bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Smokers in primary health care motivated to change?
Authors: Hoch Eva , Höfler Michael , Sonntag Holger , Franke Annett , Mühlig Stephan , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Sind Raucher in der primärärztlichen Versorgung veränderungsmotiviert?

Ziel:

Erfassung der Veränderungsbereitschaft aus der Sicht von Patienten und Ärzten in der primärärztlichen Versorgung;

Verknüpfung dieser Daten mit soziodemografischen und klinischen Variablen.

 Methodik: Die Daten wurden in einer repräsentativen zweistufigen epidemiologischen Stichtagserhebung gewonnen (Stufe I: Charakterisierung von 889 Hausärzten; Stufe II: Stichtagserhebung bei 7.418 aktuellen Rauchern aus einer Stichprobe von 28.707 Patienten von 889 Hausärzten mittels eines Patientenfragebogens und einer Beurteilung durch den Arzt).

 Ergebnisse: 64 % der aktuellen Raucher befanden sich im Stadium der Absichtslosigkeit, 28 % im Stadium der Absichtsbildung, 7 % im Stadium der Vorbereitung. Die Ärzte beurteilten 11 % der Raucher als veränderungsbereit, 80 % davon befanden sich jedoch nicht im Stadium der Vorbereitung.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Eine Ausweitung des methodischen und konzeptuellen Rahmens ist notwendig, um die Diskrepanzen zwischen den Patienten- und Ärzteratings hinsichtlich Veränderungsmotivation und Assoziationsmustern mit biosozialen Variablen zu erklären.
Juristische Grundlagen der Unterbringung alkohol- und drogenabhängiger Straftäter in Entziehungsanstalten nach § 64 StGB
Authors: Weimer Joachim
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Das deutsche Strafrecht verbindet mit der Unterbringung suchtkranker Rechtsbrecher in Entziehungsanstalten sowohl repressive Strafziele wie auch das präventive Bemühen, künftige Straftaten zu verhindern. Zahlreiche Probleme mit der Handhabung des § 64 StGB haben seit 1990 zu zahlreichen richterlichen Entscheidungen geführt, die zusammengefasst werden sollen.

 Methodik: Nach einem Abriss der geschichtlichen Entwicklung werden anhand der neueren Rechtsprechung die Regeln und Prinzipien des Maßregelrechts, das Gerichtsverfahren, die Voraussetzungen in Bezug auf das Suchtverhalten und die Bedeutung der Prognosegutachten zusammengefasst.

 Ergebnisse: In den letzten Jahren wurden von der Rechtsprechung zahlreiche Fragen geklärt: Die Voraussetzungen für eine Unterbringung in einer Entziehungsanstalt, die angestrebten Ziele, Durchführung und Beendigung der Maßnahme. Große Bedeutung kommt den Prognosegutachten zu, die vor einer Unterbringung bzw. Ablehnung oder ihrer Beendigung von meist psychiatrischen Sachverständigen zu erstellen sind. Für diese Gutachten fehlen bislang Mindeststandards hinsichtlich der methodischen und inhaltlichen Ausgestaltung.
Abhängigkeitspotenzial der GABA-A-Rezeptor-agonistischen Nicht-Benzodiazepin-Hypnotika
Authors: Lange Kirsten , Wodarz Norbert , Hajak Göran
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Um typische Charakteristika einer Abhängigkeit von GABA-A-Rezeptor-agonistischen Nichtbenzodiazepin-Hypnotika zu erfassen, wurde die Literatur nach Fallberichten durchsucht, die von einer Abhängigkeitsentwicklung unter Anwendung dieser Substanzen berichten.

 Methodik: Es erfolgte eine Medline-Recherche bis Juni 2006. Um relevante Publikationen zu identifizieren, wurden die Termini zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon und eszopiclone mit den Termini abuse, addiction, dependence, intoxication und withdrawal kombiniert.

 Ergebnisse: Seit 2002 wurden 35 Abhängigkeitsfälle für Zolpidem und 11 für Zopiclon identifiziert, davon 24 Zolpidem- und 8 Zopiclonfälle bei Patienten mit Suchtvorgeschichte.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Indikation für die Verabreichung der Substanzen an Patienten mit Suchtvorgeschichte ist eng zu stellen.
Typisch »Kiffer«? Stereotype und Personenwahrnehmung
Authors: Soellner Renate , Gabriel Ute
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Gibt es ein Cannabisstereotyp, das sich auf die leistungsbezogenen Erwartungen von Lehrern auswirkt?

 Methodik: 285 Probanden beurteilten in einem länderübergreifenden Experiment einen 16-Jährigen anhand verschiedener Aussagen zum schulspezifischen Verhalten. Der Junge wurde zusätzlich entweder als gelegentlicher Cannabiskonsument oder als »Schwarzfahrer« beschrieben.

 Ergebnisse: In der Bedingung des gelegentlichen Cannabiskonsumenten wurde der Schüler als weniger leistungsbereit, weniger leistungsfähig und weniger kooperationsbereit eingestuft.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Gleichwohl empirische Belege eines amotivationalen Syndroms fehlen, hält sich das Bild des antriebslosen »Kiffers« und beeinflusst die Erwartungen von Lehrern.
Die disziplinarische Beendigung einer ambulanten Methadon-Substitution: Die Praxis der Methadonambulanz Bochum als Beispiel des Qualitätsmanagements
Authors: Elsner Heinrich
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Wenn eine ambulante Substitutionsbehandlung nicht mehr fortgeführt werden kann aus »disziplinarischen« Gründen, wird sie auf der Basis eines medizinischen Qualitätsmanagements, also lege artis, beendigt werden müssen. Die Anforderungen an dieses Vorgehen sind in den Richtlinien der Bundesärztekammer deutlich formuliert: Die Betroffenen müssen die
Chance eines »geordneten Entzugs« bekommen. Aus diesen beiden Bedingungen folgt, dass für die »disziplinarische Beendigung« die notwendigen Therapie-Schemata vorgehalten werden müssen.

 Methodik, Ergebnisse, Schlussfolgerungen: Der folgende Artikel sichtet vorhandene Literatur, stellt das disziplinarische Abdosierungsschema der Methadon-Ambulanz Bochum vor, und will zur offenen Diskussion dieses »heiklen« Themas auffordern.
2 Jahre ambulanter Kurzzeit-Entzug von Heroin: Beobachtungen zum outcome
Authors: Elsner Heinrich
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Die Methadonambulanz der Krisenhilfe e. V. Bochum führt seit dem Frühjahr 2006 als Regelversorgung einen ambulanten Kurzzeitentzug bei Heroinabhängigkeit durch. Der ambulante Kurzzeitentzug ist indiziert bei einem (monovalenten) Heroinkonsum, jedoch nicht bei einer Polytoxikomanie/
Mehrfachabhängigkeit.

 Methodik, Erfahrungen, Schlussfolgerungen: In den ersten zwei Jahren (Stand 29.02.08) wurden 52 Patienten* behandelt, 39 Männer und 13 Frauen. Im Rahmen einer klinischen Anwendungsbeobachtung wurden retrospektiv die Daten zum outcome vom ambulanten Kurzzeitentzug der 52 Patienten erhoben: Ca. 36 % der Männer schlossen die Behandlung mit einer Abstinenzzeit von über einer Woche ab, während dies ca. 46 % der Frauen gelang. Der Aufsatz weist auch auf weitere Einsatzgebiete der Methode hin, z. B. auf den ambulanten Tilidin-Entzug.
 *Aus Gründen der leichteren Lesbarkeit wird im folgenden Text auf eine geschlechtsspezifische Differenzierung, wie z. B. PatientInnen, verzichtet. Entsprechende Begriffe gelten im Sinne der Gleichbehandlung für beide Geschlechter.
Factors associated with age of untreated recovery from alcohol dependence
Authors: Bischof Gallus , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen , Meyer Christian , Hapke Ulfert , John Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Einflussfaktoren von Ausstiegsprozessen ohne formelle Hilfen bei Alkoholabhängigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Remissionsalter

Fragestellung: Weisen ohne formelle Hilfe remittierte Alkoholabhängige in Abhängigkeit vom Remissionsalter ein unterschiedliches Bedingungsgefüge von Ausstiegsprozessen auf?

 Methode: 178 durch Presseaufrufe rekrutierte ohne formelle Hilfe remittierte Alkoholabhängige wurden nach ihrem Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Remission unterschieden in Junge Remittierer (YR, n=55) und Späte Remittierer (LR, n=123) hinsichtlich auslösender und aufrechterhaltender Faktoren der Remission miteinander verglichen.

 Ergebnisse: YR wiesen gegenüber LR eine kürzere Abhängigkeitsdauer und eine längere Abstinenzdauer, eine höhere Problemschwere, geringere Ressourcen, sowie ausgeprägtere Coping-Anstrengungen auf.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Ohne formelle Hilfe remittierte Alkoholabhängige unterscheiden sich in Abhängigkeit vom Alter zum Remissionszeitpunkt hinsichtlich auslösender und aufrechterhaltender Bedingungen der Remission.
Phenomenology of deep slow earthquake family in southwest Japan: Spatiotemporal characteristics and segmentation
Authors: Obara Kazushige
Published: August 2010

The phenomenology of deep slow earthquakes, including low‐frequency tremors, very low frequency earthquakes, and short‐term slow slip events, on the subducting plate interface in southwest Japan is investigated on the basis of their spatiotemporal characteristics. The belt‐like distribution of tremors is divided into segments bounded by gaps. The repetition of tremor episode depends on the magnitude of the episode, which is defined by the number of detected tremors within each episode. Major tremor episodes with a large number of detected tremors recur at an interval of approximately 6 months, accompanying the short‐term slow slip events in large segments. In small segments, tremor episodes with small numbers of tremors have recurrence intervals of a few months. Some of them occasionally accompany the slight ground tilting caused by a small‐size slow slip event. Even in the same segment, there exist different recurrence intervals according to the magnitude of the tremor episode. The migration pattern varies greatly in initiation, termination, direction, and speed; however, the migration direction has a general tendency for each segment. On both sides of the gap, the tremor starts next to the gap and propagates to the other side. Assuming all tremor episodes are caused by slow slip events, the equivalent moment and slip are estimated from the number of detected tremor counts and the area of each tremor episode. The equivalent slip history estimated from all tremor episodes is almost constant in each segment. This indicates that tremor activity is a good proxy for slow slips.
Photometric observations of 630.0‐nm OI and 427.8‐nm N2+ emission from South Pole and McMurdo Stations during winter: Analysis of temporal variations spanning minutes to hourly timescales
Authors: Gerrard Andrew J. , Detrick Daniel , Mende Stephen B. , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Weatherwax Allan T. , Bhattacharya Yajnavalkya
Published: August 2010

Time series analysis of zenith‐viewing, wide field‐of‐view photometer measurements of thermospheric OI 630.0‐nm and N2+ 427.8‐nm emissions taken simultaneously from South Pole station (90°S geographic) and from McMurdo station (78°S geographic) during the austral winter months of 2003, 2004, and 2005 are presented. The high sampling rate and continuous, extended duration of measurements at both locations allow for the analysis of phenomena with periods spanning the order of minutes to hours. It is shown that high frequency variations (i.e., with periods of order 1 and 10 min) are often observed at both sites which may be, as supported by colocated magnetometer instrumentation, related to periodic injection of plasma associated with magnetospheric pulsations or their generating processes. We also show that oscillations with periods on the order of 1 h are evident in the power spectrum from both South Pole and McMurdo at both altitudes and emissions and are highly variable. The observations of 12‐, 8‐, 6‐, 4.8‐, and 4‐h oscillations are believed to be due to daily sampling of the auroral zone emissions along with potential moonlight contamination. Other observed periods with order 1 h require further study but are likely due to auroral poleward boundary intensifications. The approach presented herein serves as a means to quickly identify time periods of geophysical activity which will be useful in a future analysis of a much greater, extended climatology of the various spectral features, e.g., a 2 decade survey of poleward moving auroral form events currently in progress. The results herein also assist in providing context to the analysis of synoptic space weather events with photometers and provide support for recently reported auroral intensity variations in the Pc5 band.
An empirically derived emission algorithm for wind‐blown dust
Authors: Draxler Roland R. , Ginoux Paul , Stein Ariel F.
Published: August 2010

A wind‐blown dust emission algorithm was developed by matching the frequency of high–aerosol optical depth (AOD) events derived from the MODIS Deep Blue algorithm with the frequency of friction velocities derived from National Centers for Environmental Prediction's North American Mesoscale model. The threshold friction velocity is defined as the velocity that has the same frequency of as the 0.75 AOD. The AODs are converted to an emission flux that is used to compute the linear regression slope of the flux to the friction velocity. The slope represents the potential of a particular land surface to produce airborne dust and, in combination with the friction velocity, is used as a predictor for wind‐blown dust emissions. Calculations for a test period of June and July 2007 showed the model prediction to capture the major measured plume events in timing and magnitude, although peak events tended to be overpredicted and many of the near‐background level ambient concentrations were underpredicted. Most of the airborne dust loadings are attributed to locations with relatively low threshold friction velocities (<45 cm s−1), although these locations only composed of 9% of the total number of source locations. There was some evidence that the duration of wind‐blown dust plume events was comparable to the 3 day sampling frequency of the IMPROVE monitoring network. Higher temporal frequency AIRNow observations at Phoenix showed a surprisingly good fit with the magnitude of the model‐predicted peak concentrations.
A meteorological overview of the TC4 mission
Authors: Pfister L. , Selkirk H. B. , Starr D. O. , Rosenlof K. , Newman P. A.
Published: August 2010

The TC4 mission in Central America during summer 2007 examined convective transport into the tropical UTLS and the evolution of cirrus clouds. The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) circulation is dominated by the Asian monsoon anticyclone and westward winds that stretch from the western Pacific into the Atlantic. During TC4, TTL westward flow over Central America was stronger than normal. Incidence of cold clouds over the Central American region was the third lowest out of 34 years sampled. The major factor was an incipient La Nina, specifically anomalously cold temperatures off the Pacific Coast of South America. Weakness in the low level Caribbean jet caused a shift in the coldest clouds from the Caribbean to the Pacific side of Central America. The character of tropopause temperature variability was that of upward propagating waves generated by local and nonlocal convection. These waves produced tropopause temperature variations of 3 K, with peak‐to‐peak variations of 8 K. At low levels in Central America, flow from the Sahara desert predominated; further south, the air came from the Amazon region. Convectively influenced air in the upper troposphere came from Central America, the northern Amazon region, the Atlantic ITCZ, and the North American monsoon. In the TTL, Asian and African convection affected the observed air masses. North of 10N in the Central American TTL, African and Asian convection may have contributed as much to the air masses as Central and South American convection. South of 8N, Asian and African convection had far less impact.
Development of a coupled soil erosion and large‐scale hydrology modeling system
Authors: Mao Dazhi , Cherkauer Keith A. , Flanagan Dennis C.
Published: August 2010

Soil erosion models are usually limited in their application to the field scale; however, the management of land resources requires information at the regional scale. Large‐scale physically based land surface schemes (LSS) provide estimates of regional scale hydrologic processes that contribute to erosion. If scaling issues are adequately addressed, coupling an LSS to a physically based erosion model can provide a tool to study the regional impact of soil erosion. A coupling scheme was developed using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to produce hydrologic inputs for the stand‐alone Water Erosion Prediction Project‐Hillslope Erosion (WEPP‐HE) program, accounting for both temporal and spatial scaling issues. Precipitation events were disaggregated from daily to hourly and used with the VIC model to generate hydrologic fluxes. Slope profiles were downscaled from 30 arc second to 30 m hillslopes. Additionally, soil texture and erodibility were adjusted with simplified assumptions based on the full WEPP model. Soil erosion at the large scale was represented on a VIC model grid cell basis by applying WEPP‐HE to subsamples of 30 m hillslopes. On an average annual basis, results showed that the coupled model was comparable with full WEPP model predictions. On an event basis, the coupled model system captured more small erosion events, with erodibility adjustments of the same magnitude as from the full WEPP model simulations. Differences in results can be attributed to discrepancies in hydrologic data calculations and simplified assumptions in vegetation and soil erodibility. Overall, the coupled model demonstrated the feasibility of erosion prediction for large river basins.
Ab initio investigation of high‐pressure phase relation and elasticity in the NaAlSi2O6 system
Authors: Kawai Kenji , Tsuchiya Taku
Published: September 2010

Subducted crusts contain aluminous phases with incompatible elements such as sodium. In order to understand the fate of subducted crusts and how they recycle within the Earth, it is important to investigate high‐pressure stability and elastic properties of host phases. Here we have studied NaAlSi2O6 jadeite, a NaAlSiO4 calcium ferrite (CF)‐type phase, and SiO2 stishovite by means of a first principles computation method. Jadeite was found to dissociate into an assemblage of the CF‐type phase and stishovite at about 18 GPa, associated with remarkable increases of compressional wave (18.7%), shear wave (26.4%), bulk sound (13.3%) velocities, and density (15.1%). Proximity of this transition condition to the 660 km discontinuity in the mantle transition zone suggests that seismically observed splitting of the reflection could be related to this phase transition, implying subduction of crustal materials down to the mantle transition zone.
Snow scattering signals in ground‐based passive microwave radiometer measurements
Authors: Kneifel Stefan , Löhnert U. , Battaglia A. , Crewell S. , Siebler D.
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates the influence of snow microphysical parameters on the enhancement of ground‐based passive microwave brightness temperature (TB) measurements. In addition to multispectral passive microwave observations between 20 and 150 GHz, a 35 GHz cloud radar and a 2‐D video disdrometer for in situ measurements of snowfall were deployed as part of the “towards an optimal estimation‐based snowfall characterization algorithm” campaign in the winter season of 2008–2009 at an Alpine environment located at 2650 m mean sea level. These observations are combined with nearby radiosonde ascents and surface standard meteorological measurements to reconstruct the atmospheric state (i.e., fields of temperature, humidity, snow, and liquid water contents) and are subsequently used as input for a microwave radiative transfer (RT) model. We investigate the sensitivity of the missing information about snow shape and snow particle size distribution (SSD) on the microwave TB measurements using the disdrometer data as a rough constraint. For an extended case study, we found that TBs at 90 and 150 GHz are significantly enhanced because of scattering of surface radiation at snow crystals and that this enhancement is clearly correlated with the radar derived snow water path (SWP < 0.2 kg m−2). RT simulations highlight the strong influence of the vertical distribution of cloud liquid water (liquid water path LWP < 0.1 kg m−2) on the TB, which in extreme cases, can fully obscure the snow scattering signal. TB variations of the same magnitude can also be caused by typical variations in SSD parameters and particle shape similar to results obtained by space‐borne studies. Ground‐based stations with their infrastructural capabilities in combining active and passive microwave observations have the potential to disentangle the influences of different snow shape, SSD, and SWP in snow retrievals, thus supporting current and future satellite missions.
Effort Mobilization when the Self is Involved: Some Lessons from the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Gendolla Guido H. E. , Richter Michael
Published: August 2010

In this article it is proposed that the principles of motivational intensity theory ( Brehm & Self, 1989 ) apply to effort mobilization for challenges with consequences for performers’ self-esteem and self-definition (i.e., self-involvement). Accordingly, involvement of the self makes success important and thus justifies the mobilization of high resources. However, up to this level of maximally justified resources, actual effort is mobilized in correspondence to subjective task difficulty as long as success is possible. We report a series of experimental studies that have operationalized effort intensity as cardiovascular reactivity during task performance and used multiple manipulations of self-involvement (social evaluation, self-awareness, ego involvement, personal goals) and task difficulty. The empirical evidence clearly supports the idea that the principles of motivational intensity theory apply to performance conditions that have direct consequences for self-definition and self-esteem and challenges a number of other theoretical accounts.
Meaning Making, Uncertainty Reduction, and the Functions of Autobiographical Memory: A Relational Framework
Authors: Olivares Orlando J.
Published: August 2010

Three interrelated propositions are used to formulate a conceptual framework for understanding how the widely reported functions of autobiographical memory (a.m.)—the self, social, and directive functions—are related, complementary, and purposive. The existential literature provides a structure of meaningful relationships among various existential elements that are represented in a.m. It is argued that humans are meaning-makers driven by the need to make and understand relations within socially constructed realities. Human agency suggests that the process of self-reflection is a distinctly human core property of agency; moreover, the process of self-reflection is imbued with uncertainty. The social–cognitive literature suggests that humans seek relational coherence and meaning-ness, and strive to reduce uncertainty in their relational structures. Thus, it is suggested that the a.m. functions interact and support one another through relational frameworks such that a consistent and coherent life story can be created and maintained. Implications of this research are provided.
Mean-Level Change in Self-Esteem from Childhood through Adulthood: Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Huang Chiungjung
Published: August 2010

This study performs a meta-analysis of the mean-level of change in self-esteem across the life span. Fifty-nine studies yielded data from 130 independent samples. Results indicate that, despite slightly increasing from childhood to the first decade of young adulthood, self-esteem does not change beyond 30 years old. Self-esteem changes the most during the first decade of young adulthood. The effects of gender and time span between assessments on change in self-esteem were minimal during adolescence, while the way self-esteem is measured significantly affects change. The mean effect size was the largest with the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the smallest with Harter's Self-Perception Profile. Birth cohort also significantly influences change, whereas older cohorts change to a smaller extent compared to younger cohorts.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Rosiglitazone Increase Adiponectin in an Additive and PPARγ‐Dependent Manner in Human Adipocytes
Authors: Tishinsky Justine M. , Ma David W.L. , Robinson Lindsay E.
Published: September 2010

Adiponectin, an anti‐inflammatory and insulin‐sensitizing protein secreted from adipose tissue, may be modulated by dietary fatty acids, although the mechanism is not fully known. Our objective was to investigate the effect of long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on adiponectin in cultured human adipocytes, and to elucidate the role of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) in this regulation. Isolated human adipocytes were cultured for 48 h with 100 µmol/l eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n‐3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3, DHA), palmitic acid (C16:0), 100 µmol/l EPA plus 100 µmol/l DHA, or bovine serum albumin (control). Additionally, adipocytes were treated for 48 h with a PPARγ antagonist (BADGE) or agonist (rosiglitazone) in isolation or in conjunction with either EPA or DHA. At 48 h, EPA and DHA increased (P < 0.05) adiponectin secretion by 88 and 47%, respectively, while EPA, but not DHA, also increased (136%, P < 0.001) cellular adiponectin protein. Interestingly, PPARγ antagonism completely abolished the DHA‐mediated increase in secreted adiponectin, but only partially attenuated the EPA‐mediated response. Thus, EPA's effects on adiponectin do not appear to be entirely PPARγ mediated. Rosiglitazone increased (P < 0.001) the secreted and cellular adiponectin protein (90 and 582%, respectively). Finally, the effects of EPA and rosiglitazone on adiponectin secretion were additive (+230% at 48 h combined, compared to 121 and 124% by EPA or rosiglitazone alone, respectively). Overall, our findings emphasize the therapeutic importance of long‐chain n‐3 PUFA alone, or in combination with a PPARγ agonist, as a stimulator of adiponectin, a key adipokine involved in obesity and related diseases.
Renormalized interaction of relativistic bosons with delta function potentials
Authors: Doḡan Çaḡlar , Turgut O. Teoman
Published: August 2010

We study the interaction of mutually noninteracting Klein–Gordon particles with localized sources on stochastically complete Riemannian surfaces. This asymptotically free theory requires regularization and coupling constant renormalization. Renormalization is performed nonperturbatively using the orthofermion algebra technique and the principal operator Φ is found. The principal operator is then used to obtain the bound state spectrum, in terms of binding energies to single Dirac-delta function centers. The heat kernel method allows us to generalize this procedure to compact and Cartan–Hadamard type Riemannian manifolds. We make use of upper and lower bounds on the heat kernel to constrain the ground state energy from below, thus confirming that our neglect of pair creation is justified for certain ranges of parameters in the problem.
A note on the nonexistence of sum of squares certificates for the Bessis–Moussa–Villani conjecture
Authors: Cafuta Kristijan , Klep Igor , Povh Janez
Published: August 2010

The algebraic reformulation of the Bessis–Moussa–Villani conjecture is equivalent to a family of dimension-free tracial inequalities involving positive semidefinite matrices. Sufficient conditions for these to hold in the form of algebraic identities involving polynomials in noncommuting variables have been given by Klep and Schweighofer [“Sums of Hermitian squares and the BMV conjecture,” J. Stat. Phys. 133, 739 (2008)]. Later the existence of these certificates has been settled for all but one case, which is resolved in this note.
Actual information storage with a recording density of 4 Tbit/in.2 in a ferroelectric recording medium
Authors: Tanaka Kenkou , Cho Yasuo
Published: August 2010

A new method to achieve real information recording with a density above 1 Tbit/in.2 in ferroelectric data storage systems is proposed. In this system, data bits were written in the form of the polarization direction, and the data were read by scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy technique. The domain-switching characteristics of the virgin and inversely prepolarized media were compared, and the conditions of the pulse voltage for writing were optimized. As a result, actual data containing 64×64 bits were recorded at an areal density of 4 Tbit/in.2. The bit error rate was evaluated to be 1.2×10−2.
Quantum correlations and dynamics from classical random fields valued in complex Hilbert spaces
Authors: Khrennikov Andrei
Published: August 2010

One of the crucial differences between mathematical models of classical and quantum mechanics (QM) is the use of the tensor product of the state spaces of subsystems as the state space of the corresponding composite system. (To describe an ensemble of classical composite systems, one uses random variables taking values in the Cartesian product of the state spaces of subsystems.) We show that, nevertheless, it is possible to establish a natural correspondence between the classical and the quantum probabilistic descriptions of composite systems. Quantum averages for composite systems (including entangled) can be represented as averages with respect to classical random fields. It is essentially what Albert Einstein dreamed of. QM is represented as classical statistical mechanics with infinite-dimensional phase space. While the mathematical construction is completely rigorous, its physical interpretation is a complicated problem. We present the basic physical interpretation of prequantum classical statistical field theory in Sec. II. However, this is only the first step toward real physical theory.
Electrical detection of large cone angle spin precession from the linear to the nonlinear regime
Authors: Fan Xiaolong , Himbeault E. , Gui Y. S. , Wirthmann A. , Williams G. , Xue Desheng , Hu C.-M.
Published: August 2010

The spin precession cone angle in a 5 μm wide Py microstrip has been investigated systematically from the linear to the nonlinear regime. At low power excitations, the cone angle increases linearly with the amplitude of the microwave magnetic field h. However, when h exceeds a critical value, a foldover resonance lineshape shows up, and the precession cone angle starts to increase with h1/3. The maximum cone angle reported in the present study reaches 22°.
Stability and chaos in coupled two-dimensional maps on gene regulatory network of bacterium E. coli
Authors: Levnajić Zoran , Tadić Bosiljka
Published: August 2010

The collective dynamics of coupled two-dimensional chaotic maps on complex networks is known to exhibit a rich variety of emergent properties which crucially depend on the underlying network topology. We investigate the collective motion of Chirikov standard maps interacting with time delay through directed links of gene regulatory network of bacterium Escherichia coli. Departures from strongly chaotic behavior of the isolated maps are studied in relation to different coupling forms and strengths. At smaller coupling intensities the network induces stable and coherent emergent dynamics. The unstable behavior appearing with increase of coupling strength remains confined within a connected subnetwork. For the appropriate coupling, network exhibits statistically robust self-organized dynamics in a weakly chaotic regime.
Effects of ion-temperature on propagation of the large-amplitude ion-acoustic solitons in degenerate electron-positron-ion plasmas
Authors: Akbari-Moghanjoughi M.
Published: August 2010

Large-amplitude ion-acoustic solitary wave (IASW) propagation and matching criteria of existence of such waves are investigated in a degenerate dense electron-positron-ion plasma considering the ion-temperature as well as electron/positron degeneracy effects. It is shown that the ion-temperature effects play an important role in the existence criteria and allowed Mach-number range in such plasmas. Furthermore, a fundamental difference is remarked in the existence of supersonic IASW propagations between degenerate plasmas with nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic electrons and positrons. Current study may be helpful in astrophysical as well as the laboratory inertial confinement fusion-research.
Simultaneous measurement of circular dichroism and Faraday rotation at terahertz frequencies utilizing electric field sensitive detection via polarization modulation
Authors: Jenkins G. S. , Schmadel D. C. , Drew H. D.
Published: August 2010

A far-infrared system measures the full complex Faraday angle, the rotation as well as the ellipticity, with an unprecedented accuracy of 10 μrad/T. The system operates on several far-infrared laser lines in the spectral range from 0.3 to 6 THz and produces results as a continuous function of temperature from 10 to 310 K and applied fields between ±8 T. Performance of the instrument is demonstrated by measurements on a GaAs two-dimensional electron gas heterostructure and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x single crystal.
Ultrafast and sensitive bioassay using split ring resonator structures and microwave heating
Authors: Caglayan Humeyra , Cakmakyapan Semih , Addae Sarah A. , Pinard Melissa A. , Caliskan Deniz , Aslan Kadir , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we have reported that split ring resonators (SRRs) structures can be used for bioassay applications in order to further improve the assay time and sensitivity. The proof-of-principle demonstration of the ultrafast bioassays was accomplished by using a model biotin-avidin bioassay. While the identical room temperature bioassay (without microwave heating) took 70 min to complete, the identical bioassay took less than 2 min to complete by using SRR structures (with microwave heating). A lower detection limit of 0.01 nM for biotinylated-bovine serum albumin (100-fold lower than the room temperature bioassay) was observed by using SRR structures.
Accurate ab initio predictions of III–V direct-indirect band gap crossovers
Authors: Nicklas Jeremy W. , Wilkins John W.
Published: August 2010

We report the compositional dependence of the electronic band structure for a range of III–V alloys. Standard density functional theory is insufficient to mimic the electronic gap energies at different symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. The Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof hybrid functional with screened exchange accurately reproduces the experimental band gaps and, more importantly, the alloy concentration of the direct-indirect gap crossovers for the III–V alloys studied here: AlGaAs, InAlAs, AlInP, InGaP, and GaAsP.
Influence of finishing systems and sampling site on fatty acid composition and retail shelf-life of lamb
Authors: Ponnampalam E. N. , Warner R. D. , Kitessa S. , McDonagh M. B. , Pethick D. W. , Allen D. , Hopkins D. L.
Published: August 2010

Thirty 7-month-old crossbred lambs (Poll Dorset × Border Leicester × Merino) finished over 5 weeks on either low quality pasture or grain-with-hay on a farm in southern Victoria were assessed for carcass parameters, muscle fat composition and retail colour stability. Lambs on the grain diet had a mix of barley grain (80%) and lentils (20%) at 800 g/head.day (air-dry basis ~ad libitum) with cape weed (Arctotheca calendula) hay available at all times. Lambs under grazing had predominantly rye grass (Lolium perenne) and barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) available ad libitum. Carcass weight tended to be higher (P = 0.14) in grain-fed lambs than in grass-fed lambs, but fatness indicated by GR (total muscle + fat tissue thickness at 11 cm from midline) did not differ between feeding systems. Fatty acid composition was determined in the loin from the forequarter (M. longissimus thoracis) and lumbar (M. longissimus lumborum) regions and from the leg region (M. semimembranosus). This showed that grain-finished lamb had higher muscle fat (P < 0.001) and omega-6 fatty acid (P < 0.001) content. Alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or total omega-3 fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between feeding groups. Saturated fatty acids were greater (P < 0.01) in both loin sampling sites than the leg. The levels of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid were lower (P < 0.01) in the forequarter (9%) or lumbar (11%) sites than the leg sampling site. The distribution pattern of fatty acids across the three sampling sites did not differ between feed types. Retail colour stability determined over 4 days of display (only performed in muscle from the lumbar site), evaluated by the redness (HunterLab a*-value) and metmyoglobin formation (reflectance ratio at 630 : 580-nm wavelengths) was superior for grass-fed lamb compared with short-term grain-finished lamb. The results demonstrate that the health claimable omega-3 fat mainly EPA or total omega-3 fat content in lamb was not altered by short-term grain finishing compared with lamb finished under pasture grazing conditions.
The Wave Equations for Electromagnetic Radiation in an Ionized Medium in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Westford KC
Published: September 2010

The inadequacy of the present practice of
applying the formulae of magneto-ionic theory to ray trajectories satisfying
Snell's law, to represent the conditions of propagation of radio waves in the
ionosphere and the solar atmosphere, is explained.

To express the differential equations of the electromagnetic field as simply as possible
the axes of coordinates are chosen to coincide with the three principal
directions of the medium. Wave equations for the components of the electric field
intensity and the electric Hertz vector are investigated.

����� In applying the theory to the propagation
of plane waves in a uniform medium, a new fundamental form of the equation for
the complex refractive index of the Appleton-Hartree theory is obtained. The
three types of electron plasma oscillations possible in such a medium are also
discussed.

It is suggested that solar " bursts
" should decay according to a damping constant of the order of the
collision frequency where they originate in the solar atmosphere.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Melicope fareana. V. The Structure of the Alkaloids
Authors: Crow WD , Price JR
Published: September 2010

Melicopine, melicopidine, and melicopicine
are shown to be members of a new group of alkaloids derived from acridine. The
structure of melicopicine, 1,2,3,4-tetramethoxy-10-methylacridone (II), is
deduced from data reported in earlier papers. The presence of the same
10-methylacridone skeleton in melicopidine and melicopine is established by
conversion of the trimethoxyphenols obtained from them by fission of the
methylenedioxy ring with methanolic potash to the respective dimethoxy-o- and
p-quinones previously prepared from melicopicine. This conversion also
establishes the position of the methylenedioxy group in melicopine relative to
the hydroxyl group in normelicopicine. Similar considerations applied to the
ethoxydimethoxyphenols show the position of the methylenedioxy group in
melicopidine relative to the hydroxyl group in normelicopicine, and in this
case, lead to the complete structure for the alkaloid (XIII).

The action of nitrous acid on
normelicopine and normelicopidine gives two hydroxymethoxyquinones isomeric
with that obtained by the action of sodium carbonate on the dimethoxy-o- and
p-quinones. The same two hydroxymethoxyquinones also result from the action of
caustic soda on the dimethoxy-o- and p-quinones respectively. Their structures,
which can be deduced from the second method of preparation, confirm the positions
of the methylenedioxy group in melicopine and melicopidine relative to the hydroxyl
group of normelicopicine, and prove that the hydroxyl groups in normelicopine and
normelicopidine are in the same position as that in normelicopicine, but they
do not make possible a choice between alternative structures for melicopine.
This choice depends on the position of the hydroxyl group of the noralkaloids
relative to the remainder of the acridone molecule. By consideration of the
mechanism of fission of the methylenedioxy ring, the hydroxyl group of the noralkaloids
is shown to be situated peri to the acridone oxygen atom, i.e. at position 4.
This is confirmed by the occurrence of hydrogen bonding. Consequently the
complete structural formula for melicopine is XXIII.

The properties of the alkaloids and a
number of the degradation products are discussed.
Diffusion in a Field of Homogeneous Turbulence. I. Eulerian Analysis
Authors: Batchelor GK
Published: September 2010

This paper considers the mechanism of
diffusion in the simple case of a homogeneous field of turbulence. It is shown
to be useful to distinguish between diffusion from fixed and moving centres,
and only the former is considered here. The diffusion of a cloud of marked
fluid particles about the average position of their centre is known when the
statistical behaviour of a single fluid particle is known. Theory shows that
the dispersion of a fluid particle about its initial position increases first
as the square of the time of flight, t,
then more slowly, and eventually increases linearly in t. Several different experiments have shown that the probability
distribution of the displacement of a fluid particle is normal for all values
of the time of flight. As a consequence of these two facts, it is possible to
represent the diffusion by a differential equation of the heat-conduction type,
with a diffusion coefficient which initially increases with t and eventually becomes constant. Some
consequences of the analysis are presented. Part II of this paper will discuss
the more important case of diffusion about a moving centre.
The Uniform Flexure of an Incomplete Tore
Authors: Freiberger W , Smith RCT
Published: September 2010

In this paper we discuss the flexure of an
incomplete tore in the plane of its circular centre-line. We reduce the problem
to the determination of two harmonic functions, subject to boundary conditions
on the surface of the tore which involve the first two derivatives of the
functions. We point out the relation of this solution to the general solution
of three-dimensional elasticity problems.

The special case of a narrow rectangular
cross-section is solved exactly in Appendix II.
A Remarkable Thunderstorm Flight Record
Authors: Radok U
Published: September 2010

The barogram of a sailplane flight in a
thunderstorm at Benalla, Victoria, shows a descent from an altitude of 12,400
ft. to the sulfate at velocities exceeding 300 ft./sec. over a large part of
that height range. The record and the meteorograph used were examined In
detail, without definite evidence of instrumental failure. Flight trials gave
100 ft./sec. as maximum descent velocity for the sailplane, while the aerological
conditions suggest an upper limit of 130 ft./sec. for the downdraft itself. In comparison
with similar data obtained in Florida thunderstorms the lognormal distribution
of these data is used to estimate the probability of various large downdraft
velocities.
The Chemical Constituents of Australian Flindersia Species. II. Braylin and Brayleyanin
Authors: Anet FAL , Hughes GK , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

Two substances, braylin, C15H14O4,
and brayleyanin, C20H24O4, have been isolated
from the bark of F. brayleyana F. Muell. By degradation and synthesis they have
been proved to be 6-methoxy -7, 8-(2',2'-dimethylpyrano-5?,6?)coumarin and
6-methoxy-7-(γγ-dimethylallyloxy)-8-(γγ-dimethylallyl)coumarin respectively.
The Pressure Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity of Polyatomic Gases at 0°C
Authors: Kannuluik WG , Donald HB
Published: September 2010

A form of " hot wire " apparatus
is described in which the hot wire is replaced by a thin-walled nickel tube �
in. in diameter mounted in a similar nickel tube in, in diameter. The gas under
investigation occupies the narrow annular space between the two tubes.

It is shown that the apparatus is
completely free from convection up to pressures somewhat greater than 1 atm,
and that the temperature discontinuity effect is inappreciable down to
pressures of a few cm. of mercury. The apparatus is used to test the pressure
dependence of the thermal conductivity of several polyatomic gases.

The thermal conductivity (at 0 �C.) of the
gases carbon dioxide and methane is found to increase slowly with the pressure
over the range 10-80 cm. of mercury. It is suggested that this effect may be
taken as evidence of the incomplete participation of the energy of vibration of
the molecules in the conduction process.
The Influence of Slit-Width on the Shape and Intensity of Infra-Red Absorption Bands
Authors: Willis JB
Published: September 2010

Making certain assumptions as to the shape
of infra-red absorption bands and the shape of the slit function of the
monochromator, expressions are obtained for the dependence on spectrometer
slit-width of the intensity and half-width of absorption bands. Experimental
data to confirm the accuracy of these deductions are presented.
Rupture of Oxide Films during Repeated Sliding
Authors: Moore AJW , Tegart WJM
Published: September 2010

When copper specimens are subjected to
repeated sliding, non-metallic particles are included below the surface. They
are derived from the rupture of oxide films during sliding. On annealing at
temperatures near the melting point of copper, the particles coalesce but
prevent grain growth of the copper. The relation of these facts to the layers
formed by polishing is discussed briefly.
Radio-Frequency Radiation from the Constellation of Cygnus
Authors: Piddington JH , Minnett HC
Published: September 2010

Observations are described of the
radiation from portion of the constellation of Cygnus at frequencies of 1210
and 3000 Mc/s. Two sources of radiation were observed at the lower frequency,
one being the well-known "radio star ", Cygnus-A. The other was a
diffuse source of limited extent which might be called a " radio nebula
". Neither source could be observed at the higher frequency.

The properties of both sources,
particularly their spectra, are discussed and it is shown that earlier
discrepancies in observations of the Cygnus region may be explained. The
diffuse source coincides in position with the secondary maximum in the lower
frequency galactic contours, which Bolton and Westfold (1950a, 1950b) have
interpreted as a spiral arm of the Galaxy. The new evidence suggests that the
source is probably due to thermal emission from clouds of ionized interstellar
gas, possibly in the region of γ Cygni and having a temperature and
electron density of the order of 104 �K, and 10 cm-3
respectively.
Curve-Fitting by the Method of Grouping
Authors: Guest PG
Published: September 2010

A method of fitting polynomials is
described in which the "normal" equations are obtained much more
rapidly than the corresponding equations in the least-squares method.
Efficiencies are found to be about 90 per cent. The method is illustrated by an
example.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Medicosma cunninghamii Hook. F
Authors: Lamberton BJA , Price JR
Published: September 2010

The bark of Medicosma cunninghamii Hook.
f. contains approximately 0.06 per cent. of an alkaloid C17H15O3N
which has been named medicosmine and shown to be a 2,3-furoquinoline with a
dimethylpyran ring fused in either the 5,6- or 6,7-positions (III or IV). It
has been degraded to acetone, acetaldehyde, and a phenol which when methylated
and oxidized gives 6-methoxy-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone, and 6- and
7-methoxy-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolones have been synthesized for comparison.
A dihydropyrano-4-methoxy-3-ethyl-2-quinoone is formed by hydrogenolysis of the
furane ring. Further examples are reported of the preparation of isatins from
3-nitroso-2,4-dihydroxyquinolines.
The constitution of Gmelinol. III. Final elucidation
Authors: Birch AJ , Hughes GK , Smith E
Published: September 2010

Reduction of gmelinol (I) with sodium and
ethanol in liquid ammonia gives the trio1 (III), the constitution of which is
confirmed by oxidation with lead tetra-acetate to produce formaldehyde.
Eudesmin (VIII) by a similar reduction gives rise to the enantiomer of the
known diol (IX), galgravin (X) gives rise to XI, and 3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl decyl
ether produces 3,4-dimethoxytoluene.
Studies in relation to biosynthesis. IV. Angustifolionol
Authors: Birch AJ , Elliott P , Penfold AR
Published: September 2010

Angustifolionol has been
shown by its general properties and by alkaline degradation to acetone and
2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid (II ; R"=H) to be
5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethylbenzochromone (I ; R,R?=CH3). Its possible
biogenetic relations are discussed.