bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
J. T. Rosa, Jr. (1895-1928) Pioneer in Vegetable Crop Research1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

The tragic and sudden death of J. T. Rosa, Jr. occurred at a comparatively early age in the midst of what surely was to be his most productive years.3 He left behind him, however, a legacy of more completed, and more seminal research than most of us are likely to accomplish, should we be lucky enough to survive the hazards of modern day living to reach the biblical age of three score and ten. As I am one of the few people (living) who knew Professor Rosa from the vantage point of a student, I wish to record my recollections of this inspiring teacher and productive scientist. In completing this task, I have had the assistance of three individuals: V. R. Boswell, H. A. Jones and Gilbert W. Scott. Dr. Jones was a colleague, and Drs. Boswell and Scott were students of Dr. Rosa and worked under his supervision.
Firmness of Tomato Fruit Subjected to Low Concentrations of Oxygen1
Authors: Kim B. D. , Hall C. B.
Published: September 2022

Mature-green fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were stored for up to 7 weeks at 20°C in 2.5, 5.0 or 20% O2 with certain samples ripened for 7 days more. Low O2 delayed ripening and consequently delayed softening in proportion to the O2 level and storage duration.
Response of Snap Bean to Seed Separation by Aerodynamic Properties1
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Williamson R. E. , Stansell J. R.
Published: September 2022

Seed of 11 cultivars of snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were separated by aerodynamic properties in a vertical air column. Seed physical characteristics associated with air column separation were weight, density, volume, diameter, and length. The separation technique did not affect seed germination, seedling emergence, or plant survival at full expansion of the first trifoliate leaf growth stage. However, seed remaining in the air column after aspiration produced fewer weak plants and fewer plants with root rot at the first trifoliate leaf. These seed produced a greater plant stand, a greater pod weight per plant, a more uniform pod size distribution, and a greater yield at harvest than the seed removed. Yield from seed remaining after air column aspiration was 21% greater than from non-graded seed.
Inheritance of Pod Detachment Force in Snap Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Bassett M. J.
Published: September 2022

Pod detachment force (PDF) was measured at fresh market maturity (sieve size 4) for the parents, F1, F2, and both backcrosses for the cross ‘Harvester’ × ‘Idelight’. The distribution of the population means for the F1, F2, and backcrosses indicated strongly dominant gene effects were contributed by the ‘Harvester’ parent for high PDF. A minimum of 2 dominant genes controlled PDF and narrow sense heritability was estimated to be 61%.
Obtaining Virus-free Plants of Asparagus officinalis L. by Culturing Shoot Tips and Apical Meristems1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen , Clore W. J.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus plants freed of 3 viruses were obtained by aseptic culture of shoot tips and apical meristems. More plantlets developed from shoot tip cultures than from apicalmeristem cultures, but a much larger proportion of the meristem cultures were virus free. Consequently, the number of virus-free plants obtained by these 2 methods were approximately equal. The ease of excising and culturing shoot tips makes this the preferred method. The aseptic stock plants obtained are being used as the source of propagants for mass production of virus-free asparagus plants.
Propagation of Daylilies by Tissue Culture1
Authors: Meyer M. M.
Published: September 2022

Tissue culture techniques can be used to rapidly propagate tetraploid daylilies and speed the commercial release of new daylily cultivars (Hemerocallis sp.) by several years. Inflorescence slices of tetraploid daylily cultivars regenerated callus in vitro in the dark on a modified Murashige-Skoog high salt medium supplemented with 10 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg/liter kinetin. Callus pieces transferred to a similar medium with 0.5 mg/liter NAA and 0.1 mg/liter kinetin in the light produced plantlets and produced true-to-type flowering plants when transplanted to a greenhouse growing medium.
Influence of Ethephon Spray on Defoliation and Subsequent Growth on Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb.1
Authors: Tjia B. , Buxton J.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a foliar spray on field-grown Hydrangea macrophylla 2 weeks prior to cold storage caused defoliation within 8 to 9 days. Complete defoliation occurred at 1000 to 5000 ppm of ethephon spray on both ‘Merveille’ and ‘Rose Supreme’. Ethephon-treated plants showed reduced height after subsequent forcing in the greenhouse. ‘Merveille’ was more sensitive to ethephon spray carry over than ‘Rose Supreme’. Optimum concentration range for defoliation and height reduction without any visible detrimental phytotoxic symptoms was 1000 and 2000 ppm for ‘Merveille’ and 1000 to 3000 ppm for ‘Rose Supreme’. Ethephon at 3000 ppm or higher on ‘Merveille’ and 5000 ppm or higher on ‘Rose Supreme’ induced abnormal yellow pigmentation of the flowers.
The Relationship between Pistillate Flower Development and Air Temperature in ‘Western’ Pecan1
Authors: Matta F. B. , Sullivan D. T. , Widmoyer F. B.
Published: September 2022

Six stages of floral development were identified and related to air temperature in Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, cv. Western. Initiation (the first microscopically visible evidence of floral primordia) was detected on April 4, 1973, after an accumulation of 537 heat units. On April 10 a total of 598 heat units were accumulated when 93% of the buds sampled had initiated pistillate flowers. Floral development occurred normally, uniformly, and in concert with the heat units accumulated.
Relationship between Fire Blight Resistance and Fruit Quality in Pear1
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Janick Jules , Zimmerman Richard H. , van der Zwet T.
Published: September 2022

Phenotypic correlations were estimated between 7 fruit quality characters and resistance to fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., in crosses involving various species of pear (Pyrus spp.). Correlations were generally negative, small, and usually not significantly different from zero. Some significant negative correlations were found between fruit russett and appearance with fire blight resistance within crosses involving P. communis L. and hybrids of P. communis × P. pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai, but none exceeded −0.30. Low correlations between fruit quality and fire blight resistance in progeny of diverse crosses indicate no genetic impediments to selection for combined high quality and blight resistance in pear.
Calcium Concentration and Firmness of Stored ‘McIntosh’ Apples Increased by Calcium Chloride Solution Plus Thickener1
Authors: Mason J. L.
Published: September 2022

Dipping ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) at harvest in a solution of calcium chloride (4% w/w) and keltrol, a commercial food thickener, (0.3% w/w), slowed the loss of firmness in cold storage. In January, treated apples averaged 0.52 kg firmer and in February, 0.73 kg firmer than the controls. Ca concentration of treated apple flesh was 839 ppm, and of controls 304 ppm. A dip solution of calcium chloride without Keltrol was much less effective in reducing the loss of firmness and in increasing the Ca concn of the flesh.
Chemical Control of Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Non-bearing ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Barden J. A.
Published: September 2022

A combination of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide), (2-chloroethyl)-phosphonic acid (ethephon) and straight chain fatty alcohols (Off-Shoot-T85) or methyl esters of straight chain fatty acids (Off-Shoot-0) applied 30 days after bloom to nonbearing ‘Topred Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) induced spur development on current season growth, increased the number of flower buds per tree, and suppressed terminal growth, one-year-old shoot diameter, and trunk diameter. The combination of daminozide and ethephon did not induce spurs to develop on current season growth; however, slightly enlarged buds on one-year-old growth flowered the spring following treatment.
In vitro Differentiation of Shoots from Anther Callus in Vitis1
Authors: Hirabayashi T. , Kozaki I. , Akihama T.
Published: September 2022

The induction of shoot differentiation from anther-derived callus of Vitis thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. is described.
‘Urban’ Elm1
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Main H. V.
Published: September 2022

When Dutch elm disease (DED) was discovered in the U. S. in the early 1930's, programs were initiated to protect susceptible elms and to develop resistant elms for future use. Since the American elm, Ulmus americana L., was the most extensively planted species, seed collections were made throughout North America to find disease-resistant individuals. This search had only limited success and subsequent emphasis was placed on chemical control.
‘Richard Horsey’ Taxus1
Authors: Doren Robert F.
Published: September 2022

Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehd. (1) ‘Richard Horsey’ is a new cultivar chosen from a selected group of seedlings grown in Durand-Eastman Park, Rochester, N.Y. It is a spreading plant with main branches prostrate to procumbent with strongly ascending secondary branches and branchlets. It maintains a deep green color throughout the year with minimal winter bronzing and no foliage burning in temperate areas through Zone 5B (3).
Bruce 12-4 Plum Breeding Selection1
Authors: Norton Joseph D.
Published: September 2022

Bruce 12-4 is a plum selection released for breeding purposes that possesses an unusual combination of disease resistance, tree longevity, cold hardiness and other characteristics. The seedling requires chilling of 700 hr of temperature below 7.2°C (45°F). This seedling has consistently produced high yields of fruit in central Alabama (Fig. 1).
Genes of the Cucurbitaceae1
Authors: Robinson R. W. , Munger H. M. , Whitaker T. W. , Bohn G. W.
Published: September 2022

Nomenclature rules are proposed for naming genes of species in the Cucurbitaceae. Genes of cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon, squash, and other cucurbits are reviewed and, when necessary, changes in gene symbols are proposed. The number of known qualitative factors include 68 genes for the cucumber, 37 for muskmelon, 25 for watermelon, and 30 for Cucurbita species.
Chemical Pinching of Azalea with Dikegulac1
Authors: deSilva W. H. , Bocion P. F. , Walther H. R.
Published: September 2022

Foliar application of 0.4 to 0.6% of an aqueous solution of sodium 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gulonate) (dikegulac, Atrinal) was effective as a pinching agent under commercial growing conditions on all azalea (Rhododenron simsii Planch.) cultivars tested. One to 2 weeks after application the upper leaves turned yellow. Within 4 weeks after treatment the axillary shoots began to elongate and 4-8 weeks later the foliage regained a dark green color. Reproductive shoots treated with dikegulac produced new axillary shoots, but treatment should precede flower initiation for optimal results. At all dosage rates a better pinching effect was obtained with higher spray volumes. A spray volume of 200-300 ml/m2 (2-3 qts/100 ft2), depending on growth stage, is suggested. Dikegulac is a very promising chemical pinching agent for greenhouse azaleas.
Sucrose Pulsing of Gladiolus Stems before Storage to Increase Spike Quality1
Authors: Kofranek Anton M. , Halevy Abraham H.
Published: September 2022

Pulsing gladiolus stems at 21°C with 20% sucrose in combination with AgNO3 before storage of 7 or 10 days resulted in greater floret opening and size than those not pulsed. A silver treatment alone was not effective. The sucrose fulfills the requirements for a carbohydrate source and osmoticum which are necessary for floret growth and development. This treatment with sucrose is recommended prior to shipping or storage of gladiolus for long periods.
One Season's Salt Accumulation in Soil and Trees Adjacent to a Highway1
Authors: Langille Alan R.
Published: September 2022

Soil and hemlock needle samples obtained in Fall, 1972 at various distances from the edge of a newly-opened section of Interstate-95 were analyzed for Na and Cl and compared with samples taken from the same locations the following year. Soil Na was significantly increased to distances of 12 m from the highway's edge after the salting season while soil Cl was increased to a distance of 61 m. Both Na and Cl increased significantly in needle tissue at distances up to 61 m after one salting season.
Host Specificity of the Purslane Sawfly and its Response to Selected Pesticides1
Authors: Gorske S. F. , Hopen H. J. , Randell R.
Published: September 2022

Starvation tests demonstrated that the purslane sawfly (Schizocerella pilicornis Holmgren) feeds only on common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and winter purslane (Montia perfoliata (Donn) Howell). Carbaryl, malathion, and Bacillus thuringiensis (insecticides) and DCPA, trifluralin, and nitrofen (herbicides) kill all sawfly larvae when applied directly to them and their food supply at field recommended rates. Chlorothalonil and maneb (fungicides) had little effect. Herbicides applied to soil with pupating sawflies had no effect on the pupae.
Diffusive Resistance Rates and Stomatal Aperture of Peach Seedlings as Affected by Aluminum Concentration1
Authors: Horton B. D. , Edwards J. H.
Published: September 2022

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 222, 666, 1333 or 2000 μM Al. Diffusive resistance (DR) increased as Al concentrations increased and were significantly higher at 2000 μM Al than at lower concentrations. Stomatal apertures were larger on seedlings grown in 666 μM than those in 222 or 1333, those of the check were smaller, and those in 2000 μM Al were the smallest. Root volume decreased as Al concentrations increased. Changes in DR appeared to be more closely related to root volume than to stomatal aperture or density.
Phosphorus and Boron Interaction on Growth of Strawberries1
Authors: Blatt C. R.
Published: September 2022

Three cultivars of strawberry (Frageria × ananassa Duch. cvs. Redcoat, Midway and K68-108) were grown in sand culture and supplied with 4 levels of Boron interacted with 3 levels of Phosphorous. Leaf B values of 2-5 ppm were associated with B deficiency symptoms in ‘Redcoat’ and K68-108. Maximum vegetative growth was obtained when leaf B ranged from 58-116 ppm for ‘Redcoat’ and K68-108 and from 14-33 ppm for ‘Midway’. Leaf P and B were increased when P and B levels in the nutrient treatments increased, however there were no significant leaf P-B interactions exhibited. Leaf Ca increased and leaf K decreased as each cultivar approached maximum growth. Leaf B values for ‘Redcoat’ and K68-108 that were associated with maximum growth were similar to those associated with maximum growth in rutabagas, sugarbeets, barley and several forages. ‘Midway’ was found to be very sensitive to B additions.
Non-equivalance of Left-handed and Right-handed Phyllotaxy in Tomato and Pepper1
Authors: Bible Bernard B.
Published: September 2022

Five cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in the season of 1973 and 3 cultivars of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in 1974 were classified into left-handed and right-handed plants respectively according to the clockwise and counterclockwise spiraling arrangement of their alternate leaves around and up the main stem. In 4 of 5 tomato and 2 of 3 pepper cultivars, total yield, in terms of both fruit weight and number of fruit was higher in right-handed than in left-handed plants. The results suggest that the regulation of foliar spirality can perhaps be used to advantage for increasing productivity of certain crop plants with alternate phyllotaxy.
Mechanical Muskmelon Harvesting1
Authors: Fairbanks Gustave E. , Hall Charles V.
Published: September 2022

Two pickling mechanisms are described to harvest fruit of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). A gravity picker finger mechanism proved only marginally successful. Replacing gravity picker fingers with the rim and side walls of split tires effectively harvested full and part-slip fruit
Protein and Total Amino Acid Content Before and After Cooking of Yams (Dioscorea sp.)1
Authors: Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

Tubers from 4 species of yams (Dioscorea alata L., D. esculenta Burkiil, D. rotundata Poir., and D. trifida L.) which ranged from 6.1 to 9.8% total amino acid content on a dry weight basis, were analyzed for total protein and protein-bound amino acids. Percent protein, as protein-bound amino acids, was 68 to 83% of that estimated from Kjeldahl N × 6.25. Total amino acids were 89 to 94% of the value obtained from Kjeldahl determinations. When yams were boiled, 25 to 59% of the non-protein amino acids were removed from the tubers. Kjeldahl N × 5.44 correlated well with the total amino acid content remaining after cooking.
‘Great Northern Star’ Dry Bean Tolerant to Bacterial Diseases1
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Schuster M. L.
Published: September 2022

The bacterial diseases of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), common blight and bacterial wilt, caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli (E. F. Smith) Dawson and Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Dows., have caused substantial bean yield losses (4). There is no satisfactory chemical control of these bacterial diseases. An objective of our breeding program was to develop an early maturing ‘Great Northern’ (GN) cultivar tolerant to the two bacterial diseases and comparable to the standard GN cultivars. This has been difficult to achieve because of unfavorable linkages, low heritability of the common blight reaction, and the number of genes involved (2). The recently released ‘Great Northern Star’ (‘GN STAR’) combines the desired traits and is described here.
The Mango in Florida
Authors: Malo Simón E.
Published: September 2022

South Florida is the repository of the largest diversity of mango germplasm in the Western Hemisphere and perhaps in the entire world. Hundreds of East Indian, Indochinese and tropical American accessions and their offspring have hybridized here to give entirely new forms which would have been thought impossible to attain in their areas of origin. Cultivars with such desirable commercial attributes as disease resistance, attractive fruit color, flesh firmness, and extended shelf life have been developed. The biennial and unreliable bearing behavior of the Old World mangos has been largely solved in the new cultivars. Indeed, annual mango yields can reach averages of 30 metric tons per hectare in the best orchards of the Homestead area. How has all this come about? What are the circumstances, institutions, and men responsible for this unique achievement?
“Maipure,” A New Spineless Group of Pineapple Cultivars1
Authors: Leal F. J. , Soule James
Published: September 2022

Adequate taxonomic or horticultural classifications of pineapple cultivars have not been devised. Hume and Miller’s groups as modified by Py and Tisseau form a good basis but do not emphasize the value of the totally spineless cultivars. Another group, “Maipure,” is proposed at this time.
Revised Guidelines for Reporting Studies in Controlled Environment Chambers1
Authors: _ _
Published: September 2022

The following revised guidelines3 are proposed for reporting research conducted in plant growth chambers. The precise regulation of environmental parameters attained in growth chambers has enabled investigators to study many plant processes with a precision and reproducibility hitherto unavailable. However, the environmental conditions employed in growth chamber studies often are not reported in detail sufficient to allow comparison of the results with similar experiments, or repetition of the studies in other laboratories.
Influence of Seed Characteristics on Snap Bean Growth and Yield Response1
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Williamson R. E.
Published: September 2022

Seed of snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Avalanche were separated into 3 length or 3 diameter groups and then each group separated into 3 classes based on aerodynamic properties. The grading procedure resulted in seed grades having large differences in physical characteristics, growth and yield responses. Yield response potential of snap bean was determined primarily by seed weight. A grading method utilizing size grading based on seed diameter followed by aspiration in a vertical air column was the most effective method of eliminating seed with low yield potential.
Hardcore in Sweet Potato Roots as Influenced by Cultivar, Curing, and Ethylene1
Authors: Buescher R. W.
Published: September 2022

Hardcore in sweet potato roots (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is induced by chilling and subsequent exposure to nonchilling temperatures prior to cooking. The defect is detected only after cooking and could adversely affect consumer acceptance and utilization. Of seven cultivars tested, ‘Red Jewel’ and ‘Jewel’ were the least susceptible to hardcore, while ‘Georgia Jet’ and ‘Jasper’ were the most susceptible. Cured roots were more susceptible than those freshly harvested in all cultivars except ‘Centennial’. Exposure to ethylene during the post-chilling induction period did not reduce the incidence of hardcore but significantly reduced its severity.
Simplified Methods for Inducing Micronutrient Deficiencies1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Bradford G. R.
Published: September 2022

The chelating agent ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) was used to remove Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn from stock solutions of macronutrient salts. Boron was removed from water with a column of B-specific resin. Characteristic symptoms of Fe, B, Mn, Mo, and Zn deficiencies developed rapidly in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in the solutions thus purified.
Effectiveness of 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin for Disbudding of Chrysanthemums Grown under Different Environmental Conditions1
Authors: Parups E. V.
Published: September 2022

Delayed development of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ramat, induced by relatively low temperature and light intensity affected timing, and concentrations of 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin used for chemical disbudding.
Chemical Growth Retardation of Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem.1
Authors: Lopes L. C. , Weiler T. C.
Published: September 2022

A single spray application of succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) at 2,500-15,000 ppm at pinch was effective in retarding growth of bleeding heart, reducing plant height 33 to 75%. A single spray or drench of (2-chlorethyl) trimethylammgrium chloride (chlormequat) had little retarding influence. Spray application of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) had little effect on plant height, but considerably increased the number of nodes and delayed flowering.
Potassium Distribution and Retention in Pine Bark and Sand Media1
Authors: Brown E. F. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: September 2022

Potassium concentration was highest in the upper 5 cm of medium after leaching with 10 cm H2O, lowest in the middle of the soil column (10 and 15 cm depths), and intermediate at the bottom of the column. Increasing concentrations of applied K (336, 671, and 1007 kg/ha) increased the K level in each medium tested, except 100% sand, and at each depth in the soil column. After leaching, media containing high percentages of sand (75 and 100%) had a lower K concentration at all applied K rates than media containing high percentages of bark (0 and 25% sand). Cation exchange capacity was greater in bark than sand and is probably the most important factor influencing the movement of K in pine bark and sand media.
Effect of Training Young Lemon Trees for Limb-shaker Mechanical Harvest on Yield and Tree Trunk Growth1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Ede L. L. , McCarty C. D.
Published: September 2022

Three year old lemon trees [C. limon (L.) Burm f.] were selectively pruned to form a 3- to 4-scaffold branch structure for limb shaker harvesting. Yield was reduced 16 kg per tree and trunk circumference 10 cm above the bud union was reduced 5.3 cm per tree over a 6-year period. Training was completed with minimal production loss.
The Response of Avocado Fruits to Different Storage Temperatures1
Authors: Zauberman G. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Yanko U.
Published: September 2022

The response of fruits of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) to various temperatures was found to differ in the range 0° to 25°C. This temperature range was divided into 3 groups: 1) between 10° and 25°, the fruit softened at a rate which increases with increasing temperature; 2) between 5° and 8°C, fruit softening was inhibited and the fruit softened only after transfer to a higher temperature; and 3) between 0° and 4° storage life without the occurrence of chilling injury was limited.
‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #9’ Corn1
Authors: Brewbaker James L.
Published: September 2022

‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #9’ is a high-sucrose vegetable corn cultivar bred for the tropics, based on the gene brittle-1. It is harvestable over a longer period than traditional sweet corns (sugary-1) and retains its quality much longer following harvest. It produces high yields on plants of a field corn appearance, with high lodging resistance, low ear position, and large seeds on well-covered ears.
‘Honeysweet’ Pear1
Authors: Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

‘Honeysweet’ is a new, high quality pear (Pyrus communis L.) with resistance to fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.
Acceleration of the Reproductive Cycle of the Cultivated Blackberry
Authors: Lundergan Catherine A. , Carlisi Jacqueline A.
Published: September 2022

Freshly harvested seeds of the cultivated blackberry (Rubus sp. cvs. Cherokee and Comanche) germinated without stratification when oxygenated in distilled water. Germination was not improved with the addition of 10−5m gibberellic acid (GA) or 10−7m benzylamino purine (BA). Some field-grown plants bloomed the following spring.
Forcing Dormant, Isolated Buds of Blackcurrant
Authors: Wainwright H. , Price D. J.
Published: September 2022

The identification of dormant buds of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Wellington XXX) as floral or vegetative was attempted by forcing single buds to grow. The influence on forcing of time of year, hormone treatment, and position of buds on the shoots were investigated. Buds grew out more in February than November; gibberellic acid (GA) promoted bud growth in November, while 6-benzylamino purine (BA) at 50 ppm inhibited bud development. Buds that originated from the proximal part of the shoot grew out more than the distal ones.
Bermudagrass Control in Woody Ornamentals with Postemergence-applied Herbicides
Authors: Gilliam Charles H. , Crockett James S. , Pounders Cecil
Published: September 2022

Postemergence applications of 1.1 and 0.6 kg/ha of sethoxydim (2-[l-ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-l-one) and fluazifop-butyl (butyl 2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-phenoxy]propionate), respectively, resulted in 90% control of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) when applied directly over field-grown ornamentals. Comparable control was achieved by either single application or 2, half-rate, split applications. Of the 12 species tested, only ‘Hexe’ azalea was damaged by applications of fluazifop-butyl to a degree that the plants were unsaleable. All other species exhibited tolerance to both sethoxydim and fluazifop-butyl at the rates required to achieve grass control.
Influence of Controlled-release Fertilizers, Storage Duration, and Light Source on Postharvest Quality of Poinsettia
Authors: Scott Lelia F. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A.
Published: September 2022

Plant width and bract color were greater after the production period for ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’ and ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) when fertilized with Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K than Osmocote 18N-2.6P-10K. Plant height, width, bract color, foliar color, and plant quality increased as fertilizer rates increased from 3 to 9 g/pot. Plants fertilized with 14N-6.1P-11.6K had the least bract loss, greater fresh weight, and the best plant quality after the 30-day postharvest period. Poinsettias fertilized with the lowest rate of 3 g/pot and held for the shortest storage duration had the least leaf, bract, and cyathium loss and highest fresh weight and plant quality. Plants illuminated with the incandescent (INC) light source had the lowest leaf loss and highest fresh weight when compared to cool-white fluorescent (CWF).
‘Silver Cloud’ Cenizo
Authors: Simpson Benny J. , McWilliams E. L.
Published: September 2022

Violet silverleaf (Leucophyllum candidum I.M. Johnst.) is found in Mexico (1) but is native in Texas only in southern Brewster County in the Trans-Pecos (1, 9, 10, 11) where it usually is found growing on gravely hills. It has an affinity to soils of limestone origin and is prevalent especially on caliche hillsides.
‘Oregon Trail’ Green Bean
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. , Varseveld G. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Oregon Trail’ combines ‘Blue Lake’ flavor, color, and texture in a large pod borne on a bush plant. It differs from other bush green bean cultivars (1–5) recently released by Oregon State University in its longer pod and slightly less concentrated bearing habit. ‘Oregon Trail’ is recommended primarily for home gardens but may be useful also for processing or fresh market where large sieve pods are acceptable.
Hail-protection Screens
Authors: Herrera Esteban
Published: September 2022

Apples are an important fruit crop in the high mountains of Mexico. The 4 major apple-producing areas are Cuahutemoc-Guerrero and Nuevo Casas Grandes in the state of Chihuahua, Canatlan in Durango, and Arteaga in Coahuila (Fig. 1). Chihuahua has about 26,000 ha of apple trees, Durango about 13,000 ha, and Coahuila about 8600 ha. At least 60% of the trees are bearing and the 1982 yields (20-kg boxes) were around 12 million, 3.5 million, and 1 million boxes in Chihuahua, Durango, and Coahuila, respectively. ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ are the main cultivars.
Comparison of J-14 Hydraulic Press with the Scholander Pressure Bomb for Measuring Leaf Water Potential
Authors: Markhart Albert H. , Smit-Spinks Barbara
Published: September 2022

Measurements of leaf water potential for 5 plant species were made with the J-14 leaf press and a Scholander-type pressure bomb. Although a significant linear relationship was found between the readings from both instruments, the variability in the J-14 readings at a particular pressure bomb value prevents reliable predictions of the pressure bomb valve from the J-14 measurements.
Terrazole Suppression of Denitrification
Authors: Mills Harry A. , McElhannon William S.
Published: September 2022

In a laboratory incubation study with soil inoculum, terrazole [5-ethoxy-3(trichloromethyl)1,2,4 thiadiazole] at 0.02 to 200 ppm in liquid culture suppressed N2 and N2O evolution and increased NO3-N retention. A Cecil clay soil, treated with terrazole at concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 ppm, retained more NO3-N than the control in a greenhouse study.
In Vitro Somatic Embryogenesis from Callus of Jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora
Authors: Litz Richard E.
Published: September 2022

Callus was induced from adventitious embryos of nucellar origin in cultured ovules from immature fruits of the jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora D.C. Berg.; Myrtaceae) a woody, perennial, tropical fruit tree with naturally occurring nucellar poly embryony. Optimum culture conditions for callus induction consisted of Murashige and Skoog medium that had been modified accordingly: half-strength major salts plus (per liter) 60 g sucrose, 400 mg glutamine, 100 mg ascorbic acid, and 2 mg 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Two months after culturing, a loose callus was induced from the hypocotyls of adventitious embryos from which limited somatic embryogenesis and occasionally organogenesis occurred. Following the subculture of this callus onto solid or liquid medium without 2,4-D, somatic embryogenesis occurred from the callus although this occurred more efficiently and rapidly in liquid medium. Mature embryos germinated normally on hormone-free medium or on medium containing coconut water.
Liquid Nitrogen Storage of Pollen from Five Cultivated Prunus Species
Authors: Parfitt Dan E. , Almehdi Ali A.
Published: September 2022

In vitro germination of pollen from almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch), peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch], apricot (P. armeniaca L.), plum (P. salicina Lindl.), and sweet cherry (P. avium L.) after freezing in liquid nitrogen was similar to unfrozen pollen. In vivo germination of frozen pollen was confirmed with apricot and cherry.
Water Requirements of Peach as Recorded by Weighing Lysimeters
Authors: Worthington Josiah W. , McFarland Marshall J. , Rodrigue Paul
Published: September 2022

Evapotranspiration of two 5-year-old mature trees of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was measured in weighing lysimeters. Diurnal water use patterns were conventional. Trees used an average of 136, 114, 96, and 61 liters per day in July, August, September, and October respectively, with an overall daily average of 102 liters. The crop coefficient based on class A pan evaporation declined from 0.98 in early July to 0.40 just before leaf fall and averaged 0.71 for the season. Class A pan evaporation correlated well with evapotranspiration on a weekly average but poorly on a daily basis.
The Quality of Early-season Table Grapes Fumigated with Methyl Bromide and Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Phillips Douglas J. , Austin Rodney K. , Fouse David C. , Margosan Dennis A.
Published: September 2022

Early-season ‘Perlette’, ‘Cardinal’, ‘Flame Seedless’, and ‘Thompson Seedless’ table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were fumigated at 21°C with methyl bromide (MB) at 32 g m−3 for 3.5 hours, SO2 (0.5% for 0.5 hours), or the 2 fumigants in sequence. Quality evaluations were made following holding at 2.5° for 6 days and again after an additional 2 days at 21°. SO2 fumigation reduced the percentage of rotten berries and the combination of SO2 and MB reduced the amount of bunch rot (Rhizopus rot). SO2 slightly bleached the color of the dark-pigmented grapes. Bromine residues in MB-fumigated and untreated grapes averaged 10.8 and 1.4 ppm, respectively.
Late Pruning, Twig Orientation, and Flower Bud Formation in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

Removing the terminal 10 cm from shoots of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants on 27 Oct. induced flower buds below the cut, even though no new vegetative growth occurred. The average number of new flower buds formed per twig ranged from 1.3 for ‘Delite’ to 6.1 for ‘Climax’ with an average of 3.0 for the clones tested. Unpruned twigs of the same clones averaged only 0.5 new flower buds on comparable twig sections. Tying unpruned twigs to a horizontal position during the period of flower bud formation had no effect on number or location of flower buds on the twigs.
Estimating Seed Numbers and Weights in Mixed Samples
Authors: Bowen P. A. , Eaton G. W.
Published: September 2022

Equations are provided which determine the numbers or weights of the different seed types in pure or mixed samples. Detailed procedures are described for estimating the number of seeds of 2 different sizes in samples of blueberry seeds by using a leaf area meter. A seed extraction technique was developed which avoided loss and damage of seeds.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Skirvin Robert M.
Published: September 2022

There has been an historic interest in blackberries (Rubus spp.) among small fruit researchers; however, the number of research reports written on blackberries during the past 50 years has been relatively low. This workshop on blackberries was developed to fill a 50-year literature gap which became evident following a thorough search of the literature. Its genesis began when I was assigned to develop and teach a course in small fruits and viticulture at the Univ. of Illinois in Fall 1981. I wrote to many individuals to obtain up-to-date reprints, handouts, and bulletins on the various small fruit for my class. A large number of references on strawberries, grape, and blueberries was found, but there were very few recent publications on blackberries. Specific technical information on particular aspects of blackberry breeding and culture was found, but these articles often were not suitable for teaching purposes. Many papers on blackberries were published in the 1920s and 1930s. Recent information was scarce. I spoke with several small fruit specialists across the United States and discussed this problem with them. Eventually we agreed that the topic of blackberry production, breeding, propagation, and diseases should be examined in light of new information. This workshop was designed on the basis of these discussions.
Blackberry Products and Production Regions
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Heilman E. W.
Published: September 2022

Blackberry (Rubus sp.) fruit can be enjoyed fresh or as one of many processed products. Blackberry preserves, jam, and jelly long have been favorites in this country. Fresh blackberries generally are soft, highly perishable fruit; hence, most processing for commercial production is quick, in plants located near major production areas. Commercial blackberry production is centered in regions where native or introduced Rubus species flourish. Production trends in these regions will be described, followed by a discussion of blackberry products.
Method for Extraction and Quantitation of Chloroplast Pigments in Fruits and Other Organs by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: McMahon Robert W. , Gladon Richard J.
Published: September 2022

Methods of chloroplast pigment extraction and sample preparation previously established for leaves do not apply for fruits and other organs of several horticultural crops. Methods presented in this report overcome these difficulties, and results presented show this procedure can be used for several diverse horticultural crops. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) run time of 25 minutes in the isocratic mode gave baseline separation of chlorophyll a (chl a), chlorophyll b (chl b), and β-carotene while neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein eluted as partially resolved peaks. A run time of 48 minutes in the linear gradient mode gives baseline separation of all 6 major chloroplast pigments.
Evaluation of Oxyfluorfen Formulations in Container Nursery Crops
Authors: Weller S. C. , Masiunas J. B. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: September 2022

Three formulations of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene], 25% wettable powder (WP), 1% granular (G), 0.24 kg liter-1 emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and 2% G oxadiazon [2-tertbutyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] were compared for weed control and their effects on growth of Cotoneaster apiculatus Rehd. & E.H. Wils., Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. ‘Colorata’, and Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Glenmore’. Both herbicides provided acceptable weed control at recommended rates. The EC formulation of oxyfluorfen provided the best weed control, but injury to euonymus and juniper was also most severe with the EC, while injury to cotoneaster was most severe with the EC and G.
Influence of Two Commercial Agars on In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of ‘Almey’ Crabapple and ‘Seckel’ Pear
Authors: Singha Suman
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips of ‘Almey’ crabapple [Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. × M. pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Schneid.] and ‘Seckel’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). The culture medium contained either TC agar or Bacto-agar at concentrations ranging from 0% to 1.2%. Optimum shoot proliferation in ‘Almey’ was obtained on media containing 0.3% of either agar. Increasing agar levels reduced shoot proliferation and shoot growth, but the reduction was especially severe with Bacto-agar. The differences in shoot proliferation between the 0.3% and 0.6% agar concentrations continued to be exhibited with Bacto-agar but not with TC agar when Mason jars, rather than 25 × 150-mm tubes, were the culture vessels. Shoot proliferation in ‘Seckel’ was best on medium containing 0.6% Bacto-agar; higher concentrations decreased shoot proliferation and shoot growth. TC agar did not influence fresh weight of ‘Seckel’ cultures, but increasing concentrations resulted in increased shoot proliferation.
Selfed and Crossed Proportions of Avocado Progenies Produced by Caged Pairs of Complementary Cultivars
Authors: Degani Chemda , Gazit Shmuel
Published: September 2022

Using a malate dehydrogenase isozyme system, it was possible to identify the pollen donor parent in progenies of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) obtained by enclosing 2 cultivars of complementary flower type in a screenhouse with a beehive. The observed percentage of cross-pollination ranged from 7% to 92%. Isozymes are demonstrated to be a practical way of identifying hybrids.
Germination and Crop Development of Hot Pepper After Seed Priming
Authors: Rivas M. , Sundstrom F. J. , Edwards R. L.
Published: September 2022

Priming seed of ‘Jalapeno M’ jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and ‘McIlhenny Select’ tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in 3% KNO3 for 144 hours and –4 bar polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) for 120 hours enhanced germination rates, tested at 5° to 35°C. Seed priming stimulated jalapeno germination at 5°, but had no effect on tabasco when temperatures were less than 15°. Surface drying seed following priming retarded germination rate of both peppers over all temperatures as compared to primed seed not surface dried. Primed pepper seed performance in media under suboptimal temperatures (10° and 15°) was significantly less than that observed on filter paper. In the greenhouse, KNO3-primed jalapeno seed had significantly earlier germination and accelerated vegetative seedling development. Priming in PEG appeared to retard jalapeno vegetative seedling development.
Response of Ilex ×meserveae ‘Blue Princess’ to Hand Shearing and Three Growth Retardants
Authors: Borden Pamela , Campbell R. W.
Published: September 2022

The growth retardants 2,3:4,6-bis-O (1-methylethylidene)-O (-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid) (dikegulac), α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenol)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol), α-(l-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidine methanol (flurprimidol) and hand shearing were tested for their effectiveness in reducing total shoot elongation and increasing lateral branch of container-grown Ilex ×meserveae S.Y. Hu cv. Blue Princess. Greatest shoot reduction (44% over a period of 9 months) was achieved by 1.5 and 3.0 mg/pot flurprimidol soil drench treatments. Ancymidol sprays and drenches were less effective, with the maximum reduction (29%, at 5 months) due to 3.0 mg/pot drench. A single spray application of 0.39% dikegulac resulted in the largest increase in lateral branching: 200% over untreated plants and 100% over hand-sheared plants. All dikegulac-treated plants exhibited varying symptoms of phytotoxicity that increased with rate and number of applications.
‘TAMU Denman’ Peach
Authors: Worthington J. W. , Newman James S. , Lasswell James
Published: September 2022

‘TAMU Denman’ is a new cultivar of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station for home and commercial orchards in north and central Texas. ‘TAMU Denman’ is a consistently high-yielding, late-blooming cultivar with heavy bud set. These characteristics facilitate commercial production during years when late freezes reduce production from other varieties. It is named for T.E. Denman, Horticulturist at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Stephenville for 31 years.
‘USAJI 5’ Cayenne Pepper
Authors: Cook A. A.
Published: September 2022

‘USAJI 5’, a cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), is resistant to tobacco etch (TEV) and potato Y (PYV) viruses and produces medium length, smooth, tapering, pungent fruit. The piquant flavor and bright red color of straight to slightly curved fruit combined with virus resistances make the cultivar unique.
‘Snow Bunting’, ‘Teal’, ‘Purple Martin’, ‘Rosy-finch’, and ‘Tanager’ Cape Primroses
Authors: Hopka Christian , Beck G. E.
Published: September 2022

Five selections of cape primroses (Streptocarpus Xhybridus Voss.) were developed for the commercial greenhouse industry as flowering potted plants and approved for release in April 1983. The new cultivars exhibit compact, vigorous growth, improved heat tolerance, and abundant flower production. The flower colors, shapes, and patterns offer novel combinations not previously available.
Approaches to More Efficient Vineyard Management
Authors: Morris Justin R.
Published: September 2022

Grapevines are not free standing and therefore must be provided with a support system to produce an economically commercial crop. Grapes traditionally have been trained and modified to provide a support system for production, but these systems have not necessarily been well-suited to mechanization. Currently, there is a major research effort throughout the world to modify grapevines so that viticultural practices can be economically mechanized while maintaining or improving yield and quality.
Cultural Modifications for Improving Mechanical Harvesting of Red Raspberries and Blackberries
Authors: Martin Lloyd W.
Published: September 2022

Mechanical harvesting of raspberries and blackberries is accepted practice in the Pacific Northwest (14). Commercial development of mechanical harvesters began in the 1950s when the Weygandt machine was introduced to harvest black raspberries in Oregon (22). Subsequent research in Arkansas and Oregon contributed to the development of mechanization (2, 11), and blackberries and later red raspberries were successfully harvested with machines in the 1960s (5). Progress in cane and bush berry harvesting was reported by Nelson and Booster (17) in 1969, by Martin and Lawrence (13) in 1976, and was reviewed by Booster (4) in 1983.
Techniques for Measuring Plant Water
Authors: Art Spomer L.
Published: September 2022

The importance of water to plant growth is well-recognized (13, 35, 37, 48, 49, 50, 58, 63, 80, 97, 130, 141, 143, 160) and has been studied for over 300 years (62, 106). Despite this long history, relatively little is known about the specific water requirement for most horticultural crops. Water requirement is the minimum amount of water required to provide optimal yield. The amount required is determined by the type of yield, the critical limits of deficiency relative to yield, the limits of tolerable yield reduction, the size and permeability of the plant’s evaporative surface, the plant’s growth stage, and the environmental factors affecting growth and transpiration. Actual water requirement therefore is defined by a combination of human motivations, plant physiological responses, and physical environmental factors.
Propagation of Abies fraseri by Semidormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings
Authors: Wise Farrell C. , Blazich Frank A. , Hinesley L. Eric
Published: September 2022

Dormant hardwood stem cuttings of Fraser Fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] were severed from upper and lower tree crowns and artificially chilled at 4°C for 0, 4, or 8 weeks to achieve a partial break in rest. Following chilling, the resulting semi-dormant cuttings were treated with 0, 1500, 3000, or 4500 ppm IBA, and rooted for 135 days using a heated medium in a cool greenhouse. Rooted cuttings were evaluated, potted, and rechilled for 11, 7, or 3 weeks so that all cuttings were chilled a total of 11 weeks. Vegetative growth then was evaluated after a 12-week growing period. Cuttings initially chilled 4 weeks rooted in highest percentages, regardless of crown position, and exhibited little or no bud activity. Subsequent expansion of terminal and subterminal buds was greatest for cuttings initially chilled 0 or 4 weeks. Superior overall responses were achieved with upper-crown cuttings chilled 4 weeks and then treated with 4500 ppm IBA, or lower-crown cuttings dipped in 3000 ppm IBA after 4 weeks of chilling. The separation of rooting and budbreak apparently produced rooted cuttings comparable in size to 2-year-old plants grown from traditional hardwood cuttings. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).