bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative studies on the arrangement of human metaphase chromosomes
Authors: Back Elke , Zang K.D.
Published: April 2008

We studied the influence of the method used in cultivating and preparing lymphocyte cultures on the quantitative and qualitative association patterns of the acrocentric chromosomes in the same individual. We compared the results obtained by macrocultures with medium TC 199 (method a), by macrocultures with McCoy’s medium 5A (method b) and by microcultures with McCoy’s medium 5A and 20% fetal calf serum (method c). These comparisons were made under two conditions: (1) fixation with glacial acetic acid/methanol 1:3 and (2) subsequent resuspension in 70% acetic acid. For cultures that were not resuspended, no marked differences could be observed in the quantitative association types {i.e., the number of associating chromosomes). As regards the qualitative association types (i.e., the relative frequency of participation of D and G chromosomes), however, an increasing deviation from the expected D-D:D-G:G-G ratio from method a to b to c, caused by an increase in G-G associations, could be demonstrated. In cultures resuspended in 70% acetic acid subsequent to the usual fixation process a significant increase in associations (primarily in associating G chromosomes) could be observed for all methods. Mechanical factors possibly responsible for these results are discussed.
A true hermaphrodite mouse presumed to be an XO/XY mosaic
Authors: Lyon Mary F.
Published: April 2008

A sterile phenotypically male mouse proved on dissection to be a true hermaphrodite with a testis, epididymis, vas deferens and male accessory glands on the left side and an ovary, oviduct, uterus and male accessory glands on the right. In corneal mitoses there were 33 cells with 39 chromosomes and 8 cells with 40, and the animal was interpreted as an XO/XY mosaic. Its abnormalities could be explained by supposing that in the mouse XY cells determine a normal testis and XO ones a normal ovary.
Selection for trisomic cells in a mosaic fibroblast culture
Authors: Chang T.D. , Niewczas-Late Virginia , Uchida Irene A.
Published: April 2008

In a human mosaic fibroblast culture consisting of a diploid cell line, 46, XY, t(Cp+;Dq–), and a trisomic cell line, 47, XY, D+, t(Cp+;Dq–), the frequency of trisomic cells initially decreased from 74% to 48% and then increased steadily through successive passages, until finally all diploid cells disappeared. The gradual predominance of trisomic cells coincided with the degenerative phase of the culture. It is speculated that although the genetically balanced diploid cells competed well in the beginning, they started their senescence earlier, thus giving way to the genetically unbalanced trisomic cells. Perhaps the same selective advantage of aneuploid cells over diploid cells could be shown in other mosaic cell cultures if they are maintained for longer periods.
Satellites on the long Y chromosome arm: a familial Y/autosome translocation in man
Authors: Schmid W.
Published: April 2008

A proband girl was investigated because of a congenital heart defect and hexadactyly. Her brother and sister died in early infancy from cardiac malformations. In the patient, satellites were found on a chromosome No. 17 in 34% of cultured lymphocytes. The same cytological anomaly was discovered in the karyotype of her normal father. In addition, this man possessed a Y chromosome with satellites at the end of the long arm. The same satellited Y was demonstrated in the paternal grandfather and the abnormal No. 17 in the paternal grandmother. The satellited Y chromosome was found associated with group D and G chromosomes in over 30% of the metaphases in both men, strongly indicating a true nucleolar-organizing region and, therefore, a translocation from an autosome. Only a few associations were noted for the abnormal No. 17, where the appearance of satellites is probably due to a secondary constriction of a different nature. The identification of the two abnormal chromosomes was confirmed by autoradiography. A direct pathogenic significance of these structural anomalies is questionable.
Triploidy in man
Authors: Schindler Anne-Marie , Mikamo K.
Published: April 2008

A triploid male infant, born after 39 weeks gestation, is described. Malformations included severe physical retardation, syndactyly, microphthalmia with coloboma, macroglossia, hypospadias, a small penis and intra-abdominal testes. A 69, XXY karyotype was consistently found in cultures of peripheral blood, skin and muscle from left and right sides. No heterochromatic X chromosome was found in buccal smears and tissue cultures, as evidenced by cytological and autoradiographic studies. A few sex-chromatin-positive cells were found in the connective tissue of the amnion and cborion. The sex-chromosome complement of triploid conceptuses among the computed early human abortions shows a distribution of 1 XXX to nearly 2 XXY, with a very low frequency of XYY triploids. Statistical evaluation of these data reveals a near equal proportion of triploids of diandric and digynic origin if equal viability for all three sex chromosome complements is assumed. Should XYY zygotes be less viable, then the excess of the XXY variety can only be explained by an important predominance of diandric triploids. In the light of experimental data in animals, the role of pre- and postovulatory overripeness of ovocytes is discussed.
Chromosomes of human endometrial cells
Authors: Kava H.W. , Klinger H.P.
Published: April 2008

Chromosome studies of cultured cells derived from endometrial biopsies obtained from 56 healthy women undergoing normal menstrual cycles and two women in the menopause and from five decidual biopsies revealed that 85.0% of the total cells counted (3602) had the modal chromosome number, 11.9% were hypomodal and 3.1% were hypermodal. These results varied only very slightly from counts of cells of chromosomally normal embryos cultured under identical conditions. This distribution of the counts and the fact that karyotype analyses of 608 cells revealed random losses (or, very rarely, gains) of chromosomes in cells from 61 of the 63 cases studied strongly suggest that most of the aneuploid cells result from technical artifacts. Therefore, it is concluded that, in contrast to several older reports but in agreement with some recent reports, the vast majority of endometrial and decidual cells possess a full chromosome complement, even after several cell divisions in vitro.
Replication of the mouse sex chromosomes early in the S period
Authors: Nesbitt Muriel N. , Gartler S.M.
Published: April 2008

The late-replicating X of the mouse can be clearly identified in a large proportion of metaphase spreads as an unlabelled chromosome when labelling of cells is done early in the S period. The Y chromosome follows this same pattern. Studies on Cattanach’s translocation are also reported, and it has been shown that the Xt can be distinguished from the normal X in early labelled material.
Meiotic nondisjunction in mice and mouse hybrids
Authors: Tettenborn U. , Gropp A.
Published: April 2008

Nondisjunction in the first meiotic division was evaluated by the frequency of aneuploid metaphase II (M II) figures in secondary spermatocytes of Mus musculus (N = 40; FN = 40), M. poschiaυinus (N = 26; FN = 40) and M. musculus × M. poschiavinus F1-hybrids (N = 33; FN = 40), whose karyotypes are related by Robertsonian-type centric fusions. Regular anaphase I disjunction prevailed in M. musculus and M. poschiavinus, where 92.8% and 94.0% of the M II figures examined had a complete haploid chromosome complement. In the F1-hybrids, however, less than one half of the M II figures examined were euploid (FN/2 = 20), whereas the frequency of hypomodal (FN/2 = 15 to 19; 31.2%) and hypermodal (FN/2 = 21 to 25; 24.2%) was high. These results emphasize the importance of the heterozygous state, and particularly structural heterozygosity within a Robertsonian system of karyotypic variation, in inducing meiotic nondisjunction. From the standpoint of methodology, M. musculus × M. poschiavinus hybrids of different generations should make possible stepwise analysis of the involvement of specific chromosomes in meiotic nondisjunction.
Do half-chromatids exist?
Authors: Comings D.E. , Okada T.A.
Published: April 2008

Half-chromatids have often been observed by light microscopy. Similar structures were looked for by electron microscopy of whole-mount preparations of mitotic cells from seven different species of mammals and birds. Of over 3000 plates examined showing all degrees of dispersion of the chromatin fibers, there was no evidence that the chromatid was made up of any subunits larger than the chromatin fiber. In an occasional specimen treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate the chromatid showed dense peripheral regions similar to the half-chromatids seen by light microscopy following trypsin treatment. However, the resolution provided by the electron microscope demonstrated that this was not a true subdivision of the chromatid. It is suggested that the observation of half-chromatids is valid but the conclusion that they represent independent portions of the chromatid, or that they provide any evidence as to the strandedness of chromosomes, is not.
A pericentric inversion, 5p–q+, and additional complex rearrangements in a case of cri-du-chat syndrome
Authors: Catti A. , Schmid W.
Published: April 2008

A malformed girl presenting the typical clinical features of the cri-du-chat syndrome is described. Her karyotype contains three grossly abnormal chromosomes, a 5p–q+, a ring C and a 15q+. Formally, a minimum of six breaks is involved in the origin of this complex anomaly. Based on autoradiographic evidence, it is concluded that the cri-du-chat phenotype in this patient is due to a submicroscopical lesion in the distal segment of the short arm of the abnormal No. 5 chromosome; without noticeable loss of chromatin, a break involved in a pericentric inversion, 5p–q+ seems to have altered a chromosome section of crucial importance. Such an interpretation is supported by the reports of cri-du-chat cases with morphologically normal No. 5 chromosomes. The additional structural rearrangements in the child’s karyotype apparently did not affect his phenotype. Blood cultures from the child’s mother showed acentric fragments and ring chromosomes in 5.3% of 225 analyzed cells. Possible causes for this high aberration rate are discussed.
Further studies on a Robertsonian translocation in the Saanen dairy goat
Authors: Padeh B. , Wysoki M. , Soller M.
Published: April 2008

Additional observations on a Robertsonian translocation segregating in the Saanen goat are reported. All of the animals born in this series of matings had balanced karyotypes, and all were phenotypically normal. Six translocation homozygotes were born, five females and one male. Three of the female homozygotes gave birth to phenotypically normal offspring. In five of seven twin pairs, both members of the pair had identical karyotypes with respect to the translocation chromosome and the sex chromosomes. The translocation chromosome was found more frequently among offspring born as singles, whereas the normal chromosome complement appeared more frequently among offspring born in multiple births. The data did not support the notion that this translocation possessed meiotic drive, either independently or in conjunction with the X or Y chromosome.
Chromosome abnormalities in 16- to 18-hour chick embryos
Authors: Miller R.C. , Fechheimer N.S. , Japp R.G.
Published: April 2008

The chromosomes of 344 early chick embryos (16 to 18 h of incubation) were examined. These embryos were derived from two related lines of broiler-type stock, a line selected for rapid growth rate and a companion line that had been random bred as controls. Of the 344 embryos examined, 282 were obtained from the rapid growth line and 62 from the random-bred controls. A high frequency, 38 of 344, or 11.0%, of these embryos were found to be either entirely or partially composed of cells with abnormal karyotypes. The frequencies of these abnormal embryos in the two lines were 36 of 282(12.7%) in the rapid growth line and 2 of 62 (3.2%) in the control line. Abnormalities observed included: one case of a trisomic/monosomic mosaic involving chromosome No. 1, two haploid embryos, four triploid embryos, four haploid/triploid mosaics, seven haploid/diploid mosaics, sixteen diploid/tetraploid mosaics, one haploid/ diploid/tetraploid mosaic, one haploid/diploid/tetraploid/octaploid mosaic, one diploid/ tetraploid mosaic which also involved sex-chromosome aneuploidy (2A/4A with ZZW/ZZZZWW), and one case of chromosomal rearrangement. Examination of the pedigrees of the abnormal embryos revealed that several mating pairs had produced a number of embryos with similar abnormalities.
Cytogenetic analyses of wild sheep populations in northern Iran
Authors: Nadler C.F. , Lay D.M. , Hassinger J.D.
Published: April 2008

Seven populations of wild sheep (Ovis ammon) were studied in northern Iran. Analysis of 34 individuals demonstrated that the eastern populations possess a 2n = 58, including 1 pair of metacentric and 27 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The 2n for the three western localities is 54, characterized by 3 pairs of metacentric and 23 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. In two intermediate localities animals with the following diploid numbers were collected: 2n = 54, identical to western locality animals; 2n = 55, containing five metacentric autosomes; 2n = 56, containing four metacentric autosomes; 2n = 57, with three metacentric autosomes; 2n = 58, identical to the eastern two localities. The X and Y chromosomes are a large acrocentric and a small biarmed chromosome, respectively, in every specimen. The taxonomy of Iranian wild sheep and several evolutionary factors are considered in the light of these chromosomal data. The nonconformity of currently accepted theories on the origins of domestic sheep with the karyological data now available for wild palaearctic and domestic sheep is discussed.
Mitotic behavior of a human dicentric Y chromosome
Authors: Ying K.L. , Ives Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2008

45, X/46, XYdic mosaicism in both skin and blood is reported in a six-year-old child presenting at birth with ambiguous genitalia. Examination revealed a greatly enlarged clitoris with perineal hypospadias, a small vagina, and bilateral inguinal hernias containing palpable gonads. Laparotomy and histology demonstrated a normal uterus and tubes with ovotestes in ovarian position. Physical examination was otherwise normal; she had the expected average height and weight for her age and no detectable aberrations of behavior. The dicentric Y chromosome was diagnosed on the basis of direct examination, autoradiography, and fluorescence analysis. Xg-blood grouping confirmed a single, maternally derived Xg locus. Search of suitable metaphases from short blood cultures revealed 104 cells with 46, XYdic; 26 with 45, X; 1 with 47, XYYdic; 2 with 46, XY; and 2 with 47, XYdicYdic. Findings in the skin indicated that the majority of cells were of the 45, X type. Examination of the patient’s blood cells during anaphase and telophase revealed more cells with bridge formation or lagging chromosomes than those from the normal controls. Such observation and the described karyotypes suggest that, although the dicentric Y usually divides normally during mitosis, in certain instances it divides abnormally to give XO and other aberrant cells. Possible mechanisms which may lead to such an unusual chromosome constitution are discussed.
The association pattern of the Ph1 chromosome
Authors: Kitchin R.M. , Shaw Margery W.
Published: April 2008

A total of 951 Ph1+ cells and 364 Ph1–cells from a female patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia was scored for acrocentric associations. The Ph1+ and Ph1-cells differed significantly in their association patterns. The average number of association groups per cell, the average size of the groups, and the total number of chromosomes involved in associations per cell were significantly lower in the Ph1+ cells. Although the Ph1 chromosome itself tended to be found in association more often than expected by chance, it appeared to associate at random with the other acrocentrics.
Chromosomal abnormality in a phenotypically and clinically normal dog
Authors: Ma Nancy S.F. , Gilmore C.E.
Published: April 2008

A seven-month-old black female setter-retriever cross was found to have a modal chromosome number of 77 and an apparent centric fusion of two autosomes. Extensive clinical examinations were performed, and the findings were all within normal limits. Similar cases have occurred in man and dogs, suggesting that chromosomal aberration may occur without a change in phenotypic expression and that the presence of congenital disease in dogs with chromosomal centric-fusion may be coincidental.
Cytogenetic effects of measles virus fusion factor (FF) on human leukocytes
Authors: Henry Sally , Cohen M.M. , Karzon D.T.
Published: April 2008

In human leukocyte cultures, extensive chromosome changes (pulverization, uncoiling, or a combination of these) induced by UV-inactivated measles virus (fusion factor or FF) (1) were virus specific, (2) showed a quantitative relationship to virus dose, and (3) were dependent upon length of virus treatment. In contrast to the above-defined extensive chromosome changes, simple chromosomal breaks showed none of these properties and could be induced by cell debris alone at rates comparable to infectious virus or FF. These observations indicate that extensive and simple chromosomal changes are morphologically distinct and sequentially unrelated, constituting two different populations of aberrations. Analysis of extensive chromosome changes after different virus exposures suggested that uncoiling is not an early and less severe form of pulverization. Localization of chromosome breakage induced by both infectious virus and FF as well as cell debris and control (medium) treated cultures was nonrandom and statistically indistinguishable.
A chromosomal analysis of 25-day-old pig embryos
Authors: Smith J.H. , Marlowe T.J.
Published: April 2008

Nine phenotypically normal gilts were slaughtered on the 25th day following coitus, and the embryos were harvested and cultured for karyotypic analysis. A total of 76 embryos were recovered, 8 of which were dead and in various stages of degeneration. The mean ovulation rate, based on a corpora lutea count, was 11.8 ± 0.6. Prenatal death loss, based on the ratio of embryos harvested to corpora lutea count, was estimated at 35.8 %. The diploid number of 38 chromosomes was found in 90.2 % of 797 cells counted. Karyotypic analyses revealed only one abnormal embryo, which was monosomic for pair 16. However, lethal chromosome combinations could not be ruled out as the cause of cell death in the eight dead embryos. If chromosomal abnormalities are relatively constant in nature, these results would indicate that most abnormal embryos rarely survive implantation.
The quinacrine fluorescence karyotype of Mus musculus and demonstration of strain differences in secondary constrictions
Authors: Dev V.G. , Grewal M.S. , Miller Dorothy A. , Kouri R.E. , Hutton J.J. , Miller O.J.
Published: April 2008

In the mouse, virtually every autosome pair, and the X and Y, was identified by its distinctive fluorescent banding pattern after staining with quinacrine mustard. The karyotype was characterized further by measurement of orcein-stained chromosomes and autoradiographic analysis of terminal DNA replication. The autoradiographic identification of the X and Y chromosomes was confirmed by this technique. Fluorescent karyotype analysis of inbred strains and a series of Fx hybrids involving C57BL/6J revealed a polymorphism, the presence or absence of a prominent secondary constriction on any of four different chromosomes, which was probably inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion.
An investigation of somatic pairing in the muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak)
Authors: Cohen M.M. , Enis P. , Pfeifer C.G.
Published: April 2008

The Asiatic deer possesses the lowest diploid chromosome number known in mammals: 2N = 6 ♀; 2N = 7 ♂. Since all chromosomes of the idiogram are individually identifiable, pairs of homologs are seasily discernible. Distances between centromeres of all possible pairs of chromosomes were measured in a total of 169 cells (88 male and 81 female). Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant somatic association between homologs.
Ring formation of chromosomes Nos. 19 and 20
Authors: Uchida Irene A. , Lin C.C.
Published: April 2008

Two patients with mosaicism for a ring F chromosome are described. Fluorescent stains identified the ring as No. 19 in one patient and No. 20 in the other. Since the majority of cells without the rings had 46 chromosomes, including four normal small metacentrics, the rings must have arisen after zygote formation. There appeared to be little, if any, influence on the phenotype.
Chromosome polymorphism and its possible implications in the select Drysdale breed of sheep
Authors: Bruère A.N. , Chapman Helen M. , Wyllie Dale R.
Published: April 2008

Within the elite Drysdale breed of sheep, an incidence of 26.3 % of chromosome polymorphism, among a total of 327 animals studied cytogenetically, is described. Sheep were found which were both heterozygous, 2n = 53, and homozygous, 2n = 52, for a Robertsonian-type translocation. Pedigree examination of one flock suggests that the translocation chromosome had been present in some sheep of the Drysdale breed for several generations and probably since its formation. The long arms of the translocation chromosome are believed to incorporate a different acrocentric chromosome from that seen in the previously described Massey I translocation. Tentatively, the translocation has been named the Massey III translocation, and the implications of this high level of chromosome polymorphism are discussed in respect to the likely effects of impaired fertility and alternatively hybrid vigor. Two sheep which were translocation heterozygotes were found with varying degrees of segmental aplasia of their genitalia.
Odd diploid number in both sexes and a unique multiple sex-chromosome system of a rodent, Vandeleuria o. Oleracea (Bennett)
Authors: Sharma T. , Raman Rajiva
Published: April 2008

Vandeleuria o. oleracea, a rodent, has an odd diploid number of chromosomes (2n = 29) in somatic and germ cells of males as well as in somatic cells of females. The odd element, which is constantly present in both sexes, is a member of a sex-chromosome complex, for it forms a characteristic sex heterotrivalent during male meiosis. In both somatic and germ cells of the male, an X1X2Y multiple sex-chromosome complex is present. In the female, only somatic cells have been studied, and in these an X1X1X2complex is found. The relative length of the presumptive X1 is 3.3 ± 0.06% and of the X2, 2.1 ± 0.08% of the haploid complement.
Chromosomal polymorphism in the rodent Akodon arviculoidesssp. (2n=14) resulting from two pericentric inversions
Authors: Yonenaga Y.
Published: April 2008

Eight specimens of Akodon arviculoides ssp. (four males and four females), collected in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were studied. All seven pairs of chromosomes were identifiable. Two specimens had an heteromorphic pair of autosomes apparently resulting from a pericentric inversion (pair 3, with a metacentric and an acrocentric chromosome). Two other specimens possessed, in addition to this same inversion, another inversion in pair 2. The four remaining specimens had no heteromorphic pairs of chromosomes; pair 3 was acrocentric in two of them and metacentric in the other two. The measurements of mitotic chromosomes and the analysis of meiosis were compatible with the hypothesis of pericentric inversions.
Triploidy in rainbow trout
Authors: Cuellar O. , Uyeno T.
Published: April 2008

An analysis of the chromosomes of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, revealed one triploid individual among 18 specimens examined. The diploid specimens possessed 60 chromosomes, whereas the single triploid possessed approximately 90. Suppression of the second meiotic division followed by fertilization of the unreduced oocyte is the most likely mechanism by which triploidy was achieved in this fish.
Trisomy 19 in the laboratory mouse
Authors: White B.J. , Tjio J.-H. , Van de Water L.C. , Crandall C.
Published: April 2008

T(5;19)1Wh × T(9;19)163H F1 hybrids were used in four types of crosses to produce fetuses with trisomy 19. Trisomy was more frequent early in gestation (7.9–23.0 %) than after 16½ days (4.5–16.9 %) and was associated with many non-viable implantations. Male hybrids produced significantly more trisomics than female hybrids in crosses with NIH GP mice terminated early in gestation. In fetuses beyond 16 V2 days, isolated cleft palate was consistently associated with trisomy 19. It was found only in trisomics carrying one T1Wh and two T163H translocations, although trisomics with one T163H and two T1Wh or with single T163H and T1Wh translocations were also produced. These and other observations demonstrate the effects of genetic background upon frequency of trisomy, survival of conceptuses, and phenotype of trisomic fetuses. These effects, as well as trans-location-specific meiotic mechanisms, must be considered when mouse translocation trisomy is compared with that of humans.
Giemsa-banded chromosomes of mouse myeloma in relationship to oncogenicity
Authors: Shepard J.S. , Wurster-Hill D.H. , Pettengill O.S. , Sorenson G.D.
Published: April 2008

G-banded karyotypes (413 in all) of the hypotetraploid mouse myeloma MOPC-21 and five cell lines isolated at different times, of the MOPC-315 tumor and a cell line, and of the X5563 tumor were compared. Two consistent markers and their possible origins were described. In addition to these characteristic myeloma markers, one homolog of chromosome pairs 3, 12, and 15 and one of the Xs may have been altered or lost before tetraploidization occurred. One cell line which had spontaneously become non-oncogenic with time in culture was studied before, during, and after this change. Associated karyotypic changes were: the addition of a large heterochromatic minute and a small marker, one half of which was centromeric heterochromatin; new rearrangements of chromosomes Nos. 3 and 12 and the X; and an apparent increase in immunogenicity of the non-oncogenic cell line.
Chromosome anomalies in three successive abortuses due to paternal translocation, t(13q–18q+)
Authors: Kajii T. , Meylan J. , Mikamo K.
Published: April 2008

A family with five successive early abortions and no live births is described. The paternal grandfather and the father have a balanced reciprocal translocation, 46,XY,t(Dq–18q+). Labeling studies of the grandfather’s karyotype have revealed the translocation to involve chromosomes 13 and 18. The last three abortuses were karyotyped and had unbalanced forms of the translocation, each resulting from the segregation of an unbalanced complement: 47,XY,+13q–; 46,XX,13q–; 47,XX,t(13q–;18q+),+18. The role of reciprocal translocation in the causation of recurrent spontaneous abortions is discussed.
The significance of the G-bands and C-bands of three different Robertsonian translocations of domestic sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Bruère A.N. , Zartman D.L. , Chapman H.M.
Published: April 2008

G-banding of three different Robertsonian translocations of domestic sheep (MI, MII, and MIII) has shown that the arm components of each are nonhomologous. The C-bands of the MI and MIII translocation chromosomes showed heavy blocks of centric heterochromatin which were distributed evenly on either side of the centromeric constriction and which suggested a dicentric structure. The C-band pattern of the MII translocation was regularly exocentric, suggesting that it may be formed by reciprocal translocation. The need for caution on the use of the term “Robertsonian translocation” is discussed. The amounts of centromeric heterochromatin in each of the translocation chromosomes is apparently greater than in the regular metacentrics, which suggests that they are of a more recent origin.
Fertility and meiotic behavior of male T70H tertiary trisomics of the mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: de Boer P. , Groen A.
Published: April 2008

Meiotic studies were carried out on fertile male tertiary trisomic mice with the T(1;13)70H small translocation product, carrying the centromere of chromosome 1 and the telomere of chromosome 13 as the extra element. Approximately 200 primary spermatocytes from each of five males were studied. The only configurations found at diakinesis-metaphase I were 19 bivalents and a trivalent (22%) and 20 bivalents and an univalent (78 %). Among the cells with a trivalent, the majority (92.7%) appears to be of the type (13;13;113). This indicates that, in this case, the telomeric region of chromosome 13 has greater potential to form chiasmata than the proximal region of chromosome 1, which contains centric heterochromatin. From the presence of chromosome 113 in approximately 50 % (N=119) of the secondary spermatocytes, it can be inferred that the formation of an univalent in primary spermatocytes does not lead to loss of the extra chromosome at anaphase-telophase I. The impression was gained that the T70H small marker chromosome (113) can display positive heteropycnotic behavior in the tertiary trisomic males studied. Seven other T70H tertiary trisomic males were mated, generating 301 embryos and fetuses which were karyotyped at either 11 or 18 days of age. Of the 11-day-old embryos, 34.6 % contained the extra chromosome. Of the 18-day-old fetuses, this figure was 46.3 %. Gross differences in litter size of the tertiary trisomic mice occurred both within and between males. At day 12 of gestation, litter size (live embryos) averaged 4.44 ± 2.41 (2V=41). At day 19, the average number of live fetuses was 4.94 ± 2.75 (N=36). The low, albeit variable, reproductive performance of the tertiary trisomic males is caused mainly by lowered sperm production.
On Positionality and Its Comparability in the Legal Context
Authors: Kozin Alexander
Published: April 2008

This essay examines comparability of criminal defense casework in three different legal contexts on the basis of the phenomenological concept "positionality." Originally introduced by Helmuth Plessner for the study of how the body relates to its environment, positionality has evolved into a sociological resource called on to explain various political, ideological, and ethical phenomena. In this essay, positionality is employed to compare and contrast criminal defense practices in the USA, Germany, and the UK.
Australia's History under Howard, 1996-2007
Authors: Bonnell Andrew , Crotty Martin
Published: April 2008

This article argues that since the election of his Coalition government in 1996, John Howard and his conservative allies in government and the media have waged a long campaign to influence the representation and public understanding of Australian history. They have sought to play down the historical harm done to Indigenous Australians and to emphasize more affirming stories of the rise of a new, democratic nation. The conservatives' waging of the “history wars” has been motivated by neoconservative ideology imported from the United States, the political interests of the Coalition government, and the personal background and convictions of the prime minister. Despite sustained criticism of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation as well as the National Museum of Australia and many academic historians, and despite attempts to institute a national history curriculum, this article concludes that the history wars, for all their smoke and fury, have had only transient effects on the practice of Australian history.
Using the Past in the Nazi Successor States from 1945 to the Present
Authors: Wüstenberg Jenny , Art David
Published: April 2008

This article examines the political uses of memory in the three successor states of the Third Reich. The focus is on how political elites offered stylized histories of the Nazi past in the service of broader political goals, both domestic and international. After reviewing key junctures in the politics of memory, the authors discuss contemporary debates about history, particularly in Germany, the country often viewed as the model for coming to terms with a traumatic past. Despite the massive and growing literature about confronting the Nazi past, the authors note that there are few studies that link ideas about history to broader political outcomes and suggest that this represents a fertile area for future research. The article concludes by considering whether German memory politics will serve as a model for European memory.
Observational Study of Children With Aerophagia
Authors: Loening-Baucke Vera , Swidsinski Alexander
Published: April 2008

Aerophagia is a rare disorder in children. The diagnosis is often delayed, especially when it occurs concomitantly with constipation. The aim of this report is to increase awareness about aerophagia. This study describes 2 girls and 7 boys, 2 to 10.4 years of age, with functional constipation and gaseous abdominal distention. The abdomen was visibly distended, nontender, and tympanitic in all. Documenting less distention on awakening helped to make the diagnosis. Air swallowing, belching, and flatulence were infrequently reported. The rectal examination often revealed a dilated rectal ampulla filled with gas or stool and gas. The abdominal X-ray showed gaseous distention of the colon in all and of the stomach and small bowel in 8 children. Treatment consisted of educating parents and children about air sucking and swallowing, encouraging the children to stop the excessive air swallowing, and suggesting to them not to use drinking straws and not to drink carbonated beverages. The aerophagia resolved in all in 2 to 20 months (mean = 8 months).
Institutional Antecedents of Corporate Governance Legitimacy
Authors: Judge William Q. , Douglas Thomas J. , Kutan Ali M.
Published: April 2008

The authors studied panel data for corporate governance ratings in 50 countries between 1997 and 2005 to understand what the country-level predictors of corporate governance legitimacy might be. Using neo-institutional theory, they found that all three pillars of institutionalization influenced perceptions of corporate governance at the national level—specifically, (a) the greater the extent of law and order, (b) the more the culture emphasized global competitiveness, and (c) the less the prevalence of corruption, the higher the corporate governance legitimacy within a nation. This study refines and extends the comparative corporate governance literature, as well as the neo-institutional perspective.
Determinants of Government Bureaucrats' New PMIS Adoption
Authors: Lee Jooho
Published: April 2008

This study examines factors that influence adoption of new public management information systems (PMIS) by bureaucrats in the Korean government. The author proposes a theory that public bureaucrats' adoption of new PMIS depends on their power within the hierarchical structure, their ability to use existing computer applications, their administrative role, and their attitude toward the effect of information and telecommunication technologies (IT) on managerial values and on the interaction between organizational power and IT capability. The author uses 1998 survey data on electronic approval systems (EAS) of central government agencies and local governments in Korea and finds that at the early stage, public bureaucrats with less power adopted new EAS. However, public bureaucrats with more power adopted new EAS when they had greater IT capability. Public bureaucrats' organizational power influences their adoption of EAS but depends on their IT capability. Also, in central agencies, program professionals adopt EAS earlier, and in local government, IT staff do.
Turnover, Transaction Costs, and Time Horizons
Authors: Clinger James C. , Feiock Richard C. , McCabe Barbara Coyle , Park Hyung-Jun
Published: April 2008

This article explores the consequences that local government institutions and turnover among local government officials have for local borrowing. We outline how turnover affects choices in policy arenas involving public and private sector actors, long-term obligations, or future commitments. Turnover creates political uncertainty that alters the time horizons of local leaders as well as the transaction costs involved in the floating of bond issues. Empirical analysis of city borrowing patterns in the late 1980s provides evidence that turnover of council members and managers in council—manager cities increases municipal debt burdens. However, turnover of chief administrative officers in mayor—council cities is associated with less city borrowing.
Isolated Absence of the Moro Reflex in a Baby With CHARGE Syndrome Could Reflect Vestibular Abnormalities
Authors: Bloomfield Frank H. , Shuan Dai  , Perry David , Aftimos Salim
Published: April 2008

We describe a term baby girl with (CHARGE syndrome coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, retardation, and genital and ear anomalies association) who had persistent complete absence of the Moro reflex but preservation of other primary neonatal reflexes. A computed tomography scan revealed bilateral absence of the semicircular canals and hypoplastic vestibules. We suggest that isolated absence of the Moro reflex may reflect underlying abnormalities of the vestibular system and may, therefore, not necessarily be associated with a generalized disturbance of the central nervous system as is usually the case. This suggestion has implications for the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of an isolated absent Moro reflex.
Efficacy of Levetiracetam in Children With Epilepsy Younger Than 2 Years of Age
Authors: Krief Patricia , Li Kan  , Maytal Joseph
Published: April 2008

Despite the high incidence of epilepsy in very young children, the availability of approved antiepileptic drugs for this population is limited. This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in children younger than 2 years of age with various types of epilepsy. A single-center, retrospective chart review of 28 patients ranging in age from 2 weeks to 22 months treated with levetiracetam over a 2.5-year period was conducted. The mean dosage of levetiracetam was 39 mg/kg per day, and the mean duration of treatment was 6.3 months. The majority of patients (54%) were also taking 1 or 2 other antiepileptic drugs. A reduction in seizure frequency was found in 54%, with 14% achieving seizure freedom. Eight patients showed no response to levetiracetam treatment. Efficacy was highest among patients with generalized epilepsy. Adverse effects occurred in 2 patients and were behavioral in nature. Levetiracetam treatment was safe and effective in this group of very young patients with various types of epilepsy.
Educational Differentials in Life Expectancy With Cognitive Impairment Among the Elderly in the United States
Authors: Lièvre Agnès , Alley Dawn , Crimmins Eileen M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: This article provides estimates of education differentials in life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment for the noninstitutionalized population aged 70 years and older in the United States. Method: Life expectancy with cognitive impairment was calculated using multistate models, allowing transitions between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired states and from each of these states to death and allowing transition rates to vary across age and education. Four waves of the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old survey were used. Results: Those with low levels of education are more likely to become cognitively impaired and do so at an earlier age. After age 70, persons with low educational levels can expect to live 11.6 years, and persons with high education 14.1 years, without cognitive impairment. Length of life with cognitive impairment differs by education (1.6 years and 1.0 years at age 70, respectively) but differs little by age. Discussion: Although those with higher education have lower rates of both cognitive impairment and mortality, those who do become cognitively impaired appear to be in poorer health, leading to a reduced probability of improved cognition and increased probability of mortality relative to those with lower educational levels.
Reducing the effects of lead-time bias, length bias and over-detection in evaluating screening mammography: a censored bivariate data approach
Authors: Mahnken Jonathan D , Chan Wenyaw , Freeman Daniel H , Freeman Jean L
Published: April 2008

Measuring the benefit of screening mammography is difficult due to lead-time bias, length bias and over-detection. We evaluated the benefit of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality using observational data from the SEER-Medicare linked database. The conceptual model divided the disease duration into two phases: preclinical ( T0) and symptomatic ( T1) breast cancer. Censored information for the bivariate response vector ( T0, T1) was observed and used to generate a likelihood function. However, the contribution to the likelihood function for some observations could not be calculated analytically, thus, censoring boundaries for these observations were modified. Inferences about the impact of screening mammography on breast cancer mortality were made based on maximum likelihood estimates derived from this likelihood function. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.54 (0.48—0.61) and 0.33 (0.26— 0.42) for single and regular users (vs. non-users), respectively, demonstrated a protective effect of screening mammography among women 69 years and older. This method reduced the impact of lead-time bias, length bias and over-detection, which biased the estimated hazard ratios derived from standard survival models in favour of screening.
The choice of sample size: a mixed Bayesian / frequentist approach
Authors: Pezeshk Hamid , Nematollahi Nader , Maroufy Vahed , Gittins John
Published: April 2008

Sample size computations are largely based on frequentist or classical methods. In the Bayesian approach the prior information on the unknown parameters is taken into account. In this work we consider a fully Bayesian approach to the sample size determination problem which was introduced by Grundy et al. and developed by Lindley. This approach treats the problem as a decision problem and employs a utility function to find the optimal sample size of a trial. Furthermore, we assume that a regulatory authority, which is deciding on whether or not to grant a licence to a new treatment, uses a frequentist approach. We then find the optimal sample size for the trial by maximising the expected net benefit, which is the expected benefit of subsequent use of the new treatment minus the cost of the trial.
Placement and Permanency Outcomes for Children in Out-of-Home Care by Prior Inpatient Mental Health Treatment
Authors: Jung Min Park  , Ryan Joseph P.
Published: April 2008

Objective: This longitudinal study followed 5,978 children in out-of-home care to examine whether placement and permanency outcomes differ between children with and without a history of inpatient mental health treatment. Method: Data were drawn from child welfare and Medicaid records from the state of Illinois. Logistic regression and survival analysis were applied. Results: A history of inpatient mental health treatment preceding out-of-home placement was associated with an increased risk for placement instability for White children and a decreased likelihood of achieving permanency for African American children. Conclusions: Children with an inpatient mental health treatment episode may benefit from assessment of service needs upon their entry into out-of-home care and continued follow-ups for reducing placement disruptions and facilitating timely permanence.
The Contours of Police Integrity Across Eastern Europe
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak , Shelley Tara O'Connor
Published: April 2008

We study the integrity contours of two police in Eastern Europe that have experienced dramatically different democratic transitions. The democratic transition and reform of the police in the Czech Republic was largely self-imposed and occurred with relatively low levels of violence. Conversely, the experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina involved a war resulting in outside intervention and reform efforts orchestrated by the international community. The goal of this article is not only to review reforms of the Czech and Bosnian police in the context of and Kutnjak Ivković's organizational theory of police integrity but also to empirically measure the extent of integrity among the police in both countries. We survey 604 Czech police officers and 451 Bosnian police officers regarding their opinions about the seriousness of police corruption, the appropriate punishment such misconduct deserves and would receive, and their willingness to report misconduct.
Importance of Marital Characteristics and Marital Satisfaction: A Comparison of Asian Indians in Arranged Marriages and Americans in Marriages of Choice
Authors: Madathil Jayamala , Benshoff James M.
Published: April 2008

To date, little research has been published related to cross-cultural differences in such marital factors as love, intimacy, happiness, and satisfaction. The present study compares factors contributing to marital satisfaction and examines correlations between the importance of these factors and the level of satisfaction for three groups: Asian Indians in arranged marriages living in India (n = 229), Asian Indians in arranged marriages living in the United States (n = 185), and Americans in marriages of choice (n = 173). Results indicated significant differences between the three groups on both total importance and total satisfaction mean scores. Implications for multicultural marriage counseling are discussed and recommendations for further cross-cultural research are presented.
Contested motherhood in the ethnic state
Authors: Remennick Larissa
Published: April 2008

The impending future loss of the Jewish majority due to higher Palestinian birth rates and shrinking immigration exacerbate existential insecurities among Jewish Israelis. The ongoing competition for limited public resources, electoral power and political influence hinge on the size and natural increase of different ethnic sectors. In this ethnocentric milieu, motherhood for both Israeli and Arab citizens is construed as a national mission and an epitome of devotion to one's people. The set of this study — hospital maternity unit — serves as a meeting place for diverse and often contentious ethnocultural identities and mothering practices of the birthing women. I explore the distinct voices of Israeli mothers belonging to four ethnocultural groups: Jewish natives, Arab natives, and Russian and Ethiopian immigrants of the last 15 years. The article highlights the dissents and mutual stereotypes pertaining to maternal practices, parental responsibilities and `quantity vs. quality' in family planning. It shows how political and ethnic conflicts shaping Israeli macro-level public agenda play out in the everyday interactions between birthing women, shaping mutual constructions of the Other in the context of motherhood.
Positive discrimination of the Roma minority
Authors: Baclija Irena , Brezovsek Marjan , Hacek Miro
Published: April 2008

In its Constitutional Charter, Europe, as a multicultural society, advocates and guarantees the protection of minorities and emphasizes the establishment of the conditions for preserving cultural diversity. The protection of minorities is especially important, given the large number of different nationalities that have often not only settled within the boundaries of their motherlands but also coexist on common European territory. One of the most problematic concerns here is the displaced Roma community. The rights of the Roma minority are regulated by each individual country within its legislative borders but always in compliance with the related EU guidelines. The purpose of the article is to provide an in-depth evaluation of the current state of the Roma's participation at the local level in Europe, and specifically in Slovenia. The authors thereby seek to identify how the Roma question is being resolved, based on an empirical analysis of opinions of decision-makers at the local level.