bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community members’ initiatives in public open spaces: two case studies from Slovenia
Authors: Jelenc Krašovec Sabina , Bosanac Željka , Hočevar Sara Dalila , Vrhovec Neža , Zankolič Nuša , Kump Sonja
Published: October 2018

The paper deals with public spaces as open, everyday arenas where people share experiences beyond their immediate circle of friends, family and age group. Public space is understood as a forum for social and personal change (Harvey, 2011; Lefebvre, 2013; Arendt, 1996; Habermas, 1989; 2001). Questions are analysed from the point of view of community members, who are strongly attached to the space and who are interested in belonging and in proactive changes in their living environment (Iecovich, 2014; Kohn 2004; Mean and Tims, 2005). The paper is based on the presumptions that public space has an important role in generating ideas and activities of community members and that it is an important venue for community members’ informal learning. Ethnomethodological research in two public spaces (the Tabor community in Ljubljana and a small community in the coastal town of Izola) show that there are differences between both public spaces regarding top-down initiatives and bottom-up, self-organized activities. However, although the activity initiators were in one case different associations rooted in the community, and in the other the local people themselves, most of the activities were conducted by people living in the selected communities/public spaces themselves as is typical of grassroots activities. It was confirmed that learning was not often mentioned by members of either community and was mostly a hidden activity, resulting in tacit knowledge.
Serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae en menores de 5 años posterior a las vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas.
Authors: Oliva José , Hernández Carlos E.
Published: October 2018

Introducción. La inmunización con vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas ha reducido los casos de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva por serotipos vacunales. Sin embargo, se ha observado paralelamente la enfermedad de reemplazo al reportarse casos causados por serotipos no vacunales. Objetivo. Describir la distribución de serotipos aislados de casos de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en menores de 5 años en El Salvador, posterior a la introducción de vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de la base de aislamientos de Streptococcus pneumoniae del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, provenientes de menores de 5 años con enfermedad neumocócica invasiva de 2011 a 2017. Los 61 serotipos aislados 29 se clasificaron como vacunales y como no vacunales 32, dependiendo si estaban contenidos o no en las vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas 7 o 13 valente. Los datos fueron exportados a una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel 2013, donde se analizó la información utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados. De 2011 a 2017 se reportaron 61 casos de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en menores de 5 años, 29 de ellos por serotipos vacunales y 32 por serotipos no vacunales. Los vacunales presentaron una tendencia a la baja, registrándose cero casos durante 2016 y 2017. Los serotipos no vacunales presentaron una tendencia al alza. Los serotipos vacunales aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron 9V, 14 y 19A; mientras que los no vacunales fueron: 8, 10A, 15A y 18A. Conclusiones. Se observó una disminución en el número de casos de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva por serotipos vacunales de 2011 a 2017; paralelamente, se identificó la enfermedad de reemplazo.Alerta Año 2018, Vol. 1 No. 1: 11-17
Percepción de calidad de vida en usuarios de un programa ambulatorio de diálisis peritoneal.
Authors: Archila Beatriz Elena , Beltrán Brenda Iveth , Tejada Marisol , Arucha Sandra Marcela
Published: October 2018

Objetivo. Describir la percepción en la calidad de vida de usuarios del programa ambulatorio de diálisis peritoneal atendidos en Hospital Médico Quirúrgico del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra quedó conformada por 241 personas, participaron 208, distribuidas así: 165 en Diálisis Peritoneal Continua Ambulatoria, 41 en Diálisis Peritoneal Automatizada y 2 cuyos datos fueron perdidos. Se utilizó un cuestionario ad hoc con 41 ítems basados en la escala de tipo Likert. Se aplicaron los tres principios éticos de la Comisión para protección de sujetos humanos en estudios de comportamiento. El procesamiento de la información se realizó en ExcelMR 2013 y con el software SPSS versión 22. Resultados. El 97.11% de usuarios evaluó favorablemente al programa. El 65.86% expresó una salud física y mental favorable. Conclusiones. Existe una evaluación favorable hacia el programa por sus usuarios, así como una percepción favorable de su salud física y mental.Alerta Año 2018, Vol. 1 No. 1: 35-41
Mortalidad y años de vida potencialmente perdidos por enfermedades no transmisibles en El Salvador, 2011-2015.
Authors: Zelaya Susana Margarita , Mejía Roberto
Published: October 2018

Objetivo. Estimar la carga de la mortalidad de las enfermedades no transmisibles en la población mayor o igual a 20 años de El Salvador, a través de los principales indicadores de mortalidad. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de las defunciones por enfermedades no transmisibles registradas en el módulo de estadísticas vitales del sistema de información de morbimortalidad en la web del Ministerio de Salud. Se analizaron variables demográficas y se calcularon tasas de mortalidad, mortalidad prematura, años de vida potencialmente perdidos. Además, los datos son representados a través de mapas de distribución a nivel nacional. Resultados. Durante el 2011-2015 se registraron 48 554 muertes por enfermedades no transmisibles. Las enfermedades que más muerte causaron en hombres fueron las cardiovasculares, la enfermedad renal crónica y el cáncer. En mujeres, fueron, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, el cáncer y la enfermedad renal crónica. Se perdieron más años de vida a causa de la enfermedad renal crónica, seguido por las enfermedades cardiovasculares y en tercer lugar el cáncer. Las enfermedades no transmisibles se distribuyen de manera similar en todo el país, a excepción de las muertes por enfermedad renal crónica que se concentran en la región oriental. Conclusiones. En los años 2011-2015, todas las tasas de mortalidad de las enfermedades no transmisibles aumentaron, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedad renal crónica y el cáncer son las que presentan las mayores tasas de mortalidad general y prematura. La enfermedad renal crónica es la causante de mayor pérdida de años de vida en general.Alerta Año 2018, Vol. 1 No. 1: 42-52
Validación de hisopo de Moore en cadena frío para la recuperación de Vibrio cholerae.
Authors: Godoy Abel Antonio , García de Avilés Tatiana , Batres Dikson Rolando
Published: October 2018

No hay resumen disponibleAlerta Año 2018, Vol. 1 No. 1: 61-63
El paradigma económico de la educación desde la teoría de Eric A. Hanushek
Authors: Ochoa Cervantez Dani Oved , Esbeih Castellanos Emilio Gabriel , Días Ríos Junior Francisco
Published: October 2018

Este ensayo analiza los paradigmas de Eric A. Hanushek sobre la economía de la educación. Inicialmente, aborda la relación del capital humano con el crecimiento económico sostenido de los países, es decir, cómo el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) se encuentra fuertemente relacionado con las mejoras de las habilidades cognitivas que posee su población, asimismo, plantea los beneficios económicos potenciales que deberían motivar a los gobiernos a mejorar la calidad de las instituciones educativas y por tanto propiciar las grandes reformas. Además, establece que una estrategia eficaz para el desarrollo de los países no solo debería centrarse en las estadísticas sobre los niños que ingresan a las escuelas o la cantidad de niños que adquieren el grado inmediato superior, sino también en mejorar las habilidades cognitivas medidas a través de las pruebas internacionales de matemáticas y ciencias. Basado en evidencia, Hanushek sostiene que la calidad de la educación medida por las habilidades cognitivas que los estudiantes obtienen en las pruebas internacionales, es sustancialmente más importante que la mera cantidad de educación, por lo tanto, plantea que invertir grandes cantidades del PIB en educación no asegura el crecimiento económico; para lograrlo, se debe incidir en los factores que son determinantes para el logro de la calidad de la educación.
The method for increasing the efficiency of equipment’s maintenance in railway traction power supply systems
Authors: Matusevych Oleksandr , Kuznetsov Valeriy , SYCHENKO Viktor
Published: October 2018

Purpose. To develop the method for increasing the efficiency of the equipment’s maintenance and repair system, ensuring necessary level of operational reliability of the equipment, safety and reliability of the electric equipment with minimal expenses on operation. Relevance. Aging of the power equipment in railway power supply systems sharply raised a need for assessment of its states and degree of risk for operation outside rated service life. In critical conditions of technological processes and operational modes of the railways it is necessary to increase the equipment’s operational reliability. The scheduled maintenance and repair system whose main technical and economic criterion is the minimum of equipment’s downtimes on the basis of a rigid regulation of repair cycles, in the conditions of market regulations in the field of repair in many cases does not provide the optimal decisions due to insufficient financing. The solution of this problem is possible by improvement of the maintenance and repair system. Under these conditions the main direction for supporting the operational reliability of power electric equipment on TS is a development of the modern methods based on individual supervision over real changes of technical condition of power equipment. Scientific novelty. In this article the authors proposed an integrated approach, on the basis of which can be developed the effective maintenance and repair system for traction power supply systems. Proposed approach allowed to react quickly to changes of service conditions on traction substations, to control the technical condition of power electric equipment under the conditions of uncertainty, to establish interrelation between quality of service and operational reliability of the equipment, to choose a service strategy on traction substations. Practical importance. The validity of the developed method was confirmed by the results of calculations and practically by choosing the optimal maintenance's option for transformer TDTN-25000/150-70 U1 (ТДТН-25000/150-70 У1) on traction power supply substation.
Fast detection study of foreign object intrusion on railway track
Authors: Niu Hongxia X. , Hou Tao
Published: October 2018

The foreign objects intrusion on railway track has seriously affected the safe operation of the train, and it is extremely urgent to monitor them in real time. In order to improve the detection accuracy and rapidity of foreign objects intrusion on railway track, the new detection method of foreign object intrusion on railway track based on multi-background modeling, multi-difference and proportion method of black and white pixels is put forward in this paper. The multi-background modeling method that includes the historical background modeling, the multi-frame average background modeling and the previous frame of current frame background modeling method is used to model background modeling, and the three backgrounds are updated respectively to achieve background updating. The improved Canny method and Hough transform method is used to extract track edge, and get the final track edge image. Based on track edge image, the railway track dangerous area was established through the image segmentation method to reduce the amount of information in image processing and improve the processing speed. And then, according to the structure method of multi-background modeling, the detection method that fuses the historical background difference, average background difference and inter-frame difference is used to detect foreign object intrusion on track, and the detection result was processed by the morphological open processing. Finally, for the foreign objects intrusion, the decision is done by the quantitative proportion method of black and white pixels of image. The experimental results show that this method has better noise immunity performance and environmental adaptability, and the accuracy and rapidity of foreign objects intrusion detection is improved effectively.
Komplike Kron Kırığı Olgusunda Fiber Post Destekli Kompozit Restorasyon: Olgu Sunumu
Authors: ÖZKANOĞLU Seda , GÖKTOLGA AKIN Emine Gülşah , HUBBEZOĞLU İhsan
Published: October 2018

Ön
bölge kırıkları daimi dentisyonda en sık görülen travma şeklidir. Bu tür
travmalar hastada fonksiyonel ve estetik problemlere sebep olmaktadır. Bu tür
durumlarda eğer aşırı derecede kron harabiyeti meydana gelmişse tutuculuğu
artırmak için kök kanal tedavisi ile birlikte post uygulanması
gerekebilmektedir. Adeziv rezinler, simanlar, kompozit restoratif materyaller,
fiber postlarda meydana gelen teknolojik gelişmeler endodontik olarak tedavi
görmüş ve madde kaybına uğrayan dişlerin daha estetik ve kök kırıklarına neden
olmayacak şekilde rehabilitasyonuna izin vermektedir. Bu çalışmada, kron
harabiyeti olan üst kesici dişin cam fiber post ve direkt kompozit rezin
uygulamaları ile restorasyonu anlatılmaktadır. Kron harabiyeti gösteren
endodontik tedavi görmüş dişlerin fiber post ve direkt rezin kompozitlerle
restore edilmesi diş dokularının korunmasını ve hastaların memnuniyetini
sağlayan, kısa sürede tamamlanabilen ve protetik işlemlere göre daha ucuz bir
tedavi seçeneğidir.
Effect of Ozone Pretreatment on the Microleakage of Class V Cavities Following Office Bleaching with Diode Laser
Authors: SURMELİOGLU Derya , ŞİRİN KARAARSLAN Emine , ERBİL Eda , DEMİR Osman
Published: October 2018

Objective: This
study investigated the effect of ozone treatment on the microleakage of class V
composite restorations after using two different bleaching agents with laser
activation.

Materials and Methods: Forty non-carious maxillary central
incisor teeth extracted for periodontal disease were used and randomly divided
into two main groups. Group 1: Bleaching agent including 40% H2O2
was activated with laser (Diode 980 nm, Gigaa Dental Laser Cheese, China).
Group 2: Bleaching agent including 35% H2O2 was activated
with the same laser. Then, the teeth were randomly divided into two subgroups
(n=10). Ten specimens in each subgroup were subjected to ozone treatment (Ozonytron
XP-OZ, MIO International, Germany) for 30 seconds, while the remaining left
untreated/remainings were control group. After class V cavity preparation on the
buccal surfaces, all cavities were filled with composite resin (Filtek Z550, 3M
ESPE, USA). Following thermal cycling (5–55°C, 5000×), the specimens were
subjected to dye penetration within 0.5% basic fuchsine for 24h. Then, the
teeth were sectioned longitudinally to evaluate staining and the depth of
staining along with the tooth-restoration interface was recorded with a
stereomicroscope. 

Results: There
were no significant differences between the two bleaching agents in
microleakage of restorations (p > 0.05). The ozone treatment didn’t decrease the microleakage values (p > 0.05). There were significant differences among
the scores of microleakage at the enamel and gingival margins  (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Ozone
treatment did not affect microleakage values of class V composite
restorations after dental bleaching.
Trajectories of childhood immune development and respiratory health relevant to asthma and allergy
Authors: Tang Howard HF , Teo Shu Mei , Belgrave Danielle CM , Evans Michael D , Jackson Daniel J , Brozynska Marta , Kusel Merci MH , Johnston Sebastian L , Gern James E , Lemanske Robert F , Simpson Angela , Custovic Adnan , Sly Peter D , Holt Patrick G , Holt Kathryn E , Inouye Michael
Published: October 2018

Events in early life contribute to subsequent risk of asthma; however, the causes and trajectories of childhood wheeze are heterogeneous and do not always result in asthma. Similarly, not all atopic individuals develop wheeze, and vice versa. The reasons for these differences are unclear. Using unsupervised model-based cluster analysis, we identified latent clusters within a prospective birth cohort with deep immunological and respiratory phenotyping. We characterised each cluster in terms of immunological profile and disease risk, and replicated our results in external cohorts from the UK and USA. We discovered three distinct trajectories, one of which is a high-risk ‘atopic’ cluster with increased propensity for allergic diseases throughout childhood. Atopy contributes varyingly to later wheeze depending on cluster membership. Our findings demonstrate the utility of unsupervised analysis in elucidating heterogeneity in asthma pathogenesis and provide a foundation for improving management and prevention of childhood asthma.
The regulatory roles of glycosphingolipid‐enriched lipid rafts in immune systems
Authors: Nakayama Hitoshi , Nagafuku Masakazu , Suzuki Akemi , Iwabuchi Kazuhisa , Inokuchi Jin‐Ichi
Published: October 2018

Lipid rafts formed by glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on cellular membranes play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Lactosylceramide (LacCer) forms lipid rafts on plasma and granular membranes of human neutrophils. These LacCer‐enriched lipid rafts bind directly to pathogenic components, such as pathogenic fungi‐derived β‐glucan and Mycobacteria‐derived lipoarabinomannan via carbohydrate‐carbohydrate interactions, and mediate innate immune responses to these pathogens. In contrast, a‐series and o‐series gangliosides form distinct rafts on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, respectively, contributing to the respective functions of these cells and stimulating adaptive immune responses through T cell receptors. These findings suggest that gangliosides play indispensable roles in T cell selection and activation. This Review introduces the involvement of GSL‐enriched lipid rafts in innate and adaptive immunity.
Technological developments of Japanese prefabricated housing in an early stage
Authors: Matsumura Shuichi , Gondo Tomoyuki , Sato Kouichi , Morita Yoshiro , Eguchi Toru
Published: October 2018

Major prefabricated housing manufacturers started their business in the 1960s and became world‐class large housing companies. This study clarifies the early stages of development in 9 major prefabricated housing manufacturers based on interviews with their in‐house engineers and architectural designers as well as through the analysis of related documents. Early prefabricated houses were developed intensively by a small number of engineers. Various architectural styles and specialists, including foreign architecture, famous architects and academics, affected some aspects of these developments. Furthermore, each of the early prefabricated houses had many unique building system characteristics. Some of these characteristics were modified in the early stages of development, while others still remain today.
Impact of Exercise Therapy on Molecular Biomarkers Related to Cartilage and Inflammation in Individuals at Risk of, or With Established, Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Bricca Alessio , Struglics André , Larsson Staffan , Steultjens Martijn , Juhl Carsten B. , Roos Ewa M.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To investigate the impact of exercise therapy on molecular biomarkers related to cartilage and inflammation in individuals at risk of, or with established, knee osteoarthritis by conducting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

We conducted a literature search up to September 2017 in 5 major databases with no restriction on publication year or language. Data were extracted from the first available follow‐up time point, and we performed a narrative synthesis for the effect of exercise therapy on molecular biomarkers related to cartilage and inflammation. A subset of studies reporting sufficient data was combined in a meta‐analysis, using an adjusted random‐effects model.

Results

Twelve RCTs involving 57 study comparisons at 4 to 24 weeks following an exercise‐therapy intervention were included. Exercise therapy decreased molecular biomarkers in 17 study comparisons (30%), had no effect in 36 (63%), and increased molecular biomarkers in 4 study comparisons (7%). Meta‐analyses of 9 biomarkers showed that exercise therapy was associated with nonsignificant reductions of the C‐reactive protein level, C‐terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble TNF receptors 1 and 2, C2C neoepitope of type II collagen, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, compared to nonexercising control groups, and exercise therapy had no effect on interleukin‐6 and soluble interleukin‐6 receptor.

Conclusion

Exercise therapy is not harmful, because it does not increase the concentration of molecular biomarkers related to cartilage turnover and inflammation, implicated in osteoarthritis progression. The overall quality of evidence was downgraded to low because of the limited number of RCTs available.
Identification and Evaluation of Self‐Report Physical Activity Instruments in Adults With Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Smith Robert D. , Dziedzic Krysia S. , Quicke Jonathan G. , Holden Melanie A. , McHugh Gretl A. , Healey Emma L.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To identify and evaluate the measurement properties of self‐report physical activity instruments suitable for patients with osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive 2‐stage systematic review using multiple electronic databases, from inception until July 2018. In the stage 1 review, we sought to identify all self‐report physical activity instruments used in individuals with joint pain attributable to OA in the foot, knee, hip, or hand. In the stage 2 review, we searched for and appraised studies investigating the measurement properties of the instruments identified. In both stages of the review, we screened all articles for study eligibility criteria, completed data extraction using the Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity questionnaire checklist, and conducted methodology quality assessments using a modified COSMIN (COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) checklist. Measurement properties for each physical activity instrument were evaluated and combined, using narrative synthesis.

Results

In the stage 1 review, we identified 23 unique self‐report physical activity instruments. In the stage 2 review, we identified 54 studies that evaluated the measurement properties of 13 of the 23 instruments identified. Instrument reliability varied from inadequate to adequate (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.7). Instrument construct and criterion validity assessment showed small to moderate correlations with direct measures of physical activity. Instrument responsiveness was assessed in only 1 instrument and was unable to detect changes in comparison to accelerometers.

Conclusion

Although many instruments were identified as being potentially suitable for use in patients with OA, none demonstrated adequate measurement properties across all domains of reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Further high‐quality assessment of self‐report physical activity instruments is required before such measures can be recommended for use in OA research.
Some improvements on “Homogenous polynomial H∞ filtering for uncertain discrete‐time systems: A descriptor approach”
Authors: Jiang Xiangli , Xia Guihua , Feng Zhiguang
Published: October 2018

In this paper, the H∞ filtering problem for linear systems with polytopic uncertainties is reinvestigated. The continuous‐time case and the discrete‐time case are both considered. In contrast to the existing approaches presented in most literature, this paper transfers the concerned regular system model into a descriptor representation such that the descriptor formulations in the case of H∞ filtering design can be employed. The purpose of this paper is to design a filter such that the filtering error system is asymptotically stable with a prescribed H∞ performance level. By introducing a new structure conducted by a series of slack matrix variables, meanwhile, sufficient conditions for H∞ filter design are obtained in a less conservative linear matrix inequality manner. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Inter‐Pass Softening Behavior of Fe–16Cr–xMn–4Ni–0.05C–0.17N Steel
Authors: Nam Alexander , Turdimatov Murodjon , Kawalla Rudolf , Prahl Ulrich
Published: October 2018

The paper investigates the inter‐pass softening kinetics of 4 nitrogen‐alloyed low‐nickel austenitic stainless steels with various Mn‐content by double hit compression tests. These tests are carried out in a Gleeble HDS V40 at three temperatures 970, 1050, 1150 °C and at three strain rates 0.1, 1, 10 s−1 and at three logarithmic pre‐strains 0.15, 0.3, 0.6. Inter‐pass softening ratio is evaluated by the 2% offset method and are further described by the Avrami equation, which includes the material constants as a linear function of the Mn content. Moreover, the mean recrystallized grain size after completed inter‐pass softening is modeled as function of process parameters and Mn contents. The results reveal that the inter‐pass softening kinetics slightly decelerates with increasing of the Mn content. The mean recrystallized grain size is marginally influenced by the Mn content.
Red/NIR‐Emissive Benzo[d]imidazole‐Cored AIEgens: Facile Molecular Design for Wavelength Extending and In Vivo Tumor Metabolic Imaging
Authors: Ni Jen‐Shyang , Zhang Pengfei , Jiang Tao , Chen Yuncong , Su Huifang , Wang Dong , Yu Zhen‐Qiang , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Zhao Zujin , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2018

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) with red/near‐infrared (NIR) emissions are appealing for applications in optoelectronics and biomedical engineering owing to their intrinsic advantages of efficient solid‐state emission, low background, and deep tissue penetration. In this context, an AIEgen with long‐wavelength emission is synthesized by introducing tetraphenylethene (TPE) to the periphery of electron‐deficient spiro‐benzo[d]imidazole‐2,1′‐cyclohexane (BI). The resulting AIEgen, abbreviated as 2TPE‐BI, adopts a donor–acceptor structure and shows bathochromic absorption and emission with a larger Stokes shift of 157 nm in acetonitrile than that based on benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. It also exhibits a high solid‐state fluorescence quantum yield of 56.6%. By further insertion of thiophene to its molecular structure generates 2TPE‐2T‐BI with higher conjugation and NIR emission. 2TPE‐2T‐BI can be fabricated into AIE dots for in vivo metabolic labeling through bio‐orthogonal click chemistry. These results open a new approach for facile construction of long‐wavelength emissive AIEgens based on the BI core.
Reconfigurable Spike Routing Architectures for On‐Chip Local Learning in Neuromorphic Systems
Authors: Kornijcuk Vladimir , Park Jongkil , Kim Guhyun , Kim Dohun , Kim Inho , Kim Jaewook , Kwak Joon Young , Jeong Doo Seok
Published: October 2018

Lookup table (LUT)‐based spike routing schemes are often used in inference‐only neuromorphic systems for their excellent reconfigurability. Yet, the routing in such schemes leaves difficulty in on‐chip learning following a local learning rule, which requires a number of synaptic updates upon each spike. In this work, this issue is addressed by investigating four LUT‐based routing schemes that use different LUT read‐out techniques for on‐chip learning. They are random access memory (RAM), content addressable memory, partitioned RAM, and pointer (PTR)‐based routing schemes. A theoretical means of evaluating the maximum network size for each scheme without routing congestion—experimentally justified using field‐programmable gate array implementations—is first provided. The results indicate that the PTR‐based scheme supports a neuromorphic core consisting of 20 000 neurons (simultaneously firing at 50 Hz) and 2 million synapses at 200 MHz clock speed with minimum circuit overhead. The PTR‐based scheme is further applied to multiple cores in a large‐scale neuromorphic cluster, revealing that the cluster can theoretically hold 1.81 million neurons (simultaneously firing at 50 Hz) and 362 million synapses at 100 MHz global clock speed (separate clock for global event routing) when all cores operate at 200 MHz local clock speed (clock for local event routing).
Unlocking Full Discharge Capacities of Poly(vinylphenothiazine) as Battery Cathode Material by Decreasing Polymer Mobility Through Cross‐Linking
Authors: Otteny Fabian , Kolek Martin , Becking Jens , Winter Martin , Bieker Peter , Esser Birgit
Published: October 2018

Organic cathode materials are a sustainable alternative to transition metal oxide‐based compounds in high voltage rechargeable batteries due to their low toxicity and availability from less‐limited resources. Important criteria in their design are a high specific capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability. Furthermore, the cathode should contain a high mass loading of active material and be compatible with different anode materials, allowing for its use in a variety of cell designs. Here, cross‐linked poly(3‐vinyl‐N‐methylphenothiazine) as cathode‐active material is presented, which shows a remarkable rate capability (up to 10C) and cycling stability at a high and stable potential of 3.55 V versus Li/Li+ and a specific capacity of 112 mAh g−1. Its use in full cells with a high mass loading of 70 wt% is demonstrated against lithium titanate as intercalation material as well as lithium metal, which both show excellent performance. Through comparison with poly(3‐vinyl‐N‐methylphenothiazine) the study shows that changing the structure of the redox‐active polymer through cross‐linking can lead to a change in charge/discharge mechanism and cycling behavior of the composite electrode. Poly(3‐vinyl‐N‐methylphenothiazine) in its cross‐ and non‐cross‐linked form both show excellent results as cathode‐active materials with variable specifications regarding specific capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability.
Fermi Level Positions and Induced Band Bending at Single Crystalline Anatase (101) and (001) Surfaces: Origin of the Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Facet Engineered Crystals
Authors: Kashiwaya Shun , Toupance Thierry , Klein Andreas , Jaegermann Wolfram
Published: October 2018

Single crystalline anatase is used to prepare well defined (001) and (101) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) in different states: sputtered, annealed, stoichiometric, and oxidized. The electronic properties of the well‐defined surfaces are investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy after UHV transfer. The Fermi level of (001) facets for all applied surface conditions is lower than that of the (101) facets by 150–450 meV. The energy difference leads to a potential difference (band bending) at the interface between the (101) and (001) facets, resulting in the migration of photogenerated electrons and holes to different directions namely to the (101) and (001) facets, respectively. Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements clearly indicate for the first time that differences in the surface electronic structure and related potential of different facets explain a vectorial electron–hole pair separation to different reaction sites providing design criteria for enhanced photocatalysis.
Micro‐/Nanohoneycomb Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Anodes with Ultralarge Current Tolerance
Authors: Wu Tong , Zhang Wenqiang , Li Yifeng , Zheng Yun , Yu Bo , Chen Jing , Sun Xiaoming
Published: October 2018

As a clean, efficient, and promising energy conversion device, solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), which can achieve transformation from electricity to chemical fuels, has captured worldwide attention. A novel biomimetic honeycomb SOEC anode with super low tortuosity factor (≈1), ground‐breaking porosity (≈75%), and high structural strength, has been successfully fabricated by freeze casting and infiltrating. This honeycomb anode demonstrates ultralow polarization resistance (0.0094 Ω cm2, lower than any existing anodes reported so far) and high durability for hours at a large current density of 2.0 A cm−2 at 800 °C. These unique advantages are derived from the effective release of oxygen through the yttria‐stabilized zirconia honeycomb skeletons, and the exposure of active areas along the inner pore of the honeycomb structure after infiltrating La0.6Sr0.4CoO3±δ. Such a honeycomb electrode combines high electrical, chemical, and thermal stability under high temperatures and large current densities, demonstrating the feasibility of biomimetic structures for use in large‐scale and highly efficient energy conversion systems.
Carbon Nanodot Additives Realize High‐Performance Air‐Stable p–i–n Perovskite Solar Cells Providing Efficiencies of up to 20.2%
Authors: Hsu Hsiang‐Lin , Hsiao Hsiang‐Tse , Juang Tzong‐Yuan , Jiang Bing‐Huang , Chen Sheng‐Chi , Jeng Ru‐Jong , Chen Chih‐Ping
Published: October 2018

Carbonized bamboo‐derived carbon nanodots (CNDs) as efficient additives for application in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are reported. These carboxylic acid‐ and hydroxyl‐rich CNDs interact with the perovskite through hydrogen bonds and, thereby, promote the carriers' lifetimes and realize high‐performance p–i–n PSCs having the structure indium tin oxide/NiOx/CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)/PC61BM/BCP/Ag. As a result of interactions between the CNDs and the perovskite, the presence of the nonvolatile CND additive increases the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC from 14.48% ± 0.39% to 16.47% ± 0.26%. Furthermore, adding urea, a Lewis base, increases the PCE to 20.2%—the result of a significant increase in the crystal size and a lower content of grain boundary defects and, therefore, longer carrier lifetimes. Cells containing these two additives (without encapsulation) exhibit excellent shelf‐life and air‐stability, maintaining their high PCEs after storage in air—at a temperature of 25 °C and a humidity of 40%—for over 500 h. This performance is among of the best ever reported for p–i–n PSC devices incorporating carbon‐based additives.
Efficient and Air‐Stable Aqueous‐Processed Organic Solar Cells and Transistors: Impact of Water Addition on Processability and Thin‐Film Morphologies of Electroactive Materials
Authors: Lee Changyeon , Lee Hae Rang , Choi Joonhyeong , Kim Youngkwon , Nguyen Thanh Luan , Lee Wonho , Gautam Bhoj , Liu Xiang , Zhang Kai , Huang Fei , Oh Joon Hak , Woo Han Young , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: October 2018

The authors report the development of a desirable aqueous process for ecofriendly fabrication of efficient and stable organic field‐effect transistors (eco‐OFETs) and polymer solar cells (eco‐PSCs). Intriguingly, the addition of a typical antisolvent, water, to ethanol is found to remarkably enhance the solubility of oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chain‐based electroactive materials (e.g., the highly crystalline conjugated polymer PPDT2FBT‐A and the fullerene monoadduct PC61BO12). A water–ethanol cosolvent with a 1:1 molar ratio provides an increased solubility of PPDT2FBT‐A from 2.3 to 42.9 mg mL−1 and that of PC61BO12 from 0.3 to 40.5 mg mL−1. Owing to the improved processability, efficient eco‐OFETs with a hole mobility of 2.0 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and eco‐PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 2.05% are successfully fabricated. In addition, the eco‐PSCs fabricated with water–ethanol processing are highly stable under ambient conditions, showing the great potential of this new process for industrial scale application. To better understand the underlying role of water addition, the influence of water addition on the thin‐film morphologies and the performance of the eco‐OFETs and eco‐PSCs are studied. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the application of the aqueous process can be extended to a variety of other OEG‐based material systems.
Air‐drying with ionic liquids
Authors: Yu Gangqiang , Sui Xiaohui , Lei Zhigang , Dai Chengna , Chen Biaohua
Published: October 2018

Significance

Ionic liquids (ILs) are employed for air‐drying for the first time. The experimental gas–liquid equilibrium (EQ) of N2/O2 + [EMIM][BF4] and N2/O2 + [EMIM][BF4] + H2O systems under a broad temperature range are measured. The new modified UNIFAC‐Lei model is successfully extended to predict the N2/O2‐IL‐H2O system based on extensive phase EQ data. The air‐drying experiment using [EMIM][BF4] as an absorbent is conducted, confirming that this new technology is effective and efficient. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 479–482, 2019
Convergent analysis of genome‐wide genotyping and transcriptomic data suggests association of zinc finger genes with lithium response in bipolar disorder
Authors: Pisanu Claudia , Congiu Donatella , Costa Marta , Chillotti Caterina , Ardau Raffaella , Severino Giovanni , Angius Andrea , Heilbronner Urs , Hou Liping , McMahon Francis J. , Schulze Thomas G. , Del Zompo Maria , Squassina Alessio
Published: October 2018

Lithium is the mainstay treatment in bipolar disorder (BD) for its effectiveness in the acute phases of illness and in prevention of recurrences. Lithium's mechanism of action is complex, and while it modulates the function of hundreds of molecular targets, most of these effects could be unspecific and not relevant for its clinical efficacy. In this study, we applied an integrated analytical approach using genome‐wide expression and genotyping data from BD patients to identify lithium‐responsive genes that may serve as biomarkers of its efficacy. To this purpose, we tested the effect of treatment with lithium chloride 1 mM on the transcriptome of lymphoblasts from 10 lithium responders (LR) and 10 nonresponders (NR) patients and identified genes significantly influenced by the treatment exclusively in LR. These findings were integrated with gene‐based analysis on genome‐wide genotyping data from an extended sample of 205 BD patients characterized for lithium response. The expression of 29 genes was significantly changed by lithium exclusively in LR. Gene‐based analysis showed that two of these genes, zinc finger protein 429 (ZNF429) and zinc finger protein 493 (ZNF493), were also significantly associated with lithium response. Validation with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the lithium‐induced downregulation of ZNF493 in LR (p = .036). Using convergent analyses of genome‐wide expression and genotyping data, we identified ZNF493 as a potential lithium‐responsive target that may be involved in modulating lithium efficacy in BD. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence supporting the involvement of zinc finger proteins in lithium response.
Epiphyseal fusion and dental development in Pan paniscus with comparisons with Pan troglodytes
Authors: Brimacombe Conrad S. , Kuykendall Kevin L. , Nystrom Pia
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Compared with frequent studies of skeletal development in chimpanzees, relatively little is known about bonobo skeletal development. This study seeks to explore the relationship between skeletal and dental development in both species of Pan. New data are presented for fusion sites not previously observed in bonobos.

Materials and methods

In a sample of 34 Pan paniscus and 168 Pan troglodytes subadults, state of fusion was recorded for 30 epiphyseal fusion sites using a three‐stage system of unfused, midfusion, and complete fusion based on Wintheiser, Clauser, and Tappen. Stage of dental development for permanent mandibular dentition was assessed using the Demrijian, Goldstein, and Tanner method. These data allowed for comparisons of both species of Pan and the two subspecies of P. troglodytes.

Results

The sequence of fusion events was generally consistent between the two species, but some exceptions may exist for the knee and ankle. The number of fusion events that occurred after complete dental mineralization was similar in both species. No statistically significant differences were found in the fusion timing for the subspecies of P. troglodytes.

Discussion

Bolter and Zihlman suggested that fusion at the acetabulum occurs earlier in Pan paniscus, while fusion of epiphyses at the knee are delayed, compared with P. troglodytes. Our data do not indicate earlier fusion of the acetabulum, but fusion events at the knee may complete later relative to dental mineralization in Pan pansicus. Compared with Homo sapiens, both P. troglodytes and Pan paniscus demonstrate later completion of epiphyseal fusion relative to dental mineralization.
Solid‐State Umbrella‐type Inversion of a VO5 Square‐Pyramidal Unit in a Bowl‐type Dodecavanadate Induced by Insertion and Elimination of a Guest Molecule
Authors: Kikukawa Yuji , Seto Kensuke , Uchida Sayaka , Kuwajima Sho , Hayashi Yoshihito
Published: October 2018

Design of cavities for a target molecule and the elucidation of the corresponding host–guest interactions are important for molecular manipulation. A discrete dodecavanadate bowl, [V12O32]4− (V12), with an entrance diameter of 4.4 Å and an electron‐rich guest at the center of the bowl, was stabilized by electrostatic interactions. A characteristic of V12 is a solid‐state polytopal rearrangement during guest elimination and recapture. A guest‐free dodecavanadate, [V12O32]4− (V12‐free), was prepared by removal of the guest from CH2Cl2‐inserted V12 under vacuum at 50 °C. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that one of the VO5 square pyramids at the bottom of V12‐free was inverted to fill the void of the bowl cavity. The exposure of V12‐free to the guest molecule vapors of CH2Cl2, 1,2‐dichloroethane, MeNO2, MeCN, and MeBr resulted in the selective insertion of the guest to reform the guest‐inserted V12 structure. Whereas CO2 could be inserted in the V12 bowl, CH4 and CO could not.
Non‐3d Metal Modulation of a Cobalt Imidazolate Framework for Excellent Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution in Neutral Media
Authors: Xu Yan‐Tong , Ye Zi‐Ming , Ye Jia‐Wen , Cao Li‐Ming , Huang Rui‐Kang , Wu Jun‐Xi , Zhou Dong‐Dong , Zhang Xue‐Feng , He Chun‐Ting , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: October 2018

Cobalt imidazolate frameworks are classical electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) but suffer from the relatively low activity. Here, a non‐3d metal modulation strategy is presented for enhancing the OER activity of cobalt imidazolate frameworks. Two isomorphous frameworks [Co4(MO4)(eim)6] (M=Mo or W, Heim=2‐ethylimidazole) having Co(eim)3(MO4) units and high water stabilities were designed and synthesized. In different neutral media, the Mo‐modulated framework coated on a glassy carbon electrode shows the best OER performances (1 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 210 mV in CO2‐saturated 0.5 m KHCO3 electrolyte and 2/10/22 mA cm−2 at overpotential of 388/490/570 mV in phosphate buffer solution) among non‐precious metal catalysts and even outperforms RuO2. Spectroscopic measurements and computational simulations revealed that the non‐3d metals modulate the electronic structure of Co for optimum reactant/product adsorption and tailor the energy of rate‐determining step to a more moderate value.
Open‐Shell 3d Transition Metal Nitridophosphates MIIP8N14 (MII=Fe, Co, Ni) by High‐Pressure Metathesis
Authors: Kloß Simon D. , Janka Oliver , Block Theresa , Pöttgen Rainer , Glaum Robert , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: October 2018

3d transition metal nitridophosphates MIIP8N14 (MII=Fe, Co, Ni) were prepared by high‐pressure metathesis indicating that this route might give a systematic access to a structurally rich family of M‐P‐N compounds. Their structures, which are stable in air up to at least 1273 K, were determined through powder X‐ray diffraction and consist of highly condensed tetra‐layers of PN4 tetrahedra and MN6 octahedra. Magnetic measurements revealed paramagnetic behavior of CoP8N14 and NiP8N14 down to low temperatures while, FeP8N14 exhibits an antiferromagnetic transition at TN=3.5(1) K. Curie–Weiss fits of the paramagnetic regime indicate that the transition metal cations are in a oxidation state +II, which was corroborated by Mössbauer spectroscopy for FeP8N14. The ligand field exerted by the nitride ions in CoP8N14 and NiP8N14 was determined from UV/Vis/NIR data and is comparable to that of aqua‐ligands and oxophosphates.
The Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Atoms Adsorbed on M0‐Nanoparticles Suspended in Aqueous Solutions: The Case of Ag0‐NPs and Au0‐NPs Reduced by BD4−
Authors: Sermiagin Alina , Meyerstein Dan , Bar‐Ziv Ronen , Zidki Tomer
Published: October 2018

The nature of H‐atoms adsorbed on M0‐nanoparticles is of major importance in many catalyzed reduction processes. Using isotope labeling, we determined that hydrogen evolution from transient {(M0‐NP)‐Hn}n− proceeds mainly via the Heyrovsky mechanism when n is large (i.e., the hydrogens behave as hydrides) but mainly via the Tafel mechanism when n is small (i.e., the hydrogens behave as atoms). Additionally, the relative contributions of the two mechanisms differ considerably for M=Au and Ag. The results are analogous to those recently reported for the M0‐NP‐catalyzed de‐halogenation processes.
A Multi‐Ion Strategy towards Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Full Batteries with High Working Voltage and Rate Capability
Authors: Jiang Chunlei , Fang Yue , Zhang Wenyong , Song Xiaohe , Lang Jihui , Shi Lei , Tang Yongbing
Published: October 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising alternative for the large‐scale energy storage owing to the natural abundance of sodium. However, the practical application of SIBs is still hindered by the low working voltage, poor rate performance, and insufficient cycling stability. A sodium‐ion based full battery using a multi‐ion design is now presented. The optimized full batteries delivered a high working voltage of about 4.0 V, which is the best result of reported sodium‐ion full batteries. Moreover, this multi‐ion battery exhibited good rate performance up to 30 C and a high capacity retention of 95 % over 500 cycles at 5 C. Although the electrochemical performance of this multi‐ion battery may be further enhanced via optimizing electrolyte and electrode materials for example, the results presented clearly indicate the feasibility of this multi‐ion strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs for possible energy storage applications.
Isolable Silylene Ligands Can Boost Efficiencies and Selectivities in Metal‐Mediated Catalysis
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Peng , Driess Matthias
Published: October 2018

A significant number of isolable silylenes are currently known. They have quickly developed from laboratory curiosities to useful ligands in metal‐mediated homogeneous catalysis. This includes their utilization in various catalytic transformations, such as C−C cross‐coupling, cyclotrimerization, hydroformylation, borylation, deuteration, hydrosilylation, amination, hydrogenation, and transfer semi‐hydrogenation reactions. Recent studies suggest that the silylene ligands surpass the steering properties of their phosphine and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues and provide excellent chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivites. Mechanistic studies suggest that their promoted performance of metal‐mediated catalytic transformations results from a strong σ‐donor character along with cooperative effects of their SiII centers. This Minireview covers the most recent advances in the field.