bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Whom Was Humanity Saved? The Ransom Soteriology of Origen's Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans
Authors: Waldow Daniel
Published: July 2019

This work examines the soteriology of Origen's Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, with special focus upon the way that he uses ‘ransom’ imagery to explain the saving death of Christ. Origen did not assert any ‘rights’ of the devil, and his use of ‘devil's ransom’ imagery was meant to be interpreted metaphorically, and not in a strictly literal fashion. This becomes evident when the ransom texts are interpreted alongside of Origen's surrounding discussion of evil and Christ's saving activity. Such a reading shows that Origen's soteriology employed both dramatic symbols and rationally grounded analysis in order to convey the mystery of Christ's saving work. Despite its metaphorical nature, however, Origen's presentation of the ‘devil's ransom’ abounds in theological realism and contains enduring soteriological truth.
Jenson, Hegel and the Spirit of Recognition
Authors: Bruner David
Published: July 2019

This article engages the pneumatology and account of divine freedom found in Robert Jenson's Systematic Theology. It raises a novel set of questions about Jenson's account of divine freedom, which bears on persistent questions regarding the nature of G.W.F. Hegel's influence upon Jenson. While most engagements with Jenson take for granted what it is to be ‘Hegelian’, this article foregrounds the diversity of contemporary Hegel interpretation. It argues that Jenson's account of divine freedom would profit from a stronger dose of Hegel's philosophy – specifically, Hegel's account of mutual recognition – provided that Hegel is interpreted along the lines of the non‐traditional school of Hegel interpretation. The article concludes with a brief constructive sketch of a Jensonian pneumatology conceived along these lines.
The Responsiveness of Pure Actuality: Unmediated Agency, Linguistic Potentiality and the Divine Accommodation of Speech Acts
Authors: Bankston Will
Published: July 2019

This article builds upon the trinitarian theology of Thomas Weinandy, applying his elaboration of Aquinas' notion of God's pure actuality to the matter of linguistic agency. In particular, the seemingly contradictory claim will be made that God is more responsive to us (properly understood) precisely because he cannot perform the act of response. Rather, God reveals the pure act that is himself through what the article terms notional responses. These are the epistemological accommodations of his pure actuality to finite human persons in the form of speech acts as humans change in their relation to God. In understanding God's communicative agency as such, divine transcendence will be shown to establish divine immanence rather than to stand at odds with it.
Environmental niche adaptation revealed through fine scale phenological niche modelling
Authors: Van Dam Matthew H. , Rominger Andrew J. , Brewer Michael S.
Published: July 2019

Aim

Phenology, the temporal response of a population to its climate, is a crucial behavioural trait shared across life on earth. How species adapt their phenologies to climate change is poorly understood but critical in understanding how species will respond to future change. We use a group of flies (Rhaphiomidas) endemic to the North American deserts to understand how species adapt to changing climatic conditions. Here, we explore a novel approach for taxa with constrained phenologies aimed to accurately model their environmental niche and relate this to phenological and morphological adaptations in a phylogenetic context.

Taxon

Insecta, Diptera, Mydidae,Rhaphiomidas.

Location

North America, Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts.

Methods

We gathered geographical and phenological occurrence data for the entire genusRhaphiomidas, and, estimated a time calibrated phylogeny. We compared Daymet derived temperature values for a species adult occurrence period (phenology) with those derived from WorldClim data that is partitioned by month or quarter to examine what effect using more precise data has on capturing a species’ environmental niche. We then examined to what extent phylogenetic signal in phenological traits, climate tolerance and morphology can inform us about how species adapt to different environmental regimes.

Results

We found that the Bioclim temperature data, which are averages across monthly intervals, poorly represent the climate windows to which adult flies are actually adapted. Using temporally relevant climate data, we show that many species use a combination of morphological and phenological changes to adapt to different climate regimes. There are also instances where species changed only phenology to track a climate type or only morphology to adapt to different environments.

Main Conclusions

Without using a fine‐scale phenological data approach, identifying environmental adaptations could be misleading because the data do not represent the conditions the animals are actually experiencing. We find that fine‐scale phenological niche models are needed when assessing taxa that have a discrete phenological window that is key to their survival, accurately linking environment to morphology and phenology. Using this approach, we show thatRhaphiomidasuse a combination of niche tracking and adaptation to persist in new niches. Modelling the effect of phenology on such species’ niches will be critical for better predictions of how these species might respond to future climate change.
Community building and knowledge sharing by individuals with disabilities using social media
Authors: Sweet Kayla S. , LeBlanc Jennifer K. , Stough Laura M. , Sweany Noelle W.
Published: July 2019

The use of social media to share information, enhance learning, and connect with an online community has grown rapidly over the past 10 years. As social media becomes a more common tool in both formal and informal education, it is imperative to understand how it is used by individuals with disabilities. Through a systematic study of the literature, 215 articles on social media used by individuals with disabilities were selected and 29 selected for in‐depth thematic analysis. Six major themes were identified: community, cyberbullying, self‐esteem, self‐determination, access to technology, and accessibility. To confirm these six categories, we expanded our search, yielding an additional 30 articles, for a total 59 articles reviewed in‐depth. Interactions between individuals with disabilities within online communities often had the goal of acquiring knowledge or learning new information. A communities of practice theoretical framework is used to discuss interactions among the elements of social media design, learning, and the building of community by individuals with disabilities.
Aurora kinase A stabilizes FOXM1 to enhance paclitaxel resistance in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Yang Na , Wang Chang , Wang Jian , Wang Zifeng , Huang Di , Yan Min , Kamran Muhammad , Liu Quentin , Xu BangLao
Published: July 2019

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a relatively poor outcome. Acquired chemoresistance is a major clinical challenge for TNBC patients. Previously, we reported that kinase‐dead Aurora kinase A (Aurora‐A) could effectively transactivate the FOXM1 promoter. Here, we demonstrate an additional pathway through which Aurora‐A stabilizes FOXM1 by attenuating its ubiquitin in TNBC. Specifically, Aurora‐A stabilizes FOXM1 in late M phase and early G1 phase of the cell cycle, which promotes proliferation of TNBC cells. Knock‐down of Aurora‐A significantly suppresses cell proliferation in TNBC cell lines and can be rescued by FOXM1 overexpression. We observe that paclitaxel‐resistant TNBC cells exhibit high expression of Aurora‐A and FOXM1. Overexpression of Aurora‐A offers TNBC cells an additional growth advantage and protection against paclitaxel. Moreover, Aurora‐A and FOXM1 could be simultaneously targeted by thiostrepton. Combination of thiostrepton and paclitaxel treatment reverses paclitaxel resistance and significantly inhibits cell proliferation. In conclusion, our study reveals additional mechanism through which Aurora‐A regulates FOXM1 and provides a new therapeutic strategy to treat paclitaxel‐resistant triple‐negative breast cancer.
High‐throughput identification and quantification of Vagococcus salmoninarum by SYBR Green I‐based real‐time PCR combined with melting curve analysis
Authors: Torres‐Corral Yolanda , Fernández‐Álvarez Clara , Santos Ysabel
Published: July 2019

This work describes a primer pair and a high‐throughput SYBR Green I‐based real‐time PCR protocol combined with melting curve analysis for identification and quantification of Vagococcus salmoninarum in bacterial cultures and infected fish tissues. The 16S rRNA gene was selected for the design of the primer pair (SalF and SalR). The sensitivity and specificity of this primer pair were compared with other previously designed for conventional PCR. Although both primer pairs showed 100% specificity using pure bacterial cultures or DNA extracted from bacteria or fish tissues, the primer pairs designed in this study showed the highest sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.034 × 100 amplicon copies per assay (equivalent to 2 × 10−11 ng/µl, Cq value of 30.49 ± 1.71). The developed qPCR protocol allowed the detection of V. salmoninarum in non‐lethal and lethal fish samples with detection levels of 0.17 × 100 gene copies in tissues artificially infected and 0.02 × 100 in tissues of fish experimentally infected with V. salmoninarum. The high sensitivity of the developed method suggests that it could be considered as a useful tool for diagnosis of vagococcosis and the detection of V. salmoninarum in asymptomatic or carrier fish.
High‐Sensitive Troponin T, Natriuretic Peptide, and Cognitive Change
Authors: Pokharel Yashashwi , Mouhanna Farah , Schneider Andrea L. C. , Rawlings Andreea M. , Knopman David S. , Nambi Vijay , Virani Salim S. , Hoogeveen Ron C. , Alonso Alvaro , Heiss Gerardo , Coresh Josef , Mosley Thomas , Gottesman Rebecca , Selvin Elizabeth , Ballantyne Christie , Power Melinda C.
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVES

Cardiac troponin T, measured using a high‐sensitive assay (hs‐cTnT), and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are associated with increased stroke risk and perhaps with cognitive decline. However, few well‐designed prospective studies with extended follow‐up have been conducted. We aimed to estimate the association of hs‐cTnT and NT‐proBNP with 15‐year cognitive change in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Four US communities.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 9114 and 9108 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study for analyses of hs‐cTnT and NT‐proBNP, respectively.

MEASUREMENTS

We examined association of hs‐cTnT and NT‐proBNP with 15‐year change (1996‐1998 to 2011‐2013) in three cognitive tests of executive function (Digit Symbol Substitution Test), verbal learning memory (Delayed Word Recall Test), and semantic fluency (Word Fluency Test), and an overall score combining the three tests using multivariable linear mixed effect models. We conducted several sensitivity analyses including multiple imputations to address bias due to missing data and attrition, and we compared associations within groups combining hs‐cTnT and NT‐proBNP into a three‐level categorical variable.

RESULTS

At baseline (1996‐1998), mean age was 63.4 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.7) years; 56.4% were women, and 17.5% were black. The hs‐cTnT at baseline was not associated with cognitive change in any measure. Some evidence indicated accelerated decline in verbal learning and memory when comparing those in the highest with the lowest NT‐proBNP quintiles; however, this association was not replicated when considering clinically relevant cutoffs or deciles of exposure in survivors. Sensitivity analyses were consistent with our primary analyses. There was little evidence to support effect modification by any considered factors. People with highest levels of both biomarkers had excessive decline in global z scores vs people with lowest levels (−.34; 95% confidence interval = −.63 to −.04).

CONCLUSION

Markers of myocardial injury and stretch were not associated with cognitive decline following 15 years among survivors, but when combined together they were suggestive in post hoc analysis. Whether this represents targets of intervention should be examined in the future. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2353–2361, 2019
Engineering plants to secrete affinity‐tagged pathogen elicitors for deciphering immune receptor complex or inducing enhanced immunity
Authors: Miao Shuang , Liu Jiuer , Guo Jianhang , Li Jian‐Feng
Published: July 2019

Plant cells mount plenty of pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect the microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from potential microbial pathogens. MAMPs are overrepresented by proteinaneous patterns, such as the flg22 peptide from bacterial flagellin. Identification of PRR receptor complex components by forward or reverse genetics can be time/labor‐consuming, and be confounded by functional redundancies. Here, we present a strategy for identifying PRR complex components by engineering plants to inducibly secrete affinity‐tagged proteinaneous MAMPs to the apoplast. The PRR protein complexes bound to self‐secreted MAMPs are enriched through affinity purification and dissected by mass spectrometry. As a proof of principle, we could capture the flg22 receptor FLS2 and co‐receptor BAK1 using Arabidopsis plants secreting FLAG‐tagged flg22 under estradiol induction. Moreover, we identified receptor‐like kinases LIK1 and PEPR1/PEPR2 as potential components in the FLS2 receptor complex, which were further validated by protein–protein interaction assays and the reverse genetics approach. Our study showcases a simple way to biochemically identify endogenous PRR complex components without overexpressing the PRR or using chemical cross‐linkers, and suggests a possible crosstalk between different immune receptors in plants. A modest dose of estradiol can also be applied to inducing enhanced immunity in engineered plants to both bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Leveraging the Existing US Healthcare Structure for Consumer Financial Well‐Being: Barriers, Opportunities, and a Framework toward Future Research
Authors: Dorsey Joshua D. , Hill Paul , Moran Nora , Nations Azzari Courtney , Reshadi Farnoush , Shanks Ilana , Williams Jerome D.
Published: July 2019

Healthcare exchange often contains peril for consumers because of numerous barriers to financial well‐being (FWB). Rather than ruing specific agendas of healthcare policy, we embrace a neutral and immediately actionable approach. The authors promote gains in healthcare's current composition by empowering consumers to be proactive, where possible, in reducing power inequities and improving their own FWB. As such, the authors identify primary barriers to the FWB of healthcare consumers and propose individual opportunities within the existing healthcare structure that are likely to improve fiscal outcomes. Moreover, the current research demonstrates collaborative paths wherein power‐holders (i.e., practitioner, researcher, consumer, government) can collaborate toward and/or contribute to the same financial health. A proposed theoretical framework, with foundations of power‐responsibility equilibrium and transformative service research, gives rise to future research directions. This research is intended to provide a foundation for healthcare and FWB thought/action, and to guide coming scholarly offerings.
Association between Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and lymphoma: a population‐based birth cohort study
Authors: Salmon C. , Conus F. , Parent M.‐É. , Benedetti A. , Rousseau M.‐C.
Published: July 2019

Background

Most risk factors for lymphoma identified so far relate to immunosuppression, but its aetiology remains unclear.

Objectives

We investigated whether Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination is associated with lymphoma, overall and separately for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).

Methods

A cohort of 400 611 subjects born in the province of Québec, Canada, between 1970 and 1974 was used. Information on BCG vaccination was extracted from the Quebec BCG Vaccination Registry. Lymphomas cases were individuals who had ≥2 health encounters, medical visits or hospitalizations, for lymphoma within 2 months or who were identified through the Quebec Tumor Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 178 335 (46.0%) subjects were BCG‐vaccinated, and 1478 (0.38%) cases of lymphomas were ascertained. Amongst them, 922 were identified as NHL and 421 as HL. After adjustment, no association was observed between BCG vaccination and either lymphoma (any type) (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.96–1.11) or NHL (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.86–1.13). For HL, nonproportional hazards were observed. Before the age of 18, the risk of HL was elevated amongst vaccinated individuals (HR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.39–3.69). However after 18 years of age, no association was found (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.75–1.15).

Conclusion

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination may increase the risk of HL before 18 years of age, but residual confounding cannot entirely be excluded. Given the benefits of BCG vaccination, these results need to be reproduced in other populations before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Binocular facilitation in light‐mediated melatonin suppression?
Authors: Spitschan Manuel , Cajochen Christian
Published: July 2019

In humans, the production of melatonin is suppressed by light exposure. This effect is mediated by a retinal pathway involving the melanopsin‐containing intrinsincally photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which exhibit maximum sensitivity to short‐wavelength light. Here, based on extant and published data, we examine how signals from the two eyes are integrated in driving the suppression of melatonin by light. We find that melatonin suppression by light exposure to two eyes corresponds to a sensitivity shift by about 1.2 log units (factor ~17.4).
Secularity and Irreligion in Cross‐National Context: A Nonlinear Approach
Authors: Kasselstrand Isabella
Published: July 2019

As part of the conversation about the characteristics and scope of secularization in contemporary society, the implications of low levels of self‐defined atheism and explicit rejection of religion in nations with low levels of religious beliefs are not yet sufficiently explored. In response, this study uses aggregated data from the World Values Survey, the European Values Study, and Cross‐National Socio‐Economic and Religion Data from the Association of Religion Data Archives to investigate the relationships between nonbelief, atheism, and lack of confidence in churches or religious organizations. Regression findings show a concave curvilinear relationship between secularity (measured as the percentage of the population that does not believe in God) and irreligion (measured as (1) the percentage of self‐defined atheists in a country and (2) the percentage of individuals in a country who have no confidence at all in religious organizations). In other words, this study suggests that nonbelief is associated with an increase in self‐defined atheism and the lack of confidence in religious organizations, but that this effect wanes the more secular a society is. The findings further highlight the complexity of nonreligiosity and imply that a linear association cannot be assumed between measures of secularization, secularity, and irreligion.
Chance and predictability in evolution: The genomic basis of convergent dietary specializations in an adaptive radiation
Authors: Vizueta Joel , Macías‐Hernández Nuria , Arnedo Miquel A. , Rozas Julio , Sánchez‐Gracia Alejandro
Published: July 2019

The coexistence of multiple eco‐phenotypes in independently assembled communities makes island adaptive radiations the ideal framework to test convergence and parallelism in evolution. In the radiation of the spider genusDysderain the Canary Islands, species diversification occurs concomitant with repeated events of trophic specialization. These dietary shifts, to feed primarily on woodlice, are accompanied by modifications in morphology (mostly in the mouthparts), behaviour and nutritional physiology. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this adaptive radiation, we performed a comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of five Canary IslandDysderaendemics representing two evolutionary and geographically independent events of dietary specialization. After controlling for the potential confounding effects of hemiplasy, our differential gene expression and selective constraint analyses identified a number of genetic changes that could be associated with the repeated adaptations to specialized diet of woodlice, including some related to heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis, the metabolism of some important nutrients and venom toxins. Our results shed light on the genomic basis of an extraordinary case of dietary shift convergence associated with species diversification. We uncovered putative molecular substrates of convergent evolutionary changes at different hierarchical levels, including specific genes, genes with equivalent functions and even particular amino acid positions. This study improves our knowledge of rapid adaptive radiations and provides new insights into the predictability of evolution.
Trait analysis reveals DOG1 determines initial depth of seed dormancy, but not changes during dormancy cycling that result in seedling emergence timing
Authors: Footitt Steven , Walley Peter G. , Lynn James R. , Hambidge Angela J. , Penfield Steven , Finch‐Savage William E.
Published: July 2019

Seedling emergence timing is crucial in competitive plant communities and so contributes to species fitness. To understand the mechanistic basis of variation in seedling emergence timing, we exploited the contrasting behaviour of two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes: Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) and Burren (Bur‐0).

We used RNA‐Seq analysis of RNA from exhumed seeds and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses on a mapping population from crossing the Cvi and Bur‐0 ecotypes.

We determined genome‐wide expression patterns over an annual dormancy cycle in both ecotypes, identifying nine major clusters based on the seasonal timing of gene expression, and variation in behaviour between them. QTL were identified for depth of seed dormancy and seedling emergence timing (SET).

Both analyses showed a key role for DOG1 in determining depth of dormancy, but did not support a direct role for DOG1 in generating altered seasonal patterns of seedling emergence. The principle QTL determining SET (SET1: dormancy cycling) is physically close on chromosome 5, but is distinct from DOG1. We show that SET1 and two other SET QTLs each contain a candidate gene (AHG1, ANAC060, PDF1 respectively) closely associated with DOG1 and abscisic acid signalling and suggest a model for the control of SET in the field.
Translating systems thinking into practice for community action on childhood obesity
Authors: Allender Steven , Brown Andrew D. , Bolton Kristy A. , Fraser Penny , Lowe Janette , Hovmand Peter
Published: July 2019

We report on the first 18 months of two communities' efforts using methods inspired by community‐based participatory system dynamics for the development, implementation, and evaluation of whole of community efforts to improve the health of children. We apply Foster‐Fishman's theoretical framework for characterizing systems change to describe the initiatives. Bounding the system began with defining leaders more broadly than standard health interventions to be those who had the ability to change environments to improve health, including food retailers, government, and business, and using high‐quality childhood monitoring data to define the problem. Widespread access to junk food, barriers to physical activity, and efforts to promote health predominantly through programmatic approaches were identified as potential root causes. System interactions existed in the form of relationships between stakeholder groups and organizations. The approach described built new relationships and strengthened existing relationships. Willingness in taking risks, changing existing practice, and redesigning health promotion work to have a community development focus, were levers for change. This approach has resulted in hundreds of community‐led actions focused on changing norms and environments. Insights from this approach may be useful to support other communities in translating systems theory into systems practice. Further empirical research is recommended to explore the observations in this paper.
General anesthesia safety in progressive leukodystrophies: A retrospective study of patients with Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy
Authors: Bascou Nicholas A. , Marcos Maria C. , Beltran Quintero Maria L. , Roosen‐Marcos Mercedes C. , Cladis Franklyn P. , Poe Michele D. , Escolar Maria L.
Published: July 2019

Background

Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy are leukodystrophies characterized by neurologic degeneration and early death. Patients often require general anesthesia for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records was conducted for patients with Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy receiving general anesthesia at a large children's hospital between 2012 and 2017. Patient complications and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status were recorded for all procedures. The Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders classification system was created to categorize the severity of the patient's disease progression based on clinical markers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare: (a) complication rate of affected patients vs the general hospital population; (b) the accuracy of the novel Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders classification system vs American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status regarding the assessment of complication risk; (c) complication rate in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs those without transplantation; (d) complication rate in immunosuppressed patients vs nonimmunosuppressed patients; and (e) complication rate of the three most commonly performed procedures.

Results

A total of 96 patients underwent 287 procedures. Of these, 11 cases had complications, yielding a rate of 3.8%. This is significantly higher than the overall complication rate at our institution of 0.246%. Statistical analysis showed better correlation between the Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders classification system and complication rate than American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status and complication rate. The system also showed better accuracy in differentiating low‐risk and high‐risk patients. No statistically significant difference in complication rate was found for patients with transplantation vs those without transplantation or for immunosuppressed vs nonimmunosuppressed patients. Of the three most common procedures, central catheter placement/removal exhibited the highest complication rate.

Conclusions

Although the complication rate for patients with Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy is higher than the general population, most complications were mild and self‐limiting. These results suggest that, in experienced hands, general anesthesia is well tolerated in most children. Findings show that the Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders classification system is a better indicator for assessing complication risk in patients with Krabbe and metachromatic leukodystrophy than American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status.
Rescuing Basic Equality
Authors: Parr Tom , Slavny Adam
Published: July 2019

In the debate on the basis of moral equality, one conclusion achieves near consensus: that we must reject all accounts that ground equality in the possession of some psychological capacity (Psychological Capacity Accounts). This widely held view crystallises around three objections. The first is the Arbitrariness Objection, which holds that the threshold at which the possession of the relevant capacities places an individual within the required range is arbitrary. The second is the Variations Objection, which holds that there is rational pressure to acknowledge that variations in psychological capacities between individuals are morally relevant. The third is the No Rational Agency Objection, according to which Psychological Capacity Accounts have unpalatable implications for our treatment of humans who do not possess the relevant capacities. We develop a Psychological Capacity Account based on the capacity for a conception of the good and offer a novel defence of the account against these objections.
Realism about the wave function
Authors: Chen Eddy Keming
Published: July 2019

A century after the discovery of quantum mechanics, the meaning of quantum mechanics still remains elusive. This is largely due to the puzzling nature of the wave function, the central object in quantum mechanics. If we are realists about quantum mechanics, how should we understand the wave function? What does it represent? What is its physical meaning? Answering these questions would improve our understanding of what it means to be a realist about quantum mechanics. In this survey article, I review and compare several realist interpretations of the wave function. They fall into three categories: ontological interpretations, nomological interpretations, and thesui generisinterpretation. For simplicity, I will focus on non‐relativistic quantum mechanics.
Costly parenting: physiological condition over time and season in males of the giant waterbug Abedus dilatatus
Authors: Munguía‐Steyer Roberto , González‐García Erik , Castaños Clara E. , Córdoba‐Aguilar Alex
Published: July 2019

Parental care patterns increase offspring fitness but may drive energetic costs to parents. The costs associated with parental care can change over time, decreasing the condition of parents that experience prolonged parental care. Thus, males can modulate parental effort based in the relative fitness cost/benefit pay‐offs under different stages and environmental conditions. The present study assesses the condition of parental males of Abedus dilatatus Say by measuring their lipid, glycogen and carbohydrate contents. We compare the condition in parental males that have experienced recent and prolonged care and that were also collected in the summer and winter. Waterbug males provide parental care via carrying and ventilating eggs on their back. Winter males are smaller and carry fewer eggs compared with summer males. Males with recent care and carrying more eggs present a more lipid content. However, at the end of care, males carrying more eggs present less lipids than males with smaller egg‐pads. Additionally, we find that males collected in the summer present more carbohydrates than males in the winter. Moreover, larger males with prolonged care present less carbohydrates than smaller males, in contrast to males with recent care where there is a positive relationship between size and carbohydrate content. Our results suggest that parental care in A. dilatatus may be a sexually‐selected trait, as has been found in related species, and further experiments could test this idea. This is the first study to provide evidence of physiological costs related to exclusive paternal care in arthropods.
Influence of inspiratory threshold load on cardiovascular responses to controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz
Authors: Gholamrezaei Ali , Van Diest Ilse , Aziz Qasim , Vlaeyen Johan W. S. , Van Oudenhove Lukas
Published: July 2019

Slow, deep breathing is being used as a self‐management intervention for various health conditions including pain and hypertension. Stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors and increased vagal modulation are among the proposed mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of slow, deep breathing. We investigated whether adding inspiratory threshold load can enhance the cardiovascular responses to controlled breathing at the frequency of 0.1 Hz, a common form of slow, deep breathing. Healthy volunteers (N = 29) performed controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz (6 breaths/minute) without load and with inspiratory threshold loads of 5 cmH2O and 10 cmH2O. Respiratory airflow, heart rate, and blood pressure were continuously recorded. The amplitude of the systolic blood pressure variation during respiratory cycles increased with increasing loads. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was higher during controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz with the load of 10 cmH2O compared to without load. Baroreflex sensitivity was not affected by loads. The effect of loads on respiratory sinus arrhythmia was mediated by increasing the amplitude of systolic blood pressure variation during respiratory cycles. These results suggest that applying small inspiratory threshold loads during controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz increases cardiac vagal modulation by this breathing exercise. This effect seems to be mediated by stronger stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors because of larger systolic blood pressure swings along the respiratory cycle. The potential benefit of long‐term practice of controlled breathing at 0.1 Hz with inspiratory threshold loads on baroreflex function and cardiac vagal control needs to be investigated, particularly in pain and hypertension patients.
Adversarial Risk Analysis to Allocate Optimal Defense Resources for Protecting Cyber–Physical Systems from Cyber Attacks
Authors: Wang Wei , Di Maio Francesco , Zio Enrico
Published: July 2019

Defenders have to enforce defense strategies by taking decisions on allocation of resources to protect the integrity and survivability of cyber–physical systems (CPSs) from intentional and malicious cyber attacks. In this work, we propose an adversarial risk analysis approach to provide a novel one‐sided prescriptive support strategy for the defender to optimize the defensive resource allocation, based on a subjective expected utility model, in which the decisions of the adversaries are uncertain. This increases confidence in cyber security through robustness of CPS protection actions against uncertain malicious threats compared with prescriptions provided by a classical defend–attack game‐theoretical approach. We present the approach and the results of its application to a nuclear CPS, specifically the digital instrumentation and control system of the advanced lead‐cooled fast reactor European demonstrator.
Patients with schizophrenia have impaired muscle force‐generating capacity and functional performance
Authors: Nygård Mona , Brobakken Mathias Forsberg , Roel Ragnhild Bjerkem , Taylor Joshua Landen , Reitan Solveig Klæbo , Güzey Ismail Cüneyt , Morken Gunnar , Vedul‐Kjelsås Einar , Wang Eivind , Heggelund Jørn
Published: July 2019

Patients with schizophrenia have impaired physical health. However, evidence of how skeletal muscle force‐generating capacity (FGC), a key component of functional performance, may contribute to the impairment is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the patient groups’ skeletal muscle FGC and its association with functional performance. Leg‐press FGC was assessed along with a battery of functional performance tests in 48 outpatients (28 men, 34 ± 10 years; 20 women, 36 ± 12 years) with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (ICD‐10, F20‐29), and compared with 48 healthy age‐ and gender‐matched references. Results revealed reduced one‐repetition maximum (1RM) in men (−19%, P < .01) and a trend toward reduction in women (−13%, P = .067). The ability to develop force rapidly was also impaired (men: −30%; women: −25%, both P < .01). Patients scored worse than healthy references on all physical performance tests (stair climbing: −63%; 30‐second sit‐to‐stand (30sSTS): −48%; six‐minute walk test (6MWT): −22%; walking efficiency: −14%; and unipedal stance eyes open: −20% and closed: −73%, all P < .01). 1RM correlated with 6MWT (r = .45), stair climbing (r = −.44), 30sSTS (r = .43), walking efficiency (r = .26), and stance eyes open (r = .33) and closed (r = .45), all P < .01. Rapid force development correlated with 6MWT (r = .54), stair climbing (r = −.49), 30sSTS (r = .45), walking efficiency (r = .26), and stance eyes open (r = .44) and closed (r = .51), all P < .01. In conclusion, skeletal muscle FGC and functional performance are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and should be recognized as important aspects of the patient groups’ impaired health. Resistance training aiming to improve these components should be considered an important part of clinical treatment.
Structured Sequence Learning: Animal Abilities, Cognitive Operations, and Language Evolution
Authors: Petkov Christopher I. , ten Cate Carel
Published: July 2019

Human language is a salient example of a neurocognitive system that is specialized to process complex dependencies between sensory events distributed in time, yet how this system evolved and specialized remains unclear. Artificial Grammar Learning (AGL) studies have generated a wealth of insights into how human adults and infants process different types of sequencing dependencies of varying complexity. The AGL paradigm has also been adopted to examine the sequence processing abilities of nonhuman animals. We critically evaluate this growing literature in species ranging from mammals (primates and rats) to birds (pigeons, songbirds, and parrots) considering also cross‐species comparisons. The findings are contrasted with seminal studies in human infants that motivated the work in nonhuman animals. This synopsis identifies advances in knowledge and where uncertainty remains regarding the various strategies that nonhuman animals can adopt for processing sequencing dependencies. The paucity of evidence in the few species studied to date and the need for follow‐up experiments indicate that we do not yet understand the limits of animal sequence processing capacities and thereby the evolutionary pattern. This vibrant, yet still budding, field of research carries substantial promise for advancing knowledge on animal abilities, cognitive substrates, and language evolution.
The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Jones Brittani A. , Stanley Bryden J. , Nelson Nathan C.
Published: July 2019

Objective

To compare the dimensions and density of the tongue in brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dog breeds and to document the relative extents of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways occupied by the tongue and palatal tissues.

Study design

Case control study.

Animals

Sixteen brachycephalic dogs and 12 mesaticephalic dogs.

Methods

The volume of the tongue was measured with computed tomography in all dogs. Cross‐sectional areas of tongue, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and palatal soft tissue were evaluated at two levels, the caudal aspect of the hard palate and the level of the hamulae of the pterygoid. Density of the tongue and soft palate were measured. All variables were compared between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs (P≤ .05).

Results

Absolute tongue volumes did not differ between groups, the volume of the tongue was greater in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs when expressed relative to (a) body weight (median 5650, interquartile range [IQR] 4833‐6522 vs median 4454, IQR 4309‐4743, respectively), (b) ratio between skull length/width (70 833, IQR 62490‐126 209 vs 48 064, IQR 22984‐64 279, respectively), and (c) skull length (689.93, IQR 618.55‐970.61 vs 460.04, IQR 288.77‐561.69, respectively). The proportion of air (oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal)/soft tissue (tongue and palatal tissue) in brachycephalic dogs was decreased by approximately 60%, and the tongue was approximately 10 times denser in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs.

Conclusion

A relative macroglossia was detected in brachycephalic dogs along with reduced air volume in the upper airway. Tongues of brachycephalic dogs were denser than those of mesaticephalic dogs.

Clinical significance

The relative macroglossia in brachycephalic breeds may contribute to upper airway obstruction.
Acerca de la moral y la sabiduría
Authors: Galindo Gilberto Cely
Published: July 2019

En este ensayo exploramos los conceptos de moral y sabiduría y las relaciones que existen entre ellos. Nuestro enfoque es antropológico y social. Observamos que las conductas morales son constructos sociales convenidos de manera tácita o explícita para la convivencia justa y pacífica entre los miembros de una comunidad. Estos constructos sociales obedecen tanto a dinámicas antropológicas universales, como también a particularidades diferenciadoras de los grupos humanos por sus condiciones histórico-culturales y territoriales. Las conductas morales particulares cambian y evolucionan a la par de los cambios sociales ocasionados por mejores o peores condiciones de calidad de vida. En la sociedad globalizada contemporánea, las causas principales de los cambios son las tecnociencias. El conocimiento sapiencial viene en ayuda a la razón para orientar correctamente los cambios morales. Adicionamos la importancia del hábitat, de lo ecológico, en la configuración de los valores morales y sapienciales, cosa generalmente ignorada por la mayoría de los autores de la filosofía práctica.
Los nuevos informes ampliados de auditoría. Caso: las empresas cotizadas españolas
Authors: Pérez Pérez  Yolanda  , Camacho Miñano Maria del Mar , Segovia Vargas María Jesús
Published: July 2019

La mayor complejidad del entorno regulatorio y de negocio ha llevado a los grupos de interés a exigir mayor confianza sobre la veracidad de la información financiera al auditor. En este contexto, el Consejo Internacional de Normas de Auditoría y Aseguramiento (IAASB) aprobó una nueva norma internacional que modificaba la estructura y los contenidos de los informes de auditoría. Uno de los principales cambios ha sido la obligación del auditor de describir en su informe las cuestiones clave de auditoría (KAM), relacionadas con riesgos significativos de la información financiera. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el contenido del informe en el primer año de aplicación en España para 131 empresas cotizadas. Estas firmas reportan entre dos y cuatro KAM, destacando el reconocimiento de ingresos, el deterioro del fondo de comercio y la recuperación de impuestos diferidos. Este estudio tiene importantes implicaciones en otros países que van a afrontar esta reforma.
Fatores que influenciam os custos, na abordagem da gestão estratégica de custos: análise empírica em centros de saúde municipais
Authors: Borgert Eduardo Augusto , Gasparetto Valdirene
Published: July 2019

O presente estudo procura identificar fatores que influenciam os custos nos centros de saúde administrados pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, segundo a Gestão Estratégica de Custos –GEC–. Uma revisão da literatura da GEC para o contexto pesquisado permitiu identificar as variáveis representativas de cada cost driver. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de levantamento nos 49 centros de saúde da SMS para relacionar as variáveis com o custo. Constatou-se, a partir das variáveis do cost driver “escala”, que os centros de saúde que possuem maior demanda de pacientes necessitam de estruturas maiores, tendo um impacto mais rápido nos custos. Já outros cost drivers como “experiência” ou “Eficiência das Instalações” mostram uma incidência menor nos custos.
Public Sector (Un)Sustainability: a study of GRI adherence and sustainability reporting disclosure standards in Public Institutions and State-Owned Companies of the Public Agency Sector
Authors: De Oliveira Bellini Elyrouse Cavalcante , Nonato Rodrigues Raimundo , Teixeira Lagioia Umbelina Cravo
Published: July 2019

This study aims to analyze the GRI adherence and disclosure standards of sustainability reports of public and state institutions in the public agency sector. The Global Reporting Initiative Database (GRI) is used for the period 2011-2017, with a sample composed by 177 public agencies. The results show that there is an evolution in the publication of GRI sustainability reports by the public agencies analyzed. However, they represent only 1.8% of the total of all organizations. In addition, a large part does not correspond to the category of integrated reports, received no external assurance, and did not formalize any input or feedback on the report provided by a panel of stakeholders or expert(s), resulting in reports with poor quality and reliability.
As relações de poder nas pesquisas em contabilidade: uma análise a partir da perspectiva de Foucault e Bourdieu
Authors: Vogt Mara , Zanievicz da Silva Marcia , Cardona Venturini Jonas
Published: July 2019

Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, este artigo descreve de que forma são vistas as relações de poder na prática de pesquisas em contabilidade, segundo a fundamentação teórica de Foucault e Bourdieu. A revisão foi aplicada nas pesquisas da área gerencial e financeira. Os resultados mostram que a temática é ainda incipiente, principalmente na área financeira. Notou-se ainda que foram poucas as contribuições à disciplina em geral. Os aspectos mais relevantes nos estudos foram a questão disciplinar, baseada Foucault, e a questão da dominação, remitindo a Bourdieu. Nenhum dos estudos analisou a tríade de Bourdieu: campo, habitus e capital, sendo que apenas o habitus foi mencionado, mas de forma sutil.
Static Analysis of Suspended Pipes
Authors: Nordgren R. P. , Langner C. G.
Published: July 2019

We analyze a suspended pipe with the application to offshore pipelaying and suspended production risers. Basic equations from the planar theory of elastic rods are reduced to a second-order ordinary differential equation with special end conditions that is solved numerically. Dimensionless results are given for the maximum curvature in the sag portion of the pipe and the slope angle at the upper end of the pipe in the absence of hydrodynamic forces. Both a rigid and a compliant seafloor are treated. We find that tension is highly effective in limiting curvature. A equation is found for the applied tension at the upper end of the pipe. Our results are intended for preliminary design studies that can be followed by more sophisticated analyses.
Low-global warming potential fluoroether compounds for plasma etching of SiO2 and Si3N4 layers
Authors: Cha Taehwan , Kim Yongjae , Lee Sangin , Cho Yegeun , Chae Heeyeop
Published: July 2019

In this study, the authors investigated the applicability of fluoroether compounds such as CF3CF2CF2OCH3 (HFE-347mcc3), (CF3)2CFOCH3 (HFE-347mmy), and CF3CF2CF2OCF=CF2 (PPVE) with low lifetimes and global warming potentials for the plasma etching of SiO2 and Si3N4 layers in inductively coupled plasma. The isomeric effects of HFE-347mcc3 (with the methoxy group at the end) and HFE-347mmy (with the methoxy group at the center) were also compared. PPVE produced larger amounts of low-mass fluorocarbons (CF, CF2, CF3) than C4F8 and hence showed a higher etch rate than C4F8 for all the substrates. The HFE-347mcc3 and HFE-347mmy plasmas consisted of large amounts of H and HF. Hence, their Si3N4 etch rates were higher than that of C4F8. The etch rate of HFE-347mmy was slightly higher than that of HFE-347mcc3 for all the substrates. The density of C4F8 was slightly higher than that of fluoroethers. However, the difference was not significant under the experimental conditions used in this study. The million metric ton carbon equivalents (MMTCEs) of all the etchants were calculated from the concentration of the exhaust gases produced by them during etching. The MMTCEs of PPVE and HFE-347mcc3/HFE-347mmy were 49% and 90%, respectively, lower than that of C4F8. The fluoroether compounds used in this study demonstrated a significantly reduced global warming effect as compared to C4F8 and hence can be used as potential etchants.
TNFR1 membrane reorganization promotes distinct modes of TNFα signaling
Authors: Morton Penny E. , Perrin Camille , Levitt James , Matthews Daniel R. , Marsh Richard J. , Pike Rosemary , McMillan David , Maloney Alison , Poland Simon , Ameer-Beg Simon , Parsons Maddy
Published: July 2019

Nanoscale reorganization of TNFR1 within the plasma membrane promotes the activation of distinct signaling pathways.