bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) na caprinocultura de leite: um estudo bibliométrico / Life cycle assessment (LCA) in dairy goat: a bibliometric study
Authors: Gestaro Vinicius Brack , Schmidt Verônica
Published: May 2021

A produção agropecuária e a indústria buscam buscando sistemas de produção e processos produtivos que visem conhecer e mensurar os impactos gerados e a fim de minimizá-los ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Uma ferramenta utilizada para este fim é a Análise do Ciclo de Vida do produto (ACV). Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou identificar a bibliografia que aborde a análise de ciclo de vida (ACV) na cadeia produtiva de caprinos leiteiros. Realizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica através um levantamento da produção acadêmica sobre Análise do Ciclo de Vida na produção de leite caprino, usando como fonte de dados a plataforma de pesquisa Science Direct, no período de 2001 até 2019. Na busca da plataforma utilizaram-se as palavras-chave “Life cycle assessemt e dairy goat”. A pesquisa identificou 9 artigos e uma publicação em evento, todos publicados na língua inglesa. A plataforma identificou 14 autores individualizados e 1.327 palavras relacionadas, as palavras mais frequentes foram milk (1,9%), environmental (1,8%), goat (1,7%) e production (1,6%). A ACV na cadeia produtiva do leite caprino é recente e limitada a alguns países e não tem sido estudada por grupos interdisciplinares e interinstitucionais de pesquisadores.
Areas for the connectivity of Chaco peccary (Catagonus wagneri) populations at the southern limit of their distribution in the Argentine Chaco / Áreas para a conectividade de populações de pecari do Chaco (Catagonus wagneri) no limite sul de sua distribuição no Chaco Argentino
Authors: Rivas Federico Fernando , Brassiolo Miguel M. , Silva Ivan Crespo
Published: May 2021

The area of geographical distribution of mammal populations in the Argentine Chaco ecoregion is being increasingly reduced and this is mainly due to the progressive destruction of habitats. In this context, several species have been affected, among which is the endemic Catagonus wagneri (Tayassuidae), currently classified as "endangered" and with a trend of population decline. In this work, the predictions estimated by three algorithms were compared to establish the potential geographic distribution of this species at the southern limit of its natural distribution. Priority locations for landscape connectivity were identified by comparing intrinsic variations in the PC index based on data classification methods. With the use of foot transects, trap cameras and surveys with the local population, the presence of chacoan peccary was recorded on 25 occasions. From the GLM, Random Forest and Maxent algorithms (mean AUC 0.74), a reference model was obtained. Using it as an input and the PC index, the variation in the importance of the connectivity surfaces of the landscape was evaluated using three classification methods: quantile, equal interval and natural breaks. The consensus model (SDM) occupies 55,674 km2 of Argentina, representing 10% of the Chaco Seco ecoregion. The distribution occupies not only forest ecosystems, but also environments with less tree coverage. Coefficients of variation of 170% were recorded between the classification methods for the number of patches of classes 9 and 10 of the priority habitat for landscape connectivity. The SDM shows a fragmented distribution in line with the Chaco's land use change process.The results suggest a great variability of the PC index depending on the method of classifying data in class intervals, an aspect that was not discussed in previous studies.
The Fiskenæsset complex, West Greenland. Part I. A preliminary study of the stratigraphy, petrology, and whole rock chemistry from Qeqertarssuatsiaq
Authors: Windley B.F , Herd R.K , Bowden A.A
Published: June 2021

The Fiskenæsset complex, which occurs as conformable layers up to 1.5 km thick in high grade Early Archaean gneisses, has a well-preserved igneous stratigraphy. An upward sequence of lithological zones is observed in the complex as follows: 1. Pyroxene Amphibolite; 2. Ultramafic Group (hornblende-bearing spinel- and magnetite-layered dunites, peridotites, pyroxenites); 3. Layered leuco-gabbro; 4. Dark gabbro; 5. Homogeneous leuco-gabbro; 6. Anorthosite; 7. Chromite horizon; 8. Garnet Anorthosite; 9. Pyroxene Amphibolite. Eighteen whole rock XRF analyses (for major and trace elements) indicate that this sequence is mainly the differentiation product of a basaltic magma. Cryptic layering is present within zones 2 to 8 inclusive and shows that this part of the sequence belongs to a stratiform igneous intrusion, zone 8 being the topmost layer of the original igneous stratigraphy. There is especially a marked upward increase in the Fe/Mg ratio. The amphibolites of zones 1 and 9 are much richer in iron than any rocks belonging to the intrusion and are considered to have been volcanics into which it was emplaced. Metasomatic sapphirine-rich rocks are localised along the contact of zones 8 and 9. The complex has internal sub-complexes within which its upper zones are locally confined. The stratigraphic sequence is repeated symmetrically in reverse order and the differentiation trends of the two halves mirror each other. The original body was flattened so that its layering was deformed into an isoclinal syncline. This deformation accounts for the repeated stratigraphy. The complex was subsequently double folded and metamorphosed under both granulite and amphibolite facies conditions. Mineral assemblages indicate that there may have been appreciable water in the original magma, and this viewpoint is strengthened by the observed differentiation trend.
The Fiskenæsset complex, West Greenland. Part II. General mineral chemistry from Qeqertarssuatsiaq
Authors: Windley B.F , Smith J.V
Published: June 2021

Electron microprobe analyses of 10 metamorphic mineral phases are given for rocks arranged in stratigraphic order through the Fiskenæsset "intrusion": 2 garnets, 11 olivines, 16 orthopyroxenes, 9 clinopyroxenes, 38 hornblendes, 8 phlogopites, 24 plagioclases, 6 spinels (pleonaste), 7 chromites and 7 magnetites. The element contents in minerals plotted with respect to zonal position in the intrusion and the inter-element distributions within minerals and between coexisting minerals suggest that the original igneous crystallization pattern of this gravity-differentiated, layered body has been only partly modified by metamorphic re-equilibration under hornblende granulite to high amphibolite facies conditions. Some igneous cryptic chemical variations are preserved in olivine, orthopyroxene, hornblende, plagioclase and magnetite, some leuco-gabbros retain their igneous cumulus plagioclase megacrysts, and rare ultramafics retain their igneous olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and hornblende primocrysts. Chemical migration of elements within and amongst grains during the metamorphism appears to have been small, so that the present minerals have a mixture of both igneous and metamorphic characteristics.
The Hurry Inlet granite and related rocks of Liverpool Land, East Greenland
Authors: Coe K
Published: June 2021

The Hurry Inlet granite, a late Lower Palaeozoic mass was emplaced into a basement complex which had been metamorphosed and deformed in an earlier period of plutonism. The host rocks were brittle at the time of emplacement and the granite made space for itself in part by stoping. Contacts are frequently faulted. Internal faulting is of a similar kind showing that the final movement was of a rigid granite mass which rose to a very high crustal level and was soon unroofed, the debris from unroofing being itself affected by similar faulting. The homogeneity of the mass is shown by petrography and chemistry and the chemistry indicates that it was generated at deep crustal levels.
Gardiner intrusion, an ultramafic complex at Kangerdlugssuaq, East Greenland
Authors: Frisch W , Keusen H
Published: June 2021

The Gardiner intrusion is an ultramafic complex in the inner region of Kangerdlugssuaq fjord, forming part of the East Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province. The rocks of the intrusion can be placed into three categories. (1) An older sequence is composed of dunites, pyroxenites, and a narrow marginal zone of alkali rich rocks. The rocks of the marginal zone consist of melteigite where the bordering country rock is plateau basalt, and of contaminated rocks where the country rock is the basement gneisses. The bordering gneisses have a narrow fenitized zone. (2) A strongly alkaline and undersaturated dyke sequence comprises amphibole pyroxenites, tawites, urtites, and sodalite, nepheline and alkali-feldspar syenites. (3) A younger sequence consists of uncompahgrites (intrusive melilite rich rocks) and calcite carbonatite dykes. Parts of the uncompahgrite show layered accumulations of magnetite, perovskite and apatite on the one hand, and melilite on the other. Massive aggregate concentrations of perovskite and magnetite are also recorded. The intrusion of uncompahgrite and carbonatite has resulted in intense alkali metasomatism of the rocks of the older and the dyke sequences.
The Fiskenæsset complex, West Greenland. Part III. Chemistry of silicate and oxide minerals from oxide-bearing rocks, mostly from Qeqertarssuatsiaq
Authors: Steele I.M , Bishop F.C , Smith J.V , Windley B.F
Published: June 2021

The textures and chemistry of silicates and oxides were investigated for 63 rocks from the Fiskenæsset complex, West Greenland, by light microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Emphasis was placed on those chemical distributions known to depend on temperature.Photomicrographs are given for the following intergrowths: spinel-magnetite, chromite-rutile, Cr-magnetite-Al-chromite. Magnetite occurs dispersed throughout Fe-bearing silicates, probably the result of oxidation. Chromite grains in chromitites commonly have a centre rich in inclusions of rutile and amphibole and a clean margin; partial recrystallization of the chromite followed by metamorphic equilibration to give a uniform composition from core to rim is indicated. Magnetite associated texturally with sulphides is Cr-free, and apparently results from oxidation.Coexisting spinels outline a solvus between (Fe, Mg)Fe2O4 and (Fe, Mg)Al204 which has a critical point near (Mg, Fe)(Fe0.6Al0.6 Cr0.8)O4. The wide tie-lines for Cr-poor specimens indicate equilibration below 500°C.Coexisting ilmenite and ferromagnesian silicates apparently equilibrated in most rocks near 650 ± ∽100°C, but in ones with late serpentine or tremolite, equilibration was probably below ∽425°C. Coexisting pyroxenes apparently equilibrated at higher temperatures, either near 700 or 850°C depending on which laboratory calibration is used. The Cr-rich spinels from the Fiskenæsset complex are lower in Mg than ones from dry basaltic stratiform complexes, and other chemical features lead to a distinctive composition range as proposed by Ghisler. Further data for the silicates confirm most of the observations and conclusions in Part II, but (a) five specimens were found to contain tremolite apparently in compositional equilibrium with hornblende, (b) highly calcic plagioclase does not necessarily coexist with chromite as was proposed in Part II, (c) some specimens with unusually sodic plagioclase and unusually Fe-rich silicates may represent a cryptic differentiation trend. Although many problems remain for further study, the silicates and oxides are interpreted as the variously metamorphosed products in the granulite, amphibolite or greenschist facies of a moderately wet AI-rich basaltic magma which underwent crystal-liquid differentiation under fairly oxidizing conditions. The original igneous assemblage apparently involved early precipitation of Mg-AI-Ti-Cr-magnetite, prolonged crystallization of highly calcic plagioclase and tschermakitic-magnesiohornblende, and late crystallization of high-Fe, medium-Cr spinel.
The petrology and age of alkaline mafic lavas from the nunatak zone of central East Greenland
Authors: Brooks C.K , Pedersen A.K , Rex D.C
Published: June 2021

Alkaline basic lavas occurring as outcrops of limited extent in the nunatak zone of East Greenland beyond the head of Kejser Franz Josephs Fjord have been examined in detail on the basis of new collections. These rocks show considerable diversity and include highly magnesian, perovskite-bearing nephelinites, slightly less magnesian nephelinites, basanitoids and nepheline hawaiites. Phonolite, reported earlier, is absent from the new collection. Apart from the perovskite-bearing nephelinites, probably primary magmas derived by small degrees of partial melting of normal mantle, these rock types have evolved in a complicated way and do not appear to be related by low pressure processes. While it is possible that alkaline basaltic magmas have been a widespread feature in the late stages of volcanism in this part of East Greenland, the nephelinites appear to be restricted to intracontinental areas. They represent small-scale flank activity possibly related to the prolongation of the Jan Mayen fracture zone.
Acritarchs from the Upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian of East Greenland
Authors: Vidal G
Published: June 2021

Acritarchs are described from rocks of the Upper Proterozoic Eleonore Bay Group and Tillite Group and from the Lower Cambrian Bastion Formation and Ella Island Formation. Twenty-four previously described acritarch taxa have been identified. The state of preservation is variable perhaps depending on variable thermal alteration due to thickness of overburden, tectonic deformation and metamorphism. Palaeoenvironmental aspects of some acritarchs are discussed. The acritarchs of the Ella Island Formation and Upper Bastion Formation indicate a late Early Cambrian age in agreement with the age indicated by shelly faunas. A Vendian age is ascribed to the Tillite Group. The upper part of the Eleonore Bay Group is regarded as Late Riphean. Correlations of these units with Lower Cambrian and Upper Proterozoic sequences in the Russian Platform, Scandinavia and elsewhere are presented.
Upper Pleistocene and Holocene marine deposits and faunas on the north coast of Nûgssuaq, West Greenland
Authors: Símonarson L.A
Published: June 2021

Field relations and the composition of the Quaternary molluscan and barnacle faunas at Pátorfik, Kûtsiaq and Sarfâgfik on the north coast of Nûgssuaq, West Greenland, are described. The marine Quaternary deposits at Pátorfik are older than 35 000 years. The lower part of the deposits seems to represent a prodelta environment, whereas the middle and upper parts apparently correspond to a delta slope. The rich fauna and the field relations differ essentially from what we know from other localities in Greenland where Late Wisconsian or Holocene marine fossiliferous deposits have been found. The faunal composition indicates prevailing water temperatures during deposition similar to those at the boundary between the arctic and boreal faunal regions today and somewhat higher than those in Umanak Fjord at present. It is suggested that the Pátorfik deposits were formed during the last interglacial stage (Sangamon/Eemian). The marine beds at Kûtsiaq and Sarfâgfik are of Early Holocene ages and apparently represent delta deposits.
Upper Ordovician and Silurian carbonate shelf stratigraphy, facies and evolution, eastern North Greenland
Authors: Hurst J.M
Published: June 2021

A new lithostratigraphic scheme is erected for the uppermost Ordovician and lower Silurian shelf carbonate rocks of Peary Land and Kronprins Christian Land, eastern North Greenland. All carbonate rocks were deposited on a fairly stable shelf which was bordered to the north and east by deep-water basins. The shelf foundered in the latest LIandoverian, terminating carbonate production. Five formations and two members are defined and extend from the uppermost Ordovician (Cincinnatian) to the uppermost LIandoverian, or possibly lowermost Wenlock in the Silurian. Lithostratigraphic units include: Turesø Formation (new) composed of alternating light and dark grey peritidal to shallow subtidal laminated or massive dolomites, cryptalgal laminites and fenestral lime mudstones – uppermost Ordovician (Richmondian, Cincinnatian) to Lower or Middle Llandoverian; Ymers Gletscher Formation (new) composed of light grey peritidal lime mudstones, fenestral lime mudstones and cryptalgal laminites 0150 Lower to Middle Llandoverian; Odins Fjord Formation (new) composed of shallow to deep subtidal dark lime mudstones, wackestones and commonly floatstone and rudstone biostromes – Middle (possibly Lower) to Upper Llandoverian; Melville Land Member (new) composed of light grey peritidal lime mudstones, fenestral lime mudstones and cryptalgal laminites – Middle (possibly Lower) Llandoverian; Bure lskappe Member (new) composed of drowned shelf, dark grey to black laminated lime mudstone with terrigenous mudstone interbeds – Upper Llandoverian; Samuelsen Høj Formation (new) composed of light grey to white reef limestones – uppermost Llandoverian; Harefjeld Formation (new), a faulted, folded and cleaved black lime and terrigenous mudstone unit in eastern Kronprins Christian Land – Ordovician to Silurian (Llandoverian).
Chapter 1: Background
Authors: Christiansen F.G
Published: June 2021

No abstract available.
Lower Palaeozoic Franklinian Basin of North Greenland
Authors: Higgins A.K , Ineson J.R , Peel J.S , Surlyk F , Sønderholm M
Published: June 2021

The Franklinian Basin extends from the Canadian Arctic Islands to eastern North Greenland, a distance of approximately 2000 km. In the North Greenland segment about 8 km of Lower Palaeozoic strata are well exposed and permit the recognition of 7 stages in the evolution of the basin. With the exception of the first stage of basin initiation, which occurred dose to the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, each stage is differentiated into a southern shelf and slope, and a northern deep-water trough. The position of the boundary between the shelf and trough was probably controlled by deep seated normal faults and, with time, the basin expanded southwards leading to a final foundering of the shelf areas during the Silurian. The 7 stages in the evolution of the Franklinian Basin in North Greenland are: 1, Late Proterozoic? - Early Cambrian shelf (basin initiation); 2, Early Cambrian carbonate platform and incipient trough; 3, Early Cambrian siliciclastic shelf and turbidite trough; 4, Late Early Cambrian - Middle Ordovician carbonate shelf and starved trough; 5, Middle Ordovician - Early Silurian aggradational carbonate platform, starved slope and trough; 6, Early Silurian ramp and rimmed shelf, and turbidite trough; 7, Early - Late Silurian drowning of the platform. Basin evolution and sedimentation patterns in the eastem part of the Franklinian Basin were strongly influenced by the dosure of the lapetus Ocean and Caledonian orogenic uplift in eastern North Greenland. The Franklinian Basin in North Greenland was finally closed in Devonian - Early Carboniferous times, resulting in strong deformation of the northern part of the Franklinian trough sequence during the Ellesmerian Orogeny.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic history of the Wandel Sea Basin area, North Greenland
Authors: Håkansson E , Heinberg C , Stemmerik L
Published: June 2021

Mesozoic deposition in North Greenland is characterised largely by increasing complexity in the configuration of sub-basins developed in response to the major tectonic events in the Wandel Hav Strike-Slip Mobile Belt. While erosional remnants of Lower and Middle Triassic marine deposits are now confined to a very restricted area, Upper Jurassic - Lowcr Cretaceous marine to terrestrial deposition took place in two distinct sub-basins resulting from Jurassic left-lateral displacement in the Ingeborg Event. Variable marine and terrestrial Upper Cretaccous strata are restricted to local pull-apart basins formed in the right-lateral mid-Cretaceous Kilen Event; deposition in these basins was everywhere terminated in the continuously right-lateral transpressional movements of the Kronprins Christian Land Orogeny. Compression ceased around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and a post-orogenic terrestrial sequence of probable Paleocene age is disturbed only by extensional structures.
DinoflagelIate cyst stratigraphy of the Barremian to Albian, Lower Cretaceous, North-East Greenland
Authors: Nøhr-Hansen H
Published: June 2021

Stratigraphical ranges, geographical distribution and taxonomy of 176 dinoflagelIate cyst species are described based on analysis of 192 samples from 40 sections of Early Cretaceous age in North-East Greenland (72°-76° N).
Lithostratigraphic framework of the Upper Proterozoic Eleonore Bay Supergroup of East and North-East Greenland
Authors: Sønderholm M , Tirsgaard H
Published: June 2021

In the region between Canning Land (71° 30’N) and Bessel Fjord (76°N) the Eleonore Bay Supergroup is up to 16 km thick and comprises both metasediments and sediments. It is divided into five new groups. In the eastern outcrops four groups are found; these are from base to top: the Nathorst Land Group (up to c. II 000 m thick), the Lyell Land Group (2000-2800 m thick), the Ymer Ø Group (900-1300 m thick) and the Andrée Land Group (900-1500 m thick). The lower two of these groups consist of altemating sandstones and mudstones (and their metamorphic equivalents). Information on the depositional environment of the Nathorst Land Group is scarce, but both fluvial and marine settings have been tentatively proposed. The Lyell Land Group mainly represents marine shelf environments. The Ymer Ø and Andrée Land Groups are dominated by carbonates deposited in a platform, slope and basinal environment. Furthest west, in the nunatak region, a succession of sandstones and mudstones more than 6300 m thick is included in the Petermann Bjerg Group. The stratigraphic relationship between the Petermann Bjerg Group and the rest of the Eleonore Bay Supergroup is uncertain but possibly correlates with parts of the Nathorst Land and Lyell Land Groups. The Eleonore Bay Supergroup is finally compared with other Upper Proterozoic successions in the North Atlantic region.
Agnostoid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations (Middle Cambrian), North Greenland
Authors: Robison R.A
Published: June 2021

This paper is based on diverse agnostoid trilobites in 10 collections from North Greenland.
Systematics and phylogenetics of polymeroid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations (Middle Cambrian), North Greenland
Authors: Babcock L.E
Published: June 2021

New occurrences of Middle Cambrian polymeroid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations of Nyeboe Land, and the Kap Stanton Formation of Peary Land, North Greenland, are documented here.
Biogeography and biofacies patterns of Middle Cambrian polymeroid trilobites from North Greenland: palaeogeographic and palaeo-oceanographic implications
Authors: Babcock L.E
Published: June 2021

This paper documents the biogeographic and biofacies distributions of polymeroid trilobites from Middle Cambrian rocks of the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations of Nyeboe Land and Peary Land, North Greenland.
Filling and plugging of a marine basin by volcanic rocks: the Tunoqqu Member of the Lower Tertiary Vaigat Formation on Nuussuaq, central West Greenland
Authors: Pedersen A.K , Larsen L.M , Pedersen G.K , Dueholm K.S
Published: June 2021

The volcanic Tunoqqu Member formed at the end of the second of three volcanic cycles in the Paleocene Vaigat Formation. The Tunoqqu Member consists of brown aphyric and feldspar-phyric basalts and forms a marker horizon within the grey picritic rocks of the Vaigat Formation. Most of the basalts are siliceous and were produced by contamination with crustal rocks of magmas ranging in composition from picrite to evolved basalt. Some of the basalts were erupted from local volcanic centres of which four have been identified, whereas other basalts form more regional flows. The four identified eruption centres are located along fault lines and zones of uplift and subsidence, indicating tectonic control. Tectonic control is also inferred to be important in terminating the volcanic cycle and causing the development of high-level magma chambers where the magmas stagnated, fractionated, and became contaminated. The basalts of the Tunoqqu Member form subaerial lava flows in western Nuussuaq. Central Nuussuaq constituted a marine embayment in which the volcanics were deposited as eastward prograding foreset-bedded hyaloclastite breccia fans which indicate water depths of up to 160 m. Eastern Nuussuaq was a gneiss highland with a more than 700 m high NW-SE-elongated gneiss promontory stretching into the sea. During Tunoqqu Member time the volcanic rocks reached the gneiss promontory and blocked the outlet from the south to the sea in the north. This resulted in increased water levels in the enclosed embayment and transformation of the outlet into a torrential river. This river eroded the concomitantly forming Tunoqqu Member volcanics and the gneiss promontory and deposited the material in up to more than 250 m thick foreset-bedded boulder conglomerates in the sea where the north coast of Nuussuaq is now situated.
Stratigraphy and depositional evolution of the Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary succession in eastern Peary Land, North Greenland
Authors: Stemmerik L , Håkansson E , Madsen L , Nilsson I , Piasecki S , Pinard S , Rasmussen J.A
Published: June 2021

The Upper Palaeozoic Foldedal and Kim Fjelde formations in eastern Peary Land are redefined on the basis of new biostratigraphic data, including fusulinids, conodonts, palynomorps and small foraminifera. The Foldedal Formation in its new definition includes all late Moscovian to Gzelian deposits in the region. It is separated by a major hiatus from the redefined Kim Fjelde Formation which includes mid-Permian (late Artinskian - Kungurian) carbonates and chert deposits. The Upper Carboniferous succession is dominated by cyclically interbedded siliciclastics and carbonates with minor tabular build-ups. The mid and Upper Permian succession consists of cool-water carbonates, spiculitic chert and shales.
The Palaeoproterozoic Nagssugtoqidian orogen in West Greenland: current status of work by the Danish Lithosphere Centre
Authors: Van Gool J , Marker M , Mengel F , Field party
Published: June 2021

The Danish Lithosphere Centre (DLC) has now completed its second season of field work in the Nagssugtoqidian orogen of West Greenland. The work is aimed at studying the orogenic evolution of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen and comparisons with other Early Proterozoic orogens on the northern margin of the North Atlantic Archaean craton (see Larsen, this report). This paper presents the preliminary results from the field work and the current status of laboratory work related to this project.
The stratigraphy of the marine Quaternary deposits in West Greenland
Authors: Laursen D
Published: June 2021

The present report deals with the Quaternary marine deposits in West Greenland. The area in question extends from Kugssineq, Svartenhuk peninsula, in the north to the settlement of Sukkertoppen in the south. The field investigations for the paper have been made partly in 1939, partly in 1946, last-mentioned year under the auspices of Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse (abb. G.G.U., i. e. Geological Survey of Greenland). All localities visited are described with added lists of the collected shells. On the basis of the investigations made it will be demonstrated that the stratigraphy of the layers at Orpigsôq drawn up by Jensen and Harder in 1910 (30) is applicable to all the area investigated. Furthermore a detailed examination is made of the petrographic structure, the content af shells, and the levels of the various horizons, a discussion of a few errors, and ultimately an attempt at a correllation of the Quaternary marine layers of Greenland with the corresponding postglacial layers of Iceland, Norway, and Denmark.
A Cretaceous non-marine molluscan fauna of West Greenland
Authors: Yen J.T.C
Published: June 2021

During my brief visit to Copenhagen in 1956, Prof. Rosenkrantz of the University Institute of Mineralogy and Geology in Copenhagen showed me a small but very interesting collection of Cretaceous nonmarine mollusks from West Greenland. My plan for that trip to Europe was to confine myself to some work in the peri-Alpine areas. I was not able to prolong my stay in Denmark, as I had wished, to examine the contents of this collection. Subsequent to my return to this country, Professor Alfred Rosenkrantz was kind enough to send me the collection for an adequate study, the findings of which have now resulted in the present paper.
Structural analysis of a fault in South-West Greenland
Authors: Henriksen N
Published: June 2021

Detailed analysis has shown the step-wise development of a WNW-ESE trending wrench fault, the Laksenæs fault, in the Ivigtut area of SW Greenland. The fault has a total horizontal displacement of 6 km, with sinistral movement, and a vertical displacement of approximately 2 km. The horizontal displacement can be shown to have taken place in three successive stages, each of which occurred in a different geological period. The first horizontal displacement of 1.5 km took place in the Ketilidian and/or early Kuánitic periods and was followed by a displacement of 1.5 km in the Sanerutian period and 3 km in the Gardar period. Vertical displacement took place only with the first two stages of horizontal displacement. The Laksenæs fault is cut by a system of NNW trending dykes which have been provisionally ascribed to the Tertiary.
Contrasted types of metamorphism of basic intrusions in the Precambrian basement of the Tasîussaq area, South Greenland
Authors: Dawes P.R
Published: June 2021

Metamorphosed rocks of three distinct episodes of basic intrusion can be recognised in the Precambrian basement of the Tasiussaq area, South Greenland. The oldest intrusions, represented by sills and dykes, are pyriclasites and biotitepyriclasites; the second episode intrusions, in the form of dykes, are pyroxenemetadolerites and the third episode intrusions, represented by dykes and small bodies, are metagabbros, metadolerites, metanorites and amphibolites. The metamorphic nature of the rocks of the three episodes is a reflection of age. Chemical and modal analyses of rocks from the three episodes are presented. Fresh diorite sills and dolerite dykes represent later episodes of Precambrian basic intrusion. The basic rocks depict the varying types of metamorphic conditions which affected the area in Precambrian time, and these are seen to differ from the established metamorphic history in areas to the north-west in South Greenland. The pyriclasites and biotite-pyriclasites have been derived through granulite facies metamorphism; the pyroxene-metadolerites by dipsenic metamorphism under conditions corresponding to the amphibolite facies and the metagabbros, metadolerites, metanorites and amphibolites through amphibolitisation during amphibolite facies metamorphism. It is suggested that the metamorphism producing the pyroxene-metadolerites (Sanerutian in age) was controlled by dipsenic conditions inherited from earlier granulite facies metamorphism (Ketilidian in age). This implies that the Ketilidian and Sanerutian metamorphisms in the Tasiussaq area are not separated by a long span of time and that the break in plutonism marked by the pyroxene-metadolerites cannot be regarded as a significant cratogenic hiatus between two separate plutonisms. The importance of water in controlling trends in the metamorphism of dolerites is stressed. The 1st episode intrusions have undergone severe changes since intrusion and no palimpsest features indicative of primary texture or mineralogy remain. The majority of the 2nd episode intrusions display a granular texture, but some display sub-ophitic and relic sub-ophitic textures. The 3rd episode intrusions display a range from ophitic, sub-ophitic and microporphyritic textures to relic stages of these textures. The 1st episode intrusions were emplaced into a geosynclinal pile of sediments and were probably connected with the volcanicity which occurred at the end of sedimentation. The 2nd and 3rd episode intrusions were emplaced into granitic and metamorphic rocks at a later stage in the same 'geological cycle'. Both the 2nd and 3rd episode intrusions are considered to indicate trends in the crust towards brittle conditions marking temporary partial withdrawals of the thermal front. Their preserved ophitic and sub-ophitic textures are not indicative of emplacement and crystallisation in cratogenic conditions.
Évolution plutonique et structurale de la presqu'île d'Akuliaruseq, Groenland méridional
Authors: Persoz F
Published: June 2021

The Akuliaruseq area, situated between Julianehåb and Nanortalik, is formed of granites (ca. 75 % of the area) and gneisses belonging to the Canadian-Greenlandic shield. The geological history is divided into five periods of varying significance.
The plutonic history of the Tasiussaq area, South Greenland, with special reference to a high-grade gneiss complex
Authors: Dawes P.R
Published: June 2021

Two Precambrian rock complexes, a high-grade gneiss complex and a younger granitic complex, can be recognised in the Tasiussaq area of South Greenland. Both complexes are cut by late basic dykes and faults. The high-grade gneiss complex is composed of a variety of gneisses and granites, together with small areas of metasediments and metavolcanic rocks displaying well-preserved primary structures. Basic and ultramafic rocks also occur. Basic granulite layers in the gneisses represent early basic intrusions while pyroxene-metadolerite dykes represent later post-gneissic intrusions. The complex is charnockitic in nature, the high-grade mineralogy being the result of granulite facies regional metamorphism. Hypersthene and garnet are common minerals but amphibole, mainly a brown hornblende, has a sparse distribution occurring in rocks containing no free quartz. Biotite is common and it occurs in equilibrium with the anhydrous pyroxene in the presence of H2O. Three phases of migmatisation post-dating an early granulite facies metamorphism can be recognised in the complex. This migmatisation was not connected to a regional downgrading of the complex and retrogressive mineral changes are local. Two structural units can be recognised, a lower unit composed of folded and migmatised gneisses and an upper unit composed of relatively undeformed and unmigmatised meta-arkoses and metaconglomerates. Evidence for four phases of deformation exists in the rocks of the lower unit, the most important structures being large-scale recumbent isoclines and nappe-like folds. Discussion on the age of the Tasiussaq complex is given in the light of the geology of the whole of the Tasermiut fjord region. The idea is favoured that the granitic gneisses, gneisses, schists, metasediments and metavolcanics of the region have not all been derived from a single supracrustal pile. The possibilities that the meta-arkoses and metaconglomerates might represent cover rocks to older basement gneisses, or that such metasediments may represent syn-orogenic flysch-type deposits laid down on rocks of the same geological cycle, are considered. The granitic complex is composed of granites of four ages. Hornblende- and biotite-bearing rapakivi granites, which are associated with the intrusion of a suite of dolerite-norite rocks, post-date an autochthonous microcline granite. A late microgranite was emplaced following the potash metasomatism of the rapakivi granites. Diorite, dolerite and ultramafic rocks were intruded during the late stages of the granitic complex. Comments on the nature of the Precambrian evolution conclude the paper. It is suggested that the plutonism which resulted in the formation of the granitic complex is complementary to that forming the high-grade gneiss complex, indicating a tendency for acidic magma generated at depth during the early stages of a developing orogen to rise to higher levels. The late dolerite dykes and faults which cut both complexes are considered as post-plutonic or epeirogenic events.
Plutonic nodules in lamprophyric carbonatite dykes near Frederikshåb, South-West Greenland
Authors: Walton B.J , Arnold A.R
Published: June 2021

A swarm of thin NW-SE lamprophyric carbonatite dykes of Mesozoic age occurs south of Frederikshåb associated with a contemporaneous, parallel swarm of thick dolerites. Apart from local country rock material, inclusions in the lamprophyric carbonatites are mainly of the following types: 1) Single crystals of olivine which were probably mainly derived from the upper mantle. 2) Relatively unmodified garnet- and pyroxene-granulite nodules brought up from a lower crustal level. 3) Nodules, and single crystals, consisting mainly of hornblende and salite which are considered to have formed by metasomatic reaction between the carbonatite magma and mainly acid to intermediate lower crustal rocks, possibly at relatively low levels in the dykes. Hornblende shows various stages of growth from initially small, iron-rich crystals to larger, iron-poor crystals which have commonly replaced pyroxenes. The pyroxenes show a similar but less pronounced development. 4) Alkaline nodules which are again thought to have developed by metasomatic reaction between the magma and country rock inclusions, but possibly at higher levels in the dykes. 5) Phlogopite megacrysts which may be partly xenocrystal but which are thought to have mainly crystallised from the contaminated magma. Complete chemical analyses of lamprophyric carbonatites and partial analyses of individual minerals are presented.
Deglaciation landscapes formed during the wasting of the late Middle Weichselian ice sheet in Denmark
Authors: Marcussen Lb
Published: June 2021

On the basis of paleoclimatological observations the thermal regime of the Weichselian ice in the Danish area is considered in this paper to have been subpolar. The glaciological and glacial-geological consequences of this concept are discussed. Contrary to current opinion it is argued that the Weichselian ice in the Danish area formed an ice sheet containing englacial debris. Observations of plains arranged in a step-like manner, of terraces in the "tunnel"valleys connected with the plains and hanging tributary valleys, and of washboard landscapes gradually passing into plains are presented. These features are interpreted as supraglacial sandurs (down-wasting plains), elongated kettles (down-wasting valleys) and Thule-Baffin moraines formed during area-wasting of the ice sheet. The ablation deposits are considered to be partially controlled by structures in the ice sheet. The topography of the substratum of the ice sheet prior to the wasting phase may have influenced the distribution and morphology of the ablation deposits. The ablation deposits appear to form a carpet over euglacial deposits like lodgement till in considerable areas of the country. The wide occurrence of separate plains and the step-like arrangement may be the result of area-wasting influenced by climatic fluctuations.
Paleocæn ved Rugaard i Jydland og dets Fauna
Authors: Grönwall Karl A , Harder Poul
Published: June 2021

Forekomsten af de paleocæne lag ved Rugaard opdagedes af Cand. Harder i Maj 1902, da han opholdt sig i Egnen for at studere de løse Jordlag. Da dette sidste imidlertid rnr Hovedopgaven for hans Arbejde, foretoges ingen yderligere Undersøgelse af Forekomsten, kun hjembragtes enkelte Prøver med Fragmenter af Forsteninger. Efter Dansk Geologisk Forenings Ekskursion til Grenaahalvøen i Juli 1904 besøgtes Findestedet af Statsgeolog, Dr. phil. Victor Madsen, Cand. Harder og Undertegnede. Det blev os da klart, at Forekomsten baade paa Grund af sin Beliggenhed og paa Grund af sit betydelige Fossilindhold fortjente en nærmere Undersøgelse, og det besluttedes at for etage en saadan samme Sommer. I dette Øjemed opholdt Cand. Harder og jeg os i Egnen en Uges Tid i September 1904.
En Boring gennem de kvartære Lag ved Skærumhede. Undersøgelse af en Forekomst af naturlig Gas i Vendsyssel
Authors: Jessen A , Milthers V , Nordmann V , Hartz N , Hesselbo A
Published: June 2021

De Værdier, der hidtil er fremdragne af Danmarks ældre Jordlag, har ikke kunnet maale sig med de Rigdomme, som Mulden og de øvre Jordlag har ydet gennem lange Tider. Næsten al Kraft og al Interesse har været samlet om Overfladens Dyrkning, og kun hist og her, hvor Forholdene har været særdeles gunstige, har man udnyttet de ældre Aflejringer, hovedsagelig Kridtformationens Stenarter. Af og til, med mange Aars Mellemrum, er der gjort smaa og som oftest mislykkede Forsøg paa Brydning af andre Jordlag, men en systematisk Undersøgelse af, hvad der findes i Dybet i de forskellige Egne, er endnu aldrig udført, og man tør derfor ikke afvise den Tanke, at der mulig hist og her ligger skjult Ting, der kan skabe ny Værdier for Landet.
La Position stratigraphique des Dépôts d'Eem
Authors: Nordmann V
Published: June 2021

Aucune autre formation géologique du Danemark et de l' Allemagne du Nord n 'a sans doute eu une place aussi disputée dans la série des couches quaternaires et dans les tableaux schématiques que, de temps à autre, on en a établis, que l'Argile à Cyprina ou les Dépôts d'Eem, nom que depuis 1908 on a attribué à ces formations. Forchhammer, qui, le premier, en a indiqué la présence en 1841 et leur a donné le nom de »Cyprinaleret« (Argile à Cyprina) à taison de la fréquence de coquil les de Cyprina islandica, a d'abord considéré ces dépôts comme la partie supérieure de la »Brunkulsformation« (forma lion à lignite), mais est arrivé plus tard à la conclusion qu'ils devaient se rapporter à la » Rullestensformation « (formation à pierres roulées), et spécialement à la partie moyenne de celle-ci, étant donné qu'ils reposent sur de l'argile à pierres roulées et en sont superposés.
Stratigraphical and Paleontological Studies of Interglacial Fresh-water Deposits in Jutland and Northwest Germany
Authors: Jessen Knud , Milthers V
Published: June 2021

With the publication of "Bidrag til Danmarks tertirere og diluviale Flora", N. Hartz brought to a conclusion his fundamental investigations or interglacial bogs in Denmark, the bulk of which belongs to the so-called Brorup type; that is to say, interglacial deposits lying in a basin recognisable as such relative to the present surface of the country, and covered by layers of sand, grayel or clay of nonglacigenous origin. For some years after, the questions associated with these formations were regarded as solved in all essentials. Supplementary investigations of the stratigraphical position of these bogs in relation to the extent of the last ice sheet occasioned no alteration in this view, as regards the deposits themselves. But just at the time when these last investigations were being carried out, a starting point was furnished for those further investigations which will be dealt with in the following pages.
Lønstrup Klint
Authors: Jessen Axel
Published: June 2021

De betydelige Niveauforandringer, som Vendsyssel har været Genstand for i den kvartære Tid, og den usædvanlige Udbredelse, som de marine Aflejringer har faaet, præger denne Landsdel, hvis geologiske Forhold i flere Henseender er afvigende fra det øvrige Danmarks. Ved Hjælp af naturlige og kunstige Profiler samt Boringer er der i Vendsyssel paavist følgende Lagserie: Nederst findes Skrivekridt (Senon med Belemnitella mucronata), der dog kun kommer frem til Overfladen mod Syd og Sydvest; mod Nordøst synker Kridtets Overflade, saaledes at den i det nordøstligste Vendsyssel ligger 150- 200 m under Havets Niveau. I en Boring ved Skærumhede, 10 km V for Frederikshavn, er der over Kridtet paavist et Lag Moræneler, der - foruden Skalfragmenter af arktiske Mollusker fra endnu ældre glaciale Lag - indeholder baltiske Blokke og repræsenterer den næstsidste Glacialtid.
Varvighed i danske og skaanske senglaciale Aflejringer. Med særlig Hensyntagen til Egernsund Issøsystemet. Tekstbind
Authors: Hansen Sigurd
Published: June 2021

Materialet til nærværende Afhandling er, for saa vidt det hidrører fra det egentlige Danmark, indsamlet i Marken i Aarene 1927- 28 og 1931- 34, hvorimod Hovedparten af de Iagttagelser, som vedrører Skåne, indsamledes paa Rejser i Sommeren 1932. Omkostningerne ved Undersøgelsen af de skaanske Lokaliteter dækkedes ved en Bevilling fra Carlsberg-Fondet, til hvis Direktion jeg herved skal udtale min bedste Tak for den ydede Støtte. Størstedelen af Arbejdet i Marken er imidlertid udført som Tjenestearbejde for Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, medens kun en mindre Del er udført paa egen Bekostning, som f.eks. de sammenlignende Studier i Lübeck-Issøens Omraade og Undersøgelsen af Issø-Aflejringerne paa Angels Nordkyst.
The Marine Upper Miocene of South Jutland and its Molluscan Fauna
Authors: Rasmussen Leif Banke
Published: June 2021

A description is given of five Tertiary exposures in South Jutland: Gram, Spandetgaard, Ravning, Storlund and Tornskov.At all these places there are or have been brickworks pits in marine mica-clay: Gram clay. Sandy sediments have also been found at Gram. The molluscan fauna from Gram, Spandetgaard and Ravning is described in detail; a variation-statistical analysis is also given of the Astarte reimersi populations from all three localities. The 65 species described are employed as a basis for a biostratigraphical evaluation, with the following result: The fauna at Spandetgaard and Ravning is of the same character as that at Gram and comprises exactly similar populations of species. They must accordingly be assumed to be contemporaneous.The two types of sediments on the whole contain the same molluscan fauna. About 14 species are dominant in the Gram clay, about 5 in the silty sediments. The age difference between them can be only slight. The fauna in all three localities must be determined as before as of Upper Miocene age, and it is closely associated with the molluscan fauna in the North German "Glimmerton".The following species may for the present be employed as index fossils in the Upper Miocene of the North Sea Basin: Sipho distinctus Aquilofusus eximius - A. semiglaber Astarte vetula - A. reimersi. The author makes a critical examination of the subdivision of the Upper Miocene in North Germany and considers Staesche's "Giihlitz-Mecklenburger Stufe" and Thiele's "Basisschichten" invalid.He points out that less common species must be employed with caution in the stratigraphical evaluation, whereas species with a large individual number provide a better foundation for conclusions.The most common molluscan species at Langenfelde and an as yet almost unstudied locality at Maade, east of Esbjerg, are compared and the similarities singled out. The faunas from Maade and Gram are then compared and the differences underlined.The conclusion to be drawn from the author's inquiry on the whole is that the molluscan fauna does not seem to provide arguments sufficiently tenable in favour of a more exact biostratigraphic placing of the occurrences at Gram, Spandetgaard and Ravning in relation to the whole Upper Miocene complex in the North Sea Basin.The relation of the Gram fauna to the Neogene in the rest of Europe and North Africa is examined quite superficially, a more detailed study being postponed until the molluscan fauna in the Danish Upper Miocene as a whole has been completely analyzed. Nevertheless the author maintains that the Gram fauna and its equivalents may best be placed in the period between the Tortonian and the Plaisancien.
Early Postglacial in Aamosen. Geological and Pollen-Analytical Investigations of Maglemosian Settlements in the West-Zealand Bog Aamosen. Vol. II: Description of Sections and Pollen-Analyses. - A Presentation of the Bog-Geological Material
Authors: Jørgensen Svend
Published: June 2021

The present paper presents sediment descriptions and pollen-analyses from 8 points of investigation inside the same basin (Aamosen, West-Zealand), partly from localities near the shore, partly from the central part of the basin. The investigation covers the Pre-boreal, Boreal, and the beginning of the Atlantic periods.The results of the pollen-analyses are given in tabular form, with the numerical values of the individual occurrences of the species.A discussion and interpretation of the results of the investigation are given in Vol. I of this paper.