bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Model Based Approach to School Shootings: Every Second Counts!
Authors: Arslan Hasan T. , Olsen Thomas
Published: September 2016

The cycle of violence invading our nation’s schools has necessitated the training of law enforcement agencies. A breakdown in communications could mean an incident spirals out of control and results in catastrophic unnecessary loss of lives. Active communication can be accomplished between officers and their superiors, so that decisions are made in a manner that best pursues a rapid end to the threat posed by the perpetrator, and a rapid extraction of the injured. Authors have developed an effective nine-step response model for law enforcement agencies after examination of the real-time cases, infamous school-shooting incidents, in the United States.
Application of Fuzzy Numbers to the Assessment of CBR Systems
Authors: Voskoglou Michael Gr.
Published: September 2016

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is the process of solving problems by properly adapting the solutions of similar (analogous) problems solved in the past. As an Artificial Intelligence’s method CBR has become recently very popular to information managers increasing the effectiveness and reducing the cost of various human activities by substantially automated processes, such as diagnosis, scheduling, design, etc. In this paper a combination is utilized of the Centre of Gravity defuzzification technique and of the Fuzzy Numbers for assessing the effectiveness of CBR systems. Our new fuzzy assessment approach is validated by comparing its outcomes in our applications with the corresponding outcomes of two traditional assessment methods, the calculation of the mean values and the GPA index.
A General Approach to Panel Data Set-Theoretic Research
Authors: Castro Roberto Garcia , Ariño Miguel A.
Published: September 2016

Academic research based on general linear statistical models has been rapidly moving toward a greater and richer use of longitudinal and panel data econometric methods. By contrast, set-theoretic empirical research, despite its growing diffusion, has been mainly focused on cross-sectional analysis to date. This article covers this void in panel data set-theoretic research. We provide some diagnostic tools to assess a set-theoretic consistency and coverage both cross-sectionally and across time. The suggested approach is based on the distinction between pooled, between and within consistency and coverage, which can be computed using panel data. We use KLD’s panel (1991–2005) to illustrate how the proposed approach can be applied in the context of set-theoretic longitudinal research.
Translation Revision: Correlating Revision Procedure and Error Detection
Authors: Ipsen A. Helene , Dam Helle V.
Published: September 2016

This article reports on an empirical study on translation revision. With the aim of investigating the possible link between revision procedure and quality, the research correlates an indicator of quality, error detection, with revision procedure. Error detection and revision procedure were studied drawing on a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design involving three different sources of data. Nine subjects performed a revision task and thus produced text data; their activities on the computer screen were captured and saved as video fi les; and retrospective interviews were conducted with the revisers upon completion of the task. Results show that the highest error detection scores were linked with a variety of revision procedures, but with one common denominator: the target text was consistently the point of departure. Revisers with high error detection scores thus engaged in various different revision procedures, but their focus of attention in the initial operations was the translation rather than the source text in all cases. Conversely, the revisers whose initial attention was directed towards the source text received the lowest error detection scores in the revision task.
Le modèle ovidien de l’élégie au xviie siècle
Authors: Chatelain Marie-Claire
Published: September 2016

Le xviie siècle, traitant du genre de l’élégie, l’a naturellement rapporté au modèle antique des Élégiaques latins, et plus particulièrement au modèle ovidien, prééminent dans la traduction comme dans la critique. En effet, Ovide, dans l’expression des passions, l’emporte sur Catulle et Properce pour le naturel et la facilité de son style, à l’égal de Tibulle. S’il est parfois préféré à ce dernier, c’est pour la variété qu’il introduit dans le genre. L’influence élégiaque d’Ovide s’exerce assez traditionnellement sur l’épître, contribuant longtemps à une proximité entre les deux genres, distingués par la plus grande liberté de sujet et de registre que possède l’épître. C’est précisément par cette variété propre au genre épistolaire que Théophile, dans un esprit tout ovidien, renouvelle l’élégie. Dans cette palette, l’esthétique galante du milieu du siècle privilégie l’élégie enjouée et railleuse, nourrie des oeuvres érotiques, et proche cette fois des petits genres en vers comme les madrigaux et les stances. La fin du siècle réinterprète ensuite cette même forme galante en élégie passionnée qui, conjoignant veine ludique et veine déplorative des poèmes ovidiens, et cultivant l’effet d’illusion d’une possible authenticité du sentiment, se veut l’expression naturelle du coeur amoureux.
The Law Student as Mediator IEP Project: Encouraging Legal Services Outreach in the Community and Empowering Families
Authors: TARRIEN DAVID
Published: September 2016

Determining appropriate special education services for children is a complex endeavor. The issues addressed do not always lend themselves to an amicable, streamlined process. Indeed, the arcane nature of the statutes and rules surrounding Individualized Education Programs, or IEPs, often seem at odds with a caregiver's eagerness to ensure academic success for a beloved child. Practical matters, too, such as financing for much needed services for the few while ensuring fair access to educational resources for all students, can set the stage for miscommunication, mistrust, and bad or hurt feelings on both sides of the table. Meanwhile, children waiting for services languish. Further, because lack of funds tends to be a key issue for families, there often is a dearth of effective advocacy available to help the process move efficiently and appropriately forward. Meanwhile, legal education is in a constant struggle to provide practical, meaningful, and concrete experiences that allow students to delve into the everyday practice of law.

This paper explores how one program, the IEP Project out of WMU Cooley Law School, helped law students hone their advocacy and dispute resolution skills while assisting parents and school administrators through the IEP process. Their goal was to create a calm and efficient process that culminated in the student involved receiving appropriate accommodations and services. Additionally, this project exposed law students to the most at-risk members of their communities and worked to inspire some to continue to serve that population as legal professionals.
My Words + Your Words = Our World@Literature.global
Authors: BORUSZKO GRACIELA
Published: September 2016

Contemporary urban communities are the likely scenarios where the constructions of personal identities are achieved within a bilingual or multilingual sociolinguistic environment. Tradition acts as a negotiator between the forces that chisel a modified shape to an individual that seeks to immerse the self into a new collectivity. Between the fear to lose the already acquired identity and the forging of a new identity, there are words and worlds that need to be expressed within a discussion on the use of self-translation as a linguistic bridge to reach the other. The decision to embrace bilingualism is based on the desire to explore beyond their “village” and engage in broader conversations. Independently of the reasons of the individual to decide to be immersed in another culture, the decision implies the acceptance of modifications of a somewhat monolithic vision of the “self” and “the other”. To get immersed in bilingualism is the first step to penetrate a biculturalism that is bound to leave marks on the chore of the self as another referent is taken alongside the self, even in a competing way or at least following a comparative approach. That cumulus of life transcends to others through words that reveal a personal mysterious world that is in constant formation and transformation. In this article, I explore the experience of the self and the stranger in relation to linguistic and artistic exile in literature. The multicultural and multilingual author, Nancy Huston, chose literature, the land of words, as a place to establish her inner personal worlds. Words and worlds create a fascinating synergy as they interact with the illusion of a certain identity. “Self” and “the other” engage in conversations that lead to reinventing the self through the use of languages. The situational “exile” of the author is then expressed at multiple levels as the concept of national and foreign, original and translation, individual and collective, fidelity and infidelity, identity and otherness, and mother tongue and foreign language all play interchangeable roles in the hope of constituting a “unique monolithic identity".
Thrombospondin expression in myofibers stabilizes muscle membranes
Authors: Vanhoutte Davy , Schips Tobias G , Kwong Jennifer Q , Davis Jennifer , Tjondrokoesoemo Andoria , Brody Matthew J , Sargent Michelle A , Kanisicak Onur , Yi Hong , Gao Quan Q , Rabinowitz Joseph E , Volk Talila , McNally Elizabeth M , Molkentin Jeffery D
Published: September 2016

Skeletal muscle is highly sensitive to mutations in genes that participate in membrane stability and cellular attachment, which often leads to muscular dystrophy. Here we show that Thrombospondin-4 (Thbs4) regulates skeletal muscle integrity and its susceptibility to muscular dystrophy through organization of membrane attachment complexes. Loss of the Thbs4 gene causes spontaneous dystrophic changes with aging and accelerates disease in 2 mouse models of muscular dystrophy, while overexpression of mouse Thbs4 is protective and mitigates dystrophic disease. In the myofiber, Thbs4 selectively enhances vesicular trafficking of dystrophin-glycoprotein and integrin attachment complexes to stabilize the sarcolemma. In agreement, muscle-specific overexpression of Drosophila Tsp or mouse Thbs4 rescues a Drosophila model of muscular dystrophy with augmented membrane residence of βPS integrin. This functional conservation emphasizes the fundamental importance of Thbs’ as regulators of cellular attachment and membrane stability and identifies Thbs4 as a potential therapeutic target for muscular dystrophy.
Differences and similarities between human and chimpanzee neural progenitors during cerebral cortex development
Authors: Mora-Bermúdez Felipe , Badsha Farhath , Kanton Sabina , Camp J Gray , Vernot Benjamin , Köhler Kathrin , Voigt Birger , Okita Keisuke , Maricic Tomislav , He Zhisong , Lachmann Robert , Pääbo Svante , Treutlein Barbara , Huttner Wieland B
Published: September 2016

Human neocortex expansion likely contributed to the remarkable cognitive abilities of humans. This expansion is thought to primarily reflect differences in proliferation versus differentiation of neural progenitors during cortical development. Here, we have searched for such differences by analysing cerebral organoids from human and chimpanzees using immunohistofluorescence, live imaging, and single-cell transcriptomics. We find that the cytoarchitecture, cell type composition, and neurogenic gene expression programs of humans and chimpanzees are remarkably similar. Notably, however, live imaging of apical progenitor mitosis uncovered a lengthening of prometaphase-metaphase in humans compared to chimpanzees that is specific to proliferating progenitors and not observed in non-neural cells. Consistent with this, the small set of genes more highly expressed in human apical progenitors points to increased proliferative capacity, and the proportion of neurogenic basal progenitors is lower in humans. These subtle differences in cortical progenitors between humans and chimpanzees may have consequences for human neocortex evolution.
Recruitment of inhibition and excitation across mouse visual cortex depends on the hierarchy of interconnecting areas
Authors: D'Souza Rinaldo David , Meier Andrew Max , Bista Pawan , Wang Quanxin , Burkhalter Andreas
Published: September 2016

Diverse features of sensory stimuli are selectively processed in distinct brain areas. The relative recruitment of inhibitory and excitatory neurons within an area controls the gain of neurons for appropriate stimulus coding. We examined how such a balance of inhibition and excitation is differentially recruited across multiple levels of a cortical hierarchy by mapping the locations and strengths of synaptic inputs to pyramidal and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons in feedforward and feedback pathways interconnecting primary (V1) and two higher visual areas. While interareal excitation was stronger in PV than in pyramidal neurons in all layer 2/3 pathways, we observed a gradual scaling down of the inhibition/excitation ratio from the most feedforward to the most feedback pathway. Our results indicate that interareal gain control depends on the hierarchical position of the source and the target, the direction of information flow through the network, and the laminar location of target neurons.
A.T. Still’s Osteopathic Lesion Theory and Evidence-Based Models Supporting the Emerged Concept of Somatic Dysfunction
Authors: Liem Torsten
Published: September 2016

Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO, coined the original idea of lesion based on the obstruction of flow of body fluids, but primarily referring to bony structures and more precisely to the spine. Throughout the 20th century, this idea was shaped and developed into the concept of somatic dysfunction, a term that is familiar to both US-trained osteopathic physicians and foreign-trained osteopaths and has been an essential cornerstone of osteopathic practice and teaching. The present historical narrative review offers an overview of the evolution of Still’s original lesion concept, major evidence-based models of somatic dysfunction that attempt to explain the clinical findings, and a critique of the concept.
Requirements for Certification in Surgery: A Comparison of the American Board of Surgery and the American Osteopathic Board of Surgery
Authors: Termuhlen Paula M. , O-Yurvati Albert H. , Stella Joseph J.
Published: September 2016

In early 2014, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Osteopathic Association, and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine agreed to a memorandum of understanding describing a single accreditation system for graduate medical education in the United States. Although there are many benefits, such as consistent quality of graduate medical education, alignment of competency standards, alignment with policymakers’ expectations, unification of voices on graduate medical education access and funding issues, and visibility of osteopathic medicine, there are also many challenges in creating a uniform system of graduate medical education. The authors review the pathways to initial certification for both the American Board of Surgery and the American Osteopathic Board of Surgery and discuss recertification and maintenance of certification.
Smell identification of spices using nanomechanical membrane-type surface stress sensors
Authors: Imamura Gaku , Shiba Kota , Yoshikawa Genki
Published: September 2016

Artificial olfaction, that is, a chemical sensor system that identifies samples by smell, has not been fully achieved because of the complex perceptional mechanism of olfaction. To realize an artificial olfactory system, not only an array of chemical sensors but also a valid feature extraction method is required. In this study, we achieved the identification of spices by smell using nanomechanical membrane-type surface stress sensors (MSS). Features were extracted from the sensing signals obtained from four MSS coated with different types of polymers, focusing on the chemical interactions between polymers and odor molecules. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the dataset consisting of the extracted parameters demonstrated the separation of each spice on the scatter plot. We discuss the strategy for improving odor identification based on the relationship between the results of PCA and the chemical species in the odors.
The “Dirty Liver” as a Coincidental Finding on Sonography
Authors: Merkel Daniel , Wiens Daniel , Kämmer Jörg
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Biliary microhamartomas of the liver are known as symptomless, benign, microscopic biliary duct deformations. The consistently improving quality of ultrasound technology has made it possible to visualize them, which has led to difficulty in distinguishing them from neoplastic liver alterations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance of biliary microhamartomas and their behavior on contrast‐enhanced sonography.

Methods

We defined typical sonographic findings in biliary microhamartomas of the liver (1 main criterion and 3 secondary criteria). Nineteen patients were identified as have typical characteristics images of biliary microhamartomas as coincidental findings on liver sonography. All patients were included in a clinical follow‐up program without histologic confirmation after they underwent risk assessment. Follow‐up examinations were performed with B‐mode sonographic examinations at 6, 12, and 18 months. In addition, in 15 patients, contrast‐enhanced sonographic examinations of the liver were performed.

Results

None of the patients had a change in the number or size of the identifiable typical liver lesions (main criterion) after a mean follow‐up period ± SD of 14.4 ± 6.5 months. There were also no alterations among the aforementioned secondary criteria in any of the participants. On contrast‐enhanced sonography, the lesions of all patients showed a consistent pattern, with early arterial enrichment and persistent homogeneous contrast in the late portal venous phase.

Conclusions

The sonographic appearance of biliary microhamartomas is characteristic and typical enough that histologic confirmation is not always necessary. Follow‐up examinations to monitor any developments are usually adequate.
What to Know About the Recent Rise in Parvovirus B19 Infections
Authors: Rubin Rita
Published: September 2024

This Medical News article discusses the recent increase in parvovirus B19 infections in the US, resulting in a health advisory from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The splicing factor hnRNPL demonstrates conserved myocardial regulation across species and is altered in heart failure
Authors: Draper Isabelle , Huang Wanting , Pande Suchita , Zou Aaron , Calamaras Timothy D. , Choe Richard H. , Correia‐Branco Ana , Mei Ariel L. , Chen Howard H. , Littel Hannah R. , Gunasekaran Mekala , Wells Natalya M. , Bruels Christine C. , Daugherty Audrey L. , Wolf Matthew J. , Kang Peter B. , Yang Vicky K. , Slonim Donna K. , Wallingford Mary C. , Blanton Robert M.
Published: September 2024

Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent. Mechanisms underlying HF remain incompletely understood. Splicing factors (SF), which control pre‐mRNA alternative splicing, regulate cardiac structure and function. This study investigated regulation of the splicing factor heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein‐L (hnRNPL) in the failing heart. hnRNPL protein increased in left ventricular tissue from mice with transaortic constriction‐induced HF and from HF patients. In left ventricular tissue, hnRNPL was detected predominantly in nuclei. Knockdown of the hnRNPL homolog Smooth in Drosophila induced cardiomyopathy. Computational analysis of predicted mouse and human hnRNPL binding sites suggested hnRNPL‐mediated alternative splicing of tropomyosin, which was confirmed in C2C12 myoblasts. These findings identify hnRNPL as a sensor of cardiac dysfunction and suggest that disturbances of hnRNPL affect alternative splicing in HF.
Multifunctional Nano‐Conductive Hydrogels With High Mechanical Strength, Toughness and Fatigue Resistance as Self‐Powered Wearable Sensors and Deep Learning‐Assisted Recognition System
Authors: Wang Yanqing , Chen Picheng , Ding Yu , Zhu Penghao , Liu Yuetao , Wang Chuanxing , Gao Chuanhui
Published: September 2024

High mechanical strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance are essential to improve the reliability of conductive hydrogels for self‐powered sensing. However, achieving mutually exclusive properties simultaneously remains challenging. Hence, a novel directed interlocking strategy based on topological network structure and mechanical training is proposed to construct tough hydrogels by optimizing the network structure and modulating the orientation of molecular chains. Combining Zn2+ crosslinked cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and a polyacrylamide‐poly(vinyl alcohol) double‐network, the unique interlocked‐network structure exhibits an enhanced toughening effect due to hydrogen bonding and metal‐ligand interactions. The aligned nanocrystalline domains achieved by training further contribute to an increase in the toughness and fatigue thresholds. This innovative approach synergistically enhances the mechanical properties of the nano‐conductive hydrogel, achieving a maximum tensile strength of 4.98 MPa and a toughness of 48 MJ m−3. Notably, the CNFs template with anchored polyaniline, when oriented through mechanical training, forms a unique directional conductive pathway, which significantly enhances the power output performance. Besides, a motion recognition system based on a self‐powered sensing device is designed with the assistance of deep learning techniques to accurately identify human motion behaviors. This work showcases a potentially transformative flexible electronic material for self‐powered sensing systems and intelligent recognition systems.
Fabricating Water‐Resistant and Stimuli Responsive Smart Hydrogels via Iminoboronate Chemistry
Authors: Hu Junfei , Li Lin , Li Zhan , Yang Lei , Ren Xiancheng , Cheng Yiyun , Li Yiwen , Huang Quan
Published: September 2024

The construction and application of smart hydrogels often involve balancing the conflicting relationship between the stability and dynamics. Imine bond, as a type of dynamic chemical bonding, is commonly used in the construction of diverse smart hydrogels since it can effectively achieve the response to some external stimuli. However, its poor thermodynamic stability often leads to the limited crosslinking density and easy degradation of hydrogels in water and biofluids. To address this critical issue, a series of model smart hydrogels is prepared with highly water stability and stimuli responsiveness via the iminoboronate gelation of aminoglycosides and 8‐arm PEG terminated with 2‐acetylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester [(pin)‐APBA]. Note that the presence of pinacol esters, as electron‐donating agents and hydrophobic couplers with large steric hindrance, can keep the five‐membered ring of iminoboronate intact and protect the nitrogen‐boron (N─B) coordination bond from water molecules, offering the water resistance feature of the hydrogels. And the rapid responsiveness of the gels to stimuli (e.g., acid, H2O2 and unhindered amines) further confirmed that their dynamic nature, allowing the on‐demand release of aminoglycosides with satisfactory antibacterial effect. This iminoboronate chemistry‐based strategy can offer new opportunities toward stable and smart hydrogels with various applications in many fields.
Single‐Atom Zirconium Coordination Polyimide Aerogel as Separator Coating Toward High‐Rate Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Zhou Kangjie , Bao Minxian , Fang Yongkang , He Peng , Ren Jianguo , Zong Wei , Zhang Longsheng , Liu Tianxi
Published: September 2024

Developing high‐rate lithium‐metal battery (LMB) with superior energy density and operation durability is of significance, which shows enormous potential to be extensively applied. However, the commercialized polyolefin separators exhibit inferior ability to resist the elevated internal temperature and inhibit the lithium (Li) dendrite growth, especially for LMBs under high‐rate operations. With undesired Li+‐anion solvated structures in the electrolyte, previous separator modification strategies usually meet a dilemma to simultaneously increase the Li+ transference number and decrease the anion transference number. Here, a facile and scalable strategy are reported to prepare high‐performance sandwiched separators with polyolefin separators coated by single‐atom zirconium coordination polyimide aerogel (Zr‐PIA) layers, which can achieve a stable LMB operation at 20 C for 2700 cycles with a capacity retention of 94.6%, substantially outperforming its counterpart separator without Zr. Both the experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the Zr‐PIA layer with nanoporous architecture and anion‐trapping Zr sites can effectively increase the Li+ transference number without sacrificing the overall ion conductivity, enabling a rapid, selective and uniform Li+ flux through the separator. Such features can facilitate homogeneous the Li nucleation/deposition and mitigate Li dendrite growth, leading to enhanced battery durability and safety.
Electrospinning Fiber Membrane‐Derived Gel Polymer Electrolytes with High Mechanical Strength and Low Swelling Effect for High‐Safety Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Haibo , Li Na , Sun Jinfeng , Xu Feng , Tian Xinlong , Shi Xiaodong
Published: September 2024

The practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is hindered by the issues of flammable electrolytes, lithium dendrites and the resulting thermal runaway. Designing flame‐retardant electrolytes with high performance is a valid strategy to break the current dilemma. In this work, the flame retardant of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is elaborately encapsulated into the polymer shell of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) to realize the controllable release of TPP during the soaking process. The resulting TPP@PAN/PVDF‐HFP fiber membrane holds high thermal stability, high mechanical strength, and low swelling rate, which is essential for the preparation of flame‐retardant gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). As demonstrated, the TPP@PAN/PVDF‐HFP GPE can deliver high Li+ transference number of 0.877, low interfacial activation energy barrier of 26.6 kJ mol−1 and heterogeneous SEI composition of Li3PO4/Li2CO3/LiF. The corresponding Li||Li cells achieve stable voltage polarization over 1000 h, and the Li||Cu cells display high plating/stripping CE of 99.1%. Meanwhile, the optimized Li||LiFePO4 batteries exhibit high reversible capacity of 158 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, and present outstanding fire resistance through the thermal runaway and puncture test. This study will open window for the design of high‐safety electrolytes to promote the practical application of LMBs.
Generation, Inversion, and Amplification of Intrinsic Circularly Polarized Room Temperature Phosphorescence in Chiral Carbon Dots
Authors: Gao Xinhui , Pan Kai , Zhao Biao , Deng Jianping
Published: September 2024

Chiral carbon dots (C‐dots) with circularly polarized luminescence emission have attracted tremendous attention, but achieving circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence (CPRTP) C‐dots is still challenging. The present contribution reports the success in constructing C‐dots with intrinsic CPRTP property through an eco‐friendly solvent‐free pyrolysis method using urea and (R/S)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine as precursors. The obtained C‐dots exhibit intrinsic circularly polarized fluorescence (CPF) and CPRTP dual emission with dissymmetric factors of 10−3, accompanied by long lifetime up to 400 ms. Detailed experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations show that the presence of carbonyl groups and nitrogen atoms as well as charge transfer excitation within the C‐dots is crucial for the RTP emission. More importantly, upon the incorporation of achiral helical polyacetylene, chirality transfer from the nanoscale C‐dots to achiral helical chains effectively occurs during the film formation process, resulting in amplified chiroptical performance. Significantly, based on the synergistic interaction of “circularly polarized excitation” and “re‐polarization” mechanisms, inversion and amplification of CPF/CPRTP emissions with large dissymmetric factors up to 2.0 × 10−2/2.2 × 10−2 are observed in the resulting C‐dots/polyacetylene composite films. This work provides a platform for the construction of novel CPRTP materials with significant potentials.
Achieving Unipolar Organic Transistors for Complementary Circuits by Selective Usage of Doped Organic Semiconductor Film Electrodes
Authors: Chen Ping‐An , Guo Jing , Wei Huan , Xia Jiangnan , Chen Chen , Chen Huajie , Lei Ting , Jiang Lang , Liao Lei , Hu Yuanyuan
Published: September 2024

Unipolar p‐ and n‐type organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are essential for constructing organic circuits and complementary designs crucial for high‐performance electronics. Traditionally, fabricating these transistors requires separate p‐type and n‐type organic semiconductors (OSCs), which complicates the process due to intricate patterning, protection of the first OSC layer, and considerable material wastage. In this work, an innovative approach is introduced, inspired by silicon transistor fabrication to obtain unipolar OFETs, employing a single ambipolar OSC in conjunction with doped organic semiconductor films (DOSCFs) as electrodes. This results demonstrate that OFETs with DOSCF electrodes suppress ambipolarity dramatically and achieve on/off ratios that are two to three orders of magnitude higher than those with metal electrodes, along with excellent stability. The unipolar characteristics of the devices are attributed to the unique work function properties and the intrinsic charge carrier behavior of the DOSCF electrodes. Significantly, inverter circuits utilizing these unipolar transistors outperformed traditional ambipolar transistors with metal electrodes, achieving a fivefold increase in voltage gain. This novel strategy promises to enhance the practicality and economic viability of organic electronics, paving the way for more sustainable and high‐performance circuit designs.
Robust Growth of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Vertical Heterostructures via Ammonium‐Assisted CVD Strategy
Authors: Li Wei , Qin Qiuyin , Li Xin , Huangfu Ying , Shen Dingyi , Liu Jialing , Li Jia , Li Bo , Wu Ruixia , Duan Xidong
Published: September 2024

Two dimension (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) heterostructures have opened unparalleled prospects for next‐generation electronic and optoelectronic applications due to their atomic‐scale thickness and distinct physical properties. The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is the most feasible approach to prepare 2D TMD heterostructures. However, the synthesis of 2D vertical heterostructures faces competition between in‐plane and out‐of‐plane growth, which makes it difficult to precisely control the growth of vertical heterostructures. Here, a universal and controllable strategy is reported to grow various 2D TMD vertical heterostructures through an ammonium‐assisted CVD process. The ammonium‐assisted strategy shows excellent controllability and operational simplicity to prevent interlayer diffusion/alloying and thermal decomposition of the existed TMD templates. Ab initio simulations demonstrate that the reaction between NH4Cl and MoS2 leads to the formation of MoS3 clusters, promoting the nucleation and growth of 2D MoS2 on existed 2D WS2 layer, thereby leading to the growth of vertical heterostructure. The resulting 2D WSe2/WS2 vertical heterostructure photodetectors demonstrate an outstanding optoelectronic performance, which are comparable to the performances of photodetectors fabricated from mechanically exfoliated and stacked vertical heterostructures. The ammonium‐assisted strategy for robust growth of high‐quality vertical van der Waals heterostructures will facilitate fundamental physics investigations and device applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Giant Capacitive Energy Storage in High‐Entropy Lead‐Free Ceramics with Temperature Self‐Check
Authors: Zeng Xiangfu , Lin Jinfeng , Shen Jie , Chen Yan , Xu Wei , Tang Luomeng , Wang Simin , Gao Min , Zhao Chunlin , Lin Tengfei , Luo Laihui , Chen Chao , Sa Baisheng , Lin Cong , Wu Xiao , Zhai Jiwei
Published: September 2024

Considering the large demand for electricity in the era of artificial intelligence and big data, there is an urgent need to explore novel energy storage media with higher energy density and intelligent temperature self‐check functions. High‐entropy (HE) ceramic capacitors are of great significance because of their excellent energy storage efficiency and high power density (PD). However, the contradiction between configurational entropy and polarization in traditional HE systems greatly restrains the increase in energy storage density. Herein, the contradiction is effectively solved by regulating the octahedral tilt and cationic displacement in ABO3‐type perovskite HE ceramics, i.e., (1‐x)[0.6(Bi0.47Na0.47Yb0.03Tm0.01)TiO3‐0.4(Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3]‐xSr(Zr0.5Hf0.5)O3 (BNYTT‐BST‐xSZH). Combining the tape‐casting process and cold isostatic pressing, the optimal BNYTT‐BST‐0.06SZH ceramic displays a large recoverable energy storage density (10.46 J cm−3) at 685 kV cm−1 and a high PD (332.88 MW cm−3). More importantly, due to Tm/Yb codoping, abnormal fluorescent negative thermal expansion and excellent real‐time temperature sensing are developed, thus the application of fault detection and warning in high‐voltage transmission line systems is conceptualized. This study provides an effective strategy for enhancing the polarization of energy‐storing HE ceramics and offers a promising material for overcoming the problems of insufficient capacitor density and thermal runaway in terminal communication.
Homogenizing Energy Landscape for Efficient and Spectrally Stable Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Qi Heng , Tong Yu , Zhang Xuewen , Wang Hao , Zhang Lu , Chen Yali , Wang Yibo , Shang Jingzhi , Wang Kun , Wang Hongqiang
Published: September 2024

Blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted enormous attention; however, their unsatisfactory device efficiency and spectral stability still remain great challenges. Unfavorable low‐dimensional phase distribution and defects with deeper energy levels usually cause energy disorder, substantially limiting the device's performance. Here, an additive‐interface optimization strategy is reported to tackle these issues, thus realizing efficient and spectrally stable blue PeLEDs. A new type of additive‐formamidinium tetrafluorosuccinate (FATFSA) is introduced into the quasi‐2D mixed halide perovskite accompanied by interface engineering, which effectively impedes the formation of undesired low‐dimensional phases with various bandgaps throughout the entire film, thereby boosting energy transfer process for accelerating radiative recombination; this strategy also diminishes the halide vacancies especially chloride‐related defects with deep energy level, thus reducing nonradiative energy loss for efficient radiative recombination. Benefitting from homogenized energy landscape throughout the entire perovskite emitting layer, PeLEDs with spectrally‐stable blue emission (478 nm) and champion external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 21.9% are realized, which represents a record value among this type of PeLEDs in the pure blue region.
Constructing a Janus Catholyte/Cathode Structure: A New Strategy for Stable Zn‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Hong Hu , Wang Yiqiao , Wei Zhiquan , Yang Xinru , Wu Zhuoxi , Guo Xun , Chen Ao , Zhang Shaoce , Wang Shixun , Li Qing , Li Shimei , Zhang Dechao , Xiong Qi , Zhi Chunyi
Published: September 2024

Organic materials are promising candidates for the electrodes of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries due to their nonmetallic nature, environmental friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, they often suffer from significant dissolution during the charge‐discharge process, which poses a major hurdle to their practical applications. Inspired by membrane‐less organelles in cells, a simple and versatile strategy is proposed—constructing a Janus catholyte/cathode structured electrode based on liquid‐liquid phase separation, in which redox‐active organic molecules are confined in the liquid state within the activated carbon, thereby eliminating the volume effect and preventing their diffusion into the electrolyte. The customization of phase separation systems by leveraging the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity differences of various anions is successfully demonstrated. This approach allows for precise regulation of ion cluster/coordination structures, enabling the confinement of active substances while ensuring efficient ion transport. Consequently, the as‐constructed Zn||Janus catholyte/cathode cells exhibit superior reversible rate capacity (186 mA h g−1 at 5.0 A g−1) and remarkable cycling performance (retention of 72.5% after 12 000 cycles). The strategy in building Janus catholyte/cathode structured electrodes breaks free from the limitations imposed by traditional solid‐state electrodes, offering tremendous opportunities for exploring diverse advanced battery systems.
Coupling Charge‐Regulated Interfacial Chemistry to Electrokinetic Ion Transport in Bipolar SiO2‐Al2O3 Nanofluidic Diodes
Authors: Eden Alexander , Pennathur Sumita
Published: September 2024

Due to the surface‐dominant nature of electrokinetic ion transport in confined geometries, ionic currents in nanofluidic channels are fundamentally governed by the interfacial chemistry of the constituent substrates. In this work, the intrinsic coupling between charge‐regulated oxide surfaces and local changes in concentration and pH induced during the operation of bipolar nanofluidic diodes is numerically explored. Using a heterogeneous SiO2‐Al2O3 nanochannel as a representative example, field‐dependent ion accumulation and depletion effects are shown to have a marked effect on the local surface chemistry and resulting charge density of the amphoteric Al2O3 surface in particular. While the SiO2 surface tends to remain relatively indifferent to the presence of an applied potential due to its low point of zero charge (PZC), the comparatively high PZC of Al2O3 renders it much more susceptible to the extent of ion accumulation and depletion events which drive localized concentration and pH changes. Including this surface coupling in models can be necessary to capture the true behavior of real‐world devices; comparison with a fixed‐charge model demonstrates that only a fully coupled model can quantitatively reproduce reported experimental current measurements in heterogeneous SiO2‐Al2O3 nanochannels, the limiting behavior of which is revealed to stem from this surface‐to‐bulk coupling.
Sodium Ion‐Induced Structural Transition on the Surface of a DNA‐Interacting Protein
Authors: Xu Chunhua , Lu Yue , Wu Yichao , Yuan Shuaikang , Ma Jianbing , Fu Hang , Wang Hao , Wang Libang , Zhang Hao , Yu Xuan , Tao Wei , Liu Chang , Hu Shuxin , Peng Yi , Li Wenfei , Li Yunliang , Lu Ying , Li Ming
Published: September 2024

Protein surfaces have pivotal roles in interactions between proteins and other biological molecules. However, the structural dynamics of protein surfaces have rarely been explored and are poorly understood. Here, the surface of a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein (SSB) with four DNA binding domains that bind ssDNA in binding site sizes of 35, 56, and 65 nucleotides per tetramer is investigated. Using oligonucleotides as probes to sense the charged surface, NaCl induces a two‐state structural transition on the SSB surface even at moderate concentrations. Chelation of sodium ions with charged amino acids alters the network of hydrogen bonds and/or salt bridges on the surface. Such changes are associated with changes in the electrostatic potential landscape and interaction mode. These findings advance the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the enigmatic salt‐induced transitions between different DNA binding site sizes of SSBs. This work demonstrates that monovalent salt is a key regulator of biomolecular interactions that not only play roles in non‐specific electrostatic screening effects as usually assumed but also may configure the surface of proteins to contribute to the effective regulation of biomolecular recognition and other downstream events.
Intelligent Song Recognition via a Hollow‐Microstructure‐Based, Ultrasensitive Artificial Eardrum
Authors: Li Shaopeng , Tian Jiangtao , Li Ke , Xu Kemeng , Zhang Jiaqi , Chen Tingting , Li Yang , Wang Hongbo , Wu Qiye , Xie Jinchun , Men Yongjun , Liu Weiping , Zhang Xiaodan , Cao Wenhan , Huang Zhongjie
Published: September 2024

Artificial ears with intelligence, which can sensitively detect sound—a variant of pressure—and generate consciousness and logical decision‐making abilities, hold great promise to transform life. However, despite the emerging flexible sensors for sound detection, most success is limited to very simple phonemes, such as a couple of letters or words, probably due to the lack of device sensitivity and capability. Herein, the construction of ultrasensitive artificial eardrums enabling intelligent song recognition is reported. This strategy employs novel geometric engineering of sensing units in the soft microstructure array (to significantly reduce effective modulus) along with complex song recognition exploration leveraging machine learning algorithms. Unprecedented pressure sensitivity (6.9 × 103 kPa−1) is demonstrated in a sensor with a hollow pyramid architecture with porous slants. The integrated device exhibits unparalleled (exceeding by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared with reported benchmark samples) sound detection sensitivity, and can accurately identify 100% (for training set) and 97.7% (for test set) of a database of the segments from 77 songs varying in language, style, and singer. Overall, the results highlight the outstanding performance of the hollow‐microstructure‐based sensor, indicating its potential applications in human–machine interaction and wearable acoustical technologies.
Functionally‐Graded Serrated Fangs Allow Spiders to Mechanically Cut Silk, Carbon and Kevlar Fibers
Authors: Greco Gabriele , Misseroni Diego , Castellucci Filippo , Di Novo Nicolò G. , Pugno Nicola M.
Published: September 2024

Before humans and allegedly any animal group, spiders developed “functionally graded toothed blades” that cut one of the toughest biological materials: silk. Here, this work reveals the importance of micro‐structured serrations in spiders’ fangs that allow these animals to cut silk and artificial high‐performance fibers, such as carbon or Kevlar. The importance of serrations revolves around the stress concentration at the interface between the fang and the fibers, resulting in a cutting efficiency superior to that of a razor blade. This efficiency is increased by the presence of pretension in the fibers and is high also for fibers with different diameters like silk, because of the serration grading that allows a smart positioning of the fiber in the optimal cutting condition. This work proposes that when the silk fiber is grasped by the fang, it slides along the serrated edge till it gets locked in the serration with a comparable size, where the load to cut is minimal. These results provide a new perspective on cutting mechanisms and set the roots for spider fang‐inspired cutting tools.
Lung‐Targeted Lipid Nanoparticle‐Delivered siUSP33 Attenuates SARS‐CoV‐2 Replication and Virulence by Promoting Envelope Degradation
Authors: Zhou Yuzheng , Liao Yujie , Fan Lujie , Wei Xiafei , Huang Qiang , Yang Chuwei , Feng Wei , Wu Yezi , Gao Xiang , Shen Xiaotong , Zhou Jian , Xia Zanxian , Zhang Zheng
Published: September 2024

As a structural protein of SARS‐CoV‐2, the envelope (E) protein not only plays a key role in the formation of viral particles, but also forms ion channels and has pathogenic functions, including triggering cell death and inflammatory responses. The stability of E proteins is controlled by the host ubiquitin‐proteasome system. By screening human deubiquitinases, it is found that ubiquitin‐specific protease 33 (USP33) can enhance the stability of E proteins depending on its deubiquitinase activity, thereby promoting viral replication. In the absence of USP33, E proteins are rapidly degraded, leading to a reduced viral load and inflammation. Using lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulation of siUSP33 by adjusting the lipid components (ionizable cationic lipids), siUSP33 is successfully delivered to mouse lung tissues, rapidly reducing USP33 expression in the lungs and maintaining knockdown for at least 14 days, effectively suppressing viral replication and virulence. This method of delivery allows efficient targeting of the lungs and a response to acute infections without long‐term USP33 deficiency. This research, based on the deubiquitination mechanism of USP33 on the E protein, demonstrates that LNP‐mediated siRNA delivery targeting USP33 plays a role in antiviral and anti‐inflammatory responses, offering a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2.
Imaging Metabolic Flow of Water in Plants with Isotope‐Traced Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
Authors: Bi Simin , Ao Jianpeng , Jiang Ting , Zhu Xianmiao , Zhu Yimin , Yang Weibing , Zheng Binglian , Ji Minbiao
Published: September 2024

Water plays a vital role in the life cycle of plants, participating in various critical biochemical reactions during both non‐photosynthetic and photosynthetic processes. Direct visualization of the metabolic activities of water in plants with high spatiotemporal resolution is essential to reveal the functional utilization of water. Here, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is applied to monitor the metabolic processes of deuterated water (D2O) in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). The work shows that in plants uptaking D2O/water solution, proton‐transfer from water to organic metabolites results in the formation of C‐D bonds in newly synthesized biomolecules (lipid, protein, and polysaccharides, etc.) that allow high‐resolution detection with SRS. Reversible metabolic pathways of oil‐starch conversion between seed germination and seed development processes are verified. Spatial heterogeneity of metabolic activities along the vertical axis of plants (root, stem, and tip meristem), as well as the radial distributions of secondary growth on the horizontal cross‐sections are quantified. Furthermore, metabolic flow of protons from plants to animals is visualized in aphids feeding on A. thaliana. Collectively, SRS microscopy has potential to trace a broad range of matter flows in plants, such as carbon storage and nutrition metabolism.