bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Artistic Characteristics of Hisaishi Film Score and its Dissemination in China
Authors: Li Yiling , Xu Zhicheng , Yang Yu
Published: April 2024

Mr. Hisaishi, an internationally renowned music giant, has successfully spread his film score and unique music style in China. By analyzing the artistic features and lyrical functions of Hisaishi’s film score, this paper explains the spreading process of Hisaishi’s music in China, its acceptance of Hisaishi’s music, and Hisaishi’s successful cooperation with Chinese directors. It also analyzes its extensive influence in Chinese pop culture through concerts, cultural markets, and other communication methods, as well as its enlightenment to developing the Chinese cultural industry. This paper concludes that the development and dissemination of Chinese pop culture can be inspired, and pop culture can also build brands and make classics. In addition, in developing and disseminating popular culture, it should focus on finding a joint force between aesthetic self-discipline and heteronomy and the formation of a cultural industry chain.
Spiritual Crisis in the midst of Social Chaos and Disorder: A Character Interpretation of The Master and Marguerite
Authors: Wang Siqi
Published: April 2024

Times evolve, and society is in a state of perpetual flux. The lives and spiritual landscapes of citizens amidst this vortex of change are of utmost interest. The narrative of The Master and Margarita is situated in an era of perpetual unrest and transformation within the Soviet Union, where citizens are embroiled in profound spiritual quandaries. Through two parallel strands of magical portrayal, the novel profoundly exposes the social crisis and unrest that Russia is grappling with. The rapid societal progress has also given rise to a sense of emptiness and bewilderment among citizens, who have forfeited their spiritual aspirations and are now enslaved by material possessions. This paper will delve into the portrayal of the key characters - the master, the poet Ivan, and the ordinary Moscow citizens. It will examine their life experiences, emotional shifts, and inner worlds, while unpacking the spiritual travail of cowardice, anxiety, internal distortion, and spiritual agony amidst the onslaught of pressure, value misalignment, and disorientation.
The Pathogenesis and Treatment Methods for Rett Syndrome
Authors: Chen Yintong
Published: April 2024

Rett Syndrome is a neurological condition primarily affecting women. Its symptoms include decreased brain size, inability to speak, and coordination problems. Several gene mutations have been discovered to play a role in this disease, with the MeCP2 mutation being the most widely known and frequent cause. Scientists are also attempting to create medicines targeting the genetic mutations that may provide a cure. However, the mechanism behind how MeCP2 affects the human brain on a molecular level remains to be discovered. This article summarises the important findings regarding the causes and the treatments of Rett Syndrome. It compares the current methods to treat this disease, including DAYBUE, the newly FDA-approved medicine and the only current medicine that targets Rett Syndrome. Future studies could revolve around the root causes of Rett Syndrome, such as the lack of MeCP2 in neurons, and attempt to solve the problem fundamentally. The findings are significant for humans to advance on finding a cure for this neurological disease.
Carol al II-lea
Ascensiunea autoritarismului și naționalismului monarhic
1934-1937, II
Authors:   Centre d’Études Sociologiques et Politiques „Raymond Aron”, L’École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Lixandru Doru
Published: April 2024

In the years 1934-1937, cultural “carlism” tends to have a special dynamic. The initiatives of King Carol the Second (1930-1940) gradually set up a genuine “cultural offensive”, which coincides with the work of his foundations, respectively with the activity of cultural homes in villages and with a series of strategies aimed at spreading the literacy and popularizing reading. In the name of the monarchy, three main directions of cultural action are outlined. The first is related to the policy of spreading the literacy among peasants, the second to the activity of cultural houses, and the third to the initiatives of the royal student teams. But the three strategies are also conceived as a unitary policy, focused at the same time on nationalism, monarchism and sociological research methods theorized by Dimitrie Gusti. The rise of monarchic authoritarianism is forged and encouraged, besides the king, by a multitude of intellectuals, politicians and military, among which we mention Cezar Petrescu, Pamfil Șeicaru, Vladimir and Constantin Donescu, Nichifor Crainic, Mihail Manoilescu, Nicolae Iorga, Valer Pop, Ion Nistor and Ion Inculeț.
Rezidenţii O.G.P.U./N.K.V.D. din România anilor 1930
Studii de caz: Valeriu Bucicov, Ion Vidraşcu, Petre Goncearuc, Vasile Posteucă, Serghie Nicolau, IV
Authors:   Centrul de Studii Ruse şi Sovietice „Florin Constantiniu” din cadrul I.N.S.T, Burcea Mihai
Published: April 2024

Based on a thorough research in different Romanian archives, leading to the discovery of previously unknown documents, this study presents the personal and professional biographies of five communists from Bessarabia acting as illegal residents for the Soviet intelligence, revealing the depth of the Soviet espionage penetration into the Eastern Romanian territory, military and civilian structures. The study covers both the data-gathering activity of the five, before the war, and their spectacular trajectories, as leaders of the new regime, in the first years after the war. Their extraordinary political evolution – but also very similar among the chosen group – is a model story about the human resources the Communists relied on before and during WWII and the troubled relationship between the „old guard” of the „Moscovites” and the thirst for power of the ethnically Romanian new leaders.
Cornel Chiriac (1942-1975)
Authors:   Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română, Bălănescu Flori
Published: April 2024

Romanian journalist, radio producer, record producer and jazz drummer, Cornel Chiriac (1942–1975) was born in Bessarabia. He graduated from the University of Bucharest's Faculty of English Language. Cornel produced for Radio România the most popular music show of the 1960s – METRONOM. After Invasion of Czechoslovakia he played a ballad which relates how five small wolves and a bigger one attacked a sheepfold. Later put on The Beatles' Back in the USSR. He was discovered by Radio Free Europe director Noel Bernard in the Traiskirchen refugee camp and continued his activity in Munich, in RFE's Romanian-language section. He re-launched Metronom and Jazz magazin, and started Jazz à la carte. On March 4, 1975, Cornel was stabbed near his car, in a Munich parking lot.
Octavian O. Ghibu (1912-1996)
Authors:   Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română, Beldiman Corneliu
Published: April 2024

Octavian Ghibu was born in 1912 being the eldest son of Onisifor Ghibu and Veturia Nicolau-Ghibu. He studied economics and law and received a doctorate in economics, becoming one of the youngest businessmen of interwar Romania. He was arrested in 1948, and sent in forced-labour camps during 1950-1951. In 1961, he was tried and sentenced to 17 years in prison on false charges of treason and was released in 1964. In order to earn a living for himself and his family, he was forced to work, until his retirement, in jobs incompatible with his high professional training, taking into account the fact that he had a political severely negative record. As an exception, he had the opportunity to contribute to the improvement of economic university education (insurances). For more than three decades, the main aim of his life was to systematize and publish the huge written work of his father, the scholar, professor and national unity activist Onisifor Ghibu, who was severely marginalised by the communist regime between 1945 and 1972. Octavian Ghibu played an important role in establishing relations with the Republic of Moldova from 1990 onwards and revitalising Romanian spirit in this country; he contributed to the restoration and improvement of the Romanian language and culture in Basarabia by organising the “Onisifor Ghibu” Library in Chișinău (1992).
Alexandru Valahu (Volohov)
(1909-1967)
Authors:   Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română, Șandru Florin
Published: April 2024

Born in Bessarabia, Alexandru Volohov changed his name to Alexandru Valahu, forging his identity papers after 23 August 1944. He worked as a clerk at the Social Insurance House in Ismail from 1930 to 1932. From 1932 to 1934 he did his military service. At the same time, he carried out intense anti-communist activity, having been recruited as an informer by the Grand Headquarters to provide information on persons suspected of communist activities. In 1934 he was employed by the Ismail police as a public guard at the Law Office. In 1935 he shot a communist who was trying to escape from the security forces. He resigned from the police in 1937. Sentenced in 1948 to 3 years in prison for fraud at the Electric Company. After his release, he took a job as a translator of documents from Russian into Romanian at the Chemical Troops Command.
On 7 January 1958, he was arrested and sentenced to 20 years' hard labour for anti-labour activities. He was released in July 1964. Having links with military representatives of several factories and plants working for the Chemical Troops Command, the security decided to recruit him as an unqualified informer. He submiteed several intelligence reports with no operative importance.
Cadrele Securității: o istorie inedită
Authors:   Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română, Cătănuș Dan
Published: April 2024

This is a review of the book Securitate's cadres policy, by Liviu Pleşa, Cetatea de Scaun Publishing House, Târgovişte, 2022, 479 p.
Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Keramba Air Tawar Di Pesisir Sungai Poso: Studi Kasus Di Kelurahan Sangele Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba Kabupaten Poso
Authors: Tamodenje Nolanda , Balo Mikhael Jibrael , Guampe Feliks Arfid
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui pendapatan usaha keramba air tawar di Pesisir Sungai Poso, studi kasus di Kelurahan Sangele Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba Kabupaten Poso dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi merupakan teknik untuk memperoleh data. Informan kunci ditetapkan sebanyak dua orang pengusaha ikan kerambayang dianggap dapat memenuhi data untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Analisis data menggunakan teknik deskriptif kualitatif dengan menyusun temuan-temuan penelitian ke dalam kategori, disintesis, disusun ke dalam pola, serta membuat kesimpulan-kesimpulan sehingga mudah di pahami. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerimaan usaha keramba MT sebesar Rp.9.999.960 dan JJ sebesar Rp.30.000.000. Besarnya biaya tetap yang dikeluarkan MT sebesar Rp.285.632, JJ sebesar Rp.413.968. Biaya variabel MT sebesar Rp.3.870.000, JJ sebesar Rp.13.125.000 dan Biaya Total MT sebesar Rp.4.155.632, JJ sebesar Rp.13.538.968. Dari total penerimaan dan biaya-biaya tersebut maka diperoleh pendapatan bersih usaha keramba per musim produksi masing-masing MT sebesarRp. 5.844.328 dan JJ sebesar Rp. 16.461.032.
Analisis Efektifitas Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Dalam Mengentaskan Kemiskinan Di Kabupaten Poso Tahun 2010 – 2018
Authors: Juliana Sanny Feria , Walenta Abdi Sakti , Taaha Yulian Rinawaty , Pesak Silva Anita
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat efektifitas Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) dalam pengentasan kemiskinan di Kabupaten Poso. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara sampling Purposive yaitu pemilihan secara langsung dengan beberapa pertimbangan karena lokasi yang di anggap memiliki kriteria yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Populasi adalah semua data di tahun 2007 sejak adanya Program Keluarga Harapan sampai di tahun 2018. Sementara Sampel yang dimaksud Data Realisasi Angka kemiskinan Tahun 2010 - 2018 yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Poso, Data Target Penurunan Angka Kemiskinan tahun 2010 - 2018 yang bersumber dari Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Poso. Hasil penelitian Program keluarga Harapan dalam mengentaskan kemiskinan di kabupaten Poso tergolong pada Kriteria Efektif sebagai Program yang mengurangi angka kemiskinan. Terbukti dari Rata-rata Presentasi Kriteria Efektifitas yang mencapai 98.78% tingkat efektifitas Program Keluarga Harapan. Maka program dapat di simpulkan bahwa tujuan Program ini sebagai Program Pengentasan kemiskinan di daerah mampu tercapai dan di laksanakan dengan Baik dan benar. Program ini merupakan program tujuan jangka menengah dan panjang yang manfaatnya dapat di rasakan dalam lima sampai Sepuluh Tahun dan terbukti bahwa ditahun 2018 program ini sudah  berlangsung selama kurang lebih 10 tahun dapat di rasakan di tahun 2018 dimana angka Kemiskinan yang semakin rendah sekalipun jumlah masyarakat yang semakin meningkat
Strategi Promosi Perkreditan Pada PT. BPR Yaspis Dana Prima Tentena Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba Kabupaten Poso
Authors: Posumah Yulia Angelina , Kawani Fredrik Bastian , Sangkide Marthen
Published: April 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Strategi Promosi Perkreditan Pada PT. BPR Yaspis Dana Prima Tentena Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba Kabupaten Poso. Pendekatan penelitian dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif yaitu mengumpulkan, mengolah dan menjelaskan data mengenai strategi promosi yang diterapkan PT. BPR Yaspis Dana Prima Tentena sehingga data tersebut dapat menjadi sebuah informasi yang jelas dan mudah di pahami. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama dua bulan, data yang di kumpulkan peneliti yaitu berupa data primer dan data sekunder dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan kepada delapan orang informan kunci. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi promosi yang telah dilaksanakan mendapatkan hasil yaitu peningkatan jumlah kredit yang diberikan. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa kebijakan-kebijakan terhadap nasabah yang memiliki kredit bermasalah dapat di atasi dengan baik, dengan adanya kesadaran nasabah untuk memenuhi kewajibannya. Jumlah nasabah tidak mengalami peningkatan bukan karena strategi promosi tidak berjalan dengan baik akan tetapi adanya Pandemi Covid-19 yang menjadikan pemberian kredit tidak dapat di jalankan bagi para pelaku usaha yang usahanya mengalami dampak Pandemi Covid-19. Jika masa relaksasi restrukturisasi telah selesai pihak PT. BPR Yaspis Dana Prima Tentena akan mengevaluasi kembali sistem kinerja perusahaan salah satunya mengenai strategi promosi dalam meningkatkan jumlah nasabah.
Distinctions between Various Types of Fuzzy-Extension HyperSoft Sets
Authors: Smarandache Florentin
Published: April 2024

We define the universes of discourses for all fuzzy and fuzzy-extension sets. Then present many types of Plithogenic Universes of discourse and their connections to HyperSoft Sets. Afterward, we make distinctions between various hybrid forms of HyperSoft Sets.
A Yoga na Reabilitação do AVC
Authors: Tiboni Kaiut Ravi Kishore , Spercoski Kaiut Antonio Francisco , Agrela Rodrigues Fabiano de Abreu
Published: April 2024

O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) ou derrame é uma condição causada pela obstrução de vasos cerebrais, caracterizando o AVC isquêmico, ou pela ruptura de alguma dessas estruturas, levando a um AVC hemorrágico. Em ambos os casos, os danos aos vasos podem causar problemas no fluxo sanguíneo, no transporte de nutrientes e de oxigênio para o cérebro, gerando consequências graves para o indivíduo. Essa doença uma das principais causas de mortalidade global, e foi a principal causa de morte no Brasil em 2023. Os danos causados pelo AVC dependem da gravidade e da extensão da lesão, podendo impactar as áreas motoras, sensitivas e cognitivas e, em último caso, levando a morte. As sequelas deixadas por um derrame podem impactar diretamente na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, e, para que a possibilidade de recuperação seja a máxima possível, deve ser iniciado um processo de reabilitação o quanto antes. O processo de tratamento e reabilitação dos pacientes envolve a participação de uma equipe multidisciplinar, e pode incluir métodos farmacológicos, não farmacológicos e cirúrgicos. O tratamento não farmacológico inclui, principalmente, fisioterapia, redução de fatores agravantes e gestão postural. Estudos indicam que a prática de yoga pode ser uma grande aliada na reabilitação de indivíduos que sofreram AVC. Além da redução de fatores de risco e de colaborar com a prevenção da doença, o yoga pode também atuar na recuperação das funções físicas e cognitivas desses pacientes. Especialmente quando trabalhada de forma conjunta com os avanços da neurociência, como é o caso do NeuroYoga, essa prática pode complementar o processo de reabilitação e gerar impactos positivos na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
Mídia ilícita no WhatsApp: uma análise da Representação Eleitoral nº 601686-42.2018 à luz do Marco Civil da Internet
Authors: Messias de Brito Jorge
Published: April 2024

Trata-se de artigo científico pautado em revisão bibliográfica explicativa, com abordagem qualitativa, sob o título: “Mídia ilícita do WhastsApp: uma análise da Representação Eleitoral nº 601686-42.2018 à luz do Marco Civil da Internet”. O mensageiro instantâneo WhatsApp tem negado prestar informações às autoridades judiciárias do país, com a justificativa de que, por utilizar criptografia de ponta-a-ponta não consegue ter acesso às informações trocadas entre seus usuários. Ocorre que a Lei 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet - MCI) é clara quanto à obrigatoriedade da guarda dos registros de acesso a aplicação de internet. Este artigo faz uma breve análise da Representação Eleitoral nº 601686-42.2018 à luz do Marco Civil da Internet, explicitando alguns caminhos alternativos para se chegar à autoria de um conteúdo ilícito compartilhado no aplicativo WhatsApp.
Plastic Packaging Materials as Possible Source of Hazardous Chemicals to Food and human health: A Review
Authors: Fweja Leonard W.T.
Published: April 2024

Plastic packaging has been implicated as a source of food packaging material (FPM) borne compounds transfer into food. These chemical migrants from packaging materials to food products are associated with human health risks. However, opinions on plastic packaging safety differ greatly and scientific agreement on product safety is still indefinable. The present review intends to explore and present the state of science about the safety of plastics, the potential for consumer exposure and discuss the major issues with respect to associated health risks safety.
A Rule-based Approach for Resolving Cybercrime in Financial Institutions: The Tanzania case
Authors: Oreku George S.
Published: April 2024

It is widely accepted that technology is an agent of change in the society. However, the current rate of change in technology, particularly ICT, mobile and ATM machines, leaves room for it to be exploited and be used for things it was not meant for. The paper aims at examining the challenges to electronic banking and initiatives taken to address cyber-crimes among financial institutions in Tanzania. Using the data gathered based on employed comparative analysis methods from our studies and research undertaken by researchers, we examine in detail, technical factors that are continually shaping the landscape of cybercrime and its impact on financial Institutions. Picking a leaf on how to deal with challenges brought by information and communication technology-induced innovations in the banking sector a Platform for Organization Security Threat Analytic and Management (POSTAM) approach to address the cyber security problems in Tanzania was re-introduced. The data model approach was used to analyze collected data stored from the survey to test the security prototype developed.
Behavioural Predictors of Students’ Career Intentions in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Tanzania
Authors: Ngatuni Proches , Ulomi Eunice Nderingo
Published: April 2024

This study assessed the career intentions of the hospitality and tourism students to identify their predictors, based on the theory of planned behaviour. Descriptive, correlation, and multiple regression analysis techniques were applied on survey data from a conveniently determined sample of 232 students enrolled in certificate and diploma programmes at the National College of Tourism in Tanzania. The results indicate that students’ career intentions were, on average, high and so were their attitudes toward a career in the industry, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Career intentions and attitudes towards the career were significantly higher for the hospitality programme and NTA 6 students. Attitudes (perceived behavioural control) were significantly higher (lower) for students in the travel and tourism programme than those of students in the tour guide operations programme. Students with personal exposure to the industry (also in NTA 6) showed higher subjective norms than those without exposure (NTA 5). Students’ career intentions were significantly positively predicted by their attitudes toward a career in the industry, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, even after controlling for the effects of skill level and programme type. Perceived behavioural control had the strongest predictive power. The study calls for a dynamic review of the curricula, resourcing the training institutions, and availability of well supported and monitored internship opportunities.
Assessment of Beekeeping as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in Iramba District
Authors: Yohana Ziwa Elia , Saria Josephat
Published: April 2024

The effects of climate change in Tanzania affect rain fed agriculture and reduce the productivity in most parts of Tanzania. Indigenous knowledge and different agricultural strategies, on how to diversify to other agricultural activity like beekeeping has been adopted by different communities in Tanzania, especially in semi-arid areas. This paper focuses on assessing potentials of beekeeping as an adaptation strategy against impacts of climate change in Iramba District. The research used different methods in collecting information such as key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions and observation methods. Secondary data were collected through documentary review, while the questionnaire was administered to 150 heads of households from four villages namely: Kyalosangi, Galangala, Mdonkolo and Songambele. The results show that over a period of 30 years, about 77% of respondents reported decrease in maize and 78% decrease in sunflower productivity. In interviews, the respondents indicated that they have shifted to beekeeping which contributes more to household’s income than land tilling which is rain-fed.  This is supported by 33.1% who were attracted in beekeeping for income purposes. The average honey production per hive ranges from 10 – 15 Lts/hive in top bar hives and frame hives, while traditional hives ranges between 5 – 10 Lts/hive. This study therefore recommends provision of appropriate capacity building and financial support to beekeepers in order to optimize production of bee products in the study area.
Constitution-Making Process in Tanzania (2011-2014): A New Era for Women Political Participation?
Authors: Makulilo Alexander , Lihiru Victoria
Published: April 2024

Constitution-making as a public policy process requires substantive participation of all citizens in determining the content of the constitution. In Tanzania, unlike the colonial and post-colonial constitution-making legal framework and processes, the 2011-2014 constitution-making process was a critical juncture for it was governed by the Constitutional Review Act, CAP 83 R.E 2012 which for the first time contained provisions allowing citizens including women to participate and influence the content of the 2014 Proposed Constitution. This article examines two interrelated questions notably the extent to which women were involved in the constitution-making process, and how such participation impacted the content of the Proposed Constitution in terms of protection and promotion of women political participation in the country. It is argued that the legal framework facilitated meaningful participation of women in each step of the constitution-making process. Consequently, women managed, for the first time in history, to secure constitutional guarantees of equality and non-discrimination in political life.
Metal Contamination in Sediments of Coastal Rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mihale Matobola J.
Published: April 2024

Sediments from coastal rivers of Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, and Mzinga were used to determine contamination levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, and Zn metals. Sampling and sample preparation were done as appropriate and analysis was done using high resolution inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS). Higher levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, and Zn were mainly observed in Msimbazi river. Whereas higher levels of Ni and Cu were observed in Kizinga river, higher levels of Mn were observed in Mbezi river. Mzinga river had lowest levels of most metals except Mn. Lowest levels of Mn were observed in Kizinga river. Despite of enrichment factor indicating varied contamination status of metals in rivers, geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, degree of contamination, modified degree of contamination, potential contamination index and environmental toxicity quotient have indicated that sediments from these rivers are polluted, with Msimbazi and Kizinga river sediments being more polluted. Pearson correlation and hierarchical cluster analyses have revealed that Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were strongly correlated to each other (r2> 0.7, p < 0.05), indicating that they similar anthropogenic origin, while Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Al were strongly correlated to each other (r2> 0.69, p < 0.05), indicative of similar natural origin. This implies that there might be metal-related anthropogenic activities around or close to rivers that pose environmental and health risks. Urgent river management strategies are needed to minimise the continuous metal pollution of these rivers.
Watching the Watcher: Evaluating the Tanzania Revenue Authority in Its Administration of Tax
Authors: Kiunsi Helen B.
Published: April 2024

This article evaluates the role of the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) in the administration of tax in Tanzania. It works on the premise that proper tax administration enforces tax compliance by taxpayers, with tax administrators better placed to understand principles, laws and procedures of taxation than taxpayers. Yet, tax administrators are not always impartial in collecting revenue from taxpayers. Therefore, this article argues that tax administrators in Tanzania must acquaint themselves with laws governing tax and adhere to their core values to enhance tax compliance and boost revenue for the country’s development. Moreover, the article calls for the amendment of the tax laws to make them much more tax-payer friendly to facilitate compliance and further boost government coffers.
Does Homework type Affect Pupils’ Homework Management? Experience from Standard Five Pupils in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mbogo Prisca M.
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to examine whether homework type may have influence on pupils’ development of various Homework Management Strategies (HMS) for effective management of the homework assigned. 154 standard five pupils selected from two Public Primary Schools in Ubungo, Dar es Salaam were assigned into either of the two homework types namely, Interactive homework Assignment (IHA) and Non- Interactive Homework Assignments (Non-IHA). The homework management strategies include: (a) ability to set an appropriate work environment, (b) managing time, (c) handling distraction, (d) monitoring motivation, and (e) controlling negative emotions arising while doing the homework. A Homework Management Strategies (HMS) scale by Xu and Corno (2003) was adapted and used to solicit information on Homework Management Strategies from the pupils. Compared with Non-Interactive Homework assignments, pupils in IHA reported more frequently working to manage their workspace, budget time, handle distraction, monitor motivation, and control emotion while doing homework. This suggests a need to encourage the use of IHA in our public primary schools so as to enhance the use of the five HMS and consequently improve pupils’ learning.
Overview of TVET Institutional Capacity in Addressing Dynamic Labour Market: The Case of Tanzania and Selected Two Asian Tiger Nations
Authors: Bitegera Hildegardis E. , Bisanda Elifas T.
Published: April 2024

In most developed countries, technical and vocational education and training (TVET) system has been considered to be among the key players for industrial growth through production of competent and skilled labour forces.  However, TVET system in Tanzania has not been able to produce graduates who meet satisfactorily the skill demand of industries. The study examined the TVET institutional' capacity in addressing dynamic labour market. The study used a combination of instruments including questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations to collect data from Tanzania and two Asian Tiger Nations, Singapore and the Republic of Korea. A total of 219 respondents were selected using simple random, stratified, and purposive sampling techniques. In summary, the study found that while conditions are very friendly in the two Asian Tiger Nations, Tanzania's TVET system is facing the short- supply of technically skilled workforce. The study has revealed further that among other factors influencing the effectiveness of TVET system in Tanzania are inadequate and poor teaching and learning infrastructure; outdated TVET curricula, teaching staff who not only lack practical experience but also lack the ability to interpret and apply labour market data and information. In ensuring that TVET system optimally contributes to economic development in Tanzania, lessons to be learnt from the two Asian Tiger Nations include establishing and strengthening strong partnerships among TVET institutions and industries and continuously monitoring of the relevance of TVET learning packages and curricula in line with current needs of industries.
Components of Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge Associated with Children’s Acquisition of Kiswahili Pre-reading Skills in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Edward Geraldina , Shukia Richard
Published: April 2024

This study examined the components of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge associated with children’s acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills in high and low performing rural public schools, Tanzania. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were used to obtain 175 participants. Questionnaire, observation, semi-structured interview, documentary review, and tests were the methods employed for data collection. An independent sample t-test and thematic analyses were employed. Results indicated that teachers possessed moderate knowledge of Kiswahili pre-reading skills content but they had low pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of children’s thinking around Kiswahili pre-reading skills. Teachers limited pedagogical content knowledge was mainly associated with inadequate training in pre-primary education among others. Thus, teachers limited pedagogical content knowledge of Kiswahili pre-reading skills was associated with children’s low acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills. To maximize children’s learning outcomes, acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills in particular, comprehensive pre-service and in-service training should be guaranteed to obtain qualified teachers to teach in pre-primary schools. School quality assurance monitoring mechanisms should be strengthened and they should visit pre-primary classes and monitor Kiswahili pre-reading skills teaching process so as to improve children’s acquisition of the skills.
Resources Management and Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Ngorongoro Tanzania
Authors: Nyerembe Edwin , Bushesha Magreth
Published: April 2024

The study aimed to establish the status of human-wildlife conflicts over resources in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. The study used a questionnaire and guiding questions to collect data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis and content analysis approaches. The findings indicate that Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) persists in the NCA. Wild animals exposed to harassment exhibited aggressive behaviors compared to others, and wild animals prowling at night predated all NCA-related domestic animals. Competition over resources between human beings, livestock, and wild animals causes HWC in the NCAA. In minimizing HWC, the villagers constructed strong fences around bomas and introduced zoning for grazing in some areas suitable for wild animals. The study concludes that the NCAA must continue providing conservation knowledge to the natives, promoting livestock predation compensation schemes, advocating building bomas using solid fences, and employing participatory treatment of WHC-related cases. The study recommends that natives in the NCAA area take precautions to avoid grazing their livestock in areas with a high degree of predation. In addition, relevant authorities should address rabid cases in the NCA.
Clusters of Agrocredit Suppliers in Tanzania and their Associated Transaction Costs: A Scholarly Personal Narrative
Authors: Ngaruko Deus D.
Published: April 2024

This  paper  blends  the  Scholarly  Personal  Narrative  (SPN) with  desk reviews of selected literature on the key concepts and their applications in understanding the key features of agrocredit supply in rural areas.  The findings of this exploratory study indicate that the informality of agrocredit supply is associated with low transaction cost, low levels of credit and low levels of repayment rates. It is also noted that the formalised and regulated suppliers are more associated with higher levels of transaction cost with relatively higher levels of repayment. Transaction costs related to searching for potential borrowers, negotiation and enforcement are higher for most regulated suppliers because they involve third parties. Where the transaction involves small volumes of agrocredit, the transaction cost increases due to supplier’s compliance to legal formalisation and licensing. In-kind agrocredit supply models are recommended to be the most plausible models for resource poor smallholder farmers due to the fact that in-kind credit is not agile and that it can be used on intended cause. It is also recommended that in order   to   reduce   transaction   cost,   agrocredit   suppliers   of   in-kind agrocredit should deal with the farmer groups or primary cooperatives which act on behalf of member farmers.
Information and Communication Technology towards Improving Teaching and Learning Process in Selected Hai District Secondary Schools
Authors: Tumaini Pendamani Wisdom , Kiwonde Flora
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage of ICT towards improving  the  teaching  and  learning  process  in  selected  secondary schools in Hai District. The study established the extent to which teachers and students are endowed with skills in ICT use in enhancing teaching and learning process. Descriptive survey research design was employed in the study applying primary data drawn from a sample of 128 respondents. The findings revealed that majority of teachers have basic ICT skills or training in ICT, although the ICT knowledge is not necessarily linked to teaching and learning process. Moreover, majority of sampled teachers were confident in word processing, although not confident in other aspects such as creating and designing presentations that could have assisted in improving the teaching and learning process. Although majority of school heads had enough working experience, most of them had not attended in-service training in ICT. On the other hand, most students have demonstrated little experience on the use of computers and other ICT facilities. Furthermore, the findings revealed that majority of the respondents particularly students had little access to computers. The study recommends action from the education authorities to consider providing more pedagogical training to teachers in the area of ICT skills. It is envisaged that the integration of ICT will improve the teaching and learning process in schools. The study also recommends for the action from the education authorities to invest in providing and maintaining maximum and appropriate ICT facilities in schools to enable sustainable use of ICT in the teaching and learning process.
Plant Species Composition and Diversity in Dalbergia melanoxylon Dominated Zones in Mitarure Forest Reserve in Kilwa District
Authors: Nyomora Agnes M.S. , Washa Washa B. , Nnungu Stephen I.
Published: April 2024

The study was designed to assess the plant species composition and diversity  in  the  Dalbergia  melanoxylon  dominated  zone  in  Mitarure Forest Reserve and the nearby community forests particularly Ngea and Nambawala in Kilwa District, Tanzania. Thirty (30) circular concentric plots were established in the forest reserve and fifteen (15) plots in each of the two-community forest and used to collect vegetation data. The plant species diversity was determined using Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness, richness and Simpson and their indices were compared using ANOVA. Plant species diversity and evenness assessed in Mitarure Forest Reserve did not differ significantly from those from community forests. However, the plant species diversity based on Simpson index and richness were significantly higher in the Mitarure Forest Reserve compared to those in community forests. A total of 56 plant species were recorded in Mitarure forest reserve, 39 plant species in Ngea forest and 36 plant species in Nambawala forest. Mitarure forest reserve and the nearby community forests have high plant species diversity with a good stand characteristic of a typical natural forest. However, with an intensive human disturbance, the tree species composition decreases that needs an intervention through local community involvement. This strategy may contribute in the future survival of species and the natural forests in Kilwa District. Data from this study stand as baseline information for the future monitoring of the performance of stands in the natural forest ecosystem in the Dalbergia melanoxylon-dominated zones in Kilwa District.
Economic Viability of Mucuna Intercropped with Maize Cropping System in Muheza District
Authors: George William
Published: April 2024

Mucuna (Mucuna puriens) intercropping with maize is one of the alternatives to revive the declining maize production caused by low soil fertility and pest infestation. However, there is paucity of knowledge on the economic viability of the technology being  studied.  This  research assessed the maize yields, variable costs and economic viability of adopting mucuna-maize intercropping in Muheza district, Tanzania. A total of 400 farmers were selected randomly (200 farmers who adopted mucuna intercropped with maize and 200 farmers growing maize after maize (continuous cropping). The Partial Budgeting approach was used to determine the net change in income when farmers decide to switch from continuous cropping. The results indicated that switching from continuous maize cropping to Mucuna intercropped with maize resulted in a positive net change in income of TZS 235,304.60/ha. The study concluded that mucuna intercropped with maize is economically viable. The use of mucuna intercropped with maize is hereby recommended to farmers.
Assessment of the needs in Communication Skills' Courses in Tanzanian Universities
Authors: Elisifa Zelda
Published: April 2024

The study sought to analyse the needs of university students in Tanzania in Communication Skills Courses. The study involved a total of 315 students from two public and two private universities who were randomly chosen, whereas the respondents were selected via convenience sampling. The sole tool used for collecting data was a questionnaire that consisted of items inquiring whether the respondents would opt for communication skills if it were an optional course. The second part sought their perceived needs of different aspects of language skills areas. The participants were first asked for their consent before filling in the questionnaire. The responses were posted to SPSS software for computation of frequencies of occurrences per each thematic area,  and the resulting data were organized into themes and summarized in tables and figures. The findings show that the respondents were divided in their opting for the course, were it optional. The analysis shows that 122 out of 315  (similar to 38.7%) would still opt for the course, while 104 (33%) would not opt for the course; and 89 (28.3%) were not sure. In the area of reading, eye-mapping was rated as highly needed by the majority of students in all universities, while in writing skills referencing and footnote and end-note writing were noted as highly needed mainly by students from public universities. On the whole, there were notable differences between public and private university students in their communication skills needs.
Relationship between Psychological Contract Breach and Affective Commitment among Public University Academicians in Tanzania: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Matoka Chacha Alfred , Ngatuni Proches
Published: April 2024

This study examined the effect of two job attitudes – perceived psychological contract breach and job satisfaction on affective commitment as well as whether job satisfaction mediates the relationship between psychological contract breach and affective commitment. A cross-sectional explanatory research design was used involving a sample of 223 academicians drawn from five public universities in Tanzania. Multiple regression analysis techniques were used to examine the effect of psychological contract breach and job satisfaction on academicians’ affective commitment to their respective universities. The mediation role of job satisfaction was tested using Andrew Hayes’ Process Macro 4.0. The results show that the two predictors explained about 62 percent of the variance in affective commitment where psychological contract breach and jobs satisfaction have, respectively, statistically significant negative and positive effects. Job satisfaction, in addition to being the most influential predictor, mediates significantly, but partially, the relationship between psychological contract breach and affective commitment. The study concludes that while psychological contract breach negatively affects the academicians’ affective commitment, part of this effect is indirect through job satisfaction. It, therefore, recommends that honoring psychological contracts is important for cultivating affection and identification of academicians with their universities, and that these outcomes would be enhanced if job satisfaction-enhancing measures are also stepped up.
Examination of Pedagogical Practices of Secondary School Physical Education Teachers in Tanzania
Authors: Siayi John , Mabagala Steven , Pangani Ismail Nathanael
Published: April 2024

The study on which this paper is based examined the pedagogical practices of secondary school teachers in teaching Physical Education (PE) in Tanzania. The data from two experienced PE teachers were collected through interview, lesson observation and documentary review and they were analyzed thematically. Findings indicated that PE teachers predominantly use teacher-centred teaching approaches and lecture teaching methods. This teaching approach and methods as used in teaching PE classes did not involve learners and they thus limited students’ mastery and denied them the opportunity to practice the intended skills during and after the lesson. Inadequate facilities and equipment for teaching PE also affected teachers’ pedagogical practices. It was concluded that the teacher-centred teaching approach dominated in most of the observed PE classes. It is recommended that PE teachers be advised to abide by the requirements of the syllabus. They should be given in-service training on how to apply learner centred teaching approach and to use their local environment to improve their pedagogical practices.
Financial Literacy Variables in Microfinance Institutions studies: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Magali Joseph
Published: April 2024

The study applied a systematic literature review to explore financial literacy variables in microfinance institution (MFI) studies. Using manual content analysis, 73 studies identified variables covered in MFIs' financial literacy literature. The study revealed that the majority of scholars have assessed the role of financial literacy in promoting clients' savings, money and mobile money usage, loan repayment and investment. However, few studies focused on variables such as outreach, budgeting, interest rates and women's empowerment. In most of the reviewed studies, regression data analysis was used. The findings indicate that there is a dearth of MFI studies that use the term "financial literacy" and its sub-variables. Furthermore, there are no studies that have examined how financial literacy impacts MFI performance variables such as sustainability, profitability, efficiency, credit risk management and corporate governance. In addition, there are a few studies that link financial literacy with MFI theories. Generally, the findings indicate that variables related to financial literacy are not adequately covered in MFI studies. The study recommends the formulation of policies that promote financial literacy training for formal and informal MFIs. This is the first comprehensive systematic review to examine financial literacy variables in MFI studies.
Perceptions of Education Stakeholders on Use of Code-Switching in English Foreign Language Classrooms in Primary Schools in Tanzania
Authors: Kambey Loti Isaya , Vuzo Mwajuma Siama
Published: April 2024

Code switching is used as a strategy for teaching of English foreign language in Tanzania public primary school contexts. It is however not officially recognised as one of the strategies for teaching and learning the English subject. Little attention has been given to the use of code switching for teaching and learning English as a foreign language in relation to how it minimises the opportunity to use the target language. The paper is informed by various perspectives on use of code switching in the language teaching and learning classroom. In particular, the paper is pegged on the view that in the foreign language classroom exposure and use of the target language is prime and should be maximised. This paper presents findings from a study that investigated the use of code switching in English language teaching and learning process where a qualitative approach was used. The findings of the study showed code switching negatively affects language proficiency of learners, as it lowers students’ ability to master English language, hinders language learning and it contributes to challenges students face during exams. Code switching impedes English language learning and should be avoided so as to develop a tendency for practicing speaking English language during English sessions. It is recommended to persistently teach English through English in the foreign language context to maximise use and the linguistic space for effective learning of the language.