bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fifty-four thousand deaths, zero electoral impact
Authors: Demirdogen Alper , Olhan Emine
Published: January 2025

The February 2023 earthquake in Turkiye resulted in 54,000 fatalities and over $100 billion in economic losses. We examine whether this catastrophic event influenced incumbent-party support in the subsequent election. In contrast with previous researchers, we find no significant effect on voter turnout or the incumbent party’s vote share, even after accounting for population displacement and infrastructure damage. We argue that this null effect is due to several factors: effective electoral management policies that reduced voting costs despite significant population displacement; a compressed timeline between disaster and elections, which constrained politically motivated aid distribution; extreme political polarization, which led the public to filter their interpretation of the disaster response through partisan lenses; different information flows in state-controlled media and social media; and offsetting electoral responses across regions. Our results offer valuable insights for policy makers, political scientists, and economists studying the political consequences of natural disasters.
Global metabolomic alterations associated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals among pregnant individuals and newborns
Authors: Puvvula Jagadeesh , Song Lucie C. , Zalewska Klaudia J. , Alexander Ariel , Manz Kathrine E. , Braun Joseph M. , Pennell Kurt D. , DeFranco Emily A. , Ho Shuk-Mei , Leung Yuet-Kin , Huang Shouxiong , Vuong Ann M. , Kim Stephani S. , Percy Zana , Bhashyam Priyanka , Lee Raymund , Jones Dean P. , Tran Vilinh , Kim Dasom V. , Calafat Antonia M. , Botelho Julianne C. , Chen Aimin
Published: January 2025

Background

Gestational exposure to non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. While many EDCs affect the endocrine system, their effects on endocrine-related metabolic pathways remain unclear. This study aims to explore the global metabolome changes associated with EDC biomarkers at delivery.

Methods

This study included 75 pregnant individuals who delivered at the University of Cincinnati Hospital from 2014 to 2017. We measured maternal urinary biomarkers of paraben/phenol (12), phthalate (13), and phthalate replacements (4) from the samples collected during the delivery visit. Global serum metabolome profiles were analyzed from maternal blood (n = 72) and newborn (n = 63) cord blood samples collected at delivery. Fifteen of the 29 urinary biomarkers were excluded due to low detection frequency or potential exposures during hospital stay. We assessed metabolome-wide associations between 14 maternal urinary biomarkers and maternal/newborn metabolome profiles. Additionally, performed enrichment analysis to identify potential alterations in metabolic pathways.

Results

We observed metabolome-wide associations between maternal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites (mono-isobutyl phthalate), phthalate replacements (mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate) and phenols (bisphenol-A, bisphenol-S) and maternal serum metabolome, using q-value < 0.2 as a threshold. Additionally, associations of phthalate metabolites (mono-n-butyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate) and phenols (2,5-dichlorophenol, BPA) with the newborn metabolome were noted. Enrichment analyses revealed associations (p-gamma < 0.05) with amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, glycan, vitamin, and other cofactor metabolism pathways.

Conclusion

Maternal paraben, phenol, phthalate, and phthalate replacement biomarker concentrations at delivery were associated with maternal and newborn serum global metabolome.
Land use dynamics and their impact on hydrology and water quality of a river catchment: a comprehensive analysis and future scenario
Authors: Shiferaw Natnael , Habte Lulit , Waleed Mirza
Published: January 2025

Land use changes profoundly affect hydrological processes and water quality at various scales, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of sustainable water resource management. This paper investigates the implications of land use alterations in the Gap-Cheon watershed, analyzing data from 2012 and 2022 and predicting changes up to 2052 using the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model. The study employs the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model to assess water quantity and quality dynamics. Seven land use classes were identified, and their evolution was examined, revealing significant shifts in urban, agricultural, grassland, wetland, and forested areas. The model performance across observed data was evaluated using coefficient of determination (R
2), percent bias (PBAIS), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results show the dynamic nature of land use changes, highlighting shifts in urbanization, agriculture, and forested areas. Notably, the study explores the consequences of these changes on water quantity and quality, scrutinizing surface runoff, evapotranspiration, stream flow, and nutrient loads. Urban green spaces emerge as key mitigators, regulating runoff and enhancing water absorption. Forests (vegetation) also play a crucial role in maintaining water balance, while wetlands act as natural filters for flood mitigation and water quality improvement. The findings underscore the importance of informed land use planning, recognizing urban green spaces, forests, and wetlands as integral components for sustainable watershed management. As society navigates environmental challenges, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between human activities and the natural environment emphasizing the need for nature-based solutions in land use planning for resilient and balanced ecosystems.
T Cell Dysregulation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: from Genetic Susceptibility to Established Disease
Authors: Chin Athena , Small Annabelle , Wong Soon Wei , Wechalekar Mihir D.
Published: January 2025

Purpose of Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue, where T cells play a central role in pathogenesis. Recent research has identified T peripheral helper (Tph) cells as critical mediators of local B cell activation in inflamed tissues. This review synthesizes the latest advancements in our understanding the of the role of T cells in RA, from initiation to established disease.

Recent Findings

We explore recent advances regarding the genetic and epigenetic factors that predispose individuals to RA, the mechanisms of T cell activation and differentiation, and the interactions between T cells and other immune and stromal cells within the synovial microenvironment. The emergence of Tph cells as key drivers of RA pathobiology is highlighted, along with their potential as therapeutic targets. We also discuss the heterogeneity of T cell responses and their interplay with synovial cells, while addressing critical research gaps such as the drivers of T cell recruitment and the plasticity of synovial phenotypes.

A deeper understanding of T cell dynamics in RA will provide valuable insights for developing targeted therapies to modulate T cell-mediated inflammation and improve patient outcomes.
Multiple Lurias. Reconstructing Alexander Romanovich’s Life-Writing
Authors: Kölbl Carlos , Métraux Alexandre
Published: January 2025

While widely considered Alexander Luria’s (1902–1977) autobiography, The Making of Mind. A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology, published posthumously in 1979, is not a true autobiography but rather an autobiography with heterobiographic elements. However, the largely overlooked Spanish book, Mirando hacia atrás. La vida de un psicólogo soviético en retrospección, published in the same year, may be regarded as an authentic autobiography written by Luria. Based on the close reading of previously unknown archival sources, including Luria’s autobiographic typescripts, the central argument of the article shows that it is likely that the history of this key figure in modern Soviet neuropsychology is embodied in various instances of his life-writing. Our reconstruction of Luria’s life-writing is transnational in scope and multi-language based. It aims at drawing an overall account, which may later be followed by a series of contributions dealing with details of the history of Luria’s life-writing.
Automated Classification of Biscuit Quality Using YOLOv8 Models in Food Industry
Authors: Kılcı Oya , Koklu Murat
Published: January 2025

It is of great importance for food safety and consumer satisfaction that industrial food products are durable, hygienic, and flawless. Robust products protect the physical integrity of the product by preventing damage that may occur during the production and transportation processes, which meets the expectations of the consumer. Hygienic production conditions prevent foodborne diseases by minimizing the risk of microbial contamination and protect consumer health. Perfect products strengthen the brand image with their aesthetic and satisfactory features and increase consumer loyalty. In the study conducted in this context, the classification of defect and no defect conditions of biscuits in the food industry was examined using YOLOv8 models. A summary dataset consisting of 4990 biscuit images was created and the biscuits were initially divided into two categories: defect and no defect. Later, defect biscuits were classified into three subcategories: not complete, overcooked, and texture defect. As a result of experiments with YOLOv8 models, binary classification (defect, no defect), the highest accuracy rate was achieved in the YOLOv8-m, YOLOv8-l, and YOLOv8-x models with 96.78%, while the highest accuracy rate in the triple classification (not complete, overcooked, and texture defect) performance was achieved in the YOLOv8-m model with 96.99%.
Variation in Mangrove Geometric Traits Among Genera and Climate Zones
Authors: Twomey Alice J. , Lovelock Catherine E.
Published: January 2025

Coastal engineering models frequently represent vegetation as rigid cylinders to simulate the geometry of mangrove trees, including their roots, trunks, and canopies. However, mangrove geometry varies widely across different species, ages, geographic locations, and environmental conditions. Despite numerous studies on mangrove morphology, comprehensive data describing these geometric variations for accurate coastal protection models remain scarce. These geometric variations, particularly in root structures, play a crucial role in influencing functions such as flow modifications, sediment deposition, surface elevation changes, and wave reduction. Acknowledging the ecological complexities often neglected in engineering models, our meta-analysis examines the differences in mangrove geometry among genera and climatic zones. We systematically reviewed the literature to compile published values of mangrove geometry, detailing the height, diameter, and densities of roots, trunks, and canopies for 28 mangrove genera across four climatic regions (tropical, subtropical, semi-arid, and temperate). Our findings offer a valuable resource for coastal protection modellers aiming to improve the precision and reliability of mangrove-based defence models. Additionally, the dataset reveals gaps and biases in data collection for certain genera in specific climatic regions, suggesting areas for future research to address these deficiencies.
Identifying silver ore sources for the earliest coins of Athens
Authors: Davis Gillan , Blichert-Toft Janne , Gentelli Liesel , Gore Damian B. , Sheedy Kenneth A. , Albarède Francis
Published: January 2025

This study addresses longstanding questions concerning the ore sources used in the first series of coins of ancient Athens known as the Wappenmϋnzen (c.540-c.500 BCE) by combining comprehensive numismatic data on 22 coins (16 new and 6 legacy analyses) with lead isotope and surface elemental measurements (MC-ICP-MS and XRF). It finds usage of ores from Spain to Romania and Türkiye and frequent mixing. This upends current thinking based on a (mis)interpretation of historical sources which argues that the tyrant Peisistratos and his sons, who ruled Athens during the period, sourced most silver from the districts of Mt Pangaion and Strymon River in northern Greece and that silver did not flow from the western Mediterranean into their coinage. The data suggest that domestic ‘Lavrion’ mines of Athens did not contribute to the ore stock of the Wappenmϋnzen until the subsequent production of the ‘owl’ series when it was also used in some Wappenmϋnzen fractions and show that there is no correlation between coin types and ore sources. Elemental compositions nuance our understanding of the coins, but do not shed light on provenance. Together, these new findings force a reappraisal of numismatic and historical perceptions of the period of the Athenian tyranny in the lead up to democracy, not least because the multiple silver sources point to trading relationships with a greater variety of regions than previously contemplated.
SynDEc: A Synthetic Data Ecosystem
Authors: Karst Fabian Sven , Li Mahei Manhai , Leimeister Jan Marco
Published: January 2025

Given the critical role of data availability for growth and innovation in financial services, especially small and mid-sized banks lack the data volumes required to fully leverage AI advancements for enhancing fraud detection, operational efficiency, and risk management. With existing solutions facing challenges in scalability, inconsistent standards, and complex privacy regulations, we introduce a synthetic data sharing ecosystem (SynDEc) using generative AI. Employing design science research in collaboration with two banks, among them UnionBank of the Philippines, we developed and validated a synthetic data sharing ecosystem for financial institutions. The derived design principles highlight synthetic data setup, training configurations, and incentivization. Furthermore, our findings show that smaller banks benefit most from SynDEcs and our solution is viable even with limited participation. Thus, we advance data ecosystem design knowledge, show its viability for financial services, and offer practical guidance for privacy-resilient synthetic data sharing, laying groundwork for future applications of SynDEcs.
Adaptive model based on ESN for anomaly detection in industrial systems
Authors: Rodríguez-Ossorio José Ramón , Morán Antonio , Fuertes Juan J. , Prada Miguel A. , Díaz Ignacio , Domínguez Manuel
Published: January 2025

Modeling real industrial systems is a challenging task due to the complex nature of process data. Data-driven models commonly employ machine learning algorithms, but they often lack the ability to adapt to changes in the system over time. This paper proposes a method that uses Echo State Networks (ESN), a simplified version of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), to model an industrial plant. The ESN model incorporates online adaptation to system changes and enables the visualisation of deviations or errors in the operation of the plant. This adaptive model acknowledges acceptable changes within the original system while identifying potential problems or errors. The advantage of this approach is that the same model can be applied to other systems with the same design, eliminating the need for algorithm retraining. Firstly, its successful offline application in visualising anomalies applied to the reference plant is assessed. Secondly, the model is tested for online adaptation to changes in another plant with an identical design but slight differences, while still observing the generated faults. Residual colour maps are used for the visualisation of anomalies.
Glycerol Immobilises Anaerobic Digestate Supplied Nitrogen
Authors: van Midden Christina , Shaw Liz , Harris Jim , Sizmur Tom , Morgan Hayden , Pawlett Mark
Published: January 2025

Anaerobic digestate, a nutrient rich by-product of the biogas industry, is frequently applied to agricultural land as a fertiliser. However, nitrogen losses from its application negatively impact air and water quality. Therefore, methods are needed to reduce these losses. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of applying digestate with glycerol, an organic carbon rich by-product of the biodiesel industry, on microbial nitrogen immobilisation and the soil microbial community. Soil was incubated with digestate, applied at a rate equivalent to 250 kg-N ha-1, in a laboratory experiment over 50 days with glycerol additions at either 0, 12, 24 or 36 kg-C m3 of digestate. The addition of glycerol resulted in significantly higher microbial biomass carbon and increased the relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria. The 24 and 36 kg-C m3 doses of glycerol resulted in similarly greater and longer lasting effect on microbial biomass carbon, indicating that beyond 24 kg-C m3 digestate that nitrogen (or other essential nutrients) became the limiting factor for microbial growth instead of carbon. Soil available nitrogen decreased throughout the study and remained at lower concentrations in glycerol treatments than the digestate only treatment by the end of the study. These results demonstrate that glycerol has the potential to reduce nitrogen losses from digestate application by immobilising nitrogen in the microbial biomass. Therefore, the co-application of digestate and glycerol to soil is a potential mechanism for the biogas and biofuel industries to valorise their respective by-products. Further research is needed to verify that this method is viable under field conditions.
Assessment of silica sand behavior around rotating square rod in cylindrical container via ultrasonic velocity profiling
Authors: Shoji Naruki , Oishi Yoshihiko , Osanai Shou , Kusumoto Kenta , Kikura Hiroshige , Kawai Hideki
Published: January 2025

This study aims to establish a test method for simultaneously evaluating material erosion and corrosion, and rotating-material wear tests were conducted using a slurry pot. The erosion and corrosion scars of specimens were assessed from photographic images, and wear condition diagrams organized by dimensionless particle size (d

p
/d) and Reynolds number (Re) were constructed. Furthermore, the flow structure and particle behaviour around each specimen were visualized via ultrasonic velocity profiling to confirm the mechanism of the ratio change between erosion and corrosion. Results showed that a vortex flow formed around the specimen near the bottom of the container, which caused erosion. The outward flow height due to the vortex varied at Reynolds numbers of 5 × 103 ≤ Re ≤ 1 × 104 and sand particle concentrations of 2.24 ≤ C

v
 ≤ 40 vol%. It decreased with increasing Re and increased with C

v
, which was consistent with the trend in the surface wear images. The proposed wear condition diagram was supported by flow visualization, which showed that erosion- and corrosion-dominated regions could be distinguished from the amount of remaining rust.

Graphical abstract
Magnetic nanocomposites: innovative adsorbents for antibiotics removal from aqueous environments–a narrative review
Authors: Abolghasemi Sahar , Nasiri Alireza , Hashemi Majid , Rajabi Saeed , Rahimi Fatemeh
Published: January 2025

Pharmaceutical pollutants represent a significant class of industrial contaminants known for their persistence and adverse effects on the environment, posing a substantial concern for global ecosystems. Addressing the removal of these pollutants has become imperative in contemporary environmental management strategies. Among the various remediation techniques, the adsorption process stands out as an effective method for treating diverse wastewater streams. In this context, the utilization of adsorbents plays a pivotal role in facilitating the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from aquatic environments. This review aims to explore the efficacy of magnetic nanocomposites in removing pharmaceutical pollutants from water matrices through the adsorption process. The findings underscore the successful application of magnetic nanocomposites endowed with enhanced properties in eliminating pharmaceutical contaminants from aqueous settings. Notably, advancements in the physical and chemical characteristics of these nanocomposites have been shown to significantly augment their removal efficiency during the adsorption process. Key attributes contributing to the effectiveness of magnetic nanocomposites include their tailored functional groups, large specific surface area, robust magnetic strength, and thermal stability. These features endow magnetic nanocomposites with several advantages, including high adsorption efficiency, reduced adsorbent dosage requirements, ease of accessibility and reusability, shortened process durations, and rapid adsorption kinetics. The utilization of magnetic nanocomposites in the adsorption process emerges as a promising approach for water purification due to its notable advantages. This technique demonstrates exceptional efficiency in removing pharmaceutical contaminants, offering swift and effective purification within short timeframes. Importantly, the implementation of magnetic nanocomposites in water treatment processes carries minimal environmental impact, aligning with sustainability goals. In conclusion, the utilization of magnetic nanocomposites holds significant promise as a viable strategy for addressing pharmaceutical pollutant contamination in water environments. Continued research efforts aimed at refining the synthesis and application of these nanomaterials are essential for advancing their efficacy and ensuring sustainable water management practices in the face of growing environmental challenges.
Statistical models versus machine learning approach for competing risks in proctological surgery
Authors: Romano Lucia , Manno Andrea , Rossi Fabrizio , Masedu Francesco , Attanasio Margherita , Vistoli Fabio , Giuliani Antonio
Published: January 2025

Clinical risk prediction models are ubiquitous in many surgical domains. The traditional approach to develop these models involves the use of regression analysis. Machine learning algorithms are gaining in popularity as an alternative approach for prediction and classification problems. They can detect non-linear relationships between independent and dependent variables and incorporate many of them. In our work, we aimed to investigate the potential role of machine learning versus classical logistic regression for the preoperative risk assessment in proctological surgery. We used clinical data from a nationwide audit: the database consisted of 1510 patients affected by Goligher’s grade III hemorrhoidal disease who underwent elective surgery. We collected anthropometric, clinical, and surgical data and we considered ten predictors to evaluate model-predictive performance. The clinical outcome was the complication rate evaluated at 30-day follow-up. Logistic regression and three machine learning techniques (Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, Extreme Gradient Boosting) were compared in terms of area under the curve, balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. In our setting, machine learning and logistic regression models reached an equivalent predictive performance. Regarding the relative importance of the input features, all models agreed in identifying the most important factor. Combining and comparing statistical analysis and machine learning approaches in clinical field should be a common ambition, focused on improving and expanding interdisciplinary cooperation.
Hydrogen generation through metal waste corrosion: a systematic investigation on old/post-consumer scrap Al6063-series alloy
Authors: Gupta Meenal , Selleri Filippo , Ficarella Antonio , Bocchetta Patrizia
Published: January 2025

In this study, aluminum-based wastes are used as energy carriers for on-demand hydrogen production through sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective controlled electrochemical corrosion in aqueous solution. The electrochemical process is very effective because it (i) uses waste metals to produce hydrogen, (ii) corroborates to circular economy, (iii) produces high purity hydrogen, (iv) is based on simple hydrolysis reaction of metals in relevant solutions, (v) electricity is not required and (iv) recovers part of the chemical Gibbs energy of the electrochemical corrosion usually entirely lost in the environment. We systematically studied the generation of hydrogen from industrial waste Dust Scrap Aluminum Alloy (DSAA) belonging to Al 6063 series for the first time. The process is investigated in a novel hand-made batch reactor with a low-cost commercial body suitable to an easy scale-up. Kinetics of DSAA hydrolysis reaction was explored by measuring the variation of aluminium ion concentration at different immersion times through Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and weight loss measurements at different temperatures and NaOH catalyst concentrations. The effect of hydrolysis reaction on the composition and morphology of the metal surfaces in terms of formed oxide layers was studied in detail using Optical Polarizing Microscopy (OPM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The criteria used to evaluate the hydrogen reactor performance were hydrogen (i) yield and (ii) production rate. The experimental results showed that a strong increase in NaOH concentration (from 0.75 to 5 M) corresponding to a slow increase in hydrolysis reaction temperature (from 38.8 to 49.9 °C) lead to an improvement in hydrogen generation rate of one order of magnitude, i.e. from 35.71 to 421.41 ml/(g∙min). Low but constant rate of hydrogen can be generated for longer times at low NaOH concentrations (0.75 M), while fast and variable hydrogen generation rate occurs at higher concentrations (5 M) in short times. In the case study of Al 6063 series waste scrap, the hydrolysis reactor parameters can be regulated to deliver hydrogen generation rates from 35.71 to 421.41 ml/(g min) according to requirements. We expect that the results presented in this work will encourage researchers to study the possible use of other metal-based and multi-material plastic/metal wastes thermodynamically prone to electrochemical corrosion process as possible source of hydrogen.

Graphical Abstract
Applications of dimension interpolation to orthogonal projections
Authors: Fraser Jonathan M.
Published: January 2025

Dimension interpolation is a novel programme of research which attempts to unify the study of fractal dimension by considering various spectra which live in between well-studied notions of dimension such as Hausdorff, box, Assouad and Fourier dimension. These spectra often reveal novel features not witnessed by the individual notions and this information has applications in many directions. In this survey article, we discuss dimension interpolation broadly and then focus on applications to the dimension theory of orthogonal projections. We focus on three distinct applications coming from three different dimension spectra, namely, the Fourier spectrum, the intermediate dimensions, and the Assouad spectrum. The celebrated Marstrand–Mattila projection theorem gives the Hausdorff dimension of the orthogonal projection of a Borel set in Euclidean space for almost all orthogonal projections. This result has inspired much further research on the dimension theory of projections including the consideration of dimensions other than the Hausdorff dimension, and the study of the exceptional set in the Marstrand–Mattila theorem.
Granger predictability of real oil prices by us money and inflation in Markov-switching regimes
Authors: Cevik Emrah I. , Dibooglu Sel , Gillman Max , Benk Szilard
Published: January 2025

This paper presents new evidence that US money supply growth and inflation rates Granger predict real oil prices in a two-regime Markov switching vector autoregression (MS-VAR) model. An asset pricing theory motivates the empirical work by showing how jumps in real oil prices approximately follow jumps in the discount factor to keep constant the competitive return to oil capital. Using monthly data from January 1978 to June 2024, we consider alternative data combinations of US money supply growth rates, US inflation rates, and real oil prices to establish volatility regimes through goodness of fit testing. We set baseline model as that model with the highest likelihood in explaining the real oil price, which combines M2, the CPI less energy prices (CPIE), and real oil prices. Robustness considers two M2 variants combined with the CPIE that have the next highest likelihoods, for two alternative models. In the high volatility regime, results show robust Granger predictability of real oil prices by the baseline M2 and the M2 variants. In the low volatility regime for the baseline model, the CPIE inflation rate Granger predicts real oil prices. The paper contributes these new MS-VAR results that combined with the theory provide nuanced non-conventional support that monetary factors contribute to heightened real oil price episodes in volatile times as well as in calmer periods.
Design and optimization of a new NiTi-based shape memory alloy structures for damping applications via additive manufacturing
Authors: Biasutti Tiziana , Bettini Paolo , Grande Antonio Mattia , Sala Giuseppe , Colosimo Bianca Maria , Nespoli Adelaide
Published: January 2025

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), such as NiTi-based systems, are functional materials suitable for damping applications due to their pseudoelastic effect. This property allows to obtain simple, lightweight structures capable of absorbing energy through a mechanical hysteresis and able to recover significant deformations. For this reason, SMA are attractive candidates for the development of novel devices in many fields, such as the biomedical one or in aerospace and in automotive. Recently, the development of Additive Manufacturing (AM) of metals has considerably expanded the design and production possibilities of SMA-based devices, potentially overcoming the limited workability of these materials through conventional manufacturing techniques, which is one of the main limitations to their wider adoption. This study presents a preliminary investigation of a NiTi octahedral cell structure fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) starting from a NiTi powder with Ni content of 50.8 at. %. Cells of different sizes were manufactured and subjected to compression tests up to 0.8 mm displacement in order to evaluate their mechanical and functional performances. Furthermore, a numeric model was used to redesign the geometry in order to optimize the structure's damping capacity. The material input data of the numerical model were obtained from mechanical and thermal analyses on square prisms, which were printed with the primary axis oriented perpendicular and at an inclination of 60° to the building platform. Finally, the optimized cell was manufactured and mechanically tested at different temperatures. The obtained results prove the high efficiency of the structure when used for damping applications and highlight the potential of AM to produce NiTi structures that combine load-bearing capabilities and functional responses.
Calculating Sedimentation Rates of Oxic Pelagic Clays Using Core Top Thorium Isotopes
Authors: Costa Kassandra M. , Ossa Ossa Frantz , Dunlea Ann , Pavia Frank J. , Tegler Logan , Auro Maureen , Andersen Morten , Nielsen Sune G.
Published: January 2025

Oxic pelagic clays are an important component of seafloor sediment that may hold valuable information about past ocean chemistry due to their affinity for and accumulation of biogeochemically important metals. We present a new approach to calculating site‐specific sedimentation rates (SRs) by comparing authigenic sediment thorium isotope compositions (230Th/232Th) to seawater dissolved 230Th/232Th in a suite of deep (>3,000 m) pelagic core sites. We extracted the authigenic sediment fraction using an HHAc leach protocol, which major element chemistry (Al, Mn, Fe, Ti) suggested was less affected by lithogenic contamination than the HCl leach. Four different methods were tested for extracting the appropriate initial 230Th/232Th from seawater: using either the nearest water column station (methods 1 and 2) or a regionally averaged profile (methods 3 and 4) and using either the bottommost profile measurement (methods 1 and 3) or linear regression of the profile and extrapolation to the seafloor (methods 2 and 4). Method 3 outperformed the other methods in reconstructing previously published SRs from pelagic clays in the North Pacific. The new thorium‐based SRs were then combined with estimates from the total sediment thickness on ocean crust and non‐lithogenic cobalt accumulation to determine the best estimates for SRs of oxic pelagic clays. The Pacific has the lowest SR (median 0.28 cm/kyr), while the Atlantic is higher (median 0.46 cm/kyr) and the Indian Ocean is highest (median 0.75 cm/kyr). These new estimates are consistent with the expected spatial patterns of sedimentation, but they revise the absolute SR values downward from available gridded SR maps.
Footwall Geology and Deformation at Flip‐Flop Mid‐Ocean Ridge Detachment Faults: 64°35′E Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR)
Authors: Mahato S. , Cannat M.
Published: January 2025

Using bathymetry and ROV dives, we investigate two successive flip‐flop detachment faults (D1 active, D2 older) in the near‐amagmatic 64°35′E region of the SWIR. Kilometer‐sized benches on the upper slopes of D1 footwall form the D1 degraded breakaway. Scarps at the top expose the D2 fault zone with deformed serpentinized peridotite, sigmoidal phacoids, planar fractures, and serpentinite microbreccia/gouge horizons. Two ROV sections of the D1 footwall show contrasting deformation styles, corresponding to distinct morphological domains, which relate to contrasting fault and footwall strength. One section documents corrugations, outcrops dominated by sigmoidal phacoids, and planar fractures with thin, discontinuous serpentinite microbreccia/gouge horizons. ROV dives in this corrugated domain show that NNE‐trending km‐spaced ridges and WNW‐trending narrow benches in the shipboard bathymetry correspond, respectively, to broad undulations (mega‐corrugations) of the D1 fault and to several antithetic minor normal faults (cumulated horizontal offset of ∼285 m). The other section, lacking corrugations, broad ridges, and antithetic fault, has thicker and more continuous serpentinite microbreccia/gouge horizons, indicating a weaker fault. The abundance of such weak gouges probably reflects hydrous fluid availability during deformation. We link mega‐corrugations in the western domain and km‐scale lobes of D1 emergence to a broad detachment damage zone with up to ∼600 m‐thick mega‐phacoids of less deformed serpentinized peridotite. Small antithetic normal faults in the corrugated domain are interpreted as due to bending forces in the D1 footwall. Our findings highlight the three‐dimensional, non‐planar structural and morphological variability of the exhumed D1 detachment fault zone along the ridge‐axis.
The Metabolic Balance of Lake Superior's Mixed Layer
Authors: Gunawardana Panditha V. S. L. , Pearce Nolan J. T. , Austin Jay A. , Hollenhorst Thomas , Hoffman Joel C. , Xenopoulos Marguerite A.
Published: January 2025

Understanding carbon (C) dynamics in large lake ecosystems poses challenges due to their size, causing uncertainty in their contribution to the global C cycle. Here, we used autonomous underwater vehicles to calculate upper mixed‐column (UMC) metabolism in Lake Superior. We paired 7 years of high‐resolution dissolved oxygen and temperature data from 17 glider missions with in situ meteorological data to calculate daily gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism. We found the UMC of Lake Superior to be net heterotrophic (primary production < ecosystem respiration) most of the time, suggesting its role as a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Heterotrophy was pronounced during cold and transitional days (<14°C) and in nearshore regions (<10 km distance from the shore). When scaled, our results indicate that Lake Superior released 84–112 Tg CO2 y−1, which is twice the rate of C it fixes from the UMC itself.
Deep Neural Networks for Refining Vertical Modeling of Global Tropospheric Delay
Authors: Yuan Peng , Balidakis Kyriakos , Wang Jungang , Xia Pengfei , Wang Jian , Zhang Mingyuan , Jiang Weiping , Schuh Harald , Wickert Jens , Deng Zhiguo
Published: January 2025

Kinematic airborne platforms are becoming increasingly vital for Earth observation. They highlight the critical need for accurate tropospheric delay corrections across varying altitudes, especially as most existing models are limited to Earth's surface. Although analytical functions have been used to model vertical reductions in tropospheric delays, they struggle to capture the intricate vertical variations of atmospheric state. In response, we introduce a novel approach that utilizes deep neural networks (DNN) to reconstruct global three‐dimensional zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) and zenith wet delays (ZWD) derived from numerical weather models (NWM). Our method reconstructs NWM‐derived ZHD and ZWD globally up to 14 km above the Earth's surface, with average precision levels of 0.4 and 0.8 mm, respectively. Compared to the analytical third‐order exponential model, the DNN approach demonstrates substantial improvement with global average root‐mean‐square reductions of 63% for ZHD and 36% for ZWD.
Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Propagation Characteristics of Co‐Volcanic Ionospheric Disturbances Induced by the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption Using Dense GNSS Network Data
Authors: Mei Dengkui , Zhang Xiaohong , Ren Xiaodong , Le Xuan , Liu Hang , Freeshah Mohamed
Published: January 2025

On 15 January 2022, the submarine volcano in Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha’apai (hereinafter Tonga volcano) erupted at 04:14 universal time. This study investigated the two‐ and three‐dimensional co‐volcanic ionospheric disturbances (CVIDs) induced by the strong Tonga volcano. Based on dense Global Navigation Satellite System network data in Australia, the two‐dimensional detrended total electron content maps were first generated by using the Savitzky‐Golay filtering method. Using a compressed sensing‐based computerized ionospheric tomography approach, the three‐dimensional ionospheric electron densities were reconstructed. After the eruption, the distinctive CVIDs began to be mostly observed over southeastern Australia, about 4,000 km from the volcano. Two patterns of observable CVIDs, that is, fast‐mode and slow‐mode CVIDs, traveled outward from the Tonga volcano at speeds of 600–850 and 200–350 m/s, respectively. The slow‐mode CVIDs were related to the Lamb and secondary gravity waves, while the fast‐mode CVIDs were related to acoustic waves. Three‐dimensional reconstruction results demonstrated that as the CVIDs propagated upward, the electron densities fluctuated at most altitude‐longitude slices, and the wave‐like propagating patterns were clearly observed around the peak ionospheric heights of 260–340 km. At the peak ionospheric height, the ionospheric parameters derived from the two ionosondes over Australia also detected similar wave‐like features. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional observational evidence of the Tonga‐induced CVIDs enhances research on volcanic eruption effects over the upper ionosphere.
Characterization and Modeling of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest and Trough Positions Using Multiple‐Source Fused Data During the Solar Minimum Period
Authors: Wang Kaixin , Feng Jiandi , Zhang Ting , Zhao Zhenzhen , Han Baomin
Published: January 2025

Characterizing the spatial and temporal variations of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) is essential for understanding ionospheric dynamical processes and further developing empirical total electron content (TEC) models. Using the multiple‐source fused TEC data during the solar minimum period, the EIA crest and trough positions were extracted, analyzed, and modeled. We primarily investigated the longitudinal differences in the probability of bimodal occurrence (PBO) and its time dependence at each longitude. The main results are as follows: (a) The PBO exhibits significant longitudinal variation, with a wave‐number‐3 structure from 11:00 to 13:00 LT and a wave‐number‐4 structure around 15:00 LT. There is a sequential enhancement and recession among four sectors from east to west between 09:00 LT and 15:00 LT. (b) The seasonal dependence of PBO varies across sectors, particularly during the solstice months. The wavenumber spectral components of TEC along the longitudinal direction exhibit similar temporal patterns, suggesting that the atmospheric tides may modulate the local time and seasonal dependence of PBO. (c) Two EIA position models were developed. The model based on longitude and month can accurately capture the seasonal and spatial variations in the locations of peaks and troughs, with a mean residual of 0° and a standard deviation of 2.1°–2.3°.
Kinematic Characteristics and Water Mass Transports of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices in the Northeastern South China Sea
Authors: Wei Yi , Zhang Zhiwei , Zhang Xincheng , Sun Zhongbin , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei
Published: January 2025

As a unique phenomenon occurring in the subsurface ocean, submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs) are believed to have a pivotal role in the long‐distance ocean tracer transports. SCVs have been widely observed in the global oceans; however, most of them are captured accidentally, and their kinematic characteristics and water mass transports have only been studied in a limited number of regions. Here, we use 4‐year observations of velocity, temperature, and salinity from five moorings in the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS) to examine dozens of newly discovered SCVs. A total of 34 SCVs were identified during the observational period, including 25 convex lens‐like anticyclones and 9 concave lens‐like cyclones. The maximum swirl velocity, mean radius, and vertical length scale of the anticyclones (cyclones) are 0.19 ± 0.07 m s−1 (0.19 ± 0.07 m s−1), 26.4 ± 13.9 km (17.0 ± 5.4 km), and 204 ± 62 m (188 ± 53 m), respectively. Vertically, the velocity structure of the observed SCVs conforms to a Gaussian function when the effect of stratification is removed. Water mass analysis suggests that 88% (30/34) of the SCVs carried Kuroshio water, which demonstrates the mechanism proposed by Zhang et al. (2022), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc018117 that they are formed by Kuroshio‐islands interactions in the Luzon Strait. This category of SCVs is therefore named Luzon Strait island wake eddies (Liddies). We further estimate that Liddies can result in an equivalent mean volume transport of 0.20 Sv westward across the Luzon Strait, which suggests that they play a non‐negligible role in the subsurface water transports between the NESCS and the northwestern Pacific.
River Mouth Hydrodynamics: The Role of the Outlet Geometry and Transient Tidal and River Discharge Conditions on the Jet Structure
Authors: Ruiz‐Reina Antonio , López‐Ruiz Alejandro , Ortega‐Sánchez Miguel
Published: January 2025

The hydrodynamics of river mouths are the result of a complex interaction between river flow, tidal conditions, and outlet geometry. This complex interaction of factors shapes the jet that flows onto the continental shelf and influences the dynamics of these areas. This work analyses the influence of idealized but realistic outlet geometries under steady and unsteady hydrodynamic conditions on the jet structure. The analysis is carried out using a numerical model which is validated by comparison with the classical jet theory for highly simplified conditions where this theory applies. The results show that both the outlet geometry and the transient hydrodynamic conditions have a significant influence on the jet structure and evolution along the nearshore. For constant river discharge and water level conditions, the results indicate that the nearshore profile plays a key role in determining the expansion or contraction of the jet. The momentum balance shows that the jet behavior is related to the momentum transport and the barotropic terms. In cases where the river discharge and tidal conditions are transient, the jet alternates between a structure with two velocity maxima at the edges or a single peak in the center during the tidal cycle depending on the phase lag between the tidal conditions and the river hydrograph. These two different jet structures play an important role in the morphodynamic evolution of the river mouths and bar development, favoring in some cases the formation of lateral levees parallel to the channel walls.
Constraining the Acetone Photolysis Quantum Yield: Current Insights and Atmospheric Chemistry Implications
Authors: Link M. F. , Brewer J. , Farmer D. K. , Ravishankara A. R.
Published: January 2025

Acetone photolysis is a potentially important source of hydroperoxyl and hydroxyl radicals (HOx) to the upper troposphere. The extent to which acetone photolysis is a significant source of HOx in the upper troposphere is unclear in part because of scarce measurements of the acetone photolysis quantum yield (Φacetone) in the actinic region (i.e., λ > 300 nm). Past measurements of the Φacetone have derived temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent parameterizations that lead to significantly different conclusions about the importance of acetone to HOx formation in the upper troposphere. Here, we focus on previously published data to derive the recommended Φacetone for atmospheric chemical modeling. Using Stern‐Volmer analyses, we determine temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent Φacetone using updated measurements of fundamental acetone photolysis parameters. We also use simulations of the Φacetone produced from recent photophysical modeling to derive temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent parameterizations of the Φacetone. In contrast to the current Φacetone parameterization used in atmospheric chemical modeling, our parameterization reflects a predicted nonzero Φacetone in the wavelength region above 320 nm. Despite the increased Φacetone values in the higher wavelength region of the acetone photolysis action spectrum, the modeled effect on HOx production is not significantly different from HOx produced using the current recommended Φacetone parameterization. Uncertainties in the acetone photolysis mechanism remain; thus, more direct temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent measurements of Φacetone are warranted.
On the Role of Ripple Secondary Crest on Nearbed Hydrodynamics
Authors: Jin C. , Gong Z. , San Juan J. E. , Tinoco R. O. , Coco G.
Published: January 2025

Ripples are ubiquitous in sandy beds and their geometry plays an important role in determining seabed roughness and intensifying near‐bed turbulence. Ripple geometry in natural settings often deviates from equilibrium configurations. To understand how such nonequilibrium geometry and structures impact near‐bottom hydrodynamics and hydraulic roughness, we performed laboratory experiments examining the effect of two different types of ripple configurations. We employed two distinct fixed 3D‐printed ripple morphologies, uniform ripples and ripples with superimposed secondary crests, and replicated natural conditions by adhering sand grains, matching in size to the ripple scale, onto their surfaces. Our results show that the introduction of secondary crest disrupts the flow over not only the modified ripple but also over its neighbors. Secondary crests induce a thicker boundary layer than regular ripples. Velocities over the upstream side of secondary crest show substantial deviation from the regular ripple baseline case, while the downstream side experiences a lower effect. The shear velocity at the crest of ripples with a secondary feature is significantly higher, indicating an increased capacity for sediment transport and bedform evolution. The turbulent kinetic energy over ripples with secondary crests is twice as high as that over regular ripples. Our results further affirm that the hydraulic roughness is a function of not only the height and wavelength of the ripples, but also of specific structures and ripple geometry.