bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α‐Lipoic acid alleviates ferroptosis in the MPP+‐induced PC12 cells via activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway
Authors: Liu Lin , Yang Songqi , Wang Heng
Published: November 2020

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a typical neurodegenerative disease. α‐Lipoic acid (α‐LA) can reduce the incidence of neuropathy. The present study explored the role and mechanism of α‐LA in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced cell model of PD. The PD model was induced via treating PC12 cells with MPP+ at different concentrations. MPP+ and α‐LA effects on PC12 cells were assessed from cell viability and ferroptosis. Cell viability was detected using the cell counting kit‐8 assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA), 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), iron, reactive xygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and ferroptosis‐related protein SLC7A11 and GPx4 expressions were used for ferroptosis evaluation. p‐PI3K, p‐Akt, and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein levels were detected. The PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway inhibitors were applied to verify the role of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in α‐LA protection against MPP+‐induced decreased cell viability and ferroptosis. MPP+‐reduced cell viability and induced ferroptosis as presented by increased MDA, 4‐HNE, iron, and ROS concentrations, and reduced levels of GSH and ferroptosis marker proteins (SLC7A11 and GPx4). α‐LA attenuated MPP+‐induced cell viability decline and ferroptosis. The PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway was activated after α‐LA treatment. Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway weakened the protection of α‐LA against MPP+ treatment. We highlighted that α‐LA alleviated MPP+‐induced cell viability decrease and ferroptosis in PC12 cells via activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
Iridium(III) Sensitisers and Energy Upconversion: The Influence of Ligand Structure upon TTA‐UC Performance
Authors: Elgar Christopher E. , Otaif Haleema Y. , Zhang Xue , Zhao Jianzhang , Horton Peter N. , Coles Simon J. , Beames Joseph M. , Pope Simon J. A.
Published: November 2020

Six substituted ligands based upon 2‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)quinoline‐4‐carboxylate and 2‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)quinoline‐4‐carboxylate have been synthesised in two steps from a range of commercially available isatin derivatives. These species are shown to be effective cyclometallating ligands for IrIII, yielding complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2(bipy)]PF6 (where C^N=cyclometallating ligand; bipy=2,2′‐bipyridine). X‐ray crystallographic studies on three examples demonstrate that the complexes adopt a distorted octahedral geometry wherein a cis‐C,C and trans‐N,N coordination mode is observed. Intraligand torsional distortions are evident in all cases. The IrIII complexes display photoluminescence in the red part of the visible region (668–693 nm), which is modestly tuneable through the ligand structure. The triplet lifetimes of the complexes are clearly influenced by the precise structure of the ligand in each case. Supporting computational (DFT) studies suggest that the differences in observed triplet lifetime are likely due to differing admixtures of ligand‐centred versus MLCT character instilled by the facets of the ligand structure. Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA‐UC) measurements demonstrate that the complexes based upon the 1‐naphthyl derived ligands are viable photosensitisers with upconversion quantum efficiencies of 1.6–6.7 %.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Tazarotene Clindamycin Cream: A Single‐Dose, 3‐Period Crossover Study
Authors: Li Lei , Zhang Xing‐fei , Yang Guo‐ping , Huang Jie , Yang Xiao‐yan , Ye Ling , Guo Can , Yang Shuang , Wang Xiao‐min
Published: November 2020

The current study compared the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the new compound pharmaceutical preparation tazarotene clindamycin cream, and 2 single pharmaceutical preparations, tazarotene cream and clindamycin phosphate gel. Twelve healthy volunteers were enrolled in this single‐center, single‐blind, 3‐treatment, 3‐period crossover, single‐dose randomized study. An 800‐cm2 area on volunteers’ backs was evenly smeared with 1.6 g of the test preparation to form a film. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. Safety and tolerability were assessed via skin reaction evaluation and clinical laboratory tests. The incidences of skin reactions were 18.2% for tazarotene clindamycin cream, 25.0% for tazarotene cream, and 18.2% for clindamycin phosphate gel. There were no significant differences in safety or tolerability among the 3 groups. Erythema, desquamation, and pruritus occurred in 7 volunteers, but no burning or tingling occurred. All adverse events were mild and resolved spontaneously, and there were no severe adverse events. The respective maximum plasma concentrations of tazarotenic acid after local administration of tazarotene clindamycin cream and tazarotene cream were 11 ± 5 pg/mL and 18 ± 12 pg/mL, and the areas under the curve within 72 hours were 444 ± 341 pg · h/mL and 692 ± 462 pg · h/mL.
Breeding gain from exploitation of regional adaptation: An alfalfa case study
Authors: Annicchiarico Paolo
Published: November 2020

Exploiting genotype × environment interaction (GEI) by specific selection for well‐defined subregions could contribute to more productive and sustainable cropping systems. This case study aimed to verify this hypothesis by assessing actual genetic gains from phenotypic and genotypic selection for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) biomass yield in two subregions of northern Italy with contrasting GEI pattern (subregion A, featuring sandy‐loam soil and no summer drought as a result of irrigation; subregion C, featuring silty‐clay soil and summer drought resulting from rainfed cropping). Selection and test environments were mainly represented by four managed environments created by the factorial combination of the relevant soil types and drought stress levels. Genotypic selection depended on yield responses of 90 half‐sib families in the environment representing each subregion (specific adaptation) or across these environments (wide adaptation); phenotypic selection for wide or specific adaptation was stratified for single plants in different environments. Half‐sib family data indicated modest genetic correlation between subregions (rg = 0.56). Biomass yield data of six selections and six cultivars or landraces providing their genetic base revealed at least twofold greater yield gains for specific adaptation over wide adaptation for phenotypic or genotypic selection, with a minimum within‐subregion advantage of 43%. On average, genotypic selections displayed over 10‐fold greater yield progress than phenotypic selections. Adaptation strategies had negligible impact on seed yield and leaf‐to‐stem ratio of the selections. Experiment data from seven agricultural environments highlighted the importance of breeding for specific adaptation to achieve yield progress over locally top‐performing commercial varieties. Circumstances that support a specific‐adaptation strategy were discussed.
Design strategy of electrode patterns based on finite element analysis in microfluidic device for Trans‐Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement
Authors: Miyazaki Takashi , Hirai Yoshikazu , Kamei Ken‐ichiro , Tsuchiya Toshiyuki , Tabata Osamu
Published: November 2020

Trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a widely used non‐invasive and label‐free measurement to evaluate the barrier function of mono‐layered cells in real‐time. However, TEER values depend on distribution of electric current densities generated by a combination of shapes and arrangements of plane electrodes for performing TEER, but until now, there is no systematical analysis of their effects on TEER values, causing less reproducibility. Here, we report a new strategy to design the shapes and arrangements of electrodes to perform TEER in a microfluidic device. To investigate the effects of the electrodes design on TEER values, we analyze the distribution of electric current densities using finite element method and evaluate their uniformity of sensitivity. Our strategy allowed designing several electrode patterns of electrodes combinations, capable of simultaneous cell observation with a microscope and TEER measurements.
Parametric sensitivity analysis on the cold start process of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
Authors: Niu Huipeng , Ji Changwei , Wang Shuofeng , Wang Du , Bai Yongyi , Liang Chen
Published: November 2020

Subzero start‐up of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most challenging tasks to be solved before commercialization. During the subzero start‐up process, water generated in the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode side of PEMFC is susceptible to freeze，which makes active sites covered by the ice and gases failed to reach the surface of the catalyst layer (CL), leading to a substantial decay and even ending up with a failure of the start‐up. Given that many factors affect the cold start process, the relative contribution of the essential factors on the cold start process is independently analyzed using first‐order finite‐difference sensitivity analysis from −20°C to −30°C. The effect of essential parameters on the cold start process is quantified. The investigated parameters include the ratio of bipolar plate (BP) thickness to that of the CL (RBP/CL), the starting voltage (Vini), stoichiometry ratios, inlet gas temperature (Tin), the porosity of the CL (εCL), initial membrane water content (λini), membrane thickness (θmem), the volume fraction of ionomer (ωCL) in CLs, and the heat capacity of the BP (ρcpBP). Results show that the cold start process is most sensitive to RBP/CL and λini. Significant improvement of cold start performance can be achieved by appropriately adjusting RBP/CL, λini, Tin, and εCL. Appropriately increasing the Vini also can be a method to improve cold start performance, especially for the cold start from −30°C. Besides, optimized ωCL in CLs, proper θmem, and lower ρcpBP can contribute to better performance, especially for the cold start from −20°C.
Neodymium isotope composition of Palaeoproterozoic Birimian shales from the Wa‐Lawra Belt, north‐west Ghana: Constraints on provenance
Authors: Sapah Marian S. , Agbetsoamedo Jennifer E. , Amponsah Prince O. , Dampare Samuel B. , Asiedu Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

An Nd‐isotopic study was carried out on Palaeoproterozoic Birimian shales from the Wa‐Lawra volcanic belt, located in the southeastern margin of the West African Craton. The objective of this study was to assess the nature and average crustal residence ages of the source areas, and deduce the provenance of these shales. Nd‐model ages range from 2.12 to 2.58 Ga, which are within the range of Nd‐model ages reported for the Birimian volcanic rocks, suggesting that the Birimian volcanic rocks are the main sources of detritus for the Birimian shales. The εNd values of the Birimian shales, calculated at an age of 2.1 Ga, which represents the time of the deposition of the Birimian shales, ranges from −1.65 to +3.01. The range of observed εNd values (i.e., −1.65 to +3.01) suggest that the Birimian shales were predominantly derived from the juvenile Palaeoproterozoic crust, with minor contribution of older crustal material. εNd(T) versus Th/Sc, and ƒSm/Nd versus εNd(T) systematics indicate that the provenance can be explained by mixing between Palaeoproterozoic volcanic arc rocks and variable amounts of Archean continental crustal rocks. Provenance modelling shows that the Birimian shales received at least 80% detritus from a juvenile Birimian volcanic arc. The mean Archean component is 8%, suggesting that the continental crust of the Wa‐Lawra Belt is clearly dominated by material derived directly from the mantle.
A Prospective Study of the Prevalence of Parkinsonism in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Apetauerova Diana , Hildebrand Peter , Scala Stephanie , Zani Janet W. , Lipert LeeAnne , Clark Erin , Fennell Tanya , Gordon Fredric D.
Published: November 2020

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration refers to a neurological syndrome consisting of various movement disorders and cognitive impairment in advanced liver cirrhosis or portosystemic shunt. Neurological signs and symptoms may be attributed to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain. The most common neurological presentation of this is parkinsonism. Our prospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parkinsonism in patients with cirrhosis who were evaluated for liver transplant and to identify any correlation between findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and severity of parkinsonism. Of the 120 enrolled participants with liver cirrhosis, 62 (52%) exhibited signs of parkinsonism and all had MRI basal ganglia hyperintensity. Eighteen patients from this group were transplanted and showed statistically significant improvements in their Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. Conclusion: The data suggest the reversibility of the neurological impairment seen in cirrhosis, and therefore the effectiveness of transplantation in improving parkinsonian symptoms. There was no correlation between severity of MRI findings and clinical motor UPDRS part III. Laboratory findings showed no correlation among the abnormal levels, MRI brain signal abnormality, or UPDRS scores.
Breaking the mold: Retention strategies for generations X and Y in a prototypical accounting firm
Authors: Nelson Sandra , Duxbury Linda
Published: November 2020

The success of Canadian accounting firms depends on their ability to adapt their long‐standing HR structures and HRD practices to meet the expectations of today's workforce. Generational identity theory and theory explaining employee expectations informed our analysis of a multi‐method (interviews and appreciate inquiry workshops) case study which employed an action research approach. Data were collected from 36 Gen X and Y knowledge workers who were part of the firm's talent pool to determine how closely the work and career expectations of today's (i.e., Generation X and Generation Y) accountants align to the prototypical HR structures and practices of professional partnership (P2) accounting firms. Three main contributions arise out of our qualitative analysis. First, it contributes to generational identity theory by providing a comparison between Generation X and Y in terms of their career and work expectations. Second, it demonstrates why firms with traditional practices and structures may be having difficulty retaining talent in today's labor market. Third, it provides evidence as to why prototypical accounting firms need to change and suggestions on how they can change their HR practices and HRD strategies to enhance retention and better meet the expectations of today's workforce.
Spatial and temporal distributions of stable isotopes in precipitation over Thailand
Authors: Laonamsai Jeerapong , Ichiyanagi Kimpei , Kamdee Kiattipong , Putthividhya Aksara , Tanoue Masahiro
Published: November 2020

Spatial and temporal variations of the isotopic composition of precipitation over Thailand were investigated. The local meteoric water line for Thailand deviates slightly from the global meteoric water line, with lower slopes (7.62 ± 0.07, 7.59 ± 0.08) and intercepts (6.42 ± 0.39, 6.22 ± 0.42) using ordinary and precipitation weighted methods. Differences in spatial and temporal δ18O distributions between the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climate zones were found due to differing moisture source contributions and seasonal precipitation patterns. The temporal data reveals that the northeast monsoon rains originate from isotopically‐enriched local moisture with isotope values of −9.36 to −0.09‰ (mean − 3.73 ± 0.42‰), whereas the southwest monsoon clouds had a more significant rainout effect from Rayleigh distillation, with isotope values of −9.56 to −1.78‰ (mean − 5.40 ± 0.38‰). The precipitation amount at each site was negatively correlated with δ18O (−0.24 to −3.20‰ per 100 mm, R2 = 0.1–0.9). Furthermore, δ18O was negatively correlated with geography (latitude, altitude) for the southwest monsoon periods, as expected based on other observed correlations. However, an inverse correlation was seen in the northeast monsoon due to differing moisture transportation as part of the continental effect. The correlation coefficient (R) was higher in the southwest monsoon (−0.84 for latitude effect, −0.64 for altitude effect) than the northeast monsoon (0.67 for latitude effect, 0.35 for altitude effect). The spatial pattern of isotopic composition reflects the southwest monsoon more clearly than the northeast monsoon, but the two monsoons also have a cancelling impact on orographic patterns. An agreement of the δ18O and deuterium excess (d‐excess) was a negative correlation and found to reflect precipitation sources and re‐evaporation processes. The d‐excess was slightly higher for the northeast monsoon, bringing moisture from the Pacific Ocean and travelling across the continent before reaching the observed stations. By contrast, the d‐excess was relatively lower for the Indian Ocean's moisture in the southwest monsoon.
Target shareholder gains, peer firm values, and merger and acquisition announcements
Authors: Lee Sangwon
Published: November 2020

An average M&A announcement increases the target's peer firm stock prices. While it is documented that an increased takeover likelihood increases the peer firm values, it is also possible that an increase in the expected shareholder gains, conditional on receiving an acquisition offer, affects the valuation of peer firms. In this paper, I document that peer firm abnormal returns during the announcement period are positively affected by the target firm announcement return and offer premium, which reflect target shareholder gains from the announced deal. Moreover, I find that target announcement returns are lower, on average, when the offer premium is lower than those of recent transactions in the industry. This paper highlights that investors reflect not only the increased takeover likelihood but also the revised expectations on the gains from a potential takeover bid in the valuation of peer firms.
Selenium ameliorates aflatoxin B1‐induced uterine injury in female mice and necrosis of human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Li Yanying , Huang Ping , Gao Fangyuan , Xiao Xiyun , Li Lingling
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to observe the effects of Selenium (Se) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)‐induced uterine injury in female mice and necrosis of human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells (HEMECs). Fifty female mice were randomly divided into control group; AFB1 group; Se group (0.2 mg/kg each day); AFB1 + Se group; and positive control group. After continuous treatment for 30 days, uterine tissues were harvested, which were used for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Necrosis‐related proteins including RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL were examined in uterine tissues using western blot and immunohistochemistry. HEMECs were treated with different concentrations of AFB1 or Se, which were used for selecting the optimal concentrations. RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL expression was detected in HEMECs exposed to AFB1 and/or Se via western blot and immunofluorescence. H&E staining results showed that AFB1 induced uterine injury of female male, which was ameliorated by Se treatment. According to western blot and immunohistochemistry, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL expression was distinctly increased in uterine tissues of AFB1‐treated mice, which was decreased by Se treatment. Cell viability of HEMECs was gradually lowered as the concentrations of AFB1and Se increased. A 10‐μM AFB1 exposure significantly increased RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL expression in HEMECs, which was improved following co‐treatment with 5‐μM Se. Thus, our findings revealed that Se may ameliorate AFB1‐induced uterine injury in female mice and necrosis of HEMECs.
Exploring the discursive construction of ethics in an introductory engineering course
Authors: Lönngren Johanna
Published: November 2020

Background

Engineering education must prepare students to assume professional and ethical responsibility for the societal impacts of technology, but most engineering students do not receive adequate ethics teaching. In fact, engineering education has been described as characterized by a “culture of disengagement” in which ethical and societal concerns are constructed as different from and less important than purely technical concerns.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study explores how a culture of disengagement is discursively constructed and perpetuated in engineering education by analyzing the discursive construction of ethics and ethical reflection in an introductory engineering course in Sweden.

Design/Method

The study is based on extensive ethnographic data in the form of field notes, lecture recordings, interview data, and course documents. The data are analyzed using a discourse analytic approach rooted in discourse theory.

Results

The results illustrate five processes through which ethics and ethical reflection are articulated as not the responsibility of the specific field of engineering, irrelevant for the profession, of low quality and status, and not very important for the engineering degree.

Conclusions

The results contribute to understanding how a culture of disengagement may be perpetuated in engineering education. The results also point toward pedagogical tools and strategies that instructors and program managers can use to construct ethics and ethical reflection as an advanced skill that is an important and integral part of engineering and engineering education—and thus better prepare future engineers to become responsible professionals.
Phosphorus release from intact soil monoliths of manure‐amended fields under simulated snowmelt flooding
Authors: Concepcion Angela , Kumaragamage Darshani , Akinremi Wole , Dharmakeerthi Saman , Goltz Doug , Indraratne Srimathie
Published: November 2020

Anaerobic conditions developed in soils with flooding can enhance the release of soil P to overlying water, but little information is available for soils with a long history of manure application. We examined the P release from manure‐amended soils under simulated snowmelt flooding. Intact monoliths from manured (solid swine manure [SSM] or liquid swine manure [LSM]) and unamended (control) field plots were collected from Carman, Manitoba. Monoliths were frozen for 7 d, thawed, flooded, and incubated at 4 ± 1 °C. Redox potential, pH, and concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP), Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in pore water and floodwater were determined weekly up to 56 d after flooding (DAF) and at 84 DAF. Redox potential decreased with DAF with a greater and more rapid decrease in SSM (from ∼300 to <0 mV by 84 DAF) compared with LSM and control (∼100 mV by 84 DAF). Pore water and floodwater DRP concentrations were significantly greater in manured treatments than in the control at all DAFs and in SSM than in LSM for most DAF. Whereas floodwater DRP concentrations remained relatively stable in the control treatment, concentrations in manured treatments increased substantially from the onset of flooding to 35–42 DAF (threefold to fourfold increase) and remained relatively stable thereafter. Significantly greater P release from SSM‐ than from LSM‐treated monoliths was due to greater input of P and the higher organic matter content in SSM‐treated soils. These favored the rapid development of anaerobic conditions that further induced P release.
Tocilizumab administration is associated with the reduction in biomarkers of coronavirus disease 2019 infection
Authors: Ivan Hariyanto Timotius , Kurniawan Andree
Published: November 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused a significant impact on all aspects of life, with the number of death cases still increasing. Therefore, identification of potential treatment for reducing the severity of the disease is important. Currently, the data regarding the effectiveness of tocilizumab as treatment agents for COVID‐19 infection is still conflicting. This study aims to give clear evidence regarding the potential benefit of tocilizumab in reducing the biomarkers of COVID‐19 infection. We systematically searched the PubMed Central database using specific keywords related to our aims until July 24th, 2020. All articles published on COVID‐19 and tocilizumab were retrieved. A total of 9 studies with a total of 577 patients were included in our analysis. Our meta‐analysis showed that tocilizumab treatment is associated with reduction of C‐reactive protein (mean difference [MD]: −106.69 mg/L [95% confidence interval [CI]: −146.90, −66.49 mg/L], p < .00001; I2 = 98%, random‐effect modeling), d‐dimer (MD: −3.06 mg/L [95% CI: −5.81, −0.31 mg/L], p = .03; I2 = 98%, random‐effect modeling), Ferritin (MD: −532.80 ng/ml [95% CI: −810.93, −254.67 ng/ml], p = .0002; I2 = 25%, random‐effect modeling), procalcitonin (MD: −0.67 ng/ml [95% CI: −1.13, −0.22 ng/ml], p = .004; I2 = 92%, random‐effect modeling], and increment in the levels of lymphocyte count (MD: 0.36 × 103/μl [95% CI: 0.18, 0.54 × 103/μl], p < .0001; I2 = 88%, random‐effect modeling). Administration of tocilizumab is effective in reducing the biomarkers of the COVID‐19 infection.
Event chronology analysis of the historical development of tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Costa Márcia D.D. , Cançado Luiz Gustavo , Jorio Ado
Published: November 2020

In this history review, the development of tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is analyzed from the perspective of scientific instrumentation development. TERS is a powerful and label‐free tool for nanocharacterization, still mainly an academic tool, built from the achievements in Raman spectroscopy, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, near‐field optics, and plasmonics. We identified three turning points in TERS history so far, based on two approaches to categorize TERS publications. Evidences from our analyses indicate that developments have been made in the scientific understanding of the technique itself, on the technology for its implementation, and on the application of TERS in other fields. Although, in total, more papers have focused on the technological development, application‐oriented works became the most important type of publication in the last years. This development has participation from different actors, but it has been performed mainly by the academic community, alone or in association with national laboratories.
New Biodegradable Nonionic‐Anionic Surfactants Based on Different Fatty Alcohols as Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum in Acidic Medium
Authors: Hefnawy Manal El , Allah Mohamed Deef , Abd Elhamed Samar
Published: November 2020

Two series of eco‐friendly nonionic anionic surfactants based on itaconic acid and 1, 6 hexane diol were synthesized. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactant were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The prepared surfactants were evaluated to prevent the corrosion of aluminum in 1.0 M HCl solution by electrochemical and chemical methods. The data obtained showed that the prepared compounds have good inhibition efficiency (IE%) even at 10−5 M concentrations and act as mixed‐type inhibitors, they do not affect the mechanism of the electrode processes, as well as the IE% increase by increasing the concentrations of the inhibitors, immersion time, and hydrophilic chain length. The high inhibition efficiency is due to the adsorption of the inhibitors molecules on the metal surface and the formation of a protective film. The surface activities of these compounds were also investigated and were correlated to their inhibition efficiencies and chemical structure. Through studying biodegradability of the synthesized surfactants we find that they are readily biodegradable in the environment and thus they are considered as eco‐friendly corrosion inhibitors. Finally, the effect of the addition of these compounds on the aluminum surface was identified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique.
Salt‐Rejection Solar Absorbers Based on Porous Ionic Polymers Nanowires for Desalination
Authors: Wang Fei , Hu Zhentao , Fan Yukang , Bai Wei , Wu Shujuan , Sun Hanxue , Zhu Zhaoqi , Liang Weidong , Li An
Published: November 2020

The construction of photothermal materials with ideal salt tolerance has been a major subject for efficient solar desalination. Herein, a novel photothermal material based on porous ionic polymers (PIPs) nanowires is synthesized by Sonogashira‐Hagihara cross‐coupling reaction using ionic salt and alkynylbenzene as building blocks. The PIPs nanowires monolith shows abundant porosity with low density, leading a superior thermal insulation. The intrinsic superhydrophilicity of PIPs nanowires endows it with desired water transportation ability. By facile spraying Chinese carbon‐ink on the PIPs nanowires monolith, its light absorption can be enhanced to be 90%. Based on these merits, the PIPs nanowires based photothermal materials show high solar energy conversion efficiency (81% under 1 sun irradiation). More interestingly, its inherently ionic framework can result in an ion–ion interaction between the external ions in water and ionic groups in PIPs framework, thus leading to excellent desalination ability by combing its unique superhydrophilicity, for example, no salt accumulation is observed after 6 h duration at 1 sun irradiation. Compared with the existing salt‐resistant photothermal materials, the method takes the advantage of the intrinsically ionic feature of PIPs without using any artificial process, thus may open a new way for design and fabrication of high‐performance salt‐rejection photothermal materials.
A solution formula and the ℛ‐boundedness for the generalized Stokes resolvent problem in an infinite layer with Neumann boundary condition
Authors: Oishi Kenta
Published: November 2020

We consider the generalized Stokes resolvent problem in an infinite layer with Neumann boundary conditions. This problem arises from a free boundary problem describing the motion of incompressible viscous one‐phase fluid flow without surface tension in an infinite layer bounded both from above and from below by free surfaces. We derive a new exact solution formula to the generalized Stokes resolvent problem and prove the
‐boundedness of the solution operator families with resolvent parameter λ varying in a sector
for any γ0 > 0 and 0 < ε < π/2, where
. As applications, we obtain the maximal Lp‐Lq regularity for the nonstationary Stokes problem and then establish the well‐posedness locally in time of the nonlinear free boundary problem mentioned above in Lp‐Lq setting. We make full use of the solution formula to take γ0 > 0 arbitrarily, while in general domains, we only know the
‐boundedness for γ0 ≫ 1 from the result by Shibata. As compared with the case of Neumann‐Dirichlet boundary condition studied by Saito, analysis is even harder on account of higher singularity of the symbols in the solution formula.
Enteral Feeding Intolerance: Updates in Definitions and Pathophysiology
Authors: Reintam Blaser Annika , Deane Adam M. , Preiser Jean‐Charles , Arabi Yaseen M. , Jakob Stephan M.
Published: November 2020

Enteral feeding intolerance (EFI) is a common feature in critically ill patients worldwide. However, there is no clear, widely agreed‐upon definition available, with various studies rarely using the same definition. The term EFI is frequently used to describe vomiting or large gastric residual volumes associated with enteral feeding as a result of gastroparesis/delayed gastric emptying. However, the syndrome of EFI may represent the consequence of various pathophysiological mechanisms, and this heterogeneity may explain varying associations with outcomes. In clinical practice, a pragmatic definition may be useful. A pragmatic definition of EFI is that a clinician has decided to reduce the amount of enteral nutrition specifically because features of gastrointestinal dysfunction appeared during enteral feeding. For research purposes, a more detailed definition of EFI is required to improve knowledge and explore interventions that may improve patient‐centered outcomes. The objective of this review is to summarize available evidence on existing definitions, pathophysiological mechanisms, and the clinical relevance of EFI in critically ill patients. Based on current knowledge, we propose a conceptual framework for a definition of EFI for a future consensus process.
Body Composition Post Pediatric Liver Transplant: Implications and Assessment
Authors: Perteet‐Jackson Alissa D. , Earthman Carrie P. , Larson‐Nath Catherine M.
Published: November 2020

Liver disease has a negative influence on growth and development of children. Measurement of body composition as a component of nutrition status assessment in children before and after transplant would facilitate tailoring of nutrition therapy. A comprehensive literature search on pediatric liver transplant and body composition assessment was performed using a modified systematic approach. This review includes evidence specific to body composition of children undergoing liver transplant and a discussion of relevant body composition assessment methods for this population. Malnutrition is commonly seen in children with liver disease prior to transplant because of the disrupted metabolic pathways from liver dysfunction; however, malnutrition is not consistently diagnosed. Within 1 year of transplant, children tend to quickly recover with weight gain and linear growth. In some children, obesity and sarcopenia have been observed as long‐term posttransplant outcomes. Body composition assessment tools have been utilized in diagnosing nutrition status in adults; yet there are limited studies that use these tools in the pediatric liver‐transplant population. Technologies available to assess body composition include air displacement plethysmography, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, bioimpedance, and ultrasound. Total body potassium has been used for body composition assessment in adults and children post liver transplant; however, this method is not applicable in a clinical setting. We conclude that understanding posttransplant body composition could help clinicians diagnose and treat malnutrition.
Variations in Nutrition Practices in Cystic Fibrosis: A Survey of the DIGEST Program
Authors: Shaikhkhalil Ala K. , Freeman Alvin J. , Sathe Meghana
Published: November 2020

Background

Evidence‐based management of gastrointestinal (GI) and nutrition manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited, and practice variations have not been studied.

Methods

Thus, a survey was developed with the purpose of evaluating current nutrition practices of CF‐focused gastroenterologists, specifically utilizing awardees and mentors of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) Developing Innovative GastroEnterology Specialty Training (DIGEST) Program. Topics included appetite stimulation, tube feeding (TF), and aspects of nutrition assessment, specifically urine sodium and essential fatty acid (EFA) status.

Results

The response rate was 61% (22/36). About half (55%; 12/22) of respondents had 5–10 years of experience in GI, and 23% (5/22) had >10 years. In regard to appetite stimulation, the majority used cyproheptadine; however, duration and pattern of prescribing varied. Variation was noted in TF management pertaining to tube placement, formula choice, and prescribing pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy with overnight TF. The majority did not check EFAs or urine sodium. Treatment for deficiencies in EFA or abnormal urine sodium was inconsistent.

Conclusion

The survey reveals wide variation in management of some aspects of nutrition‐related manifestations of CF among experienced providers. This reflects the need for research to provide evidence‐based guidelines.
A fast maximum flow algorithm
Authors: Orlin James B. , Gong Xiao‐yue
Published: November 2020

In 2013, Orlin proved that the max flow problem could be solved in O(nm) time. His algorithm ran in O(nm + m1.94) time, which was the fastest for graphs with fewer than n1.06 arcs. If the graph was not sufficiently sparse, the fastest running time was an algorithm due to King, Rao, and Tarjan. We describe a new variant of the excess scaling algorithm for the max flow problem whose running time strictly dominates the running time of the algorithm by King et al. For graphs in which m = O(nlog n), the running time of our algorithm dominates that of King et al. by a factor of O(loglog n). Moreover, our algorithm achieves this improved performance without reliance on dynamic trees.
Error control and loss functions for the deep learning inversion of borehole resistivity measurements
Authors: Shahriari Mostafa , Pardo David , Rivera Jon A. , Torres‐Verdín Carlos , Picon Artzai , Del Ser Javier , Ossandón Sebastian , Calo Victor M.
Published: November 2020

Deep learning (DL) is a numerical method that approximates functions. Recently, its use has become attractive for the simulation and inversion of multiple problems in computational mechanics, including the inversion of borehole logging measurements for oil and gas applications. In this context, DL methods exhibit two key attractive features: (a) once trained, they enable to solve an inverse problem in a fraction of a second, which is convenient for borehole geosteering operations as well as in other real‐time inversion applications. (b) DL methods exhibit a superior capability for approximating highly complex functions across different areas of knowledge. Nevertheless, as it occurs with most numerical methods, DL also relies on expert design decisions that are problem specific to achieve reliable and robust results. Herein, we investigate two key aspects of deep neural networks (DNNs) when applied to the inversion of borehole resistivity measurements: error control and adequate selection of the loss function. As we illustrate via theoretical considerations and extensive numerical experiments, these interrelated aspects are critical to recover accurate inversion results.
Local ultraconvergence of finite element methods for second‐order elliptic problems with singularity
Authors: He Wenming , Zhao Ren , Li Guanrong , Li Wulan
Published: November 2020

In this article, we will investigate the local ultraconvergence of the displacement and derivative of finite element solution using piecewise polynomials of degrees k (k ≥ 2) by Richardson extrapolation operators and presented in He et al. for second‐order elliptic problems with singularity. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the theoretic findings.
Numerical solution of the partial differential equations that model the steady three‐dimensional flow and heat transfer of Carreau fluid between two stretchable rotatory disks
Authors:   Usman , Ghaffari Abuzar , Kausar Samina
Published: November 2020

Non‐Newtonian fluids are significantly better on the heat transfer phenomenon than from Newtonian fluids, so they are helpful in air conditioner and heating and cooling devices. Blood, toothpaste, ketchup, paint, and so on are common non‐Newtonian fluids in our daily lives. Among other non‐Newtonian fluid models, Carreau fluid has gained much acceptance because of its unique features of shear thinning and shear thickening for various power‐law index ranges. Owing to the significance of Carreau fluid, a theoretical analysis has been performed here to investigate the steady three‐dimensional flow of Carreau fluid between two coaxially rotatory and stretching disks. The fluid is electrically conducting, and a uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the circulating disks. The heat transfer phenomenon is also analyzed in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, joule heating, and nonuniform heat source/sink subject to convective boundary conditions. With specific similarity transformation, the leading partial differential equations are diminished to ordinary differential equations and then tackled numerically through the Keller–Box scheme. It is concluded that with the increase in the disks rotation rate, the fluid velocities enhances whereas plummets for the magnetic parameter and predicts two diverse behaviors for Weissenberg number. The temperature escalates for the magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, temperature ratio parameter, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameters, and lower disk Biot number, but the temperature decays for rotation parameter, Prandtl number, and upper disk Biot number.
Sustainable leadership and employee innovative behavior: Discussing the mediating role of creative self‐efficacy
Authors: Javed Areesha , Iqbal Jawad , Iqbal Syed Muhammad Javed , Imran Muhammad
Published: November 2020

The idea of sustainable leadership is becoming more popular with organizations. Although sustainable leadership and its work‐associated outcomes have been examined in previous literature, only a small number of studies highlighted the role of sustainable leadership style in fostering employee innovation, mediated through their creative self‐efficacy (CSE) in the context of Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between sustainable leadership and employee innovation in software houses. In addition, we intend to study the mediating role of CSE in the relationship between sustainable leadership and employee innovation. Data were collected via email from 250 staff working in Pakistan's software houses. They replied to questions about their leader's sustainable leadership style, employee CSE, and innovation. There was a response rate of 64.1%. PLS‐SEM has been used to analyze data. Study findings indicate that the effect of sustainable leadership on workplace creativity is essential. The results also revealed that CSE mediates the relationship between sustainable leadership and employee innovation. Although this study expands our knowledge about the mediating role of CSE between sustainable leadership and employee innovation, the prospects for future research are still present. The cross‐sectional design of the study might not have been able to extract the true essence of the cause‐and‐effect relationship between sustainable leadership and employee innovation. The study also offers several policy implications for policy‐makers to boost innovation among employees with the help of sustainable leadership and CSE.
Insight on the pro‐oxidant capability of amphotericin B in lipid media: A theoretical study
Authors: Medina Manuel E. , Meza‐Menchaca Thuluz , Trigos Ángel
Published: November 2020

A study of the pro‐oxidant capacity of amphotericin B (AMP) was carried out by analyzing the photosensitizing ability of an AMP model. Although AMP is a well‐known broad‐spectrum antibiotic, little is known about the mechanism of its pro‐oxidant capability. This study employed density functional theory (DFT) to assess the photosensitizing capacity of AMP. Furthermore, electron transfer reactions were modeled, considering that lipid media can mimic the environment of the cell membrane. The results show that AMP is a pro‐oxidant molecule mainly through Type II mechanism, with the corresponding production of 1O2. In this way, AMP could induce oxidative stress because it is capable of generating reactive oxygen species. In this case, AMP showed a reaction rate constants of 8.94 × 109 and 1.89 × 1010 M−1 s−1 for Type I and II mechanisms, respectively, whereas the overall reaction rate constant was 2.79 × 1010 M−1 s−1. Therefore, the results of this study support the pro‐oxidant capacity of AMP in lipid media, and this mechanism could contribute to the antifungal activity of AMP.
Lung clearance index in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Machogu Evans M. , Khurana Monica , Kaericher Jennifer , Clem Charles C. , Slaven James E. , Hatch Joseph E. , Davis Stephanie D. , Peterson‐Carmichael Stacey
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The lung clearance index (LCI) derived from the multiple breath washout test (MBW), is both feasible and sensitive to early lung disease detection in young children with cystic fibrosis and asthma. The utility of LCI has not been studied in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). We hypothesized that children with SCD, with or without asthma or airway hyperreactivity (AHR), would have an elevated LCI compared to healthy controls.

Methods

Children with SCD from a single center between the ages of 6 and 18 years were studied at baseline health and completed MBW, spirometry, plethysmography and blood was drawn for serum markers. Results were compared to healthy controls of similar race, age, and gender.

Results

Healthy controls (n = 35) had a significantly higher daytime oxygen saturation level, weight and body mass index but not height compared to participants with SCD (n = 34). Total lung capacity (TLC) z‐scores were significantly higher in the healthy controls compared to those with SCD (0.87 [1.13] vs. 0.02 [1.27]; p = .005) while differences in forced expiratory volume in 1 s z‐scores approached significance (0.26 [0.97] vs. −0.22 [1.09]; p = .055). There was no significant difference in LCI between the healthy controls compared to participants with SCD (7.29 [0.72] vs. 7.40 [0.69]; p = .514).

Conclusion

LCI did not differentiate SCD from healthy controls in children between the ages of 6 and 18 years at baseline health. TLC may be an important pulmonary function measure to follow longitudinally in the pediatric SCD population.
Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy estimates for soil properties using multiple partitions: Effects of the range of contents, sample size, and algorithms
Authors: Ludwig Bernard , Greenberg Isabel , Sawallisch Anja , Vohland Michael
Published: November 2020

The RMSE of validation (RMSEV) and ratio of the interquartile range to RMSEV (RPIQV) are key quality parameters in diffuse reflectance infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies, but the effects of different factors on these parameters are often not sufficiently considered. Our objectives were to reveal the effects of range of contents, sample size, data pretreatment, wavenumber region selection, and algorithms on the evaluation of IR spectra in the wavenumber range from 1,000 to 7,000 cm−1 (mid‐ and long‐wave near IR) estimations. Contents of soil organic C (SOC), N, clay, and sand and pH values were determined for surface soils of an arable field in India, and IR spectra were recorded for four samples consisting of 71–263 soils. For each of the four samples, five random partitions into calibration and validation datasets were carried out, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) or support vector machine regression was performed. A plot of the RMSEV values against the interquartile ranges of measured values for the validation samples (IQRV) indicated that the IQRV was a key parameter for all soil properties: a sufficiently high IQRV—which is affected by sample size and random partitioning—resulted in generally good estimation accuracies (RPIQV ≥ 2.70). Optimized data pretreatment and wavenumber region selection improved estimation accuracy for SOC and pH. Support vector machine regression was superior to PLSR for the estimation of SOC, clay, and sand, but worse for pH. Overall, this study indicates that multiple partitioning of the data is essential in IR studies and suggests that RPIQV and RMSEV need to be interpreted in the context of the respective IQRV values.
Virus Assembly Pathways: Straying Away but Not Too Far
Authors: Bond Kevin , Tsvetkova Irina B. , Wang Joseph Che‐Yen , Jarrold Martin F. , Dragnea Bogdan
Published: November 2020

Non‐enveloped RNA viruses pervade all domains of life. In a cell, they co‐assemble from viral RNA and capsid proteins. Virus‐like particles can form in vitro where virtually any non‐cognate polyanionic cargo can be packaged. How only viral RNA gets selected for packaging in vivo, in presence of myriad other polyanionic species, has been a puzzle. Through a combination of charge detection mass spectrometry and cryo‐electron microscopy, it is determined that co‐assembling brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat proteins and nucleic acid oligomers results in capsid structures and stoichiometries that differ from the icosahedral virion. These previously unknown shell structures are strained and less stable than the native one. However, they contain large native structure fragments that can be recycled to form BMV virions, should a viral genome become available. The existence of such structures suggest the possibility of a previously unknown regulatory pathway for the packaging process inside cells.