bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of an Ultrahard In Situ Amorphous Steel Matrix Composite
Authors: Yazdani Arash , Dewitt Darren , Huang Wei , Borja‐Urby Raúl , Kisailus David , Garay Javier E. , Graeve Olivia A.
Published: April 2024

We report compression tests on micropillars manufactured from bulk specimens of partially devitrified SAM2×5 (Fe49.7Cr17.7Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2.4). Yield strength values of ≈6 GPa are obtained. Such a high strength can be attributed to the higher glass transition temperature (883 K) of this material, which impedes the multiplication of shear bands under loading, and to the presence of hard crystalline domains that result from devitrification of the amorphous powders during powder consolidation. The Vickers hardness of the specimens is found to be strongly correlated to the processing temperature and, hence to the volume of crystalline phases present in the specimens. As the processing temperature is increased, there is a reduction in free volume from the structural relaxation process in the amorphous alloy, leading to the eventual nucleation of crystalline phases of BCC Fe, Cr2B, Cr21.30Fe1.7C6, or Fe23B2C4, during the densification process. These results shed light on the relationship between nanocrystalline domains and the mechanical behavior of Fe‐based amorphous/crystalline composites.
A Hybrid LiCl/LixSn Conductive Interlayer to Unlock the Potential of Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Ding Decheng , Tao Huachao , Fan Xiaomeng , Yang Xuelin , Fan Li‐Zhen
Published: April 2024

Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) electrolyte has a great potential for application in solid‐state lithium metal batteries. However, due to the poor interfacial contact and thermodynamic instability between LATP and Li metal, a series of interfacial problems, such as high interfacial resistance, undesirable interfacial reaction and dendrite growth are deeply criticized. Herein, a hybrid LiCl/LixSn conductive interlayer is constructed through an in situ electrochemical reaction of SnCl4 with Li metal to effectively improve the compatibility and stability of the Li/LATP interface. LiCl with both electronic insulation and high ionic conductivity can provide fast Li+ diffusion channel, block electron injection, avoid side reactions, and effectively inhibit dendrite growth. LixSn can reduce interfacial impedance, eliminate local electric field concentration, and significantly improve interfacial wettability. Under the protection of LiCl/LixSn hybrid interlayer, the initial resistance of the symmetric battery is reduced from 1066.3 to 133.6 Ω cm−2, achieving a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm−2. At 0.1 mA cm−2/0.1 mAh cm−2 and 0.2 mA cm−2/0.2 mAh cm−2, the symmetric battery can cycle stably for more than 4000 h at 25 °C. Moreover, the full battery displays a high capacity retention ratio of 90.4% after 420 cycles at 0.5 C.
Understanding Interfaces in AlScN/GaN Heterostructures
Authors: Streicher Isabel , Leone Stefano , Zhang Meiling , Tlemcani Taoufik Slimani , Bah Micka , Straňák Patrik , Kirste Lutz , Prescher Mario , Yassine Ali , Alquier Daniel , Ambacher Oliver
Published: April 2024

Aluminum scandium nitride barrier layers increase the available sheet charge carrier density in gallium nitride‐based high‐electron‐mobility transistors and boost the output power of high‐frequency amplifiers and high voltage switches. Growth of AlScN by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition is challenging due to the low vapor pressure of the conventional Sc precursor Cp3Sc, which induces low growth rates of AlScN and leads to thermally‐induced AlScN/GaN‐interface degradation. In this work, novel Sc precursors are employed to reduce the thermal budget by increasing the growth rate of the AlScN layer. The AlScN/GaN interfaces are investigated by high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, capacitance–voltage, current–voltage and temperature‐dependent Hall measurements. Linearly graded interlayers with strain‐induced stacking faults, edge, and screw dislocations form at the AlScN/GaN interface at growth rates of 0.015 nms−1. Growth rates of 0.034 nms−1 and higher allow for abrupt interfaces, but a compositional grading in the barrier remains. Homogeneous barrier layers can be achieved at growth rates of 0.067 nms−1 or by growing an AlN interlayer. The electrical properties of the heterostructures are sensitive to Sc accumulations at the cap/barrier interface, residual impurities from precursor synthesis, and surface roughness. This study paves the way for high‐performing devices.
Plasmonic Bubbles: From Fundamentals to Applications
Authors: Wang Fulong , Wang Zeyu , Dong Lihua , Liu Huan , Yang Lijun , Wang Yuliang
Published: April 2024

When illuminated by a resonant laser, noble metal nanoparticles immersed in liquids can efficiently produce a huge amount of heat and rapidly vaporize surrounding liquid, leading to the nucleation of plasmonic bubbles. Plasmonic bubbles are gaining increasing attention and emerged in numerous applications due to their unique properties and excellent controllability, such as microfabrication, micromanipulation, robot propulsion, molecule enrichment, and clinical therapies. In this review paper, the research progress of plasmonic bubbles in the past decade is summarized, including the plasmonic effect‐induced heat generation, experimental methods of plasmonic bubble observation, growth dynamics of plasmonic bubbles, approaches of optomechanical energy conversion via plasmonic bubbles, as well as their applications. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the state of the art in the field and inspires researchers to explore more promising applications of plasmonic bubbles in different fields, like biology, microfluidics, and micromanufacturing.
Double Nitrogenation Layer Formed Using Nitric Oxide for Enhancing Li+ Storage Performance, Cycling Stability, and Safety of Si Electrodes
Authors: Hernandha Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary , Umesh Bharath , Patra Jagabandhu , Tseng Chung‐Jen , Hsieh Chien‐Te , Li Ju , Chang Jeng‐Kuei
Published: April 2024

To enhance Li storage properties, nitrogenation methods are developed for Si anodes. First, melamine, urea, and nitric oxide (NO) precursors are used to nitrogenize carbon‐coated Si particles. The properties of the obtained particles are compared. It is found that the NO process can maximize the graphitic nitrogen (N) content and electronic conductivity of a sample. In addition, optimized N functional groups and O─C species on the electrode surface increase electrolyte wettability. However, with a carbon barrier layer, NO hardly nitrogenizes the Si cores. Therefore, bare Si particles are reacted with NO. Core‐shell Si@amorphous SiNx particles are produced using a facile and scalable NO treatment route. The effects of the NO reaction time on the physicochemical properties and charge–discharge performance of the obtained materials are systematically examined. Finally, the Si@SiNx particles are coated with N‐doped carbon. Superior capacities of 2435 and 1280 mAh g−1 are achieved at 0.2 and 5 A g−1, respectively. After 300 cycles, 90% of the initial capacity is retained. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry data indicate that the multiple nitrogenation layers formed by NO significantly suppress electrode exothermic reactions during thermal runaway.
Radiation exposure in therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with two types of fluoroscopy systems
Authors: Wang Yao‐Sheng , Wu Ying‐Jung , Tseng Wan‐Jou , Huang Chien‐Jui , Chen Chiung‐Yu
Published: April 2024

Fluoroscopy is necessary for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Occupational radiation exposure of staff (endoscopists, nurses, or assistants) is inevitable. Fluoroscopes with a tube over‐couch (OC) rather than under‐couch (UC) may have more radiation reflection dosage on the staff's upper body theoretically, where the most vital organs are. In the study, we assessed the radiation exposure on staff by two different types of fluoroscopes in real‐world practice. Using a radiation dosimeter to measure the radiation dosage on endoscopists and assistants in each ERCP procedure under two different fluoroscopic systems (UC vs. OC). Forty‐one ERCP procedures were enrolled. Dosimeters were used NanoDots for the measurement of personal radiation exposure. Those dosimeters were attached to the left forearm and chest of the endoscopist and only the chest of two assistants, the wall of the ERCP room, and the controlling room in every procedure. Nine‐teen ERCPs were performed under the OC unit, and the other 22 ERCPs were UC method. Fluoroscopic time and output of radiation dose showed no significant difference between the two groups. Radiation exposure in endoscopist were 0.0911[0.1041–0.3974] mGy (OC) versus 0.0276 [0.0080–0.2924] mGy (UC), p < .01 for the forearm; and 0.0318 [0.0070–0.2628] mGy (OC) versus 0.0182 [0.0088–0.1628] mGy (UC), p = .04 for the endoscopist's body. There was no difference in radiation exposure from assistants in both groups. For all the ERCP procedures, the measurement of radiation exposure from high to low is endoscopist's hand, endoscopist's body, assistant 1, assistant 2, and ERCP room (p < .01). Radiation detection from ERCP room is slightly higher but close to controlling room (p = .06). For the safety of occupational radiation protection, tube of fluoroscope UC is better than OC for the endoscopists more than assistants. Besides, the assistant 1 took higher radiation exposure than assistant 2 for each ERCP procedure.
Thrombosis risk prediction in lymphoma patients: A multi‐institutional, retrospective model development and validation study
Authors: Ma Shengling , La Jennifer , Swinnerton Kaitlin N. , Guffey Danielle , Bandyo Raka , De Las Pozas Giordana , Hanzelka Katy , Xiao Xiangjun , Rojas‐Hernandez Cristhiam M. , Amos Christopher I. , Chitalia Vipul , Ravid Katya , Merriman Kelly W. , Flowers Christopher R. , Fillmore Nathanael , Li Ang
Published: April 2024

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) poses a significant risk to cancer patients receiving systemic therapy. The generalizability of pan‐cancer models to lymphomas is limited. Currently, there are no reliable risk prediction models for thrombosis in patients with lymphoma. Our objective was to create a risk assessment model (RAM) specifically for lymphomas. We performed a retrospective cohort study to develop Fine and Gray sub‐distribution hazard model for VTE and pulmonary embolism (PE)/ lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LE‐DVT) respectively in adult lymphoma patients from the Veterans Affairs national healthcare system (VA). External validations were performed at the Harris Health System (HHS) and the MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). Time‐dependent c‐statistic and calibration curves were used to assess discrimination and fit. There were 10,313 (VA), 854 (HHS), and 1858 (MDACC) patients in the derivation and validation cohorts with diverse baseline. At 6 months, the VTE incidence was 5.8% (VA), 8.2% (HHS), and 8.8% (MDACC), respectively. The corresponding estimates for PE/LE‐DVT were 3.9% (VA), 4.5% (HHS), and 3.7% (MDACC), respectively. The variables in the final RAM included lymphoma histology, body mass index, therapy type, recent hospitalization, history of VTE, history of paralysis/immobilization, and time to treatment initiation. The RAM had c‐statistics of 0.68 in the derivation and 0.69 and 0.72 in the two external validation cohorts. The two models achieved a clear differentiation in risk stratification in each cohort. Our findings suggest that easy‐to‐implement, clinical‐based model could be used to predict personalized VTE risk for lymphoma patients.
Rapid Synthesis of Peptides Mediated by PPh3−I2
Authors: Rathod Gajanan K. , Sharma Anku , Rao Kamya , Barahdia Aman S. , Jain Rahul
Published: April 2024

We report a mild, operationally simple, convenient, and rapid method of peptide bond formation using triphenylphosphine and iodine. The developed protocol was utilized to couple coded, non‐coded, and challenging amino acids in 64–92 % yield. Sterically hindered α,α‐disubstituted amino acids, which are important constituents of natural peptides, were also coupled in good yield. Mild reaction conditions in open air produce peptide bonds in a short time (30 min) without racemization.
Cell Phones in the OR: A Cross‐Sectional Study of Norwegian Perioperative Nurses’ Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes
Authors: Leonardsen Ann‐Chatrin Linqvist , Brevik Linda
Published: April 2024

Few studies have focused on the use of cell phones in the OR. In Norway, researchers sought to assess perioperative nurses’ knowledge, practice, and attitudes associated with cell phone use in the OR and distributed a nationwide questionnaire via a social media platform. More than 80% of the 332 respondents thought that cell phones were contaminated and that pathogens could contaminate hands. Almost all respondents brought their phone to work; approximately 61% of respondents carried it in their pocket in the OR. Responses to questions about phone cleaning showed that 39 (11.7%) of the respondents routinely cleaned their phone before entering the OR and 33 (9.9%) of the respondents cleaned it when leaving the OR. Less than 20% of respondents indicated their facility had guidelines for cleaning personal cell phones. Opportunities for improvement in cell phone cleaning in ORs exist and additional research involving all perioperative team members is needed.
Effect of Protic and Aprotic Formamide‐Based Organic Electrolytes for Rechargeable Zinc/MnO2 Battery
Authors: Lahiri Abhishek , Hirani Pranay , Haghani Sophia
Published: April 2024

Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are emerging as a promising and cost‐effective alternative energy storage system compared to other metal‐ion batteries. Aqueous electrolytes have been extensively studied in Zn‐ion batteries which has shown issues related to cathode dissolution. In comparison, little has been looked into the use of organic electrolytes in ZIBs. Here, we have studied both protic and aprotic forms of formamide‐based organic electrolytes containing Zn trifluoromethanesulfonate and their influence on the Zn solvation chemistry, electrochemistry, and performance of Zn‐MnO2 battery. It was observed that protic‐based electrolytes gave a much better capacity and stability for the Zn‐MnO2 battery. A capacity close to 150 mAh g−1 was obtained with formamide electrolyte at a current density of 0.25 A g−1. For all the other formamide‐based electrolytes tested, the capacity was lower. After 100 cycles, an average capacity retention of 72 % was obtained for formamide‐based electrolyte. This study shows that protic‐based electrolytes might be a suitable option for non‐aqueous‐based Zn‐ion batteries.
Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Biogenic Synthesis and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Humaira  , Ahmad Irfan , Shakir Hafiz Abdullah , Khan Muhammad , Ali Shaukat , Alshahrani Mesfer , Franco Marcelo , Irfan Muhammad
Published: April 2024

Currently, nanotechnology is developing at an exponential rate because of its widespread applications in various fields of life sciences. Traditionally, nanoparticles are fabricated through a variety of physical and chemical approaches but because of their limited efficiency in biomedical applications, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has gained much attention. Biogenically fabricated magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) possess unique features that enabled their use in therapeutics and environmental biotechnology. Biogenically MgONPs can be fabricated using plant extracts (Manihot esculenta, Rhizophora lamarckii, Ocimum sanctum, rosemary, Bauhinia purpurea, and others), bacteria (S. coelicolor, A. johnsonii RTN), fungi (Aspergillus flavus TFR‐12, Aspergillus brasiliensis TFR 2, white‐button mushroom's) and algae (S. whigti). These biogenically synthesized MgONPs are being reported as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, antipyretic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer agents. Moreover, their photocatalytic activity is far being discovered against certain organic dyes. This review focuses on the biogenic synthesis of MgONPs, their applications in therapeutics, and as antimicrobial agents as well as future prospects associated with their applications in the biomedical field.
Continuous renal replacement therapy for lithium toxicity: A worthy treatment to avoid intradialytic hypotension and vasopressors
Authors: Zardoost Pooya , Buckman Zachary , Weaver Joseph , Elston Sidney , Prouty Alex , Stuart Ryan , Wehrum Henry L.
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

While intermittent hemodialysis (HD) is the most efficient method of removing lithium in patients with lithium toxicity, continuous renal replacement therapy is an acceptable alternative in the setting of intradialytic hypotension. This form of dialysis can reduce the need for vasopressors during HD, which increases mortality.
Sustainable Electrolytes: Design Principles and Recent Advances
Authors: Ma Xuemei , Zhang Dianwei , Wen Jie , Fan Ling , Rao Apparao M. , Lu Bingan
Published: April 2024

Today, rechargeable batteries are omnipresent and essential for our existence. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of electric fields, the introduction of electrolytes with fluorine (F)‐based inorganic elemental compositions is a direction of exploration. However, most fluorocarbons have a high global warming potential and ozone depletion potential, which do not meet the sustainability requirements of the battery industry. Therefore, developing sustainable electrolytes is a viable option for future battery development. Although researchers have made much progress in electrolyte optimization, little attention has been paid to developing low‐toxic and safe electrolytes. This review aims to elucidate the design principles and recent advances in this direction for solvents and salts. It concludes with a summary and outlook on future research directions for the molecular design of green electrolytes for practical high‐voltage rechargeable batteries.
Electronic Current Density Induced by Uniform Magnetic Fields in Clarenes
Authors: Monaco Guglielmo , Summa Francesco F. , Zanasi Riccardo , Lazzeretti Paolo
Published: April 2024

Some planar and non‐planar clarenes have been studied using maps of magnetically induced quantum‐mechanical current density and tools from differential topology to assess their magnetic response in connection with recent results by Du and Wang. Bond current strengths have been computed to estimate quantitative measures. Isosurfaces of the divergence of induced Lorentz force density have been shown to provide useful additional criteria, especially in the case of non‐planar clarenes.
Ammonothermal Synthesis and Solid‐State NMR Study of the Imidonitridosilicate Rb3Si6N5(NH)6
Authors: Engelsberger Florian M. , Chau Thanh G. , Bräuniger Thomas , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: April 2024

The imidonitridosilicate Rb3Si6N5(NH)6, being only the second representative of this compound class, was synthesized ammonothermally at 870 K and 230 MPa. Its crystal structure was solved from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The imidonitridosilicate crystallizes isotypically with the respective potassium compound in space group P4132 with the lattice parameter a=10.9422(4) Å forming a three‐dimensional imidonitridosilicate tetrahedra network with voids for the rubidium ions. The structure model and the presence of the imide groups were verified by Fourier‐Transform infrared (FTIR) and magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, using cross polarization 15N{1H} and 29Si{1H} MAS NMR experiments. Rb3Si6N5(NH)6 represents a possible intermediate during the ammonothermal synthesis of nitridosilicates. The characterization of such intermediates improves the understanding of the reaction pathway from ammonothermal solutions to nitrides. Thus, the ammonothermal synthesis is an alternative approach to the well‐established high‐temperature synthesis leading to the compound class of nitridosilicates.
Targeting Manganese Amidinate and ß‐Ketoiminate Complexes as Precursors for Mn‐Based Thin Film Deposition
Authors: Wilken Martin , Muriqi Arbresha , Krusenbaum Annika , Nolan Michael , Devi Anjana
Published: April 2024

With a focus on Mn based organometallic compounds with suitable physico‐chemical properties to serve as precursors for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Mn‐containing materials, systematic synthetic approaches with ligand variation, detailed characterization, and theoretical input from density functional theory (DFT) studies are presented. A series of new homoleptic all‐nitrogen and mixed oxygen/nitrogen‐coordinated Mn(II) complexes bearing the acetamidinate, formamidinate, guanidinate and ß‐ketoiminate ligands have been successfully synthesized for the first time. The specific choice of these ligand classes with changes in structure and coordination sphere and side chain variations result in significant structural differences whereby mononuclear and dinuclear complexes are formed. This was supported by density functional theory (DFT) studies. The compounds were thoroughly characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, magnetic measurements, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. To evaluate their suitability as precursors for deposition of Mn‐based materials, the thermal properties were investigated in detail. Mn(II) complexes possessing the most promising thermal properties, namely Bis(N,N’‐ditertbutylformamidinato)manganese(II) (IV) and Bis(4‐(isopropylamino)pent‐3‐en‐2‐onato)manganese(II) (ßIII) were used in reactivity studies with DFT to explore their interaction with oxidizing co‐reactants such as oxygen and water which will guide future CVD and ALD process development.
La contribution des fournisseurs à la résilience de la chaîne logistique d'équipements de protection individuelle
Authors: Beaulieu Martin , Rebolledo Claudia , Roy Jacques , Landry Sylvain
Published: April 2024

The disruptions experienced by the healthcare supply chain of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID‐19 pandemic highlighted the importance of initiatives aimed at strengthening the resilience of this chain. This research takes the point of view of suppliers who were involved in the first months of the pandemic to fully understand their reading of events and thus be able to identify resilience initiatives to face future crises. The case under study is that of the PPE supply chain of the public healthcare and social services sector in the province of Quebec. Interviews with 23 suppliers were the main source of data, which was analyzed through the lens of social capital theory. This case study demonstrates that traditional resiliency initiatives such as safety stock or excess production capacity at suppliers would be better calibrated if buyers conducted a supplier market watch to anticipate major turbulence that could impact the supply chain.
Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Defluorinative Transformations of C—F Bonds
Authors: Wan Qinhui , Liu Rui‐Xue , Zhang Zhongyi , Wu Xia‐Die , Hou Zhong‐Wei , Wang Lei
Published: April 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Organic fluorine compounds are ubiquitous and pivotally important organic molecules, yet their activation and transformation have long been a formidable challenge due to the high energy and low reactivity of C—F bonds. Organic electrosynthesis, an environmentally benign synthetic method in organic chemistry, enables a myriad of chemical transformations without the need for external redox reagents. In recent years, organic electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for achieving the activation and transformation of C—F bonds in fluorine‐containing compounds. This review aims to succinctly recapitulate the latest advancements in the electrochemical defluorinative transformations of C—F bonds and to delve into the reaction design, mechanistic insights, and developmental prospects of these methods.

Key Scientists

In 1959, Lund was the first to pioneer the electroreduction of CF3 to CH3 group. Electrochemistry has lately provided new opportunities for efficient conversion of organic fluorides. In 2020, Zhou and coworkers discovered the electrochemical defluorinative carboxylation of α‐CF3 alkenes. Lambert and colleagues reported electrophotocatalytic defluorinative amination of aryl fluorides. Electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones was developed by Lennox and coworkers in 2021. In the same year, Wang and Guo disclosed electrochemical radical defluorinative alkylation of α‐CF3 alkenes with Katritzky salts as the alkyl radical precursors. Subsequently, Wu and Liao described a transition‐metal‐free, site‐selective C—F arylation of polyfluoroarenes with (het)arenes using paired electrophotocatalysis. In 2023, numerous efforts were made to achieve electrochemical C—F bond activation. Xia and Guo developed an organoboron‐controlled method for the chemoselective electrochemical sequential (deutero)hydrodefluorination of trifluoroacetamides.
Leveraging QSP Models for MIPD: A Case Study for Warfarin/INR
Authors: Falkenhagen Undine , Cavallari Larisa H. , Duarte Julio D. , Kloft Charlotte , Schmidt Stephan , Huisinga Wilhelm
Published: April 2024

Warfarin dosing remains challenging due to substantial inter‐individual variability, which can lead to unsafe or ineffective therapy with standard dosing. Model‐informed precision dosing (MIPD) can help individualize warfarin dosing, requiring the selection of a suitable model. For models developed from clinical data, the dependence on the study design and population raises questions about generalizability. Quantitative system pharmacology (QSP) models promise better extrapolation abilities; however, their complexity and lack of validation on clinical data raise questions about applicability in MIPD. We have previously derived a mechanistic warfarin/international normalized ratio (INR) model from a blood coagulation QSP model. In this article, we evaluated the predictive performance of the warfarin/INR model in the context of MIPD using an external dataset with INR data from patients starting warfarin treatment. We assessed the accuracy and precision of model predictions, benchmarked against an empirically based reference model. Additionally, we evaluated covariate contributions and assessed the predictive performance separately in the more challenging outpatient data. The warfarin/INR model performed comparably to the reference model across various measures despite not being calibrated with warfarin initiation data. Including CYP2C9 and/or VKORC1 genotypes as covariates improved the prediction quality of the warfarin/INR model, even after assimilating 4 days of INR data. The outpatient INR exhibited higher unexplained variability, and predictions slightly exceeded observed values, suggesting that model adjustments might be necessary when transitioning from an inpatient to an outpatient setting. Overall, this research underscores the potential of QSP‐derived models for MIPD, offering a complementary approach to empirical model development.
A comparative study of INSM1 (clone MRQ70) immunoreactivity on CytoLyt® pretreated cytology and resection specimens of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Jakowczuk Tiffany , Ren Shuyue
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Insulinoma‐associated protein 1 (INSM1) is a newly characterized sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for neuroendocrine (NE) tumors. Whereas more traditional NE markers, such as chromogranin A and synaptophysin, are cytoplasmic, INSM1 is uniquely nuclear and thus could serve as a useful addition to NE tumor workup. While application of immunohistochemical studies to cytology specimens is becoming increasingly relevant, knowledge of the effects of the certain fixatives as well as the pattern and intensity of immunoexpression are important considerations.

Methods

Sixteen cases of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PanNET) diagnosed between 2015 and 2021 underwent both fine‐needle aspiration, which was subsequently prepared in CytoLyt®‐fixed cytology cell block (CCB), and surgical resection, in which specimens were prepared into formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded blocks (FFPE). For all samples, INSM1 immunoreactivity was classified according to staining intensity and extent, then compared between CCBs and matched FFPEs.

Results

All 16 FFPE specimens demonstrated strong and diffuse INSM1 immunoreactivity, while only 10/16 (62.5%) CCBs were positive. Of those 10, only 2/10 (20%) demonstrated strong and diffuse reactivity.

Conclusion

The choice of fixative has a demonstrable effect on the immunoreactivity of INSM1 in PanNET. Even though the sensitivity is lower in CytoLyt®‐fixed cell block specimens, the addition of INSM1 is useful, especially in challenging cases that may be negative for one or more of the traditional NE markers.
Urinary metabolites indicative of the administration of hypoxen monitored by liquid chromatography–high resolution/accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Görgens Christian , Möller Tristan , Guddat Sven , Svambayev Erkebulan , Geyer Hans , Thomas Andreas , Thevis Mario
Published: April 2024

Hypoxen, a poly(dihydroxyphenylene) thiosulfonate‐based drug, has been investigated concerning its effect on mitochondrial respiration and the utilization of lactate, especially in the context of strenuous exercise. Since 2023, patterns of use regarding hypoxen amongst the athletic population are monitored by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) and its accredited anti‐doping laboratories, necessitating information on suitable urinary markers indicative of the administration of hypoxen. In this exploratory study, urine samples collected post‐administration of 1.5 and 2.0 g of hypoxen were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography‐high resolution/high mass accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry, which allowed for the identification of eight analytes that were plausibly attributable to metabolites of hypoxen. The identified species were assigned to the unconjugated species of S‐(2,2′,5,5′‐tetrahydroxy‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl) sulfurothioate and its glucuronide and additional tentatively identified analytes comprising a mercaptobenzene core structure. Including the identified markers into routine doping control analytical procedures enabled the detection of hypoxen use in athletes' doping control samples, thus contributing relevant information to WADA's monitoring program.
Synergistic Coupling of Sulfide Electrolyte and Integrated 3D FeS2 Electrode Toward Long‐Cycling All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Liu Wenyi , Zhao Yongzhi , Yi Chengjun , Hu Weifei , Xia Jiale , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Jinping
Published: April 2024

FeS2 cathode is promising for all‐solid‐state lithium batteries due to its ultra‐high capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the poor performances, induced by limited electrode‐electrolyte interface, severe volume expansion, and polysulfide shuttle, hinder the application of FeS2 in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries. Herein, an integrated 3D FeS2 electrode with full infiltration of Li6PS5Cl sulfide electrolytes is designed to address these challenges. Such a 3D integrated design not only achieves intimate and maximized interfacial contact between electrode and sulfide electrolytes, but also effectively buffers the inner volume change of FeS2 and completely eliminates the polysulfide shuttle through direct solid–solid conversion of Li2S/S. Besides, the vertical 3D arrays guarantee direct electron transport channels and horizontally shortened ion diffusion paths, endowing the integrated electrode with a remarkably reduced interfacial impedance and enhanced reaction kinetics. Benefiting from these synergies, the integrated all‐solid‐state lithium battery exhibits the largest reversible capacity (667 mAh g−1), best rate performance, and highest capacity retention of 82% over 500 cycles at 0.1 C compared to both a liquid battery and non‐integrated all‐solid‐state lithium battery. The cycling performance is among the best reported for FeS2‐based all‐solid‐state lithium batteries. This work presents an innovative synergistic strategy for designing long‐cycling high‐energy all‐solid‐state lithium batteries, which can be readily applied to other battery systems, such as lithium‐sulfur batteries.
FeF3‐Promoted Radical Fluoroalkylation of o‐Alkenylaryl Isocyanides to Access 2‐Fluoroalkylated Quinolines
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Yin , Zhang Wei‐Ming , Lu Cheng‐Wei , Wang Hua‐Hua , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Zhang Xing‐Guo , Tu Hai‐Yong
Published: April 2024

An iron(III)‐promoted radical fluoroalkylation of o‐alkenylaryl isocyanides has been developed using readily available perfluoroalkyl iodides as fluoroalkyl source. This cyclization reaction features broad substrate scope and provides a simple and efficient approach for regioselective construction of biologically important 2‐fluoroalkylated quinolines in 38–81 % yields.
High‐Performance Thermochromic VO2‐Based Coatings Deposited by Roll‐to‐Roll High‐Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Szelwicka Jolanta , Fahland Matthias , Rezek Jiri , Kaufman Michal , Munnik Frans , Vlcek Jaroslav , von Hauff Elizabeth
Published: April 2024

Thermochromic vanadium dioxide (VO2) undergoes a reversible semiconductor‐to‐metal transition, a property that can be exploited for reduction of the energy consumption in buildings using smart windows. Herein, high‐performance thermochromic three‐layer ZrO2/V0.98W0.02O2/ZrO2 coatings prepared on ultrathin flexible glass (0.1 mm) without any post annealing in a pilot‐scale roll‐to‐roll deposition device are presented. The V0.98W0.02O2 layers are deposited using a reactive high‐power impulse magnetron sputtering with an oxygen flow control at a substrate temperature of approximately 350 °C. The optimized coatings (width of 0.3 m and length over 2.6 m) exhibit a transition temperature of 28 °C, an integral luminous transmittance over 50%, and a modulation of the solar energy transmittance of about 10%. The deposition process is optimized, and the elemental composition (Rutherford backscattering spectrometry), design (field‐emission scanning electron microscopy), phase composition (X‐ray diffraction), and thermochromic properties (spectrophotometry) of these high‐performance VO2‐based coatings in the context of potential for commercial applications are characterized.
A novel t(X;21)(p11.4;q22.12) translocation adds to the role of BCOR and RUNX1 in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias
Authors: Mavridou Elena , Lema Fernandez Anair Graciela , Nardelli Carlotta , Pierini Valentina , Quintini Martina , Arniani Silvia , Di Giacomo Danika , Crescenzi Barbara , Matteucci Caterina , Sambani Constantina , Mecucci Cristina
Published: April 2024

In myeloid neoplasms, both fusion genes and gene mutations are well‐established events identifying clinicopathological entities. In this study, we present a thus far undescribed t(X;21)(p11.4;q22.12) in five cases with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The translocation was isolated or accompanied by additional changes. It did not generate any fusion gene or gene deregulation by aberrant juxtaposition with regulatory sequences. Molecular analysis by targeted next‐generation sequencing showed that the translocation was accompanied by at least one somatic mutation in TET2, EZH2, RUNX1, ASXL1, SRSF2, ZRSR2, DNMT3A, and NRAS genes. Co‐occurrence of deletion of RUNX1 in 21q22 and of BCOR in Xp11 was associated with t(X;21). BCOR haploinsufficiency corresponded to a significant hypo‐expression in t(X;21) cases, compared to normal controls and to normal karyotype AML. By contrast, RUNX1 expression was not altered, suggesting a compensatory effect by the remaining allele. Whole transcriptome analysis showed that overexpression of HOXA9 differentiated t(X;21) from both controls and t(8;21)‐positive AML. In conclusion, we characterized a new recurrent reciprocal t(X;21)(p11.4;q22.12) chromosome translocation in MDS and AML, generating simultaneous BCOR and RUNX1 deletions rather than a fusion gene at the genomic level.
Temporal trends and regional variability in BRAF and KRAS genetic testing in Denmark (2010–2022): Implications for precision medicine
Authors: Frost Matilde Grupe , Jensen Kristoffer Jarlov , Jimenez‐Solem Espen , Qvortrup Camilla , Kuhlmann Tine Plato , Andersen Jon Lykkegaard , Høgdall Estrid , Petersen Tonny Studsgaard
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the developments in the testing of Kirsten Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and v‐Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutations across different cancer types and regions in Denmark from 2010 to 2022.

Study design and setting

Using comprehensive data from the Danish health registries, we linked molecular test results from the Danish Pathology Registry with cancer diagnoses from the Danish National Patient Registry between 2010 and 2022. We assessed the frequency and distribution of KRAS and BRAF mutations across all cancer types, years of testing, and the five Danish regions.

Results

The study included records of KRAS testing for 30 671 patients and BRAF testing for 30 860 patients. Most KRAS testing was performed in colorectal (78%) and lung cancer (18%), and BRAF testing in malignant melanoma (13%), colorectal cancer (67%), and lung cancer (12%). Testing rates and documentation mutational subtypes increased over time. Reporting of wildtype results varied between lung and colorectal cancer, with underreporting in lung cancer. Regional variations in testing and reporting were observed.

Conclusion

Our study highlights substantial progress in KRAS and BRAF testing in Denmark from 2010 to 2022, evidenced by increased and more specific reporting of mutational test results, thereby improving the precision of cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, persistent regional variations and limited testing for cancer types beyond melanoma, colorectal, and lung cancer highlight the necessity for a nationwide assessment of the optimal testing approach.
Comment on “Sexism in Academia is Bad for Science and a Waste of Public Funding”
Authors: Barner Leonie
Published: April 2024

A recent comment by Boivin et al. urges academia and governments to address sexism and fight bias at higher education and research institutions as losing female academics is costing science and society too much. Herein, I discuss further underlying reasons of sexism in academia and the importance of a deep dive into the causes of inequity at individual faculty and school levels to develop bespoke and enforceable gender equity plans, the importance of not using basic statistic as the only tool to measure equity/inequity as well as how key performance indicators could be better used to advance gender equity and end sexism in academia.
A hybrid approach for malware detection in SDN‐enabled IoT scenarios
Authors: Souza Cristian H. M. , Arima Carlos H.
Published: April 2024

Malware presents a significant threat to computer systems security, especially in ARM and MIPS architectures, driven by the rise of the internet of things (IoT). This paper introduces Heimdall, a hybrid approach that integrates YARA signatures and machine learning in programmable switches for efficient malware detection in SDN‐enabled IoT environments. The machine learning classifier achieved an accuracy of 99.33% against the IoT‐23 dataset. When evaluated in an emulated environment with real malware samples, Heimdall exhibits a 98.44% detection rate and an average processing time of 0.0217 s.
A Hybrid Model for Fetal Growth Restriction Assessment by Automatic Placental Radiomics on T2‐Weighted MRI and Multifeature Fusion
Authors: Li Ruikun , Song Fuzhen , Zhou Qing , Wu Weibin , Cao Yunyun , Zhang Guofu , Qian Zhaoxia , Wang Lisheng
Published: April 2024

Background

MRI‐based placental analyses have been used to improve fetal growth restriction (FGR) assessment by complementing ultrasound‐based measurements. However, these are still limited by time‐consuming manual annotation in MRI data and the lack of mother‐based information.

Purpose

To develop and validate a hybrid model for accurate FGR assessment by automatic placental radiomics on T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and multifeature fusion.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

274 pregnant women (29.5  4.0 years) from two centers were included and randomly divided into training (N = 119), internal test (N = 40), time‐independent validation (N = 43), and external validation (N = 72) sets.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5‐T, T2WI half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence.

Assessment

First, the placentas on T2WI were manually annotated, and a deep learning model was developed to automatically segment the placentas. Then, the radiomic features were extracted from the placentas and selected by three‐step feature selection. In addition, fetus‐based measurement features and mother‐based clinical features were obtained from ultrasound examinations and medical records, respectively. Finally, a hybrid model based on random forest was constructed by fusing these features, and further compared with models based on other machine learning methods and different feature combinations.

Statistical Tests

The performances of placenta segmentation and FGR assessment were evaluated by Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), respectively. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The placentas were automatically segmented with an average DSC of 90.0%. The hybrid model achieved an AUROC of 0.923, 0.931, and 0.880 on the internal test, time‐independent validation, and external validation sets, respectively. The mother‐based clinical features resulted in significant performance improvements for FGR assessment.

Data Conclusion

The proposed hybrid model may be able to assess FGR with high accuracy. Furthermore, information complementation based on placental, fetal, and maternal features could also lead to better FGR assessment performance.

Level of Evidence

3.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2.
Innovative direct introduction‐ion mobility–mass spectrometry (DI‐IM‐MS) approach for fast and robust isomer‐specific quantification in a complex matrix: Application to 2′‐fucosyllactose (2’‐FL) in breast milk
Authors: Rathahao‐Paris Estelle , Abdoun Sarah , Paris Alain , Guillon Blanche , Venot Eric , Fenaille François , Adel‐Patient Karine , Alves Sandra
Published: April 2024

Identification and specific quantification of isomers in a complex biological matrix by mass spectrometry alone is not an easy task due to their identical chemical formula and therefore their same mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z). Here, the potential of direct introduction combined with ion mobility–mass spectrometry (DI‐IM‐MS) for rapid quantification of isomers as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) was investigated. Differences in HMO profiles between various analyzed breast milk samples were highlighted using the single ion mobility monitoring (SIM2) acquisition for high ion mobility resolution detection. Furthermore, the Se+ (secretor) or Se− (non‐secretor) phenotype could be assigned to breast milk samples studied based on their HMO contents, especially on the response of 2′‐fucosyllactose (2’‐FL) and lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I (LNFP I). The possibility of quantifying a specific isomer in breast milk by DI‐IM‐MS was also investigated. The standard addition method allowed the determination of the 2’‐FL despite the presence of other oligosaccharides, including 3‐fucosyllactose (3‐FL) isomer in breast milk. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrated the high potential of such an approach for the rapid and convenient quantification of isomers in complex mixtures.
Full‐color, wide field‐of‐view single‐layer waveguide for augmented reality displays
Authors: Yang Qian , Ding Yuqiang , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: April 2024

In the quest for more compact and efficient augmented reality (AR) displays, the standard approach often necessitates the use of multiple layers to facilitate a large full‐color field of view (FoV). Here, we delve into the constraints of FoV in single‐layer, full‐color waveguide‐based AR displays, uncovering the critical roles played by the waveguide's refractive index, the exit pupil expansion (EPE) scheme, and the combiner's angular response in dictating these limitations. Through detailed analysis, we introduce an innovative approach, featuring an optimized butterfly EPE scheme coupled with gradient‐pitch polarization volume gratings (PVGs). This novel configuration successfully achieves a theoretical diagonal FoV of 54.06° while maintaining a 16:10 aspect ratio.
Use of molybdenum in Ni 620 filler metal to influence the microstructure of brazed hot work steel
Authors: Bobzin K. , Heinemann H. , Apel M. , Zhou B. , Erck M.
Published: April 2024

Brazing of hot work steel with nickel‐based filler metals is a widely used process for manufacturing casting tools. However, the formation of brittle phases in the joint impairs its mechanical properties. Reducing these intermetallic phases is an important aspect. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations are used to estimate the change in melting range and apearance of intermetallic phases by adding different amounts of molybdenum to Ni 620. The filler metals are then produced and their solidus and liquidus temperatures are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Specimens of X37CrMoV5‐1 are then brazed in a vacuum furnace and their microstructure is analysed by scanning electron microscopy/electron dispersive spectroscopy and their hardness properties by nanoindentation. The addition of molybdenum to the Ni 620 filler metal leads to the formation of chromium molybdenum boride rich phases and reduced hardness values in brazed joints. Manipulation of Ni 620 by molybdenum helps to improve relevant properties in brazing hot work steel.
Controlling the weld penetration depth of laser beam micro welding by using an iterative learning approach
Authors: Spurk C. , Hollatz S. , Lipnicki W. , Hummel M. , Gillner A. , Häfner C.
Published: April 2024

In order to meet the increasing demand for high‐speed joining processes, laser beam micro welding is used to reproducibly weld metallic joining partners such as steel. Long weld seams or high cycle speeds, however, remain a challenge to achieve a constant welding depth throughout the entire welding process without major fluctuations. This paper shows the development and evaluation of a weld penetration depth control system based on interferometric measurement of the depth of the vapor capillary. High path speeds and small weld depths are challenging for real‐time depth control. Therefore, the offline data of the interferometric measurements are used to implement an iterative learning control of the weld penetration depth. The quality of the control is verified by welding with and without spatial power modulation on 1.4301 steel while following a linear and sinusoidal trajectory.