bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Fire Safety Evaluation Indices for Long-term Care Hospitals for the Elderly through Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis
Authors: Shin Soo-Kyung , Bae Young-Hoon , Choi Jun-Ho
Published: December 2021

Long-term care hospitals for the elderly are places for the elderly and patients with impaired mobility to live in, but these places face a high risk of great damage in the event of a fire. The standards for fire safety at long-term care hospitals for the elderly are limited to inspection of firefighting facilities and training plans, with no index to evaluate the evacuation plans, facilities for evacuation in case of fire, and the fire response manuals of long-term care hospitals for the elderly. Therefore, this study tries to carry out a basic analysis and establish fire safety evaluation indices for long-term care hospitals for the elderly. To that end, the study derives the importance and priorities of the indices related to fire safety in long-term care hospitals for the elderly through an analytic hierarchy process questionnaire surveying 44 firefighting experts. Finally, considering the importance and priorities of the indices, this study presents fire safety evaluation standards (drafts) for long-term care hospitals for the elderly.
Microimplant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Hoque Tamanna , Srinivasan Dilip , Gnaneswar Sangeetha Morekonda , Chakravarthi Sushil , Rajaram Krishnaraj
Published: December 2021

Maxillary transverse deficiency routinely requires expansion of the palate. In prepubertal patients, Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) is a reliable treatment modality. However, in skeletally mature patients due to progressively interdigitated mid palatal suture, decreased elasticity of bone and increased stiffness of the osseous articulations of the maxilla with the adjoining bones, palatal expansion becomes challenging. Patients are frequently suggested to opt for more invasive procedures, like the Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE). The quest for minimally invasive expansion appliances with pure orthopaedic movement led researchers to incorporate mini-implants with conventional RME. Microimplant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) maximises skeletal expansion and minimises dentoalveolar undesirable effects and obviates the need for orthognathic surgery. This comprehensive review aims to discuss MARPE as an effective, non surgical, minimally invasive treatment modality for skeletally mature patients with maxillary transverse insufficiency. Furthermore, various designs of MARPE with different placement sites, lengths, and numbers of miniscrews along with the latest technological advancements to improve diagnosis and treatment planning using CBCT and intraoral scan, as well as the use of Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology to custom fabricate three dimensional (3D) miniscrew insertion surgical guide, 3D laser-printed metallic mini-implant to enhance implant placement accuracy and comfort were discussed along with the clinical significance and limitations of the MARPE. Maxillary Skeletal Expander (MSE) is a unique lineage of MARPE when combined with facemask results in distraction osteogenesis like movement of midface and forms a promising basis for non surgical orthopaedic treatment modality for skeletal class III mature patients. Bone-anchored maxillary expansion appliances provide better vertical control, especially beneficial for hyperdivergent skeletal pattern patients. MARPE significantly increases transverse widths of the nasal floor, nasopharyngeal volume and significantly lowers mean nasal airway resistance thereby facilitating nasal breathing. MARPE results in greater orthopaedic expansion and safety, with fewer undesirable effects and high success rates.
A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS PROTAGONISTAS AFRO-BRASILEIRAS EM TORTO ARADO (2019), DE ITAMAR VIEIRA JÚNIOR
Authors: Moura de Quadros Dênis
Published: December 2021

Premiado por três concursos literários: Leya (2018); Jabuti (2020) e Oceanos (2020), Torto arado (2019), de Itamar Vieira Júnior (des) constrói alguns estereótipos de personagens femininas negras. A construção dessas personagens na Literatura Brasileira traz as reminiscências do período colonial como podemos destacar do Dicionário de personagens afro-brasileira (2010), organizado por Licia Soares de Souza e que conta com mais 60 personagens sendo 17 personagens femininas. Para tanto, Eduardo de Assis Duarte (2010) pontua cinco características que demarcam a Literatura afro-brasileira: tema, autor, ponto de vista, linguagem e leitor pressuposto o que nos permite alocar o romance que conta a história de uma família negra que vive em um ambiente análogo ao da escravização relatada por mulheres negras entremeando palavras do vocábulo local e direcionadas a leitores também negros sem estar estrita a eles.
CAROLINA DE JESUS E QUARTO DE DESPEJO: A EXPERIÊNCIA COMO DESCONSTRUÇÃO
Authors: Roberto Giraldes Antônio
Published: December 2021

A importância de Carolina de Jesus na Literatura em Língua Portuguesa e na Literatura Afro-brasileira já é, de certa forma, inquestionável. No entanto, há ainda muito que se ratificar e se desdobrar em seus textos por conta da riqueza encontrada neles, de sua ação afirmativa perante as pautas identitárias e das problematizações enunciativas que podem transcorrer na cultura, na educação e na sociedade. O presente trabalho discutirá no livro “Quarto de Despejo” as possibilidades de desconstrução e subversão tanto da organização literária quanto da produção enunciativa, tendo como referência teórica principal os conceitos de “hospitalidade” e “brisura” de Jacques Derrida e sua crítica ao logocentrismo branco europeu, observando traços de marcadores sociais, perpassando também por outros pensadores afins.
A MULHER NEGRA NO CONTO “MARIA” DE CONCEIÇÃO EVARISTO: LÉXICO, AVALIATIVIDADE E REPRESENTAÇÃO DISCURSIVA
Authors: De Oliveira Ana Maria Azevedo , Ferreira Dina Maria Martins , Dos Santos Ingrid Xavier , Lima Garcia Isabela Feitosa
Published: December 2021

O presente trabalho objetiva analisar a mulher negra considerando o cenário social brasileiro, via literatura, cujo gênero discursivo pode provocar intervenções na maneira como determinado grupo é apresentado no meio social e representado discursivamente, ou seja, grupos pertencentes a minorias marginalizadas ‒ população negra, indígenas, mulheres, pessoas com deficiências, assalariados, classe pobre, etc. Analisamos o conto Maria de Conceição Evaristo na obra Olhos d’água (2016), uma espécie de registro social feito por quem vivenciou situações semelhantes, seja na própria pele, seja no grupo de convivência, pois oferece um panorama sobre a forma como são perpetuadas, no discurso, as visões estereotipadas da sociedade em relação às pessoas que vivem na periferia das cidades e lutam diariamente para romper as barreiras da fome, da miséria, bem como as atitudinais que estão incrementadas por olhares preconceituosos. Para a constituição da análise abordamos as categorias léxico (ABBADE, 2016, BIDERMAN, 2001, GAMA; QUEIROZ, 2012), avaliatividade (VIANA JR., 2009, MARTIN; WHITE, 2005) e representação discursiva direcionada à constituição da identidade e da diferença (HALL, 2006, GIDDENS, 2002, SILVA, 2012), que inferem e constroem o engessamento representacional da mulher negra, sem chance a um outro lugar.
MARIA FIRMINA DOS REIS E A POESIA QUILOMBOLA VOZES DA RESISTÊNCIA
Authors: Morais Patrícia Karla , Testa Eliane Cristina , Rodrigues Walace
Published: December 2021

Este artigo apresenta aspectos da obra de Maria Firmina dos Reis e da poesia quilombola, no propósito de discutir as vozes da resistência, que vão de encontro aos silenciamentos, por meio de estereótipos da mulher negra. Ser mulher e negra, em uma sociedade marcada pelos rastros do racismo e da subalternidade, não é fácil, e lutar contra essa realidade, que por séculos foi tida como aceitável, não é caminho para o entendimento de todas e todos, dessa forma, lutamos através dessas vozes, para o enfrentamento dos silenciamentos e por um novo olhar para as vozes de resistência, que lutam por seu espaço na sociedade.
AS (PO)ÉTICAS NEGRAS: ESPAÇOS E ESCRITAS QUE CONVERGEM NOS SARAUS PERIFÉRICOS DE SALVADOR.
Authors: Silva da Paz Paulo Sérgio
Published: December 2021

Esse artigo surge a partir de minha pesquisa de mestrado intitulada de “Nóis por Nóis: Poesia e Resistência nos Saraus Periféricos de Salvador” no qual me propus a observar como os saraus periféricos, através de seus jovens atores, tem mudado a cena cultural da capital baiana. Os saraus, hoje, olhando num panorama nacional, se constituem como o grande fenômeno no campo da literatura contemporânea nessas primeiras duas décadas do século XXI. E é por tamanha importância desses eventos literários periféricos que tomaram conta do país que nos debruçamos para ler estes espaços através da (po)éticas negras. O objetivo principal desse artigo é mostrar como as (po)éticas negras têm convergido luta racial, social, de gênero e das causas LGBTQ+ numa só direção através da poesia. Seja as (po)éticas recitadas nos saraus, ou ainda, aquelas que têm movido o mercado editorial alternativo das pequenas editoras. Esse artigo reflete sobre novos modos de produção, distribuição e recepção, que reorganizam o mainstream do cenário artístico e cultural, incluindo seus mercados – nesse caso, o mercado literário –, na cidade de Salvador. Constitui-se numa pesquisa etnográfica, que tem no trabalho de campo, na imersão nos principais saraus das periferias da cidade seu traço maior.
NEGRITUDE EM SÉRIE: O ESTEREÓTIPO PROBLEMATIZADO EM ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK
Authors: Miranda Cavalcante da Silva Juliana , Azerêdo Genilda
Published: December 2021

O estereótipo é uma das principais ferramentas usadas pelo colonizador para manter o poder sobre o colonizado. O papel da arte no reforço dos estereótipos passa por dois fatores: a tentativa de representação da “verdade” pela ficção através do realismo e a utilização da arte, desde a antiguidade clássica, para consolidação de um padrão de comportamento considerado adequado. A correspondência entre a realidade e a verdade apresentada pelo realismo ficcional passou a ser questionada com mais veemência a partir da segunda metade do século XX, com o pós-modernismo, um movimento que acompanhou a crescente demanda social por uma narrativa decolonial. Embora os estereótipos ainda acompanhem a ficção contemporânea, o que se vê com frequência é que hoje seu uso vem acompanhado de uma reflexão crítica, geralmente através da paródia, do pastiche, da ironia, da metaficção e de outras formas de autorreflexividade. É o que acontece na série da Netfix Orange Is the New Black, que utiliza a metalinguagem para tratar de questões como raça e gênero. Este artigo analisa como Orange expõe o estereótipo atribuído à personagem Poussey Washington no 3º episódio da 4ª temporada da série, com base nos estudos de Homi Bhabha e Frantz Fanon. Ao invés de focar no binômio bom/mal dos estereótipos, o artigo demonstra como a narrativa utiliza artifícios para combatê-los.
Palavras-chave:
AS CARACTERÍSTICAS ARQUETÍPICAS E SUAS RESSONÂNCIAS NOS ORIXÁS FEMININOS DA UMBANDA
Authors: Antônia Lima Pavei Maria , Alves Geraldes Junior Gutemberg
Published: December 2021

A Umbanda apresenta, em algumas ramificações, a presença do culto aos Orixás, nas quais se utilizam de mitos e símbolos da mitologia iorubá, trazida pelos escravos africanos da cultura nagô-yorubá. Esta crença traz em suas lendas, a expressão feminina como protagonista, representada pelas Yabás, sendo as mais cultuadas no rito umbandista: (a) Iemanjá; (b) Iansã; (c) Oxum e (d) Nanã, conhecidas também como as mães d'água. Em suas narrativas mitológicas, elas apresentam características humanas, sendo suscetíveis às incertezas, gerando, dessa forma, uma identificação humana com as entidades sagradas, norteada neste artigo pelo comportamento psíquico da mulher. O presente estudo busca analisar as representações simbólicas dos Orixás femininos, diante de seus mitos, símbolos e pontos cantados, apresentados na obra de Ademir Barbosa Júnior (2014) e Janaína Azevedo (2010). Ao identificar os fatores predominantes que singularizam cada Yabá, fundamenta-se, com base na psicologia analítica desenvolvida por Carl Gustav Jung (2000), o conceito de inconsciente coletivo e sua ancestralidade. O estudo aqui realizado, dá-se por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva e tem como objetivo identificar os padrões individuais de cada Orixá e, a partir disso, reconhecer a similaridade arquetípica de cada uma, dentre os dezesseis arquétipos trazidos à luz sob o olhar das pesquisadoras Mark e Pearson (2001). Entende-se, dessa forma, que ao reconhecer os padrões de cada personalidade, o inconsciente coletivo identifica esses símbolos, destacando uma característica predominante em cada Orixá, sendo Iemanjá a Grande Mãe, Nanã como Mago, Iansã o Herói e Oxum a Amante.
Cadherin‐3 is a novel oncogenic biomarker with prognostic value in glioblastoma
Authors: Martins Eduarda P. , Gonçalves Céline S. , Pojo Marta , Carvalho Rita , Ribeiro Ana S. , Miranda‐Gonçalves Vera , Taipa Ricardo , Pardal Fernando , Pinto Afonso A. , Custódia Carlos , Faria Cláudia C. , Baltazar Fátima , Sousa Nuno , Paredes Joana , Costa Bruno M.
Published: December 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The prognosis of patients is very poor, with a median overall survival of ~ 15 months after diagnosis. Cadherin‐3 (also known as P‐cadherin), a cell–cell adhesion molecule encoded by the CDH3 gene, is deregulated in several cancer types, but its relevance in GBM is unknown. In this study, we investigated the functional roles, the associated molecular signatures, and the prognostic value of CDH3/P‐cadherin in this highly malignant brain tumor. CDH3/P‐cadherin mRNA and protein levels were evaluated in human glioma samples. Knockdown and overexpression models of P‐cadherin in GBM were used to evaluate its functional role in vitro and in vivo. CDH3‐associated gene signatures were identified by enrichment analyses and correlations. The impact of CDH3 in the survival of GBM patients was assessed in independent cohorts using both univariable and multivariable models. We found that P‐cadherin protein is expressed in a subset of gliomas, with an increased percentage of positive samples in grade IV tumors. Concordantly, CDH3 mRNA levels in glioma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database are increased in high‐grade gliomas. P‐cadherin displays oncogenic functions in multiple knockdown and overexpression GBM cell models by affecting cell viability, cell cycle, cell invasion, migration, and neurosphere formation capacity. Genes that were positively correlated with CDH3 are enriched for oncogenic pathways commonly activated in GBM. In vivo, GBM cells expressing high levels of P‐cadherin generate larger subcutaneous tumors and cause shorter survival of mice in an orthotopic intracranial model. Concomitantly, high CDH3 expression is predictive of shorter overall survival of GBM patients in independent cohorts. Together, our results show that CDH3/P‐cadherin expression is associated with aggressiveness features of GBM and poor patient prognosis, suggesting that it may be a novel therapeutic target for this deadly brain tumor.
KRAS mutation‐independent downregulation of MAPK/PI3K signaling in colorectal cancer
Authors: Lam Kuen Kuen , Tang Choong Leong , Tan Emile , Wong Siew Heng , Cheah Peh Yean
Published: December 2021

KRAS is a gatekeeper gene in human colorectal tumorigenesis. KRAS is ‘undruggable’; hence, efforts have been diverted to inhibit downstream RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling. Nevertheless, none of these inhibitors has progressed to clinical use despite extensive trials. We examined levels of phospho‐ERK1/2(T202/Y204) and phospho‐Akt1/2/3(S473) in human colorectal tumor compared to matched mucosa with semi‐quantitative near‐infrared western blot and confocal fluorescence immunohistochemistry imaging. Surprisingly, 75.5% (25/33) of tumors had lower or equivalent phospho‐ERK1/2 and 96.9% (31/32) of tumors had lower phospho‐Akt1/2/3 compared to matched mucosa, irrespective of KRAS mutation status. In contrast, we discovered KRAS‐dependent SOX9 upregulation in 28 of the 31 (90.3%) tumors. These observations were substantiated by analysis of the public domain transcriptomics The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and proteomics Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) dataset. These data suggest that RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling are unlikely to be activated in most human colorectal cancer.
Adaptive practical fixed‐time tracking control for uncertain non‐strict‐feedback systems with input delay and prescribed boundary constraints
Authors: Zhang Xu , Tan Jieqing , Yao Yangang , Wu Jian
Published: December 2021

This article concentrates upon the practical fixed‐time adaptive neural tracking control problem of non‐strict‐feedback nonlinear systems with input delay and prescribed boundary constraints (PBCs). A modified appropriate auxiliary system is introduced to eliminate the complex calculations appeared in the input delay. The unknown nonlinear functions exist in non‐strict‐feedback nonlinear systems, which are approximated by the radial basis function neural networks. The adaptive practical fixed‐time control strategy is developed based on a novel coordinate transformation by utilizing the backstepping algorithm. Under the proposed controller, it can be guaranteed that the tracking error satisfies the PBCs in fixed time and all the signals in the closed‐loop system are bounded. Some numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the control approach.
Influence of Process Stability and Part Positioning on Morphological Properties of Designed Materials Produced by Laser‐Based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals on a Multi‐Laser Machine
Authors: Albert Johannes , Hermann Oliver , Purschke Simon , Rule David , Fleck Claudia
Published: December 2021

Porous structures made from high temperature superalloys are candidates for high‐efficiency cooling applications. In this kind of product, the repeatability of flow‐relevant elements is of high interest in multiple aspects—e.g., performance, component lifetime, and costs. Configurable open‐porous materials—addressed here as designed materials (DMs)—can be produced via laser‐based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF‐LB/M) by process parameter adaptions. With the high temperature superalloy Haynes 282 DM's manufacturability was previously demonstrated on a multi‐laser EOS M 400‐4 PBF‐LB/M machine. The influence of part positioning on the respective relative density of such structures and scatter were shown and tolerance equations developed. Hence, herein, the main objective is following up on the repeatability of morphological DM properties. Therefore, DM's mean pore diameter, mean strut diameter, and surface ratio are analyzed via microcomputed tomography (μCT). A positional scatter assessment is performed. Moreover, attention is paid to the repeatability of the investigated properties over different laser quadrants and build jobs. The identified scatter is utilized in the tolerance equations formulated in this research. Furthermore, potential correlations among the properties—relative density, mean pore diameter, mean strut diameter, and surface ratio—are examined.
Enzyme‐Programmable Microgel Lasers for Information Encoding and Anti‐Counterfeiting
Authors: Gong Xuerui , Qiao Zhen , Liao Yikai , Zhu Song , Shi Lei , Kim Munho , Chen Yu‐Cheng
Published: December 2021

Microscale laser emissions have emerged as a promising approach for information encoding and anti‐counterfeiting for their feature‐rich spectra and high sensitivity to the surrounding environment. Compared with artificial materials, natural responsive biomaterials enable a higher level of complexity and versatile ways for tailoring optical responses. However, precise control of lasing wavelengths and spatial locations with biomolecules remains a huge challenge. Here, a biologically programmable laser, in which the lasing can be manipulated by biomolecular activities at the nanoscale, is developed. Tunable lasing wavelengths are achieved by exploiting the swelling properties of enzyme‐responsive hydrogel droplets in a Fabry–Pérot microcavity. Both experimental and theoretical means demonstrate that inner 3D network structures and external curvature of the hydrogel droplets lead to different lasing thresholds and resonance wavelengths. Finally, inkjet‐printed multiwavelength laser encoding and anti‐counterfeiting are showcased under different scalabilities and environments. Hyperspectral laser images are utilized as an advanced feature for a higher level of security. The biologically encoded laser will provide a new insight into the development of biosynthetic and bioprogrammable laser devices, offering new opportunities for secure communication and smart sensing.
Engineering Multienzyme‐Mimicking Covalent Organic Frameworks as Pyroptosis Inducers for Boosting Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Zhang Liang , Yang Qi‐Chao , Wang Shuo , Xiao Yao , Wan Shu‐Cheng , Deng Hexiang , Sun Zhi‐Jun
Published: December 2021

The engineering of a series of multienzyme‐mimicking covalent organic frameworks (COFs), COF‐909‐Cu, COF‐909‐Fe, and COF‐909‐Ni, as pyroptosis inducers, remodeling the tumor microenvironment to boost cancer immunotherapy, is reported. Mechanistic studies reveal that these COFs can serve as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) homeostasis disruptors to elevate intracellular H2O2 levels, and they not only exhibit excellent superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐mimicking activity and convert superoxide radicals (O2•−) to H2O2 to facilitate H2O2 generation, but also possess outstanding glutathione peroxidase (GPx)‐mimicking activity and deplete glutathione (GSH) to alleviate the scavenging of H2O2. Meanwhile, the outstanding photothermal therapy properties of these COFs can accelerate the Fenton‐like ionization process to facilitate their chemodynamic therapy efficiency. One member, COF‐909‐Cu, can robustly induce gasdermin E (GSDME)‐dependent pyroptosis and remodel the tumor microenvironment to trigger durable antitumor immunity, thus promoting the response rate of αPD‐1 checkpoint blockade and successfully restraining tumor metastasis and recurrence.
Real‐Time Monitoring and Quantification of Underwater Superhydrophobicity
Authors: Smyrnakis Athanasios , Ioannou Dimosthenis , Ellinas Kosmas , Tserepi Angeliki , Gogolides Evangelos
Published: December 2021

Long‐lasting underwater superhydrophobicity involves stable‐in‐time air layer trapped and retained between a submersed surface and the overlying liquid. Due to its underwater nature, it is rather difficult to accurately observe this air layer in submerged systems, let alone to measure it. Here, white light reflectance spectroscopy is used for real‐time monitoring (acquisition speed 50–200 ms) of underwater superhydrophobicity as well as for the calculation of the entrapped air layer thickness on “everlasting” underwater polymeric superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated by plasma micro‐nanotexturing. The proposed method enables real‐time monitoring and accurate calculation of air layers with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers to several tens of micrometers involving small underwater bubbles. In addition, different scale topographies of superhydrophobic plasma micro‐nanotextured surfaces are tested and found to retain underwater superhydrophobicity for at least 60 days. As a demonstration, the air layer thickness is also monitored in real time when titrating water with low surface tension liquids. Among several topographies tested, a superhydrophobic surface exhibiting hierarchical topography and a high roughness ratio is able to retain a stable air layer when submersed in liquids with surface tension down to 44 mN m−1.
Nanoscale Mapping of Cu‐Ion Transport in van der Waals Layered CuCrP2S6
Authors: Ma Ru‐Ru , Xu Dong‐Dong , Zhong Qi‐Lan , Zhong Chao‐Rong , Huang Rong , Xiang Ping‐Hua , Zhong Ni , Duan Chun‐Gang
Published: December 2021

Ionic conduction of metal thiophosphates (MTPs) is attracting growing attention for promising applications in electrochemical storage and tunable physical properties. Especially, metal‐ion migration in copper thiophosphate has been identified as a key factor for the control of their microstructure and phase transition. However, direct evidence for the coupling between Cu‐ion motions and the crystal lattice has been elusive at the nanometer scale. Here, the room temperature diffusion kinetics of Cu ions in layered CuCrP2S6 (CCPS) is demonstrated. A tip‐enhanced electric field based on scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has been used as the driving force for Cu‐ion motions through van der Waals gaps. The strong coupling between Cu‐ion concentration and crystal lattice and the resulting serial structural transitions have been probed directly by the comprehensive utilization of spatially resolved Raman spectra, cross‐section energy dispersion spectrum (EDS), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). This knowledge improves the understanding of the effect of intrinsic Cu‐ion migration on the structure transformation in layered van der Waals materials and provides feedback to the nanoscale mechanisms of nanometer devices based on iontronics.
Vertical Addressing of 1‐Plane Electrodes for Digital Microfluidics
Authors: von der Ecken Sebastian , Sklavounos Alexandros A. , Wheeler Aaron R.
Published: December 2021

Digital microfluidics (DMF) has become a mainstay in the microfluidics and microelectromechanical communities. Many users rely on simple DMF devices featuring a small number of rows and columns of electrodes that can be rapidly manufactured using “one plane” lithographic or printing techniques. But as the popularity of DMF grows, there are increasing needs for larger devices that can facilitate multiplexed handling of many samples and reagents in parallel. One option for scaling DMF devices is to use “vertical addressing” techniques such as printed circuit boards (PCBs), but PCBs formed using standard techniques exhibit topography that is not ideal for smooth and reliable droplet movement. A new method to produce DMF devices using vertical addressing of 1‐plane electrodes (VAPE‐DMF) is introduced. This method, which separates devices into “covers” (bearing 1‐plane electrodes) and “sub‐substrates” (for vertical addressing), enables rapid and inexpensive manufacture of devices with arbitrarily large driving electrode arrays. This work describes how to manufacture VAPE‐DMF devices and demonstrates a proof‐of‐concept device with an array of 336 electrodes to handle 48 droplets to run 24 reactions in parallel. It is proposed that VAPE‐DMF represents a useful new development for the growing community of users and innovators of digital microfluidics and related methods.
Leveraging Arylboronic Acid–Cellulose Binding as a Versatile and Scalable Approach to Hydrophobic Patterning
Authors: Beard Jeffrey W. , Murty Shannon , Caulkins Christina , Strenk Amanda R. , Luta Ethan P. , Hunt Samuel L. , Yates Matthew Z. , Miller Benjamin L.
Published: December 2021

Paper‐based analytical devices, or μPADs, have proven to be valuable bioanalytical tools for a broad range of applications. New methods for μPAD fabrication are needed, however, to facilitate their mass production at a competitive cost. To address this need, the use of a boronic acid‐containing siloxane polymer (BorSilOx) has been reported for patterning hydrophobic barriers for μPADs. This material functions by covalently binding to hydroxyl groups in the paper substrate. It is compatible with inkjet printing or roll‐to‐roll (stamping) processes, as demonstrated here using three different deposition methods. BorSilOx is able to render a broad range of cellulosic materials (from paper towels to wood) hydrophobic, with contact angle measurements demonstrating superhydrophobicity in many cases.The utility of the polymer in μPADs via assays for pH and glucose is further demonstrated.
Near‐Field Mediated 40 nm In‐Volume Glass Fabrication by Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Yan Zhi , Gao Jichao , Beresna Martynas , Zhang Jingyu
Published: December 2021

Nanofabrication techniques have significantly impelled the development of nanomechanics and nanophotonics by making nano‐precision material processing routine. Although widely employed, current sub‐100 nm nanofabrication approaches based on focused particles or light are limited to surface modification. Here, an optical in‐volume fabrication approach that enables 3D glass processing with a spatial resolution down to 40 nm is demonstrated. Such an approach is based on the formation of a single nanoslit structure induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Spatially‐variant nanopatterns with uniform line‐widths are then formed by a near‐field mediated intensity redistribution of incident light. The redistribution of electromagnetic field induced by the presence of the nanoslit leads to a positive‐feedback self‐assembly process. The self‐assembly process allows achieving spacing one order of magnitude smaller than the laser beam size. In addition, a tilted ablation front that results in the generation of structures with curved morphology is revealed. The proposed approach enables 3D patterning with a lateral spacing down to 200 nm and 5D optical data storage with an equivalent capacity of 7.2 TB per disk, demonstrating its feasibility for 3D nanoscale processing in bulk materials.
Organic−Inorganic Manganese Bromide Hybrids with Water‐Triggered Luminescence for Rewritable Paper
Authors: Liu Hua‐Li , Ru Hua‐Yang , Sun Meng‐En , Wang Zhao‐Yang , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: December 2021

Stimuli‐responsive luminescent material‐based rewritable paper has received great attention for its potential application in a wide range of areas from anti‐counterfeiting to information encryption. Herein, a photoluminescence (PL) rewritable paper based on an organic metal halide, trans‐2,5‐dimethylpiperazine manganese(II) bromide (C6N2H16MnBr4) (1), is reported. This 0D organic metal halide hybrid exhibits green emission centered at 548 nm originating from 4T1–6A1 transition of tetrahedrally coordinated Mn2+ ions with a PL quantum efficiency of 82%. Interestingly, complex 1 can be transformed into the non‐emissive hydrated phase C6N2H16MnBr4(H2O)2 (2) by uptake of coordinating water molecules, wherein Mn2+ adopts a quasi‐octahedral coordination sphere. The reversible single‐crystal structure transformation between the hydrated and dehydrated phases can switch the PL on and off. Rewritable PL paper has been fabricated by coating complex 1 on filter paper, which exhibits high resolution and excellent “write‐erase‐write” cycle capability. This work presents a new avenue for low‐dimensional lead‐free organic metal halide hybrids toward multilevel information security applications.
Multifocal Organoid Capturing of Colon Cancer Reveals Pervasive Intratumoral Heterogenous Drug Responses
Authors: Kim Soon‐Chan , Park Ji Won , Seo Ha‐Young , Kim Minjung , Park Jae‐Hyeon , Kim Ga‐Hye , Lee Ja Oh , Shin Young‐Kyoung , Bae Jeong Mo , Koo Bon‐Kyoung , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Ku Ja‐Lok
Published: December 2021

Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) stands as one of the main difficulties in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) as it causes the development of resistant clones and leads to heterogeneous drug responses. Here, 12 sets of patient‐derived organoids (PDOs) and cell lines (PDCs) isolated from multiple regions of single tumors from 12 patients, capturing ITH by multiregion sampling of individual tumors, are presented. Whole‐exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of the 12 sets are performed. The PDOs and PDCs of the 12 sets are also analyzed with a clinically relevant 24‐compound library to assess their drug responses. The results reveal unexpectedly widespread subregional heterogeneity among PDOs and PDCs isolated from a single tumor, which is manifested by genetic and transcriptional heterogeneity and strong variance in drug responses, while each PDO still recapitulates the major histologic, genomic, and transcriptomic characteristics of the primary tumor. The data suggest an imminent drawback of single biopsy‐originated PDO‐based clinical diagnosis in evaluating CRC patient responses. Instead, the results indicate the importance of targeting common somatic driver mutations positioned in the trunk of all tumor subregional clones in parallel with a comprehensive understanding of the molecular ITH of each tumor.
Validity evidence for an instrument for cognitive load for virtual didactic sessions
Authors: Hickam Grace , Jordan Jaime , Haas Mary R C , Wagner Jason , Manthey David , John Cico Stephen , Wolff Margaret , Santen Sally A
Published: December 2021

Background

COVID necessitated the shift to virtual resident instruction. The challenge of learning via virtual modalities has the potential to increase cognitive load. It is important for educators to reduce cognitive load to optimize learning, yet there are few available tools to measure cognitive load. The objective of this study is to identify and provide validity evidence following Messicks’ framework for an instrument to evaluate cognitive load in virtual emergency medicine didactic sessions.

Methods

This study followed Messicks’ framework for validity including content, response process, internal structure, and relationship to other variables. Content validity evidence included: (1) engagement of reference librarian and literature review of existing instruments; (2) engagement of experts in cognitive load, and relevant stakeholders to review the literature and choose an instrument appropriate to measure cognitive load in EM didactic presentations. Response process validity was gathered using the format and anchors of instruments with previous validity evidence and piloting amongst the author group. A lecture was provided by one faculty to four residency programs via ZoomTM. Afterwards, residents completed the cognitive load instrument. Descriptive statistics were collected; Cronbach's alpha assessed internal consistency of the instrument; and correlation for relationship to other variables (quality of lecture).

Results

The 10‐item Leppink Cognitive Load instrument was selected with attention to content and response process validity evidence. Internal structure of the instrument was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80). Subscales performed well‐intrinsic load (α = 0.96, excellent), extrinsic load (α = 0.89, good), and germane load (α = 0.97, excellent). Five of the items were correlated with overall quality of lecture (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The 10‐item Cognitive Load instrument demonstrated good validity evidence to measure cognitive load and the subdomains of intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load. This instrument can be used to provide feedback to presenters to improve the cognitive load of their presentations.
Prevalence and factors contributing to primary sarcopenia in relatively healthy older Indians attending the outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rahman Rishal , Wilson Benny Paul , Paul Thomas Vizhalil , Yadav Bijesh , Kango Gopal Gopinath , Viggeswarpu Surekha
Published: December 2021

Background

Literature is scarce on primary sarcopenia among Indian older adults. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of primary sarcopenia among older persons in India using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in the Older People 2010 (EWGSOP) diagnostic criteria and to elucidate the factors leading to its development.

Methodology

Two hundred twenty‐seven subjects over 60 years of age attending the geriatric outpatient clinic were recruited for the study. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on set criteria for gait speed, handgrip, and skeletal muscle mass assessment by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry.

Result

The prevalence of primary sarcopenia in the study population was 39.2% (n = 89). Male patients were more sarcopenic than women, 47% (n = 72) vs 23% (n = 17). Obese subjects (body mass index > 25 kg/m2) had a lower prevalence of sarcopenia (odds ratio = 0.10; 95% confidence interval = 0.05–0.19). There was no association between sarcopenia and other postulated risk factors like low vitamin D levels, dietary protein or carbohydrate intake, or sedentary lifestyle.

Conclusion

Contrary to published data, primary sarcopenia appears to be higher among older Indians using presently available guidelines. Community studies with validated cutoffs suited for the Indian subcontinent may yield a lower prevalence of primary sarcopenia.
A homozygous missense variant in the MLC1 gene underlies megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in large kindred: Heterozygous carriers show seizure and mild motor function deterioration
Authors: Ain ul Batool Syeda , Almatrafi Ahmad , Fadhli Fatima , Alluqmani Majed , Sadia  , Ali Ghazanfar , Basit Sulman
Published: December 2021

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare type of leukodystrophy characterized by epileptic seizures, macrocephaly, and vacuolization of myelin and astrocyte. The magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of MLC patients shows diffuse white‐matter anomalies and the occurrence of subcortical cysts. MLC features have been observed in individuals having mutations in the MLC1 or HEPACAM genes. In this study, we recruited a six generation large kindred with five affected individuals manifesting clinical features of epileptic seizures, macrocephaly, ataxia, and spasticity. In order to identify the underlying genetic cause of the clinical features, we performed whole‐genome genotyping using Illumina microarray followed by detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOHs) regions. One affected individual was exome sequenced as well. Homozygosity mapping detected several LOH regions due to extensive consanguinity. An unbiased and hypothesis‐free exome data analysis identified a homozygous missense variant (NM_015166.3:c.278C>T) in the exon 4 of the MLC1 gene. The variant is present in the LOH region on chromosome 22q (50 Mb) and segregates perfectly with the disorder within the family in an autosomal recessive manner. The variant is present in a highly conserved first cytoplasmic domain of the MLC1 protein (NM_015166.3:p.(Ser93Leu)). Interestingly, heterozygous individuals show seizure and mild motor function deterioration. We propose that the heterozygous variant in MLC1 might disrupt the functional interaction of MLC1 with GlialCAM resulting in mild clinical features in carriers of the variant.
Paleodemography: From archaeology and skeletal age estimation to life in the past
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. , Milner George R. , Ousley Stephen D.
Published: December 2021

Much of paleodemography, an interdisciplinary field with strong ties to archaeology, among other disciplines, is oriented toward clarifying the life experiences of past people and why they changed over time. We focus on how human skeletons contribute to our understanding of preindustrial demographic regimes, including when changes took place that led to the world as we know it today. Problems with existing paleodemographic practices are highlighted, as are promising directions for future work. The latter requires both better age estimates and innovative methods to handle data appropriately. Age‐at‐death estimates for adult skeletons are a particular problem, especially for adults over 50 years that undoubtedly are mistakenly underrepresented in published studies of archaeological skeletons. Better age estimates for the entirety of the lifespan are essential to generate realistic distributions of age at death. There are currently encouraging signs that after about a half‐century of intensive, and sometimes contentious, research, paleodemography is poised to contribute much to understandings of evolutionary processes, the structure of past populations, and human‐disease interaction, among other topics.
Oral corticosteroid use and the risk of developing avascular necrosis: A large retrospective review
Authors: Grond Sarah E , Little Ryan E , Campbell David A , Loehrl Todd A , Poetker David M
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The risk of adverse events, specifically avascular necrosis (AVN), associated with corticosteroid use is not well reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of AVN among patients with prior oral corticosteroid administration.

Methods

An institutional database query recognized 113,734 adult patients with oral corticosteroid administration between January 2006 and May 2017. A temporal query performed on this cohort determined that 789 had a diagnosis of AVN following oral corticosteroids. A retrospective review was performed on this cohort. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, date of initial oral corticosteroid exposure, and time to diagnosis of AVN. Records without radiographic confirmation of AVN were excluded from analysis. Patients with cumulative lifetime dosages greater than 10,000 mg prednisone were excluded from analysis.

Results

A total of 789 patients with oral corticosteroid use prior to diagnosis of AVN were identified. Five hundred and seventy‐two patients were excluded due to insufficient documentation of oral corticosteroid dosage, no radiographic evidence supporting the diagnosis of AVN, insufficient data confirming the temporal relationship between oral corticosteroids and AVN, and/or a cumulative dosing of >10,000 mg prednisone. This left 217 patients included in the analysis. The mean duration of use prior to diagnosis of AVN was 219 (± 374) days, and mean cumulative dose was 3314 (± 2908) mg prednisone equivalents. Mean time between diagnosis of AVN and onset of pathologic fracture was 379 (± 1046) days.

Conclusion

For patients receiving low cumulative doses of oral corticosteroids, corticosteroids pose a small risk of development of AVN. More studies are required to better characterize risk.
A Symmetric All‐Organic Proton Battery in Mild Electrolyte
Authors: Tie Zhiwei , Deng Shenzhen , Cao Hongmei , Yao Minjie , Niu Zhiqiang , Chen Jun
Published: December 2021

All‐organic proton batteries are attracting extensive attention due to their sustainability merits and excellent rate capability. Generally, strong acids (e.g. H2SO4) have to be employed as the electrolytes to provide H+ for all‐organic proton batteries due to the high H+ intercalation energy barrier. Until now, the design of all‐organic proton batteries in mild electrolytes is still a challenge. Herein, a poly(2,9‐dihydroquinoxalino[2,3‐b]phenazine) (PO) molecule was designed and synthesized, where the adjacent C=N groups show two different chemical environments, resulting in two‐step redox reactions. Moreover, the two reactions possess considerable voltage difference because of the large LUMO energy gap between PO and its reduction product. More impressively, the C=N groups endow the π‐conjugated PO molecule with H+ uptake/removal in the ZnSO4 electrolyte. As a result, a symmetric all‐organic proton battery is achieved in a mild electrolyte for the first time, which exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance and also broadens the chemistry of proton‐based batteries.
Bulky Selenium Ligand Stabilized Trans‐Palladium Dichloride Complexes as Catalyst for Silver‐Free Decarboxylative Coupling of Coumarin‐3‐Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Meena Neha , Kumar Sunil , Shinde Vikki N. , Reddy S. Rajagopala , Himanshi  , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Kumar Anil , Joshi Hemant
Published: December 2021

This report describes the syntheses of three new trans‐palladium dichloride complexes of bulky selenium ligands. These complexes possess a Cl−Pd−Cl rotor spoke attached to a Se−Pd−Se axle. The new ligands and palladium complexes (C1−C3) were characterized with the help of NMR, HRMS, UV‐Vis., IR, and elemental analysis. The single‐crystal structure of metal complex C2 confirmed a square planar geometry of complex with trans‐orientation. The X‐ray structure revealed intramolecular secondary interactions (SeCH—Cl) between chlorine of PdCl2 and CH2 proton of selenium ligand. Variable‐temperature NMR data shows coalescence of diastereotopic protons, which indicates pyramidal inversion of selenium atom at elevated temperature. The relaxed potential energy scan of C2 suggests a rotational barrier of ∼12.5 kcal/mol for rotation of chlorine atom through Cl−Pd−Cl rotor. The complex C3 possesses dual intramolecular secondary interactions (OCH2—Cl and SeCH2—Cl) with stator ligand. Molecular rotor C2 was found to be a most efficient catalyst for the decarboxylative Heck‐coupling under mild reaction conditions. The protocol is applicable to a broad range of substrates with large functional group tolerance and low catalyst loading (2.5 mol %). The mechanism of decarboxylative Heck‐coupling reaction was investigated through experimental and computational studies. Importantly the reaction works under silver‐free conditions which reduces the cost of overall protocol. Further, the catalyst also worked for decarboxylative arylation and decarboxylative Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions with good yields of the coupled products.
An Artificial SEI Layer Based on an Inorganic Coordination Polymer with Self‐Healing Ability for Long‐Lived Rechargeable Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Beichel Witali , Skrotzki Julian , Klose Petra , Njel Christian , Butschke Burkhard , Burger Stephan , Liu Lili , Thomann Ralf , Thomann Yi , Biro Daniel , Thiele Simon , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2021

Upon immersion of a lithium (Li) anode into a diluted 0.05 to 0.20 M dimethoxyethane‐solution of the phosphoric acid derivative (CF3CH2O)2P(O)OH (HBFEP), an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is generated on the Li‐metal surface. Hence, HBFEP reacts on the surface to the corresponding Li salt (LiBFEP), which is a Li‐ion conducting inorganic coordination polymer. This film exhibits – due to the reversibly breaking ionic bonds – self‐healing ability upon cycling‐induced volume expansion of Li. The presence of LiBFEP as the major component in the artificial SEI is proven by ATR‐IR and XPS measurements. SEM characterization of HBFEP‐treated Li samples reveals porous layers on top of the Li surface with at least 3 μm thickness. Li−Li symmetrical cells with HBFEP‐modified Li electrodes show a three‐ to almost fourfold cycle‐lifetime increase at 0.1 mA cm−2 in a demanding model electrolyte that facilitates fast battery failure (1 M LiOTf in TEGDME). Hence, the LiBFEP‐enriched layer apparently acts as a Li‐ion conducting protection barrier between Li and the electrolyte, enhancing the rechargeability of Li electrodes.
Molecular Design Strategy for Orange Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
Authors: Rayappa Naveen Kenkera , Prabhu CP Keshavananda , Braveenth Ramanaskanda , Hyuk Kwon Jang
Published: December 2021

Pure organic molecules based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have been successfully developed in recent years for their propitious application in highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In the case of orange red emitters, the non‐radiative process is known to be a serious issue due to its lower lying singlet energy level. However, recent studies indicate that there are tremendous efforts put to develop efficient orange red TADF emitters. In addition, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of heteroaromatic based orange red TADF OLEDs surpassed 30 %. Such heteroaromatic type emitters showed wide emission spectra; therefore, more attention is being paid to develop highly efficient orange red TADF emitters along with good color purity. Herein, the recent progress of orange red TADF emitters based on molecular structures, such as cyanobenzene, heteroaromatic, naphthalimide, and boron‐based acceptors, are reviewed. Further, our insight on these acceptors has been provided by their photophysical studies and device performances. Future perspectives of orange red TADF emitters for real practical applications are discussed.