Rate and state friction on spontaneously evolving faults
Authors: Pranger Casper , Sanan Patrick , May Dave , Le Pourhiet Laetitia , Räss Ludovic , Gabriel Alice 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;The rate- and state-dependent friction (RSF) laws (Dieterich, 1979; Ruina, 1983) have been widely successful in capturing the behavior of sliding surfaces in laboratory settings, as well as reproducing a range of natural fault slip phenomena in numerical models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Studies of exhumed fault zones make it clear that faults are not two-dimensional features at the junction of two distinct bodies of rock, but instead evolve into complex damage zones that show clear signs of multi-scale fracturing, grain diminution, hydro-thermal effects and chemical and petrological changes. Many of these observed factors have been experimentally verified, and several studies have furthered our theoretical understanding of earthquakes and other seismic phenomena as volumetric, bulk-rock processes, including Sleep (1995, 1997), Lyakhovsky and Ben-Zion et al. (2011, 2014a,b, 2016), Niemeijer and Spiers et al. (2007, 2016, 2018), Roubicek (2014), and Barbot (2019).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While the established numerical modeling approach of simulating faults as planar features undergoing friction can be a useful and powerful homogenization of small-scale volumetric processes, there are also cases where this practice falls short -- most notably when studying faults that grow and evolve in response to a changing tectonic environment. This is mainly due to the computational challenges associated with automating the construction of a fault-resolving conformal mesh.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Motivated by this issue, we formulate a generalization of RSF as a plastic or viscous flow law with generation, diffusion, and healing of damage that gives rise to mathematically and numerically well-behaved finite shear bands that closely mimic the behavior of the original laboratory-derived formulation (Pranger et al., submitted). The proposed formulation includes the well-known RSF laws for an infinitely thin fault as a limit case as the damage diffusion length scale tends to zero. We will show the behavior of this new bulk RSF formulation with results of high-resolution 1D and 2D numerical simulations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dieterich, J.H. (1979), J. Geophys. Res., 84 (B5), 2161.&lt;br&gt;Ruina, A. (1983), JGR: Solid Earth, 88 (B12), 10359&amp;#8211;10370.&lt;br&gt;Sleep, N.H. (1995), JGR, 100 (B7), 13065&amp;#8211;13080.&lt;br&gt;Sleep, N.H. (1997), JGR: Solid Earth 102 (B2), 2875&amp;#8211;2895.&lt;br&gt;Roub&amp;#237;&amp;#269;ek, T. (2014), GJI 199.1, 286&amp;#8211;295.&lt;br&gt;Lyakhovsky, Hamiel and Ben-Zion (2011), J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 59, 1752-1776.&lt;br&gt;Lyakhovsky and Ben-Zion (2014a), PAGeoph 171.11, 3099&amp;#8211;3123.&lt;br&gt;Lyakhovsky and Ben-Zion (2014b), J. Mech. Phys. Solids 64, 184&amp;#8211;197.&lt;br&gt;Lyakhovsky, Ben-Zion et al. (2016), GJI 206.2, 1126&amp;#8211;1143.&lt;br&gt;Barbot (2019), Tectonophysics 765, 129&amp;#8211;145.&lt;br&gt;Niemeijer and Spiers (2007), JGR 112, B10405,&lt;br&gt;Chen and Spiers (2016), JGR: Solid Earth 121, 8642&amp;#8211;8665.&lt;br&gt;van den Ende, Chen et al. (2018), Tectonophysics 733, 273-295.&lt;br&gt;Pranger et al. (202X), ESSOAr (https://www.essoar.org/doi/10.1002/essoar.10508569.1)&lt;/p&gt;