bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Productively Rearranged TcR-α V–J Sequences in TCGA Exome Files: Implications for Tumor Immunoscoring and Recovery of Antitumor T-cells
Authors: Gill Thomas R. , Samy Mohammad D. , Butler Shanitra N. , Mauro James A. , Sexton Wade J. , Blanck George
Published: February 2016

Tumor immunoscoring is rapidly becoming a universal parameter of prognosis, and T-cells isolated from tumor masses are used for ex vivo amplification and readministration to patients to facilitate an antitumor immune response. We recently exploited the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) RNASeq data to assess T-cell receptor (TcR) expression and, in particular, discovered strong correlations between major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) and TcR-α constant region expression levels. In this article, we describe the results of searching TCGA exome files for TcR-α V-regions, followed by searching the V-region datasets for TcR-α-J regions. Both primary and metastatic breast cancer sample files contained recombined TcR-α V-J regions, ranging in read counts from 16–39, at the higher level. Among four such V-J rearrangements, three were productive rearrangements. Rearranged TcR-α V–J regions were also detected in TCGA–bladder cancer, -lung cancer, and -ovarian cancer datasets, as well as exome files representing bladder cancer, in Moffitt Cancer Center patients. These results suggest that a direct search of commonly available, conventional exome files for rearranged TcR segments could play a role in more sophisticated immunoscoring or in identifying particular T-cell clones and TcRs directed against tumor antigens.
A Rare Occurrence of Simultaneous Venous and Arterial Thromboembolic Events – Lower Limb Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism as Initial Presentation in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Kutiyal Aditya S. , Dharmshaktu Pramila , Kataria Babita , Garg Abhilasha
Published: February 2016

The development of acute myeloid leukemia has been attributed to various factors, including hereditary, radiation, drugs, and certain occupational exposures. The association between malignancy and venous thromboembolism events is well established. Here, we present a case of a 70-year-old Indian man who had presented with arterial and venous thrombosis, and the patient was later diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In our case, the patient presented with right lower limb deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism four months prior to the diagnosis of APL. Although thromboembolic event subsequent to the diagnosis of malignancy, and especially during the chemotherapy has been widely reported, this prior presentation with simultaneous occurrence of both venous and arterial thromboembolism has rarely been reported. We take this opportunity to state the significance of a complete medical evaluation in cases of recurrent or unusual thrombotic events.
« L’espace indicible »: conceptions et textualités
Authors: Labbé Mickaël
Published: February 2016

Résumé: La notion d’« espace indicible » occupe sans conteste une position centrale dans la théorie architecturale de Le Corbusier après 1945. Loin d’être un simple mot-valise ou un signifiant vide de sens, le concept d’espace indicible vise à penser le sommet de l’expérience esthétique et spirituelle dont est passible l’architecture, cela tant pour rendre compte de l’émotion plastique ressentie face aux chefs-d’œuvre du passé que pour décrire la qualité de l’expérience que l’architecte cherche à produire par ses propres œuvres. Ainsi, dans l’œuvre de Le Corbusier, l’expression « l’espace indicible » désigne non seulement un concept, mais également un ensemble textuel dans lequel la notion est thématisée et au travers duquel elle se constitue progressivement. L’objectif de cet article est double : d’une part, proposer une description des déterminations principales du contenu donné par Le Corbusier à la notion d’« espace indicible » ; d’autre part, à partir de l’examen des archives, faire le point sur les textes dans lesquels ce concept se formule. Abstract: The concept of “ineffable space” unquestionably occupies a central place in Le Corbusier's architectural theory after 1945. Far from being a portmanteau or a signifier devoid of meaning, the concept of ineffable space is aimed at conceiving the height of aesthetic and spiritual experience rendered possible by architecture. This is as much to realise plastic emotion felt in front of masterpiece from the past as to describe the experiential quality that the architect seeks to produce in his/her own work. Thus, in Le Corbusier’s oeuvre, the expression “ineffable space” not only denotes a concept but also a textual whole in which the concept is thematised and through which it is progressively constituted. The aim of this article is two-fold. On the one hand, I propose a description of the principle determinants of the content that Le Corbusier assigns to the concept of “ineffable space”, and on the other hand, analysing the archives, I wish to take stock of the texts in which this concept is formulated.  Mots-clés: Le Corbusier; espace indicible; théorie architecturale. Keywords: Le Corbusier; ineffable space; architectural theory. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.470
Documentación 3D y visualización multimedia de la Cova del Parpalló (Gandia)
Authors: Lerma García José Luis , Cabrelles López Miriam , Navarro Tarín Santiago , Galcerá Ustero Sergio
Published: February 2016

The three-dimensional (3D) documentation by means of laser scanning and photogrammetry eases exhaustive recording, the right lecture of cultural heritage objects and its analysis in order to, on the one hand, adopt appropriate decisions and interventions, on the other hand, move forward the generation of virtual animated replicas of great value and smooth multimedia dissemination. The present paper tackles the different stages of graphic documentation and visualization undertaken in the Parpalló Cave (Cova del Parpalló), Gandia, Valencia. Besides traditional surveying documentation that is based on planimetric and altimetric maps, this paper presents the plotting and animated visualization of the Palaeolithic set not only making use of lights and shadows but also from photorealistic textured 3D models.
El Molón, su Historia a través del Tiempo
Authors: Lorrio Alberto J. , Sánchez de Prado Mª Dolores , Selles Mariano Francesca , Ortega Pérez José Ramón , Esquembre Bebia Marco Aurelio
Published: February 2016

Inside the different resources used for the carrying out of the Project of Archaeological Theme Park realized in the “El Molón” village, there are collect a series of new works in the field of the virtual archaeology. The purpose is to complement a project that supposes an important company for the repercussions both for the economic and social development of the Camporrobles village and for the cultural patrimony of the Valencian Community. This type of projects combine the current importance an increasing importance as for they suppose a practice of valuation and enjoyment of the cultural goods with an operative concept that demands a concrete action: protection and valuation of the environmental environment, conservation and possibility of visiting of the site and involution of its dimension social and cultural through of methods as the virtual reality, 3d, recreations or visual documentation..
Catalogación, Digitalización y Valorización de las fortalezas defensivas de la frontera Galicia - norte de Portugal
Authors: De Nicolás Sánchez José L. , Correia Mariana , Villasante Juan A.
Published: February 2016

The project, cofinanced by the line of the UE “INTERREG IIIA”, was focused, on the one hand, in Identification, Study, Cataloguing and Valuation of missing and preserved components of defensive fortifications, located in the geographical area under study. On the other hand were put up in virtual paths different fortifications that made up the defensive system. Besides, the foundations were laid for the development of sustainable Management Plans for the property, with the consequent strengthening of local identities and the improvement of the local tourist promotion. In popularization phase, a Database website was developed and it will be enriched by military history experts, and the results were announced in conferences and exhibitions.
Arqueología y Difusión en la Internet: La experiencia de Arkeos, Revista Electrónica de Arqueología PUCP
Authors: Saucedo Segami Daniel
Published: February 2016

Arkeos, Electronic Magazine of Archaeology PUCP, was born as an undergraduate and graduate students’ project from Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (sponsored by this university) with the purpose of creating a space for discussion between archaeologists and the general public. It has been designed as a low-cost project to reach a wide audience taking advantage of the increasing spread of Internet worldwide.

In countries like Peru, several research projects are done every year. Regretfully, most of the results of these projects are not widely spread into the general public. In this presentation, the causes of this problem will be analyzed, and, by the experience of Arkeos, we will present the advantages and possibilities of electronic publications to solve it.
O direito comparado no STF: internacionalização da jurisdição constitucional brasileira
Authors: Horbach Carlos
Published: February 2016

O presente trabalho busca analisar a utilização do direito comparado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. O texto sumariza as principais discussões teóricas sobre o método comparativo e sobre sua aplicação à jurisdição constitucional, para avaliar a correção do uso de fontes estrangeiras pelos Ministros do STF, especialmente nos acórdãos sobre pesquisa com células-tronco embrionárias e sobre a união civil entre pessoas do mesmo sexo.
A teoria da interconstitucionalidade: uma análise com base na América Latina
Authors: Menengoti Ribeiro Daniela , Romancini Malu
Published: February 2016

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar e compreender o fenômeno do interconstitucionalidade para demonstrar a efetivamente desta abordagem interconstitucional no âmbito da América Latina, o que se fará por meio de estudo de um caso julgado pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Utilizar-se-á o método dedutivo, e instrumentos de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise jurisprudencial. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontaram que a teoria do interconstitucionalidade, reconhecida inicialmente no sistema jurídico europeu, pode ser também identificada no contexto da América Latina, no âmbito do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Portanto, esta pesquisa permitiu concluir que, em razão da conversação entre ordens jurídicas internacionais e da semelhança cultural, o interconstitucionalismo encontra alicerce para se desenvolver, e, ademais, permite uma maior proteção dos direitos dos indivíduos. O estudo do fenômeno do interconstitucionalismo em casos da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos é inédito, cumprindo com seu caráter inovador, e constituindo uma importante e rica fonte de informação com relevância acadêmica em razão da pujante internacionalização do direito, que implica na modificação da estrutura constitucional e na interação entre ordens jurídicas.
Criminalidad transnacional organizada en el ámbito del Mercosur: ¿Hacia um derecho penal regional?
Authors: Cordini Nicolás Santiago , Hoet Mariano Javier
Published: February 2016

La criminalidad organizada no es un fenómeno reducido a la política interna de los Estados; su carácter “transnacional” provoca que las políticas criminales adoptadas aisladamente por los Estados fracasen. Si el fenómeno es regional, la respuesta que debe darse tiene que tener el mismo alcance. El objetivo central del presente trabajo es presentar los lineamientos generales de un Derecho Penal Regional tendiente a la prevención y sanción de los delitos de organización a partir del establecimiento de una Corte Penal Regional contra Crimen Transnacional Organizado. A tal fin, utilizando una metodología cualitativa, hemos comparado la legislación, tanto interna como internacional, de los Estados miembros del Mercosur, teniendo en cuenta los posibles factores facilitadores u obstaculizadores a la adopción de una política de este alcance.
Obtenção de provas no exterior: para além da lex fori e a lex diligentiae
Authors: De Carvalho Ramos André
Published: February 2016

O artigo analisa a regulação normativa da produção probatória no exterior, mostrando o conflito envolvendo diferentes concepções (lex fori e lex diligentiae) quanto ao direito a ser aplicado em matéria de prova
Comparison and validation of global and regional ocean forecasting systems in the South China Sea
Authors: Zhu Xueming , Wang Hui , Liu Guimei , Régnier Charly , Kuang Xiaodi , Wang Dakui , Ren Shihe , Jing Zhiyou , Drévillon Marie
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In this paper, the performances of two operational ocean forecasting systems, Mercator Océan (MO) in France and South China Sea Operational Forecasting System (SCSOFS) in China, have been examined. Both systems can provide science-based nowcast/forecast products, such as temperature, salinity, water level and ocean circulations. Based on the observed satellite and in-situ data have been obtained in 2012 in the South China Sea, the comparison and validation of the ocean circulations, the structures of the temperature and salinity, and some mesoscale activities are shown. Comparing with the observation, the ocean circulations and SST of MO show better results than those of SCSOFS. However, the structures of temperature and salinity of SCSOFS are better than those of MO. For the mesoscale activities, SST fronts and SST decreasing during the typhoon Tembin of SCSOFS are better agreement with the previous study or satellite data than those of MO; but both of them show some differences from AVISO data. Finally, according to the results compared in above, some suggestions have been proposed for both systems to improve their performances in the near further.
Multifractal characteristic-based comparison of elements in soils within the Daxing and Yicheng areas of Hefei, Anhui Province, China
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Yuan Feng , Jowitt Simon M. , Li Xianglin , Zhou Taofa , Zhou Jie , Hu Xunyu , Li Yang
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Industrial and agricultural activities can generate heavy metal pollution that can have a number of negative environmental and health impacts. This means that identifying areas with heavy metal pollution and the sources of these pollutants, especially in urban or developed areas with multiple possible sources of pollution, is an important first step in mitigating the effects of these contaminating but necessary economic activities. Here, we present the results of a heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As and Hg) soil geochemical survey and outline a new multifractal characteristic-based comparison method that allows deeper interrogation of soil geochemistry in urban or developed areas. This survey focuses on Hefei, the provincial capital of Anhui Province, China, an area that contains a number of individual towns within a large municipal area. This study focuses on the towns of Daxing and Yicheng both of which are incorporated within Hefei and are are economically focused on industry and agriculture, respectively. Here, we use a multifractal spectral technique to identify differences in the geochemistry of soils within the Daxing and Yicheng areas. The height difference between the two ends of the multifractal spectrum of the geochemical data (Δf(α)) for soils in the Daxing area decreases as follows: Pb > As > Cd > Cu > Zn > Hg, whereas Δf(α) values of the geochemical data for soils in the Yicheng town areas decreases as follows: Hg > Zn > As > Cd > Pb > Cu. These differences indicate that the soils in these areas have differing multifractal geochemical characteristics, suggesting that the differing economic activities in these areas generate distinctly different heavy metal pollutant loads (e.g. Hg dominated agricultural pollution vs. Pb dominated industrial pollution). In addition, all of the elements barring Hg have larger Δf(α) values in the Daxing area compared to the Yicheng area. These larger ranges indicate that the higher concentrations of heavy metals present in soils within the Daxing area (compared to the Yicheng area) are more likely to be related to industrial activities than agriculture. The industrial Daxing area contains significant Pb and As soil contamination, whereas Hg is the main heavy metal present in soils within the Yicheng area, indicating that differing clean-up procedures and approaches to remediating these polluted areas are needed, rather than a single approach to heavy metal pollution. The research presented here also highlights that the soils in these areas (and the source of these pollutants) need to be remedied in order to avoid further health and environmental impacts.
Vegetation Cover Change Detection and Assessment in Arid Environment Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing images and Ecosystem Management Approach
Authors: Aly Anwar  Abdelrahman , Al-Omran Abdulrasoul  Mosa , Sallam Abdulazeam Shahwan , Al-Wabel Mohammad Ibrahim , Al-Shayaa Mohammad  Shayaa
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Vegetation cover (VC) changes detection is essential for a better understanding of the interactions and interrelationships between humans and their ecosystem. Remote sensing (RS) technology is one of the most beneficial tools to study spatial and temporal changes of VC. A case study has been conducted in the agro-ecosystem (AE) of Al-Kharj, in the centre of Saudi Arabia. Characteristics and dynamics of VC changes during a period of 26 years (1987–2013) were investigated. A multi-temporal set of images was processed using Landsat images; Landsat4 TM 1987, Landsat7 ETM+ 2000, and Landsat8 2013. The VC pattern and changes were linked to both natural and social processes to investigate the drivers responsible for the change. The analyses of the three satellite images concluded that the surface area of the VC increased by 107.4 % between 1987 and 2000, it was decreased by 27.5 % between years 2000 and 2013. The field study, review of secondary data and community problem diagnosis using the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method suggested that the drivers for this change are the deterioration and salinization of both soil and water resources. Ground truth data indicated that the deteriorated soils in the eastern part of the Al-Kharj AE are frequently subjected to sand dune encroachment; while the south-western part is frequently subjected to soil and groundwater salinization. The groundwater in the western part of the ecosystem is highly saline, with a salinity ≥ 6 dS m−1. The ecosystem management approach applied in this study can be used to alike AE worldwide.
Effects of interannual variability in snow accumulation on energy partitioning and surface energy exchange in a high-Arctic tundra ecosystem
Authors: Stiegler C. , Lund M. , Christensen T. R. , Mastepanov M. , Lindroth A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Snow cover is one of the key factors controlling Arctic ecosystem functioning and productivity. In this study we assess the impact of strong interannual variability in snow accumulation during two subsequent years (2013–2014) on the land–atmosphere interactions and surface energy exchange in two high-Arctic tundra ecosystems (wet fen and dry heath) in Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland. We observed that record-low snow cover during the winter 2012/13 resulted in strong response of the heath ecosystem towards low evaporative capacity and substantial surface heat loss by sensible heat fluxes (H) during the subsequent snow melt period and growing season. Above-average snow accumulation during the winter 2013/14 promoted summertime ground heat fluxes (G) and latent heat fluxes (LE) at the cost of H. At the fen ecosystem a more muted response of LE, H and G was observed in response to the interannual variability in snow accumulation. Overall, the differences in flux partitioning and in the length of the snow melt periods and growing seasons during the two years had a strong impact on the total accumulation of the surface energy balance components. We suggest that in a changing climate with higher temperature and more precipitation the surface energy balance of this high-Arctic tundra ecosystem may experience a further increase in the interannual variability of energy accumulation, partitioning and redistribution.
Internet Use and Addiction among Students in Malaysian Public Universities in East Malaysia: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Teong Khan Vun , Ang Magdalene C. H.
Published: February 2016

Nowadays, the internet has become an essential part of daily life for most young adult. They mainly use it for education, information searching, entertainment, mail and social interaction purposes. However, extensive use of internet can lead to addiction. This paper presents some preliminary findings on internet use and addiction among Malaysian undergraduate students. A survey questionnaire was used to obtain data from 287 respondents who were business, information technology, and arts majors in four public universities in Sabah and Sarawak, East Malaysia. The findings revealed that facebooking/social networking was the most common internet activity among the respondents, whereas online shopping was the least common activity for them. The study also found that while the majority of the respondents spent a considerable amount of time on the internet, they did not qualify to be regarded as internet addicts. There was evidence of moderate gender effect in terms of internet addiction scores but not with regard to internet experience, frequency, and duration. On the whole, the findings are mixed, suggesting that internet use and addiction among Malaysian university students remains a topic worthy of further investigation. 
A Comprehensive Review of the Major Studies and Theoretical Models of Student Retention in Higher Education
Authors: Aljohani Othman
Published: February 2016

Student retention rate has been a major concern for tertiary institutions around the world since the establishment of formal education. Generally speaking, not every student completes his or her study program. Although students fail to graduate for different reasons, some of them choose to voluntarily withdraw from their study programs. This might affect the image of the tertiary institutions in many different ways including their academic reputation and financial plans. To deal with such critical issue, there is a need for strategies and plans that are based on the findings of scientific research. The literature of student retention in higher education is rich of the theoretical models and empirical studies that gained consideration among researchers and educators over the last four decades. Therefore, some of these studies and theoretical models were comprehensively reviewed and discussed. The purpose of this is to provide researchers, educators and policy makers with a background to this issue and the latest strategies and techniques that help them deal with it as well as to find the common patterns and themes of the mostly reported student attrition factors.
Factors Explaining Firm Investment: An International Comparison
Authors: Hatem Ben Said
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the determinants of firm investment decision. Our study analysed four countries: Moldova, Romania, Russia and Serbia. The sample contains 170 firms for each country for a period of 8 years from 2003 to 2010. Using the data panels method, the empirical results indicate that profitability positively and significantly influences the firm investments for the markets of Moldova and Romania under two alternatives, and for the other countries under one specification. However, the positive effect of cash holdings is only observed for the firms of Moldova and Serbia. Furthermore, the higher the size of the firms of all countries is, the more the managers are encouraged to invest more. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of our models on activity sectors, shows differences in the factors explaining the investment decision for the market of Moldova. Indeed, profitability significantly and positively explains firm investment for the service and real estate sectors. This result is found for other countries for two sectors. In contrast, for country Russia, an increase in the profitability for mining and agriculture firms, does not stimulate managers to invest more.
The Effect of Tourists’ National Culture on Perceived Performance of Restaurants in Petra, Jordan
Authors: Habiballah Ma’moun A. , Alhelalat Jebril A. , Twaissi Naseem M.
Published: February 2016

The primary aim of this research is to study the influence of customers’ national culture on Perceived Performance of Restaurant Services (PPRS) in Petra city. Restaurant service quality links to server behavior in relation to customers’ cultural background were researched thoroughly considering the attributes of servers’ accommodation, sanitation, product knowledge, entertainment, professionalism, and cordiality. The present research was carried out using a self-administrated questionnaire which was surveyed on 155 tourists from different nationalities. Results of data analyses applied in the current study support the impact of national culture on tourists’ PPRS. The culture influence was significantly direct on some of the service quality factors (entertainment, sanitation and product knowledge) and indirect on other factors (professionalism, accommodation and cordiality). A detailed explanation was provided in the present study to contribute in wider understanding of how national culture and its dimensions may shape the perceptions of food service quality.
On Time and Under Budget: How Southern Colorado's Water Delivery Project Engineered Success
Authors: Fredell John , Riley Keith , Higgins Dan
Published: February 2016

The project team for a regional water infrastructure project in Colorado met with success by holding to a strategy of value engineering, continued cost‐consciousness, and stakeholder communication.
Systemudvikling og systemudviklingsmetode
Authors: Mathiassen Lars
Published: February 2016

Gennem flere års undervisning i systemudvikling har jeg følt et voksende behov for relevante teoridannelser. Teoridannelser er nødvendige som grundlag for at kunne analysere og sammenligne forskellige forslag til metoder, og de er nødvendige for at kunne forstå og vurdere problemerne med at ændre systemudviklingsprocessens udformning. Den eksisterende litteratur om udvikling af edb-baserede systemer er udpræget normativ. Den handler om, hvordan systemudviklingsprocessen burde forløbe; den søger ikke at beskrive og forklare, hvordan processen faktisk forløber.

Afhandlingen er et bidrag til en teori om systemudvikling. Kapitel 1, 3 og 4 indeholder en beskrivelse og diskussion af systemudviklingsprocessen og dens omgivelser: i kapitel 1 skitseres nogle af de væsentlige udviklingstendenser på samfundsmæssigt niveau; i kapitel 3 diskuteres anvendelsen af edb-teknologi inden for rammerne af den enkelte virksomhed; og kapitel 4 omhandler selve systemudviklingsprocessens indhold og udformning. I kapitel 2 diskuteres de begreber og den metode, som ligger til grund for beskrivelsen i kapitel 1, 3 og 4. Kapitel 5 indeholder en karakteristik af, hvad vi skal forstå ved en systemudviklingsmetode. Endelig indeholder kapitel 6 en stillingtagen til, hvad der er god systemudvikling.
A Calculus of Communicating Systems with Label Passing
Authors: Engberg Uffe , Nielsen Mogens
Published: February 2016

Milner's Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) is extended with a mechanism for label passing - as an attempt to remedy some of the shortcomings of CCS w.r.t. dynamic change of agent interconnections. In the extended calculus, restriction is viewed formally as a binder, and the calculus allows dynamic change of scope (of label) in connection with communication. It is proved that algebraic properties of strong (and observational) equivalence for CCS are preserved by the extension. Examples illustrating the expressive power of the calculus and its methods for reasoning are given.
A Non Trivial Pursuit: - systems development as cooperation
Authors: Bødker Susanne , Greenbaum Joan
Published: February 2016

In this paper we present some of the results of an empirical investigation of systems development project work. These results are the outcome of our attempts to ''listen to'' a project group developing a large computer application for a bank. It has been our primary purpose to catch the informal sides of project work, and this paper will focus on two aspects: Project work as group work as a means of creating something in common, this something being a computer application which will be used in a use-setting outside the project group. A comparison of our findings with different understandings of systems development project work found in literature is included, as is a discussion of our methodology.
A Note on Model Cheking the Modal v-calculus
Authors: Winskel Glynn
Published: February 2016

This note presents a straightforward algorithm for checking whether or not a state of a labelled transition system satisfies an assertion in the modal upsilon-calculus and nu-calculus. The algorithm improves on those of Larsen, and Stirling and Walker in that its presentation lays bare the mechanism behind ''local model checking'', and leads to a streamlined proof of the correctness and termination of the model-checking algorithm.
Community Technology? Issues in Computer-Supported Work
Authors: Bannon Liam J.
Published: February 2016

In this paper I wish to discuss a number of issues concerning work practices, especially communication and cooperation among people, and examine how we can use the computer as a tool and/or medium for supporting such group activities. The intent is not to substitute computer-mediated for face to-face or other forms of communication, but rather to discover if there are additional possibilities that may be afforded us through use of computing technology. My emphasis is not with the technology per se, but with people, their needs and activities. My focus is on how we can augment human capabilities through use of the technology, rather than on how to simulate or replace labour processes with machines. I believe, along with Rosenbrock and many others, that our present-day utilization of information technology in work has tended to restrict, rather than expand human potential. This is not due solely to the nature of the technology itself, although it is not a neutral element, but also to the organization of work around the technology, and the general socio-economic and political rationale within our society which develops these machines and industrial systems. The paper does not present a carefully compiled rationale for an alternative technology, or an argument for the construction of new ''widgets'', but consists of a number of observations, reviews of rcsearch, experiences with current technologies, and speculations about possible future uses of technology in promoting communication between people. The intent is to sharpen our understanding of everyday activities, and open up alternative paths for future design of support technology. Reaction in the form of supportive or negative examples of technology use in group settings is particularly welcome from readers.
Static Correctness of Hierarchical Procedures
Authors: Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

A system of hierarchical, imperative, fully recursive types allows program fragments written for small types to be reused for all larger types. To exploit this property to enable type-safe hierarchical procedures, it is necessary to impose a static requirement on procedure calls. We introduce an example language and prove the existence of a sound requirement which preserves static correctness while allowing hierarchical procedures. This requirement is further shown to be optimal, in the sense that it imposes as few restrictions as possible. This establishes the theoretical basis for a very powerful and general type hierarchy with static type checking, which enables 1st order polymorphism and (multiple) inheritance in a language with assignments.
Cooperative Prototyping Experiments: - Users and Designers Envision a Dental Case Record System
Authors: Bødker Susanne , Grønbæk Kaj
Published: February 2016

This paper describes experiments with a design technique that we denote cooperative prototyping. The experiments consider design of a patient case record system for municipal dental clinics in which we used HyperCard$^{TM}$, an off-the-shelf programming enviroment for the Macintosh. In the experiments we tried to achieve a fluent work-like evaluation of prototypes where users envisioned future work with a computer tool, at the same time as we made on-line modifications of prototypes in co-operation with the users when breakdown occur in their work-like evaluation. The experiments showed that it was possible to make a number of direct manipulation changes of prototypes in cooperation with the users, in interplay with their fluent work-like evaluation of these. However, brekdowns occurred in the prototyping process when we reached the limits of the direct manipulation support for modification. From these ecperiences we discuss problems in the process, requirements for design tools, and issues involved in getting going with cooperative prototyping with active user involvement.
Supporting Active User Involvement in Prototyping
Authors: Grønbæk Kaj
Published: February 2016

The term  prototyping has in recent years become a buzzword in both research and practice of systems design due to a number of claimed advantages of prototyping techniques over traditional specification techniques. In particular it is often stated that prototyping facilitates the users' involvement in the development process. But prototyping does not automatically imply active user involvement! Thus a cooperative prototyping approach aiming at involving users actively and creatively in system design is proposed in this paper. The key point of the approach is to involve users in activities that closely couple development of prototypes to early  evaluation of prototypes in envisioned use situations. Having users involved in such activities creates new requirements for tool support. Tools that support  direct manipulation of prototypes and simulation of behaviour have shown promise for cooperative prototyping activities. Examples of such tools are given and the ways that they support cooperative prototyping within various use domains are discussed.
Activity Theory as a Challenge to Systems Design
Authors: Bødker Susanne
Published: February 2016

This paper suggests an improvement of the theoretical foundation of information systems research of the 1990s. This foundation is found in human activity theory. The paper deals with how human activity theory can help systems design change, theoretically and practically. Applying activity theory to systems design, certain cornerstones become apparent, on which future systems design practice and research need to build. The paper will discuss these cornerstones, and the implications of the new understanding for design practice and research.
Language Evolution and Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: Grudin Jonathan , Norman Donald A.
Published: February 2016

Many of the issues that confront designers of interactive computer systems also appear in natural language evolution. Natural languages and human-computer interfaces share as their primary mission the support of extended ''dialogues'' between responsive entities. Because in each case one participant is a human being, some of the pressures operating on natural languages, causing them to evolve in order to better support such dialogue, also operate on human-computer ''languages'' or interfaces. This does not necessarily push interfaces in the direction of natural language - since one entity in this dialogue is not a human, this is not to be expected. Nonetheless, by discerning where the pressures that guide natural language evolution also appear in human-computer interaction, we can contribute to the design of computer systems and obtain a new perspective on natural languages.
Types, Inheritance and Assignments: A collection of position papers from the ECOOP '91 workshop W5 (Geneva, Switzerland, 1991, 15-19 July)
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

This collection contains the positions of most of the 31 participants at the  ECOOP'91 W5 Workshop on ''Types, Inheritance and Assignments''. The workshop was organized in connection with the Fifth Annual European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, July 15-19 in Geneva, Switzerland. The workshop took place July 16, 9.00-17.30.

 

In addition to the 21 submitted position papers, the collection includes an invited paper by Luca Cardelli.

 

The focus of the workshop is on the premises, results, and aspirations of research in object-oriented type systems.
Reuse of Invariants in Proofs of Implementation
Authors: Gammelgaard Anders
Published: February 2016

In this paper we describe a technique to inherit safety properties from abstract programs to their implementations. With this technique repetition of many proofs can be avoided.

 

Let P be a concurrent program and P' its implementation. The basic idea is taken from L. Lamport: establish a map alpha from the state space of P' to the state space of P, and map all reachable atomic transitions (s', t') of P' to pairs of states, (alpha(s'),alpha(t')), in the state space of P; if each pair can be demonstrated to be either an atomic transition of P or the empty transition, alpha(s') = alpha(t') , then any safety property of P invariant to arbitrary repetition of states induce a similar safety property of P'.

 

For many programs some of the unreachable transitions in P' do not map this way; hence it may be necessary to characterise the reachable states of P' in advance of the above demonstration. We prove that the properties we want to inherit can safely be used for this. The main purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the utility of such a result.

 

The theoretical results in the paper are worked out into gradually more powerful techniques for inheriting safety properties. These proof techniques are illustrated with examples.
A New Characterization of Tree Medians with Applications to Distributed Algorithms
Authors: Gerstel O. , Zaks Shmuel
Published: February 2016

A new characterization of tree medians is presented: we show that a vertex m is a median of a tree T with n vertices iff there exists a partition of the vertex set into [n/2] disjoint pairs (excluding m when n is odd), such that all the paths connecting the two vertices in any of the pairs pass through m. We show that in this case this sum is the largest possible among all such partitions, and we use this fact to discuss lower bounds on the message complexity of the distributed sorting problem. This lower bound implies that, given a network of a tree topology, choosing a median and then route all the information through it is the best possible strategy, in terms of worst-case number of messages sent during any execution of any distributed sorting algorithm. We also discuss the implications for networks of a general topology and for the distributed ranking problem.
Design of Information Systems: Things versus People
Authors: Bødker Susanne , Greenbaum Joan
Published: February 2016

Information Technology is usually designed using traditional system development techniques and emphaizing conventional management objectives that focus on the information rather than the people in a workplace. This chaper uses research from a gender perspective that highlights the ways that office systems can be designed with peopel in mind. It then applies the gender perspective to explain why Cooperative or Participatory Design can be used to enable system developers and office workers to work together to design applications that better support working practices.
Efficient Inference of Partial Types
Authors: Kozen Dexter , Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

Partial types for the lambda-calculus were introduced by Thatte in 1988 as a means of typing objects that are not typable with simple types, such as heterogeneous lists and persistent data In that paper he showed that type inference for partial types was semidecidable. Decidability remained open until quite recently, when O'Keefe and Wand gave an exponential time algorithm for type inference.
In this paper we give an O(n^3) algorithm. Our algorithm constructs a certain finite automaton that represents a canonical solution to a given set of type constraints. Moreover, the construction works equally well for recursive types; this solves an open problem stated by O'Keefe and Wand.
Efficient Recursive Subtyping
Authors: Kozen Dexter , Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

Subtyping in the presence of recursive types for the lambda-calculus was studied by Amadio and Cardelli in 1991. They showed that the problem of deciding whether one recursive type is a subtype of another is decidable in exponential time.

In this paper we give an O(n^2) algorithm. Our algorithm is based on a simplification of the definition of the subtype relation, which allows us to reduce the problem to the emptiness problem for a certain finite automaton with quadratically many states.

It is known that equality of recursive types and the covariant Böhm order can be decided efficiently by means of finite automata. Our results extend the automata-theoretic approach to handle orderings based on contravariance.
A Small Group of Research Projects in Machine Design for Scientific Computation.
Authors: Shriver Bruce D.
Published: February 2016

Few computers to-day have arithmetic units which satisfy numerical analysts and the author expresses an urgent need for research to be undertaken in order to specify the needs and desires of people doing scientific computation and influence the design and architecture of future machines.

Formal definitions of concepts such as abstract representation, finite machine representation, and implementation representation are given and a number of possible research projects for the realizations of arithmetic units for various kinds of arithmetics are outlined.
MACROS, Iterated Substitution and Lindenmayer AFLs
Authors: Salomaa Arto
Published: February 2016

The notion of a K-iteration grammar, where K is a family of languages, provides a uniform framework for discussing the various language families obtained by context-free Lindenmayer systems. It is shown that the family of languages generated by K-iteration grammars possesses strong closure properties under the assumption that K itself has certain weak closure properties. Along these lines, the notion of a hyper-AFL is introduced and some open problems are posed.
On the Decidability of some Equivalence Problems for D0L-Systems
Authors: Nielsen Mogens
Published: February 2016

One of the questions of the longest open standing in the area of Lindenmayer-systems is the decidability of the equivalence problem for deterministic, informationless L-systems (DOL-Systems). This and some related equivalence-problems (equivalence with respect to the set and the sequence of generated words, Parikh-vectors and word-lengths) are investigated. Some of these related problems are shown to be recursively solvable, and the implications of these results on the main open problem mentioned above are discussed. (The paper has been accepted for publication in Information and Control).
BOBS-SYSTEM Tilføjelser og ændringer til brugervejledning
Authors: Jensen Bent Bæk , Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Kristensen Bent Bruun , Eriksen Søren Henrik
Published: February 2016

This short note supplements the description of the BOBS-system (see PB-10 and -11) as of February 1974 with corrections, additions and a list of known but not corrected bugs.
Parallel Context-Free Languages
Authors: Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

The relation between the family of context-free languages and the family of parallel context-free languages is examined in this paper. It is proved that the families are incomparable. Finally we prove that the family of languages of finite index is contained in the family of parallel context-free languages.

Information and Control, 26 (1974) pp. 280-285.
Petri Nets and Semantics of System Descriptions
Authors: Jensen Kurt , Kyng Morten
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses the use of Petri nets as a semantic tool in the design of languages and in the construction and analysis of system descriptions. The topics treated are:

 Languages based on nets.

 The problem of time in nets.

 Nets and related models.

 Nets and formal semantics.

 Parallel program verification and nets.
How to find Invariants for Coloured Petri Nets
Authors: Jensen Kurt
Published: February 2016

This paper shows how invariants can be found for coloured Petri nets. We define a set of transformation rules, which can be used to transform the incidence-matrix, without changing the set of invariants.
Direct Methods for Sparse Matrices
Authors: Østerby Ole , Zlatev Zahari
Published: February 2016

The mathematical models of many practical problems lead to systems of linear algebraic equations where the coefficient matrix is large and sparse. Typical examples are the solutions of partial differential equations by finite difference or finite element methods but many other applications could be mentioned.

When there is a large proportion of zeros in the coefficient matrix then it is fairly obvious that we do not want to store all those zeros in the computer, but it might not be quite so obvious how to get around it. We first describe storage techniques which are convenient to use with direct solution methods, and we then show how a very efficient computational scheme can be based on Gaussian elimination and iterative refinement.

A serious problem in the storage and handling of sparse matrices is the appearance of fill-ins, i.e. new elements which are created in the process of generating zeros below the diagonal. Many of these new elements tend to be smaller than the original matrix elements, and if they are smaller than a quantity which we shall call the drop tolerance we simply ignore them. In this way we may preserve the sparsity quite well but we probably introduce rather large errors in the LU decomposition to the effect that the solution becomes unacceptable. In order to retrieve the accuracy we use iterative refinement and we show theoreticaly and with practical experiments that it is ideal for the purpose.

Altogether, the combination of Gaussian elimination, a large drop tolerance, and iterative refinement gives a very efficient and competitive computational scheme for sparse problems. For dense matrices iterative refinement will always require more storage and computation time, and the extra accuracy it yields may not be enough to justify it. For sparse problems, however, iterative refinement combined with a large drop tolerance will in most cases give very accurate results and reliable error estimates with less storage and computation time.
La peur de la peur
Authors: Brodeur Jean-Paul
Published: February 2016

Dans une première partie, l’auteur présente un ensemble de distinctions relatives à l’insécurité, considérée d’abord comme un état puis comme une perception qui peut prendre la forme d’une préoccupation générale ou d’un sentiment d’insécurité lui-même susceptible d’être vécu comme peur informe ou peur concrète. La seconde partie du texte tente de démontrer que le sentiment d’insécurité est un phénomène qui jouit d’une existence propre et dont la réalité est irréductible à ce qu’il serait censé refléter ou à ce qui le produirait. Cette thèse est examinée à la lumière de cinq facteurs qui, pris ensemble, confèrent au sentiment d’insécurité sa réalité autonome : les insuffisances de l’étiologie, l’inversion de la causalité, l’évaluation des programmes d’intervention policière, l’exploitation politique du sentiment d’insécurité et l’autogénération de ce sentiment.