bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Islamic State and the connections to historical networks of Jihadism in Azerbaijan
Authors: Lonardo David
Published: August 2016

This article provides an empirical account of connections between the Islamic State (IS) and jihadi networks in Azerbaijan. Prior to the Syrian civil war, jihadist groups in Azerbaijan were primarily connected to the insurgency in the North Caucasus. However, the crackdown on Salafi groups after the 2008 Abu Bakr mosque bombing and the re-established Forest Brothers in 2012 led to the departure of many jihadists. Drawing on primary online and social media sources, the article traces how these individuals became the vanguard of Azerbaijani groups in Syria. While initially holding some high-level positions in foreign fighter groups in Syria, Azerbaijanis have suffered hardships as part of the IS. Many of their leaders appear to have been executed by the IS and many fighters were used as cannon fodder during the battles of Kobane and Tel Abyad. Despite a possible early policy of allowing jihadist aspirants to leave the country, the Azerbaijani government has stepped up efforts against returnees. Overall, the IS does not appear to be a major threat to Azerbaijan in the near to midterm.
Tracking CRISPR targeting
Authors: Short Ben
Published: August 2016

Study examines how CRISPR complexes move through the nucleus to find their genomic target.
The Prognostic Significance of Pulmonary Arterial Capacitance in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Single‐Center Experience
Authors: Al‐Naamani Nadine , Preston Ioana R. , Hill Nicholas S. , Roberts Kari E.
Published: August 2016

This study explores the prognostic utility of pulmonary arterial capacitance (PAC) in a diverse cohort of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) from a tertiary referral center and compares it with the prognostic utility of other hemodynamic parameters. PAC is a strong independent predictor of mortality in patients with PAH.
ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Alanio Alexandre , Hauser Philippe M. , Lagrou Katrien , Melchers Willem J. G. , Helweg-Larsen Jannik , Matos Olga , Cesaro Simone , Maschmeyer Georg , Einsele Hermann , Donnelly J. Peter , Cordonnier Catherine , Maertens Johan , Bretagne Stéphane
Published: August 2016

The Fifth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-5) convened a meeting to establish evidence-based recommendations for using tests to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in adult patients with haematological malignancies. Immunofluorescence assays are recommended as the most sensitive microscopic method (recommendation A-II). Real-time PCR is recommended for the routine diagnosis of PCP (A-II). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is recommended as the best specimen as it yields good negative predictive value (A-II). Non-invasive specimens can be suitable alternatives (B-II), acknowledging that PCP cannot be ruled out in case of a negative PCR result (A-II). Detecting β-d-glucan in serum can contribute to the diagnosis but not the follow-up of PCP (A-II). A negative serum β-d-glucan result can exclude PCP in a patient at risk (A-II), whereas a positive test result may indicate other fungal infections. Genotyping using multilocus sequence markers can be used to investigate suspected outbreaks (A-II). The routine detection of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in cases of treatment failure is not recommended (B-II) since these mutations do not affect response to high-dose co-trimoxazole. The clinical utility of these diagnostic tests for the early management of PCP should be further assessed in prospective, randomized interventional studies.
Neuroanatomy
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy
Published: August 2016

The nervous system is descriptively divided into the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system comprising 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, the ganglia associated with the cranial and spinal nerves, and the right and left sympathetic chains and parasympathetic nerves. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three, concentrically arranged layers of protective membranes: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space in which is contained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Besides serving as a ‘cushion’ for the brain and spinal cord within their respective bony enclosures, CSF plays an important role in the exchange of nutrients and waste metabolites between the blood and neurons of the brain and spinal cord.
Metabolic pathways, nutrition, and abnormalities
Authors: Harmey Judith H.
Published: August 2016

Metabolic pathways are highly coordinated and regulated to meet the body’s energy requirements throughout the day and night, and provide molecules required for tissue growth and maintenance. When nutrients are plentiful anabolic processes build up stores (glycogen, fats) which can be used catabolically to generate energy when nutrients are scarce. High-energy molecules generated by the oxidation of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) are used as an energy source for processes such as active transport and muscle contraction. During the breakdown of nutrients, energy is captured in the form of electrons by electron carriers such as NAD+ in redox reactions. Transfer of these electrons through the complexes of the electron transport chain results in a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton motive force is used to drive oxidative phosphorylation forming adenosine triphosphate. Diabetes is described as an example of metabolic abnormality with brief descriptions of obesity and inborn errors of metabolism.
Cardiovascular
Authors: Bradford Aidan
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes the heart cycle including the details of the electrocardiogram, pressure and volume changes that occur in the atria, ventricles, and aorta, and the relationship of these changes to each other along with movements of the heart valves, the heart sounds, and murmurs. The electrophysiology of the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle action potential is delineated including the phases of the action potential and the ion movements that cause these phases. The electrocardiogram is described including the underlying electrophysiology, methods of recording and lead systems, normal and abnormal waveforms, the electrical axis, and arrhythmogenesis. Arterial baroreceptors and their effects on the sympathetic innervation of the heart and blood vessels and on the parasympathetic innervation of the heart are described. Baroreflex control of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, venous return, and blood pressure is explained as well as intrinsic control of cardiac output (i.e. Starling’s law). Preload, afterload, and contractility are defined. Factors that determine venous return are outlined (pressure gradient, nervous control, muscle pump, respiratory pump, gravity). Control of tissue blood flow by autoregulation (myogenic mechanism as well as by vasodilator metabolites) and control of cardiac output, venous return, and blood pressure are explained. Fundamental haemodynamic principles are defined such as Poiseuille’s law, Reynold’s number, and Laplace’s law. The Starling forces that regulate exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid and the role of these forces in oedema formation are outlined. The chapter concludes with a description of the physiology of the cerebral and coronary circulations.
Respiratory
Authors: Bradford Aidan
Published: August 2016

The chapter begins with a description of the primary, accessory, and airway respiratory muscles and their actions and the pressure changes that occur in the alveoli and in the pleural space during breathing and during a simple and tension pneumothorax. The lung volumes and capacities, respiratory frequency, and minute ventilation are defined along with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), the FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, peak expiratory flow, anatomical and physiological dead space, and alveolar ventilation. The use of FEV1 and the FEV1/FVC ratio to distinguish obstructive from restrictive diseases is described. Concepts such as compliance, lung recoil, and the role of surface tension, Laplace’s law, and surfactant are explained along with airway resistance (neural control, radial traction, silent zone), ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, the gradients of blood flow, ventilation, and V/Q ratio from apex to base, venous admixture, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, wasted ventilation, and shunting. The transport of oxygen, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, the Bohr effect, abnormal oxygen transport (such as anaemia, methaemoglobinaemia, carboxyhaemoglobinaemia, and sickle cell anaemia), carbon dioxide transport, and the Haldane effect are detailed. The control of breathing by means of respiratory centres (pre-Botzinger, pneumotaxic and apneustic centres), airway and lung receptors (Hering–Breuer inflation, irritant and J receptors) and peripheral (carotid and aortic bodies), and central chemoreceptors is explained along with abnormal control such as with oxygenation in chronic asphyxia and Cheyne–Stokes breathing. The chapter ends with an outline of the acute and chronic effects of altitude on the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and central nervous systems including the effects of acute and chronic mountain sickness.
Blood-borne viruses
Authors: Burton-Fanning Shirelle , Waugh Sheila
Published: August 2016

The principal viruses transmitted via blood are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These viruses are of particular importance in surgical practice because of the potential for transmission during invasive procedures. Prevalence and incidence varies geographically and within particular risk groups, and transmission may be vertical, sexual, or parenteral. HBV infection is more likely to be cleared by a patient than HCV. HIV infection is chronic. Specialist treatment is available for all viruses and aims for long-term disease-free survival. The risk of transmission in the healthcare setting can be reduced by following infection control guidance. Healthcare workers with blood-borne viruses are not prohibited from working but may be restricted from working in particularly settings. Risk of transmission following an exposure incident varies, with HBV being most easily transmitted. Post-exposure prophylaxis is available for HIV and HBV but not HCV. Pre-exposure vaccination against HBV is available to provide immunity to those at risk.
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders
Authors: Jones Robert P. , Dunne Declan , Poston Graeme J.
Published: August 2016

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders are common. Gallstones afflict a quarter of the population by the age of 80, and cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed general surgical operations. Acute cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis remain frequent causes for emergency admission to hospital. While these conditions, and their common complications remain within the remit of the general or upper gastrointestinal surgeon, cancers of, and trauma to, the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas are increasingly in the domain of the specialist hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgeon, even to the point where many such surgeons now designate themselves as hepatobiliary or pancreatic surgeons.
Acute limb ischaemia
Authors: Beckitt Timothy A. , Smith Frank C. T.
Published: August 2016

Acute limb ischaemia is a life- and limb-threatening condition with a mortality rate as high as 22%. Historically, the leading cause was embolization due to rheumatic heart disease, and whilst the underlying source of emboli remains primarily cardiac, the majority of cases of acute limb ischaemia are now secondary to underlying atherosclerosis. Rapid assessment of limb viability and systemic anticoagulation are essential as patients may require immediate intervention. Surgical embolectomy or bypass remain the mainstay for emergency intervention, but for the limb that is not immediately threatened, catheter-directed thrombolysis presents an alternative. Completion angiography is essential following both embolectomy and thrombolysis. Successful reperfusion carries a significant risk of compartment syndrome and consideration should be given to prophylactic fasciotomies in severe ischaemia.
Common fractures and complications
Authors: Sharma Hemant , Sherman Kevin
Published: August 2016

The successful treatment of a patient with a fracture depends on selecting the most appropriate treatment method for the bony injury itself and the careful management of the inevitable associated soft tissue injuries. Many fractures can be treated in more than one way and the method chosen will depend upon many factors. These factors may include the patient’s occupation, general health, the configuration of the fracture, and the integrity of surrounding soft tissue structures.The individual patient’s attitude to relative risk is also important when obtaining informed consent. The management of a fracture involves taking a relevant history, assessing the nature and extent of the injury including both bony and the soft tissue components, dealing expeditiously with any findings that may threaten life or limb or that may lead to an eventual adverse outcome, initial and then definitive treatment. Consideration should also be given to prevention of future injuries.
Soft tissue masses
Authors: Kang Mandeep , Ward David
Published: August 2016

Soft tissue tumours are a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms with numerous histological subtypes. Malignant soft tissue masses account for less than 1% of all malignant tumours but they are life-threatening and pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. There is an association of soft tissue tumour development with exposure to certain chemicals, high-dose radiation, some viral infections, and specific genetic abnormalities. In most cases, the aetiology is unknown. They are classified according to various parameters including location, growth pattern, likelihood of recurrence, presence and distribution of metastatic disease, patient age, and prognosis. Patients initially may be asymptomatic during the early stages of tumour development. As the mass matures and grows, discomfort may ensue from pressure exerted upon surrounding structures. Diagnosis is generally confirmed via an accumulation of tests, including radiological analysis, tissue biopsy, and sentinel lymph node investigation. Benign soft tissue masses are common and can either be left untreated or treated by surgery alone. Malignant soft tissue masses require a multidisciplinary and multimodality approach for clinical evaluation and management. The mainstay of treatment is surgical excision or tumour debulking with adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
Principles of chemotherapy
Authors: Jones Robert P. , McWhirter Derek , Poston Graeme J.
Published: August 2016

Systemic therapies (chemotherapy and biological therapies) have improved significantly over the last twenty years for the treatment of solid (within the domain of the surgeon) cancers. While very few of these tumours (including some germ cell tumours and lymphomas) might be curable with systemic therapy alone, systemic treatments play an increasingly important role in reducing the risk of recurrent disease after apparently successful cancer surgery, either administered before surgery in the neo-adjuvant setting, or after surgery in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, many patients who present with disease so advanced that initially it is not amenable to surgery with curative intent might be brought to surgery with a good response following induction chemotherapy. In addition, systemic therapies now frequently offer significant prolongation of life when administered in the palliative setting to those patients whose cancers have progressed beyond the capabilities of the surgeon to achieve cure.
Hormonal therapy in cancer
Authors: Dunne Declan , McWhirter Derek , Poston Graeme J.
Published: August 2016

Surgical resection remains the gold standard of curative treatment for most solid organ cancers. However, a large proportion of patients are not suitable for curative surgical intervention, and in those who are, the addition of medical therapy in the perioperative setting may improve outcomes. In tumours arising from hormonally active tissue, manipulation of endocrine pathways can significantly alter tumour progression and tumour related symptoms. Endocrine or hormonal therapy is commonly used in breast cancer, prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumours, targeted at hormone receptors expressed by the individual tumour.
History taking and information gathering
Authors: Marshall Michelle , Woodley Caroline
Published: August 2016

Good history-taking is paramount in developing a differential diagnosis, and its importance cannot outweigh the signs elicited on physical examination and the results obtained from diagnostic tests. In this chapter we consider both the content of the surgical history and the processes employed when obtaining a history, highlighting the use of good communication skills. The objectives for the history-taking part of any consultation are to develop an effective doctor-patient relationship, to obtain an accurate and comprehensive picture of the patient’s medical condition, and to understand how the disease impacts on the patient as an individual. The initial stages of the consultation will set the scene for all future encounters with the patient. It is essential that the clinician and patient work in partnership to obtain the best clinical and psychological outcome.
Nutritional management of the surgical patient
Authors: Soop Mattias , Carlson Gordon
Published: August 2016

Malnutrition increases postoperative morbidity and mortality and early intervention reduces this risk. Plasma protein concentrations and body weight are unreliable because underlying disease frequently alters them. Simple scoring systems such as the MUST score are reliable and should be incorporated into routine care. Most patients can safely resume an oral diet soon after surgery and feeding proximal to a new small or large bowel anastomosis is safe and advantageous. Contraindications include patients with a new anastomosis in the upper gastrointestinal tract, postoperative small bowel obstruction, and ileus. In acute intestinal failure, artificial nutritional support (enteral and/or parenteral) must be commenced at an appropriate time.. Common complications include catheter related sepsis, refeeding syndrome, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and liver steatosis. Close collaboration with a nutrition support team is essential.
Head and neurological injury
Authors: Myles Lynn , Brennan Paul M.
Published: August 2016

Head and spinal injuries are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Even apparently relatively minor injuries can have significant and life changing consequences, compromising function of the central or peripheral nervous systems, or both. The peripheral nervous system is also at risk from isolated limb injuries. Optimizing the outcome for an injured patient requires early recognition of the problem and prevention of secondary injury. Incorrect or tardy management can convert a survivable injury with good functional outcome into a devastating injury or even death. Accurate diagnosis, management, and prognosis require an understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the involved structures. This chapter explores the common and important topics in head, spinal and peripheral nerve injuries to provide you with this knowledge.
Chest injury
Authors: Senanayake Eshan L. , Rooney Stephen J. , Graham Timothy R.
Published: August 2016

Thoracic trauma can be a life-threatening condition and should be dealt with as an emergency. All medical professionals dealing with trauma should be familiar with the identification, diagnosis, and management of chest trauma. The establishment of major trauma centres ensures that cardiothoracic surgical specialists are involved in the care of these patients. Although the chest injury can be the fatal injury, it should be taken within the context of other life-threatening injuries (e.g. head/pelvic injuries). Chest injury can also be less obvious than other external more obvious injures and the clinician should maintain a high index of suspicion for associated chest injury based on the nature and history of the trauma. In the management of chest trauma, emphasis should be placed on the damage control resuscitation and damage control surgery working as a continuum, with attention to the environment, equipment and the expertise available to manage the specific condition.
Principles of paediatric surgical care
Authors: Anders Nicola R. K. , Bowes Laura J.
Published: August 2016

Children have unique anatomical, physiological, emotional, psychosocial, and surgical conditions compared to the adult population. Centralization of specialist paediatric surgical services as part of the National Service Framework for Children has seen increasing numbers of paediatric surgical patients managed in tertiary centres. Children who present at district general hospitals should have immediate access to paediatric medical support and be cared for in an appropriate environment with trained staff. Differences between the paediatric population and adults mean that their perioperative care should be targeted to the specific conditions that affect them, and a detailed history of their birth, development, immunizations, and medical conditions should form part of the preoperative assessment. As professionals we have a responsibility for the recognition and management of suspected non-accidental injuries. Children may present for emergency surgery as a consequence of non-accidental injury but it is important to be vigilant for signs during unrelated presentations.
Pancreas and islet transplantation
Authors: Casey John J.
Published: August 2016

Pancreas transplantation (simultaneously with a kidney) is the procedure of choice for uraemic type I diabetic patients. Over 40 000 pancreas transplants have been carried out worldwide with excellent graft and patient survival and demonstrable modification of the secondary complications of diabetes. The surgical procedure is challenging, with significant morbidity, and so careful patient selection is critical. Many of the complications of pancreas transplantation are associated with the exocrine portion of the graft and so transplantation of the islets of Langerhans alone is an attractive alternative. Islet transplantation is indicated for type I diabetic patients who have impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia, and results in reversal of this life threatening complication of diabetes in over 90% of patients.
Liver transplantation
Authors: Harper Simon J. F. , Praseedom Raaj K.
Published: August 2016

Liver transplant is life saving for patients with end-stage liver disease, acute fulminant liver failure and primary liver tumours. Careful selection of potential recipients is crucial to maximize life-years gained for each transplant performed. The United Kingdom Model for End-stage Liver Disease (UKELD). is used to predict mortality in chronic liver disease. Patients become eligible for transplantation when their UKELD score exceeds the one-year mortality after transplantation, and the predicted five-year survival after transplantation is >50%. Strict eligibility criteria also exist for patients with acute liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The profound pathophysiological changes resulting from liver failure and associated co-morbidities make perioperative management of liver transplant recipients very challenging. The transplant procedure is a major undertaking, comprising four key components: donor hepatectomy, graft preservation and bench preparation, recipient hepatectomy and implantation of the donor liver. Liver allografts are obtained from donation after brainstem death (DBD), circulatory death (DCD), and living donation. In addition, suitable donor livers are split to provide grafts for two recipients. Important early complications include primary non-function, hepatic artery thrombosis, bile leak and acute rejection. Malignancy, graft failure, cardiovascular disease, sepsis and renal impairment are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the long-term. Multivisceral transplantation remains highly specialized and limited predominantly to intestinal failure patients with life-threatening complications of parenteral nutrition.
Broca’s aphasia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Broca’s aphasia from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Global aphasia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Global aphasia from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Word finding difficulty
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Word finding difficulty from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Cerebellar dysarthria
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Cerebellar dysarthria from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Selective (elective) mutism
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Selective (elective) mutism from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Stutter (Stammer)
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Stutter (Stammer) from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Psychogenic speech
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Psychogenic speech from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to frontal release
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to frontal release from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Utilization behavior
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Utilization behavior from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Grasp / Grope
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Grasp / Grope from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Alien hand
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Alien hand from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Emotional lability
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Emotional lability from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Apraxia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Apraxia from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Frontal gait disorder
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Frontal gait disorder from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Cortical visual disorders
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Cortical visual disorders from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Deep frontal lobe disconnection
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Deep frontal lobe disconnection from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Resting tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Resting tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Postural tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Postural tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Intention tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Intention tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Dystonic tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Dystonic tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Palatal tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Palatal tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Task specific tremors
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Task specific tremors from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Rabbit tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Rabbit tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Hereditary geniospasm
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Hereditary geniospasm from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Psychogenic tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Psychogenic tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
An approach to diagnosing dystonia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on An approach to diagnosing dystonia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Generalized dystonia in adults
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Generalized dystonia in adults from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Segmental dystonia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Segmental dystonia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Scoliosis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Scoliosis from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Torticollis/Laterocollis (adult)
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Torticollis/Laterocollis (adult) from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Torticollis (pediatric)
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Torticollis (pediatric) from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Buccolingual dystonia/dyskinesia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Buccolingual dystonia/dyskinesia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Pseudodystonia, pseudoathetosis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Pseudodystonia, pseudoathetosis from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Psychogenic dystonia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Psychogenic dystonia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Hemichorea
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Hemichorea from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Myoclonus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Myoclonus from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Asterixis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Asterixis from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Tics
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Tics from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Rigidity
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Rigidity from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Akinesia, bradykinesia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Akinesia, bradykinesia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Early parkinsonian gait
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Early parkinsonian gait from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Advanced parkinsonian gait
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Advanced parkinsonian gait from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Dystonic and dyskinetic parkinsonian gaits
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Dystonic and dyskinetic parkinsonian gaits from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Simian gait
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Simian gait from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Other parkinsonian gaits
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Other parkinsonian gaits from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Hallucinations, illusions and delusions
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Hallucinations, illusions and delusions from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Dyskinesia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Dyskinesia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Dystonia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Dystonia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
On-off phenomenon
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on On-off phenomenon from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Stiff man syndrome
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Stiff man syndrome from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Associated movements
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Associated movements from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to Saccadic abnormalities
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to Saccadic abnormalities from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Oculomotor (IIIrd) nerve palsy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Oculomotor (IIIrd) nerve palsy from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Internuclear ophthalmoplegia from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Horizontal gaze palsy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Horizontal gaze palsy from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Vertical gaze abnormalities
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Vertical gaze abnormalities from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Orbital infection
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Orbital infection from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Ocular myopathy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Ocular myopathy from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Ocular muscle fibrosis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Ocular muscle fibrosis from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Oculogyric crises
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Oculogyric crises from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Eye signs in parkinsonism
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Eye signs in parkinsonism from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to ptosis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to ptosis from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to pupillary abnormalities
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to pupillary abnormalities from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Adie’s pupil
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Adie’s pupil from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Relative afferent pupil defect
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Relative afferent pupil defect from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to nystagmus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to nystagmus from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Torsional (rotatory) nystagmus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Torsional (rotatory) nystagmus from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Palate
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Palate from the Head and Neck section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Sternomastoid/Trapezius
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Sternomastoid/Trapezius from the Head and Neck section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to epilepsy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J. , Bleasel Andrew
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to epilepsy from the Epilepsy section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.