bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISKURSUS PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DI PEGURUAN TINGGI KEAGAMAAN ISLAM PADA ERA MILENIAL
Authors: Mansir Firman
Published: February 2019

This study examined the importance of character education in an Islamic college, especially today or which was more popular with the term of a milenial generation. The first and foremost goal of an education is the formation of students’ character (college students). Religion theory states that the goal of human moral development is the mission of religion itself, in accordance with the purpose of the Prophet Muhammad’s sending to this earth. A character education is a conscious and planned effort to instill values so that those values are internalized in the college students and to produce a good behavior or in the religious language is often called as Muhsin. Therefore, a character education is essentially an education which seeks to instill and spread virtues or in this case a Rahmatan Lil’alamin. This research was a literature review (library research) which was sourced from the library materials using a qualitative approach. Thus, the research activity was an exploration of a number of data both primary and secondary with several concrete steps such as reading and in-depth studying the primary data such as books of the research results, theses or dissertations related to the character education and Islamic education. Character education for college students is needed because all this time students are only preoccupied with lecture materials in the classroom, but lack of attention to the meaning and value behind the process it self.
Budidaya Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) Semiintensif dengan Metode Sirkulasi Tertutup Untuk Menghindari Serangan Virus [The Semiintensive Culture Of Litopenaeus vannamei By Closed Circulation Method To Prevent Virus Attack]
Authors: Subyakto Slamet , Sutende Dede , Afand Moh. , Sofiati Sofiati
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe failure of vannamei shrimp culture often caused by virus attack, i.e. WSSV, TSV and IMNV. So that it need an alternative method like closed circulation method and probiotic application. Closed circulation is culture method without water circulation where as an additional water will do to change loss water, caused by evaporation and culture waste water. This kinds of probiotic ar Bacillus subtilis, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Saccaromyces, Rhodobacter and Rhodococcus. The aim of these research are preventing virus attack through closed circulation method and probiotic 2 2application. These culture used two culture ponds (3000 m , density 60 species/m ) and two reservoir ponds 2(2000 m ) for 105 days. The first culture pond (A) produced 2895 kg of vannamei shrimp (size 60, SR 96.5 % and FCR 1.3). The second culture pond (B) produced 3025 kg of vannamei shrimp (size 58, SR 97.4 % and FCR 1.28).
Korelasi Antara Konsentrasi Oksigen Terlarut pada Kepadatan yang Berbeda dengan Skoring Warna Daphnia spp.
[Correlation Between Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Different Densities with Color Scoring Of Daphnia spp.]
Authors: Mubarak A. Shofy , Satyari U Diah Ayu , Kusdarwati Rahayu
Published: February 2019

Abstract Dissolved oxygen is the parameters key of water quality. Low level of dissolved oxygen can affect the function and slow growth, can even cause death to fish in hypoxia condition. The aims of this experiment were to determine the effect of population density of Daphnia spp. of dissolved oxygen concentration and the correlation between dissolved oxygen concentration with color scoring of Daphnia spp. This method was experimental with Completely Randomized Design as experiment design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment that was given were the differences of Daphnia spp. density that consisted of treatment A (50 individu/200 ml), treatment B (250 individu/200 ml), treatment C (450 individu/200 ml), treatment D (650 individu/200 ml), treatment E (850 individu/200 ml), and treatment F (1050 individu/200 ml). The results showed that the difference of Daphnia spp. density showed highly significant effect of dissolved oxygen concentration of treatment medium (p<0,01). In addition, this experiment also showed that the dissolved oxygen concentration in treatment medium showed negative correlation with color score of Daphnia spp.
Karakterisasi Protein Lernaea Cyprinacea Dengan Metode Elektroforesis SDS-PAGE
[Characterization Of Protein Lernaea cyprinacea By Using SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis Method]
Authors: Mahasri Gunanti , Fajriah Ulia , Subekti Sri
Published: February 2019

Abstract One of the diseases that often attack are fish is parasitic disease caused by Lernaea cyprinacea, called Lernaeosis. This ectoparasites could be detected on skin, gill, eyes, fin or inside of mouth and nostril of fishes. The aim of the study was to know the character is tic of L.cyprinacea protein based on molecular weight using SDS-PAGE. The results of this study were expected as Lernaeosis vaccine candidate. The experiment used SDS-PAGE with 12% separating gel, 3% stacking gel, voltage 110 volts 28 A and gel staining using coomassie blue. The result showed that, there were eight protein bands with molecular weight 82.3, 73.3, 66.6, 60.5, 54.9, 27.5, 23.1 and 19.8 kDa. Among them, the bands with molecular weight 27.5, 23.1 and 19.8 kDa were thicker and clearer than the others.
Jellyfish Sting: Sebuah studi Kasus Indonesia
[Jellyfish Sting : An Indonesian Case Report]
Authors: Mujiono Nova
Published: February 2019

AbstractJellyfish sting cases are reported between the years 2005 to 2009 from Indonesian waters. Three fatal cases occurred  in Jebus and Situbondo in 2008 which predicted to be caused by Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Physalia physalis. Another species, Physalia utriculus is causing no fatality. Seasonality, treatment of the injury and prevention from the sting also discussed.
Efektifitas Bakteri Pseudomonas Sebagai Pengurai Bahan Organik (Protein,Karbohidrat,Lemak) Pada Media Air Limbah Pembenihan Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias sp.) Sistem Resirkulasi Tertutup
[Effectiveness Of Pseudomonas Decomposing Organic Matter (Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid) In Waste Water Of Dumbo Breeding Fish Catfish (Clarias sp.) Closed System Resirculation]
Authors: Rahardja Boedi S. , Prayogo Prayogo , Mahasri Gunanti , Hardhianto Mochammad Dwi
Published: February 2019

Abstract Raising fish rearing African catfish lately more and more attention due to its economical value, easy to maintain and grow quickly. Quality of water at seeding activities have received attention because of seed is a phase that is still vulnerable to environmental changes so that the replacement of water and absolutely must be done if the accumulation of organic materials that cause toxic. African catfish fish hatcheries closed recirculation system based on the work system of water management repeatedly by using a filter (filter) and decomposing bacteria. This study aimed to determine whether the bacterium Pseudomonas pseudomallei index of 97.81% sp, Pseudomonas stutzeri index 61.21% and 97.81% of Pseudomonas stutzeri index may decompose the organic material in an aqueous medium Clarias gariepinus hatchery closed recirculation system and how long required to decompose proteins, lipid and carbohidrat. This research method using descriptive methods, aims to describe symptoms that are based on data collected by observation. Factors include the observation of incubation time at the beginning of the experiment, day 3, day 6 and day-to-9 after incubation performed. This study uses four treatments, namely A (water catfish hatcheries closed recirculation system with the addition of the bacteria Pseudomonas pseudomallei index of 97.81%),B (catfish hatchery water recirculation system closed with the addition of the bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri index of 97.81%), C (catfish hatchery water recirculation system closed with the addition of the bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri index of 61.21% and D (catfish hatchery water recirculation system closed with the addition of Pseudomonas pseudomallei index of 97.81%, 97.81% index of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas stutzeri index of 61.21%). Result of this research shows that granting of Pseudomonas pseudomallei sp index 97.81%, 61.21% index of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas stutzeri index decreased 97.81% to give the effect of the proteins, lipid, carbohydrates, BOD and COD. The highest reduce protein content, lipid, carbohydrates, BOD and COD become to combination of pseudomonas bacteria after nine days.
Kecepatan dan Presentase Infeksi Penyakit Ice-Ice pada Kappaphycus alvarezii di Perairan Bluto Sumenep
[Velocity and Infection Percentage of Ice-Ice Disease on Kappaphycus alvarezii in Bluto Beach Sumenep]
Authors: Arisandi Apri , Marsoed Marsoed , Nursyam Happy , Sartimbul Aida
Published: February 2019

Abstract Seaweed is vulnerable to be infected by disease due to unlikely environmental circumstance. This condition could cause impact on the optimum growth of seaweed. This research was carried out to understand the rate and percentage of ice-ice disease on Kappaphycus alvarezii. Seven units of seaweed rafts were used. Each of them was observed every 12 hours. Results of this research indicated that the percentage of infection was relatively higher during the day on the observation units which were located next to the shore (1,008%). Three days after the infection of ice-ice disease occurred, the mortality of Kappaphycus alvarezii was certain. Therefore, it was recommended that harvesting Kappaphycus alvarezii should be done one day after the indications of ice-ice disease were noticed.
Pemanfaatan Isi Rumen Sapi yang Difermentasikan dengan Bakteri Bacillus pumilus terhadap Kandungan Klorofil pada Kultur Dunaliella salina
[Use of Content Cow Rumen Fermented With Bacillus pumilus Bacterial Chlorophyll Content On The Culture Dunaliella salina]
Authors: Masithah Endang Dewi , Choiriyah Nur , Prayogo Prayogo
Published: February 2019

Abstract Dunaliella salina is one type of natural food that can be used in an attempt pembeniha rumen contents of cows is one of the waste obtained from the abattoir which is rich in nutrients. Synthesis of chlorophyll a and b require N and P. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and the best dose utilization of rumen contents of cows and Bacillus pumilus in the culture of Dunaliella salina in chlorophyll content. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) followed by Duncan multiple range test. Treatment research Dunaliella salina was cultured in 500 mL glass bottle with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Culture medium used was sea water that has salinity 30 ppt as much as 0.5 liters of rumen fluid is added 0.5 ml of solution that has been fermented with Bacillus pumilus in accordance with the treatment dose. The results showed that the use of fermenter bacteria Bacillus pumilus in cow rumen contents effect on chlorophyll content and dose fermenter rumen bacterium Bacillus pumilus in cattle that give the best chlorophyll content in Dunaliella salina culture fermentation is the dose intreatment C (7.5 % dose fermentation) reached 0.715653211aìmolchl/cell on the first day.
Daya Antibakteri Sari Buah Majapahit (Crescentia cujete L.) terhadap Bakteri Aeromonas salmonicida Secara In Vitro
[Antibacterial Activity of The Juice Majapahit Fruit (Crescentia cujete L.) To Bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida Against In Vitro]
Authors: Rahardja Boedi Setya , Sari Fitria Yusmita , Cahyoko Yudi
Published: February 2019

Abstract Bacteria are single-celled organisms, reproduce by dividing themselves (asexual) that reproduce by way of extending the cell nucleus followed by cell division called binary fission (Prajitno, 2005) and can only be viewed with a microscope because of their small size (Dwijoseputro, 1989 .) One of the bacteria that cause the greatest failures in the cultivation of freshwater fish and sea water is furunculosis (presence of a number of furuncles at the same time) caused by the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida (Cipriano and Bullock, 2001). A. salmonicida is divided into several subspecies, among others, A. salmonicida subspecies salmonicida, subspecies masoucida, subspecies achromogenes and subspecies smithia (Hiney and Olivier, 1999). Fish infected with these bacteria will show symptoms such as fish body color becomes darker, the ability to swim down, resulting haemorrhagic septicemia, the abdomen looks bloated, the eyes and slightly protruding damaged fish (exopthalmia), all damaged fins, and gills become pale and damaged (Buller, 2004). The method used in the research is experimental method. This study aims to determine whether fruit majapahit juice (C. cujete L.) has antibacterial power against bacteria A. salmonicida and find out whether or not sensitive majapahit juice (C. cujete L.) in inhibiting the growth of bacteria A. salmonicida with standard comparator antibiotic kanamycin. Research conducted at the Laboratory of Bacteriology Hall Fish Quarantine Airport Highway Ir. H. Juanda Street No.23, Semambung Village Sedati- Sidoarjo District, East Java Province in February 2011. The results showed that the juice majapahit (C. cujete L.) could inhibit bacterial growth of A. salmonicida against in vitro, but when compared with standard antibiotic kanamycin 30 µg still relatively insensitive to inhibit bacterial growth of A. salmonicida.
Kelimpahan Bakteri Vibrio sp. pada Air Pembesaran Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) sebagai Deteksi Dini Serangan Penyakit Vibriosis
[The Abundance Of Vibrio sp. Bacteria On Enlargement Water Of Litopenaeus vannamei As The Early Detection Of Vibriosis]
Authors: Manan Abdul , Kharisma Adnan
Published: February 2019

Abstract The abundance of bacteria is an activity that aims to determine the distribution and the abundance of bacteria in a water area, so an effort to control and prevent against these bacteria can be made to avoid it’s wide spread. The function of this monitoring activities is for an early detection of animal health conditions that is the white leg shrimp due to bacterial attack. Given the importance of health level in the cultivation of white leg shrimp, then the monitoring activity in bacterial abundance should be done because the number of bacteria found in aquatic environments shouldn’t exceed the minimum threshold number of bacteria that is 104 CFU/ml. The purpose of this study case is to know the abundance of Vibrio sp. on white leg shrimp water augmentation. Because the Vibrio sp. bacteria is known as the opportunistic pathogen of white leg shrimp, which can cause disease if the environmental conditions are bad. Working methods used is descriptive method of data collection techniques include primary and secondary data. The stage of the monitoring activity include: (1) Preparation phase which includes the preparation of equipment and materials and sterilization equipment and media. (2) Phase of making trisalt solvent and bacterial culture media. (3) Phase of retrieval and delivery the water samples. (4) Phase planting the water samples. (5) Phase counting the bacteria. (6) Interpretation the results of the calculation. Based on the results of monitoring the abundance of bacteria in white leg shrimp water augmentation activity, the conclusion is the abundance of Vibrio sp. on white leg shrimp water augmentation has exceeds the minimum threshold number of bacteria that is 104 CFU/ml, so the white leg shrimp culture is susceptible againts these Vibriosis disease.
Pengaruh Perbedaan Jenis Pakan Alami (Skeletonema sp., Chaetosceros sp., Tetraselmis sp.) terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan dan Kandungan Nutrisi pada Artemia sp.
[Effect Of Different Live Feed Type (Skeletonema sp., Chaetosceros sp., Tetraselmis sp.) To The Growth Rate and Nutritional Content On Artemia sp. ]
Authors: Kusdarwati Rahayu , Firmansyah Muhammad Yohan , Cahyoko Yudi
Published: February 2019

Abstract Artemia is an important live feed in the hatchery. Quality of Artemia can not be separated from the feed quality that given. The quality and quantity of feed in the waters constitute factors that determine the growth rate and nutrition contentent the Artemia. This study aims to determine effect of different live feed type to the growth rate and nutritional content on Artemia sp.. The research method used was experimental with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using four treatments and five replications. The treatments used were: silage fish (A), Skeletonema sp. (B), Chaetoceros sp. (C) and Tetraselmis sp. (D). Analysis of data uses Anova. To know the difference among the treatments were done by Duncan Multiple range test. The results showed that difference of natural feed influence highly significant (p<0,05) on the rate of growth in absolute length and significant influence (p <0,05) on average daily growth weight of Artemia sp. Absolute length growth rate was highest in treatment D (3,92mm), then a row followed by treatment C (3,275mm), A (1,89mm) and B (1,775mm). The daily growth rate of weight was highest in treatment D (25,43%), then a row followed by treatment C (21,91%), B (19,24%) and A (18,77%). . Artemia that given live feed produces highest nutritional value of D (protein 44,96%; carbohydrate 18,47% and fat 26,91%) wasted Tetraselmis sp. and the lowest obtained by treatment A (protein 41,21%; carbohydrate 8,88% and fat 29,1%) wasted silage fish. Water quality during Artemia cultivation was temperature 28-320C, pH 7, dissolved oxygen 5-8 mg/L, salinity 31 ppt and ammonia 00,25 mg/L.
Penerapan SIG dalam Menentukan Kondisi Kritis dan Model Rehabilitasi Ekosistem Bakau pada Daerah Pesisir Selatan Pamekasan, Madura [ GIS Application to Determine Critical Condition and Rehabilitation Model of Mangrove Ecosystem in Southern Coast of Pamekasan Region Madura]
Authors: Hidayah Zainul
Published: February 2019

Abstrak Hutan bakau adalah salah satu ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki nilai ekologi dan ekonomi tinggi. Ekosistem ini dikenal karena perannya dalam melindungi pesisir terhadap gelombang dan serangan badai, juga sebagai pendukung kehidupan bermacam-macam organisme laut. Namun, peningkatan jumlah populasi manusia serta kebutuhannya untuk memperluas areal pemukiman dan industri menyebabkan ekosistem bakau terancam. Dimana saat ini luas areal hutan bakau di dunia terus-menerus mengalami pengurangan. Pengalihfungsian hutan bakau menjadi kolam ikan, pemukiman baru, dan penebangan hutan yang tidak terkontrol merupakan faktor utama yang menyebabkan kondisi kritis ekosistem bakau. Terlebih lagi, kecilnya kesadaran dan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai fungsi dari ekosistem bakau juga memicu hancurnya ekosistem yang berharga ini. Oleh karena hal itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: untuk mengidentifikasi dan memetakan kondisi kritis ekosistem bakau di daerah pesisir selatan Pamekasan, Madura menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) dan data citra satelit, untuk merehabilitasi ekosistem dengan mereboisasi vegetasi bakau, untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai fungsi dari hutan bakau. Identifikasi kondisi kritis bakau dilakukan dengan mengkombinasikan data citra satelit, observasi lapangan, dan wawancara dengan masyarakat local. Selain itu, penanaman kembali vegetasi bakau dan program pengembangan masyarakat dilakukan bersama dengan mahasiswa serta masyarakat local (bersama dengan program KKN)
Nyctanthes arbortristis an Important Medicinal Plant of Madhya Pradesh State - A Review
Authors: Ruchita Shrivastava  , Ajay Kumar Bharadwaj
Published: February 2019

Medicinal plants are being widely used either as single drug or in combination for health care system. Nyctanthes arbortristis commonly known as night jasmine or Harshringar is an important medicinal plant mainly used in Ayurveda. It is one of the oldest system of medicines uses plants and their extracts for the treatment and management of various diseases. It has been reported as useful in sciatica, arthritis, fever, asthma, diabetes, cancer, etc. Plants contain various phytoconstituents belonging to the categories of glycosides, alkaloids, essential oils, tannins etc. Several studies are being carried towards its activities like antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. With all these potential benefits, this review is carried out to explore the hidden potential and its uses. This review explores the published scientific literature to compile all the traditional and scientific data of Nyctanthes arbortristis.
Paclobutrazol, Root Growth, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Nutrient Uptake of `Nemaguard' Peach
Authors: Rieger Mark , Scalabrelli Giancarlo
Published: February 2019

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) was supplied in nutrient solution culture to `Nemaguard' peach rootstock [Prunus persica × P. davidiana] at concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg·liter-1. PBZ increased root: shoot ratio and decreased root length by ≈ 5-fold over the range of PBZ concentrations tested. Root tip diameter, stele diameter, and width of the root cortex were not significantly affected by PBZ. Root hydraulic conductivity decreased log-linearly with increasing PBZ concentration; however, this decrease did not affect midday leaf conductance or net photosynthetic rate. Foliar levels of N, P, K, Fe, and Mo were reduced, whereas levels of Ca, Mg, B, and Mn were increased by PBZ. The magnitude of changes in foliar nutrition were proportional to the degree of growth suppression. Chemical name used: (2RS,3RS)-l-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Fluoride Injury to Cut `Samantha' Roses May Be Reduced by Pulsing with Calcium Nitrate
Authors: Pearson-Mims Caroline H. , Lohr Virginia I.
Published: February 2019

Cut `Samantha' roses (Rosa hybrida L.) were placed in deionized water or a 20-mm Ca(NO3)2 pulsing solution for 72 hours. Flowers then were held in preservative solutions containing 0 or 4 mg fluoride/liter. Fresh weight gain, solution uptake, degree of flower opening, and flower longevity were reduced in the presence of fluoride in the holding solution. Visual symptoms of injury and reduced flower quality also were noted in treatments with fluoride. Pulsing improved fresh weight gain and degree of opening of flowers held in solutions containing fluoride. Pulsing also delayed the onset of visual symptoms of fluoride injury. Water uptake for flowers that were pulsed and exposed to fluoride was not different from uptake for flowers exposed to fluoride alone. Flower longevity for roses in all treatments was increased by using the calcium nitrate pulse, but pulsed flowers in fluoride did not survive as long as the control flowers.
GENETICS AND BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO PATHOGENS OF BEANS WITH EMPHASIS ON THOSE CAUSING BACTERIAL AND RUST DISEASES IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND NEBRASKA
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Steadman J. R. , Lindgren D. T. , Nuland D.S. , Beaver J. S. , Saladin F. , Santana E. Arnaud
Published: February 2019

Disease of beans, particularly common bacterial blight (CBB) (DR, NE), rust (DR, NE), web blight (WB) (DR) and bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) (DR) are major constraints to bean yields and seed quality. The objectives were to identify resistant (R) germplasm, to conduct genetic studies, to develop R cultivars (DR, NE), to improve research facilities and capabilities (DR), to train personnel and educate graduate students (DR, NE). The expected impact is (1) the improvement of breeding programs, yields and income to farmers and (2) returning specialists will permit improved research in the DR. The most significant advances in research were as follows: (i) BAC-6 dry bean breeding line was found to be R to CBB seed infection, (ii) The reaction to CBB was inherited quantitatively with low NSH estimates, (iii) Rust race nonspecific R was correlated with abaxial leaf pubescence; the latter trait was inherited qualitatively, (iv) R to BGMV and WB were identified and (v) Improved cultivars and breeding lines were developed (DR, NE).
Relationship of the Sweetpotato Whitefly to a New Tomato Fruit Disorder in Florida
Authors: Schuster D.J. , Mueller T.F. , Kring J.B. , Price J.F.
Published: February 2019

A new disorder of fruit has been observed on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Florida. The disorder, termed irregular ripening, was associated with field populations of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and is characterized by incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. An increase in internal white tissue also was associated with whitefly populations. In field cage studies, fruit on tomato plants not infested with the sweetpotato whitefly exhibited slight or no irregular ripening, whereas fruit from infested plants did. Fruit from plants on which a whitefly infestation had been controlled before the appearance of external symptoms exhibited reduced symptoms compared to fruit from plants on which an infestation was uncontrolled.
Constant Soil Temperature Influences Flowering of Alstroemerias
Authors: Blom Theo J. , Piott Brian D.
Published: February 2019

The effect of constant 16C and noncontrolled soil temperature on flowering of four Alstroemeria cultivars grown in a greenhouse was studied over 3 years. Soil temperature regime did not influence either the start or cessation of flowering. During spring/summer, production was 15% lower under constant soil temperature, irrespective of cultivar. During fall/winter, the effect of constant soil temperature was cultivar-dependent; yield of `Red Sunset' was increased by 150%, while that for `Rio' decreased by 2270 relative to the noncontrolled. Annual production was not affected, but the ratio between the production of spring/summer and fail/winter decreased from 3.1 to 2.2 for noncontrolled and constant soil temperature, respectively.
Ethylene Production in Netted Muskmelon Subjected to Postharvest Heating and Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Dunlap James R. , Lingle Sarah E. , Lester Gene E.
Published: February 2019

Postharvest ethylene production and ACC levels were determined in netted muskmelon fruits (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus `Magnum 45') exposed to temperature extremes by heating for 3 hr at 45C and/or storage at 4C. The possibility of using seal-packaging to protect the fruit against temperature-induced changes in ethylene production was examined by wrapping melons before treatment with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) shrink-film. Ethylene production measured in fruit immediately after heating or removal from refrigeration was only 30% of the level determined before treatment, and continued to decline during refrigerated storage. However, the concentration of ACC in these same tissues remained constant or even increased slightly during storage. Wrapping fruit in HDPE film had no effect on the tissue concentrations of ACC or capacity for ethylene synthesis. In contrast to initial measurements, heated or refrigerated fruit held at room temperature (25C) for 24 hr produced ethylene at rates that equalled or exceeded the levels for freshly harvested fruit. These results strongly suggest that temperature-imposed restrictions on ethylene synthesis by netted muskmelon fruit are reversible and occur at the step responsible for converting ACC to ethylene via EFE rather than in the synthesis of ACC. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Ethephon and Mechanical Topping Influence Growth, Yield, and Lodging of Sweet Corn
Authors: Bratsch A.D. , Mack H.J.
Published: February 2019

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 through 1988 to evaluate the effects of rates and timing of ethephon application on growth, yield, and lodging of `Jubilee' sweet corn (Zea mays L.). As a comparison, hand-topping was performed 10 days after early silking to simulate the commercial practice of mechanical topping to reduce lodging. Ethephon reduced plant height by 12% to 26%, with timing of application determining location of internode length reductions. There was greater reduction of ear height by ethephon applied at tassel elongation (TE) than at 1 and 2 weeks later. Effects of ethephon on husked yield varied from an 8% increase in yield to an 18% decrease, depending on rate, timing, and season. Topping reduced yield in one of the four experiments. Ear length was reduced by ethephon at 0.28 kg·ha-1 in two of the four experiments. A helicopter fly-over resulted in 66% of topped plants lodging, compared to 87% of untreated plants. Lodging of plants that received an ethephon application of 0.28 kg·ha-1 at TE averaged 51% for Expts. 2, 3, and 4. The amount of lodging tended to be least in those ethephon treatments with the largest reduction `in plant or ear height. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Inter-relationship of Precocity, Prolificacy, and Percentage Kernel in Pecan
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: February 2019

The inter-relationship of precocity, prolificacy, and kernel percentage was studied in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Prolificacy was highly correlated with precocity, but the relationship was not one to one. Increased precocity resulted in proportionately smaller increase in prolificacy. Variability in kernel percentage increased with prolificacy.
THE EFFECTS OF BENZYLAMINOPURINE AND CHLORFLURENOL ON SEEDLING MORPHOLOGY OF FOUR CONIFER SPECIES
Authors: Tuskan Gerald A. , Poisson Emile J. , Sargent Wayne A.
Published: February 2019

Benzylaminopurine and chlorflurenol were applied to 2-1 nursery stock of Scots pine and ponderosa pine and 2-0 nursery stock Colorado blue spruce and Black Hills spruce to determine if crown morphology was influenced by varying combinations of the two plant growth regulators. Four levels of benzylaminopurine, 0, 250, 750 and 1250 ppm, and two chlorflurenol levels, 0 and 1% (v/v) were tested. Morphological response to treatments was significantly enhanced when treatments were applied to open, elongating buds. Benzylaminopurine significantly increased bud and shoot formation, while chlorflurenol significantly reduced height and increased branch length at species dependent concentrations. The two plant growth regulators lacked positive synergistic effects.
Effect of Fall Ethephon Applications on Bloom Delay, Flowering, and Fruiting of Peach and Prune
Authors: Crisosto Carlos H. , Miller Anita Nina , Lombard Porter B. , Robbins Scott
Published: February 2019

Studies in the use of fall ethephon to delay bloom in peach and prune were carried out during 1985-87. In `Italian' prune, ethephon at 250 and 500 mg·liter-l at 10% leaf-drop stage delayed bloom 13 and 16 days, respectively. Only a 5- and 7-day bloom delay occurred when applied at 50% leaf-drop stage. Fruit set and yield were not reduced in `Italian' prune when ethephon was applied at the 50% leaf-drop stage. Early applications, from vegetative maturity to the 10% leaf-drop stage, did not reduce yield in prone when trees had been previously defoliated with 3.0% urea. Early leaf removal, before vegetative maturity, caused reduction in peach flower and fruit number. In several peach cultivars, all the ethephon treatments were detrimental to flower density, fruit set, and yield, in spite of bloom delay. The ethephon-treated prune trees yielded more than the untreated trees in 1987 as a result of frost avoidance.
Probable Lack of Seed Transmission of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus in Sweet Potato
Authors: Wolters Petra , Collins Wanda , Moyer J.W.
Published: February 2019

The establishment of a sweet potato repository in Georgia that will eventually accept and distribute true seed of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] raised the question of seed transmission of viruses, especially of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV). Seedlings obtained from virus-infected parent plants were free of viral infection. Examination of virus distribution in virus-infected plants determined that SPFMV was present in vegetative tissue, but not in reproductive organs, indicating that the probability of SPFMV transmission in sweet potato through seed is very low.
Peach Tree Growth as Influenced by Grass Species Used in a Killed-sod Planting System
Authors: Welker W.V. , Glenn D.M.
Published: February 2019

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were planted in killed sod developed from five different grasses. Tree growth was evaluated within the killed-sod treatments, as well as between killed-sod and bare soil treatments. Canopy width, tree height, and trunk cross-sectional area were all greater in the killed-sod treatments than in the bare soil treatments. All five grasses tested were acceptable for developing a killed-sod mulch. Chemical names used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); N1(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (diuron); 5-chloro-3-(1-1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (terbacil).
Growth of Seedling Asparagus Inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and Phosphorus Supplementation
Authors: Burrows Rhoda , Pfleger F.L. , Waters Luther
Published: February 2019

Asparagus offcinalis L. `Mary Washington' seedlings inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. and Trappe emend. Walker and Koske showed increased growth after 9 weeks, compared with noninoculated plants. Phosphorus supplementation (25 g·m-3) increased seedling growth of inoculated and noninoculated plants throughout the 26 weeks of the experiment. However, after 9 weeks, there were no differences in growth of inoculated, non-P-supplemented plants and noninoculated, P-supplemented plants. Fern height, fern and crown weight, and bud numbers correlated positively to the percentage of G. fasciculatum root infection.
Herbicide Effects on Tensile Strength and Rooting of Centipedegrass Sod
Authors: Turner D.L. , Sharpe S.S. , Dickens Ray
Published: February 2019

“Effects of selected herbicides on sod tensile strength and rooting of mature and immature turf of common centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack] were studied in field experiments. Herbicides evaluated were atrazine, atrazine + tridiphane, bensulide, DCPA, DPX-6316, imazapyr, imazaquin, napropamide, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, sethoxydim, simazine, and sulfometuron. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT), sod tensile strength was determined, and root length and number were measured 7 to 10 days later. In 1986 sod tensile strength was not affected, but in 1987 the tensile strength of the immature turf was reduced at 8 WAT by bensulide and imazapyr. Rooting was suppressed most by benstdide, imazapyr, napropamide, and sulfometuron at most rates and dates tested. By 8 WAT, root length, root number, and tensile strength of herbicide-treated centipedegrass sod did not differ from that of the untreated sod except for those plots treated with bensulide or imazapyr. Chemical names used: 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N' -(1-methylethyl) -1,3,5-triazine-2,4 -diamine (atrazine); 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) -2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) oxirane (tridiphane); O,O -bis(l-methylethyl)S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyl) amino] ethyl] phosphorodithioate (bensulide); dimethyl 2,3,5,6 -tetrachloro-1,4 -benzenedicarboxylate (DCPA); methyl 3-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylaminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboWlate (DPX-6316); (&)-2-[4,5 -dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl] -3-pyridinecarbolic acid (imazapyr); 2-[4,5-dihydro-4 -methyl-4 -(1-methylethyl) -5-oxo-W-imidazol-2-yl]-3 -quinolinecarboxylic acid (imazaquin); N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propanamide (napropamide); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5 -(1-methylethoxy) phenyl]-5-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4 -oxadiazol-2-(3H) -one (oxadiazon); N-(1 -ethylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); .2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2 -cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim); 6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2)4-diamine (simazine); 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid (sulfometuron).
Artificial Light Enhances Red Pigmentation, but Not Ripening, of Harvested `Anna' Apples
Authors: Saks Yolanta , Sonego Lilian , Ben-Arie Ruth
Published: February 2019

Mature-green `Anna' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) reddened after harvest as a result of exposure to continuous cool-white fluorescent light. Color development was most rapid at 20C but most intense at 13C. At 2C, although the induction of red pigmentation was the slowest, a 72-hr exposure rendered color not significantly different from that of red, commercially harvested fruit. The development of color was light-intensity dependent, approaching saturation at 14.5 W·m-2 (at 13 C). No differences in fruit ripening were found between fruit that developed color under artificial light and red fruit from the commercial harvest, in spite of some stimulation of ethylene production during illumination.
Ethylene Evolution and Membrane Permeability in Red Maple Foliage Fumigated with Acute Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Roberts Bruce R. , Schnipke Virginia M. , Barger Jack H.
Published: February 2019

Two-year-old seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were fumigated with SO2 (0.0, 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm) 8 hours daily for two 3-day periods spaced 3 days apart. Response to acute SO2 stress was determined by measuring changes in ethylene biosynthesis and membrane permeability. Ethylene evolution was a useful indicator of the onset of SO2 stress in red maple, but was not a particularly good indicator of the degree of stress. Membrane permeability was not as sensitive to the initial stages of SO2 stress, and significant changes in permeability were noted only at higher concentrations of this pollutant (> 2.0 ppm).
PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL OF SOLAR INFRARED TRANSMITTING MULCHES
Authors: Loy J. Brent , Wells Otho S.
Published: February 2019

Experimental mulches which transmit high levels of solar infrared radiation and low levels of photosynthetically active radiation were compared to clear and black polyethylene mulches. Increases in soil temperature under infrared transmitting (IRT) mulches were intermediate between those under black and clear mulch. The IRT mulch with the highest solar transmittance (50%) produced soil temperatures close to those under clear mulch (T = 87%). Early leaf canopy development in muskmelon was enhanced more by both IRT and clear mulches than with black mulch. Minimal weed growth occurred under IRT mulches, but there was severe weed pressure from purslane under clear mulch with no herbicide.
Leaf Attributes as Indices of Fruit Quality in Prune Tree Canopies
Authors: Southwick S.M. , Weinbaum S.A. , Muraoka T.T. , Krueger W.R. , Shackel K.A. , Yeager J.T.
Published: February 2019

Leaf dry weight per leaf area (LDW/LA); weight of leaf N per unit leaf area (LN/LA); leaf dry weight (LDW); and fruit quality, particularly sugar per fruit (SF); fruit fresh weight (FFW); and fruit dry weight (FDW) were measured over a range of daily average incident photosynthetic photon flux values (PPF) (50 to 1000 μmol·s-1·m-2) in 7-year-old prune (Prunus domestics L. syn. `Petite d'Agen') tree canopies. Linear or curvilinear relationships between these leaf attributes and fruit characteristics were significant over the PPF range. Analysis of LDW/LA or LN/LA may be used to indicate tree canopy locations in which fruit size and quality is limited by suboptimal PPF.
Influence of Photoperiod on Liatris spicata Generative Shoot Growth
Authors: Espinosa Ignacio , Healy Will
Published: February 2019

One-year-old corms of Liatris spicata Willd. produced from seed and 2-year-old corms from division of previously forced corms were placed under 8 hours of natural daylight plus 0, 4, 6, or 8 hours of incandescent (5 μmol·s-l·m-2) day continuation to equal 8-, 12-, or 16-hour photoperiods. Plants were grown under these photoperiods during the first 35 days after shoot emergence (initial) and then were grown under a second photoperiod of 8, 12, 14, or 16 hours until harvest (final). The combination of initial and final photoperiod treatments resulted in a total of 16 photoperiod combinations. Two-year-old corms flowered 10 days earlier than l-year-old corms, but l-year-old corms produced twice as many vegetative shoots and 15% more flowering shoots than the 2-year-old corms. Long initial photoperiod (14 or 16 hours) treatments. (LD) reduced-the days to flower by 8 days and increased flower shoot elongation by 20 cm, compared with initial short days (8 or 12 hours, SD). However, initial LD treatments decreased the number of flowering shoots by 50%, compared to initial SD treatments. An initial SD followed by a final LD did not decrease the number of flowering shoots, yet promoted greater stem elongation (92 cm) than continuous LD (83 cm).
Influence of Endocarp Thickness on Rose Achene Germination: Genetic and Environmental Factors
Authors: Gudin Serge , Arene Laurence , Chavagnat André , Bulard Camille
Published: February 2019

Rose achenes of different genetic origins, all belonging to the species Rosa hybrids L., subjected to radiography films, germination tests, in situ observations of embryo development, and different temperature conditions during maturation showed that achene germination is affected by endocarp thickness. Furthermore, a relation between embryo development rate and endocarp thickness is demonstrated.
High Frequency of Somatic Embryogenesis and Recover of Fertile Cucumber Plants
Authors: Chee Paula P.
Published: February 2019

A simple procedure for regeneration of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Poinsett 76) from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants has been developed. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium supplemented with 2,4-D at 2.0 mg·liter-1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter-1. Development of embryos was accomplished on MS medium with NAA at 1.0 mg·liter-1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter-1. Eighty-five percent of the mature somatic embryos formed showed a typical bipolar structure. All developed into morphologically normal plantlets when transferred to MS medium containing no growth regulators. Chemical name used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
EVALUATIONS OF PRODIAMINE AND METHAZOLE FOR CONTAINER ORNAMENTAL WEED CONTROL
Authors: Wells D. W. , Constantin R. J. , Wells J. W.
Published: February 2019

Six prodiamine treatments, three applied alone and three applied in combination with methazole, were compared with oxyfluorfen/oryzalin, oxadiazon, and controls (weeded and non-weeded) on ornamental and weed species. Ornamentals included green liriope, Asiatic jasmine, serissa, gardenia, `Needlepoint' holly, Japanese yew, `Prostrata' juniper, and `Carror' azalea. Weeds grown in separate containers were goosegrass, crabgrass, pigweed, and prostrate spurge. At 13 days after treatment (DAT), oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen/oryzalin caused some contact burn on liriope, and the injury persisted until the 81 DAT rating. Methazole/prodiamine treatments caused chlorosis on gardenia leaf tips, with plants recovering by 61 DAT. These combinations also resulted in slight injury to azalea at the first rating, but the injury disappeared by the second rating. Control of goosegrass, crabgrass, and pigweed was good to excellent with all chemical treatments. Control of spurge using oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen/oryzalin decreased at 81 and 100 DAT.
ROW MANAGEMENT OF FIELD-GROWN NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Baldridge L.P. , Newman S.E.
Published: February 2019

Most field production of woody ornamental plants involves clean cultivation of rows, performed by either mechanical or chemical means. Grass cover has been shown to reduce erosion, but may have a detrimental effect on the growth and vigor of young trees. Clover cover has been shown to not adversely affect plant growth. The objective of this study was to compare the relative merits of three row covers, clean cultivated, pine bark mulch and kobe lespedeza clover, in combination with two irrigation rates, low and high, on field-grown red bud and crape myrtle plants.

Crape myrtle and red bud plants were tallest and had a larger caliper when grown with a clean row or with pine bark mulch. Kobe lespedeza clover reduced plant growth of both species when supplemental irrigation was not provided. Clover reduced plant height and caliper of red bud even when irrigated. Generally, plants grown under pine bark mulch were more efficient in water use as shown by greater stomatal conductance in August.
CONTROL OF BASAL SUCKER GROWTH ON TREE-FORM CRAPE MYRTLE IN THE LANDSCAPE WITH NAA.
Authors: Pembcrton H. Brent , Cushman Kent E.
Published: February 2019

Basal sucker shoots between 15 and 30 cm tall on multi-branched, tree-form crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica) were sprayed to run-off with NAA solutions of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% in June. Five weeks later, sucker growth was assigned a visual rating from 0 to 4 denoting 0 to 100% control. Heights of three basal shoots were measured for each plant as another indicator of control. Visual ratings increased linearly from 1 to 3.6 as NAA increased from 0 to 1.5%. Basal shoot height decreased quadratically with increasing NAA concentration with the 1.0 and 1.5% NAA treatments resulting in a 53% reduction when compared to the control. Further work is needed to assess the effect of NAA on flowering and to determine if spring applications will result in season long control.
GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF MANDEVILLA `ALICE DU PONT' IN RESPONSE TO UNICONAZOLE.
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Deneke C. Fred
Published: February 2019

Vegetative growth and flowering of Mandevilla `Alice du Pont' in response to foliar-applied uniconazole were determined in 3 experiments. Plants pruned to 2 nodes were treated with foliar applications of 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm uniconazole. All uniconazole rates induced temporary leaf cupping and suppressed growth excessively for at least 6 weeks; thereafter, plants grew similarly to the control. Single applications of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm uniconazole were not effective in controlling vegetative growth, but multiple applications of 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 ppm uniconazole provided acceptable, but not excessive, suppression of internode elongation. As the concentration of uniconazole increased, the interval between applications increased. Flowering was delayed and bloom size was reduced as uniconazole rate increased.
QUALITY AND YIELD OF AGERATUM, ASTER, CELOSIA AND GODETIA GROWN AS FIELD GROWN CUTFLOWERS
Authors: Utami Liliek , Anderson Robert G , Geneve Robert L , Kester Sharon
Published: February 2019

Warm season annual flowers were trialed as field grown cutflowers in the summer of 1989. Plants were transplanted to the field in early or late May and grown at densities of 40 plants m-2 in beds with black plastic mulch, trickle irrigation and support wires. Tall ageratum, `Horizon Blue'., plants were harvested throughout the summer with total yields of 290 stems m-2with stem lengths over 36 cm long. Stem lengths increased significantly over the summer; 40% of the stems harvested in September were over 56 cm long. Spray asters, `Matsumoto Blue', Matsumoto Red' and `Serene Red', were harvested eight weeks after transplanting with yields of 20 to 30 stems m-2; 60% of the stems were 36-45 cm long and 40% were 46-55 cm long. Tall, crested celosia, `Red Chief', `Gold Chief' and `Fire Chief', plants were harvested 8 weeks after transplanting with yields of 45 stems m-2 over 60% of the stems were 45 cm long or longer. Godetia, `Grace Red' and `Grace Salmon', plants sown March 3 and planted in the field April 10, performed well; later plantings were much less successful. Plants were planted at a density of 5 m-2 and produced 25 to 50 flower stems per plant; stem lengths were 30 to 38 cm long.
BROILER LITTER: POTENTIAL SOIL AMENDMENT FOR BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: Gilliam Charles , Donald James
Published: February 2019

Broiler litter is an abundant natural resource in the Southeastern United States. In Alabama, an estimated 1.4 tons are produced annually. In Expt. 1, two broiler litter treatments were compared at 3 rates. Sixty days after planting, growth of 4 bedding plants (Ageratum, begonia, dianthus, and marigold) was greater with both litter treatments at 20 ton/acre rate compared to the standard fertilizer recommendation of 120 1bN/A (applied as 12N-2.6P-4.9K) Composting reduced the unpleasant odor associated with traditional deepstack handling of broiler litter. In Expt. 2, selected ratios of broiler litter, pinebark, and cotton waste were mixed and composted. Maximum plant response occurred with a combination of composted media plus commercial fertilizer.