bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cycle classes in overconvergent rigid cohomology and a semistable Lefschetz theorem
Authors: Lazda Christopher , Pál Ambrus
Published: May 2019

In this paper we prove a semistable version of the variational Tate conjecture for divisors in crystalline cohomology, showing that for$k$a perfect field of characteristic$p$, a rational (logarithmic) line bundle on the special fibre of a semistable scheme over$k\unicode[STIX]{x27E6}t\unicode[STIX]{x27E7}$lifts to the total space if and only if its first Chern class does. The proof is elementary, using standard properties of the logarithmic de Rham–Witt complex. As a corollary, we deduce similar algebraicity lifting results for cohomology classes on varieties over global function fields. Finally, we give a counter-example to show that the variational Tate conjecture for divisors cannot hold with$\mathbb{Q}_{p}$-coefficients.
Implementation and Assessment of a Residual-Based r-Adaptation Technique on Structured Meshes
Authors: Choudhary Aniruddha , Tyson William C. , Roy Christopher J.
Published: May 2019

In this study, an r-adaptation technique for mesh adaptation is employed for reducing the solution discretization error, which is the error introduced due to spatial and temporal discretization of the continuous governing equations in numerical simulations. In r-adaptation, mesh modification is achieved by relocating the mesh nodes from one region to another without introducing additional nodes. Truncation error (TE) or the discrete residual is the difference between the continuous and discrete form of the governing equations. Based upon the knowledge that the discrete residual acts as the source of the discretization error in the domain, this study uses discrete residual as the adaptation driver. The r-adaptation technique employed here uses structured meshes and is verified using a series of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) benchmark problems for which exact solutions are readily available. These benchmark problems include 1D Burgers equation, quasi-1D nozzle flow, 2D compression/expansion turns, and 2D incompressible flow past a Karman–Trefftz airfoil. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is evident for these problems where approximately an order of magnitude reduction in discretization error (when compared with uniform mesh results) is achieved. For all problems, mesh modification is compared using different schemes from literature including an adaptive Poisson grid generator (APGG), a variational grid generator (VGG), a scheme based on a center of mass (COM) analogy, and a scheme based on deforming maps. In addition, several challenges in applying the proposed technique to real-world problems are outlined.
Count of B-lines: a reappraisal. Comment on “Visual versus automatic ultrasound scoring of lung B-lines: reliability and consistency between systems”
Authors: Quarato Carla Maria Irene , Lacedonia Donato , Del Colle Anna , Gaudiuso Giulia , Frongillo Elisabettamaria , Cipriani Cristiana , Tinti Maria Giulia , Sperandeo Marco
Published: May 2019

.
Ultrasound Imaging Of The Knee Showing A Fortuitous Calcification In The Lateral Collateral Ligament
Authors: Özçakar Levent , Albarazi Naser Bader , Abdulsalam Ahmad Jasem
Published: May 2019

.
Medical Ultrasonography – former Romanian Journal of Ultra-sonography – 20 years since the first issue
Authors: Mircea Petru Adrian
Published: May 2019

.
REVIEWS OF ACOUSTICAL PATENTS
Authors: Fulop Sean A.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of these acoustical patent reviews is to provide enough information for a Journal reader to decide whether to seek more information from the patent itself. Any opinions expressed here are those of the reviewers as individuals and are not legal opinions. Patents are available via the internet at the USPTO website, and also using Google Patents.
Beneficial Effects of Regular Physical Activity on Exercise-Induced Analgesia in Adolescent Males
Authors: St-Aubin Marc-Olivier , Chalaye Philippe , Counil François-Pierre , Lafrenaye Sylvie
Published: May 2019

Purpose: To evaluate exercise-induced analgesia (EIA) effectiveness in healthy adolescent males and to investigate possible associations between EIA and physiological/psychological variables. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adolescent males (14–17 y) participated in this study. EIA was evaluated by comparing perceptions of heat pain stimulations before and after an increasing maximal load test on a cycle ergometer (VO2max). Results: Pain intensity for mild and strong heat pain stimulations significantly decreased following physical exercise (mild: EIA = 28.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–1.9; P < .001 and strong: EIA = 11.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3–1.4; P = .002). The number of physical activity hours per week was positively correlated with the effectiveness of EIA for mild and strong pain intensity (r = .41, P = .03 and r = .43, P = .02, respectively). Conclusions: Intense physical exercise decreases perception of intensity of experimental heat pain in healthy adolescent males. The least physically active adolescents have reduced EIA effectiveness to experimental heat pain stimulations compared with physically active ones. Adolescents adopting an active lifestyle have more endogenous pain inhibition and could, therefore, potentially be less disposed to suffer from chronic pain later in life.
Plant genomics unearths Africa's ‘fertile crescent’
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

Several traditional crops traced to West African river basin.
Prenatal activity from thalamic neurons governs the emergence of functional cortical maps in mice
Authors: Antón-Bolaños Noelia , Sempere-Ferràndez Alejandro , Guillamón-Vivancos Teresa , Martini Francisco J. , Pérez-Saiz Leticia , Gezelius Henrik , Filipchuk Anton , Valdeolmillos Miguel , López-Bendito Guillermina
Published: May 2019

Brain map of touch sensation

The brain's somatosensory cortex contains a topographical map that reflects touch sensation inputs. During embryonic development, axons from the midbrain thalamus build columnar connections to the cortex in the absence of sensory input. Working in mice, Antón-Bolaños
et al.
found that these thalamocortical connections are responsible for organizing the somatosensory cortex (see the Perspective by Tiriac and Feller). Organization of the map in the cortex depends on spontaneous calcium waves in the embryonic thalamus. Thus, the somatosensory map is sketched out before actual sensory input begins to refine the details.

Science
, this issue p.
987
; see also p.
933
The U.S. National Quantum Initiative: From Act to action
Authors: Monroe Christopher , Raymer Michael G. , Taylor Jacob
Published: May 2019

Academia, agencies, and industry will work together
Science for built heritage
Authors: Wells Jeremy C.
Published: May 2019

The tragedy that befell Notre Dame Cathedral last month brings to light, on a global stage, the general importance of built heritage. The dominance of the humanities in this field means that scientific knowledge, however, is often neglected in decision-making processes, resulting in irreparable damage to historic buildings and social justice issues. How can the natural and social sciences be better harnessed to responsibly and ethically conserve society's built heritage?
Fluoroquinolones in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Culture Conversion and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment To Guide Dose Selection
Authors: Al-Shaer Mohammad H. , Alghamdi Wael A. , Alsultan Abdullah , An Guohua , Ahmed Shahriar , Alkabab Yosra , Banu Sayera , Barbakadze Ketevan , Houpt Eric , Kipiani Maia , Mikiashvili Lali , Cegielski J. Peter , Kempker Russell R. , Heysell Scott K. , Peloquin Charles A.
Published: May 2019

Fluoroquinolones are group A drugs in tuberculosis guidelines. We aim to compare the culture conversion between new-generation (levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) and old-generation (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) fluoroquinolones, develop pharmacokinetic models, and calculate target attainment for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. We included three U.S. tuberculosis centers.
Nitrate Consumers in Arctic Marine Eukaryotic Communities: Comparative Diversities of 18S rRNA, 18S rRNA Genes, and Nitrate Reductase Genes
Authors: Comeau André M. , Lagunas Marcos G. , Scarcella Karen , Varela Diana E. , Lovejoy Connie
Published: May 2019

To better understand the diversity of primary producers in the Arctic Ocean, we targeted a nitrogen cycle gene, NR, which is required for phytoplankton to assimilate nitrate into organic forms of nitrogen macromolecules. We compared this to the more detailed taxonomy from ice-influenced stations using a general taxonomic gene (18S rRNA). NR genes were ubiquitous and could be classified as belonging to diatoms, dinoflagellates, other flagellates, chlorophytes, and unknown microbial eukaryotes, suggesting novel diversity of both species and metabolism in arctic phytoplankton.
Genome-Wide Approach to the CD4 T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus 6B
Authors: Hanson Derek J. , Tsvetkova Olga , Rerolle Guilhem F. , Greninger Alexander L. , Sette Allesandro , Jing Lichen , Campbell Victoria L. , Koelle David M.
Published: May 2019

Human herpesvirus 6 is highly prevalent and maintains chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, with the potential to replicate widely in settings of immunosuppression, leading to clinical disease. Antiviral compounds may be ineffective and/or pose dose-limiting toxicity, and therefore, immune-based therapies have garnered increased interest in recent years. Attempts at addressing this unmet medical need begin with understanding the cellular response to HHV-6 at the individual and population levels. The present study provides a comprehensive assessment of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses that may inform the development of cell-based therapies directed at this virus.
Transcriptional Responses of the
Trichoplusia ni
Midgut to Oral Infection by the Baculovirus Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Shrestha Anita , Bao Kan , Chen Wenbo , Wang Ping , Fei Zhangjun , Blissard Gary W.
Published: May 2019

Baculoviruses are virulent pathogens of a number of important insect pest species. In the host
Trichoplusia ni
, infection begins in the midgut when infectious virions of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) phenotype enter and subsequently replicate in cells of the midgut epithelium. A second virion phenotype (budded virus [BV]) is produced there, and BV mediates systemic infection of the animal. Most prior detailed studies of baculovirus infections have focused on BV infections of cultured cells. In this study, we examined the transcriptional responses of the
T. ni
midgut to infection by ODV of the baculovirus AcMNPV and identified a variety of host genes that respond dramatically to viral infection. Understanding the transcriptional responses of the host midgut to viral infection is critically important for understanding the biphasic infection in the animal as a whole.
Roles of the Interhexamer Contact Site for Hexagonal Lattice Formation of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Nuclear Egress Complex in Viral Primary Envelopment and Replication
Authors: Arii Jun , Takeshima Kosuke , Maruzuru Yuhei , Koyanagi Naoto , Kato Akihisa , Kawaguchi Yasushi
Published: May 2019

The scaffolding proteins of several envelope viruses required for virion assembly form high-order lattice structures. However, information on the significance of their lattice formation in infected cells is limited. Herpesviruses acquire envelopes twice during their viral replication. The first envelop acquisition (primary envelopment) is one of the steps in the vesicle-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport of nascent nucleocapsids, which is unique in biology. HSV-1 NEC, thought to be conserved in all members of the
Herpesviridae
family, is critical for primary envelopment and was shown to form a hexagonal lattice structure. Here, we investigated the significance of the interhexamer contact site for hexagonal lattice formation of the NEC in HSV-1-infected cells and present evidence suggesting that the lattice formation of the NEC hexamer has an important role in HSV-1 replication by regulating primary envelopment. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of the envelopment of herpesviruses and other envelope viruses.
Anatomy and evolution of a dynamic arroyo system, Kanab Creek, southern Utah, USA
Authors: Townsend Kirk F. , Nelson Michelle S. , Rittenour Tammy M. , Pederson Joel L.
Published: May 2019

Many alluvial valleys in the American Southwest are entrenched within continuous arroyos, and stratigraphic evidence indicates that these fluvial systems experienced repeated periods of entrenchment and aggradation during the mid- to late-Holocene. Previous research suggests arroyo dynamics were regionally quasi-synchronous, implying that they were driven by allogenic forcing due to hydroclimatic fluctuations. However, several of these interpretations rely on records with limited age control and include distal correlations across the American Southwest. While hydroclimatic variability must exert some role, autogenic mechanisms related to catchment-specific geomorphic thresholds are hypothesized to partially control the timing of arroyo dynamics. If driven by autogenic processes, episodes of arroyo cutting and filling may not be regionally contemporaneous. Recent improvements in dating methods permit more detailed reconstructions of the timing and evolution of arroyo dynamics, allowing for a more nuanced assessment of these competing hypotheses. Here we present a uniquely large and focused chronostratigraphic data set from two alluvial reaches of Kanab Creek, located in the Grand Staircase region of southern Utah. Episodes of prehistoric arroyo cutting and filling are reconstructed from 27 sites through recognition of soils and buttressed unconformities in the arroyo-wall stratigraphy, and age control derived from 54 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and 50 radiocarbon ages.

Our chronostratigraphic data set indicates five periods of channel aggradation occurred since ca. 6.0 ka, with each interrupted by an episode of arroyo entrenchment. Repeated aggradation to a similar channel elevation suggests attainment of a threshold profile, and comparison of the pre-entrenchment longitudinal profile with the modern arroyo channel demonstrates that changes between end-member entrenched and aggraded states are expressed in channel concavity and slope. We propose that arroyo dynamics are partially driven by sediment supply and the rate of channel aggradation, and that these systems must approach complete re-filling before they become sensitive to incision. Entrenchment itself appears to be associated with rapid transitions from pronounced decadal-scale aridity to pluvial (wetter) periods. Not all such hydroclimatic fluctuations are associated with arroyo entrenchment, which highlights the importance of threshold controls on the behavior of these systems. The collective period of “dynamic instability” characterized by epicycles of arroyo entrenchment and aggradation did not initiate until the mid-Holocene, when a climatic shift toward warmer and drier conditions likely increased fine-grained sediment supply to the fluvial system.
Needs and rights awareness of stroke survivors and caregivers in urban and rural China: a cross-sectional, multiple-centre questionnaire survey
Authors: Xia Xiaoshuang , Tian Xiaolin , Zhang Tianli , Wang Peilu , Du Yanfen , Wang Chunru , Wei Zhiqiang , Jiang Guojing , Cheng Qiong , Li Qiang , Li Jinpeng , Wang Qingling , Dong Qi , Guo Xiaobin , Sun Meihua , Wang Lin , Liu Ming , Li Xin
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Stroke survivors require assistance and support in their daily lives. This survey aims to investigate the needs and rights awareness in Chinese stroke survivors and caregivers in rural and urban settings.

Setting

This survey was adapted from the one created by the World Stroke Organization. The questionnaire included demands for psychological support, treatment and care, social support and information. From January 2015 to January 2016, the survey was pilot tested with urban and rural-dwelling stroke survivors and caregivers from 12 hospitals. Stroke survivors were invited to participate if they were over 18 years old and had experienced a stroke. Exclusion criteria were patients who had disorders of consciousness, significant cognitive impairment, aphasia, communication difficulties or psychiatric disorders. Only caregivers who were family members of the patients were chosen. Paid caregivers were excluded.

Participants

One thousand, one hundred and sixty-seven stroke survivors and 1119 caregivers were enrolled.

Primary outcome measures

The needs of stroke survivors and caregivers in rural and urban areas were compared. The correlations between needs of rural and urban stroke survivors and caregivers and potential effect factors were analysed, respectively.

Results

Among the cohort, 93.5% reported the need for psychological support, 88.6% for treatment and care, 84.8% for information and 62.7% for social support. The total needs and each aspect of needs of stroke survivors in urban settings were greater than of those in rural settings (p<0.01). In rural areas, total needs and each aspect of needs were positively correlated with education level (p<0.01).

Conclusions

Needs and rights awareness of stroke survivors should also be recognised in both urban and rural China. According to the different needs of patients and their caregivers, regional and individualised services were needed by stroke survivors and their caregivers.
The Ghana PrenaBelt trial: a double-blind, sham-controlled, randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effect of maternal positional therapy during third-trimester sleep on birth weight
Authors: Coleman Jerry , Okere Maxfield , Seffah Joseph , Kember Allan , O’Brien Louise M , Borazjani Ali , Butler Michael , Wells Jesse , MacRitchie Sarah , Isaac Andre , Chu Kaishin , Scott Heather
Published: May 2019

Objective

To evaluate the effect, on birth weight and birth weight centile, of use of the PrenaBelt, a maternal positional therapy device, during sleep in the home setting throughout the third trimester of pregnancy.

Design

A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomised clinical trial.

Setting

Conducted from September 2015 to May 2016, at a single, tertiary-level centre in Accra, Ghana.

Participants

Two-hundred participants entered the study. One-hundred-eighty-one participants completed the study. Participants were women, 18 to 35 years of age, with low-risk, singleton, pregnancies in their third-trimester, with body mass index <35 kg/m2at the first antenatal appointment for the index pregnancy and without known foetal abnormalities, pregnancy complications or medical conditions complicating sleep.

Interventions

Participants were randomised by computer-generated, one-to-one, simple randomisation to receive either the PrenaBelt or sham-PrenaBelt. Participants were instructed to wear their assigned device to sleep every night for the remainder of their pregnancy (approximately 12 weeks in total) and were provided a sleep diary to track their use. Allocation concealment was by unmarked, security-tinted, sealed envelopes. Participants and the outcomes assessor were blinded to allocation.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary outcomes were birth weight and birth weight centile. Secondary outcomes included adherence to using the assigned device nightly, sleeping position, pregnancy outcomes and feedback from participants and maternity personnel.

Results

One-hundred-sixty-seven participants were included in the primary analysis. The adherence to using the assigned device nightly was 56%. The mean ±SD birth weight in the PrenaBelt group (n=83) was 3191g±483 and in the sham-PrenaBelt group (n=84) was 3081g±484 (difference 110 g, 95% CI −38 to 258, p=0.14). The median (IQR) customised birth weight centile in the PrenaBelt group was 43% (18 to 67) and in the sham-PrenaBelt group was 31% (14 to 58) (difference 7%, 95% CI −2 to 17, p=0.11).

Conclusions

The PrenaBelt did not have a statistically significant effect on birth weight or birth weight centile in comparison to the sham-PrenaBelt.

Trial registration number

NCT02379728.
Challenges and opportunities for involving patients and the public in acute antimicrobial medicine development research: an interview study
Authors: Gibson Andy , Kok Michele , Evans David , Grier Sally , MacGowan Alasdair
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To explore what approaches to patient and public involvement (PPI) in antimicrobial medicines development are currently being used, what the impacts of PPI are on antimicrobial medicines development and what the barriers are to its implementation.

Design

Interview study.

Setting

Antimicrobial medicines development research.

Participants

Principal investigators known to have led studies involving PPI or expressed an interest in PPI.

Results

There is very little published work on PPI in antimicrobial research. Individual interviewees expressed scepticism about the contribution that PPI could make to different stages of the medicines development life cycle but collectively identified a range of potential benefits of PPI covering most stages of the medicines development process.

Conclusions

A major issue in developing PPI in antimicrobial medicines development research will be in overcoming the view that, at best, PPI has only a marginal contribution to make in this area of research. The findings from this study, although mixed, suggest that well-designed PPI has an untapped potential to enhance antimicrobial research.
Role of personality disorder in randomised controlled trials of pharmacological interventions for adults with mood disorders: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kavanagh Bianca E , Brennan-Olsen Sharon Lee , Turner Alyna , Dean Olivia M , Berk Michael , Ashton Melanie M , Koivumaa-Honkanen Heli , Williams Lana J
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Remission rates for mood disorders, including depressive and bipolar disorders, remain relatively low despite available treatments, and many patients fail to respond adequately to these interventions. Evidence suggests that personality disorder may play a role in poor outcomes. Although personality disorders are common in patients with mood disorders, it remains unknown whether personality disorder affects treatment outcomes in mood disorders. We aim to review currently available evidence regarding the role of personality disorder on pharmacological interventions in randomised controlled trials for adults with mood disorders.

Methods and analysis

A systematic search of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials (CENTRAL) via cochranelibrary.com, PubMed via PubMed, EMBASE via embase.com, PsycINFO via Ebsco and CINAHL Complete via Ebsco databases will be conducted to identify randomised controlled trials that have investigated pharmacological interventions in participants aged 18 years or older for mood disorders (ie, depressive disorders and bipolar spectrum disorders) and have also included assessment of personality disorder. One reviewer will screen studies against the predetermined eligibility criteria, and a second reviewer will confirm eligible studies. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers. Methodological quality and risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. A systematic review, and if sufficient evidence is identified, a meta-analysis will be completed. Meta-analysis will be conducted using the standardised mean difference approach and reported with 95% CIs. A random effects model will be employed and statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2statistic. Prespecified subgroup analyses will be completed.

Ethics and dissemination

As this systematic review will use published data, ethics permission will not be required. The outcomes of this systematic review will be published in a relevant scientific journal and presented at a research conference.

Trial registration number

CRD42018089279.
Chinese herbal medicine for diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials
Authors: Zhang La , Yang Lihong , Shergis Johannah , Zhang Lei , Zhang Anthony Lin , Guo Xinfeng , Qin Xindong , Johnson David , Liu Xusheng , Lu Chuanjian , Xue Charlie Changli , Mao Wei
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To provide a broad evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oral Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) as an adjunctive treatment for diabetic kidney disease (DKD), including mortality, progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), albuminuria, proteinuria and kidney function.

Design

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral CHM with placebo as an additional intervention to conventional treatments were retrieved from five English (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and four Chinese databases (China BioMedical Literature, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chonqing VIP and Wanfang) from inception to May 2018. RCTs recruiting adult DKD patients induced by primary diabetes were considered eligible, regardless of the form and ingredients of oral CHM. Mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) was used to analyse continuous variables and RR for dichotomous data.

Results

From 7255 reports retrieved, 20 eligible studies involving 2719 DKD patients were included. CHM was associated with greater reduction of albuminuria than placebo, regardless of whether renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors were concurrently administered (SMD −0.56, 95% CI [−1.04 to –0.08], I2=64%, p=0.002) or not (SMD −0.92, 95% CI [−1.35 to –0.51], I2=87%, p<0.0001). When CHM was used as an adjunct to RAS inhibitors, estimated glomerular filtration rate was higher in the CHM than placebo group (MD 6.28 mL/min; 95% CI [2.42 to 10.14], I2=0%, p=0.001). The effects of CHM on progression to ESKD and mortality were uncertain due to low event rates. The reported adverse events in CHM group included digestive disorders, elevated liver enzyme level, infection, anaemia, hypertension and subarachnoid haemorrhage, but the report rates were low and similar to control groups. The favourable results of CHM should be balanced with the limitations of the included studies such as high heterogeneity, short follow-up periods, small numbers of clinical events and older patients with less advanced disease.

Conclusions

Based on moderate to low quality evidence, CHM may have beneficial effects on renal function and albuminuria beyond that afforded by conventional treatment in adults with DKD. Further well-conducted, adequately powered trials with representative DKD populations are warranted to confirm the long-term effect of CHM, particularly on clinically relevant outcomes.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42015029293.
Determinants of inappropriate admission of elderly people in county-level hospitals: a cross-sectional study in rural China
Authors: Hu Xiaomei , Gao Hongxia , Zhang Yan , Li Haomiao , Su Dai , Chang Jingjing , Jiang Di , Lei Shihan , Chen Yingchun
Published: May 2019

Objective

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics and determinants of inappropriate admission to hospital of elderly people in rural China.

Design

A cross-sectional study of a comparison between the elderly and non-elderly groups of people.

Setting

The survey was conducted on the largest county-level general hospitals in four counties in central and western China.

Participants

A total of 652 rural patients admitted in hospitals were surveyed, who were divided into two groups according to age: elderly group (n=230, age ≥60 years) and non-elderly group (n=422, age <60 years).

Primary measures

The Chinese version of the appropriateness evaluation protocol was used to evaluate the inappropriate admission rates. The interactive regression models based on the relationship of age (elderly and non-elderly) with other factors and binary logistic regression models were used in the analysis of the specific factors and determinants of the inappropriate admission of elderly people.

Result

The inappropriate admission rate for the rural elderly was 30%, which was lower than that of the non-elderly people (40.8%). Compared with the non-elderly group, women in the elderly group (OR=0.33, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.73) had a lower incidence of inappropriate admission, and elderly people with chronic diseases (OR=3.33, 95% CI 1.23 to 9.04) were more prone to being inappropriately admitted than non-elderly people with chronic diseases. The binary logistic regression analysis shows that county, age (OR=0.94. 95% CI 0.90 to 0.99), gender (OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.98), department and response to doctor’s admission request were the determinants of the inappropriate admission of elderly patients.

Conclusion

The inappropriate admission rate of elderly people in rural China was high. We found that gender and chronic disease are the specific factors that were specific to non-elderly people. County, age, gender, department and response to a doctor’s admission request had substantial influence on the inappropriate admission of the elderly in rural China.
Independent prescribing by advanced physiotherapists for patients with low back pain in primary care: protocol for a feasibility trial with an embedded qualitative component
Authors: Noblet Timothy David , Marriott John F , Rushton Alison B
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition in the UK. Guidelines advocate a multimodal approach, including prescription of medications. Advanced physiotherapy practitioners (APPs) are well placed to provide this care in primary care. Physiotherapist independent prescribing remains novel, with the first prescribers qualifying in 2014. This feasibility trial aims to evaluate the feasibility, suitability and acceptability of assessing the effectiveness of independent prescribing by APPs for patients with LBP in primary care, to inform the design of a future definitive stepped-wedged cluster trial.

Method and analysis

(1) Trial component. An APP (registered prescriber) will complete the initial participant consultation. If prescription drugs are required within the multimodal physiotherapeutic context, these will be prescribed. Patient-reported outcome measures will be completed prior to initial assessment and at 6 and 12 weeks to assess feasibility of follow-up and data collection procedures. Accelerometers will be fitted for 7 days to assess physical activity, sedentary behaviour and feasibility of use. (2) Embedded qualitative component. A focus group and semistructured interviews will be used to evaluate the views and experiences of the participants and APPs respectively, about the feasibility, suitability and acceptability of the proposed full trial. A Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials diagram will be used to analyse feasible eligibility, recruitment and follow-up rates. Descriptive analysis of the data will be completed to evaluate procedures. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse and synthesise the qualitative data.

Ethics and dissemination

This feasibility trial is approved by the Health Research Authority (HRA). Ethical approval was sought and granted via the Integrated Research Application System (IRAS) ID 250734.

Data will be disseminated via publication in peer reviewed journal and conference presentation. It is anticipated that the results of this study will be used in conjunction with ethical evaluation, economic and risk analyses, as well as consultation with key stakeholders including the British health consumer when contemplating change, enhancement or redesign of the essential full randomised controlled trial.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN15516596, Pre-results.
Monitoring side effects of long‐term NSAID use in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis
Authors: Lawson Alice , Walton Ben
Published: May 2019

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used analgesic medications in human and veterinary medicine. In osteoarthritis they are used for their anti‐inflammatory and analgesic actions. A number of NSAIDs are licensed for use in dogs in the UK, and are affordable and easy to administer. However, their use is associated with a range of side effects, which can become particularly relevant in cases that require long‐term treatment. This article reviews the adverse effects of NSAIDs and the current monitoring procedures in animals and people on long‐term NSAID therapy. Emerging and alternative procedures for monitoring these patients are also discussed.
Managing a high publicity crowdfunded shelter puppy with head trauma
Authors: Cheung Wesley , Fawcett Anne
Published: May 2019

This series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.

In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Managing a high publicity crowdfunded shelter puppy with head trauma', was submitted and is discussed by Wesley Cheung and Anne Fawcett. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue.

The series is being coordinated by Steven McCulloch, senior lecturer in human animal studies at the Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Winchester. It aims to provide a framework that will help practising veterinarians find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Homozygous mutations inSPEF2induce multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella and male infertility
Authors: Liu Chunyu , Lv Mingrong , He Xiaojin , Zhu Yong , Amiri-Yekta Amir , Li Weiyu , Wu Huan , Kherraf Zine-Eddine , Liu Wangjie , Zhang Jingjing , Tan Qing , Tang Shuyan , Zhu Yong-Jun , Zhong Yading , Li Caihua , Tian Shixiong , Zhang Zhiguo , Jin Li , Ray Pierre , Zhang Feng , Cao Yunxia
Published: May 2019

Background

Male infertility due to multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Previous studies revealed several MMAF-associated genes, which account for approximately 60% of human MMAF cases. The pathogenic mechanisms of MMAF remain to be illuminated.

Methods and results

We conducted genetic analyses using whole-exome sequencing in 50 Han Chinese probands with MMAF. Two homozygous stop-gain variants (c.910C>T (p.Arg304*) and c.3400delA (p.Ile1134Serfs*13)) of theSPEF2(sperm flagellar 2) gene were identified in two unrelated consanguineous families. Consistently, an Iranian subject from another cohort also carried a homozygousSPEF2stop-gain variant (c.3240delT (p.Phe1080Leufs*2)). All these variants affected the longSPEF2transcripts that are expressed in the testis and encode the IFT20 (intraflagellar transport 20) binding domain, important for sperm tail development. Notably, previous animal studies reported spontaneous mutations ofSPEF2causing sperm tail defects in bulls and pigs. Our further functional studies using immunofluorescence assays showed the absence or a remarkably reduced staining of SPEF2 and of the MMAF-associated CFAP69 protein in the spermatozoa fromSPEF2-affected subjects.

Conclusions

We identifiedSPEF2as a novel gene for human MMAF across the populations. Functional analyses suggested that the deficiency of SPEF2 in the mutated subjects could alter the localisation of other axonemal proteins.
Beyond the first pass: revascularization remains critical in stroke thrombectomy
Authors: Jindal Gaurav , Carvalho Helio De Paula , Wessell Aaron , Le Elizabeth , Naragum Varun , Miller Timothy Ryan , Wozniak Marcella , Shivashankar Ravi , Cronin Carolyn A , Schrier Chad , Gandhi Dheeraj
Published: May 2019

Background

The first pass effect has been recently reported as a predictor of good clinical outcome after stroke thrombectomy. We evaluate the first pass effect on outcome and the influence of revascularization in these and other patients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database on anterior cerebral circulation stroke thrombectomy cases from April 2012 to April 2018. Data compiled included patient demographics, presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, vessel occlusion site, thrombectomy procedural details, and 90 day modified Rankin Scale scores.

Results

205 patients were included. The numbers of patients who underwent one, two, three, four, five, and six passes were 69, 70, 55, 9, 1, and 1, respectively. Successful revascularization was achieved in 87%, 83%, and 64% of patients in the one, two, and 3 or more passes groups, respectively (p=0.002). Good functional outcome was inversely correlated with number of passes when comparing the one, two, and three or more passes groups (54%, 43%, 29%; P=0.014). In patients with full revascularization, there was no significant difference in good functional outcomes between the one, two, and three or more passes groups (64%, 65%, 50%; P=0.432). Number of passes was not an independent negative predictor of good clinical outcome (OR 1.66, 95% CI 0.82 to 3.39; P=0.165).

Conclusions

First pass thrombectomy patients have better functional outcomes compared with beyond-first pass patients. This effect is related at least in part to a higher rate of revascularization in one pass patients. Revascularization beyond the first pass should continue to be the goal of stroke thrombectomy.
Diagnosis and management of progressive ataxia in adults
Authors: de Silva Rajith Nilantha , Vallortigara Julie , Greenfield Julie , Hunt Barry , Giunti Paola , Hadjivassiliou Marios
Published: May 2019

Progressive ataxia in adults can be difficult to diagnose, owing to its heterogeneity and the rarity of individual causes. Many patients remain undiagnosed (‘idiopathic’ ataxia). This paper provides suggested diagnostic pathways for the general neurologist, based on Ataxia UK’s guidelines for professionals. MR brain scanning can provide diagnostic clues, as well as identify ‘structural’ causes such as tumours and multiple sclerosis. Advances in molecular genetics, including the wider and cheaper availability of ‘next-generation sequencing’, have enabled clinicians to identify many more cases with a genetic cause. Finally, autoimmunity is probably an under-recognised cause of progressive ataxia: as well as patients with antigliadin antibodies there are smaller numbers with various antibodies, including some associated with cancer. There are a few treatable ataxias, but also symptomatic treatments to help people with the spectrum of complications that might accompany progressive ataxias. Multidisciplinary team involvement and allied health professionals’ input are critical to excellent patient care, including in the palliative phase. We can no longer justify a nihilistic approach to the management of ataxia.
Potential new sources of hypoglycin A poisoning for equids kept at pasture in spring: a field pilot study
Authors: Votion Dominique M , Habyarimana Jean Adelite , Scippo Marie‐Louise , Richard Eric A , Marcillaud‐Pitel Christel , Erpicum Michel , Gustin Pascal
Published: May 2019

Equine atypical myopathy in Europe results from hypoglycin A (HGA) exposure through the ingestion of samaras or seedlings of the sycamore maple tree. This pilot study aimed at better defining sources of HGA intoxication in spring. Samaras fallen on the ground and then seedlings were collected at two‐week intervals from sycamore, Norway, and field maple trees over the spring 2016. In early April, rainwater from wet seedlings collected after a rainy night was harvested to be analysed. Mid‐May, samaras of the box elder, common ash, and inflorescences of sycamore maples were collected on the tree. Quantification of HGA in samples was performed using high performance thin layer chromatography. Hypoglycin A was detected in all samples from sycamore including rainwater but tested negative for Norway, field maples. The samaras of the box elder found in the present study area did not contain a seed within their husk and thus tested negative. From the maximum HGA concentrations found, it may be extrapolated that at some periods and locations, about 20 g of samaras, 50 seedlings, 150 g of inforescences or 2 liters of water that has been in contact with seedlings would contain the maximum tolerated dose per day for a horse.
Reduced antimicrobial prescribing during autogenous staphylococcal bacterin therapy: a retrospective study in dogs with pyoderma
Authors: Wilson Alison , Allers Natalie , Lloyd David H , Bond Ross , Loeffler Anette
Published: May 2019

Autogenous staphylococcal bacterins are commonly mentioned as treatment for canine recurrent pyoderma but little is known about their efficacy. This retrospective study describes use and assesses efficacy of an autogenousStaphylococcus (pseud)intermediusbacterin in dogs with pyoderma. Frequency and duration of systemic antimicrobial therapy were compared 12 months before and after starting bacterin (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test) with data extracted from general practice medical histories.
Pipe network modeling for analysis of flow in porous media
Authors: Moosavian Naser
Published: May 2019

In this paper, a new matrix framework has been developed for the simulation of flow and pressure in porous media. In this framework, the pressure gradient formulation in Darcy’s law is considered as the head-loss equation in pipe network modeling. Then, an artificial pipe network has been constructed to find the pressure head profile in porous media. Two explicit and implicit formulations have been advanced for linear and nonlinear analysis, which the latter is an implementation of the Newton–Raphson algorithm. Both formulations iteratively solve a linear system of equations for calculating the nodal heads and apply a matrix multiplication for updating the flow vector. While the explicit method needs few iterations, the implicit method requires at least 20 iterations to converge with acceptable accuracy. For testing these formulations, four different types of network configurations were tested. The analysis of three laboratory tests showed that the application of the implicit method provides reliable and accurate results.
Supplemental feeding may reduce responsiveness of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) to avian mobbing calls during gap-crossing experiments
Authors: Bailey Jacob M. , Reudink Matthew W. , Otter Ken A.
Published: May 2019

Deforestation creates gaps in forest habitat, which can limit the movements of many avian species. Increased predation risk associated with crossing open habitats is often considered the primary impediment to crossing gaps. However, other factors such as energetic reserves may also influence these decisions. We conducted playback experiments before and after supplemental feeding of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus (Linnaeus, 1766)) to investigate how energetic reserves influenced gap-crossing decisions. Black-capped Chickadees were less likely to respond to playbacks, whether conducted within forests or across gaps, after supplemental feeding. This suggests that energetic reserves may have less influence on gap-crossing decisions than on the willingness of birds to respond to mobbing calls in general. We recommend that future studies investigating gap-crossing decisions using playbacks account for differences in resource availability among sampling locations, especially when making comparisons across discrete habitats.
Transport coherence and diffusion in a temporal asymmetric rocked ratchet model
Authors: Sahoo Mamata
Published: May 2019

We study the overdamped Brownian dynamics of a particle in a sawtooth potential along with a temporal asymmetric driving force. We observe that in the deterministic limit, the transport coherence which is determined by a dimensionless quantity, called Peclet number Pe, is quite high under certain circumstances. For all the regime of parameter space of this model, Pe in our model shows similar features of current like Stokes efficiency. Diffusion as a function of driving amplitude shows a nonmonotonic behavior and results a minimum exactly at which the current shows a maximum. Unlike the previously studied models, Pe in our model shows a peaking behavior with temperature. Moreover, the diffusion shows a nonlinear dependence of temperature in the long-time limit and it is sensitive to the potential asymmetry parameter.
Morphological Control of Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Nanoparticles via One-Step Synthesis
Authors: Nakamoto Tatsuichiro
Published: May 2019

The morphology of Pt-based nanoparticles supported on carbon is controlled to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic performance. Herein a simple one-step method without a polymer surfactant is demonstrated to synthesize Pt-Cu nanoclusters, Pt-Cu nanospheres, and Cu-doped Pt nanoplates. Metal precursors are reduced in a NaCl or NH4Cl aqueous solution containing carbon supports, and nanoparticles are directly deposited on carbon. Cl− ions generated from NaCl or NH4Cl behave as oxidative etchants when O2 is dissolved in the synthesis solution, delaying the reduction of metal ions and leading to larger particles. Nanoclusters are obtained in the absence of Cl− ions. In addition, NH4+ guides the growth direction of Pt in the presence of oxidative etchants, forming a plate-like morphology that exposes the {111} facets. Half-cell measurements are performed in acidic media to evaluate the electrochemical properties. Cu-doped Pt nanoplates exhibit a 3.67-times higher ORR catalytic activity than the commercial Pt catalysts thanks to the synergistic effect with a small amount of Cu and selective exposure of the {111} facets. The result suggests that transition metals in Pt-based electrocatalysts may be unnecessary to form intermetallic alloyed crystals for the enhanced ORR performance.
A General Theory of Electrochemistry
Authors: Nilsson Bruno Y
Published: May 2019

A new and uniform electro-chemical theory is presented, from whichfundamental laws and properties describing an electrode/electrolyte system are derived.The theory accurately models the electric field and the ionic distribution in the immediate vicinity of the electrode, which allows fundamentalproperties of the electrode/electrolyte system to be derived.To demonstrate the general validity of the theory the well-known But-ler/Volmer and Nernst’s equations are derived.The theory also permits the accurate modeling of dynamic, or non-equilibrium properties, like the voltage variation with time from the mo-ment an electrode is dipped into an inert electrolyte.To assess the accuracy of the modeling, experiments were carried outwhere a zinc electrode was dipped into a sodium sulfate electrolyte. The electrode voltage was measured over a 5 to 640 sec time span and would typically be within 5 mV of the predicted value.The electrode voltage was also derived from initial contact with anelectrolyte containing the electrode ions until equilibrium was fully established - ending up in agreement with the predictions of Nernst’s equationfor a range of concentrations.The theory also permitted the complex impedance of the electrode/electrolyteinterface reaction to be derived.Comparison with experimental data was carried out, where the complex impedance of a copper electrode in contact with nine different copper sulfate/hydrogen sulfateelectrolytes was measured. The fit with the theory was typically within2% over the entire 0.07 to 2400 Hz measurement range.The best fit with the experimental data allowed in turn the exchangecurrent and the extent of the electric field distribution to be determinedas functions of concentration.