bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knockdown of slit signaling during limb development leads to a reduction in humerus length
Authors: Rafipay Alexandra , Dun Xin‐Peng , Parkinson David B , Erskine Lynda , Vargesson Neil
Published: December 2020

Background

Slits (1–3) and their Robo (1–3) receptors play multiple non‐neuronal roles in development, including in development of muscle, heart and mammary gland. Previous work has demonstrated expression of Slit and Robo family members during limb development, where their functions are unclear.

Results

In situ hybridisation confirmed strong expression of Slit2, Slit3, Robo1, and Robo2 throughout mouse limb and joint development. No expression of Slit1 or Robo3 was detected. Analysis of Slit1/2 or Slit3 knockout mice revealed normal limb development. In contrast, locally blocking Slit signaling though grafting of cells expressing a dominant‐negative Robo2 construct in the proximo‐central region of developing chicken limb buds caused significant shortening of the humerus.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate an essential role for Slit/Robo signaling in regulating bone length during chicken limb development.
Juvenile hormone pathway in honey bee larvae: A source of possible signal molecules for the reproductive behavior of Varroa destructor
Authors: Aurori Cristian M. , Giurgiu Alexandru‐Ioan , Conlon Benjamin H. , Kastally Chedly , Dezmirean Daniel S. , Routtu Jarkko , Aurori Adriana
Published: December 2020

The parasitic mite Varroa destructor devastates honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies around the world. Entering a brood cell shortly before capping, the Varroa mother feeds on the honey bee larvae. The hormones 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH), acquired from the host, have been considered to play a key role in initiating Varroa's reproductive cycle. This study focuses on differential expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of JH and ecdysone at six time points during the first 30 hr after cell capping in both drone and worker larvae of A. mellifera. This time frame, covering the conclusion of the honey bee brood cell invasion and the start of Varroa's ovogenesis, is critical to the successful initiation of a reproductive cycle. Our findings support a later activation of the ecdysteroid cascade in honey bee drones compared to worker larvae, which could account for the increased egg production of Varroa in A. mellifera drone cells. The JH pathway was generally downregulated confirming its activity is antagonistic to the ecdysteroid pathway during the larva development. Nevertheless, the genes involved in JH synthesis revealed an increased expression in drones. The upregulation of jhamt gene involved in methyl farnesoate (MF) synthesis came into attention since the MF is not only a precursor of JH but it is also an insect pheromone in its own right as well as JH‐like hormone in Acari. This could indicate a possible kairomone effect of MF for attracting the mites into the drone brood cells, along with its potential involvement in ovogenesis after the cell capping, stimulating Varroa's initiation of egg laying.
Making environmental DNA (eDNA) biodiversity records globally accessible
Authors: Berry Oliver , Jarman Simon , Bissett Andrew , Hope Michael , Paeper Corinna , Bessey Cindy , Schwartz Michael K. , Hale Josh , Bunce Michael
Published: December 2020

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, where specific DNA markers (barcodes) are purified from the environment, sequenced, and used to identify organisms, is revolutionizing biodiversity science. Researchers, industry, and governments are increasingly incorporating eDNA surveys into their toolkits for biomonitoring because of their high accuracy, taxonomically holistic lens, and ease of deployment. Yet, the full value of this rich and revolutionary technique is not being realized because eDNA data are rarely maintained in consistent formats or on open platforms that facilitate easy re‐use or integration with other data layers. Here, we discuss opportunities to improve the accessibility and “FAIRness” of eDNA records with the aim to maximize the value of this remarkable source of information on environmental state and change.
Catalytic Reduction of Oxygen by a Copper Thiosemicarbazone Complex
Authors: Straistari Tatiana , Morozan Adina , Shova Sergiu , Réglier Marius , Orio Maylis , Artero Vincent
Published: December 2020

The new copper(II) thiosemicarbazone complex CuL (H2L = 4‐{bis[4‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐thiosemicarbazone]}‐2,3‐butane) was synthesized and structurally characterized. Its electrochemical behavior in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was examined. This complex proved active for homogeneous oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in DMF in the presence of organic acids. The activity and selectivity for ORR were found to be dependent on the nature of the proton source (phenol or acetic acid). This study confirms the previously reported free energy linear correlation between selectivity and overpotential requirement [Passard et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 2925–2928] and suggests that additional descriptors are required for a full understanding of the catalytic ORR behaviour.
Magnetic Exchange through the Dianionic Hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATNA) Ligand in {HATNA(FeIICl2)3}2− Containing FeII (S=2) Triangles
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Mikhailenko Maxim V. , Batov Mikhail S. , Shestakov Alexander F. , Kuzmin Alexey V. , Otsuka Akihiro , Yamochi Hideki , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Lyubovskaya Rimma N.
Published: December 2020

Herein, a new method for the preparation of anionic hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATNA) coordination complexes was developed. The reduced HATNA coordinated three FeIICl2 units for the formation of (CV+)2{HATNA(FeIICl2)3}2− ⋅ 3.5 C6H4Cl2 (1) (CV+ is a cationic form of crystal violet). The FeII atoms had a high S=2 spin state and were arranged in nearly equilateral triangles at a distance of approximately 7 Å. The χMT value of 1 was 9.70 emu⋅K/mol at 300 K, exceeding the calculated spin‐only value of three independent high‐spin FeII centers (S=2) (9.00 emu⋅K/mol). A strong antiferromagnetic exchange was observed between FeII atoms through the diamagnetic HATNA units since Weiss temperature is −98 K. Magnetic behavior of 1 was modelled by PHI package obtaining the exchange interaction constant J=−4.6 cm−1 and zero‐field splitting parameter D=5.6 cm−1 at g=2.23. Arrangement of magnetic centers in the equilateral triangles supposes that some degree of spin frustration exists in 1. Crystal structures of two phases of pristine HATNA molecule are also reported.
Synthesis of Anemoclemosides A and B, Two Saponins Isolated from Anemoclema glaucifolium
Authors: Bouillon Marc E. , Bertocco Katia , Bischoff Laura , Buri Michelle , Davies Lucy R. , Wilkinson Elizabeth J. , Lahmann Martina
Published: December 2020

Steroidal and triterpenoid saponins are attractive for their wide‐ranging pharmacological properties. The triterpenoid saponins Anemoclemoside A and B are root constituents of the Chinese folk medicinal plant Anemoclema glaucifolium (Ranunculaceae). Both compounds feature an unusual cyclic acetal linkage to the carbohydrate l‐arabinose in its open chain form rather than the typical glycosidic bond present in normal saponins. The straightforward and scalable syntheses of both saponins starting from l‐arabinose as well as l‐lyxose and l‐rhamnose are described.
Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothio(seleno)phenes and Indoles via Ag‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Demethylation of 2‐Alkynylthio(seleno)anisoles and 2‐Alkynyldimethylanilines
Authors: Cai Tao , Feng Chengjie , Shen Fangqi , Bian Kejun , Wu Chunlei , Shen Runpu , Gao Yuzhen
Published: December 2020

An Ag‐catalyzed cyclization/demethylation of 2‐alkynylthio(seleno)anisoles and 2‐alkynyldimethylanilines is described and applied for the construction of valuable benzothio(seleno)phenes as well as indoles. Various 2‐substituted benzothio(seleno)phenes and indoles were obtained in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions with low catalyst loading. An application of this new method is also exemplified with a concise synthesis of a bioactive molecule precursor. Furthermore, a conceivable reaction mechanism is proposed with supports from isotope‐exchange experiments.
Diversity of the microbial community and antioxidant activity during fermentation of red raspberry Enzymes
Authors: Yao Di , Xu Lei , Wang Changyuan
Published: December 2020

The diversity and succession of microbial community and antioxidant activity present during the preparation of red raspberry Enzymes with and without starter cultures were investigated by high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS1 genes and correlation analysis of the microbial diversity and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the sample inoculated with mixed fermentation had higher antioxidant activity than the sample without inoculated fermentation. The antioxidant capacity of red raspberry Enzymes increased significantly as the fermentation time increased. Firmicutes and Ascomycota were the predominant phyla of bacteria and fungi in all samples. At the genus level, Rhodococcus and Lactobacillus were the predominating bacteria throughout the fermentation process. The genus Kodamaea dominated the fungal community of early‐fermentation samples with microbial inoculated fermentation. Candida spp. grew rapidly in the late stage of fermentation in the samples with spontaneous fermentation. Unweighted pair‐group and PCA analysis revealed that the microbiota structures differed between the two groups. RDA and CCA showed that Rhodococcus and Kodamaea had positive effects on the DPPH scavenging ability and other antioxidant indicators, and the total phenol content had a significant and positive correlation coefficient with Gluconobacter. The results indicated that the fermentation by microorganisms significantly improves the oxidation resistance and helps to improve the quality of the red raspberry Enzymes.
Anthropogenic soil and settlement organisation in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Robinson Mark , Jaimes‐Betancourt Carla , Elliott Sarah , Maezumi S. Yoshi , Hilbert Lautaro , Alves Daiana , de Souza Jonas Gregorio , Iriarte José
Published: December 2020

Anthropogenic soils known as Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) have long been known as a key component of subsistence systems for various pre‐Columbian Amazonian populations. Often treated as a single category, ADE systems consist of two broad anthrosols (human‐modified soils): the darker ADE (traditionally known as terra preta) and a lighter brown Amazonian Brown Earth (ABE; traditionally known as terra mulata). Data on the characteristics and spatial distribution of these anthrosols are severely lacking. Transects of soil test pits at the Triunfo and Versalles archaeological sites in the Iténez Forest, in the Bolivian Amazon, show variability in the distribution of soil types, revealing aspects of settlement organisation and resource management. Geochemical, isotopic and archaeobotanical data from an ADE, ABE and control soil profile from the Triunfo site, established ca. 500 cal BCE, characterise the two anthrosols as distinct components of a polyculture agroforestry subsistence system that combines anthropogenic soil fertilisation, closed‐canopy forest enrichment, limited forest clearance for crop cultivation and low‐severity fire management.
Cross‐Coupling of Allenamides and C‐Based Nucleophiles by Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Sieber Joshua D. , Klake Raphael K. , Agrawal Toolika , Ho Dang Binh , Gargaro Samantha L. , Collins Stephen , Edwards Mytia D.
Published: December 2020

Pd‐catalyzed allylic alkylation of C‐based nucleophiles using both chiral and achiral allenamides is described. High yields were obtained to provide synthetically valuable (E)‐enamide products in high E : Z‐selectivity while generating a quaternary carbon atom. Some potential stereocontrolled applications of the resultant (E)‐enamide functionality are described.
The impact of macro economy on the oil price volatility from the perspective of mixing frequency
Authors: Gong Xu , Wang Mingchao , Shao Liuguo
Published: December 2020

In this paper, GARCH‐MIDAS model is used to study the influence of macro economy, including the levels and volatilities of macroeconomic variables, on the price fluctuations of crude oil market during the period from 1990 to 2018. The results indicate that, for the levels of macroeconomic variables, economic growth, inflation and total export–import volume have significant negative impacts on oil fluctuations. However, exchange rate has a significant positive impact on oil volatility. And short‐run interest rate does not have a significant effect on oil price volatility in most cases. In addition, the responses of oil price volatility to all five macroeconomic fluctuations are significant. More interestingly, the volatilities of economic growth and total import and export reduce oil price fluctuations during the pre‐2004 period, but they increase oil price fluctuations during the post‐2004 period.
Chitin from seafood waste: particle swarm optimization and neural network study for the improved chitinase production
Authors: Suryawanshi Nisha , Eswari J Satya
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

The current system in the processing of seafood leads to accumulation of many waste products, such as shells, tails, heads and bones. This seafood waste can be exploited for the extraction of chitin, with numerous applications in different fields. Seafood waste treatment can produce some valuable products. For the valorization of chitin, its degradation is an important step that can be achieved using the chitinase enzyme. Interestingly, chitin can also be used as a significant substrate for chitinase production. In this study, chitinase activity was enhanced by optimizing the fermentation medium, and chitin was used as the substrate. The polynomial model obtained by central composite design was employed in a particle swarm optimization algorithm and artificial neural network to optimize the final optimal concentration factors. The optimization results were compared for the better activity of chitinase. From the authors' best knowledge, the optimization of fermentation medium for chitinase production by particle swarm optimization was performed for the first time.

RESULTS

The highest activity optimized by particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network/ Bayesian regularization algorithm) was 115.8 and 124.78 U L–1, respectively, with the optimized variables.

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network are the best optimization methods for medium optimization. Among the multilayer feed‐forward algorithms in the artificial neural network, the Bayesian regularization algorithm was useful in optimizing medium components. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambarisB3 induces rice resistance to RSRD caused by Fusarium proliferatum and promotes plant growth
Authors: Zhu Qiang , Tang Meng‐Jun , Yang Yang , Sun Kai , Tian Lin‐Shuang , Lu Fan , Hao Ai‐Yue , Dai Chuan‐Chao
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD) is an emerging disease that significantly reduces rice yield and quality. In this study, we evaluated the potential use of the broad‐spectrum endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris B3 as a biocontrol agent against RSRD. We also compared the control effects of different treatments, including chemical fungicides and treatment with multiple strains and single strains in combination or individually, against RSRD. The objective of this study was to find an effective and environmentally friendly control strategy to reduce the occurrence of RSRD and improve the rice yield.

RESULTS

In pot experiments, the effect of B3 alone was better than that of fungicide or combined measures. The results showed that root colonization by B3 significantly reduced the incidence and disease index of RSRD by 41.0% and 53.8%, respectively. This was related to enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and to significantly upregulated expression levels of OsAOX, OsLOX, OsPAL, and OsPR10 in rice. Moreover, B3 improved the diversity of the bacterial community rather than the fungal community in the rice rhizosphere. It also led to a decrease in Fusarium proliferatum colonization and fumonisin content in the grain. Finally, root development was markedly promoted after B3 inoculation, and the yield improved by 48.60%. The result of field experiments showed that the incidence of RSRD and the fumonisin content were observably reduced in rice receiving B3, by 24.41% and 37.87%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris B3 may become an effective tool to relieve rice spikelet rot disease. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel method of fluorescent imaging can guide hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with intrahepatic biliary obstruction
Authors: Yang Jian , Tao Hai‐Su , Luo Wang , Chen Rui , Lin Jin‐Yu , Zhu Wen , Wen Sai , Fang Chi‐Hua
Published: December 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to present a novel bile‐duct obstructed area imaging (BOAI) and to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of this method in guiding hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with intrahepatic biliary obstruction.

Methods

From May 2017 to October 2019, eligible patients who underwent hepatectomy guided by BOAI were enrolled. Perioperative outcomes and operative data were analyzed. To assess the feasibility of BOAI and Glissonean pedicle approach, demarcations based on them were compared. To verify the accuracy of BOAI staining of the target territory, simple linear regression analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between predicted resected liver volume (PRLV) and actual resected liver volume (ARLV).

Results

BOAI staining achieved valid demarcation in 15 (93.8%) of 16 patients, whereas the ischemic line achieved valid demarcation in only nine patients (57.3%; p = .017). ARLV and PRLV had a strong positive correlation (PRLV = 60.06 + 0.925 × ARLV; R = .945; p = .000). Meanwhile, ARLV (intraclass correlation coefficient = .971) achieved an excellent agreement with PRLV (p < .001).

Conclusions

The novel BOAI staining method can provide valid, feasible, and accurate demarcation line and may be an effective method in the surgical treatment of intrahepatic biliary obstruction.
Canada Goose Survival and Recovery Rates in Urban and Rural Areas of Iowa, USA
Authors: Luukkonen Benjamin Z. , Jones Orrin E. , Klaver Robert W.
Published: December 2020

Once extirpated from much of their North American range, temperate‐breeding Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) have reached high abundance. As a result, focus has shifted from restoration to managing harvest and addressing human‐goose conflict. Conflict persists or is increasing in urban areas throughout the Mississippi Flyway. Managers need more information regarding demographic rates to determine how hunting affects geese breeding in urban areas and what management actions may be required to achieve management goals. We estimated survival, dead recovery, live recapture, and fidelity probabilities using data from 77,872 Canada geese banded in Iowa, USA, during 1999–2019 using Burnham joint live‐dead band recovery models. Factors predicted to affect parameters in candidate models included age (juvenile, subadult, adult), banding site (urban, rural), time, trend, harvest regulation index, and winter severity index. We predicted Canada geese banded in urban areas would have higher survival and lower dead recovery rates than geese banded at rural sites. The top model indicated support for age and banding site effects, and trends in survival and recovery rate (Brownie parameterization). Adult survival was similar for urban (0.75; range = 0.60–0.92) and rural (0.75; range = 0.66–0.82) geese and relatively constant across years. Mean juvenile survival was lower in urban (0.74; range = 0.48–0.93) than rural (0.85; range = 0.68–0.92) areas. Survival increased for urban‐banded juveniles and recovery rates increased during liberalization of harvest regulations and decreased after regulations stabilized. Recovery rates of subadults increased for the urban and rural groups. Our results suggest Canada geese breeding in urban areas contribute to harvest and specialized regulations can affect these populations. Harvest regulations in place during our analysis may not have reached a threshold required to observe substantial changes in survival. Current human‐goose conflict in urban areas suggests survival has not decreased to a level required to completely address conflict via reduction in goose abundance. Managers may consider additional liberalization of harvest regulations and monitoring via banding to determine to what degree hunter harvest contributes to reducing human‐goose conflict and what additional management actions will be required to achieve goals. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Influence of accidental over‐polarisation on the mechanical properties of cathodically protected pre‐tensioned tendons
Authors: O'Flaherty Fin , Elomari Ibrahim R. , Lambert Paul
Published: December 2020

This paper investigates the performance of pre‐tensioned tendons deliberately exposed to higher than normal impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) to replicate accidental over‐polarisation. Plain ungalvanised tendons, 5.4 mm Ø, were pre‐stressed in moulds and cast in mortar. Two levels of pre‐tensioning were investigated, low (~30% ultimate tensile strength [UTS]) and high level (~80% UTS). Three different degrees of corrosion with target losses of cross‐sectional area of 0%–1%, 2%–4% and 4%–7%, respectively, were employed to replicate in situ conditions. ICCP was applied to the tendons at two levels of polarisation, normal protection (ICCP‐N) in the range of −650 to −750 mV and overprotection (ICCP‐O) ranging between −850 and −1300 mV, both versus Ag/AgCI/0.5‐M KCI for an extended period. After ICCP, the tendons were removed from the mortar and slow strain tensile tests were conducted. The results show that ICCP at both normal and overprotection had no significant influence on the elastic modulus, yield, 0.2% proof stress and ultimate strength of the tested tendons. Although ductility was reduced, fracture occurred after reaching the ultimate strength.
Urinary retention after AdVance™ Sling: A multi‐institutional retrospective study
Authors: Zheng Yu , Major Nicholas , Silverii Hailey , Rac Goran , Rolef Jennifer , Rittenberg Lauren , Mourtzinos Arthur , Moynihan Matthew , Westney Ouida L. , Metro Michael J. , Herschorn Sender , Locke Jennifer , Neu Sarah , Rames Ross , Cox Lindsey , Rovner Eric
Published: December 2020

Aims

To identify risk factors for urinary retention following AdVance™ Sling placement using preoperative urodynamic studies to evaluate bladder contractility.

Methods

A multi‐institutional retrospective review of patients who underwent an AdVance Sling for post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence from 2007 to 2019 was performed. Acute urinary retention (AUR) was defined as the complete inability to void or elevated post‐void residual (PVR) leading to catheter placement or the initiation of intermittent catheterization at the first void trial postoperatively. Bladder contractility was evaluated based on preoperative urodynamics.

Results

Of the 391 patients in this study, 55 (14.1%) experienced AUR, and 6 patients (1.5%) had chronic urinary retention with a median follow‐up of 18.1 months. In total, 303 patients (77.5%) underwent preoperative urodynamics, and there was no significant difference between average PdetQmax (26.4 vs. 27.4 cmH2O), Qmax (16.6 vs. 16.2 ml/s), PVR (19.9 vs. 28.1 ml), bladder contractility index (108 vs. 103) for patients with or without AUR following AdVance Sling. Impaired bladder contractility preoperatively was not predictive of AUR. Time to postoperative urethral catheter removal was predictive of AUR (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.73–0.94; p = .003).

Conclusions

Chronic urinary retention after AdVance Sling placement is uncommon and acute retention is generally self‐limiting. No demographic or urodynamic factors were predictive of AUR. Patients who developed AUR were more likely to have their void trials within 2 days following AdVance Sling placement versus longer initial catheterization periods, suggesting that a longer duration of postoperative catheterization may reduce the occurrence of AUR.
Gender differences in the effects of competition and cooperation on risk‐taking under ambiguity
Authors: Liu Zhenliang , Liu Tiantian , Mu Shoukuan
Published: December 2020

Decision theories have made a distinction between risk (i.e., known probabilities) and ambiguity (i.e., unknown probabilities). Prior work has examined the effect of competition and cooperation on risk‐taking under risk. However, little is known about whether and how competition and cooperation affect risk‐taking under ambiguity and the role of gender in this effect. The current study addresses this research gap. In the present study, a shortened version of a balloon analogue risk task was used to assess risk‐taking under ambiguity. The participants completed this task in competition against a peer, in cooperation with a peer, or alone. The results showed that the participants took more risks in the competition and cooperation conditions than in the individual condition, but no differences were found between the competition and cooperation conditions. More important, gender modulated these effects. First, these effects were driven by males, but not by females. Second, males showed more risk‐taking under ambiguity than females in the competitive situation, but not in the cooperative situation. Overall, this work contributes to understanding the effect of social interaction on risky decisions under ambiguity.
Becoming a part of ‘elsewhereness’: On the self‐perceived integration of Swedish immigrants in Portugal
Authors: Rauhut Daniel , Esteves Alina
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the self‐perceived integration of Swedes permanently residing in Portugal. The knowledge of how EU citizens, particularly Swedes, live and integrate into Portuguese society is limited. The conceptual framework on self‐perceived integration takes its points of departure from the concepts of a sense of belonging to society and place, feelings of discomfort and coping tactics. Using a semi‐structured interview guide, 36 in‐depth interviews with Swedes permanently residing in Portugal were conducted. Whereas some of the permanently residing Swedes have no ambition of integrating into Portuguese society, others display a strong self‐perceived feeling of being integrated within the community where they live. The added value of this paper is that it shows the complexity behind the construction of the feeling of self‐perceived integration of Swedes in Portugal. Building a feeling of self‐perceived integration depends on many factors and is not a linear process.
Polyphenolic compounds of Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns (Euphorbiaceae) improved endothelial dysfunction through arginase inhibition
Authors: Minozzo Bruno Rodrigo , de Andrade Evelyn Assis , Vellosa José Carlos Rebuglio , Lipinski Leandro Cavalcante , Fernandes Daniel , Nardi Geisson Marcos , Rodrigues Ricardo Pereira , Kitagawa Rodrigo Rezende , Girard Corine , Demougeot Céline , Beltrame Flávio Luís
Published: December 2020

Euphorbia umbellata is used for its anti‐inflammatory properties; however, there are limited data available regarding its effects on vascular function. Its bark is rich in polyphenolic compounds, which potentially improve endothelial dysfunction (ED). This study proposes to investigate the effects of E. umbellata bark extracts and its polyphenolic compounds on arginase (ARG) activity and nitric oxide (NO)‐related targets. Chromatographic procedures were used for the chemical characterisation of the extracts. Furthermore, in silico (molecular docking), in vitro (ARG inhibition), in vivo (streptozotocin‐induced hyperglycemia model), and ex vivo (l‐arginine metabolism, vascular reactivity, western blot, and biochemical) techniques were carried out. Quercetin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid were identified in the extracts. In silico screening predicted that gallic acid and quercetin would have the most promising interactions with ARG ‐identified cavities. This was confirmed in vitro as both compounds had a direct inhibitory effect on ARG, as was the case regarding the extracts. Oral treatment preserved endothelium‐dependent vasodilation through ARG inhibition together with an increase in l‐arginine bioavailability and endothelial NO synthase expression. Biochemical parameters determined the lack of toxicity for sub‐chronic treatment. E. umbellata bark extracts and its compounds can contribute to ED treatment, at least partly, through the inhibition of vascular ARG.
Transcriptomic analyses reveal antiinflammatory mechanism of withanolides derived from the fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii
Authors: Wang Cui Fang , Xu Wen Juan , Xu Ying , Wang Yi Xuan , Liu Jie Qing
Published: December 2020

In China, the fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii, which are conventionally utilized as edible berry, have attracted wide attention due to its significant biological activities. In the present study, phytochemical studies on the fruits of Physalis plants afforded six compounds, including two new withanolides (1–2) and four known agnologues (3–6). The inhibitory effects of these compounds on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated. Physapubescin M (1), with IC50 value of 1.58 μM, was selected for further study. The protein expression of COX‐2 and iNOS, and LPS‐induced production of cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α) were reduced by physapubescin M (1) in a dose‐dependent way. In addition, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to profile gene expression alterations in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells upon treatment of physapubescin M (1) and the potential antiinflammatory mechanism of withnolides was mentioned. These results provide broad view to the underlying antiinflammatory mechanism of withnolides, and give a theoretical basis for the utilization of the fruits of P. alkekengi L. var. franchetii.
Bayesian EWMA control charts based on Exponential and transformed Exponential distributions
Authors: Noor Surria , Noor‐ul‐Amin Muhammad , Abbasi Saddam Akber
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we proposed the Bayesian exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts for mean under the nonnormal life time distributions. We used the time between events data which follow the Exponential distribution and proposed the Bayesian EWMA control charts for Exponential distribution and transformed Exponential distributions into Inverse Rayleigh and Weibull distributions. In order to develop the control charts, we used a uniform prior under five different symmetric and asymmetric loss functions (LFs), namely, squared error loss function (SELF), precautionary loss function (PLF), general entropy loss function (GELF), entropy loss function (ELF), and weighted balance loss function (WBLF). The average run length (ARL) and the standard deviation of run length (SDRL) are used to check the performance of the proposed Bayesian EWMA control charts for Exponential and transformed Exponential distributions. An extensive simulation study is conducted to evaluate the proposed Bayesian EWMA control chart for nonnormal distributions. It is observed from the results that the proposed control chart with the Weibull distribution produces the best results among the considered distributions under different LFs. A real data example is presented for implementation purposes.
Neural‐based adaptive event‐triggered tracking control for flexible‐joint robots with random noises
Authors: Diao Shuzhen , Sun Wei , Su Shun‐Feng
Published: December 2020

In this study, a novel adaptive neural network control scheme is proposed to resolve the tracking control problem for flexible‐joint robots with random noises. More precisely, the controlled system in this study is a multi‐input and multi‐output stochastic nonlinear system, employing the traditional backstepping design to study such a system will greatly increase the amount of calculation. To resolve this problem, the command filtered technology is applied to the adaptive neural network design framework. More importantly, with the aid of the event‐triggered strategy, the proposed control algorithm can reduce the communication burden to a certain extent. Besides, the proposed method can also ensure that the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. Finally, the simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
In Vitro Starch Digestion and Physicochemical Properties of Maize Starch and Maize Meal Modified by Heat‐Moisture Treatment and Stearic Acid
Authors: Asare Isaac Kwabena , Mapengo Clarity Ropafadzo , Emmambux Mohammad Naushad
Published: December 2020

The physicochemical and nutritional properties of heat‐moisture treated (HMT) maize starch and maize meal with stearic acid (SA) are studied. The addition of SA followed by HMT produces nongelling starch and maize meal porridge with reduced pasting viscosity. Heat‐moisture treatment significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreases the starch hydrolysis, increases resistant starch, and lowers estimated glycaemic index of both maize meal and maize starch with SA. These changes are due to a more organized crystalline structure between starch polymers and well as the formation of amylose–lipid complexes as shown by differential scanning calorimeter and X‐ray diffraction. There seems to be a synergistic effect between HMT and stearic addition as HMT promotes more starch polymer interaction compared to amylose–lipid formation for stearic acid addition. These results suggest that HMT combined with SA can be used to manufacture starch‐based functional ingredients and foods with reduced glycaemic index.
Effects of benzo(a)pyrene at environmentally relevant doses on embryo‐fetal development in rats
Authors: da Silva Moreira Suyane , de Lima Inocêncio Leonardo Cesar , Jorge Bárbara Campos , Reis Ana Carolina Casali , Hisano Hamilton , Arena Arielle Cristina
Published: December 2020

Studies have demonstrated that Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ubiquituous in the environment, can cause teratogenic effects. Since the majority of studies used in vitro models or high doses of BaP, this study evaluated the teratogenicity, reproductive and developmental performance of low doses of BaP through maternal and fetus examination after daily oral administration of BaP (0; 0.1; 1.0 or 10 μg/kg) to pregnant Wistar rats from Gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 15 (the organogenesis period). Pregnant rats did not exhibit clinical signs of toxicity during the exposure period. However, dams exposed to the lowest dose of BaP showed a reduction in the erythrocytes number and in the creatinine levels. The groups exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 μg/kg presented a decrease in placental efficiency, as well as an increase in placental weight. After fetal examination, the treated group with the lowest dose showed a reduced relative anogenital distance, while the curve of normal distribution of weight was changed in the highest dose group. In addition, anomalies evidenced by changes in the renal size and degree of fetal ossification were observed in treated‐fetus. In conclusion, treatment with BaP during organogenesis at this dose level is detrimental to the normal development of fetuses.
Harmonic linearisation of aerodynamic loads in a frequency‐domain model of a floating wind turbine
Authors: Lupton Richard C. , Langley Robin S.
Published: December 2020

While detailed aero‐servo‐hydro‐elastic simulation codes for modelling floating wind turbines (FWTs) are available, they achieve high accuracy at the expense of calculation speed. For conceptual design and optimisation, fast solutions are needed, and equivalent linearisation techniques combined with frequency‐domain analysis offers to capture the complex behaviour of FWTs in fast, approximate models. The main aim of this paper is to apply a harmonic linearisation approach to model the aerodynamic loading within a complete coupled model of a FWT, quantifying its performance, and where accuracy is unsatisfactory, to give insight into the causes. Two linearised models are derived from a coupled nonlinear aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic model, using the OC3‐Hywind FWT as a test case: the typical tangent linearisation derived by numerical perturbation of the nonlinear model and the harmonic linearisation yielding improved representation of the aerodynamic loads. Comparisons against nonlinear time‐domain simulations from Bladed show that it is possible to create a frequency‐domain model of a FWT, including a flexible structure, aeroelastic rotor loads and the effect of the control system, with reasonable accuracy. The biggest source of errors is the presence of additional harmonics caused by nonlinear interactions between loads at different frequencies, rather than inaccurate linearisation of the magnitudes of forces. The computational cost of the harmonic linearisation implemented varies, but in most cases is ∼10× slower than the tangent linearisation and ∼100× faster than the time domain solution.
Sampling James R. Thompson's inspired nonparametric portfolio approaches
Authors: Dobelman John A.
Published: December 2020

Asset or security returns are an example of phenomena whose distributions still cannot be convincingly modeled in a parametric framework. James R. (Jim) Thompson (1938–2017) used a variety of nonparametric approaches to develop workable investing solutions in such an environment. We review his ground breaking exploration of the veracity of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), and several nonparametric approaches to portfolio formulation including the Simugram™, variants of his Max‐Median rule, and Tukey weightings.

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Transformations

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Modeling Methods and Algorithms
On asymptotic symmetries in higher dimensions for any spin
Authors: Campoleoni Andrea , Francia Dario , Heissenberg Carlo
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We investigate asymptotic symmetries in flat backgrounds of dimension higher than or equal to four. For spin two we provide the counterpart of the extended BMS transformations found by Campiglia and Laddha in four-dimensional Minkowski space. We then identify higher-spin supertranslations and generalised superrotations in any dimension. These symmetries are in one-to-one correspondence with spin-spartially-massless representations on the celestial sphere, with supertranslations corresponding in particular to the representations with maximal depth. We discuss the definition of the corresponding asymptotic charges and we exploit the supertranslational ones in order to prove the link with Weinberg’s soft theorem in even dimensions.
The phase diagram of the multi-matrix model with ABAB interaction from functional renormalization
Authors: Eichhorn Astrid , Pereira Antonio D. , Pithis Andreas G. A.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

At criticality, discrete quantum-gravity models are expected to give rise to continuum spacetime. Recent progress has established the functional renormalization group method in the context of such models as a practical tool to study their critical properties and to chart their phase diagrams. Here, we apply these techniques to the multi-matrix model with ABAB interaction potentially relevant for Lorentzian quantum gravity in 3 dimensions. We characterize the fixed-point structure and phase diagram of this model, paving the way for functional RG studies of more general multi-matrix or tensor models encoding causality and subjecting the technique to another strong test of its performance in discrete quantum gravity by comparing to known results.
Performance of a new hybrid cutting-abrasive tool for the machining of fibre reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Shyha Islam , Huo Dehong , Hesamikojidi Peyman , Eldessouky Hossam , El-Sayed Mahmoud Ahmed
Published: December 2020

A new hybrid cutting-abrasive machining tool (turn-grind) is detailed for high-quality machining of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, comprising single point carbide inserts electroplated with multi-layers of diamond abrasives 120 μm grain size, to form an abrasive region adjacent to an abrasive-free cutting edge. Experimental data are presented for turning tubes of CFRP and GFRP. The surface quality of workpieces after machining was evaluated through surface roughness measurements and SEM imaging. Cutting-only caused more defects such as delamination and fibre to pull out. Compared with cutting-only, contact and non-contact measurement of surface roughness (Ra) in both axial and radial directions showed an increase for CFRP and GFRP with roundness error reduced to 50%. No significant increase in cutting force was observed.
In-Hospital Intravenous Thrombolysis Offers No Benefit in Mechanical Thrombectomy in Optimized Tertiary Stroke Center Setting
Authors: Pienimäki Juha-Pekka , Ollikainen Jyrki , Sillanpää Niko , Protto Sara
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the first-line treatment in acute stroke patients presenting with large vessel occlusion (LVO). The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to MT is being contested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of MT without IVT in patients with no contraindications to IVT presenting directly to a tertiary stroke center with acute anterior circulation LVO.

Materials and Methods

We collected the data of 106 acute stroke patients who underwent MT in a single high-volume stroke center. Patients with anterior circulation LVO eligible for IVT and directly admitted to our institution who subsequently underwent MT were included. We recorded baseline clinical, laboratory, procedural, and imaging variables and technical, imaging, and clinical outcomes. The effect of intravenous thrombolysis on 3-month clinical outcome (mRS) was analyzed with univariate tests and binary and ordinal logistic regression analysis.

Results

Fifty-eight out of the 106 patients received IVT + MT. These patients had 2.6-fold higher odds of poorer clinical outcome in mRS shift analysis (p = 0.01) compared to MT-only patients who had excellent 3-month clinical outcome (mRS 0–1) three times more often (p = 0.009). There were no significant differences between the groups in process times, mTICI, or number of hemorrhagic complications. A trend of less distal embolization and higher number of device passes was observed among the MT-only patients.

Conclusions

MT without prior IVT was associated with an improved overall three-month clinical outcome in acute anterior circulation LVO patients.
Effectiveness of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Gesslbauer Christina , Mickel Michael , Schuhfried Othmar , Huber Dominikus , Keilani Mohammad , Crevenna Richard
Published: December 2020

Background

The carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy in the general population. A conservative treatment should be considered in mild to moderate cases. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

Material and Methods

In this study 30 patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups. Subjects in the study group received three sessions of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy, whereas the control group underwent a sham therapy. Patients were evaluated 3 and 12 weeks after treatment. The primary outcome was the visual analogue scale score. Secondary outcome measurements included hand grip strength, Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire, SF-36 Health Survey and electrodiagnostic measurements.

Results

A significant improvement of visual analogue scale at week 3 (p = 0.018) and week 12 (p = 0.007) as well as hand grip strength at week 12 (p = 0.019) could be observed in the study group. The study group showed a significantly better sensory nerve conduction velocity at week 12 than the control group, before correcting for multiple testing, and also a significant improvement in distal motor latency of the median nerve at week 12 (p = 0.009) as well as in both questionnaires (SF-36 subscale bodily pain, p = 0.020 and severity symptom scale, p = 0.003). No such improvement was observed in the control group.

Conclusion

Focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy is an effective and noninvasive treatment method for mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.
Erratum to: Voltage-gated Sodium Channels and Blockers: An Overview and Where Will They Go?
Authors: Li Zhi-mei , Chen Li-xia , Li Hua
Published: December 2020

The article “Voltage-gated Sodium Channels and Blockers: An Overview and Where Will They Go?”, written by Zhi-mei LI, Li-xia CHEN, Hua LI, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on December 2019 without open access.
Risikoeinschätzungsinstrumente im Kinderschutz
Authors: Dahmen Stephan
Published: December 2020

Spätestens mit der Einführung des Bundeskinderschutzgesetzes haben standardisierte Risikoeinschätzungsinstrumente auch in Deutschland eine Ausweitung erfahren. Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Einblick in die disparate Landschaft der in Deutschland verwendeten Einschätzungsinstrumente. Auch wenn risikostatische Entscheidungsinstrumente (noch) nicht vorliegen, hat der vermehrte Einsatz standardisierter Einschätzungs- und Dokumentationsinstrumente im Kinderschutz das Potenzial, die lokale Fallpraxis nachhaltig zu beeinflussen. Mit der Einführung standardisierter Einschätzungsinstrumente ist die Hoffnung verbunden, sozialarbeiterische Einschätzungen über Risiken durch verbindliche Verfahren zu verbessern. Dabei gerät leicht aus dem Blick, dass die Anwendung von standardisierten Risikoeinschätzungsverfahren im Organisationshandeln sehr unterschiedliche Funktionen haben kann und lokale Fallpraxis in spezifischer Weise anleitet und strukturiert. Standardisierte Risikoeinschätzungsverfahren koppeln lokale Praxis stärker an organisatorische Vorgaben, beeinflussen durch ihre Konstruktionsweise die Sicht auf den Fall und reduzieren meist komplexe Fallverläufe in vermeintlich deskriptiv eindeutige Kategorien. Damit ist nicht zuletzt die Gefahr verbunden, dass sich die institutionelle Aufmerksamkeit von ko-produktiven Elementen der Leistungserbringung hin zu einem präventiven Managen von potenziellen Gefährdungsrisiken verschiebt.
Intercultural Politeness
Authors: Spencer-Oatey Helen , Kádár Dániel
Published: December 2020

It is increasingly important in our globalised world for people to successfully manage interpersonal relationships. This is the first book to tackle this vital topic, by taking an interdisciplinary approach to exploring the process of relating across cultures. Drawing together key concepts from politeness theory, intercultural communication, and cross-cultural/intercultural psychology, it provides a robust framework for analysing and understanding intercultural encounters. It explores the ways in which individuals make judgements about others, deal with offence and conflict, maintain smooth relations, and build new relationships. These processes are explained conceptually and illustrated extensively with authentic intercultural examples and empirical data. With accessible explanations and follow-up activities, it will appeal not only to academics working in the areas of intercultural communication, pragmatic theory, conflict research and other related academic disciplines, but also to students of these topics, as well as professionals such as intercultural trainers and those working in the third sector.