bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and structure characterization of five synthetic opioids: 3,4-methylenedioxy-U-47700, o-methyl-acetylfentanyl, 2-thiophenefentanyl, benzoylfentanyl and benzoylbenzylfentanyl
Authors: Popławska Magdalena , Bednarek Elżbieta , Naumczuk Beata , Kozerski Lech , Błażewicz Agata
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The number of new synthetic opioids, especially fentanyl analogs, on the illicit market is increasing each year and becoming a disturbing phenomenon. Due to the very high potency, ease of addiction and high risk of overdose with the fatal effect, they pose a serious threat to public health. The ever-changing drug market, lack of reference standards and low doses make this class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) a continual analytical challenge in terms of detection and identification. Structure elucidations of five synthetic opioids are described in this paper.

Methods

Unequivocal identifications were performed using liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer (LC–QTOF-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with prior chromatographic purification of the sample in each case.

Results

Identified NPS included one non-fentanyl opioid belonging to “U-compounds group”—3,4-methylenedioxy-U-47700 and four fentanyl analogs: o-methyl-acetylfentanyl, benzoylfentanyl, 2-thiophenefentanyl and benzoylbenzylfentanyl.

Conclusions

Complementary LC–QTOF-MS/MS and NMR techniques enabled the unambiguous identification of new synthetic opioids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive characterization of these five NPS with complete data which are published to facilitate their detection and identification by forensic and clinical laboratories.
Disorders of the Aorta and Aortic Valve in Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: Grygiel-Górniak Bogna , Oduah Mary-Tiffany , Olagunju Abdulbaril , Klokner Michal
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

The incidence of aortic valve disease in inherited connective tissue disorders is well documented; however, recent studies have only begun to unravel the pathology behind this association. In this review, we aim to describe the etiology, clinical manifestations, management, and prognosis of aortic and aortic valvular disorders that co-exist in a variety of connective tissue diseases. An extensive literature review was performed in PubMed. Articles from 2008 to 2018 were included for review. Predetermined search terms used in PubMed include “aortic manifestation of connective tissue diseases” and “aortic valve disorders in rheumatologic disease.”

Recent Findings

Manifestations of aortic valve disease in the context of connective tissue disorders include valvular stenosis, regurgitation, and/or thoracic aortic aneurysms. Both inherited and inflammatory connective tissue disorders contribute to aortic valve damage with increased susceptibility associated with specific gene variants.

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies have demonstrated beneficial results in Marfan’s syndrome, Behcet disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic sclerosis, often leading to remission. Yet, such therapy is less effective in other disorders compared to alternative treatments such as surgical intervention. Additionally, regular echocardiographic studies should be recommended to those suffering from these disorders, especially those at higher risk for cardiovascular involvement.

Given the rates of relapse with immunosuppressants, even following aortic valve replacement, further studies are needed to determine if certain dosing and/or combinations of immunosuppressants could be given to those diagnosed with connective tissue diseases to prevent progression of aortic valve involvement.
PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Sivapackiam Jothilingam , Sharma Monica , Schindler Thomas H. , Sharma Vijay
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Currently, cardiotoxicity is monitored through echocardiography or multigated acquisition scanning and is defined as 10% or higher LVEF reduction. The latter stage may represent irreversible myocardium injury and limits modification of therapeutic paradigms at earliest stages. To stratify patients for anthracycline-related heart failure, highly sensitive and molecularly specific probes capable of interrogating cardiac damage at the subcellular levels have been sought.

Recent Findings

PET tracers may provide noninvasive assessment of earliest changes within myocardium. These tracers are at nascent stages of development and belong primarily to (a) mitochondrial potential-targeted and (b) general ROS (reactive oxygen species)-targeted radiotracers. Given that electrochemical gradient changes at the mitochondrial membrane represent an upstream, and earliest event before triggering the production of the ROS and caspase activity in a biochemical cascade, the former category might offer interrogation of cardiotoxicity at earliest stages exemplified by PET imaging, using 18F-Mitophos and 68Ga-Galmydar in rodent models.

Both categories of radiotracers may provide tools for monitoring chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and interrogating therapeutic efficacy of cardio-protectants.
Reasons Why Combination Therapy Should Be the New Standard of Care to Achieve the LDL-Cholesterol Targets
Authors: Masana Lluís , Ibarretxe Daiana , Plana Núria
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

The aim of this report is to review the scientific evidence supporting that lipid lowering therapy (LLT), beyond statins, reduces cardiovascular risk; therefore, treatment strategies based on lipid-lowering drug combination should be implemented.

Recent Findings

A strong scientific body of evidence supports the effect of statins on cardiovascular risk reduction. Recent trials using non-statin LLT, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors have provide scientific evidence about their impact on cardiovascular prevention. Current clinical guidelines still recommend using high-intensity statin monotherapy before considering combination therapy.

The causal effect of LDL-C on atherosclerosis is well established. Moreover, new RCT, meta-analysis, and Mendelian randomization data, support that the main determinant of risk reduction is the absolute LDL reduction regardless of LLT. Accordingly, the “high-intensity statin therapy” concept should be substituted by “high-intensity lipid lowering therapy.” Combination therapy must become the standard of care of hypercholesterolemia treatment.
Current and Potential New Targets in Systemic Sclerosis Therapy: a New Hope
Authors: Hinchcliff Monique , O’Reilly Steven
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which there is an activation of fibroblast to a myofibroblast that secretes huge amounts of extracellular matrix. Currently, no treatment exists that modifies the fibrosis elements and new therapeutic targets are badly needed. This review examines the current state of treatments and emerging therapeutics.

Recent Findings

Nintedanib was found to significantly reduce the rate of decline in SSc associated FVC, although it has no benefit on skin fibrosis. New cannabinoid receptor2 agonist has shown superb effects in phase II and results in phase III are anticipated. Other targets are currently being tested in clinical trials and new targets that are yet to be tested are increasing in the SSc literature.

Nintedanib is now licenced for SSc interstitial lung disease but this does not modify the skin fibrosis. Current ongoing trials will determine the role of various targets. New targets are emerging as we gain a deeper understanding of disease pathogenesis.
Compressively-strained GaSb nanowires with core-shell heterostructures
Authors: Zhu Zhongyunshen , Svensson Johannes , Persson Axel R. , Wallenberg Reine , Gromov Andrei V. , Wernersson Lars-Erik
Published: June 2020

GaSb-based nanowires in a gate-all-around geometry are good candidates for binary p-type transistors, however they require the introduction of compressive strain to enhance the transport properties. Here, we for the first time demonstrate epitaxial GaSb-GaAsxSb1−x core-shell nanowires with a compressively strained core. Both axial and hydrostatic strain in GaSb core have been measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering, respectively. The optimal sample, almost without plastic relaxation, has an axial strain of −0.88% and a hydrostatic strain of −1.46%, leading to a noticeable effect where the light hole band is calculated to be 33.4 meV above the heavy hole band at the Γ-point. This valence band feature offers more light holes to contribute the transport process, and thus may provide enhanced hole mobility by reducing both the interband scattering and the hole effective mass. Our results show that lattice-mismatched epitaxial core-shell heterostructures of high quality can also be realized in the promising yet demanding GaSb-based system.
3-Dimensional objective aesthetic evaluation to replace panel assessment after breast-conserving treatment
Authors: Godden Amy R. , O’Connell Rachel L. , Barry Peter A. , Krupa Katherine C. D. , Wolf Lisa M. , Mohammed Kabir , Kirby Anna M. , Rusby Jennifer E.
Published: June 2020

Background

Two-thirds of patients with early breast cancer undergo breast-conserving treatment (BCT). Aesthetic outcome is important and has long term implications for psychosocial wellbeing. The aesthetic goal of BCT is symmetry for which there is no gold-standard measure. Panel scoring is the most widely adopted assessment but has well-described limitations. This paper describes a model to objectively report aesthetic outcome using measures derived from 3-dimensional surface images (3D-SI).

Method

Objective measures and panel assessment were undertaken independently for 3D-SI of women who underwent BCT 1–5 years previously. Univariate analysis was used to test for association between measures and panel score. A forward stepwise multiple linear regression model was fitted to identify 3D measurements that jointly predicted the mean panel score. The fitted model coefficients were used to predict mean panel scores for an independent validation set then compared to the mean observed panel score.

Results

Very good intra-panel reliability was observed for the training and validation sets (wκ = 0.87, wκ = 0.84). Six 3D-measures were used in the multivariate model. There was a good correlation between the predicted and mean observed panel score in the training (n = 190) and validation (n = 100) sets (r = 0.68,r = 0.65). The 3D model tended to predict scores towards the median. The model was calibrated which improved the distribution of predicted scores.

Conclusion

A six-variable objective aesthetic outcome model for BCT has been described and validated. This can predict and could replace panel assessment, facilitating the independent and unbiased evaluation of aesthetic outcome to communicate and compare results, benchmark practice, and raise standards.
Regression Models for Compositional Data: General Log-Contrast Formulations, Proximal Optimization, and Microbiome Data Applications
Authors: Combettes Patrick L. , Müller Christian L.
Published: June 2020

Compositional data sets are ubiquitous in science, including geology, ecology, and microbiology. In microbiome research, compositional data primarily arise from high-throughput sequence-based profiling experiments. These data comprise microbial compositions in their natural habitat and are often paired with covariate measurements that characterize physicochemical habitat properties or the physiology of the host. Inferring parsimonious statistical associations between microbial compositions and habitat- or host-specific covariate data is an important step in exploratory data analysis. A standard statistical model linking compositional covariates to continuous outcomes is the linear log-contrast model. This model describes the response as a linear combination of log-ratios of the original compositions and has been extended to the high-dimensional setting via regularization. In this contribution, we propose a general convex optimization model for linear log-contrast regression which includes many previous proposals as special cases. We introduce a proximal algorithm that solves the resulting constrained optimization problem exactly with rigorous convergence guarantees. We illustrate the versatility of our approach by investigating the performance of several model instances on soil and gut microbiome data analysis tasks.
Towards a Critical Sociology of Children’s Leisure
Authors: Mukherjee Utsa
Published: June 2020

In this article, I contend that the sociology of leisure in particular and leisure studies in general has been shaped by adult-centric assumptions which have marginalized children’s perspectives on and experiences of leisure within theory building exercises. Consequently, leisure researchers who do empirical work on children’s leisure have largely eschewed critical debates about children’s agency, social positioning and lived citizenship among others that have been developed by the ‘new’ sociology of childhood. Failure to build bridges with other areas of scholarship such as sociological childhood studies, has intensified the intellectual isolation of leisure research. Here, I propose a sustained dialogue between leisure studies and childhood studies which will not only widen the intellectual breadth of leisure theory and make it more inclusive, but also enable leisure studies to have an impact on the new social studies of childhood. In illustrating what such a collaboration might entail, I outline a conceptual schema of three interlocking genres of children’s leisure – namely organized, family and casual leisure – based on existing studies conducted by researchers in leisure, childhood and family studies that offer a roadmap for the development of a new critical sociology of children’s leisure.
Navier–Stokes equation in super-critical spaces \( E_{p , q}^{s} \)
Authors: Feichtinger Hans G. , Gröchenig Karlheinz , Li Kuijie , Wang Baoxiang
Published: June 2020

In this paper we develop a new way to study the global existence and uniqueness for the Navier–Stokes equation (NS) and consider the initial data in a class of modulation spaces

E_{p,q}^{s}

with exponentially decaying weights

(s < 0,\:1 < p,q < \infty )

for which the norms are defined by

\|f\|_{E_{p,q}^{s}} = \left(\:\sum \limits_{k \in \mathbb{Z}^{d}}2^{s|k|q}\|\mathscr{F}^{−1}\chi _{k + [0,1]^{d}}\mathscr{F}f\|_{p}^{q}\right)^{1/ q}.

The space

E_{p,q}^{s}

is a rather rough function space and cannot be treated as a subspace of tempered distributions. For example, we have the embedding

H^{\sigma } \subset E_{2,1}^{s}

for any

\sigma < 0

and

s < 0

. It is known that

H^{\sigma }

(

\sigma < d/ 2−1

) is a super-critical space of NS, it follows that

E_{2,1}^{s}

(

s < 0

) is also super-critical for NS. We show that NS has a unique global mild solution if the initial data belong to

E_{2,1}^{s}

(

s < 0

) and their Fourier transforms are supported in

\mathbb{R}_{I}^{d}: = \{\xi \in \mathbb{R}^{d}:\:\xi _{i}⩾0,\:i = 1,...,d\}

. Similar results hold for the initial data in

E_{r,1}^{s}

with

2 < r⩽d

. Our results imply that NS has a unique global solution if the initial value

u_{0}

is in

L^{2}

with

\mathrm{\sup p}\:\hat{u}_{0}\: \subset \mathbb{R}_{I}^{d}

.
Relaxed multi-marginal costs and quantization effects
Authors: De Pascale Luigi , Bouchitté Guy , Buttazzo Giuseppe , Champion Thierry
Published: June 2020

We propose a duality theory for multi-marginal repulsive cost that appears in optimal transport problems arising in Density Functional Theory. The related optimization problems involve probabilities on the entire space and, as minimizing sequences may lose mass at infinity, it is natural to expect relaxed solutions which are sub-probabilities. We first characterize the
N
-marginals relaxed cost in terms of a stratification formula which takes into account all
k
interactions with

k \leq N

. We then develop a duality framework involving continuous functions vanishing at infinity and deduce primal-dual necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. Next we prove the existence and the regularity of an optimal dual potential under very mild assumptions. In the last part of the paper, we apply our results to a minimization problem involving a given continuous potential and we give evidence of a mass quantization effect for optimal solutions.
Asymptotic expansions in time for rotating incompressible viscous fluids
Authors: Hoang Luan T. , Titi Edriss S.
Published: June 2020

We study the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations of rotating incompressible viscous fluids with periodic boundary conditions. The asymptotic expansions, as time goes to infinity, are derived in all Gevrey spaces for any Leray–Hopf weak solutions in terms of oscillating, exponentially decaying functions. The results are established for all non-zero rotation speeds, and for both cases with and without the zero spatial average of the solutions. Our method makes use of the Poincaré waves to rewrite the equations, and then implements the Gevrey norm techniques to deal with the resulting time-dependent bi-linear form. Special solutions are also found which form infinite dimensional invariant linear manifolds.
Tibetan Demonology
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: June 2020

Tibetan Demonology discusses the rich taxonomy of gods and demons encountered in Tibet. These spirits are often the cause of, and exhorted for, diverse violent and wrathful activities. This Element consists of four thematic sections. The first section, 'Spirits and the Body', explores oracular possession and spirit-induced illnesses. The second section, 'Spirits and Time', discusses the role of gods in Tibetan astrology and ritual calendars. The third section, 'Spirits and Space', examines the relationship between divinities and the Tibetan landscape. The final section, 'Spirits and Doctrine', explores how certain deities act as fierce protectors of religious and political institutions.
Sampled to Death? The Rise and Fall of Probability Sampling in Archaeology
Authors: Banning Edward B.
Published: June 2020

After a heyday in the 1970s and 1980s, probability sampling became much less visible in archaeological literature as it came under assault from the post-processual critique and the widespread adoption of “full-coverage survey.” After 1990, published discussion of probability sampling rarely strayed from sample-size issues in analyses of artifacts along with plant and animal remains, and most textbooks and archaeological training limited sampling to regional survey and did little to equip new generations of archaeologists with this critical aspect of research design. A review of the last 20 years of archaeological literature indicates a need for deeper and broader archaeological training in sampling; more precise usage of terms such as “sample”; use of randomization as a control in experimental design; and more attention to cluster sampling, stratified sampling, and nonspatial sampling in both training and research.
Interrogating an ICD-coded electronic health records database to characterize the epidemiology of prosopagnosia
Authors: Pressl Christina , Jiang Caroline S. , Correa da Rosa Joel , Friedrich Maximilian , Vaughan Roger , Freiwald Winrich A. , Tobin Jonathan N.
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Recognition of faces of family members, friends, and colleagues is an important skill essential for everyday life. Individuals affected by prosopagnosia (face blindness) have difficulty recognizing familiar individuals. The prevalence of prosopagnosia has been estimated to be as high as 3%. Prosopagnosia can severely impact the quality of life of those affected, and it has been suggested to co-occur with conditions such as depression and anxiety.

Methods:

To determine real-world diagnostic frequency of prosopagnosia and the spectrum of its comorbidities, we utilized a large database of more than 7.5 million de-identified electronic health records (EHRs) from patients who received care at major academic health centers and Federally Qualified Health Centers in New York City. We designed a computable phenotype to search the database for diagnosed cases of prosopagnosia, revealing a total of n = 902 cases. In addition, data from a randomly sampled matched control population (n = 100,973) were drawn from the database for comparative analyses to study the condition’s comorbidity landscape. Diagnostic frequency of prosopagnosia, epidemiological characteristics, and comorbidity landscape were assessed.

Results:

We observed prosopagnosia diagnoses at a rate of 0.012% (12 per 100,000 individuals). We discovered elevated frequency of prosopagnosia diagnosis for individuals who carried certain comorbid conditions, such as personality disorder, depression, epilepsy, and anxiety. Moreover, prosopagnosia diagnoses increased with the number of comorbid conditions.

Conclusions:

Results from this study show a wide range of comorbidities and suggest that prosopagnosia is vastly underdiagnosed. Findings imply important clinical consequences for the diagnosis and management of prosopagnosia as well as its comorbid conditions.
Learning gaps among statistical competencies for clinical and translational science learners
Authors: Oster Robert A. , Devick Katrina L. , Thurston Sally W. , Larson Joseph J. , Welty Leah J. , Nietert Paul J. , Pollock Brad H. , Pomann Gina-Maria , Spratt Heidi , Lindsell Christopher J. , Enders Felicity T.
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Statistical literacy is essential in clinical and translational science (CTS). Statistical competencies have been published to guide coursework design and selection for graduate students in CTS. Here, we describe common elements of graduate curricula for CTS and identify gaps in the statistical competencies.

Methods:

We surveyed statistics educators using e-mail solicitation sent through four professional organizations. Respondents rated the degree to which 24 educational statistical competencies were included in required and elective coursework in doctoral-level and master’s-level programs for CTS learners. We report competency results from institutions with Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs), reflecting institutions that have invested in CTS training.

Results:

There were 24 CTSA-funded respondents representing 13 doctoral-level programs and 23 master’s-level programs. For doctoral-level programs, competencies covered extensively in required coursework for all doctoral-level programs were basic principles of probability and hypothesis testing, understanding the implications of selecting appropriate statistical methods, and computing appropriate descriptive statistics. The only competency extensively covered in required coursework for all master’s-level programs was understanding the implications of selecting appropriate statistical methods. The least covered competencies included understanding the purpose of meta-analysis and the uses of early stopping rules in clinical trials. Competencies considered to be less fundamental and more specialized tended to be covered less frequently in graduate courses.

Conclusion:

While graduate courses in CTS tend to cover many statistical fundamentals, learning gaps exist, particularly for more specialized competencies. Educational material to fill these gaps is necessary for learners pursuing these activities.
Trusted Smart Statistics: How new data will change official statistics
Authors: Ricciato Fabio , Wirthmann Albrecht , Hahn Martina
Published: June 2020

In this discussion paper, we outline the motivations and the main principles of the Trusted Smart Statistics (TSS) concept that is under development in the European Statistical System. TSS represents the evolution of official statistics in response to the challenges posed by the new datafied society. Taking stock from the availability of new digital data sources, new technologies, and new behaviors, statistical offices are called nowadays to rethink the way they operate in order to reassert their role in modern democratic society. The issue at stake is considerably broader and deeper than merely adapting existing processes to embrace so-called Big Data. In several aspects, such evolution entails a fundamental paradigm shift with respect to the legacy model of official statistics production based on traditional data sources, for example, in the relation between data and computation, between data collection and analysis, between methodological development and statistical production, and of course in the roles of the various stakeholders and their mutual relationships. Such complex evolution must be guided by a comprehensive system-level view based on clearly spelled design principles. In this paper, we aim at providing a general account of the TSS concept reflecting the current state of the discussion within the European Statistical System.
Detecting carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) carriage: Which body site should be cultured?
Authors: Nutman Amir , Temkin Elizabeth , Lellouche Jonathan , Ben David Debby , Schwartz David , Carmeli Yehuda
Published: June 2020

We compared the yield of culturing various body sites to detect carriage of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Culturing the skin using a premoistened sponge, with overnight enrichment and plating on CHROMagar MDR Acinetobacter, had the highest yield: 92%. Skin is satisfactory as a single site for active surveillance of CRAB.
Clostridioides difficile toxin testing and positivity in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Righolt Christiaan H. , Zhang Geng , Hammond Gregory W. , Lagace-Wiens Philippe , Mahmud Salaheddin M.
Published: June 2020

We assessed Clostridioides difficile toxin testing and positivity for all patients in Manitoba hospitals during June 2016–November 2018. The testing rate was 30 per 10,000 patient bed days (95% confidence interval [CI], 30–31) and the incidence rate was 3.5 per 10,000 patient bed days (95% CI, 3.3–3.7). The context of testing is essential to the interpretation of data among jurisdictions.
Fracture characteristics of Lower Carboniferous carbonates in northern Belgium based on FMI log analyses
Authors: van der Voet Eva , Laenen Ben , Rombaut Bernd , Kourta Mourad , Swennen Rudy
Published: June 2020

Recently drilled geothermal boreholes in Mol, northern Belgium, provide new information on the Lower Carboniferous carbonates in the Campine–Brabant Basin. Because of low primary porosity, fractures in these limestones and dolostones are of major importance for reservoir permeability. The Fullbore Formation MicroImager (FMI) log of the MOL-GT-01 borehole enabled interpretation of bed boundaries and fractures in the subsurface. Relationships between the frequency of these fractures and bed thickness, lithology variations and the presence of faults were explored. The results show that thick beds contain relatively few fractures and thin beds relatively many. Except for lower values in shaly intervals, the fracture frequency (number per metre) is largely independent of lithology. Zones with substantial changes in the structural dip (called a cusp) and/or azimuth of bed boundaries were identified. The clearest cusp is present at a depth of 3284 m. Since the presence of a normal fault is most likely regarding the local and regional geology, this cusp likely resembles a fault-tip fold of a WSW-ward dipping normal fault with an inclination of at least 54°. It is uncertain whether the borehole crossed the fault itself or only a monocline on top of it. Fracture frequency is increased in the vicinity of the interpreted possible faults. Up to a vertical distance ofc.45 m from the faults, the mean fracture frequency is higher than in a non-faulted zone with similar lithology. However, frequency differences between these faulted and non-faulted zones are mostly insignificant, so no clear damage zones are present.
FRAGMENTS OF FAITH: UNPICKING ARCHBISHOP JOHN MORTON’S VESTMENTS
Authors: Brooks Mary M , O’Connor Sonia , Caple Christopher , Graves C Pamela , Quye Anita
Published: June 2020

This paper uses evidence from a previously unresearched ecclesiastical textile associated with Archbishop John Morton (c1420−1500) to generate new insights into the material culture of the Roman Catholic faith before, during and after the penal period in England (c1558−1829). This composite textile was initially thought to be made up of fragments of a late 1400s cope bearing Morton’s rebus, reconfigured as an altar frontal, which had survived in the house of an important Roman Catholic family. The embroidered motifs include a unique Lily Crucifix. The textile’s complex biography is ‘unpicked’ using physical and textual evidence to understand its changing forms, roles and significance. Analysis of the material and construction, combined with evidence gained through X-radiography, showed the frontal to be composed of parts of a cope and at least one other vestment, with a now missing image of the Annunciation. Mapping the stages of fragmentation, removal and re-modelling demonstrates the transformation of significant mainstream vestments into other forms. The paper illuminates aspects of Morton’s faith and provides new insights into the practices of recusant Roman Catholics.
La conception aristotélicienne de la servilité dans l’Éthiqueet laPolitique
Authors: RODRIGUE LOUISE
Published: June 2020

Novateur à plusieurs égards, l'ouvrage influent de Richard Bodéüs,Le philosophe et la cité, paru en 1982, propose notamment une réinterprétation de la notion complexe de phrónēsis. C'est dans cette foulée que se situe la présente contribution, dont l'objectif est d'analyser une de ses formes plus modeste, l’économie, dans sa partie qui implique le rapport avec les personnes non-libres. À la lumière des observations de Richard Bodéüs sur le commandement, les positions aristotéliciennes concernant la relation maître-esclave seront remises en perspective. Cette démarche conduira, en deuxième partie, à montrer l'extension de la notion servilité, plus large qu'on ne l'admet généralement, ce qui donnera à voir en quoi la nature humaine est esclave, selon le mot du Stagirite (MétaphysiqueA 2, 982b29-30).
Clerical Outsiders: The Edinoverie Priesthood in Imperial Russia, 1800–1917
Authors: PALKIN ALEXANDER , WHITE JAMES
Published: June 2020

Founded in 1800, edinoverie was a missionary mechanism that offered converts from ‘schismatic’ Old Belief the use of their anathematised rituals within the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the edinoverie clergy's distinctive social characteristics and working conditions stymied successful integration into the caste-like clerical estate. These representatives of an alternative form of Orthodoxy chiefly championed by Old Believers therefore remained on the periphery of the confession. This demonstrates the limits of intraconfessional diversity within the imperial Church: even when championed by ethnic Russians, the Church was reluctant to sponsor alternative visions of Orthodoxy in its own ranks.
Applied Objects and the Syntax–Semantics Interface
Authors: JERRO KYLE
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates the syntax–semantics interface within the domain of the realization of applied objects in Bantu languages, and I argue that the syntactic structure and semantic contribution of a given argument-licensing functional head (here, the applicative) do not covary. Specifically, I show that in principle, both high and low applicatives can (and should) be available with any type of applicative and not tied to a specific semantics (such as transfer of possession) or thematic role, as proposed in earlier work. Furthermore, I reject the centrality of thematic roles as a component of grammar that determines the grammatical function of applied objects, and I propose instead a typology of Bantu applied objects based on their semantic and morphological properties. This approach makes several predictions about applied objects: (i) syntactic and semantic diagnostics for high and low applicatives need not pattern together, (ii) syntactic asymmetry (such as c-command) can arise for applied objects which pattern symmetrically with other diagnostics (such as passivization), and (iii) the type of an applied object does not universally capture symmetry properties cross-linguistically. The view put forward in this paper provides a framework that can better capture this type of variation with object symmetry in Bantu languages as well as language-internal facts about applied objects; more generally, this paper sheds light on the nature of the syntax–semantic interface by showing that the meaning of a functional head is not necessarily determined by its syntactic position.
Comment on ‘Open-boundary spectral and flux-balance Vlasov simulation by A. Klimas and A. Viñas’
Authors: Klimas Alexander J. , Viñas Adolfo. F.
Published: June 2020

An error in Klimas & Viñas (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 85 (6), 2019, 905850610) is noted and explained. It is shown that the results in Klimas and Viñas were unaffected by the error. Further ramifications for future non-periodic spectral simulations are discussed.
Stories from the margins: Indian business communities in the growth of colonial Singapore
Authors: Bhattacharya Jayati
Published: June 2020

Colonial Singapore witnessed the movement and settling of Chinese, Malay, Indian, Arab, European and other mercantile groups as a free port and emporium of the British Empire. This social landscape was defined by boundaries between the different ethnic communities, often drawn up by the British, in contrast to the cosmopolitan exchanges of the market. This article focuses on the Indian business communities which had played a significant role in maritime trade networks since pre-colonial times and continued to be a part of Singapore's developing society and economy in the British period. A minority in the colonial era port city and largely confined within intra-ethnic economic and social circuits, Indians participated in the complex colonial structure of trade and credit alongside British, European and Asian traders and merchant houses, as brokers, agents, and retailers. British hegemony over the Indian subcontinent was both an advantage and a disadvantage for these Indian trading communities. This article brings to light the history of Indian networks in the colonial transnational flows of capital and entrepreneurship, and their patterns of integration into and role in the development of Singapore, a role marginalised in the scholarship and the national narratives alike by a focus on the large-scale Indian labour migrations.
Colonialism with benefits? Singaporean peoplehood and colonial contradiction
Authors: Holden Philip
Published: June 2020

Most of the research presented in this special issue questions the notion of a singular Singaporean story, and yet this narrative persists as a form of Gramscian common sense for most Singaporeans, whether young or old, and also for recent immigrants and international commentators. To understand the reasons for this persistence, I turn to American political scientist Rogers M. Smith's concept of narratives of peoplehood, and in particular his notion of ethically constitutive stories that are central to individual subject formation. The role of the colonial past in such stories of Singapore is contradictory, in that the relationship between colonialism and the nation-state is seen simultaneously in terms of rupture and continuity, and this conceals a further contradiction in terms of the relationship between individual and the collective. In exploring these contradictions, and in tracing reparative possibilities for new stories of peoplehood, I will, in conclusion, turn to recent literary narratives, and in particular recent historical speculative fiction that revisions the colonial past.
The use of proteomics for the identification of promising vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Mansouri Reza , Ali-Hassanzadeh Mohammad , Shafiei Reza , Savardashtaki Amir , Karimazar Mohammadreza , Anvari Enayat , Nguewa Paul , Rashidi Sajad
Published: June 2020

Plasmodium falciparum is the main cause of severe malaria in humans that can lead to death. There is growing evidence of drug-resistance in P. falciparum treatment, and the design of effective vaccines remains an ongoing strategy to control the disease. On the other hand, the recognition of specific diagnostic markers for P. falciparum can accelerate the diagnosis of this parasite in the early stages of infection. Therefore, the identification of novel antigenic proteins especially by proteomic tools is urgent for vaccination and diagnosis of P. falciparum. The proteome diversity of the life cycle stages of P. falciparum, the altered proteome of P. falciparum-infected human sera and altered proteins in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes could be proposed as appropriate proteins for the aforementioned aims. Accordingly, this review highlights and proposes different proteins identified using proteomic approaches as promising markers in the diagnosis and vaccination of P. falciparum. It seems that most of the candidates identified in this study were able to elicit immune responses in the P. falciparum-infected hosts and they also played major roles in the life cycle, pathogenicity and key pathways of this parasite.
Dogs of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13
Authors: Alp Bill
Published: June 2020

This article tells the story of the dog teams of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13. Its purpose is to establish an accurate record of sledge dog involvement in the expedition. It is not concerned with hypotheses about how a better outcome for the expedition might have been achieved, aiming simply to assemble and analyse verifiable evidence in chronological order. A substantial amount of research has been undertaken. Straightforward details about procurement of the dogs and their main Antarctic journeys have been summarised in tabular form as an accessible reference source for future work. A literature review has been undertaken, finding that none of the reviewed works accurately traces the evolving plans and instructions for the expedition’s dog teams. The story starts with Scott’s September 1909 public fundraising prospectus and goes on to the procurement and training of Huskies from Siberia. It traces the challenges, achievements, attitudes and management decisions that shaped the dogs’ main journeys. It finishes with Terra Nova leaving the Antarctic, with the last 13 dogs in January 1913. The dog teams and their handlers performed well in the Antarctic and successfully completed three of their four main journeys. They made a substantial contribution to the expedition.
On the implications of object permanence: Microhistorical insights from Piaget's new theory
Authors: Burman Jeremy Trevelyan
Published: June 2020

The authors’ arguments reflect the dominant traditions of American Psychology. In doing so, however, they miss relevant insights omitted during the original importation (translation and popularization) of the foreign sources that informed the theories they built upon. Of particular relevance here are Piaget's last studies. These are presented to unpack the meaning of “object permanence” as a kind of representation.
The role of sleep in the formation and updating of abstract mental representations
Authors: Visalli Antonino , Cellini Nicola
Published: June 2020

According to Gilead and colleagues, to be efficient abstraction requires a hierarchical organization of information into long-term memory. But, how and when are abstract representations consolidated into long-term memory and how are they integrated with pre-existing abstracta are questions not discussed by Gilead and colleagues. Here, we propose that these processes occur preferentially during offline periods such as sleep.
Abstracting reward
Authors: Spurrett David
Published: June 2020

The costs of and returns from actions are varied and individually concrete dimensions, combined in heterogeneous ways. The many needs of the body also fluctuate. Making action selection efficiently track some ultimate goal, whether fitness or another utility function, itself requires representational abstraction. Therefore, predictive brains need abstract value representations.
Above and beyond the content: Feelings influence mental simulations
Authors: Mrkva Kellen , Cian Luca , Van Boven Leaf
Published: June 2020

Gilead et al. present a rich account of abstraction. Though the account describes several elements which influence mental representation, it is worth also delineating how feelings, such as fluency and emotion, influence mental simulation. Additionally, though past experience can sometimes make simulations more accurate and worthwhile (as Gilead et al. suggest), many systematic prediction errors persist despite substantial experience.
Neuronal codes for predictive processing in cortical layers
Authors: Petro Lucy S. , Muckli Lars
Published: June 2020

Predictive processing as a computational motif of the neocortex needs to be elaborated into theories of higher cognitive functions that include simulating future behavioural outcomes. We contribute to the neuroscientific perspective of predictive processing as a foundation for the proposed representational architectures of the mind.
Structured event complexes are the primary representation in the human prefrontal cortex
Authors: Grafman Jordan
Published: June 2020

Instead of endorsing an all-encompassing view about the influence of abstractions in predictive processing, I suggest that most deliberative thought including complex abstractions, agent actions, and/or perceived environmental sequences are stored in the human prefrontal cortex in the form of structured event complexes.
Electron Matter Interaction
Authors: Zeitler E.
Published: June 2020

The organizing committee of a congress as large as this one attempts to make available as much pertinent information as possible. To that end a variety of platforms are employed, and a wide range of topics are chosen. Our particular interdisciplinary symposium deals with radiation damage, and I am charged with talking about electronmatter interaction. The stage should be set for the speakers who follow by introducing the terminology and explaining the physics behind the events.

Electron-matter interaction is a universal process, because electrons can be excited and freed from matter by relatively low energies, and then those electrons can, in turn, react with matter. In the fluorescent light, in your car battery, or in your television set at home such electron-matter interaction takes place. From these ubiquitous events we select the pertinent electron-matter interactions which are germane to our professional metier--that is, electron microscopy.
Radiation Damage to Proteins: Changes on the Primary and Secondary
Structure Level
Authors: Baumeister W. , Seredynski J.
Published: June 2020

Specimens in the electron microscope are inevitably exposed to an
intense flux of ionizing radiation which more or less dramatically
deteriorates the structure under investigation. While optimists may comfort
themselves by feeling that, irrespective of some damage, the specimens still
retain quite a close resemblence to the original structure, pessimists
suspect that all significant 'high resolution' information is destroyed. A
rational approach towards reconciling these extreme views is to ask what the
specimen is, chemically speaking, when a certain number of electrons has
traversed it. The assessment of the limits of structural fidelity to be
expected for a given class of specimens is the prime objective of radiation
damage research as it pertains to electron microscopy. Unravelling the
sequence of events leading to the final product is another aim which,
besides academic satisfaction, may have some important repercussions in as
much as an understanding of the mechanisms controlling structural
reorganization might facilitate the design of remedial procedures for
reducing damage, which we need so badly.
Introduction and State of the Art
Authors: Cosslett V.E.
Published: June 2020

The invitation to give this opening survey included the suggestion to
say something about past as well as future developments, about yesterday as
well as tomorrow. A retrospective view is in any event obligatory if the
present state of the subject is to be properly displayed, and I am happy to
adopt this approach.

It happens that recently we added an original RCA type EMB instrument to
our historical collection in the Cavendish Laboratory, that goes back
through Bragg and Eutherford to Thomson, Eayleigh and Maxwell. My first
experience of electron microscopy was in fact gained on the EMB, and soon
afterwards on the 1940 Siemens UM100. So I thought it would be interesting
to compare the present generation of microscopes with those old
originals.
Aberration Correction in Electron Microscopy
Authors: Koops H.
Published: June 2020

Most presently available fixed-beam transmission electron microscopes
(FBEM) yield a resolution limit close to the theoretically predicted value
which is determined by diffraction and by the spherical aberration of the
objective lens.

The larger the aperture the better is the collection efficiency of the
elastically scattered electrons forming the image. To increase the useful
objective aperture it is necessary to overcome the spherical aberration. In
the case of a phase contrast image it is possible, at least in principle, to
compensate the effect of the spherical aberration by subsequent holographic
processing of the electron micrograph.
Inelastic Electron-Matter Interactions
Authors: Silcox J.
Published: June 2020

In this introductory paper, my primary concern will be in identifying
and outlining the various types of inelastic processes resulting from the
interaction of electrons with matter. Elastic processes are understood
reasonably well at the present experimental level and can be regarded as
giving information on spatial arrangements. We need not consider them here.
Inelastic processes do contain information of considerable value which
reflect the electronic and chemical structure of the sample. In combination
with the spatial resolution of the electron microscope, a unique probe of
materials is finally emerging (Hillier 1943, Watanabe 1955, Castaing and
Henri 1962, Crewe 1966, Wittry, Ferrier and Cosslett 1969, Isaacson and
Johnson 1975, Egerton, Rossouw and Whelan 1976, Kokubo and Iwatsuki 1976,
Colliex, Cosslett, Leapman and Trebbia 1977). We first review some
scattering terminology by way of background and to identify some of the more
interesting and significant features of energy loss electrons and then go on
to discuss examples of studies of the type of phenomena encountered. Finally
we will comment on some of the experimental factors encountered.
Developments in Scanning Auger Microscopy
Authors: Venables J.A. , Janssen A.P.
Published: June 2020

In the last decade, Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) has become a
standard tool of surface physics and chemistry. Under electron bombardment,
atoms emit Auger electrons having characteristic energies, so that the
atomic species present can be identified after the manner of X-ray
spectroscopy. AES is complementary to X-ray spectroscopy in several ways.
First, it is much more surface sensitive, since the inelastic mean free path
for Auger electrons, whose energies are typically in the range 50 - 1500 eV,
is ~ lnm. Second, atomic relaxation following the primary ionization results
in either an X-ray or an Auger electron. Auger emission is dominant for low
energy processes, so that AES is relatively more favourable for light
element analysis than X-ray spectroscopy.