bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum Field Theory at Higher Orders
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Perturbation theory calculations at higher orders. Power counting. General regularisation schemes. Dimensional regularisation. Explicit 1-loop renormalisation for ϕ4 and QED. Discussion of higher orders. Renormalisation of Green functions with composite operators. The renormalisation group.
Renormalisation of Yang–Mills Theory and BRST Symmetry
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Detailed discussion of the renormalisation properties of gauge theories based on the BRST Ward identities. General discussion of possible anomalies. Gauge independence of observable quantities.
Infrared Singularities
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The problem of infrared singularities is studied for massless field theories order by order in perturbation theory. The resulting resummation is shown for the case of quantum electrodynamics.
Coherent States and Classical Limit of Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The coherent state formalism is used in order to study the classical limit of quantum theories and, in particular, quantum electrodynamics. It is shown that we can construct states for which the quantum fluctuations are negligible. Interesting cases include the electromagnetic field in a cavity, or ‘squeezed’ states used in quantum optics.
Fundamental Interactions
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The experimental successes of the standard model. The motivation for going beyond. General discussion of grand unified theories, The models based on SU(5), O(10), and exceptional groups. Electric–magnetic duality and magnetic monopoles in grand unified theories.
Beyond the Standard Model
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The motivation for supersymmetry. The algebra, the superspace, and the representations. Field theory models and the non-renormalisation theorems. Spontaneous and explicit breaking of super-symmetry. The generalisation of the Montonen–Olive duality conjecture in supersymmetric theories. The remarkable properties of extended supersymmetric theories. A brief discussion of twisted supersymmetry in connection with topological field theories. Attempts to build a supersymmetric extention of the standard model and its experimental consequences. The property of gauge supersymmetry to include general relativity and the supergravity models.
Supersymmetry, or the Defence of Scalars
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The only fields of the Standard Model whose masses are not protected by a symmetry are the scalar fields. Supersymmetry is a symmetry between fermions and bosons which provides precisely such a protection mechanism. This chapter presents a comprehensive study of supersymmetric field theories. In particular, it is shown that they do not suffer from the phenomenon of gauge hierarchy. They have remarkable renormalisation properties and offer the most attractive framework to build a unified theory. The breaking of supersymmetry, both explicit and spontaneous, is studied in detail. The generalisation of electric-magnetic duality in supersymmetric theories yields non-perturbative results and the concept of twist makes possible the study of topological field theories. The supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model is shown to predict the existence of new elementary particles, whose phenomenological properties are analysed.
Secularism, Gender Inequality, and the French State
Authors: Scott Joan W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter disputes the current claim that secularism guarantees gender equality. It focuses on France and on the ways in which the word secularism (laïcité) was used polemically, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, by anti-clericals who condemned the dangerous association of women and religion and thus denied women the political rights of citizens. In the twenty-first century, the focus remains on women, but now it is Muslim women who are thought to endanger the republic. In this context, a new version of secularism has been articulated, which extends the demand for the neutrality of the state in matters of religion to the enforcement of the neutrality of public space. The changing meanings of laïcité suggest the need always to historicize it, to analyze its polemical operations and its effects in specific historical circumstances. This demonstrates gender equality is not—and has never been—a primary concern of secularism.
Women’s Rights and Democratization in Morocco and Tunisia
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: May 2017

The chapter examines the activities of women’s rights networks and associations in Morocco and Tunisia since the early 1990s, their relations to both transnational feminist networks and the UN’s global women’s rights agenda, the major campaigns and coalitions they have launched or joined, and their contributions to policies, practices, and discourses of democratization in their respective countries. How the women’s rights movements and “modernizing women” were situated in the Arab Spring, the constitutional and societal implications of the demand for women’s full and equal citizenship, and differences with the Islamist discourse will be a focus of the chapter, which draws on secondary sources as well as the author’s visits to the two countries and interviews with participants in the Arab Spring.
The Atomistic Spin Dynamics Equation of Motion
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

From the information obtained in DFT, in particular the magnetic moments and the Heisenberg exchange parameters, one has the possibility to make a connection to atomistic spin-dynamics. In this chapter the essential features of this connection is described. It is also discussed under what length and time-scales that this approach is a relevant approximation. The master equation of atomistic spin-dynamics is derived, and discussed in detail. In addition we give examples of how this equation describes the magnetization dynamics of a few model systems.
The Politics of Reproduction
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

This book examines the history and politics of childbearing in the British Empire during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. British politicians became increasingly concerned to promote motherhood among Afro-Caribbean women during the era of abolitionism. These politicians hoped that a homegrown labor force would allow for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade without any disruption to the pace of labor on Caribbean plantations. The plans for reform generated by British politicians were shaped by their ideas about race, medicine, demography, and religion, and so the book explores these fields of comprehension as they related to reproductive reform. While making a broad survey of the politics of reproduction in Atlantic world, the book also focuses in on the story of a Barbadian midwife and three generations of her family. The experiences of Doll and her female kin illustrate how the campaign to promote fertility affected Afro-Caribbean women, and also how they were able to carve out room to maneuver within the constraints of life in a Caribbean slave society.
Introduction
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

Abolitionist sentiments had long circulated in the British Atlantic world, but it was not until the 1760s in Virginia that they gained political traction in a colony dependent on slave labor. The politics of reproduction explain the success of abolitionism in this time and place: Virginia was unique among Britain’s colonies because, by the mid-eighteenth century, its slave population was growing, and wealthy planters had no need for fresh recruits. The American Revolution depleted the slave populations in the Caribbean, however, because it disrupted both the slave trade and the flow of imported foodstuffs. Consequently, British politicians began to fantasize, by the 1780s, that Caribbean slave societies could mimic the demographic success in North America in order to enjoy the economic benefits of a plentiful labor supply and allow for the abolition of the slave trade. This vision for reform was postponed, however, by geopolitical developments, including the Haitian Revolution.
The Early Descartes
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

Descartes’s earliest theory of perception attempts to marry the remnants of the Baconian and Aristotelian views while divorcing them from hylomorphism and the innocent view of sensible qualities. Descartes holds the ‘overlap thesis,’ the claim that any behavior exhibited by non-human animals and inattentive humans must receive the same explanation. Corporeal perception requires the presence of a brain image that resembles its object. When the mind attends to its environment, it is immediately aware of this brain image and, through it, of the common sensibles. The claim that the mind ‘turns toward’ the brain is a thoroughly traditional one. The proper sensibles are summoned by the mind on the occasion of its undergoing certain brain events. Descartes thinks of the mind as ‘decoding’ the language of the brain in order to provide itself with the appropriate sensations. But those sensations do nothing to explain our awareness of objects.
Malebranche on Sensation
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the broad outlines of Malebranche’s treatment of perception. Although much changes over the course of Malebranche’s career, the background ontology of sensation remains constant. Pace recent commentators, the chapter argues that Malebranche is not an adverbialist about sensation. Instead, Malebranche follows out the logical implications of Descartes’s substance/mode ontology. As he sees it, sensations can only be modes of minds, with the seemingly unfortunate result that the mind sensing green really is green. What is more to the point, Descartes’s ontology of sensation deprives them of any role in representation or intentionality. The objects of our sensings are blank effects, mere states of the soul that cannot direct the mind to the world of extension.
Later Malebranche
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at two of Malebranche’s later innovations. I argue that the first (imbuing ideas with causal power) is of no help in explaining perception, for a causal connection is insufficiently fine-grained. The doctrine of intelligible extension exacerbates these problems, since it is uniform; any differences among its ‘regions’ is due to the activity of human minds. The chapter shows that Malebranche’s later work, in his exchanges with Arnauld and Régis, departs from the entire Cartesian picture. Malebranche’s subject does not use an idea to think about the world of extension, for the simple reason that intelligible extension is not a Cartesian idea and plays none of the roles the Cartesians assign to it. Intelligible extension is not a representation; it is not ‘of’ anything. The chapter concludes by arguing that Malebranche’s ‘flattening’ of ideas influenced George Berkeley, who also denies that the immediate objects of experience are representations.
Conclusion
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

This chapter ties together all of the threads of argument laid out in the preceding chapters. It places the views that have been canvassed in the context of the crisis of perception. Although the Cartesians’ solutions to the crisis are fanciful, the problems they are trying to solve are very real, although often obscured by the miasma of confusion that surrounds phenomenal character. Arguably, those of us who still accept something like the primary and secondary quality distinction face these problems today.
Purity, Community, and Ritual in Early Christian Literature
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

This book examines the meanings of purification practices and purity concepts in early Christian culture, as articulated and formed by Greek Christian authors of the first three centuries, from Paul to Origen. Concepts of purity and defilement were pivotal for understanding human nature, sin, history, and ritual in early Christianity. In parallel, major Christian practices, such as baptism, abstinence from food or sexual activity, were all understood, felt, and shaped as instances of purification. Two broad motivations, at some tension with each other, formed the basis of Christian purity discourse. The first was substantive: the creation and maintenance of anthropologies and ritual theories coherent with the theological principles of the new religion. The second was polemic: construction of Christian identity by laying claim to true purity while marking purity practices and beliefs of others (Jews, pagans, or “heretics”) as false. The book traces the interplay of these factors through a close reading of second- and third-century Christian Greek authors discussing dietary laws, death defilement, sexuality, and baptism, on the background of Greco-Roman and Jewish purity discourses. There are three central arguments. First, purity and defilement were central concepts for understanding Christian cultures of the second and third centuries. Second, Christianities developed their own conceptions and practices of purity and purification, distinct from those of contemporary and earlier Jewish and pagan cultures, though decisively influenced by them. Third, concepts and practices of purity and defilement were shifting and contentious, an arena for boundary-marking between Christians and others and between different Christian groups.
The Pure Community, the Holy Sacrifice, and the Defilement of Sin
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 turns to the internal ordering of the community through purity discourse concerning sin. It discusses the regulation of sin inside the borders of the pure community, focusing on the eucharist and on the conceptualization of repentance and penance as purification. Though in the first two centuries the eucharist had already become the sacred ritual representing the community, and was therefore guarded by purity restrictions, there was as yet no ritual system through which sinners could purify themselves and thus approach the eucharist. Some texts, such as the Didache, describe the eucharist as a sacrifice and the communal cohesion it requires as a pure state.
Land Grabs, Primitive Accumulation, and Resistance in Neoliberal India
Authors: Adnan Shapan
Published: May 2017

This chapter critically interrogates the historical trajectories of capitalism and the resolution of the agrarian question therein. The paths of early capitalist development are not possible to replicate in developing countries, more so under contemporary globalization. However, far from the agrarian question being “dead” for these countries, it is all the more relevant within a complex of neo-liberal exploitation of developing world peasantry. The chapter studies the patterns of accumulation under neo-liberalism in Indian agriculture based on primary and secondary data. The accumulation process under agrarian crisis in India illustrates the new delineations within the peasantry and possible alliances against neo-liberalism. This chapter links the agrarian question with that of land and draws insights on the different streams of growing resistance to land acquisition in recent times.
Noncultivating Households Owning Land in an Agrarian Economy
Authors: Vijay R.
Published: May 2017

Capitalist transformation in postcolonial societies follows an altogether different path. The resolution to agrarian question no longer seems necessary for capitalism. This leaves a large number of petty commodity producers precariously surviving in agriculture in India. This chapter shows that this class and the area operated by them is increasing, in spite of the fact that their agriculture is essentially unviable. Farmer suicides reflect the distress faced by this class. However, this chapter also shows that this class survives through various strategies, including considerable diversification away from their dependence on farming. As a result, land becomes no longer central to their survival, while the post-colonial state manages their desperate condition through welfare transfers. This chapter provides evidence for the changing profile of rural farm households, land holding structure, farm and non-farm incomes of rural farm households, and welfare transfers. The changing portfolio of rural incomes brings out the shifts in dependence on agriculture for the rural households and their implications for the land question.
Land Reform in Kerala and West Bengal
Authors: Dasgupta Anirban
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines patterns of land acquisition in the establishment of two enterprises that obtained the status of proto-national industries before independence in 1947: the Tata hydro-electric power companies in the Western Ghats, and the Tata Iron and Steel Company at Jamshedpur. The chapter comparatively shows how the legal instruments of dispossession varied according to the distribution of power, arguing that the entry of Indian capital in the industrial sector in the early twentieth century made possible two seemingly contradictory but mutually constitutive trends: the legal designation of private capital as capable of fulfilling a “public purpose,” and the increasingly direct involvement of the state in resource capture and management for the purpose of industrial development. The chapter uncovers the origins of key aspects of the “land question” in India, including the predominance of domestic over foreign capital, the enabling role of the state, and the persistence of surplus labor.
Patrons and ViewersDura-Europos
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

The third chapter examines rock-carved tauroctonies in mithraea, and in particular the monumental tauroctony at Bourg-Saint-Andéol, southeast France. Here, the image of Mithras slaying the bull was carved directly into a rock face between two streams. At other sites, particularly in eastern Europe, there are similar instances of tauroctony rock reliefs. While these images may be linked through their material, each has been positioned in a different way within their respective mithraeum, which may suggest differences in the worship of and belief in Mithras between individual communities. This chapter seeks to broaden our ideas of what the tauroctony meant to worshippers by examining the possible impact of the accompanying interior setting and exterior surroundings on the ancient perceptions of, and interactions with, the reliefs.
Syncretisms
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

The Conclusion to this volume returns to the three main questions posed in the Introduction, examining how a shared name, alongside material culture, can affect our understanding of ancient religious practices. The first section explores the benefits of a collaborative and comparative endeavour, drawing out examples from the earlier chapters and showing how they informed our perceptions of what a name can mean. The second and third parts ask more theoretical questions about how we can use our case studies to explore broader problems of interpreting ancient religious practices, and the role of objects within them. Finally, we return to the main theme of the volume: the name Mithra, and the ideas, expectations, and traditions that have been attached to it in antiquity and in modern scholarship. We suggest a new way of approaching the phenomenon of the shared name, and what that can entail for those interested in ancient religion.
Into an Urban World
Authors: McDougal Topher L.
Published: May 2017

In a growing portion of the global South—starting with Latin America and the Caribbean—civil wars are on the decline. But rapid urbanization—much of it precipitated by the toll of earlier traditional civil wars—has transposed formerly rural and rural–urban conflicts to cities, shifting their dynamics and creating new dilemmas. In many regions, hyper-urbanization has outpaced the capacity of municipalities to provide basic public services; large swathes of many cities have become characterized by informal, gang-administered, or “hybrid” governance. These urban-based criminal networks have globalized, facilitating and benefiting from illicit transnational trades. This chapter will draw connections between the morphology of rural–urban conflict experienced and future trends in urban violence, with an eye toward the future of such urban challenges in now-urbanizing regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, it will ask if rural–urban conflict will ever really be a thing of the past.
Trust in Government and Government Effectiveness
Authors: Horne Cynthia M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines whether, when, and how lustration and truth commissions affected trust in government and government effectiveness. Lustration had a direct positive relationship with government effectiveness; more extensive lustration programs appeared to have a bigger positive impact on government effectiveness than more informal programs. However, with respect to trust in government, the lustration effects were largely indirect and temporally contingent. Only early lustration was clearly associated with trust in government. Later in the transition, reforms registered weaker effects on trust in government, if any. To illustrate further the dynamics associated with the timing of reforms, the chapter explores the case of Poland’s late reform programs, highlighting some of the potential problems with domestic politicization of late reform efforts. Poland’s programs illustrate that while the timing of reforms matters, effective implementation of lustration can happen early or late in the transition process.
Introduction
Authors: van der Vlies Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the representation of impasse in three novels by Ingrid Winterbach, widely fêted in South Africa as one of its leading Afrikaans-language writers: Die boek van toeval en toeverlaat (2006; The Book of Happenstance, 2008); Die benederyk (2010; The Road of Excess, 2014); Die aanspraak van lewende wesens (2012; It Might Get Loud, 2015). It discusses the forms of precarious life at issue in these texts, and tests the usefulness of work by Lauren Berlant (on the ‘cruel optimism’ of neoliberal social life; on the cultural forms—including the ‘situation tragedy’—that reflect it) and David Scott (on the tragic nature of post-utopian postcolonial politics) for reading it. This chapter introduces a key concern of the book, the intertextuality through which its writers participate in local and global conversations (here involving J.M. Coetzee and Don DeLillo).
From Regulation to Facilitation
Authors: Unwin Tim
Published: May 2017

Effective regulation is crucial for the creation of successful enabling environments for the delivery of ICT4D initiatives. This chapter suggests that new models of regulation need to be developed that focus on facilitation rather than control, and are more explicitly pro-poor in their focus. The private sector cannot be expected to deliver ICT solutions to people who cannot afford them, and so regulators first need to work closely with the private sector and civil society, to ensure that as many people as possible are reached commercially, and second to create effective partnerships to serve the poorest and least accessible. The chapter addresses both the technical aspects of regulation, including auctions and spectrum management, and also the political and financial aspects relating in part to the generation of taxation revenues.
In the Interests of the Poorest and Most Marginalized
Authors: Unwin Tim
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter highlights some of the most important changes that need to be made in ICT4D policies and practices if these technologies are to be used to empower poor and marginalized people and communities. These include the development of innovative pro-poor technologies, a reorientation of government policy and international agendas away from economic growth and towards the reduction of inequality, the use of effective multi-sector partnerships in support of the poorest, increased dialogue between governments and citizens with respect to security and privacy, greater attention to the creation of more resilient infrastructures, enhanced learning for all stakeholders, and a comprehensive focus on working with poor people rather than for them.
Powerful Properties, Powerless Laws
Authors: Demarest Heather
Published: May 2017

A familiar choice-point in the laws of nature debate is whether the laws do any important metaphysical work. Some philosophers, such as Fred Dretske, Michael Tooley, David Armstrong, and Tim Maudlin, argue that the laws have very important metaphysical work to do because the way the world is depends on the laws. Others, such as David Lewis, Barry Loewer, Jonathan Cohen and Craig Callender, and Alexander Bird argue that the laws do not have important metaphysical work to do because the laws depend on the way the world is. According to the traditional formulation of the Best System Account (BSA), the most basic laws of nature (those that are the aim of ideal, final physics) are those propositions which, taken together, constitute the simplest and most informative description of the world. There are two central, but independent, features of this view. One is that the laws are mere systematizations of the fundamental ontology; they are not metaphysically ‘weighty’ and do not govern. The other is that the laws depend upon only categorical properties and relations. In this chapter I explore the consequences of accepting the first feature while rejecting the second. That is, I explore a best sys-tem account of laws that depends upon potencies. (For the purposes of this chapter, I suppose the fundamental properties are potencies: properties that are essentially dispositional.) I argue that a BSA grounded in potencies is preferable to a BSA grounded in categorical properties. Laws of nature, on this view, are those propositions that constitute the simplest and most informative description of potencies.
Aristotelian Powers at Work
Authors: Marmodoro Anna
Published: May 2017

This paper puts powers to work by developing a broadly Aristotelian account of causation, built on the fundamental idea (which Aristotle found in Plato, attributed by him to Heraclitus) that causation is a mutual interaction between powers. On this Aristotelian view, causal powers manifest them-selves in dependence on the manifestation of their mutual partners. (See also Heil, this volume; Mumford, this volume; and Martin 2008.) The manifestations of two causal power partners are co-determined, co-varying, and co-extensive in time. (See Marmodoro 2006.) Yet, causation has a direction and is thus asymmetric. This asymmetry is what underpins metaphysically the distinction between causal agent and patient. The proposed Aristotelian analysis of the interaction between mutually manifesting causal powers is distinctive, in that it pays justice to the intuition that there is agency in causation. That is, agency is not a metaphorical way of describing what causal powers do. For some powers, it is a way of being that instantiates the non-anthropomorphic sense in which powers are causal agents. This point is brought out in the paper in relation to the explanation of the concept of change. In an Aristotelian fashion, the paper argues that the distinction be-tween agent and patient in causation is pivotal to offering a realist account of causation that does not reify the interaction of the reciprocal causal partners into a relation. On the proposed view, the interaction between mutually manifesting causal partners consists in the power of one substance being realized in another substance. Specifically, the agent’s causal powers metaphysically belong to the agent, but come to be realized in the patient. The significance of this is that the interaction of the agent’s and the patient’s powers is not a relation; rather, it is an ex-tension of the constitution of the agent onto the patient, which occurs when agent and patient interact and their powers are mutually manifested. Thus the proposed Aristotelian account of causation explains the mutual interaction between manifestation partners—potentiality, agency, and change—as irreducible to one another, but interconnected.
Colors and Appearances as Powers and Manifestations
Authors: Kistler Max
Published: May 2017

Humans have only finite discriminatory capacities. This simple fact seems to be incompatible with the existence of appearances, or “looks.” It seems to be refuted by the non-transitivity of the indiscriminability of colors. Let A, B, and C be three uniformly colored sur-faces presented to the view of a subject in optimal conditions, which resemble each other perfectly except that their colors differ slightly in the following way: the difference in color between A and B (as well as the difference between B and C ) is below the discrimination threshold, but the difference between A and C is over the threshold. By definition of an appearance, given that A and B appear (to the subject) as identical in color, A and B have the same appearance P1; likewise, B and C have the same appearance P2. B’s appearance is both P1 and P2. If each surface has only one color appearance, and if appearances exist, P1 = P2. But this implies that A and C have the same appearance, which contradicts the hypothesis that the subject can discriminate their colors. I suggest that this puzzle can be solved without accepting the transitivity of indiscriminability and without postulating that subjects have only fallible knowledge of their own appearances by using the concepts of power, disposition, and manifestation. The color of the surface of an object is a power, which gives a subject perceiving it various dispositions, and in particular dispositions to judge it equal or different from a second color. The colors of A, B, and C are three different powers. Each of them grounds many dispositions to appear to a given subject in different situations. The judgments of comparison that create the puzzle bear on colors, but are made on the basis of appearances, i.e., manifestations of the colors. These manifestations depend on the triggering circumstances: the appearance of B’s color in the context of a comparison with A is not identical with the appearance of B’s color in the context of a comparison with C.
Must Functionalists Be Aristotelians?
Authors: Koons Robert C. , Pruss Alexander
Published: May 2017

Functionalism in the theory of mind requires an account of function that has a normative component—mere conditional connection (whether indicative or sub-junctive) is not enough. For instance, a component of a computing system isn’t an adder just in case its output is always or would always be the sum of the inputs, since any computing system in a world with as much indeterminism as ours can err or malfunction. Two general reductions of normative language have been proposed that one might wish to apply to the problem of defining proper function: the evolutionary reduction (Wright, Millikan) and the agential reduction (Plantinga). We argue that whatever the merits of the reductions in other contexts, a functionalist theory of mind that defines proper function in either of these ways must fail. The argument proceeds by first showing the agential reduction is viciously circular in the context of a functionalist theory of agency. Second, if functionalism about mind is true and proper function is reducible evolutionarily, then it is possible to have a situation in which the presence or absence of mental properties depends in an implausibly spooky, acausal way on remote facts. It is plausible that the only currently avail-able way for the functionalist to meet these challenges is to accept irreducible end-directed causal powers of minds and/or their functional parts, in accordance with a broadly Aristotelian tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Lacey Joseph
Published: May 2017

This introduction presents the central problematic of the book, justifies the comparative approach that is employed in later parts of the project, and outlines the main arguments developed throughout the work. The problematic is referred to as the lingua franca thesis on sustainable democratic systems (LFT), which predicts problems for democratic legitimacy and political identity formation for political communities that operate without a common language. As multilevel and multilingual political systems with claims to democratic legitimacy, Belgium and Switzerland are identified as two of the best available cases to test the validity of the LFT, with a view to informing the nature of and prospects for democratic legitimacy in the EU.
Democratic Process and Democratic Purpose
Authors: Lacey Joseph
Published: May 2017

Theories of democracy have been refined to two main types by the latter part of the twentieth century, namely competitive and deliberative theories. This chapter attempts to provide an improved articulation of democracy by highlighting two concepts commonly overlooked by both schools of thought. These are the voting space that structures public discourse and the democratic difference principle that regulates power inequalities in a democratic system. The author’s conception of democratic legitimacy can be briefly summarized as prescribing the maximization of citizen control over the decisions in which they have a stake, through a moderate proliferation of voting spaces and the opinion formation processes they engender. In practical terms, this may be translated as the need for multilevel electoral bodies and corresponding multifaceted direct democratic institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: May 2017

This Introduction raises the problem of divine ethics and how it bears on the problem of evil (or ‘argument from evil’). It notes the importance of distinguishing among three conceptions of God: God as maximally great being (as ‘an Anselmian being’), God as that being who is supremely worthy of worship, and God as that being who is fully worthy of allegiance. This book treats the first conception to be the most explanatorily basic, and thus is the sole focus of the inquiry for most of the book (Chapters 1 through 6); the second and third conceptions are considered in the second part of the book (Chapters 7 through 9).
Anselmianism about God
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: May 2017

It is sometimes held that God, as an Anselmian—that is, absolutely perfect—being, must be loving. This chapter defends a conditional claim: insofar as God is necessarily loving, that is due to, and extends only as far as, the love that God must have on account of God’s being necessarily morally perfect. For, first, any account of God’s nature that requires God to be loving in a way that goes beyond what is morally required will unacceptably limit God’s freedom of action; and second, being loving cannot be an independent divine perfection, for it lacks an intrinsic maximum, and having an intrinsic maximum is essential to divine perfections on the Anselmian conception. The chapter also considers, and rejects, reasons from revelation to hold that morality-surpassing love is a divine perfection.
Is the Anselmian Being Morally Good?
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the existence and well-being of creatures are something that God, as an absolutely perfect being, has justifying, but not requiring, reasons to promote. The distinction is (following Joshua Gert) between (respectively) considerations that one may reasonably act on, but needs no reason not to, and reasons that one must act on unless one has reasons not to. The chapter argues that from God’s in fact being a creator we must conclude that the existence and well-being of creatures give justifying reasons for God to create and to promote the well-being of creatures. But we have reasons from Anselmian methodology to think that these reasons are not requiring reasons. An important entailment of this conception of God’s ethics is that God needs no justification for not promoting the good of creatures more than God in fact has.
The Argument from Evil and the Ethics of the Anselmian Being
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: May 2017

Because God’s necessary ethics differs from our own, the existence of evil is not in tension with the existence of an absolutely perfect being. But could a being with such a different ethics from ours be worthy of our worship? And could a being with such a different ethics be worthy of our full allegiance? This chapter argues that the conditions of appropriate worship are in no way undermined by the best account of God’s own ethics. But there is indeed trouble in terms of allegiance-worthiness, in terms of God’s worthiness both of our alliance and of our obedience. This chapter argues that crucial to theistic practice is not God’s necessary allegiance-worthiness, which is not to be had, but God’s allegiance-worthiness simpliciter. Thus it would be sufficient if there were plausible accounts of how the Anselmian being could be worthy of our allegiance contingently.
The Recession and the Policy Response for Child Poverty in Japan
Authors: Abe Aya K.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to describe how the economic crisis affected children and how the government of Japan responded to mitigate the impact on children. The economic crisis worsened child poverty not by increasing worklessness, but rather by decreasing income of those who had poor-quality jobs. However, the crisis brought about an abrupt change in the government. Even though it was short-lived, the new government put in place some measures to mitigate the impact of the crisis and it seems to have had some success in doing so. There was an improvement in child poverty rate as well as in child deprivation. In a way, Japan presents a unique case study in that the economic crisis did trigger some positive changes in the protection of child well-being.
Growing up in Poverty: Children and the Great Recession in Spain
Authors: Ayllón Sara
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a diagnosis of the economic ill-fare of Spanish children since 2008 with the objective of assessing the impact that the Great Recession has had on them. The results show children’s great economic vulnerability to changes in the business cycle. The Great Recession has had important consequences on the economic well-being of many children—not only because of the sky-high unemployment rates of the adults that look after them, but also because of the lack of a generous and comprehensive social protection system that can be relied upon when the economy slows down. Notwithstanding this, it is important to remember that child poverty was a major social problem in Spain before this economic downturn.
Impact of the Recession on Children in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan , Main Gill
Published: May 2017

Child poverty has been a focus of UK policy since then Prime Minister Tony Blair’s 1999 commitment to eradicate it within a generation. Significant reductions in child poverty were achieved from 2000–10. However, despite the 2010 Child Poverty Act enshrining this commitment into law, two factors threaten progress: the 2008 global financial crisis which shifted policy focus to national debt reduction rather than poverty reduction, and the shift from a Labour government to a Conservative-led coalition in 2010 and a Conservative majority government since 2015. Austerity, positioned as a necessary response to the crisis, has become the dominant economic policy. Public spending cuts have disproportionately impacted children and families. This chapter draws on nationally-representative data from the UK to explore trends in child poverty and deprivation, 2007/8–2013/14. While child poverty rates are yet to increase substantially, the vulnerability of children to future economic shocks is highlighted as a cause for concern.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the material culture of everyday life in late-Renaissance Paris by setting L’Estoile’s diaries and after-death inventory against a sample of the inventories of thirty-nine of his colleagues. L’Estoile and his family lived embedded in the society of royal office-holders and negotiated their place in its hierarchy with mixed success. His home was cramped and his wardrobe rather shabby. The paintings he displayed in the reception rooms reveal his iconoclastic attitude to the visual, contrasting with the overwhelming number of Catholic devotional pictures displayed by his colleagues. Yet the collection he stored in his study and cabinet made him stand out in his milieu as a distinguished curieux. It deserves a place in the early modern history of collecting, as his example reveals that the civil wars might be a stimulus as much as a disruption to collecting in sixteenth-century France.
Family Life and the Early Civil Wars, 1546‒1580
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: May 2017

L’Estoile wrote his definitive account of the reign of Henri III not in the form of an everyday diary, but as a formal history in a Tacitean style and a contribution to humanist historiography. He situated political events among all manner of curious occurrences in everyday life. In this way, his heavily revised, retrospective narrative argued that the moral decline throughout French society in the reign of Henri III caused the outbreak of the troubles of the League in 1589. This chapter argues that L’Estoile’s activity as a collector shaped his historical writing, particularly as he amassed and deployed poetic libels in his manuscripts as a means to control and condemn the scandalous literary culture of his times, characterized by unrestrained ‘French liberty in speech’.
The Reign of Henri III, 1574‒1589
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: May 2017

The troubles of the Catholic League marked a turning point in L’Estoile’s life and the civil wars. L’Estoile narrated these events in chilling detail, presenting a history of the League in Paris so compelling that it has shaped all subsequent historical accounts. Most compelling of all is L’Estoile’s compiled scrapbook history of the Drolleries of the League, made up of ephemeral prints produced by the League as it tried to persuade the people of Paris of the truth of its cause. Much of this printed ephemera only survives because of L’Estoile’s collecting, as he preserved it, despite orders for its censorship. The strident anti-League rhetoric of his retrospective historical writing not withstanding, L’Estoile’s survival in Parisian society during this period depended more on prudent collaboration than open resistance.
Regime Complexity and Main Argument
Authors: Henning C. Randall
Published: May 2017

International regime complexity provides a framework that is useful for analyzing the questions that are addressed in this study. This chapter discusses the origins and development of the regime complexity approach and locates the arguments of the book relative to it and other approaches to the study of international organization and global governance. It defines the concept of a regime complex, reviews some of the shortcomings of the approach, and shows how the analysis of the complex for international finance contributes to the research program on regime complexity. This study is a comparison of institutional interaction in seven structured cases of lending programs, woven through a narrative of the euro crisis. The chapter then previews the main arguments of the book, including that regime complexity stems from states’ efforts to control agency drift and that key states mediate interinstitutional conflict informally.
Is Feed-In-Tariff Policy Effective for Increasing Deployment of Renewable Energy in Indonesia?
Authors: Yuliani Dewi
Published: May 2017

To achieve the targeted portion of renewable energy and to attract more investment in renewable electricity Indonesia’s government has issued several feed-in-tariff regulation, which is policy instrument successfully applied in many countries. This study is an exploratory research to evaluate how the policy works in Indonesia, especially in the field. The study shows that while the policy triggers investment interests, many obstacles are encountered due to imperfections in the feed-in-tariff policy package, and other non-cost factors. Several unanticipated side effects were also identified as consequences of the upturn in investment interest, indicating that transition to cleaner energy is much more challenging for developing countries such as Indonesia.
Do Political Economy Factors Matter in Explaining the Increase in the Production of Bioenergy?
Authors: Kere Éric Nazindigouba
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the impact of political economy factors on the production of bioenergy. The authors theoretically and empirically show that the quality of governance and environmental policy stringency instruments promote the development of bioenergy production. The authors also find that the factors that favour oil production and renewable energy negatively influence the development of bioenergy, whereas the conditions of production (cereal yield) and demand factors (gross domestic product, population density, and urbanization) tend to favour the production of bioenergy. Bioenergies are not a magic solution but can contribute to the fight against global warming and poverty in developing countries. Therefore national efforts should be made to attract more investors in this area, including: (i) energy policies, research and innovation to reduce production costs, (iv) promoting the development of the application, and (v) providing a basis for learning more about the development of viable and sustainable bioenergy models.
Governing Clean Energy Transitions in China and India
Authors: Isoaho Karoliina , Goritz Alexandra , Schulz Nicolai
Published: May 2017

China and India will have to radically transform their electric power systems in order to decouple economic growth from unsustainable resource consumption. The development and deployment of renewable energies offers a solution to this challenge. A clean energy transition, however, requires radical changes in the energy system that can only occur if a governing coalition is both willing and able to implement successful RET (renewable energy technology) policies. The authors analyse how this willingness and ability is shaped by the coalition’s power and cohesiveness, societal pressures, and the institutional configuration across levels of governance. In doing so, central drivers are identified and barriers to a clean energy transition in China and India.
The Social Shaping of Nuclear Energy Technology in South Africa
Authors: Rennkamp Britta , Bhuyan Radhika
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the question why the South African government intends to procure nuclear energy technology, despite affordable and accessible fossil and renewable energy alternatives. The authors analyse the social shaping of nuclear energy technology based on the statements of political actors in the public media. The authors combine a discourse network analysis with qualitative analysis to establish the coalitions in support and opposition of the programme. The central arguments in the debate are cost, safety, job creation, the appropriateness of nuclear energy, emissions reductions, transparency, risks for corruption, and geopolitical influences. The analysis concludes that the nuclear programme is not primarily about generating electricity, as it creates tangible benefits for the coalition of supporters.