bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image Analysis in Quantitative Particle Studies of Archaeological Ceramic Thin Sections
Authors: Reedy Chandra L. , Anderson Jenifer , Reedy Terry J. , Liu Yimeng
Published: November 2014

Thin-section petrography is a crucial tool for the study of archaeological ceramics, and in recent years, image analysis has emerged as a powerful quantitative enhancement of that tool. Exploratory applications of image analysis to archaeological ceramic thin sections, and related work by sedimentary geologists, have indicated its usefulness to the field. In this paper, we first present the results of experimental work testing the consistency and reproducibility of image analysis. We identify procedures for fast and reliable analysis of thin sections using laboratory-prepared ceramic specimens of simple clay-sand systems. We then show how those procedures can be slightly modified to accommodate more complex archaeological specimens. We conclude with a discussion of the role of image analysis within the overall context of thin-section petrography of ceramic materials, as one among a repertoire of techniques, adding quantitative data and increasing the usefulness of ceramic thin sections for addressing archaeological research questions.
Representation and Structure Conflict in the Digital Age
Authors: Carlson Eric S.
Published: November 2014

Digital imaging technologies have enhanced archaeological research and profoundly expanded the scale of the discipline’s potentialities. As illustrators and archaeologists move away from using hand-drawn images (of hand-held, real-life objects) to depict artifacts and other archaeological information, certain capabilities of the traditional illustrative process are lost. One such loss is the ability to present a complete and informed representation of an artifact free of the distortions and visual limitations that single-perspective (i.e., digital or photographic) imagery produces. This is accomplished by the illustrator through the unification of multiple views of the artifact from various perspectives into a single two-dimensional image that communicates to the viewer important attributes of the artifact, free of distortion and remaining true to the measured, analytical conventions of the illustrative process. Liberation from the single-viewpoint perspective was one of the fundamental elements of the Cubist movement. Traditional archaeological illustrators utilize Cubist principles to communicate visually to the viewer a complete, accurate, and undistorted package of information about an artifact. The supplanting of hand-drawn illustrations by digital images in today’s archaeological publications threatens to revert the visual representation of data back to uninformed, surficial “snapshots” of incomplete objects.
Three-Dimensional Alternatives to Lithic Illustration
Authors: Magnani Matthew
Published: November 2014

Although alternatives have become available, pen and ink drawings of stone tools dominate archaeological publications. Despite the existence of a conventional illustration framework, the work produced by illustrators can be inconsistent and hinges on skill level and time commitment. Discussions going back to the 1880s critically question the use of illustrations for the purpose of scientific publication. Alternatives, such as laser scanning and photogrammetric modeling, are now available for displaying lithics. These alternatives can remove the subjectivity involved in artistic rendering, creating replicable results, regardless of who is collecting the data. In addition to creating more regularized and objective representations, there are a significant number of analytical and other benefits to adopting novel imaging techniques to depict stone tools in publications. A set of three-dimensional (3D) models are presented here to demonstrate the capabilities of laser scanning and, potentially, photogrammetric modeling as replacements for lithic illustration.
Quantitative Measures of Wealth Inequality in Ancient Central Mexican Communities
Authors: Smith Michael E. , Dennehy Timothy , Kamp-Whittaker April , Colon Emily , Harkness Rebecca
Published: November 2014

Issues of social and economic inequality are increasingly becoming areas of study for archaeologists; however, little work has been done on the uniform application of analytical methods. Here we assess the use of the Gini index for determining wealth inequality in eight Prehispanic central Mexican contexts. We analyze house size at the Late Postclassic sites of Capilco (village), Cuexcomate (town), and Yautepec (city), all in the state of Morelos. Agricultural field sizes for two communities described in a Nahuatl-language census immediately after the Spanish conquest are also analyzed. Our final context is the Xolalpan phase apartment compounds at Teotihuacan. Using these case studies we discuss methodological issues concerning the use of Gini indices to infer social inequality with archaeological data. We find that the Gini index, when applied following the proposed methodological standards, serves as a useful tool for the quantification of inequality across multiple archaeological case studies.
The mantle transition zone beneath West Antarctica: Seismic evidence for hydration and thermal upwellings
Authors: Emry E. L. , Nyblade A. A. , Julià J. , Anandakrishnan S. , Aster R. C. , Wiens D. A. , Huerta A. D. , Wilson T. J.
Published: November 2014

Although prior work suggests that a mantle plume is associated with Cenozoic rifting and volcanism in West Antarctica, the existence of a plume remains conjectural. Here we use P wave receiver functions (PRFs) from the Antarctic POLENET array to estimate mantle transition zone thickness, which is sensitive to temperature perturbations, throughout previously unstudied parts of West Antarctica. We obtain over 8000 high‐quality PRFs using an iterative, time domain deconvolution method filtered with a Gaussian width of 0.5 and 1.0, corresponding to frequencies less than ∼0.24 and ∼0.48 Hz, respectively. Single‐station and common conversion point stacks, migrated to depth using the AK135 velocity model, indicate that mantle transition zone thickness throughout most of West Antarctica does not differ significantly from the global average, except in two locations; one small region exhibits a vertically thinned (210 ± 15 km) transition zone beneath the Ruppert Coast of Marie Byrd Land and another laterally broader region shows slight, vertical thinning (225 ± 25 km) beneath the Bentley Subglacial Trench. We also observe the 520 discontinuity and a prominent negative peak above the mantle transition zone throughout much of West Antarctica. These results suggest that the mantle transition zone may be hotter than average in two places, possibly due to upwelling from the lower mantle, but not broadly across West Antarctica. Furthermore, we propose that the transition zone may be hydrated due to >100 million years of subduction beneath the region during the early Mesozoic.
Electron distribution functions in the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection: Physics behind the fine structures
Authors: Bessho N. , Chen L.‐J. , Shuster J. R. , Wang S.
Published: November 2014

Highly structured electron distribution functions in the electron diffusion region (EDR) during magnetic reconnection are studied by means of fully kinetic simulations. Four types of structures (striations, arcs, swirls, and rings) in momentum space are analyzed to understand their formation mechanisms. Discrete striations are formed by particles undergoing different numbers of meandering bounces in the EDR and are a result of oscillations in the out‐of‐plane force on meandering electrons. Predictions for the separation between striations and the triangular shape of the distribution are obtained analytically. Arcs and swirls are due to partial remagnetization of accelerated electrons. Near the end of the outflow jet, electron remagnetization gives rise to the ring structure. Understanding the distribution structures is critical to unraveling the kinetic processes occurring in the EDR and will guide the identification of EDRs based on satellite measurements.
Quantifying flow regimes in a Greenland glacial fjord using iceberg drifters
Authors: Sutherland David A. , Roth George E. , Hamilton Gordon S. , Mernild Sebastian H. , Stearns Leigh A. , Straneo Fiammetta
Published: November 2014

Large, deep‐keeled icebergs are ubiquitous in Greenland's outlet glacial fjords. Here we use the movement of these icebergs to quantify flow variability in Sermilik Fjord, southeast Greenland, from the ice mélange through the fjord to the shelf. In the ice mélange, a proglacial mixture of sea ice and icebergs, we find that icebergs consistently track the glacier speed, with slightly faster speeds near terminus and episodic increases due to calving events. In the fjord, icebergs accurately capture synoptic circulation driven by both along‐fjord and along‐shelf winds. Recirculation and in‐/out‐fjord variations occur throughout the fjord more frequently than previously reported, suggesting that across‐fjord velocity gradients cannot be ignored. Once on the shelf, icebergs move southeastward in the East Greenland Coastal Current, providing wintertime observations of this freshwater pathway.
Trends in hemispheric warm and cold anomalies
Authors: Robeson Scott M. , Willmott Cort J. , Jones Phil D.
Published: November 2014

Using a spatial percentile approach, we explore the magnitude of temperature anomalies across the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Linear trends in spatial percentile series are estimated for 1881–2013, the most recent 30 year period (1984–2013), and 1998–2013. All spatial percentiles in both hemispheres show increases from 1881 to 2013, but warming occurred unevenly via modification of cold anomalies, producing a reduction in spatial dispersion. In the most recent 30 year period, trends also were consistently positive, with warm anomalies having much larger warming rates than those of cold anomalies in both hemispheres. This recent trend has largely reversed the decrease in spatial dispersion that occurred during the twentieth century. While the period associated with the recent slowdown of global warming, 1998–2013, is too brief to estimate trends reliably, cooling was evident in NH warm and cold anomalies during January and February while other months in the NH continued to warm.
Terminal velocities and kinetic energies of natural hailstones
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Giammanco Ian M. , Wright Robert
Published: November 2014

The physical properties of 2295 hailstones that developed in Great Plains (US) storms were measured, including their maximum dimension, mass, and cross‐sectional area. Using these data, size‐dependent relationships for their terminal velocities and kinetic energies are developed. These relationships can be used in weather forecast modeling and hail damage prediction and assessment. When hailstones are assumed to be spherical, their terminal velocities and kinetic energies are in agreement with what has been reported in previous studies. When non‐sphericity is considered, which is the case for natural hail, the terminal velocities and kinetic energies are, on average, lower than those of spheres of the same maximum diameter, but can be larger.
Topside ionospheric electron temperature and density along the Weddell Sea latitude
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Chang F. Y. , Oyama K. I. , Kakinami Y. , Yeh H. C. , Yeh T. L. , Jiang S. B. , Parrot M.
Published: November 2014

It has been well known that the ionospheric electron density Ne is greater in the summer nighttime than daytime around the Weddell Sea region, which is named Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA). This paper for the first time reports unusual increases (decreases) of the daytime (nighttime) electron temperature Te at about 830 km altitude over the WSA latitudes probed by Tatiana‐2 during December 2009 to January 2010. Concurrent measurements at 660–830 km altitude observed by Tatiana‐2, Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER), and Formosa Satellite 3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (F3/C) reveal the anticorrelation between Te and Ne along the WSA latitudes in the daytime and nighttime. Based on F3/C Ne along the WSA latitudes observed at various local times, the associated Te values are computed. The Tatiana‐2 and DEMETER observations as well as the computed results show that Te yield the maximum values over the WSA region during daytime and over the Indian and Atlantic Ocean area during nighttime. The maxima or minima in F3/C Ne and the computed Te reveal eastward phase shifts.
Extended‐range high‐resolution dynamical downscaling over a continental‐scale spatial domain with atmospheric and surface nudging
Authors: Husain S. Z. , Separovic L. , Yu W. , Fernig D.
Published: November 2014

Extended‐range high‐resolution mesoscale simulations with limited‐area atmospheric models when applied to downscale regional analysis fields over large spatial domains can provide valuable information for many applications including the weather‐dependent renewable energy industry. Long‐term simulations over a continental‐scale spatial domain, however, require mechanisms to control the large‐scale deviations in the high‐resolution simulated fields from the coarse‐resolution driving fields. As enforcement of the lateral boundary conditions is insufficient to restrict such deviations, large scales in the simulated high‐resolution meteorological fields are therefore spectrally nudged toward the driving fields. Different spectral nudging approaches, including the appropriate nudging length scales as well as the vertical profiles and temporal relaxations for nudging, have been investigated to propose an optimal nudging strategy. Impacts of time‐varying nudging and generation of hourly analysis estimates are explored to circumvent problems arising from the coarse temporal resolution of the regional analysis fields. Although controlling the evolution of the atmospheric large scales generally improves the outputs of high‐resolution mesoscale simulations within the surface layer, the prognostically evolving surface fields can nevertheless deviate from their expected values leading to significant inaccuracies in the predicted surface layer meteorology. A forcing strategy based on grid nudging of the different surface fields, including surface temperature, soil moisture, and snow conditions, toward their expected values obtained from a high‐resolution offline surface scheme is therefore proposed to limit any considerable deviation. Finally, wind speed and temperature at wind turbine hub height predicted by different spectrally nudged extended‐range simulations are compared against observations to demonstrate possible improvements achievable using higher spatiotemporal resolution.
The nonconvective/convective structural transition in stochastic scaling of atmospheric fields
Authors: Nogueira M. , Barros A. P.
Published: November 2014

High‐resolution numerical weather prediction simulations are able to reproduce observed stochastic scale invariant behavior of atmospheric wind and water fields down to the effective model resolution, which is shown to be a process‐dependent transient property that varies with the underlying dynamics. The effective resolution gain in dynamical downscaling of convective regimes is substantially smaller than the grid size decrease indicating that improvements in the model's capacity to resolve small‐scale processes require consistent adjustments including both numerical formulation and physical parameterizations. Instantaneous realizations of simulated atmospheric wind and water fields exhibit robust multifractal properties with intrinsically transient scaling behavior depending on the underlying atmospheric state. In particular, a sharp transition in the scaling parameters between nonconvective and convective conditions is found, which explains different scaling regimes reported in the literature for atmospheric wind, temperature, and moisture observations. Spectral slopes around 2–2.3 arise under nonconvective or very weak convective conditions, tightly related to the scaling behavior of the underlying topography. In convective situations the transient scaling exponents remain under 5/3 in agreement with the Kolmogorov turbulent regime accounting for the intermittency correction. These findings have important implications for stochastic downscaling and the implementation of stochastic subgrid scale parameterizations using fractal methods. Specifically, it is shown that, based on scaling arguments, subgrid scale probability distributions of atmospheric moisture can be obtained from the coarse resolution information alone. Our results suggest that fractal methods can be used for estimating temporally and spatially varying regime‐based subgrid scale statistics (and realizations of moisture fields) in real time and in a computationally efficient manner that could be useful in climate models.
Involvement of interstitial telomeric sequences in two new cases of mosaicism for autosomal structural rearrangements
Authors: Lévy Jonathan , Receveur Aline , Jedraszak Guillaume , Chantot‐Bastaraud Sandra , Renaldo Florence , Gondry Jean , Andrieux Joris , Copin Henri , Siffroi Jean‐Pierre , Portnoï Marie‐France
Published: November 2014

Mosaicism for an autosomal structural rearrangement that does not involve ring or marker chromosomes is rare. The mechanisms responsible for genome instability have not always been explained. Several studies have shown that interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs), involved in some mosaic constitutional anomalies, are potent sources of genomic instability. Here we describe two cases of mosaicism for uncommon constitutional autosomal rearrangements, involving ITSs, identified by karyotyping and characterized by FISH and SNP‐array analysis. The first patient, a boy with global developmental delay, had a rare type of pure distal 1q inverted duplication (1q32‐qter), attached to the end of the short arm of the same chromosome 1, in approximately 35% of his cells. The second patient, a phenotypically normal man, was diagnosed as having mosaic for a balanced non‐reciprocal translocation of the distal segment of 7q (7q33qter), onto the terminal region of the short arm of a whole chromosome 12, in approximately 80% of his cells. The remaining 20% of the cells showed an unbalanced state of the translocation, with only the der(7) chromosome. He was ascertained through his malformed fetus carrying a non‐mosaic partial monosomy 7q, identified at prenatal diagnosis. We show that pan‐telomeric and subtelomeric sequences were observed at the interstitial junction point of the inv dup(1q) and of the der(12)t(7;12), respectively. The present cases and review of the literature suggest that the presence of ITSs at internal sites of the chromosomes may explain mechanisms of the patients's mosaic structural rearrangements. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐segregation of Freiberg's infraction with a familial translocation t(5;7)(p13.3;p22.2) ascertained by a child with cri du chat syndrome and brachydactyly type A1B
Authors: Myśliwiec Marta , Panasiuk Barbara , Dębiec‐Rychter Maria , Iwanowski Piotr Sebastian , Łebkowska Urszula , Nowakowska Beata , Marcinkowska Anna , Stankiewicz Pawel , Midro Alina T.
Published: November 2014

The identification of chromosomal breakpoints in association with human abnormal phenotypes can enable elucidation of gene function. We report on epiphyseal aseptic necrosis of the lesser head of the second metatarsal bone, known as Freiberg's infraction (FI), in two female carriers of the apparently balanced t(5;7)(p13.3;p22.2) ascertained by a 16‐year‐old girl with cri‐du‐chat syndrome and unusual skeletal features in association with an unbalanced translocation der(5) t(5;7)(p13.3;p22.2). Mapping of the chromosome breakpoints using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) narrowed them to the coding sequence of ADAMTS12 on chromosome 5p13.3 and SDK1 on 7p22.2. In addition, several skeletal abnormalities classified as brachydactyly type A1B (BDA1B) were present in the proband and in both carriers of t(5;7)(p13.3;p22.2), suggesting a potential role of ADAMTS12 in the development of the BDA1B observed in this family. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustained‐release properties of cotton fabrics impregnated with nanotuberose fragrance
Authors: Hu Jing , Chen Meixia , Xiao Zuobing , Zhang Jia
Published: November 2014

Tuberose‐fragrance (TF) loaded polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles were successfully prepared via emulsion polymerization. The nanotuberose fragrance (Nano‐TF) was directly impregnated into the cotton fabrics as an aromatic reagent. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed that the average size of the spherical Nano‐TF was 202.4 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that TF was encapsulated into the BCA nanoparticles and that the Nano‐TF was in existence in the cotton fabrics. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the loading TF content of the Nano‐TF was 50.9% and that 10.02% Nano‐TF had been impregnated into the fabrics. A lot of Nano‐TF was adhered onto the surface of the cotton fabrics after 50 washings, as shown by scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography/hydrogen flame ionization detection (GC–FID). In addition, GC–FID demonstrated that most aroma compounds of the cotton fabrics impregnated with Nano‐TF only lost less than 20% of their aroma after 60 days of deposition and around 75% of their aroma after 6 h of deposition at 120°C, so they showed better sustained‐release properties than those with TF. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41678.
Minimum Ultimate Band Design of Discrete Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Chakrabarty S. , Bandyopadhyay B.
Published: November 2014

The paper presents a generalized understanding on the dynamics of the sliding variable for discrete time sliding mode control systems via a fresh approach involving several bands in the space of the sliding variable. Using this analysis, controller parameters can be obtained once the ultimate band is chosen. It is shown that on choosing the least ultimate band, the control becomes non‐switching and Gao's reaching law becomes identical to Utkin's reaching law. On other occasions, the ultimate band obtained using this approach is clearly less than that obtained in previous works using Gao's reaching law. The analysis is presented for both state feedback and multirate output feedback cases.
Reliable Dissipative Control for a Class of Uncertain Singular Markovian Jump Systems via Hybrid Impulsive Control
Authors: Lv Hui , Zhang Qingling , Ren Junchao
Published: November 2014

In this paper, the problem of robust normalization and reliable dissipative control is investigated for a class of uncertain singular Markovian jump systems with actuator failures. The uncertainties exhibit in both system matrices and transition rate matrix of the Markovian chain. A new impulsive and proportional–derivative control strategy is presented. The gain matrices of the impulsive control part can be obtained together with the design approach. Moreover, the dissipative control results obtained in this paper include the results of H‐infinity and passive control as special cases. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methods.
Disrupted Functional Connectivity in Dorsal and Ventral Attention Networks During Attention Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Fitzgerald Jacqueline , Johnson Katherine , Kehoe Elizabeth , Bokde Arun L.W. , Garavan Hugh , Gallagher Louise , McGrath Jane
Published: November 2014

Background

Attention orienting is a cognitive process that facilitates the movement of attention focus from one location to another: this may be impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dorsal and ventral attention networks (DAN and VAN) sub‐serve the process of attention orienting. This study investigated the functional connectivity of attention orienting in these networks in ASD using the Posner Cueing Task.

Method

Twenty‐one adolescents with ASD and 21 age and IQ matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. A psychophysical interaction (PPI) analysis was implemented to investigate task‐dependent functional connectivity, measuring synchronicity of brain regions during the task. Regions of interest (ROI) were selected to explore functional connectivity in the DAN during cue‐only conditions and in the VAN during invalid and valid trials.

Results

Behaviourally, the ASD and control groups performed the task in a similar manner. Functional MRI results indicated that the ASD and control groups activated similar brain regions. During invalid trials (VAN), the ASD group showed significant positive functional connectivity to multiple brain regions, whilst the control group demonstrated negative connectivity. During valid trials (VAN), the two groups also showed contrasting patterns of connectivity. In the cue‐only conditions (DAN), the ASD group showed weaker functional connectivity.

Conclusion

The DAN analysis suggests that the ASD group has weaker coherence between brain areas involved in goal‐driven, endogenous attention control. The strong positive functional connectivity exhibited by the ASD group in the VAN during the invalid trials suggests that individuals with ASD may generate compensatory mechanisms to achieve neurotypical behaviour. These results support the theory of abnormal cortical connectivity in autism. Autism Res 2015, 8: 136–152. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the interaction of the photodynamic therapeutic agent thionine with bovine serum albumin: multispectroscopic and molecular docking studies
Authors: Manivel Perumal , Anandakumar Shanmugam , Ilanchelian Malaichamy
Published: November 2014

This study explores the binding interaction of thionine (TH) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions (pH 7.40) using absorption, emission, synchronous emission, circular dichroism (CD) and three‐dimensional (3D) emission spectral studies. The results of emission titration experiments revealed that TH strongly quenches the intrinsic emission of BSA via a static quenching mechanism. The apparent binding constant (K) and number of binding sites (n) were calculated as 2.09 × 105 dm3/mol and n~1, respectively. The negative free energy change value for the BSA–TH system suggested that the binding interaction was spontaneous and energetically favourable. The results from absorption, synchronous emission, CD and 3D emission spectral studies demonstrated that TH induces changes in the microenvironment and secondary structure in BSA. Site marker competitive binding experiments revealed that the binding site of TH was located in subdomain IIA (Sudlow site I) of BSA. The molecular docking study further substantiates Sudlow site I as the preferable binding site of TH in BSA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting the Hydrophobic Terrain in Fucosidases with Aryl‐Substituted Pyrrolidine Iminosugars
Authors: Hottin Audrey , Wright Daniel W. , Davies Gideon J. , Behr Jean‐Bernard
Published: November 2014

Fucosidase inhibition shows potential in numerous therapeutic contexts. Substitution of fucose‐like iminosugars with hydrophobic “aglycons” yields significant improvements in potency of fucosidase inhibition. Here we have prepared three new 2‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐methylpyrrolidines featuring phenyl substituents in variable orientations with respect to the iminocyclitol core and at various distances from it to explore the key binding interactions that stabilise the enzyme–inhibitor complex. The presence of a triazole linker in one structure resulted in nanomolar inhibition of the fucosidase from bovine kidney (Ki=4.8 nM), thus giving rise to one of the most potent pyrrolidine‐type inhibitors of this enzyme known to date.
Perforating the atretic pulmonary valve with CTO hardware: Technical aspects
Authors: Patil Nilkanth C. , Saxena Anita , Gupta Saurabh K. , Juneja Rajnish , Mishra Sundeep , Ramakrishnan Sivasubramanian , Kothari Shyam S.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To review the success and technical aspects of pulmonary valve (PV) perforation using chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA‐IVS).

Background

Interventional therapy is possible in selected patients with PA‐IVS. Among the various interventional options available, radiofrequency and laser assisted perforation may be more successful, but require expertise and may be substantially costly.

Methods

We describe the technique of mechanical catheter PV perforation using currently available coronary hardware meant for coronary CTO in nine cases with PA‐IVS. After complete echocardiographic evaluation and informed parental consent was obtained, patients were electively intubated, mechanically ventilated, adequately heparinized and were placed on intravenous prostaglandin infusion. Basic steps involved were—localizing the atretic segment and accomplishing coaxial alignment of catheters using biplane fluoroscopy, crossing the atretic segment with the soft end of perforating guidewire, stabilizing the assembly and performing graded balloon dilatation with the balloon size never exceeding 130% of pulmonary annulus diameter. For crossing the atretic PV, a retrograde approach was used in one patient where the antegrade approach was not possible.

Results

The procedure was successful in 8/9 cases (89%). Valve opening was achieved in all eight patients with immediate fall in right ventricular (RV) systolic pressures. One neonate died following surgery after catheter induced RV perforation. All surviving cases were discharged from the hospital in good general condition with no evidence of heart failure and a room air oxygen saturation of >85%. No patient required an additional pulmonary irrigation procedure.

Conclusion

With appropriate patient and hardware selection, PV perforation using readily available coronary hardware is feasible in PA‐IVS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of Flue Gas Desulfurization with Sodium Phosphate Solution
Authors: Yuan Zhiguo , Song Wei , Liu Youzhi , Kang Xiaofeng , Peng Bo
Published: November 2014

To provide theoretical instructions for experiments and industrial application of regenerative flue gas desulfurization by sodium phosphate solution, the properties of phosphate solution and multiple buffer solution system of phosphoric acid‐sulfurous acid‐sodium salts formed from the desulfurization process were analyzed using the theory of multiple buffer solution combined with the chemical equilibrium principle and computer numerical calculation methods. The influence of pH and phosphate concentration on the distribution coefficient and buffer capacity was calculated and validated by experiments. Results indicate that the distribution coefficient of the species in buffer solution only varied with the solution pH value. The experimental buffer performance was similar to the theoretical value.
Solubility and Crystallizability: Facile Access to Functionalized π‐Conjugated Compounds with Chlorendylimide Protecting Groups
Authors: Gebers Jan , Rolland Damien , Marty Roman , Suàrez Stéphane , Cervini Luca , Scopelliti Rosario , Brauer Jan Cornelius , Frauenrath Holger
Published: November 2014

Functional π‐conjugated molecules are relevant for the preparation of new organic electronic materials with improved performance. However, their synthesis is often rendered difficult by their inherently low solubility, and the permanent attachment of solubilizing groups may change the properties of the material. Here, we introduced the chlorendylimidyl moiety as a new temporary protecting group for the straightforward large‐scale synthesis of protected quarter‐, sexi‐, octathiophene, and perylene bisimide diamine and dicarboxylic acid derivatives. The obtained chlorendylimides and chlorendylimidyl active esters were highly soluble in organic solvents, and optical spectroscopy confirmed the low tendency of the compounds to aggregate in solution. At the same time, they could be conveniently purified by recrystallization or precipitation. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures obtained for most compounds showed supramolecular motifs highlighting the role of the rigid, polychlorinated chlorendyl moieties in their crystallization. The obtained protected diamine and dicarboxylic acid derivatives were easily deprotected and converted into various amide‐substituted oligothiophenes and perylene bisimides that are of interest as new functional materials for organic electronic thin film or nanowire devices.
Variations in retinal photoreceptor topography and the organization of the rod‐free zone reflect behavioral diversity in Australian passerines
Authors: Coimbra João Paulo , Collin Shaun P. , Hart Nathan S.
Published: November 2014

The avian retina possesses one of the most diverse complements of photoreceptor types among vertebrates but little is known about their spatial distribution. Here we used retinal wholemounts and stereological methods to present the first complete maps of the topographic distribution of rods and cones in four species of Australian passerines with diverse trophic specializations. All species studied have one central and one temporal rod‐free zone. In the insectivorous yellow‐rumped thornbill, the central rod‐free zone is unusually large, occupying ∼17% (56°) of the retinal area (angular subtense), whereas in nectarivorous and frugivorous species it represents only ∼0.1% (5–7°) to 0.3% (10°) of the retinal area (angular subtense). In contrast, the temporal rod‐free zone varies little between species (∼0.02–0.4%; 2–10°). In all species, rods follow a pronounced dorsoventral gradient with highest densities in the ventral retina. The topographic distribution of cones is concentric and reveals a central fovea and a temporal area. In the yellow‐rumped thornbill, cone densities form an extended plateau surrounding the fovea, beyond which densities fall rapidly towards the retinal periphery. For the other species, cone densities decline gradually along a foveal to peripheral gradient. Estimates of spatial resolving power calculated using cone peak densities are higher in the central fovea (19–41 cycles/degree) than in the temporal area (9–15 cycles/degree). In conclusion, we suggest that the unusual organization of the rod‐free zone and the distinct topographic distribution of rods and cones correlate with specific ecological needs for enhanced visual sensitivity and spatial resolution in these birds. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1073–1094, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Convergent differential regulation of SLIT‐ROBO axon guidance genes in the brains of vocal learners
Authors: Wang Rui , Chen Chun‐Chun , Hara Erina , Rivas Miriam V. , Roulhac Petra L. , Howard Jason T. , Chakraborty Mukta , Audet Jean‐Nicolas , Jarvis Erich D.
Published: November 2014

Only a few distantly related mammals and birds have the trait of complex vocal learning, which is the ability to imitate novel sounds. This ability is critical for speech acquisition and production in humans, and is attributed to specialized forebrain vocal control circuits that have several unique connections relative to adjacent brain circuits. As a result, it has been hypothesized that there could exist convergent changes in genes involved in neural connectivity of vocal learning circuits. In support of this hypothesis, expanding on our related study (Pfenning et al. [2014] Science 346: 1256846), here we show that the forebrain part of this circuit that makes a relatively rare direct connection to brainstem vocal motor neurons in independent lineages of vocal learning birds (songbird, parrot, and hummingbird) has specialized regulation of axon guidance genes from the SLIT–ROBO molecular pathway. The SLIT1 ligand was differentially downregulated in the motor song output nucleus that makes the direct projection, whereas its receptor ROBO1 was developmentally upregulated during critical periods for vocal learning. Vocal nonlearning bird species and male mice, which have much more limited vocal plasticity and associated circuits, did not show comparable specialized regulation of SLIT–ROBO genes in their nonvocal motor cortical regions. These findings are consistent with SLIT and ROBO gene dysfunctions associated with autism, dyslexia, and speech sound language disorders and suggest that convergent evolution of vocal learning was associated with convergent changes in the SLIT–ROBO axon guidance pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:892–906, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perceived Parental Bonding, Early Maladaptive Schemas and Outcome in Schema Therapy of Cluster C Personality Problems
Authors: Hoffart Lunding Synve , Hoffart Asle
Published: November 2014

Objective

The objective of this paper was to examine the relationships between perceived parental bonding, Early Maladaptive Schemas (Young et al., 2003), and outcome of schema therapy of Cluster C personality problems and whether the perceptions of parental bonding could be influenced by schema therapy.

Method

The sample consisted of 45 patients with panic disorder and/or agoraphobia and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, Cluster C personality traits who participated in an 11‐week inpatient programme consisting of two phases; the first was a 5‐week panic/agoraphobia‐focused cognitive therapy, whereas the second phase was a personality‐focused schema therapy. The patients were assessed at pre‐treatment, mid‐treatment and post‐treatment and at 1‐year follow‐up.

Results

Opposite to our hypothesis, lower paternal care at pre‐treatment was related to more reduction in Cluster C personality traits from pre‐treatment to 1‐year follow‐up. Maternal protection was related to the schema domains of impaired autonomy and exaggerated standards. Overall schema severity and the schema emotional inhibition at pre‐treatment were associated with less change in Cluster C traits. Perceived maternal care was reduced from pre‐treatment to 1‐year follow‐up, and more reduction in maternal care was related to less reduction in Cluster C traits.

Discussion

Parental bonding failed to predict treatment outcome in the expected direction, but maternal protection was related to two of the schema domains. Overall schema severity and the particular schema emotional inhibition predicted outcome. Furthermore, perceived maternal care was reduced from before to after treatment. Future studies should examine these questions in larger samples of Cluster C patients receiving schema therapy of a longer duration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Most schemas within the impaired autonomy domain and the schema self‐sacrifice seem to be related to low perceived maternal protection.

Overall schema severity and the schema emotional inhibition predict a poorer outcome of schema therapy of Cluster C personality problems, and therapy should give priority to emotional inhibition when this schema is endorsed.

Therapists should be aware that schema therapy carries the risk to lead to a more negative view of mother's care during upbringing and this risk is accentuated with less benefit of therapy.
Synergistic Effects of Mixing Sulfone and Ionic Liquid as Safe Electrolytes for Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liao Chen , Guo Bingkun , Sun Xiao‐Guang , Dai Sheng
Published: November 2014

A strategy of mixing both an ionic liquid and sulfone is reported to give synergistic effects of reducing viscosity, increasing ionic conductivity, reducing polysulfide dissolution, and improving safety. The mixtures of ionic liquids and sulfones also show distinctly different physicochemical properties, including thermal properties and crystallization behavior. By using these electrolytes, lithium sulfur batteries assembled with lithium and mesoporous carbon composites show a reversible specific capacity of 1265 mAh g−1 (second cycle) by using 40 % 1.0 M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in N‐methyl‐N‐propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with 60 % 1.0 M LiTFSI in methylisopropylsulfone in the first cycle. This capacity is slightly lower than that obtained in pure 1.0 M LiTFSI as the sulfone electrolyte; however, it exhibits excellent cycling stability and remains as high as 655 mAh g−1 even after 50 cycles. This strategy provides a method to alleviate polysulfide dissolution and redox shuttle phenomena, at the same time, with improved ionic conductivity.
Ferrocene and Cobaltocene Derivatives for Non‐Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Hwang Byunghyun , Park Min‐Sik , Kim Ketack
Published: November 2014

Ferrocene and cobaltocene and their derivatives are studied as new redox materials for redox flow cells. Their high reaction rates and moderate solubility are attractive properties for their use as active materials. The cyclability experiments are carried out in a static cell; the results showed that these materials exhibit stable capacity retention and predictable discharge potentials, which agree with the potential values from the cyclic voltammograms. The diffusion coefficients of these materials are 2 to 7 times higher than those of other non‐aqueous materials such as vanadium acetylacetonate, iron tris(2,2′‐bipyridine) complexes, and an organic benzene derivative.
Strategic management of transthoracic needle aspirates for histological subtyping and EGFR testing in patients with peripheral lung cancer: An institutional experience
Authors: Son Choonhee , Kang Eun‐Ju , Roh Mee Sook
Published: November 2014

Background

Lung cancer therapy is personalized based on the histological subtype and molecular status. Totally, 70% of lung cancer patients present in advanced stages and are diagnosed on small biopsy or cytology specimens, hence an accurate but tissue‐sparing approach is necessary. This study aimed to demonstrate efficient utilization of cell block (CB) on transthoracic needle aspiration (TTNA) for lung cancer subtyping, and to investigate the usefulness of needle washing after TTNA for assessing EGFR molecular status.

Methods

Each TTNA specimen from the 79 peripheral lung masses was divided into three parts; liquid‐based cytology (LBC), CB (with or without immunohistochemistry), and needle washing for analysis of EGFR mutation using peptide nucleic acid‐mediated real‐time PCR clamping.

Results

Totally 79 specimens were diagnosed as malignancy, 75 (94.9%), benign, 3 (3.8%), and inadequate specimen, 1 (1.3%). The combination of LBC and CB (92.0%) showed a higher diagnostic yield for definitive subtyping of lung cancer than LBC alone (72.0%). Of the 75 malignant cases, 17 (22.7%) showed an EGFR mutation in needle washing specimens. EGFR mutational status was compared in all paired needle washing and scraped CBs with a 100% concordance.

Conclusions

We hereby proposed a strategy to maximize biological information retrieval from a limited TTNA specimen in patients with peripheral lung cancer. This algorithm indicated CB preparation for accurate histological subtyping and waste needle washing for molecular testing. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:532–538. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel Wnt5a‐Frizzled4 signaling pathway mediates activity‐independent dendrite morphogenesis via the distal PDZ motif of Frizzled 4
Authors: Bian Wen‐Jie , Miao Wan‐Ying , He Shun‐Ji , Wan Zong‐Fang , Luo Zhen‐Ge , Yu Xiang
Published: November 2014

The morphology of the dendritic tree is critical to neuronal function and neural circuit wiring. Several Wnt family members have been demonstrated to play important roles in dendrite development. However, the Wnt receptors responsible for mediating this process remain largely elusive. Using primary hippocampal neuronal cultures as a model system, we report that Frizzled4 (Fzd4), a member of the Fzd family of Wnt receptors, specifically signals downstream of Wnt5a to promote dendrite branching and growth. Interestingly, the less conserved distal PDZ binding motif of Fzd4, and not its conserved proximal Dvl‐interacting PDZ motif, is required for mediating this effect. We further showed that Dvl signaled parallel to and independent of Fzd4 in promoting dendrite growth. Unlike most previously described pathways, Wnt5a/Fzd4 signaling promoted dendrite development in an activity‐independent and autocrine fashion. Together, these results provide the first identification of a Wnt receptor for regulating dendrite development in the mammalian system, and demonstrate a novel function of the distal PDZ motif of Fzd4 in dendrite morphogenesis, thereby expanding our knowledge of the complex roles of Wnt signaling in neural development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 805℃822, 2015
Control of Autonomous Mobile Robot Using Map Matching with Optimized Search Range
Authors: Komiya Kouhei , Miyashita Shunsuke , Maruoka Yutaka , Uchimura YUTAKA
Published: November 2014

Accurate estimation of self‐position is indispensable for autonomous mobile robots. Map‐matching‐based self‐positioning is a promising method; however, adequate matching area selection is an issue to be solved. In this paper, we propose an adjustable map matching method that remedies a defect of the conventional template matching technology. The proposed method was evaluated experimentally, and the results confirmed the advantages of the proposed method.
An Organocatalytic Process for the Hydrolytic Cleavage of Dithianes Mediated by Imidazolium Ions: No Harsh Agents Required
Authors: Myles Lauren , Gathergood Nicholas , Connon Stephen J.
Published: November 2014

A new, organocatalytic approach to the hydrolytic deprotection of dithianes has been developed involving a low‐toxicity imidazolium‐ion‐based catalyst in an aqueous medium. A complimentary solvent‐free method without added water and involving a sacrificial aldehyde is also reported. The catalyst does not appear to operate by a specific‐acid catalysis mechanism.
Functionalization of the meso‐Phenyl Ring of Rhodamine Dyes Through SNAr with Sulfur Nucleophiles: Synthesis, Biophysical Characterizations, and Comprehensive NMR Analysis
Authors: Mitronova Gyuzel Yu. , Polyakova Svetlana , Wurm Christian A. , Kolmakov Kirill , Wolfram Thomas , Meineke Dirk N. H. , Belov Vladimir N. , John Michael , Hell Stefan W.
Published: November 2014

Aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) of fluorine in 9‐(3′‐carboxy‐4′,5′,6′,7′‐tetrafluorophenyl) groups of xanthene dyes constitutes a powerful tool in dye design. Thiols and amines regioselectively replace F‐6′. This approach enables additional hydrophilic residues or functional groups required for bioconjugation to be introduced. By using this methodology, a “bright” and photostable dye for two‐color superresolution microscopy was synthesized (with absorption and emission maxima at 604 and 627 nm, respectively). In the case of red‐emitting rhodamine dyes with 3′‐carboxy‐4′,5′,7′‐trifluorophenyl residues, two‐dimensional NMR techniques and a chemical transformation were used to prove the precise position of the additional substituent – a carboxylic acid group linked through the S‐atom at C‐6′. Furthermore, simple 1H NMR spectra reliably permit the position of the additional carboxy substituent in the 3′‐carboxyphenyl ring (at C‐5′ or C‐6′) to be established. Information on the exact position of this substituent is significant for the design of molecular probes and for the prediction of the properties of their bioconjugates.