bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis in Marmosets: Induction of Disease with Coded Specimens from a Human Volunteer Study
Authors: Holmes Albert W. , Wolfe Lauren , Rosenblate Howard , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: October 2006

Marmosets inoculated with plasma from three early acute hepatitis patients developed hepatitis 30 to 40 days later. Other groups of marmosets receiving preinfection plasmas from the same patients showed no evidence of hepatitis in this experiment. It is, therefore, most probable that hepatitis in marmosets represented transmission of human disease rather than activation of latent "marmoset hepatitis."
Transient Circulation Event near the Deep Ocean Floor
Authors: Schwartzlose Richard A. , Isaacs John D.
Published: October 2006

On 24 January 1968, a transient deep-circulation event was recorded by a triangular array of autonomous current recorders installed 3 meters above the bottom at two of the three positions and at intervals of 3 to 1000 meters above the bottom at the third position in a depth of 3950 meters above the relatively smooth floor of the eastern North Pacific. The event interrupted a 24-hour record of relatively steady but peculiar conditions, lasted for about 1½ hours, and was followed by current directions and speeds that greatly differed from those of the initial period. The event occurred over a volume of the sea of at least 2 kilometers in horizontal dimensions and 1 kilometer thick. Associated with the event were many small clockwise-rotating features extending from 3 to at least 1000 meters above the bottom and a rapidly increasing current velocity at 1000 meters. The event was probably local and may have involved convective motion, internal waves, and the passage of a front. Some of the changes in horizontal velocity may have resulted from the combined effects of upwelling and the earth's rotation.
Timing of the Apparent Effects of Cloud Seeding
Authors: Lovasich Jeanne L. , Neyman Jerzy , Scott Elizabeth L. , Smith Jerome A.
Published: October 2006

The average hourly precipitation amounts, on 96 experimental days without cloud seeding in the Whitetop experiment, show a marked maximum between 4 and 7 o'clock in the afternoon, presumably reflecting the convection activity caused by heating of the ground occurring during an earlier period. No such maximum is observed on the 102 days with seeding. The hypothetical explanation presupposes that seeding with silver iodide creates early general cloudiness, which prevents ground temperatures from rising to levels usually attained on days without seeding. This hypothesis may explain not only the mechanism of the loss in rain in the Whitetop experiment, apparently induced by seeding, but also may explain certain phenomena noticed in the Grossversuch III experiment.
Paramagnetic Unit in Spinach Subchloroplast Particles: Estimation of Size
Authors: Weaver E. C. , Weaver H. E.
Published: October 2006

A pulsed ruby laser (wavelength, 694.3 nanometers) was used to measure the dependence on light intensity of light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance (ERR) signal 1 for short flashes of uniform duration (400 microseconds). Approximately 10
18
photons per square centimeter per flash from the unattenuated beam were available to the sample of subchloroplast "system 1" particles from spinach. The experimental dependence of the EPR signal height plotted as a function of the total number of incident photons per flash was exponential. From measurement of the slope at a very low relative photon flux and the saturated EPR signal amplitude, the value for the cross section or "effective size" of the light-induced paramagnetic unit, σ
EPR
, was found to be 300 × 10
-17
square centimeter. This result is compared with a measured optical absorption cross section, σ
694nm
, of 2.5 × 10
-17
square centimeter, for the identical sample at the laser wavelength. The hundredfold difference in size supports the thesis that the paramagnetic state is a property of an aggregate of chlorophyll molecules of the same general size as the photosynthetic unit.
Hormonal Stimulation of Lactose Synthetase in Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: McGuire William L.
Published: October 2006

A transplantable rat mammary carcinoma (R3230AC) synthesizes significant quantities of the mammary gland enzyme lactose synthetase in the immature virgin female rat. In this hormonal environment, mammary glands do not synthesize the enzyme. Prolactin further stimulates the enzyme activity in the tumors to levels found only in mammary glands of rats in late pregnancy or during lactation.
Neutron Diffraction of Cell Membranes (Myelin)
Authors: Parsons Donald F. , Akers Charles K.
Published: October 2006

Small-angle neutron diffraction (wavelength 4.05 angstroms) of human and rabbit sciatic nerve has been carried out by means of the Brookhaven high flux beam reactor with an automated slit camera. Most of the free water of the nerves was substituted in order to minimize incoherent scatter of hydrogen atoms. The differences in amplitude and phase shifts between neutrons and x-rays resulted in a neutron diffraction pattern that was completely different from the x-ray pattern. The neutron pattern consisted of a single peak of about 89-angstrom spacing in the region examined (up to 6-angstrom spacing). The strong third, fourth, and fifth order reflections (about 60, 45, and 36 angstroms) seen in the x-ray pattern were suppressed. The neutron data indicated a strong scattering from one portion of the membrane.
Tumor Induction in Developing Frog Kidneys by a Zonal Centrifuge Purified Fraction of the Frog Herpes-Type Virus
Authors: Mizell Merle , Toplin Irv , Isaacs J. Joyce
Published: October 2006

Injection of frog embryos (
Rana pipiens
) with a zonal centrifuge purified fraction of herpes-type virus (prepared from virus-containing Lucké tumors) resulted in a high incidence of kidney tumors. This partially purified oncogenic fraction contained a high concentration of an enveloped form of the frog herpes-type virus (adjacent fractions lacked this particle and were not oncogenic), which suggests that this form of the virus plays a role in the genesis of the Lucké tumor.
Extraparticulate Chain Interaction between Different Electron Transport Particles
Authors: Bogin Eitan , Higashi Taneaki , Brodie Arnold F.
Published: October 2006

Interaction or cross-linking between the respiratory chains of the electron transport particles of bacterial origin occurs with a mixture of active and inactive particles. Interaction between bacterial particles and liver sub-mitochondrial particles also occurs. Irradiation of the bacterial particles at 360 nanometers resulted in the destruction of quinone and consequent loss of ability of reduced nicotinamide adenine, dinucleotides to reduce cytochromes b, c
1
, c, and a plus a
3
. A mixture of both irradiated and untreated particles in the presence of the reduced dinucleotide resulted in the reduction of cytochromes c and a plus a
3
in an amount equivalent to the total concentration of these cytochromes in both types of particles. In contrast, the amount of cytochrome b reduced was equivalent to half the particle concentration or to that observed with the active particles alone. The rate of reduction of cytochromes c and a plus a
3
with the mixture of particles was similar to that with the active particles alone. The interaction or cross-linking between the particulate respiratory chains of bacteria or of bacterial and mammalian systems occurs after cytochrome b and before or at cytochrome c.
Macronyssid Mites in Oral Mucosa of Long-Nosed Bats: Occurrence and Associated Pathology
Authors: Phillips Carleton J. , Jones J. Knox , Radovsky Frank J.
Published: October 2006

Macronyssid mites (
Radfordiella
) have been found in the oral mucosa of the long-nosed bat (
Leptonycteris nivalis
), which occurs from Texas southward throughout much of Mexico. This is the first report of mites of the suborder Mesostigmata attached in the oral cavity of a mammal. Osteolysis of hard palate and odontolysis of teeth result from infestations of mites adjacent to the upper premolars and molars; destruction of bone, teeth, and Connective tissue often leads to exfoliation of teeth in life. Oral mites have not been found in
Leptonycteris sanborni
, a species in part sympatric with
Leptonycteris nivalis
.
Cytochrome P-420: Tubular Aggregates from Hepatic Microsomes
Authors: Shoeman D. W. , White J. G. , Mannering G. J.
Published: October 2006

Aggregates were formed when clear supernatants from hepatic microsomes that had been treated with steapsin were desalted and concentrated. These aggregates contain large numbers of uniform tubular elements. These structures resemble microtubules seen in many cells but differ in their substructure. The aggregates were rich in cytochrome P-420. Unlike soluble cytochrome P-420, the cytochrome P-420 contained in the aggregates combines with drugs to give the characteristic difference spectra normally seen only with cytochrome P-450 contained in intact microsomes.
Cellular Response to Ecdysterone in vitro
Authors: Judy Kenneth J.
Published: October 2006

Organ cultures of hindgut from diapausing tobacco hornworm pupae,
Manduca sexta
(Johannson), produce an abundance of migrant cells around the original explant. With time-lapse cinematography, these cells were seen to move slowly and tended to aggregate. The addition of ecdysterone (β-ecdysone) to these cultures stimulated a large increase in individual cell movements and the eventual disruption of cell sheets.
Age of the Bay of Biscay: Evidence from Seismic Profiles and Bottom Samples
Authors: Jones E. J. W. , Ewing J. I.
Published: October 2006

Paleomagnetic data and marine magnetic surveys suggest that the Bay of Biscay was created by rifting due to an anticlockwise rotation of the Iberian peninsula. The period during which movement occurred is not known precisely, but a rotation, amounting to 22 degrees, appears to have taken place in post-Eocene time. To provide independent evidence on the age of the rift, bottom samples from the Biscay abyssal plain have been related to the distribution of seismic reflectors within the sediments. The investigation shows that a large part of the Bay of Biscay was in existence in late Cretaceous times and that the data can be interpreted in terms of some early Tertiary rotation. However, the amount of possible Tertiary opening is appreciably less than the paleomagnetic results suggest. In view of the fact that reflectors of Middle-Upper Miocene age can be traced as undisturbed horizons across the bay, all tectonic movements must have ceased by the early Miocene.
Keratohyalin: Extraction and in vitro Aggregation
Authors: Ugel Arthur R.
Published: October 2006

Keratohyalin can be extracted from epidermis by 1.0 molar phosphate buffer (
p
H 7.0), as demonstrated histochemically and ultrastructurally. If the extracted material is dialyzed against water, it aggregates to form granules that are similar to keratohyalin granules in size, shape, histochemical staining, and electron opacity.
Alpha-Particle Emissivity of the Moon: An Observed Upper Limit
Authors: Yeh Richard S. , Van Allen James A.
Published: October 2006

Measurements made by the moon-orbiting spacecraft Explorer 35 during 1967-1968 show that it is unlikely that the alpha-particle emissivity of the moon is greater than 0.064 per square centimeter per second per steradian and exceedingly unlikely that it is greater than 0.128, these values being respectively 0.1 and 0.2 of the provisional estimates made by Kraner
et al.
in 1966. This result implies that the abundance of uranium-238 in the outer crust (approximately a few meters thick) of the moon is much less than that typical of the earth's lithosphere, though it is consistent with the abundance of uranium-238 in terrestrial basalt or in chondritic meteorites.
Gravity: First Measurement on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Nance Richard L.
Published: October 2006

The gravity at the landing site of the first lunar-landing mission has been determined to be 162,821.680 milligals from data telemetered to earth by the lunar module on the lunar surface. The gravity was measured with a pulsed integrating pendulous accelerometer. These measurements were used to compute the gravity anomaly and radius at the landing site.
Dredged Trachyte and Basalt from Kodiak Seamount and the Adjacent Aleutian Trench, Alaska
Authors: Forbes Robert B. , Hoskin Charles M.
Published: October 2006

Blocky fragments of aegirine-augite trachyte (with accompanying ice-rafted gravels) were recovered from the upper slopes of Kodiak Seamount in several dredge hauls. An alkali basalt pillow segment was also dredged from a moatlike depression, at a depth of 5000 meters, near the west base of the seamount. These retrievals confirm the volcanic origin of Kodiak Seamount and further support the view of Engel, Engel, and Havens that the higher elevations of seamounts are composed of alkali basalts or related variants.
Synaptic Current at the Squid Giant Synapse
Authors: Gage Peter W. , Moore John W.
Published: October 2006

Transmission in the giant synapse of squid was studied by measuring synaptic currents in the voltage-clamped postsynaptic giant axon. These currents varied linearly with the axon's membrane potential, and showed an intercept on the voltage axis at, or near, the sodium equilibrium potential. The intercept shifted in seawater containing less sodium by even more than the shift in the sodium equilibrium potential. It is concluded that the transmitter at this synapse causes a significant change in the sodium conductance only.
Seismic Activity and Faulting Associated with a Large Underground Nuclear Explosion
Authors: Hamilton R. M. , McKeown F. A. , Healy J. H.
Published: October 2006

The 1.1-megaton nuclear test Benham caused movement on previously mapped faults and was followed by a sequence of small earthquakes. These effects were confined to a zone extending not more than 13 kilometers from ground zero; they are apparently related to the release of natural tectonic strain.
Alaskan Upper Miocene Marine Glacial Deposits and the
Turborotalia pachyderma
Datum Plane
Authors: Bandy Orville L. , Butler E. Ann , Wright Ramil C.
Published: October 2006

In southeastern Alaska the first marine evidence of widespread glaciation occurs in Miocene sections near the base of the Yakataga Formation. An associated temperature decrease of about 10°C is indicated by the influx of an upper Miocene cold-water planktonic foraminifer,
Turborotalia pachyderma
, an event that occurred about 13 million years ago.
Cytochrome a
3
: Destruction by Light
Authors: Epel Bernard , Butler Warren L.
Published: October 2006

Spectroscopic measurements on cultures of
Prototheca zopfii
irradiated with blue light revealed that inhibition of respiration was accompanied by destruction of cytochrome a
3
. One of the three b-type cytochromes and one of the two c-type cytochromes of this organism were also affected. Cytochrome oxidase of yeast (not resolved into the a and a
3
components) and cytochrome a
3
of beef-heart mitochondria were also destroyed by blue light.
Alcohol Metabolism: Role of Microsomal Oxidation in vivo
Authors: Tephly T. R. , Tinelli F. , Watkins W. D.
Published: October 2006

A role for microsomal alcohol oxidation cannot be demonstrated in vivo. Factors affecting microsomal drug hydroxylations had no effect on alcohol metabolism in the rat in vivo. The compound SKF 525-A which inhibits, and chronic phenobarbital treatment which enhances microsomal drug hydroxylations did not alter alcohol oxidation.
Sedimentary Phosphate Method for Estimating Paleosalinities: A Paleontological Assumption
Authors: Guber Albert L.
Published: October 2006

Paleosalinity values in certain rocks determined by the sedimentary phosphate method differ from salinity estimates based upon contained fossil assemblages, geochemical methods, and existing stratigraphic controls. Some anomalous values are related to the abundance of fossil organisms known to be concentrators of calcium phosphate. Because of the abundance and diversity of organisms which might introduce significant errors into paleosalinity estimates, the sedimentary phosphate method seemingly is of limited applicability.
Serum Cholesterol Reduction by Chromium in Hypercholesterolemic Rats
Authors: Staub Herbert W. , Reussner George , Thiessen Reinhardt
Published: October 2006

The addition of chromium (III) to the drinking water of rats in a normal laboratory environment on a hypercholesterolemic diet resulted in lower serum cholesterol concentrations whether the dietary carbohydrate was either sucrose or starch. However, rats fed the sucrose diet with chromium in drinking water had serum cholesterol concentrations similar to those of rats fed the starch diet without chromium in drinking water.
Calibrated Membranes with Coated Pore Walls
Authors: Petzny W. J. , Quinn J. A.
Published: October 2006

Extremely uniform small-radius pores, formed in thin mica membranes, have been coated with monoand multimolecular layers of fatty acids. Stearate monolayers orient themselves on the pore walls in layers 25 to 28 angstroms thick. The resulting membranes, with radii of the order 100 angstroms or less, may have applications in simulating certain features of biological membranes and in fabricating highly selective membranes for differential dialysis or ultrafiltration.
Evoked Potentials: Modifications by Classical Conditioning
Authors: Begleiter H. , Platz A.
Published: October 2006

Visual evoked potentials to a positive discriminative stimulus change systematically during sensory conditioning and extinction. Changes due to conditioning are manifested in the increased amplitude of the late component of the evoked response. This effect is attenuated during extinction and reappears after reconditioning.
Circum-Pacific Late Cenozoic Structural Rejuvenation: Implications for Sea Floor Spreading
Authors: Dott R. H.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis of sea floor spreading and lithosphere plates seems to unify the origins of both oceanic ridges and volcanic arc-trench systems; therefore knowledge of well-known land areas should shed light upon sea floor tectonics. Impressive evidence of a major mid-Cenozoic discontinuity in the tectonic history of circum-Pacific land areas suggests a roughly synchronous change in sea floor development, more evidence for which may be anticipated in the future.
Object-Carrying by Rats: An Approach to the Behavior Produced by Brain Stimulation
Authors: Phillips Anthony G. , Cox Verne C. , Kakolewski Jan W. , Valenstein Elliot S.
Published: October 2006

Rats were provided with opportunity to turn reinforcing hypothalamic stimulation on and off by traversing back and forth across a chamber. When provided with edible and inedible objects, all animals that self-stimulated carried them from the stimulation to the nonstimulation side. Neither food deprivation nor a history of stimulus-bound eating produced a preference for the edible objects. Equivalent stimulation provided without regard to the animals' location in the chamber did not elicit object-carrying. Results are interpreted in terms of the natural conditions which normally elicit this species-specific unit of behavior. Implications for understanding other behavior patterns elicited by hypothalamic stimulation are suggested.
Polyol Pathway in Aorta: Regulation by Hormones
Authors: Clements Rex S. , Morrison Anthony D. , Winegrad Albert I.
Published: October 2006

Aldose reductase is present in human and rabbit aortas and provides a mechanism whereby hyperglycemia can alter the metabolism of the arterial wall. Aortic sorbitol concentration is regulated by ambient glucose concentration and is increased by epinephrine, isoproterenol, dibutyryl-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate, ouabain, and angiotensin II.
Centromeres in Human Meiotic Chromosomes
Authors: Chen Andrew T. L. , Falek Arthur
Published: October 2006

Two heterochromatic spots were observed in most bivalents of human spermatocytes at the late diplotene stage from six individuals. It is our belief that these dark staining bodies are the centromeres of the meiotic chromosomes.
Atmospheric Absorption Anomalies in the Ultraviolet near an Altitude of 50 Kilometers
Authors: Krueger Arlin J.
Published: October 2006

Rocket-borne radiometer determinations of ozone distributions by absorption of ultraviolet sunlight show anomalous effects near 3000 angstroms. The instrument uses four 40-angstrom filters in the spectral region between 2650 and 3300 angstroms. At altitudes below 40 kilometers, signals from filters centered near 3000 angstroms appear reduced at least 25 percent below calculated values. However, at higher altitudes an unpredicted sharp increase in signals is observed. These effects are inconsistent with ozone absorption and cannot be ascribed to instrument characteristics. A previously unobserved absorption band of an atmospheric constituent, possibly the metastable excited states of molecular oxygen O
2
(
1
Δ
g
) or O
2
(
1
σ
g
+), can account for the anomalous effects.
Naturally Occurring Diol Lipids: Dialkoxypentanes in Porpoise (
Phocoena phocoena
) Jaw Oil
Authors: Varanasi Usha , Malins Donald C.
Published: October 2006

Dialkyl ethers of diols (dialkoxyalkanes), naturally occurring lipids, have been isolated from the jaw oil of the porpoise
Phocoena phocoena
. The principal constituents are dialkoxypentanes containing two 18-carbon chains. The alkoxy linkage may play an important role in the metabolism of the diol lipids.
Oxytocin: Effects of Degradation on Radioimmunologic and Biologic Activity
Authors: Kumaresan P. , Kagan A. , Glick S. M.
Published: October 2006

Incubation with thioglycollate destroyed biologic activity of oxytocin, but left immunologic activity intact. Incubation with plasma of pregnant women at term or with placental extract destroyed biologic and immunologic activities. Dissociation of biologic from immunologic sites is suggested.
Divalent Phosphate Electrode
Authors: Nagelberg Irving , Braddock Leroy I. , Barbero Giulio J.
Published: October 2006

Divalent phosphate ion activities can be measured in dilute aqueous solutions in the physiological
p
H range (7.0 to 7.5) with a liquid ion-exchange membrane electrode system; the organic ion exchanger consists of an amine chloride membrane. Reference solutions may be either aqueous chloride or bicarbonate solutions. An essentially Nernstian slope is obtained.
Lateral Hypothalamic Stimulation: Inhibition of Aversive Effects by Feeding, Drinking, and Gnawing
Authors: Mendelson Joseph
Published: October 2006

The opportunity to engage in feeding, drinking, and gnawing behavior facilitated by localized hypothalamic stimulation can delay the onset of the aversive effects of the stimulation and may completely suppress them. This suggests that the aversive effects of the stimulation are due to the excessive arousal of a drive.
Molasse Facies: Records of Worldwide Crustal Stresses
Authors: Van Houten F. B.
Published: October 2006

Predominantly nonmarine molasse deposits in the Tethyan and Cordilleran mobile belts record major variations in orogenic activity in latest Cretaceous to earliest Cenozoic, mid-Cenozoic, and latest Cenozoic time. During the same intervals changes in activity also occurred on the sea floor. This coincidence suggests worldwide effects of movement of crustal plates.
Rhapidosomes: Absence of a Highly 2′-
O
-Methylated RNA Component
Authors: Delk Ann S. , Dekker Charles A.
Published: October 2006

Rhapidosomes of
Saprospira grandis
do not contain RNA that is highly methylated at the 2′-oxygen of the sugar residues. Neither is such an RNA associated with the particles as a contaminant. A cursory examination of the rhapidosomes of two other marine organisms gave similar results.
Cell Rigidity: Effect on Concanavalin A-Mediated Agglutinability of Fibroblasts After Fixation
Authors: Gibson D. Ann , Marquardt M. D. , Gordon Julius A.
Published: October 2006

A quantitative hemadsorption assay distinguishes the effects of membrane fixation on concanavalin A-mediated agglutinability of fixed cells with unfixed cells. We observed undiminished adherence of unfixed erythrocytes to glutaraldehyde-fixed normal and virus-transformed hamster fibroblasts coated with concanavalin A. Fixation of the erythrocytes abolished agglutination with fixed fibroblasts. The agglutinability of fixed cells is more likely related to increased cell rigidity than to decreased membrane fluidity.
Lunar Igneous Intrusions
Authors: El-Baz Farouk
Published: October 2006

Photographs taken from Apollo 10 and 11 reveal a number of probable igneous intrusions, including three probable dikes that crosscut the wall and floor of an unnamed 75-kilometer crater on the lunar farside. These intrusions are distinguished by their setting, textures, structures, and brightness relative to the surrounding materials. Recognition of these probable igneous intrusions in the lunar highlands supports the indications of the heterogeneity of lunar materials and the plausibility of intrusive igneous activity, in addition to extrusive volcanism, on the moon.
Elimination of Sodium-24 and Potassium-42 Interferences in Activation Analysis of Biological Samples
Authors: Tang Chung-Wai , Maletskos Constantine J.
Published: October 2006

We have developed a simple novel column technique for the removal of sodium-24 and potassium-42 based on a heterogeneous isotopic exchange reaction between an organic eluting solution (acetone-hydrochloric acid) and fine crystals of sodium chloride or potassium chloride or their analogs. The technique is fast, efficient, and highly selective; it has been successfully applied to irradiated human tissues prior to gamma-ray spectrometry with lithium-drifted germanium detectors.
Kasugamycin Resistance: 30
S
Ribosomal Mutation with an Unusual Location on the
Escherichia coli
Chromosome
Authors: Sparling P. Frederick
Published: October 2006

A mutation in
Escherichia coli
to resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic kasugamycin alters the 30
S
ribosomal subunit. Though all other known 30
S
ribosomal mutations are located in a cluster in the streptomycin region, kasugamycin resistance is located at a distance from this region, near the leucine region.
L-Asparaginase-Deficient Mutants of Yeast
Authors: Jones Gary E. , Mortimer Robert K.
Published: October 2006

Yeast L-asparaginase is a multimeric enzyme for which only a single structural gene has been found. Fourteen mutants deficient in L-asparaginase have been isolated, and they have been located at one site on the genetic map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The L-asparaginase gene (aspl) is located about 18 centimorgans from a gene governing tryptophan synthesis (trp4) on fragment 2 of the map.
Insect Juvenile Hormone: Activity of Selected Terpenoid Compounds
Authors: Schwarz Meyer , Sonnet Philip E. , Wakabayashi Nobel
Published: October 2006

A number of compounds with terpenoid skeletons attached to various functional groups were prepared and tested for their effects as a juvenile hormone in the yellow mealworm
Tenebrio molitor
. Several of these compounds showed high activity.
Dimethylpropynylbenzamides: A New Group of Herbicides
Authors: Viste K. L. , Cirovetti A. J. , Horrom B. W.
Published: October 2006

N
-(1,1-Dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide is representative of a group of benzamides that are herbicidally active on annual and perennial grasses with potential agricultural utility in forage legumes, certain turf grasses, and cultivated crops.
Posttranscriptional Control in the Steroid-Mediated Induction of Hepatic Tyrosine Transaminase
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Webb Thomas E.
Published: October 2006

The purine analog azaguanine does not inhibit the initial induction of hepatic tyrosine transaminase by hydrocortisone. However, the continued induced synthesis of tyrosine transaminase, elicited by repeated doses of hydrocortisone, is inhibited approximately 64 percent in the presence of the analog after 7 to 8 hours and appears to be almost completely inhibited by 9 to 10 hours; this suggests that the induction cycle involves the activation and renewal of a pool of preexisting messenger RNA.
Growth in vitro of Cells from Hyperplastic Nodules of Liver Induced by 2-Fluorenylacetamide or Aflatoxin B
1
Authors: Slifkin Malcolm , Merkow Leonard P. , Pardo Matias , Epstein Sheldon M. , Leighton Joseph , Farber Emmanuel
Published: October 2006

Cell suspensions obtained from hyperplastic nodules induced in rat liver by either of the two hepatic carcinogens, 2-fluorenylacetamide or aflatoxin B
1
, show growth when cultured in vitro. No growth of cells from liver adjacent to the hyperplastic nodules or from liver of control rats has been obtained so far under comparable conditions. Hepatocarcinoma cells induced by 2-fluorenylacetamide grow readily in vitro but behave differently. These findings suggest that some nonmalignant cells capable of growth in vitro arise during liver carcinogenesis prior to the appearance of unequivocal cancer. Cultures of such cells may offer new avenues for the study of liver carcinogenesis.
Chemical Composition of the Lunar Surface in Sinus Medii
Authors: Franzgrote Ernest J. , Patterson James H. , Turkevich Anthony L. , Economou Thanasis E. , Sowinski Kenneth P.
Published: October 2006

More precise and comprehensive analytical results for lunar material in Sinus Medii have been derived from the alpha-scattering experiment on Surveyor VI. The amounts of the principal constituents at this mare are approximately the same as those of constituents at Mare Tranquillitatis. The sodium contents of both maria are lower than those of terrestrial basalts. The titanium content at Sinus Medii is lower than that at Mare Tranquillitatis; this suggests important differences in detailed chemical composition at different mare areas on the moon.
Isotopic Abundances of Actinide Elements in Lunar Material
Authors: Fields Paul R. , Diamond Herbert , Metta Donald N. , Stevens Charles M. , Rokop Donald J. , Moreland Parker E.
Published: October 2006

The abundances of uranium and thorium were measured mass spectrometrically as 0.59 ± 0.02 and 2.24 ± 0.06 parts per million, respectively, in the fines of Apollo 11 bulk sample. The ratio
235
U/
238
U was 0.007258 ± 0.000016, in agreement with terrestrial uranium. The following upper limits were set:
236
U/
238
U ≤ 3 × 10
-9
; parts per million of sample,
239
Pu ≤ 1 × 10
-9
;
244
Pu ≤ 9 × 10
-11
, and
247
Cm ≤ 1.25 × 10
-10
. More alpha activity from
227
Th and its decay products appears to be present than would be in equilibrium with the
235
U in the sample. The search for other actinide and transactinide nuclides is continuing.
Gallium, Germanium, Indium, and Iridium in Lunar Samples
Authors: Baedecker Philip A. , Wasson John T.
Published: October 2006

Neutron activation analyses of gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in eight lunar samples and in meteorites and rocks (including four calcium-rich achondrites and five terrestrial basalts) with similar bulk compositions are reported. Lunar gallium concentrations are remarkably constant at about 5 parts per million, three times higher and four times lower than those in eucritic (calcium-rich) achondrites and terrestrial basalts, respectively. Lunar germanium concentrations range from ≤ 0.04 to 0.4 part per million. Basaltic achondrites have similar germanium concentrations, whereas those in terrestrial basalts are uniformly higher at about 1.4 parts per million. Concentrations of indium in lunar samples range from 3 to 60 parts per billion, whereas those in terrestrial basalts are 80 to 100 parts per billion, and those in basaltic achondrites 0.4 to 3 parts per billion. Lunar iridium concentrations appear to be in the 0.1 to 10 parts per billion range. The Tranquillitatis samples are distinctly different from calcium-rich achondrites and terrestrial basalts.
Alpha-Particle Activity of Apollo 11 Samples
Authors: Richardson K. A. , McKay D. S. , Greenwood W. R. , Foss T. H.
Published: October 2006

Nine polished thin sections have been exposed to nuclear track plates, three have been counted by alpha-particle spectrometry, and one has been examined by electron microprobe. Interpretation of the results is in a preliminary stage. Alpha track distribution in the autoradiograph of a breccia forms a network that appears related to the rims of accretionary lapilli composing the breccia. Thorium in a coarse-grained crystalline rock is concentrated in micron-sized, zirconium-rich crystals. Alpha count rates agree with what would be predicted from previously reported thorium and uranium contents of the same rocks, suggesting secular equilibrium for the thorium and uranium decay series.
Major and Trace Elements and Cosmic-Ray Produced Radioisotopes in Lunar Samples
Authors: Wänke H. , Begemann F. , Vilcsek E. , Rieder R. , Teschke F. , Born W. , Quijano-Rico M. , Voshage H. , Wlotzka F.
Published: October 2006

Analytical data for 42 major and trace elements were mostly obtained by a combination of instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analyses using both thermal and 14-million-electronvolt neutrons. Excesses of nitrogen and chlorine in the fines, compared with the rocks, are attributed to the solar wind. A striking similarity for contents of seven elements in lunar metal and metal from the calcium-rich achondrite Juvinas was noted. Fractional dissolution was used to separate five radionuclides produced by cosmic-ray bombardment in the fines and rock 57-40. Results for argon-39 from the reaction potassium-39 (n,p), and for argon-37, from the reaction calcium-40 (n,α), seem to require a neutron spectrum containing more neutrons below 2 million electronvolts than the evaporation spectrum or that given by Arnold, Honda, and Lal or a strong time dependence for the neutron flux.
Solar Wind Gases, Cosmic Ray Spallation Products, and the Irradiation History
Authors: Marti K. , Lugmair G. W. , Urey H. C.
Published: October 2006

The isotopic abundances of the rare gases in the fines are found to be similar to those previously reported for gas-rich meteorites. Relative to the heavy gases, neon and helium are depleted by factors of 2.5 and 10 respectively. Accurate krypton-krypton ages for rocks 10017, 10047, 10057, and 10071 were obtained covering a range of from 47 to 509 × 10
6
years. Varying relative production rates of the krypton and xenon isotopes in these rocks suggest different irradiation conditions and a complex history for at least some of the rocks.
Gas Analysis of the Lunar Surface
Authors: Funkhouser J. G. , Schaeffer O. A. , Bogard D. D. , Zähringer J.
Published: October 2006

The rare gas analysis of the lunar surface has lead to important conclusions concerning the moon. The large amounts of rare gases found in the lunar soil and breccia indicate that the solar atmosphere is trapped in the lunar soil as no other source of such large amounts of gas is known. The cosmogenic products indicate that the exposure ages of the 17 lunar rocks measured vary from 20 to 400 million years with some grouping of the ages. The most striking feature is the old potassium-argon age which for the 14 rocks analyzed varies from 2.5 to 3.8 billion years. It is concluded that Mare Tranquillitatis crystallized about 4 billion years ago from a molten state produced by a large meteorite impact or volcanic flow.
Mineralogy and Deformation in Some Lunar Samples
Authors: Douglas J. A. V. , Dence M. R. , Plant A. G. , Traill R. J.
Published: October 2006

Observations on the mineralogy and deformation in samples of crystalline rocks, breccias, and fines from Tranquillity Base provide evidence for magmatic and impact processes. Overall homogeneity, igneous textures, and absence of xenoliths in the crystalline rocks indicate derivation from a common titanium-rich magma by internal, anorogenic volcanism rather than by impact. Crystallization conditions allowed strong compositional variation in pyroxenes, olivine, and plagioclase and the growth of a new mineral, the iron analog of pyroxmangite. Subsequently, impact produced breccias containing shock-deformed crystals and glasses of varying compositions.
Lunar Clinopyroxenes: Chemical Composition, Structural State, and Texture
Authors: Ross Malcolm , Bence A. E. , Dwornik E. J. , Clark Joan R. , Papike J. J.
Published: October 2006

Single-crystal x-ray diffraction, microprobe, optical and electron optical examinations of clinopyroxenes from Apollo 11 lunar samples 10003, 10047, 10050, and 10084 show that generally the crystals are composed of (001) augite-pigeonite intergrowths in varying ratios. Transmission electron micrographs reveal abundant exsolution lamellae, many only 60 Å thick. In addition to the phase inhomogeneities, primary chemical inhomogeneities are clearly demonstrated. There are reciprocal relationships between calcium and iron and between Ti
4+
+ 2Al and
R
2+
+ 2Si. Our evidence suggests that a chemically inhomogeneous subcalcic
C
2/
c
augite was the only primary pyroxene from which pigeonite later exsolved.
Crystallography of Some Lunar Plagioclases
Authors: Stewart David B. , Appleman Daniel E. , Huebner J. Stephen , Clark Joan R.
Published: October 2006

Crystals of calcic bytownite from type B rocks have space group
C
1̅ with
c
≈ 14 angstroms. Bytownite crystals from type A rocks are more sodic and have space group
C
1̅,
c
≈ 7 angstroms. Cell parameters of eight bulk feldspar separates from crystalline rocks indicate that the range of angle gamma is about 23 times the standard error of measurement, and its value might be useful for estimation of composition. Cell parameters of seven ilmenites are close to those of pure FeTiO
3
.
Morphology and Related Chemistry of Small Lunar Particles from Tranquillity Base
Authors: McKay David S. , Greenwood William R. , Morrison Donald A.
Published: October 2006

Glass spherules show multiple high-velocity impact craters and are coated with small particles including glass, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, ilmenite, olivine, chromite, rock fragments, and frozen droplets of iron, nickel-iron, and troilite. These spherules passed through an impact cloud of hot fragmental material, condensing iron-rich vapor and high-velocity projectiles. Breccia contains concentric, accretionary lapilli units and appears to be a sintered deposit from a hot lunar base surge generated by impact.
Mineralogy and Composition of Lunar Fines and Selected Rocks
Authors: Frondel Clifford , Klein Cornelis , Ito Jun , Drake John C.
Published: October 2006

Mineralogical descriptions and both wet chemical analyses and microprobe analyses are given of the glasses and crystalline components of the lunar fines and of the minerals in microgabbros (samples 10050 and 10047). The principal minerals described are various clinopyroxenes, plagioclase, olivine, low cristobalite, low tridymite, ilmenite, iron-nickel, iron, schreibersite, cohenite, troilite, and a new CaFe pyroxenoid. Descriptions are given of small craters produced by hypervelocity particle impact on glass and iron-nickel fragments in the fines. The rounding of grains in the fines and of surface rocks is attributed to mechanical abrasion and not to cratering.
Magnetic Properties of Lunar Dust and Rock Samples
Authors: Helsley Charles E.
Published: October 2006

Determinations on 20- to 80-milligram portions of the rock samples and the -150 mesh fraction of the lunar dust show pronounced Curie points between 680° and 780°C. Remanent intensities of five rock fragments vary from 8.4 × 10
-5
to 0.30 × 10
-5
emu/gram. Upon demagnetization, two of the samples had only viscous magnetization and two other samples had stable magnetizations with remanent coercivities in excess of 50 oersteds. Partial thermal demagnetization suggests that these apparently stable moments may have been acquired in a magnetic field in excess of 1500 gammas.
Magnetic Properties of Lunar Sample 10048-22
Authors: Larochelle A. , Schwarz E. J.
Published: October 2006

The natural remanent magnetization (3.7 × 10
-4
electromagnetic units per cubic centimeter) and the susceptibility per cubic centimeter (6.3 × 10
-13
) of an 18.5-gram breccia specimen were determined with instrumentation and techniques currently used in paleomagnetism. The relatively low magnetic stability of the rock in the earth's field and in alternating demagnetizing fields precludes considering it as a reliable carrier of paleomagnetism. A magnetic balance study yields an unusually high Curie temperature (750°C) which is possibly diagnostic of metallic Fe containing less than 5 percent nickel. The estimated relative abundance of the iron in the sample is about 0.5 percent.
Magnetic Properties of the Lunar Crystalline Rock and Fines
Authors: Nagata T. , Ishikawa Y. , Kinoshita H. , Kono M. , Syono Y. , Fisher R. M.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic measurements have shown that nondiamagnetic minerals in a lunar crystalline rock of type B are (free Fe
2+
in paramagnetic pyroxenes) : (antiferromagnetic FeSiO
3
) : (antiferromagnetic FeTiO
3
) : (ferromagnetic iron) = 4.3 : 7 : 20 : 0.08 in weight percentage. The abundance of ferromagnetic Fe in the lunar fines is about 7.5 times its abundance in the crystalline rock. The natural remanent magnetization of the crystalline rock of 7.5 × 10
-6
emu/ g in intensity may not be attributable to its thermoremanent magnetization.
Bio-organic Compounds and Glassy Microparticles in Lunar Fines and Other Materials
Authors: Fox S. W. , Harada K. , Hare P. E. , Hinsch G. , Mueller G.
Published: October 2006

Acid hydrolyzates of aqueous extracts indicated: glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, threonine, and α,β-diaminopropionic acid. The sources of these amino acids may be terrestrial contaminants, fuel exhaust products, or indigenous lunar material. The lunar particles found in the sample include: (i) spherules, rotational ellipsoids, dumbbells, tear-drops, rings, and crescents which have (ii) diameters of 0.1 to 500 microns; (iii) budlike features on the particles; and (iv) chemical inhomogeneity (electron probe). Some of the processes and results inferred for the moon have been simulated by the electron beam and low pressure of the electron microscope. Basalt (Kilauea-Iki) and chondrite (Orgueil) have been found to behave similarly.
Micropaleontological Study of Lunar Material
Authors: Barghoorn E. S. , Phillpott Delbert , Turnbill Charles
Published: October 2006

Samples of the lunar dust, rock chips, and thin sections of rocks from Tranquillity Base have been examined by use of white light and electron optics. In transmitted and in dark- and bright-field incident light and in the scanning electron beam the material reveals no indication of biological morphology. It is inferred that the lunar regolith has always been devoid of life.
Dextranase Activity in Coleoptiles of
Avena
Authors: Heyn Anton N. J.
Published: October 2006

An enzyme activity similar to that of dextranase is associated with coleoptiles of
Avena sativa
. When subjected to purified dextranase, both the pure natural dextran and the cell walls of the
Avena
coleoptiles yield isomaltose and isomaltotriose. Thus, the cell walls contain dextrans or dextran-like compounds. Coleoptiles with low auxin content have a lower dextranase activity than coleoptiles with high auxin content. The enzyme activity is therefore in some way sensitive to the hormone.
Beta Glucuronidase Activity in Skin Components of Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Gibbs Gordon E. , Griffin Guy D.
Published: October 2006

As compared to that in normal children a decreased activity of beta glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme associated with mucopolysaccharide metabolism and with salt transport, has been detected in the epidermis and sweat gland tissues of children with cystic fibrosis.
Production of Mouse Urinary Bladder Carcinomas by Sodium Cyclamate
Authors: Bryan George T. , Ertürk Erdogan
Published: October 2006

Sodium cyclamate was suspended in cholesterol pellets that were surgically implanted in the urinary bladders of mice. In duplicate experiments, incidences of mouse bladder carcinomas observed in animals exposed to these pellets were 78 and 61 percent compared with incidences of 13 and 12 percent in control mice exposed to pellets of pure cholesterol. The exposure of the mouse bladder to sodium cyclamate was very brief, as the time required for 50 percent of the compound to disappear from the pellets was about 1 hour. This experimental technique was found to be highly sensitive, reproducible, and predictive of the bladder carcinogenicity of orally administered cyclamate.
Chromosome Number Variation in a Stick Insect
Didymuria violescens
(Leach)
Authors: Craddock Elysse
Published: October 2006

Seven major races, with diploid numbers ranging from 26 to 40, and three types of sex-chromosome mechanism were found in the Australian phasmatid
Didymuria violescens
(Leach). The differences between chromosome complements are mainly due to translocations between autosomes, and to translocations between autosomes and sex chromosomes. The geographic pattern of chromosome variation and the characteristics of hybrids implicate chromosomal rearrangements in mechanisms of speciation.
Pleistocene Climates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: A Comparison Based on Deep-Sea Sediments
Authors: Ericson David B. , Wollin Goesta
Published: October 2006

Comparison of Pleistocene climatic records defined by variations in abundance of planktonic Foraminifera in three cores from the southeastern Pacific with similar records in cores from the Atlantic suggests that times of warm surface water in this region of the Pacific were at least partly synchronous with times of cool water in the Atlantic. This conclusion opposes the Milankovitch theory of the causation of ice ages, but it harmonizes with a modified form of Simpson's hypothesis.
Glycine Inhibition of Asparaginase
Authors: Ryan Wayne L. , Sornson Halvor C.
Published: October 2006

Administration of either
Escherichia coli
asparaginase or guinea pig serum to C3H/HE mice with the 6C3HED lymphosarcoma is followed by depression of glycine in the tumor. This decrease in cellular glycine concentration does not occur in a tumor resistant to asparaginase. The inhibition of the lymphosarcoma by asparaginase can be reversed by intraperitoneal injection of asparagine or glycine. This reversal appears to be specific because lysine, threonine, serine, and aspartic acid were ineffective. Loss of cellular glycine may be more important than loss of asparagine because of the requirement for glycine in purine synthesis.
Polywater: An Attempt at Synthesis in a Gas Discharge
Authors: Leiga Algird G. , Vance Dennis W. , Ward Anthony T.
Published: October 2006

An attempt to produce polywater in a corona discharge in moist air was unsuccessful. However, the major product produced, nitric acid, has a midrange infrared spectrum which is strikingly similar to that reported for polywater. The Raman spectrum offers a better means of distinguishing between nitric acid and polywater than the infrared spectrum does.
Petroleum Lumps on the Surface of the Sea
Authors: Horn Michael H. , Teal John M. , Backus Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Lumps of crude oil residue floating on the sea surface have been observed widely. Samples were taken with surface-skimming nets in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean; their displacement volumes were as large as 0.5 milliliter per square meter. An isopod,
Idotea metallica
, appears to be associated with the lumps, and a barnacle,
Lepas pectinata
, grows upon them. Lumps were found in stomachs of
Scomberesox saurus
, a surface-feeding fish important in ocean food webs. Films on the lumps, presumably consisting mostly of bacteria, consumed oxygen at the rate of 4 cubic millimeters per hour per square centimeter of lump surface. Chemical analysis suggested that certain lumps had been at large for only a few weeks; data from barnacle size and growth rate suggested that other lumps were at least 2 months old.
Secular Changes in the Lunar Elements
Authors: Martin C. F. , Van Flandern T. C.
Published: October 2006

Corrections to the adopted values for centennial rates of change of four elements of the lunar orbit, the location of the FK4 equinox, and the obliquity of the ecliptic are presented. They are derived from analyses of lunar occultations distributed over several centuries. Generally, these corrections help to resolve existing discrepancies between theory and observations.