bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rainfall–runoff modelling of ephemeral streams in the Valencia region (eastern Spain)
Authors: Camarasa Ana M. , Tilford Kevin A.
Published: December 2002

This paper presents preliminary results from the application of a transfer‐function rainfall–runoff model to ephemeral streams in Mediterranean Spain. Flow simulations have been conducted for two small catchments (Carraixet and Poyo basins), located in close proximity to one another yet with significantly different geological characteristics. Analysis of flow simulations for a number of high‐flow events has revealed the dominant influence of the rainfall on the catchment response, particularly for high‐rainfall events. Particular success has been attained modelling the highest magnitude events in both catchments and for all events in the faster responding (Poyo) catchment. In order to investigate the viability of the model for forecasting floods in ungauged catchments, additional investigations have been conducted by calibrating the model for one catchment (donor catchment) and then applying it to another (receptor catchment). The results indicate that this can be successful when either the donor catchment is a fast response catchment or when the model is calibrated using a high‐magnitude event in the donor catchment, providing that the modelled receptor catchment event is of a lower magnitude. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopes in the source waters of the Yamuna and its tributaries: seasonal and altitudinal variations and relation to major cations
Authors: Dalai Tarun K. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Krishnaswami S.
Published: December 2002

Water samples from the Yamuna and its tributaries, one of the major river systems draining the Himalaya, have been analysed for their stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes during three seasons (summer, monsoon and post‐monsoon). The data show clear seasonal and altitudinal variations; waters from higher altitudes and those collected during monsoon season are characterized by relatively depleted isotopic composition. Regression analysis of δD–δ18O data of samples collected during summer and monsoon seasons shows that the slope of the best‐fit lines are nearly identical to those of precipitation at New Delhi for the same period. The similarity in their slopes suggests that the isotopic composition of precipitation contributing water to these rivers are reasonably well preserved in both monsoon and non‐monsoon seasons, however, during the non‐monsoon period both rainfall and river waters carry signatures of evaporation. The ‘deuterium excess’ in river waters during the three seasons though overlap with each other, the values during October are higher. This can be understood in terms of recycled moisture contributions to precipitation. The ‘altitude effect’ for δ18O in these waters is determined to be 0·11‰ per 100 m, a factor of about two less than that reported for the Ganga source waters from similar altitudinal range. The variability in altitude effects in rivers draining the Himalaya seems to be controlled by the ‘amount effect’ associated with the monsoon. The significant spatial variability in altitude effect in these river basins, which are a few hundred kilometers apart, suggests that reconstruction of palaeoelevation in the Himalaya, based on δ18O‐altitude gradients, would depend critically on its proper assessment in the region. This study has established a relationship between total cation abundance and δ18O in waters of the Yamuna mainstream; total cations (corrected for cyclic components) double for a 1·4 km decrease in altitude as the Yamuna flows downstream. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water temperature and conductivity variability as indicators of groundwater behaviour in complex aquifer systems in the south‐east of Spain
Authors: Molina L. , Vallejos A. , Pulido‐Bosch A. , Sánchez‐Martos F.
Published: December 2002

Groundwater temperature and electrical conductivity logs were applied in this study to gain an understanding of the hydrogeological behaviour of a complex system. This system, compartmentalized by a large number of fractures, which may even cause geothermal anomalies, is that of the Campo de Dalías in the south‐east of the Iberian Peninsula. In addition to this complexity one must consider the different levels with aquifer properties and their varying lithologies, which in some cases are in direct contact with the sea. Vertical sections based upon the various logs allow lateral correlation to be made between the anomalies detected, and provide information on the existence of both ascending and descending vertical flows, and the inflow of sea water into the system. Analysis of environmental isotopes (18O and D) indicate the areas of recharge with the greatest flow velocity. No seasonal variation in the isotopes was observed, which suggests that the residence time of the groundwater in the aquifer is several years. Radiocarbon dating gave estimates of generally long residence times, although in some sectors it is possible to detect the current recharge based on its tritium content, from rainwater infiltration or seawater intrusion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil frost and runoff at Svartberget, northern Sweden—measurements and model analysis
Authors: Lindström Göran , Bishop Kevin , Löfvenius Mikaell Ottosson
Published: December 2002

The effect of soil frost on runoff was investigated using a comprehensive data set collected at the Svartberget Experimental Forest, near Vindeln, Västerbotten in northern Sweden. Measurements of snow depth, soil temperature, frost depth and other climate parameters have been made at three sites since 1981, as part of a long‐term climate monitoring programme. Simulation residuals from the HBV rainfall–runoff model, in which no effect of soil frost is assumed, were compared with 16 years of measured soil frost conditions. A simple model for simulation of soil frost depth was developed and incorporated into the HBV model. The model parameters were calibrated to observations of snow depth, soil frost depth, groundwater levels and runoff, by use of a simple weighted optimization criterion. No clear effect of soil frost could be seen on the timing and magnitude of runoff in this analysis, or when analysing data on the conservative oxygen isotope 18O. The soil at the forested site froze in only slightly more than half the years, despite the high latitude and low winter temperatures. Furthermore, the soil had often thawed before the start of the spring flood. Almost all spring floods, therefore, occurred when the soil was unfrozen. Snow depth and soil frost depths were inversely related, with the deepest soil frost during winters with little snow. Soil frost therefore is unlikely to aggravate the very high floods in forested basins of this type, except perhaps under exceptional circumstances such as large rain events on frozen ground. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single nucleotide polymorphism at Fas promoter is associated with cervical carcinogenesis
Authors: Lai Hung‐Cheng , Sytwu Huey‐Kang , Sun Chien‐An , Yu Mu‐Hsien , Yu Cheng‐Ping , Liu Hang‐Seng , Chang Cheng‐Chang , Chu Tang‐Yuan
Published: December 2002

The causal role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinogenesis is beyond reasonable questioning. The progression from HPV infection, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) to squamous cell carcinomata (SCC), however, is very uncommon and inefficient. Host genetic factors that may confer the susceptibility of disease progression are largely unknown. Apoptosis is an important fail‐safe check for tumor development, in which Fas/FasL interaction contributes substantially. The purpose of our study is to test the hypothesis that an A/G polymorphism at −670 of Fas promoter with different transcriptional activity is associated with the risk for cervical neoplasia. A hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted, in which 104 patients of low grade SIL (LSIL), 131 high grade SIL (HSIL) and 176 SCC as well as age‐matched, 1:1 controls were tested for Fas polymorphism by PCR‐RFLP. HPV genotypes were determined in case groups by MY PCR‐reverse line blot. The frequency of A allele was significantly (p = 0.006) higher in SCC than in control, conferring an odd ratio of 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1–2.0). The distribution of Fas (−670) genotypes also differed significantly between HSIL, SCC and each of their control (p = 0.017 and 0.03, respectively), with the A/A genotype conferring an OR of 1.3 (95% CI = 1.1–1.6) and 1.6 (95% CI = 1.0–2.5), respectively. Remarkably, the frequency of A allele and A/A genotype increased gradually in accordance with the multi‐step carcinogenesis from LSIL, HSIL to SCC (ptest for trend = 0.0066 and 0.0007, respectively). In addition, there was no difference of Fas genotypes between HPV (+) and HPV (−) cases. Fas genotypes, however, differed in LSIL infected with different HPV types (p = 0.033). The present study demonstrated an association between Fas polymorphism and cervical carcinogenesis. We deduced a possible effect of apoptosis of immune cells in this virus‐induced cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cleavable adapter to reduce nonspecific cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxins
Authors: Heisler Iring , Keller Jutta , Tauber Rudolf , Sutherland Mark , Fuchs Hendrik
Published: December 2002

One of the problems associated with the administration of immunotoxins is hypersensitivity reaction such as vascular leak syndrome. This may be prevented by decreasing the plasma half‐life. To improve immunotoxins with respect to reduced side effects, we have previously described the development of a cleavable adapter. This adapter links the toxic moiety and ligand that are usually directly coupled. In our study, the cytotoxicity of saporin linked either directly or via the adapter to epidermal growth factor (EGF) was evaluated in vitro. The immunotoxins exhibited similar cytotoxic activity towards A‐431 and HER14 cells (IC50 < 10 nM). The supernatant from 6 hr cultures of HER14 cells incubated in the presence of the adapter‐containing immunotoxin exhibited a significantly reduced cytotoxicity as compared to the directly coupled immunotoxin. Western blotting revealed that the adapter was cleaved, thus supporting our proposal that cleavable adapters may reduce nonspecific effects. A similar reduced half‐life was detected in platelet‐poor plasma. In contrast MCF‐7 cells remain unaffected by the immunotoxins. This was shown to be due to the absence of detectable EGF‐receptor in comparison to A‐431 and HER14 cells as determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, we could show that the adapter does not exert an effect on the N‐glycosidase activity of saporin. These results suggest that the use of cleavable adapters may be a useful tool in immunotoxins for reducing the killing of surrounding noncancerous cells due to nonspecific binding. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractalkine transgene induces T‐cell‐dependent antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of dendritic cells
Authors: Guo Jun , Zhang Minghui , Wang Baocheng , Yuan Zhenglong , Guo Zhenhong , Chen Taoyong , Yu Yizhi , Qin Zhihai , Cao Xuetao
Published: December 2002

Fractalkine (FK, also called neurotactin or CX3CL1) is a CX3C chemokine that can chemoattract T lymphocytes, monocytes and NK cells. In our study, we investigated the induction of antitumor response by FK gene transfer. FK gene‐modified 3LL lung carcinoma cells (3LL‐FK) could both secrete soluble form and express membrane‐bound form of FK. The tumor growth of 3LL‐FK was decreased. Vaccination with 3LL‐FK was effective in the induction of protective immunity and CTL. In vivo depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8+ T cells are the main participating cells of the antitumor response. Obvious infiltrations of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells (DC) were observed in the tumor sites, suggesting that 3LL‐FK might induce antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of T cells and DC. Then we investigated the chemoattraction and activation of DC by 3LL‐FK. Chemotaxis assay showed that the supernatants of 3LL‐FK could chemoattract immature DC, which were found to express FK receptor CX3CR1, and the immature DC could obviously adhere to 3LL‐FK. Adherence of DC to 3LL‐FK resulted in phenotypic maturation and upregulated IL‐12 secretion of DC, and more strong stimulation of allogeneic T‐cell proliferation by DC. The increased production of IL‐2 and IFNγ in 3LL‐FK tumor tissue was also observed. Our data suggested that FK gene transfer to tumor cells could induce T‐cell‐dependent antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of DC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma: A case‐control study of HIV‐seronegative people in Uganda
Authors: Ziegler John , Newton Robert , Bourboulia Dimitra , Casabonne Delphine , Beral Valerie , Mbidde Edward , Carpenter Lucy , Reeves Gillian , Parkin D. Maxwell , Wabinga Henry , Mbulaiteye Sam , Jaffe Harold ,   The Uganda Kaposi's Sarcoma Study Group, Weiss Robin , Boshoff Chris
Published: December 2002

As part of a larger investigation of cancer in Uganda, we conducted a case‐control study of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV)‐seronegative adults presenting at hospitals in Kampala. Cases comprised 117 HIV‐seronegative patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and controls comprised 1,282 HIV‐seronegative patients with a provisional diagnosis of cancer other than Kaposi's sarcoma. Study participants were interviewed about social and lifestyle factors, tested for HIV and, if there was sufficient sera, for antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV8]), using an immunofluorescent assay. Independent effects of these factors were identified using unconditional logistic regression, after adjusting for age group (<30, 30–44, 45+) and sex. Antibody status for KSHV was available for 68% (80) of cases and for 45% (607) of controls. Among cases, 78% (91) were male and 57% (66) were over the age of 35. Cases were more likely than controls to be from tribal groups other than the Baganda (p = 0.05), to have higher household incomes (p = 0.003), to have left their home region at younger ages (p < 0.001), to own goats or pigs (p = 0.02) and to rarely or never use shoes (p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained when analyses were restricted to cases and controls with anti‐KSHV antibodies. The seroprevalence of KSHV was 79% (63/80) in those with Kaposi's sarcoma as compared to 50% (302/607) in those without (χ2 heterogeneity (1 df) = 21.0; p < 0.001) and the risk of the tumour increased with increasing anti‐KSHV antibody titres (χ2 trend (1 df) = 29.7; p < 0.001). The risk of Kaposi's sarcoma is clearly linked to antibody status for KSHV, but it would seem that in Uganda other factors are also important in the development of the tumour. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anger episodes in high‐ and low‐trait‐anger community adults
Authors: Tafrate Raymond Chip , Kassinove Howard , Dundin Louis
Published: December 2002

Anger is a basic emotion, experienced by almost all human beings in response to the unwanted and unexpected behavior of others. Yet, there is little consensus as to which characteristics may differentiate people who experience normal versus exaggerated or pathological anger reactions. We examined the self‐reported characteristics of specific anger episodes in 93 community adults who were high (HTA) or low (LTA) on trait anger. Using a componential model, they were asked to identify a recent anger episode and report on the triggers and associated cognitions, characteristics of the experience, desired and actual patterns of expression, and outcomes. HTA adults, in comparison to their LTA counterparts, exhibited anger reactions that were more frequent, intense, and enduring. They also reported more negative cognitions. Of particular importance, the HTA adults reported more physical aggression, negative verbal responses, drug use, and negative anger‐related consequences. Thus, clinically important anger reactions may emerge as a function of the anger trait. Results are discussed in terms of implications for diagnosis and treatment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1573–1590, 2002.
The fake bad scale in atypical and severe closed head injury litigants
Authors: Greiffenstein M. Frank , Baker W. John , Gola Thomas , Donders Jacobus , Miller Lori
Published: December 2002

The correlational and diagnostic properties of Lees‐Haley's MMPI‐2 Fake Bad Scale (FBS) were examined in litigating atypical minor, litigating moderate–severe, and non‐litigating moderate–severe head injury samples. Overall, the FBS was sensitive to both litigation status and nonconforming versus conforming symptom courses. The FBS appeared superior to the MMPI‐2 F and F‐K scales in differentiating atypical from real brain‐injury outcomes. High FBS scorers also had higher scores on somatic complaining (Hs, Hy) and to a lesser degree with psychotic complaints (F, Pa, Sc). FBS showed significant associations with various neuropsychological symptom validity measures. FBS appears to capture a hybrid of infrequent symptom reporting styles with an emphasis on unauthentic physical complaints. However, FBS also correlated with documented abnormal neurological signs within a litigating moderate–severe brain‐injury group. Its use as a symptom infrequency measure may have to be modified in more severe injury litigants, as some FBS items may reflect true long‐term outcome in severe cerebral dysfunction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1591–1600, 2002.
Assessment of psychosis proneness in African‐American college students
Authors: Kwapil Thomas R. , Crump Rita A. , Pickup Danielle R.
Published: December 2002

The present study employed the psychometric high‐risk method to investigate psychosis proneness in African‐American and Caucasian college students recruited from three sites. The goals of the study were to develop norms for African‐American students on the Perceptual Aberration (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), Magical Ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), Revised Social Anhedonia (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982), and Physical Anhedonia Scales (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976), as well as to assess the validity of this research method with African‐American students. Structured diagnostic interviews were conducted to assess the concurrent validity of these scales for identifying psychosis proneness. The results supported the use of separate norms for male and female African‐American students and provided support for the concurrent validity of this research method with African‐American and Caucasian college students. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1601–1614, 2002.
Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Korn Deborah L. , Leeds Andrew M.
Published: December 2002

This article reviews the complexity of adaptation and symptomatology in adult survivors of childhood neglect and abuse who meet criteria for the proposed diagnosis of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD), also known as Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). A specific EMDR protocol, Resource Development and Installation (RDI), is proposed as an effective intervention in the initial stabilization phase of treatment with Complex PTSD/DESNOS. Descriptive psychometric and behavioral outcome measures from two single case studies are presented which appear to support the use of RDI. Suggestions are offered for future treatment outcome research with this challenging population. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1465–1487, 2002.
Salivary cortisol levels and the cortisol response to dexamethasone before and after EMDR: A case report
Authors: Heber Ruth , Kellner Michael , Yehuda Rachel
Published: December 2002

Trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been shown to have lower basal cortisol levels in the urine, plasma, and saliva than in trauma survivors without PTSD, nontraumatized mentally ill, or healthy subjects. We report on a case study in which we measured pre‐ and post‐Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment salivary cortisol levels and salivary cortisol response to 0.50 mg of dexamethasone in a 41‐year‐old female with chronic PTSD symptoms. Our goal was to determine whether symptom improvement following trauma‐focused treatment (EMDR) is associated with changes in basal salivary cortisol or in the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration. Our findings show moderate symptom improvement, an increase in basal cortisol levels, and a more attenuated cortisol hypersuppression in response to the dexamethasone suppression test following EMDR treatment. These results suggest the potential utility of including neuroendocrine measures in the assessment of treatment outcome in PTSD. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1521–1530, 2002.
Biofiltration of nuisance sulfur gaseous odors from a meat rendering plant
Authors: Shareefdeen Zarook , Herner Brian , Wilson Steve
Published: December 2002

This paper presents a case study of a commercial biofilter, treating air streams contaminated with several odorous compounds including dimethyl sulfide, ammonia, methanethiol, hydrogen sulfide and ethylamine. The biofilter is packed with a proprietary wood‐based (BIOMIX™) medium which is designed to provide a good biological environment, pH buffer capacity, low pressure drop and resistance to compaction. This commercial biofilter treats a contaminated air volume of 15 000 actual cubic feet per minute (acfm) from a meat rendering and wastewater treatment operation with a 30‐s empty bed residence time. The case study includes a novel gas sampling procedure and characterization of biofilter air streams through a mobile Fourier transform infrared system and olfactometer analysis. The results confirmed the good distribution of air, moisture and bacterial population across the medium. Four years of consistent performance of this commercial biofilter with >99% removal of 24 500 odor units demonstrates that biofilters can be successfully applied for the removal of highly odorous gaseous sulfur compounds.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
BTEX removal from contaminated groundwater by a co‐culture of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens immobilized in a continuous fibrous‐bed bioreactor
Authors: Shim Hojae , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: December 2002

A fibrous‐bed bioreactor with immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens was used to treat groundwater contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (collectively know as BTEX). The kinetics of BTEX biodegradation in the fibrous‐bed bioreactor operated under continuous well‐mixed conditions was studied at room temperature. Aeration was not used in the process fed with groundwater samples with an average total BTEX concentration of 2.75 mg dm−3. All BTEX compounds present in the groundwater feed were concurrently and completely biodegraded even under oxygen‐limited or hypoxic conditions. Nearly 100% removal efficiency was obtained when the retention time was greater than 1 h. BTEX removal efficiency decreased with decreasing the retention time, with p‐ and o‐xylenes showed up first in the treated groundwater, followed by benzene and then other BTEX compounds. Biodegradation rates of BTEX generally increased with increasing BTEX concentration and loading rate. The maximum BTEX biodegradation rate was 5.76 mg h−1 dm−3 at the loading rate of 6.54 mg dm−3 h−1. The bioreactor had a stable performance, maintaining its ability for efficient BTEX degradation without requiring additional nutrients for more than 1 month. The good performance of the fibrous‐bed bioreactor was attributed to the high cell density (∼15 g dm−3 reactor volume) in the fibrous matrix.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Solvent extraction of some metal ions with di‐2‐methylnonylphosphoric acid into heptane
Authors: Wang Tao , Nagaosa Yukio
Published: December 2002

Di‐2‐methylnonylphosphoric acid (HA) as an extractant was investigated for the extraction of divalent metal ions into heptane at an aqueous ionic strength of 0.10 mol dm−3 (NaClO4) and at 25 °C. The extraction ability of metal complexes decreased in the order Cd(II) ≈ Mn(II) > Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). The metal complexes extracted were found to be all monomeric species for these metal ions using a slope analysis method. The curve fitting method was also applied to analyze the types of metal complexes extracted: MnA23HA and MnA24HA for manganese(II), CdA23HA and CdA24HA for cadmium(II), CuA22HA and CuA23HA for copper(II), CoA23HA and CoA24HA for cobalt(II) and NiA24HA and NiA25HA for nickel(II). Further, the extraction constants for the extracted metal complexes were evaluated.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of colloidal organic matter on nitrification and composition of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms
Authors: Li Jiuyi , Luan Zhaokun , Zhu Baoxia , Gong Xiaoyan , Dangcong Peng
Published: December 2002

The effects of colloidal organic matter on nitrification and the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilms were studied in two parallel bench‐scale biological aerated filters (BAFs) fed with different organic carbon sources. The study filter used starch and glucose to model colloidal and soluble organic carbon, respectively, while the control filter used glucose as the sole organic carbon source. Studies with different COD/NH4+ (C/N) ratios (0.5–6.0) showed that the increase in organic matter in the influent resulted in the displacement of nitrification from the bottom to the upper part of filter bed. It was observed that the greater reduction in nitrification was caused by colloidal organic matter rather than by soluble organics at the same COD concentration. The starch hydrolysis took place in the bottom 40 cm of the filter bed, which implied that hydrolysis of colloidal organic matter into smaller molecules could not be the limiting step of its oxidation in the biofilm. In addition, biofilm surface morphology and EPS composition were subject to different substrate conditions. Polysaccharide was the primary and protein the minor component of the EPS extract. In the study filter, the protein content of EPS diminished from the bottom to the upper layer of the filter bed, which was strongly correlated to the hydrolysis of colloidal organic matter.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Lecithin‐enhanced biotransformation of cholesterol to androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione and androsta‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione
Authors: Wang Zhi Feng , Huang Yu Liang , Rathman James F , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: December 2002

A biotransformation process using Mycobacterium sp was studied for androsta‐1, 4‐diene‐3,17‐dione (ADD) and androsta‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione (AD) production from cholesterol. Cholesterol has a poor solubility in water (∼1.8 mg dm−3 at 25 °C), which makes it difficult to use as the substrate for biotransformation. Lecithin is a mixture of phospholipids of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which behave like surfactants and can form planar bi‐layer structures in an aqueous medium. Therefore, a small amount of lecithin (<1 g dm−3) can be used to form stable colloids with cholesterol at a relatively high concentration (20 g dm−3) in water. In this work, an energy density of 1000 J cm−3 from sonication was provided to overcome the self‐association of cholesterol and to generate a stable lecithin–cholesterol suspension that could be used for enhanced biotransformation. The lecithin–cholesterol suspension was stable and could withstand typical autoclaving conditions (121 °C, 15 psig, 20 min). In contrast to conventional surfactants, such as Tween 80, that are commonly used to help solubilize cholesterol, lecithin did not change the surface tension of the aqueous solution nor cause any significant foaming problem. Lecithin was also biocompatible and showed no adverse effect on cell growth. Compared with the medium with Tween 80 as the cholesterol‐solubilizing agent, lecithin greatly improved the biotransformation process in regard to its final product yield (∼59% w/w), productivity (0.127–0.346 g dm−3 day−1), ADD/AD ratio (6.7–8), as well as the long‐term process stability. Cells can be reused in repeated batch fermentations for up to seven consecutive batches, but then lose their bioactivity due to aging problems, possibly caused by product inhibition and nutrient depletion.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Assignment of pH‐dependent NMR spectra of the scorpiand macrocycle: an application of titration profiles and spectral linewidths
Authors: Nazarski Ryszard B.
Published: December 2002

Routine homo‐ and heteronuclear 2D NMR experiments (COSY, HMQC, TOCSY and ROESY) were performed for the complex macrocyclic pentaamine ligand 1‐(2′‐aminoethyl)‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane (1, scorpiand), derived from 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam). However, some its 13C and 1H resonances were distinguished only based on the similarity between profiles of relevant pH–chemical shift plots and/or linewidth considerations. Following this empirical method relying on the assumption that titration curves of nuclei in comparable chemical environments have comparable shapes, it was possible to assign all chemical shifts (13C, pH 0.25–13.4; 1H, pH 10–11.5) for some different protonated species Hn1n+. A multiple experimental approach used for recognizing their NMR signals is offered as a general assignment procedure in the case of polyazamacrocycles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High resolution in heteronuclear 1H–13C NMR experiments by optimizing spectral aliasing with one‐dimensional carbon data
Authors: Jeannerat Damien
Published: December 2002

In the chemistry literature it is common to provide NMR data on both proton and carbon spectra based on one‐dimensional experiments, but often only proton spectra are assigned. The absence of a complete attribution of the carbons is in good part due to the difficulty in reaching the necessary resolution in the carbon dimension of two‐dimensional experiments. It has already been shown that high‐resolution heteronuclear spectra can be acquired within nearly the same acquisition time using a violation of the Nyquist condition. For a spectral width reduction by a given factor k, the resolution increases by the same factor as long as it is not limited by relaxation. The price to pay for such an improvement is a k‐fold ambiguity in the chemical shift of the signal along the folded or aliased dimension. The computer algorithm presented in this paper takes advantage of the peak list stemming from one‐dimensional spectra in order to calculate spectral widths for which the ambiguities in the aliased dimension of heteronuclear experiments are eliminated or at least minimized. The resolution improvement factor is only limited by the natural lineshape and reaches a typical value higher than 100. The program may be set to run automatically on spectrometers equipped with automatic sample changers. Applications to short‐range HSQC experiments and long‐range HMBC spectra of steroids, carbohydrates, a peptide and a mixture of isomers are shown as examples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
19F NMR chemical shifts of CF4 in CO2 over a wide pressure range at different temperatures
Authors: Kanakubo Mitsuhiro , Umecky Tatsuya , Aizawa Takafumi , Masuda Yoshio , Ikushima Yutaka
Published: December 2002

19F NMR chemical shifts of CF4 in CO2 under extremely dilute concentrations were precisely determined at 299.8, 314.4 and 328.9 K over a wide range of pressure between 0.4 and 33 MPa. The solvent‐induced chemical shift, where the bulk magnetic susceptibility correction was made, was quantitatively expressed as a function of CO2 density. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of four 2‐substituted 4a,8a‐cis‐endo‐5,8‐methano‐4a,5,8,8a‐tetrahydronaphthalene‐1,4‐diones
Authors: de Arruda Campos Ivan P. , Rezende Daisy de B. , Lucchini Vittorio , Di Vitta Cláudio
Published: December 2002

The complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the title enediones, bearing as substituents N‐aziridinyl (a novel compound), methoxy, chloro and methylsulfanyl, is reported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health‐related quality of life of preterm children and their caregivers
Authors: Donohue Pamela K.
Published: December 2002

As advances in medical science have extended the limit of viability downward to 23 or 24 weeks gestation, interest has turned from long‐term health outcomes to quality of life for survivors. During the last decade, the first studies of the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of children and young adults who were born extremely preterm were published. Taken from the fields of anthropology, economics, sociology, and psychology, the foundation of HRQOL is formed by theories of functionalism, positive well‐being, and utility. HRQOL can be defined as the physical, psychological, and social domains of health, which can be influenced by an individual's experiences and perception. HRQOL instruments are generally composed of multiple domains and measure physical functioning, mental health, and social role functioning in some form. Utilities, or preferences for health outcomes under conditions of uncertainty, are also used. Studies of HRQOL to‐date indicate that preterm children have, on average, poorer health than their normal birthweight peers, but the majority do not perceive their quality of life as significantly different than others of their own age. Measures of HRQOL should not replace the traditional measures of morbidity, but should become part of the standard battery of tools used to assess a preterm child's health and well‐being. Ultimately, studies of the HRQOL of preterm children should identify aspects of life, physical, psychological, or social, that could be improved with intervention. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:293–297. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring functional outcomes after prematurity: Developmental impact of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight status on childhood disability
Authors: Msall Michael E. , Tremont Michelle R.
Published: December 2002

Our purpose was to describe functional outcomes in essential activities in preschool, school‐age, and adolescent children who were born very (<32 weeks gestation) and extremely (<28 weeks gestation) prematurely. Very low birth weight (VLBW; 1000–1499 g), or extremely low birth weight (ELBW;<1000 g) populations are the focus of our analysis. We describe models of disablement and enablement for specifying the complexity of childhood outcomes using a framework of pathophysiology, impairment, functional limitation and functional strengths, disability in social roles and social participation, societal limitations and environmental facilitators. Representative early childhood, preschool, school‐age, and adolescent studies were examined in terms of describing children's functional strengths and challenges after VLBW and ELBW survival. In early childhood, disability was assessed by diagnosing neurosensory impairments and delays on developmental testing. Instruments for measuring functional status in essential activities of self‐care, mobility, communication and learning are described. Rates of neurosensory disability in the first three years among recent ELBW survivors ranged from 9–26% for cerebral palsy, 1–15% for blindness, 0–9% for deafness, and 6–42% for evolving cognitive disability (MDI <70). Rates of preschool functional limitation were 5–27% motor, 5–30% self‐care, and 5–22% communicative. Rates of school‐age functional educational disabilities exceeded 50%. Rates of adolescent activity limitation were 13–32% and vocational limitations were 27–71%. By examining the functional strengths and challenges of children with major neurodevelopmental impairments after very or extremely preterm birth, we can examine causal pathways that lessen the risk of severe functional disability. Among children with mild to moderate disability, we can enhance functional outcomes, optimize community participation, and provide quality family supports. In order to assess the changing outcomes of this vulnerable population of survivors, combinations of clinical and survey based methodologies are required. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:258–272. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prematurity at birth: Trends, racial disparities, and epidemiology
Authors: Alexander Greg R. , Slay Martha
Published: December 2002

While infant mortality rates have continued to decline in the U.S., low birth weight and preterm rates have dramatically increased. Although the combination of factors that underlies these trends has not been fully described, there is growing concern that an appreciable part of the rise in prematurity rates stems from efforts taken to improve the survival of these high‐risk infants. While advancements in medical technology and practice, augmented by improvements in prenatal care use, may have adversely effected prematurity rates and played a role in broadening racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes, they have positively impacted infant survival. Although many risk factors for prematurity have been identified, there are presently few areas for effective prevention. Accordingly, there is little encouragement for a downturn in prematurity rates in the near future. The prospect of continuing growth in the annual number of surviving preterm infants in the U.S. highlights the need for early detection and treatment of developmental problems for these high‐risk survivors, and emphasizes the importance of assuring that needed support services are available to these children and their families. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:215–220. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of polyamide 6/6 synthesis carried out by interfacial polymerization on carbon fibre
Authors: Botelho Edson Cocchieri , Scherbakoff Natália , Rezende Mirabel Cerqueira
Published: December 2002

Polyamide 6/6 synthesis via interfacial polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipoyl chloride with simultaneous impregnation of carbon fibres was investigated. This experimental work was carried out to study the recovery of carbon fiber cables by polyamide 6/6 using six different concentrations of the monomer. Variation in the polyamide monomer concentration resulted in significant changes of chemical and morphological characteristics of the polyamide 6/6 and its composite with carbon fibre. Carbon fibre impregnation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the polyamide coating obtained in different concentrations was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and TGA.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and characterization of mesoporous materials based on silsesquioxane by block copolymer templating
Authors: Park Byeong‐Gyu , Jo Nam‐Ju , Cho Won‐Jei , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: December 2002

Nanoporous materials were prepared by using silsesquioxane containing three alkoxy groups and a non‐hydrolysable organic moiety. The influences of pH and precursor ratios of silsesquioxane and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) on the preparation of organo‐modified periodic mesoporous materials were investigated. These materials were characterized using small angle X‐ray scattering, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. A non‐ionic triblock copolymer was used as a structure‐directing agent to provide large pores with a high density of silanol groups. It was found that silsesquioxanes could form ordered nanoporous materials in the presence of TEOS by controlling the pH and the co‐precursors ratio, despite their structural irregularity.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Distribution of space charges in luminescent conjugated polymers
Authors: Feller F , Geschke D , Monkman A P
Published: December 2002

We present investigations of the distribution of space charges in thin films of conjugated polymers. A thermal wave method (LIMM) has been used to resolve the depth profile of space charges and the distribution of the internal electric field in 3–4 µm films of poly(2,5‐pyridinediyl), the poly(p‐phenylenvinylene) derivative poly[2‐methoxy,5‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenvinylene] (MEH‐PPV) and polyfluorine (PFO). The results demonstrate that in conjugated polymers, space charges cannot only be created but can also be stored permanently. The electric field in the bulk of the film is significantly reduced because of the existence of two space charge layers: a narrow, positively charged layer at the front electrode, and a broader, negatively charged layer at about 500 nm. We assign the positive layer to the injection of positive charge carriers from the anode into near surface traps, and the second hetero‐charge layer to bulk charges that have been separated within the external electric field and accumulated in the trapping zone. The dynamics of the accumulation and poling of the space charge layers has been investigated by means of measurements of the temporal evolution and temperature dependence of the pyroelectric response.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel vanadium‐containing polymers prepared from bis(arene)vanadium and acrylonitrile: third‐order non‐linear optical properties
Authors: Klapshina Larisa G , Semenov Vladimir V , Fominykh Zhanna Yu , Domrachev George A , Douglas William E , Antipov Oleg L , Kuzhelev Alexander S
Published: December 2002

Treatment of (arene)2 V with acrylonitrile in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetracyanoethylene affords vanadium‐containing polyacrylonitrile. Thermolysis of the latter at 350 °C gives a naphthyridine‐type polymer containing 16% vanadium. Z‐scan measurements at 1064 nm for a solution of this thermolysed material in concentrated H2SO4 (c, 1 g l−1) gave a value of −1.8 × 10−13 cm2 W−1 (corresponding to Reχ(3) = −0.9 × 10−11 esu) for the electronic contribution to n2. The Z‐scan did not show any two‐photon absorption for beam intensities up to 0.3 GW cm−2. The vanadium‐containing polyacrylonitrile readily forms transparent films on casting from acetonitrile solution.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Micropatterning of polyurethanes with lasers
Authors: Martelé Yves , Callewaert Kristof , Swennen Ives , Naessens Kris , Baets Roel , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Waroquier Michel , Van Aert Huub , Dierickx Patrick , Schacht Etienne
Published: December 2002

The micropatterning of a series new poly(carbonate‐urethanes) with IR and excimer lasers is discussed. A series of segmented polyurethanes consisting of a soft segment and a hard segment was prepared. The soft segment, a thermodegradable polycarbonate diol, degrades by asyn‐elimination at higher temperature. The hard segment was selected as to increase the sensitivity of the polymers for UV excimer laser ablation. The thermal and mechanical properties of the segmented polyurethanes (SPU) were investigated. By varying the building blocks in the polymer (soft and hard segments), the ablation properties were studied in terms of absorption coefficient and threshold value. Polymers with an aromatic chain‐extender and an diisocyanate showed the highest absorption coefficient at wavelengths of 248 and 193 nm. Irradiation of these polymers led to cavities with high dimensional quality, sharp edges and no accumulation of degradation products near the cavities (no debris formation). Ablation with an IR laser led to a decrease in film thickness of the polymer deposited on a substrate. This was investigated with FTIR/ATR analysis and atomic force microscopy. Debris formation was found near the cavities. The differentiation of polarity between the exposed and unexposed areas was not efficient enough to use them as a coating for printing plates.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of an ABS‐modified epoxy system
Authors: Cano J , Torres A , Abad M J , Barral L , Díez F J , López J , Ramírez C
Published: December 2002

In this work an epoxy system containing a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 1,3‐bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (1,3‐BAC) is modified with poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene‐co‐styrene) (ABS). Using dynamic mechanical analysis the glass transition temperatures and the associated activation energies are determined in the neat epoxy and some blends. The presence of ABS produces a constant diminution of the glass transition temperatures and increases the activation energies. The brittle character of the neat epoxy and the blends, compared with the ductile character of ABS, is studied using an instrumented impact pendulum. The shape of force–time curves and energies and data dispersion of each composition are analyzed. By using scanning electron microscopy it is possible to see various zones of different roughness and to distinguish the regions of tension and compression of Charpy impact fractured surfaces. The presence of a two phase‐morphology in the epoxy‐ABS blends is also shown.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of some thermodynamical interaction parameters of polycaprolactone with some solvents by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Saraç Ayfer , Türe Ahmet , Cankurtaran Özlem , Yılmaz Ferdane
Published: December 2002

The retention diagrams of polycaprolactone (PCL) were obtained between 70 and 140 °C with solvents such as n‐pentane, n‐hexane, n‐heptane, n‐octane, n‐nonane, n‐decane, isopropyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and tert‐butyl acetate by an inverse gas chromatography technique. Some thermodynamical parameters, namely the weight fraction activity coefficient of the solvent at infinite dilution, $\Omega_{1}^{\infty}$, the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter, $\chi_{12}^{\infty}$, at infinite dilution of solvent, the hard‐core interaction parameter, $\chi_{t}^{\infty}$, at infinite dilution of solute, and the effective exchange energy parameters, X
12 in the equation‐of‐state theory, were determined for these polymer–solvent systems. In addition, the partial molar heat of sorption, Δ
H
1, sorp, the partial molar heat of mixing, $\Delta \overline{H}_{1}^{\infty}$ of the solvents and the solubility parameter of the polymer, δ2, were determined for these systems. n‐Alkanes were particularly poor solvents but the esters studied were moderately good solvents for PCL. The solubility of the PCL did not change considerably with temperature in all the solvents studied. The values of interaction parameters were close to each other for PCL–ester systems studied. The solubility parameter of PCL, δ2, was found to be around 10 (cal cm−3)1/2 at room temperature and decreases linearly with temperature.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites with various organoclays. I. Thermomechanical properties, morphology, and gas permeability
Authors: Chang Jin‐Hae , An Yeong Uk , Sur Gil Soo
Published: December 2002

The thermomechanical properties, morphology, and gas permeability of hybrids prepared with three types of organoclays were compared in detail. Hexadecylamine–montmorillonite (C16–MMT), dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide–montmorillonite (DTA‐MMT), and Cloisite 25A were used as organoclays in the preparation of nanocomposites. From morphological studies using transmission electron microscopy, most clay layers were found to be dispersed homogeneously in the matrix polymer, although some clusters or agglomerated particles were also detected. The initial degradation temperature (at a 2% weight loss) of the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid films with C16–MMT and Cloisite 25A decreased linearly with an increasing amount of organoclay. For hybrid films, the tensile properties initially increased but then decreased with the introduction of more of the inorganic phase. The O2 permeability values for all the hybrids for clay loadings up to 10 wt % were less than half the corresponding values for pure PLA, regardless of the organoclay. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 94–103, 2003