bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerating the Reaction Kinetics of Na2CO3-Activated Slag Mortars by Calcined Recycled Concrete Fines
Authors: Wang Hao , Wang Liang , Xu Ying , Cao Ke , Ge Yan , Wang Xuepeng , Li Qi
Published: August 2022

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), an environmentally friendly activator, has been shown to have vast potential for the development of sustainable alkali-activated slag mortars. However, Na2CO3-activated slag mortars exhibit a delayed reaction process and limited early-age strength development, restricting their wider application. In this work, the recycled concrete fines were calcined at a temperature of 800 °C for 1 h and then used as an auxiliary activator to improve the reaction kinetics of Na2CO3-activated slag mortars. The impact of the calcined recycled concrete fines (CRCF) dosage and Na2CO3 concentration on the compressive strength, hydration kinetics, and phase assemblage of mortars was evaluated. The results show that CRCF can react directly with Na2CO3 in the early stages, swiftly removing the CO32− in aqueous solution and providing an alkaline environment suitable for the dissolution of slag. This promotes the development of C-(A)-S-H, hydrotalcite, hemicarbonate, and monocarbonate. The hydration process and strength-giving phase of mortars can be improved further, as an increase in Na2CO3 concentration increases the initial alkaline content. Additionally, the most remarkable compressive strength value of 39.2 MPa was observed at 28 days in the mortar with 6% sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O-E) of Na2CO3 and 15% CRCF because of the synergistic effect of CRCF and Na2CO3.
Electrolytic Corrosion Behavior of 20 Cu-20 Ni-54 NiFe2O4-6 NiO Cermet with Interpenetrating Structure at 880 °C and 960 °C
Authors: Tao Yu-Qiang , Li Zhi-You , Xiong Hui-Wen , He Min-Jie , Wang Bing-Xin
Published: August 2022

Here, 20 Cu-20 Ni-54 NiFe2O4-6 NiO (wt%) cermets were prepared via the powder metallurgy process, and the electrolytic corrosion behavior of the cermets at 880 °C and 960 °C was studied through the microstructure analysis by SEM and EDS. Results show that the ceramic phase is seriously affected by chemical corrosion at 880 °C electrolysis, and it is difficult to form a dense ceramic surface layer. A dense ceramic surface layer is formed on the bottom of the anode electrolyzed at 960 °C, and the dense layer thickens with the extension of the electrolysis time. The formation of the dense surface layer is mainly caused by the oxidation of Ni. The oxidation rate of the metallic phase and the corrosion rate of the ceramic phase have an important effect on the formation of the dense layer. In the corrosion process of NiFe2O4 phase, preferential corrosion of Fe element occurs first, and then NiO phase is precipitated from NiFe2O4 phase. After the NiO is dissolved and corroded, the NiFe2O4 grains collapse and the ceramic phase peels off from the anode.
Influence of Heat and Thermochemical Treatment Parameters on C75 Steel Fatigue Resistance
Authors: Iuliana Tudorache , Samoila Cornel , Ursutiu Doru
Published: August 2022

The paper presents the results of the fatigue testing of heat-treated and thermochemically treated C75 steel with different process parameters in terms of working medium (gas, salt bath), temperature, and time. The experimental program aims to analyze the changes in microstructure under the influence of heat treatment and fatigue resistance. The relationships between the structural changes, the internal stress, and the heat-treated material’s mechanical and physical properties can determine the first nano cracks leading to rupture propagation. Based on the experimental values of this paper, we highlight the dependence between the nature of the cracks and the stress to which the specimen was subjected. The paper presents a brief introduction to the fatigue test and the experimental tests performed to determine the fatigue resistance characteristics, the macroscopic analysis of the material, and the crystallographic analysis. The results obtained allow a comparison between the fatigue limits of heat-treated and thermochemically treated C75 steel in gas and salt baths.
A High Temporal-Spatial Resolution Temperature Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Anisotropic Heat Flow
Authors: Luo Xuwen , Wang Haidong
Published: August 2022

The thermal measurement sensor applied to hypersonic vehicles requires characteristic size in the order of micrometers and characteristic time in the order of microseconds. The measurement criteria of localized detection, high temporal-spatial precision, and long-term stability cannot all be reached by current thermal measuring techniques. This work presents a temperature sensor with excellent temporal-spatial resolution that can measure both in-plane and out-of-plane heat flow. The sensor was made of thin platinum nano-film and an aluminum nitride ceramic sheet. The sensor was calibrated using a thermostatic vacuum chamber and used for in-plane and out-of-plane heat flow measurements. The temperature measurement accuracy of the sensor was estimated to be 0.01 K. The sensor’s resolution for measuring heat flow density is more than 500 W/m2 and its measurement uncertainty is roughly 3%. To ensure the structural stability of the device, the aluminum nitride ceramic sheet was chosen as the substrate of the thermal sensing unit, and the response time became longer due to the high thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride. The suspension platinum nano-film sensor can reach a sub-microsecond response time according to the theoretical derivation. Experimental results of pneumatic thermal effects of high-temperature flames using the sensor prove that the designed sensor has good sensitivity and accuracy.
Preparation, Structural Characterization of Anti-Cancer Drugs-Mediated Self-Assembly from the Pluronic Copolymers through Synchrotron SAXS Investigation
Authors: Lin Tz-Feng , Wang Wei-Chieh , Zeng Xin-Yu , Lu Yi-Xian , Shih Pei-Jung
Published: August 2022

Chemotherapy drugs are mainly administered via intravenous injection or oral administration in a very a high dosage. If there is a targeted drug vehicle which can be deployed on the tumor, the medical treatment is specific and precise. Binary mixing of biocompatible Pluronic® F127 and Pluronic® L121 was used in this study for a drug carrier of pluronic biomedical hydrogels (PBHs). Based on the same PBH ingredients, the addition of fluorouracil (5-FU) was separated in three ways when it was incorporated with pluronics: F127-L121-(5-FU), F127-(5-FU), and L121-(5-FU). Small angle X-ray scattering experiments were performed to uncover the self-assembled structures of the PBHs. Meanwhile, the expected micelle and lamellar structural changes affected by the distribution of 5-FU were discussed with respect to the corresponding drug release monitoring. PBH-all with the mixing method of F127-L121-(5-FU) has the fastest drug release rate owing to the undulated amphiphilic boundary. In contrast, PBH-2 with the mixing method of L121-(5-FU) has a prolonged drug release rate at 67% for one month of the continuous drug release experiment because the flat lamellar amphiphilic boundary of PBH-2 drags the migration of 5-FU from the hydrophobic core. Therefore, the PBHs developed in the study possess great potential for targeted delivery and successfully served as a microenvironment model to elucidate the diffusion pathway of 5-FU.
Multi-Analogy Innovation Design Based on Digital Twin
Authors: Nie Zifeng , Cao Guozhong , Zhang Peng , Peng Qingjin , Zhang Zhimin
Published: August 2022

Analogy-based design is an effective approach for innovative design. However, existing research on analogy design mainly focuses on methods to form innovative schemes, without considering feasibility or practicality in applications. This research proposes a multi-analogy innovation design (M-AID) model based on analogy in both design-centric complexity (DCC) and solution of inventive problems (TRIZ). To improve practicality, digital twin (DT) is introduced to apply real design information, manufacturing production data, and maintenance information in the design process. The method includes six steps: (1) analyze a target product based on users and market requirements to synthesize general function requirements; (2) acquire analogy function source using knowledge base and patent base; (3) call digital twin resources to obtain real product data for the design; (4) reduce the complexity of the design system after fusion using DCC theory; (5) use TRIZ to solve problems of design conflicts; and (6) evaluate design solutions according to product requirements. The current proposed method enhances the design scheme feasibility and reduces the number of iterations from the conceptual scheme to the final scheme in the design process, thus improving the efficiency of the innovative design process. The applicability of the currently proposed method is demonstrated through exemplification of innovative design of a dust removal system for a solar panel.
Dynamic Modeling, Optimization and Experiment for a High-Speed Spur Gear Set
Authors: Wang Zhi-Gen , Lo Chien-Cheng , Chen Yi-Cheng , Liu Hung-Chih
Published: August 2022

This study proposed a novel methodology for reducing the vibration of a high-speed spur gear pair (up to 30,000 rpm) by performing multi-objective optimization of the peak-to-peak loaded transmission error (PPLTE) under three assembly conditions. The optimum tip relief parameters for the high-speed spur gear set were studied by considering the practical manufacturing tolerances on the gear shaft and bearing bores. First, the PPLTE under three assembly conditions was determined by loaded tooth contact analysis. Multi-objective optimization with a genetic algorithm was used to determine the optimum linear tip relief parameters, minimizing the PPLTE under three assembly conditions by 70%. Moreover, the dynamic characteristics of the original and optimum designs were simulated and compared under ideal conditions as well as axial misalignments. The optimum design exhibited a >50% reduction in the peak RMS of acceleration at the natural frequency. Finally, dynamic experiments were performed and the RMS values of the acceleration at various speeds were computed for comparison. The results from both dynamic simulation and experiment indicated that the optimum design exhibits superior dynamic characteristics to the original design.
Improved Stability Criteria for Delayed Neural Networks via a Relaxed Delay-Product-Type Lapunov–Krasovskii Functional
Authors: Wang Shuoting , Shi Kaibo , Yang Jin
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the asymptotic stability problem of neural networks with time-varying delays is investigated. First, a new sufficient and necessary condition on a general polynomial inequality was developed. Then, a novel augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) was constructed, which efficiently introduces some new terms related to the previous information of neuron activation function. Furthermore, based on the suitable LKF and the stated negative condition of the general polynomial, two criteria with less conservatism were derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, two numerical examples were carried out to confirm the superiority of the proposed criteria, and a larger allowable upper bound of delays was achieved.
Developing a New Collision-Resistant Hashing Algorithm
Authors: Cherckesova Larissa V. , Safaryan Olga A. , Lyashenko Nikita G. , Korochentsev Denis A.
Published: August 2022

Today, cryptographic hash functions have numerous applications in different areas. At the same time, new collision attacks have been developed recently, making some widely used algorithms like SHA-1 vulnerable and unreliable. This article is aiming at the development of a new hashing algorithm that will be resistant to all cryptographic attacks, including quantum collision attacks that potentially pose a threat to some widely used cryptographic hash functions. This algorithm was called Nik-512. The avalanche effect is tested to ensure the cryptographic strength of the developed algorithm. The Nik-512 function is then applied to build a data integrity system which can be used to protect data from malicious users.
Quantitative Analysis of Anesthesia Recovery Time by Machine Learning Prediction Models
Authors: Yang Shumin , Li Huaying , Lin Zhizhe , Song Youyi , Lin Cheng , Zhou Teng
Published: August 2022

It is significant for anesthesiologists to have a precise grasp of the recovery time of the patient after anesthesia. Accurate prediction of anesthesia recovery time can support anesthesiologist decision-making during surgery to help reduce the risk of surgery in patients. However, effective models are not proposed to solve this problem for anesthesiologists. In this paper, we seek to find effective forecasting methods. First, we collect 1824 patient anesthesia data from the eye center and then performed data preprocessing. We extracted 85 variables to predict recovery time from anesthesia. Second, we extract anesthesia information between variables for prediction using machine learning methods, including Bayesian ridge, lightGBM, random forest, support vector regression, and extreme gradient boosting. We also design simple deep learning models as prediction models, including linear residual neural networks and jumping knowledge linear neural networks. Lastly, we perform a comparative experiment of the above methods on the dataset. The experiment demonstrates that the machine learning method performs better than the deep learning model mentioned above on a small number of samples. We find random forest and XGBoost are more efficient than other methods to extract information between variables on postoperative anesthesia recovery time.
Generalized Thermo-Diffusion Interaction in an Elastic Medium under Temperature Dependent Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Hobiny Aatef , Abbas Ibrahim
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this work is to investigate, within the context of extended thermo-diffusion theory, the transient thermo-diffusion responses for a half-space with variable thermal conductivity and diffusivity. The half-bounding space’s surface is traction-free and exposed to a time-dependent thermal shock, but the chemical potential is believed to be a known function of time. Because the nonlinear equations are complicated, the finite element technique is applied to solve these equations. Numerical outcomes are produced and graphically illustrated. The effects of varying thermal conductivity and diffusivity on the response are studied using parameter studies. Using the results of this study, researchers hope to understand better how thermo-mechanical fields interact in real materials. By ignoring the new parameter, a comparison of numerical results and analytical cases is produced, and the behavior of physical quantities for numerical solutions is studied to ensure that the proposed technique is accurate.
Aqueous Humor Analysis in Overlapping Clinical Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus and Rubella Virus Anterior Uveitis
Authors: Gozzi Fabrizio , Belloni Lucia , Aldigeri Raffaella , Gentile Pietro , Mastrofilippo Valentina , De Simone Luca , Bolletta Elena , Alessandrello Federica , Bonacini Martina , Croci Stefania , Zerbini Alessandro , Cavallini Gian Maria , Salvarani Carlo , Cimino Luca
Published: August 2022

Background and Objectives: A cross-sectional single-center study was conducted to investigate the etiology in hypertensive anterior uveitis whose clinical features are not fully distinctive from cytomegalovirus or from rubella virus and to demonstrate the possible coexistence of both these viruses in causing anterior uveitis. Materials and Methods: The clinical charts of a cohort of patients with hypertensive viral anterior uveitis of uncertain origin consecutively seen in a single center from 2019 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed; data on the clinical features, aqueous polymerase chain reaction, and antibody response to cytomegalovirus and rubella virus were collected. Results: Forty-three eyes of as many subjects with viral anterior uveitis of uncertain origin were included. Thirty-two patients had an aqueous polymerase chain reaction or antibody index positive to cytomegalovirus only, while 11 cases had an aqueous antibody response to both cytomegalovirus and rubella virus. This latter overlapping group had a statistically significant higher rate of hypochromia and anterior vitritis (p-value: 0.02 and < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The simultaneous presence of intraocular antibodies against cytomegalovirus and rubella virus could redefine the differential diagnosis of hypertensive viral anterior uveitis, demonstrating a possible “converged” immune pathway consisting in a variety of stimuli.
Microwave Digestion and ICP-MS Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Waste Sm-Co Magnets
Authors: Korotkova Natalia A. , Baranovskaya Vasilisa B. , Petrova Kseniya V.
Published: August 2022

In this article, inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical-emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used for the development of an analytical procedure for analysis of the waste of Sm-Co magnets. Experimental parameters related to microwave digestion processes and acid concentrations were optimized. Microwave digestion was carried out in mixtures of HF, HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4. The complete dissolution of the samples occurred in the system: 10 mL H2O, 2 mL HNO3, 10 mL HCl and 1 mL H2SO4. The dependence of the matrix effect on the ICP-MS analysis of waste Sm-Co magnets was studied and optimal instrumental parameters were investigated (nebulizer gas flow, sampling depth and potential at the extractor lens). The optimal conditions were a nebulizer gas flow of 0.85–0.90 L/min, a sampling depth of 101, potential at the extractor lens of −400 V and a sample flow rate of 50 rpm. A recovery test and inter-method experiments were performed to verify the accuracy of the proposed method.
Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease
Authors: Idborg Helena , Pawelzik Sven-Christian
Published: August 2022

Prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) together form the prostanoid family of lipid mediators. As autacoids, these five primary prostanoids propagate intercellular signals and are involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, alterations in their biosynthesis accompany a wide range of pathological conditions, which leads to substantially increased local levels during disease. Primary prostanoids are chemically instable and rapidly metabolized. Their metabolites are more stable, integrate the local production on a systemic level, and their analysis in various biological matrices yields valuable information under different pathological settings. Therefore, prostanoid metabolites may be used as diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers in human disease. Although their potential as biomarkers is great and extensive research has identified major prostanoid metabolites that serve as target analytes in different biofluids, the number of studies that correlate prostanoid metabolite levels to disease outcome is still limited. We review the metabolism of primary prostanoids in humans, summarize the levels of prostanoid metabolites in healthy subjects, and highlight existing biomarker studies. Since analysis of prostanoid metabolites is challenging because of ongoing metabolism and limited half-lives, an emphasis of this review lies on the reliable measurement and interpretation of obtained levels.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of PAHs at a Fe3O4@GO@Ag@PDA Composite Substrates
Authors: Liu Junyu , Cui Wencan , Sang Shihua , Guan Liang , Gu Kecheng , Wang Yinyin , Wang Jian
Published: August 2022

A method for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is reported. Fe3O4@PDA@Ag@GO is developed as the SERS substrate prepared by classical electrostatic attraction method based on the enrichment of organic compounds by graphene oxide (GO) and polydopamine (PDA) and the good separation and enrichment function of Fe3O4. The morphology and structure of the SERS substrate were represented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the UV–visible absorption spectrum (UV–vis spectra). The effect of different temperatures on SERS during synthesis was investigated, and it was found that the best effect was achieved when the synthesis temperature was 90 °C. The effect of each component of Fe3O4@PDA@Ag@GO nanocomposites on SERS was explored, and it was found that Ag NPs are of great significance to enhance the Raman signal based on the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism; apart from enriching the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through π–π interaction, GO also generates strong chemical enhancement to the Raman signal, and PDA can prevent Ag from shedding and agglomeration. The existence of Fe3O4 is favored for the fast separation of substrate from the solutions, which greatly simplifies the detection procedure and facilitates the cycle use of the substrate. The experimental procedure is simplified, and the substrate is reused easily. Three kinds of PAHs (phenanthrene, pyrene and benzanthene) are employed as probe molecules to verify the performance of the composite SERS substrate. The results show that the limit of detection (LOD) of phenanthrene pyrene and benzanthene detected by Fe3O4@PDA@Ag@GO composite substrate are 10−8 g/L (5.6 × 10−11 mol/L), 10−7 g/L (4.9 × 10−10 mol/L) and 10−7 g/L (4.4 × 10−10 mol/L), respectively, which is much lower than that of ordinary Raman, and it is promising for its application in the enrichment detection of trace PAHs in the environment.
Breakthrough Infections: A Challenge towards Measles Elimination?
Authors: Fappani Clara , Gori Maria , Canuti Marta , Terraneo Mara , Colzani Daniela , Tanzi Elisabetta , Amendola Antonella , Bianchi Silvia
Published: August 2022

Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known to man. Despite the existence of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. Paradoxically, breakthrough cases increase as vaccination coverage in the general population rises. In measles endemic areas, breakthrough cases represent less than 10% of total infections, while in areas with high vaccination coverage these are over 10% of the total. Two different vaccination failures have been described: primary vaccination failure, which consists in the complete absence of humoral response and occurs in around 5% of vaccinated individuals; and secondary vaccination failure is due to waning immunity or incomplete immunity and occurs in 2–10% of vaccinees. Vaccination failures are generally associated with lower viral loads and milder disease (modified measles) since vaccination limits the risk of complicated disease. Vaccination failure seems to occur between six and twenty-six years after the last vaccine dose administration. This review summarizes the literature about clinical, serological, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of measles breakthrough cases and their contribution to virus transmission. In view of the measles elimination goal, the assessment of the potential decline in antibody protection and the targeted implementation of catch-up vaccination are essential.
Bacterial Community with Plant Growth-Promoting Potential Associated to Pioneer Plants from an Active Mexican Volcanic Complex
Authors: Rincón-Molina Clara Ivette , Martínez-Romero Esperanza , Aguirre-Noyola José Luis , Manzano-Gómez Luis Alberto , Zenteno-Rojas Adalberto , Rogel Marco Antonio , Rincón-Molina Francisco Alexander , Ruíz-Valdiviezo Víctor Manuel , Rincón-Rosales Reiner
Published: August 2022

Microorganisms in extreme volcanic environments play an important role in the development of plants on newly exposed substrates. In this work, we studied the structure and diversity of a bacterial community associated to Andropogon glomeratus and Cheilanthes aemula at El Chichón volcano. The genetic diversity of the strains was revealed by genomic fingerprints and by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, a metagenomic analysis of the rhizosphere samples was carried out for pioneer plants growing inside and outside the volcano. Multifunctional biochemical tests and plant inoculation assays were evaluated to determine their potential as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Through metagenomic analysis, a total of 33 bacterial phyla were identified from A. glomeratus and C. aemula rhizosphere samples collected inside the volcano, and outside the volcano 23 bacterial phyla were identified. For both rhizosphere samples, proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum. With a cultivable approach, 174 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere and tissue of plants growing outside the volcanic complex. Isolates were classified within the genera Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Lysinibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas and Pandoraea. The evaluated strains were able to produce indole compounds, solubilize phosphate, synthesize siderophores, showed ACC deaminase and nitrogenase activity, and they had a positive effect on the growth and development of Capsicum chinense. The wide diversity of bacteria associated to pioneer plants at El Chichón volcano with PGPB qualities represent an alternative for the recovery of eroded environments, and they can be used efficiently as biofertilizers for agricultural crops growing under adverse conditions.
Uncovering New Diversity of Photosynthetic Microorganisms from the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Lortou Urania , Panteris Emmanuel , Gkelis Spyros
Published: August 2022

In the large and morphologically diverse phylum of Chlorophyta, new taxa are discovered every year and their phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed by the incorporation of molecular phylogenetic methods into traditional taxonomy. Herein, we aim to contribute to the photosynthetic microorganisms’ diversity knowledge in the Mediterranean area, a relatively unexplored ecoregion with high diversity. Based on a polyphasic approach, 18 Chlorophyta isolates were investigated and characterized. Morphological characteristics and ultrastructure, the phylogeny based on 18S rRNA gene (small subunit ribosomal RNA), 18S–28S internal transcribed spacer (ITS region), and the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit region (rbcL gene), support establishing four new genera (Nomia, Ava, Akraea, Lilaea) and five new species (Spongiosarcinopsis limneus, N. picochloropsia, Av. limnothalassea, Ak. chliaropsychia, and L. pamvotia) belonging to orders Sphaeropleales, Chlorellales, and Chlamydomonadales. For some of them, this is the first report of their occurrence in specific aquatic environments.
Genesis of the Halılar Metasediment-Hosted Cu-Pb (±Zn) Mineralization, NW Turkey: Evidence from Mineralogy, Alteration, and Sulfur Isotope Geochemistry
Authors: Yildirim Demet Kiran
Published: August 2022

This study contributes to our understanding of the evolution of Halılar Cu-Pb (±Zn) mineralization (NW Turkey) based on mineralogical and geochemical results and sulfur isotope data. The study area represents local Cu-Pb with some Zn brecciated-stockwork vein type mineralization along the NE–SW fault gouge zone at the lower boundary of the Sakarkaya and Düztarla granitoid rocks. Two main zones, consisting of sericite–quartz–chlorite ± kaolinite ± pyrite (i.e., zone-1) and calcite–epidote–albite ± chlorite ± sericite (i.e., zone-2), were observed within the central ore mineral zone at the mining site. Different mineralization assemblages were recorded; the main ore mineral contains chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, and sphalerite within alteration zone-1, and the oxidation/supergene mineralization includes covellite and goethite. The mass balance calculations show that the samples of zone-1 show an increase in SiO2, Fe2O3, K2O, and LOI along with Ag, As, Cu, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, and Zn, reflecting high pyritization with sericitization and silicification. On the other hand, the samples from zone-2 are rich in CaO; Na2O; P2O5; TiO2; LOI; and carbon-reflecting calcite, epidote, and albite alterations. A uniform magmatic sulfur source of Halılar sulfides is suggested by their mean δ34S value of −1.62‰. Furthermore, the primary metal source is metasediments and intrusive Düztarla granitoid magmatism. These observations suggest that the Halılar metasediment-hosted Cu-Pb (±Zn) mineralization was formed by epigenetic hydrothermal processes after sedimentation/diagenesis and metamorphism.
Conformational Dynamics of Human ALKBH2 Dioxygenase in the Course of DNA Repair as Revealed by Stopped-Flow Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Kanazhevskaya Lyubov Yu. , Smyshliaev Denis A. , Timofeyeva Nadezhda A. , Ishchenko Alexander A. , Saparbaev Murat , Kuznetsov Nikita A. , Fedorova Olga S.
Published: August 2022

Elucidation of physicochemical mechanisms of enzymatic processes is one of the main tasks of modern biology. High efficiency and selectivity of enzymatic catalysis are mostly ensured by conformational dynamics of enzymes and substrates. Here, we applied a stopped-flow kinetic analysis based on fluorescent spectroscopy to investigate mechanisms of conformational transformations during the removal of alkylated bases from DNA by ALKBH2, a human homolog of Escherichia coli AlkB dioxygenase. This enzyme protects genomic DNA against various alkyl lesions through a sophisticated catalytic mechanism supported by a cofactor (Fe(II)), a cosubstrate (2-oxoglutarate), and O2. We present here a comparative study of conformational dynamics in complexes of the ALKBH2 protein with double-stranded DNA substrates containing N1-methyladenine, N3-methylcytosine, or 1,N6-ethenoadenine. By means of fluorescent labels of different types, simultaneous detection of conformational transitions in the protein globule and DNA substrate molecule was performed. Fitting of the kinetic curves by a nonlinear-regression method yielded a molecular mechanism and rate constants of its individual steps. The results shed light on overall conformational dynamics of ALKBH2 and damaged DNA during the catalytic cycle.
Neuroprotection of Cannabidiol, Its Synthetic Derivatives and Combination Preparations against Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Neurological Disorders
Authors: Yousaf Muhammad , Chang Dennis , Liu Yang , Liu Tianqing , Zhou Xian
Published: August 2022

The lack of effective treatment for neurological disorders has encouraged the search for novel therapeutic strategies. Remarkably, neuroinflammation provoked by the activated microglia is emerging as an important therapeutic target for neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system. In the pathological context, the hyperactivation of microglia leads to neuroinflammation through the release of neurotoxic molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, proteinases, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa L. CBD has promising therapeutic effects based on mounting clinical and preclinical studies of neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, ischemic brain injuries, neuropathic pain, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. A number of preclinical studies suggested that CBD exhibited potent inhibitory effects of neurotoxic molecules and inflammatory modulators, highlighting its remarkable therapeutic potential for the treatment of numerous neurological disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of action underpinning CBD’s effects on neuroinflammation appear to be complex and are poorly understood. This review summarises the anti-neuroinflammatory activities of CBD against various neurological disorders with a particular focus on their main molecular mechanisms of action, which were related to the downregulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS, TLR4-NFκB and IFN-β-JAK-STAT pathways. We also illustrate the pharmacological action of CBD’s derivatives focusing on their anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects for neurological disorders. We included the studies that demonstrated synergistic enhanced anti-neuroinflammatory activity using CBD and other biomolecules. The studies that are summarised in the review shed light on the development of CBD, including its derivatives and combination preparations as novel therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders where neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathological components.
Photothermal Responsivity of van der Waals Material-Based Nanomechanical Resonators
Authors: Aguila Myrron Albert Callera , Esmenda Joshoua Condicion , Wang Jyh-Yang , Chen Yen-Chun , Lee Teik-Hui , Yang Chi-Yuan , Lin Kung-Hsuan , Chang-Liao Kuei-Shu , Kafanov Sergey , Pashkin Yuri A. , Chen Chii-Dong
Published: August 2022

Nanomechanical resonators made from van der Waals materials (vdW NMRs) provide a new tool for sensing absorbed laser power. The photothermal response of vdW NMRs, quantified from the resonant frequency shifts induced by optical absorption, is enhanced when incorporated in a Fabry–Pérot (FP) interferometer. Along with the enhancement comes the dependence of the photothermal response on NMR displacement, which lacks investigation. Here, we address the knowledge gap by studying electromotively driven niobium diselenide drumheads fabricated on highly reflective substrates. We use a FP-mediated absorptive heating model to explain the measured variations of the photothermal response. The model predicts a higher magnitude and tuning range of photothermal responses on few-layer and monolayer NbSe2 drumheads, which outperform other clamped vdW drum-type NMRs at a laser wavelength of 532 nm. Further analysis of the model shows that both the magnitude and tuning range of NbSe2 drumheads scale with thickness, establishing a displacement-based framework for building bolometers using FP-mediated vdW NMRs.
Free Vibrations of Bernoulli-Euler Nanobeams with Point Mass Interacting with Heavy Fluid Using Nonlocal Elasticity
Authors: Barretta Raffaele , Čanađija Marko , Marotti de Sciarra Francesco , Skoblar Ante
Published: August 2022

Eigenfrequencies of a nanobeam with a point mass interacting with a heavy fluid are calculated using Bernoulli-Euler kinematics and consistent nonlocal elasticity model. The proposed approach is applicable to a variety of nanotechnology materials and structures, especially mass nanosensors. Eigenfrequencies are compared with those of local theory and conclusions are drawn. Influence of nonlocal effects, heavy fluid interaction and added point mass on dynamic responses is analyzed and the results are documented. Size phenomena are noted and discussed.
Study of Interactions between Titanium Dioxide Coating and Wood Cell Wall Ultrastructure
Authors: Svora Petr , Svorová Pawełkowicz Sylwia , Ecorchard Petra , Plocek Jiří , Schieberová Alena , Prošek Zdeněk , Ptáček Petr , Pošta Jan , Targowski Piotr , Kuklík Petr , Jakubec Ivo
Published: August 2022

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as a UV light absorber to protect wood matter from photodegradation. In this paper, interactions between wood and TiO2 coating are studied, and the efficiency of the coating is evaluated. For the experiments, two wood species were chosen: beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pine (Pinus sylvestris). Molecular and physical modifications in coated and uncoated wood exposed to UV radiation were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to describe the absorption of UV light by the TiO2 planar particles chosen for the experiment. It was demonstrated that TiO2 coating protects wood against photodegradation to a limited extent. TEM micrographs showed fissures in the wood matter around clusters of TiO2 particles in beech wood.
A Strategy for Preparing Solid Polymer Electrolytes Containing In Situ Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles with Excellent Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Xu Yinsi , Li Jun , Li Wanggen
Published: August 2022

ZnO nanoparticles were successfully in situ synthesized in the form of PEO–COO− modified ZnO by a three-step method, based on which the solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) with excellent electrochemical performance, were prepared. The evolution of the electrochemical and mechanical performances of the SPEs with the ZnO content (0–5 wt.%) was investigated in detail. The mechanical property of the SPEs demonstrated a Λ-shaped change trend as increasing the ZnO content, so that the highest value was acquired at 3 wt.% ZnO. The SPE containing 3 wt.% ZnO had the most outstanding electrochemical performance, which was significantly better than that containing directly-added ZnO (2 wt.%). Compared with the latter, the ion conductivity of the former was improved by approximately 299.05% (1.255 × 10−3 S·cm−1 at 60 °C). The lithium-ion migration number was improved from 0.768 to 0.858. The electrochemical window was enhanced from 5.25 V to 5.50 V. When the coin cell was subject to the cycling (three cycles in turn from 0.1 C to 3 C, and subsequent fifty cycles at 1 C), the 68.73% specific capacity was retained (106.8 mAh·g−1). This investigation provides a feasible approach to prepare the SPEs with excellent service performance.
Influence of Extrusion Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy AM60 and an AM60-Based Metal Matrix Nanocomposite
Authors: Giannopoulou Danai , Bohlen Jan , Ben Khalifa Noomane , Dieringa Hajo
Published: August 2022

Metal matrix nanocomposites are attracting attention because of their great potential for improved mechanical properties and possible functionalization. These hybrid materials are often produced by casting processes, but they can also develop their property profile after hot working, e.g., by forging or extrusion. In this study, a commercial cast magnesium alloy AM60 was enriched with 1 wt.% AlN nanoparticles and extruded into round bars with varied extrusion rates. The same process was carried out with unreinforced AM60 in order to determine the influences of the AlN nanoparticles in direct comparison. The influence of extrusion speed on the recrystallization behavior as well the effect of nanoparticles on the microstructure evolution and the particle-related strengthening are discussed and assessed with respect to the resulting mechanical performance.
Highly Sensitive and Ultra-Responsive Humidity Sensors Based on Graphene Oxide Active Layers and High Surface Area Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Paterakis George , Vaughan Eoghan , Gawade Dinesh R. , Murray Richard , Gorgolis George , Matsalis Stefanos , Anagnostopoulos George , Buckley John L. , O’Flynn Brendan , Quinn Aidan J. , Iacopino Daniela , Galiotis Costas
Published: August 2022

Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited on spiral LIG electrodes exhibited high sensitivity up to 1800 pF/% RH at 22 °C, which is higher than previously reported LIG/GO sensors. The high performance was ascribed to the high density of the hydroxyl groups of GO, promoted by post-synthesis sonication treatment, resulting in high water physisorption rates. As a result, the sensors also displayed good stability and short response/recovery times across a wide tested range of 0–97% RH. The fabricated sensors were benchmarked against commercial humidity sensors and displayed comparable performance and stability. Finally, the sensors were integrated with a near-field communication tag to function as a wireless, battery-less humidity sensor platform for easy read-out of environmental humidity values using smartphones.
Phosphorylated Poly(vinyl alcohol) Electrospun Mats for Protective Equipment Applications
Authors: Serbezeanu Diana , Vlad-Bubulac Tăchiță , Onofrei Mihaela Dorina , Doroftei Florica , Hamciuc Corneliu , Ipate Alina-Mirela , Anisiei Alexandru , Lisa Gabriela , Anghel Ion , Şofran Ioana-Emilia , Popescu Vasilica
Published: August 2022

The development of intelligent materials for protective equipment applications is still growing, with enormous potential to improve the safety of personnel functioning in specialized professions, such as firefighters. The design and production of such materials by the chemical modification of biodegradable semisynthetic polymers, accompanied by modern manufacturing techniques such as electrospinning, which may increase specific properties of the targeted material, continue to attract the interest of researchers. Phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)s have been, thus, synthesized and utilized to prepare environmentally friendly electrospun mats. Poly(vinyl alcohol)s of three different molecular weights and degrees of hydrolysis were phosphorylated by polycondensation reaction in solution in the presence of phenyl dichlorophosphate in order to enhance their flame resistance and thermal stability. The thermal behavior and the flame resistance of the resulting phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) products were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and by cone calorimetry at a micro scale. Based on the as-synthesized phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)s, electrospun mats were successfully fabricated by the electrospinning process. Rheology studies were performed to establish the optimal conditions of the electrospinning process, and scanning electron microscopy investigations were undertaken to observe the morphology of the phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun mats.
Sex–Gender Differences in Adult Coeliac Disease at Diagnosis and Gluten-Free-Diet Follow-Up
Authors: Galli Gloria , Amici Giulia , Conti Laura , Lahner Edith , Annibale Bruno , Carabotti Marilia
Published: August 2022

Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion. At CD diagnosis, gender differences have been previously reported, but data regarding follow-up are scant. We investigated gender differences in CD adult patients both at the time of diagnosis and at follow-up after the start of the gluten-free diet (GFD). This is a longitudinal cohort study on adult CD patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2019. Clinical, biochemical, and histological data were assessed and compared between males and females. At diagnosis, female gender was significantly associated with signs of malabsorption (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.4–7.9), longer duration of symptoms and/or signs before the diagnosis (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.5–7.5), heartburn (OR 2.99; 95% CI: 1.1–8.0), dyspepsia (OR 2.70; 95% CI: 1.1–6.5), nausea/vomit (OR 3.53; 95% CI: 1.1–10.9), and constipation (OR 4.84; 95% CI: 1.2–19.6) and less frequently associated to higher body mass index (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.8–0.9) and osteopenia/osteoporosis (OR 0.30; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7) compared to male patients. After 12–30 months, females presented lower median BMI, performed less frequently histological control, and had more frequently anaemia and hypoferritinaemia compared to males. No significant differences concerning the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, adherence to GFD, and Marsh score were found. Gender differences found at CD diagnosis mostly disappear at the follow-up, showing that these differences can be solved over time.
The Effect of Probiotics Use on Salivary Cariogenic Bacteria in Orthodontic Patients with Various Caries Risk Status
Authors: Chen Liang-Ru , Lai Chia-Li , Chen Jun-Peng , Kao Chia-Tze
Published: August 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in intraoral cariogenic bacteria density after probiotic use in patients with orthodontic treatment, and to compare the impact of probiotics in patients with various caries risk status. Methods: Patients that planned to receive orthodontic treatment were recruited according to this study’s inclusion/exclusion criteria. A probiotic prescription (Lactobacteria 3 mg, Glycobacteria 2 mg) was started one month after the initial orthodontic treatment. Saliva sampling and cultures using a CRT kit (caries risk test) were performed at three time points (T0, T1, T2). Mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacilli (LB) density were evaluated and scored using the interpretation chart in the CRT kit to evaluate the change in bacteria density at three time points, to define the high and low caries risk prior to orthodontic treatment, and to evaluate if there were differences in probiotics between the high and low caries risk groups. Results: Thirty-three orthodontic patients were enrolled, twenty-two classified as high caries risk and eleven as low caries risk. After undergoing treatment for one month, the densities of MS and LB increased significantly (p = 0.011, p = 0.001); probiotics for one month decreased the density of MS and LB, but the differences were statistically nonsignificant (p = 0.109, p = 0.109). Patients classified as low risk of caries demonstrated an increase in MS and LB density one month after orthodontic treatment (p = 0.024, p = 0.001), probiotic use did not result in a significant reduction in bacteria density (p = 1000, p = 0.933). In patients with high caries risk, there were no statistically significant changes in MS count between the three time points (p = 0.127); a significant change in LB density occurred at T0–T1 (p = 0.011) only. Conclusions: Supplemental use of probiotic oral tablets during orthodontic treatment aimed at reducing cariogenic bacteria count in saliva did not achieve significant differences, regardless of patients’ risk status for caries.
Kidney Bean Fermented Broth Alleviates Hyperlipidemic by Regulating Serum Metabolites and Gut Microbiota Composition
Authors: Pang Weiqiao , Wang Di , Zuo Zhaohang , Wang Ying , Sun Wei , Zhang Naidan , Zhang Dongjie
Published: August 2022

Hyperlipidemia with fat accumulation and weight gain causes metabolic diseases and endangers human body health easily which is accompanied by metabolic abnormalities and intestinal flora disorders. In this study, the kidney bean fermented broth (KBF) was used in rats that were fed a high-fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia in order to subsequently analyse the serum metabolomics and gut microbiota modulatoration. The results show that the contents of the total polyphenols and total flavonoids in the KBF were up three and one times, while energy and carbohydrates decreased. In the HFD-induced hyperlipidemic model, body weight, organ weight, and the level of blood lipids (ALT, AST, TG, TC) were lower in rats treated with KBF than in the controls. Metabonomics indicate that there were significant differences in serum metabolomics between the KBF and the HFD. KBF could significantly improve the glycerophospholipids, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism and amino acid metabolism of hyperlipidemic rats and then improve the symptoms of hypersterol and fat accumulation in rats. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria increased while pathogenic bacteria decreased after the intervention of KBF. KBF ameliorates dyslipidemia of HFD-induced hyperlipidemic via modulating the blood metabolism and the intestinal microbiota. Collectively, these findings suggest that KBF could be developed as a functional food for anti-hyperlipidemia.