bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Rho(d) Map to Diffuse Gastric Cancer
Authors: Benton Dorothy , Chernoff Jonathan
Published: February 2020

Diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is characterized by frequent missense mutations in the small GTPase RHOA, but the effects of this mutation on enzyme activity and signaling have been widely debated. In this issue, Zhang and colleagues show that the most common RHOA mutation in DGC, encoding RHOAY42C, represents a gain of function; that a mouse model incorporating this mutation in association with loss of the E-cadherin gene CDH1 recapitulates many aspects of DGC; and that rationally designed therapeutics based on our understanding of RHOA signaling are promising agents for treating DGC.

See related article by Zhang et al., p. 288.
B cell–Derived IL35 Drives STAT3-Dependent CD8+ T-cell Exclusion in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Mirlekar Bhalchandra , Michaud Daniel , Lee Samuel J. , Kren Nancy P. , Harris Cameron , Greene Kevin , Goldman Emily C. , Gupta Gaorav P. , Fields Ryan C. , Hawkins William G. , DeNardo David G. , Rashid Naim U. , Yeh Jen Jen , McRee Autumn J. , Vincent Benjamin G. , Vignali Dario A.A. , Pylayeva-Gupta Yuliya
Published: February 2020

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by a paucity of tumor-proximal CD8+ T cells and resistance to immunotherapeutic interventions. Cancer-associated mechanisms that elicit CD8+ T-cell exclusion and resistance to immunotherapy are not well-known. Here, using a Kras- and p53-driven model of PDA, we describe a mechanism of action for the protumorigenic cytokine IL35 through STAT3 activation in CD8+ T cells. Distinct from its action on CD4+ T cells, IL35 signaling in gp130+CD8+ T cells activated the transcription factor STAT3, which antagonized intratumoral infiltration and effector function of CD8+ T cells via suppression of CXCR3, CCR5, and IFNγ expression. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling in tumor-educated CD8+ T cells improved PDA growth control upon adoptive transfer to tumor-bearing mice. We showed that activation of STAT3 in CD8+ T cells was driven by B cell– but not regulatory T cell–specific production of IL35. We also demonstrated that B cell–specific deletion of IL35 facilitated CD8+ T-cell activation independently of effector or regulatory CD4+ T cells and was sufficient to phenocopy therapeutic anti-IL35 blockade in overcoming resistance to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy. Finally, we identified a circulating IL35+ B-cell subset in patients with PDA and demonstrated that the presence of IL35+ cells predicted increased occurrence of phosphorylated (p)Stat3+CXCR3−CD8+ T cells in tumors and inversely correlated with a cytotoxic T-cell signature in patients. Together, these data identified B cell–mediated IL35/gp130/STAT3 signaling as an important direct link to CD8+ T-cell exclusion and immunotherapy resistance in PDA.
Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Associated with Anti-CV2/CRMP5 Antibodies Secondary to Thymoma in an Adolescent
Authors: Ibrahim Ismail Ismail , K. John John , Ibrahim Mohamed , Al-Hashel Jasem Yousef 
Published: February 2020

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) associated with anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies are rare in the literature. Various clinical manifestations can occur including paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE). Thymoma is one of the rare causes that can be associated with this syndrome. It has not been reported in the literature in children or adolescents to the best of our knowledge. We report a case of PLE in a 19-year-old male patient secondary to thymoma that was diagnosed after 5 years of onset. Anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies were positive in the serum and became negative after thymectomy. Diagnosis of PNS should be evoked in cases with atypical neurological manifestation and can be confirmed by the presence of onconeuronal antibodies. We report the first pediatric PLE secondary to thymoma associated with anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies.
Plasma Ceramides and Sphingomyelins in Relation to Atrial Fibrillation Risk: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Jensen Paul N. , Fretts Amanda M. , Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Sitlani Colleen M. , McKnight Barbara , King Irena B. , Siscovick David S. , Psaty Bruce M. , Heckbert Susan R. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Sotoodehnia Nona , Lemaitre Rozenn N.
Published: February 2020

Background

Ceramides exhibit multiple biological activities that may influence the pathophysiological characteristics of atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether the length of the saturated fatty acid carried by the ceramide or their sphingomyelin precursors are associated with AF risk is not known.

Methods and Results

Among 4206 CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study) participants (mean age, 76 years; 40% men) who were free of prevalent AF at baseline, we identified 1198 incident AF cases over a median 8.7 years of follow‐up. We examined 8 sphingolipid species: ceramide and sphingomyelin species with palmitic acid and species with very‐long‐chain saturated fatty acids: arachidic; behenic; and lignoceric. In adjusted Cox regression analyses, ceramides and sphingomyelins with very‐long‐chain saturated fatty acids were associated with reduced AF risk (ie, per 2‐fold higher ceramide with behenic acid hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59–0.86; sphingomyelin with behenic acid hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.46–0.77). In contrast, ceramides and sphingomyelins with palmitic acid were associated with increased AF risk (ceramide with palmitic acid hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03–1.66; sphingomyelin with palmitic acid hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.18–2.55). Associations were attenuated with adjustment for NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide), but did not differ significantly by age, sex, race, body mass index, or history of coronary heart disease.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that several ceramide and sphingomyelin species are associated with incident AF, and that these associations differ on the basis of the fatty acid. Ceramides and sphingomyelins with palmitic acid were associated with increased AF risk, whereas ceramides and sphingomyelins with very‐long‐chain saturated fatty acids were associated with reduced AF risk.
Lifestyle Changes in Relation to Initiation of Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Medication: A Cohort Study
Authors: Korhonen Maarit J. , Pentti Jaana , Hartikainen Juha , Ilomäki Jenni , Setoguchi Soko , Liew Danny , Kivimäki Mika , Vahtera Jussi
Published: February 2020

Background

Lifestyle modification is a key component of cardiovascular disease prevention before and concurrently with pharmacologic interventions. We evaluated whether lifestyle factors change in relation to the initiation of antihypertensive or lipid‐lowering medication (statins).

Methods and Results

The study population comprised 41 225 participants of the FPS (Finnish Public Sector) study aged ≥40 years who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline and responded to ≥2 consecutive surveys administered in 4‐year intervals in 2000–2013. Medication use was ascertained through pharmacy‐claims data. Using a series of pre–post data sets, we compared changes in body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking between 8837 initiators and 46 021 noninitiators of antihypertensive medications or statins. In participants who initiated medication use, body mass index increased more (difference in change 0.19; 95%
CI
, 0.16–0.22) and physical activity declined (−0.09 metabolic equivalent of task hour/day; 95%
CI
, −0.16 to −0.02) compared with noninitiators. The likelihood of becoming obese (odds ratio: 1.82; 95%
CI
, 1.63–2.03) and physically inactive (odds ratio: 1.08; 95%
CI
, 1.01–1.17) was higher in initiators. However, medication initiation was associated with greater decline in average alcohol consumption (−1.85 g/week; 95%
CI
, −3.67 to −0.14) and higher odds of quitting smoking (odds ratio for current smoking in the second survey: 0.74; 95%
CI
, 0.64–0.85).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that initiation of antihypertensive and statin medication is associated with lifestyle changes, some favorable and others unfavorable. Weight management and physical activity should be encouraged in individuals prescribed these medications.
Data Innovations for Transboundary Freshwater Resources Management: Are Obligations Related to Information Exchange Still Needed?
Authors: Leb Christina
Published: February 2020

Cross-border data and information exchange is one of the most challenging issues for transboundary water management. While the regular exchange of data and information has been identified as one of the general principles of international water law, only a minority of treaties include direct obligations related to mutual data exchange. Technological innovations related to real-time data availability, space technology and earth observation have led to an increase in quality and availability of hydrological, meteorological and geo-spatial data. These innovations open new avenues for access to water related data and transform data and information exchange globally. This monograph is an exploratory assessment of the potential impacts of these disruptive technologies on data and information exchange obligations in international water law.
Rūmī’s Antinomian Poetic Philosophy
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Asghar
Published: February 2020

Western reception of Rūmī in the last few decades is intriguing, as he is commonly considered a gentle Muslim, different from other sages that Islamic culture produced. Rūmī’s otherness is often based on his powerful and peerless poetry, deploying rich wine imagery, homoerotic love metaphors, and an emphasis on the superiority of the heart and spiritual growth, and dismissing the outward and orthodox tenets. This paper argues that Rūmī belongs to a millennium-old Persian Sufism, and these poetic tropes derive from a firm antinomian tradition, functioning as strong metaphors to express religious piety by transcending all temporal dualities such as unbelief and belief, the profane and the sacred, purity and impurity, and so forth.
Biodiversi-TEA—A quick and easy handling method for arthropod trap material in ethanol
Authors: SCHWEIZER TANJA , WANKE DOMINIC , HAAS MICHAEL , KROGMANN LARS
Published: February 2020

A quick and easy handling method for ethanol-preserved arthropods is presented, based on tea filter bags and holders. The method is especially suitable for short term storage of specimens resulting from Malaise traps, yellow pan traps and pitfall traps and can be used directly in the field, for subsequent transport and processing of specimens in the laboratory.
Validation of GOES-Based Surface Insolation Retrievals and Its Utility for Model Evaluation
Authors: Cheng Peiyang , Pour-Biazar Arastoo , McNider Richard T. , Mecikalski John R.
Published: February 2020

Incident solar radiation at Earth’s surface, also called surface insolation, plays an important role in the Earth system as it affects surface energy balance, weather, climate, water supply, biochemical emissions, photochemical reactions, etc. The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT) have been generating and archiving several products, including insolation, from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager for over a decade. The NASA/UAH insolation product has been used in studies to improve air quality simulations, biogenic emission estimates, correcting surface energy balance, and for cloud assimilation, but has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, the NASA/UAH insolation product is compared to surface pyranometer measurements from the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) and the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) for a 12-month period from March 2013 to February 2014. The insolation product has normalized bias values within 6% of the mean observation, a root-mean-square error between 6% and 16%, and correlation coefficients greater than 0.96 for hourly insolation estimates. It also shows better performance without the presence of clouds. However, erroneous estimates may be produced for persistent snow-covered surfaces. Further, this study attempts to demonstrate the use of such a satellite-based insolation product for model evaluation. The NASA/UAH insolation product is compared to the downward shortwave radiation from the Rapid Refresh, version 1 (RAPv1), and successfully captures the overestimation tendency in surface energy input as mentioned in previous studies. Finally, future plans for improving the retrieval algorithm and developing a GOES-16 insolation product are discussed.
Cochlear Implants in Alström Syndrome
Authors: Gheller Flavia , Gallo Samanta , Trevisi Patrizia , Caserta Ezio , Dassie Francesca , Maffei Pietro , Bovo Roberto
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

Too little is known about hearing loss rehabilitation in patients with Alström syndrome (AS). Benefits of hearing aids (HA) have not been fully documented and only one case treated with a Cochlear Implant (CI) has been described in the proceedings of a conference. Furthermore, comorbidities and risk of complications following surgical intervention may contraindicate Cochlear Implant procedures in these patients. The present case report concerns the first AS patient with CI in the literature.

Methods:

After reporting a concise description of the audiological profile of patients with AS described in the literature, the case of a 22-year-old woman with genetically confirmed Alström syndrome who underwent a sequential bilateral CI (Bi-CI) rehabilitation is reported. Audiological results before and after cochlear implantation are described.

Results:

The patient showed an excellent functional outcome with CIs, which enabled her to achieve communicative, social and academic results comparable with her peers, and no complications occurred.

Conclusions:

AS is not necessarily an absolute contraindication to CI. For many AS patients, a good cognitive function and adequate life expectancy represent a clear indication to prompt and adequate hearing rehabilitation with CIs. The description of this type of clinical cases could in the future also generate indications for a tailored audiological treatment of patients with very specific needs, such as patients with Alström Syndrome.
Similar psychosis risks in adoptees and immigrants
Authors: Seeman Mary V
Published: February 2020

Background:

There is a consensus that adoptees and immigrants both experience more mental health problems than their peers. The two groups share many risk factors for psychosis, but an increased risk for psychotic illness has only been demonstrated for immigrants.

Aims:

The aim of this review is to describe psychosis risk factors in adoptees, with a focus on difficulties with identity formation, identification with in-groups, attachment to parents, and coping with loss and with discrimination.

Method:

The literature in these five areas is reviewed as it pertains to adoption and psychosis.

Results:

There are no clear findings because the relevant studies have not been done, but the literature suggests that adopted children face challenges very similar to those of immigrants to a new country.

Conclusion:

The immigration field and the adoption field have much to learn from each other. It is recommended that a prevention strategy analogous to increased neighbourhood ethnic density be implemented with adoptees – that they be intentionally exposed from early childhood and throughout adolescence to age peers who share a similar background and with whom they can readily identify. It is also recommended that immigrants be welcomed into their host country with the same open arms as adoptive parents welcome their new children.
The historical development of knowledge in social work supervision: Finding new directions from the past
Authors: Mo Kitty Yuen-han , O’Donoghue Kieran , Wong Peace Yuh-ju , Tsui Ming-sum
Published: February 2020

This article draws on research studies and journal articles to examine the historical development of knowledge in social work supervision. The findings highlight the process and details involved in supervision. In addition, organizational culture, empirical studies, cumulative knowledge, and contextual environment are of critical importance to the formation. In the future, supervisory practice will need to take account of the balance of administrative and educational functions of supervision, to create more opportunities for professional autonomy, and the demands of implementing evidence-based supervisory practice.
A Descriptive Study Using the Comprehensive Race Socialization Inventory: Findings From the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement
Authors: Brown Tony N. , Culver Julian , Wilkins Kiana , Gorman Quintin , Bento Asia , Alvis Aly M. , Lesane-Brown Chase L. , Caldwell Cleopatra Howard
Published: February 2020

This study examines race socialization, defined as the process whereby individuals learn about the meaning and significance of race and racism. With data from the 2001–2004 National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A), we analyze responses to the Comprehensive Race Socialization Inventory (CRSI) among 1,170 African American and Caribbean Black adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years. The CRSI captures sources, frequency, content of messages, and prevalence of the most useful message, among other components (e.g., onset and recency, anticipatory socialization, and socializing behaviors). We find 90% of respondents report someone talked with them about what being Black means. In addition, most respondents report receiving messages from all four sources specified in the CRSI (i.e., parents, relatives, friends, and other adults). We find little evidence to suggest sources differ by sex, age, ethnicity, or U.S. region. The question assessing the most useful message is open-ended. Over 60% of respondents recall content supporting “Race equality,” maintaining a “Positive self-attitude,” or emphasizing “Black pride” as the most useful message. We conclude race socialization is commonplace among Black adolescents because racism necessitates it.
Striving While Black: Race and the Psychophysiology of Goal Pursuit
Authors: DeAngelis Reed T.
Published: February 2020

Population health scientists have largely overlooked anticipatory stressors and how different groups of people experience and cope with anticipatory stress. I address these gaps by examining black-white differences in the associations between an important anticipatory stressor—goal-striving stress (GSS)—and several measures of psychophysiology. Hypotheses focusing on racial differences in GSS and psychophysiology are tested using self-report and biomarker data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (2011–2014), a cross-sectional probability survey of black and white working-age adults from Davidson County, Tennessee (n = 1,252). Compared to their white peers, blacks with higher GSS report greater self-esteem and fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, increased GSS also predicts elevated levels of high-effort coping (i.e., John Henryism), neuroendocrine stress hormones, and blood pressure for blacks but not whites. I discuss the implications of these findings for scholars interested in the stress process and broader black-white health inequalities in the United States.
Giving Voice to the Impact of Environmental-Associated Trauma in Indigenous People Through Social Practice Art
Authors: Collier Ann Futterman , Tidikis Viktoria , Blackhorse Davona , Skabelund Shawn , Tannous John , Benally Malcolm
Published: February 2020

Hope and Trauma in a Poisoned Land was a community engaged regional art exhibition that began as a mixed-method research project. The original purpose was to give voice to the stories of indigenous people living in uranium-contaminated regions of the Navajo Nation. It quickly expanded into a social practice art project, allowing for collaboration between individuals, artists, community members, and several different institutions. Participating artists attended a 4-day informational and interactive workshop about the uranium mining legacy, so that they fully understood contamination issues; the goal was for them to create art from an informed place. The investigators examined the psychological impact of the workshop and the exhibition on the artists as well as the community at large. We found that the greater the emotional impact on the artist, the greater their absorption while making the art and the greater their artwork creativity, as rated by objective evaluators. Community attendees reported increased knowledge about the issue, as well as feeling inspired to take action. Through engaging a community advisory council and artists and patrons on an intellectual, aesthetic, emotional, and compassionate level, we documented how this social practice art exhibition had an impact on our community.
Clinical negligence: Understanding why things go wrong
Authors: Kapur Narinder
Published: February 2020

Clinical negligence claims are on the rise, with lawyers often playing a leading part in ascertaining what went wrong, why it went wrong and what lessons can be learned. I present a schema which may help lawyers better understand what goes wrong in clinical negligence cases.
Design of quantification methods for cross-sectional uniformity of functional fiber blended yarns
Authors: Luo Xue , Li Lilly
Published: February 2020

The fiber distribution in yarn structure influences the mechanical, aesthetic, and functional properties of textile products, but methods for characterizing this distribution remain limited. The uniformity of fiber distribution is mostly quantified by the blend irregularity and migration index. Asymmetric and segregated distributions are commonly identified in cross sections of fibers in yarn; however, detecting uniform, wrapped, or core distributions in side-view images is challenging. Therefore, a more effective and versatile method is required for the quantification of cross-sectional uniformity in blended yarns. In this study, two methods for quantifying fiber distribution uniformity were proposed and evaluated. In the window variation method (WVM), which is based on cell counting, windows are randomly selected, and the uniformity of one type of fiber in a yarn cross section calculated according to the variation of the fiber ratio in each window. In the dilation method (DLM), uniformity is quantified according to the dilation area of the targeted fiber. To evaluate these quantification methods, we conducted antibacterial performance tests on 12 chitosan/cotton yarn samples and compared the results with indexes. Comparison of the two methods reveals that the WVM exhibits greater potential because the threshold yarn area ratio and the weights of the corresponding windows can be programmed to achieve certain quantification goals, while the DLM is simple and fast, with fewer variables than the WVM.
Prevalence and Correlates of Bullying Behavior Among Nigerian Middle School Students
Authors: Fenny Omobolanle , Falola Michael I.
Published: February 2020

School bullying has received considerable criminological, psychological, educational, and governmental attention. However, much of the attention is focused on bullying in western, Asian, and Scandinavian countries. There appears to be scant, if any, attention paid to this problem on the African continent. Using cross-sectional data from a sample of 1,192 junior secondary school (middle school) students in Nigeria, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of bullying in this sample of secondary school students in Nigeria. Bullying prevalence rate in this sample was 59.9%. The study finds that males were more likely to bully than females, and the most prevalent form of bullying behavior for both genders was making fun of someone. Correlates for bullying perpetration were association with delinquent friends, negative school climate, attending a private school, and ethnicity.
An atypical manifestation of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case report
Authors: Ghieh Diamond , Saade Charbel , El-Merhi Fadi
Published: February 2020

A 58-year-old male patient, previously healthy, presented with right flank pain of few hours duration. Initial workup showed an elevated creatinine and right hydroureteronephrosis. Computed tomography imaging revealed a retroperitoneal soft tissue mass encasing the right common iliac artery which is a first reported case in its anatomical distribution. Patient was referred to interventional radiology service where a percutaneous nephrostomy tube was placed followed by double J stenting. Subsequently, treatment with steroids was started. Follow up imaging a few months later revealed progressive resolution of the inflammatory process.
A Token for Your Thoughts? Perceptions of Tokenism Among Female Corrections Executives
Authors: Collica-Cox Kimberly , Schulz Dorothy M.
Published: February 2020

The increasing number of women corrections executives indicates improvement in their opportunities for career advancement. This article examines the perceptions of women in corrections supervisory and management ranks regarding their opportunities for continuing upward mobility, whether they or their peers view them as tokens and whether those views may impact their decisions to pursue promotion up to and including wardens or corrections administrators. Based on surveys and interviews with members of the Association of Women Executives in Corrections, this study found that most women felt promotional opportunities were equally available for men and women. The women did not report feeling the isolation associated with tokenism, but they did report feeling high levels of visibility. Despite facing aspects of tokenism, they were not deterred from seeking advancement, and they noted that each subsequent promotion after the first one presented fewer problems for them and for their organizations.
Effect of Thermal Insulation on Image Quality and Radiation Dose in Polytrauma Computed Tomography
Authors: Podsiadło Paweł , Chrzan Robert , Liszka Grzegorz , Sanak Tomasz , Kosiński Sylweriusz , Urbanik Andrzej , Darocha Tomasz
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

Unintentional drop in body temperature in trauma victims is an independent risk factor for mortality. We aimed to assess the impact of thermal insulation on image quality and radiation dose in polytrauma computed tomography (CT).

Methods:

Thirteen different insulating covers were used to wrap CT phantoms. Images were assessed subjectively at a radiological workstation and analyzed digitally with dedicated software evaluating the noise intensity, spatial resolution, and image homogeneity. The radiation dose was measured using a dosimeter.

Results:

Most materials did not cause significant artifacts apart from 2 heating pads. Although the radiation dose was increased by the majority of insulating covers (up to 64.66%), certain covers decreased the absorbed radiation (up to −7.35%).

Conclusions:

The majority of insulating systems do not cause artifacts in CT scans. When using covers with self-heating warmers, removing the heating pad is suggested due to the risk of considerable artifacts appearing. Certain insulating covers may increase or decrease the radiation dose.
Racialized Debts: Racial Exclusion From Credit Tools and Information Networks
Authors: Charron-Chénier Raphaël , Seamster Louise
Published: February 2020

Research on debt highlights its use as a tool for investment and a substitute for public welfare programs. Use of debt, however, is not equal across social groups. Black households in particular have lower debt levels than white households. In this paper, we explore the context behind massive racial disparities in household debt. Conceptually, we propose that personal debt is an indicator of integration in the financial system. As such, we argue that black households’ lower debt levels can be understood as financial isolation rather than financial health. We support this argument by using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances to estimate racial differences in access to financial tools net of racial differences in socioeconomic status, asset levels, and financial literacy. We also show that black households’ financial information networks are different from white households’ in ways that suggest restricted access to formal financial institutions.
Influence of strut on cavity at subsonic speeds: Ignition characteristics
Authors: Miao Junjie , Fan Yuxin , Liu Tianchi
Published: February 2020

In high-speed airflow, the use of cavity and struts in combination can improve fuel distribution and flame-stabilization, but may weaken the ignition performance. Herein, the lean ignition characteristics of several cavity–strut flame holders in a tandem turbine-based combined cycles combustor are experimentally investigated with the flow fields by using particle image velocimetry and high-speed chemiluminescence imaging techniques. Additionally, the effects of the strut structure parameters on the lean ignition performance in the cavity are studied. Experimental results indicate that changes in structural parameters have the opposite effects on the ignition performance and the flame-propagation performance. Reducing the strut inclination angle has a contrary function with the decrease in the cavity–strut space, which also transforms the flame-stabilizing mechanism between strut-stabilizing and cavity-stabilizing, accompanied by the flame morphology behind strut changes from no-flame to intermittent-flame, and finally continuous-flame. The lean ignition limit changes with the structure parameters, mainly due to the inverse change in the mass exchange rate and cavity residence time. Compared with the single cavity, the proper cavity–strut combined structure has a wider lean ignition limit at high subsonic speeds due to the advantage of simultaneously increasing the mass exchange rate and cavity residence time.
Asymptotic versus exact methods in the analysis of contingency tables: Evidence-based practical recommendations
Authors: García-Pérez Miguel A , Núñez-Antón Vicente
Published: February 2020

Controversy over the validity of significance tests in the analysis of contingency tables is motivated by the disagreement between asymptotic and exact p values and its dependence on the magnitude of expected frequencies. Variants of Pearson’s X2 statistic and their asymptotic distributions were proposed to overcome the difficulties, but several approaches also exist to conduct exact tests. This paper shows that discrepant asymptotic and exact results may or may not occur whether expected frequencies are large or small: Eventual inaccuracy of asymptotic p values is instead caused by idiosyncrasies of the discrete distribution of X2. More importantly, discrepancies are also artificially created by the hypergeometric sampling model used to perform exact tests. Exact computations under the alternative full-multinomial or product-multinomial models require eliminating nuisance parameters and we propose a novel method that integrates them out. The resultant exact distributions are very accurately approximated by the asymptotic distribution, which eliminates concerns about the accuracy of the latter. We also discuss that the two-stage approach that tests for significance of residuals conditional on a significant X2 test is inadvisable and that an alternative single-stage test preserves Type-I error rates and further eliminates concerns about asymptotic accuracy.
An exponential-trigonometric higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) for bending, free vibration, and buckling analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) plates
Authors: Belkhodja Yamna , Ouinas Djamel , Zaoui Fatima Zohra , Fekirini Hamida
Published: February 2020

Two assumptions have been made based on by this proposed theory, which come from recently developed exponential–trigonometric shape function for transverse shear deformation effect and a simple higher order shear deformation theory for plate, based on a constraint between two rotational displacements of axis parallel to the plate midplane, about the axes x, y Cartesian coordinates system, which caused fewer unknown number. For the application of this method, a displacement field extended as only bending membrane for transverse displacement is used, a governing equations of motion as a result are determined according to Hamilton’s principle, and simplified using Navier analytical solutions, as well as the transverse shear stresses effect that satisfied the stress-free boundary conditions on the simply supported plate free faces as a parabolic variation along the thickness are taken into account. A functionally graded materials plates are chosen for the parametric study, where the plates are functionally graded continuously in materials through the plate thickness as a function of power law or exponential form. The aim of this study is to analyze the bending, free vibration as well as the buckling mechanical behaviors, where the results are more focused on the investigation of different parameters such as the volume fraction index, geometric ratios, frequency modes, in-plane compressive load parameters and material properties effects on the deflection, stresses, natural frequencies, and critical buckling load, which are validated in terms of accuracy and efficiency with other plate theories results found in the literature.
What Went Wrong in the Audit of Tri-Pack Films Limited?
Authors: Haroon Omair , Ali Waqar , Dar Atifa A.
Published: February 2020

This case looks into an instance of an audit failure in the context of a Pakistani listed company, Tri-Pack, whose financial statements for the year 2014 showed a material misstatement (which reduced 2013 profits after tax by around 88%). This led to an investigation by the regulator (Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan) into the audits across 2012–2013, culminating into a stern warning being issued to the engagement leader (partner) for having failed to exercise an attitude of professional scepticism, failed to perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance around Tri-Pack’s financial statements being free from material misstatement either due to errors or fraud and failed to bring out material facts about the affairs of the company and make a report to the shareholders thereof1.

The case hones in on the audit dynamics and defence presented by the audit firm (A.F. Ferguson & Co. Chartered Accountants) for the year 2013, to assess the shortcomings in the conduct of the audit of Tri-Pack’s financial statements for that year’s end. It stimulates the work of an audit quality head who reviewed Tri-Pack’s audit file in order to ascertain whether the objectives of the audit were met and what lessons can be drawn to leverage towards future audit engagements.
Universal blood-borne virus screening in patients with severe mental illness managed in an outpatient clozapine clinic: uptake and prevalence
Authors: Williams Jacob , Barclay Marilyn , Omana Chester , Buten Sara , Post Jeffrey J
Published: February 2020

Objective:

Patients with a severe mental illness have higher rates of infection with blood-borne viruses (BBVs) but are less likely to access testing and treatment. Enhanced testing of this population is therefore warranted.

Methods:

In this single centre, prospective study, we sought to offer testing for BBVs to all patients who attended an appointment in the clozapine clinic (CC) over a six-month period. Those who consented were tested for HIV antigen/antibody, hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg).

Results:

During the study period, 192 patients attended an appointment, of which 164 were offered testing. Of those, 134 (81.7%) accepted and 30 declined. Among patients who agreed to be tested, results were returned for 96 (71.6%). There were no positive results for HBsAg or HIV. Seven patients (7.2%) were positive for HCV antibody. Of those, three were newly identified exposures of which two were found to be chronically infected and were referred for treatment.

Conclusion:

A routine offer of BBV testing for people with severe mental illness in the outpatient setting is feasible and may detect treatable infections.
Showtime’s The Affair: the Rashomon effect, eyewitness testimony, and lack of reliability in homicide
Authors: Espi Forcen Fernando , Rosenbaum Karen B , Friedman Susan Hatters
Published: February 2020

Objective:

The Rashomon effect explores point of view in storytelling, and the subjectivity of even honest narratives is based on point of view. In 1950, Rashomon was the first film to explore this. Currently, The Affair explores the differences in story based on point of view. Both clinical and forensic psychiatrists must consider point of view when hearing narratives from patients or defendants.

Conclusion:

The Affair provides an excellent contemporary example through which to explore the Rashomon effect in conceptualization of eyewitness testimony and reliability of reporting.
Challenges and solutions when developing online interactive psychiatric education
Authors: Warren Nicola , Parker Stephen , Khoo Taraneh , Cabral Sidney , Turner Jane
Published: February 2020

Objective:

Undergraduate and postgraduate medical education providers are increasingly looking to online options for lecture delivery, training and resources. This trend has been encouraged by arguments of flexibility, accessibility and the ability to individualise content. A narrative review of the literature was completed, aiming to consider the opportunities and challenges associated with online psychiatric teaching. Additionally, initiatives to introduce online learning to complement traditional approaches in psychiatric education in the Australian context are discussed. On the basis of this review, a range of strategies are suggested to facilitate the effective implementation of online learning, maximise student engagement and enhance educational outcomes.

Conclusion:

The effective introduction of online learning in psychiatric training will be enhanced by paying attention to challenges related to content, format and those arising when attempting to convey the art of psychiatry.
Using Popular Music Pedagogies to Foster 21st-Century Skills and Knowledge
Authors: Vasil Martina
Published: February 2020

Recent changes in educational policy have placed 21st-century skills at the forefront of arts education, presenting arts educators with an opportunity to reassess instructional practices. Popular music pedagogies are approaches to learning and practicing popular music that may be useful for addressing 21st-century skills and knowledge in arts classrooms. In this article, the author describes how art and music teachers infused music, art, and technology in two related arts projects for Grades 3 to 5 that explored the artwork of Jean-Michel Basquiat, jazz music, the work of DJ Kool Herc, and a deejay application on electronic tablets. Through the use of popular music pedagogies, teachers addressed many aspects of 21st-century skills and knowledge. Furthermore, the artwork of Jean-Michel Basquiat and the music of DJ Kool Herc resonated with students due to their historical significance and the everlasting artistic themes found within their work—individuality, innovation, communication, expression, and authenticity.
Gunshot-Related Injuries to the Foot & Ankle: Review Article
Authors: Gonzalez Tyler , Briceno Jorge , Velasco Brian , Kaiser Philip , Stenquist Derek , Miller Christopher , Kwon John Y.
Published: February 2020

Gunshot-related injuries remain a significant and important cause of global morbidity and cost. The foot and ankle has certain anatomic and functional considerations that make gunshot-related injuries challenging to manage. While the scientific literature regarding gunshot-related injuries is extensive, little of the existing literature focuses on the foot and ankle. While principles of management can be somewhat extrapolated from the current literature, an understanding of the body of work specific to the foot and ankle is valuable. Therefore, this review provides an overview of ballistic injuries to the foot and ankle as well as specific guidelines to aid surgeons in treating these difficult injuries.

Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Outcome of autologous platelet concentrate and gas tamponade compared to heavy silicone oil tamponade in persistent macular hole surgery
Authors: Schaub Friederike , Gözlügöl Nasir , von Goscinski Corinna , Enders Philip , Heindl Ludwig M , Dahlke Claudia
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

Persistence represents the major reason for failure of primary macular hole repair. A variety of surgical approaches are available for treating persistent macular holes. To compare clinical outcome of re-pars plana vitrectomy combined with autologous platelet concentrate and sulfur hexafluoride 20% gas tamponade with heavy silicone oil in persistent macular hole.

Methods:

Records of 48 consecutive eyes with persistent macular holes which underwent re-pars plana vitrectomy with either heavy silicone oil (35 eyes, persistent macular–hole minimum linear diameter: 518.8 ± 171.1 µm) or autologous platelet concentrate and sulfur hexafluoride 20% (13 eyes, persistent macular hole–minimum linear diameter: 454.1 ± 211.3 µm) were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent measurements of anatomical persistent macular hole characteristics evaluated by optical coherence tomography and visual function. Cases in which anatomical success failed after first re-pars plana vitrectomy were treated with the other surgical techniques, comparable to a cross-over design.

Results:

Persistent macular hole closure rate was 57.1% with autologous platelet concentrate and sulfur hexafluoride 20% and 45.7% with heavy silicone oil ( p = 0.102). Functional results were comparable when persistent macular hole closure was achieved ( p ⩾ 0.741), but significantly better for the autologous platelet concentrate with sulfur hexafluoride 20% group when persistent macular hole closure failed ( p = 0.019).

Conclusion:

Re-pars plana vitrectomy combined with autologous platelet concentrate and sulfur hexafluoride 20% seems to achieve at least non-inferior persistent macular hole closure rates and comparable functional results when compared to heavy silicone oil, suggesting autologous platelet concentrate and sulfur hexafluoride 20% as a safe surgical alternative in persistent macular hole. Especially when persistent macular hole closure failed, autologous platelet concentrate with sulfur hexafluoride 20% seems to be superior regarding visual outcome.
Comparison of the accuracy of CT- and accelerometer-based navigation systems for cup orientation in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Tetsunaga Tomonori , Yamada Kazuki , Tetsunaga Tomoko , Furumatsu Takayuki , Sanki Tomoaki , Kawamura Yoshi , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: February 2020

Background:

The accuracies of various navigation systems in total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been described; however, the accuracy of cup orientation with an accelerometer-based navigation system has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracies of computed tomography (CT)- and accelerometer-based navigation systems for cup orientation in THA.

Methods:

In this prospective study, 30 patients who underwent cementless THA via anterolateral approach in the lateral decubitus position were analysed. A CT-based navigation system (30 hips) and an accelerometer-based navigation system (30 hips) were used simultaneously. The accuracy of cup orientation (absolute difference between intraoperative vs. postoperative measurements) was compared between the navigation systems using postoperative CT.

Results:

The accuracy of cup inclination was 3.2 ± 2.4° in the CT-based navigation group and 4.1 ± 3.7° in the accelerometer-based navigation group ( p = 0.3035). The accuracy of cup anteversion was 3.0° ± 2.5° in the CT-based navigation group and 6.8° ± 4.8° in the accelerometer-based navigation group. Cup anteversion was significantly more accurate with the CT-based navigation system than with accelerometer-based navigation ( p = 0.0009). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the malposition in cup anteversion was positively correlated with the change in pelvic tilt and loosening of the reference antenna.

Conclusions:

Although, these results are only true for this specific accelerometer system, cup positioning was significantly more accurate with the CT-based navigation system than an accelerometer-based navigation in the lateral decubitus position. This is because of considerable discrepancies in the sagittal pelvic tilt, resulting in variability in cup anteversion angle with the use of an accelerometer-based navigation system.
Asperity level frictional interactions of cylinder bore materials and lubricant composition
Authors: Forder Michael , Umer Jamal , Morris Nicholas , Rahmani Ramin , Howell-Smith Sebastian , Rahnejat Homer
Published: February 2020

Parasitic frictional losses in internal combustion engines of race vehicles adversely affect their performance. A significant proportion of these losses occur within the piston-cylinder system. This paper presents a study of the compatibility of cylinder bore surface materials with typical lubricant base constituent stock (poly alpha olefin and polyolester) as well as a fully formulated lubricant. Nanoscale boundary friction is measured using lateral force microscopy. The effect of material properties, nanoscale roughness and lubricant species upon underlying mechanisms of generated friction is presented. Advanced cylinder materials and coatings and lubricant molecular species used for high performance engines are investigated, and an integrated approach not hitherto reported in literature.