bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clare Sheridan: A Sculptor in the Kremlin
Authors: Ayers David
Published: May 2019

This chapter narrates the visit to Moscow of the sculptor Clare Sheridan, cousin of Winston Churchill, who caused a scandal when she accepted an invitation to the Kremlin to create busts of the Bolshevik leadership, including Lenin and Trotsky. Her account of the sittings, first published in the Times and subsequently as a book, offered a remarkable account of her sittings, notably her dealings with Trotsky. As a consequence of her visit she was rejected by British high society and accepted a role as a correspondent which took her to Ireland, where she interviewed Rory O’Connor at the Four Courts, Italy, where she was assaulted by Mussolini, and Turkey, which became one of the sites in her first, semi-autobiographical novel, Stella Defiant. The novel, subtitled ‘The Passionate History of a Modernist Woman’, narrates its protagonist’s repudiation of modernism in favour of communism, and subsequent rejection of the latter in favour of Islam.
Conveying the New Russian Culture: From Eden and Cedar Paul to René Fülöp-Miller
Authors: Ayers David
Published: May 2019

In the early years of the Soviet state, a small number of commentators sought to give an account of the new Russian culture to outsiders. Among these were Eden and Cedar Paul, advocates of workers’ education, keen advocates of Lunacharsky and Proletcult, who used their numerous translations as well as their own books and articles to advance their own version of workers’ culture based on Marx, Bergson and Freud. John Cournos and D.S. Mirsky were among those who described Proletcult for the British public, while Huntly Carter gave an account of developments in theatre. The English translation of René Fülöp-Miller’s The Mind and Face of Bolshevism gave British readers the most extensive account of the new Russian culture.
Introduction
Authors: Hurst Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter outlines the main questions the book seeks to address and the explanatory framework adopted. The key questions it sets out to answer are: What was Iran's nuclear ambition? Why did the USA for so long fail to deal effectively with that ambition? And how was a negotiated solution to the conflict over Iran's nuclear programme eventually reached? The chapter goes on to outline the fundamental dilemma posed by the nature of nuclear energy and summarizes the attempt to resolve it through the nuclear non-proliferation regime. Finally, the chapter summarizes the explanatory framework employed by the book, which emphasizes the impact of domestic political considerations on the diplomacy of both sides and the obstacle this created to effective resolution of the conflict over Iran's nuclear programme
A Tale of Two Cities of Death: Treblinka and Oświęcim
Authors: Cinquegrani Maurizio
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on two death camps, Treblinka and Auschwitz II-Birkenau, and on documentaries filmed on these locations. Differences between the two places, with the disappearance of Treblinka and the persistence of Auschwitz, are discussed in relation to documentaries bringing survivors and members of the postgeneration back to these places. The chapter also addresses rebellion and uprisings in these death camps.
The Philosophical Afterlives of Shakespearean Melancholy
Authors: Bernard J. F.
Published: May 2019

The concluding chapter charts out potential critical links between Shakespearean comic melancholy and modern conceptualizations of melancholia in the works of Freud, Butler and Ngai. It argues that the comic philosophy of melancholy and of the melancomic, through its performative and affective dimensions, dovetails with the theoretical frameworks of all three writers. The chapter positions the representation of melancholy as a productive emotional marker akin to nostalgia in its conflation of sorrow and pleasure, as well as the artistic and creative repercussions that such a connection suggests over the years.
Through Women’s Lens: Imperial and Postcolonial Class and Gender Hierarchies
Authors: Motrescu-Mayes Annamaria , Nicholson Heather Norris
Published: May 2019

This chapter charts how changing geo-political relations during late colonialism influenced conventional imperial ideologies of race, gender and identity and brought about a fundamental shift in women’s visual literacy. Through their unofficial, un-commissioned and private visual records of early post-colonial history, women were often able to promote new understandings of political, racial and gender transformations specific to crucial times for the British Empire and the Commonwealth. It argues that British women amateur filmmakers transcended traditional historical discourses in recording their own first-person narratives. The chapter centres on the analysis of particular sequences filmed in markedly different geo-political contexts by Queen Elizabeth II, Audrey Lewis, and two of Maharaja Vijaysinhji of Rajpipla’s British female friends. Their films prompt new perspective on how and why British women amateur filmmakers chose to record men as possible agents of national and imperial post-colonial identity. The cine-women discussed in this chapter witnessed and filmed radical shifts in representations of gender-driven, post-imperial roles within specific cultural norms and opportunities. As a result, questions of gendered and visual appropriation are considered in relation to feminist and postcolonial theories while acknowledging that the interpretation of British women's amateur visual practice often requires new methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches.
Sets and the City: Staging London and Oliver Twist
Authors: Hofer-Robinson Joanna
Published: May 2019

This chapter tracks multiple ways in which Oliver Twist and London’s cityscape were adapted for the stage in the late 1830s. It argues that London was a flexible frame through which the audience’s reception of Dickens’s work was mediated in early dramatisations, but also that the novel was imaginatively mapped on to the built environment. For example, Sadler’s Wells emphasise the proximity of the criminal scenes by staging their adaptation as a local drama, while the Surrey Theatre presents their play as an opportunity for armchair tourism. In staging alternative versions of the city, theatres presented differently nuanced portrayals of its inhabitants and perceived social problems. The dynamic re-presentation of Oliver Twist in early theatrical adaptations is thereby indicative of the malleability of Dickensian afterlives in nineteenth-century improvement debates, and these plays were likewise supposed to have an effect on contemporary city-life. Playscripts, stagecraft, actors’ performances, music, and the perceived identities of theatres and their audiences each played a role in curating these representations, and so this chapter adopts an intertheatrical methodology.
Coda
Authors: Hofer-Robinson Joanna
Published: May 2019

The Coda offers a reprise of the book’s the central arguments. Namely, that Dickens’s legacies can be traced in surprising, physical effects in London’s built environment. By exploring polymodal afterlives of his fiction over which he had no control, as well as his interventions in contemporary urban issues, Dickens and Demolition proposes that the impact of literary works lingers in the world around us in ways of which we may not always be conscious. Indeed, Dickensian afterlives are traceable in demolitions that have erased areas of Old London from the capital. The Coda restates that the potential of Dickensian afterlives to effect public debate and physical spaces in this manner was enabled by a particular set of circumstances, which were already being reformed during Dickens’s lifetime. Nevertheless, questions are raised about other authors, cities and countries.
Introduction: Politics and Art Cinema
Authors: Harvey James
Published: May 2019

This introduction introduces the thought of Jacques Rancière, making connections across his political, aesthetic and film writing. It also situates his thought in the theoretical domain of political film theory, as well as locating shortfalls in his film analyses.
Panahi’s Disagreement
Authors: Harvey James
Published: May 2019

Following discussion of the particularities of the Panahi case and the cultural specificity of the film, I engage with This is Not a Film in the context of what Rancière describes as ‘suitable political art’ (2004: 63), making the case that Panahi’s non-film – his, as he describes it, “effort” – constitutes a form of political subjectification. I explore what I refer to as an ‘aesthetic of effort’, tracing the lineage of domesticity, self-reflexivity and the long-take in relation to discourses of political filmmaking.
Kaufman’s Dissensus
Authors: Harvey James
Published: May 2019

Exploring the tensions between the themes and visual style, Charlie Kaufman’s Synecdoche, New York is an exemplary manifestation of dissensus: ‘the presence of two worlds in one’ (Rancière, 2010: 37). Staging and subsequently thwarting middle-class America and classical Hollywood style, the film ultimately allows us to envision ways of being beyond the apparent “end of history”. Yet, in so doing, the film also highlights the tendency towards irony in contemporary American art cinema: a feedback-loop, art-housing the art film spectator safely, intellectually, inside the space of the film. This takes us to the political impasse of art cinema in general: when formal innovation meets cultural critique, a redistribution of the sensible occurs and makes possible subsequent changes outside of the cinema.
Early Extremity on DVD: History, Precursors and Exploitation Auteurs
Authors: Hobbs Simon
Published: May 2019

This chapter uses a historically and geographically mobile approach to map a range of films and filmmakers often absent from discussions of extreme cinema. The chapter starts with an exploration of the extreme works of directors like Luis Buñuel, Ingmar Bergman and Roman Polanski, stressing their importance to the creation of an extreme art aesthetic. The chapter focuses on the paratextuality of these filmmakers, and studies DVD and Blu-ray versions of their more extreme texts. Focusing closely on how exploitation marketing traditions co-exist with their art film counterparts on these objects, the chapter highlights the complexity of extremity’s commercial identity. The chapter takes the same approach to its study of European exploitation cinema. Using home entertainment paratexts to highlight influential films, the chapter investigates companies such as Arrow Video, Vipco, Anchor Bay, BFI and Redemption DVD, paying special attention to their handling of a range of directors, including Lucio Fulci, Dario Argento, and Jean Rollin. The chapter underscores the crucial role exploitation cinema had in shaping extreme art cinema and highlights the contradictory role extremity performs within the commercial sphere.
Salò, Or the 120 Days of Sodom and Ilsa, the Wicked Warden: Fascism, Pornography and Disgust
Authors: Hobbs Simon
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines Salò, Or the 120 Days of Sodom and Ilsa, the Wicked Warden. Although both films use Fascist imagery to comment on the corrupting nature of power, they continue to enjoy very different cultural reputations. In order to explore this, the chapter firstly examines the BFI’s special edition Blu-ray release of Pasolini’s film, discussing the way the product employs exploitation tactics over the more established art film marketing directives expected from a highbrow company. Exploiting the film’s more transgressive attributes, the analysis shows how in-text extremity can be externally commercialised. Thereafter, the chapter investigates Ilsa, the Wicked Warden’s appearance within Anchor Bay’s ‘Jess Franco Collection’. Considering whether the auteur branding successfully redeems the lowbrow reputation of both film and filmmaker, the chapter highlights the ways lowbrow distributors use highbrow approaches to legitimise their texts. Ultimately, the chapter suggest that although the BFI trade off notions of disgust, the product presents Pasolini’s film as an artistically challenging experience rather than mere exploitation. In contrast, the chapter asserts that Anchor Bay’s attempt to legitimise Franco’s film is undone be the consistent centralisation of sexually explicit content.
Three-Worlds Theory Chutney: Oliver Twist, Q&A and the Curious Case of Slumdog Millionaire
Authors: Hollyfield Jerod Ra'Del
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter discusses Danny Boyle’s Oscar-winning Slumdog Millionaire as both an adaptation of Oliver Twistand—along with Anthony Minghella’s adaptation of The English Patient (1996)—the most famous example of a postcolonial novel reabsorbed into a global imperial context. Excising Vikas Swarup’s subversive rewriting of Oliver Twist in his source text, Q&A, Boyle’s film streamlines the narrative into Hollywood genres accented with Bollywood conventions while presenting India as a nation of others, far removed from the ramifications of British imperialism and benefiting from the structures of the globalized world such as the transnational quiz show that fuels its lead’s rise from the slums. Through examinations of Swarup’s novel and Boyle’s film, this chapter demonstrates the importance of interfidelity to the adaptation process, especially as Hollywood and other national film industries operate under an ever evolving globalized business model that controls representations of postcolonial nations.
The Beat Ecologies of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac
Authors: Daw Sarah
Published: May 2019

Chapter Four develops the previous chapter’s investigation into the substantial influence of translated Chinese and Japanese philosophical writing on presentations of an ecological Nature in Cold War American literature. However, it differs in its countercultural focus, exploring the influence of Americanised translations of Chinese and Japanese literature and philosophy on the work of the Beat Generation writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. Ginsberg and Kerouac’s extensive correspondence reveals the two writers’ developing interest in Taoist and Zen Buddhist thought, and their co-development of their own Americanised and highly inauthentic ‘Beat Zen’, which was heavily influenced by Dwight Goddard’s A Buddhist Bible (1932). Taking these letters as its starting point, the chapter reveals that translated Taoism and Zen Buddhism informed each writer’s ecological depictions of the human relationship to Nature in some of their most famous contributions to Beat literature, including Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums (1958) and Ginsberg’s “Howl” (1956).
The Pick of a Bad Lot
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

A week or so after moving into 221B Baker Street, Watson observes that his fellow lodger Sherlock Holmes receives visits from ‘many acquaintances, and those in the most different classes of society’. Among these visitors, Watson is introduced to a ‘little sallow, ratfaced, dark-eyed fellow . . . who came three or four times in a single week’ (Study, 17). This is a Mr Lestrade, whom Holmes later reveals to be ‘a well-known detective’ who ‘got himself into a fog recently over a forgery case’ (20). Lestrade would go on to appear, or at least be mentioned, in a further twelve stories, making him the most frequently trans-textual character in the saga apart from Holmes and Watson themselves, and possibly Holmes’s landlady Mrs Hudson.
This Circle of Misery and Violence and Fear
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

‘The Cardboard Box’ is a strange story with an unusual textual history. First published in the Strand Magazine in January 1893, it was the only story of the series left out of the fi rst English edition of The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (published by George Newnes later the same year). It made it into the first American edition, published by Harper in 1894, only to be removed from later American editions. Its disappearance from the Memoirs led to some significant cutting and pasting: a nineteen-paragraph exchange between Holmes and Watson in Baker Street was taken from the opening of ‘The Cardboard Box’ and moved to ‘The Adventure of the Resident Patient’ (1893), where it replaced one and a half paragraphs of introductory material, changing the setting of ‘The Resident Patient’ from a ‘boisterous’ autumn to a boiling summer (and causing some strange meteorological phenomena in the process).
The Constrained Vision of Evolutionary Ethics
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter adapts Thomas Sowell’s concept of the constrained (or “tragic”) and unconstrained (or “utopian) visions of humanity in its consideration of evolutionary ethics as a lens through which to approach Shakespeare’s plays. The first half summarises and explains the two visions, while the second traces the development of evolutionary ethics from Adam Smith and Charles Darwin to the work of E.O. Wilson, David Sloan Wilson, and Jonathan Haidt. Along the way, it considers the so-called “Darwin Wars” over the competing evolutionary theories of kin selection, group selection and species selection. Ultimately, the study aligns itself with the constrained vision and supports the emergent view in evolutionary literature of “group selection” following the work of Wilson, Sloan Wilson, and Haidt.
Moral Philosophy in England during the Time of Shakespeare
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides the historical and philosophical underpinning that informs the rest of Shakespeare’s Moral Compass. Divided into four parts, it traces moral thought from antiquity to the time of Shakespeare covering four broad traditions. First, it considers the virtue ethics of Aristotle and, later, Thomas Aquinas, which provide the basic tenets of virtues and vices that lie at the heart of morality in this period. Second, the chapter covers Ancient Stoicism as described by Cicero, and later modified by Seneca and his concepts of the will and the self, which saw a revival of interest in England in the 1590s and 1600s, as evidenced by the work of Joseph Hall. Third, the chapter provides an overview of Academic scepticism, again as described by Cicero, and later reworked by Sextus Empiricus; a mode of thinking that was to prove highly influential in the early modern period, especially for a thinker who almost certainly influenced Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne Finally, it considers Epicureanism, the impact of Lucretius’s poem De Rerum
Natura (“On the Nature of Things”), and its possible influence on the thinker who launched the most a radical assault on traditional Christian virtue ethics in the period, Niccolò Machiavelli.
Past Reflections on Shakespeare and Morality
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter surveys and evaluates the major studies on Shakespeare and morality from 1775 to 1964. In so doing, it demonstrates that there are three main traditions of thinking about Shakespeare and morality: the Protestant tradition foregrounding divine providence (Elizabeth Griffith, Charles Knight, Bishop Charles Wordsworth, Richard G. Moulton, and Harold Ford), the Catholic tradition foregrounding moral conscience (Richard Simpson, Henry Sebastian Bowden, Arthur Temple Cadoux, Alfred Harbage, and John Vyvyan) and the secular-humanist tradition foregrounding human nature (William Hazlitt, Frank Chapman Sharp, George H. Morrison, and Roland Mushat Frye). It finds a number of reoccurring conclusions in the available criticism: that Shakespeare stresses the importance of viable alternatives in ethical choices; that he emphasises the psychological interiority of morality; and that he has a positive view of humanity. Critics also found that it is not possible to pin Shakespeare down to any Christian doctrine, and it is not clear whether or not the worlds of his plays allow for redemption, and his sinners seldom seek it.
Authority
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that Shakespeare’s response to the moral foundation of authority is not located in the speeches of his political leaders, because authority is not synonymous with power. Authority must be earned, whereas power is usually bestowed. Therefore, we must look to the relationships between characters of different social rank, especially between servants and their masters. In Shakespeare’s plays these relationships often take the form of freely chosen employment as opposed to feudal oaths of fealty. This is because paid employment became the new norm as early capitalism flourished in the 1500s, and the last remnants of the old feudal order were swept away. Focusing on the relationship between Adam and Orlando in As You Like It, the contrast between Kent and Oswald in King Lear, and the relationship between Flavius the steward and Timon in Timon of Athens, it contends that in Shakespeare’s plays virtuous authority entails reciprocal good service. Good service is found not in mere obedience, but in a sense of duty, which might on occasion directly contradict the wishes of the master. If authority is mistaken for oppressive power, and if liberty is mistaken for subversion, tyranny follows.
Liberty
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter, which concludes Shakespeare’s Moral Compass, finds that all six of Jonathan Haidt’s moral foundations – authority, loyalty, fairness, sanctity, care, and liberty – are registered in Shakespeare’s plays, but they do not function independently of each other. Rather, they form an interlocking set of principles which together we can call “Shakespeare’s Moral Compass”. These interlocking principles can coalesce to form positive or negative outcomes: the “Virtuous Circle” or the “Vicious Circle”. It argues that for all his undoubted complexity, there are four simple lessons that run through all of Shakespeare’s plays: first, there is always a choice, it is never too late to choose to do the right thing. Second, the responsibility ultimately stops with you, because there is no divine or cosmic justice that will otherwise intervene; accordingly do not expect rewards or recognition for your good deeds. Third, we should not write anyone off, but rather make an effort to understand where they coming from, and try to see things from their point of view, because empathy and compassion are better than hatred, both morally and consequentially. Fourth, if we feel hard done by or slighted by unfairness, mercy is better than revenge both morally and consequentially.
The ‘Shaykh al-Islaām of the Philippines’ and Coercive Cosmopolitanism in an Age of Global Empire
Authors: Gedacht Joshua
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how some American colonial officials attempted to harness Philippine Muslim connections with the wider Islamic world in a project of ‘coercive cosmopolitanism’. Specifically, American authorities hoped that by recruiting a learned ‘modern Mohammedan’ teacher from Istanbul, a Palestinian named Sayyid Muḥammad Wajīh b. Munīb Zayd al-Kilānī al-Nābulsī, they could help to correct the supposedly ‘degraded’ forms of local religious practice and thereby combat Muslim resistance. Shaykh Wajīh’s odyssey from the Ottoman capital to the Philippines, where he acquired the moniker ‘Shaykh al-Islām of the Philippines’, reverberated from Singapore to Manila and Washington, generating optimism that such connections could promote both a deepening of religious belief as well affinities between Muslims and non-Muslims. Yet, this chapter also contends that decades of pacification freighted such encounters with mistrust, driving Shaykh Wajīh to quickly depart from the Philippines and revealing the perils of colonially-inspired, coercively produced bonds of cosmopolitanism.
Beyond the View: Reframing the Early Commercial Seaside Photograph
Authors: Shepherdson Karen
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides insight into an overlooked form of demotic photography, revealing rich seams of imagery and offering fresh perspectives on Victorian coastal representations. Shepherdson examines commercial seaside photographic practice from 1860 to 1920, offering a visual exposition of the British seaside through the refracted lens of the itinerant beach photographer. Despite their humble means of production, the photographs discussed are frequently evocative, drawing the viewer into a nostalgic past shaped by visual half-truths. Photographic half-truths too readily can become amplified from a view to the view and to the experience. This chapter examines the conventions, expectations and mythologisation of what seaside portrait photography of this period should present, and how these inevitably provide a highly mediated view of the actual Victorian seaside experience.
Nature Translated
Authors: Martin Alison E.
Published: May 2019

Alexander von Humboldt was one of the most important scientists of the nineteenth century. He transformed understandings of the earth and space by rethinking nature as the interconnection of global forces. His vibrant, lyrical prose captivated British readers. This book offers the first extensive analysis of the translation, publication and critical reception of his works in Britain. It argues that style was key to the success of these translations and shows how Humboldt’s British translators, now largely forgotten figures, were pivotal in moulding his prose and his public persona as they reconfigured his works for readers in Britain and beyond.
Cosmos: The Universe Translated
Authors: Martin Alison E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter is devoted to Humboldt’s last, great work Cosmos. This multi-volume ‘Sketch of a Physical Description of the World’ ranged encyclopaedically from the darkest corners of space to the smallest forms of terrestrial life, describing the larger systems at work in the natural world. But, as British reviewers were swift to query, where was God in Humboldt’s mapping of the universe? Appearing on the market in 1846, just a year after Robert Chambers’ controversial Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, Humboldt’s Cosmos unavoidably underwent close scrutiny. Hitherto overlooked correspondence between Humboldt and Edward Sabine shows how the Sabines deliberately reoriented the second volume of the English translation for Longman/Murray explicitly to include references to the ‘Creator’ and thus restore Humboldt’s reputation. The fourth volume of the Longman edition on terrestrial magnetism – Edward Sabine’s specialism – included additions endorsed by Humboldt which made Sabine appear as co-writer alongside the great Prussian scientist, and Cosmos a more obviously ‘English’ product. Otté, who produced the rival translation for Bohn, was initially under pressure herself to generate ‘original’ work that differed from its rival, producing a version of a work that would remain central to scientific thought well up to the end of the nineteenth century.
Conclusions
Authors: Martin Alison E.
Published: May 2019

The conclusion reflects more generally on gendered identity in scientific translation and specifically on the role of women in redefining the British scientific community at mid-century. Humboldt’s collaboration with his female translators undoubtedly cast him in a favourable light, advertising his readiness to collaborate with women on the international transmission of his work. This study therefore revises the notion of Humboldtian writing as male-oriented and ambiguously homoerotic and disputes the suggestion that he showed a disregard, even dislike, for women. By examining the British translations of Humboldt’s works as multi-vocal and multi-authored texts, rather than viewing them simply as ‘transparent’ documents, it therefore explores in a very immediate way the complex business of transforming his complex scientific ideas and images into a different language, culture, and society.
Introduction: Thinking Sideways through One’s Sisters
Authors: Froula Christine
Published: May 2019

‘She’s always there’, sighed someone at the 2017 Katherine Mansfield Conference when Virginia Woolf’s name cropped up yet again, and the audience sighed with her: ‘she’s always there’. Mansfield’s ardent overture of friendship to Woolf launched a relationship of mutual admiration and fascination shot through with misunderstanding, wariness, rivalry and envy. Now ‘curious & thrilling’, now warm, absorbing and intimate; now distant, dormant, secretly dismissive, always competitive, often foundering in ‘quicksands’, their six-year friendship was, for all its ambivalence, uniquely valued by them both for the sake of their ‘precious art’....
Together and Apart
Authors: DiBattista Maria
Published: May 2019

Mansfield was dead a week when Virginia Woolf confided in her diary that ‘probably we had something in common which I shall never find in anyone else’. Woolf attributed their rapport to Mansfield’s ‘caring so genuinely if so differently from the way I care about our precious art’. Perhaps only in death could Woolf finally agree to the less equivocal version of their relationship that Mansfield had put to her years before: ‘We have got the same job, Virginia, & it is really very curious & thrilling that we should both, quite apart from each other, be after so very nearly the same thing. We are you know; there’s no denying it.’
One can feel no need to deny it and yet still wonder what that ‘something in common’ actually was and why Woolf, given her extensive and varied circle of family and friends, felt so inconsolable upon the loss – not simply the diminishment – of it. This essay is motivated by that wonder. It explores the artistic affinity that brought Mansfield and Woolf together in a unique literary rapport but also insists on the differences – especially in their attitudes towards time as a fulfiller or thwarter of human hopes – that ultimately set them apart in their representations of ‘Life’.
A Conversation Set to Flowers: Beyond the Origins of Kew Gardens
Authors: Jakubowicz Karina
Published: May 2019

The mystery of whether Katherine Mansfield inspired Virginia Woolf's story 'Kew Gardens,' has long been of interest to both Woolf and Mansfield scholars. This article returns to this contested question, but rather than focusing on the issue of attribution, it explores what appears to be a ferment of interest surrounding gardens as a literary theme. It argues that Mansfield, Woolf, and their mutual friend, Ottoline Morrell, were discussing their work with one another during the summer of 1917, and were all choosing to write about gardens during this period. This article asks why these three women were interested in gardens as a subject, and demonstrates the degree to which they were sharing ideas.
Play
Authors: Egel Barbara
Published: May 2019

Play, adaptation of Virginia Woolf's ‘Moments of Being: “Slater’s Pins Have No Points”’
Poetry
Authors: Jones Jackie
Published: May 2019

Forbidden to touch her hair,

he touches it.

Or does he?

In God’s truth I tell you,

the back of my hand

brushed her soft brown curls.

‘“Mine beyond words”’.

Earnest onlookers

may lean over cases

coveting her keepsakes.

‘I have had my thrill for the night....
Hamiltonhill: A Pioneering Slum-Clearance Scheme
Authors: Damer Seán
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the construction, tenanting and management of an experimental scheme for slum-dwellers, utilising a largely unnoticed clause of the 1919 Housing Act. It shows how the scheme was built on residual land and contained small, if new, houses. There was acute conflict about the small size of these new council houses within the Corporation, with the socialist I.L.P. arguing that no more small houses, with consequent overcrowding, should be built for workers. Although the scheme was managed in an authoritarian manner, it was massively popular with its tenants who created a thriving, left-wing, community with it.
Alarums and Excursions
Authors: Damer Seán
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers an overall theoretical explanation of why Glasgow’s council housing was so inadequate in spite of Herculean construction efforts. This was because offensive and Calvinistic Victorian class attitudes to working-class people were incorporated uncritically within 20th century housing management policy. This ensured that different kinds of tenants were perceived as more-or-less worthy of a decent council house. This in turn resulted in class attitudes being signified publically in the bricks, concrete and mortar of Glasgow’s council housing schemes. There were three layers of scheme and they were for First, Second and Third-Class citizens. Thus the city’s council housing policy had the unintended consequence of reproducing and amplifying social segregation within Glasgow.
Samuel Beckett's How It Is
Authors: Cordingley Anthony
Published: May 2019

The first sustained exegesis of a neglected masterpiece of twentieth-century literature, Samuel Beckett’s How It Is.
This book maps out the novel’s complex network of intertexts, sources and echoes, interprets its highly experimental writing and explains the work’s great significance for twentieth-century literature. It offers a clear pathway into this remarkable bilingual novel, identifying Beckett’s use of previously unknown sources in the history of Western philosophy, from the ancient and modern periods, and challenging critical orthodoxies. Through careful archival scholarship and attention to the dynamics of self-translation, the book traces Beckett’s transformation of his narrator’s ‘ancient voice’, his intellectual heritage, into a mode of aesthetic representation that offers the means to think beyond intractable paradoxes of philosophy. This shift in the work’s relation to tradition marks a hiatus in literary modernism, a watershed moment whose deep and enduring significance may now be appreciated.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Aaron
Published: May 2019

The introduction explores the context in which the Incorporation of Mary’s Chapel developed. The phenomenon of the craft guild is an important part of the Europe’s urban social structure, from the largest capital city, to many of the smaller aspiring towns. Whether composite, with numerous trades, or granted to a single occupation, the feudalistic structures of urban work often favoured this protectionist institution, though corporate privileges and exclusivity were far from uniform, and always contested. In this chapter, a brief narrative of the Incorporation’s history sets the scene for the later chapters, followed by an account of how historians have viewed the process of incorporating Edinburgh’s building trades, from the eighteenth century to present day, demonstrating the need for a full study of such an important urban institution.
Headship and Inclusion
Authors: Allen Aaron
Published: May 2019

The Incorporation chose to describe themselves as ‘the House’, laying claim to their place as one of the building blocks of a godly society, and emphasising their desire for unity and a common purpose for their brethren. Chapter one will look at the internal relationships within this House, both between craft and craft in a composite incorporation, and between freemen and ‘stallangers’, exploring how certain trades became established while others remained tolerated and licensed unfreemen. The internal craft aristocracy and the oligarchic tendency to be selective in allowing access to corporate privileges led to a particular crisis in the 1690s, when the deacon convener of Edinburgh’s fourteen incorporated trades ordered the doors of Mary’s Chapel shut until arbitration could mend the relationship between the two senior trades of Mary’s Chapel, the masons and the wrights. Still, this divided House managed to survive, despite encroachments of unfree craftspeople and internal disputes.
Keratinized tumor with aggressive evolution at the orofacial level
Authors: Sandru Florica , Popa Adelina , Dumitrascu Mihai
Published: May 2019

Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of the oral cavity carcinomas. Most commonly affects men over 50, smokers. We present the case of a 77-year-old patient diagnosed in our clinic with a rapidly evolutive, highly aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip, with aesthetic and functional consequences. The onset of the tumor was at the lower lip and then rapidly spread to the entire surface of the chin. Dermatological examination revealed a suprainfected tumor, adherent to deep structures. The tumor exhibits numerous bumps at the surface, irregular edges, numerous ulcerations and purse bags. The tumor has invasive character, reaching the mandibular bone and was evolving for the last 3 months. The histopathological examinations showed squamous cells, intense nuclear tachycromasia, marked pleomorphism, hight nuclear and cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitosis, thus being conclusive for the diagnosis of moderately differentiated squamous cel carcinoma. The bacteriological examination revealed bacterial infection with Proteus vulgaris and beta hemolytic Streptococcus. Computer tomography showed the partially necrotic tumor, located on the soft parts of the right mandibular region and submandibular adenopathies. There were no secondary disseminations. This case highlights the need for complete surgical excision of a rapidly evolving tumor with increased size, perineural and perivascular invasion, diagnosed at an early stage where appropriate treatment can be done.
Assessment of Welfare Problems in Finnish Cattle and Pig Farms Based on Official Inspection Reports
Authors: Väärikkälä Sofia , Hänninen Laura , Nevas Mari
Published: May 2019

The competent authorities of the Member States of the European Union are required to perform animal welfare inspections on livestock farms. The data obtained from these official inspections performed in Finnish cattle and pig farms in 2010–2015 were used with the aim of estimating the prevalence of the most common non-compliances and identifying underlying risk factors. The prevalence of non-compliant cattle and pig farms was 24.2% and 27.9%, respectively. In cattle, the most common problem was an inadequate lying area followed by deficient housing conditions for calves; in pigs, it was a lack of enrichment material. The non-compliances concerning cattle were most frequently detected in autumn and in farms with small herd size, with tie-stall housing and outdoor rearing year-round. The pig farms with a farrow-to-finish unit had a higher prevalence of non-compliances than other production types. The prevalence of the non-compliant farms differed notably between the regions. It can be concluded that the cattle welfare inspections should be performed with a focus on the cold and rainy seasons and at small farms, whereas the pig welfare inspections should mainly focus on farrow-to-finish units. The data received from official inspections should be efficiently utilized in the development of animal welfare inspection system, with the aim of risk-based, consistent and uniform inspections. In addition, the data should be utilized in targeting information for farmers.
Prospective Study on the Excretion of Mucous Stools and its Association with Age, Gender, and Feces Output in Captive Giant Pandas
Authors: Li Zixiang , Liu Xuefeng , Zhao Juan , Liu Yanhui , Xu Haihong , Li Changqing , Ma Tao , Wang Bo , Lu Yanping , Padalino Barbara , Liu Dingzhen
Published: May 2019

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has evolved a large number of mucous glands in the intestinal lining to adapt to the digestion of high-fiber foods. However, in captive pandas, excessive mucus might form a mass and then be eliminated, which is often accompanied by discomfort and decreased activity. This event is called ‘mucous excretion’. The causes of mucus excretions in captive pandas, however, remain unknown. The aims of this study were to document the occurrence of mucus excretion and to investigate its possible associations with pandas’ age, gender, and feces output. Eighteen giant pandas were studied at the Beijing Zoo from April 2003 to June 2017, and a total of 900 occurrences of mucous excretion and 32,856 daily defecation outputs in weight were recorded. The likelihood of mucous excretion occurrence decreased by 11.34% for each 1 kg of fecal output (Z = −4.12, p < 0.0001), while it increased by 5.89% per year of age (Z = 4.02, p < 0.0001). However, individual differences in gender had no significant effect on the mucous occurrence (Z = −0.75, p = 0.4508). A monthly change in mucus occurrence was also found. The mean frequency of mucus occurrence was significantly higher in October. In August, time (month) change showed the biggest negative influence on feces output but the biggest positive influence on mucus excretion (seasonal factors were −2.261 and 0.0126, respectively). Our results documented the occurrence of mucous excretions and confirmed their possible associations with the pandas’ age and fecal output based on a 15-year prospective study. This study not only adds to our knowledge of panda physiology but also suggests the need for further studies examining the causes of the excretion of mucous stools in captive pandas. Reducing the incidence of mucous excretion would promote ex situ conservation and enhance panda welfare.
Protein Redox State Monitoring Studies of Thiol Reactivity
Authors: Suzuki Yuichiro J. , Marcocci Lucia , Shimomura Takashi , Tatenaka Yuki , Ohuchi Yuya , Brelidze Tinatin I.
Published: May 2019

Protein cysteine thiol status is a major determinant of oxidative stress and oxidant signaling. The -SulfoBiotics- Protein Redox State Monitoring Kit provides a unique opportunity to investigate protein thiol states. This system adds a 15-kDa Protein-SHifter to reduced cysteine residues, and this molecular mass shift can be detected by gel electrophoresis. Even in biological samples, Protein-SHifter Plus allows the thiol states of specific proteins to be studied using Western blotting. Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6) is a unique one-cysteine peroxiredoxin that scavenges peroxides by utilizing conserved Cysteine-47. Human Prx6 also contains an additional non-conserved cysteine residue, while rat Prx6 only has the catalytic cysteine. In cultured cells, cysteine residues of Prx6 were found to be predominantly fully reduced. The treatment of human cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formed Prx6 with one cysteine reduced. Since catalytic cysteine becomes oxidized in rat cells by the same H2O2 treatment and treating denatured human Prx6 with H2O2 results in the oxidation of both cysteines, non-conserved cysteine may not be accessible to H2O2 in human cells. We also found that untreated cells contained Prx6 multimers bound through disulfide bonds. Surprisingly, treating cells with H2O2 eliminated these Prx6 multimers. In contrast, treating cell lysates with H2O2 promoted the formation of Prx6 multimers. Similarly, treating purified preparations of the recombinant cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of the human hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels with H2O2 promoted the formation of multimers. These studies revealed that the cellular environment defines the susceptibility of protein cysteines to H2O2 and determines whether H2O2 acts as a facilitator or a disrupter of disulfide bonds.
Stability of Estimated Premorbid Cognitive Ability over Time after Minor Stroke and Its Relationship with Post-Stroke Cognitive Ability
Authors: McHutchison Caroline A. , Chappell Francesca M. , Makin Stephen , Shuler Kirsten , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Cvoro Vera
Published: May 2019

Considering premorbid or “peak” adult intelligence (IQ) is important when examining post-stroke cognition. The stability of estimated premorbid IQ and its relationship to current cognitive ability in stroke is unknown. We investigated changes in estimated premorbid IQ and current cognitive ability up to three years post-stroke. Minor stroke patients (NIHSS < 8) were assessed at one to three months, one and three years’ post-stroke. The National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) were used to estimate premorbid IQ (NART IQ) and current cognitive ability respectively at each time-point. Baseline demographics, vascular and stroke characteristics were included. Of the 264 patients recruited (mean age 66), 158 (60%), 151 (57%), and 153 (58%) completed cognitive testing at each time-point respectively. NART IQ initially increased (mean difference (MD) = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.54 to 2.13, p < 0.001) before decreasing (MD = −4.269, 95% CI = −5.12 to −3.41, p < 0.001). ACE-R scores initially remained stable (MD = 0.29, 95% CI = −0.49 to 1.07, p > 0.05) before decreasing (MD = −1.05, 95% CI = −2.08 to −0.01, p < 0.05). Adjusting for baseline variables did not change the relationship between NART IQ and ACE-R with time. Increases in NART IQ were associated with more education. For ACE-R, older age was associated with declines, and higher NART IQ and more education was associated with increases. Across 3 years, we observed fluctuations in estimated premorbid IQ and minor changes in current cognitive ability. Future research should aim to identify variables associated with these changes. However, studies of post-stroke cognition should account for premorbid IQ.
Caregiver Reports of Screen Time Use of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Stiller Anja , Weber Jan , Strube Finja , Mößle Thomas
Published: May 2019

Screen based media have progressively become an integral part in the daily lives of children and youths with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, research that exclusively pursues the functionality of screen media use of children with ASD is extremely rare. Through a triangulated approach, the present study aims to fill this gap. We conducted 13 interviews with parents of children with ASD and supplemented this interview–study with an online survey including parents of children with ASD (n = 327). Children with ASD mostly used screen media (especially television) for their wellbeing, which is associated with chances and risks. Based on the parental interviews it is suggested that the media usage of children with ASD should be supervised. The results are discussed in terms of their practical implementation.
LOXL1 Is Regulated by Integrin α11 and Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumorigenicity
Authors: Zeltz Cédric , Pasko Elena , Cox Thomas R. , Navab Roya , Tsao Ming-Sound
Published: May 2019

Integrin α11, a stromal collagen receptor, promotes tumor growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is associated with the regulation of collagen stiffness in the tumor stroma. We have previously reported that lysyl oxidase like-1 (LOXL1), a matrix cross-linking enzyme, is down-regulated in integrin α11-deficient mice. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between LOXL1 and integrin α11, and the role of LOXL1 in NSCLC tumorigenicity. Our results show that the expression of LOXL1 and integrin α11 was correlated in three lung adenocarcinoma patient datasets and that integrin α11 indeed regulated LOXL1 expression in stromal cells. Using cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) with either a knockdown or overexpression of LOXL1, we demonstrated a role for LOXL1 in collagen matrix remodeling and collagen fiber alignment in vitro and in vivo in a NSCLC xenograft model. As a consequence of collagen reorganization in NSCLC tumor stroma, we showed that LOXL1 supported tumor growth and progression. Our findings demonstrate that stromal LOXL1, under regulation of integrin α11, is a determinant factor of NSCLC tumorigenesis and may be an interesting target in this disease.