bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Worms to the rescue: Can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?
Authors: Kuijk Loes M. , van Die Irma
Published: January 2010

Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases represent a significant health burden, especially in Western societies. For the majority of these diseases, no cure exists. Recently, research on parasitic worms (helminths) has demonstrated great potential for whole worms, their eggs or their excretory/secretory proteins in down‐regulating inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo, in various disease models and, in some cases, even in clinical trials. The worms are thought to induce Th2 and regulatory T cells, interfere with Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling and to down‐regulate Th17 and Th1 responses. The molecular mechanisms underlying the worms' ability to modulate the host immune response are not well understood, and many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the observed immune modulation. Increasing evidence suggests that carbohydrate structures (glycans), for example, phosphorylcholine‐modified glycans or Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc‐ (Lewis X, LeX) containing glycans, expressed by the worms contribute to these modulating properties by their interaction with antigen presenting cells. Helminths express a broad variety of protein‐ and lipid‐linked glycans on their surface and on secretory products. These glycans differ in amount and composition and several of these structures are species specific. However, worms also express glycan antigens that are found in a wide variety of different species. Some of these “common” worm glycans are particularly interesting with regard to regulating host responses, because they have the potential to interact with C‐type lectins on dendritic cells and thereby may interfere with T‐cell polarization. Helminths and helminth‐derived molecules form a novel and promising group of therapeutics for autoinflammatory diseases. However, much has to be learned about the molecular mechanisms behind the helminth‐mediated antiinflammatory properties. This review will describe some of the emerging evidence in selected disease areas as well as discuss the putative role of glycans in helminth‐mediated immunosuppression. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(4): 303–312, 2010
Infection frequently triggers thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with preexisting risk factors: A single‐institution experience
Authors: Douglas Kenneth W. , Pollock Kevin G.J. , Young David , Catlow Jamie , Green Rachel
Published: January 2010

Thrombotic microangiopathies are rare conditions characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, microthrombi, and multiorgan insult. The disorders, which include hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, are often acute and life threatening. We report a retrospective analysis of 65 patients presenting to our institution from 1997 to 2008 with all forms of thrombotic microangiopathy. Therapeutic plasma exchange was a requirement for analysis and 65 patients were referred to our institution; 66% of patients were female and median age at presentation was 52 years. Bacterial infection was the most commonly identified etiologic factor and in the multivariate model was the only significant variable associated with survival outcome (odds ratio 5.1, 95% confidence interval, 1.2–21.7). As infection can be considered a common trigger event for thrombotic microangiopathy, patients with hepatobiliary sepsis may benefit from elective cholecystectomy. We conclude that bacterial infection frequently triggers TTP and other thrombotic microangiopathies in patients with preexisting risk factors and propose a model for the development of these syndromes. © J. Clin. Apheresis 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case report of successful treatment with plasma exchange for adult‐onset Still's disease with autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Liu Lin‐Lin , Feng Mao‐Ling , Wang Li‐Ning , Li Xiao‐Li , Yao Li
Published: January 2010

Adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The disease is characterized by typical spiking fever with evanescent rash, sore throat, polyarthralgias or polyarthritis, and involvement of various organs. Most of the reported cases with liver involvement occurred during the period of treatment with hepatotoxic drugs, whereas AOSD associated autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is extremely rare. AIH may be an indicator of the poor prognosis of AOSD. Herein we describe a case of successful treatment with plasma exchange for AOSD‐associated AIH. J. Clin. Apheresis 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotrophin based on Pt hollow nanospheres and silver/titanium dioxide nanocomposite matrix
Authors: Yang Hongchuan , Yuan Ruo , Chai Yaqin , Zhuo Ying , Su Huilan
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND:A new electrochemical immunosensor for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) assay was developed based on Pt hollow nanospheres and silver/titanium dioxide nanocomposites. Silver nanoparticles were initially doped into TiO2and chitosan (Cs) colloids to form silver/titanium dioxide nanocomposites (AgTiO2Cs), which had good redox electrochemical activity and excellent film‐forming ability. Then, the free amino groups of chitosan were used to attach Pt hollow nanospheres for immobilization of human chorionic gonadotropin antibody (anti‐HCG) to construct an immunosensor.

RESULTS:Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed consecutive growth of the multilayer films, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to describe the microstructure of nanoparticles. Optimal response of the immunosensor was obtained at pH 6.5 and 25 °C with an incubation time of 40 min. The immunosensor exhibited a linear range from 0.5 to 250 mIU mL−1HCG with a detection limit of 0.26 mIU mL−1at three times background noise. The selectivity, stability and repeatability of the immunosensor were satisfactory.

CONCLUSION:The strategy showed low‐cost, high sensitivity, broad linear range and fast analytical time. It is expected that the immobilized technique and the detection methodology could be further developed for other proteins. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Hypercalcemia and acute renal failure in milk‐alkali syndrome: A case report
Authors: Ulett Kimberly , Wells Bryan , Centor Robert
Published: January 2010

Historically, the milk‐alkali syndrome developed as an adverse reaction to the Sippy regimen of milk, cream and alkaline powders as treatment for peptic ulcer disease. The classic description includes hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and renal failure. Over the past 20 years, milk‐alkali syndrome has had a resurgence, as consumption of supplements containing calcium has increased. A 46‐year‐old man presented to the emergency department after outpatient labs to evaluate his fatigue. He was found to have acute renal failure and hypercalcemia (total serum calcium was 15.9 mg/dL). Subsequent laboratory evaluation excluded both hyperparathyroidism and malignancy as causes. A detailed history led to the diagnosis of milk‐alkali syndrome. With hydration and cessation of calcium carbonate ingestion, his renal function and serum calcium levels returned to normal. Physicians should have a high index of suspicion for milk‐alkali syndrome in patients with hypercalcemia. Milk‐alkali syndrome is no longer a merely a historical curiosity; it is currently the third most common cause of hypercalcemia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:E18–E20. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Donation of explanted pacemakers for reuse in underserved nations
Authors: Stanyon Robert
Published: January 2010

Some charitable organizations and physicians are willing to assist in the compassionate donation of explanted pacemakers for reuse in medically underserved nations. However, healthcare organizations must recognize that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), device manufacturers, professional societies and many physicians advocate return of explanted pacemakers to the manufacturer to ensure an accurate performance database promoting improved device reliability and safety for the patient.
A double role of sperm in scorpions: The mating plug of Euscorpius italicus (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) consists of sperm
Authors: Althaus Sarah , Jacob Alain , Graber Werner , Hofer Deborah , Nentwig Wolfgang , Kropf Christian
Published: January 2010

Mating plugs occluding the female gonopore after mating are a widespread phenomenon. In scorpions, two main types of mating plugs are found: sclerotized mating plugs being parts of the spermatophore that break off during mating, and gel‐like mating plugs being gelatinous fluids that harden in the female genital tract. In this study, the gel‐like mating plug of Euscorpius italicus was investigated with respect to its composition, fine structure, and changes over time. Sperm forms the major component of the mating plug, a phenomenon previously unknown in arachnids. Three parts of the mating plug can be distinguished. The part facing the outside of the female (outer part) contains sperm packages containing inactive spermatozoa. In this state, sperm is transferred. In the median part, the sperm packages get uncoiled to single spermatozoa. In the inner part, free sperm is embedded in a large amount of secretions. Fresh mating plugs are soft gelatinous, later they harden from outside toward inside. This process is completed after 3‐5 days. Sperm from artificially triggered spermatophores could be activated by immersion in insect Ringer's solution indicating that the fluid condition in the females' genital tract or females' secretions causes sperm activation. Because of the male origin of the mating plug, it has likely evolved under sperm competition or sexual conflict. As females refused to remate irrespective of the presence or absence of a mating plug, females may have changed their mating behavior in the course of evolution from polyandry to monandry. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relating the ontogeny of functional morphology and prey selection with larval mortality in Amphiprion frenatus
Authors: Anto Justin , Turingan Ralph G.
Published: January 2010

Survival during the pelagic larval phase of marine fish is highly variable and is subject to numerous factors. A sharp decline in the number of surviving larvae usually occurs during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding known as the first feeding stage in fish larvae. The present study was designed to evaluate the link between functional morphology and prey selection in an attempt to understand how the relationship influences mortality of a marine fish larva, Amphiprion frenatus, through ontogeny. Larvae were reared from hatch to 14 days post hatch (DPH) with one of four diets [rotifers and newly hatched Artemia sp. nauplii (RA); rotifers and wild plankton (RP); rotifers, wild plankton, and newly hatched Artemia nauplii (RPA); wild plankton and newly hatched Artemia nauplii (PA)]. Survival did not differ among diets. Larvae from all diets experienced mass mortality from 1 to 5 DPH followed by decreased mortality from 6 to 14 DPH; individuals fed RA were the exception, exhibiting continuous mortality from 6 to 14 DPH. Larvae consumed progressively larger prey with growth and age, likely due to age related increase in gape. During the mass mortality event, larvae selected small prey items and exhibited few ossified elements. Cessation of mass mortality coincided with consumption of large prey and ossification of key elements of the feeding apparatus. Mass mortality did not appear to be solely influenced by inability to establish first feeding. We hypothesize the interaction of reduced feeding capacities (i.e., complexity of the feeding apparatus) and larval physiology such as digestion or absorption efficiency contributed to the mortality event during the first feeding period. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The histological structure of glyptosaurine osteoderms (Squamata: Anguidae), and the problem of osteoderm development in squamates
Authors: Buffrénil Vivian de , Sire Jean‐Yves , Rage Jean‐Claude
Published: January 2010

Glyptosaurinae, a fossil clade of anguid lizards, possess robust osteoderms, with granular ornamentation. In this study, the structural and histological features of these osteoderms were described in order to reconstruct their developmental pattern and further document the degree of homology that could exist between vertebrate integumentary skeletons. Glyptosaurine osteoderms have a diploe architecture and display an unusually complex structure that includes four tissue types: a core of woven‐fibered bone intensely remodeled; a peripheral formation of the same tissue containing dense bundles of long Sharpey fibers; a thick basal layer of lamellar bone; and a superficial layer of a non‐osseous material that belongs to the category of hypermineralized tissues such as ganoine, or enameloid and enamel tissues. The growth pattern of glyptosaurine osteoderms involved appositional processes due to osteoblast activity. In early growth stages, osseous metaplasia might have also been involved, but this possibility is not substantiated by histological observations. The superficial layer of the osteoderms must have resulted from epidermal contribution, a conclusion that would support previous hypotheses on the role of epidermal‐dermal interactions in the formation of squamate osteoderms. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of the FACTS solvation model for protein–ligand docking calculations. Application to EADock
Authors: Zoete Vincent , Grosdidier Aurélien , Cuendet Michel , Michielin Olivier
Published: January 2010

Protein–ligand docking has made important progress during the last decade and has become a powerful tool for drug development, opening the way to virtual high throughput screening and in silico structure‐based ligand design. Despite the flattering picture that has been drawn, recent publications have shown that the docking problem is far from being solved, and that more developments are still needed to achieve high successful prediction rates and accuracy. Introducing an accurate description of the solvation effect upon binding is thought to be essential to achieve this goal. In particular, EADock uses the Generalized Born Molecular Volume 2 (GBMV2) solvent model, which has been shown to reproduce accurately the desolvation energies calculated by solving the Poisson equation. Here, the implementation of the Fast Analytical Continuum Treatment of Solvation (FACTS) as an implicit solvation model in small molecules docking calculations has been assessed using the EADock docking program. Our results strongly support the use of FACTS for docking. The success rates of EADock/FACTS and EADock/GBMV2 are similar, i.e. around 75% for local docking and 65% for blind docking. However, these results come at a much lower computational cost: FACTS is 10 times faster than GBMV2 in calculating the total electrostatic energy, and allows a speed up of EADock by a factor of 4. This study also supports the EADock development strategy relying on the CHARMM package for energy calculations, which enables straightforward implementation and testing of the latest developments in the field of Molecular Modeling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyaniline/carbon nanotubes platform for sexually transmitted disease detection
Authors: Singh Renu , Dhand Chetna , Sumana Gajjala , Verma Rachna , Sood Seema , Gupta Rajinder Kumar , Malhotra Bansi Dhar
Published: January 2010

Polyaniline/carbon nanotubes composite (PANI‐CNT) electrochemically deposited onto indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) coated glass plate has been utilized for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection by immobilizing 5′‐amino‐labeled Neisseria gonorrhoeae probe (aDNA) using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linker. PANI‐CNT/ITO and aDNA‐Glu‐PANI‐CNT/ITO electrodes have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This bioelectrode can be used to detect N. gonorrhoeae using methylene blue (MB) as redox indicator with response time of 60 s and stability of about 75 days when stored under refrigerated conditions. DPV studies reveal that this bioelectrode can detect complementary DNA concentration from 1 × 10−6 M to 1 × 10−17 M with detection limit of 1.2 × 10−17 M. Further, this bioelectrode (aDNA‐Glu‐PANI‐CNT/ITO) exhibits specificity toward N. gonorrhoeae species and shows negative response with non‐Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria species (NgNS) and other gram negative bacteria (GNB). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Forecast Interpretation Tool—a Monte Carlo technique for blending climatic distributions with probabilistic forecasts
Authors: Husak Gregory J. , Michaelsen Joel , Kyriakidis Phaedon , Verdin James P. , Funk Chris , Galu Gideon
Published: January 2010

Probabilistic forecasts are produced from a variety of outlets to help predict rainfall, and other meteorological events, for periods of 1 month or more. Such forecasts are expressed as probabilities of a rainfall event, e.g. being in the upper, middle, or lower third of the relevant distribution of rainfall in the region. The impact of these forecasts on the expectation for the event is not always clear or easily conveyed. This article proposes a technique based on Monte Carlo simulation for adjusting existing climatologic statistical parameters to match forecast information, resulting in new parameters defining the probability of events for the forecast interval. The resulting parameters are shown to approximate the forecasts with reasonable accuracy. To show the value of the technique as an application for seasonal rainfall, it is used with consensus forecast developed for the Greater Horn of Africa for the 2009 March‐April‐May season. An alternative, analytical approach is also proposed, and discussed in comparison to the first simulation‐based technique. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A vibrational spectroscopic investigation of rhodanine and its derivatives in the solid state
Authors: Jabeen Saima , Dines Trevor J. , Leharne Stephen A. , Withnall Robert , Chowdhry Babur Z.
Published: January 2010

Raman and infrared spectra are reported for rhodanine, 3‐aminorhodanine and 3‐methylrhodanine in the solid state. Comparisons of the spectra of non‐deuterated/deuterated species facilitate discrimination of the bands associated with NH, NH2, CH2 and CH3 vibrations. DFT calculations of structures and vibrational spectra of isolated gas‐phase molecules, at the B3‐LYP/cc‐pVTZ and B3‐PW91/cc‐pVTZ level, enable normal coordinate analyses in terms of potential energy distributions for each vibrational normal mode. The cis amide I mode of rhodanine is associated with bands at ∼1713 and 1779 cm−1, whereas a Raman and IR band at ∼1457 cm−1 is assigned to the amide II mode. The thioamide II and III modes of rhodanine, 3‐aminorhodanine and 3‐methylrhodanine are observed at 1176 and 1066/1078; 1158 and 1044; 1107 and 984 cm−1 in the Raman and at 1187 and 1083; 1179 and 1074; 1116 and 983 cm−1 in the IR spectra, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of fonofos pesticide adsorbed on silver and gold nanoparticles
Authors: Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Robertson Evan G. , McNaughton Don
Published: January 2010

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of fonofos, an organophosphorous pesticide (OPP), were recorded using citrate‐reduced silver (Ag) and gold (Au) colloidal nanoparticles in the form of dried films. In this study, significant enhancements were achieved with fonofos concentrations down to ∼10 ppm with the Ag colloids, demonstrating a potential for the technique in the analysis of fonofos residues. Successful formation of the SERS‐active metal aggregates was indicated by the presence of a plasmon band at longer wavelengths in the UV–visible spectrum. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed distinctively different morphologies of the aggregates formed by the two metals, while the observed SERS spectral features of fonofos were also found to be different for molecules adsorbed on Ag and Au colloidal surfaces. This evidence suggests metal‐induced changes in adsorption behavior of the fonofos analyte, leading to the different binding structures onto the different metal surfaces. Comparisons between the most prominent SERS‐enhanced bands and the precise mode descriptions predicted through density functional theory (DFT) simulations at the B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) level allowed an in‐depth orientation analysis of the adsorbed species on metal surfaces. Nevertheless, the ring vibrations were found to possess a major contribution in the observed SERS enhancements for both metal nanoparticles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil yield and composition of Pistacia vera ‘Kerman’ fruits, peduncles and leaves grown in California
Authors: Dragull Klaus , Beck John J , Merrill Glory B
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: Pistacia vera ‘Kerman’ is the predominant pistachio nut cultivar in the United States (California), the world's second largest producer. Despite several reports on the essential oil (EO) content in the genus Pistacia, data on ‘Kerman’ are limited. The EO content and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of tree nut orchards are of current interest to researchers investigating insect pests and the potential role of EO and VOCs as semiochemicals. To establish a basis for the VOC output of pistachios, the EO content of fruits, peduncles, and leaves was analyzed.

RESULTS: Evaluated plant parts contained limonene as the primary EO component, followed by α‐terpinolene. Peduncles were unique in containing relatively high levels of α‐thujene. The results were reproducible between two different geographical locations. In situ solid phase microextraction (SPME) studies demonstrated the volatile emission was representative of the EO composition.

CONCLUSION: This is the first report detailing the content and distribution of EO and the unique limonene‐dominant profile for this Pistacia vera cultivar which may influence pistachio insect pest semiochemical research. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of trans‐free margarine stock by enzymatic interesterification of rice bran oil, palm stearin and coconut oil
Authors: Adhikari Prakash , Shin Jung‐Ah , Lee Jeung‐Hee , Hu Jiang‐Ning , Zhu Xue‐Mei , Akoh Casimir C , Lee Ki‐Teak
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: Trans‐free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a spreadable margarine stock. Rice bran oil, palm stearin and coconut oil were used as substrates for lipase‐catalyzed reaction.

RESULTS: After interesterification, 137–150 g kg−1 medium‐chain fatty acid was incorporated into the triacylglycerol (TAG) of the interesterified fats. Solid fat contents at 25 °C were 15.5–34.2%, and slip melting point ranged from 27.5 to 34.3 °C. POP and PPP (β‐tending TAG) in palm stearin decreased after interesterification. X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the interesterified fats contained mostly β′ polymorphic forms, which is a desirable property for margarines.

CONCLUSIONS: The interesterified fats showed desirable physical properties and suitable crystal form (β′ polymorph) for possible use as a spreadable margarine stock. Therefore, our result suggested that the interesterified fat without trans fatty acid could be used as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A new FT‐IR method combined with multivariate analysis for the classification of vinegars from different raw materials and production processes
Authors: Guerrero Enrique Durán , Mejías Remedios Castro , Marín Ramón Natera , Lovillo Miguel Palma , Barroso Carmelo García
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: Due to the diversity of vinegars on the market and the increase in demand, it is considered necessary to investigate and establish criteria for classifying them in order to obtain more information concerning their real origin. New spectroscopic techniques such us mid‐infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT‐IR) are capable of providing information in relation to these aspects. FT‐IR combined with multivariate analysis has been used to classify vinegars according to the raw materials and production processes (with or without ageing in wood). Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least‐squares discriminant analysis regression (PLS‐DA) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) were used.

RESULTS: The results obtained have been compared to those achieved using different analytical parameters (polyphenolic content, organic acids and volatile compounds). SLDA and PLS‐DA results show the ability of mid‐FT‐IR spectra to discriminate among vinegars from different raw materials and with or without ageing in wood, with correct classification percentages similar to those obtained using different analytical parameters.

CONCLUSION: The discriminative ability combined with other advantages (e.g. rapid and non‐destructive analysis, low cost) makes this new FT‐IR method a promising tool for the classification and/or differentiation of vinegars. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Stability of hydroperoxide lyase activity from Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) leaves: influence of selected additives
Authors: Long Zhen , Kong Xiangzhen , Zhang Caimeng , Hua Yufei
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) has potential value for the flavour additive industry. Currently, the production and application of HPL suffer from stability problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the stabilisation of HPL preparation from Amaranthus tricolor leaves by the addition of selected chemical additives.

RESULTS: Amaranthus tricolor leaves were identified as a particularly rich source of 13‐HPL activity. The addition of 100 g L−1 sucrose and trehalose to microsomal HPL prior to lyophilisation could retain nearly 100% enzymatic activity, compared to only 20% for the lyophilised control. The lyophilised microsomal HPL containing sucrose maintained full activity for even 40 days storage at − 20 °C. For HPL solution, glycerol was effective for long‐term stability at − 20 °C. Moreover, poyols (sucrose and trehalose) and amino acid (glycine) enhanced the thermostability of HPL, while KCl and polyol mannitol decreased the thermostability of HPL.

CONCLUSION: The flavour‐producing enzyme HPL, found in the leaves of Amaranthus tricolor, was stabilised by the addition of chemical additives. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of micronization on the physico‐chemical properties of peels of three root and tuber crops
Authors: Huang Chien‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Fen , Wang Chiun‐CR
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of micronization on the physicochemical properties of the peels of root and tuber crops, including yam (Dioscorea alata L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.). Two continuous milling sections, including hammer milling and ball milling, were applied to three samples to obtain micro‐sized particles of root and tuber peels. The micronization by ball‐milling treatment for 10 h was carried out to investigate the distribution of particle sizes and the changes in physiochemical properties.

RESULTS: The results indicate that the peels of three crops appeared to be significantly decreased in particle size after 10 h of ball‐milling treatment. Moreover, the ball‐milling treatments resulted in the redistribution of fiber components from insoluble fiber to soluble fiber. The micronization treatments decreased the bulk density but increased the solubility and water‐holding capacities of the micronized peels.

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that micronization treatments can improve functional properties of the fiber components of micronized peels, which provide a good source of dietary fiber in food applications. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Early mental health treatment‐seeking among U.S. National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq
Authors: Kehle Shannon M. , Polusny Melissa A. , Murdoch Maureen , Erbes Christopher R. , Arbisi Paul A. , Thuras Paul , Meis Laura A.
Published: January 2010

The authors examined rates of and factors associated with postdeployment treatment‐seeking in a panel of 424 National Guard soldiers who spent 16 months in Iraq. Soldiers completed a self‐report, mailed survey 3‐ to 6‐months after returning home. Approximately one third of respondents reported postdeployment mental health treatment. Those who screened positive for mental health problems were more likely to indicate that they had received treatment compared to those who screened negative, but over one half of those who screened positive were not engaged with mental health treatment. Variables related to reported treatment receipt included positive attitudes about mental health therapies, having been injured in‐theater, illness‐based need, and having received mental health treatment while in‐theater. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Angiogenesis in vestibular schwannomas: Expression of extracellular matrix factors MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1
Authors: Møller Martin Nue , Werther Kim , Nalla Amarnadh , Stangerup Sven‐Eric , Thomsen Jens , Bøg‐Hansen Thorkild C. , Nielsen Hans Jørgen , Cayé‐Thomasen Per
Published: January 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are potent mediators of tumor angiogenesis. It has been demonstrated that vestibular schwannoma VEGF expression correlates with tumor growth pattern, whereas knowledge on the expression of MMPs is lacking. This study targets the angiogenic process by investigation of tumor expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1. A possible correlation with gender, patient age, symptom duration, tumor size, and the absolute and relative growth rate is explored.

Study Design:

Prospective vestibular schwannoma tissue sampling for ELISA and immunohistochemical determination of MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1.

Methods:

Thirty‐four patients with a sporadic, noncystic, vestibular schwannoma were selected prospectively. Repeated, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging determined the tumor growth pattern. Following translabyrinthine resection, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used for determination of the MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1 concentration in tumor sample homogenates. Immunohistochemical labeling was performed in 12 randomly selected tumors.

Results:

All tumor homogenates expressed measurable MMP‐9, MMP‐2, and TIMP‐1. Immunolabeling localized MMP‐9 expression to the tumor cells, whereas MMP‐2 and TIMP‐1 was found interstitially. A significant correlation existed between the concentration MMP‐9 and absolute tumor growth rate, whereas a weak correlation occurred for the relative growth rate.

Conclusions:

Vestibular schwannomas express MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1 and the tumor concentration of MMP‐9 correlates with absolute tumor growth rate, but not with age, gender, symptom duration, or preoperative tumor size. No correlations existed between any clinical parameter and MMP‐2 or TIMP‐1 expression. We conclude that MMP‐9 appears to be involved in the growth of vestibular schwannomas. Laryngoscope, 2010
Long‐term outcome after intraoral removal of large submandibular gland calculi
Authors: Zhang Lei , Escudier Michael , Brown Jacqueline , Capaccio Pasquale , Pignataro Lorenzo , McGurk Mark
Published: January 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the long‐term outcome of intraoral removal of large submandibular gland calculi.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

A retrospective review (1995–2008) of 118 patients with submandibular calculi ≥10 mm treated by intraoral surgical removal with preservation of the salivary gland.

Results:

Calculi were completely removed in 103/118 (87.3%) cases, partially removed in 14/118 (11.9%), with failure to remove any fragments in only 1/118 (0.8%). After a mean follow‐up of 42 months, 101/118 (85.6%) cases remained asymptomatic, 17/118 (14.4%) cases had modest obstructive or infective symptoms, 4/118 (3.4%) cases suffered recurrent stones, and in 1/118 (0.8%) case persistent symptoms dictated salivary gland removal.

Conclusions:

The data suggest that the majority of large submandibular gland calculi can be removed by gland‐preserving procedures retaining an asymptomatic salivary gland. This casts doubt on the commonly held premise that salivary stones normally lead to chronic sialoadenitis, which is the basis for the current policy of sialoadenectomy. Laryngoscope, 2010
A friction energy approach to quantifying lubrication under fretting sliding
Authors: Kolodziejczyk T. , Fouvry S. , Morales‐Espejel G. E.
Published: January 2010

The problem of a proper lubrication under low‐speed small oscillatory movement can be a decisive factor for the reliability of various components. There is a need to characterise the lubricious behaviour of the interface under oil‐bath fretting wear conditions for ball bearing applications. Fast and reliable methods to quantify this behaviour for broad range of mechanical conditions are proposed and validated. Pure sliding reciprocation induces mixed lubrication mode. It was found that transient film profiles depend on the non‐Newtonian response of the oils and the type of motion. Running‐in period has a crucial importance for the tribofilm formation, and is a result of the interplay of the oil‐sliding surfaces interface and is directly connected with the total energy dissipated from the contact region. The stability of structured tribofilm in steady‐state period relies on the balance between the competitive processes: replenishment of the oil to the contact and ejection of the oil pending the oscillatory movement. The phenomenon of starvation was observed when the system was moved away from dynamical equilibrium and the growth of the dissipated energy was spotted. A proposed methodology provides the evaluation of the lubrication properties of the oil in a quantitative way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological evaluation of piston skirt/cylinder liner contact interfaces under boundary lubrication conditions
Authors: Demas Nicholaos G. , Erck Robert A. , Fenske George R.
Published: January 2010

The friction and wear between the piston and cylinder liner significantly affects the performance of internal combustion engines. In this paper, segments from a commercial piston/cylinder system were tribologically tested using reciprocating motion. The tribological contact consisted of aluminium alloy piston segments, either uncoated, coated with a graphite/resin coating, or an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a‐C : H) coating, in contact with gray cast iron liner segments. Tests were conducted in commercial synthetic motor oils and base stocks at temperatures up to 120°C with a 2 cm stroke length at reciprocating speeds up to 0.15 m s−1. The friction dependence of these piston skirt and cylinder liner materials was studied as a function of load, sliding speed and temperature. Specifically, an increase in the sliding speed led to a decrease in the friction coefficient below approximately 70°C, while above this temperature, an increase in sliding speed led to an increase in the friction coefficient. The presence of a coating played an important role. It was found that the graphite/resin coating wore quickly, preventing the formation of a beneficial tribochemical film, while the a‐C : H coating exhibited a low friction coefficient and provided significant improvement over the uncoated samples. The effect of additives in the oils was also studied. The tribological behaviour of the interface was explained based on viscosity effects and subsequent changes in the lubrication regime, formation of chemical and tribochemical films. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blockade of Janus kinase-2 signaling ameliorates mouse liver damage due to ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Freitas Maria Cecilia S. , Uchida Yoichiro , Zhao Danyun , Ke Bibo , Busuttil Ronald W. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W.
Published: January 2010

Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling is one of the major pathways for cytokine signal transduction. However, the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in liver ischemia/reperfusion is not clear. This study focuses on Janus kinase-2 (JAK2), which functions upstream of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in JAK/STAT, and its role in the mechanism of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Partial warm ischemia was produced in the hepatic lobes of C57BL/6 mice for 90 minutes, and this was followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. Mice were treated with a JAK2 inhibitor (tyrphostin AG490; 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle 60 minutes prior to ischemic insult. JAK2 blockade resulted in a significant reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was markedly decreased in AG490-treated livers in comparison with controls. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β] and chemokines [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL-10) and CXCL-2] was also significantly reduced in the AG490-treated group in comparison with controls. AG490-treated livers showed fewer cells positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling and reduced cleaved caspase-3 protein expression in parallel with increased B-cell lymphoma extra large expression. We employed AG490 (75 mM) in primary bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) and hepatoma cell (CRL1830) cultures, which were both stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL). In BMM cultures, AG490 depressed otherwise LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression programs (IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-1β, CXCL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase). In hepatoma cells, AG490 reduced cleaved caspase-3 expression. Moreover, JAK2 blockade inhibited STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. This is the first report documenting that JAK2 signaling is essential in the pathophysiology of liver IRI, as its selective blockage ameliorated the disease process and protected livers from inflammation and apoptosis. Liver Transpl 16:600-610, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Functionalization of Carbon Materials using the Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: Munirasu Selvaraj , Albuerne Julio , Boschetti‐de‐Fierro Adriana , Abetz Volker
Published: January 2010

A simple and efficient Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction on carbon material has been demonstrated. The present work involves single and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as Herringbone carbon nanofiber. The CNTs show a dual nature of reactivity in DA reaction, i.e., they behave both as dienophile and diene with furfuryl groups and maleic anhydride derivatives, respectively. Various functional groups, including alcohol, amine, epoxy, carboxylic and ester, have been introduced on the carbon materials. The results suggest that the reactivity of CNT in DA reaction may resemble the chemistry of small molecules.

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Dual Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Functionalized by NIPAM and Azobenzene
Authors: Feng Ze , Lin Li , Yan Zeng , Yu Yanlei
Published: January 2010

A novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer composed of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) block and a hydrophobic block copolymerized by azobenzene‐containing methacrylate and N‐isopropylacrylamide was synthesized using ATRP. The polymer micelles showed dual responsiveness to heat and light. The size of the micelles was dependent on temperature and the encapsulated substance in the hydrophobic cores was released during heating and cooling processes. The hydrophobicity of the micellar cores appeared as a reversible change in response to light with neither disruption of the micelles nor leakage of the encapsulated substance while H‐aggregation of the azobenzene moieties was detected.

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Application of multiple criteria decision analysis in the New Zealand agricultural industry
Authors: Dooley A. E. , Smeaton D. C. , Sheath G. W. , Ledgard S. F.
Published: January 2010

Agricultural decisions typically involve multiple criteria, some of which are subjective. Business, environmental, and lifestyle criteria are all important criteria in these decisions. These criteria can be difficult to trade‐off using traditional methods. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) provides a formal, quantitative means of evaluating agricultural decisions taking all these factors into account. MCDA for agricultural decisions was evaluated using three applied case studies (use of new processing technology, selection of beef policies, and selection of farm systems in an environmentally sensitive catchment). The case studies all differed in their problem types and decision‐maker requirements. A multi‐attribute value theory approach was used for all the cases. This approach was selected using a descriptive framework which took the method limitations, problem attributes, and decision‐maker requirements into account. The differences between the case studies, the application and the implementation of MCDA, the overall success of the process, and the potential use of MCDA in agriculture going forward are discussed. While MCDA was used to help identify the best decision, the main benefits that the decision makers identified included: learning about the decision, a better understanding of their own and others' perspectives, a structured way to work through the decision, a means to explain the decision, and stimulation of discussion and sharing of ideas. These benefits were particularly important for the group decisions. Participants were not overly concerned with the ranking accuracy. Problems in implementation included an initial lack of commitment to the process, understanding of the process and decision, and ownership of the decision. The limited time decision makers had available contributed to this. The majority of the decision makers liked the MCDA process for these strategic decisions. The quantitative approach and the graphic presentation appealed to them. Hence, simple MCDA approaches may be as effective as more complex ones, and can deliver many of the benefits particularly where the time is limited. There has been interest in the use of MCDA going forward. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Statistical Survey on the Binding Constants of Covalently Bound Protein–Ligand Complexes
Authors: Li Xun , Liu Zhihai , Li Yan , Li Jie , Li Jiajie , Wang Renxiao
Published: January 2010

We have conducted a statistical survey to compare the binding constants of covalently and noncovalently bound protein–ligand complexes as two groups. In our study, a total of 1602 complexes formed between various types of proteins and small‐molecule ligands were selected from the PDBbind database (version 2008), all of which had high‐resolution three‐dimensional structures and reliable experimentally measured binding constants. These complexes were further classified as 79 covalent complexes, 131 Zn‐containing complexes, and 1392 noncovalent complexes. Covalent complexes formed through reversible mechanisms are found to be associated with higher binding constants than noncovalent complexes. Two‐sample T‐test indicates that the difference is statistically significant. The advantage, however, is only modest (<20 folds). The same trend is also observed on a set of covalent and noncovalent complexes formed by thrombin. Our results indicate that reversible covalent bonding formed between protein and ligand will not automatically lead to a much tighter binding in general. Thus, our survey does not provide any supporting evidence for Houk’s hypothesis which states that covalent bonding formed between enzyme and transition state accounts for the extraordinary proficiency of enzymes.
Exhaustive Structure Generation for Inverse‐QSPR/QSAR
Authors: Miyao Tomoyuki , Arakawa Masamoto , Funatsu Kimito
Published: January 2010

Chemical structure generation based on quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) or quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models is one of the central themes in the field of computer‐aided molecular design. The objective of structure generation is to find promising molecules, which according to statistical models, are considered to have desired properties. In this paper, a new method is proposed for the exhaustive generation of chemical structures based on inverse‐QSPR/QSAR. In this method, QSPR/QSAR models are constructed by multiple linear regression method, and then the conditional distribution of explanatory variables given the desired properties is estimated by inverse analysis of the models using the framework of a linear Gaussian model. Finally, chemical structures are exhaustively generated by a sophisticated algorithm that is based on a canonical construction path method. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a dataset of the boiling points of acyclic hydrocarbons containing up to 12 carbon atoms. The QSPR model was constructed with 600 hydrocarbons and their boiling points. Using the proposed method, chemical structures which had boiling points of 100, 150, or 200 °C were exhaustively generated.
Role of Vascular Risk Factors and Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Dickstein Dara L. , Walsh Jessica , Brautigam Hannah , Stockton Steven D. , Gandy Samuel , Hof Patrick R.
Published: January 2010

Recent findings indicate that vascular risk factors and neurovascular dysfunction play integral roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to aging, the most common risk factors for Alzheimer's disease are apolipoprotein e4 allele, hypertension, hypotension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. All of these can be characterized by vascular pathology attributed to conditions such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy and subsequent blood‐brain barrier dysfunction. Many epidemiological, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic studies have assessed the associations between such risk factors and Alzheimer's disease and have found positive associations between hypertension, hypotension, and diabetes mellitus. However, there are still many conflicting results from these population‐based studies, and they should be interpreted carefully. Recognition of these factors and the mechanisms by which they contribute to Alzheimer's disease will be beneficial in the current treatment regimens for Alzheimer's disease and in the development of future therapies. Here we discuss vascular factors with respect to Alzheimer's disease and dementia and review the factors that give rise to vascular dysfunction and contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Mt Sinai J Med 77:82&–102, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine