bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐197: Improved Patterned VA Mode for Fast Response Time by Using Strong Fringe‐Field Effect
Authors: Ji Seung‐Hoon , Son Jung‐Hee , Lee Gi‐Dong , Lyu Jae‐Jin , Kim Kyeong Hyun
Published: January 2009

We propose an improved pattern structure that can reduce the response time by using strong fringe field in the pattern vertical alignment LCD. We applied an additional buried electrode in the PVA LCD so that we could increase the fringe field on the edge of the electrode. The strong fringe field on the edge of the electrode helps the liquid crystal director in the bulk area to have an appropriate orientation quickly when the voltage is applied. As a result, we could improve the response time effectively. We used the software TechWiz LCD in order to calculate the director configuration and the response time. From the simulation results, we have found that the proposed structure exhibited 74.2% improvement in response time compared to the conventional structure in calculation.
P‐200: Effect of the Magnitude of Dielectric Anisotropy on the Light Efficiency of Fringe‐Field Switching Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell
Authors: Cell Crystal , An Young Joo , Ryu Je Woo , Park Ji Woong , Lim Young Jin , Jung Jun Ho , Srivastava Anoop Kumar , Lee Myong‐Hoon , Lee Seung Hee , Lee Hee Kyu , Lee Seung Eun
Published: January 2009

The light efficiency of fringe‐field switching (FFS) mode when using a liquid crystal (LC) with positive dielectric anisotropy was found to be dependent on dielectric anisotropy, such that the lower the dielectric anisotropy, it becomes higher. On the contrary, for the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy it is almost independent of magnitude of dielectric anisotropy. This paper investigates light efficiency of FFS mode dependent on the magnitude of dielectric anisotropy of the LC associated with rubbing angle and cell gap.
P‐213: Decomposable Precursors as Electron Injection Materials for High Performance Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Duan Lian , Li Yang , Qiu Yong
Published: January 2009

In this work, we found that electron injection into organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) can be improved by using thermally decomposable precursors as the electron injection layer. for example, OLEDs with LiBH4 or LiCoO2 as the electron injection layer showed similar or even better performance compared to the control device with LiF/Al. LiBH4 was found to decompose in vacuum to form LiH. And LiCoO2 was found to be a precursor for Li2O. We achieved not only improved efficiency but also much improved lifetime.
P‐215: Improved Carrier Transport into Wide‐Bandgap Host for Low‐Voltage High‐Efficiency Blue PHOLEDs
Authors: Lee Meng‐Ting , Lin Jin‐Sheng , Chu Miao‐Tsai , Tseng Mei‐Rurng
Published: January 2009

Low‐voltage, high‐efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) based on a new composition of emitter, including a wide bandgap host, a carrier‐transporting material and an organometallic iridium dopant, have been demonstrated. The device exhibits an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12%, a power efficiency of 17 lm/W and a low voltage of 4.8 V at a practical brightness of 1000 cd/m2 with a CIEx,y of (0.16, 0.35), which was twofold higher than that of used typical emitter composed host and dopant only. The dramatic enhancement can attributed to the transport of carrier into the wide bandgap host which can be facilitated through doping a carrier‐transporting material in emitter for increasing carrier recombination.
P‐227: Efficient Electron Injection in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Dipotassium Phthalate as n‐Type Dopant
Authors: Ho Meng‐Huan , Hsieh Ming‐Ta , Chen Jenn‐Fang , Hwang Shiao‐Wen , Chen Chin H.
Published: January 2009

An efficient n‐doped electron transport layer composed of 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) and dipotassium phthalate (PAK2) has been developed. By temperature‐dependent admittance spectroscopy, the incorporation of PAK2 into BPhen is found to increase electron concentration in BPhen layer, resulting in raising the Fermi‐level to ∼0.5 eV below its LUMO which further enhances the efficiency of electron injection from Al cathode. When this n‐doped layer is adopted in OLED device, the green Alq3 device can achieve a current efficiency of 3.6 cd/A and a power efficiency of 2.1 lm/W at 20 mA/cm2 and lower drive voltage of 5.3 V.
P‐234: Polarization Conversion Illumination System
Authors: Chung Shuang‐Chao , Lin Chun‐Chuan , Lo Hsin‐Hsiang
Published: January 2009

Due to their excellent color purity, high efficiency and low power consumption, LEDs have been recently applied to more and more illumination and display systems. In this article, we present a compact polarization conversion concept for an illumination system with the LEDs light source.
16.4: Development of Asymmetric‐Gate‐Coupled Eight‐Domain (AGC‐8D) HVA for TFT‐LCD TVs
Authors: Shih Po‐Sheng , Lin Jiunn‐Shyong , Pan Hsuan‐Lin , Chen Po‐Yang , Liao Tai‐Shun , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: January 2009

A novel AGC‐8D (asymmetric gate‐coupled eight‐domain) VA mode has been successfully developed to effectively reduce the 60‐degree off‐axis color difference (Δ u'v') of skin color to below 0.02. Compared to other published eight‐domain VA modes, the AGC‐8D HVA mode has also distinct advantages of higher panel transmittance, lower panel‐manufacture cost, and being compatible with a double‐frame‐rate (120 Hz) driving for improving MPRT.
4.2: International Metrology Standards for Reflective LCDs
Authors: Laur Juergen
Published: January 2009

This paper summarizes the development of metrology for reflective LCDs from the late 1970s to our days, it introduces the two different approaches used in the LCD industry (directional and multi‐directional illumination) and explains the distinct differences in the results obtained with the two methods. The current status of the standardization of measuring methods for reflective LCDs by the WG2 of IEC TC110 is presented and an outlook is given of the work to be done before finalization of this standard, especially when the recently initiated horizontal harmonization activity of the IEC TC110 is supposed to be taken into account.
19.2:Invited Paper: History of ACF Development and New Solutions
Authors: Takeichi Motohide
Published: January 2009

In 1977, an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panel using ACF (Anisotropic Conductive Film) was manufactured for the first time, in history. Since then, ACF has been recognized as an indispensable material for assembling FPD (Flat Panel Display) modules. Due to the remarkable developments in LCD, and expansion of the field of LCD applications, the properties and features of ACF have simultaneously been improving (e.g., reliability of interconnection, compatibility for finer pitch patterning, and demand for both low‐temperature and short processing time during main bonding process) and have assumed a role as an important element contributing to the growth of the FPD industry. In recent years, ACF has also had seen an expansion of its usage in a wide variety of applications for electric interconnect, not only in FPD modules, but also for Semiconductor Packaging, RF‐ID and replacement for conventional mechanical connecter.
21.4: Discharge Characteristics of AC‐PDP having Doped MgO Protective Layer in a Variation of Temperature
Authors: Cho Sung‐Yong , Lee Don‐Kyu , Ok Jung‐Woo , Park Chung‐Hoo , Lee Hea June , Lee Ho‐Jun
Published: January 2009

In order to improve the discharge characteristics such as discharge voltage, luminance, luminous efficacy, temperature dependence of misfiring, a small amount of Si was added to the MgO protective layer of an alternating current plasma display panel (AC‐PDP). The effect of Si‐doping on a MgO protective layer was reported that it reduces the firing voltage and improved electro‐optical characteristics of AC‐PDP due to the increase of the secondary electron emission with Si concentration. In this study, it was observed that Si‐doping on MgO protective layer reduces the temperature dependence of misfiring compared with a pure MgO film. The effects of Si concentration are reported on the surface‐discharge characteristics of an AC‐PDP.
23.1: Invited Paper: Models and Experiments of Mechanical Integrity for Flexible Displays
Authors: Leterrier Yves , Pinyol Albert , Dumont Pierre , Gilliéron Damien , Mewani Vinodh , Månson Jan‐Anders , Andersons Janis , Bouten Piet , Timmermans Peter
Published: January 2009

Flexible displays present a challenging problem in terms of mechanical integrity, a result of the considerable hygro‐thermo‐mechanical contrast between the inorganic, brittle device layers and the compliant polymer substrates. This paper reviews the main approaches to study and identify the key factors, which control the mechanical stability of this class of displays. Focus is put on the analyses of residual stress and damage under tensile loading. Novel electro‐mechanical methods are used for accurate insight into critical phenomena. An important result is that the thickness and stiffness of the substrate control the critical strain for failure of the device layers.
24.1: 3‐Masks TFT Process by Using ITO Lift‐Off Technique
Authors: Fang Kuo‐Lung , Yang Chih‐Chun , Liao Chin‐Yueh , Wu Huang‐Chun , Lin Han‐Tu , Chen Chien‐Hung
Published: January 2009

Reducing TFT manufacturing steps in recent years has become an unavoidable technology trend for many TFT‐ LCD makers in order of cost reduction purpose. Here, we proposed a new mask reduction process (3‐masks TFT) by chemical lift‐off which based on conventional 4‐masks TFT fabrication process. The major spirit of 3‐masks technique combines passivation layer and pixel electrode formed in one photolithography process with HTM (Half tone mask). with this new HTM design, a small SiNx island cross TFT source contact edge border could be created to provide a pixel electrode conducting path away from electrical signal opening. In order to enhance to lift‐off ability, new optional extra lift‐off enhancement designs could be adopted to improve chemical lift‐off efficiency. Through the development of process and design of TFTs using 3‐masks HTM lift‐off scheme, one first 1.8″ HTM lift‐off panel was demonstrated which exhibits same performance of conventional fabricated one.
24.4: A New Method for Cu Patterning
Authors: Kim Kang‐il , Song Kye‐chan , Lee Jung‐il , Yang Joon‐young , Yang Myung‐soo , Kang In‐byung , Chung In‐Jae
Published: January 2009

A New Cu patterning method, exhibiting better etching characteristics than the conventional wet etching method is introduced. The new Cu patterning process includes plasma treatment and dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment. with optimized process condition, under 0.3μm of Cu etch critical dimension bias was obtained. We have successfully fabricated Cu source/drain line for 15.0‐inch XGA LCD panel using this patterning method.
25.1:Distinguished Paper: Multi‐Viewer Autostereoscopic Display with Dynamically‐Addressable Holographic Backlight
Authors: Buckley Edward , Corbett Alex , Surman Phil , Sexton Ian
Published: January 2009

An autostereoscopic display system, which allowed multiple viewers simultaneously by use of head‐tracking, was previously demonstrated for TV applications in the ATTEST project. However, the requirement for a dynamically addressable, movable backlight presented several problems for the illumination source. In this paper, the authors demonstrate how the use of a novel laser‐based holographic projection system can be used to address these problems.
25.4: Invited Paper: Beyond Flat Panels — Multi Layer Displays with Real Depth
Authors: Bell Gareth P. , Craig Robert , Paxton Robert , Wong Gordon , Galbraith Duncan
Published: January 2009

A new concept in display technology that utilizes two or more displays in series has been developed and commercialized; applications are aimed at enhanced depth, that is 3D effects, expanded color, greatly increased contrast ratio, and high dynamic range. The principles of operation will be described for the various approaches to multi layer display and examples of first uses will be shown.
27.4: Characteristics of AC‐PDP Test Panels with Fence‐Type Aluminum Electrode Formed via Anodic Bonding with Soda‐Lime Glass
Authors: Lee Seog‐Young , Lee Mi‐Yeon , Lee DongHeon , Kim Yong‐Seog
Published: January 2009

Fence‐type aluminum electrode was prepared on soda‐lime glass substrate by chemically etching aluminum foil which was bonded to the substrate via anodic‐bonding process. Several different designs of the fence‐type sustaining electrode were attempted and its effects on optical transmittance were examined. Test panels with those fence‐type aluminum electrodes were prepared and their firing voltages, luminance and luminance efficiency were measured and compared with conventional ac‐PDPs. The results demonstrated a possibility of using aluminum electrode for front plate of ac‐PDDs.
28.3: Novel Grating Alignment of LCs for Multi‐Domain Structures
Authors: Tamaki Masaya , Kabe Masaaki , Iwasaki Yoh
Published: January 2009

We propose a novel grating alignment featuring that liquid crystal (LC) molecules align orthogonally to grooves when they shape in a specific geometries coated with polyimide films. This paper discusses the alignment characteristics and shows the excellent performance for generating microscopic multi‐domain structures. This grating structure demonstrates a successful application to LCDs.
29.1: Invited Paper: Recent Progress in Light‐Emitting Polymers for Full Color OLEDs
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Tsubata Yoshiaki , Sekine Chizu , Ohnishi Toshihiro
Published: January 2009

We have significantly improved the efficiency, lifetime and hue of red, green, blue (RGB) light‐emitting polymers (LEPs) through intensive studies on degradation and charge balance in polymer organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The degradation of LEPs during device operation is shown to result from decreased emissive material fluorescence efficiency and a loss of charge‐carrier balance. Laser photolysis results show that low‐energy sites are generated in the LEP during driving, leading to the quenching of blue and green emission, but not red emission. Charge carrier balance also shifts due to decreased electron injection compared with hole injection. Taking these degradation mechanisms, we have focused on copolymerization of various functional units to stabilize the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the balance of charge carriers. In this paper, we present the degradation mechanism and performance of our latest RGB LEPs.
30.3: Highly Flexible Low Power Consumption AMOLED Displays on Ultra‐Thin Stainless Steel Substrates
Authors: Ma Rui‐Qing , Rajan Kamala , Hack Mike , Brown Julie J. , Cheon Jun Hyuk , Kim Se Hwan , Kang Moon Hyo , Lee Won Gyu , Jang Jin
Published: January 2009

We present results demonstrating that low power consumption phosphorescent AMOLED displays can be fabricated on ultra‐thin (25 μm) stainless steel substrates, combining an amorphous silicon backplane with a top emission phosphorescent OLED frontplane. Preliminary results show the performance of amorphous silicon backplanes adequate to drive AMOLED displays, and flexibility results on these backplanes show that they operate when conformed to a tight diameter of only 5 mm.
32.4: Invited Paper: The Pursuit of High‐Definition 3D Display Technology
Authors: Tsai Chao‐Hsu , Chen Wu‐Li , Hsu Wei‐Liang
Published: January 2009

The status and limitation of 3D display technology are presented. Due to the difficulty in realizing high‐definition autostereoscopic displays, glasses‐type 3D displays are suggested as a better choice for home applications in short term and several technologies of them are introduced. However, autostereoscopic displays with comparable image quality with the glasses‐type ones are definitely important for the popular acceptance of the products and the continue development of the 3D industry. In this paper, a method using proximity projector array to implement high‐definition autostereoscopic displays is proposed for long‐term development.
38.4L: Late‐News Paper: A New Low‐Power Driving Method for High‐Resolution Mobile IPS Panels
Authors: Takada Naoki , Mamba Norio , Eriguchi Takuya , Furuhashi Tsutomu , Maki Masahiro , Satou Hideo , Nagao Shouji , Iwasaki Shinichi , Hashimoto Shinya , Akiyama Kenichi , Kotani Yoshihiro
Published: January 2009

High‐resolution displays are now needed for mobile equipment, not only for cell phones, but also for other devices such as ultramobile PCs and mobile Internet Protocol Television s (IPTV). We have developed a new low‐cost and low‐power driving method for the high‐resolution IPS panel on the LTPS TFT platform. This method drives common electrodes separated by each line. So it can reduce inversion frequency, compared with “dot‐inversion” or “line‐inversion”. We also developed a prototype of a 5‐inch WXGA (1366 × 768) using our new driving method and confirmed good display quality and a low‐power consumption that was nearly equal to that of frame inversion.
7.1: Invited Paper: Technologies and Prospects of Fine Pitch Field Emission Display Monitor
Authors: Iguchi Yukinobu , Kenmotsu Hidenori , Hatano Yasuhito , Kato Yoshimitsu , Kanagawa Shinji , Ishii Takahide , Okanan Satoshi , Kosugi Tomoo , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Kokubu Kiyoshi , Hasegawa Shohei
Published: January 2009

Taking advantage of a line‐sequential impulse drive system which is free from motion blur, FED has a capability to display clear and bright moving pictures. This paper reviews advantages and conditions of impulse drive system and describes how the system could be fully implemented in “nano‐Spindt” FED by viewing its performance and technologies to resolve issues related cathode, faceplate and spacer. Finally, perspective for fine pitch FED monitor is discussed.
45.3: Cost Effective 60Hz FHD LCD with 800Mbps AiPi Technology
Authors: Nam Hyoungsik , Oh Kwan Young , Kim Seon Ki , Kim Nam Deog , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Sang Soo , Lee Yongjae , Nakajima Keiichi
Published: January 2009

AiPi technology incorporates an embedded clock and control scheme with a point‐to‐point bus topology, achieving the smallest possible number of interface lines between a timing controller and source drivers. A point‐to‐point architecture enables the data rate to be boosted and the number of interface lines to be reduced because impedance matching can be easily achieved. An embedded clock and control scheme is implemented by means of multi‐level signaling resulting in simple clock/data recovery circuitry. A 46″ AiPi‐based 10‐bit FHD prototype requires only 20 interface lines, compared to 38 lines for mini‐LVDS. The measured maximum data rate per one data pair is more than 800Mbps.
46.1: Invited Paper: Novel Design for Full‐Color Electronic Paper
Authors: Lenssen Kars‐Michiel H. , Baesjou Patrick J. , Budzelaar Frank P. M. , Van Delden Marc H. W. M. , Roosendaal Sander J. , Stofmeel Leon W. G. , Verschueren Alwin R. M. , Van Glabbeek Jack J. , Osenga Johan T. M. , Schuurbiers Roland M.
Published: January 2009

Despite a steep increase in commercial devices comprising paper‐like displays, a much desired feature is still missing: bright full‐color electronic paper. We have developed a new reflective display technology to solve this issue. for the first time we will report about the principles behind our in‐plane electrophoretic technology, which enables the realization of full‐color reflective displays with a higher brightness than all present e‐paper technologies, without compromising paper‐like properties like viewing angle and ultra‐low power consumption. An additional major advantage (e.g. for future low‐cost manufacturing) is that, besides direct‐drive and active‐matrix configurations, a passive‐matrix option has been developed successfully.
47.2: Luminescence Quenching in Blue Fluorescent OLEDs
Authors: Young Ralph H. , Lenhard Jerome R. , Kondakov Denis Y. , Hatwar Tukaram K.
Published: January 2009

The radical ion of the familiar hole‐transport material NPB (i.e., NPB⋅+) absorbs strongly in the blue region of the spectrum. Therefore, it can quench blue luminescence by Förster energy transfer. A high concentration of NPB⋅+ at the interface between an NPB hole‐transport layer (HTL) and a blue light‐emitting layer (LEL) severely limits the luminescence efficiency of the emitting blue dopant. The efficiency can be improved dramatically by modifying either (a) the anode contact with a thin layer of CuPc, thereby increasing the field strength in the HTL, or (b) the cathode contact with a thin layer of Bphen, thereby reducing the field strength in the LEL. Both strategies reduce the difference in electric field strength across the interface, reduce the interfacial concentration of NPB⋅+, and suppress the quenching. Experimental evidence is provided by a spectrum of electrochemically generated NPB⋅+, simultaneous photo‐ and electroluminescence measurements on model OLEDs, and electrical characterization of the devices.
47.3: Highly Efficient Fluorescent Deep Blue Dopant for “Super Top Emission” Device
Authors: Funahashi Masakazu , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Yabunouchi Nobuhiro , Fukuoka Kenichi , Kuma Hitoshi , Hosokawa Chishio , Kambe Emiko , Yoshinaga Tadahiko , Fukuda Toshihiro , Kijima Yasunori
Published: January 2009

We successfully synthesized a new excellent fluorescent deep blue dopant BD‐4. The bottom emission device with BD‐4 has a good color coordinate in CIE 1931 chromaticity of (0.140, 0.133) with high current efficiency of 6.46cd/A. BD‐4 gives us better performance with current efficiency of 3.9cd/A with CIE chromaticity of (0.133,0.065) with the optimization for our “Super Top Emission” device structure. The internal quantum efficiency of this device is 28.5% which is beyond across the theoretical limit.
53.1: Invited Paper: Recent Advances in Tiled Cholesteric Billboard Displays
Authors: Coates David
Published: January 2009

For the first time a large area, full colour, reflective, scalable display developed for use in billboard applications is reported. It can be used over a wide temperature range and has a good colour gamut, reflectance and contrast ratio. with some temperature control moving images can also be shown.
54.3:Distinguished Paper: White Stacked OLED with 35 lm/W and 100,000 Hours Lifetime at 1000 cd/m2for Display and Lighting Applications
Authors: Birnstock Jan , He Gufeng , Murano Sven , Werner Ansgar , Zeika Olaf
Published: January 2009

The three critical parameters to determine the commercial success of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), both in display and lighting applications, are: power efficiency, lifetime, and price competitiveness. PIN technology is widely considered as the preferred way to maximum power efficiency and lifetime. Here we report a high efficiency and long lifetime white light‐emitting diode, which has been realized by stacking a blue fluorescent emission unit together with green and red phosphorescent emission units.

Novaled proprietary materials have been used in transport layers of each emission unit, which significantly improves the power efficiency and stability. The power efficiency at 1,000 cd/m2is 35 lm/W with CIE color coordinates of (0.43, 0.44) and a color rendering index (CRI) of 90. An extrapolated lifetime at an initial luminance of 1000 cd/m2is above 100,000 hours, which fulfils the specifications for most applications. The emission color can also be easily tuned towards the equal energy white for display applications by selecting emitting materials and varying the transport layer cavities.
56.4:Invited Paper: New‐Technology Light Sources for Projection Displays
Authors: Brennesholtz Matthew S.
Published: January 2009

Virtually all projectors sold for professional or consumer applications use HID lamps as a light source. The most common lamps are ultra‐high pressure mercury lamps for most applications and xenon lamps for high‐end applications. New light sources including lasers, LEDs and microwave‐powered electrodeless lamps are challenging the dominance of HID lamps. This paper highlights the advantages and limitations of projection light sources, including example applications.
57.4: Thin Side‐Lit, Hollow‐Cavity Flat LED Lighting Panel for Ultra‐Uniform LCD Backlight Applications
Authors: Tsuchiya Ryuji , Kawasaki Yoji , Ikebe Shota , Shiba Toshiaki , Kinoshita Junichi
Published: January 2009

A new and thin, FL2P(Flat LED Lighting Panel) with ultra‐high‐uniformity for LCD backlight is presented. It has a hollow‐cavity structure consisting of a pair of LED/collimator units, a slightly curved bottom reflector and a top diffuser, without any planar light guide inside. It has a great advantage of making itself thinner, less weight and lower cost. The LED/collimator unit has a collimating cylindrical lens and a side‐placed RGB LED array. The collimating lens is developed particularly for higher‐coupling efficiency and narrower beam to achieve thinner structure and more excellent uniformity.
59.1: Invited Paper: A Display Simulation Toolbox
Authors: Farrell Joyce , Ng Gregory , Larson Kevin , Wandell Brian
Published: January 2009

The Display Simulation Toolbox (DST) is an integrated suite of software tools that help the user characterize the key properties of display devices and predict the radiance of displayed images. Assuming that pixel emissions are independent, the DST uses the sub‐pixel point spread functions, spectral power distributions, and gamma curves to calculate display image radiance. for LCD displays, the assumption of pixel independence assumption is reasonably accurate. for CRT displays it is not.
59.3: Temporal Filtering In LCD Backlight Modulation
Authors: Kerofsky Louis , Zhou Jin
Published: January 2009

Temporal drift in black level can result from LCD backlight modulation. Temporal filtering the backlight signal is used to remove visible black level drift. A scene cut detector is used to disable temporal filtering of the backlight signal across scene cuts to preserve backlight responsiveness.
59.5L: Late‐News Paper: Evaluation of a Prototype Grating‐Light‐Valve Laser Projector for Flight Simulation Applications
Authors: Winterbottom Marc , Gaska James , Geri George , Sweet Barbara
Published: January 2009

An evaluation of a prototype grating light valve laser projector indicates it has properties well‐suited to flight‐Simulation applications. Full‐field luminance and contrast, spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and color stability were equal to or better than those of CRT projectors typically used in flight‐Simulator applications. In addition, this projector is capable of providing refresh rates greater than 60 Hz. The higher refresh rates eliminate perceived flicker, and greatly reduce (120 Hz) or eliminate (240 Hz) motion artifacts over the range of target speeds tested.
61.3: 3.0‐in. 308‐ppi WVGA AMOLED by Top‐Emitting White OLED with Color Filter
Authors: Kim SangYeol , Kim MuGyeom , Lee SungHun , Song JeongBae , Tamura Shinichiro , Kang SungKee , Kim JongMin , Cho SungWoo , Cho JaeYoung , Suh MinChul , Kim HyeDong
Published: January 2009

We report 3.0 inch 308ppi full‐color WVGA AMOLED display using top‐emitting white OLEDs and color filters. White OLEDs were fabricated with fluorescent materials. We achieved a color gamut of >90% vs. NTSC and (u',v') of <0.02 (condition?). An external quantum efficiency of 8.45% and a current efficiency of 16cd/A were obtained at 4000nit with CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.32).
64.3: Super‐Gaussian Light Spread Function for High Dynamic Range Displays
Authors: Cheng Yu‐Kuo , Lu Yen‐Hsing , Lu Po‐I , Tien Chung‐Hao , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: January 2009

Super‐Gaussian light spread function was designed for high dynamic range liquid crystal displays. A dual‐liquid‐crystal‐panel system was constructed to simulate an HDR display, and to evaluate the implementation of the proposed super‐Gaussian and a general Gaussian distributions. According to the results, luminance uniformity and processing time of super‐Gaussian LSF are superior to those of Gaussian LSF by factors of 1.55 and 178, respectively. Contrast ratio is improved by a factor about 2 to 4.15 as well. In addition, the undesired artifact, grid lines, can be suppressed to be invisible.
65.1:Invited Paper: Image/Video Compression — A Display Centric Viewpoint
Authors: Bhaskaran Vasudev
Published: January 2009

Image and video compression schemes have generally been developed from a storage or transmission viewpoint. When a display subsystem is incorporated into the overall framework, the compression scheme needs to be adapted further. This paper addresses some of the display related aspects that can be included in the compression framework.
A transgenic strain of the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansas a biomonitor for heavy metal contamination
Authors: Ma Hongbo , Glenn Travis C. , Jagoe Charles H. , Jones Kenneth L. , Williams Phillip L.
Published: January 2009

Metallothionein (MT), a protein involved in metal regulation and detoxification, has been used widely as a biomarker of metal exposure. In the present study, a transgenic strain of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was developed using the C. elegans MT-2 (mtl-2) promoter to control the transcription of green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter. Response of this transgenic system to Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and As exposure in aquatic media was tested by quantifying GFP expression after 24 h of exposure. Response in Cd-spiked soil was tested in a similar manner. The mtl-2 transcription also was measured using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to gain a mechanistic understanding of the transgene expression. Green fluorescence protein is induced by Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; mtl-2 transcription is consistent with the GFP response. The minimum concentrations of Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn that induce GFP response are 2- to 1,00 Of old lower than concentrations affecting traditional endpoints, such as lethality or behavioral change. The system responds to Cd in soil in a similar manner. Neither Ni nor Pb induces GFP, and neither induces mtl-2 transcription. Arsenic does not induce GFP, yet an increase in mtl-2 transcription was found, suggesting that As may interfere with GFP signaling. This mtl-2::GFP transgenic bioassay represents an alternative approach to quantify, both easily and quickly, a surrogate of MT in response to metal exposure (e.g., Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn) in a variety of environments and potentially may be used for quantitative or semiquantitative biomonitoring of metal contamination in soils and aquatic systems.
Economic Influences on Moral Values
Authors: Östling Robert
Published: January 2009

This paper extends standard consumer theory to account for endogenous moral motivation. Building on cognitive dissonance theory, I show how moral values are affected by changes in prices and income. The key insight is that changes in prices and income that lead to higher consumption of an immoral good also affect the moral values held by the consumer so that the good is considered less immoral. A preliminary empirical analysis based on the World Values Survey is consistent with the model's predictions with respect to income.
The Growing Supranational Impacts of the OECD and the EU on National Educational Policies, and the Case of Finland
Authors: Rinne Risto
Published: January 2009

The trends of globalisation have had unavoidable impacts in steering and guiding the decisions of national policy-makers and the direction of national education policies. In the obscuring processes of supranational homogenisation of education and educational policy, supranational regimes, such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), play a significant role. The traditional idea of meritocratic competition is challenged by globalisation and by the new standard setting of the supranational organisations, and nation-states are losing their power to define standards and to control the key features of educational selection. The process is proceeding particularly in the field of higher education, where the stakes to win reputational capital are at their highest. The message, objectives and language of those organisations are cast in the same mould. They have started to speak in the same words with the same stress, repeating the same phrases about globalisation, economic efficiency and productivity, and swearing that globalisation is inevitable in the name of progress. In this article, historical change in the educational policies of the OECD and the EU and the implication of these policies for national education policies are studied. Special emphasis is laid on the field of higher education and the national case of Finland.
Globalisation, Southern Europe and European Adult Education Policy
Authors: Borg Carmel , Mayo Peter
Published: January 2009

In this article, the authors define some of the most evident features of globalisation from below, which they distinguish from hegemonic globalisation, and draw out its implications for adult education. They draw out the implications for European adult education that emerge from the different features of these two types of globalisations. They then refer to the history of and contemporary provision in adult education in southern Europe and argue that there are elements there that can serve the purpose of a revitalised counter-hegemonic adult education approach. They then explore whether this thinking makes its presence felt in two major European documents, the EU Memorandum on Lifelong Learning and a recent report on adult education, carried out for the European Commission, provided by the European Association for the Education of Adults. They do this given that the international literature on adult education is dominated by ideas and experiences emerging from the central European states and Nordic countries. They highlight the recurrence in the Memorandum of the tendency to vocationalise adult education at different stages of a person's life. They consider the EAEA report to be more expansive and representative than the Memorandum but they also argue that there is a tendency to uncritically accept the vocationalisation of older adulthood. The issue of migration from south-of-the-equator populations to Europe, and especially southern Europe, is also considered, given that it is a prominent feature of the intensification of globalisation. Its implications for adult education practice are also considered, also and mainly in light of the situation obtaining in the frontier countries of southern Europe.
‘Europe/Asia’ Regionalism, Higher Education and the Production of World Order
Authors: Robertson Susan
Published: January 2009

From the early 1990s onwards, various European Union (EU) reports have commented on the low level of European exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Asian region, and the invisibility of Europe in the Asian imagination in comparison with the United States. To overcome this problem, a series of policy and programme initiatives have been launched that include higher education as a platform, that are funded by the EU's development agency EuropeAid, and that use the inter-regional institutional structures of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM). Initially, the focus for higher education was on generating European visibility and Asian capacity through the creation of networks and curricular initiatives. However, since 2000 the higher education initiatives in the successive Asia–Europe inter-regional policies have been reoriented towards realising the Lisbon 2000 Agenda of developing a globally competitive European knowledge-based economy. Asia–Europe inter-regionalism is now being used to facilitate an explicit competitiveness agenda for Europe through (i) prioritising the development of a European market in higher education that is attractive to Asian students; (ii) synchronising Asian higher education structures with those that have developed in Europe as a result of the Bologna Process; (iii) recruiting ‘talent’ from within the Asian region; and (iv) the development of research collaborations, such as funded research institutes. Whilst funded by the EU's development agency EuropeAid, these initiatives have as their target not the very low-income countries in ASEAN and ASEM, but China and India. This generates tensions in the foreign-policy mix of education, trade and development, making the EU vulnerable to charges of imperialism and neo-colonialism, whilst the inter-regional structures themselves carry their own politics which in turn shape the terrain of higher education.
Nonextensive perfect hydrodynamics — a model of dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics?
Authors: Osada Takeshi , Wilk Grzegorz
Published: January 2009

We demonstrate that nonextensive perfect relativistic hydrodynamics (q-hydrodynamics) can serve as a model of the usual relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics (d-hydrodynamics) therefore facilitating considerably its applications. As an illustration, we show how using q-hydrodynamics one gets the q-dependent expressions for the dissipative entropy current and the corresponding ratios of the bulk and shear viscosities to entropy density, ζ/s and η/srespectively.
A hybrid time-domain model for pulsed terahertz dipole antennas
Authors: Ezdi K. , Heinen B. , Jördens C. , Vieweg N. , Krumbholz N. , Wilk R. , Mikulics M. , Koch M.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we study the effect of the length of dipole antennas on the spectrum of the radiated THz signal in pulse-excited opto-electronic terahertz systems. In particular, we investigate the origin of the commonly observed sharp dips that occur in the spectra of photoconductive dipole antennas, and explain them on the basis of reflections of the excitation current pulse that take place at the ends of the antenna. We develop a hybrid time-domain model for the system and show that the predictions of our model are in good agreement with experimental results.
Object wave reconstruction by speckle illumination and phase retrieval
Authors: Almoro P. F. , Hanson S. G.
Published: January 2009

An innovative setup for the speckle-based phase retrieval method is proposed. In the conventional setup, a plane wave illuminates the test object and the transmitted wavefront is incident on a diffuser aperture generating a speckle field. The sampled speckle intensities at axially displaced planes are input into a phase retrieval algorithm based on a wave propagation equation. In the new setup, the arrangement of the diffuser and the object is reversed. A plane wave incident on the diffuser generates a speckle field which, in turn, is used to illuminate the object. The transmitted wavefront is then directed to the camera sensor. The advantage of the proposed setup is the increased resolution since the limiting aperture is the full area of the sensor.
Nested structures approach in designing an isotropic negative-index material for infrared
Authors: Andryieuski Andrei , Malureanu Radu , Lavrinenko Andrei
Published: January 2009

We propose a new generic approach for designing isotropic metamaterial with nested cubic structures. As an example, a three-dimensional isotropic unit cell design “Split Cube in Cage” (SCiC) is shown to exhibit an effective negative refractive index on infrared wavelengths. We report on the refractive index reaching -2.3 and the figure of merit as high as 2.7. The structure exhibits potential for application as a building block of isotropic negative-index materials.
Light and gas confinement in hollow-core photonic crystal fibre based photonic microcells
Authors: Benabid F. , Roberts P. J. , Couny F. , Light P. S.
Published: January 2009

We review the recent progress on the understanding of optical guidance mechanisms in hollow-core photonic crystal fibres, and on the quantum and nonlinear optical applications of photonic microcells based on this fibre form. Two classes of hollow-core photonic crystal fibre are identified: one guides via a photonic bandgap and the other guides by virtue of an inhibited coupling between core and cladding mode constituents. For the former fibre type, we explore how the bandgap is formed using a photonic analogue of the tight-binding model and how it is related to the anti-resonant reflection optical waveguide guidance. For the second type of fibre, which can guide over a broad wavelength range, we examine the nature of the inhibited coupling. We describe a technique for the fabrication of photonic microcells that can accommodate vacuum pressures, and we finish by showing the latest results on electromagnetically induced transparency in a rubidium filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibre, the CW-pumped hydrogen Raman laser and the generation of multi-octave spanning stimulated Raman scattering spectral combs.
Single Medial Approach to Modified Double Arthrodesis in Rigid Flatfoot with Lateral Deficient Skin
Authors: Brilhault Jean
Published: January 2009

Background: Triple arthrodesis through a two-incision approach is the traditional surgical treatment of fixed flatfoot in adults. However, since it limits motion and forces the remaining joints to absorb more load, long-term studies report diminishing results over time from symptomatic breakdown of adjacent joints. In addition, wound-healing problems have been reported in up one-third of patients undergoing a major flatfoot reconstruction which are more commonly associated with the anterolateral approaches. Therefore, since 2003, we have been interested in selective arthrodesis of the subtalar and talonavicular joints sparing the uninvolved calcaneocuboid joint and the lateral skin. Materials and Method: We have performed this procedure in 11 patients (14 feet) who had deficient lateral skin and a fixed hindfoot valgus deformity where adequate correction may have led to lateral wound complication. They were followed in a prospective fashion and assessed at a minimum of 6 months followup. Results: Wound healing occurred without any complications in all cases. Evaluation was performed at an average of 21.5 (range, 6 to 50) months. Significant radiographic improvements were observed on each measurement: anteroposterior talonavicular coverage angle improved from 38.5 degrees to 7 degrees, lateral talo-first metatarsal angle improved from 21 degrees to 0 degrees, hindfoot frontal alignment angle improved from 18 degrees to 7.5 degrees. All patients had an asymptomatic calcaneocuboid joint. Conclusion: Arthrodesis of the subtalar and talonavicular joints through a medial approach combined with peroneal lengthening is a reliable procedure for the treatment of rigid flatfoot with deficient lateral skin without calcaneocuboid joint degeneration.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Comparison of 4.5- and 5.5-mm Cannulated Stainless Steel Screws for Fifth Metatarsal Jones Fracture Fixation
Authors: Porter David A. , Dobslaw Rebecca , Duncan Melissa
Published: January 2009

Background: Complications including delayed and nonunions, and extensive time nonweightbearing with conservative treatment of fifth metatarsal Jones fractures, have led authors to recommend surgical fixation for this fracture in athletes who wish to return to activity quickly. The optimal surgical procedure, however, has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5.5-mm cannulated screw fixation for fifth metatarsal stress fractures in athletes and compare them to an earlier cohort treated with a 4.5mm screw. Materials and Methods: Twenty athletes were treated surgically with a 5.5-mm cannulated screw and postoperatively wore a removable walking boot, applied cold compression, initiated immediate range of motion, and used crutches for 1 week. Fractures were evaluated for clinical and radiographic healing. These findings were compared to a group that used 4.5-mm screws. Results: Average radiographic healing was 96.7% and all fractures healed clinically. Athletes returned to sports in an average of 9.3 weeks. There were three re-injuries that were treated with 2 weeks in a walking boot. No patients have required screw removal or have experienced pain at the hardware site, besides the three re-injuries. When compared to the earlier study, no differences were found. However, there were no re-fractures in the 4.5-mm study, but there were three bent screws. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates the clinical effectiveness of the 5.5-mm screw. However, with the numbers available, we were unable to demonstrate significant improvement over the 4.5-mm screw and thus cannot conclude that a larger screw is more effective.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control Study
Ethnic Radiographic Foot Differences
Authors: Castro-Aragon Oscar , Vallurupalli Santaram , Warner Meredith , Panchbhavi Vinod , Trevino Saul
Published: January 2009

Background: The prevalence of foot and ankle conditions varies among different ethnic groups. It is not known if this difference is due to any distinctive skeletal morphological characteristics of the foot. The purpose of this study was to determine if ethnic differences exist in the morphometric measurements on radiographs of the weightbearing foot. Materials and Methods: A morphometric study of weightbearing radiographs of feet was performed prospectively. Radiographic parameters were measured on digital monitors using digital tools. These were the hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), talonavicular angle (TNA), talonavicular coverage angle (TNCovA), metatarsal span (MS) on anteroposterior (AP) radiographs and talo-first metatarsal angle (T-1stMTA), calcaneal pitch (CP), and lateral talocalcaneal angle (LTCA) on lateral radiographs. Results: A total of 237 feet in 126 patients (45 African Americans, 59 Caucasians, and 22 Hispanics) were studied. Statistically significant differences were found in the CP, LTCA, and MS. African Americans have significantly lower CP than Caucasians ( p < 0.0001). African Americans have significantly lower CP than Hispanics ( p < 0.0016). Caucasians have significantly higher TCA than African Americans ( p < 0.0004). Males have a larger MS than females ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There are differences in the radiographic morphology of feet among different ethnic groups. A larger prospective community-based study of morphological differences is needed for better understanding of the genetic and environmental factors influencing the prevalence of foot and ankle conditions. Clinical Relevance: The clinical relevance between having a lower CP angle and a higher incidence of flat feet in African Americans warrants further investigation. It is not known if there is a relationship between posterior tibialis insufficiency and low CP.
Tissue Specific Esterase Isozyme Banding Pattern in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Shahjahan Reza Md , Karim Afroja , Begum Rowshan Ara , Alam Mohammad Shamimul , Begum Anwara
Published: January 2009

The electrophoretic banding pattern of esterase isozymes were examined in eighteen different tissues of Nile tilapia after staining with Î± and Î² naphthyl acetate as substrate. The tissues were anterior-, mid-, tailmuscle (ventral and tip region), buccal muscle, stomach, fore-, mid-, hind-gut, liver, gill, heart, kidney, eye (lens), eye (iris), fore-, mid- and hind- brain. Altogether five bands named as Est-11.4, Est-21.1, Est-31, Est-40.62 and Est-50.25 were observed different relative mobility. Est-1 and Est-5 denote the fastest and slowest band. Est-3 was present in all the tissues. All five bands were expressed in liver and stomach. Some of the esterase bands showed tissue and substrate specificity, where Est-1 was in fore-, mid- and hind- brain, Est-2 in hind gut, Est-5 in stomach, gill and heart was stained only with Î± naphthyl acetate. None of the band was expressed with Î² naphthyl acetate only. Key words: esterase, isozyme, Oreochromis, tissue Â  Doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1942 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 01-05