bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The autopoiesis of educational organizations: the impact of the organizational setting on educational interaction
Authors: Vanderstraeten Raf
Published: August 2002

Organizations are able to motivate and coordinate human activities in special ways. In modern society, organizations are present in almost every social subsystem. From the end of the eighteenth century onward, education also predominantly takes place in school organizations. In this article, the consequences of this organizational framing of education are examined. How are schools able to organize processes of education, although education depends so much upon face‐to‐face interaction? How is education itself affected by the fact that it takes place in an organized context? This article deals with these questions, while making use of a systems‐theoretical framework that highlights the autopoietic autonomy of educational organizations in modern society. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Additional Resources on Asian Americans
Authors: Kodama Corinne Maekawa , Lee Sunny , Liang Christopher T.H. , Alvarez Alvin N. , McEwen Marylu K.
Published: August 2002

The authors identify Asian American associations and organizations, academic journals, periodicals, and media resources. Selected annotated resources on Asian American activism and politics, counseling and psychology, educational issues, gender and sexual orientation, history, policy reports, and racial and ethnic identity are also included.
Technical aspects of minimal residual disease detection in carcinoma patients
Authors: Lacroix Jeannine , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus
Published: August 2002

The burden of occult malignant cells which remains after a course of treatment that has resulted in clinical remission is referred to as minimal residual disease (MRD). MRD is increasingly considered as a determinant of local or systemic recurrence in cancer patients. During the last 20 years, methods for the detection of rare cancer cells have evolved from mere cytomorphological investigations to a variety of immunological and molecular assays. Since surgical therapy remains the best treatment option for cancer patients with resectable tumors, the first question to address is whether the removal of the tumor was complete or some cancer cells remained from the tumor at the primary site. Several tumor‐associated DNA alterations have been identified to solve this diagnostic problem. Assays detecting tumor‐associated DNA alterations have been applied to resection margins and body fluids such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, urine, pancreatic juice, colonic lavage, and stool. Due to the higher sensitivity of immunocytochemical and reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR)‐based assays, the second question to be addressed is whether systemic hematogenous or lymphatic spread of cancer cells occurred. Disseminated cancer cells have been detected in bone marrow aspirates, peripheral blood, and lymph node biopsies, and cancer cell dissemination is regarded as a relevant and independent prognostic factor. Thus, sensitive techniques for the detection of MRD are likely to guide indications for surgical or adjuvant therapy protocols in clinical oncology. However, since many of the assays for the detection of MRD are complex, and results are influenced by a variety of technical aspects, the majority of diagnostic applications have not yet been sufficiently standardized. Consequently, quality control and reproducibility of minimal disease detection assays remain unsolved problems. Therefore, well controlled collaborative studies are urgently required to evaluate indications and diagnostic standards for these assays. This review summarizes technical aspects and their implications for the clinical application of presently available assays for MRD detection in carcinoma patients. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:252–264, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimal residual disease in gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Kienle Peter , Koch Moritz
Published: August 2002

Tumor progression after curative resection of gastrointestinal carcinomas is probably caused by pre‐ or intraoperative tumor cell dissemination. Disseminated tumor cells are generally detected by immunohistochemistry‐ or PCR‐based molecular‐biology methods. A consensus on which is the most adequate detection method has not yet been found, which makes the comparison of data difficult. The prognostic relevance of disseminated cells has been shown, at least in part, for esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and colonic cancer. The data regarding hepatocellular cancer is conflicting. This article gives a critical review of tumor cell detection in gastrointestinal cancer. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:282–293, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Creating dynamic content for the Web using Perl
Authors: Bates Chris
Published: August 2002

Web development is one of the growth areas of programming. The creators of E‐commerce and small hobby sites use many of the same tools and techniques. Development languages become fashionable, wildly popular then fade away to be replaced by the next big thing. Some languages have such power and suitability that they deserve to be taken seriously and used widely rather than discarded when an alternative comes along. In this paper CHRIS BATES presents the programming language Perl which is widely used on Web sites that create and present dynamic content. He focuses on the features of Perl that make it so well suited for Web development and worth considering for both experienced programmers and beginners alike. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is a fiber glut on the horizon?
Authors: Held Gilbert
Published: August 2002

While it is nice to read about the need for bandwidth, if we put pen or pencil to paper can we come to the same conclusion of many pundits who proclaimed during the past year that the Internet would clog itself into a worldwide freeze? GILBERT HELD ponders the question. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Component‐based software engineering — new challenges in software development
Authors: Crnkovic Ivica
Published: August 2002

The primary role of component‐based software engineering is to address the development of systems as an assembly of parts (components), the development of parts as reusable entities, and the maintenance and upgrading of systems by customising and replacing such parts. This requires established methodologies and tool support covering the entire component and system lifecycle including technological, organisational, marketing, legal, and other aspects. The traditional disciplines from software engineering need new methodologies to support component‐based development. IVICA CRNKOVIC assesses the challenges of this emerging technology and discusses its implications for the software development process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunoelectron microscopic study of β‐endorphinergic synaptic innervation of GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus
Authors: Wang Qing‐Ping , Guan Jian‐Lian , Shioda Seiji
Published: August 2002

Using a preembedding double immunoreactive technique by immunostaining with antirat β‐endorphin and antisynthetic glutamic acid decarboxylase antisera sequentially, the synaptic relationships between β‐endorphinergic neuronal fibers and GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat were examined at the ultrastructural level. Although both β‐endorphin‐like immunoreactive fibers and glutamic acid decarboxylase‐like immunoreactive neurons can be found in the mediodorsal and medioventral parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus, the synapses between them were found only in the mediodorsal part. Most of the β‐endorphin‐like immunoreactive neuronal fibers contained many dense‐cored vesicles. The synapses made by β‐endorphin‐like immunoreactive neuronal axon terminals on glutamic acid decarboxylase‐like immunoreactive neurons were both symmetrical and asymmetrical, with the latter predominant, especially in the axo‐dendritic synapses. Perikarya with β‐endorphin‐like immunoreactivity were found only in the ventrobasal hypothalamus. These findings suggest the possibility that the β‐endorphin‐producing neurons in the ventrobasal hypothalamus could influence GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus directly by synaptic relationships. Synapse 42:234–241, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synapses on GABAergic neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the rat amygdala: Double‐labeling immunoelectron microscopy
Authors: Li Ruixi , Nishijo Hisao , Ono Taketoshi , Ohtani Yuko , Ohtani Osamu
Published: August 2002

Although the basolateral nucleus (BL) of the amygdala is known to contain an abundance of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons that regulate the amygdaloid projection neurons and influence storage and consolidation of memory, it remains to be determined what type of neuronal input controls GABAergic neurons in the BL. We examined the synapses that GABAergic neurons form with GABAergic and noradrenergic neurons and terminals with unknown transmitters by double‐labeling immunoelectron microscopy using anti‐GABA and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) antisera. The medium and small dendrites of the GABAergic neurons were shown to receive symmetric, inhibitory‐type synapses from GABAergic axon terminals and asymmetric, excitatory‐type synapses from noradrenergic axon terminals. Each segment of the GABAergic neurons from perikarya to dendritic spines received both symmetric and asymmetric synapses from unlabeled axon terminals of various forms and sizes. The incidence rates of the two types of synapses were almost identical. Our results suggest that GABAergic neurons in the BL of the rat amygdala might be affected by the excitatory influence of the noradrenergic system and the inhibitory influence of the GABAergic system. Furthermore, these neurons are also strongly influenced by both excitatory and inhibitory‐type synapses from neuronal systems other than the GABAergic and noradrenergic systems. Synapse 43:42–50, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered prolactin response to M‐chlorophenylpiperazine in monkeys previously treated with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or fenfluramine
Authors: Hatzidimitriou George , Tsai Elizabeth H. , McCann Una D. , Ricaurte George A.
Published: August 2002

3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy,” MDMA) and fenfluramine, widely used by humans, are potent brain serotonin (5‐HT) neurotoxins in animals. Thus, there is concern that humans previously exposed to these amphetamine derivatives may have incurred brain 5‐HT neurotoxicity. However, assessing the status of brain 5‐HT neurons in the living organism is challenging. To determine whether MDMA‐ and/or fenfluramine‐induced 5‐HT neurotoxicity can be detected during life using neuroendocrine methods, groups of monkeys previously treated with neurotoxic regimens of MDMA or fenfluramine, along with saline‐treated controls, underwent neuroendocrine challenge with the direct 5‐HT agonist and 5‐HT‐releasing drug, m‐chlorophenylpiperazine (m‐CPP). Animals treated 2 weeks previously with MDMA exhibited a nonsignificant reduction in the prolactin response to m‐CPP. In contrast, monkeys treated 3½ years previously with MDMA or 2 years previously with fenfluramine exhibited significantly increased prolactin responses to m‐CPP. No significant differences in cortisol concentrations were noted between groups at any time point. These data indicate that neuroendocrine challenge with m‐CPP is capable of detecting substituted amphetamine‐induced 5‐HT neurotoxicity in living primates, but that the recency of drug exposure is an important consideration. Changes in the neuroendocrine response to m‐CPP over time in animals with substituted amphetamine‐induced neurotoxicity may be related to aberrant 5‐HT reinnervation of the basal forebrain that occurs over time in monkeys previously treated with neurotoxic doses of MDMA or fenfluramine. Synapse 44:51–57, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
μ‐Receptor agonism with alfentanil increases striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding in man
Authors: Hagelberg Nora , Kajander Jaana K. , Någren Kjell , Hinkka Susanna , Hietala Jarmo , Scheinin Harry
Published: August 2002

Animal studies indicate that μ‐opioids indirectly modulate neurotransmission in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the effects of alfentanil (a μ‐opioid receptor agonist) on striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding in eight healthy male volunteers. D2 receptor binding was determined by using [11C]raclopride as radioligand. Each subject underwent two PET sessions on the same day, the first without the drug (control) and the second during alfentanil infusion. Alfentanil was administered as target‐controlled infusion to maintain pseudo steady‐state plasma concentration of 80 ng/ml throughout the PET session. A freeze lesion model was used for pain testing at the end of both PET sessions. A mechanical pain stimulus of 5 N was rated by the subjects using a visual analog scale. Regions of interest for the putamen, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum were drawn on MRI images and transferred to PET images. Alfentanil increased the binding potential of [11C]raclopride in the putamen by 6.0% (P = 0.04) and in the caudate nucleus by 7.4% (P = 0.008). Alfentanil caused a small reduction in respiratory rate (P = 0.046) and oxygen saturation (P < 0.001), and a moderate consistent increase in end‐tidal CO2 (P < 0.001). Pain scores were significantly smaller after alfentanil PET scan (median VAS 9 (0–42) vs. 23.5 (15–52), P = 0.008). These results indicate that pharmacologically relevant concentrations of alfentanil increase D2 dopamine receptor binding in the striatum in man. This increase is assumed to reflect reduced dopamine release. Synapse 45:25–30, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related changes in the striatal dopaminergic system in the living brain: A multiparametric PET study in conscious monkeys
Authors: Harada Norihiro , Nishiyama Shingo , Satoh Kengo , Fukumoto Dai , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Tsukada Hideo
Published: August 2002

In the present study, age‐related changes in the striatal dopaminergic system were examined in the living brains of conscious young (6.2 ± 1.5 years old) and aged (20.2 ± 2.6 years old) monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using positron emission tomography (PET). L‐[β‐11C]DOPA and [11C]β‐CFT were applied to determine dopamine presynaptic functions such as synthesis rate and transporter (DAT) availability, respectively. Striatal dopamine D1‐ (D1R) and D2‐like receptor (D2R) binding were measured with [11C]SCH23390 and [11C]raclopride, respectively. Although the markers of presynaptic terminals showed parallel age‐related declines, the reduction of dopamine synthesis rate measured with L‐[β‐11C]DOPA was slightly smaller than that of DAT determined with [11C]β‐CFT. The binding of [11C]raclopride to D2R in vivo was significantly reduced with aging, while that of [11C]SCH23390 to D1R showed no such marked age‐related reduction. When the DAT inhibitor GBR12909 (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) was administered, DAT availability, dopamine synthesis, and D2R binding were significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner in both age groups; however, the degrees of the decreases in these parameters were significantly higher in young rather than in aged animals. Dopamine concentration in the striatal extracellular fluid (ECF), as measured by microdialysis, was increased by administration of GBR12909 in a dose‐dependent manner and the degree of the increase in dopamine level decreased with age. These results demonstrate that age‐related changes of dopamine neuronal functions were not limited to the resting condition but were also seen in the functional responses to the neurotransmitter modulation. Synapse 45:38–45, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of lubeluzole on the methamphetamine‐induced increase in extracellular glutamate and the long‐term depletion of striatal dopamine
Authors: Wallace Tanya L. , Vorhees Charles V. , Gudelsky Gary A.
Published: August 2002

The administration of a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine (MA) produces an acute elevation in the extracellular concentrations of dopamine and glutamate in the striatum and a long‐term depletion of striatal dopamine content in rats. The intent of the present study was to determine whether attenuation of the MA‐induced increase in extracellular glutamate would prevent the depletion of striatal dopamine. Male rats were treated with MA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle every 2 h for four injections and concomitantly perfused intrastriatally with either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or lubeluzole (300 μM), a novel neuroprotectant that has been shown to prevent the increase in extracellular glutamate after the induction of neocortical infarct in rats. Lubeluzole significantly attenuated the MA‐induced increase in extracellular glutamate in the striatum without affecting the MA‐induced increase in extracellular dopamine or the MA‐induced hyperthermic response. Nevertheless, lubeluzole did not prevent the long‐term depletion of striatal dopamine produced by a neurotoxic regimen of MA. These results suggest that the MA‐induced depletion of striatal dopamine may not be dependent on the increased extracellular concentration of striatal glutamate. Synapse 40:95–101, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyses of [18F]altanserin bolus injection PET data. II: Consideration of radiolabeled metabolites in humans
Authors: Price Julie C. , Lopresti Brian J. , Meltzer Carolyn C. , Smith Gwenn S. , Mason Neale S. , Huang Y. , Holt Daniel P. , Gunn Roger N. , Mathis Chester A.
Published: August 2002

Imaging serotonin‐2A (5‐HT2A) neuroreceptors with positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]altanserin has been the focus of a series of PET studies, as [18F]altanserin is one of the most selective 5‐HT2A antagonist radiotracers. Previous animal studies showed that radiolabeled metabolites (radiometabolites) of [18F]altanserin crossed the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to localize nonspecifically in brain, consistent with a constant radioactivity “background.” In this work, we evaluated human bolus injection [18F]altanserin PET data with detailed consideration of the impact of BBB‐permeable metabolites on the specific binding parameters. Data were quantified using either single (parent radiotracer), dual (parent radiotracer and radiometabolites), or no arterial input function(s) (cerebellum as reference tissue input function). A step‐gradient high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis provided distinct separation of [18F]altanserin and four radiolabeled components in plasma. After [18F]altanserin injection, the step‐gradient data showed that the major BBB‐permeable radiometabolites approached constant levels in plasma (>50 min), consistent with a constant metabolite “background.” The single‐input Logan graphical results were highly correlated with the dual‐input results and its bias was fairly constant across regions and subjects, as similarly observed for a nongraphical reference tissue method. The most comprehensive and quantitatively valid analysis for bolus [18F]altanserin PET data was the dual‐input method that specifically accounted for BBB‐permeable metabolites, although the Logan analysis was preferred because it provided a good compromise between validity, sensitivity, and reliability of implementation. Further study is needed to better understand how the cerebellar kinetics of [18F]altanserin and its radiometabolites impact the reference tissue measures. Synapse 41:11–21, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viscous dampers at multiple levels for the historic preservation of Los Angeles City Hall
Authors: Youssef N.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a case study of a seismic rehabilitation strategy, utilizing passive energy dissipation devices, for the preservation of a historic structure. The subject building is the Los Angeles City Hall, a 460 feet tall steel frame with unreinforced masonry infill. The rehabilitation consists of installing 416 high damping rubber bearings and 90 flat sliding bearings at its base in conjunction with 64 nonlinear viscous dampers. This paper presents the rationale for supplementing base isolation with viscous damping devices. The sensitivity of the global building response to the introduction of supplemental energy dissipation is also investigated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Maestro, what is ‘quality’?”: Language, literacy, and discourse in project‐based science
Authors: Moje Elizabeth B. , Collazo Tehani , Carrillo Rosario , Marx Ronald W.
Published: August 2002

Recent curriculum design projects have attempted to engage students in authentic science learning experiences in which students engage in inquiry‐based research projects about questions of interest to them. Such a pedagogical and curricular approach seems an ideal space in which to construct what Lee and Fradd referred to as instructional congruence. It is, however, also a space in which the everyday language and literacy practices of young people intersect with the learning of scientific and classroom practices, thus suggesting that project‐based pedagogy has the potential for conflict or confusion. In this article, we explore the discursive demands of project‐based pedagogy for seventh‐grade students from non‐mainstream backgrounds as they enact established project curricula. We document competing Discourses in one project‐based classroom and illustrate how those Discourses conflict with one another through the various texts and forms of representation used in the classroom and curriculum. Possibilities are offered for reconstructing this classroom practice to build congruent third spaces in which the different Discourses and knowledges of the discipline, classroom, and students' lives are brought together to enhance science learning and scientific literacy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 469–498, 2001
Science education as a civil right: Urban schools and opportunity‐to‐learn considerations
Authors: Tate William
Published: August 2002

In this article I make the case that urban science education is a civil rights issue and that to effectively address it as such we must shift from arguments for civil rights as shared physical space in schools to demands for high‐quality academic preparation that includes the opportunity to learn science. The argument is organized into two sections: first, a review of the school desegregation literature to make the case that urban science education for all is a civil rights issue; and second, an examination and critique of opportunity‐to‐learn literature, including an analysis of three opportunity‐to‐learn constructs to illustrate their potential as civil rights tools in science education. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1015–1028, 2001
Human resources in Vietnam: The global challenge
Authors: Kamoche Ken
Published: August 2002

This article takes a critical look at the management of people in Vietnam. It examines the prevailing business
environment and the reform process and their implications for skill formation and the development of managerial
expertise. The analysis then proceeds to examine on a thematic basis some specific human resource practices in
four firms based in Hanoi—two state‐owned enterprises and two multinationals. The article analyzes
the traditional and emergent human resource practices showing how they reflect industrial and
historical‐cultural contextual factors. The discussion also considers the suitability and adequacy of these
practices while locating them within the international human resource management debate. This article thus
contributes to the critique of global human resource management by exploring the relevance of mainstream human
resource theory and practice to the Vietnamese case, especially given the increasing role of multinational firms
in the Vietnamese economy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biology Is to Medicine as Psychology Is to Education: True or False?
Authors: Newcombe Nora S.
Published: August 2002

The nature of the relationship between developmental and cognitive psychology on the one side and education on the other can be better appreciated by considering two other relationships between academic disciplines and areas of application and practice as source domains for an analogy.
Beyond scholarship reconsidered: Toward an enlarged vision of the scholarly work of faculty members
Authors: Rice R. Eugene
Published: August 2002

Ernest Boyer’s 1990 Carnegie report, Scholarship Reconsidered, is examined as a “tipping point”—a critical turning point in what is fundamentally valued and rewarded in the scholarly work of faculty members. Special attention is given to the scholarship of teaching and the scholarship of engagement.
Acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnids and three amphipods
Authors: Brix Kevin V. , Henderson Douglas G. , Adams William J. , Reash Robin J. , Carlton Richard G. , Mcintyre Dennis O.
Published: August 2002

This study evaluated the acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnid and three gammarid amphipod species. The daphnids,Ceriodaphnia dubiaandDaphnia pulex, were evaluated in 48‐hour static tests and the amphipods,Gammarus pseudolimnaeus,Gammarus lacustris, andHyalella azteca, were evaluated in 96‐hour static and flow‐through tests. Tests resulted in mean LC50's of 1.92, 9.12, 1.82, 3.05, and 1.95 mg/L selenium forC. dubia,D. pulex,G. pseudolimnaeus,G. lacustris, andH. azteca, respectively. The LC50's for theG. pseudolimnaeustests are more than 30‐fold higher than previously reported LC50's for the same or similar species. The explanation for these differing results appears to be partially, but not entirely, explained by differences in ambient pH between the new studies and previous ones. Depending on how the new data are included in U.S. EPA's selenium freshwater quality criterion data set, the selenate acute water quality criterion (i.e., Criterion Maximum Concentration) increases from 12.8 to as high as 583 μg/L selenium. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 142–150, 2001
X‐ray absorption spectroscopic studies of Mn atoms in La1−xSrxMnO3+δ compounds
Authors: Mastelaro Valmor R. , de Souza Dulcina P. F. , Mesquita Rafael A.
Published: August 2002

Mn K‐edge x‐ray absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the local structure at the Mn site in LaMnO3, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 samples. The x‐ray absorption near‐edge spectra (XANES) show an intermediate oxidation state of the Mn atoms, the edge position indicating an average valence of ∼3.4 for the LaMnO3 sample and an average valence of ∼3.7 for the La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 samples. Extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses show that the local order around Mn atoms in the La0.7Sr0.3MnO3sample can be described as a regular MnO6 octahedron or as a distorted octahedron with two different Mn—O bond lengths. With regard to the La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 sample, the local structure around Mn atoms is appropriately described by a regular MnO6 octahedron. For this sample, the mean Mn—O bond length is shorter and is similar to that of Mn—O in the SrMnO3. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycogen—a covalently linked component of the cell wall in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Arvindekar Akalpita U. , Patil Narayan B.
Published: August 2002

Glycogen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is present in two pools, one soluble and intracellular, the other present in the cell wall and rendered water‐insoluble owing to its covalent linkage to cell wall β‐glucan. The insoluble glycogen fraction was solubilized using β‐1,3‐glucanase. The αβ‐glucan complex obtained showed intense red staining with iodine and was isolated from free β‐glucans by affinity chromatography using concanavalin A sepharose 4B. Further use of molecular sieving has confirmed that glycogen is linked to β‐glucan as the non‐retained fraction on Biogel P2 split into two peaks on treatment with amyloglucosidase. Partial acid hydrolysis and subsequent paper chromatography of the αβ‐glucan complex isolated revealed the presence of gentiobiose and other higher oligosaccharides, indicating that glycogen is linked to β‐1,3‐glucan through a β‐1,6 branch. The insoluble glycogen can be extracted in a soluble form by acetic acid treatment and is known as acid‐soluble glycogen. The presence of glycogen in the cell wall is confirmed by controlled enzymatic release of αβ‐glucan complex using lyticase from Arthobacter luteus without disruption of the plasma membrane, as can be visualized using electron microscopy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A series of double disruptants for protein phosphatase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their phenotypic analysis
Authors: Sakumoto Naoko , Matsuoka Itsumi , Mukai Yukio , Ogawa Nobuo , Kaneko Yoshinobu , Harashima Satoshi
Published: August 2002

Thirty‐two protein phosphatase (PPase) genes were identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the nucleotide sequences of the entire genome. In an effort to understand the role of PPases and their functional redundancy in the cellular physiology of one of the reference eukaryotic organisms, a series of single and double PPase gene disruptants were constructed in the W303 strain background. Two single disruptants for the CDC14 and GLC7 genes were lethal. Double disruptants for 30 non‐essential PPase genes were constructed in all possible 435 combinations. No double disruptant showed synthetic lethality. Several phenotypes of the viable 30 single and 435 double disruptants were examined; temperature‐sensitive growth, utilization of carbon sources and sensitivity to cations and drugs. Four double disruptants exhibited synthetic phenotypes in addition to eight single ones: the pph21 pph22 double disruptant showed slow growth on complete medium, as did the sit4 and yvh1 single ones. In addition to the ptc1, ynr022c and ycr079w single disruptants, the ppz1 ppz2 double disruptant showed temperature‐sensitive slow growth. The msg5 ptp2 double disruptant, like the ynr022c single one, did not grow on complete medium containing 0.3 M CaCl2. The double msg5 ptc2 disruptant failed to grow on medium containing 1.0 M NaCl and, like the ynr022c single deletion, also could not grow on medium containing 0.3 M CaCl2. The synthetic phenotypes in the two latter cases where each of the PPases is categorized in a different phosphatase family led us to discuss the novel mechanism involved in the functional redundancy of the PPases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful formation of a large chimpanzee group out of two preexisting subgroups
Authors: Seres Michael , Aureli Filippo , de Waal Frans B.M.
Published: August 2002

Descriptions of the formation of relatively large groups of unfamiliar chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in captivity are scarce in the literature. Nineteen chimpanzees from preexisting subgroups were introduced into a social group at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The group included two adult males, six adult females along with six dependent infants, and five unrelated juveniles, four of whom had been hand‐raised in a nursery unit. Here we provide details on dyadic and multiparty introductions as well as technical details on the indoor/outdoor compound. The introduction process itself took more than 3 weeks, and was completed without major injuries. The introductions combined with 4 years of follow‐up data on aggression, grooming, and affiliative behavior confirm that even chimpanzees from an environment that does not promote complex social skills can be formed into a large multimale–multifemale group. During the introductions, low rates of agonistic behavior among adult females were offset by high rates of affiliative behavior. The two adult males, however, showed contact aggression during the first 10 minutes, after which such behavior virtually disappeared, whereas affiliative behavior increased. Three months after their first introduction, the two males reversed dominance ranks within the group, and hierarchical stability has been maintained since. During the 4‐year postintroductory period, grooming rates slightly decreased, but group cohesion was maintained. The frequency of aggression among all adults, including the males, increased during the 4‐year period, but aggression was generally of low intensity after the first year. Zoo Biol 20:501–515, 2001. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable equivalence preserves representation type
Authors: Krause Henning
Published: August 2002

Given two finite dimensional algebras

\Lambda

and

\Gamma

, it is shown that

\Lambda

is of wild representation type if and only if

\Gamma

is of wild representation type provided that the stable categories of finite dimensional modules over

\Lambda

and

\Gamma

are equivalent. The proof uses generic modules. In fact, a stable equivalence induces a bijection between the isomorphism classes of generic modules over

\Lambda

and

\Gamma

, and the result follows from certain additional properties of this bijection. In the second part of this paper the Auslander-Reiten translation is extended to an operation on the category of all modules. It is shown that various finiteness conditions are preserved by this operation. Moreover, the Auslander-Reiten translation induces a homeomorphism between the set of non-projective and the set of non-injective points in the Ziegler spectrum. As a consequence one obtains that for an algebra of tame representation type every generic module remains fixed under the Auslander-Reiten translation.
Topology of complete intersections
Authors: Fang F.
Published: August 2002

Let Xn(d) and Xn(d') be two n-dimensional complete intersections with the same total degree d. In this paper we prove that, if n is even and d has no prime factors less than

{n+3}\over{2}

, then Xn(d) and Xn(d') are homotopy equivalent if and only if they have the same Euler characteristics and signatures. This confirms a conjecture of Libgober and Wood [16]. Furthermore, we prove that, if d has no prime factors less than

{n+3}\over{2}

, then Xn(d) and Xn(d') are homeomorphic if and only if their Pontryagin classes and Euler characteristics agree.
Degenerations for representations of extended Dynkin quivers
Authors: Zwara Grzegorz
Published: August 2002

Let A be the path algebra of a quiver of extended Dynkin type

\tilde {\Bbb {A}}_n, \tilde {\Bbb {D}}_n, \tilde {\Bbb {E}}_6, \tilde {\Bbb {E}}_7

or

\tilde {\Bbb {E}}_8

. We show that a finite dimensional A-module M degenerates to another A-module N if and only if there are short exact sequences

0 \to U_i \to M_i \to V_i \to 0

of A-modules such that

M = M_1

,

M_{i+1} = U_i \oplus V_i

for

1 \leq i \leq s

and

N = M_{s+1}

are true for some natural number s.
The behaviour at infinity of the Bruhat decomposition
Authors: Brion Michel
Published: August 2002

For a connected reductive group G and a Borel subgroup B, we study the closures of double classes BgB in a

(G \times G)

-equivariant "regular" compactification of G. We show that these closures

\overline {BgB}

intersect properly all

(G \times G)

-orbits, with multiplicity one, and we describe the intersections. Moreover, we show that almost all

\overline {BgB}

are singular in codimension two exactly. We deduce this from more general results on B-orbits in a spherical homogeneous space G/H; they lead to formulas for homology classes of H-orbit closures in G/B, in terms of Schubert cycles.
The orbit space of the p-subgroup complex is contractible
Authors: Symonds P.
Published: August 2002

We show that the quotient space of the p-subgroup complex of a finite group by the action of the group is contractible. This was conjectured by Webb.
The spectrum of the Chern subring
Authors: Böckle Gebhard , Leary Ian J.
Published: August 2002

For certain subrings of the mod-p-cohomology of a compact Lie group, we give a description of the spectrum, analogous to Quillen's description of the spectrum of the whole cohomology ring. Subrings to which our theorem applies include the Chern subring. Corollaries include a characterization of those groups for which the Chern subring is F-isomorphic to the cohomology ring.
Fano contact manifolds and nilpotent orbits
Authors: Lee Ting-Yu
Published: August 2002

A contact structure on a complex manifold

M

is a corank

1

subbundle

F

of

T_M

such that the bilinear form on

F

with values in the quotient line bundle

L = T_M/F

deduced from the Lie bracket of vector fields is everywhere non-degenerate. In this paper we consider the case where

M

is a Fano manifold; this implies that L is ample.

If

{\frak g}

is a simple Lie algebra, the unique closed orbit in

{\bold P}({\frak g})

(for the adjoint action) is a Fano contact manifold; it is conjectured that every Fano contact manifold is obtained in this way. A positive answer would imply an analogous result for compact quaternion-Kahler manifolds with positive scalar curvature, a longstanding question in Riemannian geometry.

In this paper we solve the conjecture under the additional assumptions that the group of contact automorphisms of

M

is reductive, and that the image of the rational map

M{-}{-}\rightarrow {\bold P}(H^0(M, L)^*)

sociated to L has maximum dimension. The proof relies on the properties of the nilpotent orbits in a semi-simple Lie algebra, in particular on the work of R. Brylinski and B. Kostant.
Approximating $\ell_2$-Betti numbers of an amenable covering by ordinary Betti numbers
Authors: Eckmann B.
Published: August 2002

It is shown that the

\ell_2

-Betti numbers of an amenable covering of a finite cell-complex can be approximated by ordinary Betti numbers of the finite Fmlner subcomplexes. This is a new proof, using simple homological arguments, of a recent result of Dodziuk and Mathai.
A Lagrangian camel
Authors: Zung N. T.
Published: August 2002

We prove the Lagrangian analogue of the symplectic camel theorem: there are compact Lagrangian submanifolds of

{\Bbb R}^{2n}

that cannot be moved through a small hole by a global Hamiltonian isotopy with compact support.
The finiteness obstruction for loop spaces
Authors: Notbohm D.
Published: August 2002

For finitely dominated spaces, Wall constructed a finiteness obstruction, which decides whether a space is equivalent to a finite CW-complex or not. It was conjectured that this finiteness obstruction always vanishes for quasi finite H-spaces, that are H-spaces whose homology looks like the homology of a finite CW-complex. In this paper we prove this conjecture for loop spaces. In particular, this shows that every quasi finite loop space is actually homotopy equivalent to a finite CW-complex.
Effect of Ischemia/Reperfusion as a Systemic Phenomenon on Anastomotic Healing in the Left Colon
Authors: Kuzu Mehmet Ayhan , Tanık Adil , Kale İIlhami Taner , Aşlar Ahmet Keşşaf , Köksoy Cüneyt , Terzi Cem
Published: August 2002

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion provokes a local inflammatory response leading to a systemic inflammatory state. In this study we aimed to assess the effects of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury on anastomotic healing in the left colon with an intact vascular supply. A total of 94 Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: sham‐operated control (group I, n= 25), 30 minutes of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (group II, n= 40), and 7‐day allopurinol pretreatment and intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (group III, n= 29). After the reperfusion experiment, a segmental left colon resection and anastomosis were done. On postoperative days 3 and 7 anastomotic bursting pressure, anastomotic and operative complications, and intraabdominal adhesions were assessed. Mortality rates were 1/25, 16/40, and 4/29 for groups I, II, and III, respectively (p= 0.001). There was no difference among the groups for wound and anastomotic healing parameters evaluated by macroscopic criteria. On postoperative day 7 the mean bursting pressures were 220.3 ± 18.5, 162.0 ± 21.0, and 213.9 ± 24.7 for groups I, II, and II, respectively (p= 0.000). Significantly dense adhesions were found in group II (p= 0.000). Allopurinol pretreatment prevented the effects of ischemia/reperfusion on anastomotic healing of the left colon. Intestinal/ischemia reperfusion causes impairment of anastomotic healing of the left colon. In addition to remote organ effects, reperfusion injury may affect anastomotic healing in the viscera with an intact vascular supply.
Prevention of Renal Cell Carcinoma by Active Vitamin D3
Authors: Fujioka Tomoaki , Suzuki Yasushi , Okamoto Tomoshi , Mastushita Nozomi , Hasegawa Michihiko , Omori So
Published: August 2002

Abstract

We studied the serum levels of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D (Vit D)] in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 (Vit D3) on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) during carcinogenesis. The serum Vit D levels were measured by a competitive protein‐binding assay using the chromatographic method. Using the [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay, noncytotoxic concentrations of Vit D3 and the tumor promoters N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N‐ethyl‐N‐hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) were tested against cultured human renal proximal tubular cells (HRPTCs). GJIC function was assayed by the scrape‐loading dye transfer technique. Cx43 mRNA expression was also examined by the reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Serum Vit D levels in patients with RCC were lower than those in controls (p < 0.001). Patients with T3 to T4 (rapid‐growth) tumors had lower levels of Vit D than did patients with T1 to T2 (slow‐growth) tumors (p < 0.001). Vit D3 enhanced the GJIC function of HRPTCs (p < 0.05), whereas NDMA and EHEN suppressed it (p < 0.05). When the cells were treated with tumor promoters and Vit D3 simultaneously, the GJIC functions remained at pretreatment levels. We also demonstrated Cx43 mRNA expression in RPTECs treated with EHEN and VitD3 simultaneously. These data suggest that a decrease in the serum Vit D level is one of the risk factors for development and progression of RCC, and Vit D3 may prevent RCC by preserving GJIC during carcinogenesis.
Glutamine
Authors: Labow Brian I. , Souba Wiley W.
Published: August 2002

Relatively little was known about glutamine metabolism until the 1930s, when Sir Hans Krebs first demonstrated glutamine hydrolysis and biosynthesis in the kidney. Subsequent studies by Rose in 1938 demonstrated that glutamine is a nonessential (dispensable) amino acid, as it can be readily synthesized de novo in virtually all tissues in the body. Because the body has the capacity to synthesize considerable quantities of glutamine, it has been assumed that glutamine is not required in the diet. However, this amino acid becomes quite depleted during the course of a catabolic insult such as injury or infection, indicating that the ability of glutamine production to meet demands during a variety of surgical illnesses is impaired. In states of health, the assumption that glutamine is not required in the diet is probably valid, although it is difficult to test the hypothesis, as glutamine is present in virtually all dietary proteins. Most naturally occurring food proteins contain 4% to 8% of their amino acid residues as glutamine; therefore less than 10 g of dietary glutamine is likely to be consumed daily by the average person. In contrast to this usual dietary availability, studies in stressed patients indicate that considerably larger amounts of glutamine (20—40 g/day) may be necessary to maintain glutamine homeostasis. Thus from a nutritional standpoint, glutamine may be thought of as a drug as well as a nutrient. This paper reviews the physiology and biochemistry of glutamine with an emphasis on its metabolism in surgical illnesses and its role as a conditionally essential amino acid.
Stress Caused by Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery versus Conventional Cardiac Surgery: Incidence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Hamano Kimikazu , Kawamura Tsutomu , Gohra Hidenori , Katoh Tomoe , Fujimura Yoshihiko , Zempo Nobuya , Miyamoto Masaki , Tsuboi Hidetoshi , Tanimoto Yoshinori , Esato Kensuke
Published: August 2002

The present study was conducted to evaluate the degree of stress in patients induced by minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) in comparison with that caused by conventional cardiac surgery. We did this by assessing the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A total of 48 adult patients who underwent surgery for single valve disease were included in this study, 27 of whom underwent conventional surgery and 21 MICS. We evaluated the stress inflicted on the patients in these two groups by analyzing the duration and degree of SIRS and the level of C‐reactive protein (CRP). SIRS was assessed by measuring body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and white blood cell counts. There were no significant differences in the operating times, perfusion times, or aorta clamp times between the two groups; and the mean volume of blood transfusion did not differ significantly either. There was no significant difference in the incidence of SIRS or the mean duration of SIRS between the two groups. The CRP levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. Thus although MICS is superior to conventional cardiac surgery in that only a small skin incision is required, the stress experienced by the patient may be the same as that experienced by the patient undergoing conventional cardiac surgery.
Clinical Trials of New and Novel Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Baue Arthur E. , Durham Rodney M. , Mazuski John E.
Published: August 2002

Throughout this issue ofWorld Journal of Surgeryare recommendations and descriptions of therapy to prevent the development of multiple organ failure (MOF). The subjects include advances in monitoring; circulatory, pulmonary, and gut support; blood treatment; immune modulation; and control of the inflammatory process. Additional methods of organ support include recommendations for resuscitation and initial care and for early definitive operations. New therapeutic agents such as growth factors, glucan, ketaconazole, and antithrombin III are described. Finally, methods to support organ function before it fails (circulation, lungs, and kidneys) are described.
Clonal Analysis of Nodular Parathyroid Hyperplasia in Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Tominaga Yoshihiro , Kohara Setsuko , Namii Yasushi , Nagasaka Takaharu , Haba Toshihito , Uchida Kazuharu , Numano Masahiro , Tanaka Yuji , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

Although it is well known that chronic renal failure induces parathyroid hyperplasia, the pathogenesis and development of this parathyroid lesion in this disease are poorly understood. Histopathologically, there is progression from diffuse to nodular hyperplasia, and each nodule consists of a single cell type with aggressive proliferative potential. Pathophysiologic and clinical investigations have suggested that neoplastic tumors may emerge from nodular hyperplasia. In this study the clonality of parathyroid tissue in nodular and diffuse hyperplasia in renal hyperparathyroidism was analyzed by a method based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of the X chromosome‐linked phosphoglycerokinase gene and on random inactivation of the gene by methylation. DNA of peripheral lymphocytes was screened in 43 women undergoing parathyroidectomy for advanced renal hyperparathyroidism, and 10 of these patients appeared to be heterozygous. Fourteen specimens from these patients were available for clonal analysis. The analysis showed that all four specimens of diffuse hyperplasia were polyclonal, whereas all seven specimens from nodules in nodular hyperplasia and all three samples representing parathyroid tissue removed from forearm because of graft‐dependent recurrence were revealed to be monoclonal. It is likely that the clonal origin of each nodule is independent. These results suggest that in renal hyperparathyroidism parathyroid glands initially grow diffusely and polyclonally, and then the cells in the nodules are later transformed monoclonally and proliferate aggressively. From the present study it can be concluded that nodular hyperplasia represents monoclonal parathyroid neoplasia, which might explain why patients with nodular hyperplasia in renal hyperparathyroidism are refractory to medical treatment, requiring parathyroidectomy. To prevent recurrences, nodular hyperplastic tissue should not be left at surgery.