bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Water Injection Parameters on Upper Load Limit and Nitrogen
Oxides Emissions of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine—A
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study
Authors: Naik Bharat , Mallikarjuna J. M.
Published: November 2024

Direct water injection inside the cylinder is a promising technique to enhance
the upper load limit and reduce nitrogen oxides emissions. The advantage of
water injection depends on the percentage of water evaporated inside the
cylinder. The percentage of water evaporation depends upon the water injection
parameters. Hence, a computational fluid dynamics analysis is done to determine
the effect of water injection temperature, water spray cone angle, nozzle hole
diameter, and number of nozzle holes on in-cylinder distribution and percentage
of water evaporation, engine performance, and emissions of a homogeneous charge
compression ignition engine. This analysis considers water injection temperature
from 295 K to 385 K, water spray cone angle from 8° to 24°, nozzle hole diameter
from 0.14 mm to 0.205 mm, and number of nozzle holes from 4 to 7. The
computational fluid dynamics models used are validated from the available
experimental data in the literature for the engine considered. Here, the water
injector parameters are optimized based on the nitrogen oxides emissions,
maximum rate of pressure rise, heat release rate, and distribution of water
vapors. This study found that the case of a water injector with a nozzle hole
diameter of 0.205 mm, six nozzle holes, 12° spray cone angle, and a water
injection temperature of 295 K gave better results than the other cases
considered. With the optimum water injection parameters, the indicated mean
effective pressure increased from 3.23 bar to 4.39 bar, which is about 35.9%
more than the without water injection case, and nitrogen oxides emissions are
reduced by about 64.7% compared to without water injection case.
Computational Modeling of Aerodynamic Design Trends for a Production
SUV Subjected to Incremental Design Changes: Roof Spoiler and Underbody
Geometry
Authors: Aultman Matthew , Disotell Kevin , Duan Lian , Metka Matthew
Published: November 2024

In this work, we evaluated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for
predicting the design trends in flow around a mass-production luxury sport
utility vehicle (SUV) subjected to incremental design changes via spoiler and
underbody combinations. We compared Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) using
several turbulence models and a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) to
experimental measurements from a 40% scale wind tunnel test model at matched
full-scale Reynolds number. Regardless of turbulence model, RANS was unable to
consistently reproduce the design trends in drag from wind tunnel data. This
inability of RANS to reproduce the drag trends stemmed from inaccurate base
pressure predictions for each vehicle configuration brought on by highly
separated flow within the vehicle wake. When taking A-B design trends, many of
these errors compounded together to form design trends that did not reflect
those measured in experiments. On the other hand, DDES proved to be more
consistent and accurate across all vehicle configurations, producing more viable
design trends in drag, base pressure, and wake velocity profiles than steady
RANS aligning closer with the design trends obtained from the wind tunnel.
Therefore, more confidence in the digital design from DDES can be attained.
Meanwhile, RANS produces non-physical design trends for highly separated flows,
making it questionable as an effective tool for automotive vehicle design.
Age Control of Age Sensitive Elastomeric Materials
Authors:   AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Published: November 2024

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) summarizes data and background relative to age control of specific classes of those nitrile type synthetic elastomers used in sealing devices which are resistant to petroleum base hydraulic fluids, lubricating oils, and aircraft fuels. This includes, but is not limited to, those nitrile (NBR or BUNA-N) elastomers previously covered by Section I of MIL-STD-1523.
Training Guidance for Solid Laminate Composite Nondestructive Inspection/Testing to Enhance Proficiency and Improve Reliability
Authors:   AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Published: November 2024

Increased use of advanced composite structural materials on aircraft has resulted in the need to address the more demanding quality and nondestructive testing procedures. Accordingly, increased utilization of solid laminate composites is driving changes to airline NDI/NDT training requirements and greater emphasis on the application of accurate NDI/NDT methods for composite structures. Teaching modules, including an introduction to composite materials, composite NDI/NDT theory and practice, special cases and lessons learned, are included in this document as well as various hands-on NDI/NDT exercises. A set of proficiency specimens containing realistic composite structures and representative damage are available to reinforce teaching points and evaluate inspector’s proficiency. Extensive details of the guidance modules, hands-on exercises, and proficiency specimens are all presented in this document.

This document does not replace OEM guidance as may be specific to material, process, and configuration for any particular product. This document is meant to be complementary to the OEM composite inspection training classes.

Some NDI/NDT equipment is shown to provide example inspection results for educational purposes. This does not represent an endorsement of a particular piece of NDI/NDT equipment. Other NDI/NDT equipment may be used to produce acceptable inspection results.

This training guidance is only intended to provide specific assistance for inspectors who conduct NDI/NDT tasks on composite structures. Overall inspector training guidance should also be consulted for setting up comprehensive inspector training and qualification programs. This guidance includes, but is not limited to, the following documents: ATA 105, NAS 410, AC 65-31A, and AC 65-33.
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Rings and Forging and Flash-Welded Ring Stock 64Ni - 5.0Cr - 24.5Mo - 5.5Fe (Alloy W) Solution Heat Treated
Authors:   AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Published: November 2024

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging or flash-welded rings.
Assessing Cleanliness of Hydraulic Fluid Power Components and Systems
Authors:   CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Published: November 2024

To describe laboratory methods for determining and reporting the contaminant level of the wetted portion of hydraulic fluid power components, parts, subsystems and systems, and of fill fluids. For each type of item, it provides a method of obtaining the liquid sample and the contamination level thereof. It also includes procedures for establishing a sampling plan and guidelines for establishing levels of acceptance, but does not set those levels.
Clearance, Sidemarker, and Identification Lamps for On-Road Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Width
Authors:   Heavy Duty Lighting Standards Committee
Published: November 2024

This SAE Standard provides requirements, test procedures, and installation guidelines for clearance, sidemarker, and identification lamps intended for use on vehicles 2032 mm or more in overall width. Sidemarker lamps conforming to the requirements of this document may also be used on vehicles less than 2032 mm in overall width.
Performance Requirements for Fuel System Tubing Assemblies
Authors:   Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Published: November 2024

This SAE Standard encompasses the recommended minimum requirements for non-metallic tubing and/or combinations of metallic tubing to non-metallic tubing assemblies manufactured as liquid- and/or vapor-carrying systems designed for use in gasoline, alcohol blends with gasoline, or diesel fuel systems. This SAE Standard is intended to cover tubing assemblies for any portion of a fuel system which operates above −40 °C (−40 °F) and below 115 °C (239 °F), and up to a maximum working gage pressure of 690 kPa (100 psig). The peak intermittent temperature is 115 °C (239 °F). For long-term continuous usage, the temperature shall not exceed 90 °C (194 °F). It should be noted that temperature extremes can affect assemblies in various manners and every effort must be made to determine the operating temperature to which a specific fuel line assembly will be exposed, and design accordingly.

The applicable SAE standards should be referenced when designing liquid-carrying and/or vapor-carrying systems which are described in this document.

Wherever possible or unless stated otherwise, systems tested to this document shall be in the final design intent configuration.
Performance Requirements for Determining Tow-Vehicle Gross Combination Weight Rating and Trailer Weight Rating
Authors:   Tow Vehicle Trailer Rating Committee
Published: November 2024

This document establishes minimum performance criteria at GCWR and calculation methodology to determine tow-vehicle TWR for passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks. This includes all vehicles up to 14000 pounds GVWR.
Heavy-Duty OBD IUMPR Data Collection Tool Process
Authors:   Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: November 2024

This SAE Information Report describes the collection of IUMPR data required by the heavy-duty onboard diagnostic regulation 13 CCR § 1971.1 (l)(2.3.3), using SAE J1939-defined messages incorporated in a suite of software functions.
Hydraulic Fluid Power Circuit Filtration - Application and Methods
Authors:   CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Published: November 2024

This SAE Information Report is primarily to familiarize the designer of hydraulic powered machinery with the necessity for oil filtration in the hydraulic power circuit, the degree of system cleanliness required, types of filtration and filters available, and their location and maintenance in the hydraulic circuit.
Hydrothermal alteration and mineral potential zones of Bauchi area Northeastern Nigeria using interpretation of aeroradiometric data
Authors: Mamudu Afizu , Akanbi Eti-mbuk S. , Odewumi Shola C.
Published: November 2024

This research focuses on hydrothermal alteration and mineral potential zones of the Bauchi area in northeastern Nigeria using the interpretation of aeroradiometric data. The high resolution aeroradiometric data were acquired and analyzed for possible areas of mineral potentials, lithologic units, and hydrothermal alteration. The radiometric data were interpreted by minimum curvature gridding techniques, arranged in three different grids as radioelement of percentage potassium (%K), equivalent thorium (eTh), and equivalent uranium (eU), and were displayed as pseudo[1]coloured images to reveal the surface concentration of each of the radioelements. The radioelement maps, K/eTh ratio map, and ternary image were used to recognize and interpret the radiometric signatures for mineral potential zones, lithological units, and identification of hydrothermal alteration zones in the study area. The relatively high eTh concentration (32.1274-54.8017 ppm) could be attributed to granitic rocks and high K/eTh ratio (0.285718-0.422418 wt%/ppm) indicates hydrothermally altered areas. The regions with high %K, high eTh and high eU coincide with the granitic rocks and this indicates that hydrothermal alteration and mineral potential zones are predominance in older granites and younger granites. The hydrothermal alteration zones are favorable areas for mineralization as observed from the K/eTh ratio map. The hydrothermally altered areas are underlain by granitic rocks and this attests that the hydrothermal alteration process is accompanied by granitic intrusions and emplacement of late intrusive rocks which provide the heat sources for hydrothermal solutions along fractures for the formation of minerals or react with the enclosing rock for hydrothermal alteration and subsequent mineralization.
Perspectives of pharmacy students towards academic programs accreditation: A focus on awareness, perception and attitude
Authors: Alturki Mohannad , Ahmad Ajaz , Alkharfy Khalid M
Published: November 2024

Background: The accreditation of pharmacy programmes is essential for maintaining educational quality in academic institutions, entailing a systematic evaluation process. This study examines the perspectives of pharmacy students (i.e. awareness, perception and attitude) towards academic programme accreditation.
Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) students at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, towards accreditation of academic programmes. Data from 112 participants were collected via a structured questionnaire covering demographics, awareness evaluation, and perception and attitude assessment.
Results: The study included male (56.30%) and female (43.70%) students from different academic years. 38.40% demonstrated comprehensive awareness of the accreditation process, with significant variation across academic years (p < 0.001). 54.50% had a general awareness of accreditation, but 74.10% lacked formal orientation from their institutions. Over half (53.60%) knew their program's accreditation status, but many were unclear about accreditation requirements. Only 38.40% were aware of other accredited pharmacy programs. The study revealed a generally positive outlook on accreditation, with different perceptions about its importance across academic levels.
Conclusion: The present study revealed a significantly improved trend in students' awareness of accreditation by academic level, demonstrating that awareness level increases with each academic year. Educational strategies that deepen students' awareness of the accreditation process are needed.
Identifying interest of pharmacy faculty for formal cultural competence training or credentialing
Authors: Edwards Akesha , Arif Sally , Leslie Katie , Sjoquist Laura , Wollen Joshua , Knebel Joshua , Gavazza Paul , Karwa Rakhi , Dang Devra , Ding Qian , Arellano Regina , Suzuki Marina
Published: November 2024

Background: Accreditation standards in the United States acknowledge the link between health disparities and cultural differences while going beyond recognising that health disparities exist with higher expectations. Pharmacy trainees must practice cultural competence; however, faculty are unprepared to teach this content. This project aims to assess pharmacy faculty's perceived need and interest in targeted and specialised training in cultural competence.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using an electronic survey which was built with items based on study objectives. The survey collected information on demographics, cultural competence terminology, and perceptions of training and resulting credentialing.
Results: The survey had 398 respondents. The mean response regarding interest in an advanced credential was 3.09 on a scale of one to five. The most common response was “probably yes”. A theoretical model emerged from the analysis of qualitative comments that describe respondents’ perceptions of cultural competence training.
Conclusion: Intentional design when developing a cultural competence credential and/or training is necessary to ensure value. Pharmacy faculty have strong differing opinions regarding the need for a credential in this space. Additional reflection on the design and structure of any potential training is necessary before moving forward.
SECUNDAE NUPTIAE
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Serbia, Vladetić Srđan
Published: November 2024

Throughout Roman history second marriage was always permitted to both men and women, regardless of whether the first marriage ended with the death of husband or wife, or divorce. Provided that the previous marriage had ended, the second marriage was legally valid, but in certain cases the spouses who entered into the second marriage did not have the same rights as they had in the first marriage. The paper will discuss the period of mourning (tempus lugendi), its purpose (which was later extended to include divorce) and the consequences of not respecting it. Also, the relation of August’s marriage legislation to the second marriage will be exposed, as well as the novelties of the Christian emperors in terms of imposing property restrictions (poenae secundarum nuptiarum) of men and women who entered into a second marriage and have children from previous marriage.
TIME DIMENSION OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Serbia, Đorđević Srđan
Published: November 2024

The modern legislation of the Republic of Serbia has taken a significant step towards harmonization with the solutions of the European Union in the field of personal data protection. Several years of implementation of the Personal Data Protection Act have already intensified the practice of the competent Commissioner, which is an indicator of still insufficient appreciation and understanding the importance of the need to consistently respect the right to privacy. One of the possibility of avoiding the observance of this right is also the improper application of time dimensions of personal data protection. So in this case too, the time is shown as an important factor that affects and determines the essence of law. In this scientific paper, an effort was made to the time dimension presented through the legal principle of data storage limitations persons with a direct and logical connection with the principle of the purpose of data processing. Both of these principles are linked by the principle of legality in the application processes of collection, processing and storage data. The initial violation of legality logically also affects the final link of custody data, which opens up space for the enrichment of legal practice, both domestic and European. The concluding considerations are aimed at pointing out the necessity of timely and quality education, so that the legal awareness of all entities that deal with data on personalities contributed to legal certainty and the stable position of the right to privacy in society.
POSITION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTION
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Serbia, Jovanović Zoran
Published: November 2024

The paper will emphasize the position that the university ombudsman has in the university organization, but also the importance it has in real social contexts. It is necessary to point out that the university ombudsman finds his counterpart in an institution that has a much broader competence, and which refers to the protection of the rights and legal interests of citizens in a certain state (ombudsman institution), whose beginnings can be traced back to the beginning of the 19th century. The difference is only in the scope of authority - while the ombudsman protects the rights and legal interests of all citizens in a certain state, the university ombudsman does so only in relation to the violated rights and legal interests of members of the university community. The subject of the work will be an analysis of the basic competencies of university ombudsmen, both in the Republic of Serbia and in selected countries of the world. The subject of analysis will be especially his advisory, mediating and controlling role, the fulfillment of which largely depends on the functioning of relations within the university community, as well as relations between its members.
TAKING OVER EMPLOYEES IN EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING INSTITUTIONS
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Serbia, Antić Aleksandar
Published: November 2024

Taking over employees, as a way of establishing an employment relationship in our legal system, originally arose in the civil service system. However, after that, it started to be regulated in other activities, including education. Taking over employees in education and upbringing institutions is a way of establishing an employment relationship, but also a measure to solve the redundancy of employees. Taking over employees is impossible in all education and upbringing institutions, but only in primary and secondary schools founded by the Republic of Serbia, an autonomous province and local self-government unit. Taking over employees in primary and secondary schools is generally regulated by law, while a separate collective agreement regulates the admission procedure in detail.
HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE PRISM OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Serbia, Ivković Nikola
Published: November 2024

The paper analyzes the positive regulations aimed at regulating the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, the level of the ratio R is observed. of Serbia and the European Union. The strategic approach of R. is highlighted. Serbia to become a member of the European Union and in that sense harmonizes the legal order with the legal order of the EU. First, the positive frame R is analyzed. of Serbia and the direction of development, especially in the area of personal data protection and development VI. The strategy that is in force for the period 2020-2025. points us to the basic directions of development. Also, the regulatory institutions that should supervise the implementation of the strategy and the positive framework that should be adopted in the future are highlighted. The new strategy planned for the period from 2025-2030. will be greatly influenced by the new regulations that are in force in the EU from August 1, 2024. It is emphasized that at the EU level, the year 2024 is marked with golden letters when it comes to the positive framework VI. After several years of implementing strategies and creating other legal acts, the first, umbrella legal document was adopted. This Act should direct the development and regulation of VI at the EU level in the next few years. Similar to the GDPR, this document will have far-reaching consequences for regulations around the world, and this especially applies to R. Serbia. It is expected that R. Serbia will soon start the process of harmonization with the new EU norms. The work highlights key conclusions that should be a guide to future positive solutions
DEVELOPMENT OF JUDICIAL CONTROL OF THE ADMINISTRATION WITH REFERENCE TO THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Serbia, Vučinić Dejan
Published: November 2024

Judicial control of the administration is a form of legal control by which the final assessment of the legality of the performance of administrative activity is entrusted to a special independent and autonomous state body. Historically, administrative control (especially judicial control) arises at a certain stage of the development of society and the state, at the moment when society's awareness of human and civil rights begins to shape social relations and the organization of government in modern European states. In this sense, on the soil of Europe, the French Revolution represents a turning point towards legal institutionalization and the establishment of what today we call modern administration and its different attitude towards individuals. The performance of administrative activities is subject to legal norms, and coercion as the basic method of administration is being re-examined, partly because of the development of human and political rights of citizens, partly because of the expansion of its tasks and tasks, i.e. changed roles of administration in society (public services). By subjecting the administration to legal regulation, the prerequisites for controlling the administration based on legal standards (regulations) are realized, and the establishment of a special state body (council, court, tribunal, commission, etc.) is becoming a trend that appears in an increasing number of countries. In the 19th century, Serbia was one of the first states in Europe to establish the State Council - a body with various responsibilities and the forerunner of the domestic administrative judiciary.
The exercise of judicial control of the administration (administrative dispute) is a topic that causes significant attention of domestic legal thought, especially today in the context of the announced new reform of the administrative judiciary - administrative dispute and the introduction of two-tier system. The announced change, however, is not the only attempt to reform the administrative judiciary, but it was also done by adopting new administrative procedural regulations and establishing the Administrative Court as a court of special jurisdiction that examines the legality of administrative acts in a special procedure. A little more than ten years of operation of this court was enough to point out certain weaknesses of the current organization of judicial control of the administration, and to start a discussion about new changes related to the reorganization of the judiciary and the procedure before it (administrative court procedure).
The subject of this work is the development of judicial control of administration at the level of Europe, but also in R. Serbia, i.e. its development, current organization and the need for reform of the administrative judiciary.
Efforts to Minimize Crime on Social Media
Authors: Willy Kawonal Jasson , Dion Bella Exelcise Lodwick , Rolando Lumasuge Aprilianto , Jonathan Pakan Christian , Gilqssly Mokalu Matthew , Kesya Gonta Niciko
Published: November 2024

This research is about many crimes that occur on social media. Fraud, for example, begging children or families, fake SMS, fake job offers, selling counterfeit goods or non-existent pre-orders, fake online auctions, misleading loan offers, Cyberbullying, sending cruel or hurtful messages, posting photos or videos that embarrass certain people, spreading bad rumors and threatening someone, Hoax News, for example, fake taxpayer notification emails, fake job summons, hoax news of natural disasters, pornography, for example, prohibited websites, illegal applications. The reach of cybercrime knows no physical boundaries. Criminals, victims, and technical infrastructure are spread across the globe. With the use of technology to exploit security vulnerabilities at both personal and corporate levels, cybercrime takes many forms and continues to grow. Social media users should be more aware of potential threats and ways to protect themselves, such as recognizing fraud, not sharing too much personal information, and keeping passwords strong Strengthen regulations and laws: Governments should strengthen rules and law enforcement regarding global crime virtual on social media.
Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Motivasi dan Disiplin terhadap Kinerja Kasir Retail PT XYZ
Authors: Mutakin Rizal , Wiryawan Saputra Bobby
Published: November 2024

The retail industry in Indonesia has experienced a post-pandemic recovery, but still faces various challenges such as economic fluctuations, changes in consumer behavior, and fierce competition. This study aims to analyze the influence of organizational culture, motivation, and discipline on cashier performance at Retail PT XYZ, one of the largest retail companies in Indonesia. This study uses a survey method with a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents, namely cashiers who work at several PT XYZ Retail outlets in the city of Bandung. The collected data was analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS software. The results showed that organizational culture and motivation had a positive and significant influence on cashier performance, while discipline did not have a significant influence. Simultaneously, these three variables make a significant contribution to cashier performance. An organizational culture that supports collaboration, innovation, and customer orientation, as well as motivation through rewards and career paths, is a key factor in improving performance. In contrast, work discipline that is more focused on compliance with rules is considered less effective without being supported by intrinsic motivation. This finding has implications for PT XYZ Retail management to focus more on developing organizational culture and motivation systems through continuous training, incentives, and evaluation. This finding-based policy is expected to improve operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and the company's competitiveness in the ever-growing retail sector.
Studies on the resistance of three pathogens isolated from wild Charybdis japonica and their pathogenicity in Portunus trituberculatus
Authors: Qin Yawei , Tan Yanmiao , Liu Yufeng , He Zhongwei , Han Tian , Yang Tianlei , Bai Zishuo , Wang Jianmeng , Gong Chunguang
Published: November 2024

The coagulation property of hemolymph is one of the characteristic indicators of the immune function of crustaceans. This article focuses on the abnormal phenomenon of wild Charybdis japonica, where the hemolymph cannot coagulate in the Qinhuangdao Sea area. The pathogens were isolated and purified, and three dominant strains, N1, N2, and Q1, were obtained. These strains were identified as Vibrio natriegens, V. fortis, and Metschnikowia bicuspidata through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical experiments, and 16S rDNA or ITS sequence analysis. Subsequently, drug sensitivity and probiotic antagonism analyses were performed. Considering the potential for cross-species transmission of crustacean pathogens, the isolated pathogens may bring potential hazards to Portunus trituberculus, an important aquaculture economic species in China. Therefore, artificial infection and histopathological analysis were conducted on P. trituberculatus. The results of drug sensitivity and antagonism assays revealed that stain V. natriegens exhibited susceptibilities towards antibiotics such as streptomycin and norfloxacin, but 10 probiotics had no antagonistic effect on it; strain V. fortis exhibited susceptibilities to antibiotics such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol, moreover, strain V. fortis showed inhibitory effects on Bacillus velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens. Strain M. bicuspidata exhibited drug susceptibility towards polymyxin B and showed inhibitory effects on B. toyonensis, B. velezensis, and B. amyloliquefaciens. The results of artificial infection tests using V. natriegens, V. fortis, and M. bicuspidata in P. trituberculatus showed cumulative mortality rates of 100%, 75%, and 35%, respectively, after 120 hours of infection. The hemolymph of the deceased P. trituberculatus following injection with strain V. natriegens or V. fortis exhibited a light blue and did not coagulate normally. Conversely, the hemolymph of the deceased crabs following injection with strain M. bicuspidata appeared milky white and normal coagulation. Histopathology examination demonstrated that strains V. natriegens, V. fortis, and M. bicuspidata can all induce lesions in several tissues. This study is the first to isolate V. natriegens and V. fortis from crustaceans, and the infection tests on the P. trituberculatus can replicate the symptoms, such as hemolymph noncoagulation. Based on these findings, it is speculated that the pathogens capable of casing hemolymph noncoagulation syndrome in P. trituberculatus may originate from wild C. japonica. The drug resistance and probiotic antagonism test results can provide a theoretical basis for precise medication and offer insights into the development and application of probiotic preparations targeting the three pathogens.
Examining the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches in Reducing Anxiety among Adolescents and Improving their Mental Health
Authors: Iqbal Lyba , Akbar Shanza , Shehzadi Kiran , Singh Vaibhav
Published: November 2024

This study reviews the effectiveness of CBT on the reduction of anxiety and improvement in overall mental health among adolescents aged 12-18 years. A total of 100 adolescents, as diagnosed by anxiety disorders, were randomly distributed into either a treatment group with CBT or a control group. The adolescents in the CBT received 8-12 weekly sessions about main and principal CBT techniques, whereas none such interventions or alternative interventions were provided to the subjects in the control group. Anxiety was measured by pre- and post-treatment scores from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-scale, and mental health was measured with the scale of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and regression analysis to assess change in the scores for anxiety and mental health and the impact of demographics like age, gender, and the severity of baseline anxiety. The findings were significant for the decreases in the anxiety of the CBT group (p <.001) and improvements in the mental health of the same group (p <.01), while the control group showed no significant variations. Demographic moderating of the outcomes: treatment benefits were more defined in younger adolescents within the age range of 14 to 16 and females. A high level of evidence in support of CBT as an intervention for the treatment of adolescent anxiety and mental health suggests the need to tailor interventions according to the characteristic that is specific to each individual. The main limitations in this study are sample size and duration. Long-term effects and comparison with other treatments could be recommendations in future research.
Repo Rate Hike in the Post-Covid Period and Its Impact on the Lending Rate of Banks In India
Authors: Lakayil Chandran , Shree Manju
Published: November 2024

Introduction: The repo rate is the tool used by the RBI to manage the interest rates and thereby regulate economic growth and inflation. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the repo rate was reduced to 4% as a support measure to ensure adequate liquidity with the banks and the public in general. However, after the pandemic, the repo rate was increased in quick succession by 250 basis points, lifting it to the level of 6.50%. As and when the policy rate is changed, it is expected that the change in rate is passed through to the market. Taking a cue from the repo rate increase, banks in India have increased interest rates on deposits and lending rates. An increase in the borrowing cost would adversely affect the performance of the borrowers. The Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector is among the hardest hit by the rising borrowing costs. This paper reviews the movement of lending rates of banks in the post-pandemic period.
 
Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to review the movement of lending rates of banks in India in the post-pandemic period. Specifically, it aims to analyze the impact of changes in the repo rate on interest rates for deposits and lending rates, as well as the broader implications for economic growth and sectors like Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
 
Methods: This paper examines the changes in the repo rate implemented by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) from the pandemic period to the post-pandemic period. It also reviews the corresponding changes in bank interest rates, focusing on how these shifts have affected borrowers, particularly in the MSME sector.
 
Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the RBI reduced the repo rate to 4% as a supportive measure to maintain adequate liquidity for banks and the public. In the post-pandemic period, the repo rate was increased by 250 basis points, raising it to 6.50%. Following these policy changes, banks in India raised their deposit and lending interest rates. The resulting increase in borrowing costs has negatively impacted the financial performance of borrowers, especially in the MSME sector, which is highly sensitive to rising borrowing costs.
 
Conclusion: The post-pandemic increase in the repo rate by the RBI has led to higher lending rates in the banking sector, directly impacting borrowers' costs. This has particularly affected the MSME sector, which faces greater financial pressure from increased borrowing costs. The findings highlight the need for careful consideration of the ripple effects of monetary policy adjustments, especially on vulnerable sectors of the economy.
Improving Individual Business Tax Collection In Ho Chi Minh City Via Technological Solutions
Authors: Nguyen Dong Thi Thao
Published: November 2024

Objective: This study examines the potential of technological solutions to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of individual business tax collection in Ho Chi Minh City, focusing on streamlining processes, improving transparency, and reducing tax evasion.
 
Theoretical Framework: The research is based on theories of digital transformation and tax compliance, highlighting the role of technology in modernizing tax systems through automation, data analytics, and real-time monitoring to improve efficiency and reduce non-compliance.
 
Method: A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, analyzing current tax collection practices and exploring various technological solutions such as online tax filing, electronic invoicing, and mobile applications. The study also reviews the role of government policies and cybersecurity in successful implementation.
 
Results and Discussion: The study identifies technological solutions, including online tax platforms, real-time data analytics, and digital audit trails, as critical tools for enhancing tax collection. Effective implementation depends on government collaboration, robust regulations, and continuous improvement of systems.
 
Research Implications: The findings underscore the need for capacity building, collaboration with financial institutions, and public awareness campaigns to support the transition to technology-driven tax systems. Cybersecurity and regular evaluation are crucial for long-term success.
 
Originality/Value: This research provides valuable insights into leveraging technology to address challenges in individual business tax collection, offering practical recommendations for implementation in Ho Chi Minh City and similar urban areas.
Challenges Facing Electronic Banking Supervision Comparative Legal Study
Authors: Alkaise Mohamed , Sulaiman Mohammed A. , Kahouaji Fadoua
Published: November 2024

Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of the widespread adoption of electronic commerce, particularly in the banking sector, and to identify the advantages and challenges associated with this transition. As electronic banking continues to replace traditional banking methods, understanding the implications and potential issues becomes essential to support the growth and effectiveness of these systems.
 
Methods: This study will analyze data on the adoption and growth of electronic banking, alongside identifying common issues that arise from its implementation. Through a comparative analysis of traditional and electronic banking, the study aims to highlight specific challenges that electronic banks face, especially in terms of regulatory supervision and customer security.
 
Results: The research findings suggest that while electronic banking provides numerous benefits, including convenience and increased accessibility, it also introduces new challenges. These challenges often revolve around ensuring proper supervision and regulation to protect users and maintain trust in digital banking systems.
 
Conclusion: In conclusion, the shift from traditional to electronic banking brings significant opportunities but also demands attention to emerging problems, particularly those concerning oversight. Addressing these issues through effective regulation and supervision will be crucial to ensure a secure and sustainable electronic banking future.
Effectiveness of Innovation for Organizational Excellence in the Information Technology Sector
Authors: Carvalho Annesly Anton , Karthikeyan K. , Sudhahar J. Clement , Jesiah Selvam
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Digital transformation era calls for effective leadership competencies in the information technology sector. The need, significance, purpose and scope of the study will reiterate the Statement of the problem and research statement - that there is no coherent link in most studies between effectiveness of innovation as a leadership competency and organizational excellence, since there is still a scarcity of research, based on the Review of Literature.
This study assesses the significant relationship between effectiveness of innovation as a leadership competency and organizational excellence drivers like employee value proposition, competitive advantage, organizational agility and organizational culture.
Team Leaders, project leaders, project managers and senior leaders of select IT Companies in Chennai city were the universe of the study.
 
Objectives: (i) Examine the effectiveness of innovation as a leadership competency on drivers of organizational excellence namely - employee value proposition, competitive advantage, organizational agility and organizational culture. (ii) Examine differences in the impact of demographic factors like gender, age, educational qualification, total years of experience, and years of experience in current company, on innovation, as a leadership competency. (iii) Examine differences in the impact of demographic factors like gender, age, educational qualification, total years of experience, and years of experience in current company, on drivers of organizational excellence namely - employee value proposition, competitive advantage, organizational agility and organizational culture.
 
Methods: For this study, quantitative research design and approach, structured questionnaire as research tool, simple random sampling method, and standard data analysis process for interpretation of the collected data has been used.
 
Results: The rise in knowledge work, beckons leadership for an innovation mindset, risk-taking, change management for work, workforce and workplace. Human capital development for innovation, improves product, service, process, technological and business model innovation for growth. Enhanced employee value proposition, nimble-organizational agility and an enticing organizational culture creates sustained competitive advantage.
 
Conclusion: It was found that effectiveness of innovation as a leadership competency, impacts the drivers of organizational excellence and paves way for long-term strategic success, to build a thriving workforce that in turn helps to build successful business organizations with sustainable competitive advantage.
Satisfaction Level of Customers on E-CRM
Authors: Kolathappilly Anjali Balan , Kumar Mathan
Published: November 2024

Objectives: Commercial banks are moving from a product-centric approach to a customer-oriented approach. This shift reflects the current trend of prioritizing the customer, where the saying "Customer is the King" has become prevalent. Customers now have the option to compare various products and choose those that best meet their preferences. They also expect a high level of service, a tailored product offering, and a personalized delivery model. In this context, banks in Kerala, similar to other regions in India, must adapt quickly to meet these evolving expectations to remain competitive. The objective is to understand client needs and transform traditional CRM into electronic Customer Relationship Management (e-CRM).
 
Methods: e-CRM represents an advanced version of CRM, enhanced with technology and focusing on specific market groups through direct marketing and sales services. However, implementing e-CRM effectively presents challenges. Often, organizations fail to consider the customer's needs fully, which impacts the system’s efficiency. The move towards e-CRM also reflects a broader shift from paper-based methods to digital processes in banking.
 
Results: The banking industry has prioritized attracting new clients, retaining current ones, and enhancing customer loyalty and satisfaction. e-CRM systems address the needs of both consumers and banks, allowing banks to meet client demands more effectively while also adapting to modern digital expectations. This shift has enabled banks to improve customer engagement and offer more customized services.
 
Conclusion: The transformation from traditional CRM to e-CRM represents a significant change in the banking sector, especially in regions like Kerala. As customer expectations rise, banks must respond quickly and effectively to meet these demands. e-CRM systems have become essential tools for banks to cater to the needs of modern consumers and to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving market. This approach underlines the importance of technology in enhancing customer relationships and highlights the banking industry's commitment to placing customers at the center of their operations.
A Theoretical Framework Analyzing Impact of Embedding Entrepreneurial Skills in Education on Economical Growth
Authors: Kavishwar Sanjay
Published: November 2024

Background: The growth of any country's economy owes much on the contributions of its entrepreneurs. Employment creation, income contribution, rural development, industrialization, technological advancement, export promotion, etc. are all bolstered by a nation's entrepreneurial spirit. There has been periodic government programs in India aimed at fostering entrepreneurship. The Indian government has begun to take an interest in the topic of entrepreneurship. Startup India is only one of many high-profile programs designed to foster growth in the private sector. The effectiveness of teaching innovation and entrepreneurship to university students has come under scrutiny as they try to prepare themselves for a dynamic job market.
 
Objectives: University students' job-seeking mindsets, innovative and practical skill development, innovative and practical ability development, core entrepreneurial competitiveness, entrepreneurship and innovation comprehensive quality, etc. are all examined in this research. The current state of education regarding entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education is evaluated in order to identify and strengthen the aspects that are having a beneficial impact on students' learning. The innovative and entrepreneurial potential of today's university students has never been more crucial, since studies demonstrate that entrepreneurship has a major impact on economic growth.
 
Methods: From the standpoint of planned behavior theory, this research examines how entrepreneurship education influences the intent to start a business. By investigating the impact of university-level entrepreneurial programs on economic and social progress, a brief analysis is made that impacts the growth of financial sector in India. Education on entrepreneurship in universities is essential for inspiring and motivating students to start their own firms. This research presents a theoretical model of the connection between entrepreneurial skills and intending to be entrepreneurial as taught in academics dedicated to the study of entrepreneurship.
 
Results: This research presents a thorough analysis on demographics of entrepreneurs, the psychological and behavioral traits of university students, and the external influences on entrepreneurs through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Conclusion: Students' entrepreneurial drive and choices were found to be influenced by their backgrounds and characteristics. In addition, the objective characteristics of the potential entrepreneurs are the students' subjective desires and interests.