bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production physiology and properties of a novel fungal fibrinolytic enzyme
Authors: Fayek K. I. , Foda M. S. , Naggar M. R. El
Published: July 2010

A potent extracellular fibrinolytic enzyme was obtained from cultures of the imperfect fungus Fusarium semitectum under certain growth conditions. Nitrate addition to cultures increased enzyme production. The enzyme showed a versatile proteolytic activity against several protein substrates including casein, gelatin, haemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and fibrin from both buffalo and human sources.

Optimal fibrinolysis occurred at pH values around 7.0. The fibrinolytic activity exhibited marked heat stability in enzyme samples heated to 60 °C, and retained more than 40% of its activity in samples heated to 100 °C for 10 min. Fibrinolysis proceeded optimally in the temperature range between 50–60 °C. Copper ions significantly activated the enzyme. Other biochemical properties are also reported.
Metal accumulation by bacteria with particular reference to dissimilatory sulphate‐reducing bacteria
Authors: Jones H. E. , Trudinger P. A. , Chambers L. A. , Pyliotis N. A.
Published: July 2010

Dissimilatory sulphate‐reducing bacteria, genera Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum, exhibit a superior ability, over assimilatory organisms, to extract trace amounts of metals from culture media. This property does not appear to be solely a function of the presence of H2S. In media containing elevated amounts of Fe, electron dense particles, provisionally identified as FeS, are deposited within the cells of dissimilatory bacteria.
Restriktion und Modifikation bei Staphylococcus aureus: Eigenschaften von Resistenzplasmiden und Prophagen
Authors: Witte W.
Published: July 2010

Experiments on elimination and transfer of resistance‐plasmids in S. aureus (controlling resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline) show that these plasmids have no restricting influence on phages used for typing of staphylococci. Prophages in lysogenic strains control a mechanism of restriction and modification which is active on phages and on chromosomal markers. The resistance‐plasmids used in these experiments are insensitive to prophage controlled restriction.
Spaltung des α‐L‐Arabinofuranosids, β‐D‐Glucopyranosids und β‐Cellobiosids von 4‐Nitrophenol durch Enzyme verschiedener Pilze — ein Beitrag in Verbindung mit Versuchen zur Steigerung der Selektivität der Tumortherapie
Authors: Butschak G. , Förster W. , Graffi A.
Published: July 2010

To carry out long‐term experiments as part of a therapy concept of malignant tumours using inactive transport forms of cancerostatic substances and their specific cleavage in the acidic pH region of the tumours by application of extraneous enzymes, we require enzymes with similar catalytic and pharmacokinetic properties which differ from each other in immunological respect. In the search for such enzymes, the α‐L‐arabinofuranosidases from 12 different fungi, among them 9 basidiomycetes, were studied. The enzymes mentioned were demonstrable in all fungi. Optimum pH values ranged between 2.5 and 5.5. The Km values for the cleavage of α‐L‐arabinofuranoside were, in most cases, 0.5 to 1.8 moles · liter−1 · 10−3. With regard to pH dependence, the α‐L‐arabino‐furanosidases of most of the fungi investigated proved adequate for the long‐term trials envisaged.

4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and ‐β‐cellobioside were also cleaved by enzyme preparations of all the 11 fungi investigated. The β‐D‐glucopyranosidases showed a less favourable pH dependence than the α‐L‐arabinofuranosidases. The cleavage of 4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐cellobioside, on the contrary, showed mostly a comparatively favourable pH dependence. On the basis of the coinciding optimal pH values and the occurrence of 4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside as an intermediate product in the cleavage of the corresponding cellobioside, we assume that both substrates are cleaved by β‐glucosidase. Because the occurrence of the glucoside during the cleavage of cellobioside is undesirable for the therapeutic trial, a method is proposed for selection of an appropriate cellobioside splitting enzyme basing on the present studies and the relevant literature.
Influence of cations on the membrane potential of Chlorella fusca
Authors: Langmüller G. , Springer‐Lederer H.
Published: July 2010

The influence of the chlorides of K, Na, Ca, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ce on the membrane potential of Chlorella fusca (SHIHIRA et KRAUSS) 211‐8 b, Göttingen, has been studied. The potential depended on the concentration of Na und K much less than predicted by the GOLDMAN equation. The dependence on the concentrations of Ca, Zn, and Cd was qualitatively similar to that in the case of the alkali ions. With Pb and Ce, the potential was entirely suppressed already at moderate concentrations, i. e., in the millimolar range. The contrast between the effects of the inessential elements Cd and Pb on the potential corresponds to the difference between their paths of uptake.

The dependence of the membrane potential on time has also been studied. With K, Na, and Ca stationary states were reached within about 1 hour. The time course of the depression of the potential by Pb depended on the concentration. At moderate concentration, suppression could be partly reversed by subsequent treatment of the cells with diluted KCl.
Assimilatory nitrate reductase in a chlorate‐resistant mutant of Escherichia coli
Authors: Motohara K. , Kobayashi Miya , Ishimoto M.
Published: July 2010

Nitrate reductase was investigated in extracts from cells of a chlorate‐resistant mutant strain of E. coli which grew anaerobically on nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. The nitrate reductase was of particulate nature and reduced chlorate like the nitrate reductase from the wild strain, but in contrast was inhibited only weakly by azide or cyanide.

Nitrate reductase activity was found in extracts from the mutant cells grown on nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen, but not in extracts from cells grown in complex nutrient medium. Addition of ammonia also caused a decrease in activity. Accordingly, the nitrate reductase in the chlorateresistant mutant is of the assimilatory type.
Degradation of sulphur nucleotides in cell‐free extracts of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Tuovinen O. H. , Kelley B. C. , Nicholas D. J. D.
Published: July 2010

The cell‐free extracts of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans contain hydrolytic enzymes which cleave sulphate from either adenosine 5′‐sulphatophosphate or adenosine 3′‐phosphate 5′‐sulphatophosphate. These sulphatase activities may be retarded by including either phosphates or adenine nucleotides in the incubation mixtures. Adenosine 3′‐phosphate 5′‐sulphatophosphate and its immediate breakdown product adenosine 3′‐phosphate 5′‐phosphate were degraded at slower rates than adenosine 5′‐sulphatophosphate.
Manganoxydierende Bakterien III. Wachstum und Manganoxydation bei Pseudomonas manganoxidans SHW.
Authors: Jung W. K. , Schweisfurth R.
Published: July 2010

Untersuchungen über allgemeine Kulturbedingungen für Pseudomonas manganoxidans ergaben, daß die optimale Mn(II)‐Konzentration in der Flüssigkultur bei 5 bis 10 mg/l liegt. Bei höheren Konzentrationen wird die Manganoxydation stark beeinträchtigt. Zusätze von Calcium haben einen positiven Einfluß, während NH4+ bereits in niedrigen Konzentrationen die Manganoxydation hemmt. Dieser Effekt macht sich auch bei Wachstum auf aminosäurehaltigen Nährmedien infolge der Bildung von NH4+ durch fehlende Manganoxydation bemerkbar.

Untersuchungen zum Wachstumsverlauf ergaben, daß das Wachstum in Gegenwart von Mn(II) und durch dessen Oxydation nicht beeinflußt wird. Die Manganoxydation setzt erst am Ende der exponentiellen bzw. am Anfang der stationären Wachstumsphase ein. Manganoxydation durch Luftsauerstoff bei höheren pH‐Werten (ab 8,0) konnte ausgeschlossen werden.

Einbauversuche mit 14CO2 zeigten, daß bei manganoxydierenden Zellen keine autotrophe CO2‐Fixierung stattfindet. Ribulose‐1,5‐diphosphat‐Carboxylase wurde nicht nachgewiesen.

Bei ständiger Zufuhr geringer Mengen an abbaubarer organischer Substanz können manganoxydierende Bakterien sich auch ohne Nutzung der freien Energie aus der Manganoxydation in den von ihnen gebildeten Manganoxiden anreichern.
Effects of polyamines and analogs on staphylococcal nuclease
Authors: Yanagawa H. , Ogawa Y. , Egami F.
Published: July 2010

The promoting activity of polyamine analogs (IV ∼ XV) on staphylococcal nuclease with DNA as the substrate was compared with that of natural polyamines (I ∼ III):

NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NH2 (spermine);

NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2 (thermine);

NH2(CH2)4NH2 (putrescine);

CN(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2CN;

HOOC(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2COOH;

VI. C2H5OOC(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2COOC2H5;

VII. HO(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3OH;

CH3CONH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NHCOCH3;

IX. C2H5NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NHC2H5;

NH2(CH2)3S(CH2)4S(CH2)3NH2;

NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH(CH2)3NH2;

NH2(CH2)3NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)3NH2;

CN(CH2)2NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)2CN;

(CH3)2N(CH2)3NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)3N(CH3)2;

NH2(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH2

Replacement of the terminal groups by CN, COOH, COOEt, NHAc, NHEt, or N(CH3)2 remarkably decreased the activity.

The compound VII with terminal hydroxyl groups had a lower promoting activity at low concentrations, but revealed higher activity at higher concentrations and, in contrast to spermine, no inhibition at all even at very high concentrations.

Replacement of both internal amino groups by sulfur or NCH3 decreased the activity.

The introduction of an ether bond into the internal methylene groups (compound XI) highly decreased the activity.

Based upon these findings the possible relationship between structure and activity is discussed.
Bewertung der Produktion von Glykosiden des ϵ‐Pyrromycinons (Galirubine) bei der Züchtung des Stammes Streptomyces galilaeus
Authors: Královcová E. , Tax J. , Blumauerová M. , Vanêk Z.
Published: July 2010

Es wurde eine Methode zur routinemäßigen Bestimmung von Glykosiden des ϵ‐Pyrromycinons (Galirubine) in Submerskultur von Streptomyces galilaeus ausgearbeitet. Ihr liegt eine saure Hydrolyse der Galirubine, eine Extraktion des Hydrolysates mit einem nichtpolaren Lösungsmittel und eine spektrophotometrische Bestimmung des frei gewordenen ϵ‐Pyrromycinons im Extrakt zugrunde.
Eine Stempelplattenmethode zur quantitativen Aufgliederung von gemischten Bakterienpopulationen nach der Abhängigkeit des Wachstums von der Salzkonzentration
Authors: Thormann D. , Näveke R.
Published: July 2010

Eine Methode wird beschrieben, die es gestattet, unter Verwendung der Stempelplattentechnik nach LEDERBERG eine gemischte Bakterienpopulation quantitativ in Gruppen hinsichtlich ihres Wachstumsverhaltens gegenüber verschiedenen Salzkonzentrationen aufzugliedern. Sie erfordert weniger Arbeits‐ und Materialaufwand als bisher verwendete Methoden. Die Methode wurde auf drei verschiedene natürliche Standorte angewendet: Meerwasser, Flußwasser und ein kleines flaches, stehendes, salzhaltiges Gewässer. Sie erscheint im Prinzip auch für die Aufgliederung einer Mischpopulation hinsichtlich der Beeinflussung des Wachstums durch andere Faktoren geeignet.
Wirkungsmechanismus von Terrazol bei Mucor mucedo
Authors: Lyr H. , Casperson G. , Laussmann B.
Published: July 2010

It is assumed that the fungistatic effect of terrazol in Mucor mucedo is induced by a liberation of phospholipases within the mitochondria and perhaps at other membranes. In isolated mitochondria a rapid formation of lysolecithin can be demonstrated at low concentrations of terrazol. This would explain the lytic symptoms in mitochondria visible by electron microscopy. Lipid peroxidation could not be demonstrated. The only antidots at present known for the growth inhibiting effect of terrazol and on its ultrastructural effects are impure saccharose, which seems to contain an unknown factor, and procain hydrochloride or to a lesser extent lidocain, which are well‐known inhibitors of phospholipases. The pathologigal thickening of the cell wall induced by terrazol seems to be an unspecific side effect reflecting a diminished phosphorylating activity of the mitochondria.
Untersuchungen zum transient‐Verhalten ammoniumlimitierter Chemostatenkulturen vonEscherichia coliML 30
Authors: Müller P. J. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

In connection with the bistability of pyruvate formation in ammonium limited continuous cultures ofE. coliML 30 (BERGTER u. ROTH 1977) the transient behaviour of cell density and pyruvate concentration were studied. Immediately after a shift up in the dilution rate fromD= 0.15 h−1toD= 0.6 h−1the bacteria excreted pyruvate into the medium, followed by a resumption of pyruvate. The specific pyruvate formation rate as well as the specific growth rate reached the new steady state with damped oscillations. Possibly the excretion of pyruvate after the shift is caused by the higher non limiting concentrations of ammonium during the first of the transition. This hypothesis is supported by the transient behaviour of an ammonium limited continuous culture after a pulse of ammonium to the culture. The relations between ammonium metabolism and pyruvate formation are discussed.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aminoacyl‐tRNS Synthetasen (AAS) und Zellteilung bei einer temperatursensitiven filamentösen Mutante von Bacillus subtilis SB 19 III. Charakterisierung des Vorinkubationseffektes und Einfluß eines AAS‐Inhibitors aus Agrostemma githago‐Keimlingen
Authors: Süss J. , Hecker M.
Published: July 2010

Further results on the correlations between the regulation of bacterial cell division and aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase are presented. Activity of aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases, extracted from a filamentous mutant of Bacillus subtilis SB 19, may be stimulated by preincubation of crude extracts.

The mechanism of this stimulating effect has been studied by means of an inhibitor of aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases produced during the growth of Agrostemma githago‐seedlings. According to preliminary results we suggest, this inhibitor can reduce the activity of subunits only, but not that of higher associates. Association of subunits to oligomers will be prevented by the inhibitor, too. Our results may be indicative of the assumption that the increase of enzyme activity during preincubation of bacterial extracts, eliminated by the inhibitor, is changed by the association of subunits with a low catalytic activity to functional oligomers.

As to the verification of these hypotheses further work will still have to be done.
Combined mutagenesis by UV light and nitrosomethylurea of Streptomyces hygroscopicus spores
Authors: Frunder B. , Noack D. , Rontó Gy.
Published: July 2010

By means of combined treatment with UV light and nitrosomethylurea (NMU) the spores of Streptomyces hygroscopicus were mutagenized. The rate of the colony‐forming survivals exhibited two phases depending on the duration of NMU treatment.

The slope of the first phase is interpreted as the result of alkylation of purin bases without repair functions. The slope of the second phase is discussed on the basis of a different content of plasmid DNA within the cells.

Following the mutagenic treatment the growth rate of the colonies diminished. This effect is quantitatively measured by the aid of an automatic picture analyzer. The size distribution of the colony diameters showed two peaks in the control indicating that the Streptomyces spores grew up with one or two mycelium tubes resulting in two different growth rates.

With increasing duration of NMU treatment the colonies with high diameters disappeared in favour of colonies with small diameters.

By mathematical comparison it could be shown that a cooperative effect exists between the action of UV light and NMU on DNA. The spores containing DNA damages as a result of cooperative effects give rise to a distinct class of colony size. With the aid of an automatic picture analyzer it will be possible to select very effectively the desired mutants.
Regulative influence ofo‐aminobenzoic acid on the biosynthesis of nourseothricin in cultures ofStreptomyces nourseiJA 3890b II. Regulation of glutamine synthetase and the role of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway
Authors: Gräfe U. , Bocker H. , Thrum H.
Published: July 2010

InS. nourseiJA 3890b which produces nourseothricin, a streptothricin‐type antibiotic, the participation of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway in the regeneration of glutamic acid was established.

Glutamate synthase of this organism requires 2‐ketoglutarate, glutamine, and NADH for glutamate production. The glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway is considered to operate both in the assimilation of low levels of ammonia and in the nitrogen catabolism of amino acids,e. g.of alanine.

Thus, the activity of glutamine synthetase increased in cultures grown on a soluble medium after the pool of NH+4was exhausted. The synthesis of this ‘assimilative’ type of enzyme was found to be repressed by increased amounts of ammonium ions in the medium.

High intramycelial levels of glutamine synthetase even in the presence of high concentrations of ammonium ions were found if the strain was cultivated on a medium containing an additional source of nitrogen,e. g.alanine or some other amino acids. Simultaneously, in these cultures the activity of alanine dehydrogenase was enhanced, suggesting that this enzyme cooperates with the ‘amphibolic’ type of glutamine synthetase in the catabolism of amino acids. o‐Aminobenzoic acid (OAB, anthranilic acid) a known stimulator of the biosynthesis of nourseothricin byS. nourseiJA 3890b was shown to exert a repressory effect on the formation of both the ‘amphibolic’ type of glutamine synthetase and the alanine dehydrogenase. The capacity ofo‐aminobenzoic acid to regulate diverging pathways of amino acid metabolism was further demonstrated by its stimulatory effect on the production of NADP‐specific glutamate dehydrogenase.
Effect of nitrate reduction on metabolic products and growth of Propionibacterium acidi‐propionici
Authors: Kaneko Mayumi , Ishimoto M.
Published: July 2010

From a culture of P. acidi‐propionici (formerly P. arabinosum) in a medium containing lactate and nitrate, a strain with high activity of nitrate reduction was isolated and used in this study. The growth rates on lactate and glucose were not significantly affected by nitrate under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Addition of nitrate resulted in a decrease of propionate and an increase of acetate and pyruvate produced from lactate and glucose with accumulation of nitrite. In the reaction of cell suspensions in the absence of added nitrogeneous nutrient, a similar result was obtained. Accumulation of large amounts of polysaccharide observed in the presence of glucose under these conditions was not affected by the addition of nitrate. The molar growth yield on lactate but not on glucose in a defined medium was increased in the presence of nitrate. In cell suspensions glycerol, glucose, lactate, and propionate were utilized as electron donors for nitrate reduction to nitrite. Nitrate reduction was also found in cells grown in the absence of nitrate. Cytochrome b, found in the organism, was reduced by lactate and oxidized by nitrate or by fumarate in cell suspensions and in cell‐free extracts.
Lambdamycin, ein Antibioticum aus dem Stamm IMET 31118 von Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes PRAUSER II. Physikochemische Eigenschaften und Vergleich mit Chartreusin
Authors: Strauss D. G. , Fleck W. F.
Published: July 2010

The isolation and purification of the antibiotic lambdamycin are described. The physicochemical properties of the chromoglycoside lambdamycin resemble those of chartreusin. In this paper we compare the physicochemical properties of chartreusin and antibiotic X 465 with lambdamycin (α D, UV, IR). Lambdamycin is identified with chartreusin.
Induktion der NADP+‐abhängigen Aldehyddehydrogenase durch Kohlenwasserstoffe bei Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Aurich H. , Eitner G.
Published: July 2010

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus bildet beim Wachstum auf längerkettigen n‐Alkanen oder 1‐Alkanolen eine NADP+‐abhängige Aldehyddehydrogenase, wenig dagegen auf Fett‐ oder Aminosäuren. Das Enzym hat am Ende der logarithmischen Phase seine höchste spezifische Aktivität. Die Induktion des Enzyms kann durch Chloramphenicol oder Puromycin verhindert werden. Als Induktoren wirken auch mittelkettige 1‐Alkanole (Hexanol, Heptanol, Octanol) und Alkanale (Octanal), obwohl sie nicht als C‐Quelle dienen können. Die Aldehyddehydrogenase wird nach der Übertragung von einem n‐Alkan‐ auf ein Hefeextrakt‐Medium von den sich vermehrenden Zellen in 2 Std. um fast 60% abgebaut, in nicht‐wachsenden Zellen beträgt der Abbau nur etwa 20%.
Cell growth and metabolic products of Escherichia coli in nitrate respiration
Authors: Ishimoto M. , Yamamoto Isamu
Published: July 2010

When a culture of E. coli strain K‐10, grown in a complex medium was transferred to a defined medium containing glucose and ammonia, two‐phasic growth was observed under aerobic conditions; complex nutrients from the preculture were consumed for growth in the first phase and growth in the second phase depended on the defined nutrients. The cells in the second phase grew immediately in a defined medium when transferred after washing, but the cells from the preculture did not. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate stimulated growth, but growth stopped at low levels depending on the amounts of complex nutrients, even though glucose remained. In nitrate respiration, cells could not adapt to growth on defined nutrients after the exhaustion of the complex nutrients, while cells obtained from an aerobic culture in defined medium could anaerobically grow in defined medium with nitrate.

Metabolic products of glucose as well as cell growth were investigated under the conditions of nitrate respiration, fermentation, and respiration in defined and in complex media. When the pH was maintained at 7.4, ethanol, acetate, and formate were formed as main products in a ratio of 1:1:2 under anaerobic conditions in both media. Small amounts of succinate, lactate, and pyruvate were also formed, especially in the complex medium. In the presence of nitrate, ethanol disappeared and acetate increased with the formation of nitrite, while formate decreased a little at the end of the growth period. In the aerobic culture, transient formation of acetate was observed, especially in the complex medium; little ethanol, succinate, and lactate was formed in this case. The molar growth yields on glucose in the anaerobic cultures were twice as high in the presence of nitrate than in its absence in both media and 1.5 times higher in the complex than in the defined medium in the absence and presence of nitrate, but the yields under aerobic conditions were higher in the defined than in the complex medium.
Stickstoffverwertung und Xanthanbildung bei Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Behrens U. , Makarskij A. , Ambrosius J. , Franke R.
Published: July 2010

In media with mixed nitrogen sources (nitrate plus yeast extract) a three auxic growth is observed. The first growth phase is characterized by preferential utilization of the amino acids of the yeast autolysate and the utilization of only small amounts of nitrate. During the second growth phase nitrate is preferentially utilized. In the third phase there is only growth without dividing of cells and the accumulation of xanthan takes place. The change from growth by dividing to growth without dividing means a change from balanced to unbalanced growth

It is proposed that xanthan production is connected with unbalanced growth.
Vergleichende morphologische Untersuchungen an Hefezellen mit Hilfe der automatischen Bildanalyse
Authors: Mühlig P. , Strunk Ch. , Kühne Ch.
Published: July 2010

The ultrastructural alterations in cells of Candida utilis caused by the influence of copper ions have been studied by means of quantitative image analysis. A model has been proposed which presents the following informations: The main effect of the copper ions is represented by an increase of the volume of the whole cell and of that part of the cell which consists of nucleus, vacuoles, and inclusions (particles and globules). Nevertheless, neither the absolute volume of mitochondria, nor the density of mitochondria are influenced by high concentrations of copper ions in the culture medium.
Sodium chloride stimulated respiration of Anacystis nidulans
Authors: Paschinger H.
Published: July 2010

With certain salts a stimulation of respiration of the blue‐green alga Anacystis nidulans was found in the dark. The stimulation was observed only at high concentrations (10−2 M—10−1M). NaCl or LiCl are the most effective salts and on addition the increase of the respiration is about 2.5fold. Li is assumed to function as a substitute for Na. Potassium salts, except KCl, are ineffective. The order for the effectiveness is: NaCl > NaNO3, Na2SO4 > KCl > KNO3, K2SO4 (=zero). Accordingly, the cation Na+, and to a less degree the anion Cl are responsible for the stimulatory effect. K, which is ineffective, is passively accumulated by Anacystis according to the membrane potential. Na is actively extruded. At 0.1 M external NaCl, the passive influx of Na is high, but even then it is balanced by an active efflux. This increases the energy consumption of the cells and leads to a stimulated respiration. With DCCD (N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or NEM (N‐ethylmaleimide), the Na efflux is inhibited, simultaneously the stimulation of respiration is abolished and the passive influx of Na becomes detectable. At 0.1 M NaCl, the passive influx of Na measured in presence of DCCD is 5 × 10−6 moles Na/min and ml packed cells. In absence of DCCD on addition of 0.1 M NaCl the extra oxygen consumption is 2 × 10−6 moles O2/min and ml cells. This may prove that the stimulation of respiration is mainly caused by the active Na extrusion.
Physiologie und Biochemie der Streptomyceten XI. Unterschiedlicher Einbau von D‐Glucose‐u‐14C in die Paromomycin‐Isomere und in die Bausteine von Paromomycin I
Authors: Köster H. , Liebermann B. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

During application of D‐glucose‐u‐14C paromomycine II is higher labelled and shows a different dependence on the application time than paromomycine I, which is isomer at the paromose part

For the two paromose isomeres different rates of synthesis are supposed that change nonproportionally to each other. The distribution of radioactivity in paromomycine I shows that there is no fragmentation of the glucose chain during the biosynthesis of glucosamine, ribose, and paromose I. As to the 2‐deoxystreptamine the result has not been ascertained.
Enzymes of the yeast lytic system produced by Arthrobacter GJM‐1 bacterium and their role in the lysis of yeast cell walls
Authors: Vršanská M. , Biely P. , Krátký Z.
Published: July 2010

Yeast lytic system produced by Arthrobacter GJM‐1 bacterium during growth on baker's yeast cell walls contains a complete set of enzymes which can hydrolyze all structural components of cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromatographic fractionation of the lytic system showed the presence of two types of endo‐ß‐1,3‐glucanase. Rapid lysis of isolated cell walls of yeast was induced only by endo‐ß‐1,3‐glucanase exhibiting high affinity to insoluble ß‐1,3‐glucans and releasing laminaripentaose as the main product of hydrolysis of ß‐1,3‐glucans. This enzyme was able to lyse intact cells of S. cerevisiae only in the presence of an additional factor present in the Arthrobacter GJM‐1 lytic system, which was identified as an alkaline protease. This enzyme possesses the lowest molecular weight among other identified enzyme components present in the lytic system. Its role in the solubilization of yeast cell walls from the outer surface by endo‐ß‐1,3‐glucanase could be substituted by preincubation of cells with Pronase or by allowing the glucanase to act on cells in the presence of thiol reagents. The mechanism of lysis of intact cells and isolated cell walls by the enzymes of Arthrobacter GJM‐1 is discussed in the light of the present conception of yeast cell wall structure.
Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature
Authors: Broda E.
Published: July 2010

Two groups of lithotrophic bacteria, the existence of which may be expected on evolutionary and thermodynamical grounds, have not yet been detected: (A) photosynthetic, anaerobic, ammonia bacteria, analogous to coloured sulphur bacteria, and (B) chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrogen with O2 or nitrate as oxidant.
DNS‐Stoffwechsel einer temperatursensitiven filamentösen Mutante von Bacillus subtilis SB 19
Authors: Schröder D. , Mach Hiltraut , Mach F.
Published: July 2010

Die temperatursensitive filamentöse Mutante ts 33‐6 von B. subtilis SB 19 zeichnet sich durch unterschiedliches Teilungsvermögen bei restriktiver und permissiver Temperatur aus (30 °C Kurzstäbchen, 46 °C Filamente). Sie verfügt unter restriktiven Verhältnissen (46 °C) über einen funktionsfähigen Replikationsmechanismus. Die während der Sporenkeimung bei 45 °C begonnene DNS‐Replikation kann auch unter restriktiven Temperaturbedingungen beendet werden

Kurzzeitige Beeinflussung gekeimter Sporen durch Inkubation bei 48 °C und anschließender shift down zu 46 °C verändern den DNS‐Syntheseablauf, verhindern jedoch die Filamentbildung nicht

Teilungsinduktion durch Temperaturwechsel von 46 °C zu 30 °C ist mit gesteigerter DNS‐Synthese gekoppelt. Gegenüber einer bei 46 °C verbleibenden Kontrolle verstärkt sich die DNS‐Syntheseaktivität

Die DNS‐Synthese nach Temperaturerniedrigung läuft unabhängig von der Proteinsynthesehemmung durch Chloramphenicol ab. Auch bei blockierter RNS‐Synthese in aminosäurefreiem Medium ist die DNS‐Replikation möglich. Lediglich Mitomycin C in geeigneten Konzentrationen hemmt bzw. beeinflußt die DNS‐Replikation nach shift down.
Einbau von Thymidin in die DNS von Actinomyceten I. Der Einbau exogenen Thymidins in die DNS von Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
Authors: Strohbach G. , Kretschmer Sigrid
Published: July 2010

The incorporation of exogenous thymidine and thymine into acid‐insoluble material of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris has been studied during germination and subsequent growth

Thymine is not incorporated. The incorporation of thymidine stops after a short time due to the rapid breakdown of thymidine to thymine and deoxyribose‐1‐phosphate by the inducible thymidine phosphorylase

Deoxyadenosine enhances the incorporation of thymidine as well as of thymine and prolongs the time of uptake. Uridine stimulates only the incorporation of thymidine but not of thymine. These effects can be explained by the function of these substances within the salvage pathway. Deoxyadenosine acts as donor of deoxyribosyl groups being necessary for the conversion of thymine to thymidine by thymidine phosphorylase and uridine inhibits thymidine phosphorylase, and thereby it prevents the degradation of thymidine to thymine

Thymidine is incorporated into alkali‐, RNase‐ and protease‐stable, hot TCA‐soluble and DNasesensitive material. That means that the cellular DNA of T. vulgaris can be specifically labelled by radioactive thymidine in the presence of deoxyadenosine and uridine, respectively.
Variability of nitrogen fixation in some isolates of Nostoc linckia
Authors: Ladha J. K. , Kumar H. D.
Published: July 2010

Four clonal isolates of Nostoc linckia isolated from different localities were compared with respect to growth, nitrogen content (cellular and extracellular), and pigment composition. A considerable range of variation was observed among these isolates. This indicates the existence of genetically distinct clonal populations of the alga in natural habitats.
Effect of a new fluorochrome on pre‐ and post‐UV treatment of Taphrina maculans BUTLER
Authors: Singh U. P. , Nagai Susumu
Published: July 2010

Taphrina maculans BUTLER incites leaf spots disease in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plants. The pathogen forms two types of colonies namely, salmon‐red and creamy‐white in the artificial medium when isolated from a single infection spot. Both strains resemble yeasts in morphology. The two strains were subjected to UV irradiation. The salmon‐red one showed higher resistance to UV than the white one, presumably due to the presence of a red pigment in the former. When spores of the salmon‐red strain were pre‐treated with a new fluorochrome HOECHST 33258 the survival decreased. Decreased survival of the salmon‐red strain was also observed during post‐treatment which is probably due to the combined effect of UV and dye

The creamy‐white strain differs from the salmon‐red one in UV sensitivity, and also during combined treatment with UV and dye. During pre‐treatment the organism shows more survival than during post‐treatment with the fluorochrome. This differential response is discussed in the light of repair mechanisms involved in the organism.
Reduction of trimethylamine N‐oxide by Escherichia coli as anaerobic respiration
Authors: Ishimoto M. , Shimokawa O.
Published: July 2010

E. coli was found to grow anaerobically on lactate in the presence of trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMANO), reducing it to trimethylamine. Anaerobic growth on glucose was promoted in the presence of TMANO. When a culture grown in complex medium was transferred to defined medium, growth on glucose and ammonia took place in the presence of TMANO after consumption of complex nutrients introduced with the preculture, in contrast to growth in nitrate respiration. The amounts of ethanol, succinate, and lactate among the fermentation products were decreased and that of acetate was increased in the presence of TMANO. Formate generation was much reduced at pH 7.4, whereas stoichiometric formation of formate was observed in the absence of TMANO. Cells grown anaerobically in the presence of TMANO had a higher activity of amine N‐oxide reductase than cells grown under other conditions. The content of cytochrome‐558 was elevated in the presence of TMANO during growth in complex medium. Cytochrome c‐552 found in cells grown in diluted complex medium or defined medium in the presence of TMANO was oxidized by TMANO in cell extracts. The molar growth yield on glucose was higher in the presence of TMANO than in its absence and lower than that in the presence of nitrate.
Wirkung von Prolinanalogen auf Claviceps purpurea
Authors: Schlee D. , Reinbothe H.
Published: July 2010

Es wird die Wirkung von L‐Prolin und Prolinanalogen auf das Wachstum, die Alkaloidproduktion und den Prolinstoffwechsel des Claviceps purpurea‐Stammes pepty 695 untersucht. Von den geprüften Strukturanalogen 4‐Hydroxyprolin, Pyrrolidin und Azetidin‐2‐carbonsäure (AZC) zeigt nur letztere Verbindung in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration (0,1‐1,0 mm) deutliche wachstumshemmende Aktivität. Bei Applikation zu Fermentationsbeginn unterdrücken 0,5, 0,75 und 1,0 mm AZC die Alkaloidsynthese, bezogen auf Trockenmasse, zu 27, 59 bzw. 72%. Bei Applikation zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt (2., 3. und 6. Tag) ist AZC wirkungslos. Die Hemmwirkung der AZC richtet sich auf das Aufnahmevermögen für Prolin und den Einbau von Radiokohlenstoff aus Prolin‐U‐14C in das Protein und die Alkaloidfraktion.

L‐Prolin‐U14C wird nur zu einem geringen Teil über Glutamat metabolisiert. Auf diesen Umsatz sowie auf den Stoffwechsel von l‐Alanin‐ und l‐Glutaminsäure‐U‐14C hat das Prolinanalogon keinen Einfluß.
Photochemistry and photobiology of 5‐azacytidine: Effect of repair on photostabilization of Escherichia coli
Authors: Hradečná Z. , Kittler L. , Löber G.
Published: July 2010

The photochemical stability of the anomalous nucleic acid base 5‐azacytidine (z5Cyd)1) on irradiation at 254 nm is by about one order of magnitude less than that of cytidine (Cyd). Contrary to the photochemical behaviour, incorporation of z5Cyd into the nucleic acids of E. coli strains SR 20 (uvr+ rec+), SR 74 (uvr+ rec−) and SR 22 (uvr− rec+) produced a higher resistance to UV light. Only the SR 73 (uvr− rec−) strain was shown to have an increased UV sensitivity. This latter finding is in accord with the photochemical properties of z5Cyd. The results led to the conclusion that excision and recombination repair processes contribute to the observable protective effect. The fact that inhibition of excission repair by caffeine or proflavine of the mutant uvr+ rec− changes protection into sensitization supports this idea.
Oxydation von homologen aliphatischen Aldehyden durch membrangebundene und solubilisierte Aldehyddehydrogenase aus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Sorger H. , Aurich H.
Published: July 2010

Langkettige Kohlenwasserstoffe induzieren bei Acinetobacter calcoaceticus die Synthese einer NADP+‐abhängigen Aldehyddehydrogenase. Das Enzym ist membrangebunden. Es kann durch Detergentien solubilisiert werden. Deren Wirksamkeit in der Solubilisierung nimmt in folgender Reihe ab: Desoxycholat, Triton X‐100, Triton X‐405, Brij 35, Tween 80. Bei Desoxycholatkonzentrationen um 0,15% ist die Solubilisierung maximal. Bei geringeren Desoxycholatmengen kommt es zu einer Erhöhung der Aktivität des Enzyms.

Membrangebundene und solubiliserte Aldehyddehydrogenase wurde auf ihre kinetischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Mit steigender Kettenlänge der Aldehyde zeigt sich eine stärker werdende Substratüberschußhemmung. Die KM‐Werte für die Aldehyde sinken mit steigender Kettenlänge, derjenige für NADP+ liegt unabhängig vom 2. Substrat bei 2,6(±0,3)±10−4 m. Die Km‐Werte werden durch den Solubilisierungsprozeß praktisch nicht beeinflußt.
Oxygen and „strictly anaerobic”︁ intestinal bacteria II. Oxygen metabolism in strictly anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Uesugi I. , Yajima M.
Published: July 2010

Oxygen metabolism of „strictly anaerobic”︁ intestinal bacteria was investigated and compared in 25 strains. Washed cell suspensions of all the bacterial strains, in which growth in a medium initially equilibrated with a gas mixture consisting of 5% O2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2 was almost the same as under anaerobic conditions, absorbed O2 at high rate. Such O2 uptake was inhibited by NaN3. Most strains in which growth was inhibited either partially or completely in the same oxygenic condition absorbed O2 at a comparably low rate, and in many cases, such O2 uptake was not inhibited by NaN3. However, in a certain strain incapable of growth in the initial presence of dissolved O2, absorption of O2 was as high as that in some aerobic bacteria, and it was inhibited by NaN3. Little interrelationship was found between the degree of oxygen tolerance and the activities of NADH‐peroxidase, H2O2‐splitting reaction or superoxide dismutase. A slight interrelationship seems to be present in the case of NADH oxidase even though many exceptions were recognized. All the strains studied had the activities of superoxide dismutase, the absence of which has been regarded as the enzymatic basis of strict anaerobiosis of „strictly anaerobic”︁ bacteria. Some strict anaerobes had high an activity of this enzyme as some aerobic bacteria. The differences in the levels of this activity seem to have some interrelationship not with differences in the degree of oxygen tolerance but with those in the genus to which every strain belongs taxonomically.
Die Enzyme der Biosynthese aromatischer Aminosäuren bei Hansenula henricii: Phosphoribosyl‐Anthranilat‐Isomerase und Indolglycerin‐Phosphat‐Synthase (E.C.4.1.1.48)
Authors: Bode R. , Birnbaum D.
Published: July 2010

Die Phosphoribosyl‐Anthranilat‐Isomerase (PRA‐Isomerase) und die Indolglycerin‐Phosphat‐Synthase (InGP‐Synthase) von H. henricii lassen sich durch Ammoniumsulfatfällung, Gelfiltration, Chromatographie an DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50 und Polyacrylamid‐Disc‐Gel‐Elektrophorese nicht trennen, so daß vermutet werden muß, daß beide Enzymaktivitäten auf einem Polypeptid lokalisiert sind. Das Molekulargewicht dieses Enzymproteins wurde mittels Gelfiltration bestimmt und beträgt 185000 Dalton. Die Km‐Werte liegen bei 1, 3 mm für N‐(5′‐Phosphoribosyl)‐anthranilat (PRA) und 0,12 mm für 1‐(o‐Carboxyphenylamino)‐1‐desoxyribulose‐5‐phosphat (CdRP). Eine Regulation durch Effektoren wurde nicht gefunden.
Suche nach Nucleinsäurestoffwechsel‐beeinflussenden sowie membranaktiven potentiell cancerostatisch wirksamen Pilzinhaltsstoffen durch mikrobiologische und cytologische Screeningmethoden
Authors: Dornberger K. , Gutsche W. , Horschak R. , Zureck A.
Published: July 2010

A prescreening program including microbiological and cytological assays was employed in search of potential cancerostatic antibiotics in crude extracts of mushrooms. The microbiological tests based on agar diffusion techniques consist of prophage induction test and BIP‐test. All active compounds selected by these microbiological models are potential inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism. Cytological assays on leukemia L 1210 cells have been carried out by microscopic examination and by evaluation using an electronic particle counter. Activity was expressed as decrease of the number of single cells caused by agglutination or lysis of cells, changes in cell surface area, dye exclusion, and increase of cell volume. A wide variety of mushrooms was demonstrated to exhibit interesting activities in some of these screening systems. The influence of primary metabolic products of mushrooms on microbiological models was studied additionally. In vivo assays have not yet been accomplished.
Gewinnung und Charakterisierung von Proteasen aus Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. II. Selektion von leistungsfähigen Stämmen
Authors: Klingenberg P. , Zickler F. , Leuchtenberger A. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

Eine fortlaufende Selektion proteolytisch aktiver Stämme von Thermoactinomyces vulgaris auf der Grundlage der natürlichen biologischen Variabilität verbunden mit einer Konservierung der Sporen an LUVOS‐Heilerde führt zu stabilen und leistungsgesteigerten Selektanten. Es gelingt, die Proteaseaktivität des Wildstammes von durchschnittlich 130 TE um den Faktor 8 zu steigern. Für die Beimpfung von Schüttel‐ und Submerskulturen ist ein Sporentiter von 102 je ml Nährmedium ausreichend.

Die konventionelle Methode des Agardiffusionsplattentestes mit Casein als Substrat ist für die Vorauswahl potentieller Proteasebildner geeignet. Außerdem ist nach erfolgter Vorauswahl ein quantitativer Nachweis der in Submerskultur gebildeten Proteaseaktivität notwendig.
Effect of temperature on alanine uptake by membrane vesicles isolated from a psychrophilic marine bacterium
Authors: Novitsky J. A. , Morita R. Y.
Published: July 2010

The effect of temperature on the membranes of Ant‐300, a psychrophilic marine bacterium, was studied by measuring alanine uptake by isolated membrane vesicles. Uptake was observed from 0 to 35 °C. The maximum initial rate of uptake occurred at 25 °C although more alanine was ultimately taken up at temperatures from 10 to 20 °C. An ARRHENIUS plot of these data shows a single infection point at 7.8 °C.

Within 10 min, over 50% of the α‐aminoisobutyric acid taken up by whole cells at 5 °C was lost after a temperature shift to 25 °C. Vesicles preloaded with alanine at 5 °C did not become leaky when shifted to 25 °C. In addition, exposure of the vesicles to 25 °C for 30 min did not affect subsequent alanine uptake at 5 °C.

The data obtained suggest that the loss of the uptake and permeability control functions of membranes from psychrophilic bacteria at elevated temperatures is not due to degeneration of the membrane itself, but rather to a control or regulatory mechanism associated with whole cells.
Das anodisch wandernde thermolabile Antigen (ATA) von gramnegativen Bakterien. Sein Antikörperbildungsvermögen in Kaninchen und Mäusen
Authors: Reissbrodt R. , Eichstädt M. , Seltmann G.
Published: July 2010

Injection of purified ATA as well as of ATA‐containing crude sonic extracts of gram‐negative bacteria into rabbits or mice causes rapid occurrence of anti‐ATA antibodies. Thus, the retarded occurrence of anti‐ATA antibodies after immunization with living bacteria can be explained by the rather deep localization of ATA in the cell wall.
Die Enzyme der Biosynthese aromatischer Aminosäuren bei Hansenula henricii: Nachweis und Charakterisierung der Enzyme des Pretyrosin‐Weges
Authors: Bode R. , Birnbaum D.
Published: July 2010

Hansenula hennricii synthetisiert die Aminosäure Tyrosin über den Pretyrosin‐Weg. Prephensäure wird bei diesem Organismus durch eine spezifische Aminotransferase zu Pretyrosin und dieses durch eine NAD+‐abhängige Dehydrogenase zu Tyrosin umgewandelt. Eine Prephenat‐Dehydrogenase konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Eine Pretyrosin‐Dehydratase, die in der Lage ist, Pretyrosin in Phenylalanin umzuwandeln, wurde ebenfalls nicht gefunden.
Wirkung von Polyenantibiotica und ihrer Perhydroderivate auf intakte Zellen und Protoplasten der Hefe Candida guilliermondii
Authors: Haupt I. , Spata L. , Thrum H. , Weber H.
Published: July 2010

Perhydroderivatives of polyene antibiotics have a much lower activity against eukaryotic cells than the polyene antibioitics itself. Bacterial cells are normally resistant against most polyene antibiotics and their perhydroderivatives. In earlier experiments with wall less L‐form cells of Escherichia coli we have shown that the bacterial cell wall may be responsible for the resistance of the intact bacterial cells against polyene antibiotics and their perhydroderivatives by masking internal target sites.

In the present paper we studied the effect of polyene antibiotics and their perhydroderivatives on intact cells and protoplasts of Candida guilliermondii. Our experiments have shown that most of the perhydroderivatives studied had a lower a against intact cells as well as protoplasts than the corresponding polyene antibiotics. This means that in the case of eukaryotic cells the cell wall as a penetration barrier cannot mainly be responsible for the low activity of perhydroderivatives. The results are compared with those obtained previously with intact cells and protoplast type L‐form cells of E. coli.
Structure and function of the conidiospore pigments of Penicillium cyclopium
Authors: Ha‐Huy‐Ké  , Luckner M.
Published: July 2010

The cell wall of mature, green condiospores of Penicillium cyclopium WESTLING contains at least two pigments: A green chromoprotein which is extractable by means of formic acid or liquified phenol and a black insoluble pigment. Both fractions after long term treatment with boiling conc. HCl leave black amorphous residues which, due to their chemical and physico‐chemical properties, belong to the group of melanins. The chemical structure of these melanins is still unidentified. No degradation products typical for indol‐type or catechol‐type melanins have so far been detected.

During spore maturation parallel to an increase of pigmentation (determined by remission), the melanin residue left after acid hydrolysis of spores increases. The mature, dark green spores of the wild type strain contain about 40% melanin, the yellow‐green spores of the mutant aux‐glu 1 about 36%. The unpigmented spores of mutant res‐eth 1 prossess a melanin content of only about 5%. This value is nearly the same as that found in hyphae, which in all strains are yellowish‐brown. The heavily pigmented condia of the wild type strain are about 100‐times less sensitive to UV‐radiation compared with the unpigmented spores of the mutant res‐eth 1. The reduced sensitivity indicates that, as with other microorganisms, the conidia pigments of P. cyclopium are protective components of the spores.
Determination of the biological parameters of bacterium‐phage complexes
Authors: Gáspár S. , Rontó Gy. , Müller G.
Published: July 2010

The authors present a method of measurement and evaluation for continuous cultures of bacteria infected by virulent phages. By the comparison of the model describing the phage‐bacterium interaction and their own experimental data they determined the following biological parameter values characterizing the interaction: the adsorption rate (μ), the expectation of the latency period (T) and its standard deviation (σ), the time required for lysis (d), the infection efficiency (n) and the average burst size (C). The parameters were used or the determination of optimal cultivating conditions (maximum phage yield).