bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF OWC WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS BY INCIDENT FLOW STEERING
Authors: ESTEBAN ALCALA GUSTAVO ADOLFO , ESTURO ARCORCHA SOFIA , BIDAGUREN DIEGO IÑIGO , IZQUIERDO EREÑO URKO , ALBAINA-LOPEZ DE ARMENTIA IÑIGO , PEÑA BANDRES ALBERTO , BLANCO ILZARBE JESUS MARIA
Published: January 2024

In recent years, the interest in capturing wave energy has increased notably due to the immense potential available and the need to deepen and diversify the use of renewable energies. Oscillating Water Column (OWC) technology is one of the most technologically developed, with the world's first grid-connected demonstration plant located in Mutriku. However, the efficiency of this technology is still insufficient for its consolidation in the energy mix. Therefore, the present work presents an advance in the increase in the extraction of energy from the incident waves through the installation of a frontal ramp that directs the wave flow towards the vertical chamber of the oscillating column. The improvement achieved will be determined by means of a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 2D scaled model, which represents the interaction of the structure with different incident wave states. Different geometric options of the ramp are analyzed in comparison with the usual vertical wall option where the phenomenon of pure reflection occurs. This work aims to contribute to improving the efficiency of OWC technology, favoring the use of wave energy as a renewable energy source.

Keywords: Oscillating Water Column (OWC), wave energy converter (WEC), Response Amplitude Operator (RAO), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), wave energy
Safety and tolerability of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in children and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nagendra Lakshmi , Dutta Deep , Girijashankar Harish Bukkasagar , Khandelwal Deepak , Lathia Tejal , Sharma Meha
Published: January 2024

Purpose: Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been evaluated in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and several other nondiabetic conditions. Potential tolerability issues have prevented the routine use of SGLT2i in children with diabetes. However, no meta-analysis to date has evaluated the safety and tolerability of SGLT2i in children. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address this knowledge gap.Methods: Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case control, and cohort studies involving children receiving SGLT2i in the intervention-arm. Primary outcome was occurrence of treatment emergent adverse events (TAEs). Secondary outcomes were evaluation of glycemic efficacy and occurrence of severe adverse events (SAEs), hypoglycemia, ketosis, genital or urinary infections, and any other adverse events.Results: From the 27 articles initially screened, data from 4 RCTs (258 children) were analyzed. In children with T2DM, occurrence of TAEs (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–3.36; P=0.08; I2=0%), SAEs (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.08–2.54; P=0.37; I2=0%), ketoacidosis (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.01–8.37; P=0.50), urinary tract infections (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 0.44–12.50; P=0.32; I2=0%), and severe hypoglycemia (OR, 4.47; 95% CI, 0.21–96.40; P=0.34) were comparable among the SGLTi group and placebo. Compared to placebo, T2DM children receiving SGLTi had significantly lower glycosylated hemoglobin at 24–26 weeks (mean difference [MD], -0.79%; 95% CI, -1.33 to -0.26; P=0.004; I2=0%). In T1DM children, β-hydroxybutyrate levels were significantly higher in the SGLTi group than the placebo group (MD, 0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.05–0.17; P=0.0005; I2=53%). In T1DM, there was not a single report of an SAE, ketoacidosis, or severe hypoglycemia in either the placebo or treatment groups, but time-in-range was considerably greater in the SGLT2i group than the placebo group (68%±6% vs. 50%±13%, P<0.001).Conclusion: SGLT2i use in children and young adults appears to be both safe and tolerable based on our meta-analyses and review of the literature.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LIMBAH KULIT BUAH MANGGA TERHADAP SELAI BUAH MANGGA (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Nurhasnia  , Mardesci Hermiza
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik kimia dan penerimaan konsumen terhadap olahan selai mangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan A (penambahan kulit buah 20%), B (penambahan kulit  buah 30%), C (penambahan kulit buah 40%), D (penambahan kulit buah 50%). Parameter yang di analisa kadar air (%), viskositas (%), dan uji organoleptik (warna, tekstur, aroma dan rasa). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kadar air tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan A, sedangkan kadar air terendah terdapat pada perlakuan D. Hasil pengamatan viskositas memperlihatkan bahwa viskositas tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan A, sedangkan viskositas terendah terdapat pada perlakuan D. Pada uji organoleptik didapatkan hasil bahwa warna, aroma, tekstur, dan rasa dengan nilai tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan A, sedangkan nilai terendah terdapat pada perlakuan D
Wick–Fourier–Hermite Series in the Theory of Linear and Nonlinear Transformations of Gaussian Distributions
Authors: Chernousova E. , Molchanov S. , Shiryaev A.
Published: January 2024

This article provides information on Hermite polynomials and its application to some problems in risk theory and site percolation.
Pelatihan Keterampilan Kreativitas dalam Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Lansia Rumah Bahagia Bintan
Authors: Azizah Azizah , Fitriani Vivi
Published: January 2024

Lansia adalah kelompok populasi yang semakin berkembang di seluruh dunia. Peningkatan jumlah mereka disebabkan oleh tingkat harapan hidup yang lebih tinggi dan peningkatan akses terhadap perawatan kesehatan, tetapi masalah kualitas hidup yang dihadapi oleh orang-orang lanjut usia tetap menjadi masalah utama. Akibatnya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa efektif pelatihan keterampilan kreatif, dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup orang tua di Rumah Bahagia Bintan. Pada tingkat kesehatan masyarakat, orang tua mengalami perubahan fisik, biologi, mental, dan sosial secara bertahap selama waktu tertentu. Karena itu, perkembangan kesehatan orang tua sejalan dengan penuaan. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan dengan memberikan penyuluhan tentang topik kesehatan lansia, pelatihan keterampilan kerajinan tangan, dan permainan untuk melatih daya ingat lansia. Peserta pelatihan sangat antusias mengikuti kegiatan tersebut. Mereka juga menerima pre-post informasi tentang materi yang dibahas. Perlu dilakukan upaya untuk menangani masalah kesehatan dan kualitas hidup orang tua karena mereka berisiko mengalami depresi, disabilitas, dan penurunan kualitas hidup. Salah satu cara untuk menangani masalah ini adalah dengan memberikan pendampingan yang berkelanjutan kepada orang tua untuk membangun lingkungan yang sehat
KISITLI ENERJİ ALIMININ METABOLİK ETKİLERİ
Authors: Karaağaç Rabia Melda , PINARLI FALAKACILAR Çağla
Published: January 2024

Obezite, yaygınlığı günden güne artmakta olan önemli bir halk sağlığı problemidir. Yıllar boyunca çeşitli fonksiyonel besinler, diyet türleri ve cerrahi müdahaleler obezite tedavisinde yer almıştır. Bu yöntemlerden biri de kısıtlı enerji alımıdır. Obezitenin tedavisi noktasında sıklıkla enerji alımının kısıtlanmasına odaklanılmaktadır. Enerji alımının kısıtlanması, 500 yılı aşkın bir süredir hem yaşam süresini hem de kalitesini artırmak amacıyla uygulanmaktadır. Enerji alımının kısıtlanması, yetersiz beslenme olmaksızın kalori alımını azaltan bir beslenme yaklaşımıdır. Bu kısıtlama ile birlikte vücutta gerek hormonal gerekse sağlık üzerine olumlu etkiler görüldüğü saptanmıştır. Kısıtlı enerji alımı sonucu vücutta oksidatif stres hasarı, insülin ve leptin seviyeleri azalmakta, grelin ve adiponektin düzeyleri artmaktadır. Akrıca kanser, metabolik sendrom gibi hastalıklar üzerinde iyileştirici etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, kısıtlı enerji alımının metabolik etkilerini güncel literatür bilgileri ışığında değerlendirmektir.
Olimpik Eğitim ve Olimpiyatların Etkisi Açısından 2000 Sydney, 2012 Londra ve 2016 Rio Olimpiyatları İncelemesi
Authors: Bal Merve , Kanbir Özlem , KARADAĞOĞLU TOPAL Çağla
Published: January 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı daha önce olimpiyatlara ev sahipliği yapmış şehirlerin ve ülkelerin olimpiyat adaylığı sürecinden başlayarak, olimpiyatları organize etme süreci ve bu süreçte ne gibi programlar gerçekleştirdiklerinin, uzun dönemli olarak nasıl bir olimpik eğitim programı izlediklerinin incelenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın desenini betimsel tarama modeli oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada; 2000 Sydney, 2012 Londra ve 2016 Rio olimpiyatlarının olimpiyat süreçlerinde geliştirdikleri olimpik değerler eğitim programları, gönüllülük kavramı ve olimpiyatların etkilerine değinilmiştir. Elde edinilen araştırma sonuçlarında, incelenen şehir ve ülkelerin uzun dönemli olimpik eğitim programlarında kalıcılığa ve sürekliliğe önem verildiği, bunu toplumun her basamağına yayarak ortak bir kültürel miras oluşturma, bu eğitim programlarının oluşturulmasında çeşitli programlar, projeler ve materyaller üreterek bunları ulusal eğitim programlarına dahil edip, olimpik eğitim bilincini her yaş grubu tarafından benimsenmesini ve öğrenilmesini sağlamışlardır. Bununla birlikte ulusal olimpiyat komitelerinin organizasyonları düzenlemedeki her paydaşları ile ortak bir çalışma içerisinde olarak olimpiyat oyunları gerçekleştirmenin en önemli yapı taşlarından olan gönüllülük esasına önem vererek bu ulusal ve uluslararası gönüllülerin organizasyonlarda yer almalarını sağladıkları belirlenmiştir
Engelli Çocuklara Sahip Olan Ailelerdeki Kaygı Düzeyi: Derleme
Authors: Karacan Şimşek Çağla , Demir Ömer , Şahin Yılmaz Nurcan
Published: January 2024

derlemesini yapmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, özel gereksinimi olan çocukların ailelerinin kaygı düzeyleri konusuna yönelik son 10 yıldır bilimsel araştırmalarda neler yapıldığı özetlenmiştir. Çalışma, Mayıs-Eylül 2023 tarihleri arasında “engelli çocuklar, özel gereksinimli çocuklar, özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip aileler, kaygı düzeyi” kelimeleri geçen araştırma makaleleri taranarak bu kapsamda 26 araştırma makalesine ulaşıldı. Elde edilen makalelerin çalışmamız kriterlerine uymayan üçü çalışma dışı bırakılarak 23 makale incelemeye alınıp değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: İncelenen makalelerin büyük çoğunluğunun 2004-2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan makaleler ve bu derleme çalışması kapsamında incelediğimiz 23 makalede 3050 ebeveynin yer aldığı saptanmıştır (Tablo 1). Çalışma kapsamında incelenen makalelerin %47,7’sinin 2019-2022 yılları arasında yapıldığı (n=11) görülmüştür (Tablo 2). Yapılan çalışmalar, desenlerine göre incelendiğinde ise %75’inin nitel türde olduğu (n=16) ve %45’inin zihinsel engelli çocuğa sahip ailelere ait olduğu (n=10) saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin fiziksel, duygusal, sosyal ve ekonomik bakımdan büyük bir yük altında olmaları, kaygı ve depresyon düzeylerinin artmasında büyük rol oynadığı yapılan çalışmalar doğrultunda saptanmıştır. Ailelerin kaygı düzeylerinin azaltılmasında, bireylerin aile içindeki sorumluluklarında iş bölümü yapılmasının bireyler üzerindeki yükü hafiflettiğini ve kendilerine zaman ayırarak daha mutlu olabildiklerini söyleyebiliriz. Ailelerin en fazla yakındığı konular arasında çocuklarıyla birlikte sosyal ortamlarda rahat zaman geçiremedikleri ve dolayısıyla asosyal bir yaşam sürmeye zorunlu kaldıkları belirtilmiştir. Bu anlamda da yapılacak olan toplumu bilinçlendirme ve farkındalık çalışmalarıyla engelli çocuğa sahip ailelerdeki kaygı ve depresyon düzeylerinin azalabileceğini söylemek mümkündür. Ailelere sağlanan bilgi, bakım, barınma, istihdam, danışmanlık, eğitim ve gelir düzeyini artırmaya yönelik desteklere ek olarak, topluma yönelik eğitimler ve birlikte uygulanacak projelerin engelli çocuğa sahip ailelerin karşılaştıkları zorluklarla baş edebilmeleri, yaşamlarını normale döndürebilmeleri ve yaşam kalitelerini artırabilmeleri, ayrıca kaygılarının azalması açısından büyük öneme sahip olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.
Impact of tissue-electrode contact force on irreversible electroporation for atrial fibrillation in potato models
Authors: Hu Tiantian , Yuan Yingfan , Zhan Mengying , Wang Binyu , Mao Lin , Zhou Yu
Published: January 2024

Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging tissue ablation technique that offers advantages over traditional catheter ablation, such as minimal thermal damage and reduced treatment time. However, as this technique also involves delivering energy through a catheter to target tissue, there are still challenges regarding the contact between the catheter and the targeted tissue, and there is a lack of relevant studies. In this study, we examined this issue using potato models with three groups of experiments. Methods: First, the relationship between the effect of biphasic and monophasic output modes and contact force (CF) was studied. Next, the effect of different voltages on biphasic output mode was examined. Finally, impedance analysis was conducted to test the contact impedance under different CFs. Results: The IRE ablation efficacy increased with the increase of CF in both monophasic and biphasic output modes, and there was a strong correlation between the ablation efficacy and the CF. In addition, at three voltage levels, the IRE ablation efficacy increased with increasing CF, and there was a strong correlation between the ablation efficacy and the CF. Conclusion: The results indicate that, under common IRE electrical parameter configuration, the effect of IRE on the tissue has a positive response to the CF of the electrode in the potato model. This finding has important implications for the design of electrodes used in IRE for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Progress of near-infrared spectroscopy in cerebral blood oxygenation detection: A mini review
Authors: Gui Xinrui , Shi Tingting , Song Ruoyu , Yan Rongguo
Published: January 2024

In contrast to conventional oximeters, near-infrared spectroscopy-based brain tissue oximetry monitoring devices are capable of non-invasive, continuous, and real-time quantitative monitoring of cerebral oximetry parameters. Initially, these devices were utilized for intensive care or surgical monitoring of oxygen saturation. Due to the rapid advancement of optoelectronic sensing and measurement technologies over the past decade, the derived functional near-infrared brain imaging devices have been widely used in a variety of fields. This paper first introduces the basic principles of near-infrared spectroscopy-based cerebral oxygenation parameter detection, then focuses on the most recent developments in this field of study. Finally, a prospect on their future application in practical settings is also provided.
Tablolarla Fıkıh Usûlü, Enver Osman Kaan (İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2. Basım, 2021), 144 sayfa, ISBN: 9789755485201
Authors: Menekşe Ömer
Published: January 2024

Temel İslam bilimlerinden biri olan Fıkıh usulü daha ilk dönemlerinden itibaren yoğun ilgi görmüş, bu konuda metin, şerh, haşiye ve muhtasar niteliğinde çeşitlilik arz eden oldukça geniş bir literatür oluşmuştur.
Usul ilminin belli başlı meselelerini içeren bu eserler, modern dönem dediğimiz son iki yüzyılda klasik tarzdan farklı olarak daha sistemli ve metodik bir şekilde ele alınmıştır.
Bu kapsamda pratik, bilgilerin öğretilmesini, öğrenilmesini ve uygulanmasını kolay kılacak, kolay hatırlanmasını sağlayacak kavram haritaları, şemalar ve tablolar gibi görsel materyallerden oluşan yeni öğretim metod ve teknikleri ile eserler telif edilmeye başlanmıştır.
Nitekim tanıtımını yapacağımız Tablolarla Fıkıh Usûlü adlı eser de bu tarz çalışmalardan biridir. Bu eser tablolarla zenginleştirilmiş, hem öğretici hem de öğrencinin fıkıh usulü ilmine dair konuları daha kolay kavramasını sağlayacak bir yardımcı ders kitabı niteliğindedir.
Akdeniz’de Savaş Osmanlı-İspanya Mücadelesi (1560-1574), Hüseyin Serdar Tabakoğlu (İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2020), 352 sayfa, ISBN: 9786057635150
Authors: Gülümser Ahmet
Published: January 2024

16. yüzyıl, Akdeniz’de Osmanlı ile İspanya arasındaki rekabetin doruğa çıktığı bir yüzyıl olmuştur. Her iki imparatorluğun da en olgun dönemlerinde gerçekleşen bu mücadele, Akdeniz’deki dengeleri değiştirmiş ve jeopolitik önemi sebebiyle her iki unsurun da süpergüç olma iddiasında bulunduğu bir yer olmuştur. Şüphesiz bunda en önemli etken Akdeniz ticaretinde söz sahibi olma arzularında yatmaktadır. Gerçekten de Akdeniz, jeopolitik konumu itibariyle Antik çağlardan itibaren birçok devletin hayallerini süsleyen bir mekan olagelmiştir. İki devlet arasında gerçekleşen bu çekişmede bazen Osmanlılar galip gelirken, bazen de özellikle papadan aldığı haçlı birliği desteğiyle İspanyollar galip gelmiştir.
Knowledge of Child Sexual Abuse Warning Signs among Secondary School Children in Temeke – Tanzania
Authors: Buhori Johnas A.
Published: January 2024

The study aimed at assessing the level of warning sign knowledge as the primary prevention measure among secondary school children in Temeke Municipal. Specifically, the study intended to establish the knowledge level of warning signs as well as identifying common and least known warning signs among children. This study was a descriptive in nature which employed a sample size of 175 research subjects. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire; where the study was carried out in five secondary schools in Temeke. The study findings revealed that children have limited knowledge of warning signs; though, scores among identified warning signs had marginal differences. Further, fear of some people or places, developing lying habit and the knowledge of good, bad and confusing touching were identified by the research subjects as the common warning signs while developing new names of the genital was identified as the least known warning sign among others. Thus, the study recommends for programs geared towards imparting knowledge of warning signs in order to combat incidents of child sexual abuse.
Influence of Financial Motivation on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Public Secondary Schools in Kigoma District, Tanzania
Authors: Mabagala Daphina L. , Bilantanye Bahati E.
Published: January 2024

There have been complains for many years among stakeholders about the status of secondary education in Tanzania. Teachers’ attrition, absenteeism and low teaching morale have attributed to the decline of educational quality in many countries including Tanzania. Inadequate financial motivation among educators has been the important agenda in provision of quality education in many parts of the world. Therefore, the study on the influence of financial motivation to job satisfaction among secondary school teachers was imperative. Specifically, this study intended to examine the extent of financial motivation to public secondary school teachers; find out levels of job satisfaction among secondary school teachers and establishing if there is a relationship between financial motivations and job satisfaction among public secondary school teachers in Kigoma district. The study was underpinned on scientific management theory and utilized descriptive survey design particularly cross-sectional survey. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 82 teachers while 10 Academic masters/mistresses and heads of schools were purposively included. Data were collected through questionnaires and interview schedules. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively (frequencies and percentages) and inferentially (Chi-square test and spearman rank correlation method at .05 and .01 significant levels) while qualitative data from interviews was managed through thematic techniques. Generally, it was found out that there is a significant difference in financial motivation among public secondary school teachers. It was also found out that there is a significant difference in teachers’ job satisfaction among public secondary school teachers in Kigoma district. Furthermore, the study revealed that there is a positive relationship between financial motivation and job satisfaction among public secondary school teachers in Kigoma district (r=.355, p=.003) The study therefore recommends that policymakers in educational sector should enforce school managers and administrators to provide compensational rewards to teachers which reflect teachers’ status.
A Motivational Conundrum on Transition to Secondary Education: What Are the Sources of Information for Primary Pupils on the Next Levels of Schooling in Tanzania?
Authors: Sumbizi Enerico J. , Kyando Newton M.
Published: January 2024

This research article is focusing on the analysis of motivation of primary school pupils towards secondary level schooling the study was conducted in Mpanda district council, Tanzania. The study applied aa mixed research approaches with a survey study design. The study involved 286 participants; students in secondary and primary schools, Ward executive Officers, Village Executive Officers, Primary and secondary education Officers, Region Education Officer, School Board Chairpersons, Parents and other key informants as education stakeholders. Bothe probability and nonprobability sampling techniques were applied. Data collection methods used were questionnaires and interviews. SPSS and contents analysis were used to process data collected. Based on the advocacy of the sources, the study informed that sources of information on the relevance of secondary education were categorized into right and wrong sources. The former brings positive motivation whereas the later brings negative motivation. Overall, the study revealed that teachers, parents, successful people with post-primary education level and local Government authorities were right sources of information and models to primary pupils on the relevance of secondary education. However, Wrong sources included peer groups who failed to join secondary education or those joined but could not make it to completion to form four and unemployed graduates. The study recommends that knowledge, network, and information should be linked together. The community at large should tie hands together to share information that will play an advocacy role to primary pupils on the relevance of secondary education to help them cultivate both intrinsic an extrinsic motivation to participate into secondary education and lifelong learning process.
Knowledge and Attitude of Teachers Regarding Sexuality Education in Public Secondary Schools: The Case of Muleba District
Authors: Mseti Elias , Daudi Abdon
Published: January 2024

With increase of health-related risk behavior among adolescence (students), a comprehensive sexual health education in schools has remained a solution to reduce these cases and challenges among youth. However, effectiveness of sexuality education in schools depends more on attitude and knowledge of teachers who impart knowledge and experience to students. With regard to that, this study aimed at assessing knowledge and attitude of teachers regarding sexuality education in public secondary schools. Muleba District was used as a study area. A cross-sectional design was used to guide a researcher in collecting data from 158 teachers using a close-ended questionnaire. The study findings showed positive attitude among teachers regarding key issues on sexuality education such as willingness to teach sexuality education. However, local cultural norms and beliefs distract their intention of teaching students about their sexuality and lack of formal training on sexuality matters increases teachers` anxiety and lower their confidence in handling various topics concerning sexuality education. This study recommends that short trainings on sexuality matters should be provided to teachers to increase their skills and confidence; and harmful cultural norms in local areas should be discouraged to ensure effectiveness of sexuality education in schools
Quality Assurance in School Assessment for Education Improvement: The Analysis of Experiences from Secondary School English teachers in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Mwakamele Imani M.
Published: January 2024

Quality assurance is inevitable in school assessment for the improvement of education since; the best school assessment is the tool to understand the skills and competences which the student has acquired through teaching and learning process. The skills and competences acquired will help the student to exist in the era of rapid change. Therefore, the Quality assurance should focus on enhancing and improving the process that is used to prepare the assessment, rather than focusing on the result itself. The study highlights the principles of assessment which include validity, reliability, transparency, inclusivity and equitability, relevance, manageable and practicable in ensuring the quality of assessment in school assessment. The study was conducted in ten (5) government schools and ten (5) private schools in Dar-es-Salaam Region. The study used survey methodology to collect primary data. A total of sixty-four (64) teachers participated in the research.  Data were collected through questionnaire. The result showed that Teachers were found to assess students mainly for assigning grades rather than assessing for learning. Furthermore, the findings from the study revealed that teachers had inadequate knowledge in the area of assessment principles and quality assurance in assessment. It was also found that large classes and teaching workloads affected the quality of assessment in schools. However, for ensuring the quality of school assessment, the study recommends that, teachers should get refresher courses on the principles of assessment in order to equip them with the effective assessment skills. It is also suggested that the teaching process especially in the area of assessment be monitored closely by the inspectorate division in order to ensure its quality.
Evolution and Policy Reforms in Tanzania: A Glance on Education Sector Development to Year 2010.
Authors: Kyando Newton M. , Sumbizi Enerico John
Published: January 2024

This article focuses on the education sector policy development in Tanzania, by a review of related literature. It starts with a brief on education in colonial times through of Mwalimu Nyerere in Tanzania politics; educational aspects of the Ujamaa na Kujitegemea policy leading into Education for Self-Reliance; recent educational policies reflecting the reforms experienced in Tanzania; and finally a look at the most recent educational document, ESDP, as a working document. A close look reveals the long persisting educational problems that have been moving with the reforms. It is clear that the educational reforms and policies had, always, political forces behind them as well as global economic changes on its broadest sense. Post 1980 economic forces dismantled whatever was built by the political forces, in the name of reforms. These, when combined with existing problems, raises a number of questions; Is the failure of policy implementation a result of little or no consideration of educational research? And what is the educational research position when it comes to influencing policy implementation? This paper argues that reform and transformations in policies are based on foreign forces, ad hoc measures and limited scientific evaluation of issues from the local initiatives. This has led into catch up approach of policy making in education sector, making it difficult to establish long-term success base. By implication this means that scholars within the state borders, whether by design or default had stayed out of policy processes.
The Students ways of Financing the Higher Learning Education at The Open University of Tanzania
Authors: Magali Joseph
Published: January 2024

This paper assesses the ways the students from the Open University of Tanzania finance their education by using descriptive analysis. The study involved 182 students from Manyara regional centre in Tanzania who were selected by using the systematic random sampling technique. The study reveals that only 45% of the students finance higher education by using a loan from commercial banks. The study further found that students financed their higher education by using money from SACCOS, NGO MFIs and VICOBA. This paper recommends that commercial banks and other MFIs devise ways to finance higher education in Tanzania.
Role of Research on Effective Teaching And Learning in ODL Institutions: The Case Study of The Open University of Tanzania
Authors: Magali Joseph
Published: January 2024

This study analyzed the role of research on effective teaching and learning in the open and distance learning (ODL) institutions specifically at the Open University of Tanzania. The paper examined the key variables to be considered for ODL research at the Open University of Tanzania. The study reveals that the studies done to assess the role of research at OUT are inadequate and lack coverage in ODL variables and methodology. The study recommends that more studies should be conducted to assess the perception of instructors and students on the ODL mode of teaching and learning at OUT and other higher learning ODL institutions
The Influence of Motives and Significant others in Adolescent Tobacco Smoking: Evidence from a Survey of Secondary School Adolescents in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Mhalila Divine Joshua
Published: January 2024

This study explored the psychosocial influence of tobacco smoking among secondary school adolescents in Ilala district, Dar es Salam region. Specifically, the study sought to explore the influence of significant others and motives on tobacco smoking among secondary school adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 secondary school adolescents aged between 12 and 22.  The findings revealed that the major motive that drives adolescents to smoke tobacco was experimentation. Other motives include; the desire to reduce frustration, pleasure, persuaded to smoke, a way of solving problem, and the habit of being sent to light up cigarette.   It was further revealed that smoking cigarette as a way of keeping busy had little influence on secondary schools’ adolescents in Ilala district while the influence of close friends and brothers made a strong contribution to secondary school adolescents in Ilala district to smoke tobacco. Significant others like sister, mother and father were found to have little influence on secondary schools’ adolescents’ tobacco smoking behavior.Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that factors such as motives and the influence of significant others need to be taken into account when considering psycho-educational intervention programs to preventing smoking.
Awareness and Perception of Mobile-Learning Apps as E-learning Platforms in ODL Institutions, South-West Nigeria
Authors: Adeniyi Comfort Olawunmi , Oladele Esther Oluwasayo , Bamgbade Elizabeth , Fashina Abiola Yetunde
Published: January 2024

The paper examined Distance Learners' awareness and perception of Mobile Learning Apps as e-learning platforms. The population for the study comprised of all Mathematics and Science Distance Learners in South-West Nigeria. The study employed survey research design with two hundred and eighty (280) learners involved. The sample for the study was selected using purposive sampling techniques. The instrument for data collection was a researcher designed questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation, while hypothesis was tested using t-test. The study revealed that most of the learners are aware of the availability of the mobile learning Apps. However, the study showed that the learners exhibit a negative attitude towards usage of mobile learning Apps as e-learning platforms. The study recommended among others that the distance learning institutions should use different medium to sensitize the learners on the benefit of the use of mobile learning Apps. Also, learners should be properly guided on how to easily make use of different mobile learning Apps as this can encourage them to be fully integrated into the on-line learning platforms.
An Analysis of the Frameworks Used to Link TVET Institutions with Labour Market Skill – Requirements. A Case of Tanzania and Two Selected Asian Tiger Nations
Authors: Bitegera Hildegardis E. , Bisanda Elifas T.
Published: January 2024

This study intended to: identify frameworks for linking TVET institutions with Labour Market skill-requirements; establish approaches for linking TVET institutions and their stakeholders from industries and informal sector; and assess the role of the linkage between TVET institutions and industries/informal sector in promoting technological skills. The study adopted mixed-methods research approach. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from the three selected countries. The study established that Industrial Practical Training is one of the critical frameworks for strengthening the linkages, as it provides important opportunities for teaching staff and learners to acquire practical knowledge and skills. While majority of respondents from Tanzania cited corporate activities, internships, traineeships and incubation as less effective linkage avenues, almost all respondents from the two Asian Tiger Nations found them more effective. The study recommends TVET institutions in Tanzania to enter into agreements and sign MoU with industries and SMEs prior to the commencement of each academic year. This will facilitate accommodation of placement of graduates in industries with the involvement of teachers/tutors the same way it has been carried out in the two selected Asian Tiger nations.
Impacts of Reciprocal Teaching Technique on Academic Achievement of Students in Office Practice in Colleges of Education, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Fawale Afiss Adebayo , Ademiluyi Lawrence F.
Published: January 2024

The study investigates the impacts of reciprocal teaching techniques on the academic achievement of students in Office practice in Kwara State, colleges of education, Nigeria. Two research questions were raised and answered while two hypotheses were tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study was 200 level of Office practice students in colleges of education, Kwara state, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 138 students who were grouped into treatment and control. The data were collected through programmed material (modules) for Office Practice which was divided into weeks, and Office Practice Achievement Test (OPAT) developed by researchers.  The ANCOVA statistical tool was used to test the two hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The results showed that the reciprocal teaching technique improves students’ academic performance. It was recommended that Business educators should use reciprocal teaching techniques for teaching effectiveness and enhanced academic performance.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Academic Performance in Primary School National Examination in Tanzania: A Case of Kilosa District
Authors: Malingumu Winifrida Saimon
Published: January 2024

This paper examined the factors influencing academic performance in primary schools in the Kilosa district, Mrogoro region in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative research approach through a cross-sectional research design. About 106 participants were involved including five (5) head teachers (from five schools), one (1)district education officer, one (1)ward education officer, 30 primary school teachers, and 69 students from the five selected primary schools. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions. The collected data were qualitatively analyzed. The study shows that poor academic performance in primary schools in the Kilosa district was first, contributed by a learning environment characterized by the poor quality of school infrastructures, long distance to schools, few desks, and poor teachers' houses. The second was a lack of motivation and the last one was a lack of parental involvement. The findings of this study add to the body of literature on academic performance and learning environment. It also underlines the importance of creating favourable working conditions for both teachers and students that fosters high morale among workers and students. This study also broadens our understanding of the importance of government intervention as part of the strategies for improving teaching and learning environments to improve academic performance.
Misspellings of Swahilized English Loan Words Committed in Kiswahili Functional Writing by Form Four Learners in Public Secondary Schools in Nyamira County, Kenya
Authors: Moochi Charles Nyandoro
Published: January 2024

This study investigated types of misspellings ofSwahilized English loanwords made by form learners in Kiswahili functional writing in public secondary schools in NyamiraCounty, Kenya. This study was guided by Corder’s Error Analysis Theory (1967). A total of 326 participants of equal gender proportion sampled from 8 public secondary schools in Nyamira County were involved in the study. All 326 participants wrote a Kiswahili functional essay that provided data for the study. Descriptive research design was used in carrying out this study.The descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used in conformity with five stages of erroranalysis asputforward byCorder (1967). The study found that learners committed five categories ofSwahilized Englishloanwords in theirKiswahili functional essays. The misspellings were:preservation (33.3%), addition (30.3 %), substitution (27.1 %) omission (6.2%)and split (3.1%). The study recommends the following: a) special attention be paid to the teaching of preservation, deletion, insertion and substitutionmisspellingsas they relate to therephonologization of English loanwords adapted into Kiswahili b) teachers of Kiswahili language need toemploy instructional methods and media which  enrich learners’ understanding of the process of adapting English loanwords into Kiswahili c)pronunciation and spelling of loanwords be taught concurrently  for they are symbiotic and reinforce each other  d) an English –Kiswahili  borrowings  adaptation  model be designed  by Kiswahili and English phonologists,semanticists and teachers of Kiswahili  to enhance  learners’ understanding of how the process is carried out in relation to the three phonological processes; deletion ,insertion and substitution.
The Effect of Parent-Teacher Associations Reviewed Policy Guidelines on the Status of Infrastructure in Ghana’s Rural basic Schools
Authors: Ballang Eric , Aboodey Eric
Published: January 2024

This study looks at the adequacy of basic school infrastructure in the milieu of reviewed parent-teacher association policy guidelines in managing and administrating basic schools in Ghana. The study focused on nine deprived community basic schools in the Upper West region of Ghana. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the schools. The study adopted a qualitative approach, which encompassed the implementation of interviews, focus group discussions and observation. Findings from the study revealed that the review of the Parents-Teacher Association policy has decreased the rate at which parents assisted in the provision of infrastructure in many rural schools; pupils and teachers adopted their own ways of coping with the available limited infrastructure and most parents were no more willingly determined to support the schools with infrastructure. These were caused mainly by the following four components of the reviewed policy guidelines. Firstly, no student should be sent home, given any punishment or prevented from school activity for non-payment of PA levies or dues. Again, the school system should not be used for the purpose of collecting PA levies or dues. More so, PAs should liaise with Boards of Governors and Heads of Schools to determine projects to be undertaken in the schools based on the priority needs of the schools. Lastly, heads/teachers of schools are not required to be signatories and front liners to PA activities and accounts unless so decided by PAs themselves. The study suggests that PTA members should be given much education on educational policies. They should be consulted in the formulation of educational policies. Finally, there should be existence of clear public regulations and measures that will motivate and explicitly indicate the roles of PA’s in the provision of basic school infrastructure. These will further prompt their willingness to assist basic schools with infrastructure.
Attitude of Grade III A Teachers towards joining the Ordinary Diploma in Primary Teacher Education of the Open University of Tanzania: Empirical Evidence from Katavi Region
Authors: Kyando Newton M.
Published: January 2024

This study examined the public attitude towards the Ordinary Diploma in Primary Teachers Education (ODPTE) of the Open University of Tanzania in Katavi region. The study employed a case study design and applied a qualitative approach. With a sample of 113, the study involved participants ranging from the OUT-Staff, Regional Administrative Secretary, Region Education Officer, District Executive Directors, District Education Officers, Ward Education Officers, Head Teachers, Other Teachers, Students and Graduates. Interview method was used for data collection and themes were used as a base for data analysis. The findings revealed that many Grade (III) A teachers had information about the ODPTE programme as compared to the rest of the community. Student-teachers knew about ODPTE from the fellow teachers. The findings indicated that Grade III A teachers were motivated to join the programme to improve knowledge, attract salary increments, pedagogical development and strengthen their CVs. Others reasons, were further study, family care and affordable cost. The findings also revealed that there was a shortage of learning materials, library, difficult to secure permit for face-to-face sessions conducted at zona level, long distance from the regional Centre and ICT issues. It was concluded that public attitude on ODPTE is mixed because of limited information about OUT, ODL and the ODPTE programme. Limitations of information is attributed to media, content and language use on the issues related to ODL, OUT and ODPTE. The study recommended that the OUT should prepare the learning materials to communicate with employers for awareness of the programme, to open sub-centres in councils and the improvement of the regional Centre library.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE STUDY ON DAY SCHOLARSâ€™ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Authors: J Kapufi, P. , C Ngirwa, C.
Published: January 2024

In recent years, the academic performance in community secondary schools has been declining with tremendous enrolment of students. Researchers have highlighted different causes for such poor performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the contribution of private study on day scholarsâ€™ academic performance in community secondary schools. The study was conducted in Tabora region, particularly Uyui District, located in the central western part of Tanzania Mainland. In the process, descriptive crosssectional research design and a mixed research approaches were the major means of data collection and analyses. Data collection was done through questionnaires, focus group discussion and interview. The study sample comprised students (N=207) both poor and good performers among form four members, heads of schools (N=5) all from 5 secondary schools and parents (N=5). The study findings revealed that most day scholars did not have adequate private study time at home after school hours. This had probably contributed to their unsatisfactory academic performance that was observed among poor performers vis-Ã -vis good performers. Home climate had been identified as the critical challenge that faced most of day scholars in their private home study time. The poor performance of day scholars in community secondary schools can be attributed to inadequate private study time awhich has a direct link with home environment that support learning. Strategically, parents need to be educated on the future economic returns of education for their children that would help them create good home climate, which would support students learning after school hours.Â
ENHANCING INTERACTIVE LEARNING THROUGH E-LEARNING IN TANZANIAN HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTIONS (HLIs)
Authors: Mushi Marwa, A., , K H. . M , V. Swai, E.
Published: January 2024

Enhanced interactive learning through e-learning has been found to be an effective way to augment quality teaching and learning, however, there is still need to examine how students and academic staff perceive enhancement of interactive learning through e-learning in the presence of the challenges brought about by a growing number of students which exceed existing facilities and with an average of a lecturer student ratio of 1:20 compared to recommended ratio of 1:10 for natural sciences and 1:15 for social sciences. The purpose of this study was to investigate students and their teachersâ€™ perceptions of the use of e-learning for enhancing interactive learning and how such perceptions relate to the strategies employed to enhance interactive learning through e-learning in four selected higher learning institutions (HLIs) in Tanzania. The paper provides an account of efforts employed to enhance interactive learning at the Open University of Tanzania (OUT). the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) and Mzumbe University (MU). This was achieved through descriptions of achievements realized challenges encountered and recommendations provided for practical steps to the interactive learning enhancement targets in selected HLIs. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods to generate rich, contextual data from the four HLIs. Data were collected through semi structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, documentary analysis, observations and content analysis administered to 256 students, 24 student, 12 instructors and four ICT administrators from the institutions. Data were analyzed using descriptive narratives percentages and charts. The study revealed that HLIs do not effectively employ strategies that would lead to enhanced interactive learning through e-learning. mainly due to the existence of differing perceptions by stakeholders regarding employing e-learning, which influence efforts to develop and employ appropriate strategies and efforts for students to engage in interactive learning. The varied perception further impacts policy design and implementation. This paper assists in informing HLIs intending to use e-leaning for purposes of enhancing interactive learning which is considered by the researchers as one of the most effective processes for enhancing interactive learning.Â Â
METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS AND SELF-REGULATION STRATEGIES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN SELF- DIRECTED LEARNING SITUATIONS IN NIGERIA
Authors: D Dorothy Ofoha, , J. Okoza,
Published: January 2024

Considering the peculiar nature of distance learners, success in distance learning is said to depend largely on learnersâ€™ deployment of metacognition and self-regulatory processes. Despite various support programmes put in place by the National Open University of Nigeria to help students navigate through learning, many students perform below expectation on semester examinations. This study sought to determine whether metacognitive awareness and self-regulation were the underlying factors of poor performance. The study adopted descriptive survey design with a mixedmethod approach. 600 undergraduate students selected through various stages of sampling techniques participated in the study. Data were collected through questionnaire, focus group discussion guide, and academic achievement records. Findings revealed that students appeared to possess fairly high level of metacognitive awareness and self-regulation. No significant difference was found between the high and low achievers on these two variables. Overall, findings showed that metacognitive awareness and self-regulation were not the underlying factors of poor performance. Therefore, other potential factors should be explored.