bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavily‐branched macropore and single‐trench fabrication via breakdown mechanism
Authors: Bao X. Q. , Jiao J. W. , Wang Y. L. , Na K. W. , Choi H.
Published: May 2007

Usually, etching of n‐type silicon in the dark produces “break down” mesopores. In this letter, by etching with aqueous and strong oxidizing electrolytes respectively, heavily branched macropores with diameters up to 4 μm and depths up to 200 μm were produced without illumination on low doped n‐type silicon. Isolated silicon islands were obtained due to the interconnection of the main pores. The heavily branched macropores on the micron scale could be filled with smooth macropores with diameters up to 500 nm. Due to a small primary length scale no more than 250 nm in their rather short nucleation phases, the main pores should be secondary macropores. Based on these findings, a single trench with long branches, which might facilitate potential applications, was fabricated with prestructured linear nuclei. Current‐burst‐model combined with breakdown mechanism was finally found to be responsible for the formation of heavily‐branched macropores. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly (100)‐oriented (Pb1–xLax)Ti1–x /4O3/Pb(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3/(Pb1–xLax)Ti1–x /4O3 multilayered thin films by RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Wu Jiagang , Xiao Dingquan , Zhu Jiliang , Zhu Jianguo , Tan Junzhe
Published: May 2007

(Pb1–x Lax )Ti1–x /4O3/Pb(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3/(Pb1–x Lax )Ti1–x /4O3 (x = 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) [PLTx /PZT/PLTx ] multilayered thin films were in situ deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by a RF magnetron sputtering technique with a PbOx buffer layer. With this method, all the multilayered films possess highly (100) orientation. The PbOx buffer layer leads to the (100) orientation of the multilayered films; the double‐sided PLTx layers improve the electrical properties of the films. The effect of the La content in the PLTx layers on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the PZT thin films was investigated. The enhanced dielectric and ferroelectric properties are observed in the PLTx /PZT/PLTx (x = 0.10) multilayered films. The dielectric constant reaches a maximum value of 298 at 1 kHz for x = 0.10 with a low loss tangent of 0.0261; along with enhanced dielectric properties, the multilayered films also exhibit a large remanent polarization value of 2Pr = 58.6 μC/cm2. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hybrid nitride microcavity using crack‐free highly reflective AlN/GaN and Ta2O5/SiO2 distributed Bragg mirrors
Authors: Huang G. S. , Chen Hou‐Guang , Chen J.‐R. , Lu T. C. , Kuo H. C. , Wang S. C.
Published: May 2007

We report the growth over 2 inch sapphire substrates of hybrid nitride‐based microcavities using one crack‐free highly reflective AlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) incorporated with AlN/GaN superlattice (SL) insertion layers and Ta2O5/SiO2 DBRs. The optical cavity is formed by a 5λ cavity consisting of n‐type GaN, 10 pairs multiple quantum wells and p‐type GaN sandwiched by AlN/GaN and Ta2O5/SiO2 DBRs. Reflectivity and photoluminescence measurements were carried out on these structures. A 29 periods AlN/GaN DBR incorporated with six AlN/GaN superlattice insertion layers showed no observable cracks and achieved a peak reflectivity of 99.4% and a stopband of 21 nm. Based on these high quality DBRs, the cavity mode is clearly resolved with a linewidth of 2.6 nm. These results demonstrate that the AlN/GaN system is very promising for the achievement of strong light–matter interaction and the fabrication of nitride‐based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
How it really happened: The history of p‐type doping of gallium nitride
Authors: Jain Rakesh B. , Maruska Herbert Paul
Published: May 2007

The first single crystal thin film layers of gallium nitride (GaN) were grown in 1969, but it was not until 1989 that conducting p‐type films of GaN were finally achieved. Many unsuccessful attempts to produce p‐type GaN by annealing techniques including thermal and electron beam annealing were attempted in those intervening twenty years. We discuss here the reason for the early failures, and how the problems were overcome. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Communicate your view

physica status solidi welcomes correspondence related to the articles in its new Historical Review section. If you wish to comment on the developments and topics recounted here from your own perspective, please send an e‐mail to the editor at pss@wiley-vch.de. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical spectroscopy study of Cr3+ ion in NaMg3Al(MoO4)5 crystal
Authors: Hermanowicz K.
Published: May 2007

Electron absorption, excitation and emission spectra have been measured for Cr3+ ion‐doped NaMg3Al(MoO4)5 crystal in the temperature range from 9 to 300 K. The sharp lines of the 2E–4T2 emission and broadband 4T2–4A2 luminescence from strong and weak crystal field Cr3+ sites as well as their temperature dependencies were observed. Below 200 K, Cr3+ ion pairs are detected. The local structure of Cr3+ surroundings is discussed in terms of the spectroscopic results and the crystal field parameters Dq, B and C of the Cr3+ ion are derived. The Huang–Rhys, S, and breathing phonons, ħω, parameters are reported. The use of the studied crystal as a laser material is briefly analyzed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Size‐selective excitation of biexcitons in CuCl quantum dots under two‐photon resonant excitation
Authors: Miyajima K. , Ashida M. , Itoh T.
Published: May 2007

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of excitons and biexcitons confined in CuCl quantum dots have been measured under two‐photon resonant excitation of the biexcitons in order to examine size‐selective excitation of the biexcitons. Although the PL energy of the biexciton does not exhibit an obvious dependence on the excitation photon energy, the PL energy of the exciton clearly reveals the size of the quantum dots in which the biexcitons are generated under the two‐photon resonant excitation. As a result, the possibility of the size‐selective excitation of the biexcitons was confirmed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigations of EPR parameters for Cr3+ and Mn4+ ions in anatase (TiO2) crystals
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Xuan , Feng Wen‐Ling , Zheng Wen‐Chen
Published: May 2007

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters (g factors g‖ and g⊥ and zero‐field splitting D) of 3d3 ions Cr3+ and Mn4+ at the tetragonal substitutional site of anatase (TiO2) crystals are calculated from the complete high‐order perturbation formulas based on the cluster approach. These formulas involve not only the widely used crystal field (CF) mechanism, but also the charge transfer (CT) mechanism (which is neglected in the CF theory). The calculated results are in agreement with the observed values. It is found that the relative importance of the CT mechanism for EPR parameters increases with increasing valence state of the 3d3 ion. So, in the case of 3d3 ions having high valence state (e.g. Mn4+ ion), a reasonable explanation of EPR parameters should take both CF and CT mechanisms into account. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A brief survey of self‐organization in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Mills Kevin L.
Published: May 2007

Many natural and man‐made systems exhibit self‐organization, where interactions among components lead to system‐wide patterns of behavior. This paper first introduces current, scientific understanding of self‐organizing systems and then identifies the main models investigated by computer scientists seeking to apply self‐organization to design large, distributed systems. Subsequently, the paper surveys research that uses models of self‐organization in wireless sensor networks to provide a variety of functions: sharing processing and communication capacity; forming and maintaining structures; conserving power; synchronizing time; configuring software components; adapting behavior associated with routing, with disseminating and querying for information, and with allocating tasks; and providing resilience by repairing faults and resisting attacks. The paper closes with a summary of open issues that must be addressed before self‐organization can be applied routinely during design and deployment of senor networks and other distributed, computer systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical approach of ID‐based cryptosystem in ad hoc networks
Authors: Kim Heeyoul , Song Jumin , Yoon Hyunsoo
Published: May 2007

As research in ad hoc networking has advanced, the importance of security increases more and more. But it suffers from the restriction that ad hoc networks do not have the established infrastructure. In this paper we propose a security‐enhanced model with ID‐based cryptosystem which removes the necessity for any infrastructure and provides sound authentication. Also we provide a more secure and concrete routing protocol with aggregate signature. For confidentiality, we also provide a key exchange protocol. And our model not only distributes the role of key generation center in ID‐based cryptosystem to the nodes with threshold cryptography, but also increases availability by providing a secret re‐sharing protocol. Therefore, our model is very appropriate for ad hoc networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing mobile clients' cache reusability in a wireless client‐server environment
Authors: Yi Song‐Yi , Jung Sungwon
Published: May 2007

In a wireless client‐server environment, data broadcasting is an efficient data dissemination method and some of the broadcast data are often cached at each mobile client's cache. Data broadcasting and caching save communication bandwidth, resource usage, and data access time. A server also broadcasts invalidation reports (IRs) to maintain the consistency between server data and clients' cached data. Most existing cache invalidation policies simply purge the entire cache after a client has been disconnected long enough to miss a certain number (window size) of IRs. We present a cache invalidation scheme to increase the reusability of the data in mobile clients' caches after long disconnection. Instead of clearing the entire cache regardless of its consistency after long disconnection, a client estimates the relative cost of purging all data and the cost of a selective purge. If a selective purge is cheaper, the client sends server an uplink message to ask the validity of data whose update rate is low to salvage as many valid data as possible. Simulation results show that our scheme effectively increases cache reusability since our cost functions respect update rates at a server, broadcast intervals, the communication bandwidth, and data sizes as well as disconnection
time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Durchfluß von Wasser durch konzentrische und exzentrische zylindrische Drosselspalte mit und ohne Ringnuten
Authors: Schneckenberg Erich
Published: May 2007

Aufgabe: Es sollte untersucht werden, wie der Wasserverlust aus engen zylindermantelförmigen Drosselspalten durch exzentrische Verlagerung von Kern und Mantel und ferner durch Ringnuten in den Spaltflächen beeinflußt wird.
Experimental Strategies Towards Treating Mitochondrial DNA Disorders
Authors: Gardner Julie L. , Craven Lyndsey , Turnbull Douglass M. , Taylor Robert W.
Published: May 2007

An extensive range of molecular defects have been identified in the human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), causing a range of clinical phenotypes characterized by mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction. Sadly, given the complexities of mitochondrial genetics, there are no available cures for mtDNA disorders. In this review, we consider experimental, genetic-based strategies that have been or are being explored towards developing treatments, focussing on two specific areas which we are actively pursuing—assessing the benefit of exercise training for patients with mtDNA defects, and the prevention of mtDNA disease transmission.
Disclosure of Genetics Research Results after the Death of the Patient Participant: A Qualitative Study of the Impact on Relatives
Authors: Ormondroyd E. , Moynihan C. , Watson M. , Foster C. , Davolls S. , Ardern‐Jones A. , Eeles R.
Published: May 2007

When a gene mutation is identified in a research study following the death of the study participant, it is not clear whether such information should be made available to relatives. We report here an evaluation of the impact on relatives of being informed of study results that detected pathogenic BRCA2 mutations in a male relative, now deceased, who had early onset (under the age of 55) prostate cancer. The breast and ovarian cancer risk was unknown to the living relatives. Qualitative analysis of interviews with thirteen relatives indicated that those who had a higher risk perception, resulting from an awareness of cancer family history or experiential knowledge of cancer in their family, tended to adjust more easily to the results. All participants believed that genetics research results of clinical significance should be fed back to relatives. Those who were fully aware of the BRCA2 results and implications for themselves felt they had benefited from the information, irrespective of whether or not they had elected for genetic testing, because of the consequent availability of surveillance programs. Initial anxiety upon learning about the BRCA2 result was alleviated by genetic counselling. Factors influencing those who have not engaged with the information included scepticism related to the relative who attempted to inform them, young age and fear of cancer. Those who had not sought genetic counselling did not attempt further dissemination, and some were not undergoing regular screening. Implications for informed consent in genetics research programs, and the requirement for genetic counselling when research results are disclosed, are discussed.
What do Patients Prefer: Informed Consent Models for Genetic Carrier Testing
Authors: Ormond K. E. , Iris M. , Banuvar S. , Minogue J. , Annas G. J. , Elias S.
Published: May 2007

The recent increased number of conditions for which patients can undergo genetic carrier testing raises the question of how best to obtain pre‐test informed consent. Clinical approaches vary from a minimalist model to a model where patients are given detailed information about all conditions to be screened for. Few data exist as to patient preferences, or how information impacts decision‐making. Eight high‐literacy focus groups were conducted to assess the knowledge and preferences of pregnant patients and their male partners. Most groups indicated that some balance between details and brevity was optimal, recognizing that anxiety can occur when patients are provided with too much information and that the wide range of tests offered during pregnancy often led to confusion. Critical areas for the informed consent process included (1) details about the conditions and risk of being a carrier, (2) logistics of testing, (3) next steps if the test is positive, and (4) prognosis, options and resources if the child were to be affected with a disorder. It will be useful to develop model consent programs and prospectively assess their impact on informed consent and patient satisfaction, both when positive and negative results are received.
Formation of Granular Crystals in Margarine with Excess Amount of Palm Oil
Authors: Tanaka L. , Miura S. , Yoshioka T.
Published: May 2007

Crystallization behavior of palm oil and tripalmitin (PPP) in a model margarine system was investigated. The model margarine was held in a programmable oven, heated to 5 °C for 12 h and then 20 °C for a further 12 h. After 3 weeks, the model margarine was evaluated by polarization microscopy. Granular crystals were observed in the margarine containing an excess amount of palm oil and PPP. The concentration of higher‐melting fatty acids was higher in the crystals relative to the surroundings. Likewise, the presence of lower‐melting fatty acids was lower in the crystals. The polymorphic structure of the margarine with excess palm oil and PPP was determined to be all β′ by X‐RD spectra. The result suggested that the agglomeration of higher‐melting point triglycerides (TAGs), such as PPP in this study, led to the formation of granular crystals in the margarine without β polymorphic emergence.
The heuristics of war: scientific method and the founders of operations research
Authors: THOMAS WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

This paper explores the relationship between operations research (OR) as practised during the Second World War and the claims of many of its proponents that it constituted an application of scientific method. It begins with an examination of the pre-war work of two of the most notable leaders in wartime OR, the British experimental physicist Patrick Blackett and the American theoretical physicist Philip Morse. Despite differences in their scientific work, each saw science as an essentially creative act relying on the skill and judgement of the individual scientist in the deployment of rational methods for the development of legitimate conclusions. When scientists began to study military operations, their investigations were defined by the technically sophisticated heuristic practices already surrounding military planning. They did not seek to replace these practices with their own rational methods. Rather, they became scholars of the military's methods and adapted their pre-war experience by shifting their self-disciplined attitude to their own work to bodies of military knowledge. Thus scientists learned so well to navigate an alien heuristic system that investigations they conducted within it took on the characteristics that they judged defined scientific work.
Powers – mengist – and peasants in rural Ethiopia: the May 2005 elections
Authors: Lefort René
Published: May 2007

Observation of the 2005 Ethiopian elections in two rural communities in south-east Amhara State reveals a picture very different from that presented in national-level analyses derived largely from urban areas. Deeply entrenched attitudes to power and government in the study area make the idea of peaceful electoral competition inconceivable. Peasants are first and foremost concerned to vote for the winning side, since to do otherwise carries intense risks to their welfare and even survival. The freedom with which the main opposition party was able to campaign until a few weeks before the election convinced many peasants that the government had abdicated, and that they should vote for the opposition as the likely winners. Belated mobilisation of the ruling party and state apparatus challenged this perception and created great uncertainty. This peasantry's political, economic and cultural alienation, allied to authoritarian rule and a lack of voter information placed genuinely ‘free and fair’ elections out of reach.
Prognostic indices with brief and standard CBT for panic disorder: I. Predictors of outcome
Authors: DOW MICHAEL G. T. , KENARDY JUSTIN A. , JOHNSTON DEREK W. , NEWMAN MICHELLE G. , TAYLOR C. BARR , THOMSON AILEEN
Published: May 2007

Background

Although the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in the management of panic disorder (PD) is now well established, there have been few studies of predictors of outcome with this patient group using clinical effectiveness trial data, a hypothesis-testing model, and a dependent measure of clinically significant change.

Method

The data for this study came from a randomized controlled trial of three forms of CBT delivery for PD with and without agoraphobia (two 6-week CBT programmes, one of which was computer assisted, and one therapist-directed 12-week CBT programme), comprising a total of 186 patients across two sites. Based on previous related research, five hypothesized predictors of post-treatment and follow-up outcome were identified and examined, using a series of bivariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The results in general supported the hypotheses. Strength of blood/injury fears, age of initial onset of panic symptoms, co-morbid social anxieties and degree of agoraphobic avoidance were predictive of both measures of post-treatment outcome. Degree of residual social difficulties and the continued use of anxiolytics at post-treatment were also shown to predict poor outcome at the 6-month follow-up. However, strength of continuing dysfunctional agoraphobic cognitions by the end of active treatment did not predict outcome at follow-up for the sample as a whole.

Conclusions

The identification of consistent predictors of outcome with CBT has many clinical and research benefits. As CBT, however, is being delivered increasingly in a variety of brief formats, further research is required to identify moderators of response to these ‘non-standard’ treatment formats.
Effects of a functional COMT polymorphism on brain anatomy and cognitive function in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome
Authors: van Amelsvoort T. , Zinkstok J. , Figee M. , Daly E. , Morris R. , Owen M. J. , Murphy K. C. , De Haan L. , Linszen D. H. , Glaser B. , Murphy D. G. M.
Published: May 2007

Background

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is associated with deletions at chromosome 22q11, abnormalities in brain anatomy and function, and schizophrenia-like psychosis. Thus it is assumed that one or more genes within the deleted region are crucial to brain development. However, relatively little is known about how genetic variation at 22q11 affects brain structure and function. One gene on 22q11 is catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): an enzyme that degrades dopamine and contains a functional polymorphism (Val158Met) affecting enzyme activity. Here, we investigated the effect of COMT Val158Met polymorphism on brain anatomy and cognition in adults with VCFS.

Method

The COMT Val158Met polymorphism was genotyped for 26 adults with VCFS on whom DNA was available. We explored its effects on regional brain volumes using hand tracing approaches; on regional grey- and white-matter density using computerized voxel-based analyses; and measures of attention, IQ, memory, executive and visuospatial function using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery.

Results

After corrections for multiple comparisons Val-hemizygous subjects, compared with Met-hemizygotes, had a significantly larger volume of frontal lobes. Also, Val-hemizygotes had significantly increased grey matter density in cerebellum, brainstem, and parahippocampal gyrus, and decreased white matter density in the cerebellum. No significant effects of COMT genotype on neurocognitive performance were found.

Conclusions

COMT genotype effects on brain anatomy in VCFS are not limited to frontal regions but also involve other structures previously implicated in VCFS. This suggests variation in COMT activity is implicated in brain development in VCFS.
Patterns of remission, continuation and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Authors: BULIK CYNTHIA M. , VON HOLLE ANN , HAMER ROBERT , KNOPH BERG CECILIE , TORGERSEN LEILA , MAGNUS PER , STOLTENBERG CAMILLA , SIEGA-RIZ ANNA MARIA , SULLIVAN PATRICK , REICHBORN-KJENNERUD TED
Published: May 2007

Background

We explored the course of broadly defined eating disorders during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.

Method

A total of 41 157 pregnant women, enrolled at approximately 18 weeks' gestation, had valid data from the Norwegian Medical Birth Registry. We collected questionnaire-based diagnostic information on broadly defined anorexia nervosa (AN), and bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). EDNOS subtypes included binge eating disorder (BED) and recurrent self-induced purging in the absence of binge eating (EDNOS-P). We explored rates of remission, continuation and incidence of BN, BED and EDNOS-P during pregnancy.

Results

Prepregnancy prevalence estimates were 0·1% for AN, 0·7% for BN, 3·5% for BED and 0·1% for EDNOS-P. During early pregnancy, estimates were 0·2% (BN), 4·8% (BED) and 0·1% (EDNOS-P). Proportions of individuals remitting during pregnancy were 78% (EDNOS-P), 40% (BN purging), 39% (BED), 34% (BN any type) and 29% (BN non-purging type). Additional individuals with BN achieved partial remission. Incident BN and EDNOS-P during pregnancy were rare. For BED, the incidence rate was 1·1 per 1000 person-weeks, equating to 711 new cases of BED during pregnancy. Incident BED was associated with indices of lower socio-economic status.

Conclusions

Pregnancy appears to be a catalyst for remission of some eating disorders but also a vulnerability window for the new onset of broadly defined BED, especially in economically disadvantaged individuals. Vigilance by health-care professionals for continuation and emergence of eating disorders in pregnancy is warranted.
Infanticide
Authors: MCMAHAN JEFF
Published: May 2007

It is sometimes suggested that if a moral theory implies that infanticide can sometimes be permissible, that is sufficient to discredit the theory. I argue in this article that the common-sense belief that infanticide is wrong, and perhaps evenworsethan the killing of an adult, is challenged not so much by theoretical considerations as by common-sense beliefs about abortion, the killing of non-human animals, and so on. Because there are no intrinsic differences between premature infants and viable fetuses, it is difficult to accept that an abortion performed after the point of viability can be permissible while denying that infanticide can be permissible for a comparably important reason. This and other challenges to the consistency of our intuitions exert pressure on us either to accept the occasional permissibility of infanticide or to reject liberal beliefs about abortion.
TWO THEORIES OF AGREEMENT
Authors: Black Oliver
Published: May 2007

Philosophers have been attracted by the theory that an agreement consists of undertakings by the parties. But the theory faces objections from three sides: unconditional undertakings by both parties are insufficient for an agreement; if the parties give interconditional undertakings, both comply if neither does anything; and, if one party gives an unconditional undertaking and the other a conditional one, a condition of interdependence is breached. The options are to live with the breach, to produce an undertaking-based theory that avoids the objections, or to analyze an agreement otherwise than in terms of undertakings. I consider each option and advocate the third: a better theory is that two people have an agreement where one makes an offer to the other that the other accepts.
Occlusion of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms with percutaneous ultrasound guided thrombin injection
Authors: Freund  , Dürschmied  , Zhou  , Richter  , Macharzina  , Haas  , Becherer  , Bode  , Hehrlein
Published: May 2007

Background: Pseudoaneurysm is a common complication of cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention with an incidence of 2% even in experienced centers. Patients and methods: In a feasibility study conducted between December 2004 and February 2006 we enrolled 76 patients consecutively to receive local thrombin injection (mean 329 IU; range 100–800 IU) into the aneurysma sac. Results: Ultrasound guided thrombotic occlusion of pseudoaneurysms was successful after one injection in 83% of the patients, 17% of the patients required more than one injection. The overall success rate of the procedure was 98,9%. No peripheral embolisation of thrombin was noted during any injection and we registered no other complication that needed any further intervention. Conclusions: We conclude that ultrasound guided occlusion of pseudoaneurysms using thrombin injection with a success rate of the procedure of 98,9% is feasible and safe.
Addressing Suicidal Ideations Through the Realization of Meaningful Personal Goals
Authors: Lapierre Sylvie , Dubé Micheline , Bouffard Léandre , Alain Michel
Published: May 2007

Abstract. A personal goal intervention program was offered to early retirees aged 50 to 65 years with the objective of increasing their subjective well-being. The program was aimed at helping the participants set, plan, pursue, and realize their personal goals. A subsample of 21 participants with suicidal ideas was identified from a larger sample (N = 354) of retirees living in the community who took part in the study to evaluate the program. The experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 11) groups were compared on their answers to 16 goal and psychological well-being questionnaires. By the end of the program, the experimental group had improved significantly more than the control group on hope, goal realization process, serenity, flexibility, and positive attitude toward retirement. The levels of depression and psychological distress significantly decreased. These gains were maintained 6 months later. The positive results obtained from this study could lead to an innovative way to help people with suicidal ideations.
The Lived Experience of Adults Bereaved by Suicide
Authors: Begley Mary , Quayle Ethel
Published: May 2007

Abstract. In recent years, a plethora of research studies have attempted to delineate the grief experiences associated with suicide from those of other sudden traumatic deaths. The emerging consensus suggests that bereavement through suicide is more similar than different to other bereavements, but is characterized by the reactions of shame, stigma, and self-blame. The causal nature of these reactions has yet to be fully understood. This study reports on the lived experiences of eight adults bereaved by suicides, which were obtained through in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four main themes dominated the relatives' grief experiences. First, the early months were checkered by attempts to “control the impact of the death.” The second theme was the overwhelming need to “make sense of the death” and this was coupled with a third theme, a marked “social uneasiness.” Finally, participants had an eventual realization of a sense of “purposefulness” in their lives following the suicide death. Overall, the findings suggest that suicide bereavement is molded and shaped by the bereaved individual's life experiences with the deceased and their perceptions following social interactions after the event. The findings from this study suggest that “meaning making” may be an important variable in furthering our understanding of the nuances in suicide bereavement.
Suicide Prevention Training Outside the Mental Health Service System
Authors: Simpson Grahame , Franke Bernie , Gillett Lauren
Published: May 2007

Abstract. The training needs of staff working in mainstream (i.e., noncrisis) health settings with client groups that have moderate levels of suicide risk have not been extensively addressed. An initiative to train rehabilitation and disability staff working in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is described. A program was adapted from a generic state health department training program, and disseminated by means of established training networks within the brain injury field. Program efficacy was evaluated as the training was provided across the state of Victoria in a series of 1-day workshops. Participants (n = 86) completed two evaluation measures designed for this purpose (objective knowledge test, self-rating of knowledge and skills) on three occasions (pre- and postworkshop, 6-month follow-up). Compared to a control group of rehabilitation and disability workers who did not receive the training (n = 27), the workshop participants made significant gains in objective knowledge and reported skills, and maintained these gains at the 6-month follow-up. The Suicide Interview Response Inventory-2 ( Neimeyer & Pfeiffer, 1994 ) was administered to a subgroup of participants as a validating measure, and correlated significantly with scores from the objective knowledge test. This process may provide a template for developing more fine-grained suicide prevention strategies among other health-related at-risk groups.
Spectral wave flow attenuation within submerged canopies: Implications for wave energy dissipation
Authors: Lowe Ryan J. , Falter James L. , Koseff Jeffrey R. , Monismith Stephen G. , Atkinson Marlin J.
Published: May 2007

Communities of benthic organisms can form very rough surfaces (canopies) on the seafloor. Previous studies have shown that an oscillatory flow induced by monochromatic surface waves will drive more flow inside a canopy than a comparable unidirectional current. This paper builds on these previous studies by investigating how wave energy is attenuated within canopies under spectral wave conditions, or random wave fields defined by many frequencies. A theoretical model is first developed to predict how flow attenuation within a canopy varies among the different wave components and predicts that shorter‐period components will generally be more effective at driving flow within a canopy than longer‐period components. To investigate the model performance, a field experiment was conducted on a shallow reef flat in which flow was measured both inside and above a model canopy array. Results confirm that longer‐period components in the spectrum are significantly more attenuated than shorter‐period components, in good agreement with the model prediction. This paper concludes by showing that the rate at which wave energy is dissipated by a canopy is closely linked to the flow structure within the canopy. Under spectral wave conditions, wave energy within a model canopy array is dissipated at a greater rate among the shorter‐period wave components. These observations are consistent with previous observations of how wave energy is dissipated by the bottom roughness of a coral reef.
Which near–surface atmospheric variable drives air–sea temperature differences over the global ocean?
Authors: Kara A. B. , Hurlburt H. E. , Loh W.‐Y.
Published: May 2007

This paper investigates the influence of atmospheric variables (net solar radiation, wind speed, precipitation and vapor mixing ratio, all of which are at or near the sea surface) on the annual and seasonal cycle of near surface air minus sea surface temperature (Tair–Tsst) over the global ocean. The importance order of these variables is discussed using several statistical methods and two global data sets. After demonstrating that neither Tair nor Tsst exhibit any skill in determining difference between the two, a regression tree model (the so‐called Generalized, Unbiased, Interaction Detection and Estimation (GUIDE) algorithm) is used to investigate influences of the atmospheric variables mentioned above in regulating Tair–Tsst. Overall, net solar radiation (sum of net shortwave and longwave radiation) at the sea surface is found to be the most important variable in driving the seasonal cycle of Tair–Tsst over the global ocean when the nonlinear relationship between Tair–Tsst and atmospheric variables is taken into account. This is true for both annual and seasonal (May through August) or monthly (November and December) timescales. Similar to the GUIDE results, a simple linear regression analysis also confirms that the net solar radiation explains most of the variance in the seasonal cycle of Tair–Tsst over most (≈50%) of the global ocean. The importance of the net solar radiation in controlling Tair–Tsst is even more significant in the regions surrounding the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream current systems. The results presented in this paper have various implications for air–sea interaction and ocean mixed layer studies.
Microcanonical multifractal formalism: Application to the estimation of ocean surface velocities
Authors: Isern‐Fontanet J. , Turiel A. , García‐Ladona E. , Font J.
Published: May 2007

In this paper we investigate the validity of the multifractal formalism to study sea surface temperature (SST). It is shown that SST patterns observed in moderate resolution SST images have anomalous scaling properties characteristic of a multifractal structure. The most probable origin of the observed structures is the turbulent character of the oceanic flow as they evolve slowly and are very persistent in times compatible with ocean mesoscale dynamics (several days). The spectrum of singularity exponents indicates that the dynamics of the processes leading to the geometrical arrangement of the SST patterns is quite general over the available range of scales. As a consequence, multifractal techniques can be used to extract properties of the underlying flow. In particular, the geometry of the SST multifractal components is closely linked with the ocean flow, which allows to build a reasonable guess of the streamfunction (defined as the maximum singular streamfunction (MSS)) from a single SST image. Thus the ocean surface velocity field can be easily inferred, with some limitations. As multifractal analysis is in essence a geometrical approach, the method is able to retrieve a high resolution velocity field, well localized in space, but with some indetermination on the modulus and sense of velocity vectors. To solve this, a general framework for the integration of extra information is proposed, what is illustrated with an example merging MSS with altimetric data.
Intercomparison of ozone profile measurements from ASUR, SCIAMACHY, MIPAS, OSIRIS, and SMR
Authors: Kuttippurath J. , Bremer H. , Burrows J. , Kleinböhl A. , Küllmann H. , Künzi K. , Notholt J. , Sinnhuber M. , von Savigny C. , Lautié N. , Murtagh D. , Urban J. , Milz M. , Stiller G. , Petelina S. , de La Noë J. , Le Flochmoën E. , Ricaud P.
Published: May 2007

The airborne submillimeter radiometer (ASUR) was deployed onboard the Falcon research aircraft during the scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric cartography (SCIAMACHY) validation and utilization experiment (SCIAVALUE) and the European polar stratospheric cloud and lee wave experiment (EuPLEx) campaigns. A large number of ozone profile measurements were performed over a latitude band spanning from 5°S to 80°N in September 2002 and February/March 2003 during the SCIAVALUE and around the northern polar latitudes in January/February 2003 during the EuPLEx. Both missions amassed an ample microwave ozone profile data set that is used to make quantitative comparisons with satellite measurements in order to assess the quality of the satellite retrievals. In this paper, the ASUR ozone profile measurements are compared with measurements from SCIAMACHY and Michelson interferometer for passive atmospheric sounding (MIPAS) on Environmental Satellite and optical spectrograph and infrared imager system (OSIRIS) and submillimeter radiometer (SMR) on the Odin satellite. The cross comparisons with the criterion that the ASUR measurements are performed within ±1000 km and ±6 hrs of the satellite observations show a good agreement with all the four satellite sensors. The differences in data values are the following: −4 to +8% for ASUR‐SCIAMACHY (operational product, v2.1), within ±15% for ASUR‐SCIAMACHY (scientific product, v1.62), up to +6% for ASUR‐MIPAS (operational product v4.61) and ASUR‐MIPAS (scientific product v1‐O3‐1), up to 17% for ASUR‐OSIRIS (v012), and −6 to 17% for ASUR‐SMR (v222) between the 20‐ and 40‐km altitude range depending on latitude. Thus, the intercomparisons provide important quantitative information about the quality of the satellite ozone profiles, which has to be considered when using the data for scientific analyses.
Space‐based constraints on the production of nitric oxide by lightning
Authors: Martin Randall V. , Sauvage Bastien , Folkins Ian , Sioris Christopher E. , Boone Christopher , Bernath Peter , Ziemke Jerry
Published: May 2007

We interpret observations of trace‐gases from three satellite platforms to provide top‐down constraints on the production of NO by lightning. The space‐based observations are tropospheric NO2 columns from SCIAMACHY, tropospheric O3 columns from OMI and MLS, and upper tropospheric HNO3 from ACE‐FTS. A global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) is used to identify locations and time periods in which lightning would be expected to dominate the trace gas observations. The satellite observations are sampled at those locations and time periods. All three observations exhibit a maximum in the tropical Atlantic region and a minimum in the tropical Pacific. This wave‐1 pattern is driven by injection of lightning NO into the upper troposphere over the tropical continents, followed by photochemical production of NO2, HNO3, and O3 during transport. Lightning produces a broad enhancement over the tropical Atlantic and Africa of 2–6 × 1014 molecules NO2 cm−2, 4 × 1017 molecules O3 cm−2 (15 Dobson Units), and 125 pptv of upper tropospheric HNO3. The lightning background is 25–50% weaker over the tropical Pacific. A global source of 6 ± 2 Tg N yr−1 from lightning in the model best represents the satellite observations of tropospheric NO2, O3, and HNO3.
A comparison of model and GRACE estimates of the large‐scale seasonal cycle in ocean bottom pressure
Authors: Ponte Rui M. , Quinn Katherine J. , Wunsch Carl , Heimbach Patrick
Published: May 2007

Seasonal variability in ocean bottom pressure pb is analyzed using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data products and an optimized model solution obtained by fitting most available ocean data in a least‐squares sense. The annual cycle in the spatial mean is a substantial part of the observed seasonal pb variability; net freshwater input and atmospheric pressure effects are both important. For the residual spatially‐varying patterns, GRACE and model results agree well over the Southern Ocean where strongest variability at both annual and semiannual periods is present. Phase patterns tend to match well, although model amplitudes are generally weaker. Considerable uncertainty remains in both GRACE and model pb fields, judging from the spread among available estimates. Improving the pb estimates requires removal of data noise from aliasing and leakage of land hydrology signals, and further optimization of the ocean model, including possible use of GRACE data to constrain the solution.
Lithological anomalies in a relict coastal dune: Geophysical and paleoenvironmental markers
Authors: Buynevich Ilya V. , Bitinas Albertas , Pupienis Donatas
Published: May 2007

Ground exposures of migration surfaces (slipfaces) of a relict Holocene coastal dune along the southeastern Baltic Sea coast provide an ideal opportunity for establishing the causes of prominent reflections on geophysical profiles. High‐amplitude reflections on high‐resolution ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) images correlate well with two major lithological anomalies: 1) paleosols developed on dune slipfaces, and 2) slipfaces consisting of heavy‐mineral concentrations (HMCs). Paleosols serve as indicators of dune stability, represent datable chronostratigraphic surfaces, and help reconstruct dune paleo‐morphology. HMCs have substantially higher magnetic susceptibility values than background quartz‐rich sands and, where they are well‐developed, can be also used for spatial correlation. Based on their occurrence at the study site, these enriched horizons likely represent periods of increased wind activity (storminess). Multiple HMCs upwind of paleosol P1 (800–670 cal years BP) likely reflect periods of intensified wind activity along the southeast Baltic region during the Medieval Warm Period.
Magnetic loss in soft ferrites
Authors: Roshen Waseem A.
Published: May 2007

In order to understand the anomalous magnetic field dependence of the high frequency (200kHz–1.0MHz) losses, we consider the high field conductivity of the soft ferrites. We show that the high field conductivity is highly nonlinear. Separately, we show that this nonlinear behavior is due to tunneling between adjacent ferrite grains. In this paper we show that this tunneling based nonlinear conductivity gives rise to a different eddy current loss, which can explain the anomalous magnetic field dependence of the measured high frequency loss.
Atomic ordering kinetics of FePt thin films: Nucleation and growth of L10 ordered domains
Authors: Li X. H. , Liu B. T. , Li W. , Sun H. Y. , Wu D. Q. , Zhang X. Y.
Published: May 2007

To lower the L10 ordering temperature of FePt thin films, a detailed understanding of the nucleation and growth processes of L10 ordered domains is of particular importance. In the present study, a nucleation activation energy En=(0.5−0.6)±0.1 eV and a growth activation energy Eg=0.9±0.1 eV for the L10 ordered domains in the FePt thin films are determined by studying the individual annealing-temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth parameters of the L10 ordered domains. These data make a contribution to the understanding of the high L10 ordering temperature of FePt thin films for manufacturing magnetic recording media.
A rethink on Retropinna: conservation implications of new taxa and significant genetic sub-structure in Australian smelts (Pisces:Retropinnidae)
Authors: Hammer Michael P. , Adams Mark , Unmack Peter J. , Walker Keith F.
Published: May 2007

The smelt genus Retropinna nominally includes three small (<150 mm) freshwater fish species endemic to south-eastern Australia and New Zealand. For the two Australian species, the broad range of R. semoni (Weber) on the mainland suggests some vulnerability to isolation and genetic divergence, whereas the apparent confinement of R. tasmanica McCulloch to Tasmania is curious if, as suspected, it is anadromous. Analyses of Australian material using allozyme electrophoresis show five genetically distinct species with contiguous ranges and no evidence of genetic exchange. Three occur along the eastern seaboard (including three instances of sympatry), another in coastal and inland south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, and a fifth species in the Lake Eyre Basin. There is no indication of a simple ‘tasmanica’ v. ‘semoni’ dichotomy, but instead a complex pattern involving discrete clusters for the Upper Murray plus Darling rivers, Lower Murray, Glenelg River and Tasmanian regions, with coastal western Victorian samples having varying affinity to these groups. The overall pattern is one of deep divergences among species and strong genetic sub-structuring within and provides a strong argument for extended studies to prepare for appropriate conservation measures.
Dynamics of gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and larval release in a Mediterranean homosclerophorid demosponge
Authors: Riesgo A. , Maldonado M. , Durfort M.
Published: May 2007

We investigated the cycle of sexual reproduction in a Mediterranean population of Corticium candelabrum by light and electron microscopy, using non-destructive tissue sampling. Most individuals of this hermaphroditic species engaged in reproduction. The relationship between seawater temperature and gametogenesis was not straightforward. Oogenesis, characterised by a long phase of oocyte growth, was continuous, with new oocytes appearing every single month of the year. Nevertheless, maximum oocyte production coincided with declining temperatures. Likewise, spermatogenesis started in the coldest month of the year. In contrast, embryonic development and larval release were limited to a few weeks during the seasonal rise of temperature and the warmest months, respectively. Female and male gametes were located in close proximity in the mesohyl. Monociliated spermatogonia putatively derived from choanocytes, and oogonia from archaeocytes. Spermatogenesis, which strongly resembled that in higher animals, produced round spermatozoa that were provided with acrosome and anchoring system for the cilium. Mature oocytes became surrounded by a bacterial layer. Many symbiotic bacteria served for oocyte nourishment, but others were transferred to the larva. As a whole, the reproductive cycle, which also exhibited quite successful fertilisation and low mortality during embryonic development, appears finely tuned to improve the competitive ability of this sponge.