bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Basis of Arterial Stiffening: Role of Glycation – A Mini-Review
Authors: Sell David R. , Monnier Vincent M.
Published: January 2012

Arterial stiffening is a progressive, ubiquitous and irreversible aging process that is interwoven with and accelerated by various diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and hypertension. In large arteries, aging is characterized by decreased turnover of collagen and elastin and increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and cross-links. Elastic fibers undergo lysis and disorganization subsequent to their replacement by collagen and other matrix components. These events cause the loss of elasticity and induce stiffening. Conceptual approaches to minimize AGE accumulation in arteries include caloric restriction, exercise, low dietary intake of AGEs, deglycation enzymes, increased clearance of AGEs, antagonists of AGE receptors and pharmaceutical interventions. Much optimism exists in the ability of ‘AGE breakers’ such as alagebrium (ALT-711) to cleave AGE cross-links and reverse the age-related stiffening of arteries. However, there is little evidence that these agents actually break pre-existing AGE cross-links in vivo. In contrast, many of these anti-AGE agents share in common the ability to chelate metals, thus acting as inhibitors of metal-catalyzed AGE and protein carbonyl formation. Future work on interventions into the causes of arterial stiffness in aging needs to address more rigorously the relationship between stochastic forms of damage, such a glycation and oxidation, and the changes in elastic fiber structure thought to contribute to loss of arterial elasticity.
Long-Term Intersession Variability for Single-Breath Diffusing Capacity
Authors: Hegewald Matthew J. , Jensen Robert L. , Teeter John G. , Wise Robert A. , Riese Richard J. , England Richard D. , Ahrens Richard C. , Crapo Robert O. , MacIntyre Neil R.
Published: January 2012

Background: Characterizing long-term diffusing capacity (DlCO) variability is important in assessing quality control for DlCO equipment and patient management. Long-term DlCO variability has not been reported. Objectives: It was the aim of this study to characterize long-term variability of DlCO in a cohort of biocontrols and to compare different methods of selecting a target value. Methods: Longitudinal DlCO monitoring of biocontrols was performed as part of the inhaled insulin development program; 288 biocontrols were tested twice monthly for up to 5 years using a standardized technique. Variability, expressed either as percent change or DlCO units, was assessed using three different target values. Results: The 90th percentile for mean intersession change in DlCO was between 10.9 and 15.8% (2.6–4.1 units) depending on the target value. Variability was lowest when the mean of all DlCO tests was used as the target value and highest when the baseline DlCO was used. The average of the first six DlCO tests provided an accurate estimate of the mean DlCO value. Using this target, the 90th percentile for mean intersession change was 12.3% and 3.0 units. Variability was stable over time and there were no meaningful associations between variability and demographic factors. Conclusions: DlCO biocontrol deviations >12% or >3.0 units, from the average of the first six tests, indicate that the instrument is not within quality control limits and should be carefully evaluated before further patient testing.
Bacterial Hydrolysis of Host Glycoproteins – Powerful Protein Modification and Efficient Nutrient Acquisition
Authors: Garbe Julia , Collin Mattias
Published: January 2012

Glycoproteins are ubiquitous in nature and fundamental to most biological processes, including the human immune system. The glycoprotein carbohydrate moieties, or glycans, are very diverse in their structure and composition, and have major effects on the chemical, physical and biological properties of these glycoproteins. The hydrolysis of glycoprotein glycans by bacterial glycosidases can have dramatic effects on glycoprotein function and, thereby, be beneficial for the bacteria in different ways. This review gives an introduction to the expanding field of extracellular glycosidases from bacterial pathogens with activity on host glycoproteins, describes some known and proposed consequences for the host and the bacteria and discusses some evolutionary and regulatory aspects of bacterial glycosidases.
Effect of Fluoride, Lesion Baseline Severity and Mineral Distribution on Lesion Progression
Authors: Lippert F. , Butler A. , Lynch R.J.M. , Hara A.T.
Published: January 2012

The present study investigated the effects of fluoride (F) concentration, lesion baseline severity (ΔZbase) and mineral distribution on lesion progression. Artificial caries lesions were created using three protocols [methylcellulose acid gel (MeC), hydroxyethylcellulose acid gel (HEC), carboxymethylcellulose acid solution (CMC)] and with low and high ΔZbase groups by varying demineralization times within protocols. Subsequently, lesions were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 24 h in the presence of 0, 1, 2 or 5 ppm F. Changes in mineral distribution characteristics of caries lesions were studied using transverse microradiography. At baseline, the protocols yielded lesions with three distinctly different mineral distributions. Secondary demineralization revealed differences in F response between and within lesion types. In general, lowΔZ lesions were more responsive to F than highΔZ lesions. LowΔZ MeC lesions showed the greatest range of response among all lesions, whereas highΔZ HEC lesions were almost unaffected by F. Laminations were observed in the presence of F in all but highΔZ HEC and CMC lesions. Changes in mineral distribution effected by F were most pronounced in MeC lesions, with remineralization/mineral redeposition in the original lesion body at the expense of sound enamel beyond the original lesion in a dose-response manner. Both ΔZbase and lesion mineral distribution directly impact the F response and the extent of secondary demineralization of caries lesions. Further studies – in situ and on natural white spot lesions – are required to better mimic in vivo caries under laboratory conditions.
Prevalence and Facility Level Correlates of Need for Wheelchair Seating Assessment among Long-Term Care Residents
Authors: Giesbrecht Edward M. , Mortenson W. Ben , Miller William C.
Published: January 2012

Background: Wheelchairs are frequently prescribed for residents with mobility impairments in long-term care. Many residents receive poorly fitting wheelchairs, compromising functional independence and mobility, and contributing to subsequent health issues such as pressure ulcers. The extent of this problem and the factors that predict poor fit are poorly understood; such evidence would contribute greatly to effective and efficient clinical practice in long-term care. Objective: To identify the prevalence of need for wheelchair seating intervention among residents in long-term care facilities in Vancouver and explore the relationship between the need for seating intervention and facility level factors. Methods: Logistic regression analysis using secondary data from a cross-sectional study exploring predictors of resident mobility. A total of 263 residents (183 females and 80 males) were randomly selected from 11 long-term care facilities in the Vancouver health region (mean age 84.2 ± 8.6 years). The Seating Identification Tool was used to establish subject need for wheelchair seating intervention. Individual item frequency was calculated. Six contextual variables were measured at each facility including occupational therapy staffing, funding source, policies regarding wheelchair-related equipment, and decision-making philosophy. Results: The overall prevalence rate of inappropriate seating was 58.6% (95% CI 52.6–64.5), ranging from 30.4 to 81.8% among the individual facilities. Discomfort, poor positioning and mobility, and skin integrity were the most common issues. Two facility level variables were significant predictors of need for seating assessment: ratio of occupational therapists per 100 residents [OR 0.11 (CI 0.04, 0.31)] and expectation that residents purchase wheelchair equipment beyond the basic level [OR 2.78 (1.11, 6.97)]. A negative association between facility prevalence rate and ratio of occupational therapists (rp = –0.684, CI –0.143 to –0.910) was found. Conclusion: Prevalence of need for seating assessment in long-term care is high overall but it varies considerably between facilities. Increasing access to occupational therapy services appears to mediate this need.
Urinary NT-proBNP, NGAL, and H-FABP May Predict Hemodynamic Relevance of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Tosse Veronika , Pillekamp Frank , Verde Pablo , Hadzik Berit , Sabir Hemmen , Mayatepek Ertan , Hoehn Thomas
Published: January 2012

Background: Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) is the most common functional cardiovascular disease in preterm infants. The necessity to treat hsPDA can neither be derived solely from clinical nor from echocardiographic criteria. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish non-invasive parameters which can differentiate hsPDA from non-hsPDA. Methods: Urinary protein levels of NT-proBNP, NGAL, and H-FABP were measured and correlated with the necessity of therapy for PDA. In 37 neonates (<1,500 g), urinary protein concentrations were tested on days 0, 2, and 7 by ELISA methodology. Of 37 infants, 12 required therapeutic interventions according to current treatment standards. Results: Infants receiving an intervention for PDA showed significantly higher levels of pro-BNP, NGAL, and H-FABP at all time points except for NT-proBNP on day 0. Infants requiring a second or third course of ibuprofen had significantly higher levels of H-FABP and NGAL. In all samples, the concentration of the three proteins correlated positively with each other. Conclusions: The present study shows that measurement of urinary proteins is a powerful and non-invasive method to quantify the effect of PDA on systemic perfusion in preterm infants. Furthermore, NGAL and H-FABP may be used to indicate the necessity of pharmacological or surgical treatment of PDA.
Tympanoplasty with Island Cartilage or Temporalis Fascia: A Comparative Study
Authors: Bozdemir Kazım , Kutluhan Ahmet , Yalçıner Gökhan , Tarlak Behçet , Bilgen Akif Sinan
Published: January 2012

Purpose: To compare clinical and audiological outcomes of the type 1 tympanoplasties where conchal cartilage (island graft) and temporalis fascia were used as the graft material. Procedures: In this retrospective study, the results of type 1 tympanoplasty operations (n = 50) in which cartilage and temporalis fascia were used for graft material were compared. Results: Pre- and postoperative otoscopic findings of both groups were similar (p > 0.05). Preoperatively, the pure tone averages (PTAs) and hearing thresholds of the fascia and cartilage groups were similar (p > 0.05). However, postoperatively, the PTAs and air-bone gap closure were better with temporalis fascia compared to cartilage grafting (p < 0.05). On frequency-specific comparisons, the pure tone thresholds at the frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz recovered better with temporalis fascia compared to cartilage (p < 0.05). Although the pure tone recovery was better at 4 kHz with temporalis fascia, the difference between the groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Conclusion and Message: In conclusion, in contrast to many reports in the literature, temporalis fascia grafting seems better in our study than grafting with conchal cartilage.
Novel Tandem Duplication in Exon 1 of the SNURF/SNRPN Gene in a Child with Transient Excessive Eating Behaviour and Weight Gain
Authors: Naik S. , Thomas N.S. , Davies J.H. , Lever M. , Raponi M. , Baralle D. , Temple I.K. , Caliebe A.
Published: January 2012

A deletion in 15q11.2 involving the SNURF/SNRPN gene is the typical finding in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Apart from translocations disrupting this gene, no other mutation types have been described so far. We report a patient in whom a small duplication in exon 1 of the SNURF/SNRPN gene was diagnosed which is predicted to interrupt only SNURF expression. The patient was investigated due to overgrowth, increased appetite and developmental delay in childhood. This duplication was inherited from her father who carries the duplication on his paternal chromosome 15 and also had transient excessive eating behaviour as an adolescent. RNA studies showed that the duplication introduces a premature stop codon in SNURF.
Karyotypic Evolution of Hapalomys Inferred from Chromosome Painting: A Detailed Characterization Contributing New Insights into the Ancestral Murinae Karyotype
Authors: Badenhorst D. , Dobigny G. , Robinson T.J.
Published: January 2012

We report on the construction of a comparative chromosome map between the emblematic laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus (RNO), and Delacour’s Marmoset rat, Hapalomys delacouri (HDE), based on cross-species fluorescence in situ hybridization with R. norvegicus painting probes. Sixteen R. norvegicus chromosomes (RNO 3–6, 8, 10–15, 17–20, and X) were retained in their entirety (as a conserved block or as a single chromosome) in the H. delacouri genome. The remaining 5 R. norvegicus chromosomes (RNO 1, 2, 7, 9, and 16) produced 2 signals in the H. delacouri karyotype. Our analysis allowed the detection of an X-autosome translocation between RNO X and 11 that occurred convergently in an unrelated species, Bandicota savilei, and a single B chromosome that accounts for the 2n = 48 karyotype observed in this specimen. In total, the rat chromosome paints revealed 27 segments of conserved synteny in H. delacouri. The analysis showed 7 NOR bearing pairs in H. delacouri (HDE 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13) and the occurrence of an interstitial telomeric signal at the centromeric regions of 8 H. delacouri chromosomes (HDE 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, and 22). These data, together with published comparative maps, enabled a revision of the previously postulated murine ancestral condition suggesting that it probably comprised a wholly acrocentric karyotype with 2n = 46–50.
Recurrent Transmission of a 17q12 Microdeletion and a Variable Clinical Spectrum
Authors: George A.M. , Love D.R. , Hayes I. , Tsang B.
Published: January 2012

The relatively rare proximal microdeletion of 17q12 (including deletion of the HNF1B gene) is associated with the renal cysts and diabetes syndrome. Recent reports have suggested that there may also be an association between this microdeletion and learning difficulties/autism. This case report describes one of only a few reported families segregating the 17q12 microdeletion, but which highlights the nonpenetrance and variable expressivity of multiple features of this condition.
Myocardial Ischemic Events in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Dabigatran or Warfarin in the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) Trial
Authors: Hohnloser Stefan H. , Oldgren Jonas , Yang Sean , Wallentin Lars , Ezekowitz Michael , Reilly Paul , Eikelboom John , Brueckmann Martina , Yusuf Salim , Connolly Stuart J.
Published: January 2012

Background—

There is a modest risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods and Results—

Data from the RE-LY study (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) were used to report rates of MI, unstable angina, cardiac arrest, and cardiac death and the prespecified net clinical benefit and treatment effects of dabigatran versus warfarin. MI occurred at annual rates of 0.82% and 0.81% with dabigatran 110 or 150 mg BID compared with 0.64% with warfarin (hazard ratio [HR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–1.75,
P
=0.09 for dabigatran 110 mg; HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.94–1.71,
P
=0.12 for dabigatran 150 mg). Annual rates of a composite of MI, unstable angina, cardiac arrest, and cardiac death were 3.16% per year with dabigatran 110 mg, 3.33% per year with dabigatran 150 mg, and 3.41% per year with warfarin (HR versus warfarin 0.93, 95% CI 0.80–1.06,
P
=0.28 for dabigatran 110 mg and HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.85–1.12,
P
=0.77 for dabigatran 150 mg). Events prespecified as “net clinical benefit” (all strokes, systemic embolism, MI, pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, and all-cause death) occurred at a rate of 7.34% per year with dabigatran 110 mg, 7.11% per year with dabigatran 150 mg, and 7.91% per year with warfarin (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84–1.01,
P
=0.09 for dabigatran 110 mg and HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.99,
P
=0.02 for dabigatran 150 mg). The relative effects of dabigatran versus warfarin on myocardial ischemic events were consistent in patients with or without a baseline history of MI or coronary artery disease.

Conclusions—

There was a nonsignificant increase in MI with dabigatran compared with warfarin, but other myocardial ischemic events were not increased. Treatment effects of dabigatran were consistent in patients at higher and lower risk of myocardial ischemic events.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT 00262600.
Glycogen Phosphorylase Isoenzyme BB Plasma Concentration Is Elevated in Pregnancy and Preterm Preeclampsia
Authors: Lee JoonHo , Romero Roberto , Dong Zhong , Lee Deug-Chan , Dong Yi , Mittal Pooja , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Hassan Sonia S. , Kim Chong Jai
Published: January 2012

Glycogen phosphorylase is a key enzyme in glycogenolysis. Released with myocardial ischemia, blood concentration of glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB) is a marker of acute coronary syndromes. Pregnancy imposes metabolic stress, and preeclampsia is associated with cardiac complications. However, plasma GPBB concentration during pregnancy is unknown. This study was conducted to determine maternal plasma GPBB concentration in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia. Plasma samples from 6 groups (n=396) were studied: nonpregnant and pregnant women with normal term delivery, term and preterm preeclampsia, and term and preterm small-for-gestational-age neonates. GPBB concentration was measured with a specific immunoassay. Placental tissues (n=45) obtained from pregnant women with preterm and term preeclampsia, spontaneous preterm delivery, and normal term delivery were analyzed for potential GPBB expression by immunoblotting. Median plasma GPBB concentration was higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women (38.7 versus 9.2 ng/mL;
P
<0.001), which remained significant after adjusting for age, race, and parity. Maternal plasma GPBB concentrations did not change throughout gestation. Cases of preterm (but not term) preeclampsia had higher median plasma GPBB concentrations than gestational age-matched normal pregnancy cases (72.6 versus 26.0 ng/mL;
P
=0.001). Small-for-gestational-age neonates did not affect plasma GPBB concentration. GPBB was detected in the placenta and was less abundant in preterm preeclampsia than in preterm delivery cases (
P
<0.01). There is physiological elevation of plasma GPBB concentration during pregnancy; an increase in maternal plasma GPBB is a novel phenotype of preterm preeclampsia. It is strongly suggested that these changes are attributed to GPBB of placental origin.
Prognostic Value of the Variability in Home-Measured Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Authors: Johansson Jouni K. , Niiranen Teemu J. , Puukka Pauli J. , Jula Antti M.
Published: January 2012

The objective of the study was to assess the prognostic value of variability in home-measured blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in a general population. We studied a representative sample of the Finnish adult population with 1866 study subjects aged 45–74 years. BP and HR self-measurements were performed on 7 consecutive days. The variabilities of BP and HR were defined as the SDs of morning minus evening, day-by-day, and first minus second measurements. The primary end point was incidence of a cardiovascular event. The secondary end point was total mortality. During a follow-up of 7.8 years, 179 subjects had experienced a cardiovascular event, and 130 subjects had died. In Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, sex, BP/HR, and other cardiovascular risk factors, morning-evening home BP variability (systolic/diastolic relative hazard: 1.04/1.10 [95% CI: 1.01–1.07/1.05–1.15] per 1-mm Hg increase in BP variability) and morning day-by-day home BP variability (relative hazard: 1.04/1.10 [95% CI: 1.00–1.07/1.04–1.16] per 1-mm Hg increase in BP variability) were predictive of cardiovascular events. Morning-evening home HR variability (relative hazard: 1.07 [95% CI: 1.02–1.12] per 1-bpm increase in HR variability) and morning day-by-day home HR variability (relative hazard: 1.11 [95% CI: 1.05–1.17] per 1-bpm increase in HR variability) were also independent predictors of cardiovascular events. Greater variabilities of morning home BP and HR are independent predictors of cardiovascular events. Because the variabilities of home BP and HR are easily acquired in conjunction with home BP and HR level, they should be used as the additive information in the assessment of cardiovascular risk.
Agonistic Autoantibodies as Vasodilators in Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Li Hongliang , Kem David C. , Reim Sean , Khan Muneer , Vanderlinde-Wood Megan , Zillner Caitlin , Collier Daniel , Liles Campbell , Hill Michael A. , Cunningham Madeleine W. , Aston Christopher E. , Yu Xichun
Published: January 2012

Agonistic autoantibodies to the β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors are a novel investigative and therapeutic target for certain orthostatic disorders. We have identified the presence of autoantibodies to β2-adrenergic and/or M3 muscarinic receptors by ELISA in 75% (15 of 20) of patients with significant orthostatic hypotension. Purified serum IgG from all 20 of the patients and 10 healthy control subjects were examined in a receptor-transfected cell-based cAMP assay for β2 receptor activation and β-arrestin assay for M3 receptor activation. There was a significant increase in IgG-induced activation of β2 and M3 receptors in the patient group compared with controls. A dose response was observed for both IgG activation of β2 and M3 receptors and inhibition of their activation with the nonselective β blocker propranolol and muscarinic blocker atropine. The antibody effects on β2 and/or M3 (via production of NO) receptor-mediated vasodilation were studied in a rat cremaster resistance arteriole assay. Infusion of IgG from patients with documented β2 and/or M3 receptor agonistic activity produced a dose-dependent vasodilation. Sequential addition of the β-blocker propranolol and the NO synthase inhibitor
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester partially inhibited IgG-induced vasodilation (percentage of maximal dilatory response: from 57.7±10.4 to 35.3±4.6 and 24.3±5.8, respectively;
P
<0.01; n=3), indicating that antibody activation of vascular β2 and/or M3 receptors may contribute to systemic vasodilation. These data support the concept that circulating agonistic autoantibodies serve as vasodilators and may cause or exacerbate orthostatic hypotension.
Chronic Intrarenal Insulin Replacement Reverses Diabetes Mellitus–Induced Natriuresis and Diuresis
Authors: Manhiani M. Marlina , Duggan A. Daniel , Wilson Hunter , Brands Michael W.
Published: January 2012

We showed recently that sustained natriuresis in type 1 diabetic dogs was attributed to the decrease in insulin rather than the hyperglycemia alone. The sodium-retaining action of insulin appeared to require hyperglycemia, and it completely reversed the diabetic natriuresis and diuresis. This study tested whether the sodium-retaining effect was attributed to direct intrarenal actions of insulin. Alloxan-treated dogs (D; n=7) were maintained normoglycemic using 24-h/d IV insulin replacement. After control measurements, IV insulin was decreased to begin a 6-day diabetic period. Blood glucose increased from 84±6 mg/dL to an average of 428 mg/dL on days 5 and 6, sodium excretion increased from 74±8 to 98±7 meq/d over the 6 days, and urine volume increased from 1645±83 to 2198±170 mL/d. Dir dogs (n=7) were subjected to the same diabetic regimen, but, in addition, insulin was infused continuously into the renal artery at 0.3 mU/kg per minute during the 6-day period. This did not affect plasma insulin. Blood glucose increased from 94±10 mg/dL to an average of 380 mg/dL on days 5 and 6, but sodium excretion averaged 76±5 and 69±8 meq/d during control and diabetes mellitus, respectively. The diuresis also was prevented. Glomerular filtration rate increased only in Dir dogs, and there was no change in mean arterial pressure in either group. This intrarenal insulin infusion had no effect on sodium or volume excretion in normal dogs. Intrarenal insulin replacement in diabetic dogs caused a sustained increase in tubular reabsorption that completely reversed diabetic natriuresis. Insulin plus glucose may work to prevent salt wasting in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Direct Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Stimulation in
N
ω
-Nitro-
l
-Arginine-Methyl Ester–Induced Hypertension
Authors: Paulis Ludovit , Becker Sophie T.R. , Lucht Kristin , Schwengel Katja , Slavic Svetlana , Kaschina Elena , Thöne-Reineke Christa , Dahlöf Björn , Baulmann Johannes , Unger Thomas , Steckelings U. Muscha
Published: January 2012

Pulse wave velocity (PWV), a direct marker of arterial stiffness, is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Although the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade belongs to major antihypertensive and cardioprotective therapies, less is known about the effects of long-term stimulation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. Previously, compound 21, a selective nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist improved the outcome of myocardial infarction in rats along with anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated whether compound 21 alone or in combination with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade by olmesartan medoxomil could prevent PWV increase and aortic remodeling in
N
ω
-nitro-
l
-arginine-methyl ester (
l
-NAME)–induced hypertension. Male adult Wistar rats (n=65) were randomly assigned to control,
l
-NAME,
l
-NAME+compound-21,
l
-NAME+olmesartan, and
l
-NAME+olmesartan+compound-21 groups and treated for 6 weeks. We observed that
l
-NAME hypertension was accompanied by enhanced PWV, increased wall thickness, and stiffness of the aorta, along with elevated hydroxyproline concentration. Olmesartan completely prevented hypertension, PWV and wall thickness increase, and the increase of aortic stiffness and partly prevented hydroxyproline accumulation. Compound 21 partly prevented all of these alterations, yet without concomitant prevention of blood pressure rise. Although the combination therapy with olmesartan and compound 21 led to blood pressure levels, PWV, and wall thickness comparable to olmesartan-alone–treated rats, only in the combination group was complete prevention of increased hydroxyproline deposition achieved, resulting in even more pronounced stiffness reduction. We conclude that chronic angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation prevented aortic stiffening and collagen accumulation without preventing hypertension in rats with inhibited NO synthase. These effects were additive to angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade, yet without additional blood pressure–lowering effect, and they seem to be NO and blood pressure independent.
Tonic Postganglionic Sympathetic Inhibition Induced by Afferent Renal Nerves?
Authors: Ditting Tilmann , Freisinger Wolfgang , Siegel Kirsten , Fiedler Christian , Small Lisa , Neuhuber Winfried , Heinlein Sonja , Reeh Peter W. , Schmieder Roland E. , Veelken Roland
Published: January 2012

Other than efferent sympathetic innervation, the kidney has peptidergic afferent fibers expressing TRPV1 receptors and releasing substance P. We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of afferent renal nerve activity with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin inhibits efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity tonically by a neurokinin 1 receptor–dependant mechanism. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented as follows: (1) arterial and venous catheters for recording of blood pressure and heart rate and drug administration; (2) left-sided renal arterial catheter for selective intrarenal administration of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (3.3, 6.6, 10, 33*10
−7
m
; 10 μL; after 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, respectively) to stimulate afferent renal nerve activity; (3) right-sided bipolar electrode for continuous renal sympathetic nerve recording; and (4) specialized renal pelvic and renal artery catheters to separate pelvic from intrarenal afferent activity. Before and after intrarenal capsaicin application, increasing intravenous doses of the neurokinin 1 receptor blocker RP67580 were given. Intrarenal capsaicin decreased integrated renal sympathetic activity from 65.4±13.0 mV*s (baseline) to 12.8±3.2 mV*s (minimum;
P
<0.01). This sustained renal sympathetic inhibition reached its minimum within 70 minutes and was not directly linked to the transient electric afferent response to be expected with intrarenal capsaicin. Suppressed renal sympathetic activity transiently but completely recovered after intravenous administration of the neurokinin 1 blocker (maximum: 120.3±19.4 mV*s;
P
<0.01). Intrarenal afferent activity could be unequivocally separated from pelvic afferent activity. For the first time we provide direct evidence that afferent intrarenal nerves provide a tonically acting sympathoinhibitory system, which seems to be rather mediated by neurokinin release acting via neurokinin 1 receptor pathways rather than by electric afferent effects on central sympathetic outflow.
Angiotensin-(1-7) Deficiency and Baroreflex Impairment Precede the Antenatal Betamethasone Exposure-Induced Elevation in Blood Pressure
Authors: Shaltout Hossam A. , Rose James C. , Chappell Mark C. , Diz Debra I.
Published: January 2012

Betamethasone is administered to accelerate lung development and improve survival of premature infants but may be associated with hypertension later in life. In a sheep model of fetal programming resulting from exposure at day 80 of gestation to Betamethasone (Beta-exposed), adult sheep at 6 to 9 months or 1.8 years of age have elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP) and attenuated spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS) for control of heart rate compared to age-matched controls associated with imbalances in angiotensin (Ang) II vs Ang-(1-7) tone. At 6 weeks of age, evoked BRS is already low in the Beta-exposed animals. In this study, we assessed the potential contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to the impaired sBRS. Female lambs (6 weeks old) with Beta exposure in utero had similar MAP to control lambs (78±2 vs 77±2 mm Hg, n=4–5 per group), but lower sBRS (8±1 vs 16±3 ms/mm Hg;
P
<0.05) and impaired heart rate variability. Peripheral AT1 receptor blockade using candesartan lowered MAP in both groups (≈10 mm Hg) and improved sBRS and heart rate variability in Beta-exposed lambs to a level similar to control. AT7 receptor blockade by infusion of D-ala Ang-(1-7) (700 ng/kg/min for 45 minutes) reduced sBRS 46%±10% in Beta-exposed vs in control lambs (
P
<0.15) and increased MAP in both groups (≈6±2 mm Hg). Our data reveal that Beta exposure impairs sBRS and heart rate variability at a time point preceding the elevation in MAP via mechanisms involving an imbalance in the Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio consistent with a progressive loss in Ang-(1-7) function.
More Than a Feeling
Authors: Osborne Danny , Smith Heather J. , Huo Yuen J.
Published: January 2012

A key insight from investigations of individual relative deprivation (IRD) is that people can experience objective disadvantages differently. In this study, university faculty ( N = 953) who reported greater IRD in response to a mandatory furlough (i.e., involuntary pay reductions) were more likely to (a) voice options designed to improve the university (voice), (b) consider leaving their job (exit), and (c) neglect their work responsibilities (neglect), but were (d) less likely to express loyalty to the university (loyalty). Consistent with the emotions literature, (a) anger mediated the relationship between IRD and voice, (b) fear between IRD and exit, (c) sadness between IRD and neglect, and (d) gratitude between IRD and loyalty. IRD was inversely associated with self-reported physical and mental health via these different emotional pathways. These results show how discrete emotions can explain responses to IRD and, in turn, contribute to organizational viability and the health of its members.
Mice Deficient in Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase-1 Have a Reduced Susceptibility to Liver Cancer
Authors: Ellis Jessica M. , Paul David S. , DePetrillo Michael A. , Singh Bhanu P. , Malarkey David E. , Coleman Rosalind A.
Published: January 2012

The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma increases with the persistence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Triacylglycerol synthesis is initiated by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). Of four isoforms, GPAT1 contributes 30–50% of total liver GPAT activity, and we hypothesized that it might influence liver susceptibility to tumorigenesis. C57Bl/6 mice deficient in GPAT1 were backcrossed 6 times to C3H mice. After exposure to the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and the tumor promoter phenobarbital, male Gpat1-/- mice, compared with controls ( Gpat1+/+), had 93% fewer macroscopically visible nodules per liver at 21 weeks of age and 39% fewer at 34 weeks of age. Microscopically, control mice had increased numbers of foci of altered hepatocytes, particularly the basophilic subtype, as well as more, and malignant, liver neoplasms than did the Gpat1-/- mice. At 21 weeks of age, 50% (4/8) of control mice (50%) had hepatocellular adenomas with an average multiplicity (tumors per tumor-bearing-animal) of 4.3, while none occurred in 8 Gpat1-/- mice. At 34 weeks of age, all 15 control mice (100%) had hepatocellular adenomas with an average multiplicity of 5.2 compared to an incidence of 93% in Gpat1-/- mice and multiplicity of 3.1. HCCs were observed in 13% of control mice and in only 6% of Gpat1-/- mice. These data show that alterations in the formation of complex lipids catalyzed by Gpat1 reduce susceptibility to DEN-induced liver tumorigenesis.
Finding film resources
Authors: Emanuel Michelle
Published: January 2012

As interdisciplinary cultural studies programs become increasingly prevalent in North America, many humanities-trained scholars find themselves drawn to study film from a similar perspective. Finding source materials such as copies of canon films and appropriate scholarly resources is complicated by library lending policies that do not extend to media items, or foreign films with formats different from those collected by one’s institution. This article examines such problematic issues for patrons looking for films and includes personal experiences at several research institutions in both Los Angeles and Paris, with advice and insight for the potential researcher writing about film for academic purposes.
“As for the future, your task is not to foresee it, but to enable it”
Authors: Law Derek
Published: January 2012

Libraries run the risk of obsolescence unless they can develop a digitally relevant new philosophy of what they are for. We need to identify the niche which differentiates what we offer, the unique selling point that means we are not competing with Google or Microsoft. Such a philosophy will then determine the approach to users, services, content and our own skill set. The world is increasingly populated by those with different literacies, for whom reading and writing in the way past generations have understood these are becoming optional lifestyle choices and not the normal requirement of the intelligent individual. We must provide services and collections relevant to their needs rather than expect them to change to fit our preconceptions.
Postmortem Drug Levels: Innocent Bystander or Guilty as Charged
Authors: Patel Gourang
Published: January 2012

Determining the etiology or cause of an event in forensic cases often creates many theories. On piece of additional information which may be helpful in cases involving a drug or medication are concentrations or serum levels. Although many confounders can affect the interpretation of the drug level, it is imperative to also relate the data to the clinical scenario presented. Drug levels can be highly variable, depending on the time drawn, location from where the sample was obtained, and reference/references utilized in its interpretation. Postmortem drugs levels often do not reflect the blood levels before death. A drug level can be elevated exclusively because of postmortem distribution. This may result in a conclusion of a poisoning as the cause of death when in fact the death resulted from nonpharmacologic or nontoxicologic causes. Caution is advised from making any conclusions based solely on the drug level; rather an in-depth review of the clinical scenario, reference literature, and drug characteristics are required.
Nonprescription Drug Abuse
Authors: Conca Addison J. , Worthen David R.
Published: January 2012

Nonprescription drug, also referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) abuse, is a serious and growing global health challenge. Drugs from many different therapeutic classes and numerous dosage forms and drug delivery systems are implicated in nonprescription drug abuse. Individuals who commonly abuse certain nonprescription medications are likewise diverse, varying in age, demographics, and overall health status. The clinician is in a unique position to assist in identifying those patients at risk for nonprescription drug abuse and those who are abusers, and may play an important role in intervention, patient care, and in the treatment of nonprescription drug abuse. A concise review of nonprescription drug abuse may be of use to the clinician in this regard.
An Overview of Alcohol Testing and Interpretation in the 21st Century
Authors: Kelly Anna T. , Mozayani Ashraf
Published: January 2012

Ethanol analysis is the most commonly carried out drug testing in a forensic toxicology laboratory. Determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is needed in a multitude of situations, including in postmortem analysis, driving under the influence (DUI) and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases, workplace drug monitoring, and probation investigations. These analyses are carried out by direct measurement of ethanol concentrations as well as of metabolic by-products, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS). This review article will discuss pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethanol, methods for the detection of ethanol, the effect of ethanol on human performance, the role of alcohol in injuries and fatalities, and information regarding the interactions that may occur between alcohol and other drugs. Finally, an explanation will be given on how to interpret alcohol levels as well as the extrapolation and calculation of blood alcohol levels at times prior to sample collection.
Accuracy and Precision of the Prodigy AutoCode Blood Glucose Monitor
Authors: Prohaska Emily S. , Herring Charles , Russell Gregory B. , Smith Jennifer D.
Published: January 2012

Objectives: To assess the accuracy and precision of the Prodigy AutoCode blood glucose monitor. Methods: This open-label, prospective equivalence study was conducted at Wilson Community Health Center in Wilson, North Carolina. Accuracy was assessed by comparing finger stick blood glucose values to venipuncture. Precision was assessed by comparing consecutive finger stick blood glucose values from 2 Prodigy AutoCode monitors. Data were analyzed using paired t tests, signed rank tests, regression, and mixed effect models. Results: Fifty-three subjects completed the study. Meter 1 produced 14 (26%) and meter 2 produced 13 (25%) blood glucose readings outside the acceptable error margin of ±20% set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Neither meter was accurate compared to venipuncture ( P < .001 for both). Consecutive blood glucose results obtained from meters 1 and 2 were precise (meter 1 vs 2, P = .533). Conclusions: The Prodigy AutoCode demonstrated precision between two different monitors but was inaccurate compared to venipuncture. Less than the required 95% of blood glucose values from each monitor fell within the acceptable 20% error margin relative to venipuncture. All readings outside the acceptable error margin were overestimations, indicating potentially significant safety concerns including untreated or undertreated hypoglycemia.
Multi-objective collaborative multidisciplinary design optimization using particle swarm techniques and fuzzy decision making
Authors: Farmani Mohammad Reza , Roshanian Jafar , Babaie Meisam , Zadeh Parviz M
Published: January 2012

This article focuses on the efficient multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve multidisciplinary design optimization problems. The objective is to extend the formulation of collaborative optimization which has been widely used to solve single-objective optimization problems. To examine the proposed structure, racecar design problem is taken as an example of application for three objective functions. In addition, a fuzzy decision maker is applied to select the best solution along the pareto front based on the defined criteria. The results are compared to the traditional optimization, and collaborative optimization formulations that do not use multi-objective particle swarm optimization. It is shown that the integration of multi-objective particle swarm optimization into collaborative optimization provides an efficient framework for design and analysis of hierarchical multidisciplinary design optimization problems.
Effect of the microstructure on the notched tensile strength of as-cast and austempered ductile cast irons
Authors: Durmuş Ali , Aydın Hakan , Tutar Mümin , Bayram Ali , Yiğit Kurtuluş
Published: January 2012

In this study, the effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of four types of ductile cast irons with different morphologies was investigated using circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens with different notch root radii. These cast irons were also austempered using the same austempering heat treatment to make a comparison with the as-cast samples. Characterization of the specimens has been carried out by means of microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, notch tensile strength, notch sensitivity, fracture toughness, and fractography. A mixture of ferrite and pearlite in the microstructure of cast irons gives rise to a material of the highest tensile strength, notch tensile strength, and fracture toughness properties with the intermediate ductility and notch sensitivity. A higher pearlite in the matrix of cast irons gives very important mechanical properties such as hardness and strength, but brittleness of the matrix andnotch sensitivity are greatly increased. Austempering significantly increased the mechanical properties and also reduced the difference between the mechanical properties of the cast irons. Austempered ferritic ductile irons exhibited the highest notch tensile strength and fracture toughness, and the high tensile strength and the intermediate ductility properties with the lowest notch sensitivity, whereas austempered pearlitic ductile irons had the lowest tensile strength, ductility, notch tensile strength, fracture toughness, and the intermediate notch sensitivity properties. The mechanical properties of the as-cast and austempered ductile irons have increased almost linearly with increase in the notch root radius.
Curricular Innovations on Sustainability and Subsistence Marketplaces
Authors: Viswanathan Madhubalan
Published: January 2012

Using synergies between research, teaching, and social initiatives, the author designed and offered a number of courses in the arena of sustainability: a first-year MBA course on sustainability for all contexts, a module required for all first semester business undergraduates on sustainable businesses for subsistence marketplaces as part of a broader course on professional responsibility, and a year-long interdisciplinary graduate course on sustainable product and market development for subsistence marketplaces. The author describes the approach in terms of its philosophical orientation of envisioning a better world as well as associated challenges, its substantive focus on subsistence marketplaces, and its methodological orientation of employing bottom-up teaching approaches. A concluding discussion places the author’s educational endeavors in perspective in light of the literature and existing learning frameworks as well as the principles of responsible management education.
Do Sweat It
Authors: Kenworthy Amy L. , Hrivnak George A.
Published: January 2012

In this article, a hands-on experiential exercise session in a fitness center is presented as a teaching tool for management instructors to facilitate a theoretically based discussion about the connection between individuals’ physical and mental states. Before discussing the components of the exercise session itself, a rationale for integrating this exercise into management courses is presented. The exercise session is then described, with an overview of the logistics and operational components including both the legal release form and the reflection questions that are used before and after the session. Readers are encouraged to consider integrating this teaching tool into any level of management course from undergraduate through executive. To assist in this regard, readers are provided with a list of suggested readings and research findings as well as a discussion of both the potential risks and beneficial outcomes of using this teaching tool.
A Service-Learning Project to Eliminate Barriers to Oral Care for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: DeMattei Ronda R. , Allen Jessica , Goss Breanna
Published: January 2012

Children with special health care needs face many barriers to oral care and are at high risk for oral disease. School nurses are in a unique position to promote oral wellness in this vulnerable population. Collaboration between school nurses and dental hygiene faculty resulted in the formation of a partnership between a university-based dental hygiene program and two special education districts in rural southern Illinois. Senior dental hygiene students participated in a school-based service-learning project that provided dental examinations, preventive services, and education to children with special health care needs. Evidence-based behavioral interventions were used to teach children to comply with oral procedures. School nurses mentored dental hygiene students in behavior management of children. Dental exams were provided to 234 children from four special education schools with the majority receiving cleanings and fluoride.
Computational approaches for modelling elastohydrodynamic lubrication using multiphysics software
Authors: Tan Xincai , Goodyer Christopher E , Jimack Peter K , Taylor Robert I , Walkley Mark A
Published: January 2012

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication modelling plays an important role in engineering design and analysis, since a number of important mechanical components operate under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. In this article, methods are presented for solving both line and point contact cases using multiphysics software. The advantages, and the overheads, of using such an approach over developing highly specialised, bespoke software are highlighted. In order to calculate the deformation of the contacts three different methods are developed and their relative performance is assessed. The advantage of using a nested solution strategy has also been examined. The flexibility of the multiphysics software approach is highlighted in results involving a complex transient case modelling an involute gear.