bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulations Applied to Small-Field Dosimetry in Radiotherapy
Authors: Souza Gomes da Silva Frederico , Lima de Souza Castro Andre , Cristina Ferreira Fonseca Telma
Published: December 2022

With the advancement of radiotherapy techniques, we find some challenges in small field dosimetry that are widely used in head and neck treatments, so computer simulations with the Monte Carlo method, already well established in medical physics, are a great tool for  studying small field dosimetry. The present work aims to report the validate of the geometry model used for the simulations of a 6 MV LINAC beam, in addition to estimating the TPS, PDD and PDD 20,10 curves for several regular and small fields, allowing comparisons with experimental data .
Characterization and calibration of thermoluminescent dosimeters of LiF:Mg, Ti in the quantity Hp(0.07)
Authors: Nascimento Gabriel , Lucente Leticia , Campos Vicente
Published: December 2022

The extremity dosimeters are devices used to quantifying the radiation dose that the occupationally exposed individual receives in specific regions of the body during the work time. Dosimeter calibration is essential so that the dosimeter response is equivalent to the received dose. Tests such as batch homogeneity and lower detection limit are part of the dosimeter calibration process. The rod phantom simulates the region of interest regarding the interaction with radiation and the scattered dose. The extremity dosimeters used were the LiF:Mg,Ti thermoluminescent dosimeters.
Measurement of the insensitive surface layer thickness of a PIN photodiode based on alpha-particle spectrometry
Authors: Gonçalves Josemary A. C. , Bueno Carmen Cecília , De Camargo Fabio , Pascoalino Kelly
Published: December 2022

In this work, the insensitive layer thickness of a PIN photodiode (SFH206K - Osram) has been measured by varying the incident angle of a collimated monoenergetic alpha particle beam. This technique is based on the fact that, except for the intrinsic uncertainties of the emission and straggling of alpha particles, their trajectories at different incident angles are distinct, with smaller ones corresponding to the incidence perpendicular to the detector surface. The result obtained (711 ± 23) nm, less than 1% of the intrinsic layer thickness, besides validating the employed method, demonstrates that the diode herein investigated is suitable for high resolution charged particle spectrometry.
Assessment of natural radioactivity in bottled mineral water from Brazil
Authors: Nisti Marcelo Bessa , Nery Andressa , Saueia Cátia H. R. , Cavalcante Fernanda
Published: December 2022

The approach taken in the WHO Guidelines for controlling radiological hazards in public water supplies has two stages. The first is an initial screening for gross alpha and beta activity to determine whether the activity concentrations are below levels at which no further action is required; and if these screening levels are exceeded, investigation of the concentration of individual radionuclides and comparison with specific guidance levels. Mineral water is obtained directly from natural sources or by extracting groundwater, it is characterized by the quantity of mineral salts, trace elements and other constituents. The bottled water industry is present in the major regions of the world, and the population consumption has increased every year in Brazil and world, also increasing new mineral water mining sites, so it is necessary to constantly check the amount of radioactivity in mineral water. The aim of this study is to quantify the concentration of the natural radionuclides in the bottled mineral water consumed in São Paulo city. The bottled mineral water samples were purchased in a supermarket in São Paulo, with 23 different brands. The determination of gross alpha and beta activity concentration in bottled mineral water by Liquid Scintillation Counting measurement was performed using a 1220 Quantulus™ Ultra Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer. The natural radionuclides (226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb and 40K) were measured by gamma spectrometry, using an HPGe detector. The results obtained in this study can be used for a database on bottled mineral water radioactivity from Brazil.
Evaluation of the decommissioning fund for a nuclear power plant in Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Deiglys Borges , Moreira João Manoel Losada
Published: December 2022

The decommissioning of a nuclear power plant is a costly and highly complex process, requiring not only a planning and rigorous chronogram execution as well as funds large enough to cost it. The Long-Term Operation of the plant is not only interesting since it allows the plant to keep producing energy with low-carbon footprint as well as postpone to future these expenses. Around the world several nuclear power plants are being evaluated for Long-Term Operation due to these reasons. In Brazil the oldest nuclear plant, Angra 1, is also being evaluated for Long-Term Operation, otherwise it should be retired/shutdown in next future. However, besides the technical reasons, also the plant’s decommissioning fund seems to be not enough to cost its decommissioning. In the present work, the decommissioning fund of Angra 1 is evaluated considering two different interest rates and compared with the decommissioning cost. The results demonstrates that the Long-Term Operation is necessary and a good decision since it allow an additional time to the provisions on the decommissioning cost increase, avoiding the lack of funds.
Decommissioning cost estimation considering the activities facilitation due remote-controlled equipment
Authors: Monteiro Deiglys Borges , Moreira João Manoel Losada , Maiorino José Rubens
Published: December 2022

The decommissioning is a complex, costly and hazard process which should be performed in the end of the operational life of a nuclear power plant aiming to reduce the risks offered due to its operation to the environment and public at large. Several kinds of activities are required, with the decontamination and dismantling comprising some of the most important. Several tasks of these activities should be performed in places submitted to high radiation activity, increasing the exposure risks to the labors and costs since more labors and additional time are required aiming to reduce the risks. Despite of it, several of the equipment often used during the plant’s operation have some automation degree, which allow to control it remotely. This technology could be used during the decommissioning, as it is done nowadays in several projects around the world. In the present work, the influence of the adoption of this technology to perform decontamination and dismantling activities would be evaluated regarding the cost reduction. A hypothetical plant would be considered as case of study, to which some idealized assumptions was made. The results demonstrates that to this limit case the cost of the project could be reduced by more than 50%, indicating the potential which the adoption of this technology could have in the project.
Toxicity Removal of Pharmaceuticals Mixtures through Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Boiani NAthalia Fonseca , Kiyoshi Tominaga Flávio , Ivone Borrely Sueli
Published: December 2022

Contamination of the aquatic environment by pharmaceuticals is becoming a global phenomenon of growing concern. Pharmaceuticals can be only partially metabolized during therapeutic use, resulting in the excretion and release of residual fractions into sewage, unaltered or in the form of metabolites they may remain active in sewage treatment facilities for a long time. Many studies have shown that wastewater treatment plants are not designed to eliminate these compounds, as such the main source of drug residues in the aquatic environment. Due to their frequency and detection in the environment, persistence and toxicity, the most studied pharmaceutical groups are antibiotics, psychiatric drugs, hormones, analgesics and anti-inflammatory, β-blockers, and antidiabetic drugs. Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs) have been applied as an alternative or complement to conventional sewage treatment processes, aiming the degradation and removal of toxic pollutants. Electron beam irradiation (EBI) is considered a clean process that offers an environmentally friendly alternative to degrade pollutants in the aquatic environment. This technology has been demonstrated effective for removal of multiclass pharmaceutical residues present in wastewater by using low doses (2.5-5.0 kGy). In this present study, we focused on toxicity removal of three different tertiary mixtures of pharmaceuticals, which showed toxicity removal efficiency around 80% for the mixture of Propranolol, Fluoxetine and Diclofenac; 75% for the mixture of  Propranolol, Fluoxetine and Sulfadiazine; and 30% for the mixture of Acetylsalicylic acid, Fluoxetine and Metformin.
Management of doses from medical exposures in interventional radiology: an integrative review
Authors: Rockembach Mazuim Fernando , Souza Daiane Cristini Barbosa , D’Agostini Zottis Alexandre
Published: December 2022

Interventional radiology (IR) uses minimally invasive image-guided procedures that may require a long duration and deliver high radiation doses to the patient. The most current studies on management and dose reduction in IR have shown to be of fundamental importance in radiation protection practices. The objective of this study was to survey what has been published in the national and international literature on the doses received by patients undergoing IR procedures. It consisted of an integrative review study carried out in Scielo, Pubmed, and INIS databases in the time frame of 2016-2021, using as descriptors: interventional radiology, radiation injuries, radiological protection, dosimetry; and their equivalents in English: interventional radiology, radiation injuries, radiological protection, and dosimetry. The initial sample consisted of 68 full articles related to the theme, published during the study period. Of these, 11 articles were selected and made up the final sample. The results indicate that the use of software in dose management and monitoring has proven to be an important tool in radiological protection. The implementation of dose reduction strategies and increased awareness about the use and effects of radiation result in significantly lower doses to both professionals and patients. No national study on dose management has been identified, highlighting the need to promote the subject in the country. The main recommendations identified were the introduction of technologies and the training of the workers involved.
Simulating Araponga - The High-Resolution Diffractometer of Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor
Authors: Souza Alexandre Pinho dos Santos , De Oliveira Luiz Paulo , Genezini Frederico Antonio , Dos Santos Adimir
Published: December 2022

The Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) is a fundamental project that aims to turn Brazil into a self-sufficient country in the production of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals to supply the Unified Health System (SUS) as much as the private institutions. In addition, the RMB project describes other applications as irradiation and testing of nuclear fuels and structural material analysis, for instance. There are many techniques in the project to study structural aspects of materials, where neutron diffraction represents one of the priorities for implementation. This technique will take place mainly on two diffractometers on Thermal Neutron Guide 1 (TG1), namely Araponga, a high-resolution diffractometer, and Flautim, a high-intensity diffractometer. In this work, we study the performance of the Araponga diffractometer through McStas simulations with input produced by the MCNP code of the RMB core. We investigate the neutron flux values considering a state-of-art high-resolution diffractometer, and the results are promising since some simulated scenarios present values compatible with high-intensity devices.
Analysis of pore geometry in the compacted fine aggregate matrix by x-ray microtomography
Authors: Costa Rogério Ferreira
Published: December 2022

This study employs the advanced X-ray microtomography technique to evaluate the open and closed porosity geometry within fine aggregate matrix specimens extracted from different locations of SGC samples compacted with distinct densities. The adoption of advanced techniques such as the X-ray microtomography facilitate the fabrication of FAMs that are more representative of those that comprise asphalt concretes, as well as allow the use of similar replicates in mechanical tests. In addition, the traditional porosity assessment methods are well documented, but provide only global average results for the entire sample. In this context, X-ray microtomography stands out because, besides porosity information, pore distribution and a series of other parameters related to the internal structure of the object can be evaluated. This study evaluated the geometry of open and closed pores of FAM specimens extracted from different locations of SGC compacted samples. From the results and analyses, it can be concluded that the shape of the closed pores is spherical and the shape of the open pores is cylindrical for the SGC samples compressed with 2.26 g/cm3, 2.34 g/cm3 and 2.44 g/cm3.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NaI(Tl) AND LaBr3(Ce) PORTABLE RADIOLOGICAL IDENTIFIERS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF 226-Ra AND 228-Ra IN SCALES FROM THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Authors: Dos Anjos da Cruz Izidório Ana Carolina da Cruz , Santa Rida de Oliveira Luciano , Carnero Curzio Rodrigo , Ferreira de Oliveira Davi
Published: December 2022

The scales from the oil industry are constantly being studied, due to their formation problem, which reduces the plant's production capacity, and the radioactivity in them, which originates from production wells (NORM), which can lead workers to significant exposures. The extraction process makes these scales radioactive, as the 226-Ra and 228-Ra that are mobilized precipitate with the scales. These are directly responsible for the dose increase to which workers are exposed during routine maintenance. In this study, ten scale samples were analyzed, taken from different parts of an oil production plant, using portable radiological identifiers of NaI(Tl) and LaBr3(Ce) to assess the dose rates and performance of these equipment in detection 226-Ra and 228-Ra. The identification of 226-Ra, was given by its daughter 214-Pb and 214-Bi, energies of 295.222 keV and 351.93 keV; and 609.32 keV, respectively. The identification of 228-Ra, by his daughter 212-Pb and 208-Tl, energies of 238.632 keV; and 583.187 keV and 2614.511 keV, respectively. The energy of 583.187 keV appeared only in the spectra obtained with the PRI of LaBr3(Ce). The energy of 2614.511 keV of 208-Tl was discriminated in all spectra obtained with NaI(Tl). The NaI(Tl) PRI performed better due to its better counting efficiency. The identifiers were able to identify 226-Ra and 228-Ra in inlays containing NORM. It was concluded that the PRIs allow fast analysis even in samples with little mass.
Counting efficiency in gamma-ray spectrometry with different sample volumes for the same geometry
Authors: Nisti Marcelo Bessa , Máduar Marcelo Francis , Damatto Sandra Regina , Alencar Marcos Medrado de
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study is to determine an easy and fast method to calculate efficiencies in different volumes, in the same counting geometry, for gamma-ray spectrometry technique. Reference Material Soil IAEA 326 was packed in a 100 mL capacity polyethylene bottle with different masses and volumes, and sealed for about four weeks, prior measurement, in order to ensure that radioactive equilibrium had been reached between 226Ra and its progeny. After this time, they were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry with a hyper-pure germanium detector. The masses of the reference material used were 25, 60, 80, 95 and 128g. The energies of gamma-rays used in this paper are recommended due to the considerations: gamma intensity value, peak quality, spectral region without interference and the gamma- ray energies of the 238U and 232Th series very important for determining the natural radioactivity. The efficiency values obtained compared to the adjusted efficiency values were similar and presented a good correlation coefficient. The performance was acceptable for all different masses studied, indicating results consistent for the method. The proposed method could be useful as a tool for laboratories, dealing with of samples on a routine basis, by reducing the cost on the purchase of another counting geometry and optimizing the use of the detection system, thus improving their performance.
Assessment of the particular demand for 18FDG/PET-CT procedures: a discussion regarding new incorporations by the SUS
Authors: Batista Adriana de Souza Medeiros , Santos Silva Marlon , Do Carmo Santana Priscila
Published: December 2022

Os exames de imagem considerados de alto custo vantagens diagnósticas apresentam que os tornam relevantes no contexto da saúde pública. Tomografia Emissão de Pósitron exemplos associados à Tomografia Computadorizada realizada com fluorodesoxiglicose ( 18 F-PET-CT) é um exame de alto custo, mas estratégico para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento de doenças que podem ser por meio do metabolismo da glicose nenhum organismo. O presente trabalho deste exame proposta uma discussão sobre a disponibilização do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), demonstra os seus valores diagnósticos e a inclusão progressiva no rol de exames reembols. exames.Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de exames realizados no Centro de Tecnologia Molecular - Faculdade de Medicina/UFMG (CTMM-FM/UFMG), pagos de forma particular ao longo dos anos de 2012-2019. Os resultados associados indicam uma busca contínua pelo exame para casos ao diagnóstico, estadiamento e acompanhamento do tratamento oncológico, principalmente Linfomas.
Nuclear and non-nuclear analytical techniques applied to pre-colonial archaeological ceramics from the upper Madeira River/Brazil (940 to 760 B.P)
Authors: Costa Angislaine Freitas , Gomes Denise Maria Cavalcante , Munita Casimiro S , Bária Rogério , Tizuka Michelle Mayumi , Kipnis Renato , Watanabe Shigueo , Chubaci José Fernando Diniz
Published: December 2022

This article presents the results of applying three archaeometric techniques in archaeological ceramics from the upper river Madeira region in Amazonia. The first consists of the nuclear technique, neutron activation analysis (INAA), to identify the trace elements of the clay sources used in the production of the vessels. The second, non-nuclear X-ray diffraction (XRD), was used to characterise the mineral phases of each clay source. The third technique, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), estimated burning temperature related to the production stage of the artefacts. This approach made it possible to understand technological choices linked to selecting specific clay sources. The results suggest that different indigenous groups that inhabited the region between 940 and 760 B.P selected three clay sources to produce their vessels.
Degradation and Toxicity of Amoxicillin After Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Ivone Borrely Sueli , Miyada Redígolo Marcelo , David Quiroz Villardi Bruno , Temponi Lebre Daniel , Kiyoshi Tominaga Flavio
Published: December 2022

A recent and growing concern in environmental studies is the presence of antibiotics in wastewater, which contributes to antimicrobial resistance building. Amoxicillin, according to the World Health Organization, is one of the most consumed antibiotics worldwide, for being a first line therapy for common infections. Among several drug degradation methodologies, electron beam irradiation (EBI) is presented as an efficient and green treatment. This work presents data on amoxicillin degradation via EBI. Ecotoxicity essays were performed employing Vibrio fischeri, carbon removal efficiency was evaluated by TOC and degradation rate by LC/MS-MS. Chromatographic results indicate a 97.9% drug concentration reduction after 0.75 kGy; TOC results indicate 10% carbon removal at 3.0 kGy; toxicity assays indicate 80% in removal of toxicity at 0.75 kGy and a decrease in efficiency with higher doses. In conclusion, results indicate the 0.75 kGy as most effective for drug removal employing EBI.
Precautionary and preventive measures in Brazilian law applied to radioactive waste management
Authors: Andrade Monise
Published: December 2022

Nuclear technologies and radiation have offered technological and scientific growth nowadays, but there is a frequent paradox in this. While these technologies substantially increase the quality of human life, they also produce radioactive waste, which, when not properly managed, can generate risks that threaten to harm the environment and health. As a result, in risk management of radioactive waste, decision-making processes need to be guided by a framework of principles, including the precautionary and preventive principles. For this reason, the present work proposes to develop a legal analysis on radioactive waste risk management using the principles of precaution and prevention. These principles have similarities, but it is the differences in their structure that deserve to be highlighted, which is discussed and exemplified throughout this work. Furthermore, national and international experience in environmental damage has taught us that an identification and assessment of risk is necessary, because if preventive measures are not taken radioactive waste can be dispersed and harm the environment. When it comes to assessing the risk of radioactive waste, one of the precautionary measures is the application of a conservative stance in modelling scenarios, as there are still uncertain risks. Therefore, comprehending the different circumstances surrounding precautionary and preventive measures and having effective information about risk is essential for successful risk management.
Comparative analysis between radioactive seed localization and wire-guided for non-palpable breast cancer surgery
Authors: Hortência de Jesus Ferreira  , Carlos Alberto Zeituni  , Maria Eduarda Zaganin Rigo  , Hamona Novaes dos Santos  , Wilmmer Alexander Arcos Rosero  , Guilherme Favato Alcantara  , Maria Elisa Chuery Martins Rostelato
Published: December 2022

The conservative surgery for impalpable breast cancer requires an intraoperative localization method that guides the identification and correct excision of the lesion. The aim of this study is to comparatively analyze two intraoperative breast localization technologies, wire guided localization (WGL) and radioactive seed localization (RSL), regarding their surgical efficacy through the outcomes of surgical margins, intraoperative re-excision, reoperation and recurrence. To this end, a systematic search was realized in databases for clinical trials that match with the study eligibility criteria. The selected studies were evaluated for their methodological quality; the data were then collected and quantitatively synthesized. The results comprised thirty-eight studies that match the eligibility criteria. The main outcomes reported demonstrating that the RSL is at least equivalent to the WGL in efficiency rates. These results confirm the method applicability for impalpable breast lesions surgery in an effective way, in addition to presenting organizational optimization of radiology and surgery services by allowing the surgery to be performed up to two months after seed implantation.
Quantitative analysis of minor and trace elements in blood serum of dairy cattle (Bos taurus) by WDXRF
Authors: Carrillo Gaeta Natália , Ubriaco Oliveira Gonçalves de Carvalho Daniel , Reyes Alemán Mario Augusto , Silva Carvalho Jeferson , Cedraz Patrícia , Ulrich João Cristiano , Jovane Luigi , Gregory Lilian , Scapin Marcos Antonio
Published: December 2022

Assessment of heavy metal content in biological fluids is essential to determine human and animal health as a result of exposure to contaminated environments, food, and water. WDXRF is a non-destructive method that involves no chemical treatments. It is possible to perform fast chemical analysis without producing hazardous waste and uses a small sample volume (± 50 mL), which is useful to veterinary usage. Therefore, the aim of this work was to implement an alternative method for minor and trace elements in blood serum samples of dairy cattle (Bos taurus) using WDXRF. It was implemented for the determination of Al, Cr, Co, Fe, Cu, As, and Hg, and the method was evaluated by comparing WDXRF and ICP-OES results of a set of 14 blood serum samples of dairy cattle using principal component analysis (PCA). Results of WDXRF and ICP-OES were statistically equivalent to all analyzed elements, except for Fe and Al, which were still comparable. WDXRF proved to be a suitable alternative methodology for heavy metal detection in animal blood serum samples due to the low sample volume. The results of this study enable a new and fast method for veterinary internal medicine, which requires a technique that quickly detects animals with a high concentration of toxic elements to assure the correct protocols to prevent the animal's death.
Perception of safety during the mammography exam:
Authors: Batista Adriana de Souza Medeiros , Paiva Fontainha Crissia Carem , Oliveira Santos Talita , Batista Nogueira Luciana
Published: December 2022

This article presents a discussion about the knowledge of the female population about breast cancer, the means presented by the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS) that contribute to the diagnosis and adherence to the early identification process. It was developed through semi-structured interviews about personal satisfaction with health and its relationship with advancing age, knowledge about breast cancer, risk factors, prevention, and diagnostic imaging. It involved women living in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais and the metropolitan region. A total of 440 interviews were carried out in 2019, focusing on women over 40 years old. Most women said they had already had a mammography, and a minority had undergone treatment for breast cancer. General data on the characterization of the women interviewed are presented, as well as the perception of care promoted by public policies for women's health care.
Evaluation of mass attenuation coefficient of concrete sample for different traits
Authors: Bastos Luan Ferreira , Teixeira Tâmara , Gama Filho Hamilton , Calixto Sebastião , Gonçalves Marcelo , Dos Anjos Marcelino , Tadeu Lopes Ricardo , Ferreira de Oliveira Davi
Published: December 2022

Concrete is widely used in the world and is the main material for civil construction. Due to its properties, it has different uses such as structural, filling and shielding. The aim of this work is to compare experimental and theoretical mass attenuation coefficient for concrete with different traits and determine the one with the best performance. For this, density, X-ray diffraction, mass attenuation coefficient (experimental with a Cs137 source, simulated by MCNP and theoretical determined with XCOM platform) and compressive strength were determined for three different traits of cement mortar (standardized sand, conventional sand and artificial sand). The X-ray diffraction showed more compounds for artificial sand’s samples. Density showed no significant variation. The samples showed a good agreement for experimental, simulated and theoretical mass attenuation coefficient. Standardized sand’s samples had the best performance for mechanical test, with a compressive strength 47.4% higher than artificial sand’s samples and 38.2% higher than conventional sand’s samples. It is possible to conclude that, since mass attenuation coefficient showed no significant difference, standardized sand’s samples is more indicated to be used for shielding than the others.
Characterization of suspended particulate matter using cascade impactor and X-ray fluorescence
Authors: Pereira Julien , Costa Vinícius , Anjos Marcelino , Assis Joaquim
Published: December 2022

Atmospheric pollution has become one of the biggest environmental and public health problems in large urban centers. The process of industrialization and urbanization of large cities together with population growth and motorized transport has caused an increase in the level of air pollution in these places. Thus, this work approaches the characterization of suspended particulates in the surroundings of the Duque de Caxias Refinery (REDUC) from the identification of the chemical elements present using the X-ray fluorescence technique - XRF. A PIXE 8-stage impactor was used to collect the particulate material (aerodynamic diameters of 16 – 0.12 µm). On the other hand, the experimental measurements of XRF were performed using a commercial system ARTAX 200 (Bruker) and under the following conditions: voltage of 45 kV, current of 500 µA, acquisition time of 300 s and no filter in the incident X-ray beam. The study allowed estimating the dimensions of the particulate materials, identifying the chemical elements present and pointing out possible sources, from samples collected in three residential points that are in the surroundings of REDUC in the region of Campos Elísios. The X-ray fluorescence technique proved to be efficient and it was possible to detect the following chemical elements: Silicon, Sulfur, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Titanium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel and Zinc. Correlations were observed between some elements making it possible to identify possible sources of pollution.
Zonal Refining and Bridgman Technique for CsI:Tl Scintillation Crystal Growth
Authors: Suzart Karoline Feitoza , Costa Pereira Maria da Conceição , Mizue Hamada Margarida , Mesquita Carlos Henrique
Published: December 2022

This work describes the development of the production of the crystal cesium iodide doped with thallium [CsI :Tl] for use as a radiation detector. For salt purification, zonal refining in a horizontal oven at a constant temperature of 700°C was used. The high temperature region corresponds to approximately 10% of the bed containing the salt (26 centimeters), this region moves with a speed of 5cm/h. The Bridgman technique was used for crystal growth, using a vertical oven whose speed is 1mm/h.
Analysis of the Advances of RDC 330/19 in relation to Ordinance 453/98 under the Radiation Protection Focus
Authors: OLIVEIRA DA CONCEIÇÃO GUSTAVO , Razuck Fernando Barcellos
Published: December 2022

Almost twenty years after the publication of Ordinance 453, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) approved the Collegiate Board Resolution 330 (RDC 330), which establishes the basic guidelines for Radiation Protection (RP) in diagnostic and interventional radiology and regulates the use of X-ray diagnostic methods throughout the national territory. Therefore, when observing the radiodiagnostic service and its changes suffered in recent decades, the addition of new modalities is noticeable, as well as changes in the service flow, brought about as a result of the advancement of new technologies. The RDC 330 came with several changes even in its format: a document with the basic guidelines for radioprotection and several Normative Instructions (INs) - one for each technology in diagnostic imaging. Among the INs, IN58 and IN59 can be mentioned, which provide for sanitary requirements for quality assurance and safety in ultrasound and magnetic resonance systems, respectively, which now makes quality control mandatory. The RDC 330 and its respective IN were developed to meet all these needs, contextualizing the principles already established for the elevation of the RP culture and diagnostic quality. Therefore, the implementation of RDC 330 is defended, in view of the need for agile adaptation that can ensure improvements in the quality of imaging services, dose optimization and in the quality control of radiodiagnostic equipment, promoting the safety of patients, population and workers exposed to ionizing radiation.
analysis of the presence of disciplines focused on radiation protection in the syllabus of technologist in radiology courses according to Standard 7.01
Authors: NELASCO DA SILVA STEPHANIE , ALMEIDA TATIANE , Razuck Fernando Barcellos
Published: December 2022

Undergraduate courses in technology were recognized in Brazil from the 1990s onwards, such as Technologist in Radiology (TR). According to the Ministry of Education (MEC), the TR carries out activities in Radiotherapy, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, for example, in addition to coordinating and supervising teams in radiation protection. It is then verified that, in some areas of TR performance, prior knowledge regarding radiation protection (RP) is necessary. In this sense, the objective of this work is to analyze the syllabus of higher education institutions that offer the TR course in Brazil and to verify the disciplines that address knowledge related to RP, according to Standard 7.01 (Certification of Qualification for acting as Radiation Protection Supervisor). The disciplines in question are Shielding Calculation, Dosimetry, Statistics, Radiation Physics, Fundamentals of Basic Physics, Waste Management and Transport, Nuclear Instrumentation, Legislation and Standardization, Nuclear Medicine, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection. To this end, a documentary research was carried out on the syllabus found in all educational institutions in the country that offer the TR course and the presence of disciplines related to RP was analyzed. It is observed that the offer of disciplines varies from region to region, which can also occur intraregionally, so that there is a need to offer disciplines related to RP to adapt to the 7.01 standard. It is intended, with this study, to contribute to the debate about the syllabus profile on RP of TR courses in view of the importance of this theme in their professional activity.
Proposal for a professional qualification course in radiation protection to obtain the registration of Radiation Protection Supervisor to work at teaching and research laboratories
Authors: NASCIMENTO JORGE , Razuck Fernando Barcellos
Published: December 2022

According to the CNEN Standard NN 6.01, aiming at professional registration for the preparation, use and handling of radioactive sources in teaching and research (T&R), the candidate must submit to the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), in addition to the registration professional or diploma recognized by the Ministry of Education (MEC) and the application for registration, proof of radiation protection course, with a minimum load of forty (40) hours. In this sense, the present paper aims to present a proposal and an experience report of a training course. The course, developed in conjunction with the rectory of the State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE) / Cascavel campus, was directed to 12 professionals (teachers and technicians of the Chemistry and Biology courses), and carried out at the Fine Equipment Laboratory, in 2020. After the training, individuals were registered for the preparation, use and handling of radioactive sources with all the documentation proposed in Standard NN6.01 to obtain the registration and title of Radiation Protection Supervisor at T&R institutions issued by CNEN . With this certification, the professional will have a record valid for 05 years in low-risk installations, classified according to Standard NN 6.02. It is understood that the professional qualification course, with the objective of being certified by CNEN, is of great importance for T&R institutions that use radioactive material, in view of the lack of qualified professionals, and can be applied in other T&R institutions.
Selection of aptamers against the Jagged-1 protein
Authors: Alves da Silva Fábio Fernando , Bernardes Emerson Soares
Published: December 2022

The breast cancer is one of the biggest public health problems in the world, being the main female type of cancer that affects the population. The Jagged-1 protein plays an important role in the biology and development of cancer, influencing angiogenesis, growth of neoplastic cells, tumor stem cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition, metastatic processes and resistance to therapies in various types of cancer. In this project, our aim was to select an aptamer for JAG1 ligand using an aptamer library, that could be used as a radiopharmaceutical for PET / SPECT / CT diagnosis of tumors that express JAG1.  Our work showed that MDA-MB-231-JAG1 cells overexpress more mRNA and JAG1 protein than control cells (MDA-MB-231-Control). We also selected aptamers with high affinity for MDA-MB-231-JAG1 cells that could be a useful tool for the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors that overexpress JAG1.
Determination of Natural Radionuclides (Ra-226, Po-210, Ra-228 and K-40) and Cs-137 in Fish Consumed in the City of São Paulo
Authors: Nery Andressa , Paci Mazzilli Barbara , Bessa Nisti Marcelo , Heloisa Rosignoli Saueia Catia
Published: December 2022

The aim of the study was to determine the activity concentration of the natural radionuclides (226Ra, 210Po, 228Ra and 40K) and artificial radionuclide 137Cs in the muscle of the marine fish species most consumed in the city of São Paulo and to evaluate the annual effective dose due to the consumption of the fish. Samples were collected in the supermarket chain Extra and Carrefour and in the distribution center CEAGESP. Six fish species were selected among the most available and consumed in São Paulo city: anchovy, tuna, dogfish, croaker, hake and sardine. After the sample preparation procedures, the determination of 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K and 137Cs was carried out by gamma spectrometry and the determination of 210Po by alpha spectrometry. The results obtained for all the species studied are below the limits adopted by the Brazilian Standards for 137Cs and, therefore, their consumption offers no risk due to the ingestion of this radionuclide. The concentration obtained for the radionuclides 226Ra, 210Po, 228Ra and 137Cs in the fish samples analized are low and of the same order of magnitude as data from literature. The results obtained for the doses, for all the species studied, showed that their consumption offers no risk of exposure due to the ingestion of the analyzed radionuclides.
Characterization of bentonite, vermiculite and soil as potential materials to compose the natural barriers in a near-surface repository
Authors: Dos Santos Daisy Mary Marchezini , Barroso Samara Alves , Teixeira Thaís Braga , De Tello Clédola Cássia Oliveira
Published: December 2022

The use of nuclear technology is growing in Brazil, where it is possible to carry out the entire nuclear fuel cycle. This technology generates radioactive waste that must be treated before being released into the environment or stored in suitable facilities. Then, the first national repository - CENTENA - will be implemented, where all low and intermediate level radioactive waste generated in Brazilian territory will be safely stored. One of the barriers that will compose the repository will be composed of natural materials such as soils and clays, the latter for having a high adsorption and cation exchange capacities and swelling potential. The purpose of the article is to show the research carried out in Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN) with natural materials aiming their use in natural barriers. Four materials were characterized: CDTN soil, this soil with bentonite, expanded vermiculite and bentonite, using the clay characterization protocol. Primary mineralogical, physical and chemical analyzes were performed, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size distribution, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. The results showed that these clays are potentially candidates for composing CENTENA's natural barriers.
Semiconductors (LEDs) quality control based in high-resolution 3D X-ray microscope
Authors: Da Costa Diogo , Dos Anjos Marcelino , Oliveira Davi , Machado Alessandra , Assis Joaquim , Lopes Ricardo
Published: December 2022

Electronic devices are getting smaller each time and the technology, increasingly complex. Commonly found problems such as reflow soldering and open solder connections, which are mostly difficult to detect by conventional means like X-ray images or physical cut on the transverse section. Along with the challenge of finding these flaws, there are also some problems that may arise on the exposure of them using destructive analysis techniques, such as the fiscal transversal cut and chemical decapsulation. Both techniques may induce damage not relevant to where that flaw is located or remove evidence of a flaw or a damaged place. The high-resolution 3D x-ray computerized microtomography provides a powerful alternative solution and non-invasive to issues that involve the analysis of semiconductor devices. This research contemplates the study of semiconductor’s integrity (LED’s) based of X-ray computerized microtomography. The SkyScan 1272 Bruker commercial equipment was used for analysis of the P-N junction in a set with 10 LEDs, under non polarized conditions and upon electrical overstress effects on its contact terminals. The P-N junction had their dimensions analyzed on the three spatial directions (x, y and z) and studied on the effects that occur when a LED is damaged. The study methodology of integrity regarding computerized microtomography have shown consist outcomes that allowed the understanding of what occurs on the LED's structure and investigates matters that allows decisions to be made regarding its quality, and so, accomplishing the goals designated on this research.
Characterization of calcium bentonite to use as a natural barrier in a surface repository
Authors: Teixeira Thais Braga , Oliveira de Tello Clédola Cássia
Published: December 2022

The wide use of nuclear technology in Brazil generates radioactive waste that, in general, have low and medium levels of radiation. This requires efficient management to keep the environment, humans and future generations safe. CNEN coordinates the CENTENA project which will consist of the implementation of the first national repository that will be a definitive solution for the storage of radioactive waste. It will be surface and multiple barriers, and bentonite will possibly compose the natural barrier, since it has good sorption capacity for several radionuclides and low hydraulic conductivity. This paper describes the practical work that followed the clay characterization protocol for use in a surface repository with calcium bentonite and proposes a future study to characterize the mixture of soil and bentonite with the addition of 8% and 15% clay in the soil in order to investigate what will be the best feasible combination to maintain the safety and economic viability of the project. XRD results confirmed the presence of montmorillonite, particle size analysis identified that 40% of the measured sample had an average particle size between 8.0 and 10.0 µm, the global average bentonite moisture was 14%, the high specific surface area value 82.741m2/g, the particle density value was 2.5287 ± 0.0057 g/cm³ and the result of the cation exchange capacity by the methylene blue adsorption method was 750 ± 18.71 mmol.kg-1. All these results indicated that calcium bentonite is a good natural material to be used in the Brazilian repository.
Non-invasive characterization of the painting Saint John the Evangelist by means spectroscopic methods
Authors: Cardoso Reis de Almeida Sanches Francis Anna , Costa Nardes Raysa , Silva dos Santos Ramon , Lima Netto Carlos Eduardo , Pereira de Freitas Renato , Ferreira de Oliveira Davi , Tadeu Lopes Ricardo , Canellas Gondim Leitão Catarine , Dos Anjos Marcelino José
Published: December 2022

In this work, the pigments and ground layers of the Saint John the Evangelist painting were analyzed using the techniques of computed radiography, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The painting was purchased by a collector at auction as a 19th-century work of art of unknown authorship. XRF analyzes were performed with a voltage of 40 kV, current of 50 µA, and acquisition time of 60 s. Micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements of a black fragment sample were performed with the Thermo Scientific – DXR2 Raman microscope equipment. The sample was excited by the adjusted 785 nm laser source with a power of 4 mW, focused on the sample using a 100x objective. It was possible to characterize the pigments used in the painting of São João Evangelista as Lead White, Vermilion, Carbon Black, and Ocher. No areas of repainting and modern pigments were identified that could suggest any type of intervention.
Magnesium-based alloys analyses by nuclear techniques
Authors: Silva Caio Almeida Justino , Lilian Ninoska Muriel  , Jesualdo Luiz Rossi  , Marcos Antônio Scapin  , Isolda Costa  , Mitiko Saiki
Published: December 2022

Magnesium-based alloys have been proposed for used in temporary biomaterials in the applications that request their biocompatibility and degradability. Analyses of these alloys are of great interest to verify if their element composition is within the product specification and also to evaluate the impurities that may cause toxic effects to the human health or influence in their corrosion processes. In this study, nuclear techniques of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and wavelength dispersive X ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD XRFS) were applied in the analyses of two magnesium-based alloys: commercially pure magnesium (CP-Mg) and AZ31 alloy. The NAA procedure consisted of irradiating aliquots of sample and synthetic element standards followed by measurements using a HGe detector and the WD XFRS was carried out using the Model RIX 3000 X-ray spectrometer. In the CP-Mg sample several element impurities were quantified. In the AZ31 alloy, the alloying element mass fractions were within the product specification and the impurities of As, La, Na and Sb were also quantified. Nickel and sulfur were quantified only by WD XFRS. The Horwitz method was a good parameter to evaluate the repeatability of the results in Al, Mg, Mn and Zn determinations. In conclusion, the results indicated the viability of using NAA and WD XFRS in the analyses of magnesium-based materials mainly due its multielement determinations, precision of the results, quantification of elements in a wide range of mass fractions and the lack of need for sample dissolution.
Multielement analysis in beer cans using X-ray fluorescence
Authors: Da cruz ferreira Gabriel , Silva dos Santos Ramon , Santos Gama Filho Hamilton , Ferreira de Oliveira Davi , Canellas Gondim Leitão Catarine , Teixeira de Assis Joaquim , José dos Anjos Marcelino
Published: December 2022

In this study the elemental concentrations of twenty-three beer cans of different brands and nationalities were determined using X-ray fluorescence technique. Beer cans from Brazil (20 beer cans), Germany, the United Kingdom and Colombia were analyzed, totalizing 15 different breweries. It was possible to calculate the concentration of 15 elements in the beer cans samples: Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr and Pb. The results showed that aluminum concentrations ranged from 94 % to 96 %. Other's elements can be considered trace elements, being the highest concentrations of them for Mg (approximately 2%) and Mn (approximately 1%). Some elements showed differences between cans from different nationalities, with Zn being much higher in samples from Brazil. The Zr element showed similarities between German and UK beer cans. In addition, the beer can sample from Colombian had lower concentrations of Cl and Ga. This study shows that the values found are comparable to those found in the literature and that the concentrations of some trace elements in beer cans may represent signs of impurities brought during the recycling process.