bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in mid‐ and forebrain: Neuromeric pattern and novel positive regions
Authors: Marín Faustino , Herrero María‐Trinidad , Vyas Sheela , Puelles Luis
Published: June 2005

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines and, thus, critical in determining the catecholaminergic phenotype. In this study, we have examined the expression of TH mRNA by in situ hybridization in the embryonic mouse forebrain and midbrain and have mapped its localization according to the neuromeric pattern. We find that early in embryonic development, 10 to 12 days post coitum (dpc), TH mRNA is expressed in ample continuous regions of the neuroepithelium, extending across several neuromeres. However, from 12.5 dpc onward, the expression becomes restricted to discrete regions, which correspond to the dopaminergic nuclei (A8 to A15). In addition to these nuclei previously described, TH mRNA is also observed in regions that do not express this enzyme according to immunohistochemical studies. This difference in relation to protein expression pattern is consequent with the known posttranscriptional regulation of TH expression. The most representative example of a novel positive region is the conspicuous mRNA expression in both medial and lateral ganglionic eminences. This result agrees with reports describing the capacity of striatal stem cells (that is, located at the lateral ganglionic eminence) to become dopaminergic in vitro. Other regions include the isthmic mantle layer and the early floor plate of the midbrain–caudal forebrain. On the whole, the expression map we have obtained opens new perspectives for evolutionary/comparative studies, as well as for therapeutic approaches looking for potentially dopaminergic cells. Developmental Dynamics 234:709–717, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Speaker adaptation techniques for speech recognition using probabilistic models
Authors: Shinoda Koichi
Published: June 2005

In speech recognition, speaker adaptation refers to the range of techniques whereby a speech recognition system is adapted to the acoustic features of a specific user using a small sample of utterances from that user. In recent years the practical development of speaker‐independent speech recognition systems using continuous density hidden Markov models has seen significant progress; however, the recognition performance of these systems has not yet reached that of speaker‐dependent speech recognition systems in which a user's speech is registered beforehand. Much hope has therefore been placed on the establishment of speaker adaptation techniques that can bring performance of a speaker‐independent system up to that of a speaker‐dependent one using the smallest amounts of data. In this paper we present a survey of previous research into speaker adaptation techniques focusing particularly on three important approaches in this area: maximuma posteriori(MAP) parameter estimation, maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR), and eigenvoices. We also discuss approaches that combine these techniques in a lateral fashion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(12): 25–42, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjc.20207
Development and evaluation of a hierarchical clustering and pattern averaging method applicable to on‐line handwritten character recognition based on feature point approximation
Authors: Yokota Toshimi , Kuzunuki Soushiro , Gunji Keiko , Hamada Nagaharu , Katsura Koyo
Published: June 2005

With the approximate matching methods based on feature points that have become widely used in on‐line character recognition in recent years, it is difficult to collect statistics for individual points as the number of points used to match a single character varies from pattern to pattern. It has therefore not been possible to apply simultaneous clustering and pattern averaging techniques that have proven effective elsewhere in improving recognition rates while controlling the size of a recognition dictionary. In this paper, to deal with this situation, we note that it is possible to use the matching function of a recognition engine to find the average value between two patterns. We propose a method based on hierarchical clustering that allows the simultaneous clustering and averaging of patterns to create a dictionary and is also applicable to on‐line character recognition using feature point approximation methods. We have conducted experiments using the handwriting database of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. In these experiments using samples of handwriting from 20 people, we found that by optimizing a cluster merge condition threshold parameterLthand a recording condition threshold parameterNwe were able to obtain good recognition rates: 88.1% for non‐kanji characters, 97.6% for 500 kanji characters with multiple dictionary entries, and 91.1% for 500 single entry kanji characters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(12): 58–68, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20209
Combined chondrocyte–copolymer implantation with slow release of basic fibroblast growth factor for tissue engineering an auricular cartilage construct
Authors: Isogai Noritaka , Morotomi Tadaaki , Hayakawa Sumio , Munakata Hiroshi , Tabata Yasuhiko , Ikada Yoshito , Kamiishi Hiroshi
Published: June 2005

Basic fibroblast growth factor (b‐FGF) may have a role in tissue‐engineered chondrogenesis. However, when applied in solution, b‐FGF rapidly diffuses from the implant site. In another approach for tissue engineering, poly‐lactide‐based copolymers have shown promise as scaffolds for chondrocytes used to tissue engineer auricular cartilage in the shape of an ear. This study evaluated the effectiveness of b‐FGF impregnated in gelatin microspheres to achieve slow growth factor release for augmenting the in vivo chondrogenic response. Whereas 125I‐labeled b‐FGF injected in solution showed rapid in vivo clearance from the injection site (only 3% residual after 24 h), when incorporated into gelatin microspheres, 44% and 18% of the b‐FGF remained at 3 and 14 days, respectively. Canine chondrocytes were isolated and grown in vitro onto ear‐shaped poly‐lactide/caprolactone copolymers for 1 week, then implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of nude mice; implants contained b‐FGF either in free solution or in gelatin microspheres. A third group underwent preinjection of b‐FGF in gelatin microspheres 4 days before chondrocyte–copolymer implantation. The implants with b‐FGF‐incorporated microspheres showed the greatest chondrogenic characteristics at 5 and 10 weeks postoperatively: good shape and biomechanical trait retention, strong (histologic) metachromasia, rich vascularization of surrounding tissues, and increased gene expression for type II collagen (cartilage marker) and factor VIII‐related antigen (vascular marker). In the case of implant site preadministration with b‐FGF‐impregnated microspheres, the implant architecture was not maintained as well, and reduced vascularization and metachromasia was also apparent. In conclusion, these findings indicate that a sustained release of b‐FGF augments neovascularization and chondrogenesis in a tissue‐engineered cartilage construct. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Effect of surface treatment on the shear bond strength of three resin cements to a machinable feldspatic ceramic
Authors: Reich Sven M. , Wichmann Manfred , Frankenberger Roland , Zajc Dorothea
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three resin cements to Vita Mark II ceramics under different pretreatments of the ceramic surface and to examine whether simplified pretreatment procedures would result in satisfying results compared to the state of the art. RelyX Unicem (RXU), Calibra (CAL), and Variolink II (VAR) were used as resin cements and bonded to machine milled feldspatic disks, pretreated in five different ways. (1) no pretreatment of the ceramic surface; (2) surface etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF); (3) ceramic surface silanized; (4) ceramic surface etched (HF) and silanized, (5) ceramic surface etched (HF), silanized, and covered with Heliobond. The shear bond strengths were measured initially, after 5000 and 10,000 thermocycles (TC). After 10,000 TC for CAL only procedure 5 resulted in a reliable adhesion median value of 10.7 MPa. VAR showed median values of 24.6, 17.2, and 18.1 MPa for pretreatments 5, 3, and 4, respectively. RXU performed 25.9, 22.0, and 11.0 MPa for procedures 5, 4, and 3, respectively. For procedure 2, RXU revealed the significantly highest value with 15.4 MPa (U‐test, p = 0.05). Only RXU‐luted specimens of procedure 1 survived the 10,000 thermocycles. The results revealed that a simplification of the ceramic pretreatment for VAR and RXU might be possible. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Morphology of the pharyngeal cavity, especially the surface ultrastructure of gill arches and gill rakers in relation to the feeding ecology of the catfish Rita rita (Siluriformes, Bagridae)
Authors: Kumari Usha , Yashpal Madhu , Mittal Swati , Mittal Ajay Kumar
Published: June 2005

Gill arches and the gill rakers of a sluggish, carnivorous catfish, Rita rita, show significant differences of their surface ultrastructure, which are recognized adaptive modifications in relation to food and feeding ecology of fish. Gill rakers on the first and second pairs of gill arches are borne on the oral side and are long and stout at the epi‐ceratobranchial union. Gill rakers on the third and fourth pairs of gill arches, in contrast, are borne on the oral and aboral sides and are relatively delicate and short. Long and stout gill rakers on the first and second pairs of gill arches are considered primarily to prevent entry of undesirably large food items into the pharynx. Two types of taste buds, Type I and Type II, occur on the gill arches and the gill rakers. The raised taste buds, located at the apical ends of the gill rakers on the third, fourth, and the fifth pairs of gill arches could increase gustatory efficiency in the pharynx. Differences in the distribution of taste buds on the pharyngeal sides of different gill arches indicate that the posterior part of the pharynx plays a more crucial role in gustation than does the anterior part. Co‐occurrence of teeth and taste buds on the epi‐ and hypopharyngeal bones denotes that food processing and gustation occur simultaneously in the pharynx. Villiform and caniform teeth on the epi‐ and hypopharyngeal bones are associated with a complex food‐processing cycle. Mucous secretions, oozing through mucous cell openings, provide lubrication facilitating smooth passage of food through the pharynx. The angle of curvature at the epi‐ceratobranchial union of the first to fourth pairs of gill arches could assist the ventral drag of ceratobranchials in lowering of the pharyngeal floor, thus resulting in a great expansion of the pharynx, as needed to accommodate the large quantities of food captured. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Where does gonadal sex differentiation begin? Gradient of histological sex differentiation in the gonads of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (Pisces, Atherinidae)
Authors: Strüssmann Carlos Augusto , Ito Lauro Satoru
Published: June 2005

This study investigated the possibility that the histological process of gonadal sex differentiation in pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis), a fish with marked temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD), occurs through a predictable gradient of differentiation as opposed to simultaneous or random differentiation throughout the gonad. For this purpose, fish reared at 17°, 24°, and 29°C from hatching were sampled weekly for 11 weeks, fixed, and prepared for histological observation of serial cross‐sections of the gonads. The thermal manipulation and sampling procedure ensured the availability of males and females at various degrees of gonadal sex differentiation. The location of the differentiated area(s) was estimated in the right and left gonads of 17 females and 14 males selected among the available specimens so as to represent increasing degrees of differentiation. The analysis revealed that sex differentiation followed a gradient from the anterior to posterior areas of the gonads regardless of sex. Furthermore, plotting of the degree of sex differentiation in the right gonad as a function of the degree of differentiation of the left gonad clearly showed that sex differentiation only begins in the right gonad when 10–30% of the length of the left gonad has already differentiated. The mean rostral edge of the differentiated areas in females was 9% and 10.8% for the left and right gonads, respectively, while for males these values were 7.3% and 7.0%, respectively. Thus, it was established that ovarian and testicular differentiation in pejerrey follow both a cephalocaudal and a left‐to‐right gradient. Possible explanations for this gradient and its relevance for TSD in pejerrey, that is, as a mechanism to prevent discrepant differentiation of male and female features within the same gonad, are discussed. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation and stability of oxocarbenium ions from glycosides
Authors: Denekamp Chagit , Sandlers Yana
Published: June 2005

Structural, protecting group and leaving group effects in the formation of oxocarbenium intermediates were studied in the gas phase. It is found that significant stabilization of oxocarbenium cations is achieved by protecting groups that interact with the cationic center via neighboring group participation despite the electron‐withdrawing character of these moieties. On the other hand, ethereal protecting groups do not facilitate the formation of oxocarbenium intermediates. The experimental findings are supported by DFT calculations that show the following order of stabilization by the group adjacent to the cationic center: RCO > SiR3 > R, where R is an alkyl group. This indicates that the SN1‐like mechanism that is commonly proposed for this reaction is not always valid. Moderate leaving group effect is also detected in a series of thioaryl glucopyranosides. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SRS risk potential in Faraday rotator Tb3Ga5O12 crystals for high-peak power lasers
Authors: Kaminskii A A , Eichler H J , Reiche P , Uecker R
Published: June 2005

Hugh-order Stokes and anti-Stokes picosecond generation in the visible and near-IR in cubic Tb3Ga5O12 garnet
crystal was observed for the first time. All scattering laser
components were identified and attributed to the SRS-active
vibration mode of this crystal.
DFT based relaxed PES scan studies and SERS of anti cancer drug,
Combretastatin A-4
Authors: Binoy J , Hubert Joe I , Jayakumar V S , Nielsen O F , Aubard J
Published: June 2005

Combretastatin A-4 (CA4) has recently evolved as a
potential anti cancer drug, which selectively kills the cancer
cells leaving the healthy cells unaffected. Density functional
theoretical computations are performed at B3LYP/6-31G (d) level to
derive the optimized geometry and vibrational spectrum of CA4.The
steric interaction resulting in the twisting of phenyl ring with
respect to the ethylene bridge is inferred from the optimized
geometry. Also the conformations of methoxy groups attached to the
phenyl ring are found out from the DFT geometry, which gives
planar conformations for groups Me1, Me3 and Me4 while Me2
possesses perpendicular conformation. The potential energy surface
scan studies have been performed to investigate the rotational
stability of methoxy group Me2 and the effect of conjugation and
steric interaction upon methoxy rotation. The optimum scaling
factor for vibrational wavenumber has been found as 0.962798 using
least square minimization technique. The scaled force field along
with the SERS, normal Raman and FT IR spectral investigations have
been performed to predict the adsorption geometry of the compound
on the silver surface and the phenyl ring Ph2 is found to possess
a flat orientation on the metal surface.
Low‐Temperature FT‐NIR Spectroscopy of Strain‐Induced Orientation and Crystallization in a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Network
Authors: Klimov Evgueni , Hoffmann Günter G. , Gumenny Alexander , Siesler Heinz W.
Published: June 2005

Summary: The mechanical properties, morphology, and orientation of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) network have been studied during cyclic elongation and recovery by simultaneous Fourier‐transform near‐infrared polarization spectroscopy at temperatures ranging from room temperature to −40 °C. Completely different orientation/recovery mechanisms and changes in the state of order of PDMS were detected as a consequence of cyclic loading/unloading with decreasing temperature. The differences observed at −20 °C compared to room temperature are explained in terms of conformationally regular chain segments, whereas the cooling to −40 °C leads to the formation of lamellar crystals.

Stress/strain diagrams of the elongation/recovery‐cycles of the PDMS films.

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Stress/strain diagrams of the elongation/recovery‐cycles of the PDMS films.
Electropolymerized Multilayer Conducting Polymers with Response to Gaseous Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Hao Qingli , Wang Xin , Lu Lude , Yang Xujie , Mirsky Vladimir M.
Published: June 2005

Summary: A step‐by‐step ‘all‐electrochemical’ approach has been presented to develop a multilayer structure of conducting polymers for gas sensors. The integrated structure includes a sensitive layer (polyaniline, PANI) and a conductive bridge consisting of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Good sensitivity, stability, and response of the multilayer material to gaseous HCl indicate a possible application of conductive polymers to provide a binding of sensitive elements in sensors or other fields.

The conducting multilayer material, Au/pATP/PANI/PEDOT, was synthesized electrochemically.

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The conducting multilayer material, Au/pATP/PANI/PEDOT, was synthesized electrochemically.
Effect of Alkyl Spacer in the Betaine Moiety of Polycarboxybetaines on Their Complexing With Poly(methacrylic acid) and DNA
Authors: Izumrudov Vladimir A. , Domashenko Natalya I. , Zhiryakova Marina V. , Rakhnyanskaya Anna A.
Published: June 2005

Summary: The affinity of polybetaines of pyridiniocarboxylate structure that differed by the number n of methylene groups in the betaine moieties (n = 1, 2, 4, and 5) to the tagged poly(methacrylic acid) or DNA was estimated by fluorescence quenching techniques. The revealed irregular change of the affinity with increase in n and the pronounced pH‐induced stabilization of the complexes in neutral media may be particularly beneficial in the development of (bio)separation techniques.

pH‐Dependence of stability of PCB‐n complexes with poly(methacrylic acid) in water‐salt solutions presented in relative units.

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pH‐Dependence of stability of PCB‐n complexes with poly(methacrylic acid) in water‐salt solutions presented in relative units.
Tracking motor unit action potentials in the tibialis anterior during fatigue
Authors: Beck Rebecca B. , O'malley Mark J. , Stegeman Dick F. , Houtman Caroline J. , Connolly Sean , Zwarts Machiel J.
Published: June 2005

New surface electromyogram (SEMG) techniques offer the potential to advance knowledge of healthy and diseased motor units. Conduction velocity (CV) estimates, obtained from indwelling electrodes, may provide diagnostic information, but the standard method of CV estimation from SEMG may be of only limited value. We developed a motor unit (MU) tracking algorithm to extract motor unit conduction velocity (MUCV) and motor unit action potential (MUAP) amplitude estimates from SEMG. The technique is designed to provide a noninvasive means of accessing fatigue and recruitment behavior of individual MUs. We have applied this MU tracking algorithm to SEMG data recorded during isometric fatiguing contractions of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in nine healthy subjects, at 30%–40% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The results reveal that MUCVs and MUAP amplitudes of individual MUs can be estimated and tracked across time. Time‐related changes in the MU population may also be monitored. Thus, the SEMG technique employed provides insight into the behavior of the underlying muscle at the MU level by noninvasive means. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Evolution of hand dysfunction and symptoms in untreated carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Padua L. , Mondelli M.
Published: June 2005

The Italian Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Study Group assessed the evolution of symptoms and hand dysfunction through validated, patient‐oriented measures in 264 patients with 354 hands affected by untreated idiopathic CTS (follow‐up 10–15 months). The evolution of symptoms and hand dysfunction was positively related. Only in 3% was there discordance between hand dysfunction and symptom evolution. Thus, in patients with CTS, hand dysfunction and symptoms evolve in parallel. Muscle Nerve, 2005
O(N) algorithms for disordered systems
Authors: Sacksteder V. E.
Published: June 2005

The past 13 years have seen the development of many algorithms for approximating matrix functions in O(N) time, where N is the basis size. These O(N) algorithms rely on assumptions about the spatial locality of the matrix function; therefore their validity depends very much on the argument of the matrix function. In this article I carefully examine the validity of certain O(N) algorithms when applied to Hamiltonians of disordered systems. I focus on the prototypical disordered system, the Anderson model. I find that O(N) algorithms for the density matrix function can be used well below the Anderson transition (i.e. in the metallic phase;) they fail only when the coherence length becomes large. This paper also includes some experimental results about the Anderson model's behaviour across a range of disorders. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the representation and definition of semiseparable matrices
Authors: Vandebril Raf , Van Barel Marc , Mastronardi Nicola
Published: June 2005

In this paper the definition of semiseparable matrices is investigated. Properties of the frequently used definition and the corresponding representation by generators are deduced. Corresponding to the class of tridiagonal matrices another definition of semiseparable matrices is introduced preserving the nice properties dual to the class of tridiagonal matrices. Several theorems and properties are included showing the viability of this alternative definition.

Because of the alternative definition, the standard representation of semiseparable matrices is not satisfying anymore. The concept of a representation is explicitly formulated and a new kind of representation corresponding to the alternative definition is given. It is proved that this representation keeps all the interesting properties of the generator representation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rates for the job. Measures of disease frequency in palaeopathology
Authors: Waldron Tony
Published: June 2005

Measures of disease frequency are discussed and their use in palaeopathology illustrated with examples, both hypothetical and real. It is shown that prevalence rates are the appropriate rates to use when calculating the frequency of diseases in skeletal populations. The extent to which prevalence rates accurately reflect those in the living population from which the skeletons were derived is also considered and it is suggested that they are a reasonable approximation for diseases that do not shorten life span, but not for those that do. Finally, suggestions are made for dealing with missing data.
Malocclusion and methodology: The problem and relevance of recording dental malalignment in archaeology
Authors: Brothwell Don
Published: June 2005

The study of incorrectly positioned teeth has a long history, especially in relation to human groups and domestic dogs. Dental and orthodontic specialists have been particularly concerned to establish ways of recording and comparing such anomalies. However, Colyer and others have established that anomalous dental positioning occurs in a wide variety of species, and might at times even have had adaptive advantage. In the case of dogs, some modern varieties clearly have severe malocclusion problems, while others are little affected. Because it has been suggested that early domesticated dogs already display some degree of dental crowding or malpositioning, it seems important to consider the methodology for recording such anomalies. It is suggested that a quick and easy method of recording and comparing tooth positioning is by angular measurements (preferably taken on standard photographs of occlusal views). In the British archaeological dog samples selected, it was found that tooth malpositioning (and thus malocclusion of upper and lower dentitions) was only slight, compared to the overall occurrence of such anomalies in modern dogs. It is suggested that this kind of simple procedure may be of value in the investigation of secular trends in the frequency of malpositioning and malocclusion of dogs, if not other species, through time.
Pre‐Columbian treponematosis in medieval Britain
Authors: Stirland Ann
Published: June 2005

There has been much debate regarding the origins of treponemal disease and, in particular, acquired syphilis. Greater numbers of skeletons with apparently diagnostic bone lesions in the New World than in the Old have given rise to the postulate, particularly advanced by American workers, that the disease originated there prior to AD 1492 and was carried back to the Old World by Columbus's sailors. This paper presents evidence for the presence of treponemal disease in medieval Norwich prior to AD 1492, however. The dating of the site is good and the skeleton concerned comes from a well‐sealed context. Others in the group have similar lesions and there are four individuals with evidence of leprosy. All were buried in a communal cemetery. The individual has widespread, bilateral, florid periostitis, especially of the tibiae and fibulae, and the radiographic changes support the diagnosis of treponemal disease. Differential diagnosis and geographical situation suggest that this skeleton displays evidence of syphillis.
Metastatic carcinoma in a leper skeleton from a Medieval cemetery in Chichester England
Authors: Ortner Donald J. , Manchester Keith , Lee Frances
Published: June 2005

Both leprosy and metastatic cancer are well documented in the literature on human skeletal palaeopathology. The manifestation of both pathological conditions in a single archaeological skeleton has not been reported. A case from a Medieval site in Chichester, England exhibits bone lesions and patterns of skeletal involvement indicative of both these diseases. Evidence of leprosy is largely restricted to the lower tibiae, fibulae and the bones of the feet. Fine destructive foci and reactive fibre bone associated with metastatic cancer are distributed in many of the remaining areas of the skeleton. There is minimal overlap in the areas of the skeleton involved in the two pathological processes.
The first osteoarchaeological evidence of leprosy in Hungary
Authors: Pálfi György
Published: June 2005

During examination of skeletal remains of a tenth century Hungarian cemetery, diagnostic features suggestive of leprosy were found in one case. The pathological changes of the skeleton consisted of rhino‐maxillary changes, concentric diaphyseal remodelling of metatarsal bones and some other features characteristic of leprosy. The differential diagnosis was carried out by macroscopic morphological and radiological methods.

This is the first palaeopathological description of leprosy in Hungarian historic anthropological material. The importance of the present work is underlined by the lack of data about leprosy from the period of the Hungarian Conquest in medical history.
How many bones make five? The art and science of guesstimation in archaeozoology
Authors: Winder N. P.
Published: June 2005

Six faunal statistics are described and assessed by means of simulation. Of these, the ‘probable number of individuals’ (PNI) methods, which include the Lincoln and Krantz indices, are shown to perform remarkably well. The assumptions of these PNI procedures are given and circumstances under which PNI methods can be employed are described. Palaeoeconomic methods occupy a middle ground between classical statistical theory and experimental archaeology, hence the use of the term ‘guesstimation’: this ground is explored and it is shown that these methods can have a considerable bearing on the interpretation of taphonomic and ‘spatial’ (intra‐stratum) regularities. Promising avenues for future research are indicated.
Chronic ear disease as a possible reason for trephination
Authors: Mann George
Published: June 2005

It is rare for any reason to be deduced for the operation of trephination. A Peruvian skull is presented with three trephine holes on one side and evidence of the chronic ear infection known as cholesteatoma on the other. This infection would have produced a facial paralysis on the same side. It is suggested that there would have been an awareness of the connection between the motor area of the brain on one side and the movement of the opposite side of the body, and that a trephination might have been carried out in an attempt to relieve a supposed brain lesion, albeit on the wrong side.
Paget's disease (osteitis deformans): A classic case?
Authors: Stirland Ann
Published: June 2005

Osteitis deformans, first described by Sir James Paget in 1877, is rare in the palaeopathological record. Today, it is a common disease in individuals of 50 or more years, with frequency and extent of skeletal involvement increasing with age. This predilection for the elderly is thought to be the reason why the disease is rarely found in archaeological groups; until recently, it has always been assumed that individuals in the past died relatively young. Recent excavations in Norwich on the site of the medieval church of St Margaret in combusto (terminus ante quem AD 1468), have yielded 436 inhumations. Approximately a quarter of these have been analysed so far; the analysis has demonstrated the presence of a variety of pathological lesions, some rarer than others. The subject of this paper is an older adult male who appears to have had widespread and advanced Paget's disease, with the involvement of multiple osseous sites. Macroscopic and radiological analyses of the skeleton suggest that the lesions present a classic case of this disease.
Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of archaeological pathological bone: Backscattered electron imaging of putative pagetic bone
Authors: Bell Lynne S. , Jones Sheila J.
Published: June 2005

Reports on microscopic palaeopathological material are rare and have not addressed the potentially complicating effects of diagenesis on bone. This study examined the microstructural integrity of two putative cases of Paget's disease using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in backscattered electron (BSE) imaging mode. The results obtained show that the SEM‐BSE technique is a highly sensitive and informative microscopic method, which can be used to locate areas of morphologically intact bone within extensively altered diagenetic bone. Evidence for high bone turnover was present in both specimens and it was apparent that there was little relationship between macroscopic and microscopic preservation. The investigation also validated the use of gross X‐rays as a diagnostic tool, since diagenetic reorganization of the bone coarsely replicated the general collagenous arrangement of the pathology sufficient for the resolving power of gross radiography.
A muscular parasite in a mummified girl
Authors: Bellard F. Gomez , Cortés J. L. Abel
Published: June 2005

An ossuary of the nineteenth Century in Toledo County, Spain, produced a spontaneously mummified young girl in a very good state of preservation. The body was studied macroscopically, radiographically and microscopically. The anathomopathological analysis showed evidence of lesions in the muscular tissue of arms and forearms. A positive identification of Trinchinella Spiralis was made.

We present the lesions and we discuss the palaeopathological diagnosis and its palaeonutritional and cultural implications.
Degenerative changes in peripheral joints as indicators of mechanical stress: Opportunities and limitations
Authors: Jurmain Robert D.
Published: June 2005

Although it commonly has been assumed that environmentally mediated stress is centrally important in initiating degenerative joint disease, it does not necessarily follow that we can make predictive statements concerning those specific stresses in the past that have led to the onset of degenerative change. Indeed, numerous examples from clinical studies of apparently clearly demarcated occupational stress have failed to show expected correlations with degenerative disease. Comparisons of laterality, age of onset, location, frequency and severity of involvement can be used to facilitate general comparisons concerning type and overall level of mechanical stress as, for example, between hunter‐gatherer and agricultural groups. As shown from statistical analysis of skeletons of American Whites, American Blacks, Alaskan Eskimos, Pueblo Indians and Californian Indians (total N > 950), the expression of degenerative lesions varies both within and between joints. The most behaviourally sensitive joint modifications are seen on articular surfaces (pitting, eburnation), but not around joint margins (osteophytes), where strong age‐related phenomena predominate.
Dental disease in a Romano‐British skeletal population from Baldock, Hertfordshire
Authors: Thornton Francis
Published: June 2005

In the 1980s preparatory mechanical excavations for a new phase of building development at Baldock, Hertfordshire, revealed Romano‐British inhumations. Subsequent excavations recovered 122 burials, which have been attributed to the fourth century AD.

The material was submitted to the Calvin Wells Laboratory, University of Bradford, for detailed skeletal examination. This paper discusses the oral pathology identified and quantified for this relatively small but discrete population sample. The analysis and recording system devised for this exercise indicate that caries was the most serious prevalent dental disease affecting the majority of the individuals of all age groups. The project attempted to integrate the dental pathological evidence with documentary and artefactual evidence for oral hygiene and dentistry in the Roman period.
Incremental banding in dental cementum: Methods of preparation for teeth from archaeological sites and for modern comparative specimens
Authors: Beasley M. J. , Brown W. A. B. , Legge A. J.
Published: June 2005

Analysis of incremental banding in dental cementum is a well‐established means of determining the age and season of death of wild mammals. The dental cementum of domesticated mammals likewise can indicate age and season of death. Methods of preparation applicable to archaeological teeth differ from those used for modern specimens, however, and this paper describes two methods that have given excellent imaging on teeth of Bos taurus; one for modern teeth and the other for teeth from archaeological sites.
Bone survival: The effects of sedimentary abrasion and trampling on fresh and cooked bone
Authors: Nicholson Rebecca A.
Published: June 2005

It is commonly assumed that, at least when considering similar sized animals, the bones from all taxa stand an equal chance of preservation. This paper summarizes one aspect of a larger study undertaken in order to assess whether this assumption is true, based on the results of experiments and observations into the effects of a range of pre‐depositional processes. The rates of bone destruction by sedimentary abrasion and by trampling are determined for small mammal, fish and frog bones. Patterns of bone loss and fragmentation are examined both between species and within the skeleton, for fresh and boiled bone. It is shown that there is considerable interspecies variation in the ability of bones to withstand these physical forces. Frog bone proved particularly resistant, while within the fish, bone from the Gadidae was less resilient than might be expected, given its predominance in British Medieval archaeological sites and coastal sites of all periods. Within the skeleton, bone shape appears to be a very important determinant of relative survival. Boiling dramatically reduces bone's resistence to destruction. The physical properties of fresh, boiled and burnt bone are compared mechanically, and the dramatic loss of strength induced by heating is demonstrated. The often voiced assumption that fish bone is more prone to destruction than mammal bone is shown to have some validity. The results add more evidence to support the view that comparison of species abundance by fragment counts may not always be appropriate, and that interpretation of skeletal element frequencies should be approached with caution.
Burial of an early 19th century suicide in the crypt of St Bride's church, fleet street
Authors: Bowman J. E. , MacLaughlin S. M. , Scheuer J. L.
Published: June 2005

A skull from the St Bride's collection showing evidence of gunshot wounds is described. The position of the wounds suggests that they were self‐inflicted. Examination of historical records confirms that the individual committed suicide by shooting himself in the mouth. The fact that this individual was buried in the crypt of St Bride's church in 1821 is discussed in relation to early 19th century attitudes to suicide.
The rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy: A clinical, radiological and palaeopathological study
Authors: Andersen Johs G. , Manchester Keith
Published: June 2005

The rhinomaxillary syndrome consists of a group of maxillary bone changes, which may be present in part or in total, in lepromatous and near‐lepromatous leprosy. The changes are a composite mixture of erosive, absorptive and proliferative bone reactions. The anatomical zones involved are the alveolar process of the maxilla, the anterior nasal spine, the palatine process of the maxilla, intranasal osseous structures, and the margins of the nasal aperture.
Life tables in palaeodemography: A methodological note
Authors: Williams Jeff T.
Published: June 2005

Several errors in the early literature discussing life‐table analysis of skeletal populations are potentially misleading to the researcher unacquainted with the mathematical methods of palaeodemography. Additional errors document the hazards of borrowing life‐table methods and equations from other applications without fully realizing their context, interpretation, and the potential restrictions on their use. A simple generalization of the life‐table equations explicitly to reveal their dependence on the entry age and width of the age intervals used will facilitate the correct computation of life tables and readily accommodate the use of unconventional or otherwise non‐standard cohorts. A general procedure for computing a life table for a skeletal population is presented, and a numerical example is included to illustrate the method.
Bone ultrastructure in the antler of the extinct Giant Irish Deer (Megaceros)
Authors: Dickson Glenn R.
Published: June 2005

The skull and antlers of an extinct Giant Irish deer (Megaceros) were retrieved from a bog in central Ireland. Cancellous bone from the antlers was examined ultrastructurally by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural integrity of bone cells (osteocytes) was remarkable with features such as mitochondria and Golgi elements being clearly demonstrated. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the specimen was around 11 000 years BP. The demonstration of ultrastructure in bone cells of this extinct deer suggests that palaeontological specimens found in bog environments are potentially useful for the ultrastructural investigation of not only the extracellular matrix but, significantly, of the cell itself.
Skeletal markers of occupational stress in the Fur Trade: A case study from a Hudson's Bay Company Fur Trade post
Authors: Lai Ping , Lovell Nancy C.
Published: June 2005

The Seafort Burial Site (FcPr100) is a Fur Trade Period cemetery located near the town of Rocky Mountain House, Alberta. The results of recent analysis of skeletons recovered during salvage excavations between 1969 and 1971 suggest that three males in this sample were voyageurs in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. Vertebral osteophytosis and osteoarthritis, Schmorl's nodes, muscle origin robusticity and new bone formation at entheses and syndesmoses, and osteoarthritis at the elbow and shoulder joints provide evidence for carrying, lifting, and paddling or rowing. The presence of accessory sacral facets also may be stress‐related. In addition, the development of accessory articular facets on the metatarsals and proximal pedal phalanges may indicate activity‐induced stress from hyperdorsiflexion of the toes in habitual kneeling, such as when river canoeing.
Trace elements in palaeopathology: Quantitative analysis of a case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Blondiaux J. , Baud C. A. , Boscher‐barré N. , Dardenne C. , Deschamps N. , Trocellier P. , Buchet L.
Published: June 2005

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of the bones of a 6th century case (AD) of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) showed high levels of Zn, Mn and K in the periosteal new bone. The concentration of Zn in the periosteal new bone appeared to be biogenetic in origin and connected with active mineralization processes in the abnormal bone tissue. Manganese and potassium concentrations were, at least partly, related to diagenetic processes.
Pre‐Columbian congenital syphilis from the late antiquity in France
Authors: Pàlfi György , Dutour Olivier , Borreani Marc , Brun Jean‐Pierre , Berato Jacques
Published: June 2005

Today, exactly 500 years after the discovery of America, there is still a lot of controversy about the history of syphilis in Europe, especially about the Columbian and pre‐Columbian hypotheses. This paper presents evidence for the presence of venereal treponematosis in the late Antiquity in France.

The case that we examined comes from the necropolis of Costebelle (3rd‐5th centuries AD; Hyères, Var, France). Grave no. 1 contained the well‐preserved skeleton of a relatively old woman with the skeletal remains of an approximately 7‐month‐old fetus in her pelvic cavity.

The osseous lesions of the fetal remains can be described in four groups: periosteal appositions on the skull vault (frontal and parietal); signs of periostitis on the long bones (bilateral cortical irregularities, predominantly on the left side, which affect first of all tibiae, femora, fibulae, radii and humeri, particularly in the metaphyseal region); some infraperiosteal detachment reminiscent of an infraperiosteal haematoma surrounding the distal extremity of the left forearm and the left hand; and finally, the irregular lesions of the humeral distal and proximal tibial metaphyses reminded us radiologically of Wimberger's signs.

The most probable diagnosis of all the lesions mentioned above is that of a precocious congenital syphilis. This case consists of an argument against the epidemiological theories about the migration of Treponema pallidum from the New World back to the Old World starting at the end of the 15th century.
Evaluating human skeletal growth: An Anglo‐Saxon example
Authors: Hoppa Robert D.
Published: June 2005

Cross‐sectional growth data were obtained from the skeletal remains of non‐adults from the Raunds Anglo‐Saxon site. Standard measurements of the diaphyseal lengths of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs and the maximum breadth of the ilium were recorded in order to construct skeletal growth profiles (SGP). In addition regression equations were used to estimate diaphyseal length from proximal and distal shaft widths, and epiphyseal breadth data for fragmentary remains. The skeletal measurements were then plotted against age estimates determined by the dental formation standards of Moorrees, Fanning and Hunt, and Anderson, Thompson and Popovich. The growth data were compared with sixth to seventh century German, ninth century Slavic and modern Caucasian data. With the exception of the ancient Slavic material, the Anglo‐Saxon remains demonstrated the smallest rates of growth. Diaphyseal ageing curves derived from the Anglo‐Saxon sample were tested for applicability on the non‐adult cohorts of the Berinsfield and Exeter Anglo‐Saxon/Early Medieval samples. Differences were observed between diaphyseal age as determined from the skeletal growth profiles for Raunds and calcification age assessed for individuals within the test samples. It is proposed that variation in long bone growth as well as dental age confounds consistent and reliable ageing of skeletal remains based on diaphyseal length. Assessment of changes in health and evaluation of methodological problems inherent to studies of skeletal growth from archaeological populations are discussed. Population comparisons for changes in general health are recommended over individual assessments.
Archaeozoological research on vertebrates in Central Europe with special reference to the medieval period
Authors: Müller Hanns‐Hermann
Published: June 2005

This paper is the outcome of a lecture held at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. It provides a summary in English of the archaeozoological research work which has been carried out in Central Europe during the last 30 years, with special reference to material from medieval times. It is shown that a thorough zoological analysis of bones from excavations provides much information for historical interpretation. Not only was the ratio of wild and domestic animals or of the different species of interest, but also the age and sex structure of the population by taking the function of the site into consideration. Some observations on animal teeth gave indications of distinctive handicrafts. Cut marks on cervical vertebrae of horse skeletons found as grave goods from early medieval times were considered in connection with beliefs and juridical conceptions of that time.
Considerations for the identification of ritual deposits of animal bones in Iron Age pits
Authors: Wilson Bob
Published: June 2005

Although ritual practices amongst human groups are well documented, there are often great difficulties in deducing that ritual behaviour was one of the processes leading to the deposition of prehistoric animal bones. This paper examines developments in recent British literature, particularly those related to the interpretation of certain bones found in Iron Age pits and notably at Danebury hillfort. It discusses a set of arguments or criteria on which the growing literature on ritual is based. In most instances the criteria cannot be restricted to a solely ritual interpretation and a wider range of taphonomic explanations are possible. More rigorous excavation records and discussion of evidence are required to identify ritual satisfactorily.
Taphonomic evidence for site formation processes at fort Christanna
Authors: Landon David B.
Published: June 2005

Fort Christanna was an early eighteenth century Indian trading post on the western frontier of Virginia. This paper describes and interprets the faunal remains recovered during three seasons of excavation at the site. Taxonomic and body part representation are examined to gain insight into diet on the frontier, food provisioning at the fort, and the relationship between the fort's occupants and the neighbouring Indian settlement. These interpretations are limited by the poor preservation apparent in the faunal assemblage. The patterning of a variety of different surface modifications is explored to understand the taphonomic history of the assemblage. These characteristics of the assemblage seem to be related largely to the bone refuse disposal practices of the fort's occupants, and thus give important insight into a crucial aspect of the site formation processes.