bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Aspects of the Anti-Torture Normative Framework
Authors: O’Rourke Maeve
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a basic outline of the doctrinal framework constituting the rule against torture and ill-treatment as it is understood by a range of United Nations and regional human rights treaty bodies. It explains the two key interpretive tasks of human rights actors seeking to apply the norm, namely to establish if torture or ill-treatment crossing the minimum level of severity threshold has occurred and, if so, to identify the state’s obligations in relation to such behaviour. The chapter outlines the positive obligations espoused to date under the anti-torture norm, both in the Convention Against Torture and in treaty bodies’ jurisprudence. It further summarizes key principles according to which the human rights treaty bodies tend to evaluate whether ill-treatment has reached the minimum level of severity of suffering required for a finding of a substantive violation of the anti-torture norm.
Inadequate Continence Care
Authors: O’Rourke Maeve
Published: May 2024

This chapter applies the book’s conception of a dignity violation to the problem of inadequate continence care. The issue is an exemplar of the care-related suffering experienced by many older people at home, in hospital, in institutional long-term care settings, and in other care environments. The chapter argues that inadequate continence care should be recognized as capable in principle of breaching the anti-torture norm, and that states’ positive obligations under the norm should be interpreted to require the substantive empowerment of older people in relation to their care needs and in professional care settings. To make these arguments the chapter explores the impact on the personality of powerlessness to respond to continence care needs; it further identifies numerous sources of older people’s situational powerlessness regarding their care to which states’ positive obligations could respond.
Library rhyme times and mothers’ mental health
Authors: Boulton Charlotte , Lee Ben , Mears Sarah
Published: May 2024

Chapter 13 reports on a reflective practice project with Essex Libraries in the United Kingdom to explore whether library-based rhyme times could support the mental health of mothers of pre-school-aged children. The chapter reports on the design, implementation, and review of a series of evidence-based modifications to existing rhyme time sessions at eight libraries aimed to benefit the wellbeing of mothers. An evaluation framework indicated that mothers linked their attendance at the modified rhyme times with a positive effect on their mood and mental wellbeing, both immediately and over a longer period. There was wide reach in attendance from mothers, including first-time mothers and mothers from across the socioeconomic spectrum, and the chapter concludes that rhyme times can be modified, delivered consistently, and evaluated in terms of impact, reach, and delivery.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: May 2024

The Introduction establishes the aims and contributions of this study. It argues that the struggle to define the female intellectual in seventeenth-century France shaped and reflected debates over the nature and value of literature. Drawing on a wide-ranging corpus and privileging women’s representations of the female intellectual, the chapter shows how such representations were entwined with authors’ receptions of Western antiquity—whose authority was being contested in the century-long Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns—and with their authorial ethos and career strategies. The Introduction highlights an instance of that definitional struggle in the contested figure of the ‘(femme) savante’ which is shown, using word history, to rise to prominence as a pejorative term thanks to Madeleine de Scudéry’s early work. The Introduction delineates the book’s methodology and approaches, in terms of ‘quarrels’, corpus selection, socio-literary conceptions of the literary market, and gender as a category of analysis. It closes with summaries of the chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch
Published: May 2024

The chapter gives basic background information regarding the Derveni papyrus, which is one of the most ancient Greek papyri that have come to us. It mentions the archaeological circumstances of the discovery papyrus at a tomb from the late fourth century bce. Then it describes in detail the tortuous history of the editing and publication of the text, which can be most plausibly dated to the late fifth century. The text contains several layers, being a late Presocratic commentary on an Orphic poem. This introduction provides an overview of the structure of the preserved part of the Derveni treatise and the various motifs in it. It also outlines the main approaches to the complex text which is interpreted either as a religious document displaying contemporary philosophical influences, or as a philosophical text dealing with non-mainstream religious ideas. Finally, it states the interpretative approach of the book that follows.
The Opening Columns
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch
Published: May 2024

The chapter focuses mainly on the opening columns of the Derveni papyrus (I–VI) which contains a description of a ritual, often considered to be Orphic. However, in column IV two fragments of Heraclitus are quoted that seem to complicate a picture. A comparison with the Pseudo-Heraclitean Epistles shows that in the opening columns, Heraclitus is more present than assumed so far. Moreover, a comparison of column VI with the Protrepticus of Clement of Alexandria reveals that some rare words can be attributed to Heraclitus as a hitherto unknown fragment. In columns XI and XX, containing divinatory and ritual motifs, two further prospective fragments can be possibly identified. The souls that direct the procedure of the ritual can be interpreted as airy physical principles, close to Heraclitus and the Anaxagoreans. The ritual can be thus explained as a philosophical reinterpretation of various religious motifs taken most notably from Heraclitus.
The Orphic Poem
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch
Published: May 2024

The chapter analyses the Orphic poem which the Derveni author comments upon, a verse after a verse, from column VII on. First, it introduces Orpheus, Orphic mysteries and most notably early Orphic poems. Then an overview of all the lines and fragment of verses is given, after which their detailed analysis is provided. The Orphic poem from the Derveni papyrus follows closely Hesiod’s Theogony, but differs from it in some significant points. In the reconstruction provided, Ouranos is castrated by Kronos who ‘swallows his phallus’, symbolizing the generative power and rule over the world. Moreover, it is argued that the phallus is identified with the Sun. It is then taken over by Zeus who becomes one with other beings, shaping the whole world and becoming the cosmic god. He secures the exclusivity of his rule by uniting with his mother, thus overturning the regular relations between the divine generations.
What Are Reasons?
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins the task of exploring reasons from the inside out. We begin with the question of what kind of thing reasons can be—what sort of thing can be said to be a reason for something else. Reason diagrams are introduced as a way of thinking about the internal structure of the reason relation that is neutral between different theories and different senses of ‘reason’. Evidence that bears on the answer to our question is marshaled from the language of ‘reason’ ascriptions and from each of the explanatory and deliberative roles for reasons. Some of the philosophical consequences of different answers to our question are explored.
Reasons and Evidence
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we continue our exploration of the relationship between normative reasons and closely related concepts, focusing on the case of evidence. Close parallels between reasons and evidence are explored and used to motivate the idea that there must be some close relationship. The thesis of Reasons as Evidence, that reasons are just a special case of evidence, is introduced and motivated. Puzzle cases for this thesis are introduced and explored. The contrary thesis that evidence is a special case of reason is also introduced and explored, and objections are raised to this thesis as well.
Reasons and Deliberation
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter concludes the task in Part 2 to explore the connections between reasons and closely related concepts by considering the relationship between reasons and reasoning or deliberation. The deliberative role of reasons establishes that reasons have some connection to deliberation but underspecifies what that connection is. But various forms of the Reasoning View develop this connection into a hypothesis about what it is for something to be a reason. Problems for simple formulations of the Reasoning View are introduced and developed that challenge each of its necessity, and its sufficiency, for something to be a reason for action, and parallels are drawn with problems for the thesis of Reasons as Evidence. But a solution to each of these problems is introduced as well that suggests what form the Reasoning View should take.
Adaptation to a Single Environment
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the theory of adaptation, and relevant experimental tests, in what is thought to be the simplest of all possible scenarios, a uniform and unvarying environment. Particular attention is paid to evaluating to what extent the predictions of the most commonly used models of adaptation—Fisher’s geometric model and the mutational landscape model—are modulated by life in a low or high mutation supply regime. I consider the rate and extent of adaptation when genetic variation is supplied solely by mutation as well as when selection sorts among standing variation and how the predictions of the basic theory are modulated by introducing more biological realism such as recombination, ploidy, and epistasis.
The Rate and Extent of Diversification
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

Evolutionary diversification can be highly variable in space, time, and across different taxa. Why? This chapter offers some answers. The central organizing theme is the ecological theory of diversification, which sees divergent selection imposed by variation in the environment as the primary driver of diversification. Any ecological or genetic factor that modulates the strength of divergent selection or the extent of ecological opportunity can impact the pace and extent of diversification. Microbial evolution experiments provide strong support for the ecological theory, although they also reveal a major limitation. The theory has focused on the conditions promoting the emergence and maintenance of ecological diversity but not its long-term fate in the face of continued adaptive evolution. Whether diversity is maintained indefinitely, continues to rise, or eventually is lost, is an important unresolved question at the heart of evidence-informed approaches to sustainability and conservation biology.
Genetics and Genomics of Diversification
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

A general theory of diversification needs to account for genetics as well as ecology. Yet access to the suite of genetic changes underpinning diversification has only recently become available. This chapter assembles and synthesizes what microbial evolution experiments have taught us about the genetics of diversification. By and large, there is little distinction between adaptive diversification to multiple environments and adaptation to a single environment. Both the functional properties of the genes involved and the kinds of mutations that occur are similar. Diversification can occur rapidly and repeatably when a single mutation, often in a global gene regulator, incurs a large fitness cost. More often, though, adaptive diversification in multiple environments is usually a less repeatable process than adaptation to a single environment. These results suggest that the hierarchical genomic architecture of organisms can play an important role in rapid diversification. Moreover, there is little evidence there are so-called genes for diversification or specific kinds of genetic change that promote diversification.
J. S. Bach
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Bach’s organ works—more than 250 chorale settings and free pieces—were preserved as precious relics by his sons and students after his death. Filled with bold, dramatic passages and fully independent pedal parts, they represent the most important body of music in the organ repertoire and the only genre that Bach turned to continuously throughout his life, from his earliest efforts as a teenager in Ohrdruf to his final deathbed revisions as a dying cantor in Leipzig. This new account is the first to trace the evolution of the organ works within the broad context of Bach’s development as a composer. With detailed discussions of the individual pieces, it shows how Bach initially drew on contemporary models from Germany and France before evolving a personal idiom based on the concertos of Antonio Vivaldi. In Leipzig he went still further, synthesizing national and historical styles to produce cosmopolitan masterpieces of supreme elegance and sophistication. Serving as a backdrop to this growth was the emergence of the Central German pre-Romantic organ, which inspired Bach to write pieces with unique chamber music, choral, and orchestral qualities. This survey follows these developments through each phase, showing how Bach’s unending quest for novelty, innovation, and refinement resulted in organ works that continue to reward and astound listeners today.
Study and Models
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Unlike Mozart or Liszt, Bach was not a child prodigy. As a youth, he worked methodically and diligently to master contemporary styles of keyboard writing, first studying Central and South German techniques with his brother Johann Christoph in Ohrdruf and then examining North German practices with his mentor Georg Böhm in Lüneburg. Chapter 2 focuses on this journey. From the works of Johann Pachelbel, Johann Michael Bach, and others, Bach gained fluency in Central German cantabile writing and an acquaintance with forms such as the fore-imitation chorale, the chorale partita, and the prelude and fugue. From the works of Böhm, Dieterich Buxtehude, and others, he absorbed the dramatic North German stylus fantasticus, together with the use of obbligato pedal and forms such as the multisectional praeludium and florid-melody chorale. It was Bach’s ability to amalgamate these diverse styles that led to the complex idiom of his early keyboard works.
Free Works
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 explores the free works Bach composed during his Arnstadt and Mühlhausen years, a period of intense experimentation. Bach focused briefly on the North German multisectional praeludium pedaliter, writing just two pieces in this format—the iconic Toccata in D Minor, BWV 565, and the ambitious Praeludium in E Major, BWV 566, before turning more decisively to prelude-fugue pairs, filling the modest Central German form with dramatic North German gestures. The Prelude and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 535a, shows that he was more interested in fugues than preludes at this point. This is also evident in several independent fugues from this time, including works based on themes from trio sonatas of Bononcini and Corelli. Bach also wrote several pieces that defy easy classification, including the Fantasia in G Major, BWV 571, and the Praeludium in A Minor, BWV 569.
The Concerto Transcriptions
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Bach’s transcriptions of concertos by Antonio Vivaldi and Prince Johann Ernst are among the most inventive and daring of his organ works. They call for rapid changes of manual, the use of double pedal, stop changes, and other highly unusual performance techniques that set them apart from his other compositions. The challenge of transferring the concertos to the organ may have spurred Bach to unprecedented feats of creativity, and the five surviving works (a sixth transcription of a concerto by Georg Philipp Telemann is lost) may have been the “incomparable things” that Bach is said to have unveiled on the newly restored Wender organ in the Court Chapel in 1713. Chapter 9 considers the challenges of the transcription process and the music of Bach’s arrangements. It also considers the aesthetics of Bach’s additions to Vivaldi’s concertos and ponders whether his Italian counterpart would have approved of the changes.
Large Chorale Settings
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Bach’s study of Central and North German methods of chorale preluding came to full fruition in Weimar, resulting in the composition of large pedal pieces of remarkable invention and beauty. These pieces can be divided into five categories: fore-imitation settings, florid-melody settings, chorale trios, cantus firmus settings, and eclectic blends. In each case, Bach built upon the work of his predecessors and took the chorale prelude to a new level of sophistication. In settings such as the “Fantasia super Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott,” BWV 651a, and “Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland,” BWV 661a, he reinterpreted cantus firmus technique within the context of Vivaldi’s concerto idiom and strict fugue writing, respectively. In yet another extraordinary work, “Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig,” BWV 768, Bach reimagined the modest Central German manual partita, creating a monumental set of 11 variations for manual and pedal. Chapter 10 explores this development by examining the individual works.
Bach in Cöthen
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 14 focuses on Bach’s new position at the court of Prince Leopold in Cöthen, where he served as capellmeister from 1717 to 1723. The court was Calvinist, and as a result Bach was not responsible for church music or organ composition. Instead, he directed a small but highly talented instrumental ensemble, for which he wrote large amounts of chamber music and an occasional secular cantata. It was at this time, perhaps spurred by the acquisition of a new Michael Mietke harpsichord from Berlin, that Bach began to assemble pedagogical collections of keyboard music: the Inventions and Sinfonias, the English and French Suites, and the first volume of the Well-Tempered Clavier. The Cöthen years represented a hiatus in the creation of organ music. The repertoire benefited later, however, from the infusion of secular dance elements into Bach’s compositional idiom, resulting in lighter textures and an abundance of chamber meters.
Free Works: Singular Pieces and Late Prelude-and-Fugue Pairs
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

During the Leipzig years Bach composed two singular free works that are difficult to classify: the Pastorella in F Major, BWV 590, and the Allabreve in D Major, BWV 589. The first is a miniature pastoral suite, consisting of four rustic dances, mostly for manual performance; the second is an alla breve instrumental movement exhibiting Renaissance-style vocal imitation. In his final years Bach also returned for the last time to the prelude and fugue, composing the Prelude and Fugue in C Major (“9/8”), with its concerto prelude and intense, five-part art fugue; the Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 562, with its unfortunately incomplete five-part fugue; and the Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 537, with its highly expressive prelude and dramatic da capo fugue. The last work points forward to nineteenth-century Romanticism and seems to have been Bach’s last statement on the prelude and fugue.
The Schübler Chorales
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 24 is devoted to the Schübler Chorales, a collection of six chorale settings published around 1748 by Johann Georg Schübler in Zella. Five of the settings are organ transcriptions of arias from Bach’s chorale cantata cycle of 1724–1725. The sixth setting, “Wo soll ich fliehen hin,” BWV 646, appears to be an original organ piece. Schübler’s printed edition was greatly flawed, containing many errors that Bach sought to correct by making handwritten changes in exemplars found today in music libraries located in Princeton and Vienna. In some instances, Bach not only corrected mistakes but improved the text of the music. All six Schübler settings are progressive ritornello chorales, presenting the hymn melody as a simple cantus firmus. Bach may have wished to publish them in order to show that he was capable of writing chorale settings in an up-to-date style. They remain among his most popular organ works today.
The Complications of Federalism for Public Health
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

Pandemics know no political borders, so they present serious challenges for federalism. Public health over the centuries has served intertwined goals of national security and the health of the people. In the United States today, the federal government has exclusive responsibilities for immigration and shares responsibilities with the states for the regulation of commerce. Within the nation’s borders, advantages of the federal government include resources, comprehensive data collection, and coordination of policies and information. Advantages of the states include knowledge of local conditions and greater likelihood of acceptance of policies that may prove unpopular. This chapter explores the ethical issues that arise as the U.S. federal system grapples with the spread of pandemic diseases such as the Great Influenza of 1918–1920, polio, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Pandemic interventions can be viewed as natural experiments subject to ethical evaluation. This chapter compares these efforts to national approaches to noncontagious conditions that have been brought within the scope of public health, using the example of obesity. It concludes that the federal government’s greatest success has been in encouraging or financing vaccine development but that it has not done what it could to create common strategies and messages about serious contagious diseases.
Early Neutral Assessment and Evaluation as a Settlement Process
Authors: McNamara Kathleen
Published: May 2024

Early neutral evaluation (ENE) is growing in popularity as a unique alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process. ENE often averts the need for protracted discovery and provides a cost-effective alternative to a comprehensive child custody evaluation. ENE has been found to be an effective settlement process for both child custody issues and financial disputes. This chapter describes the ENE process, when it may be a valuable option, where it fits in the ADR menu of options, and variations in its application. Potential issues and limitations of ENE are examined as well as safeguards when working with vulnerable populations. Oversight, efficacy, and future directions of ENE are discussed.
Introduction: Sexuality on the Outside
Authors: Suárez Juan A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter theorizes the need to conceptualize sexuality not only in relation to human subjectivity and corporeality but also in relation to the “exteriority” of the material horizon. In this way, it lays the conceptual ground for the explorations that follow. It reviews queer theory’s (relatively scant) engagements with materiality and material culture and proposes the fusion of various strands of “new materialism” with queer understandings of the body, sexuality, relationality, memory, and affect. In this way, queerness emerges also as a way of relating to—and through—a material outside. The chapter also provides the main chronological frame for this study. It places queer experimental film against transformations in material culture from the middle to the end of the twentieth century and argues that film offers an archive of queer styles of engagement with, and intervention in, the modern everyday.
Aztec Latin
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

This book calls attention to the importance of Renaissance humanism for indigenous history in early colonial Mexico. It shows how humanism’s most pervasive disciplines and practices—the study of grammar, the cultivation of eloquence, the training of leaders, scholarly translation, and antiquarian research—were transformed in New Spain to serve the interests of native elites as well as those of the Spanish authorities and religious orders. Recognition of the extent to which the first Mexican authors mastered and made use of European learning is bound to challenge some long-held assumptions, but this carefully documented study brings together the history of scholarship and early colonial history to offer a fresh assessment of what those indigenous authors really achieved. A detailed account of the Franciscans’ initiative to provide youths from the native nobility with an advanced Latin education provides the basis for examination of various kinds of writing produced by the friars and their native students over the course of the 1500s: manuals and vocabularies of Mesoamerican languages; translations of the Gospels, of a wide range of devotional literature, and of Aesop’s fables into the Mexican language of Nahuatl; and original writing in Latin and Nahuatl. Several testimonies about Aztec history and belief, ranging from the Florentine Codex to indigenous testimonies and chronicles, are also introduced or reassessed. Aztec Latin will be of interest to historians of Aztec and colonial Mexico, Renaissance humanism, classical reception, Latin, and Nahuatl.
Income Inequality and COVID-19
Authors: Kawachi Ichiro
Published: May 2024

Inequality in the societal distribution of income has been put forward as a threat to population health. In the case of COVID, income inequality has hampered the ability of societies to mount an effective, coordinated response to the crisis. In highly unequal societies such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, India, and South Africa, the affluent have not shared the daily realities of COVID-19 experienced by the have-nots, resulting in the prioritization of the interests of business over labor. Global inequality in the distribution of income and wealth has also emerged as a critical issue in the distribution of vaccines, with wealthy countries out-competing less affluent countries for vaccine supply. This kind of zero-sum thinking (“more for you means less for me”) has dire implications for the ability of humanity to stop the global pandemic. This chapter discusses the theoretical connections between income inequality and COVID outcomes, and provides a summary of empirical evidence to date.
China’s New Empire Defined
Authors: Keane John , He Baogang
Published: May 2024

The current Chinese leadership has an aversion to the word ‘empire’ (dì guó). ‘Empire’ is treated as a pejorative signifier. It applies only to others. China suffered insult and degradation for over a century at the hands of Western empires, so empire is a bad word. It does not apply to China itself. China stands against empire. But if ‘empire’ means a jumbo-sized state that exercises political, economic, and cultural power over millions of people at great distances from its own heartlands, without much regard or respect for the niceties of territorial sovereignty, then, technically, China is rapidly becoming one.
Introduction
Authors: Hirst Aggie
Published: May 2024

The Introduction begins with the claim that wargaming can save lives and win wars. It establishes that a resurgence of wargaming is currently under way, having begun in 2014. It links this renaissance to the explosion of the commercial videogames industry in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, demonstrating the symbiotic relations between this sector and military wargaming. It grounds the discussion in James Der Derian’s and Jean Baudrillard’s analyses of hyperreality and the era of simulation, noting that this is the first book in IR on military wargaming. From there, it sets out the book’s focus on play as a means by which to analyze military wargaming, and establishes the core argument that deconstructive play can open cracks in the closed systems of games. It also provides an overview of the fieldwork trips and interviews on which the book is based.
Play as Pedagogy
Authors: Hirst Aggie
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the ways in which wargaming intervenes in players’ cognitive realms. It begins by setting out the benefits proponents of wargaming claim for their craft, specifically that wargaming saves lives by reducing conflict, mitigating risk, building cohesion, and providing safe-to-fail learning and experimentation environments that can hone a range of skills including abductive reasoning, procedural literacy, psychomotor skills, systems thinking, and the cultivation of reflexes. From there, the chapter sets about showing how wargaming produces people by intervening in the cognitive dimension in four ways: (1) generating buy-in and engagement; (2) encouraging consolidation through iteration; (3) encouraging consolidation through critical thinking; and (4) promoting retention. It draws a broad distinction between research and education games, which include all four of these steps, and training games, which often skip the third of these processes. To conclude, the chapter returns to the work of Der Derian and Baudrillard to explore precisely how wargames produce hyperrealities.
Playing the Player
Authors: Hirst Aggie
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows that, in addition to impacting upon players’ cognitive realms, wargames intervene in the affective register. The chapter begins with an examination of the politics of game design, exploring the power relations at work between the designer, sponsor, facilitator, and player. It then turns to the ways in which games mobilize affect and emotion in order to impact powerfully upon players in both their conscious and unconscious registers. The chapter explores the ways in which, by promoting Apollonian play, forcing player decisions, and generating synthetic experience, gaming impacts upon players in ways that circumvent their reflexive capacities. It shows that while many designers and practitioners emphasize the importance of player agency—and emphasize in particular manual wargames’ capacity to encourage critical thinking, reflexive decision-making, path selection, and post-game analysis—it is also clear that players’ choices, beliefs, and even identities are deliberately targeted as part of military wargaming.
Ingalls Shipyard: Pascagoula, Mississippi
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines economic mobilization in the Deep South by looking closely at the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation in Pascagoula, Mississippi. The men who owned such shipyards made millions during the war. Rural Southerners, such as those who flocked to the Ingalls shipyard, found good-paying jobs in the shipyards but also a world of work unlike the one they and their ancestors had toiled in for generations. Critical labor needs forced Ingalls to employ women workers, but unlike most other shipyards in the Deep South, Ingalls essentially barred most Black workers from employment, despite a labor shortage that persisted for most of the war. Labor unions saw economic mobilization for war as a chance to build their memberships. While unions did enroll new members in the war years, they failed to build the kind of institutions that secured much lasting economic power for working people.
The 364th Infantry Regiment, Camp Van Dorn, and the Crisis of 1943
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

During 1943, racial tensions related to war mobilization peaked nationwide. This chapter offers a detailed look at one Black combat unit involved in one of the 1943 episodes: the 364th Infantry Regiment stationed at Camp Van Dorn. On May 30, 1943, not far from the main gate of Camp Van Dorn, local White lawmen shot and killed William Walker, a private in the 364th Infantry Regiment. After Walker’s death, unrest in the camp briefly spiked, though it was quickly contained. The events of that evening, however, led to rumors of widespread violence and mayhem taking place at the camp, which spread among the White civilians in the small town of Centreville—almost adjacent to the camp—and beyond. Because of the events at Camp Van Dorn, the army decided that the 364th, originally slated for a combat assignment in Europe, would be deployed to the Aleutian Islands instead.
A Conservative Revolution
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

The troubles at army camps in the Deep South in 1943 profoundly shaped how the US military approached the issue of training and utilizing Black soldiers for the remainder of the war. The US military took increasingly bolder steps to enforce the army’s official policy of nondiscrimination toward Black soldiers. Beginning in the summer of 1943 and continuing into 1944, the army moved to improve conditions for Black officers, to utilize more Black soldiers as combat troops, and to desegregate base recreation and transportation facilities. These changes did not eliminate all the problems at Deep South military locations, as demonstrated by racial incidents in 1944 at Brookley Air Field in Mobile, Alabama, and Camp Claiborne in Louisiana. Even so, the army’s actions constituted a conservative revolution for the White South, one that represented the most visible and sustained challenge during the war to established racial arrangements in the region.
The Puzzle of Promise
Authors: Haufe Chris
Published: May 2024

Thomas Kuhn concluded The Structure of Scientific Revolutions with the provocative claim that decisions between paradigms could only be based “on faith.” This chapter examines his motivations and reasoning behind this bold assertion. It then looks at the interesting post-Structure history of this idea, showing how Kuhn’s thought evolved in some ways and not in others, despite his unusual effort to placate critics. This chapter rejects the idea that such decisions must be based on faith, but it sides with Kuhn on the view that our dominant epistemology of science lacks the resources to show how these decisions can be rational. The Puzzle of Promise is the search for a conception of rationality that can accommodate paradigm choice as epistemically rational.
Close Shave?
Authors: Haufe Chris
Published: May 2024

There is a widely held epistemological intuition that, were it the case that some belief might easily have been otherwise, that belief fails to qualify as knowledge in some sense. Collins (2006) calls this the problem of the Close Shave. Historians of science have regularly used the epistemically destabilizing effects of close shaves to undermine the notion that scientific knowledge is epistemically special. This chapter examines this argument strategy more closely, showing that it is a lot harder to pull off than has often been presumed. More importantly, though, a fruitfulness-centered epistemology of science can accommodate the historical fragility of our actual views about the natural world without exposing scientific knowledge to the epistemic weaknesses associated with close shaves.
This May Hurt
Authors: Vater Lindsey , Lemanek Kathleen L.
Published: May 2024

As a parent, it is hard to see your child experience discomfort or pain. Despite medicine’s best efforts, proper medical and dental care does sometimes require painful or uncomfortable procedures to maintain a good bill of health. While you cannot eliminate pain or discomfort for your child, there are a number of things you can do to build a positive experience and reduce distress during the medical or dental visit. This chapter outlines specific skills that you and your child can use before, during, and after these visits. The authors hope this chapter helps you to build your child’s trust of medical providers and confidence during their appointments, reducing pain and stress for all involved.
Sibling Relationships
Authors: Crist James J.
Published: May 2024

Children typically spend more time with their siblings than with friends, parents, teachers, or even alone. While siblings may not always get along, they spend a great deal of their free time with one another and parents can take active steps to reduce competitiveness and foster supportive relationships among their children. By understanding each child’s personality and needs parents can more effectively intervene when problems arise. Fostering good coping depends on recognizing and responding to each child’s attentional needs. Special issues involving step-siblings are also addressed.
Phobias and Anxiety
Authors: Silverman Wendy K.
Published: May 2024

Phobic and anxiety disorders are common in children and adolescents and cause significant impairment. This chapter summarizes phobic and anxiety disorders’ different forms, their rates, how parents can identify them, and reasons why they develop. The chapter also provides parents with helpful ways they might react to their children’s phobias and anxiety including prevention strategies, and when to seek professional help.
History
Authors: Gazit Ofer
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4, “History,” uses the notion of storytelling to consider the ways in which Japanese migrant musicians negotiate the jazz canon as a “musical border” in their performances. Building on recent debates about the marginalization and audibility of Asian American musicians in jazz scholarship, the chapter considers the relationships of several New York–based Japanese musicians to the African American jazz tradition. It then provides an analysis of a performance by the Kenji Yoshitake Trio at the Japanese-owned Tomi Jazz club, to show how musicians reflect these relationships in their playing. Finally, it considers how these musicians evoke the African American history of jazz while negotiating demands for originality, sonic identity, and “freedom.”
Imagining Democracy
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

At FC Union Berlin, ultras’ democratic ideals and populist logics of community organization came into conflict with the financial prerogatives of the unelected representatives of the German Football Association (DFB), which reveals governance as incompatible with the fans’ claims to collective determination. Because the fans have no role in electing officials to the DFB, the football governing body’s monopoly of power over league rules and policies violated the ultras’ populist ethos of football as Volkssport (The People’s Game). Separated entirely from DFB policymaking, collective organization and decision-making were integral tenets of hardcore fandom at FC Union. Unlike the DFB’s policies and vision of fandom, crowd performativity and atmosphere in the stadium enacted Volkssport because it was perceived as a democratic form of assembly and collective action.
Ὁτοῦθεοῦἄνθρωπος
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 gives a comprehensive analysis of Constantine’s theology throughout his lifetime. In section 2.1, Constantine’s interventions into the Arian controversy are discussed, including not only his famous early letter calling for tolerance, but also his discussions at the Council of Nicaea and two letters following the council that justify the deposition of “Arian” clerics and set forth a sophisticated and unique monadic theology. Constantine’s shift in support after Nicaea is explained as the result of his personal theological engagement with Arius and his allies, including Eusebius of Caesarea. In section 2.2, Eusebius’ theology is set forth through an exposition of his anti-Marcellan writings, and in section 2.3 its applications to political theory explored via his panegyric De laudibus Constantini. Finally, Constantine’s Oratio ad coetum sanctorum is analyzed for both its exposition of a radically different and more Eusebian Trinitarian theology and its continuing expression of Constantinian and Imperial-theological distinctives.
‘What Is Illegal Offline, Should Be Illegal Online’
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a detailed exploration of the development of the Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG). A content moderation-related legal framework passed by the German Bundestag in 2017, the NetzDG has become infamous as the world’s first example of regulation explicitly seeking to intervene in how platform companies governed harmful material on their services. The chapter begins by tracing the law’s roots in a voluntary ‘task force’ convened between industry and the Germany Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection in 2015. It then explores how this task force, and the code of conduct it developed, were cast aside and instead replaced by a more muscular binding legal framework (the NetzDG). Building upon new documents from the German government obtained via freedom of information request, as well as interviews with stakeholders inside the government, in industry, and civil society, the chapter illustrates how the law could have been effectively vetoed by actors in the European Union, and how the final NetzDG text was profoundly shaped by these negotiations with the European Commission.
From Coast to Coast
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This final case study chapter explores the recent United States context. It shows how state-level policy entrepreneurs, bolstered by a rising and revisionist coalition of conservative anti-tech interest groups, were motivated by Trump’s deplatforming to try and shift the platform regulation status quo in the US. Again drawing on interviews and new policy documents obtained via FOIA, the chapter examines how these actors used state-level legislation as a way to bypass federal-level gridlock, and worked against significant institutional constraints and industry resistance to enshrine—if only temporarily—a contested platform regulation strategy into Texas and Florida law.
Oceans Rise Empires Fall
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

Oceans Rise Empires Fall: Why Geopolitics Hastens Climate Catastrophe discusses how geopolitics affects climate change by highlighting its catastrophic effects. Even though states would prefer to reduce emissions in the abstract, they would always prioritize access to carbon-based fuels necessary for generating economic growth to compete with rival states. Thus, geopolitical competition ramps the difficulty of implementing effective climate change policies. Oceans Rise Empires Fall discusses how the Ukraine and Russia conflict exposed priorities such as territorial control and fossil fuel acquisition over a zero-carbon future. It explains that competitive territorial, resource, and technological dramas have obscured the deterioration of the planet’s life-support systems.
Penal Logics in International Politics
Authors: Lohne Kjersti
Published: May 2024

To contribute to the development of an international sociology of punishment, this chapter offers an analysis of penal power when it is detached from its association with national justice and enters the realm of the international. Specifically, the chapter contributes a comparative analysis of Nordic discourses driving penal power in two overlapping yet nonetheless distinct areas of transnational concern—namely the field of international criminal justice and the prosecution of foreign fighters. It argues that whereas a humanitarian discourse drives the Nordic engagement in the larger field of international criminal justice, the discourse on foreign fighters is characterized by “securitization”—transforming the prosecution of international crimes into a matter of national security. As such, the analysis raises interesting questions about penal logics in international politics and about how penal power beyond the nation-state remains receptive to securitization despite political support for an international system of criminal justice.
Punitivity and Norm-Setting in the History of Colonial and Postcolonial Relations
Authors: Fakih Farabi , Kroeze Ronald
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyzes international punishment from a historical perspective, including postcolonial dynamics; Dutch–Indonesian relations from the period of Dutch colonial rule to the recent past are examined. The chapter focuses on Indonesian president Suharto’s (1967–1998) decision in 1992 to force the Netherlands to resign as chair of the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia, a vehicle to organize aid from the West to Indonesia. Suharto’s measure was an act of punishment that was a reaction to a half-hearted punitive act from the Dutch government that threatened to end development aid in response to the “Dili massacre” in East Timor in November 1991—a major human rights violation conducted by the Indonesian military. The case showed how in the postcolonial world former colonies had turned into independent sovereign nations that stood on an equal footing with each other; punitive acts served to underscore this new norm of equality between states.
Redirecting the Surplus through Consumer Cooperation
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

The most successful British cooperative efforts were based on the retail stores of the Rochdale Society and its imitators. The consumer cooperators generated a “Federalist” approach. Their theoreticians, William Nuttall and John Watts, focus on the negative implications for consumers when middlemen engross the surplus. The cooperative stores, along with vertical integration into wholesaling and manufacturing, allow workers as consumers to reclaim much of the economic surplus. Despite their Owenite roots, the Federalists under the leadership of J. T. W. Mitchell oppose self-management and profit sharing with their own workforce. In the short run they expect cooperatives to compete successfully with capitalist firms. In the long run, they project a cooperative commonwealth in which workers as consumers gain control of the entire surplus. Attacked as materialistic, Mitchell defends the Federalist model as a realistic path to meaningful equality in the context of a genuine meritocracy.
Upstart
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

Thirty years ago, the idea that China could challenge the United States economically, globally, and militarily seemed unfathomable. Yet today, China is considered a great power. How did China manage to build power in international system that was largely dominated by the United States? What factors determined the strategies Beijing pursued to achieve this feat? Using authoritative Chinese sources and granular data, this book demonstrates that China was able to climb to great power status through a careful mix of emulation, exploitation, and entrepreneurship on the international stage. This “upstart” strategy—determined by where and how China chose to compete—allowed China to rise economically, politically, and militarily without triggering a catastrophic international backlash that would stem its rise. China emulated the United States (pursued similar strategies in similar areas) when its leaders thought doing so would build power while reassuring the United States of its intentions. China exploited (adopted similar approaches in new areas of competition) when it felt that the overall US strategy was effective but didn’t want to risk direct confrontation. China pursued entrepreneurial actions (innovative approaches to new and existing areas of competition) when it believed a more effective approach was available that would better enable Communist Party control. Beyond explaining the unique nature of China’s rise, this book provides insights into the next twenty-five years of Chinese power as well as policy guidance on how the United States can maintain a competitive edge in this new era of great power competition.