bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young children spontaneously invent three different types of associative tool use behaviour
Authors: Reindl E. , Tennie C. , Apperly I. A. , Lugosi Z. , Beck S. R.
Published: February 2022

Associative Tool Use (ATU) describes the use of two or more tools in combination, with the literature further differentiating between Tool set use, Tool composite use, Sequential tool use and Secondary tool use. Research investigating the cognitive processes underlying ATU has shown that some primate and bird species spontaneously invent Tool set and Sequential tool use. Yet studies with humans are sparse. Whether children are also able to spontaneously invent ATU behaviours and at what age this ability emerges is poorly understood. We addressed this gap in the literature with two experiments involving preschoolers (E1,N= 66, 3 years 6 months to 4 years 9 months; E2,N= 119, 3 years 0 months to 6 years 10 months) who were administered novel tasks measuring Tool set, Metatool and Sequential tool use. Participants needed to solve the tasks individually, without the opportunity for social learning (except for enhancement effects). Children from 3 years of age spontaneously invented all of the types of investigated ATU behaviours. Success rates were low, suggesting that individual invention of ATU in novel tasks is still challenging for preschoolers. We discuss how future studies can use and expand our tasks to deepen our understanding of tool use and problem-solving in humans and non-human animals.
Big Brother Watch v. UK (Eur. Ct. H.R. Grand Chamber)
Authors: Lubin Asaf
Published: February 2022

On May 25, 2021, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) issued a final judgment in Big Brother Watch and Others v. United Kingdom (BBW). The decision is the first Grand Chamber ruling on bulk interception in the post-Snowden era and charts the path forward for the use of tools and techniques of mass surveillance for national security purposes by Council of Europe member states. The decision was issued alongside a parallel ruling in Centrum för rättvisa v. Sweden (CFR). While CFR is “very much the companion case to BBW,” an analysis of it is outside the scope of this note. Suffice to say that, combined, both cases reaffirm the Court's position that the operation of foreign bulk interception regimes does not ipso facto violate the Convention, as such operations may be necessary in the investigation of national security threats and serious crime, including in the context of global terrorism, cyber-attacks, counter-espionage, election interferences, drug trafficking, and child pornography. In a rather complex and lengthy judgment, the Court elaborated on a procedural framework that incorporates “end-to-end safeguards” and is aimed at preventing power from being abused in the operation of these tools.
Causality between fluid motions and bathymetric features
Authors: Hsu Tian-Jian
Published: February 2022

Can morphodynamic problems be solved using a first-principles approach in multiphase fluid mechanics? This is the holy grail for many sediment transport researchers but has yet to be achieved in practice. Using a fully resolved direct numerical simulation for turbulent flow over a bed of spheres, the study of Schereret al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 930, 2022, A11) investigates the onset of morphodynamics from a statistically flat bed. The study shows that the formation of streamwise-aligned sediment ridges is due to large-scale turbulent streaks in the logarithmic layer, which drives local sediment sweeps and bursts. The study provides a solid physical justification for introducing initial perturbations in other reduced-complexity models and opens up new perspectives for simulating sediment transport and morphodynamic problems using high-fidelity models.
Psychosocial influences on pregnancy and childbirth behaviours in north-western Nigeria: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Johansson Emily White , Anaba Udochisom , Abegunde Dele , Okoh Mathew , Abdu-Aguye Shittu , Hewett Paul C. , Hutchinson Paul L.
Published: February 2022

Antenatal care (ANC) and facility delivery are essential maternal health services, but uptake remains low in north-western Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the psychosocial influences on pregnancy and childbirth behaviours in Nigeria. Data were from a cross-sectional population-based survey of randomly sampled women with a child under 2 years conducted in Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara states of north-western Nigeria in September 2019. Women were asked about their maternal health behaviours during their last pregnancy. Psychosocial metrics were developed using the Ideation Model of Strategic Communication and Behaviour Change. Predicted probabilities for visiting ANC four or more times (ANC4+) and giving birth in a facility were derived using mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusted for ideational and socio-demographic variables. Among the 3039 sample women, 23.6% (95% CI: 18.0–30.3%) attended ANC4+ times and 15.5% (95% CI: 11.8–20.1%) gave birth in a facility. Among women who did not attend ANC4+ times or have a facility-based delivery during their last pregnancy, the most commonly cited reasons for non-use were lack of perceived need (42% and 67%, respectively) and spousal opposition (25% and 27%, respectively). Women who knew any ANC benefit or the recommended number of ANC visits were 3.2 and 2.1 times more likely to attend ANC4+ times, respectively. Women who held positive views about health facilities for childbirth had 1.2 and 2.6 times higher likelihood of attending ANC4+ times and having a facility delivery, respectively, while women who believed ANC was only for sickness or pregnancy complications had a 17% lower likelihood of attending ANC4+ times. Self-efficacy and supportive spousal influence were also significantly associated with both outcomes. To improve pregnancy and childbirth practices in north-western Nigeria, Social and Behavioural Change programmes could address a range of psychosocial factors across cognitive, emotional and social domains which have been found in this study to be significantly associated with pregnancy and childbirth behaviours: raising knowledge and dispelling myths, building women’s confidence to access services, engaging spousal support in decision-making and improving perceived (and actual) maternal health services quality.
Sociodemographic patterns of preterm birth and low birth weight among pregnant women in rural Mysore district, India: A latent class analysis
Authors: Kiplagat Sandra , Ravi Kavitha , Sheehan Diana M. , Srinivas Vijaya , Khan Anisa , Trepka Mary Jo , Bursac Zoran , Stephens Dionne , Krupp Karl , Madhivanan Purnima
Published: February 2022

Few studies have utilized person-centered approaches to examine co-occurrence of risk factors among pregnant women in low-and middle-income settings. The objective of this study was to utilize latent class analysis (LCA) to identify sociodemographic patterns and assess the association of these patterns on preterm birth (PTB) and/or low birth weight (LBW) in rural Mysore District, India. Secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study among 1540 pregnant women was conducted. Latent class analysis was performed to identify distinct group memberships based on a chosen set of sociodemographic factors. Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the association between latent classes and preterm birth and low birth weight. LCA yielded four latent classes. Women belonging to Class 1 “low socioeconomic status (SES)/early marriage/multigravida/1 child or more”, had higher odds of preterm birth (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.77, 95% CI: 1.05-2.97) compared to women in Class 4 “high SES/later marriage/primigravida/no children”. Women in Class 2 “low SES/later marriage/primigravida/no children” had higher odds of low birth weight (aOR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.51-4.22) compared to women in Class 4. Women less than 20 years old were twice as likely to have PTB compared to women aged 25 years and older (aOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.08-3.71). Hypertension (>140/>90 mm/Hg) was a significant determinant of PTB (aOR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.02-5.07). Furthermore, women with a previous LBW infant had higher odds of delivering a subsequent LBW infant (aOR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.40-3.29). Overall study findings highlighted that woman belonging to low socioeconomic status, and multigravida women had increased odds of preterm birth and low birth weight infants. Targeted government programs are crucial in reducing inequalities in preterm births and low birth weight infants in rural Mysore, India.
Multispecies probiotic administration reduces emotional salience and improves mood in subjects with moderate depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Baião Rita , Capitão Liliana P. , Higgins Cameron , Browning Michael , Harmer Catherine J. , Burnet Philip W. J.
Published: February 2022

Background

The potential antidepressant properties of probiotics have been suggested, but their influence on the emotional processes that may underlie this effect is unclear.

Methods

Depressed volunteers (n = 71) were recruited into a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled study to explore the effects of a daily, 4-week intake of a multispecies probiotic or placebo on emotional processing and cognition. Mood, anxiety, positive and negative affect, sleep, salivary cortisol and serum C-reactive peptide (CRP) were assessed before and after supplementation.

Results

Compared with placebo, probiotic intake increased accuracy at identifying faces expressing all emotions (+12%, p < 0.05, total n = 51) and vigilance to neutral faces (mean difference between groups = 12.28 ms ± 6.1, p < 0.05, total n = 51). Probiotic supplementation also reduced reward learning (−9%, p < 0.05, total n = 51), and interference word recall on the auditory verbal learning task (−18%, p < 0.05, total n = 50), but did not affect other aspects of cognitive performance. Although actigraphy revealed a significant group × night-time activity interaction, follow up analysis was not significant (p = 0.094). Supplementation did not alter salivary cortisol or circulating CRP concentrations. Probiotic intake significantly reduced (−50% from baseline, p < 0.05, n = 35) depression scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, but these did not correlate with the changes in emotional processing.

Conclusions

The impartiality to positive and negative emotional stimuli or reward after probiotic supplementation have not been observed with conventional antidepressant therapies. Further studies are required to elucidate the significance of these changes with regard to the mood-improving action of the current probiotic.
‘You son of a perverse rebellious woman’: Mobilizing the storytelling event for self-empowerment
Authors: Zilberman Friedmann Yael , Netz Hadar
Published: February 2022

The current study investigates the discursive strategies used by Jewish Israeli women when telling stories of self-empowerment involving interpersonal tension with authority figures. Our corpus is based on in-depth interviews with thirty women aged fifty to ninety-three from the southern city of Beer Sheva, Israel. We identified forty-two narratives manifesting interpersonal tension, mostly with authority figures. Drawing on the theoretical framework of narrative analysis, we conduct a performance-based, pragmatic microanalysis of four stories through which we demonstrate an ensemble of strategies paramount in shaping and contesting power relations, including use of direct reported speech, address and reference terms, and code-switching. By telling their stories, our storytellers mobilized the storytelling event as an occasion to perform a self-empowering move through which they subverted the frameworks of authority not only on a local level in the narrated and storytelling events but potentially also on a broader societal level, disrupting hegemonic asymmetries. (Power relations, narratives, self-empowerment, direct reported speech, code-switching, terms of address, terms of reference)
Should German Courts Prosecute Syrian International Crimes? Revisiting the “Dual Foundation” Thesis
Authors: Han Yuna
Published: February 2022

Should Germany be prosecuting crimes committed in Syria pursuant to universal jurisdiction (UJ)? This article revisits the normative questions raised by UJ—the principle that a state can prosecute serious international crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes committed by foreigners outside of its territories—against the backdrop of increasing European UJ proceedings regarding Syrian conflict–related crimes, focusing on Germany as an illustrative example. While existing literature justifies UJ on the basis of universal prohibition of certain atrocities, this creates residual normative issues. Alternatively, this article applies the “two-tiered test” derived from the “dual foundation” thesis of the Eichmann judgment, in which the normative appropriateness of UJ is evaluated against both accounts of universal prohibition and the specific politics surrounding the prosecution. It contends that the large number of Syrian refugees in Germany means that Germany, in particular, should initiate Syrian conflict–related UJ proceedings to prevent continued harm and recognize the political agency of refugees. Ultimately, the article suggests UJ should normatively be thought of as a domestic, rather than international, political event.
The use of force against neutral ships outside territorial waters
Authors: Helmersen Sondre Torp
Published: February 2022

This article examines when states are allowed to use force against neutral merchant ships outside territorial waters. This is regulated by both international humanitarian law and the prohibition of the use of force, which apply concurrently to naval warfare. The prohibition of the use of force imposes narrower limits than international humanitarian law, in the sense that certain actions that have traditionally been permitted under international humanitarian law are contrary to the prohibition of the use of force. The prohibition of the use of force exempts uses of force based on UN Security Council resolutions, consent and self-defence. Where there is no UN Security Council resolution or consent, self-defence remains the only option, and self-defence does not give a right to direct the use of force towards third states or their ships. Therefore, the right to self-defence does not permit blockades outside territorial waters or visit and search operations that are not founded on specific suspicions against individual ships, even though such operations may be permitted under international humanitarian law. These conclusions are supported by an examination of state practice and opinio juris, where the few relevant instances that do exist have met with widespread protests from other states.
Récit Music: Musical community in the information age
Authors: Bagheri Pour Fallah Arian
Published: February 2022

This article delineates a metaphysical concept,musical community, and considers its implications for material practices in the art world. It describes ways in which two theoretically distant categories of art music, namely, electroacoustic music and the concert-hall tradition, may converge given the emergent societal and technological shifts in the information age. The concepts of ‘networks’ and ‘reciprocity’, as developed by sociologists Manuel Castells and Marcel Mauss, respectively, constitute the theoretical lens for this analysis, which sees a number of musicological notions, including ‘musical society’ and ‘acousmatics’ reconsidered philosophically. Emphasis is placed, in lieu of the insular methodologies associated with theakousmatikoi, on broader Pythagorean society, its mythical links with present-day musical society, which are explored in relation to practical as well as structural proclivities permeating contemporary art music. These philosophical considerations are then used, so as to provide a general theory ofrécit music, a musical form designed by the author enabling creative employment of the impasses introduced in the information age. Finally, different reciprocities of the form with contemporary and traditional compositional philosophies are discussed, serving as an overview of the various theoretical and formal facets of récit music as methodology, approached in terms of three propositions.
Vitamin A deficiency and associated risk factors in children aged 12–59 months living in poorest municipalities in the South Region of Brazil
Authors: Dallazen Camila , Tietzmann Daniela Cardoso , da Silva Sara Araújo , Nilson Eduardo Augusto Fernandes , Gonçalves Vivian Siqueira Santos , Lang Regina Maria Ferreira , Crispim Sandra Patricia , Moreira Júlia Dubois , Garcia Solange Cristina , Vítolo Márcia Regina
Published: February 2022

Objective:

To estimate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children and associated risk factors.

Design:

Analysis of data from a cross-sectional multicentre study performed in the primary care units of the municipalities from January to June 2015. The children’s legal guardians answered a socio-economic questionnaire, and the children’s blood samples were obtained by venipuncture. Plasma retinol was determined by HPLC. Plasma retinol values of <0·70 μmol/l were considered VDA. Poisson multiple regression with robust variance was used. Values of P < 0·05 were considered significant. The data were analysed in the SPSS software, 21.0.

Setting:

Forty-eight poorest municipalities in the South Region of Brazil.

Participants:

Children (n 1503) aged 12–59 months.

Results:

The prevalence of VAD in the sample was 1·9 % (95 % CI (0·5, 6·8)). The following risk factors were associated with the outcome in the final explanatory model: family received Bolsa Familia program benefits (PR = 3·19; 95 % CI (1·69, 6·02)), child was not being breastfed (PR = 5·22; 95 % CI (1·68, 16·18)) and stunting (PR = 4·75; 95 % CI (2·10, 10·73)).

Conclusions:

VAD did not represent a public health problem for children living in socio-economically vulnerable municipalities in the South Region of Brazil, suggesting a new panorama of this nutritional deficiency even in regions of low socio-economic conditions in these three states. Thus, in view of the current nutritional transition scenario, it is necessary to continuously monitor and improve public policies related to vitamin A supplementation in the country.
Distorted policy transfer and institutional conflicts: the health insurance reform in South Korea
Authors: Kim Seongjo , Lee Sun-Woo
Published: February 2022

Why did Korea integrate multiple health insurers into a single insurance body in 2000? This study argues that the combination of institutional frictions and reinterpretations of them led to institutional changes by reshaping coalitions of healthcare policies. This study demonstrates how the interaction between institutional mismatches and policy feedbacks caused by policy transfer distortions and actors' ideas can trigger the institutional changes. When Korean policymakers adopted the Japanese health insurance system in the 1970s and 1980s, they deliberately modify some institutional sub-components to reflect the interests of bureaucrats and dominant groups. As a result, the mismatched institutional and ideational patterns created frictions for institutional changes. The self-governance of health insurance societies has hardly been achieved in Korea and it reduced individual health insurance societies to no more than a governmental body that collected contributions. In problem-solving mechanisms, there was a weak commitment for support such as loosely institutionalized finance assistance for rural health insurance schemes since the nascent democratic regime wanted to manipulate the subsidy for political reason, with low financial burden. Due to these distorted institutional practices, the health insurance system was seen as a symbol of the social exclusion of the disadvantaged and as a malfunctioning social policy stemming from an irresponsible government. Meanwhile, by reshaping its orientations and preferences, Korean labor reinterpreted the meaning of the health insurance system and socially oriented labor movements in Korea have formed a coalition with civil movement for the health insurance reform.
Interpreter-mediated CBT – a practical implementation guide for working with spoken language interpreters
Authors: Costa Beverley
Published: February 2022

In the UK, over three-quarters of a million people cannot speak English well enough to access cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in English. If they are to receive an equitable service, they need to be able to access (spoken language) interpreter-mediated therapy. This means that CBT therapists may need support, through training and supervision, to feel confident and positive about incorporating an interpreter into the therapeutic relationship. The requirement for CBT therapists to be able to work effectively with an interpreter is currently acknowledged in the new BABCP minimum training standards and core curriculum, which are recommended for adoption (BABCP, 2021). Understandably, therapists can feel anxious about working with a third person in the room, but when these anxieties are honestly addressed and explored, creative solutions can be found. Therapy is usually conducted in a dyad. A triadic relationship requires attention to the systems at play inside and outside of the therapy room. With careful preparation and planning, interpreter-mediated therapy can be an effective and positive experience for the patient. After an introductory section, the paper is divided into six implementation sections: preparing for interpreter-mediated therapy; meta communication; boundaries; managing three-way relationships; working with interpreters remotely; and support needs of interpreters. Using a case example approach, interpreter-mediated therapeutic situations, which illustrate challenges and solutions, and examples of good practice, are explored. The paper offers practical guidance and illustrations which can form the basis of a training programme which teaches CBT therapists how to form a collaborative working relationship with an interpreter, how a therapist can stay active and maintain their clinical authority in a session in which they do not understand what is being said, and how CBT therapists can ensure that the therapy session remains safe and effective for all three of the participants in the interpreter-mediated encounter.

Key learning aims

(1)

To help CBT therapists feel more confident and positive about working with spoken language interpreters.

(2)

To prepare CBT therapists to create a more accessible service for those patients who do not speak sufficient English to engage in therapy without support.

(3)

To provide CBT therapists with key principles for managing the pulls and pushes in a triadic relationship when you do not understand the language(s) spoken in the room.
SIW cavity-backed dual inverted L slot antenna array for Ku band applications
Authors: Kumar Abhay , Srivastava Shweta
Published: February 2022

A novel concept of SIW cavity-backed dual inverted edge curved L slots antenna array with the defective ground plane is proposed in this paper. A linearly placed six-element inverted dual L slots array antenna is designed separated by a distance of 0.55λg to achieve high gain. Each pair of slots is separated by a column of the vias to form sub-cavities and those are fed individually. Defective ground structure (DGS) is introduced at the ground plane to manage the propagation of wave to the last slots in the array. The slots are enclosed by a SIW cavity of height 0.24λg in a single substrate. A measured peak gain of 8 dBi is achieved at 14.29 GHz. The antenna shows a front-to-back ratio of 24.9 dB. The design is also compared with various aspects to show the advantages of each element introduced in the design. The validity of the design is proved by the good agreement between the simulated and measured results. This novel design can be used to achieve the performance requirement of a satellite antenna working in Ku band.
Comparative analysis of resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis) populations from direct-seeded and puddled-transplanted rice systems
Authors: Huang Mengge , Long Di , Zhou Fengyan , Li Jingbo , Tang Wenwei , Zeng Dongqiang , Wang Yanhui
Published: February 2022

The transition from puddled-transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) (PTR) to direct-seeded rice (DSR) is gaining popularity in central China. In contrast, the PTR system is the most common practice in southwest China. Weeds are a major problem in the paddy fields of the DSR systems, and herbicides are widely used for weed control. However, the increased frequency and rate of herbicide use leads to the rapid evolution of resistance. Smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis L.) is a troublesome weed species in rice fields of China and is usually controlled by the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide bensulfuron-methyl. Here, we collected 32 C. difformis populations from DSR systems (Hunan Province) and PTR systems (Guangxi Province) and investigated their resistance to bensulfuron-methyl. Results revealed 80% (8 out of 10) populations from Hunan Province and 14% (3 out of 22) populations from Guangxi Province had evolved resistance to bensulfuron-methyl. Five populations from Hunan Province (HN-2, HN-3, HN-5, HN-9, HN-10) possessing the Trp-574-Leu mutation had high-level resistance (ranging from 169- to >1,309-fold) based on GR50 ratios. The resistant populations from Guangxi Province had a lower level of resistance to bensulfuron-methyl due to a Pro-197-Ser mutation. The Asp-376-Glu mutation was only identified in the HN-4 population. In addition, the GX-3 population from the PTR systems was resistant to bensulfuron-methyl without ALS gene mutations, indicating non–target site resistance (NTSR). Although some resistant populations of both regions exhibited cross-resistance to multiple ALS-inhibiting herbicides, including pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam, and imazapic, sensitivity was also detected to the auxin herbicide MCPA and the photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides bentazone and propanil. These results indicate that cultivation practices affect resistance evolution in C. difformis. DSR systems exert high selection pressure by selecting the Trp-574-Leu mutation, resulting in high-level resistance. In contrast, a mutation at Pro-197 plus NTSR likely plays a significant role in ALS resistance in the PTR systems.
Cancer Survivorship
Authors: Galgut Cordelia , Crompton Simon
Published: February 2022

Langzeitfolgen von Krebs überleben und bewältigen Bei rund 492.000 Deutschen wird jährlich erstmalig eine Krebserkrankung diagnostiziert. 64% der Betroffenen leben noch nach fünf Jahren und werden als «Cancer Survivors» bezeichnet. Ihnen ist dieses Buch gewidmet, verfasst von der selbst an Brustkrebs erkrankten und beratend tätigen Psychologin Cordelia Galgut. Sie • räumt mit dem „lucky to survive-Mythos? auf und zeigt, dass es nicht allen Betroffenen nach der Therapie und Genesung immer besser geht • gibt allen an Krebs erkrankten und von Krebs genesenen Menschen eine Stimme, die sich in ihrem Leiden von den gängigen Erzählungen über „Cancer Survivors? negiert und klein geredet fühlen • sie beschreibt körperliche und psychische Nebenwirkungen sowie Langzeitfolgen von Tumorerkrankungen für Beziehungen und Arbeit und wie Betroffene damit zurechtkommen • zeigt anhand von Beispielen von Betroffenen und von Aussagen von Pflegenden und Ärzten, wie Gesundheitsberufe die Betroffenen unterstützen können • baut Brücken für Freunde und Angehörige, um mit den Betroffenen über ihre Situation offen sprechen zu können • trägt dazu bei, das Leben von Menschen mit Krebs und ihre Leiden unter den Spätfolgen zu lindern. Die deutschsprachige Ausgabe wird durch Beiträge von onkologisch Fachpflegenden ergänzt, die die Rolle der Pflege bei Cancer Survivors beschreiben und zeigen, wie Pflegefachpersonen Betroffene beim Symptommangement von Fatigue, Ängsten, Kognitions- und Knochenabbau, Lymphödemen, Macht- und Hoffnungslosigkeit, Neuropathien, Rezidiven, Sexualität, Schlafstörungen, Schmerzen und Wunden unterstützen können.
Krankheitslehre für die Medizinische Praxisassistenz
Authors: Meerwein Peter
Published: February 2022

Der Klassiker für die Praxisassistenz, Medizinische Fachangestellte und vergleichbare Gesundheitsberufe - jetzt in der 14. Auflage. Relevantes Wissen auf den Punkt gebracht. Das in dieser Auflage erneut aktualisierte, etablierte Standardwerk vermittelt einen guten Überblick über die am häufigsten in der Allgemeinpraxis anzutreffenden Krankheiten. Aufgrund der übersichtlichen Gliederung in Häufigkeit, Ursache, Symptome und Befunde eignet es sich nicht nur als Lehrmittel, sondern gleichermassen als Handbuch für die Arbeit in der Praxis. Erläutert werden neben den Untersuchungstechniken und Behandlungsmassnahmen auch wichtige Besonderheiten der einzelnen Krankheitsbilder und die psychischen Prozesse in der Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung. Neu in der 14. Auflage: Das Kapitel Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe wurde umfangreich ergänzt. Zudem wurden alle Kapitel auf den aktuellen medizinischen Stand gebracht.
Trainingsprogramm zur Prävention von Depressionen bei Jugendlichen
Authors: Pössel Patrick , Hautzinger
Published: February 2022

Das Manual beschreibt ein zehn Sitzungen umfassendes Gruppenprogramm zur universellen Prävention von Depressionen im Jugendalter. LARS & LISA (Lust an realistischer Sicht & Leichtigkeit im sozialen Alltag) dient dem Aufbau funktionaler Kognitionen und der Förderung sozialer Kompetenzen. Beides sind wichtige Ressourcen im Umgang mit Belastungen, wie sie gerade in der Pubertät verstärkt auftreten. Ein Mangel an diesen Fertigkeiten erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten von Depressionen und anderen psychischen Problemen. Durch seinen primärpräventiven Ansatz kann LARS & LISA mit allen Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 12 und 16 Jahren durchgeführt werden.
Das Trainingsprogramm besteht aus den Bausteinen „Formulierung persönlicher Ziele“, „Zusammenhang zwischen Kognitionen, Emotionen und Verhalten“, „Exploration und Veränderung dysfunktionaler Kognitionen“, „Selbstsicherheitstraining“ und „Training sozialer Kompetenzen“. Für die vorliegende Neuauflage wurde ein Teil der Trainingsinhalte überarbeitet und erweitert und die Arbeitsmaterialien wurden neu gestaltet. Detaillierte Hinweise zur Durchführung des Trainings erleichtern die Umsetzung in die Praxis. Die im Buch erwähnten Arbeitsblätter können nach erfolgter Registrierung von der Hogrefe Website heruntergeladen werden.
Holocene Tephrostratigraphy in the East Sea/Japan Sea: Implications for Eruptive History of Ulleungdo Volcano and Potential for Hemispheric Synchronization of Sedimentary Archives
Authors: Chen Xuan‐Yu , Blockley Simon P.E. , Fletcher Rebecca , Zhang Shuang , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Park Myong‐Ho , Chen Cong , Yin Jian , Xu Yi‐Gang
Published: February 2022

Active volcanoes in East Asia pose potential threats to the surrounding areas. The eruptive history of many of the Japanese volcanoes are well understood, but their dispersal pathways are often based on visible tephra. Additionally, other important volcanoes in the region still require a deeper understanding of their eruptive potential. Here, we explore the Holocene cryptotephra record preserved in a marine core 13PT‐P4 in the southwestern East Sea, in order to better reconstruct past eruptive events and their dispersal. Six widespread tephra layers are identified and correlated to their source volcanoes in S Korea (Ulleungdo), China/N Korea (Changbaishan) and Japan (Kikai), with their dispersal ranges updated. Our results rank the 13PT‐P4 sequence the most intensively tephra‐constrained Holocene record in the East Sea, which permits synchronization of this mid‐latitude archive with records in the Arctic and tropical regions. Terrestrially based tephra ages are used to constrain the marine reservoir effect and the age‐depth model of the record. The average reservoir age in the region is estimated to be 1150 ± 3014C yr at ca. 7.3–5.6 cal ka BP and 1565 ± 3014C yr at ca. 1.0 cal ka BP. These observed changes in reservoir age could indicate active upwelling at a regional scale. Additionally, we provide a detailed age estimate and glass geochemistry for a previously poorly understood eruption (U‐1) from the Ulleungdo volcano, thus refining its Holocene eruptive history. The U‐1 eruption is dated to 3354‐3080 cal yr BP (95.4%), and has glass composition that is distinct from other Ulleungdo tephras.
Grounding Line Retreat and Ice Discharge Variability at Two Surging, Ice Shelf‐Forming Basins of Flade Isblink Ice Cap, Northern Greenland
Authors: Möller Marco , Friedl Peter , Palmer Steven J. , Marzeion Ben
Published: February 2022

Ice discharge from Flade Isblink ice cap (NE Greenland) maintains an ice shelf at the northwestern fringe of the ice cap. The two outlet basins feeding this ice shelf surged during the late 1990s. Ice shelves are rare in Greenland and surges of ice shelf terminating glaciers even rarer. Understanding and explaining the evolution of ice mass changes in the two basins is hampered by a lack of knowledge about processes at their grounding zones. We determined, for the first time, the grounding line locations of these basins and analyzed their variability with time. We further quantified ice discharge and its variability during the period 1988–2020. We found that the grounding lines advanced slightly between 1993 and 1999 during the glacier surges, but showed overall retreats of 2.2 ± 1.3 km in basin 2 and 2.7 ± 0.9 km in basin 3 until 2019 over retrograde sloping beds. The retreats were promoted by increasing buoyancy forces due to increasing water depth, but opposing buttressing forces of the ice shelf induced a differing response of the grounding line in the two basins. Based on the observed patterns of flow and retreat, we characterized the surges as “Svalbard‐type”, modified by buttressing effects of the ice shelf. We calculated total ice discharges over the study period of 1.85 ± 1.59 Gt in basin 2 and 1.38 ± 1.22 Gt in basin 3. We observed reductions in ice discharge of at least 90% after the surges, that persisted for the remainder of the period studied.
Macrodispersion and Recovery of Solutes and Heat in Heterogeneous Aquifers
Authors: Tang D. W. S. , Van Der Zee S. E. A. T. M.
Published: February 2022

The recovery efficiency of aquifer storage systems with radial flow fields are studied for heterogeneous aquifers. Macrodispersion, arising from spatially heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity, is modeled as a scale‐dependent mechanical dispersion process. Approximate solutions for the recovery efficiency as a function of local dispersion and macrodispersion parameters, the injection‐extraction rate and duration , and storage cycle count, are derived and validated against numerical simulations. If macrodispersion dominates and the macrodispersion coefficient scales linearly with distance, the recovery efficiency is independent of both . For sublinear and superlinear scalings, recovery increases and decreases respectively if increases. However, if local dispersion dominates, increasing always increases recovery. As macrodispersion becomes increasingly dominant with scale, the recovery efficiency may be a nonmonotonic function of , with a maximum. In homogeneous aquifers, nonmonotonicity does not occur for 1D and 2D radial flow, but occurs for 3D radial flow fields only as a function of , not . These methods may also be used for fitting local dispersion and macrodispersion parameters with push‐pull tests using recovery data, with advantages in scope of applicability and ease of data acquisition and interpretation, compared to existing push‐pull test methods, which fit to breakthrough curves and do not consider macrodispersion. Furthermore, characterizing macrodispersion with push‐pull tests may be advantageous over methods that use observation wells, as observation well placement may be challenging in highly heterogeneous aquifers. The results show that the macrodispersion parameters are not innate aquifer hydraulic properties, as their values vary with flow field geometry.
A Coupled Thermal‐Hydraulic‐Mechanical Approach to Modeling the Impact of Roadbed Frost Loading on Water Main Failure
Authors: Huang Xiang , Rudolph David L. , Glass Brittney
Published: February 2022

Subsurface pipe failures in cold regions are generally believed to be exacerbated by differential strain in shallow soils induced by seasonal freeze and thaw cycles. The transient stress–strain fields resulting from soil water phase change may influence the occurrence of local buried pipe breaks including those related to urban water mains. This work proposes that freezing‐induced frost loading results in uneven stress–strain distributions along the buried water mains placing them at risk of bending, breaking, and/or leaking. A coupled thermal‐hydraulic‐mechanical (THM) model was developed to illustrate the interactions among moisture, temperature, and stress–strain fields within variably saturated freezing soils. Several typical cases involving highly frost‐susceptible and lower frost‐susceptible soils underlying roadbeds were examined. Results show that the magnitude of frost‐induced compressive stress and strain changes between different frost‐susceptible soils can vary significantly. Such substantial differences in stress–strain fields would increase the breakage risk of water mains buried within different types of soils. Furthermore, even water mains buried within soils with low frost‐susceptibility are at risk when additional sources of soil water exist and are available to migrate to the freezing front. To reduce the risk of damage to buried pipe‐like infrastructure, such as municipal water mains, from soil freezing phenomena, the selected backfill material should have fairly consistent frost susceptibility or a broad zone of transition should be considered between materials with significantly different frost susceptibility. In addition, buried pipes should be kept as far away from external sources of subsurface water as possible considering the potential for the water source to exacerbate the level of risk to the pipe.
Spatial nonlinear optics for securing information
Authors: Chen Wen
Published: February 2022

The high degrees of freedom of light, various optical structures and optical materials can be explored and applied to develop optical encryption for securing information. An exciting optical image encryption approach has been proposed based on spatial nonlinear optics.
Microsphere-assisted, nanospot, non-destructive metrology for semiconductor devices
Authors: Kwon Soonyang , Park Jangryul , Kim Kwangrak , Cho Yunje , Lee Myungjun
Published: February 2022

As smaller structures are being increasingly adopted in the semiconductor industry, the performance of memory and logic devices is being continuously improved with innovative 3D integration schemes as well as shrinking and stacking strategies. Owing to the increasing complexity of the design architectures, optical metrology techniques including spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and reflectometry have been widely used for efficient process development and yield ramp-up due to the capability of 3D structure measurements. However, there has been an increasing demand for a significant reduction in the physical spot diameter used in the SE technique; the spot diameter should be at least 10 times smaller than the cell dimension (~30 × 40 μm2) of typical dynamic random-access memory to be able to measure in-cell critical dimension (CD) variations. To this end, this study demonstrates a novel spectrum measurement system that utilizes the microsphere-assisted super-resolution effect, achieving extremely small spot spectral metrology by reducing the spot diameter to ~210 nm, while maintaining a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, a geometric model is introduced for the microsphere-based spectral metrology system that can calculate the virtual image plane magnification and depth of focus, providing the optimal distance between the objective lens, microsphere, and sample to achieve the best possible imaging quality. The proof of concept was fully verified through both simulations and experiments for various samples. Thus, owing to its ultra-small spot metrology capability, this technique has great potential for solving the current metrology challenge of monitoring in-cell CD variations in advanced logic and memory devices.
Mode-localized accelerometer in the nonlinear Duffing regime with 75 ng bias instability and 95 ng/√Hz noise floor
Authors: Zhang Hemin , Pandit Milind , Sobreviela Guillermo , Parajuli Madan , Chen Dongyang , Sun Jiangkun , Zhao Chun , Seshia Ashwin A.
Published: February 2022

Mode-localized sensors have attracted attention because of their high parametric sensitivity and first-order common-mode rejection to temperature drift. The high-fidelity detection of resonator amplitude is critical to determining the resolution of mode-localized sensors where the measured amplitude ratio in a system of coupled resonators represents the output metric. Operation at specific bifurcation points in a nonlinear regime can potentially improve the amplitude bias stability; however, the amplitude ratio scale factor to the input measurand in a nonlinear regime has not been fully investigated. This paper theoretically and experimentally elucidates the operation of mode-localized sensors with respect to stiffness perturbations (or an external acceleration field) in a nonlinear Duffing regime. The operation of a mode-localized accelerometer is optimized with the benefit of the insights gained from theoretical analysis with operation in the nonlinear regime close to the top critical bifurcation point. The phase portraits of the amplitudes of the two resonators under different drive forces are recorded to support the experimentally observed improvements for velocity random walk. Employing temperature control to suppress the phase and amplitude variations induced by the temperature drift, 1/fnoise at the operation frequency is significantly reduced. A prototype accelerometer device demonstrates a noise floor of 95 ng/√Hz and a bias instability of 75 ng, establishing a new benchmark for accelerometers employing vibration mode localization as a sensing paradigm. A mode-localized accelerometer is first employed to record microseismic noise in a university laboratory environment.
Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 29 new acne susceptibility loci
Authors: Mitchell Brittany L. , Saklatvala Jake R. , Dand Nick , Hagenbeek Fiona A. , Li Xin , Min Josine L. , Thomas Laurent , Bartels Meike , Jan Hottenga Jouke , Lupton Michelle K. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Dong Xianjun , Hveem Kristian , Løset Mari , Martin Nicholas G. , Barker Jonathan N. , Han Jiali , Smith Catherine H. , Rentería Miguel E. , Simpson Michael A.
Published: February 2022

Acne vulgaris is a highly heritable skin disorder that primarily impacts facial skin. Severely inflamed lesions may leave permanent scars that have been associated with long-term psychosocial consequences. Here, we perform a GWAS meta-analysis comprising 20,165 individuals with acne from nine independent European ancestry cohorts. We identify 29 novel genome-wide significant loci and replicate 14 of the 17 previously identified risk loci, bringing the total number of reported acne risk loci to 46. Using fine-mapping and eQTL colocalisation approaches, we identify putative causal genes at several acne susceptibility loci that have previously been implicated in Mendelian hair and skin disorders, including pustular psoriasis. We identify shared genetic aetiology between acne, hormone levels, hormone-sensitive cancers and psychiatric traits. Finally, we show that a polygenic risk score calculated from our results explains up to 5.6% of the variance in acne liability in an independent cohort.
Selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide via chemical looping
Authors: Ruan Chongyan , Wang Xijun , Wang Chaojie , Zheng Lirong , Li Lin , Lin Jian , Liu Xiaoyan , Li Fanxing , Wang Xiaodong
Published: February 2022

Selective oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide over platinum-group metal alloy gauzes is the crucial step for nitric acid production, a century-old yet greenhouse gas and capital intensive process. Therefore, developing alternative ammonia oxidation technologies with low environmental impacts and reduced catalyst cost are of significant importance. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a chemical looping ammonia oxidation catalyst and process to replace the costly noble metal catalysts and to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The proposed process exhibit near complete NH3conversion and exceptional NO selectivity with negligible N2O production, using nonprecious V2O5redox catalyst at 650oC. Operando spectroscopy techniques and density functional theory calculations point towards a modified, temporally separated Mars-van Krevelen mechanism featuring a reversible V5+/V4+redox cycle. The V = O sites are suggested to be the catalytically active center leading to the formation of the oxidation products. Meanwhile, both V = O and doubly coordinated oxygen participate in the hydrogen transfer process. The outstanding performance originates from the low activation energies for the successive hydrogen abstraction, facile NO formation as well as the easy regeneration of V = O species. Our results highlight a transformational process in extending the chemical looping strategy to producing base chemicals in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Interface engineering of Ta3N5 thin film photoanode for highly efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Fu Jie , Fan Zeyu , Nakabayashi Mamiko , Ju Huanxin , Pastukhova Nadiia , Xiao Yequan , Feng Chao , Shibata Naoya , Domen Kazunari , Li Yanbo
Published: February 2022

Interface engineering is a proven strategy to improve the efficiency of thin film semiconductor based solar energy conversion devices. Ta3N5 thin film photoanode is a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Yet, a concerted effort to engineer both the bottom and top interfaces of Ta3N5 thin film photoanode is still lacking. Here, we employ n-type In:GaN and p-type Mg:GaN to modify the bottom and top interfaces of Ta3N5 thin film photoanode, respectively. The obtained In:GaN/Ta3N5/Mg:GaN heterojunction photoanode shows enhanced bulk carrier separation capability and better injection efficiency at photoanode/electrolyte interface, which lead to a record-high applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 3.46% for Ta3N5-based photoanode. Furthermore, the roles of the In:GaN and Mg:GaN layers are distinguished through mechanistic studies. While the In:GaN layer contributes mainly to the enhanced bulk charge separation efficiency, the Mg:GaN layer improves the surface charge inject efficiency. This work demonstrates the crucial role of proper interface engineering for thin film-based photoanode in achieving efficient PEC water splitting.
Plant-water sensitivity regulates wildfire vulnerability
Authors: Rao Krishna , Williams A. Park , Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Yebra Marta , Konings Alexandra G.
Published: February 2022

Extreme wildfires extensively impact human health and the environment. Increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD) has led to a chronic increase in wildfire area in the western United States, yet some regions have been more affected than others. Here we show that for the same increase in VPD, burned area increases more in regions where vegetation moisture shows greater sensitivity to water limitation (plant-water sensitivity; R2 = 0.71). This has led to rapid increases in human exposure to wildfire risk, both because the population living in areas with high plant-water sensitivity grew 50% faster during 1990–2010 than in other wildland–urban interfaces and because VPD has risen most rapidly in these vulnerable areas. As plant-water sensitivity is strongly linked to wildfire vulnerability, accounting for ecophysiological controls should improve wildfire forecasts. If recent trends in VPD and demographic shifts continue, human wildfire risk will probably continue to increase.