bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated Inflammation and Adhesion Molecule hsCRP, GDF-15 and VCAM-1 in Angina Patients with Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
Authors:   Central Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Sanip Zulkefli , Rasool Aida Hanum Ghulam ,   Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Pahimi Nurnajwa ,   Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Bokti Nur Adilah ,   Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Yusof Zurkurnai ,   Cardiology Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Mohamed Mohd Sapawi ,   Cardiology Unit, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia, Isa W Yus Haniff W ,   Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published: January 2025

Background: Non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD) is a condition in stable patients that experience angina despite not having significant coronary obstructive lesion. Knowledge on the role of certain biomarkers in patients with NOCAD is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of inflammation and adhesion molecules in the development of NOCAD. The correlations between the peripheral and coronary levels of the inflammatory biomarkers and adhesion molecules were also investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, symptomatic angina patients scheduled for coronary angiograms were recruited and separated into obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD) and NOCAD groups based on those angiograms. Peripheral and coronary blood samples were taken to measure inflammation biomarkers [high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15]), and adhesion molecules [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)]. Subjects without angina symptoms were recruited for the control group. Results: The hsCRP, GDF-15, and VCAM-1 levels were higher in the OCAD and NOCAD groups than in the control group. VCAM-1 levels successfully predicted the incidence of NOCAD [p = 0.010, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.716]. All biomarkers’ levels in the peripheral and coronary blood were correlated in OCAD and NOCAD patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Elevated levels of the hsCRP, GDF-15, and VCAM-1 were found with NOCAD, despite the absent of significant coronary obstruction. VCAM-1 successfully predicted NOCAD and may thus serve as an early NOCAD biomarker. Significant correlations of hsCRP, GDF-15, and VCAM-1 level in peripheral and coronary blood indicate that the peripheral levels of these biomarkers reflect the levels and changes that occur at the coronary level.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with a High Risk of Malnutrition among Older Adults in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors:   Klinik Kesihatan Naka, Pekan Naka, Kuala Nerang, Kedah, Amaran Asma , Draman Nani ,   Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences,  Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Idris Nur Suhaila ,   Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences,  Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Harith Sakinah ,   School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences,  Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
Published: January 2025

Background: Older people are more susceptible to malnutrition. Malnutrition is defined as imbalances and deficiencies of nutrients that result in diminished function. However, malnutrition identification through nutrition screening is not routinely performed at Malaysian health clinics or hospitals. Our study aimed to determine the proportion of older people at high risk of malnutrition and its associated factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among older persons aged ≥ 60 years, and the exclusion criteria were older persons with known cases of dementia or the inability to stand and have hand problems that limit the ability to hold the dynamometer. Sociodemographic data and anthropometry assessment were conducted. Malnutrition risk screening tool–hospital, modified Barthel Index and the Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire were used in this study. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. Results: A total of 200 older persons participated in the study, and the proportion of the high risk of malnutrition was 27 (13.5%). Poor handgrip strength odd ratio (OR) = 3.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 8.98; p = 0.007) and living arrangements (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.31, 16.1; p = 0.017) were significantly associated with a high risk of malnutrition in older persons. Conclusions: The proportion of older persons at high risk of malnutrition was low (13.5%). Poor handgrip strength and living arrangements are significant factors associated with a high risk of malnutrition among older persons. Nutrition screening can help identify the cause and other factors of malnutrition. The role of healthcare personnel should be emphasised in nutrition screening, as they are commonly the first point of contact for patients seeking medical advice.
Forging the Future: B Cell Activating Factor’s Impact on Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors:   Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,  Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, Kardani Astrid Kristina , Fitri Loeki Enggar ,   Department of Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia, Samsu Nur ,   Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine,  Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar  General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia, Subandiyah Krisni ,   Nephrology Division, Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
Published: January 2025

Nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in children. While the exact pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome is not fully understood, recent research has shed light on some of the underlying mechanisms involved in it. Improvement by B cell depletion therapy using antiCD20 in nephrotic syndrome has led to a paradigm shift from immunoinflammatory disease influenced by T cell dysregulation to B cell involvement in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. The expression of the B cell activating factor (BAFF), an essential cytokine for the maturation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, in the podocytes of paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome is known to be associated with worse renal outcomes. The pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathogenic antibodies produced by B cells allegedly cause podocyte injury leading to proteinuria due to effacement of foot processes. Considering the role of the BAFF in B cell proliferation and antibody production, BAFF signalling is a potential target for development as targeted therapy in nephrotic syndrome. Nevertheless, there is limited research regarding the role of BAFF in nephrotic syndrome, and the exact mechanism of BAFF involvement in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome is still unknown. This review discusses the role of the BAFF in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome and highlights the gap of knowledge for future research.
Applicability of Ground Penetrating Radar for Soil Profile Studies – An Investigation in Piedmont Plain in Parts of Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Kalambukattu Justin George , Kumar Suresh
Published: January 2025

Soil profile studies especially identification of different soil layers is a vital component in soil survey. The present study was undertaken to assess the applicability of ground penetrating radar (GPR), a widely adopted geophysical technique and instrument for soil profile studies under different landforms (piedmont and alluvial plain) located in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. GPR survey was conducted using dual frequency antennas (200 and 600 Mhz) at specific locations corresponding to landforms of piedmont and alluvial plain along transect. The radargrams generated by standard processing of ground scan data showed widely varying patterns in both the landforms, corresponding to the variations in soil layer distribution. From the radargrams generated, a clear distinction could be made between the soils of piedmont as well as alluvial plain. The radargram of alluvial plain showed very smooth transition between soil layers whereas in case of piedmont plain, the profile appears to be discontinuous as well as irregular. The soils of alluvial plain showed clear/distinct soil layer distribution till nearly 75cm depth in contrast to the piedmont soils which exhibited parabola patterns in radargram indicating the presence of stones/boulders within very short depth from the surface. The results regarding identification of contrasting soil layers using GPR were validated and found to be in agreement with standard soil profile information of the sampling sites in different landforms. GPR being a non-destructive technique could help in acquiring large number of such observations in much lesser time providing vital information for land use planning as well as soil mapping activities.
A novel problem and algorithm for solving permuted cordial labeling of corona product between two graphs
Authors: A. Alsatami Khalid , Algrawani Yasmin , Abd El-hay Atef
Published: January 2025

This study has come up with a new application of permuted cordial labeling initiated by two graphs based on their corona product, furthering the cause of a better comprehension of and research into specific types of graphs. The Permuted cordial labeling construction for the corona product of graphs consisting of paths, cycles, second power of a path and second power of cycle graphs may facilitate the consideration of the properties and structures of the graphs. It helps us to study its topological properties, connectivity images, symmetries and other properties.
Discussion of Inconsiderate Cruelty Towards Animals: Further Arguments for Animal Rights
Authors: Maduka Enyimba , Awugosi Chukwuemeka I. , Ohere Pius A. , Okpe Timothy Adie , Essien Joseph Paul
Published: January 2025

This work focuses primarily on animal rights in the United States within the context of the specific legal system existing in that country. It argues that animal rights as recognized by state law are limited, in the sense that enforcement can occur only through public prosecution. If horses and cows are beaten and mistreated at a local farm, or if greyhounds are forced to live in small cages, protection will come only if the prosecutor decides to provide it. However, as prosecutors have limited budgets, and animal protection is rarely a priority the result is that violations of state law occur every day. We contend that there is no good reason to accept the level of suffering that is now being experienced by millions of living creatures. Doubts have been raised about the radical idea that animals deserve to have “autonomy”, understood as a right to be free from human control and use. In our view, the primary focus should instead be on animal welfare and suffering. While animals should not be treated merely as tools for human purposes, it is possible for humans to control them in ways that still allow animals to have decent lives. However, emphasis on minimizing suffering and ensuring decent lives for animals has significant implications. It is appropriate to consider human interests in this equation, because most times human interests take precedence over those of animals. Adopting the conversational method of inquiry, we claim that often the interests of animals are entirely disregarded, and if they were considered, many of our current practices would be indefensible.
Chronicle of an Environmental Campaign, with Messages for the Future. A Review of Saving Aarey – The Undoing of an Environmental Campaign, by Rishi Aggarwal
Authors: Venkatesh G
Published: January 2025

The SEeB Editorial Team does not provide abstracts for book reviews.
Esketamine Treatment Trajectory of Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression in the Mid and Long-Term Run: Data from REAL-ESK Study Group
Authors: Rosso Gianluca , d’Andrea Giacomo , Barlati Stefano , Di Nicola Marco , Andriola Ileana , Marcatili Matteo , Martiadis Vassilis , Olivola Miriam , Di Mauro Stefania , Di Salvo Gabriele , De Fazio Pasquale , Clerici Massimo , Dell’Osso Bernardo Maria , Vita Antonio , Di Lorenzo Giorgio , Pettorruso Mauro , Martinotti Giovanni , Maina Giuseppe
Published: January 2025

Introduction/Objective:

Data on long-term treatment with Esketamine Nasal Spray (ESKNS)
in real-world patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD) is scarce. The primary aim of the
study is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of ESK-NS treatment at 6 and 12-month follow-ups.

Methods:

This is part of an observational, retrospective, multicentric Italian study (REAL-ESK study).
Subjects for the present study underwent psychiatric assessments after 6 and 12 months from the start
of ESK-NS treatment. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess changes
in continuous variables, such as scores on psychometric scales from baseline to follow-up time points.

Results:

Of 63 patients who maintained ESK-NS treatment for at least 6 months, 48 were responders
or remitters (76.2%). Among 15 non-responders at 6 months, 4 significantly improved at 12-month
follow-up. At least one side effect was reported by 71.8% of subjects with a 6-month follow-up assessment.
An overall reduction of side effects was noticed as treatment progressed (42% of patients
who continued the treatment reported side effects at 12 months). The most common side effects were
sedation (31.7%) and dissociation (28.6%) during ESK-NS sessions. Only 2 patients discontinued
ESK-NS for tolerability reasons.

Conclusion:

The results support the effectiveness and safety of esketamine in the mid and long-term
treatment of TRD patients. The late clinical response of a subgroup of patients represents a novel finding.
Data needs to be confirmed in larger samples and longer observation periods.
Potential of Nanoparticle Based Antimicrobial Drug Repurposing to Efficiently Target Alzheimer’s: A Concise Update on Evidence-based Research and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Biswal Biswabhusan , Satapathy Bhabani Sankar , Mishra Abhishek , Maharana Laxmidhar , Pattnaik Snigdha
Published: January 2025

Repurposing of drugs through nanocarriers (NCs) based platforms has been a recent trend
in drug delivery research. Various routine drugs are now being repurposed to treat challenging neurodegenerative
disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD). AD, at present is one of the challenging
neurodegenerative disorders characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β and intracellular
accumulations of neurofibrillary tangles. In spite of catchy progress in drug development, effective
treatment outcome in AD patients is far-fetched dream. Out of several proposed hypothesis in
the development and progression of AD, potential role of microorganisms causing dementia and AD
cannot be ruled out. Several recent researches have been documented a clear correlation in between
microbial infection and neuronal damage leading to progression of AD. Thus, antimicrobial drugs
repurposing has been emerged as alternate, potential, cost-effective strategy to check progression of
AD. Further, for efficient delivery of antimicrobial drugs to brain tissue, novel NCs based platforms
are the preferred option to bypass blood-brain barrier. Several polymeric and lipid NCs have been
extensively studied over the past years to improve antimicrobial drug delivery to brain. The present
review encompasses various repurposing strategy of antimicrobial drugs delivered through various
NCs to target AD. Evidence-based research outcome compiled from authentic database like Scopus,
PubMed, Web of science have been pooled to provide an updated review. Side by side some light has
been thrown on the practical problems faced by nanodrug carriers during technology transfer.
Importance of Computer-Aided Drug Design in Modern Pharmaceutical Research
Authors: Agarwal Uma , Tonk Rajiv Kumar , Paliwal Swati
Published: January 2025

Background:

Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches are essential in the drug
discovery and development process. Both academic institutions and pharmaceutical and biotechnology
corporations utilize them to enhance the efficacy of bioactive compounds.

Objective:

This study aims to entice researchers by investigating the benefits of Computer-Aided
Drug and Design (CADD) and its fundamental principles. The main focus is to speed up the drug
discovery process, improve accuracy, and reduce the time and financial resources needed, ultimately
making a positive impact on public health.

Method:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and
Scopus, focusing on studies published till 2024. The selection of studies was based on their analysis
of the connection between contemporary pharmaceutical research and computer-aided drug design,
with a focus on both structure-based and ligand-based drug design strategies can include molecular
docking, fragment-based drug discovery, de novo drug design, pharmacophore modelling, Quantitative
structure-activity relationship, 3D-QSAR, homology modelling, in silico absorption–distribution–
metabolism–excretion–toxicity, and machine learning/deep learning.

Result:

Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches are mathematical tools used to modify
and measure certain characteristics of possible drug candidates. These methods are implemented in
various applications. These encompass a variety of software products that are accessible to the public
and can be purchased for corporate use. The CADD method is used at several stages of the drug
development process, including as a foundation for chemical synthesis and biological testing. It provides
information for the development of future SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship), resulting in
enhanced molecules in terms of their activity and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and
Excretion). CADD techniques are predominantly employed to analyze and assess the affinity of large
molecules for specific biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and enzymes, which serve exclusively
as receptors. CADD improves the selection of lead compounds by predicting various parameters,
including drug-likeness, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. The application
of CADD in drug modelling is to tackle challenges such as cost and time constraints. Modern
computer-assisted drug discovery necessitates conducting virtual screening and high-throughput
screening (HTS).

Conclusion:

Computer-aided drug design plays a crucial role for academic institutions and leading
pharmaceutical companies in the development of drugs that enhance potency with the significance of
reducing both time and costs.
Deciphering the Multi-target Pharmacological Mechanism of Sojae Semen
Nigrum Acting on Breast Cancer through Integrating Network
Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches
Authors: Zeng Jiangqin , Tao Chunhui , Fan Xun , Qiu Mei , Jiang Yuewen
Published: January 2025

Background:

Breast cancer is a common and deadly disease that affects women worldwide.
Despite advancements in research and treatment, breast cancer continues to be a significant
health issue.

Objective:

This study examined the potential of black soybean, commonly known as Sojae Semen
Nigrum (SSN), in the prevention and therapy of breast cancer using a mix of data mining, network
pharmacology, and docking analysis.

Methods:

Molecular dynamic simulation studies and docking analysis supported the findings by
confirming the bioactive compounds' efficient activity against potential target genes.

Results:

The study discovered the top three significant compounds Pramoxine, Sapogenol C, and
beta-sitosterol, that may change target genes involved in the etiology of breast cancer as well as proteins
like AKT1, MAPK1, and MAPK3. The study's conclusions point to SSN as having potential
multi-target pharmacological defenses against breast cancer, laying the groundwork for more experimental
exploration.

Conclusion:

The study's conclusion suggests that SSN may help certain people with breast cancer
and might transform cancer treatment.
One-step Conversion of Nitroarenes into Phosphoramidate Derivatives Using the Microwave-assisted Method: Greener Pastures COVID-19 Study
Authors: Haggam Reda A. , Said Musa A. , Al-Kaff Nadia S. , Aljuhani Ateyatallah , Aouad Mohamed R. , Rezki Nadjet , Abolibda Tariq Z. , Gomha Sobhi M. , El-Sayed Hassan A. , Sakr Alaa R.
Published: January 2025

Background:

Significant research efforts have been directed towards developing systems
for enhancing the intracellular delivery of phosphate-substituted compounds, such as biologically
active peptides and nucleotides. Phosphoramidates (P-N) are organophosphorus structures containing
a single covalent bond between the P(V) and N(III) atoms. Three types of phosphoroamidates are
discovered. Organophosphorus compounds, defined as (RO)2P(O)NR’2 (R, R’ = H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl),
is a stable phosphoryl bond (P=O). Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of hydroxy functional
or amino functional compounds include peptides, peptidomimetics and nucleotide analogs.
The compounds enable enhanced intracellular delivery of drugs as their corresponding phosphate
esters or amides. phosphoramidates exhibit antiproliferative activity and could be used for the treatment
of cancers. Phosphoramidates exhibit potential applications in the field of biomedicine as antiviral,
anti-HIV, antimalarial and anticancer agents.

Objective:

A computer-aided investigation compared these new compounds to Remdesivir, assessing
potential pharmacological properties.

Methods:

An efficient microwave method was used to synthesize novel N-arylphosphoramidates
from commercially available nitroarenes using trialkyl phosphites.

Results:

Novel N-arylphosphoramidates are prepared with good yields and reduced reaction times.
NMR spectroscopy (HH-COSY, HSQC, HMBC) elucidated their structures.

Conclusion:

A practical reductive domino reaction involving a trialkyl phosphite under microwave
irradiation has been developed to convert nitroarenes into dialkyl N-arylphosphoramidates. The
comparative study conducted in this research effectively ranked compounds 5a-o concerning approved
medications (Remdesivir), providing a solid foundation for further investigation. Molecular
docking analysis of our 15 ligands and Remdesivir revealed several similarities. This indicates that
Remdesivir, an approved drug, and our ligands have comparable binding affinities for the primary
protease (PDB code 7BQY). Such insights encourage us for further exploration and optimization of
their potential therapeutic applications as COVID-19 inhibitors. Molecular docking studies examined
these compounds as COVID-19 inhibitors based on their interactions and binding affinities for the
SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB code 7BQY).
A Comprehensive Review of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Potential of Phenothiazine Derivatives
Authors: Singh Shamsher , Sharma Himanchal , Gohri Smiriti
Published: January 2025

Phenothiazine derivatives are a significant class of heterocyclic compounds with a
wide range of pharmacological activities. Among these, their antioxidant properties have
garnered considerable interest due to potential therapeutic applications in mitigating oxidative
stress-related diseases. A new series of phenothiazine derivatives [5a-5h] was reported, produced
by conjugating phenothiazine with arylamines via an acetyl group. The freshly synthesized
compounds were analyzed using MS spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectral analysis.
Two in vitro pharmacological techniques-human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation
inhibition assay and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay-were
used to measure the antioxidant activity. While all the conjugates showed good antioxidant
activity, compound 5h exhibited less antioxidant activity. However, compound 2e, which
contains a 4-amino-2-methoxyphenol moiety, demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in all
experiments and was found to be more effective than the reference antioxidant butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA). This study aims to synthesize a series of novel phenothiazine derivatives,
characterize their structures using various analytical techniques, and evaluate their antioxidant
activities. A series of phenothiazine derivatives were synthesized using standard organic synthesis
protocols. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using
spectroscopic methods, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared (IR)
spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry (MS), and, where applicable, X-ray crystallography. The
synthesized phenothiazine derivatives were successfully characterized by ^1H-NMR, ^13CNMR,
IR, and MS, which confirmed the expected molecular structures. The purity of the
compounds was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The
antioxidant activities of the derivatives were evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, the ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
sulphonic acid)) assay, and the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay. The results
demonstrated that several of the synthesized phenothiazine derivatives exhibited significant
antioxidant activity, with some compounds showing higher potency than standard antioxidants,
such as ascorbic acid and Trolox. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that
the presence of electron-donating groups on the phenothiazine ring enhanced antioxidant activity.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity against HEP-G2 Tumor Cell Line of the Seven Novel Hybrid Compounds based on 2-mercapto-3-arylquinazolin-4(3H)-one Scaffold Bearing Morpholine Ring via a Two-carbon Chain
Authors: Tien Cong Nguyen , Thuy Linh Bui Thi , Chien Thang Pham , Le Nguyen Tuyet-Nhi , Hoang Phuong Tran , Chi Hien Dang
Published: January 2025

Introduction:

Vietnam has been heavily endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis
C virus (HCV) infections, which are associated with cirrhosis and liver cancer. Combined
with the high prevalence of alcohol consumption as a risk factor, these factors contribute to liver
cancer being the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the country.

Methods:

Despite the help of computers, discovering new antitumor agents remains challenging
due to the complexity and variety of targets involved. Thus, traditional methods for identifying
antitumor compounds remain valuable. These approaches aim to synthesize and evaluate new
derivatives for potential antitumor activity. The quinazoline scaffold has attracted considerable
attention for its broad antitumor activity, low toxicity, high efficacy, and distinct mode of action.
Additionally, morpholine derivatives have been reported as potential antitumor agents. Incorporating
both the quinazoline pharmacophore and morpholine ring into a single molecular structure
is expected to yield new compounds with strong activity, potentially serving as effective antitumor
agents against the HEP-G2 cell line. In this work, Seven novel hybrid compounds (3a-g),
in which quinazolin-4(3H)-one ring is incorporated into morpholine ring by the reaction of the 3-
aryl-2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones (2a-g) with 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine, were synthesized.
The intermediates (2a-g) were prepared by the reaction of anthranilic acid with carbon disulfide
and appropriate aromatic amines in an alkaline medium.

Results:

The structural features of these products were studied by their IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR,
and HR-MS spectral data. In addition, the structure of one hybrid compound (3a) was determined
by X-ray crystallography. Subsequently, their antitumor activities against the HEP-G2 human cell
line were performed and reported. Based on the collected data, none of the synthesized compounds
showed significant activity as potential antitumor agents.

Conclusion:

These results may be influenced by factors such as molecular polarity and/or the
specific target tested. Further investigation and structural modifications are needed for a more
comprehensive understanding.
Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms Prevalence among Medical Students in Four Major Universities, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Al-Awad Feras A. , Hadhiah Kawther , Albik Ahmad , Abdulwahab Ahmed , Almatiq Ali , Alhumran Ali , Alsaffar Husain , Alomar Mohammed , A. BuSaad Mohammed
Published: January 2025

Background

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the top 10 most disabling disorders globally. Characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions), it significantly disrupts an individual's daily life, impacting routine, education, career development, and social relationships. The disorder's prevalence varies worldwide, with studies in Saudi Arabia showing a higher rate of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among medical students.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among undergraduate medical students in four major universities in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional, web-based survey was administered between April and June 2023 to medical students from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal University, King Saud University, and King Abdulaziz University. The survey assessed obsessive-compulsive symptoms using the OCI-R scale.

Results

Out of 886 medical students, 411 (46.4%) scored 21 or more on the OCI-R, indicating probable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Females had significantly higher OCI-R scores compared to males. Younger students, those with a family or personal history of psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, and those with lower academic satisfaction exhibited higher scores.

Conclusion

This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating mental health awareness programs into educational curricula due to the high prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among medical students. Implementing such programs can help reduce stress and improve both academic performance and overall well-being.
The Polygenic Nature of Multiple Sclerosis: Genetic Variants, Immunological Modulation, and Environmental Connections
Authors: Khan Zuber , Mehan Sidharth , Maurya Pankaj Kumar , Kumar Aakash , Gupta Ghanshyam Das , Narula Acharan S , Kalfin Reni
Published: January 2025

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a debilitating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system
characterized by demyelination, is significantly influenced by polygenic variations. Although
the precise cause of MS remains unclear, it is believed to arise from a complex interplay of genetic
and environmental factors. Recent investigations have focused on the polygenic nature of genetic
alterations linked to MS risk. This review highlights the critical role of these genetic variants in
shaping disease susceptibility and progression. Specific Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles,
such as HLA-DRB1*15:01, HLA-DRB50*101, HLA-DR2+, HLA-DQ6, DQA 0102, and DQB1
0602, are implicated in immune modulation, significantly increasing the risk of developing MS.
Additionally, Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified non-HLA genetic
variants that contribute to MS susceptibility, including IL-2RA (rs2104286), IL-7R (rs6897932),
CD40 (rs1883832 T), CD58 (rs2300747), and others, each playing a role in immune regulation
and disease progression. Dysfunctions in genes regulating myelin integrity, such as MOG (Myelin
Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein), MAG (Myelin-associated Glycoprotein), and PLP1 (Proteolipid
Protein 1), further drive MS pathogenesis. Moreover, viral infections, notably Epstein-Barr Virus
(EBV), Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and measles virus, may exacerbate the development of
MS by triggering immune responses. Understanding the contribution of these genetic and viral factors
may shed light on the complex etiology of MS. Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) provide a valuable
tool for estimating MS susceptibility based on the cumulative effect of genetic variants. However,
translating these genetic insights into clinical practice requires further validation, including
environmental considerations. Investigating MS polygenicity could lead to personalized therapies,
enhancing diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, ultimately improving outcomes for MS patients.
Exploration of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Production Potential of Photosynthetic Microbes: A Sustainable Source of Bioplastic
Authors: Mirza Saima Shahzad , Yaseen Kanza , Aslam Sumaira , Fatima Ammara , Morowvat Mohammad Hossein , Ishaque Ayesha , Fatima Kalsoom
Published: January 2025

Introduction:

The present study examined Polyhydroxy butyrate production
(PHB) potential of different photosynthetic microbes such as Chlorella vulgaris,
Scenedesmus obliquus and Rhodobacter capsulatus-PK under different nutrient conditions.
Biodegradable bioplastics, such as Poly-β-hydroxybutyrates (PHB), derived from
these microbes provide a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based nondegradable
plastics.

Background:

As the demand for clean and sustainable alternatives rises, bio-plastic is
gaining attention as a viable substitute to conventional plastics. However, conventional
sources of bio-plastic production have inherent limitations, which can be effectively addressed
through the utilization of photosynthetic microbes e.g. microalgae, purple non
sulphur bacteria.

Methodology:

The production of bioplastic was evaluated by cultivating the microalgae
in BG-11, BBM and PNSB in synthetic growth media (MI, MII) with different nitrogen
concentrations of 0%, 50% and 100%. The biopolymer (PHB) was obtained from all experiments
in a wide range of concentration (7-42.8%) of dry cell weight (DCW).

Results:

In this study, algal isolate SK1 demonstrated the highest PHB content (42.8%)
in BBM under 100% nitrogen starvations rendering the bioplastic exceptionally compatible
and suitable for eco-friendly applications. Additionally, various patents cited by different
authors on different aspects of microbial bioplastic production.

Conclusion:

Nutrition depletion such as nitrogen scarcity induced stressful growth conditions
that resulted in highest accumulation of the biopolymer PHB. Optimizing nitrogen
availability is key to maximizing PHB production, making it a viable sustainable alternative
to conventional plastics.
Examining the Relationship Between Psychological Hardiness and Fear of Death among Nurses Working in Intensive Care and Emergency Wards
Authors: Honarmandfard Sanaz , Tabiee Shahnaz , Dastjerdi Reza , Vagharseyyedin Seyyed Abolfazl
Published: January 2025

Background

Psychological hardiness positively impacts the nursing profession by improving nurses' overall well-being and enhancing their ability to cope with existential challenges in patient care, such as the fear of death.

Aim

This study aimed to determine the relationship between psychological hardiness and fear of death in nurses working in intensive care and emergency departments.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted through a census method involving 370 nurses employed in intensive care and emergency departments of hospitals in Birjand City in 2024. Data were collected using the Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire and the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

The mean scores for psychological hardiness and fear of death among the studied nurses were 46.81 ± 6.60 and 84.42 ± 12.09, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between psychological hardiness and fear of death overall and across its components in nurses (p < 0.001). Significant relationships were observed between psychological hardiness and variables such as gender, marital status, department of service, age, work experience, and the number of patients cared for per shift (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between gender, department of service, the number of patients cared for at the end of life, direct participation in resuscitation efforts, and the observation of patient deaths with fear of death in nurses (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Enhancing psychological hardiness in nurses may help them better cope with the emotions and fears associated with their work. Educational and supportive programs to strengthen nurses' psychological hardiness are recommended.
Overview of Amidohydrolase: Structure, Activity, and Application in Pesticide Degradation
Authors: Sun Shengwei
Published: January 2025

Amidohydrolases have long been known as a class of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis
of amide or ester functional groups in a broad range of substrates. They typically adopt
the (β/α)8-barrel structural folds, with metal cofactors in the active site, facilitating diverse hydrolytic
and nonhydrolytic reactions. So far, the amidohydrolase superfamily has grown into one of
the largest enzyme families with tens of thousands of members. The identification and application
of amidohydrolases in the biodegradation of environmental pollutants, such as pesticides, have
been extensively reported. In these cases, this article aims to present a systematic review of its
classification, structure, and hydrolytic activities. The review describes the critical roles of amidohydrolases
in the biodegradation of pesticides, such as amide herbicides. It further highlights the
microbial metagenome could serve as an important source of novel amidohydrolases. Several major
challenges of amidohydrolases during the identification and application processes are also discussed.
Enhancing Visible Spectrum Iris Recognition Through Transformer Network Attention Mechanisms
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Kumar Deepak , Gupta Ganesh
Published: January 2025

Introduction:

Visible spectrum iris recognition is an essential component of biometric
identification systems since it offers robust security measures. This approach makes use of Transformer
Networks, which are well-known for their powerful attention mechanisms.

Methods:

In this study, the novel AHE-TAM method proposed for iris recognition in the visible
spectrum was presented, and the application of Transformer Networks was investigated. When
compared to earlier methods, AHE-TAM offers significant improvements in terms of precision,
safety, and efficiency of computing. Through the utilization of attention mechanisms, the model
can adapt to intricate details on the fly, thereby surpassing the performance of AHE-CNN, AHETransformerNet,
and AHE-AM by an impressive margin of 1% on average. AHE-TAM also has
improved security because it reduces the average FAR by 8% and the FRR by 7%.

Results:

This results in a lower overall risk. ROC AUC values have improved by 4%, which is a
significant improvement that highlights the improved discriminatory power. Conclusion: The use
of AHE-TAM results in a reduction of the computational processing times by an average of 13%.
Niosomes: A Comprehensive Review of Their Potential as Drug Carriers
Authors: Kyadalwar Shweta , Syed Shoaeb Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Nanomaterials for medication delivery have attracted interest owing to their potential
for on-target delivery to infected areas while sparing healthy tissue. The aim of the current review
was to explore the factors that make niosomes a superior drug delivery system compared to other
methods. The study was conducted using the databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Springer and
others in order to set up the required research articles based on the keyword as niosomes. The articles
that were relevant to the topic and in English were included in the study. Niosomes differ
from liposomes because they are non-ionic spherical surfactants with advantages such as they are
less poisonous, less prohibitive to access, non–toxic and comparatively much more stable. Niosomes
range from 20-1000 nm; however, they can be classified as nanoparticles or/and nanostructures.
Another property attributed to niosomes is their ability to entrap and release both polar and
non-polar active compounds with equal effectiveness. For a drug to work, it needs to reach the
right place in the body and attach to its target. This allows the drug to have its intended effect. Niosomes
can best be described as a potential drug carrier system because well-formulated niosomes
can target drugs to specific locations of the body without much harm. This approach minimises
the effects that may arise from the drug interacting with other sites or getting into the systemic circulation
in the wrong manner. Hence, there is hope for the future advancement in drug delivery
systems using niosomes, distinguishing it from conventional techniques. The potential to encapsulate
and deliver hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs and the capacity of target delivery make
them suitable for a number of therapeutic uses. Therefore, with advancement in the research, more
extensive applications of niosomes can be visualized in the formulation of advanced drug delivery
systems with lesser side effects.
Corrigendum To: PIWIL1 Promotes Malignant Progression of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Inducing EVA1A Expression
Authors: Liu Lianyong , Wu Fengying , Zhang Xiaoying , Li Xiangqi
Published: January 2025

In the article titled "PIWIL1 Promotes Malignant Progression of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Inducing
EVA1A Expression" published in Current Cancer Drug Targets, Volume 24, No. 2, 2024, pp. 192-203, the
authors have identified errors in Figures 6 (E, F) and 7 (E, F). They request corrections to these figures to
ensure accuracy in the representation of their findings.

We regret the error and apologize to readers.

The original article can be found online at: https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/132737
PENGARUH LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI BATIK TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI LOJI DI PEKALONGAN
Authors: Safamaura Regina Safrida , Afany Miseri Roeslan
Published: January 2025

Waste is one of the materials that can pollute the river. Most waste is disposed of into the river so that it will cause pollution in the river. The problem of river pollution, one of which occurs in the Loji River located in Pekalongan City, which still discharges a lot of batik waste carelessly into rivers and waterways. The research was conducted in Loji River, Pekalongan City. The purpose of this study was to determine the water quality and level of water pollution in the Loji River Pekalongan due to batik industry waste. The determination of location used survey method. The sampling method was purposive sampling based on land use activities and ease of access to water collection, which was divided into three segments, namely segment I, segment II, segment III. In each segment, two sample points were taken. Water quality was determined based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 according to river water quality standards. The level of water pollution was determined by the Pollution Index (IP) method. The results showed that based on the parameters that had been tested, the water quality of the Loji River no longer met the class II water quality standards. The level of water pollution in Loji River was categorized as lightly polluted based on the pollution index. The lowest Loji River water pollution index value was 0.731 which was in the good category and the highest value was 1.725 which was in the lightly polluted category.
AUTOMATIC PALM COUNTING DENGAN METODE TEMPLATE MATCHING (STUDI KASUS DI UNIVERSITAS SAMUDRA)
Authors: Agusman  , Iswahyudi  , Saputra Iwan
Published: January 2025

The oil palm land donated to Universitas Samudra is planned for the development of the campus area, including the construction of a number of buildings and supporting facilities. However, the process of identifying and mapping oil palm plants has been done manually, which is time-consuming, inefficient, and prone to errors. This problem underscores the need for faster and more accurate methods to support spatial data-based planning. This study aimed to calculate the number of oil palm plants in 2022 and 2023 at the University of Samudra using the template matching method with eCognition Developer software, as well as evaluate the accuracy of automatic detection results based on aerial images obtained using drones. The research was carried out using survey methods and descriptive analysis, involving primary data in the form of aerial imagery and field validation, as well as secondary data from the map of the oil palm plantation area of Samudra University. The results of the study show that the number of oil palm plants in 2022 based on automatic calculations was 2,060 trees, while the results of manual validation showed the actual number of 2,169 trees with a difference of 109 trees. In 2023, the automatic calculation detected 1,932 trees, while the actual number was 2,030 trees, with a difference of 98 trees. The accuracy level of automatic calculations in 2022 had an average accuracy of 98.56%, recall of 94.05%, and F1-score of 95.63%, higher than in 2023 with precision of 97.41%, recall of 92.73%, and F1-score of 94.98%. Then the template matching method is effectively used for oil palm tree detection and can support the planning of campus area development efficiently. The use of this technology is expected to be a model that can be implemented in various other educational institutions.
EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS KOMODITAS SAYURAN (STUDI KASUS: KENTANG)
Authors: Ahmad Sajidan Wildan , Mardiyah Siti Isnaini , Wiwoho Bagus Setiabudi
Published: January 2025

The increasing demand for land has resulted in the reduction of potential agricultural land. Land suitability evaluation is an effort that can be made to determine the capacity of land for a particular commodity or crop development through various standardized land use requirements. East Java as a region that supplies vegetable commodities on a national scale still requires various efforts to optimize land use. This research aimed to identify areas that have potential land for cultivating potatoes. This identification was carried out using remote sensing which was then cross-checked with actual potato production data from each region in East Java Province. Based on data processing that had been carried out, in general, East Java is dominated by areas with land suitability classes in class N (not suitable), S3 (marginally suitable), and S2 (quite suitable). Lowland areas are dominated by class N (not suitable) because the land characteristics do not meet the requirements for growing potato plants. Meanwhile, the S3 and S2 classes are spread across the highlands with land units that meet the requirements and characteristics of land for cultivating potatoes. Efforts for classification, conservation, and so on become a unity to optimize and increase potato production in each region.