bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Riverside Park and Issues of Historic Preservation
Authors: Cromley Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Riverside Park and Riverside Drive in New York City were designated a Scenic Landmark in 1980 by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission, but this designation raises some problems for historians. The Landmark designation is based primarily on the park's status as a Frederick Law Olmsted design. My research shows, however, that only a small part of the park as it stands today was actually designed by Olmsted, and that Riverside Park was rather the result of ad hoc decisions and compromises over several decades. The history of Riverside Park presented in this article is offered as an alternative to the Landmarks Commission's history in its "Designation Report." This alternative history of a "non-Olmsted park" shows that Olmsted's design, based on an aesthetic of nature, is preserved only in the layout of Riverside Drive on the high ground above the Hudson and in the parkland immediately adjacent to the Drive. The many sculptural monuments added to Riverside Park and Drive, beginning with a temporary Grant's Tomb in the 1880s and continuing through the 1920s, are the legacy of a City Beautiful conception of the park as an instrument for cultural uplift and education. In the 1930s yet another conception of parks as active recreation space led to doubling the park's size by landfill and expanding its facilities by building many sports grounds, children's playgrounds, and a tree-bordered promenade. In my conclusion, I consider what it means, to readers of history and to makers of parks policy, to choose one or the other of these histories. If Riverside is "an Olmsted park," preservation policies will take a different form than they will if it is a "non-Olmsted park." From this discussion, I also raise some general questions about the meaning and implications of constructing particular kinds of historical stories.
On Preserving Architectural History: The Armenian Experience
Authors: Parsegian Vazken Lawrence
Published: April 2006

The assembly of the Armenian Architectural Photographic Archives-the first of its kind among ethnic histories-has revealed the value of using microform techniques for both preserving photographic records at relatively low cost and for aiding architectural research which involves large amounts of photographic detail. Moreover, the values multiply as computer capabilities are integrated with the assembly process for internal cross-referencing and for facilitating availability to researchers as an on-line data base. The article also discusses the severe difficulties that projects of this kind face due to the political-geographic barriers existing in many historical regions.
The Early British Port Cities of India: Their Planning and Architecture Circa 1640-1757
Authors: Mitter Partha
Published: April 2006

The paper investigates the principal architectural considerations that governed the evolution of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, the three British colonial port cities of India, and seeks to answer the question of whether and to what extent these cities were planned. The extreme view in this debate on planning is taken by Sten Nilsson in his European Architecture in India, where he claims that the cities were based on strict symmetrical grid planning and were inspired by the Renaissance urban ideal, unlike traditional "organic" Indian cities. The paper questions this in view of the clear evidence that the British East India Company, unlike the French, was hostile to any ambitious urban planning on the part of the settlements. The hypothesis is further strengthened when one analyzes the ground plans of these cities, which show that defense considerations discouraged any symmetrical central planning, even though the streets were laid out in straight lines. In the absence of a central planning code, like the Royal Ordinance of 1573 for Spanish colonies, the building projects proceeded from the growing urban requirements of these settlements. The projects themselves were modest and defense naturally dominated building activities, mainly because these tiny enclaves were surrounded by hostile local and European powers. The growing needs of the inhabitants could not be neglected, however, and churches and hospitals came next in order of priority. The governors' mansions, on the other hand, had a position of peculiar importance in these port cities as they were meant to be a clear and visible symbol of authority. Not least interesting in these conurbations was the confluence of two traditions, Western and Eastern, though it must be added that the predominant style tended to be European, and mostly contemporary Tuscan. The conclusion reached is that while there was hardly any grandiose, symmetrical, total planning in these port cities, the city fathers did not neglect to make them habitable and even pleasant by developing gardens and parks in them.
The Origins of McDonald's Golden Arches
Authors: Hess Alan
Published: April 2006

The original prototype for McDonald's drive-in hamburger stands featuring the full-scale golden arches and red-and-white tile walls was a major influence on roadside strips throughout the United States from its introduction in 1953 to its phased elimination in the 1970s and 1980s. Based on interviews with the original clients, architects, contractors, and franchisees, this paper documents for the first time how this popular-culture icon was created. Its development can be understood in the context of the car-strip's commercial and cultural requirements as it evolved and prospered after World War II. The perspective from the car and the linear expanse of the strip dictated the architecture's scale and simple form. The commercial function demanded an image appealing to customers in that era. Clients Richard and Maurice McDonald worked closely with architect Stanley Clark Meston to design a building that carried on the traditions of drive-ins of the 1920s and 1930s in Southern California and updated it in an appropriate and memorable aesthetic. This paper also documents the location, dates, and condition of the earliest stands franchised, in California and Arizona, based on interviews, building permits, and tours of the original sites.
Some Additional Observations on California's Monterey Tradition
Authors: Gebhard David
Published: April 2006

Between the years 1834 and 1850, California experienced the construction of a group of two-story porched or cantilevered balcony adobes, which eventually came to be labeled as the Monterey style. The first cluster of these Monterey adobes was built in the mid-1830s. The earliest of these, by a matter of months, was the Alpheus B. Thompson adobe (1834-1836) in Santa Barbara. Others, including the often-discussed Thomas Oliver Larkin adobe (1834-1837), were scattered throughout much of the length of coastal California. These California Monterey style adobes not only represent a commingling of Hispanic and Anglo architectural traditions, but their specific porched and balconied forms were clearly related to English, French, Spanish, and American two-story dwellings built in the Caribbean area, in the American Southeast, in the lower Mississippi Delta, and in the American Southwest of Texas and New Mexico.
Thermoluminescence Dating in Architectural History: The Chronology of Palladio's Villa Rotonda
Authors: Goedicke Christian , Slusallek Klaus , Kubelik Martin
Published: April 2006

The dating of Palladio's Villa Rotonda by thermoluminescence (TL) has made it possible to establish a more reliable chronology for this building: Vincenzo Scamozzi's completion can be more accurately defined, and the early 18th-century interventions by Francesco Muttoni are proved to be far greater than hitherto assumed. The TL results, furthermore, give criteria by which to assess the relative value of various other documentary sources for the Rotonda, and so indirectly allow an image to appear of what the Rotonda was at its original completion and how it was used.
"Mediocres domos et humiles habeant fratres nostri:" Dominican Legislation on Architecture and Architectural Decoration in the 13th Century
Authors: Sundt Richard A.
Published: April 2006

Between 1220 and 1300, the Dominican Order developed an extensive but little-known body of constitutional legislation governing the construction and decoration of its churches and conventual buildings. During this period, the original constitution on architecture was amended on five separate occasions in order to include specific restrictions on height and vaulting, as well as a ban on all types of architectural ornamentation. Analysis of the constitutions serves not only to identify the shifting artistic concerns of the friars, but also the various legal mechanisms by which they sought to enforce their concept of poverty in architecture. In addition to this constitutional legislation, the general and provincial chapters also passed numerous acts dealing both directly and indirectly with architecture and its ornamentation. Some of these led to the adoption, in 1263, of a statute prohibiting most forms of architectural decoration. However, the principal aim of the capitular legislation was to ensure observance of the constitutions by warning frairs of infractions, forcing adherence to the rules, and punishing all who disobeyed.
Beaux-Arts Ideals and Colonial Reality: The Reconstruction of Williamsburg's Capitol, 1928-1934
Authors: Lounsbury Carl R.
Published: April 2006

The design principles associated with the Ecole des Beaux-Arts subtly shaped the manner in which a generation of architects viewed the architectural heritage of America's colonial past. Trained to appreciate and emulate the classical detailing, proportion, symmetrical balance, and axiality that they saw in the Georgian architecture of early America, they failed to understand fully the cultural context and social and economic circumstances that produced these buildings. A conflict between fundamental classical ideals and historical reality arose when architects became involved in the restoration and reconstruction of colonial houses and public buildings in the early part of the 20th century. This is clearly illustrated in one of the largest restoration projects ever undertaken in America: the task of restoring and recreating hundreds of early structures in the colonial city of Williamsburg, Virginia. Executing this project was the Boston firm of Perry, Shaw, & Hepburn. In reconstructing the first capitol building in the late 1920s and early 1930s, they ran up against historical evidence that challenged many of their preconceived notions of colonial design. Although the final result is a testament to the architects' skills in handling 18th-century detailing, the capitol now stands as a monument to the near past and tells us as much about the influence of Beaux-Arts design principles on the restoration of Williamsburg as about the architecture of the colonial period.
Charles V and the Cathedral of Granada
Authors: Eisler William
Published: April 2006

For thirty years historians of architecture have believed that the form of the domed rotunda designed by Diego Siloe for the cathedral of Granada was determined by its function as an imperial mausoleum for Charles V. This architectural innovation was purportedly stimulated by a decision made by the emperor in 1526 to be interred in the cathedral rather than in the Royal Chapel of Granada, burial site of his grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella. The author demonstrates that, on the contrary, the emperor remained faithful to the traditions of his ancestors in this respect. His wishes concerning his burial in the Royal Chapel were respected by his son, Philip II, at least until Philip's return from Flanders to Spain in 1559. Accordingly, another explanation for the striking form of the cathedral must be sought, and the generally held view that the Escorial was founded as a mausoleum for Charles V as early as 1558-1559 must be questioned.
The "Kunstgewerbe", the "Werkbund", and the Aesthetics of Culture in the Wilhelmine Period
Authors: Jarzombek Mark
Published: April 2006

Joseph Goebbels' famous claim about the connection between politics and art in his letter to Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1933 epitomizes Nazi theories concerning the cultural benefits of art. In it he attempts both to legitimize and cunningly obscure an underlying reactionary agenda: We who are giving form to modern German politics, see ourselves as artists to whom has been assigned the great responsibility of forming, from out of the brute mass, the solid and full image of the people. Though there are many studies of post-World War I cultural aesthetics, especially in the context of Hitler's final solution, little has been done to trace that concept back to its nonreactionary, Wilhelmine roots. This paper, which looks at the discourse on cultural aesthetics as it emerged in the first decade of the twentieth century, also challenges some received notions about the Werkbund, an organization of artists, architects, and industrialists founded in 1907. With the Werkbund, the utopian potential of cultural aesthetics that emerged in the context of liberal bourgeois theory long before it was co-opted by the right wing revealed itself for the first time as a powerful instrument of cultural definition. This paper will also discuss some of the early formulators of Wilhelmine cultural aesthetics in various disciplines, Karl Scheffler (art critic), Heinrich Waentig (economist), Hermann Muthesius (architect), and Georg Fuchs (playwright), among others.
Building a Discipline: Early Institutional Settings for Architectural Education in Philadelphia, 1804-1890
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2006

Histories of American architectural education have usually focused on the advent of university departments of architecture shortly after the Civil War, but prior to that there were a number of institutions sponsoring or projecting architectural programs of various sorts that were attended by scores of future architects and builders. In Philadelphia these included schools of architectural drawing, lecture series on architecture, and schools of architecture in a fuller sense. Among the most prominent figures involved as instructors, lecturers, organizers, or students were Owen Biddle, William Strickland, John Haviland, T. U. Walter, G. Parker Cummings, and John McArthur, Jr. This paper surveys several of these programs, which complemented office training for many architects and designing builders of the nineteenth century.
"Our Fine Gothic Magnificence": The Nineteenth-Century Chapel at Costessey Hall (Norfolk) and Its Medieval Glazing
Authors: Shepard Mary B.
Published: April 2006

Constructed soon after the relaxation of laws forbidding Roman Catholic worship but twenty years prior to formal emancipation in 1829, the Gothic Revival chapel at Costessey Hall (Norfolk) was sumptuously glazed with over eighty panels of medieval stained glass dispersed from their original ecclesiastical contexts. This study examines the chapel at Costessey (1809) and its import within the context of Roman Catholic Emancipation in England and the aristocratic claims of its patron, Sir William Jerningham (1736-1809). As an integral monument, the Costessey chapel constituted an extraordinary coalescence of architecture and glazing in which medieval stained glass re-employed as medieval artifact both embodied and revitalized the spirits of its creators. Although the chapel was destroyed in the early twentieth century, it is possible to assess its appearance and that of its glazing program through descriptions, drawings, engravings, and photographs. By placing the Costessey chapel within the context of the Jerningham family history and their role within the movement for Catholic Emancipation, as well as by examining the family's connection with the Catholic bishop John Milner (a champion of the use of Gothic architecture for Roman Catholic building) it is possible to understand the chapel at Costessey as representing not only the distinguished lineage and religious legacy of its builder, but also the legitimacy of the Roman Catholic faith in a turbulent time of social and religious change.
Cooperation and Collaboration in Vicenza before Palladio: Jacopo Sansovino and the Pedemuro Masters at the High Altar of the Cathedral of Vicenza
Authors: Morresi Manuela , Hay Dorothy
Published: April 2006

In 1534 the Vicentine masters, Giovanni da Porlezza and Girolamo Pittoni da Lumignano (the so-called Pedemuro masters) signed a contract with Aurelio Dall'Acqua for the construction of the main altar in the cathedral of Vicenza. Documents concerning the altar, later Dall'Acqua's funerary monument, have led scholars to attribute the design to Andrea Palladio, who began his career as a stone carver in the Pedemuro workshop. Designed following the model of a triumphal arch, the altar constitutes an extraordinary novelty in Vicenza, which was still unfamiliar with ancient models in the 1530s and 1540s. Documents show that Aurelio Dall'Acqua had connections to Venetian intellectual close to the doge, Andrea Gritti and the Franciscan theologian Francesco Zorzi, who, in those same years, wrote the program for the church of S. Francesco della Vigna and was in contact with Jacopo Sansovino. The inventory of the library of Dall'Acqua and an examination of his correspondence reveal his religious interests: that he was close to Catholic reform circles and interested in Erasmus; an expression of those interests should be considered part of the realization of the altar. Architectural analysis of the monument allows us to note in it a series of medieval and Renaissance elements from Florentine sources, direct borrowing from antique sources, and elements from Venetian architecture of the same period. Comparison of these elements with the architectural language that Palladio developed in the 1540s, after his first visit to Rome, excludes an attribution to him. In any case, the date of design is too early for him to have undertaken an autonomous project. Many of the architectural elements on the altar are to be found in the work of Jacopo Sansovino, who was invited to Vicenza in 1538 to furnish an opinion on the roofing of the tribune of the cathedral and the movement of the original altar to the end of the apse. The design for the architectural structure of the altar is attributed here to Sansovino, while the disposition of the semiprecious stones which entirely cover the altar is considered to be the work of the Pedemuro masters. Francesco Zorzi seems to have been the connecting figure between patron and architect, as he was in Sansovino's commission for the main altar and funerary monument of Cardinal Francesco Quiñones in the basilica of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome.
Félix Duban's Didactic Restoration of the Château de Blois: A History of France in Stone
Authors: Witman Richard , Wittman Richard
Published: April 2006

Félix Duban's restoration of the Château de Blois (1843-1870), one of the most ambitious and celebrated of the nineteenth century in France, has been neglected by historians more concerned with the restoration of medieval monuments and with the activity and influence of Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc. This study interprets some of Duban's archaeologically unjustified alterations to this complex monument in the light of the historicist architectural theory associated with Duban and the other Romantic architects Labrouste, Duc, and Vaudoyer. The château is an accretion of buildings from several centuries in a variety of styles, and Duban's restoration of the medieval segment, the Salle des États-Généraux, is shown to be particularly crucial. It emerges from this study that Duban was concerned to highlight specific, politically meaningful aspects of the long and rich history of the monument, and to illustrate the Romantics' views about the dependence of architectural style on the evolution of human society. Duban's restoration presents a sharp counterpoint to the idealist theories of restoration associated with Viollet-le-Duc, and shows that restoration could be a powerful polemical weapon. The reading presented here places the restored château in the thick of the theoretical conflicts that characterized contemporary architectural debate.
Le Corbusier and the Paris Exhibition of 1937: The Temps Nouveaux Pavilion
Authors: Udovicki-Selb Danilo
Published: April 2006

This essay examines the circumstances leading to the completion of Le Corbusier's and Pierre Jeanneret's Temps Nouveaux Pavilion and reconstructs both the significant role Jeanneret played in the pavilion's design and the relationships Le Corbusier used in his partially successful effort to be represented at the International Exhibition of 1937. This episode sheds light on Le Corbusier's attempts at seducing the French Left, after a protracted yet futile courtship of the Right. While suggesting a new reading of Le Corbusier's design strategies in the larger urban system of Paris, this essay attempts to fill the gaps in our understanding of the ways in which the architectural avant-garde tried to identify and handle its clients and broader social groups.
Le Corbusier and the Acoustical Trope: An Investigation of Its Origins
Authors: Pearson Christopher
Published: April 2006

Le Corbusier's later theory and production were largely informed by two important considerations: his idea of "ineffable space" (l'espace indicible), and his singular conception of "acoustics," which he apparently used as a troping or analogical tool in his design method. Le Corbusier was to describe the chapel at Ronchamp (1950-1954), for example, as a building that employed an "acoustic component in the domain of form," and suggested that the project began by taking into account "the acoustic of the landscape." The sources of this cryptic appeal to "acoustics" can be identified with some precision. Its initial possibilities were discovered during Le Corbusier's youthful visit to the Acropolis. During his Purist period the same conceit, now transmuted into a trope of "radiation," was applied to the way works of art interacted with their architectural surroundings. The acoustical analogy, drawing parallels between the emission of sound, light, and psychic energy, was fully established in his competition entry for the League of Nations Headquarters of 1927, a project examined here in some depth. It was in theorizing the role of sculpture in modern architecture-as well as the role of architecture in its landscape setting-that Le Corbusier first came to his paradigmatic trope, which thus finds its origins much further back than his late "synthetic" projects, where it was ultimately to achieve its most effective manifestations.
Interpretations of the Rebuilding of Canterbury Cathedral, 1174-1186: Archaeological and Historical Evidence
Authors: Draper Peter
Published: April 2006

The sources of evidence available for the late twelfth-century work at Canterbury Cathedral offer an exceptional opportunity to discuss the complex building history of a major church in relation to the historical circumstances surrounding its reconstruction. The publication here of new measured drawings, which correlate accurately for the first time the crypt with the upper church at the junction between the presbytery and the Trinity Chapel, establishes a more secure basis for the interpretation of the complex archaeological evidence of the building sequence after the fire of 1174. The evidence provided by these drawings allows a reassessment of the contributions of the two architects, William of Sens and William the Englishman. A critical review of the published interpretations of both the archaeological and the historical evidence is then undertaken, particularly relating to the arguments advanced in two major articles recently published on the cathedral, which are shown to be misleading in significant respects. The influence of the cult of Thomas à Becket and the possible roles of the leading clergy are carefully reconsidered and a new interpretation offered which suggests a decisive role for Prior Alan of Tewkesbury in the formulation of the final design of the Trinity Chapel.
Engaging the Mind's Eye: The Use of Inscriptions in the Architecture of Owen Jones and A. W. N. Pugin
Authors: Flores Carol A. Hrvol
Published: April 2006

In attempting to create an appropriate architecture for an industrialized world, nineteenth-century architects argued the merits of particular materials and styles and debated principles of ornamentation and polychromatics. Although opposed in many aspects of theory and built form, their works share one aspect: a new interest in the use of inscriptions as emblematic ornamentation. The article proposes Owen Jones's publication of the Plans, Sections, Elevations and Details of the Alhambra (1836-1845) as one source for this attention to inscriptions and investigates the significance of the use of text within the decorative schemes produced by the British architects Owen Jones (1809-1874) and A. W. N. Pugin (1812-1852). The article advances the position that although Jones and Pugin had different motives for using inscriptions, both display a comprehension of Islamic ornamentation as understood and explained by Jones. New information on the relationship between Jones and Pugin is introduced and their mutual agreement and involvement in many concerns important to nineteenth-century architecture and the decorative arts are stressed. In addition, the essay explores the topic of architectural inscriptions theoretically and from a sociocultural perspective, emphasizing the importance of epigraphs within studies of the built environment, ornamentation, and visual culture, as a rich resource for understanding the mentality of a particular period and as a significant expression of the intentions informing aesthetic schemes developed by individual patrons and designers such as Jones and Pugin. Inscriptions are classified and defined in the article as informative, aesthetic, or emblematic, and the ideas and terms introduced in the essay are compared with the findings and theoretical concepts proposed in the work of the noted Islamicist Oleg Grabar.
The Architecture of Talmud
Authors: Schwarzer Mitchell
Published: April 2006

This article analyzes for the first time the architectural implications of the Talmud, a multivolume religious text composed between the second and sixth centuries of the first millennium. The Talmud has extensive commentaries on specifically Jewish structures such as the Sukkah, Eruv, and Mikveh, as well as on everyday buildings and public places used by Jews. Moreover, the Talmud substituted for monumental architecture during the many centuries when the Jewish people had no homeland and were subject to frequent persecutions and exiles. The architecture of Talmud, therefore, can be analyzed in two critical arenas: first, through its numerous and detailed rules and recommendations for the practice of building; and, second, amid its creation of a textual discourse whose form and character is based in large part on the memory of the destroyed Temple and lost homeland.
Ernst May and the Campaign to Resettle the Countryside: Rural Housing in Silesia, 1919-1925
Authors: Henderson Susan R.
Published: April 2006

In 1919 Ernst May became the head of rural housing for the province of Silesia in eastern Germany. Silesian agriculture had long suffered from rural flight. The situation worsened in 1922 when the partition brokered by the Allies brought chaos in the mining industry and a flood of refugees. As head of the provincial stabilization effort called interior colonization, May was in charge of settlement programs to aid three constituencies of special concern: the farmworkers, the miners, and the refugees. Between 1919 and 1923, Germany's national rural housing effort employed a contradictory strategy of modernization set within corporative ideology, a "third way" that trumpeted a quasi-feudal social order as a path to political accord. May's Silesian work chronicles the impact of Modernism and corporatism on early Weimar housing: his settlements for farmworkers and miners celebrated their unique cultural traditions, while he experimented in rationalization techniques to increase housing production and reduce costs. With corporatism's decline after Germany's return to economic stability in 1924, modernization was increasingly accepted as an unalloyed virtue, and the veil of corporatism lifted. In 1924, challenged by the circumstances of the refugee housing program just at the moment the corporative compromise came to an end, May engaged in a series of experiments in polychromy, prefabricated construction, mass production, and standardization that reflected a more purely modern approach to the housing problem.
Weaning practices of the Makushi of Guyana and their relationship to infant and child mortality: A preliminary assessment of international recommendations
Authors: Wilson Warren , Milner Jillian , Bulkan Janette , Ehlers Peter
Published: April 2006

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life, primarily because of potential immunological benefits which are deemed to outweigh nutritive costs for infants. This recommendation is controversial, as studies of the relationship between the term of EBF and infant and child health have produced conflicting results. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the term of EBF and infant and child mortality among a group of swidden‐horticulturalists in lowland South America. Consistent with the WHO, we hypothesized that EBF <6 months will compromise the survival of the infant or child. This relationship was assessed via recall data generated in 2001 in structured interviews with 60 Makushi Amerindian women in Guyana's North Rupununi region. The data were analyzed with t‐tests, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression. The results do not support our hypothesis; the term of EBF is not found to be related to infant or child mortality. This is surprising given the potential for contamination in nonbreast‐milk foods in this environment. Notably, this is occurring among mothers who are not energetically stressed. We propose that the apparent lack of benefit of EBF ≥6 months is due to insufficient energy supply from breast milk alone, which may predispose the child to morbidity when subsequently stressed. This study concurs with others which revealed no significant benefits to the infant of EBF >6 months, and the recognition that universal recommendations must be situated within local ecological contexts. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:312–324, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food insecurity in rural Tanzania is associated with maternal anxiety and depression
Authors: Hadley Craig , Patil Crystal L.
Published: April 2006

Food insecurity is a major health problem that has pervasive effects on many human biological outcomes. In particular, there are compelling theoretical and empirical reasons to expect that the relationship between food insecurity may be directly related to mental health morbidities, and may be quantifiable in developing country settings. This preliminary study examined whether caretaker reports of food insecurity were associated with anxiety and depression among four ethnic groups in two communities of rural Tanzania. In‐home interviews were conducted in June–August of 2005 among female caretakers (n = 449). In addition to collecting household and demographic data, modified versions of the USDA's food security module and Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) were used to measure food insecurity and anxiety and depression. Consistent with predictions, the results showed a strong positive correlation between a caretaker's score on the food insecurity instrument and her summed response on the HSCL (P < 0.0001). This association was maintained in all four ethnic groups, even when controlling for individual‐level covariates such as caretaker's age and marital status. Issues of causality and hypotheses that might explain this robust finding are discussed, as are methodological and theoretical implications. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:359–368, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid diagnosis of glycine encephalopathy by 13C‐glycine breath test
Authors: Kure Shigeo , Korman Stanley H. , Kanno Junko , Narisawa Ayumi , Kubota Mitsuru , Takayanagi Toshimitsu , Takayanagi Masaki , Saito Takashi , Matsui Akira , Kamada Fumiaki , Aoki Yoko , Ohura Toshihiro , Matsubara Yoichi
Published: April 2006

Objective

It is currently problematic to confirm the clinical diagnosis of glycine encephalopathy, requiring either invasive liver biopsy for enzymatic analysis of the glycine cleavage system or exhaustive mutation analysis. Because the glycine cleavage system breaks down glycine generating carbon dioxide, we suppose that the glycine cleavage system activity could be evaluated in vivo by measuring exhaled 13CO2 after administration of [1‐13C]glycine.

Methods

The [1‐13C]glycine breath test was performed in 10 control subjects and 5 glycine encephalopathy patients with GLDC mutation, including 1 patient with mild glycine encephalopathy.

Results

All the patients showed lower 13CO2 excretion than any control subject.

Interpretation

Not only typical GE but also atypical GE can be reliably diagnosed by the 13C‐glycine breath test. Because it is rapid, non‐invasive, and requires little expertise, the breath test could be useful as a standard test for diagnosing GE. Ann Neurol 2006;59:862–867
The relation between intracranial and intraocular pressures: Study of 50 patients
Authors: Sajjadi Seyed A. , Harirchian Mohammad H. , Sheikhbahaei Nasim , Mohebbi Mohammad R. , Malekmadani Mohammad H. , Saberi Hooshang
Published: April 2006

Objective

We evaluated the correlation between intracranial (ICP) and intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods

Of the 77 patients who underwent a lumbar puncture, 27 were excluded secondary to a history of glaucoma, using drugs effective on IOP, and abnormal funduscopic examination. ICP was measured by lumbar puncture. IOP was measured by two scales of Schiotz tonometer in both eyes, and the mean was calculated.

Results

We found a significant correlation between ICP and mean IOP (p < 0.001; r = 0.955). Body mass index, age, and disease type had no significant effect on this correlation.

Interpretation

IOP is correlated with ICP. Ann Neurol 2006;59:867–870
Optical, Redox, and NLO Properties of Tricyanovinyl Oligothiophenes: Comparisons between Symmetric and Asymmetric Substitution Patterns
Authors: Casado Juan , Ruiz Delgado M. Carmen , Rey Merchán M. Carmen , Hernández Víctor , López Navarrete Juan T. , Pappenfus Ted M. , Williams Nathaniel , Stegner William J. , Johnson Jared C. , Edlund Brett A. , Janzen Daron E. , Mann Kent R. , Orduna Jesús , Villacampa Belén
Published: April 2006

A series of tricyanovinyl (TCV)‐substituted oligothiophenes was synthesized and investigated with a number of physical methods including UV/Vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optical (NLO) measurements, X‐ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. Mono‐ or disubstituted oligomers were prepared by the reaction of tetracyanoethylene with mono‐ or dilithiated oligomers. The comparative effects of the symmetric and asymmetric substitutions in the electronic and molecular properties have been addressed. These oligomers display dramatic reductions in both their optical and electrochemical band gaps in comparison with unsubstituted molecules. The analysis of the electronic properties of the molecules was assisted by density functional theory calculations, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. TCV substitution influences the energies of the frontier orbitals, especially with respect to the stabilization of LUMO orbitals. X‐ray structural characterization of a monosubstituted oligomer exhibits π‐stacking with favorable intermolecular interactions. NLO results agree with the role of the intramolecular charge‐transfer feature in the asymmetric samples. These results furthermore exalt the role of conformational flexibility in the disubstituted compounds and reveal an unexpected nonlinear optical activity for symmetric molecules. Regarding the electronic structure, the interpretation of the vibrational data reflects the balanced interplay between aromatic and quinoid forms, finely tuned by the chain length and substitution pattern. The electronic and structural properties are consistent with the semiconducting properties exhibited by these materials in thin film transistors (TFTs).
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Antimonides of Rare‐Earth Metals and Palladium.
Authors: Imre Anette , Mewis Albrecht
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferromagnetism of (ScCa)Co2 Laves Phase Compound Synthesized under High Pressure.
Authors: Ohta M. , Okada M. , Kakuta H. , Fujita A. , Fukamichi K. , Kamegawa A. , Takamura H. , Okada M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Scandium Fluoride Chemistry: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [C2N2H10][ScF5], [NH4]2[Sc3F11] and [H3O][C6N2H16] [ScF6]×H2O.
Authors: Stephens Nicholas F. , Lightfoot Philip
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
GeO2 Natrolite‐Type Infinite Four and Eight R‐Containing Layers in a 2D Pure‐Ge Framework: Ge3O5(OH)4 [C2N2H10].
Authors: Snejko Natalia , Medina Manuela E. , Gutierrez‐Puebla Enrique , Monge M. Angeles
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Creation of Monomeric La Complexes on Apatite Surfaces and Their Application as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Michael Reaction.
Authors: Mori Kohsuke , Oshiba Michitaka , Hara Takayoshi , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Data about the Reaction of Benzyolacetonitrile with Malononitrile and Its Self‐Condensation.
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Michael Farid A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Route to Polykis(dialkylamino)benzenes and ‐naphthalenes Based on Protodefluorination of Electron‐Rich Fluoroaromatics: Anion Radicals of Arenes as a Simple and Effective Alternative to “Classical” LAH‐Based Systems.
Authors: Sorokin Vladimir Igorevich , Ozeryanskii Valery Anatolievich , Borodkin Gennady Sergeevich
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐(Trifluoromethyl)vinylation via Oxirane or Oxetane Ring‐Opening: A Facile Synthesis of 4‐ or 5‐Hydroxy‐functionalized 2‐Trifluoromethyl‐1‐alkenes.
Authors: Nadano Ryo , Ichikawa Junji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Keto‐1,3‐diols and Protected 1,2,3‐Triols Bearing Two Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Breuer Irene , Raabe Gerhard
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Bicyclo[m.n.1]alkanones via a Cationic Reaction Cascade.
Authors: Lavigne Roch M. A. , Riou Maxime , Girardin Melina , Morency Louis , Barriault Louis
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Aza‐Henry Reactions Assisted by ZnII and N‐Methylephedrine.
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Oiarbide Mikel , Halder Rajkumar , Laso Antonio , Lopez Rosa
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Synthesis of Hydrazine Derivatives via a Three‐Component Procedure.
Authors: Islami Mohammad Reza , Gholami Nader , Dehooei Abolfazl , Amiri Asghar
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reductive Cyclization of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts. A Simple Approach Towards Substituted Hydrindanones and Decalones.
Authors: Wasnaire Pierre , Wiaux Marianne , Touillaux Roland , Marko Istvan E.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bi‐3H‐diazirin‐3‐yls as Precursors of Highly Strained Cycloalkynes.
Authors: Al‐Omari Mohammad , Banert Klaus , Hagedorn Manfred
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Synthesis of 3‐Methoxy‐4‐substituted Pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Cottineau Bertrand , Chenault Jacques , Guillaumet Gerald
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐(p‐Chloro)phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3,5‐dione as a Novel and Reusable Reagent for the Oxidation of 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrazolines under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Azarifar Davood , Mallakpour Shadpour , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Forghaniha Ali , Maleki Behrooz , Abdollahi‐Alibeik Mohammad
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1H‐benzimidazoles: Selenium‐Catalyzed Reductive N‐Heterocyclization of Benzylidene(2‐nitroaryl)amines with Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Fujimoto Mayu , Sonoda Noboru
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Aryl C—H Bonds with sp3 Organotin Reagents Using Benzoquinone as a Crucial Promoter.
Authors: Chen Xiao , Li Jiao‐Jie , Hao Xue‐Shi , Goodhue Charles E. , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐aryloxymethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles and Their Coumarin or Benzofuran Bis‐heterocyclic Derivatives.
Authors: Li Zheng , Yu Jin‐Lan , Yang Jing‐Ya , Zhu Wei , Zhao Yan‐Long , Xing Yu‐Lin , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Substituted Flavonoids.
Authors: Mills Chavonda J. , Mateeva Nelly N. , Redda Kinfe K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
6‐Acylamino‐2‐amino‐4‐methylquinolines as Potent Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone 1 Receptor Antagonists: Structure—Activity Exploration of Eastern and Western Parts.
Authors: Ulven Trond , Little Paul Brian , Receveur Jean‐Marie , Frimurer Thomas M. , Rist Oeystein , Noerregaard Pia K. , Hoegberg Thomas
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of 6‐Azaoxindole (6‐Azaindol‐2(3H)‐one) and Substituted Derivatives.
Authors: Andreassen Einar J. , Bakke Jan M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amination of Pyrido[3,2,1‐jk]carbazol‐6‐ones.
Authors: Dang Hoai V. , Stadlbauer Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Intramolecular Cyclization of 2‐Methylsulfanyl‐4‐oxo‐3(4H)‐quinazolinyl Acetohydrazide.
Authors: Burbuliene Milda M. , Bobrovas Olegas , Vainilavicius Povilas
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Synthesis of New [1,2,4]Triazolo[3′,4′:2,3][1,3]thiazolo[4,5‐b]quinoxalines.
Authors: Bakavoli M. , Reihani B. , Rahimizadeh M. , Nikpour M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular Nitroso Diels—Alder Cycloaddition of α‐Acetoxynitroso Derivatives in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Calvet Geraldine , Guillot Regis , Blanchard Nicolas , Kouklovsky Cyrille
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular Ene Reaction of Epoxyallylsilanes: Synthesis of Allyl‐ and Vinylsilane‐Functionalized Cyclohexanols.
Authors: Barbero Asuncion , Castreno Pilar , Fernandez Gloria , Pulido Francisco J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Double Silylation of Olefin with HSiCl3 in the Presence of Bu4PCl. New Synthetic Method for α,β‐Bis(trichlorosilyl)alkanes.
Authors: Kang Seung‐Hyun , Han Joon Soo , Lim Weon Cheol , Jung Il Nam , Lee Myong Euy , Yoo Bok Ryul
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Acetylenic Compound from the Rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis and Its Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Nakai Yoichiro , Sakakibara Iwao , Hirakura Kazuhiro , Terabayashi Susumu , Takeda Shuichi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.