bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participação escolar: representações dos alunos do 3º ciclo de Aveiro (Portugal)
Authors: Pedro Ana Paula , Pereira Caridade Maria A. Lima dos S.
Published: December 2010

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a relação intrínseca entre democracia e educação, particularmente na vertente relacionada com a participação dos discentes nas decisões da escola. Neste sentido e, no quadro do regime de autonomia das escolas portuguesas, importa identificar os espaços formais e informais que são proporcionados aos jovens na tomada de decisões da vida organizativa da escola para compreendermos o papel desta na promoção e capacitação dos jovens para o exercício de uma cidadania ativa. O modo de vida democrático constrói-se através de oportunidades de aprendizagem acerca do mesmo, nomeadamente pela vivência de experiências participativas no contexto escolar. Em 2009, realizámos um estudo, no âmbito da dissertação de uma dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, em duas escolas públicas do ensino básico, do Concelho de Aveiro, abrangendo uma população composta por 240 alunos do 8º e 9º ano de escolaridade e 14 delegados de turma. Os resultados mostram que os alunos possuem uma débil participação formal e informal, apesar de o Decreto-lei n. 115-A/98 prever a possibilidade de cada escola, no âmbito da sua autonomia, poder promover e criar espaços de efetiva participação dos alunos. A análise dos instrumentos de autonomia das escolas estudadas revela que a participação dos alunos é assumida, ainda, como um ideal e não já como um efetivo projeto de concretização. Concluímos, pois, que as escolas ainda mantêm uma centralização das decisões nos professores, verificando-se, por parte dos alunos, uma participação formal, passiva e ritualizada.
Ecologia da interação entre as pequenas flores de quilha de Stylosanthes viscosa Sw. (Faboideae) e as grandes abelhas Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, 1910 (Apoidea, Hymenoptera), em duna tropical
Authors: Ramalho Mauro , Rosa Jaqueline Figuerêdo
Published: December 2010

Stylosanthes viscosa é uma herbácea comum nas dunas tropicais da costa brasileira, com distribuição agregada nas dunas urbanas de Salvador, BA. Suas flores de quilha diminutas, com uma pequena quantidade de néctar escondido no tubo da corola, a abertura de uma única flor/inflorescência/dia e a baixa densidade floral, juntos, não deveriam ser atrativos para as abelhas de grande porte. Isso deve ser verdadeiro, principalmente, sob a alta demanda energética para termorregulação em dunas tropicais. Ao contrário do esperado, a grande maioria das espécies de abelhas amostradas nas flores de S. viscosa tem tamanho médio a grande e coletou néctar em visitas legítimas, acionando o mecanismo de polinização da quilha. Entretanto, a quilha sempre ficava inutilizada após as visitas das grandes e frequentes (78%) abelhas Xylocopa. Todas as flores visitadas por essas abelhas (inclusive aquelas com a quilha inutilizada) e as protegidas experimentalmente das visitas das abelhas produziram frutos regularmente (100%). O mecanismo de êmbolo das anteras assegura a autopolinização. Como há autopolinização autônoma e o sistema é autocompatível ainda não foi possível discriminar a importância relativa da autopolinização facilitada e da polinização cruzada por abelhas. Entretanto, as grandes abelhas Xylocopa não limitam a autopolinização. Xylocopa cearensis foi a abelha mais abundante (63%) e visitou várias flores (13,0 ± 4,27) em cada rota de vôo, numa mesma mancha, apesar da baixa densidade floral (5 a 20 flores.m-2). A distância de vôo entre flores sucessivas variou entre um e dois metros (49%), acima do que seria possível (15 a 70 cm) dada a densidade floral nas manchas. As rotas de vôo foram direcionais, isto é, a maioria dos ângulos de mudança de direção entre flores sucessivas foram abaixo de 90°, com alta frequência de ângulos pequenos (<30°). Este padrão geral é explicado com a otimização de forrageio, com ajuste a limiares críticos de oferta de recursos. Paradoxalmente, a biologia floral e o padrão de florescimento de S. viscosa deveriam desestimular a visita dessas grandes abelhas, mas esta estratégia funciona apenas temporariamente. Nesta espécie melitófila, a autopolinização autônoma (assegurada pelo êmbolo) pode ser melhor explicada pela hipótese de seleção automática do que pela hipótese de segurança, considerando a disponibilidade de abelhas grandes como polinizadores nas dunas tropicais.
Dinophysiales (Dinophyceae) no extremo Sul do Brasil (inverno de 2005, verão de 2007)
Authors: Haraguchi Lumi , Odebrecht Clarisse
Published: December 2010

Os dinoflagelados da ordem Dinophysiales representam um grupo morfologicamente diverso e ecologicamente heterogêneo, incluindo espécies autotróficas, mixotróficas e heterotróficas, outras contendo endossimbiontes ou ainda produtoras de ficotoxinas. No presente trabalho, foram identificadas as espécies de Dinophysis, Ornithocercus, Histioneis e Amphisolenia em águas costeira e oceânica na região Sul do Brasil, ao largo do Cabo de Santa Marta Grande, SC e Albardão-Chuí, RS. Arrastos verticais foram realizados com rede de plâncton (20 µm) à bordo do N. O. Atlântico Sul em 33 estações oceanográficas visitadas em agosto/setembro de 2005 (inverno) e fevereiro de 2007 (verão). As amostras de plâncton foram fixadas com formol (4%) e analisadas com o auxílio de microscópio invertido. Ao todo, 43 espécies de Dinophysiales foram identificadas, a maioria com ampla distribuição nas regiões costeira, de plataforma continental e oceânica, como Dinophysis acuminata, D. exigua, D. ovata e Histioneis hyalina no verão de 2007, e D. acuminata, D. caudata, D. fortii e D. schroederi no inverno de 2005. Algumas espécies apresentaram distribuição restrita à região oceânica, sob influência da Corrente do Brasil, como Dinophysis dubia, D. exigua, D. schuetti, Histioneis para, Ornithocercus thumii e O. splendidus no inverno de 2005, e D. similis, D. rapa, H. megalocopa, H. milneri, O. heteroporus e O. splendidus no verão de 2007. Seis espécies potencialmente tóxicas foram encontradas, Dinophysis acuminata, D. caudata, D. fortii, D. mitra, D. tripos e D. rotundata.
Distribuição de espécies de borrachudos (Diptera: Simuliidae) do Espírito Santo, Brasil
Authors: Bertazo Karina , Santos Claudiney Biral dos , Pinto Israel de Souza , Ferreira Adelson Luiz , Falqueto Aloísio , Pepinelli Mateus
Published: December 2010

Entre os anos de 2004 e 2008 foram realizadas coletas de Simuliidae em várias localidades no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. No total, 66 córregos e rios das doze principais bacias hidrográficas do estado foram amostrados. Dezessete espécies foram coletadas, sendo que nove delas representam ocorrências novas para o estado (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae), duplicando o número de espécies conhecidas no estado.
Non-volant tetrapods from Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas, State of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Tonini João Filipe Riva , Carão Lívia de Moraes , Pinto Israel deSouza , Gasparini João Luiz , Leite Yuri Luiz Reis , Costa Leonora Pires
Published: December 2010

Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas (2,910 ha) is one of the largest Atlantic forest remnants in the State of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. We recorded non-volant tetrapods in this area from May 2007 through April 2008, using pitfalls, live traps, camera traps, and diurnal and nocturnal opportunistic searches. In addition, we compiled available museum and literature records from this area. We documented 52 species of amphibians, 24 species of non-avian reptiles, and 39 species of non-volant mammals. Out of these 115 species, 47 are new records for this area and six other species had their geographic ranges expanded with the present study. Furthermore, we present the record of predation of the tree frog Hypsiboas faber by the snake Chironius bicarinatus. Out of the species listed, five species are listed as threatened with extinction in the State of Espírito Santo, and many others have uncertain conservation status. Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas is an important wildlife refuge, especially considering the expansion of urban areas in its surroundings.
Diatomáceas perifíticas da represa Itaqui, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná: Fragilariales, Eunotiales, Achnanthales e Gomphonema Ehrenberg
Authors: Faria Denise Matias de , Tremarin Priscila Izabel , Ludwig Thelma Alvim Veiga
Published: December 2010

Realizou-se o levantamento florístico das espécies de diatomáceas perifíticas incluídas em Fragilariales, Eunotiales, Achnanthales e Gomphonema Ehrenberg, em uma represa do Rio Itaqui, localizada no município de São José dos Pinhais, PR. Lâminas de vidro foram utilizadas como substrato, as quais permaneceram submersas durante 30 dias no ambiente. Quatro coletas trimestrais, de maio de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, foram realizadas para análise qualitativa. Amostras foram coletadas para estimar o estado trófico da represa, a qual foi classificada como hipereutrófica. Determinaram-se 49 táxons, sendo 44 em nível infragenérico. Doze novos registros foram adicionados à diatomoflórula paranaense: Fragilaria socia, Eunotia rabenhorstiana var. elongata, E. soleirolii, E. ventricosa var. brevis, Gomphonema parvulum f. saprophilum, G. pumilum, Achnanthes minuscula, Nupela wellneri, Planothidium frequentissimum, Ulnaria sp., Eunotia sp.2 e Gomphonema sp.2. Os táxons determinados em nível genérico, Ulnaria sp., Eunotia sp.1, Eunotia sp.2, Gomphonema sp.1 e Gomphonema sp.2 devem ser alvo de estudos posteriores, pois nenhuma forma semelhante foi registrada na literatura consultada.
Espécies de Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae), seus hospedeiros e parasitóides nos Estados do Acre e Rondônia, Brasil
Authors: Pereira Júlia Daniela Braga , Buriti Dayse Paes , Lemos Walkymário de Paulo , Silva Wilson Rodrigues da , Silva Ricardo Adaime da
Published: December 2010

Durante o mês de março de 2009 foram realizadas amostragens de frutos carnosos nos Estados do Acre (municípios de Brasiléia, Bujari, Capixaba, Epitaciolândia, Rio Branco, Sena Madureira, Senador Guiomard e Xapuri) e Rondônia (Ariquemes, Candeias do Jamari, Itapuã do Oeste, Ouro Preto do Oeste e Porto Velho) visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae), seus hospedeiros e parasitóides. Este trabalho constitui o primeiro registro de Anastrepha coronilli Carrejo & González (Tephritidae) para o Estado do Acre, e das espécies A. coronilli, A. distincta Greene (Tephritidae), e dos himenópteros Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) e Opius bellus Gahan (Braconidae) para Rondônia.
Estrone Sulphate, FSH, and Testosterone Levels in Two Male Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors
Authors: Bighin Claudia , Lunardi Gianluigi , Del Mastro Lucia , Marroni Paola , Taveggia Paola , Levaggi Alessia , Giraudi Sara , Pronzato Paolo
Published: December 2010

Estrone sulphate, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels in male breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors are examined.
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Tumors of the Pancreas: Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Grützmann Robert , Niedergethmann Marco , Pilarsky Christian , Klöppel Günter , Saeger Hans D.
Published: December 2010

Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) rank among the most common cystic tumors of the pancreas. For a long time they were misdiagnosed as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma in situ, or chronic pancreatitis. Only in recent years have IPMNs been fully recognized as clinical and pathological entities, although their origin and molecular pathogenesis remain poorly understood. IPMNs are precursors of invasive carcinomas. When resected in a preinvasive state patient prognosis is excellent, and even when they are already invasive, patient prognosis is more favorable than with ductal adenocarcinomas. Subdivision into macroscopic and microscopic subtypes facilitates further patient risk stratification and directly impacts treatment. There are main duct and branch duct IPMNs, with the main duct type including the intestinal, pancreatobiliary, and oncocytic types and the branch duct type solely harboring the gastric type. Whereas main duct IPMNs have a high risk for malignant progression, demanding their resection, branch duct IPMNs have a much lower risk for harboring malignancy. Patients with small branch duct/gastric-type IPMNs (<2 cm) without symptoms or mural nodules can be managed by periodic surveillance.
Research and Application Progress of Insect Antimicrobial Peptides on Food Industry
Authors: Zhao Wei , Lu Lixin , Tang Yali
Published: December 2010

With several desirable properties, such as heat-tolerant, relatively broad antimicrobial spectrum and low toxicity to eukaryotic cells, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)especially the food-derived antimicrobial peptidesmay serve as a potentially significant group of food preservatives. Insects produce a variety of AMPs that play a crucial role in protecting them from invading microorganisms. This article overviews research and application progress of insect antimicrobial peptides on food industry, especially the existing problems for AMPs, which might be contributive in designing new and promising antimicrobial peptides for food preservatives.
Anomalies of geomagnetic field due to a vertical prolate rotational ellipsoid
Authors: Hvoždara Milan , Vozár Ján
Published: December 2010

Anomalies of geomagnetic field due to a vertical prolate rotational ellipsoid

We present an exact analytical solution of the forward magnetometric problem for the perturbing body having the shape of the rotational prolate ellipsoid with the longer axis oriented vertically to the surface of the earth. The anomaly of ΔZ and ΔT is calculated for the network of points in the plane z = const above the ellipsoid, as well as for the points on the surfaces of the volcanic hill: i) the cut cone, ii) the smooth shape given by the rotation of the Gaussian curve. Theoretical results can be useful for the interpretation of land or aeromagnetic survey in the volcanic areas.
Benthic foraminifera in Hornsund, Svalbard: Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions
Authors: Zajączkowski Marek , Szczuciński Witold , Plessen Birgit , Jernas Patrycja
Published: December 2010

Benthic foraminifera in Hornsund, Svalbard: Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions

Modern hydrology of a typical Arctic fjord (Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard) was investigated and compared with commonly used in paleoceanography proxies: benthic foraminiferal assemblages and their stable isotope (Δ18O and Δ13C) composition. The benthic foraminifera from Hornsund comprised 45 species and 28 genera. Their spatial variations follow the zonation pattern, resulting from the influence of Atlantic water at the fjord mouth and glacial meltwaters at the fjord head. At the mouth of the fjord, the total number of species and the contribution of agglutinating species were the highest. In the inner part of fjord, the foraminiferal faunas were poor in species and individuals, and agglutinating species were absent. "Living" (stained) foraminifera were found to be common throughout the short sediment cores (~10 cm long) studied. The stable isotope values of Δ18O and Δ13C were measured on tests of four species: Elphidium excavatum forma clavata, Cassidulina reniforme, Nonionellina labradorica and Cibicides lobatulus. The results confirmed the importance of species-specific vital effects, particularly in the case of C. lobatulus. The variability in the isotopic composition measured on different individuals within a single sample are comparable to isotopic composition of the same species test between sampling stations. The temperatures and bottom water salinities calculated from Δ18O values in different foraminifera tests mirrored those recorded for bottom waters in the central and outer fjords relatively well. However, in the case of the inner fjord, where winter-cooled bottom waters were present, the calculated values from Δ18O were systematically higher by about 2°C. The obtained results imply that particular caution must be taken in interpretation of fjord benthic foraminifera assemblages in high resolution studies and in selection of material for isotope analyses and their interpretation in cores from inner fjords or silled fjords, where winter-cooled waters may be present.
The Effect of Dietary Sodium Humate Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs
Authors: Písaříková Bohumila , Zralý Zdeněk , Herzig Ivan
Published: December 2010

A total of 16 crossbred (Large White × Landrace) castrated male pigs averaging 30.0 ± 2.5 kg were used in two trials (2 × 8 pigs) to determine apparent nutrient digestibility. The control group received feed mixture consisting of wheat and barley. In the experimental group, 3% proportion of wheat was replaced by sodium humate. The results of nutrient digestibility showed significantly lower (P < 0.01) digestibility of crude protein (82.2 ± 1.92 vs. 87.9 ± 2.05%) and crude fat (32.0 ± 2.81 vs. 49.3 ± 2.25%) in the control group compared to the experimental group. Non-significantly lower digestibility was found in dry matter (86.0 ± 3.20 vs. 89.2 ± 3.08%), crude fibre (34.3 ± 3.64 vs. 37.6 ± 2.86%) and ash (56.1 ± 2.49 vs. 58.1 ± 2.47%). The results confirmed sorption ability of humate fed to pigs. The decrease of coefficients of apparent digestibility in nitrogen substances can lead to decreased amounts of ammonia into the environment of the stables.
Correlations of Dietary Crude Protein and Gross Energy on Blood Glucose and Urea, Milk Urea and Lactose Concentrations in Lactating Ewes
Authors: Ramin Ali Gholi , Aghazadeh Ali , Karamian Touraj , Ramin Sina
Published: December 2010

Concentrations of serum glucose (SG) and urea (SU), milk lactose (ML) and urea (MU) and their relationships to dietary gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were studied in 16 lactating ewes in Urmia, Iran. Ewes were aged 3 to 5 years and were bred in a closed pen. They were fed alfalfa hay, pasture grass, concentrate and corn silage. Each lactating ewe was nursing a single lamb. Five ml of blood from v. jugularis, 50 ml milk and 200 g feed mixture were collected at 15 day intervals up to 135 days (9 samples). Serum glucose and urea concentrations were evaluated using a spectrophotometer, milk lactose in Polarimeter, gross energy by calculation method and crude protein by Kjeldahl methods. The mean values for dietary GE, CP, SG, SU, MU and ML were 2.39 Mcal/kg/DM, 14.1% food/DM, 2.69, 4.65, 3.67 mmol/l and 4.8 mg/dl milk, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found for serum and milk indicators during the milking periods among the sampling times. Serum urea and milk urea irregularly increased while serum glucose and milk lactose irregularly decreased. Positive correlations were found (P < 0.05) between SU/MU (r = 0.45), MU/GE (r = 0.75), MU/CP (r = 0.70) and SU/CP (r = 0.97). Negative correlations (P < 0.05) were found between MU/SG (r = -0.17), SU/ML (r = -0.20) and MU/ML (r = -0.24). Based on results, it is concluded that urea, glucose and lactose would be appropriate variables in the prediction of crude protein and gross energy concentration of diet in lactating ewes.
Effect of Diet Supplemented with Natural Humic Compounds and Sodium Humate on Performance and Selected Metabolic Variables in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Šamudovská Alena , Demeterová Mária
Published: December 2010

The effect of humic substances from different sources on the performance and selected biochemical indicators was studied in 150 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) divided into control (C) and two tested groups (n = 50). Chickens of tested groups were fed diets supplemented with natural humic compounds (group HS) and sodium humate (group HNa) at amounts of 5 g·kg-1of feeds in phase 1 and 7 g·kg-1of feeds in phases 2 and 3 of the fattening period. Higher final body weights (not significant) were observed in both tested groups (2527.6 g for HS; 2481.5 g for HNa) than in the control group (2476.6 g). The feed conversion ratio throughout the whole experiment was lower in the HS group (P< 0.001) and higher in the HNa group (P< 0.001) compared to the control group. The European Efficiency Index reached at the end of the experiment was the highest in the HS group (P< 0.001) and the lowest in the HNa group compared to the control group. Differences in total protein, albumin, total lipids, triglycerides and phosphorus among the tested groups were not significant. Higher values of Ca (P< 0.05) in the HS group and lower cholesterol (P< 0.05) in the HNa group were observed after 14 days; lower AST (P< 0.05) in the HS group and lower calcium (P< 0.05) and higher glucose (P< 0.01) in the HNa group were observed after 35 days of the experiment in comparison with the control group.
Evaluating the Effects of Rumenocentesis on Health and Performance in Dairy Cows
Authors: Gianesella Matteo , Morgante Massimo , Stelletta Calogero , Ravarotto Licia , Giudice Elisabetta , Van Saun Robert J.
Published: December 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the rumenocentesis procedure on dairy cows by determining selected metabolic and physiological variables representing the health status. Two groups of 6 cows either underwent rumenocentesis (GA) or sham (GB) procedures. Superficial skin temperature of the rumenocentesis area was measured using infrared thermography before the procedure (-1 h), immediately after (0 h), and at 48 h, 96 h, and 20 days following rumenocentesis. Blood samples were collected at all times, except for immediately after the procedure (0 h), and selected immunologic response variables were determined. Milk yield and rectal temperatures were measured daily. Rumenocentesis did not influence the white blood cell count, haptoglobin or total protein concentrations. Electrophoretic protein fractions were not different between GA and GB treatments. Milk yield and rectal temperature were not affected by rumenocentesis. Skin temperature of the rumenocentesis region in GA group cows increased by 1.0 °C immediately after rumenocentesis and returned to baseline after 48 h where it remained constantly until the end of the study; similar to observation in GB group cows. Results of this study would suggest minimal adverse effects on cow health and production when performing rumenocentesis for the diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis. Additional more intensive studies addressing animal welfare issues relative to the diagnostic techniques are needed.
Occurrence of Radiologically Detectable “Kissing” Lesion in Dog Elbows in Dependence on the Type of Fragmentation of the Processus Coronoideus Medialis and on Sex
Authors: Proks Pavel , Stehlík Ladislav , Irová Katarina , Srnec Robert , Raušer Petr , Dvořák Milan , Nečas Alois
Published: December 2010

The aim of the study was to find the frequency of radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion in individual variants of fragmented processus coronoideus medialis (FCP) and its occurrence in relation to sex. The radiographs of elbow joints (n = 135) of dogs (n = 77) in which a fragmented processus coronoideus medialis ulnae was detected arthroscopically (n = 109) or arthrotomically (n = 26) were evaluated. Significantly higher occurrence of radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion was found in elbows with non-dislocated and dislocated fragment (p< 0.01). Significantly lower occurrence of radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion was found in elbows with chondromalacia of processus coronoideus medialis (PCM) (p< 0.01). We found no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the occurrence of a “kissing” lesion in males and females with FCP. The occurrence of the “kissing” lesion extending to the subchondral bone was not affected by sex. The results of our study suggest the possibility of identifying elbow joints with completely fragmented FCP on the basis of occurrence of a radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion.
Contribution of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Pancreatic Cancer Progression
Authors: Krantz Seth B. , Shields Mario A. , Dangi-Garimella Surabhi , Bentrem David J. , Munshi Hidayatullah G.
Published: December 2010

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies, with median survival of less than one year and overall five-year survival of less than 5%. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to pancreatic cancer metastasis and to treatment resistance. In this review, we will examine the data demonstrating the role and regulation of EMT in pancreatic cancer progression, focusing particularly on the transcription factors and microRNAs involved in EMT. We will examine how EMT is involved in the generation and maintenance of stem cells, and the role of EMT in modulating resistance of PDAC cells to drug therapies. We will also identify putative EMT-targeting agents that may help to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatic cancer.
Genomic and Population-Level Effects of Gene Conversion in Caenorhabditis Paralogs
Authors: Katju Vaishali , Bergthorsson Ulfar
Published: December 2010

Interlocus gene conversion, the nonreciprocal exchange of genetic material between genes, is facilitated by high levels of sequence identity between DNA sequences and has the dual effect of homogenizing intergenic sequences while increasing intragenic variation. Gene conversion can have important consequences for the evolution of paralogs subsequent to gene duplication, as well as result in misinterpretations regarding their evolution. We review the current state of research on gene conversion in paralogs within Caenorhabditis elegans and its congeneric species, including the relative rates of gene conversion, the range of observable conversion tracts, the genomic variables that strongly influence the frequency of gene conversion and its contribution to concerted evolution of multigene families. Additionally, we discuss recent studies that examine the phenotypic and population-genetic effects of interlocus gene conversion between the sex-determination locus fog-2 and its paralog ftr-1 in natural and experimental populations of C. elegans. In light of the limitations of gene conversion detection methods that rely solely on the statistical distribution of identical nucleotides between paralogs, we suggest that analyses of gene conversion in C. elegans take advantage of mutation accumulation experiments and sequencing projects of related Caenorhabditis species.
Astaxanthin Improves Stem Cell Potency via an Increase in the Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells
Authors: Kim Jeong-Hwan , Nam Soo-Wan , Kim Byung-Woo , Choi Woobong , Lee Jong-Hwan , Kim Wun-Jae , Choi Yung-Hyun
Published: December 2010

The present study was designed to investigate the question of whether or not astaxanthin improves stem cell potency via an increase in proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Treatment with astaxanthin significantly increased proliferation and colony formation of NPCs. For identification of possible activated signaling molecules involved in active cell proliferation occurring after astaxanthin treatment, total protein levels of several proliferation-related proteins, and expression levels of proliferation-related transcription factors, were assessed in NPCs. In Western blot analysis, astaxanthin induced significant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream mediators in a time‑dependent manner. Results of RT-PCR analysis showed upregulation of proliferation‑related transcription factors and stemness genes. To estimate the relevance of PI3K and mitogen-activated protein, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) signaling pathways in cell growth of astaxanthin‑treated NPCs, inhibition assays were performed with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, and PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK, respectively. These results clearly showed that astaxanthin induces proliferation of NPCs via activation of the PI3K and MEK signaling pathways and improves stem cell potency via stemness acting signals.
Structural Relationship and Binding Mechanisms of Five Flavonoids with Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Liu E-Hu , Qi Lian-Wen , Li Ping
Published: December 2010

Flavonoids are structurally diverse and the most ubiquitous groups of dietary polyphenols distributed in various fruits and vegetables. In this study, the interaction between five flavonoids, namely formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, calycosin- 7-O-β-D-glucoside, calycosin, rutin, and quercetin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence and UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy. In the discussion, it was proved that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by flavonoids was a result of the formation of a flavonoid-BSA complex. Fluorescence quenching constants were determined using the Stern-Volmer and Lineweaver-Burk equations to provide a measure of the binding affinity between the flavonoids and BSA. The binding constants ranked in the order quercetin > rutin > calycosin > calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside ≈ formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside. The results of thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS at different temperatures indicated that the hydrophobic interaction played a major role in flavonoid-BSA association. The distance r between BSA and acceptor flavonoids was also obtained according to Förster’s theory of non-radiative energy transfer.
Polyelectrolytes: Influence on Evaporative Self-Assembly of Particles and Assembly of Multilayers with Polymers, Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Marchenko Irina , Yashchenok Alexey , German Sergey , Inozemtseva Olga , Gorin Dmitry , Bukreeva Tatiana , Mohwald Helmuth , Skirtach Andre
Published: December 2010

Assembling polyelectrolyte multilayers in a bottom-up approach is reported for polymers, particles, nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes. Effects of polyelectrolyte multilayers on evaporative self-assembly of particles, which are of interest to a number of applications including photonic crystals, films and substrates, are investigated. Polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings bring multifunctionality to spherical particles and planar films. Studying the construction of polyelectrolyte assemblies is convenient in the planar layout: it is reported here for incorporation of gold and magnetic nanoparticles as well as of carbon nanotubes. Gold nanoparticles concentration is controlled within the films. Potential applications of both spherical structures and planar films are highlighted.
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in An HIV Type-1-Infected Patient Receiving Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir
Authors: Viglietti Denis , Verine Jérôme , De Castro Nathalie , Scemla Anne , Daudon Michel , Glotz Denis , Pillebout Evangeline
Published: December 2010

Here, we report a case of chronic granulomatous tubulo-interstitial nephritis related to atazanavir crystals in a HIV type-1-infected patient. Renal function in this patient was partially recovered after atazanavir withdrawal and steroid therapy. Many reports have described atazanavir-associated urolithiasis, but this is the first case that describes chronic granulomatous nephropathy.
Evaluation des propriétés hydrauliques des aquifères fracturés des formations cristalline et métamorphique dans la région des Lacs (centre de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Soro G. , Soro N. , Ahoussi K. E. , Lasm T. , Kouamé F. K. , Soro T. D. , Biémi J.
Published: December 2010

[fr] Dans la région des Lacs, centre de la Côte d’Ivoire (Afrique de l’Ouest), l’alimentation en eau potable des populations rurales est assurée en majorité par les eaux souterraines contenues dans les aquifères discontinus cristallin et cristallophyllien. L’objet de cet article est d’évaluer les propriétés hydrauliques de ces aquifères afin d’entreprendre des études pour la gestion optimale de cette ressource. Pour ce faire, une compilation de données regroupant les fiches techniques de forage de même que les essais de pompage disponibles dans la région a été faite. L’interprétation des essais de pompage par la méthode de remontée de Jacob a permis de déterminer 105 valeurs de transmissivité (T ) et de débit spécifique (Q/s). Une analyse statistique des paramètres de forages et des paramètres hydrauliques déterminés a été réalisée. Les forages ont une profondeur totale qui varie de 49,50 à 99 m avec une moyenne de 69 m. L’épaisseur des altérites est comprise entre 1,90 et 63,10 m pour une moyenne de 16,52 m. Les forages ont un débit moyen de 2,32 m3/s. Les profondeurs de venues d’eau sont en moyenne de 42,94 m dans la roche non altérée. Les transmissivités et les débits spécifiques s’échelonnent sur trois ordres de grandeur avec des coefficients de variation supérieurs à 100% traduisant ainsi l’hétérogénéité structurale du milieu aquifère. Ces deux paramètres sont également distribués selon la loi log-normale au seuil de 10%. Une relation empirique significative entre la transmissivité et le débit spécifique a été établie. Elle permet d’estimer la transmissivité par l’expressionT = 0,937(Q/s)^1,118 avec R^2 = 0,82 dans un intervalle de confiance de 95% pour les aquifères de la zone d’étude. Ces résultats sont importants car, ils seront utiles dans les études de modélisation de ces aquifères et faciliteront la politique de gestion des eaux souterraines.
Neonatal FcR Overexpression Boosts Humoral Immune Response in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Cervenak Judit , Bender Balázs , Schneider Zita , Magna Melinda , Carstea Bogdan Valer , Liliom Károly , Erdei Anna , Bősze Zsuzsanna , Kacskovics Imre
Published: December 2010

The neonatal FcR (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, takes active part in phagocytosis, and delivers Ag for presentation. We have previously shown that overexpression of FcRn in transgenic (Tg) mice extends the half-life of mouse IgG by reducing its clearance. In this paper, we demonstrate that immunization of these mice with OVA and trinitrophenyl-conjugated human IgG results in a 3- to 10-fold increase of Ag-specific IgM and IgG in serum. The IgM increase was unexpected because FcRn does not bind IgM. Our results showed that the affinity of the Ag-specific IgG was at least as good in Tg mice as in the wild-type (wt) controls, implying appropriate affinity maturation in both groups. Influenza vaccination produced a 2-fold increase in the amount of virus-specific Ab in Tg animals, which proved twice as efficient in a hemagglutination inhibition assay as was the case in wt controls. After immunization, Tg mice displayed significantly larger spleens containing a higher number of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells, as well as many more granulocytes and dendritic cells, analyzed by ELISPOT and flow cytometric studies. The neutrophils from these Tg mice expressed the Tg FcRn and phagocytosed IgG immune complexes more efficiently than did those from wt mice. These results show that FcRn overexpression not only extends the IgG half-life but also enhances the expansion of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells. Although both effects increase the level of Ag-specific IgG, the increase in immune response and IgG production seems to be more prominent compared with the reduced IgG clearance.
Negative Regulation of IRF7 Activation by Activating Transcription Factor 4 Suggests a Cross-Regulation between the IFN Responses and the Cellular Integrated Stress Responses
Authors: Liang Qiming , Deng Hongying , Sun Chiao-Wang , Townes Tim M. , Zhu Fanxiu
Published: December 2010

Cells react to viral infection by exhibiting IFN-based innate immune responses and integrated stress responses, but little is known about the interrelationships between the two. In this study, we report a linkage between these two host-protective cellular mechanisms. We found that IFN regulatory factor (IRF)7, the master regulator of type I IFN gene expression, interacts with activating transcription factor (ATF)4, a key component of the integrated stress responses whose translation is induced by viral infection and various stresses. We have demonstrated that IRF7 upregulates ATF4 activity and expression, whereas ATF4 in return inhibits IRF7 activation, suggesting a cross-regulation between the IFN response and the cellular integrated stress response that controls host innate immune defense against viral infection.
IgM Production by Bone Marrow Plasmablasts Contributes to Long-Term Protection against Intracellular Bacterial Infection
Authors: Racine Rachael , McLaughlin Maura , Jones Derek D. , Wittmer Susan T. , MacNamara Katherine C. , Woodland David L. , Winslow Gary M.
Published: December 2010

IgM responses are well known to occur early postinfection and tend to be short-lived, which has suggested that this Ig does not significantly contribute to long-term immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia muris elicits a protective, long-term IgM response. Moreover, we identified a population of CD138highIgMhigh B cells responsible for Ag-specific IgM production in the bone marrow. The IgM-secreting cells, which exhibited characteristics of both plasmablasts and plasma cells, contributed to protection against fatal ehrlichial challenge. Mice deficient in activation-induced cytidine deaminase, which produce only IgM, were protected against fatal ehrlichial challenge infection. The IgM-secreting cells that we have identified were maintained in the bone marrow in the absence of chronic infection, as antibiotic-treated mice remained protected against challenge infection. Our studies identify a cell population that is responsible for the IgM production in the bone marrow, and they highlight a novel role for IgM in the maintenance of long-term immunity during intracellular bacterial infection.
Modelling of long term nitrogen retention in surface waters
Authors: Halbfaß S. , Gebel M. , Bürger S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In order to derive measures to reduce nutrient loadings into waters in Saxony, we calculated nitrogen inputs with the model STOFFBILANZ on the regional scale. Thereby we have to compare our modelling results to measured loadings at the river basin outlets, considering long term nutrient retention in surface waters. The most important mechanism of nitrogen retention is the denitrification in the contact zone of water and sediment, being controlled by hydraulic and micro-biological processes. Retention capacity is derived on the basis of the nutrient spiralling concept, using water residence time (hydraulic aspect) and time-specific N-uptake by microorganisms (biological aspect). Short time related processes of mobilization and immobilization are neglected, because they are of minor importance for the derivation of measures on the regional scale.
A Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Ethical Update
Authors: Striefel Sebastian “Seb”
Published: December 2010

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex condition with a variety of potential causes and symptoms, and it requires multifaceted treatment. Practitioners are cautioned to take great care in the informed consent process to ensure that clients know their treatment options, the level of support, and pros and cons of each option before giving consent. Practitioners need to be familiar with both the clinical and research data when developing a rationale and treatment approach that is individualized for the specific client. Moreover, practitioners should be competent in diagnosing a wide variety of conditions that are comorbid with PTSD and should ensure that they can legally make such a diagnosis and provide treatment for the specific conditions from which the client suffers. In addition, it is strongly recommended, if not legally required, that practitioners have an appropriate background in a mental health discipline so they are competent to help a client work through the traumas, symptoms, and side effects experienced by the client before undertaking the treatment of those suffering from PTSD.
Whole-Body Breathing III: Clinical Application/Implementation
Authors: van Dixhoorn Jan
Published: December 2010

This article is the third in a three-part series on whole-body breathing. The author proposes a process model, in which breath training, muscle relaxation, and lifestyle changes are customized as the therapist explores the patient's response to initial interventions. This process model is useful for many cases in medical practice, where clear and specific causes cannot be identified for symptoms and no clear treatment is known. The article provides a case history of a 38-year-old man who sustained whiplash injuries in a motor vehicle accident and subsequently developed cardiovascular problems (congestive cardiomyopathy). Subsequent cardiac rehabilitation proceeded poorly, but he responded positively when the whole-body breathing approach was added, with improved ejection fraction and improved tolerance for activity. This case study illustrates the process of adjusting interventions to the individual's condition.
Biofeedback Certification Institute of America: Educators Who Have Made a Difference (Part 2)
Authors: Shaffer Fred , Crawford Judy
Published: December 2010

The Biofeedback Certification Institute of America values its partnership with the dedicated educators who teach biofeedback and neurofeedback to our certificants. This article is the second in a series that introduces the dedicated educators who have helped us succeed in our mission to protect the welfare of biofeedback consumers, to provide credibility to biofeedback practitioners, and to advance the field of biofeedback. This article also reports on the international growth of biofeedback and neurofeedback training programs.
Psykinetics and Biofeedback: Abhinav Bindra Wins India's First-Ever Individual Gold Medal in Beijing Olympics
Authors: Harkness Timothy
Published: December 2010

The author describes sports psychophysiology interventions with the Indian Olympic gold medal winner, Abhinav Bindra, who performed in the air rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The article proposes an evolutionary psykinetics approach, accenting “psykinetic states”—postural patterns linked to dominant personality characteristics. The interventions included biofeedback training using respiration, thermal biofeedback, electro-dermal biofeedback, neurofeedback, and heart rate variability. Training objectives included assisting the athlete to remain extremely calm (to avoid any trembling during sighting) while also remaining mentally alert and reactive. The neurofeedback training was customized to this athlete, and the breathing interventions included training tolerance for extended breath holds, because athletes shoot during a suspension of respiration for stability in sighting. Chiropractic manipulation and muscle activation completed the training regimen.
Resilience Training for Army ROTC Cadets: Both Pre- and Postdeployment Soldiers
Authors: Haney Maureen
Published: December 2010

This article describes a performance enhancement/resilience training program developed and implemented for both pre- and postdeployment ROTC cadets at California State University, Fullerton. The program integrates a psychophysiological stress profile, multimodal biofeedback training, and a skills-based group educational program to modulate stress reactivity and promote autonomic nervous system flexibility. Heart rate variability biofeedback training receives special emphasis. The impetus for the program and practical guidelines for using biofeedback with military personnel are presented.
Serendipity and the Subdural Hematoma
Authors: Gunkelman Jay
Published: December 2010

Mild traumatic brain injury is often missed in the course of treating other injuries. This failure to identify the brain injury can be critically important, even life threatening. This report shows one such case in which the brain injury was overlooked, possibly because of the differential effect of age on the severity of the damage incurred from what appeared to be a mild trauma. Distant to the time of the injury, deficits in speech fluency and word finding led the individual to seek further evaluation, and imaging studies revealed a large subdural hematoma. CT scan images are included.
Psychophysiology in an Adult Hospital
Authors: Martin Wayne , Gaenzle Kristine
Published: December 2010

Baylor All Saints Medical Center has thoughtfully integrated psychophysiological services into its offerings for pain and psychiatric patients. Two case studies are presented that explore interdisciplinary care for chronic pain and hypnosis for irritable bowel syndrome. Self-regulation services for psychiatric patients are summarized. Possible future directions are identified.
Return to Baseline: Psychophysiological Treatment of Postconcussive Symptoms in Combat-Injured Soldiers With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Comorbid Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Wilson Joan L.
Published: December 2010

The experience of providing self-regulating therapy to combat-injured infantry soldiers at Madigan Army Medical Center is rich in lessons and potential benefits. “Wounded Warriors” from Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) deployments with prolonged somatic symptoms of chronic traumatic headache, disordered sleep, cognitive and affective deficits, and autonomic hyperarousal are assessed in the Neurology Service. The Psychophysiology Clinic is an embedded biobehavioral treatment program within the Neurology Service and provides biofeedback-assisted therapies.
The Cancer Journey
Authors: Inman Alice W.
Published: December 2010

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in America. Because the majority of cancer patients today survive at least 5 years, cancer can be reconceptualized as a chronic illness. A diagnosis of cancer and subsequent treatment brings physical, emotional, and cognitive changes and challenges. Psycho-oncology is a relatively recent discipline that assists patients in coping with these changes. This article examines the experience of the human being facing cancer, and the potential role for behavioral professionals and biofeedback practitioners in assisting the cancer patient. There are certain periods during the cancer journey that appear to be more challenging. Biofeedback can assist patients in coping with these challenges.