bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scene Graph and Frame Update Algorithms for Smooth and Scalable 3D Visualization of Simulated Construction Operations
Authors: Kamat Vineet R. , Martinez Julio C.
Published: March 2003

One of the prime reasons inhibiting the widespread use of discrete‐event simulation in construction planning is the absence of appropriate visual communication tools. Visualizing modeled operations in 3D is arguably the best form of communicating the logic and the inner working of simulation models and can be of immense help in establishing the credibility of analyses. New software development technologies emerge at incredible rates that allow engineers and scientists to create novel, domain‐specific applications. The authors capitalized on a computer graphics technology based on the concept of the scene graph to design and implement a general‐purpose 3D visualization system that is simulation and CAD‐software independent. This system, the Dynamic Construction Visualizer, enables realistic visualization of modeled construction operations and the resulting products and can be used in conjunction with a wide variety of simulation tools. This paper describes the scene graph architecture and the frame updating algorithms used in designing the Dynamic Construction Visualizer.
Simulation‐Facilitated Model for Assessing Cost Correlations
Authors: Wang Wei‐Chih
Published: March 2003

Project cost becomes increasingly variable if many cost items for a construction project are correlated, and this can increase the uncertainty of completing a project within a target budget. This work presents a factor‐based computer simulation model (COSTCOR) for evaluating project costs given correlations among cost items. Uncertainty in the total cost distribution of an item (grandparent) is transferred to several factor cost distributions (parents) according to qualitative estimates of the sensitivity of each cost item to each factor. Each cost distribution is then decomposed further into a family of distributions (children; costs given factor conditions), with each child corresponding to a factor condition. Correlations are retrieved by sampling from the child distributions with the same condition for a given iteration of the simulation. COSTCOR integrates the uncertainty effects caused by each factor at the project cost level, thus making it easier for management to determine what parts of the project need to be controlled.
The Coming of Parliamentary Television: The Lords and the Senate Compared
Authors: Mughan Anthony , Swarts Jonathan P.
Published: March 2003

Subscribing to a Burkean view of representation, legislators have long tended to resist constant public scrutiny. In recent years, however, they have overcome this reluctance in a large number of countries and voted to allow the televising of their proceedings. But why they did so remains a mystery. Some media theorists argue that television exposure is a ‘great democratizer’. It demystifies public authority figures and obliges them to become more accountable for their actions. The experience of the British House of Lords and the United States Senate suggests instead that television was invited in by rational political actors as a means of achieving their goals in a time of change. In this view, television is best seen not as a force in its own right, but as a medium of communication that can be strategically deployed by goal-oriented political élites responding to different political circumstances and institutional incentive structures.
The Political Importance of Analogical Argument
Authors: Aronovitch Hilliard
Published: March 2003

Is there a form of reasoning somehow specially suited to political philosophy and political life? I contend that for a variety of reasons analogical argument is eminently apt for politics. Although the significance of analogical reasoning for law has been largely recognized, its similar suitability for morality and politics has mostly been ignored, though insights from Hampshire and others point the way.

An eventual implication of my argument is that an analogically developed liberal tradition provides rational, non-relativist ‘foundations' for normative claims, as firm as are feasible and necessary. This larger question about the roots of political and moral principles is commented upon throughout, but the main purpose is to establish the nature and legitimacy of analogical reasoning in political argument.
Transition under Eltsin: The Nomenklatura and Political Elite Circulation
Authors: Lane David
Published: March 2003

It is contended that study of ‘the nomenklatura’ is a poor indicator of élite change in post-communist society; that current analysis of the ‘nomenklatura as political élite’ is inconclusive and methodologically unsound; that neither a ‘circulation’ nor a ‘reproduction’ of political élites can be determined from the reproduction of the ‘old nomenklatura’. While the nomenklatura was not unitary, not monolithic and not a political élite, it is considered – following Mosca – to be a political class with different political constituencies. It is argued that the values and outlook of élites are crucial in understanding the extent of political change. Moreover, the paradigm of élite change should be analysed in terms of élite differentiation, political values, political culture and ideological affinity. Based on original interview research with members of the Gorbachev and Eltsin political élites, it is shown that the élite structure is unstable and divided and political outcomes are likely to be authoritarian.
On National Self-Determination
Authors: Moore Margaret
Published: March 2003

This paper argues in favour of a conception of self-determination which involves the equal recognition of different national identities. It proceeds by, first, criticizing the dominant territorial (in contrast to national) conception of self-determination. It then addresses three main criticisms of a principle of national self-determination. These are (1) the argument from indeterminacy; (2) the argument from instability; (3) the problem of overlapping nationalities.
Public and Private
Authors: Steinberger Peter J.
Published: March 2003

The problem of public and private is often thought to be a boundary problem. ‘Public’ and ‘private’ are said to denote separate areas of human endeavour – distinct ‘realms’, ‘spheres’, or ‘spaces’. The task of formulating clear boundaries, however, has proven to be enormously complex. It seems that every attempt at conceptualizing a purely private area of activity runs into a particular kind of difficulty, namely, many of the activities characteristic of the private sphere turn out to be activities toward which no responsible public authority could possibly remain indifferent: abuse within the family, collusion in the business world, criminal conspiracy among friends.

It may be, however, that the problem of public and private, conceived as a boundary problem, is thereby misconceived. It would perhaps be better to think of public and private as denoting not primarily – perhaps not at all – separate realms of endeavour but different ways of being in the world, different ‘manners of acting’. To act in a private manner is simply different in character from acting in a public manner. Such a formulation, if pursued with care, would allow us to accept fully the arguments of those who would question the very idea of a private realm, while still permitting us to retain a vigorous and compelling public/private distinction.
Inquiry as Critique: On the Legacy of Deweyan Pragmatism for Political Theory
Authors: Festenstein Matthew
Published: March 2003

This article provides a critical reconstruction of John Dewey's theory of social and political inquiry. Clearing away some misconceptions about this theory allows us to grasp its practical and political focus, and to see its similarities to other strands of anti-positivist social thought, including hermeneutics and critical theory. I go on to examine the relationship between democratic values and the theory of inquiry. Like recent proponents of discursive conceptions of democracy such as Habermas he sees a connection between democracy and the conditions for rational procedures of problem solving. What connects democracy to inquiry for Dewey is primarily ethical and political, rather than epistemological. The article considers what may be usefully taken from Dewey's conception of social inquiry, without accepting his full ethical agenda.
Rock the Vote: Popular Culture and Politics
Authors: Cloonan Martin , Street John
Published: March 2003

Rock the Vote was founded in 1996 as an attempt to exploit popular culture to boost political participation. Using pop musicians and comedians, it attempted to encourage young people to take part in politics. This article examines the formation of Rock the Vote, and explores its implications for the character of contemporary politics. It argues that Rock the Vote has to be understood not only as part of a larger shift in the nature of political campaigning and communication, but also as a response to the mutual needs of political parties and the popular culture industry. Rock the vote is both a symptom of new forms of campaigning and also a pragmatic solution to particular political problems.
Ambassadors in the Community? Labour Party Members in Society
Authors: Martin Alan , Cowley Philip
Published: March 2003

A political party's members are its ambassadors in the wider community. Based on a survey of Labour party members in Nuneaton, this article investigates the extent to which party members qua party members are visible amongst their friends and colleagues. It finds that there are few closet Labour party members. Most are known to friends and (slightly less commonly) colleagues. Party members also articulate a political message, discussing politics with friends and work colleagues. Around half of party members believe that they influence others as a result of their discussions; of those who are asked their opinions by friends, almost three-quarters believe that they influence others. Labour party members in Nuneaton are thus a visible and articulate manifestation of the party. The article ends by considering whether this is likely to be true in other constituencies, for other parties, and at other times
Gender Differences in Body Image Are Increasing
Authors: Feingold Alan , Mazzella Ronald
Published: March 2003

It has been speculated that the prevalence of eating disorders in women has risen because of increases in women's body dissatisfaction. We conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in attractiveness and body image using 222 studies from the past 50 years. The analysis shows dramatic increases in the numbers of women among individuals who have poor body image. Moreover, these trends were found across multiple conceptualizations of body image, including self-judgments of physical attractiveness.
Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction
Authors: Schkade David A. , Kahneman Daniel
Published: March 2003

Large samples of students in the Midwest and in Southern California rated satisfaction with life overall as well as with various aspects of life, for either themselves or someone similar to themselves in one of the two regions. Self-reported overall life satisfaction was the same in both regions, but participants who rated a similar other expected Californians to be more satisfied than Midwesterners. Climate-related aspects were rated as more important for someone living in another region than for someone in one's own region. Mediation analyses showed that satisfaction with climate and with cultural opportunities accounted for the higher overall life satisfaction predicted for Californians. Judgments of life satisfaction in a different location are susceptible to a focusing illusion: Easily observed and distinctive differences between locations are given more weight in such judgments than they will have in reality.
The Validity of the Rorschach and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: Results From Meta-Analyses
Authors: Garb Howard N. , Florio Colleen M. , Grove William M.
Published: March 2003

Results from meta-analyses have been widely cited to defend the validity of the Rorschach. However, the meta-analyses have been flawed. For example, one meta-analysis included results that were obtained by calculating correlations but not results that were obtained by conducting t tests or analyses of variance. When we reanalyzed the data from the most widely cited meta-analysis (Parker, Hanson, & Hunsley, 1988), we found that for confirmatory studies (also called convergent-validity studies), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) explained 23% to 30% of the variance, whereas the Rorschach explained only 8% to 13% of the variance. These results indicate that the Rorschach is not as valid as the MMPI.
Are Average Facial Configurations Attractive Only Because of Their Symmetry?
Authors: Rhodes Gillian , Sumich Alex , Byatt Graham
Published: March 2003

Several commentators have suggested that the attractiveness of average facial configurations could be due solely to associated changes in symmetry. If this symmetry hypothesis is correct, then averageness should not account for significant variance in attractiveness ratings when the effect of symmetry is partialed out. Furthermore, changes in attractiveness produced by manipulating the averageness of individual faces should disappear when all the images are made perfectly symmetric. The experiments reported support neither prediction. Symmetry and averageness (or distinctiveness, the converse of averageness) made independent contributions to attractiveness (Experiments 1 and 2), and changes in attractiveness resulting from changes in averageness remained when the images were made perfectly symmetric (Experiment 2). These results allow us to reject the symmetry hypothesis, and strengthen the evidence that facial averageness is attractive.
Adapting to the Transition From Socialism to Capitalism in Poland: The Role of Screening Strategies in Social Change
Authors: Wieczorkowska Grazyna , Burnstein Eugene
Published: March 2003

Before making a final choice, people screen available options for acceptability; those considered “good enough” constitute a goal-category. Foraging theories assume screening is an adaptation whereby low-ranked options are accepted when search costs (i.e., effort or risk associated with striving) are high and rejected when search costs are low. We argue that some individuals, called interval strategists, typically consider many options acceptable and, hence, form broad goal-categories; others, called point strategists, typically consider few options acceptable and form narrow goal-categories. We also argue that because of limited capacity, there is a trade-off between encoding ends and encoding means so that as the goal-category range increases, detailed planning decreases. Findings in our first study support this analysis. The next two studies assumed search costs in Poland (e.g., the effort or risk involved in shopping, housing, traveling) were greater under central planning than under the current market economy. Hence, prior to 1989, broad goal-categories were more adaptive than narrow goal-categories; since 1989, however, the reverse has been true. Consistent with this hypothesis, in Study 2, Poles who were point strategists perceived their conditions of life and self-efficacy had improved more since 1989 than did Poles who were interval strategists. Study 3 demonstrates a capacity to recognize which screening strategy is more adaptive under central planning and market conditions: An entrepreneur who failed prior to 1989 but succeeded afterward was inferred to be a point strategist, and one who succeeded prior to 1989 but failed afterward was inferred to be an interval strategist.
The Role of Fixation Position in Detecting Scene Changes Across Saccades
Authors: Henderson John M. , Hollingworth Andrew
Published: March 2003

Target objects presented within color images of naturalistic scenes were deleted or rotated during a saccade to or from the target object or to a control region of the scene. Despite instructions to memorize the details of the scenes and to monitor for object changes, viewers frequently failed to notice the changes. However, the failure to detect change was mediated by three other important factors: First, accuracy generally increased as the distance between the changing region and the fixation immediately before or after the change decreased. Second, changes were sometimes initially missed, but subsequently noticed when the changed region was later refixated. Third, when an object disappeared from a scene, detection of that disappearance was greatly improved when the deletion occurred during the saccade toward that object. These results suggest that fixation position and saccade direction play an important role in determining whether changes will be detected. It appears that more information can be retained across views than has been suggested by previous studies.
False Recognition in Women Reporting Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Clancy Susan A. , Schacter Daniel L. , McNally Richard J. , Pitman Roger K.
Published: March 2003

False recognition—the mistaken belief that one has previously encountered a novel item—was examined in four groups of subjects: women reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, women who believe that they were sexually abused as children but who cannot recall this abuse (the “repressed” group), women who were sexually abused as children and always remembered the abuse, and women with no history of childhood sexual abuse. Subjects were administered a Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm. The results suggest that the recovered-memory group was more prone to false recognition than the other groups. In addition, women reporting recovered and repressed memories showed greater reduction in false recognition across study trials than did other subjects, perhaps reflecting strategic changes in performance.
Conceptual and Motor Learning in Music Performance
Authors: Palmer Caroline , Meyer Rosalee K.
Published: March 2003

Are the mental plans for action abstract or specified in terms of the movements with which they are produced? We report motor independence for expert music performance but not for novice performance in a transfer-of-learning task. Skilled adult pianists practiced musical pieces and transferred to new pieces with the same or different motor (hand and finger) requirements and conceptual (melodic) relations. Greatest transfer in sequence duration was observed when the same conceptual relations were retained from training to transfer, regardless of motor movements. In a second experiment, novice child pianists performed the same task. More experienced child pianists showed transfer on both the motor and the conceptual dimensions; the least experienced child pianists demonstrated transfer only to sequences with identical motor and conceptual dimensions. These findings suggest that mental plans for action become independent of the required movements only at advanced skill levels.
Unconscious Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions
Authors: Dimberg Ulf , Thunberg Monika , Elmehed Kurt
Published: March 2003

Studies reveal that when people are exposed to emotional facial expressions, they spontaneously react with distinct facial electromyographic (EMG) reactions in emotion-relevant facial muscles. These reactions reflect, in part, a tendency to mimic the facial stimuli. We investigated whether corresponding facial reactions can be elicited when people are unconsciously exposed to happy and angry facial expressions. Through use of the backward-masking technique, the subjects were prevented from consciously perceiving 30-ms exposures of happy, neutral, and angry target faces, which immediately were followed and masked by neutral faces. Despite the fact that exposure to happy and angry faces was unconscious, the subjects reacted with distinct facial muscle reactions that corresponded to the happy and angry stimulus faces. Our results show that both positive and negative emotional reactions can be unconsciously evoked, and particularly that important aspects of emotional face-to-face communication can occur on an unconscious level.
Noise Exclusion in Spatial Attention
Authors: Dosher Barbara Anne , Lu Zhong-Lin
Published: March 2003

Precue validity affects the performance of perceptual tasks. These spatial attention effects have been variously attributed to facilitation of processing, capacity allocation, or noise reduction. We used a new attention-plus-external (stimulus)-noise paradigm and model to identify the mechanisms of attention in cue-validity paradigms. A new phenomenon is reported: a large effect of location cue validity in an orientation identification task that specifically occurs when the stimulus is embedded in external (environmental or stimulus) noise. This result identifies the mechanism of the effect as external-noise exclusion, distinguished from stimulus enhancement that manifests itself only in noiseless stimulus environments.
Category Effects on Estimates of Stimuli: Perception or Reconstruction?
Authors: Crawford L. Elizabeth , Huttenlocher Janellen , Engebretson Peder Hans
Published: March 2003

The present study examined a common category effect that has been reported in the literature: the tendency for estimates of individual stimuli to be biased toward the central value of the presented set of stimuli. Both encoding and reconstruction accounts of this central-tendency effect are considered. Plain vertical lines and vertical lines embedded in the Müller-Lyer illusion were estimated while still in view or from memory. Although bias due to the Müller-Lyer illusion remained constant across the two conditions, bias due to the context set (category) occurred only when stimuli were estimated from memory. The results suggest that the category bias occurs at a later stage of processing than the Müller-Lyer effect and offer support for a reconstruction account of category effects on stimulus estimation.
Visual Span in Expert Chess Players: Evidence From Eye Movements
Authors: Reingold Eyal M. , Charness Neil , Pomplun Marc , Stampe Dave M.
Published: March 2003

The reported research extends classic findings that after briefly viewing structured, but not random, chess positions, chess masters reproduce these positions much more accurately than less-skilled players. Using a combination of the gaze-contingent window paradigm and the change blindness flicker paradigm, we documented dramatically larger visual spans for experts while processing structured, but not random, chess positions. In addition, in a check-detection task, a minimized 3 × 3 chessboard containing a King and potentially checking pieces was displayed. In this task, experts made fewer fixations per trial than less-skilled players, and had a greater proportion of fixations between individual pieces, rather than on pieces. Our results provide strong evidence for a perceptual encoding advantage for experts attributable to chess experience, rather than to a general perceptual or memory superiority.
Visual Search Remains Efficient when Visual Working Memory is Full
Authors: Woodman Geoffrey F. , Vogel Edward K. , Luck Steven J.
Published: March 2003

Many theories of attention have proposed that visual working memory plays an important role in visual search tasks. The present study examined the involvement of visual working memory in search using a dual-task paradigm in which participants performed a visual search task while maintaining no, two, or four objects in visual working memory. The presence of a working memory load added a constant delay to the visual search reaction times, irrespective of the number of items in the visual search array. That is, there was no change in the slope of the function relating reaction time to the number of items in the search array, indicating that the search process itself was not slowed by the memory load. Moreover, the search task did not substantially impair the maintenance of information in visual working memory. These results suggest that visual search requires minimal visual working memory resources, a conclusion that is inconsistent with theories that propose a close link between attention and working memory.
Men and Women at Promise for Scientific Excellence: Similarity Not Dissimilarity
Authors: Lubinski David , Benbow Camilla Persson , Shea Daniel L. , Eftekhari-Sanjani Hossain , Halvorson Marcy B.J.
Published: March 2003

U.S. math-science graduate students possessing world-class talent (368 males, 346 females) were assessed on psychological attributes and personal experiences in order to examine how their talents emerged and developed. Comparisons were made, using similar assessments, with mathematically talented students (528 males, 228 females) identified around age 13 and tracked into adulthood by the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY). Well before college, both samples were academically distinguished; however, the graduate students could be identified during adolescence as a subset of mathematically talented youths based on their nonintellectual attributes. Their profiles corresponded to what earlier psychological studies found to characterize distinguished (and exclusively male) scientists: exceptional quantitative reasoning abilities, relatively stronger quantitative than verbal reasoning ability, salient scientific interests and values, and, finally, persistence in seeking out opportunities to study scientific topics and develop scientific skills. On these attributes, sex differences were minimal for the graduate students (but not for the SMPY comparison groups). Developing exceptional scientific expertise apparently requires special educational experiences, but these necessary experiences are similar for the two sexes.
Detection of Glass Patterns by Pigeons and Humans: Implications for Differences in Higher-Level Processing
Authors: Kelly Debbie M. , Bischof Walter F. , Wong-Wylie Douglas R. , Spetch Marcia L.
Published: March 2003

Glass patterns have been used to examine mechanisms underlying form perception. The current investigation compared detection of Glass patterns by pigeons and humans and provides evidence for substantial species differences in global form perception. Subjects were required to discriminate, on a simultaneous display, a random dot pattern from a Glass pattern. Four different randomly presented Glass patterns were used (concentric, radial, parallel-vertical, and parallel-horizontal). Detection thresholds were measured by degrading the Glass patterns through the addition of random noise. For both humans and pigeons, discrimination decreased systematically with the addition of noise. Humans showed detection differences among the four patterns, with lowest thresholds to radial and concentric patterns and highest thresholds to the parallel-horizontal pattern. Pigeons did not show a detection difference across the four patterns. Implications for differences in neural processing of complex forms are discussed.
The Influence of Native-Language Phonology on Lexical Access: Exemplar-Based Versus Abstract Lexical Entries
Authors: Pallier Christophe , Colomé Angels , Sebastián-Gallés Núria
Published: March 2003

This study used medium-term auditory repetition priming to investigate word-recognition processes. Highly fluent Catalan-Spanish bilinguals whose first language was either Catalan or Spanish were tested in a lexical decision task involving Catalan words and nonwords. Spanish-dominant individuals, but not Catalan-dominant individuals, exhibited repetition priming for minimal pairs differing in only one feature that is nondistinctive in Spanish (e.g., /netə/ vs. /n∊tə/), thereby indicating that they processed these words as homophones. This finding provides direct evidence both that word recognition uses a language-specific phonological representation and that lexical entries are stored in the mental lexicon as abstract forms.
“Blaming The Victim” Under Memory Load
Authors: Goldinger Stephen D. , Kleider Heather M. , Azuma Tamiko , Beike Denise R.
Published: March 2003

When presented with negative outcomes, people often engage in counterfactual thinking, imagining various ways that events might have been different. This appears to be a spontaneous behavior, with considerable adaptive value. Nevertheless, counterfactual thinking may also engender systematic biases in various judgment tasks, such as allocating blame for a mishap, or deciding on the appropriate compensation to a victim. Thus, counterfactuals sometimes require thought suppression or discounting, potentially resource-demanding tasks. In this study, participants made mock-jury decisions about control and counterfactual versions of simple stories. The judgments of two groups of participants, differing in their respective levels of working memory capacity, were compared. In addition, all participants held memory loads during various stages of the primary task. Lower-span individuals were especially susceptible to bias associated with the counterfactual manipulation, but only when holding memory loads during judgment. The results suggest that counterfactual thoughts arise automatically, and may later require effortful, capacity-demanding suppression.
Organizing For Europe: Whitehall, The British State And European Union
Authors: Bulmer Simon , Burch Martin
Published: March 2003

The article examines the adaptation of Whitehall to participation in the European Union. Following an Historical Institutionalist analysis, the article argues that the most critical juncture relating to the machinery for the handling of European business was taken in 1960–1961 well before the third, successful application to join the European Communities. Actual accession brought about an adaptation of the machinery and of the processes developed in negotiation to the wider needs of membership rather than a reform of machinery. Thus the most important alteration in Britain’s overseas relations since the war was easily accommodated within Whitehall’s established approach to handling policy. Developments from the 1970s onwards have largely been accretive and these developments are outlined. However, the article argues that more fundamental challenges deriving from EU membership lie ahead for the structure of the British state.
Central Steering And Local Networks: Old‐Age Care In Sweden
Authors: Johansson Roine , Borell Klas
Published: March 2003

Recently, some European social scientists have claimed that the old legal‐bureau‐cratic model of administration has been replaced by a new paradigm in public administration, characterized by a strong emphasis on collaboration in local inter‐organizational networks. The proponents of this policy network approach take a clearly voluntaristic view on policy implementation; network actors build consensus in negotiation processes, and the role of central government is restricted to that of goal‐setter, facilitator and mediator. Thereby, phenomena like power and steering are overlooked. This paper gives an account of a major Swedish reform in the area of old‐age care, whereby the boundaries between regional and local areas of responsibility for care of the elderly were displaced. By using a variety of control methods, central government was able to structure and steer the old‐age implementation networks. The consequences of this central steering were different on different administrative levels: for the county councils, the reform has resulted in a specialization for the core areas of primary health care and hospital treatment, whereas the municipalities have had to diversify their areas of activity. Thus, to understand the effects of the reform, implementation networks must be viewed as both hierarchical and horizontal power structures, where national government, from a hierarchically superior position, can affect formally horizontal relations between actors by creating patterns of interdependence. Central government’s steering has taken on less direct forms than the traditional ones, but indirect forms of steering can certainly be efficient, especially when several mutually reinforcing control methods are combined.
Communications: Annual Report 1999
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W. , Bogason Peter , Jenkins Bill , Kickert Walter
Published: March 2003

When the Royal Institute of Public Administration (RIPA) owned Public Adminis‐tration, the editors always reported annually on the journal’s fortunes. The practice lapsed when the RIPA went into receivership. Now, with the launch of the journal as a European journal of public administration, we thought it was a good idea to reintroduce an annual report covering the journal’s work in the previous year. It will provide an opportunity to air problems and to tell readers where the journal is heading. The report describes the flow of manuscripts and the contents of the journal before briefly surveying each section. It ends with a resume´ of our plans for the journal and a ‘thank you’ to the many people who have helped during the year.
Radical Reform in New Zealand: Crisis, Windows of Opportunity, and Rational Actors
Authors: Aberbach Joel D. , Christensen Tom
Published: March 2003

This article uses three perspectives to explain the radical economic and state sector reforms undertaken in New Zealand starting in 1984. We interpret the reforms using a rational‐comprehensive perspective, a garbage can perspective and a modified garbage can perspective identified in the work of John Kingdon. With New Zealand as an illustrative case, we explore the conditions under which radical reform is possible, the factors governing the adoption of reforms, and the impact on the reform process of a country's historical and cultural traditions. Our analysis emphasizes the import of a package of ready‐made solutions, strong advocates (particularly a well‐placed policy entrepreneur) who attach the solutions to a problem, and the existence of a ‘window of opportunity’ for adoption of the reforms. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of adopting reforms that run counter to a nation's long‐established traditions.
A process view on managing quality during the creation of technical innovations: lessons from field research
Authors: Debackere Koenraad , Van Looy Bart , Vliegen Jan
Published: March 2003

Quality Management (QM) principles have left their marks on business practice for more than a decade. Amongst the many business functions that have faced the widespread introduction of QM standards and methodologies, the R&D function has been amongst the last to undergo their pervasive influence. The uncertain and ambiguous nature of the technical innovation process, most present during the conceptual and problem‐solving (often R&D intensive) stages, has provided many arguments not to introduce ‘traditional’ QM approaches in R&D settings. These arguments are often based on a rather rigid and mechanistic view on QM. As recent insights show, this need not be the case. QM can offer an avenue to fundamentally scrutinize and re‐think cross‐functional integration strategies in innovative contexts. Therefore, the process of introducing QM principles in an R&D environment deserves close attention. This paper offers a field‐based insight into these fundamental organizational and managerial issues.
Improving the quality of corporate technical planning: dynamic analogues of QFD
Authors: McLaughlin Curtis P. , Stratman Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a forecasting methodology based on a combination of QFD and S‐curve analysis, In process industries there is a need to strengthen the linkages between process attributes, product attributes, and customer requirements. Industry planning processes accept the relationship between technological positioning, project portfolios, and market life cycles, but specific methods are seldom discussed.

QFD(Quality Function Deployment) can be used to translate customer requirements into product specifications and in turn to specify the process capabilities required to meet those customer requirements. The paper recommends that managements use analogues of QFD adapted to the need for dynamic changes in process capability.

This approach would focus on the interaction between key variables of customer requirements and the technological capabilities of the firm and its competitors, at present and in the future. Historical industry‐wide capabilities would be projected through S‐curve analysis, while customer requirements can be related to these capabilities through information from QFD studies focused on future customer requirements. Because of their potential complexity, these analyses should deal with only a very limited number of interacting attributes and special care should be given to the management of their implementation.
Determinants of increasing R&D complexity in affiliates of manufacturing multinational corporations in the UK
Authors: Taggart James H.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the technological trajectories of the UK subsidiaries of manufacturing multinational corporations as measured by changes in their R&D complexity over a five year period. The data was gathered from a postal survey of 500 randomly selected subsidiaries in the UK; of the respondents that had been established in Britain for at least five years, 16 were found to demonstrate decreasing and 48 increasing complexity of R&D activities. These 64 firms were compared across a number of strategic variables, and a powerful logistic regression model developed that predicts technological trajectories with great precision.

The key variables in the model were differences (over five years) in sales volume, decision making autonomy about human resource matters in the subsidiary, sensitivity to the needs of sister subsidiaries when developing new products, heterogeneity of the subsidiary's markets, and the degree of localization of certain control functions. The central lesson for the subsidiary R&D manager is that HQ undertakings about R&D strategy as it concerns the subsidiary may be fairly accurately evaluated via the model and its five strategic variables.
Architectural innovation in product development through early supplier integration
Authors: Bozdogan Kirkor , Deyst John , Hoult David , Lucas Malee
Published: March 2003

The paper explains how an important opportunity exists to pro‐actively integrate suppliers at an early stage in the concept exploration and definition stages of product development. Research suggests that the concept of architectural innovation can be extended so that product features are matched with the associated specialized technical skills of partners in the development team.

In addition to the establishment of integrated product teams, key enablers include: long‐term commitment to suppliers; co‐location; joint responsibility for design and configuration control; seamless information flow; and retaining flexibility in the definition of system configuration. Important contributing factors include: supplier‐capability‐enhancing investments; target costing; and incentive mechanisms. To promote innovative outcomes in military and government programmes, attention is drawn to the importance of governments championing closely‐knit customer‐supplier relationships.

Firms can build enduring competitive strength by leveraging the specialized knowledge bases of their supplier networks. Two case‐studies provide lessons to improve current approaches to the creation of long‐term partnerships, or strategic alliances, with suppliers.
Nature of innovation and technology management in system companies
Authors: Bonaccorsi Andrea , Pammolli Fabio , Paoli Massimo , Tani Simone
Published: March 2003

Competition in the industries that develop complex products (such as aircraft engines and radar) depends on the integration of organizational systems as well as the pace of technological change.

Companies in these industries can be regarded as ‘system companies’. A framework and taxonomy are developed to indicate the characteristics and types of companies and to understand how organizational learning and integration take place. This makes it easier for companies to anticipate strategic change and some implications of this kind are described.
Managing integration and coordination in cross‐functional teams: an international study of Concurrent Engineering product development
Authors: Hauptman Oscar , Hirji Karim K.
Published: March 2003

This study is about the influence of integration and coordination of organisational mechanisms on the effectiveness of the process of product development by cross‐functional teams. The sample consists of 50 cross‐national Concurrent Engineering (CE) project teams, from companies in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, UK, and USA, in the technology intensive industries of aerospace, automobile, chemical, computer, electronics, shipbuilding, and telecommunications. The study offers a diagnostic tool which measures the effectiveness of the Concurrent Engineering team’s process in terms of the behaviours and attitudes of the engineering/R&D and manufacturing representatives on the product development team: (a) two‐way communication, (b) overlapping problems‐solving, (c) readiness to use uncertain and ambiguous information released by team counterparts for decision‐making, and (d) readiness to release uncertain and ambiguous information to team counterparts. The findings of the study are that integration mechanisms, such as team‐based rewards and job rotation, and coordination mechanisms, such as project structure and information technology, and project leader’s management style, support an effective team process, and overcome the negative effect of geographic distance and time‐difference in cross‐national teams. In addition, there are interesting implications for organisational learning in the practice of Concurrent Engineering for product development, and of the implications of these findings for practice and future research.
Shareholder Value, Real Options, and Innovation in Technology‐Intensive Companies
Authors: Jägle Axel J.
Published: March 2003

We show how central concepts from technology and innovation management (TIM), sequential models of the New Product Development (NPD) process, and the valuation technique of ‘real options’ can be linked, to provide a valuation framework that can be used in the value‐based management of technology‐intensive companies.

We introduce a binomial option tree which incorporates the flexibility and the risks inherent in the NPD process into its evaluation in a theoretically correct way and is at the same time simple and easy to use. In this way, our options‐based approach ties the valuation of hitech and life sciences companies closer to the underlying growth opportunities and incorporates much of the ‘gut feel’ of experienced industry practitioners into the valuation. As a consequence, the approach leads to more defensible valuations and allows powerful insights for the value‐based management of technology‐intensive companies.

In two numerical examples we demonstrate that the theoretically more sound option tree approach in practice can produce different valuations and lead to different decisions than a simple ‘discounted cash flow (DCF) tree’ approach and has therefore potential to improve managerial decision making. Finally, we describe a real life situation where our options‐based approach was successfully applied in the valuation for the initial public offering of a biotech company.
Forecasting core competencies in an R&D environment
Authors: Guimaraes Tomas Aquino , Borges‐Andrade Jairo Eduardo , Machado Magali dos Santos , Vargas Miramar Ramos Maia
Published: March 2003

This study, carried out in 1998, aimed to develop a method of forecasting core competencies in an agricultural research organization, using the Delphi Technique. First, based on a survey of internal documents and interviews, nine organizational core competencies and their specific components (human competencies) were defined, and expert judges identified. These judges responded to a questionnaire, in which the importance of the future human competencies was assessed and the organization’s existing human capacity was evaluated. Means were calculated for both judgements and changes were made in various definitions, based on the experts’ comments. Another questionnaire was designed and sent out to an expanded panel of judges to confirm or to revise the priority mean scores obtained or to add scores in the case of competencies that entered later. Factor analysis and reliability scores have demonstrated internal and inter‐competency consistencies. Technological Innovation Management and Geo‐processing appeared as the top priorities and Plant Pathology as the least priority. Priorities for each human competency were also calculated and they have been helpful for decision‐making concerning the selection and graduate training of researchers on the organization studied.
Product design planning with the analytic hierarchy process in inter–organizational networks
Authors: Hummel Marjan (J.M.) , Van Rossum Wouter , Verkerke Gijsbertus J. , Rakhorst Gerhard
Published: March 2003

In the second half of inter–organizational product development, the new product is likely to face significant design changes. Our study focused on the adequacy of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to support the collaborative partners to steer and align the accompanying design activities. It quantitatively supported discussions between researchers, engineers, manufacturers and future users involved in the development of a voice–producing prosthesis. These discussions focused on the planning of respectively the product design objectives, design changes, and design activities. This product design planning was based on the product requirements relevant to the diverse groups involved, a pro–active view on the market circumstances, the available knowledge, skills and resources, lead–time and costs. The outcomes showed that the AHP is an adequate tool for R&D managers to support inter–organizational product development.
Taking Ethical Disability Seriously
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: March 2003

Aristotle's ethical theorizing contains resources for explaining what I call ‘ethical disability’. In theories such as Kant's and Mill's it is important that criteria of right action be accessible to anyone. Aristotle's moral psychology yields a plausible account of how they are not available to everyone. Unless a correct appreciation of good is part of the agent's second nature, the agent will not recognize ethical requirements, and will not have the resources to alter his judgments. Often, bad action is not a matter of agents' flouting or violating criteria of right action that they recognize, but is a matter of agents' regarding as choiceworthy things that are in fact no good, and the agents are unable to appreciate this because of their vices. However, on the Aristotelian view, this is not a condition that diminishes responsibility, because of how voluntariness is interpreted. Some of the views of Susan Wolf and Bernard Williams are discussed in the development of this view of the moral landscape.
On the Value and Scope of Freedom
Authors: Leon Mark
Published: March 2003

We have a practical, not merely theoretical interest in freedom. The question that is considered in this paper, is what it is that we value about freedom. It is proposed that what we value is being able to get what we most want (or value), because that is what we most want (or value). This account is compatible with determinism. Certain accounts opposed to determinism are considered and rejected. On these accounts freedom requires either a particular sort of indeterminism, or requires a special form of causation, agent‐causation, or requires that the agent be a certain sort of self‐constituting entity. It is argued that even if these accounts were less metaphysically problematic than they are, they would not give us a ‘freedom’ that we would value, nor would they secure conditions under which an action would be praise – or blameworthy. It is also argued, that a certain sort of capacity to control ourselves is not a precondition for freedom, though such a capacity would add to the scope of our freedom