bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An emerging youth‐centered model of community resilience in communities impacted by gun violence: Power through Black Community and Unity
Authors: Grant Nickholas , Neville Helen , Ogunfemi Nimot , Smith Abisola , Groth Sara , Rodriguez Nino
Published: January 2023

Studies commonly examine resilience as an outcome by way of measuring the degree to which protective factors maintain individuals' well‐being despite the presence of significant risk. In this study, we developed a model of community resilience that centered the voices of Black youth. Using data collected as part of a 3‐year, youth participatory action research project, we developed a model that focuses on what 11 Black youth perceive and believe contributes to community resilience through their investigation of problems and solutions related to community gun violence. Findings from a constructivist grounded theory analysis of multiple data sources (e.g., field notes, transcribed group discussions, youth photovoice activities) revealed our developing model of community resilience: Power through Black Community and Unity. Specifically, Power through Black Community and Unity was a core category that reflected the importance of care, support, and safety as strengths in the community's current response and resilience to gun violence, and future aspects the community could develop to increase community resilience to gun violence. This core category emerged in three subsequent ways: Collective Care, “Seeing Beyond the Bad,” and Supportive Teen Spaces. This study illustrates potential pathways that youth service agencies and community practitioners can consider enhancing in their programming to promote resilience in their communities.
Self‐Assembled Surfactant‐Polyoxovanadate Soft Materials as Tuneable Vanadium Oxide Cathode Precursors for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: McNulty Rory C. , Penston Keir , Amin Sharad S. , Stal Sandro , Lee Jie Yie , Samperi Mario , Pérez‐García Lluïsa , Cameron Jamie M. , Johnson Lee R. , Amabilino David B. , Newton Graham N.
Published: January 2023

The mixing of [V10O28]6− decavanadate anions with a dicationic gemini surfactant (gem) leads to the spontaneous self‐assembly of surfactant‐templated nanostructured arrays of decavanadate clusters. Calcination of the material under air yields highly crystalline, sponge‐like V2O5 (gem‐V2O5). In contrast, calcination of the amorphous tetrabutylammonium decavanadate allows isolation of a more agglomerated V2O5 consisting of very small crystallites (TBA‐V2O5). Electrochemical analysis of the materials’ performance as lithium‐ion intercalation electrodes highlights the role of morphology in cathode performance. The large crystallites and long‐range microstructure of the gem‐V2O5 cathode deliver higher initial capacity and superior capacity retention than TBA‐V2O5. The smaller crystallite size and higher surface area of TBA‐V2O5 allow faster lithium insertion and superior rate performance to gem‐V2O5.
Spectroscopic Identification of Diphosphene HPPH and Isomeric Diphosphinyldene PPH2
Authors: Lu Bo , Wang Lina , Jiang Xin , Rauhut Guntram , Zeng Xiaoqing
Published: January 2023

The simplest diphosphene HPPH and isomeric diphosphinyldene PPH2 features prototype phosphorus‐phosphorus multiple bonding properties that have been of long‐standing interest in main‐group chemistry. Herein, we report the observation of cis‐HPPH, trans‐HPPH, and PPH2 among the respective laser photolysis products of phosphine (PH3) and diphosphine (P2H4) in solid N2‐ and Ar‐matrices at 10 K. The identification of these P2H2 isomers with matrix‐isolation IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy is supported by D‐isotope labeling and the quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)‐F12a/cc‐pVTZ‐F12 level using configuration‐selective vibrational configuration interaction theory (VCI). Bonding analyses suggest that the two conformers of HPPH contain standard PP double bonds, whereas, PPH2 resembles P2 in having partial PP triple bond due to the H2P←P π bonding interaction.
Triggered Functional Dynamics of AsLOV2 by Time‐Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance at High Magnetic Fields
Authors: Maity Shiny , Price Brad D. , Wilson C. Blake , Mukherjee Arnab , Starck Matthieu , Parker David , Wilson Maxwell Z. , Lovett Janet E. , Han Songi , Sherwin Mark S.
Published: January 2023

We present time‐resolved Gd−Gd electron paramagnetic resonance (TiGGER) at 240 GHz for tracking inter‐residue distances during a protein's mechanical cycle in the solution state. TiGGER makes use of Gd‐sTPATCN spin labels, whose favorable qualities include a spin‐7/2 EPR‐active center, short linker, narrow intrinsic linewidth, and virtually no anisotropy at high fields (8.6 T) when compared to nitroxide spin labels. Using TiGGER, we determined that upon light activation, the C‐terminus and N‐terminus of AsLOV2 separate in less than 1 s and relax back to equilibrium with a time constant of approximately 60 s. TiGGER revealed that the light‐activated long‐range mechanical motion is slowed in the Q513A variant of AsLOV2 and is correlated to the similarly slowed relaxation of the optically excited chromophore as described in recent literature. TiGGER has the potential to valuably complement existing methods for the study of triggered functional dynamics in proteins.
Generation of Allylmagnesium Reagents by Hydromagnesiation of 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐dienes
Authors: Li Yihang , Chen Jiahua , Ng Jaslyn Jing Wen , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: January 2023

A protocol for the generation of allylmagnesium reagents from 2‐aryl‐1,3‐dienes was developed using magnesium hydride (MgH2) that is generated in situ by solvothermal treatment of sodium hydride (NaH) and magnesium iodide (MgI2) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Downstream functionalization of the resulting allylmagnesium reagents with carbonyl compounds or alkyl (pseudo)halides delivers branched products having an allylic quaternary carbon center, whereas that with chlorosilanes resulted in formation of linear allylsilanes in regio and stereoselective manners. Further derivatizations of the homoallylic alcohols and allylsilanes were also demonstrated.
Highly Reactive Hydrocarbon Soluble Alkylsodium Reagents for Benzylic Aroylation of Toluenes using Weinreb Amides
Authors: Anderson David E. , Tortajada Andreu , Hevia Eva
Published: January 2023

Deaggregating the alkyl sodium NaCH2SiMe3 with polydentate nitrogen ligands enables the preparation and characterisation of new, hydrocarbon soluble chelated alkylsodium reagents. Equipped with significantly enhanced metalating power over their organolithium counterparts, these systems can promote controlled sodiation of weakly acidic benzylic C−H bonds from a series of toluene derivatives under mild stoichiometric conditions. This has been demonstrated through the benzylic aroylation of toluenes with Weinreb amides, that delivers a wide range of 2‐arylacetophenones in good to excellent yields. Success in isolating and determining the structures of key organometallic intermediates has provided useful mechanistic insight into these new sodium‐mediated transformations.
Anticancer agents incorporating the N‐acylhydrazone scaffold: Progress from 2017 to present
Authors: Kassab Asmaa E.
Published: January 2023

The N‐acylhydrazone motif has been shown to be particularly adaptable and promising in the area of medicinal chemistry and drug development, due to its significant biological and pharmacological characteristics. Moreover, N‐acylhydrazones are appealing synthetic and biological tools because of their simple and straightforward synthesis. This scaffold has emerged as a fundamental building block for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Particularly, the N‐acylhydrazone scaffold served as a base for the synthesis of a number of potent anticancer agents acting via different mechanisms. An updated summary of the anticancer activity of N‐acylhydrazone derivatives described in the literature (from 2017 to 2022) is provided in the current review. It discusses the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of N‐acylhydrazone derivatives exhibiting anticancer potential, which could be helpful in designing and developing new derivatives as effective antiproliferative candidates in the future.
Magnetic‐responsive Covalent Adaptable Networks
Authors: Liang Huan , Wei Yen , Ji Yan
Published: January 2023

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are reprocessable polymers whose structural arrangement is based on the recombination of dynamic covalent bonds. Composite materials prepared by incorporating magnetic particles into CANs attract much attention due to their remote and precise control, fast response speed, high biological safety and strong penetration of magnetic stimuli. These properties often involve magnetothermal effect and direct magnetic‐field guidance. Besides, some of them can also respond to light, electricity or pH values. Thus, they are favorable for soft actuators since various functions are achieved such as magnetic‐assisted self‐healing (heating or at ambient temperature), welding (on land or under water), shape‐morphing, and so on. Although magnetic CANs just start to be studied in recent two years, their advances are promised to expand the practical applications in both cutting‐edge academic and engineering fields. This review aims to summarize recent progress in magnetic‐responsive CANs, including their design, synthesis and application.
Materialeffiziente Tübbings mit Hybridbewehrung – Entwurf, Herstellung und Bauteilexperimente
Authors: Petraroia Diego Nicolás , Ahrens Mark Alexander , Mark Peter
Published: January 2023

Lasteinleitungsstellen von Tunneln aus Tübbings sind lokal hoch beansprucht. Insbesondere betrifft dies die Ansatzpunkte der Vorschubpressen und die Längsfugen als Kontaktstellen zwischen den einzelnen Segmenten in Ringrichtung. Gewöhnlich dominiert die Teilflächenpressung der Längsfuge die Dimensionierung des ganzen Tübbings; abseits davon wird er jedoch nicht voll ausgenutzt. Im Beitrag werden zwei Lösungskonzepte vorgestellt. Eines verstärkt die Tragfähigkeit der Längsfugen im Bereich der Lasteinleitung durch hochfesten Beton und hybride Bewehrung aus Stabstahl und Stahlfasern. Übrige Tübbingteile werden weiterhin in Normalbeton ausgeführt. Darauf abgestimmt erfolgt die Betonage; stehend und hybrid. Alternativ werden Tübbings aus durchgehend hochfestem Beton mit Aussparungen entwickelt. Entsprechende Entwürfe werden im Großmaßstab im Labor umgesetzt und hinsichtlich ihrer Tragfähigkeit geprüft. Sie liegt bei beiden mit ca. 75 % bzw. 86 % deutlich über derjenigen eines herkömmlichen Referenztübbings. Auch hinsichtlich der CO2‐Äquivalente zeigen sich Einsparpotenziale von ca. 35 %. Zudem verringert die geringere notwendige Tübbingdicke den Ausbruchquerschnitt, was Kostenvorteile bringt.
Cannabinoids in neuroinflammatory disorders: Focusing on multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons, and Alzheimers diseases
Authors: Abd‐Nikfarjam Bahareh , Dolati‐Somarin Amirhossein , Baradaran Rahimi Vafa , Askari Vahid Reza
Published: January 2023

The medicinal properties of cannabis and cannabinoid‐derivative are entirely investigated and known. In addition, the identification of psychotropic plant cannabinoids has led to more studies regarding the cannabinoid system and its therapeutic features in the treatment and management of clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease (PD), and Alzheimers disease (AD). In fact, cannabinoid agonists are able to control and regulate inflammatory responses. In contrast to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and its unwanted adverse effects, the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) and its ligands hold promise for new and effective therapeutic approaches. So far, some successes have been achieved in this field. This review will discuss an outline of the endocannabinoid system's involvement in neuroinflammatory disorders. Moreover, the pharmacological efficacy of different natural and synthetic preparations of phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid receptors, particularly in MS, PD, and AD, will be updated. Also, the reasons for targeting CB2 for neurodegeneration will be explained.
Improvement of Metabolic and Histological Changes of Adiposity in Rats by Synthetic Oleoyl Chalcones
Authors: AlKhathami Azza A. M. , Saad Hosam A. , Fareed Fareed A. , El‐Shafey Eman S. , Elsherbiny Eslam S. , El Nahas Mamdouh R. , Aly Mohamed R. E.
Published: January 2023

We previously reported that synthetic oleoyl chalcones had a favorable effect to alleviate metabolic consequences of obesity in male SD rats. In this work, we prepared and characterized by spectroscopic tools, a set of six oleoyl chalcones (5a–c, 10 and 11a,b). The comparative effects of the previously prepared oleoyl chalcones and their new synthetic analogs on metabolic and histological changes in obese male SD rats were studied. It was found that the oleoyl chalcones IIIa and IV were the best in improving many metabolic parameters, e. g., FBG, FI, ISI, TG, and total cholesterol. They cured systemic inflammation, through inhibition of the TNF‐α and induction of adiponectin production. Moreover, chalcones IIIa and IV alleviated the oxidative stress accompanying obesity through the induction of the antioxidant enzymes GPX, SOD and CAT besides, GSH. Interestingly, chalcones IIIa and IV exerted hepatoprotective potency and ameliorated the manifestations of NAFLD via inhibition of apoptosis and induction of autophagy of hepatic cells. In conclusion, the oleoyl chalcones IIIa and IV were the most effective candidates among the series of synthetic chalcones in correcting body weight and the consequent metabolic and histological changes in adiposity.
DMAPO/Boc2O‐Mediated One‐Pot Direct N‐Acylation of Less Nucleophilic N‐Heterocycles with Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Umehara Atsushi , Shimizu Soma , Sasaki Makoto
Published: January 2023

In contrast to the considerable progress in the development of methodologies for amide bond formation in amines, the development of direct N‐acylation of less nucleophilic N‐heterocycles and amides with carboxylic acids is still challenging. In this report, we describe the direct N‐acylation of less nucleophilic heterocycles and amides with carboxylic acids promoted by the 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine N‐oxide (DMAPO)/di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate (Boc2O) system. The new one‐pot method, which does not involve pre‐activation of substrates, enables the direct N‐acylation of a wide variety of nitrogen nucleophiles such as indole, carbazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, lactam, oxazolidinone, and anilide with carboxylic acids in high yield. The new method also exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. As the present method is practical, operationally simple, and scalable, it should find wide applications in both academic and industrial laboratories.
The relationships among the big 5 personality factors and negative career thoughts
Authors: Coleman Christine E. , Lenz Janet G. , Osborn Debra S.
Published: January 2023

College students may present with career concerns that are interrelated with personality and psychological factors. Various authors have highlighted the need for career practitioners to take a holistic approach with clients seeking assistance. This research examined the intersection of personal and career characteristics, specifically personality and negative career thoughts. A total of 128 undergraduate students in five career course sections completed the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory and the Career Thoughts Inventory. A hierarchical multiple regression showed that 27.1% of the variability in negative career thoughts was explained by the combined effect of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Personality factors had significant moderate correlations with specific aspects of negative thinking, including Decision‐Making Confusion (DMC) and Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. Commitment Anxiety (CA) was significantly correlated with Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. We discuss how the findings highlight the intersection of career and personality factors, and the implications for theory, practice, and future research
Manipulation of Organic Afterglow in Fluoranthene‐Containing Dopant‐Matrix Systems: From Conventional Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence to Efficient Red TADF‐Type Organic Afterglow
Authors: Xu Yaxian , Yuan Shou , Wang Guangming , Li Jiuyang , Wang Xuepu , Li Xun , Ding Shuhui , Chen Xuefeng , Zhang Kaka
Published: January 2023

It remains challenging to fabricate highly‐efficient and long‐lived organic afterglow materials, especially in the case of red afterglow systems. Here we develop advanced charge transfer (CT) technology to boost afterglow efficiency and lifetimes in fluoranthene‐containing dopant‐matrix systems. First, organic CT molecules possess singlet‐triplet splitting energy (ΔEST) of around 0.5 eV, much smaller than localized excitation systems. Second, upon doping into suitable organic matrices, dipole‐dipole interactions between 1CT states and organic matrices reduce 1CT levels with less effect on 3CT levels, and thus further narrow ΔEST and enhance intersystem crossing. Third, the rigid planar structure of fluoranthene groups and the rigid microenvironment provided by organic matrices can suppress phosphorescence quenching. Forth, the multiple donor design enables spectral red‐shifts to red region and switches on TADF mechanism to improve afterglow efficiency to 13.1 % and maintain afterglow lifetime of 0.1 s. Such high‐performance afterglow materials have been rarely explored in reported studies.
Access to Amide‐Linked Organic Cages by in situ Trapping of Metastable Imine Assemblies: Solution Phase Bisamine Recognition
Authors: Andrews Keith G. , Christensen Kirsten E.
Published: January 2023

Molecular cages are sought after as receptors and catalysts. However, typical dynamic covalent chemistry approaches restrict the shape‐persistence, solubility and stability of self‐assembled organic cages. As a result, organic cages occupy a narrow chemical and functional space, and solution‐phase applications and studies remain rare. We report an in situ trapping protocol, using Pinnick oxidation conditions, to convertsolublemetastable imine assemblies to robust amide cages, and exemplify the method to access previously inaccessible organic cages. The new cages are internally functionalised with two constrained and diametrically opposed carboxylic acid groups that can distinguish between functionalised piperazines in THF. We anticipate our approach will broaden access to robust, soluble, self‐assembled organic cages of an unsymmetrical or semi‐flexible nature, which in turn will drive advances in solution‐phase applications of molecular cages.
Patient‐specific finite element simulation of peripheral artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to evaluate the procedure outcome without stent implantation
Authors: Helou Bernard , Bel‐Brunon Aline , Dupont Claire , Ye Wenfeng , Silvestro Claudio , Rochette Michel , Lucas Antoine , Kaladji Adrien , Haigron Pascal
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this work is to present a patient‐specific (PS) modeling approach for simulating percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) endovascular treatment and assessing the balloon sizing influence on short‐term outcomes in peripheral arteries, i.e. without stent implantation. Two 3D PS stenosed femoral artery models, one with a dominant calcified atherosclerosis while the other with a lipidic plaque, were generated from pre‐operative computed tomography angiography images. Elastoplastic constitutive laws were implemented within the plaque and artery models. Implicit finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the balloon inflation and deflation for different sizings. Besides vessel strains, results were mainly evaluated in terms of the elastic recoil ratio (ERR) and lumen gain ratio (LGR) attained immediately after PTA. Higher LGR values were shown within the stenosed region of the lipidic patient. Simulated results also showed a direct and quantified correlation between balloon sizing and LGR and ERR for both patients after PTA, with a more significant influence on the lumen gain. The max principal strain values in the outer arterial wall increased at higher balloon sizes during inflation as well, with higher rates of increase when the plaque was calcified. Results show that our model could serve in finding a compromise for each stenosis type: maximizing the achieved lumen gain after PTA, but at the same time without damaging the arterial tissue. The proposed methodology can serve as a step toward a clinical decision support system to improve angioplasty balloon sizing selection prior to the surgery.
N1‐Methylnicotinamide as Biomarker for MATE‐Mediated Renal Drug–Drug Interactions: Impact of Cimetidine, Rifampin, Verapamil, and Probenecid
Authors: Müller Fabian , Hohl Kathrin , Keller Sascha , Schmidt‐Gerets Sven , Deutsch Birgit , Schuler‐Metz Annette , Fromm Martin F. , Stopfer Peter , Gessner Arne
Published: January 2023

N1‐methylnicotinamide (NMN) has been proposed as endogenous biomarker for drug–drug interactions mediated by inhibition of multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) at the renal proximal tubule. We analyzed NMN in plasma and urine samples of two clinical trials investigating a new probe drug cocktail (consisting of digoxin, metformin, furosemide, and rosuvastatin) dedicated to clinically relevant drug transporters. In trial 1, NMN was investigated after single‐dose treatment with individual cocktail components or after cocktail treatment. In trial 2, NMN was investigated after treatment with cocktail alone or with cocktail + inhibitor (cimetidine, a MATE inhibitor; or rifampin, verapamil, or probenecid, inhibitors of other transporters). In trial 1, NMN kinetics in plasma and urine were essentially not affected by individual cocktail components or after cocktail treatment. In trial 2, NMN renal clearance from 0 to 12 hours (CLR,0–12) geometric mean ratio (GMR) after cocktail + cimetidine vs. cocktail alone was 75% (90% confidence interval (CI): 65–87%). NMN CLR GMR after cocktail + verapamil, + rifampin, or + probenecid vs. cocktail alone was 99% (90% CI: 81–121%), 91% (90% CI: 75–111%), and 107% (90% CI: 91–126%), respectively. Compared with creatinine CLR and creatinine area under the plasma‐concentration time curve, NMN CLR was more specific and more sensitive for renal MATE inhibition. Absence of impact of the cocktail on NMN in trial 1 allows for utilization of NMN in studies using this transporter cocktail. Trial 2 data support that NMN CLR is a specific and sensitive marker for MATE‐mediated renal drug–drug interactions.
Study finds students with disabilities underrepresented in life sciences
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2023

Recent research has shown that students with disabilities are underrepresented in postsecondary life science education. See Logan E. Gin et al., Students with Disabilities in Life Science Undergraduate Research Experiences: Challenges and Opportunities, 21 CBE‐Life Sci. Educ. 2 (May 2022) (https://bit.ly/3G8IJzS). A May 2022 study surveyed over 1,200 undergraduate researchers to ascertain the percentage of students with disabilities participating in research in undergraduate science programs. Researchers found that roughly 12% of survey respondents identified as a student with disabilities.
Hydrodynamics and habitat interact to structure fish communities within terminal channels of a tidal freshwater delta
Authors: Huntsman Brock M. , Young Matthew J. , Feyrer Frederick V. , Stumpner Paul R. , Brown Larry R. , Burau Jon R.
Published: January 2023

Terminal channels were historically a common feature of tidal delta ecosystems but have become increasingly rare as landscapes have been modified. Tidal hydrodynamics are a defining feature in tidal terminal channel ecosystems from which native aquatic communities have evolved. However, few studies have explored the relationship between fish community structure and hydrodynamics in these tidal terminal channel ecosystems. We sampled fish communities throughout a network of terminal channels within the northeasternmost region of the San Francisco Estuary to determine the relationship between fish community structure and hydrodynamics within these environments. We collected two years (2017 and 2018) of fish community samples using gill nets and analyzed data using multivariate community analyses and count models. We found metrics of fish diversity and counts of native fishes to be greatest upstream (farthest from tidal influence) of the tidal excursion within terminal channels. Counts of non‐native fishes were less affected by this hydrodynamic feature of terminal channels and more tightly correlated to local habitat conditions (e.g., water temperature, depth). Our results suggest that channel hydrodynamics plays a role in structuring fish communities within terminal channels, particularly native fishes. These results indicate that hydrodynamics in tidal delta ecosystems may be able to be altered in ways that benefit native fishes without the cost of water pumping.
Plant community dynamics following non‐native shrub removal depend on invasion intensity and forest site characteristics
Authors: Moore Eric , D'Amico Vincent , Trammell Tara L. E.
Published: January 2023

Globally, temperate deciduous forests are threatened by invasion of non‐native (exotic) plant species. In the eastern United States, Rosa multiflora is a dominant shrub invader in forests, which often forms dense thickets that reduce sunlight availability in the understory, where decreased native plant diversity and abundance are observed. Management and restoration are difficult but desirable, especially when invasion intensity is still low. Few studies have examined the relative success of different management strategies under varying invasion intensities. Our study objectives were to conduct a R. multiflora removal experiment in three forest sites experiencing different invasion intensities and to restore native plant biodiversity while preventing secondary invasion. We utilized three management strategies: invasive plant removal, removal followed by native seed addition, and removal plus native seed and mulched invasive stem addition. We investigated the similarity between seed bank species composition and existing vegetation before and after removal to assess the potential for passive restoration. Two seasons after removal, we found that simply removing roses increased native species richness, native floristic quality assessment (FQAIN), and native shrub abundance in our medium invasion site, and total species richness in our low and medium invasion sites. Compared to removal alone, native seed addition, with and without mulch addition, resulted in larger native and total species richness and FQAIN increases at all sites, larger increases in native shrub abundance and exotic species richness in our medium invasion site, and larger reductions in exotic and total shrub abundance in our low and medium invasion sites. Following removal, species similarity between the seed bank and vegetation improved for all three sites. Our results indicate that removal of R. multiflora alone increased native plant biodiversity in the medium invasion scenario, but the seed bank may not provide a large native species pool. Additional management strategies lead to improved outcomes, especially in our most invaded forest, demonstrating the need to conduct multiple plant removal treatments across forests with varying site conditions and plant invasion intensity to improve management recommendations.
Juvenile life history diversity is associated with lifetime individual heterogeneity in a migratory fish
Authors: Sorel Mark H. , Murdoch Andrew R. , Zabel Richard W. , Jorgensen Jeffrey C. , Kamphaus Cory M. , Converse Sarah J.
Published: January 2023

Differences in the life history pathways (LHPs) of juvenile animals are often associated with differences in demographic rates in later life stages. For migratory animals, different LHPs often result in animals from the same population occupying distinct habitats subjected to different environmental drivers. Understanding how demographic rates differ among animals expressing different LHPs may reveal fitness trade‐offs that drive the expression of alternative LHPs and enable better prediction of population dynamics in a changing environment. To understand how demographic outcomes and their relationships with environmental variables differ among animals with different LHPs, we analyzed a long‐term (2006–2021) mark–recapture dataset for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Wenatchee River, Washington, USA. Distinct LHPs represented in this population include either remaining in the natal stream until emigrating to the ocean as a 1‐year‐old (natal‐reach rearing) or emigrating from the natal stream and rearing in downstream habitats for several months before completing the emigration to the ocean as a 1‐year‐old (downstream rearing). We found that downstream‐rearing fish emigrated to the ocean 19 days earlier on average and returned as adults from the ocean at higher rates. We detected a positive correlation between rate of return from the ocean by downstream‐rearing fish and coastal upwelling in their spring of outmigration, whereas for natal‐reach‐rearing fish we detected a positive correlation with sea surface temperature during their first marine summer. Different responses to environmental variability should lead to asynchrony in adult abundance among juvenile LHPs. A higher proportion of downstream‐rearing fish returned at younger ages compared with natal‐reach‐rearing fish, which contributed to variability in age at reproduction and greater mixing across generations. Our results demonstrate how diversity in juvenile LHPs is associated with heterogeneity in demographic rates during subsequent life stages, which can in turn affect variance in aggregate population abundance and response to environmental change. Our findings underscore the importance of considering life history diversity in demographic analyses and provide insights into the effects of life history diversity on population dynamics and trade‐offs that contribute to the maintenance of life history diversity.
Acute heart failure after non‐cardiac surgery: incidence, phenotypes, determinants and outcomes
Authors: Gualandro Danielle M. , Puelacher Christian , Chew Michelle S. , Andersson Henrik , Lurati Buse Giovanna , Glarner Noemi , Mueller Daria , Cardozo Francisco A.M. , Burri‐Winkler Katrin , Mork Constantin , Wussler Desiree , Shrestha Samyut , Heidelberger Isabelle , Fält Mikael , Hidvegi Reka , Bolliger Daniel , Lampart Andreas , Steiner Luzius A. , Schären Stefan , Kindler Christoph , Gürke Lorenz , Rikli Daniel , Lardinois Didier , Osswald Stefan , Buser Andreas , Caramelli Bruno , Mueller Christian ,   for the BASEL‐PMI Investigators
Published: January 2023

Aims

Primary acute heart failure (AHF) is a common cause of hospitalization. AHF may also develop postoperatively (pAHF). The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, phenotypes, determinants and outcomes of pAHF following non‐cardiac surgery.

Methods and results

A total of 9164 consecutive high‐risk patients undergoing 11 262 non‐cardiac inpatient surgeries were prospectively included. The incidence, phenotypes, determinants and outcome of pAHF, centrally adjudicated by independent cardiologists, were determined. The incidence of pAHF was 2.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–2.8%); 51% of pAHF occurred in patients without known heart failure (de novo pAHF), and 49% in patients with chronic heart failure. Among patients with chronic heart failure, 10% developed pAHF, and among patients without a history of heart failure, 1.5% developed pAHF. Chronic heart failure, diabetes, urgent/emergent surgery, atrial fibrillation, cardiac troponin elevations above the 99th percentile, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anaemia, peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and age, were independent predictors of pAHF in the logistic regression model. Patients with pAHF had significantly higher all‐cause mortality (44% vs. 11%, p < 0.001) and AHF readmission (15% vs. 2%, p < 0.001) within 1 year than patients without pAHF. After Cox regression analysis, pAHF was an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.7 [95% CI 1.3–2.2]; p < 0.001) and AHF readmission (aHR 2.3 [95% CI 1.5–3.7]; p < 0.001). Findings were confirmed in an external validation cohort using a prospective multicentre cohort of 1250 patients (incidence of pAHF 2.4% [95% CI 1.6–3.3%]).

Conclusions

Postoperative AHF frequently developed following non‐cardiac surgery, being de novo in half of cases, and associated with a very high mortality.
In silico investigations of the multi‐targeted antiviral potential of small molecule phytochemicals of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. seed extracts against SARS‐CoV‐2 for therapeutics of COVID‐19
Authors: Tyagi Saya , Shukla Anuradha , Ram Heera , Panwar Anil , Kumar Roshan , Tripathi Rashmi
Published: January 2023

The therapeutics of COVID‐2 was significantly obtained from nutraceutical approaches based on traditional knowledges and long practices. The current study was aimed to investigate antiviral potential of small molecule phytochemicals of seeds of Nelumbo nucifera against the SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins. GC–MS analysis resulted in identifying 12 dominating small molecule phytocompounds from the seed extracts of the N. nucifera. Further, we selected RNA‐dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps), spike protein, and M protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 as antiviral targets and performed in silico analyses, including protein docking (ligands), ADMET predictions, and molecular dynamics (MD). The studies revealed that the molecular interactions (protein–ligands) of three target proteins, namely, RdRp, spike protein, and M‐protein, have significant binding energies with three different substrates, namely, 1‐(8′‐methylquinolin‐2′‐yl)‐2,3,4‐tri(methoxycarbonyl)‐6‐(1″,2″‐di(methoxycarbonyl)vinyloxy)benzene (binding energy −5.84 kcal/mol) 2(1H)‐pyrimidinone, 5‐chloro‐4,6‐diphenyl (binding energy −6.60 kcal/mol), and nickel, [2,8,12,18‐tetraethyl‐3,7,13,17‐tetramethyl‐21H,23H‐porphinato(2‐)‐N21,N22,N23,N24]‐, (SP‐4‐1) (binding energy −7.02 kcal/mol), respectively. The ADMET predictions show significant pharmacokinetic profiles of the druggability of the three compounds of different targets. The pharmacokinetic activities critical to predicting stages of the drug development process are gastrointestinal absorption and brain access. The MD simulation showed that the systems were stable, referring to them as a potentially effective treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, a possible initiative has been taken to evaluate three potent small molecules of antiviral phytocompounds made from typically edible N. nucifera seed to support the nutraceutical approach to COVID‐19 therapeutics.
Impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on neuropsychiatric symptoms and antipsychotic prescribing for people with dementia in nursing home settings
Authors: McDermid Joanne , Ballard Clive , Khan Zunera , Aarsland Dag , Fox Chris , Fossey Jane , Clare Linda , Moniz‐Cook Esme , Soto‐Martin Maria , Sweetnam Adrienne , Mills Kathryn , Cummings Jeffrey , Corbett Anne
Published: January 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on neuropsychiatric symptoms and antipsychotic use in people with dementia living in nursing homes.

Methods

This was a comparative analysis of baseline data from two large nursing home studies, one conducted during (COVID‐iWHELD study) and one prior (WHELD study) to the pandemic. It involves data from 69 and 149 nursing homes, and 1006 and 666 participants respectively. Participants were people with established dementia (score >1 on Clinical Dementia Rating Scale). Resident data included demographics, antipsychotic prescriptions and neuropsychiatric symptoms using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home version. Nursing home data collected were nursing home size and staffing information.

Results

Overall prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was unchanged from pre‐pandemic prevalence. Mean antipsychotic use across the sample was 32.0%, increased from 18% pre‐pandemic (Fisher's exact test p < 0.0001). At a nursing home level, the medians for the low, medium and high tertiles for antipsychotic use were 7%, 20% and 59% respectively, showing a disproportionate rise in tertile three. Residents in these homes also showed a small but significant increase in agitation.

Conclusion

There has been a significant increase in antipsychotic prescribing in nursing homes since the COVID‐19 pandemic, with a disproportionate rise in one third of homes, where median prescription rates for antipsychotics were almost 60%. Strategies are urgently needed to identify these nursing homes and introduce pro‐active support to bring antipsychotic prescription rates back to pre‐pandemic levels.
Effects of tamoxifen on normal breast tissue histological composition: Results from a randomised six‐arm placebo‐controlled trial in healthy women
Authors: Gabrielson Marike , Hammarström Mattias , Bäcklund Magnus , Bergqvist Jenny , Lång Kristina , Rosendahl Ann H , Borgquist Signe , Hellgren Roxanna , Czene Kamila , Hall Per
Published: January 2023

Tamoxifen prevents recurrence of breast cancer and is suggested for preventive risk‐reducing therapy. Tamoxifen reduces mammographic density, a proxy for therapy response, but little is known about its effects in remodelling normal breast tissue. Our study, a substudy within the double‐blinded dose‐determination trial KARISMA, investigated tamoxifen‐specific changes in breast tissue composition and histological markers in healthy women. We included 83 healthy women randomised to 6 months daily intake of 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1 mg of tamoxifen or placebo. The groups were combined to “no dose” (0‐1 mg), “low‐dose” (2.5‐5 mg) or “high‐dose” (10‐20 mg) of tamoxifen. Ultrasound‐guided biopsies were collected before and after tamoxifen exposure. In each biopsy, epithelial, stromal and adipose tissues was quantified, and expression of epithelial and stromal Ki67, oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) analysed. Mammographic density using STRATUS was measured at baseline and end‐of‐tamoxifen‐exposure. We found that different doses of tamoxifen reduced mammographic density and glandular‐epithelial area in premenopausal women and associated with reduced epithelium and increased adipose tissue. High‐dose tamoxifen also decreased epithelial ER and PR expressions in premenopausal women. Premenopausal women with the greatest reduction in proliferation also had the greatest epithelial reduction. In postmenopausal women, high‐dose tamoxifen decreased the epithelial area with no measurable density decrease. Tamoxifen at both low and high doses influences breast tissue composition and expression of histological markers in the normal breast. Our findings connect epithelial proliferation with tissue remodelling in premenopausal women and provide novel insights to understanding biological mechanisms of primary prevention with tamoxifen.
Immunoregulatory therapy improves live birth in Th17/Treg‐cell‐elevated women with embryo transfer failure
Authors: Meng Shihui , Ren Junxiang , Zhang Tianzhen , Jia Yingying , Han Hongjing , Shen Huan
Published: January 2023

Synopsis

Immunotherapy therapy can improve live birth rate in women with implantation failure. Patients may benefit more if they have elevated peripheral Th17/Treg ratio.
Global solvability and decay estimates for a type III thermo‐viscoelastic coupled system with infinite memory and boundary interaction feedback
Authors: Limam Abdelaziz , Boukhatem Yamna , Benabderrahmane Benyattou
Published: January 2023

A type III thermo‐viscoelastic coupled system with infinite memory and distributed delay is considered. The interaction feedback between the nonlinear damping and the acoustic conditions are reacted on portion of the boundary. We obtain the well posedness and regularity of the system by using semigroup theory which is combined with Schauder's fixed point theorem. Moreover, the general decay estimates are established under a much larger class of relaxation functions. Our results are obtained without the boundedness condition of initial data assumed in many earlier papers in the literature. This work generalizes the composite stability between infinite memory and nonlinear damping.
Periodic trends in the hydration energies and critical sizes of alkaline earth and transition metal dication water complexes
Authors: Yang Fan , Armentrout P. B.
Published: January 2023

This review encompasses guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry studies of hydrated metal dication complexes. Metals include the Group 2 alkaline earths (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), late first‐row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn), along with Cd. In all cases, threshold collision‐induced dissociation experiments are used to quantitatively determine the sequential hydration energies for M2+(H2O)x complexes ranging in size from one to 11 water molecules. Periodic trends in these bond dissociation energies are examined and discussed. Values are compared to other experimental results when available. In addition to dissociation by simple water ligand loss, complexes at a select size (which differs from metal to metal) are also observed to undergo charge separation to yield a hydrated metal hydroxide cation and a hydrated proton. This leads to the concept of a critical size, xcrit, and the periodic trends in this value are also discussed.
A set‐based approach for hierarchical optimization problem using Bayesian active learning
Authors: Shintani Kohei , Sugai Tomotaka , Yamada Takayuki
Published: January 2023

In the development of complex engineering systems, many engineers from different disciplines collaborate to identify feasible designs that satisfy all system requirements. Analytical target cascading (ATC) is a method for the design optimization of hierarchical, multilevel systems and has been successfully employed in the design of complex engineering systems. In this paper, we propose a novel data‐driven set‐based ATC (SBATC) method for hierarchical design optimization problems using machine learning techniques. The proposed SBATC offers two advantages in engineering processes. First, it decomposes hierarchical design optimization problems into sets of suboptimization problems. The feasible regions of the suboptimization problems are explored and cascaded to lower‐level optimization problems. Using the set‐based approach, couplings between two adjacent levels in the optimization process are not required. Second, an efficient strategy is employed to determine feasible regions based on Bayesian active learning (BAL). In BAL, the Gaussian process (GP) of all cost functions is trained. An acquisition function that combines the probability of feasibility and entropy search is evaluated using posterior distributions of the trained GP. The acquisition function is maximized to generate new sampling points around the feasible regions by balancing the exploitation and exploration of the design space. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, numerical examples of hierarchical optimization problems are evaluated.
Overview of key results achieved in H2020 HighLite project helping to raise the EU PV industries' competitiveness
Authors: Tous Loic , Govaert Jonathan , Harrison Samuel , Carrière Carolyn , Barth Vincent , Giglia Valentin , Buchholz Florian , Chen Ning , Halm Andreas , Faes Antonin , Nogay Gizem , Quest Hugo , Roessler Torsten , Fellmeth Tobias , Reinwand Dirk , Stolzenburg Hannah , Schindler Florian , Mittag Max , Morlier Arnaud , Bokalic Matevz , Brecl Kristijan , Kikelj Miha , Topic Marko , Kester Josco , Wendlandt Stefan , Galiazzo Marco , Voltan Alessandro , Galbiati Giuseppe , Ortiga Marc Estruga , Torregrosa Frank , Grimm Michael , Denafas Julius , Radavicius Tadas , Lukinskas Povilas , Savisalo Tuukka , Regrettier Thomas , Gordon Ivan
Published: January 2023

The EU crystalline silicon (c‐Si) PV manufacturing industry has faced strong foreign competition in the last decade. To strive in this competitive environment and differentiate itself from the competition, the EU c‐Si PV manufacturing industry needs to (1) focus on highly performing c‐Si PV technologies, (2) include sustainability by design, and (3) develop differentiated PV module designs for a broad range of PV applications to tap into rapidly growing existing and new markets. This is precisely the aim of the 3.5 years long H2020 funded HighLite project, which started in October 2019 under the work program LC‐SC3‐RES‐15‐2019: Increase the competitiveness of the EU PV manufacturing industry. To achieve this goal, the HighLite project focuses on bringing two advanced PV module designs and the related manufacturing solutions to higher technology readiness levels (TRL). The first module design aims to combine the benefits of n‐type silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cells (high efficiency and bifaciality potential, improved sustainability, rapidly growing supply chain in the EU) with the ones of shingle assembly (higher packing density, improved modularity, and excellent aesthetics). The second module design is based on the assembly of low‐cost industrial interdigitated back‐contact (IBC) cells cut in half or smaller, which is interesting to improve module efficiencies and increase modularity (key for application in buildings, vehicles, etc.). This contribution provides an overview of the key results achieved so far by the HighLite project partners and discusses their relevance to help raise the EU PV industries' competitiveness. We report on promising high‐efficiency industrial cell results (24.1% SHJ cell with a shingle layout and 23.9% IBC cell with passivated contacts), novel approaches for high‐throughput laser cutting and edge re‐passivation, module designs for BAPV, BIPV, and VIPV applications passing extended testing, and first 1‐year outdoor monitoring results compared with benchmark products.
Early childbearing experiences of young university student‐parents in South Africa: A qualitative study
Authors: Ngcobo Seluleko Eric , Shumba Kemist
Published: January 2023

Background

Early childbearing is a major concern especially in developing countries. This study sought to understand student‐parents’ perspectives of early childbearing, describe their individual experiences and identify the types of support required for such young parents.

Methods

This was an exploratory qualitative study with semi‐structured in‐depth interviews among 20 purposively selected participants. All the participants were young parent‐students at the University of KwaZulu‐Natal in Durban, South Africa. The interviews were conducted in 2018.

Results

The young parent‐students identified a lack of adequate information and knowledge about safe sex, contraceptive methods and prevention of pregnancies that led to early childbearing. The common misinformation that prevented the adoption of contraception methods were societal beliefs among men promoting early childbearing, coupled with the negative attitudes of healthcare workers in providing adequate information and reproductive health services. Both male and female parents suffered life‐changing consequences after early childbearing leading to financial burdens to support their new‐born and the interruption of their education. Government financial schemes and bursaries helped these young parents to financially support their new‐born, whereas family support in terms of taking care of the new‐born allowed them to continue with education. In addition, most participants identified having a child as a motivation for pursuing higher education. There is a need for Life Orientation programmes to be tailor‐made to provide adequate knowledge and sensitise the youth on appropriate life choices and access to contraceptives.

Conclusion

Early childbearing resulted from a lack of adequate knowledge on safe sex and contraceptive methods, poor access to contraceptives, the negative attitudes of healthcare workers in proving adequate sexual and reproductive health services to the youth. Schemes to financially support the young parents and support from family members were key to helping the young parents to continue with university education.