bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emodin modulates epigenetic modifications and suppresses bladder carcinoma cell growth
Authors: Cha Tai‐Lung , Chuang Mei‐Jen , Tang Shou‐Hung , Wu Sheng‐Tang , Sun Kuang‐Hui , Chen Tzu‐Ting , Sun Guang‐Huan , Chang Sun‐Yran , Yu Cheng‐Ping , Ho Jar‐Yi , Liu Shu‐Yu , Huang Shih‐Ming , Yu Dah‐Shyong
Published: October 2013

The deregulation of epigenetics was involved in early and subsequent carcinogenic events. Reversing cancer epigenetics to restore a normal epigenetic condition could be a rational approach for cancer treatment and specialized prevention. In the present study, we found that the expression levels of two epigenetic markers, histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), was low but histone H3S10 phosphorylation (pH3Ser10) was high in human bladder cancer tissues, which showed opposite expression patterns in their normal counterparts. Thus, we investigated whether a natural product, emodin, has the ability to reverse these two epigenetic modifications and inhibit bladder cancer cell growth. Emodin significantly inhibited the cell growth of four bladder cancer cell lines in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Emodin treatment did not induce specific cell cycle arrest, but it altered epigenetic modifications. Emodin treatment resulted in the suppression of pH3Ser10 and increased H3K27me3, contributing to gene silencing in bladder cancer cells. Microarray analysis demonstrated that oncogenic genes including fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (HBP17), RGS4, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), WNT5b, URB, and collagen, type VIII, alpha 1 (COL8A1) responsible for proliferation, survival, inflammation, and carcinogenesis were significantly repressed by emodin. The ChIP assays also showed that emodin increased H3K27me3 but decreased pH3Ser10 modifications on the promoters of repressed genes, which indicate that emodin reverses the cancer epigenetics towards normal epigenetic situations. In conclusion, our work demonstrates the significant anti‐neoplastic activity of emodin on bladder cancer cells and elucidates the novel mechanisms of emodin‐mediated epigenetic modulation of target genes. Our study warrants further investigation of emodin as an effective therapeutic or preventive agent for bladder cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evaluation of steerable ultrasonic catheters for minimally invasive MRI‐guided cardiac ablation
Authors: Carias Mathew , Hynynen Kullervo
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop steerable MR‐compatible ultrasound catheters suitable for minimally invasive MRI‐guided cardiac ablation therapies.

Methods

MRI‐compatible ultrasound steerable catheters were developed and tested for their overall tissue heating performance and safety. Ultrasound transducers were mounted on a monodirectional deflectable catheter tip that was made to be MRI‐compatible. Catheter safety was assessed on the potential to form hot spots at the distal end of the catheter throughout fast spin echo and thermometry scans. Heating experiments were performed on phantoms and ex vivo porcine cardiac samples.

Results

During catheter safety experiments, a maximum temperature increase of 11.35 ± 0.83°C was evident after a 12‐min, 40‐s fast spin echo scan with a whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.9 W/kg and 1.07 ± 0.22°C during thermometry scans (flip angle = 90°; scan time = 12 min, 41 s; whole body SAR = 0.34 W/kg). Temperature elevations induced by the sonication were shown to be on the order of 38.1 ± 5.2°C for phantom experiments and 49.3 ± 9.7°C for ex vivo cardiac samples.

Conclusion

Steerable ultrasound catheters have the potential to be safely placed in an MR system with little concern of catheter self‐heating and driven to heat surrounding structures to cause ablations. In addition, these catheters have the added benefit of a deflectable tip that allows the treatment of multiple targets from within the bore of the MR scanner. Magn Reson Med 72:591–598, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐induced plantar‐flexion objectively reduces wave amplitude of detrusor overactivity and subjectively improve urinary urgency: A pilot study
Authors: Stav Kobi , Leibovici Dan , Yoram Siegel I. , Ronny Ohlgisser , Zisman Amnon
Published: October 2013

Aims

To estimate the effect of plantar‐flexion on the wave amplitude of involuntary detrusor contraction and the severity of urinary urgency during filling cystometry in patients with detrusor overactivity (DO).

Methods

Twenty‐two consecutive patients with DO were enrolled. During urodynamics, the mean peak detrusor pressures of each contraction were documented and compared. At the beginning of the 2nd or 3rd wave, patients were asked to perform continuous plantar‐flexion by pushing their tiptoes against the floor. Following each wave, patients were asked to grade the severity of the urgency by a visual analogue scale (VAS).

Results

The mean peak detrusor pressure without plantar‐flexion was 58 cmH2O (95% CI: 46.3–69.7) compared to 31 cmH2O (95% CI: 23.1–38.9) with plantar‐flexion (P < 0.001). All patients reported a reduced degree of urgency during plantar‐flexion reflected in a significant reduction in mean VAS score from 9.3 (95% CI: 9–9.5) to 4.7 (95% CI: 3.9–5.4; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Self‐performed plantar‐flexion maneuver might reduce the severity of urinary urgency and the magnitude of overactive detrusor contractions, which may have a role in the conservative therapy of detrusor overactivity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1247–1250, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implications of intratumour heterogeneity for treatment stratification
Authors: Crockford Andrew , Jamal‐Hanjani Mariam , Hicks James , Swanton Charles
Published: October 2013

Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, the majority of advanced metastatic solid tumours remain incurable. Differential gene expression, somatic mutational status, tumour‐specific genetic signatures and micro‐environmental selection pressures within individual tumours have implications for the success of predictive assays to guide therapeutic intervention. In this review we discuss the evidence for genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity and its potential implications for clinical decision making. We highlight areas of research that could be improved in order to better stratify patient treatment. We also discuss the predictive potential of patient‐derived models of tumour response, including xenograft and cell line‐based systems within the context of intratumour heterogeneity. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two cases of neuroblastoma comprising two distinct clones
Authors: Yamazaki Fumito , Nakazawa Atsuko , Osumi Tomoo , Shimojima Naoki , Tanaka Takeo , Nakagawara Akira , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: October 2013

We report two cases of high‐risk metastatic neuroblastoma, comprising two biologically distinct components in the adrenal primary tumor, which showed clear differences not only histologically but also in MYCN amplification and HA‐RAS/TRKA immunoreactivity (Case 1), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) immunoreactivity (Case 2). These two cases with multiple separated components were similar to cases classified as ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular subtype (GNBn), in terms of composite tumor. Comparable to the GNBn category, the prognosis of the patients described here may depend on the components with unfavorable histology according to International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification. Further analyses of such composite neuroblastoma cases are important for assessing disease prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:760–762. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of spacer chemistry on the formation and properties of linear reversible polymers
Authors: Mayo James D. , Adronov Alex
Published: October 2013

A series of four pairs of bismaleimide and bisfuran monomers were combined to make thermally reversible linear polymers. The monomers were prepared using diamines having different spacer chemistries, n‐octyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, and ethylenedioxy, such that a relatively constant spacer dimension among the four monomers was achieved. Heating of the bismaleimide/bisfuran couples resulted in low‐viscosity, easily processable liquids. Subsequent cooling to room temperature resulted in the formation of hard films, with the rate of hardening varying significantly within the series of compounds. The rate and degree of polymerization were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy and were both found to be dependent on the chemistry of the spacer group, as was the film rheology, which was measured using nanoindentation. Adhesion of the polymers was quantified by measurement of their tensile adhesive strength, and this was also found to be spacer dependent. Polymerization reversibility was verified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 5056–5066
Biobanking of derivatives from radical retropubic and robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy tissues as part of the prostate cancer biorepository network
Authors: Darshan Medha , Zheng Qizhi , Fedor Helen L. , Wyhs Nicolas , Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , Lee Peng , Melamed Jonathan , Netto George J. , Trock Bruce J. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Sfanos Karen S.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

The goal of the Prostate Cancer Biorepository Network (PCBN) is to develop a biorepository with high‐quality, well‐annotated specimens obtained in a systematic, reproducible fashion using optimized and standardized protocols, and an infrastructure to facilitate the growth of the resource and its wide usage by the prostate cancer research community. An emerging area of concern in the field of prostate cancer biobanking is an apparent shift in the proportion of surgical procedures performed for prostate cancer treatment from radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) to robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). Our study aimed to determine the potential impact of the RALP procedure on the detection of known prostate cancer biomarkers, and the subsequent suitability of RALP‐derived specimens for prostate cancer biomarker studies.

METHODS

DNA and RNA were extracted from RRP and RALP specimens. Quality assessment was conducted using spectrophotometric analysis and RNA was analyzed for RNA integrity number (RIN) and by real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) for racemase, hepsin, ERG, TMPRSS2‐ERG gene fusions, and the microRNAs miR‐26a, miR‐26b, miR‐141, and miR‐221.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that extraction of derivatives from frozen tissues from RRP and RALP specimens yields samples of equally high quality as assessed by spectrophotometric and RIN analysis. Likewise, expression levels of genes analyzed by qRT‐PCR did not differ between RRP and RALP‐derived tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

Our studies indicate that samples obtained from RALP specimens may be suitable for prostate cancer biomarker studies—an important finding given the current shift in surgical procedures for prostate cancer treatment. Prostate 74:61–69, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of ERG responsive proteome in prostate cancer
Authors: Tan Shyh‐Han , Furusato Bungo , Fang Xueping , He Fang , Mohamed Ahmed A. , Griner Nicholas B. , Sood Kaneeka , Saxena Sadhvi , Katta Shilpa , Young Denise , Chen Yongmei , Sreenath Taduru , Petrovics Gyorgy , Dobi Albert , McLeod David G. , Sesterhenn Isabell A. , Saxena Satya , Srivastava Shiv
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Gene fusion between TMPRSS2 promoter and the ERG proto‐oncogene is a major genomic alteration found in over half of prostate cancers (CaP), which leads to aberrant androgen dependent ERG expression. Despite extensive analysis for the biological functions of ERG in CaP, there is no systematic evaluation of the ERG responsive proteome (ERP). ERP has the potential to define new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate tumors stratified by ERG expression.

METHODS

Global proteome analysis was performed by using ERG (+) and ERG (−) CaP cells isolated by ERG immunohistochemistry defined laser capture microdissection and by using TMPRSS2‐ERG positive VCaP cells treated with ERG and control siRNA.

RESULTS

We identified 1,196 and 2,190 unique proteins stratified by ERG status from prostate tumors and VCaP cells, respectively. Comparative analysis of these two proteomes identified 330 concordantly regulated proteins characterizing enrichment of pathways modulating cytoskeletal and actin reorganization, cell migration, protein biosynthesis, and proteasome and ER‐associated protein degradation. ERPs unique for ERG (+) tumors reveal enrichment for cell growth and survival pathways while proteasome and redox function pathways were enriched in ERPs unique for ERG (−) tumors. Meta‐analysis of ERPs against CaP gene expression data revealed that Myosin VI and Monoamine oxidase A were positively and negatively correlated to ERG expression, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study delineates the global proteome for prostate tumors stratified by ERG expression status. The ERP data confirm the functions of ERG in inhibiting cell differentiation and activating cell growth, and identify potentially novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Prostate 74:70–89, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ambidexterity under scrutiny: Exploration and exploitation via internal organization, alliances, and acquisitions
Authors: Stettner Uriel , Lavie Dovev
Published: October 2013

Prior research on ambidexterity has limited its concern to balancing exploration and exploitation via particular modes of operation. Acknowledging the interplay of tendencies to explore versus exploit via the internal organization, alliance, and acquisition modes, we claim that balancing these tendencies within each mode undermines firm performance because of conflicting routines, negative transfer, and limited specialization. Nevertheless, by exploring in one mode and exploiting in another, i.e., balancing across modes, a firm can avoid some of these impediments. Thus, we advance ambidexterity research by asserting that balance across modes enhances performance more than balance within modes. Our analysis of 190 U.S.‐based software firms further reveals that exploring via externally oriented modes such as acquisitions or alliances, while exploiting via internal organization, enhances these firms' performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A longitudinal study of environmental and outdoor education: A cultural change
Authors: Tal Tali , Morag Orly
Published: October 2013

In this case‐study, we present a longitudinal study of one elementary (grades 1–6) school's environmental education (EE) in order to understand the ways in which the school culture supports outdoor EE as a critical component of their science education program. The school, which was known for its school‐based EE curriculum that encompasses an intensive outdoor‐education component, has gone through changes in the staff, and the student population. Our study is aimed at understanding the current challenges of the school outdoor education, in light of its two decade tradition of environmental and outdoor education school‐based curriculum. We observed three field trips and interviewed the principal and teachers. Our critical analysis indicated key tensions regarding outdoor EE: (1) the place of the school's tradition in light of current staff's challenges and agenda; (2) power struggle between the EE teacher and the newer teachers in school; and (3) the separation between the EE program that was an integrative holistic program in the past, and the other fields taught in school. In conclusion, we argue that the main issue is the change in the school culture that reflects the changes the community went through. We suggest that the school should examine old assumptions and revise its EE curriculum in light of changes in the school social and physical environment and in accordance to development in the field of EE. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 1019–1046, 2013
A fully stochastic approach bridging the microscopic behavior of individual microorganisms with macroscopic ensemble dynamics in surface flow networks
Authors: Yeghiazarian Lilit , Samorodnitsky Gennady
Published: October 2013

Prediction of microbial surface water contamination is a formidable task because of the inherent randomness of environmental processes driving microbial fate and transport. In this article, we develop a theoretical framework of a fully stochastic model of microbial transport in watersheds, and apply the theory to a simple flow network to demonstrate its use. The framework bridges the gap between microscopic behavior of individual microorganisms and macroscopic ensemble dynamics. This scaling is accomplished within a single mathematical framework, where each microorganism behaves according to a continuous‐time discrete‐space Markov process, and the Markov behavior of individual microbes gives rise to a nonhomogeneous Poisson random field that describes microbial population dynamics. Mean value functions are derived, and the spatial and temporal distribution of water contamination risk is computed in a straightforward manner.
Trauma Whipple: Do or Don’t After Severe Pancreaticoduodenal Injuries? An Analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB)
Authors: van der Wilden Gwendolyn M. , Yeh D. Dante , Hwabejire John O. , Klein Eric N. , Fagenholz Peter J. , King David R. , de Moya Marc A. , Chang Yuchiao , Velmahos George C.
Published: October 2013

Background

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for trauma (PDT) is a rare procedure, reserved for severe pancreaticoduodenal injuries. Using the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), our aim was to compare outcomes of PDT patients to similarly injured patients who did not undergo a PDT.

Methods

Patients with pancreatic or duodenal injuries treated with PDT (ICD‐9‐CM 52.7) were identified in the NTDB 2008–2010 Research Data Sets. We excluded those who underwent delayed PDT (>4 days). The PDT group (n = 39) was compared to patients with severe combined pancreaticoduodenal injuries (grade 4 or 5) who did not undergo PDT (non‐PDT group, n = 38). Patients who died in the emergency department or did not undergo a laparotomy were excluded. Our primary outcome was death. Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and total ventilator days. A multivariate model was used to determine predictors of in‐hospital mortality within each group and in the overall cohort.

Results

The non‐PDT group had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure and Glasgow Coma Scale values at baseline and more severe duodenal, pancreatic, and liver injuries. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the two groups. The Injury Severity Score was the only independent predictor of mortality among PDT patients [odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.24] and in the entire cohort (OR 1.06, 95 % CI 1.01–1.12). The operative technique did not influence any of the outcomes.

Conclusions

Compared to non‐PDT, PDT did not result in improved outcomes despite a lower physiologic burden among PDT patients. More conservative procedures for high‐grade injuries of the pancreaticoduodenal complex may be appropriate.
Economic Adversity and Depressive Symptoms in Mothers: Do Marital Status and Perceived Social Support Matter?
Authors: Kingston Sharon
Published: October 2013

Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the idea that marriage and perhaps other forms of interpersonal support can buffer the negative effects of poverty. The current study tests the hypothesis that marital status, perceived social support and neighborhood collective efficacy can moderate the effects of economic adversity on depressive symptoms among parents. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to analyze data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Participants were 1,957 mothers of minor children. Analysis of main effects revealed associations between neighborhood SES (β = −0.69, SE (0.15), p < .001), family income (β = −0.11, SE (0.05), p = .02) financial strain (β = 0.51, SE (0.18), p = .004), being single (β = 0.63, SE (0.24), p = .009) and perceived social support (β = −0.22, SE (0.03), p < .001) on depressive symptoms. The hypothesis that interpersonal resources can buffer the effects of economic adversity was not supported. There were no significant interactions between marital status and economic adversity. There was a significant interaction between perceived social support and neighborhood level socioeconomic status (β = −0.07, SE (0.03), p = .04) but the effects of social support were weakest in neighborhoods characterized by low socioeconomic status.
Surgeon Perspectives on Alternative Nerve Repair Techniques
Authors: Owusu Anthony , Mayeda Brian , Isaacs Jonathan
Published: October 2013

Background

Over the past five decades, microsuturing has been established as the “gold standard” for nerve repair. Alternative techniques such as fibrin glue, protein “welds”, and nerve connectors have been met with variable enthusiasm. While advancements in this area continue, there is little data on surgeon attitude and acceptance of these new techniques.

Methods

A short questionnaire was electronically distributed to the members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand and the American Association of Hand Surgery. Survey questions ascertained demographic information of participants (specialty, years in practice, practice setting, etc.), attitudes about current techniques (what techniques currently used, why, etc.), and attitudes about new techniques (openness to trying, factors that would persuade for/against, etc.). The surveys were distributed and administered online. Data gathered from responses was analyzed looking for general trends and stratified based on demographic data.

Results

The majority of responders still consider microsuturing as the gold standard for primary nerve repair, and it is by far the most utilized technique. However, over 90 % also reported that they either currently use or would consider using alternate techniques. Common barriers to utilizing alternate techniques included lack of data regarding outcomes and unfamiliarity with new techniques. Only 40 % of responders considered metal as safe around nerves, but most consider absorbable polymers safe. None of the underlying demographic variables including years in practice, number of nerve repair surgeries performed per month, practice setting, or specialty affected these general trends.

Conclusions

Most surgeons performing nerve repairs prefer suturing as their primary repair technique, but a vast majority is open to utilizing alternate repair techniques, especially those that improve outcomes with a faster and easier procedure. While not able to direct clinical practice guidelines, this study can be used to direct focus and funding of further alternate nerve repair techniques.
Late Quaternary paleoclimatic and geomorphological evolution at the interface between the Menyuan basin and the Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Xianyan , Vandenberghe Dimitri , Yi Shuangwen , Vandenberghe Jef , Lu Huayu , Van Balen Ronald , Van den Haute Peter
Published: October 2013

The Tibetan Plateau is regarded as an amplifier and driver of environmental change in adjacent regions because of its extent and high altitude. However, reliable age control for paleoenvironmental information on the plateau is limited. OSL appears to be a valid method to constrain the age of deposits of glacial and fluvial origin, soils and periglacial structures in the Menyuan basin on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Dating results show glaciers advanced extensively to the foot of the Qilian mountains at ~ 21 ka, in agreement with the timing of the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) recorded in Northern Hemisphere ice cores. Comparison with results from the eastern Tibetan Plateau suggests that the factor controlling glacial advance in both regions was decreased temperature, not monsoon-related precipitation increase. The areas of the Menyuan basin occupied by glacio-fluvial deposits experienced continuous permafrost during the LGM, indicated by large cryoturbation features, interpreted to indicate that the mean annual temperature was ≥ 7 °C lower than at present. Glacio-fluvial systems in the Menyuan basin aggraded and terraces formed during cold periods (penultimate glaciation, LGM, and possibly the Younger Dryas) as a response to increased glacial sediment production and meltwater runoff then.
Dietary n-3 PUFA and CVD: a review of the evidence
Authors: Mori Trevor A.
Published: October 2013

Many clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA from fish and fish oils, provide cardiovascular protection, particularly in the setting of secondary prevention. n-3 Fatty acids beneficially influence a number of cardiometabolic risk factors including blood pressure, cardiac function, vascular reactivity and lipids, as well as having anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions. They do not appear to adversely interact with other medications such as statins and other lipid-lowering drugs or antihypertensive medications. n-3 Fatty acids have gained widespread usage by general practitioners and clinicians in a number of clinical settings such as pregnancy and infant development, secondary prevention in CHD patients, treatment of dyslipidaemias and haemodialysis patients. Small doses are achievable with consumption of two to three oily fish meals per week or via purified encapsulated preparations now readily available. n-3 Fatty acids, particularly when consumed as fish, should be considered an important component of a healthy diet. The present paper reviews the effects of n-3 fatty acids on cardiometabolic risk factors, concentrating particularly on the evidence from randomised controlled studies in human subjects.
Stigma and ideological constructions of the foreign: Facing HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Black Steven P.
Published: October 2013

In this article I discuss language ideologies and stigma, exploring how a group of South Africans living with HIV confronted the perceived language of HIV and engaged with international aid to live “positive lives” amid stigma. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with a Zulu choir that functioned as an HIV support group and AIDS activist organization, I analyze talk about how others talked about HIV (metapragmatic discourse about HIV) to suggest a language-ideological component of stigma. I also explore how choir members' engagement with scientific medicine and international aid provided an alternative ideological framework in which the foreign was positively valued. I analyze how choir members creatively incorporated English medical terminology intoisiZuludiscourse as an alternative to the language of stigma. This analysis provides a model of the language-ideological constitution of stigma that suggests links to theorization of language and other types of marginality and abjection. (Language ideologies, stigma, HIV/AIDS, South Africa, Zulu, exclusion, markedness)*
Living with the decision that someone will die: Linguistic distance and empathy in jurors' death penalty decisions
Authors: Conley Robin
Published: October 2013

Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Texas death penalty trials, this article explores how language helps to make death penalty decisions possible—how specific communicative choices mediate and restrict jurors', attorneys', and judges' actions and experiences while serving and reflecting on capital trials. By analyzing postverdict interviews with jurors, trial language, and written legal language, I examine a variety of communicative practices through which defendants are dehumanized and thus considered deserving of death. This dehumanization is made possible through the physical and linguistic management of distance, which enables jurors to deny empathy with defendants and, in turn, justify their sentencing decisions. In addition, the article probes how jurors' linguistic choices can create distance between themselves and the reality of their decisions, further facilitating death sentences. (Law, empathy, deixis, agency, dehumanization, linguistic distance)*
§ III.—Prehistoric Pottery
Authors: Welch F. B.
Published: October 2013

This pottery was picked up by Mr. Blegen of the American School and myself on a low mound on the edge of the Bereketli marsh, which is the source of the Angista and other streams which water the plain of Drama. The mound is about one hundred yards south of the Drama-Kavalla road at the eighteenth kilometre, that is about two kilometres east of Philippi, nearly midway between Drama and Kavalla and at the spot where stands the great stone with the inscription to Caius Vibius, hence the name of the spot ‘Dikilitash,’ the ‘Upright Stone.’ It should be noted that all the pottery was picked up on the surface and no sort of excavation was made.
Facts
Authors: Hartley M.
Published: October 2013

I am grateful to the Editors of the Annual and to Professor Droop for allowing me an early opportunity of replying to Professor Droop's criticisms of my attempt to date the Laconian krater from Eleutherna (B.S.A. xxxi, pp. 111 ff.).

I dated the fragments of this krater, on consideration of the history of the shape, to the middle of the sixth century; Professor Droop complains that I did not use evidence obtained by the excavators of the shrine of Artemis Orthia at Sparta and set out in the official publication. Now he admits that the shape was not found at Orthia (and he might have added that it has not been found elsewhere in a stratified deposit); there is not, therefore, any question here, as Professor Droop seems to think, of conflict between ‘the evidence of facts derived from the excavation of a well-stratified site’ and arguments drawn from considerations of style.
The Dating of Helmets and Corselets in Early Greece
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

Kukahn, Der Griechische Helm, has traced the development of the Corinthian helmet—(1) a ‘stove-pipe’ shape, longer than it was broad; (2) (a) back adapted to the human head; (b) necessary modifications of the side; (3) plastic adjustment of the cap. His catalogue follows this scheme, but he makes nonsense of it by dating nos. 44–69 about 600 B.C. (p. 32, see pl. 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6), and a more developed helmet no. 76 (pl. 32) about 640 B.C. He has seen (p. 26) that 2a is depicted on vases dated before 650 B.C.; so is 2b, with a bend in the side, though Kukahn has missed it (p. 28). See Payne's photograph of the plastic aryballos in Berlin and of the Macmillan vase, PV p. 23; also the helmet of the kneeling man on an aryballos, Johansen, pl. XXIII, 1. ‘Stove-pipe’ helmets continue to occur long after 600 B.C., the foot often hidden by a shield, but the best helmets of 600 B.C. are not shaped like a pipe (see Payne, NC pl. 31, 9 and pi. 32, 2); more like the ‘fly-away’ helmet, Kukahn no. 134, pl. 3, 6 than like no. 55, pl. 2, 6, which he dates about 600 B.C.
Losses and Survivals in the Dodecanese
Authors: French T. W.
Published: October 2013

This article has been written as a supplement to the Stationery Office booklet Works of Art in Greece, the Greek Islands and the Dodecanese, issued by the British Committee on the Preservation and Restitution of Works of Art, Archives and other Material in Enemy Hands. The survey of the antiquities in the Dodecanese was only commenced in September 1945 and was still in progress when the booklet went to press, with the result that only the information obtained in the early stages of the survey was included. This article records the position at the end of May 1946.
Three Attic Temples
Authors: Plommer W. H.
Published: October 2013

Scholars since Lethaby have tended to see the hand of one architect in three famous buildings, the Hephaisteion at Athens, the Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sounion and the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous. All three belong to a very widespread type, the hexastyle temple with pronaos, cella and opisthodomos. But their similarity beyond this is held to necessitate a common authorship. It has proved impossible up to now to collect and review their points of resemblance; which is perhaps one reason for the long dispute on their dating and sequence. I hope to contribute towards this much needed collation, and I believe that, as things are, it would prove useful to compare the main lines and dimensions of all three buildings.
Some Observations on the Origin of Triglyphs
Authors: Bowen M. L.
Published: October 2013

The origin of the Doric triglyph has been long a subject of dispute, and the problem is briefly this. The earliest stone triglyph that we have is dated to circa 600 B.C., and there is no direct evidence for earlier examples in other materials except in the temples at Thermon and Calydon, where terracotta metopes were found dated by their style to circa 640 B.c., the Calydon examples being slightly the later of the two. Undecorated terracotta metopes were found in the seventh century temple at Gonnos; on these see below. The spacing of the columns in the Heraion at Olympia, which shows contraction at the angles, has been adduced as evidence of a triglyph-frieze; but the earliest stone column cannot have been put in before 600 B.C., and the existing contraction may be the result of a later arrangement. Pottery of 600–590 B.C. has been found beneath the present structure. Yet the form of the Doric triglyph remained without variation for over four centuries, although it gives many indications of being unsuited to the material in which it has survived. This, it is argued, points to at least as long a period of development before its appearance in stone at the end of the seventh century. What determined this form, and in what material it was developed, are the two questions confrontine students of this problem.
The Mycenaean Pottery of Attica
Authors: Stubbings F. H.
Published: October 2013

The following paper was for the most part written early in 1939 and embodies the results of studies in Greece during the preceding year. Professor A. J. B. Wace, who suggested the subject to me, and to whom I am continuously indebted for encouragement and criticism, has elsewhere pointed out (notably, in collaboration with Professor Carl Biegen, in an article in Klio, 1939, 131 ff.) the need for a systematic and regional study of L.H. III pottery. The term covers wares produced over a period of at least three centuries (as long as from the reign of Charles I to the present day), and distributed over the Eastern Mediterranean from Sicily to Palestine. Within this wide range the existence of considerable variety has long been recognised, but not to any extent the nature of the variations, produced in part by the passage of time, in part by locally differing materials and traditions. This paper is an examination of what L.H. III pottery has come to light in one geographically well-defined region, Attica, and an attempt to discern the influences at work in its production, and its relation to similar pottery elsewhere.
The Hoplite Phalanx with Special Reference to the Poems of Archilochus and Tyrtaeus
Authors: Lorimer H. L.
Published: October 2013

The adoption of hoplite tactics and equipment in nearly all the more important Greek lands can be roughly dated by archaeological evidence to the first half of the seventh century and in certain areas within somewhat narrower limits. The momentous change from the essentially long-range fighting of the eighth century involved a single structural alteration in the round shield slung on a telamon which was in vogue, an alteration designed to make it afford the maximum of protection to troops in close formation so long as they stood firm; in the case of flight it became a mere encumbrance and was fairly likely to be thrown away. The change consisted in the substitution for the single central hand-grip previously in use of a central arm-band of metal (πὁρπαξ), through which the bearer thrust his arm up to the elbow, and a hand-grip (ἀντιλαβἠ), at the end of the horizontal diameter and just within the rim, which he grasped with his left hand.
The Ancient Docks on the Promontory of Sunion
Authors: Kenny E. J. André
Published: October 2013

In the definitive publication of the Sunion site by Stais in ᾿Αρχαιολογικὴ᾿Εφημερίς 1917, 168 ff., and again in τὸ Σούνιον scant reference is made to the remains of docks and shipsheds on the promontory. They are dismissed with a few words in the text, and indicated in the most summary fashion on the plan drawn by Orlandos. This is not altogether surprising in view of the overshadowing interest of the temples and fortifications. It might have been supposed, however, that a full treatment of the walls and defences of the site would include some descriptions of the docks, and some attempt to fit them into the chronology of the fortress.
Fragment of a Byzantine Musical Handbook in the Monastery of Laura on Mt. Athos
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The musical Notation of the Greek Church is decipherable as far back as the beginning of the Round System in the thirteenth century. Some examples of this were given in my article in last year's Annual. But before the invention of the Round System another kind of notation was in use, called for convenience the Linear System, the rules of which are very obscure. The reading of the Round System was made easy by the familiar little treatise called the Papadike, which occurs in many MSS., and explains the main principles of the notation. Nothing of the kind seems to have been known dealing with the Linear System. But the fragment which I am now to place before the reader may be expected to throw some light upon it. I photographed this fragment on my visit to the Monastery of Laura in 1912: and so far as I know, this is the first time that anything has been written about it.

The fragment is a single leaf of parchment bound up with the MS. Laura Γ 67, a small quarto codex containing some of the Stichera of the Triodium and Pentescostarium, i.e. the original hymns (excluding Canons and words set to tunes not specially composed for them) sung at the movable days in Lent, Holy Week and Eastertide. The manuscript is written in a bold well-formed hand, the text in black, the notes in red.
The Master of the Stroganoff Nikoxenos Vase
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: October 2013

The pictures on pp. 230, 231 (Figs. 1, 2) are taken from a red-figured amphora of Panathenaic shape in the Louvre (G 61). They are more curious than comely, but if devoid of merit they are not devoid of interest. Let us put them beside the pictures on p. 233 (Figs. 3, 4), which come from a vase in Count Stroganoff's collection. The lower part of the dress and the sandalled feet are almost line for line the same in both vases; the altars are the same except in one small detail: notice carefully the sleeve in Fig. 1, and compare it with the sleeve in Fig. 4. Other resemblances will strike the eye, but it will be enough to mention one: is there not something odd about the perpendicular fold-lines on the chiton in Fig. 4? in archaic drawing, perpendicular folds go right on until they meet a transverse line; but here they stop of their own accord at Athena's waist: now the grouped folds on the sleeve of Fig. 2 behave in the same obstinate way.

The Louvre vase G 61 has a pendant in the Louvre vase G 60, which is figured by Pottier in his Album, Pl. 95. The subjects are similar: on A of G 61, Athena bending at an altar, holding a spear and a flower; on A of G 62, Athena bending at an altar, holding a wreath and a spray of smilax; on B of G 61, a woman worshipper at an altar, holding a smilax spray; on B of G 60, a man worshipper at an altar, holding a phiale.
Note on the Fragments of the Gypsy Carol
Authors: W. R. H.
Published: October 2013

The following fragments of a Gypsy carol in honour of St. Basil have been supplied to me by Dr. John Sampson. The references are to Paspáti, Études sur les Tchinghianés, from which he has excerpted and pieced together the relevant quotations.

A. Åyo Vasílí avéla

Pi lolí djornisa.

St. Basile vient avec son mulet rouge (‘Ch[anson] du premier jour de l'an,’ p. 228 s.v. Djorní).
Notes on Seljouk Buildings at Konia
Authors: Lamb Dorothy
Published: October 2013

The following notes do not pretend to be an exhaustive study of the Seljouk monuments of Konia, which have already been fully described by Huart, Sarre, and Saladin, to whose works constant reference is made in these pages. Only three out of the five important Seljouk buildings at Konia are here dealt with, and only such points in connection with these are taken up as have been passed over or inadequately handled by the authors referred to. The Sirtcheli and the Kara Tai Medressehs are not included in this study, as in their case there appeared to be nothing fresh to add to former discussion.
Rhythm in Byzantine Music
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

A Uniform method of transcription, immediately applicable to all Byzantine melodies, is the great desideratum of musical theorists in order that this music may become available for general study and performance. At present there is a tolerable agreement about the interval-signs, which indicated the progression of the melody, both in the Round system, beginning in the late twelfth century, and also in its offshoot, the Cucuzelian system, whose use lasted until the reforms of Chrysanthus, about 1821. The Linear systems prevailing in the eleventh and twelfth centuries are obscure, but our knowledge of the Round system, gained since 1870, is no mean achievement and bodes well for further progress.

While the melodic signs are intelligible, the utmost disagreement prevails about rhythm and tonality. Every student tries to please himself, and the result to the ordinary reader is entire perplexity. The rhythm of Byzantine hymnody forms the subject of the present article. The matter is made more difficult by the lack of any positive check on the ultimate result. If in working out the interval-signs we make a false step, the outcome will be an impossible cadence. But the rhythmical indications are too vague for mathematical certainty to be attainable. Nevertheless I am venturing to put forward what seems to me a fair and reasonable method of transcription both for the Round and for the Cucuzelian systems. The problem of tonality is beyond the scope of this paper. I hope to return to it at some later date, and meanwhile have followed the most generally accepted views.
The Modes in Byzantine Music
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

In the attempt at reviving the music of bygone ages the question of the scales employed, or, in other words, the tonality, confronts us at the very outset. Until this is answered our transcriptions must lack all reality. The case of ancient Greek music shews that nearly all the discussion has been about the nature of the modes; and there, in spite of copious original authorities, no hypothesis, not even the orthodox view, has been framed with sufficient plausibility to escape attack from many quarters. Now in Byzantine music the notation can be deciphered (in MSS. of the thirteenth century and later), as far as it gives us the melodic progression, while I have tried to prove that the indications of rhythm can be consistently and adequately interpreted. But when we study the modes we find scarcely any data to help us. The interval-signs make no distinction between whole-tones and any smaller steps: the mediaeval theorists tell us little or nothing about the character of the intervals. Furthermore the series of modern Greek scales differs entirely from the mediaeval systems of Europe; and western and Neohellenic theorists in discussing Byzantine music have usually, with some honourable exceptions, gone their own way without the slightest regard for contrary opinions. But obviously no final understanding can be expected before this disagreement is faced and, if possible, explained and accounted for.
§ IX.—The Tholos Tombs
Authors: Holland Leicester B. , Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

At the time of Schliemann's excavations in 1876 six tholos tombs were known at Mycenae, the Treasury of Atreus, the Tomb of Clytemnestra, the Lion Tomb, the Epano Phournos, the Cyclopean Tomb and the Kato Phournos. Most of these had been seen by earlier travellers, such as Leake and Dodwell. Lord Sligo and Lord Elgin had conducted explorations in the Treasury of Atreus: Veli Pasha had attacked the Tomb of Clytemnestra, and apparently was responsible for the destruction of its dome. Steffen marks all these six on his excellent map of Mycenae and its environs. Schliemann in 1873 and 1876 was the first to begin the excavation of the tholos tombs. He made some tests in the Treasury of Atreus, and Mrs. Schliemann superintended the operations intended to clear the Tomb of Clytemnestra, but she was unable to complete them. By 1879 Stamatakes had cleared the dromos and chambers of the Treasury of Atreus, which, till then, as shewn clearly in the Elgin drawings preserved in the British Museum, were blocked with a large accumulation of earth. In 1886 Tsountas commenced his long and fruitful series of excavations, and among other important finds was rewarded by the discovery of three more tholos tombs.
Pottery from Macedonian Mounds
Authors: Heurtley W. A.
Published: October 2013

The pottery described below was picked up by Mr. Cuttle and myself on mounds, many of which have been noted by Wace or Rey (locc. citt.). We have retained their numbering, so as to avoid confusion. Of the mounds mentioned by Rey, we visited his 2, 3, 4, 5, but not 1, 6, 7, 8. Of those noted and visited by Wace we re-examined A 3, B 8, B 9 and C 9. Of those noted but not visited by him, we visited B 12, B 13, B 15. We could not identify his B 14. On B 13 we found no sherds at all, and it may be a burial tumulus, like A 3. We also collected sherds from a site (not a mound) in the hills one hour north-east of Gerakiní, shewn us by Mr. Bliss of the Anglo-Hellenic Magnesite Company at Gerakiní, and from three mounds in the Ormylia valley, marked Ormylia 1,2 2, 3 on the map (Pl. VI, 1).
Signatures and Cadences of the Byzantine Modes
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The output of books and articles dealing with Byzantine music has in the last few years been small. Dr. Wellesz has written a valuable summary of information not only on Greek, but also on Armenian and other Eastern ecclesiastical music. Prof. Psachos of Athens has tried to revive the so-called Stenographic Theory of the Neumes, which was current in the time of Chrysanthus. But, although his reputation as a musical investigator stands deservedly high, it seems very unlikely that Western scholars will accept the theory on the evidence afforded. In Dom Jeannin's introductory volume on Syrian music there is a good deal of information on the Byzantine system. Most important is his account of certain phonographic experiments made by Père Thibaut on the Modern Greek modes, proving these, where untouched by recent Western influence, to be identical with some of the Turkish scales. We must therefore recognise in England (as continental writers have long done) that the modern or Chrysanthine system is mainly Oriental and that its connection with the mediaeval modes is quite remote. In other words, Byzantine music is not a thing that any Greek cantor could teach us or a gramophone-record make intelligible.