bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of possibilities for high heavy metal content sludges utilization by incorporating them in concrete products
Authors: Simeonova A. , Petkov A. , Delchev N. , Balgaranova J.
Published: November 2007

The safe removal of sludge, obtained during the surface treatment of different metal products, is a serious environmental problem. These sludges are usually characterized by a high content of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd, Mn), low quality and are obtained in many small industrial units in the whole country, which makes their centralized treatment difficult. In world practice, different methods are used for component fixation of such sludge, in the aim to prevent leaching of the metals causing pollution of the soil and underground water. The aim of the recent work is to prepare the sludge in a form of light (keramzit) fillers by preliminary treatment with binding substances and to introduce them in non supporting concrete products - curbs, stakes and similar products. The investigation was made with two types of sludge - from a production line for thermal treatment and hardening of different parts used in machine building and from a production line for surface decoration treatment (nickel-plating and chromium-plating) of consumer products. The sludge were dried and ground and then granulated with a solution of water glass. After their solidifying the air dried granules with a size of 5 to 15 mm were treated with cement milk and air dried again. With the obtained granules, standard percolation test for leaching metals like Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr was carried out. After a preliminary calculation of concrete mixtures, these granules were mixed with Portland cement and concrete sample products were made. These molded concrete samples were characterized by their density, water absorption, and mechanical strength for defined standard periods of time. The samples were subjected to a modified percolation test for leaching metals. The metal concentration in eluates was determined by Atomic Spectral Analysis.
The influence of gelatine on the corrosion behaviour of cold worked copper wire in alkaline media
Authors: Ivanov Svetlana , Rajcic-Vujasinovic Mirjana , Stevic Zoran
Published: November 2007

Copper wire obtained by dip-forming process was cold worked to the deformation degrees of 83, 87, 91, 95 and 99 %. Electrochemical potentiodynamic method was used to investigate corrosion behavior of these wires in aqueous solutions of Na2CO3 (1 mol/dm3). Open circuit potentials as well as peak potentials are given as a function of deformation degree in Na2CO3 without and with addition of gelatine in concentration between 0.1 and 0.5 g/l. It was found that the addition of gelatine does not change the mechanism of the process, but influences on current density. Small concentrations of gelatine (0.1 g/l or less) have positive influence on the corrosion protection of copper in alkaline solution, but the addition of gelatine in concentration 0.5 g/l causes the increasing of its corrosion rate.
Thermal neutron flux distribution in ET-RR-2 reactor thermal column
Authors: Imam Mahmoud , Roushdy Hassan
Published: November 2007

The thermal column in the ET-RR-2 reactor is intended to promote a thermal neutron field of high intensity and purity to be used for following tasks: (a) to provide a thermal neutron flux in the neutron transmutation silicon doping, (b) to provide a thermal flux in the neutron activation analysis position, and (c) to provide a thermal neutron flux of high intensity to the head of one of the beam tubes leading to the room specified for boron thermal neutron capture therapy. It was, therefore, necessary to determine the thermal neutron flux at above mentioned positions. In the present work, the neutron flux in the ET-RR-2 reactor system was calculated by applying the three dimensional diffusion depletion code TRITON. According to these calculations, the reactor system is composed of the core, surrounding external irradiation grid, beryllium block, thermal column and the water reflector in the reactor tank next to the tank wall. As a result of these calculations, the thermal neutron fluxes within the thermal column and at irradiation positions within the thermal column were obtained. Apart from this, the burn up results for the start up core calculated according to the TRITION code were compared with those given by the reactor designer.
Transport of high enriched uranium fresh fuel from Yugoslavia to the Russian federation
Authors: Pesic Milan , Sotic Obrad , Hopwood William
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the relevant data related to the recent shipment (August 2002) of fresh highly enriched uranium fuel elements from Yugoslavia back to the Russian Federation for uranium down blending. In this way, Yugoslavia gave its contribution to the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) Program and to the world's joint efforts to prevent possible terrorist actions against nuclear material potentially usable for the production of nuclear weapons.
Monte Carlo with fuel burnup method for the ENHS benchmark calculations
Authors: Milosevic Miodrag , Greenspan Ehud , Vujic Jasmina
Published: November 2007

Estimates of the uncertainties arising from approximations in the methods used in different nuclear data processing and neutron transport codes are usually obtained by inter-comparing calculations made using different code systems. This paper gives details of an investigation of differences between results obtained by using different codes for a single zone model of the Encapsulated Nuclear Heat Source (ENHS) benchmark core fuelled with metallic alloy of Pu, U, and Zr. The ENHS is a new lead-bismuth or lead cooled novel reactor concept for 20 effective full power years without refuelling and with very small reactivity swing. The computational tools benchmarked include MOCUP, a coupled MCNP-4C and ORIGEN2.1 utility codes with MCNP data libraries based on ENDF/B-VI evaluation; KENO-V.a/ORIGEN2.1 code system, recently developed by authors of this paper, with the ENDFB-V based 238 group library; the design-oriented procedure based on the simplified one-dimensional (1D) geometry model and SAS2H control module; and the well-established fast reactor neutronics design tools in use at Argonne National Laboratory. Calculations made for the ENHS benchmark have shown that the differences between the results obtained when using different code schemes are quite significant and should be taken into account in assessing the quality of the nuclear data library.
Automatic early warning systems for the environment
Authors: Lesjak Martin
Published: November 2007

Computerized, continuous monitoring environmental early warning systems are complex networks that merge measurements with the information technology. Accuracy, consistency, reliability and data quality are their most important features. Several effects may disturb their characteristics: hostile environment, unreliable communications, poor quality of equipment nonqualified users or service personnel. According to our experiences, a number of measures should be taken to enhance system performances and to maintain them at the desired level. In the paper, we are presenting an analysis of system requirements, possible disturbances and corrective measures that give the main directives for the design, construction and exploitation of the environmental early warning systems. Procedures which ensure data integrity and quality are mentioned. Finally, the contemporary system approach based on the LAN/WAN network topology with Intranet/Internet software is proposed, together with case descriptions of two already operating systems, based on computer-network principle.
Decommissioning of the Astra research reactor: Review and status on July 2003
Authors: Meyer Franz
Published: November 2007

The paper describes work on the decommissioning of the ASTRA research reactor at the Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf. Organizational, planning, and dismantling work done until July 2003 including radiation protection and waste management procedures as well as the current status of the project are presented. Completion of the decommissioning activities is planned for 2006.
Electrochemical etching processes for the detection of neutrons and radon-decay products
Authors: Tommasino Luigi
Published: November 2007

The electrochemical etching, because of its complexity, is of interest when it makes it possible to achieve detection characteristics which are not encountered with the chemical etching. These unique characteristics can be found for example for the personal dosimetry of low-energy neutrons around nuclear reactors and for the detection of both low- and high-energy cosmic-ray neutrons at civil aviation altitudes. In particular sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratios for cosmic ray neutron measurements can be achieved by using stack of polycarbonate- and/or CR-39-detectors, since the electrochemical etching processes make it possible: (a) the rapid scanning of large detector areas, and (b) the counting of coincidence events in paired detectors induced by a-few-microns long tracks. The detection of the radon decay products is hindered by the fact that their concentrations are altered in the vicinity of detector surface during the measurement. Polycarbonate detectors may be useful in solving these problems both because they register radon-decay products far away from the plated-out surface and they can be manufactured with any possible geometry and/or shape. However, it is possible to use several combinations of chemical and electrochemical etching steps which implies the possibility of new applications of track detectors for the registration of neutrons, cosmic rays and radon decay products.
Radioactive waste management in Austria
Authors: Neubauer Josef
Published: November 2007

At the Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf, there are several facilities in stalled for treatment of waste of low and intermediate radioactivity level (radwaste). A separate company within Centers, Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf, has been formed recently, acting as a centralized facility for treatment, conditioning and storing of such waste within the country. The relevant treatment technology is applied depending on the waste category. In total about 6900 m3 of solid waste of low and intermediate radioactivity level originating from Austria was treated in the period between 1976 and 2002. Presently, there exists no final repository for radwaste in Austria. A study is under way to identify the structure for a long term storage facility.
The concept of a unified meteorological and radiological monitoring system based on hyperion technology
Authors: Zigic Aleksandar , Saponjic Djordje , Arandjelovic Vojislav , Zunic Zora
Published: November 2007

For the purpose of tracing the migration of radioactive materials in the environment it is essential to monitor meteorological and radiological parameters by a unified measurement system, because of the strong correlation of meteorological and radiological parameters. The ultimate goal is the prevention of radioactivity-induced diseases and disorders caused by radioactivity in both human population and the environment. A unified meteorological and radiological monitoring system can be readily implemented by using the organization and communication infrastructure of HYPERION technology. This would ensure an automatic and centralized acquisition of all relevant parameters.
Influence of spin on fission fragments anisotropy
Authors: Ghodsi Omid , Behkami Aziz , Rahimi Farhad
Published: November 2007

An analysis of selected fission fragment angular distribution when at least one of the spins of the projectile or target is appreciable in induced fission was made by using the statistical scission model. The results of this model predicate that the spins of the projectile or target are affected on the nuclear level density of the compound nucleus. The experimental data was analyzed by means of the couple channel spin effect formalism. This formalism suggests that the projectile spin is more effective on angular anisotropies within the limits of energy near the fusion barrier.
Study of the slowing down of high energy proton shots through metals via a Monte Carlo simulation of the Fokker-Planck equation
Authors: Teodori Francesco , Molinari Vincenzo
Published: November 2007

The aim of this work is to analyze the diffusion and the slowing down of high energy proton shots through a target. Analyzing the phenomenon rigorously with the full transport equations, means tack ling many difficulties, most of which arise from the long range nature of the Coulomb interactions involving more than one particle simultaneously. The commonly used approach of neglecting the multi-body collisions, though correct for rarefied neutral gases, of ten leads to very poor approximations when charged particles moving through dense matter are considered. Here we present a Monte Carlo simulation of the Fokker-Planck equation where the multi-body collisions are taken into account. The model al lows the calculation of a point-wise distribution of energy and momentum transferred to the tar get.
On L to H-mode transitions of the tokamak and entropy reduction
Authors: Rastovic Danilo
Published: November 2007

In an ideal case, it is assumed that the models for tokamak and stellarator plasma behaviour lead to the theory of invariant manifolds by Rastovic [Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2007]. But, at the present state of knowledge a more realistic concept for describing L to H transitions and edge localized modes is the reduction of entropy and appropriate methods.
State-of-the-art and needs for jet instability and direct contact condensation model improvements
Authors: Bousbia-Salah Anis , Moretti Fabio , D’auria Francesco
Published: November 2007

There is a common understanding among thermal-hydraulic experts that the system analysis codes have currently reached an acceptable degree of maturity. Reliable application, however, is still limited to the validated domain. There is a growing need for qualified codes in assessing the safety of the existing reactors and for developing advanced reactor systems. Under conditions involving multi-phase flow simulations, the use of classical methods, mainly based upon the one dimensional approach, is not appropriate at all. The use of new computational models, such as the direct numerical simulation, large-eddy simulation or other advanced computational fluid dynamics methods, seems to be more suitable for more complex events. For this purpose, the European Commission financed NURESIM Integrated Project (as a part of the FP6 programme), was adopted to provide the initial step towards a Common European Standard Software Platform for Modeling, recording and recovering computer data for nuclear reactor simulations. Some of the studies carried out at the University of Pisa within the framework of the NURESIM project are presented in this paper. They mainly concern the investigation of two critical phenomena connected with jet instabilities and direct contact condensation that occur during emergency core cooling. Through these examples, the state-of-the-art and the need for model improvements and validation against new experimental data for the sake of getting a better understanding and more accurate predictions are discussed.
Relations of Celtic minting to Roman monetary system: Show on the example of Scordisci and Treveri
Authors: Tapavicki-Ilic Milica
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the problem of changes within monetary systems, by comparing the Celtic tribes of the Treveri and the Scordisci. Changes and processes are specified which are common for mints of both tribes - changes of metals used for minting, loss of weight within the same coin type reduction of the territory in which coins have been distributed etc. Types which copy Roman republican coins have also been presented, as well as the coin types minted with the Roman permission.
Silver find from Nikinci
Authors: Vasic Rastko
Published: November 2007

The author discusses the silver and gold jewelry in the collection of Mr Milutin Misic from Belgrade, which includes several fragmented silver "Scharnier" fibulae, silver beads, two silver rings, and a golden appliqu?. The objects come from an unknown site in the village Nikinci in Srem. The most important items are the fibulae. According to their characteristics size, finish of the head and the catch plate, combination of silver and gold - the "Scharnier" fibulae are unique in their genre and indicate the existence of an important local goldsmith?s workshop in Srem. The dating of the entire find is uncertain because it is not chronologically unique. Two silver rings and raspberry-like beads could belong to the 5th century BC while silver fibulae and beads of silver wire should be most probably dated to the 4th century, Two silver beads - cylindrical and spherical - could possibly belong to the 1st century BC.
A single period inventory model of a deteriorating item sold from two shops with shortage via genetic algorithm
Authors: Mondal S.K. , Dey J.K. , Maiti M.
Published: November 2007

Inventory of differential units of a deteriorating item purchased in a lot and sold separately from two shops under a single management is considered. Here deterioration increases with time and demands are time- and price-dependent for fresh and deteriorated units respectively. For the fresh units, shortages are allowed and later partially-backlogged. For the deteriorated units, there are two scenarios depending upon whether initial rate of replenishment of deteriorated units is less or more than the demand of these items. Under each scenario, five sub-scenarios are depicted depending upon the time periods of the two-shops. For each sub scenarios, profit maximization problem has been formulated and solved for optimum order quantity and corresponding time period using genetic Algorithm (GA) with Roulette wheel selection, arithmetic crossover and uniform mutation and Generalized Reduced Gradient method (GRG). All sub-scenarios are illustrated numerically and results from two methods are compared. .
Analysis of simulation model application to forecast the railway workers failures
Authors: Markovic Milan , Ivic Milos , Pavlovic Norbert , Jankovic Sladjana
Published: November 2007

In this paper the idea of treating the operational service workers as the elements of technique systems is suggested and the renewal theory is used to forecast the number of accidents caused by human factor. The analytical model is presented and limitations for its application are quoted. Furthermore, the simulation model is developed and the conditions for its use are given. The model observes each worker separately and establishes the exact time of arisen failures, the number of failures at some moment t, time tn, to the nth failure, inconsistency of failure number and total number of failures of the observed population. The model is tested on the sample of 348 engine drivers in PE "Serbian Railways" who have made at leas one accident, in order to research the parameters necessary for using the renewal theory and simulation. .
The Alexios Studites' patriarchate (1025-1043): A developmental stage in patriarchal power
Authors: Stankovic Vlada
Published: November 2007

After the reign of Basil II (976 (985)-1025) when the church of Constantinople was in many ways subjected to the emperor's will, the patriarchate of Alexios Stoudites (1025-1043) marked the beginning of a new period. As his influence strengthened inside the church, Alexios was able to resist many challenges from secular power. His long patriarchate made the patriarch an important and influential factor in Constantinople, which would become evident at the time of his successor.
Navodnjavanje zemlje u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji
Authors: Zivojinovic Mirjana
Published: November 2007

(francuski) Les donn?es fournies par plusieurs chrysobulles de souverains de Serbie et d'un tsar de Bulgarie d?livr?s ? des monast?res, ainsi que par un inventaire des biens du monast?re de Htetova, montrent qu'il avait ?t? proc?d? ? des travaux d'irrigation dans les territoires actuels de la Serbie et de la Mac?doine, c.-?-d. dans les contr?es qui, ? la suite de conqu?tes successives depuis les derni?res d?cennies du XIIe si?cle jusqu'au milieu du XlVe si?cle, ?taient durablement entr?es dans le cadre de l'?tat serbe m?di?val. Les monast?res obtenaient des souverains le droit d'utiliser l'eau pour l'irrigation de leurs champs. Un higoum?ne pouvait, sous certaines conditions, autoriser une personne ext?rieur ? son monast?re ? irriguer ses champs en prenant l'eau d'un canal principal ou secondaire.
The periphery against the center: The case of Paradunavon
Authors: Madgearu Alexandru
Published: November 2007

The "mixobarbarians" in Paradunavon, confronted with the force of Pechengs entered under a new domination, a local and barbarian one, that replaced the central Byzantine administration. The centrifugal trends were expressed in this case by the settlement of a barbarian power in Paradunavon.
Akt prota Teofana za manastir Veriota (april 1312, ind. 10) u starosrpskom prevodu XV veka
Authors: Zivojinovic Mirjana , Bubalo Djordje
Published: November 2007

(francuski) Alors que l'acte grec du pr?tos Th?ophane, dat? d'avril 1321 (n? 100; sign topographique A 7/4), dont des copies sont conserv?es dans les archives de Saint-Pant?l??-m?n et de Vatop?di, a d?j? ?t? publi? ? trois reprises avec les actes de ces monast?res, sa traduction en ancien serbe est quasiment rest?e inconnue jusqu'? pr?sent. En son temps, Ljubomir Kovacevic l'avait incluse dans un recueil des actes de Chilandar, d?j? appr?t? pour l'?dition mais dont la parution a ?t? emp?ch?e par la Premi?re Guerre mondiale. Par un jeu de hasard, trois feuillets d'imprimerie, contenant entre autres l'?dition de Kovacevic de notre document, nous sont parvenues. Ceci nous a permis, compte tenu de la forte mutilation de cet acte, ?crit sur papier caus?e par l'humidit? depuis sa transcription par Lj. Kovacevic d'utiliser pour la pr?sente ?dition sa lecture, en tout point correcte, tant pour certains passages du texte, aujourd'hui totalement perdus, que pour des lettres et mots, entre temps devenus illisibles. Nous consid?rons que l'acte grec du pr?tos Th?ophane a ?t? traduit en ancien serbe, vraisemblablement ? Chilandar, ? l'occasion d'un litige opposant les moines serbes ? ceux de Vatop?di au sujet d'un rucher (v. notice au verso, n? 3). Le traducteur, qui ?tait un bon connaisseur du grec et de l'ancien serbe, s'est efforc? de traduire ? la lettre le contenu de l'acte grec. De ce fait, la traduction s'en trouve par endroit peu claire, de sorte que nous avons ?galement recouru pour sa compr?hension, ainsi que pour nos notes, aux ?ditions des copies grecques et aux commentaires de leurs ?diteurs. La pr?sence des copies de l'acte du pr?tos Th?ophane ? Saint-Pant?l??m?n et ? Vatop?di ainsi que de sa traduction en ancien serbe ? Chilandar, tendrait ? sugg?rer que ces trois monast?res ont poss?d?, durablement ou provisoirement, une partie des biens de l'ancien monast?re de Berroi?tou.
Bibliography of Sima Cirkovic, member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Authors: Bubalo Djordje
Published: November 2007

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Plemeniti metali Srbije i Bosne i evropsko trziste - XIV-XV vijek
Authors: Kovacevic-Kojic Desanka
Published: November 2007

(francuski) Cet article se propose, en se fondant sur le mat?riel conserv? dans les Archives de Dubrovnik (Raguse), d'offrir une vision plus compl?te de l'ampleur des exportations d'argent et d'or provenant de Serbie et d'argent provenant de Bosnie sur les march?s europ?ens, ainsi que de la fa?on dont ?taient organis?es ces exportations. En l'occurrence, la majeure partie des m?taux pr?cieux originaires de Serbie et de Bosnie atteignait les march?s m?diterran?ens, avant tout en Italie et principalement ? Venise, en transitant par Dubrovnik. Puis, depuis Venise, ils ?taient inject?s dans le syst?me d'?change du march? europ?en du Moyen Age.
The Kotor (Cattaro) Minor council and the Saint Trinity church
Authors: Sindik Dusan
Published: November 2007

The location called Trinity is situated nearby Kotor (Cattaro), and was most probably named after the Saint Trinity Church, built at the same place. The church does not exist any more. Several documents regarding that church have been kept. One of them, written in September 1476, is subject of analysis of this contribution. As it happened, instead of a priest died in May of the same year, the church was taken care by the Minor Council upon the suggestion of the city of Kotor. The election of the same priest was performed in the Minor Council, upon suggestion of the two electors, by secret voting of all members of the Council. It seems the document to be the only one from the Archive of Kotor (today kept in the State Archive of Zadar), in which has been described the voting in the Minor Council, with presences of the two members of Council, who had voted with the golden balls (balotta aurea electionis). As it is possible to see from this case, as well as from the other documents kept in the city archives along the eastern Adriatic Coast, their role was to suggest personalities for important city duties. It is also possible to see from the document that the Minor Council of the Kotor Municipality had separated a book in which the records for the sessions or at least decisions of the Council was registered. The second interesting thing in this document is the name of the deceased priest. His name was don Matej Curilica, which should be understood as a nickname, given because of that he had probably served upon the Roman ritual, but in Slavic language, from the books written in Cyrillic or Glagolitic alphabet. The first name for the Glagolitic alphabet was kjurilica. There are strong reasons for presumptions that still in the first half of the 12th century the Glagolitic alphabet was in use in the regions southeast from Dubrovnik.
Berroia in Stefan Dusan's politics
Authors: Maksimovic Ljubomir
Published: November 2007

Being one of the most important cities in Macedonia, Berroia automatically entered the horizon of Serbian politics once Stefan Dusan got involved into the Byzantine Civil War during the forties of the fourteenth century. The King's previous invasion of Macedonia, in the thirties, had been aimed directly towards Thessalonica and was a failure. Thus, in the second phase of his politics, in which Macedonia was used as a backing in the striving for the Empire, Thessalonica was temporarily left aside, although not before first Serres and then Berroia had been captured, so as to leave it completely isolated. Initially, it was Serres rather than Berroia that Dusan was focused on, its conquest in September 1345 leading immediately to the proclamation of the Empire. Afterwards ? in the first half of 1346 ? Berroia was also conquered and turned into an important Serbian stronghold, Thessalonica being thus cut off, which enabled the Serbs to await a more favorable time to capture it. At the same time, the conquest of Berroia paved the way for the Serbian invasion of Epirus and Thessalia. Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus was certainly aware of the consequences of such a strategic constellation. Thus, when he finally managed to neutralize the Zelots in Thessalonica, his first move towards the change of the situation was to recuperate Berroia and surrounding towns. This was such a severe blow for the Serbs, that it immediately became clear that even Dusan's imperial power might be endangered if his position in Macedonia further weakened. He reacted promptly and recaptured Berroia and other strongholds he had lost. The conquest of Berroia was lead by the nobleman Radoslav Hlapen, who first acted as a governor on behalf of Dusan, and after the death of the Emperor practically as an independent ruler of that part of Macedonia.
The Genoese citizenship of Carlo I Tocco of December 2, 1389
Authors: Zecevic Nada
Published: November 2007

The Genoese citizenship, granted to Carlo I Tocco and his regent mother Magdalene by the authorities of the Republic of Genova (December 2, 1389) is a document the existence of which is widely accepted in the scholarly circles despite the fact that the details of its contents have still remained largely unknown. Attempting to contribute to a better understanding of the circumstances under which the grant was issued, the first part of this paper brings the transcription of the entire document, as well as an analysis of its political and legal context. The paper's second part deals with the document's palaeographic, diplomatic, and sigillographie features as well as with its prosopographic and topographic details.
Srpska porodica Brankovic - genealoska i heraldicka razmatranja
Authors: Spremic Momcilo
Published: November 2007

(francuski) Les Brankovic jou?rent un r?le important dans l'histoire du peuple serbe pendant deux cent ans, depuis XIVe ? la XVIe si?cle. Dans la Lign?e de cette famille trois descendantes se distingu?rent particuli?rement: celles du seigneur Vuk, du despote Djuradj et des Brankovic de Srem. La famille fut apparent?e aux plus grandes familles nobles de la P?ninsule balkanique. Les Brankovic ? laiss? une bonne quantit? de sours h?raldiques. Les ?l?ments de base de leurs armoiries sont le lion et le heaume aux cornes de buffle.
Od mita ka istoriji ili od stepe ka Izrailju
Authors: Biljarski Ivan
Published: November 2007

(ruski) V stat'e rassmatrivajutsja koncepcii vremeni i istorii v bolgarskom srednevekovom obscestve, jazyceskom i potom hristianskom, na osnove Imennika bolgarskih knjazej (hanov). ?tot tekst dosel do nas v pozdnyh russkih spiskah, nahodjascihsja v sostave Ellinskogo i Rimskogo letopisca, gde sleduet neposred?stvenno za biblejskoj Cetvertoj knigoj Carstv. Takim obrazom novokrescennye bolgary priobscajutsja k biblejskoj istorii Celovecestva, smysl kotoroj - Spasenie ljudej.
The genoese citizenship of Carlo I Tocco of December 2, 1389
Authors: Zecevic Nada
Published: November 2007

The Genoese citizenship, granted to Carlo I Tocco and his regent mother Magdalene by the authorities of the Republic of Genova (December 2, 1389) is a document the existence of which is widely accepted in the scholarly circles despite the fact that the details of its content have still remained largely unknown. Attempting to contribute to a better understanding of the circumstances under which the grant was issued, the first part of this paper brings the transcription of the entire document as well as an analysis of its political and legal context. The paper's second part deals with the document's paleographic, diplomatic, and sigillographic features, as well as with its prosopographic and topographic details.
On acquirement of legal capacity in Serbian medieval law
Authors: Sarkic Srdjan
Published: November 2007

According to the Serbian legal sources it is not clear at what age full legal capacity was assumed. St. Stephen's Charter (1313-1318) says that a widow who has a little boy, should hold the whole village until her son become grown-up. It is clear that the persons under age could not enter formal transactions, but what was the age when natural persons assumed full legal capacity? So-called "Justinian' Law" in article 1 says that the full legal age was assumed at the age of 25. The Syntagma of Matheas Blastares exposes very complicate Byzantine system of three existing ages in the life of natural persons: 1) young persons (mladi) under puberty (14 male 12 female) had no legal capacity and they were under tutorship (pristavnik tutela); 2) individuals who have reached puberty were nevertheless, too young to administer their affairs and they were under cura (pecalovnik, koiratbr, guardianship over minors) until the age of 25, either male or female; 3) a person reached perfecta aetas at the age of 25, at which he had full capacity to act on his own behalf. But, Byzantine law required 4 years more for establishment (ustamenienije) of all legal rights of ex-minor, so the consent of a curator was no more needed at the age of 30. According to the remaining legal sources it is impossible to say whether those Byzantine rules were applied in mediaeval Serbia or whether full legal capacity was assumed at the age of puberty (14 male, 12 female). .
L'iconographie des préfigurations de la Vierge dans la peinture serbe du milieu du XIVe jusqu'au milieu du XVe siècle
Authors: Gligorijevic-Maksimovic Mirjana
Published: November 2007

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L'évocation de la fête des Rusalije chez les slaves dans un texte byzantin (Chomatenus, Ep. 120)
Authors: Popovic Aleksandar
Published: November 2007

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H. N. Brailsford and Russia: The Problem of Objectivity
Authors: Leventhal F. M.
Published: November 2007

In a journalistic career which spanned seven decades, Henry Noel Brailsford devoted a considerable part of his writing to Russian affairs and to the relations of the British and Russian peoples. In scores of articles and in two books based on first-hand observations, he helped to mold Western attitudes — especially of those on the political Left — to the often maligned, frequently enigmatic giant of the East. Few English journalists in the twentieth century could match the knowledge, personal contacts, and audience of a man who published several articles a week from the late 1890s to the early 1950s for a host of papers, including, to name the most important, the Manchester Guardian, the Speaker, the Daily News, the Nation, the Herald, the New Republic, the New Leader, Reynolds News, and the New Statesman. While Brailsford's field of competence encompassed the whole range of international and imperial affairs, he was preoccupied with the Balkans, with Russia, and with India, and of these only Russia commanded his attention throughout his life. The Balkan question belongs to the years before World War I, India to the 1930s and 1940s, but Russia remained of consuming interest from the revolution of 1905 until after the Second World War.
The Idea of the Angevin Empire
Authors: Bachrach Bernard S.
Published: November 2007

In a compelling study published in 1973, Warren Hollister and Thomas Keefe argued that the Angevin Empire, “an aggregation of diverse provinces that differed from Henry I's tightly-integrated Anglo-Norman state not merely in size but in fundamental character …, was Henry Plantegenet's own creation, born of his youthful ambition and achieved through his skill and good fortune.” Hollister and Keefe demonstrate conclusively that King Henry I had no such empire in mind when he arranged the marriage of his widowed daughter Matilda to Geoffrey Plantegenet, the fourteen-year-old heir to the counties of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.

In attempting to ascertain the origins of the Angevin Empire, however, are we limited only to a choice between Henry I's intentions and Henry II's ambition? Might we not ask what Count Fulk the Young, Geoffrey's father, had in mind when he arranged the marriage of his son to the heiress Matilda? John Le Patourel has suggested that Fulk was pursuing the normal Angevin practice of expanding the family's dominions. Le Patourel maintains that “this expansion took a familiar form, the acquisition of rights by marriage, inheritance or in other ways, and their enforcement by war.” For the Angevins the alliance between Geoffrey and Matilda ended a century of warfare between Anjou and Normandy. “Henry I was somewhat furtive over this marriage,” Le Patourel observes, but “in Angers it was a triumph.”
Ecclesiastical Reparations and the Soldiers of “The Anarchy”
Authors: Callahan Thomas
Published: November 2007

In the English civil war of King Stephen's reign combatants frequently damaged church property. Some of this damage was accidental or malicious, but most was due to military exigency; commanders often took advantage of the strategic location of church properties by fortifying, attacking, or robbing them, either to get at the enemy, to deny him sustenance, or to reward their own men. Chroniclers and other clerics angrily decried this plundering and damage of church possessions. Some wrote of whole years “being consumed with depredations and oppressions of churches …,” and the author of theGesta Stephaniaccused the Anglo-Norman barons of having “greedily assailed the property … of the church, which was the wonted and common practice of them all … .” In a famous passage from hisPolicraticus, John of Salisbury cried out “Where are now Geoffrey, Miles, Ranulf, Alan, Simon [and] Gilbert, men who were not so much counts of the kingdom as public enemies?” These men, the earls of Essex, Hereford, Chester, Cornwall, Northampton, and Lincoln, all made John's list of evil-doers because of their actions against the church during the civil war. There were frequent reports of whole towns having been burned with all their churches, and clerics feared assault and robbery on the highways. Undoubtedly many such stories were exaggerated, but the fact remains that during Stephen's reign the English church suffered material damages on a scale unknown for many generations.
The Whig Prince: Prince Rupert and the Court vs. Country Factions During the Reign of Charles II
Authors: O'Malley Leslie Chree
Published: November 2007

Considerable scholarly attention has been paid to the origins of political parties in England during the reign of King Charles II. Yet the fact that a prominent courtier and member of the king's own family, Prince Rupert, was also a leader of the opposition or “country” party has frequently been overlooked by historians. J. R. Jones, for example, in The First Whigs, fails to mention the prince, and even Rupert's biographer, Eliot Warburton, has dismissed the last decade in his subject's life by saying that, after 1673, the ailing prince was too ill to play a role in English government.

But Prince Rupert was, in fact, very active politically in the two decades following the Restoration. He sat in the House of Lords as duke of Cumberland and served on parliamentary committees. He had a seat on the Privy Council and was a member of all four of its standing committees. Rupert was often selected to serve the crown: as special emissary to his friend, Emperor Leopold I, in 1661 with the task of preventing an Anglo-imperial rupture over the marriage of King Charles to a Portuguese princess; as England's representative in negotiations with Denmark in 1669 and Brandenburg in 1670; as joint admiral of the fleet during the second Anglo-Dutch War, and de facto commander of the fleet during the third conflict with the United Provinces. Although the prince became openly critical of the royal government as early as 1667 and, by 1673, had allied with Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl of Shaftesbury, to form an opposition group, the future country or Whig party, he also retained many ties with the court.
Lord Durham, the Whigs and Canada, 1838: The Background to Durham's Return
Authors: Newbould I.D.C.
Published: November 2007

The most recent biography of Lord Durham begins with a comparison between the affection felt by the people of his county for Squire Lambton, and the lack of attention paid by the nation to the co-author of the first Reform Act and the author of the Durham Report. A neo-Grecian temple, built by the Freemasons of county Durham, overlooking his seat at Chester-Le-Street is visible for miles, and provides a stark contrast to the London town house at 13 Cleveland Row, which lacks even the familiar blue plaque to serve as a reminder that Radical Jack once lived there. The illustration is apt. Traditional deference paid by a county to a “friend of the people” who made his mark in the larger world accounts perhaps for the existence of the temple; less easily explained is his failure to earn that respect usually accorded a public figure of his significance, and it is curious, at first glance, that a man of his abilities and achievements should be regarded as an outcast by his own government. Yet the fact remains that for most of the 1830's, Durham was regarded as little more than a nuisance by his colleagues, who, following the passage of the Reform Bill, entrusted him to no position of authority in England.
The Sword of Gold: Sidney Godolphin and War Finance, 1702–1710
Authors: Dickinson W. Calvin
Published: November 2007

Queen Anne's appointment of Sidney, Earl of Godolphin, as Lord Treasurer in 1702 was a fortunate choice for England. The country faced a war with France occasioned by the empty Spanish throne and the expansionist schemes of Louis XIV. England needed a man of ability in finance, experience in government, and credit with queen and country to handle home affairs and finance the armies of the allies on the continent. The Duke of Marlborough, head of England's armies, considered his friend Godolphin the only man for the task. He even threatened not to command English armies unless Godolphin took the Treasury post. Godolphin had opposed the war with France and had resigned from a Treasury post in 1701 for this reason, but in 1702 he accepted the white staff of Lord Treasurer at the insistence of his friend Marlborough.

During the course of the War Of Spanish Succession Lord Godolphin used his exceptional talents to finance the military forces of England—land and sea—and to provide large amounts of money for the military expenses of England's allies in the conflict. He was successful while Louis XIV's efforts to accomplish the same ends by some of the same means failed.

Godolphin possessed expertise and long experience in national finance, holding responsible Treasury positions in the reigns of Charles II, James II, and William III, before becoming Queen Anne's Lord Treasurer. Recognizing the advantages that the Bank of England could provide for national finance, he had helped push the proposal for its establishment through the House of Lords in the face of strong opposition in 1694. He had also favored a Land Bank that eventually came to naught. Seeing the value of exchequer bills in expanding the nation's money system during William III's reign, he made extensive use of this novel idea in financing Queen Anne's war.
Julius Caesar and the Scots
Authors: Nearing Homer
Published: November 2007

Cicero, in his Brutus, remarked of the Gallic War that while Caesar had written it so that “others who wanted to write history should have materials from which to work ready to their hands, he perhaps put in his debt only the pedants who like to frizzle such things with curling irons, and deterred sensible men from writing at all.” But Pollio Asinius, another of Caesar's contemporaries, disagreed with this opinion; according to Suetonius (Julius 56), Pollio considered Caesar's commentaries “to have been composed with little care and little unbiased verity, for Caesar was usually too ready to believe the reported achievements of others and, whether deliberately or through lapse of memory, to relate his own deeds falsely; and he thought that he had intended to rewrite and correct them.” Both were wrong—Cicero in believing that chroniclers would be content with ornamenting Caesar's data and Pollio in assuming that the major departures from fact in Caesar's biography would be due to his own slips. A choice demonstration of both kinds of error is the legend of Caesar's relations with the Scots.

It is clear from the Gallic War that in Britain Caesar did not have time to go farther north than what is now Essex or Hertford, but by the fifth century a story was current that he had conquered the entire island. In the verse panegyric that Sidonius Apollinaris addressed to his father-in-law, the Emperor Avitus, a personification of Rome tells Jove that Julius Caesar “led his victorious standards even against the Caledonian Britons; and though he vanquished Scot, Pict, and Saxon, he still sought foes even where nature forbade him to seek farther for mankind” (11. 88-92).
William of Malmesbury and Robert of Gloucester Reconsidered
Authors: Leedom Joe W.
Published: November 2007

William of Malmesbury'sHistoria Novellais anapologiafor his pro-Angevin patron, Robert Earl of Gloucester, the premier supporter of the Empress Maud in the civil war with king Stephen (1135-1154). Stephen's failure to secure Robert of Gloucester's full backing weakened the reign from the outset. Robert, one of the two or three greatest landholders in the Anglo-Norman world, was among the last and most reluctant magnates to render Stephen homage, and among the first to turn openly against him. The earl of Gloucester became the model for the lay and ecclesiastical pro-Angevin nobility, and William of Malmesbury's panegyric of him guarantees theHistoria Novellaits place of importance among the sources for Stephen's reign.

Professor Robert B. Patterson has recently argued that theHistoria Novellais inaccurate, mendacious, and unreliable, and that its author is unworthy of being called an historian. But a close analysis of Patterson's allegations shows that William's account of earl Robert's actions is consistent with evidence from charters and other chronicles. William of Malmesbury's bias lends interest to his account without seriously compromising its accuracy. TheHistoria Novella, William of Malmesbury's final work, is a characteristic product of his careful research and scholarship.

Patterson maintains that Robert of Gloucester did not support Maud until 1138, after the earl formally renounced his allegiance to Stephen. In fact, however, Robert was active in his half-sister's service as early as 1126.
The Structure Of Urban Politics In The English Civil War
Authors: Howell Roger
Published: November 2007

To many seventeenth century observers, the political role of towns in the English Civil War was clear enough. Clarendon, for example, referred to the “great towns and corporations, where besides the natural malignity, the factious lecturers and emissaries from the Parliament had poisoned the affections.” Thomas Hobbes was even more specific: “The City of London and other great towns of trade, having in admiration the prosperity of the Low Countries after they had revolted from their monarch the king of Spain were inclined to think that the like change of government here would to them produce the like prosperity.” In similar fashion, the anonymous author of the 1648 tractPersecutio Undecimasaw the commercial interests of the urban areas, especially London, as one of the significant factors in the calling of the Long Parliament and the subsequent outbreak of war.
The House of Lords, Party, and Public Opinion: Opposition Use of the Protest, 1760-1782
Authors: Lowe William C.
Published: November 2007

The role of party in the first half of George III's reign has proved a topic of constant interest to historians. The subject has been examined from a variety of angles, not the least important of which is the relationship between party development and public opinion. Much of the explanation of party development has centered on the House of Commons, and a few attempts have been made to integrate the House of Lords into the story. Less effort has been made, however, to ascertain what, if any, role the upper house played in partisan attempts at influencing public opinion. This essay is an attempt to show how the opposition peers of this period took advantage of one of the privileges of their house, the right of written dissent, in a conscious effort to influence a wider audience, and to demonstrate how this contributed to the growth of party.