bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logos and Logoi Ensarkos: Christology and a Problem of Perception
Authors: Rauser Randal
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  The question of how we perceive objects remains a highly mysterious issue. One particular problem is how the primary perceivable properties of objects relate to their secondary properties, in particular how secondary properties can equally be true of objects. John Locke offered two possibilities: dispositionalism and divine action. Unfortunately, both fail to relate primary and secondary properties in the object. In this article I argue that the means to overcome this disjunction is christological – by interpreting objects in their primary and secondary properties as existing in ontological derivation from the Christ who eternally will become incarnate.
Incarnation, Resurrection and the Doctrine of the Trinity: A Comparison of Thomas F. Torrance and Roger Haight
Authors: Molnar Paul D.
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  By comparing the thought of T.F. Torrance and Roger Haight, this article shows that whenever the starting‐point for interpreting the resurrection is not Jesus himself as the incarnate Word, then Christology and soteriology are undermined because of a faulty understanding of the Trinity, with the result that salvation is equated with the human religious quest for meaning. Because the incarnation and resurrection are intimately connected, this article suggests that any docetic view of the one will lead to a docetic view of the other. And this has soteriological implications: if Jesus is not seen as the only Savior, then we must somehow save ourselves.
The Mediation of Redemption in Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre
Authors: Nimmo Paul T.
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  In §24 of the Glaubenslehre, Friedrich Schleiermacher conceives of a ‘provisional antithesis’ between Protestantism – which ‘makes the individual's relation to the Church dependent on his relation to Christ’– and Catholicism – which ‘makes the individual's relation to Christ dependent on his relation to the Church’. This antithesis has been criticized for defining a Protestantism that is inconsistent with the (Protestant) theology of redemption presented elsewhere in the Glaubenslehre. This article seeks to refute this criticism, arguing that while Schleiermacher acknowledges the roles of both Christ and the church in redemption, he ultimately gives theological priority to the former.
The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley , Sider J. Alexander
Published: June 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

John E. Colwell, Living the Christian Story: The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics
Income Tax Evasion in a Unionised Labour Market
Authors: Goerke Laszlo
Published: June 2003

Labour market outcomes can depend on tax evasion since the returns from working are affected by the amount of taxes paid. In this paper, unionised workers are assumed to select the income which they declare. The rational trade union takes this decision into account. It is shown that the employment effects of a linear income tax are not altered qualitatively by tax evasion if the fine for evasion is a function only of the evaded tax. Moreover, the consequences of changes in the tax enforcement system are determined by the ability to choose evasion activities optimally. The existence of unrestricted tax evasion opportunities lowers wages.
International Shocks on Australia – The Japanese Effect
Authors: Dungey Mardi , Fry Renée
Published: June 2003

Although Australia has an equivalently large trading relationship with Japan and the US, current macro models often incorporate only US variables in the external sector of Australia. This paper explores the consequences of including both US and Japanese effects in the international sector of a SVAR model of Australia. The results indicate the significance of the Japanese effects. Excluding Japan results in an overstatement of the impact of US based shocks on the Australian economy. When Japan is included, US based shocks remain dominant in explaining Australian outcomes, but the responses are moderated compared with a model incorporating only a US based external sector. This has important implications for domestic policy responses to international shocks. Without the influence of Japan, domestic monetary policy will over‐react to a US based shock.
A Monetary Approach to Exchange Market Disequilibrium in Australia: 1975–97
Authors: Taslim M. A.
Published: June 2003

Under a managed float, the central bank may respond to an exchange market disequilibrium by changing either the international reserves or the exchange rate or both such that neither the reserve changes nor the exchange rate movements convey an unambiguous indication of the nature or extent of the disequilibrium. Girton and Roper (1977) suggested an index, namely the exchange market pressure, to capture the disequilibrium. This paper utilises a similar framework to study the exchange market pressure in Australia during 1975–1997 and reserve transactions. It is found that there were substantial reserve transactions in the face of exchange market pressure even after the switch to the floating rate system and the deregulation of the financial system. As a result of these transactions, sharp fluctuations in the exchange rate were moderated and the actual exchange rate appeared to broadly follow the market equilibrium rate.
Labour Market Policies and Long‐term Unemployment in a Flow Model of the Australian Labour Market
Authors: Herbert Ric D. , Leeves Gareth D.
Published: June 2003

This paper develops a general equilibrium job matching model, which is used to assess the impact of active labour market policies, reductions in unemployment benefits and reductions in worker bargaining power on long‐term unemployment and other key macro variables. The model is calibrated using Australian data. Simulation experiments are conducted through impulse response analysis. The simulations suggest that active labour market programs (ALMPs) targeted at the long‐term unemployed have a small net impact and produce adverse spillover effects on short‐term unemployment. Reducing the level of unemployment benefits relative to wages and worker bargaining power have more substantial effects on total and long‐term unemployment and none of the spillover effects of ALMPs.
Economic Analysis of Public Policies for Controlling Heroin Use
Authors: Clarke Harry
Published: June 2003

Policies for controlling heroin use are surveyed. Motivations for harm minimisation and abstinence policies are derived. Pursuing abstinence alone using supply‐oriented policies increases heroin prices possibly creating social harm. Pursuing harm minimisation alone reduces user costs that compromise drug abstinence objectives. These tradeoffs between policy objectives are examined for a number of proposed policies including (i) the public provision of heroin to addicts, (ii) the use of safe injecting rooms, (iii) methadone programs and (iv) drug use prevention policies. Coupling legal sanctions that impact specifically on new users with harm minimisation policies, enables relaxation of some policy tradeoffs but penalises a class of users who impose low social costs.
New CEO Openness to Change and Strategic Persistence: The Moderating Role of Industry Characteristics
Authors: Datta Deepak K. , Rajagopalan Nandini , Zhang Yan
Published: June 2003

Drawing on the upper echelons, managerial discretion and strategic contingency perspectives we examine the relationships between newly chosen CEOs' openness to change and firm strategic persistence in the post‐succession phase. This study is different from prior studies on the consequences of CEO succession in that it focuses on specific characteristics of the new CEO (that reflect his/her knowledge‐base and cognitive orientations) and the industry context rather than purely on the event of succession. Based on a sample of 132 successions in 118 firms in the US manufacturing sector, and after controlling for industry concentration, board power, firm size and pre‐succession performance, we find a negative relationship between CEOs' openness to change and post‐succession strategic persistence. Interestingly, our findings indicate that this relationship is moderated by industry characteristics in that the negative association between CEO openness to change and strategic persistence is significant in high‐discretion but not in low‐discretion industries. Contributions of the paper to the CEO succession and strategic change literatures along with the managerial implications of our findings are discussed in the concluding section of the paper.
With a Little Help from Their Friends: Exploring the Advice Networks of Software Entrepreneurs
Authors: McGrath Cathleen A. , Vance Charles M. , Gray Edmund R.
Published: June 2003

This field interview study examined patterns and content of advice sharing networks among 20 software executives to provide a clearer understanding of how advice relationships are established, the types of advice that are shared and the role that relationships play in the support of information exchange and diffusion. Most advice relationships were formed from strong tie relationships, while systematic differences were found among the types of advice sought from advice relationships resulting from strong ties, business ties and weak ties. The preference of software executives for rich communication media supports the importance of establishing trust in advice sharing relationships.
Whatever Happened to Synectics?
Authors: Nolan Vincent
Published: June 2003

The article brings the story of the Synectics creative problem‐solving techniques (originating in 1960) up to date. It identifies its origins with a group of inventors, who tape‐recorded their meetings to research their creative process, and the resulting benefits and weaknesses. Synectics today is a set of process tools which can be used successfully in a variety of situations, either in a specific sequence (as in the original invention model) or individually according to the needs of the situation. The result is a variety of meeting models and techniques for enhancing personal effectiveness
The Creative Product and the Creative Processes in Virtual Environments
Authors: Kristensson Per , Norlander Torsten
Published: June 2003

The effects of information technology on the creative performance in groups and individuals were examined. An experimental 3 × 2 design was used in order to assess the effects of computer‐mediated and face‐to‐face interaction on creative performance. Forty‐eight groups, divided into individuals or small three‐person groups, worked on a heuristic task during three sessions. Creativity was operationalized in terms of the creative product and the creative process. The results regarding the creative product indicated that small groups had a higher flexibility than individuals. The small groups also proved to have significantly more incubations. Regarding the creative process, the face‐to‐face group showed a better flow, and this was especially valid in respect of the preparation phase. This study suggests that, providing there is a fully understood and well‐prepared problem, attained or strengthened through face‐to‐face interaction; GCSS may serve as an important arena for exchanging and developing ideas.
The Risks of Autonomy: Empirical Evidence for the Necessity of a Balance Management in Promoting Organizational Innovativeness
Authors: Gebert Diether , Boerner Sabine , Lanwehr Ralf
Published: June 2003

For the purpose of promoting innovativeness in organizations, the literature recommends more decentralization of power and more participative leadership as one dimension of empowerment and thus greater situation control for employees. In fact, however, increasing situation control involves specific risks (including co‐ordination problems). Without concurrent integration to cushion these risks through orientation, consensus and trust, increasing situation control therefore leads not to a further increase in innovativeness but to a decline. This first empirical demonstration of the covert curvilinear relationship between situation control and innovativeness in n = 101 organizations reveals these risks. At the same time, it calls into question the widespread recommendations in the literature for action on innovation‐friendly organization and leadership.
Supporting Innovation through HR Policy: Evidence from the UK
Authors: Searle Rosalind H. , Ball Kirstie S.
Published: June 2003

This paper focuses on the relationship between the importance of innovation for organizations and their human resources policy. Drawing on survey findings, we examine the coherence of organizations’ utilization of HR recruitment, training and performance management policies to support and enhance firms’ innovation performance. Through a social–psychological perspective, we situate our findings in two diverse areas: the psychological literature, exploring the measurement of innovation, and second, with regard to the internal (with each other) and external (with broader organizational objectives) integration of distinct HR policy elements. Our surveyed organizations indicate that, whilst attaching importance to innovation, they fail to consistently translate this importance into coherent HR policies. Typically, HR policy rewarded non‐managerial employees for innovation, whilst managerial staff were expected to do so as a matter of course. This inconsistency is one source of resistance which blocks the generation of new ideas, and their implementation, organization‐wide.
Policy networks and the GM crops issue: assessing the utility of a dialectical model of policy networks
Authors: Toke David , Marsh David
Published: June 2003

A dialectical model of policy networks is deployed to analyse policy change in the area of GM crops in the UK. The model uses an analysis of the interaction between agents and structure, network and context and network and outcomes to understand and explain how policy change has occurred. A key advantage of the model is that it increases understanding of network transformation, explanation of which has been an alleged weakness of the policy network approach. However, this case study does throw up some weaknesses with the model, including the tendency of the model to emphasize the role of ‘insider’ agents and downplay the role of ‘outsiders’ in the policy process.
Local public management reforms in the Netherlands: fads, fashions and winds of change
Authors: Hendriks Frank , Tops Pieter
Published: June 2003

Compared to other continental European countries, especially Germany and Switzerland, which have experimented with New Public Management (NPM) in local government, The Netherlands has been relatively quick in following trends stemming from Anglo‐Saxon management thinking, but also relatively quick in redressing its course. The rise of the New Public Management in Dutch local government has been relatively swift and strong but also relatively superficial and non‐committal. The dominant picture that emerges is one of an administrative system that, while responsive to the latest trends, is also surprisingly stable. Management reforms, forcefully advocated in the 1980s, were decisively revised and redressed in the 1990s, with the city of Tilburg, celebrated for its ‘Tilburg Model’, a case in point. The Werdegang of NPM (that is, how things developed) in Dutch local government, detailed in this article, can be understood only partially as a result of changing economic and budgetary constraints. The article shows that endogenous features of the Dutch politico‐administrative system – more specifically: the compact, dense and decentralized pattern of the intergovernmental network, the administrative tradition of pragmatism, dynamic conservatism and the comparatively technocratic character of local government – have also strongly influenced the reception, effect and correction of NPM in Dutch local government.
Local public management reforms in Germany
Authors: Reichard Christoph
Published: June 2003

This article, part of a sequence of comparative articles on local government reforms in The Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, describes and analyses the recent public management reforms at the local level of Germany. After an overview about the constitutional framework of local self government and the reform waves of the last decades, the paper concentrates on the ‘new steering model’ as the German variant of NPM. The article shows the short history of this reform movement, describes the main elements of the reform concept and explains some of the causes, forces and actors of implementation. It goes on to discuss the present status of implementation, explains several shortcomings of the concept, and presents the – very limited – empirical evidence of achieved results. Finally, the paper draws some conclusions from a comparative view on the similarities and differences of local management reforms in Germany and the two other countries.
Constituting ‘the public’ in public participation
Authors: Barnes Marian , Newman Janet , Knops Andrew , Sullivan Helen
Published: June 2003

The emphasis on public participation in contemporary policy discourse has prompted the development of a wide range of forums within which dialogue takes place between citizens and officials. Often such initiatives are intended to contribute to objectives relating to social exclusion and democratic renewal. The question of ‘who takes part’ within such forums is, then, critical to an understanding of how far new types of forums can contribute to the delivery of such objectives. This article draws on early findings of research conducted as part of the ESRC Democracy and Participation Programme. It addresses three questions: ‘How do public bodies define or constitute the public that they wish to engage in dialogue?’; ‘What notions of representation or representativeness do participants and public officials bring to the idea of legitimate membership of such forums?’; and ‘How do deliberative forums contribute to, or help ameliorate, processes of social inclusion and exclusion?’
How Charity Transcends the Culture Wars: Eugene Rogers and Others on Same‐Sex Marriage
Authors: Stout Jeffrey
Published: June 2003

In 1994 the “Ramsey Colloquium,” under the leadership of Richard John Neuhaus, posed a challenge to what it called the “homosexual movement” within the Christian Church. The challenge was to prove that it had reasons distinguishable from secular liberalism—reasons consistent with orthodox Christian theology—in favor of same‐sex coupling. Eugene Rogers's book, Sexuality and the Christian Body: Their Way into the Triune God, can be read as a response to this challenge. The book is important not only for the content of its arguments, which are imaginative and theologically rigorous, but also for the exemplary way in which Rogers exhibits charity in his account of his conservative opponents. Rogers's recent anthology, Theology and Sexuality, provides additional evidence that a new, more promising debate is arising within the Church, a debate that has some hope of transcending the rhetoric of the culture wars.
Focus Introduction: Taking the Measure of Jonathan Edwards for Contemporary Religious Ethics
Authors: Wilson and Stephen A. , Porter Jean
Published: June 2003

The Journal of Religious Ethics marks the tercentenary of Edwards's birth with the following collection of essays. In keeping with the overall mission of the journal, this tribute takes the form of historical and constructive reflection, in which diverse perspectives on Edwards's work and diverse forms of engagement with it supplement and correct one another. Our hope is that these essays will serve both to generate interest in Edwards's work among those who are unfamiliar with him, and to advance the discussion of central issues in theological and religious ethics. In this introductory essay, we will offer some reflections on Edwards's general significance for contemporary ethics, followed by a closer examination of his main texts and a brief summary of the essays collected here.
Jonathan Edwards's Virtue: Diverse Sources, Multiple Meanings, and the Lessons of History for Ethics
Authors: Wilson Stephen A.
Published: June 2003

The incompleteness of the task of integrating the influences made upon Jonathan Edwards by Calvinism and the moral sense leaves open a great many questions central to identifying his ethical position with any detail. This should worry ethicists, theologians, and church historians alike. For the puzzle of what Edwards meant by virtue is at the heart not only of his ethics but of a great many strands of his thought. It must be pieced together from diverse sources; and there are multiple meanings to be sifted through. But it is nevertheless possible to bring the concepts made available by the diverse moral traditions upon which Edwards drew into a generally coherent counterpoise. Such a counterpoise is not merely of antiquarian interest. Lacking a precise account of Edwards's ethical position, it is awkward to talk about applying it to the problems of the twenty‐first, or any, century.
Poverty, Patriotism, and National Covenant: Jonathan Edwards and Public Life
Authors: McDermott Gerald R.
Published: June 2003

In this essay I address three ways in which Edwards can inform Christian understanding of public life. First I show how Edwards provides both philosophical and theological rationales for social engagement and thereby resists the separation of religion from public life, and use his consideration of poverty as an illustration. Part II examines Edwards's dialectical treatment of patriotism, demonstrating both its importance to the Christian life and its susceptibility to deceptive accommodation to culture. Finally, in Part III I discuss Edwards's use of “national covenant,” which despite its temptation to chauvinism Edwards used to undermine national pride. In the conclusion I assess what we can use from Edwards for contemporary Christian understandings of public life.
Spirituality and Its Discontents: Practices in Jonathan Edwards's Charity and Its Fruits
Authors: Spohn William C.
Published: June 2003

The contemporary interest in spiritual experience has some theological and ethical ambiguity. To what extent does it reflect genuine engagement with the sacred, to what extent is it dabbling in experience without adequate interpretation or moral commitment? Jonathan Edwards faced similar challenges in his sermons on 1 Cor 13, Charity and Its Fruits. Alasdair MacIntyre and Pierre Hadot have explored the constitutive role of practices in forming of virtues and transmitting a way of life. Their writings help show the continuing relevance of the spiritual practices that  Edwards advocated, particularly self‐examination, healing by contraries, and solidarity.
Honoring Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Quinn Philip L.
Published: June 2003

In this response to the papers on Jonathan Edwards's ethical thought by Stephen A. Wilson, Gerald R. McDermott, William C. Spohn, and Roland A. Delattre, I comment on their efforts to show that ideas drawn from Edwards can be successfully appropriated for use in contemporary ethics. I conclude that the four authors build a strong cumulative case for the view that some elements of Edwards's thought can serve as resources for our ethical reflections. But I also argue for a deflationary view of how much of Edwards we will find it feasible to take on board when we engage in the task of working out a religious ethics we might accept.
Judaism and Theology In Martha Nussbaum's Ethics
Authors: Kavka Martin
Published: June 2003

The writings of Martha Nussbaum broadly defend an account of transcendence as internal, always rooted in the human context. Her account implies that any and all projects of normative theological ethics are superfluous, since they transcend the natural bounds of human experience and reason. This essay points toward a space for theology, specifically Jewish theology, in Nussbaum's work, through an analysis of her recent philosophical and autobiographical writings on Judaism. Nussbaum's account in Upheavals of Thought associates Judaism with carnality and vulnerability; this essay supplements her account by pointing to a non‐natural origin of emotional judgments in some of the texts Nussbaum treats. This move serves to temper the emphasis on autonomy in liberal Jewish thought, and provides an account of transcendence which can serve as the basis of a more traditional Jewish theological ethics.
Land Tenure and Legal Pluralism in the Peace Process
Authors: Unruh Jon D.
Published: June 2003

Land tenure has proven to be one of the most vexing issues in a peace process. The disintegration of land and property rights institutions during armed conflict yet the importance of land and property to the conduct of conflict present particular dilemmas for a peace process attempting to reconfigure aspects of societal relations important to recovery. In this regard understanding what happens to land tenure as a set of social relations during and subsequent to armed conflict is important to the derivation of useful tools for managing tenure issues in a peace process. This article examines the development of multiple, informal “normative orders” regarding land tenure during armed conflict and how these are brought together in problematic form in a peace process. While there can be significant development of tenurial legal pluralism during armed conflict, it is during a peace process that problems associated with different approaches to land claim, access, use, and disputing become especially acute, because an end to hostilities drives land issues to the fore for large numbers of people over a short time frame.
Advocates in the Age of Jazz: Women and the Campaign for the Dyer Anti‐Lynching Bill
Authors: Brown Mary Jane
Published: June 2003

More than three thousand people, predominantly African American males, were lynched in the United States between 1892 and 1940. Occurring mostly in the South, lynching was a means that white southerners used to enforce white supremacy and prevent African Americans from achieving political, social, and economic gains after the Civil War ended slavery. White southerners declared that the threat of black men raping white women necessitated lynching. They further argued that inaction by the courts and the black community's shielding of criminals justified mob action, theories that gained wide acceptance in the South and that were commonly accepted in the North as well. In the 1890s, black women, led by anti‐lynching advocate Ida B. Wells‐Barnett, began a protest against lynching that swelled into a sizable movement. Under Wells‐Barnett's leadership, anti‐lynching activists dismantled the theory of white women's protection and formulated a strategy of investigation and exposure that became the template for future anti‐lynching drives. When the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909, it made anti‐lynching a priority and drew black and white women to its anti‐lynching battle. By the 1920s, women 's anti‐lynching activity had become essential to the NAACP's drive for federal anti‐lynching legislation and its campaign for passage of the Dyer bill. NAACP secretary Walter White's reliance on women increased throughout the 1920s, and women, courted both as voters and moral authorities, achieved a new level of importance in social movements and drives for legislation. This marked the beginning of the NAACP's twenty‐year struggle for federal anti‐lynching legislation, a campaign in which black and white women worked cooperatively and were essential to the campaign for the Dyer bill.
Generating Peace: A Study of Nonformal Youth Organizations
Authors: Ardizzone Leonisa
Published: June 2003

Youth today encounter many obstacles—including poverty, violence, and marginalization—that often result in feelings of hopelessness and despair leading to harmful behaviors. This sometimes has led to the scapegoating of youth in society. However, many youth have chosen to confront these media‐propagated stereotypes by becoming involved positively in their communities. Utilizing a conceptual framework and philosophy of education that incorporates structural violence theory and peace education pedagogy, this article explores the impact involvement has on inner‐city youth who have chosen to address issues of direct and structural violence as peacebuilders. The empirical research conducted established that involvement in a prosocial organization had an impact on personal growth, on interest in learning, in a desire to “get their word out,” and in reinforcing an ethic of social responsibility. This research supports the creation of bottom‐up education programs that incorporate the voices of youth in their design and development.
The Other America: The Forgivers and the Peacemakers
Authors: Boulding Elise
Published: June 2003

For Panel on “Is America a Forgiving Place?” at Inangural Conference, Toward a Deeper Understanding of Forgiveness, Center for Religion, Ethics, and Culture, College of the Holy Cross, Septemper 15, 2001. The history of the traditions of nonviolence in America beginning with William Penn's Holy Experiment is discussed briefly and is related to the United Nations’declaration of a Decade of Education for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence. Current movements including the restorative justice movement and community‐based mediation; dialogue; and nonviolence training and peace action, as well as the growing field of peace research and peace studies, are reviewed in light of their potential for further development of peace culture in the United States.
Evolution of the Geography of Innovation: Evidence from Patent Data
Authors: Co Catherine
Published: June 2003

This paper examines the evolution of patent activities across U.S. states from 1963 to 1997. Several patterns are uncovered. First, there is invention catch‐up by some lagging states. Second, the evidence is consistent with knowledge diffusion. Third, leading states unable to reinvent themselves lose their leads. Fourth, catch‐up can be across a diverse field of activities or focused on select activities. State patent growth is positively correlated to industry R&D and a variable capturing labor skill and infrastructure quality. These provide rationale for state policy makers to increase support to programs that enhance labor skill (e.g., education) and infrastructure quality.
Moonlighting in a High Growth Economy: Evidence from U.S. State‐Level Data
Authors: Partridge Mark
Published: June 2003

Despite the prevalence of multiple jobholding, there is relatively little research into its causes. Existing research has tested the predictions of standard labor models with micro data. Yet, there has been virtually no research into the relationship between moonlighting and structural differences in regional labor markets such as wages and employment growth. In this manner, this study examines the large differences in multiple jobholding rates across U.S. states. The findings indicate that multiple jobholding acts as a short‐term shock absorber to cyclical changes. However, in the long‐term, these effects dissipate, indicating that moonlighting plays a similar role as do changes in unemployment and labor‐force participation to regional labor market shocks. Conversely, multiple jobholding rates are inversely related to average weekly earnings. Thus, job growth accompanied by real wage (and productivity) growth may result in a decline in multiple jobholding, further exacerbating potential labor shortages. Other key factors found to influence multiple jobholding include occupational structure and education.
Note: Direct Impact of an Airport on Travelers' Expenditures: Methodology and Application
Authors: DeSalvo Joseph S
Published: June 2003

Economic impact studies overestimate the direct impact of an airport on travelers' expenditures. This occurs for two reasons. First, impact studies assume that the number of visitors traveling to the local area via the airport would fall to zero in the absence of the airport. Second, impact studies implicitly assume that local residents would continue to travel outside the local area in the same numbers as when the local airport is available. In other words, it is assumed that the demand for travel into the local area by visitors is perfectly elastic with respect to the time and money costs of travel, while the demand for travel by local residents is perfectly inelastic with respect to these variables. This paper develops a methodology that avoids both of these sources of error by explicitly incorporating air travel demand into the analysis. The methodology is applied to Tampa International Airport for the year 1996. It is shown that using the standard methodology would have resulted in an estimate of direct impacts sixteen times the size of the estimate made by using the methodology of this paper.
Note: Evaluating Community Economic Development Planning Programs with a Small Number of Participants: A Non‐Parametric Approach
Authors: Phillips Rhonda
Published: June 2003

Many researchers and practitioners agree that evaluation of economic development planning programs is important, although the perspectives on the approaches, methods, and use of results vary widely. Confounding the issue are cases in which development programs have a small number of participants and typical measures such as parametric statistics are not valid. The alternate evaluation technique presented here uses a non‐parametric approach, incorporating a control group for comparison purposes. The paper begins with a review of evaluation issues for economic development planning programs, followed by an illustration of the approach suitable for programs with small numbers of participants. It utilizes a case study of a publicly‐funded small business incubator program, the Advanced Technology Development Center, located in Atlanta, Georgia. By explaining how the analysis is constructed and the results interpreted, the paper illustrates a potentially useful methodological approach to evaluating community economic development programs.
Sex Offender Community Notification: Experiences from America
Authors: Thomas Terry
Published: June 2003

The UK sex offender register is at present ‘closed’ to any general public right of access despite the demands of various constituencies to grant such access. In the USA, registers are open to the public. This article explores the US experiences of disseminating information on sex offenders that started in the mid‐1990s and seeks to draw lessons for the UK, on the practicalities that might ensue given a general right of access.
Youth, Community Safety and the Paradox of Inclusion
Authors: Hill Jane , Wright Graham
Published: June 2003

This article is based upon an ethnographic study of two housing estates in two English cities. The data gathered have highlighted the gaps between policy and practice in relation to the inclusion of young people in local community safety initiatives. It argues that the discourse of community safety is underpinned by a limited notion of inclusion that is predicated upon adult ‘law‐abiding’ citizenship and a specific interpretation of the concept of community. Thus, it concludes that in order to include and de‐pathologise young people, the strategies of implementation need to match the rhetoric of inclusion.
Review Essay: Making Criminology Good: A Response to Shadd Maruna
Authors: Gadd David
Published: June 2003

This article provides a critical engagement with Shadd Maruna's book Making Good. The author illuminates why Making Good is a truly radical contribution to the study of crime; a book that underlines the important contribution psychology can make to the study of (ex)offenders' lives. However, the author argues that in focusing our attention on the psychosocial, Maruna raises – but does not adequately answer – the question of how to conceptualise the subjectivities of criminological research subjects. The article concludes by arguing that a complex, dynamic understanding of the relationship between the social and psychological is needed to account for the capacity of some offenders to desist from crime despite the overwhelming social forces that mitigate against this kind of change.
A Bayesian Semiparametric Joint Hierarchical Model for Longitudinal and Survival Data
Authors: R. Brown Elizabeth , G. Ibrahim Joseph
Published: June 2003

SummaryThis article proposes a new semiparametric Bayesian hierarchical model for the joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data. We relax the distributional assumptions for the longitudinal model using Dirichlet process priors on the parameters defining the longitudinal model. The resulting posterior distribution of the longitudinal parameters is free of parametric constraints, resulting in more robust estimates. This type of approach is becoming increasingly essential in many applications, such as HIV and cancer vaccine trials, where patients' responses are highly diverse and may not be easily modeled with known distributions. An example will be presented from a clinical trial of a cancer vaccine where the survival outcome is time to recurrence of a tumor. Immunologic measures believed to be predictive of tumor recurrence were taken repeatedly during follow‐up. We will present an analysis of this data using our new semiparametric Bayesian hierarchical joint modeling methodology to determine the association of these longitudinal immunologic measures with time to tumor recurrence.
Minimum Distance Probability Discriminant Analysis for Mixed Variables
Authors: Núñez Marian , Villarroya Angel , Oller José María
Published: June 2003

SummaryMinimum distance probability (MDP) is a robust discriminant algorithm based on a distance function. In this article, we generalize the use of MDP to the case of mixed (continuous and categorical) variables by means of the individual‐score (IS) distance. This distance assumes an underlying parametric model and is based on the score transformation of the data. We have adapted it to the usual case of ignoring the distribution of the whole set of observed variables, but assuming that some knowledge about the marginal distributions is available. Finally, MDP with IS distance (IS‐MDP) is compared with other discriminant methods (including those designed for mixed data) in several examples and simulations. IS‐MDP is shown to be the most efficient method according the leave‐one‐out criterion.
Bayesian Inference on Order‐Constrained Parameters in Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Dunson David B. , Neelon Brian
Published: June 2003

SummaryIn biomedical studies, there is often interest in assessing the association between one or more ordered categorical predictors and an outcome variable, adjusting for covariates. For ak‐level predictor, one typically uses either ak − 1degree of freedom (df) test or a single df trend test, which requires scores for the different levels of the predictor. In the absence of knowledge of a parametric form for the response function, one can incorporate monotonicity constraints to improve the efficiency of tests of association. This article proposes a general Bayesian approach for inference on order‐constrained parameters in generalized linear models. Instead of choosing a prior distribution with support on the constrained space, which can result in major computational difficulties, we propose to map draws from an unconstrained posterior density using an isotonic regression transformation. This approach allows flat regions over which increases in the level of a predictor have no effect. Bayes factors for assessing ordered trends can be computed based on the output from a Gibbs sampling algorithm. Results from a simulation study are presented and the approach is applied to data from a time‐to‐pregnancy study.
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Spatially Correlated Health Service Outcome and Utilization Rates
Authors: MacNab Ying C.
Published: June 2003

SummaryWe present Bayesian hierarchical spatial models for spatially correlated small‐area health service outcome and utilization rates, with a particular emphasis on the estimation of both measured and unmeasured or unknown covariate effects. This Bayesian hierarchical model framework enables simultaneous modeling of fixed covariate effects and random residual effects. The random effects are modeled via Bayesian prior specifications reflecting spatial heterogeneity globally and relative homogeneity among neighboring areas. The model inference is implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Specifically, a hybrid Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm (Neal, 1995,Bayesian Learning for Neural Networks;Gustafson, MacNab, and Wen, 2003,Statistics and Computing,to appear) is used for posterior sampling of the random effects. To illustrate relevant problems, methods, and techniques, we present an analysis of regional variation in intraventricular hemorrhage incidence rates among neonatal intensive care unit patients across Canada.
Mixture Models for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population When Capture Rates Vary among Individuals
Authors: Dorazio Robert M. , Andrew Royle J.
Published: June 2003

Summary We develop a parameterization of the beta‐binomial mixture that provides sensible inferences about the size of a closed population when probabilities of capture or detection vary among individuals. Three classes of mixture models (beta‐binomial, logistic‐normal, and latent‐class) are fitted to recaptures of snowshoe hares for estimating abundance and to counts of bird species for estimating species richness. In both sets of data, rates of detection appear to vary more among individuals (animals or species) than among sampling occasions or locations. The estimates of population size and species richness are sensitive to model‐specific assumptions about the latent distribution of individual rates of detection. We demonstrate using simulation experiments that conventional diagnostics for assessing model adequacy, such as deviance, cannot be relied on for selecting classes of mixture models that produce valid inferences about population size. Prior knowledge about sources of individual heterogeneity in detection rates, if available, should be used to help select among classes of mixture models that are to be used for inference.
Planning Incomplete Block Experiments When Treatments Are Genetically Related
Authors: de S. Bueno Filho Júlio S. , Gilmour Steven G.
Published: June 2003

Summary Selection trials in plant and animal breeding, in incomplete blocks, are described by linear models with random effect parameters associated with treatments with known genetic covariance structure. It is now well known that the information on relatives can improve the analysis and many extensions of this model have been proposed, but no studies have been done on the consequences of this genetical relatedness among treatments for the optimality of block designs. Using a suitable optimality criterion, we show that the knowledge on relatedness may imply that the optimal design is not in the class of designs which are optimal for unrelated treatments. Implications for practical applications are discussed.
A Test of Linkage for Complex Discrete and Continuous Traits in Nuclear Families
Authors: Tritchler David , Liu Ying , Fallah Shafagh
Published: June 2003

Summary This article presents a score test for genetic linkage in nuclear families which applies to any trait having a distribution belonging to the exponential family, which includes binary and normal distributions, and distributions which are skewed or have nonnormal kurtosis. The specific distribution need not be specified and the method applies to sibships of arbitrary size. Tests of complex genetic effects are given, including unspecified mode of inheritance or additive, dominant, overdominant, and recessive modes of inheritance, covariates, multiple‐locus models, including gene‐gene interactions, and gene‐environment interactions. The relation of our method to the Haseman‐Elston methods is studied theoretically and by simulation.
Information Gain for Genetic Parameter Estimation with Incorporation of Marker Data
Authors: Luo Yuqun , Lin Shili
Published: June 2003

SummaryGenetic marker data has been increasingly incorporated into segregation analysis, as combined segregation and linkage analysis has been performed more frequently. In this article, we study the extent of information gains with incorporation of marker data in segregation analysis, a topic that has not been investigated rigorously. Specifically, the current study is to investigate the influence of marker data on genetic model parameter estimation. A variance matrix criterion (as the inverse of the Fisher information matrix) and a relative entropy criterion (a measure of flatness of expected log‐likelihood surface) are used to quantify the information gains. Our results indicate that substantial information gain can be achieved with the incorporation of marker data. The amount of variance reduction increases as the heterozygosity of the linked marker increases and as the trait gets closer to the linked marker(s). Incorporation of marker data in larger pedigrees also yields greater information gains based on both criteria. The effect of pedigree structure is also studied.
A Local Influence Approach Applied to Binary Data from a Psychiatric Study
Authors: Jansen Ivy , Molenberghs Geert , Aerts Marc , Thijs Herbert , Van Steen Kristel
Published: June 2003

SummaryRecently, a lot of concern has been raised about assumptions needed in order to fit statistical models to incomplete multivariate and longitudinal data. In response, research efforts are being devoted to the development of tools that assess the sensitivity of such models to often strong but always, at least in part, unverifiable assumptions. Many efforts have been devoted to longitudinal data, primarily in the selection model context, although some researchers have expressed interest in the pattern‐mixture setting as well. A promising tool, proposed byVerbeke et al. (2001,Biometrics57,43–50), is based on local influence (Cook, 1986,Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B48,133–169). These authors considered theDiggle and Kenward(1994,Applied Statistics43,49–93) model, which is based on a selection model, integrating a linear mixed model for continuous outcomes with logistic regression for dropout. In this article, we show that a similar idea can be developed for multivariate and longitudinal binary data, subject to nonmonotone missingness. We focus on the model proposed byBaker, Rosenberger, and DerSimonian(1992,Statistics in Medicine11,643–657). The original model is first extended to allow for (possibly continuous) covariates, whereafter a local influence strategy is developed to support the model‐building process. The model is able to deal with nonmonotone missingness but has some limitations as well, stemming from the conditional nature of the model parameters. Some analytical insight is provided into the behavior of the local influence graphs.
Continual Reassessment Method for Ordered Groups
Authors: O'Quigley John , Paoletti Xavier
Published: June 2003

Summary We investigate the two‐group continual reassessment method for a dose‐finding study in which we anticipate some ordering between the groups. This is a situation in which, for either group, we have little or almost no knowledge about which of the available dose levels will correspond to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), but we may have quite strong knowledge concerning which of the two groups will have the higher level of MTD, if indeed they do not have the same MTD. The motivation for studying this problem came from an investigation into a new therapy for acute leukemia in children. The background to this study is discussed. There were two groups of patients: one group already received heavy prior therapy while the second group had received relatively much lighter prior therapy. It was therefore anticipated that the second group would have an MTD higher or at least as high as the first. Generally, likelihood methods or, equivalently, the use of noninformative Bayes priors, can be used to model the main aspects of the study, i.e., the MTD for one of the groups, reserving more informative Bayes modeling to be applied to the secondary features of the study. These secondary features may simply be the direction of the difference between the MTD levels for the two groups or, possibly, information on the potential gap between the two MTDs.