bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geschiedenis, sociale wetenschappen, bezettingstijd en jodenvervolging. Een besprekingsartikel
Authors: Blom J.C.H.
Published: September 2015

C.J. Lammers, Vreemde overheersing. Bezetten en bezetting in sociologisch perspectief; M. Croes, P. Tammes, 'Gif laten wij niet voortbestaan'. Een onderzoek naar de overlevingskansen van joden in de Nederlandse gemeenten, 1940-1945; M.J. Schenkel, De Twentse paradox. De lotgevallen van de joodse bevolking van Hengelo en Enschede tijdens de Tweede WereldoorlogHistory, social sciences, the occupation and the persecution of the Jews. A review article.When history and the social sciences come together they can produce some spectacular scientific results. This is demonstrated by two publications mentioned in this review article, both of which focus on the occupation and persecution of the Jews, particularly in the Netherlands. These publications differ greatly from one another because they represent two radically different styles of sociology. The empirical sociologist, C. J. Lammers presents elucidating opinions about the act of occupying a country and the occupation itself. These views are grounded in a wealth of knowledge about the history, accumulated from studying the literature. He also makes extensive use of a wide range of sociological theories. M. Croes and P. Tammes approach the subject using a method that tests quantitative hypotheses. These very specialised hypotheses about the persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands at the local level aim in particular to provide explanations for local variations in the chances of survival for Jews during the Second World War. Both approaches provide valuable insights. A concrete historical case study by M. J. Schenkel reveals that in order to fully comprehend the persecution of the Jews in Twente one should never lose sight of the dynamics of the historical processes that had a special bearing on different locations.
De Nederlandse natievorming en de verhouding tot België
Authors: Wils L.
Published: September 2015

Lode Wils, The creation of the Dutch state and relations with BelgiumParadoxically, the unification of the Netherlands and Belgium in 1815- 1830 did not bring the countries closer together but instead alienated them from each other until the Second World War at least. Holland’s dominance within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands stimulated the spread of liberalism among both the Belgians and the clericalists. Conversely, because they were afraid of being outnumbered by the Belgians (62%) and the Catholics (75%), the protestant elite looked for self-assurance in the authoritarian monarch of William I. Popular sovereignty was persistently rejected for a full quarter of a century until peace was concluded in 1839. The polarizing experience of 1815-1839 had a lasting influence on the national identity of both Belgium and the Netherlands. Indeed it can be said that the major transformation of 1780-1850 continued to leave residual echoes in the same way that the impact of the major transformation of the sixteenth century continued to be felt through the ages (in both Reformational Europe as well as Counter-Reformational Europe). This review is part of the discussion forum 'De metamorfose van Nederland' (N.C.F. van Sas).
Canons in dialoog
Authors: Beyen M.
Published: September 2015

Marnix Beyen, Canons in dialogueAfter pointing out that the idea of a national canon is completely absent when history is taught in Belgium, the author goes on to reject the whole idea of a national canon, describing it as a paternalist attempt to streamline the past according to the wishes of a well-meaning elite. Aside from viewing this idea as an unscientific over simplification of complex issues, heal so deems it to be counter productive from a social point of view. In his opinion, it threatens to alienate youngsters in the Netherlands even more from their past. An alternative approach, he argues, would be to provide more scope for an active dialogue between different, sub-culturally determined historical canons when teaching history. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over de zin of onzin van een nationale canon'.
De historisering van de moraal. De Groningse universiteit tussen universiteitsgeschiedenis en bezettingsgeschiedenis
Authors: Caljé P.A.J.
Published: September 2015

Pieter Caljé, Historicizing morality. The University of Groningen poised between the history of the university and the history of the occupation.By consistently describing the history of Groningen University during the war years as a history of the university from the perspective of the main historical players, Van Berkel was able to write an important and progressive book that historicizes the moral judgements that were made about the behaviour of the students and their professors. A key moment in the history of Dutch universities during the war – and in the book – is the so-called ‘declaration of loyalty’ to the German occupying forces in 1943. The student resistance boycotted the declaration and university life eventually ground to a halt. Van Berkel convincingly demonstrates that this action by the student resistance was part of an earlier power struggle between the traditional student fraternities and more recently formed unions that emerged as a result of the universities opening up to a broader public. The choice to use this moral weapon, or not, had far-reaching and extremely unfair consequences for those involved after the war. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Academische illusies' (K. van Berkel).
Emoties in het kwadraat
Authors: Frijhoff W.
Published: September 2015

Willem Frijhoff, Emotions squaredOne can only approve of Catrien Santing’s and Marjan Schwegman’s plea to pay more attention to emotions in the public sphere as a political factor. Their argument concurs with the growing international trend for research into emotionology, emotional culture and emotional regimes. Although I support their argument, I wish to contend that it should involve two more steps. Firstly, emotions cannot properly be understood as agents of change without an analysis of the interference between the agent’s psyche and their public expression. Secondly, as psyche-bound phenomena, emotions in history easily interfere with the historian’s own emotions. In fact, most historical research involves an emotional commitment from the historian. He/she must discern how far his own emotions may be intertwined with his analysis of historical emotions, and use his historical metier to achieve a conscious and always critical mixture of involvement and distance. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over emoties'.
Gewetenloze kapitalisten, handige fiscalisten, strategische huisvaders of gedisciplineerde calvinisten? De Nederlandse Republiek als casestudy
Authors: Hart M. 't
Published: September 2015

J. Glete, War and the state in early modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as fiscal-military states, 1500-1660 L. Greenfeld, The spirit of capitalism. Nationalism and economic growth Ph.S. Gorski, The disciplinary revolution. Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern Europe J. Adams, The familial state. Ruling families and merchant capitalism in early modern Europe. Marjolein ’t Hart, Ruthless capitalists, skilful fiscalists, strategic fathers or disciplinedCalvinists? The Dutch Republic as a case studyThis article discusses four recent works by historical sociologists that use the Dutch Republic as a case-study in their comparative work. In studying large-scale processes such as state formation, economic growth and military development they highlight the importance of the interaction between central and local levels of government. The ‘bottom-up’ approach adopted by Adams (familial networks), Gorski (church disciplining), Greenfeld (orientation of entrepreneurs) and Glete (interests of local elites and organizations) is once again placed high of the research agenda. The Dutch Republic serves quite well as an interesting case from a comparative perspective.
De politiek van de goede verstaander
Authors: Velde H. te
Published: September 2015

Henk te Velde, The politics of the good listenerJensma’s thesis is an outstanding example of a well-written, assiduously researched, and clearly defined study. In the conclusion, the author has great difficulty characterizing the book. This may have something to do with the rather introspective nature of the book, as a result of which the author also missed some opportunities to demonstrate the broad cultural relevance of his research. The research concerns a joke that got out of hand, but which in actual fact was much more than just a practical joke. It deals with a left-wing liberal notion of culture in which humour, satire, play and debate are weapons that make culture and politics worthwhile. There is a clear parallel between the world of those involved in the Oera Linda book and the simultaneous short-lived boom of left-wing liberalism in politics. This form of politics was directed towards the civilised, rational, non-denominational ‘good listener’, for whom a well-placed word was sufficient to drive home a message. Jensma would have rendered this beautiful book even more powerful had he further elaborated upon the politico-cultural aspects of the humour and irony of his main characters. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De gemaskerde God' (G.T. Jensma).
Lage landen, verre horizonten. De verbinding van natuur, landschap en 'Nederlandse' identiteit in internationaal perspectief
Authors: Davids K.
Published: September 2015

Karel Davids, Low countries, faraway horizons. The relation between nature, landscape and ‘Dutch’ identity in a comparative perspectiveHow did nature, landscape and identity in the Netherlands become intertwined during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? And more particularly, how was this development linked up with changes in the relationship between the Netherlands and other parts of the globe? These are the key questions addressed in this essay. The article argues that the growing interconnection between nature, landscape and identity can only partly be explained by home-grown traditions, such as the increased cooperation between science and capital or the presence of a highly developed art of landscape painting. In many respects, developments in the Netherlands showed in fact striking parallels and connections with developments in other areas of the world. Numerous elements in the newly-emerged view of nature and landscape were adopted from abroad and Dutchmen ardently projected their own national ambitions and pretensions in confrontations with wild nature and foreign rivals outside their territory along the North Sea. Thus, the `Dutch’ identity was also constructed in the jungle of the East-Indies and the thin air of the Alps. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
Het betwiste landschap van de Haarlemmermeer
Authors: Taverne E.
Published: September 2015

Ed Taverne, The controversial landscape of the HaarlemmermeerIn the context of this article, ‘controversial landscape’ refers to the rather bad reputation of the reclamation of the Haarlemmermeer (1851): one of the greatest technical projects in the Netherlands during the nineteenth century. From the very moment this new polder had fallen dry, the project was severely criticized for its lack of social order and its unsatisfactory landscape. A succession of different groups beginning with the artists of the so-called ‘Hague School’, followed by the activists of the nature conservation movement around 1900 and eventually the town and country planning advocates in the 1920s, considered the creation of this rational agricultural landscape to be a regrettable break with the rich tradition of Dutch landscape architecture. Indirectly, these criticisms influenced the spatial and social layout of the new IJsselmeerpolders from the early 1920s and paved the way after the Second World War for the model of the future development of the Dutch national territory: Randstad Holland. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
De natuurlijke natie. Monumentalisering en nationalisering van natuur en landschap in de vroege twintigste eeuw
Authors: Roenhorst W.
Published: September 2015

Willemien Roenhorst, The ‘natural’ nation.The monumentalisation and nationalisationof nature and landscape in the Netherlands in the early 20th century The first part of this article traces the origins and development of the idea of ‘natural heritage’ - the attribution of a monumental status to nature and the landscape - in the Netherlands in the late 19th and early 20th century. Nature and the landscape were not only second part of this article examines the characteristics and the use of the connection between the natural heritage and the nation in the Dutch nature conservation and landscape preservation movement in the early 20th century. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
'Kattendyke', een goed verpakte surprise
Authors: Ebels-Hoving B.
Published: September 2015

Janse, A. e.a. (eds.), Johan Huyssen van Kattendijke-kroniek. Die historie of die cronicke van Hollant, van Zeelant ende van Vrieslant ende van den Stichte van Utrecht (Den Haag 2005).In search of the author of the 'Kattendyke Chronicle'Dutch medieval history has always remained very much in the background and so have its chronicles. The latter are few and far between and rarely of high quality. The only really important ones are Melis Stoke’s Rijmkroniek (ca. 1300) written in Middle Dutch and Johannes de Beke’s Chronographia (ca. 1350) in Latin with its Middle Dutch anonymous sequels (the first one of which went as far as 1393). Works of comparable originality are absent for the 15th century, when chroniclers mostly confined themselves to repeating both Stoke and Beke, their trusted authorities, and expanding on them, mostly succinctly, to reflect upon their own times. The majority of these manuscripts still have to be edited. What a surprise it was then when the newly-discovered ‘Cronicke van Hollant, van Zeelant ende van Vrieslant ende van den Stichte van Utrecht’ suddenly appeared after lying undisturbed for centuries in the possession of a Dutch aristocratic family who have now given permission for this beautifully illustrated manuscript to be edited by an interdisciplinary team of scholars. In some major respects the Kattendyke chronicle is disappointing: although written in 1492 it fails to add any substantial new information of either a factual or ‘cultural’ nature. But given the scarcity of well-edited medieval Dutch chronicles we should appreciate the Kattendyke chronicle as a product of intellectual history and as a serious undertaking of a so far unidentified Dutchman during the crucial years of expanding Burgundian rule. The editors have done a remarkable job but may have given up too readily on solving the mystery of the chronicler’s identity, for which the present reviewer offers a suggestion.
History and public opinion: the historical profession and the French-Dutch rejection of the EU Constitutional Treaty. De Arena. Debat over Europa
Authors: Wintle M.
Published: September 2015

‘History and public opinion: the historical profession and the French-Dutch rejection of the EU Constitutional Treaty’In May-June 2005, the French and then the Dutch rejected the EU Constitutional Treaty. Were those events significant for the Dutch historical profession? Not very much: student demand for courses on Europe is booming and trade books on European history continue to sell well. However, the referenda do remind us of some opportunities for historians. This article argues that they should, more than ever, continue to lay bare the ‘historical’ nonsense that many politicians spout. In due course, historians will provide clear evidence about the reasons for the negative votes. They can also assist clarity of thinking by pointing out the anomaly of comparing the modern EU with nation states formed in the nineteenth century, and by insisting that there are many Europes, not just one. Historians should be sparing with declarations of what European identity is: Europe is, and always has been, in the eye of the beholder. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over Europa'.
Zielsrust en wijsheid onder een lichte sluier van bescheidenheid: De uitgave van de briefwisseling van Justus Lipsius (1547-1606)
Authors: Mout M.E.H.N.
Published: September 2015

J. de Landtsheer, J. Lipsius, Iusti Lipsi epistolae, VIII, 1595'Inner peace and wisdom under a light veil of modesty: Justus Lipsius (1547-1606) and the edition of his correspondence'Humanists wrote and collected private letters, regarding them as literary works of art, sources of knowledge and wisdom and proof of the importance of intellectual networks. The eminent Dutch humanist Justus Lipsius corresponded with fellow intellectuals all over Europe. He carefully edited his own letters, revising them if necessary, and published an influential manual of letter-writing. His growing reputation as the greatest Belgian humanist led to plans for a complete edition of his correspondence, comprising some 4300 letters. Publication started in Brussels in 1978 and is still running (Iusti Lipsi Epistolae). This excellent edition is founded on sound editorial principles, highly facilitating the user's access to the world of Late Humanism.
Dynastieke transfer in de Republiek. De politieke en religieuze betekenis van de stadhouderlijke begrafenisstoet
Authors: Janssen G.H.
Published: September 2015

Dynastic transfer in the Dutch Republic. The political and religious meaning of the Stadholders' funeral processionsThis article argues that the programme of the funeral processions of the Stadholders in the Dutch Republic can be read as a response to political and religious tensions in Dutch society after the Revolt. Basing themselves partly on the burial ceremonies of the former Habsburg sovereign, the directors of these processions created a separation between the private and public identities of the deceased. This separation between identities and institutional spheres was essential since the sovereignty of the Dutch state was no longer involved in the symbolic transfer of dynastic powers to a new heir. The first division of the parade was therefore marked by heraldic symbols referring to the princely household as a private institution and to family possessions. In the second, public section of the procession members of republican institutions participated. Religiously, the funeral processions reveal a programme which was consciously a-confessional.  The Stadholders’ funerals were thus used to transcend confessional divisions in Dutch society and to create a unifying bond between participants and spectators.
De markt en het forum. De Arena. Geschiedschrijving in opdracht
Authors: Mooij A.
Published: September 2015

The market and the forumCommissioned research is perfectly feasible without having to compromise on quality or independence. This article is part of the forum 'Geschiedschrijving in opdracht'.
Dijkenbouwers of rustverstoorders? De Vlaamse graven en de strijd tegen het water in de laatmiddeleeuwse Vlaamse kustvlakte (veertiende-zestiende eeuw)
Authors: Soens Tim
Published: September 2015

Dike builders or disrupters of the peace? The counts of Flanders and water management in the coastal wetlands (from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries).     During the late mediaeval period, water management in the coastal wetlands of the Low Countries was strongly decentralized. It remained untouched by the judicial and administrative policies pursued by Burgundian and Habsburg rulers which aimed to centralise control. In the case of Flanders, this had more to do with government indifference to the situation on the ground than with local resistance government policies.  Many initiatives in the field of water management that have been traditionally attributed to the counts of Flanders, were in fact initiatives that were developed, financed and implemented locally, with only tacit support from central government. And yet in the extremely fragmented water management organisation of late medieval Flanders, a coordinating authority was vital to accommodate the divergent interests of local water boards or cities, and to overcome structural disparities in the funding of sea walls. In the absence of any obvious financial reward for themselves and constrained by the private strategies of their officials, the Flemish rulers did not dare disturb the local balances of power to overcome obvious deficiencies in coastal water management.
De Lumumba-commissie. Geschiedschrijving en collectieve herinnering
Authors: Verbeeck G.
Published: September 2015

L. de Vos, E. Gerard, J. Gérard-Libois, Ph. Raxhon, Lumumba. De complotten? De moord (Leuven 2004)The Lumumba Commission. Historiography and collective memory.Belgium has no political tradition with regard to setting up parliamentary inquiries into aspects of its national history. Its political culture and national consensus is often perceived as too fragile to allow an open debate on painful aspects of its past. This has not only been the case with regard to Belgium’s role during the Second World War, but also for its politics in colonial Africa. Notwithstanding the ongoing controversies over the troublesome decolonisation of the Belgian Congo, it has taken four decades for the Belgian political establishment to allow a thorough reinvestigation of this episode, which has placed a heavy strain on relations between the former motherland and its colony for such a long time. The establishment in 2000 of a special commission of inquiry to investigate the murder in 1961 of Patrice Lumumba, the former Congolese political leader, was largely made possible after the transformation of the landscape of political parties in Belgium in the late 1990s. Both the establishment and proceedings of a special parliamentary inquiry reflected the profound political and ideological schisms about Belgium’s role in the decolonization of the Congo. The commission showed that writing history is closely intertwined with a political agenda. For historians, who were involved in the commission of inquiry, it was necessary to achieve a balance between academic professionalism and the moral responsibility of revealing a painful past. Historical commissions of inquiry therefore provide a good example of the public role that historians play in a changing political context. This contribution establishes both the political and moral aspects of writing history as well as their theoretical and methodological assumptions.
Nieuwe stadsgeschiedenissen in beeld
Authors: Bruin R.E. de
Published: September 2015

C. Gorisse, e.a., ed., Tilburg, stad met een levend verleden. De geschiedenis van Tilburg vanaf de steentijd tot en met de twintigste eeuw; P.H.A.M. Abels, e.a., ed., Duizend jaar Gouda. Een stadsgeschiedenis; R.C.J. van Maanen, e.a., ed., Leiden. De geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, I-IV; J.G. Smit, e.a. ed., Den Haag, Geschiedenis van de stad, I-III; J. ten Hove, Geschiedenis van Zwolle; L. Fox, W.J.H. Willems, J. Kuys, H. Bots, Nijmegen. Geschiedenis van de oudste stad van Nederland, I-III.New monographs on urban history on displayBooks describing the entire history of a Dutch city or village are published every year in the Netherlands. These comprehensive, often multi-volume publications are based on previous case studies relating to aspects of the local history spanning several centuries. Monographs on The Hague, Gouda, Leiden, Nijmegen, Tilburg and Zwolle are recent examples. Five of these were written by a team of authors, although the book on Zwolle was the work of only one historian, as in the old days. Although these books differ too much to constitute a ‘standard format’, as advocated by urban historian Pim Kooij, they are comparable enough to provide insights into parallel developments. The integration of new disciplines such as urban archaeology has been extraordinarily fruitful. The continuous publication of urban histories helps to further accentuate the image of the Dutch past, particularly its local diversity.
De menselijke canon. Het vraagstuk van de ideale mens in de Nederlandse medische wetenschap
Authors: Santing C.
Published: September 2015

The human benchmark. The issue of the ideal human being in Dutch medical scienceIn ancient times the sculptor Polycletus constructed a statue representing the most harmonious i.e. beautiful proportions of man, which he named Canon. As the Greco-Roman physician Galen favoured Polycletus, during subsequent centuries the canon of beauty became linked with balance and health. This article follows the fate of Polycletus’ idealized canon in the works of the Dutch-Flemish physicians Andreas Vesalius, Bernhard Albinus, Petrus Camper, Gerard Sandifort and Hubertus Fock. From the middle of the sixteenth century until the second half of the eighteenth century, Polycletus’ canon was not only a didactic concept to demonstrate the functioning of a healthy human body but also a mechanism designed to subvert the taboos in anatomy that evolved around human cadavers, while it also served as an aesthetic ideal. Albinus, a professor at Leiden University, even deduced the perfect human being from canonical standard. At the end of the eighteenth-century, however, the aesthetic ideas of Burke, Winkelmann and Kant brought about a definite separation of health and beauty. The first became defined in terms of usefulness and purpose, whereas the latter came to be conceived as a matter of taste. Hubertus Fock, a physician from Utrecht who published an Anatomie canonique containing a reconstruction of Polycletus’ statue in 1866, fought a losing battle. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
Verdelgen of verheffen? De evolutietheorie en de maakbaarheid van de mens
Authors: Bont R. de
Published: September 2015

To elevate or to exterminate? Evolution theory and the ‘Man’s ability to be transformed’Around 1900, Belgian scientists from different disciplines were tempted to use the theory of evolution as a tool to make pronouncements about the ‘Man’s ability to be transformed’. Although some biologists did examine this issue, it was primarily sociologists, anthropologists, educationalists, criminologists and eugenicists who used biological language to tackle the question. In this article I argue that these commentators can be divided into two groups: the determinists and the voluntarists.  The first tended to believe in an evolution that was determined by an insurmountable struggle for life. A larger group of voluntarists, however, believed human evolution could be adjusted by changing the milieu in which people lived. In spite of this difference, the two groups also had a lot in common. Both used biological terminology to argue for a new type of government, which was completely ‘objective’ and ‘scientific’. In this way, both became defenders of what can be described as a ‘depoliticization’ of politics. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
'Mensen ... worden niet geboren maar gevormd': Erasmus en het principe van de opvoeding
Authors: Herwaarden J. van
Published: September 2015

‘People... are not born but formed’: Erasmus and the principle of educating young peopleIn Erasmus’ opinion human beings ware created by God with the propensity for reason that enables them to develop the potential that nature has given them. Breeding and education should be initiated as soon as possible after birth and should focus on making the child think and act independently, within the framework of christian pietas. Language and letters - the bonae litterae - were indispendable instruments for what was named the studia humanitatis, which moulded people into citizens of the world, marked by an acute awareness of their obligations to the Christian community. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
'Zodat mijn verbanning tegelijk jouw straf is.' Bloei, verval en migratie van wetenschap in de Republiek en de Spaanse Nederlanden
Authors: Bruycker A. de , Netten D. van
Published: September 2015

The Rise, Decline and Migration of Science in the Dutch Republic and the Spanish NetherlandsScience in the Southern and Spanish Netherlands flourished in the sixteenth century, whereas the hey-day of science in the Northern Netherlands (or the Dutch Republic) took place from the mid-seventeenth century onwards. The massive migration from South to North, especially after the fall of Antwerp in 1585, is seen as the link between those two periods of prosperity. Scientific progress in the North was only possible at the cost of scientific decline in the South. At least this is the traditional hypothesis, which can be summed up as ‘continuity-in-a-more-suitable-environment’. This view is to be found in the historiography from the nineteenth century onwards up until the present day. Although the traditional view is highly probable, in this article we have tried to unravel and modify it. For the most part, we have targeted our adjustments to coincide with the so-called periods of rise and decline. Firstly, the decline in the Spanish Netherlands did not start immediately after the fall of Antwerp and secondly, there is not much continuity to be found between the times of prosperity in the two areas.
Het antirevolutionaire volk achter de kiezers. De mythe van een leuze. De electorale aanhang van de ARP rond 1885 en in 1918
Authors: Jong R. de
Published: September 2015

The Anti-Revolutionary People behind the Voters. Fact or fiction? The Electoral Support of the ARP around 1885 and in 1918The rallying cry ‘The people behind the voters’ symbolised the political discrimination against the anti-revolutionaries. The restricted franchise, based on tax assessments, was supposed to favour the liberals. It is, however, doubtful whether this rallying cry represented any real form of discrimination or whether it should be regarded instead as part of the self-image of the antirevolutionaries. This is hard to determine. The number of seats gained during elections is not a very good benchmark because the absolute majority run-off system (constituency voting system with a second ballot) forced political parties to look for electoral cooperation. The size of the electoral support, on the other hand, can be estimated, when the election results of several carefully selected constituencies from the 1880s are compared with the election results of 1918. At this point, the votes were being cast under the regime of proportional representation and universal male suffrage. The anti-revolutionary electoral gains in 1918 turned out to be so small, that the rallying cry ‘The people behind the voters’ must be regarded as being out of touch with reality. Already, under the very restricted suffrage of the 1880s, the anti-revolutionaries had almost reached the peak of their electoral support.
Repliek
Authors: Woud A. van der
Published: September 2015

ResponseThe main theme of my book is the rapid development of a modern infrastructure for communication and mobility during the second half of the nineteenth century in the Western world in general and in the Netherlands in particular. The end-result is not an example of the history of technology in the standard sense. Rather, the book explains that the new technology fundamentally changed the idea of reality, simply because totally new standards of communication and mobility revolutionized the age-old characteristics of space and time. Its focus on the social consequences of the new technology affords the book a place between a history of technology and a history of culture: the prior history of the technological society in which we live today, where social norms and values and standards have been dominant since the middle of the nineteenth century. This response is part of the discussion forum 'Een nieuwe wereld' (A. van der Woud).
Rediscovering Clusius. How Dutch Commerce Contributed to the Emergence of Modern Science
Authors: Berkel Klaas van
Published: September 2015

H.J. Cook, Matters of exchange. Commerce, medicine, and science in the Dutch Golden AgeRediscovering Clusius. How Dutch Commerce contributed to the Emergence of Modern ScienceIn his highly stimulating book Matters of Exchange. Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age, Harold J. Cook argues that the intellectual activities we call science emerged from ways of knowing that were valued most highly by merchant-rulers. He demonstrates this thesis by describing and analyzing scientific developments in the Dutch Republic. However, both Cook’s one-sided description of the new science and his idealized reconstruction of the mentality of the merchant elite in the Dutch Republic weaken his case considerably. A more ecumenical view of early modern science and a more realistic picture of the values and the conduct of merchants in Europe are needed to bolster an argument that still looks very promising.
De provincie: taai ongerief of onmisbaar bindmiddel
Authors: Davids Karel , Maeyer Jan De
Published: September 2015

This article is part of the forum 'De taaiheid van de provincie'.
Ligamenten van de staat? Over regionale identiteit en de taaiheid van de provincie
Authors: Duijvendak M.
Published: September 2015

Ligaments of the State? On Regional Identity and the Tenacity of the ProvincesWithin the public forum, voices have recently been heard expressing the view that regional and national identities should be considered to be key features. Apparently, they possess a central core that has been handed down from the far distant past. There is, however, little support for this position within scientific circles. Generally, regional and national identities are seen as constructions based on group culture, group binding and image building. In this process of group formation an important role is taken on by ‘identitybuilders’. Historians and others working in the sphere of cultural heritage are included in this group. In this article, recent provincial histories and regional cultural and economic policies are discussed in this light. This article is part of the forum 'De taaiheid van de provincie'.
Limburg bestaat niet. Paradoxen van een sterke identiteit
Authors: Knotter A.
Published: September 2015

Where is Limburg? The Paradoxes of a Strong Regional Identity Limburg is a good example of the tensions that exist in the Dutch provincesLimburg is a good example of the tension that exist in the Dutch provinces between administrative territoriality, regional identity and spatial functionality. Right up to the present day, strong regional sentiments have hampered territorial restructuring based on more rational or functional criteria. Limburg was formed in 1815, much later than the other Dutch provinces, from different territories on both sides of the river Meuse. After the Belgian Revolt (1830- 1839) it was divided into a western (Belgian) part and an eastern (Dutch) part. This is how the Dutch part of Limburg acquired its odd elongated shape. In spite of its recent formation, the inhabitants of the Dutch part developed a strong provincial identity. The identification with the province of Limburg as a territorial unity can, however, not be based on any objective characteristics, but is in itself a result of its progressive integration into the Dutch state, which made the inhabitants aware of their divergent dialect, religion, culture, and, last but not least, interests. The paper argues that this provincial regionalism will become more and more obsolete as state borders gradually become ‘denationalised’ through the process of European integration. As Limburg participates in two Euregios, Meuse-Rhine in the south and Rhine-Meuse North in the north, a growing administrative division within the province into a northern and southern part seems inevitable. This article is part of the forum 'De taaiheid van de provincie'.
De politie in de Lage Landen en haar confrontatie met het nazisme
Authors: Doorslaer R. van
Published: September 2015

C. Fijnaut, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. Een staatsinstelling in de maalstroom van de geschiedenis; G. Meershoek, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. De gemeentepolitie in een veranderende samenleving; J. Smeets, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. Verdeeldheid en eenheid in het rijkspolitieapparaat; R. van der Wal, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. De vakorganisatie en het beroepsonderwijs; C. Fijnaut, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie [samenvattend deel]The Police Force in the Low Countries and its Confrontation with NazismIn responce to the publication De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie by Cyrille Fijnaut, this contribution examines the World War II period and thereby shifts the focus to a comparison between the Netherlands and Belgium. The initial conclusion is that the level of cooperation with the occupational forces was greater in the Netherlands than in Belgium. Yet, despite the monumental nature of Fijnaut’s study, a lot of grey areas and unresolved questions remain concerning both countries. In our view, international comparative research is the correct path to follow in order to make progress on this important theme about the history of the German Occupation and the police force. Its importance is partly supported by the social relevance of this unique confrontation of police services in liberal-democratic countries with a dictatorial system of government. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie' (Cyrille Fijnaut).
Hirschfeld als zondebok of heilige
Authors: Fennema M.
Published: September 2015

Hirschfeld as a Scapegoat or SaintThe discussions focus almost exclusively on Hirschfeld’s role during the German Occupation of the Netherlands. Why is there such an obsession with this brief part of Hirschfeld’s carreer as Secretary General during the German occupation? Why are De Keizer and van der Zwan so keen to expose him to public contempt, and De Bruin so determined to exonerate him of all blame? Why is not one of the discussants interested in the time he spent in Batavia as head of the Department for Economic Statistics at the Bank of Java; the vital role he played in developing the European Regeneration Program in 1947 and implementing it; his significance as a negotiator for the Netherlands with Indonesia in 1949? And how he performed as High Commissioner in Jakarta? Why is there not a single shred of interest for the 18 commissioner’s posts that he held between 1952 and 1961? Meindert Fennema argues that most historians are still locked in the resistance-collaboration mindset which makes a Gesinnungsethik of historiography. The lack of interest in economic issues is related to this. This response is part of the discussion forum 'Dr. Max Hirschfeld. Man van het grote geld' (Meindert Fennema en Johan Rhijnsburger).
Israel's Verlichting herbelicht
Authors: Frijhoff W.Th.M.
Published: September 2015

Israel, J. I., Radical enlightenment. Philosophy and the making of modernity 1650-1750; Israel, J. I., Radicale Verlichting. Hoe radicale Nederlandse denkers het gezicht van onze cultuur voorgoed veranderdenIsrael’s Enlightenment RevisitedIn his seminal study Radical Enlightenment (2001), Jonathan Israel has proposed a new interpretation of the early Enlightenment, emphasizing its radical aspect within the circles of Dutch philosophers, and the diffusion of the debate among a large audience. The side-effect of this thesis, as propagated by the author himself, is the reappraisal of the relationship between Enlightenment, religion and modernity in both the past and the present. The importance of this study and its attractive central hypothesis, however, justify a critical approach of its premises, concepts and methods. What exactly is ‘radical’? Isn’t this study more concerned with the history of the Dutch Republic than with Enlightenment? Is it correct to relegate religion to the sidelines? Would it not be preferable to propose a structurally different interpretation, less unilinear and teleological and more concerned about the relationship between thoughts and actions and the complexity of the personalities and situations involved? In short, is it legitimate to insert this interpretation into the canon of history?
Edelen in het laatmiddeleeuwse graafschap Zeeland. Een analyse van hun politieke en sociaal-economische positie rond het jaar 1475
Authors: Steensel A. van
Published: September 2015

Noblemen in the Late Medieval County of Zeeland. An Analysis of their Political and Socio-Economic Position around the Year 1475The late medieval period is often portrayed as a period of crisis or transition for the nobility. This contribution represents a first step towards testing this assumption empirically. The political power and feudal property of the noblemen in the county of Zeeland around the year 1475 are mapped for this purpose. The analysis shows that the noblemen had a strong grip on the county through their offices and the Estates of Zeeland and that their income came primarily from their feudal rights. The growing power of the prince and the towns did not affect the position of the noblemen fundamentally. The long-term development of the composition and power of the noble population can be established by constructing a number of such snapshots. A regional perspective on the history of the nobility also counterbalances the emphasis placed by some historians on the importance of state service for noblemen. This article is part of the special issue 'The history of the nobility in the Netherlands and Belgium'.
Opstand adelt? De rechtvaardiging van het politieke verzet van de adel in de Vlaamse Opstand (1482-1492)
Authors: Haemers Jelle
Published: September 2015

Can a Revolt be Ennobling? Justification of the Political Opposition of the Nobility during the Flemish Revolt (1482-1492)This article analyses the political ideas of the late mediaeval nobility. In 1491, Archduke Maximilian of Austria accused three noblemen, Louis of Bruges, Adolf of Cleves and his son Philip, of lese majesty. The pleas made by the above-mentioned noblemen in this particular case are used to reconstruct their political ideology. The three noblemen maintained that service to the sovereign was one the most noble virtues of a nobleman, but they also considered that this political service had to be reciprocal. Using customary law, judicial treatises and political practices, they argued that the sovereign was the keystone of the political order, as long as he obtained advice from the noblemen when setting out his policies. He was also not allowed to violate any laws, traditions or privileges. These ideas had a long history in mediaeval political thought, and they would continue to dominate sixteenth-century society. This article is part of the special issue 'The history of the nobility in the Netherlands and Belgium'.
De affaire Van Borselen en de consolidatie van de Bourgondische macht in de Nederlanden (1425-1435)
Authors: Stein R.
Published: September 2015

Robert Stein, The Borselen Affair and the Consolidation of Burgundian Power in the NetherlandsOver a period of barely three years, Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, manifested himself as the most important prince of the Low Countries. In the years 1427-1430, he seized the principalities of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland, Brabant and Limburg, which he added to his extensive possessions in Flanders, Artois and Burgundy. In this same period, Philip acquired significant rights to the succession to Luxembourg, which eventually took place in 1444. In this way, he laid the foundation of the later unification of the Low Countries. These political achievements should not conceal the fact that the legitimacy of the Burgundian succession to these principalities was dubious. In November 1432, Philip arrested the mighty Zeeland nobleman Frank van Borselen. The present contribution argues that this arrest allowed Philip to legitimize his position as duke or count in the recently acquired principalities and thereby represents an important step in the consolidation of Burgundian power in the Low Countries.
'Andere katholieken': een nieuwe visie
Authors: Luykx P.
Published: September 2015

‘Other Catholics’: A New VisionThe title of my response to De Rooy’s text sums up the crux of our discussion. Andere katholieken, a volume of essays published in the year 2000, offers ‘a new vision’ of the history of Dutch Catholicism in the twentieth century. Contrary to the prevailing idea of an unshakable unity and a closed front, recent studies demonstrate more and more clearly variation and differentiation in mentality and behaviour, above all under the influence of a progressive modernization of state and society. It is the so-called pillarization theory, in particular, which was put forward by a group of politicologists (notably A. Lijphart), that seems to influence the view of my opponent. According to that theory, passivity and docility of, among others, Catholic people is unjustly assumed. Last but not least, my response aims to correct some inaccuracies and clear up some misunderstandings in my opponent’s critique. This article is part of the forum 'Recent studies about Dutch Catholicism'.
Re-Minding the Dutch
Authors: Pols H.
Published: September 2015

Re-Minding the DutchVerward van Geest is commended because of its careful, balanced, detailed, meticulously researched, and comprehensive approach of the development of the psychiatric profession in the Netherlands. The authors relate Dutch developments to initiatives abroad, some of which were taken up by Dutch psychiatrists and developed further. The development of the extensive network of out-patient mental health facilities in particular, which makes the Dutch system stand apart from that of most others, receives a lot of attention. Unfortunately, the history of psychiatry in the former Dutch colonial empire is not covered. The study is applauded for providing a wealth of material that could give a new impulse to discussions about the nature of mental health in the Netherlands, such as the following: How are supply and demand in mental health care related to each other? Do individuals with a lower socio-economic status have adequate access to care? How did the relationship between biological, social, and psychological approaches to mental illness and individual distress change over time? This review is part of the discussion forum 'Verward van geest en ander ongerief' (H. Oosterhuis, M. Gijswijt-Hofstra).
'De strijd om Amsterdam'. Een nieuwe benadering in het onderzoek naar de NSB
Authors: Damsma Josje , Schumacher Erik
Published: September 2015

‘The Fight for Amsterdam’. A New Approach in Research into the NSBThe main characteristics of the members of the Dutch Nazi-movement (Nationaal- Socialistische Beweging, NSB) are constructed by historians De Jong and De Jonge. Both labeled the members of the NSB as ‘opportunistic’ and ‘isolated’. Up until now, that image has remained unchallenged. Inspired by Aristotle Kallis, Roger Griffin and Robert Paxton, we analyzed the behavior and social position of members of the NSB in Amsterdam during the Second World War in a new way. By focusing on their actions instead of on ideology, their isolated position can be brought into doubt along with opportunism as the main motivational factor. It is more likely that a combination of idealism, opportunism and social networks led to membership of the NSB. The interaction pattern differed from person to person and per political, economic or social level of communication. The results of this research show that Dutch political history and identity is complex and a lot of research still has to be done in this field. This article is part of the special issue 'A New Historiography of the Collaboration'.