bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of No-Tillage on Field Microclimate and Yield of Winter Wheat
Authors: Dong Zhiqiang , Yang Shuo , Li Si , Fan Pengfei , Wu Jianguo , Liu Yuxin , Wang Xiu , Zhang Jingting , Zhai Changyuan
Published: December 2024

Field studies were conducted in the North China Plain (NCP) during the 2023–2024 season to investigate the vertical microclimate, yield, and yield-related characteristics of winter wheat during the grain-filling stage under no-till direct seeding and conventional tillage. The aim was to compare the differences in microclimate between the two tillage methods in wheat fields and the impact of microclimate on yield. The results indicated that, compared to conventional tillage, no-till direct seeding reduced the air temperature and increased the relative humidity of the air at 20 cm and 100 cm above the ground during the wheat grain-filling period. The soil moisture content at 20 cm below the ground under no-till direct seeding was higher than under conventional tillage during the early grain-filling stage. Seven days before the wheat harvest, the dry weight per plant and the dry weight per spike were significantly greater under no-till direct seeding than under conventional tillage. Consequently, the thousand-grain weight of no-till direct seeding was significantly higher than that of conventional tillage, with an increase of 7.9%. The number of wheat sterile spikelets under no-till direct seeding was significantly lower than that under conventional tillage. Furthermore, the number of grains per spike was higher than that of conventional tillage. Although the number of harvested spikes under no-till direct seeding was 10.8% lower than under conventional tillage, the increase in thousand-grain weight and the number of grains per spike compensated for the reduced number of harvested spikes. As a result, the grain yield of winter wheat under no-till direct seeding was higher than that of conventional tillage, increasing by 2.7%. Therefore, adopting no-till direct seeding in the NCP is conducive to increasing winter wheat production and efficiency, as well as supporting sustainable agricultural development.
Predicting Body Weight from Birth to Old Age in Giant Pandas Using Machine Learning
Authors: Zhu Xingyong , Li Jiaheng , Gao Jie , Lan Jingchao , Li Mingxi , Deng Jue , Peng Wenpei , Feng Yongyou , Li Bi , Pang Huizhong , Liu Jiawen , Kou Jie , Wang Ye
Published: December 2024

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the animals with the largest body weight differences between its birth and adult stages, where the newborn cub is 0.1% the size of its mother. The rapid growth of panda cubs has been reported previously, but little is known about the growth pattern of their entire lifetime. In this study, we analyzed body weight records from 206 captive giant pandas collected between 2000 and 2022. The dataset comprised 26,340 measurements, including 12,314 records from 98 males and 14,026 from 108 females, with the oldest male and female being 32 and 37 years old, respectively. Utilizing machine learning, we predicted daily body weights throughout the pandas’ lifespan, allowing us to establish detailed daily normative body weight ranges from birth to advanced age. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of lifetime body weight distribution in giant pandas, enhancing our understanding of their developmental biology and informing improved body weight management strategies for captive populations.
Ultrasonographic Measurement of Muscle and Subcutaneous Fat Thickness for the Objective Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Alpacas
Authors: Franz Sonja , Andrich Melanie , Wittek Thomas
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrasonographic measurement of the subcutaneous fat and muscle layers at two different body locations as an objective tool with which to determine the nutritional status of alpacas. The results of ultrasonographic measurement were related to body weight, determined by scale, and body condition score (BCS), determined by a scoring system. Differences between gender (female/male) and different reproductive statuses (castrated/intact males, pregnant, and early or non-pregnant females) were evaluated. In total, 160 alpacas were examined. Ultrasonography was performed first at the lumbar region, positioning a linear probe (8 MHz) between the second and third lumbar vertebrae perpendicular to the spinal column, and in the gluteal region, measuring the distance between skin, the subcutaneous fat layer, and the muscle layer. The results showed that the gender and pregnancy status of females had a significant influence on the ultrasonographic measurements at both localizations. Significant associations were found between body weight and the BCS. The BCS and ultrasonographic-measured soft-tissue thicknesses at both localizations were significantly associated for males and early or non-pregnant females. According to these results, ultrasonography can be recommended as an objective method with which to determine the nutritional status of alpacas.
The Immune Contexture in Canine Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma: Immunohistochemical Quantification of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Image Analysis
Authors: Bacci Barbara , Brunetti Barbara , Maino Cristiano , Martinoli Ginevra , Bacon Nick J. , Avallone Giancarlo
Published: December 2024

Canine anal sac gland adenocarcinomas (ASACs) are locally aggressive and highly metastatic to regional lymph nodes. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can be effective prognostic and predictive markers in numerous human neoplasms and are increasingly investigated in dogs. The aim of this study was to characterize immune cells in canine ASACs and their relationship with tumor size, histologic metastatic status, and tumor clinical stage. Thirty ASACs with known tumor size, metastatic status, and clinical stage were immunolabeled for Iba1 (macrophages), CD20 (B cells), CD3 (T cells), and Foxp3 (regulatory T cells). With image analysis, two areas of 1 mm2 were analyzed for each case at the tumor core (TC) and invasive margin (IM) and immune cells were counted. Eighteen patients had metastasis at the time of diagnosis, of which fifteen were nodal only, and three were both distant and nodal. The median tumor size was 32.5 mm (range 11–70). The clinical stage was I in five cases, II in seven cases, III in fifteen cases, and IV in three cases. T cells and macrophages were the most abundant immune cells in all tumors. Tumor size did not influence the number or type of infiltrating immune cells. By contrast, significantly higher numbers of TC T lymphocytes were found in patients without metastasis, while significantly higher numbers of TC macrophages were found in dogs with metastasis. Immune cell infiltrate did not differ according to clinical stage. The results indicate that the tumor immune microenvironment, specifically TILs and TAMs, contribute to tumor behavior and may influence metastatic potential; in particular, high CD3 infiltration may prevent tumor progression, while increased macrophage infiltration could promote it.
Analysis of Growth Models in Galician × Nelore Crossbred Cattle in the First Year of Life
Authors: Iglesias Antonio , Mata Fernando , Cerqueira Joaquim Lima , Kowalczyk Alicja , Cantalapiedra Jesús , Ferreiro José , Araújo José
Published: December 2024

The veal niche market is gaining momentum in Brazil. Locally known as ‘Vitelão’, veal refers to the meat from calves slaughtered up to 12 months of age. In this study, we assessed the Galician Blond × Nelore cross as a candidate to produce veal. The aim of this study was to establish criteria for selecting 12-month-old calves suitable for slaughter. To find the best fit, we adjusted various growth models for calves up to 12 months of age. Once the best fit was determined, the selected growth model was then used to calculate the relative and instantaneous growth rates to evaluate the slaughtering potential at 12 months. Our study reveals that, under present conditions, the Logistic model is the best fit for characterizing and functionally analyzing growth from birth to 12 months of age in Galician Blond crosses with Nelore. Calves resulting from this cross experience rapid growth in their first 12 months of life, making them an excellent choice for producing high-quality veal while maintaining rusticity and adaptability to extreme environments. The results of this study could contribute to enhancing the growth management systems of Galician Blond and Nelore crosses in Brazilian grazing production systems. Additionally, they can be incorporated into genetic improvement programs as a tool for selecting animals with greater precocious growth without altering adult weight.
Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Canids from Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: Niedringhaus Kevin D. , Chan Taylor C. , McDowell Ashley , Maxwell Lauren , Stevens Madison , Potts Lane , Miller Erica , Anis Eman , Why Kyle Van , Keller Thomas , Stallknecht David , Poulson Rebecca L. , Bahrs Kaitlyn , Brown Justin D.
Published: December 2024

The avian influenza virus is a global pathogen with significant health and economic implications. While primarily a pathogen of wild and domestic birds, recent outbreaks of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b have caused mortality in a wide variety of mammals, including members of the Canidae family, on multiple continents. Despite sporadic mortality events globally, the epidemiology and pathobiology of H5N1 HPAIV in wild canids remains poorly defined. During 2022–2024, 41 wild canid carcasses (diagnostic cases), including 23 red foxes and 18 gray foxes, were tested for the influenza A virus (IAV) via PCR, with five red fox kits testing positive (12%). Infected animals had variably severe encephalitis, pneumonia, and occasionally myocarditis associated with strong immunolabeling for IAV. Serum from 269 wild canids in Pennsylvania was tested for antibodies to IAV, including 133 samples collected prior to 2021 (pre-H5N1 HPAIV 2.3.4.4b introduction) and 136 collected after 2022 (post-H5N1 HPAIV 2.3.4.4b introduction). All samples collected prior to 2021 were seronegative for IAV. Two coyotes from 2024 were seropositive for IAV but were negative for antibodies to the H5 and N1 subtypes. Collectively, these data suggest that while sporadic H5N1 HPAIV infection and mortality can occur in wild canids, particularly juvenile red foxes, infection was limited in these outwardly healthy and opportunistically sampled animals. Future studies should utilize a risk-based approach to target sampling of wild canids at increased risk for H5N1 HPAIV infection, such as those around waterfowl habitats or spatially around wild bird or domestic animal outbreaks.
Predicting Tuberculosis Risk in Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, and Goats in China Based on Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors
Authors: Xu Le , Li Suya , Li Hong , Pan Haoju , Li Shiyuan , Yang Yingxue , Jiao Yuqing , Lan Feng , Chen Si , Chen Qiaoling , Du Li , Man Churiga , Wang Fengyang , Gao Hongyan
Published: December 2024

Tuberculosis is a zoonotic chronic respiratory infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The outbreak and epidemic of tuberculosis can seriously threaten human and veterinary health. To investigate the effects of environmental factors on tuberculosis in domestic ruminants, we collected data regarding the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats in China (1956–2024) from publicly published literature and available databases. We identified the key risk factors among six major air pollutants and 19 bioclimatic variables; simulated the risk distribution of tuberculosis in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats in China using the maximum entropy ecological niche model; and evaluated the effects of environmental factors. The area under the curve of the model was 0.873 (95% confidence interval, 0.851–0.895). The risk factors that most significantly influenced the prevalence of tuberculosis were the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) level, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, cattle distribution density, sheep distribution density, ozone (O3) level, and precipitation of the driest month. The predicted map of tuberculosis risk in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats indicated that the high-risk regions were mainly distributed in South, North, East, and Northwest China. Improved surveillance is needed in these high-risk areas, and early preventive measures must be implemented based on the risk factors identified to reduce the future prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats.
Effects of Tuna By-Product Meal on Growth, Whole-Body Mercury, Phosphorus Load, and Plasma Chemistry in Juvenile Greater Amberjack Seriola dumerili
Authors: Biswas Amal , Shirakawa Shota , Okimura Satoshi , Honryo Tomoki , Tanaka Hideki
Published: December 2024

The suitability of tuna by-product meal (TBM) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of juvenile greater amberjack Seriola dumerili was investigated for its effect on growth, mercury (Hg) levels in the fish body, phosphorus (P) load, and plasma chemistry. FM was the main protein source in the control diet (C), and it was replaced by TBM at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% to formulate diets TM25, TM50, TM75, and TM100, respectively. The experiment was performed in triplicate, stocking 30 juveniles (mean weight: approximately 6.7 g) in each 500 L tank. After a 42 d rearing period, there were no significant differences in growth, nutrient digestibility, or productive value between diets C and TM25. However, a quadratic polynomial regression analysis suggested that the optimal dietary level of TBM against final weight was 14.5%. A significant linear correlation was observed between Hg in the diet and fish whole body, but the level was far lower, posing health risks to humans. Owing to the lower P intake of fish fed with the TBM-based diets, their P load was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Plasma levels of total protein, total cholesterol, and albumin in the TM75 and TM100 groups were significantly lower than those in the C, TM25, and TM50 groups. These results suggest that 14.5% of FM protein can be replaced by TBM protein in the diet of juvenile greater amberjack and that a significant reduction in P load can be achieved with a TBM-based diet.
Efficient Convolutional Neural Network Model for the Taxonomy and Sex Identification of Three Phlebotomine Sandfly Species (Diptera, Psychodidae, and Phlebotominae)
Authors: Fraiwan Mohammad
Published: December 2024

Sandflies, small insects primarily from the Psychodidae family, are commonly found in sandy, tropical, and subtropical regions. Most active during dawn and dusk, female sandflies feed on blood to facilitate egg production. In doing so, they can transmit infectious diseases that may cause symptoms such as fever, headaches, muscle pain, anemia, skin rashes, and ulcers. Importantly, sandflies are species-specific in their disease transmission. Determining the gender and species of sandflies typically involves examining their morphology and internal anatomy using established identification keys. However, this process requires expert knowledge and is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to misidentification. In this paper, we develop a highly accurate and efficient convolutional network model that utilizes pharyngeal and genital images of sandfly samples to classify the sex and species of three sandfly species (i.e., Phlebotomus sergenti, Ph. alexandri, and Ph. papatasi). A detailed evaluation of the model’s structure and classification performance was conducted using multiple metrics. The results demonstrate an excellent sex-species classification accuracy exceeding 95%. Hence, it is possible to develop automated artificial intelligence-based systems that serve the entomology community at large and specialized professionals.
Heritability Estimates of Age at First Calving and Correlation Analysis in Angus Cows Bred in Hungary
Authors: Márton Judit , Bene Szabolcs Albin , Szabó Ferenc
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to examine the age at first calving (AFC) in Hungarian Angus herds. This study was conducted on the basis of data from 2955 registered cows, classified into five groups (based on different Angus types), and 200 breeding bulls, which were the sires of the cows. The data were made available by the Hungarian Hereford, Angus, and Galloway Breeders’ Association. The variance and covariance components, heritability, breeding value (BV), and genetic trends of AFC between 1998 and 2021 were evaluated. A general linear model (univariate analysis of variance) was used to examine the various effects, while best linear unbiased prediction was used to estimate the population genetic parameters and BV, and linear regression analysis was used for the trend analysis. The average AFC obtained was 28.1 ± 0.1 months (SD = 5.3 months), showing a relatively large variance (CV = 18.9%). The environmental factors that influenced the development of the phenotype were the cow’s birth season (28.99%, p < 0.01), cow’s birth year (28.7%, p < 0.01), the cow’s sire (18.32%, p < 0.01), and the herd (11.77, p < 0.05). The cow’s color variant (8.10%, p > 0.05) was not significant and did not influence the AFC in this study. The direct heritability of AFC (h2 = 0.51 ± 0.06) was higher than data in the literature (0.38 ± 0.05); however, the maternal heritability was low (h2m = 0.00 ± 0.03). The correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects was zero (rdm = −0.97 ± 1.00). The phenotypic trend of AFC increased by +0.03 months per year, which was not statistically significant. The genetic trend calculation showed no significant changes. Based on the h2 and BV results, it seems that selecting a suitable sire can effectively reduce the AFC of daughters. Since AFC is also an important trait in economic terms, it would be appropriate to include AFC BV in the bull catalog.
Some Human Anti-Glycan Antibodies Lack the Ability to Activate the Complement System
Authors: Shilova Nadezhda , Nokel Alexey , Lipatnikov Alexander , Khasbiullina Nailya , Knirel Yuri , Baidakova Ludmila , Tuzikov Alexander , Khaidukov Sergei , Obukhova Polina , Henry Stephen , Shoibonov Batozhab , Salimov Emin , Rieben Robert , Bovin Nicolai
Published: December 2024

Background. Naturally occurring human antibodies against glycans recognize and quickly eliminate infectious bacteria, viruses and aberrantly glycosylated neoplastic malignant cells, and they often initiate processes that involve the complement system. Methods. Using a printed glycan array (PGA) containing 605 glycoligands (oligo- and polysaccharides, glycopeptides), we examined which of the glycan-binding antibodies are able to activate the complement system. Using this PGA, the specificities of antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes were determined in the blood serum of healthy donors (suggested as mostly natural), and, then, using the same array, it was determined which types of the bound immunoglobulins were also showing C3 deposition. Results. It was found that about 30% of anti-glycan antibodies in human serum detected by the PGA did not activate the complement. They were mostly IgGs and directed to bacterial O-antigens; no apparent common structural motif within their target polysaccharides was found. Antibodies to blood group systems ABO and Forssman, xeno-antigens, a number of polysaccharides from various strains of S. enterica, E. coli and P. alcalifaciens, as well as small fragments of bacterial polysaccharides were recognized by complement-activating antibodies as expected. A complement-activating antibody was affinity-isolated on glycan-Sepharose from human serum, and, in the presence of the complement, it lysed red blood cells coated with the same glycan (kodecytes, where glycans expressed on biological membranes), while an isolated complement non-activating antibody did not, which confirms the validity of the solid-phase PGA results. Conclusions. Thus, ~30% of human anti-glycan antibodies lack the ability to activate the complement system. The function of the widely represented immunoglobulins that do not cause C3 deposition remains unclear.
Comparative Genome Analysis of Canine Frederiksenia canicola Isolates
Authors: Domán Marianna , Pintér Krisztina , Pollák Boglárka Dóra , Pintér Ágnes , Wehmann Enikő , Tenk Miklós , Magyar Tibor
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The One Health approach is crucial for managing and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Frederiksenia canicola is a recently identified bacterial species that seems to be a component of the oral microbiota of dogs; however, its pathogenic nature is questionable. Methods: In this study, the antibacterial susceptibility of F. canicola isolates was determined using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Genome-wide comparative analyses were performed to identify the genetic factors driving virulence and antimicrobial drug resistance (e.g., virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and prophage-related sequences). Results: Most of the F. canicola isolates lacked virulence-associated genes. F. canicola is likely resistant to clindamycin, lincomycin and neomycin, but susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and enrofloxacin. Antimicrobial resistance genes were not found in the F. canicola genomes, but prophage-related sequences were identified, suggesting its potential in the transfer of genes associated with drug resistance between bacteria in the oral microbiome. Conclusions: F. canicola is presumably a commensal organism with low virulence potential, as evidenced by the absence of virulence-associated genes. As F. canicola can colonize a wide range of hosts, including humans, further investigation with a greater number of isolates is needed to better understand the role of F. canicola in disease development and the spread of drug resistance.
Identification and Bioactivity Analysis of a Novel Bacillus Species, B. maqinnsis sp. nov. Bos-x6-28, Isolated from Feces of the Yak (Bos grunniens)
Authors: Ma Qiang , Xiang Xin , Ma Yan , Li Guangzhi , Liu Xingyu , Jia Boai , Yang Wenlin , Yin Hengxia , Zhang Benyin
Published: December 2024

Background: The identification of novel bacterial species from the intestines of yaks residing on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is pivotal in advancing our understanding of host–microbiome interactions and represents a promising avenue for microbial drug discovery. Methods: In this study, we conducted a polyphasic taxonomic analysis and bioactive assays on a Bacillus strain, designated Bos-x6-28, isolated from yak feces. Results: The findings revealed that strain Bos-x6-28 shares a high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.91%) with B. xiamenensis HYC-10T and B. zhangzhouensis DW5-4T, suggesting close phylogenetic affinity. Physiological and biochemical characterizations demonstrated that Bos-x6-28 could utilize nine carbon sources, including D-galactose, inositol, and fructose, alongside nine nitrogen sources, such as threonine, alanine, and proline. Analysis of biochemical markers indicated that Bos-x6-28’s cell wall hydrolysates contained mannose, glucose, and meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid, while menaquinone-7 (MK-7), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylglycerol (DPG) were found in the cell membrane. The primary cellular fatty acids included C16:0 (28.00%), cyclo-C17:0 (19.97%), C14:0 (8.75%), cyclo-C19:0 (8.52%), iso-C15:0 (5.49%), anteiso-C15:0 (4.61%), and C12:0 (3.15%). Whole-genome sequencing identified a genome size of 3.33 Mbp with 3353 coding genes. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses confirmed Bos-x6-28 as a novel species, hereby named B. maqinnsis Bos-x6-28 (MCCC 1K09379). Further genomic analysis unveiled biosynthetic gene clusters encoding bioactive natural compounds, including β-lactones, sactipeptides, fengycin, and lichenysin analogs. Additionally, in vitro assays demonstrated that this strain exhibits antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Conclusions: These findings collectively indicate the novel Bacillus species B. maqinnsis Bos-x6-28 as a promising source for novel antibiotic and antitumor agents.
First Characterization of a Cyanobacterial Xi-Class Glutathione S-Transferase in Synechocystis PCC 6803
Authors: Marceau Fanny , Lamothe-Sibold Marlène , Farci Sandrine , Ouchane Soufian , Cassier-Chauvat Corinne , Chauvat Franck
Published: December 2024

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes crucial for cell detoxication. They are viewed as having evolved in cyanobacteria, the ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes that colonize our planet and play a crucial role for its biosphere. Xi-class GSTs, characterized by their specific glutathionyl–hydroquinone reductase activity, have been observed in prokaryotes, fungi and plants, but have not yet been studied in cyanobacteria. In this study, we have analyzed the presumptive Xi-class GST, designated as Slr0605, of the unicellular model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. We report that Slr0605 is a homodimeric protein that has genuine glutathionyl–hydroquinone reductase activity. Though Slr0605 is not essential for cell growth under standard photoautotrophic conditions, it plays a prominent role in the protection against not only benzoquinone, but also cobalt-excess stress. Indeed, Slr0605 acts in defense against the cobalt-elicited disturbances of iron homeostasis, iron–sulfur cluster repair, catalase activity and the level of reactive oxygen species, which are all crucial for cell life.
Melatonin Enhances the Low-Calcium Stress Tolerance by Regulating Brassinosteroids and Auxin Signals in Wax Gourd
Authors: Chang Jingjing , Zhu Xuemei , Lian Yixuan , Li Jing , Chen Xiao , Song Zhao , Chen Lei , Xie Dasen , Zhang Baige
Published: December 2024

In plants, calcium (Ca) serves as an essential nutrient and signaling molecule. Melatonin is a biologically active and multi-functional hormone that plays an important role in improving nutrient use efficiency. However, its involvement in plant responses to Ca deficiency remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effects of melatonin on Ca absorption, the antioxidant system, and root morphology under low-Ca (LCa) stress conditions, as well as to identify key regulatory factors and signaling pathways involved in these processes using transcriptome analysis. Under LCa conditions, wax gourd seedling exhibited significant decreases in Ca accumulation, showed inhibition of root growth, and demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative damage. However, melatonin application significantly enhanced Ca content in wax gourd seedlings, and it enhanced the absorption of Ca2+ in roots by upregulating Ca2+ channels and transport genes, including BhiCNGC17, BhiCNGC20, BhiECA1, BhiACA1, and BhiCAX1. Furthermore, the application of exogenous melatonin mitigated the root growth inhibition and oxidative damage caused by LCa stress. This was evidenced by increases in the root branch numbers, root tips, root surface area, and root volume, as well as enhanced root vitality and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as decreases in the reactive oxygen species content in melatonin treated plants. Transcriptome results revealed that melatonin mainly modulated the brassinosteroids (BRs) and auxin signaling pathway, which play essential roles in root differentiation, elongation, and stress adaptation. Specifically, melatonin increased the active BR levels by upregulating BR6ox (a BR biosynthesis gene) and downregulating BAS1 (BR degradation genes), thereby affecting the BR signaling pathway. Additionally, melatonin reduced IAA levels but activated the auxin signaling pathway, indicating that melatonin could directly stimulate the auxin signaling pathway via an IAA-independent mechanism. This study provides new insights into the role of melatonin in nutrient stress adaptation, offering a promising and sustainable approach to improve nutrient use efficiency in wax gourd and other crops.
Neuroprotective Potential of Indole-Based Compounds: A Biochemical Study on Antioxidant Properties and Amyloid Disaggregation in Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Ciaglia Tania , Miranda Maria Rosaria , Di Micco Simone , Vietri Mariapia , Smaldone Gerardina , Musella Simona , Di Sarno Veronica , Auriemma Giulia , Sardo Carla , Moltedo Ornella , Pepe Giacomo , Bifulco Giuseppe , Ostacolo Carmine , Campiglia Pietro , Manfra Michele , Vestuto Vincenzo , Bertamino Alessia
Published: December 2024

Based on the established neuroprotective properties of indole-based compounds and their significant potential as multi-targeted therapeutic agents, a series of synthetic indole–phenolic compounds was evaluated as multifunctional neuroprotectors. Each compound demonstrated metal-chelating properties, particularly in sequestering copper ions, with quantitative analysis revealing approximately 40% chelating activity across all the compounds. In cellular models, these hybrid compounds exhibited strong antioxidant and cytoprotective effects, countering reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the Aβ(25–35) peptide and its oxidative byproduct, hydrogen peroxide, as demonstrated by quantitative analysis showing on average a 25% increase in cell viability and a reduction in ROS levels to basal states. Further analysis using thioflavin T fluorescence assays, circular dichroism, and computational studies indicated that the synthesized derivatives effectively promoted the self-disaggregation of the Aβ(25–35) fragment. Taken together, these findings suggest a unique profile of neuroprotective actions for indole–phenolic derivatives, combining chelating, antioxidant, and anti-aggregation properties, which position them as promising compounds for the development of multifunctional agents in Alzheimer’s disease therapy. The methods used provide reliable in vitro data, although further in vivo validation and assessment of blood–brain barrier penetration are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and safety.
A Preliminary Investigation of Thermally Stable Schiff Base Metal Complexes for Hyperthermia: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Sankara Narayanan Vigneswari , Dhawa Soven , Sukumaran Amritha , Ganesh Bharathi Hassan , Rajendran Jeya , Bobba Kondapa Naidu , Ramani Prasanna
Published: December 2024

A novel Schiff base ligand (L), bearing N2O2 donor sites, was derived from the condensation of 5-chloromethylisophthaldehyde and phenylpropanolamine (PPA). Mononuclear Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized and were characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR, ESI-mass spectroscopy, molar conductance, and thermal and electrochemical studies. The thermal investigation revealed that the complexes were stable up to 150–250 °C and began to degrade in stages, resulting in the development of respective metal oxides. The Coats–Redfern integration method was used to calculate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, the energy of activation (Ea), and changes in enthalpy (∆H), entropy (∆S), and free energy (∆G) for each step of the degradation processes. For stage I decomposition, the calculated activation energy values of the complexes follow the order of Ea [Cu(L)] > Ea [Co(L)(H2O)2] > Ea [Zn(L)]. The influence of the temperature on the efficacy of antioxidant activities of the complexes with DPPH assay, ABTS assay, and hydroxy radical assay was investigated at various concentrations using ascorbic acid (AA) as the reference. Antioxidant activity was assessed at multiple temperatures to ascertain whether these complexes may be applied in radiation therapy enhanced with hyperthermia and found to be stable. Subsequently, the Cu(II) complex (C2) demonstrated a greater cytotoxicity (IC50 = 5.16 µM) than Co(II), Zn(II), and conventional cisplatin when in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated against the MCF-7 cell line using the MTT method. Analyses of the thermal stability and ROS scavenging ability of complexes have demonstrated that these complexes have potential in hyperthermic radiation therapy.
Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Altered Glucose Metabolism Contribute to the Retinal Phenotype in the Choroideremia Zebrafish
Authors: Méjécase Cécile , Nair Neelima , Sarkar Hajrah , Soro-Barrio Pablo , Toms Maria , Halliday Sophia , Linkens Katy , Jaroszynska Natalia , Maurer Constance , Owen Nicholas , Moosajee Mariya
Published: December 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the retina play a key role in maintaining function and cell survival. However, excessive ROS can lead to oxidative stress, inducing dysregulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The chmru848 zebrafish models choroideremia (CHM), an X-linked chorioretinal dystrophy, which predominantly affects the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic signature of the chmru848 zebrafish retina to reveal the upregulation of cytokine pathways and glia migration, upregulation of oxidative, ER stress and apoptosis markers, and the dysregulation of glucose metabolism with the downregulation of glycolysis and the upregulation of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose uptake was impaired in the chmru848 retina using the 2-NBDG glucose uptake assay. Following the overexpression of human PFKM, partial rescue was seen with the preservation of photoreceptors and RPE and increased glucose uptake, but without modifying glycolysis and oxidative stress markers. Therapies targeting glucose metabolism in CHM may represent a potential remedial approach.
From Spent Black and Green Tea to Potential Health Boosters: Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction and Assessment of Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Harfoush Ahlam , Swaidan Aseel , Khazaal Salma , Salem Sokhn Elie , Grimi Nabil , Debs Espérance , Louka Nicolas , El Darra Nada
Published: December 2024

Tea, one of the most popular beverages worldwide, generates a substantial amount of spent leaves, often directly discarded although they may still contain valuable compounds. This study aims to optimize the extraction of polyphenols from spent black tea (SBT) and spent green tea (SGT) leaves while also exploring their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Response surface methodology was utilized to determine the optimal experimental conditions for extracting polyphenols from SBT and SGT. The total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH assay. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the phytochemical profiles of the SBT and SGT extracts. Optimal extraction for SBT achieved 404 mg GAE/g DM TPC and 51.5% DPPH inhibition at 93.64 °C, 79.9 min, and 59.4% ethanol–water. For SGT, conditions of 93.63 °C, 81.7 min, and 53.2% ethanol–water yielded 452 mg GAE/g DM TPC and 78.3% DPPH inhibition. Both tea extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with SGT showing greater efficacy against S. aureus and slightly better inhibition of B. subtilis compared to SBT. No activity was observed against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and S. typhimurium. HPLC analysis revealed hydroxybenzoic acid as the main phenolic compound in SBT (360.7 mg/L), while rutin was predominant in SGT (42.73 mg/L). The optimized phenolic-rich extracts of SBT and SGT demonstrated promising antioxidant and antibacterial potential, making them strong candidates for use as natural health boosters in food products.
Selected Aspects of Testing the Strength of Movable Joints of a Prototype Intermodal Platform-Regulations and Practice
Authors: Krason Wieslaw , Slawinski Grzegorz , Dobrowolski Daniel
Published: December 2024

A cheap, easy-to-build basic module and multiplatform configurations obtained by connecting basic modules with dimensions corresponding to typical rail containers (10-foot, 20-foot, or larger) can be used to support intermodal rail-road transport of wooden and metal logs, including pipes, products transported on pallets and loose materials. This paper presents assumptions of the hybrid numerical research method and selected aspects of numerical strength tests of platform-containers in the basic 10-foot configuration. Multibody analyses (MBS), the finite element method (FEM), the original methodology, and various class mathematical models of the tested platforms were used appropriately in numerical tests. In the analysis of the results of multi-variant tests with the use of maximum operating loads, special attention was paid to the stress exerted on the joints between the movable components of the intermodal platform.
An Ultra-Stable Polysaccharide Gel Plugging Agent for Water Shutoff in Mature Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Yang Yang , Ye Shuangxiang , Liu Ping , Wang Youqi
Published: December 2024

Polyacrylamide-based gel plugging agents are extensively utilized in oilfields for water shutoff. However, their thermal stability, salt tolerance, and shear resistance are limited, making it difficult to achieve high-strength plugging and maintain stability under high-temperature and high-salinity reservoir conditions. This study proposes the use of chitosan (CTSs), a polysaccharide with a rigid cyclic structure, as the polymer. The organic cross-linker N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) is incorporated via the Michael addition reaction mechanism to develop an ultra-stable, organically cross-linked chitosan gel system. The CTS/MBA gel system was evaluated under various environmental conditions using rheological testing and thermal aging to assess gel strength and stability. The results demonstrate significant improvements in gel strength and stability at high temperatures (up to 120 °C) and under high-shear conditions, as the increased cross-linking density enhanced resistance to thermal and mechanical degradation. Rapid gelation was observed with increasing MBA concentration, while pH and salinity further modulated gel properties. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of a three-dimensional microstructure after gelation, which contributed to the enhanced properties. This study provides novel insights into optimizing polymer gel performance for the petroleum industry, particularly in high-temperature and high-shear environments.
Traditional and New Sensing Techniques Combination for the Identification of the Forgotten “New Flour-Weighing House” in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Gómez-Gil Antonio , Patrucco Giacomo , Lerma José Luis
Published: December 2024

In the city of Valencia (Spain), there existed from the Middle Ages until the mid-nineteenth century a building that fulfilled a municipal strategic function: The “new flour-weighing house”. Its purpose was to distribute food to the population and collect the corresponding indirect municipal taxes. Today, the existence of this building is not remembered, neither by scientists nor by citizens, and its importance, location and appearance are unknown. The building investigated, behind which the medieval façade of the “flour-weighing house” is hidden, is the Colomina Palace. In the investigation, its growth phases have been detected, and an idea of its structural organisation has been obtained. Research and investigation have been carried out by consulting historical, cartographic and archival material, together with advanced geomatics techniques, including close-range photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning and thermography. The fuse of colour and thermal imagery, together with point clouds and 3D models, help to visualise and check the different spatial transformations of the current “Colomina Palace”, adapting the sequence from medieval times into present. The methodology proposed in this study avoids the need to carry out destructive tests and the processing of permits, which speeds up decision-making and historical architectural reconstruction.
A Train Timetable Optimization Method Considering Multi-Strategies for the Tidal Passenger Flow Phenomenon
Authors: Jin Wenbin , Sun Pengfei , Yao Bailing , Ding Rongjun
Published: December 2024

The rapid growth of cities and their populations in recent years has resulted in significant tidal passenger flow characteristics, primarily manifested in the imbalance of passenger numbers in both directions. This imbalance often leads to a shortage of train capacity in one direction and an inefficient use of capacity in the other. To accommodate the tidal passenger flow demand of urban rail transit, this paper proposes a timetable optimization method that combines multiple strategies, aimed at reducing operating costs and enhancing the quality of passenger service. The multi-strategy optimization method primarily involves two key strategies: the unpaired operation strategy and the express/local train operation strategy, both of which can flexibly adapt to time-varying passenger demand. Based on the decision variables of headway, running time between stations, and dwell time, a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) is established. Taking the Shanghai Suburban Railway airport link line as an example, simulations under different passenger demands are realized to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed multi-strategy method and model. The results demonstrate that the multi-strategy optimization method achieves a 38.59% reduction in total costs for both the operator and the passengers, and effectively alleviates train congestion.
Residual Stress Characteristics in Spot Weld Joints of High-Strength Steel: Influence of Welding Parameters
Authors: Jo Wonjun , Woo Insu , Mikami Yoshiki , An Gyubaek
Published: December 2024

This study examines the residual stress characteristics of spot welding in newly developed high-strength steel for automotive body construction through experimental and numerical methods. The effects of sheet thickness, nugget size, and the presence or absence of spacers on residual stress distribution and fracture stability were evaluated. Measurements using XRD and HDR revealed tensile residual stress below the yield strength at the nugget center. A numerical analysis system corroborated experimental findings, demonstrating that larger nugget sizes reduce tensile residual stress at the nugget center, enhancing fracture stability. However, for nugget sizes of 3t (t: thickness), high tensile stress at the nugget edge compromised stability, while sizes of 3.5t or larger improved fracture resistance. The study also found that thicker sheets increased fracture safety with larger nugget sizes, and the presence of spacers induced tensile stress through spring-back effects, which shifted to compressive stress as the nugget size increased. These results provide critical insights into optimizing welding parameters to improve the structural integrity of automotive components.
Sensory Profiles of Cheeses Manufactured in Mexico and the US and the Influence of Judges’ Cultural Context: A Pilot Study
Authors: Freire Paulina , Domínguez-Soberanes Julieta , Licon Carmen C. , Estevez-Rioja Antonio
Published: December 2024

A remarkable variety of cheeses are made in the US and Mexico, each with distinct sensory characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the sensory perception of eighteen varieties of cheeses, comprising eight manufactured in the US and ten manufactured in Mexico. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of the cultural context of the judges on the sensory profiles of different cheeses. Twelve semi-trained judges, divided equally between the US and Mexico, participated in intensive training during an exchange program held in both countries. The judges utilized sensory evaluation questionnaires in English, which encompassed three components: (1) the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) method, which assessed eighteen specific attributes of each cheese on a numerical scale from 1 to 10; (2) preliminary acceptability tests conducted using a 9-point hedonic scale; and (3) preliminary tests of willingness to buy the products, evaluated by a yes/no question. This study reveals the perception of the most popular cheeses made in Mexico and the US, where the main differences were in three attributes—elasticity, saltiness, and acidity—explained by different cheese-making practices. In general, a few significant differences were observed in the sensory perception of cheese based on the judges’ origins. The most notable differences were found in the cheeses manufactured in the US, particularly in terms of texture and taste attributes. This preliminary study identifies possible significant sensory trends in California, USA, and Aguascalientes, Mexico.
Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of Monoenergetic Protons: Comparison of Empirical and Biophysical Models
Authors: Dalalas Dimitris , Papadopoulos Alexis , Kyriakou Ioanna , Stewart Robert D. , Karaiskos Pantelis , Emfietzoglou Dimitris
Published: December 2024

A constant proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 for tumor control is currently used in proton therapy treatment planning. However, in vitro, in vivo and clinical experiences indicate that proton RBE varies with kinetic energy and, therefore, tissue depth within proton Bragg peaks. A number of published RBE models capture variations in proton RBE with depth. The published models can be sub-divided into empirical (or phenomenological) and biophysical (or mechanistic-inspired) RBE models. Empirical RBE models usually characterize the beam quality through the dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LETD), while most biophysical RBE models relate RBE to the dose-averaged lineal energy (yD). In this work, an analytic microdosimetry model and the Monte Carlo damage simulation code (MCDS) were utilized for the evaluation of the LETD and yD of monoenergetic proton beams in the clinically relevant energy range of 1–250 MeV. The calculated LETD and yD values were then used for the estimation of the RBE for five different cell types at three dose levels (2 Gy, 5 Gy and 7 Gy). Comparisons are made between nine empirical RBE models and two biophysical models, namely, the theory of dual radiation action (TDRA) and the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM). The results show that, at conventional dose fractions (~2 Gy) and for proton energies which correspond to the proximal and central regions of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP), RBE varies from 1.0 to 1.2. At lower proton energies related to the distal SOBP, we find significant deviations from a constant RBE of 1.1, especially for late-responding tissues (low (α/β)R of ~1.5–3.5 Gy) where proton RBE may reach 1.3 to 1.5. For hypofractionated dose fractions (5–7 Gy), deviations from a constant RBE of 1.1 are smaller, but may still be sizeable, yielding RBE values between 1.15 and 1.3. However, large discrepancies among the different models were observed that make the selection of a variable RBE across the SOBP uncertain.