bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benfotiamine Prevents Macro- and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Following a Meal Rich in Advanced Glycation End Products in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Stirban Alin , Negrean Monica , Stratmann Bernd , Gawlowski Thomas , Horstmann Tina , Götting Christian , Kleesiek Knut , Mueller-Roesel Michaela , Koschinsky Theodor , Uribarri Jaime , Vlassara Helen , Tschoepe Diethelm
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE— Diabetes is characterized by marked postprandial endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and dicarbonyls (e.g., methylglyoxal [MG]). In vitro hyperglycemia-induced MG formation and endothelial dysfunction could be blocked by benfotiamine, but in vivo effects of benfotiamine on postprandial endothelial dysfunction and MG synthesis have not been investigated in humans until now.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Thirteen people with type 2 diabetes were given a heat-processed test meal with a high AGE content (HAGE; 15.100 AGE kU, 580 kcal, 54 g protein, 17 g lipids, and 48 g carbohydrates) before and after a 3-day therapy with benfotiamine (1,050 mg/day). Macrovascular flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and microvascular reactive hyperemia, along with serum markers of endothelial disfunction (E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1), oxidative stress, AGE, and MG were measured during both test meal days after an overnight fast and then at 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially.

RESULTS— The HAGE induced a maximum reactive hyperemia decrease of −60.0% after 2 h and a maximum FMD impairment of −35.1% after 4 h, without affecting endothelium-independent vasodilatation. The effects of HAGE on both FMD and reactive hyperemia were completely prevented by benfotiamine. Serum markers of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, as well as AGE, increased after HAGE. These effects were significantly reduced by benfotiamine.

CONCLUSIONS— Our study confirms micro- and macrovascular endothelial dysfunction accompanied by increased oxidative stress following a real-life, heat-processed, AGE-rich meal in individuals with type 2 diabetes and suggests benfotiamine as a potential treatment.
Fatal outcome of pyoderma gangrenosum with multiple organ involvement and partially responding to Infliximab
Authors: Drinda Stefan , Oelzner Peter , Codina Canet Carolina , Kaatz Martin , Wolf Gunter , Hein Gert
Published: August 2006

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an inflammatory dermatosis of uncertain etiology, often associated with chronic inflammatory bowel or rheumatoid disease. It predominantly affects the skin. A systemic organ involvement caused by aseptic neutrophilic abscesses, however, fundamentally influences the prognosis.

A patient with idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum insufficiently responded to a conventional immune suppressive therapy and the disease proceeded aggressively. During treatment with Infliximab, partial remission was achieved intermediately. However, a recurring endocarditis, led to a lethal outcome of this patient.
Synthesis and characterization of three dinuclear copper(I) complexes of 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane
Authors: Zhang Daopeng , Dou Jianmin , Gong Shuwen , Li Dacheng , Wang Daqi
Published: August 2006

Three dinuclear copper(I) complexes, [Cu2(µ‐Cl)2(1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10)2]·2CH2Cl2 (1), [Cu2(µ‐Br)2(1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10)2]·2THF (2) and {Cu2(µ‐I)2[1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10]2} (3) have been synthesized by the reactions of CuX (X = Cl, Br and I) with the closo ligand 1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10. All these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure determination. Single crystal X‐ray structure determinations show that every complex contained di‐µ‐X‐bridged structure involving a crossed parallelogram plane formed by two Cu atoms and two X atoms (X = Cl, Br, I). The geometry at the Cu atom was a distorted tetrahedron, in which two positions were occupied by two P atoms of the PPh2 groups connected to the two C atoms of carborane (Cc), and the other two resulted from two X atoms which bridged the other Cu atom at the same time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of copper(I) complexes with 1,2‐diphenylphosphino‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane as ligand characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The catalytic property of the complex 3 for the amination of iodobenzene with aniline was also investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turning junk into gold: domestication of transposable elements and the creation of new genes in eukaryotes
Authors: Volff Jean‐Nicolas
Published: August 2006

Autonomous transposable elements, generally considered as junk and selfish, encode transposition proteins that can bind, copy, break, join or degrade nucleic acids as well as process or interact with other proteins. Such a repertoire of activities might be of interest for the host cell. There is indeed substantial evidence that mobile DNA can serve as a dynamic reservoir for new cellular functions. Transposable element genes encoding transposase, integrase, reverse transcriptase as well as structural and envelope proteins have been repeatedly recruited by their host during evolution in most eukaryotic lineages. Such domesticated sequences protect us against infections, are necessary for our reproduction, allow the replication of our chromosomes and control cell proliferation and death; others are essential for plant development. Many new candidates for domesticated sequences have been revealed by sequencing projects. Their functional analysis will uncover new aspects of evolutionary alchemy, the turning of junk into gold within genomes. BioEssays 28: 913–922, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
The role of mitochondrial respiration in physiological and evolutionary adaptation
Authors: Das Jayatri
Published: August 2006

Aerobic mitochondria serve as the power sources of eukaryotes by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The enzymes involved in OXPHOS are multisubunit complexes encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Thus, regulation of respiration is necessarily a highly coordinated process that must organize production, assembly and function of mitochondria to meet an organism's energetic needs. Here I review the role of OXPHOS in metabolic adaptation and diversification of higher animals. On a physiological timescale, endocrine‐initiated signaling pathways allow organisms to modulate respiratory enzyme concentration and function under changing environmental conditions. On an evolutionary timescale, mitochondrial enzymes are targets of natural selection, balancing cytonuclear coevolutionary constraints against physiological innovation. By synthesizing our knowledge of biochemistry, physiology and evolution of respiratory regulation, I propose that we can now explore questions at the interface of these fields, from molecular translation of environmental cues to selection on mitochondrial haplotype variation. BioEssays 28: 890–901, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Protein‐free fed‐batch culture of non‐GS NS0 cell lines for production of recombinant antibodies
Authors: Burky John E. , Wesson Mark C. , Young Amy , Farnsworth Sharyn , Dionne Ben , Zhu Ying , Hartman Taymar E. , Qu Limin , Zhou Weichang , Sauer Paul W.
Published: August 2006

Presented is a novel antibody production platform based on the fed‐batch culture of recombinant, NS0‐derived cell lines. A standardized fed‐batch cell culture process was developed for five non‐GS NS0 cell lines using enriched and optimized protein‐free, cholesterol‐free, and chemically defined basal and feed media. The process performed reproducibly and scaled faithfully from the 2‐L to the 100‐L bioreactor scale achieving a volumetric productivity of > 120 mg/L per day. Fed‐batch cultures for all five cell lines exhibited significant lactate consumption when the cells entered the stationary or death phase. Peak and final lactate concentrations were low relative to a previously developed fed‐batch process (FBP). Such low lactate production and high lactate consumption rates were unanticipated considering the fed‐batch culture basal medium has an unconventionally high initial glucose concentration of 15 g/L, and an overall glucose consumption in excess of 17 g/L. The potential of this process platform was further demonstrated through additional media optimization, which has resulted in a final antibody concentration of 2.64 ± 0.19 g/L and volumetric productivity of > 200 mg/L per day in a 13‐day FBP for one of the five production cell lines. Use of this standardized protein‐free, cholesterol‐free NS0 FBP platform enables consistency in development time and cost effectiveness for manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 281–293. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model of fluid–biofilm interaction using a Burger material law
Authors: Towler Brett W. , Cunningham Al , Stoodley Paul , McKittrick Ladean
Published: August 2006

A two‐dimensional finite element model of the biofilm response to flow was developed. The numerical code sequentially coupled the fluid dynamics of turbulent, incompressible flow with the mechanical response of a single hemispherical biofilm cluster (∼100 µm) attached to the flow boundary. A non‐linear Burger material law was used to represent the viscoelastic response of a representative microbial biofilm. This constitutive law was incorporated into the numerical model as a Prony series representation of the biofilm's relaxation modulus. Model simulations illuminated interesting details of this fluid–structure interaction. Simulations revealed that softer biofilms (characterized by lower elastic moduli) were highly susceptible to lift forces and consequently were subject to even greater drag forces found higher in the velocity field. A bimodal deformation path due to the two Burger relaxation times was also observed in several simulations. This suggested that interfacial biofilm may be most susceptible to hydrodynamically induced detachment during the initial relaxation time. This result may prove useful in developing removal strategies. Additionally, plots of lift versus drag suggested that the deformation paths taken by viscoelastic biofilms are largely insensitive to specific material coefficients. Softer biofilms merely seem to follow the same path (as a stiffer biofilm) at a faster rate. These relationships may be useful in estimating the hydrodynamic forces acting on an attached biofilm based on changes in scale and cataloged material properties. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 259–271. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anomalous muscle adjacent to temporalis
Authors: Ullah Matee , Khan Tanvir
Published: August 2006

Temporalis is an important muscle of mastication. In recent years, there has been controversy about its detailed anatomy, and claims have been made about the existence of a variant muscle, sphenomandibularis. The present case report describes an anomalous muscle within the infratemporal fossa distinct from both temporalis and sphenomandibularis. Functionally the muscle could pull the buccinator laterally as the jaw closes. Clin. Anat. 19:648–650, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sulfate Metabolism in Mycobacteria
Authors: Schelle Michael W. , Bertozzi Carolyn R.
Published: August 2006

Pathogenic bacteria have developed numerous mechanisms to survive inside a hostile host environment. The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is thought to control the human immune response with diverse biomolecules, including a variety of exotic lipids. One prevalent M. tb‐specific sulfated metabolite, termed sulfolipid‐1 (SL‐1), has been correlated with virulence though its specific biological function is not known. Recent advances in our understanding of SL‐1 biosynthesis will help elucidate the role of this curious metabolite in M. tb infection. Furthermore, the study of SL‐1 has led to questions regarding the significance of sulfation in mycobacteria. Examples of sulfated metabolites as mediators of interactions between bacteria and plants suggest that sulfation is a key modulator of extracellular signaling between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The discovery of novel sulfated metabolites in M. tb and related mycobacteria strengthens this hypothesis. Finally, mechanistic and structural data from sulfate‐assimilation enzymes have revealed how M. tb controls the flux of sulfate in the cell. Mutants with defects in sulfate assimilation indicate that the fate of sulfur in M. tb is a critical survival determinant for the bacteria during infection and suggest novel targets for tuberculosis drug therapy.
Formation of a Soluble Stable Complex between Pristine C60‐Fullerene and a Native Blood Protein
Authors: Belgorodsky Bogdan , Fadeev Ludmila , Kolsenik Jenny , Gozin Michael
Published: August 2006

Concern is growing about the potential impact of human exposure to carbonaceous nanomaterials (such as fullerenes) in the environment. A valid biological study of how native biomolecules interact with nanomaterials at the molecular level in physiological conditions requires the preservation of their physicochemical properties, yet most investigations rely on the use of modified fullerene conjugates or aggregates. We report the formation of a stable, water‐soluble, well‐defined complex between a single molecule of pristine C60‐fullerene and a native protein, bovine serum albumin protein (BSA), with the normal three‐dimensional structure of BSA preserved. The ability to produce a pristine C60‐fullerene–BSA hybrid at a physiological pH range lays a solid foundation for studying carbonaceous materials, biodelivery systems, and transport mechanisms and for characterizing the potential effects of nanomaterials on wildlife and human health, both in vitro and in vivo.
Ethylene Biosynthesis by 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐Carboxylic Acid Oxidase: A DFT Study
Authors: Bassan Arianna , Borowski Tomasz , Schofield Christopher J. , Siegbahn Per E. M.
Published: August 2006

The reaction catalyzed by the plant enzyme 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid oxidase (ACCO) was investigated by using hybrid density functional theory. ACCO belongs to the non‐heme iron(II) enzyme superfamily and carries out the bicarbonate‐dependent two‐electron oxidation of its substrate ACC (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid) concomitant with the reduction of dioxygen and oxidation of a reducing agent probably ascorbate. The reaction gives ethylene, CO2, cyanide and two water molecules. A model including the mononuclear iron complex with ACC in the first coordination sphere was used to study the details of OO bond cleavage and cyclopropane ring opening. Calculations imply that this unusual and complex reaction is triggered by a hydrogen atom abstraction step generating a radical on the amino nitrogen of ACC. Subsequently, cyclopropane ring opening followed by OO bond heterolysis leads to a very reactive iron(IV)–oxo intermediate, which decomposes to ethylene and cyanoformate with very low energy barriers. The reaction is assisted by bicarbonate located in the second coordination sphere of the metal.
Electrochromic Hysteresis Performance of a Prussian Blue Film Arising from Electron‐Transfer Control by a Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II)‐Doped WO3 Film as Studied by a Spectrocyclic Voltammetry Technique
Authors: Sone Koji , Konishi Kanae , Yagi Masayuki
Published: August 2006

A [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine)‐doped WO3 film was prepared as a base layer on a substrate by cathodic electrodeposition from a colloidal triad solution containing peroxotungstic acid (PTA), [Ru(bpy)3]2+, and poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS). A Prussian blue (PB; FeII‐FeIII) film was cathodically electrodeposited on the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3 film or neat WO3 film from an aqueous Berlin brown (BB; FeIII‐FeIII) colloid solution to yield a [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3/PB bilayer film or WO3/PB bilayer film. For the spectrocyclic voltammogram (SCV) of the WO3/PB film, a redox response of Prussian white (PW; FeII‐FeII)/PB was observed at 0.11 V, however, further oxidation of PB to BB was not allowed by the interfacial n‐type Schottky barrier between the WO3 and PB layers. For the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3/PB film, any electrochemical response assigned to the redox of PB was not observed in the cyclic voltammogram, however, the in situ absorption spectral change recorded simultaneously showed the significant redox reactions based on PB. The SCV revealed that PW on the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3 film is completely oxidized to PB by a geared reaction of RuII/RuIII at 1.05 V, and that 32 % of PB formed is further oxidized to BB by the same geared reaction in the potential scan to 1.5 V. PB was completely re‐reduced to PW by a geared reaction of HxWO3/WO3 at −0.5 V in the reductive potential scan. These geared electrochemical reactions produced an electrochromic hysteresis performance of the PB film layered on the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3 film.
Predicting the Activity of Single Isolated Lewis Acid Sites in Solid Catalysts
Authors: Boronat Mercedes , Corma Avelino , Renz Michael , Viruela Pedro M.
Published: August 2006

An experimental study of the activity of Ti‐, Zr‐ and Sn‐beta catalysts in different types of oxidation reactions is combined with a quantum‐chemical analysis of the electronic properties of the active sites and the adsorbed reactants. The differences observed in the catalytic behaviour of the three materials are explained in terms of the molecular orbital distribution of each system. The intrinsic Lewis acid strength of the isolated active site, the degree of back‐donation from the catalyst to the empty orbitals of the organic reactant and the net atomic charges on selected atoms are proposed as predictors of reactivity.
Parallelization and scalability issues of a multilevel elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver
Authors: Goodyer C. E. , Berzins M.
Published: August 2006

The computation of numerical solutions to elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems is only possible on fine meshes by using a combination of multigrid and multilevel techniques. In this paper, we show how the parallelization of both multigrid and multilevel multi‐integration for these problems may be accomplished and discuss the scalability of the resulting code. A performance model of the solver is constructed and used to perform an analysis of the results obtained. Results are shown with good speed‐ups and excellent scalability for distributed memory architectures and in agreement with the model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRMOGA: a new parallel multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm based on the use of multiple resolutions
Authors: Jaimes Antonio López , Coello Coello Carlos A.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we introduce MRMOGA (Multiple Resolution Multi‐Objective Genetic Algorithm), a new parallel multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm which is based on an injection island approach. This approach is characterized by adopting an encoding of solutions which uses a different resolution for each island. This approach allows us to divide the decision variable space into well‐defined overlapped regions to achieve an efficient use of multiple processors. Also, this approach guarantees that the processors only generate solutions within their assigned region. In order to assess the performance of our proposed approach, we compare it to a parallel version of an algorithm that is representative of the state‐of‐the‐art in the area, using standard test functions and performance measures reported in the specialized literature. Our results indicate that our proposed approach is a viable alternative to solve multi‐objective optimization problems in parallel, particularly when dealing with large search spaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable development indicators for the transmission system of an electric utility
Authors: Searcy Cory , McCartney Daryl , Karapetrovic Stanislav
Published: August 2006

This paper presents a system of sustainable development indicators for the transmission system of a Canadian electric utility. The indicators were developed based on extensive consultations with internal experts at the case utility and external experts in the field of sustainable development indicators. A total of 98 indicators were incorporated into the system, with 70 being developed as a part of this process and 28 representing indicators previously developed by the company. Recognizing the difficulty of working with nearly 100 unstructured measures, four techniques were used to increase the utility of the indicators: (1) the indicators were clustered around eight key priority areas, (2) the indicators were organized according to a hierarchical approach linked to the business planning process, (3) the process of integrating the indicators with existing corporate initiatives was staggered over time and (4) a tiered aggregate was developed. The process of developing the indicators is discussed, with key lessons learned emphasized throughout the paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Knockdown of the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) Type Iα regulatory subunit in mouse oocytes disrupts meiotic arrest and results in meiotic spindle defects
Authors: Duncan Francesca E. , Moss Stuart B. , Williams Carmen J.
Published: August 2006

In mammalian oocytes, cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) is responsible for maintaining meiotic arrest. We examined the role of the predominant regulatory subunit, RIα in regulating PKA activity during mouse oocyte maturation by knocking down the protein levels using an RNA interference approach. In oocytes in which RIα protein was reduced to non‐detectable levels, compensatory decreases were also observed in the RIIα and catalytic (Cα) subunit levels. These oocytes resumed meiosis, despite culture under conditions that maintain elevated intracellular cAMP levels, suggesting that the remaining Cα was not sufficient to maintain meiotic arrest. The resulting eggs, however, displayed meiotic spindle abnormalities and abnormal cleavage planes leading to extrusion of large polar bodies. These results demonstrate that RIα is required for regulating PKA activity in maturing oocytes and that compensatory upregulation of RII does not occur. Furthermore, we implicate PKA as a modulator of spindle morphology and function during meiosis. Developmental Dynamics 235:2961–2968, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breakpoints in immunoregulation required for Th1 cells to induce diabetes
Authors: Neighbors Margaret , Hartley Suzanne B. , Xu Xiuling , Castro Antonio G. , Bouley Donna M. , O'Garra Anne
Published: August 2006

We describe a novel TCR‐transgenic mouse line, TCR7, where MHC class II‐restricted, CD4+ T cells are specific for the subdominant H‐2b epitope (HEL74–88) of hen egg lysozyme (HEL), and displayed an increased frequency in the thymus and in peripheral lymphoid compartments over that seen in non‐transgenic littermate controls. CD4+ T cells responded vigorously to HEL or HEL74–88 epitope presented on APC and could develop into Th1 or Th2 cells under appropriate conditions. Adoptive transfer of TCR7 Ly5.1 T cells into Ly5.2 rat insulin promoter (RIP)‐HEL transgenic recipient hosts did not lead to expansion of these cells or result in islet infiltration, although these TCR7 cells could expand upon transfer into mice expressing high levels of HEL in the serum. Islet cell infiltration only occurred when the TCR7 cells had been polarized to either a Th1 or Th2 phenotype prior to transfer, which led to insulitis. Progression from insulitis to autoimmune diabetes only occurred in these recipients when Th1 but not Th2 TCR7 cells were transferred and CTLA‐4 signaling was simultaneously blocked. These findings show that regulatory pathways such as CTLA‐4 can hold in check already differentiated autoreactive effector Th1 cells, to inhibit the transition from tolerance to autoimmune diabetes.

See accompanying commentary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636591
New Dimeric Copper(II) Complex [Cu(5‐MeOsal)2(μ‐nia)(H2O)]2 with Magnetic Exchange Interactions through H‐Bonds
Authors: Valigura Dušan , Moncol Jan , Korabik Maria , Púčeková Zuzana , Lis Tadeusz , Mroziński Jerzy , Melník Milan
Published: August 2006

The synthesis and characterization (elemental analysis, IR, electronic and EPR spectra as well as magnetization measurements over the temperature range 1.8 K–300 K) of solid complex [Cu(5‐MeOsal)2(μ‐nia)(H2O)]2 (1; 5‐MeOsal = 5‐methoxysalicylate, nia = nicotinamide) is reported together with the crystal structure. In blue–green complex 1, two Cu(5‐MeOsal)2(H2O) units are held together by a pair of bidentate nonchelating nicotinamide ligands, which form a (CuNC3O)2 ring. Each Cu atom adopts a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. The oxygen atoms from two unidentate 5‐MeOsal anions occupy the trans position, a water molecule and the pyridine N atom of nicotinamide build the basal plane and a carboxamide O atom occupies the apical position. The separation between two Cu atoms within the centrosymmetric dimer is 6.940(2) Å. The dimeric units are self‐assembled across a centre of symmetry by the formation of two pairs of strong hydrogen bonds, which create a one‐dimensional polymeric structure with the interdimer Cu···Cu separation 4.901(2) Å. It is believed that these hydrogen bonds between the copper(II) atoms are responsible for the unique magnetic properties of compound 1. The magnetic susceptibility of complex 1 exhibits a maximum at 6 K. A satisfactory explanation was found with the Bleaney–Bowers equation for Cu–Cu interaction through carboxylato groups and H‐bond bridges (2J = –6.83 cm–1). An additional molecular field correction that was used to characterize the interaction across the nia bridges is assumed to be extremely weak (zJ′ = –0.28 cm–1). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
How fatiguing is dispositional suppression? Disentangling the effects of procedural rebound and ego‐depletion
Authors: Geeraert Nicolas , Yzerbyt Vincent Y.
Published: August 2006

Recent work has shown that correcting a dispositional inference may lead social observers to over‐emphasize the role of dispositional factors in subsequent judgments. This effect has been explained as a procedural rebound following a phase of dispositional suppression. We conducted two experiments to test an alternative explanation in terms of ego‐depletion. In Experiment 1, we compared the effects of ego‐depletion and dispositional rebound by relying on the attitude attribution paradigm and the cookie paradigm. In Experiment 2, we turned to a difficult math task in order to induce fatigue. We were able to replicate the dispositional rebound and the ego‐depletion effects but none of the experiments supported an ego‐depletion explanation of post‐suppression dispositional rebound. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Media representations of majority and minority groups
Authors: Atuel Hazel , Seyranian Viviane , Crano William D.
Published: August 2006

This research series replicated and extended earlier findings of Gardikiotis, Martin, and Hewstone (2004), who examined via content analysis UK media representations of numeric majority and minority groups. Using news articles from North and South Dakota, where majority/minority population characteristics mirror those of the UK in terms of number and power, Study 1 replicated the patterns of results found in Gardikiotis et al. Study 2, in which articles from California newspapers were analyzed, yielded findings contrary to Gardikiotis et al. and our Dakota analyses: Minority headlines were more frequent in California, and majority articles were longer than minority articles. Consistent with UK and Dakotas findings, majority headlines in California were associated with politics and identity adjectives, whereas minority headlines were linked to social issues and ethnicity‐based adjectives. Arguably, these differences occurred because in California, unlike the UK and the Dakotas, Whites are not simultaneously the social power and the numeric majority. Variations in power and number associated with majority and minority status were discussed in explaining differences across contexts, and in signaling possible shortcomings in the conceptualization and methods used to investigate minority and majority influence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residence time of alluvium in an aggrading fluvial system
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D. , Marden Michael , Gomez Basil
Published: August 2006

Relationships between the surface area and age of alluvial deposits were used to estimate the residence time of alluvium in the 2205 km2 Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand. The contemporary Waipaoa River is an efficient transporter of sediment to the continental shelf, but the basin has been characterized by rapid channel and valley aggradation in the historic period, and by extensive mid‐ to late Holocene alluvial storage in the lower reaches. The area‐weighted mean age of alluvial deposits in the lower part of the river basin is ∼4400 yr. These deposits comprise terrace remnants isolated by downcutting, and Holocene to Recent sediments that are potentially remobilizable by the modern river. Even though the amount of storage is small relative to downstream transport, the majority of the potentially remobilizable alluvium is likely to remain in storage for >100 yr, and its half‐life (time for 50 per cent removal) is >2000 yr. Within the confines of the flfloodplain, the apparent ‘loss’ of older deposits is due primarily to burial, but losses of the most recent deposits are due almost entirely to remobilization (30–40 per cent), with the remainder preserved in the alluvial record for at least 104 yr. Most of this sediment is likely to remain in storage until there is a shift to a degradational state. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impacts of decentralization on health care seeking behaviors in Uganda
Authors: Hutchinson Paul , Akin John , Ssengooba Freddie
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the impacts of a public sector decentralization program on health care seeking behaviors in Uganda in the 1990s. Shifting priorities by local governments in Uganda's decentralized health system away from provision of primary health care, in particular the provision of public goods or goods with substantial consumption externalities, and toward provision of private health goods such as curative care are linked to shifts in individual‐level care utilization behaviors. This analysis finds that, while the country has been undergoing a multitude of changes in recent years, decentralization appears to have led to increases in the use of curative services with largely private benefits, perhaps at the expense of the use of primary health care services and services with consumption externalities. A longer period of analysis is required to determine the persistence of these effects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration and coordination of pain management in primary care
Authors: Otis John D. , Macdonald Alexandra , Dobscha Steven K.
Published: August 2006

Pain is one of the most common symptoms reported to primary care providers and has significant implications for health care costs. The primary aim of this article is to describe and illustrate how to integrate the treatment of chronic pain in the primary care setting. First, we address the integration and coordination of care between mental health and primary care. We then present a typical case and discuss the patient's treatment, outcome, and prognosis. The article concludes with a discussion of issues that frequently arise when integrating psychological treatment for pain in primary care settings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1333–1343, 2006.
Tailoring cognitive‐behavioral therapy for chronic pain: A case example
Authors: Heapy Alicia A. , Stroud Michael W. , Higgins Diana M. , Sellinger John J.
Published: August 2006

Cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for chronic pain. However, many patients who might benefit from this treatment either refuse treatment, fail to adhere to treatment recommendations, or drop out prematurely. Adherence to and engagement in CBT for chronic pain might be improved by tailoring a limited number of its components to individual preferences. Motivational interviewing, in which the therapist facilitates the patient's motivation for changing behavior, might also promote CBT engagement and adherence. We describe components of a tailored CBT treatment for chronic pain in the context of ongoing research and illustrate the process of tailoring CBT with a case study. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1345–1354, 2006.
Group cognitive therapy for chronic pain
Authors: Thorn Beverly E. , Kuhajda Melissa C.
Published: August 2006

Group therapy for chronic pain management, particularly that using cognitive‐behavioral treatment (CBT), has become a common treatment format. This article provides a rationale and framework for group CBT, including the research evidence and clinical considerations related to the practitioner and patient. We then present an example of group therapy focusing on the cognitive components of CBT for chronic pain. Examples from group therapy are used in order to illustrate the principles of optimizing the group approach in the context of cognitive therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1355–1366, 2006.
Treating chronic migraine headaches: An evidence‐based practice approach
Authors: Walker Barbara B. , Seay Steven J. , Solomon Andrea C. , Spring Bonnie
Published: August 2006

Psychologists and other mental health care professionals are generally trained to incorporate empirical evidence into clinical practice, but few have been taught formal techniques for doing so. Given the rapidity of progress in the clinical sciences, there is a growing need among practitioners to access current, clinically relevant research and have strategies for integrating these research findings into the clinic. In the field of medicine, evidence‐based medicine took hold in the early 1990s to provide a framework and skill set for translating research into practice. This method is now widely known as evidence‐based practice (EBP) to reflect its applicability to multiple disciplines. In this article, we present a general overview of EBP, illustrate how we used this approach to develop a treatment plan for a patient who had chronic migraine headaches, and discuss some of the opportunities and challenges EBP presents to mental health professionals. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1367–1378, 2006.
Clinical considerations in the treatment of chronic pain with opiates
Authors: Naliboff Bruce D. , Wu Stephen M. , Pham Quynh
Published: August 2006

This article considers assessment and treatment issues for mental health practitioners working with patients using opiate medications to treat chronic pain with a particular emphasis on their potential relationship to substance abuse. We review general opiate medications, including a discussion of medications with increased addiction potential. Practice guidance is offered regarding long‐term opiate treatment, including definitions of addiction, initial assessments, ongoing substance misuse monitoring, use of psychological assessment instruments, and managing medication misuse problems. Additionally, we examine the role of the mental health professional within this area and examine the incorporation of psychological interventions for patients using opiates. A case illustration includes several of these complicated issues of managing chronic pain with opiate medications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1397–1408, 2006.
Improving the quality of fried oils by using different filter aids
Authors: Farag Radwan S , El‐Anany Ayman M
Published: August 2006

The present study aimed to improve the quality of fried soybean, sunflower, palm and cottonseed oils. Synthetic (Magnesol XL) and natural (diatomaceous earth and kaolin) filter aids were used at various levels (1, 2 and 4%) to adsorb the secondary oxidation products of the oil. The metal patterns (the cations Si, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, K, Al, Cu, Mn, Zn and the anions CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−, NO3−, NO2−, SO42−) of Magnesol XL, diatomaceous earth and kaolin were determined. Some physical and chemical properties (refractive index, viscosity, colour, foam height, acid value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, iodine value, and conjugated diene and polymer contents) of non‐fried, fried and fried–treated soybean, sunflower, palm and cottonseed oils were determined. The frying process was performed at 180 °C ± 5 °C for 12 h continuous heating. The fried oils were treated with the synthetic and natural filter aids at 105 °C for 15 min. The results indicate that Magnesol XL, diatomaceous earth and kaolin contained Si + Mg, Si + Ca and Si + Al, respectively, as the basic metals. Frying soybean, sunflower, palm and cottonseed oils led to significant increases in refractive index, colour, foam height, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, TBA value, conjugated diene and polymer contents and decrease in iodine value. Treatment of fried oils with Magnesol XL, diatomaceous earth and kaolin at the 1, 2 and 4% levels greatly improved the quality of fried oils. These findings indicate the high efficiency of the filter aids used in the present study in adsorbing the products of oil degradation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
One‐Step Method for Synthesis of PDMS‐Based Macroazoinitiators and Block Copolymers from the Initiators
Authors: Feng Libang , Fang Hongxia , Zhou Shuxue , Wu Limin
Published: August 2006

Summary: This paper presents a facile one‐step method for the synthesis of macroazoinitiator (MAI) by direct polycondensation of hydroxyalkyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanopentanoic acid (ACPA) under mild conditions. The PDMS‐based MAI was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, and UV spectroscopy, and further used as an initiator for polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to obtain PMMA‐co‐PDMS block copolymer. TEM observation and DSC analysis demonstrated that the PMMA‐co‐PDMS block copolymer had a microphase‐separated structure.

Schematic representation for syntheses of macroazoinitiators (MAI) by the direct polycondensation and corresponding block copolymers.

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Schematic representation for syntheses of macroazoinitiators (MAI) by the direct polycondensation and corresponding block copolymers.
Bison breeding characteristics and interpretation of archaeological seasonality revisited
Authors: Walde D.
Published: August 2006

Bison breeding behaviour has been used for the last three decades as the basis for developing methods for assigning season‐of‐occupation estimates to archaeological sites on the North American Plains. These methods are based upon the supposition that the North American bison breeding season is extremely short and that genetically controlled ontological characteristics such as foetal growth and tooth eruption sequences can therefore be used to infer site seasonality in a reasonably straightforward and precise manner. This paper reviews bison population studies conducted during the past 30 years to reassess present understandings of the length of North American bison breeding seasons. It is concluded that the bison breeding season regularly extends over a period of three to four months, and that initiation of ontological development will therefore also vary over the same period of time. Bison development characteristics cannot provide a reliable or precise means of assigning seasonality to archaeological sites on the North American Plains. It is suggested that methods using physical characteristics such as dental cementum incrementation which are directly affected by seasonal changes could be more productive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klinische Indikationen für β‐Lactame: Anwendungen im ambulanten und stationären Bereich
Authors: Lode Hartmut M.
Published: August 2006

In diesem Beitrag werden die wesentlichen klinischen Indikationen sowohl im ambulanten wie auch im Hospitalbereich von oralen und parenteralen Penicillinen, Cephalosporinen, Carbapenemen und Monobactamen dargestellt. Auch die Indikationen zur Kombination mit β‐Lactamase‐Hemmern, aber auch bei speziellen Indikationen mit anderen antibiotischen Substanzgruppen werden besprochen.
Predicting asparaginase‐associated pancreatitis
Authors: Knoderer Holly M. , Robarge Jason , Flockhart David A.
Published: August 2006

Background

Pancreatitis is a well‐known, but little‐understood complication of asparaginase. There is no predictor of who will develop asparaginase‐associated pancreatitis (AAP). To better define this population, we present a retrospective analysis regarding AAP and provide a review of the relevant literature.

Methods

We systematically reviewed medical records of 254 asparaginase recipients during a 5‐year period. Pancreatitis was defined and graded according to CTCAE v3.0.

Results

Pancreatitis was diagnosed in 48 (19%) patients. Thirty‐three (13%) patients were identified as having AAP. Twelve cases occurred after Escherichia coli asparaginase and 20 followed PEG‐asparaginase. Pancreatitis was independent of the individual or cumulative asparaginase dose. The interval to pancreatitis diagnosis was longer for PEG‐asparaginase than E. coli asparaginase (P = 0.02). AAP was seen more frequently in patients receiving prednisone (P = 0.02) and daunomycin (P = 0.006) while less frequent with dexamethasone (P = 0.04). Other chemotherapy agents appeared to have no association with AAP. As observed by others, those with pancreatitis were older (P = 0.001), but the significance of this remains uncertain.

Conclusions

This study emphasizes our inability to predict who will develop pancreatic toxicity from asparaginase and suggests that those at risk might have an unidentified genetic predisposition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:634–639. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HLH‐2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Henter Jan‐Inge , Horne AnnaCarin , Aricó Maurizio , Egeler R. Maarten , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Imashuku Shinsaku , Ladisch Stephan , McClain Ken , Webb David , Winiarski Jacek , Janka Gritta
Published: August 2006

In HLH‐94, the first prospective international treatment study for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), diagnosis was based on five criteria (fever, splenomegaly, bicytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypofibrinogenemia, and hemophagocytosis). In HLH‐2004 three additional criteria are introduced; low/absent NK‐cell‐activity, hyperferritinemia, and high‐soluble interleukin‐2‐receptor levels. Altogether five of these eight criteria must be fulfilled, unless family history or molecular diagnosis is consistent with HLH. HLH‐2004 chemo‐immunotherapy includes etoposide, dexamethasone, cyclosporine A upfront and, in selected patients, intrathecal therapy with methotrexate and corticosteroids. Subsequent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is recommended for patients with familial disease or molecular diagnosis, and patients with severe and persistent, or reactivated, disease. In order to hopefully further improve diagnosis, therapy and biological understanding, participation in HLH studies is encouraged. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:124–131. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
American Academy of School Psychology survey on the independent educational evaluation for a specific learning disability: Results and discussion
Authors: Schrank Fredrick A. , Miller Jeffrey A. , Caterino Linda C. , Desrochers John
Published: August 2006

This article reviews the results of a survey of the Fellows of the American Academy of School Psychology (Academy; AASP) regarding the independent educational evaluation (IEE) for a specific learning disability (SLD). Academy Fellows were asked about important components of the IEE, desirable evaluator qualifications, and recommended criteria for a diagnosis of SLD in an IEE. Survey results are used as the basis for a discussion of (a) what comprises a sufficiently comprehensive IEE, (b) what evaluator qualifications are important, and (c) how a clinical determination of SLD in an IEE is formulated, documented, and evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 771–780, 2006.
Research‐supported ideas for implementing reauthorized IDEA with intelligent professional psychological services
Authors: Berninger Virginia W.
Published: August 2006

The recent reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA; 2004) is first discussed in its historical context. Then, a programmatic line of research (funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development since 1989) is described that is relevant to a proposed model for universal screening, providing instruction for grade‐appropriate target reading or writing skills for at‐risk students, monitoring student response to instruction, and diagnosing when necessary. It is recommended that the reauthorization of IDEA include the following in services for students with specific learning disabilities: Cognitive, Achievement, and Process Assessment (CAP), Implementation of Scientifically Supported Instruction (SSI), Response to Intervention (RTI), and Differential Diagnosis for Teaching (D2T). State legal code for the reauthorization of IDEA should allow school psychologists flexibility to practice their craft according to current scientific knowledge, professional standards, and best practices of their profession, coupled with Caring, Connecting, and Communicating (C3), so that students with specific learning disabilities and other developmental disabilities are well served. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 781–796, 2006.
Heme alkylation by artemisinin and trioxaquines
Authors: Robert Anne , Bonduelle Colin , Laurent Sophie A.‐L. , Meunier Bernard
Published: August 2006

Artemisinin is an efficient antimalarial drug containing a 1,2,4‐trioxane which is able to alkylate heme both in vitro and in vivo, giving rise to covalent heme‐artemisinin coupling products. The low valent iron(II) protoporphyrin‐IX, which is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, induces the homolysis of the peroxide bond of artemisinin by an electron transfer. The generated alkoxy radical is quickly rearranged to a C‐centered radical that efficiently alkylates the heme macrocycle at meso positions. Heme is therefore both the activating agent and the target of artemisinin.

Additionally, the iron(II) heme cofactor of carboxyhemoglobin was found to react as efficiently with artemisinin as oxyhemoglobin does, providing a heme‐drug covalent adduct in up to 60% yield. This result indicates that the presence of a CO ligand bound to iron does not preclude the reductive activation of the peroxide, thereby confirming the high affinity of artemisinin for iron(II) heme.

On the basis of this mechanism of action, a variety of new peroxide‐based antimalarials named trioxaquines® have been synthesized. Trioxaquines are made by the covalent attachment of a trioxane, having alkylating ability, to a quinoline, known to readily penetrate infected erythrocytes. Several trioxaquines are active in vitro on chloroquine resistant malaria parasite at nanomolar concentrations, and are efficient to cure infected mice by oral route at 20–50 mg/kg. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.