bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of a Community Dental Access Program on Emergency Dental Admissions in Rural Maryland
Authors: Rowland Sandi , Leider Jonathon P. , Davidson Clare , Brady Joanne , Knudson Alana
Published: October 2016

Objectives. To characterize the expansion of a community dental access program (CDP) in rural Maryland providing urgent dental care to low-income individuals, as well as the CDP’s impact on dental-related visits to a regional emergency department (ED).

Methods. We used de-identified CDP and ED claims data to construct a data set of weekly counts of CDP visits and dental-related ED visits among Maryland adults. A time series model examined the association over time between visits to the CDP and ED visits for fiscal years (FYs) 2011 through 2015.

Results. The CDP served approximately 1600 unique clients across 2700 visits during FYs 2011 through 2015. The model suggested that if the CDP had not provided services during that time period, about 670 more dental-related visits to the ED would have occurred, resulting in $215 000 more in charges.

Conclusions. Effective ED dental diversion programs can result in substantial cost savings to taxpayers, and more appropriate and cost-effective care for the patient.

Policy Implications. Community dental access programs may be a viable way to patch the dental safety net in rural communities while holistic solutions are developed.
Postneoliberal Public Health Care Reforms: Neoliberalism, Social Medicine, and Persistent Health Inequalities in Latin America
Authors: Hartmann Christopher
Published: October 2016

Several Latin American countries are implementing a suite of so-called “postneoliberal” social and political economic policies to counter neoliberal models that emerged in the 1980s. This article considers the influence of postneoliberalism on public health discourses, policies, institutions, and practices in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Social medicine and neoliberal public health models are antecedents of postneoliberal public health care models. Postneoliberal public health governance models neither fully incorporate social medicine nor completely reject neoliberal models.

Postneoliberal reforms may provide an alternative means of reducing health inequalities and improving population health.
Molecular Identification of Bacterial Pathogen Infecting Coconut Leaf Beetle
Authors: ALOUW JELFINA C. , NOVIANTI DIANA , HOSANG MELDY L.A.
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Many species of microorganisms can cause diseases and mortality of insect pests. Accurate detection and identification of the entomophatogens are essential for development of biological control agent to the pest. Brontispa longissima, a serious and invasive pest of coconut, was infected by bacterium causing mortality of the larvae and pupae in coconut field. Objective of the research was to identify bacterium as a causal agent of the field-infected B. longissima using molecular  technique.  Research  was  conducted  between  April  and  August 2011.  Molecular  identification  using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16s ribosomal RNA of the infected larvae and sequencing of the gene showed that Serratia marcescens is the causal agent of the disease.

Keywords: Brontispa longissima, coconut, 16s rRNA, Serratia marcescens.

 

Identifikasi Molekular Bakteri Pathogen yang Menginfeksi Hama Daun Kelapa 
Brontispa longissima(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)

ABSTRAK

Banyak mikroorganisme dapat menimbulkan penyakit pada serangga hama.  Deteksi dan identifikasi yang akurat dari  pathogen  penyebab  penyakit  pada  serangga (entomopathogen)  hama  merupakan  tahap  yang  penting  dalam  pengembangan pengendalian biologi untuk hama tersebut.  Brontispa longissima sebagai hama penting dan bersifat  invasif pada tanaman kelapa diinfeksi oleh sejenis bakteri yang menyebabkan kematian larva dan pupa dari serangga  tersebut di lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi organisme penyebab penyakit pada hama B. longissima dengan menggunakan teknik molekuler. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai dengan Agustus  2011. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi 16s ribosomal RNA dari larva yang terinfeksi dengan menggunakan PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  Hasil analisis sekuens nukleotida 16s ribosomal RNA dari larva yang terinfeksi menunjukkan bahwa Serratia marcescens adalah bakteri penyebab dari penyakit tersebut.

Kata kunci: Brontispa longissima, kelapa, 16s rRNA, Serratia marcescens.
Aplikasi Edible Coating Berbasis Pati Sagu dengan Penambahan Vitamin C pada Paprika : Preferensi Konsumen dan Mutu Mikrobiologi
Authors: Miskiyah - , Widaningrum - , Winarti C
Published: October 2016

Paprika merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran yang memiliki prospek pasar yang terbuka dan cukup luas baik pasar lokal maupun ekspor. Namun demikian, karena paprika merupakan jenis sayuran yang tidak awet (perishable commodity), maka teknologi penanganan pascapanen yang baik diperlukan. Salah satu teknologi penanganan pascapanen yang dapat diterapkan pada paprika yaitu edible coating berbasis pati sagu. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi tingkat penerimaan konsumen dan mutu mikrobiologi paprika merah yang diberi perlakuan edible coating berbasis pati sagu dan vitamin C. Perlakuan yang diberikan untuk pengujian karakteristik organoleptik yaitu (a) konsentrasi asam askorbat 0, 0,5, dan 1,0%,  dan (b) lama pencelupan, yaitu 3 dan 5 menit. Sebagai kontrol dilakukan juga pengamatan terhadap paprika yang tidak diberi coating. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan coating tidak berpengaruh nyata pada penerimaan panelis (P>0,05) terhadap atribut warna, aroma, tekstur, rasa, dan penerimaan keseluruhan paprika. Panelis dapat menerima perlakuan coating pada paprika, baik dengan maupun tanpa penambahan vitamin C. Lebih lanjut diketahui bahwa perlakuan coating dan penambahan vitamin C berpengaruh terhadap jumlah mikroba, ditandai dengan umur simpan paprika yang dapat lebih lama dari 3-7 hari.

Sweet pepper is one of vegetable crops that has good prospects either for local or export market. Nevertheless, sweet pepper is  a perishable commodity, so postharvest handling technology is needed. Edible coating based on sago starch is one of postharvest handling technology that is hopefully applicable for sweet pepper. This research was aimed to evaluate consumer’s acceptance and microbiological quality of red sweet pepper treated with edible coating based on sago starch and vitamin C. Treatments for organoleptic evaluation were (a) ascorbic acid concentration i.e. 0, 0.5, and 1.0%, and (b) dipping periods, i.e. 3 and 5 minutes. Sweet pepper without the edible coating was used as the control. The results showed that the coating treatment did not significantly  influent panelist acceptance  in term of color attribute, aroma, texture, taste, and entire sweet pepper. Panelists commonly accepted sweet pepper coating either with or without vitamin C. Furthermore, it was indicated that coating and vitamin C treatment had an effect to microbial content, signed by prolong storage life of sweet pepper till 3-7 days.
KRITERIA AWAL MUSIM TANAM: TINJAUAN PREDIKSI WAKTU TANAM PADI DI INDONESIA
Authors: Surmaini Elza , Syahbuddin Haris
Published: October 2016

Keragaman curah hujan yang tinggi secara spasial dan temporal akibat variabilitas iklim berpengaruh nyata terhadap produktivitas tanaman. Salah satu upaya yang efektif dan murah untuk menekan risiko terkait keragaman dan iklim ekstrem adalah menyesuaikan waktu tanam. Kriteria yang umum digunakan untuk menentukan awal musim tanam padi di Indonesia adalah awal musim hujan (MH), yaitu jika jumlah curah hujan > 50 mm dalam tiga dasarian berturut-turut. Kriteria lain yang disarankan para pakar adalah jumlah curah hujan selama beberapa hari berturut-turut, yang tidak diikuti oleh beberapa hari kering berturut-turut dalam periode setelahnya. Namun, jumlah hari hujan dan hari kering berturut-turut bervariasi. Sistem informasi untuk penentuan waktu tanam padi di Indonesia adalah Kalender Tanam (Katam). Katam memberikan informasi estimasi awal waktu tanam, potensi luas tanam, rotasi tanaman, dan intensitas tanam pada tingkat kecamatan untuk setiap musim selama satu tahun. Penentuan waktu tanam pada Katam ber-dasarkan kriteria awal MH. Namun, pertumbuhan tanaman tidak hanya ditentukan oleh curah hujan pada waktu tanam, tetapi juga jumlah dan distribusi hujan selama periode tanam. Oleh karena itu, penentuan waktu tanam perlu pula mempertimbangkan distribusi curah hujan selama musim tanam. Kendala penerapan kriteria tersebut adalah belum tersedianya prediksi curah hujan harian 1-2 bulan ke depan yang diinformasikan 1-2 sebelumnya. Namun, dengan menggunakan Global Circulation Model, prediksi curah hujan harian pada musim tanam yang akan datang dapat diberikan tepat waktu.
POTENSI DAN PELUANG PENGEMBANGAN USAHA TANI TERPADU BERBASIS KAWASAN DI LAHAN RAWA
Authors: Suryana Suryana
Published: October 2016

Ketersediaan lahan kering dan lahan sawah untuk pengembangan pertanian menurun signifikan antara lain karena alih fungsi lahan untuk keperluan nonpertanian. Di sisi lain, produksi komoditas pertanian perlu ditingkatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penduduk yang makin meningkat. Tulisan ini membahas potensi lahan rawa untuk pengembangan usaha tani terpadu secara berkelanjutan. Luas lahan rawa di Indonesia mencapai 34,93 juta ha. Di Kalimantan Selatan, luas lahan rawa tercacat 4.969.824 ha, terdiri atas lahan rawa pasang surut, lahan gambut, dan rawa lebak yang berpotensi untuk pengembangan pertanian terpadu berbasis kawasan. Per-masalahan dalam pemanfaatan lahan rawa adalah miskin hara, bersuasana anaerob, banyak yang bergambut tebal, berpirit dan bila dialihfungsikan akan mengeluarkan senyawa yang dapat meracuni tanaman (sulfida, besi fero, dan asam-asam organik), serta pH tanah rendah. Untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan lahan rawa, dukungan teknologi dan sumber daya manusia diperlukan melalui konsep pemanfaatan berbasis kawasan, yang terdiri atas sentra pertanian dan kawasan pertanian. Kawasan pertanian dikembangkan ber-dasarkan kelompok komoditas, yaitu tanaman pangan, hortikultura, perkebunan, dan peternakan, melalui pendekatan agroekosistem, sistem agribisnis terpadu dan terintegrasi, partisipatif, dan diversifikasi. Tahapan pengembangan meliputi inisiasi, penum-buhan, pengembangan, pemantapan, dan integrasi antarkawasan. Pemanfaatan lahan rawa untuk usaha tani terpadu sangat memungkinkan dengan teknologi pengapuran (amelorasi) dan pemupukan, pemilihan komoditas adaptif di lahan rawa, serta teknologi budi daya yang bersifat ramah lingkungan.
OPTIMASI POTENSI LAHAN KERING UNTUK PENCAPAIAN TARGET PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI PADI SATU JUTA TON DI PROVINSI LAMPUNG
Authors: Hafif Bariot
Published: October 2016

Program upaya khusus (UPSUS) peningkatan produksi padi yang dicanangkan Kementerian Pertanian memberi tugas kepada Provinsi Lampung untuk meningkatkan produksi padi dari 3,3 juta ton pada tahun 2014 menjadi 4,3 juta ton pada 2017. Tugas tersebut merupakan tantangan yang cukup berat bagi petani dan pengambil kebijakan di daerah tersebut karena permasalahan hasil pelaksanaan Program Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (SL-PTT) di lahan sawah, program tersebut hanya mampu meningkatkan produktivitas padi 200–300 kg/ha. Peluang yang cukup terbuka tetapi belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal adalah pengembangan padi gogo di lahan kering suboptimal. Saat ini luas panen padi gogo  baru 47.981 ha dan hasilnya berkontribusi sekitar 4,5% terhadap total produksi padi di Lampung. Luas panen padi gogo tersebut berpotensi ditingkatkan karena di daerah ini tersedia lahan kering yang sesuai untuk pengembangan padi gogo seluas 802.341 ha. Dengan perluasan areal tanam menjadi 100.000 ha dan peningkatan produktivitas dari 3 menjadi 5 t/ha dengan menggunakan berbagai varietas unggul baru spesifik lokasi, serta pendampingan terhadap aplikasi teknologi pengelolaan lahan seperti penggunaan pembenah tanah, sistem tanam jajar legowo, dan pemupukan, peningkatan produksi padi sekitar 300 ribu ton dari target yang ingin dicapai sebesar 1 juta ton pada tahun 2017 dapat dipenuhi dari lahan kering.
Nitrogen management on sustainable patchouli production
Authors: Setiawan Setiawan
Published: October 2016

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) one of plant which is producing essential oil called patchouli oil. The oil produced by destilation herbage. The crops are responsive to fertilizers especially nitrogen and N concentration in leaves 5.58%. The condition is potentially to decline of soil fertility. Urea is N source commonly used to increase yiled. N fertilizer was not at all to used by the crops, partly of N loss to the environment by leacing, denitrification, and volatilization to the atmosphere as ammonia gaseous. Threre are several technology potentialy to prevent the losses of N and maintain of soil fertility such as provide N fertilizers corresponding growth phase reffer to “5th right” (right time, right doses, right type, right place and right method), provide N Stabilizer and N crops fixing by cropping patern with legumes. This paper aims to review the results of fertilization on patchouli as an effort to support sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Patchouli, fertilizer, nitrogen, N used efficiency

 

Pengelolaan Nitrogen pada Budidaya Nilam Berkelanjutan

RINGKASAN

Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang dikenal sebagai minyak nilam. Tanaman nilam responsif terhadap pemupukan terutama Nitrogen. N yang terkandung dalam daun sebesar 5,58%. Urea merupakan sumber pupuk N yang umum diberikan untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian. Pemberian N ke dalam tanah tidak saja untuk menghasilkan produksi yang optimal juga untuk mengembalikan tingkat kesuburan tanah. N yang diaplikasikan ke tanah tidak semuanya dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman, sebagian N hilang karena pencucian, denitrifikasi dan menguap ke atmosfer sebagai gas amonia. Beberapa teknologi yang dapat atau berpotensi untuk mencegah kehilangan N dari tanah antara lain memberikan pupuk N sesuai dengan fase pertumbuhan tanaman dengan mengacu pada 5 tepat (tepat waktu, tepat dosis, tepat jenis, tepat tempat dan tepat cara), mengembalikan limbah hasil penyulingan nilam dalam bentuk kompos, memberikan penstabil pada pupuk N dan fiksasi N dari udara melalui pola tanam nilam dengan kacang-kacangan. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mereview hasil-hasil penelitian pemupukan nilam sebagai upaya mendukung budidaya nilam berkelanjutan.

Kata kunci: Nilam, pemupukan, nitrogen, efisiensi pemupukan N
KONSEP PEMIKIRAN PENDIDIKAN MENURUT PAULO FREIRE DAN KI HAJAR DEWANTORO
Authors: Syaikhudin Ahmad
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Criticism and alternative education offered by Paulo Freire is very interesting to be used to analyze the problems of education in Indonesia. It must be admitted that the context behind the controversial issue of those educational thought is different from that of Indonesian, however, it must be very suitable. According to Paulo Freire, there should be no dichotomy between the goals of education and educational ways. The goal, the transformation that frees individual to be a real person, should be manifested in the extent to how education must be implemented. The purpose of exemption cannot be separated with the path that frees. In addition, Freire's educational theory remains significant in terms of its role in which education should bring up not only the understanding of the world, but also the transformation of the world. On the other hands, Indonesian national leaders, Ki Hajar Dewantara also has inherited a very important philosophy in our national education, that is ing ngarso sung tulodo, ing madyo mangun karso, tut wuri handayani which means that the front is setting as a good model, the middle is inspiring and in the back provides support.
MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK DI MI/SD
Authors: Widyaningrum Retno
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In early age, it is generally asserted that all aspects of learners’ intelligence like IQ, EQ, and SQ grow and develop extraordinarily. At this age, young learners will only see a real thing holistically and able to understand the relationship among the concepts simply. In accord to this, the learning process should be fitted with their needs and level of proficiency. Besides, it should be directed to help them learn the concrete objects with their real life experiences. On the contrary, if the learning process is conducted separately, this means that the learners’ holistic thinking process is not well-developed and it makes them hard to learn optimally. The research revealed that the kindergarten learners who were taught thematically had better ability and readiness in joining the study than those who were not taught thematically. Based on the result, it could be justified that the learning process for young learners was more effective if it was managed integratively through a thematic approach.
ISLAMIC HOMESCHOOLING UPAYA MEMBANGUN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER ISLAMI (Studi Kasus di Islamic Homeschooling Fatanugraha Wonosobo)
Authors: Maryono Maryono
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Home schooling is the education model in which the family decides to take their own responsibility for the education of children using the premises as a home base education. Nowadays, homeschooling becomes a viable alternative option for particular group of society as they realize that the actual pattern of formal education in Indonesia has not touched yet the substance of the real needs of globalization challenges that must be addressed positively by learners to prepare the required competence they should have in accordance with their future job. There are some supporting factors that contribute to the implementation of homeschooling education in building Islamic character education, such as high motivation in learning, sincerity of teachers, parent support and adequate learning facilities. Conversely, there are some factors that might be hindered, such as the public scorn, less conducive place, and less favored by regular schools.
MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SPEAKING DAN PENCARIAN BAKAT MENYANYI MELALUI INOVASI MENYANYIKAN LAGU DANGDUT BERBAHASA INGGRIS DI SMA ISLAM KELING JEPARA JATENG
Authors: Aliyatin Nafisah
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Motivation is a potential and kinetic energy owned by a person that can stimulate and support activities to achieve the goals.  In order to raise student motivation, teachers require having adequate competence. One of the teachers’ efforts to improve motivation is by doing innovation of Dangdut song in English to develop students’ talent and interest. The result of study revealed that innovation of Dangdut song in English had average score= 4.4 at A level with a very high and good categories. Furthermore, Speaking learning model in teaching English at class X had average score= 4.0 at A-level with very high and good categories, and the last was the singing talent search model through Innovation of Dangdut song in English had average scores= 3.7 at the level of the category B with high and good. If the teacher has his own piano and could play it, undoubtedly the process of teaching speaking will be more joyful, challenging, interesting and unique. .ةوجرلما فادهلأا لىإ لوصولل لامعأب مايقلل صخشلا ىدل ةكرمح ةقاطو ةلمتمح ةقاط زفاولحا نإ :صخلم ةيقترل سردلما اهب ماق تيلا تلاوالمحا نم .هيف هتئافكب ةقلعتمف زفاولحا هذه يرثي نأ سردلما عاطتسا فيكو يريغتلاو ديدجتلا اذه .بلاطلا تابغرو تاءافكلا ةيقترل  ةيزيلنجلإا ةغللاب تودنجاد ةينغأ يرغتب زفاولحا هذه ميلعت بولسأو .ديجو )ادج لاع( فينصتلا في )A( ىوتسلما في 4،4 ةلداعلماب ةجيتنلا لىإ تدأ ةينغلأا في ىوتسلما في 4,0 ةلداعلما نوكت )رشاعلا ( لصفلا في )ةيزيلنجلإا ةغللا ( ميلعتلاو ملعتلا ةيلمع في ملاكلا ةراهم برع  ّ نغتلا في بلاطلا تادادعتسا نع ثحبلا بولسأ وه يرخلأاو .)ديجو ادج لاع( فينصتلا في )A( اذإو .)ديجو لاع( فينصتلا في ) B( ىوتسلما في 3,7 ةلداعلماب ةيزيلنجلإا ةغللاب تودنجد ةينغأ في ديدجتلا ةغللاب ملاكلا ةراهم( ميلعتلاو ملعتلا ةيلمع نوكت فوس زاهلجا اذهب لماعتلا ىلع ارداقو ونايب هل سردلما ناك .ميلعتلاو ملعتلا تايلمع نم قبس ابم تسيق اذإ ةزيمتمو ةيّ دحتمو  ةقيش  )ةيزيلنجلإاKeywords: Model Pembelajaran, inovasi, bahasa Inggris.
TRANSFORMASI KURIKULUM PESANTREN: Telaah Pemikiran KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh dan Nurcholish Madjid
Authors: Effendi Mukhlison , Suradi Suradi
Published: October 2016

Abstract; Islamic boarding school is an indigenous Indonesia. Some contribution that given in the Islamization process, create a good community literacy and culture are very large. One reason, because there are Islamic boarding school curriculum transformation. Most influential enticement are KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh and Nurcholish Madjid enticement. To knowing and determine the transformation both of those figures, the researcher take focus of study as: 1) the speculation of KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh about islamic boarding school curriculum transformation. 2) The speculation of Nurcholish Madjid about islamic boarding school curriculum transformation. 3) The equation and differences between KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh and Nurcholish Madjid speculation about Islamic boarding school curriculum transformation.Based on the focus of the study above, the researcher tries to answer through some research with use descriptive approach and library research types, while the data collection that used in this research is literary techniques. The data analysis that used in this research consisted of content analysis and comparative analysis.The conclusion of this study are both of KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh and Nurcholish Madjid made an offer about Islamic boarding school curriculum transformation. The equation of their speculation about Islamic boarding school curriculum transformation occur in all of component of curriculum. The differences both of their speculation site in how to formulate Islamic boarding school curriculum transformation. KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh take a more specific formulation in this transformation, whereas Nurcholish Madjid make a global transformation. Moreover, caused of the different interpretation of the motto al-muha>faz}otu ‘ala al-qodimi al-solih wa al-akhdu bi al-jadidi al-aslahu. ملخص: البسنترينات هي المؤسسة التعليمية الأصيلة لدى إندونيسيا. ولها اسهامات كبيرة في إسلامية المجتمع الإندونيسي المثقف. وهذا بتغيّر المنهج في البسنترينات. وفي هذا الصدد تظهر أهمية فكرة كياهي الحاج سهل محفوظ ونور خالص مجيد. ولمعرفة فكرتهما أكثرعن هذا فالباحث يركز بحثه في : 1) فكرة كياهي الحاج سهل محفوظ عن تغيّر المنهج الدراسي في البسنترينات، 2) فكرة نور خالص مجيد عن تغيّر المنهج الدراسي في البسنترينات، والفرق بينهما وأوجه التشابه  بينهما في هذه المسألة. انطلاقا من موضوع البحث السابق، فحاول الباحث إجابة الأسئلة عن طريق البحث بالمدخل الوصفي ونوعه الدراسة المكتبية. استخدم الباحث لجمع بيانات البحث أسلوب الوثائق المكتوبة، وكان التحليل تحليل المضمون والتحليل المقارن. ونتيجة البحث إنهما ( سهل محفوظ ونور خالص مجيد) اقترحا طراز تغيير المنهج الدراسي في البسنترينات. وأما أوجه التشابه بين فكرتهما تكون في جميع عناصر المنهج. والفرق بين فكرتهما يكون في كيفية تكوين هذا التغيير في المنهج الدراسي. اتخذ سهل محفوظ التكوين الخاص في هذا الأمر وأما نور خالص مجيد فاتخذ طراز التكوين العام. وهذا نتيجة وجود الاختلاف في فهم وتفسير القاعدة " المحافظة على القديم الصالح والأخذ بالجديد الأصلح " . Keyword: Curriculum transformation, islamic boarding school, pesantren.
PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER BERBASIS PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN: Studi di Pondok Pesantren Tradisional dan Modern di Kabupaten Ponorogo
Authors: Makmun H.A. Rodli
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Character education meant as value education, ethic kindness education,moral education, which its aim to developingparticipant ability in order to give decisionof good-bad, looking after of goodness, and realize that kindliness in everyday life obligingly. In consequence character education as psychologically include dimension;moral reasoning, moral feeling, and moral of behavior.Character education inIslamic Boarding School conducted integrally with educationprocess in Islamic Boarding School. Character education do not become separate teaching item. It is true there isspecial subject of behavior, namely baninlilakhla, al-nawbawiakhlaq, makhfudhat, interpretation, hadits, and so on, but that study havegeneral nature to add knowledge of santri, forming patterned thinking and santri behavior. Santricharacter formed by the sake of Allah, serving, respecting, down to earth, modestly, self-serving, and free in Islamic Boarding School community. IslamicBoarding School design inuring pattern during 24 hour in Islamic Boarding School.Santricharacter of traditional Islamic Boarding Schoolturn to yellow bookfrom studyingand habituation in order toobeyIslamic Boarding School orders  سرادلما .ةيفلسلاو ،ةثيدحو يديلقتلا طمنلاو ،ةفلتمخ للاظ ةثلاث عقاولا في اهيدل ةيلخادلا ةيملاسلإا سرادلما ةثيدلحا ىدهو ةيلخاد ةسردم ةيملاسلإا ىدلها راد لاثلما ليبس ىلع ةشوقنم ؤجؤنؤف في ةيلخادلا ةيملاسلإا ،وغنوس يلاو ةيلخادلا ةيملاسلإا سرادلماو ،ةثيدلحا ةرجلحا كودنوب كانه نأ ينح في ىنم ةشوقنم يديلقتلا.نايمإ لآ كودنوب ةيلخادلا ةيملاسلإا سرادلماو ييجرخ نم ،كلذلو .ةيصخش نيوكت ىلع يرثأت اله نوكي ةيلخادلا ةيملاسلإا سرادلما لبق نم دمتعلما ماظنلا هنلأ ،نيرخلآا ةيلخادلا ةيملاسلإا سرادلما ينيجرلخا عم ةيصخشو ةفلتمخ فقاوم اهيدل ةيلخادلا سرادلما أزجتي لا اءزج نوكتل ةيلخاد ةسردم في فرح ميلعتلا .سرد ثيح طنم ةيلخاد ةسردم نم لكشو رثأت في .اهب ةصالخا ةيميلعتلا داولما نم دحاو فرح ميلعتلا حبصي لا .ةيلخادلا سرادلما في ميلعتلا ةيلمع نم تلقنو ،يوبنلا قلاخلأاو يننبلا ليللا قلاخلأا يأ ،كولسلا اصيصخ صحفت تيلا ينعلا ميلعت كانه عقاولا كولسلا طانمأو يركفتلا طانمأ ليكشتو ،بلاطلا عيسوتل ماع ميلعت وه انمإو ،ارج ملهو ،ثيدلحا ،قيلعتلاو.بلاطلا ىدل
PENDIDIKAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF URHANUDDIN AL-ISLAM AZ-ZARNUJI
Authors: Waris Waris
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Big Moslem scholar who live in town of Zarnuj regional of Iraq, now this Afganistan have complete name of Burhanuddin Al-Islam Az-Zarnuji. He live during with Ridha Ad-Din An-Naisaburi between year 500-600 H, while pass awaying him there is telling year 591 H besides year 593 H. Education concept told by Az-Zarnuji by monumental poured in his masterpiece of Ta’Limul Muta’Allim. According to that education he cover five factor that is target of education, educated (student), educator (teacher), appliance (medium) education and environment. While education which is have Islam nuance to. in the masterpiece discussed in 13 section. which by he concluded into three big shares. that is division of science, target and intention learn, and also study method. تايلاولا ىدحا جونرز ةنيدم في نكسو ،يجونرزلا ملاسلإا نيدلا ناهرب وه يجونرزلا ماملإل لماكلا مسلاا ـه600 - 500 ةنسلا للاخ يروباسينلا نيدلا ىضر لماعلا وه رصاعو .ناتسناغفأ في نلآا عقتو ،قارعلا في . “ مّ لعتلما ميلعت “ فورعلما هباتك في ةيبترلا نع هميهافمو هراكفأ مّ دق .ـه 593 ةنس ليقو ـه591 ةنس فيوتو سّ ردلما )3 ،بلاطلا )2 ،ةيبترلا فادهأ )1 : رصانع ةسخم ىلع تلمتشا ةيبترلا نأ يجونرزلا ماملإا ىأر في ةروكذمف – مّ لعتلما ميلعت باتك في – ةيملاسلإا ةيبترلا تاعوضوم امأ .ةئيبلا )5 ،لئاسولا )4 ،مّ لعلما وأ.ميلعتلا قرطو ،ملعتلا اياونو فادهأو ،ملعلا ماسقأ يه ،باوبأ 3 في فلؤلما اهصلختسا ، لاصف 13
KEPEMIMPINAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEOLOGIS
Authors: Ruchanah Siti
Published: October 2016

Abstract: The leader is essentially someone who has the ability to influence the behavior of others in the work by using power. Morally, leadership is closely related to the duties and functions of human beings on this earth. Among the duties and functions of his birth into this world is to preserve and utilize natural resources for the welfare of mankind. Man is created as the caliph of God on earth. In the Qur’an described thata good leader is for the good society as well. In other words, a good society can only be led and only requires a good leader as well. Moral society will determine the moral leader who has high integrity. ةسائرلا هذه تطبتراو .هتدايس تتح هلمع في يرغلا تايكولس يرثأت ىلع رداقلا صخشلا وه مكالحا وأ سيئرلا عيجم ةايح ةيهافرل اهيرمعتو اهتظفامح يه ضرلأا في ناسنلإا فئاظو نمو .ضرلأا في ناسنلإا ةفيظوب وأ ،اضيأ لحاصلا عمتجملل نوكي لحاصلا سيئرلا نأ نآرقلا رّ وص .اهيف ةفيلخ ناسنلإا للها قلخ دقو .سانلا راتخيسو .لحاصلا سيئرلا لىإ لاإ جاتيح لا وأ ،لحاصلا سيئرلا لاإ هسأري لا لحاصلا عمتلمجا نأ ىرخأ ةرابعب .ةيمرك قلاخأب ينقلختلما سانلا نم سيئرلا بدأتلما عمتلمجا
PROBLEMATIKA GURU DAN DOSEN DALAM SISTEM PENDIDIKAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rohman Mifathur
Published: October 2016

This paper highlights educator problem in education system in Indonesia. The discussion focuses on general education and religious education. Educators of non-religious education are product of education and institute of teacher training and education (IKIP) which teach general science, meanwhile educators of religious education are product of Islamic Higher Education (PTKI) which teach religious knowledge. This study aims to analyze books, rules, researches, and news about teacher. To sum up, the educator problems include: poor quality teacher and low teacher salaries that are caused by some factors, government policy that is not implemented well, teacher training institution (LPTK) that are not able to produce a professional teacher.
تقويم تطبيق منهج 2013 في تعليم اللغة العربية في المدارس الابتدائية الإسلامية بفونوروغو
Authors: Nugrawati Jepri
Published: October 2016

Curriculum is closely related with learning activities. The curriculum changes are designed to catch up with changing times. In Indonesia, the curriculum had undergone change since independence year (1945)to the latest curriculum 2013. The attention of this curriculum is paid more to the Arabic language because it must be taught at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah grade 1. Therefore, the implementation of Arabic learning for students of MI grade 1 in the curriculum 2013 is interesting to discuss. The researcher focuses on materials organization, learning method, and evaluation technique. The findings indicated that: (1) organization of learning materials of Arabic learning in the curriculum 2013 uses logical structures that works continuously, sequence, and complementary, (2) the methods has not used not a scientific method but combined with learning methods. (3) the teachers of MI grade 1 use some evaluation techniques, such as assignments, oral test, written test to assess their knowledge. Meanwhile to assess teacher attitude, observation is used and to assess the teacher skills are project and performance, portfolio as well
PROFESI AKUNTAN SYARIAH MASA DEPAN DALAM KEDAULATAN AGENCY ENTITY BISNIS
Authors: Arwani Agus
Published: October 2016

Akuntan adalah pihak aktor yang berperan terhadap pembentukan dan pelaksanaan akuntansi sebagai struktur. Realitas akuntansi merupakan bagian dari bagaimana akuntan mengambil peran. Permasalahan realitas penyimpangan yang selalu menghadirkan akuntan sebagai pihak sentral adalah bentuk bagaimana aktor dan struktur bertemu secara mutual. Habitus aktor yang ‘’serakah’’ bertemu dengan akuntansi (kapitalisme) sebagai struktur yang melegitimasinya. Permasalahan dalam tulisan bagaimana profesi akuntan syariah menjadi profesi akuntan masa depan atas kegelisahan akuntansi konvesional dalam kedaulatan agency entitas bisnis? Metode dalam tulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan survey literatur yang bersifat deskriptif. Realitas penyimpangan yang selalu menghadirkan akuntan sebagai pihak sentral adalah bentuk bagaimana aktor dan struktur bertemu secara mutual. Habitus aktor yang ‘’serakah’’ bertemu dengan akuntansi (kapitalisme) sebagai struktur yang melegitimasinya. Dalam realitasnya akuntan (agen) terlihat begitu tenggelam dalam belenggu kapitalisme, sehingga teori agency berupa konflik kepentingan, kelihatannya bergeser dengan bersimbiosis secara mutual antara kepentingan manajemen dan akuntan. Hasil tulisan menunjukan bahwa akuntan harus dikembalikan khittah-nya sebagai profesi yang berdaulat, ia adalah ideolog sebagai Rausyan Fikr. Bentuk ke-khusuk-an akuntan dalam beribadah, bertasbih dengan ‘’angka’’ dalam artian menjadikan segenap tugas sebagai tugas-tugas (risalah) ‘’kenabian’’ untuk memetakan hak para stakeholders dengan adil dan benar. Hal ini hanya dapat berlangsung dalam bingkai keberdaulatan dan membangkitkan kesadaran Ketuhanan (khusuk) dengan menempatkan Tuhan sebagai arah puncak pertanggung jawaban.
HARGA MURABAHAH PERSPEKTIF FIKIH DAN KEUANGAN ISLAM
Authors: Wahyudi Amin
Published: October 2016

Murabahah is a unique pattern of business. One side of Murabahah is sale and buy, and the other is debt and credit. Therefore the price of Murabahah contains provisions that differ from regular trading. The price of Murabahah consist of acquisition and mark up. Acquisition price is analyzed based on purchased and all fees that have been made to hold commodities ready for buyer. While the mark up of Murabahah is business advantage. Mark up can be analyzed based on costs, market prices, inflation, risk, and other factors that are not based on interest and usury. The level of mark up depends on the decisions between buyer and seller according to the mechanism of transaction that meet shari’ah principle.
LEMBAGA HARTA BERSAMA DALAM MASYARAKAT BILATERAL PERPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Masduki Saifullah
Published: October 2016

This paper is to study community property (harta bersama) from the genealogy perpective with it’s locus to bilateral genealogy as in Java, Sunda and Aceh society.Bilateral system of genealogy choosed in this paper, because a unilateral genealogy (patrilineal and matrilineal), will be marginalized along with the development of era and will be subtituded with bilateral genealogy. In addition, this paper also pretend to see how Islamica law to be adaptive to the customory law as a living law, especially in matter of the law of marital property (hukum harta perkawinan). Basically, this study is characterized as a secondary study or study of the law in books, that is the review of jurist manuscript and documentation about the norms that regulates law interaction in society from the status aspect. On of the conclusions of this paper is although the marital property law is not mentioned in Islamic law, but if we see the disired genealogy or kinship system which led to the bilateral system, then we are sure that Islamic law will adaptively absorb the community property as exist in customory law of bilateral system.
KEJAHATAN PERKOSAAN DALAM BINGKAI POLITIK HUKUM PIDANA
Authors: Munawir Mr.
Published: October 2016

Criminal act of rape is one type of violent crime to woman. In the development of this crime is no longer seen as solely a moral offence. But inside it has touched on the anger and violence problem which is considered a violation and negation HAM. Based on the development this, planner group new penal code in looking need to quicly change formulation a criminal act of rape. That is no longer the sense as in the formulation Section 28 penal code (WvS), but expanded in accordance with the development and future state. Through political policy or criminal law, formulations have been made a criminal act of rape is more appropriate to contemporary situations and this formula has been placed in section 423 hhe draft new penal code  which is currently awaiting approval from the legistilative assembly.
KONTRIBUSI IMAM AL-NAWAWI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MADHHAB SHAFI‘I
Authors: Aminuddin Luthfi Hadi
Published: October 2016

In the history of Shafi'i’s madhhab, the figure of Imam al-Nawa wi has a very significant role. The results of his  ijtihad  is always used as a Shafi`iyah scholar reference, even when the scholars differed in opinions, then his idea regarded as "the end" of that difference dispute. This paper, intended to explore why the figure of al-Nawa wi have such a privileged position in the madhhab Sha fi'i. Through the historical approach, the author have found the answer to that. First, al-Nawa wi is seen as a unifier  Shafi'i’s madhhab. In his hands, two school of Shafi’i madhhab, Khurasan and Iraq can be reconciled. Second, Al-Nawa wi have managed to put the principles tarjih, to select the strongest opinion from a variety of opinion among al-Sha fi'i’s madhhab. Therefore, al-Nawawi is known as the al-mujtahid al-murajjih or mujtahid al-tarjih, the mujtahid who are not just memorize the ijtihad of Imam al-Shafi’i, but know the sources of Imam al-Shafi’i’s opinion, able to describe and explain his opinion, make an analogy (qiyas) related to his opinion in problem solving, even select a strong opinion among opinions that exist.
RITUA L DI MAKAM KI AGENG BESARI TEGA LSARI JETIS PONOROGO
Authors: Djuhan Muhammad Widda
Published: October 2016

Fenomena ziarah makam merupakan tradisi turun-temurun dansudah berakar kuat di kalangan umat Islam. Meskipun muncul kritikyang mencurigai praktek semacam itu dapat menodai tauhid, tetapidalam faktanya kegiatan mengunjungi makam-makam tidak pernahpudar sama sekali bahkan cenderung makin ramai terutama setelahterbukti makin ‘keramat’-nya makam yang diziarahi itu. Penelitianlapangan yang mengambil lokasi di makam Ki Ageng BesariTegalsari Jetis di Ponorogo ini menyoroti bentuk-bentuk keyakinandan ritual yang dipraktekkan para peziarah. Kenyataannya,kepercayaan peziarah memang sangatlah mengkeramatkan makamKi Ageng Besati tegalsari tersebut. Meskipun demikian, kepercayaantersebut tidaklah tunggal karena sangat tergantung pada polapikir, pemahaman keagamaan dan tradisi yang melingkupinya.Penelitian ini sampai pada kesimpulan adanya tiga model kategori;kepercayaan yang berbasis pada pola tradisional Islam, kepercayaanmistis yang berbasis pada tradisi, dan kepercayaan yang berdasarpada pemikiran-rasional belaka. Berbagai ragam kepercayaan inimenunjukkan bahwa kita tidak bisa membuat klaim-klaim sepihakkepada para peziarah makam.
DISKURSUS MAKNA JILBAB DALAM SURAT AL-AHZAB AYAT 59 Menurut Ibnu Kathir dan M. Quraish Shihab
Authors: Sidiq Umar
Published: October 2016

Artikel ini secara umum bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna jilbab dalam  surat  al-Ahzab  ayat  59.  Secara  lebih  rinci  tulisan  ini  menjelaskan pertama, makna jilbab menurut Ibnu Kathir. Kedua, mengetahui  makna  jilbab  menurut  M.  Quraish  Shihab.  Ketiga,  menjelas kan  penyebab  perbedaan  pe maknaan  jilbab  antara  perspektif Ibnu  Kathir  dan  M.  Quraish  Shihab.  Artikel  ini  merupakan  hasil kajian  library  research  yang  dimaksudkan  untuk  mengetahui  perbeda an makna jilbab menurut Ibnu Katsir dan M. Quraish Shihab dengan metode penafsiran muqarrin atau metode komparatif. Ibnu Katsir  mengatakan  bahwa  aurat  wanita  adalah  seluruh  tubuhnya. Sementara, M. Quraish Shihab tidak cenderung mendukung pendapat yang mewajibkan wanita menutup seluruh badannya atas dasar bahwa seluruh tubuh wanita adalah aurat. Ini bukan saja karena lemah nya alasan-alasan  yang  mereka  kemukakan,  tetapi  juga  dengan  tampil seperti yang mereka wajibkan berarti gugurlah fungsi hiasan atau keindahan dalam berpakaian, padahal al-Quran sendiri menyebutkan bahwa salah satu fungsi pakaian adalah hiasan. Adapun penyebab per bedaan  para  ulama  dalam  memaknai  jilbab  adalah  penafsiran mereka terhadap surat al-Nur ayat 31.
INVESTIGASI EMPIRIS ATAS PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWI MADRASAH ALIYAH MODEL SINGLE SEX EDUCATION DAN COEDUCATION DI KABUPATEN PONOROGO
Authors: Muafiyah Evi
Published: October 2016

Proses pendidikan Islam di Indonesia secara umum menganut Single-SexEducation (SSE) maupun dicampur atau Co-Education (CE). Berdirinyapembelajaran model SSE tersebut didasarkan pada mengakarnyapemahaman terhadap karya-karya fiqih Abad Pertengahan yang banyakmengharamkan pertemuan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di satu tempat,bahkan mengharamkan munculnya perempuan di ranah publik. Jika harusberada di wilayah publik, maka harus dalam komunitas perempuan saja danjika laki-laki dan perempuan harus berada pada satu tempat, maka posisiharus dipisahkan dengan tirai pembatas atau biasanya laki-laki di depan danperempuan di belakang. Terkait dengan pemisahan tersebut, tentunya,implikasinya sangat luas. Penelitian ini mengambil sekolah agama dalambentuk SSE, maupun CE yang masing-masing mempunyai kelebihan dankekurangan. Lembaga pengelola pendidikan, yayasan, pihak swasta maupunpesantren dituntut untuk membuat terobosan yang dalam pembelajarannya,tanpa harus memposisikan dirinya sebagai model SSE murni maupun CEmurni yang rigid. Lokasi penelitian ini MAN 2 Ponorogo, MA Al-MawaddahCoper Ponorogo dan MA Darul Huda Mayak Ponorogo. Dari hasilpenelitian terungkap bahwa terdapat perbedaan dan kekhasan di masingmasinglembaga tersebut. Dalam hal inilah posisi peserta didik perempuanmenjadi satu pijakan penting dalam proses pembelajaran tersebut, mengingatperempuan dengan ketekunannya mempunyai potensi besar dalam berkiprahdi wilayah publik, untuk kemudian bersama-sama dengan laki-laki bersinergidan bekerja sama, berbagi secara adil dalam lapangan-lapangan yangsebelumnya tidak banyak digarap perempuan.
Glutathione–Ascorbate Cycle Is an Early Warning Indicator of Toxicity of BDE‐47 in Mangroves
Authors: Wang Ying , Tam Nora Fung Yee
Published: October 2016

Mangroves are often exposed to contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from wastewater discharges and solid waste dumping. As one of the most prevalent and toxic PBDE congeners in the environment, 2,2′,4,4′‐tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐47) and its oxidative stress deserves more attention. In plants, the glutathione–ascorbate (GSH‐AsA) cycle plays an important role in the defensive processes against oxidative stress. However, the importance of this cycle in mangroves to defend against PBDE toxicity has not been reported. We conducted a study to evaluate the effects of BDE‐47 on GSH‐AsA cycle‐related antioxidants in a mangrove species, namely Kandelia obovata Sheue, H.Y. Liu & J. Yong. An 8‐wk hydroponic culture experiment was conducted with 1‐yr‐old seedlings of K. obovata exposed to five levels of BDE‐47 contamination. At the two high BDE‐47 levels (5 and 10 mg L−1), seedling growth, expressed as dry biomass of leaves and roots, was suppressed from Weeks 4 to 8. Parameters in the GSH‐AsA cycle in roots and leaves changed significantly within the first week after exposure, indicating that they were more sensitive indicators to BDE‐47 toxicity than growth. The suppression of seedling growth, expressed as final biomass production, at the end of the 8‐wk experiment was positively correlated to the antioxidative responses in the first week, confirming the indicative roles of these antioxidants. This is the first study to demonstrate that GSH‐AsA cycle‐related antioxidants in mangrove plants are sensitive indicators of BDE‐47 toxicity. These antioxidants, in particular, ascorbate and glutathione peroxidase, could provide early warning of the toxicity of PBDEs.

Core Ideas

BDE‐47 posed oxidative stress to Kandelia obovata seedlings.

Leaf and root biomass of K. obovata was suppressed after short BDE‐47 exposure.

GSH‐AsA cycle‐related antioxidants changed significantly immediately after exposure.

GSH‐AsA cycle was a more sensitive indicator to BDE‐47 toxicity than growth.

AsA and GPx were early warning indicators to PBDE toxicity in mangrove plants.
Adsorption of Antimonate by Gibbsite: Reversibility and the Competitive Effects of Phosphate and Sulfate
Authors: Essington Michael E. , Stewart Melanie A.
Published: October 2016

Core Ideas

Antimonate adsorption by gibbsite is pH and ionic‐strength dependent.

Antimonate adsorption is reversible in alkaline but hysteretic in acidic systems.

Adsorbed Sb(V) generates a downward shift in the gibbsite isoelectric point.

Both phosphate and sulfate decrease adsorbed Sb(V) concentrations.

The triple‐layer model predicts Sb(V) adsorption using inner and outer sphere surface complexes.

Antimony (Sb) is a potential environmental contaminant of emerging concern that occurs in soils in the Sb(V) oxidation state as the antimonate species Sb(OH)6−. In soils, metal oxyhydroxides play an important role in the immobilization of contaminants and in restricting bioaccessibility. One such mineral is gibbsite, which bears the reactive aluminol surface functional group. Both inner‐ and outer‐sphere surface complexation mechanisms have been inferred from conflicting Sb(V) adsorption findings involving aluminol‐bearing minerals. The objectives of this research are to characterize Sb(V) adsorption by gibbsite and to use the macroscopic findings to develop mechanistic adsorption models. Antimonate adsorption envelopes were developed using two equilibrium techniques: continuous pH titration and batch. The adsorption of Sb(V) decreases with increasing pH and increasing ionic strength, suggesting that outer‐sphere surface complexation is an important adsorption mechanism. However, Sb(V) retention is irreversible at pH <6 but is reversible in pH >7 systems, suggesting that inner‐sphere species may be significant in acidic environments. Adsorbed Sb(V) also generates a downward shift in the gibbsite isoelectric point, further supporting the formation of inner‐sphere Sb(V) surface complexes. Both PO4 and SO4 decrease adsorbed Sb(V) concentrations: PO4 throughout the pH 3 to 10 range and SO4 in pH <7 systems. The triple‐layer surface complexation model successfully predicts Sb(V) adsorption by using both outer‐sphere and inner‐sphere surface species. The triple‐layer model also predicts ligand adsorption in the competitive systems without the need for reoptimization.
The Automated Reference Toolset: A Soil‐Geomorphic Ecological Potential Matching Algorithm
Authors: Nauman Travis W. , Duniway Michael C.
Published: October 2016

Core Ideas

Automated reference toolset (ART) delineates areas of similar ecological potential.

ART shows promise for aiding in land management monitoring and assessment.

Particle size in the control section (PSCS) is helpful for mapping ecological sites.

Neighborhood geomorphic classifications add specificity to ART.

Regional PSCS map produced accurately at 30‐m resolution.

Ecological inventory and monitoring data need referential context for interpretation. Identification of appropriate reference areas of similar ecological potential for site comparison is demonstrated using a newly developed automated reference toolset (ART). Foundational to identification of reference areas was a soil map of particle size in the control section (PSCS), a theme in US Soil Taxonomy. A 30‐m resolution PSCS map of the Colorado Plateau (366,000 km2) was created by interpolating ∼5000 field soil observations using a random forest model and a suite of raster environmental spatial layers representing topography, climate, general ecological community, and satellite imagery ratios. The PSCS map had overall out of bag accuracy of 61.8% (Kappa of 0.54, p < 0.0001), and an independent validation accuracy of 93.2% at a set of 356 field plots along the southern edge of Canyonlands National Park, Utah. The ART process was also tested at these plots, and matched plots with the same ecological sites (ESs) 67% of the time where sites fell within 2‐km buffers of each other. These results show that the PSCS and ART have strong application for ecological monitoring and sampling design, as well as assessing impacts of disturbance and land management action using an ecological potential framework. Results also demonstrate that PSCS could be a key mapping layer for the USDA‐NRCS provisional ES development initiative.