bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicación para la inspección espacial, volumétrica y seccional interactiva de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela
Authors: Barneche Naya Viviana , Hernández Ibáñez Luis A. , Jaspe Villanueva Alberto , Fariña Fernández Gustavo
Published: January 2016

This paper describes the design, production and implementation of an application for the formal analysis of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. The geometrical complexity of the model of this building for the level of detail required, derived from the profusion of stylistic elements present, that constitutes one of its signs of identity leaded to use the progressive refinement radiosity method to generate a model which could be handled in real-time, adding the visual quality of global
illumination, to be implemented in an application that allows the user to interactively inspect and cross-section the model.
Amelia Biagioni o el imprevisible trayecto de una experiencia poética alterna
Authors: Valcheff García Fernando Nahuel
Published: January 2016

El presente artículo propone un recorrido de lectura crítica global en torno a los cinco poemarios publicados entre 1954 y 1995 por la escritora argentina Amelia Biagioni (1916 -2000), poniendo especial énfasis en la condición alterna de su obra poética, tanto en relación con las tendencias estéticas dominantes en el campo literario de su época, como en el seno de su propia producción, caracterizada por un doble gesto simultáneo de ruptura y recomposición, de instauración y abolición complementarias. Se espera que el análisis discursivo de sus poemarios, así como de los procedimientos textuales fundamentales que componen su poesía, permita reflexionar acerca de su práctica poética de manera integral, reivindicando el carácter transgresivo/ disruptivo de su escritura con el objetivo de reafirmar, en última instancia, la singularidad de su producción.
Las Rozas Smart Green City: Town-building from the citizen's perspective”
Authors: Bartolomé Muñoz de Luna Ángel , Barquero Cabrero Mario , Gonzálvez Vallés Juan Enrique
Published: January 2016

El presente artículo ahonda sobre las nuevas formulaciones que la llegada de las nuevas tecnologías han introducido en la comunicación de las ciudades. Desde este punto de visto, se ha producido un impulso eficaz en cuanto al resultado y eficiente en cuanto al contenido a la hora de que los ciudadanos y los distintos movimientos sociales hayan visto reconocido su papel de agentes activas, sobre todo gracias a la interactividad que ahora pueden ejercitar. El caso de Las Rozas Smart City es un ejemplo de cómo los vecinos de esta localidad madrileña tienen ahora una herramienta a su alcance “Las Rozas Smart Green City” para interactuar con su ayuntamiento y ayudar a la construcción de un municipio mejor.
TERAPIA RETINÓIDE NA ACNE VULGAR
Authors: Vinhal Daniela Cristina , Roberth Aline Oliveira , Ortence Vânia Oliveira Pereira , Diniz Danielle Guimarães Almeida
Published: January 2016

A acne vulgar é uma condição patológica da pele que acomete homens e mulheres de todas as idades. O tratamento procura controlar a hiperprodução de sebo, hiperqueratinização folicular, colonização por bactérias e inflamação local. O tratamento da acne pode ser tópico, sistêmico ou até cirúrgico.

O objetivo deste artigo foi extrair da literatura dados essenciais sobre derivados retinóides utilizados no tratamento da acne vulgar, para deste modo fornecer um estudo atualizado sobre a abordagem terapêutica nas diversas formas da acne.

O uso dos retinóides como fármacos de primeira escolha no tratamento da acne deve-se a comprovada eficácia na melhora das lesões acnéicas não inflamatórias e inflamatórias. A partir de análises minuciosas de estudos já realizados entre os retinóides tópicos, o adapaleno destacou-se por apresentar, com frequência, melhor tolerabilidade cutânea e maior aderência do indivíduo ao tratamento. O tazaroteno, por sua vez, mostrou-se mais eficaz no tratamento da acne inflamatória.

Desta forma, pode-se concluir que na escolha do tratamento da acne é preciso avaliar o custo e o benefício das abordagens terapêuticas disponíveis e as melhores indicações de acordo com o aspecto clínico das lesões e a aderência do paciente ao tratamento. Além disso, os clínicos devem continuar a buscar estratégias inovadoras, a fim de limitar o fardo substancial desta doença prevalente.
ÍNDICE DE ACEITAÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS MANIPULADOS, NO MUNICÍPIO DE PELOTAS, RS
Authors: Prietsch Prietsch Da fonseca
Published: January 2016

O objetivo deste estudo, quantitativo e descritivo, nos meses de setembro a dezembro 2013 realizando o levantamento de informações sobre medicamentos manipulados na cidade de Pelotas, RS, enfatizando o uso ou não de medicamentos manipulados. Onde apenas uma pequena parte dos usuários relatou desconfiança na eficácia do tratamento com os produtos manipulados, por diversos motivos. Os resultados obtidos através de tratamento de medicamentos manipulados foram bastante satisfatórios.
PERFIL FARMACOEPIDEMIOLÓGICO DAS INTERAÇÕES MEDICAMENTOSAS POTENCIAIS EM PRESCRIÇÕES DE PSICOFÁRMACOS.
Authors: Freitas de Andrade Kaio Vinicius Freitas de Andrade
Published: January 2016

Interações medicamentosas consistem na modulação dos efeitos de um medicamento pela administração prévia ou concomitante de outro ou através da associação com alimentos ou outras substâncias químicas, podendo ou não ocasionar prejuízos à saúde. Objetivou-se investigar as interações medicamentosas potenciais (IMP) nas prescrições elaboradas em novembro de 2011 em um ambulatório de psiquiatria, localizado em Feira de Santana, Bahia. Os medicamentos prescritos foram agrupados pelo sistema Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC). As IMP foram identificadas e classificadas de acordo com o Micromedex®, utilizando critérios de gravidade, mecanismo de ação, período de latência e conhecimento científico. Foram analisadas 782 prescrições, contendo 23 fármacos distintos, totalizando 2258 medicamentos prescritos, categorizados em 7 grupos farmacológicos, com predomínio dos antipsicóticos (33%), destacando-se o haloperidol (17,1%). Dentre as IMP mais comuns (N=1711), destacaram-se haloperidol e prometazina (15,7%), clorpromazina e prometazina (11,1%), clorpromazina e haloperidol (10,4%). Foram encontrados 56 tipos distintos de IMP, sendo 57,1% de gravidade moderada, 48,2% com boa documentação, 60,7% farmacocinéticas e 57,1% com período de latência não especificado. Estudos podem contribuir para a redução dos riscos associados às IMP, possibilitando uma farmacoterapia mais efetiva e segura. A atuação clínica do farmacêutico pode contribuir para a prescrição racional de psicofármacos.
OS INIBIDORES DO COTRANSPORTADOR DE SÓDIO E GLICOSE 2 SÃO ALTERNATIVAS VIÁVEIS NO TRATAMENTO DO DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2?
Authors: Sousa Camila Tavares , Paula Bianca Augusta Pereira , Martins Matheus Reis , Obreli Neto Paulo Roque , Guidoni Camilo Molino , Baldoni André De Oliveira
Published: January 2016

Introdução: O diabetes mellitus (DM) apresenta elevada prevalência (382 milhões de indivíduos em 2013), com expectativas de aumento superior a 55% no número de casos em 2035 (592 milhões de indivíduos). Recentemente foi lançada uma nova classe de medicamento para o tratamento do DM tipo 2 (DM2): os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (SGLT-2). Objetivo: Realizar uma análise das informações disponíveis relacionadas à indicações, contraindicações, efetividade e segurança dos inibidores da SGLT-2. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa de estudos publicados na base de dados Pubmed até maio de 2015. Resultados: Os inibidores da SGLT-2 apresentam efetividade na redução da hemoglobina glicada (0,5 a 1,0%), glicemia de jejum (30mg/dL), peso corporal (2 a 4kg), pressão arterial (2,5 a 4,5mmHg pressão arterial sistólica; 0,5 a 2,2mmHg pressão arterial diastólica). Os principais efeitos adversos estão relacionados a infecção genital feminina (5,4 a 11,4%), infecções do trato urinário (4,3 a 9,3%) e aumento do volume urinário (2,9 a 5,3%). Conclusão: Os inibidores da SGLT-2 possuem efetividade inferior à classes de antidiabéticos mais antigas e, na literatura, há poucas informações de segurança de uso a longo prazo.
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE AMOSTRAS DE PAPAÍNA COMERCIALIZADAS POR EMPRESAS FORNECEDORAS DE INSUMOS FARMACÊUTICOS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Borella Júlio Cézar , Pádua Michelly De , Stevanato Marise C. Bastos
Published: January 2016

A papaína é um insumo, de origem vegetal, usada na produção de medicamentos, por sua ação cicatrizante e desbridante de feridas. No entanto, a qualidade dessa matéria prima é questionável. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar esse quesito na papaína disponível no mercado farmacêutico do estado de São Paulo. Isto foi realizado analisando amostras de diversos fornecedores através de características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e enzimáticas. Quatro amostras de papaína foram avaliadas, comparando-se com padrão e conforme descrito na literatura, em relação às propriedades organolépticas (sensoriais), testes de solubilidade, determinação do pH, determinação de umidade, determinação de contaminação microbiológica e determinação da atividade enzimática. Os resultados mostraram que todas as amostras testadas (100%) passaram nos testes organolépticos, solubilidade, pH, umidade e contaminantes microbiológicos. Somente três delas (75%) passaram na avaliação da atividade enzimática. Além disso, observou-se para esse quesito, que há grande variabilidade da atividade enzimática entre as amostras testadas (458%), mostrando que a papaína disponível no mercado merece análise criteriosa em relação a esse quesito. Este fato pode levar a alterações em relação aos resultados do uso de formulações que incluem esse insumo, no que se refere à segurança de uso e eficácia terapêutica.
INTOXICAÇÕES E REAÇÕES ADVERSAS A MEDICAMENTOS: PERFIL LOCAL DE SUBNOTIFICAÇÃO AOS SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO EM SAÚDE
Authors: Germano Lucas Coraça , Alonzo Herling Gregorio Aguilar
Published: January 2016

No Brasil, as poucas informações disponíveis sobre exposições e intoxicações envolvendo medicamentos provêm do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), do Sistema Informações Tóxico-farmacológicas (SINITOX), e alguns estudos em grandes hospitais. O objetivo foi analisar as exposições e intoxicações, envolvendo medicamentos, atendidas na Unidade de Urgência e Emergência (UUE) do Hospital Municipal de Itapira-SP ocorridas em 2012. Realizou-se um estudo transversal das exposições medicamentosas a partir da revisão das fichas de todos os atendimentos da UUE. Ocorreram 95.923 atendimentos, dos quais 3.184 eram exposições e intoxicações, destas, 318 (10,0%) relacionaram-se a medicamentos. Predominaram o gênero feminino (61,0%), na faixa de 20 a 59 anos (58,2%), as exposições terapêuticas (39,9%) e tentativas de suicídio (19,2%), sem nenhum óbito. Ocorreu suporte do Centro de Atendimento Toxicológico em dois casos e não houve notificação ao SINAN. Três casos de tentativas de suicídio foram encaminhados para acompanhamento após alta. É preciso cautela na avaliação das exposições medicamentosas no Brasil, dadas as dessemelhanças encontradas entre os dados de Itapira e os do SINAN e o SINITOX. Sugerem-se estudos de farmacovigilância no município, para redução das exposições terapêuticas prejudiciais, e ações de prevenção ao suicídio junto aos serviços de saúde.
PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO SITUACIONAL APLICADO À ATENÇÃO FARMACÊUTICA: EXPERIÊNCIAS E POSSIBILIDADES
Authors: GIACOBO SILVANA TERESINHA , BARELLI CRISTIANE - , GONÇALVES CARLA BEATRICE CRIVELLARO , HAHN SIOMARA REGINA
Published: January 2016

O objetivo deste estudo de caso é relatar e avaliar a construção do plano operativo para implementação da atenção farmacêutica na rede básica de saúde do município de Tapera, Rio Grande do Sul. Dentre as dificuldades vivenciadas pela assistência farmacêutica na unidade de saúde o problema prioritário foi a má adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso por parte dos usuários. A metodologia adotada como proposta de intervenção foi a concepção matusiana do Plano Estratégico Situacional (PES), incluindo os momentos explicativo, normativo, estratégico e tático-operacional A imagem-objetivo projetada pelos atores que discutiram o PES foi a monitorização adequada dos portadores de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, com quadros clínicos compensados, fator determinante para o aumento da expectativa e da qualidade de vida, além da diminuição de agravos e de custos para o sistema de saúde. A integração do profissional farmacêutico na rotina de atendimento aos hipertensos e diabéticos após a implementação do PES, por meio da orientação farmacêutica, resultou no desenvolvimento de ações conjuntas, com a equipe de saúde da família, otimizando a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e promovendo o uso racional de medicamentos.
Análise de um aglomerado no setor sucroenergético: estudo de caso na microrregião de Assis (SP)
Authors: Oliveira Edenis César de , Gaspar Marcos Antonio , Fernandes José Luiz Nunes , Silva Filho José Ribamar Tomaz da
Published: January 2016

O setor sucroenergético brasileiro tem assumido papel de destaque na economia nacional nas últimas décadas, tornando-se um importante gerador de riquezas para o país. Não obstante, o fenômeno das redes de negócios formadas por empresas e organizações visando assim a instituição de estratégias de maior sucesso competitivo também tem recebido maior atenção nos últimos anos. A partir da intersecção destas duas temáticas, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o aglomerado de empresas e organizações atuantes no setor sucroenergético na microrregião geográfica de Assis (Estado de São Paulo), a partir dos fundamentos propostos no modelo teórico de Zaccarelli et al. (2008), buscando-se assim evidenciar os fundamentos que mais se destacam. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo de natureza qualitativa. Aplicou-se questionário estruturado para gestores de doze organizações que compõem o aglomerado analisado. Como resultado, foi possível verificar que cinco dos dez fundamentos analisados no instrumento de pesquisa demonstraram-se mais importantes, segundo os respondentes da pesquisa, quais sejam: fidelização, inovação, estratégia de grupo, compra direta e aperfeiçoamento. A partir da relevância verificada nos resultados dos fundamentos indicados como prioritários, com destaque para a ‘fidelização’, é possível afirmar a existência de uma rede de empresas atuante no setor sucroenergético na região analisada.
Anatomical barriers in the right atrium to the coronary sinus cannulation
Authors: Klimek-Piotrowska Wiesława , Hołda Mateusz K. , Koziej Mateusz , Strona Marcin
Published: January 2016

Background.The coronary venous system is an increasingly frequent target of minimally invasive cardiac procedures. The purpose of this paper is to assess the anatomical barriers in the right atrium to coronary sinus cannulation.

Methods.We examined the anatomy of the right atrium, coronary sinus ostium, inferior and superior vena cava ostia in 110 randomly selected autopsied human hearts of both sexes (27% females; mean age 49.2 ± 17.5 years).

Results.The Eustachian valve was present in 79 cases (71.8%) with mean height =4.9 ± 2.6 mm. The valve was perforated in 11 cases (13.9%). It is typically too small to hinder the coronary sinus catheterization, but in some cases (about 2%) a significantly protruding valve may be an obstacle. Chiari’s network (4.6%) is not a barrier to catheter entry into the right atrium but may significantly impede further catheter manipulations inside the heart venous system. A typical Thebesian valve leaves enough space for the passage of the standard catheter to the coronary sinus.

Discussion.Detailed anatomy of various anatomical structures within the right atrium that could play a potential role in coronary sinus cannulation is discussed.
Sotos syndrome: An unusual presentation with intrauterine growth restriction, generalized lymphedema, and intention tremor
Authors: McClelland Jessie , Burgess Bronwyn , Crock Patricia , Goel Himanshu
Published: January 2016

Sotos syndrome is a childhood overgrowth syndrome characterized clinically by a distinctive facial gestalt, advanced bone age, childhood overgrowth, and non‐progressive developmental delay; and genetically by haploinsufficiency of the Nuclear receptor binding SET Domain 1 (NSD1) gene. Generalized lymphedema has not previously been associated with Sotos syndrome. Generalized lymphedema has been associated with mutations in several genes including FLT4. This gene is involved in the regulation of VEGFR3, a key governor of lymphatic‐endothelial cell development and function. We report on a 28‐year‐old Caucasian female with a de novo NSD1 intragenic mutation, c.5841_5848dup: p.Leu1950Serfs*22, who presented with characteristic clinical features of Sotos syndrome. Unusually this case includes atypical features of intrauterine growth retardation and post‐pubertal onset of primary lymphedema. To our knowledge, no link between Sotos syndrome and generalized lymphedema has previously been described in the literature. We propose a mechanism by which disruptions in NSD1 gene may lead to generalized lymphedema. Aberrations of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐signaling pathway has been identified in both Sotos syndrome and lymphedema. This finding extends the known phenotype of Sotos syndrome through the inclusion of lymphedema. This case also indicates that presence of low birth weight does not exclude the possibility of Sotos syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel features of 3q29 deletion syndrome: Results from the 3q29 registry
Authors: Glassford Megan R. , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Freedman Alexa A. , Zwick Michael E. ,   Unique Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group, Mulle Jennifer G.
Published: January 2016

3q29 deletion syndrome is caused by a recurrent, typically de novo heterozygous 1.6 Mb deletion, but because incidence of the deletion is rare (1 in 30,000 births) the phenotype is not well described. To characterize the range of phenotypic manifestations associated with 3q29 deletion syndrome, we have developed an online registry (3q29deletion.org) for ascertainment of study subjects and phenotypic data collection via Internet‐based survey instruments. We report here on data collected during the first 18 months of registry operation, from 44 patients. This is the largest cohort of 3q29 deletion carriers ever assembled and surveyed in a systematic way. Our data reveal that 28% of registry participants report neuropsychiatric phenotypes, including anxiety disorder, panic attacks, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Other novel findings include a high prevalence (64%) of feeding problems in infancy and reduced weight at birth for 3q29 deletion carriers (average reduction 13.9 oz (394 g), adjusted for gestational age and sex, P = 6.5e‐07). We further report on the frequency of heart defects, autism, recurrent ear infections, gastrointestinal phenotypes, and dental phenotypes, among others. We also report on the expected timing of delayed developmental milestones. This is the most comprehensive description of the 3q29 deletion phenotype to date. These results are clinically actionable toward improving patient care for 3q29 deletion carriers, and can guide the expectations of physicians and parents. These data also demonstrate the value of patient‐reported outcomes to reveal the full phenotypic spectrum of rare genomic disorders. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel TUBB3 mutation in a sporadic patient with asymmetric cortical dysplasia
Authors: Shimojima Keiko , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: January 2016

Recent advances in molecular technology have led to the discovery of several genes related to human malformations of cortical development (MCDs). The beta‐tubulin class III gene (TUBB3) was identified as a gene responsible for MCDs. Although mouse‐model experiments have not revealed any findings of neuronal migration disorders, human TUBB3 mutations have been identified in patients with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Since the discovery of a TUBB3 mutation, only 15 mutations have been identified. In this study, comprehensive mutation screening through next‐generation sequencing identified a novel TUBB3 mutation (p.Ser230Leu) in a sporadic patient with moderate developmental delay associated with mild MCD. Compared to patients with the alpha‐tubulin class 1a gene (TUBA1A) mutations, patients with TUBB3 mutations show milder phenotypic manifestations and milder MCD. Therefore, patients with milder MCD manifestations may be under‐diagnosed, and TUBB3 mutations may be rarely identified. Additional genotype–phenotype information should be accumulated for further understanding of the TUBB3 functional relevance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovery Through Gossip
Authors: Haeupler Bernhard , Pandurangan Gopal , Peleg David , Rajaraman Rajmohan , Sun Zhifeng
Published: January 2016

We study randomized gossip‐based processes in dynamic networks that are motivated by information discovery in large‐scale distributed networks such as peer‐to‐peer and social networks. A well‐studied problem in peer‐to‐peer networks is resource discovery, where the goal for nodes (hosts with IP addresses) is to discover the IP addresses of all other hosts. Also, some of the recent work on self‐stabilization algorithms for P2P/overlay networks proceed via discovery of the complete network. In social networks, nodes (people) discover new nodes through exchanging contacts with their neighbors (friends). In both cases the discovery of new nodes changes the underlying network — new edges are added to the network — and the process continues in the changed network. Rigorously analyzing such dynamic (stochastic) processes in a continuously changing topology remains a challenging problem with obvious applications.

This paper studies and analyzes two natural gossip‐based discovery processes. In the push discovery or triangulation process, each node repeatedly chooses two random neighbors and connects them (i.e., “pushes” their mutual information to each other). In the pull discovery process or the two‐hop walk, each node repeatedly requests or “pulls” a random contact from a random neighbor and connects itself to this two‐hop neighbor. Both processes are lightweight in the sense that the amortized work done per node is constant per round, local, and naturally robust due to the inherent randomized nature of gossip.

Our main result is an almost‐tight analysis of the time taken for these two randomized processes to converge. We show that in any undirected n‐node graph both processes take rounds to connect every node to all other nodes with high probability, whereas is a lower bound. We also study the two‐hop walk in directed graphs, and show that it takes time with high probability, and that the worst‐case bound is tight for arbitrary directed graphs, whereas Ω(n2) is a lower bound for strongly connected directed graphs. A key technical challenge that we overcome in our work is the analysis of a randomized process that itself results in a constantly changing network leading to complicated dependencies in every round. We discuss implications of our results and their analysis to discovery problems in P2P networks as well as to evolution in social networks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 565–587, 2016
Immunity to malaria in an era of declining malaria transmission
Authors: FOWKES FREYA J. I. , BOEUF PHILIPPE , BEESON JAMES G.
Published: January 2016

With increasing malaria control and goals of malaria elimination, many endemic areas are transitioning from high-to-low-to-no malaria transmission. Reductions in transmission will impact on the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria, which develops after repeated exposure toPlasmodiumspp. However, it is currently unclear how declining transmission and malaria exposure will affect the development and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Here we review the key processes which underpin this knowledge; the amount ofPlasmodiumspp. exposure required to generate effective immune responses, the longevity of antibody responses and the ability to mount an effective response upon re-exposure through memory responses. Lastly we identify research priorities which will increase our understanding of how changing transmission will impact on malarial immunity.
Dependence of silicon ablation regimes on fluence during ultrafast laser irradiation
Authors: Polek M. , Hassanein A.
Published: January 2016

Models and experiments were developed to study femtosecond laser ablation of silicon using 800 nm, 40 fs pulses with fluences ranging from 0.5 to 35 J/cm2. At low fluences, ablation was found to occur due to bubble formation and splashing within the melt layer. At higher fluences, it was found that the ablation depth exceeded the melt layer depth due to shockwave ablation. The variation in ion flux and ion velocity was also studied both experimentally and theoretically. It was found that the variation in ion flux is mainly dependent on the variation in the average charge state, with only a small variation in the total number of ions above $\sim \!\!1.5\; \,{\rm J/c}{{\rm m}^2}$. Comparisons between the theoretical and experimental ion flux showed that higher charge state ions received greater portion of the laser energy compared with lower charge state ions.
THE WEIGHTED GENERALIZED GAMMA DISTRIBUTION IS THE GENERALIZED GAMMA DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees
Published: January 2016

It is pointed out that the weighted generalized gamma distribution of Priyadarshani and Oluyede [2] is a generalized gamma distribution.
Nine new cytochalasan alkaloids from Chaetomium globosum TW1-1 (Ascomycota, Sordariales)
Authors: Chen Chunmei , Tong Qingyi , Zhu Hucheng , Tan Dongdong , Zhang Jinwen , Xue Yongbo , Yao Guangmin , Luo Zengwei , Wang Jianping , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Yonghui
Published: January 2016

Chemical investigation on the methanol extract of Chaetomium globosum TW1-1, a fungus isolated from the common pillbug (Armadillidium vulgare), has resulted in the isolation of nine new highly oxygenated cytochalasan alkaloids, armochaetoglobins S–Z (1 and 3–9) and 7-O-acetylarmochaetoglobin S (2), together with eight structurally related known analogues (10–17). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Among them, compound 2 presents to be the first member of chaetoglobosin family with an acetyl group and compounds 3 represents the first chaetoglobosin characterized by an 2′,3′-epoxy-indole moiety. The discovery of these new compounds revealed the largely untapped chemical diversity of cytochalasans and enriched their chemical research. Compounds 1–9 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines and compounds 8 and 9 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranging from 10.45 to 30.42 μM.
A Regional Climate Mode Discovered in the North Atlantic: Dakar Niño/Niña
Authors: Oettli Pascal , Morioka Yushi , Yamagata Toshio
Published: January 2016

The interrannual variability of coastal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies confined off Senegal is explored from a new viewpoint of the ocean-land-atmosphere interaction. The phenomenon may be classified into “coastal Niño/Niña” in the North Atlantic as discussed recently in the Northeastern Pacific and Southeastern Indian Oceans. The interannual variability of the regional mixed-layer temperature anomaly that evolves in boreal late fall and peaks in spring is associated with the alongshore wind anomaly, mixed-layer depth anomaly and cross-shore atmospheric pressure gradient anomaly, suggesting the existence of ocean-land-atmosphere coupled processes. The coupled warm (cold) event is named Dakar Niño (Niña). The oceanic aspect of the Dakar Niño (Niña) may be basically explained by anomalous warming (cooling) of the anomalously thin (thick) mixed-layer, which absorbs shortwave surface heat flux. In the case of Dakar Niña, however, enhancement of the entrainment at the bottom of the mixed-layer is not negligible.
Coralline algal physiology is more adversely affected by elevated temperature than reduced pH
Authors: Vásquez-Elizondo Román Manuel , Enríquez Susana
Published: January 2016

In this study we analyzed the physiological responses of coralline algae to ocean acidification (OA) and global warming, by exposing algal thalli of three species with contrasting photobiology and growth-form to reduced pH and elevated temperature. The analysis aimed to discern between direct and combined effects, while elucidating the role of light and photosynthesis inhibition in this response. We demonstrate the high sensitivity of coralline algae to photodamage under elevated temperature and its severe consequences on thallus photosynthesis and calcification rates. Moderate levels of light-stress, however, were maintained under reduced pH, resulting in no impact on algal photosynthesis, although moderate adverse effects on calcification rates were still observed. Accordingly, our results support the conclusion that global warming is a stronger threat to algal performance than OA, in particular in highly illuminated habitats such as coral reefs. We provide in this study a quantitative physiological model for the estimation of the impact of thermal-stress on coralline carbonate production, useful to foresee the impact of global warming on coralline contribution to reef carbon budgets, reef cementation, coral recruitment and the maintenance of reef biodiversity. This model, however, cannot yet account for the moderate physiological impact of low pH on coralline calcification.
Abundance, composition and activity of denitrifier communities in metal polluted paddy soils
Authors: Liu Yuan , Liu Yongzhuo , Zhou Huimin , Li Lianqing , Zheng Jinwei , Zhang Xuhui , Zheng Jufeng , Pan Genxing
Published: January 2016

Denitrification is one of the most important soil microbial processes leading to the production of nitrous oxide (N2O). The potential changes with metal pollution in soil microbial community for N2O production and reduction are not well addressed. In this study, topsoil samples were collected both from polluted and non-polluted rice paddy fields and denitrifier communities were characterized with molecular fingerprinting procedures. All the retrieved nirK sequences could be grouped into neither α- nor β- proteobacteria, while most of the nosZ sequences were affiliated with α-proteobacteria. The abundances of the nirK and nosZ genes were reduced significantly in the two polluted soils. Thus, metal pollution markedly affected composition of both nirK and nosZ denitrifiers. While the total denitrifying activity and N2O production rate were both reduced under heavy metal pollution of the two sites, the N2O reduction rate showed no significant change. These findings suggest that N2O production activity could be sensitive to heavy metal pollution, which could potentially lead to a decrease in N2O emission in polluted paddies. Therefore, metal pollution could have potential impacts on soil N transformation and thus on N2O emission from paddy soils.
The effect of supersaturation levels on the segregation coefficient of deuterium in K(H1−xDx)2PO4 crystals using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ji Shaohua , Teng Bing , Kong Weijin , Zhong Degao , Sun Xun , Wang Zhengping
Published: January 2016

The deuteration level of K(H1−xDx)2PO4 (DKDP) crystals was measured by Raman spectroscopy and non-critical phase matching (NCPM) temperature experiments.
Copper(ii) complexes with peptides based on the second cell binding site of fibronectin: metal coordination and ligand exchange kinetics
Authors: Pizzanelli Silvia , Forte Claudia , Pinzino Calogero , Magrì Antonio , La Mendola Diego
Published: January 2016

Copper(ii) complexes with short peptides based on the second cell binding site of fibronectin, PHSFN and PHSEN, have been characterized by potentiometric, UV-vis, CD, EPR and NMR spectroscopic methods.
DMABI tripod structures with sensing capabilities: synthesis, characterization and fluorescence analysis
Authors: Contreras-Cáceres Rafael , Doña Manuel , López-Ramírez Maria Rosa , Algarra Manuel , Hierrezuelo Jesus , Casado-Rodríguez Miguel Angel , Sánchez-Molina Maria , Díaz Amelia , Campos Bruno B. , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G. , López-Romero Juan Manuel
Published: January 2016

Synthesis of tripod 1,3-indandione derivatives.
AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high electron mobility transistors with reduced leakage current and enhanced breakdown voltage using aluminum ion implantation
Authors: Sun Shichuang , Fu Kai , Yu Guohao , Zhang Zhili , Song Liang , Deng Xuguang , Qi Zhiqiang , Li Shuiming , Sun Qian , Cai Yong , Dai Jiangnan , Chen Changqing , Zhang Baoshun
Published: January 2016

This letter has studied the performance of AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high electron mobility transistors on silicon substrate with GaN buffer treated by aluminum ion implantation for insulating followed by a channel regrown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. For samples with Al ion implantation of multiple energies of 140 keV (dose: 1.4 × 1014 cm−2) and 90 keV (dose: 1 × 1014 cm−2), the OFF-state leakage current is decreased by more than 3 orders and the breakdown voltage is enhanced by nearly 6 times compared to the samples without Al ion implantation. Besides, little degradation of electrical properties of the 2D electron gas channel is observed where the maximum drain current IDSmax at a gate voltage of 3 V was 701 mA/mm and the maximum transconductance gmmax was 83 mS/mm.
Observations as the Building Blocks of Science in 20th-Century Scientific Thought
Authors: Wisdom J. O.
Published: January 2016

Although there continue to be many interpretations of the nature of science, not simply thought up from afar by philosophers, but in the highest ranks of scientific circles, there are only a few that are significantly different from one another and influential (Wisdom, 1971). I shall confine myself to instrumentalism, conventionalism, and induction. (I shall omit even operationalism as being easily subsumable under conventionalism.) The main thesis will be that they constitute different ways of regarding knowledge as rooted in pure observation, and that the philosophy of observationalism they presuppose is false. The falsifiability interpretation does not view knowledge in this way and is not discussed here.

Whatever the shortcomings of these three positions may be, however, firmly held or rejected they may be according as one assesses existing criticisms, these criticisms mainly lead to a judicial appraisal without pointing to anything new.
A Logical Empiricist Theory of Scientific Change?
Authors: Siemens Warren D.
Published: January 2016

There is in the philosophy of science a view of the nature of science which is often referred to as the orthodox view. In my opinion Dudley Shapere has succinctly characterized the main tenets of this view in his article ‘Meaning and Scientific Change’. According to this view, let me refer to it as the orthodox Logical Empiricist (LE) view, the problem of developing a theory of scientific change was not considered to be a legitimate problem for the philosophy of science. A primary concern of the Logical Empiricist was to analyze the logical structure which is shared by all scientific theories. From the point of view of the development of science the logical structure of scientific theories is a constant. What varies from one theory to another is their empirical content not their logical form.
The Objects of Acceptance: Competing Scientific Explanations
Authors: Hopson Ronald C.
Published: January 2016

Important revisions and additions to the contemporary objectives of acceptance rules result from construing a theory of warranted inductive inference to presuppose an account of adequate scientific explanations. We conceive the objects of acceptance rules to be the best of competing scientific explanations. Our primary interest is to show how to construct an analysis of competing explanations. Hence our specific investigation concerns the interrelations between the criteria of adequacy for scientific explanations and the definitions of the modes of competition between explanations.
Discovery, Rationality, and Progress in Science: A Perspective in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Shapere Dudley
Published: January 2016

If we examine some relatively sophisticated area of science at a particular stage of its development, we find that a certain body of information is, at that stage, taken to be an object for investigation. On a general level, we need only think of the subject-matters called ‘electricity’, ‘magnetism’, ‘light’, or ‘chemistry’; but both within and outside such standard fields, there are more specific examples - such as, for instance, what are taken to be subfields of the preceding subjects. Further, those general subjects themselves are, in many cases, considered to be related in certain ways. (For example, in the nineteenth century, reasons accumulated for believing that electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and light were related, and in such a manner that it was reasonable to search for a common account of all these subjects.)
Fictionalism, Functionalism and Factor Analysis
Authors: Block N. J.
Published: January 2016

Two doubtful philosophical doctrines have contributed strongly to the development of IQ tests, and now play a major role in defending IQ tests as measures of intelligence: they are operationism and fictionalism.

The application of operationism in psychometrics is in such doctrines as the following: one can avoid answering the question whether IQ tests measure intelligence simply by defining the word ‘intelligence’ as what IQ tests measure. Obviously, such a definition does not avoid the issue. For we can now reasonably ask whether people who accept the operational definition use the word ‘intelligence’ to refer to the same quantity as that referred to by people who reject the operational definition or have never considered it. Many operational definitions of ‘intelligence’ would be clearly unsatisfactory. Consider, for example, an operational definition which stipulates that a person's intelligence is the number of pounds indicated when the person is placed on a scale.
Two Forms of Determinism
Authors: Kirschenmann Peter
Published: January 2016

Philosophers are continually challenged to comprehend chance phenomena and probabilistic relationships. Those cases are especially intriguing in which we speak of chance or probability but can hardly attribute this manner of speaking to our being partially or totally ignorant of the situations in question. Those cases, then, can be taken to possess chance as an objective feature. In its intent, this paper is restricted to a discussion of such cases. Among objective chance relationships there is one kind which seems especially incomprehensible. These are stochastic relationships, i.e., chance relationships between consecutive states of physical systems.
The Problem of Micro-Explanation
Authors: Girill T.R.
Published: January 2016

A scientific explanation is prima facie micro-reductive if the explanans refers to the behavior or properties of the micro-parts of something mentioned in the explanandum. Entity x is appropriately regarded as a micro-part of y whenever the following individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions are satisfied:

(i)

x is spatio-temporally contained in y

(ii)

for any other part of y, either

a)

x is spatio-temporally discrete from it, or

b)

x and it are assigned to different “levels”, such that parts from only one level are used in any given micro-explanation,

(iii)

x and y. share at least one quantitative, additive property such that

a)

the amount of this property attributed to x is less than the amount attributed to y, and

b)

the former amount arithmetically contributes to the latter.
New Perspectives in Nonlinearity or What to do When the Whole is More than the Sum of its Parts
Authors: Holland John H.
Published: January 2016

Before starting, I would like to beg the reader's indulgence. This paper is not a survey, or even a balanced account mentioning related work. It is simply an exposition of one approach to the problem. As such it contains only three references — all to my own work! Mea culpa.

In each of the sciences there are pivotal problems which can be formalized as searches for the global optimum of a function f: A→R, where A is an appropriately chosen domain of elements and R is the set of positive real numbers. In genetics, for example, A becomes the genotypes (combinations of genes) of interest and f assigns to each genotype its fitness; in economics (von Neumann's model), A becomes mixes of economic activities and f assigns to each mix its utility; in game playing, A becomes the possible strategies and f assigns to each strategy its minimax value; and so on.
Constraints on the Sociobiologists’ Program
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A.
Published: January 2016

Sociobiology is a relatively recent effort at the synthesis of the fields of anthropology, ethology, and evolutionary biology. The structure of the present commentary is to present briefly the aim of Sociobiology in its own view, and to state how it formulates and attempts to solve its own designated problems. Then I attempt to characterize the adequacy of the presuppositions which a narrow form of Sociobiology seems to make, and the consequences of abandoning those presuppositions. Further, I shall try to characterize the core difficulties in assessing the ways in which genes determine behavior, for, as will soon emerge, this is central to the Sociobiologist's program. An analysis of those difficulties helps counter cavalier criticisms of Sociobiology, and begins to suggest some of the means to surmount the methodological difficulties which impede this important scientific effort.
A Dilemma for Philosophers of Science and Technology
Authors: Giere Ronald N.
Published: January 2016

There is not space to offer detailed comments on each of four papers ([1],[2],[3],[4]). Nor does it seem fruitful to create a potpourri by commenting individually on one or two points from each. Instead I will attempt to develop one issue of general significance, an issue which is raised by all of the papers, though not explicitly discussed in any. Comments on points raised by the contributors will be woven in where they are relevant.

Anyone unacquainted with recent philosophy and philosophy of science might find it strange that the program of the Philosophy of Science Association for 1976 should include a symposium with the title: Are There Any Philosophically Interesting Questions in Technology?
The Foundations of Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Tisza Laszlo
Published: January 2016

The idea of combining molecular mechanics with statistical principles, in order to provide a “reduction” of thermodynamics to mechanics, took shape about a hundred years ago. Since that time, the technique of explaining macroscopic properties of matter in microscopic terms has advanced by leaps and bounds; but this practical success is not matched by a comparable progress in our understanding of the “foundations”. Recent mathematical advances in the ergodic theory ([18] and the various papers published in [6]) make it only more apparent that such discussions are still pursued in the conceptual framework of Boltzmann. My purpose is to advance another approach that is in some sense complementary to the traditional one. I suggest first a heuristic guideline that is broad enough to subsume both programs.
Observationality: Quine and the Epistemological Nihilists
Authors: Bechtel P. William , Stiffler Eric
Published: January 2016

For several years now Quine has been proclaiming a solution to problems concerning observation sentences and evidence: “The dislodging of epistemology from its old status of first philosophy has loosed a wave … of epistemological nihilism. This mood is reflected somewhat in the recent tendency of Polanyi, Kuhn, and the late Russell Hanson to belittle the role of evidence and to accentuate cultural relativism …. It is ironical that philosophers, finding “the old epistemology untenable as a whole, should react by repudiating a part which has only now [with Quine's account of observation sentences] moved into clear focus.” (pp. 87-88). Attacks on the notion of observationality by the critics of positivism have been : viewed by many (for example Scheffler, Chapter 1) as seriously undermining the objectivity of science. Quine's claim to have solved the problems, therefore, deserves careful consideration and evaluation.
Reasons, Causes, and Empathetic Understanding
Authors: Derden J.K.
Published: January 2016

The dispute concerning whether reasons are causes and related controversies continue unabated. The conflict manifests itself in various ways. Reasons are not causes: because reasons are not logically independent of actions; because no inductive evidence is required for establishing a reason for why I do something; and because no generalizations are required to explain why someone does something on the basis of reasons. It is also maintained that historical explanation is not explanation by appeal to covering laws and that empathetic understanding is more than an heuristic device for generating hypotheses to explain why people do what they do. It is further maintained that the social sciences are on the wrong track if they see themselves as more akin to the natural sciences, as opposed to philosophy (conceptual analysis) and the humanities.

The amazing fact is that the contradictory of each of the above stated positions has been seriously maintained.
On a Game-Theoretic Approach to a Scientific Language
Authors: Stachow E.-W.
Published: January 2016

This contribution gives an outline of a game theoretic foundation of the logical structure inherent to the language of a science. Game theoretic approaches to a language were considered and developed by several authors. In this volume Saarinen examines the game theoretic semantics due to Hintikka and the dialog-game semantics due to Lorenzen. In the following I shall not re-examine the approaches by Hintikka and Lorenzen. However, some remarks about Lorenzen’s semantics are necessary since the game theoretic approach considered here is essentially based on the idea of Lorenzen to use dialog-games for a foundation of logic.

A systematic game theoretic presentation of the rules of a dialog game was given at first by Lorenz. Starting with certain structural rules which constitute the general scheme of a dialog, a further dialog rule is necessary in order to guarantee a finite game.
Dialogue Semantics Versus Game-Theoretical Semantics
Authors: Saarinen Esa
Published: January 2016

In this paper I shall attempt to compare the dialogue approach originally advocated by Lorenz and Lorenzen and the game-theoretical approach of Hintikka with each other. I shall not try to present any survey of either one of the approaches and will assume that the reader is familiar with the basic ideas of these theories.

The original works of Lorenzen and Lorenz have been reprinted in their while Stegmüller contains a survey (in English) of the basic ideas and results. Works in this tradition which apply the approach to quantum logic include Denecke, Mittelstaedt Mittelstaedt and Stachow, Stachow. The reader will also find van Dunn, Krabbe, Lorenz and Stachow to be relevant.

The literature on Hintikka’s game-theoretical semantics as applied both to different formal languages (including infinitary languages and intensional logic) and to natural language is rapidly growing. As for the latter, the reader is referred to papers by Hintikka, Carlson and myself reprinted in Saarinen, to Carlson and ter Meulen, and to Saarinen.