bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qumran Texts
Authors: Hamidović David
Published: November 2019

The intellectual inheritance of the Qumran texts has suggested numerous hypotheses since their discovery. Some scholars pretended to find a relationship with Christian groups, others shed light on the links with Jewish groups. This chapter deals with a new approach to the transmission of the Qumran texts. Three levels of transmission are considered: (1) the “narrow” transmission of the Qumran manuscripts; (2) a “broader” definition of the transmission concerns the Qumran texts; it means the Essene compositions with some interrogations for several documents excavated in Qumran caves; (3) and the “broadest” definition of Qumran manuscripts and of their transmission needs to consider not only the Essene compositions but also the Scriptural manuscripts and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha—that is, the whole preserved Qumran texts.
Rabbinic and Post-Rabbinic Jewish
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha
Published: November 2019

Of all the Jewish literature of the Second Temple period, only one work, the book of Daniel, reaches us because Jews chose to transmit it. The other Second Temple texts we know were transmitted to us by Christians or were not transmitted at all but found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Yet later Jewish literature provides evidence that medieval Jews had access to a variety of texts and traditions from the Second Temple period beyond Daniel. No single mode of transmission can account for all of the examples of later knowledge of Second Temple texts. In some instances, there is a compelling case for ongoing Jewish transmission, whereas in others borrowing back from Christians is the best explanation.
Islamic
Authors: Reeves John C.
Published: November 2019

The present chapter explores the likelihood that Second Temple–era Jewish apocryphal and pseudepigraphical texts have an important role to play in the history of classical Islamic literature. It makes a preliminary start toward identifying and outlining some of the ways in which Jewish noncanonical lore might shed light on certain terms or expressions, some narrative features, and particular ideological trajectories resident within distinctively Muslim literary formulations such as Qur’ān, tafsīr, “tales of the prophets” (qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā’) collections, and the early universal histories of Ya‘qūbī (d. 897) and Ṭabarī (d. 923). It is hoped that the present chapter will stimulate further comparative work and contributions to this important field of study.
“The Pseudepigrapha Crescent” and a Taxonomy of How Christians Shaped Jewish Traditions and Texts
Authors: Charlesworth James Hamilton
Published: November 2019

In this chapter I introduce the concept of “the Pseudepigrapha Crescent” and share a perception that many early Jewish traditions and texts escaped the destruction of ancient Palestine in 70 and 135/6 CE and were preserved on the fringes of Rome’s influence. Also, some compositions, like Fifth Maccabees, were created freely from ancient traditions that may be “Jewish” or “Christian” or a mixture of these complex traditions. I also suggest a taxonomy of how such traditions and texts were altered by Christians as the manuscripts were copied from 70 CE to about the fourteenth century CE. This chapter thus introduces numerous subjects for discussions.
Theories and Methods
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides a necessary prelude to the chapters to come through its discussion of the theories that guide research and the methods used to examine the questions of interest. Eight theories are presented, each of which is returned to at various places throughout the book. Two emphases emerge in the discussion of theories: the complementary nature of the eight theoretical positions and the reciprocal relation between theories and research. Just as theories guide and illuminate research, so the study of parents’ beliefs enriches each of the general theories that have directed such study. The overview of methods considers not only ways to study beliefs but also methods appropriate for the three other issues that recur throughout the book: origins of parents’ beliefs, relations between beliefs and parenting behavior, and relations between beliefs and children’s development. A special emphasis is on ways to establish causality in the interplay of parental beliefs and behaviors and child outcomes.
Factors That Can Interact with Familiarity
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the role of estimator variables within eyewitness memory. Estimator variables are factors that occur during the time of the crime that may affect eyewitness identification accuracy. Various estimator variables are discussed, in conjunction with familiarity, to highlight how eyewitness recall and identification may be impacted. The chapter first discusses witness variables such as the role of the eyewitness (i.e., whether the witness is a bystander or a victim), the role of arousal during the time of the crime, the age of the witness, the cross-race effect, and personality variables that may impact identification accuracy. The chapter then discusses the challenges the criminal justice system faces when determining the impact of estimator variables on eyewitness identification accuracy and the need to consider these variables in conjunction with familiarity.
Considering Familiarity as a Dependent Variable
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses familiarity as a dependent variable, specifically focusing on memory errors that may occur when an eyewitness makes a familiarity judgment after witnessing a crime. The chapter highlights the link between familiarity memory errors and wrongful conviction. The chapter describes various factors within the justice system that may lead to familiarity errors, such as the concept of the mugshot commitment effect, mere prior exposure effects, and the presence of a bystander during the commission of the crime. Next, the chapter describes why familiarity errors occur and how they may be prevented by considering issues with source monitoring, unconscious transference, and stereotyping. Finally, the chapter describes other ways in which familiarity may lead to a wrongful conviction, such as alibis from familiar others.
Settler Relations and Identities in Colonial Algeria
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the origins and evolution of settler identity in colonial Algeria. Dealing with the years between 1830 and 1939, it examines the process by which Europeans of diverse origins gradually merged into a distinct people, the French of Algeria. The settlers defined themselves in opposition to the native Arabs and Berbers. The Jews of Algeria were in-between: non-Muslims caught between the Christian and Muslim inhabitants of the colony. Even before World War II, native intellectuals and religious leaders were calling for liberal reforms. Social conditions (residential segregation, inequality in education, linguistic and religious differences, and avoidance of mixed marriages) kept colonizer and colonized apart. The Europeans of Algeria considered themselves French, but their identification with the metropole remained contingent.
Concluding Thoughts: Expanding the Frontier
Authors: O’Brien Catherine A. , Leigh Irene W.
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, the coeditors, both of whom are deaf, present their thoughts related to where we are now in terms of understanding deaf identities and what possible future trends might emerge. Most of the authors represented in the book are deaf, and many bring their own experiences to bear on what they report. Studies on the intersectionalities of one’s culture (e.g., country of birth, language, people of color) with other factors in one’s life (deafness, hearing status of parents, refugee status, LGBTQ, etc.) would be most welcome. Several authors suggested continuations of projects in which they are currently involved, such as studies of children with cochlear implants as they become adults and developing strategies for helping language-deprived deaf refugees in unfamiliar countries. The coeditors sincerely thank all who contributed.
Rethink Where and How We Build
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Communities tend to learn things the hard way, reacting in the wake of disasters rather than in anticipation of them. Virtually all existing infrastructure was designed to withstand the extremes that we have experienced in the past. Historically, scientists could not project the impacts of climate change with much precision, so our existing design choices and plans for infrastructure have largely ignored the risks posed by those impacts. This chapter identifies strategies that communities and individuals can adopt now to strengthen their building practices to endure new extremes driven by a changing climate. Among other things, it analyzes how improving building codes and standards and insisting on wiser land-use policies, especially in the absence of a “no more” moment, can serve as a bulwark against the destruction that climate-fueled disasters bring.
Lawyer Up
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Media attention has focused most intently on lawsuits seeking to force action to cut greenhouse-gas emissions and to hold fossil-fuel companies to account. Even if the courts fail to resolve the essential challenge of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions, they will surely find themselves enmeshed in litigation for years over who pays for the damage. In courtroom after courtroom, judges will reach decisions that can contribute to or hinder resilience. This chapter explores how litigation over the harm caused by climate change impacts could offer greater clarity on who should pay for the damages and thereby spur decisions to invest in resilience on a large scale. As the severity and frequency of climate change-related damages grow, corporate directors and officers, architects, engineers, manufacturers, and others who have a duty to consider foreseeable harm and to manage the risk, will likely find themselves on the receiving end of litigation alongside fossil fuel companies and governments.
Relocate People to Safer Ground
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Whether the world is prepared for it or not, climate change will drive large-scale migration. The impacts of climate change—both slow-onset changes, such as sea-level rise and drought, and sudden-onset events, such as extreme storms and wildfires—push people from their homes. Managed well, migration can yield enormous benefits, offering greater opportunities for those who relocate and injecting new talent and energy into receiver communities. But climate change threatens to unleash “disruptive migration,” that is, sudden migration that could strain social, economic, and political stability. The task ahead in the face of climate change is to encourage managed, gradual migration that minimizes disruption, moves people out of harm’s way, and turns displacement into economic opportunity. This chapter outlines the strategies and tools that exist to make this possible.
Law-of-War Precautions
Authors: Watts Sean
Published: November 2019

While the humanitarian benefits of precautions undertaken to protect civilians during attacks are readily apparent, the operational and legal costs of precautions in the attack are less acknowledged. This chapter traces the nearly simultaneous growth of modern military information technology and law-of-war precautions. It showcases an array of benefits and costs of advances in military information technology and highlights underappreciated but persistent obstacles to situational awareness and decision making in military operations. It then traces the development by States, and the expansion and refinement by private commentators, of an international legal obligation to take humanitarian precautions in attacks. Finally, it identifies operational costs associated with precautions as free-standing international legal obligations. This chapter advises, in light of enforcement competencies and informational realities, that States reexamine precautions and temper public expectations concerning States' willingness and ability to undertake humanitarian precautions as they consider future development of the international law of war.
Introduction
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

In the 21st century, the horror genre is defined across mediums, with video games, television, and internet-based forms as central to moving-image horror as is the cinema—and, further, the form and style of horror moves between mediums. This chapter establishes the current transmedial nature of moving-image horror by analyzing two recent films, Unfriended (2015) and Unfriended: Dark Web (2018). These films eschew traditional cinematic editing and camerawork in favor of a style and structure consisting of browsing, messaging, and other networked communications taking place on a single laptop screen. This chapter also introduces the book structure that centers around a movement from sensation to narrative—aesthetics of emergence and of absorption or immersion—from works that are almost exclusively shock-based to those whose interest in the genre is firmly entrenched in telling complex absorbing stories about monsters.
Shocks to the System
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

This chapter offers a theory of moving-image horror based in the “sensational address,” the construction of mise-en-scène around the provocation of the viewer/gamer. It builds off of the tradition of theorizing horror film spectatorship to show the commonalities between horror film viewing and playing horror games—using trailers depicting audience reactions to Paranormal Activity (2007–2009) and Saw 3D: The Final Chapter (2010) as well as reaction videos made about horror games—to analyze the effects of a sensational, physical engagement with the screen. It argues for a fundamentally ludic understanding of horror film spectatorship that places the viewing activity of the horror film spectator and the active “entanglement” of the horror gamer on a spectrum of interactivity. This chapter proposes an understanding of horror as an engagement with the inconceivable, with things we fear but cannot fully comprehend. Sensational horror translates that feeling of inconceivable horror into visceral, physical experience.
The Blackest Eyes . . . The Devil’s Eyes
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 refines the discussion of the sensational address and horror spectatorship by analyzing the first-person camerawork that I dub “Killer POV.” Killer POV—a subjective camera without a reverse shot—is at the center of many of the most influential writings on modern horror. However, these discussions often start from the assumption that the camera’s point of view produces identification with the unseen killers or monsters whose perspectives we presume to be represented. This chapter attempts to disengage our understanding of horror spectatorship from such models to provide an alternative reading of Killer POV that engages with the genre’s structures of looking and being looked at while remaining sensitive to what precisely is being communicated to viewers by these shots. Killer POV signals to the viewer the presence of a threat without displaying the killer onscreen. This chapter reads Killer POV through the lens of the sensational address, understanding it in terms of its effects on the spectator. In this reading, Killer POV does not elicit fantasies of mastery and control, but, rather, separates the dominating, sadistic look of the killer from the viewer’s powerless look at Killer POV.
Sleep Epidemiology
Authors: Duncan Dustin T. , Kawachi Ichiro , Redline Susan
Published: November 2019

The chapter provides an overview of sleep epidemiology from a social perspective, including the ways social epidemiology can contribute to an improved understand of sleep health across populations. Beyond the topics discussed rigorously in the ensuing chapters (e.g., sleep in pregnancy, sleep among sexual and gender minorities, discrimination, stress and sleep, and neighborhoods and sleep), this chapter briefly discusses other emerging areas of sleep epidemiology such as gender and sleep, and social networks and sleep. It also describes the motivation and rationale for this book and guides the reader through the structure of the rest of the book.
Sleep Epidemiology
Authors: Redline Susan , Redline Brian , James Peter
Published: November 2019

This chapter is a primer on sleep epidemiology—the methods of assessment on how sleep is measured (e.g., self-report [such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale] vs. with use of objective tools such as actigraphy); validity of sleep measurements; the different dimensions of sleep health and disorders that are of interest (e.g., sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep fragmentation, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, social jetlag, snoring, narcolepsy, etc.); general sleep biology and physiology; and why sleep matters (i.e., the epidemiologic consequences of poor sleep health, e.g., connection to other health behaviors and health outcomes such as drug use; sexual risk behaviors; depression; dietary behaviors such as sugar-sweetened beverage consumption; cardiometabolic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and hypertension; and cancer outcomes such as breast cancer).
Sleep Among Working Adults
Authors: Luyster, PhD Faith S. , Baniak Lynn M. , Chasens Eileen R. , Feeley Christine A. , Imes Christopher C. , Morris Jonna L.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses sleep among working-age adults (defined as roughly between 18 and 65 years old). Five markers of adulthood include (a) living alone or owning a home; (b) finding a long-term partner and living together; (c) working in a full-time, permanent job, which can involve different work environments, commuting, and shift work, and possible unemployment; (d) having children; and (d) saving for the future. This chapter discusses these markers as they relate to sleep, including changes in sleep behaviors across the lifespan in association with employment as well as shift work and the impact of cosleeping with a partner.
Race as a Social Determinant of Sleep Health
Authors: Robbins Rebecca , Seixas Azizi , Williams Natasha , Kim Byoungjun , Blanc Judite , Nunes João , Jean-Louis Girardin
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on racial/ethnic disparities in sleep, including Black–White differences in sleep health using data from nationally representative data sets. It also examines reasons for racial/ethnic disparities in sleep, including measurement artifact, biological/genetic differences, and the social and economic influences that influence sleep health in racial and ethnic minorities. Some of the factors that may contribute to racial/ethnic differences in sleep health include genetic, biological, physiological, psychological, behavioral, cultural, and environmental differences across these populations The chapter draws upon intersectionality theory, a framework that acknowledges how multiple social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, employment, socioeconomic status) intersect with macro-level phenomena and reflect multiple interlocking systems of privilege that present real consequences for sleep and health.
Sleep Among Immigrants
Authors: Lee Sunmin , Slopen Natalie , Hong Seo Young
Published: November 2019

This chapter highlights sleep among immigrant populations across geographies. Given that the focus of much sleep research on immigrant populations focuses on U.S. populations, that is particularly highlighted. A focus of this chapter is on the measurement of immigration and acculturation and links between sleep and stressors common in immigrant populations. Acculturation is defined and related to immigrant health, as is acculturative stress. Studies of acculturation and sleep explored include studies of adult Hispanic/Latino immigrants, adult Asian immigrants, adult immigrants from multiple origins, adolescents, adolescent Hispanic/Latino immigrants, and adolescent immigrants from multiple origins. Studies of acculturative stress and sleep are also discussed. The chapter finishes with limitations and future directions.
Housing Conditions as Environmental and Social Determinants of Sleep Health
Authors: Jackson Chandra L.
Published: November 2019

The home environment is an important yet understudied determinant of sleep health. Although little is known about the living conditions that negatively affect sleep, many naturally occurring and artificial external factors in a person’s immediate physical and social sleeping environment can impact his or her sleep health and subsequent acute as well as chronic risk of disease and premature mortality. Using the socioecological model as a framework, this chapter discusses the indoor and immediate outdoor physical surroundings of spaces used for shelter including exposure to light and noise pollution, suboptimal room temperature/humidity, poor air quality, improper ventilation, and subpar mattress quality. Household crowding, safety, and housing insecurity are among social conditions of the living quarters that are also discussed as the aforementioned exposures may negatively impact sleep health across the life course. Published observational as well as experimental research findings investigating the impact of these factors on various sleep dimensions along with their potential impact on disease and mortality risk are also discussed before identifying important gaps in the current literature and providing future research directions.
What We Feel
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

Before you emotionally react to, or evaluate, something, you need to pay attention to it. It needs to matter. Beginning with infants’ interactions with their caretakers, humans create shared realities with each other about what matters, what is relevant and irrelevant. It is basic to how humans connect to one another, to how they become a member of their family and their culture. It is how we learn what sound patterns (phonemes) matter in our language community. Once we pay attention to something, we also learn shared realities of how to evaluate it, whether to like or dislike it, approach it or avoid it. And it is not just the valence of things. We learn the intensity as well—how much to like it or how much to dislike it. Our shared realities with others even influence what kind of positive emotional reaction we have to something or what kind of negative reaction. When you succeed at something, do you feel happy or at ease? When you fail, do you feel sad or nervous? How you feel depends on the shared realities you have developed with others about what kind of world you live in—a world of gain and nongains or a world of losses and nonlosses. And the emotional world that you shared with a significant other can be transferred to a new person who simply resembles that significant other in some way. In these and other ways, our shared realities with others profoundly affect our life experiences.
What We Know
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

“I know it when I see it.” That’s what we think. But mostly we know what our shared realities have taught us, and tell us, to know. Not only do we learn from others the names for things in the world, we learn the names for traits to characterize people. We learn which traits are relevant and relevance makes these traits salient and accessible. This makes it more likely that we will see these traits in others, such as seeing people behave in a “stubborn” way even for behaviors that are ambiguous or vague. Our perceptions of a person’s behaviors can also be biased by how that person was previously characterized by someone else, such as saying this person is “warm” or “cold.” A car in an accident will be seen as going faster if someone describes the event as “smashed” versus “hit.” People who have a conversation about an event will converge over time in what they remember about the event. Group members will also converge in their judgments, creating consensual social norms. And groups can create these shared realities about the world even when the consensual belief is false. Stereotypes are an example of this. They can overgeneralize the negative characteristics of a social category, describing members as having traits that are rare and/or no more prevalent than in other social categories. Even worse, the stereotypes are treated as being simply descriptions of reality when they are actually evaluations based on the in-group’s values or standards (ethnocentrism).
What We Strive For and Value
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

Humans recognize that their significant others want and expect them to be and to become a certain kind of person, and they accept these goals and standards in their own self-regulation (internalization). This is a critical and central aspect of the shared reality motivation that makes humans special motivationally, and “special” in this case means possessing something distinctive and important. Within positive and within negative child–caretaker interactions, there are different kinds of interactions that create different kinds of shared realities. One kind of interaction creates a promotion shared reality that the world is a place where nurturance, mastery, and growth can occur: Your life can get better and better. Another kind of interaction creates a prevention shared reality that you have to work to maintain or restore safety and security: Your life will remain fine if you are careful. In addition to creating different types of shared goals and standards, different kinds of child–caretaker interactions create shared goals and standards that vary in their strength. The stronger the goals and standards, the more likely a person is to attain them, but the more that person will suffer if he or she fails to attain them. And how strongly people engage in an activity and “feel right” about it depends on whether they pursued a goal in a manner that fits their goal orientation—in an eager way for promotion and in a vigilant way for prevention. Fit intensifies the value of people’s decisions and their achievements, making positives more positive and negatives more negative.
Epilogue
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

The current conflicts happening around the world between people with different political views are very disturbing. They illustrate the trade-offs from shared reality that are described in this book. Each political group is stronger from its shared feelings, beliefs, and opinions. But the differences between these shared realities are tearing us apart. What can we do about it? We must find a way to create shared realities between different political groups. Where do we begin? We begin with shared relevance. Shared relevance emerges in the beginning of shared reality when infants and their caretakers signal their agreement that something is worthy of their attention. It connects the caretaker and child even if their reactions to the thing are not the same. The “mirroring” practiced by therapists with their clients communicates that the issues that matter to the client also matter to the therapist, even if the therapist does not agree with the client’s feelings on the issues. It creates a connection and trust between therapist and client. Similarly, by recognizing that they at least agree on what issues matter and deserve attention (e.g., child education), two people from different political groups can begin to connect with and trust one another. They can feel closer to each other than to a third person who thinks it is a waste of time to think about these issues because they don’t matter. We want to move beyond shared relevance to shared attitudes and beliefs, but shared relevance provides the foundation to build upon.
Introduction
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

In the sixteenth century, Spaniards forcibly resettled Andeans into planned towns called reducciones. Andeans adapted the political and religious institutions of the new towns, the cabildo (town council) and the cofradías (confraternities), and made them their own, organizing them by the Andean social form, the ayllu. Over time, political legitimacy and authority within towns was transferred from traditional native hereditary lords, the caciques, to the common people of the town, who called themselves the común. Although a Spanish word, común took on Andean meaning as it was the word used to translate terms for collective land and the collective people of a town. It became a recognized shorthand for a political philosophy empowering common people. In the late eighteenth-century era of Atlantic Revolutions, the común rose up against its caciques, in an Enlightenment-from-below moment of popular sovereignty.
Cofradía and Cabildo in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

By the eighteenth century, the town-based cofradía and cabildo offices had merged to form what scholars call the fiesta-cargo system, a series of linked posts that created affective ties to the town and legitimated authority within it. Andeans now defined themselves as comuneros, members of the común, the body of commoners that excluded caciques. To become a leader of the común, one served the saints by holding cofradía office. Comuneros had made cofradías and saints Andean: service to the saints rotated among the town’s ayllus and saints’ celebrations included llama sacrifice, pouring libations, and shamanistic practices. During their time as officeholders, comuneros were exempt from tribute and mita, making them a de facto nobility. Caciques saw these officeholders as threats to cacical rule and worked to undercut them. That fear coincided with Spanish policies that also sought to reduce cofradía officers so as to increase tribute payments and mita labor.
The Basic Laws of Cardinal Number
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: November 2019

An overview of what Frege accomplishes in Part II of Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, which contains proofs of axioms for arithmetic and several additional results concerning the finite, the infinite, and the relationship between these notions.
Translating ‘Bedeutung’ in Frege’s Writings: A Case Study and Cautionary Tale in the History and Philosophy of Translation
Authors: Beaney Michael
Published: November 2019

In this chapter I chart the history of the different English translations of ‘Bedeutung’ in Frege’s writings, setting them in context, explaining their rationale, and exploring some of the philosophical issues raised.
Contemporary Reviews of Frege’s Grundgesetze
Authors: Ebert Philip A. , Rossberg Marcus
Published: November 2019

Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik received four short reviews during his lifetime (by H. Courbe, R. Hoppe, C. Th. Michaëlis, and C. Faerber) and a longer critical discussion by G. Peano. We present an introductory essay and English translations of these five pieces.
War Captivity and Social Interactions
Authors: Morieux Renaud
Published: November 2019

Using the conceptual framework provided by prison sociologists, and focusing on everyday interactions, this chapter questions whether a structure of social order existed inside the war prison: forms of social relations and conflict regulation that were ‘indigenous’ to the carceral world. Rather than the laws of war, it is the laws of the prison that are the focus. While war prisons were violent spaces, the transactions between guards and prisoners varied considerably, from riots to corruption. A focus on the social relations which existed behind the walls of war prisons allows us to interrogate how closed off these institutions really were; in reality, war prisons were deeply connected to host societies, as is demonstrated by the study of escapes and prison markets.
Introduction
Authors: Morieux Renaud
Published: November 2019

The prisoner of war inhabits a third space between friendship and enmity. This book aims at understanding this peculiar social institution, and the specific form it took in the eighteenth century. The introduction analyses the normative framework and its limitations, and posits that emphasis must be placed on how war captivity actually worked. It also argues that it provides a vantage point from which we can re-examine the history of the state at war in the eighteenth century. Finally, the introduction contends that two perspectives must be taken up about the war prison, both as an autonomous space and as an observatory of the society that creates it.
Simple population models
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces basic concepts in population modeling that will be applied throughout the book. It begins with the oldest example of a population model, the rabbit problem, which was described by Leonardo of Pisa (“Fibonacci”) and whose solution is the Fibonacci series. The chapter then explores what is known about simple models of populations (i.e. those with a single variable such as abundance or biomass). The two major classes are: (1) linear models of exponential (or geometric) growth and (2) models of logistic, density-dependent growth. It covers both discrete time and continuous time versions of each of these. These simple models are then used to illustrate several different population dynamic concepts: dynamic stability, linearizing nonlinear models, calculation of probabilities of extinction, and management of sustainable fisheries. Each of these concepts is discussed further in later chapters, with more complete models.
Linear, age-structured models and their long-term dynamics
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

The chapter describes age-structured models that are linear (i.e. without density dependence). Like simple (non-age-structured) linear models they eventually either increase to infinity or decrease to zero. They are only appropriate when density dependence is not an important factor, such as recently introduced populations or those that have declined to low abundance. The chapter steps through several different ways of formulating such models. First are Lotka’s renewal equation and the M’Kendrick/von Foerster equation, both continuous time, continuous age models. Next is the Leslie matrix, which operates in discrete age and time. Solutions to linear matrix equations, such as the Leslie matrix, can be written in a general way in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. These form the basis of analyses of dynamic stability throughout the book. Practically speaking, the Leslie matrix approach is the primary model used in modern ecology.
The Greeks and the Irrational
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on E.R. Dodds’s famous book The Greeks and the Irrational (1951), in which he has largely moved on to a more psychologically inflected anthropology. Indeed, in the preface, Dodds warns that the book is not ‘a history of Greek religion or even of Greek religious ideas or feelings’. A famous—one might say notorious—argument in The Greeks and the Irrational is that the archaic Greek’s supposed anxieties and sense of guilt were a product of the tensions between fathers and sons created by the loosening of the old solidarity of the family which imposed absolute obedience. This is an argument that extends a psychological proposition about sons’ feelings for fathers to a proposition about society, thus an instance of the bridge between social psychology and social anthropology.
‘The lonely flight of Mind’
Authors: Walker Tom
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses E.R. Dodds’s relationship with modern poetry. While he is very much known as a professional classicist rather than poet, Dodds might still be enlighteningly thought of as a poetical scholar. This is not only in the sense that his scholarship relates to his attempts to write poetry or that he followed in the footsteps of his academic mentor Gilbert Murray. Rather, his academic work was partly informed by the modes of thinking and feeling that were embodied in the work of the modern poets he admired, while his words and ideas also had some impact on certain contemporary poets. The chapter then traces the intertwined relationship between Dodds’s developing scholarly interests—particularly in relation to questions of metaphysics and mysticism—and his engagement with modern poetry in the case of two of the poets he considers to have been the best of his lifetime: W.B. Yeats and Louis MacNeice.
Evolutionary genetics of small populations
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

Genetic management of fragmented populations involves the application of evolutionary genetic theory and knowledge to alleviate problems due to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in small population fragments. Populations evolve through the effects of mutation, natural selection, chance (genetic drift), and gene flow. Large outbreeding sexually reproducing populations typically contain substantial genetic diversity, while small populations typically contain reduced levels. Genetic impacts of small population size on inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation are determined by the genetically effective population size, which is usually much smaller than the number of individuals.
Inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity increase extinction risk
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

Inbreeding reduces survival and reproduction (i.e. it causes inbreeding depression), and thereby increases extinction risk. Inbreeding depression is due to increased homozygosity for harmful alleles and at loci exhibiting heterozygote advantage. Inbreeding depression is nearly universal in sexually reproducing organisms that are diploid or have higher ploidies. Impacts of inbreeding are generally greater in species that naturally outbreed than those that inbreed, in stressful than benign environments, and for fitness than peripheral traits. Harmful effects accumulate across the life cycle, resulting in devastating effects on total fitness in outbreeding species.Species face ubiquitous environmental change and must adapt or they will go extinct. Genetic diversity is the raw material required for evolutionary adaptation. However, loss of genetic diversity is unavoidable in small isolated populations, diminishing their capacity to evolve in response to environmental changes, and thereby increasing extinction risk.
Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

Even without detailed genetic data, sound genetic management strategies for augmenting gene flow can be instituted by considering population genetics theory, and/or computer simulations. When detailed data are lacking, moving (translocating) some individuals into isolated inbred population fragments is better than moving none, as long as the risk of outbreeding depression is low. With more detailed genetic information, more precise genetic management of fragmented populations can be achieved. Using mean kinship within and between populations (estimated from modeling, pedigrees, genetic markers or genomes), and moving individuals among fragments with the lowest between fragment mean kinships provides the best approach to gene flow management. Populations should then be monitored to confirm that movement of individuals has resulted in the desired levels of gene flow, genetic diversity has been enhanced, and that the status of the population is improving.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Mace John H.
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, a brief overview of autobiographical memory and the general theme of this volume, autobiographical memory organization, is undertaken. In addition, a summary of each of the chapters is provided. The chapter is intended to acquaint the reader with the themes of the volume.
The Role of the Self in the Organization of Memories and Imagined Future Events
Authors: Ernst Alexandra , Rathbone Clare J.
Published: November 2019

This chapter reviews the organizational role of the self in the distributions and accessibility of memories and imagined future events. It covers research on the self-reference effect, self-defining memories, and the reminiscence bump. In this context, the different methods used to explore the relationships between the self, autobiographical memory, and future thinking are reviewed. A comparative view of the findings obtained for the past and the future are also given. The contributions of studies conducted in both healthy controls and clinical populations are discussed. One section is devoted to investigations in people with neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions and their contribution to improving our understanding of the relationships between autobiographical memory and the self.
Introduction
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the book’s consideration of wartime collaboration through the lens of the laws of armed conflict. It sets out the structure of the book, and addresses the meaning of wartime collaboration by offering an understanding of what is meant by informing and other forms of cooperation with an adversary. It also sets out the various interrelated legal regimes which comprise the laws of armed conflict for the purpose of this study.
International Humanitarian Law on the Recruitment and Use of Informers and Collaborators
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

The law of armed conflict as it is applicable to the recruitment and use of collaborators is examined in Chapter 2. Although international humanitarian law is somewhat permissive regarding such use in principle, key rules within this body of law set certain limits by imposing restrictions on methods of recruitment and outlawing coerced collaboration of certain kinds. The chapter explores the drafting, application, and interpretation of the humanitarian law rules of relevance. It traces in detail the debates which occurred during the preparation of prominent treaties, including the 1899 and 1907 Hague Regulations, where considerable attention was given to the question of how such laws might be addressed to those persons motivated or compelled ‘to serve the enemy’. The legality of certain practices employed by those seeking to recruit collaborators are considered in light of prohibitions under international humanitarian law, such as that of ‘physical or moral coercion’ against protected persons and prisoners of war for purposes of gathering information.
Wartime Trial and Treatment of Collaborators
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

In Chapter 4, the book turns to consider the treatment of individuals suspected or found to have collaborated with an opposing party to an armed conflict and the scope of international humanitarian law’s protections. Parties to an armed conflict will often subject suspected collaborators to execution, oftentimes extrajudicially, as well as various types of ill-treatment, including torture, as punishment and to deter further betrayal. The practice, applicable legal rules, and rationales underlying such actions are examined in this chapter, which also considers potential blind spots on the part of humanitarian law and efforts to expand the scope of the law of war crimes. There is a particular focus on collaborator trials and executions during armed conflict, and an examination of the rules concerning fair trial guarantees, the permissibility of capital punishment in wartime, and the obligations of non-state actors.
Human Rights, National Regulation, and Armed Conflict
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

The role of international human rights law and national regulatory regimes regarding the use of informers is considered in Chapter 5. The chapter begins by outlining human rights standards of relevance to the use of covert human intelligence sources in national policing, criminal justice, and intelligence activities, as interpreted by various international courts and human rights bodies. It then considers national approaches to the regulation of the use of informers, including a case study of Northern Ireland, where human rights law played an ostensibly greater role in regulating conduct than humanitarian law. Informers were both victims and perpetrators of serious crimes during the conflict. The chapter then examines the application of human rights law in times of armed conflict through the lens of the right to life, and considers how national regulation and oversight of the use of informers may be of relevance in situations of armed conflict.
Venice and Venetian Intelligence in the European Panorama
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the politico-economic and sociocultural landscape in which Venice’s secret service evolved and developed in the sixteenth century. It also provides a general overview of the intelligence pursuits of some of the most significant players—politically and economically—in early modern Europe, including major Italian city states—such as Milan, Florence, Genoa and Rome—Spain, England, France, and the Ottoman Empire. The chapter analyses the gradual emergence of systematized intelligence in sixteenth-century Europe, as it was instigated by momentous political, economic, social, and religious events. Through this historical analysis, Venice’s centrally administered state intelligence service emerges as an idiosyncratic phenomenon, setting the scene for its nuanced examination in the ensuing chapters.
Renaissance Venice’s Intelligence Organization
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter analyses the organizational structure of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence service as it was headed by the Council of Ten and composed of geographically dispersed state representatives and their state officials, military and naval men, in-house and expatriate white-collar state functionaries, and casually salaried spies and informants. The chapter reviews the organizational layout of Venice’s state intelligence apparatus, which included formally appointed diplomats and state officials and a large part of the Venetian state bureaucracy, including the secret chancery. There is a particular focus on correspondence as a vital tool of managing human action and performance at a distance, enabling the administration of large-scale, geographically dispersed organization of work. The chapter also shows how Venice’s intelligence organization was sanctioned through regulations that not only determined uniform professional operations and relationships but, importantly, legitimized the Ten’s power of command as Venice’s spy chiefs.
Extraordinary Measures
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter’s aim is twofold. Firstly, it discusses the extraordinary measures that those in charge of Venice’s secret service employed in their ongoing effort to maintain the security of the Venetian state throughout the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. These measures included interrogations, tortures, assassinations, chemical warfare, as well as tricks such as letter interceptions and bribes. Such dealings were devised to complement the Republic’s intelligence operations and state surveillance activities. Secondly, it shows how such extraordinary measures, some abhorrent, others more benign, yet equally cunning, were routinely normalized and commonly accepted without dispute or dissent. Instead, with unstinting panache and little consideration for public censure, the Ten routinely legitimized morally reprehensible acts in the name of state security. Their most brute force was revealed on one crucial occasion: the need to prevent enemies from obtaining intelligence on Venetian affairs.