bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boundaries, Compartments, and Markets: Paradoxes of Industrial Relations in Growth Pole Regions of France, Italy, and the United States
Authors: Storper Michael
Published: November 2023

For much of the twentieth century, the impact of industrial relations on economic efficiency has been associated, whether implicitly or explicitly, with those who criticize unions in particular and worker protections in general as fetters on the optimal level of ongoing adjustment in the economy. Yet in recent years there has been a growing awareness that certain forms of institutionalized worker protections and unionism are associated with superior competitiveness, with examples frequently drawn from success stories in countries such as Germany or Japan, and even occasionally the United States (Freeman and Medoff, 1984; Sorge and Streeck, 1988; Dore, 1987; Koike, 1984). There is a sense that in certain countries the existence of highly institutionalized labor markets has something to do with a dynamic of self selection into high-value-added, highly competitive economic activities, and that industrial relations are a central element of the institutional structure.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

This chapter establishes the theoretical background for the problems in Slavic syntax to be examined in the subsequent chapters. I begin by surveying the general concepts of Government and Binding (GB) theory. A brief presentation of the principles of abstract case as embodied in GB theory follows, establishing the background for the formalism for representing and assigning morphological case proposed in chapter 2. Generative grammar holds that the projection problem can be solved by postulating a sufficiently rich and specific language faculty. That is, there is a complex and dedicated system1 that enables children eventually to acquire a mature grammar solely on the basis of exposure to an unstructured and unreliable fragment of the adult language. It is this deficiency in the primary linguistic data that leads linguists to conclude that “much of the child’s final ability is determined by genetically encoded principles, which are triggered or activated by environmental stimulus” (Hornstein and Lightfoot, 1981, 13).
Secondary Predication
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with specific issues related to the syntax of secondary predicates in Slavic.1 Its primary goals are (1) to examine the conditions affecting case agreement between secondary predicates and their antecedents, and (2) to develop an account of the case that arises when agreement is blocked. Section 6.1 introduces the various types of predicate adjectives that exist in Russian and that will figure in subsequent discussion in the chapter. These differ in terms of the case they bear when they for some reason fail to agree; one particular problem to be addressed in detail is the form of the Russian semipredicatives odin ‘one’ and sam ‘alone’, whose non-agreement case is the so-called second dative, a term due to Comrie (1974). In section 6.2 it will be proposed that an appropriate solution should be formulated in terms of control theory, and that agreement is possible only when the understood PRO subject of an infinitival clause is lexically governed. Section 6.3 attempts to explain the second dative in the same way as dative subjects of infinitives, that is, by invoking a marked phrase structural case assignment strategy.
Police For The Future
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

Police for the Future analyses what the police are accomplishing in modern democratic countries and whether changes are needed. It argues that the police are failing to provide the protection against crime that the public so desperately wants. It assesses the impediments to effective crime prevention, describes the most promising reforms being tried by police, and analyses the choices modern societies have with respect to creating truly effective police forces. Based on extensive research in Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan, and the United States, it addresses four specific questions: (1) Are the police preventing crime? (2) Why are they not? (3) What changes could make them more successful? and (4) What reforms would produce a more effective crime-prevention police? Bayley analyses these questions in a style accessible to laypersons and specialists concerned about contemporary crime and criminal justice.
Introduction
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

The ECP is taken in current versions of government-binding theory to be a ‘licensing’ condition, a general syntactic constraint that restricts the distribution of empty categories. Empty categories are also subject to ‘identification’ conditions, conditions through which their referential content is recovered. While it has been widely argued that traces are subject to the ECP, it has been a subject of some debate as to whether pro also is. We might expect this to be the case, however, if the ECP is truly a universal principle.
Ellipsis in Government-Binding Theory
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

Compare and contrast Chomsky’s (1986b) ‘barriers’ theory with Rizzi’s (1990) theory of ‘Relativized Minimality.’ I show that of the two, only Rizzi’s (1990) theory can be extended, with a minimum of theoretical expense, to express the conditions under which both empty pronominal and non-pronominal categories are licensed and identified. Also, it is only in his theory that ‘nonlexical,’ or ‘functional’ categories, including COMP and INFL, are included in the class of potential proper head-governors without extra stipulation.
Strong Agreement, Licensing, and Identification
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

We saw in the previous chapter that the empty categories that arise from VP Ellipsis, ellipsis in NP, and Sluicing are best analyzed as non-arbitrary, non-NP pro, identified through reconstruction. Non-arbitrary NP pro, on the other hand, is licensed under proper head-government, and identified through association with strong agreement features. We expect ellipted categories to also be licensed under proper head-government, assuming that the ECP is a universal principle. In this chapter I discuss the phrase structure of ellipsis, and show that ellipted categories can be analyzed as properly head-governed only by adopting a theory of phrase structure which incorporates both the lexical categories N, V, A, and P, and the functional categories COMP, INFL, and DET.
Ellipsis in German and French Noun Phrases: The Ellipsis Identification Parameter
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

We expect the licensing and identification conditions on ellipsis in English noun phrases motivated in Chapter Three to extend cross-linguistically, under the assumption that such conditions are universals rather than language particular principles. In this chapter I show that this claim can in fact be substantiated for both German and French noun phrases, though the agreement systems in noun phrases in these languages differ in certain ways from English. We also find that in these languages there is reason to believe that definite noun phrases are best analyzed as DP, with indefinite noun phrases as NUMP.
Zionism and the Creation of a New Society
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

Israel is a modern state whose institutions were clearly shaped by an ideological movement. The declaration of independence in 1948 was an immediate expression of the fundamental Zionist idea: it gave effect to a plan advocated by organized Zionists since the 1880s for solving the Jewish Problem. Thus, major Israeli political institutions, such as the party structure, embody principles and practices that were followed in the World Zionist Organization. In this respect, Israel is similar to other new states whose political institutions directly derive from the nationalist movements that won their independence. History and social structure are inseparably joined; the contemporary social problems of the new state are clearly rooted in its history, while the shape of its future is being decided by the very policies through which it is trying to solve these problems. At the same time, there are many unique aspects to the birth of Israel. The problem to be solved by acquiring sovereignty in Israel (and establishing a free Jewish society there) was the problem of a people living in exile. The first stage, therefore, was to return to the people a homeland to which they were intimately attached, not only in their dreams but in the minute details of their ways of life. This important book studies the birth of the State of Israel and analyzes the elaborately articulated and variegated ideological principles of the Zionist movement that led to that birth. It examines conflicting pre-state ideals and the social structure that emerged in Palestine’s Jewish community during the Mandate period. In particular, Zionism and the Creation of a New Society reflects upon Israel’s existence as both a state and a social structure--a place conceived before its birth as a means of solving a particular social malady: the modern Jewish Problem. Jehuda Reinharz and the late Ben Halpern carefully trace the development of the Zionist idea from its earliest expressions up to the eve of World War II, setting their study against a broad background of political and social development throughout Europe and the Middle East.
Introduction
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

Kilivila (also known as Kiriwina and Boyowa) is one of the 40 Austronesian languages spoken in the area of Milne Bay Province in Papua New Guinea. It belongs to the “Papuan Tip Cluster” (Capell 1976:6, 9; Ross 1988:25-27), and typologically is classified as having verb-object-subject (VOS) word order (G. Senft 1986:107-112). The Kilivila language family comprises Budibud (also known as Nada), Muyuw (also known as Muma), and Kilivila. Kilivila has about 25,000 speakers, most of whom live on the Trobriand Islands.
The Collect as a Form of Discourse
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Linguists and grammarians through the centuries have generally regarded a grammar as a characterization of the possible (i.e., grammatical, pronounceable, writable) utterances of a particular language. Sometimes this aim has been reduced, as when a linguist has tried to characterize only a limited corpus; sometimes it has been expanded, as when a linguist has tried to characterize a set of dialects or languages by the same grammar. Recently the notion of grammar has been consciously extended, in a direction sometimes implicitly suggested in the past, to a characterization of the utterances appropriate or acceptable under various sociolinguistic, psychological, or communicative conditions. No matter which of these views is taken, the linguist faces the same crucial question. What is the locus of the grammar; exactly what is this “language” which he is characterizing? The problem of how to define a language as opposed to a dialect or a family of languages is an old one which remains inadequately resolved (see, for example, Ferguson and Gumperz, 1960, or many other treatments), but it will not be examined here.
Genre and Register: One Path to Discourse Analysis
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Two powerful tools of analysis and understanding available to the student of human language are the analysis of types of discourse and the analysis of how language varies depending on the occasions of its use. The former, the study of discourse types, is what is traditionally called “genre analysis.” The latter, the study of language variation by use, is referred to by some as “register analysis.” The purposes of this paper are to clarify the methods of genre analysis and register analysis and to suggest that they are two aspects of a sociolinguistically oriented discourse analysis that offers a major approach to the study of human language.
On Sociolinguistically Oriented Language Surveys
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as a matter of national development or even of national existence, must answer a set of language questions. The policy decisions which these answers constitute then require implementation, often on a large scale and over long periods of time.
Sociolinguistic Settings of Language Planning
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

All language planning activities take place in particular sociolinguistic settings, and the nature and scope of the planning can only be fully understood in relation to the settings. This paper will offer a discussion of the settings of the three languages and nation in which the international study of language planning processes was carried out: the Indonesian language in Indonesia, the Hindi language in India and the Hebrew language in Israel. Also, the study of language planning processes rests on a number of assumptions about the structure and use of languages in human societies; before the sociolinguistic settings are discussed, two of these assumptions will be made explicit.
Prologue
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

In a tribute to Thurgood Marshall on his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1991, Chief Justice William Rehnquist expressed a common judgment about Mar shall’s career: “Almost everyone who sits on the Supreme Court is remembered for some contribution to American constitutional law. But Thurgood Marshall is unique because of his major contributions to constitutional law before becoming a member of the Court.” Three years after he graduated from Howard Law School in 1933, Marshall joined his mentor Charles Hamilton Houston on the legal staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
“We Are Dealing with a Man’s Life”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

The big stories about the death penalty were major cases like McCleskey v. Kemp. Inside the Court, however, the smaller details proved to be more irritating. The guerilla campaign against the death penalty was conducted in the theater of procedure. Litigators did all they could to keep their clients alive. They appealed convictions to state supreme courts and then sought Supreme Court review. After that they went back to state court, using state postconviction procedures to raise new challenges. Again, they tried to get Supreme Court review, and then they shifted to the lower federal courts. Federal law allows people convicted in state courts to get federal courts to consider constitutional challenges to their convictions through the procedure known as habeas corpus.
The End of Myth: Historians and the Yishuv (1918-1948)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: November 2023

Since the earliest days of the state, the historiography of the Yishuv, the Jewish community of Palestine, has been characterized by a conflict between two schools of thought-the first engaged in myth-making and the second seeking to loosen the hold of myths. Interestingly, a certain blurring of these two schools has also been apparent from the outset. One example of myth-fostering combined with critical historiography is the official history of the Haganah military organization that was written in the 1950s by an editorial team headed by Ben-Zion (Dinaburg) Dinur, a historian who was also the Israeli minister of education and culture.
Small Forays, Grand Theories and Deep Origins: Current Trends in the Historiography of the Holocaust
Authors: Aschheim Steven E
Published: November 2023

This essay does not purport to provide an overall history and evaluation of Holocaust historiography, nor does it even pretend to cover comprehensively the present state of research. The beginning of this complex task has been competently undertaken by others. Rather, an attempt will be made to analyze certain key works and place into context some of the major interpretive issues that define the fluidindeed, rather bewildering-condition of the field.
Saussurean Roots, Structural Linguistics, and Basic Concepts
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

We begin our consideration of this volume’s Saussurean underpinnings with Saussure’s original conception of the opposition between langue and parole-or, language and speech. Langue refers to the common system of expectations that we all share, and that we each induce from the practice of our speech community when we learn to speak. Langue is analogous to a code as opposed to a message (though it differs in significant ways from “artificial” codes such as computer languages or Morse Code1). In the Saussurean system, native speakers’ knowledge oflangue is similar to what Chomsky later called “competence” (with the reservation that Chomsky defines as intrinsic to this system certain syntactic operations (1965: 4, 1964: 59-60), that Saussure did not know existed). Parole (cf. Chomsky’s “performance”) refers to actual messages that we individually and uniquely construct on the basis of the regularities (or code) provided by langue, joined with various other code-like systems (which Saussure did not name, but which presumably include social class markers, situation markers, and so forth), various communicative intents,2 and chance factors.
Defining Structures: Taxonomies and Componential Paradigms
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

The original aim of the linguistic anthropologists who developed ethnoscience in the late 1950s and early 1960s was to apply advanced linguistic methodology to the study of culture. Ethnoscientists began this application with semantics, because it was part of both language and culture. As the part of culture directly present in conversation, semantics provided a relatively easy linguistic entry point to the study of culture. In its linguistics aspect, ethnoscience was a natural extension of structural linguistics. Its descriptive methodology came from American structuralism, while its analytic meth odology“ componential analysis—came from Prague phonology {the only genuinely analytic device anyone in linguistics then had). But both schools of structuralist linguistics shared a focus on signifiers (as opposed to signifieds); members of both schools commonly conveyed a sense that semantics was too complex, too hard to study, and too enmeshed in psychology to be dealt with in any formal manner by contemporary linguistics, even if they held out hope for future advances. Since culture includes both the phenomenal entities-the “;stuff’-speakers use language to refer to and the meanings speakers use language to convey, anthropology’s focus on culture ensured that ethnoscience, as a part of anthropology, would have to deal squarely and primarily with meaning in language. It is interesting to note that, by virtue of this focus on meaning, ethnoscience came closer to implementing the Saussurean program than had any of the linguistics that preceded it.
Marking
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

The relationship between marked and unmarked categories was first described by Trubetzkoy1 (see Trubetzkoy 1969, also Jakobson 1939). He noticed that in German the distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops disappeared (was “;neutralized”) in word final position. Thus the Id/ of Biider contrasted with the /ti of beten on the feature of voicing (/d/ being voiced and /ti being unvoiced). But, in word final position, the Id/ of Bad had the same pronunciation as the /ti of bet. Moreover, the common pronunciation of /d/ and /ti in word-final positions was not some kind of average or random mix or random choice of the two word-medial pronunciations, but instead for all such pairs was consistent and predictable. In our example, the common pronunci ation of Id/ and It/, when their contrast was neutralized, was the pronunciation of /ti. To understand why /ti rather than /d/ or something else represented the neutralized pair, we need to briefly introduce a little information about Prague linguistic theory of the time and to look at the physical specification of our contrasting sounds in terms of that theory. We have already noted that componential analysis in American anthropology was borrowed from Prague School phonology, and in particular from Trubetzkoy’s work. Instead of providing a universal list of phone types (i.e., sounds) in which all the sounds of any language could be described and then grouping these phone types into sets to describe the phonemi system of a particular language (in the manner of American linguistics of the period), Trubetzkoy and his colleague Jakobson described the phonemes of a language directly in terms of the distinctive features by which they contrasted with one another (or were distinguished one from the other). In Trubetzkoy’s work, these were articulatory features, though later Jakobson switched to acoustic features; Jakobson, through his connections with Halle (Jakobson, Fant, and Halle 1951), provided the basis for modem transformational phonology.
Languages of South America
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

The Languages Of South America are also not strictly confined geographically to South America. Members of the Chibchan family extend as far north as Honduras; Cariban languages reach far into the Caribbean, and Arawakan (Maipurean) languages are found throughout the Antilles and as far as Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The classification of South American languages presents several difficulties. First, South America, to the extent that it is understood at present, exhibits considerably more linguistic diversity than North America and Middle America together: there are 118 distinct genetic units in South America (by Kaufman’s count [1990a]) as opposed to some 58 in North America and 18 in Middle America.
Distant Genetic Relationships: The Proposals
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

The Methods For Investigating (and attempting to establish) possible distant genetic relationships were discussed and evaluated in Chapter 7. In this chapter I survey most of the better known distant genetic proposals involving Native American languages and attempt to assess their accuracy. In such an assessment, it is good to bear in mind that (1) “questioning evidence for a proposed genetic relationship is not the same as denying that relationship” (Callaghan 199la:54) and (2) inadequate evidence cannot serve to establish such relationships.
Linguistic Areas of the Americas
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

The Goal Of This Chapter Is To survey the linguistic areas of the Americas, to the extent that they have been identified. Areal linguistics is very important to the study of Native American languages, for the primary goal of historical linguistic investigations should be to find out what really happened-to determine the real history, be it genetic or contact, that explains traits shared by different languages (Bright 1976). Areal linguistics is concerned with the diffusion of structural features across language boundaries: “The term ‘linguistic area’ generally refers to a geographical area in which, due to borrowing, languages of different genetic origins have come to share certain borrowed features-not only vocabulary but also elements of phonological, grammatical, or syntactic structure” (Bright and Sherzer 1978:228). Linguistic areas are also referred to at times by the terms “convergence area,” “diffusion area”, “Sprachbund”, and “adstratum.”
Interracial Marriage as a Civil Right
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

When Connie Hoffman was arrested, she simply didn’t believe it. Her outrage barely under control, she told the detectives that she had “never heard of any law that a Negro and a white woman couldn’t live together.” But unfortunately for Connie Hoffman, her landlady, Dora Goodnick, had. And in February 1962, when Dora Goodnick reported Hoffman and her lover, Dewey McLaughlin, to the Miami Beach Police Department, the officer on duty listened with interest as Goodnick poured out her story.
Conclusion: The Ghost of the Past
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

When the last act in the historical drama of miscegenation law finally took place, it reflected a half century of transformation in the links between civil rights and constitutional equality, shaped by old and new debates about race discrimination, colorblindness, and same-sex marriage. In 1999, Curtis Inabinett, a Black legislator in South Carolina, sent legislative aides searching for remnants of racism in South Carolina law, and he was appalled to learn that the state constitution still contained a provision, enacted in 1895, that “the marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto, or person who shall have one-eighth or more negro blood, shall be unlawful and void.” Inabinett, a sixty-six-year old Democrat, vowed to “expunge the constitution of the language” of this “extremely offensive” provision. In nearby Alabama, his contemporary Alvin Holmes was every bit as angry, though Holmes, who had built a career in electoral politics on his history of arrests in early civil rights demonstrations, was not at all surprised. Holmes and the Alabama chapter of the NAACP had already tried to get Alabama to repeal the section of its state constitution providing that “the legislature shall never pass any law to authorize or legalize any
Chapter Three
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: November 2023

For thirty years feminists have focused on defending the rights of women who experience discrimination despite their ability to perform as ideal workers. Price Water, housev. Hopkins shows the continuing importance of such work. Ann Hopkins worked for six years at Price Waterhouse and “was generally viewed as a highly competent project leader who worked long hours [and] pushed vigorously to meet deadlines.” None of the other candidates in her year “had a comparable record in terms of successfully securing major contracts for the partnership”; one contract alone was worth $25 million. The only woman among the eighty-eight candidates for partner, ship the first year she was considered, ultimately she was denied partnership. The record showed that one partner had advised her to take “a course in charm school”; another had advised her to “walk more femininely, talk more femininely, dress more femininely, wear make-up, have her hair styled, and wear jewelry.”
Do Women Share an Ethic of Care? : Domesticity’s Descriptions of Men and Women
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: November 2023

One day a little boy went to school wearing pink barrettes. The other boys con, fronted him. “You’re a girl,” they said, “you have pink barrettes.” He protested he was a boy, to no avail. Finally he pulled down his pants and showed them his penis. They were unimpressed. “Everybody has one of those,” they said. “You’re still a girl. Only girls wear pink barrettes.”
Communication Equipment
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

Not long ago, a college friend, Mark, told me about a misunderstanding he had with a Japanese engineer he called “Masa” who worked for him. The two music engineers were talking about picking up some video tapes that were at their other studio. As Mark tells it, the conversation went like this.MARK: How are we going to get the tapes back here? In this harmless miscommunication, Mark and Masa just seem to have different agendas. Foremost on Mark’s mind is the immediate pick-up of the tapes. Checking twice on his understanding that Masa will not be able to go and pick them up until tomorrow, he suggests that Amanda, an engineer of similar rank to Masa, go in his place. But because Masa has seen Amanda put in a number oflate nights in the previous week, his concern is about how busy Amanda is, and he presumably tries to take some pressure off Amanda by volunteering to go pick up the tapes himself.
Taking Care of Business
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

Some people believe that the primary job of business managers is to deal with numbers. But as the sociologist Mintzberg notes, “verbal contacts, face-to-face and on the phone, account for 75% of a managers’ time, and 67% of their activities.”1 Business is as much communication as it is quantification because at the end of the day, numbers are defended, negotiated, and sold; they are interpreted and communicated. American and Japanese business and business communication is, then, really an example of the larger society in which it takes place. Because business communication takes place in a particular language such as English or Japanese, in this chapter, I argue against the popular notion of a universal “Business Culture” that floats above nations. Instead, I demonstrate how American and Japanese business are each subject to their own criteria for evaluation.
Support Network
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

In a land where business is family, Japanese see business entertainment as part of work. Unlike American entertainment, which is more often an additional option outside the required workday, Japanese entertaining, called settai, is obligatory and integral to an employee’s life.
Role Models: Working Man, Nurturing Mother
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

Lnguage reflects our social histories-how we understand them, how we hope to continue or change the way we live, and how we set up role models to achieve our ideals. We seek out these ideals. Living in London, I have seen many an American come to search for his ideals in a British heritage, perhaps as landed gentry. The British caricature such Americans, mocking them as cultureless. But as we do when we use any stereotype, they overlook the complexity of such a search-that it is as much a confirmation of an American identity as it is a search for roots in the old country. Understanding the origins of an American heritage gives its researchers the means to evaluate how and why Americans came to be, and more importantly, an individual reason for being American. For what better proof is there than a story about a successfully bootstrapped individual-your great, great grandfather-who came to America, and made it. It’s a story of how he left the social constraints of the old regime in favor of new social rules-com petitive and fair ones-that granted wealth and prestige through merit rather than through the inegalitarian means of birth and heredity. Because paid work represented fairness in the new world order and distinguished Americans from the British, it became the American measure of success and social standing.
The Growth of R&D Investment and Organizational Changes by Japanese Pharmaceutical Firms, 1975-1993
Authors: Roehl Thomas , Mitchell Will , Slattery Ronald J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine the growth of R&D investment and organizational changes undertaken by Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers during the past two decades. Many firms in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry have taken great strides toward world levels of R&D intensity and product output, but contrary to many other industries discussed elsewhere in this volume, the industry leaders remain below the sales volume of leading global players in the industry. In 1990, for example, the largest Japanese firm spent about $350 million (9% of sales) on R&D, whereas Bristol-Myers Squibb spent $854 million (9% of sales) and Merck spent $881 million (11% of sales).
Nippondenso Co. Ltd.: A Case Study of Strategic Product Design
Authors: Whitney Daniel E
Published: November 2023

Nippondenso Co. Ltd. (NDCL) is Japan’s foremost manufacturer of automotive components. It faces the challenge of manufacturing mass production-volume products in an unpredictable model mix to meet the high-variety just-in-time (JIT) production requirements of its customers, notably Toyota. Over the past 25 years, it has increased its ability to meet this challenge and, indeed, has made conquering variety a prime corporate goal. Although flexible manufacturing of this type is usually attacked as a problem involving factory floor operations, NDCL has defined and solved it mainly as a problem of product design. For the most part, production is made flexible by manipulating the assembly process, which in most cases is highly automated. The close coordination of top management objectives, product design, and production technology is required to carry out this approach. As a result, NDCL has taken concurrent engineering well beyond the goal of improving fabrication or assembly. Instead, NDCL has learned how to use design to achieve the essentially strategic goal of meeting the demands of its dominant customer.
Competing in the Old-Fashioned Way: Localizing and Integrating Knowledge Resources in Fast-to-Market Competition
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Although the basic ingredients for market success in manufacturing have not changed exceptionally in the last 50 years-price, quality, and availability fairly well cover all the bases-time to market has changed remarkably. Being first to market or, at least, fast to market in rapidly changing, technically driven industries is increasingly critical as product life cycles are shortening and consumer preferences are multiplying. In these circumstances “late to market” all too often means “dead in the market.”
Reflections on Organizational Learning in U.S. and Japanese Industry
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

Organizational learning is a concept that has become extraordinarily fashionable in the last few years (Senge, 1990). The purpose of this chapter is to examine the nature of organizational learning in Japanese and American manufacturing firms. I identify broad differences in their characteristic approaches and propose some approaches to maximizing corporate performance in this area. Unfortunately, the popularity of the organizational learning concept is not matched by any great intellectual rigor in its application. The distinction between individual and organizational learning is often not clearly made. Interestingly, it is a concept that captivates scholars as well as managers and thus has the potential for serving as a bridge between the two communities.
The Mass-Count Distinction for Verbs and Adverbial Quantification over Events
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the question of whether a mass-count distinction obtains for verbs with respect to their event argument place. In relation to that, it also gives a formal semantic analysis of certain types of adverbial quantifiers ranging over events such as a lot and frequently.

Let me first clarify what exactly the issue is. As was mentioned in Chapter 1, there is a syntactic and a semantic mass-count distinction. Verbs (at least in English) obviously lack a syntactic mass-count distinction. But still one may ask whether it makes sense to apply a semantic mass-count distinction to verbs. In order to answer this question, let us consider the ways in which a semantic mass-count distinction may be relevant. First of all, a semantic mass-count distinction constitutes the content of the syntactic mass-count distinction. But there are other ways in which a semantic mass-count distinction may play a role in natural language. Whether a category is classified as semantically mass or count may be relevant in two respects: [ l] the category may have to be classified syntactically as mass or count for some purposes — for example, for the purpose of agreement; [2] the category may classify semantically like categories that are ‘mass’ or like categories that are ‘count’ in contexts that are sensitive to the distinction.
Concluding Remark about Part Structures and Natural Language
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

This book has examined and analyzed a broad range of natural language phenomena that involve part structures. These phenomena all involved situated part structures, part structures entities have in a particular situation. Moreover, the relevant part structures included conditions of integrity, which may be either essential or accidental for an entity.
Diagnosis as Storytelling
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

In chapter 6,1 introduced the idea that story can refer to localized storytelling— talk about an actual sequence of events. I reviewed theories about stories and narratives (the larger category into which stories fit). A narrative can be simply a report of events. But when the speaker evaluates the events by suggesting their cultural or emotional importance, the narrative becomes a story. In this chapter, I will make a proposal that is entirely new in the literature on medical discourse. My suggestion is that a social, deeply human activity—joint localized storytelling by patient and doctor—can be part of developing a diagnosis. This claim specifies one way in which the speech activity of diagnosing can be carried out. It also modifies the usual view that diagnosing is solely done by the physician and is solely cognitive.
Variation in Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

One may wonder whether the description in Chapter Four of the Michif language as spoken in Turtle Mountain, North Dakota, holds true for the varieties of the language spoken in scattered locations in Canada as well. In this chapter I show that Michif as spoken in a number of Métis communities in the Canadian prairie provinces is virtually identical to the Michif of Turtle Mountain. However, there are also villages where the local mixture of Cree and French differs significantly from the Turtle Mountain dialect.
Three Philosophies That Can Make a Difference
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

A wide range of behavior is included in the category of status offenses, from possession or use of alcohol on occasion-who among us was not guilty of such youthful experimentation?-to consistent truancy from school, extended serious defiance of parents, violation of evening curfews, and running away from home or placement. At the extreme, status offenders also include “street kids;’ the homeless, often delinquent and victimized flotsam of our urban streets. Our research covers all of these but places special emphasis on runaways and street kids.
Youth Service Delivery in Seven Cities
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

How do communities respond to status offenders? How are these youths, in fact, “handled”? What types of services do they receive and what kind of organizations deliver these services? Who are the youth that receive these services, and how do they get connected to service providers? And most important for policymakers, do these service constellations and client characteristics mirror the intent expressed by state legislators in regard to these youths? In the previous chapter, we have shown that a handful of states communicated relatively strong and distinct ideological messages on how status offenders should be handled.
Creating Tzik Relationships
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2023

My informants’ immediate responses to my inquiries about tzik often had to do with the acquisition of tzik relations through ritual sponsorship or with the maintenance of such relations through the special speech genre called kichpan t’ an ‘beautiful speech’. As we have seen, such ritually established relationships, especially the relations of compadrazgo, remain in various ways (solemnity of everyday encounters, elaboration of the tzik greeting in the form of kichpan t’ an, and accentuation of the degree of abhotTence in contemplation of illicit sexual relations) the most tzik-like, or most highly respected, of Mopan tzik relations. That this is so highlights the tension between the ascriptive and social-interactional meaning of tzik terms in Mopan life and their alternative biological-procreative meanings that is at the heart of this book.
The Purpose of the Press Clause
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Censorship in some form has occurred in every major war the United States has fought. Yet the constitutional questions raised by government restraints on wartime reporting remain far from settled. The absence of definitive Supreme Court decisions on battlefield press restrictions may be the result not only of general discomfort and confusion in dealing with the clash of such important values as safety and free expression, but also of the extent to which the press and the military have cooperated in the past and of the fact that neither side could be sure of court victory when the relevant precedents are so mixed. Scholarly analysis usually has been critical of official restrictions, but has been preoccupied with making analogies to the Supreme Court’s access to information precedents, which could support different positions, and with applying the justices’ equally equivocal set of rulings and dicta on prior restraint.
The Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Women
Authors: Saah Alfred
Published: November 2023

AIDS was first recognized in gay/bisexual men in 1981 and was described in a woman in the United States that same year. In 1983, a report described the first 43 women with AIDS: 30% apparently became infected through heterosexual intercourse, while injection drug use was responsible for the other 70% of cases.Injection drug use has remained a major cause of HIV infection and AIDS in women in the United States, both by needle-sharing and through sexual transmission to non-drug-using female partners of drug using men. As HIV infection has become more prevalent, women are accounting for an ever-increasing proportion of reported AIDS cases in the United States. Women made up 7% of reported AIDS cases by 1986, 10% during 1988, and 18% during the period July 1993-June 1994.

After five years of the epidemic, heterosexual transmission (for both men and women) made up I% of the 16,227 reported cases in adults, injection drug use 17%, and male homosexual transmission 73%. Pediatric cases of AIDS, important epidemiologically because they often reflect unrecognized HIV infection in women, added another 231 to the total. Ten years of the epidemic produced 202,921 total cases of AIDS, but the proportions of the various subpopulations changed dramatically.
Drug Use, HIV Status, and Reproduction
Authors: Mccaul Mary E , Lillie-Blanton Marsha , Svikis Dace S
Published: November 2023

Whereas approximately 35% of all reported AIDS cases in the United States are related directly or indirectly to injection drug use, for women, these rates are even higher, with approximately 48% of cases resulting from injection drug use by the woman herself and an additional 19% from injection drug use by her sexual partner(s).

A drug-using woman often experiences a variety of problems associated with her drug use, particularly if she is addicted. On a personal level, she is at elevated risk to develop medical complications from her drug use and to suffer from anxiety, depression, or lowered self-esteem. At an interpersonal level, she is likely to have a drug user as her sexual partner or spouseand to experience abuse or abandonment by that partner. At a societal level, she is often stigmatized and potentially threatened with prosecution because of the effects of her disorder on her family and on society.
Perinatal Drug Use: State Interventions and the Implications for HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Acuff Katherine
Published: November 2023

The epidemics of HIV and drug useamong women of childbearing age have ignited a tinderbox of public sentiment favoring state interventions to monitor or constrain women’s behaviors relating to reproduction. As discussed throughout this volume, alarm about vertical transmission of HIV has prompted some to advocate the rejection of the traditional nondirective reproductive counseling paradigm (developed in the context of counseling women about genetic risks) in favor of advising HIV-infected women not to reproduce. Evidence suggests that frankly directive counseling against having children is often the case. The federal government’s only official statement on the issue sanctioned this shift in policy. In 1985, the CDC recommended that HIV-infected women “be advised to consider delaying pregnancy until more is known about the perinatal transmis sion of the virus.”
Clinical Counseling and the Problem of Autonomy-Negating Influence
Authors: Bloche M Gregg
Published: November 2023

On November 14, 1988, during her fifth month of pregnancy, 38-year-old Carol Doe was informed by a nurse at New York City’s Jamaica Hospital that she had become infected with the virus that causes AIDS. According to Ms. Doe, a patient in the hospital’s high-risk prenatal program, she was told that her chances of giving birth to an HIV-infected child were “very high” and that an abortion was desirable.

Three days later, Ms. Doe met with Dr. Maurice Abitol, chief of obstetrics and gynecology at Jamaica Hospital. By Ms. Doe’s account, Dr. Abitol advised that failure to obtain an abortion would be wrong and that having an HIV-infected child would impose a burden on society.Moreover, according to Ms. Doe, Dr. Abitol said she could no longer receive prenatal care at Jamaica Hospital’s high risk clinic. She was referred to Kings County Hospital, where 3 weeks later she had an abortion. A year later, Ms. Doe filed suit against Jamaica Hospital, Kings County Hospital, and her individual caretakers at both institutions. She alleged that their conduct constituted unlawful discrimination on the basis of physical handicap and that they had breached their duties to provide appropriate care and to obtain her informed consent.
The Moral Right to Have Children
Authors: Powers Madison
Published: November 2023

Much of the contemporary discussion of reproductive rights has occurred in the context of a pregnant woman’s decision whether or not to have an abortion. For example, although the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade refers more broadly to a woman’s right to decide whether or not to have children, for many the language of reproductive rights is virtually synonymous with the right not to have children against one’s will, and this right often is identified with the particular right to have an abortion. However, another, somewhat less frequently explored dimension of reproductive rights is a right to have children. The issues raised in this chapter relate to the right to have children.

Some of the reproductive rights arguments most widely discussed are strictly legal ones. They involve questions regarding the interpretation of the U.S. Con stitution and debates about the institutional competence of judges to enumerate fundamental rights that, arguably, neither are found in the text of the Constitution nor derivable from the history of the Constitution and its amendments.
Reproductive Choices of Adolescent Females with HIV/AIDS
Authors: King Patricia A
Published: November 2023

The HIV/AIDS epidemic poses significant challenges to law and other public policies that regulate or support familial and other intimate relationships. This is especially true of laws and policies that govern reproductive decision-making for adolescents. In my view, these laws and policies must be reformed to permit adolescents to make and to carry out the decisions that govern the sexual and reproductive aspects of their lives. Otherwise, efforts to prevent further horizon tal and vertical spread of HIV/AIDS will be significantly impeded.

The prevailing liberal view in this society has been that individuals should have freedom of choice in reproductive matters. Whether and how to reproduce has been a private matter with which government and health-care providers should not interfere. A darker reality, however, has existed alongside this view. A persistent belief that in some circumstances individuals should not be permitted to reproduce or should be strongly discouraged from doing so also endures. A challenge posed by the HIV/AIDS epidemic is whether being HIV-infected is such a circumstance.