bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Starkad og Egil Skallagrimsson som Odinshelte
Authors: Boll Jens Kristian Lindhart
Published: February 2018

When reading old Norse epics, scholars have been astonished that the iron-age warrior Starkad and the Icelandic farmer Egil Skallagrimsson belong to the group of Norse heroes. The two of them constantly violate the ethics of the hero through ferociousness and greed. However, their behavior might be understood if related to the dual aspects of the chief Norse god Odin: just as the ordinary heroes, called Odin-heroes, with the god Balder as the prototype, reflected the “light” side of Odin’s aspects as ruler, warrior and sage, Starkad and Egil seem to reflect hos “darker” aspects as sorcerer and the god of the slain. Such a relationship makes the behavior of Starkad and Egil more understandable. The existence of Odin-heroes reflecting the somber aspects of the god may even shed an interesting side-light on the bard as literary figure in Norse epics, where the bards often seem unable to adapt to ordinary life but instead disrupt the harmony and cause sanguinary conflict by their actions.
Pratiques de tourisme durable : proposition d’une typologie croisée avec les comportements de consommation
Authors: DURIF Fabien , FRANCOIS-LECOMPTE Agnès , PRIM-ALLAZ Isabelle
Published: February 2018

Le développement du tourisme et de ses vertus économiques est important pour de nombreux territoires. Cependant, les impacts négatifs potentiels sur l’environnement et la société peuvent être graves et les minimiser constitue l’un des défis majeurs du secteur pour les décennies à venir. Cela passe par une prise de conscience de l’ensemble des parties prenantes, en particulier des touristes. Cette recherche propose une analyse originale croisant les comportements touristiques durables (en situation de vacances) et les comportements de consommation socialement responsable au quotidien. À partir d’un échantillon de 1050 répondants représentatifs de la province d’Ontario au Canada, la typologie présente cinq profils d’individus construits sur leurs comportements touristiques : les « touristes durables complets », les « touristes durables lointains », les « touristes non durables », les « touristes de proximité » et les « touristes non concernés ». Ces profils sont ensuite qualifiés selon les habitudes de consommation au quotidien, ainsi que les variables de personnalité et les variables sociodémographiques en lien avec la consommation responsable. Les résultats permettent d’apporter des éléments de réponse à la question de la connexion des comportements du quotidien et en contexte de vacances et apportent un soutien aux travaux sur l’existence de transferts ( spillover ) entre les différents comportements durables du consommateur. Cette recherche apporte des éléments qui permettent d’affiner les stratégies de sensibilisation et de promotion des pratiques touristiques durables des différentes parties prenantes impliquées dans le secteur.
Valeurs attribuées au label du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO dans la promotion touristique. Le cas du quartier historique de Québec
Authors: LEDUC Isabelle , BOURDEAU Laurent , MARCOTTE Pascale
Published: February 2018

Les sites candidats au titre de patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO sont de plus en plus nombreux. Dans ce contexte de croissance et de compétition pour ce titre, cet article propose dans un premier temps une synthèse des valeurs associées au label et ensuite analyse la valence, positive, négative ou neutre, accordée aux valeurs par les parties prenantes associées à la promotion touristique d’une destination labellisée. Le cas de Québec permet de constater que les valeurs positives attribuées au label sont liées à la réputation du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, à l’histoire et à la beauté de la ville.
L’authenticité, une stratégie de développement touristique ?
Authors: FURT Jean-Marie , TAFANI Caroline
Published: February 2018

Comme d’autres destinations, la Corse mène une réflexion sur la mise en scène de l’image touristique de son territoire. Si une véritable stratégie publique territoriale se déploie autour de la valorisation touristique de l’authenticité, l’opérationnalité économique et sociale de cette notion protéiforme continue pourtant d’interpeller. L’étude des stratégies des acteurs publics et privés relatives au développement de l’agritourisme, secteur pionner en la matière, montre en effet qu’une diversité de logiques existe, entre recherche d’une demande touristique additionnelle pour la commercialisation de produits de terroir et démarches de tourisme rural. Le diagnostic qui est posé renvoie finalement à la question de la possibilité d’enclencher une démarche collective de normalisation et de labellisation de produits agritouristiques « authentiques » pour répondre aux attentes des clientèles et structurer une offre touristique lisible.
Reclaiming and Reconstituting our Understanding of “Environment” in Social Work Theory
Authors: Mulvale James P.
Published: February 2018

Social work theory has had an inconsistent record in regard to adequately addressing the “environment” in all of its aspects. In the past, social work theory has focused overwhelmingly on the social environment of those whom the profession serves, and has ignored or minimized aspects of clients’ physical and natural environment. In recent decades, however, social work has more adequately theorized the importance of all aspects of environment. The “idealist” and the “structural” approaches to connecting social work and the environment have brought us closer to adequately theorizing the relationship between environmental sustainability and social justice. Social work’s theoretical perspectives on the environment can now extend their scope and usefulness if they draw insights from political economy, and deploy a range of public policy ideas to shape improved social programs and new tax and transfer mechanisms. In these ways, the discipline and profession of social work can make substantial contributions to attaining the linked goals of environmental sustainability and social justice.
Experiences of Family Separation for Adults Who Immigrate Alone
Authors: Martin Beth
Published: February 2018

This study explored lived experiences of migration and settlement for adults who migrated to Canada on their own and were separated from family and friends. A theoretical framework drawing on ecological theory and adult attachment theory was used to analyze data collected from exploratory, in-depth interviews with seven adults who arrived in Canada through a range of immigration streams. Themes previously identified in research on unaccompanied minors, refugees, and migrants with precarious status were found in this study to be experienced also by those who had arrived through other immigration streams. Participants described how they associated separation from various family members with negative experiences of emotional isolation, and both negative and positive experiences of social isolation. Participants discussed changes in relationships that occurred prior to migration and continued after arrival, particularly when separation was lengthy. Participants drew upon various personal and environmental resources to help mitigate negative impacts of social isolation, but were less effective in countering emotional isolation. The findings have implications for social workers working both with individual immigrants separated from family members and with immigrant families that have been reunited. In this paper, the author also suggests areas for further research and social work advocacy.
Un marché de producteurs biologiques en Auvergne (France)
Authors: Streith Michel , Lagneaux Séverine , Van Dam Denise , Nizet Jean
Published: February 2018

S’appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée au sein d’un marché biologique de la région des Combrailles en Auvergne (France), l’article discute les limites des catégories univoques de l’économique, du culturel ou du commercial habituellement utilisées pour analyser les places marchandes concrètes. Les déclinaisons des liens sociaux observés entre producteurs et membres d’une association de consommateurs sont mobilisées pour rendre compte de l’articulation des dimensions fonctionnelles du marché (convivialité et organisation du vivre ensemble), ainsi que de ses dimensions réflexives, entendues comme expérimentations et reformulations d’attentes économiques et agronomiques.
An Islamic Party in Urban Local Politics: The PKS Candidacy at the 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election
Authors: Hidayat Syahrul
Published: February 2018

Despite its success in obtaining more votes in the 2004 general election in Jakarta than the previous election in 1999, the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) has turn its voter support into local executive power by winning a gubernatorial election in the capital. After a narrow defeat in the 2007 local election, the party's candidate who had a respectable reputation also failed to further its bid for the second round of the following local election. By applying the existing possible explanations of urban candidacy in local elections, this paper aims at discussing the possible explanations for the failure of Hidayat Nur Wahid, the PKS candidate, in the 2012 gubernatorial election. The paper argues that in spite of the likely influence of religion, in this case, Islam, the party's candidate is at the forefront position to maximise it since such other factors as personal character, political resources and media are playing role in this context. In this case, the failure to offer a candidate with the capacity to tackle urban problems makes urban voters unlikely to be on their side, although they share the similar religious identity.
Politik Oligarki dan Perampasan Tanah di Indonesia: Kasus Perampasan Tanah di Kabupaten Karawang Tahun 2014
Authors: Ananta Dicky Dwi
Published: February 2018

Penelitian ini membahas fenomena perampasan tanah dalam kerangka politik oligarki yang terjadi di tingkat lokal pasca Orde Baru. Dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dan mengambil studi kasus di Karawang, penelitian ini menggambarkan bagaimana politik oligarki menjadi operasionalisasi dari terjadinya perampasan tanah di Indonesia. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jejaring kekuasaan oligarki yang terbentuk dan beroperasi sejak Orde Baru masih menjadi kekuatan sosial yang dominan dalam proses perampasan tanah di Karawang. Politik oligarki itu juga diikuti dengan cara kerja dari jejaring kekuasaan yang predatoris, yaitu adanya kelompok politico-business yang menggunakan kekuasaan negara untuk akumulasi kekayaan individu, berpengaruhnya relasi patronase di antara para elite ekonomi dan politik, penggunaan politik uang dalam kontestasi lokal, pengerahan organisasi kekerasan non-negara untuk mengamankan sumber daya, dan lemahnya kekuatan sosial di luar jejaring kekuasaan oligarki tersebut. Keseluruhan praktik politik tersebut dijalankan oleh jejaring kekuasaan oligarki untuk mendapatkan, dan atau, mengamankan sumber daya material. Studi ini berkesimpulan bahwa politik oligarki masih menjadi bentuk dan cara kerja dari politik lokal Indonesia, setidaknya indikasi tersebut terlihat dari operasionalisasi oligarki tersebut dari kasus perampasan tanah di Karawang.
Legitimação, Gerenciamento de Impressões e Enquadramento na Relação Organização-Stakeholder: um ensaio teórico
Authors: Mendonça José Ricardo Costa de , Helal Diogo Henrique
Published: February 2018

O ensaio teórico discute como os gestores de alto escalão buscam influenciar as interpretações das audiências em busca de legitimidade para as organizações. Argumenta-se que os gestores de alto escalão ao se relacionarem com os stakeholders engajam-se em processos de gerenciamento de impressões visando enquadrar as percepções e interpretações das audiências organizacionais à visão de realidade mais propícia a criação da imagem e da reputação que levem a obtenção da legitimidade da organização em seu ambiente social. A atividade de enquadrar envolve selecionar alguns aspectos de uma realidade percebida e torná-los mais salientes em uma comunicação, de tal modo a promover uma determinada definição de um problema, uma interpretação causal, uma avaliação moral e/ou recomendações de tratamento para o assunto descrito. Com base em revisão de literatura, o artigo propõe uma versão expandida do modelo de Mendonça e Amantino-de-Andrade (2003), sobre o processo de legitimação por meio do uso do gerenciamento de impressões organizacional, incorporando o processo de framing e a reputação organizacional.
A Importância Das Ferramentas de Marketing de Relacionamento Para o Profissional de Secretariado Executivo
Authors: Marum Tatyane Neves , Barreto Iná Futino , Rocha Rodolfo Rodrigues
Published: February 2018

O perfil profissional ideal de um secretário executivo, atualmente, contempla conhecimentos e habilidades variados. Entre esses conhecimentos, as ferramentas de Marketing de Relacionamento são destacadas neste estudo. Por estar em contato constante com os clientes da empresa, o secretário executivo troca informações importantes com eles. Esse papel de interface de comunicação pode ser muito valioso para a empresa caso o profissional de Secretariado Executivo esteja apto a exercê-lo corretamente. Com essa preocupação em mente, o objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir a importância dos conhecimentos das ferramentas de Marketing de Relacionamento para os profissionais de Secretariado Executivo na perspectiva dos gestores na cidade de São Paulo. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, utilizando um roteiro de entrevistas elaborado com base no referencial teórico levantado para o presente estudo. As entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, foram analisadas com abordagem qualitativa. Como resultado, foi possível observar que a relação da empresa com os clientes é beneficiada quando o secretário executivo possui conhecimentos sobre Marketing de Relacionamento. Na opinião dos executivos entrevistados, empresas preocupadas com a fidelização dos clientes que podem contar com secretários executivos que atuem como filtro de informações, conhecendo nas ferramentas de Marketing de Relacionamento, podem obter vantagem em relação a seus concorrentes.
Occurrence Locations, Dipole Tilt Angle Effects, and Plasma Cloud Drift Paths of Polar Cap Neutral Density Anomalies
Authors: Lin C. S. , Sutton E. K. , Huang C. Y. , Cooke D. L.
Published: February 2018

Polar cap neutral density anomaly (PCNDA) with large mass density enhancements over the background has been frequently observed in the polar cap during magnetic storms. By tracing field lines to the magnetosphere from the polar ionosphere, we divide the polar cap into two regions, an open field line (OFL) region with field lines connecting to the magnetopause boundary and a distant tail field line (TFL) region threaded with magnetotail lobe field lines. A statistical study of neutral density observed by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload satellite during major magnetic storms with Dst < −100 from July 2001 to 2006 indicates that over 85% of density anomalies were detected in the TFL region, at about 18° to 25° equatorward the center of the OFL region. PCNDAs were frequently accompanied by plasma clouds with peak density greater than 105 #/cm3. Modeling of plasma cloud drift paths suggests that plasma clouds originating in the dayside ionosphere could convect through the OFL region following the zero‐potential line and reach the PCNDA locations. Plasma clouds could become stagnate in the TFL region, allowing a long duration of collisions with the neutral gas and possibly contributing to heating of PCNDAs. The PCNDA observations are interpreted as evidence that traveling atmospheric disturbance could be generated in the nightside polar cap. From the PCNDA size and speed of sound at 400 km, we derive an initial energy deposition duration for producing traveling atmospheric disturbance in the range from 0.5 to 2.5 hr.
Nonlinear Evolution of Counter‐Propagating Whistler Mode Waves Excited by Anisotropic Electrons Within the Equatorial Source Region: 1‐D PIC Simulations
Authors: Chen Huayue , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Sun Jicheng , Wang Shui
Published: February 2018

Nonlinear physical processes related to whistler mode waves are attracting more and more attention for their significant role in reshaping whistler mode spectra in the Earth's magnetosphere. Using a 1‐D particle‐in‐cell simulation model, we have investigated the nonlinear evolution of parallel counter‐propagating whistler mode waves excited by anisotropic electrons within the equatorial source region. In our simulations, after the linear phase of whistler mode instability, the strong electrostatic standing structures along the background magnetic field will be formed, resulting from the coupling between excited counter‐propagating whistler mode waves. The wave numbers of electrostatic standing structures are about twice those of whistler mode waves generated by anisotropic hot electrons. Moreover, these electrostatic standing structures can further be coupled with either parallel or antiparallel propagating whistler mode waves to excite high‐k modes in this plasma system. Compared with excited whistler mode waves, these high‐k modes typically have 3 times wave number, same frequency, and about 2 orders of magnitude smaller amplitude. Our study may provide a fresh view on the evolution of whistler mode waves within their equatorial source regions in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Investigating the Development of Abnormal Subauroral Ion Drift (ASAID) and Abnormal Subauroral Polarization Stream (ASAPS) During the Magnetically Active Times of September 2003
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: February 2018

This study investigates two recently reported subauroral phenomena: the abnormal subauroral ion drift (ASAID) appearing as an inverted SAID and the shielding‐E—SAID structure depicting a SAID feature on the poleward side of a small eastward or antisunward flow channel that is the shielding electric (E) field's signature. We have analyzed polar cross sections, constructed with multi‐instrument Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data, for the development of these subauroral phenomena. New results show the features of abnormal subauroral polarization stream (ASAPS) and ASAID‐ASAPS comprised by a narrow ASAID embedded in a wider ASAPS. We have identified undershielding, perfect shielding, and overshielding events. Our observational results demonstrate SAPS development during undershielding, the absence of subauroral flow channel during perfect shielding, and ASAID/ASAPS and shielding‐E—SAID/SAPS development during overshielding. The appearance of an ASAID‐ASAPS structure together with a pair of dayside‐nightside eastward auroral flow channels implies the intensification of region 2 field‐aligned currents via the westward traveling surge and thus the strengthening of overshielding conditions. From the observational results presented we conclude for the magnetically active time period studied that (i) the shieldingEfield drove the wider ASAPS flow channel, (ii) the ASAID‐ASAPS structure's narrow antisunward flow channel developed due to the injections of hot ring current ions in a short‐circuited system wherein the hot ring current plasma was closer to the Earth than the cold plasmaspheric plasma, and (iii) overshielding created this hot‐cold plasma configuration via the development of a plasmaspheric shoulder.
A Bayesian Approach to the Paleomagnetic Conglomerate Test
Authors: Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P.
Published: February 2018

The conglomerate test has served the paleomagnetic community for over 60 years as a means to detect remagnetizations. The test states that if a suite of clasts within a bed have uniformly random paleomagnetic directions, then the conglomerate cannot have experienced a pervasive event that remagnetized the clasts in the same direction. The current form of the conglomerate test is based on null hypothesis testing, which results in a binary “pass” (uniformly random directions) or “fail” (nonrandom directions) outcome. We have recast the conglomerate test in a Bayesian framework with the aim of providing more information concerning the level of support a given data set provides for a hypothesis of uniformly random paleomagnetic directions. Using this approach, we place the conglomerate test in a fully probabilistic framework that allows for inconclusive results when insufficient information is available to draw firm conclusions concerning the randomness or nonrandomness of directions. With our method, sample sets larger than those typically employed in paleomagnetism may be required to achieve strong support for a hypothesis of random directions. Given the potentially detrimental effect of unrecognized remagnetizations on paleomagnetic reconstructions, it is important to provide a means to draw statistically robust data‐driven inferences. Our Bayesian analysis provides a means to do this for the conglomerate test.
Ancient Bombardment of the Inner Solar System: Reinvestigation of the “Fingerprints” of Different Impactor Populations on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Orgel Csilla , Michael Gregory , Fassett Caleb I. , van der Bogert Carolyn H. , Riedel Christian , Kneissl Thomas , Hiesinger Harald
Published: February 2018

The lunar cratering record provides valuable information about the late accretion history of the inner solar system. However, our understanding of the origin, rate, and timing of the impacting projectiles is far from complete. To learn more about these projectiles, we can examine crater size‐frequency distributions (CSFDs) on the Moon. Here we reinvestigate the crater populations of 30 lunar basins (≥ 300 km) using the buffered nonsparseness correction technique, which takes crater obliteration into account, thus providing more accurate measurements for the frequencies of smaller crater sizes. Moreover, we revisit the stratigraphic relationships of basins based on N(20) crater frequencies, absolute model ages, and observation data. The buffered nonsparseness correction‐corrected CSFDs of individual basins, particularly at smaller crater diameters are shifted upward. Contrary to previous studies, the shapes of the summed CSFDs of Pre‐Nectarian (excluding South Pole‐Aitken Basin), Nectarian (including Nectaris), and Imbrian (including Imbrium) basins show no statistically significant differences and thus provide no evidence for a change of impactor population.
Overcoming Equifinality: Leveraging Long Time Series for Stream Metabolism Estimation
Authors: Appling Alison P. , Hall Robert O. , Yackulic Charles B. , Arroita Maite
Published: February 2018

The foundational ecosystem processes of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) cannot be measured directly but can be modeled in aquatic ecosystems from subdaily patterns of oxygen (O2) concentrations. Because rivers and streams constantly exchange O2 with the atmosphere, models must either use empirical estimates of the gas exchange rate coefficient (K600) or solve for all three parameters (GPP, ER, and K600) simultaneously. Empirical measurements of K600 require substantial field work and can still be inaccurate. Three‐parameter models have suffered from equifinality, where good fits to O2 data are achieved by many different parameter values, some unrealistic. We developed a new three‐parameter, multiday model that ensures similar values for K600 among days with similar physical conditions (e.g., discharge). Our new model overcomes the equifinality problem by (1) flexibly relating K600 to discharge while permitting moderate daily deviations and (2) avoiding the oft‐violated assumption that residuals in O2 predictions are uncorrelated. We implemented this hierarchical state‐space model and several competitor models in an open‐source R package, streamMetabolizer. We then tested the models against both simulated and field data. Our new model reduces error by as much as 70% in daily estimates of K600, GPP, and ER. Further, accuracy benefits of multiday data sets require as few as 3 days of data. This approach facilitates more accurate metabolism estimates for more streams and days, enabling researchers to better quantify carbon fluxes, compare streams by their metabolic regimes, and investigate controls on aquatic activity.
Constraining Marsh Carbon Budgets Using Long‐Term C Burial and Contemporary Atmospheric CO2 Fluxes
Authors: Forbrich I. , Giblin A. E. , Hopkinson C. S.
Published: February 2018

Salt marshes are sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide that respond to environmental changes related to sea level rise and climate. Here we assess how climatic variations affect marsh‐atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in the short term and compare it to long‐term burial rates based on radiometric dating. The 5 years of atmospheric measurements show a strong interannual variation in atmospheric carbon exchange, varying from −104 to −233 g C m−2 a−1 with a mean of −179 ± 32 g C m−2 a−1. Variation in these annual sums was best explained by differences in rainfall early in the growing season. In the two years with below average rainfall in June, both net uptake and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were less than in the other three years. Measurements in 2016 and 2017 suggest that the mechanism behind this variability may be rainfall decreasing soil salinity which has been shown to strongly control productivity. The net ecosystem carbon balance was determined as burial rate from four sediment cores using radiometric dating and was lower than the net uptake measured by eddy covariance (mean: 110 ± 13 g C m−2 a−1). The difference between these estimates was significant and may be because the atmospheric measurements do not capture lateral carbon fluxes due to tidal exchange. Overall, it was smaller than values reported in the literature for lateral fluxes and highlights the importance of investigating lateral C fluxes in future studies.
Automatic Detection and Classification of Buried Objects Using Ground‐Penetrating Radar for Counter‐Improvised Explosive Devices
Authors: Chantasen Nattawat , Boonpoonga Akkarat , Burintramart Santana , Athikulwongse Krit , Akkaraekthalin Prayoot
Published: February 2018

In this paper, a technique that can automatically detect and classify objects buried under the ground is proposed. The technique employs a ground‐penetrating radar that transmits electromagnetic waves in order to strike the objects and then receives the backscattering electromagnetic wave to perform signal processing. This signal processing is divided into four main steps as follows. First, preprocessing is used to reduce the clutter due to the effect of the media layer interface. Second, the late time of the scattering signal is estimated using a simple cross correlation. Third, a few successive poles are extracted from the scattering response at the estimated late time by using the short‐time matrix pencil method. Finally, the extracted poles are fed for object classification with different constitutions and/or shapes using a support vector machine. Simulations according to the practical situation in three southern provinces of Thailand to counter the improvised explosive devices were set up. The performance of the proposed technique was evaluated. The simulation results showed that the proposed technique can efficiently detect and classify buried objects for counter‐improvised explosive device operations in the military.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in m.3243A>G mitochondrial disease: The role of nuclear factors
Authors: Pickett Sarah J. , Grady John P. , Ng Yi Shiau , Gorman Gráinne S. , Schaefer Andrew M. , Wilson Ian J. , Cordell Heather J. , Turnbull Doug M. , Taylor Robert W. , McFarland Robert
Published: February 2018

Objective

The pathogenic mitochondrial DNA m.3243A>G mutation is associated with a wide range of clinical features, making disease prognosis extremely difficult to predict. We aimed to understand the cause of this heterogeneity.

Methods

We examined the phenotypic profile of 238 adult m.3243A>G carriers (patients and asymptomatic carriers) from the UK MRC Mitochondrial Disease Patient Cohort using the Newcastle Mitochondrial Disease Adult Scale. We modeled the role of risk factors for the development of specific phenotypes using proportional odds logistic regression. As mitochondria are under the dual control of their own and the nuclear genome, we examined the role of additive nuclear genetic factors in the development of these phenotypes within 46 pedigrees from the cohort.

Results

Seizures and stroke‐like episodes affect 25% and 17% of patients, respectively; more common features include hearing impairment, gastrointestinal disturbance, psychiatric involvement, and ataxia. Age, age‐adjusted blood heteroplasmy levels, and sex are poor predictors of phenotypic severity. Hearing impairment, diabetes, and encephalopathy show the strongest associations, but pseudo‐R2 values are low (0.14–0.17). We found a high heritability estimate for psychiatric involvement (h2=0.76, P = 0.0003) and moderate estimates for cognition (h2=0.46, P = 0.0021), ataxia (h2 = 0.45, P = 0.0011), migraine (h2 = 0.41, P = 0.0138), and hearing impairment (h2 = 0.40, P = 0.0050).

Interpretation

Our results provide good evidence for the presence of nuclear genetic factors influencing clinical outcomes in m.3234A>G‐related disease, paving the way for future work identifying these through large‐scale genetic linkage and association studies, increasing our understanding of the pathogenicity of m.3243A>G and providing improved estimates of prognosis.
Detector design for active fault diagnosis in closed‐loop systems
Authors: Sekunda A. K. , Niemann H. H. , Poulsen N. K.
Published: February 2018

Fault diagnosis of closed‐loop systems is extremely relevant for high‐precision equipment and safety critical systems. Fault diagnosis is usually divided into 2 schemes: active and passive fault diagnosis. Recent studies have highlighted some advantages of active fault diagnosis based on dual Youla‐Jabr‐Bongiorno‐Kucera parameters. In this paper, a method for closed‐loop active fault diagnosis based on statistical detectors is given using dual Youla‐Jabr‐Bongiorno‐Kucera parameters. The goal of this paper is 2‐fold. First, the authors introduce a method for measuring a residual signal subject to white noise. Second, an optimal detector design is presented for single and multiple faults using the amplitude and phase shift of the residual signal to conduct diagnosis. Here, both the optimal case of a perfect model and the suboptimal case of a model with uncertainties are discussed. The method is successfully tested on a simulated system with parametric faults.
Organic Salt Semiconductor with High Photoconductivity and Long Carrier Lifetime
Authors: Wang Lei , Jenatsch Sandra , Ruhstaller Beat , Hinderling Christian , Gesevičius Donatas , Hany Roland , Nüesch Frank
Published: February 2018

Intrinsic photogeneration of charge carriers in organic semiconductors is generally attributed to high energy ionization or exciton dissociation by a strong electric field. Here, high bulk photoconductivity is reported in pristine pentamethine cyanine films with photocurrent onset at the band‐edge of the organic semiconductor. Single‐layer cyanine diodes with selective hole and electron contacts show linear dependence of photocurrent with reverse voltage and light intensity. Numerical drift‐diffusion simulations reveal that the linear resistor behavior stems from low and unbalanced carrier mobilities giving rise to negative space charge. Slow bimolecular recombination kinetics of photoinduced charges obtained by time delayed charge extraction measurements show strongly reduced Langevin recombination with long carrier lifetime of the order of a millisecond. Such reduced charge carrier recombination puts forward a materials concept to be exploited in photodiodes and more generally in optoelectronic devices.
Synergistic Effect of Graphene Oxide for Impeding the Dendritic Plating of Li
Authors: Foroozan Tara , Soto Fernando A. , Yurkiv Vitaliy , Sharifi‐Asl Soroosh , Deivanayagam Ramasubramonian , Huang Zhennan , Rojaee Ramin , Mashayek Farzad , Balbuena Perla B. , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza
Published: February 2018

Dendritic growth of lithium (Li) has severely impeded the practical application of Li‐metal batteries. Herein, a 3D conformal graphene oxide nanosheet (GOn) coating, confined into the woven structure of a glass fiber separator, is reported, which permits facile transport of Li‐ions thought its structure, meanwhile regulating the Li deposition. Electrochemical measurements illustrate a remarkably enhanced cycle life and stability of the Li‐metal anode, which is explained by various microscopy and modeling results. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam, and optical imaging, the formation of an uniform Li film on the electrode surface in the case of GO‐modified samples is revealed. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations suggest that Li‐ions initially get adsorbed to the lithiophilic GOn and then diffuse through defect sites. This delayed Li transfer eliminates the “tip effect” leading to a more homogeneous Li nucleation. Meanwhile, CC bonds rupture observed in the GO during AIMD simulations creates more pathways for faster Li‐ions transport. In addition, phase‐field modeling demonstrates that mechanically rigid GOn coating with proper defect size (smaller than 25 nm) can physically block the anisotropic growth of Li. This new understanding is a significant step toward the employment of 2D materials for regulating the Li deposition.
Stable and Efficient Organo‐Metal Halide Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells via π‐Conjugated Lewis Base Polymer Induced Trap Passivation and Charge Extraction
Authors: Qin Ping‐Li , Yang Guang , Ren Zhi‐wei , Cheung Sin Hang , So Shu Kong , Chen Li , Hao Jianhua , Hou Jianhui , Li Gang
Published: February 2018

High‐quality pinhole‐free perovskite film with optimal crystalline morphology is critical for achieving high‐efficiency and high‐stability perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a p‐type π‐conjugated polymer poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl) thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′] dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl) benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′] dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))] (PBDB‐T) is introduced into chlorobenzene to form a facile and effective template‐agent during the anti‐solvent process of perovskite film formation. The π‐conjugated polymer PBDB‐T is found to trigger a heterogeneous nucleation over the perovskite precursor film and passivate the trap states of the mixed perovskite film through the formation of Lewis adducts between lead and oxygen atom in PBDB‐T. The p‐type semiconducting and hydrophobic PBDB‐T polymer fills in the perovskite grain boundaries to improve charge transfer for better conductivity and prevent moisture invasion into the perovskite active layers. Consequently, the PSCs with PBDB‐T modified anti‐solvent processing leads to a high‐efficiency close to 20%, and the devices show excellent stability, retaining about 90% of the initial power conversion efficiency after 150 d storage in dry air.
Excitons and Trions in One‐Photon‐ and Two‐Photon‐Excited MoS2: A Study in Dispersions
Authors: Wibmer Leonie , Lages Sebastian , Unruh Tobias , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: February 2018

Herein, various dispersions of MoS2 obtained by means of liquid phase exfoliation are spectroscopically, (spectro‐) electrochemically, and microscopically characterized. At the core of these studies are transient absorption assays. Importantly, small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements are employed to corroborate the exfoliated character of the MoS2 flakes in dispersion, on the one hand, and to correlate the results with TEM, AFM, and Raman characterization in the solid state, on the other. It is, then, demonstrated that transient absorption spectroscopy responds sensitively not only to changes in the sample preparation but also to instrumental and environmental parameters. It is documented that the spectroscopic features and their underlying lifetimes are tuneable on the femto‐, pico‐, and nanosecond scales by changing, for example, the centrifugation speed, the pump fluence, or the temperature. In other words, transient absorption spectroscopy provides an in situ method to quantitatively characterize liquid dispersions of MoS2 without facing the problems of reaggregated samples due to their drying for microscopic assays. The most far reaching results stem from resonantly and nonresonantly changing the pump fluence to characterize either single‐ or multiple‐excited‐state species such as excitons, trions, and bi‐/multiexcitons and to follow their formation and deactivation pattern.
Electron Transfer in Self‐Assembled Micelles Built by Conductive Polyoxometalate‐Surfactants Showing Battery‐Like Behavior
Authors: Klaiber Alexander , Kollek Tom , Cardinal Simon , Hug Nicolas , Drechsler Markus , Polarz Sebastian
Published: February 2018

An ideal material for the storage of electrical energy is characterized by high specific energy and high specific power at the same time, which is a task of enormous difficulty. The so‐called redox flow battery is a highly promising approach. This new energy storage technology is based on two half‐cells containing dissolved electrochemically active species. Compared to conventional, static accumulators it is not only engineered in a unique way but also needs a tailor‐made basis of chemical materials. Therefore, many different redox‐active materials are being investigated. However, research is focused mainly on the redox properties, not taking possible synergistic effects arising from self‐assembled structures into account. Here, a novel surfactant is presented containing an electroactive polyoxometalate (POM) head connected to anthraquinone (AQ) as the relevant electron reservoir via a π‐conjugated chain. When organized into micelles, electrons put on the POM corona “slide” into their depot inside the micellar core until needed. Cyclic voltammetry proves the high reversibility and stability of this system, which therefore can be regarded as micellar energy storage.
Mechanical Terahertz Modulation Based on Single‐Layered Graphene
Authors: Cheng Long , Jin Zuanming , Ma Zongwei , Su Fuhai , Zhao Yang , Zhang Yongzhuan , Su Tongyu , Sun Yan , Xu Xueli , Meng Zhi , Bian Yuecheng , Sheng Zhigao
Published: February 2018

The 2D terahertz (THz) modulator, enabling efficient manipulation of such versatile band in nanoscale, is crucial for THz microdevices and systems, but its implementation is difficult and remains challenging in practice. Here, a novel 2D THz modulator based on single‐layered graphene under mechanical strain is demonstrated. Bidirectional, i.e., both positive and negative, THz modulation effect is realized by utilizing unconventionally distributed strains on graphene. Such mechanical modulation is found to be stable and reversible, and its modulation depth can exceed 26% at 1 THz under 10–2 GPa strain. Observations of both the strain and frequency dependent modulation behavior evidence the mechanical strain‐induced change of the Dirac‐like energy dispersion in graphene, which is distinctive from that of the electrical and optical approaches. Due to the reliability and wide applicability of mechanical forces, these results provide an alternative route for chip‐scale THz modulation devices based on 2D materials.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Polymer Optical Fiber Random Laser with Resonant Feedback
Authors: He Jijun , Chan Wing‐KinEdward , Cheng Xin , Tse Ming‐LeungVincent , Lu Chao , Wai Ping‐KongAlexander , Savovic Svetislav , Tam Hwa‐Yaw
Published: February 2018

1D random fiber laser is a novel fiber‐based laser, which exhibits many unique optical properties and shows great promise for various applications including speckle‐free imaging. A multimode and coherent polymer optical fiber random laser (POFRL) is successfully fabricated by doping TiO2 nanoparticles and Rh640 perchlorate dyes in the core of a polymer optical fiber (POF). The waveguide effect provided by the POF greatly increases the multiscattering events for light propagation and results in laser cavity with much shorter length than the scattering mean free path. As an illustration of potential applications, a clear speckle‐free imaging is demonstrated using the POFRL as the illumination source. Furthermore, a four‐level Monte Carlo method‐based numerical model is proposed to describe the lasing dynamics in POFRL. The model supports the experimental work in the research field of POFRL.
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbamoylation of N‐Arylacrylamides with Hydrazinecarboxamides Leading to 2‐(Oxindol‐3‐yl)acetamides
Authors: He Zeng‐Yang , Guo Jing‐Yu , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: February 2018

A tandem radical carbamoylation/cyclization reaction of N‐arylacrylamides with hydrazinecarboxamides has been developed for facile access to 2‐(oxindol‐3‐yl)acetamides, which had been utilized as precursors in the synthesis of natural bioactive pyrrolidinoindolines. In the presence of 1 mol% of copper(II) carbonate and 4 equiv. of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide, a wide range of N‐arylacrylamides underwent highly regioselective carbamoylation with hydrazinecarboxamides followed by 5‐exo‐trig cyclization to afford structurally diverse 2‐(oxindol‐3‐yl)acetamides in moderate to excellent yields.

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Otolaryngologist adherence to the AAO‐HNSF Allergic Rhinitis Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Honeybrook Adam , Ellison Matthew , Puscas Liana , Raynor Eileen
Published: February 2018

Background

In February 2015, the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (AAO‐HNSF) published the Allergic Rhinitis Clinical Practice Guideline (AR‐CPG). The objective of this study was to assess otolaryngologists’ perception of the accuracy and adherence to the AR‐CPG.

Methods

A survey was distributed to fellows of the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy and members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. A total of 601 otolaryngologists responded. The survey evaluated otolaryngologists’ demographic data, perception of the accuracy of the guideline, and adherence to the guideline action statements.

Results

The majority of respondents were actively practicing (544 [90.5%]), for a duration of 11–30 years (308 [51.2%]), in a private practice setting (387 [64.4%]). The cohort was largely fellowship trained (348 [57.9%]) and had reviewed the guideline (428 [71.2%]). Most respondents perceived the guideline as being correct “a great deal” (295 [69.7%]) and deviated from the guideline “only a little” (302 [71.6%]). High rates of adherence to the strong guideline recommendations were observed. Respondents “always/most of the time” recommended intranasal steroids (581 [97.6%]), and oral antihistamines (439 [74%]) as primary therapy. Otolaryngologists in practice for longer were more likely to deviate from the guideline recommendations by obtaining sinonasal imaging (p = 0.007) and recommending oral leukotriene receptor antagonists as primary therapy (p = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Overall perception of the correctness of and adherence to the AR‐CPG was high in this cohort. Targeted education resources should be provided to otolaryngologists in practice for longer in efforts to reduce harmful or unnecessary variations in care.
Regiospecific ortho‐C−H Allylation of Benzoic Acids
Authors: Trita A. Stefania , Biafora Agostino , Pichette Drapeau Martin , Weber Philip , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: February 2018

A carboxylate‐directed ortho‐C−H functionalization has been developed and it allows the regiospecific introduction of allyl residues to benzoic acids. In the presence of a [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2]2 and K3PO4, benzoic acids react with allyl acetates at only 50 °C to give the corresponding ortho‐allylbenzoic acids. The protocol is generally applicable to both electron‐rich and electron‐poor benzoic acids in combination with linear and branched allyl acetates. The products can be further functionalized in situ, for example, by double‐bond migration, lactonization, or decarboxylation.
Achieving Simultaneous CO2 and H2S Conversion via a Coupled Solar‐Driven Electrochemical Approach on Non‐Precious‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Ma Weiguang , Wang Hong , Yu Wei , Wang Xiaomei , Xu Zhiqiang , Zong Xu , Li Can
Published: February 2018

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are generally concomitant with methane (CH4) in natural gas and traditionally deemed useless or even harmful. Developing strategies that can simultaneously convert both CO2 and H2S into value‐added products is attractive; however it has not received enough attention. A solar‐driven electrochemical process is demonstrated using graphene‐encapsulated zinc oxide catalyst for CO2 reduction and graphene catalyst for H2S oxidation mediated by EDTA‐Fe2+/EDTA‐Fe3+ redox couples. The as‐prepared solar‐driven electrochemical system can realize the simultaneous conversion of CO2 and H2S into carbon monoxide and elemental sulfur at near neutral conditions with high stability and selectivity. This conceptually provides an alternative avenue for the purification of natural gas with added economic and environmental benefits.
Reversible Clustering of Gold Nanoparticles under Confinement
Authors: Sánchez‐Iglesias Ana , Claes Nathalie , Solís Diego M. , Taboada Jose M. , Bals Sara , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Grzelczak Marek
Published: February 2018

A limiting factor of solvent‐induced nanoparticle self‐assembly is the need for constant sample dilution in assembly/disassembly cycles. Changes in the nanoparticle concentration alter the kinetics of the subsequent assembly process, limiting optical signal recovery. Herein, we show that upon confining hydrophobic nanoparticles in permeable silica nanocapsules, the number of nanoparticles participating in cyclic aggregation remains constant despite bulk changes in solution, leading to highly reproducible plasmon band shifts at different solvent compositions.
Synthesis of a hypercrosslinked, ionic, mesoporous polymer monolith and its application in deep oxidative desulfurization
Authors: Jiang Bin , Sun Zhaoning , Zhang Luhong , Sun Yongli , Zhang Hongjie , Yang Huawei
Published: February 2018

In this study, we used a facile and scalable strategy to produce a hypercrosslinked, ionic, mesoporous polymer monolith (HCIMPM). On the basis of structure‐directing polymeric crosslinking, the interconnected nanonetwork was formed through the in situ crosslinking of the homopolymer poly(vinyl imidazole) via a quaternization reaction, and its textural properties could be effectively adjusted by the block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(propylene oxide)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO20PPO70PEO20). The maximum specific surface area and pore volume were 212 m2/g and 1.08 cm3/g, respectively. Furthermore, the synthetic framework could be functionalized via the loading of PW12
through ion exchange. The obtained HCIMPM with PW12O403− (PW‐HCIMPM) was applied in the oxidative desulfurization, and approximately 100% sulfur removal could be achieved in the model oil with hydrogen peroxide (30 wt %) as an oxidant. Moreover, the solid catalyst could be recovered readily and recycled at least six times without a significant decrease in the desulfurization efficiency. As for real diesel, we also observed that almost all of the original sulfur compounds could be converted in 120 min. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46280.