bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validating GIC Modeling in the Spanish Power Grid by Differential Magnetometry
Authors: Marsal S. , Torta J. M. , Curto J. J. , Canillas‐Pérez V. , Cid O. , Ibañez M. , Marcuello A.
Published: November 2021

A series of experiences and recommendations are presented concerning the derivation of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) by use of the differential magnetometry method (DMM) under power lines. This indirect technique, intended to obtain observations to validate GIC models, is an alternative to measuring the current flow in the transformer neutrals. It is a non‐intrusive and autonomous technique, as the procedure does not depend on the grid operator. In contrast, the selection of suitable sites devoid of human interferences, the need for power to supply the magnetometer, the data acquisition and transmission system, along with the choice of the appropriate instrumentation are difficulties that make not just any site suitable for installation and often require costly solutions. We focus on the methodology followed to estimate the GIC flowing in several transmission lines of the Spanish power grid with the aim of validating our GIC models, and we share our experience on the installation of the measuring points. Uncertainty inherent in the DMM is assessed, showing that noise is the main handicap, although it can be minimized with appropriate filtering. According to such experience, on some occasions only total DC currents above a significant fraction of 1 A give magnetic signatures well above the noise level, so this figure can roughly be considered as the threshold limit for detection. The low solar activity, combined with the mid‐latitude condition of Spain, limited the significance of available recorded data, but we can already report and analyze the results for several minor geomagnetic storms.
Sediment Production in French Alpine Rivers
Authors: Pitlick John , Recking Alain , Liebault Fred , Misset Clement , Piton Guillaume , Vazquez‐Tarrio Daniel
Published: November 2021

Global compilations of river sediment loads show that mountainous areas produce a high proportion of the sediment transported to the oceans. However, because of the effort involved in measuring sediment fluxes in mountain river systems, the loads of these rivers are generally unknown. Here, we present estimates of contemporary sediment loads of 16 gravel bed rivers draining the Ecrins‐Pelvoux Massif in southeast France. Sediment production in this part of the Alps is relatively high and many river segments are either wandering or braided. We model sediment fluxes and annual sediment yields by coupling hydraulic‐based relations for sediment transport with hydrologic‐based relations for flow frequency. Bed load fluxes are modeled for a range of discharges using a function that relates transport rates to excess shear stress. Fluxes are then weighted by the frequency of individual discharges and summed to get the annual bed load for each site. The suspended load is estimated empirically as a fraction of the bed load. Results suggest that bed load fluxes at channel‐forming flows scale almost linearly with downstream increases in discharge. In addition, it appears that annual sediment loads (bed load + suspended load) scale linearly with drainage area. A complementary relation for specific sediment yield suggests that the load per unit drainage area is constant across the range of basins studied. The modeled sediment yields are comparable to previous field‐based estimates of modern sediment yields, and generally lower than estimates developed from analyses of cosmogenic radionuclides.
Modulation of cell signalling and sulfation in cardiovascular development and disease
Authors: Justo Tiago , Martiniuc Antonie , Dhoot Gurtej K.
Published: November 2021

Sulf1/Sulf2 genes are highly expressed during early fetal cardiovascular development but down-regulated during later stages correlating with a number of cell signalling pathways in a positive or a negative manner. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed SULF1/SULF2 expression not only in endothelial cell lining of blood vessels but also in the developing cardiomyocytes but not in the adult cardiomyocytes despite persisting at reduced levels in the adult endothelial cells. The levels of both SULFs in adult ischemic human hearts and in murine hearts following coronary occlusion increased in endothelial lining of some regional blood vessels but with little or no detection in the cardiomyocytes. Unlike the normal adult heart, the levels of SULF1 and SULF2 were markedly increased in the adult canine right-atrial haemangiosarcoma correlating with increased TGFβ cell signalling. Cell signalling relationship to ischaemia was further confirmed by in vitro hypoxia of HMec1 endothelial cells demonstrating dynamic changes in not only vegf and its receptors but also sulfotransferases and Sulf1 & Sulf2 levels. In vitro hypoxia of HMec1 cells also confirmed earlier up-regulation of TGFβ cell signalling revealed by Smad2, Smad3, ALK5 and TGFβ1 changes and later down-regulation correlating with Sulf1 but not Sulf2 highlighting Sulf1/Sulf2 differences in endothelial cells under hypoxia.
Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
Authors: Eze Azunna Agwo , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi , Kupolati Williams Kehinde , Snyman Jacques , Ndambuki Julius Musyoka , Jamiru Tamba , Durowoju Mondiu Olayinka , Ibrahim Idowu David , Shongwe Mxolisi Brendon , Desai Dawood A.
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle sizes of − 44 µm was employed by using the planetary ball mill equipped with stainless still vials with still balls in ethanol. A ball-to-powder mass ratio of 10:1 was used at a rotation speed of 400 rpm, an interval of 15 min with an interval break of 5 s, and a milling time of 10 h. The powder was dried in vacutec at a temperature of 100 °C, using a speed of 15 rpm in the vacuum of 250 mbar at a time of approximately 653 min. The crystal phase of the dried powders was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with CuKɑ radiation, and by modification of the Scherrer equation, a single crystallite size of 11.85 nm was obtained. The morphology of the particles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results show that the pure crystal sizes in nanometre (nm), which decreases as the 2θ and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increases.
LA-ICP-MS and MALDI-MS image registration for correlating nanomaterial biodistributions and their biochemical effects
Authors: Castellanos-Garcia Laura J. , Sikora Kristen N. , Doungchawee Jeerapat , Vachet Richard W.
Published: November 2021

Laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) can measure distributions of elements and biomolecules in tissue sections.
Stabilization of glyphosate zwitterions and conformational/tautomerism mechanism in aqueous solution: insights from ab initio and density functional theory-continuum model calculations
Authors: Fliss Outaf , Essalah Khaled , Ben Fredj Arij
Published: November 2021

Theoretical investigation of the conformational interconversion equilibria and the ZW ⇋ NE tautomerization process of glyphosate in an aqueous solution using IEFPCM and SMD continuum solvation models.
Radiative lifetime of a BODIPY dye as calculated by TDDFT and EOM-CCSD methods: solvent and vibronic effects
Authors: Sia Rengel Cane E. , Arellano-Reyes Ruben Arturo , Keyes Tia E. , Guthmuller Julien
Published: November 2021

Vibronic and solvent effects significantly impact the radiative lifetime of a BODIPY dye.
Conversion of cyclic xylose into xylitol on Ru, Pt, Pd, Ni, and Rh catalysts: a density functional theory study
Authors: Akpe Shedrack G. , Choi Sun Hee , Ham Hyung Chul
Published: November 2021

Lack of theoretical investigation on xylose hydrogenation to xylitol on a catalyst's surface, limits accurate understanding of reaction processes and catalyst design.
Correction: Influence of the surrounding medium on the luminescence-based thermometric properties of single Yb3+/Er3+ codoped yttria nanocrystals
Authors: Oliveira Galindo Jefferson Augusto , Pessoa Allison Rodrigo , Amaral Anderson Monteiro , dos Santos Luiz F. , Gonçalves Rogéria R. , de Souza Menezes Leonardo
Published: November 2021

Correction for ‘Influence of the surrounding medium on the luminescence-based thermometric properties of single Yb3+/Er3+ codoped yttria nanocrystals’ by Jefferson Augusto Oliveira Galindo et al., Nanoscale Adv., 2021, 3, 6231–6241. DOI: 10.1039/D1NA00466B.
Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of new 1,3-dimethyl-8-(chromon-3-yl)-xanthine derivatives containing 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol fragments
Authors: Shatokhin Stanislav S. , Tuskaev Vladislav A. , Gagieva Svetlana Ch. , Markova Alina A. , Pozdnyakov Dmitry I. , Denisov Gleb L. , Melnikova Elizaveta K. , Bulychev Boris M. , Oganesyan Eduard T.
Published: November 2021

New xanthine analogs of isoflavone were synthesized and exhibited promising anticancer and antioxidant activities.
Electron and hole transport in solution-processed fullerenes
Authors: Wetzelaer Gert-Jan A. H. , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: November 2021

Methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester and its derivatives have been the workhorse acceptors in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells for more than two decades. Here, an overview of their charge transport properties is given.
H∞ control for a networked Markovian jump system subject to data packet loss based on the observer
Authors: Wang Yanfeng , Sun Xiaoyue , He Ping , Wu Zhigang
Published: November 2021

This study researches the control issue for a networked Markovian jump system with data packet loss occurring not only in the channel from sensor to controller but also in the channel from controller to actuator via an observer. The mathematical model for the closed‐loop networked Markovian jump system with data packet loss is established. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the closed‐loop system to be stochastically stable are derived. The design approach of the controller and the minimal performance index of the external disturbance suppression are also given in the case that the transition possibilities of the system modes and the data packet loss are both partially unavailable. Finally, two numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Architecture and function analysis of integrated energy service stations considering cyber‐physical integration
Authors: Liu Haoyu , Wang Qi , Tang Yi
Published: November 2021

With the continuing development of the energy internet (EI), the high complexity of multi‐energy coupling and the dramatic increase in cyber‐physical integration impose stricter requirements on the planning and construction of multi‐energy systems. The construction of a new energy hub through the intensive use of existing power substation resources is one of the feasible approaches for satisfying these requirements. Integrated energy service stations (IESSs), which comprise substations, multi‐energy conversion stations, data centres, communication base stations, and other functional units, constitute the emerging generation of energy and information control centres. IESSs are capable of all‐in‐one monitoring and energy optimization, and can effectively manage regional energy services involving various energy requirements. This study initially proposes two feasible schemes to realize IESSs: entity IESSs, which require replanning and construction, and virtual IESSs, which involve transformation through existing substation resources. Thereafter, based on the requirements of three types of users, that is high‐energy‐consumption users, highreliability users, and high‐comfort users, the necessity of IESSs in the construction of the EI is analysed in depth. Furthermore, the feasibility of constructing an IESS based on existing power grid resources and the direction for the future development are discussed.
A side‐effect‐free method of reducing capacitance requirement for modular multilevel converters
Authors: Liu Zhijie , Li Kejun , Wang Jinyu , Li Liangzi
Published: November 2021

In modular multilevel converters (MMCs), the huge capacitor almost takes over half of the cost and weight of a submodule; as a result, the capacitance requirement reduction has attracted wide attention for using smaller capacitors. However, the existing methods have side effects, such as increasing the arm current and adding additional semiconductors, which restrict their practical applications. Thus, a side‐effect‐free capacitance requirement reduction (CRR) method is proposed in this paper. In the method, the capacitor voltage can be decreased by injecting a specific dc signal into the original control system; and the specific dc signal is outputted from the proposed CRR controller according to the transmitted power of the MMC. For ensuring the safe operation, the extent to which the capacitor voltage can be reduced is also studied; and an optimisation model is presented to obtain the minimum allowed capacitor voltage and the safety domain of CRR. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by both simulation and experiment. The results show that the capacitance requirement can be reduced by 32.4% without neither increasing the arm current nor adding additional semiconductors.
Synthesis of sparse linear arrays using reweighted gridless compressed sensing
Authors: Li Zihao , Cai JuanJuan , Hao Chengpeng
Published: November 2021

Pattern synthesis of the sparse linear array (SLA) has played an important role when the antenna size is extremely limited. Although grid‐based compressed sensing (CS) algorithms have been widely utilised to synthesise the SLA, the performance is greatly affected by the grid mismatch problem. To solve the problem, a reweighted gridless CS (RGCS) algorithm based on the reweighted atomic norm minimisation and the rotational invariance propagator method is introduced. In the RGCS algorithm, the number of antenna elements can be efficiently reduced through the reweighted gridless convex optimisation, which utilises a reweighted strategy to break the limit of the atomic norm and improves the performance of the SLA. More importantly, in addition to the focussed‐beam pattern, the proposed algorithm can also synthesise the SLA with the asymmetric beam pattern. Numerical experiments show that the RGCS algorithm can save about 18.75%–46% array elements for the uniform linear array.
A Review Disaster Mitigation of Jakarta Land Subsidence Areas
Authors: Putri Ratih Fitria , Rostika Mya Dwi , Abadi Aji Wijaya , Rakhmatika Mega
Published: November 2021

The Jakarta Capital Special Region of Jakarta is an area in the Java Island that has the highest level of vulnerability to land subsidence disasters. Land subsidence is caused by several factors such as excessive use of groundwater and natural compression of soil conditions. This study used a review analysis method based on a literature study on mitigation of land subsidence disasters in Jakarta city. The mitigation planning of land subsidence disasters in Jakarta will refer to government regulations on disaster management and Jakarta City spatial planning. Disaster mitigation is necessary to anticipate or reduce disaster risk. Disaster mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk through physical development combined with awareness and capacity building in dealing with disaster threats. Education cannot be separated from the active role of the community and local government. High-densely populated areas will lead to more use of groundwater in Jakarta city. The excessive use of groundwater has resulted in more intensive land subsidence in Jakarta’s urban area. The safe zone mapping of subsidence disasters is prominent to reduce and control land subsidence disasters. The government’s efforts to lessen the impacts of land subsidence are by educating the population in disaster areas.
Permutation entropy variation for 2007 effusive dome-forming eruption period of Kelud Volcano, Indonesia
Authors: Nugraheni Lusia Rita , Harijoko Agung , Suryanto Wiwit , Triastuty Hetty
Published: November 2021

The complexity of a system recorded in time series data can be measured statistically using permutation entropy (PE). The state of a system (e.g. regular, chaotic, random, etc.) that underlies the appearance of variations in time series can be determined with PE. Since volcanoes are considered as the complex dynamical system controlled by interactions of many processes. Permutation entropy can be applied to study the system mechanism of volcano. We utilized PE to study system mechanism of Kelud volcano in 2007 dome-forming eruption period, from 3 (KWH; KLD; UMBK) seismic stations with different distances from the crater lake. Then, we want to compare the results. The result of study shows that the PE pattern for each station is different. The unique PE pattern that can be used as an eruption precursor is only shown at KWH and KLD stations. This pattern began to appear 2.7 days before the eruption on 3 November 2007. Data from UMBK station doesn’t show unique PE pattern. The factors such as sensor distance from magmatic activity center, size, and type of eruption probably influenced the final PE result. Using PE as the addition to volcano monitoring can maximize efforts in mitigation activities.
Predicting remaining life of lattice steel transmission tower based on condition assessment and corrosion hazard data
Authors: Usman Fathoni , Nor Khalid Nor Hazwani
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a novel approach for predicting the remaining life of lattice steel transmission towers in Malaysia. The transmission tower components assessment grouped into ground corrosive condition, foundation condition, lattice steel body of the tower, and conductor. Significant and scientific field investigation and visual assessment evaluate the state of the tower. The corrosion hazard, which is a product of climate and air pollution data, is used. Three separated lines and 84 towers were selected with different ages of the tower in service. The Weighing Scoring Method with Analytical Hierarchy Process to impose the weighed factor was used. The survival function analysis is used to predict service life, and the tower remaining life was determined. The paper shows how to use the model to predict the remaining life of a transmission tower and how this can be used to advise maintenance planning.
Assessing the spatial distribution of urban soil lead contamination in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia
Authors: Sekarningsih Andria Tri , Budianta Wawan , Warmada I Wayan , Hinode Hirofumi
Published: November 2021

Yogyakarta is currently a developing city in Indonesia, and urbanization is a very relevant issue. One of the impact of urbanization was soil pollution which becomes an important and interesting environmental concern. This research aimed investigate lead (Pb) pollution level distribution using spatial analysis on lead (Pb) distribution in the soil at Yogyakarta city and its surroundings. The determination of the soil sampling location point was carried out using the gridding method, and the soil sampling was obtained at a depth of 10 cm. The concentration of lead (Pb) in the soil samples was measured using ICP-AES. The spatial analysis was carried out by making a level of distribution map of the lead (Pb) and then overlaying it with the data of residential, traffic, and industrial densities. These research results indicated that anthropogenic factors influenced the lead (Pb) concentration in the soil’s soil more than natural factors. The anthropogenic factors of settlement and traffic densities were thought to contribute most to the lead concentration in the soil at the research site. The industrial presence factor was less likely to contribute to the high Pb concentration in the soil at the study area.
Analysis of Economic Inequality and Human Development: A Case Study of West Sumatra Province in 2015-2019
Authors: Palembang Muhammad Fikram , Prahara Ismanita , Shiddiq Nugraha Muhammad Rizky , Astabella Relinda Dewi , Pramesti Revia Ardyaning , Hayat Dimas Maula , Putri Ratih Fitria
Published: November 2021

West Sumatra Province is one of the provinces with diverse human resources. This situation causes the need for human resource management to encourage economic growth. This study aims to identify economic development, economic inequality and human development, as well as the relationship between economic inequality and human development in West Sumatra Province in 2015-2019. The basic data used in the analysis are GRDP and the Human Development Index (IPM) using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. Economic development was analyzed using Location Quotient (LQ) and Klassen typology, while economic inequality was using Entropy Theil. The research showed that the Klassen typology results were dominated by developed but slow regions which amounted to nine regencies/cities and based on LQ showed that urban areas had a base sector in the secondary and tertiary sectors, while rural areas had a base sector in the tertiary sector. The HDI has increased which is accompanied by an increase in entropy, indicate that high GRDP is not evenly distributed. In addition, there is a strong relationship between economic inequality in terms of GRDP per capita and HDI. This shows an increase in economic growth that triggers improvements in the health and education sectors so that it has a good impact on the quality of human development but needs an even distribution.
The bionomic of road users: a new perspective of individual mobility approach
Authors: Putra Pranoto Dirhan , Giyarsih Sri Rum , Marwasta Djaka
Published: November 2021

Mostly, transport studies are centered on the factors of transportation rather than human movements. In a similar vein, communication technology revolution influence to people mobility. The performance of traffic pattern does not tend to deliver utmost needs of people mobility, because less attention of the substance of inhabitant movements. The importance of bionomic patterns of road users is based on the fact that behavior approach and adaptation will create pattern of people mobility. The aim of this research is to determine whether they adapt to nearby environment or not. Taking this, variables surveyed are individual attribute, time, duration, location, vehicle, communication to transport and purpose of trips. Investigation is conducted by providing questionnaire. The main result of this study are that the bionomic pattern of road users of selected population shows that they prefer to use simple mode vehicle to transport such as motor bike and walking. Moreover, these choices are preferred to be taken as a response to higher dense of traffic population and worsen road network system. It would be wise for planning if it considers potential effect not only to traffic but also regular road users need including goods supply, proper access and facilities for unmotorized vehicle.
Analyzing the effectiveness of parameters affecting the COVID-19 outbreak worldwide
Authors: Ahmad Shahnawaz , Mehfuz Shabana , Beg Javed , Khan Nadeem Ahmed , Radwan Neyara , Sagayam K. Martin
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on spread of the coronavirus disease. Currently, valuation and analysis of COVID-19 is a trending topic in the research industry that has been explored deeply. Many researches have been done in the selected time frame so far that evaluated the damages within the given conditions through different approaches. In our Study by taking certain parameters, we have deduced the direct relationship between spread of COVID-19 and the probable factors. This will be going to help researchers and stakeholders of the healthcare system to understand the pandemic in a better way, which may lead to potential enhancements that can be done in this field to counter this pandemic in a smarter way.
Archiver les mégadonnées numériques à l’échelle moléculaire
Authors: Képès François
Published: November 2021

L’information a été le moteur de la croissance socio-économique de la civilisation depuis ses débuts. Actuellement, son stockage, archivage et traitement par les centres dédiés n’offre plus de marges suffi santes d’optimisation pour faire face au déluge des données numériques et à son problématique impact environnemental.

Un récent rapport de l’Académie des technologies explore une alternative prometteuse au modèle conventionnel : l’archivage des mégadonnées numériques à l’échelle moléculaire dans l’ADN ou d’autres polymères, un chantier pour les vingt ans à venir.
Synthetic Studies toward Tubiferal A: Asymmetric Synthesis of a Model ABC-Ring Compound
Authors: Tanino Keiji , Yukutake Yuki , Hiramatsu Takahiro , Itoh Ryusei , Ikeuchi Kazutada , Suzuki Takahiro
Published: November 2021

Synthetic studies on an ABC-ring model of tubiferal A, a triterpenoid isolated from the fruit bodies of the Tubifera dimorphotheca myxomycete, are described. The stereogenic centers at the angular positions were constructed through the stereoselective addition of a C-ring allylborane followed by an Eschenmoser–Claisen rearrangement reaction prior to the formation of the AB-ring system by a double intramolecular alkylation reaction of a dichloro nitrile intermediate.
Derivation and Validation of a Risk Factor Model to Identify Medical Inpatients at Risk for Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Rothberg Michael B. , Hamilton Aaron C. , Greene M. Todd , Fox Jacqueline , Lisheba Oleg , Milinovich Alex , Gautier Thomas N. , Kim Priscilla , Kaatz Scott , Hu Bo
Published: November 2021

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is recommended for hospitalized medical patients at high risk for VTE. Multiple risk assessment models exist, but few have been compared in large datasets.

Methods We constructed a derivation cohort using 6 years of data from 12 hospitals to identify risk factors associated with developing VTE within 14 days of admission. VTE was identified using a complex algorithm combining administrative codes and clinical data. We developed a multivariable prediction model and applied it to three validation cohorts: a temporal cohort, including two additional years, a cross-validation, in which we refit the model excluding one hospital each time, applying the refitted model to the holdout hospital, and an external cohort. Performance was evaluated using the C-statistic.

Results The derivation cohort included 155,026 patients with a 14-day VTE rate of 0.68%. The final multivariable model contained 13 patient risk factors. The model had an optimism corrected C-statistic of 0.79 and good calibration. The temporal validation cohort included 53,210 patients, with a VTE rate of 0.64%; the external cohort had 23,413 patients and a rate of 0.49%. Based on the C-statistic, the Cleveland Clinic Model (CCM) outperformed both the Padua (0.76 vs. 0.72, p = 0.002) and IMPROVE (0.68, p < 0.001) models in the temporal cohort. C-statistics for the CCM at individual hospitals ranged from 0.68 to 0.78. In the external cohort, the CCM C-statistic was similar to Padua (0.70 vs. 0.66, p = 0.17) and outperformed IMPROVE (0.59, p < 0.001).

Conclusion A new VTE risk assessment model outperformed recommended models.
Concise Syntheses of Alternariol, Alternariol-9-monomethyl Ether and Their D3-Isotopologues
Authors: Sebald Michael A. , Gebauer Julian , Koch Matthias
Published: November 2021

Alternariol (AOH) and alternariol-9-monomethyl ether (AME) are two secondary metabolites of Alternaria fungi which can be found in various foodstuffs like tomatoes, nuts, and grains. Due to their toxicity and potential mutagenic activity the need for the development of high-throughput methods for the supervision of AOH and AME levels is of increasing interest. As the availability of both native and labeled AOH and AME analytical standards is very limited, we herein present a novel and concise approach towards their synthesis by employing a ruthenium-catalyzed ortho-arylation as the key step. Finally, we demonstrate their suitability as internal standards in stable-isotope dilution assay (SIDA)-HPLC-MS/MS analysis, a technique commonly used for the quantification of natural products in food and feed.
Palladium-Catalyzed [1,3]-O-to-N Rearrangement of Allylic ­Imidates
Authors: Kuroda Yusuke
Published: November 2021

The rearrangement of allylic imidates is a powerful transformation for the synthesis of allylic amines. Whereas the [3,3]-rearrangement has long been established as the Overman rearrangement, the corresponding [1,3]-rearrangement is rare. Here, we report a novel strategy for the [1,3]-rearrangement of imidates based on the oxidative addition of a palladium(0) catalyst to an allylic imidate. Structurally distinct allylic amides could be synthesized under mild and base-free conditions.
High-performance near-infrared photodetector based on quasi one-dimensional layered (TaSe4)2I
Authors: Cheng Jiaxin , An Chao , Li Liang , Chen Lijie , Cui Yana , Yan Qijie , Yin Yanling , Zhou Weichang , Peng Yuehua , Wang Weike , Tang Dongsheng
Published: November 2021

Infrared photodetectors have attracted great interest due to their wide range of applications. (TaSe4)2I nanowires were prepared by the scotch-tape mechanical exfoliation method, and optoelectronic properties are systematically investigated. The (TaSe4)2I photodetector shows superior performance under the leading role of the photo-bolometric effect. Remarkably, the prefabricated photodetector recorded a superior responsivity of 0.792 A W−1 and a high external quantum efficiency of 100.259% under the condition of near-infrared light. These excellent properties suggest that (TaSe4)2I is a highly competitive candidate for high-performance near-infrared photodetectors.
On the relevance of understanding and controlling the locations of dopants in hematite photoanodes for low-cost water splitting
Authors: Souza Junior Joao B. , Souza Flavio L. , Vayssieres Lionel , Varghese Oomman K.
Published: November 2021

Successful large-scale implementation of solar fuel technologies relies on cost, performance, and reliability of materials, devices, and infrastructures. Earth-abundant, low-cost, easily recyclable, and environmentally benign light absorbers are desired for renewable fuel generation technologies, such as solar photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Hematite is considered an ideal material for PEC oxygen evolution reaction, which is a critical component in the overall water splitting process for hydrogen fuel generation. However, intrinsic and operational limitations have prevented hematite-based PEC devices from reaching their highest theoretical solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 15%–17%. Literature clearly shows that no single approach can eliminate these limitations. An overall fundamental understanding of the effect of dopant addition as well as their physical locations and functions within the photoelectrode, in both as-synthesized form and under operating conditions, is of critical importance to unleash the tremendous potentials of hematite-based PEC systems. In this short perspective, the concept of effective doping (i.e., increase of charge carrier density) up to the limit of dopant segregation at the grain boundaries to lower the charge recombination is discussed. Based on relevant theoretical and experimental data from the literature on the effects of surface-to-bulk doping as well as dopant segregation at the grain boundaries on hematite photoelectrode performance, we discuss here the views on the necessity of understanding these processes and their individual and synergistic effects to unravel a simple yet powerful approach to design and develop highly efficient hematite photoanodes for clean hydrogen generation using water and sunlight.
Atomic scale understanding of phase stability and decomposition of a nanocrystalline CrMnFeCoNi Cantor alloy
Authors: Li Y. J. , Savan A. , Ludwig A.
Published: November 2021

High entropy alloys (HEAs) provide superior mechanical and functional properties. However, these advantages may disappear when a metastable single-phase solid solution decomposes at low temperatures upon long-term annealing. Therefore, understanding the underlying phase separation mechanisms is important for the design of new HEAs with controlled properties. In the current work, the thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CrMnFeCoNi HEA was investigated at different annealing conditions using a combinatorial processing platform, involving fast and parallel synthesis of nanocrystalline thin films, short annealing time for a rapid phase evolution, and direct characterization by atom probe tomography. The microstructural features of the decomposed CrMnFeCoNi alloy as well as its decomposition process were analyzed in terms of elemental distributions at the near-atomic scale. The results show that the segregation of Ni and Mn to grain boundaries in the initial single-phase alloy is a prerequisite and is observed to be the only occurring physical process at the early stage of phase decomposition. When the concentrations of Ni and Mn reach a certain value, phase decomposition starts and a MnNi-rich phase forms at grain boundaries. Next, two Cr-rich phases form at the interface between the MnNi-rich phase and the matrix. Meanwhile, a FeCo-rich phase forms in the grain interior. Based on these observations, the underlying mechanisms involving nucleation, diffusivity as well as thermodynamic considerations were discussed.
Low noise MgB2 hot electron bolometer mixer operated at 5.3 THz and at 20 K
Authors: Gan Y. , Mirzaei B. , Silva J. R. G. D. , Chang J. , Cherednichenko S. , van der Tak F. , Gao J. R.
Published: November 2021

We have demonstrated a low noise superconducting MgB2 hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer working at the frequency of 5.3 terahertz (THz) with 20 K operation temperature. The bolometer consists of a 7 nm thick MgB2 submicrometer bridge contacted with a spiral antenna to couple THz radiation through a high resistive Si lens, and it has a superconducting critical temperature of 38 K. By using hot/cold blackbody loads and a Mylar beam splitter all in vacuum and applying a 5.25 THz far-infrared gas laser as a local oscillator, we measured a minimal double sideband receiver noise temperature of 3960 K at the LO power of 9.5 μW. This can be further reduced to 2920 K if a Si lens with an antireflection coating optimized at this frequency and a 3 μm beam splitter are used. The measured intermediate frequency (IF) noise bandwidth is 9.5 GHz. The low noise, wide IF bandwidth mixers, which can be operated in a compact, low dissipation Stirling cooler, are more suitable for space applications than the existing HEB mixers. Furthermore, we likely observed a signature of the double-gap in MgB2 by comparing current–voltage curves pumped at 5.3 and 1.6 THz.
Current-induced perpendicular magnetization switching without external magnetic field in gate-induced asymmetric structure
Authors: Hasegawa Kento , Koyama Tomohiro , Chiba Daichi
Published: November 2021

We demonstrate current-induced switching of perpendicular magnetization without any external magnetic field by introducing lateral structural asymmetry through gate-induced redox reactions. A gate electrode was fabricated to cover only half of a heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide wire, allowing a gate voltage to form an in-plane oxidation gradient. The essential role of structural asymmetry is evidenced by the fact that external-field-free deterministic switching is absent when the gate electrode covers an entire wire. We confirm that the current-induced perpendicular effective field deterministically drives the magnetization direction at zero field. Magnetic domain imaging and transport measurements clarify that the origin of the perpendicular effective field is not the Rashba effect, but the Oersted field at the wire edges.
Instability of a meandering channel with variable width and curvature: Role of sediment suspension
Authors: Mahato Rajesh K. , Dey Subhasish , Ali Sk Zeeshan
Published: November 2021

In this Perspective, we explore the instability of a meandering channel with variable width and curvature. The analysis employs the depth-averaged formulations for the flow and sediment transport. Unlike the conventional instability analysis that considers mainly the bedload transport, we consider the generic sediment transport including both the bedload and suspended load. The analysis addresses the variations of the near-bank excess azimuthal velocity and the bed topography deviation with the meander wavenumber for different pertinent parameters, such as Shields number, relative roughness number, channel aspect ratio, width-variation amplitude, and shear Reynolds number. The analysis detects a resonance phenomenon for certain critical values of the pertinent parameters and explores the sensitivity of the resonant wavenumber to the pertinent parameters. In a hydraulically smooth flow regime, the sediment suspension is found to play a stabilizing role. On the contrary, in hydraulically transitional and rough flow regimes, the sediment suspension offers a destabilizing effect. The stability diagrams reveal that the stable zone enlarges as the Shields number and relative roughness number increase, while it contracts with an increase in width-variation amplitude. For a given shear Reynolds number in a hydraulically smooth flow regime, the stability diagram predicts various stable zones. By contrast, for a given shear Reynolds number in hydraulically transitional and rough flow regimes, a unique stable zone exists.
Motor-independent retraction of type IV pili is governed by an inherent property of the pilus filament
Authors: Chlebek Jennifer L. , Denise Rémi , Craig Lisa , Dalia Ankur B.
Published: November 2021

Significance

Extracellular pilus filaments are critical for the virulence and persistence of many bacterial pathogens. A crucial property of these filaments is their ability to dynamically extend and retract from the bacterial surface. A detailed mechanistic understanding of pilus retraction, however, remains lacking in many systems. Here, we reveal that pilus retraction is an inherent property of the pilus filament. These observations are broadly relevant to diverse pilus systems, including those in many bacterial pathogens, and may help inform therapeutic strategies that aim to target pilus dynamic activity.
Regulation of TLR4 signaling through the TRAF6/sNASP axis by reversible phosphorylation mediated by CK2 and PP4
Authors: Yang Feng-Ming , Chang Hui-Ming , Yeh Edward T. H.
Published: November 2021

Significance

TNF receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key signaling molecule in innate immune response. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized role of protein phosphatase 4 in the regulation of TRAF6 activation through dephosphorylation of a native TRAF6 inhibitor, somatic nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein, to resolve the inflammatory response initiated by Toll-like receptor 4.
Synergistic regulation of nonbinary molecular switches by protonation and light
Authors: Zhang Xin , Yang Yu-Dong , Lu Zhi-Hao , Xu Li-Jin , Sessler Jonathan L. , Gong Han-Yuan
Published: November 2021

Significance

The work reported here could allow for better control over the storage and processing of information at the molecular level, as well as an increased understanding of the determinants that regulate the function of molecular switches and logic devices. We report switchable molecular shuttles that are regulated synergistically by both protonation and light. This allows hierarchical control over structure in both a kinetic and thermodynamic sense. The shuttles were constructed using azobenzene-4,4′-dicarboxyate dianions22−or 4,4′-stilbenedicarboxyate dianions32−as the threading elements and a tetracationic macrocycle, cyclo[2](2,6-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)pyridine)[2](1,4-di-methylenebenzene) (referred as the Texas-sized molecular box;14+), as the encircling wheel. This present dual input strategy provides a complement to more traditional orthogonal stimulus-based approaches to molecular switching.
Language attitudes among mobile speakers
Authors: Marzo Stefania , Natale Silvia , De Pascale Stefano
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the variability of belief systems that underpin standardization dynamics by investigating the effect of international mobility on attitudes of Italians towards standard and regional Italian. Research has shown that standard Italian is converging toward spoken or regional varieties, leading to the emergence of neo-standard Italian. While previous studies focused exclusively on Italians in Italy, we investigate how attitudes towards neo-standard Italian develop for Italians abroad. A matched-guise experiment carried out with Italian speakers living in Switzerland and Belgium is compared to an experiment carried out in Italy. Our results show a change in the social meaning of standardization among mobile communities, as Italians living abroad seem to neutralize the prestige that Italians in Italy attach to Milanese Italian and instead upgrade Neapolitan Italian, which had been downgraded by young Italians in the previous experiment.
From an indicator to a marker
Authors: Nesbitt Monica
Published: November 2021

One of the most distinctive regional dialects of North American English – the Northern Cities Shift (NCS), situated in the Inland North dialect area – is receding. Recent work suggests that it has risen as a linguistic marker in upstate New York – at the dialect area’s periphery. This paper reports the results of an online implicit attitudes survey which indicates that Michiganders also negatively evaluate the NCS, rating it accented, and nasally, but indicative of a hard worker. I also find that when listeners hear NCS features in the speech of a young speaker, there are added meanings of uneducated and incorrect/bad English. These results suggest that perhaps changing attitudes and rising awareness can account for NCS recession in the dialect area – a finding that appears to echo recent reports of dialect decline in other areas of North America.
New and old social meanings in urban and rural Sweden
Authors: Nilsson Jenny , Wenner Lena , Leinonen Therese , Thorselius Eva
Published: November 2021

In this study, we focus on the use of [ɨ:] (sometimes referred to as damped /i/). This variant has different connotations in different parts of Sweden. In some rural areas, it has traditionally indexed place, whereas it has indexed class and gender in Sweden’s second largest city Gothenburg (Bruce 2010, Gross 2018, Svahn & Nilsson 2014). Previous studies have shown that in the urbanization of Sweden, the urban variant [ɨ:] has spread from city centers to other locations in Sweden. In the process, it has begun to index urbanity and modernity (see e.g. Svahn & Nilsson 2014). But what happens to this feature in urban Gothenburg where it traditionally has indexed class and gender alongside place? Does the changing social meaning in other locations also affect Gothenburg?
Complex optical elements for scanning helium microscopy through 3D printing
Authors: Bergin M , Myles T A , Radić A , Hatchwell C J , Lambrick S M , Ward D J , Eder S D , Fahy A , Barr M , Dastoor P C
Published: November 2021

Developing the next generation of scanning helium microscopes requires the fabrication of optical elements with complex internal geometries. We show that resin stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing produces low-cost components with the requisite convoluted structures whilst achieving the required vacuum properties, even without in situ baking. As a case study, a redesigned pinhole plate optical element of an existing scanning helium microscope was fabricated using SLA 3D printing. In comparison to the original machined component, the new optical element minimised the key sources of background signal, in particular multiple scattering and the secondary effusive beam.
Interactions in active colloids
Authors: Liebchen Benno , Mukhopadhyay Aritra K
Published: November 2021

The past two decades have seen a remarkable progress in the development of synthetic colloidal agents which are capable of creating directed motion in an unbiased environment at the microscale. These self-propelling particles are often praised for their enormous potential to self-organize into dynamic nonequilibrium structures such as living clusters, synchronized super-rotor structures or self-propelling molecules featuring a complexity which is rarely found outside of the living world. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the formation and dynamics of many of these structures are still barely understood, which is likely to hinge on the gaps in our understanding of how active colloids interact. In particular, besides showing comparatively short-ranged interactions which are well known from passive colloids (Van der Waals, electrostatic etc), active colloids show novel hydrodynamic interactions as well as phoretic and substrate-mediated ‘osmotic’ cross-interactions which hinge on the action of the phoretic field gradients which are induced by the colloids on other colloids in the system. The present article discusses the complexity and the intriguing properties of these interactions which in general are long-ranged, non-instantaneous, non-pairwise and non-reciprocal and which may serve as key ingredients for the design of future nonequilibrium colloidal materials. Besides providing a brief overview on the state of the art of our understanding of these interactions a key aim of this review is to emphasize open key questions and corresponding open challenges.
An unsupervised bearing fault diagnosis based on deep subdomain adaptation under noise and variable load condition
Authors: Ghorvei Mohammadreza , Kavianpour Mohammadreza , Beheshti Mohammad TH , Ramezani Amin
Published: November 2021

Deep learning-based approaches for diagnosing bearing faults have attracted considerable attention in the last years. However, in real-world applications, these methods face challenges. For proper training of these models, a considerable amount of labeled data are necessary, and due to limitations in industry, obtaining this amount of data may not be possible. Because of load variations, the distribution of training and test data may vary, which reduces the accuracy of the trained model for various working conditions. Furthermore, noise has a significant impact on bearing fault diagnosis performance in real-world industrial applications. This study introduced the deep subdomain adaptation convolutional neural network (DSACNN) method to overcome these challenges in real scenarios. The local maximum mean discrepancy (LMMD) method reduces the difference between each class distribution in the source and target domains. We validated our proposed method by CWRU bearing dataset under various loads and noise with different SNRs. The results show that DSACNN outperforms other comparative methods in anti-noise performance and reduction of domain distribution discrepancies.