bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat Use in a Depleted Population of Winter Flounder: Insights into Impediments to Population Recovery
Authors: Howell Penelope T. , Pereira Jose J. , Schultz Eric T. , Auster Peter J.
Published: September 2016

The distribution and demographics of a population of Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus were examined for changes related to habitat quality over a fishery‐independent survey period of 29 years, encompassing an 82% decline in abundance. We tested for spatial and temporal variation in indicators of fitness to determine whether they revealed likely processes that resulted in the observed patterns of habitat use. We also assessed temporal changes in fitness and inferred changes in habitat quality associated with population decline. We focused on the condition of postspawn (resting) mature and immature fish of both sexes during a critical period of spring feeding prior to summer migration. Analysis of variance of individual condition indices (log10[length]–log10[weight] regression residuals) by sex/maturity group and time period identified consistent and significant differences among six survey strata. Highest condition indices were observed for fish that were captured in shallow (<18‐m) mud, sand, and transitional bottom sediment and deep (>18‐m) mud areas, collectively classified as high‐quality habitat. The proportion of the population that occupied high‐quality habitat remained unchanged at approximately 60% over the time series. As abundance decreased, condition decreased in mature females, increased in immature fish of both sexes, and was mixed in mature males. Additionally, the proportion mature at length shifted significantly upward for both sexes, the back‐calculated lengths at ages 2 and 3 increased for mature individuals, and the estimated winter growth declined for age‐3 mature and immature females. The results suggested increased competition for prey among mature fish and increased predation pressure on smaller fish. This Winter Flounder population may be responding to an increase in the abundance of competing mid‐Atlantic species, which was brought about by increasing water temperature. These second‐order effects may have chronically hindered Winter Flounder reproduction and therefore stock rebuilding, especially in areas of low‐quality habitat.

Received September 23, 2015; accepted July 18, 2016 Published online September 30, 2016
Reproductive Status and Blood Plasma Indicators of Sex and Gonad Maturation Status for Yelloweye Rockfish Following Barotrauma and Recompression Events
Authors: Blain Brittany J. , Sutton Trent M.
Published: September 2016

Discard mortality of rockfishes Sebastes spp. is a management concern along the West Coast of North America. Although many rockfish species survive after barotrauma and forced recompression, it is unclear whether these mechanisms affect reproductive success. We examined whether (1) Yelloweye Rockfish S. ruberrimus in Prince William Sound, Alaska, could reproduce up to 2 years after one or more barotrauma and recompression events; and (2) blood plasma indicators (i.e., vitellogenin [VTG] and calcium [Ca2+]) could be used to identify sex and gonad maturation stage. In 2010, we captured and examined Yelloweye Rockfish that had been tagged in 2008 and 2009, and all mature females were gravid or spent. The most common barotrauma sign was esophageal eversion, with females and males exhibiting this injury 50% and 90% of the time, respectively. All other injuries, except swim bladder ruptures and tears, occurred at low frequencies and (with the exception of esophageal eversion) increased in frequency with capture depth. Mean plasma VTG concentrations for females were greater than those for males; with the exception of stage‐0 females, there were no differences in VTG among female gestation stages. Mean plasma Ca2+ concentrations for stage‐2 females differed from those of males, stage‐0 recruits, and immature fish. However, there was no difference in mean Ca2+ among female reproductive stages. These results indicate that reproduction of Yelloweye Rockfish is not affected after barotrauma and recompression events and that blood plasma measures show variable success as indicators of sex and female reproductive status.

Received March 16, 2016; accepted August 12, 2016 Published online September 30, 2016
Economic Value of Angling on the Colorado River at Lees Ferry: Using Secondary Data to Estimate the Influence of Seasonality
Authors: Bair Lucas S. , Rogowski David L. , Neher Chris
Published: September 2016

Glen Canyon Dam (GCD) on the Colorado River in northern Arizona provides water storage, flood control, and power system benefits to approximately 40 million people who rely on water and energy resources in the Colorado River basin. Downstream resources (e.g., angling, whitewater floating) in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (GCNRA) and Grand Canyon National Park are impacted by the operation of GCD. The GCD Adaptive Management Program was established in 1997 to monitor and research the effects of dam operations on the downstream environment. We utilized secondary survey data and an individual observation travel cost model to estimate the net economic benefit of angling in GCNRA for each season and each type of angler. As expected, the demand for angling decreased with increasing travel cost; the annual value of angling at Lees Ferry totaled US$2.7 million at 2014 visitation levels. Demand for angling was also affected by season, with per-trip values of $210 in the summer, $237 in the spring, $261 in the fall, and $399 in the winter. This information provides insight into the ways in which anglers are potentially impacted by seasonal GCD operations and adaptive management experiments aimed at improving downstream resource conditions.

Received October 7, 2015; accepted June 13, 2016 Published online September 30, 2016
Life History Characteristics and Vital Rates of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Two Headwater Basins
Authors: Uthe Patrick , Al-Chokhachy Robert , Zale Alexander V. , Shepard Bradley B. , McMahon Thomas E. , Stephens Tracy
Published: September 2016

The Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri is native to the Rocky Mountains and has declined in abundance and distribution as a result of habitat degradation and introduced salmonid species. Many of its remaining strongholds are in headwater basins with minimal human disturbances. Understanding the life histories, vital rates, and behaviors of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout within headwater stream networks remains limited yet is critical for effective management and conservation. We estimated annual relative growth in length and weight, annual survival rates, and movement patterns of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout from three tributaries of Spread Creek, Wyoming, and two tributaries of Shields River, Montana, from 2011 through 2013 using PIT tag antennas within a mark–recapture framework. Mean annual growth rates varied among tributaries and size-classes, but were slow compared with populations of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout from large, low-elevation streams. Survival rates were relatively high compared with those of other Cutthroat Trout subspecies, but we found an inverse relationship between survival and size, a pattern contrary to what has been reported for Cutthroat Trout in large streams. Mean annual survival rates ranged from 0.32 (SE = 0.04) to 0.68 (SE = 0.05) in the Spread Creek basin and from 0.30 (SE = 0.07) to 0.69 (SE = 0.10) in the Shields River basin. Downstream movements from tributaries were substantial, with as much as 26.5% of a tagging cohort leaving over the course of the study. Integrating our growth, survival, and movement results demonstrates the importance of considering strategies to enhance headwater stream habitats and highlights the importance of connectivity with larger stream networks.

Received February 17, 2016; accepted June 18, 2016 Published online September 30, 2016
Detection of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus from the Leeches Hemiclepsis marginata and Hirudo medicinalis
Authors: Salimi Behnam , Abdi Kazem
Published: September 2016

Leeches have been reported to harbor several important fish pathogens, including spring viremia of carp virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and also may contain blood protozoa. In the present study, leeches were collected from water bodies located in Kurdistan province, Iran. The specimens were tested for IHNV, VHSV, and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) using the PCR method. The results showed that two different species of leeches, Hemiclepsis marginata and Hirudo medicinalis, were infected by IPNV among the seven species studied. The infected leeches were found in areas that were polluted with untreated sewage coming from upstream fish farms culturing Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In addition, the fish at fish farms in the vicinity had been infected with IPNV 9 months previously. Our results showed that the virus causing infectious pancreatic necrosis is present in the leeches H. marginata and H. medicinalis, suggesting that leeches are a potential source of IPNV in fish farms.

Received October 14, 2015; accepted June 1, 2016 Published online September 29, 2016
North Caucasian foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq: assessing the threat of returnees to the Russian Federation
Authors: Ratelle Jean-François
Published: September 2016

This article looks into the dangers posed by the return of the North Caucasus militants in Syria and Iraq to the security of the Russian Federation. The article first divides the recruitment of North Caucasian foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq into two distinct waves. I argue that the first wave of North Caucasus foreign fighters (2011–2013) chose Syria because they could not fight in the North Caucasus. By contrast, the second wave (2014–2016) openly decided not to fight in their own region, preferring to join an international jihadist front. I then build on the literature about the impact of foreign fighters on domestic insurgencies to analyse the potential impact of these returnees on the regional insurgency in the North Caucasus. I identify four factors conditioning the motivations to return and returnee impact on domestic insurgency: a favourable context for return, an existing network in the region, resonance of the militants’ ideology with the local population, and the will to return to the region. I argue that the greater threat will come from the field commanders from the Second Chechen war exiled in Syria, rather than the more numerous second wave foreign fighters integrated into ISIS.
Transport and micro-instability analysis of JET H-mode plasma during pellet fueling
Authors: Klaywittaphat P. , Onjun T.
Published: September 2016

Transport and micro-instability analysis in a JET H-mode plasma discharge 53212 during the pellet fueling operation is carried out using the BALDUR integrated predictive modeling code with a combination of the NCLASS neoclassical transport model and an anomalous core transport model (either Mixed B/gB or MMM95 model). In this work, the evolution of plasma current, plasma density and temperature profiles is carried out and, consequently, the plasma’s behaviors during the pellet operation can be observed. The NGS pellet model with the Grad-B drift effect included is used to describe pellet ablation and its behaviors when a pellet is launched into hot plasma. The simulation shows that after each pellet enters the plasma, there is a strong perturbation on the plasma causing a sudden change of both thermal and particle profiles, as well as the thermal and particle transports. For the simulation using MMM95 transport model, the change of both thermal and particle transports during pellet injection are found to be dominated by the transport due to the resistive ballooning modes due to the increase of collisionality and resistivity near the plasma edge. For the simulation based on mixed B/gB transport model, it is found that the change of transport during the pellet injection is dominated by the Bohm term. Micro-instability analysis of the plasma during the time of pellet operation is also carried out for the simulations based on MMM95 transport model. It is found that the ion temperature gradient mode is destabilized due to an increase of temperature gradient in the pellet effective region, while the trapped electron mode is stabilized due to an increase of collisionality in that region.
Analysis of fuelling requirements in ITER H-modes with SOLPS-EPED1 derived scalings
Authors: Polevoi A.R. , Loarte A. , Kukushkin A.S. , Pacher H.D. , Pacher G.W. , Köchl F.
Published: September 2016

Fuelling requirements for ITER are analysed in relation to pellet fuelling and ELM pacing, and a divertor power load control consistent with the ITER pumping and fuel throughput capabilities. The plasma parameters at the separatrix and the particle sources are derived from scalings based on SOLPS simulations. Effective transport coefficients in the H-mode pedestal are derived from EPED1 + SOLPS scalings for the pedestal height and width. 1.5D transport is simulated in the ASTRA framework. The operating window for ITER DT plasmas with the required fusion performance and level of ELM, and divertor power load control compatible with ITER fuelling and pumping capabilities, is determined. It is shown that the flexibility of the ITER fuelling systems, comprising pellet and gas injection systems, enables operation with Q  =  10, which was found to be marginal in previous studies following a similar approach but with different assumptions. The present assessment shows that a reduction of

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n

e

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by a factor ~2 (from 9 to 5  ×  1019 m−3) in 15 MA H-mode plasmas leads to a reduction in the required pellet fuelling rate by a factor of four. Results of the analysis of the fuelling requirements for a range of ITER scenarios are found to be similar to those obtained with the JINTRAC code that included 2D modelling of the edge plasma.
Turbulence in edge and core transport barriers: new experimental results and modeling
Authors: Tokuzawa T.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, recent progressive studies on experimental analysis and theoretical models for turbulence phenomena around the transport barriers in high-performance magnetic confined fusion plasma are reviewed. The linkage of radial electric fields and turbulence, the importance of radial electric field curvature, and observations of spatiotemporal turbulence structures are described with related theoretical models.
Ascending Aortic Elasticity and Related Risk Factors Study on Prehypertension Patients
Authors: Jia Chong-fu , Jiang Yi-nong , Yang Zhi-qiang , Sun Xi-xia , Yu Yang , Wang Hao , Lu Yan , Chen Ai-jun , Wang Zhao-qian
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

A new feature of coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is to estimate ascending aortic elasticity without additional cost, but its applicable benefit for prehypertension patients is still unclear. The aim of this study is to discuss the characteristic of ascending aortic elasticity for specific prehypertension patients and its risk factors.

METHODS

Coronary CTA examinations of 398 participants were performed using a 128 slicer CT scanner. The differences of 3 ascending aortic elasticity related indices, including aortic distensibility (AD), aortic compliance (AC), and aortic stiffness (ASI), and anatomical measurements were analyzed among the normal, prehypertension, and primary hypertension groups.

RESULTS

No difference was found for normalized minimum cross-sectional diameter and area for the ascending aorta between prehypertension and normal groups. AD, AC, and ASI were significantly different in 3 groups. Between prehypertension and normal groups, AD and AC were found much smaller but no difference were found for ASI; while between prehypertension and hypertension groups, significant differences were found in AD and ASI, and AC was found to a lesser extent. Risk factor study for prehypertension patients indicated that age and systolic pressure were the independent risk factors for AD decline.

CONCLUSION

As a byproduct, coronary CTA can provide multiple aortic elasticity related indices for the prehypertension patients, without additional contrast media consumption and radiation dose. It is proofed that the early detection of ascending aortic elasticity index changes, especially for AD are essential for identifying the high-risk individuals in the prehypertension populations.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION

Our public trials registry number ChiCTR-RIC-15007482.
Proportion and Characteristics of US Adults Who May Be Eligible From Additional Blood Pressure Lowering Based on Absolute Risk
Authors: Odutayo Ayodele A. , Tennankore Karthik K. , Emdin Connor A.
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) and the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 3 (HOPE-3) trial demonstrated the merits of blood pressure (BP) lowering to reduce cardiovascular events in intermediate to high cardiovascular risk adults. However, the population impact of an absolute risk-based strategy for BP lowering remains unclear.

METHODS

We examined 3 treatment thresholds using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. First, the JNC8 guideline was used to determine treatment goals. Second, adults with a systolic BP (SBP) of 130 mm Hg and high cardiovascular risk (based on eligibility for SPRINT) were considered eligible for additional BP lowering. Finally, we combined the treatment threshold for high-risk adults with an SBP treatment threshold of 140 mm Hg for intermediate-risk adults that met the eligibility criteria for HOPE-3.

RESULTS

Under the JNC8 guideline, 78.0% of adults ≥50 years were at target while 22.0% were eligible for additional BP lowering. If an SBP treatment threshold of 130 mm Hg was used for adults at high cardiovascular risk, 31.1% would be eligible for additional BP lowering (an increase of 8.1 million). If an SBP threshold of 140 mm Hg was additionally used for adults at intermediate risk, 31.4% of adults would be eligible for BP lowering (an increase of 8.3 million). The proportion of adults eligible for BP lowering with established coronary artery disease decreased with the risk-based strategies.

CONCLUSION

An absolute risk treatment strategy would modestly increase the proportion of adults eligible for BP lowering.
The use of computerized clinical decision support systems in emergency care: a substantive review of the literature
Authors: Bennett Paula , Hardiker Nicholas R
Published: September 2016

Objectives: This paper provides a substantive review of international literature evaluating the impact of computerized clinical decision support systems (CCDSSs) on the care of emergency department (ED) patients.

Material and Methods: A literature search was conducted using Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase electronic resources, and gray literature. Studies were selected if they compared the use of a CCDSS with usual care in a face-to-face clinical interaction in an ED.

Results: Of the 23 studies included, approximately half demonstrated a statistically significant positive impact on aspects of clinical care with the use of CCDSSs. The remaining studies showed small improvements, mainly around documentation. However, the methodological quality of the studies was poor, with few or no controls to mitigate against confounding variables. The risk of bias was high in all but 6 studies.

Discussion: The ED environment is complex and does not lend itself to robust quantitative designs such as randomized controlled trials. The quality of the research in ∼75% of the studies was poor, and therefore conclusions cannot be drawn from these results. However, the studies with a more robust design show evidence of the positive impact of CCDSSs on ED patient care.

Conclusion: This is the first review to consider the role of CCDSSs in emergency care and expose the research in this area. The role of CCDSSs in emergency care may provide some solutions to the current challenges in EDs, but further high-quality research is needed to better understand what technological solutions can offer clinicians and patients.
Rotation and mass in the Milky Way and spiral galaxies
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki
Published: September 2016

Rotation curves are the basic tool for deriving the distribution of mass in spiral galaxies. In this review, we describe various methods to measure rotation curves in the Milky Way and spiral galaxies. We then describe two major methods to calculate the mass distribution using the rotation curve. By the direct method, the mass is calculated from rotation velocities without employing mass models. By the decomposition method, the rotation curve is deconvolved into multiple mass components by model fitting assuming a black hole, bulge, exponential disk, and dark halo. The decomposition is useful for statistical correlation analyses among the dynamical parameters of the mass components. We also review recent observations and derived results.
Anomalous abductor digiti minimi in Guyon canal
Authors: Ciani Mario James , LaFay Vicki , Ciani Gioia , Carey Paul , Parnes Nata
Published: September 2016

A routine cadaver dissection revealed a noteworthy anomalous muscle in the distal anterior forearm. Clinicians should be aware of this finding and consider it as a differential diagnosis in patients with wrist disorders such as ulnar tunnel syndrome from occlusion of the ulnar canal. A space-occupying lesion, such as the anomalous muscle found in this dissection, is an important potential source of ulnar canal obstruction.
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Activation within the Cardiac Myocyte Limits Ischemia–reperfusion Injury in Rodents
Authors: Lu Yao , Piplani Honit , McAllister Stacy L. , Hurt Carl M. , Gross Eric R.
Published: September 2016

Background

Recent evidence suggests that cross talk exists between cellular pathways important for pain signaling and ischemia–reperfusion injury. Here, the authors address whether the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, important in pain signaling, is present in cardiac myocytes and regulates cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury.

Methods

For biochemical analysis of TRPA1, techniques including quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were used. To determine how TRPA1 mediates cellular injury, the authors used an in vivo model of rat cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury and adult rat–isolated cardiac myocytes subjected to hypoxia–reoxygenation.

Results

The authors’ biochemical analysis indicates that TRPA1 is within the cardiac myocytes. Further, using a rat in vivo model of cardiac injury, the TRPA1 activators ASP 7663 and optovin reduce myocardial injury (45 ± 5%* and 44 ± 8%,* respectively, vs. control, 66 ± 6% infarct size/area at risk; n = 6 per group; mean ± SD; *P < 0.001). TRPA1 inhibition also blocked the infarct size–sparing effects of morphine. In isolated cardiac myocytes, the TRPA1 activators ASP 7663 and optovin reduce cardiac myocyte cell death when given during reoxygenation (20 ± 3%* and 22 ± 4%* vs. 36 ± 3%; percentage of dead cells per field, n = 6 per group; mean ± SD; *P < 0.05). For a rat in vivo model of cardiac injury, the infarct size–sparing effect of TRPA1 activators also occurs during reperfusion.

Conclusions

The authors’ data suggest that TRPA1 is present within the cardiac myocytes and is important in regulating myocardial reperfusion injury. The presence of TRPA1 within the cardiac myocytes may potentially explain why certain pain relievers that can block TRPA1 activation, such as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors or some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, could be associated with cardiovascular risk.
Complications of Lower Body Lift Surgery in Postbariatric Patients
Authors: Poodt Ingrid G.M. , van Dijk Martine M. , Klein Steven , Hoogbergen Maarten M.
Published: September 2016

Background:

There is an exponential rise of patients with massive weight loss because of bariatric surgery or lifestyle changes. The result is an increase of patients with folds of redundant skin that may cause physical and psychological problems. The lower body lift is a procedure to correct deformities in the abdomen, mons, flanks, lateral thighs, and buttocks. Complication rates are quite high and could negatively affect the positive outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess complication rates and to identify predictors of complications to optimize outcomes for patients after lower body lift surgery.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of 100 patients who underwent a lower body lift procedure was performed. The patients were reviewed for complications, demographic data, comorbidities, smoking, highest lifetime body mass index, body mass index before lower body lift surgery, percentage of excess weight loss, and amount of tissue excised.

Results:

The overall complication rate was 78%. Twenty-two percent of the patients had major complications and 56% had minor complications. There is a linear relationship between body mass index before lower body lift surgery and complications (P = 0.03). The percentage of excess weight loss (odds ratio [OR] 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–1.00), highest lifetime body mass index (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.15), body mass index before lower body lift surgery (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.02–1.33), and smoking (OR 7.74; CI 0.98–61.16) are significantly associated with the development of complications.

Conclusions:

This study emphasizes the importance of a good weight status before surgery and cessation of smoking to minimize the risk of complications.
Body Builder’s Nightmare: Black Market Steroid Injection Gone Wrong: a Case Report
Authors: Friedman Or , Arad Ehud , Ben Amotz Oded
Published: September 2016

In the pursuit of success in sports, some athletes are not deterred by health risks associated with the (mis)use of black market preparations of dubious origin as performance-enhancing agents. Several studies published in the recent years demonstrated that anabolic-androgenic steroids, but also stimulants and growth hormones, are misused by numerous recreational athletes from all over the world. Trenbolone is an anabolic steroid routinely used in the finishing phase of beef production to improve animal performance and feed efficiency. A 35-year-old male patient presented to our plastic surgery clinic after self-intramuscular administration of Trenbolone to the superior gluteal area bilaterally, which led to a full-thickness defect in a cone-like distribution. The wounds underwent surgical debridement and were treated locally with mafenide acetate irrigation and wound dressings. Closure was achieved by secondary intention healing. In this report, we discuss the first documented case of full-thickness skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis after black market anabolic steroid injection. This illustrates a plastic complication and resolution of a widespread but seldom reported problem.
The Lesser Palatine Nerve Innervates the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle
Authors: Kishimoto Hideaki , Matsuura Yoshitaka , Kawai Katsuya , Yamada Shigehito , Suzuki Shigehiko
Published: September 2016

When the lesser palatine nerve (LPN) is supposed to be a branch of the trigeminal nerve and innervate sensation of the soft palate, whether the LPN contains motor fibers is unclear. In this study, we monitored the electromyogram of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle on stimulating the LPN during palatoplasty in 3 patients. The electromyogram of the muscles showed the myogenic potential induced by electrostimulation of the LPN. Taken together with the finding from our previous anatomical study that the motor fibers come from the facial nerve, this result supports the double innervation theory of the LVP, which posits that both the pharyngeal plexus and the facial nerve innervate it. Identifying and preserving the LPN during palatoplasty might improve postoperative speech results.
The natural history of Crohn’s disease in children: a review of population-based studies
Authors: Duricova Dana , Fumery Mathurin , Annese Vito , Lakatos Peter L. , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Gower-Rousseau Corinne
Published: September 2016

The incidence of Crohn’s disease (CD) has been reported to increase. The aim of this review is to perform a comprehensive literature search of population-based studies focused on the natural history of paediatric-onset CD. A literature search of English and non-English language publications listed in the electronic database of MEDLINE (source PUBMED) and EMBASE from 1935 to 2016 was performed. Population-based studies or national cohorts reporting data on the short-term or long-term disease course of paediatric CD were included. Forty-nine paediatric and 15 nonpaediatric studies on CD have been identified. Up to one-third of children with inflammatory behaviour developed bowel complications more than 5 years after diagnosis. From 48 to 88% of children have experienced at least one corticosteroid course irrespective of the period of diagnosis and up to one-third became steroid dependent. Immunosuppressive preparations were used earlier and more frequently in newer than older cohorts (68 vs. 32% at 5 years) and more than one-third of children have received biological treatment early in the disease course. A decline in the surgery rate might be observed in more recent compared with older unselected populations. The relative risk of cancer in childhood-onset CD as well as the risk of death seem to have increased. Childhood-onset CD seems to be an aggressive phenotype of the disease. Compared with older cohorts, a trend towards decreasing surgical rate can be observed in newer cohorts paralleled by an increase in immunomodulator use and biologicals. Nevertheless, the causative role has yet to be investigated.
Cervical spine immobilization during extrication of the awake patient: a narrative review
Authors: Cowley Alan , Hague Ashley , Durge Neal
Published: September 2016

Techniques for extricating vehicle occupants after road-traffic collisions have evolved largely through fear of worsening a cervical spine injury, rather than being evidence-based. Recent research has looked at the safety of allowing the alert patient to self-extricate, rather than being assisted with equipment such as long spinal boards and semirigid cervical collars. This review aims to elucidate whether it is safe to allow an alert, ambulant patient to self-extricate from a vehicle with minimal or no cervical spine immobilization. A literature search was conducted looking for papers that discussed cervical spine motion during extrication from a vehicle. Five papers were yielded, and their methodology, results and limitations were assessed. Motion capture studies suggest that a patient who is allowed to self-extricate from a vehicle will move their cervical spine no more than a patient who is extricated by traditional methods, and may move their neck up to four times less. Furthermore, an alert patient with a neck injury will demonstrate a self-protection mechanism, ensuring injuries are not worsened. Evidence is now building that self-extrication in alert patients with minimal or no cervical spine immobilization is safe. Self-extrication should become more commonplace, conferring not only a potential safety benefit but also advantages in time to definitive care and resource use.
Dual Kidney Transplantation: Is It Worth It?
Authors: Snanoudj Renaud , Timsit Marc-Olivier , Rabant Marion , Tinel Claire , Lazareth Hélène , Lamhaut Lionel , Martinez Frank , Legendre Christophe
Published: September 2016

Use of expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys, which are associated with a reduced graft survival rate, has become widely adopted in elderly recipients in an old-to-old allocation system. However, the results are frequently unsatisfactory, and a high proportion of these ECD kidneys are discarded. Dual kidney transplantation (DKT) is an underused way to expand the pool of ECD kidneys and to rapidly transplant elderly patients with satisfactory results because of the transplantation of double the nephronic mass. In this overview, we summarize the results of the main studies on DKT. DKT suffers from a prejudice of heaviness and is considered to be useless by transplant centers that do not perform it. The literature is often biased by the heterogeneity of the criteria leading to a DKT and the common refusal of kidneys that are judged too marginal. In fact, we show that when strictly allocated according to reliable clinical or histological scores, dual and single ECD transplantations yield similar results in terms of patient and graft survival rates despite significant differences in donors' characteristics. DKTs are not associated with a higher proportion of surgical complications, except in some studies showing thrombosis of 1 of the 2 grafts. The benefits of dual transplantation are particularly evident for kidneys coming from most ECDs. There is still a need for more studies to find the best allocation criteria that would permit transplantation to the highest number of patients with similar outcomes in recipients of single and dual ECD kidneys.
Update on pharmacotherapy for stroke and traumatic brain injury recovery during rehabilitation
Authors: Liepert Joachim
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review

This article evaluates whether specific drugs are able to facilitate motor recovery after stroke or improve the level of consciousness, cognitive, or behavioral symptoms after traumatic brain injury.

Recent findings

After stroke, serotonin reuptake inhibitors can enhance restitution of motor functions in depressed as well as in nondepressed patients. Erythropoietin and progesterone administered within hours after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury failed to improve the outcome. A single dose of zolpidem can transiently improve the level of consciousness in patients with vegetative state or minimally conscious state.

Because of the lack of large randomized controlled trials, evidence is still limited. Currently, most convincing evidence exists for fluoxetine for facilitation of motor recovery early after stroke and for amantadine for acceleration of functional recovery after severe traumatic brain injury. Methylphenidate and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors might enhance cognitive functions after traumatic brain injury. Sufficiently powered studies and the identification of predictors of beneficial drug effects are still needed.
Influence of skill and exercise training parameters on locomotor recovery during stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Hornby T. George , Moore Jennifer L. , Lovell Linda , Roth Elliot J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review

Research findings from the fields of motor learning and exercise physiology suggest specific training parameters that can be manipulated during physical rehabilitation profoundly influence skilled task performance. This review details the rationale for some of these training variables and their application in selected intervention studies focused on improving walking function in patients poststroke.

Recent findings

Basic and applied studies have shown that the amount, intensity, and variability of specific task practice applied during rehabilitation interventions can affect recovery of walking poststroke. Many studies detailing the effects of conventional, therapist, and mechanically assisted interventions may incorporate some of these training parameters but minimize others, and their relative contributions may influence walking outcomes. Specific patient factors, such as the stroke acuity and degree of impairments, appear to influence the relative contributions of these training variables, and different patient subgroups may benefit from greater emphasis on specific parameters.

The present findings suggest these training parameters should be considered when evaluating or implementing physical interventions directed toward improving locomotor function poststroke. More work is needed to understand their optimal combinations to maximize walking outcomes in patients with different levels of impairment poststroke.
Transient Monocular Vision Loss on Awakening: A Benign Amaurotic Phenomenon
Authors: Bouffard Marc A. , Cornblath Wayne T. , Rizzo Joseph F. , Lee Michael S. , DeLott Lindsey B. , Eggenberger Eric R. , Torun Nurhan
Published: September 2016

Background:

Transient monocular vision loss (TMVL) is an alarming symptom owing to potentially serious etiologies such as thromboembolism or giant cell arteritis. Our objective is to describe the phenomenon of TMVL present on awakening, which may represent a distinct and benign entity.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective observational case series of 29 patients who experienced TMVL on awakening. Patients who described monocular dimming or blackout of vision were included, and those with blurred vision, concurrent eye pain, and binocular vision loss were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study population.

Results:

Of the 29 patients we studied, 90% (n = 26) were female and 48% had crowded discs (cup-to-disc ratio ≤0.2). The mean age was 45.4 years, although women were significantly younger than men (mean ages 43.4 and 62.7 years, respectively, P = 0.017). Brain magnetic resonance imaging and vascular imaging (magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomographic angiography, or carotid Doppler) were performed in 69% and 55% of cases, respectively, and were uniformly negative. In 14 patients for whom clear follow-up data could be obtained, no medically or visually significant sequelae of this syndrome were found, and 50% experienced resolution of symptoms.

Conclusions:

Evaluation was uniformly negative when patients described waking with isolated vision loss in 1 eye with subsequent resolution, usually in less than 15 minutes. The natural history seems benign with symptoms frequently remitting spontaneously. This visual phenomenon may represent an autoregulatory failure resulting in a supply/demand mismatch during low-light conditions.
Ocular and Cerebral Emboli From an Atrial Myxoma
Authors: Kuonen Anne , Borruat François-Xavier
Published: September 2016

Emboli from an atrial myxoma resulted in asymptomatic segmental retinal and choroidal arterial hyperfluorescent lesions on retinal angiography, mimicking an arteritis. The retinal lesions disappeared after removal of the atrial myxoma. Endothelial trauma by embolic material appears to be the mechanism of the angiographic findings.
Crystal structure of bis(azido-κN)bis(quinolin-8-amine-κ2
N,N′)iron(II)
Authors: Setifi Fatima , Moon Dohyun , Koen Robeyns , Setifi Zouaoui , Lamsayah Morad , Touzani Rachid
Published: September 2016

The search for new molecular materials with interesting magnetic properties using the pseudohalide azide ion and quinolin-8-amine (aqin, C9H8N2) as a chelating ligand, led to the synthesis and structure determination of the title complex, [Fe(N3)2(C9H8N2)2]. The complex shows an octahedral geometry, with the FeII atom surrounded by six N atoms; the two N3
− anions coordinate in a cis configuration, while the remaining N atoms originate from the two quinolin-8-amine ligands with the quinoline N atoms lying on opposite sides of the Fe atom. The crystal packing is dominated by layers of hydrophilic and aromatic regions parallel to the ac plane, stabilized by a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network and π–π stacking.
Synthesis and crystal structure of bis(1-{[(quinolin-8-yl)imino]methyl}pyrene-κ2
N,N′)silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Pinto Miguel , Chakraborty Indranil , Mascharak Pradip
Published: September 2016

The title compound, [Ag(qPyr)2]CF3SO3 where qPyr = 1-(quinoline-2-ylmethylene)aminopyrene, C26H16N2, was synthesized from a reaction of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and qPyr in dichloromethane–methanol mixed media. In this design, the qPyr ligand was chosen for its characteristic excitation and emission profiles, which could enable the tracking of the silver complex within biological targets. The AgI atom resides in a distorted tetrahedral N4 coordination sphere. Analysis of the packing pattern revealed significant intra- and intermolecular π–π stacking interactions between the [Ag(qPyr)2]+ cations. In addition, a weak C—H...O hydrogen bond consolidates the packing between cations and anions.
Crystal structure of diaquabis(2-chloropyridine-κN)bis(thiocyanato-κN)nickel(II)
Authors: Suckert Stefan , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: September 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(NCS)2(C5H4ClN)2(H2O)2], consists of one nickel(II) cation that is located on a center of inversion and one thiocyanate anion, one water molecule and one 2-chloropyridine ligand all occupying general positions. The NiII cation is octahedrally coordinated by two terminal N-bound thiocyanato ligands, two aqua ligands and two N-bound 2-chloropyridine ligands into discrete complexes. Individual complexes are linked by intermolecular O—H...S and O—H...Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions into a layered network extending parallel to the bc plane. Weak interactions of types C—H...S and C—H...Cl consolidate the crystal packing.
N,N-Dicyclohexylnitramine
Authors: Gajda Katarzyna , Dziuk Błażej , Daszkiewicz Zdzisław , Zarychta Bartosz
Published: September 2016

Molecules of the title compound, C12H22N2O2, are composed of an nitramine group substituted by two cyclohexane rings. The cyclohexane rings have chair conformations, with the exocyclic C—N bonds in axial orientations. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules intoC(6) [-101] zigzag chains.
4-Methylanilinium 3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate
Authors: Kalaiyarasi S. , Devi S. Reena , Akilan R. , Kumar R. Mohan , Chakkaravarthi G.
Published: September 2016

The title molecular salt, C7H10N+·C4H5O5−, contains a 4-methylanilinium cation and a 3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate (hydrogen 2-hydroxysuccinate) anion in the asymmetric unit. The cation is protonated at the amine N atom and the anion is deprotonated at one of the hydroxy O atoms of the carboxylic acid groups. An O—H...O hydrogen bond in the anion generates anS(5) graph-set motif. An N—H...O hydrogen bond links the anion and cation in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds link adjacent anions and cations, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to theacplane and enclosingR23(12),R23(14) andR32(10) ring motifs.
Personality and interest in the visual arts
Authors: Bachleda Catherine L. , Bennani Asmae
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between personality and interest in the visual arts in a sample of Moroccan workers.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered from 210 respondents to an online survey.

Findings

Results indicate that interest in the visual arts is associated with openness and sensation seeking, even after controlling for income and education.

Practical implications

This study suggests that to increase consumption of visual arts products or experiences, arts marketers should focus on the personality traits of openness and sensation seeking rather than the demographic variables of income and education.

Originality/value

Results extend conclusions about openness and interest in the visual arts to a non-student sample and extend the importance of sensation seeking to visual art interests as opposed to visual art preferences and art judgement. This study also represents the first empirical examination of interest in the arts in Morocco.
Making sense of organizational structure change: a practice-based approach
Authors: Rosenberg Age , Keller Margit
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand how employees make sense of a structural change in a public organisation, in order to understand which practices form this change and how individual elements (rules, understandings etc.) may shape the process of such changes.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on: a two-wave interview method, where the same individuals from different levels of the organisation were questioned in both 2012 and 2014; and an analysis of the formal documents created during the decision-making process. Schatzki’s (1996) approach is used as the basis to identify teleo-affective structures, practical understandings and rules as constitutive elements of the practices that comprised the structural change in the organisation.

Findings

The analysis revealed two main practices – structural reorganisation and the sharing of information and involving employees – that shaped the process of structural change within the organisation. These practices are formed of positive and negative ways of doing, some of which have become in-house habits and a few which have become rules of the organisation. There were competing understandings and enactments of named elements in the organisation, indicating that organisational practices exist beyond individuals and that it takes a collective effort to change them.

Research limitations/implications

The retrospective interview technique and use of employees’ subjective sense-making did not allow us to fully grasp how practices unfolded during the process of a change to the everyday workings of the organisation, which could only be accomplished by direct observations.

Originality/value

The research highlighted those processes that influence one of the potentially most important changes to any organisation, that of organisation structure – both extensive and compact – which has thus far seldom been studied. The authors empirically tested Schatzki’s (1996) approach to practices and provided a set of categories for analysing practices during such changes.
Simulation and detection of small crack-like surface flaws and slots in simply-supported beams using curvature analysis of analytical and numerical modal displacement data
Authors: Samami Hassan , Oyadiji S. Olutunde
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to employ analytical and numerical techniques to generate modal displacement data of damaged beams containing very small crack-like surface flaws or slots and to use the data in the development of damage detection methodology. The detection method involves the use of double differentiation of the modal data for identification of the flaw location and magnitude.

Design/methodology/approach

The modal displacements of damaged beams are simulated analytically using the Bernoulli-Euler theory and numerically using the finite element method. The principle used in the analytical approach is based on changes in the transverse displacement due to the localized reduction of the flexural rigidity of the beam. Curvature analysis is employed to identify and locate the structural flaws from the modal data. The curvature mode shapes are calculated using a central difference approximation. The effects of random noise on the detectability of the structural flaws are also computed.

Findings

The analytical approach is much more robust in simulating modal displacement data for beams with crack-like surface flaws or slots than the finite element analysis (FEA) approach especially for crack-like surface flaws or slots of very small depths. The structural flaws are detectable in the presence of random noise of up to 5 per cent.

Originality/value

Simulating the effects of small crack-like surface flaws is important because it is essential to develop techniques to detect cracks at an early stage of their development. The FEA approach can only simulate the effects of crack-like surface flaws or slots with depth ratio greater than 10 per cent. On the other hand, the analytical approach using the Bernoulli-Euler theory can simulate the effects of crack-like surface flaws or slots with depth ratio as small as 2 per cent.