bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of dilution mediums in studies of fumigant insecticidal activity of essential oils
Authors: Krzyżowski Michał , Baran Bartosz , Łozowski Bartosz , Francikowski Jacek
Published: June 2020

The essential oils (EOs) are volatile plant extracts that are commonly considered as potential biopesticides. They present promising properties as relatively safe and potent insecticides, primarily delivered via fumigation. Such specificity of the EOs has led to the growing interest of researchers and, subsequently, to an increasing body of publications. The studies focusing on assessing the insecticidal action of EOs frequently require testing the effects of several dilutions of a given EO. To this end, researchers employ a range of solvents differing widely between the studies. While informative, the standardization concerning either tested oil or pest species is lacking in these studies. The presented study herein aimed to test whether the solvent used could affect the observed insecticidal activity of tested EO. As the model setup for studying the possible influence of solvents on the insecticidal effect of EOs, two EOs: mint and rosemary were chosen. The EOs were applied in fumigation assay against three economically important species of stored product pests: Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae, and Tribolium castaneum. Each EO was tested in three concentrations—diluted with a range of solvents; dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, methanol, ethanol, paraffin (mineral) oil, ultrapure water with 0.1% polysorbate 20 (TWEEN® 20). The results confirm the hypothesis that the applied solvent could significantly alter the observed efficiency of tested EO. Such a result is of crucial value for conducting credible meta-analysis as well as for establishing a high standard of reproducibility.
Factors affecting attitude towards breastfeeding in public: a cross-sectional web-based study on Polish women
Authors: Olejnik Agata , Adamczewska Aleksandra , Kossakowska Karolina
Published: June 2020

Aim

Breastfeeding is believed to be beneficial to both mother and child. Although the percentage of Polish mothers who start breastfeeding after childbirth is relatively high, most of them finish after 8–12 weeks. Many factors are involved in the decision to stop, including an unfavourable social attitude towards breastfeeding in public. Our cross-sectional web-based study was conducted to identify the factors predicting negative attitudes towards public breastfeeding among Polish women.

Subjects and methods

A population-based internet-administered public opinion survey was conducted among 663 women aged 19 to 50 years old regarding their attitude towards breastfeeding in public. The participants completed a questionnaire concerning demographic data, general beliefs about breastfeeding and attitudes towards breastfeeding in public.

Results

Overall, 46.6% of respondents had a negative attitude towards breastfeeding in public. Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that the beliefs that breastfeeding is not a natural activity [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 17.54; 95% CI = 1.44–21.95] and that breastfeeding is not emotionally moving (AOR = 8.73; 95% CI = 3.950–19.30) or not having any opinion (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.18–4.50) to play the most significant roles in shaping a negative attitude, as well as breastfeeding their own child for < 6 months (AOR = 13.93; 95% CI = 0.14–20.24).

Conclusions

As women’s beliefs about breastfeeding play a key role in choosing to breastfeed in public, there is a need to further explore attitudes regarding this activity.
Lack of nutritional knowledge among Norwegian medical students concerning vegetarian diets
Authors: Sanne Ingebjørg , Bjørke-Monsen Anne-Lise
Published: June 2020

Aim

Vegetarian diets are increasingly popular, particularly among young women. However, exclusion of animal products from the diet increases the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, which is particularly unfortunate during pregnancy and childhood. A person needs a substantial amount of nutritional knowledge to achieve a nutritionally complete vegetarian diet. We have tested nutritional knowledge among well-educated young vegetarians and omnivores.

Subjects and methods

In October 2018, medical students at the University of Bergen, Norway (N = 880), were invited to take an anonymous survey to test their nutritional knowledge concerning micronutrients in vegetarian diets.

Results

The responses from the students (n = 394, 45%) were categorized according to diet: former or current vegetarians (24%) versus always omnivores (76%). Forty-five percent of the vegetarians and 28% of the omnivores did not consider it necessary to take supplements while following a vegetarian diet. Sixty-one percent of vegetarians and 38% of omnivores considered it possible to have a well-balanced vegan diet. Plant foods were wrongly considered to be a dietary source of vitamin B12 by 33% and of iodine by 20% of the students.

Conclusion

Nutritional knowledge concerning vegetarian diets was not optimal among Norwegian medical students, even if they had ever followed a vegetarian diet. As vegetarian diets are popular among the younger generation and pose a risk of micronutrient deficiencies, this is a public health concern. Nutrition education should be improved in the population. A more extensive integration of nutritional training in the medical curriculum must be implemented so doctors can give adequate nutritional guidance.
Measurement error of the Mini-Mental State Examination among individuals with dementia that reside in nursing homes
Authors: Hörnsten Carl , Littbrand Håkan , Boström Gustaf , Rosendahl Erik , Lundin-Olsson Lillemor , Nordström Peter , Gustafson Yngve , Lövheim Hugo
Published: June 2020

Few studies have investigated the measurement error of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the same unit of measurement, also known as absolute reliability. This measurement can help determine whether an observed score change for an individual is likely to represent true change. The aim of this study was to investigate the absolute reliability of the MMSE among individuals with dementia that reside in nursing homes. Among 88 participants, 19 (21.6%) were men, 35 (39.8%) had Alzheimer’s disease, 35 (39.8%) had vascular dementia, and the mean age was 84.0 years (range 65–98). The participants were tested and retested with the MMSE within 1–6 days. Both tests were administered by the same assessor at the same time of day. The mean MMSE score was 13.7 (range 0–28). The absolute difference between MMSE scores varied from 0 to 6 points, and the differences did not correlate with the corresponding score means (p = 0.874). The smallest detectable change (SDC) between two measurements was 4.00. The SDC was independent of depression, impaired vision and hearing, delirium within the last week, dementia type and age. However, the SDC was 5.56 among men and 3.50 among women (p = 0.003). In conclusion, for individuals with dementia that reside in nursing homes, it seems like their MMSE score needs to change by four or more points between two measurements in order for their score change to be reliably higher than the measurement error.
Numerical investigation of the influence of cross-sectional shape and corrosion damage on failure mechanisms of RC bridge piers under earthquake loading
Authors: Afsar Dizaj Ebrahim , Kashani Mohammad M.
Published: June 2020

The study presented in this paper describes the coupled influence of corrosion and cross-sectional shape on failure mechanism of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers subject to static and dynamic earthquake loading. To this end, two RC columns varied in cross-sectional shape and corrosion degree are considered. An advanced nonlinear finite element model, which accounts for the impact of corrosion on inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of reinforcing bars is employed. The proposed numerical models are then subjected to a series of monotonic pushover and incremental dynamic analyses. Using the analyses results, the failure mechanisms of the columns are compared at both material and component levels. Furthermore, using an existing model in the literature for uncorroded columns, a dimensionless corrosion dependent local damage index is developed to assess the seismic performance of the examined corroded RC columns. The proposed new damage index is validated against the nonlinear analyses results. It is concluded that the combined influence of corrosion damage and cross-sectional shape result in multiple failure mechanisms in corroded RC columns.
Penalized quasi-maximum likelihood estimation for extreme value models with application to flood frequency analysis
Authors: Bücher Axel , Lilienthal Jona , Kinsvater Paul , Fried Roland
Published: June 2020

A common statistical problem in hydrology is the estimation of annual maximal river flow distributions and their quantiles, with the objective of evaluating flood protection systems. Typically, record lengths are short and estimators imprecise, so that it is advisable to exploit additional sources of information. However, there is often uncertainty about the adequacy of such information, and a strict decision on whether to use it is difficult. We propose penalized quasi-maximum likelihood estimators to overcome this dilemma, allowing one to push the model towards a reasonable direction defined a priori. We are particularly interested in regional settings, with river flow observations collected at multiple stations. To account for regional information, we introduce a penalization term inspired by the popular Index Flood assumption. Unlike in standard approaches, the degree of regionalization can be controlled gradually instead of deciding between a local or a regional estimator. Theoretical results on the consistency of the estimator are provided and extensive simulations are performed for the reason of comparison with other local and regional estimators. The proposed procedure yields very good results, both for homogeneous as well as for heterogeneous groups of sites. A case study consisting of sites in Saxony, Germany, illustrates the applicability to real data.
Coping with Societal Challenges: Lessons for Innovation Policy Governance
Authors: Fagerberg Jan , Hutschenreiter Gernot
Published: June 2020

Grand societal challenges, such as global warming, can only be adequately dealt with through wide-ranging changes in technology, production and consumption, and ways of life, that is, through innovation. Furthermore, change will involve a variety of sectors or parts of the economy and society, and these change processes must be sufficiently consistent in order to achieve the desired results. This poses huge challenges for policy-making. In this paper, we focus on implications for the governance of innovation policy, i.e., policies influencing a country’s innovation performance. Based on a systemic understanding of innovation and the factors shaping it, the paper highlights the need for effective coordination of policies influencing innovation and what changes in innovation policy governance this may require. To throw further light on how this may be realized, the paper discusses evidence on national innovation policy practice, from Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively, drawing on the country reviews of innovation policy conducted by the OECD as well as other sources. It is concluded that, for innovation policy to tackle societal challenges effectively, clearer goals and stronger and better coordination among the various actors—both public and private—whose actions matter for innovation performance will be required. Based on the experiences of the three countries, the paper particularly considers the role that comprehensive and inclusive innovation policy councils, with the prime minister in a central role, may play in such a process.
Multi-scale characterization of ceramic inert-substrate-supported and co-sintered solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Wankmüller Florian , Meffert Matthias , Russner Niklas , Weber André , Schmieg Johannes , Störmer Heike , Dickel Thorsten , Lupetin Piero , Maier Nicolas , Gerthsen Dagmar , Ivers-Tiffée Ellen
Published: June 2020

Understanding cell performance is essential for selecting cell components and the processing parameters for solid oxide fuel cells. The scale of relevant microstructural features in electrodes, electrolyte and supporting substrate covers several orders of magnitude. This contribution will demonstrate how advanced correlative multi-scale tomography can be used to identify those parameters: ranging from millimeter to nanometer scale. We employ optical microscopy, X-ray computed tomography (μ-CT), focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy–scanning transmission electron microscopy. Additional investigations by selected area electron diffraction allow a determination of the underlying crystal structures. An SOFC design based on the co-sintering of an inert substrate with various functional layers on top is used as a blueprint, allowing further methodological development. The effect of interdiffusion between phases and development of secondary phases on microstructure and chemical composition will be shown. Furthermore, porosity and tortuosity extracted individually from all porous layers will allow modeling of gas diffusion loss contributions within the co-fired cell structure. This exemplifies how correlative tomography helps to understand specific contributions to overall cell performance.
Pulsating flow in a channel filled with a porous medium under local thermal non-equilibrium condition: an exact solution
Authors: Fathi-kelestani Arman , Nazari Meysam , Mahmoudi Yasser
Published: June 2020

The present work investigates analytically the problem of forced convection heat transfer of a pulsating flow, in a channel filled with a porous medium under local thermal non-equilibrium condition. Internal heat generation is considered in the porous medium, and the channel walls are subjected to constant heat flux boundary condition. Exact solutions are obtained for velocity, Nusselt number and temperature distributions of the fluid and solid phases in the porous medium. The influence of pertinent parameters, including Biot number, Darcy number, fluid-to-solid effective thermal conductivity ratio and Prandtl number are discussed. The applied pressure gradient is considered in a sinusoidal waveform. The effect of dimensionless frequency and coefficient of the pressure amplitude on the system’s velocity and temperature fields are discussed. The general shape of the unsteady velocity for different times is found to be very similar to the steady data. Results show that the amplitudes of the unsteady temperatures for the fluid and solid phases decrease with the increase in Biot number or thermal conductivity ratio. For large Biot numbers, dimensionless temperatures of the solid and fluid phases are similar and are close to their steady counterparts. Results for the Nusselt number indicate that increasing Biot number or thermal conductivity ratio decreases the amplitude of Nusselt number. Increase in the internal heat generation in the solid phase does not have a significant influence on the ratio of amplitude-to-mean value of the Nusselt number, while internal heat generation in the fluid phase enhances this ratio.
Inappropriate stereotypical inferences? An adversarial collaboration in experimental ordinary language philosophy
Authors: Fischer Eugen , E. Engelhardt Paul , Sytsma Justin
Published: June 2020

This paper trials new experimental methods for the analysis of natural language reasoning and the (re)development of critical ordinary language philosophy in the wake of J.L. Austin. Philosophical arguments and thought experiments are strongly shaped by default pragmatic inferences, including stereotypical inferences. Austin suggested that contextually inappropriate stereotypical inferences are at the root of some philosophical paradoxes and problems, and that these can be resolved by exposing those verbal fallacies. This paper builds on recent efforts to empirically document inappropriate stereotypical inferences that may drive philosophical arguments. We demonstrate that previously employed questionnaire-based output measures do not suffice to exclude relevant confounds. We then report an experiment that combines reading time measurements with plausibility ratings. The study seeks to provide evidence of inappropriate stereotypical inferences from appearance verbs that have been suggested to lie at the root of the influential ‘argument from illusion’. Our findings support a diagnostic reconstruction of this argument. They provide the missing component for proof of concept for an experimental implementation of critical ordinary language philosophy that is in line with the ambitions of current ‘evidential’ experimental philosophy.
An anisotropic plasticity model incorporating fabric evolution for monotonic and cyclic behavior of sand
Authors: Wang Rui , Cao Wei , Xue Long , Zhang Jian-Min
Published: June 2020

Fabric anisotropy has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of sand. An anisotropic plasticity model incorporating fabric evolution is formulated in this study. Information on the overall stress–strain relationship and micromechanical fabric states from DEM numerical tests is used in the development of the constitutive model, overcoming the difficulties of fabric measurement in physical tests. The framework of the model and its formulations for fabric evolution, plasticity, and dilatancy enables it to capture the strength, shear modulus, and dilatancy of sand under both monotonic and cyclic loading. The model is validated against DEM numerical tests and physical laboratory tests on samples with different initial fabric, showing good agreement between the simulation and test results for the anisotropic stress–strain behavior of sand. The use of DEM test data also allows for the validation of the model on the micromechanical fabric level, showing that the model can reproduce the fabric evolution and its influence on key constitutive features reasonably well. The model is further applied to analyze the liquefaction behavior of sand, exhibiting the significant influence of fabric anisotropy on both liquefaction resistance and postliquefaction shear deformation.
Deep learning-based reconstruction of ultrasound images from raw channel data
Authors: Strohm Hannah , Rothlübbers Sven , Eickel Klaus , Günther Matthias
Published: June 2020

Purpose

We investigate the feasibility of reconstructing ultrasound images directly from raw channel data using a deep learning network. Starting from the raw data, we present the network the full measurement information, allowing for a more generic reconstruction to form, as compared to common reconstructions constrained by physical models using fixed speed of sound assumptions.

Methods

We propose a U-Net-like architecture for the given task. Additional layers with strided convolutions downsample the raw data. Hyperparameter optimization was used to find a suitable learning rate. We train and test our deep learning approach on plane wave ultrasound images with a single insonification angle. The dataset includes phantom as well as in vivo data.

Results

The images produced by our method are visually comparable to ones reconstructed with the conventional delay and sum algorithm. Deviations between prediction and ground truth are likely to be related to speckle noise. For the test set, the mean absolute error is $$4.23 \pm 1.52$$

4.23
±
1.52

for the phantom images and $$6.09 \pm 0.72$$

6.09
±
0.72

for the in vivo data.

Conclusion

The result shows the feasibility of our approach and opens up new research directions regarding information retrieval from raw channel data. As the networks reconstruction performance is limited by the quality of the ground truth images, using other ultrasound reconstruction technique or image types as target data would be of interest.
On the influence of collection cost on reverse channel configuration
Authors: Gönsch Jochen , Dörmann Nora
Published: June 2020

This paper revisits the impact of collection cost on a manufacturer’s optimal reverse channel choice. A manufacturer who remanufactures his own products has the choice between managing collection of used products himself, let the retailer manage collection or involve a third party company to manage collection. In particular, we consider a convex collection cost function depending on the collection rate. Contrary to previous literature, we show that the manufacturer always prefers retailer-managed collection, independent of collection cost. The retailer will always choose a positive collection rate. If collection cost is above a certain threshold, not all used products will be collected and the manufacturer (almost) collects all channel profits. Third party-managed collection is always dominated. In extensions, we also consider a restriction to equilibria and a minimum collection rate, which may be imposed by regulation. Both extensions may change the reverse channel choice to manufacturer-managed. Moreover, we see that it may be impossible for regulation to increase collection because the profit-maximizing collection rate may already be the highest economically viable one.
Description of the Boundary Layer Behavior of an Aluminum–Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Compound Using a Cohesive Zone Model
Authors: Struß Adrian , Schmid Armin , Ebrahimi Alireza , Jablonski Frank , Busse Matthias
Published: June 2020

Compounds of light metals and fiber composites have a large potential in the field of lightweight construction. In order to fully exploit the properties of both materials, joining technology is a major challenge. One of the reasons for this is the electrochemical contact corrosion in these materials. By using a high-temperature resistant thermoplastic (PEEK) as a separating layer between the joining partners, it is possible to produce a material composite using the aluminum die casting process, which exhibits both electrochemical decoupling and high composite strength. The description of the failure behavior of this composite plays an important role in the application of this type of joint to structural components. One of the most widely used methods to describe the failure behavior of a composite using the finite element method is the cohesive zone model. With this model, the initiation of a crack, its evolution and finally the failure of the component can be described by means of a bilinear law. In this paper, a methodology to determine the necessary parameters for fracture mode I using a modified wedge test for the cohesive zone model is described.
Lateral acromioplasty for correction of the critical shoulder angle
Authors: Tauber Mark , Habermeyer Peter , Zumbansen Nikolaus , Martetschläger Frank
Published: June 2020

The critical shoulder angle (CSA) was introduced as a radiological parameter associated with a higher incidence of rotator cuff tears. As a logical consequence, correcting the CSA together with rotator cuff repair should prevent re-tear and provide reliable and good clinical results. We present an all-arthroscopic technique resecting the lateral edge of the acromion (lateral acromioplasty) in order to reduce and correct the CSA after preoperative planning. Preliminary results from 20 patients with an average age of 62 years after rotator cuff repair are reported showing good clinical outcome with a Constant score of 88 points and no re-tear after an average follow-up of 16 months. The CSA was reduced from 39.7° to 32.1°. Previous concerns regarding weakening of the deltoid origin were not confirmed and there were no complications linked to lateral acromioplasty.
Engaging a product-focused sales force in solution selling: interplay of individual- and organizational-level conditions
Authors: Salonen Anna , Terho Harri , Böhm Eva , Virtanen Ari , Rajala Risto
Published: June 2020

This study explains how manufacturers tackle the critical managerial challenge of transforming a product-focused sales force to undertake solution selling. Through an application of configurational theory, the authors explain how individual and organizational conditions combine to determine salespeople’s engagement in solution selling. Multilevel, multisource data from the sales organization of a global supplier of building solutions represent input from salespeople (N = 184), solution champions (N = 23), and sales managers (N = 26). A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis reveals no single, optimal way to overcome transformation challenges. Rather, consistent with prior research, solution selling requires certain types of salespeople, because value-based selling is a necessary condition for successful engagement. Beyond this foundational condition, a heterogeneous sales force can be engaged, as long as the organization provides appropriate support that is tailored to individual salespersons’ needs. The findings affirm that this viable support can come from either sales managers or solution champions.
Application Progress of Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques for Complex Viscous Flows in Ship and Ocean Engineering
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Wan Decheng
Published: June 2020

Complex flow around floating structures is a highly nonlinear problem, and it is a typical feature in ship and ocean engineering. Traditional experimental methods and potential flow theory have limitations in predicting complex viscous flows. With the improvement of high-performance computing and the development of numerical techniques, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become increasingly powerful in predicting the complex viscous flow around floating structures. This paper reviews the recent progress in CFD techniques for numerical solutions of typical complex viscous flows in ship and ocean engineering. Applications to free-surface flows, breaking bow waves of high-speed ship, ship hull–propeller–rudder interaction, vortex-induced vibration of risers, vortex-induced motions of deep-draft platforms, and floating offshore wind turbines are discussed. Typical techniques, including volume of fluid for sharp interface, dynamic overset grid, detached eddy simulation, and fluid–structure coupling, are reviewed along with their applications. Some novel techniques, such as high-efficiency Cartesian grid method and GPU acceleration technique, are discussed in the last part as the future perspective for further enhancement of accuracy and efficiency for CFD simulations of complex flow in ship and ocean engineering.
Stool-Based Tests for Colorectal Cancer Screening: Performance Benchmarks Lead to High Expected Efficacy
Authors: Ebner Derek W. , Kisiel John B.
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Participation goals for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the USA have not been met. Non-invasive screening strategies may improve CRC screening participation. We highlight recent literature on stool-based screening performance and expectations for emerging non-invasive screening tests.

Recent Findings

Stool-based CRC screening detects screen-relevant colorectal neoplasia and outperforms a currently available plasma assay. Though modestly sensitive for CRC, adherence to annual fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) is sub-optimal. Multi-target stool DNA (MT-sDNA) has greater adherence, superior sensitivity for screen-relevant lesions (including those in the proximal colon and sessile serrated architecture), and equivalent specificity to FIT over a 3-year period.

Stool-based CRC screening tests are anticipated to reduce the incidence and mortality of CRC through detection of early-stage cancers and high-risk polyps. These endpoints in performance will need to be met by emerging blood sample–based tests in order have meaningful impact in clinical practice.
Towards screening Barrett’s oesophagus: current guidelines, imaging modalities and future developments
Authors: Maitra Ishaan , Date Ravindra Sudhachandra , Martin Francis Luke
Published: June 2020

Barrett’s oesophagus is the only known precursor to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). Although guidelines on the screening and surveillance exist in Barrett’s oesophagus, the current strategies are inadequate. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) is the gold standard method in screening for Barrett’s oesophagus. This invasive method is expensive with associated risks negating its use as a current screening tool for Barrett’s oesophagus. This review explores current definitions, epidemiology, biomarkers, surveillance, and screening in Barrett’s oesophagus. Imaging modalities applicable to this condition are discussed, in addition to future developments. There is an urgent need for an alternative non-invasive method of screening and/or surveillance which could be highly beneficial towards reducing waiting times, alleviating patient fears and reducing future costs in current healthcare services. Vibrational spectroscopy has been shown to be promising in categorising Barrett’s oesophagus through to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and OAC. These techniques need further validation through multicentre trials.
A Systematic Review of Attitudes, Anxiety, Acceptance, and Trust Towards Social Robots
Authors: Naneva Stanislava , Sarda Gou Marina , Webb Thomas L. , Prescott Tony J.
Published: June 2020

As social robots become more common, there is a need to understand how people perceive and interact with such technology. This systematic review seeks to estimate people’s attitudes toward, trust in, anxiety associated with, and acceptance of social robots; as well as factors that are associated with these beliefs. Ninety-seven studies were identified with a combined sample of over 13,000 participants and a standardized score was computed for each in order to represent the valence (positive, negative, or neutral) and magnitude (on a scale from 1 to − 1) of people’s beliefs about robots. Potential moderating factors such as the robots’ domain of application and design, the type of exposure to the robot, and the characteristics of potential users were also investigated. The findings suggest that people generally have positive attitudes towards social robots and are willing to interact with them. This finding may challenge some of the existing doubt surrounding the adoption of robotics in social domains of application but more research is needed to fully understand the factors that influence attitudes.
Differential Effects of Low- and High-Dose Dexamethasone on Electrically Induced Damage of the Cultured Organ of Corti
Authors: Peter Marvin N. , Paasche Gerrit , Reich Uta , Lenarz Thomas , Warnecke Athanasia
Published: June 2020

An increased number of patients with residual hearing are undergoing cochlear implantation. A subset of these experience delayed hearing loss post-implantation, and the aetiology of this loss is not well understood. Our previous studies suggest that electrical stimulation can induce damage to hair cells in organ of Corti (OC) organotypic cultures. Dexamethasone has the potential to protect residual hearing due to its multiple effects on cells and tissue (e.g., anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenger). We therefore hypothesized that dexamethasone treatment could prevent electrical stimulation induced changes in the OC. Organ of Corti explants from neonatal rats (P2–4) were cultured for 24 h with two different concentrations of dexamethasone. Thereafter, OC were subjected to a charge-balanced biphasic pulsed electrical stimulation (0.44–2 mA) for a further 24 h. Unstimulated dexamethasone-treated OC served as controls. Outcome analysis included immunohistochemical labelling of ribbon synapses, histochemical analysis of free reactive oxygen species and morphological analysis of stereocilia bundles. Overall, the protective effects of dexamethasone on electrically induced damage in cochlear explants were moderate. High-dose dexamethasone protected bundle integrity at higher current levels. Low-dose dexamethasone tended to increase ribbon density in the apical region.
Adsorption of Procion Red MX-5B dye from aqueous solution using homemade peach and commercial activated carbons
Authors: Ribas Marielen C. , de Franco Marcela A. E. , Adebayo Matthew A. , Lima Eder C. , Parkes Gareth M. B. , Feris Liliana A.
Published: June 2020

Wastewater treatment is of great concern in the textile industries because dyes, which are released into wastewater, are stable due to their structures and that some of the existing conventional techniques are not effective for aqueous removal of dyes. Among the advanced techniques for treatment of industrial effluents, adsorption is one of the most effective processes for removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. Similarly, activated carbons from different sources have been successfully applied as adsorbents for dye removal from aqueous solutions. In this context, this research evaluated the performance of activated carbon produced from peach pit (APC-1.0) for removal of a textile dye, Procion Red MX-5B (PR-5B), through batch adsorption process. The characteristic features of the peach activated carbon were obtained through Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The effectiveness of the activated to remove PR-5B from aqua system was compared with that of commercial activated carbon (CAC). In the kinetic study, the contact time was evaluated between 0 and 480 min using two different initial concentrations. Adsorption isotherms of PR-5B onto the two adsorbents were investigated in six different temperatures (298–326 K). The thermodynamic parameters of the process indicated spontaneous and exothermic adsorption. Equilibrium data were best described by Liu isotherm model with maximum removal capacities of 297.2 and 174.0 mg g−1 for APC-1.0 and CAC, respectively.
A new correlation for estimation of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) during hydrocarbon gas injection
Authors: Fathinasab Mohammad , Shahbazi Khalil
Published: June 2020

The satisfactory recovery of the hydrocarbon gases has made them a reliable choice for gas injection-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is a pivotal parameter governing the recovery factor during gas injection processes. Therefore, the determination of the authentic MMP is of a crucial importance. Due to the drawback of the experimental techniques (time and cost), empirical correlations are valuable tools in MMP determination. In this study, a multi-gene genetic programming and another software known as LINGO as an optimization tool are applied to offer a dependable MMP formula based on a comprehensive MMP dataset (a total of 108 MMP data). The independent parameters of reservoir temperature, pseudocritical temperature of the injection gas, molecular weight of C5+ components of the reservoir fluid and the intermediate (H2S, CO2, C2–C4)-to-volatile (N2 and C1) ratio are considered as input variables. A comprehensive set of experimental data covers wide span of primary parameters. Furthermore, in order to judge the accuracy of the suggested model and assess the precision and compare the predicted MMP by the current model with those estimated by preexisting correlations, the statistical and graphical error analyses have been employed. Based on the results, the proposed model can estimate MMP of the associated gas with an average absolute relative error of 9.86%. Also, the proposed correlation is more trustworthy and precise than the preexisting models in an extensive spectrum of thermodynamic circumstances. Eventually, the relevancy factor has depicted that the pseudocritical temperature of the injected gas has the most severe role in miscibility achievement.
Time to Differentiate Postactivation “Potentiation” from “Performance Enhancement” in the Strength and Conditioning Community
Authors: Prieske Olaf , Behrens Martin , Chaabene Helmi , Granacher Urs , Maffiuletti Nicola A.
Published: June 2020

Coaches and athletes in elite sports are constantly seeking to use innovative and advanced training strategies to efficiently improve strength/power performance in already highly-trained individuals. In this regard, high-intensity conditioning contractions have become a popular means to induce acute improvements primarily in muscle contractile properties, which are supposed to translate to subsequent power performances. This performance-enhancing physiological mechanism has previously been called postactivation potentiation (PAP). However, in contrast to the traditional mechanistic understanding of PAP that is based on electrically-evoked twitch properties, an increasing number of studies used the term PAP while referring to acute performance enhancements, even if physiological measures of PAP were not directly assessed. In this current opinion article, we compare the two main approaches (i.e., mechanistic vs. performance) used in the literature to describe PAP effects. We additionally discuss potential misconceptions in the general use of the term PAP. Studies showed that mechanistic and performance-related PAP approaches have different characteristics in terms of the applied research field (basic vs. applied), effective conditioning contractions (e.g., stimulated vs. voluntary), verification (lab-based vs. field tests), effects (twitch peak force vs. maximal voluntary strength), occurrence (consistent vs. inconsistent), and time course (largest effect immediately after vs. ~ 7 min after the conditioning contraction). Moreover, cross-sectional studies revealed inconsistent and trivial-to-large-sized associations between selected measures of mechanistic (e.g., twitch peak force) vs. performance-related PAP approaches (e.g., jump height). In an attempt to avoid misconceptions related to the two different PAP approaches, we propose to use two different terms. Postactivation potentiation should only be used to indicate the increase in muscular force/torque production during an electrically-evoked twitch. In contrast, postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) should be used to refer to the enhancement of measures of maximal strength, power, and speed following conditioning contractions. The implementation of this terminology would help to better differentiate between mechanistic and performance-related PAP approaches. This is important from a physiological point of view, but also when it comes to aggregating findings from PAP studies, e.g., in the form of meta-analyses, and translating these findings to the field of strength and conditioning.
A preventive opportunistic maintenance method for railway traction power supply system based on equipment reliability
Authors: Lin Sheng , Li Nan , Feng Ding , Guo Xiaomin , Pan Weiguo , Wang Jun , Yang Chao
Published: June 2020

Conventional maintenance mode for the traction power supply system (TPSS) is to perform scheduled regular maintenance activities for power supply equipment, while such maintenance mode may result in undue maintenance tasks and low efficiency due to different degradation processes of different sorts of equipment. To address this problem, this paper introduces a preventive opportunistic maintenance (POM) method for TPSS based on equipment reliability. Firstly, a POM model is established by considering the equipment reliability degradation process based on Weibull distribution. Then, by considering the total power outage time in the planned operation cycle of TPSS as the optimization objective, the optimal maintenance scheme of TPSS is formulated by iterative method of maintenance strategies. The proposed method is verified by introducing practical maintenance strategies and fault record data of the traction transformer, circuit breaker and disconnector in an actual TPSS of a railway administration. Results show that the presented method can make full use of the existing fault data to develop a POM scheme for TPSS. It can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce power outage time, providing guidance to formulate scientific maintenance strategies for TPSS.
Orts- und zeitflexibles Arbeiten: Alte Geschlechterungleichheiten und neue Muster der Arbeitsteilung durch Digitalisierung
Authors: Carstensen Tanja
Published: June 2020

Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt die Frage, inwiefern sich bei orts- und zeitflexiblem Arbeiten mit digitalen Technologien Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie und Geschlechterungleichheiten in der häuslichen Arbeitsteilung verändern. Grundlage bilden Ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt „Wandel der Geschlechterverhältnisse durch Digitalisierung“ (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung). Es zeigen sich verschiedene Effekte: So ermöglichen mobiles Arbeiten und Homeoffice es Teilzeitbeschäftigten, ihre vertraglich vereinbarte Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen; flexible digitale Arbeit sorgt für emotionale und zeitliche Entlastungen bei spontanen Notfällen wie Krankheit der Kinder; aber auch der Umfang unsichtbarer und unbezahlter Mehrarbeit steigt. In der Regel kommt es dabei nicht zu einer Neuorganisation oder Umverteilung der unbezahlten Haus- und Sorgearbeiten. Dennoch zeigen sich in Ansätzen Verschiebungen der häuslichen Arbeitsteilung. Der Beitrag stellt die zentralen Ergebnisse des Projekts vor und diskutiert sie hinsichtlich ihrer Implikationen für Geschlechterungleichheiten.

Praktische Relevanz: Der Text gibt Aufschluss über aktuelle Erfahrungen mit orts- und zeitflexiblem Arbeiten aus Geschlechterperspektiven. Er liefert Hinweise auf förderliche und hinderliche Bedingungen für einen Abbau der Ungleichheiten in der Zuständigkeit für Beruf und Familie und der Arbeitsteilung in der Familie. Die Ergebnisse können für die Gestaltung betrieblicher Rahmenbedingungen und Regelungen orts- und zeitflexibler Arbeit genutzt werden.
Surgical approaches to the petrous apex
Authors: Li Kevin L. , Agarwal Vijay , Moskowitz Howard S. , Abuzeid Waleed M.
Published: June 2020

The petrous apex is a difficult to reach surgical area due to its deep position in the skull base and many vital surrounding structures. Petrous apex pathology ranges from extradural cholesterol granulomas, cholesteatomas, asymmetric pneumatization, and osteomyelitis to intradural meningiomas and schwannomas. Certain lesions, such as cholesterol granulomas, can be managed with drainage while neoplastic lesions must be completely resected. Surgical options use open, endoscopic, and combined techniques and are categorized into anterior, lateral, and posterior approaches. The choice of approach is determined by the nature of the pathology and location relative to vital structures and extension into surrounding structures and requires thorough preoperative evaluation and discussion of surgical goals with the patient. The purpose of this state‐of‐the‐art review is to discuss the most commonly used surgical approaches to the petrous apex, and the anatomy on which these approaches are based.
Cloud-based software allows membrane projections to be run from any place at any time
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: June 2020

US-based Hydranautics, a membrane technology company that is part of Japan's Nitto Group, has launched its Integrated Membrane Solutions (IMS) Design software – which enables users to quickly and accurately design and analyse membrane-based systems – as a cloud-based application. Using it, customers can now perform membrane projections whilst on the move, from any place and at any time.
Comprehensive investigation of an in-hospital transmission cluster of a symptomatic SARS-CoV-2–positive physician among patients and healthcare workers in Germany
Authors: Wendt Ralph , Nagel Stephan , Nickel Olaf , Wolf Johannes , Kalbitz Sven , Kaiser Thorsten , Borte Stephan , Lübbert Christoph
Published: June 2020

We investigated potential transmissions of a symptomatic SARS-CoV-2–positive physician in a tertiary-care hospital who worked for 15 cumulative hours without wearing a face mask. No in-hospital transmissions occurred, despite 254 contacts among patients and healthcare workers. In conclusion, exposed hospital staff continued work, accompanied by close clinical and virologic monitoring.
Deciduous trees as lichen phorophytes: biodiversity and colonization patterns under common garden conditions
Authors: Ellegård Larsen Hanne Marie , Hansen Eric Steen , Nord-Larsen Thomas , Rasmussen Hanne Nina
Published: June 2020

Common gardens are experimental plantations for comparing the performance of tree species while eliminating many of the variables that prevail in natural tree stands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodiversity of corticolous lichens on Danish tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur and Tilia cordata) under common garden conditions and to examine the height distribution of particular lichen species. Observations were recorded through regular sampling of at least 36 lichen species on the main stems (from the base of the stem to the treetops) of 44-year-old trees at four common garden sites. Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior had the greatest lichen species richness and Shannon diversity values while these measures were significantly lower for Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica. The distribution of lichen species appeared biased among tree species. The general lichen distribution and relative sample height were weakly related (nonmetric multidimensional scaling). However, single lichen species showed a clear differential distribution along the tree stem (P < 0.001, non-parametric multiplicative regression and logistic log-binomial regression). Lepraria incana, Pseudosagedia aenea and Arthonia atra were mainly found at the stem base while Lecanora carpinea, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Physcia tenella and Xanthoria parietina, were most abundant at around 70% of the total tree height. The differential distribution of single lichen species presumably reflects different specific requirements during spore germination and thallus growth. By isolating the unique effect of key variables (tree species and height), this study contributes to the knowledge base of corticolous lichen ecology.
The INECO Frontal Screening for the Evaluation of Executive Dysfunction in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Evidence from Quantitative MRI in a CADASIL Cohort from Colombia
Authors: Schoemaker Dorothee , Zuluaga Yesica , Viswanathan Anand , Shrimer Markus , Torrico-Teave Heirangi , Velilla Lina , Ospina Carolina , Ospina Gloria Garcia , Lopera Francisco , Arboleda-Velasquez Joseph F. , Quiroz Yakeel T.
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

Executive dysfunction is a predominant cognitive symptom in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). The Institute of Cognitive Neurology Frontal Screening (IFS) is a well-validated screening tool allowing the rapid assessment of multiple components of executive function in Spanish-speaking individuals. In this study, we examined performance on the IFS in subjects with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), an inherited condition leading to the early onset of SVD. We further explored associations between performance on the IFS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of SVD.

Methods:

We recruited 24 asymptomatic CADASIL subjects and 23 noncarriers from Colombia. All subjects underwent a research MRI and a neuropsychological evaluation, including the IFS. Structural MRI markers of SVD were quantified in each subject, together with an SVD Sum Score representing the overall burden of cerebrovascular alterations. General linear model, correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to explore group differences on the IFS and relationships with MRI markers of SVD.

Results:

CADASIL subjects had a significantly reduced performance on the IFS Total Score. Performance on the IFS correlated with all quantified markers of SVD, except for brain atrophy and perivascular spaces enlargement. Finally, while the IFS Total Score was not able to accurately discriminate between carriers and noncarriers, it showed adequate sensitivity and specificity in detecting the presence of multiple MRI markers of SVD.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that the IFS may be a useful screening tool to assess executive function and disease severity in the context of SVD.