly connected to the dynamics of microtubules (MTs). While in neuronal axons MTs mainly regulate intracellular trafficking, they participate in cytoskeleton reorganization in many other eukaryotic cells, enabling the cell to efficiently adapt to changes in the environment. We show that the functional differences of MTs in different cell types and regions is reflected in the dynamic properties of MT tips. Using plus-end tracking proteins EB1 to monitor growing MT plus-ends, we show that MT dynamics and life cycle in axons of human neurons significantly differ from that of fibroblast cells. The density of plus-ends, as well as the rescue and catastrophe frequencies increase while the growth rate decreases toward the fibroblast cell margin. This results in a rather stable filamentous network structure and maintains the connection between nucleus and membrane. In contrast, plus-ends are uniformly distributed along the axons and exhibit diverse polymerization run times and spatially homogeneous rescue and catastrophe frequencies, leading to MT segments of various lengths. The probability distributions of the excursion length of polymerization and the MT length both follow nearly exponential tails, in agreement with the analytical predictions of a two-state model of MT dynamics.
In silico synchronization reveals regulators of nuclear ruptures in lamin A/C deficient model cells
Authors: Robijns J. , Molenberghs F. , Sieprath T. , Corne T. D. J. , Verschuuren M. , De Vos W. H.
Published: July 2016

The nuclear lamina is a critical regulator of nuclear structure and function. Nuclei from laminopathy patient cells experience repetitive disruptions of the nuclear envelope, causing transient intermingling of nuclear and cytoplasmic components. The exact causes and consequences of these events are not fully understood, but their stochastic occurrence complicates in-depth analyses. To resolve this, we have established a method that enables quantitative investigation of spontaneous nuclear ruptures, based on co-expression of a firmly bound nuclear reference marker and a fluorescent protein that shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm during ruptures. Minimally invasive imaging of both reporters, combined with automated tracking and in silico synchronization of individual rupture events, allowed extracting information on rupture frequency and recovery kinetics. Using this approach, we found that rupture frequency correlates inversely with lamin A/C levels and can be reduced in genome-edited LMNA knockout cells by blocking actomyosin contractility or inhibiting the acetyl-transferase protein NAT10. Nuclear signal recovery followed a kinetic that is co-determined by the severity of the rupture event and could be prolonged by knockdown of the ESCRT-III complex component CHMP4B. In conclusion, our approach reveals regulators of nuclear rupture induction and repair, which may have critical roles in disease development.
Summer holidays as break-point in shaping a tannery sludge microbial community around a stable core microbiota
Authors: Giordano Cesira , Boscaro Vittorio , Munz Giulio , Mori Gualtiero , Vannini Claudia
Published: July 2016

Recently, several investigations focused on the discovery of a bacterial consortium shared among different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Nevertheless, the definition of a core microbiota over time represents the necessary counterpart in order to unravel the dynamics of bacterial communities in these environments. Here we performed a monthly survey on the bacterial community of a consortial industrial plant. Objectives of this study were: (1) to identify a core microbiota constant over time; (2) to evaluate the temporal dynamics of the community during one year. A conspicuous and diversified core microbiota is constituted by operational taxonomic units which are present throughout the year in the plant. Community composition data confirm that the presence and abundance of bacteria in WWTPs is highly consistent at high taxonomic level. Our results indicate however a difference in microbial community structure between two groups of samples, identifying the summer holiday period as the break-point. Changes in the structure of the microbial community occur otherwise gradually, one month after another. Further studies will clarify how the size and diversity of the core microbiota could affect the observed dynamics.