bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computing Methods for the Evaluation of Pastures by Means of Animal Response1
Authors: Petersen R. G. , Lucas H. L.
Published: July 2010

A method of evaluating grazing trials, and of generalizing the results, is presented. Data recording forms and computational procedures are given in detail. The method of computation and interpretation is illustrated by a numerical example.
Concentration and Content1
Authors: Farhoomand M. B. , Peterson L. A.
Published: July 2010

The terms concentration and content are often used interchangeably. However, as technical terms they each have a precise meaning and are not synonymous. Concentration is an intensive property which is independent of the sample size; while content being an extensive property is size dependent.
Crude Protein Content of Eleven Grasses as Affected by Yearly Variation, Legume Association, and Fertilization1
Authors: Johnson James R. , Nichols James T.
Published: July 2010

A study in western South Dakota was used to examine the influence of legume association and nitrogen fertilization on the crude protein content of 11 grasses when grown on heavy clay soils. Treatments, arranged in a factorial field plot design, consisted of grasses grown in pure stands with and without nitrogen fertlization and of the same grasses grown with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Grasses in anthesis were harvested from the 33 treatments for 2 years and analyzed for crude protein content. Seasonal effects, nitrogen sources, and differences in kinds of grasses were highly significant in affecting the crude protein content of the forage. Grasses generally maintained the same relative rank within nitrogen sources and seasons.
Role of Stubble in the Survival of Certain Ice‐Covered Forages1
Authors: Freyman S.
Published: July 2010

Ice sheets are sporadically responsible for widespread damage to forage plants in temperate latitudes. In search for an effective way of reducing such losses, an experiment was designed to determine whether stubble protruding through the ice sheet offered a certain amount of protection to the covered plants.

Potted plants of 22 species and varieties were encased in ice, with and without stubble protruding, and were stored for 60 days at −4C ± IC. Check plants were stored at the same non‐injurious temperature but were not surrounded by ice. Injury to the plants was assessed from the amount of regrowth after 2 weeks in the greenhouse.

Leaves of reed canarygrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and three varieties of orchardgrass, protruding through the ice, had marked protective effect on the encased plants. Similarly when stems of alfalfa varieties ‘Dupuits’ and ‘Ladak’ were exposed to the atmosphere, the plants suffered less damage than those which were entirely encased in ice. Meadow foxtail, smooth bromegrass, timothy, and red fescue were not injured by the ice encasement, while all the legumes were damagd in varying degrees.
Growth, Yield, and Yield Components of Safflower as Affected by Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Erie Leonard J. , French Orrin F.
Published: July 2010

Three to nine irrigations were given in eight irrigation treatments of fall‐planted Frio safflower. Irrigations were given when 60 or 72% of the available water in the top 120 cm of soil was depleted. Five different irrigation cutoff dates were compounded on the soil moisture depletion treatments, ranging from 3 weeks before first blossoming until harvest.

The yield of safflower seed increased with each increment of irrigation water to a maximum yield obtained with seven irrigations given until the last blossoms opened (3,961 kg/ha). Consumptive use for this treatment was 107 cm of water. When the last irrigation was given at the first flowering date, seed yield was reduced over 800 kg/ha. Giving the last irrigation about 10 days before blossoming reduced yields nearly one‐half. Weight per seed, oil content, and seeds per head also increased with irrigations up to seven, and the percentage of hollow seed decreased. The seven‐irrigation regime also resulted in the greatest yield per centimeter of water used by the plant. The level of moisture depletion before irrigation had no significant effect on any of the factors studied.
Influence of Temperature and Leachate on Germination of Atriplex polycarpa1
Authors: Cornelius Donald R. , Hylton Lynn O.
Published: July 2010

Desert saltbush, Atriplex polycarpa, a valuable native browse plant, occurs on dry rangeland in central and southern California. Germination was determined at temperatures from 5 to 35C at 5° intervals. Highest germination occurred at 20C on the 5th day in germinators and at 15C after 14 and 30 days. Germination declined uniformly from the 15 or 20C level to lowest and highest temperatures.

For treatment A one set of seed and blotters was moistened with tap water for duration of 30 days. In treatment B the seed was soaked (leached) for 48 hours; then tap water was used to keep blotters and seed moist. In treatment C seeds were kept moist by using the leachate from the seed that had been soaked. Highest germination occurred after treatment B; lowest after treatment C; and treatment A was between C and B in effectiveness. The presence of some undetermined substances in the leachate severely inhibited germination in treatment C. Partial removal of the leachate from the seed enhanced germination in treatment B.
Effects of N, P, and K and their Interactions on the Nitrogen Metabolism of Vegetative Barley Tissue and on the Chemical Composition of Grain in Hydroponic Culture1
Authors: MacLeod L. B. , Carson R. B.
Published: July 2010

‘Herta’ barley (Hordeum distichon L.) was grown in a greenhouse hydroponics experiment where nitrogen was supplied at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 200 ppm N, phosphorus at 25 and 100 ppm P, and potassium at 10, 50, and 200 ppm K in factorial combination. Barley tissue, harvested at the early vegetative, mid‐vegetative, and mature stages of development, was analyzed for total N, protein (alcohol‐insoluble) N, non‐protein (alcohol‐soluble) N, nitrate N, and reduced N. All N fractions, except nitrate N in the mature grain increased with increasing concentrations of N in the nutrient solution. As the concentration of P and K was increased, there was an increase in the dry matter yield and a decrease in the percentage of all N fractions, particularly in tissue at the early‐ and mid‐vegetative stages of development. The percent of protein N and non‐protein N fractions in the mature grain was lower with 100 P than with 25 P and also lower with 200 K than with 10 K or 50 K. Total production of protein N and non‐protein N per plant, however, was greater at the higher rates of P and K largely due to the increased yield of dry matter per plant. Interaction effects of N and K were more significant than NP interactions and than PK interactions except at the early vegetative stage. Potassium appeared to have more effect on the N metabolism of the plant in both vegetative and mature stages than did P.
Effect of Repeated Annual Use of Atrazine on Corn1
Authors: Burnside O. C. , Wicks G. A. , Fenster C. R.
Published: July 2010

Normal use rates of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) for weed control in corn (Zea mays L.) applied for 3 consecutive years at three locations across Nebraska had no significant effect on corn yield or eight other corn yield components. Annual application rates of 9 kg/ha of atrazine during 1963–1965 caused a 21, 23, and 2% corn yield reduction in 1965 at Alliance, North Platte, and Lincoln, respectively. Generally there is a wide margin of safety when using atrazine to control annual weeds in corn.
Effect of Water Table Depth and Flooding on Yield of Millet1
Authors: Williamson R. E. , Willey C. R. , Gray T. N.
Published: July 2010

Yields of millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) grown in both sheltered and nonsheltered soil tanks increased with water table depth to a depth of 76 cm. In the sheltered tanks yields were similar for all water table depths greater than 61 cm. The N, P, and K contents of plants grown grown with water tables at 15 or 30 cm in the sheltered tanks were significantly lower than for deeper water table depths. Except for the tanks with 15‐ and 30‐cm water tables, the oxygen content by volume was generally above 18% at the 15‐cm depth, indicating that the region of greatest root mass (0 to 8 cm) was probably well aerated. Since yields were affected by water table depths down to 76 cm, it appears that the few roots extending below the 8‐cm depth were nevertheless necessary o supply nutrients to the plant. Yield data suggest that O2 was low in a portion of the root zone where water tables were less than 76 cm below the surface.

Two days of flooding 4 weeks before the First harvest reduced the first harvest yield 40%, but did not affect the second harvest yield. Flooding at earlier or later dates caused less yield reduction.
Photosynthesis Under Field Conditions. XA. Assessing Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide in a Corn (Zea mays L.) Crop Using a Momentum Balance Approach1
Authors: Lemon E. R. , Wright J. L.
Published: July 2010

In a previous communication we described a meteorological method of assessing the vertical distribution of photosynthesis and respiration activity in a corn crop. The method, however, is tedious. Here we describe a much simpler method. Results indicate that all the leaves of a corn crop appear to follow the same near‐linear light response curve, at least above the compensation point. Below the compensation point, all leaves evidently respire very little.
Effect of Harvest Frequency and Nitrogen Fertilization on Estimated Total Digestible Nutrients of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Regrowth1
Authors: Reynolds J. H. , Barth K. M. , Fryer M. E.
Published: July 2010

The Estimated Total Digestible Nutrients in ‘Boone’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) regrowth were compared under three harvest frequencies, 3‐week, 4‐week, and 6‐week; and two levels of nitrogen fertilization, 112 kg/ha and 224 kg/ha, at Knoxville, Tennessee. In some cases, significantly higher ETDN percentages were found with the shorter intervals between harvests. With both nitrogen fertilization levels, total ETDN yields decreased with more frequent harvests. Total ETDN yields from the 3‐week harvest regime were significantly lower than those from the 4‐ and 6‐week harvest regimes. As the season progressed, a general downward trend in percent ETDN was observed within each harvest frequency. No significant differences in percent ETDN were found between different nitrogen levels of the same harvest frequency. Doubling the rate of nitrogen fertilization nearly doubled the ETDN yield within each harvest frequency. The effect of harvest frequency on ETDN yield was not as great as the effect of nitrogen fertilization rate.
Effect of Oil Coating a Fertilizer on Yield and the Uptake of Manganese and Zinc by Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Jones J. Benton
Published: July 2010

The use of oil to adhere MnO and ZnO to a granular 8‐32‐16 fertilizer applied to corn and soybeans on a moderately fertile silt loam and a fertile silty clay loam had no significant effect on the uptake of Mn and Zn by the plants.
A Method for Marking the Point of Anhydrous Ammonia Release1
Authors: Hughes T. D. , Colliver G. W. , Welch L. F.
Published: July 2010

A method for marking the point of anhydrous ammonia release is described. A steel tube welded to the back of the ammonia applicator knife serves to place a twine marker at the point of release as ammonia is injected into the soil. The twine can then be readily located several months later if sampling of the ammonia application zone is desired.
Water Stress Gradients in Plants and Soil‐Root Systems1
Authors: De Roo H. C.
Published: July 2010

The plant moisture stresses (PMS) in leaves, shoots, and roots of tobacco were determined as the negative hydrostatic xylem sap pressure in a pressure bomb.

In the field, PMS in the midribs of leaves varied with the atmospheric stress and showed a reasonable diurnal course, while PMS of the adventitious roots did not change diurnally. Thus on a hot, sunny day during a dry period a steep PMS gradient between leaves and roots developed, which throughout the night gradually diminished. During the cool, humid early morning hours, leaf and root PMS were about the same. A comparison of root PMS with soil moisture stress, however, revealed an unexpected, steep, inverted gradient.

In the greenhouse, small pot‐grown plants were observed to verify the field observations. The differences in equilibrated sap pressures or PMS of complete shoots and intact soil‐root systems clearly depended upon the relative rates of water absorption and water loss. In dry Merrimac sandy loam with soil moisture stresses (SMS) higher than about 12 bars, root PMS were lower than SMS, as had been observed in adventitious roots in the field. In moist soil with SMS lower than 12 bars, this situation reversed and a normal moisture stress gradient from soil to root existed.
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) Effects on Four Economically Important Crops1
Authors: Erdman Howard E. , Hsieh J. J. S.
Published: July 2010

Red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Alaskan peas (Pisum sativa), Himalayan barley (Hordeum vulgare), and Tetratakus rye (Secale cereale) seeds were cultured on various concentrations of DMSO for different periods of time. Seed germination and growth of roots and plumules were measured to determine the effects of DMSO. Toxicity of DMSO was more clearly indicated by growth than by germination data. Recovery from subjection to DMSO for definite periods of time was shown. From the observed adverse effects of DMSO several mechanisms were suggested for DMSO action.

Uptake of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus increased with treatment time and concentration of DMSO. Uptake on a wet weight basis was doubled or tripled at 7.5% DMSO.

If DMSO is to be used as a synergist for fertilizers, insecticides, etc., concentrations of less than 0.1% must be used because of adverse effects of higher concentrations on plants.
Relative Performance of Lespedeza Varieties under Different Managements1
Authors: Templeton W. C. , Franks K. N. , Taylor T. H.
Published: July 2010

Morphological and reproductive responses of lespedeza, Lespedeza stipulacea. Maxim, and L. straita (Thunb.) Hook and Am., to two temperature regimes were studied in a greenhouse experiment prior to initiating field tests. Grown under a 9‐hour photoperiod, varieties varied in their response to temperature. Cool night temperatures ranging from 3.5 to 12C (38.3 to 53.6F) resulted in taller plants which required a longer period of tune to set seed. Four of the five varieties produced more seed per plant after exposure to cool‐night conditions than when exposed continuously to night temperatures ranging from 21 to 29C (69.8 to 84.2F).

Six field experiments were conducted during a 3‐year period to evaluate yield responses of four varieties to different managements. Relative performance of varieties was little influenced by variations in seeding date, seeding rate, herbicide treatment of the established companion grass, or cutting management.

It is concluded that management variables such as rates of seeding and growth in pure cluture or in grass association appear to be of less importance in variety comparisons than are such factors as date of planting and environmental effects at specific locations.
Irrigated Wheat on a Calcareous Soil as Affected by Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Zinc: I. Yield, Composition, and Number of Heads1
Authors: Fuehring H. D.
Published: July 2010

Grain yield of a Mexican semi‐dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Pitic 69’) was increased economically by application up to 300 kg/ha for yields in the order of 9 metric tons/ha. Contrary to the effects on an adjacent maize experiment, application of P and Zn tended to reduce grain yield, apparently due to overstimulation of tillering and the resulting excessive number of heads per unit area with the normal seeding rate used. The increased tillering may have important implications where it is desirable to use low seeding rates as with the expensive seed of hybrid wheat.

Each of the variables increased its own concentration in the grain and N had a significantly negative first order effect on P concentration, K had a significantly negative effect on Cu concentration, N had a significantly positive effect on Ca concentration, and P had a significanlty positive effect on K concentration. However, these first order effects were considerably modified in some cases by various important two‐way and threeway interactions.
Evaluation of Tall Fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., for Turf in the Transition Zone of the United States
Authors: Juska F. V. , Hanson A. A. , Hovin A. W.
Published: July 2010

‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., was seeded alone and in mixture with common Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and both seedings were evaluated under three cutting heights and sources, rates, and time of nitrogen application from 1960 through 1968. Significant differences were obtained between fertilizer treatments. Plots which received 1.4 kg of N as urea per 93 m2, spring and fall, rated higher in turf quality than plots which received 0.7 kg of N per 93 ms2, spring and fall. Plots receiving ammonium nitrate (as determined by visual observation, 2.7 kg of N per 93 ms2 per year) rated higher in turf quality than those receiving urea‐form at same rate applied either in spring or fall. Over the 8‐year period, average turf quality scores for tall fescue seeded alone were higher than in mixture with common Kentucky bluegrass but not significantly until 1968. The percentage of tall fescue in mixture with Kentucky bluegrass declined over the years until each grass contributed equally to the botanical composition. There was some evidence of tall fescue forming clumps in the mixture. Tall fescue is adapted to the transition zone and appears suitable for expansive turf areas where its coarse texture is not objectionable.
Sulfur Effects on the Elemental Composition of Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Caldwell A. C. , Seim E. C. , Rehm G. W.
Published: July 2010

Forms of S at various rates were applied to alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown on 3‐deficient soil. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed for S, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, AI, St, Mo, Co, Na, Si, and Ba. Sulfur content of alfalfa increased with increasing rates of S applied. The N content of both young and mature alfalfa was increased, but P content was consistently decreased by increasing rates of S. Elemental S at 112 kg S/ha, applied annually, increased the Mn content of alfalfa and decreased the B content. In general, levels of other elements in alfalfa were not consistently affected by S application. Sulfur increased the levels of S in corn, and also increased the N content in the mature plant. Phosphorus in corn was decreased but no consistent effect of S was found on the other nutrient elements in corn.
Leaf Sampler for Relative Water Content Measurements: Design and Application1
Authors: Brown Ray W.
Published: July 2010

A leaf sampler capable of holding eight samples has been designed and used for measuring the relative water content of plant tissues. The precision‐made leaf cutter and sample chambers permit the collection of leaf tissue disks from leaves still attached to the plant. After excision, tissue samples can be sealed immediately in small vials within the sample chambers to prevent evaporative water loss. Relative water content values of orchardgrass leaf samples obtained with the leaf sampler were higher, without exception, than were the values of similar samples obtained with a cork borer. However, these differences were not significant until permanent wilting was approached.
Estimating Alfalfa Yields1
Authors: Shrivastava J. P. , Miller D. A. , Jackobs J. A.
Published: July 2010

A simple, quick and reliable method of estimating for age yield in natural stands indicated that the yield of dry matter of variable alfalfa stand densities is highly carrelated with the total resting heights of the bottom of a cardboard box dropped on he vegetation. The method is objective and reliable.
Effect of Soil Depth and Plant Age on 32Phosphorus Uptake by Corn and Sorghum1
Authors: Lavy T. L. , Eastin J. D.
Published: July 2010

Carrier‐free H332PO4 was injected into a Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil at depths of 15, 30, and 61 cm when corn (Zea mays L., var. ‘Nebraska 202’) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, var. ‘Nebraska 505’) plants were 23, 39, and 59 days old. At the 23‐day age most 32P was taken up by roots in the upper 15 cm. Corn roots penetrated to a 61 cm depth earlier than sorghum roots. As the season progressed, sorghum lateral root activity at the 30 and 61 cm soil depths became important. Following the radioactive P injections when plants were 59 days old, sorghum took up more 32P than corn. Plant age or depth of injection had little effect on the 32P contributed by roots at varying distances from the source. Roots which extended laterally beyond 66 cm contributed little to the P nutrition of either corn or sorghum grain. Both corn and sorghum had root systems that penetrated to a depth of 152 cm and extended laterally 238 cm.
Moisture Content of Cotton Leaves and Petioles as Related to Environmental Moisture Stress1
Authors: Longenecker D. E. , Lyerly P. J.
Published: July 2010

Moisture content of topmost mature cotton (gossypium) leaves and petioles, from irrigation to permanent wilting, was determined directly in two studies — one in the greenhouse and one in the field. Fresh weight moisture percentages of both leaves and petioles were shown to decrease gradually as soil moisture was depleted, dropping more rapidly near permanent wilting. Petioles showed consistently higher moisture percentages and more uniform depletion curves than leaves throughout the moisture extraction periods. This suggests that cotton petioles may be more reliable and more useful indicators of the constantly changing plant‐soil moisture relationship than leaves.
Long‐term Fertility Requirements of Coastal Bermudagrass. III. Sulphur1
Authors: Woodhouse W. W.
Published: July 2010

Data are presented on the effect of a S variable on yield, together with the effect of six levels of N, on S content and N/S ratio in coastal bermudagrass grown on a Eustis sand over an 8‐year period. The addition of S significantly increased yields in 7 of the 8 years. The application of N depressed S concentration in the forage, particularly at the higher rates. There was a positive relationship between N/S ratio and rate of applied N with N/S at the higher rates of N substantially exceeding the presently considered normal value of 12–17. Many of the N/S values were also well above that considered optimum for ruminant nutrition, suggesting that high N/S is a possible factor in some cases of poor animal performance on this forage.
Evaluation of the Orion Cyanide Electrode for Estimating the Cyanide Content of Forage Samples.
Authors: Gillingham J. T. , Shirer M. M. , Page N. R.
Published: July 2010

The Orion cyanide electrode was evaluated for estimating the cyanide content of forages, by comparison to the colorimetric alkaline picrate method. The two methods were highly correlated (r = +0.956). The Orion electrode was found to overestimate the cyanide content of the forage by about 40%. The overestimation can be corrected with the regression equation, Y = −4 + 1.43 X where X and Y are colorimetric and potentiometric values, respectively. The logarithmic response of the electrode precludes discrimination between plant samples until the CN concentration difference exceeds ± 15% approximately. The electrode method was found to be simple, rapid, and reproducible and well suited for screening purposes.
Herbicide Residue in Soil when Applied to Sorghum in a Winter Wheat‐Sorghum‐Fallow Rotation1
Authors: Wicks G. A. , Fenster C. R. , Burnside O. C.
Published: July 2010

Atrazine [2‐chloro‐4(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] and propazine [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] were applied to sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] at 1.12 to 8.96 kg/ha on separate plots in 1960–63, 1965, and 1966 at 11 experimental locations across Nebraska. Winter wheat was seeded 15 months later. Atrazine, when applied to sorghum at recommended rates, did not affect subsequent winter wheat yields at North Platte on Holdrege loam and Holdrege silt loam. Occasionally, there was winter wheat stand reduction following atrazine and propazine at 4.48 and 8.96 kg/ha. At Alliance on Keith very fine sandy loam, winter wheat fall top growth was reduced by atrazine at 4.48 kg/ha in 1962 and 1963. Thinning of stand did not always reduce grain yields because of subsequent tillering. There was an increase in winter wheat grain yields in 1964 on plots treated with atrazine at 2.24 kg/ha in the sorghum in 1962. At Lincoln, on Sharpsburg silty clay loam, winter wheat yields were reduced from atrazine carryover in 1963 but not in 1964. Under most Nebraska conditions, atrazine applied to sorghum at recommended rates will not persist long enough to cause yield losses of winter wheat in a winter wheat‐sorghum‐fallow rotation.
Availability of Zinc, Copper and Iron in Fusions with Sulfur1
Authors: Sharpee K. W. , Ludwick A. E. , Attoe O. J.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of the uptake of zinc, copper, and iron by four successive crops of corn (Zea mays L.) from applications of trace element‐sulfur fusions to Plainfield sand in pots. The various zinc treatments gave increased total yields, but those with copper gave somewhat reduced yields and those of iron had little or no effect. The concentrations of tissue zinc were inversely related to granule size of the ZnO‐S and ZnCO3‐S fusions and were much lower for banding than mixing with the soil. Both the 20 to 40‐ and 40 to 80‐mesh sizes appeared to be quite favorable for prolonged release of zinc. Similar trends were obtained for tissue copper from the application of CuC2O4‐S fusions. The iron released from the FeS‐S fusions appeared to be precipitated too quickly to be satisfactory in supplying the plants with iron. The inclusion of zinc, copper, or iron compounds in the fusions had little or no effect on the rate of sulfur oxidation. Total recovery of applied elemental sulfur by the crops and as soil sulfate varied inversely with granule size and ranged from 5 to 49%. The data obtained so far suggest that fusions of certain trace element compounds with sulfur hold promise as a means of providing prolonged release of Manganese, zinc and copper for plants.
Effects of Surface Area, Exchange Capacity, and Organic Matter Content on Miscible Displacement of Atrazine in Soils1
Authors: Snelling K. W. , Hobbs J. A. , Powers W. L.
Published: July 2010

Miscible displacement techniques were used to determine the effects of surface area, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content on the movement of atrazine through saturated soil columns. A 0.05N BaCl2 water solution containing 5 ppm atrazine was added to separate lucite cylinders each containing either silica sand, a fine sandy loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or a muck soil. Breakthrough and closeout curves were plotted for atrazine as well as for the chloride and barium ions. Linear regression curves for relationships between the surface area, the exchange capacity, and the organic matter content of the soil and the difference in volume of solution required for chloride and atrazine breakthrough were drawn. These curves showed that retention by the soil is significantly higher for soils with greater surface areas, exchange capacities, and organic matter content.
Optimum Plot Size and Shape Estimates for Pea Yield Trials1
Authors: Zuhlke Thomas A. , Gritton Earl T.
Published: July 2010

Uniformity trial data for shelled pea yield were collected from 1,150 basic unit plots in 1967. Each basic unit was 32 cm (two rows) wide by 3 m long. Optimum plot sizes were estimated using the value 0.46 obtained for Smith's soil heterogeneity index and certain cost assumptions.

Optimum plot size for unguarded plots was estimated as 3.3 m2 (approximately 36 ft2). Optimum size of test area for guarded plots was 3.1 m2 (approximately 33 ft2).

Differences between plot shapes were not significant for plots two through seven times the basic unit size, but variances of some larger plot sizes were lower for long narrow shapes.
Adventitious Roots, Tillers, and Grain Yields of Spring Wheat as Influenced by N‐P Fertilization1
Authors: Black A. L.
Published: July 2010

Factorial combinations of concentrated superphosphate at rates of 0, 22, 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha of P and ammonium nitrate at rates of 0, 45, and 90 kg/ha of N were broadcast on a Williams loam soil and incorporated with a tandem disk just before seeding spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., ‘Fortuna’).

Samples of roots and tops taken at the end of tillering revealed that most of the effect of P and N‐P fertilization was accounted for by changes in plant morphology. Tillers per plant (T) were positively correlated with adventitious roots per plant (R), [T = 1.21 + 0.23R, r3 = 0.96]. Heads per ha (H) were linearly related to adventitious roots per plant (R), [H = 1.99 + 0.24R, r3 = 0.94], and to tillers per plant (T), [H = 0.89 + 1.00T, r3 = 0.88]. Number of heads per ha accounted for 97% of the yield variance associated with fertilizer treatments. Number of kernels per head and kernel weights were not significantly influenced by N and P fertilization. The regression of grain yield on number of adventitious roots per plant accounted for 93% of the variations in grain yield associated with fertilizer treatments.

Grain yields increased from 1984 to 2706 kg/ha (29.5 to 40.2 bu/A) when 45 kg/ha of P was added alone and to 3306 kg/ha (48.2 bu/A) when 45 kg/ha of N was also applied. Higher rates of P, with or without added N, failed to further increase grain yield.
Adaptation of Gas‐Liquid Chromatography to Analysis of Certain Sugars of Cotton Leaves1
Authors: Sabbe Wayne E. , Cathey George W.
Published: July 2010

A procedure involving gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) of certain sugars in cotton leaves was studied. The use of hexamethyl‐disilazane (HMDS) and trimethyl‐chlorosilane (TMS) for silylation of fructose, glucose, and sucrose gave recovery percentages ranging from 71 to 105%. The substitution of trifluoracetic acid (TFA) for TMS gave recovery percentages of 91 to 109%. The use of TFA also improves the ease of sample preparation since absolute exclusion of water was not necessary. Details of sample preparation and operating parameters of GLC are given.
Effect of Triazine Herbicides on the Prussic Acid Content and Forage Yield of Sorghums1
Authors: Brown A. R. , Beaty E. R.
Published: July 2010

Prometryne and atrazine were applied preemergence at 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha on five hybrid forage sorghums in 1965. Propazine preemergence and atrazine postemergence were applied at the same rates in 1966 and 1967. Forage was harvested in the boot stage simulating green chop. A l0‐cm stubble was left to facilitate regrowth. Prussic acid was determined qualitatively by the A.O.A.C. Na‐picrate paper method. The use of prometryne, atrazine, and propazine as herbicides for weed control in forage sorghums did not increase the prussic acid content of the forage. The 2.24‐ and 4.48‐ kg/ha rates of prometryne and atrazine applied preemergence depressed forage yields in 1965. The 2.24‐ and 4.48‐kg/ha rates of atrazine postemergence and propazine postemergence did not reduce forage yields of any forage sorghums in 1966 and 1967 except ‘Dekalb SX‐11’ which was drastically reduced by the higher rate of atrazine.
Storage of Soybean Pollen for Artificial Crossing1
Authors: Abel G. H.
Published: July 2010

Soybean pollen desiccated rapidly when removed from the anthers and could not be stored for artificial crossing in any humidity at 26 C. Pollen could be stored in the flowers for at least 8 hr in constant humidities ranging from 0 to 80% relative humidity (RH), but viability was lost in humidities above 80% RH. Pollen viability was drastically reduced when whole flowers were stored in alternating humidities.

For artificial crossing in warm and humid environments, pollen in whole flowers can be stored at least 8 hr from gathering time to actual crossing at 26 C and 70% RH.
Root Growth of Cotton as Measured by P32 Uptake1
Authors: Bassett D. M. , Stockton J. R. , Dickens W. L.
Published: July 2010

Development of the root system of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under irrigated conditions was measured by uptake of P32 variously placed throughout the soil in dissolvable gelatin capsules. Corrections were made for small differences in P32 availability within the soil profile as determined from a greenhouse study. The tap root grew at an average rate of 2.5 cm per day to a depth of 183 cm, the deepest placement. Lateral roots grew at one‐half this rate. The basic framework of the root system was established by the onset of flowering approximately 10 weeks after planting as evidenced by measurable activity at all placements, although twothirds of the total activity on this date was confined to the top 30 cm. Root activity at the lower depths intensified as the season progressed. This resulted in relatively uniform activity through the first 122 cm and significant activity down to 183 cm at the end of the 130 days
Phosphorus Requirements for Tomatoes as Influenced by Placement
Authors: Hipp Billy W.
Published: July 2010

Field evaluations were made to determine the effectiveness of broadcast P vs P placed in a band for direct seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) on three soils common to South Texas and Northern Mexico. Broadcast P was ineffective in producing high yields when soil P levels were low enough that a P response was obtained. Phosphorus concentrations in young tomato plants were much higher with band P than broadcast P. Lateral distance of P placement from the seed row was critical in obtaining maximum early tomato growth. Depth of P placement was very important on clay soil but less so on sandy clay loam soil.
Soil Temperature and Source of Nitrogen in Relation to Nitrification in Sodded and Cultivated Soils1
Authors: Anderson O. E. , Jones L. S. , Boswell F. C.
Published: July 2010

Sods of coastal bermudagrass and fescue in permanent pastures or in sod‐based rotations did not greatly inhibit nitrification of applied N at 32 C. Nitrification was strongly inhibited by sods in the finer textured soils at 6 C, especially those high in silt content. Though there were differences in nitrification rates among several sources of N, they were not strongly related to cropping practices. There were wide differences among the various N sources in the percent recovery of applied N. The percent recovery at 32 C was always higher in sodded than in cultivated soils, irrespective of source, but at 6 C the effect of cropping practice was inconsistent.
Response by Paddy Rice to Rates and Sources of Applied Phosphorus1
Authors: Terman G. L. , Allen S. E. , Engelstad O. P.
Published: July 2010

A series of greenhouse pot experiments with flooded rice (Oryza sativa L. var. ‘Nato’) was conducted on Mountview silt loam, a soil found to be very low in available P for upland crops. Marked yield response by rice was obtained to applied P, but maximum yields were obtained at much lower rates of applied P than is true for most upland crops. Response to applied P decreased with liming of the soil and with increasing levels of acid‐soluble soil P. Granular water‐soluble P sources were most effective for increasing tillering and yields of rice; granular dicalcium phosphate was ineffective. Effectiveness of several fine phosphate rock sources increased with increase in content of AOAC‐available P. The P in S‐coated concentrated superphosphate was not available to a first crop of rice but after degradation of the coating became available for a second crop. The P in Fe phosphates was more available than that in A1 phosphates in the flooded soil. These phosphates were more available as fines than as granules and in colloidal form than as fine crystals.
Performance of Crownvetch and Selected Cool Season Grasses on Roadside Backslopes as Affected by Slope Exposure and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Dudeck A. E. , Young J. O.
Published: July 2010

The influences of slope exposure and nitrogen fertilizer on 13 cool season grasses and crownvetch were evaluated on 4:1 north‐ and south‐facing roadside backslopes in eastern Nebraska over a 3‐year period. Establishment rates, seedling stands, and ground cover trends were compared. Slope exposure did not greatly influence species performance. However, Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass grew best on the north‐facing slope and crownvetch exhibited severe symptoms of moisture stress during the summer months on the south‐facing slope but recovered with fall moisture and cooler temperatures. All grasses required annual nitrogen applications to maintain acceptable cover. Dense stands of crownvetch became established after one growing season and increased in size without maintenance.
Dalapon Residues in Alfalfa as Affected by Harvesting and Dehydrating1
Authors: Linscott D. L. , Hagin R. D. , Wright M. J.
Published: July 2010

The herbicide dalapon, (2,2‐dichloropropionic acid) was applied to ‘Cayuga’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at different growth stages and dehydrated at harvest in a high speed commercial dehydrator. Some dalapon was lost after chopping in the field and prior to dehydration. A large part of the residual dalapon was lost from forage during dehydration. Losses were attributed to distillation of the intact dalapon molecule, destruction by heat, and enzyme‐induced degradation.
Plant Phenols in Flue‐Cured Tobaccos Fertilized at Different Rates1
Authors: Andersen R. A. , Chaplin J. F. , Currin R. E. , Ford Z. T.
Published: July 2010

Ten tobacco varieties were subjected during growth to three rates each of N, P and K fertilizer, flue‐cured and analyzed for total soluble plant phenols. A small variation for total phenols occurred among varieties averaged over the three fertilizer rates (5.27–6.04%). There was a 15 and 22% relative decrease in phenols at the intermediate (89.6 kg/ha) and high (134.4 kg/ha) N rate, respectively, compared with the lowest rate of N application (44.8 kg/ha). Phosphorus also affected phenol levels in a similar manner, but to a lesser extent. A significant nitrogen with phosphorus interaction was obtained. Little variation was observed in phenols due to increase in potash.
Effects of Seeding Rate and Row Spacing on Establishment and Yield of Crested Wheatgrass1
Authors: McGinnies William J.
Published: July 2010

Seeding rate affected stand establishment and survival, and row spacing influenced seedstalk height, herbage yield and protein content of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.) on range seedings in northern Colorado. In rows seeded in the spring of 1960, 1961, and 1962 at 33, 66, and 98 seeds/m, number of seedlings per m of row increased with seeding rate, but the percentage of seeds producing seedlings generally declined with increasing rate. Stand survival in 1967 (when the study was terminated) was significantly better at the 98‐seed rate than at the 33‐seed/m rate. Herbage yields averaged highest for row spacings of 30 and 46 cm; intermediate at spacings of 15 and 61 cm; and lowest for the 76‐cm spacing. However, yields varied widely among row spacings due to year of seeding, weather conditions and age of stand. Seedstalk height increased as row spacing became wider. Row spacing did not affect protein content of the 1963 harvest, but in 1964 the percent crude protein declined as row spacing increased.
Leaf Analysis as a Selection Index for Soybean Seed Oil and Protein1
Authors: Hymowitz T. , Walker W. M.
Published: July 2010

Leaf and seed samples were obtained from 46 lines of soybeans in four maturity groups in 1969 to determine the correlation between selected elements in the leaf with oil and protein of the seed. Leaf samples were chemically analyzed by standard procedures for their N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Ye, Mn, Zn, and Na content. The N content of seed was determined by standard Kjeldahl methods and their oil content was measured with an NMR Process Analyzer. Simple correlations were computed between leaf components, maturity date, oil, and protein.

Significant correlations were found between leaf components and maturity date, and leaf components and oil or protein content of the seed. Partial correlation coefficients were determined after accounting for variability due to maturity date. A statistically significant negative association between leaf Zn and protein content of the seed was found. It was concluded that selection of germ plasm based on correlations between leaf components and oil or protein would also be selection of germ plasm based on correlation with date of maturity. After accounting for variability due to date of maturity, chemical composition of the soybean leaf was a relatively poor predictor of future oil or protein content of the seed.
Evaluation of Bird Resistant Grain Sorghum in Ohio1
Authors: Niehaus Merle H. , Schmidt Waller H.
Published: July 2010

Twenty different bird‐resistant grain sorghum hybrids were tested in Ohio in areas where birds consistently reduce corn yields. Very little bird damage was observed and yield data indicate that these hybrids are potential substitutes for corn in areas of Ohio where corn yields are severely reduced by bird depredation.
Planting Date and Growing Season Effects and Interactions on Growth and Yield of Maize
Authors: Genter C. F. , Jones G. D.
Published: July 2010

Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were planted on three dates from April 20 to May 24 each over an 8‐year period in Northern Virginia. All plots were harvested each year when the later hybrid in the latest planting had reached maturity. Data were obtained on yield of grain, days to silk, moisture in the grain at harvest, plant and ear height, and lodging. Significant planting date ✕ year interactions were found for yield, plant height, shank length, root lodging, and stalk lodging. The dominant factor affecting these traits was the rainfall amount and distribution as it related to the silking dates in the different plantings.

There was very little difference in average yield between dates of planting, but the planting date ✕ year interaction was highly significant. Both the latest and the earliest planting dates were superior to the other two in different years. Plant height and shank length increased at successive planting dates in years of favorable rainfall, but both decreased at successive planting dates in years of severe late June‐July droughts. Ear height increased at each successive date of planting. Significant differences in root and stalk lodging occurred only in one year when, during a severe August storm, the early planting stalk lodged and the late planting root lodged most severely. Silking was delayed approximately ½ day for each day's delay in planting.
Germination of Stored Sugarcane Cuttings1
Authors: Broadhead Dempsey M.
Published: July 2010

Three‐bud cuttings from three varieties of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) stored at 10 ± 2C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months showed a highly significant variety ✕ storage interaction for bud germination. C. P. 36‐111 buds decreased in germination from 96% after 3 months to 79% after 6 months of storage but did not change significantly during the remaining time in storage. C. P. 52‐48 and C. P. 67‐500 decreased in germination with time in storage. At 12 months 8% of the C. P. 52‐48 buds were alive, but no buds of C. P. 67‐500 were alive at 9 months storage.
Yield of Grain Legumes as Affected by Irrigation and Fertilizer Regimes1
Authors: Horner G. M. , Mojtehedi M.
Published: July 2010

Chickpeas, cowpeas, and dry beans were grown under different soil moisture levels with split plot treatments of no fertilizer, N, P, and NP. Irrigations were given when 1/3, 2/3, and approximately all of the available water in the root zone was depleted. These moisture stresses were applied during different stages of plant growth.

High moisture stress reduced grain yields 18 to 26% below the maximum values. This yield depression was most pronounced when the moisture stress occurred during bloom and early maturity. Yields for the medium and high moisture levels were statistically equal. Response to phosphorus fertilization varied with the field sites. Where phosphorus resulted in sizeable yield increases, high soil moisture increased the response to phosphorus and vice versa. The effect of nitrogen fertilization was not significant.
Variability in Optimum N Rates for Corn1
Authors: Engelstad O. P. , Parks W. L.
Published: July 2010

A study of corn (Zea mays L.) yield responses to N fertilizer was conducted to determine the variability in economically optimum rates over time. These responses were obtained at two locations in Tennessee covering the period 1962 to 1966. In each experiment, nine replicates of N response were available for each year.

The results of this analysis showed relatively little season‐to‐season variation in optimum rates. The data also showed the average optimum rates of N to be fairly close to those for maximum yields at current prices of N.

The study also showed that a fairly wide range in choice of N rate is possible without seriously affecting profit. This might be regarded as the “relevant range” of N application and one of more meaning to farmers than specific rates. Research should show where these ranges are for various crop‐soil combinations.
Influence of Peanut Seed Quality and Variety on Susceptibility to Herbicides1
Authors: Cargill Roland L. , Santelmann P. W.
Published: July 2010

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted using various procedures to reduce seed quality in order to determine if peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed quality influenced the susceptibility of young peanut seedlings to herbicide injury. Plants from small seeds were more susceptible to injury from herbicides than from larger seeds. Plants that developed from seeds without a seedcoat, or from one‐half a seed with and without a seedcoat, were also more susceptible to herbicide injury than plants from visibly sound seed. Whenever there was mechanical abuse of the germ end or the side of the seed, the plants showed greater susceptibility to herbicide injury. The Dixie Spanish variety was slightly more susceptible to herbicide injury than five other varieties.
Microwatersheds and Ground Color for Sugarbeet Production1
Authors: Fairbourn Merle L. , Kemper W. D.
Published: July 2010

Sugarbeets were produced without irrigation on microwatersheds. Treatments for the experiment included both waterproofed and non‐waterproofed microwatersheds in combinations with black, white, and bare soil surfaces. Yields were quite consistent on waterproofed microwatersheds. Sugar yield was 30% greater with white surfaces than with black surfaces. Soil temperature seems to be the main factor influencing this yield difference in sugarbeets. The microwatershed system can be used to produce sugarbeets if demand for sugar justifies.
Yield and Nitrogen Content of Wheat and Sorghum Treated with Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Herbicides1
Authors: Tweedy J. A. , Kern A. D. , Kapusta G. , Millis D. E.
Published: July 2010

Studies were conducted during 1968 and 1969 at Belleville, Illinois, to determine the effects of simazine (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis (ethylamino)‐s‐triazine), atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine), and N level on production of grain and crude protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). In 1968, 1.12 kg/ha simazine increased the grain yield and crude protein content in sorghum grain when the plants were under N stress. In 1969, the N stress was less pronounced and neither simazine nor atrazine increased grain yield or total crude protein in wheat or sorghum. Simazine increased the percentage crude protein in leaf samples from the sorghum plants fertilized with three N levels in 1969.

The application of 112 and 224 kg/ha of N to grain sorghum in 1969 increased the grain yield by 25 and 22%, respectively, and increased the total protein content of the grain by 49 and 52%, respectively, over the control plots not fertilized with N.