bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The entrepreneurial nursing care inducing healthy practices in vulnerable communities
Authors: Backes Dirce Stein , Adames Nathalia Hoffmann , Weissheimer Amanda Schneider , Büscher Andreas , Backes Marli Terezinha Stein , Erdmann Alacoque Lorenzini
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the meaning of entrepreneurial nursing care as inducer of healthy practices in vulnerable communities. Method: Grounded theory, whose data collection took place between March and December 2019, from interviews with 19 participants from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and comparative data analysis. Results: The phenomenon was delimited: Experiencing small/big transformations in the invisibility of everyday life in promoting healthy practices in vulnerable communities. Conducted by the paradigmatic model, the categories were named based on the components: Condition: Making choices and negotiating non-negotiable exchanges; Action/interaction: Motivating oneself to maintain basic human needs; Consequence: Broadening perspectives and transcending personal and collective boundaries. Conclusion: Entrepreneurial nursing care as inducer of healthy practices in vulnerable communities is not reduced to a scientific theory or to the linear and decontextualized apprehension of healthy living, but extends to reach small/big transformations that occur in the invisibility of everyday life.
“Vinte mil pedras no caminho”: a representação gráfica de uma carreira de usuário de drogas baseada em sua autobiografia
Authors: Alves Ygor Diego Delgado , Pereira Pedro Paulo Gomes
Published: January 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é, com base em uma narrativa autobiográfica que descreve a carreira de usuário de drogas, construir um diagrama que permita visualizar o desenvolvimento da carreira e dividi-la em fases sucessivas quanto ao incremento ou à diminuição do autocontrole sobre o uso de drogas. A construção de um diagrama nos permitiu visualizar os períodos de maior e menor autocontrole sobre o consumo de substâncias e os principais fatores intervenientes. Tal procedimento mostrou-se uma ferramenta capaz de fornecer uma representação sintética e, ao mesmo tempo, diacrônica da carreira de usuário, dividida em fases sucessivas quanto ao incremento ou à diminuição do autocontrole, que constatamos depender da droga consumida e do contexto pessoal e social do usuário.
Educação e liberdade na promoção da saúde escolar: perspectivas compreensivas sobre a ação política como potência nas comunidades escolares
Authors: Machado Vinícius Azevedo , Pinheiro Roseni , Miguez Sâmia Feitoza
Published: January 2021

É nosso objetivo discutir a ação política da comunidade escolar como potência para a promoção da saúde nas escolas brasileiras de educação básica. Para tanto, refletimos sobre o significado do exercício da liberdade na promoção da saúde escolar à luz dos referenciais de ação, liberdade e educação, tributários da obra de Hannah Arendt, e do referencial de educação como prática da liberdade, tributário da obra de Paulo Freire. Conclui-se que a promoção da saúde escolar é parte do legado material e simbólico que a escola transmite por meio do processo educativo, e que a escola corresponde ao período em que assumimos a tarefa de preparar os novos para usufruir da liberdade da ação política.
El ultrasonido anterior al aborto en contexto de ilegalidad: un estudio sobre las prácticas discursivas de profesionales desde la experiencia de las mujeres
Authors: Palma Irma , Standen Claudia Moreno , Carimoney Andrea Álvarez
Published: January 2021

Resumen En este artículo, indagamos en la situación de examen ultrasonográfico preaborto en un contexto de ilegalidad, atendiendo a las prácticas discursivas de los profesionales que median las experiencias de visualización, desde la perspectiva de las experiencias y repertorios interpretativos de mujeres jóvenes que se realizan dicho examen. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 25 mujeres que hicieron un aborto en el periodo universitario y que hicieron una ecografía preaborto. El material fue transcrito y analizado desde el paradigma interpretativo. El aborto es clausurado en la situación de examen mediante una particular práctica discursiva de los profesionales en torno a la personificación del feto y la naturalización del lazo materno-fetal. En el examen se produce una incitación sobre la mujer a ver y saber sobre el feto, mientras ella rehúsa la incitación a participar de la visualización. Las jóvenes no producen el enlazamiento dominante o hegemónico entre imágenes, lenguajes y emociones, que las convertiría en madres, pero tampoco producen un enlazamiento alternativo que les permita experimentar el ultrasonido de un modo compatible con la decisión de interrumpir. De este modo, la situación de ecografía se traduce en una experiencia de violencia normativa para las mujeres.
The Problematic Hero in German Fiction
Authors: Faust A. B.
Published: January 2021

Among Goethe's Sprüche in Prosa we find the following maxim: “Es giebt Problematische Naturen, die keiner Lage gewachsen sind, in der sie sich befinden, und denen keine genug thut. Darum entsteht der ungeheure Widerstreit, der das Leben ohne Genuss verzehrt.”
Notes on the Ruthwell Cross
Authors: Cook Albert S.
Published: January 2021

It has commonly been supposed that the first mention of the Ruthwell Cross was in these words of Hickes, on p. 5 of his edition of Jonas' Icelandic Grammar, published in 1703 as Part III of Hickes' Thesaurus: ‘Denique infra posui in quatuor tabellis .... æri insculptum nobilissimum monumentum Runicum, quod à se Ruthwelli, vulgo Revelli apud Scotos, descriptum ad me misit in Septentrionali literatura, præsertim in Runica, singulariter eruditus, Reverendus Wilhelmus Nicolsonus, Archidiaconus Carleolensis.‘ This must have been written before June 14, 1702, since on that day Nicolson was consecrated Bishop of Carlisle. No one seems hitherto to have inquired when Nicolson himself discovered the monument, nor what he thought of it. In the following pages I shall present Nicolson's own statement concerning his discovery, his references to the Cross at various subsequent times, and finally his detailed account of a collation of his transcript with the inscription on the Cross, made two years after Hickes had published the earlier transcript. This information is contained in the first volume of Nicolson's Letters on Various Subjects, edited by John Nichols, London, 1809. and in his unpublished diary for the year 1705.
The Story of Horn and Rimenhild
Authors: Schofield William Henry
Published: January 2021

From a Middle-English poem narrating the events of the Trojan war, we learn that formerly in England, when folk gathered “at mangeres and at grete festes,” they listened gladly after meat to the “fair romance” of Horn, which “gestours” were then wont to recite; and, having this romance before us, we can readily understand the reason of its popularity: it interests us, as it did our forefathers, not only because it tells a tale of an ever-pleasing type, but also because it purports to record native English tradition.
Chaucer's Franklin's Tale
Authors: Schofield William Henry
Published: January 2021

The Canterbury pilgrims, more fortunate than we, had heard to the end the Squire's Tale, and were busy exchanging with one another looks of approval and satisfaction. Now was the Franklin's opportunity. He determined to be the one to break the significant silence and become the spokesman of the praise of his companions, not only by reason of his very genuine enjoyment of the narrative just concluded, but also because of the chance he thus secured to bring himself into honorable association with the gentles on the pilgrimage.
Two Notes on the Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth
Authors: Fletcher Robert Huntington
Published: January 2021

Despite Mr. Ward's thoroughness in his discussion of Geoffrey's Historia, further consideration throws at least grave doubt on one of his fundamental theories, the theory, namely, that Geoffrey published more than one distinct edition of the Historia.
Dialogus Inter Corpus Et Animam: A Fragment and a Translation
Authors: Northup Clark Sutherland
Published: January 2021

“The fictitious quarrel,” to borrow the thought of Heine, “which Christianity has cooked up between the body and the soul” formed in mediæval times a literary motif which attained to considerable popularity among both authors and readers. The single Latin poem, for example, with which we are here alone concerned, and the authorship of which has long been one of the debatable questions of literary history, has come down to us in at least fifteen manuscripts, and doubtless others will come to light. Of these mss. Wright, in The Latin Poems Commonly Attributed to Walter Mapes, London, 1841, p. 95, mentions ten, as follows: 1) Harl. 978 fol. 88 v°; 2) Harl. 2851 [fol. omitted]; 3) Cott. Titus A xx. fol. 163 r°; 4) Cott. Calig. A xi. fol. 164 v°; 5) Roy. 8 B vi. fol. 18 v°; 6) Camb. Ee vi. 29 art. 1; 7) Corp. Chr. Coll. 481; 8) Bodl. 110 (Bern. 1963); 9) Douce 54 fol. 36 v°; 10) Univ. Coll. B 14. Wright also refers to the edition of Th. von Karajan (Frühlingsgabe für Freunde älterer Literatur, Wien, 1839, pp. 85–98) from ms. 3121 (formerly Historia Profana 279) in the Wiener Hofbibliothek. Three mss. are mentioned by Du Méril in his Poésies populaires latines antérieures au douzième sièele, p. 217: 1) Bibl. roy., fonds du Saint-Victor 472 fol. 289 r°; 2) Bibl. de Bruxelles 4363, unpaged; 3) Bibl. Mazarine 438, unpaged. Lastly, the fifteenth ms., containing the fragment which is printed below, is now in the President White Library of Cornell University, and may conveniently be called the White ms.
The Literary Influence of Sterne in France
Authors: Baldwin Charles Sears
Published: January 2021

At the end of his entertaining biography, Mr. Percy Fitzgerald scouts the vogue alleged by Sterne of his Tristram Shandy in France. “Such men as D'Holbach and Diderot might have it on their tables and affect to read a few pages, but to the mass of even educated foreigners, it must have been a book of cabalistics.” “It is very different,” resumes Mr. Fitzgerald, “with the Sentimental Journey. It has been received with delight by all Europe. The French have openly made it their own, and translated it over and over again.”
The Comedias of Diego Ximénez De Enciso
Authors: Schwill Rudolph
Published: January 2021

It is usually a safe principle to abide by the judgment of time and leave a forgotten writer in the oblivion to which his nation consigns him. With the Spanish playwrights of the seventeenth century, however, the rule may be said to offer an exception by reason of the fact that the merciless excess of dramas forced into neglect, with what was mediocre, much that in itself was excellent and which might, under more favorable circumstances, have stood the test of time. The works of no one have suffered more in this respect than those of Ximénez de Enciso. Though he has from time to time been deemed worthy of honorable mention, it is not possible to say that he has ever been given the just measure of praise to which a closer view of what remains from his pen would entitle him. In his own day he enjoyed considerable fame, as the frequent mention of his achievement by contemporaries would go to show, but for the two and a half centuries which have passed since then, he has shared the fate of the majority of Spanish playwrights whose works have been consigned to an undeserved oblivion.
XI.—Romance Etimologies
Authors: Rice Carl C.
Published: January 2021

Revewers hav not accuratly appraisd my Etimology ov the Romance Words for To Go. Inasmuch as the article appeard in 1904 and contributions to the subject seem rather scarce nowadays, I propose to take up the subject again.

I will express no opinion ov Horning's essay. He merely refers to a detail ov my article in a foot-note. Elise Richter has lately written ov “the solution ov the andare problem, which Horning sturdily attacks and which he has eminently advanst.” Just how, she does not say. But we used to hear ov la question ambulare, point-blank; so somhow a little ground is being gaind, whoever gets the credit. Schuchardt seems to abandon his monogenetic scheme by admitting that his tipe ambitare may be connected with ambire rather than with ambulare.
The Theme of Paradise Lost
Authors: Thompson Elbert N. S.
Published: January 2021

Readers of Paradise Lost have always been interested by Voltaire's comment in the Essai sur la Poésie Épique, that French people are inclined to laugh when they are told that England has an epic in which Satan struggles against God and a serpent persuades a woman to eat an apple. Such matter, Voltaire explains, seems in France suitable only for farce. More careful readers, however, may remember that in Paradise Lost only Satan, in the moment immediately preceding his degradation, regards the eating of the forbidden fruit as a subject for mirth. All else abhor the crime; angels flee back to heaven in terror, the guilty pair cower before even their own reproaches, and the very face of nature changes. Clearly, the eating of the apple possesses some deep significance and must be interpreted as a symbol of some important truth. In Christian Doctrine Milton persuades himself that God purposely made an insignificant matter the sole test of man's obedience, since an apparently useless prohibition would offer the surest proof of man's obedience. But in Paradise Lost, and indeed also in Christian Doctrine, the symbolical interpretation is insisted on.
Marivaux's Place in the Development of Character Portrayal
Authors: Baldwin Edward Chauncey
Published: January 2021

When in 1710-11 the Sir Roger de Coverley papers appeared in the Spectator, the art of the novel seemed to have been discovered. The wonder is that people did not sooner awaken to a realization that a new form of art had been created. The faithful description of life and manners was there, the interest of character and incident was also present. The essays needed but to have been thrown into the form of a continuous narrative to have given us at least the germ of the modern novel. As a matter of fact, however, the actual appearance of the novel was delayed for nearly three decades.
XXII.—The Declension of Substantives in the Zerbster Handschrift
Authors: Florer Warren Washburn
Published: January 2021

With the publication of Luther's manuscripts of the Bible translations in the Weimar edition of his works, a veritable mine has been opened to the investigators of Luther's language. These manuscripts were written in the years 1523-1530; Zerbster Handschrift, 1523; Berliner Handschrift, 1523-1524; Heidelberger Handschrift, 1527-1528; Gothaer Handschrift, 1530; etc. Luther began intensive work upon his translation of the Old Testament immediately after the appearance of the revision of the New Testament, 1522. He had profited from a closer study of the earlier editions, of the sources, and of German life and language, before he entered upon his monumental work. He had also attained to a more philosophical view of life and had become more skilled in the art of translation.
XVII.—Influence Des Récits De Voyages Sur La Philosophie De J. J. Rousseau
Authors: Chinard Gilbert
Published: January 2021

Contrairement à bien des écrivains et à bien des philosophes, Jean Jacques Rousseau semble avoir trouvé, dès le début de sa carrière, l'idée directrice qui devait le guider dans toute son œuvre. Contenue, déjà presque entière, dans le Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts, la théorie sur la bonté originelle de l'homme est formulée avec netteté et développée dans le Discours sur l'Inégalité; on la retrouve dans tous les ouvrages de Rousseau, c'est l'essential même de sa doctrine, le principe admis par lui comme absolu et incontestable, dont il ne se départira pas et qu'il défendra obstinément. Il est assez étonnant, au premier abord, de voir Rousseau prendre cette attitude dans la lutte philosophique à un moment où les idées de progrès out gagné tellement de terrain, dans un des siècles les plus civilisés et les plus heureux de son raffinement que l'on ait connu. Ajoutons que Rousseau, en sa double qualité de Génevois et de protestant foncier, qu'il est toujours resté, aurait dû croire plus que tout autre à ce que Calvin appelle la “malice humain.” Suffitil de dire que Rousseau “étant éminemment individualiste, toute sa doctrine sort de la constitution particulière de son moi,” comme M. Lanson le déclare? Il ne semble pas, et cette solution ne nous satisfait guère; il y a pourtant là un problème psychologique autant que littéraire qui vaut d'être examiné.
Sprachliche Studien Zur Ästhetik Winckelmanns
Authors: Weber Hermann J.
Published: January 2021

Mit markanten Zügen hat Goethe Winckelmanns Lebensbild gezeichnet und ihm für immer den Vorteil gesichert, “im Andenken der Nachwelt als ein ewig Tüchtiger und Kräftiger zu erscheinen”; in umfassender Weise hat Justi Winckelmann, den Kunsthistoriker und Archäologen, in einer Biographie dargestellt, welche sich zu einem groszen Bilde der zeitgenössischen Kunstbestrebungen erweitert; aber die philologische Forschung hat Winckelmann bis jetzt gänzlich unbeachtet gelassen. Mit Unrecht, denn die deutsche Literatur kann Winckelmann mit eben so viel, wenn nicht mit mehr Recht für sich in Anspruch nehmen als die Kunstgeschichte und Altertumskunde. Winckelmanns Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums ist, vom kunsthistorischen und archäologischen Standpunkt beurteilt, durchaus veraltet, als Literaturdenkmal steht dieses Werk in unvergänglicher Jugendfrische da.
The Influence of the Popular Ballad on Wordsworth and Coleridge
Authors: Stork Charles Wharton
Published: January 2021

Although both Wordsworth and Coleridge were strongly influenced by the popular ballad, they were attracted by this form for very different reasons and affected by it in very different ways. The one point in common is that this influence was in both cases mainly for good. Wordsworth was drawn to the ballad by its directness and simplicity of style, and by the fact that it often treats of the lower classes of men in what Rousseau would have called a natural state of society. Coleridge took up the ballad for a nearly opposite reason; i. e., because of its remoteness from modern life, a remoteness that left him free play for his imagination. Thus, oddly, Wordsworth cultivated the ballad because it had once been close to common life; Coleridge because it was now remote from common life and gave him a form remarkably susceptible of that strangeness which the romantic genius habitually adds to beauty. Wordsworth preferred the domestic, or occasionally the sentimental-romantic, ballad; Coleridge markedly adhered to the supernatural ballad.
The Enamoured Moslem Princess in Orderic Vital and the French Epic
Authors: Warren F. M.
Published: January 2021

In the tenth book of his Historia, Ecclesiastica, Orderic Vital gives an account of Bohemond's surprise and capture by the Turkish Emir, Daliman, and his imprisonment, with other Erench nobles, in one of the Emir's fortresses. Now there happened to live in this particular stronghold the Emir's daughter, Melaz. She had often heard the bravery of the Crusaders praised, and welcomed this opportunity to make the acquaintance of such famous heroes. So she would visit Bohemond and his friends in their dungeon and talk with them. Her favorite topic was the tenets of the Christian faith. Conversation naturally led to a good understanding and assistance on Melaz's part.
“To Be Staied”
Authors: Albright Evelyn May
Published: January 2021

Possibly no entry in the Stationers' Register has given rise to more discussion than the puzzling “to be staied” entered in the margin beside the titles of four plays on one of the fly-leaves of “Register C.”
A Possible Forerunner of the National Epic of France
Authors: Warren F. M.
Published: January 2021

In Richer's History of France, written in 996 for Gerbert of Rheims, there is an account of one of Odo's campaigns against the Normans, which critics have uniformly rejected as being too romantic to rest on facts.
The Puy at Rouen
Authors: Newcomer Chas. B.
Published: January 2021

The puys were pious literary societies in the north of France from the thirteenth century till modern times. Most of them were in honor of the Virgin. The one at Dieppe was dedicated to her assumption, the one at Amiens to her purification, the one at Rouen to her immaculate conception. At first the puys were more religious than literary. Later they became more literary than religious. Some became wholly secular literary academies. The puys encouraged the art of poetry by crowning the victors in poetic contests held according to their rules. The contests were arranged and conducted by a president chosen for one year and called prince or less often maistre. The membership was drawn from the clergy, the officials, and the bourgeois. The puys interest us on account of their acknowledged influence upon the German meistersänger and the French rhétoriqueurs, especially in the development of ballad poetry.
A Byzantine Source for Guillaume de Lorris's Roman de la Rose
Authors: Warren F. M.
Published: January 2021

The poet of the Roman de la Rose dreamed one May morning that he came to a park wall decorated with allegorical representations of vices and defects. And when he entered the park he found there a company of dancers, whose individual members also represented different human attributes. With this company was the God of Love, and his attendant who carried his bows and arrows. So that when the dances had ended and the poet went on to explore the park, the god and his squire followed him. They soon found a spring, bubbling up under a pine, with a curb on which was written: “Here the beautiful Narcissus died.” In the spring's depths they could see two stones, like crystal, that changed their color under the sun's rays and reflected all the park round about. This was the water where Cupid had sowed the seeds of love, the famous Fountain of Love,

Dont plusors ont en maint endroitParlé, en romans et en livre. (Il. 1606, 1607)
Cæsar's Revenge
Authors: Ayres Harry Morgan
Published: January 2021

Though three reprints of the anonymous Cæsar and Pompey, together with the discussion devoted to it by Parrott, Mühlfeld, and Boas, seem to represent doubtless quite as much attention as the play really deserves, I venture to add, out of materials long on hand, another note by way of summary and, in one or two places, of addition and correction. Such a review, showing the author's literary method to be one of the closest dependence on his models, may serve to raise a presumption that in his treatment of Cæsar, who resembles Marlowe's Tamburlaine without being a literal copy, he was familiar with plays about Cæsar which are now lost to us; or conscious, at least, of a dramatic tradition which made of Csasar a boastful conqueror.
The Position of Group C in the Canterbury Tales
Authors: Moore Samuel
Published: January 2021

It has for a long time been generally agreed among Chaucerian scholars that the most serious defect of the Chaucer Society's arrangement of the Canterbury Tales is its placing of the Physician's Tale, Pardoner's prolog, and Pardoner's Tale, which constitute what is generally known as Group C, between the Nun's Priest's Tale and the Wife of Bath's prolog. This arrangement has absolutely no ms. authority, for no ms. is known to exist in which Group C either precedes Group D or follows Group B. Nor does Group C contain any references to time or place which make the Chaucer Society's arrangement a probable one. Indeed, the arrangement was adopted for no better reason than to make the tales of the third day not less than those of the second, a reason which we can only characterise as a trivial one.
Gustav Falke: Eine Studie
Authors: Schoenemann F.
Published: January 2021

Am 8. Februar 1916 ist Gustav Falke in Grossborstel bei Hamburg gestorben. Die Nachricht von seinem Fortgang ist in Deutschlands zweitem Kriegsjahr fast unhörbar verhallt. Im Deutschen Reich war er wohl hochangesehen, ja verehrt, aber doch nicht in aller Munde wie so mancher andere, der es weniger verdiente. Denn still war sein Erfolg wie sein Leben und Wirken. Er ist nur sehr selten vor die Öffentlichkeit getreten, weil ihm, wie er selbst sagte, alle lauten Worte und Gebärden peinlich waren. Er wollte auch kein Neuerer sein. Daher ist er nach einem kurzen Sturm und Drang abseits auf seinem Felde und still unentwegt bei seinem Dichten geblieben. Und wenn man ihn besuchte, so konnte man bald merken, dass seine gleichmässige Liebenswürdigkeit ein reiches Geistesleben umfriedete. Er wusste nicht nur allgemein über das moderne Deutschland gut Bescheid, er hatte auch besonders seine eigenen sicheren Ansichten über Kunst und Literatur. Sein “Abseitssein” war demnach nichts anderes als die stete stille Selbstzucht des Einsamen, von der Friedrich Lienhard einmal sagt: “Wer es mit seinem Volke und dessen Kultur und Literatur ernst meint, der muss sich vor allen Dingen zu einer gewissen… . Einsamkeit erziehen, anders ist ein Beherrschen und Überschauen nicht möglich!” Oder wie Falke es in seinem Gedicht Der Alte ausdrückt:
Und bin nun über Leid und ZeitUnd meinen Sternen näherUnd schaue in die Ewigkeit,Ein stillgemuter Späher.
XVI.—The Troilus-Cressida Story From Chaucer to Shakespeare
Authors: Rollins Hyder E.
Published: January 2021

Viewed from any angle Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida is an unattractive play. The heroine is a wanton. Ulysses reads her at a glance and finds
language in her eye, her cheek, her lip,Nay, her foot speaks; her wanton spirits look outAt every joint and motive of her body.

He sets her down at once as “a daughter of the game,” and at every opportunity the foul-mouthed Thersites corroborates this description. “They say Diomedes keeps a Trojan drab,” he monologizes, “and uses the traitor Calchas his tent. I'll after; ”2 and in the rather awkward scene in which Cressida's perfidy is revealed to Troilus, he gleefully whispers: “Any man may sing her, if he can take her cliff. She's noted.”
Development of the Progressiv form in Germanic
Authors: Curme George O.
Published: January 2021

The expressivness of the progressiv form of the English verb has attracted the attention of many foren grammarians, who briefly but with painstaking care hav endevord to analyze its force. Also more ambitious attempts hav been made to penetrate into its history and meaning. Pessels in his doctor's dissertation The Present and Past Perifrastic Tenses in Anglo-Saxon (1896) has patiently recorded the exampls of the construction in a large number of Old English works. Alfred Åkerlund in his On the History of the Definit Tenses in English (1911) has treated both the older and the modern fases of the development with considerabl penetration. Also a number of other scholars hav delt with different fases of the study or hav investigated the development in particular periods or particular sections of the English speaking territory. Several foren scholars hav studied the progressiv form in other Germanic languages and dialects. A brief treatment of the Gothic progressiv in Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, vol. v, pp. 421-6, by Professor H. Gering is refreshingly suggestiv. In spite of this extensiv literature there remains much to be said, and this paper is offerd as a further contribution to the subject.
The Early Fame of the Shepheards Calender
Authors: Baskervill C. R.
Published: January 2021

In an interesting article on the Shepheards Calender, Professor Greenlaw has argued that “outside of a small circle even the authorship of the Shepheards Calender was unknown for a considerable time after its publication, and that the work itself attracted no great attention until the popularity of the Faerie Queene made the earlier poems of the author important” (p. 423). He further speaks of the praise which Sidney bestowed upon the Calender as “singularly cold” (p. 420) and explains the fact on the basis of his theory that Spenser, as well as Sidney and Leicester, was in disgrace at the time of the Alençon negotiations, so that “it would not have been politic for Sidney to praise too highly a work under suspicion in itself and written by a man whom it had been found expedient to send out of the country” (p. 450).
VI.—The Speculum Vitae: Addendum
Authors: Allen Hope Emily
Published: January 2021

The present paper is intended to form a postscript to the last section of my study of the authorship of the Prick of Conscience, published in 1910. In the earlier article the traditional attribution of the poem to Richard Rolle, the hermit of Hampole, was attacked, and in conclusion a clue was followed which seemed to lead towards the Speculum Vitae, a similar Middle-English poem still unedited. A connection between the two poems had apparently been built up by J. Ullmann, in an elaborate analysis of similar stylistic peculiarities found in both, and he had used the evidence, thus apparently deduced, to urge the ascription (found in one copy of the Speculum) to Rolle, then always credited with the authorship of the Prick of Conscience. Ullmann's conclusion as to the common authorship of the two poems was used in the discussion as to the authorship of the latter by turning them about: since two other copies of the Speculum gave the work to William of Nassington, it was suggested, when Rolle's authorship of the Prick of Conscience seemed impossible, that the true author might be found in Nassington, who was possibly the author of the very similar Speculum. However, since the latter work was not in print, and had not at the time of writing been accessible to me in manuscript, the discussion as to the connection between the two works could only be incomplete and tentative.
Deutschland ist Hamlet
Authors: Schreiber Carl F.
Published: January 2021

Die Geschichte Hamlets in Deutschland ist noch nicht geschrieben. Den Anregungen, die Robert Prutz bereits im Jahre 1847 gab, ist zwar durch das Buch von Alexander v. Weilen neuerdings Folge gegeben, aber mit der Bühnenlaufbahn des Dänenprinzen ist die Bolle, die dieser Charakter im Geistesleben der ganzen Nation spielte, keineswegs erschöpft. Als problematische Natur, gab er seit Goethes Wilhelm Meister den Kommentatoren immer neue Rätsei auf, und gleich dem Werterfieber, das durch Goethes ersten Roman entfesselt wurde, kann man von einem wahren Hamletfieber sprechen, das in den Köpfen des beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts spukt. Schliesslich wird Hamlets Situation das Sinnbild für Deutschlands ganze politische Not, Zerrissenheit und Entschlusslosig-keit: das Gleichnis “Deutschland ist Hamlet” bezeichnet den Höhepunkt der literarischen Epidemie. Zur Geschichte der Vorstellung und des Wortes, das namentlich durch Freiligraths Glaubensbekenntnis (1844) berühmt geworden ist, hat R. M. Meyer in einem Aufsatz mit anerkannter Belesenheit beigetragen. Demnach ist Ludwig Börne (1818) der Erste, der die Selbsterkenntnis, mit der bereits die Bomantiker im Hamletscharakter sich spiegelten, verallgemeinert hat. “Shakespeare ist ein Britte,” sagt Börne in seiner bekannten Hamletbesprechung. “Hätte ein Deutscher den Hamlet gemacht, wiirde ich mich gar nicht dariiber wnndem. Ein Deutscher braucht nur eine schöne leserliche Hand dazu. Er schreibt sich ab, und Hamlet ist fertig.”
The Literary Methods of the Goncourts
Authors: Moore Olin H.
Published: January 2021

Estimates of the work of the Goncourts have varied considerably. While the majority of critics have treated the inseparable brothers as one man, a few writers such as Jules Lemaître and A. de Pontmartin have insisted on drawing a distinction between these literary Siamese twins. To the minds of these critics, the novels due to the pen of Edmond alone were vastly inferior to those produced in collaboration with Jules. Among the host of critics who do not feel that a difference is discernible in the talents of the two brothers, there is further diversity of opinion. Sainte-Beuve, a friend of the Goncourts, freely recognizes their merits as collectors of notes, books, and engravings, and would grant at least that their novel Sœur Philomène appears to be drawn from life. For Emile Zola, the authors are admirable in their descriptions of human beings as related to environment. Ferdinand Brunetière finds that the Goncourts, while pretending to follow nature in the minutest detail, unconsciously illustrate the excesses of Romanticism, in their exclusive attention to the abnormalities of human nature. Paul Bourget would emphasize their determinism, which has exerted a noteworthy influence upon Alphonse Daudet and Emile Zola. A large number of critics have, of course, given special consideration to that obvious lack of organization in the work of the Goncourts which is due to their use of note-books.
Doctor Faustus and A Shrew
Authors: Houk Raymond A.
Published: January 2021

This study of Christopher Marlowe's The Tragicall Historie of Doctor Faustus and The Taming of a Shrew is related to the preceding study on “Shakespeare's Shrew and Greene's Orlando” in that both involve parallels between A Shrew and contemporary plays—parallels which have been thought by H. D. Sykes and others to involve Samuel Rowley in the rôle of a contributor to each. Instead of such a common author a theory of common sources in earlier versions of the plays is herein maintained. Shakespeare is apparently not involved in these parallels with Doctor Faustus either as the author of The Taming of the Shrew or as the probable author of the original version of the play.

The parallels with A Shrew which are herewith cited seem to call for a theory of a common source in an earlier form of Doctor Faustus than the 1604 and 1616 texts.1
Henry Fielding and the Writers of Heroic Romance
Authors: Cooke Arthur L.
Published: January 2021

When Fielding advanced his theory of the comic prose epic, he took particular occasion to denounce “those voluminous works, commonly called romances, namely Clelia, Cleopatra, Astrea, Cassandra, the Grand Cyrus, and innumerable others, which contain, as I apprehend, very little instruction or entertainment.”1 He was quite explicit in drawing a sharp distinction between such narratives and his own works. Yet, although he frequently referred to the heroic romances, he made no mention whatsoever of the rather elaborate theory of prose fiction which the writers of these romances had set forth during the preceding century. This omission is somewhat surprising, not only because the principles of the heroic romance constituted the most detailed theory of prose fiction prior to his own day, but also because those principles were in many instances strikingly similar to the theories which Fielding himself advanced. In view of the tremendous difference between Clelia and Tom Jones, one would hardly expect to find much resemblance between the critical theories upon which the two works were based; yet as a matter of fact, the two theories had quite a number of points in common; and it is rather strange that neither Fielding nor his modern critics should have noted the fact.2
Poe and Mesmerism
Authors: Lind Sidney E.
Published: January 2021

In three of his stories, “A Tale of the Ragged Mountains,” “Mesmeric Revelation,” and “The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar,” Edgar Allan Poe reflected the interest of his day in what was by all odds the most fascinating of the new “sciences.” Mesmerism, first as a somewhat frightening novelty in the hands of its “discoverer,” Anton Mesmer, during the closing decades of the eighteenth century, and then as the handmaiden of medicine in the first half of the nineteenth century, had achieved enormous popularity throughout Europe and the United States.1 To compare such popularity with the spread of the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler in the twentieth century is to make but a feeble analogy, considering the difference in time and the development of science between the two ages. In addition, the interest manifested in mesmerism contained far more sensationalism and mysticism, and therefore had a more direct and widespread appeal. The extent of interest becomes clear when it is realized that in 1815 a commission was appointed in Russia to investigate animal magnetism, with a “magnetical” clinic being subsequently established near Moscow; that by 1817 doctors in Prussia and in Denmark were the only ones authorized to practice mesmerism, and were compelled to submit their findings to royal commissions; and that by 1835 a clinic had been established in Holland, and in Sweden theses on the subject were accepted for the doctorate.2
Bacon and Guicciardini
Authors: Luciani Vincent
Published: January 2021

Sir Francis Bacon's interest in the study of history was twofold. It was not only the broad interest of the philosopher but also the specific interest of the practical statesman. For the philosopher, history was important as the branch of human learning that has reference to man's memory. The true office of this knowledge, as he saw it, was “to represent the events themselves together with the counsels, and to leave the observations and conclusions thereupon to the liberty and faculty of every man's judgment.” On the other hand, the observations properly belonged to the field of politics. Bacon, the statesman, bred as he was in the realistic tradition of Machiavelli, found a utilitarian value in history. From the events and the counsels he drew conclusions that served as valuable lessons for the politics of the present and the future.
Empathic Imagery in Keats and Shelley
Authors: Fogle Richard H.
Published: January 2021

Empathy, the involuntary projection of oneself into an object, received its first extended formulation in the Mikrokosmos of Hermann Lotze (1858). To Lotze Einfühlung, or empathy as it has been termed in English, was a phenomenon which accounts for our knowledge of the external world. “The world,” he said, “becomes alive to us through this power to see in forms the joy and sorrow of existence that they hide: there is no shape so coy that our fancy cannot sympathetically enter into it.” In this knowledge our consciousness of our own bodily sensations is a factor: “Unquestionably the vividness of these perceptions is added to by our abiding remembrance of the activity of our own body … every movement which we execute, every attitude in which we repose, has its meaning rendered plain to us by the feeling of exertion or of enjoyment.” Entering thus into our own sensations, by means of them we are also enabled to know the feelings of creatures and objects beyond their immediate range:

… we, thus aided by our sentience, assuredly can comprehend also the alien silent form. Nor is it only into the peculiar vital feelings of that which in nature is near to us that we enter into the joyous flight of the singing bird or the graceful fleeting of the gazelle; we not only countract our mental feelers to the most minute creatures, to enter in reverie into the narrow round of existence of a mussel-fish and the monotonous bliss of its openings and shuttings, we not only expand into the slender proportions of the tree whose twigs are animated by the pleasure of graceful bending and waving; nay, even to the inanimate do we transfer these interpretative feelings, transforming through them the dead weights and supports of buildings into so many limbs of a living body whose inner tensions pass over into ourselves.
Thackeray and Sir Martin Archer Shee
Authors: Scudder Harold H.
Published: January 2021

Thackeray, Dickens, Disraeli, and others of the Victorian novelists frequently gave their imaginative faculties a temporary leave of absence, and proceeded for the time being with characters picked up ready made from their own acquaintance, or from other folk who happened to be prominent enough at the time to attract their attention. The Thackeray Dictionary lists 89 such originals, and a few others have been pointed out since that volume was issued. It is my purpose here to offer some evidence to show that to this list there may now be added the name of Sir Martin Archer Shee, sometime president of the Royal Academy, whom, I think, the author introduces in the forty-second chapter of Vanity Fair, as a Mr. Smee, a struggling young drawing master, who, engaged to give lessons to Miss Jane Osborne, falls in love with her, and is eventually driven from the house by her angry father, who threatens to “break every bone in his skin.”
The Neuroticism of William Dean Howells
Authors: Cady Edwin Harrison
Published: January 2021

Since the death of William Dean Howells in 1920 it has become a commonplace of criticism to remark that he failed to carry his theories of realism into an artistic practice adequate to all of the central facts in American life. He did not treat what William James called “the slaughter-houses and indecencies without end on which our life is founded” and which formed much of the content of the novels of such Howells proteges as Crane, Garland, and Norris. There can hardly be room to challenge this. Howells never truly faced the violent and sordid facets of reality. Mention and object to them as evil he could; leave the abstract and deal with them intimately, personally, objectively, or even imaginatively he could not. I should like here to suggest that the primary source of that inability was simply that life-long psychological difficulties left Howells with a neurotic condition which literally made it impossible for him to know and understand as realities the portions of pain and filth and terror in human living with which a major writer must be at least vicariously intimate. How much the production of the mass of autobiographical material which he produced during the latter decades of his life might represent an attempt to purge himself of the neurotic influences which seem to have haunted his mind throughout the peak years of his fecund artistic career I am not competent to say. But it seems clear that he shrank neurotically from the imaginative absorption of painful reality which truly searching American novels would have necessitated.
The Spoils of Henry James
Authors: Tintner Adeline R.
Published: January 2021

To be at all critically, or as we have been fond of calling it analytically minded … is to be subject to the superstition that objects and places, coherently grouped, disposed for human use and addressed to it, must have a sense of their own, a mystic meaning proper to themselves to give out: to give out, that is, to the participant at once so interested and so detached as to be moved to a report of the matter.
Un Romance inédito de Dido y Eneas por Diego de Morlanes
Authors: Rey Agapito
Published: January 2021

Escasas son las noticias que alcanzamos a recoger de la vida de Diego de Morlanes. Perteneció a una familia distinguida de juristas zaragozanos. El más famoso de ellos fué el abuelo de nuestro poeta, Micer Diego de Morlanes, autor de importantes obras de jurisprudencia. El viejo Morlanes dejó dos hijos: Bartolomé y Agustín. El primero se dedicó a la iglesia; el segundo siguió las huellas de su padre en la magistratura. Este fué el padre del autor del romance que hoy sacamos a luz. Ocuparon todos ellos cargos de importancia en la administración civil del reinó de Aragon. El joven Morlanes murió un “sábado 26 de marzo de 1633, siendo consejero civil de Aragón.”
Gassendi: Ancien ou moderne?
Authors: Beyer Charles Jacques
Published: January 2021

Un sort injurieux livra Gassendi au mépris de l'histoire, et déjà son contemporain Descartes l'a considérablement malmené. C'est qu'il est considéré d'ordinaire, non pas comme un philosophe, ni même comme un disciple, mais plutôt comme un compilateur, un commentateur purement philologique, dénué de tout esprit critique en matière de philosophie. Le préjugé courant sur Gassendi peut se résumer dans cette phrase de Fernand Papillon: “En fait, on pourrait supprimer.... Gassendi de l'histoire de l'esprit humain sans la mutiler, sans lui ôter de sa grandeur et de son éclat.”
A Tentative Calendar of Daily Theatrical Performances in London, 1700–1701 to 1704–1705
Authors: Avery Emmett L. , Scouten A. H.
Published: January 2021

There has long existed a need for a full and definitive calendar of theatrical performances in London during the eighteenth century. If the modern scholar does not have access to the original sources—the theatrical advertisements, the playbills, and manuscript diaries and account books—he must turn to a number of modern histories, of the eighteenth century stage, no one of which is complete and all of which combined do not offer a full listing of day-to-day performances. The account of the stage published in 1832 by John Genest is still the most comprehensive for the entire century, but Genest made a selection, not a complete listing, of performances, and that fact alone makes it impossible to find in his pages the stage history of a play or its casting or the vogue of the works of a single dramatist. The handlists in Allardyce Nicoll's works are also very valuable, but they too have the limitation of recording only selected performances, primarily those of plays first performed in the century. Dougald MacMillan's calendar of Drury Lane offerings from 1747 to 1776 is a more complete listing, but it is a record of only one theater, and although it offers the casts, it does not reflect the rôle of the entertainments in the theatrical programs.
Trowbridge and Whitman
Authors: Coleman Rufus A.
Published: January 2021

John Townsend Trowbridge, though one of Whitman's earliest and oldest friends, has not received adequate recognition for his loyal yet discriminating service. Passing reference, it is true, is meted out to him in critical biographies of Whitman or in an occasional article. But even the latest Whitman study accords to Trowbridge only a few pages in which he is associated with the English critic, Edward Carpenter. In consequence the following survey is an attempt to throw added light upon the nature and extent of this relationship.
Dickens on American Slavery: A Carlylean Slant
Authors: Adrian Arthur A.
Published: January 2021

Because Dickens nourished an uncompromising contempt for every kind of tyranny, it was inevitable that he should denounce American slavery, whose essential barbarity he observed on his first trip to the New World in 1842. From that time until the conclusion of his second visit to the United States in 1868, a period of roughly twenty-six years, he focused his attention, at intervals, on the issues which grew out of the system. Curiously, though his reactions to America have been subjects for detailed consideration, his continuing interest in the problems posed by our institution of slavery has never received, to my knowledge, any extensive treatment. It seems appropriate, therefore, to give some attention to a matter with which he was occupied for a considerable period. It will be the twofold purpose of the following study (1) to examine in chronological order Dickens' statements on slavery as they appear in his published letters, American Notes, and his principal periodicals, Household Words and All the Year Round; and (2) to suggest that at certain points, especially in later years, his thinking on the subject bears some striking resemblances to that of Carlyle.
Goethe and Parker Cleaveland
Authors: Riley Thomas A.
Published: January 2021

In 1830, at a time when the United States was still considered in Europe to be a small and insignificant country east of the Mississippi, Goethe published the poem “Den Vereinigten Staaten.” Almost at once it attracted attention, becoming with the years one of his most famous literary productions. A few months after its appearance in Germany, Fraser's Magazine in England offered the following quaint translation:

The United StatesAmerica, thou hast it betterThan our ancient hemisphere;Thou hast no falling castles,Nor basalt, as here.Thy children, they know not,Their youthful prime to mar,Vain retrospection,Nor ineffective war.Fortune wait on thy glorious spring!And, when in time thy poets sing,May some good genius guard them allFrom Baron, Robber, Knight, and Ghost traditional.

The original poem, as Goethe gave it to the public, was:

Amerika, du hast es besser

Als unser Continent, das alte,

Hast keine verfallene Schlösser

Und keine Basalte.

Dich stört nicht im Innern,

Zu lebendiger Zeit,

Unnützes Erinnern

Und vergeblicher Streit.

Benutzt die Gegenwart mit Glück!

Und wenn nun eure Kinder dichten,

Bewahre sie ein gut Geschick

Vor Ritter-, Räuber- und Geistergeschichten.