bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation During Vegetative and Grain Filling of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) as Affected by Nitrogen Rates
Authors: GULMEZOGLU Nurdilek , KAYAN Nihal
Published: March 2018

This research aimed to determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) on the growth, yield and the N accumulation of lentil plants grown under rain-fed conditions. The two-year field experiments with lentil were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Nitrogen was applied at four rates (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) and all of the plots received half of the N rates before sowing in October and the remaining N rate in spring. The plants were harvested in the following stages: the first multifoliate leaf unfolding at the fifth node (V5) full seed or seed on nodes 10-13 that fill pod cavities (R6) and maturity (R8). The dry weight and N concentration of the shoot (leaf+stem), pod wall, and seed were then measured. It has been found that N application significantly affected the lentil characteristics. The maximum biomass accumulation and N accumulation were obtained at R6, and the N fertiliser had a positive effect on the seed weight and N accumulation. It can be suggest that 20 kg N ha-1 will increase the per-plant dry matter and N accumulation of the seeds under rain-fed conditions.
Population Density and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ardabil, Iran
Authors: MORADI-VAJARGAH Mona , GOLIZADEH Ali , RAFIEE-DASTJERDI Hooshang , ZALUCKI Myron P. , HASSANPOUR Mehdi , NASERI Bahram
Published: March 2018

The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), feeds almost exclusively on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. in most region of the world where forage crop is grown. It has been investigated the population density and spatial distribution of alfalfa weevil on alfalfa in Ardabil during 2010. Using a 0.25 m2 quadrate sample unit a reliable sample size was 65, with maximum relative variation of 15%. The relative variation (RV) of the primary sampling data was 13.6. The highest population density of the alfalfa weevil was recorded on 17th April. To estimate the spatial distribution pattern of this pest, data were analyzed through index of dispersion, Lloyd’s mean crowding, Morisita’s index and two regression models (Taylor’s Power Law and Iwao’s Patchiness Regression). Taylor’s model showed an aggregated distribution pattern for all life stages. Iwao’s patchiness regression indicated that larvae, adult and total life cycle had aggregated spatial distribution (tc < tt), while pupae of alfalfa weevil exhibited a random pattern. The index of dispersion and Lloyd’s mean crowding methods indicated an aggregated distribution for this insect. Spatial distribution parameters of this species are used to outline a sampling program as well as to estimate population density of H. postica development stages. Optimum sample sizes for estimates of larval density, at three levels of precision, are presented.
Genetic Diversity in Watermelon Cultivars and Related Species Based on AFLPs and EST-SSRs
Authors: HWANG Jihyun , KANG Jumsoon , SON Byeonggu , KIM Kwanghwan , PARK Younghoon
Published: March 2018

The genetic relationships among 27 watermelon cultigens (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) from different countries of origin and with different horticultural characteristics and 5 related wild-type species and subspecies (Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus var. citroides, and Citrullus rehmii) were assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. AFLPs were evaluated using 16 EcoRI-MseI primer combinations, and 862 alleles (an average of 53.8 alleles per primer combination) were scored. Polymorphisms were found in 806 (93.4%) alleles, whereas 56 monomorphic alleles were identified. Using 16 EST-SSR primer sets, 103 alleles were scored, and all 103 alleles were polymorphic among the 32 genotypes with an average of 6.4 polymorphic alleles per primer pair. However, the high polymorphic ratio among the AFLPs and EST-SSRs was largely due to the wild-type species, while little diversity was observed among the adapted cultivars. Genetic similarity coefficients were calculated based on the 965 polymorphic AFLP and EST-SSR alleles, and a phenetic tree was constructed. The dendrogram contained 2 major clusters. Cluster I included all adapted watermelon cultivars, and the similarity among these cultigens was very high (0.94-0.98), demonstrating cross relationships and a narrow genetic background. Cluster II was composed of 4 wild-type species. The genetic distance between the nodes that comprise these 2 clusters was approximately 0.63, indicating a high level of genetic dissimilarity between the adapted watermelon species and the other related species. The low level of marker polymorphism among the adapted cultivars implies that a severe bottleneck in genetic diversity existed in watermelon during the initial breeding practices.
Microarray Analysis of the Transcriptome for Bacterial Wilt Resistance in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: HWANG Jihyun , CHOI Youngmi , KANG Jumsoon , KIM Suntae , CHO Myeongcheoul , MIHALTE Lucica , PARK Younghoon
Published: March 2018

Ralstonia solanacearum causes one of the most common soil-borne vascular diseases of diverse plant species, including many solanaceous crops such as tomato and pepper. The resulting disease, bacterial wilt (BW), is devastating and difficult to control using conventional approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the differentially expressed genes in pepper root systems in response to infection by R. solanacearum. DNA microarray (Capsicum annuum 135K Microarray v3.0 Gene Expression platform) analyses were performed using a susceptible genotype, â€˜Chilbokâ€™, and a resistant genotype, â€˜KC350â€™, at 3 time points (1, 3, and 6 days post inoculation). It has been identified 115 resistance-specific genes (R-response genes) and 109 susceptibility-specific genes (S-response gene), which were up-regulated in 1 genotype, but down-regulated in the other genotype. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis for functional categorization indicated that many R-response genes were related to genes that function in xyloglucan biosynthesis and cell wall organization, while S-response genes were involved in the response to stress and cell death. The expression of genes encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and Î²-galactosidase were verified by real-time RT-PCR at an early time point of R. solanacearum infection. The results supported the idea that rapidly induced XTH expression in â€˜KC350â€™ may play an important role in the restructuring and reinforcement of the cell wall and restrict bacterial movement in xylem vessels. In addition, induced expression of Î²-galactosidase in R. solanacearum-infected â€˜Chilbokâ€™ implied that degradation of the cell wall structure in vascular tissues by Î²-galactosidase might be an important factor facilitating R. solanacearum invasion of and movement in susceptible host plants.
New Markers for Potato Late Blight Resistance and Susceptibility Using FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: TAOUTAOU Abdelmoumen , SOCACIU Carmen , PAMFIL Doru , FETEA Florinela , BALAZS Erika , BOTEZ Constantin
Published: March 2018

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the 3rd most important crop worldwide, and Phytophthora infestans is the most devastating pathogen to potato crops. In this study, it has identified markers for resistance and susceptibility to late blight using potato genotypes that differ in their resistance/susceptibility to Phytophthora infestans. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, many absorbance bands have been identified as specific to resistant potato plants, and others were specific to susceptible potato plants. For each case (resistance/susceptibility), three bands were identified: 941-1180 cm-1, 1336-1483 cm-1, and 1483-1703 cm-1 and 1056-1294 cm-1, 1442-1585 cm-1, and 1585-1832 cm-1, respectively. As it is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive technology, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy offers an excellent opportunity for studying potato resistance/susceptibility to late blight.
Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenols Content and Antimicrobial Activity of Several Native Pteridophytes of Romania
Authors: SOARE Liliana Cristina , FERDES Mariana , STEFANOV Stefan , DENKOVA Zapriana , NICOLOVA Radosveta , DENEV Petko , BEJAN Carmen , PAUNESCU Alina
Published: March 2018

The aim of this paper was to test the antioxidant activity, polyphenols content and antimicrobial activity of crude extracts obtained from leaves of pteridophyte species commonly found in Romania. The ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) of the investigated ferns varied between 421.90 ?mol TE (Trolox equivalents/g FW (fresh weight) in Dryopteris filix-mas and 128.18 ?mol TE/g FW in D. affinis. Methanolic extracts obtained from leaves of ferns have similar antioxidant activity to that of some medicinal plants. Polyphenols content in the leaves of ferns varies between 2340 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g FW in D. filix-mas and 887 mg GAE/100 g FW in D. affinis. The correlation coefficient between ORAC and the total polyphenol content was R=0.985. This correlation suggests that phenolic compounds are major contributors to the antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract obtained from ferns inhibits the growth of Gram negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NBJMCC1390, Salmonella abony and Gram positive Staphyllococcus aureus ATCC 25093 and Enterococcus faecalis. The highest antimicrobial activity was determined for the Dryopteris extract. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves of D. filix-mas and D. affinis is better than the A. filix-femina in the case of Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 14067, Sarcina sp., Bacillus cereus ATCC 1390, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The tested ferns could be used as cosmetic ingredients, as preservatives in food or in antimicrobial therapy.
Comparison of Some Morphological Features, Quality and Chemical Content of Four Cultivars of Chokeberry Fruits (Aronia melanocarpa)
Authors: OCHMIAN Ireneusz Dariusz , GRAJKOWSKI Jozef , SMOLIK Milosz
Published: March 2018

Two cultivars of chokeberry - â€˜Neroâ€™ and Polish â€˜Galicjankaâ€™ are sold in Poland. Sometimes, there are also present the seedlings of â€˜Vikingâ€™ and â€˜Huginâ€™ cultivars. In the experiment some morphological characteristics, the quality of fruits and chemical composition of four chokeberry cultivars (â€˜Galicjankaâ€™, â€˜Huginâ€™, â€˜Neroâ€™, â€˜Vikingâ€™) were compared. Chokeberry plants were grown at the Experimental Station of Pomology Department at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Fruits collected from â€˜Huginâ€™ cultivar shrubs were the smallest (100 fruits weight was 32 g) and the least juice was obtained from them (73.6%); however, they were characterised by the highest content of soluble solids (18.7Â°Bx), titratable acids (1.05 g), polyphenols (2340 mg), especially cyanidin 3-galactoside as well as nitrates (98.5 mg) and nitrites (1.87 mg). The â€˜Huginâ€™ cultivar was characterised by light-coloured fruits, and, as a result, by light-coloured juice. Fruits of â€˜Galicjankaâ€™ cultivar were the biggest, 100 fruits weight was 111,7 g. In fruits of the â€˜Neroâ€™ and â€˜Vikingâ€™ cultivars, the content of individual components was at the lowest level. These cultivars have the largest amount of substances colouring fruits, pulp as well as red and blue juices, are also the darkest and the dark juice was obtained from them. Maceration of fruit pulp resulted in a significant change of colour of the juice obtained, it become darker and had a more intense blue colour.
Effects of Volatile Emissions of Picea abies Fresh Debris on Ips duplicatus Response to Characteristic Synthetic Pheromone
Authors: DUDUMAN Mihai-Leonard , VASIAN Iuliana
Published: March 2018

Ips duplicatus is an important pest of Norway spruce (Picea abies) planted outside of its natural range. This species uses olfactory signals to identify the spruce trees favourable for colonisation. The knowledge of the beetlesâ€™ response to these stimuli is important for managing this pest. Therefore, the response of Ips duplicatus to a specific synthetic pheromone was investigated under some natural sources of volatile emissions characteristic of Norway spruce. The pheromone traps were installed in two types of forests: one with fresh and large Norway spruce stumps and piles of branches, releasing large amounts of host volatile substances (terpenes and alcohols) and one without such fresh material. The experiment was repeated in three pairs of sites located in plantations out of the natural range of Norway spruce. Finally it was found that Ips duplicatus beetles, regardless of sex, have been concentrated in areas where large amounts of fresh material were available, confirming that Ips duplicatus beetles are using both natural pheromones and specific host volatiles as olfactory stimuli in searching for breeding material.
Salinity Stress in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seed Germination
Authors: COKKIZGIN Alihan
Published: March 2018

In this study, the effect of five different levels of salt (NaCl) on the germination of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed was investigated. Laboratory experiment with completely randomized design comprising three replicates in Petri dishes was conducted at Gaziantep University Vocational School of Higher Education in Nurdagi to determine the salt effects on common bean germination. The germination of the cultivar (Tegmen) was studied using distilled water (control) and under osmotic potential of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 MPa NaCl. The results indicated that the Mean germination time (MGT), Germination index (GI), Coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), Germination percentage (GP), and Seed vigor index (SVI) varied between 3.13 and 3.78 days, 6.88 and 3.93, 0.156 and 0.153, 90 and 60%, and 867.0 and 290.3, respectively. Significant differences were found among NaCl treatments in terms of GI, GP, and SVI. All the examined parameters were decreased with increasing NaCl concentration, except MGT. The max and min GI, GP, CVG, and SVI were observed at the control condition (0.0 MPa) and highest osmotic potential (1.5 MPa) of NaCl, respectively. Correlation coefficient between all possible combinations was estimated and the results indicated that MGT, GI, GP, CVG, and SVI had significant positive or negative correlation with each other.
Petal and Sepal Epidermal Micromorphology of Six Lathyrus Taxa (Fabaceae) and their Systematic Value
Authors: CILDIR HÃ¼seyin , KAHRAMAN Ahmet , DOGAN Musa
Published: March 2018

In this study, the epidermal types and their distribution on dorsal and lateral petals, the trichome types and their density on sepals of Lathyrus chloranthus, L. digitatus, L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, L. roseus subsp. roseus, L. sativus, and L. tuberosus, belonging to sections Lathyrus, Lathyrostylis, Pratensis, and Orobon of the genus Lathyrus in Turkey were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the systematic significance of these characters was evaluated. These taxa, except L. sativus, are studied for the first time under aspects of the petal and sepal micromorphology. Three major epidermal types were recognized on the petal: tabular rugose striate cells (TRS), areolate cells with more or less striations (AS), and papillose conical striate cells (PCS). TRS and AS were further subdivided into three subtypes. TRS was found on the dorsal and lateral petals of L. chloranthus, L. sativus, and L. tuberosus: the dorsal petals of L. roseus subsp. roseus and the lateral petals of L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, while AS was present on the dorsal and lateral petals of L. digitatus and the lateral petals of L. roseus subsp. roseus. PCS was found only on the dorsal petals of L. digitatus. Three main types of trichomes on the sepal were observed: peltate glandular, capitate glandular, and nonglandular trichomes. The capitate glandular and nonglandular trichomes were further subdivided into three subtypes. The peltate glandular trichomes were present only in L. chloranthus, but absent in the others. The capitate glandular trichomes were found in L. chloranthus, L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, L. roseus subsp. roseus, and L. tuberosus. The nonglandular trichomes were always present in L. chloranthus and L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus. The present results show that the petal and sepal micromorphology can be used in delimitation of the taxa based on petal and sepal micromorphology.
Morphological and Cytological Response of Selected Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rye (Secale cereale L.) to Nutrient Deprivation Stress Assessed at the Seedling Stage
Authors: SMOLIK Milosz , CIELUCH Patrycja , MAZURKIEWICZ-ZAPALOWICZ Kinga
Published: March 2018

The response of fifty-nine recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of rye (F9) to stress caused by low nitrogen and potassium deficiencies in a medium for mature embryo cultures is described in the present study. We demonstrated that the recombinant inbred lines responded in different ways to nutrient stress. On average they developed longer coleoptyles, shorter roots and less numerous roots in the medium with high N and K content in comparison with the deficient medium. Also other responses were observed, which included RILs developing significantly shorter roots in the low-nitrogen-potassium treatment when compared to the high-nitrogen-potassium treatment. The lines were clustered depending on their individual response to stress with the use of Wardâ€™s agglomerative method. The dendrogram shows four main groups (a-d) with RILs with similar response to caused stress. Susceptible lines were identified in groups â€˜aâ€™-â€˜bâ€™, while tolerant lines clustered in groups â€˜câ€™-â€˜dâ€™. Cytological analyses of the elongation zone of the seminal roots of seedlings subjected to caused stress were carried out with the use of an inverted microscope. The analysis showed fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in the epidermal zone of the seminal roots, which proves the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The appearance of ROS in the seminal roots could have resulted from the activation of the mechanisms for sensing and responding to induced stress.
Oil and Fatty Acid Contents of White Sorghum Varieties under Soaking, Cooking, Germination and Fermentation Processing for Improving Cereal Quality
Authors: AFIFY Abd El-Moneim M.R. , El-BELTAGI Hossam Saad , ABD EL-SALAM Samiha M. , OMRAN Azza A.
Published: March 2018

The changes in lipid and fatty acid contents after soaking, cooking, germination and fermentation of three white sorghum varietieswere studied to improve cereal quality. The results revealed that oil in raw sorghum varieties ranged from 3.58 to 3.91%, respectively andâ€˜Doradoâ€™ represents the highest variety in oil content. As general trend after germination, oil content was decreased. Fatty acid contents ofraw sorghum contains palmitic (12.10 to 13.41%), palmitoleic (0.47 to 1.31%), stearic (1.13 to 1.36%), oleic (33.64 to 40.35%), linoleic(42.33 to 49.94%), linolenic (1.53 to 1.72%), arachidic (0.10 to 0.18%) and eicosenoic acid (0.24 to 0.39% of total lipid). â€˜Doradoâ€™ wasthe highest variety in oleic acid while â€˜Shandaweel-6â€™ was the highest variety in palmitic, stearic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic acid andtotal saturated fatty acids. â€˜Giza-15â€™ was the highest variety in palmitoleic, linoleic, total unsaturated fatty acids and ratio of unsaturatedto saturated fatty acids. Fatty acids relative percentage changed after soaking, cooking, germination and fermentation.
Molecular Characterization and Similarity Relationships among Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Authors: GHOLIZADEH Soheila , DARVISHZADEH Reza , ABDOLLAHI MANDOULAKANI Babak , BERNOUSI Iraj , ALAVI Seyed Reza , KHARABIAN MASOULEH Ardashir
Published: March 2018

Characterization of genetic diversity has long been a major goal in tobacco breeding programs. Information on genetic diversity is essential for a rational use of genetic resources. In the present study, the genetic variation among 72 flue-cured tobacco genotypes was evaluated using microsatellite markers (SSRs). A set of 104 alleles was generated at 30 SSR loci. The mean number of alleles per locus (na) and the effective allele number (ne) were 3.467 and 2.358, respectively. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.29 to 0.75 with average of 0.54. Several methods were used to construct the similarity matrices and dendrograms. The co-phenetic correlation coefficient, which is a measure of the correlation between the similarities represented on the dendrograms and the actual degree of similarity, was calculated for each dendrogram. Among the different methods, the highest value (r=0.76368) was observed for the UPGMA created based on Jaccardâ€™s similarity coefficients. The genetic similarity among the tobacco genotypes calculated by using Jaccardâ€™s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.08 to 0.84, suggesting the presence of high molecular genetic variability among the studied tobacco genotypes. Based on UPGMA clustering method all studied flue-cured tobacco genotypes, except for â€˜Glustinusa Rashtâ€™, were placed in three distinct groups. We observed an obvious heterotic pattern in the studied flue-cured germplasm corresponding to genetic distances and classification dendrogram, which persuades exploitation of heterosis in flue-cured tobaccos.
Comparison of the Mechanical Behaviour of Selected Oilseeds under Compression Loading
Authors: HERAK David , KABUTEY Abraham , DIVISOVA Monika , SVATONOVA Tereza
Published: March 2018

The present study provides information about the comparison of mechanical behaviour of selected oil bearing crops namely rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.), sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus L.) and jatropha seeds (Jatropha curcas L.) under compression loading. In this research, the compression device ZDM 50 with a chart recorder and a pressing vessel with diameter 100 mm were used to determine the relationship between the magnitude of the pressing force and deformation characteristics of the oilseed crops pressed at initial height 80 mm. From the compression test, the amounts of true deformation, maximal deformation energy and compressive force of the pressed samples were calculated and also mathematical equations describing the limit deformation, maximal deformation ratio, energy ratio and oil point deformation ratio were determined. The oil point position on the deformation curve, that is, the first leakage of oil from the pressing vessel of the various oilseeds was determined and compared. Based on the measured amounts rapeseeds achieved the highest values followed by jatropha seed and then sunflower seed. The amount of deformation energy required for the seed deformation gives the indication the amount of energy needed for obtaining the oil from the seed. It was found that the measured amounts as well as the oil point position on the force-deformation curve of the pressed samples showed varying results due to the seeds physical and inherent characteristics.
Studies on the Structure of Flowers and Inflorescences of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.)
Authors: MERT Cevriye
Published: March 2018

This study reports on the arrangement of flower buds and structure of floral organs of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) cultivars local to Turkey. The local cultivars were investigated under stereo microscope, light microscope, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that each node has two oppositely positioned buds on 1-year-old shoot. Inflorescences resembled the umbel structure that enclosed four (two sets of oppositely oriented) bud scales. The mean flower number varied between 16.3 and 19.9 per cluster among the cultivars. The flowers resembled the hermaphrodite type and one flower was found to have four rudimentary sepals, four petals, four stamens, and one pistil. The stamens were noted to be arranged around the base of the ovary. Each normal anther was observed to have two pollen-producing theca, and each theca was found to have two locules. The number of pollen grains per anther varied between 1380 and 4240 among the genotypes. The pistil was noted to have a deeply hollowed papillate stigmatic surface, and the central part of the style had conducting tissue. The ovarium part of the pistil was found to be surrounded by the nectary tissue, inferior type, and had two atropous ovules. The fruit resembled single-seeded, stone fruit type. This study is the first detailed study on the flower morphology and inflorescences of the cornelian cherry cultivars in Turkey.
Effects of Exogenous Putrescine on Mycorrhiza, Root System Architecture, and Physiological Traits of Glomus mosseae-Colonized Trifoliate Orange Seedlings
Authors: WU Qiang-Sheng , ZOU Ying-Ning , LIU Min , CHENG Kun
Published: March 2018

Putresince (Put) as one of the important polyamines (PAs) has been identified to regulate mycorrhizal development of citrus plants. The present study was to screen an efficient concentration of Put application at the range of 0.05-1 mM on the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by Glomus mosseae, in terms of growth, root system architecture, and chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents. Compared to the non-Put treatment, all the Put treatments, especially 0.05 mM Put, significantly increased mycorrhizal colonization of tap root in addition to first, second, and third order lateral roots. The mycorrhizal seedlings treated by 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mM Put showed greater growth (stem diameter, height, leaf number, and fresh mass) and root morphological properties ( tap root length, projected and surface areas, and volume) and higher numbers of first, second, and third order lateral roots. Bio-molecules like chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents of the seedlings were significantly increased by the Put treatments at 0.05-1 mM. All exogenous Put application at the range of 0.05-1 mM significantly decreased sucrose contents but increased glucose contents of leaves and roots. This study suggests that exogenous Put can significantly improve growth performance and root system architecture, besides changes in physiological traits of AMF seedlings. The 0.05 mM concentration of Put showed the best effects.
Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Green Microalgae Trentepohlia umbrina
Authors: SIMIC Snezana , KOSANIC Marijana , RANKOVIC Branislav
Published: March 2018

The aim of the study is to examine in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract of the green microalga Trentepohlia umbrina. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by five different methods: free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power, determination of total phenolic compounds and determination of total flavonoid content. As a result of the study methanol extract of Trentepohlia umbrina had moderate free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values 665.28 ?g/ml. Moreover, the tested extract had effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Total content of phenol and flavonoid in extract were determined as pyrocatechol equivalent, and as rutin equivalent, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method against five species of bacteria and five species of fungi, including agents of human, animal and plant diseases, mycotoxin producers, and food spoilage agents. Generally, the tested extract had relatively strong antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.25 to 5 mg/ml. The present study shows that tested methanol extract demonstrated relatively strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. It suggests that this microalga may be used as good sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.
Quantitative Determination of Arbutin and Hydroquinone in Different Plant Materials by HPLC
Authors: RYCHLINSKA Izabela , NOWAK Slawomira
Published: March 2018

A simple, fast method of high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination and quantification of arbutin andÂ hydroquinone in many different raw materials was developed and validated. The optimum conditions for the separation and detectionÂ of these two constituents were achieved on a LiChro-CARD 125-4 SuperspherÂ®100 RP-18 column with the water-methanol (gradientÂ elution) mobile phase and recorded at 289 nm. The purities of peaks were verified by PDA analysis of impurities. The results of validationÂ have shown that the HPLC method is stable and accurate for the simultaneous determination of arbutin and hydroquinone in extractsÂ from various plants. The developed method gave a good sensitivity (LOD 1Âµg/ml for arbutin and 0.49 Âµg/ml for hydroquinone) withÂ linearity R2Â >0.9993 (for both). The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 2.53% for intra-day assays and 3.23% forÂ inter-day assay, the accuracy of the recovery test ranged from 98.96% to 106.4%. This method was used in comparative qualitative analysisÂ of arbutin and hydroquinone in 16 different raw materials from families Lamiaceae, Ericacaeae, Saxifragaceae, Rosaceae. The content ofÂ arbutin in B. ciliata, B. cordifolia and Ledum palustre was examined for the first time.
A Preliminarily Phylogeny Study of the Eriobotrya Based on the nrDNA Adh Sequences
Authors: XINAGHUI Yang , PING Li , SHUNQUAN Lin , GUIBIN Hu , XIAOLONG He
Published: March 2018

Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Eriobotrya Lindl. were examined based on the nrDNA Adh sequences. A phylogenetic tree of 14 loquat accessions (species, varieties and forma) was generated by using Photinieae serrulaia L. as an outgroup and Rhaphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl. as an ingroup, which represent the two closest genera of Eriobotyra. The results showed that these loquat accessions were divided into two main clades in the consensus tree. Clade I included E. seguinii Card and group A formed by E. henryi Nakai, E.bengalensis Hook.f., and forma angustifolia Vidal. Clade II is composed of the other taxas which included three groups. E. cavaleriei Rehd and E. fragrans Champ formed group B; group C consisted of E. prinoides Rehd. & Wils. var. dadunensis H.Z.Zhang, and E. japonica Lindl.; and group D included E. deflexa Nakai and E. deflexa Nakai Var.buisanensis NaKai. Since E. deflexa Nakai, E. deflexa Nakai Var.buisanensis NaKai and E. kwangsiensis Chun, were closer in the phylogenetic tree; while E. prinoides Rehd. & Wils. var. dadunensis H.Z.Zhang, E. japonica Lindl, E. prinoides Rehd & Wils and E.elliptica Lindl. were close with each other, they may be locataed at a similar place of the phylogenetic stage. However, E. malipoensis Kuan need further studies on its phylogenetis relationship for it was separated from the others. Results further support the theory that E. cavaleriei Rehd could be a variety of E. fragrans Champ.
A Karyological Study in Some Species of Coffea L. and in the Closest Relative Psilanthus travancorensis (Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy
Authors: PIEROZZI Neiva Izabel , BORGHI Thalita C. , SILVAROLLA Maria Bernadete
Published: March 2018

Chromosome characterization were carried out in Coffea kapakata A. Chev (Bridson), C. racemosa Lour., C. salvatrix Swynn. & Philipson and in Psilanthus travancorensis (Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy (2n=22) by employing the conventional acetic orcein technique as well as by C- and NOR-banding aiming further comparative studies. Although C. canephora and C. dewevrei have already been studied and depict a C-band karyotype, they have also been included for further comparisons, since NOR-banding and some other morphometric data have not been obtained yet. However, there were observed some differences among the species regarding chromosomal morphometry. The karyotype formula obtained was 3m+6sm+2sms for C. salvatrix and P. travancorensis, 1M +2m + 6sm + 2sms for C. kapakata and 2M +1m + 6sm + 2sms for C. racemosa. All species displayed a moderate karyotype asymmetry and according to Stebbins system, C. canephora, C. dewevrei, C. kapakata and C. racemosa were classified as 3B while C. salvatrix and P. travancorensis were classified as 2A. Among the four indices used to assess karyotype asymmetry, Paszko AI index along with Stebbins were best suited to individualize the species. C-bands were preferentially situated at a pericentromeric/centromeric position. Two pairs of chromosomes, with secondary constriction and satellite segments, were observed in all the species following acetic orcein staining. C. racemosa and C. salvatrix showed NOR-band in both pairs, while only one chromosome pair carrying NOR-band was seen in C. canephora, C. dewevrei, C. kapakata and P. travancorensis. Data on chromosome morphometry, asymmetry indices and NOR-banding were suitable for the characterization of the species.
Genetic Diversity Within and Among Populations of Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.) Based on Molecular Markers
Authors: GYORGY Zsuzsanna , SZABO Maria , BACHAROV Dmitry , PEDRYC Andrzej
Published: March 2018

Rhodiola rosea L. is a perennial adaptogenic medicinal plant found in cool climate of the northern hemisphere. The species is very diverse both in terms of morphological characteristics and in the content of the pharmacologically active substances. The genetic diversity of four geographically distant roseroot populations was studied with ISSR and SSR markers. Using 7 ISSR primers 64 DNA fragments were generated and 85,94% of those were found to be polymorphic, indicating high genetic variability at the species level (gene diversity = 0.33, Shannon index = 0.48). Lower level of diversity was detected at the population level (Shannon-index ranged from 0.2173 to 0.2696). Only four out of the eight SSR markers used were informative during this study. The primer pairs for these four SSR markers produced 25 fragments with an average of 6.25 putative alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.4 to 1.0, whereas expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.47 to 0.84. Cluster analysis based on both markers revealed the same groups, individuals clustered according to their geographic origin. The Southern-Uralian population was the most genetically isolated. ITS analysis was used for the determination whether these Southern-Uralian individuals belong to the same species.
Preliminary Investigation of LED Lighting as Growth Light for Seedlings from Different Tree Species in Growth Chambers
Authors: ASTOLFI Stefania , MARIANELLO Chiara , GREGO Stefano , BELLAROSA Rosanna
Published: March 2018

The influence of light quality on growth and metabolic activity during pre-cultivation (in miniplug containers) of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and wild cherry (Prunus avium) plants was investigated. Seedlings were grown in a growth chamber for a month under light-emitting diode (LED) light or fluorescent light. The LED lamps (Valoya) used in this study emitted a continuous spectrum thanks to a mixture of blue, green, red and far-red LEDs. Our results showed that plant response to light quality seems to be related to the plant species. In particular, in beech seedlings fresh and dry weight, shoot height and leaf area were greatest when plants were cultured under LED light, and lowest under fluorescent lamps. Furthermore, we found that LED-induced reduction of chlorophyll contents in beech and holm oak leaves resulted in an increase of the carboxylase capacity of Rubisco in the same plant species suggesting an improvement of light-use-efficiency in these plants. These results indicate that LED light may be suitable for the culture of plants in tightly controlled environments. The comparison of malondialdehyde levels between LED and fluorescent grown plants strongly supports this idea.
Evaluation of Six Methods for Extraction of Total RNA from Loquat
Authors: LING Zhang , ZHIKE Zhang , SHUNQUAN Lin , TINGTING Zheng , XIANGHUI Yang
Published: March 2018

Â  Trizol extraction for polysaccharide-rich plant tissue was unsuitable for isolating total RNA from loquat fruit. CTAB-LiCl extraction was improved with pretreatment using washing buffer with 80% ethanol and 70% acetone. The RNA isolated by this protocol from different loquat fruit tissue at various development periods, was high in purity (A260/A280 ratio ranged from 1.81 to 1.99 and A260/A230 ratio was over 2.0), and high in yield.
Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Î³-Irradiation on Cowpea Plants (Vigna sinensis) under Salt Stress
Authors: EL-BELTAGI Hossam S. , MOHAMED Heba I. , MOHAMMED Abdel Haleem M.A. , ZAKI Laila M. , MOGAZY Asmaa M.
Published: March 2018

Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in cowpea plants. In this study, the possible role of Î³-irradiation in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil (25, 50, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, total carbohydrate content and mineral uptake compared to control, while increased total phenol content, proline, total free amino acids and lipid peroxidation. Seed irradiation with gamma rays significantly increased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrate, total phenol, proline, total free amino acids and the contents of N, P, K +, Ca+2 and Mg+2 compared to non irradiated ones under salinity. On the other hand, irradiation with gamma rays decreased lipid peroxidation, Na+ and Cl- contents which may contribute in part to activate processes involved in the alleviation of the harmful effect of salt at all concentrations used (25, 50 and 100 mM) except at the high concentration (200 mM). Electrophoretic studies of Î±-esterase, Î²-esterase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase isozymes showed wide variations in their intensities among all treatments.
Zinc-Induced Genotoxic Effects in Root Meristems of Barley Seedlings
Authors: TRUTA Elena , GHERGHEL Daniela , BARA Iulia Csilla I. , VOCHITA Gabriela V.
Published: March 2018

The pollution increase, as a result of the release into environment of genotoxic chemicals, including heavy metals, largely affects the ecosystems and the health of living organisms. Although zinc is not considered highly phytotoxic, its excess becomes noxious. In literature, the reports on zinc genotoxicity are equivocal. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the amplitude of cytogenetic damage induced in Hordeum vulgare L. cv. â€˜Madalinâ€™ after seed treatment with different concentrations (10, 100, 250, 500 Î¼M) of Zn+2, provided as zinc sulphate and zinc acetate. The mitostimulatory effect was present at all concentrations of both zinc compounds. The rate of ana-telophase aberrations exceeded by 2 - 3 times the control, and the frequency of metaphase disturbances was 5.0-10.0 times higher than the control. The results indicate the clastogenic and aneugenic potential of zinc in barley and constitute a signal about the risks of its increasing presence into the environment, with repercussions on living systems, even on human health, due to the extensive use of zinc compounds including as pesticides.
Determination of Tolerance Levels of Cotton Genotypes Obtained from F6-F7 Generation against Verticillium Wilt Disease Caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Authors: EROÄžAN Oktay , KARADEMIR Emine , KARADEMIR Ã‡etin , UNAY AydÄ±n
Published: March 2018

The susceptibility of cotton genotypes obtained from F6 and F7 generations to Verticillium wilt (VW) disease (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.), was studied under artificial and natural infestation during 2009 and 2010 growing seasons at the Cotton Research Instituteâ€™s, Nazilli, AydÄ±n, Turkey. In this study, fifteen cotton breeding lines and two control varieties were used as plant material. During the cotton growing season, foliar disease index (FDI), vascular disease index (VDI) and pot disease index (PDI) were observed in addition to seed cotton yield and some fiber quality characteristics. According to the obtained results, disease severity (DS) values observed in pot experiments were higher than field trials. In terms of DS, â€˜Tamcot CD3Hâ€™ Ã— â€˜Tamcot Luxor-IIIâ€™, â€˜MaraÅŸ92â€™ Ã— â€˜Tamcot Sphinxâ€™ and â€˜Sayar 314â€™ Ã— â€˜Stoneville 453-Iâ€™ breeding lines exhibited similar values with tolerant â€˜Carmenâ€™ variety. â€˜Tamcot CD3Hâ€™ Ã— â€˜Tamcot Sphinxâ€™, â€˜Sayar 314â€™ Ã— â€˜Stoneville 453-Iâ€™, â€˜Sayar 314â€™ Ã— â€˜Stoneville 453-IIâ€™ and â€˜Stoneville 453â€™ Ã— â€˜Tamcot Sphinxâ€™ breeding lines which gave similar DS values with tolerant â€˜Carmenâ€™ variety were statistically on the same group with â€˜Carmenâ€™ variety suitable to seed cotton yield. In this study, the disease tolerant breeding lines had higher fiber strength values than susceptible lines, the lowest fiber strength value obtained from â€˜Cukurova 1518â€™ susceptible variety.
Field Screening of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Mutant and Commercial Genotypes for Salt Tolerance
Authors: CHA-UM Suriyan , CHANTAWONG Satjaporn , MONGKOLSIRIWATANA Chareerat , ASHRAF Muhammad , KIRDMANEE Chalermpol
Published: March 2018

Growth and physiological attributes and sugar quality parameters are considered key criteria for screening sugarcane cultivars for salt tolerance. Maximum cane growth and yield were found in a positive check (â€˜K88-92â€™) as well as in cv. â€˜(A3)AE1-18â€™ when subjected to salt affected soil. Percent reduction in Fv/Fm, quantum efficiency of PSII (Î¦PSII) and water use efficiency (WUE) due to salt stress was considerably low in â€˜K88-92â€™, â€˜(A3)AE1-18â€™ and â€˜KK3â€™ which was associated with very low salt-induced reduction in net photosynthetic rate and growth characters such as shoot length, number of internodes, and internodal length as well as yield traits. In addition, brix, polarlization, fiber, purity and commercial cane sugar (CCS) in â€˜(A18)AE2-15â€™ and â€˜(A3)AE1-18â€™ were well maintained under saline stress. By subjecting the data for various physiological, growth, yield and sugar quality parameters to the Wardâ€™s cluster analysis â€˜K88-92â€™ (positive check), â€˜(A3)AE1-18â€™ and â€˜KK3â€™ were identified as salt tolerant, whereas â€˜(A11)AE1-114â€™ and â€˜K97-32â€™ as salt sensitive.
Quality Improvement of Green Table Olive cv. â€˜Domatâ€™ (Olea europaea L.) Grown in Turkey Using Different De-Bittering Methods
Authors: SAVAŞ Elif , UYLAŞER Vildan
Published: March 2018

The most basic step in table olive production is de-bittering. Olives contain bitter flavor compounds such as oleuropein, and their presence precludes the consumption of fresh fruits. Oleuropein can be removed by natural methods (e.g., using tap water) or by applying various chemicals (e.g., lye). Chemicals affect the organoleptic and nutritional qualities of the olive fruit. The aim of this study was to improve the quality of naturally fermented â€˜Domatâ€™ cultivar green table olives using different de-bittering methods (by scratching, using 1% lye and using tap water). The lye pre-treatment negatively affected the nutritional, organoleptic and color qualities of the olives. In all of applications, the best color stability was obtained in the olives that were de-bittered using the scratching method.
Tocopherol Content in Vegetable Oils Using a Rapid HPLC Fluorescence Detection Method
Authors: BELE Constantin , MATEA Cristian T. , RADUCU Camelia , MIRESAN Vioara , NEGREA Octavian
Published: March 2018

A quick and direct method based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector for measuring tocopherols (Î± , Î² + Î³ and Î´) has been developed. Oils are diluted in methanol: hexane: tetrahydrofuran (neither previous extraction of tocopherols nor saponification procedure are required) and after being vortexed and centrifuged, an aliquot of the overlay was injected directly into an Alltima C 18 column. Acetonitrile and methanol (50: 50) mixture was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. Quantification of tocopherols was performed by fluorescence detector at 290 nm excitation wavelength and 325 nm emission wavelength. Tocopherols were separated at 25Â°C in less than 10 min after injection. The method has good limit of detection (9 ng g-1 for Î±-tocopherol and 8 ng g-1 for Î²-, Î³- and Î´- tocopherols) and reproducibility (CV< 2.9 %). This method can be used to assess the influence of genetic modification of oil seeds on the distribution of tocopherols or the effect of tocopherols on the oxidative stability of edible plant oils.
Breeding for Chlorogenic Acid Content in Eggplant: Interest and Prospects
Authors: PLAZAS Mariola , ANDÚJAR Isabel , VILANOVA Santiago , HURTADO Maria , GRAMAZIO Pietro , HERRAIZ Francisco J. , PROHENS Jaime
Published: March 2018

Chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid; CGA) is an ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid with many beneficial properties for human health, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-carcinogenic, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties. This has raised an interest for the development of new crop cultivars with increased CGA content. One of the crops with higher CGA content is eggplant (Solanum melongena). There is a wide diversity for CGA content in cultivated eggplant germplasm, which is influenced by the fruit developmental stage, storage conditions, and environmental factors. Therefore, appropriate experimental designs are required for an efficient breeding. Several strategies are proposed for breeding for high CGA content such as intraspecific variation, selection among accessions, development of hybrids and lines with good agronomic and commercial characteristics, or introgression of the high CGA trait in Ã©lite lines. Some wild relatives, like S. incanum, present higher CGA contents than those of eggplant. Interspecific hybridization can be used to introgress favorable alleles from the wild species into the genetic background of cultivated eggplant. Fruit flesh browning, as a result of CGA oxidation by polyphenol oxidases, could be a side effect of increasing the CGA content in eggplant. However, experimental results indicate that the relationship between CGA content and fruit flesh browning is low or moderate. Furthermore, selection for low polyphenol oxidase activity might result in reduced fruit flesh browning. Overall, the available data suggest that the development of eggplant cultivars with improved functional quality resulting from a higher CGA content is feasible.