bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FPI observations of nighttime mesospheric and thermospheric winds in China and their comparisons with HWM07
Authors: Yuan W. , Liu X. , Xu J. , Zhou Q. , Jiang G. , Ma R.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We analyzed the nighttime horizontal neutral winds in the middle atmosphere (~ 87 and ~ 98 km) and thermosphere (~ 250 km) derived from a Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI), which was installed at Xinglong station (40.2° N, 117.4° E) in central China. The wind data covered the period from April 2010 to July 2012. We studied the annual, semiannual and terannual variations of the midnight winds at ~ 87 km, ~ 98 km and ~ 250 km for the first time and compared them with Horizontal Wind Model 2007 (HWM07). Our results show the following: (1) at ~ 87 km, both the observed and model zonal winds have similar phases in the annual and semiannual variations. However, the HWM07 amplitudes are much larger. (2) At ~ 98 km, the model shows strong eastward wind in the summer solstice, resulting in a large annual variation, while the observed strongest component is semiannual. The observation and model midnight meridional winds agree well. Both are equatorward throughout the year and have small amplitudes in the annual and semiannual variations. (3) There are large discrepancies between the observed and HWM07 winds at ~ 250 km. This discrepancy is largely due to the strong semiannual zonal wind in the model and the phase difference in the annual variation of the meridional wind. The FPI annual variation coincides with the results from Arecibo, which has similar geomagnetic latitude as Xinglong station. In General, the consistency of FPI winds with model winds is better at ~ 87 and ~ 98 km than that at ~ 250 km. We also studied the seasonally and monthly averaged nighttime winds. The most salient features include the following: (1) the seasonally averaged zonal winds at ~ 87 and ~ 98 km typically have small variations throughout the night. (2) The model zonal and meridional nighttime wind variations are typically much larger than those of observations at ~ 87 km and ~ 98 km. (3) At ~ 250 km, model zonal wind compares well with the observation in the winter. For spring and autumn, the model wind is more eastward before ~ 03:00 LT but more westward after. The observed nighttime zonal and meridional winds on average are close to zero in the summer and autumn, which indicates a lack of strong stable tides. The consistency of FPI zonal wind with model wind at ~ 250 km is better than the meridional wind.
Assessing the relationship between the δ18O signatures of siliceous sponge spicules and water in a~tropical lacustrine environment (Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Authors: Matteuzzo M. C. , Alexandre A. , Varajão A. F. D. C. , Volkmer-Ribeiro C. , Almeida A. C. S. , Varajão C. A. C. , Vallet-Coulomb C. , Sonzogni C. , Miche H.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Siliceous sponge spicules constitute an important siliceous component of lacustrine sediments, together with widespread diatom frustules. In contrast to diatom frustules, siliceous spicules are formed in sponges in an enzymatic way. Previous attempts to use their oxygen isotopic signature (δ18Osilica) as a paleoenvironmental proxy have led to contradictory conclusions. These attempts demonstrated the need to further assess whether sponges form their silica in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with water. For this reason, we measured the δ18O signature of sponge spicules from a single freshwater species (Metania spinata) grown on natural and artificial supports over nine months in a small Brazilian pond (Lagoa Verde, northwestern Minas Gerais). The δ18Osilica values were obtained using the infrared (IR) laser-heating fluorination technique following a controlled isotopic exchange (CIE). The δ18O values (δ18Owater) and temperature of the pond water were periodically measured and reconstructed over the course of the sponge growth. Assuming that silica may form continuously in the spicules, temperature and δ18Owater values over the months of growth were weighted using a sponge growth coefficient previously established for Metania spinata. The δ18Osilica values of sponges grown simultaneously and on similar substrates were scattered. No relationships were observed between the Δ18Osilica-water and water temperature when the reconstructed values were considered. Conversely, a positive correlation was obtained, with a coefficient of 0.3‰ °C–1 (R2 = 0.63), when δ18Owater values and water temperature at the time of sample collection were considered. Such a positive temperature coefficient clearly indicates that the freshwater sponge Metania spinata does not form its siliceous spicules in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with the pond water. Instead, one or several biologically controlled kinetic fractionation mechanisms may be in play during the various steps of silica formation. Our results suggest that the latest precipitation gives its δ18O imprint to the entire spicules assemblage. The amplitude of the apparent fractionations increases with temperature, but other controlling parameters, such as dissolved Si concentration and nutrient availability, co-varying with temperature may intervene. These results prevent the use of δ18Osilica values from the spongillites of northwestern Minas Gerais as a direct proxy for past δ18Owater and/or temperature changes.
Asymmetry and uncertainties in biogeophysical climate–vegetation feedback over a range of CO2 forcings
Authors: Willeit M. , Ganopolski A. , Feulner G.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Climate–vegetation feedback has the potential to significantly contribute to climate change, but little is known about its range of uncertainties. Here, using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity we address possible uncertainties in the strength of the biogeophysical climate–vegetation feedback using a single-model multi-physics ensemble. Equilibrium experiments with halving (140 ppm) and doubling (560 ppm) of CO2 give a contribution of the vegetation–climate feedback to global temperature change in the range −0.4 to −0.1 °C and −0.1–0.2 °C, respectively. There is an asymmetry between warming and cooling, with a larger, positive vegetation–climate feedback in the lower CO2 climate. Hotspots of climate–vegetation feedback are the boreal zone, the Amazon rainforest and the Sahara. Albedo parameterisation is the dominant source of uncertainty in the subtropics and at high northern latitudes, while uncertainties in evapotranspiration are more relevant in the tropics. Additionally we find that, even considering the upper range of uncertainties, globally the climate–vegetation feedback is rather small compared to the sum of the fast Charney feedbacks. However, it is comparable to the amplitude of the fast feedbacks at high northern latitudes where it can contribute considerably to polar amplification. Furthermore we analyse the separate impact of changes in stomatal conductance, leaf area index and vegetation dynamics on climate and we find that different processes are dominant in lower and higher CO2 worlds. The reduction in stomatal conductance gives the main contribution to temperature increase for a doubling of CO2, while dynamic vegetation is the dominant process in the CO2 halving experiments.
Fourier spectrum and shape evolution of an internal Riemann wave of moderate amplitude
Authors: Kartashova E. , Pelinovsky E. , Talipova T.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The nonlinear deformation of long internal waves in the ocean is studied using the dispersionless Gardner equation. The process of nonlinear wave deformation is determined by the signs of the coefficients of the quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms; the breaking time depends only on their absolute values. The explicit formula for the Fourier spectrum of the deformed Riemann wave is derived and used to investigate the evolution of the spectrum of the initially pure sine wave. It is shown that the spectrum has exponential form for small times and a power asymptotic before breaking. The power asymptotic is universal for arbitrarily chosen coefficients of the nonlinear terms and has a slope close to –8/3.
Probabilistic estimation of glacier volume and glacier bed topography: the Andean glacier Huayna West
Authors: Moya Quiroga V. , Mano A. , Asaoka Y. , Udo K. , Kure S. , Mendoza J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Glacier retreat will increase sea level and decrease fresh water availability. Glacier retreat will also induce morphologic and hydrologic changes due to the formation of glacial lakes. Hence, it is important not only to estimate glacier volume, but also to understand the spatial distribution of ice thickness. There are several approaches for estimating glacier volume and glacier thickness. However, it is not possible to select an optimal approach that works for all locations. It is important to analyse the relation between the different glacier volume estimations and to provide confidence intervals of a given solution. The present study presents a probabilistic approach for estimating glacier volume and its confidence interval. Glacier volume of the Andean glacier Huayna West was estimated according to different scaling relations. Besides, glacier volume and glacier thickness were estimated assuming plastic behaviour. The present study also analysed the influence of considering a variable glacier density due to ice firn densification. It was found that the different estimations are described by a lognormal probability distribution. Considering a confidence level of 90%, the estimated glacier volume is 0.0275 km3 ± 0.0052 km3. Considering a confidence level of 90%, the estimated glacier thickness is 24.98 m with a confidence of ±4.67 m. The mean basal shear stress considering plastic behaviour is 82.5 kPa. The reconstruction of glacier bed topography showed the future formation of a glacier lake with a maximum depth of 32 m.
Enacting Entrepreneurship in ‘Informal’ Businesses
Authors: Anderson Alistair , Harbi Sana El , Brahem Meriam
Published: August 2013

The objective of this paper is to establish whether informal firms have entrepreneurial possibilities, or are marginal and inconsequential. The authors explore the nature of informal entrepreneurship in the theoretically rich context of Tunisia where, in the turbulent aftermath of the Arab Spring, the fiercely competitive environment is characterized by high unemployment while informal enterprise flourishes. The authors critically examine concepts of push and pull, necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship, as used in some studies to ‘explain’ informal entrepreneurship as inferior. It is argued that these are descriptors and that it is wrong to ascribe causality to them with regard to the nature of businesses. Consequently, it is maintained that informal enterprises have been wrongly construed as dead-end, marginal small businesses with no entrepreneurial future. The paper presents a comparative case analysis of three informal and three formal firms, using the framework of entrepreneurial orientation. The authors find that, although their nature does affect size and growth, informal enterprises are entrepreneurial. Moreover, when viewed more broadly, these businesses are but a different form of entrepreneurship. Their entrepreneurial ‘fit’ is in the opportunity created by their context and circumstances. It is therefore conceptually wrong to dismiss them as marginal, but practically right to seek out ways to bring them into the formal sector.
Untangling ‘Familiness’
Authors: Weismeier-Sammer Daniela , Frank Hermann , von Schlippe Arist
Published: August 2013

The influence of the family on business has been the subject of much debate, particularly with regard to the assumed familiness of family businesses. The term ‘familiness’ is at risk of becoming an umbrella concept and is often used haphazardly, lacking a solid theoretical background. This review provides a structured overview of the literature addressing the idea of familiness. Over the last 13 years, research on this key concept has grown continually, resulting in a broadening rather than a deepening of the concept of familiness. The results of the analysis of 33 manuscripts are presented and consolidated into three main categories: (1) theoretical perspectives; (2) the development and impact of familiness; and (3) empirical approaches. The analysis shows that existing research on familiness lacks the application of a universal theoretical lens. The authors counteract this shortfall by introducing new systems theory and presenting promising directions for further research, especially with regard to the development of a familiness typology.
Impact of the Domestic Institutional Environment on the Degree of Internationalization of SMEs in Transition Economies
Authors: Shirokova Galina , Tsukanova Tatyana
Published: August 2013

The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is a topic of considerable academic and practical interest, but there has been little research in the context of transition economies. This paper contributes to this field by examining the influence of aspects of the domestic institutional business environment on the degree of internationalization of SMEs in transition economies. Based on a dataset from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey 2009, the authors examine whether specific factors in the regulatory and administrative system affect the degree of SME internationalization, and propose a series of hypotheses. The findings highlight the significant role of tax rates, tax administration and corruption in the internationalization process, and demonstrate the importance of institutional factors for SMEs from transition economies.
A Comprehensive Study on the 2012 Dengue Fever Outbreak in Kolkata, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Bhaswati , Bhattacharyya Indrani , Adhikary Srima , Konar Jayshree , Dawar Nidhi , Sarkar Jayeeta , Mondal Saiantani , Singh Chauhan Mayank , Bhattacharya Nemai , Chakravarty Anita , Biswas Asit , Saha Bibhuti
Published: August 2013

Background. Dengue viruses (DV) belong to the family Flaviviridae, with four serotypes referred to as DV-1, DV-2, DV-3, and DV-4. A large-scale outbreak of dengue fever occurred in 2012 involving several districts of West Bengal. Objective. To present a comprehensive picture of the dengue fever outbreak in 2012 and to identify the prevailing serotypes. Materials and Methods. Serum samples were collected from suspected dengue fever cases. Samples from fever cases <5 days duration were tested for dengue NS1 antigen employing Pan Bio (Australia) NS1 ELISA kit. Serum samples of ≥5 days fever were tested for dengue-specific IgM by MAC ELISA test kit prepared by the National Institute of Virology Pune, India. Serotyping of dengue samples was done by dengue-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. The number of dengue cases in 2012 clearly outnumbered the dengue cases in 2010 and 2011. The majority of the cases were in the age group 11–30 years with a male preponderance. Outbreak occurred during the months of Aug.–Nov. indicating increased vector transmission in the monsoon and postmonsoon periods. The prevailing serotypes in this outbreak were Den1, Den3, and Den4.
Effect of Surface Roughness and Couple Stresses on Squeeze Films between Curved Annular Plates
Authors: Basti Dhanapal P.
Published: August 2013

The combined effects of couple stresses and surface roughness patterns on the squeeze film characteristics of curved annular plates are studied. The Stokes (1966) couple stress fluid model is included to account for the couple stresses arising due to the presence of microstructure additives in the lubricant. In the context of Christensen's (1969) stochastic theory for the lubrication of rough surfaces, two types of one-dimensional roughness patterns (circumferential and radial) are considered. The governing modified stochastic Reynolds type equations are derived for these roughness patterns. Expressions for the mean squeeze film characteristics are obtained. Numerical computations of the results show that the circumferential roughness pattern on the curved annular plate results in more pressure buildup whereas performance of the squeeze film suffers due to the radial roughness pattern for both concave and convex pads. Further the squeeze film time is longer (shorter) for the circumferential (radial) roughness patterns. Improved squeeze film characteristics are predicted for the couple stress lubricant.
An Exploratory Study of Adult Amateur Musicians’ Identification of Instrumental Timbre
Authors: Schlegel Amanda L. , Lane Jeremy S.
Published: August 2013

In this exploratory study, members of an adult community band (N = 38) completed a listening task in which they attempted to identify instruments performing single-tone excerpts and determine the level of expertise of the performer (professional or beginner). We created two different conditions (tones that included initial attack and tones with sustain only and no initial attack) among tones produced by four different instruments (flute, clarinet, alto saxophone, trumpet) on two different pitches (F4 and B-flat4). Results of data analysis indicated that participants were more successful identifying tones that included the initial attack (as opposed to tones consisting of sustain only). Trumpet was the instrument identified accurately most consistently, and participants were more accurate identifying instrument timbre when the pitch was F4 rather than B-flat 4. Results indicated significant three-way interactions between pitch, attack presence, and instrument, and also between pitch, expertise, and attack presence. The presence of the initial attack was a significant variable affecting participants’ ability to identify instrumental timbre, a result consistent with findings of previous research. One unique finding suggested that performer expertise did not significantly affect participants’ perception of timbre; findings of previous studies using collegiate-level musicians and nonmusicians indicated a significant effect related to performer expertise. Though not significant, a negative correlation (r = -.20) between participants’ age and overall score on the task implies perception may be affected by age.
Estimation of unpredictable hospital demand variations in two Piraeus public hospitals, Greece
Authors: Boutsioli Zoe
Published: August 2013

The scope of this paper is to estimate the unpredictable hospital demand variations in two public general hospitals in Piraeus, Greece. We used daily emergency admissions data between 1/1/2001 to 31/12/2005. To measure unpredictable hospital demand we used both a univariate Autoregressive Moving Average model and a multivariate time series model. In the latter one, four explanatory variables are tested: the weekend effect, the duty effect, the summer holiday effect, and the official holiday effect. The variance of forecasted residuals of each hospital regression for every day provides the estimated unpredictable demand. The study verifies that daily emergency admissions are characterized by seasonal and weekly variations. In Tzaneio hospital, the unexpected part of emergency admissions increases over the five-year period, while in Nikaias hospital, it reduces. From the univariate analysis, it was found that the unpredictable part of admissions is not the same for the two hospitals and it also varies over the years. The variations of unpredictable hospital demand have increased by about 45% in Tzaneio hospital and have decreased by about 10% in Nikaias hospital. The results from the multivariate analysis show that the variations in unpredictable daily demand in Tzaneio hospital have less than doubled. On the contrary, the variations in unpredictable daily demand in Nikaias hospital have decreased by 20%. Due to these trends, a general conclusion is that at the beginning of the time period under investigation there are large variations in unpredictable demand between the two hospitals, which become smaller as we move on to 2005.
Physical model for absorption of intraocular gas
Authors: Hartmann George C.
Published: August 2013

PurposeTo present a physical model for intraocular absorption of an inert gas used as a tamponade.MethodsThe absorption kinetics of gas in contact with the retinal surface is examined, including the changing geometry of the shrinking gas bubble inside the eye.ResultsAn analytic solution is derived that predicts how the bubble dimensions change with time, yielding a formula for the lifetime of the gas bubble. Comparison to an experimental measurement shows that the analytic solution accurately replicates the time evolution of the bubble geometry. The result is also compared to an alternative exponential model, which does not predict a finite bubble lifetime.ConclusionsFurther experiments are needed to discriminate between the surface absorption and exponential models.
Spontaneous resolution of ophthalmologic symptoms following bilateral traumatic carotid cavernous fistulae
Authors: Gapsis Briana , Ranjit Roshni U. , Malavade Sharad , Carey Andrew , Murtagh Reed , Drucker Mitchell D. , Pavan Peter R.
Published: August 2013

A 38-year-old woman developed bilateral carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF) following a motor vehicle collision. Her initial ophthalmologic findings included periorbital edema, palsies of the left oculomotor and abducens nerves, and residual dilated pupils. She subsequently developed significant optic disc edema and retinal vascular dilation bilaterally. Patients with similar injuries typically require neurosurgical or vascular intervention. In this case, the patientâ€™s signs resolved spontaneously by 21 months after onset, leaving no residual ocular deficits.
Artisan iris-fixated toric phakic intraocular lens for the correction of high astigmatism after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: Al-Dreihi Madonna G. , Louka Bachar I. , Anbari Anas A.
Published: August 2013

We report the refractive correction of high astigmatism in one eye of a 23-year-old woman following deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) using an Artisan iris-fixated, toric, phakic intraocular lens (IOL). One year after implantation, uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities were both 20/25, refraction was −1.00 D cylinder, and the endothelial cell count was 1827 cells/mm2. Iris-fixated phakic IOLs are not recommended for every postkeratoplasty patient with high refractive error; however, this procedure can offer good outcomes in carefully selected cases of previous DALK.
A 48-year-old woman with redness, photophobia, and eye discomfort
Authors: Erickson Benjamin , Rachitskaya Alexandra , Shane Thomas
Published: August 2013

A 48-year-old white woman presented to the Bascom Palmer emergency department with redness, photophobia, and discomfort in the left eye of 10 days' duration. Two months previously, she had undergone pars plana vitrectomy with scleral buckle and C3F8 gas at an outside practice to repair a rhegmatogenous detachment. The patient reported, based on conversations with her retinal surgeon, that a dense cataract had begun to develop "almost immediately" after surgery, explaining why her visual acuity did not significantly improve after the gas bubble reabsorbed. Past ocular history was otherwise unremarkable. She had no known chronic medical conditions, and her surgical history included two cesarean sections, functional bladder surgery, and a tonsillectomy. She did not use scheduled medications and had no known allergies. Her family history was notable only for hypertension. She worked as a registered nurse and did not smoke, drink, or use intravenous drugs. Review of systems was negative for arthralgias as well as for gastrointestinal, dermatologic, respiratory, or genitourinary symptoms.
The Origins of a National Monarchy: Tradition and Innovation in the Cult of the House of Savoy During the Risorgimento
Authors: LYTTELTON ADRIAN
Published: August 2013

During the period 1848–78, the Savoy monarchy was transformed from a purely dynastic institution into a symbol of national unity. The reactions to Victor Emanuel's death and his later funeral in the Pantheon show beyond any doubt that the image of the King as ‘father of the nation’ was widely accepted, and that his popularity extended beyond the circle of the notables and the bourgeoisie who were the promoters of the cult of the monarchy to significant sectors of the urban working classes. This chapter shows how from the early policies of the King, Charles Albert, the first steps were taken in the campaign to create the image of a monarchy with a national mission.
Hunting the hapax: Sir Harold W. Bailey (1899–1996)
Authors: Emmerick Ronald E.
Published: August 2013

This chapter presents a speech that details the life and career of Harold Walter Bailey. It also addresses the question of whether he himself coined the phrase ‘hunting the hapax’. Bailey was very fond of hapaxes and he collected them not in order to do away with them but to try to account for them as what he would call ‘interesting words’. This approach has of course some justification when one is dealing with a language that is no longer spoken and that is known only as a result of studying a limited text corpus. In fact, however, Bailey's Dictionary of Khotan Saka contains hapaxes on almost every page, many of which will not survive the test of time—even though Bailey has been at great pains to defend them.
The Avestan language and its problems
Authors: Gippert Jost
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyses the problems associated with the Avestan language. A consensus has been reached both in the analysis of individual Avestan word-forms and in the interpretation of the texts which depends on this analysis. However, the Avestan tradition still conceals many a riddle to be solved by later generations of investigators. In principle, this may be due to three well-known reasons: Firstly, we have to take into account the fact that the Avestan corpus is rather small: less than 1,700,000 characters if arranged in a plain text format. The second reason why we cannot expect to find ad hoc solutions to the problems offered by the Avestan tradition is the fact that we do not dispose of an immediate descendant of the Avestan language in Middle and New Iranian times. The third reason why we are still far from being able to solve all the riddles posed by the Avestan tradition lies in the circumstances of the transmission of the Avestan texts themselves. The chapter suggests that further progress in Avestan studies can only be achieved by taking a closer look at the similarities and interdependencies which connect the Avestan language with Vedic Old lndic.
Tocharian and Indo-Iranian: relations between two linguistic areas
Authors: Pinault Georges-Jean
Published: August 2013

Since the beginning of Tocharian studies, the two languages of the ‘Tocharian’ group have interested Iranianists as well as Indologists because of the proximity of the sites where Tocharian manuscripts and those in Iranian languages, such as Khotanese and Sogdian, were discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century. In respect of the contents of the texts, which are almost all of Buddhist inspiration, Tocharian studies fall into the Indian sphere. This chapter focuses on lexical problems in Tocharian which need to be approached from the perspective of language contact, in order to exemplify the problems of research in this field.
Ethnics as Personal Names
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter does not provide a list of ethnics used as personal names. Rather, in the same manner as in earlier chapters, it presents indications of the probable range of factors, material and abstract, that may have contributed to the practice, and how and why it was first put into effect in individual locations and families. There is no single explanation for the use of ethnics as personal names, and in any individual case it can only be speculative unless explicitly stated. It may be presumed that any bestowal of a local name in ancient Greek society implied some association with the place or the ethnic in question, since, unlike in modern European languages, the name is used in an etymologically pure form, direct or derivative, and not in a condition modified by centuries of linguistic and historical development and change, deriving from obsolete forms of common nouns, often of foreign origin.
Comparing Cultures of Commemoration in Ancient and Modern Societies
Authors: LOW POLLY , OLIVER GRAHAM
Published: August 2013

This introductory chapter surveys recent and current trends in the study of memory and commemoration, and also outlines the themes explored in the rest of the book: the forms of monuments, and the contexts in which monuments were located; the role of ritual; tensions between public and private commemorations; and the relationship between memory and forgetting.
The Monuments to the War Dead in Classical Athens: Form, Contexts, Meanings
Authors: LOW POLLY
Published: August 2013

This chapter discusses one of the best-known instances of classical commemoration: the public funeral and collective burial and commemoration of the Athenian war dead. Its particular aim is to explore the various contexts in which Athenian practice might be understood. How do these monuments fit into the wider picture of Athenian burial and commemoration, in terms of both form and physical location? How do they relate to the political system and ideology of the city that created them? And how might these contexts shape the way in which the monuments were used and understood by contemporary and later viewers?
Commemorating the War Dead of the Roman World
Authors: COOLEY ALISON
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines Roman attitudes towards the commemoration of those killed on campaign. In general, there is a lack in Roman public monuments recording the names of those who died in action, but two notable exceptions are explored here: Cicero’s proposal to commemorate the dead of the Civil War, and the monuments at Adamclissi in Dacia. The chapter goes on to discuss other ways in which war, and the casualties of war, were commemorated in Rome, in particular through the incorporation of the anniversaries of significant military events into the city’s religious calendar.
The South Coast Desert
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

This chapter describes the area of interest — the basins of the lower Ica Valley on the Peruvian south coast — which lies within one of the world's oldest and driest deserts. It starts by examining the causes of that desert's age and extreme aridity. It distinguishes the climate, geology, geomorphology, and hydrology of the south coast from the rest of the Peruvian coast. It goes on to explore those peculiarities of the south coast since they underlie the particular sensitivity of its human ecology. It also shows how our archaeological impressions of the south coast's ‘limitations’ are coloured by the effects of long human impact. In fact — thanks to those factors of climate and geomorphology explored here — its riparian valleys are among the most potentially productive in the world.
Deforestation
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

The loss of riparian woodland recorded in the archaeological and geomorphological records of the basins of the lower Ica Valley is but one early part of a larger and still ongoing history of the deforestation of the coast of Peru. This is an old and gradual story that can be read through the Spanish chronicles, administrative records, and recent memory. This chapter follows the traces of this tale, beginning in the deep past with the archaeology of the south coast, beyond the lower Ica Valley. It then turns to historical documentation, firstly to review the uses of Prosopis by humans on the coast of Peru and in arid lands elsewhere in South America, before finally returning to focus on the south coast to examine the historical record of deforestation there.
Putting the Tree Back into the Landscape
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

This book began with the archaeology of the Ullujaya and Samaca basins of the lower Ica Valley on the south coast of Peru. The archaeological investigations described here were undertaken to answer the following questions. Were these basins ever significantly more productive and vegetated landscapes? If so, when and how did change take place, and why? And how did these ecological and landscape changes correlate with cultural ones? The second part of the book conducted a thorough review of the botanical and agroforestry literature, together with the researchers' own observations, on the ecological keystone species of the region, the huarango — a tree of the genus Prosopis — to show how important a role this genus plays in the desert ecosystem of the south coast of Peru. This concluding chapter seeks to achieve a synthesis between these two parts to offer answers to those aforementioned questions posed by today's austere landscape of the lower Ica Valley. In so doing, it proposes a model for geomorphological, ecological, and land-use changes through time for the basins of the lower Ica Valley. It also aims to relate this model to cultural trajectories.
Archaeological Perspectives on Colonial Slavery: Placing Africa in African Diaspora Studies in the Caribbean
Authors: Agorsah E. Kofi
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines imbalances in approaches to the archaeological study of the history of slavery in Africa and the African Diaspora. It argues that the main causes of interpretive problems are a lack of coordination between disciplines and regional specialisms. A ‘Kormantse’ case study, bridging Africa and the Caribbean, is used to demonstrate how archaeological endeavours may attempt to address such imbalances in understanding African cultures. Yet, despite recent gains, most archaeological researchers and projects continue to maintain their guarded interests, even where it is clear that they need to reach out and connect the two sides of the Atlantic.
Monuments of Predation: Turco-Egyptian Forts in Western Ethiopia
Authors: González-Ruibal Alfredo
Published: August 2013

The Turco‐Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1820–1 was a tragic turning point in the history of the peripheral regions of the Ethiopian and Sudanese states. With the commencement of Turco‐Egyptian overrule, the indigenous peoples of Benishangul, Gambela, Bahr al-Jabal, and Bahr al-Ghazal became integrated into a wider political-economic order in which they had much to lose and little to win. The panorama of social disruption that followed this integration is similar to that of other African regions, which were treated as mere reservoirs of raw materials and forced labour by neighbouring states. This chapter presents an archaeological site that is most likely related to the Turco‐Egyptian control of Benishangul (western Ethiopia). It describes the structures, proposes a chronology based on historical inferences, and interprets them in the context of the economic exploitation of the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, it addresses the issue of monumentality and its implications in a traditional African landscape.
The Present in the Past: How Narratives of the Slave-Raiding Era Inform Current Politics in Northern and Central Nigeria
Authors: Blench Roger
Published: August 2013

Although slavery had long existed in Nigeria, the nineteenth century undoubtedly saw a major expansion of long-distance slave raiding fuelled by the rise of the Hausa states. This had significant negative consequences for the minority populations of the Middle Belt, impacting on their settlement patterns, interethnic relations, trade, and religion. During the colonial era, the strong support given to Hausa‐Islamic culture through the system of Indirect Rule had the consequence of suppressing minority views about this era. However, since independence, greater access to education and thus to local political power has dramatically reversed relations between the Muslim north and the Middle Belt. This chapter considers how local, Middle Belt publications are now attempting to reverse the narrative currents of the colonial era, by reframing the history of the slaving period.
Constructing and Contesting Histories of Slavery at the Cape, South Africa
Authors: Malan Antonia , Worden Nigel
Published: August 2013

This chapter discusses slavery in South Africa. Chattel slavery existed in early colonial South Africa from the inception of the Dutch permanent settlement in 1658 until formal emancipation of slaves in the British empire in the 1830s. More than 80,000 slaves were imported from throughout the Indian Ocean world during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although in the time of apartheid this slave heritage was buried in the public consciousness, since the 1990s museums, historians, and archaeologists have unearthed and published a considerable historical record, endorsed by new heritage legislation which gives special value to sites of slavery. Slave history is taught in universities and schools. However, especially for those descended from slaves in the Western Cape region, the evocation of a slave past has been a vexed process, with slave heritage serving as both a resource and a weapon in contemporary identity struggles.
A Narrow Margin of Hope: Leo Szilard in the Founding Days of CARA
Authors: Lanouette William
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on physicist Leo Szilard. Born in Budapest but living and working in Berlin from 1920 to 1933, Szilard was quick to recognize the dangers posed by the Nazis. By July 1932, he began to think of leaving Europe and, early in the new year, he warned his friend, the mathematician Michael Polanyi, ‘Things will get worse under Hitler. Much worse’, and advised his family in Budapest, ‘Leave Europe before it is too late’. He himself left Germany for Vienna on the 30 March. The chapter argues that while in Vienna in April 1933, it was Szilard who lent urgency to Beveridge's discussions, and helped elevate a scholarship scheme for displaced academics into the much wider project of creating an international network to resettle Jewish and left-wing academics beyond the reach of the Nazis.
Austrian Refugee Social Scientists1
Authors: Fleck Christian
Published: August 2013

This chapter presents an overview of one sub-group of Nazi refugees: social scientists from Austria, and Vienna in particular. After a deft sketch of the constraints and opportunities for scholars, especially Jewish scholars, in 1930s Austria with its economic decline, political turmoil, and rampant anti-semitism, it compares the number of Jews in Vienna, the size of the educated class in the city, and the number of Austrian émigré and refugee social scientists with the equivalent figures for Germany. These statistics provide some explanation for the ‘disproportionally large group of former Austrians’ among the émigrés and refugee scholars in the 1930s. The chapter then illustrates the often lowly occupations of many later famous social scientists and the remarkable intellectual milieu they were part of in Vienna. The final section examines the personal and social factors that influenced their fate in exile. It concludes that, within the larger group of German-speaking refugee scholars, the Austrians who later became sociologists had characteristics that enabled them to succeed after their traumatic experiences.
Within Two Tyrannies: The Soviet Academic Refugees of the Second World War
Authors: Sorokina Marina Yu.
Published: August 2013

This chapter places the exodus of Russian scholars in the context of the country's turbulent twentieth-century experience of ‘three revolutions, two world wars, civil strife, and several changes of political regime’. It presents an account of the plight of Russian academics in German occupied territories who were caught ‘in the dead space between two tyrannies’. For some the price of survival in the 1940s involved temporary collaboration with the Nazi invaders, which is illustrated in the morally ambiguous wartime experiences of Nikolas Poppe, Professor of Oriental Studies in Leningrad University, a leading expert of the languages and literatures of northern inner Asia; and of Ivan Malinin, professor and head of the department of pathology in the Krasnodar Medical Institute. Both found a way of resisting the communist state through temporary ‘collaboration’, and thus, reaffirmed ‘the right of the individual to make choices’. The chapter concludes by noting the change in Soviet policy towards the emigration of scientists after perestroika and its double-edged effect: ‘On the one hand, emigration impoverishes home institutions, but, on the other, the free migration of scientists has become one of the most effective mechanisms for integrating the country into the global scientific community’.
Czech Scholars in Exile, 1948–1989
Authors: Kostlán Antonín , Štrbáňová Soňa
Published: August 2013

The mobility of scholars is one of the significant social phenomena affecting scientific development. The mass exodus of intellectual elites from countries dominated by totalitarian regimes, however, represents a specific type of unwanted mobility or ‘forced migration’, which generally leads to devastating cultural and social damage over several generations. The historical experience of Czechoslovakia's waves of exile between 1918 and 1989 provides a suitable case for research into scientific exile in its varied forms. This chapter focuses on the escape of scholars from Czechoslovakia in the years between 1948 and 1989, when the country was part of the Soviet power bloc.
Refugee Academics from Chile: WUS‐SPSL Collaboration
Authors: Phillips Alan
Published: August 2013

This chapter describes the author's contacts with the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL) in the 1970s when, as the Secretary of the World University of Students (WUS), he worked closely with Esther Simpson and the SPSL in finding support in the universities for the refugees from Pinochet's Chile. Scholarship and bursary programmes were established for Chilean academics and students, which had many direct and indirect benefits for Chilean and later other refugees coming to the United Kingdom. The relationship that had begun between WUS and SPSL through the links with Esther Simpson and Lord Ashby, then Chairman of SPSL and also Vice-President of WUS, was strengthened through the collaborative work undertaken by the two organizations. Mutual trust and community of purpose led in due course to a compact between the SPSL and WUS, which assured the continuation of the SPSL as an independent body.
Voluntary action, New Labour and the ‘third sector’1
Authors: Alcock Pete
Published: August 2013

This chapter charts the relationships between the state and the voluntary sector under the 1997–2010 Labour governments. The period inaugurated a new stage in the social welfare role of voluntary action, which has developed since the nineteenth century from leading provision, through complementarity and supplementarity with regards to state welfare programmes in the twentieth century, and into the partnership seen at the start of the twenty-first century. Charting the various initiatives and institutional innovations of these years, the chapter makes the case for a ‘strategic unity’ amongst all the key agents and agencies, who had a collective interest in maintaining and developing the third sector as a space for policy intervention and forward planning. Overall, it demonstrates the significance of adaptation and renewal within the sector, rather than decline or co-option.
Women and the mother tongue in the Ottocento
Authors: Sanson Helena
Published: August 2013

This chapter first outlines the linguistic situation of Italy in the first decades of the nineteenth century. It then investigates the role that schooling had in spreading Italian in the post-unification period, with particular attention given to issues that concerned the female sex, now that state schools catered for young girls as well as boys. Controversies surrounding women's education were as alive as ever in the second half of the nineteenth century, with a decisive role being played by the question of how mothers could effectively and competently contribute to make Italian the language used in the family. If mothers could not instruct their children to use the national language competently — something that was now perceived as a good citizen's duty — female teachers, the ‘maestre’, were called to step in. They were entrusted with the quasi-religious task of spreading education and language to children, irrespective of the hardships and sacrifices that their poorly paid and unjustly undervalued profession imposed upon them. In a difficult linguistic situation, in which access to Italian still had to be gained with effort and study, Tuscan women (even if uneducated) were, contrary to the majority of women across the peninsula, in the privileged position of being considered the repository of an unspoilt form of language which flowed naturally from their lips. Some renowned non-Tuscan men of letters actively sought their help and assistance to give the language of their works that spontaneity they so much aspired to and did not possess.
Women writing on language
Authors: Sanson Helena
Published: August 2013

This chapter looks at how women finally made their first appearance in the field of linguistic codification, bringing out works on Italian grammar and on language etiquette in a changed political and social context. In their contribution to the creation of a national form of entertainment in the years when radio and television were still far away, women writers took a less traditional approach to the language of their works in order to overcome the fact that discussions on the Questione had come to a standstill. Their first, scattered remarks on the topic show less preoccupation with form and a more generous approach to and understanding of their audience's needs. The language they used, imperfect as it may have been, did not stop women of all classes from being caught up by the fate of young heroines and sharing their passions and misfortunes. Women writers bent language to fit their own requirements, refusing to let it stand in the way of their long-awaited right to express their full imaginative drive.
Epilogue
Authors: Sanson Helena
Published: August 2013

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. The end of the nineteenth century was a further landmark in women's long battle for the literary, and now also national, language and its grammar. The journey started with Nicostrata holding a hornbook and a key to access a symbolic tower (that of learning) from which she herself was excluded. It continued in the Cinquecento with the female addressees of some of the first vernacular grammars and with the refined portraits of women readers, such as Lucrezia Panciatichi and Maria del Berrettaio. In the Settecento they were followed by Pietro Longhi's ‘dame’, so eager to learn and instruct themselves, and with a preference for anything fashionable and French. But alongside these figures, fixed forever in time by the artist's paint and brush or the writer's pen, there were those women for whom, over the centuries and across the peninsula, acquiring even just a smattering of literacy was a small victory.
Disciplining the Disciplines*
Authors: DAVIES JASON
Published: August 2013

This chapter gives a brief overview of emergent taxonomies of disciplinarities in scholarship, and documents the engagement with these as ‘the Interdisciplinary Project’ within the Evidence Programme. It gives a situated and provisional interdisciplinary account of the process of the programme over time that is designed to evoke the experience as much as the emergent understanding of interdisciplinary work. The chapter aims to make the unfamiliarity of the processes of interdisciplinary work more intelligible and elucidate what is at stake in an interdisciplinary approach to interdisciplinarity.