bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
En høj i Hjerpsted
Authors: Wiell Stine
Published: February 2022

A barrow at Hjerpsted In the spring of 1974 a large ploughed-down barrow was excavated about 1 km south of Hjerpsted Church, near the west coast of Schleswig.It soon became clear that the mound had been excavated earlier. A central excavation under the topoil measuring 7 X 7 m showed that a professional had been at work. Examination of the National Museum archives revealed that it was the archaeologist Thomas Thomsen who had excavated in the barrow in 1925. In two letters, sent from Hjerpsted to the Museum, he wrote of a primary grave at the base of the tumulus, and of a bronze axe higher up, which in his opinion represented a grave. But it emerged that he had not found all the graves 49 years ago: three phases of construction could in fact be ascertained, all from the Early Bronze Age.Phase I, constructed of clay sods and large stones, contained a man's grave with a flint dagger of type VI B (5), which dates the grave to the Bronze Age, Period I. It was found and excavated by Thomsen in 1925.Phase II was constructed of humus with an admixture of hard pan, placed over a large heap of stones around a grave (excavated in 1974). The grave contained, in addition to distinct traces of a skeleton, which showed that the body had been laid outstretched on its back, at the hips a flint dagger of type VI A, dated to the Bronze Age, Period I.Phase III was also built of turf, presumably above the grave represented by Thomsen's axe.From phase II the 1974 excavation also yielded a small clay pot. The context does not reveal whether this also represents a grave or should be interpreted as a votive vessel placed in the side of the barrow.But the most important new observation at the Hjerpsted barrow was the presence of plough marks in connection with the stone circle of phase I in the SE quadrant. Ploughing is thought to have been carried out as a preparatory measure before placing the large kerb stones in position.A parallel was seen in another ploughed-down barrow, excavated in the same period by Ålborg Historical Museum. This is called Aggersund Kalkværk, and the plough marks under the stone circle are dated by the central grave, which contained two flint daggers of type I (9), to at the earliest the Late Neolithic; they are older than the secondarily placed, but empty stone cist which lay over them, which by form, type and position must be dated to the Early Bronze Age.Stine Wiell
En jydsk antiksamling
Authors: Riis P.J.
Published: February 2022

A Collection of Oriental and Classical Antiquities in Jutland Between 1784 and 1803 there existed at Aarhus an interesting private museum of antiquities and coins belonging to the ex-premier 0. Høegh Guldberg, Lord Lieutenant of Aarhus County; the majority of the objects contained therein are now in the National Museum in Copenhagen. When in 1949 a chair of classical archaeology was inaugurated in the University of Aarhus three of Guldberg's antiques, figs. 1 and 2, returned to Aarhus. This time they formed part of a type collection of objects from the ancient Mediterranean and West-Asiatic cultures which was deposited by the National Museum to serve as study material in the University courses. In 1951 the classical antiquities and casts belonging to the Art Museum at Aarhus were transferred to the University; the antiquities were formerly in the possession of the sculptor Vilhelm Bissen who is said to have acquired them in Italy (One of them is illustrated in fig. 3).In addition the University Collection has received a number of gifts and has purchased other specimens in the art market. Among the more important recent acquisitions the first to be mentioned is an Egyptian mummy of the 21st dynasty with its mummy-board and coffin, figs. 4 and 5; according to the inscriptions it is the remains of the priestess Ta-ba-set of Amon's temple at Thebes, and it presumably came from the Deir al-Bahri cache. Western Asia is represented by an Astarte figurine from Central Syria, fig. 6, which is of the same type as local works of art of the period 1900-1750 B.C. The Attic kylix with a red-figured interior picture, fig. 7a-b, is reported to have been found at Athens in 1860 or 1866; its shape and decoration date it to the late archaic period and make an attribution to the Pithos Painter plausible. A group of pottery and a few iron objects, fig. 8 a-e, seem to have been taken from a 7th century tomb in South or Central Etruria; Etruscan, too, is the jug fig. 9, of the late 7th century B.C. A late archaic bearded terracotta head, evidently Tarentine, fig. 10, and a kantharos of Gnathia ware or rather a related Central Italian manufacture, fig. 11, close the enumeration; the latter specimen was found in the Baths of Nero at Rome, a statement which is likely to mean that the cup belonged to a Hellenistic burial in a lower stratum.At the end of the article the collection of casts is briefly dealt with. It was mainly acquired in the years 1877-1906, most of it under the supervision of the famous art-historian Julius Lange, who died in 1896.P.J. Riis
En græsk pyxis fra Homers tidsalder
Authors: Jeppesen Kristian
Published: February 2022

A Greek Pyxis from the age of HomerThe collection of Oriental and Classical Antiquities at the university of Århus (see "Kuml" 1952, p. 107) has acquired in the past year a number of additional antiquities, one of which is the geometrical pyxis shown in fig. 1 (entire height 13,8 cms., diam. 15,1 cms.). This piece of pottery is especially remarkable for the horse figure on its lid, which is mainly intact and gives an idea of Greek modelling in about the first half of the 8th century B. C. Like other pyxides of that type it has two pairs of holes bored through the edge of the lid into the rim of the receptacle. These holes prove that the lid and the receptacle belong together. Probably they served for fastening strings for suspension so that the bottom of the vase, which is decorated with concentric stripes and a central star, was visible from below.The place of discovery of the vase is unknown, but style and clay point towards Attica. It may have been found in a grave such as that illustrated in fig. 2, which is from the same period and also contains a horse-pyxis.Kristian Jeppesen
Arkæologihistorie – Anmeldelser en bloc
Authors: Gjerløff Anne Katrine
Published: February 2022

A History of ArchaeologyReviews en blocTaking the reviews of a number of publications on the history of archaeology from Gothenburg University as the starting point, new trends within the history of archaeology and the humanities in general are discussed. Importance is now attached to a contextual concept of the humanities and on a rehabilitation of the importance of the individual, especially in the works of Åsa Gillberg. With a Foucault-inspired approach, Ola W. Jensen is dealing with the connection between a Christian approach to history and the attitude to prehistory and the artifacts in the time until 1700. Anders Gustafsson, on the basis of an analysis of conprehensive publications on the history of archaeology, discusses the self-concept of archaeology and arrives at the conclusion that the history of archaeology is not history, but more exactly meta-archaeology. The article ends with the wish that the Danish history of archaeology will reach the high degree of publication and technical refining, which characterizes the Swedish publications.Anne Katrine GjerlöffInstitut for Historie Københavns UniversitetTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle
Forhistorisk dendrokronologi i Danmark
Authors: Christensen Kjeld
Published: February 2022

Prehistoric dendrochronology in DenmarkSince dendrochronological work began in Denmark around 1970, both the Archaeological Sciences Department at the National Museum in Copenhagen and the Dendrochronological Laboratory at the periodical Skalk near Århus (now WM Dendrochronological Laboratory) have worked independently on the construction of a master chronology for Danish oak trees from prehistoric times. In 2004 a joint effort was launched between the two laboratories. As a result, the master chronology from 109 BC-AD 1980, constructed at the National Museum, has been extended back in time to 352 BC, although the oldest part still needs futher consolidation. Furthermore, three mean curves, dated with the help of a German master chronology, have now been constructed, resulting in a total of 4566 years BC being covered by absolutely dated mean curves (Fig. 4). These curves are separated by gaps totalling 1565 years; the youngest gap of only 50 years (402-353 BC) will hopefully soon be closed. In addition to the absolutely dated curves, a number of mean curves, dated by radiocarbon and some covering 4-500 years, have been constructed. As a further consequence, a large number of archaeological objects and sites have now been dated.Kjeld ChristensenWM Trædateringslaboratoriet / WM Dendrochronological Laboratory
Badstuer i middelalderen
Authors: Bjerregaard Mikael Manøe
Published: February 2022

Bath-houses in medieval Denmark – a cultural historyThe subject of this article is bath-houses in medieval Denmark. The text is based on all available written sources from Denmark, but in order to obtain a fuller perspective on some aspects of the history of bath-houses it has also been necessary to use German sources as a supplement.Based on the scant historical records dealing with the course of actual bathing activity, it is argued that the most common bath was the sweat bath (similar to a ­modern sauna) rather than tub baths. A stove covered with granite boulders was heated and the bathers would produce sweat using either the direct heat of the stove or from steam produced by pouring cold water onto the hot stones. Sweating was further stimulated by beating the body with bundles of birch twigs and the bath culminated with rinsing in cold water (figs. 2-4). It is argued that, similar to the situation in both Germany and Sweden, bath-house staff would offer haircuts, bleeding and the treatment of wounds in addition to an actual bath (figs. 5-6). ­Referring to specific medieval illustrations, some argue that men and women bathed together in the public bath-houses, leading to sexual excesses. However, the relevant illustrations often depict brothels and not public baths (fig. 1).It is evident from historical records that members of all social classes frequented the public bath-houses – even royalty. From the early 14th century onwards we have historical evidence of so-called soul baths i.e. sums of money bequeathed by wealthy people to the poor to enable the latter to take a bath, often accompanied by a meal. Such bequests were common in the late 15th century but disappeared abruptly with the Reformation. According to medieval records, the use of bath-­houses was also considered important in order to maintain health.The earliest indications in historical records of the existence of bath-houses in Denmark are found in Saxo’s Chronicles from the end of 12th century. From the 1260s onward specific bath-houses in towns appear in the historical records. Judging from the number of bath-houses mentioned in Danish towns it is argued that public bath-houses were a common feature in the urban landscape of medieval Denmark.The number of public bath-houses in towns declined at the beginning of the 16th century and even though a few existed in the major cities up until the 18th century the popularity of these institutions declined. The reasons for this are epidemics of syphilis occurring from the 1490s onward, the phasing out of soul baths and possibly a change in attitudes towards ­nudity and personal hygiene that resulted in a decline in general cleanliness in post-­medieval times.Mikael Manøe BjerregaardVejle Museum
En keramiktraditions begyndelse – Senmiddelalderens keramikproduktion og sociale forandringer
Authors: Claudi-Hansen Lone
Published: February 2022

A new ceramic traditionSocial changes reflected in medieval pottery productionJutland’s locally manufactured grey to black earthenware pots – so-called Jydepotter – constituted widespread consumer goods during the main period of their production from around 1400 to 1900. Within this ceramic tradition, the typical vessel shapes and mode of production remained practically unchanged over a period of 500 years (figs. 1-2). However, it is unclear how the tradition started and, in particular, how this apparently local manufacture could take over from the existing more professional production of hard-fired and often wheel-thrown vessels.The shift in production mode for grey wares has previously been explained in terms of a continuation of the local pit-fired pottery production of the Early Middle Ages. The demonstration, within the last ten years, of the presence of this ware type has underlined the existence of local production on a restricted scale (fig. 5). Together with a large variation in fashioning techniques in hard-fired pottery production (fig. 4), a degree of diversity in the ceramic production of the High Middle Ages seems likely. Consequently, the transition to an early, probably locally-rooted Jydepotte-tradition appears less striking.Rather than being a continuation of a medieval tradition of local pit-fired pottery, the Jydepotte-tradition has repeatedly been described as following on from prehistoric, predominantly Iron Age, pottery production. This comparison indirectly reflects a prevalent conception of the technical aspects of ceramic production as being governed by ecological and functional constraints, leaving little room for cultural or social choices. But the ethnologically well-studied Jydepotte-tradition provides an example where considerable elements of the production process have little significance for either the properties of the vessels or their mode of production. It is thereby an expression of cultural style rather than functional adaptation (fig. 3).In this article, the emergence of the Jydepotte-tradition is viewed in the light of the social and economic changes that took place around 1400. Extensive developments in technical craft traditions and ceramic production modes in Norway and England have been linked with the consequences of the Black Death and subsequent plagues. Changes in the production of both grey wares and of glazed red wares around 1400 in Denmark could have been similarly influenced by these circumstances. It seems likely that the vessels already constituted commercial items in the 16th century and this mode of production could have already existed from the beginning of the tradition. Accordingly, the early Jydepotte-tradition can be seen as a local attempt to meet the demand for cheap household vessels, constituting a competitive alternative to a declining professional production as a consequence of the Black Death and the social and economic changes that occurred around 1400.Lone Claudi-HansenSydvestsjællands Museum
Et middelalderligt saltkar fra Odense
Authors: Bjerregaard Mikael Manøe , Lauridsen Maria Elisabeth
Published: February 2022

A medieval saltcellar from OdenseIn the early summer of 2013 Odense City Museums began one of the largest ever excavations in a medieval town in Denmark. The excavation has been characterised by many intriguing finds, one of them being a small hexagonal tin vessel, decorated with images of the Fall and Agnus Dei and with carved ‘hausmarks’ on its sides and an inscription in erroneous Latin. The vessel is unique in Denmark, but it is very similar in type to a group of saltcellars from western Europe dating from about 1300 to the early 1400s. Although a combination of the two images of the Fall and Agnus Dei is traditionally associated with baptism in medieval iconography, and therefore indicates a liturgical application, the inscription and the hausmarks strongly indicate secular use.The saltcellar from Odense has seven different hausmarks on its vertical sides, indicating that seven different people put their names on the vessel. These hausmarks probably do not represent the members of a household, but could very well relate to members of a guild. The saltcellar may have been on the table in the guildhall whenever its members met for a feast. The hausmarks showed who was allowed to take salt from this particular vessel during the meal.Several guilds are known from Medieval Odense, but only two of these can be traced back to the first half of the 14th century when this saltcellar was in use. These are the guild of St. Canute, the provision of which, dating from c. 1245, has been preserved, and the guild of St. Gertrude, mentioned in 1343.Mikael Manøe Bjerregaard & Maria Elisabeth LauridsenOdense Bys Museer
Om tordenkiler, stenøkser og uddøde dyr
Authors: Høiris Ole
Published: February 2022

On thunderbolts, stone axes and extinct animalsThunderbolts, in the form of fossilised sea urchins, belemnites and flint tools, have been seen as being created by thunderstorms and as possessing magical powers in many places around the world, far back in time. This paper demonstrates how these ideas were accommodated within the Christian ideology and how it was discovered that stone axes were actually man-made tools. This realisation did though present a number of problems to which the scholars of the time had to find solutions. When and why did people use stone tools when metal was already in use seven generations after Adam? The Age of Enlightenment had the idea that people at this time had, consequent on Babylonian linguistic confusion, perhaps degenerated to base bestial proclivities, before common sense subsequently prevailed bringing forth humanity once more. Perhaps metal was completely forgotten in this context.But then a new problem arose in that, around 1800, it was realised that animals could become extinct and, consequently, that God’s Creation was not immutable. This extinction was, with due reference to the various layers in which the bones were found, explained as a succession of God-created epochs separated by a succession of cataclysmic events, with the creation of humanity about 6000 years ago as the most recent and most quintessential of the former. The discovery of what were now considered to be stone tools together with the bones of extinct animals therefore posed major analytical problems, especially for the Romantic Movement, which perceived everything as a single integrated organic entity. It was all or nothing. But maybe the Flood had not been global – were there perhaps survivors from earlier catastrophes, for example Asians and Africans?This paper shows how stories about the origin of mankind relating to stone axes must continually be explained by interpreting these in the spirit of the time. This has resulted in what we today consider to be some rather imaginative, even humorous, explanations for the discovery of stone tools. In this respect, however, the stories of the Age of Enlightenment and the Romantic Movement are perhaps no different from those we produce today. Both then and now, these finds had to have an explanation, and when it comes to the origin and development of humankind, science must find solutions which combine the spirit of the time with what are perceived as finds and what are understood as realities in relation to these finds, in order to arrive at an explanation which is acceptable at the time. This was the case back then and my aim with this paper is to encourage reflection now on what we take for granted about the remains we find from the past and to which we, with state legitimised professional authority, allocate an explanation.Ole HøirisInstitut for Kultur og SamfundAarhus Universitet
Det radiologiske fund hos moseliget fra Grauballe
Authors: Krebs, Ratjen Carl, Erling
Published: February 2022

The Radiological Examination of the Peat-bog Body from GrauballeIn the spring of 1952, at the request of the Forhistorisk Museum, the X-Ray Department of the Aarhus Kommune-Hospital undertook a radiological examination of the Grauballe Man. The object of the examination was to determine to what extent there were signs of the use of violence, whether it was possible to decide more closely the man's age, and finally whether his bones showed signs of any bone-disease.After commenting on certain technical difficulties arising from the waterlogged state of the body and the necessity of keeping it undisturbed, the authors give a detailed and step-by­step account of their results, ending with the following conclusion:X-Ray investigation gives grounds for believing that the subject is the body of an individual (male), undoubtedly about or above the age of 30 years.The results of a skull wound were discovered. This is situated in the region of the right forehead and temple. The wound appears to have been caused by a blunt instrument, as there is both a depression and a break-line.In addition an oblique fracture of the left shin-bone (tibia) was determined, but not of the fibula. Such a single fracture of one of the two bones of the lower leg suggests a direct blow, and is unlikely to have been caused by a fall.There are signs of a commencing rheumatism of the joints (spondylosis deformans) in the spinal column in the breast region, a disease which is rarely found in patients below the age of 30.All the other pathological details noted above can be naturally explained either as the results of a very long sojourn in a peat-bog or as the consequence of pressure from the overlying peat.Carl Krebs and Erling Ratjen
Tidsfæstelse af Grauballemanden ved kulstof-14 måling
Authors: Tauber Henrik
Published: February 2022

Dating of Grauballe Man by Carbon-14 MeasurementShortly after excavation of Grauballe Man, and before conservation commenced, parts of the muscle and liver tissue were removed and sent to the Carbon-14 Dating Laboratory in Copenhagen for investigation.The investigation showed a content of 81,5 % Carbon-14 as compared with that of modem material. This is equivalent to an age for Grauballe Man of 1640 ± 140 years. The inaccuracy can be reduced on evaluation of all the measurements of modem carbon and of the background performed in the laboratory, and the final result is a date for the death of Grauballe Man as 310 AD ± 100 years.Repeated measurements could reduce the error still further, but those already made are sufficient to place Grauballe Man without any doubt in the Roman Iron Age.Henrik Tauber
Erik Westerby
Authors: Brøndsted Johannes
Published: February 2022

Mindeord for Erik Westerby
C. G. Schultz
Authors: Langberg Harald
Published: February 2022

C. G. SCHULTZ29th August 1905- 17th July 1958 The bells of Asmild church tolled out across Viborg Lake, in the hour that C. G. Schultz was laid to rest in the capital - far from that Jutland to which he had devoted so much of his life. The ancient monuments of Jutland occupied him more and more in his later years, and the list of his discoveries there is impressive: Asmild's remarkable plan with its east and west chancels, the fortress construction around Malling church, the crypt under Our Lady's in Aarhus, the ring-forts at Aggersborg and Fyrkat, the model ship at Hvilsager, the rune stone at Asmild, the baluster pillar at Vitskøl and much more. With untiring zeal he investigated discoveries great and small, and incorporated them in our knowledge of Jutland's early history.From the architect school of the Academy C. G. Schultz came as pupil to C. M. Smidt, the restoration architect of the National Museum, and on the latter's retirement C. G. Schultz was an obvious choice as his successor. But long before this Schultz had made his reputation as a masterly archeologist and a telling and clearsighted writer. He ranged widely, but the culture of his native land around the year AD 1000 became the central point of his research. Our knowledge today of our oldest cathedrals is primarily due to him, and in recreating the pimpstone crypt under Our Lady's he gave us literally an insight into a building tradition which none knew better than he. He loved to work in the old material, he admired the ancient craftsmanship, and he could himself, if it was called for, shape a pimpstone block.We who now must look in vain for the publications which we might have expected from his pen may comfort ourselves with the fact that he left this work in stone completed. The Jutland Archeological Society has decided to set a tablet to his memory in this crypt. No better place could have been chosen.Harald Langberg.
Balustersøjlen på Vitskøl
Authors: Langberg Harald
Published: February 2022

The Balusterpillar at Vitskøl.One of the final achievements of C. G. Schultz, the archeologist, was the re-erection of a baluster pillar at Vitskøl on the Liim Fiord north of Viborg.Vitskøl (Vitæ Scola) Abbey was founded in 1158 by King Valdemar I (The Great) as a Cistercian monastery with monks (from Clairvaux) who had been operating for a short time in Sweden, whence they had withdrawn owing to the unfavourable conditions.The abbey church at Vitskøl like the cathedral of the diocese in Viborg and most of the early churches in the neighbourhood, seems to have been started as a granite building. Work had, however, not proceeded very far before bricks were taken into use, and the completed church was mainly brick-built.The abbey was dissolved in 1563 and the abbey church fell into ruins. Excavations begun in the 1890's disclosed the foundations. It was also ascertained that building had originally begun according to a Fonténay plan before the decision to build the ambulatory with the nine apsides had been made.The excavations revealed fragments of baluster pillars which must have stood upon two bases which were found in situ before the east wall of the eastern part of the ambulatory. Quantities of building material had been removed from the ruins throughout the years and it was not possible to assemble the fragments to form complete pillars. C. G. Schultz succeeded, none the less, in tracing a great deal of the missing material and in piecing together one of the pillars.The height of the pillar which was thus determined is, naturally, important if a conception of the structure of the east part of the church is to be obtained. The pillar itself testifies to the fact that the interior of the church was by no means so plain as might have been expected of a Cistercian building.In Denmark baluster pillars are also known from Sjørring and Kobberup churches. All the baluster pillars in Denmark display such common traits that they must have some mutual connection, but the provenience of the form is problematic.Without authority in any material extant it has been alleged that the predecessors of Danish granite baluster pillars may have been nordic wooden columns. Attention has also been directed to the existence of baluster shafts turned in the lathe or cut in England. It is still open to speculation how the North Jutland baluster pillars got their peculiar form.Harald Langberg
Runestaven fra Ladoga
Authors: Stender-Petersen AD.
Published: February 2022

[Intet resumé]
Influence of Humidity, Air and Ice Temperature on Sliding Ability Characteristics of Friction Pair Stainless Steel-ice
Authors: Jansons Ernests
Published: February 2022

The influence of environmental parameters (air humidity, air and ice temperature) on the friction pair stainless steel-ice sliding ability is studied in the dissertation. Based on empirical measurements, a sliding time prediction model, depending on environmental conditions and measurement and prediction methodology, was developed. The texture and mechanical properties of the ice surface and the surface texture of steel samples were studied. The macrogeometry of the experimental samples was measured, the factors influencing the measurement accuracy in on-field experiments were analysed, and the experimental results in on-field and laboratory conditions were compared.
Electric Field Effect on Combustion of Pelletized Biomass in Swirling Flow
Authors: Kolmičkovs Antons
Published: February 2022

The Doctoral Thesis examines the control of the swirling flame flow dynamics with an external static electric field by firing the gaseous products of thermal decomposition of pelletized straw, woody biomass, and peat with the aim of more efficient heat production with a decrease of flue gas emissions. The intensification of the downward vortex in the electric field has been determined, ensuring improved mixing of the air vortex with the biomass thermal decomposition gas flow, intensifying the convective mass transfer towards the heating surfaces, and increasing the amount of heat energy produced in the biomass thermochemical conversion process.
Pašpietiekama riska kapitāla tirgus izveide Latvijā
Authors: Matisone Anita
Published: February 2022

Promocijas darbā veiktā pētījuma mērķis bija noskaidrot nosacījumus organiski augoša vai pašpietiekama riska kapitāla tirgus izveidei un, analizējot daudzfaktoru ietekmi uz dažādām riska kapitāla tirgus dimensijām, izstrādāt modeli efektīvākam valsts atbalstam. Lai sasniegtu mērķi, tika noteikti pašpietiekama riska kapitāla tirgus raksturlielumi, veikts Latvijas riska kapitāla tirgus pašpietiekamības novērtējums un identificēti faktori, kas ietekmē riska kapitāla tirgu un ir svarīgi Latvijā un līdzīgās valstīs. Darba rezultātā izstrādātais pašpietiekama riska kapitāla tirgus attīstības modelis izmantojams, veidojot turpmākās valsts atbalsta programmas riska kapitāla tirgum, kā arī vērtējot to rezultātus.
Efficiency Eight Weeks Program of CrossFit Exercises on the Level of Physical Fitness of Algerian High School Students
Authors: Hakim Hamzaoui , Mokhtar Mime , Abdelkader Benchehida , Lalia Cherara
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a CrossFit exercises over a period of 8 weeks in a group of high school students during their physical education sessions at the school. and to mitigate the deficits in fitness caused by COVID-19 prevention measures. In this research included 94 students subject aged (16– 17) years were randomly allocated into an included 46 students (2nd level :12 men 11 women; 3rd level : 12 men 11 women) and 1 control group included 48 students (2nd level :13 men 11 women; 3rd level : 13 men 12 women Experimental group (EG) that performed the 8 weeks CrossFit exercises and control group (CG). Physical fitness tests were done : lifting straight legs in height (number times); running on the spot with an intensity of 70% of the maximum to severe fatigue (c); “Shuttle” run 4 × 9 m (with); 60 m run (s) and cross twine (cm). There are a considering changes, development of the maximum dynamic force endurance, speed abilities, flexibility and mobility in the hip joints of the main groups, In the age aspect, there is mainly the improvement in results with age, both in the main and control groups (p>0,05). The study achieved a significant improvement in the physical condition of the students, also allows to talk about the effectiveness of training, built on the basis of a motivated choice of the target CrossFit high school program.
Investigating Reliability and Validity of the Tests of Change of Direction and Reactive Agility in Patients After Knee Surgery
Authors: Perić Ivan , Gilić Barbara , Sekulić Damir
Published: February 2022

Agility is one of the key performance factors important for prevention of falls. There is a lack of tests applicable for testing agility in untrained, older and clinical populations. The aim of tis research was to investigate the reliability and validity of the newly-designed testing protocol of change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG) in the clinical population. Research comprised 25 individuals older than 40 years of age who underwent knee surgery. Variables included age, gender, anthropometric characteristics, RAG, and CODS tests. Results displayed new tests as being reliable among patients after knee surgery. Also, tests were valid with regard to body mass and age (with better results in younger and lighter participants). Participants achieved similar results in CODS and RAG, with strong correlation between tests, which implies that CODS and RAG represent similar abilities in this population. Future studies should investigate the metric characteristics of here proposed tests in other subsamples.
Distributive Justice and Animal Welfare
Authors: Morreale Paola
Published: February 2022

Besides the focus on the various approaches developed until now within animal ethics, perhaps it would be interesting to consider also what ethical theories have ruled out any moral concern for the interests of non-human beings. This article aims to rise some questions about the exclusion of (sentient) animals in the philosophical debates on distributive justice. The introduction briefly provides an overview on the current debate on distributive justice. The author focuses on those theories that adopt welfare as the currency of distribution (so-called “welfare ethics”), underlining how there seem to be a contradiction between the theory of value they rely on and their approach, exclusively focused on humans. The essay analyses the main issues related to the inclusion of animals in welfare ethics, i.e. (a) the alleged incommensurability between human and animal welfare, and (b) the “problematic conclusion”. The paper sketches a hypothesis of research to solve the “inter-species wellbeing comparisons” issue by proposing a model based on species-typical potentialities. Then, it tries to address the problem of demandingness by suggesting a sympathy-based foundation of welfare ethics. The last section singles out the moral issue of laboratory animals as an appropriate field of application for a welfarist approach.
Primbon: Representation of Kraton Yogyakarta
Authors: Arfianti Ami , Rachmawati Murni , Setijanti Purwanita
Published: February 2022

Primbon as Javanese local knowledge has been a guide for Javanese everyday and ritual life, included buildings, for decades. This paper intends to investigate the use of primbon in the Kraton Yogyakarta (Palace of Yogyakarta) as the representation of the sultan (king). The investigation was conducted through interpretive criticism to reveal the degree of conformity under the rules and principles in primbon as an attempt to form a new perspective in understanding the primbon. The analysis focuses on verses 172 and 194–196 of Primbon Betaljemur Adammakna, which deals with the arrangement of buildings. By transliterating the verses into English and interpreting the application of the verses in Kraton Yogyakarta, the study demonstrated the manifestation of the primbon verses in the kraton’s building arrangement. The study of primbon reveals the role of kraton as the representation of the earth in the universe, while the representation here displays the hierarchical arrangement of building facilities, from sacred to nonsacred or from private to public.
‘Sense of Place’ on Sacred Cultural and Architectural Heritage: St. Peter’s Church of Melaka
Authors: Bahauddin Azizi , Prihatmanti Rani , Putri Sophie Asha
Published: February 2022

The ‘sense of place’ of a religious building can be sacred for the community that frequents the architecture. It is deeply embedded with cultural attributes that made the architecture more meaningful and became a structure that ties the community. This article examines the St. Peter’s Church in Melaka which is seen as the epitome of the Portuguese community as a place for them to congregate. This study is influenced by Lefebvre’s space triad theory on the production of social space based on the ‘perceived,’ ‘conceived,’ and ‘lived’ space to form the interiority through sense of place. This qualitative research delves into ethnography to understand the Portuguese culture followed by the phenomenological analysis on the architecture. The church embodies the spirit of the Portuguese community as they struggle in the mixed cultures of Melaka. It stands tall to remind the people of the monumental historical past, a culture that refused to be put aside.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN PALEMBANG ON 1900-1930
Authors: Putra Diki Tri Apriansyah , Sunarti Linda
Published: February 2022

Towards the 20th century, Palembang was present as a big city and its economic growth was rapid. Palembang was one of the important areas for the Dutch colonial government's cash income in the Sumatra Island region. Rapid economic growth has driven changes in the socio-economic conditions of the people throughout the Palembang area, both in the city and in the hinterland. This article discusses the socio-economic transformation of Palembang between 1900-1930. The main focus is to examine what drives the socio-economic transformation process in Palembang, how this transformation occurs, and what impact it has. This study aims to explain the process and impact of the socio-economic transformation that occurred in Palembang during 1900-1930. The method used is history with four stages, such as heuristics, source utilization, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this study indicate that the socio-economic transformation in Palembang has triggered significant changes in various fields. This transformation pushed Palembang into a profit area for the colonial government. Socio-economic changes and developments in Palembang triggered a process of modernization in the city and hinterland. The impact of this transformation is an increase in population, changes in lifestyle, and the growth of new social groups. There are several researchers who wrote about Palembang in the colonial era such as Abdullah (1984), Zed (2003), Santun (2010), Utama (2017), and Abubakar (2020). However, this article specifically discusses the socio-economic transformation in Palembang. In conclusion, this transformation brought many positive impacts on the socio-economic development of the people in Palembang.KEYWORDS: Transformation, Socio-Economic, Palembang
IRAN AND THE WEST: A DISCOURSE ON SANCTION PRESSURE OVER NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
Authors: Opone Paul Oshagwu , Kelikwuma Kelvin Obi
Published: February 2022

Iran relations with the west over a decade have been characterized by multiple sanctions over its nuclear program. This study focuses on the sanctions imposed on Iran to compel the state to discontinue with suspected weaponisation of its nuclear program. It interrogated some of the available literature on the subject and the historical method of analysis was deployed. The paper argues that although the current sanctions pressure have negatively impacted the Iranian economy, it is no longer a viable strategy in dealing with the Iranian nuclear program because it is most likely not to achieve the desired result of a complete abandonment of the nuclear program. It reveals that the US snapback of sanctions on Iran is not only threatening transatlantic solidarity but further creates a deep divide between the USon one hand and China and Russia on the other hand that is opposed to such unilateral actions of the US. The paper concluded that the west particularly the US must resolve differences withChina and Russia to achieve broad international cooperation needed to push Iran to the round table to negotiate in a multilateral format all the contentious issues bothering on its nuclear program including accepting restraints.KEYWORDS: Iran, the West, Analysis, Sanctions Pressure, Nuclear Programme
Зонтик для России, "Природа"
Authors: Киселёв А.А.
Published: February 2022

Представлена статистика последних лет о погодно-климатических катаклизмах, имевших место на территории России. Рассмотрены угрозы для различных секторов хозяйства, возникающие в результате этих катаклизмов. Обсуждается необходимость мер по адаптации, направленных на предотвращение и смягчение последствий таких угроз.
Об образе жизни платиопозавра, "Природа"
Authors: Ульяхин А.В.
Published: February 2022

Рассмотрены палеоэкологические особенности темноспондильной амфибии Platyoposaurus из средней перми Восточной Европы, которые были выявлены и уточнены на основании данных по морфологическому, палеогистологическому, копрологическому, литолого-фациальному и тафономическому анализам.
Очередная попытка понять, как возник язык (рецензия на книгу: Н.С.Розов. Происхождение языка и сознания. Как социальные порядки и коммуникативные заботы порождали речевые и когнитивные способности), "Природа"
Authors: Панов Е.Н.
Published: February 2022

Новую книгу Н.С.Розова бесспорно следует считать новаторской. По богатству содержания ее можно сравнить только с фундаментальной сводкой «Эволюция языка» Уильяма Фитча (W.T.Fitch) [1]. Впрочем, две эти книги резко отличаются по характеру организации материала. У Фитча он строго рассортирован по стандартным традиционным категориям, таким, например, как археология, палеонтология, эволюция анатомических особенностей антропоидов, гоминид и человека (мозг, аппарат вокализации и пр.). В книге Розова основной интерес сосредоточен на выявлении генезиса, взаимосвязей и взаимовлияний различных факторов, значимых в процессе эволюции языка — не только в области трансформаций коммуникативных систем как таковых, но также палеоклиматических, экологических и социальных. Последним уделено особое внимание. Такой подход, ориентированный на синтез сведений, накопленных в разных разделах эволюционной антропологии, предопределил характер изложения — обилие классификаций при систематизации эволюционных явлений самых разных уровней общности. Тому же служит иллюстративный материал, представленный весьма многочисленными блок-схемами.
АРХЕОЛОГИЯ МЛЕЧНОГО ПУТИ, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: Ситнова Т.М.
Published: February 2022

Еженедельно появляется около десятка новых статей по исследованию химического состава и параметров движения старейших звезд Млечного Пути и ближайших карликовых галактик, открываются новые звездные потоки. Такое количество новых работ вызвано появлением большого количества данных о координатах, скоростях, блеске и химическом составе звезд по наблюдениям с космического спутника Gaia и наземным спектральным обзорам. В этой статье собраны наиболее наглядные результаты, которые помогают представить динамические и химические процессы, происходящие в нашей галактике, а также восстановить их хронологию. Как далеко в прошлое позволяют заглянуть современные астрономические наблюдения Сколько «весит» самая массивная звезда Что такое Фимбультуль Из каких подсистем состоит наша Галактика Как производятся различные химические элементы Какой раньше была наша Галактика, и что ждет ее в будущем Ответы на эти вопросы можно найти в статье.
ПОЛЯРНЫЕ СИЯНИЯ В СОЛНЕЧНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: Шематович В.И. , Бисикало Д.В.
Published: February 2022

Моделирование процессов проникновения плазмы солнечного ветра в верхние слои атмосфер планет Солнечной системы проводится нашей группой на протяжении последних 20 лет. Разработанные модели электронных и протонных полярных сияний использовались для исследования полярных сияний и интерпретации наблюдений в верхних слоях атмосферы Земли (проект NASA IMAGE), Венеры (проект ESA Venus Express) и Марса (проекты ESA Mars Express и NASA MAVEN). Эти же модели применялись для интерпретации наблюдений полярных сияний на планетах-гигантах Юпитере и Сатурне, полученных при помощи космического телескопа Хаббла. В настоящее время, используя доступные данные наблюдений и измерений космических аппаратов ESA Mars Express и NASA MAVEN, наши математические модели процессов высыпания частиц плазмы применяются для исследования различных типов недавно открытых – дискретных, диффузных и протонных – полярных сияний на Марсе. Кроме того, исследуется влияние процессов высыпания частиц на верхние и средние слои атмосферы Марса в рамках научной программы космического проекта Роскосмоса и ESA ЭкзоМарс.
Psychological distress mediates the connection between sleep deprivation and physical fighting in adolescents
Authors: Bègue Laurent , Nguyen Duy‐Thai , Vezirian Kevin , Zerhouni Oulmann , Bricout Véronique‐Aurélie
Published: February 2022

Lack of sleep is common in adolescence, and represents an important threat to adolescents' well‐being, academic commitment, and general health. It also has significant behavioral consequences through an increased likelihood of interpersonal violence. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between aggressive behavior and lack of sleep, but the psychological mediators remain completely unexplored. Grounded in the General Aggression Model, we investigated the affective pathway as one of the potential mechanisms linking lack of sleep and aggression. We hypothesized and showed that psychological distress is an intermediary phenomenon linking lack of sleep and physical aggression. Based on a school sample of 11,912 participants (median age: 14.5), we observed that 23.7% of the young people admitted having been involved in physical fighting on one or more occasions, and that 25.81% were in sleep debt when referred for medical assessment. We analyzed the relationship between sleep duration and physical fighting and the mediating link of psychological distress by performing multiple regressions in the components' paths. The results showed that the adolescents' amount of sleep appeared to be a significant predictor of physical fighting, and that this relationship was partially mediated by psychological distress. These results are consistent with the General Aggression Model, and represent the first empirical confirmation that psychological distress symptoms partially mediate the connection between lack of sleep and physical aggression.
Toxic behaviors in online multiplayer games: Prevalence, perception, risk factors of victimization, and psychological consequences
Authors: Zsila Ágnes , Shabahang Reza , Aruguete Mara S. , Orosz Gábor
Published: February 2022

The rapid proliferation of online multiplayer games has opened a new avenue for aggressive behaviors such as hostile communication, sabotaging, and griefing. The present investigation explores the prevalence, perception, risk factors, and consequences of victimization in toxic behaviors. A total of 2097 Hungarian gamers (88.5% male, Mage = 26.2 years, SD = 6.8) completed an online questionnaire. Most (66%) were victims of such incidents in the past year, and gamers considered the problem of toxic behaviors as severe. Younger gamers who spent more time playing competitive videogames (especially multiplayer online battle arena and shooter games) were more likely to experience toxic behaviors from others. Repeatedly victimized gamers reported more symptoms of depression and problematic videogame use, while victim/perpetrators expressed higher anxiety and anger rumination. These results highlight the importance of cultivating prosocial group norms in gamers to improve safety of online multiplayer environments.
Evaluation of radiation dose to pediatric models from whole body PET/CT imaging
Authors: Mohammadi Najmeh , Akhlaghi Parisa
Published: February 2022

Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is a well‐known modality for the diagnosis of various diseases in children and adult patients. On the other hand, younger patients are more radiosensitive than adults, so there are concerns about the level of ionizing radiation exposure in pediatric whole body PET/CT imaging. In this regard, comprehensive specific radiation dosimetry for whole body PET/CT imaging is highly desired for different ages, sizes, and shapes. Therefore, in this study, organ absorbed doses were evaluated for pediatric voxel models from 4 to 14 years old and compared with those of ICRP phantoms. Monte Carlo calculation was performed to evaluate S‐value, absorbed dose, and effective dose from 18F‐FDG radiotracers and whole body CT scan for different computational models, including 4‐ to 14‐year‐old phantoms. The results showed that the S‐value and, therefore, absorbed dose of 18F‐FDG strongly depended on the phantom anatomy. These variations were justified by the distance between source and target organs. Moreover, on average, the absorbed doses from whole body CT scans were 13.5 times lower than those from 18F‐FDG for all organs. According to the results, various anatomies and ages should be considered for accurate dose evaluation. These data can be used for specific risk assessment of the pediatric population in clinical nuclear imaging.