bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incentive effect of joint and several liability in fishery cooperatives on regulatory compliance
Authors: Bellanger Manuel , Holland Daniel S. , Anderson Christopher M. , Guyader Olivier
Published: May 2019

Cooperative‐based catch share systems can be implemented such that the members of the same fishery cooperative are jointly and severally liable for not exceeding collectively assigned fishing rights. In practice, this means that a regulator can take away catch privileges from an entire cooperative that overruns its collective quota, effectively creating a penalty much larger than what could be recovered with an individual fine. Fishery cooperatives then typically implement their own internal compliance regime that includes monitoring and penalties. This article first reviews compliance practice in cooperative‐based catch share systems by examining the commonalities and differences in the way compliance regimes are structured (observation and reporting requirements, penalty scheme, internal enforcement authority and indemnification mechanisms) in a number of internal agreements from fishery cooperatives in North America and in Europe. Based on our review of cooperatives and the literature on compliance, we discuss how incentives to comply may be different for an individual fisherman operating in a fishery cooperative where joint and several liability applies as compared to an individual fishing quota baseline situation without fishery cooperative. Our review suggests that, from the regulators’ point of view, joint and several liability can increase the level of compliance for a given enforcement expenditure. However, the regulator cannot rely solely on cooperatives to carry out controls and must ensure that the cooperatives themselves have an interest in setting up an effective monitoring system and will enforce sanctions within the cooperative.
Psycho‐Demographic Determinants of Young Consumers’ Purchase Intention toward Counterfeit Apparel in a U.S. Counterfeit Capital
Authors: Bakhshian Sonia , Lee Young‐A , Cao Wei
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of six psychographic variables (materialism, novelty seeking, personal gratification, status consumption, value consciousness, and integrity) and three demographic variables (age, gender, and income) on attitude and purchase intention toward counterfeit apparel within the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. A paper‐based survey method was used with a convenience sample of college students at a large university in Los Angeles County. A total of 118 usable responses were obtained. Results of two separate sets of multiple regression analyses showed a significant and positive influence of attitude on purchase intention of counterfeit apparel. Value consciousness and integrity were negatively related to the purchase intention. Results also showed that men and people in the lower income range had more positive purchase intention toward counterfeit apparel. Implications for future research were also discussed.
How Americans Define Affordable Housing
Authors: Johnson Carrie L. , Hanson Brooke , Evans David , Kim Jinhee , Long Andi , Fife Julie
Published: May 2019

The definition of affordable housing is often subjective and varies by household. Currently, there is limited research on how consumers define housing affordability in the United States. This study used an exploratory design to find themes associated with consumers’ perceptions of affordable housing. The study analyzed qualitative responses to a question about housing affordability of 738 online survey respondents. Of the nine main themes which emerged, three themes were most commonly used to define housing affordability. The three themes were as follows: low financial strain, percent of income, and community‐level comparison. In addition, a relationship was found between two demographic factors (race and region of the country) and how a respondent defined housing affordability. Implications for housing and financial professionals are presented.
Effects of historic and projected climate change on the range and impacts of an emerging wildlife disease
Authors: Price Stephen J. , Leung William T. M. , Owen Christopher J. , Puschendorf Robert , Sergeant Chris , Cunningham Andrew A. , Balloux Francois , Garner Trenton W. J. , Nichols Richard A.
Published: May 2019

The global trend of increasing environmental temperatures is often predicted to result in more severe disease epidemics. However, unambiguous evidence that temperature is a driver of epidemics is largely lacking, because it is demanding to demonstrate its role among the complex interactions between hosts, pathogens, and their shared environment. Here, we apply a three‐pronged approach to understand the effects of temperature on ranavirus epidemics in UK common frogs, combining in vitro, in vivo, and field studies. Each approach suggests that higher temperatures drive increasing severity of epidemics. In wild populations, ranavirosis incidents were more frequent and more severe at higher temperatures, and their frequency increased through a period of historic warming in the 1990s. Laboratory experiments using cell culture and whole animal models showed that higher temperature increased ranavirus propagation, disease incidence, and mortality rate. These results, combined with climate projections, predict severe ranavirosis outbreaks will occur over wider areas and an extended season, possibly affecting larval recruitment. Since ranaviruses affect a variety of ectothermic hosts (amphibians, reptiles, and fish), wider ecological damage could occur. Our three complementary lines of evidence present a clear case for direct environmental modulation of these epidemics and suggest management options to protect species from disease.
Citizen perspectives on the use of publicly reported primary care performance information: Results from citizen‐patient dialogues in three Canadian provinces
Authors: Johnston Sharon , Abelson Julia , Wong Sabrina T. , Langton Julia , Hogel Mathew , Burge Fred , Hogg William
Published: May 2019

Objective

Performance measurement and reporting is proliferating in all sectors of the healthcare system, including primary care, despite a dearth of evidence on how the public uses reports on primary care performance. We explored how the public might use this information, to guide the development of effective reporting systems for primary care.

Methods

We conducted six full‐day deliberative dialogue sessions with a purposive sample of 56 citizen‐patients across three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia). Participants identified how they would use publicly reported performance data. We conducted a thematic analysis of the data by region.

Results

Common uses for primary care performance information emerged across all sessions. Participants most often discussed the utility of this information for community advocacy and participation in health system decision making. Similar barriers for using performance information to choose a primary care provider were identified in each region including the perceived lack of choice of providers and the high value placed on relationships with current providers. Finally, the value of public performance reporting in enhancing trust that people would receive good care was also a common theme.

Conclusions

Citizen‐patient perspectives highlight that public reporting on primary care performance could promote the health system's responsiveness by enabling public engagement in decision making at the community level. The role of public reporting in promoting trust rather than empowering patient choice may reflect unique elements of the Canadian health system's context.
The impact of motivational interviewing on communication of patients undergoing periodontal therapy
Authors: Kitzmann Julia , Ratka‐Krueger Petra , Vach Kirstin , Woelber Johan P.
Published: May 2019

Aim

There has been growing interest in motivational interviewing (MI) as a structured method for supporting health behaviour change in periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of communication techniques used in MI on statements of patients undergoing periodontal therapy.

Materials and Methods

Thirty audio‐recorded sessions between dental MI providers and their patients undergoing periodontal therapy were coded using the German version of the Motivational Interviewing Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges (MISCOPE; D). Sequential analyses were performed to access transition probabilities among certain counsellor and patient statements.

Results

MI‐consistent counsellor statements were statistically significantly positive correlated with patients’ language in favour of change (change talk) (OR = 1.31; p = 0.027). MI‐inconsistent statements were statistically significantly more likely to be followed by patients’ language against change (sustain talk) (OR = 2.27, p = 0.002). An additional sequential analysis revealed significant correlations between certain evocative counsellor behaviours and the language of their patients.

Conclusion

Specific verbal expressions described in the theory of MI significantly influence the subsequent statements of the patient in periodontal therapy. Accordingly, the periodontist can guide patient communication in a desired direction, evoke motivational statements and reduce expressions of resistance.
Distribution, body size and biology of the megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios
Authors: Watanabe Yuuki Y. , Papastamatiou Yannis P.
Published: May 2019

We compiled historical reports of megamouth sharks Megachasma pelagios (mostly fishery by‐catch and strandings) from 1976 to 2018 (n = 117) and found that they are distributed globally (highest latitude, 36°) with three hotspots: Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. Despite possible biases due to variability in fishing effort, more individuals were reported at higher latitudes in the summer, suggesting seasonal, latitudinal migrations. Sex ratios were female‐biased in Japan, but more even in Taiwan and the Philippines, suggesting some sexual segregation. Females (total length, LT = 3.41–7.10 m) were larger than males (LT = 1.77–5.39 m) and matured at a larger LT (5.17 m) than males (4.26 m). Also, we reviewed the systematics, feeding ecology and swimming behaviour of Megachasma pelagios based on the literature. Our review shows that, compared with their morphology, anatomy and genetics, behavioural ecology of this species remains largely unknown and electronic tagging studies are warranted.
Commentary on the Geriatric Healthcare Workforce: Leveraging the Potential of Interprofessional Teams
Authors: Weiss Joan
Published: May 2019

This commentary comments on the article by Ellen Flaherty et al.
Addressing the Community‐Based Geriatric Healthcare Workforce Shortage by Leveraging the Potential of Interprofessional Teams
Authors: Flaherty Ellen , Bartels Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

As Americans live longer lives, we will see an increased demand for quality healthcare for older adults. Despite the growth in the number of older adults, there will be a decrease in the supply of a primary care physician workforce to provide adequately for their care and health needs. This article reviews the literature that explores ways to address the primary care workforce shortage in a community‐based geriatric healthcare setting, with special attention to elevating the role of nurses and caregivers and shifting the way we think about delivery of care and end‐of‐life conversations and planning. The shift is toward a more integrated and collaborative approach to care where medical and nonmedical, social services, and community providers all play a role. Several models have demonstrated promising positive benefits and outcomes to patients, families, and providers alike. The goal is to provide high quality care that addresses the unique attributes of older adults, especially those with complex conditions, and to focus more on care goals and priorities. The many barriers to scaling and spreading models of care across varied settings include payment structures, lack of education and training among all stakeholders, and, at the top of the list, leadership resistance. We address these barriers and make recommendations for a path forward where healthcare providers, policymakers, patients, families, and everyone else involved can play a role in shaping the workforce caring for older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:S400–S408, 2019.
Transcriptional response of USP18 predicts treatment outcomes of interferon‐alpha in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patientsefere
Authors: Liu Wei , Liang Huiqing , Wang Shaojuan , Wu Chuncheng , Liu Yang , Liu Yongliang , Zhang Manying , Xiong Lixia , Zhong Zhouyue , Chen Yue , Mao Qianguo , Ge Shengxiang , Xia Ningshao
Published: May 2019

Ubiquitin‐specific protease 18 (USP18) is an important inhibitor of interferon (IFN) antiviral activity, and the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the USP18 mRNA level change in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) when stimulated with IFN in vitro before initiating treatment and the treatment outcomes in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with IFN. A total of 44 patients who received standard IFN‐based anti‐HBV therapy and follow‐up were enrolled in the study. The in vitro IFN‐induced USP18 mRNA change (USP18IFN‐N) was measured via comparison of quantitative PCR‐determined USP18 transcription levels of BPMCs cultured with and without IFN stimulation. Either for virological (VR) or serological response (SR), the baseline USP18IFN‐N was significantly higher (P = 0.018 for VR, P = 0.008 for SR) among nonresponders (n = 23 for VR, n = 33 for SR) than that of responders (n = 21 for VR, n = 11 for SR). Multivariate analyses revealed baseline USP18IFN‐N was a novel independent predictor for either VR (OR = 0.292, 95% CI = 0.102‐0.835, P = 0.022) or SR (OR = 0.173, 95% CI = 0.035‐0.849, P = 0.031) in our cohort. In addition, baseline USP18IFN‐N in combination with HBV DNA loads or HBeAg levels showed improved accuracy of pretreatment prediction for VR or SR responders, respectively. Baseline USP18IFN‐N levels are associated with both virological and serological response, and have the potential to become a clinical predictor for treatment outcomes in HBeAg‐positive CHB patients before initiating IFN‐α therapy.
A systematic review of supervisory relationships in general practitioner training
Authors: Jackson Dawn , Davison Ian , Adams Rachel , Edordu Adaeze , Picton Aled
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The educational alliance is argued to be at the heart of supervision in medical education. This review aims to map the research field and develop a conceptualisation of the nature of such educational alliances within postgraduate supervision for general practitioners.

Methods

An integrative review of the international literature on supervision from 2011 to 2018 was undertaken, and papers assessed for relevance and quality. Data analysis incorporated framework analysis techniques. Bordin's working alliance‐based model of supervision was used as a springboard for synthesis, as well as allowing for the emergence of new ideas, theories and concepts from the literature.

Results

A total of 49 full texts were included for analysis. There was evidence of the importance of trust, agreement and bond in accordance with Bordin's model. The results also highlighted the importance of greater clarity on supervisory goals, and the tasks to support these goals, to effectively address competing priorities and roles within supervision. Non‐hierarchical relationships were advocated, although supervisors must remain impartial in their assessment and monitoring roles. The influence of the wider practice community and situated learning through legitimate peripheral participation are documented. A model of General practice (GP) supervision is proposed that integrates the findings.

Conclusions

GP supervision requires a greater emphasis than is suggested by the working alliance model, both on the clarity of expectations and the appreciation of the multiple roles and competing priorities of both trainee and supervisor. Furthermore, as GP supervision develops within the rising workload of contemporary general practice, the role of the wider community of practice may become more prominent. We have adapted the working alliance model for postgraduate General practice (GP) supervision, emphasising the explicit sharing of expectations relating to goals, tasks and roles to facilitate negotiation and agreement.
Variation in hemoglobin across the life cycle and between males and females
Authors: Jorgensen Josh M. , Crespo‐Bellido Mayra , Dewey Kathryn G.
Published: May 2019

WHO recommendations for hemoglobin (Hb) cutoffs to define anemia are based on a handful of studies conducted in the 1960s that did not include participants from all life stages. To evaluate whether there is a need to update Hb cutoffs, we conducted a narrative review of the literature to identify more recent studies that have reported Hb cutoffs in males and females in various life stages. We compiled information from 60 studies conducted around the globe between 1975 and 2018. Many studies reported cutoffs that were similar to WHO recommendations, but cutoffs identified in studies of infants, young children, premenopausal women, and the elderly tended to be lower than WHO recommendations, while cutoffs identified in studies of men tended to be higher than WHO cutoffs. Few studies excluded individuals with iron deficiency or inflammation, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn regarding normal reference ranges. Further research using more stringent exclusion criteria is needed to develop revised recommendations for Hb cutoffs to define anemia.
Novel application and validation of in vivo micro‐CT to study bone modelling in 3D
Authors: Oz Ulas , Ruellas Antonio Carlos , Westgate Philip M. , Cevidanes Lucia H. , Huja Sarandeep S.
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

The aim is to highlight a novel three‐dimensional (3D) imaging methodology using micro‐CT scans to visualize and measure bone modelling in an animal model. In order to validate the new methodology, we compared the 3D imaging method to traditional two‐dimensional (2D) histomorphometry to assess growth changes in the jaws of a rodent.

Setting and sample population

Rodent animal models.

Material and methods

Eleven rats were obtained from a larger previously published study. Sixty undecalcified histological sections from the maxilla and corresponding high‐resolution in vivo micro‐CT reconstructions were obtained. Bone modelling changes on specific alveolar surfaces were measured using traditional histomorphometry. Measurements of bone growth were also obtained via 3D Slicer software from 3D micro‐CT generated models from the same plane containing the histological images. Both qualitative and quantitative 3D methods were compared to traditional histological measurements. Quantitative agreement between methods was categorized as follows: poor (>150 μm), good (150‐100 μm) and excellent (<100 μm).

Results

Both qualitative (88.3%) and quantitative (86.7%) 3D measurements showed excellent agreement, when compared to histomorphometric measurements. Only 1.7% and 5% of the comparisons exhibited poor agreement (>150 μm) for qualitative and quantitative methods, respectively.

Discussion

The new 3D superimposition method compares very favourably with traditional histology. It is likely that in the future, such methods will be used in studies of bone adaptation.

Conclusion

The 3D micro‐CT qualitative and quantitative methods are reliable for measuring bone modelling changes and compare favourably to histology for the specific application described.
Hunting for genes that shape human faces: Initial successes and challenges for the future
Authors: Weinberg Seth M. , Roosenboom Jasmien , Shaffer John R. , Shriver Mark D. , Wysocka Joanna , Claes Peter
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

There is ample evidence from heritability studies, genetic syndromes and experimental animal models that facial morphology is strongly influenced by genes. In this brief review, we present an up‐to‐date overview of the efforts to identify genes associated with the size and shape of human facial features. We discuss recent methodological advances that have led to breakthroughs, but also the multitude of challenges facing the field. We offer perspective on possible applications of this line of research, particularly in the context of the precision genomics movement.
Altering calcium and phosphorus levels in utero affects adult mouse mandibular morphology
Authors: Hassan Mohamed G. , Vargas Ricardo , Zaher Abbas R. , Ismail Hanan A. , Lee Clare , Cox Timothy C. , Jheon Andrew H.
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of our study was to determine morphological changes and bone mineral density (BMD) differences in the adult mandible of offspring exposed to high calcium, low phosphorus diets in utero until weaning age.

Materials and Methods

Time‐mated FVB wild‐type mice were fed normal or experimental diet during gestation and until weaning of offspring. Experimental diet contained 3‐fold increase in calcium and 3‐fold decrease in phosphorus compared to normal diet. Adult mandibles of offspring exposed to experimental diet were sacrificed and heads scanned using micro‐computed tomography. Three‐dimensional 3D geometric morphometric analysis GMA was utilized to detect morphological changes to the mandible including the condyle.

Results

Experimental females showed the greatest morphological differences including shortened mandibular ramus width and height, shortened mandibular body length and height, a wider but shortened condylar neck and a wider condylar head in the lateral‐medial direction. Experimental male mandibles trended towards increased mandibular body height and length, opposite the changes observed in experimental female mandibles, whereas condyles were similar to that observed in experimental females. Bone mineral density (BMD) was lowered in experimental females.

Conclusion

Increased calcium and decreased phosphorus levels led to a retrognathic mandible associated with lowered BMD in experimental females, whereas experimental showed partly opposite effects. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism underlying diet‐ and gender‐specific differences in mandibular morphology.
Orthodontics in the era of big data analytics
Authors: Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Rengasamy Venugopalan Shankar , Nalliah Romesh P. , Caplin Jennifer L. , Lee Min Kyeong , Allareddy Veeratrishul
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

The objective of this report was to provide an overview of the current landscape of big data analytics in the healthcare sector, introduce various approaches of machine learning and discuss potential implications in the field of orthodontics. With the increasing availability of data from various sources, the traditional analytical methods may not be conducive anymore for examining clinical outcomes. Machine‐learning approaches, which are algorithms trained to identify patterns in large data sets, are ideally suited to facilitate data‐driven decision making. The field of orthodontics is particularly ripe for embracing the big data analytics platform to improve decision making in clinical practice. The availability of omics data, state‐of‐the‐art imaging and potential for establishing large clinical data repositories have favourably positioned the specialty of orthodontics to deliver personalized and precision orthodontic care. Specifically, we discuss about next‐generation sequencing, radiomics in the context of CBCT imaging, and how centralized data repositories can enable real‐time data pooling from multiple sources.
Three‐dimensional evaluation of the holographic projection in digital dental model superimposition using HoloLens device
Authors: Talaat Sameh , Ghoneima Ahmed , Kaboudan Ahmed , Talaat Wael , Ragy Nivin , Bourauel Christoph
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objective

To assess validity and reliability of palatal superimposition of holograms of 3D digital dental models using a customized software, (Ortho Mechanics Sequential Analyzer OMSA), installed on Microsoft HoloLens device as compared to the OMSA application running on a regular computer screen.

Methods

The sample consisted of pre‐ and post‐treatment digital maxillary dental models of 20 orthodontic cases (12.3 ± 1.9 years) treated by rapid maxillary expansion (two turns per day). For each case, the pre‐ and post‐treatment digital models were superimposed using hand gestures for marking the dental models holograms in mixed reality using the Microsoft HoloLens. The same models were then superimposed using the conventional landmark‐based method with OMSA software running on a regular computer screen. The same set of dental arch parameters was measured on the superimposed 3D data by the two software versions for comparison. Agreement in the superimposition outcomes among the two superimposition methods was assessed using Dahlberg error (DE), concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) using two‐way ANOVA mixed model for absolute agreement and Bland‐Altman analysis.

Results

Repeatability was acceptable for all variables based on the high values of CCCs over 0.99 with a lower 95% confidence limit over 0.95 for any variable. The DE ranged from 0.14 mm to 0.36 mm. The absolute error did not exceed 0.5 mm for any variable.

Conclusion

Using the depth vision capabilities of the Microsoft HoloLens, 3D digital dental models can be reliably superimposed allowing virtual assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Predicting adult facial type from mandibular landmark data at young ages
Authors: Oh Heesoo , Knigge Ryan , Hardin Anna , Sherwood Richard , Duren Dana , Valiathan Manish , Leary Emily , McNulty Kieran
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To assess the potential of predicting adult facial types at different stages of mandibular development.

Setting and Sample Population

A total of 941 participants from the Bolton‐Brush, Denver, Fels, Iowa, Michigan and Oregon growth studies with longitudinal lateral cephalograms (total of 7166) between ages 6‐21 years.

Material and Methods

Each participant was placed into one of three facial types based on mandibular plane angle (MPA) from cephalograms taken closest to 18 years of age (range of 15‐21 years): hypo‐divergent (MPA < 28°), normo‐divergent (28°≤ MPA ≤ 39°) and hyper‐divergent (MPA > 39°). Cephalograms were categorized into 13 age groups 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18‐21. Twenty‐three two‐dimensional anatomical landmarks were digitized on the mandible and superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis, which projects landmarks into a common shape space. Data were analysed within age categories using stepwise discriminant analysis to identify landmarks that distinguish adult facial types and by jackknife cross‐validation to test how well young individuals can be reclassified into their adult facial types.

Results

Although each category has multiple best discriminating landmarks among adult types, three landmarks were common across nearly all age categories: menton, gonion and articulare. Individuals were correctly classified better than chance, even among the youngest age category. Cross‐validation rates improved with age, and hyper‐ and hypo‐divergent groups have better reclassification rates than the normo‐divergent group.

Conclusions

The discovery of important indicators of adult facial type in the developing mandible helps improve our capacity to predict adult facial types at a younger age.
Establishment and characterization of immortalized mouse ameloblast‐like cell lines
Authors: MacDougall Mary , Mamaeva Olga , Lu Changming , Chen Shuo
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Enamel organ epithelium (EOE) gives rise to the major epithelial‐derived cell types of tooth including the ameloblasts. The formation of enamel, termed amelogenesis, occurs through the cytodifferentiation of ameloblasts, ultimately leading to apoptosis and necrosis of these cells with eruption. Therefore, studies regarding enamel matrix formation and bioengineering have been limited. In this study, we establish and characterize two mouse immortalized ameloblast‐like cell lines using human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6/E7 oncogenes for the first time.

Setting and Sample Population

Two mouse EOE dental cell lines (EOE‐2M and EOE‐3M).

Material and Methods

Isolated EOE primary cells were used to establish clonal cell lines and immortalized using the HPV16 E6/E7 gene platform. Two established cell lines were characterized by growth rate (Cell Proliferation Assay, MTS), gene (quantitative RT‐PCR) and protein (immunocytochemistry) expression profiles, and mineralization potential (in situ alkaline phosphatase (ALP) histochemistry and Xylene Orange staining) in media supplemented with ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate. Gene and protein expression analyses included specific enamel matrix and ameloblast cell markers: Amel, Ambn, Enam, Amtn, ODAM, MMP20, Krt14 and DLX3.

Results

Both cell lines were maintained in excess of 30 passages, with EOE‐3M cells proliferating at a slightly higher rate. The cell lines expressed all tested enamel matrix markers and produced a mineralized ECM demonstrating an ameloblast‐like profile.

Conclusions

Two mouse ameloblasts‐like immortalized cell lines have been characterized that will be useful tool for studies regarding enamel bioengineering.
Noise generation during surgical osteotomies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery – is it harmful?
Authors: Tocaciu S. , Liu A. , Rutherford N.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons typically spend over 20 h in the operating theatre every week. Many of their procedures involve the use of powered bone and tooth cutting devices, which generate potentially harmful levels of noise. Prolonged exposure to loud noises is associated with hearing loss, increased serum cortisol levels, detrimental cardiovascular outcomes, and poor task performance. This study explores the noise generation of common powered tooth and bone cutting devices in a theatre setting.

Materials and methods

Both compressed air and electric devices were tested. For compressed air devices three burs were tested – jet, round and fissure.

Results

The study found that at the proximity of the patient and surgeon, all tested devices generated noise above the safe threshold of 75 decibels. At the distance of 1 m or more (corresponding to the anaesthetist and scout nursing staff), the Surgairtome and oscillating saw were the only powered osteotomy devices below the safe noise level.

Conclusions

This study explores the impact of noise generation from powered osteotomy devices. This may have health implications for theatre staff, the surgeon, anaesthetist, and the patient.
Facilitation and herbivory during restoration of California coastal sage scrub
Authors: Quon Lauren H. , Bobich Edward G. , Questad Erin J.
Published: May 2019

Using nurse plants to facilitate native plant recruitment in degraded habitats is a common restoration practice across various arid and semiarid environments. Living trees or shrubs are typically considered nurse plants, whereas dead shrubs left in the landscape from prolonged drought are understudied prospective facilitators for native plant recruitment. The interaction between nurse plants and biotic pressures, such as herbivory, on native recruitment is also not well understood in semiarid plant communities. We investigated the effects of facilitation and herbivory on native seedling germination, growth, and survival in the restoration of degraded coastal sage scrub (CSS) habitat. Native shrub seedlings (Artemisia californicaandSalvia mellifera) were planted, and native annual species (Amsinckia intermedia, Deinandra fasciculata,Phacelia distans, andPseudognaphalium californicum) were sown in three Shrub Type treatments (live shrub, dead shrub, and exposed areas), with a nested Cage treatment (no cage and cage) in each Shrub Type treatment. Annual species grew equally well in all Shrub Type treatments; shrub seedlings grew largest in exposed areas. While there was little evidence of facilitation for all species tested, there were strong positive effects of caging on growth and establishment of all species. Caging palatable native species or planting species with anti‐herbivory traits around target plants may be more strategic approaches compared to using nurse plants in restoring degraded CSS after extended drought.
Genome invasion by a hypomethylated satellite repeat in Australian crucifer Ballantinia antipoda
Authors: Finke Andreas , Mandáková Terezie , Nawaz Kashif , Vu Giang T. H. , Novák Petr , Macas Jiri , Lysak Martin A. , Pecinka Ales
Published: May 2019

Repetitive sequences are ubiquitous components of all eukaryotic genomes. They contribute to genome evolution and the regulation of gene transcription. However, the uncontrolled activity of repetitive sequences can negatively affect genome functions and stability. Therefore, repetitive DNAs are embedded in a highly repressive heterochromatic environment in plant cell nuclei. Here, we analyzed the sequence, composition and the epigenetic makeup of peculiar non‐pericentromeric heterochromatic segments in the genome of the Australian crucifer Ballantinia antipoda. By the combination of high throughput sequencing, graph‐based clustering and cytogenetics, we found that the heterochromatic segments consist of a mixture of unique sequences and an A−T‐rich 174 bp satellite repeat (BaSAT1). BaSAT1 occupies about 10% of the B. antipoda nuclear genome in >250 000 copies. Unlike many other highly repetitive sequences, BaSAT1 repeats are hypomethylated; this contrasts with the normal patterns of DNA methylation in the B. antipoda genome. Detailed analysis of several copies revealed that these non‐methylated BaSAT1 repeats were also devoid of heterochromatic histone H3K9me2 methylation. However, the factors decisive for the methylation status of BaSAT1 repeats remain currently unknown. In summary, we show that even highly repetitive sequences can exist as hypomethylated in the plant nuclear genome.
Anesthetic effects of isoflurane and propofol on cerebrospinal fluid biochemical markers in healthy dogs
Authors: Seisdedos Alejandro , Galán Alba , Carletti Beatrice , Quirós Setefilla , Funes Francisco , Martín Eva M. , Domínguez Juan M. , Gómez Rafael , Granados María M.
Published: May 2019

Background

The study of brain energy metabolism (BEM) markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool for many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To date, in veterinary medicine, few studies are reporting physiologic ranges for some BEM markers. Recently, the influence of anesthetic drugs on BEM markers has been described in mice; subsequently, the study of CSF‐BEM markers has gained increasing attention.

Objectives

The effects of anesthetic agents on BEM are poorly understood in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of propofol, isoflurane, and the duration of anesthesia on CSF‐BEM markers in dogs.

Methods

Nine dogs were anesthetized at two different periods, one month apart. In the first period, the dogs were intravenously anesthetized with propofol (PRO‐group), and in the second period, the dogs received inhalant anesthesia with isoflurane (ISO‐group). In both cases, CSF and blood were collected 15 minutes (T0) and 3 hours after induction (T3) and analyzed for lactate, pyruvate, glucose, creatine kinase, glutamate, and electrolyte concentrations.

Results

CSF lactate (CSF‐L) showed variation depending on the anesthetic agent and time, being significantly lower after 3 hours of anesthesia in the PRO‐group and showing a trend to increase over time in the ISO‐group. No changes were detected over time or between groups in CSF glutamate, glucose, or electrolytes.

Conclusions

The results of this study support that the anesthetic drug choice and length of the general anesthesia should be considered when CSF‐L analyses are interpreted in dogs.
Biogas producibility and kinetic evaluation of anaerobic rotating biological contactors
Authors: Samadi Farhikhteh , Mirbagheri Seyed Ahmad
Published: May 2019

The application of an empirical model proposed by Stover‐Kincannon was examined in a batch anaerobic rotating biological contactor under mesophilic condition. The results from methane gas production of industrial sewage sludge were used to produce kinetic parameters for the Stover‐Kincannon model. The experiment also evaluated the feasibility of methane gas production for various system loadings. The tests were implemented in six steps with 80% disc submergence and 4.0 rpm disc rotational speed. The optimum biogas production was reached in the fourth step with COD influent of 7687 mg/L and sludge retention time of 43 days. For the step with highest biogas production, the disc rotational speed was increased to 6 rpm which led to decrease in the hydraulic retention time by 4 days. The COD removal efficiencies varying from 50.48 to 80.11% were achieved. Methane production rate was measured by gas chromatography and was in the range of 45–58%. The results illustrated that Stover‐Kincannon model has a satisfactory accuracy in simulating the performance of an AnRBC.
Kinaesthetic illusion shapes the cortical plasticity evoked by action observation
Authors: Bisio Ambra , Biggio Monica , Avanzino Laura , Ruggeri Piero , Bove Marco
Published: May 2019

Key points

The combination of action observation (AO) and a peripheral nerve stimulation has been shown to induce plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, using peripheral nerve stimulation little is known about the specificity of the sensory inputs.

The current study, using muscle tendon vibration to stimulate muscle spindles and transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess M1 excitability, investigated whether a proprioceptive stimulation leading to a kinaesthetic illusion of movement (KI) was able to evoke M1 plasticity when combined with AO.

M1 excitability increased immediately and up to 60 min after AO‐KI stimulation as a function of the vividness of the perceived illusion, and only when the movement directions of AO and KI were congruent.

Tactile stimulation coupled with AO and KI alone were not sufficient to induce M1 plasticity.

This methodology might be proposed to subjects during a period of immobilization to promote M1 activity without requiring any voluntary movement.

Physical practice is crucial to evoke cortical plasticity, but motor cognition techniques, such as action observation (AO), have shown their potentiality in promoting it when associated with peripheral afferent inputs, without the need of performing a movement. Here we investigated whether the combination of AO and a proprioceptive stimulation, able to evoke a kinaesthetic illusion of movement (KI), induced plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). In the main experiment, the role of congruency between the observed action and the illusory movement was explored together with the importance of the specificity of the sensory input modality (proprioceptive vs. tactile stimulation) to induce plasticity in M1. Further, a control experiment was carried out to assess the role of the mere kinaesthetic illusion on M1 excitability. Results showed that the combination of AO and KI evoked plasticity in M1, with an increase of the excitability immediately and up to 60 min after the conditioning protocol (P always <0.05). Notably, a significant increase in M1 excitability occurred only when the directions of the observed and illusory movements were congruent. Further, a significant positive linear relationship was found between the amount of M1 excitability increase and the vividness of the perceived illusion (P = 0.03). Finally, the tactile stimulation coupled with AO was not sufficient to induce changes in M1 excitability as well as the KI alone. All these findings indicate the importance of combining different sensory input signals to induce plasticity in M1, and that proprioception is the most suitable sensory modality to allow it.
No alargues la mano contra los niños. ¡Levántalos! El sacrificio de los hijos de Abraham a partir de Gn 22,1-19
Authors: Mena López Maricel
Published: May 2019

Tradicionalmente los personajes bíblicos tienden a ser vistos como modelos y no como espejos de la actuación humana; por eso es casi un pecado cuestionar sus prácticas, aun cuando estas atenten contra la vida de niños y mujeres. Las Escrituras hebreas son tanto la historia nacional de un pueblo como un relato completamente religioso que narra los encuentros de este pueblo con su Dios. Los aspectos de esta historia nacional no siempre se ajustan a los ideales de la religión, ni ciertas cuestiones que se dan por sentadas en un texto determinado cumplen con los estándares necesarios en el desarrollo de la revelación. El presente artículo ve la historia del sacrificio de Ismael e Isaac a partir de las intrigas familiares y no solo desde el patriarca Abraham y su hijo amado Isaac. Así mismo, sustenta la hipótesis de que Gn 22 es una lectura midrásico de tradiciones anteriores, en especial del sacrificio de Ismael de Gn 21.
Catecumenado del Ritual de la Iniciación Cristiana de Adultos (RICA): un ejemplo de inteligencia sentiente
Authors: Costa Valeriano Dos Santos
Published: May 2019

La filosofia realista de Xavier Zubiri apuntó una via liberadora de la “inteligencia concipiente”, en la cual el concepto y el juicio constituían el acto primario de intelección y no la aprehensión de la “realidad”. Este modo de conocer, desde los griegos, separó el sentir y el inteligir como dos facultades independientes e incluso opuestas. Al contrario, en la “inteligencia sentiente” tanto el sentir como el inteligir son momentos del único acto de conocimiento, en el que el primario y radical es la aprehensión de la “realidad” más que los conceptos. La recuperación del catecumenado de iniciación cristiana de adultos por el Concilio Vaticano II es una excelente demostración de la “inteligencia sentiente” al servicio de la fe.
Del conflicto por la tierra a la Parábola de la viña. El problema teológico de Mc 12,1-12
Authors: Castillo Mora David
Published: May 2019

Desde la perspectiva hermenéutica en clave liberadora, Mc 12,1-12 es un texto problemático a nivel socioeconómico y teológico. Un análisis de la parábola desde los conflictos por la tierra en la Palestina del primer siglo y en contraposición con la parábola –como se lee en el Evangelio de Tomás– cuestiona la lectura alegórica tradicional para devolver al texto su importancia como discurso de crítica ante los abusos económicos sobre el campesinado. Con Tomás se verá que un latifundista como imagen del Dios de Jesús es inadecuado e impensable en algunos de los movimientos cristianos de mediados del primer siglo de nuestra era.
La ética de Lévinas como naturalización del mesianismo judío
Authors: Losada Sierra Manuel
Published: May 2019

El artículo muestra la estrecha conexión existente entre el concepto de ética y el de tiempo mesiánico en la filosofía de Emmanuel Lévinas. Esto significa que la respuesta ética se da en un tiempo discontinuo en el que –además de romper la continuidad del tiempo ininterrumpido del progreso– el sujeto se convierte en el mesías que responde al sufrimiento del otro. Para lograr este propósito, el trabajo muestra la crítica de Lévinas a la historia ontológica como olvido de lo singular; posteriormente presenta la posición intermedia entre la perspectiva ontológica y la mesiánica representada en el punto de vista de Bergson, para mostrar luego cómo –para Lévinas– es en la tradición judía donde es posible encontrar una respuesta ética al sufrimiento del otro en el ahora del tiempo mesiánico.
Process–Structure–Property Relationships in Selective Laser Melting of Porosity Graded Gyroids
Authors: Mahmoud Dalia , Elbestawi M. A. , Yu Bosco
Published: May 2019

Selective laser melting (SLM) can be used to tailor both the geometry and mechanical properties of lattice structures to match bone properties. In this work, a process–structure–property (PSP) relationship for Ti6AL4V porosity graded gyroids (PGGs) structures was developed. A design of experiment approach was used to test the significance and contribution of different process parameters on microstructure, morphology, and mechanical properties. Process maps to predict the morphology errors at specific laser power and scan speed were developed. Moreover, the mechanical properties of radially PGGs with a relative density of 25% are evaluated using different SLM process parameters. The results showed that PGGs with different radial gradation designs have mechanical properties that are compatible with bone implants: apparent compressive modulus of 1.4–5.3 GPa and compressive strength 40–154 MPa.
Large spin-orbit torque efficiency enhanced by magnetic structure of collinear antiferromagnet IrMn
Authors: Zhou Jing , Wang Xiao , Liu Yaohua , Yu Jihang , Fu Huixia , Liu Liang , Chen Shaohai , Deng Jinyu , Lin Weinan , Shu Xinyu , Yoong Herng Yau , Hong Tao , Matsuda Masaaki , Yang Ping , Adams Stefan , Yan Binghai , Han Xiufeng , Chen Jingsheng
Published: May 2019

Collinear IrMn offers new opportunities for future magnetic memory design as it can be an effective source of spin-orbit torque.
Triggered reversible substitution of adaptive constitutional dynamic networks dictates programmed catalytic functions
Authors: Yue Liang , Wang Shan , Willner Itamar
Published: May 2019

Synthetic interconverting nucleic acid–based networks reveal adaptive emerging functions, thereby mimicking biological networks.
Approaching high-performance potassium-ion batteries via advanced design strategies and engineering
Authors: Zhang Wenchao , Liu Yajie , Guo Zaiping
Published: May 2019

A general review proposes research strategies for overcoming essential issues in the research of potassium-ion batteries.
Tracking ultrafast hot-electron diffusion in space and time by ultrafast thermomodulation microscopy
Authors: Block A. , Liebel M. , Yu R. , Spector M. , Sivan Y. , García de Abajo F. J. , van Hulst N. F.
Published: May 2019

Ultrafast microscopy images hot electrons transitioning from fast to slow diffusion in thin gold films as they cool down.
Scalable electrochromic nanopixels using plasmonics
Authors: Peng Jialong , Jeong Hyeon-Ho , Lin Qianqi , Cormier Sean , Liang Hsin-Ling , De Volder Michael F. L. , Vignolini Silvia , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: May 2019

These nanosized color-changing pixels can be scaled onto large-area flexible films opening prospects for building-scale displays.
Human natural killer cells mediate adaptive immunity to viral antigens
Authors: Nikzad Rana , Angelo Laura S. , Aviles-Padilla Kevin , Le Duy T. , Singh Vipul K. , Bimler Lynn , Vukmanovic-Stejic Milica , Vendrame Elena , Ranganath Thanmayi , Simpson Laura , Haigwood Nancy L. , Blish Catherine A. , Akbar Arne N. , Paust Silke
Published: May 2019

Vaccination or childhood infection elicits antigen-specific, long-lived immunological memory in human natural killer cells.
Atypical complement receptor C5aR2 transports C5a to initiate neutrophil adhesion and inflammation
Authors: Miyabe Yoshishige , Miyabe Chie , Mani Vinidhra , Mempel Thorsten R. , Luster Andrew D.
Published: May 2019

C5aR2 transports C5a into the blood vessel lumen to initiate neutrophil arrest in a murine model of arthritis.
Igniting the flame in arthritis: C5aR2 controls endothelial transcytosis of C5a
Authors: Köhl Jörg
Published: May 2019

C5aR2 transfers arthritic joint-derived C5a to the blood vessel endothelium to start C5aR1-driven neutrophilic inflammation. See related Research Article by

Miyabe
et al
.