bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Janus Face of NKT Cell Function in Autoimmunity and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Torina Alessandra , Guggino Giuliana , La Manna Marco Pio , Sireci Guido
Published: January 2018

Natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of T lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity. These cells recognize self and microbial glycolipids bound to non-polymorphic and highly conserved CD1d molecules. Three NKT cell subsets, type I, II and NKT-like expressing different antigen receptors (TCR) were described and TCR activation promotes intracellular events leading to specific functional activities. NKT can exhibit different functions depending on the secretion of soluble molecules and the interaction with other cell types. NKT cells act as regulatory cells in the defence against infections but, on the other hand, their effector functions can be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders due to their exposure to different microbial or self antigens, respectively. A deep understanding of the biology and functions of type I, II and NKT-like cells as well as their interplay with cell types acting in innate (Neuthrophils, Innate Lymphoid cells, Machrophages and Dendritic cells) and adaptive immunity (CD4+,CD8+ and Double Negative T cells) should be important to design potential immunotherapies for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Pengaruh Kombinasi Dosis Pupuk N, P, dan K Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Terung (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Firmansyah Imam , Syakir Muhammad , Lukman Liferdi
Published: January 2018

Pemupukan berimbang merupakan syarat pokok keberhasilan dalam meningkatkan produktifitas tanaman terung. Salah satu upaya dengan mencari dosis yang tepat. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi dosis pupuk N,P,K terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman terung, dan untuk mendapatkan dosis pupuk NPK yang paling tepat dalam meningkatkan produktifitas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februri 2013 - Juli 2013 di kebun percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah, wera, subang. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan 11 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yang terdiri dari. a. (Kontrol) 0 kg/ha b. ( 0 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 75 kg K2O/ha) c. ( 100 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 75 kg K2O/ha) d. ( 200 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 75 kg K2O/ha) e. ( 300 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 75kg K2O/ha) f. ( 100 kg N/ha + 0 kg P2O5/ha + 75 kg K2O/ha) g. ( 100 kg N/ha + 200 kg P2O5/ha + 75 kg K2O/ha) h. ( 100 kg N/ha + 300 kg P2O5/ha + 75 kg K2O/ha) i. ( 100 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 0 kg K2O/ha) j. ( 100 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 150 kg K2O/ha) k. ( 100 kg N/ha + 100 kg P2O5/ha + 225 kg K2O/ha). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemupukan NPK berpengaruh baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman terung, perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK sebanyak 200 kg n/ha, 100 kh P2O5/ha, 75 kg K2O/ha memberikan pengaruh paling baik terhadap semua parameter pengamatan.
Narrating the Postwar Crisis
Authors: Kim Charles R.
Published: January 2018

After the Korean War, South Korean publishers made steady progress in rebuilding the publishing industry, despite endemic material shortages and financial difficulties. This chapter introduces the three major postwar magazines that are used throughout the book – Sasanggye (World of thought), Sint’aeyang (New Sun), and Yŏwŏn (Women’s garden). Through an examination of the three monthlies, it relates the ways in which intellectuals and ordinary people gave expression to the major upheavals since the end of colonial rule, as well as the many challenges of the war and the postwar crisis. Deep-seated poverty, moral decline, pervasive anxiety, and the slow speed of recovery were their primary areas of focus. Although many South Koreans lived in despair, some writers put forth restrained expressions of hope that the crisis would soon abate.
Miracles Every Day?
Authors: Kim Charles R.
Published: January 2018

April 19th, an extraordinary outburst in the mold of the paradigmatic March First Independence Movement (1919), took place in and through the transposition of memories of anticolonial resistance to postcolonial politics. Following the overthrow of the Rhee-LP regime, many public observers truly believed that the student protestors – and, by extension, South Koreans – had turned the corner out of the postwar crisis and into a new era of national history. This chapter examines post-event discourse on how to parlay the “spirit of April 19th” into a forward-looking program of wholesome modernization that effectively linked developmental policies of the democratic state to the everyday endeavors of upstanding citizens. It then turns to the aftermath of the May 16th military coup of 1961 to scrutinize Park Chung Hee’s partial assimilation of post-April 19th optimism into his ideological program during the incipient phases of his nineteen-year rule.
The US Military in Okinawa
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

The Battle of Okinawa, which began in late March and ended in late June, 1945, took the lives of 94,000 Japanese soldiers, 28,000 Okinawans in local defence corps, which included middle school boys, 12,500 Americans, and an estimated 122,000 civilians, between one-fourth and one-third of the prefecture’s wartime population. Most of the survivors ended up in refugee camps for several months. It was the only battle of the Pacific War fought in a Japanese prefecture. With the congealing of the Cold War in the late 1940’s, the U.S. government decided to hold strategically located Okinawa for the long term, stationing some 30,000 troops there. The U.S. created civilian administrative agencies, but the military maintained ultimate authority until reversion to Japanese sovereignty in 1972. The result was an economy heavily dependent on jobs and incomes generated by the bases, such as auto mechanic, janitor, maid, taxi driver, bar hostess, and prostitute. To make room for the rapidly expanding bases, the U.S. military forcibly evicted Okinawans from their land with “bayonets and bulldozers.” Massive protests led to Congressional hearings and marginally increased, though still wholly inadequate, “rental payments” to landowners. Reversion restored Japanese administration to Okinawa, but the bases remain to this day,
Long Journey to a Huge Country
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

Arriving in the U.S., women interviewed recalled worrying about leaving their parents and lacking English proficiency. They were impressed with the continent’s size compared to Okinawa Island and with America’s affluence. Yet some were disappointed that their husbands’ living standards fell short of what they’d seen in Hollywood movies. During the late 1940s and early 1950s women struggling to survive and support their children in Okinawa went into black marketing of commodities from Army post exchanges. One interviewee married the soldier who had been supplying her. When asked what had initially attracted them to their husbands, one woman recalled that, while she had hated Americans after the war, the soldiers she met impressed her with the courteous, gentle, and caring attitude they displayed toward women. Another remembered Americans as neatly groomed, smelling of soap, and well dressed in crisply starched uniforms. Some parents vehemently opposed their daughters’ marriages, even threatening to beat or disown them. But they later relented with the birth of their grandchildren, offering material and moral support to the family. As of 2010 there were at least thirty-eight Okinawa prefectural associations in the U.S., most founded by the wives of American soldiers they had met in Okinawa.
Living in America
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

Witnesses at the 2012 trial in Ohio of a former airman convicted of beating his Okinawan wife to death testified that he had often battered her. The case exemplified the isolation of wives who arrive with no acquaintances in the U.S. besides their husbands, and cannot overcome the language barrier to make other contacts.
Isolation also results from the individualistic nature of American society. Interviewees accustomed to close relationships with relatives and neighbours typical in Okinawa were surprised that in the U.S. “neighbours don’t even speak to each other.” Many suffered from homesickness. However, one expressed her gratitude for the close friendship and support of an American woman next door who guided her to the supermarket and post office, teaching her the essentials for daily life.
Several encountered racial discrimination in employment, marriage (before 1967), and the bullying of their children in school. Some women had been apprehensive about coming to the U.S. where Japanese Americans were interned during World War II and anti-Japanese hostility persisted afterwards.
Those whose husbands were still in the military had free family health care and discount shopping, but had to endure their husbands’ long absences, and deployments to areas of conflict.
Who Owns the Fish in the Sea?
Authors: Phillips Carla Rahn
Published: January 2018

From the fourteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, the ducal house of Medina Sidonia held exclusive rights to fish for Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in south-western Spain. Framed by recent theories about the privatization of access to natural resources, this essay explores the history of successive royal grants to the house of Medina Sidonia. It then examines statistical evidence for the tuna catch over the long term, especially in the late sixteenth century, when the annual catch reached a peak and then suddenly declined. The ducal house may have contributed to that decline by overfishing. During the long term, however, ducal control may unintentionally have aided in the conservation of tuna stocks in times of population pressure, both by not fully exploiting their exclusive rights to fish, and by preventing all others from doing so.
Shaken or Stirred?
Authors: Yoo Theodore Jun
Published: January 2018

In 2009, makgeolli, a carbonated local fermented rice grog, often sold in plastic bottles or aseptic box containers topped soju and wine as the most popular alcoholic beverage in South Korea. Long regarded as a poor man's alcohol, this unrefined milky colored, pungent, and slightly carbonated fermented rice drink, notorious for causing major headaches, chronic belching, and nasty hangovers, enjoyed a renaissance. This essay examines makgeolli’s turbulent history, its rise, fall, re-emergence, and attempts by the state to remake this rice wine into a “global beverage.” It examines “soft” forms of nationalism, in particular the commodification of makgeolli through tourism as well as how this alcoholic beverage has been repackaged as part of Korea's unique cultural tradition.
Explanations of Species Extinction in Nineteenth-Century China and Europe
Authors: Marks Robert B.
Published: January 2018

This essay compares the articulation of the idea of species extinction in Europe and China. The idea of species extinction is usually assumed to have arisen first in late –eighteenth and early-nineteenth century Europe, contributing to Darwin’s formulation of his theory of natural selection as the basis for the evolution of species. This essay begins by citing Deng Qi’nan, a Chinese official writing in 1811, who also discussed species extinction—but who attributed the causes of species extinction to human action—and then explores the long-term historical context of changes to China’s environment that informed both the observation of species extinction in China and its attribution to human agency. The chapter concludes by considering whether a theory of species extinction that is grounded in science and “the natural archive” is more true than one grounded in research into the written records found in “the human archive.”
Close Encounters of the Methodological Kind
Authors: Mitchell Laura J.
Published: January 2018

Professional and public perceptions of history remain deeply influenced by the discipline’s Enlightenment roots. Without a set of common assumptions, the field would be paralyzed, but unless scholars acknowledge the Eurocentric legacies that shape our thinking, historical understanding among scholars and the public will continue to erroneously universalize locally-rooted processes, such as the creation of the Westphalian state system, as an inherently human characteristic. This essay turns the methodology of cross-cultural encounter pioneered by Jerry Bentley on scholarly practice, examining a counter-factual map of “un-colonized” Africa and the public reaction to it in order to illuminate unexamined, Enlightenment-based assumptions that shape world historical inquiry.
Nationalism and Evaluations of Hwang Sayŏng and His Silk Letter
Authors: Baker Don , Rausch Franklin
Published: January 2018

This chapter survey the controversy over Hwang Sayŏng and his Silk Letter today, focusing on whether he should be seen as a traitor or as a hero. I argue that such a dichotomy is anachronistic, since Hwang could not be a traitor since the modern notion of loyalty to a nation-state did not exist in Korea two centuries ago. Nor should he be praised as a fighter for religious freedom, since he did not know that concept, either. Instead, he needs to be understood in the context of his times. He was a Catholic living in a sino-centric Confucian country who wanted his country to switch its allegiance from China to Rome so that he could practice his religion without government interference.
Introduction
Authors: Um Nancy
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the central role of coffee in the history of eighteenth-century Yemen during the Qasimi imamate. It also sketches the concept of the “major overseas merchant” as a group tied together not only by their trading investments and shipping routes, but also by the shared yet exclusive materially-oriented social practices and protocols that they engaged in while trading in the southern Arabian Peninsula. The sources and archives that have provided resources for the study are also introduced and framed.
Everyday Objects and Tools of the Trade
Authors: Um Nancy
Published: January 2018

Drawing on company inventories and request lists, this chapter delves into the relatively mundane objects that English and Dutch merchants imported from Bombay and Batavia, but also London and Amsterdam, for their daily use. Certain items, such as imported scales, basic writing materials, and the company seal, were essential for their trade, whereas others, such as food, drink, and raised furniture, were key to preserving European lifestyles far from home. When considered along with the cargo that was transported to be sold at port, these objects were far more than utilitarian goods. They allow us to reflect on the dynamic and multifaceted character of the import, which was not only intended for the purposes of exchange, but also to sustain the very structure of the overseas trade enterprise.
Educating Monks
Authors: Borchert Thomas A.
Published: January 2018

Educating Monks examines the education and training of novices and young Buddhist monks of a Tai minority group on China’s Southwest border. The Buddhists of this region, the Dai-lue, are Chinese citizens but practice Theravada Buddhism and have long-standing ties to the Theravāda communities of Southeast Asia. The book shows how Dai-lue Buddhists train their young men in village temples, monastic junior high schools and in transnational monastic educational institutions, as well as the political context of redeveloping Buddhism during the Reform era in China. While the book focuses on the educational settings in which these young boys are trained, it also argues that in order to understand how a monk is made, it is necessary to examine local agenda, national politics and transnational Buddhist networks.
Local Monks in Sipsongpannā
Authors: Borchert Thomas A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the conditions of Buddhism within Sipsongpannā. It describes the religious field of Sipsongpannā, aspects of village Buddhism, the monastic careers of Dai-lue men and the organization of the Sangha. While the chapter situates village Buddhism in the region as “local,” it also seeks to complicate how “local” forms of Buddhism interact with and are conditioned by national and transnational forms as well.
Afterword
Authors: Borchert Thomas A.
Published: January 2018

DURING MY SECOND VISIT TO THE YF in the summer of 2009, the monks and laymen who were working in the office were developing a proposal for a “Theravāda Buddhist Pāli College.” This would be a tertiary program that would give the Theravāda Buddhists of China—that is, the Daizu and Bulang people—the opportunity to study Theravāda Buddhism and Pāli at levels that they had not yet been able to do in China. It would finally move them beyond the knowledge embedded in the ...
Converging Worlds
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter sets out the backstory of how Ta’isi was born to a Swedish father and a Sāmoan mother in 1883. It presents a sweeping history of nineteenth-century Pacific history and how this intertwined with Sāmoa to create the volatile world Ta’isi was born into, a world scarred by war and imperial ambition. A significant aspect of this story is the economic history of the Pacific, from resource harvesting, to mining to plantations. This chapter outlines how these economic phases drove migrations that in turn impacted the course of Sāmoan history and the increasing instability that marred the last decades of the nineteenth century. It outlines the history of Sāmoa’s most famous resident, Robert Louis Stevenson, who would continue to cast a long shadow over Sāmoan history long after his death in Apia. As well as the big historical picture presented here, this chapter examines how all these global forces shaped Ta’isi’s formative years until his marriage.
A New Era? (1923–1925)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

General George Spafford Richardson, one of New Zealand’s highest ranking World War One generals, replaced Colonel Tate as Sāmoa’s administrator in 1923. This move was intended to diffuse the Mau and reset relations on a better course. Richardson’s stature as a war hero, it was hoped, would aid this objective. This chapter examines developments in Richardson’s first term as administrator when he adopted a conciliatory posture and enjoyed a productive working relationship, indeed friendship, with Ta’isi. Richardson oversaw the creation of three elected positions to the Legislative Council, answering Ta’isi’s call for democratic processes to be implemented. As Ta’isi was one of these three elected members, his relationship with Richardson evolved in new ways. Though Richardson had a very jaundiced view of this new governing instrument he was still adamant that Sāmoans would “love” empire and that his part of British Empire would become a showcase across the world. On a personal level, this chapter discusses the breakdown of Ta’isi’s marriage to Rosabel and how his private world would be reshaped by this event.
The Storm (1926–1927)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

After the second public meeting of late 1926 was stopped by Administrator Richardson, the Mau was officially launched in March 1927. A petition was drawn up and sent to the New Zealand parliament triggering two inquiries into New Zealand’s administration that would be held in 1927 and it would generate considerable debate in the New Zealand parliament about Sāmoa policy. The chapter explains the differing explanations proffered by Richardson for the Mau that ranged from anger at prohibition legislation, a German plot, and Ta’isi’s supposed desire to economically exploit Sāmoan copra growers. As the question of copra and economic exploitation becomes such a central plank of New Zealand’s campaign against Ta’isi, this chapter delves into features of this industry as well as discussing how both sides began using the press for their own purposes.
Slander, Abuse, and Calumny (1929)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

As Ta’isi’s efforts to have his exile revoked had failed, he began settling into life in Auckland though he believed the merits of his case would soon prevail and he would be permitted to return home. The chapter reveals his family’s experiences of living in Auckland from late 1928, particularly his experience with a landlady who would launch legal proceedings against him in a legal suit replete with racist ideas about Sāmoans as well as the pervasive campaign of disgrace the government was waging against him. As well as this exploration of the social worlds Ta’isi was forced to inhabit from 1928, this chapter looks at the implications for the 1929 report into the Sāmoan administration (the VPB Report) that found many of the Mau complaints were in fact valid. The chapter also follows the fate of Tupua Tamasese Lea’lofi who was released from prison in June 1929 and his subsequent return to Sāmoa. The chapter concludes with Ta’isi’s preoccupations at the end of 1929 that centered on his slander case against the New Zealand Herald, and his sending a lawyer to Apia to gather evidence; a move that would end tragically.
Sāmoa’s Gethsemane (1930)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the immediate aftermath of the Black Saturday Massacre through the experiences of Ta’isi. Though New Zealand forces tried to stop the Mau through exiling Ta’isi and then the killing Tupua Tamasese (which may have been intended or not) the Mau continued to disrupt New Zealand’s rule. The Women’s Mau, in which Rosabel played a prominent role, also came to the fore in 1930. Administrator Allen enraged these women, Ta’isi and Sāmoans generally, when he wrote in the annual report to the League of Nations that these women were of ‘light moral character’. The crisis of the Great Depression began to impact Sāmoa and for Ta’isi personally; his enforced absence from Sāmoa began to bite into his business operations. This chapter explores the New Zealand’s part in continuing attempts to publically damage Ta’isi’s status amongst Sāmoans. It also explores the impact on Ta’isi and the Mau with the death of Sir Māui Pōmare, who had been Samoa’s staunchest supporter.
Sāmoa Evermore (1935–1944)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins by tracking the change of fortune for Ta’isi once the political landscape in New Zealand shifted when the first Labour government was elected in late 1935 and Michael Savage became prime minister. As a result, Ta’isi was allowed to return home in 1936 where he again received an immense welcome but this time administration officials and three of the highest chiefs also joined the welcoming party. Despite the euphoria upon his return, old problems surfaced as war-horses of the Samoan administration continued to hold their positions and wield extraordinary powers. This gave rise to the “New Mau” in 1938 where Ta’isi once again took an activist role. The chapter charts the drastically altered circumstances when war erupted. This time of war was also the time of Ta’isi’s increasingly poor health. The chapter offers an intimate view of his final years that ended with his death in February 1944.
Intimate Ark
Authors: Culliney John L. , Jones David
Published: January 2018

Among the greatest cooperative examples of biotic evolution that released a virtually unbounded world of complexity, particularly conspicuous among eukaryotic organisms, was the evolution of sex. In sex, each individual of a mating pair contributes part of its genetic makeup (genome) to offspring—always cells are the seminal agents of the genetic contribution from each self—that participate in an emergent new generation. Thus a self, upon engaging in sex, abandons a substantial portion of its integrity and weaves together a molecular-to-cellular-to-organismal fractal interface with a partner. Throughout the sexual world, self seeks a profound intimacy with non-self. The chapter first describes gene sharing by bacteria through conjugation, a prokaryotic version of sex. An allegory of dancing snakes metaphorically represents cellular reproduction by mitosis and the reduction divisions of chromosomes in meiosis, the basis of gene sharing in sex among eukaryotes. Genetic recombination via meiosis enormously accelerates the diverse expressions of myriad life forms. Among angiosperm plants, sex is manifest in immensely variable flowers and, with some exceptions, their colors and forms evolved in response to a profound cooperative imperative with animal partners that spread their pollen. Darwin’s major insight on sexual selection among animals has explained male-female dimorphisms from subtle to spectacular.
From Self to No-Self to All-Self
Authors: Culliney John L. , Jones David
Published: January 2018

Chapter 9 explores how individuals working to attain peak performance are at their best when intimately embedded and engaged in their chosen sector of the world, moving with and helping to shape its creative turbulence. Primarily focusing on the Buddhist notion of an enlightened self, we propose the sage ideally represents the fractal self with Confucian and Daoist philosophies complementing Buddhist thinkers in their conscious struggle against problems arising in selves devoted to an integrity way of being. The Buddhist self becomes the paradigmatic model for a self of intimacy. In intimacy, knowledge resides at the interface of self and world and free-will manifests in our evolved nature with our option to choose constructive engagement with our world—from family harmony to international well-being and biospheric sustainability. This chapter takes readers into discussions that may seem paradoxical, as in the concept of no-self and the sources of suffering, barriers to approaching nirvana. The Western notion of an individuated human soul dissolves into the unbounded vision of the self of intimacy that Buddhists believe is realized in traveling the “Eightfold Path.” Bash?’s poetry evokes the Path and opens vistas of compassion and enlightenment in the quest of a fractal self.
Flouting, Flashing, and Favoritism
Authors: Rothschild N. Harry
Published: January 2018

In 695, in the Zhou court of female emperor Wu Zhao 武曌‎, Xue Huaiyi 薛懷義‎, improbably risen from male favorite of humble origins to become a Buddhist abbot, an influential ideologue, a veteran general of many expeditions, a visionary architect of grand imperial ritual constructions, lay on a bench and bared his midriff (tanfu坦腹‎). The eccentric Huaiyi’s wanton disregard for protocol, for the dignity and solemnity of venue, scandalized and profoundly outraged the Confucian establishment, creating a furor in court. To better couch Xue Huaiyi’s bared midriff in the complex historical and ideological context of the times, the chapter examines different aspects of meaning underlying the eccentric and unorthodox monk’s irreverent gesture—Buddhist, Confucian, folk/popular, etymological.
“Wolves Shepherding the People”
Authors: Wang Hongjie
Published: January 2018

This essay examines notorious crimes perpetrated by the military men during the chaotic Five Dynasties and Ten States period (907–979) based on both official histories and biji筆記‎ accounts. Rapidly shifting political rule, contested boundaries, an excessively premium on martial values, and tensions between the military (wu武‎) and the civil (wen文‎) all contributed to the violence and instability of the day. The unending wars and volatile politics fostered an environment wherein a widespread contempt for human life became commonplace, particularly among the military men who rose to power through combat and slaughter.
Introduction
Authors: Aung-Thwin Michael A.
Published: January 2018

The Introduction places the study of Ava and Pegu in a broader historiographic context by addressing several issues: 1) the significance of the history of Ava and Pegu on the history of Myanmar and Southeast Asia, 2) the place of Ava and Pegu in the historiography of the “Early Modern Period,” 3) the role (reified) ethnicity played in their relationship, and 4) the ways in which the field has shaped our understanding (and misunderstanding) of these two kingdoms, the country, and the region.
The Golden Years at Pegu
Authors: Aung-Thwin Michael A.
Published: January 2018

Considered the “golden years of Pegu” by colonial historians, the fifteenth-century Kingdom of Pegu during the reigns of Shin Saw Bu, Dhammazedi, and Bannya Ram was arguably its zenith, particularly in terms of peace, religious and artistic activity, security, wealth, and exemplary leadership. Yet, it is also clear that these three had benefitted from the military and administrative acumen and accomplishments of their predecessor, Yazadarit. It could have also been the “lull before the storm,” for soon thereafter, the Kingdom of Pegu was ignominiously conquered by an upstart “upstream” center called Toungoo. Not only was the First Pegu Kingdom a simple civilization, it was the first in Lower Myanmar. And unlike Pagan, there was no long-term pattern of structural decline at Pegu, for it was gone almost as suddenly as it had come.
Princess Siti and the Particularities of Post-Islamist Pop
Authors: Barendregt Bart
Published: January 2018

June 2012 saw the release of the song You came to Me, performed by ‘Islam’s Biggest Rock Star’, Sami Yusuf and Malaysian media darling Dato’ Siti Nurhaliza Tarudin, The song, - previously released on one of Yusuf’s solo albums and recorded in the nasheed idiom - was now repackaged for the Southeast Asian market and sung in English, Arab as well as Malay. The choice to perform in Malay is not surprising considering that Malaysia for decades has been known as the home of contemporary nasheed, with many global Muslim pop stars today enjoying most of their fame here rather than in their countries of origin. Also the nasheed idiom, being the most ‘modern’, global and commercial of Islamist genres, does not wholly come as a surprise. However, the male / female duet did stir considerable debate on how Muslim artists are to abide to ever changing rules of modest behavior and moral virtue. Popular culture increasingly seems to be become one of the main arenas in which such values are reframed and put to test, as especially Siti did experience. This contribution considers how modernity is musically articulated in a Muslim Southeast Asian context.
Googoosh’s Voice
Authors: Hemmasi Farzaneh
Published: January 2018

Born in 1950, Googoosh began her career as a child actor on stage, television and film; by her twenties, she was the country’s primary female interpreter of musiqi-yi pap (Western-influenced “pop music”). Following the Iranian revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1980, Googoosh’s fame became a liability. The revolutionary project involved purifying Iran of its “colonized” culture; moral corruption and unveiled “lust-inciting” women. Then, in 2000 Googoosh left Iran to restart her career in exile, landing first in Toronto and then settling in Los Angeles. She embarked on a new phase of her career singing her prerevolutionary romantic repertoire but also with a declaration of her intention to “give voice” to herself, to Iran and Iranians around the world. This chapter argues that the metaphorical “voicing” Googoosh performed on behalf of “those inside Iran” was an extension of an already-established pattern in which she blurred the line between celebrity as exceptional individual and celebrity as medium for collective expression.
Enacting Modernity through Voice, Body, and Gender
Authors: Trimillos Ricardo D.
Published: January 2018

For the Philippines in the twenty-first century strands of modernity, globalization, and nation are closely interwoven, the result of processes in play during the previous twentieth century. The time period under discussion has two important “bookends”—the close of the Philippine-American War in 1912 and the onset of martial law in 1972, six decades which in this chapter are referred to as the period of Developing Modernity, a duration of relative social and political stability enabling self-reflection upon identity and nation. Philippine commercial music during this time illustrates and informs these processes in play, which is examined through the careers of two female vocalists with national and international reputations, jazz singer Katy dela Cruz and chanteuse Pilita Corrales. Each singer, although part of the same commercial music industry, presents a distinctive trajectory of engagement with nation and culture during the Developing Modernity period. Regarding relevance for the present twenty-first century, each references alternative modernities relative to the international circulation of mediatized music and the globalization of vocalized and gendered bodies. Both argue for cultural continuities within environments of social change.
The Indian and Chinese Background
Authors: Rhodes Robert F.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a brief description of the development of Pure Land Buddhism in India and China. First it takes up the teachings of the Pure Land sūtras which form the basis of Pure Land Buddhism as a whole. Next it turns to the development of Pure Land Buddhism in China. First, it recounts the place of Pure Land Buddhism in Chinese Tiantai (Tendai) meditation thought. Then it shows how Pure Land Buddhism became a devotional form of Buddhism under the impact of Tanluan, Daochuo, Shandao and other monks. Finally, it shows how this devotional form of Pure Land Buddhism was incorporated into the Chinese Tiantai school.
The Introduction of Pure Land Buddhism to Japan
Authors: Rhodes Robert F.
Published: January 2018

This chapter takes up the early development of Pure Land Buddhism in Japan, focusing especially on the Nara period (710-794). In this early period, Pure Land Buddhism was understood primarily as a religion to ensure the post-mortem welfare of one’s relatives and ancestors but by the Heian period, it came to be seen as a way of attaining one’s own birth in the Pure Land. By the Nara period, all of the major Pure Land sūtras and treatises had been transmitted to Japan and scholar-monks began to produce highly sophisticated studies on Pure Land texts.
Zenyu, Senkan, and the Beginning of Tendai Pure Land Discourse
Authors: Rhodes Robert F.
Published: January 2018

This chapter takes up the issue of how a distinctive Japanese Tendai Pure Land discourse was created by Tendai monks who were contemporaries of Kūya. The chapter focuses on two monks, Zenyu (913-990) and Senkan (918-983), who wrote the Amida shinjūgi and Jūgan hosshinki, respectively. They are the first extant treatises on Pure Land Buddhism written by Japanese Tendai monks. These treatises provided the foundation upon which Genshin was to write the Ōjōyōshū a generation later.
Auxiliary Practices and Deathbed Nenbutsu
Authors: Rhodes Robert F.
Published: January 2018

Although Genshin maintained that the nenbutsu is the central Pure Land practice, he also argued that it must be undertaken in conjunction with various auxiliary practices, such as keeping the precepts, in order to ensure the efficacy of the nenbutsu. This chapter takes up the various auxiliary practices that Genshin enumerates in the Ōjōyōshū. In addition, this chapter also describes the deathbed nenbutsu ritual which Genshin also highlights in the Ōjōyōshū.
He Lama ‘Ā Ho‘okahi Mele Inoa for Dr. Richard Kekuni Blaisdell
Authors: Kaholokula Joseph Keawe‘aimoku
Published: January 2018

A traditional Hawaiian honorific name chant was composed to recognize the diverse contributions in leadership, education, and research of Dr. Richard Kekuni Blaisdell. Historic and metaphorical references elevate and document his vast influence.
Returning to Health in Hāna, Maui
Authors: Paloma Diane S. L.
Published: January 2018

Health outreach for small, rural communities is often difficult and dependent on developing long-standing relationships. On the eastern side of Maui, a remote Native Hawaiian community of Hāna is the site of many health outreach programs because services are limited and outreach efforts from various Native Hawaiian health organizations are continually seeking to empower the health of Hāna. The author re-discovers Hāna in the context of her health promotion activities, and reconnects to an ancestral home. The journey reconnects her to Hāna through her initial visit and then 12 years later when she returns to initiate more significant activities. What remains consistent is the personal connections made that have endured over time enabling the work to continue and persevere based upon the foundation of trust established upon each visit.
Development of corporate information system to manage content online resource of enterprise
Authors: Proaspet Anastasiia Georgievna
Published: January 2018

Existing software products for content management of the enterprise Internet resource are difficult for the staff who are responsible for the content management or do not provide the necessary level of security and functionality. According to the author, it is necessary to develop requirements for a corporate information system that allows you to manage Internet resources effectively.
Specifics of the implicit expression of the author’s gender identity in 19th and 20th century German-language female memories
Authors: Kessler Lyubov Andreevna
Published: January 2018

This article covers the expression of implicit gender identity of the subject of speech activity in the 19th and 20th century women's memories. The study revealed that implicit gender aspects associated with linguistic ascertainment of gender stereotypes presented in female linguistic material form the lexico-semantic category of “Character”. Within this category, the lexico-semantic sub-categories “Emotionality”, “Fearfulness and diffidence” and “Dreaminess” play a significant role, representing the corresponding stereotypes.
Does Perioperative Hemoglobin A1c Level Affect the Incidence, Pattern and Mortality of Lower Extremity Amputation?
Authors: Al-Thani Hassan , El-Matbouly Moamena , Al-Sulaiti Maryam , Al-Thani Noora , Asim Mohammad , El-Menyar Ayman
Published: January 2018

Background:

We hypothesized that perioperative HbA1c influenced the pattern and outcomes
of Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA).

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was conducted for all patients who underwent LEA between 2000
and 2013. Patients were categorized into 5 groups according to their perioperative HbA1c values [Group
1 (<6.5%), Group 2 (6.5-7.4%), Group 3 (7.5-8.4%), Group 4 (8.5-9.4%) and Group 5 (≥9.5%)]. We
identified 848 patients with LEA; perioperative HbA1c levels were available in 547 cases (Group 1:
18.8%, Group 2: 17.7%, Group 3: 15.0%, Group 4: 13.5% and Group 5: 34.9%). Major amputation was
performed in 35%, 32%, 22%, 10.8% and 13.6%, respectively.

Results:

The overall mortality was 36.5%; of that one quarter occurred during the index hospitalization.
Mortality was higher in Group 1 (57.4%) compared with Groups 2-5 (46.9%, 38.3%, 36.1% and 31.2%,
respectively, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that poor glycemic control (Group 4 and 5) had
lower risk of mortality post-LEA [hazard ratio 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.93) and hazard ratio 0.46 (95% CI
0.31-0.69)]; this mortality risk persisted even after adjustment for age and sex but was statistically insignificant.
The rate of LEA was greater among poor glycemic control patients; however, the mortality
was higher among patients with tight control.

Conclusion:

The effects of HbA1c on the immediate and long-term LEA outcomes and its therapeutic
implications need further investigation.
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Urban Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Nhidza Godwell , Mutsaka Kudzaishe , Malunga Garikai , Zhou Danai Tavonga
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

According to the WHO, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) means glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy. Unfortunately, women affected by GDM could suffer from Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) later while babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of being too large for gestational age. This cross-sectional study screened GDM in women attending Parirenyatwa Antenatal Clinic in urban Harare, Zimbabwe using 2006 WHO diagnostic criteria.

Methodology:

Urine samples were collected from all consenting pregnant women. If urinalysis indicated glycosuria and if a woman reported clinical symptoms of GDM, random blood sugar analysis was subsequently carried out. Those suspected of having GDM due to elevated glucose (n=17) were screened with glucose load challenge the following day, after collecting the sample for fasting blood sugar. Family history of diabetes was self-reported.

Results:

Women (N=150), between 24 – 28 weeks of gestation who consented were recruited. Participants had mean age 27.2(3.5) years and about half were gradiva 1. All participants reported no maternal history of T2DM, but reported other family history of T2DM. Out of the 150 recruited and 17 tested by OGTT, 10 (6.7%) tested positive for GDM.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of GDM is lower than two similar African studies but similar to one Indian study. Of note is the fact that variations in reported prevalence, in populations from different studies could be due to different diagnostic criteria used. Results need further enquiry on larger group of pregnant women using latest 2013 WHO criteria.
Initial Physical Health Factors of an Individual Aging in Thailand
Authors: Kotheeranurak Chanwit , Chandrachai Achara , Seelajaroen Ruttachai , Pornrattanaseekul Saksit
Published: January 2018

Background:

The purpose of the research was to study activities and deportments of Physical Health affecting self-sufficient aging in Thailand. The research emphasizes physical health factors by the use of surveys and statistics and the data are recorded and can in turn be used to for self-sufficient aging.

Methods:

The samples in this research consisted of 807 individuals from Bangkok, Thailand. The data were analyzed in order to find the mean, standard deviation, the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Factors affecting the preparation of self-sufficient aging in Bangkok, Thailand were with a level of statistically significance at 0.01. The correlation of the Physical Health Factor was estimated.

Results:

It was found that the Physical Health Factors had a positive and significant Correlation Coefficient. The suitable factor from each Physical Health Predictive Measurement was with a coefficient of determination. The Physical Health Factor was field tested in Bangkok.

Conclusion:

It was found that the actual Physical Health of the samples was not significantly different from the predicted weight obtained from the measurement score for current levels of Physical Health. Physical Health Factors are composed of 13 factors; both quantitative (AGE, Body mass index, Nutrition behavior, Exercise period time, Smoke behavior, Drinking behavior Alcohol-Week, Work hour- per day, Sleep period time, Holiday period time, Family History disease, Ability to do daily routine) and qualitative (Health Satisfaction and Health Awareness).
Pessoa com deficiência: estigma e identidade
Authors: Fernandes Ana Paula Cunha dos Santos , Denari Fatima Elisabeth
Published: January 2018

Neste artigo objetiva-se verificar, por meio das mídias audiovisuais, como as pessoas com deficiência são reconhecidas, porque, apesar dos direitos atuais adquiridos, ainda são visualizadas e/ou relatadas experiência negativas que abordam estigma, identidade e autonomia. Com isso, busca-se responder: Após décadas de educação inclusiva no Brasil, ainda existe preconceito ou estigma com a pessoa com deficiência? A metodologia é a netnografia, por ser uma pesquisa realizada em ambientes virtuais. Quanto à coleta dos dados, deu-se por meio da visualização e seleção de vídeos do YouTube que envolvem a temática estigma e identidade social. Para tanto, utilizou-se os descritores mais comuns como deficientes, deficiência visual, deficiência física, deficiência mental, eficiência intelectual, deficiência auditiva, pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais  mongoloide, débil mental, ceguinho, surdo (piada) e surdinho. Como resultado, destacase a representação em mídia de forma ridicularizada, desrespeitosa, considerando a pessoa com deficiência como irresponsável, desatenta, fora do padrão social, não inteligente, agressiva, frívola, dentre outros.
EDUCATION TO THE DEPRIVED SECTIONS: A FOCUS ON TRIBAL WOMEN
Authors: SHIVALEELA M.
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Scheduled Tribes (STs), the socially and educationally disadvantaged groups are one of the most exploited and deprived sections of the population in Indian. Tribal women are deprived of education which is the integral part of life. The Indian Tribal family organisation makes discrimination between the sexes regarding education and empowerment. Needless to say, that exclusion from fruits of development has adversely affected the quality of life of the tribal people and Tribal children are no exception. So, the Tribal society is marked by inequality, discrimination, exploitation, domination and deprivation. This paper examines issues concerning school access and equity for Women of Scheduled Tribe communities and also highlights their unique problems, which may require divergent policy responses. There are several studies available on various aspect of socio-cultural anthropology of tribal people. But very few attempts have been made to study on Socio-cultural Tradition and Women Education in tribal society in the study area. This paper discusses the education progress among tribal’s particularly women in the present societies.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF MULTIMEDIA ON AWARENESS OF CONSUMER RIGHTS
Authors: KARPAGAM R. , NACHIMUTHU K.
Published: January 2018

Commerce is the subject which provides a clear understanding of commercial development and it also helps in promoting our culture and civilization. The problem of the present study is entitled as ‘Effect of multimedia on awareness of consumer rights at higher secondary level’. The investigator collected data from the 11th standard students. The investigator has selected 90 students for the study, of which the control group consists of 45 students, Experimental group consists of 45 students. From the Government Higher secondary students of Trichy district in Tamil Nadu. The study found out that there is more effect of multimedia in teaching Consumer rights awareness at higher secondary level.
Coercive Questioning after Charge
Authors: Donaghue Stephen
Published: January 2018

One of the distinctive features of the Australian legal landscape is the increasing use of commissions that possess coercive powers to supplement normal police methods in the investigation of crime. This practice became common in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when a number of Royal Commissions into organised crime or corruption were conducted. It continued with the establishment at both the Commonwealth and State level of standing commissions charged with the investigation of various types of serious crime or corruption. This article is concerned with an analysis of the ability of Royal Commissions and standing commissions to use their coercive powers to investigate crime when the investigation may interfere with pending criminal proceedings. It argues that the divergent authorities in this area can best be understood as turning on the fact that the separation of powers doctrine imposes limits on the powers of Commonwealth commissions that do not exist in relation to State commissions.