bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La peste nord-africaine et la théorie de Charles Nicolle sur les maladies infectieuses
Authors: Néfissa Kmar Ben , Moulin Anne Marie
Published: December 2020

Many infectious diseases were described in North Africa in 18th–19th centuries by European travellers. Most of them were allegedly imported by new migrant populations coming from sub-Saharan, European or Middle East countries. Plague outbreaks have been described since the Black Death as diseases of the Mediterranean harbours. Charles Nicolle and his collaborators at the Pasteur Institute were witnesses to the extinction of plague and typhus fever in Tunisia. Both could be considered as endemo-epidemic diseases propagated by ancient nomad communities for centuries. Typhus was exported to other countries; plague was imported by Mediterranean travellers but also hid in unknown wild-animal reservoirs. The role of the bite of a rat’s flea was not confirmed and the pneumonic form might have prevailed in the medieval North African cities. Association between plague, typhus, flu and other causes of immune deficiencies could explain the high morbidity and mortality caused by plague in the past. The authors comment the local history of plague at the light of the evolutionary laws of infectious disease proposed by Charles Nicolle in 1930.
La machine plus que machine ou l’automate transfiguré. L’anthropologie de Julien Offray de La Mettrie et la réinvention du mécanisme médical
Authors: Presti Roberto Lo
Published: December 2020

In this paper I take into account an image, or concept, that of ‘machine’, and more precisely one of its most problematic and controversial derivations, that of ‘man-machine’, which are at the basis of all the representations, and in particular medical representations, of the human action as a result of an ‘automatism’ as well as of man as an ‘automaton’. More in detail, I try to analyse the theoretical framework, the rhetorical structure and the medical derivation of Julien Offray de la Mettrie’s concept of the ‘man-machine’, and to cast light on a double phenomenon of semantic distortion and of individuation of new shades of meaning that the semantic field of the ‘mechanical’ underwent in La Mettrie’s thought.
Les propriétés des remèdes simples selon Avicenne (980–1037): analyse de quelques passages du Canon
Authors: Ayari-Lassueur Sylvie
Published: December 2020

Avicenna spoke on pharmacology in several works, and this article con siders his discussions in the Canon, a vast synthesis of the greco-arabian medicine of his time. More precisely, it focuses on book II, which treats simple medicines. This text makes evident that the Persian physician’s central preoccupation was the efficacy of the treatment, since it concentrates on the pro perties of medicines. In this context, the article examines their different classifications and related topics, such as the notion of temperament, central to Avicenna’s thought, and the concrete effects medicines have on the body. Yet, these theoretical notions only have sense in practical application. For Avicenna, medicine is both a theoretical and a practical science. For this reason, the second book of the Canon ends with an imposing pharmacopoeia, where the properties described theoretically at the beginning of the book appear in the list of simple medicines, so that the physician can select them according to the intended treatment’s goals. The article analyzes a plant from this pharmacopoeia as an example of this practical application, making evident the logic Avicenna uses in detailing the different properties of each simple medicine.
Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier (1799–1877): orthopédiste, chirurgien et promoteur de l’éducation physique
Authors: Monet Jacques , Quin Grégory
Published: December 2020

This article establishes the biography of a little known physician of the 19th century., whose commitment with orthopaedics and formulation of medical gymnastics was important: the surgeon-orthopaedist Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier. Several constitutive processes of the medical field of the 19th century are analysed: specialization (around orthopaedics), pro - fessionalization and development of various therapeutic and hygienic methods (among them medical gymnastics). Bouvier’s biography is particularly instructive and sheds new light on these different processes, as well as on the institutionalization of orthopaedics from the 1820’s up to the 1870’s, at the intersection between medical and educative fields, between hospital, medical faculty and teaching of gymnastics.
La pratique physique et sportive féminine à l’aube du XXe siècle: moyen technique de maintien d’une définition normative des corps, l’exemple de la menstruation
Authors: Bohuon Anaïs
Published: December 2020

End of the 19th century France is characterized by a wave of hygiene campaigns corresponding to a dominant depopulation phenomenon. It is in this context that a law is introduced in 1880 which stipulates that gymnastics should be taught in all boy’s schools: the “loi George”, whose provisions are soon extended to girls. Female physical and sports practice is thus structured politically and scientifically as a project of quantitative and qualitative regeneration of “race”, based on the Lamarckian idea according to which health and physical improvement of the individual is transmitted to their descendants. This paper describes the socio-historical conditions of the construction of medical discourses about female physical and sports practice as well as their plurality and foundation, from 1880 to 1920, when the First Medical Congress on child and female Physical Education took place. Ambiguities, tensions, and contradictions of the politics of health and regeneration of the female body through physical and sports practice are analyzed.
L’empirisme médical, d’un mythe à l’autre. Une lecture critique de Naissance de la clinique de Michel Foucault
Authors: de Calan Ronan
Published: December 2020

The new history of the clinic, developed mainly after the publication of Othmar Keel’s L’avènement de la médecine clinique moderne en Europe, 1750–1815 in 2001, invites the scholars to turn upside down the chronology adopted by Michel Foucault in his classic Birth of the Clinic. This paper investigates the philosophical consequences of this chronological displacement, showing that the medical empiricism of the clinic cannot have the characteristics attributed by Foucault. If the myth of the purity of such empiricism cannot be taken seriously anymore thanks to Foucault, is has been substituted by the myth of the creation of the clinic on the basis of enlightened empiricism. The clinic is, however, older than empiricism à la Condillac. It refers to an earlier medical empiricism developed in the 17th century which in its turn allowed for Condillac’s philosophy. The clinic had in fact to choose between an elder medical empiricism and a new chemical empirism that appeared in the late 17th century. But the clinic was not a creation of the Enlightenment.
La science et le scientifique: confronter les points de vue sur les explorations d’Alfred Grandidier
Authors: Monnier Jehanne-Emmanuelle
Published: December 2020

This article embraces the different ways a scientist traveller and his fieldworks can be perceived through the case of Alfred Grandidier in South America, in India and in Madagascar (1857–1870). Our aim is to deal with various aspects of historical scientific exploration and to draw a picture of the erudite traveller by crossing various and complementary points of view. Scientific works can be received very differently, depending on the place and the nature of the addresses, whether they are authorities wishing to take advantage of it, native people fearing for their safety or disciples glorifying their idol. The concept of science itself and the status of the scientist raise the question of mutual understanding between the explorer and his con - temporaries, in Paris or in a remote place. Alfred Grandidier’s example is particularly relevant to reveal different visions of scientist traveller as promoted in the 19th century, as well as the various perceptions that a scientific work can have depending on the public it impacts.
Naturschutz und Naturgeschichte um 1900. Der Beitrag der Basler Vettern Sarasin
Authors: Simon Christian
Published: December 2020

Conservation and Natural History around 1900: The Contribution of the Sarasin Cousins.

Some basic concepts for the creation of the Swiss National Park were derived from observations made in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and New Cale donia. European researchers feared that the study of «virgin nature» would no longer be possible, as various species would soon become extinct under the combined influences of colonial practices and profit-oriented capitalism. While the motives for protecting nature originated from experiences made in the southern hemisphere, their scientific concept of conservation was based on European natural history and the related theories of evolution. In the light of this approach, endangered zoological and botanical species as well as «primitive» varieties of man were appreciated as «documents» to be preserved within their original environment for future scientific reference and research. Museum collections and reservations (parks) were two types of repositories connected to each other by the same objective.
Médecine, philosophie et révolution scientifique. Une étude bibliographique
Authors: Crignon Claire , Antoine-Mahut Delphine
Published: December 2020

This article examines the place that has been reserved for medicine in the historiography of the sciences. More precisely, it focuses on the motifs that have lead historians of science to grant only a minor role to medicine within the movement commonly designated by the notion of the “scientific revolution”. Among those motifs, the persistent and late application of teleological schemas in the thinking of the biological and the difficulties in “mathematizing” anatomy are often invoked. Starting with an overview of the critical literature on the topic, this bibliographical essay shows how the situation has changed over the last decades. The opposition between, on the one hand, the physical sciences founded on a model of mechanistic explanation of nature and, on the other hand, the life sciences that remained guided by a finalist mode of thinking are today much put into question. What we find today is more open reflection on the diversity of “models” for understanding the living, and on how to integrate them into more complex schemas than those that simply oppose mechanism and teleology. The essay is finally based on discussions and debates among medical doctors and philosophers in the modern period, and insists on the importance of studying this “medico-philosophical” tradition in order to avoid reconstructing a posteriori a mythical history that trends to consecrate a single model of rationality.
“A word from man to man”. Interwar Venereal Disease Education Films for Military Audiences in France
Authors: Bonah Christian
Published: December 2020

In the 1910s, in the wake of the glorious decade of syphilography (1900–1910), the early health education films lay the groundwork for a pragmatic approach to the containment of venereal diseases combining (early) diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. Realizing that WWI was turning into a durable military conflict, the French Army created a Cinematographic Section (SCA) in 1915 for the purposes of war propaganda and documentation. In 1916, secretary of war Justin Godard declared syphilis a “national public danger” and initiated information campaigns in military and civilian spheres. Conferences accompanied with film screenings were organized for all new military recruits, resulting in the production of a series sex hygiene films for military audiences characterized by a short, evocative and precise documentary style, contrasting with the romantic sex hygiene films aimed at the general public. This contribution examines the cinematographic origins of the instructional films for the military, as well as their evolution up to WWII and their influence on public sex hygiene films for civilians in the interwar period in France.
Von der Geomorphologie des Aargau zu den militärischen Pathologien Europas. Das Militär als Schnittpunkt anthropologischer Krisendiskurse, 1860–1900
Authors: Hartmann Heinrich
Published: December 2020

Military statistics and medical research were closely related over the 19th century. The army not only made use of these new forms of knowledge, but also provided an important institutional setting through the military medicine, which was of crucial importance to medical research in the 19th century. Besides that, Swiss military also played a crucial role in new geographical and geological research, resulting in a series of new mapping projects.

This article looks on the ways, in which military context gained influence on scientific research practices in the second half of the 19th century, by analyzing the case of Heinrich Bircher’s work on military recruiting statistics and the endemic goiter. New mapping projects and statistical practices were linked, transforming big parts of the country into pathological spaces. Coming from this point, the article discusses in how far the military context lead to politicizing medical discourses and, furthermore, linked them to discourses of an anthropological crisis, common in many European countries.
Mobilisierung des Blutes. Blutspendedienst, Blutgruppenforschung und totale Landesverteidigung in der Schweiz, 1940–1960
Authors: Germann Pascal
Published: December 2020

During World War II and the early Cold War period, a rapid development of the blood transfusion service and a boom in blood group research occurred in Switzerland. Unprecedented volumes of blood were stored and enormous quantities of blood group data were recorded. In the following paper I will argue that this mobilization of blood was strongly shaped by military institutions and aims. The military worked closely with the Red Cross in order to build a blood transfusion service that was supposed to guarantee a permanent readiness for war and help prepare the nation for an imagined nuclear conflict. Concurrently, geneticists, anthropologists, and physicians obtained new opportunities for scientific research in collaboration with the military and the Red Cross enabling them access to comprehensive military data and modern serological laboratories. The paper points out how this cooperation between the military and the sciences influenced and transformed the cultural meanings, the medical uses of as well as the knowledge about human blood.
Savants et amateurs ornithologues au tournant des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: la littérature en partage?
Authors: Weber Anne-Gaëlle
Published: December 2020

Ornithology has emerged as a science at the turn of the 18th century. To become a self-sufficient scientific discipline, studies of birds had to distinguish themselves from luxury, trade and poetry. Scholars had to invent new ways of writing, different from the beautiful and ornamented books on birds, even if these books were often published by other scholars who had been expelled from academic institutions and therefore considered as «amateurs». The same scholars needed the help of «amateurs» in order to observe and explain bird migration. First ornithological discourses in Europe and the United States illustrate the relationships between scholars, authors and «amateurs» and show how these words can be used in different meanings.
Forms of Empirical Observation and Argumentative Structures in Julien Offray de la Mettrie’s Observations de médecine pratique (1743)
Authors: Presti Roberto Lo
Published: December 2020

In this paper I examine one of Julien Offray de La Mettrie’s most interesting, but also most neglected, medical works, Observations de médecine pratique (1743). I attempt both to assess its place in the wider context of eighteenth-century medical Empiricism and Neo-Hippocratism and also to understand to what extent La Mettrie’s call for a medical practice based on observation can be considered as an expression of the long-term intellectual and epistemological process that culminated in the birth of clinical medicine.
Cabanis and the Philosophy of Human Passions: The Medicalization of Morals and the Politicization of Medicine
Authors: Gaille Marie
Published: December 2020

Cabanis established a connection between three philosophically crucial issues: the relationship between body and soul, body and mind; the status and place occupied by medicine in politics; the content of anthropological theory. To him, an understanding of the moral dimension of human existence can be gained only on the basis of the knowledge of the physical person. This contribution focuses on the meaning and scope of Cabanis’ materialistic anthropology. Based on a commentary of the Rapports and of Cabanis’ previous works, it highlights the attention paid by Cabanis to the complex processes and interactions that give birth to the moral manifestations of human life. It allows to depart from a linear interpretation of his main thesis. This contribution also aims at proposing an analysis of the place granted to physiological knowledge in regard of the specific goals pursued by political bodies, in a complementary approach to Staum’s interpretation of Cabanis’ thought.
Development Aid and Solidarity Work: East and West German Health Cooperation with Low-Income Countries, 1945 to 1970
Authors: Bruchhausen Walter , Borowy Iris
Published: December 2020

Between 1949 and 1989, both the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the East, engaged in health-related relations with low-income countries in the global South. The strong position of the churches in West Germany and the dominant position of the state in the East provided the preconditions for diverging international health activities, as did differences in ideology and economic status. Activities entailed similarities (an initial focus on clinical therapy and material donations) and differences (in scale, composition of actors and conceptualization). Programs evolved gradually, reacting to circumstances rather than a master plan. By the late 1960s, international health assistance was mainly organized as a component of “development aid” in the FRG, while regarded as “solidarity” in the GDR, in both cases designed to spur changes in recipient countries according to the respective Northern models as components of a perceived direct, global East-West confrontation.
Outside the Family of Nations: First Thoughts on Writing a History of Public Health from the Perspective of Outlier Nations
Authors: Solomon Susan Gross , Murard Lion
Published: December 2020

Notwithstanding the current declarations by spokesmen for and proponents of global health, there remain “outlier” countries: countries unwilling to accede to monitoring or surveillance (e.g. China and avian flu; China and SARS); countries lacking the infrastructural and professional capacity to join cooperative global programs to fight epidemics; countries/regions that have populations with divergent approaches to health goals and practices.

What, if any, are the historical precedents of the idea of “outliers”? The paper will argue that in the three decades between 1920 and 1950, internationally-minded statesmen, working in philanthropies with transnational “reach” or in international health agencies, operated with two additional categories of outliers.

First, countries with political systems judged “inimical” to democracy (e.g. Soviet Russia, post-war Germany). International public health statesmen often engaged such countries by hiving off (at least notionally) the political system from public health. What was the cost to the understanding of public health of the hiving off of the political? At other times, international health spokesmen explicitly linked transnational cooperation/assistance they offered to a program of democratization. To what extent was that linkage accepted by leading health voices in the target countries?

Second, there were countries whose health “civilizations” had not yet progressed fully beyond nineteenth century public hygiene. Including these countries in international health programs involved nothing less than pushing out the frontiers of civilization. In dealing with these countries, health statesmen operated with the initial assumption that capacity and orientation to social medicine could be shaped from the outside. Extended experience on the ground (site visits, field work, cooperative programs) convinced those statesmen of the value of local (and regional) approaches and of the possibility of combining those approaches with international ways of conceptualizing public health. What factors shaped the inclusion/exclusion of countries from the category of “civilized” nations?
Les dynamiques d’une célébrité transnationale: Théodore Tronchin et l’inoculation de l’Infant Ferdinand de Parme en 1764
Authors: Lorandi Giacomo
Published: December 2020

The dynamics of a transnational celebrity: Théodore Tronchin and the inoculation of the Infant Ferdinand of Parma in 1764 The aim of this article is to propose a reflection on the topics of reputation, fame and celebrity in Europe during 18th century, using as a starting point the case of the Swiss physician Théodore Tronchin (1709–1781). Born in Geneva, he was educated in London and in Leyden as pupil of the eminent Boerhaave; at this stage of his career, he gained valuable experience in the treatment of smallpox, especially following his inoculation of the offspring of Duke of Orleans in 1756, making him a celebrity across Europe.

Beginning with the examination of the inoculation of the Infant Ferdinand of Parma (1764), the last step of his upward social mobility, we may better understand both his trajectory, up to his achievement of transnational celebrity, and the factors that facilitated it: his methods of care, inspired by Hippocratic medicine and empiricism; his sociability, in particular in the salons of the aristocracy, where Tronchin had a close relationship with the ladies directly involved in his curative methods, and his academic network, which was spread all over Europe
La médicalisation de la procréation en Transjordanie. Trajectoires féminines à l’époque du Mandat
Authors: Maffi Irene
Published: December 2020

The article focusses on the medicalisation of procreation promoted by the colonial governement in Transjordan and on the consequent transformation of birth practices in the local society. It specifically investigates the impact of public health policies on colonised women’s lives considering the ways the former changed local procreation practices and the new life trajectories they elicited for the women who chose to train as birth attendants. Transjordanian midwives and nurses trained in the newly imposed biomedical system became at the same time objects and agents of social change contributing in the long term to the transformation of birth, parenting and family representations.
Debatten um die Trinkwasserfl uoridierung in der Schweiz am Beispiel von Basel-Stadt und Zürich seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Fromherz Ariane
Published: December 2020

The fl uoridation of drinking water was introduced in several cities in the United States from 1945 onward on a trial basis, which marked the beginning of fl uoride prophylaxis in dentistry. Following the American example, the Basel-City Parliament passed community water fl uoridation in 1959. In Zurich, salt fl uoridation was gradually introduced in the 1950s and 60s. In the following essay, the initial adoption of the American fl uoridation literature in the 1940s and 50s by Swiss authorities, the dental scientifi c community and the media is portrayed. Subsequently, the fl uoridation policies of the cantons Basel-City and Zurich from the 1950s until the abolishment of water fl uoridation in Basel in 2003, will be compared. The question as to why Basel-City and Zurich chose different universal fl uoridation methods will be answered by examining the role of the key players involved, their background and evidence.
Burning Questions: Spontaneous Human Combustion in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Lynn Michael R.
Published: December 2020

Spontaneous human combustion shocked and confused people in early modern France. Without a body to examine or eyewitness reports savants had diffi culty determining its causes. Nonetheless, people like Claude-Nicolas Le Cat and Pierre-Aimé Lair, sought to determine the causes of these events and provide a logical explanation for their appearance. This article analyzes the various arguments used by scholars to help rationalize a phenomenon that was simultaneously a medical conundrum and a holdover from the age of marvels and wonders.
The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Perspective
Authors: de Germiny Lorraine , Tran Thang Nhu-Hoang , Trinh Duong Ba
Published: December 2020

The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA) represented the culmination of three years of negotiations between the EU and Vietnam. Although it remainsto be ratified, it promises to have an impact on the international investment treaty landscape. The treaty contains innovations ranging from its definition of the substantive protections afforded to foreign investors to its definition of ‘investments’ and ‘investors’ that may qualify for those protections, as well as the procedural modalities for the treatment of possible disputes. Its most distinctive trait, however, is its establishment of a semi-permanent adjudicatory body akin to an investment court in replacement of the arbitration model envisaged by the vast majority of investment treaties over the past several decades. Rather than attempt to reform, the evipa drafters have done tabula rasa and opted for revolution instead. The EVIPA’S envisaged method to select, appoint, and remunerate the members of that body – both at the first instance level and at the appellate level – represents an abrupt and profound abandonment of the traditional arbitration model so frequently and presently used in international disputes around the world. The evipa may thus present an opportunity to test an alternative dispute resolution system and thus to aid in determining the most effective and appropriate method to resolve the international investor-State disputes of the future.
CJEU Opinion 1/17: Keeping International Investment Law and EU Law Strictly Apart
Authors: Lavranos Nikos
Published: December 2020

With Opinion 1/17, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) approved the Investment Court System (ICS) contained in the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada. This means that the EU can proceed with the ratification process of the investment protection part of CETA and the other free trade agreements it has concluded, and which contain a similar ICS. However, as the author illustrates, the approval of the ICS is conditioned by a complete isolation of EU law from international investment law. More specifically, the CJEU made clear that the ceta tribunals operate outside the EU legal order and have no power to interpret or apply EU law. At the same time, the CJEU highlighted the importance that the ceta Parties adopt supplemental rules for reducing the financial burden for access to the ICS for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES). Additionally, the CJEU rejected the currently existing possibility that binding joint interpretations of the ceta Parties could have retroactive effect. In sum, the approval of the ICS by the CJEU enables the European Commission to continue to develop the multilateral investment court (MIC) within the uncitral Working Group iii as long as it follows the blueprint of the CETA ICS.
The Path to a Multilateral Investment Court – Keynote to the 4th EFILA Annual Conference 2019
Authors: Brown Colin
Published: December 2020

Colin Brown, representing the European Commission, presented the EU’s view on the reform of the investment dispute settlement system. At the core of the EU’s proposal is the creation of a permanent Multilateral Investment Court (MIC) with full-time judges. According to the EU, only a permanent standing two-tier mechanism with full-time judges can effectively address the concerns regarding the currently existing investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) system in respect of which reform is – according to the EU – desirable.
Leh Laweng: Reinventing “Lakhon Phanthang” Hybrid Dance Theatre in a Post-Traditional Style
Authors: Jirajarupat Phakamas , Rattanachaiwong Nataporn
Published: December 2020

Leh Laweng (The Wiles of Laweng) was a new dance-drama the authors created in 2019 in a post-traditional style of “Lakhon Phanthang” or hybrid dance theatre form. Working in our faculty’s theatre, the authors developed an original woman-centerd plot from the well-known Thai epic poem The Story of Phra Aphai Mani by Sunthorn Phu. Our new four-act script focused on the key, but neglected, figure Laweng – a Western-styled warrior queen – and reworked traditional modes of presentation to better convey a new sensibility for today’s audiences. While performed by traditional performers, cast for their abilities in traditional dancing and their knowledge, without regard to their gender, their acting also incorporated some modern theatrical techniques. The new style of this hybrid Thai dance play sought to convey a new message to contemporary audiences, while retaining key aspects of the Thai traditional form and taking on a more contemporary look. The process of reinventing Lakhon Phanthang into a post-traditional performance allowed artists, academics, and students to enrich their knowledge and through this new hybrid play for today’s audiences.
Performance Research Seen through the Lens of Cultural Ecology: A Case Study of an Innovative Production at Chiang Mai’s Lanna Wisdom School
Authors: Damrhung Pornrat
Published: December 2020

This paper examines a performance project called Kita Natakan Lanna (Lanna Music and Dance) done by the artist, Saran Suwanachote, or Khru Nick, a dancer in the Northern martial dance form of “Choeng,” at the local arts and culture center known as the Lanna Wisdom School in Chiang Mai. By working with Khru Nick and observing how he produced a new work for this project, I learned that he used an approach based on a local form of cultural life made of interconnected parts, and used the concept of Rabob Niwet or “ecology.” This system is used to transmit distinct forms of local “wisdom,” including artistic knowledge, in Northern Thailand. This ecosystem approach is being used to develop innovative and sustainable ways to include performance practices and knowledge in projects linking Bangkok’s universities to local urban communities with support from Chulalongkorn University’s new Research Cluster in the Arts and Culture.
The Impact of the Sinsai Roo Jai Ton Project on the Development of Local Culture and Contemporary Performance in Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Akkapram Pachaya
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the diverse impacts of the Sinsai Roo Jai Ton research project based at Khon Kaen University from 2016 to 2019. Designed as a puppet performance by university students working with local artists in northeastern Thailand (Isan), the project inspired many other groups interested in making puppet performances by collaborating with local artists in Isan communities. Beyond collaborative performances, the project developed new interests in students who participated in the project and helped develop new types of teaching and learning, of research, and creating contemporary performances from artistic materials in local Isan communities such as narratives, stories, folk singing and playing music, murals, folk-dance, traditions and rituals, by using modern drama/theatre concepts and techniques as tools to find creative methods to present a new contemporary performance, to communicate new voices, ideas and aesthetics to audiences and to shape new modes of Isan identity.
On Sahastata (Araneae: Filistatidae): complementary description of the generotype and two new species from Oman and Morocco
Authors: MAGALHAES IVAN L. F. , STOCKMANN MARK , MARUSIK YURI M. , ZONSTEIN SERGEI L.
Published: December 2020

The Filistatinae genus Sahastata Benoit, 1968 is distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, from westernmost Sahara to India, and includes seven known species. Four of these are only known from one sex, including Sahastata nigra (Simon, 1897), the type species. Here we present the first description of a male of this species collected near the type locality in Muscat, Oman. Additionally, two new species are described: S. wunderlichi sp. nov. (♂♀, Morocco) and S. wesolowskae sp. nov. (♂♀, Oman). Sahastata infuscata (Kulczyński, 1901) is newly recorded from Kenya and Yemen and S. nigra is newly recorded from the United Arab Emirates. DNA barcodes are given for S. nigra and the two new species. We observed some details of the life cycle of three Sahastata species, including clutch size, time to maturation, and a biased sex ratio for individuals raised from egg sacs, indicating that only 20–25% of specimens reaching adulthood are males. We provide SEM images of spiders of this genus, some observations on the morphology of spinnerets and male palps, and a distribution map of the species included in the genus.
A survey of Diphya Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from South Africa
Authors: OMELKO MIKHAIL M. , MARUSIK YURI M. , LYLE ROBIN
Published: December 2020

In this paper, five species of Diphya Nicolet, 1849 are recognized in the fauna of South Africa. Four of these species are new: D. foordi sp. nov. (♂♀), D. leroyorum sp. nov. (♂), D. vanderwaltae sp. nov. (♀) and D. wesolowskae sp. nov. (♂♀). The male of D. simoni Kauri, 1950 is described for the first time. Diphya tanikawai Marusik, 2017 syn. nov. was found to be a junior synonym of D. simoni. Descriptions with illustrations, photographs and SEM images are provided for all species. The relationship between the South African and the Neotropical Diphya species is briefly discussed.
Granice rzeczywiste i symboliczne. Przypadek Portoryko.
Authors: Kaganiec-Kamieńska Anna
Published: December 2020

Borders and Boundaries, Real and Symbolic: The Case of Puerto RicoThe aim of this article is to outline the real and symbolic borders and boundaries, of geographical, political, cultural and racial nature, in the history and present of Puerto Rico, and their role in shaping and transforming the Puerto Rican identity. The main part of the article focuses on the borders and boundaries between Puerto Rico and the United States. The second part looks at the lines dividing the population in the island and the Puerto Rican diaspora in the US. Granice rzeczywiste i symboliczne. Przypadek PortorykoCelem artykułu jest zarysowanie rzeczywistych i symbolicznych granic, geograficznych, politycznych, rasowych i kulturowych, wpisujących się w historię i współczesność Portoryko oraz ich roli w kształtowaniu się i przekształcaniu tożsamości portorykańskiej. Główna część artykułu skupia się na granicach biegnących między Portoryko a Stanami Zjednoczonymi. W drugiej części wskazano linie podziału powstałe między mieszkańcami wyspy a diasporą portorykańską w USA.
The Impact of Topography and Eddy Parameterization on the Simulated Southern Ocean Circulation Response to Changes in Surface Wind Stress
Authors: Kong Hailu , Jansen Malte F.
Published: December 2020

It remains uncertain how the Southern Ocean circulation responds to changes in surface wind stress, and whether coarse-resolution simulations, where mesoscale eddy fluxes are parameterized, can adequately capture the response. We address this problem using two idealized model setups mimicking the Southern Ocean: a flat-bottom channel and a channel with moderately complex topography. Under each topographic configuration and varying wind stress, we compare several coarse-resolution simulations, configured with different eddy parameterizations, against an eddy-resolving simulation. We find that 1) without topography, sensitivity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) to wind stress is overestimated by coarse-resolution simulations, due to an underestimate of the sensitivity of the eddy diffusivity; 2) in the presence of topography, stationary eddies dominate over transient eddies in counteracting the direct response of the ACC and overturning circulation to wind stress changes; and 3) coarse-resolution simulations with parameterized eddies capture this counteracting effect reasonably well, largely due to their ability to resolve stationary eddies. Our results highlight the importance of topography in modulating the response of the Southern Ocean circulation to changes in surface wind stress. The interaction between mesoscale eddies and stationary meanders induced by topography requires more attention in future development and testing of eddy parameterizations.
Music Therapy in Dialysis Access Procedures With Moderate Sedation
Authors: Chung Catherine W. , Kalbavi Vishal , Siegel Julie B. , Taber David J. , Rohan Vinayak
Published: December 2020

Background

The aim was to evaluate the effects of music on patients’ anxiety and satisfaction after undergoing dialysis access procedures under moderate sedation.

Methods

Patients (n = 30) undergoing moderate sedation for dialysis access procedures were evaluated at a single institution. Each patient filled out a survey preoperatively and postoperatively using the short form State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6). Patient-selected music was provided by using a MP3 player with noise canceling headphones.

Results

Postoperatively, 77% of patients perceived music intervention as very or extremely helpful in decreasing anxiety during the procedure. Further, 93% of patients were somewhat or very satisfied with their procedure. The average pain rating was 3.1 on a scale of 0-10, in which 70% of patients had no to mild pain and 30% of patients rated moderate to severe pain. In comparison to prior procedures without music, 63% of patients rated better experience with the music intervention, 37% rated a similar experience, and 3.7% rated having a worse experience. Approximately, 93% of patients were willing to repeat procedure with music and would recommend it to other patients. Preoperative anxiety average score was 35.6 ± 13 and was reduced postoperatively to 28.9 ± 12.9 ( P = .006). Preoperatively, 23% of patients rated high anxiety and postoperatively only 6.7% of patients rated high anxiety ( P = .016).

Conclusion

Music is an easy, feasible, inexpensive intervention that may reduce patients’ anxiety and improve satisfaction during moderate sedation procedures and in the postoperative period.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of New Beta-Lactam Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Antibiotics Versus Colistin for the Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Infections
Authors: Bianchini Monica L. , Jeffres Meghan N. , Campbell Jonathan D.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) present a serious public health problem. Limited treatment options has led to increased use of colistin and polymyxin. Since 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved 4 new beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor (BLBLI) combination antibiotics with activity against CROs. These new antibiotics have been shown to be more effective and less toxic than colistin and polymyxin but are considerably more expensive. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the new BLBLIs versus colistin-based therapy for the treatment of CROs. Methods: A decision-tree microsimulation model was used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the new BLBLIs versus colistin-based therapy for the treatment of CROs. Treatment groups differed in risk of mortality and risk of an acute kidney injury (AKI). The relative risk of mortality was determined by creating a meta-analysis comparing new BLBLIs to colistin. Cost inputs included medication costs and the cost to treat an AKI. The primary outcomes include quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Model inputs included: clinical outcomes and adverse events (30-day mortality and AKI); cost of treatment and adverse drug events; and health utilities. A 3% discount was applied for outcomes. A lifetime horizon was used from the perspective of the US healthcare system with a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $100 000. A sensitivity analysis was done to incorporate uncertainty. Results: The meta-analysis found the treatment with a new BLBLI was associated with a 50% decrease in the relative risk of 30-day mortality compared to colistin (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25-0.88). Treatment with a new BLBLI cost $16 200 and produced 11.5 QALYs, on average. The average colistin based regimen cost $3500 and produced 8.3 QALYs. The new BLBLIs were determined to be cost-effective with an ICER of $3900 per QALY gained. Treatment with a BLBLI remained cost-effective under all uncertainty scenarios tested. Conclusion: New BLBLIs are cost-effective compared to colistin for the treatment of CROs and are associated with improved mortality and fewer AKI events. The use of colistin should be reserved for cases where new BLBLIs are not available or there is documented resistance to these new antibiotics.
Community College Study Abroad: An Event History Analysis
Authors: Whatley Melissa
Published: December 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, this study explores individual student characteristics, specifically those related to demographics, financial need, academic characteristics, and social and cultural capitals, related to study abroad participation among community college students. Second, this study identifies when over the course of their studies community college students are most likely to participate in study abroad. Method: Data consist of student records provided by a large community college located in the U.S. Southeast. An event history model was used to estimate the relationship between both time-variant and time-invariant student-level indicators and study abroad participation. Smoothed hazard estimates were extracted from this model to explore the likelihood of study abroad participation over time. Results: Findings indicate that race/ethnicity, gender, state-residency status, age, need-based aid eligibility, field of study, and enrollment status (full- or part-time) significantly predicted study abroad participation. These results at times stand in contrast with findings from the literature on study abroad participation among students in the 4-year sector. Smoothed hazard estimates indicated that community college students were more likely to study abroad the longer they were enrolled at the community college. Contributions: These results speak to ways in which community college students access capital resources to promote participation in study abroad and highlight unique aspects of community college study abroad programming. Results also provide a foundation for recommendations for practice that would serve to open access to education abroad at community colleges.
Adaptive state-feedback stabilization of stochastic nonholonomic systems with an unknown time-varying delay and perturbations
Authors: Du Qinghui
Published: December 2020

The problem of adaptive state-feedback stabilization of stochastic nonholonomic systems with an unknown time-varying delay and perturbations is studied in this paper. Without imposing any assumptions on the time-varying delay, an adaptive state-feedback controller is skillfully designed by using the input-state scaling technique and an adaptive backstepping control approach. Then, by adopting the switching strategy to eliminate the phenomenon of uncontrollability, the proposed adaptive state-feedback controller can guarantee that the closed-loop system has an almost surely unique solution for any initial state, and the equilibrium of interest is globally asymptotically stable in probability. Finally, the simulation example shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Chiral metamaterial-based sensor applications to determine quality of car lubrication oil
Authors: Dalgaç Şekip , Karadağ Faruk , Bakır Mehmet , Akgöl Oğuzhan , Ünal Emin , Karaaslan Muharrem
Published: December 2020

Motor oils have to be changed periodically in a period of 10.000–20.000 km according to the motor types. A chiral metamaterial sensor that operates in X band is developed to determine the quality of motor oils, numerically analyzed and experimentally tested in this study. The proposed design has square and circular shaped resonators that are printed on IS680 substrate. Reflection coefficient parameters of S11 and S22 are employed for the verification of sensor. The physical principle behind the structure in this study is based on the degradation of motor oil, which changes dielectric constant and causes resonance frequency shifts. According to S11 reflection coefficient data, 40 MHz(0 km–10000 km) and 60 MHz(0 km–5000 km) resonant frequency shifts are observed between clear and dirty motor oils samples. These shifts have the values of 30 MHz(0 km–10000 km) and 120 MHz(0 km–5000 km), when we look at S22. The simulated and experimental study results are complying with each other. The novel side of this study is to have high sensitivity and higher quality factor when it is compared with similar study results. Furthermore, no such studies have been conducted so far in the literature.
Finite-time boundedness of two-dimensional positive continuous-discrete systems in Roesser model
Authors: Huang Shipei , Yan Zhengbing , Zhang Zhengjiang , Zeng Guoqiang
Published: December 2020

This paper is concerned with the finite-time boundedness of two dimensional (2-D) positive continuous-discrete systems in Roesser model. By constructing an appropriate co-positive type Lyapunov function, sufficient conditions of finite-time stability for the nominal 2-D positive continuous-discrete system are established. Sufficient conditions of finite-time boundedness for the addressed system with external disturbances are also proposed. The proposed results are then extended to uncertain cases, where the interval and polytopic uncertainties are considered respectively. Finally, three examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Meaningful Engagement of Patient Advisors in Research: Towards Mutually Beneficial Relationships
Authors: Young Heather M , Miyamoto Sheridan , Henderson Stuart , Dharmar Madan , Hitchcock Margaret , Fazio Sarina , Tang-Feldman Yajarayma
Published: December 2020

Patient engagement in research improves trustworthiness of the research findings, increases relevance, and ensures designs include the most meaningful outcomes for patients living with targeted health conditions. The Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) requires engagement of patient stakeholders. There is limited description of both the context and the processes used to engage patients effectively. This paper discusses engagement activities, roles and responsibilities, value of a Patient Advisory Board (PAB), and lessons learned. Data include program notes, research team reflections, PCORI reporting, and an advisor survey.

Facilitators of meaningful engagement included creating a learning community, co-defining clear roles, reimbursing advisors, establishing clear avenues for communication, and welcoming unique contributions. Lessons learned were the value of time, the importance of building trust, and the benefits of diverse perspectives. The approach to meaningful engagement of patient advisors in research has the potential to enhance the relevance and usefulness of research for improving lives.