bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pancreas-preserving double pancreaticogastrostomy after traumatic injury to the head of the pancreas: a case report
Authors: Aoki Yuichi , Sasanuma Hideki , Kimura Yuki , Saito Akira , Morishima Kazue , Kaneda Yuji , Endo Kazuhiro , Yoshida Atsushi , Kihara Atsushi , Sakuma Yasunaru , Horie Hisanaga , Hosoya Yoshinori , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Sata Naohiro
Published: October 2020

Traumatic injury to the main pancreatic duct requires surgical treatment, but optimal management strategies have not been established. In patients with isolated pancreatic injury, the pancreatic parenchyma must be preserved to maintain long-term quality of life. We herein report a case of traumatic pancreatic injury with main pancreatic duct injury in the head of the pancreas. Two years later, the patient underwent a side-to-side anastomosis between the distal pancreatic duct and the jejunum. Eleven years later, he presented with abdominal pain and severe gastrointestinal bleeding from the Roux limb. Emergency surgery was performed with resection of the Roux limb along with central pancreatectomy. We attempted to preserve both portions of the remaining pancreas, including the injured pancreas head. We considered the pancreatic fluid outflow tract from the distal pancreatic head and performed primary reconstruction with a double pancreaticogastrostomy to avoid recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. The double pancreaticogastrostomy allowed preservation of the injured pancreatic head considering the distal pancreatic fluid outflow from the pancreatic head and required no anastomoses to the small intestine.
“Helping Me Learn New Things Every Day”: The Power of Community College Students’ Writing Across Genres
Authors: Ahmed Tanzina
Published: October 2020

Although community colleges are important entry points into higher education for many American students, few studies have investigated how community college students engage with different genres or develop genre knowledge. Even fewer have connected students’ genre knowledge to their academic performance. The present article discusses how 104 ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse students reported on classroom genre experiences and wrote stories about college across three narrative genres (Letter, Best Experience, Worst Experience). Findings suggest that students’ engagement with classroom genres in community college helped them develop rhetorical reading and writing skills. When students wrote about their college lives across narrative genres, they reflected on higher education in varied ways to achieve differing sociocultural goals with distinct audiences. Finally, students’ experience with classroom and narrative genres predicted their GPA, implying that students’ genre knowledge signals and influences their academic success. These findings demonstrate how diverse students attending community college can use genres as resources to further their social and academic development.
A biodegradable gelatin-based nanostructured sponge with space maintenance to enhance long-term osteogenesis in maxillary sinus augmentation
Authors: Ying Yiqian , Li Beibei , Liu Changying , Xiong Zuochun , Bai Wei , Li Jun , Ma Pan
Published: October 2020

The search for bone substitutes that are biodegradable, ensure space maintenance, and have osteogenic predictability, is ongoing in the field of sinus augmentation. We thus compared the bone regeneration potential of nanostructured sponges (NS-Sponge) with that of collagen-stabilized inorganic bovine bones (BO-Collagen), gelatin sponges (Gelatin), and blood clots (Cont) in sinus augmentation of rabbits. NS-Sponge was prepared by thermally induced phase separation with porogen leaching techniques. All the materials were non-hemolytic and cytocompatible. The porous and nanofibrous NS-Sponge showed better dimensional stability to support cell growth and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo, the sinus membrane collapsed in Cont and Gelatin, while BO-Collagen and NS-Sponge maintained the elevated height as assessed by come-beam computed tomography. Limited bone regeneration was observed in Cont and Gelatin. In the entire implanted area, histological analysis revealed a higher percentage of new bone area at 4 weeks of BO-Collagen treatment; however, a significantly greater increase in new bone area was observed after 12 weeks of NS-Sponge treatment. The 12-week remnant NS-Sponge material was significantly lower than the 4-week remnant material. Overall, NS-Sponge may be highly recommended for sinus augmentation, as it exhibits numerous advantages, including excellent operability, clear imaging characteristics, space maintenance, biodegradability, and superior osteogenic potential.
The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients
Authors: Goodman Alice E. , Niemiec Brook A. , Carmichael Daniel T. , Thilenius Shelley , Lamb Kenneth E. , Tozer Erik
Published: October 2020

Fractured maxillary fourth premolar teeth are commonly diagnosed in canine patients. These fractures are subdivided into uncomplicated and complicated, depending on absence or presence of pulp exposure, respectively. Pulp injury associated with fractures can lead to pulpitis, pulp necrosis, and “lesions of endodontic origin” (LEO) on intraoral radiographs. The incidence of LEO associated with uncomplicated crown fractures (UCFs) of the maxillary fourth premolar in canine patients is currently unknown. We hypothesized that a significant number of UCFs of the maxillary fourth premolar would have LEO evident on intraoral radiographs. The purpose of this article was to identify this incidence and to illustrate the importance of radiographing these teeth. This was a retrospective study of 111 UCFs and 500 nonfractured (control) maxillary fourth premolars in domestic canine patients. The frequency of LEO was 24.3% (27/111) in the UCF population and 0% (0/500) in the control population ( P < .0001). These findings are important because UCFs are sometimes ignored or considered insignificant, when in fact a large proportion of them have LEO, indicating periapical pathology. These results suggest that all UCFs be radiographed, even if there are no other abnormalities noted on clinical oral examination.
Simplified optimization model and analysis of twist beam rear suspension system
Authors: Albak Emre İsa , Solmaz Erol , Öztürk Ferruh
Published: October 2020

Twist beam rear suspension systems are frequently used in front wheel drive cars owing to their compactness, lightweight and cost-efficiency. Since the kinematic behavior of twist beam rear suspension systems are determined by the elastic properties of the twist beam, the twist beam is the most critical component of this suspension system. In the study, a simplified optimization model is presented to offer designers the most suitable beam structure in the early stage of the vehicle system development. With the optimization model, designers will be able to obtain the most suitable twist beam structure in a very short time. Opposite wheel travel analysis based on finite element modeling of twist beam is conducted to examine the kinematic performance of the twist beam rear suspension. The cross-section, position and direction of the twist beam are the most important parameters affecting the performance of the twist beam rear suspension system. In this study, optimization studies with 25 design variables including variable cross-sections, twist beam position and twist beam orientation are performed. Nine different optimization studies are carried out to investigate the effects of design variables better. In optimization studies carried out with the genetic algorithm, the objective and constraint functions are obtained with the moving least squares meta-modeling method. In the study, toe angle, camber angle and roll steer are decided as constraints, and mass as the objective function. With the optimization models, lightweight designs up to 25% have been obtained according to the initial design. It is validated that the proposed simplified model and analysis of twist beam rear suspension with connecting bushing is a quite efficient approach in terms of accuracy and to speed up the optimum design process.
Biomechanical evaluation of the screw preload values used in the plate placement for bone fractures
Authors: Çelik Talip
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of screw preload values on the bone-plate system. The preload value was taken differently in the literature range from 50 N to 3000 N. These preload value were examined in this study. The finite element method was used to calculate the strain and stress on the models. The long bone, plate and screws were modeled as 3D using CAD software. The finite element models were created using Ansys Workbench software. The convergence and validation study were made for the correct results. The 400 N axial load was applied to the proximal end of bone. The distal end of the bone fixed for boundary condition. The preload values were applied to the screws differently. The results of the finite element analysis were compared and evaluated. The results showed that when the preload values increased, the von Mises stresses and strains on the bone and plate system increased. The critical preload value of the screw is the 500 N. The upper values of this critical value can be damaged bone and plate system. The critical region of the bone is the holes where the screw inserted. In conclusion, the preload values of the screw should not exceed the 500 N for the successful fixation.
Syphilis in heterosexual women: case characteristics and risk factors for recent syphilis infection in Tokyo, Japan, 2017–2018
Authors: Nishiki Shingo , Arima Yuzo , Yamagishi Takuya , Hamada Takashi , Takahashi Takuri , Sunagawa Tomimasa , Matsui Tamano , Oishi Kazunori , Ohnishi Makoto
Published: October 2020

In response to an increase in heterosexual syphilis notifications in Tokyo, we conducted a questionnaire-based case–control study among women aged ≥20 years and sexually active in the past six months who sought a syphilis test in Tokyo during 2017–2018. Cases were women diagnosed as recent syphilis infection based on serological tests. Controls were serologically non-reactive or those with only a past syphilis infection. We described cases and assessed for risk factors of recent syphilis using logistic regression. A total of 524 women (60 cases, 464 controls) were enrolled. Notably, among cases, 10 (16.7%) were students, 3 (5.0%) had a history of syphilis, and 14 (23.3%) had a single sex partner in the past six months. Female sex worker (FSW) status was strongly associated with syphilis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.96–5.90). In multivariable analysis, recent syphilis was associated with inconsistent condom use for vaginal/anal sex among FSWs (adjusted OR [aOR] = 3.42; 95%CI = 0.92–12.70) and among non-FSWs, with younger age (aOR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.19–0.70; increase per category from 20–24, 25–29 to ≥30 years) and ≤high school education (aOR = 5.24; 95%CI = 1.95–14.10). A notable proportion of cases were those with first time infection and those with only a single partner. Moreover, risk factors differed between FSWs and non-FSWs, and a multi-pronged approach to prevent syphilis is required.
Development proposals of Human Research Protection Program
Authors: Zhou Jiyin , Liu Dan
Published: October 2020

Background:

China’s ethics committees alone are unable to meet the growing need for human participant protection. Several scandals in recent years indicate weaknesses in the protection of human participants in China.

Objectives:

The aim of the study is to summarize the status and problems of human research protection program in China and to explore its establishment proposals at national and hospital levels.

Research design:

To conduct literature retrieval, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Document Database, and English databases Web of Science and PubMed were searched; laws, guidelines, and regulations were also searched on web by Google and Chinese search engine Baidu.

Ethical considerations:

No data were collected from human participants, and ethical review was not required.

Findings:

There are problems for China’s Human Research Protection Program, such as weak relevant legal systems, insufficient administrative supervision, and incompetent ethics committee capacities. To fully protect human participants, China should promote the development of Human Research Protection Program, which can formulate ethics-related laws, improve regulations for the protection of the safety and rights of human participants, strengthen supervision, and enforce compensation for human participants. Owing to the frequency with which human participants are recruited in hospitals in China, hospitals can utilize existing ethics committees and establish data and safety monitoring committees, quality control, fund and contract management, and conflict of interest management offices.

Discussion:

As a growing program, it remains necessary to learn from the experience of developed countries with high ethics standards and reformulate them to fit China’s conditions to explore potential future development. The program will also be an experience for other developing countries.

Conclusion:

Human Research Protection Program can strengthen communication and coordination among various hospital departments to effectively protect the rights and welfare of human participants.
Sinhala and Tamil Nationalism Through the Lens of Territorialisation and Memorialisation in Post-conflict Sri Lanka
Authors: Kapur Roshni
Published: October 2020

Perera, Sasanka, Warzone Tourism in Sri Lanka: Tales from Darker Places in Paradise (SAGE Publications, 2016). pp. 256, ₹578.00. ISBN 978-9351509226 (Hardcover).

Subramanian, Samanth, This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War (Thomas Dunne Books). pp. 336, ₹1,312. ISBN: 978-1250069740 (Hardcover).
Twice Punished: Perceived Procedural Fairness and Legitimacy of Monetary Sanctions
Authors: Pleggenkuhle Breanne , Kras Kimberly R. , Huebner Beth M.
Published: October 2020

Legal financial obligations (LFOs) are routinely assessed by the courts and corrections agencies. Yet, little is known about how individuals under correctional supervision experience and perceive legal debt. Understanding perceptions of LFOs is critical as research suggests that individuals who believe that criminal justice sanctions are fair and just are more likely to perceive the system as legitimate and comply. The current study examines in-depth interview data with individuals on probation or parole to understand perspectives of LFOs and what factors may condition these views. The results suggest that participants’ views are quite varied—expressing that they deserve some level of financial punishment, particularly in restitution cases, but they question additional costs that are not directly linked to the circumstances of the case, such as supervision fees, that exacerbate a perceived experience of double jeopardy or contradict the perceived purpose of the monetary assessment. Subgroup analyses suggest that individuals with a conviction for a sexual offense have secondary financial sanctions that deepen perceptions of inequities in the system.
The Balance of Patient Involvement: Patients’ and Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Decision-Making in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Løwe Mette Margrethe , Osther Palle Jörn Sloth , Ammentorp Jette , Birkelund Regner
Published: October 2020

Research has shown that involving patients in decisions on treatment may have positive effects for patients. However, there are different understandings of what involving patients implies and different attitudes among physicians toward sharing decisions with patients. This study aimed to explore the attitude of patients with advanced prostate cancer to involvement in treatment decisions and physicians’ and nurses’ approach to patient involvement. Moreover, it aimed to explore whether the decision-making changes as the treatment course progresses. Data were collected through participant observations and interviews. It was found that treatment decisions are primarily considered as part of physicians’ role. Physicians’ attitudes to patient involvement in treatment decisions depended on the type of treatment. Among patients and health professionals, there was a lack of confidence in the ability of patients to participate in the decisions. Health professionals and patients have different attitudes toward patient involvement and different views on what it entails.
The Association Between the Mechanical Ventilator Pressures and Outcomes in a Cohort of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Edriss Hawa , Yang Shengping , Juarez Edna , Crane Joshua , Lear Michelle , Sanchez Asley , Nugent Kenneth
Published: October 2020

Background:

Pressures measured during mechanical ventilation provide important information about the respiratory system mechanics and can help predict outcomes.

Methods:

The electronic medical records of patients hospitalized between 2010 and 2016 with sepsis who required mechanical ventilation were reviewed to collect demographic information, clinical information, management requirements, and outcomes, such as mortality, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Mechanical ventilation pressures were recorded on the second full day of hospitalization.

Results:

This study included 312 adult patients. The mean age is 59.1 ± 16.3 years; 57.4% were men. The mean BMI was 29.3 ± 10.7. Some patients had pulmonary infections (46.2%), and some patients had extrapulmonary infections (34.9%). The overall mortality was 42.6%. In a multi-variable model that included age, gender, number of comorbidities, APACHE 2 score, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and PEEP all predicted mortality when entered into the model separately. There was an increase in peak pressure, plateau pressure, and driving pressure across BMI categories ranging from underweight to obese.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that ventilator pressure measurements made early during the management of patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation provide prognostic information regarding outcomes, including mortality. Patients with high mechanical ventilator pressures during the early course of their acute respiratory failure require more attention to identify reversible disease processes when possible. In addition, increased BMIs are associated with increased ventilator pressures, and this increases the complexity of the clinical evaluation in the management of obese patients.
Characteristic analysis of a new high-static-low-dynamic stiffness vibration isolator based on the buckling circular plate
Authors: Yang Zhirong , Wang Yan , Huang Ziming , Rao Zhushi
Published: October 2020

The high-static-low-dynamic stiffness vibration isolator has great advantages in vibration isolation because it can decrease the natural frequency of the system while keeping the load capability, but it is usually difficult to implement because of its complex structures and installation space constraints. A high-static-low-dynamic stiffness vibration isolator composed of a buckling circular plate and a traditional linear spring is proposed in this paper. The buckling circular plate works as the negative stiffness corrector paralleled with the linear spring, which can be integrated into the sleeve. If the load is chosen properly, the static equilibrium point will be at the initial quasi-zero stiffness point. However, any changes of the load will lead the equilibrium point deviating from the initial equilibrium point. The nonlinear mathematical model of high-static-low-dynamic stiffness vibration isolator considering load imperfection is developed and its force transmissibility is analyzed with the harmonic balance method and homotopy perturbation method. The influence rule of the system parameters on it is analyzed and the corresponding results show that the force transmissibility will exhibit complicated characteristics, depending on the load imperfection, damper, and excitation force.
Police officers, stigma, and the opioid epidemic
Authors: Kruis Nathan E , Choi Jaeyong , Donohue Richard H
Published: October 2020

Researchers have suggested that provider-based stigma of substance use disorders is one barrier to fighting the opioid epidemic. Yet, to date, virtually no study has examined provider-based stigma among law enforcement officers who are on the front line of the opioid crisis. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature by assessing provider-based stigma toward opioid-using persons among a sample of 208 police officers working for departments located in the Northeastern Region of the United States. Results show that officers hold relatively high levels of stigma toward this vulnerable population, as measured by perceptions of dangerousness, blame, and social distance; however, comparatively, officers hold less fatalistic views toward this group of persons. Additionally, our multivariable analyses indicated that officer rank, support for the disease model of addiction, and beliefs about the demographic characteristics of a substance-using person are significantly associated with provider-based stigma among officers. Potential policy implications are discussed within.
Environmental degradation: The urgency of socio-historical contextualisation and the contribution of non-hegemonic perspectives
Authors: Crioni Renato , Zuin Vânia Gomes
Published: October 2020

This article aims to discuss the issue of environmental degradation based on understanding the material foundation of modern socialisation, which in capitalism is centred on the production of surplus value. This topic is justified by the hegemonic way in which the environmental issue is currently addressed: the inevitability of environmental degradation considering a supposed historical march towards the progress of humanity, to the detriment of natural resources. The argument put forth is that effective environmental education depends on proper contextualisation of the capitalist process. Central to this discussion is an ideological understanding of the neutrality of science and the assumption of the inevitable ongoing environmental degradation considering a presumed population explosion and pursuit of human well-being. Thus, alternative historical-cultural forms are sought to address the tensions that emerge between humanity and nature, or culture and nature, divided into the origin of the hegemonic cultural form consolidated in late modernity. Levi-Strauss’ work is taken here as an accurate historical-empirical record, namely the Nambikwara people of the Brazilian Midwest in the context of the 1930s. The referential used in this article seeks to articulate science education and environmental education with the critical theory.
The Impact of Family and Friends Social Support on Latino/a First-Generation College Students’ Perceived Stress, Depression, and Social Isolation
Authors: Suwinyattichaiporn Tara , Johnson Zac D.
Published: October 2020

This study highlights Latino/a first-generation students by investigating the associations of stress, depression, and social isolation with family and friend social support in their college experiences. Using random sampling, nine-hundred and seven ( N = 907) Latino/a first-generation students participated in this study. Results indicated family social support is negatively associated with stress and depression, social support from friends is negatively associated with social isolation, and family social support is a moderator of stress and depression.
Early Characteristics and Progression of Blunt Traumatic Aortic Injuries at a Single Level I Trauma Center
Authors: Cheng Daniel , McNickle Allison G. , Fraser Douglas R. , Carroll Joseph T. , Vega Jorge A. , Dickhudt Timothy , Bombard Judzia , Kuhls Deborah A. , Chestovich Paul J.
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

The most widely accepted grading system for blunt traumatic aortic injury (BTAI) by the Society of Vascular Surgery (SVS) recommends endovascular repair for grade 2 and greater. Non-operative management in grade 2 injuries has been shown to be reasonable in certain circumstances. The natural history of low-grade injuries (1, 2) when managed non-operatively is not well defined.

Methods:

Utilizing our trauma registry, patients from 2013 to 2016 with blunt traumatic injury who underwent initial computed tomography were identified. Aortic pathology was graded and grouped by SVS classification. Clinical courses were reviewed for timing of interventions, repeat imaging, concurrent injuries, and outcomes. Analysis of variance and Chi-square tests of significance were utilized to compare between groups.

Results:

Out of 10,178 patients, we identified 32 with BTAI (grade: 1 (n = 13), 2 (n = 5), 3 (n = 3), 4 (n = 11)). High-grade injuries (3, 4) resulted only from motor vehicle, motorcycle, and pedestrian mechanisms. Initially, 9 patients (28%) required intervention, 5 (16%) were treated non-operatively, and 18 (56%) underwent repeat imaging. On repeat imaging, injuries that did not resolve remained stable and no injuries were found to progress. Of these patients, 9 (50%) required delayed intervention and 9 (50%) successfully underwent non-operative management. Patients with low-grade injuries were more likely to have successful non-operative management than those with high-grade injuries (72% vs 7%; p < 0.01).

Conclusions:

While low-grade injuries generally have good outcomes, some ultimately do require delayed intervention, and short-term imaging is not reliable in identifying these cases.
Study on application of MSOT method for lightweight design of automobile body structure
Authors: Jixiong Li , Daoyong Wang
Published: October 2020

In this study, the integrated MSOT (M-Multi-dimensional factor autobody model, S-Screening autobody component, O-Optimization of plate thickness, T-Testing, and validation) integration method is adopted to optimize the automobile body structure design for weight reduction. First, a multi-dimensional factor body model is established, then components of the vehicle are screened for the most important targets related to weight reduction and performance, and a multi-objective optimization is performed. Virtual experiments were carried out to validate the analysis and the MSOT method were proposed for lightweight design of the automobile body structure. A multi-dimensional performance model that considers stiffness, modality, strength, frontal offset collision, and side collision of a domestic passenger car body structure. Components affecting the weight of the vehicle were identified. Sheet metal thickness was selected as the main optimization target and a multi-objective optimization was carried out. Finally, simulations were performed on the body structure. The comprehensive performance, in terms of fatigue strength, frontal offset collision safety, and side collision safety, was verified using the optimized Pareto solution set. The results show that the established MSOT method can be used to comprehensively explore the weight reduction of the body structure, shorten the development process, and reduce development costs.
Bronchiectasis and increased mortality in patients with corticosteroid-dependent severe asthma: a nationwide population study
Authors: Choi Hayoung , Lee Hyun , Ryu Jiin , Chung Sung Jun , Park Dong Won , Sohn Jang Won , Yoon Ho Joo , Kim Sang-Heon
Published: October 2020

Background:

Long-term corticosteroid (CS) use is associated with increased mortality in patients with asthma, and comorbid bronchiectasis is also associated with frequent asthma exacerbation and increased healthcare use. However, there is limited information on whether bronchiectasis further increases mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma. This study examined the impact of bronchiectasis on mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort of patients with CS-dependent asthma ⩾18 years old was established using records from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from 2005 to 2015. Patients with CS-dependent asthma with and without bronchiectasis were matched by age, sex, type of insurance, and Charlson comorbidity index. We evaluated the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in patients with bronchiectasis compared with those without bronchiectasis.

Results:

The study cohort included 754 patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis and 3016 patients with CS-dependent asthma without bronchiectasis. Patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis had a higher all-cause mortality than those without bronchiectasis (8429/100,000 versus 6962/100,000 person-years, p < 0.001). The adjusted HR for mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis relative to those without bronchiectasis was 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.18–1.50), and the association was primarily significant for respiratory diseases (subdistribution HR = 1.65, 95% confidence interval, 1.42–1.92).

Conclusions:

Bronchiectasis further increases all-cause mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma, a trend that was especially associated with respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Strategies to improve treatment outcomes in patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis are urgently needed to improve long-term survival. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Muscle Activity of the Triceps Surae With Novel Propulsion Heel-Lift Orthotics in Recreational Runners
Authors: Sánchez-Gómez Rubén , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Romero Morales Carlos , Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , Castrillo de la Fuente Aitor , López-López Daniel , Díez Vega Ignacio , Calvo-Lobo César
Published: October 2020

Background:

The triceps surae muscle has been identified with propulsion during running gait, and typical heel-lift orthotics (THOs) have been used to treat some sports injuries of this structural-biomechanical unit. The effects of a novel propulsion heel-lift orthotic (PHO) on surface electromyography (EMG) activity of the gastrocnemius during a full cycle of running have yet to be tested.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

We aimed to assess EMG changes in gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscle activity when wearing THOs, PHOs, or neutral sports shoes only (SO) during running. We hypothesized that EMG activity of the triceps surae muscle would be lower for PHOs than THOs or SO during running.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 26 healthy, regular recreational runners of both sexes (mean age, 33.58 ± 6.02 years) with a neutral Foot Posture Index and rearfoot strike pattern were recruited to run on a treadmill at 9 km/h using aleatory THOs of 6 and 9 mm, PHOs, and SO while EMG activity of the gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscles was recorded over a 30-second period. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess reliability.

Results:

The intraclass correlation coefficient values indicated near perfect reliability, ranging from 0.801 for 6-mm THOs to 0.959 for SO in the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle. EMG activity of the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle was greater for PHOs (25.516 ± 4.780 mV) than for SO (23.140 ± 4.150 mV) ( P < .05), but EMG activity of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle did not show any statistically significant difference between conditions (23.130 ± 2.980 mV vs 26.315 ± 2.930 mV, respectively) ( P = .3).

Conclusion:

A novel PHO may increase muscle activity of the gastrocnemius lateralis during a full cycle of running gait; consequently, its prescription to treat triceps surae muscle injuries is cautioned.

Clinical Relevance:

The prescription of novel PHOs could increase EMG activity, which has not been previously described.
Examining the Teacher Labor Market in Different Rural Contexts: Variations by Urbanicity and Rural States
Authors: Nguyen Tuan D.
Published: October 2020

Using repeated cross-sectional nationally representative data, we demonstrate how the teacher labor markets for rural contexts are different from those in urban-suburban areas. We also show that teacher attrition is not uniform across various rural settings. In particular, novice teachers in rural schools in sparsely populated states are more likely to turn over than novice teachers in urban-suburban schools in sparsely populated states. We also examine how teacher and school characteristics are associated with turnover in different rural contexts. The findings indicate there should be a concerted effort to examine teacher attrition in various rural contexts and not simply as delineation from urban-suburban areas.
Encapsulation of monocyclic carbon clusters into carbon nanotubes: A continuum modeling approach
Authors: Owais Cheriyacheruvakkara , Kalathingal Mahroof , Swathi Rotti Srinivasamurthy
Published: October 2020

Carbon clusters are challenging to produce and isolate due to their highly reactive nature. One of the strategies for their isolation is to encapsulate the clusters into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of appropriate radii. Herein, we have investigated the energetics for the encapsulation of the monocyclic carbon rings, [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) into CNTs of various radii using the continuum approximation. The encapsulation is driven by the non-covalent interactions between the carbon rings and the CNTs. The analyzes of the axial forces and the interaction energies at various orientations and positions of centers of mass of the rings with respect to the CNT axes clearly suggested the role of the tube radius in governing the energetics of encapsulation. Estimation of the acceptance and the suction energies as a function of CNT radius led to the prediction that the CNTs with radii of 5.38 Å, 5.83 Å, 6.25 Å, 6.68 Å, 7.07 Å, 7.51 Å, and 7.90 Å can efficiently encapsulate C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20, and C22 rings, respectively. In the limit of large tube radii, the numerical results lead to those obtained for carbon ring adsorption on graphene. Furthermore, the continuum approach enabled us to explore the potential energy surfaces thereby arriving at the equilibrium configurations of the rings inside the CNTs. Such an analysis is invaluable because of the enormous computational cost associated with quantum chemical calculations.
Flower pollination-based optimal design of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded of FRPS
Authors: Sundar N , Raghunath PN , Dhinakaran G
Published: October 2020

The optimal design of reinforced concrete beams (RCBs) and structures with an objective of improving the chosen performances is an important problem in the field of construction works. Recently, the concrete beams, structures, and walls are strengthened externally by bonding fiber-reinforced polymer strips (FRPS). Usually, FRPS are employed in rehabilitation of existing beams, bridges, and other structural elements. This article modifies the problem of designing new RCBs with appropriate selection of FRPS with a goal of exploiting the benefits of FRPS such as higher tensile strength, better corrosion resistance, higher stiffness-to-weight ratio, and longer life. It, firstly, proposes an artificial neural network-based mathematical model for assessing the performances of RCBs bonded with FRPS from the data obtained from 69 FRPS-glued RCBs and then develops an optimal design procedure employing flower pollination-based optimization, which is imitated from the pollination process of plants, for obtaining design parameters of FRPS-glued RCBs with a view of enhancing both the ultimate load and the deflection ductility. It presents optimal design parameters of five FRPS-glued RCBs and experimentally validates the performances.
Performance assessment of alternative SSS networks by combining KPIs and factor-cluster analysis
Authors: Serra Patrizia , Fancello Gianfranco
Published: October 2020

Performance assessment is a fundamental tool to successfully monitor and manage logistics and transport systems. In the field of Short Sea Shipping (SSS), the performance of the various maritime initiatives should be analyzed to assess the best way to achieve efficiency and guide related policies. This study proposes a quantitative methodology which can serve as a decision-support tool in the preliminary assessment and comparison of alternative SSS networks. The research is executed via a Mediterranean case study that compares a hypothetical Mediterranean ro-ro SSS network developed in the framework of a past Euro-Mediterranean cooperation project with the network of existing ro-ro liner services operating in the area. Performance benchmarking of the two networks is performed using a set of quantitative Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and applying a factor-cluster analysis to produce homogeneous clusters of services based on the relevant variables while accounting for sample heterogeneity. Quantitative results mostly confirm the overall better performance of the prospective network and demonstrate that using KPIs and factor-cluster analysis to investigate the performance of maritime networks can provide policymakers with a preliminary wealth of knowledge that can help in setting targeted policy for SSS-oriented initiatives.
Signaling pathways have an inherent need for noise to acquire information
Authors: Azpeitia Eugenio , Balanzario Eugenio P. , Wagner Andreas
Published: October 2020

Background

All living systems acquire information about their environment. At the cellular level, they do so through signaling pathways. Such pathways rely on reversible binding interactions between molecules that detect and transmit the presence of an extracellular cue or signal to the cell’s interior. These interactions are inherently stochastic and thus noisy. On the one hand, noise can cause a signaling pathway to produce the same response for different stimuli, which reduces the amount of information a pathway acquires. On the other hand, in processes such as stochastic resonance, noise can improve the detection of weak stimuli and thus the acquisition of information. It is not clear whether the kinetic parameters that determine a pathway’s operation cause noise to reduce or increase the acquisition of information.

Results

We analyze how the kinetic properties of the reversible binding interactions used by signaling pathways affect the relationship between noise, the response to a signal, and information acquisition. Our results show that, under a wide range of biologically sensible parameter values, a noisy dynamic of reversible binding interactions is necessary to produce distinct responses to different stimuli. As a consequence, noise is indispensable for the acquisition of information in signaling pathways.

Conclusions

Our observations go beyond previous work by showing that noise plays a positive role in signaling pathways, demonstrating that noise is essential when such pathways acquire information.
Overexpression of an ethylene-forming ACC oxidase (ACO) gene precedes the Minute Hilum seed coat phenotype in Glycine max
Authors: Zabala Gracia , Kour Anupreet , Vodkin Lila O.
Published: October 2020

Background

To elucidate features of seed development, we investigated the transcriptome of a soybean isoline from the germplasm collection that contained an introgressed allele known as minute hilum (mi) which confers a smaller hilum region where the seed attaches to the pod and also results in seed coat cracking surrounding the hilum region.

Results

RNAs were extracted from immature seed from an extended hilum region (i.e., the hilum and a small ring of tissue surrounding the hilum in which the cracks form) at three different developmental stages:10–25, 25–50 and 50–100 mg seed fresh weight in two independent replicates for each stage. The transcriptomes of these samples from both the Clark isoline containing the mi allele (PI 547628, UC413, iiR t mi G), and its recurrent Clark 63 parent isoline (PI 548532, UC7, iiR T Mi g), which was used for six generations of backcrossing, were compared for differential expression of 88,648 Glyma models of the soybean genome Wm82.a2. The RNA sequence data obtained from the 12 cDNA libraries were subjected to padj value < 0.05 and at least two-fold expression differences to select with confidence genes differentially expressed in the hilum-containing tissue of the seed coat between the two lines. Glyma.09G008400 annotated as encoding an ethylene forming enzyme, ACC oxidase (ACO), was found to be highly overexpressed in the mi hilum region at 165 RPKMs (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) compared to the standard line at just 0.03 RPKMs. Evidence of changes in expression of genes downstream of the ethylene pathway included those involved in auxin and gibberellin hormone action and extensive differences in expression of cell wall protein genes. These changes are postulated to determine the restricted hilum size and cracking phenotypes.

Conclusions

We present transcriptome and phenotypic evidence that substantially higher expression of an ethylene-forming ACO gene likely shifts hormone balance and sets in motion downstream changes resulting in a smaller hilum phenotype and the cracks observed in the minute hilum (mi) isoline as compared to its recurrent parent.
Device associated –health care associated infections monitoring, prevention and cost assessment at intensive care unit of University Hospital in Poland (2015–2017)
Authors: Duszynska Wieslawa , Rosenthal Victor Daniel , Szczesny Aleksander , Zajaczkowska Katarzyna , Fulek Michal , Tomaszewski Jacek
Published: October 2020

Background

Device-associated health care-associated infections (DA-HAIs) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients constitute a major therapeutic issue complicating the regular hospitalisation process and having influence on patients’ condition, length of hospitalisation, mortality and therapy cost.

Methods

The study involved all patients treated > 48 h at ICU of the Medical University Teaching Hospital (Poland) from 1.01.2015 to 31.12.2017. The study showed the surveillance and prevention of DA-HAIs on International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) Surveillance Online System (ISOS) 3 online platform according to methodology of the INICC multidimensional approach (IMA).

Results

During study period 252 HAIs were found in 1353 (549F/804M) patients and 14,700 patient-days of hospitalisation. The crude infections rate and incidence density of DA-HAIs was 18.69% and 17.49 ± 2.56 /1000 patient-days. Incidence density of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) per 1000 device-days were 12.63 ± 1.49, 1.83 ± 0.65 and 6.5 ± 1.2, respectively. VAP(137) constituted 54.4% of HAIs, whereas CA-UTI(91) 36%, CLA-BSI(24) 9.6%.The most common pathogens in VAP and CA-UTI was multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (57 and 31%), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) in CLA-BSI (45%). MDR Gram negative bacteria (GNB) 159 were responsible for 63.09% of HAIs. The length of hospitalisation of patients with a single DA-HAI at ICU was 21(14–33) days, while without infections it was 6.0 (3–11) days; p = 0.0001. The mortality rates in the hospital-acquired infection group and no infection group were 26.1% vs 26.9%; p = 0.838; OR 0.9633;95% CI (0.6733–1.3782). Extra cost of therapy caused by one ICU acquired HAI was US$ 11,475/Euro 10,035. Hand hygiene standards compliance rate was 64.7%, while VAP, CLA-BSI bundles compliance ranges were 96.2–76.8 and 29–100, respectively.

Conclusions

DA-HAIs was diagnosed at nearly 1/5 of patients. They were more frequent than in European Centre Disease Control report (except for CLA-BSI), more frequent than the USA CDC report, yet less frequent than in limited-resource countries (except for CA-UTI). They prolonged the hospitalisation period at ICU and generated substantial additional costs of treatment with no influence on mortality. The Acinetobacter baumannii MDR infections were the most problematic therapeutic issue. DA-HAIs preventive methods compliance rate needs improvement.
Effect of DNMT3A polymorphisms on CpG island hypermethylation in gastric mucosa
Authors: Takano Hikaru , Shibata Tomoyuki , Nakamura Masakatsu , Sakurai Naoko , Hayashi Tasuku , Ota Masafumi , Nomura-Horita Tomoe , Hayashi Ranji , Shimasaki Takeo , Otsuka Toshimi , Tahara Tomomitsu , Arisawa Tomiyasu
Published: October 2020

Background

CpG methylation of tumor suppressor genes occurs in the early stage of carcinogenesis. Detecting risk factors for aberrant CpG methylation is clinically important for predicting cancer development. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3a is considered to play critical roles in the DNA methylation process during pathogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the association between DNMT3A polymorphisms (rs6733868 and rs13428812) and CpG methylation status in non-cancerous gastric mucosa.

Methods

We determined the DNMT3A genotype and CpG methylation status of 4 genes (p14ARF, p16INK4a, DAPK, and CDH1) in 510 subjects without gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection status was determined by the rapid urease test, urea breath test, speculum examination, or serum antibody test. We determined the DNMT3A genotype using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). CpG methylation status was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). When the methylated band was stronger than 10 ng/μL according to the DNA marker, we judged CpG island hypermethylation (CIHM) to be present. Associations between genotypes and susceptibilities were assessed by logistic regression analysis.

Results

The minor allele frequencies of both polymorphisms (rs6733868 and rs13428812) were lower in the CpG methylated groups of each of the 4 genes (p14ARF, p16INK4a, DAPK, and CDH1). Using a dominant genetic model, rs6733868 was significantly associated with the hypermethylation of each gene, whereas rs13428812 was associated with the methylation of 3 genes (all except p14ARF). When low-CIHM was defined as 1 or 2 CpG islands methylated and high-CIHM was defined as 3 or more CpG islands methylated, carrying the minor allele of rs6733868 was associated with both decreased low- and high-CIHM, and that of rs13428812 also was associated with a decrease. Comparing low-CIHM with high-CIHM, carrying the minor alleles of rs6733868 or rs13428812 was related to decreased susceptibility to high-CIHM. In HP-infected subjects, carrying the minor alleles of rs6733868 or rs13428812 had a significantly greater association with decreased susceptibility to high-CIHM.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that polymorphisms of DNMT3A are associated with the accumulation of gene methylation in gastric mucosa. Carrying the minor alleles of rs6733868 or rs13428812 inhibits aberrant gene methylations, which are typically enhanced by HP infection.