bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mission in Evolving Cultures: Constructively Managing Music-Related Conflict in Cross-Cultural Church Planting Contexts
Authors: Dunaetz David Robert
Published: July 2018

The choice of music, an essential element of worship and church life, mustbe addressed in cross-cultural church planting contexts. As culturesevolve, church planters are faced with choices about musical styles thatmay lead to interpersonal conflicts within the church. The purpose of thisstudy is to empirically examine factors that may enable cross-culturalchurch planters to constructively manage music-related conflicts when theyarise. Members of church plants, like all people, have various goals whenentering into such conflicts. They are concerned about the content of theconflict (i.e., the musical style) and thus have content goals. They arealso concerned about social elements of the conflict (e.g., theirrelationships, their identity and values, and the process used to resolvethe conflict) and thus have social goals. The results of this study of 276evangelical Christians indicate that achieving both content goals andsocial goals contributes to overall satisfaction across various conflictoutcomes. Moreover, the evidence indicates that achieving only a socialgoal leads to greater satisfaction with the conflict outcome than achievingonly the content goal in music related conflict. This implies that churchplanters, when faced with music-related conflict, should strive to meet thegospel-congruent social goals of people with whom they are in conflict inorder to maximize satisfaction with the conflict outcome._______________________David R. Dunaetz, PhDAssistant Professor, Leadership and Organizational PsychologyAzusa Pacific University
Factors that do and don’t affect the strength of the Flashed Face Distortion Effect.
Authors: Balas Benjamin , Pearson Hannah
Published: July 2018

When normal faces are rapidly presented in the visual periphery, they are perceived as grotesque and distorted (Tangen, Murphy & Thompson, 2011). This phenomenon, “The flashed-face distortion effect” (FFD) is a powerful illusion that may reveal important properties of how faces are coded in peripheral vision. Despite the strength of the illusion (and its popularity), there has been almost no follow-up work to examine what governs the strength of the illusion or to develop a clear account of its phenomenology. Presently, our goal was to address this by manipulating aspects of facial appearance and spatial/temporal properties of the flashed-face stimulus to determine what factors modulate the illusion’s strength. In three experiments, we investigated the extent to which local contrast (operationalized by the presence or absence of makeup), image eccentricity, image size, face inversion, and presentation rate of images within the sequence each contributed to the strength of the FFD. We found that some of these factors (eccentricity and presentation rate) mattered a great deal, while others (makeup, face inversion and image size) made little contribution to the strength of the FFD. We discuss the implications of these results for a mechanistic account of the FFD, and suggest several avenues for future research based on this compelling visual illusion.
Visual working memory for letters varies with familiarity but not complexity
Authors: Ngiam William Xiang Quan , Khaw Kimberley L. C. , Holcombe Alex O. , Goodbourn Patrick T.
Published: July 2018

Visual working memory (VWM) is limited in both the capacity of information it can retain and the rate at which it encodes that information. We examined the influence of stimulus complexity on these two limitations of VWM. Observers performed a change-detection task with English letters of various fonts, or letters from unfamiliar alphabets. Average perimetric complexity (κ)—an objective correlate of the number of features comprising each letter—differed among the fonts and alphabets. Varying the time between the memory array and mask, we used change-detection performance to estimate the number of items held in VWM (K) as a function of encoding time. For all alphabets, K increased over 270 ms (indicating the rate of encoding) before reaching an asymptote (indicating capacity). We found that rate and capacity for each alphabet were unrelated to complexity: Performance was best modelled by assuming that both were limited by number of items (K), rather than by number of features (K × κ). We also found a higher encoding rate and capacity for familiar alphabets (~45 items/sec; ~4 items) than for unfamiliar alphabets (~12 items/sec; ~1.5 items). We then compared the familiar English alphabet to an unfamiliar artificial character set matched in complexity. Again, rate and capacity was higher for the familiar than for the unfamiliar stimuli. We conclude that rate and capacity for encoding into visual working memory is determined by the number of familiar feature-integrated object representations.
Discourse bootstrapping: Preschoolers use linguistic discourse to learn new words
Authors: Sullivan Jess , Barner David
Published: July 2018

When children acquire language, they often learn words in the absence ofdirect instruction (e.g., “This is a ball!”) or even social cues toreference (e.g., eye gaze, pointing). However, there are few accounts ofhow children do this, especially in cases where the referent of a new wordis ambiguous. Across two experiments, we test whether preschoolers (2- to4-year-olds; *n* = 239) can learn new words by inferring the referent of anew word from the surrounding linguistic discourse. Across two experiments,we show that children as young as two can learn a new word from thelinguistic discourse in which it appears. This suggests that children usethe linguistic discourse in which a word appears – via discoursebootstrapping – to learn new words.
Cigarette Tax Rates, Behavioral Disengagement, and Quit Ratios among Daily Smokers
Authors: Ferrer Rebecca , Orehek Edward , Scheier Michael F. , O'Connell Mary E.
Published: July 2018

Cigarette taxation is an economics-based policy associated with increased population-level quit ratios. However, the estimated effects of tax increase on smoking behavior vary substantially, underscoring the need to identify moderating variables. We examined whether behavioral disengagement – the tendency to abandon goals when experiencing stress – modified the association between cigarette taxes and daily smoking behavior. We connected state-level cigarette tax rate data with individual-level behavioral data, including a national sample of 725 US adults who smoked daily at baseline and reported follow-up data approximately 10 years later, and 376 who were resampled a third time after another 10 years. Analyses involved multilevel logistic regression (with time as a nested variable and anonymized state codes as a grouping variable), where current smoking status (dichotomous) was regressed on behavioral disengagement, state-level cigarette tax at baseline and current time, and the interaction between disengagement and current tax. Consistent with hypotheses, tax rate interacted with disengagement (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.90,0.99, p=.0255): Among those one SD above the mean for disengagement, tax rate was unassociated with quit ratio (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.85,1.16, p=.6975). However, among those one SD below the mean, tax rate was significantly associated with higher quit ratio (OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.04,1.43, p=.0163). Our data suggest the possibility that cigarette taxes may be more effective in facilitating cessation among smokers low in behavioral disengagement or when accompanied by interventions that reduce stress or maintain goal pursuit. Identifying psychological moderators of policy effectiveness holds promise for improving policy design and targeting.
Using Bayes factors to assess object-affordance effects: A comment on Sevos et al. (2016)
Authors: Faulkenberry Thomas J.
Published: July 2018

Note: this commentary was accepted for publication in *Frontiers in Psychology* on 22 Nov, 2016. Please reference the [published version](http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01915/full) before citing.Abstract: A commentary on:Is there any influence of variations in context on object-affordance effects in schizophrenia? Perception of property and goals of actionby Sevos, J., Grosselin, A., Brouillet, D., Pellet, J. & Massoubre, C. (2016). Front. Psychol., 7:1551. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01551Keywords: Bayes factors, null effects, significance testing, p-values, statistical power
Head models of healthy and depressed adults for simulating the electric fields of non-invasive electric brain stimulation
Authors: Boayue Nya Mehnwolo , Csifcsák Gábor , Puonti Oula , Thielscher Axel , Mittner Matthias
Published: July 2018

During the past decade, it became clear that the electric field elicited by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are substantially influenced by variations in individual head and brain anatomy. In addition to structural variations in the healthy, several psychiatric disorders are characterized by anatomical alterations that are likely to further constrain the intracerebral effects of NIBS. Here, we present high-resolution realistic head models derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging data of 19 healthy adults and 19 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). By using a freely available software package for modelling the electric fields induced by different NIBS protocols, we show that our head models are well-suited for assessing inter-individual and between-group variability in the magnitude and focality of tDCS-induced electric fields for two protocols targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Understanding Entitativity: Are There Real Differences Between Approaches?
Authors: Agadullina Elena , Lovakov Andrey
Published: July 2018

Entitativity is a key construct for understanding group perception. But the question of understanding this construct is troublesome. There are three theoretical approaches to understanding group entitativity (essence-based entitativity, agency-based entitativity and unity-based entitativity) and at least two different empirical strategies for measuring the entitativity (operationalization in one of the theoretical approaches and entitativity as a set of characteristics from different approaches that work as a common scale). This paper aims to answer the question whether there are any differences in the various understanding of entitativity. In our studies entitativity is described as involving three components: “essence” (the group members’ similarity), “agency” (the goals and the interaction between group members) and “unity” (the cohesion of a group and the degree of the group importance). In Study 1 a series of confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the three-component model of entitativity fitted the data well for different groups (ingroup, outgroup, intimacy groups and social categories) and demonstrated a better fit compared to the alternative model (entitativity as a common construct). The results of the study suggest that the components of entitativity are interrelated, but not identical to each other. Study 2 demonstrated that the use of different ways of understanding entitativity (such as “essence”, “agency”, and “unity” components or the common entitativity scale) doesn’t lead to differences related to blatant prejudice, subtle prejudice, and identification. Our results demonstrate that there are no substantial differences between the measurements of entitativity. The implications of the obtained results for future research are discussed.
Do people ask good questions?
Authors: Rothe Anselm , Lake Brenden M. , Gureckis Todd Matthew
Published: July 2018

People ask questions in order to efficiently learn about the world. But do people ask good questions? In this work, we designed an intuitive, game-based task that allowed people to ask natural language questions to resolve their uncertainty. Question quality was measured through Bayesian ideal-observer models that considered large spaces of possible game states. During free-form question generation, participants asked a creative variety of useful and goal-directed questions, yet they rarely asked the best questions as identified by the Bayesian ideal-observers (Experiment 1). In subsequent experiments, participants strongly preferred the best questions when evaluating questions that they did not generate themselves (Experiments 2 & 3). On the one hand, our results show that people can accurately evaluate question quality, even when the set of questions is diverse and an ideal-observer analysis has large computational requirements. On the other hand, people have a limited ability to synthesize maximally-informative questions from scratch, suggesting a bottleneck in the question asking process.
Functionally distinct language and Theory of Mind networks work together, especially during language comprehension
Authors: Paunov Alexander , Blank Idan , Fedorenko Evelina
Published: July 2018

Communication requires the ability to generate and interpret linguistic signals, as well as the ability to infer the beliefs, desires, and goals of others (“Theory of Mind”, ToM). These two abilities have been shown to dissociate: on the one hand, individuals with severe aphasia retain the ability to think about others’ mental states; on the other hand, individuals with autism spectrum disorders are impaired in their social reasoning, but their basic language processing is often intact. In line with this evidence from developmental and acquired disorders, fMRI studies have shown that linguistic and ToM abilities are implemented in distinct sets of brain regions. And yet, language is fundamentally a social tool that allows us to share thoughts with one another. Thus, the language and ToM networks should work closely together in spite of being implemented in distinct neural circuits. Here, we investigated potential interactions between these networks during naturalistic cognition using the functional correlation approach in fMRI. Although inter-region correlations within each network were higher than between-network correlations across experiments, we also observed reliably above-baseline synchronization of BOLD signal fluctuations between the two networks during rest and, to an even greater extent, during story comprehension. This synchronization was functionally specific: neither network synchronized with the executive control network. Thus, coordination between the language and ToM networks appears to be an inherent characteristic of their functional architecture, and is increased during naturalistic language processing.
Personality Reflection in the Brain’s Intrinsic Functional Architecture Remains Elusive
Authors: Tomecek David , Androvičová Renata , Fajnerova Iveta , Dechterenko Filip , Rydlo Jan , Horáček Jiří , Lukavsky Jiri , Tintěra Jaroslav , Hlinka Jaroslav
Published: July 2018

In the last years, there has been a considerable increase of research into the neuroimaging correlates of inter-individual temperament and character variability - an endeavour for which the term ‘personality neuroscience’ was coined. Among other neuroimaging modalities and approaches, substantial work focuses on functional connectivity in resting state (rs-FC) functional magnetic resonance imaging data. In the current paper, we set out to replicate a highly cited study that reported a range of functional connectivity correlates of personality dimensions assessed by the widely used ‘Big Five’ Personality Inventory. Using a larger sample (84 subjects) and an equivalent data analysis pipeline, we obtained widely disagreeing results compared to the original study. Overall, the results were in line with the hypotheses of no relation between functional connectivity and personality, when more precise permutation-based multiple testing procedures were applied. The results demonstrate that as with other neuroimaging studies, great caution should be applied when interpreting the findings, among other reasons due to multiple testing problem involved at several levels in many neuroimaging studies. Of course, the current study results can not ultimately disprove the existence of some link between personality and brain’s intrinsic functional architecture, but clearly shows that its form is very likely different and much more subtle and elusive than was previously reported.
Scale Invariant Contrasts of Response Latency Distributions
Authors: Sriram Natarajan , Nosek Brian A. , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: July 2018

Individual differences in general speed lead to a positive correlation between the mean and standard deviation of mean latency. This “coarse” scaling effect causes the mean latency difference (MLD) to be spuriously correlated with general speed. Within individuals, the correlation between the mean and standard deviation of trial latencies leads contrasted distributions to increase their overlap as an MLD of fixed width is translated to the right. To address this “fine” scaling effect, contrasts based on within subject latency transformations including the logarithm, standardization, and ranking were evaluated and turned out to be distinctly superior to the MLD. Notably, the mean gaussian rank latency difference was internally consistent, eliminated fine scaling, meliorated coarse scaling, reduced correlations with general speed, increased statistical power to detect within subject and between group effects, and has the potential to increase the validity of inferences drawn from response latency data.
The Lexical Bias Effect during Speech Production in the First and Second Language
Authors: Broos Wouter Petrus Johannes , Duyck Wouter , Hartsuiker Robert
Published: July 2018

The lexical bias effect is the tendency for people to make phonological speech errors that result in existing words. Several studies have argued that this effect arises from a combination of factors: the self-monitoring system covertly weeding out more nonword than word errors and feedback of activation during speech production biasing towards lexical outcomes. Moreover, lexicality of the context has been shown to influence the occurrence of the lexical bias effect (Hartsuiker, Corley, & Martensen, 2005), supporting a role for monitoring. But how does this process differ in one’s first language (L1) as opposed to this same process in the second language (L2) and is there even a difference to begin with? To address that question, we tested whether people also show the lexical bias effect when speaking in a second language (L2) and if so, whether the effect is also modulated by context lexicality. Additionally, we tested whether recent exposure to existing words in L2 influences such a lexical bias effect. We observed a lexical bias effect in L1 but not in L2 in Experiment 1. Moreover, the lexical bias effect in L1 was marginally modulated by context. Experiment 2, in which more L2 words were presented, did not demonstrate a lexical bias effect in either language. However, an analysis of a subset of the data (namely the blocks that were identical in both experiments and thus directly comparable) found a three-way interaction between Outcome, Language, and Experiment. This interaction suggests a strong lexical bias effect in Experiment 1 for L1 but not for L2 whereas Experiment 2 reveals a comparable lexical bias effect in both languages. This indicates that more exposure to existing L2 words leads to an increase in activation of the lexical representations of the target language, thereby increasing the number of transpositions and therefore an increase in the strength of the lexical bias effect.
Integrating Culture and Biology in Psychological Research: Conceptual Clarifications and Recommendations
Authors: Syed Moin , Kathawalla Ummul-Kiram
Published: July 2018

The increased prevalence of psychological research that integrates cultural and biological perspectives requires that we take stock of how the field approaches important issues of conceptualization and measurement. The primary goal of this chapter is to raise some substantial conceptual and methodological issues of which researchers in the field should be aware. To this end, the chapter includes an in-depth discussion of the nature of cultural psychology, highlights the need to carefully conceptualize the nature of cultural groups, and addresses the ongoing debate about the biological basis of race. The second half of the chapter provides some specific recommendations for future researchers who wish to pursue a rigorous scientific approach to understanding the interplay of culture and biology.
Reciprocal interactions between audition and touch in flutter frequency perception
Authors: Convento Silvia , Yau Jeffrey M , Wegner-Clemens Kira
Published: July 2018

We encounter multisensory environmental oscillations that span a wide range of temporal frequencies. In both audition and touch, sensory cues comprising repeating events are perceived either as a continuous signal or as a stream of temporally discrete events (flutter), depending on the events’ repetition rate. At high repetition rates (>100Hz), auditory and tactile cues interact reciprocally in pitch processing: The frequency of a cue experienced in one modality systematically biases the perceived frequency of a cue experienced in the other modality. Here, we tested whether audition and touch also interact in the processing of low-frequency stimulation. Because some neural populations have been shown to represent both auditory and tactile flutter, we predicted reciprocal multisensory interactions in flutter perception. We also tested whether multisensory interactions occurred if the stimulation in one modality comprised click trains and the stimulation in the other modality comprised amplitude-modulated signals, given that these stimulus types may be supported by distinct neural representations. In a series of human psychophysical experiments, we found that auditory cues bias touch and tactile cues bias audition on a flutter discrimination task. Moreover, we observed similar interaction patterns regardless of stimulus type and whether the same stimulus types were experienced in the two modalities. Combined with earlier studies, our results suggest that the nervous system extracts and combines temporal rate information from multisensory environmental signals, regardless of stimulus type, in both the low- and high temporal frequency domains. This function likely reflects the importance of temporal frequency as a fundamental feature of our multisensory experience.
Examining reproducibility in psychology: A hybrid method for combining a statistically significant original study and a replication
Authors: van Aert Robbie Cornelis Maria , van Assen Marcel A. L. M.
Published: July 2018

The unrealistic high rate of positive results within psychology increased the attention for replication research. Researchers who conduct a replication and want to statistically combine the results of their replication with a statistically significant original study encounter problems when using traditional meta-analysis techniques. The original study’s effect size is most probably overestimated because of it being statistically significant and this bias is not taken into consideration in traditional meta-analysis. We developed a hybrid method that does take statistical significance of the original study into account and enables (a) accurate effect size estimation, (b) estimation of a confidence interval, and (c) testing of the null hypothesis of no effect. We analytically approximate the performance of the hybrid method and describe its good statistical properties. Applying the hybrid method to the data of the Reproducibility Project Psychology (Open Science Collaboration, 2015) demonstrated that the conclusions based on the hybrid method are often in line with those of the replication, suggesting that many published psychological studies have smaller effect sizes than reported in the original study and that some effects may be even absent. We offer hands-on guidelines for how to statistically combine an original study and replication, and developed a web-based application (https://rvanaert.shinyapps.io/hybrid) for applying the hybrid method.
Short-sighted greed? Focusing on the future promotes reputation-based generosity
Authors: Sjåstad Hallgeir
Published: July 2018

Long-term thinking and voluntary resource sharing are two distinctive traits of human nature. Across three experiments (N=1,082), I propose a causal connection: Sometimes people are generous because they think about the future. Participants were randomly assigned to either focus on the present or the future, and then made specific decisions in hypothetical scenarios. In Study 1 (N=200), future-focused participants shared more money in a public dictator game than present-focused participants (+39%), and they were willing to donate more money to charity (+61%). Study 2 (N=410) replicated the positive effect of future-focus on dictator giving when the choice was framed as public (+36%), but found no such effect when the choice was framed as private. That is, focusing on the future only made participants more generous when others would know their identity. Study 3 was a high-powered and pre-registered replication of Study 1 (N=472), including a few extensions. Once again, future-focused participants gave more money to charity in a public donation scenario (+40%), and they were more likely to volunteer for the same charity (+17%). As predicted, the effect was mediated by reputational concern, indicating that future-orientation can make people more generous because it also makes them more attuned to the social consequences of their choices. Taken together, the results suggest that focusing on the future promotes reputation-based generosity. By stimulating voluntary resource sharing, a central function of human foresight might be to support cooperation in groups and society.
In a seller’s market, setting precise asking prices backfires
Authors: Leib Margarita , Köbis Nils , Shalvi Shaul , Roskes Marieke
Published: July 2018

Negotiations are often settled near the mid-point between a seller’s asking price and buyer’s counteroffer. Precise, rather than round asking prices are stronger anchors, resulting in agreements closer to the asking price. Because setting precise asking prices tends to favor sellers, real-estate agents frequently advise doing so. While the advice is beneficial in a buyer’s market where supply exceeds demand, in a seller’s market where demand exceeds supply, it can backfire. Three pre-registered studies demonstrate the backfiring precision effect. Study 1 reveals that a substantial amount of Dutch real-estate agents advise sellers to set precise asking prices, regardless of the market they operate in. Studies 2 and 3 show that in a seller’s market, setting precise prices is suboptimal as it leads to lower counteroffers. The estimated negative impact of precise asking prices in a heated housing markets such as Amsterdam, is estimated at thousands of Euros per deal.
A Prospect Theory Account of the “Hot” Columbia Card Task
Authors: Pedroni Andreas , Rieskamp Jörg , Pachur Thorsten , Frey Renato , Westfall Jonathan E. , Figner Bernd
Published: July 2018

The investigation of decisions under risk has mainly followed one of two approaches.One relies on observing choices between lotteries in which economic primitives (outcome magnitudes, probabilities, and domains (i.e., gains and losses)) are varied systematically, and this information is described to participants. The systematic variation of the economic primitives allows to formally describe behavior with expectation-based models such as expected utility theory or cumulative prospect theory (CPT), arguably the most prominent descriptive theories of risky choice. One drawback, however, is that lottery tasks can seem artificial, likely reducing the external or ecological validity. A second more naturalistic approach employs dynamic paradigms that mimic features of real-life risky situations and are assumed to have higher ecological validity. Because key information are often not provided to the decision maker, it is impossible to apply the same models as in the first approach. The goal of the present work is to integrate both approaches, by developing models for the "hot" Columbia Card Task (CCT), a task that combines a dynamic decision situation with systematic trial-to-trial variation in economic primitives. In a model comparison on the basis of the data of 191 participants, we identified a best-performing model that describes behavior as a function of CPT’s main components, outcome sensitivity, probability weighting, and loss aversion. Our work therefore provides a framework that allows the description of risk-taking behavior in a naturalistic dynamic task based on key psychological constructs (e.g., loss aversion, probability weighting) that are rooted in the factorial variation of economic primitives.
Neural substrates for moral judgments of psychological versus physical harm
Authors: Tsoi Lily , Dungan James A , Chakroff Alek , Young Liane
Published: July 2018

Although harm primarily elicits thoughts of physical injuries, harm can also take the form of negative psychological impact. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the extent to which moral judgments of physical and psychological harms are processed similarly, focusing on brain regions implicated in mental state reasoning or theory of mind, a key cognitive process for moral judgment. Univariate analyses reveal similar levels of theory of mind processing for psychological and physical harms, though multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) reveal sensitivity to the psychological/physical distinction in two regions implicated in theory of mind: the right temporoparietal junction and the precuneus. Moreover, while there were no differences in neurotypical adults and adults with autism spectrum disorder with regard to neural activity related to theory of mind, there was a group difference in the recruitment of the anterior cingulate cortex for psychological versus physical harms. Altogether, these results reveal sensitivity within regions implicated in theory of mind to the physical / psychological distinction as well as neural processes that capture clinically relevant differences in evaluations of psychological harms versus physical harms.
When Your Mind Skips What Your Eyes Fixate: How Forced Fixations Lead to Comprehension Illusions in Reading
Authors: Schotter Liz , Leinenger Mallorie , von der Malsburg Titus
Published: July 2018

The phenomenon of forced fixations (Schotter & Leinenger, 2016) suggests that readers sometimes fixate a word (due to oculomotor constraints) even though they intended to skip it (due to parafoveal cognitive-linguistic processing). We investigate whether this leads readers to look directly at a word but not pay attention to it. We used a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to dissociate parafoveal and foveal information (e.g., the word phone changed to scarf once the reader moved her eyes to it) and asked questions about the sentence to determine which one the reader encoded. When the word was skipped or fixated only briefly (i.e., up to 100 ms) readers were more likely to report reading the parafoveal than the fixated word, suggesting that there are cases in which readers look directly at a word but their minds ignore it, leading to the illusion of reading something they did not fixate.
Published paper
Authors: Stangeland Helle , Orgeta Vasiliki , Bell Vaughan
Published: July 2018

Aims and objectives: A pre-registered systematic review of post-stroke psychosis examining clinical characteristics, prevalence, diagnostic procedures, lesion location, treatments, risk factors, and long-term outcomes.Background: Neuropsychiatric outcomes following stroke are common and severely impact quality of life. Previous reviews have focused on anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment in stroke but no systematic review has yet focused on post-stroke psychosis despite clear clinical need.Methods: CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsychINFO were searched for studies on post-stroke psychosis published between 1975 and 2016. Reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, and rated study quality.Results: Out of 2442 references, 75 met the inclusion criteria. Average age for post-stroke psychosis was 60.8 years with slightly more males than females affected. Average psychosis onset was 7.1 months after stroke. Neurological presentation was typical for stroke but a significant minority had ‘silent strokes’. The most common psychosis was delusional disorder, followed by schizophrenia-like psychosis and mood disorder with psychotic features. Mean prevalence was 4.1% (range 0.2% – 9.9%). 12 year incidence was 6.7%. Antipsychotic medication was commonly prescribed and the most frequent outcome was complete remission. Lesions were typically right hemisphere, particularly frontal, temporal and parietal regions, as well as the right caudate nucleus. Post-stroke psychosis was associated with poor functional outcomes and high mortality. Methodological quality of the studies was poor.Conclusion: Psychosis considerably adds to illness burden of stroke. Delayed onset suggests a window for early detection and intervention. Studies on the safety and efficacy of antipsychotics in this population are urgently needed.
Online Attention Bias Modification for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Habedank Isabelle , Lennartz Sarah J. , Arslan Ruben C. , Ertle Andrea
Published: July 2018

There is evidence that attention bias modification trainings (ABMT) based on the dot-probe task are a promising therapeutic approach for several anxiety disorders. However, little is known about the malleability of attention bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its impact on OCD symptoms. The present study tested this hypothesis using an online ABMT designed to train attention away from OCD-related stimuli. We hypothesized that ABMT would reduce attention bias and OCD symptoms. Participants were randomized to receive the active ABMT (n = 58) or a placebo control training (PCT; n = 50) and completed a minimum of 8 training sessions over a period of 4 weeks. As predicted, participants receiving ABMT showed a significant reduction in attention bias. This effect was not present in the placebo condition. ABMT did however not significantly outperform the PCT with regard to symptom reduction. In both conditions self-reported OCD symptoms decreased and the reduction of symptoms remained stable at 1-month follow-up. The present findings suggest that online ABMT can effectively reduce attention bias in OCD, but question its effectiveness in reducing OCD symptoms. More research on the mechanisms of attention training is inevitably needed before online ABMT can be recommended for clinical application.
Priming human-computer interactions: Experimental evidence from economic development mobile surveys
Authors: Opoku-Agyemang Kweku A.
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates how citizens from developing countries vocalize controversial topics,combining behavioral economics with human-computer interaction. I examine a priming effort tounderstand how people decide to discuss controversial local subjects, using the human-computerinteraction of people with their mobile phones to quantify how attracted people feel to alternativelocal political economy topics when randomly asked what they think about international aid.The treatment significantly impacted the choice to discuss sanitation, health, poverty, democracy,individual determination, pro-poor support, and happiness. However, the intervention does notaffect subjectively ranked preferences. Human-computer interaction approaches may help policymakers understand experimental outcomes.
Invisibility of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Developmental Science: Implications for Research and Institutional Practices
Authors: Syed Moin , Santos Carlos E , Yoo Hyung Chol , Juang Linda P.
Published: July 2018

García Coll and colleagues’ (1996) integrative model was a landmark paper for developmental science, and psychology more broadly, in outlining the multitude of social and cultural factors at play when seeking to understand the development of racial/ethnic minority children. The time is ripe to not only take stock of those advances, but also to evaluate the integrative model in the context of present-day research practice within developmental psychology, and psychology more broadly. The purpose of this article is to bring a systemic perspective to developmental science through a discussion of current practices in the field. To do so, we examine invisibility, or how dominant practices serve to overlook, silence, or dismiss knowledge produced by and for racial/ethnic minority populations. Guided by the interpretive framework of intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1991) we discuss three key questions: From whose vantage point is research conducted? What types of questions are valued? And who gets left out? We then conclude with recommendations for changes in practices for individuals, institutions, and the field at large. Importantly, whereas our analysis is largely grounded in research and practices in developmental psychology, it is also highly relevant to psychological science as a whole.
The new signal Photodiode
Authors: nascimbene luca
Published: July 2018

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode.Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p–n junction, to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias
The factors that contribute to change in evaluation after co-occurrence with evaluative categorisation
Authors: Bar-Anan Yoav
Published: July 2018

After a neutral stimulus co-occurs with an affective stimulus, the evaluation of the neutral stimulus shifts toward the valence of the affective stimulus. The present research tested what factors contribute to evaluation change when, while observing the co-occurrence, people also categorise the affective stimuli. In Experiment 1, categorisation by valence caused stronger change in the evaluation of the neutral stimulus than non-evaluative categorisation, but only when categorisation for each valence was consistently mapped to the same motor response. In Experiment 2, co-occurrence with extreme affective stimuli during the categorisation task caused stronger change in the evaluation of the neutral stimulus than co-occurrence with mild affective stimuli. These results suggest that when neutral stimuli co-occur with evaluative stimuli and with an evaluative categorisation response, both types of co-occurrence contribute to evaluative change. In Experiment 3, induced contingency awareness did not increase evaluative change. This might suggest that contingency awareness does not contribute to the effect.
Reliability
Authors: Revelle William , Condon David M
Published: July 2018

Separating the signal in a test from the irrelevant noise is a challenge for all measurement. Low test reliability limits test validity, attenuates important relationships, and can lead to regression artifacts. Multiple approaches to the assessment and improvement of reliability are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of several different approaches to reliability are considered. Practical advice on how to assess reliability using open source software is provided.
Daily conversations and well-being: A replication
Authors: Milek Anne , Butler Emily , Tackman Allison Mary , Kaplan Deanna M , Raison Charles , Sbarra David , Vazire Simine , Mehl Matthias R.
Published: July 2018

The present study aimed to replicate and extend findings by Mehl, Vazire, Holleran and Clark (2010) that individuals with higher well-being tend to spend less time alone and more time interacting with others (e.g., greater conversation quantity), and engage in less small talk and more substantive conversations (e.g., greater conversation quality). To test the robustness of these effects in a larger and more diverse sample, we used Bayesian integrative data analysis to pool data on subjective life satisfaction and observed daily conversations from three heterogeneous adult samples, in addition to the original sample (N = 486). We found moderate associations between life satisfaction and amount of alone time, conversation time, and substantive conversations, but no reliable association with small talk. Personality did not substantially moderate these associations. The failure to replicate the original small talk effect is theoretically and practically important as it has garnered considerable scientific and lay interest.
The Role of Control in Intimate Partner Violence: A study in Dutch Forensic outpatients
Authors: Verschuere Bruno , van horn joan , buitelaar nannet
Published: July 2018

Johnson (1995) argued that coercive control is crucial in explaining heterogeneity in intimate partner violence, with such violence being more frequent, less reciprocal, and more often male-to-female aggression when it serves to exercise control over the partner. We assessed 280 Dutch forensic outpatients who had recently engaged in intimate partner violence on non-aggressive coercive control. Control showed significant, small to moderate, associations with more frequent past year acts of psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion and more frequently resulted in partner injury. Control was unrelated to reciprocity of partner violence. High controlling violence was enacted mostly, but not exclusively by men. Overall, while perhaps not having a uniquely strong association, our findings provide partial support for the role of coercive control in intimate partner violence, and suggest it may benefit intimate partner violence risk assessment.
Compliance with Ecological Momentary Assessment Protocols in Substance Users: a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jones Andrew , Remmerswaal Danielle , Verveer Ilse , Robinson Eric , Franken Ingmar H.A. , Wen Cheng K. , Field Matt
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods allow for real-time data collection in naturalistic environments, and are particularly informative for the examination of substance use which is both time and context dependent. Whilst there are considerable benefits to EMA, poor compliance to assessment protocols has been identified as a limitation, particularly in substance users. Little research has analysed factors which might influence compliance. Methods: The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review and meta-analyse potential variables that may influence compliance to EMA protocols in substance users; such as, prompt frequency, total length of assessment period, substance use population and device used to administer EMA prompts. We pre-registered our design, hypotheses and analysis strategy. Results: Following systematic searches of relevant databases we identified k = 128 reported compliance rates in the literature. The pooled compliance rate across all studies was 78.68% (95% CI 76.53%, 80.69%). There was no evidence that any proposed moderators were associated with compliance rates; prompt frequency (Q(3) = 0.98, p = .805) length of assessment period (Q(2) = 1.42, p = .493), substance use population (Q(1) = 1.830, p = .176) or device administration (Q(3) = 4.715, p =.194). Conclusions: The overall compliance rate was similar to that of other fields and recommended rates of compliance (80%), although compliance was not associated with any procedural variables. Furthermore, we identified various limitations in reporting of compliance data and improvement is needed to further elucidate factors which might influence compliance. These findings suggest intensive real-time data collection techniques can be administered in substance using populations, despite previous concerns.
Individual differences in working memory capacity and filtering
Authors: Robison Matthew Kyle , Miller Ashley L. , Unsworth Nash
Published: July 2018

In three experiments we examined individual differences in working memory (WM) and their relationship with filtering – the selective encoding and maintenance of relevant information in the presence of irrelevant information. While some accounts argue that filtering is an important element of individual differences in WM (McNab & Klingberg, 2008; Robison & Unsworth, 2017a; Unsworth & Robison, 2016; Vogel, McCollough, & Machizawa, 2005), recent investigations have challenged this view (Mall, Morey, Wolff, & Lehnert, 2014; Shipstead, Lindsey, Marshall, & Engle, 2014). In all three experiments, we measured WM span with three complex span tasks and then had participants complete a visual WM task with a filtering component. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to remember the orientation of relevant items (red rectangles) and ignore irrelevant items (blue rectangles). In Experiment 2, the color of relevant items changed randomly on a trial-by-trial basis. In Experiment 3, we presented a constant number of items. On half of trials, participants were told which color item would be tested before each trial. On the other half of trials, participants received no such cue. In situations where filtering was especially required, WM span accounted for a significant portion of variance in filtering trials beyond shared variance between filtering and non-filtering trials. We argue that filtering is one of several control processes that gives rise to individual differences in WM, but that the relationship is constrained by the degree to which filtering is demanded by the task.
Do women's preferences for masculine voices shift across the ovulatory cycle?
Authors: Stern Julia , Motta-Mena Natalie , Cardenas Rodrigo , Bailey Drew H , Rosenfield Kevin , Schild Christoph , Penke Lars , Puts David
Published: July 2018

Are estrous mate preference shifts robust? This question is the subject of controversy within human evolutionary sciences. For nearly two decades, mate preference shifts across the ovulatory cycle were considered an important feature of human sexual selection, directing women’s attention towards mates with indicators of “good genes” in their fertile phase, when conception is possible. However, several recent studies on masculine faces, bodies or behaviors have failed to find evidence supporting this account, known as the good genes ovulatory shift hypothesis. Furthermore, evidence that preferences for masculine characteristics in men’s voices are related to women’s cycle phase and hormonal status is still equivocal. Here, we report two independent within-subject studies from different labs with large sample sizes (N = 202 tested twice in Study 1; N = 157 tested four times in Study 2) investigating cycle shifts in women’s preferences for masculine voices. In both studies, hormonal status was assessed directly using salivary assays of steroid hormones. We did not find evidence for effects of cycle phase, conception risk or steroid hormone levels on women’s preferences for masculine voices. Rather, Study 2 suggests cycle shifts in women’s attraction to men’s voices regardless of masculine characteristics, though Study 1 provided only partly evidence for such attraction shifts. Women’s relationship status and self-reported stress did not moderate these findings, and the hormonal pattern that influences these shifts remains somewhat unclear. We consider how future work can clarify the mechanisms underlying psychological changes across the ovulatory cycle.