bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Application of Load Runner in Message Broker Software of Financial Fusion in a Stated-Owned Bank
Authors: Hu Song Hua , En De
Published: December 2011

LoadRunner is a powerful tool for performance testing, facing the widely use of Financial Fusion's Message Oriented Middleware----Message Broker in a stated-owned bank, with the use the system hardware and software environment of the bank, build the performance testing program to test Message Broker. Using LoadRunner to achieve the Base Testing, Absolute Concurrent Testing and Stability Testing, From these testing, it has been achieved the testing results of performance testing of the messaging middleware software Message Broker, this can provide a theoretical basisfor the application of Message Broker in processing messaging in banks, it also provide theory with the stability of banking systems.
Developing a TRIZ-Based Systematic Method to Inspire Individual Student’s Interest and to Solve Problem for Engineering Innovation Education
Authors: Tsai Jo Peng , Chen Yu Gang
Published: December 2011

TRIZ has been developed over six decades and attracted a great deal of interest in industry and education. It can provide a systematic approach to analyze problems where innovation is needed and to provide strategies and methods to solve the problem. It consists of many tools such as 40 inventive principles and the matrix of contradictions, laws of technical system evolution, substance-field analysis, ARIZ (algorithm of inventive problems solving). In this paper, we focused on engineering innovative education and developed a TRIZ-based systematic method applied to inspire individual student’s interest and learning motivation based on their life experience and capability. The process of this method includes analysis of individual student’s interest and expertise, requirement analysis, confirmation of problem direction, problem definition, selection of TRIZ tools, generation of solutions, evaluation of solutions. A case study including an integrated application with mechanical, electrical and information techniques was illustrated for the method and process. The authors expects this research could provide a reference for engineering innovation education and the method proposed in this paper is general in form to be applied for the other disciplines.
Enhancement of Finger-Vein Image by Vein Line Tracking and Adaptive Gabor Filtering for Finger-Vein Recognition
Authors: Cho So Ra , Park Young Ho , Nam Gi Pyo , Shin Kwang Youg , Lee Hyeon Chang , Park Kang Ryoung , Kim Sung Min , Kim Ho Chul
Published: December 2011

Biometrics is the technology to identify a user by using the physiological or behavioral characteristics. Among the biometrics such as fingerprint, face, iris, and speaker recognition, finger-vein recognition has been widely used in various applications such as door access control, financial security, and user authentication of personal computer, due to its advantages such as small sized and low cost device, and difficulty of making fake vein image. Generally, a finger-vein system uses near-infrared (NIR) light illuminator and camera to acquire finger-vein images. However, it is difficult to obtain distinctive and clear finger-vein image due to skin scattering of illumination since the finger-vein exists inside of a finger. To solve these problems, we propose a new method of enhancing the quality of finger-vein image. This research is novel in the following three ways compared to previous works. First, the finger-vein lines of an input image are discriminated from the skin area by using local binarization, morphological operation, thinning and line tracing. Second, the direction of vein line is estimated based on the discriminated finger-vein line. And the thickness of finger-vein in an image is also estimated by considering both the discriminated finger-vein line and the corresponding position of finger-vein region in an original image. Third, the distinctiveness of finger-vein region in the original image is enhanced by applying an adaptive Gabor filter optimized to the measured direction and thickness of finger-vein area.
Experimental results showed that the distinctiveness and consequent quality of finger-vein image are enhanced compared to that without the proposed method.
Recent Advances in Coal Mine Safety Training Based on Virtual Reality in China
Authors: Sun Nong Liang , Li Jing , Wang Min , Cao Mao Yong
Published: December 2011

Recent advances in coal mine safety training based on virtual reality in China are explored and reviewed according to the researches and papers in the last ten years, and the drawbacks in them are figured out, with some suggestions for further researches being given. A brief survey on the research contents is carried out with time as the clue in the first place, illustrating that more and more investigations and researches have been done over time. And then such issues as main research outlines, theories and algorithms, software and tools, and extent of achievement, are reviewed respectively. The drawbacks in these researches are that they are somewhat repetitive, too much contents and relatively superficial in one project, more geological modeling but less intelligent, lacking of high realistic and advanced system, and so on. We suggest that more attention should be paid to the following aspects: 1) More intelligent functions instead of just simple demonstrating and roaming; 2) studying and developing Coal Mine Safety Training Engine Based on Virtual Reality (CMSTEVR) by concentrating core strength, in order to reduce the large amount of elementary work such as geological modeling, etc; 3) Breaking through the real-time barrier of the accurate and complex calculations, and solving the integration and fusion issues between these kinds of calculations and VR software; 4) Developing Coal Mine Safety Training System by utilizing the most advanced and powerful Game Engine.
A New Control Scheme for Sealing System in Continuous Motion Form/Fill/Seal Packaging Machines
Authors: Song Guo Zhi , Liu Yin Gui , Liu Ming Zhe
Published: December 2011

It has been proved through the extensive study of continuous Form/Fill/Seal packaging machine that the outlook and final quality of the formed bags are largely dependent on the accurate synchronisation of vertical and horizontal sealing subsystems. In this paper, we first investigate synchronisation problem existed in the sealing system of traditional continuous F/F/S packaging machine which is mainly due to the mechanical non-constant transmission system used in the current continuous F/F/S packaging machine. A new control scheme is then proposed to address this problem in which the driving of the horizontal and vertical sealing has been made into independent but connected subsystems and controlled by separate control modules. We discuss the mathematical model and physical design in which the mechanical transmission part is discarded therefore simplifies the whole design of the machine. The new control scheme has been testified in several industrial applications with excellent performance result.
Laser Scan System to Establish 3-D Surface Texture and Predict Friction of Pavement
Authors: Chen Shih Huang , Hung Ching Tsung , Yu Chang Hua , Chung Hung Wen , Chen Chia Hao
Published: December 2011

Friction of pavement is the most popular tropic which is concerned by drivers and engineers, surface texture are also widely regarded as key factor to influence it. The brief object of this study is to establish the relationship between 3 D texture and friction. In the study, the mixtures include Dense Grade Asphalt Concrete (DGAC), Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), and Porous Asphalt (PA). High Definition Scan Texture Machine (HDSTM) with 2D Laser CCD was adopted to measure the 2 D texture of Asphalt concrete specimens, and British Portable Tester (BPN) was also used to evaluate friction of various mixture specimen surfaces. The study was attempted to further create initial 3 D model with data of HDSTM and Computer Simulation Program. Correlation coefficients between the ratio of Surface area in unit area (SA/A) and friction was up to 0.8. SA/A could be regards as the best feasible factor to estimate the mixture surface in the ability of skid resistance, and. Based on above results, 3D texture parameter is remarkable for evaluation of friction and is was worthy of further study.
A Novel Creative Thinking Model to Pattern Recognition Problem Solving
Authors: Hsu Wei Chih , Yu Tsan Ying
Published: December 2011

Inspired by the studies of modern cognitive psychology and real-world pattern recognition systems, a new developed model for pattern recognition is proposed to provide an alternative solution for some complicated pattern recognition problems. This study exploits a creative problem solving (CPS) skill to derive a pattern recognition solution and presents the basic principles, criteria, and techniques for CPS. Next, CPS is devoted to develop pattern recognition application and demonstrate a case study. In addition, this paper discusses the case study on the application of CPS thinking model. Experiment results show that CPS thinking model can improve this application performance of pattern recognition.
Study on the Weakest Interaction Model for Chiral Resolution Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Authors: Rong Fei , Li Ping
Published: December 2011

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) of L-phenylalanine ethyl ester were synthesized in this study. Then, the prepared MIPs were packed in a stainless column and evaluated as the chiral stationary phases of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MIPs exhibited a considerable capability of chiral separation between template molecule and its enantiomer with the separation factor of 1.69. Furthermore, the weakest interaction model was introduced to study the chiral recognition mechanism of MIPs. The results suggested that the weakest interaction between the template molecule and the imprinted cavity played crucial role in chiral separation, and the molecular tension should be taken into consideration during the separation procedure. The separation factor of 2.07 was calculated by the theoretical model, which was very close to the value obtained from chromatographic experiment.
Insulation Properties of the Monolithic and Flexible Aerogels Prepared at Ambient Pressure
Authors: Cai Jackie Y. , Lucas Stuart , Wang Li Jing , Cao Yi
Published: December 2011

This paper reports a method for scale-up fabrication of hydrophobic and flexible aerogels derived from a combined precursor methyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane. The method developed enables the preparation of large pieces of monolithic aerogels at ambient pressure drying conditions. The thermal and acoustic insulation properties of the flexible aerogels were investigated and compared with the commercially available insulation materials.
Preparation of Slag Reactive Powder Concrete and the Research on its Resistance to Chloride Ion Permeability
Authors: Shi Tao , Wei Su , Shen Jia Yan , Ye Qing
Published: December 2011

Basing on the basic preparation principle of reactive powder concrete, through mixing the new active component of slag, this thesis aims to confect new-type cement-based material with super high performance. As illustrated from the experiments of resistance to chlorine ion permeability, this type of concrete is with extremely compact structure and higher resistance to chlorine ion permeability compared with other cement-based materials. Silica fume presents the most important promotion effect on its resistance to chlorine ion permeability. Steel fiber and standard sand also help to enhance its impermeability. Through the analysis and the research on microstructure realized by X-ray Diffraction, mercury penetration experiment and SEM, all these views have been proved.
Research on Preparation and Electromagnetic Properties of Polyaniline Nanofibers through Interfacial Polymerization
Authors: Liu Li Wen , Wang Dong Hong , Song Bao Yin , Qiao Miao Jie
Published: December 2011

Conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were synthesized by interfacial polymerization with ethanol/water, n-butyl alcohol/water and n-hexyl alcohol/water as reaction media, respectively. It was characterized by four-probe method, FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM techniques etc. The results showed that the n-butyl alcohol/water system provided a better reaction environment for the preparation of PANI nanofibers. The optimal conductivity value of PANI nanofibers was 3.55 S/cm; the diameter was between 60 and 100nm and the length was from 600nm to several microns. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the PANI nanofibers was from 38dB to 79dB, which was measured by coaxial method from 10KHz to 4GHz. According to the results, the PANI nanofibers could be used as electromagnetic shielding materials.
Research of Oxidation Starch Conversion and Crystallinity
Authors: Liu Can , Gu Ji You , Zhang Yan Hua
Published: December 2011

In order to analyze the antioxidant conversion rate of hydrogen peroxide as oxidant to make oxidation starch, and the change of starch crystallinity when mixing different amount of antioxidant, the determination of carboxyl content and X-ray diffraction analysis map have been analyzed by adding 5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml mix amount of oxidation starch respectively to starch and oxidizer. We can get the conclusion that the conversion rate of hydrogen peroxide is 0.062%.We know that crystallinity of 6 different oxidation starches reduced with the increase of oxidant amount. Confirm that the hydrogen peroxide have a weak influence on the crystallinity of starch.
Hot Corrosion Behavior of Sputtered Fe-Y Alloy Coatings with Different Y Contents
Authors: Fu Guang Yan , Chen Jing Yu , Liu Qun , Su Yong
Published: December 2011

Three Fe-Y alloy coatings with differernt kinds of Y contents were prepared on stainless steel by magnetron sputtering. The hot corrosion behavior of sputtered alloy coatings with Na2SO4 deposits at 800 °C was investigated by discontinuous weigh measurement. Results show that the sputtered Fe-Y alloy coatings exhibit good adhesion with the matrix of stainless steel, and the hot corrosion kinetic curves of the specimens approximately follow the parabolic rate law. The Fe oxides are the main substances in the corrosion scale, and the hot corrosion rate of the three Fe-Y alloy coatings increases as the Y content increases. Therefore, the hot corrosion resistance of Fe-15Y alloy coating is better than that of Fe-20Y or Fe-30Y alloy coating.
Preparation and Properties of Carbon Nanotube / Polyaniline Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhao Dong Yu , Jin Zheng , Yang Xue Qin , Jia Xiao Ying
Published: December 2011

Aniline monomer coated on the nanotubes in HCl solution was used to prepare a composite of multi-wall carbon nanotube/polyaniline (MWCNT/PANI) by in-situ polymerization. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes were treated by the mixed acid (HNO3:H2SO4in a ratio of 1:3). The content of MWCNT in the samples was 0-20 wt%. The nanocomposites were characterized by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the MWCNT/PANI nanocomposites were also measured. The results showed that the MWCNT was well dispersed in water after purification. Both FT-IR and Raman spectra illustrated the presence of MWCNT in the composites; the interaction between PANI and MWCNT was proved. The Young΄s modulus was 618MPa with 20wt% loading. The effects of treatment of MWCNT on the mechanical properties of MWCNT/PANI nanocomposites are discussed.
Infrared Spectrum Analysis of Perfluoro Polyethers (PFPE) of Fluorocarbon-Based Magnetic Fluid’s Base Liquid
Authors: Cui Hong Chao , Li De Cai , Wang Cui
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we briefly introduce the concept, composition and classification of nano-fluorocarbon-based magnetic fluids; then discuss preparation and structure of perfluoro polyethers (PFPE); and then analyze the infrared spectrum to infer the structure contained in the polymer in detail and systematically, further verify the functional group of PFPE.
Synthesis of Titania Nanotubes and its Application on Oxalic Acid Removal from Aquatic Environment
Authors: Lin Wen Churng , Liu Rui , Yang Wein Duo , Chung Zen Ja , Chueng Hui Ju
Published: December 2011

Titania nanotubes were synthesized after the protonation and calcination of titanate precursors prepared at different hydrothermal temperatures. Calcination of the titanate precursors at various temperature, governs the TiO2nanotubes formation. It was observed that sample prepared at 130°C and calcination at 500°C forms only anatase, but at 800°C, both anatase and rutile formed. The as-prepared titania nanotubes were used as photocatalyst in order to degrade organic contaminant, oxalic acid from aqueous solution by UV irradiation. 78 % oxalic acid was removed from the aqueous media at the nanotubes dose of 2 g L-1, in 120 min.
Treatment of Ammonia-Nitrogen Wastewater by Electrodialysis
Authors: Song Hui Ping , Jiang Ying Ying , Cheng Fang Qin
Published: December 2011

The ammonia-nitrogen wastewater was purified by using electrodialysis (ED) device in this paper. The NH4Cl solution was used as the artificial ammonia-nitrogen wastewater. Various unsteady factors in the experiment may cause the concentration polarization phenomenon, which may have negative effect on ED cell performance and its lifetime. The limiting voltage was confirmed as 12V in this study. At steady-state operation condition of ED, the outlet concentration was measured at different operation voltages, feed concentrations, and concentrations ratio of two cells. The efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen removal was evaluated in different conditions by a factorially designed experiment. The results from the experiment indicate the best process conditions for the ED, that is, the voltage was 12V, and the concentrations ratio of two cells was 1:3. It seems that the ammonia-nitrogen removal is more effective for a higher feed concentration stream.
Effect of Color on Optical Properties of New-Type Invisible Warp-Knitted Curtain Fabric
Authors: Chen Wei Lai , Zhu Jian Xiao , Tang Zhe Bing
Published: December 2011

In this paper, disperse dyes were selected to dye the new tricot warp-knitted curtain fabric under high temperature and pressure, and fabrics of different colors could be obtained. Then the optical properties of fabrics were tested through the method of spectrophotometer, the effect of color on optical properties was analyzed. The results indicated that fabrics dyed by different dyes have different optical properties; its optical transmittance and reflectance decreases after dyeing, which make transmittance and reflection performance worse. The dark purple, deep yellow and light yellow samples have better light-admitting and anti-peep performance than other samples.
Morphology Change of Extrusion Molded Crystalline Polymer by Rolling Process
Authors: Murata Takuya , Qiu Jian Hui , Sakai Eiichi , Wu Xue Li , Kudo Makoto
Published: December 2011

In this work, the spring back, dimensional change, internal structure and morphology of extruded polypropylene were investigated in order to consider the rolling characteristic. It was found that the internal structure, molecular orientation and crystallinity were changed a little by high spring back under low reduction in thickness. Crystal structure was extended along the rolling direction with high reduction in thickness due to the increase of plastic deformation. As a result, molecular orientation increased and crystallinity decreased at over 30% of reduction in thickness. Crystalline structure of surface was similar to the center part in cross-section at 70% reduction in thickness, and molecular orientation was constant.
Phase Formation of Fe-Mn Binary Alloy During Sub-Rapid Solidification
Authors: Yang Rong , Xia Wen Bin , Song Chang Jiang , Peng Qin , He Xian Yong , Zhai Qi Jie
Published: December 2011

An experimental study on the influence of cooling rate and manganese content on the structures and phase formation of Fe-Mn alloy was carried out during sub-rapid solidification process. BCC structures were obtained for samples with manganese content ranging from 2pct to 11pct, and a HCP phase was obtained when the manganese content is up to 15pct. The micro- hardness increases with cooling rate and manganese content increasing.
Nano-Silver Paste with a Low Sintering Temperature
Authors: Luo Shi Yong , Chen Juan , Xu Wen Cai , Zhang Xin Lin , Huo Li Xia
Published: December 2011

A paste with as low as 300°C sintering temperature was prepared by using nano silver particles and nitrocellulose ethyl acetate solution. The rheological and thixotropic behaviors of the typical paste were characterized and their effects on the screen printing ability were analyzed in details. The paste demonstrates a typical shear thinning rheological behavior and thixotropic of pseudoplastic fluid. The apparent viscosity decreased rapidly with the increase of the shear rate. The paste is proper for the manufacturing electrical components at a low sintering temperature as low as 300°C.
Research on Microstructure and Properties of Welded Joint of 2205 Steel with FCAW
Authors: Yang Li , Zhang Na
Published: December 2011

On the basis of the analysis of composition, microstructure, properties and weldability of 2205 duplex stainless steel, the flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process is made. Then the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of welded joint were analyzed. The results shows using FCAW process, in order to obtain high strength, perfect impact toughness and overall and partial resistance to stress corrosion in welded joint, the Ni content of duplex stainless steel welding material should be 2% to 4% higher than that of base metal, multi-layer and multi-channel welding is adopted with the strict control of energy input less than or equal to 0.926KJ/mm, layer temperature is less than 120 °C, thus the appropriate proportion of two-phase structure in the welded joint can be got. Using a reasonable welding procedure, the microstructure in weld beam is austenite (A) + ferrite (F), and in heat affected zone is ferrite (F) + austenite (A) + a small amount of third phase, the content of austenite in weld beam and heat affected zone is higher than that of the base metal. Tensile strength of the welded joint is up to 854.5MPa and the fracture occurs in the base metal and the heat affected zone. The welded joint has high strength, good plasticity, toughness and corrosion resistance.
Synthesis of Lignin-Base Bead Adsorbent and its Application in Removing Pb (II) from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Huang Ya Ling , Fu Ru Lin , Huang Zhen Kun , Cheng Xian Su
Published: December 2011

A spherical amine modified lignin-base adsorbent had been prepared (L-BAA) by condensation polymerization of lignin with epoxy chloropropane and diamines. The modified products were characterized by FTIR spectra and scanning electron microscopy. Few researches on adsorbing Pb (II) of high concentration from aqueous had been reported. The spherical lignin-base adsorbent was used to adsorb Pb (II) of high concentration from aqueous solution. The effect of shaking time, pH value and temperature on adsorption had been investigated in the study. It was indicated that the adsorption was dependent on pH and temperature of Pb (II) aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity was 151.0 mg/g at follow condition: pH value was 4.00 and temperature was 35°C. The adsorption capacity was better than other reported adsorbents.
Research on the PID-Based System of Emulsion Concentration Automatic Mixing
Authors: Wang Xiao Li , Wang Ya Xiao
Published: December 2011

In order to detect and control the concentration of emulsion on line, the automatic mixing system which adoped ultrasonic concentration instrument is designed. The detection data is transferred to PC with RS485.Through controlling the flow of oil , the concentration of emulsion is controlled. The hardware principle and software design are described. The compare between traditional PID theory and integral separation PID theory indicates that the integral separation PID theory can efficiently improve the control effect.
Sliding Mode Variable Structure Control of Active Magnetic Bearings Using Boundary Layer Approach
Authors: Yang Yan Li , Zhang Zhen Xing
Published: December 2011

To solve the chattering problem caused by the general sliding mode control in the active magnetic bearing control, a boundary layer approach is used in the controller design in this paper. The dynamic model of the active magnetic bearing is built firstly, and then a saturation function is employed to substitute for the sign function in the controller based on the Lyapunov theory to approximately realize infinite gain with finite gain. Finally, the performance of the controller is simulated, and compared with the general sliding mode control. The results show that the disadvantage of chattering can be effectively reduced by using the boundary layer approach, the rotor-s quick adjusting and steady levitation are achieved, and the controller has high tracking precision and good robustness.
Technique of ECM Deburring for Intersecting Holes of Pump
Authors: Tang Lin , Zhao Gang Gang
Published: December 2011

Most recently automobile pumps contain intersecting holes. However, there has been no efficient method for burr at intersecting holes. The theory of electrochemical deburring for high pressure pump body is firstly introduced. Then math model of ECM deburring and cathode model are built. Experiment results indicate that the technique can effectively remove the burrs of the hole and regulate the corner radius of injection holes. The smooth transition circle could be obtained around the conjunction of the hole, thus ECM deburring method can effiectively increase cleanliness of injector body and make the whole injector more stable.
Assembly Modeling for 3D Component Based on Polychromatic Sets
Authors: Li Yun Long , Gao Jian Min , Shi Lei , Wang Song
Published: December 2011

In order to improve the efficiency of assembly modeling and provide a complete assembly model for assembly sequence planning (ASP), a method of assembly modeling based on polychromatic sets (PS) is proposed. Firstly, the assembly information of 3D Component is obtained by API function in SolidWorks. In addition, assembly incident matrix, information matrix and mapping matrix are built. On the basis of these matrixes, a method of location modeling is explored. The interference relation matrix is developed by judging the spatial location and analyzing dynamic interference relation among parts. Finally, a case study is given to verify the method.
Application of Ant Colony Algorithm to Job-Shop Scheduling Problem
Authors: Cao Yan , Lei Lei , Fang Ya Dong
Published: December 2011

Production sequence of workpieces on machines, also called job-shop scheduling problem (JSP), is a focus both in academics and in practices. The research on the problem can promote theoretical progress, shorten the production cycles, improve efficiency in using resources, and strengthen market response in actual production. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is very suitable for the solving of the problem. In the paper, a disjunctive graph model of JSP is set up, which transforms the problem into a natural expression that is suitable for ACO. Then, realization steps of ACO for JSP are discussed. Finally, a 3×3 JSP problem is solved in Jbuilder X. The obtained optimal solution verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of ACO in solving JSP.
Method of Improving Production Scheduling Based on the Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Gao Yong , Li Ming Yu , Wang Jian Ping
Published: December 2011

In order to improve the inventory control efficiency and quality in manufacturing company, one production scheduling optimization method is put forward. Simulation of production model is firstly constructed, such as description of the production model, simulation data, machine processes and scheduling model. Moreover, Genetic Algorithm is applied to generate a production schedule for efficient running of machine. The simulation result is analyzed to verify the method by comparing product simulation with actual production.
Fault Diagnosis for Speed-Up and Speed-Down Process of Rotor-Bearing System Based on Volterra Series Model and Neighborhood Rough Sets
Authors: Zhu Xiao Ran , Zhang You Yun , Zhang Gao Liang , Zhou Zhi
Published: December 2011

For the purpose of addressing non-stationary, poor repeatability, abundant information in the speed-up and speed-down process of a rotor-bearing system, combining with volterra series (VS) and neighborhood rough sets (NRS), a new hybrid intelligent diagnosis method is proposed. The VS is a type of nonparametric model of a nonlinear system, it can model a wide range of nonlinear systems, and can get the volterra kernel that includes the related characteristics of the system through identification. The NRS extracts useful information based only on the data itself, and is used for redundant attributes reduction to make the selected features more objective. In this paper, speed signal and vibration peak-peak value were selected as input and output signals, identified volterra kernels were applied as fault features first, then the NRS was applied for feature selection, and finally support vector machine(SVM) was used as a classifier to recognize faults of the speed-up and speed-down process. The experiment results demonstrate the proposed model not only identifies the fault type, but also identifies the fault severity.
Optimization Model of the Extensive Use of Electric Cars in the World
Authors: Wang Yan , Wu Rui
Published: December 2011

In order to analyze that widespread usage of electric vehicles is feasible and practical from environmental and economic aspects, we should take the following steps: firstly we divide the world into three areas and set up a differential equation model to predict the quantity of various types of future automobiles and development of the automobiles. Then it is necessary to establish an optimization model about the type and the number of power station. We also develop the model that the widespread usage of electric saves oil by the way of generating of clean energy instead of traditional energy. Finally, the global wide usage of electric vehicles can save 1.73ⅹ106L liter oil.
The Nature of an In Vivo Anti-Capsular Polysaccharide Response Is Markedly Influenced by the Composition and/or Architecture of the Bacterial Subcapsular Domain
Authors: Arjunaraja Swadhinya , Massari Paola , Wetzler Lee M. , Lees Andrew , Colino Jesus , Snapper Clifford M.
Published: December 2011

In vivo anti-polysaccharide Ig responses to isolated polysaccharide (PS) are T cell independent, rapid, and fail to generate memory. However, little is known regarding PS-specific Ig responses to intact Gram-positive and Gram-negative extracellular bacteria. We previously demonstrated that intact heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive bacterium, elicited a rapid primary pneumococcal capsular PS (PPS) response in mice that was dependent on CD4+ T cells, B7-dependent costimulation, and CD40–CD40L interactions. However, this response was ICOS independent and failed to generate a boosted PPS-specific secondary IgG response. In the current study, we analyzed the murine meningococcal type C PS (MCPS)-specific Ig response to i.p.-injected intact, heat-killed Neisseria meningitidis, serogroup C (MenC), a Gram-negative bacterium. In contrast to S. pneumoniae, the IgG anti-MCPS response to MenC exhibited delayed primary kinetics and was highly boosted after secondary immunization, whereas the IgG anti-MCPS response to isolated MCPS was rapid, without secondary boosting, and consisted of only IgG1 and IgG3, as opposed to all four IgG isotypes in response to intact MenC. The secondary, but not primary, IgG anti-MCPS response to MenC was dependent on CD4+ T cells, CD40L, CD28, and ICOS. The primary and secondary IgG anti-MCPS responses were lower in TLR4-defective (C3H/HeJ) but not TLR2−/− or MyD88−/− mice, but secondary boosting was still observed. Of interest, coimmunization of S. pneumoniae and MenC resulted in a boosted secondary IgG anti-PPS response to S. pneumoniae. Our data demonstrate that the nature of the in vivo anti-PS response is markedly influenced by the composition and/or architecture of the bacterial subcapsular domain.
Type I IFN-Dependent T Cell Activation Is Mediated by IFN-Dependent Dendritic Cell OX40 Ligand Expression and Is Independent of T Cell IFNR Expression
Authors: Kurche Jonathan S. , Haluszczak Catherine , McWilliams Jennifer A. , Sanchez Phillip J. , Kedl Ross M.
Published: December 2011

Type I IFNs are important for direct control of viral infection and generation of adaptive immune responses. Recently, direct stimulation of CD4+ T cells via type I IFNR has been shown to be necessary for the formation of functional CD4+ T cell responses. In contrast, we find that CD4+ T cells do not require intrinsic type I IFN signals in response to combined TLR/anti-CD40 vaccination. Rather, the CD4 response is dependent on the expression of type I IFNR (IFNαR) on innate cells. Further, we find that dendritic cell (DC) expression of the TNF superfamily member OX40 ligand was dependent on type I IFN signaling in the DC, resulting in a reduced CD4+ T cell response that could be substantially rescued by an agonistic Ab to the receptor OX40. Taken together, we show that the IFNαR dependence of the CD4+ T cell response is accounted for exclusively by defects in DC activation.
Public theology and the translation imperative: A Ricoeurian perspective
Authors: Dreyer Jaco S.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this article is to contribute to the academic discussion on the inter-linguistic translation of the Christian message in the public sphere. There seems to be consensus amongst academic public theologians and social philosophers such as Habermas about the importance of translating religious language in the public sphere. Views differ, however, on the manner of translation. Five key aspects of Ricoeur’s paradigm of translation are discussed and offered as a framework for the academic discussion in public theology on the translation of the Christian message in the public sphere. It is argued that notions such as the tension between faithfulness and betrayal, the illusion of the perfect translation, striving for equivalence of meaning, the importance of the desire to translate, the work of translation and linguistic hospitality offer insight in the complexity of the translation task as well as its ethical nature.
Worksite Intervention for Weight Control: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hennrikus Deborah J. , Jeffery Robert W.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

Published research on worksite weight-control programs is reviewed with the objective of assessing success in (1) reaching populations in need, (2) achieving sustained weight loss, and (3) improving employee health and productivity.

Search method.

Reviewed are 44 data-based articles published between 1968 and 1994. The initial search was part of a larger review on the health impact of worksite health promotion programs conducted by Centers for Disease Control and described in the introduction to this issue. We supplemented the resulting list with articles found in a search of our own reference files.

Important findings.

Methodologically the literature is relatively weak, consisting largely of uncontrolled case studies. Worksite interventions appear to be successful in reaching large numbers of people: the median participation rate among overweight employees was 39% in the six studies that provided this type of information. Worksite programs produced reasonable short-term weight loss: typically 1 to 2 pounds per week. Long-term weight loss, reductions in sitewide obesity prevalence, and health or productivity benefits have yet to be demonstrated.

Major conclusions.

Recommendations for future research include improved methods, more attention to recruitment and secondary outcomes, more direct comparison of different programs, and more creative use of worksites as environments and social units in designing programs.
A continuous spectral aerosol-droplet microphysics model
Authors: Lebo Z. J. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. A two-dimensional (2-D) continuous spectral aerosol-droplet microphysics model is presented and implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for large-eddy simulations (LES) of warm clouds. Activation and regeneration of aerosols are treated explicitly in the calculation of condensation/evaporation. The model includes a 2-D spectrum that encompasses wet aerosol particles (i.e., haze droplets), cloud droplets, and drizzle droplets in a continuous and consistent manner and allows for the explicit tracking of aerosol size within cloud droplets due to collision-coalescence. The system of differential equations describing condensation/evaporation (i.e., mass conservation and energy conservation) is solved simultaneously within each grid cell. The model is demonstrated by simulating a marine stratocumulus deck for two different aerosol loadings (100 and 500 cm−3), and comparison with the more traditional microphysics modeling approaches (both 1-D bin and bulk schemes) is evaluated. The simulations suggest that in a 1-D bin microphysics scheme, without regeneration, too few particles are produced and hence the mode of the droplet size spectrum occurs at a larger size relative to the 2-D bin model results. Moreover, with regeneration, the 1-D scheme produces too many small droplets and thus shifts the mode toward smaller sizes. These large shifts in the droplet size distribution can potentially have significant effects on the efficiency of the collision-coalescence process, fall speeds, and ultimately precipitation.
Speciated mercury at marine, coastal, and inland sites in New England – Part 1: Temporal variability
Authors: Mao H. , Talbot R.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using long-term continuous measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (Hgo), reactive mercury (RGM), and particulate phase mercury (HgP) at coastal (Thompson Farm, denoted as TF), marine (Appledore Island, denoted as AI), and elevated inland (Pac Monadnock, denoted as PM) sites from the AIRMAP Observatories. Decreasing trends in background Hgo were identified in the 7- and 5-yr records at TF and PM with decline rates of 3.3 parts per quadrillion by volume (ppqv) yr−1 and 6.3 ppqv yr−1, respectively. Common characteristics at these sites were the reproducible annual cycle of Hgo with its maximum in winter-spring and minimum in fall as well as a decline/increase trend in the warm/cool season. The coastal site TF differed from the other two sites with its exceptionally low levels (as low as below 50 ppqv) in the nocturnal inversion layer probably due to dissolution in dew water. Year-to-year variability was observed in the warm season decline in Hgo at TF varying from a minimum total seasonal loss of 20 ppqv in 2010 to a maximum of 92 ppqv in 2005, whereas variability remained small at AI and PM. Measurements of Hgo at PM, an elevated inland rural site, exhibited the smallest diurnal to annual variability among the three environments, where peak levels rarely exceeded 250 ppqv and the minimum was typically 100 ppqv. It should be noted that summertime diurnal patterns at TF and AI are opposite in phase indicating strong sink(s) for Hgo during the day in the marine boundary layer, which is consistent with the hypothesis of Hgo oxidation by halogen radicals there. Mixing ratios of RGM in the coastal and marine boundary layers reached annual maximum in spring and minimum in fall, whereas at PM levels were generally below the limit of detection (LOD) except in spring. RGM levels at AI were higher than at TF and PM indicating a stronger source strength(s) in the marine environment. Mixing ratios of HgP at AI and TF were close in magnitude to RGM levels and were mostly below 1 ppqv. Diurnal variation in HgP was barely discernible at TF and AI in spring and summer with higher levels during the day and smaller but above the LOD at night.
The nitrogen isotope effect of benthic remineralization-nitrification-denitrification coupling in an estuarine environment
Authors: Alkhatib M. , Lehmann M. F. , del Giorgio P. A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The nitrogen (N) stable isotopic composition of pore water nitrate and total dissolved N (TDN) was measured in sediments of the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The study area is characterized by gradients in organic matter reactivity, bottom water oxygen concentrations, as well as benthic respiration rates. Benthic N isotope exchange, as well as the nitrate and TDN isotope effects of benthic nitrification-denitrification coupling on the water column, ϵapp and ϵsed, respectively, were investigated. The sediments were a major sink for nitrate and a source of reduced dissolved N (RDN = DON + NH4+). We observed that both the pore water nitrate and RDN pools were enriched in 15N relative to the water column, with increasing δ15N downcore in the sediments. As in other marine environments, the biological nitrate isotope fractionation of net nitrate elimination was barely expressed at the scale of sediment-water-exchange, with ϵapp values <3‰. The strongest under-expression of the biological N isotope fractionation was observed at the most oxygenated sites with the least reactive organic matter, indicating that, through their control on the depth of the denitrification zone, bottom water oxygen concentrations and the organic matter reactivity can modulate ϵapp. For the first time, actual measurements of δ15N of pore water RDN were included in the calculations of ϵsed. We argue that large fractions of the sea-floor-derived DON are reactive and, hence, involved in the development of the δ15N of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) in the water column. In the St. Lawrence sediments, the combined benthic N transformations yield a flux of 15N-enriched RDN that can significantly enhance ϵsed. Calculated ϵsed values were within the range of 4.6 ± 2‰, and were related to organic matter reactivity and oxygen penetration depth in the sediments. ϵsed reflects the δ15N of the N2 lost from marine sediments and thus best describes the isotopic impact of N elimination on the oceanic fixed N pool. Our mean value for ϵsed is larger than assumed by earlier work, questioning current ideas with regards to the state of balance of the modern N budget.
Quantifying sea surface temperature ranges of the Arabian Sea for the past 20 000 years
Authors: Ganssen G. M. , Peeters F. J. C. , Metcalfe B. , Anand P. , Jung S. J. A. , Kroon D. , Brummer G.-J. A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera tests is one of the widest used geochemical tools to reconstruct past changes of physical parameters of the upper ocean. It is common practice to analyze multiple individuals from a mono-specific population and assume that the outcome reflects a mean value of the environmental conditions during calcification of the analyzed individuals. Here we present the oxygen isotope composition of individual specimens of the surface-dwelling species Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerina bulloides from sediment cores in the Western Arabian Sea off Somalia, inferred as indicators of past seasonal ranges in temperature. Combining the δ18O measurements of individual specimens to obtain temperature ranges with Mg/Ca based mean calcification temperatures allows us to reconstruct temperature extrema. Our results indicate that over the past 20 kyr the seasonal temperature range has fluctuated from its present value of 16 °C to mean values of 13 °C and 11 °C for the Holocene and LGM, respectively. The data for the LGM suggest that the maximum temperature was lower, whilst minimum temperature remained approximately constant. The rather minor variability in lowest summer temperatures during the LGM suggests roughly constant summer monsoon intensity, while upwelling-induced productivity was lowered.
The CSIRO Mk3L climate system model v1.0 coupled to the CABLE land surface scheme v1.4b: evaluation of the control climatology
Authors: Mao J. , Phipps S. J. , Pitman A. J. , Wang Y. P. , Abramowitz G. , Pak B.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The CSIRO Mk3L climate system model, a reduced-resolution coupled general circulation model, has previously been described in this journal. The model is configured for millennium scale or multiple century scale simulations. This paper reports the impact of replacing the relatively simple land surface scheme that is the default parameterisation in Mk3L with a sophisticated land surface model that simulates the terrestrial energy, water and carbon balance in a physically and biologically consistent way. An evaluation of the new model's near-surface climatology highlights strengths and weaknesses, but overall the atmospheric variables, including the near-surface air temperature and precipitation, are simulated well. The impact of the more sophisticated land surface model on existing variables is relatively small, but generally positive. More significantly, the new land surface scheme allows an examination of surface carbon-related quantities including net primary productivity which adds significantly to the capacity of Mk3L. Overall, results demonstrate that this reduced-resolution climate model is a good foundation for exploring long time scale phenomena. The addition of the more sophisticated land surface model enables an exploration of important Earth System questions including land cover change and abrupt changes in terrestrial carbon storage.
Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flood risk in Can Tho city, Vietnam
Authors: Huong H. T. L. , Pathirana A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Urban development increases flood risk in cities due to local changes in hydrological and hydrometeorological conditions that increase flood hazard, and also to urban concentrations that increase the vulnerability. The relationship between the increasing urban runoff and flooding due to increased imperviousness better perceived than that between the cyclic impact of urban growth and the urban rainfall via microclimatic changes. The large-scale, global impacts due to climate variability and change could compound these risks. We present the case of a typical third world city – Can Tho (the biggest city in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam) – faced with multiple future challenges, namely: (i) climate change-driven sea-level rise and tidal effect, (ii) increase river runoff due to climate change, (iii) increased urban runoff driven by imperviousness, and (iv) enhancement of extreme rainfall due to urban growth-driven micro-climatic change (urban heat islands). A set of model simulations were used to assess the future impact of the combination of these influences. Urban growth of the city was projected up to year 2100 based on historical growth patterns, using a land-use simulation model (Dinamica-EGO). A dynamic limited-area atmospheric model (WRF), coupled with a detailed land-surface model with vegetation parameterization (Noah LSM), was employed in controlled numerical experiments to estimate the anticipated changes in extreme rainfall patterns due to urban heat island effect. Finally, a 1-D/2-D coupled urban-drainage/flooding model (SWMM-Brezo) was used to simulate storm-sewer surcharge and surface inundation to establish the increase in the flood risk resulting from the changes. The results show that, if the city develops as predicted, the maximum of inundation depth and area in Can Tho will increase by about 20%. The impact of climate change on inundation is more serious than that of urbanization. The worse case may occur if the sea level rises 100 cm and the flow from upstream happen in the high-development scenarios. The relative contribution of causes of flooding are significantly different at various locations; therefore, detailed research on adaptation are necessary for the future investments to be effective.