bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant Virus–Insect Vector Interactions: Current and Potential Future Research Directions
Authors: Dietzgen Ralf , Mann Krin , Johnson Karyn
Published: November 2016

Acquisition and transmission by an insect vector is central to the infection cycle of the majority of plant pathogenic viruses. Plant viruses can interact with their insect host in a variety of ways including both non-persistent and circulative transmission; in some cases, the latter involves virus replication in cells of the insect host. Replicating viruses can also elicit both innate and specific defense responses in the insect host. A consistent feature is that the interaction of the virus with its insect host/vector requires specific molecular interactions between virus and host, commonly via proteins. Understanding the interactions between plant viruses and their insect host can underpin approaches to protect plants from infection by interfering with virus uptake and transmission. Here, we provide a perspective focused on identifying novel approaches and research directions to facilitate control of plant viruses by better understanding and targeting virus–insect molecular interactions. We also draw parallels with molecular interactions in insect vectors of animal viruses, and consider technical advances for their control that may be more broadly applicable to plant virus vectors.
Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania
Authors: Prauzner-Bechcicki Jakub S , Zajac Lukasz , Olszowski Piotr , Jöhr Res , Hinaut Antoine , Glatzel Thilo , Such Bartosz , Meyer Ernst , Szymonski Marek
Published: November 2016

Titanium dioxide, or titania, sensitized with organic dyes is a very attractive platform for photovoltaic applications. In this context, the knowledge of properties of the titania–sensitizer junction is essential for designing efficient devices. Consequently, studies on the adsorption of organic dyes on titania surfaces and on the influence of the adsorption geometry on the energy level alignment between the substrate and an organic adsorbate are necessary. The method of choice for investigating the local environment of a single dye molecule is high-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Microscopic results combined with the outcome of common spectroscopic methods provide a better understanding of the mechanism taking place at the titania–sensitizer interface. In the following paper, we review the recent scanning probe microscopic research of a certain group of molecular assemblies on rutile titania surfaces as it pertains to dye-sensitized solar cell applications. We focus on experiments on adsorption of three types of prototypical dye molecules, i.e., perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), phtalocyanines and porphyrins. Two interesting heteromolecular systems comprising molecules that are aligned with the given review are discussed as well.
THE HYDROGEN EPOCH OF REIONIZATION ARRAY DISH. II. CHARACTERIZATION OF SPECTRAL STRUCTURE WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATIONS AND ITS SCIENCE IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Ewall-Wice Aaron , Bradley Richard , Deboer David , Hewitt Jacqueline , Parsons Aaron , Aguirre James , Ali Zaki S. , Bowman Judd , Cheng Carina , Neben Abraham R. , Patra Nipanjana , Thyagarajan Nithyanandan , Venter Mariet , Acedo Eloy de Lera , Dillon Joshua S. , Dickenson Roger , Doolittle Phillip , Egan Dennis , Hedrick Mike , Klima Patricia , Kohn Saul , Schaffner Patrick , Shelton John , Saliwanchik Benjamin , Taylor H. A. , Taylor Rusty , Tegmark Max , Wirt Butch
Published: November 2016

We use time-domain electromagnetic simulations to determine the spectral characteristics of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Arrays (HERA) antenna. These simulations are part of a multi-faceted campaign to determine the effectiveness of the dish’s design for obtaining a detection of redshifted 21 cm emission from the epoch of reionization. Our simulations show the existence of reflections between HERA’s suspended feed and its parabolic dish reflector that fall below −40 dB at 150 ns and, for reasonable impedance matches, have a negligible impact on HERA’s ability to constrain EoR parameters. It follows that despite the reflections they introduce, dishes are effective for increasing the sensitivity of EoR experiments at a relatively low cost. We find that electromagnetic resonances in the HERA feed’s cylindrical skirt, which is intended to reduce cross coupling and beam ellipticity, introduces significant power at large delays (−40 dB at 200 ns), which can lead to some loss of measurable Fourier modes and a modest reduction in sensitivity. Even in the presence of this structure, we find that the spectral response of the antenna is sufficiently smooth for delay filtering to contain foreground emission at line-of-sight wave numbers below k
∥ ≲ 0.2 h Mpc−1, in the region where the current PAPER experiment operates. Incorporating these results into a Fisher Matrix analysis, we find that the spectral structure observed in our simulations has only a small effect on the tight constraints HERA can achieve on parameters associated with the astrophysics of reionization.
A COMMON ORIGIN FOR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND ULTRA-FAINT DWARFS IN SIMULATIONS OF THE FIRST GALAXIES
Authors: Ricotti Massimo , Parry Owen H. , Gnedin Nickolay Y.
Published: November 2016

In this paper, the first in a series on galaxy formation before reionization, we focus on understanding what determines the size and morphology of stellar objects in the first low-mass galaxies, using parsec-scale cosmological simulations performed with an adaptive mesh hydrodynamics code. Although the dense gas in which stars are formed tends to have a disk structure, stars are found in spheroids with little rotation. Halos with masses between

and

form stars stochastically, with stellar masses in the range

to

. We observe, nearly independent of stellar mass, a large range of half-light radii for the stars, from a few parsecs to a few hundred parsecs and surface brightnesses and mass-to-light ratios ranging from those typical of globular clusters to ultra-faint dwarfs. In our simulations, stars form in dense stellar clusters with high gas-to-star conversion efficiencies and rather uniform metallicities. A fraction of these clusters remain bound after the gas is removed by feedback, but others are destroyed, and their stars, which typically have velocity dispersions of 20–40 km s−1, expand until they become bound by the dark matter halo. We thus speculate that the stars in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies may show kinematic and chemical signatures consistent with their origin in a few distinct stellar clusters. On the other hand, some globular clusters may form at the center of primordial dwarf galaxies and may contain dark matter, perhaps detectable in the outer parts.
SPT-GMOS: A GEMINI/GMOS-SOUTH SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF GALAXY CLUSTERS IN THE SPT-SZ SURVEY
Authors: Bayliss M. B. , Ruel J. , Stubbs C. W. , Allen S. W. , Applegate D. E. , Ashby M. L. N. , Bautz M. , Benson B. A. , Bleem L. E. , Bocquet S. , Brodwin M. , Capasso R. , Carlstrom J. E. , Chang C. L. , Chiu I. , Cho H-M. , Clocchiatti A. , Crawford T. M. , Crites A. T. , Haan T. de , Desai S. , Dietrich J. P. , Dobbs M. A. , Doucouliagos A. N. , Foley R. J. , Forman W. R. , Garmire G. P. , George E. M. , Gladders M. D. , Gonzalez A. H. , Gupta N. , Halverson N. W. , Hlavacek-Larrondo J. , Hoekstra H. , Holder G. P. , Holzapfel W. L. , Hou Z. , Hrubes J. D. , Huang N. , Jones C. , Keisler R. , Knox L. , Lee A. T. , Leitch E. M. , Linden A. von der , Luong-Van D. , Mantz A. , Marrone D. P. , McDonald M. , McMahon J. J. , Meyer S. S. , Mocanu L. M. , Mohr J. J. , Murray S. S. , Padin S. , Pryke C. , Rapetti D. , Reichardt C. L. , Rest A. , Ruhl J. E. , Saliwanchik B. R. , Saro A. , Sayre J. T. , Schaffer K. K. , Schrabback T. , Shirokoff E. , Song J. , Spieler H. G. , Stalder B. , Stanford S. A. , Staniszewski Z. , Stark A. A. , Story K. T. , Vanderlinde K. , Vieira J. D. , Vikhlinin A. , Williamson R. , Zenteno A.
Published: November 2016

We present the results of SPT-GMOS, a spectroscopic survey with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South. The targets of SPT-GMOS are galaxy clusters identified in the SPT-SZ survey, a millimeter-wave survey of 2500 deg2 of the southern sky using the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Multi-object spectroscopic observations of 62 SPT-selected galaxy clusters were performed between 2011 January and 2015 December, yielding spectra with radial velocity measurements for 2595 sources. We identify 2243 of these sources as galaxies, and 352 as stars. Of the galaxies, we identify 1579 as members of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters. The primary goal of these observations was to obtain spectra of cluster member galaxies to estimate cluster redshifts and velocity dispersions. We describe the full spectroscopic data set and resulting data products, including galaxy redshifts, cluster redshifts, and velocity dispersions, and measurements of several well-known spectral indices for each galaxy: the equivalent width, W, of [O ii] λλ3727, 3729 and H-δ, and the 4000 Å break strength, D4000. We use the spectral indices to classify galaxies by spectral type (i.e., passive, post-starburst, star-forming), and we match the spectra against photometric catalogs to characterize spectroscopically observed cluster members as a function of brightness (relative to m
⋆). Finally, we report several new measurements of redshifts for ten bright, strongly lensed background galaxies in the cores of eight galaxy clusters. Combining the SPT-GMOS data set with previous spectroscopic follow-up of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters results in spectroscopic measurements for >100 clusters, or ∼20% of the full SPT-SZ sample.
From prosumer to prodesigner: Participatory news consumption
Authors: Hernández-Serrano María-José , Renés-Arellano Paula , Graham Gary , Greenhill Anita
Published: November 2016

New democratic participation forms and collaborative productions of diverse audiences have emerged as a result of digital innovations in the online access to and consumption of news. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework based on the possibilities of Web 2.0. Outlining the construction of a “social logic”, which combines computer and communicative logics, the conceptual framework is theoretically built to explore the evolution of news consumption from a pure circulation of designed products towards a global conversation of proactive news designers. Then, the framework was tested using an empirical database built by the Pew Research Centre, which investigates the future of the news industry, through a large-scale survey with adults. Results show significant differences (by age, gender and educational level) in the forms of participation, access and consumption of news. However, whilst immersed in the culture of Web 2.0 there is a low-level of user participation in news production; far from being proactive news designers, findings suggest that citizens are still located in the lower participatory levels of our conceptual framework. Conclusions suggest there is a need for media education providers to carry out training initiatives according to the social logic possibilities through proposed guidelines.

Nuevas formas de participación democrática y producciones colaborativas de audiencias diversas han surgido como resultado de las innovaciones digitales en el acceso y consumo de noticias. El objetivo de este estudio es proponer un marco conceptual basado en las posibilidades de la Web 2.0. Describiendo la construcción de una «lógica social», que se combina con las lógicas comunicativa y computacional, se construye el marco teórico para explorar la evolución en el consumo de noticias desde una mera circulación de productos diseñados, hacia una conversación global de diseñadores proactivos de noticias. Este marco teórico se ha testeado a través de una base de datos empírica del Instituto de investigación PEW, que mediante una encuesta con adultos a gran escala permite analizar el futuro de la industria de las noticias. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas (por edad, sexo y nivel educativo) en las formas de participación, acceso y consumo de noticias. Aunque existe una cultura Web 2.0, hay un bajo nivel de participación de usuarios en la producción de noticias; lejos de ser diseñadores proactivos de noticias, los hallazgos sugieren que la mayoría de ciudadanos se sitúan en los niveles de participación más bajos del marco conceptual propuesto. Se concluye sugiriendo la necesidad de que los responsables de la educación en medios desarrollen iniciativas formativas acordes a las posibilidades de la lógica social a través de la propuesta de pautas.
No Shortcuts to Credibility Evaluation
Authors: Kavanaugh Jill R. , Lenart Bartlomiej A.
Published: November 2016

This chapter argues that as the online informational landscape continues to expand, shortcuts to source credibility evaluation, in particular the revered checklist approach, falls short of its intended goal, and this method cannot replace the acquisition of a more formally acquired and comprehensive information literacy skill set. By examining the current standard of checklist criteria, the authors identify problems with this approach. Such shortcuts are not necessarily effective for online source credibility assessment, and the authors contend that in cases of high-stakes informational needs, they cannot adequately replace the expertise of information professionals, nor displace the need for proper and continuous information literacy education.
Who Is Tracking You?
Authors: Beck Estee
Published: November 2016

Exchanging information online often involves a degree of assessing the credibility and reliability of websites, which include the authors, sources, and content. This chapter argues for an additional assessment category: evaluating privacy and/or data use statements of websites because of the underlying ideologies, methods of tracking technologies used to collect data, and the need for comprehension of what website terms and conditions mean for the average person. This chapter provides a rhetorical framework as suggested guidelines to follow when evaluating privacy and/or data use statements of websites.
“Don't Tell Us You're Handsome......Post Your Great Photo and Let It Stand”
Authors: Kopaczewski Shana
Published: November 2016

This chapter explores the issue of credibility in online dating. 200 posts to a website called eDateReview.com were inductively analyzed. Examination of these posts revealed that online daters negotiate the potential for selective self-presentation by developing strategies for evaluating the credibility of online dating profiles which builds on established theories of self-presentation in online spaces, including the warranting principle developed by Walther and Parks (2002). These strategies include determining the credibility of the dating sites themselves, assessing the credibility of online profiles, and the demonization of dishonesty to establish norms. Implications and future research are discussed.
Modal Ethos
Authors: Carter Jonathan S.
Published: November 2016

Traditionally, the artistic proofs center on the individual rhetor as the locusof ethos. However, as communication becomes internetworked, rhetorical phenomena increasingly circulate independent of traditional rhetors. This absence transfers ethos onto textual assemblages that often function as agents in their own right. This transfer of ethos is particularly apparent in memes, where fragmented images constructed across divergent networked media come together to form a single agentic text. Therefore, this chapter argues that a theory of modal ethos is important to understand this artistic proof's role in a networked media ecology. Through a modal analysis of the meme Scumbag Steve, this chapter argues that the modal construction of the meme gives it a unique point of view, complete with narrative history, affective representation, and social expertise—in short, its very own ethos. This allows networked participants to evoke the meme in controversies ranging from NSA wiretapping to the Ukraine Crisis, demanding new forms of political judgment.
Social Customer Relationship Management (SCRM)
Authors: Al-Azzam Ameen , Khasawneh Rawan T.
Published: November 2016

The organizations reach to their objectives by adopting an effective customer management strategy. Today, organizations have become aware that to reach their objectives its must focus on customer relationships, engagement and retention, not only to increase their market share. The development of information and communication technology (ICT) and in particular social networks enables an important communication tool with customer. Improving customer relationship by using social network is called social customer relationship management (SCRM). SCRM focused on establishing new channels with customers for better understanding of customers needs and build a long-term relationship with them. This chapter explores social customer relationship management and its general concepts including social media and customer relationship management. Also, it reviews the context of SCRM that aims to enhance customer relationship and make customers much more engaged. Conclusions and proposed future work are stated at the end.
Marketing on Tumblr
Authors: Smirnov Kristen
Published: November 2016

Despite many demographic, behavioral, and technical features that should make it an appealing destination for social media marketers, the Tumblr platform has lagged in marketing adoption. This chapter discusses the site features that drive its potential, while also acknowledging the challenges that Tumblr presents. Contrasts are offered between the limited flexibility but easier adoption curve of other platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, with the phenomenon known as choice overload discussed as a possible explanation for non-Tumblr preferences. Three Tumblr case studies are presented in depth to illustrate best practices (Denny's diner chain and the musician Taylor Swift) and to warn against certain common pitfalls (Nordstrom). The chapter concludes with potential future research directions to pursue on this growing but underutilized platform.
Using Social Strategy to Retain Customers
Authors: Al-Rabayah Wafaa A.
Published: November 2016

Customer retention is the process of keeping your current customers' set satisfied and loyal to your product, successful customer retention is not only related to the applied product or services, but strongly related to how the organization provide the services and the reputation it creates within and across the marketplace. This chapter mentions four different cases of using social media to achieve customer retention. Cases will be named based on services provided by the firm, theme park, personal care business, food business, and suppling athlete tools. Also set of tips and guidelines about planning social strategy presented, finally suggested tools support different platforms were mentioned.
Challenge
Authors: Scott-Webber Lennie
Published: November 2016

Too many stakeholders are ignoring too much scientific research and the net resulting outcome is too many students are left behind academically. Significant and strategic changes must occur quickly to correct this fundamental outcome. This chapter explores issues relative to the current state of classroom design and why they haven't changed systemically in over 4000 years. Definitions of active learning and behavioral research basics, the nature of the physical learning place, Evidence-Based Designs (EBD) solutions and examples of solution features and capabilities impacting pedagogy (i.e., teaching and learning strategies), technology and spaces are shared. Metrics of ‘proof' of engagement impact are cited, and this author argues that space provides behavioral cues. To simplify the complexity of moving from a teacher-centric paradigm and design solutions to a learner-centric one, two important items for consideration are presented: 1) a formula guiding deep learning parameters for all stakeholders and 2) a decision-makers' checklist.
The STEM Project Team as a Student-Developed Learning Environment
Authors: Beyerlein Michael , Han Soo Jeoung
Published: November 2016

Global competitiveness based on technological innovation has led to an increasing emphasis in education systems at all levels of the STEM fields – learning the content and methods of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The assumption seems to be that competitive advantage in business and industry is based on employee mastery of STEM knowledge for innovation. However, educators seem to be missing the importance of the immediate work team environment as the context of innovative thinking and of the competencies making that possible through learning, collaboration, communication, and creativity. This chapter builds a case for educators to deliberately work at developing those competencies at the team level throughout all levels of the education system. Teamwork leverages the knowledge and skill of team members for innovating to solve complex problems.
Self-Management Strategies in a Student-Driven Learning Environment
Authors: Hoon Teoh Sian , Kee Kor Liew , Kamalu Nur Shaminah Mustafa
Published: November 2016

Self-management in learning is vital. An individual's self being is an agent who acts upon his or her environment required for him or her to achieve academically. Blended learning has been extensively propagated as a means for learners to self direct and drive their learning. However, many students in blended learning courses are facing difficulties in managing their learning time. Many studies have highlighted the importance of self-management strategies in blended learning, but studies about how to manage well one's learning time is much required. This chapter reported a quantitative study that was designed explore the above issue. A questionnaire was constructed to obtain information on self-management strategies of learning (planning, monitoring, and evaluation) as well as time management. The target population was distance learning students who were taking a mathematics course conducted in blended learning environment at the Faculty of Education in a public university. A total of 224 students were randomly selected to participate in this study. The finding showed that the three dimensions (planning, monitoring, and evaluating) named as independent variables significantly contributed to the time management. Besides, the highest coefficient of the contributed factor towards time management is evaluating. Hence, evaluation has played a major role in effective time management. On the other hand, planning and monitoring are significantly contributing to evaluating.
Student-Driven Learning within a Technology-Enhanced Learning Environment
Authors: Sidhu Gurnam Kaur , Kaur Ranjit , Choo Lim Peck
Published: November 2016

This chapter will discuss student-driven learning within a Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) environment. It will first put forward some technological learning tools that have encouraged student-centered learning (SCL) and later explore online collaborative learning which is seen as a pathway towards enhancing SCL in the 21st century classrooms. This is important as effective SCL instruction not only provides learners with skills and knowledge but also enable them to function capably and contribute effectively in a highly networked society in the future. This chapter highlights that today's technology enhanced learning environment has brought about various innovations in teaching and learning. Technology is moving at such a fast rate that information is at everyone's fingertips and learning goes far beyond the four walls of the classrooms. In such an age, students move into new flexible learning spaces and environments that can allow them to take ownership of their own learning.
21st-Century Students in 20th Century Classrooms
Authors: Marshall Jason , Thomas Karen , Robinson Sandra
Published: November 2016

This chapter focuses on the transition from teacher-centred learning to student-centred learning. First, we situate the importance of student-centred learning within the Angloplone Caribbean experience. Second, we outline ways in which on-going professional development centers institutions interested in making the transition to student-centered learning. Third, we describe some techniques that can be used to engender student-centered approaches to teaching and learning. Finally, we conclude by summarizing student-centred pedagogical challenges and implications.
Service Learning for Inclusive Society in Malaysia
Authors: Alias Roslinda , Alias Nor Aziah , Luaran Johan Eddy , Noor Harrinni Md , Rahenan Nurin Fatihah
Published: November 2016

Service learning is a method of teaching which combines classroom instructions with service to community. The provision of meaningful experience allows learners to drive their own learning. In the context of this study, service learning was used as an approach in increasing students' awareness and inculcating positive attitudes towards persons with disabilities. This also aims to promote inclusive society by eliminating challenges faced by PWDs, namely social discrimination, lack of awareness and traditional prejudices. Thirty-three students from the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA were made as facilitators for a 3-day program involving the PWDs. The reflections provided by the students emerged into three themes, namely: 1) inculcation of positive attitudes and perceptions towards PWDs, 2) inculcation of awareness and knowledge on PWDs issues, and 3) other benefits. In conclusion, the experience gained by the students through service learning has been proven to be effective in their overall attitude towards PWDs, in the effort to promote inclusive society.
The Evolution of Pedagogy for Non-Traditional Students at a UK Higher Education Institution
Authors: Goodchild Tim
Published: November 2016

The chapter will critically examine the evolution of pedagogy from a traditional ‘blended learning' approach driven by classroom teaching with some virtual activities, to a more student driven learning experience, where the classroom activities support the learning experience. It will include the use of the ‘carpe diem' framework (Armellini & Jones, 2008) as part of a challenge to the original pedagogic approach of teacher-led learning, and the move to a student-centred pedagogy, which is more inclusive of learning technologies and the unique challenges faced by work-based learning students. This chapter will offer a critical interrogation of the relationship between the notions of traditional teaching and higher education students, with emerging learning and teaching innovations for work-based students via more rounded understanding of blended learning and will conclude that knowledge and support of the diversity of staff and student experience, skills, motivations and capabilities is critical to sustainable and effective student-led, technologically rich approaches for this diverse group of students.
Is consciousness a product of the brain or/and a divine act of God? Concise insights from neuroscience and Christian theology
Authors: Pretorius Mark
Published: November 2016

Over several years now, notable research has been undertaken on consciousness from various disciplines in the natural sciences, especially in neuroscience and Christian theology. This paper will therefore attempt to add to the current literature in these areas by addressing briefly the following three main aspects, namely, (1) Presenting a succinct explanation of the various views of consciousness by select scholars. (2) Exploring briefly the question, ‘Is the emergence of consciousness a product of an evolved brain?’ (3) Concisely examining the question, ‘Is consciousness of God and spiritual experiences a divine act and/or a process of an evolved brain?’
Single-particle investigation of summertime and wintertime Antarctic sea spray aerosols using low-Z particle EPMA, Raman microspectrometry, and ATR-FTIR imaging techniques
Authors: Eom Hyo-Jin , Gupta Dhrubajyoti , Cho Hye-Rin , Hwang Hee Jin , Hur Soon Do , Gim Yeontae , Ro Chul-Un
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Two aerosol samples collected at King Sejong Korean scientific research station, Antarctica, on 9 December 2011 in the austral summer (sample S1) and 23 July 2012 in the austral winter (sample S2), when the oceanic chlorophyll a levels on the collection days of the samples were quite different, by  ∼  19 times (2.46 vs. 0.13 µg L−1, respectively), were investigated on a single-particle basis using quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA), called low-Z particle EPMA, Raman microspectrometry (RMS), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) imaging techniques to obtain their characteristics based on the elemental chemical compositions, molecular species, and mixing state. X-ray analysis showed that the supermicron summertime and wintertime Antarctic aerosol samples have different elemental chemical compositions, even though all the individual particles analyzed were sea spray aerosols (SSAs); i.e., the contents of C, O, Ca, S, and Si were more elevated, whereas Cl was more depleted, for sample S1 than for sample S2. Based on qualitative analysis of the chemical species present in individual SSAs by the combined application of RMS and ATR-FTIR imaging, different organic species were observed in samples S1 and S2; i.e., Mg hydrate salts of alanine were predominant in samples S1 and S2, whereas Mg salts of fatty acids internally mixed with Mg hydrate salts of alanine were significant in sample S2. Although CaSO4 was observed significantly in both samples S1 and S2, other inorganic species, such as Na2SO4, NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, SiO2, and CH3SO3Mg, were observed more significantly in sample S1, suggesting that those compounds may be related to the higher phytoplankton activity in summer.
The magnitude of the snow-sourced reactive nitrogen flux to the boundary layer in the Uintah Basin, Utah, USA
Authors: Zatko Maria , Erbland Joseph , Savarino Joel , Geng Lei , Easley Lauren , Schauer Andrew , Bates Timothy , Quinn Patricia K. , Light Bonnie , Morison David , Osthoff Hans D. , Lyman Seth , Neff William , Yuan Bin , Alexander Becky
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Reactive nitrogen (Nr  =  NO, NO2, HONO) and volatile organic carbon emissions from oil and gas extraction activities play a major role in wintertime ground-level ozone exceedance events of up to 140 ppb in the Uintah Basin in eastern Utah. Such events occur only when the ground is snow covered, due to the impacts of snow on the stability and depth of the boundary layer and ultraviolet actinic flux at the surface. Recycling of reactive nitrogen from the photolysis of snow nitrate has been observed in polar and mid-latitude snow, but snow-sourced reactive nitrogen fluxes in mid-latitude regions have not yet been quantified in the field. Here we present vertical profiles of snow nitrate concentration and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) collected during the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study 2014 (UBWOS 2014), along with observations of insoluble light-absorbing impurities, radiation equivalent mean ice grain radii, and snow density that determine snow optical properties. We use the snow optical properties and nitrate concentrations to calculate ultraviolet actinic flux in snow and the production of Nr from the photolysis of snow nitrate. The observed δ15N(NO3−) is used to constrain modeled fractional loss of snow nitrate in a snow chemistry column model, and thus the source of Nr to the overlying boundary layer. Snow-surface δ15N(NO3−) measurements range from −5 to 10 ‰ and suggest that the local nitrate burden in the Uintah Basin is dominated by primary emissions from anthropogenic sources, except during fresh snowfall events, where remote NOx sources from beyond the basin are dominant. Modeled daily averaged snow-sourced Nr fluxes range from 5.6 to 71  ×  107 molec cm−2 s−1 over the course of the field campaign, with a maximum noontime value of 3.1  ×  109 molec cm−2 s−1. The top-down emission estimate of primary, anthropogenic NOx in Uintah and Duchesne counties is at least 300 times higher than the estimated snow NOx emissions presented in this study. Our results suggest that snow-sourced reactive nitrogen fluxes are minor contributors to the Nr boundary layer budget in the highly polluted Uintah Basin boundary layer during winter 2014.
Regional and seasonal radiative forcing by perturbations to aerosol and ozone precursor emissions
Authors: Bellouin Nicolas , Baker Laura , Hodnebrog Øivind , Olivié Dirk , Cherian Ribu , Macintosh Claire , Samset Bjørn , Esteve Anna , Aamaas Borgar , Quaas Johannes , Myhre Gunnar
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Predictions of temperature and precipitation responses to changes in the anthropogenic emissions of climate forcers require the quantification of the radiative forcing exerted by those changes. This task is particularly difficult for near-term climate forcers like aerosols, methane, and ozone precursors because their short atmospheric lifetimes cause regionally and temporally inhomogeneous radiative forcings. This study quantifies specific radiative forcing, defined as the radiative forcing per unit change in mass emitted, for eight near-term climate forcers as a function of their source regions and the season of emission by using dedicated simulations by four general circulation and chemistry-transport models. Although differences in the representation of atmospheric chemistry and radiative processes in different models impede the creation of a uniform dataset, four distinct findings can be highlighted. Firstly, specific radiative forcing for sulfur dioxide and organic carbon are stronger when aerosol–cloud interactions are taken into account. Secondly, there is a lack of agreement on the sign of the specific radiative forcing of volatile organic compound perturbations, suggesting they are better avoided in climate mitigation strategies. Thirdly, the strong seasonalities of the specific radiative forcing of most forcers allow strategies to minimise positive radiative forcing based on the timing of emissions. Finally, European and shipping emissions exert stronger aerosol specific radiative forcings compared to East Asia where the baseline is more polluted. This study can therefore form the basis for further refining climate mitigation options based on regional and seasonal controls on emissions. For example, reducing summertime emissions of black carbon and wintertime emissions of sulfur dioxide in the more polluted regions is a possible way to improve air quality without weakening the negative radiative forcing of aerosols.
Retrieval of ash properties from IASI measurements
Authors: Ventress Lucy J. , McGarragh Gregory , Carboni Elisa , Smith Andrew J. , Grainger Roy G.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. A new optimal estimation algorithm for the retrieval of volcanic ash properties has been developed for use with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). The retrieval method uses the wave number range 680–1200 cm−1, which contains window channels, the CO2 ν2 band (used for the height retrieval), and the O3 ν3 band.Assuming a single infinitely (geometrically) thin ash plume and combining this with the output from the radiative transfer model RTTOV, the retrieval algorithm produces the most probable values for the ash optical depth (AOD), particle effective radius, plume top height, and effective radiating temperature. A comprehensive uncertainty budget is obtained for each pixel. Improvements to the algorithm through the use of different measurement error covariance matrices are explored, comparing the results from a sensitivity study of the retrieval process using covariance matrices trained on either clear-sky or cloudy scenes. The result showed that, due to the smaller variance contained within it, the clear-sky covariance matrix is preferable. However, if the retrieval fails to pass the quality control tests, the cloudy covariance matrix is implemented.The retrieval algorithm is applied to scenes from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010, and the retrieved parameters are compared to ancillary data sources. The ash optical depth gives a root mean square error (RMSE) difference of 0.46 when compared to retrievals from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument for all pixels and an improved RMSE of 0.2 for low optical depths (AOD < 0.1). Measurements from the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) flight campaigns are used to verify the retrieved particle effective radius, with the retrieved distribution of sizes for the scene showing excellent consistency. Further, the plume top altitudes are compared to derived cloud-top altitudes from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument and show agreement with RMSE values of less than 1 km.
On the role of ion-scale whistler waves in space and astrophysical plasma turbulence
Authors: Comişel Horia , Nariyuki Yasuhiro , Narita Yasuhito , Motschmann Uwe
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Competition of linear mode waves is studied numerically to understand the energy cascade mechanism in plasma turbulence on ion-kinetic scales. Hybrid plasma simulations are performed in a 3-D simulation box by pumping large-scale Alfvén waves on the fluid scale. The result is compared with that from our earlier 2-D simulations. We find that the whistler mode is persistently present both in the 2-D and 3-D simulations irrespective of the initial setup, e.g., the amplitude of the initial pumping waves, while all the other modes are excited and damped such that the energy is efficiently transported to thermal energy over non-whistler mode. The simulation results suggest that the whistler mode could transfer the fluctuation energy smoothly from the fluid scale down to the electron-kinetic scale, and justifies the notion of whistler turbulence.
Strukturen Sehen. Über die Karriere eines Hexagons in der quantitativen Revolution
Authors: Michel Boris
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Publications from the early quantitative revolution in geography saw a significant change in the use of visual material. While the old regionalist paradigm of "Länderkunde" was dominated by images of "geographical individuals" the new geography was dominated by abstract models and visualized laws and theories. Overall visual material gains in importance, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This paper follows the changed functions, possibilities and promises of visualizing epistemic things in geography's new paradigm. This is done by following the translations, transformations and mobilizations of the famous hexagon Walter Christaller published in his 1933 "Theory of central places in South Germany". Since the 1940s this Hexagon has become not only an icon of the new geography, but an instrument for making quantitative-theoretical thinking in the geography plausible and at the same time to build a visual bridge between the old and the new geography.
The effect of therapeutic pleural drainage on the short- and long-term sequelae of tuberculous pleural effusions
Authors: Wilken E , Fengels H , Swart F , Maree D , Bruwer J W , Batubara E M , Irusen E M , Koegelenberg C F N
Published: November 2016

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a common cause of pleural exudates in many parts of the globe. Pleural fibrosis with restriction is a well-known complication of tuberculous pleuritis. Current evidence suggests that pleural drainage offers little benefit over and above anti-TB treatment in improving pulmonary function.

Methods. We enrolled 20 patients with proven tuberculous pleural effusions (mean age 32.7 years, 10 males, 12 HIV-positive), and performed therapeutic pleural drainage in 10 randomly selected cases. Pulmonary function testing (PFT), chest radiography and transthoracic ultrasound were performed on all patients before treatment and at 7 - 10 days, 3 months and 6 months.

Results. Complete therapeutic drainage was achieved in only 4 of the 10 patients randomised to undergo drainage. No significant immediate benefit was achieved in the 10 patients assigned to intervention. However, compared with the non-intervention group, the intervention group showed significant changes in several functional parameters at 6 months, including changes in forced vital capacity from baseline (1.40 L v. 0.65 L; p<0.001), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (1.37 L v. 0.60 L; p=0.002), total lung capacity (1.76 L v. 0.88 L; p=0.034) and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (7.42 v. 2.19 mL/min/mmHg, p=0.013). No difference was observed in the change in 6-minute walking distance (113.4 m v. 126 m; p=0.798) compared with the control group at 6 months.

Conclusions. Therapeutic drainage may offer additional medium- and long-term functional benefits to patients with pleural TB, in addition to anti-TB drug therapy alone, as evident in the improvement in PFT results.
Diagnostic yield of transbronchial needle aspiration for lymphoma
Authors: Sonnekus B , Steenkamp J , Louw M , Koegelenberg C F N
Published: November 2016

Background. Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a minimally invasive bronchoscopic technique that is cost-effective and safe for diagnosing mediastinal and hilar adenopathy in lung cancer, other malignancies, sarcoidosis and infectious processes such as tuberculosis. Few studies have analysed the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of TBNA for diagnosing lymphoma.

Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic yield of TBNA for diagnosing mediastinal and hilar adenopathy in suspected lymphoma.

Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of collected data of patients with mediastinal and hilar adenopathy adjacent to the tracheobronchial tree detected by thoracic computed tomography, who underwent TBNA at Tygerberg Hospital between July 2010 and June 2013. We included 25 patients with suspected or proven lymphoma. Histology was used as the gold standard.

Results. Adequate samples for cytological evaluation were obtained for 22 (88%) patients. Cytological diagnosis was possible for 8 (32%). For 17 (68%) who could not be diagnosed by TBNA alone, histology provided final diagnosis. Rapid on-site examination (ROSE) was performed in 23 (92%). In 17/23 (74%) cases, these had similar results to formal cytology. Only 4 (16%) had flow cytometry requested. Twelve (48%) had lymphoma confirmed on histology. TBNA cytology had 100% specificity and positive predictive value for suspicion of lymphoma. Sensitivity was 33% and negative predictive value 62%.

Conclusion. TBNA is an appropriate first-line diagnostic procedure in evaluating mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy in suspected lymphoma. Biopsy should be the immediate second-line procedure when ROSE/cytology is suspicious of lymphoma or shows atypical cells. Patients with negative TBNA cytology, but high clinical or radiological suspicion of lymphoma, should be further investigated.
An approach to the solitary pulmonary nodule
Authors: Abraham S , Vorster M J , Roy S S , Koegelenberg C F N
Published: November 2016

Solitary pulmonary nodules may represent early lung cancer, which is potentially curable. The advent of improved imaging techniques, together with the worldwide implementation of screening programmes, has intensified the need for a structured approach to the management
of pulmonary nodules. We present an overview of the current literature on risk stratification, characteristics and management of pulmonary
nodules that are relevant to practitioners in South Africa.
Implementation of Bipolar Adjective Pairs in Analysis of Urban Acoustic Environments
Authors: Suhanek Mia , Đurek Ivan
Published: November 2016

Four different acoustic environments with different loudness levels and spectral distributions were recorded and reproduced to two groups of listeners - control group and experimental group. The questionnaire used in this research relies on the semantic differential method implemented by defining adjective pairs of opposite meaning where each pair describes a sound characteristic for a particular acoustic environment. In analyzing the results, psychological research methodology was used in order to determine statistically significant bipolar adjectives that can appropriately evaluate some given acoustic environment and thus serve as a starting point for a questionnaire and methodology standardization in soundscape research.
Dynamic Anthropometric Characteristics of Pedestrians in Case of Car Collision
Authors: Golubić Jasna , Vogrin Zoran , Missoni Eduard
Published: November 2016

The paper gives an overview of the specific features of anthropometric characteristics of humans – pedestrians in case of car accidents involving pedestrians and cars. Here, special attention has been paid to the configuration of the human body while moving, which is in turn related to the initial conditions of a collision. Special part of biomechanics in humans refers to their moving, where human’s walk has a specific posture as a mechanical phenomenon. Based on the carried out analysis the need has been observed for a classification of anthropologic variables by means of which the dynamic inertia moments of a walking human can be calculated, as well as the human, who hit by a car in a traffic accident flies along a production curvilinear path. With the development of ergonomics, and the accompanying increased application of anthropometry, the static anthropometry was abandoned, since the humans are considered highly variable in their dimensions, which is extremely importantfor the dynamic analysis of the human body posture in the collision process.
Conductivity control of Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 thin films grown on sapphire substrates
Authors: Akaiwa Kazuaki , Kaneko Kentaro , Ichino Kunio , Fujita Shizuo
Published: November 2016

We achieved the successful fabrication of Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 thin films with higher electron mobility and wider conductivity controls by improving the crystal quality. α-Ga2O3 films showed n-type conductivity with a maximum electron mobility of 24 cm2 V−1 s−1. The carrier concentration was successfully controlled in the range of 1017–1019 cm−3. Crystal defects such as dislocations severely compensate the free carriers in α-Ga2O3 films and restrict the mobility at low carrier concentrations. Therefore, to achieve further conductivity control and higher mobility, improving the crystallinity of α-Ga2O3 films is necessary.
Factors influencing infection and transmission ofAnopheles gambiaedensovirus (AgDNV) in mosquitoes
Authors: Barik Tapan K. , Suzuki Yasutsugu , Rasgon Jason L.
Published: November 2016

Anopheles gambiaedensovirus (AgDNV) is a potential microbial agent for paratransgenesis and gene transduction inAn. gambiae, the major vector of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the interaction between AgDNV andAn. gambiaeis critical for using AgDNV in a basic and applied manner forAnophelesgene manipulation. Here, we tested the effects of mosquito age, sex, blood feeding status, and potential for horizontal transmission using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter AgDNV system. Neither mosquito age at infection nor feeding regime affected viral titers. Female mosquitoes were more permissive to viral infection than males. Despite low viral titers, infected males were able to venereally transmit virus to females during mating, where the virus was localized with the transferred sperm in the spermathecae. These findings will be useful for designing AgDNV-based strategies to manipulateAnopheles gambiae.