bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of oil viscosity on waterflooding: A case study of high water-cut sandstone oilfield in Kazakhstan
Authors: Wang Jincai , Fan Zifei , Zhao Lun , Chen Li , Ni Jun , Wang Chenggang , Zhang Xiangzhong
Published: February 2021

After a sandstone oilfield enters the high water-cut period, the viscosity of crude oil has an important influence on remaining oil distribution and waterflooding characteristics under the same factors of, e.g., reservoir quality and development methods. Based on a comprehensive interpretation of the waterflooded layers in new oil wells, physical simulation experiments, and reservoir numerical simulations, we analyzed the waterflooding laws of a high water-cut sandstone reservoir with different oil viscosities in Kazakhstan under the same oil production speed, and we clarified the remaining oil potential of reservoirs with different viscosities and proposed corresponding development measures. The results show that low-viscosity oil reservoirs (1 mPa s) have uniform waterflooding, thick streamlines, small waterflooding areas, and low overall waterflooding degrees because of their homogeneous oil–water viscosities. However, within waterflooded areas, the reservoirs have high oil displacement efficiencies and high waterflooding degrees, and the remaining oil is mainly concentrated in the unwaterflooded areas; therefore, the initial production and water cut in new oil wells vary significantly. High-viscosity oil reservoirs (200 mPa s) have severe waterflooding fingering, large waterflooding areas, and high overall waterflooded degrees because of their high oil–water mobility ratios. However, within waterflooded areas, the reservoirs have low oil displacement efficiencies and low waterflooding degrees, and the remaining oil is mainly concentrated in both the waterflooded areas and the unwaterflooded areas; therefore, the differences in the initial production and water cut of new oil wells are small. Moderate-viscosity oil reservoirs (20 mPa s) are characterized by remaining oil distributions that are somewhere in between those of the former two reservoirs. Therefore, in the high water-cut period, as the viscosity of crude oil increases, the efficiency of waterflooding gradually deteriorates and the remaining oil potential increases. In the later development, it is suggested to implement the local well pattern thickening in the remaining oil enrichment area for reservoirs with low viscosity, whereas a gradual overall well pattern thickening strategy is recommended for whole reservoirs with moderate and high viscosity. The findings of this study can aid better understanding of waterflooding law and the remaining oil potential of reservoirs with different viscosities and proposed corresponding development measures. The research results have important guidance and reference significance for the secondary development of high water-cut sandstone oilfields.
Jakimovski–Leviatan operators of Kantorovich type involving multiple Appell polynomials
Authors: Gupta Pooja , Acu Ana Maria , Agrawal Purshottam Narain
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the present paper is to obtain the degree of approximation in terms of a Lipschitz type maximal function for the Kantorovich type modification of Jakimovski–Leviatan operators based on multiple Appell polynomials. Also, we study the rate of approximation of these operators in a weighted space of polynomial growth and for functions having a derivative of bounded variation. A Voronvskaja type theorem is obtained. Further, we illustrate the convergence of these operators for certain functions through tables and figures using the Maple algorithm and, by a numerical example, we show that our Kantorovich type operator involving multiple Appell polynomials yields a better rate of convergence than the Durrmeyer type Jakimovski Leviatan operators based on Appell polynomials introduced by Karaisa (2016).
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles usingTropaeolum majus: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies
Authors: Bawazeer Saud , Rauf Abdur , Shah Syed Uzair Ali , Shawky Ahmed M. , Al-Awthan Yahya S. , Bahattab Omar Salem , Uddin Ghias , Sabir Javeria , El-Esawi Mohamed A.
Published: February 2021

The green biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles of already explored phytomedicines has many advantages such as enhanced biological action, increased bioavailability, etc. In this direction, keeping in view the peculiar medicinal value ofTropaeolum majusL., we synthesized its silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by adopting eco-friendly and cost-effective protocol by using methanolic and aqueous extract ofT. majus. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using several techniques including UV spectroscopic analysis, FTIR analysis, and atomic force microscopy. The methanolic/aqueous extracts ofT. majusand synthesized AgNPs were assessed for antioxidant potential and antimicrobial effect. The preliminary screening showed that theT. majusextracts have variety of reducing phytochemicals including tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. The green synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by the appearance of sharp peak at 430–450 nm in the UV-Visible spectra. The FTIR spectral analysis of extract and AgNPs exhibited that peaks at 2947.23, 2831.50, 2592.33, 2522.89, and 1,411 cm−1disappeared in the spectra of FTIR spectra of the AgNPs, indicating carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are mainly accountable for reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. Atomic force microscopic scan of the synthesized AgNPs confirmed its cylindrical shape with size of 25 µm. The extracts and AgNPs were investigated for antioxidant potential by DPPH-free radical essay, which showed that aqueous extract has significant and dose-independent antioxidant activity; however, the synthesized AgNPs showed decline in antioxidant activity. The extracts and synthesized AgNPs were also evaluated for antibacterial activity againstKlebsiella pneumonia,Staphylococcus aureus, andBacillus subtilis.Neither extract nor AgNPs were active againstKlebsiella pneumonia.The aqueous and methanolic extract exhibited inhibition againstBacillus subtilisand their synthesized AgNPs were active againstStaphylococcus aureus.Our data concluded that the extracts ofT. majushave necessary capping and reducing agents which make it capable to develop stable AgNPs. The aqueous extract ofT. majushas potential antioxidant effect; however, the AgNPs did not enhance its free radical scavenging effect. The bacterial strains’ susceptibility of the extract and AgNPs was changed fromBacillus subtilistoStaphylococcus aureus, respectively. The biological action of AgNPs is changed in case of antibacterial activity which means that AgNPs might change the specificity ofT. majusand likewise other drugs.
Thucydides and Topography: the neglected prevalence and significance of elevated terrain in Classical Greek battles
Authors: Harrold George
Published: February 2021

This article uses Thucydides’ literary evidence to argue that elevated terrain was prevalent in the battles of the Peloponnesian War, contrary to the orthodox view of the Classical Greek battlefield. This argument has four parts. First, Thucydides’ battles are defined and listed. Second, the references to terrain in these battle accounts are catalogued. Third, this collated data is analysed to demonstrate that elevated terrain was indeed prevalent on the battlefields of the Peloponnesian War. And, fourth, some of the military effects of this elevated terrain are explored.
Microdeletion in the IGF-1 receptor gene of a patient with short stature and obesity: a case report
Authors: Yoon Jong Seo , Hwang Il Tae
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Defects in the IGF-1 receptor gene (IGF1R) induce IGF-1 resistance, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, normal or elevated serum IGF-1 levels, and feeding problems. Obesity, idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), bone age advancement, and serum IGF-1 level in the lower half of the reference range are very rare clinical features in patients with IGF1R defects.

Case presentation

In this study, we report the atypical clinical manifestations of IGF1R defects. Short stature girl born small for gestational age were initially diagnosed with IGHD. No catch-up growth was achieved despite sufficiently elevated IGF-1 levels after recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis finally confirmed terminal deletion of 15q26.2q26.3 in the subject.

Conclusion

Intrauterine growth retardation, postnatal growth failure, and IGF-1 resistance during rhGH treatment are homologous features exhibited by affected patients, and may be predictive of IGF1R defects.
Verification of the stationary module of the ShIPR software system for modelling experiments of the ASTRA HTGR type critical facility
Authors: Zizin M. N. , Boyarinov V. F. , Nevinitsa V. A. , Fomichenko P. A. , Volkov Yu. N. , Kruglikov A. E.
Published: February 2021

Coupled neutronic and thermal hydraulic calculation codes are verified for calculating the design of modern and prospective types of nuclear reactors. This verification is done by comparing experimental and calculated results for stationary and transient conditions. This paper presents ShIPR (Shell of Intelligent Package for Reactor) Integrated Development Environment with automatic generation of head programs based on the chain of computational modules. The aim of this study is to find the reason of a discrepancy in the modelling of sub-critical states that was found in previous work. The comparison of ShIPR stationary module with Monte-Carlo code (MCU) and experimental results on ASTRA HTGR critical facility was presented in the paper. To compare the detector readings and MCU calculation with the ShIPR module, the interpolation cross-section procedure was performed. This procedure allows simulating 235U fission reaction rates (detector readings) in the complicate, annular core, using the micro-cross sections prepared by the cell-lattice code. We found that the calculation accuracy of stationary ShIPR module is on an acceptable level but the macro constants for control rods need to be prepared independently, given with surroundings.
Comparison of back propagation network and radial basis function network in Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) calculation
Authors: Safavi A. , Esteki M. H. , Mirvakili S. M. , Khaki M.
Published: February 2021

Since estimating the minimum departure from nucleate boiling ratio (MDNBR) requires complex calculations, an alternative method has always been considered. One of these methods is neural network. In this study, the Back Propagation Neural network (BPN) and Radial Basis Function Neural network (RBFN) are introduced and compared in order to estimate MDNBR of the VVER-1000 light water reactor. In these networks, the MDNBR were predicted with the inputs including core mass flux, core inlet temperature, pressure, reactor power level and position of the control rods. To obtain the data required to design these neural networks, an externally coupledcode was developed and its ability to estimate the thermo-hydraulic parameters of the VVER-1000 reactor was compared with other numerical solutions of this benchmark and the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR). After ensuring the accuracy of this coupled-code, MDNBR was calculated for 272 different conditions of reactor operating, and it was used to design BPN and RBFN. Comparison of these two neural networks revealed that when the output SMEs of the two systems were approximately the same, the training process in RBFN was much faster than in BPN and the maximum network error in RBFN was less than in BPN.
Current trends in grammar writing
Authors: Ajanki Rigina , Hamari Arja
Published: February 2021

Over the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the production of descriptive grammars for languages that had previously been poorly described or lacked description altogether. In most cases, these are minority languages, and many of them are endangered. To enhance the dialogue between grammar-writers and typologists, the conference Descriptive Grammars and Typology was held at the University of Helsinki (Finland) at the end of March, 2019. In this paper, we discuss three current trends in grammar writing that emerged from the conference plenaries as well as from many other presentations: (i) the target audience of grammars and the role of language communities in grammar writing, (ii) the digitalization of grammaticography and (iii) themes that have earlier been more or less neglected in grammars but that would bring more insight into typological research as well as into understanding the structures of individual languages: discourse, variation, diachrony and contact effect of languages.
Generalized modulation theory for strongly nonlinear gravity waves in a compressible atmosphere
Authors: Schlutow Mark , Wahlén Erik
Published: February 2021

This study investigates strongly nonlinear gravity waves in the compressible atmosphere from the Earth’s surface to the deep atmosphere. These waves are effectively described by Grimshaw’s dissipative modulation equations which provide the basis for finding stationary solutions such as mountain lee waves and testing their stability in an analytic fashion. Assuming energetically consistent boundary and far-field conditions, that is no energy flux through the surface, free-slip boundary, and finite total energy, general wave solutions are derived and illustrated in terms of realistic background fields. These assumptions also imply that the wave-Reynolds number must become less than unity above a certain height. The modulational stability of admissible, both non-hydrostatic and hydrostatic, waves is examined. It turns out that, when accounting for the self-induced mean flow, the wave-Froude number has a resonance condition. If it becomes 1/

1
/

2

1/\sqrt 2

, then the wave destabilizes due to perturbations from the essential spectrum of the linearized modulation equations. However, if the horizontal wavelength is large enough, waves overturn before they can reach the modulational stability condition.
Chlorine as a Discriminant Element to Establish the Provenance of Central Mediterranean Obsidians
Authors: Martin Franco Foresta , Rotolo Silvio G. , Nazzari Manuela , Carapezza Maria Luisa
Published: February 2021

Chlorine is a minor element present in obsidians in quantities greater than in average igneous rocks. The chlorine concentration in obsidians is generally low, of the order of tenths of wt %, but it exhibits an appreciable differentiation among geological sources. Despite these characteristics, chlorine has rarely been taken into consideration as a possible indicator of obsidian provenance and it does not appear in the chemical analytical tables accompanying the geochemical characterisation of obsidian samples.

In this work, after an overview of chlorine geochemistry and cycle, we present thirty-one new electron microprobe (EPMA) analyses, including Cl, of geologic obsidians sampled from the four sources of the Central Mediterranean, exploited in prehistoric times (Monte Arci, Palmarola, Lipari and Pantelleria). The results are compared with 175 new EPMA analyses, including Cl, of archaeological obsidians already characterised in previous work and of known provenance. As such it was possible to ascertain that each source has a characteristic chlorine concentration, showing the utility of its use in the studies of obsidian provenance. Furthermore, given that the solubility of chlorine in silicate melts is correlated to its alkali content, in particular sodium, we assessed the efficacy of simple binary graphs Cl vs Na2O to better constrain the provenance of the obsidian samples.
Upper limb exercise with physical and virtual robots: Visual sensitivity affects task performance
Authors: Chevalier Pauline , Vasco Valentina , Willemse Cesco , De Tommaso Davide , Tikhanoff Vadim , Pattacini Ugo , Wykowska Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

We investigated the influence of visual sensitivity on the performance of an imitation task with the robot R1 in its virtual and physical forms. Virtual and physical embodiments offer different sensory experience to the users. As all individuals respond differently to their sensory environment, their sensory sensitivity may play a role in the interaction with a robot. Investigating how sensory sensitivity can influence the interactions appears to be a helpful tool to evaluate and design such interactions. Here we asked 16 participants to perform an imitation task, with a virtual and a physical robot under conditions of full and occluded visibility, and to report the strategy they used to perform this task. We asked them to complete the Sensory Perception Quotient questionnaire. Sensory sensitivity in vision predicted the participants’ performance in imitating the robot’s upper limb movements. From the self-report questionnaire, we observed that the participants relied more on visual sensory cues to perform the task with the physical robot than on the virtual robot. From these results, we propose that a physical embodiment enables the user to invest a lower cognitive effort when performing an imitation task over a virtual embodiment. The results presented here are encouraging that following this line of research is suitable to improve and evaluate the effects of the physical and virtual embodiment of robots for applications in healthy and clinical settings.
Prominence conditioned transformation in metrical analysis
Authors: Frampton John
Published: February 2021

Crowhurst and Michael (2005) develops an OT analysis of the complex word stress system of Nanti, an Amazonian language of the Kampa group. They claim that the difficulty of developing a transformational analysis of the system clearly demonstrates the superiority of OT. One goal of this paper is to show that their claim is false and the complexities of the system are well within the scope of transformational phonology; a straightforward analysis is possible. The second goal is to show how prominence can naturally be included in rule systems.
What he could have said (but did not say) about Gödel’s second theorem: A note on Floyd-Putnam’s Wittgenstein
Authors: Lajevardi Kaave
Published: February 2021

In several publications, Juliet Floyd and Hilary Putnam have argued that the so-called ‘notorious paragraph’ of the Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics contains a valuable philosophical insight about Gödel’s informal proof of the first incompleteness theorem – in a nutshell, the idea they attribute to Wittgenstein is that if the Gödel sentence of a system is refutable, then, because of the resulting ω-inconsistency of the system, we should give up the translation of Gödel’s sentence by the English sentence “I am unprovable”.

I will argue against Floyd and Putnam’s use of the idea, and I will indirectly question its attribution to Wittgenstein. First, I will point out that the idea is inefficient in the context of the first incompleteness theorem because there is an explicit assumption of soundness in Gödel’s informal discussion of that theorem. Secondly, I will argue that of he who makes the observation that Floyd and Putnam think Wittgenstein has made about the first theorem, one will expect to see an analogous observation (concerning the ‘consistency’ statement of systems) about Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem – yet we see nothing to that effect in Wittgenstein’s remarks. Incidentally, that never-made remark on the import of the second theorem is of genuine logical significance.

‏ ‎This short paper is a by-product of the lecture I gave, as an invited speaker, at the Fourth Annual Conference of the Iranian Association for Logic, 2016. I am grateful to Saeed Salehi for an ongoing and productive discussion on different aspects of Gödel’s 1931 paper, and to Ali Masoudi and Mousa Mohammadian for all the friendly and brotherly support. I’d like to dedicate this paper to the memory of my teacher, John V. Canfield (1934 – 2017).
The Interpretation of Probability in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Authors: Ongaro Malvina
Published: February 2021

In this paper, I propose an assessment of the interpretation of the mathematical notion of probability that Wittgenstein presents in TLP (1963: 5.15 – 5.156). I start by presenting his definition of probability as a relation between propositions. I claim that this definition qualifies as a logical interpretation of probability, of the kind defended in the same years by J. M. Keynes. However, Wittgenstein’s interpretation seems prima facie to be safe from two standard objections moved to logical probability, i. e. the mystic nature of the postulated relation and the reliance on Laplace’s principle of indifference. I then proceed to evaluate Wittgenstein’s idea against three criteria for the adequacy of an interpretation of probability: admissibility, ascertainability, and applicability. If the interpretation is admissible on Kolmogorov’s classical axiomatisation, the problem of ascertainability brings up a difficult dilemma. Finally, I test the interpretation in the application to three main contexts of use of probabilities. While the application to frequencies rests ungrounded, the application to induction requires some elaboration, and the application to rational belief depends on ascertainability.
The Benefits Outweigh the Costs: Divine Benefaction and Human Obedience in 2Cor 6,1–7,2
Authors: Land Christopher D.
Published: February 2021

When 2Cor 6,1–13 and 7,2 are viewed primarily as self-defence intended to facilitate reconciliation, it is likely that 6,14–7,1 will be handled as a digression or an interpolation. But when 6,1–13 and 7,2 are read as part of an appeal for obedience directed at reluctant readers, the appearance of purity exhortations in 6,14–7,1 becomes predictable given everything we know about the Corinthians. Leveraging a careful re-reading of 6,12–14, the present essay argues that 6,14–7,1 should be viewed as central to this section of 2 Corinthians, and Paul’s defensiveness in the surrounding text should be interpreted first and foremost in relation to objections to his purity policies.
Passive Motor Learning: Oculomotor Adaptation in the Absence of Behavioral Errors
Authors: Cain Matan , Botschko Yehudit , Joshua Mati
Published: February 2021

Motor adaptation is commonly thought to be a trial-and-error process in which the accuracy of movement improves with repetition of behavior. We challenged this view by testing whether erroneous movements are necessary for motor adaptation. In the eye movement system, the association between movements and errors can be disentangled, since errors in the predicted stimulus trajectory can be perceived even without movements. We modified a smooth pursuit eye movement adaptation paradigm in which monkeys learn to make an eye movement that predicts an upcoming change in target direction. We trained the monkeys to fixate on a target while covertly, an additional target initially moved in one direction and then changed direction after 250 ms. The monkeys showed a learned response to infrequent probe trials in which they were instructed to follow the moving target. Additional experiments confirmed that probing learning or residual eye movements during fixation did not drive learning. These results show that motor adaptation can be elicited in the absence of movement and provide an animal model for studying the implementation of passive motor learning. Current models assume that the interaction between movement and error signals underlies adaptive motor learning. Our results point to other mechanisms that may drive learning in the absence of movement.
Altered Activity of Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex Neurons in Mice following Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Gioia D. A. , Woodward J. J.
Published: February 2021

The lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LOFC) is thought to encode information associated with consumption of rewarding substances and is essential for flexible decision-making. Indeed, firing patterns of LOFC neurons are modulated following changes in reward value associated with an action outcome relationship. Damage to the LOFC impairs behavioral flexibility in humans and is associated with suboptimal performance in reward devaluation protocols in rodents. As chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure also impairs OFC-dependent behaviors, we hypothesized that CIE exposure would alter LOFC neuronal activity during alcohol drinking, especially under conditions when the reward value of ethanol was modulated by aversive or appetitive tastants. To test this hypothesis, we monitored LOFC activity using GCaMP6f fiber photometry in mice receiving acute injections of ethanol and in those trained in operant ethanol self-administration. In naive mice, an acute injection of ethanol caused a dose-dependent decrease in the frequency but not amplitude of GCaMP6f transients. In operant studies, mice were trained on a fixed ratio one schedule of reinforcement and were then separated into CIE or Air groups. Following four cycles of CIE exposure, GCaMP6f activity was recorded during self-administration of alcohol, alcohol+quinine (aversive), or alcohol+sucrose (appetitive) solutions. LOFC neurons showed discrete patterns of activity surrounding lever presses and surrounding drinking bouts. Responding for and consumption of ethanol was greatly enhanced by CIE exposure, was aversion resistant, and was associated with signs of LOFC hyperexcitability. CIE-exposed mice also showed altered patterns of LOFC activity that varied with the ethanol solution consumed.
SİTRİK ASİT ÜRETİMİ VE SAFLAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Meltem , ERBAS Mustafa
Published: February 2021

Sitrik asit, oksidatif solunum yapan bütün canlı organizmaların metabolizmasında bulunan önemli bir organik asittir. Bu organik asit; yüksek ekonomik potansiyeli, düşük maliyeti ve düşük toksisitesi nedenleriyle gıda, ilaç, kimya, tarım ve kozmetik endüstrilerinde geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Sitrik asit özellikle gıda endüstrisinde asitlik düzenleyici, lezzet verici, koruyucu, kıvam arttırıcı ve stabilize edici olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dünyada her yıl 2 milyon tondan fazla sitrik asit üretilmesine rağmen ülkemizde sitrik asit üretimi ve bu konu üzerine bilimsel çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Sitrik asit üretimi doğal kaynaklardan izolasyon, biyokimyasal sentez veya mikrobiyel fermantasyon yöntemleriyle yapılmaktadır. Sitrik asit üretim miktarının %99’undan fazlası Aspergillus niger ve Yarrowia lipolytica mikroorganizmaları kullanılarak mikrobiyel fermantasyon ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Sitrik asit üretildikten sonra farklı saflaştırma yöntemleri ile izole edilerek ticari bir ürüne dönüştürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada sitrik asidin bazı özellikleri, kullanım alanları, sağlık üzerine etkileri, üretim ve saflaştırma yöntemleri derlenmiştir.
La Edad Media en la Península Ibérica. La Reconquista a través de mapas vivos: Un uso práctico de las TIC dentro de la Historia
Authors: Sánchez Sansegundo Francisco Javier , Boumadan Hamed Moussa , Gonzalo Mandrión Ángel
Published: February 2021

Este trabajo se trata de un proyecto de innovación en la materia de Ciencias Sociales de 2º de la ESO, sobre la Reconquista en la Península Ibérica. En él proponemos la creación de un atlas histórico mediante filosofía maker y aprendizaje colaborativo. Los alumnos serán quienes desarrollen la actividad, una vez hayan investigado sobre el tema. Dentro de las nuevas tendencias del uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la educación no podemos olvidarnos de los entornos que emulan la realidad y que actualmente están cada vez más presentes. El empleo de las TIC en este tema nos ayudará a que los alumnos consigan afianzar mucho más los conceptos, pues al realizar ellos una labor de investigación y de participación en la construcción de los contenidos, el nivel de retención de los mismos será mucho mayor.
Bullying in pediatric cancer patients in a third level hospital in Mexico city
Authors: Arreguín-González Indira Judith , Arreguín-González Farina Esther , López-Soule Andrea , Ordaz-Velázquez Delfino Eduardo , Salgado-Ramírez Juan Miguel
Published: February 2021

Aim: Determine if childhood cancer patients suffer bullying and identify its causes Compare what patients say about bullying, when they are alone versus presence of their parents. Method: We studied 47 childhood cancer patients ages varied between 5 and 17 years old. With previous parental authorization we applied a questionnaire called “That´s how we hang out at school” in two moments, first one in presence of their parents, and the second one without them. Results: Scholar childhood cancer survivors suffer bullying in 89.4%, in contrast with 25.8% of children without cancer suffered bullying according to literature. Secquelae and alopecia were the main causes for bullying, also teacher´s and Student´s lack of knowledge thinking that cancer is contagious. We also observed that children accepted being bullied in presence of the doctor, but not in front of their parents. Conclusion: Childhood cancer patients are more harassed than children without cancer due to secqueale, atipya or consumption that they present, also, fear of contagion enhances harassment and lack of teacher´s intervention. Children deny being bullied in front of their parents, but accept it without them.
UTILIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS PARTS (WHOLE FRUIT, SEEDS, LEAVES AND ROOTS) OF CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS AS HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT IN ALBINO RATS
Authors: Khalil Anees Ahmed , Shahid QuratulAin , Aslam Ayesha , Khalid Ahood , Hlebová Miroslava , Rebezov Maksim , Peshсherov Georgy , Okuskhanova Eleonora , Shariati Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to investigate the hypolipidemic properties of Microwave assisted extracts (MAE) obtained from different parts (whole fruit, leaves, seeds and roots) of Citrullus colocynthis on hyperlipidemic experimental rats. The trial consisted of 30 male rats that were divided into six groups each having 5 rats whereas, out of these 25 were hyperlipidemic and 5 were normal rats. After the induction of high cholesterol for 15 days, 20 rats were fed with microwave assisted extract of different parts at a concentration of 200mg/kg/B. W for 28 days. The administration of the extracts reported considerable reduction in the lipid profile parameters of the hypercholesterolemic rats. The MAE of seed of Citrullus colocynthis displayed the optimum results showing reduced levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c by (10.33%), (22.50%) and (15.70%) while an elevation of (16.75%) in HDL-c content compared to the hypercholesterolemic control. Likewise, the percent increase in the concentrations of CAT and SOD by (6.92%) and (18.47%). The study concluded that the MAE of Citrullus colocynthis showed a positive effect on hypercholesterolemia thus providing therapeutic benefits.
IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. ISOLATED FROM FOOD BY TWO METHODS
Authors: Regecová Ivana , Výrostková Jana , Zigo František , Pipová Monika , Jevinová Pavlina , Demjanová Soňa
Published: February 2021

One hundred and ninety-three staphylococcal strains were isolated from samples of alaska pollock meat (Theragra chalcogramma), atlantic mackerel meat (Scomber scombrus),  atlantic herring meat (Clupea harengus), and femoral muscle samples of the wild pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and bryndza cheese. Phenotypic manifestations typical of individual staphylococcal species were detected in these isolates. Species identification was also performed by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization-mass-spectrometry on the basis of which 5 species of staphylococci were determined: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. capitis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri. Subsequently, the presence of the 16S rDNA gene was confirmed by PCR assay; a specific sequence for S. aureus species; putative transcriptional regulator gene serp0107, a specific sequence of the sodA gene was used to identify S. epidermidis and to identify S. warneri, S. haemolyticus, S. capitis species. When comparing the results of identification by PCR assay and matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization-mass-spectrometry, the identification at the genus level was identical in all cases (100%). However, the discrepancies in results were confirmed at the species level, where congruence for identification of isolates by PCR assay and matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization-mass-spectrometry was only 80%. For these isolates, the score value ranged from 1.953 to 2.564.
STUDY OF INHIBITION OF YEASTS, LACTIC AND ACETIC BACTERIA USING SILVER PARTICLES
Authors: Chvalinova Klara , Holesinsky Radim , Sochorova Lenka , Baron Mojmir , Sochor Jiri
Published: February 2021

This paper deals with a study of the inhibition of microorganisms occurring in grape must and wine, using silver in the form of nanoparticles and colloidal solution. Pure cultures of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Brettanomyces bruxellensis, lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus damnsosus and acetic acid bacteria Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter oxydans were used for the experiments. Attention was primarily focused on monitoring changes in carbohydrate processing, namely glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, galactose, trehalose, and ß-glucosidase activity. These biochemical determinations have shown limitations in carbohydrate processing, particularly sucrose in yeasts, and fructose, glucose and sucrose in bacteria. The effects of silver have also been observed in natural microflora found in grape must from Chardonnay and Hibernal. Colloidal silver at concentrations 40, 70 and 100 ppm and silver nanoparticles at concentrations 70, 150 and 250 ppm were used for inhibition. A plate method was used to determine the number of viable colonies. With an increasing concentration of applied substances, the growth of both yeasts and bacteria was strongly inhibited, as indicated by the numbers of colonies cultivated from the must. Yeast growth was inhibited by the lowest concentration ­– (70 ppm) by up to 72% and bacterial growth by up to 75.5%.
SPECIES-DEPENDENT 5’-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL FORMATION IN SLOWLY DRIED FRUITS
Authors: Dzugan Malgorzata , Tomczyk Monika , Miłek Michał , Sowa Patrycja , Wojtuszek Zuzanna , Pasternakiewicz Anna , Zaguła Grzegorz
Published: February 2021

The aim of the work was to determine 5-hydoxymethylfurfural (HMF) content in fruit samples dried by slow convective method. Additionally, the nutritional value, mineral composition and antioxidant activity were investigated as parameters confirming the quality of the product.  Seven different kinds of dried fruits certified as ecological products (apricot, gooseberry, cherry, cornel, blackcurrant, plum and apple) were tested. Analysis covered: reducing sugars, protein content, moisture content, energy value, antioxidant activity, total phenolics content, mineral composition and HMF content (chromatographic and spectrophotometric method). Samples were abundant in reducing sugars (25-51% of dry weight), protein (1.0-5.4%), minerals (Ca, K, Fe, Mg) and were heavy metals-free. The strongest antioxidant activity for blackcurrant and the weakest for dried apple were observed. The highest average content of HMF was found in blackcurrant fruits (3102.2 mg/kg), while the lowest in apple (75.6 mg/kg). Results obtained by Winkler’s and HPLC methods were strongly correlated (r = 0.976). It was found that applied slow convective drying method provide to obtain dried fruits rich in health-promoting properties and HMF quantified in examined fruits was found on the safety level for recommended daily consumption.
IDENTIFICATION OF FILAMENTOUS FUNGI IN TURKISH MOLD-RIPENED CHEESES AND SCREENING OF MYCOTOXIN GENES OF PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI ISOLATES
Authors: KIRTIL Hatice Ebrar , METİN Banu , ARICI Muhammet
Published: February 2021

Turkish mold-ripened cheese varieties are traditionally produced by spontaneous fungal growth during the ripening process in cellars or caves. In this study, fourty strains of filamentous fungi were isolated from mold-ripened cheeses of different regions. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing identified the most common species as Penicillium roqueforti (52%). The two key genes, roqA/rds and mpaC, involved in the biosynthesis of roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid, respectively, were screened by PCR. The presence of fragments of these genes in all P. roqueforti isolates indicates the potential of the isolates for production of these metabolites. Four selected strains of P. roqueforti produced roquefortine C, but mycophenolic acid was detected in only two strains. Variability in the production of the metabolites might indicate the presence of polymorphisms outside of the region amplified or in other genes or their regulatory regions in the biosynthetic pathway.
HARNESSING THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF PAWPAW AND PINEAPPLE FRUITS FOR PILOT SCALE PRODUCTION OF WINE
Authors: Bankefa Olufemi Emmanuel , Oladeji Seye Julius , Gabriel-Ajobiewe Ruth Adefolakemi , Akinyele HAfiz Awofe , Samuel Solomon Mayowa
Published: February 2021

Fermenting blended fruits has been observed to have positive cumulative health benefits. Pawpaw and Pineapple have well-known nutritive and health benefits. This study evaluated the role of fermentation on the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of pawpaw-pineapple juice blends using single and mixed starter cultures. Fermentation of pawpaw-pineapple juice blends in varying ratios: 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 tagged Samples A, B, and C respectively was performed for five days after which the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions were analyzed using standard methods. The findings revealed an increase in the concentration of all the proximate parameters except carbohydrate. The results also showed that sample A was better in nutritive quality than sample B and C by 8.55% and 3.92% respectively. The mono-cultural fermentation of sample A by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded the highest nutritional value (30.12%) as compared to mixed (25.35%) and single culture fermentation of Lactobacillus delbreukii (23.40%) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (21.13%). The mineral composition of sample A (37.60%) with respect to organism was also observed to be significantly higher than sample B (28.82%) and C (33.58%). Overall, the single culture of S. cerevisiae gave the highest mineral output in all the blended ratios. The levels of the anti-nutrients were better reduced by a single culture of S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the mono-cultural fermentation of sample A by S. cerevisiae produced the highest alcoholic content. Mono-cultural fermentation of pawpaw-pineapple juice in ratio 1:1 by S. cerevisiae is most efficient in obtaining the highest nutritional value and alcoholic content in pawpaw-pineapple wine.
BIOBLEACHING OF ETHANOL-SODA PULP OF EULALIOPSIS BINATA BY XYLANASES FROM ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS ARC-12 AND SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE ARC-11
Authors: Gautam Archana , KUMAR AMIT , Dutt Dharm
Published: February 2021

Environmental pollution can be minimized by using xylanase pretreatment of pulp before chemical bleaching. A. flavus ARC-12 and S. commune ARC-11 produced 234.26 and 1147.11 IU/ml of xylanase under solid-state fermentation that was used for biobleaching of ethanol-soda pulp of Eulaliopsis binata. The brightness of bleached ethanol-soda pulp of E. binata increased by 3.2 and 1.9% (ISO) with A. flavus ARC-12 and S. commune ARC-11 xylanase respectively compared chemical bleaching at the same chlorine dioxide charge. While the consumption of chlorine dioxide were mitigated by 2.98 and 3.82% with A. flavus ARC-12 and S. commune ARC-11 xylanase pretreatment respectively. Moreover, A. flavus ARC-12 and S. commune ARC-11 xylanase pretreatment reduced AOX generation by 23.80 and 19.04% respectively compared to chemical bleaching.
OPTIMIZATION OF FACS SORTING FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LIVESTOCK SEMEN QUALITY
Authors: Vasicek Jaromir , Svoradova Andrea , Balazi Andrej , Jurcik Rastislav , Machac Marian , Ostro Alexander , Chrenek Peter
Published: February 2021

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of spermatozoa was mainly used for sex sorting. Recently, FACS has been used to eliminate DNA-damaged human spermatozoa using YO-PRO-1 staining. Fragmentation of sperm DNA is considered as one of the reasons of male infertility. Moreover, YO-PRO-1 can effectively mark apoptotic as well as dead spermatozoa. Till now, only two FACS instruments were used for the spermatozoa sorting. However, both of them are not more commercially available from different reasons. In this study, we used novel FACSMelody Cell Sorter for the elimination of apoptotic and dead cells from the rabbit and ram semen samples in order to improve their overall quality. Briefly, semen samples were stained using YO-PRO-1 dye (apoptotic and dead cells) and/or propidium iodide (PI; only dead cells). Three different sorting experiments were performed: E1 – YO-PRO-1 and PI stained rabbit sperm cells were sorted into the tubes containing 1 ml of PBS; E2 – PI stained rabbit sperm cells were sorted into tubes that were washed with FBS prior adding PBS; and E3 – YO-PRO-1 and PI stained ram sperm cells were sorted into tubes washed with FBS prior adding PBS. As a sheath fluid sterile PBS was used. All samples, control (before sorting), negatively and positively sorted fractions, were analysed using CASA for motility assessment. Moreover, all sorted samples were re-stained with PI for viability assessment. In conclusion, elimination of dead (PI+) sperm from rabbit samples might improve their quality, since their progressive motility increased significantly (P<0.001) after sorting from 40 to 65%. However, ram spermatozoa seem to be sensitive to sorting procedure thus further optimisation of this procedure is required.
DETERMINATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF GREEN AND ROASTED COFFEE BASED ON SELECTED CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Authors: Demianová Alžbeta , Bobková Alica , Jurčaga Lukáš , Bobko Marek , Belej Ľubomír , Árvay Július
Published: February 2021

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Its quality depends on many factors, such as, country of origin, altitude, climate, post-harvesting processing and others. This paper is focused on the possibility to determinate origin of American, African, and Asian coffees based on chemical properties of the final beverage, such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured using DPPH radical, content of chlorogenic acids and caffeine determined by HPLC-DAD. Samples of green and roasted coffee (roasting level medium dark Full City ++) were used. In green samples the highest values of TAC and caffeine were measured in American samples (averagely 93.014 % inhibition of DPPH and 0.854 g.100 g-1 of caffeine respectively), the highest content of chlorogenic acids showed samples from Africa (averagely 5,037 g.100 g-1). In samples of roasted coffees values of TAC decreased by 7, 47 % in Africa samples, by 18,12 % in American, and 13,73 % in samples from Asia. Roasted African coffees showed on average 1.035 g.100 g-1 of caffeine, the highest average was measured in American samples (1.201 g.100 g-1), and lowest Asian samples (1.089 g.100 g-1). Lowest content of CGAs was obtained from African samples (0.595 g.100 g-1), and the higher from American (0.596 g.100 g-1) and African samples (0.6345 g.100 g-1). ANOVA single factor showed significant differences between green samples regarding the TAC and caffeine content. However, content of chlorogenic acids did not show any difference (p-value=0,6809) regarding the geographical origin. Same results were obtained comparing roasted samples.
Countries in the hamster’s wheel?: Nurkse- Duesenberry demonstration effects and the determinants of saving.
Authors: Román Ramos Carolina , Rius Andrés
Published: February 2021

Throughout the world, stable regional patterns relating to private savings are hard to access. This article revisits the hypothesis that, as there is evidence of emulation patterns between consumers, there might be international (macroeconomic) “emulation”. We test demonstration effect theories exploiting international data on savings, incomes, and means of global exposure. We use two methods of media communication given that their penetration peaked at different times in the sample period: TV and internet were a means of discovering foreign consumption standards. With the resulting country panels, we find some evidence in favour of a statistically significant negative association for the demonstration effect.
Economía conductual de la protección al consumidor en el e-commerce colombiano
Authors: Arenas Correa José David
Published: February 2021

A través de los conceptos de la escuela Behavioral Law and Economics, este artículo explora, en el derecho colombiano, las razones que explican por qué la necesidad de un trato diferente en la protección del consumidor en el entorno electrónico, tanto desde la perspectiva de disminución de los costos asociados a la desconfianza, como desde la de elevar relativamente los conexos a las reclamaciones del consumidor, para lograr una compensación normativa que induzca conductas eficientes de costo y consumo.
Extreme volatility dependence in exchange rates
Authors: Sosa Castro Magnolia Miriam , Bucio Pacheco Christian , Díaz Rodríguez Héctor Eduardo
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to analyse asymmetric volatility dependence in the exchange rate between the British Pound, Japanese Yen, Euro, and Mexican Peso compared to the U.S. dollar during different periods of turmoil and calm sub-periods between (1994-2018). GARCH and TARCH models are employed to model conditional
Sticky inflationary expectations and inflation targeting in (some) emerging and less developed economies
Authors: Libman Emiliano , Taboada Santiago
Published: February 2021

We describe the experience of some economies that struggle to consolidate Inflation Targeting. We document the resilience of inflationary expectations during the first years after adoption by Israel, Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey. The benchmark case of New Zealand is also described, and the experience of Argentina is presented as one of the few examples where Inflation Targeting failed and was eventually abandoned.
Una propuesta de modelo de crecimiento económico. Aplicación al caso colombiano, 1980-2014
Authors: Quiroga Herrera Gregory Alejandro
Published: February 2021

En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de modelo de crecimiento económico que permite analizar economías con condiciones de competencia imperfecta en los mercados de factores productivos. Con la propuesta, se revisa la economía colombiana, para concluir que los cambios salariales generan efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento económico. Se concluye también que, para que los efectos sean positivos, se requieren tasas de crecimiento del capital cercanas al 100 % e incrementos anuales en inversión, gasto público y exportaciones que representen cerca del 40 % del PIB.
El renminbi (RMB) y su papel frente a la búsqueda de hegemonía económica de China
Authors: Rodríguez Gómez Wilson Fernando
Published: February 2021

Ante un orden mundial unipolar, con Estados Unidos como Estado dominante, China busca reconfigurar este orden hacia uno multipolar. Una vez alcanzados resultados importantes en el ámbito económico, pareciera que su próximo objetivo es posicionar el renminbi (RMB). El primer logro fue alcanzado cuando el FMI autorizó su ingreso a una selecta canasta de divisas, lo que lo convierte en moneda de reserva internacional. Sin embargo, el RMB está lejos de ser relevante como el dólar. Este artículo evalúa las causas, las consecuencias y el grado de posicionamiento que el RMB ha alcanzado en el orden internacional.