bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Personal Care for Older People in Scotland: Issues and Implications
Authors: Bowes Alison , Bell David
Published: June 2007

Drawing on recent quantitative and qualitative research, we consider lessons of the Scottish policy of free personal care for older people. The policy is embedded in political debates about devolution and interacts with various changing policies on care and support for older people. Evaluation is complicated by these interactions and by gaps in relevant data, especially concerning costs. Operationally, policy implementation has presented varying difficulties for local authorities. For clients and informal carers it remains popular, but is part of a service-led model of provision which does not reflect their own views of their care and support needs.
Der kindliche Thymus im Thoraxröntgenbild: Wenn Schiffssegel und Engelsflügel nicht weiterhelfen
Authors: Honauer  , Prim  , Goetschel
Published: June 2007

Das Thoraxröntgenbild eines sechs Monate alten Jungen mit Fieber und Husten zeigt ein retrokardial linksseitiges pneumonisches Infiltrat und bilaterale solide Transparenzminderungen unklarer Ätiologie. Nach klinisch erfolgreicher antibiotischer Therapie zeigt sich im Kontroll-Röntgenbild eine vollständige Auflösung der Konsolidation retrokardial bei persistierenden bilateralen Verschattungen. In der in der Folge durchgeführten Computertomographie fand sich ein ungewöhnlich konfigurierter Thymus von homogener, normaler Struktur. Die Organgrenzen des kindlichen Thymus sind konventionell-radiologisch oft sehr schwer oder gar nicht von den benachbarten anatomischen Strukturen abzugrenzen. Das Organ weist eine grosse interindividuelle Variabiliät bezüglich Form und Grösse auf und kann eine intrathorakale Neoplasie imitieren. Oft wird zur konklusiven Beurteilung der Einsatz von Schnittbildverfahren notwendig.
Anisotropy of magnetic field fluctuations in an average interplanetary magnetic cloud at 1 AU
Authors: Narock T. W. , Lepping R. P.
Published: June 2007

A subset of magnetic clouds (MCs) identified over 8.6 years of the WIND mission are examined for a pattern of anisotropic magnetic field fluctuations within their extent at 1 AU. This subset (N= 42) consists of MCs taken from a comprehensive survey of WIND Magnetic Field Investigation data. Root mean square deviations of the axial field (RMSA) and the perpendicular field (RMS⊥; i.e., that lying in the cross‐sectional plane of the MC), rendered in a magnetic cloud coordinate system, are computed on three timescales, 8, 30, and 60 min, and a fluctuation anisotropy quantity [A(t) = 〈RMSA〉/〈RMS⊥〉 − 1] is calculated for each timescale. The 42 MCs are separated by relative closest approach (Y0/R0) into two distinct regions [|Y0/R0| < 0.33 (inner) and 0.33 < |Y0/R0| < 0.66 (middle)], whereR0is a model‐estimated MC radius andY0is a model‐estimated magnitude of the closest‐approach vector, and superimposed within each region. We show a clear and distinct magnetic field fluctuation anisotropy profile within each region. Additionally, this profile closely resembles that of the pitch angle of the field implying that the field fluctuations tend to be predominately perpendicular to the field itself. Thus transverse fluctuations are most common in MCs in the range (1.4–10.4) × 10−4Hz.
Directly controlled reference frequency wavefront clock method applied to 100‐GHz radio interferometry and fringe simulator
Authors: Kiuchi H. , Okumura S. , Amagai J. , Iguchi S. , Kondo T.
Published: June 2007

Currently, there are two types of interferometers in the world: One is the conventional interferometer using the fixed local signal as a reference signal, and the other is the interferometer using the wavefront clock. In this paper, we propose a new method of the wavefront clock system under development. The new wavefront clock system has a great advantage for the Doppler compensation. The Doppler shift, which is caused by the Earth's rotation, is compensated for during the correlation processing or when signals are received in order to detect fringes (interferometer patterns). Also, the proposed system can be effectively applied to high‐frequency (millimeter wavelength), wide‐bandwidth, and multibaseline interferometry. The main feature of this method is that the reference signals for the front end and back end of the interferometer system are directly controlled from the observing site according to a calculated a priori delay rate. In this method, fringe stopping and delay tracking can be simultaneously performed on all received frequencies as well as on frequency‐converted signals in both the upper sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB). Furthermore, this method can be introduced with just a slight modification to the current interferometer systems (including very long baseline interferometry) and can also be applied to a pseudofringe (Doppler shift and delay) simulator to check the correlation processor.
Signatures of ultra fast Kelvin waves in the equatorial middle atmosphere and ionosphere
Authors: Takahashi H. , Wrasse C. M. , Fechine J. , Pancheva D. , Abdu M. A. , Batista I. S. , Lima L. M. , Batista P. P. , Clemesha B. R. , Schuch N. J. , Shiokawa K. , Gobbi D. , Mlynczak M. G. , Russell J. M.
Published: June 2007

In the equatorial atmosphere, oscillations with periods of 3 to 4 days have been observed in the meteor radar zonal wind at Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W), in the ionospheric minimum virtual height h'F and the maximum critical frequency foF2 at Fortaleza (3.9°S, 38.4°W), and in the TIMED/SABER satellite temperature data in the stratosphere‐mesosphere. Wavelet analyses of these time series reveal that the 3–4‐day oscillation was observed for all of these data during the period from March 1 to 11, 2005. From the characteristics of the downward phase propagation (wavelength of ∼40 km), longitudinal and latitudinal extension, we conclude that this oscillation must be a 3.5–day Ultra Fast Kelvin (UFK) wave. This is the first report of clear evidence of propagation of a UFK wave from the stratosphere to the ionosphere. The UFK wave could have an important role in the day‐to‐day variability of the equatorial ionosphere evening uplift.
Distribution and diversity of phytate-mineralizing bacteria
Authors: Lim Boon Leong , Yeung Pok , Cheng Chiwai , Hill Jane Emily
Published: June 2007

Phytate, the most abundant organic phosphorus compound in soil, dominates the biotic phosphorus input from terrestrial runoffs into aquatic systems. Microbial mineralization of phytate by phytases is a key process for recycling phosphorus in the biosphere. Bioinformatic studies were carried out on microbial genomes and environmental metagenomes in the NCBI and the CAMERA databases to determine the distribution of the four known classes of phytase in the microbial world. The β-propeller phytase is the only phytase family that can be found in aquatic environments and it is also distributed in soil and plant bacteria. The β-propeller phytase-like genes can be classified into several subgroups based on their domain structure and the positions of their conserved cysteine residues. Analysis of the genetic contexts of these subgroups showed that β-propeller phytase genes exist either as an independent gene or are closely associated with a TonB-dependent receptor-like gene in operons, suggesting that these two genes are functionally linked and thus may play an important role in the cycles of phosphorus and iron. Our work suggests that β-propeller phytases play a major role in phytate-phosphorus cycling in both soil and aquatic microbial communities.
Symbiont recognition of mutualistic bacteria by Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants
Authors: Zhang Mingzi M , Poulsen Michael , Currie Cameron R
Published: June 2007

Symbiont choice has been proposed to play an important role in shaping many symbiotic relationships, including the fungus-growing ant–microbe mutualism. Over millions of years, fungus-growing ants have defended their fungus gardens from specialized parasites with antibiotics produced by an actinomycete bacterial mutualist (genus Pseudonocardia). Despite the potential of being infected by phylogenetically diverse strains of parasites, each ant colony maintains only a single Pseudonocardia symbiont strain, which is primarily vertically transmitted between colonies by the founding queens. In this study, we show that Acromyrmex leaf-cutter ants are able to differentiate between their native actinomycete strain and a variety of foreign strains isolated from sympatric and allopatric Acromyrmex species, in addition to strains originating from other fungus-growing ant genera. The recognition mechanism is sufficiently sensitive for the ants to discriminate between closely related symbiont strains. Our findings suggest that symbiont recognition may play a crucial role in the fungus-growing ant–bacterium mutualism, likely allowing the ants to retain ecological flexibility necessary for defending their garden from diverse parasites and, at the same time, resolve potential conflict that can arise from rearing competing symbiont strains.
Dissociation of halted T7 RNA polymerase elongation complexes proceeds via a forward-translocation mechanism
Authors: Zhou Yi , Navaroli Deanna M. , Enuameh Metewo Selase , Martin Craig T.
Published: June 2007

A recent model for the mechanism of intrinsic transcription termination involves dissociation of the RNA from forward-translocated (hypertranslocated) states of the complex [Yarnell WS, Roberts JW (1999)
Science
, 284:611–615]. The current study demonstrates that halted elongation complexes of T7 RNA polymerase in the absence of termination signals can also dissociate via a forward-translocation mechanism. Shortening of the downstream DNA or the introduction of a stretch of mismatched DNA immediately downstream of the halt site reduces a barrier to forward translocation and correspondingly reduces the lifetime of halted complexes. Conversely, introduction of a cross-link downstream of the halt site increases the same barrier and leads to an increase in complex lifetime. Introduction of a mismatch within the bubble reduces a driving force for forward translocation and correspondingly increases the lifetime of the complex, but only for mismatches at the upstream edge of the bubble, as predicted by the model. Mismatching only the two most upstream of the eight bases in the bubble provides a maximal increase in complex stability, suggesting that dissociation occurs primarily from early forward-translocated states. Finally, addition in trans of an oligonucleotide complementary to the nascent RNA just beyond the hybrid complements the loss of driving force derived from placement of a mismatch within the bubble, confirming the expected additivity of effects. Thus, forward translocation is likely a general mechanism for dissociation of elongation complexes, both in the presence and absence of intrinsic termination signals.
Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars
Authors: Benes Francine M. , Lim Benjamin , Matzilevich David , Walsh John P. , Subburaju Sivan , Minns Martin
Published: June 2007

GABAergic dysfunction is present in the hippocampus in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). The trisynaptic pathway was “deconstructed” into various layers of sectors CA3/2 and CA1 and gene expression profiling performed. Network association analysis was used to uncover genes that may be related to regulation of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD
67
), a marker for this system that has been found by many studies to show decreased expression in SZs and BDs. The most striking change was a down-regulation of GAD
67
in the stratum oriens (SO) of CA2/3 in both groups; CA1 only showed changes in the SO of schizophrenics. The network generated for GAD
67
contained 25 genes involved in the regulation of kainate receptors, TGF-β and Wnt signaling, as well as transcription factors involved in cell growth and differentiation. In SZs, IL-1β, (GRIK2/3), TGF-β2, TGF-βR1, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), death associated protein (DAXX), and cyclin D2 (CCND2) were all significantly up-regulated, whereas in BDs, PAX5, Runx2, LEF1, TLE1, and CCND2 were significantly down-regulated. In the SO of CA1 of BDs, where GAD67 showed no expression change, TGF-β and Wnt signaling genes were all up-regulated, but other transcription factors showed no change in expression. In other layers/sectors, BDs showed no expression changes in these GAD
67
network genes. Overall, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased expression of GAD
67
may be associated with an epigenetic mechanism in SZ. In BD, however, a suppression of transcription factors involved in cell differentiation may contribute to GABA dysfunction.
Remodeling of hippocampal mossy fibers is selectively induced seven days after the acquisition of a spatial but not a cued reference memory task
Authors: Rekart Jerome L. , Sandoval C. Jimena , Bermudez-Rattoni Federico , Routtenberg Aryeh
Published: June 2007

Relating storage of specific information to a particular neuromorphological change is difficult because behavioral performance factors are not readily disambiguated from underlying cognitive processes. This issue is addressed here by demonstrating robust reorganization of the hippocampal mossy fiber terminal field (MFTF) when adult rats learn the location of a hidden platform but not when rats learn to locate a visible platform. Because the latter task requires essentially the same behavioral performance as the former, the observed MFTF growth is seen as the consequence of specific input-dependent hippocampal activity patterns selectively generated by processing of extramaze but not intramaze cues. Successful performance on the hidden platform task requires formation of spatial memory. Increased MFTFs in hidden platform-trained rats are observed 7 d but not 2 d after training nor in swim controls. These results suggest that structural plasticity of the mossy fiber:CA3 circuit may contribute to the maintenance of long-lasting memory but not to the initial storage of the spatial context.
Presence of two glycolytic gene clusters in a severe pathogenic line of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris
Authors: OSHIMA KENRO , KAKIZAWA SHIGEYUKI , ARASHIDA RYO , ISHII YOSHIKO , HOSHI AYAKA , HAYASHI YUKI , KAGIWADA SATOSHI , NAMBA SHIGETOU
Published: June 2007

Phytoplasmas are plant‐pathogenic bacteria that are associated with numerous plant diseases. We have previously reported the complete genomic sequence of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, OY strain, OY‐M line, which causes mild symptoms. The phytoplasma genome lacks several important metabolic genes, implying that the consumption of metabolites by phytoplasmas in plants may cause disease symptoms. Here we show that the approximately 30‐kb region including the glycolytic genes was tandemly duplicated in the genome of OY‐W phytoplasma, which causes severe symptoms. Almost duplicated genes became pseudogenes by frameshift and stop‐codon mutations, probably because of their functional redundancy. However, five kinds of genes, including two glycolytic genes, remained full‐length ORFs, suggesting that it is advantageous for the phytoplasma to retain these genes in its lifestyle. In particular, 6‐phosphofructokinase is known as a rate‐limiting enzyme of glycolysis, implying that the different number of glycolytic genes between OY‐W and OY‐M may influence their respective glycolysis activities. We previously reported that the phytoplasma population of OY‐W was higher than that of OY‐M in their infected plants. Taking this result into account, the higher consumption of the carbon source may affect the growth rate of phytoplasmas and also may directly or indirectly cause more severe symptoms.
Multiple idiopathic apical root resorption: a case report
Authors: Moazami F. , Karami B.
Published: June 2007

Aim  To report a rare case of multiple idiopathic apical root resorption in an adult male.

Summary  A 27‐year‐old male with no history of medical or dental disorders was referred by his family dentist for evaluation of extreme root resorption involving the apical region of most of his teeth. A complete haematological investigation was conducted and all the results were within the normal range. Mobility of the teeth was physiologic and no abnormal periodontal pockets were observed. A diagnosis of multiple idiopathic apical root resorption was made.

Key learning points

• Apical root resorption of multiple teeth can be related to no specific aetiology and is known as idiopathic apical root resorption.

• It is mostly seen in young adult males; maxillary teeth are more frequently involved.

• No preventive or therapeutic regimen is known and monitoring accompanied by periodontal maintenance is recommended.
Unexpected persistence on habitat islands: genetic signatures reveal dispersal of a eucalypt‐dependent marsupial through a hostile pine matrix
Authors: TAYLOR ANDREA C. , TYNDALE‐BISCOE HUGH , LINDENMAYER DAVID B.
Published: June 2007

Several factors contribute to the extinction of populations in fragmented habitat but key ones include habitat loss and disruptions to connectivity. Aspects of the ecology of greater gliders (Petauroides volans), along with observations of their response to native forest clearance at a site in southeastern Australia, lead to the prediction in the 1960s that the species would not persist in the replacement exotic pine plantation. However, 35 years later, the species was observed in many remnant native vegetation patches retained within the plantation boundary, albeit at a lower occupancy rate than at matched continuous forest control sites. To determine the role of patch connectivity in persistence of P. volans in remnants, we employed 12 microsatellite markers to genotype individuals from 11 remnants, three contemporary nearby continuous native eucalypt forest sites and a sample collected during native vegetation clearance at the site in the 1960s. Patch samples retained substantially more genetic diversity than expected under an isolation model, suggesting that patches have experienced some immigration. Five putative patch immigrants — two from sampled sites 1‐ and 7‐km distant, and three from unresolved or unsampled localities — were identified via genetic parentage and population assignment analyses. Patch populations displayed varying levels of admixture in Bayesian genetic structure analyses, with the oldest and most geographically isolated ones showing the least admixture, suggesting they have experienced relatively little immigration. Evidence of at least some immigration into patches may explain why P. volans has persisted contrary to expectation in heavily fragmented habitat.
Enhancing seed quality and viability by suppressing phospholipase D in Arabidopsis
Authors: Devaiah Shivakumar P. , Pan Xiangqing , Hong Yueyun , Roth Mary , Welti Ruth , Wang Xuemin
Published: June 2007

Seed aging decreases the quality of seed and grain and results in agricultural and economic losses. Alterations that impair cellular structures and metabolism are implicated in seed deterioration, but the molecular and biochemical bases for seed aging are not well understood. Ablation of the gene for a membrane lipid‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D (PLDα1) in Arabidopsis enhanced seed germination and oil stability after storage or exposure of seeds to adverse conditions. The PLDα1‐deficient seeds exhibited a smaller loss of unsaturated fatty acids and lower accumulation of lipid peroxides than did wild‐type seeds. However, PLDα1‐knockdown seeds were more tolerant of aging than were PLDα1‐knockout seeds. The results demonstrate the PLDα1 plays an important role in seed deterioration and aging in Arabidopsis. A high level of PLDα1 is detrimental to seed quality, and attenuation of PLDα1 expression has the potential to improve oil stability, seed quality and seed longevity.
High‐throughput mapping of cell‐wall polymers within and between plants using novel microarrays
Authors: Moller Isabel , Sørensen Iben , Bernal Adriana J. , Blaukopf Claudia , Lee Kieran , Øbro Jens , Pettolino Filomena , Roberts Alison , Mikkelsen Jørn Dalgaard , Knox J. Paul , Bacic Antony , Willats William G.T.
Published: June 2007

We describe here a methodology that enables the occurrence of cell‐wall glycans to be systematically mapped throughout plants in a semi‐quantitative high‐throughput fashion. The technique (comprehensive microarray polymer profiling, or CoMPP) integrates the sequential extraction of glycans from multiple organs or tissues with the generation of microarrays, which are probed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs) with specificities for cell‐wall components. The profiles generated provide a global snapshot of cell‐wall composition, and also allow comparative analysis of mutant and wild‐type plants, as demonstrated here for the Arabidopsis thaliana mutants fra8, mur1 and mur3. CoMPP was also applied to Physcomitrella patens cell walls and was validated by carbohydrate linkage analysis. These data provide new insights into the structure and functions of plant cell walls, and demonstrate the potential of CoMPP as a component of systems‐based approaches to cell‐wall biology.
Recurrent transfusion‐related acute lung injury after a two‐year interval
Authors: Krochmal J. D. , Dwyre D. M. , Swanson K. M. , Raife T. J. , Schlueter A. J.
Published: June 2007

summary Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life‐threatening complication of blood transfusion. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of TRALI are not well established. A Medline literature search shows only rare reports of recurrent TRALI, all occurring soon after the first episodes. We report a case of recurrent TRALI after a 2‐year interval.

A patient developed TRALI after transfusion of 4 units of fresh frozen plasma for gastrointestinal bleeding due to oesophageal varices in September 2002. The patient required mechanical ventilation but recovered completely. Two years later, in October 2004, the patient experienced a second episode of TRALI during liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus /alcoholic cirrhosis. Again, the patient recovered after ventilator support.

Laboratory investigation of the first TRALI episode (2002) showed antibodies against class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in three female donors. Laboratory investigation of the second episode (2004) showed anti‐DR52 (HLA class II) antibodies in one female donor matching the DR‐52 HLA class II antigen in the recipient.

TRALI can rarely recur. Consideration of future blood needs for patients experiencing recurrent TRALI should include preventive measures against further TRALI reactions, such as blood from male donors or blood less than 14 days old.
Delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti‐Jkb in a patient with non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma‐transient nature of anti‐Jkb and the importance of early serological diagnosis
Authors: Hussain S. S. , Ebbs A. M. , Curtin N. J. , Keidan A. J.
Published: June 2007

summary Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) are relatively common following blood transfusions. In the UK, DHTRs were responsible for 10.2% of all serious transfusion‐related hazards between 1996 and 2003. In most cases, there is minor or no morbidity, and the reaction may go unnoticed. However, in some cases, a large fall in haemoglobin level and major morbidity may occur. Even in such serious cases, the true cause of the patient’s clinical deterioration may be unrecognized if serological investigation is not carried out immediately because of the often transient nature of the antibodies involved. Failure to make the correct diagnosis will lead to inappropriate treatment and expose the patient to risk of further serious transfusion reactions. We describe a case of DHTR caused by anti‐Jkb antibodies, which illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing this common but under‐recognized reaction and shows the transient nature of the antibody involved, which became undetectable within 4 weeks.
Detection of MNS hybrid molecules in the Thai population using PCR‐SSP technique
Authors: Palacajornsuk P. , Nathalang O. , Tantimavanich S. , Bejrachandra S. , Reid M. E.
Published: June 2007

summary We developed a polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) technique to screen for hybrid molecules in the MNS blood group in the Thai population using two sets of newly designed primers specific for four GYP(B‐A‐B) hybrids, GP.Mur, GP.Hop, GP.Bun and GP.HF, and two GYP(A‐B‐A) hybrids, GP.Vw and GP.Hut. One thousand and forty‐one blood samples were tested with human anti‐Mia by conventional tube technique, and 598 samples of these were tested by the PCR‐SSP technique. Ninety‐four samples (9·03%) were strongly positive with human antisera by conventional tube technique. For PCR‐SSP test results, the GP.Hut, GP.Mur, GP.Hop, GP.Bun and GP.HF genotypes were amplified with the first set of primers, whereas GP.Vw genotype was amplified with a second set of primers. The GYP(A‐B) hybrids (GP.Hil and GP.JL), GYP(A‐B‐A) hybrids (GP.Nob, GP.Joh and GP.Dane), GYPA, GYPB and GYPE were not amplified by either set of primers. Results of testing 94 Mi(a+) and 504 Mi(a−) by conventional tube technique and PCR‐SSP were concordant. This study shows that analysis by PCR‐SSP is simple and convenient; therefore, it can be used as an alternative to conventional tube technique for mass screening for MNS hybrids, especially when specific antisera are not available.
Expression of chitinase in Adenanthera pavonina seedlings
Authors: Santos Izabela S. , Oliveira Antônia E. A. , Da Cunha Maura , Machado Olga L.T. , Neves‐Ferreira Ana G.C. , Fernandes Kátia V.S. , Carvalho André O. , Perales Jonas , Gomes Valdirene M.
Published: June 2007

Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) are hydrolytic enzymes found in different organisms. In plants, they have been described in different tissues and organs, including seeds. This study was triggered by the isolation of a 30‐kDa thermostable chitinase from Adenanthera pavonina L. seeds. The enzyme was submitted to N‐terminal amino acid sequencing, and the analysis revealed a high degree of homology with class III chitinases. Bidimensional electrophoresis of the 30‐kDa band showed the presence of three isoforms with pIs of 5.2, 5.5 and 5.8. A chitinase was also found in exudates released from the same seeds, which was seen to be immunorelated to the above 30‐kDa protein. It was also submitted to N‐terminal amino acid sequencing and seen as highly homologous to class III chitinases. In addition, the expression of chitinases during A. pavonina L. seed germination and seedling development was investigated. Seeds were allowed to germinate in the absence of light for approximately 5 days and were grown, for different times, in the absence or presence of light. After each seedling developmental time, samples of exudates, roots and cotyledonary leaves were collected and submitted to protein extraction. The presence of proteins immunorelated to the 30‐kDa chitinase was detected in all analyzed samples. Further analyses showed that light significantly interfered with the chitinase expression in some organs. The tissue and subcellular chitinase location in seedling roots was also investigated, and it was majorly localized in the cell wall and in the intercellular spaces of the root hair zone.
The Distribution of the Coronary Arteries in the Angora Rabbit
Authors: Bahar S. , Ozdemir V. , Eken E. , Tipirdamaz S.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the origin, course, termination and anastomosing of the coronary arteries in Angora rabbits. Eight adult healthy male Angora rabbits were used. Coloured latex was injected into the ascending aorta. A. coronaria sinistra of the Angora rabbit had larger diameter than a. coronaria dextra. It was divided into r. proximalis atrii sinistri, r. interventricularis paraconalis and r. circumflexus sinister in six Angora rabbits as well as r. septi interventricularis in two. R. septi interventricularis that stem directly from a. coronaria sinistra in two animals and from r. interventricularis paraconalis in six was a principal vessel responsible for the septum interventriculare. R. marginis ventricularis sinistri originating from r. circumflexus sinister was the most prominent artery on the auricular surface of the heart. R. interventricularis subsinuosus was not detected in Angora rabbits examined. A. coronaria dextra, crossing the sulcus coronarius immediately after its origin, ran obliquely in direction of the sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus to supply the right portion of the heart. The ventricular and septal branches of a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra ran subepicardially at the beginning then intramyocardially and mostly parallel to the muscle fibres as surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. Their atrial branches were seen continuously to run subepicardially.
An Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of Intermediate Filaments in the Ovary of the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
Authors: Madekurozwa M.‐C.
Published: June 2007

The immunohistochemical localization of the intermediate filaments desmin, vimentin and smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the ovary of the emu was described in the present study. The cortical region of the ovary contained developing and atretic primordial, pre‐vitellogenic and vitellogenic follicles. Vimentin immunostaining was demonstrated in the granulosa cell layer of primordial, pre‐vitellogenic and vitellogenic developing and atretic follicles. An interesting finding of the present study was the localization of SMA in fibroblasts located in the theca externa of late vitellogenic follicles. The presence of SMA in these fibroblasts suggests that they possess characteristics of smooth muscle cells.
Nectria macrospora (Wr.) Ouellette sp. nov. (=N. fuckeliana var. macrospora): Strains, Physiology and Pathogenicity, and Comparison with N. fuckeliana var. fuckeliana1
Authors: Uellette G. B.
Published: June 2007

Several isolates fromg Canada and Europe of Nectria fuckeliana var. fuckeliana and of N. fuckeliana var. macrospora were compared physiologically, morphologically, and in their ability to cause cankers on Abies species.

As a result, it is proposed to raise these varieties to species level, that is, Nectria fuckeliana and N. macrospora. Isolates of N. macrospora from Quebec were found to be much more virulent than the other isolates studied.
The production of rhizomorphs by Armillaria mellea from stumps
Authors: Rishbeth J.
Published: June 2007

The production of rhizomorphs by Armillaria mellea from stumps samples collected in East Anglia was studied: those of broad‐leaved trees produced greater yields than those of pines and, in the absence of poisoning, over a much longer period after felling. The ability of A. mellea to form rhizomorphs is often reduced after prolonged growth in pine tissues. The interaction of A. mellea and other fungi is briefly considered. Some implications of these observations for forestry practice are discussed.
Influence de ľâge des feuilles de peuplier sur la sensibilitéà Marssonina brunnea
Authors: Cellerino G. P. , Anselmi N. , Pinon J.
Published: June 2007

Influence of age on the susceptibility of poplar leaves to Marssonina brunnea.

Investigations showed aclose relationship between the age of poplar leaves and their susceptibility to M. brunnea. The susceptibility is low during Hushing, it increases rapidly in the unfolding leaves, decreases in the mature ones, and finally rises again in the senescent leaves. This was the case both lor different clones and also for different methods of raising them.
“Top‐dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák
Authors: Diamandis S.
Published: June 2007

The moisture content of green needles from healthy and diseased trees was determined as percentage of needle dry weight. Tip needles of current and second year shoots were found to have a significantly lower moisture content than needles from the base. Needles from unprotected shoots had lower values than bagged ones during the period January‐May. The lethal value for moisture content of current year needles was found to be 90–95 %.
Beech Bark Disease: A Comparison of the Disease in North America, Great Britain, France, and Germany
Authors: Houston D. R. , Parker E. J. , Perrin R. , Lang K. J.
Published: June 2007

Abtract

Beech bark disease is an often lethal malady of Fagus sylvatica and F.grandifolia. Observations in North America and recent studies in Great Britain and France support the concept that the disease complex occurs when bark, infested by the scale insect Cryptococcus fagi, is infected and killed by fungi of the genus Nectria. Comparisons of the ecology of beech bark disease, borne out by recent investigations in North America, Great Britain, France and Germany, are presented.
Resistance of Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida × radiata to Fomes annosus
Authors: Dumas M. T. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

The stemwood of Pinus densiflora was found to be more resistant than the stemwood of Pinus rigida × radiata in inhibiting the decaying activity and linear growth of Fomes annosus. The chemical factors responsible for the variations in resistance were extractable in chloroform. One fraction isolated from the chloroform extract of P. densiflora is responsible for its inhibition.
The influence of chemical factors on the selectivity of Pinus resinosa stumps for Fomes annosus
Authors: Hubbes M. , Lin Jui‐Yung C.
Published: June 2007

Compounds such as resins or phenols produced by the host in response to wounding or fungal penetration may play an important role as factors of resistance against Fomes annosus. By extracting stem sections, that were kept for different intervals in a closed chamber, with different organic solvents chloroform produced the most inhibitory extractives against F. annosus. This may explain at least partially the decreasing stump selectivity for F. annosus.

Three compounds were isolated from the neutral fractions of chloroform extractives from 24 days wounded wood discs which were found to be different from the compounds in normal and 12 days fractions. Spectrophotometric analyses reveal some characteristics of these isolated compounds, whereas their chemical formula and structure need further investigation.
Mise en évidence de résistances biologiques aux Pythium en sol forestier
Authors: Bouhot D. , Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

Evidence of biological suppressiveness of Pythium in forest soils. Fifteen different forest soils were collected and studied. All of them were free of parasitic Pythium spp. although saprophytic Pythium were sometimes plentiful.

After inoculation with parasitic Pythium spp., changes in inoculum potential were followed using cucumber seedlings as baits. Three kinds of behaviour were observed:

– inoculum potential increased with time (conducive soil);

– inoculum potential remains at a low value (tolerant soil);

– inoculum potential decreased with time (suppressive soil).

Two different biological mechanisms occur in suppressive soils:

– opposition to colonisation by Pythium;

– development of Pythium occurred but the inoculum potential was not expressed.
Ultrastructure of Ceratocystis ulmi.1 II. Ascogenous system and ascosporogenesis
Authors: Jeng R. S. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of ascogonium, ascogenous hyphae and subsequent ascosporogenesis in Ceratocystis ulmi are studied with electron microscopy. The findings are compared and discussed with those reports on other Ascomycetes.
Kraft mill gases damage Douglas‐fir in western Montana
Authors: Carlson C.
Published: June 2007

Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in western Montana, U.S.A., were seriously damaged by sulfur emissions from a nearby Kraft pulp mill. Foliage loss, needle symptoms, total sulfur of needles, and airborne reactive sulfur were greatest near the Kraft mill. Needle autopsies confirmed the diagnosis.
Prüfung von Douglasien‐Herkünften auf Resistenz gegen Rhabdocline pseudotsugae in Infektionsversuchen
Authors: Stephan B. R.
Published: June 2007

Testing of Douglas‐fir provenances for resistance against Rhabdocline pseudotsugae by infection trials. Sixten Douglas fir provenances belonging to the three groups green, grey and blue, were tested for their resistance against the needle cast pathogen Rhabdoclline pseudotsugae in artificial infection trials.
Feinwurzeluntersuchungen und biotische Aktivitäten in der Rhizosphäre vom Tannensterben befallener Abies alba‐Bestände
Authors: Blaschke Von H.
Published: June 2007

Studies of fine roots and biotic activities in the rhizosphere of silver firs affected by dieback. The studies were focused on the fine roots in order to describe mycorrhizal associations in their natural habitat and especially any pathological symptom. Some biotic activities of short root complexes and of the perirhizosphere were determined. In the soil horizons enzymatic activities were markedly influenced by fine roots. A positive correlation between ectomycorrhizal short roots and the enzyme content has been observed.
Behaviour of an Armillaria in some Eucalyptus obliqua – Eucalyptus regnans forests in Tasmania and its role in their decline
Authors: Kile G. A.
Published: June 2007

An undescribed but native species of Armillaria is a secondary pathogen in declining stands of Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus regnans in southern Tasmania. The fungus is almost ubiquitous in healthy and diseased forest and occurred epiphytically or parasitically in local lesions on the roots of 74 % of eucalypts partially excavated in 15 forest stands, 25–75 years of age. The fungus infected 85 % of logging stumps and 64 % of fire killed trees. Although the fungus only infected the sapwood of the eucalypts, it survived in infected stumps for at least 70 years. Rhizomorphs initiated most infections but did not grow freely through the soil. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that the Armillaria is a weak pathogen.
The use of phytopathometric techniques in forest protection
Authors: Ofong A. U.
Published: June 2007

Techniques of plant disease assessment appropriate For measuring forest tree diseases are considered taking cognizance of the heterogenous and structural complexities of the forest. Strategies proposed for disease management in forest reserves and plantations of developing countries are as follows: direct assay of plant pathogens on sites for plantation establishment, aerial surveys of large and extensive plantations in combination with ground sample surveys and disease predictions using climate and biological data.
Inter‐relations between MLO in spiked sandal and infected collateral hosts
Authors: Nayar R.
Published: June 2007

MLO in spiked sandal, spiked Zizyphus, Dodonaea and other hosts are closely related enough to be called strains; field evidence suggests adaptation of the organism before infecting each other while serological evidence indicates close similarities. Associated hosts are therefore important in the control of spike disease in sandal due to the transmission of disease from diseased associated hosts to sandal within a period of time. Spike disease which was confined to sandal forests of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu has now spread to Kerala State lor the first time in 1980.
Rhizographische Untersuchungen an Feinwurzelsystemen aus verschiedenen Abies alba‐Beständen Bayerns
Authors: Blaschke H.
Published: June 2007

Rhizographic investigation of fine root systems of silver fir stands in Bavaria. Fine root samples were taken in topsoil and subsoil of silver fir stands affected by dieback. The results of the rhizographic investigation show that the mycorrhizal rootlet formation and the fine root distribution was markedly dependent on soil structural characteristics. The features of mycorrhizal rootlet development stages and decomposing stages and fine‐root regeneration in affected trees were different from those in healthy trees, which showed an abundance of living fine‐root ramifications.
Gremmeniella abietina (Scleroderris lagerbergii), a primary parasite in a Norway spruce die‐back
Authors: Barklund Pia , Rowe Janet
Published: June 2007

Gremmeniella abietina is a primary parasite in shoots of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The occurrence and survival of the fungus in diseased shoots, and those showing renewed or adventitious growth after disease symptoms, were examined, and the pathogenic potential is discussed.
The effect of season on infection of Pinus radiata by Dothistroma pini
Authors: Gilmour J.W.
Published: June 2007

By exposing Pinus radiata seedlings to Dothistroma pini infection in the field over a period of 3 years, the main infection period in the central North Island of New Zealand was found to be from November to February (late spring to late summer). No infection was obtained when the air temperature was below 7°C or when the leaf wetness period was less than 10 hours.
Etude de l'émission des ascospores du Lachnellula willkommii (Hartig) Dennis dans l'Est de la France
Authors: Sylvestre‐Guinot Gilberte
Published: June 2007

Study on the ascospore release of Lachnellula willkommii (Hartig) Dennis in East of France. We studied the airborne ascospores of Lachnellula willkommii (Hartig) Dennis during 2 years in the Arboretum ?Amance (Meurthe‐et‐Moselle, 15 km north‐east of Nancy) in a plot of Larix decidua Miller. Lachnellula willkommii releases, all the year, ascospores which are able to germinate. Ascospore discharge is related closely to rainfall, and temperature has an effect, only when daily mean temperature is negative (no emissions).
SO2‐induced ethylene evolution of forest tree foliage, and its potential use as stress‐indicator
Authors: Bucher J. B.
Published: June 2007

SO2‐exposures induced in forest trees increased ethylene evolution of the foliage before visible symptoms appeared. The ethylene, as well as its precursor ACC, showed after necrosis a cyclic pattern. Stress‐ethylene may therefore serve as an indicator in controlled experiments, but it does not seem suitable under field conditions.
Further studies on the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes of aggressive and non‐aggressive isolates of Ophiostoma ulmi
Authors: Svaldi R. , Elgersma D. M.
Published: June 2007

In vitro activity of glycosidases and exo‐glycanases in 10 aggressive and 10 non‐aggressive isolates of Ophiostoma ulmi were compared. Enzyme preparations of aggressive isolates released more arabinose and xylose from cell walls of elm wood than those of non‐aggressive isolates. Significantly more rhamnose was released as well by enzyme preparations of aggressive isolates, although some of non‐aggressive isolates released comparable amounts.
Fir regression in Polish mountain areas1
Authors: Jaworski A.
Published: June 2007

The paper contains results concerning the vitality of fir stands in the West Carpathian and Sudeten mountains and fir regeneration in most common forest communities. The primary causes of fir area decrease in forest of the Swietokrzyskie, Sudeten and Carpathian mountains are also given.
The chemical composition of the monoterpene fraction in wounded wood of Picea abies and its significance for the resistance against wound infecting fungi
Authors: Schuck H.J.
Published: June 2007

The wood of Picea abies reacts to injuries with an alteration of the terpene fraction in the resin. This fact may play a role in the host‐parasite interaction. The significance for resistance against wound infecting fungi is discussed.
Fungi infecting Pinus sylvestris needles of various ages
Authors: Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

The studies were carried out in three 8–11 year old stands of Pinus sylvestris in Southwestern Poland. They included the isolation of fungi from infection spots which were sampled after 1, 1, 5 and 2, 5 years on living needles developed in 1978 on lower and upper branches of tree crowns. There were 28 fungal species isolated from such needles. An attempt was made to evaluate the role of the 5 most numerous species in causing needle cast of Pinus sylvestris.
Vorkommen von Pilzen in durch Luftverunreinigung geschädigten Wäldern im Oberschlesischen und Krakauer Industriegebiet
Authors: Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

Fungi occurring in forest injured by air pollutants in the Upper Silesia and Cracow industrial Regions. IX. Mycoflora on Quercus robur L. and Q. rubra L. located in a zone with medium‐high air pollution damage

. Results are presented after three years of investigations concerning fungi which are implicated in diseases and dying of 6–8 year‐old Q. robur and Q. rubra, which are used to reforest old Pinus sylvestris L. stands previously damaged by air pollution. 24 and 36 fungal species were identified on the above‐ground parts of Q. robur and Q. rubra, respectively. The role of the following fungi in the disease and dying processes has been described in detail. Amphiporthe leiphacmia, Colpoma quercinum, Fusicoccum quercus, Pezicula cinnamomea and Phomopsis quercella. Pathological activity of these fungi and the intensification of dying of both oak species was presented according to the pre‐reforestation treatments.
Armillaria root rot: Influence of soil nutrients and pH on the susceptibility of conifer species to the disease1
Authors: Singh Pritam
Published: June 2007

Seedlings growing on soil with nutrient deficiency and a lower pH were smaller and less vigorous than the seedlings growing on non‐deficient soil with a comparatively higher pH. A higher percentage of roots and seedlings were infected and more seedlings died on soil with nutrient deficiency and a lower pH than on non‐deficient soil with a higher pH. Non‐vigorous seedlings also contacted infection earlier and showed more mycelial growth than the vigorous seedlings. Roots of vigorous seedlings showed more resinosis and callus formation, indicating resistance during the establishment of the fungus on the host. Alterations in the level of nutrients in vigorous and non‐vigorous infected seedlings were generally similar.
Studies in Forest Pathology
Authors: Chakravarty P. , Mishra R. R.
Published: June 2007

A survey for the parasitic alga. Cephaleuros virescens Künze in relation to its seasonal distribution in different forest types has been done. The alga was absent in gymnosperms and was common in angiosperms. The disease severity was more in summer and the rainy season and absent in winter, Combretum decandrum was found to be most susceptible to this parasite alga. Altogether 49 hosts were recorded out of which 26 were new host records. Healthy leaves contain higher amounts of total nitrogen and total phenol, whereas in algal infected leaves the amounts of total sugar, total amino acid and dry weight were higher.
Responses of Sitka spruce of different genetic origins to inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum: lesion lengths, fungal growth and development of the lignosuberized boundary zone
Authors: Bodles W. J. A. , Beckett E. , Woodward S.
Published: June 2007

Three genetically distinct groups of Sitka spruce, open‐pollinated Queen Charlotte Island provenance, A13 selected seed and M0044 half‐sib mixture, were wounded alone or wounded and inoculated with Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto on the lower stems. Growth of the pathogen and lesion formation was compared in the three genetic groups after treatment. No differences in the rate of colonization of the three genetic groups were observed over a 40 day period; lesion lengths in the bark and sapwood correlated closely. Moreover, lesions were considerably longer in inoculated plants than in those which were wounded only. No correlations were found within or between host genetic groups in the numbers or total areas of resin canals present in the first 18 mm from the wound in bark tissues for the three host genetic groups. Formation of the ligno‐suberized boundary zone (LSZ), however, was inhibited in the bark of inoculated plants, being first detected later and at a greater distance from the wound/inoculation point in the presence of H. annosum than in plants that were wounded only. Thickness of the suberin cell layers within the LSZ of M0044 plants was greater in wounded and inoculated, than in wounded only plants. The significance of these findings in relation to detecting spruce genotypes potentially resistant to H. annosum is discussed.