bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrospun electroactive nanofibers of gelatin‐oligoaniline/Poly (vinyl alcohol) templates for architecting of cardiac tissue with on‐demand drug release
Authors: Shojaie Shahrokh , Rostamian Mostafa , Samadi Ali , Alvani Mohammad Amin Sabbagh , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Goodarzi Vahabodin , Zarrintaj Roya , Servatan Morteza , Asefnejad Azadeh , Baheiraei Nafiseh , Saeb Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2019

In this study, grafted gelatin with oligoaniline (GelOA) was synthesized and then mixed with Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Several scaffolds with different ratio of PVA/GelOA were electrospun to fabricate electroactive scaffolds. GelOA was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); moreover, nanofiber properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. Nanofibers diameter was decreased with aniline oligomer increment form 300 to 150 nm because of the hydrophobic nature of the aniline oligomer. Aniline oligomer electroactivity was studied using cyclic voltammetry, which exhibited two redox peaks at 0.4 and 0.6. Moreover, aniline oligomer enhancement resulted in melting point increasing from 220°C to 230°C because of the crystallinity increment. To assess the biocompatibility of nanofibers, cell viability and cell adhesion were tracked using mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs). It was revealed that the presence of aniline oligomer leads to enhancing the conductivity, thermal properties and lowering the degradation rate and drug release. Among of different scaffolds, sample with high content of GelOA shows better behavior in physical and biological properties. Accumulative drug releases under applied electrical field at 40 minutes showed that the drug release for stimulated condition is about 33% more than the unapplied electrical field one.
2018 year in review: Part 2 of 4: Neonatal lung disease
Authors: Auten Richard L.
Published: February 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology publishes original research, reviews and case reports related to a wide range of children's respiratory disorders. This review (Part 2 of a 4‐part series) summarizes the past year's publications in the topic area of neonatal lung diseases, in the context of selected literature from other journals relevant to the discipline.
Pharmacokinetic stability of macrocyclic peptide triazole HIV‐1 inactivators alone and in liposomes
Authors: Aneja Rachna , Grigoletto Antonella , Nangarlia Aakansha , Rashad Adel A. , Wrenn Steven , Jacobson Jeffrey M. , Pasut Gianfranco , Chaiken Irwin
Published: February 2019

Previously, we reported the discovery of macrocyclic peptide triazoles (cPTs) that bind to HIV‐1 Env gp120, inhibit virus cell infection with nanomolar potencies, and cause irreversible virion inactivation. Given the appealing virus‐killing activity of cPTs and resistance to protease cleavage observed in vitro, we here investigated in vivo pharmacokinetics of the cPT AAR029b. AAR029b was investigated both alone and encapsulated in a PEGylated liposome formulation that was designed to slowly release inhibitor. Pharmacokinetic analysis in rats showed that the half‐life of FITC‐AAR029b was substantial both alone and liposome‐encapsulated, 2.92 and 8.87 hours, respectively. Importantly, liposome‐encapsulated FITC‐AAR029b exhibited a 15‐fold reduced clearance rate from serum compared with the free FITC‐cPT. This work thus demonstrated both the in vivo stability of cPT alone and the extent of pharmacokinetic enhancement via liposome encapsulation. The results obtained open the way to further develop cPTs as long‐acting HIV‐1 inactivators against HIV‐1 infection.
Dynamic Piezoelectric Properties of PZT‐5H Under Shock Compression
Authors: Wang Ruizhi , Tang Enling , Yang Guolai
Published: February 2019

PZT‐5H piezoelectric ceramic has been recommended for instrument applications for many years. Their dynamic piezoelectric properties under shock compression are worthy of attention in various applications. In order to study the dynamic piezoelectric characteristics of PZT‐5H under impact compression, the impact compression experiments are carried out about the PZT‐5H samples with different thickness by using SHPB as loading system, the impact pressure and the electrical output measurement systems are designed by the authors. Through the impact experiments, discharge voltage and stress are measured to explore the relationship between the axial dynamic piezoelectric voltage constant and the stress pulse. The results indicate that whether quasi‐static or dynamic, the PZT‐5H has a yield stress of approximately 150 MPa. The axial piezoelectric voltage constant of PZT‐5H under shock compression is not a constant but a function of stress, even in the elastic region. In the elastic region, the relationship between the axial piezoelectric voltage constant and the stress is exponentially distributed, while in the plastic region it is linearly distributed. The plastic deformation of the material under stress causes the axial piezoelectric voltage constant of PZT‐5H to decrease continuously. Due to the ferroelectricity of PZT‐5H, the discharge voltage increases inversely after the stress unloading.
Bridge‐ and Double‐Bonded O and NH on Fully OH‐ and NH2‐Terminated Silicon Nanocrystals: Ground and Excited State Properties
Authors: König Dirk , Yao Yao , Smith Sean
Published: February 2019

The authors model fully hydroxyl‐ (OH‐) and amino‐ (NH2‐) terminated silicon nanocrystals (Si‐NCs) by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT), and replace OH or NH2 groups by respective double‐ (=) or bridge‐bonded (>) groups  >/ = O or >/ = NH. Investigating ground state (GS) gaps and interface charge transfers (ICTs) from Si‐NCs to anion groups, the authors show the impact of >/ = O and >/ = NH. Excited state (ES) calculations yielded transition energies Etrans, oscillator strengths fosc and transition rates . The exciton binding energy R* increases with ICT modulation in particular for >/ = O. Increase of is high for =O and comparatively low for >O which correlates with increased (decreased) ionisation of =O (>O), as compared to nominal OH termination. Findings are also met by >/=NH on Si‐NCs, though the authors find the results there to be less apparent which is arguably originating from the specific anionic nature of N. As a result, Si‐NCs with >O and in particular =O bonds show significantly increased optical activity, but also higher R* values. The latter hampers exciton dissociation, hence carrier transport, and results in an increased redshift in photoluminescence (PL). These statements apply also to Si3N4‐embedded Si‐NCs, though the differences there are less articulate.
Beyond the Generalized Kadanoff–Baym Ansatz
Authors: Kalvová Anděla , Velický Bedřich , Špička Václav
Published: February 2019

The study of electron transport is easier if the Kadanoff–Baym equations (KBE) are simplified using the Generalized Kadanoff–Baym Ansatz (GKBA). For molecular bridges, GKBA is empirically known to safely work for weak and flat tunneling functions. It fails, if either of the conditions is not satisfied. The case in point is a molecular bridge formed by an Anderson type local center treated in the mean field and linked by tunneling junctions to two ferromagnetic electrodes whose tunneling functions simulate nickel with complex sd structure. Transient magnetic currents under a constant galvanic bias between electrodes are invoked by sudden switching on of both junctions. We consider three tasks: To establish quantitative criteria for the validity of the Ansatz; to develop a practically tractable correction to the Ansatz working beyond its validity range; to obtain Generalized Master Equations (GMEs) for the one‐electron distribution following from both GKBA and its corrected form avoiding thus KBE. All three points are resolved by treating first the stationary (non‐equilibrium) limit and transferring the results to finite times. The corrections to the Ansatz are obtained as a stationary approximation to the vertex part of the exact reconstruction equations whose free term is the standard GKBA.
Persistent focal pulmonary opacity elucidated by transbronchial cryobiopsy: a case for larger biopsies
Authors: Pannu Jasleen Kaur , Rickman Otis Bryant , Lentz Robert James , Johnson Joyce Evelyn , Maldonado Fabien
Published: February 2019

Persistent pulmonary opacities associated with respiratory symptoms that progress despite medical treatment present a diagnostic dilemma for pulmonologists. We describe the case of a 37‐year‐old woman presenting with progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and weight loss over six months with a progressively worsening right basilar infiltrate on chest imaging in spite of antibacterial therapy. Transbronchial cryobiopsy was used to establish the diagnosis after a bronchoscopy with traditional forceps biopsies was non‐diagnostic. This case demonstrates the value of cryobiopsy as a second‐line strategy for pulmonary infiltrates when aetiology remains unclear after less invasive testing.
Multinational Energy Justice for Managing Multinational Risks: A Case Study of Nuclear Waste Repositories
Authors: Jenkins Kirsten E. H. , Taebi Behnam
Published: February 2019

This paper investigates the viability of Energy Justice as a framework to assist the governance of multinational risk. Positioned between local and universal scales, it advocates for the approach of multinational energy justice as a means of considering justice manifestations either between neighboring countries, or between geographically isolated countries that share common energy concerns or systems. Specifically, it focuses on how to govern the risk of nuclear waste in a multinational fashion, and questions the extent to which this approach could offer a useful account to help understand the justice issues multinational repositories give rise to. We present a content analysis of 10‐years’ worth of policy reports on nuclear waste repositories (2006–16), including 25 full‐length reports documents relating to the Government of South Australia's now abandoned repository proposal. Following a discussion around the merit of energy justice approaches in relation of transboundary issues of justice, intergenerational justice and the role conflicting justice demands across time and space, we present three areas for further consideration: (i) We call for greater attention to issues of spatial conflict; (ii) further reflect on temporal justice conflict and its integration into energy justice frameworks; and (iii) reflect upon multinational responsibility for energy justice.
Ultrasound and Nano‐Catalysts: An Ideal and Sustainable Combination to Carry out Diverse Organic Transformations
Authors: Banerjee Bubun
Published: February 2019

The nano‐sized catalysts are more effective than the traditional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts in bulk state. On the other hand, ultrasound‐assisted strategy offers several advantages such as higher reaction rates, better yields, cost effective, environmentally benign as compared to traditional methods. Therefore, a fruitful combination of nano‐catalyst and ultrasound is one of the effective tools to carry out diverse organic transformations. The present review deals with the latest developments on various nano‐particles catalyzed organic synthesis under the influence of ultrasonic irradiation.
Selectfluor‐promoted Synthesis of 2,4‐ and 2,6‐Diarylpyridines Through Annulation of Aromatic Ketones with an Ammonium Source in DMF
Authors: Chen Jing , Ding Yuxin , Gao Yejun , Zhou Dongheng , Hider Robert , Ma Dr Yongmin
Published: February 2019

An efficient one‐pot four‐component condensation and cyclization of ketones with DMF and ammonium acetate for the synthesis of 2,4‐diarylsubstituted pyridines promoted by Selectfluor has been achieved. Symmetrical pyridines were obtained selectively when non‐methyl ketones were used as the starting materials. Two C−C and C−N bonds are formed during the oxidative cyclization process.
Investigation on Template Etching Process of SBA‐15 Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbon on Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Duraisamy Velu , Selvakumar Karuppiah , Krishnan Rajasekar , Kumar Sakkarapalayam Murugesan Senthil
Published: February 2019

Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) is a promising material for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells owing to its high surface area and more number of catalytic active sites. Herein, OMC was synthesized by hard template method, i. e., nanocasting of sacrificial silica template (SBA‐15) and then the sacrificial template was abolished using three different etching chemicals namely, hydrofluoric acid (HF), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) respectively, in order to study the etching effect. The etched OMCs derived from the SBA‐15 template was confirmed by various characterization techniques. In OMC, the porous nature, surface morphology and defect density changes with respect to etching chemicals were evidently determined. From the electrochemical studies, it has been concluded that the NaOH etched OMC showed higher electrocatalytic activity than others by exhibiting more positive onset (0.83 V), half‐wave potential (0.75 V), high current density (3.3 mA/cm2), Tafel slope (83 mV/dec) and n‐value (2.4). Eventually, the electrochemical impedance study (EIS) was performed to determine the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of various etched OMCs and has been found that NaOH etched OMC shows the lowest Rct value due to the presence of more defective sites and result in enhancing oxygen adsorption during ORR.
Eco‐Friendly, High‐Loading Luminescent Solar Concentrators with Concurrently Enhanced Optical Density and Quantum Yields While Without Sacrificing Edge‐Emission Efficiency
Authors: Huang Hsiu‐Ying , Cai Kun‐Bin , Sie Yun‐Rong , Li Kai , Yeh Jui‐Ming , Yuan Chi‐Tsu
Published: February 2019

A luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) consists of loaded luminophores and a waveguide that can concentrate direct and diffuse sunlight, which is a crucial ingredient for developing solar glasses. In general, the loading concentration in LSCs is strongly restricted (typically <1 wt.%) to mitigate concentration‐induced quenching (CIQ), reabsorption losses, and aggregation‐induced scattering (AIS). However, this will induce transmission losses in particular for thin‐film LSCs. To address all aforementioned issues, large‐Stoke‐shift LSCs with different loadings are simply prepared based on thiolated gold nanoclusters (GSH‐AuNCs) dispersed in the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix. In contrast to conventional luminophores with a severe CIQ effect, photoluminescence quantum yields (PL‐QYs) can be significantly enhanced up to ≈25% (from 0.5 to 1%) even under high loading of ≈26 wt.%. Such PL‐QY enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effects of the suppression of non‐radiative relaxation and enhancement of radiative decay processes due to surface ligand‐matrix coordination. In addition, our high‐loading LSCs also exhibit excellent optical quality and film uniformity without introducing noticeable AIS effects. Thanks to those unique properties, eco‐friendly LSCs with high optical density can still hold a high edge‐emission efficiency of ≈70% due to minimal reabsorption and scattering losses, yielding an external quantum efficiency of ≈15% at the wavelength of 400 nm.
Highly Purified Human Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Stem Cells Alleviate Aging Cellular Phenotypes of Senescent Human Cells
Authors: Liu Senquan , Mahairaki Vasiliki , Bai Hao , Ding Zheng , Li Jiaxin , Witwer Kenneth W. , Cheng Linzhao
Published: February 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, mediate intercellular communications and exert various biological activities via delivering unique cargos of functional molecules such as RNAs and proteins to recipient cells. Previous studies showed that EVs produced and secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can substitute intact MSCs for tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we examined properties and functions of EVs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can be cultured infinitely under a chemically defined medium free of any exogenous EVs. We collected and purified EVs secreted by human iPSCs and MSCs. Purified EVs produced by both stem cell types have similar sizes (∼150 nm in diameter), but human iPSCs produced 16-fold more EVs than MSCs. When highly purified iPSC-EVs were applied in culture to senescent MSCs that have elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), human iPSC-EVs reduced cellular ROS levels and alleviated aging phenotypes of senescent MSCs. Our discovery reveals that EVs from human stem cells can alleviate cellular aging in culture, at least in part by delivering intracellular peroxiredoxin antioxidant enzymes. Stem Cells  2019;37:779–790
Advancing transformative sustainability: A comparative analysis of electricity service and supply innovators in the United States
Authors: Taminiau Job , Banks John P. , Bleviss Deborah , Byrne John
Published: February 2019

The electricity sector is undergoing rapid and dramatic change. The momentum of sustainable energy technologies and business model innovation is giving rise to a “polycentric” framework of policy innovation and action organized by institutions that support customer choice and give customers the means to become electricity generators and service providers in their own right. These local experiments will have to deliver transformative change, flexibly address the electricity sector's legacy of political and administrative complexity, achieve scale and financial sustainability, and enable greater and wider stakeholder participation and choice. This article reviews the evidence to date of the importance of these experiments and examines three innovators—municipal utilities, community choice aggregators, and the sustainable energy utility—to gauge the capacity of pioneers to address climate‐driven and other challenges in the electricity market.

This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy

Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure
Integrated distribution system and urban district planning with high renewable penetrations
Authors: Doubleday Kate , Hafiz Faeza , Parker Andrew , Elgindy Tarek , Florita Anthony , Henze Gregor , Salvalai Graziano , Pless Shanti , Hodge Bri‐Mathias
Published: February 2019

Recent efforts to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in the development of sustainable, smart districts with highly energy efficient buildings, renewable distributed energy resources (DERs), and support for alternative modes of transportation. However, there is typically little if any coordination between the district developers and the local utility. Most attention is paid to the district's annual net load and generation without considering their instantaneous imbalance or the connecting network's state. This presents an opportunity to learn lessons from the design of distribution feeders for districts characterized by low loads and high penetrations of DERs that can be applied to the distribution grid at large. The aim of this overview is to summarize current practices in sustainable district planning as well as advances in modeling and design tools for incorporating the power distribution system into the district planning process. Recent developments in the modeling and optimization of district power systems, including their coordination with multi‐energy systems and the impact of high penetration levels of renewable energy, are introduced. Sustainable districts in England and Japan are reviewed as case studies to illustrate the extent to which distribution system planning has been considered in practice. Finally, newly developed building‐to‐grid modeling tools that can facilitate coordinated district and power system design with utility involvement are introduced, along with suggestions for future research directions.

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Policy and Planning > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure
Effects of underburning on habitat use of mule deer during migration
Authors: Eckrich Carolyn A. , Coe Priscilla K. , Nielson Ryan M. , Clark Darren A. , Johnson Bruce K.
Published: February 2019

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) populations have been declining throughout their range and deteriorating habitat conditions are likely one cause of these declines. Reductions in food and cover availability along traditional routes may especially influence habitat use during migration by mule deer. Forest management practices such as underburning, the practice of using low‐severity fires to reduce fuel loads, are often assumed to be beneficial to deer through enhancement of forage quality and quantity. However, these practices may be detrimental to mule deer through decreases in food and cover availability. Currently, little is known about the effects of underburning on habitat use by mule deer during migration. We analyzed Global Positioning System tracking data from 187 adult female mule deer in central Oregon, USA, from 2005 to 2012 in relation to 243 areas that were underburned between 1977 and 2009 to assess effects of underburning on habitat use during seasonal migrations. During spring migration, mule deer decreased use of recently underburned (i.e., ≤7 years‐since‐burned) areas compared with pretreatment use. There was not a difference in use of recently underburned areas before and after treatment during autumn migration. In spring, the proportion of used underburned areas declined postburn without recovering to preburn levels up to 20 years after treatment. The proportion of underburned areas used in autumn was much more variable, with use of postburn areas fluctuating above the preburn mean but never reaching the preburn maximum. We contend that reductions in forage and cover availability from underburning may negatively affect migrating mule deer, especially during spring. Thus, efforts should be taken to minimize burning large, continuous areas along migration routes and avoid burning adjacent areas during the same year to maintain a diverse mosaic of understory age classes, which will allow deer to make habitat use choices during migration. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
A comparison of three methods to evaluate otter latrine activity
Authors: Rivera Nelda A. , Totoni Samantha , Monick Kathryn , Tian Ting , Green Michelle L. , Novakofski Jan , Mateus‐Pinilla Nohra E.
Published: February 2019

We compared methods commonly used in the field of river otter (Lontra canadensis) ecology to estimate visitation rates. We evaluated visitation rates estimated from 2 survey protocols based on video detection—individual visitation rate (IVR) and recording visitation rate (RVR)—and one indirect method based on scat detection—scat visitation rate (SVR). From August 2011 through August 2012, overall scat detection and cumulative video data from 403 camera‐days in 2 latrine sites (River and Pond, at a study site adjacent to the Salt Fork of the Vermilion River near Fairmount, Illinois, USA) located <50 m apart did not reveal monthly or seasonal differences between SVR and video detection methods. We identified positive correlations among the 3 visitation rates and differences between overall IVR and RVR. All 3 methods resulted in peak visitation rates during winter. However, when these data were stratified by latrine site, we found both positive and negative correlations at the River latrine. Our work supports that SVR, IVR, and RVR are valuable methods to estimate otter visitation rates at latrine sites. However, it is clear that even within such a short distance between these 2 latrines, these methods detected differences in site utilization. The significant positive correlation observed between IVR and RVR (overall and by latrine site) suggests these methods can be used interchangeably. Otter detection using SVR may serve as a complementary assessment tool for IVR and RVR. To optimize cross‐study comparisons and interpretation of results, future studies should detail the type of otter detection and visitation rate used, how variables are measured, formulas used in the calculation of the visitation rates, and detailed descriptions of scat counting efforts when using scat as a tool to evaluate otter visitation rates. © 2019 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indirect costs of sheep depredation by large carnivores in Sweden
Authors: Widman Marit , Steen Margareta , Elofsson Katarina
Published: February 2019

Carnivore depredation gives rise to direct costs for killed and injured animals as well as indirect costs due to productivity losses and additional labor requirements. Our aim was to investigate indirect costs to sheep farmers in Sweden due to carnivore depredation and presence. We estimated these costs using survey data describing conditions in 2013. Reproduction and time spent on fence maintenance and taking care of animals were analyzed to isolate effects of carnivore exposure from other factors that affect these variables. Results indicate that both high carnivore densities and attacks are associated with comparatively lower sheep reproduction. Farmers who experienced an attack spent much more on labor for maintaining fences, searching for lost animals, and bringing the animals in for the night. Results suggest that the indirect cost per adult female sheep is EUR23 for nonattacked herds in areas with high carnivore densities; EUR71 in herds that were attacked and where sheep are kept on fenced grazing land; and EUR100 on attacked summer‐pasture farms, where free‐range grazing is applied. A flat rate compensation per adult female sheep, differentiated between herds in areas with high carnivore density that have not been attacked and herds that have been attacked could be used to compensate sheep farmers for these costs. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Estimating abundance of a cryptic social carnivore using spatially explicit capture–recapture
Authors: Roffler Gretchen H. , Waite Jason N. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Zarn Katherine E. , Schwartz Michael K.
Published: February 2019

Estimating population abundance of wolves (Canis lupus) in densely forested landscapes is challenging because reduced visibility lowers the success of methods such as aerial surveys and enumeration of group size using radiotelemetry. However, regular population estimates of wolves are necessary for population monitoring and sustainable management. We used noninvasive hair snaring and spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) to estimate wolf abundance on Prince of Wales Island (POW), Alaska, USA, during 2012–2015. We monitored 36–82 hair‐snare stations weekly for 9–11 weeks during autumn. The noninvasive study area covered 1,683 km2 during 2012–2013 and was expanded to 3,281 km2 during 2014–2015. We identified 57 individual wolves during the study period using DNA from hair follicles genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. We used population density estimates using SECR (2013: 24.5 wolves/1,000 km2 [95% CI = 14.4–41.9 wolves/1,000 km2], 2014: 9.9 wolves/1,000 km2 [95% CI = 5.5–17.7/1,000 km2], 2015: 11.9 wolves/1,000 km2 [95% CI = 7.7–18.5 wolves/1,000 km2]) to predict the autumn population for the POW management unit (2013: 221.1 wolves [95% CI = 130–378]; 2014: 89.1 wolves [95% CI = 49.8–159.4]; 2015: 107.5 wolves [95% CI = 69–167]). We detected and redetected more wolves and increased the precision of the density estimate after increasing the hair sampling intensity and sampling area in 2014–2015. Our results demonstrate that estimating wolf abundance using noninvasive sampling and SECR was feasible and reliably applied producing a statistically robust population estimate for monitoring wolf populations in densely forested areas. These methods have promise for application to widely ranging carnivores at population‐level scales and may be especially useful when regular density estimates are necessary for management and conservation. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks
Authors: Schulz John H. , Wilhelm Stanis Sonja A. , Webb Elisabeth B. , Li Christine Jie , Hall Damon M.
Published: February 2019

Although lead poisoning in North American waterfowl has been reduced, it persists among other wildlife. To address this issue, we review lead poisoning in wildlife and threats to human health, describe the recent socio‐political landscape, and develop a framework for reducing lead exposure related to hunting ammunition and fishing tackle. Despite substantial information about lead poisoning in wildlife, an explicit and strategic plan for using existing information to develop an effective communication program is lacking. Local and regional efforts encouraging hunters and anglers to voluntarily use nonlead alternatives could benefit from a nationally coordinated and strategic focus. We propose that the diffusion of innovation theory provides a useful framework for developing and implementing voluntary nonlead hunting ammunition and fishing tackle programs. Further, it can help communicators refine messages, increase efficiencies in developing communication materials, and monitor adoption of nonlead alternatives. The initial step in this process, however, is to engage stakeholders about the importance of the issue and leverage that concern as a catalyst for positive change. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
An efficient method of analysis of heat transfer during plane strain upsetting of a viscoplastic strip
Authors: Alexandrov Sergei , Miszuris Wiktoria , Lang Lihui
Published: February 2019

A solution for the transient heat transfer during plane strain upsetting of a viscoplastic strip has been developed using a Lagrangian coordinate system and the Green's function available in the literature. A general approximate solution for stress and velocity found elsewhere has been used. In contrast to conventional viscoplastic models adopted in theoretical analyses of metal forming processes, the model considered in the present paper includes a saturation stress. This model used in the conjunction with the maximum friction law predicts the localization of plastic deformation in the vicinity of the friction surface. In turn, localized plastic deformation and temperature are responsible for the generation of a very narrow layer with drastically modified microstructure near the friction surface. The appearance of such layers is reported in numerous experimental works.
Shift symmetries in (anti) de Sitter space
Authors: Bonifacio James , Hinterbichler Kurt , Joyce Austin , Rosen Rachel A.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We construct a class of extended shift symmetries for fields of all integer spins in de Sitter (dS) and anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. These generalize the shift symmetry, galileon symmetry, and special galileon symmetry of massless scalars in flat space to all symmetric tensor fields in (A)dS space. These symmetries are parametrized by generalized Killing tensors and exist for fields with particular discrete masses corresponding to the longitudinal modes of massive fields in partially massless limits. We construct interactions for scalars that preserve these shift symmetries, including an extension of the special galileon to (A)dS space, and discuss possible generalizations to interacting massive higher-spin particles.
Correction to: Strengthening Surgery Strengthens Health Systems: A New Paradigm and Potential Pathway for Horizontal Development in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Christie S. Ariane , Nwomeh Benedict C. , Krishnaswami Sanjay , Yang George P. , Holterman Ai‐Xuan L. , Charles Anthony , Jayaraman Sudha , Jawa Randeep S. , Rickard Jennifer , Swaroop Mamta , Sifri Ziad C. , Etoundi Mballa Georges Alain , Monono Martin Ekeke , Chichom Mefire Alain , Juillard Catherine
Published: February 2019

In the original article, Ziad C. Sifri’s first and last names were interchanged. It is correct as reflected here.
Development of an autotrophic fermentation technique for the production of fatty acids using an engineered Ralstonia eutropha cell factory
Authors: Li Zhongkang , Xiong Bin , Liu Li , Li Siwei , Xin Xiuqing , Li Zhi , Zhang Xueli , Bi ChangHao
Published: February 2019

Massive emission of CO2 into atmosphere from consumption of carbon deposit is causing climate change. Researchers have applied metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques for improving CO2 fixation efficiency in many species. One solution might be the utilization of autotrophic bacteria, which have great potential to be engineered into microbial cell factories for CO2 fixation and the production of chemicals, independent of fossil resources. In this work, several pathways of Ralstonia eutropha H16 were modulated by manipulation of heterologous and endogenous genes related to fatty acid synthesis. The resulting strain B2(pCT, pFP) was able to produce 124.48 mg/g (cell dry weight) free fatty acids with fructose as carbon source, a fourfold increase over the parent strain H16. To develop a truly autotrophic fermentation technique with H2, CO2 and O2 as substrates, we assembled a relatively safe, continuous, lab-scale gas fermentation system using micro-fermentation tanks, H2 supplied by a hydrogen generator, and keeping the H2 to O2 ratio at 7:1. The system was equipped with a H2 gas alarm, rid of heat sources and placed into a fume hood to further improve the safety. With this system, the best strain B2(pCT, pFP) produced 60.64 mg free fatty acids per g biomass within 48 h, growing in minimal medium supplemented with 9 × 103 mL/L/h hydrogen gas. Thus, an autotrophic fermentation technique to produce fatty acids was successfully established, which might inspire further research on autotrophic gas fermentation with a safe, lab-scale setup, and provides an alternative solution for environmental and energy problems.
Hedging weather risk and coordinating supply chains
Authors: Brusset Xavier , Bertrand Jean‐Louis
Published: February 2019

The sales of many products can be influenced by weather conditions, positively or negatively. For the manufacturers in question, one of their entrepreneurial risks is to incur lower than expected sales because of adverse weather conditions. The variability of weather conditions is expected to continue to rise because of climate change. Manufacturers can choose to do nothing and suffer the financial consequences, or transfer the weather risk partly or wholly to others. This paper presents an approach to transfer weather risks to risk takers and reduce sales volatility using weather index‐based financial instruments. In our approach, the risk of adverse weather conditions is calculated on the basis of adverse conditions observed in the past. We do not use forecasts of weather conditions. We illustrate our action design with case studies of three companies: a company manufacturing automotive replacement parts, a clothing company and a company producing of sunscreen products. We demonstrate its efficiency in reducing cash‐flow uncertainty and potential losses caused by adverse weather, and in influencing sales to the next tier.
Experimental investigation of the flow structures over a 40° swept wing
Authors: Zhang S. , Jaworski A. J. , McParlin S. C. , Turner J. T.
Published: February 2019

Flow over a moderately swept wing is characterised by complex localised flow vortex topologies such as ‘closed’ separation bubbles or ‘open’ separation structures. A model of a complex cambered, twisted, tapered wing with 40° leading edge sweep, representative of those designed for manoeuvre at high subsonic Mach numbers, was investigated using the oil-film visualisation, stereo particle image velocimetry and force moment measurements. Wind-tunnel tests were conducted at a range of Reynolds number from 2.1×105 to 8.4×105 and at angles of incidence from −1° to 22°. Still images combined with video clips enable flow patterns over the wing model to be interpreted more clearly and accurately. Using successive images extracted from the video of flow visualisation, the movement of the oil pigment has been estimated. The influence of the Reynolds number and incidence angle was discussed through analysing the flow pattern over the wing surface. Additionally, the link between the flow structures present and the wing aerodynamic performance was studied.
Valuing Facebook
Authors: SUNSTEIN CASS R.
Published: February 2019

In recent years, there has been a great deal of discussion of the welfare effects of digital goods, including social media. A national survey, designed to monetize the benefits of a variety of social media platforms (including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram), found a massive disparity between willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). The sheer magnitude of this disparity reflects a ‘superendowment effect’. Social media may be Wasting Time Goods – goods on which people spend time, but for which they are not, on reflection, willing to pay much (if anything). It is also possible that in the context of the WTP question, people are giving protest answers, signaling their intense opposition to being asked to pay for something that they had formerly enjoyed for free. Their answers may be expressive, rather than reflective of actual welfare effects. At the same time, the WTA measure may also be expressive, a different form of protest, telling us little about the actual effects of social media on people's lives and experiences. It may greatly overstate those effects. In this context, there may well be a sharp disparity between conventional economic measures and actual effects on experienced well-being.
Tunable diffusion in wave-driven two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: Xia H. , Francois N. , Punzmann H. , Shats M.
Published: February 2019

We report an abrupt change in the diffusive transport of inertial objects in wave-driven turbulence as a function of the object size. In these non-equilibrium two-dimensional flows, the turbulent diffusion coefficient$D$of finite-size objects undergoes a sharp change for values of the object size$r_{p}$close to the flow forcing scale$L_{f}$. For objects larger than the forcing scale ($r_{p}>L_{f}$), the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the flow energy$U^{2}$and inversely proportional to the size$r_{p}$. This behaviour,$D\sim U^{2}/r_{p}$, observed in a chaotic macroscopic system is reminiscent of a fluctuation–dissipation relation. In contrast, the diffusion coefficient of smaller objects ($r_{p}<L_{f}$) follows$D\sim U/r_{p}^{0.35}$. This result does not allow simple analogies to be drawn but instead it reflects strong coupling of the small objects with the fabric and memory of the out-of-equilibrium flow. In these turbulent flows, the flow structure is dominated by transient but long-living bundles of fluid particle trajectories executing random walk. The characteristic widths of the bundles are close to$L_{f}$. We propose a simple phenomenology in which large objects interact with many bundles. This interaction with many degrees of freedom is the source of the fluctuation–dissipation-like relation. In contrast, smaller objects are advected within coherent bundles, resulting in diffusion properties closely related to those of fluid tracers.
A NILPOTENCY CRITERION FOR SOME VERBAL SUBGROUPS
Authors: MONETTA CARMINE , TORTORA ANTONIO
Published: February 2019

The word $w=[x_{i_{1}},x_{i_{2}},\ldots ,x_{i_{k}}]$ is a simple commutator word if $k\geq 2,i_{1}\neq i_{2}$ and $i_{j}\in \{1,\ldots ,m\}$ for some $m>1$. For a finite group $G$, we prove that if $i_{1}\neq i_{j}$ for every $j\neq 1$, then the verbal subgroup corresponding to $w$ is nilpotent if and only if $|ab|=|a||b|$ for any $w$-values $a,b\in G$ of coprime orders. We also extend the result to a residually finite group $G$, provided that the set of all $w$-values in $G$ is finite.
EXTENDABLE TEMPERATURES
Authors: WATSON NEIL A.
Published: February 2019

Let $E$ and $D$ be open subsets of $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ such that $\overline{D}$ is a compact subset of $E$, and let $v$ be a supertemperature on $E$. We call a temperature $u$ on $D$extendable by$v$ if there is a supertemperature $w$ on $E$ such that $w=u$ on $D$ and $w=v$ on $E\backslash \overline{D}$. Such a temperature need not be a thermic minorant of $v$ on $D$. We show that either there is a unique temperature extendable by $v$, or there are infinitely many. Examples of temperatures extendable by $v$ include the greatest thermic minorant $GM_{v}^{D}$ of $v$ on $D$, and the Perron–Wiener–Brelot solution of the Dirichlet problem $S\!_{v}^{D}$ on $D$ with boundary values the restriction of $v$ to $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}D$. In the case where these two examples are distinct, we give a formula for producing infinitely many more. Clearly $GM_{v}^{D}$ is the greatest extendable thermic minorant, but we also prove that there is a least one, which is not necessarily equal to $S\!_{v}^{D}$.
Biholomorphic Mappings on Banach Spaces
Authors: Carrión H. , Galindo P. , Lourenço M. L.
Published: February 2019

We present an infinite-dimensional version of Cartan's theorem concerning the existence of a holomorphic inverse of a given holomorphic self-map of a bounded convex open subset of a dual Banach space. No separability is assumed, contrary to previous analogous results. The main assumption is that the derivative operator is power bounded, and which we, in turn, show to be diagonalizable in some cases, like the separable Hilbert space.
Miocene Glacial Dynamics Recorded by Variations in Magnetic Properties in the ANDRILL‐2A Drill Core
Authors: Jovane Luigi , Florindo Fabio , Acton Gary , Ohneiser Christian , Sagnotti Leonardo , Strada Eleonora , Verosub Kenneth L. , Wilson Gary S. , Iacoviello Francesco , Levy Richard H. , Passchier Sandra
Published: February 2019

During the 2007 ANtarctic geological DRILLing (ANDRILL) campaign in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, the AND‐2A core was recovered through a stratigraphic succession spanning 1,138.54 m of Neogene sedimentary rocks that include an expanded early to middle Miocene sequence. The study reported here focuses on the magnetic properties of the interval from 778.63 m below sea floor (mbsf) to 1,138.54 mbsf, which comprises a time interval spanning 1.5 Myr, from ~18.7 to ~20.2 Ma. We recognize three main pulses of increased input of magnetic materials to the drill site between 778.34–903.06, 950.55–995.78, and 1,040–1,103.96 mbsf. Trends in the magnetic mineral concentration dependent parameters mirror changes in the proportion of sediments derived from McMurdo Volcanic Group rocks. We suggest that these pulses in magnetic mineral concentration reflect changes in sediment transport processes associated with changing glacial conditions at the drill site that included (1) subglacial and grounding zone proximal settings, (2) hemipelagic and neritic conditions with abundant sediment‐rich icebergs, and (3) grounding zone‐distal environment that was covered by land‐fast multiyear sea ice or a fringing ice shelf. The magnetic minerals record preserved in the AND‐2A core supports other data that indicate a highly dynamic and variable coastal environment during the early Miocene, where glaciers retreated inland under warm climatic conditions and advanced beyond the drill site across the continental shelf when cold climate prevailed.
Fluidized Appearing Ejecta on Ceres: Implications for the Mechanical Properties, Frictional Properties, and Composition of its Shallow Subsurface
Authors: Hughson Kynan H. G. , Russell C. T. , Schmidt B. E. , Chilton H. T. , Sizemore H. G. , Schenk P. M. , Raymond C. A.
Published: February 2019

Several ejecta deposits on Ceres display morphological characteristics not commonly associated with dry ballistic emplacement. We characterized 30 examples of fluidized appearing ejecta (FAE) on Ceres and identified two distinct morphological populations: cuspate/lobate FAE and channelized FAE. The cuspate/lobate FAE typically display one or more of the following characteristics: well‐defined margins, a sheeted or layered appearance, arcuate or cuspate terminal lobes, and occasional mass concentrations at their distal margins. The channelized FAE typically display a morphology dominated by topographically focused channelized flows and arcuate terminal lobes but lack the well‐defined margins common among their cuspate/lobate counterparts. Although Cerean FAE are holistically distinct from rampart/layered ejecta craters on Mars, Ganymede, and other icy solar system objects, many of their aforementioned morphological characteristics are commonly found among these other examples of fluidized ejecta. The formation of Martian and icy satellite fluidized ejecta has been widely attributed to the mobilization of near‐surface volatiles, namely, water ice. The documented Cerean FAE are observed between absolute latitudes of 70°, with a slight enrichment in the midlatitudes of the southern hemisphere. We test the hypothesis that the morphologies and mobilities of Cerean FAE can be explained via impacting into a low‐cohesion ice‐silicate target material, followed by material sliding on a low‐friction partially icy substrate. We do this by comparing the observed Cerean FAE to a kinematic‐dynamic sliding ejecta emplacement model. We find that a mechanically weak, H2O‐rich near‐surface layer is consistent with the range of ejecta mobilities and morphologies observed in this investigation.
RREB1-induced upregulation of the lncRNA AGAP2-AS1 regulates the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer partly through suppressing ANKRD1 and ANGPTL4
Authors: Hui Bingqing , Ji Hao , Xu Yetao , Wang Juan , Ma Zhonghua , Zhang Chongguo , Wang Keming , Zhou Yan
Published: February 2019

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers. However, their mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. We investigated lncRNA changes that may be associated with pancreatic cancer (PC) by analyzing published microarray data, and identified AGAP2-AS1 as a relatively overexpressed lncRNA in PC tissues. qRT-PCR assays were performed to examine expression levels of AGAP2-AS1. MTT assays, colony formation assays, and EdU assays were used to determine the proliferative capacity of cells. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assays were used to study the regulation of AGAP2-AS1 in the cell cycle and apoptosis. Transwell experiments were used to study changes in cell invasion and metastasis, and a nude mouse model was established to assess the effects of AGAP2-AS1 on tumorigenesis in vivo. RNA sequencing was performed to probe AGAP2-AS1-related pathways. Subcellular fractionation and FISH assays were used to determine the distribution of AGAP2-AS1 in PC cells, and RIP and ChIP were used to determine the molecular mechanism of AGAP2-AS1-mediated regulation of potential target genes. Increased expression of AGAP2-AS1 was associated with tumor size and pathological stage progression in patients with PC. RREB1 was found to activate transcription of AGAP2-AS1 in PC cells. AGAP2-AS1 affected proliferation, apoptosis, cycle arrest, invasion, and metastasis of PC cells in vitro, and AGAP2-AS1 regulated PC proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, AGAP2-AS1 epigenetically inhibited the expression of ANKRD1 and ANGPTL4 by recruiting zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), thereby promoting PC proliferation and metastasis. In summary, our data show that RREB1-induced upregulation of AGAP2-AS1 regulates cell proliferation and migration in PC partly through suppressing ANKRD1 and ANGPTL4 by recruiting EZH2. AGAP2-AS1 represents a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of PC in the future.