bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Early Permian Upper No. 3 Coal from Southwestern Shandong, China
Authors: Wang Xibo , Zhang Lili , Jiang Yaofa , Wei Jianpeng , Chen Zijuan
Published: June 2016

The Upper No. 3 coal of the Early Permian age is a major workable seam in the southwestern Shandong coalfield, which is located in the eastern part of North China. From Early Jurassic to Neogene, the coalfield was subjected to intensive tectonic processes, leading to a significant rearrangement in depth of coal seams. In this paper, three Upper No. 3 coals occurring at −228, −670 and −938 m in the Luxi, Liangbaosi, and Tangkou mines, respectively, were collected to investigate their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, with emphasis on modes of occurrence and origin of epigenetic minerals. The three coal seams are similar in vitrinite reflectance, volatile matter yield, and maceral components, suggesting insignificant influence from the tectonic activities on coal rank. Terrigenous minerals (e.g., kaolinite and quartz) are comparable in both types and distribution patterns in the three coals. The presence of siderite and pyrite of syngenetic or penecontemporaneous origin indicate they were emplaced during peat accumulation. The distribution of epigenetic minerals (e.g., calcite, ankerite, and dolomite) are associated with the underground water activities, which were Ca (Mg, Fe)-bearing.
Justicidin B: A Promising Bioactive Lignan
Authors: Hemmati Shiva , Seradj Hassan
Published: June 2016

Adverse effects and drug resistance to the current onchopharmacologicals have increased the demand for alternative novel therapeutics. We herein introduce justicidin B, an arylnaphthalen lignan isolated from different plant origins, especially Justicia, Phyllanthus, Haplophyllum and Linum species. This cyclolignan exhibits a wide array of biological properties ranges from piscicidal to antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activities. Activity against Trypanosoma brucei makes justicidin B a potential antiprotozoal agent for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases. Pharmacological properties like antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory and bone resorption inhibition have been also attributed to justicidin B. This compound is a potent cytotoxic substance on several cell lines, especially chronic myeloid and chronic lymphoid leukemia. Pharmacological values, natural variation, as well as biotechnological production of justicidin B by plant cell, tissue and organ culture are also described in this review. Chemical characteristics and chromatographic methods to identify justicidin B and its biosynthetic pathway have been discussed. Different approaches to the total synthesis of justicidin B are compared. This review would shed light on the role of justicidin B as an intriguing natural compound and provides a chance to optimize conditions for industrial applications.
Nanoparticles for Catalysis
Authors: Navalón Sergio , García H.
Published: June 2016

Nanoscience emerged in the last decades of the 20th century with the general aim to determine those properties that appear when small particles of nanometric dimensions are prepared and stabilized.[...]
The Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile and Cognitive Function in Old Chinese Adults
Authors: Yuan Linhong , Zhen Jie , Ma Weiwei , Cai Can , Huang Xiaochen , Xiao Rong
Published: June 2016

Objective: To explore the relationship between the erythrocyte fatty acid profile and cognition in elderly Chinese adults. Methods: 60 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 60 age- and gender-matched control adults (aged 55 years and above) were involved in this cross-sectional study. Cognitive function was measured by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Information regarding the demographic characteristics and lifestyle of the participants was collected with a questionnaire. A semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) method was used for dietary assessment. The erythrocytes fatty acid profile was measured. Results: The MCI subjects had a lower education level than the control subjects (p < 0.05). Compared with control subjects, MCI subjects had higher daily poultry intake and lower fish intake (p < 0.05). Erythrocyte fatty acid profile of the MCI subjects was characterized as lower erythrocyte proportions of 20:4 n-6, 20:5 n-3, and total n-3 fatty acids compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). An association of erythrocyte proportions of 18:0, 22:0, total SFA, 18:2 n-6, 24:4 n-6 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-6 PUFAs with cognition in elderly Chinese adults was detected. Conclusion: The erythrocyte fatty acid profile was related to cognitionin the elderly. Lower erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid and higher saturated fatty acid proportions might predict cognitive function decline in elderly Chinese adults.
Exploring the Relationship between Body Composition and Eating Behavior Using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in Young New Zealand Women
Authors: Kruger Rozanne , De Bray Jacqui , Beck Kathryn , Conlon Cathryn , Stonehouse Welma
Published: June 2016

Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, yet is preventable. This study aimed to investigate associations between body mass index, body fat percentage and obesity-related eating behaviors. Women (n = 116; 18–44 years) were measured for height, weight and body fat using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod). Women completed the validated Three Factor Eating Questionnaire to assess their eating behaviors using Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger eating factor categories and sub-categories. The eating behavior data were analyzed for associations with body mass index and body fat percentage, and comparisons across body mass index and body fat percentage categories (< vs. ≥25 kg/m2; < vs. ≥30%, respectively). Women had a mean (standard deviation) body mass index of 23.4 (3.5) kg/m2, and body fat percentage of 30.5 (7.6)%. Disinhibition was positively associated with both body mass index (p < 0.001) and body fat percentage (p < 0.001). Emotional Disinhibition was positively associated with body fat percentage (p < 0.028). Women with low Restraint and high Disinhibition had significantly higher body mass index and body fat percentage than women with high Restraint and low Disinhibition. Disinhibition seems likely to be an important contributor to obesity. Tailored intervention strategies focused on counteracting Disinhibition should be a key target area for managing weight/fat gain.
Efficacy of Aloe Vera Supplementation on Prediabetes and Early Non-Treated Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhang Yiyi , Liu Wen , Liu Dan , Zhao Tieyun , Tian Haoming
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate evidence for the efficacy of aloe vera on managing prediabetes and early non-treated diabetes mellitus. We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until 28 January 2016. A total of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 415 participants were included. Compared with the controls, aloe vera supplementation significantly reduced the concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p = 0.02; weighed mean difference [WMD]: −30.05 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −54.87 to −5.23 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p < 0.00001; WMD: −0.41%; 95% CI: −0.55% to −0.27%), triglyceride (p = 0.0001), total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.00001), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.00001). Aloe vera was superior to placebo in increasing serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 0.04). Only one adverse event was reported. The evidence from RCTs showed that aloe vera might effectively reduce the levels of FBG, HbA1c, triglyceride, TC and LDL-C, and increase the levels of HDL-C on prediabetes and early non-treated diabetic patients. Limited evidence exists about the safety of aloe vera. Given the small number and poor quality of RCTs included in the meta-analysis, these results are inconclusive. A large-scale, well-designed RCT is needed to further address this issue.
Physical Activity and Beverage Consumption among Adolescents
Authors: Bibiloni Maria , Özen Asli , Pons Antoni , González-Gross Marcela , Tur Josep
Published: June 2016

This study assessed the relationship between physical activity and beverage consumption among adolescents with a population based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Spain (n = 1988; 12–17 years old). Body composition, educational and income level, physical activity (PA), and beverage consumption and energy intake were assessed. Sixty-two percent of adolescents engaged in >300 min/week of PA. Boys were more active than girls, younger adolescents were more active than older counterparts, low parental income was associated with physical inactivity, and time spent watching TV (including, TV, Internet or handheld cellular devices) was inversely associated with PA practice. The average beverage intake of the studied adolescents was 0.9 L/day, higher in boys than in girls. Beverage intake was positively associated with PA practice, and the highest amount of energy intake from beverages was observed in active boys and girls. Most of the studied adolescent population met the PA recommendations. Gender, age, parental income, and time spent watching TV were significant determinants of PA. Type and amount of beverages drunk varied according to gender and PA, and general daily total beverage intake was lower than recommended adequate fluid intake. PA behavior should be considered when analyzing beverage consumption in adolescents.
Substrate Utilization and Cycling Performance Following Palatinose™ Ingestion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial
Authors: König Daniel , Zdzieblik Denise , Holz Anja , Theis Stephan , Gollhofer Albert
Published: June 2016

(1) Objective: To compare the effects of isomaltulose (Palatinose™, PSE) vs. maltodextrin (MDX) ingestion on substrate utilization during endurance exercise and subsequent time trial performance; (2) Methods: 20 male athletes performed two experimental trials with ingestion of either 75 g PSE or MDX 45 min before the start of exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of 90 min cycling (60% VO2max) followed by a time trial; (3) Results: Time trial finishing time (−2.7%, 90% CI: ±3.0%, 89% likely beneficial; p = 0.147) and power output during the final 5 min (+4.6%, 90% CI: ±4.0%, 93% likely beneficial; p = 0.053) were improved with PSE compared with MDX. The blood glucose profile differed between trials (p = 0.013) with PSE resulting in lower glycemia during rest (95%–99% likelihood) and higher blood glucose concentrations during exercise (63%–86% likelihood). In comparison to MDX, fat oxidation was higher (88%–99% likelihood; p = 0.005) and carbohydrate oxidation was lower following PSE intake (85%–96% likelihood; p = 0.002). (4) Conclusion: PSE maintained a more stable blood glucose profile and higher fat oxidation during exercise which resulted in improved cycling performance compared with MDX. These results could be explained by the slower availability and the low-glycemic properties of Palatinose™ allowing a greater reliance on fat oxidation and sparing of glycogen during the initial endurance exercise.
“Show Us Your God”: Marilla Baker Ingalls and the Power of Religious Objects in Nineteenth-Century Burma
Authors: Kaloyanides Alexandra
Published: June 2016

This essay examines the unusual evangelical work of Marilla Baker Ingalls, an American Baptist missionary to Burma from 1851–1902. By the time of her death in Burma at the age of 75, Ingalls was known as one of the most successful Baptist evangelists among Burmese Buddhists. To understand the extraordinary dynamic of Ingalls’ expanding Christian community, this essay focuses on two prominent objects at the Baptist mission: A life-sized dog statue that Ingalls kept chained at the edge of her property and a massive banyan tree covered with biblical illustrations and revered by locals as an abode of divine beings. This essay argues that these objects transformed Ingalls’ American Baptist Christianity into a kind of Burmese religion that revolved around revered objects. Through an examination of the particular shrine practices that pulled people into the Baptist mission, this essay reflects on the larger context of religious encounter, conflict, and representation in modernizing Burma.
Increasing the Accuracy and Automation of Fractional Vegetation Cover Estimation from Digital Photographs
Authors: Coy André , Rankine Dale , Taylor Michael , Nielsen David , Cohen Jane
Published: June 2016

The use of automated methods to estimate fractional vegetation cover (FVC) from digital photographs has increased in recent years given its potential to produce accurate, fast and inexpensive FVC measurements. Wide acceptance has been delayed because of the limitations in accuracy, speed, automation and generalization of these methods. This work introduces a novel technique, the Automated Canopy Estimator (ACE) that overcomes many of these challenges to produce accurate estimates of fractional vegetation cover using an unsupervised segmentation process. ACE is shown to outperform nine other segmentation algorithms, consisting of both threshold-based and machine learning approaches, in the segmentation of photographs of four different crops (oat, corn, rapeseed and flax) with an overall accuracy of 89.6%. ACE is similarly accurate (88.7%) when applied to remotely sensed corn, producing FVC estimates that are strongly correlated with ground truth values.
Reply to Mas et al.: Comment on Gebhardt et al. MAD-MEX: Automatic Wall-to-Wall Land Cover Monitoring for the Mexican REDD-MRV Program Using All Landsat Data. Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 3923–3943
Authors: Schmidt Michael , Gebhardt Steffen , Wehrmann Thilo , Ressl Rainer , Muñoz Ruiz Miguel , Meneses Tovar Carmen , Morfin Jorge , Rodríguez Raul , Serrano Enrique , Santos Lucio , Argumedo Espinoza Jesús , Elemen Carlos , Victoria Arturo , Luis Ornelas Jose
Published: June 2016

Mas, J.F. et al. have submitted a paper [1] for publication, which aims to respond to a paper published by Gebhardt et al. [2]. Mas, J.F. et al. had received a consultancy in 2013 to assess the quality of the early prototype products partly described in Gebhardt et al. in 2014. This consultancy, although a formal non-disclosure agreement had not been demanded, was awarded under the mutual understanding that the data handed over to Mas et al. constitute the early development phase of the program. Therefore, Mas et al. had been asked to give an assessment on the quality of the prototypes to obtain a proof of concept for the proposed workflow of MAD-Mex. It was clear that this assessment would suffer from limited availability of high quality training and validation data available in 2013. Mas et al. finally did not execute the consultancy due to the limited vector processing capacities in their lab. In October 2014, we sent the latest products, version 4.2 of the MAD-Mex products, including the more than 200,000 validation points gathered from independent expert interpreters of all Mexican ecosystems. Mas et al. did not respond to this transfer or to our request to collaborate in the quality control and assessment of MAD-Mex.
Electronic Noses for Well-Being: Breath Analysis and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Gardner Julian , Vincent Timothy
Published: June 2016

The wealth of information concealed in a single human breath has been of interest for many years, promising not only disease detection, but also the monitoring of our general well-being. Recent developments in the fields of nano-sensor arrays and MEMS have enabled once bulky artificial olfactory sensor systems, or so-called “electronic noses”, to become smaller, lower power and portable devices. At the same time, wearable health monitoring devices are now available, although reliable breath sensing equipment is somewhat missing from the market of physical, rather than chemical sensor gadgets. In this article, we report on the unprecedented rise in healthcare problems caused by an increasingly overweight population. We first review recently-developed electronic noses for the detection of diseases by the analysis of basic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Then, we discuss the primary cause of obesity from over eating and the high calorific content of food. We present the need to measure our individual energy expenditure from our exhaled breath. Finally, we consider the future for handheld or wearable devices to measure energy expenditure; and the potential of these devices to revolutionize healthcare, both at home and in hospitals.
The β-Lactamase Assay: Harnessing a FRET Biosensor to Analyse Viral Fusion Mechanisms
Authors: Jones Daniel , Padilla-Parra Sergi
Published: June 2016

The β-lactamase (BlaM) assay was first revealed in 1998 and was demonstrated to be a robust Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporter system that was compatible with a range of commonly-used cell lines. Today, the BlaM assay is available commercially as a kit and can be utilised readily and inexpensively for an array of experimental procedures that require a fluorescence-based readout. One frequent application of the BlaM assay is the measurement of viral fusion—the moment at which the genetic material harboured within virus particles is released into the cytosol following successful entry. The flexibility of the system permits evaluation of not only total fusion levels, but also the kinetics of fusion. However, significant variation exists in the scientific literature regarding the methodology by which the assay is applied to viral fusion analysis, making comparison between results difficult. In this review we draw attention to the disparity of these methodologies and examine the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Successful strategies shown to render viruses compatible with BlaM-based analyses are also discussed.
Tempo and Mode of the Evolution of Venom and Poison in Tetrapods
Authors: Harris Richard , Arbuckle Kevin
Published: June 2016

Toxic weaponry in the form of venom and poison has evolved in most groups of animals, including all four major lineages of tetrapods. Moreover, the evolution of such traits has been linked to several key aspects of the biology of toxic animals including life-history and diversification. Despite this, attempts to investigate the macroevolutionary patterns underlying such weaponry are lacking. In this study we analyse patterns of venom and poison evolution across reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and birds using a suite of phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that each major lineage has a characteristic pattern of trait evolution, but mammals and reptiles evolve under a surprisingly similar regime, whilst that of amphibians appears to be particularly distinct and highly contrasting compared to other groups. Our results also suggest that the mechanism of toxin acquisition may be an important distinction in such evolutionary patterns; the evolution of biosynthesis is far less dynamic than that of sequestration of toxins from the diet. Finally, contrary to the situation in amphibians, other tetrapod groups show an association between the evolution of toxic weaponry and higher diversification rates. Taken together, our study provides the first broad-scale analysis of macroevolutionary patterns of venom and poison throughout tetrapods.
Replication-Competent Influenza A Viruses Expressing Reporter Genes
Authors: Breen Michael , Nogales Aitor , Baker Steven , Martínez-Sobrido Luis
Published: June 2016

Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause annual seasonal human respiratory disease epidemics. In addition, IAV have been implicated in occasional pandemics with inordinate health and economic consequences. Studying IAV, in vitro or in vivo, requires the use of laborious secondary methodologies to identify virus-infected cells. To circumvent this requirement, replication-competent IAV expressing an easily traceable reporter protein can be used. Here we discuss the development and applications of recombinant replication-competent IAV harboring diverse fluorescent or bioluminescent reporter genes in different locations of the viral genome. These viruses have been employed for in vitro and in vivo studies, such as the screening of neutralizing antibodies or antiviral compounds, the identification of host factors involved in viral replication, cell tropism, the development of vaccines, or the assessment of viral infection dynamics. In summary, reporter-expressing, replicating-competent IAV represent a powerful tool for the study of IAV both in vitro and in vivo.
Urinary extracellular vesicles for RNA extraction: optimization of a protocol devoid of prokaryote contamination
Authors: Tataruch‐Weinert Dorota , Musante Luca , Kretz Oliver , Holthofer Harry
Published: June 2016

Background

Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) represent an ideal platform for biomarker discovery. They carry different types of RNA species, and reported profile discrepancies related to the presence/absence of 18s and 28s rRNA remain controversial. Moreover, sufficient urinary RNA yields and respective quality RNA profiles are still to be fully established.

Methods

UEVs were enriched by hydrostatic filtration dialysis, and RNA content was extracted using 7 different commercially available techniques. RNA quantity was assessed using spectrophotometry and fluorometry, whilst RNA quality was determined by capillary electrophoresis.

Results

The presence of prokaryotic transcriptome was stressed when cellular RNA, as a control, was spiked into the UEVs samples before RNA extraction. The presence of bacteria in hydrostatic filtration dialysis above 1,000 kDa molecular weight cut‐off and in crude urine was confirmed with growth media plates. The efficiency in removing urinary bacteria was evaluated by differential centrifugation, filtration (0.22 µm filters) and chemical pretreatment (water purification tablet). For volumes of urine >200 ml, the chemical treatment provides ease of handling without affecting vesicle integrity, protein and RNA profiles. This protocol was selected to enrich RNA with 7 methods, and its respective quality and quantity were assessed. The results were given as follows: (a) Fluorometry gave more repeatability and reproducibility than spectrophotometry to assess the RNA yields, (b) UEVs were enriched with small RNA, (c) Ribosomal RNA peaks were not observed for any RNA extraction method used and (d) RNA yield was higher for column‐based method designed for urinary exosome, whilst the highest relative microRNA presence was obtained using TRIzol method.

Conclusion

Our results show that the presence of bacteria can lead to misidentification in the electrophoresis peaks. Fluorometry is more reliable than spectrophotometry. RNA isolation method must be selected in conjunction with appropriate UEV collection procedure. We also suggested that a minimum 250 ml of urine should be processed to gather enough RNA for robust quantification, qualification and downstream analysis.
4. Le dix-huitième siècle existe-t-il ?
Authors: Chartier Pierre
Published: June 2016

4. Pierre Chartier : Does the 18th century exist ?

Convenient segment, or specific reality ? The latter hypothesis makes of the 18th century a phenomenon difficult to circumscribe and uses notions which are questionable in themselves (crisis of consciousness, Preromanticism). If one follows Cassirer in criticising it, it is to assimilate 18th Century and Enlightenment. But this identification is in line with the polemic image which the " philosophes " gave of their struggle : an image effective at the time-but, for us, to-day ? For feeling, a style ; for the University, a domain ; for ideology, a socio-political model of behaviour— this empirical notion is open to the criticisms which " general history " (Foucault) directs at all attempts at totalisation which shun discontinuity ; for philosophy, finally, it seems to be the refuge of the " sujet ", a precarious guarantee against the decentering tendency at work at all levels in modern thought.
5. Histoire et Littérature. Questions de méthode
Authors: Duchet Michèle , Le Roy-Ladurie Emmanuel
Published: June 2016

5. Michèle Duchet and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie : History and literature : Methodological questions.

With regard, principally, to the Encyclopedia and Utopia, M. Duchet questions the historian on the conditions in which series can be constituted and analysed. Can literary texts be arranged in series like any other type of document ? Moreover, are the relationships between " signifiant " signifié " and " réfèrent " seen in the same light by the historian and the literary scholar ? E. Leroy-Ladurie shows, for his part, as far as series on a large scale like enlistment rolls are concerned, that the historian can also put off indefinitely an examination of the referent, and concern himself essentially with the internal logic of the corpus. However, he warns against the dangers of obdurate structuralism, and gives a good example — the rural corpus — of the precautions to be taken before constructing a series. Finally he demonstrates, with regard to the work of Restif, how taking the referent into account can help to put certain literary texts " into perspective
9. Le questionnaire en question
Authors: Legagneux Michel
Published: June 2016

9. Michel Legagneux : The " questionnaire " in question.

Research in the human sciences is in a situation of crisis. The article takes

as its stating point the special case of pluridisciplinary research into the eighteenth century, and attempts to locate and name this crisis. Rather than its " scientificity ", what is called into question is the goal of our work. Formalisation can only furnish illusory results as long as our aim continues to be part of the humanist tradition. A break with the past is necessary which should permit us to acknowledge the legitimacy of objectives which till now have been contested or forced into the background : on the one hand the ideological or political exploitation of research and on the other its possible utilisation as the instrument of an individual or collective psychanalytical cure.
10. Les relations internationales au 18e siècle. Réflexions critiques et esquisse d'une méthodologie
Authors: Livet Georges
Published: June 2016

10. Georges Livet : International relations in the 1 8th century. Critical reflections and outline of a methodology.

Seen from the 20th Century, the study of international relations in the Century of the Enlightenment seems essential. It is the point in time when two key-powers in the modern world appeared on the scene : Russia and the United States. The emancipation of Latin America is equally being prepared. Yet it is in its specific importance that we must consider this Century, when maritim problems become extremely important and the outlines of future colonial empires are drawn. The notion of " foreign lands " becomes more precise and varied : Asia is everywhere present, if Africa remains absent. What did the Enlightenment bring with it in the domain of international relations ? Essentially a certain conception of man. " Men of all times " said Volney " are united by the same interests and the same pleasures Interests and pleasures including the spiritual kind, the common lot of a humanity whose natural state, for Kant as for Hobbes, was war since the state of peace could only be ushered in by a deliberate course of action. The real ordering of international relations remains to be undertaken. The contrast is striking between the cynical realism of certain and the declarations of intent or the a posteriori justifications which also constitute part of the arsenal of combat. In spite of the progress of knowledge, diplomatic organisation remains classic in style. However, a revision of values is outlined at the same time as new ideas come into being which will contribute, on account of their explosive dynamism, to giving a new face to international relations.
Un témoin de la diffusion clandestine des idées philosophiques en France au 18e siècle
Authors: Vallin Pierre
Published: June 2016

Pierre Vallin : Evidence of the clandestine diffusion of philosophical

ideas in France during the eighteenth century.

A description of an unknown collection of six manuscripts written by French Free-thinkers. It was recently discovered at the library of the Theological Faculty of Lyons.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans la Révolution
Authors: Barny Roger
Published: June 2016

J.-J. Rousseau during the revolution.

Like the philosophy of the Enlightenment in general, Rousseauism splintered during the Revolution. The democratic aspects of the Social Contract , which had been used to support parliamentary doctrine, now turned against it ; a ' patriotic ' interpretation developed against the social order and absolute monarchy. But soon ' aristocratic ' influence led to an emphasis on other aspects or reinterpreted aspects initially favourable to the Revolution. These developments were helped by the abstract nature of the bourgeois universalism found in the Social Contract and by the political compromises of the beginning of the Revolution. As long as one does not claim the existence of an abstract truth of Rousseauism distinct from the use made of it, we can accept Lakanal's paradox ' the Revolution taught us to undestand the Social Contract ' for the division of Rousseauism into contradictory doctrines corresponds to contradictions within Rousseau's thought.
Sur «Jacques le Fataliste » : une lettre de M. Lester Crocker et la réponse de M. Maurice Roelens
Authors: Crocker Lester , Roelens Maurice
Published: June 2016

Correspondance concerning «Jacques le Fataliste ».

A letter from Mr Lester Crocker in response to the article by Maurice Roelens, «Jacques le Fataliste et la critique contemporaine » in Dix-huitième siècle, no. 5, and a reply by M. Roelens.
Quatre lettres inédites de La Mettrie
Authors: Thomson Ann
Published: June 2016

Ann Thomson : Unpublished correspondence of La Mettrie.

Four letters by La Mettrie, whose correspondence was hitherto considered completely lost. The letters, one of which is addressed to Baculard d'Arnaud, date from La Mettrie 's stay at the court of Frederick II ; they therefore throw light, not only on the misunderstood figure of La Mettrie himself, but also on the life of the philosophes in Potsdam and in particular on the dispute between d'Arnaud and Voltaire.
L'autobiographie de Lacepède retrouvée
Authors: Hahn Roger
Published: June 2016

Roger Hahn : The autobiography of Lacepède.

In 1816 Buffon's desciple, B.G.E. de la Ville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacepède (1756-1825), prepared a lengthy autobiographical note for his cousin the Princess of Hesse-Philipsthal. The manuscript was recently located in Brussels and is printed with notes. It describes Lacepède 's noble background and youth in Agen ; cultural life in a provincial town ; his education, and musical, literary and scientific activities ; his meetings with Buffon, Daubenton, Gluck, Gossec, Franklin, Voltaire, Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and other notables ; his writings as a naturalist of the Jardin du Roi ; his political activities during the Revolution and under Napoleon ; his stewardship of the Légion d'Honneur ; and his conduct during the period 1814-1815.
Approches sociologiques de la Régence d'Alger (vers 1725)
Authors: Brahimi Denise
Published: June 2016

Denise Brahimi : A Sociological approach to the Regency of Algiers,

ca 1725.

This is an attempt to study the prehistory of a social science, by the detailed examination of remains. About 1725, several European travellers in North Africa, such as the Englishman Shaw and the Frenchman Peysonnel, attempted to classify the population of the countries they explored, into different clearly-defined groups. Beginning with a classification into two categories, they were forced to adopt three and then four, according to varying criteria, often almost indistinguishable from social criteria, often changing as the traveller came to know the country better. Their concern to rationalise sometimes led them to ignore the individuality of a particular group, and the influence of ideological prejudices, often akin to what we would call racism, also hindered a truly scientific approach.
Prévost et son Cleveland : essai de mise au point historique
Authors: Stewart Philip
Published: June 2016

Philip Stewart : Prévost and the publication of Cleveland.

The seven authentic volumes of Le Philosophe anglais, ou Histoire de M. Cleveland were published between 1731 and 1739, but the history has never been clear. Prévost probably began the novel in England, where the first two volumes appeared in English before the Utrecht edition in French (Néaulme). Néaulme finally published vols. 3 and 4 in September 1731, and in 1734 commissioned an anonymous sequel. The three volumes of Prévost 's own conclusion were sold in Paris in 1738-9 under permission tacite , despite the rubric : Utrecht, Etienne Néaulme. Although the plot had deviated from the intentions stated in the original preface, the thematic unity remains firm. The book's remarkable success suggests that it may have played a role in the development of the idea of the philosophe.
Le Clavecin oculaire du P. Castel
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Chouillet-Roche : Father Castel's ocular harpsichord.

Father Castel (1688-1757) was most famous as the inventor of a mathematical machine, the ocular harpsichord, and as an opponent of Newtonianism. He believed that there were 3 prime colours and no fundamental difference between sound and light, and he attempted to find the bijection between colours and notes of the chromatic scale and to calculate the number of degrees of shading. The author studies his machine through texts by Castel and his contemporaries, and gives a bibliography of his main works as well as of the chief studies of his harpsichord.
La géométrie du sentiment et le paysage thérapeutique
Authors: Lefaivre Liane , Tzonis Alexandre
Published: June 2016

Liane Lefaivre & Alexander Tzonis : Geometry of sentiment and therapeutic landscapes.

This article investigates the theory of the therapeutic function of landscapes at the end of the 18th Century in France and England. Such a theory was possible because the garden had by then lost all archaic references to the doctrine of macrocosmic-microcosmic correspondence, Platonic ideas of beauty, astrology and allegory. Equally important was the spread of the mechanistic model of the psyche. The garden could be seen as a spectacle capable of provoking positive or negative sentiments. Hence its use for psychologically therapeutic purposes. The old formal gardens were criticised for their artificial geometric order ; but the new «natural » landscape was in fact based on the antithesis of the previous shapes.
Le cycle des immondices
Authors: Saddy Pierre
Published: June 2016

Pierre Saddy : The refuse cycle.

In the 18th-century, in large towns, the removal of ever more voluminous refuse became the object of precise and rational concern. The police, the municipal authorities and the academies, which acted as the state's technical advisory bodies, set up rules and structures along the lines of those controlling arts and crafts. The collection of urban detritus was to be kept in isolation and the treatment carried out using methods similar to those controlling the activities of the first workers' agglomerations.
Orthodoxie, piétisme, Aufklärung
Authors: Bourel Dominique
Published: June 2016

Dominique Bourel : Orthodoxy, pietism, aufklärung.

The Aufklärung is a fiction in the same way as are the notions Orthodoxy and Pietism which preceded it and prepared it by their excessive rigidity or sentimentalism, and rejected it for destroying an original message. The secondary «canonical » literature has been for too long an obstacle to the understanding of a number of difficult texts which are worth rediscovering and studying, from Gerhard to Spener and from Keckermann to Sack. The Aufklärung itself cannot be understood as a single phenomenon ; we must rediscover a fragmented Aufklârung in which Göttingen, Hamburg and Halle, and also Lippe and the towns of Iselin and Schlosser constitute a multitude of focal points presenting unexpected problems — those of the Jews, of Origen, Free-masonry, the rise of criticism, . . . and Johann Sebastian Bach.
Les débuts du newtonianisme en Italie (1700-1740)
Authors: Casini Paolo
Published: June 2016

Paolo Casini : The introduction of newtonianism in italy, 1700-1740.

If the works of Newton were diffused in Italy as soon as they were published, the development of Newtonianism in Italy came up against ideological obstac les, an inadequate scientific organisation and the difficult circulation of books and information. This article studies firstly the relations of Newton himself with Grandini, Bianchini and Conti. This is followed by the problems caused by the domination of the Inquisition and the Church which hindered the diffusion of Newtonianism with its acceptance of the Copernican system. This pressure was expressed less in the form of open condemnation than by the conformity of scientists to the Church's refusal of Copernican theories. A final section deals with the open espousal of Newtonianism by, in particular, Algarotti and Boscovitch.
Mémoires inédits de Diderot à Catherine II
Authors: Lizé E.
Published: June 2016

Émile Lizé : Unpublished «mémoires » from diderot to Catherine II.

To the Mémoires pour Catherine II published by Tourneux at the end of the nineteenth century, E.L. adds here 19 new articles from the Soviet archives, which were presented to the Tsarina towards the end of Diderot's five-month stay in St Petersburg in 1773-74. The topics discussed cover a very wide range of subjects, from reflections on war to a description of town-planning. The philosopher also provides a unique eulogy of his friend Grimm and concludes.
L'anecdote Diderot - Euler ou Dieu prouvé par A+B
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Chouillet : The diderot-euler anecdote or the existence of

God proved by A+B.

A study of the sources and filiation of an anecdote which is to be found repeatedly in histories of mathematics and biographies of Diderot, and which is therefore still widely diffused. The article attempts to elucidate the underlying ideological aspects of the story, which concerns a mathematical proof of the existence of God.
La musique en 1778
Authors: Varloot Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Varloot : Music in 1778.

A brief reminder of the musical scene in 1778, emphasizing the importance of this art in the Enlightenment. The year is noteworthy for Mozart's stay in Paris, where he was badly received and for which he had great contempt, partly because of the monopoly of the opera and comic-opera, judged for their libretto. But we see the popularity of Gluck and his rivalry with Piccini, at its height. There are also concerts in the Tuileries, particularly on religious holidays, where the listeners admired above all technique.
La théorie de l'âme dans la pensée médicale vers 1778
Authors: Hoffmann Paul
Published: June 2016

Paul Hoffmann : The theory of the soul in medical thought around 1778.

The Nouveaux éléments de la science de l'homme, published in 1778 by Joseph Barthez, represent the problems facing anthropologists in the 18th Century, caught between mechanism and animism. Barthez sought a new objective scientific language, but continued to use the term "vital principle" to denote the specific nature of living beings and to mark his distance from materialistic physiology. His vital principle, which was simply a working concept, was difficult to reconcile with the soul ; the ensuing difficulties could only be solved by a vitalism which he attempted to avoid but which was the only possible refutation of mechanism. The probfems encountered by Barthez and the ambiguity of his theory of the soul are therefore exemplary.
De la métaphysique à la théorie de la connaissance
Authors: Bélaval Yvon
Published: June 2016

Yvon Belaval : From metaphysics to the theory of knowledge.

The transition, vie Locke, from the innate Cartesian idea-concept, with ontological implications, to the acquired idea-image, limited to phenomena, ruined classical metaphysics. The idea, no longer guaranteed by God, can now oniliy be validated by its origin or its beginning, which demands analysis. The 18th Century is rationalist because it believes in the value of human reason, and sceptical because it does not believe it capable of going beyond appearances. But it did not deny the innate nature of feelings. Thus reemerged a dogmatism which was no longer theoretical but practical. The century was haunted by experience, action and education. From the idea-image emerges a new system of aesthetics leading to a new conception of genius.
Additions à la bibliographie de Charles Porset sur les sciences du langage (1660-1818)
Authors: Dominicy Marc
Published: June 2016

Marc Dominicy : Additions to Charles Porset's bibliography on language sciences, from port-royal to the ideologues (1660-1818).

The bibliography drawn up by Charles Porset (p. 11-95 in the volume La grammaire générale des Modistes aux Idéologues, ed. A. Joiy and J. Stéfanini, Publications of Lille University, 1977) is a precious tool which covers, for rééditions and critical sources, the long period from 1796, when Français Thurofs Tableau appeared, up to the early months of 1976. The supplementary bibliography published here gives all the titles known to us before January 1978 which, error apart, are not present in Porset's work.
Le prétexte anatomique
Authors: Delon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : The anatomical pretext.

Medical and marriage treatises (Venette, de Lignac) describe male and female sexual organs ; certain thought systems, often inherited from Antiquity, enabled them to account for similarities and differences, and form the basis for a theory of generation, and a social hierarchy. The dual trend to identification and différenciation can have different ideological functions. This article analyses these ambiguities and contradictions of classical anatomical descriptions, on the basis of its questions (who is decisive for procreation ? Who has the most pleasure ?), its hesitations (the role of female seminal fluid and the clitoris). It is no doubt in literature that the ideological presuppositions of such writings are best exposed (Diderot, Sade).
L'infraction didactique. Notes sur la Philosophie dans le boudoir
Authors: Garbouj Béchir
Published: June 2016

Bechir Garbouj : Notes on the «philosophie dans le boudoir ».

A reflection on the Philosophie dans le boudoir as a didactic infraction of libertine code. Although written ten years after the 120 Journées de Sodome, it explains the latter's theoretical foundations, as the master libertine condescends to instruct his pupil. In this text, which is a parody of initiation, we see the formation of the libertine, whose stages of development are represented by the four main characters. This article explores the body, conserved in its perfect beauty by debauchery, and shows the importance of names, before the demonstration of functions. Finally, we see the importance of the pamphlet Français encore un effort ; the Philosophie dans le boudoir, profiting from the Revolution, brings the hitherto repressed body onto the public stage.
L'envoi des livres et des manuscrits de Diderot en Russie : quelques documents
Authors: Dulac Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Dulac : Diderot's books and manuscripts sent to Russia : some unpublished documents.

Two letters from Mme de Vandeul and several reports by Grimm (and annexed documents) throw light on the relations between the Diderot-Vandeul family, and the Empress and her Parisian «factotum » in 1784-5. We see in particular that the Vandeuls gave up D's manuscripts, after completing the collection, without any immediate profit. But, like D himself, they hoped to continue to enjoy the Empress's protection, via Grimm, to whom he had «bequeathed » his daughter. As for the manuscript collection, Grimm seems to have been worried by what Catherine II might find there ; he sent the piece on Princess Daschkoff directly to the Empress, accompanied by a commentary which shows his ambiguous attitude towards D. Finally, it is established that two catalogues were sent to Russia : one of the manuscript collection and the other of the books, drawn up in 1785 by a certain De Villière.
Lumières, franc-maçonnerie et politique dans les Etats des Habsbourg : les correspondants du comte Fekete
Authors: Michaud Claude
Published: June 2016

Claude Michaud : Enlghtenment, freemasonry and politics in the Habsburg states. Count Fekete's correspondents.

A study of the letters received by count Janos Fekete, best known for his relations with Voltaire. The statistical analysis of these 763 letters compares the language used (German, Hungarian, French, Italian, Latin)-with «nationality », social class, sex, addressee, geographical origin of the letter, and time. We can thus trace the limits between 18th-century cosmopolitanism, the hegemony of French in the cultivated classes, the promotion of German as a vehicular language, and of Hungarian as vernacular, and the survival of Latin and Italian. The content of the letters allows us to discern a homogeneous enlightened aristocratic environment, convinced of the backwardness of the Habsburg state. Some, disappointed, retreated into Epicureanism. Others were convinced Freemasons, interested in politics, and supporters of Josephism. But after 1785 the consensus dissolved ; a number of Hungarian correspondents took part in the Hungarian revolt at the end of the reign, and some were involved in the «Jacobin » plot.
Les inédits de Rousseau et la campagne de presse de 1778
Authors: Moureau François
Published: June 2016

François Moureau : Rousseau's unpublished works and the 1778 press campaign.

An investigation of press material written before and after Rousseau's death in 1778 has brought to light several versions of his unpublished works, in particular a possibly original and primitive version of the Preamble to the Confessions. The press campaign was conducted independently by the Correspondance littéraire and the Journal de Paris. The latter, by Rousseau's friends, notably O. de Corancez, tried to honour his memory by publishing the hitherto known, but unpublished, Mémoire de Février 1777, and the Preamble to the Confessions. Girardin suspected Corancez of having important manuscripts such as the Confessions in his care. This article sheds light on a mysterious moment in the posthumous destiny of Rousseau's works, and provides proof that other manuscripts of the Confessions existed in addition to those known today.
La chute d'une famille séfardie. Les Mendes da Costa de Londres
Authors: Perry Norma
Published: June 2016

The decline of a sefardic family : mendes da costa of London.

The Mendeses and the da Costas, Portuguese Jews who came to London in the 1660 s. or earlier, developed into the most influential Anglo-Sephardic dynasty of the 18th century. One branch, however, met with financial ruin and disgrace : this was the family of John (Joseph) Mendes da Costa, whose three sons went bankrupt in 1726, incidentally losing Voltaire money he needed for his English visit. The bankruptcy proceedings, the wills of John and his wife Beatrice, the inventory of the latter's estate, and the letters of administration granted to the widow of one of the brothers, give the dues as to how and why the brothers went bankrupt, what the subsequent fate of the family was, and what Voltaire's relations with the Mendes da Costas seem to have been.