bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating patient safety in to the culture of the organisation
Authors: Sankaranarayanan K
Published: March 2011

Tawam Hospital based in the United Arab Emirates is a Johns Hopkins affiliated hospital; Tawam is currently establishing a culture of safety under the auspices of Johns Hopkins. The Comprehensive Unit based Safety Program (CUSP) developed by Hopkins, is a 6-step patient safety program that begins and ends with staff assessments of safety in the workplace. CUSP creates a culture that targets system failures and not individual faults. CUSP focused on fostering the support of senior executive leadership of the hospital. The program is aimed at bridging the gaps between hospital leadership, department chair/unit managers and frontline caregivers. Initially ICU, NICU and Paediatric Oncology Unit were selected as pilot projects to assess the acceptance of the new safety culture philosophy. Two medication errors were reported in the Paediatric Oncology CUSP unit. Since CUSP was in progress in the unit, it motivated the staff members to be open and report the incidents. A CUSP driven investigation of the two incidents, examined the processes and not just people, this effort substantiated the organizations practice of fair and just culture and it instilled confidence on the staffs that this cultural shift was indeed a reality. The two nurses shared their personal experiences with other staff members and became a patient safety advocate of our facility. This incident served as a perfect example to all staffs in the three CUSP units, that there was no substitute to constant learning from defects and a cultural change is evolutionary and revolutionary.
The requirements and challenges in preventing of road traffic injury in Iran: a qualitative study
Authors: Zavareh D K , Bigdeli M , Mohammadi R , Khaneh H R , Laflamme L , Bikmoradi A , Haglund B J A
Published: March 2011

Background

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Iran has one of the highest mortalities from RTIs Stakeholders. The aim of this study was to explore barriers to the prevention of RTIs and provide appropriate suggestions for prevention, based on the perceptions of stakeholders, victims and road-users as regards RTIs.

Method

Thirty-eight semistructured interviews were conducted with informants in the field of RTI prevention. A qualitative approach using grounded theory method was employed to analyze the material gathered.

Results

The core variable was identified as The lack of a system approach to road-user safety. The following barriers in relation to RTI prevention were identified as: human factors, transportation system and organisational coordination. Suggestions for improvement included education (for the general public and targeted group training), more effective legislation, more rigorous law enforcement, improved engineering in road infrastructure, and an integrated organisation to supervise and coordinate preventive activities.

Conclusion

The major barriers identified in this study were human factors and efforts to change human behaviour were suggested by means of public education campaigns and stricter law enforcement. However, the lack of a system approach to RTI prevention was also an important concern. There is an urgent need for both an integrated system to coordinate RTI activities and prevention and a major change in stakeholders attitudes towards RTI prevention. The focus of all activities should take place on road users safety.
Construction of “Potential Risk Estimation Drowning Index for Children” (PREDIC): The Drowning Risk Prediction Index using Matlab surveillance data, Bangladesh
Authors: Borse N N , Hyder A A , Bishai D
Published: March 2011

Aim

The main objective of this paper was to create and evaluate a drowning risk prediction index. Drowning risk prediction index was constructed based on a conceptual framework to understand the determinants of childhood drowning.

Methodology

A literature review was carried out to list all the risk factors identified for childhood drowning in Bangladesh. Newacheck model for special healthcare needs for children was adopted, to develop the conceptual framework for determinants of childhood drowning in Matlab, Bangladesh. This framework was applied to construct childhood drowning risk index for Matlab called Potential Risk Estimation Drowning Index for Children (PREDIC). Finally, PREDIC Index was applied childhood drowning cases and compared with control group from a cross-sectional data for children living in Matlab. Risk factors pertaining to childhood drowning were categorised in four key domains: child, mother/parent, household and environment factors.

Results

For the purpose of this paper, PREDIC index was applied on 624 children living in Matlab and 302 drowned children in the 0–4 years age group. The mean PREDIC score for the drowned children was significantly higher than those living children in Matlab. The ROC curve for PREDIC showed that index is a fairly good at drowning risk prediction.

Conclusion

PREDIC risk index is created to estimate occurrence of childhood near-drowning event and not for drowning death. Index score construction was scientifically valid; index is relatively complete, fairly accurate, and very practical. PREDIC should be further tested for its feasibility and effectiveness in Matlab, Bangladesh.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents on drowning prevention in a rural community in northern Philippines
Authors: Guevarra J P , Albornoz R , Go J Juliard , Basilio J A
Published: March 2011

Objective

Describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents in a rural coastal community on drowning prevention.

Methodology

Cross-sectional study design was used. Systematic random sampling was employed and 375 households were included as respondents. A pretested questionnaire was utilised in the study.

Results

Knowledge on general aspects of drowning such as its preventability and to whom and where it could happen was high (65–99%). Awareness of drowning prevention programs and activities in the community was quite low and awareness of any legislation was even lower. The respondents had positive attitudes towards supervising children, in buying and wearing flotation devices, in conducting CPR training, and in participating in drowning prevention measures. Two thirds (65–70%) claimed to have supervised their children while swimming in the sea, river, lake or swimming pools. However, 62–87% admitted that their children had never worn flotation devices when they swim or play in most bodies of water. More than 96% of the parents have not participated in any activity on drowning prevention.

Conclusions

The respondents' knowledge on general aspects of drowning such as its preventability and to whom and where it could happen is high. However, their knowledge of preventive measures in specific situations or bodies of water and awareness on legislation could be improved. Drowning prevention programs may capitalise on the positive attitudes and even reinforce them. Practices on wearing of flotation devices and participation in water safety awareness activities should be improved given the easy access to open waters.
Evaluation of the National Injury Surveillance System in Egypt
Authors: Saad R , Jaffar H S , El Setouhy M , Hirshon J M
Published: March 2011

Introduction

In 1996, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), instituted a National Injury Surveillance System (NISS) to assess the contribution of injuries to the overall burden of disease in Egypt and to identify areas of interventions.

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of the NISS based on injury surveillance data during 2007.

Methods

An evaluation of the NISS was conducted of five attributes: acceptability, flexibility, representativeness, simplicity and stability based on the systems design and history. Additional attributes were also evaluated, including timeliness and data quality based upon data collected during 2007. Injury cases are identified on the first time of emergency department (ED) accessing with any type of injury.

Results

Currently the system collects data from 234 Public and central hospitals, 221 specialised hospitals, 487 health integration hospitals and 194 rural health groups and 9 educational hospitals constituting 55.38% of Egyptian health facilities. ED data are collected monthly from hospitals and become available centrally within a month. All cases included in the data meets the Injury case definition. The system has shown its flexibility by recently adapting to changes to ICD10 coding. The system doesn't include health insurance hospitals, universal hospitals, Police and prison hospitals, railways hospitals and private sector hospitals.

Conclusions

THE MOHP NISS provides detailed and timely information on outpatient injury cases that can identify areas of interventions in injury prevention in Egypt. The engagement of other health institutions such as the university and private sectors will enhance the efficacy of the system
Healthcare response to domestic violence in Vietnam: lessons learnt from interventions and policy implications
Authors: Le Thi Phuong M , Le Tuan P
Published: March 2011

This paper reviewed the lessons learnt from pilot intervention models on healthcare response to domestic violence and provided recommendations for a comprehensive healthcare strategy to support domestic violence victims in Vietnam. The intervention models were implemented at five hospitals in Vietnam. The interventions included training of health staff on gender sensitivity, domestic violence (DV), and skills to identify and support victims. In addition, guidelines for health providers working with victims were developed and used by health workers. The favourable environment for DV prevention and screen was established. The counselling centres were established in the studied hospitals to provide psychological counselling and other supports to victims.

Findings

From 2002 to June 2010 more than 2300 victims of DV were identified and received medical treatment and emotional counselling. Intervention has brought about changes in health providers knowledge, attitude and practice. However, health providers have yet adequately linked their knowledge and awareness with professional duties in DV prevention and screen. Screening on sexual abuse was not culturally practical in health facilities. Follow-up with victims after discharge from hospital was limited.

Conclusions

The lessons learnt from intervention models can be used for development of a comprehensive healthcare strategy to support GBV/DV victims. This strategy should include strengthening advocacy for health providers, especially health leaders/managers on DV prevention; ensuring health providers responsibility to addressing GBV as an essential component of their routine professional work; and monitoring the screening and providing healthcare for DV victims in health facilities.
Do burns increase the severity of terror injuries?
Authors: Peleg K , Alon L , Adi G , Haik J
Published: March 2011

Introduction

The rise in the incidence of burns among victims of terror was proportionate to the rise in the incidence of burns among all trauma victims. The aim was to compare the severity of injuries and outcome in terror victims with and without burns injuries.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Israeli Trauma Registry for all patients admitted to 8–10 hospitals in Israel between 1997 and 2003. We analyzed and compared demographic and clinical characteristics of 219 terror-related burn patients (Terror/Burn), 2228 terror patients with no associated burns (Terror/no-Burns) and 6546 non terror related burn patients (Burn/no-Terror). Severity of injuries was measured using the Injury Severity Score, total Bode Surface Percentage, admission rates to Intensive Care Units and in-hospital mortalities.

Results

Of burn/terror patients, 87.2% suffered other accompanying injuries, compared with 10.4% of burn/no-terror patients. Of burn/terror patients, 49.8% were admitted to ICU compared with only 11.9% of burn/no-terror patients and 23.8% of no-burn/terror patients. Mean length of hospital stay was 18.5 days for the terror/burn group compared with 11.1 days for the burn/no-terror group and 9.5 days for the terror/no-burn group. Burn/terror patients had a significantly higher injury severity score compared with the other groups. In-hospital mortality rate for the burn/no-terror group was 3.4%. The burn/terror group had a mortality of 6.4% which was similar to the no-burn/terror group (6.6%).

Conclusions

Terror-attack injuries with accompanying burns have a more complex presentation, are of higher severity, and are associated with increased length of stay and a higher ICU admissions rate, compared with terror-attack injuries without burns and non terror-attack related burns. However, mortalities in terror-attack injuries are not affected by burns.
Prevalence and pattern of child restraints use in cars, Mashad, Iran
Authors: Karbakhsh M , Jarahi L
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Although some law reinforcements has recently decreased the high rate of death attributable to road traffic crashes in Iran, there are still no laws necessitating the use of child safety seats (CSS) in Iran. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of CSS use in Mashad, Iran.

Methods

Mashad is the second highly populated city in the North-East of Iran with high injury death and morbidity. We performed a survey on 590 parents of kindergarten children who owned an automobile and were willing to participate in the study. The demographic characteristics, the history of road traffic crashes, history of receiving advice on CSS use and if they used CSS in the car were recorded in the questionnaires.

Results

About 25.4% of interviewed parents owned a CSS, among them 87 had bought, 19 had borrowed and 44 had received it as a gift. Of these 150 families with CSS, 113 (75.3%) did not use the CSS anymore as it was suitable for the infants. Thus, at the time of the study 37 families used CSS in their cars (6.3% of total). The main reason for nonuse was reported as not feeling the need(n=197), followed by high price (n=103).

Discussion

This study shows that the use of CSS in cars is rather scarce and should be promoted in Iran. There is also evidence of knowledge gap regarding effectiveness of CSS which needs to be addressed by health authorities.
Youngsters suffer from injuries in unequal manner in urban settings
Authors: Ghaffari M , Moghisi A , Farshad A , Lari M A
Published: March 2011

Tehran is the capital city of IR Iran with about 10 000 000 inhabitants. A house hold survey based on Urban HEART done on 10% of population. Traffic related accidents account for 54% of total accidents happening in Tehran. Females are mostly involved in fall, burn and poisoning while men are involved in traffic accidents, interpersonal violence and electric shocks. The overall male to female ratio is 3/1 which are mostly happening among families with 3–5 members. Youngster age 15–40 years from the low-income group are affected more. The highest accident rate is the traffic related where the young males are the most victims. The frequency is high in districts 14, 15, 18, 9, 19 and 4 respectively. In all above district, victims were the car occupants whereas in district 11, 12, 14 mostly are motorists, in districts 2, 3 and 5 victims are pedestrians predominantly. In terms of fall, mostly happening among the children and old ages, there is no gender differences in most districts area except in district 19 where males are falling twice than females and in districts 1, 2, 3 and 12 this ratio is vice versa. The reason may be revealed by the geographical character of the district where is placed on the slop of Albours mountain. Burns related injuries are mostly happening in districts 13, 16, 17 and 12 respectively and the least recorded in districts 3, 2 and 5 where they grouped as high-income districts. In both groups, a sex difference remains the same.
Burn epidemiology and burn care in Malawi: outlining prevention strategies
Authors: Samuel J C , Campbell E L P , Charles A G , Cairns B A
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Burn injuries contribute significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We undertook a study at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, to determine (1) the epidemiology and burden of burn injuries and (2) quantify outcome measures including physiotherapy, wound infection and mortality.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of hospital-based trauma registry burn victims (July 2008 to June 2009, N=332) and cross-sectional analysis of burn injuries (November 2009, N=39).

Results

Burn injuries constituted 6% of injuries at KCH. The average total burn surface area (2nd/3rd degree) was 13%, and the majority (75%) presented within 8 h of injury. The commonest mechanism was scalding (67%). Fifty-seven percent were male, and the majority (75%) were under age 15. The commonest procedure was debridement or amputation (13% of inpatients). In-hospital mortality was 19%. Average length of stay was 22 days (2–109 days). The rate of burn wound infections was 31%. Only 8% of victims received physiotherapy. Inappropriate use or lack of use when appropriate for key interventions (nutrition, physiotherapy and intravenous fluids) was noted in 59% of cases.

Conclusions

Primary prevention of burns should be aimed at preventing paediatric burns and scald burns, the most common age group and mechanism observed. Secondary and tertiary prevention should aim to (1) train healthcare providers on basic burn care and resuscitation and (2) improve the efficiency and availability of key therapeutic interventions. Though challenging in resource-limited settings, improvements in utilisation and availability of key therapeutic interventions are attainable.
Physical and emotional health problems experienced by youth engaged in violent behaviour
Authors: Walsh S , Molcho M , Harel-Fisch Y , Huynh Q , Kukaswadia A , Aasvee K , Varnai D , Ottova V , Ravens-Sieberer U , Pickett W
Published: March 2011

Purpose

(1) To provide contemporary cross-national estimates of the prevalence of physical fighting and weapon carrying among children aged 11–15 years; (2) To examine the combined effects of physical fighting and weapon carrying on the occurrence of physical and emotional health outcomes among adolescents.

Methods

20 125 adolescents aged 11–15 in five countries (Belgium, Israel, USA, Canada, FYR Macedonia) were surveyed via the 2006 Health Behaviour in School Aged Children survey. Prevalence was calculated for measures of violence (physical fighting, weapon carrying). Reports of specific physical (medically treated injury) and emotional symptom measures that represented potential health outcomes of violence were also assessed. Regression analyses were used to quantify associations between violence and the potential health consequences within each country.

Results

Large variations in fighting and weapon carrying were observed across the countries. Boys reported more frequent episodes of violent behaviour and medically attended injuries in every country, while girls reported more emotional symptoms. Increased weapon carrying and physical fighting were both independently associated with more frequent reports of the health outcomes (eg, OR point estimates 1.7 to 4.5; p<0.0001), but those adolescents engaged in both behaviours were not proportionally at increased risk.

Conclusions

Adolescents engaging in violent behaviour are also at risk for physical and emotional health outcomes. Violent behaviour may be part of a constellation of risk behaviours with health implications. Our findings also highlight the importance of the cultural context when examining the nature of violent behaviour for adolescents.
Health cost assessment of firearm injuries at Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Odhiambo W A , Muchai A , Njuguna P , Lamb G , Domnique D
Published: March 2011

Firearms are among the leading instruments used in the perpetration of violence and injury. Proliferation and abuse of small arms and light weapons has been the major culprit in the East and Central Africa region. This study analyzes the direct costs incurred by patients treated at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) for firearm injuries. This was a 10 year hospital based descriptive retrospective study conducted at the largest Teaching and Referral Hospital in the region.

Results

A total of 1804 patients were recorded to have been admitted and treated for firearm injuries. Most patients among the survivors were shot in the lower limbs and pelvis 726 (43%) followed by upper limbs 342 (20%), then chest and abdomen 276 (16%) and 243 (14%), respectively. Sixty eight per cent of the patients were managed under general anaesthesia, 20% under local while 7% were conservatively managed. The total number of days spent by firearm injury patients in hospital was 31 772 days, these hospital bed days translates to about Ksh. 158 860 000 (USD 2.2 million) On average FAI victims spent 17.6 days in hospital, those who died from firearm injuries on average lived for 11 days before succumbing to their injuries. The average total cost of managing a single firearm injury at KNH was calculated to be about Ksh. 759 000 this equivalent to USD 10 000 ( USD 1 = Ksh. 75 ).

Note

This study was conducted by the authors on behalf of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS).
Consequences of misclassified ICD-10 injury diagnoses in a national hospital discharge registry
Authors: Bergstrm M F , Byberg L , Melhus H , Michaelsson K , Gedeborg R
Published: March 2011

Little is known of the extent and characteristics of primary coding errors and their consequences for epidemiological studies. From the national hospital discharge register we identified 15 899 incident injury cases in one region during the years 2000–2004. A random sample of 967 patient records were reviewed. Errors in ICD-10 codes were corrected and the consequences for classification of injuries and external causes, as well as injury severity estimates were analyzed. In 21.4% of 967 hospital admissions, at least one ICD-10 code for injury was changed or added. Out of 1370 injury codes 10.1% were corrected. The majority of errors were in the forth position of the code; 94.8% of the injury codes were correct to the third position. In 10.8% of the hospital admissions at least one new ICD-10 injury code was added. In the injury matrix classification, 4.6% of the cases had some category removed and 12.2% had at least one injury category added. For cases with coding errors, the mean ICD-based injury severity score changed slightly (difference 0.021). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.892 for predicting hospital mortality and remained unchanged after corrections of codes. Errors in ICD-10 coded injuries in hospital discharge data are common but most of them are not severe. The consequences for categorisation are moderate and the consequences for injury severity estimates are probably minor.
Prevention of severe injuries in preschool children: what are the priorities?
Authors: Cyr C
Published: March 2011

Injury is the leading cause of death in childhood. Most of these injuries are preventable events. With limited resources, strategies for prevention should target severe injuries and be based on developmental stage. The aim of this study was to characterise mechanisms of severe injuries in children aged 1 to 4 years old.

Methods

Retrospective review of trauma registry of two paediatric trauma centres in Quebec between January 1999 and April 2006. The Injury Prevention Priority Score (IPPS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) assigned a priority rank to mechanisms of severe injuries based on frequency and on severity.

Results

A total of 640 children 1 to 4 years old with severe injury were identified. Glasgow coma score (GCS) was 7 or less in 33 patients (5%) and mean length of stay was 6.4 days. There were 15 deaths (2.3%). IPPS identified respectively Fall from height, Motor vehicle injuries, Child abuses, Pedestrians struck by motor vehicle and Cycle injuries as the most important mechanisms. The majority of falls occurred at home, mostly in stairs. Less than 30% of victims of motor vehicle accident were adequately restrained. There were 11 all-terrain vehicle-related injuries as a driver or a passenger even in children less than 4 years of age.

Conclusion

This study highlights mechanisms that can be targeted by community prevention programs to fight injuries with the highest mortality and morbidity in 1 to 4 years old children.
Parental beliefs about supervising childrens road crossing and cycling
Authors: Soole D , Lennon A
Published: March 2011

Injury to vulnerable road users is a significant public health issue world-wide, with pedestrians and cyclists accounting for 11 to 30% of road fatalities in highly motorised countries such as the US, UK and Australia. Children are particularly at risk due to their still-developing cognitive and perceptual abilities. In Australia, children aged 0–16 year accounted for 10% of all pedestrian deaths, and 18% of all cyclist deaths during 2006–08. Parents are the primary models for childrens early behaviour and their attitudes toward safety have important implications for childrens road safety. As part of a population-based telephone survey on injury prevention, parents of 5–9 year old children (N=147) responded to questions on their beliefs about preventability of injury and appropriate ages for children to cross the road or cycle independently. Parents reported how often they held their 5–9 year old child's hand while crossing the road. Results suggest parents of 5–9 year olds believe that most injuries, including those on the road, are preventable. The majority indicated that children should be at least 8 years old (75%) before being allowed to cross the road on their own at least 10 years old (85%) to cycle independently. Consistent with this, most parents of 5–7 year old reported holding the child's hand when crossing. However, parents were significantly more likely to report holding a boys hand than a girls. Implications for prevention efforts targeted at both parents and children are discussed.
Road safety for Xe-Om riders in Hoa An Bus Station, Da Nang City, Vietnam
Authors: Phuong N Nguyen , Xuyen K , Nguyen T , Passmore J
Published: March 2011

Xe-om (motorbike-taxi) is a very popular form of passengers transportation in Vietnam. However, xe-om riders have little knowledge about quality helmet, ways of correct use and the risks of drink driving. This initiative provided education on helmet use and drink-driving prevention for them at Hoa An Bus Station, Da Nang City, aiming at improving their own and passengers' safety. Pre and post evaluations were conducted to assess the changes in KAP of xe-om riders after interventions.

Activities

120 xe-om riders were targeted for interventions from February to October 2009. Xe-om riders were given trainings and practice on selecting quality helmets and its correct use. Risks of drink driving were also provided through talks, and visual education materials. Hoa An bus station management and health staff provided random monitoring & day-to-day enforcement of helmet use.

Results

Helmet wearing was maintained at 100% among xe-om riders. Rate of drink driving reduced to 6.7% (2009) from 67.8% (2008). Knowledge on selection of quality helmet has also increased sharply. Important quality criteria such as EPS liner or the shell have increased from 26.27% to 97.45% and 13.56% to 100%, respectively. Knowledge of correct helmet use such as wearing upright on head with straps fitted below the chin has increased from 36% to over 95%.

Conclusions

Selected education and communication activities for target group coupled with close monitoring and enforcement can bring positive changes to the practice of xe-om riders.
How to prevent dog bite injuries? Children misinterpret dogs facial expressions
Authors: Meints K , Racca A , Hickey N
Published: March 2011

Almost half of school children reported that they were bitten (Beck & Jones,1985; Spiegel, 2000) and in other research, 20% of dog-owning parents reported their child bitten (Wilson, Dwyer and Bennett, 2003, see also Lakestani, Donaldson, Verga & Waran, 2006). Child-initiated interactions with the dog trigger up to 86 % of injuries at home. Recently, it was found that young children do not discriminate a dogs body signals, but look mainly at the dogs face (Lakestani et al., 2006). While there has been anecdotal evidence that children mistake an angry, teeth-baring dog face for a smiling one, there is to date no systematic empirical evidence on the misinterpretation of dogs facial expressions. We tested 4-, 5-, 6-year-old children and adults on neutral, aggressive and happy human and dog facial expressions. Results show that while adults make hardly any mistakes (less than 1%) on both stimulus types (dog and human faces), 69% of 4-year-olds interpreted aggressive dog faces as smiling and happy. Five-year-olds show 35% and 6-year-olds 25% misinterpretations whereas they are over 90% correct on all human facial expressions. This result indicates a severe lack in interpretation abilities in children of facial expressions of dogs which could contribute to the high incidence of dog bites, especially in younger children. Given this result, we can advise children and parents to prevent injuries and inform dog bite prevention programmes to help prevent further dog bite incidents.
A strategy to improve violence risk management in a growing multi-site secure mental health service
Authors: Birkett A
Published: March 2011

The essential elements of risk management and occupational safety present unique challenges within secure mental health settings, the ongoing risk of violence and aggression remains, and as an organisation grows it increases. St Andrews Healthcare built on board level commitment to enhance the risk awareness and learning of it's staff group, health and safety at all levels of responsibility was structured in positive and constructive processes providing a framework for change. Advances in structured analysis, within clear discussion forums with direct responsibility for change and improvement, has allowed significant improvement in risk identification, management and process change. The health and safety model within St Andrew's Healthcare can point to improved occupational safety while allowing for continuing improvement.
Occupational health and safety: its effect on working postures and musculoskeletal symptoms on female factory workers
Authors: Shukor A
Published: March 2011

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are one of the occupational safety and health problems reported at the Plant 1 & Plant 2 of a semiconductor manufacturer. During the study session, about 48 female operators located at eight departments were interviewed with more than 200 operators were observed in Plant 1. For Plant 2, more than 36 operators were interviewed, and around 95 female operators were observed and measured. Detailed observational methods were used to quantify the task distribution, repetitiveness of hand and upper waistline exertions respectively, work postures and existence of stressors. Risk assessment code and the Rapid entire body assessment method were used to estimate the hazards and risks levels respectively.

Awkward posture includes repeated reaching, prolonged standing, twisting and bending posture are major risk factors found on these operators. Three approaches are needed to address the existence of ergonomics risks. First, there needs to improved workstation designs (examples include four tiers oven, diffusion station and CBSM) to reduce high body pains symptoms. Second, improved techniques and training methods for existing and newer operators. Third, needs to improve the awareness regarding safety and health for an improved working environment.

WMSD syndromes are highly found at Plant 1 and Plant 2 respectively. This in turn, has made the operators to suffer from several bodily pains including back pain, hips pain, legs, arms and shoulder pains, respectively. Various ergonomics counter-measures are proposed to minimise the impact of WMSD at the plants.
Population-based survey of infant bed sharing
Authors: Nie C , Bailey A M , Istre G R , Anderson R
Published: March 2011

Disparities by race/ethnicity exist in sudden infant death. Bed sharing has been shown to increase risk of sleep-related infant deaths.

Objective

To quantify infant bed sharing in Dallas, Texas from 214 pilot surveys. We anticipate additional surveys to analyse for the final presentation.

Methods

Parents completed a self administered survey regarding their infant's (<1 year) sleep pattern. Surveys were conducted in waiting rooms at a sample of public and private paediatric practices. Surveys asked for demographics, hours of bed sharing in the previous 24 h, and prevalence of other sleep practices.

Results

Over half (56.6%) of infants were Hispanic. Mean age: Infant=4.1 months; Mother=28 years. Bed sharing occurred among 44% of infants, for an average of 4.5 h. The majority of bed sharing was with a parent. Other findings: prone placement (4.7%), pacifier use (33%), crib in home (81.2%) and fan presence (60%). Bed sharing was more common among breastfed infants (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.4) and premature infants (OR=2.38; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.8). Families without a crib were more likely to bed share (OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 5.2) and bed share for more hours (6.6 h vs 3.8 h).

Conclusions

Infant bed sharing is common in Dallas. Families without a crib had a higher prevalence of bed sharing. Local data offers the potential to quantify bed sharing risk and measure efficacy of community interventions.
Prevention of violence against women in Russia
Authors: Kachaeva M
Published: March 2011

Violence against women is a troubling phenomenon in Russia. Recent sociological studies suggested that violence against women takes place in one out of the four Russian families. Unfortunately there are no laws on domestic violence in Russian legislation. Meanwhile there is a noticeable growth of interest to this problem from researchers and scientists. Much good work is also being done by non-governmental organisations that render help and support to the victims of domestic cruelty. The research has revealed that intimate partner abuse against women often results in psychological and mental health problems. Clinical assessment of women who were victims of violent behaviour of husbands or partners has revealed different depressive symptoms, anxiety, low self-esteem, stress and somatic disorders, suicidal tendencies. The most serious consequences of violence against women are the cases when victim becomes perpetrator. Women of this clinical group underwent forensic psychiatric assessment as they had committed homicides of their husbands and partners whose violence escalated in frequency and severity.

The research shows the necessity of domestic violence prevention either by civilised legal provisions or by multidisciplinary research with the participation of public health specialists, psychologists, sociologists. This research will help to address the problem to politicians and policy makers in order to create national plan of actions to combat violence against women.
Can drive-way design contribute to tragedy
Authors: Shepherd M , Austin P , Chambers J
Published: March 2011

Driveway run-overs happen when small children are unintentionally driven over and killed or injured, by slow moving vehicles manoeuvring on private land. Personal error, vehicle design and the environment (driveway and property design) are all features thought to be important. This study investigated what elements of driveway and property design might be contributors to these tragic events happening. Cases and controls were selected from New Zealand residential properties where child injury had occurred. Analyses were carried out on the features of 88 case properties and 181 control properties. Results showed risk of injury was increased by: a driveway length of greater than 12 meters (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.0), exiting the driveway onto a local road (OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.7 to 11.2) and the driveway exiting onto a cul de sac (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.9; when more parking areas were on the property (requiring the use of the driveway to access) (OR 3.0 95% CI 1.6 to 5.4). There was a lower risk when it a walkway or path separate to the driveway was present on the property. The study demonstrates environmental features of a property can affect the likelihood of child driveway run over injury and consideration of these results by the design and building communities is urged.
When all is at stake: understanding advocacy
Authors: Chambers J
Published: March 2011

This presentation uses a Buzz Lightyear approach to child injury prevention advocacy. One of the stars of the Pixar animated movie Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear does not realise he is just a toy, he believes he is a real spaceman and can fly. The unfolding of his understanding of his true status does not, however, inhibit his ability to become a hero.

Child injury prevention advocacy is the constructive, truthful and compelling use of evidence to inform experts, decision makers, media, community organisations and individuals about effective ways to reduce the numbers of New Zealand children who experience unintentional injury.

This presentation explores the ways we understand and use advocacy, scopes some of the real hurdles for child injury prevention advocates, considers the usefulness of tools such as stakeholder analysis and economics and then looks into ‘the Beyond’ of what we are try to do, as advocates, every day.
Process evaluation of Emergency Department use of an Electronic Data Collection Tool that incorporates the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI) into the US National Burn Repository
Authors: Villaveces A , Peck M , Price G
Published: March 2011

Context

The specific aim of our research was to evaluate the process of implementation of the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI) as an Emergency Department-based electronic surveillance tool for burn injuries for use in prevention activities and to reduce burn-related morbidity and mortality.

Methods

We measured the ease, efficiency and accuracy of this tool when used by burn centres that are already engaged in gathering data for the National Burn Repository (NBR) of the American Burn Association. This version records data fields for all ICECI modules, and connects to NBR to pull data elements that will help select the correct ICECI codes, and produces reports on injury data. We measured quality variables including descriptions of registrar training, data entry dates, time required to complete each record and recorded problems experienced by registrars with data entry. Quality control was also maintained by having approximately one-in-ten charts reviewed by our prevention outreach clinician.

Results

Our results indicate that over time data entry was conducted in less than 12 min for each record. We present results of this process evaluation based on data from six enrolled institutions.

Conclusion

We have accomplished several goals including training of the registrar in the use of the tool, establishing a quality control mechanism for ensuring accuracy and reliability and incorporated ICECI data entry into the weekly routine of the burn registrar. Use of this tool is likely to improve data quality on burns and potentially other injuries.
A study to access the effectiveness of an instructional manual on the knowledge of parents about children in relation to selected common accidents in Iran and India
Authors: Mohammadi Z K , Edraki M
Published: March 2011

Aim

To find out the effectiveness of the instructional manual in the parents on their knowledge about selected common accidents and prevention of these between children.

Methodology

The quasi-experimental research approach used for this study with pretest post-test comparative design .The sample size was 200 parents (100 from each country) of children between 1 and 15 years old. Structured questionnaire was developed for data collection. Experts from the field established content validity. Data collection were done. After administrating a pretest to the parents in the same day instructional manual was handed to the parents and some explanation about manual was given to them in 1.5 h and on the 15th day post-test was administered. Data gathered were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics based on which interpretations were made.

Results

Knowledge score about selected common accident pretest in India was, ((mean 14.20, SD 4.33) & post-test was (mean 28.34, SD 3.33) t value: 54.6, p value <0.01) and among Iranian parents pretest was, (mean 18.75, SD 4.32) & post-test was (mean 26.06, SD 4.07) t value: −14.11, p value: <0.01]

Subject wise mean gain of score between pretest and post-test about information regarding to selected common accidents: ((Traffic accident: 33.8% India, 13% Iran) (Burn: 34.5% India, 24.8% Iran) (Drowning.: 42.4% India, 9.4% Iran) (Falling down.: 38.6% India, 27.2% Iran) (Poisoning.: 35.2% India, 18.3% Iran))

Conclusion

The study revealed that the instructional manual about selected common accidents and prevention of these between children was effective to increase and modifying knowledge among parents.
Return to work and work ability after injury: results from the prospective outcome of injury study
Authors: Lilley R , Derrett S , Ameratunga S , Davie G
Published: March 2011

Background

Return to work and work ability are considered major markers of rehabilitation following injury. Prolonged work absence and work disability result in significant personal and social costs, therefore improvements in return to work and work ability will have benefits for injured workers and society. The Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study (POIS) is a cohort study following the outcomes of injured New Zealanders.

Aim

This work-related component of the study aims to determine preinjury predictors of return to work and work ability for 2850 New Zealanders recruited into the POIS cohort.

Methods

The 2850 participants for this study comprise a sample of individuals aged 18–65 years referred to the national injury compensation scheme (ACC) for an entitlement claim (ie, injury severe enough to warrant 1 week off work or home/transportation assistance) during the period December 2007 to August 2009. Quantitative data are collected by questionnaire at 3, 5, 12 & 24 months after injury.

Results and Conclusion

This presentation will discuss results from 3 and 5 month interviews describing the injury outcomes relevant to return to work and return to work ability in the cohort. Of the 2850 participants, 2618 were workforce active. Presentation of analyses examining the impact of preinjury work factors, including psychosocial and physical working conditions and employment conditions on prospective return to work and work ability following injury will be made.
Fathers' child injury prevention attitudes and practices
Authors: Brussoni M , Olsen L , Sheftel D , George A
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Fathers have a major impact on various aspects of child health and development yet little is known about their roles in preventing injuries the most significant risk to their childrens health. While parents play a large role in mitigating childhood injury risks, particularly for younger children, the role of each parent differs substantially and requires investigation.

Purpose

Using a qualitative approach to develop to enhance our understanding of fathers safety-related attitudes and practices.

Method

Interviews were conducted with fathers of children aged 2–7 years in British Columbia, Canada. Questions addressed fathers roles and typical activities with their children, concerns regarding child safety, safety practices, and access of safety-related resources. Grounded theory methods guided data analysis.

Results

A diverse sample of 32 fathers was interviewed. Central themes expressed by fathers included: exposure to risk plays an important role in childrens lives; accidents are part of life; not all injuries can be prevented; preventing serious injuries is important; injuries can represent learning experiences. Fathers focused on outdoor risk, rather than home-based risks and used supervision as an important strategy for injury prevention.

Conclusion

Fathers attitudes and practices are important to consider in designing prevention programs. Building on perceptions that promote injury prevention (eg, use of supervision), and considering perceptions that challenge the perceived need for prevention in programming (eg, acceptance of injuries and risk) can help ensure the relevance and success of messages.
Motorcycle sin the Western Pacific region
Authors: Rajam K , Ogawa H
Published: March 2011

Road traffic injuries are a threat to development in the Western Pacific region where about a quarter of the world's road traffic deaths occur. Vulnerable road users constitute the majority of road deaths, especially in low-income countries.

According to a survey funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies for the Global Status Report on Road Safety, motorcyclists accounted for nearly 100 000 road traffic deaths in the region. In many countries, riders and passengers of motorcycles are over-represented in road traffic death figures in comparison to the proportion of motorcycles to the total number of vehicles. In countries such as Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Vietnam, where motorcycles constitute the major mode of transport, the surge in road traffic deaths in the last decade is most likely due to an escalation in the number of motorcycles.

Helmet legislation and its enforcement, proper fastening of helmets and availability of low-cost certified helmets are important strategies for prevention. Countries in the region vary considerably with respect to their helmet legislation, policies to encourage walking and cycling and commitment to public transport.

In the long term, effective land-use strategies and investment in public transport are important to reduce the burden of motorcycle injuries.
Risk factors contributing to road traffic crashes in a fast developing country: the neglected health problem
Authors: Burgut H R , Bener A , Sidahmed H , AlBuz R , Sanya R , Khan W Ali
Published: March 2011

Aim

The main objective of this study was to explore the patterns of road traffic crashes (RTCs) among drivers in Qatar and examine the contributing factors involved with road traffic crashes.

Design

This is a cross sectional survey.

Methods

The study based on 1228 drivers. Face to face interview was conducted by well-trained research assistants based on a questionnaire covering socio-demographic information, driving history, type of vehicle, driver behaviour, details of crashes and accident pattern.

Results

The study revealed that 26.6% of the studied Qatari drivers were involved in RTCs. 69.4% of the drivers with history of RTCs were men. Drivers in the age group 25–34 years were involved with higher risk of having crash (31.2%). Drivers of car (45.6%), 4WD/SUV (23.5%) were more affected by the RTCs. 23.5% of drivers who had crashes were not always using seat belt while driving. Less than half of the drivers were engaged in eating and drinking (37.9%) and using mobile phone (41.9%) while driving. More than half of the drivers were involved in traffic violation (57.2%) with exceeding speed limit (25.7%). Overturn skid (17.7%), angle collision (14.3%) and rear end hit (10.7%) were the most frequently reported patterns of RTC.

Conclusion

The study findings revealed the high risk of RTCs among drivers. Among the socio-demographic factors, men and young drivers of age group 25–34 years found to have a higher accident involvement.