bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History of Nursing in Peru: Social Determinants of its Construction in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Barrionuevo-Bonini Bárbara , Fernandes-de-Freitas Genival , Cerna-Barba Margarita del Pilar ,   Universidade de Sã o Paulo
Published: July 2014

Objetivos: estudiar las características sociales, culturales y sanitarias como determinantes sociales de la creación, formación y desarrollo de la enfermería profesional del Perú en el siglo XX. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo histórico-social a partir de búsqueda documental y transversal y fuentes orales. Se seleccionaron siete escuelas/facultades de enfermería y 16 entrevistas de profesionales docentes. El referencial teórico de análisis fue el materialismo histórico y dialectico.. Resultados: los datos revelaron que esos eventos están intrínsecamente relacionados con las transformaciones sociales, políticas, culturales y sanitarias ocurridas en la sociedad peruana durante su trayectoria histórica. Interpretación: la problemática en el ejercicio profesional viene mostrando las mismas características de las profesiones identificadas como femeninas, y está relacionada con las mismas determinantes sociales que derivan en la limitada valoración social de la profesión. Conclusiones: el estudio pretende que las situaciones encontradas sean útiles a futuros investigadores de las escuelas y facultades de enfermería, las asociaciones profesionales de enfermería del Perú, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, para continuar profundizando en situaciones relacionadas con la profesión en el Perú y en los países de América Latina.
Assessing the Functionality of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury in Daily Living Activities
Authors: Figueiredo Carvalho Zuila Maria , Gomes-Machado Winner , De Araújo-Façanha Dilene Maria , Rocha-Magalhães Samira , Romero-Rodrigues Adilina Soares , De Carvalho-e-Brito Anisia Maria
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: aplicar el índice de Barthel en la evaluación de personas con lesión medular hospitalizada y en lo domicilio, comparando las condiciones de funcionalidad en el desarrollo de las Actividades de la Vida Diaria. Material y Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, realizado con 62 personas, hospitalizadas y en domicilios. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante un formulario con las variables de interés del estudio, en enero a mayo de 2010. Para a analice se utilizó el programa Predictive Analytics Software, con Pruebas de Mann — Whitney y Kruskal — Wallis. Resultados: la edad media de 37,5 años con desvío patrón de ± 13,74. En las actividades: baño un 79 % son dependientes; vestirse un 59 %; el uso de toielet un 91%; intestino un 81 % eran incontinentes; transferencias un 95 % presentaron incapacidad; actividad de movilidad un 94 % hacían con ayuda; utilización de escaleras con silla de ruedas en los hospitalizados un 94,1% presentaron incapacidad y en lo domicilio, un 78,5 %. El análisis de la puntuación final de Barthel obtuvo media del 48,4 % con desvío patrón de ± 32,62. Conclusiones: existe significancia acentuada en relación al grado de dependencia entre hospitalizados en relación a los que se encuentra en domicilio.
Quality assessment of truffle-inoculated seedlings in Italy: proposing revised parameters for certification
Authors: Donnini Domizia , Benucci Gian M. N. , Bencivenga Mattia , Baciarelli-Falini Leonardo
Published: July 2014

Aim of study: the main aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of truffle-inoculated seedlings produced by commercial nurseries in Italy and to identify their minimum requisites in terms of plant age, health, homogeneity, and cut-off percentage of inoculated Tuber and non-Tuber ectomycorrhizae, based on the analysis of an extensive sample of seedlings subjected to quality control and certification.Area of study: truffle-inoculated seedlings produced by Italian commercial nurseries.Material and Methods: analysis of truffle-inoculated seedlings for health and quality standards; recording of presence of inoculated Tuber spp. and other concurrent fungi according to the official Italian method for certification; selective amplification of ectomycorrhizal DNA by PCR species-specific primers.Main results: We showed that mycorrhization levels in truffle-inoculated seedlings increased with time after truffle-spore inoculation. The highest mean percentage of the inoculated Tuber spp., but also the highest presence of contaminants, were recorded after three years. The mycorrhization level of Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum was higher in Corylus and Ostrya seedlings than in Q. ilex and Q. pubescens, but the latter two host species showed the lowest presence of other ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhization level distribution in truffle-inoculated seedlings of suitable batches differed very little from the distribution in only all suitable seedlings. Truffle seedlings with other Tuber spp. were very few and even absent after three years. The general quality of Italian truffle-inoculated seedlings is high but can be improved even further by revising the parameters used for their certification.Research highlights: Mycorrhization assessment in truffle-inoculated seedlings produced by commercial nurseries and a revision of the parameters of quality standards following several years of certification in Italy.Keywords: Truffle cultivation; truffle seedlings; mycorrhization level; Tuber; commercial nursery; certification methods.
Embryogenesis in Oak species. A review
Authors: Gomez-Garay Aranzazu , Manzanera Jose A. , Pintos-Lopez Beatriz
Published: July 2014

Aim of study: A review on the propagation methods of four Quercus species, namely Q. suber, Q. robur, Q. ilex and Q. canariensis, through somatic embryogenesis and anther embryogenesis are presented.Area of study: The study comprises both Mediterranean and Atlantic oak species located in Spain.Material and Methods: Somatic embryogenesis was induced on immature zygotic embryos of diverse oak species, permitting the multiplication of half-sib families. Induction of haploid embryos and doubled haploids was assayed in both Q. suber and Q. ilex by temperature stress treatments of anthers containing late vacuolated microspores. The haploid origin of the anther embryos has been evaluated by quantitative nuclear DNA analysis through flow cytometry and by DNA microsatellite markers. Genetic transformation of cork oak has also been performed by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens vectors. Proteomic analysis has been conducted to screen the diverse protein profiles followed by in vitro derived embryos during their development.Research highlights: Successful plant regeneration from both somatic and haploid embryos has been achieved. In the particular case of cork oak, doubled-haploid plants were obtained. Plantlets regenerated from selected parent trees through somatic embryogenesis were acclimated in the greenhouse and in the nursery, and were planted in an experimental plot in the field. Preliminary evaluation of the cork quality of the plants showed a good heritability correlation with the parent trees. This article revises the work of and is dedicated to Dr. M.A. Bueno, who devoted much of her professional life to the research on Biotechnology and Genetics of forest species, leading the Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology at the Spanish Institute of Agronomic Research (INIA).Key words: anther embryogenesis; microspore; pollen; Quercus canariensis; Quercus ilex; Quercus robur; Quercus suber; somatic embryogenesis.
Understanding the Evolution of Titan's Surface, Interior, and Atmosphere
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. , Nixon Conor A.
Published: July 2014

Scientists met in April to review the current understanding of Titan's surface, interior, and atmosphere and how these evolve on seasonal, astronomical (10–100 thousand years), and geological time scales (millions to billions of years). The workshop, hosted by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), followed the success of two previous workshops on Titan in 2010 and 2012 at NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center (GSFC).
Using models on models to test climate measurement techniques
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2014

According to the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, researchers' best estimate of the Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS)—the increase in global average temperature that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—falls somewhere between 1.5°C and 4.5°C. Despite an abundance of ongoing research, the uncertainty associated with this measurement has proven particularly difficult to eliminate.
The flushing of Ligeia: Composition variations across Titan's seas in a simple hydrological model
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D.
Published: July 2014

We use a simple box model to explore possible differences in the liquid composition of Titan's seas. Major variations in the abundance of involatile ethane, somewhat analogous to salinity in terrestrial waters, arise from the hydrological cycle, which introduces more “fresh” methane rainfall at the highest latitudes in summer. The observed composition of Ligeia Mare, flushed by methane rainfall and exporting its solutes to Kraken via a narrow labyrinth of channels, may have a methane‐rich (>~80%) composition, well out of thermodynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere, whereas the basins of Kraken are relatively well mixed and will have an ethane‐dominated (~60%) composition. These variations, analogous to Earth's salinity gradient between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, may be detectable with Cassini measurements and are important for future exploration.
Statistical analysis of electron lifetimes at GEO: Comparisons with chorus‐driven losses
Authors: Boynton R. J. , Balikhin M. A. , Mourenas D.
Published: July 2014

The population of electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt increases when the magnetosphere is exposed to high‐speed streams of solar wind, coronal mass ejections, magnetic clouds, or other disturbances. After this increase, the number of electrons decays back to approximately the initial population. This study statistically analyzes the lifetimes of the electron at Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) from Los Alamos National Laboratory electron flux data. The decay rate of the electron fluxes are calculated for 14 energies ranging from 24 keV to 3.5 MeV to identify a relationship between the lifetime and energy of the electrons. The statistical data show that electron lifetimes increase with energy. Also, the statistical results show a good agreement up to ∼1 MeV with an analytical model of lifetimes, where electron losses are caused by their resonant interaction with oblique chorus waves, using average wave intensities obtained from Cluster statistics. However, above 500 keV, the measured lifetimes increase with energy becomes less steep, almost stopping. This could partly stem from the difficultly of identifying lifetimes larger than 10 days, for high energy, with the methods and instruments of the present study at GEO. It could also result from the departure of the actual geomagnetic field from a dipolar shape, since a compressed field on the dayside should preferentially increase chorus‐induced losses at high energies. However, during nearly quiet geomagnetic conditions corresponding to lifetime measurement periods, it is more probably an indication that outward radial diffusion imposes some kind of upper limit on lifetimes of high‐energy electrons near geostationary orbit.
High Risk of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis but Not of Stroke in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's)
Authors: Faurschou Mikkel , Obel Niels , Baslund Bo
Published: July 2014

Objective

To assess the incidence of stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA).

Methods

Patients diagnosed with GPA at a Danish tertiary care center during 1993–2011 were identified (n = 180). Each patient was matched with 19 population controls (n = 3,420). Information on hospitalizations for stroke, PE, and DVT was obtained from the Danish National Hospital Register. The occurrence of vascular events in the GPA cohort was compared with that in the control group by calculation of incidence rate ratios (IRRs).

Results

The median duration of followup was 7.2 years (interquartile range 3.1–11.7 years) in the GPA cohort. Within the first 2 years following the diagnosis of vasculitis, the incidences of PE and DVT were substantially increased among the patients (IRR 25.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.9–96] for PE and IRR 20.2 [95% CI 5.1–81] for DVT). The incidence of stroke was not increased during this time interval (IRR 1.4 [95% CI 0.3–5.7]). From 2 years after GPA diagnosis, an increased incidence was found for DVT (IRR 4.5 [95% CI 1.7–11.8]) but not for PE (IRR 1.3 [95% CI 0.2–9.6]) or stroke (IRR 1.4 [95% CI 0.6–3.3]). In the GPA cohort, 70% of the vascular events occurred during phases with active vasculitis.

Conclusion

The present study confirms that GPA patients have a markedly increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We did not observe an increased risk of stroke in our cohort. Thus, our observations demonstrate a differential impact of GPA and/or its treatment on the risk of various vascular events.
Medication Risk Communication During Rheumatology Office Visits
Authors: Blalock Susan J. , DeVellis Brenda M. , DeVellis Robert F. , Chewning Betty , Jonas Beth L. , Sleath Betsy L.
Published: July 2014

Objective

We used a multidimensional framework to describe the types of information about medication risks that rheumatologists provide to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients during routine office visits.

Methods

We analyzed 1,094 audiotaped rheumatology office visits involving 450 RA patients. Each patient had up to 3 visits audiotaped. In conjunction with each office visit, patients also completed a self‐administered questionnaire and interview and the rheumatologists provided ratings of patient health status.

Results

The number of medication risks discussed per visit ranged from 0–18, with a mean ± SD of 3.23 ± 2.93. The rheumatologist initiated ∼80% of the medication risk discussions. Approximately one‐fourth of the discussions (25.6%) were limited to an assessment of whether or not the patient was experiencing a medication side effect. More risks were discussed during visits when changes to the patient's regimen were discussed than when no changes were discussed (X= 3.93, SD = 3.10 and X = 2.20, SD = 2.34, respectively; P < 0.0001). When medications were being proposed for addition to the patient's regimen, the most frequently discussed risk dimensions were the importance of monitoring (30%), probability (29.8%), things the patient should do to minimize risk (25.5%), and risk severity (21.8%).

Conclusion

Most discussions of medication risks that we observed were quite limited and often restricted to an assessment of whether the patient was experiencing side effects from their current medications. The amount of information that is optimal and how to tailor information to the preferences and abilities of individual patients remain important areas for future research.
“Smart” Surface Capsules for Delivery Devices
Authors: Skorb Ekaterina V. , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: July 2014

This review describes emerging trends, basic principles, applications, and future challenges for designing next generation responsive “smart” surface capsules. Advances and importance of “surface” capsules which are not deposited onto the surface but are built into the surface are highlighted for selective applications with specific examples of surface sponge structures formed by high intensity ultrasonic surface treatment (HIUS). Surface capsules can be adapted for biomedical applications, membrane materials, lab‐on‐chip, organ‐on‐chip, and for template synthesis. They provide attractive self‐healing anticorrosion and antifouling prospects. Nowadays delivery systems are built from inorganic, organic, hybrid, biological materials to deliver various drugs from low molecular weight substances to large protein molecules and even live cells. It is important that capsules are designed to have time prolonged release features. Available stimuli to control capsule opening are physical, chemical and biological ones. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of capsule opening by different stimuli is essential for developing new methods of encapsulation, release, and targeting. Development of “smart” surface capsules is preferable to respond to multiple stimuli. More and more often a new generation of “smart” capsules is designed by a bio‐inspired approach.
Proposals for managing dangerous people with severe personality disorder: New legislation and new follies in a historical context
Authors: Cordess Christopher
Published: July 2014

Current proposals in England and Wales to ‘capture’ an ill‐defined group of antisocial and violent people within the widest possible definition of mental disorder, and thereby to detain them under proposed new mental health legislation, is criticized and critiqued on intellectual, ethical and pragmatic grounds. The view is taken that psychiatrists must utterly reject these proposals which, if adopted, would make them primarily agents of social control. Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals must fight to retain the essentials of ethical and effective treatment – earned trust and primary responsibility to the individual patient – which these proposals seek to undermine and pervert.
Comprehensive morphological analysis of individual peripheral neuron dendritic arbors in ascidian larvae using the photoconvertible protein kaede
Authors: Yokoyama Takatoshi D. , Hotta Kohji , Oka Kotaro
Published: July 2014

Background: Ascidian larval epidermal sensory neurons (ESNs) each extend a single cilium into the outer body structure, or tunic, to form a unique external sensory network, the ASNET (ascidian dendritic network in tunic). The functions of ESNs and the ASNET are unknown, though it has been suggested that they play important roles in swimming larvae. In this study, we used transgenic larva expressing the photoconvertible protein Kaede pan‐neuronally to identify the orientation and morphology of single ESN external processes within the ASNET. Results: When individual ESN cell bodies were UV‐irradiated, the photoconverted Kaede protein diffused into the external processes that projected to the edge of the tunic, indicating that these processes are cytoplasmically connected to the cell bodies of ESNs. We were, therefore, able to comprehensively catalog the morphology and orientation of each ESN external process. Most trunk ESNs appeared to extend neurites to the palp, but no processes were observed to emanate from palp neurons. ESN processes differed systematically in their morphology and orientation, suggesting that the ASNET is formed in a regulated, non‐random fashion. Conclusions: This study reveals the organization of ESN sensory fields in the ascidian larval tunic. Developmental Dynamics 243:1362–1373, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal‐based pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Moreira Ana Paula L. , Martini Mariele , de Carvalho Leandro M.
Published: July 2014

This review aims to describe the CE methods utilized for the determination of adulterants in herbal‐based formulations marketed for different therapeutic purposes. The CE methods for screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants are reviewed on the basis of the CE techniques and their detection methods. CZE and MEKC methods coupled to optical (UV), capacitively coupled contactless conductivity, and MS detection modes are discussed and reviewed. Worldwide adulteration cases related to pharmaceutical formulations containing herbs as the main active products are presented covering all the works published in the last four decades.
3D‐printed chip for detection of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus labeled with gold nanoparticles
Authors: Chudobova Dagmar , Cihalova Kristyna , Skalickova Sylvie , Zitka Jan , Rodrigo Miguel Angel Merlos , Milosavljevic Vedran , Hynek David , Kopel Pavel , Vesely Radek , Adam Vojtech , Kizek Rene
Published: July 2014

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dangerous pathogen occurring not only in hospitals but also in foodstuff. Currently, discussions on the issue of the increasing resistance, and timely and rapid diagnostic of resistance strains have become more frequent and sought. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design an effective platform for DNA isolation from different species of microorganisms as well as the amplification of mecA gene that encodes the resistance to β‐lactam antibiotic formation and is contained in MRSA. For this purpose, we fabricated 3D‐printed chip that was suitable for bacterial cultivation, DNA isolation, PCR, and detection of amplified gene using gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes as an indicator of MRSA. Confirmation of the MRSA presence in the samples was based on a specific interaction between mecA gene with the AuNP probes and a colorimetric detection, which utilized the noncross‐linking aggregation phenomenon of DNA‐functionalized AuNPs. To test the whole system, we analyzed several real refractive indexes, in which two of them were positively scanned to find the presence of mecA gene. The aggregation of AuNP probes were reflected by 75% decrease of absorbance (λ = 530 nm) and change in AuNPs size from 3 ± 0.05 to 4 ± 0.05 nm (n = 5). We provide the one‐step identification of mecA gene using the unique platform that employs the rapid, low‐cost, and easy‐to‐use colorimetric method for MRSA detection in various samples.
Prenatal exposure of mice to the human liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 reveals a critical window of susceptibility to genetic change
Authors: Chawanthayatham Supawadee , Thiantanawat Apinya , Egner Patricia A. , Groopman John D. , Wogan Gerald N. , Croy Robert G. , Essigmann John M.
Published: July 2014

It has become axiomatic that critical windows of susceptibility to genotoxins exist and that genetic damage in utero may be a trigger for later life cancers. Data supporting this critical window hypothesis are remarkably few. This study provides a quantitative bridge between DNA damage by the liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during prenatal development and the risk of later life genetic disease. AFB1 was given to pregnant C57BL/6J mice, carrying F1 gestation day 14 (GD14) embryos of the B6C3F1 genotype. Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS) using aflatoxin‐15N5‐guanine adduct standards afforded measurement of the AFB1‐N7‐Gua and AFB1‐FAPY adducts 6‐hr post dosing in liver DNA of mothers and embryos. A parallel cohort gave birth and the livers of the F1 were analyzed for mutations in the gpt gene at 3 and 10 weeks of age. The data revealed mutational spectra dominated by G:C to T:A mutations in both the mother and offspring that are characteristic of AFB1 and distinct from background. It was shown that adducts in GD14 embryos were 20‐fold more potent inducers of mutagenesis than adducts in parallel‐dosed adults. This sensitivity enhancement correlated with Ki67 staining of the liver, reflecting the proliferative potential of the tissue. Taken together, these data provide insight into the relative genetic risks of prenatal and adult exposures to AFB1. Early life exposure, especially during the embryonic period, is strikingly more mutagenic than treatment later in life. Moreover the data provide a baseline against which risk prevention strategies can be evaluated.
Coexisting Straight, Radial, and Banded Lamellae on the Six Corners of Hexagon‐Shaped Spherulites in Poly(l‐Lactide)
Authors: Ni'mah Hikmatun , Woo Eamor M.
Published: July 2014

A novel six‐petal spherulite morphology composed of a combination of a central hexagonal core, hexagon‐shaped ring bands, and six fibrous stalks is discovered in a low‐molecular‐weight poly(l‐lactide acid) (LMw‐PLLA) that is melt crystallized at a specific Tc = 110 °C and confined in thin films. The structures are analyzed by using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Discrete lamellae, consisting of sequenced wide and small lamellae, all in flat‐on orientation with periodically up‐and‐down topology, are packed in a ring‐banded alignment, while continuous lamellae in flat‐on, tilted, or edge‐on orientations are arranged in the fibrous region. On the six corners of a symmetric hexagon‐banded spherulite, the radial fibrous lamellae overlap with ring‐band lamellae to show a mixed combination of ring‐banded and fibrous patterns. The formation of coexisting ring‐banded and fibrous patterns in a mixed morphology is associated with the lamellar packing and orientation. The radial fibrous lamellae at the six corners favorably occur in the growth fronts, which are closer to the reservoir of materials of diffusing species. Superimposed on the radial lamellae, hexagon‐shaped ring bands repeat themselves on the outskirts of the central hexagon nuclei. The geometry of the initial crystal is believed to be the influencing factors in final spherulite patterns.

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Analysis of phosphoproteome in rice pistil
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhao Yong , Li Ming , Gao Feng , Yang Ming‐kun , Wang Xin , Li Shaoqing , Yang Pingfang
Published: July 2014

As the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil consists of the ovary, style, and stigma, and is a critical organ for the process from pollen recognition to fertilization and seed formation. Previous studies on pollen–pistil interaction mainly focused on gene expression changes with comparative transcriptomics or proteomics method. However, studies on protein PTMs are still lacking. Here we report a phosphoproteomic study on mature pistil of rice. Using IMAC enrichment, hydrophilic interaction chromatography fraction and high‐accuracy MS instrument (TripleTOF 5600), 2347 of high‐confidence (Ascore ≥ 19, p ≤ 0.01), phosphorylation sites corresponding to 1588 phosphoproteins were identified. Among them, 1369 phosphorylation sites within 654 phosphoproteins were newly identified; 41 serine phosphorylation motifs, which belong to three groups: proline‐directed, basophilic, and acidic motifs were identified after analysis by motif‐X. Two hundred and one genes whose phosphopeptides were identified here showed tissue‐specific expression in pistil based on information mining of previous microarray data. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000923 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000923). This study will help us to understand pistil development and pollination on the posttranslational level.
Experimental verification of computational predictions in power generation variation with layout of offshore wind farms
Authors: Theunissen Raf , Housley Paul , Allen Christian B. , Carey Charles
Published: July 2014

The optimization of wind farms with respect to spatial layout is addressed experimentally. Wake effects within wind turbine farms are well known to be deleterious in terms of power generation and structural loading, which is corroborated in this study. Computational models are the predominant tools in the prediction of turbine‐induced flow fields. However, for wind farms comprising hundreds of turbines, reliability of the obtained numerical data becomes a growing concern with potentially costly consequences. This study pursues a systematic complementary theoretical, experimental and numerical study of variations in generated power with turbine layout of an 80 turbine large wind farm. Wake effects within offshore wind turbine arrays are emulated using porous discs mounted on a flat plate in a wind tunnel. The adopted approach to reproduce experimentally individual turbine wake characteristics is presented, and drag measurements are argued to correctly capture the variation in power generation with turbine layout. Experimental data are juxtaposed with power predictions using ANSYS WindModeller simulation suite. Although comparison with available wind farm power output data has been limited, it is demonstrated nonetheless that this approach has potential for the validation of numerical models of power loss due to wake effects or even to make a direct physical prediction. The approach has even indicated useful data for the improvement of the physics within numerical models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
L’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal, diagnostic et prise en charge: à propos de trois cas
Authors: Tazi M. F. , Mellas S. , Ahallal Y. , Khallouk A. , El Fassi M. J. , Farih M. H.
Published: July 2014

L’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal est une pathologie rare en dehors des pays d’endémie filarienne. C’est une pathologie bénigne, mais qui peut devenir handicapante en gênant le rapport sexuel et parfois même la miction. Nous rapportons trois cas d’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal primitif, traités par une résection chirurgicale complète du tissu pathologique et une reconstruction pénoscrotale, avec un bon résultat fonctionnel et esthétique. Nous mettons le point, à travers notre expérience et une revue de la littérature, sur les aspects diagnostiques et la prise en charge thérapeutique de l’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal.
Growing up Democratic: Generational Change in East Asian Democracies
Authors: DALTON RUSSELL , SHIN DOH CHULL
Published: July 2014

Most new democracies face a challenge of reshaping the political culture to support the new democratic political order. This can often be a long-term process, complicated by the Realpolitik of governing in a new political (and often economic) system. One of the mechanisms of cultural change is generational change. New generations socialized after a democratic transition are presumably educated into the political norms of the new democratic regime. However, one can also imagine that the young lack clear political cues because they grow up under a system in transition, or even reject the new order if it is accompanied by widespread social dislocation. The study of generational change in new democracies thus provides insights into the processes transforming a nation's political culture. We analyze generational change in the new democracies of East Asia using the Second Wave of the East Asian Barometer. We examine support for a democratic/authoritarian regime and the citizenship norms that underlie a democratic process (such as the rule of law and political tolerance). Our results yield evidence of significant generational change in regime norms in these new democracies, which suggests that the political culture is gradually being transformed.
Emotions and Passions in the Discipline of International Relations
Authors: COICAUD JEAN-MARC
Published: July 2014

The article focuses on how emotions and passions – two related but somewhat different notions – are addressed in the field of international relations. As such it makes three main points. First, the article argues that, although presupposed in mainstream international relations, because of the influence of positivism emotions and passions have tended to be overlooked. Second, it makes the point that in recent years scholars with constructivist leanings have been increasingly interested in taking emotions and passions seriously as an academic area of research. Third, and finally, the article concludes that despite the progress made in the 2000s on the understanding of emotions and passions in international relations, more work remains to be done. As such it outlines future directions of research.
Anomalous Photoelectric Effect of a Polycrystalline Topological Insulator Film
Authors: Zhang Hongbin , Yao Jiandong , Shao Jianmei , Li Hai , Li Shuwei , Bao Dinghua , Wang Chengxin , Yang Guowei
Published: July 2014

A topological insulator represents a new state of quantum matter that possesses an insulating bulk band gap as well as a spin-momentum-locked Dirac cone on the surface that is protected by time-reversal symmetry. Photon-dressed surface states and light-induced surface photocurrents have been observed in topological insulators. Here, we report experimental observations of an anomalous photoelectric effect in thin films of Bi2Te3, a polycrystalline topological insulator. Under illumination with non-polarised light, transport measurements reveal that the resistance of the topological surface states suddenly increases when the polycrystalline film is illuminated. The resistance variation is positively dependent on the light intensity but has no relation to the applied electric field; this finding can be attributed to the gap opening of the surface Dirac cone. This observation of an anomalous photoelectric effect in polycrystalline topological insulators offers exciting opportunities for the creation of photodetectors with an unusually broad spectral range. Moreover, polycrystalline topological insulator films provide an attractive material platform for exploring the nature and practical application of topological insulators.
Multiplex single particle analysis in microfluidics
Authors: Dannhauser D. , Romeo G. , Causa F. , De Santo I. , Netti P. A.
Published: July 2014

A method to combine precise particle alignment in-flow and light scattering profile characterization for micrometric sized particles is reported.
Dye-sensitized solar cell from polyaniline–ZnS nanotubes and its characterization through impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Shit Arnab , Chatterjee Shreyam , Nandi Arun K.
Published: July 2014

DSSC fabricated with polyaniline–ZnS nanotubes exhibits reversible turn “on” and “off” capability with an efficiency of 3.4%, as shown by a Nyquist plot, characterizing different transport processes.
Self-assembly of mesogenic bent-core DNA nanoduplexes
Authors: Nguyen Khanh Thuy , Battisti Anna , Ancora Daniele , Sciortino Francesco , De Michele Cristiano
Published: July 2014

Modelling DNA nanoduplexes as bent-core mesogens explains the sequence dependence of the isotropic–nematic phase boundary.
Material selection and optimization for highly stable composite bipolar plates in vanadium redox flow batteries
Authors: Park Minjoon , Jung Yang-Jae , Ryu Jaechan , Cho Jaephil
Published: July 2014

The design of a graphite-based polymer composite bipolar plate is systematically studied for the vanadium redox flow battery system by the compression molding method with different major and minor filler contents.
Evaluation of Cognitive Behavior in the Young Nonverbal Child
Authors: Chappell Gerald E. , Johnson Gayl A.
Published: July 2014

The three developmental levels of children’s behavioral responses to common objects which characterize their advancing conceptualization in the early years are described. The article relates verbal development at the three sequential levels for use in evaluation. Examples of behavior patterns at each level are provided and an approach to promote the child’s cognitive response to familiar household objects is suggested.
The Experimental Use of Cross-Age Relationships in Public School Speech Remediation
Authors: Groher Michael
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effectiveness of older public school students with and without articulatory errors administering speech remediation to younger children with articulatory difficulty; and (2) to examine whether the older students could effect change in their own articulation by administering speech remediation. The results suggest that those older students who evidenced articulatory errors and who were administering speech remediation could effect change in the younger students' articulatory patterns, while at the same time improving their own skills. The value of using older students as service providers in a public school setting is discussed.
Case-Selection Procedures for School-Aged Disfluent Children
Authors: Cooper Eugene B.
Published: July 2014

This article describes a seven-step case-selection procedure for disfluent children. It considers the assessment of factors related to spontaneous recovery, as well as other variables significant to case-selection practices.
An Approach to Mainstreaming Language-Disabled Children in the Elementary School
Authors: Navratil Karen , Petrasek Margie
Published: July 2014

In 1972 a program was developed in Montgomery County Public Schools, Maryland, to provide daily resource remediation to elementary school-age children with language handicaps. In accord with the Maryland’s guidelines for language and speech disabilities, the general goal of the program was to provide remediation that enabled children with language problems to increase their abilities in the comprehension or production of oral language. Although self-contained language classrooms and itinerant speech-language pathology programs existed, the resource program was designed to fill a gap in the continuum of services provided by the speech and language department.
The Effectiveness of Paraprofessionals and a Speech Clinician as Agents of Articulation Intervention Using Programmed Instruction
Authors: Costello Janis , Schoen Judith
Published: July 2014

Fifteen elementary-school children with functional θ/s substitutions were randomly divided into three experimental groups. All three groups received articulation intervention via Mowrer’s (1968) S-Pack program for correction of the frontal lisp. Five women were trained as paraprofessionals to administer the program to two groups of children. One group received videotaped instruction, the second group received audiotaped instruction, and the third group was administered the program live-voice by a professional speech clinician. Comparison of the results achieved by the paraprofessionals and the professional speech clinician revealed no significant differences. All of the children learned correct /s/ production equally well and rapidly. The implications of these results for the use of paraprofessionals and programmed instruction are discussed.
A Therapeutic Technique for the Improvement of Lingua-Alveolar Valving Abilities
Authors: Dworkin James Paul
Published: July 2014

This study was designed to determine if a remedial program using a bite-block device could inhibit hypermandibular activity (HMA) and thereby improve the lingua-alveolar valving (LAV) abilities of four school-age children who demonstrated multiple lingua-alveolar (LA) phonemic errors. The results revealed significant improvements in LAV and LA phoneme articulatory skills in all of the children who used the bite-block device to reduce HMA subsequent to comprehensive training sessions.
A Comparison of Two Procedures (NSST and Concrete Objects) for Measuring Receptive and Expressive Language of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Martin Jane , Engel Bonnie
Published: July 2014

This study involves administration of the NSST and Concrete Objects Test to 30 trainable mentally retarded children. A comparison of test results indicates that the use of concrete objects to measure the receptive language of this population yields more satisfactory results than a picture-sentence association task. Modifications for testing some syntactic forms are discussed.
Use of a Prescreening Checklist to Supplement Speech, Language, and Hearing Screening
Authors: Lynch Joan
Published: July 2014

This report describes a Checklist which has been used to supplement speech, hearing, and language screening tests of preschool children. The Checklist is designed to gain information from the preschool teacher about the child’s linguistic functioning in the classroom. This serves to alert the examiner to both problems and strengths which could not be discovered during standard screening. Analysis of responses to this Checklist with several populations of children suggests that, without adding extra time or expense to the screening, information on the Checklist provides insight into crucial language parameters which are characteristically not available to individuals providing screening services.
Attitudes and Training of Public School Clinicians Providing Services to Speakers of Black English
Authors: Bountress Nicholas G.
Published: July 2014

This study investigated public school speech-language clinicians' attitudes regarding treatment goal-setting for children who were speakers of black English, as well as the need for university coursework in social dialects. Questionnaires, based upon Wolfram and Fasold's conceivable goals in teaching standard English to speakers of non-standard dialects, were distributed to the 103 speech-language clinicians employed by the six metropolitan public school systems of Southeastern (Tidewater) Virginia. An examination of responses to the questionnaire items indicated that 97% of the respondents were of the opinion that speakers of black English should learn standard English while retaining the nonstandard dialect. Further information from the questionnaire indicated that only approximately one third of the respondents obtained information regarding dialects from coursework, with the primary source of knowledge being on-the-job experience. Slightly more than two thirds of all respondents indicated a need for formal coursework in social dialects, with the majority of these being recently graduated bachelor's level clinicians with less than six years of professional experience.
Facilitating Reading Development with Speech- and Language-Impaired Children
Authors: Shipley Kenneth G. , McFarlane Stephen C.
Published: July 2014

Because reading is a language-based skill and many communicatively handicapped youngsters experience difficulties with it, speech-language pathologists have important roles in assisting with reading development for these children. Our knowledge about language and requisite skills for reading may benefit these children in developing reading skills. Speech-language pathologists' roles may be direct or indirect, and may be with preschool or school-aged children. Suggestions are offered for use in speech-language sessions and with teachers or parents.
Short-Term Intensive Stuttering Treatment in a Public School Setting
Authors: Turnbaugh Karen R. , Guitar Barry E.
Published: July 2014

This paper describes a public school stuttering treatment program that combined long-term non-intensive and short-term intensive schedules. The program was used with a 12-year-old male. Clinical methodology and results of treatment, including a one-year follow-up evaluation, are discussed.
A Rationale for Providing Service to the Limited English Proficiency Student
Authors: Gillcrist Molly M.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a rationale for the legitimacy of including Limited English Proficiency students in the caseload of the public school speech-language pathologist and provides an outline of language facilitation techniques and appropriate objectives for students at a beginning or a low intermediate level of English proficiency.
An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Three Language Elicitation Procedures on Head Start Children
Authors: Atkins Carolyn Peluso , Cartwright Lynn R.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of three language elicitation procedures for 22 Head Start children ranging 3–5 years in age. The elicitation procedures included picture interpretation, imperatives, and story recapitulation. All language samples were tape-recorded and transcribed in traditional orthography. Verbal output was analyzed in mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU) and complexity of verbal responses as measured by frequency of one-word responses and fillers, as well as grammatical inflections. Results indicated that all 22 children responded to the picture interpretation task with greater verbal output than was obtained from imperatives and story recapitulation. The imperative task ranked second and story recapitulation third. The rank order of willingness to respond corresponded to the amount of verbal output in that picture interpretation yielded the most desirable results, whereas story retelling was least successful.
A Comparison of Four Informal Methods of Language Evaluation
Authors: Fujiki Martin , Willbrand Mary Louise
Published: July 2014

Four informal methods of language evaluation were compared: spontaneous language sampling, elicited imitation, sentence completion, and grammatical judgment. Thirty children from two age levels (4–5 and 6–7 years) with diagnosed language problems were tested with each of these evaluation procedures. Overall comparisons between tasks revealed significant correlations between spontaneous sampling, elicited imitation, and sentence completion. However, when these tasks were examined with regard to individual syntactic structure, a highly variable pattern of comparability was observed. None of the task comparisons involving grammatical judgment reached statistical significance. The implications of these findings for the clinical application of the four evaluation procedures are discussed.
Contextual Facilitation of Correct Sound Production
Authors: Kent R. D.
Published: July 2014

Several published reports of both formal research and clinical experience have sought to describe phonetic and other linguistic factors that promote correct production of an inconsistently articulated "error" sound in children's speech. This paper reviews and evaluates these reports. It is concluded that although many potentially important factors have been neglected in the description of so-called facilitative phonetic contexts, a few general principles emerge for selecting environments for the assessment and management of articulatory errors, particularly for /s/, /r/ and /l/. Physiologic and acoustic factors underlying these principles are discussed.
Misarticulated Vowels
Authors: Hargrove Patricia M.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a case study of a child with vowel misarticulations in the absence of hearing loss, structural deformity, or dysarthria. The subject was a highly unintelligible 4-year 7-month-old boy, with multiple consonant and vowel misarticulations and a mildly disordered syntactic system. The case study is presented to stimulate interest and research in children with idiopathic vowel disorders.
Teachers' Perceptions of Students Who Wear Hearing Aids
Authors: Brimacombe Judy A. , Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Mulac Anthony
Published: July 2014

This study assessed whether teachers' perceptions of students differ when students wear hearing aids as compared to when they wear no aids, and whether teachers' perceptions differ depending on the amount of experience the teachers have had with hearing-impaired students. Stimuli were photographic slides of nine normal-hearing boys wearing (a) body-type, (b) postauricular type, and (c) no hearing aids. Slides were presented in counterbalanced showings to (a) 21 teachers having no formal experience with hearing-impaired students, (b) 26 teachers having some experience with mainstreamed hearing-impaired students, and (c) 19 teachers of the communicatively handicapped. The teachers rated each student on a semantic differential containing 16 bipolar adjective scales. Factor analysis of the ratings resulted in four factors of judgment: Appearance, Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and Assertiveness. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that when students were depicted wearing a hearing aid, they were perceived differently than when they wore no aid. Univariate analyses showed (a) students wearing a body aid were rated more positively on Personality variables than when they were shown in the postauricular or no aid conditions, and (b) students wearing a body aid or no aid were rated higher on Assertiveness than those shown wearing a postauricular aid. No differences were found in the way the three teacher groups reacted to the three hearing aid conditions.
Children's Phonatory Matching of Pure-Tone and Human Voice Stimulus
Authors: Schneiderman Carl R. , Somerville Elizabeth C.
Published: July 2014

Thirty-six children were tested for their ability to vocally match both human voice and pure-tone stimuli. Spectrographic and statistical analysis of their tape-recorded responses revealed the majority of the children more closely approximated the human voice stimulus. The effects of age and sex of the children on their ability to match the two types of stimuli were also examined. The results of this study indicate that children are better able to match audiotape recordings of trained human voices modeling a wide range of calibrated frequencies than pure tones generated by an audio-oscillator.