bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quaternary deposits and weathered bedrock material as a source of dangerous radon emissions in Estonia
Authors: Petersell Valter , Jüriado Krista , Raukas Anto , Shtokalenko Mihkel , Täht-Kok Krista
Published: July 2015

The risk of dangerous radon emissions in Estonia is high, being among the highest in Europe. In almost 33 per cent of Estonian land area, the content of radon in soil-contained air exceeds the safe limit for unrestricted construction (50 kBq/m3). In such high radon-risk areas the concentration of radon in soil-contained air ranges from 50 to 400 kBq/m3, in a few cases reaching up to 2,100 kBq/m3 exceeding the permitted level for residential areas. The situation is particularly serious in the northernmost part of the country, where uranium-rich graptolite argillite (Dictyonema shale) and the Obolus phosphorite are close to ground surface and their particles are constituent parts of Quaternary deposits. Radon emissions from bedrock have been investigated in detail, but to date Quaternary strata as a source of radon emissions are poorly studied. According to our measurements the highest concentrations of radon are related to tills containing clasts and fines of graptolite argillite and phosphorite. Glacial deposits include also granitoidal material, containing U, Th and K, which have been transported by glaciers from the outcrop areas of crystalline basement rocks in Finland and the Gulf of Finland. Due to weathering, outwash and repeated redeposition other genetic types are poorer in radioactive elements and they are weaker sources of radon.
Roundness and matt degree of quartz grain surfaces in (fluvio-)glacial deposits of the Pomeranian Stage (Weichselian) in northeast Germany
Authors: Górska-Zabielska Maria
Published: July 2015

Glacial tills and fluvioglacial sediments deposited by the ice-sheet during the Pomeranian Stage (Weichselian) in northeast Germany have been examined in terms of the degree of abrasion, rounding and frosting of quartz grain surfaces in order to determine the conditions and processes that occurred in the alimentation environment of the fine-grained material, as well as during transport. Strata in the glaciomarginal zone and the hinterland of the Pomeranian Stage in the area represent diverse lithofacies, but have similar textural features. These features illustrate mainly that a high-energy aquatic environment had reacted with glacial deposits prior to their inclusion into the ice mass and deposited in the area covered by the Odra lobe. The lack of regional diversification in the character of quartz grain surfaces in glacial deposits between the German part of the Odra lobe and the remainder of the area analysed is recorded solely in the morphological dimension, i.e. the outlet fragment of the ice-front’s course, but not in textural features of the sediments
n-Weak Module Amenability of Triangular Banach Algebras
Authors: Bodaghi Abasalt , Jabbari Ali
Published: July 2015

Let A, B be Banach A-modules with compatible actions and M be a left Banach A- A-module and a right Banach B- A-module. In the current paper, we study module amenability, n-weak module amenability and module Arens regularity of the triangular Banach algebra -

. We employ these results to prove that for an inverse semigroup S with subsemigroup E of idempotents, the triangular Banach algebra

is permanently weakly module amenable (as an

. As an example, we show that T0 is T0-module Arens regular if and only if the maximal group homomorphic image GS of S is finite.
On a Class of Operator-Differential Equations of the Third Order With Multiple Characteristics on the Whole Axis in the Weighted Space
Authors: Aliev A. R. , Elbably A. L.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the conditions of correct solvability are found for a class of the third order operator-differential equations whose principal part has multiple characteristics in the Sobolev type space with exponential weight. The estimations of the norms of intermediate derivative operators closely connected with the solvability conditions are carried out. Moreover, the connection between the weight exponent and the lower bound of the spectrum of the main operator involved in the principal part of the equation is determined in the results of the paper.
The Influence of Government Priorities on Public-Administration Reforms in Europe1
Authors: Nakrošis Vitalis
Published: July 2015

Abstract3

The article assesses how and the extent to which political or policy priorities of European governments condition reform processes and their results in times of crisis. This research is based on desk research and statistical analysis of the 2013 EUPAN survey data on public-administration reform initiatives in Europe. The article finds that the place of public-administration reforms on the governmental agenda partially explains the process of public-administration reforms, but it cannot account for the variation in the (perceived) reform results. Also, the results of this research confirm that EU-13 and (potential) candidate countries face more difficulties in reform implementation due to a combination of comprehensive reform strategies and weak administrative capacities. If the quantitative analysis was able to uncover some broad trends common to European public administrations, more qualitative approaches (causal process-tracing and case studies) are needed to capture specific contexts and changing processes in different European public administrations on which delivery progress is inevitably contingent. In order to explain why some windows of opportunities are seized while others are missed during the process of public-administration reforms, it is important to undertake process-tracing in within-case and between-case analysis and focus on causal configurations in the study of particular reform cases.
Tsars, Task Forces and Standards: The New “IRS”?
Authors: Casey John
Published: July 2015

Institutional processes for regulating government-nonprofit relations in the U.S. are experiencing substantial growth, particularly at the state level. First, cabinet-level nonprofit “tsars” are being appointed by state governments as point persons for communication and coordination with nonprofits. Second, high-level cross-sector task forces are being established to examine the current relations between the sectors and to recommend reforms in regulatory and oversight processes. Third, nonprofit industry associations are developing statements of operating standards that seek to promote greater discipline in operations. These processes are potentially harbingers of the creation of new institutionalized relationship systems (IRS). This paper examines the emergence of these new institutional arrangements, analyzes their short-term impacts and speculates about their durability.
Brief guide to the nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
Authors: Hartshorn Richard M. , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Yerin Andrey , Damhus Ture , Hutton Alan T.
Published: July 2015

This IUPAC Technical Report (PAC-REP-14-07-18) is one of a series that seeks to distil the essentials of IUPAC nomenclature recommendations. The present report provides a succinct summary of material presented in the publication Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations 2005. The content of this report will be republished and disseminated as a four-sided lift-out document (see supplementary information) which will be available for inclusion in textbooks and similar publications.
The role of poly(acrylic acid) in conventional glass polyalkenoate cements
Authors: Alhalawani Adel M.F. , Curran Declan J. , Boyd Daniel , Towler Mark R.
Published: July 2015

Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) have been used in dentistry for over 40 years. These novel bioactive materials are the result of a reaction between a finely ground glass (base) and a polymer (acid), usually poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), in the presence of water. This article reviews the types of PAA used as reagents (including how they vary by molar mass, molecular weight, concentration, polydispersity and content) and the way that they control the properties of the conventional GPCs (CGPCs) formulated from them. The article also considers the effect of PAA on the clinical performance of CGPCs, including biocompatibility, rheological and mechanical properties, adhesion, ion release, acid erosion and clinical durability. The review has critically evaluated the literature and clarified the role that the polyacid component of CGPCs plays in setting and maturation. This review will lead to an improved understanding of the chemistry and properties of the PAA phase which will lead to further innovation in the glass-based cements field.
Everyday Physical Activity of Students in Nyíregyháza
Authors: Fintor János Gábor
Published: July 2015

The popularity of physical education lessons has already been demonstrated by a lot of essays, however, it has also been revealed that this popularity, as well as the frequency of doing sports, tends to decrease at later ages of life. Pursuing sports has a positive effect on academic performance. Introducing PE as an everyday lesson at schools was a milestone in physical education. Provided the aims are realised successfully, the general state of health of students can show a favourable change. The aim of our research, on the one hand, is to reveal how important physical education is as contrasted with other school subjects, according to those students asked. On the other hand, we aim to examine how the certain positive and negative attitudes of the subjects of our study appear in the resulting figures. The research was conducted in the form of self-completion questionnaires in four different funded institutions in Nyíregyháza (n=285), in May, 2014. In the course of evaluation, we have used multivariate function analysis as well as frequency research and cross table reference. Participants mainly regard PE as important as other school subjects, however, boys significantly regard it more important than girls do. Those who do sports on a regular basis were more likely to agree that PE lessons are conducted in a friendly atmosphere than those who do sports less. Significantly, boys tended to agree with positive statements about sport.
Possibilities in Anaemia Prevention during Pregnancy through the Basic Health Care System
Authors: Karácsony Ilona , Albrecht Hanna , Brantmüller Éva
Published: July 2015

In case of pregnancies, one of the most common pathological conditions in internal medicine is aneamia with iron-deficiency. Furthermore, iron deficiency may also affect the mother and the fetus negatively. We wanted to find out which group of expectant mothers are mostly affected, which factors influence the development of aneamia. It was also observable in the case of those living at higher living standards that they take fetus-protecting vitamins with a significantly higher frequency before the pregnancy than those living at lower living standards. According to our research data, 67% of the sample developed aneamia. In our research the risk group consisted of young, vegetarian expectant mothers with low education and the multiparas. After conception, the timing of gynaecological consultation was appropriate and the majority of the sample had a clear idea of the ways of preventing aneamia. However, prevention was only realized in practice - based on the criteria - only with a frequency of 12%. It would be important to consciously plan pregnancy. After taking expectant mothers into care, they should - as soon as possible - be screened for the deficiency and in need, supplements should be started. Risk groups should be given greater attention. In their case, a routine supplement of iron would be desirable even before the development of a deficiency. During pregnancy care, awareness must be raised and an iron-rich diet should be established at the beginning. Beyond these, general practitioner, health visitors have the opportunity - through the close relationship with the expectant mothers - to control laboratory tests, provide appropriate information, recommend vitamin preparations as well as check taken medications.
Relation of Health Condition and Quality of Life: Examination of the Quality of Life of the Disadvantaged Population in Nyíregyháza by the FT Quality of Life Index
Authors: Jávorné-Erdei Renáta , Takács Péter , Fábián Gergely
Published: July 2015

Improving the health of the population, stopping and changing the disadvantage trends have long been one of the health policy objectives in the regions. Unfortunately in spite of the declared goals Hungary is far away from giving priority to health issues as they are not given proper attention either on individual or societal level. In modern societies local communities play an increasingly important role in the development of quality of life. Their activity, their influence over the power structures become dominant. Quality of life is made up of objective and subjective components. Their important sub-areas are health, financial situation, income situations, housing and social relationship. Quality of life studies are the most frequent health-related research studies, the most remarkable results have been achieved here. Healthrelated quality of life is one of the most important and maybe the most frequently researched dimension of quality of life showing how much health status contributes to the welfare of the individuals. The primary objective of the research studies the improvement of the health status of the population and within it the health status of the individual as well as the reduction of health inequalities can be designated. The improvement of the quality of life can be rationalized as health benefit for the society. Its two main components are the extension of the life expectancy and the increase in numbers of the resulting years. The health of the Hungarian population is said to be unfavourable in international comparison and it can also be stated that it is significantly poorer than it could be expected according to the socio-economic development level
Development of Walking and Self-sufficiency Ability Related to Nutrition among People with Down Syndrome
Authors: Brantmüller Éva , Gyuró Monika , Karácsony Ilona
Published: July 2015

Development of the walking ability and self-care of patients with Down syndrome is affected by their body weight determining their lifestyle to a great extent. Objectives: The study aimed at the determination of body mass index for persons living in residential institutions and families, exploration its impact on walking and self-care as two, objective factors of life quality. Method: Data collection of persons aged 3-35 with Down syndrome living in families covered seven counties, while those of living in residential institutions covered thirteen counties in Hungary. In the 183 cases studied 76 people in residential institutions, 107 people lived in families. The cross-sectional study was processed by non-random sample selection. The questionnaires were filled out by health visitors and care takers edited by their own. Results: 50.6% of adults and 26.1% of children belonged to the overweight or obese category. Their residence showed a significant correlation with the body mass index (p< 0.001). Overweight and obese persons in families, while thin ones were more prevalent in institutions. Regarding the walking ability and self-care of the persons living in families a significantly higher level of development was achieved (p< 0.001). Walking ability (p = 0.001) and self-care (p = 0,008) were worsened by less body weight significantly, while overweight or obesity influenced it less negatively. Discussion: The claim is not further acceptable whereas persons with Down syndrome are more prone to obesity than average people. However unfavourable weight gain in adults draws attention to the necessity to a healthy diet and regular exercise. The people living in residential institutions with significantly lower body mass index and the associated low development of walking ability and self-care envisages an urgent reform of residential institutions. Life in the institutions negatively affects the walking ability and self-care, and thus significantly reduces the quality of life of persons with Down's syndrome.
Social Participation and Health among Ageing People in East-Central Europe
Authors: Makai Alexandra , Prémusz Viktória , Füge Kata , Figler Mária , Lampek Kinga
Published: July 2015

In this study we examined the health of the ageing population of East-Central Europe. Data derived from the 6th round of the European Social Survey. The aim of our research was to examine the most important factors that determine ageing people’s health status. We paid particular attention to the social ties of our target group.
Comparison the Psychological Wellbeing of University Students from Hungary and Romania
Authors: Barth Anita , Nagy Ildikó , Kiss János
Published: July 2015

The results obtained in our research of mental distress indicators and results of conflict management strategies are consistent with the results of international studies. Students participating in the study (N=237) reached the highest average results in the field of personal growth, while we measured the lowest value in the fields of autonomy and the dominance of the enviroment. Among the mental distress indicators the students gave the highest scores for the stress. The frequency examination showed the results of the participants to fall to 40.9% of moderate-severe and severe extreme range. While among the genders, women indicate much higher stress levels. In addition, the students preferred the avoiding conflict management strategy in preference to the other four strategies. While we compared the students from the two countries we found a significant difference between the survey field of autonomy and purpose in life. We also found a notable difference among the mental distress indicators. While the students of the University of Debrecen were moderate, the students of the universities of Oradea fell in the “slight” area (in the range of stress). For the usage of conflict management strategies we found no significant differences between the two countries' students. The students from both countries preferred the avoiding strategy. This study similiar to many national and international studies indicates the high level of stress among the students. One of the most important task of a higher education institution should be the protection of the students’ mental health which would lead to an improvement on well-being and that would cause the lowering of the stress level.
Understanding the Relationship Between Organizational Networking and Network Capability
Authors: Hutu Raul Alexandru
Published: July 2015

Organizational networking refers to firms‘ behaviours as activities, routines, practices which enable an organization to make sense of and capitalize on their networks of direct and indirect business relationships. The relationships are more important today when the business environment is more competitive. The firms can develop their organizational networking strategies by developing their network capability which refers to its ability to build, handle and exploit relationships. These capabilities are included in a complex configuration with other capabilities and competencies. The aim of this paper is to explore how network capabilities are structured and we tried to understand how they could be improved in order to obtain higher performance. Achieving a good network position that allows firms to make use of business opportunities is a main strategic aim of firms
The Effect of the Country of Origin on the Consumer, from the Placebo Effect Perspective
Authors: Muresan Lavinia
Published: July 2015

Although it is mostly used in Medicine, the placebo effect has been exploited in Marketing as well, in recent years. In Medicine, the placebo effect is defined as the improving state of a patient as a result of administering a simulated treatment, without any therapeutic healing effect. The current paper presents the results obtained in the studies that tested the placebo effect in marketing, and the conclusions of an experiment in which the possibility of producing the placebo effect on the consumer when the country of origin of an identical product differs was tested
Lightweight Magnesium Bipolar Plates of Direct NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cell for AIP Application
Authors: Kim Jihyun , Jang Bosun , Lee Taesong , Kwon Sejin
Published: July 2015

Fuel cell based power systems have high energy density. However, using H
The Clifford Irving Hoax of the Howard Hughes Autobiography
Authors: Cabanne RA
Published: July 2015

Clifford Irving, a writer, with the help of his wife Edith and an associate, Richard Suskind, also a writer, convinced the editorial staffs of McGraw-Hill Book Co. and Life Magazine that he had obtained the written permission of Howard Hughes to write the story of his life. Irving did this by relating alleged meetings with Hughes in detail, inserting anecdotes he had found through an exhaustive research of Hughes' past, to members of the McGraw-Hill and Life Magazine managerial staff. To further bolster his claim that he had indeed talked with Hughes, and had, in fact, obtained his permission to do the Hughes' autobiography, Irving had “Hughes” write a letter to Mr. Harold McGraw, president of McGraw-Hill, informing him of the arrangement. Irving subsequently produced other letters allegedly written by Hughes. Irving and his associates were successful in proving to Life and McGraw-Hill that he had a pact With Mr. Hughes; he was, however, unable to convince Mr. Hughes of that fact. As a result, the matter was brought to the attention of the Postal Inspection Service by attorneys for both Hughes and Irving, demanding justice.
Identification of Flurazepam (Dalmane®) and a Primary Metabolite in Urine by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Manno BR , Baker JR , Manno JE , Hughes JR
Published: July 2015

Flurazepam hydrochloride (Dalmane®) is a relatively new hypnotic agent gaining widespread usage in adults as a “sleeping pill.” Flurazepam is structurally related to the diazebenzapine tranquilizers, diazepam (Valium®) and chlorodiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium®) It is not classified by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulations as a drug of abuse; however, any hypnotic, sedative, or tranquilizer which has widespread usage always has the potential for abuse. Until the recent mention by Sturner and Garriott [1] in their article on L-DOPA poisoning, few methods have been available for the detection of flurazepam in blood or urine or both with the exception of those by Swartz et al [2,3] and de Silva and Strojny [4]. A relatively simple, reliable method for the detection of flurazepam in urine could assist in identifying persons abusing or overdosed with the drug. This report describes a simple thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method for the qualitative identification of flurazepam in urine based upon the presence of flurazepam and a primary urinary metabolite, 7-chloro-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (FM).
Alcohol Levels in Intracranial Blood Clots
Authors: Freireich AW , Bidanset JH , Lukash LE
Published: July 2015

In 1967 a routine alcohol determination was performed on the brain and blood of a 43-year-old male (HVB) who had been found unconscious, lying at the foot of a stairway in his home. He had sustained a fracture of the skull and survived nine hours in the hospital.
Quantitative Extraction of Tubocurarine, Gallamine, and Decamethonium from Biological Materials
Authors: Wittmer D , Atwell S , Haney WG
Published: July 2015

Forensic analysis of skeletal muscle relaxants such as tubocurarine and gallamine has been hampered by the fact that these quaternary ammonium compounds are not readily extractable from the biological matrix. Several techniques have been presented to effect this extraction, but these appear to result in either erratic, incomplete extraction [1] or in nonselective extraction [2].
Change in Muzzle Velocity Due to Freezing and Water Immersion of .22, Long Rifle, K.F. Cartridges
Authors: Jauhari M , Chatterjee SM , Ghosh PK
Published: July 2015

Velocity is probably the single most important factor that determines the wounding power of a bullet. It attains this importance because it is responsible for imparting to a bullet the kinetic energy necessary to produce a casualty. During World War II, a criterion of 58 ft.lb of energy as the minimum to cause a disabling wound was used. Although this criterion was arbitrary, it was found to provide a fairly good yardstick against which to measure the theoretical efficiency of a bullet. Attempts have also been made to correlate the various levels of energy with the probability of causing a disabling wound. At the same time, experimental studies indicate the existence of certain velocity thresholds for the penetration of human skin and bone [1]. It appears that only a few missiles with striking velocity less than 200 ft/s are capable of causing more than a trivial injury on a clothed human being.
Public Death: A Basic Philosophical Concept of Forensic Pathology and Medicine
Authors: Corrigan GE
Published: July 2015

Following the establishment of the egalitarian democratizing political documents, such as Magna Carta, the Constitution of the United States, and the Declaration of Independence (which referred to a right to life), there has developed a rather basic division of human affairs and activities into those which are public and those which are private. Currently, this public-private interface of activity is under inspection, both in regards to the computer compilation of personal data, that is, a national death index [1], and in regards to the personal-private nature of police investigations [2]. These thoughts are directed toward the public-private hiatus present in the work of the medical examiner or coroner.
Narcotic Abuse Among Homicide Victims in Detroit
Authors: Monforte JR , Spitz WU
Published: July 2015

During the year 1973 the city of Detroit, Mich. obtained nationwide recognition for its alarmingly high homicide rate. Detroit has a population of 1.5 million, and recorded 751 homicides in 1973. Wayne County, in which Detroit is located, recorded 821 homicides for its population of 2.7 million. Detroit, therefore, constitutes approximately one half of Wayne County on a population basis, but accounted for more than 90% of the homicides in that county in 1973.
A Review of “Psychiatry and Law”
Authors: Robitscher J
Published: July 2015

Ralph Slovenko's Psychiatry and Law does not lend itself easily to evaluation. 736 pages of text, footnotes, appendixes, selected reading lists, and indexes clearly reflect an undertaking of heroic proportions. Every aspect of the interface of law and psychiatry is examined, from psychiatric evidence in tort liability to psychiatric evidence in criminal law. Issues are considered in terms of moral imperatives, legal practicalities, sociological implications, etc. To recognize the work and devotion invested in this massive textbook is to be overwhelmed.
A Review of “Forensic Dentistry”
Authors: Sopher IM
Published: July 2015

This compact 158-page, nine-chapter text presents a collection of various topics of or related to forensic dentistry. The authors and contributors are composed of several persons who have published numerous articles concerning the field in the world literature. The book is definitely intended for a person with a dental background and represents a rather thorough coverage of particular areas within the field of forensic dentistry. The subject material is handled in excellent academic fashion with complete supporting bibliographic references. In review of the text as a whole, a broad overall continuous presentation of the scope of forensic dentistry fails to come across. Perhaps this is due to the fact that multiple contributors are involved. At any rate, one receives the impression that the book is one of a collection of isolated treatises upon selected topics within or related to forensic dentistry. For this reason, the work is best suited for one who already possesses some experience in forensic dentistry. For the latter individual, the publication represents a special treat, especially in the subject matter dealing with tooth and age estimation and radiological identification. The presentation of these two chapters alone makes the book well worth its modest price. The chapter on bite marks is also concise and well organized. The book does not fulfill the statement “. . . the book is as invaluable as Gustafson's original guide to the subject” as included in the foreword and upon the front coverleaf. Nevertheless, the text does possess several areas of great merit and interest as indicated, and should be a permanent fixture in the library of any dentist with an interest in forensic dentistry.
A Review of “Interaction of Alcohol and Other Drugs”
Authors: Williams MA
Published: July 2015

During the thirty years since World War II, the manufacture and use of drugs have risen tremendously, especially those whose site of action is the nervous system. Added to the existing world problems during the past decade, the use and abuse of dangerous drugs and narcotics escalated to an alarming degree, regardless of all the expertise and funding mustered to stem the tide.
Activity After Shooting and Its Effect on the Retention of Primer Residue
Authors: Kilty JW
Published: July 2015

One of the best known applications of neutron activation analysis (NAA) in the forensic laboratory is the determination of antimony (Sb) and barium (Ba) concentrations deposited on the hand when a firearm is discharged.
Analysis of Explosives and Explosive Residues. Part 2: Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Parker RG , McOwen JM , Cherolis JA
Published: July 2015

In Part 1 of this paper [1] the chemical tests used by this laboratory in the screening of explosives and explosive residues were discussed. Part 2 presents the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) methods used in this laboratory for the confirmation of commonly used organic explosive compounds.
Digital Image Processing Technology and Its Application in Forensic Sciences
Authors: Blackwell RJ , Crisci WA
Published: July 2015

To the average semitechnical individual who, on the one hand, is subject to the whims of an aberrant computer that sends him credit card statements for an account unknown to him, or who is provoked by computer-produced sales letters in which his name is inserted at key points, digital computers are the degrading and impersonal taints of modern technology. On the other hand, to the astronaut in transit to the moon, the computer is his link with life. Between these two diverse extremes digital image processing has become a technical fact of life. Erratum to this paper appears in 20(4).
Multiple Animal Bite Wounds: A Case Report
Authors: Glass RT , Jordan FB , Andrews EE
Published: July 2015

One of the primary functions of any medical examiner system is to aid in the discovery and prosecution of crime. Implicit in this responsibility is the role of protecting the innocent when in fact no crime is actually found to exist. In the execution of day-to-day activities, the medical examiner/forensic pathologist must be alert to explore all avenues of investigation and utilize any of the multitude of scientific aids and specialists available.
Fatal Anaphylaxis After Intravenous Iron Dextran
Authors: Zipf RE
Published: July 2015

Iron dextran (Imferon®) is a complex of ferric iron and dextran widely used for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. It became commercially available in the United States in 1957. Since that time the intramuscular administration of iron dextran has been considered a relatively safe manner of administering iron to patients unable to tolerate oral iron therapy. However, untoward side effects have been reported. The most common of these are discomfort or staining of the skin at the injection site. The more disturbing reactions, however, appear to be allergic in nature and include lymphadenopathy, fever, urticaria, angioneurotic edema, arthralgias, and transient shocklike conditions [1–5]. Recently four cases of fatal anaphylaxis following intramuscular injection of iron dextran have been reported [6,7].
Dissecting Aneurysm of Coronary Artery Associated with Drug Abuse and Pulmonary Lesions
Authors: Friedman BA
Published: July 2015

The rare isolated dissecting aneurysm of a coronary artery (DACA), known to be causally related to trauma and Marfan's syndrome, has also been linked with pregnancy and the postpartum state [1]. Hormonal effects on the ground substance or connective tissue of the coronary vessels have been invoked to explain this phenomenon [2]. The well-known relationship of dissecting aneurysms of the aorta with cystic medial necrosis prompted a search for the association of this degenerative change with dissecting aneurysms of the coronary artery. Various authors have confirmed this association [3,4].
Digoxin Concentrations in Postmortem Specimens After Overdose and Therapeutic Use
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Garriott JC , Putnam R
Published: July 2015

The detection and evaluation of digitalis glycosides in autopsy specimens has been a serious problem for both medical examiners and toxicologists alike. Methods utilizing thin-layer chromatography or colorimetric techniques depended on a significant quantity of this drug remaining unabsorbed in the stomach or excreted into the urine. Digoxin, the most potent drug of this group and the form prescribed most frequently, is effective therapeutically in a dose range from 0.25 to 0.50 milligrams per day. This dose gives rise to therapeutic blood concentrations of 1.0 to 1.4 nanograms per millilitre [1]. Toxic effects of digoxin often begin to appear at 2.0 ng/ml. In view of these extremely low concentrations, even after an overdose with digitalis, detection of this drug in blood by conventional techniques could not be accomplished. The introduction of radioimmunoassay tests for these substances has provided an answer to this problem. Blood values of digoxin as low as 0.2 ng/ml can now be detected and measured reliably.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data for Some Drugs, Excipients, and Adulterants in Illicit Samples
Authors: Folen VA
Published: July 2015

The development of new compounds with the potential for drug abuse necessitates a continuous accumulation of analytical data in the forensic laboratory. Also, the identification of excipients and adulterants in drug samples provides a data base that can be used for intelligence purposes. Correlation of cases can provide investigative leads as well as being supporting evidence in conspiracy cases.
The Screening of Blood by Gas Chromatography for Basic and Neutral Drugs
Authors: Wells J , Cimbura G , Koves E
Published: July 2015

The screening of urine for the presence of drugs has received considerable attention [1–3] but methods for screening blood for basic and neutral drugs have not received the same attention, with the result that the methods which are available lack sensitivity [4.5]. A system that can detect drugs at a blood level of at least 0.1 mg per 100 ml of blood (1 μg/ml) would be considered reasonable, although this sensitivity is not required for all drugs.
Shock Therapy and Psychiatric Malpractice: The Legal Accommodation to a Controversial Treatment
Authors: Krouner LW
Published: July 2015

Medical malpractice litigation in the United States is of increasing concern to both the medical and legal professions because of the increased frequency of litigation against doctors and the increase in the dollar amount of claims. Malpractice litigation related to shock therapy, however, is of less concern now than in previous years because of the development of neuroleptics (tranquilizers), psychostimulants, and antidepressant drugs which may be used in lieu of shock therapy for treating certain mental disorders [7–11]. The development of succinylcholine dichloride (Anectine®) and ultra-short-acting barbiturates (USAB) such as methohexital sodium (Brevital®), a fast-acting general anesthetic, has also contributed to the decline in shock therapy malpractice litigation because the proper administration of these drugs can substantially reduce the complications associated with shock therapy [12–17].
The Distribution of Natural Stable Isotopes of Carbon As a Possible Tool for the Differentiation of Samples of TNT
Authors: Nissenbaum A
Published: July 2015

Differentiating between samples of explosives of the same chemical nature by chemical or physical techniques is as yet one of the unsolved problems of forensic science. The techniques utilized, such as identification of impurities by gas chromatography [1], thin-layer chromatography [2], and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [3], were primarily employed for quality control purposes and have not so far provided an acceptable method for either identifying the manufacturer of the explosives or differentiating or correlating between samples of explosives. The failure of those techniques for this particular purpose is primarily due to partial degradation of the explosives during storage. Therefore, the original pattern of impurities may completely change with time. The present report describes a novel, and potentially useful, technique for differentiating or correlating samples of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), which is hardly affected by the postmanufacturing history of the explosives.
A New Serial Number Marking System Applicable to Firearms Identification
Authors: Polk DE , Giessen BC
Published: July 2015

The serial numbers of stolen or misused items are sometimes removed to prevent their identification [1]. Since these serial numbers are generally recorded on metal items by being stamped into the metal, the marking is only present on the surface and can be readily removed by filing or grinding. Such removal of the number generally does not affect the usefulness of the item, since the number is usually stamped in a noncritical region of the outer surface.
A Semiautomated Radioimmunoassay for Mass Screening of Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Sulkowski TS , Lathrop GD , Merritt JH , Landez JH , Noe ER
Published: July 2015

The initiation of a mass drug abuse screening program of military personnel as part of the nation's effort to stem the use of illegal or otherwise abused drugs placed an extreme demand on normal laboratory tests and personnel. Although several methods existed for the detection of opiates, barbiturates, and amphetamines in urine [1–4], none had been employed for a testing program in which 3000 to 4000 urine specimens were to be analyzed daily for each of the three classes of drugs.
Report of a Fatal, Acute Tripelennamine Intoxication
Authors: Barley M , Walsh FM , Valaske MJ
Published: July 2015

Tripelennamine is a widely used antihistamine. It has been reported as a drug of abuse (“blue velvet”) with multiple deaths being attributed to its chronic intravenous usage [1]. Acute oral ingestion resulting in death, however, is unusual. There has been one reported death in a 2-year-old child [2], but thus far no deaths have been reported in adults due to tripelennamine overdose. This report presents both autopsy findings and toxicological analysis in what we believe is the first fatal case in an adult.
Death Associated with Fluorocarbon Inhalation: Report of a Case
Authors: Standefer JC
Published: July 2015

Reports of deaths associated with inhalation of volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons increased dramatically in the late 1960's [1] and, subsequently, several reports have detailed the physiological effects, tissue concentrations, and excretion rates for two of these fluorocarbons: trichlorofluoromethane (F-12) and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-11).
SCUBA Tank Corrosion As a Cause of Death
Authors: Temple JD , Bosshardt RT , Davis JH
Published: July 2015

Compressed air for breathing purposes is used by firemen and by professional or sport divers. A sport diver, using self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), is probably the most susceptible to potential dangers from impure air due to the lack of trained supervision or control and the great degree of individual freedom enjoyed by sport divers. It is likely that members of this group, often poorly trained and ignorant of the need for care of equipment, would be most susceptible to the dangers which result from compressed air gas cylinder corrosion.
A Rapid Technique for Preparation of Human Fetal and Adult Skeletal Material
Authors: Snyder RG , Burdi A , Gaul G
Published: July 2015

Medical examiners, forensic pathologists, physical anthropologists, and others working with cadaveric remains often need to remove soft tissues and prepare skeletal material for further examination and retention. Currently several techniques for accomplishing this are available, including a five-step anatomical technique consisting of maceration, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and varnishing the bones with Alvar® to preserve them [1]. Another technique often used is to allow a colony of Dermestidae beetles to clean the tissues. However, both of these techniques are time-consuming, and we have found that an antiformin technique provides a much better and faster preparation. This technique has resulted from refinement of the methods described by Ternak [1] and Schmitt [2] and developed in skeletal preparation instruction in the Department of Anthropology during the past two years [3]. Independent techniques have evolved in the Developmental Anatomy Laboratory of the Medical School for Preparation of fetal or infant osseous and cartilaginous materials, and these have been included to provide for the full range of human materials which may be encountered. The following instructions are intended to provide the user with a rapid method for skeletal preparation which we have found to be an improvement over previous methods.
Latent Fingerprints by a Superior Ninhydrin Method
Authors: Linde HG
Published: July 2015

The ninhydrin method of latent fingerprint development is useful, reliable, and widely accepted [1–3]. This method chemically visualizes protein and amino acid materials, which have been deposited by the friction ridges of the skin, to form a nonvolatile, rather permanent impression.
A Review of “Narcotics and Drug Dependence“
Authors: Baden MM
Published: July 2015

Narcotics and Drug Dependence by John B. Williams is a compendium of articles from many and varied sources, together with discussions and opinions by the author developed during a career as a teacher of political science.
Atomic Absorption Analysis of Some Trace Metals of Toxicological Interest
Authors: Van Ormer DG
Published: July 2015

The continuing interest in the chronic toxicology of lead, mercury, cadmium, and other metals points to the need for examining recent analytical methodology applied to the more toxic heavy metals in animal tissue samples. This review emphasizes atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and includes the period 1971–1974, although some listings are dated shortly before or after this four-year period. The large number of articles demanded selectivity in listing. The main criterion was a description of AAS showing some optimization for blood, urine, or mammalian tissues. Articles of special interest are generally those which indicate examination of interferences, matrix effects, sample treatment, or instrumental optimization. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and atomic emission spectrometry (AES) are mentioned for those cases in which a certain advantage or potential for future development is indicated. The author realizes that worthy reports may have been overlooked; he would be glad to hear of specific contributions which should have been listed.
A Cellulose Acetate Membrane Technique for the Determination of Adenylate Kinase Types in Bloodstains
Authors: Saenger MS , Yates RG
Published: July 2015

The genetically determined isoenzyme blood group system of adenylate kinase (AK) has been demonstrated in lysates of human erythrocytes [1,2] and in bloodstains [3]. The technique employed was horizontal starch gel electrophoresis using either a discontinuous histidine-citrate [1], a phosphate [2], or a succinate [4] buffer system. Since then, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) has been introduced as a rapid technique for the determination of AK types in fresh lysates [5,6]. We decided to investigate the use of CAM for determining AK types in bloodstains. In preliminary tests with CAM, we found the discontinuous histidine-citrate buffer system [1,5] gave clear results with lysates, but unsatisfactory results with even fresh bloodstain material. The phosphate buffer [6,7] seemed more promising and this paper describes our evaluation and adaptation of the phosphate system for bloodstain samples.
Firearms Discharge Residue Sample Collection Techniques
Authors: Goleb JA , Midkiff CR
Published: July 2015

Several tests have been employed by law enforcement agencies to demonstrate that an individual has handled or discharged a firearm. With the paraffin test being of doubtful reliability [1] and the sodium rhodizonate spot test lacking sensitivity [2], the most commonly used test for firearms discharge residue is the measurement of barium and antimony (Ba and Sb), principally from the primer composition, deposited on the hands during weapon handling or discharge. However, this test is of limited effectiveness, even under optimal conditions. One study [3] has reported a 15% failure to indicate the presence of residue in a series of test firings. Factors responsible for this inefficiency include variable residue deposition, residue retention, and effectiveness of sample collection. Our study examines several sample collection materials to define a system which will combine high lifting efficiency for gunshot residue components with convenience of use in the field. Until recently, hand lift samples were examined for these two elements primarily by neutron activation analysis (NAA) [4–6]. While NAA affords excellent sensitivity for Ba and Sb, it suffers from long analysis time, high cost, and limited availability of neutron sources. The inherent simplicity and high sensitivity of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) have prompted several investigators to utilize this technique to determine trace quantities of Ba and Sb (and occasionally copper and lead) present in gunshot residues [7–9].
Accidental Death with Tear Gas Pen Gun: A Case Report
Authors: Smialek JE , Ratanaproeksa O , Spitz WU
Published: July 2015

National attention has recently been drawn to the increasing use of tear gas pen guns [1]. The Federal Aviation Administration was reported to have seized an estimated 3000 to 5000 of these weapons from persons boarding aircraft. Most of these seized weapons were reported to have been converted to fire regular ammunition. The use of tear gas pen guns as firearms of different caliber has been previously described by Stahl and Davis [2]. A significant hazard potential exists for the carrier of such a weapon as well as for those around him, as will be demonstrated in the case presented in this article.
A Review of Rejected Police Candidates
Authors: Perr IN
Published: July 2015

Psychiatric and psychologic screening is pertinent in many areas in our society but currently is most relevant to police work, crucial military operations (atomic weaponry), and other areas which combine potential power with delicate judgment. At the same time, at least for police work, eligibility is open, governed by some uniformity of rules, and in many areas controlled by civil service laws. The civil service laws have the effect of providing fairness at the cost of flexibility and of preventing abuse at the cost of arbitrariness.