bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical inhibition of pathological reactive astrocytes promotes neural protection
Authors: Clayton Benjamin L.L. , Kristell James D. , Allan Kevin C. , Karl Molly , Garrison Eric , Maeno-Hikichi Yuka , Sturno Annalise M. , Shick H. Elizabeth , Miller Robert H. , Tesar Paul J.
Published: November 2021

Disease, injury, and aging induce reactive astrocyte states with pathological functions1-4. In neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory reactive astrocytes are abundant and contribute to progressive cell loss. Modulating the state or function of these reactive astrocytes thereby represents an attractive therapeutic goal5,6. Leveraging a cellular phenotypic screening platform, we show that chemical inhibitors of HDAC3 effectively block pathological astrocyte reactivity. Inhibition of HDAC3 reduces molecular and functional features of reactive astrocytes in vitro including inflammatory gene expression, cytokine secretion, and antigen presentation. Transcriptional and chromatin mapping studies show that HDAC3 inhibition mediates a switch between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory states, which disarms the pathological functions of reactive astrocytes. Systemic administration of a blood-brain barrier penetrant chemical inhibitor of HDAC3, RGFP966, blocks reactive astrocyte formation and promotes axonal protection in vivo. Collectively, these results establish a platform for discovering chemical modulators of reactive astrocyte states, inform the mechanisms controlling astrocyte reactivity, and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of modulating astrocyte reactivity for neurodegenerative diseases.
Identification of candidate therapeutics and signaling pathways for multiple myeloma
Authors: Gu Hanming
Published: November 2021

Multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell malignancy, is related to critical morbidity due to end-organ destruction. A number of factors affect the MM cell proliferation and functions. Though MM is not curable, novel targets and inhibitors have shown great effects on MM patients. Here, we aim to identify significant genes and signaling pathways of MM with SI2 treatment using a bioinformatics method. The GSE156871 dataset was originally produced by using the high-throughput BGISEQ-500. The KEGG and GO results suggested that biological pathways such as “the complement and coagulation cascades” and “the transcription activator activity” are mostly affected in the SI2 treatment of MM cells. Moreover, we identified several genes including SRC, KNG1, and PI3KCG were involved in the treatment of MM cells. Therefore, our study provides further insights into the treatment of MM.
The Role of Genetic Variation in Maize Response to Beneficial Endophytes
Authors: Schultz Corey , Brantley Kamaya , Wallace Jason
Published: November 2021

Background

Growth-promoting endophytes have great potential to boost crop production and sustainability. There is, however, a lack of research on how differences in the plant host affect an endophyte’s ability to promote growth. We set out to quantify how different maize genotypes respond to specific growth-promoting endophytes. We inoculated genetically diverse maize lines with three different known beneficial endophytes: Herbaspirillum seropedicae (a gram-negative bacteria), Burkholderia WP9 (a gram-negative bacteria), and Serendipita vermifera Subsp. bescii (a Basidiomycota fungus). Maize seedlings were grown for 3 weeks under controlled conditions in the greenhouse and assessed for various growth promotion phenotypes.

Results

We found Herbaspirillum seropedicae to increase chlorophyll content, plant height, root length, and root volume significantly in different maize genotypes, while Burkholderia WP9 did not significantly promote growth in any lines under these conditions. Serendipita bescii significantly increased root and shoot mass for 4 maize genotypes, and growth promotion correlated with measured fungal abundance. Although plant genetic variation by itself had a strong effect on phenotype, its interaction with the different endophytes was weak, and the endophytes rarely produced consistent effects across different genotypes.

Conclusions

This genome-by-genome interaction indicates that the relationship between a plant host and beneficial endophytes is complex, and it may partly explain why many microbe-based growth stimulants fail to translate from laboratory settings to the field. Detangling these interactions will provide a ripe area for future studies to understand how to best harness beneficial endophytes for agriculture.
Sprod for De-noising Spatial Transcriptomics Data Based on Position and Image Information
Authors: Wang Yunguan , Song Bing , Wang Shidan , Chen Mingyi , Xie Yang , Xiao Guanghua , Wang Li , Wang Tao
Published: November 2021

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies provide gene expression close to or even superior to single-cell resolution while retaining the physical locations of sequencing and often also providing matched pathology images. However, the expression data captured by ST technologies suffer from high noise levels, as a result of the shallow coverage in each sequencing unit. The extra experimental steps for preserving the spatial locations of sequencing could result in even more severe noises, compared to regular single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Fortunately, such noises could be largely removed by leveraging information from the physical locations of sequencing, and the tissue and cellular organization reflected by corresponding pathology images. In this work, we demonstrated the extensive levels of noise in ST data. We developed a mathematical model, named Sprod, to impute accurate ST gene expression based on latent space and graph learning of matched location and imaging data. We comprehensively validated Sprod and demonstrated its advantages over prior methods for removing drop-outs in scRNA-seq data. We further showed that, after adequate imputation by Sprod, differential expression analyses, pseudotime analyses, and cell-to-cell interaction inferences yield significantly more informative results. Overall, we envision denoising by Sprod to become a key first step to empower ST technologies for biomedical discoveries and innovations.
Cas9-Assisted Biological Containment of a Genetically Engineered Human Commensal Bacterium and Genetic Elements
Authors: Hayashi Naoki , Lai Yong , Mimee Mark , Lu Timothy K.
Published: November 2021

Sophisticated gene circuits built by synthetic biology can enable bacteria to sense their environment and respond predictably. Biosensing bacteria can potentially probe the human gut microbiome to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. To provide robust biocontainment for engineered bacteria, we devised a Cas9-assisted auxotrophic biocontainment system combining thymidine auxotrophy, an Engineered Riboregulator (ER) for controlled gene expression, and a CRISPR Device (CD). The CD prevents the engineered bacteria from acquiring thyA via horizontal gene transfer, which would disrupt the biocontainment system, and inhibits the spread of genetic elements by killing bacteria harboring the gene cassette. This system tunably controlled gene expression in the human gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, prevented escape from thymidine auxotrophy, and blocked transgene dissemination for at least 10 days. These capabilities were validated in vitro and in vivo. This biocontainment system exemplifies a powerful strategy for bringing genetically engineered microorganisms safely into biomedicine.
Detection of the HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu by flow cytometry represents a new tool to study their functional interplay within a single infected CD4+ T cell
Authors: Prévost Jérémie , Richard Jonathan , Gasser Romain , Medjahed Halima , Kirchhoff Frank , Hahn Beatrice H. , Kappes John C. , Ochsenbauer Christina , Duerr Ralf , Finzi Andrés
Published: November 2021

The HIV-1 Nef and Vpu accessory proteins are known to protect infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses by limiting exposure of CD4-induced (CD4i) envelope (Env) epitopes at the cell surface. Although both proteins target the host receptor CD4 for degradation, the extent of their functional redundancy is unknown. Here, we developed an intracellular staining technique that permits the intracellular detection of both Nef and Vpu in primary CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry. Using this method, we show that the combined expression of Nef and Vpu predicts the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells to ADCC by HIV+ plasma. We also show that Vpu cannot compensate for the absence of Nef, thus providing an explanation for why some infectious molecular clones that carry a LucR reporter gene upstream of Nef render infected cells more susceptible to ADCC responses. Our method thus represents a new tool to dissect the biological activity of Nef and Vpu in the context of other host and viral proteins within single infected CD4+ T cells.

IMPORTANCE

HIV-1 Nef and Vpu exert several biological functions that are important for viral immune evasion, release and replication. Here, we developed a new method allowing simultaneous detection of these accessory proteins in their native form together with some of their cellular substrates. This allowed us to show that Vpu cannot compensate the lack of a functional Nef, which has implication for studies that use Nef-defective viruses to study ADCC responses.
Transcription Factor Acj6 Controls Dendrite Targeting via Combinatorial Cell-Surface Codes
Authors: Xie Qijing , Li Jiefu , Li Hongjie , Udeshi Namrata D , Svinkina Tanya , Orlin Daniel , Kohani Sayeh , Guajardo Ricardo , Mani DR , Xu Chuanyun , Li Tongchao , Han Shuo , Wei Wei , Andrew Shuster S , Luginbuhl David J , Quake Stephen R. , Murthy Swetha E. , Ting Alice Y , Carr Steven A , Luo Liqun
Published: November 2021

Transcription factors specify the fate and connectivity of developing neurons. We investigate how a lineage-specific transcription factor, Acj6, controls the precise dendrite targeting of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) by regulating the expression of cell-surface proteins. Quantitative cell-surface proteomic profiling of wild-type and acj6 mutant PNs in intact developing brains and a proteome-informed genetic screen identified PN surface proteins that execute Acj6-regulated wiring decisions. These include canonical cell adhesion molecules and proteins previously not associated with wiring, such as Piezo, whose mechanosensitive ion channel activity is dispensable for its function in PN dendrite targeting. Comprehensive genetic analyses revealed that Acj6 employs unique sets of cell-surface proteins in different PN types for dendrite targeting. Combinatorial expression of Acj6 wiring executors rescued acj6 mutant phenotypes with higher efficacy and breadth than expression of individual executors. Thus, Acj6 controls wiring specificity of different neuron types by specifying distinct combinatorial expression of cell- surface executors.
Evaluation of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in healthy North American Salukis with normal echocardiographic measurements
Authors: Brennan Christopher , Gunasekaran Tamilselvam , Sanders Robert A
Published: November 2021

Measurement of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels has been shown to have clinical significance for diagnosis and management of heart disease in dogs. Evaluation of current reference limits for specific breeds is necessary to ensure the test can accurately distinguish between healthy and diseased animals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of currently established NT-proBNP reference limits for clinical use in healthy Salukis. Cardiac health of 33 clinically healthy Salukis was evaluated via echocardiography using available breed standards. Plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP were measured using a commercially available assay. A one-sided 97.5 % upper reference limit for the NT-proBNP concentrations was calculated using non-parametric percentile method. The 97.5 % upper reference limit was 769 pmol/L (90% CI, 547-1214 pmol/L) for the study dogs. This upper reference limit was within the currently established non-breed specific NT-proBNP upper reference limit of 900 pmol/L. No relationship between sex, age, or body weight on plasma levels of NT-proBNP was noted. Results of this study supports the use of currently available non-breed specific NT-proBNP cut-off values for clinical evaluation of healthy Salukis.
DeepBacs: Bacterial image analysis using open-source deep learning approaches
Authors: Spahn Christoph , Laine Romain F. , Pereira Pedro Matos , Gómez-de-Mariscal Estibaliz , von Chamier Lucas , Conduit Mia , de Pinho Mariana Gomes , Jacquemet Guillaume , Holden Séamus , Heilemann Mike , Henriques Ricardo
Published: November 2021

Deep Learning (DL) is rapidly changing the field of microscopy, allowing for efficient analysis of complex data while often out-performing classical algorithms. This revolution has led to a significant effort to create user-friendly tools allowing biomedical researchers with little background in computer sciences to use this technology effectively. Thus far, these approaches have mainly focused on analysing microscopy images from eukaryotic samples and are still underused in microbiology. In this work, we demonstrate how to use a range of state-of-the-art artificial neural-networks particularly suited for the analysis of bacterial microscopy images, using our recently developed ZeroCostDL4Mic platform. We showcase different DL approaches for segmenting bright field and fluorescence images of different bacterial species, use object detection to classify different growth stages in time-lapse imaging data, and carry out DL-assisted phenotypic profiling of antibiotic-treated cells. To also demonstrate the DL capacity to enhance low-phototoxicity live-cell microscopy, we showcase how image denoising can allow researchers to attain high-fidelity data in faster and longer imaging. Finally, artificial labelling of cell membranes and predictions of super-resolution images allow for accurate mapping of cell shape and intracellular targets. To aid in the training of novice users, we provide a purposefully-built database of training and testing data, enabling bacteriologists to quickly explore how to analyse their data through DL. We hope this lays a fertile ground for the efficient application of DL in microbiology and fosters the creation of novel tools for bacterial cell biology and antibiotic research.
Fine-mapping from summary data with the “Sum of Single Effects” model
Authors: Zou Yuxin , Carbonetto Peter , Wang Gao , Stephens Matthew
Published: November 2021

In recent work, Wang et al introduced the “Sum of Single Effects” (SuSiE) model, and showed that it provides a simple and efficient approach to fine-mapping genetic variants from individual-level data. Here we present new methods for fitting the SuSiE model to summary data, for example to single-SNP z-scores from an association study and linkage disequilibrium (LD) values estimated from a suitable reference panel. To develop these new methods, we first describe a simple, generic strategy for extending any individual-level data method to deal with summary data. The key idea is to replace the usual regression likelihood with an analogous likelihood based on summary data. We show that existing fine-mapping methods such as FINEMAP and CAVIAR also (implicitly) use this strategy, but in different ways, and so this provides a common framework for understanding different methods for fine-mapping. We investigate other common practical issues in fine-mapping with summary data, including problems caused by inconsistencies between the z-scores and LD estimates, and we develop diagnostics to identify these inconsistencies. We also present a new refinement procedure that improves model fits in some data sets, and hence improves overall reliability of the SuSiE fine-mapping results. Detailed evaluations of fine-mapping methods in a range of simulated data sets show that SuSiE applied to summary data is competitive, in both speed and accuracy, with the best available fine-mapping methods for summary data.

Author summary

The goal of fine-mapping is to identify the genetic variants that causally affect some trait of interest. Fine-mapping is challenging because the genetic variants can be highly correlated, due to a phenomenon called linkage disequilibrium (LD). The most successful current approaches to fine-mapping frame the problem as a variable selection problem, and here we focus on one such approach based on the “Sum of Single Effects” (SuSiE) model. The main contribution of this paper is to extend SuSiE to work with summary data, which is often accessible when the full genotype and phenotype data are not. In the process of extending SuSiE, we also developed a new mathematical framework that helps to explain existing fine-mapping methods for summary data, why they work well (or not), and under what circumstances. In simulations, we show that SuSiE applied to summary data is competitive with the best available fine-mapping methods for summary data. We also show how different factors such as accuracy of the LD estimates can affect the quality of the fine-mapping.
A microRNA cluster downstream of the selector gene Fezf2 coordinates fate specification with dendritic branching in cortical neurons
Authors: Iyer Asha , Siththanandan Verl B , Lu Victoria , Nair Ramesh , Vaasjo Lee O. , Galazo Maria J , Tharin Suzanne
Published: November 2021

In the cerebral cortex, cortical projection neurons comprise classes of neurons project to distant regions of the central nervous system. These neurons develop from the same progenitor pool, but they acquire strikingly different inputs and outputs to underpin strikingly different functions. The question of how corticospinal projection neurons - involved in motor function and implicated in paralysis - and callosal projection neurons - involved in cognitive function and implicated in autism - develop represents a fundamental and clinically important question in neurodevelopment. A network of transcription factors, including the selector gene Fezf2, is central to specifying cortical projection neuron fates. Gene regulation up- and down-stream of these transcription factors, however, is not well understood, particularly as it relates to the development of the major inputs to cortical projection neurons. Here we show that the miR-193b~365 microRNA cluster downstream of Fezf2 cooperatively represses the signaling molecule Mapk8, and impacts dendritic branching of cortical projection neurons.
Akaby - cell-free protein expression system for linear templates
Authors: Sato Wakana , Sharon Judee , Deich Christopher , Gaut Nathaniel , Cash Brock , Engelhart Aaron E , Adamala Katarzyna P
Published: November 2021

Cell-free protein expression is increasingly becoming popular for biotechnology, biomedical and research applications. Among cell-free systems, the most popular one is based on Escherichia coli (E. coli). Endogenous nucleases in E. coli cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) degrade the free ends of DNA, resulting in inefficient protein expression from linear DNA templates. RecBCD is a nuclease complex that plays a major role in nuclease activity in E. coli, with the RecB subunit possessing the actual nuclease activity. We created a RecB knockout of an E. coli strain optimized for cell-free expression. We named this new strain Akaby. We demonstrated that Akaby TXTL successfully reduced linear DNA degradations, rescuing the protein expression efficiency from the linear DNA templates. The practicality of Akaby for TXTL is an efficient, simple alternative for linear template expression in cell-free reactions. We also use this work as a model protocol for modifying the TXTL source E. coli strain, enabling the creation of TXTL systems with other custom modifications.
Isolation and characterization of a novel temperate Escherichia coli bacteriophage, Kapi1, which modifies the O-antigen and contributes to the competitiveness of its host during colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Pick Kat , Ju Tingting , Willing Benjamin P. , Raivio Tracy
Published: November 2021

In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of novel bacteriophage vB_EcoP_Kapi1 (Kapi1) isolated from a strain of commensal Escherichia coli inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of healthy mice. We show that Kapi1 is a temperate phage integrated into tRNA argW of strain MP1 and describe its genome annotation and structure. Kapi1 shows limited homology to other characterized prophages but is most similar to the seroconverting phages of Shigella flexneri, and clusters taxonomically with P22-like phages. The receptor for Kapi1 is the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen, and we further show that Kapi1 alters the structure of its hosts O-antigen in multiple ways. Kapi1 displays unstable lysogeny, and we find that lysogeny is favored during growth in simulated intestinal fluid. Furthermore, Kapi1 lysogens have a competitive advantage over their non-lysogenic counterparts both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a role for Kapi1 during colonization. We thus report the use of MP1 and Kapi1 as a model system to explore the molecular mechanisms of mammalian colonization by E. coli to ask what the role(s) of prophages in this context might be.

Importance

Although research exploring the microbiome has exploded in recent years, our understanding of the viral component of the microbiome is lagging far behind our understanding of the bacterial component. The vast majority of intestinal bacteria carry prophages integrated into their chromosomes, but most of these bacteriophages remain uncharacterized and unexplored. Here, we isolate and characterize a novel temperate bacteriophage infecting a commensal strain of Escherichia coli. We aim to explore the interactions between bacteriophages and their hosts in the context of the gastrointestinal tract, asking what role(s) temperate bacteriophage may play in growth and survival of bacteria in the gut. Understanding the fundamental biology of gut commensal bacteria can inform the development of novel antimicrobial or probiotic strategies for intestinal infections.
Strategies for communicating health evidence to health policymakers and the population. Scoping review protocol
Authors: Martimbianco Ana Luiza Cabrera , Pacheco Rafael Leite , Bagattini Ângela Maria , Moreira Roberta de Fátima Carreira , Riera Rachel
Published: November 2021

Evidence-based health information is provided by evidence synthesis and health technology assessments. Nevertheless, this information is complex for public understanding, pointing to the need to disseminate clearly. This scoping review aims to identify different strategies for communicating health evidence to policymakers and the general population. A scoping review will be conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Scoping Reviews. This comprehensive mapping will contribute to identifying the literature on health evidence-based information, identify the most appropriate approaches for each audience, and the literature gaps to guide future studies.
Measuring College Students’ with Disabilities Attitudes Toward Taking COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Taylor Z.W. , Charran Chelseaia
Published: November 2021

This survey explores attitudes of 245 currently enrolled college students with disabilities regarding their comfort taking a COVID-19 vaccine. Results suggest most college students with disabilities are willing to take a COVID-19 vaccine if their institution requires it to return to campus in subsequent semesters. However, many students with disabilities would not feel comfortable with a vaccine mandate mid-semester and would consider withdrawing, especially among older students with disabilities and first-generation college students with disabilities. Implications for postsecondary policy and leadership are addressed.
Geographical Distribution of Biomphalaria snails in East Africa
Authors: Magero Victor O. , Kisara Sammy , Wade Christopher M.
Published: November 2021

There is limited information on the distribution of Biomphalaria snails, an important snail intermediate host of schistosomiasis, in East Africa. This study assessed the incidence and geographical distribution of Biomphalaria snails in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Maximum Entropy modeling was used to predict the potential distribution of Biomphalaria snails, in line with habitat suitability. Malacological surveys were then conducted guided by MaxEnt predictions and information obtained from previous research papers. The surveys were conducted at a total of 156 sites including streams, rivers, lake shores, dams and irrigation canals over a 3-year period (2018 to 2020). Geographical coordinates, ecological and physicochemical information was recorded for the sites visited. Snails were identified morphologically, based on shell characters using established identification keys. Biomphalaria snails were found at 23.07% (36/156) of the sites sampled. Streams proved to be the habitats most preferred by Biomphalaria snails (50% of all of the sites where the snails were found were streams), followed by rivers (20.6%), irrigation canals (8.8%), lake shores (8.8%), springs (5.9%), and dams (5.9%) with snail abundance increasing with increase in temperature and decrease in water depth. Biomphalaria snails were found in the Lake Victoria basin, Mwea Irrigation Scheme and Eastern Province of Kenya, the Lake Albert region, Lango region, Soroti district, Lower Moshi irrigation scheme, Babati district, Iringa region, Tabora region and Kigoma region. Information on the distribution of Biomphalaria snails in East Africa will aid in developing prevention and control strategies for schistosomiasis.

AUTHOR SUMMARY

Few studies have been conducted on the distribution of Biomphalaria snails in East Africa with previous studies mostly isolated projects restricted to single divisions, districts and regions. Knowledge on the distribution of snail intermediate hosts can be helpful in establishing schistosomiasis transmission surveillance systems for detecting emerging and prevailing incidences of schistosomiasis. We undertook malacological surveys of freshwater sites across Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. A total of 156 sites were sampled and Biomphalaria snails were found at 36 of the sites. Streams yielded the highest number of snails, in comparison to the other habitats that were sampled. Temperature and water depth were established to be statistically significant ecological and physicochemical factors that influence incidences and abundance of the snails. This study provides important information on the distribution of an important snail intermediate host in East Africa and the knowledge obtained herein can be helpful in establishing appropriate schistosomiasis control initiatives.
Density-dependent migration characteristics of cancer cells driven by pseudopod coordination
Authors: Burger Gerhard A. , van de Water Bob , Le Dévédec Sylvia E. , Beltman Joost B.
Published: November 2021

The ability of cancer cells to invade neighboring tissue from primary tumors is an important determinant of metastatic behavior. Quantification of cell migration characteristics such as migration speed and persistence helps to understand the requirements for such invasiveness. One factor that may influence invasion is how local tumor cell density shapes cell migration characteristics, which we here investigate with a combined experimental and computational modeling approach. First, we generated and analyzed time-lapse imaging data on two aggressive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell lines, HCC38 and Hs578T, during 2D migration assays at various cell densities. HCC38 cells exhibited a counter-intuitive increase in speed and persistence with increasing density, whereas Hs578T did not exhibit such an increase. Moreover, HCC38 cells exhibited strong cluster formation with active pseudopod-driven migration, especially at low densities, whereas Hs578T cells maintained a dispersed positioning. In order to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the density-dependent cell migration characteristics and cluster formation, we developed realistic spatial simulations using a Cellular Potts Model (CPM) with an explicit description of pseudopod dynamics. Model analysis demonstrated that strong coordination between pseudopods within single cells could explain the experimentally observed increase in speed and persistence with increasing density in HCC38 cells. Thus, the density-dependent migratory behavior could be an emergent property of single-cell characteristics without the need for additional mechanisms. This implies that coordination amongst pseudopods may play a role in the aggressive nature of cancers through mediating dispersal.
(4-Butyl-1-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene)[(1,2,5,6-η)-cycloocta-1,5-diene](triphenylphosphane)iridium(I) tetrafluoridoborate
Authors: Castaldi Kassandra T. , Astashkin Andrei V. , Albert Daniel R. , Rajaseelan Edward
Published: November 2021

A new triazole-based N-heterocyclic cationic carbene iridium(I) complex with a tetrafluoridoborate counter-anion, [Ir(C8H12)(C7H13N3)(C18H15P)]BF4, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The IrI atom of the cationic complex has an expected square-planar coordination environment with unexceptional bond lengths. There are several close F...H contacts between the cations and the anions in the range 2.36–2.58 Å, stabilizing the orientation of the out-sphere [BF4
−] counter-anion. In the crystal, C—H...π(ring) interactions are observed that orient the phenyl rings of the triphenylphosphane ligands.
Bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium] chloranilate
Authors: Ishida Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

In the crystal of the title molecular salt {systematic name: bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium] 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diolate}, 2C13H11N2O+·C6Cl2O4
2−, the chloranilate anion is located on an inversion centre, so that the asymmetric unit contains one cation and one half of the chloranilate anion. In the crystal, the cation and the anion are connected by a bifurcated N—H...(O,O) hydrogen bond, forming a 2:1 unit. The units are linked into a layer lying parallel to (\overline{1}01) via O—H...O and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. Between the layers, a C—Cl...π interaction is observed.
The role of risk rationing in rural credit demand and uptake: lessons from Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Kuhn Lena , Bobojonov Ihtiyor
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Lack of access to credit is commonly held responsible for slow agricultural and rural development in low- and middle-income countries. This paper aims to investigate the contribution of demand- and supply-side factors, particularly the role of risk rationing, on credit application and uptake in the case example of Kyrgyzstan.

Design/methodology/approach

Toward this aim, the study explores the determinants of credit behavior of 1,738 Kyrgyz sample farm households from 2013 to 2016 waves of the nationally representative “Life in Kyrgyzstan” (LIK) dataset along a hierarchical regression model, differentiating between factors influencing individual demand for credit and factors influencing supply for credit.

Findings

The results of our analysis indicate the relative importance of demand-side factors for credit applications, reflecting farmers' perceived risk of credit default and loss of collateral. Meanwhile, supply-side factors, such as real credit constraints and collateral requests, have a stronger influence on credit uptake rates and overall loan sums. These findings highlight the role of risk rationing for agricultural investment, suggesting a stronger focus of development policy on improving risk-sharing mechanisms for farmers, e.g. by developing the agricultural insurance sector.

Originality/value

The paper contributes novel evidence on the role of risk rationing in shaping the demand for formal credits for increasing agricultural and rural investment in low-income transition economies. Previous research has mostly focused on the role of credit supply, thus underrating the potential contribution of individual risk attitude, risk experience and risk sharing.
Pyocin‐mediated antagonistic interactions in Pseudomonas spp. isolated in James Ross Island, Antarctica
Authors: Snopková Kateřina , Dufková Kristýna , Chamrád Ivo , Lenobel René , Čejková Darina , Kosina Marcel , Hrala Matěj , Holá Veronika , Sedláček Ivo , Šmajs David
Published: November 2021

Interactions within bacterial communities are frequently mediated by the production of antimicrobial agents. Despite the increasing interest in research of new antimicrobials, studies describing antagonistic interactions among cold‐adapted microorganisms are still rare. Our study assessed the antimicrobial interactions of 36 Antarctic Pseudomonas spp. and described the genetic background of these interactions in selected strains. The overall bacteriocinogeny was greater compared to mesophilic Pseudomonas non‐aeruginosa species. R‐type tailocins were detected on transmission electron micrographs in 16 strains (44.4%); phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding gene clusters revealed that the P. prosekii CCM 8878 tailocin was related to the Rp3 group, whereas the tailocin in Pseudomonas sp. CCM 8880 to the Rp4 group. Soluble antimicrobials were produced by eight strains (22.‐2%); gene mining found pyocin L homologues in the genomes of P. prosekii CCM 8881 and CCM 8879 and pyocin S9‐like homologues in P. prosekii CCM 8881 and Pseudomonas sp. CCM 8880. Analysis of secretomes confirmed the production of all S‐ and L‐type pyocin genes. Our results suggest that bacteriocin‐based inhibition plays an important role in interactions among Antarctic soil bacteria, and these native, cold‐adapted microorganisms could be a promising source of new antimicrobials.
Discovery of a New Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Site in Sichuan, China
Authors: HAO Baoqiao , ZHANG Qiannan , PENG Guangzhao , YE Yong
Published: November 2021

The Sichuan Basin, also known as the ‘Red Basin', is famous for its abundance of Mesozoic dinosaur fossils, especially in the Zigong area during the Jurassic era; the Middle Jurassic Shunosaurus and the Late Jurassic Mamenchisaurus faunal assemblages are the most representative. The Qinglongshan dinosaur fossil site is located in Fuxing, to the northwest of Rong County, Zigong City. This new site is situated within the Middle Jurassic Xiashaximiao Formation, and geologically is roughly equivalent to the well‐known Dashanpu dinosaur fossil site. More than 600 dinosaur fossils were found concentrated in the excavation area, including teeth; cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae; and various parts of appendicular skeletons. This fossil site is also most significant as it provides new information on non‐avian dinosaur life during the poorly understood Middle Jurassic.
Prognostic factors of T2aN0M0 (T3‐4cmN0M0, stage IB) non‐small‐cell lung cancer after surgery: Single‐center real‐world research
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Jiaqi , Wang Guige , Zhao Ke , Guo Chao , Chen Yeye , Huang Cheng , Li Shanqing
Published: November 2021

Aim

To further elucidate the prognostic factors of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with T2aN0M0 (stage IB) who underwent surgical treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of stage IB NSCLC patients who underwent surgical treatment at our center from October 2013 to September 2016. Eighty patients were enrolled. We analyzed their overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

In univariable analysis, adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) was significantly associated with inferior DFS (p = 0.036, p = 0.037) and OS (p = 0.001, p = 0.003) in all stage IB patients and those who only accepted surgery. Patients with a number of N2 lymph node dissections of ≥3 regions (N2‐LSNDr) exhibited better DFS (p = 0.020, p = 0.005) and OS (p = 0.003, p = 0.001) in all stage IB patients and those who only accepted surgery. In addition, advanced age (≥70 years old) is an adverse factor for DFS (p = 0.049) and OS (p = 0.018) among patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. In multivariable analyses, patients with N2‐LSNDr exhibited a longer OS (p = 0.045) in all enrolled patients; patients with N2‐LSNDr (p = 0.016) and younger age (p = 0.021) demonstrated a superior OS in patients who only received surgery.

Conclusions

We found that N2‐LSNDr were independent influencing factors affecting the prognosis in all included stage IB patients and stage IB patients without adjuvant chemotherapy. ASC was associated with worse prognosis of T2aN0M0 NSCLC. Older age is an independent prognostic factor of the worst OS in stage IB patients without adjuvant chemotherapy.
Influence of alcohol and acetaldehyde on cognitive function: findings from an alcohol clamp study in healthy young adults
Authors: Ueno Fumihiko , Matsushita Sachio , Hara Sachiko , Oshima Shunji , Roh Sungwon , Ramchandani Vijay A. , Mimura Masaru , Uchida Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

Aims

To investigate the acute effects of intravenous alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde on cognitive function in healthy individuals.

Design

Experimental pre‐test/post‐test design.

Setting

Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan.

Participants

A total of 298 healthy Japanese people age 20 to 24 years.

Measurements

Participants underwent an intravenous alcohol infusion with a target blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.50 mg/mL for 180 minutes. Participants completed the continuous performance test (CPT) for sustained attention, the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) for working memory, and the reaction time test (RTT) for speed/accuracy, along with the blood test for BAC and blood acetaldehyde concentration (BAAC) at baseline, 60 and 180 minutes.

Findings

Although the target BAC was maintained during the infusion, BAAC peaked at 30 minutes and then gradually declined (η2 = 0.18, P < 0.01). The CPT scores worsened, and the changes between 0 and 60 minutes were correlated with BAAC (correct detection, η2 = 0.09, P < 0.01; r = −0.34, P < 0.01; omission errors, η2 = 0.08, P < 0.01; r = 0.34, P < 0.01). PASAT scores improved through 180 minutes, whereas the changes between 0 and 60 minutes were negatively correlated with BAAC (task one, η2 = 0.02, P < 0.01; r = −0.25, P < 0.01; task two, η2 = 0.03, P < 0.01; r = −0.28, P < 0.01). Although RTTs worsened, they were not associated with BAC or BAAC. None of these comparisons maintained the time effect after controlling for body height.

Conclusions

Acetaldehyde exposure following acute intravenous alcohol appears to have a negative impact on sustained attention and working memory, whereas there seems to be only a minor effect of moderate alcohol concentration on speed and accuracy.
The effect of air pollution on COVID‐19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bergamaschi Roberto , Ponzano Marta , Schiavetti Irene , Carmisciano Luca , Cordioli Cinzia , Filippi Massimo , Radaelli Marta , Immovilli Paolo , Capobianco Marco , De Rossi Nicola , Brichetto Giampaolo , Cocco Eleonora , Scandellari Cinzia , Cavalla Paola , Pesci Ilaria , Zito Antonio , Confalonieri Paolo , Marfia Girolama Alessandra , Perini Paola , Inglese Matilde , Trojano Maria , Brescia Morra Vincenzo , Pisoni Enrico , Tedeschi Gioacchino , Comi Giancarlo , Battaglia Mario Alberto , Patti Francesco , Salvetti Marco , Sormani Maria Pia ,   MuSC‐19 study group
Published: November 2021

Background and purpose

Some studies have shown that air pollution, often assessed by thin particulate matter with diameter below 2.5 µg/m3 (PM2.5), may contribute to severe COVID‐19 courses, as well as play a role in the onset and evolution of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of air pollution on COVID‐19 has never been explored specifically amongst patients with MS (PwMS). This retrospective observational study aims to explore associations between PM2.5 and COVID‐19 severity amongst PwMS.

Methods

Data were retrieved from an Italian web‐based platform (MuSC‐19) which includes PwMS with COVID‐19. PM2.5 2016–2018 average concentrations were provided by the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service. Italian patients inserted in the platform from 15 January 2020 to 9 April 2021 with a COVID‐19 positive test were included. Ordered logistic regression models were used to study associations between PM2.5 and COVID‐19 severity.

Results

In all, 1087 patients, of whom 13% required hospitalization and 2% were admitted to an intensive care unit or died, were included. Based on the multivariate analysis, higher concentrations of PM2.5 increased the risk of worse COVID‐19 course (odds ratio 1.90; p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Even if several other factors explain the unfavourable course of COVID‐19 in PwMS, the role of air pollutants must be considered and further investigated.
Recurrent tetanus in a donkey
Authors: Kay G. , Souhail M. L. , Mazan M.
Published: November 2021

This report describes a case of a non‐lethal tetanus in a donkey that re‐presented 9 months after discharge with a second episode of tetanus. This is the first time “recurrent” tetanus has been reported in equids, although it is a recognised, albeit rare occurrence in humans. This case illustrates the fact that natural infection did not confer immunity in this particular donkey. This highlights the importance of tetanus toxoid vaccination even for animals that recover from the disease.
Exercise dose on hepatic fat and cardiovascular health in adolescents with excess of adiposity
Authors: González‐Ruíz Katherine , Correa‐Bautista Jorge Enrique , Izquierdo Mikel , García‐Hermoso Antonio , Martínez‐Vizcaíno Vicente , Lobelo Felipe , González‐Jiménez Emilio , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline , Correa‐Rodríguez María , Fernández‐Irigoyen Joaquín , Palomino‐Echeverría Sara , Santamaría Enrique , Ramírez‐Vélez Robinson
Published: November 2021

Objective

The HEPAFIT study was aimed at examining the impact of a 6‐month physical education intervention, considering various levels of exercise intensity, on hepatic fat and cardiometabolic health outcomes in adolescents with excess adiposity.

Methods

Adolescents (n = 120), 11–17 years with excess adiposity by body fat >30%, were randomly assigned to one of the following 4 groups for 6 months: (1) standard physical education lessons, control (CTRL); (2) high‐intensity physical education (HIPE); (3) low‐to‐moderate intensity physical education (LIPE) and (4) combined HIPE and LIPE (PLUS). The primary outcome was hepatic fat content measured by vibration‐controlled transient elastography (controlled attenuation parameter [CAP]). Secondary outcomes were traditional cardiovascular health markers (body composition, serum lipids, aminotransferases and health‐related physical fitness components).

Results

Adjusted mixed effects linear models revealed a significant decrease in CAP levels in HIPE (−20.02 dB/m, p < 0.0001) (p = 0.001 vs. CTRL group) and PLUS (−16.25 dB/m, p = 0.005) groups. Body fat decreased in the HIPE (−2.88%, p < 0.001) (p = 0.001 vs. CTRL group) and LIPE (−1.26%, p = 0.022) groups. The physical fitness components were increased in the HIPE and PLUS group relative to the baseline (p < 0.05), and the HIPE group showed a reduction in the total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Implementation of a 6‐month physical education exercise program, particularly high‐intensity or combined high and low‐intensity, improves hepatic fat storage and significantly reduces cardiometabolic markers in adolescents with excess of adiposity. Interventions involving supervised physical exercise may help to improve metabolism and fat deposition at the hepatic level, thus preventing the development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents.
Reflections from a System Chief Nursing Executive: Intention to lead
Authors: Acorn Michelle
Published: November 2021

The integration and utilization of Chief Nurses (CNs) to lead and support complex health systems and health workforce optimization in governments, nongovernmental organizations, and across all health and social sectors is of paramount importance. At a time when the global nursing profession is challenged with a strained workforce and a growing leadership gap, it is essential that we examine and pay attention to the importance of the CN role. To attain universal health coverage, sustainable development goals, and global health, the need for the right number and a well‐prepared nursing workforce is evident. While nursing recruitment and retention are key for system sustainability, it requires the right governance, leadership, infrastructure, and resources. A System CN can lead, advise, and impact the success of the nursing workforce in collaboration with senior leadership teams. At this time of major health challenges, too many health and social systems, both at government and nongovernmental levels, do not have a CN at all, or the role is delegated to a staff position with limited ability to impact the system on the local, regional, national, and global scale. Recruitment and investments targeting CNs are required to resuscitate, stabilize, and invigorate knowledgeable leaders who can transform, inspire, and maximize nursing contributions to assure access and quality healthcare. My personal and professional CN journey is highlighted here as an illustration for nurses who lead formally and informally, as they contemplate their own current and future ambitions and contributions.
Risk factors for heel pressure injury in cardiovascular intensive care unit patients
Authors: Lee Hyeon Jeong , Han Min Young , Hwang Jung Hwa , Park Kang Ju , Shin Kyung Min , Kim Eun Sil , Lee Hyea Jung , Lim Arum , Han Eun Jin , Park Ju Yeon , Jang Yeon Soo
Published: November 2021

This study analyzed the risk factors for heel pressure injury in cardiovascular intensive care unit patients with the aim of laying the groundwork for preventive nursing interventions. We conducted a retrospective case‐control study of 92 patients who were admitted to the cardiovascular surgical or medical intensive care unit of a university hospital in South Korea between January and December 2017. Of these patients, 31 and 61 were included to the heel pressure injury group and the non‐heel pressure injury group, respectively. Data on their demographic, disease‐related, and intensive care unit treatment characteristics, as well as the degree of pressure injury, were collected from the hospital's electronic medical records using a standardized form. Cardiac surgery (P < .001), operation time (P = .001), use of a mechanical ventilator (P < .001), use of vasoconstrictors (P < .001), use of sedative drugs (P < .001), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment (P < .001) were identified as significant risk factors for heel pressure injury. A total of 22 patients (71%) from the heel pressure injury group developed deep tissue injury, and 16 patients (51.6%) who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment developed heel pressure injury.