bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jane Jacobs
Authors: Kidder Paul ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2019

Jane Jacobs’s classic 1961 book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, famously indicted a vision of urban development based on large scale projects, low population densities, and automobile-centered transportation infrastructure by showing that small plans, mixed uses, architectural preservation, and district autonomy contributed better to urban vitality and thus the appeal of cities. Implicit in her thinking is something that could be called “the urban good,” and recognizable within her vision of the good is the principle of subsidiarity—the idea that governance is best when it is closest to the people it serves and the needs it addresses—a principle found in Catholic papal encyclicals and related documents. Jacobs’s work illustrates and illuminates the principle of subsidiarity, not merely through her writings on cities, but also through her activism in New York City, which was influential in altering the direction of that city’s subsequent planning and development.
Social cohesion in education: Cognitive research in the university community
Authors: Nesterova Marja , Dielini Maryna , Zamozhskyi Andrii
Published: August 2019

The present article highlights the results of social cohesion study fulfilled in the university community of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. It contains the consideration of social cohesion as an important factor of interpersonal communication, other social skills which are important for the community development. The purpose of the study was to identify the level of social cohesion for university community, to test the Bertelsmann Stiftung Model of Social Cohesion at the community level. Methods that were used in the study are synthesis, analysis, math, social questionnaire, etc. In the research the only data collection tool was the author’s questionnaire. There were 112 people interviewed, among them 47 employees and 65 students of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. According to the study results, the level of social cohesion in the university community is quite sufficient, which positively characterizes the attitude of employees and students to each other, reflects their readiness for mutual respect and support, acceptance of differences and tolerance etc. Also the research highlights weak points of social interactions that form the base for further investigations and actions on social cohesion development.
High school students involved and not involved in MMORPG: Creativity and innovativeness
Authors: V. Mikhailova Olga
Published: August 2019

The paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of involvement phenomenon in massively multiplayer online role-playing games among high school students. The characteristics of the virtual world are analyzed; its role in the life and activity of modern people is substantiated. The main features of the games that make them the most attractive to users and contribute to their active involvement in the game process are highlighted. The advantages of mass multiplayer online role-playing games are substantiated. On the basis of the theoretical analysis was formulated the aim of the study: to identify differences in the manifestations of innovativeness and creativity in high school students involved and not involved in MMORPG. Hypotheses about the existence of significant connections and differences in the manifestations of innovativeness and creativity in those involved and not involved in this type of games are formulated. The study involved 120 students of 10-11th forms and was based on the following methods: 1) questionnaire to assess the degree of enthusiasm in role-playing computer games; 2) questionnaire for the study of gaming activity, experience and gaming genre preferences of the individual; 3) self-assessment scale of personal innovative traits; 4) a multidimensional questionnaire “Innovativeness of a personality” - MQIP; 5) “Creativity” test. As a result of the study those involved in computer games are characterized by higher originality, imagination and creative thinking than their peers not playing massive multiplayer online role-playing games. The article presents a number of recommendations on the use of the plot potential of multiplayer online role-playing games for the development of high school students’ personality in modern teaching practice.
Features of mental activity of students: eSport players
Authors: Igorevna-Pishchik Vlada , Anatolyevna-Molokhina Galina , Anatolyevna-Petrenko Elena , Vladimirovna-Milova Yuliya
Published: August 2019

The study of the peculiarities of thinking of young people professionally engaged in computer gaming activity is a new and little-studied topic in cognitive psychology. The article presents the results of empirical research of peculiarities of thinking of students-e-sport players and students engaged in computer gaming activities or amateur players. The sample consisted of students-eSports players and students who are not engaged in eSports aged 17 to 20 years. Such techniques were applied: «Intelligence structure test» by Amthauer, R. (IST), «Test of critical thinking» by Starkey, L., the technique «Thinking style» by Belousova, A. K., «Brief indicative test (BIT)» by Busin, V.N., Vanderlik, E.F. The article presents data proving the fact that students who spend more than four hours a day playing computer games have a relatively lower level of logical and critical thinking than students who do not play computer games. The results demonstrate statistical connections between the indicators of gaming activity and the peculiarities of thinking. The factors influencing the low level of formation of logical and critical thinking among students-eSports players are discussed.
Transfer of musical abilities and possible reflections of teaching content
Authors: Jelena Cvetković-Crvenica , Milica Jovanović
Published: August 2019

The paper aims to indicate the direct link between the development of knowledge, skills and music abilities in the pedagogical practice which encourages concrete cognitive, psychomotor and affective processes that lie in basis of the transfer of learning. We analyzed the attitudes of the students of the Department of Music Art from the Faculty of Arts in Niš according to musical skills acquired in solfeggio teaching, in the context of their impact on the instrumental performance. Assuming that advancement of musical skills acquired in solfeggio teaching directly affects the field of instrumental perfor-mance and leads to the development of music potential, or development of musical abilities, at the level of sensory abilities, as well as at the level of understanding musical structures, the research, which established the student attitudes to evaluating different components of instrumental performance; correlation of solfeggio and instrumental teaching; importance of work on some elements in the solfeggio teaching and evaluating expressive elements in relation to the technical skills in the solfeggio teaching, was conducted. The results of conducted research confirmed basic hypothesis that students express high awareness of the narrow connectivity of solfeggio and instrumental teaching, equally evaluating work in all areas of solfeggio teaching. Simultaneously, they indicate the importance of educational experience in shaping the standpoints of students who showed positive attitudes about a possible reflection of the solfeggio teaching content and skills that are acquired in it, as well as there’s a high degree of the use of skill acquired in solfeggio teaching in instrumental performance.
Proposta de uma nova metodologia para análise do impacto ambiental do atropelamento de fauna
Authors: Lins Gustavo Aveiro , Barbosa Oscar Rocha , Almeida Josimar Ribeiro de
Published: August 2019

As rodovias representam avanços sociais de grande importância. No entanto também estão associadas a importantes impactos ambientais negativos, sobretudo desmatamento e redução da fauna. Dentre tais efeitos negativos, a mortalidade da fauna por atropelamento tem destaque. O entendimento do impacto ambiental causado pelo atropelamento da fauna é fundamental para o gerenciamento ambiental de rodovias. Até o momento, a avaliação deste tipo de impactos é feito de forma quantitativa e muito superficial. O propósito deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia de avaliação da significância do impacto causado pelo atropelamento da fauna silvestre, através da definição de atributos intrínsecos aos animais silvestres atropelados em função de suas características ecológicas, para em seguida, combiná-los segundo uma função matemática predeterminada, aportando peso ao atropelamento de diferentes espécies.
Métodos para avaliação retrospectiva da qualidade de um estudo de impacto ambiental
Authors: Bertuola Hugo Tzauyang , Candiani Giovano
Published: August 2019

A revisão da qualidade dos estudos de impacto ambiental tem sido apontada como um aspecto importante da avaliação do desempenho do processo de avaliação de impacto ambiental. O presente trabalho objetiva avaliar a qualidade de um estudo de impacto ambiental. Para tanto, três ferramentas distintas para revisão da qualidade foram aplicadas. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os métodos permitiram conclusões a respeito da qualidade do estudo avaliado, contribuindo para a identificação de deficiências. Ao final, concluiu-se que os métodos empregados, mesmo com limitações, são importantes, apresentando viabilidade para análise da qualidade dos estudos de impacto ambiental.
Diversity Dissected
Authors: Hoffmann Emilie Snedevig
Published: August 2019

Based on comparative, intercategorical intersectional analyses of Aladdin (1992), Mulan (1998), and The Princess and the Frog (2009), I find that Disney’s intersectional representations and socialization messages tied to gender and race/ethnicity have not changed noticeably from the release of Aladdin to that of Princess. Rather, they continue to be problematically postfeminist because they hide heteronormative and patriarchal sentiments behind images of girl power. They are also sinisterly stereotypical because they negatively portray the Other and valorize Western values. Although Disney socializes different intersectional groups of children in a racialized way that distinguishes between people of color living within or outside of the United States by only encouraging the latter group to attempt to achieve relative whiteness, all three films socialize their target child audience according to heteronormative, patriarchal, and white privilege affirming values. As such, I argue that the films may be harmful to the socialization of all children.
Cause and Effect
Authors: Grønbæk Majbritt Kastberg
Published: August 2019

At the turn of the 20th century, parts of the peaceful suffragists had grown frustrated with the lack of progress that had been made towards women’s suffrage. From this frustration new organisations were established that turned to more radical and, at times, violent strategies to draw attention to their cause. This paper focuses on the militant part of the fight for women’s suffrage and the effect the militancy had on the contemporary view of the women’s rights movement. The paper argues that despite creating a negative view of the women’s suffrage movement, the militant efforts weren’t entirely wasted since it created publicity for the movement and helped restart the discussion on women’s suffrage.
Uniqueness of norm-preserving extensions of functionals on the space of compact operators
Authors: Martsinkevitš Julia , Põldvere Märt
Published: August 2019

Godefroy, Kalton, and Saphar called a closed subspace $Y$ of a Banach space $Z$ an ideal if its annihilator $Y^\bot $ is the kernel of a norm-one projection $P$ on the dual space $Z^\ast $. If $Y$ is an ideal in $Z$ with respect to a projection on $Z^\ast $ whose range is norming for $Z$, then $Y$ is said to be a strict ideal. We study uniqueness of norm-preserving extensions of functionals on the space $\mathcal{K}(X,Y) $ of compact operators between Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ to the larger space $\mathcal{K}(X,Z) $ under the assumption that $Y$ is a strict ideal in $Z$. Our main results are: (1) if $y^\ast $ is an extreme point of $B_{Y^{\ast} }$ having a unique norm-preserving extension to $Z$, and $x^{\ast\ast} \in B_{X^{\ast\ast} }$, then the only norm-preserving extension of the functional $x^{\ast\ast} \otimes y^\ast \in \mathcal {K}(X,Y)^\ast $ to $\mathcal {K}(X,Z)$ is $x^{\ast\ast} \otimes z^\ast $ where $z^\ast \in Z^\ast $ is the only norm-preserving extension of $y^\ast $ to $Z$; (2) if $\mathcal{K}(X,Y) $ is an ideal in $\mathcal{K}(X,Z) $ and $Y$ has Phelps' property $U$ in its bidual $Y^{\ast\ast} $ (i.e., every bounded linear functional on $Y$ admits a unique norm-preserving extension to $Y^{\ast\ast} $), then $\mathcal{K}(X,Y) $ has property $U$ in $\mathcal{K}(X,Z) $ whenever $X^{\ast\ast} $ has the Radon-Nikodým property.
Phylogenomic analysis of 589 metagenome-assembled genomes encompassing all major prokaryotic lineages from the gut of higher termites
Authors: Hervé Vincent , Liu Pengfei , Dietrich Carsten , Sillam-Dussès David , Stiblik Petr , Šobotník Jan , Brune Andreas
Published: August 2019

“Higher” termites have been able to colonize all tropical and subtropical regions because of their ability to digest lignocellulose with the aid of their prokaryotic gut microbiota. Over the last decade, numerous studies based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries have largely described both the taxonomy and structure of the prokaryotic communities associated with termite guts. Host diet and microenvironmental conditions have emerged as the main factors structuring the microbial assemblages in the different gut compartments. Additionally, these molecular inventories have revealed the existence of termite-specific clusters that indicate coevolutionary processes in numerous prokaryotic lineages. However, for lack of representative isolates, the functional role of most lineages remains unclear. We reconstructed 589 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the different gut compartments of eight higher termite species that encompass 17 prokaryotic phyla. By iteratively building genome trees for each clade, we significantly improved the initial automated assignment, frequently up to the genus level. We recovered MAGs from most of the termite-specific clusters in the radiation of, e.g., Planctomycetes, Fibrobacteres, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Bathyarchaeota, Spirochaetes, Saccharibacteria, and Firmicutes, which to date contained only few or no representative genomes. Moreover, the MAGs included abundant members of the termite gut microbiota. This dataset represents the largest genomic resource for arthropod-associated microorganisms available to date and contributes substantially to populating the tree of life. More importantly, it provides a backbone for studying the metabolic potential of the termite gut microbiota, including the key members involved in carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles, and important clues that may help cultivating representatives of these understudied clades.
Fatores que interferem no ensino e aprendizagem de residentes multiprofissionais em saúde: revisão integrativa
Authors: Mello Amanda De Lemos , Arruda Guilherme Tavares de , Terra Marlene Gomes , Arnemann Cristiane Trivisiol , Siqueira Daiana Foggiato de
Published: August 2019

Os Programas de Residência Multiprofissionais em Saúde estão em plena expansão no território brasileiro, tornando-se uma estratégia de formação em saúde que busca o fortalecimento da qualidade da atenção à saúde da população. Esta revisão objetivou identificar as evidências disponíveis nos artigos científicos sobre os fatores que interferem no ensino e aprendizagem de residentes multiprofissionais em saúde. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura desenvolvida nas bases de dados LILACS, Medline e Scopus, na qual foram incluídos 35 estudos, a partir de palavras-chave e descritores, no período de 2005 a 2017. Nos resultados evidenciou-se fatores relacionados à compreensão do papel do residente; a importância da formação dos apoiadores pedagógicos e a interação entre as profissões; a pactuação das atividades entre as instituições de ensino e serviço; a relação entre a teoria e a prática e o desenvolvimento das ações de Educação Permanente em Saúde; a formulação das estratégias de aprendizagem, do planejamento e execução dos espaços formativos; e, os processos avaliativos. Em conclusão o estudo possibilitou identificar os fatores que interferem no ensino e aprendizagem de residentes multiprofissionais em saúde, os quais perpassam por aspectos da construção do aprender e fazer no trabalho coletivo, da integração ensino-serviço e da organização didática-pedagógica.
Automação no laboratório de microbiologia
Authors: Fonseca Juliane De Mello , Van der Heijden Inneke Marie
Published: August 2019

Não se aplica
Composition and structure of synaptic ectosomes exporting antigen receptor linked to functional CD40 ligand from helper T cells
Authors: Saliba David G , Céspedes-Donoso Pablo F , Bálint Štefan , Compeer Ewoud B , Korobchevskaya Kseniya , Valvo Salvatore , Mayya Viveka , Kvalvaag Audun , Peng Yanchun , Dong Tao , Tognoli Maria-Laura , O'Neill Eric , Bonham Sarah , Fischer Roman , Kessler Benedikt M , Dustin Michael L
Published: August 2019

Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLB) presenting T cell receptor (TCR) ligands and ICAM-1 induce budding of extracellular microvesicles enriched in functional TCR, defined here as synaptic ectosomes (SE), from helper T cells. SE bind peptide-MHC directly exporting TCR into the synaptic cleft, but incorporation of other effectors is unknown. Here, we utilized bead supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) to capture SE from single immunological synapses (IS), determined SE composition by immunofluorescence flow cytometry and enriched SE for proteomic analysis by particle sorting. We demonstrate selective enrichment of CD40L and ICOS in SE in response to addition of CD40 and ICOSL, respectively, to SLB presenting TCR ligands and ICAM-1. SE are enriched in tetraspanins, BST-2, TCR signaling and ESCRT proteins. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrated that CD40L is present in microclusters within CD81 defined SE that are spatially segregated from TCR/ICOS/BST-2. CD40L+ SE retain the capacity to induce dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production.
Velocity coupling of grid cell modules enables stable embedding of a low dimensional variable in a high dimensional neural attractor
Authors: Mosheiff Noga , Burak Yoram
Published: August 2019

Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) encode position using a distributed representation across multiple neural populations (modules), each possessing a distinct spatial scale. The modular structure of the representation confers the grid cell neural code with large capacity. Yet, the modularity poses significant challenges for the neural circuitry that maintains the representation, and updates it based on self motion. Small incompatible drifts in different modules, driven by noise, can rapidly lead to large, abrupt shifts in the represented position, resulting in catastrophic readout errors. Here, we propose a theoretical model of coupled modules. The coupling suppresses incompatible drifts, allowing for a stable embedding of a two-dimensional variable (position) in a higher dimensional neural attractor, while preserving the large capacity. We propose that coupling of this type may be implemented by recurrent synaptic connectivity within the MEC with a relatively simple and biologically plausible structure.
Post-fledging habitat use in a declining songbird
Authors: Delancey Clayton D. , Islam Kamal
Published: August 2019

Background

Fledglings of many mature forest-dependent Neotropical songbirds move from mature forest habitats into areas of thick vegetation such as regenerating clearcuts. The Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea), a Neotropical migratory songbird, is a species of conservation concern across its range and it is listed as endangered in Indiana. This species has declined faster than any other species of wood-warbler in North America. Most prior research on Cerulean Warblers has examined the breeding biology, but there are no data on habitat use by fledgling Cerulean Warblers. Our research aimed to determine where fledgling Cerulean Warblers dispersed after they left their nest, but before they migrated to their wintering grounds.

Methods

Since 2007, Cerulean Warbler breeding populations have been monitored in Yellowwood and Morgan–Monroe state forests in southern Indiana as part of a 100-year study called the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment. To identify habitats used by fledgling Cerulean Warblers, we captured by hand or mist-nets, adult and juvenile Cerulean Warblers once young had fledged from a nest. We attached radio-transmitters to individuals and tracked each bird daily using radio-telemetry. Radio-telemetry data were collected from May to July 2015–2017, and microhabitat data on fledgling locations and random locations were collected during the same years in the month of July.

Results

Fledgling presence, when compared to random non-use sites, was positively correlated to presence of grapevines, greater vertical vegetation density, and greater ground and canopy cover. Fledgling presence was negatively correlated with white oak abundance, aspect, basal area, and the abundance of mature trees that Cerulean Warbler adults use for nesting.

Conclusions

Our study is the first to demonstrate that Cerulean Warbler fledglings occupy habitats that are characterized by specific habitat components. Fledgling sites were located in areas with high vegetation density, such as clusters of grapevine, which provided cover from predators. Identifying Cerulean Warbler habitats throughout the breeding season can better inform natural resource personnel on how to manage forests to meet the habitat needs of this rapidly declining migratory songbird.
The adipokinetic hormones and their cognate receptor from the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria: solution structure of endogenous peptides and models of their binding to the receptor
Authors: Jackson Graham E. , Pavadai Elumalai , Gäde Gerd , Andersen Niels H.
Published: August 2019

Background

Neuropeptides exert their activity through binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are well-known drug targets in the pharmaceutical industry and are currently discussed as targets to control pest insects. Here, we investigate the neuropeptide adipokinetic hormone (AKH) system of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. The desert locust is known for its high reproduction, and for forming devastating swarms consisting of billions of individual insects. It is also known that S. gregaria produces three different AKHs as ligands but has only one AKH receptor (AKHR). The AKH system is known to be essential for metabolic regulation, which is necessary for reproduction and flight activity.

Methods

Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (NMR) in a dodecylphosphocholin (DPC) micelle solution were used to determine the structure of the three AKHs. The primary sequence of the S. gregaria AKHR was used to construct a 3D molecular model. Next, the three AKHs were individually docked to the receptor, and dynamic simulation of the whole ligand–receptor complex in a model membrane was performed.

Results

Although the three endogenous AKHs of S. gregaria have quite different amino acids sequences and chain length (two octa- and one decapeptide), NMR experiments assigned a turn structure in DPC micelle solution for all. The GPCR-ModSim program identified human kappa opioid receptor to be the best template after which the S. gregaria AKHR was modeled. All three AKHs were found to have the same binding site on this receptor, interact with similar residues of the receptor and have comparable binding constants. Molecular switches were also identified; the movement of the receptor could be visually shown when ligands (AKHs) were docked and the receptor was activated.

Conclusions

The study proposes a model of binding of the three endogenous ligands to the one existing AKHR in the desert locust and paves the way to use such a model for the design of peptide analogs and finally, peptide mimetics, in the search for novel species-specific insecticides based on receptor–ligand interaction.
Two salamander species respond differently to timber harvests in a managed New England forest
Authors: Mossman Angus , Lambert Max R. , Ashton Mark S. , Wikle Jessica , Duguid Marlyse C.
Published: August 2019

Background

Managing forests for timber while protecting wildlife habitat is of increasing concern. Amphibians may be particularly sensitive to forest management practices due to their unique biology; however, it is not clear how different species respond to timber harvest practices—particularly over longer time scales.

Methods

Here we report on the differential responses of two salamander species—the eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereusGreen) and the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescensRafinesque)—to forest harvesting, by examining communities across a 25-year chronosequence of regenerating shelterwood harvests.

Results

Populations of both species were lowest immediately after harvest, but increased at substantially different rates. Red-backed salamander populations were highest in 20–25 year-old shelterwoods—significantly higher than in mature, unharvested, control (100–120 year old) stands. Eastern newt populations, however, were greatest in unharvested control stands and still had not recovered to population levels found in mature stands in the 25 years since harvest. Red-backed salamander abundances were strongly tied to stand age as well as abundance of decayed coarse woody debris, suggesting that timber harvests influence some wildlife species by affecting a suite of interacting habitat variables that change over time. In contrast, newt abundances were not directly related to stand age but were more related to downed wood and vegetation characteristics. Our results highlight markedly variable responses by two common salamander species to forest harvesting—species with markedly different life histories and reproductive patterns—and that time since harvest may be useful in predicting abundance.
Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilzer on the Early Growth Response of Afzelia africana
Authors: Aderounmu Adeboyin Funmi
Published: August 2019

An experiment was conducted in the nursery of Department of Forestry Technology at the Federal College of Forestry Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on early growth response of Afzelia africana. Seedlings were collected from Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State and were transplanted into 2kg perforated polythene pots. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with five treatments replicated three times. The treatments were: 20 t ha-1  water hyacinth compost (T1), 20 t ha-1  water hyacinth + poultry manure compost (T2), 20 t ha-1  poultry manure (T3) and 50 kg ha-1 NPK 20:10:10 (T4) and T5 - control (no fertilizer application). The compost was applied two (2) weeks before planting, while NPK 20:10:10 was applied two 2 weeks after planting. The experiment was monitored for eight (8) weeks after transplanting (WAT), while growth parameters were measured. The results of the study showed that application of fertilizers gave significant (p=0.05) increase in plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), leaf production, and leaf area (cm2) of A. africana. Plant height ranged from 41.43 cm in the control to 47.96 cm in the pots where 20t ha-1 water hyacinth compost was applied. Stem diameter also increased across treatments, while leaf production ranged from 9 in the control treatment to 14 in the pots with 20t ha-1 poultry manure. These results suggested that the incorporation of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased productivity of A. africana. However, application of 20 t ha-1 water hyacinth compost is recommended because it is available, affordable and environmentally friendly for the production of A. africana especially in the study area.
Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Fractions Isolated from Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) Bark Extracts
Authors: Munira Mst. Shirajum , Islam Md. Afubbul , Islam Md. Shariful , Koly Sabiha Ferdowsy , Nesa Mst. Luthfun , Muhit Md. Abdul
Published: August 2019

Aims: Our study was carried out to appraise the phytochemical screening and antioxidant potentials of Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) bark extracts.

Study Design:  For the purpose of this experiment the extracts were subjected for an in-vitro study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in August 2014 in the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Methodology: The various fractions of Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.)  barks as Ethanolic (ETF), ethyl acetate (EAF), chloroform(CLF) and pet ether (PTF) fractions-were obtained after extraction were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The antioxidant capacity of these fractions were evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay .Total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ETF, EAF, CLF and PTF  extracts of S. caseolaris were determined.

Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoid, steroid, tannin compounds in large amounts. In DPPH scavenging assay among the extracts, ethanolic fractions exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 4.57 μg /ml .The highest phenolic content was found in EAF extracts (63.00 mg of GAE / g. of dried extract) followed by CLF (36.25 mg of GAE / g. of dried extract) and PTF (26.28 mg of GAE /g. of dried extract). The highest total antioxidant activity was also found in ETF fraction (185 GAE/g of dried sample followed by EAF fraction (99.00GAE/g of dried sample), PTF (84.00 GAE/g of dried sample) and Chloroform (49.00 GAE/g of dried sample).

Conclusion: Our result demonstrates that all the extractives of S. caseolaris have appreciable antioxidant activities. But, further study is necessary to isolate the active compounds.
Effect of Play Therapy on Social Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Masoudifard Malihe , Mahmoodi Zohreh , Bagheri Azam , Dolatian Mahrokh , Kabir Kourosh
Published: August 2019

Background: The early years of life are vital and sensitive for the growth and development of a child. This aimed to examine the effect of play therapy on the social development and maturity of infants aged from 12 to 24 months.

Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 76 eligible infants aged from 12 to 24 months referred to comprehensive health centers in Kashan city during 2017-2018. Infants who had inclusion criteria were included in the study and then randomly assigned to the two groups of intervention and control. Before the intervention and the end of the counseling sessions, Vineland Social Maturity Test Toolkit for Children in the both groups was completed and the data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: There was no significant differences between the two groups regarding the social development score before the intervention (p >0.001). There was a significant difference between the mean score of social development in the two groups after the intervention, in which the mean of the total score and each area of social development increased significantly (P <0.001).

Conclusion: Considering the importance of the early years of life in the development of infants and findings of the present study, it can be said that the advisory of play therapy for improving the development of a infants can be very helpful.
Seismic performance of buckling‐restrained brace outrigger system in various configurations
Authors: Lin Pao‐Chun , Takeuchi Toru
Published: August 2019

The outrigger system is deemed an effective solution for mitigating the seismic responses of tall core‐tube‐type buildings. By incorporating a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) in the outrigger system (BRB‐outrigger), the BRB‐outrigger reduces seismic response not only through the outrigger mechanism but also through the seismic energy dissipation from the BRB’s hysteretic response. This study investigates the seismic behavior of structures with a single layer BRB‐outrigger and proposes three types of BRB‐outrigger configurations for practical design purposes that fit different architectural requirements. An analytical model, with heights of 64, 128, 256, and 384 m and different outrigger spans was used to investigate the optimal outrigger elevation and required outrigger stiffness for achieving minimum seismic response using spectral analysis and nonlinear response history analysis. The design indexes and design charts based on the analysis results are proposed for preliminary design. Design examples of structures with different BRB‐outrigger configurations utilizing the proposed design charts are demonstrated.
Regulation and Function of the

MYC

Oncogene
Authors: Kalkat Manpreet , Resetca Diana , Penn Linda Z
Published: August 2019

One of the most acclaimed features of the
MYC
oncogene family (
MYC, MYCL1
and
MYCN
) is their prolific deregulation in cancer, which is often associated with poor prognosis and refractory disease. Multiple mechanisms can deregulate their expression in cancer, including chromosomal translocation, enhanced messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein stability, gene amplification or enhancer hijacking. This MYC family of nuclear transcription factors regulates the expression of a multitude of target genes to control many critically important fundamental biological processes, including cellular proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis and embryonic development. MYC proteins are highly regulated, and many factors have been reported to control stability and activity via post‐translational modifications (PTMs). Decades of research into this potent oncogene family have revealed that while directly inhibiting MYC proteins in cancer remains challenging, there are multiple strategies to indirectly inhibit MYC in cancer. Developing such inhibitors to target MYC would have profound impact on patient care and outcome.

Key Concepts

The
MYC
family of oncogenes, composed of
MYC, MYCN
and
MYCL1
, encode nuclear basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors.

MYC family proteins contain highly conserved regions termed MYC boxes.

MYC regulates many transcriptional targets and can have wide‐reaching effects on the epigenome and total cellular RNA content.

MYC
is essential for cellular proliferation and is a potent oncogene when it is deregulated in cancer.

Deregulated, often elevated, MYC levels have been shown to drive tumourigenesis in many
in vivo
models.

MYC activity and stability is regulated by post‐translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, SUMOylation and acetylation.
Spectral organization of focal seizures within the thalamotemporal network
Authors: Pizarro Diana , Ilyas Adeel , Chaitanya Ganne , Toth Emilia , Irannejad Auriana , Romeo Andrew , Riley Kristen O. , Iasemidis Leonidas , Pati Sandipan
Published: August 2019

Objective

To investigate dynamic changes in neural activity between the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) and the seizure onset zone (SOZ) in patients with drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) based on anatomic location, seizure subtype, and state of vigilance (SOV).

Methods

Eleven patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography for seizure localization were recruited prospectively for local field potential (LFP) recording directly from the ANT. The SOZ was identified using line length and epileptogenicity index. Changes in power spectral density (PSD) were compared between the two anatomic sites as seizures (N = 53) transitioned from interictal baseline to the posttermination stage.

Results

At baseline, the thalamic LFPs were significantly lower and distinct from the SOZ with the presence of higher power in the fast ripple band (P < 0.001). Temporal changes in ictal power of neural activity within ANT mimic those of the SOZ, are increased significantly at seizure onset (P < 0.05), and are distinct for seizures that impaired awareness or that secondarily generalized (P < 0.05). The onset of seizure was preceded by a decrease in the mean power spectral density (PSD) in ANT and SOZ (P < 0.05). Neural activity correlated with different states of vigilance at seizure onset within the ANT but not in the SOZ (P = 0.005).

Interpretation

The ANT can be recruited at the onset of mesial temporal lobe seizures, and the recruitment pattern differs with seizure subtypes. Furthermore, changes in neural dynamics precede seizure onset and are widespread to involve temporo‐thalamic regions, thereby providing an opportunity to intervene early with closed‐loop DBS.
Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Annulation of Propargyl Amino Phenyl Benzamides to Access Pyrido/ Isoquinolino Quinoxalinones
Authors: Kumar Gurram Ravi , Kumar Ravi , Rajesh Manda , Sridhar B. , Reddy Maddi Sridhar
Published: August 2019

A rhodium catalyzed copper mediated double oxidative annulation of propargylamino phenyl benzamides is developed. A quick assembly of tri, tetra and penta cyclic pyrido/isoquinolo‐quinoxilines are thus achieved from readily available linear substrates. The reaction is shown to be very general by accommodating a large variety of substrates in the transformation. A mechanism through an amide directed C−H bond activation followed by an intramolecular alkyne activation/annulation followed by an oxidation is postulated.

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A Positive Youth Development Approach to Improving Mental Health Outcomes for Maltreated Children in Foster Care: Replication and Extension of an RCT of the Fostering Healthy Futures Program
Authors: Taussig Heather N. , Weiler Lindsey M. , Garrido Edward F. , Rhodes Tara , Boat Ashley , Fadell Melody
Published: August 2019

Highlights

Fostering Healthy Futures (FHF) is a preventive intervention for preadolescent youth in foster care.

95% of those offered FHF started the program, 92% completed it, and there was over 85% attendance.

FHF reduced mental health symptoms, especially trauma, and mental health service utilization.

Effects were consistent across almost all subgroups, suggesting FHF benefits diverse children.

Positive youth development programming is acceptable and can be beneficial for vulnerable children.
Steroid hormone concentrations in milk predict sex‐specific offspring growth in a nonhuman primate
Authors: Petrullo Lauren , Hinde Katie , Lu Amy
Published: August 2019

Objectives

In humans and other mammals, maternal hormones are transferred to offspring during lactation via milk and may regulate postnatal development, including the pace of early growth. Here, we used a nonhuman primate model to test the hypotheses that milk cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations reflect maternal characteristics, and that changes in these hormones across lactation are associated with early postnatal growth rates.

Methods

Demographic information, morphometrics, and milk samples were collected from rhesus macaque mothers and their infants at the California National Primate Research Center in Davis, California. Using linear models, we examined the relationship between maternal traits and milk hormone concentrations (N = 104 females) and explored the effect of milk hormones on the rate of offspring growth (N = 72 mother‐infant dyads), controlling for available milk energy.

Results

Contrary to previous studies, we found that milk cortisol concentrations were categorically higher in multiparous females than in primiparous females. However, milk DHEAS concentrations decreased with maternal parity. Neither milk cortisol nor DHEAS were related to maternal rank. Finally, changes in milk hormones predicted offspring growth in a sex‐specific and temporal manner: increases in cortisol from peak to late lactation predicted faster female growth, and increases in DHEAS concentrations from early to peak and peak to late lactation predicted faster male growth.

Conclusions

Our findings shed light on how hormonal components of milk have sex‐specific effects on offspring growth during early postnatal life with varying temporal windows of sensitivity.
Teleultrasound for pre‐natal diagnosis: A validation study
Authors: Rabie Nader Z. , Sandlin Adam T. , Ounpraseuth Song , Nembhard Wendy N. , Lowery Curtis , Miguel Kelly San , Magann Everett “Pat”
Published: August 2019

Introduction/Purpose

There are no large validation trials comparing teleultrasound to on‐site ultrasound. We aim to compare the sensitivity and accuracy of teleultrasound and demonstrate that teleultrasound is not inferior to on‐site ultrasound in the pre‐natal diagnosis of fetal anomalies.

Methods

All targeted ultrasounds performed between November 2010 and December 2012 were considered. We excluded studies performed at less than 17 weeks' gestation, on multiple gestations and for reasons other than an anatomical survey. Post‐natal diagnoses were obtained from a state level mandatory birth defects surveillance programme. Descriptive statistics (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy) were calculated for both groups. A test of non‐inferiority was performed, with the non‐inferiority difference set at 0.15.

Results

The teleultrasound and on‐site ultrasound groups consisted of 2368 and 3145 studies, respectively. The sensitivity of teleultrasound and on‐site ultrasound was 57.46% and 76.57%, and the accuracy was 95.9% and 90.97%, respectively. The observed sensitivity difference was −0.1911. The accuracy, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of teleultrasound are similar to on‐site ultrasound.

Discussion

Teleultrasound is inferior to on‐site ultrasound in the detection of fetal anomalies; however, it has improved accuracy, as well as higher negative and positive predictive values. A negative teleultrasound is more likely to identify a non‐anomalous fetus, and a positive teleultrasound is more likely to correctly identify an anomalous fetus.

Conclusion

Teleultrasound has an important role in pre‐natal diagnosis for those patients unable or unwilling to travel for an on‐site ultrasound.
Impact of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding on the Reactivity of Cupric Superoxide Complexes with O−H and C−H Substrates
Authors: Diaz Daniel E. , Quist David A. , Herzog Austin E. , Schaefer Andrew W. , Kipouros Ioannis , Bhadra Mayukh , Solomon Edward I. , Karlin Kenneth D.
Published: August 2019

The dioxygen reactivity of a series of TMPA‐based copper(I) complexes (TMPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine), with and without secondary‐coordination‐sphere hydrogen‐bonding moieties, was studied at −135 °C in 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF). Kinetic stabilization of the H‐bonded [(
TMPA)CuII(O2.−)]+ cupric superoxide species was achieved, and they were characterized by resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy. The structures and physical properties of [(
TMPA)CuII(N3−)]+ azido analogues were compared, and the O2.− reactivity of ligand–CuI complexes when an H‐bonding moiety is replaced by a methyl group was contrasted. A drastic enhancement in the reactivity of the cupric superoxide towards phenolic substrates as well as oxidation of substrates possessing moderate C−H bond‐dissociation energies is observed, correlating with the number and strength of the H‐bonding groups.
Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal effects of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves
Authors: Zangeneh Mohammad Mahdi , Saneei Sania , Zangeneh Akram , Toushmalani Reza , Haddadi Amir , Almasi Maryam , Amiri‐Paryan Amir
Published: August 2019

The new age drugs are nanoparticles of metals, which can combat conditions like wounds and fight human pathogens like bacteria. The aim of the experiment was preparation, characterization, and assessment of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves (AuNPs@F. vulgaris) under in vitro and in vivo condition. These nanoparticles were characterized by FT‐IR, UV, XRD, FE‐SEM, TEM, and AFM. The synthesized AuNPs@F. vulgaris had great cell viability dose‐dependently (Investigating the effect of the nanoparticles on HUVEC cell line) and indicated these nanoparticles were nontoxic. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials, which showed similar antioxidant potentials for AuNPs@F. vulgaris and butylated hydroxytoluene. In part of cutaneous wound healing effect of F. vulgaris, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% HAuCl4 × H2O ointment, treatment with 0.2% F. vulgaris ointment, and treatment with 0.2% AuNPs@F. vulgaris ointment. These groups were treated for 10 days. Use of AuNPs@F. vulgaris ointment in the treatment groups substantially decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and remarkably raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups. In antimicrobial part, MIC, MBC, and MFC were specified by macro‐broth dilution assay. AuNPs@F. vulgaris revealed higher antibacterial and antifungal properties than many standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, AuNPs@F. vulgaris prevented the growth of all bacteria at 2‐8 mg/ml concentrations and removed them at 2‐16 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In case of antifungal potentials of AuNPs@F. vulgaris, they inhibited the growth of all fungi at 2‐4 mg/ml concentrations and destroyed them at 2‐8 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, synthesized AuNPs@F. vulgaris revealed non‐cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal activities.
Occurrence patterns of African manatees, conflicts with humans, and local perception in the Southern Korup Area, Cameroon
Authors: Mayaka Theodore B. , Koh‐Dimbot Jean P. , Keith‐Diagne Lucy W.
Published: August 2019

The African manatee has been poorly studied throughout its range and is heavily hunted. This study aimed at discerning patterns in manatee sightings and emerging conflicts with humans, as well as the local perception of manatees, outside the southern periphery of Korup National Park, Cameroon.

The study investigated whether patterns in manatee sightings and manatee‐related conflicts differ between aquatic systems in southern Korup, and which demographic variables determine perceptions of the manatee in the study area. For this purpose, the study used a three‐stage stratified random sampling design with a structured questionnaire to survey 101 local fishers.

The reported patterns of manatee sightings and manatee‐related conflicts were as follows: in the Nyangorobe River during the wet season only, where crop raiding and net destruction by manatees were reported; in the Ndian River and the mangrove estuary only during the dry season, where fish theft and net damage were reported; and in the Moko River during both seasons, where crop raiding, fish theft, and net destruction were reported. Reducing these conflicts is likely to increase local support for the conservation of manatees, because fishermen kill them in response to net destruction and fish loss.

Most reported sightings were at waterway intersections and river bends, suggesting that waterway connectivity is important to manatees for dispersal, foraging, and escape from danger.

The log‐odds probability of negative perception decreased significantly with awareness of manatee protected status but increased with age and primary or higher education level. These findings have implications for community outreach focused on raising awareness of the importance of manatee conservation by schoolchildren and the public.