bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIV-B-29 Late-Breaking: Evaluation of arginine requirements of growing > 14 week to 9 month old Labrador retrievers using differing diet formulations and the indicator amino acid oxidation technique
Authors: Coon Craig N , Varney Jessica L , Weil Jordan T , Fowler Jason W , Boggess Mary Ann
Published: December 2019

Over time, the need to update amino acid requirements for canines is increasingly important due to genetic selection and the demand for more advanced diets. Amino acid requirements can be determined through differing methods including, but not limited to, nitrogen balance studies and the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. In this study, the IAAO method was studied on a total of six growing Labrador Retrievers to determine their individual amino acid requirements. Twelve test diets with varying levels of Arg were utilized to conduct this experiment. Six diets contained excess Lys with respect to Arg (Group 1), while the remaining diets contained lower Lys inclusions (Group 2). Diets were formulated to 1.6x NRC values for all indispensable amino acids, including Lys. Group 2 diet formulations were formulated the same as Group I, except the test Lys was set at 0.1% above test Arg levels. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was first supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every thirty minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every thirty minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a piecewise model of best fit (JMP Pro 14.1). Through the segmented line regression, the arginine mean requirement and population safe requirements of growing dogs in Groups 1 and 2 was found to be 1.49 ± 0.30 and 1.38 ± 0.21 g/1000 kcal ME (mean ± 2SD), respectively.
PSIV-B-26 Late-Breaking: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and methionine supplementation during late gestation alters fetal liver development in sheep
Authors: Velazquez Milca Rosa , Batistel Fernanda , Rodriguez Juan Pinos , Relling Alejandro E
Published: December 2019

Supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids or methionine have a fetal programming effect in mammals. However, the effect of both nutrients on fetal development and DNA methylation have not been explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), methionine, or both to ewes during late gestation on fetus development and liver global DNA methylation. Twenty ewes (n = 5) were supplemented from day 100 to 145 of gestation. The treatments were: 1) control diet (CONT) without EPA and DHA supplementation (PUFA) or methionine supplementation (MET); 2) control plus PUFA (1 % Ca salts of fatty acids intake, Strata G113®); 3) control plus MET (0.1 % rumen protected methionine intake, Smartamine®); and 4) control plus PUFA and MET (PUFA+MET). On day 145, ewes were euthanized and fetuses were removed. Ewe, fetus, placenta, and fetal liver were weighed. Plasma samples were collected from ewes and fetuses to measure concentration of glucose and NEFA. Liver global DNA methylation was analyzed. Data was analyzed as a complete randomized experiment with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Ewe supplementation did not affect (P > 0.1) fetus and placental weight. There was an interaction of treatment effect (P = 0.02) on fetal liver weight and ewe BW; CONT and PUFA+MET were grater that PUFA and MET. There were no differences (P > 0.10) on ewe and fetus NEFA as well as fetus glucose, but MET increased (P = 0.03) ewe plasma glucose concentration. Both treatments affected liver global DNA methylation of fetus (main effects P < 0.01; interaction P = 0.32); all the treatments increased global DNA methylation compared, with CONT, and PUFA+MET has greater than PUFA and MET. In conclusion PUFA and methionine supplementation in late gestation modified fetus liver development and DNA methylation.
PSIV-B-24 Late-Breaking: Effect of initial body weight variation on growth performance of finishing Nellore cattle
Authors: Sandes Michael D , Souza Rafahel , Menezes Guilherme , Souza Rogério , Hoffmann Carly A , Fonsenca Pedro , Jayme Diogo
Published: December 2019

The increased number of beef cattle entering feedlot operations in Brazil has increased, thus leading to increased productivity, livestock density rate, and improved carcass traits. The age and condition in which animals enter the feedlot is often neglected and may result in increased pen heterogeneity and might impact the growth development of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the initial weight variation indicator (IWVI) on confined Nellore breeds on productive performance. A total of 382 pens (38,850 animals) were evaluated for 90 days. The variables evaluated were (IWVI), average daily gain (ADG), gain efficiency (G:F) and net feed conversion (nFC). The experimental design was determined by the amplitude of the mean and high volume of homogeneity. A non-parametric analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for the comparison of groups, and there was a significant difference using the Mann-Whitney test for the comparison of experimental groups 2 to 2. Significance was determined at (P < 0.017). The highest ADG was 1.59 kg, observed for the pens with lower IWVI. The lowest ADG was 1.46 kg, observed in the pens with higher IWVI. The lower IWVI showed higher G:F (6.36) and nFC (131.01 kg) compared to more variable initial weight pens (1.82 and 148.09 kg, respectively). Lower initial weight variations per pen had a positive effect on average daily gain, gain efficiency and net feed conversion. Initial body weight variation seems to be an important factor feedlots should consider upon Nellore cattle arrival.
PSIV-B-30 Late-Breaking: Effects of wheat straw bedding usage on hide tag scores during winter and spring in finishing feedlot cattle fed in eastern South Dakota
Authors: Smerchek Dathan , Smith Zachary K
Published: December 2019

Hide tag scores (TS; 1 to 5 point scale; 1=no tag, clean hide and 5=lumps of manure attached to the hide continuously on the underbelly and side of the animal from brisket to rear quarter) were collected on March 22 or March 25, 2019 (winter), and on May 10, 2019 (spring) from pens of 5 to 8 head of steers and heifers housed in 7.6 × 7.6 m concrete pens at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Treatments included: 1) 2.5 kg (as is basis) of bedding/animal/d (n = 8 pens; HI); 2) 1.8 kg (as is basis) of bedding/animal/d (n = 15 pens; LO); or 3) no bedding (n = 15 pens; NO). Pen TS distribution was analyzed using a multinomial distribution approach appropriate for a CRD. Winter: There was greater (P = 0.01) TS 2 in HI compared to LO and NO (42.5 vs. 4.2 and 0.0 ± 7.27%). Cattle in HI had greater (P = 0.01) TS 3 compared to LO and NO (55.0 vs. 25.8 and 5.0 ± 10.20%). Cattle in LO and NO had greater (P = 0.01) TS 4 compared to HI (59.2 and 45.6 vs. 2.5 ± 10.48%). Cattle in NO had greater (P = 0.01) TS 5 compared to LO and HI (49.4 vs 10.8 and 0.0 ± 8.80%). Spring: HI had the greatest (P = 0.01; 5.0 vs. 0.0 and 0.0 ± 1.56%) TS 1. Cattle in HI had the greatest (P = 0.01) TS 2 compared to NO and LO (55.0 vs. 23.7 and 21.4 ± 7.58%). Cattle in HI had lower (P = 0.01) TS 3 compared to NO and LO (37.5 vs. 69.5 and 65.6 ± 8.40%). No differences (P ≥ 0.13) for TS’s 4 and 5 were detected during the spring. These data indicate that greater amounts of bedding results in less severe TS and TS became less severe as the season changed from winter to spring.
PSIV-B-35 Late-Breaking: Integrating target metabolomic and global proteomic analyses reveals a selenium shift energy metabolism by regulating the redox state in skeletal muscle of pigs
Authors: Zhang Junmin , Tang Chaohua , Zhang Kai
Published: December 2019

Selenium (Se) is involved in the synthesis of 25 mammal selenoproteins, most of which are oxidation enzymes. Energy metabolism is a major mechanism of power reduction needed to maintain the redox state. Whether energy metabolism in pig skeletal muscle is shifted by the Se-mediated redox state remains unclear. In this study, integrated target metabolomic and global proteomic analyses were used to study how skeletal muscle energy metabolism shifts in response to dietary Se. Twenty-four Yorkshire male pigs (12.50 ± 1.32 kg) were fed a basal diet (Se deficiency, Se-D, 0.007 mg Se/kg) or a basal diet supplemented with selenomethionine (Se adequate, Se-A, 0.3 mg Se/kg) for 16 weeks. Animals were then scarified and their longissimus dorsi were sampled for meat quality, Se content, redox state, selenotranscriptome, global proteomics, and energy-targeted metabolomic profile analysis. Longissimus dorsi water holding capacity in the Se-D group was significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Se content in the Se-D group (0.02 ± 0.003 mg Se/kg) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that in the Se-A group (0.48 ± 0.03 mg Se/kg). A total of 15 selenoprotein mRNA levels were significantly affected (P < 0.05), in which 13 were downregulated and two were upregulated in the Se-D group. Compared to those in the Se-A group, the glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activity, as well as the total antioxidant capacity were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the MDA levels were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the Se-D group. The metabolomic and proteomic analyses showed significantly increased (P < 0.05) levels of glucose-6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, phosphoglucomutase-1, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactic dehydrogenase in the Se-D group compared to those in the Se-A group. These results indicated that Se can regulate glycolysis by modulating the redox state in skeletal muscle of pigs.
PSIV-B-41 Late-Breaking: The effect of TP, ALC and NAC cocktail on the oxidation-reduction system of mouse early embryo during in vitro culture
Authors: Zhou Jing , lou An Gang , Ihsan Ali , Li Zhong Shu , fang Nan-zhu
Published: December 2019

During in vitro culture, the growth environment of embryos cannot be completely simulated as an in vivo, because the embryos are exposed to oxidative stress (OS) for a long time. However, the supplementation of antioxidants to the culture medium is undoubtedly the most effective method to reduce OS. Previous Studies have shown that TP, ALC and NAC alone have antioxidant effects on OS embryos during different stages of the oxidation-reduction reaction system respectively. Therefore in the current study we used TP, ALC and NAC in combination to improve the quality of early mice embryo and its effects on the embryo endogenous oxidation-reduction reaction system, to minimize the obstacles in the process of in vitro embryo during oxidative stress. The expression of endogenous genes in embryos was detected by RT-PCR, and the ROS and GSH levels in embryos were determined by DCHFDA and CMF2HC staining respectively. The combine supplementation of TP, ALC and NAC significantly up-regulate the expression of oxidase genes (NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, Duox1 and Duox2) in embryo, and effectively promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes genes (SOD1,SOD2,CAT, GPx1,GPx2 and GPx4) in the embryo. In addition, the supplementation of TP, ALC and NAC also up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 gene in embryo (P ﹤ 0.01）as compare to other groups. Moreover the addition of TP, ALC and NAC to embryo culture medium significantly decreased the ROS level (P ﹤ 0.01）and increased the GSH level (P ﹤ 0.01）as compare to control and other treated groups. In conclusion the present study shows that the supplementation of TP, ALC and NAC cocktail can promote the early mouse embryo development, effectively upregulate GSH and down-regulate the ROS level in early mouse embryo during IVC. Moreover it up-regulate the expression of oxidase and antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2 genes.
PSXIV-2 Late-Breaking: The effect of nicotinamide riboside on pork loin chop color stability – a pilot study
Authors: Gonzalez John M , Paulk Chad , Dunmire Kara , Houser Terry , O’Quinn Travis
Published: December 2019

The objective of this pilot study was to examine the effect of oral supplementation of nicotinamide riboside chloride (NR) on pork loin chop color stability. Seven days prior to the beginning of the experiment, 10 finishing barrows (initial BW 111.9±1.6 kg) were assigned to individual pens that allowed ad libitum access to food and water. Barrows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 NR treatments, 0 or 30 mg/kg daily of NR (ChromaDex, Irvine, CA) mixed in Karo syrup and administered by oral gavage. Barrows were administered their assigned treatment for 10 d, after which they were harvested under USDA inspection. Twenty-four hours postmortem, whole-boneless loins were fabricated, vacuum packaged, and aged for 10 d. Loins were cut into 3 chops immediately posterior to the spinalis dorsi, with chop 1 being used for day-0 metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) analysis, chop 2 being used for day-4 MRA and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analyses, and chop 3 for 8-day objective/subjective color evaluation and MRA and OCR analyses. There were no Treatment × Day interactions for all objective and subjective color measurements (P > 0.77). Day of display affected all measures consistent with the discoloration of meat (P < 0.02), except L* value which was not affected (P = 0.14). Objective measures indicated NR chops had greater a*, greater surface oxymyoglobin, and less surface metmyoglobin formation over the 8-day display period (P < 0.01). Panelists indicated NR chops had less discoloration form over the entire 8-day display period (P < 0.01), but treatment did not affect OCR and MRA (P > 0.19). Feeding NR at the end of the finishing period may enhance visual pork loin chop color during simulated retail display; however, a larger study is needed to confirm this finding.
PSXIV-42 Late-Breaking: Effects of yeast cell wall product on growth performance, immune responses, and gene expression of tight junction proteins of weaned pigs
Authors: Kyoung Hyunjin , Cho Myungwoo , Lee Hanbae , Park Sangwoo , Kang Joowon , Mun Daye , Kim Soyun , Seo Dongoh , Lee Jeongjae , Choe Jeehwan , Song Minho
Published: December 2019

The study was conducted to investigate effects of yeast cell wall product on growth performance, immune responses, and gene expression of tight junction proteins of weaned pigs. A total of 112 weaned pigs (7.98 ± 0.43 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (8 pigs/pen; 7 replicates/treatments) for 4 weeks in a randomized complete block design (block = BW). Dietary treatments were 1) a commercial basal nursery diet (CON) and 2) CON + 0.05% yeast cell wall product (YCW, EasyBio Inc., Seoul, Korea). Blood was collected from one randomly selected pig per pen on d 0, 7, and 14 after weaning. The randomly selected one pig per replicate was euthanized to collect ileum tissue samples at the end of the experimental period. Measurements were growth performance, number of white blood cells (WBC) by an automated hematology analyzer calibrated for porcine blood, cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by the ELISA, and gene expression of tight junction in ileum tissues. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. The statistical model for every measurement included dietary effect and BW as a covariate. Pigs fed YCW had higher (P < 0.10) ADG than those fed CON during overall experimental period. Pigs fed YCW had lower WBC on d 14 (P < 0.10), TNF-α on d 7 (P < 0.10), and decreased IL-1β on d 14 (P < 0.05) than those fed CON. In addition, The YCW increased (P < 0.05) expression of Claudin family, Occludin, Muc1, INF-α, and IL-6, but decreased (P < 0.05) expression of TNF-α genes in the ileum tissues compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of yeast cell wall product in the nursery diet improved growth performance and gut health and modified immune responses of weaned pigs.
PSV-25 Mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle early postmortem is influenced by cattle breed and temperature
Authors: Ramos Patricia , Li Chengcheng , Elzo Mauricio , Wohlgemuth Stephanie , Scheffler Tracy
Published: December 2019

Functional properties and integrity of skeletal muscle mitochondria during the early postmortem period may influence development of meat quality traits, such as tenderness. Angus typically produce more tender beef than Brahman, a Bos taurus indicus subspecies known for heat tolerance. Thus, our objectives were to assess mitochondrial function in muscle collected early postmortem from Angus and Brahman cattle; and to evaluate the effect of normal and elevated temperature on mitochondria function. Longissimus lumborum was collected at 1h postmortem from Angus and Brahman steers, and high resolution respirometry was used to assess mitochondrial function in permeabilized muscle fibers at two temperatures (38.5 and 40.0°C). The main effects of breed, temperature, and their interaction were tested. On a tissue weight basis, parameters of respiratory function were not influenced by breed or temperature, though Brahman exhibited numerically greater values for respiration supported by complex I, complex I+II, and complex II substrates. Citrate synthase activity, a marker of mitochondria content, was affected by breed (P = 0.049). Consequently, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) data were normalized to citrate synthase activity. After normalization for mitochondrial content, the overall mitochondria OCR pattern changed, revealing differences among breeds for proton leak respiration (P = 0.045), as well as a persistent interaction effect primarily related to reduced OCR in mitochondria from Brahman at 40.0°C. In addition, the ratio of OCR for leak relative to complex I+II phosphorylation was lower in Brahman, evidencing greater coupling. However, mean coupling ratios for both Angus and Brahman support that respiration and phosphorylation were well-coupled for both breeds even at 1h postmortem. Thus, mitochondria retain functional capacity and integrity at 1h postmortem; and mitochondria properties may be related to differences in heat tolerance and meat quality development between cattle subspecies.
PSV-23 Prediction of retail yield for purebred and crossbred Jersey cattle raised for natural markets
Authors: Jaborek Jerad R , Relling Alejandro E , Moeller Steven J , Zerby Henry N
Published: December 2019

The USDA yield grade (YG) equation is used to predict the cutability of beef carcasses for the more accurate payment of cattle when sold in grid pricing systems. In the United States, an increasing percent of Jersey genetics are being implemented into dairy farms, which is resulting in a greater percent of Jersey genetics contributing to the fed beef cattle supply. Cattle (n = 91) were fed a similar diet, harvested, and fabricated into boneless closely trimmed retail cuts (BCTRC). Inconsistencies occurred between the calculated USDA YG and %BCTRC compared to actual measures from purebred and crossbred Jersey cattle. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the validity of the current USDA YG equation to predict the cutability of purebred and crossbred Jersey cattle raised for natural markets. Data were analyzed in SAS with the mixed model: Yijklm = μ + (EQ×HCW)ij + (EQ×BFT)ik + (EQ×LMA)il + (EQ×KPH)im + eijklm, where EQi = the USDA predicted estimates or actual Jersey measurements. Jersey YG [Y=9.66+(0.005×HCW)+(0.54×BFT)+(-0.035×LMA)+(0.083×KPH)] and %BCTRC [Y=34.68+(-0.012×HCW)+(-1.01×BFT)+(0.081×LMA)+(-0.192×KPH)] equations more accurately predicted the retail yield of the purebred and crossbred Jersey cattle in the present study compared to the current USDA equations. The parameter estimates for the y-intercept (P ≤ 0.01), BFT (P ≤ 0.01), and LMA (P = 0.06) were different between the current USDA YG and the Jersey YG equations and current %BCTRC and the Jersey %BCTRC equations. Mean differences between the calculated and actual YG and % BCTRC were 5.8 USDA YG and 13.1% BCTRC. In conclusion, the current USDA YG equation over predicted the retail yield of purebred and crossbred Jersey cattle in the current study. Evidence of such disparities between calculated and actual values may warrant a reevaluation for the use of the USDA YG for the prediction of beef carcass retail yield for fed cattle with Jersey influence.
PSV-26 The influence of breed, growing phase nutrition, and finishing system (pasture vs. feedlot) on the relative abundance of mRNA associated with lipid metabolism in longissimus muscle
Authors: Torrecilhas Juliana A , Vito Elias San , Fonseca Larissa , Simioni Tiago , Lage Josiane , Fiorentini Giovani , Engle Terry , Berchielli Telma
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of beef cattle breed, nutritional treatment, and finishing strategy (pasture vs. feedlot) on the relative abundance of mRNA associated with lipid metabolism in longissimus muscle (LM). Eighty-three uncastrated males from three genetic groups: Nellore (N), ½ Angus x ½ Nellore (A) and ½ Senepol x ½ Nellore (S), were randomly assigned to dietary treatments supplied during the growing phase. Treatments consisted of mineral supplement or concentrate supplement (0.3% BW). Following the growing phase, two replicates within each treatment x breed group were randomly assigned to one of two finishing systems (Figure 1): Pasture grazing + concentrate (PC) and Conventional feedlot (CF), both are supplemented at 2% BW/had/d (Table 1). After 209 days the animals were slaughtered, an LM sample (5.0g) was removed between 12th and 13th ribs from each animal and frozen (liquid nitrogen). The relative abundance of mRNA associated with lipid metabolism was measured by qRT-PCR. Target genes include PPARα, PPARγ, SREBP1c, SCD1, LPL, FBP4, CPT2, ACOX and ACCα. The ∆∆ Ct was used to calculate the data and analyzed using the mixed procedures of SAS for a 3×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Mineral supplementation during the growing phase increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of mRNA of PPARα and PPARγ compared to concentrate. The relative abundance of PPARγ, SREBP1c, SCD1, FABP4, ACOX, was greater (P < 0.05) in CF compared to PC. Angus LM muscle showed greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of SREPB1c compared to Nellore and Senepol. The muscle of Nellore and Angus had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of PPARα SCD1 and lower (P < 0.05) of PPARγ when compared to Senepol breed. Therefore, in this study, the conventional feedlot and Angus are more positively associated with differential expression of adipogenic genes.
PSV-36 The impact of selection using residual average daily gain and marbling EPDs on growth performance and carcass traits in angus steers
Authors: Krause Taylor , Moore Edward , Duggin Jason , Segers Jacob , Pringle T Dean
Published: December 2019

This study compared growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition, and carcass characteristics in Angus steers (n = 321) from bulls divergently selected for feed efficiency and marbling. Angus sires were selected based on high (10th percentile or better) and low (85th percentile or worse) residual ADG (RADG) EPD as well as high (5th percentile or better) and average (near 50th percentile) marbling (MARB) EPD. These criteria resulted in a 2x2 factorial design with four breeding lines: high RADG/high MARB, high RADG/average MARB, low RADG/high MARB, low RADG/average MARB. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS with RADG and MARB as main effects. Ultrasound and carcass data revealed no differences (P ≥ 0.12) in 12th rib backfat thickness from weaning through slaughter for the RADG EPD groups. At the beginning and the end of the feeding trial, the high RADG (P ≤ 0.02) group had larger ultrasound ribeye area than the low RADG group. During the feedlot trial and through slaughter, BW was heavier (P ≤ 0.006) for the high versus low RADG steers but did not differ (P ≥ 0.44) across MARB EPD. Feed efficiency measures did not differ (P ≥ 0.32) across RADG or MARB groups apart from the tendency (P = 0.08) for residual feed intake to be lower in the high versus low RADG steers. Marbling scores differed (P ≤ 0.04) across RADG and MARB groups with the low RADG steers and the high MARB steers having improved marbling. The quality grade distribution across MARB EPD revealed that the average MARB steers graded 73% Choice and 25% Prime while the high MARB steers graded 56% and 42%, respectively. Slice shear force did not differ (P ≥ 0.32) across RADG or MARB EPD. These results suggest that selection using RADG EPD has negligible impacts on meat quality; moreover, they show that progress in selection for efficiency can be accomplished while advancing carcass quality and value.
PSIX-30 Effects of dietary lysine restriction on plasma amino acid profile and growth performance of growing pigs
Authors: Hasan Shamimul , Humphrey Rebecca , Liao Shengfa F
Published: December 2019

Muscle growth requires a constant supply of free amino acids (AAs) from blood stream. Thus, a balanced blood plasma AA profile is critical for optimizing the growth performance of pigs. This research was conducted to study how dietary lysine restriction affects the plasma AA profile in growing pigs. Twelve crossbred young barrows (initial BW 22.6 ± 2.04 kg) were individually penned in an environment controlled barn. Pigs were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments according to a completely randomized experiment design (n = 6). Two corn- and soybean meal-based diets containing 0.65% (Diet I, lysine-deficient) and 0.98% (Diet II, lysine-adequate) standardized ileal digestible lysine were fed to the pigs. The growth performance of pigs with parameters including ADG, ADFI, and G:F was measured for the 8 week feeding trial. At the end of the trial, jugular vein blood was collected and the plasma samples were obtained for AA analysis using HPLC methods. Data were statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test. As expected, the ADG of Diet I pigs was lower (P < 0.01) than Diet II pigs, and so was G:F (P < 0.05) since there was no difference in ADFI between the two groups. In terms of plasma free AAs, the concentrations of lysine, methionine, leucine, and tyrosine were lower (P < 0.05), while the concentration of b-alanine was higher (P < 0.01), in Diet I vs. Diet II pigs. The concentrations of other AAs were not different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. It can be concluded that besides lysine, the reduced plasma supply of methionine, leucine, and tyrosine is all responsible for the reduced ADG and G:F in pigs fed the lysine-deficient diet. Whether or not the increased plasma concentration of b-alanine in lysine-deficient pigs can reduce the occurrence of PSE pork warrants further investigation.
PSIX-35 Alternatives to antibiotic supplementation on broiler performance under highland conditions
Authors: Riboty Rodolfo , Ponce Christian H
Published: December 2019

There is limited information on performance and gut microbiota balance response to alternatives to antibiotics growth promoters on broiler at high altitude and level of health challenge. Therefore, Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alternatives to antibiotics supplementation on broiler performance and health at 2500 m.a.s.l. In, Exp. 1, a total of 1080 day-old Cobb-500 male broilers were used in a completely randomized block design. Eight experimental diets containing 1) Negative Control (NC), 2) Bacitracin methylene Disalicylate at 55 mg/kg (BMD), 3) Direct fed microbial at 750 mg/kg (DFM) 2x1011 CFU/kg of lactic acid bacteria, 4) a blend of essential oils (150 mg/kg; EO), 5) combination of permeabilizers, organic acids and phytochemicals (0.1%, CN), 6) DFM+EO, 7) DFM+CN, and 8) EO +CN. Performance was evaluated through the feeding period of 42 d with a new litter. There were no significant differences in performance nor mortality rate during the whole feeding period. In, Exp. 2, 1232 one-day-old Cobb-500 male chicks were randomly divided into 56 experimental units and exposed to similar treatments as described on Exp. 1. Performance variables, and cecal-microbiota population were evaluated during 42-d with a re-used litter. Overall, daily gain was increased for BMD, DFM, and EO+CN compared to NC (P < 0.05). Feed intake was not altered by dietary treatment (P = 0.892). Feed conversion rate was improved by BMD and EO compared to NC (P < 0.05). Total coliform, and E. coli population was increased by DFM and CN compared to NC (P < 0.005). Total Enterobacteriacea was not altered by dietary treatment with exception of EO, that increased its population compared to remaining treatments (P < 0.001). Data form this experiments suggest that positive effect of organic feed additive supplementation, especially EO, depend on bird health challenge at high altitudes.
PSIX-34 Effects of corn protein concentrate level in the diets of the weanling piglet on performance, nitrogen balance, visceral organ mass and blood parameters
Authors: Alvear Jose , Ron Jorge , Torrealba Hector , Ponce Christian H
Published: December 2019

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of corn protein concentrate (CPC) levels on performance, nitrogen digestibility, blood parameters, and visceral organ mass by newly weaned piglets. Forty piglets (6. 9 kg ± 1.2 kg of live weight) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design. Piglets were fed individually 1 of 4 experimental diets containing different CPC levels (0%, 5%, 10% or 15%) during 44 d. Performance parameters were measured weekly. Total fecal and urine samples were collected on d 33 of the experiment for 4 consecutive days to determine N balance. At the end of the feeding period, blood samples were collected to measure blood parameters, and animals were slaughter to determine visceral organ mass. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block designed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Final BW tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.065) as dietary CPC level increased. Overall, ADG tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.065), and ADFI was significantly reduced (P = 0. 038) as dietary CPC level increased. Nevertheless, FCR was not by dietary treatment (P = 0.1872). There were no differences on nitrogen intake, retention and digestibility across dietary treatments (P > 0. 407). However, there was a tendency to decrease linearly N excretion on urine as CPC increased in the diet. Hematocrit and Serum Urea-N were linearly increased and reduced, respectively as CPC increased in the diet (P < 0. 027). Empty BW at d 44 tended to linearly reduce as CPC increased. Pancreas weight was reduced by inclusion of CPC (linearly; P = 0. 005). In summary, it was demonstrated that, when CPC replaced partially traditional protein sources up to 5% of the diet, performance and N status of the animal are not altered. However, caution should be taken with higher levels of inclusion.
PSIX-15 Effects of mixture of essential oils and organic acid supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles, leg bone length and intestinal morphology in broilers
Authors: Oh Hanjin , Liu Shudong , Yun Won , Lee Jihwan , An Jiseon , Cho Seungyeol , Cho Jinho
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mixture of essential oils and organic acid supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles, leg bone length and intestinal morphology in ROSS broilers. A total of 40 Ross 308 broiler (1140 ±80g) were randomly allocated to 2 groups, basal diet (CON), basal diet+0.05% Avi-protect® (AVI), with 20 replicates every group, and 1 chicken per replicate per cage. The BW (P < 0.05) and weight gain (P < 0.05) of broilers were increased in the AVI group compared with the CON group. The content of triglyceride (P < 0.05) and LDL (P < 0.05) significantly decreased in the AVI group compared with the CON group. There was no significant difference on leg bone length between the AVI and the CON group (P > 0.05). the villi height (P < 0.05) and goblet cell count (P < 0.05) significantly increased in the AVI group compared with the CON group. In conclusion, the Avi-protect® as feed additives improved the growth performance and lipid metabolism and promoted the development of intestinal morphology in broilers.
PSIX-23 Inclusion of cocoa husks in the diet for fattening pigs on lipid composition of backfat and muscle
Authors: Magistrelli Damiano , D’Ardes Vincenzo , Rosi Fabia
Published: December 2019

Cocoa husks are by-products of chocolate production, characterized by a high content of dietary fibre, proteins, lipids and polyphenols, which exert antioxidant activity. The present study investigated the effect of dietary inclusion of cocoa husks on the lipid composition of pig backfat and muscle. Eight finishing pigs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: CTRL, fed a conventional cereal-based diet, and COCOA, fed a diet obtained by substitution of 10% of the control diet with coarsely ground cocoa husks. After 6 weeks, pigs were slaughtered. During the experimental period, the dietary composition was analysed, nutrient digestibility of the diets and N balance were determined. At slaughtering, samples of backfat and Biceps brachii muscle were collected. Total lipids were extracted from samples and analysed for cholesterol content and for fatty acid composition. The experimental diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic, but polyphenolic content was 90% higher in COCOA than CTRL diet. Nutrient digestibility and N balance were not influenced by dietary treatment. Cocoa husks feeding did not affect total lipids and cholesterol, but increased by 50% the content of linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) in both backfat (P < 0.05) and biceps muscle (P < 0.01). Worldwide, sanitary authorities recommend increasing the ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids of the diet, in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. According to this, obtained results highlight a role for cocoa husks in improving the nutritional value of pork meat, which is a key factor in determining consumer choice.
PSVII-31 Animal acceptability and performance trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus
Authors: Conn Benny J , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy , Anderson Mark , Snokhous Payton
Published: December 2019

With feed being a costly input, the goal of any producer is to find feed sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability and performance trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired by broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers at 34d of age when put on trial, were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture. Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred (P < 0.01), while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio did not differ (P < 0.39). In the performance trial, the same broilers were fed the same rations along with a control group for 27d. No difference was detected in body weight at either d0 (P = 0.98) or d27 (P = 0.78) across treatment groups. In comparison to control, 1:1 had a 3% decrease, and 3:1 had a 13% decrease in cost, while, 1:3 had a 4.2 % increase per bird in cost when compared to control. In conclusion, olive pomace can be a cost effective feed supplement for broilers and maintain efficiency of gain.
PSVII-29 Validation of prediction equations for digestibility of energy and amino acids in commercial pigs using mini pigs
Authors: Hong Bokyung , Htoo John K , Gonzalez-Vega Caroline , Kim Beob G
Published: December 2019

The objective was to validate the prediction equations for digestibility of gross energy and amino acids in commercial pigs using mini pigs. Five commercial crossbred barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with initial BW of 62.6 ± 6.1 kg and 5 mini pigs selected from Jeju Island native pigs (M-Pig; Cronex Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea) with initial BW of 53.4 ± 7.4 kg were used. All pigs were fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum, and 5 animals of each breed were randomly allotted to a 5 × 10 Latin square design with 5 diets and 10 periods, respectively. A basal diet contained 98% corn and 4 experimental diets contained 20 or 40% rapeseed meal or wheat distillers dried grains with solubles at the expense of corn. Chromic oxide was included at 0.5% as an indigestible index. The accuracy of previously developed prediction equations for nutrient digestibility of commercial pigs was assessed by regressing measured values from commercial pigs minus predicted values from mini pigs on the predicted values centered to the mean. Comparison of measured and predicted apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy showed that the intercept (0.02 ± 0.81; P = 0.985) indicating mean bias and the slope (0.08 ± 0.15; P = 0.599) indicating linear bias were not different from 0. The equation for standardized ileal digestibility of lysine and arginine did not have mean bias or linear bias (P > 0.05). However, the equations for standardized ileal digestibility of other amino acids had mean bias or linear bias (P < 0.05). In conclusion, energy digestibility of commercial pigs may be predicted by previously developed prediction equations for commercial pigs using mini pigs.
PSVII-42 Growth performance, gut health, and immune responses of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed probiotic-supplemented diets
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Hong Jinsu , Francis David , -Vega Caroline J González , Htoo John K , Woyengo Tofuko A
Published: December 2019

To evaluate the effects of probiotics on performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs, a total of 28 weaned pigs (initial BW = 8.25 kg) were housed individually in pens and fed 4 experimental diets for 21 d in a completely randomized design. The 4 diets were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet without or with 0.25% antibiotics (neomycin + oxytetracycline), 0.05% Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540, or 0.05% Bacillus pumilus DSM 32539. All pigs were orally challenged with K88 strain of E. coli on d 3. Feed intake and BW data, and blood samples were collected on d 3, 7, 14, and 21. Fecal scores were recorded daily. On d 21, pigs were sacrificed to determine gastrointestinal histomorphology, pH and organ weights. Supplementation of the basal diet with antibiotics or B. pumilus did not affect the overall (d 0 to 21) ADG and G:F. The B. subtilis supplementation did not affect the overall ADG, but tended to increase (P < 0.1) the overall G:F by 15%. Fecal score was unaffected by dietary treatment. Supplementation of the basal diet with either probiotic, but not antibiotics increased (P < 0.05) jejunal villous height and reduced (P < 0.05) cecal digesta pH. Supplementation with B. pumilus tended to increase (P < 0.1) colon weight relative to BW; however, antibiotics or B. subtilis supplementation did not affect colon weight. The addition of B. subtilis to basal diet tended to increase (P < 0.1) serum immunoglobulin A concentration on d 21 of the study; however, such effect was not observed with the addition of antibiotics or B. pumilus. In conclusion, dietary B. subtilis improved G:F and jejunal villous height and reduced cecal digesta pH, indicating that dietary supplementation with B. subtilis at 0.05% could improve growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs.
PSVII-15 Effect of protocatechuic acid on growth performance, inflammatory status and immune indices in weaned piglets
Authors: Wu shusong , Hu Ruizhi , He Ziyu , Liu Jie , Liu Ming , Tan Jijun , He Jianhua , Song Zehe
Published: December 2019

Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenolic acid that occurs widely in plants, is believed to be the major potential bioactive metabolites of cyanidin 3-glucoside against oxidative stress and inflammation, which are major causes of intestinal injury in weaned piglets. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PCA on growth performance, inflammatory status and immune indices in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged weaned piglets. Thirty six 21-day-old weaned PIC piglets were housed in pairs in cages with one ripple drinker and one hopper type feeder, and randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 2 piglets per replicate after fed a control diet for 7 days. The treatments were: control diets (CTL), CTL+50 ppm aureomycin, CTL+4000 ppm PCA, based on our pilot tests. The period of experiment was 21 days, and piglets were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 μg/kg) at day 14 and day 21. Blood samples were obtained from eighteen piglets (one from each replicate) one hour after LPS injection on day 21, and inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant capacity index, and immune indices were measured in blood serum. The results revealed that the average daily gain of piglets was increased by supplementing with PCA (P = 0.036), but not aureomycin (P = 0.184). Dietary supplement with PCA decreased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β (P < 0.05), IL-2 (P < 0.05), IL-6 (P < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P < 0.05), while aureomycin only decreased IL-6 (P < 0.05) and TNF-α (P < 0.05). Both PCA and aureomycin attenuated lipid peroxidation with a lower level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (P < 0.05), but increased serum levels of immunoglobulin M (P < 0.05) and C-reactive protein (P < 0.05) in piglets. These data suggested that PCA may improve growth performance and immunity of weaned piglets, and thus can be a potential alternative for antibiotics in animal feeds.
PSXIII-13 Comparison of telomere length in age-matched primiparous and multiparous Brahman cows
Authors: O’Daniel Sydney E , Riley David G , Kochan Kelli J , Riggs Penny K , Rouquette Francis M , Randel Ronald D , Welsh Thomas H
Published: December 2019

Telomeres are comprised of G-rich nucleotide sequences (5’-TTAGGG-3’) at the chromosome termini that are responsible for protecting chromosomes; however, attrition of these sequences has been observed in conditions of physiological and psychological stress. The purpose of this study was to compare telomere length (TL) in 4-yr-old Brahman cows grouped by first parity (n = 8) and second parity (n = 11). Cows were bled by jugular venipuncture, weighed, and had BCS recorded d+28 prior to calving and d-7 and d-28 post calving. Cows were observed for duration of labor (Tlabor) and calving ease (CE) at the time of parturition. Calf birth weight (CBW) and gender (CG) were recorded. Peripheral leukocytes were isolated, complete blood counts (CBC) were recorded, and genomic DNA was extracted utilizing silicone membrane spin column kits. The relative quantity of telomere products, which is proportional to the average TL, was determined by multiplex quantitative PCR analysis using the ratio of bovine telomere and β-globulin DNA. An absolute standard of bovine telomere (1012–107 dilution series) and β-globulin (109-104 dilution series) genes was utilized to produce relative copy number. All samples were run in triplicate and samples were included if triplicate Cq difference was less than 0.25 cycles. Parity was the fixed effect of interest and random effects included sire and day repeated with cow as the subject. No differences in CBC were seen. Tlabor, CE, CG, and CBW did not impact TL (P > 0.1). A trend was observed for day-parity interaction (P = 0.0918). TL between parity differed most on d-28 (P = 0.1046; parity one 127292 ± 6483; parity two 111045 ± 5376). The stress of parturition and raising the first calf of a cow’s life may be responsible for slight attenuation in TL.
PSXIII-40 Superovulation and oocyte recovery rates in CIDR synchronized goats treated with PGF2α, FSH and GnRH during breeding season
Authors: Singh Mahipal , Park Ki-Eun , Tyler William , McCommon George , Bhanu Telugu , Knight Miranda , Gilespie Ann , Ma Xiaoling , Powel Ann , Donovan David , Ramsay Timothy
Published: December 2019

Embryo transfer is an advanced technology and has great potential in increasing desired livestock without physical boundaries. Multiple embryos can be produced in-vitro or in-vivo using semen from desired males. Early stage embryos (zygotes) are also ideal tools for genome-editing to alter the desired traits. However, the small number of mature oocytes produced each cycle is a major limitation of this technology. Scientists have used drugs to stimulate follicles to increase the number of oocytes/embryos. Extra oocytes/embryos produced can be cryopreserved or shipped to distant locations, to disseminate genetics around the world, at a fraction of cost. Embryos produced from superovulated animals can be transferred in recipient does, to produce desired number of animals. The goal of this study was to estimate the rate of ovulation and oocyte recovery after drug induced superovulation in goats. Eight cycling does were synchronized for estrus, using intravaginal CIDR dispensers, for 11 days during natural breeding season. Each doe was superovulated with a total of 200 mg of pFSH administered intramuscularly in 6 dosages (50 mg, 30 mg, and 20 mg given twice a day at 12 h interval) starting 48 h prior to CIDR removal. Each doe also received 8 mg of PGF2α, 24 h prior to CIDR removal, and 86 µg of GnRH 24 h after CIDR removal. The superovulatory response was evaluated by counting corpus luteum (CL) on each ovary after 48 h of GnRH injection. The ovulated oocytes were recovered surgically from oviducts by flushing with TL Hepes medium. Mean and standard deviation of CL calculated was 10.86±6.34 and 11.67±6.15 CL per doe (n = 8) in left and right ovaries, respectively. Similarly, mean and SD of mature oocytes recovered was 7.67±6.50 and 9.67±5.10 for left and right oviducts, respectively. Average percent recovery of oocytes was 71.23 % / doe.