bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marriage, Ritual and Profit : the Production of Producers in a Portuguese Village
Authors: Itturra Raul
Published: March 2007

La production des producteurs, telle qu'elle est comprise par l'Auteur, constitue une partie du processus général de reproduc tion sociale. Elle consiste dans les moyens ritualisés ou non par lesquels la production sociale des êtres humains travaillant la terre s'effectue. Dans ce mécanisme, le mariage apparait comme le rituel officiel qui initie la production sociale (aussi bien que biolo gique) des etres humains, malgre l 'existence de nombreuses prati ques reproductives au cours du temps, notamment l'illégitimité et la reclassification des liens de parente.
Auto-production, production et reproduction. Divination et politique chez les Yaka du Zaire
Authors: Devisch Renaat , Vervaeck Bart
Published: March 2007

In studying the relationships between meaning and power, we employ a semantic-praxiological perspective. This perspective focuses upon the constitutive processes that produce meaning in praxis. We distinguish between three forms of symbolic produc tion of meaning: divination, divinatory prophetism, an discourse of authority.
L'évangélisme: un intégrisme protestant américain?
Authors: Golding Gordon
Published: March 2007

Evangelicalism: An American Protestant Version of Conser vative Catholicism? American evangelicalism has often been pre sented in Europe as the new world counterport of similar conservative of traditionalist movements in the Catholic Church. The comparaison is tempting, and to determine its validity, this article presents an overview of evangelical doctrine, with a brief discussion of the movement place in American history and its cur rent role in American Society
The layout of the war in Lebanon: political and confessional aspects of a function of reduction
Authors: Chaoul Melhem
Published: March 2007

L'analyse de la guerre au Liban a été réalisée, toujours ou presque, sous un angle moral voulant vérifier la responsablité des évènements et de la violence pour accuser ou disculper.
La politique vaticane en Amérique Latine: essai d'interprétation historico-sociologique
Authors: DUSSEL Enrique
Published: March 2007

Considering the eleven major events of the last five centuries of Church history in Latin America, it can be concluded that the policy of the Vatican during the three centuries of Portuguese-Spanish domination granted the Iberian states all the effective power of the Church and accepted that all the actions of these states were thereby justified. Having taken up directly with the newly emancipated states in the 19th century, politicians in the Vatican considered the United States to be the guarantor of its policy on the Latin American continent (see the cases of Cuban, Puerto Rican and “Cristeros” political emancipation and the present-day situation in Central America). For the Vatican and its policy, the interests of the Latin American peoples are not as important as the nomination of the hierarchy that echoes in Rome the interests of the Curia. In other words, to take the example of a Cardinal's nomination, the idea behind it is more that of a forthcoming Consistory for the election of a conservative pope than of the lack of pastoral creativity or of the scandalous situation facing the poor as a result of this Cardinal's nomination.
Individualisme, protestation holiste et hétéronomie dans les mouvances mystiques et ésotériques contemporaines
Authors: CHAMPION Françoise
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the meaning of individualism and holistic protest, which are considered to be the very basis of the new mystic groups. The yearning for independence and the care of the self - the two features defining individualism - are balanced by a deep demand of“religare”. The care of the self can be viewed as a form of narcissim; but it also expresses a refusal by man to be depersonalized or torn into “parts” by the modern scientific and technical approaches of man. In this way such care is close to humanism. Between these two tendencies there is a tension that allows many possible solutions as well as easy fluctuations. The same is true of the tension between the yearning for independence and the yearning for “interdependence”. In opposition to the theories of individualism that identify independence and autonomy, the author defines the latter as a “freedom in action”, which implies a participation in the elaboration of collective laws more than it does a prospect of breaking free from authority. Through their search for answers to the dilemma of the positivist conceptions of autonomy, the new mystic groups express their aim for autonomy. But in fact this aim itself is impeded by the weight of conformism and credulity.
Dâna: Du concept religieux à ses manifestations pratiques en milieu bouddhique birman
Authors: LUBEIGT Guy
Published: March 2007

The Burmese environment is characterized by a deep and strong Buddhism. The natural landscape is physically dominated by stupas, the built environment by monasteries, and socio-cultural space permeated by Buddhist terminology. The entire Burmese environment is shaped by the basic principles of Buddhism: Dâna, Sîla and Bhâvanâ. Buddhist charitable giving means an investment, an insurance for the next life and a guarantee of social prestige in the here and now for the donors. The main beneficiaries of donations are the monks who are the driving force behind the various religious associations which collect funds. Traditional donations in kind are now being supplanted by monetary donations. The majority of donations are made in small amounts by anonymous givers, while those giving significant amounts expect publicity in return. The constant stream of donations sustains a sizable part of the Burmese economy and contributes to overall economic growth.
Les systèmes divinatoires de la Règle Ocha à Cuba
Authors: MEDEROS Anibal ARGUELLES
Published: March 2007

The first African slaves arrived in Cuba over four centuries ago and are classified as Yoruba. The rule of Ocha is a form of cult opening the path towards santería. It is characterized by a mythical conception of the world and an empirical vision of reality. It is based in ancestor worship. The practices are of an initiatory type. Myths occupy an important place. Ethics is limited to rather simple rules of coexistence. As for religious agents, they fall into two echelons, the babalaos (officiating) and the godfathers and godmothers. As for their pantheon, it is peopled by numerous divinities with specific roles. The divinatory practices are important as part of a protection system. The deviners interpret the myths which become norms for action. The divinatory systems are above all founded on chance and not on human potentialities. Recourse is made to them to ensure health and matrimonial bliss.
Le développement de la sociologie de la religion en Yougoslavie après la deuxième guerre mondiale (jusqu' à son démembrement)
Authors: FLERE Sergej
Published: March 2007

The sociology of religion existed in Yugoslavia in a modest way from the 1960s until the collapse of Yugoslavia. It evolved from an initial Marxist perspective, through humanist and structuralist positions, towards more complex models. Empirical work was centred upon religiosity of the general population, correlating findings on religiosity with other social indicators, usually stressing the seemingly rapid secularization and the spread of atheism. There were a few studies on other subjects: psychological aspects, small religious groups and civil religion. Particularly lacking were studies adapted to the specificities of individual confessions. Topics on religion were taught in a modest way within sociology courses as general education subjects at university level and of course within sociology of religion courses in the professional education of sociologists. Although in the former Yugoslav state sociology of religion was a modest enterprise, it nevertheless contributed to the legitimization of religion as a cultural institution.
Les religieuses catholiques en France: deux systèmes de représentation du monde
Authors: TALIN Kristoff
Published: March 2007

Using Weberian ideal-types - the mystic, the inner-worldly ascetic and the other-worldly ascetic - we analyse the religious and political universes of nuns living in France. It seems necessary to make a distinction between contemplative nuns and sisters who follow an apostolic life. There are two models of sisters. There is a “conservative model” which associates a traditional religious universe and a conservative political universe. Contemplative nuns and older sisters are more often of this “type”. A second type might be designated the “progressive model”, typical of more apostolic and younger sisters whose religious and political attitudes are linked and are more progressive. Unlike sisters conforming to the first model and in opposition to the declarations of the Catholic Church, they attach great value to the voice of conscience in making their decisions. Thus, these two models represent very different conceptions of secularity. The first rejects the values of secularity whereas the second readily accepts them. There are links between the “conservative model” and other-worldly asceticism and at the same time it is possible to see links between the second model and inner-worldly asceticism.
Miracles et obéissance. Le discours de la guérison divine à l'Eglise Universelle
Authors: CORTEN André
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to shed light on the linguistic techniques at work in accounts of divine healing in a Brazilian Pentecostal Church of the “third wave”: the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. The principal part of the text is devoted to speech analysis. Based upon a study of these techniques, it is possible to formulate the hypothesis that the discourse of “divine healing” constructs a universe of verisimilitude inaugurated in a pre-accomplished rupture. This rupture results from a mirroring relationship between conversion and healing, a relationship proper to the functioning of theological discourse. But the discourse of divine healing is also a discursive machine succeeding through the incessant repetition of the same transformational account, as well as by its mode of absorption of scientific (biomedical) language. One may conclude that in adopting a singular syntax based on simplification, “phagocytation” and sudden rupture, the Pentecostal believer participates in the construction of a universe which will demand his obedience.
La laïcité française et ses mutations
Authors: BAUBEROT Jean
Published: March 2007

This article offers a set of hypotheses, notions and perspectives for a synthetic analysis of French laïcité, from a socio-historical viewpoint. The author puts forward different notions such as “clericalism” and “anticlericalism”, “first and second thresholds of laïcization” and pacte laïque (eventual resolution of conflict). After outlining the main historical stages of French laïcité— creation of the “laïque morale” in the 1880s, separation between State and churches (1905), and inscription of laïcité within the Constitution (1946), Baubérot considers laïcité in an ideal-typical view, as a constant tension between “freedom of conscience” (freedom giving rise to pluralism) and “freedom of thought” (freedom as emancipation from authoritarian systems of thought). After this, the author considers present-day relations between laïcité and the old and more recent religions that can be found in France, and also contemporary transformations of what is religious.
L'incidence du facteur religieux dans la “conscience ethnique” des immigrés marocains en Belgique
Authors: BASTENIER Albert
Published: March 2007

“Ethnic consciousness”, conceived as a functional category of action, only becomes real for the sociologist when identifying the manifestations in behaviours and/or opinions which mould the normative context actors lend to their behaviours. The author, working from empirical research, seeks to grasp the ongoing process of ethno-genesis among immigrants of Moroccan origin in a society like Belgium which has experienced significant post-colonial immigration. The religious factor is certainly far from being the sole at work in the process, yet we ought not to minimize the importance it assumes in the re-elaboration of the identity of transplanted Muslim communities. The ultimate question is whether ethnicity, as a category of actors' social classification, is a relic of the past or remains one of the most fundamental beliefs in post-colonial society, as it was in yesterday's colonial contexts.
Popular Catholicism and Social Change in St Lucia
Authors: ANTHONY Patrick A. B.
Published: March 2007

In the parish of Jacmel/Roseau, on the southwest coast of the island of St Lucia, situated in the Caribbean, a contemporary drama is unfolding. A conflict exists between a society headed towards the world of science, technology and liberal economy of the 21st century, on the one hand, and the spiritual and non-scientific one of the majority of its inhabitants, on the other. Based on field research done between 1995 and 1997, the author examines the ties existing between popular culture, popular Catholicism and social change in this parish. This analysis of social change takes place through an examination of the effects of modernization on communities and the impact of globalization on the banana industry, the principal economic activity of the parish.
Selfspirituality and the Body: New Age Centres in The Netherlands since the 1960s
Authors: van OTTERLOO Anneke H.
Published: March 2007

New Age has developed rapidly in The Netherlands since the 1960s. During this period, its socio-cultural place has changed greatly. The phenomenon first appeared as a sort of counterculture on the margins of society, becoming increasingly integrated so that, today, the values sought in New Age differ less and less from general social opinions. The body is widely considered as a means of attaining a “spirituality of the self”. An important part of the programmes offered by New Age Centres focuses on “bodywork”. The author studies the importance of the do-it-yourself process predominating in the physical, psychic and esoteric therapies practised in the New Age Centres. Bodywork methods are part of a holism to which the Centres are committed. The author concludes by showing that the physical and psychic practices carried out in the New Age Centres meet a need for healing and so are well adjusted to the aspirations of our times.
Social Capital and Political Sociology: Re-imagining Politics?
Authors: Walters William
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with social capital as the concept has been used to further the analysis of political life. Its substantive focus is the work of Robert Putnam and his part in the revival of a civic conception of democracy. The article suggests two strategies for analysing the relationship between social capital theory and conceptions of liberal-democratic government. In the first section the concept of social capital is interrogated in terms of its political imagination. This is pursued by way of a comparison of the assumptions and norms of social capital and political culture theory - the latter being a perspective that shaped post-war political analysis. The second part of the article situates social capital in relation to the Foucauldian literature on government. It asks how we might see social capital in terms of a new kind of territorialization of socio-political relations.
An Analysis of Tearing Failure
Authors: Steele Richard , Gruntfest Irving J.
Published: March 2007

The tearing failure of materials depends very strongly on the conditions of use or testing which produce the non-uniform tensile stress which causes such failure. In the trapezoid tear test. the stress pattern is determined largely by variables at the disposition of the operator. The effect of these variables on the tearing strength and the relationship of the latter to the shape of the force-elongation curve have been determined. The tear load is given by an equation of the form where g is the modulus. h is the thickness. L o is the gauge length, α is the trapezoid angle. and E is the elongation of the material at break. The form of the term f( E) is deter mined by the shape of the force-elongation curve and has been calculated for the linear case and for cases yielding convex and concave curves. The validity of this equation has been evaluated with experiments on cotton and rayon fabries in which gauge length, trapezoid angle, thickness and elongation were varied The data are reasonably well tit by the equation using the form of f( E) calculated for a linear force-elongation curve.
Part IV: Industrial Carbonizing Trials to Assess the Protection of Wool by Surface Active Agents Added to the Acid
Authors: Crewther W.G. , Pressley T.A.
Published: March 2007

In a series of trials in four carbonizing mills, the addition of a nonionic surface active agent to the sulfuric acid bowl resulted, in each experiment, in an increased yield of car bonized wool and, on spinning, increased yarn strength. In a similar trial with combing wool, the addition of nonionic surface active agent to the acid used for carbonizing re sulted in improved gilling and combing. The amount of acid taken up by the wool was increased by this addition, whereas the water content was decreased; this facilitated dry ing of the acidified wool.
The Amino Acid Composition of Keratins
Authors: Simmonds D.H.
Published: March 2007

Two Merino wool samples having the same fiber diameter but differing widety in the number of crimps per inch of fiber length have been analyzed for amino acid com position. They have been compared with single samples of human hair and kid mohair to determine whether their composition could he related to their chemical and physical properties. Differences among the four fiber samples were detected in the case of the amino acids glycine, valine, leucine, cystine, and proline. However, only the proline content of the two Merino wools differed. According to the nature of their cortex and their chemical and physical properties, the four fiber samples could be arranged in the following order: human hair, high crimp wool, low crimp wool, and mohair [6, 14]. The results of the chemical analyses did not conflict with this arrangement.
Cyanoethylation of Cotton in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Bikales Norbert M. , Rapoport Lorence
Published: March 2007

An investigation was made of the cyanoethylation of cotton using small quantities of acrylonitrile dissolved or dispersed in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. As com pared with conventional processes, the rate of reaction and the maximum degree of cyanoethylation were both found to be lower. The losses of acrylonitrile in side reactions were relatively small and approached the minimum obtainable in the best processes previ ously reported. A study of the physical properties of the product showed the im portance of reaction conditions in determining the properties of cyanoethylated cotton.
Peer Mediation in an Inner-City Elementary School
Authors: Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of peer mediation was examined in an inner-city elementary school. Thirty-four third-grade and fourth-grade students in a prekindergarten to fourth-grade elementary school were trained as peer mediators to help resolve schoolmates’ conflicts. They mediated 206 conflicts during the academic year, 91% of which were relationship problems involving physical (41%) and verbal (50%) aggression. Before mediation, the conflict strategies students used primarily were physical force (44%) and verbal intimidation (56%) to coerce the other person to yield. Mediation most commonly resulted in an agreement to avoid each other in the future (74%) followed by apologizing and forgiving each other (16%).
Powerful Pedagogy for African American Students
Authors: Howard Tyrone C.
Published: March 2007

The disproportionate underachievement of African American students may suggest that teacher effectiveness with this student population has been limited. However, amidst these widespread academic failures, characterizations of effective teachers of African American students have emerged in an attempt to reverse these disturbing trends. This article examines the findings from a qualitative case study of four elementary school teachers in urban settings. The findings reveal teaching practices consistent with various norms espoused by African American students in a manner that could be termed “culturally relevant.” In this article, three of the major pedagogical themes are discussed: holistic instructional strategies, culturally consistent communicative competencies, and skill-building strategies to promote academic success.
Experiments as Reforms
Authors: Raffel Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

An experiment may be easier to design than to carry out. Imperfect execution produces imperfect results.
Prospects for an Ethnographic Approach to Urban Education
Authors: Filling Constance M.
Published: March 2007

Studies of urban schools have been limited by methodological conventions and by the quest for statistical certainty.
The Proposition One Scare in Florida
Authors: White A. O.
Published: March 2007

Florida's schools narrowly escaped crippling cuts by state constitutional amendment-and still seem in some danger.
Academic Course Work in Urban High Schools
Authors: Sosniak Lauren A. , Perlman Carole L. , Foster Diana L. , Rice William K.
Published: March 2007

Although high school curricula are stridentlv criticized, the students in one city seem to view them favorably.
Electoral Challenges as Indicators of Community Dissatisfaction
Authors: Hosman Carol Merz
Published: March 2007

Formulas based on school board incumbents' defeats in elections havelimits for measuring public dissatisfaction.
Preparing the Brightest for Urban Schools
Authors: Weiner Lois
Published: March 2007

For these prospective city teachers, student teaching led to estrangement and alienation.
Early Childhood Education and Child Care
Authors: Trachtman Roberta
Published: March 2007

Unification of educational and custodial concerns for early childhood is a necessity, particularly for those at risk
African-American Principals
Authors: Lomotey Kofi
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author looks at a subset of the data from a study that focused on teachers' responses to a curriculum innovation and conduct an analysis of it that illustrates the differences that distinguish the bureaucrat/administrator role from the ethno-humanist role as two African-American principals describe how they go about their work. These differences represent a focus on the goals of schooling and on the goals of education. The author found that the principals often moved back and forth between these two identities. They were rarely focusing only on the bureaucrat/administrator role or only on the ethno-humanist role. This overlap of roles, and the tensions between them are reflected throughout the interview transcripts.
Effects of Race and Gender on Teachers' Perception of the Social Behavior of Elementary Students
Authors: Rong Xue Lan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the combined effects of race and gender on teachers' perceptions of students' social behaviors. A sample of 984 Black and White teachers who rated 6- to 11-year-old Black and White children was drawn from the data of Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Analysis of covariance was conducted separately for White and Black male and female teachers at three levels: overall, subscale, and item levels. Findings suggest that teachers' perceptions of student social behaviors are a result of complex interactions of students 'and teachers 'race and gender Female teachers perceived female students more positively regardless of teachers' race. White female teachers perceived White students more positively the same way that they perceived White male students more positively than Black male students, but Black female teachers made no distinction. Cultural congruence theory is applied to interpret the findings, and three major recommendations are made.
Developing Leaders for Urban Schools
Authors: Leak Lawrence E. , Petersen Wesley O. , Patzkowsky Lyle R.
Published: March 2007

Baltimore has developed an innovative academy that prepares and develops public school leaders with the assistance of area corporations, not-for-profit businesses, and institutions of higher education. Much of the activity that led to the creation of Academy for Educational Leadership was done largely though the visible and facilitating leadership of Baltimore's superintendent and leaders from the Greater Baltimore Committee, a strategic planning and problem solving organization with longstanding ties to Baltimore and its business community. This article outlines the core leadership domains adopted by the Baltimore City Public Schools, reviews mechanisms used to deliver quality professional development to school leaders, and discusses educational accountability challenges facing Academy for Educational Leadership participants.
Independent Black Institutions in America
Authors: V Lawson Bush
Published: March 2007

Since the genesis of independent Black institutions in the United States, during the period of African enslavement, they continue to overcome seemingly insurmountable odds to educate African minds. The mere existence of these self-reliant institutions is in direct contrast to spurious notions that suggest African Americans do not value education. This article contends that Blacks do not value schooling-the process that trains them to maintain White hegemonic control-but that they hold in high regard education-the process that leaves them more capable of expressing who they are as defined by their culture and community. This assertion finds support in the communal struggle to develop, erect, and sustain independent Black institutions, and in the historical discourse concerning the consciousness that laid the foundation for their existence.
The Effect of Abuse in Childhood and in Adolescence on Violence among Adolescents
Authors: BENDA BRENT B. , CORWYN ROBERT FLYNN
Published: March 2007

This study of 1,031 persons from five public high schools examined the relative effects of elements of control, strain, and social learning theories on violence among younger (< 16 years of age) and older (≥16 years of age) adolescents. Of special interest were the differential effects of adult abuse during childhood and during adolescence on violence of these two age groups. Findings show that the effects of abuse by adults during childhood on violence are mediated by other study factors only among older adolescents. Attachments to female caregivers, self-esteem, and fathers' education have inverse relationships, while suicide attempts are positively related to violence only among adolescents 15 years of age or younger. Attachment to father, beliefs, and religiosity are inversely related to violence, whereas feelings of frustration and alienation are positively related to this outcome for both age groups. Implications for theory are discussed.
Does Participation in Interscholastic Athletics Affect Adult Development?
Authors: SPREITZER ELMER
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the relationship between athletic participation as a high school student and subsequent psychosocial development, using data from a national probability sample of American youths in their sophomore and senior years. The analysis compared sports participation to social class background, cognitive aptitude, academic grade average, level of self-esteem, and racial background. The findings were consistent for both sexes, except that females were substantially more likely than males to have dropped out of sports by their senior year. Youths from disadvantaged backgrounds were less likely to become high school athletes in their sophomore year and more likely to have dropped out of athletics by their senior year. The data also showed that athletic participation was a weaker predictor of later alcohol use and level of self-esteem and that student athletes' educational attainment was higher than nonathletes. There was no clear association between athletic participation and either early marriage or early parenthood.
An Examination of Adolescents' Salary Expectations and Gender-Based Occupational Stereotyping
Authors: MORRISON TODD G. , BELL ELAYNE M. , MORRISON MELANIE A. , MURRAY CHARLES A. , O'CONNOR WENDY
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effect of gender on salary estimates and judgments about occupational suitability. The questionnaires, 1,300 in total, were distributed to randomly selected high schools in Newfoundland and Labrador for administration to students in Grades 10 and 12. The response rate was 82%. Results indicated that females provided lower salary estimates than males and were less likely to stereotype occupations on the basis of gender. In addition, academic achievement was negatively correlated with gender-based occupational stereotyping. An effect for religiosity was not observed.
Defending Laws in the Social Sciences
Authors: Kincaid Harold
Published: March 2007

This article defends laws in the social sciences. Arguments against social laws are considered and rejected based on the "open" nature of social theory, the multiple realizability of social predicates, the macro and/or teleological nature of social laws, and the inadequacies of belief-desire psychology. The more serious problem that social laws are usually qualified ceteris paribus is then considered. How the natural sciences handle ceteris paribus laws is discussed and it is argued that such procedures are possible in the social sciences. The article ends by arguing that at least some social research is roughly as well as confirmed as good work in evolutionary biology and ecology.
Artful Fiction and Adequate Discourse Irony and Social Theories of Science
Authors: Hadden Richard W.
Published: March 2007

This essay argues that recent reflexively oriented critiques of social studies of science, especially those of Steve Woolgar, present a problematic version of instrumental irony. Woolgar's own view is presented as instrumental and his antipathy to theorizing is opposed by arguing for the need to adopt a privileged position in order to carry out his recommended refusal of objectivist discourse.
The Tiger and the Machine
Authors: Monk Ray
Published: March 2007

This article contains a detailed discussion of the friendship and the intellectual collaboration between D. H. Lawrence and Bertrand Russell during the spring and summer of 1915. The questions it seeks to answer are why Russell initially was inclined to treat Lawrence's philosophical thought with respect, even to the extent of becoming an evangelist on its behalf; why he subsequently rejected Lawrence's outlook and distanced himself from Lawrence's political program; and what similarities and dissimilarities exist in Russell's thought and Lawrence's as represented by Russell's Principles of Social Reconstruction and Lawrence's essays "Study of Thomas Hardy" and "The Crown." Both writers, it is suggested, were centrally concerned with the possibility of transcending the "prison" of the self, but the ideas each developed as to how this should be done were radically divergent, so much so that each could, in the end, regard the other as the very personification of the kind of egoism they sought to transcend.
Karl Popper in Exile
Authors: Hacohen Malachi Haim
Published: March 2007

This article explores the impact of Popper's exile on the formation of The Open Society. It proposes homelessness as a major motif in Popper's life and work. His emigration from clerical-fascist Austria, sojourn in New Zealand during World War II, and social isolation in postwar England constituted a permanent exile. In cosmopolitan philosophy, he searched for a new home. His unended quest issued in a liberal cosmopolitan vision of scientific and political communities pursuing truth and reform. The Open Society was their embodiment. As described, it expressed the ideals of fin-de-siècle Viennese progressives. Many progressives were assimilated Jews, whose dilemmas of national identity gave rise to cosmopolitan views that stripped ethnicity and nationality of significance. The Open Society was an admirable defense of liberalism against fascism, but it remained a utopian ideal. It could not provide a surrogate community or home where Popper might have reached his destination and rested.
Impact of a Confounding Variable on a Regression Coefficient
Authors: FRANK KENNETH A.
Published: March 2007

Regression coefficients cannot be interpreted as causal if the relationship can be attributed to an alternate mechanism. One may control for the alternate cause through an experiment (e.g., with random assignment to treatment and control) or by measuring a corresponding confounding variable and including it in the model. Unfortunately, there are some circumstances under which it is not possible to measure or control for the potentially confounding variable. Under these circumstances, it is helpful to assess the robustness of a statistical inference to the inclusion of a potentially confounding variable. In this article, an index is derived for quantifying the impact of a confounding variable on the inference of a regression coefficient. The index is developed for the bivariate case and then generalized to the multivariate case, and the distribution of the index is discussed. The index also is compared with existing indexes and procedures. An example is presented for the relationship between socioeconomic background and educational attainment, and a reference distribution for the index is obtained. The potential for the index to inform causal inferences is discussed, as are extensions.
How to Measure the Agreement between Sequences
Authors: DIJKSTRA WIL
Published: March 2007

Some problems of optimal alignment procedures to measure the agreement between sequences are discussed. Hidden Markov models may be a new approach that is especially suited for grouping sequences that are more or less alike.
Nonparametric Partial Correlation and Causal Analysis
Authors: Reynolds H.T.
Published: March 2007

The properties of Quade's "index of matched correlation"are explored in the context of causal analysis. Quade's approach is tested on data with specified characteristics generated through a computer simulation. Although nonparametric partial correlation must be used with caution, it supplies an easily interpreted and applied method for analyzing categorized data.
The Taagepera-Ray Generalized Index of Concentration
Authors: Smithson Michael
Published: March 2007

Some extensions are proposed of the Taagepera-Rav generalized nth power index of concentration to the multivariate case. These are compared for their relative advantages in a variety of analytical contexts. The concepts and tools used in de veloping these eextensions are then employed in the derivation of indexes for pair- wise relative inequality between owners. Finally, the problem of the relationship between inequality and concentration is approached through the development of a concentration index which measures the degree of concentration relative to the level of inequality in the resource system. These various indexes are then put through their paces in an empirical example.
Flowgraph Analysis for Effect Decomposition
Authors: CHEN HUEY-TSYH
Published: March 2007

Current effect-decomposition methods have three major weaknesses: (1) the conceptual framework used, although appropriate for recursive models, is too narrow for use in nonrecursive models; (2) the discussion of nonrecursive models has been limited to single-loop simultaneous models; and (3) the computation procedures are complicated and laborious or they require additional computer works. This article proposes the use of a flowgraph method that eliminates these difficulties. It is shown that with a limited number of flowgraph analysis rules, the effects in either recursive or nonrecursive models can be easily decomposed.
A Biparametric Approach to Network Autocorrelation
Authors: DOW MALCOLM M.
Published: March 2007

In anthropology, “Galton's Problem” is generally taken to refer to the interdependence of cases in a cross-cultural sample due to various processes of cultural diffusion. Previous attempts to deal with this problem have usually assumed that these types of interdependencies can be characterized adequately in terms of spatial proximity and/or common linguistic history. In regression analysis using such interdependent data, autocorrelation among the error terms can be incorporated into the model by means of a network relational or connectivity matrix, W. The biparametric model is a straightforward generalization that specifies two autocorrelation parameters associated with two network relational matrices. Simultaneous autocorrelation effects for language similarity and geographical distance matrices are empirically demonstrated using cross-cultural data on the sexual division of labor. An alternative to the maximum likelihood approach to estimation of both autocorrelation parameters is suggested and employed.
A New Incremental Fit Index for General Structural Equation Models
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A.
Published: March 2007

Assessing overall model fit is an important problem in general structural equation models. One of the most widely used fit measures is Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed index. This article has three purposes: (1) to propose a new incremental fit measure that provides an adjustment to the normed index for sample size and degrees of freedom, (2) to explain the relation between this new fit measure and the other ones, and (3) to illustrate its properties with an empirical example and a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation suggests that the mean of the sampling distribution of the new fit measure stays at about one for different sample sizes whereas that for the normed fit index increases with N. In addition, the standard deviation of the new measure is relatively low compared to some other measures (e.g., Tucker and Lewis's (1973) and Bentler and Bonett's (1980) nonnormed index). The empirical example suggests that the new fit measure is relatively stable for the same model in different samples. In sum, it appears that the new incremental measure is a useful complement to the existing fit measures.
Models for Bivariate Count Data with an Application to Teenage Delinquency and Paternity
Authors: GOOD DAVID H. , PIROG-GOOD MAUREEN A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a new model, the bivariate lognormal Poisson, is developed to examine the relationships between two count processes. This model is an extension of Schoenberg's (1985) univariate lognormal Poisson model. Although computationally more cumbersome, it is substantially more flexible than previous bivariate count data models because it allows heterogeneity and correlation to be parameterized independently. As an application, the processes underlying out-of-wedlock teenage paternities and juvenile arrests are assessed for the extent to which they are manifestations of the same underlying factors. Using three birth cohorts of data, the processes generating these paternities and crimes are found to be related although not identical. Moreover, the strength of the correlations of the processes that generate paternities and crimes is much stronger in the population of white teenagers when compared to that of blacks.
Grade of Membership Analysis of Depression-Related Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: WOODBURY MAX A. , MANTON KENNETH G.
Published: March 2007

Information on 7,184 respondents of the Duke University and Johns Hopkins University Epidemiologic Catchment Areas (ECA) studies were analyzed using a fuzzy set classification procedure called Grade of Membership (GoM) analysis. A formal description of GoM analysis and its relationship to other multivariate procedures, some of which are described in other articles in this issue, is provided. Symptoms were selected for analysis that represented seven clinically defined psychiatric disorders: depression, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and somatization. In the sample there were persons who expressed symptoms for these diseases as well as a large group of persons free of any symptoms. In the GoM analyses, we used both the 41 symptom variables initially provided to define disorder groups and a derivative set of 33 symptom variables with certain of the original symptoms grouped to increase the stability of symptom sets. In the analysis it was found that six pure types best explained the variation of both the sets of 41 and 33 symptoms. The structure of the 33 variable set provided a better identification of the underlying disease groups. The six pure types that emerged from the 33 variable analysis were identified as depression, generalized anxiety, phobias, somatization, and two groups that were initially classified as asymptomatic persons. One of these groups was clearly asymptomatic and the other possessed only mild symptoms not strongly indicative of any of the disorders. This group may represent a neurotic subpopulation. Perhaps a surprising result was the failure for panic to emerge as a separate disorder but instead to be associated with generalized anxiety. The failure to identify the phobias as separate disorders may be attributable to the small number of variables used to define them. In a previous analysis using a larger set of variables, simple and social phobias clearly separated.
A Unifying Framework for Markov Modeling in Discrete Space and Discrete Time
Authors: LANGEHEINE ROLF , VAN DE POL FRANK
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is on Markov models for the analysis of panel data and, more specifically, on data obtained from repeated measurements of one categorical variable at several consecutive points in time. We first review developments in the field that attack the two main problems of the simple Markov model. The Mixed Markov model extends the simple model by allowing for population heterogeneity; the Latent Markov model incorporates measurement error and latent change into the simple model. Second, we present the more general Latent Mixed Markov model and show how both the Mixed Markov model and the Latent Markov model, as well as several more specific models, relate to this more general model. Finally, we reanalyze the Los Angeles panel data on depression with a focus on stability and change.
Model Search With TETRAD II and LISREL
Authors: JÖRESKOG KARL G. , SÖRBOM DAG
Published: March 2007

This article is a comment on the paper by Spirtes, Scheines, and Glymour. The problem of equivalent models is discussed. The conclusion of the authors that the automatic model modification procedure in LISREL performs poorly may be due to the fact that all equivalent models are not counted as correct models. Our own experiment based on their model 8 demonstrates that the automatic model modification procedure in LISREL indeed performs very well when all equivalent models are counted as correct. Contrary to what the authors claim, the modification index in LISREL can be used to detect equivalent models and give useful insight into the problem of model modification.
The Statistical Analysis of Event Histories
Authors: PETERSEN TROND
Published: March 2007

Event histories are generated so-called failure-time processes and take this form. The dependent variable—for example, some social state—is discrete or continuous. Over time it evolves as follows: For finite periods of time (from one calendar date to another) it stays constant at a given value. At a later date, which is a random variable, the dependent variable jumps to a new value. The process evolves in this manner from the calendar date when one change occurs to a later date when another change occurs. Between the dates of the changes, the dependent variable stays constant. Data on such processes typically contain information about (a) the date a sample member entered a social state; (b) the date the state later was left, if left; (c) the value of the next state entered; and so on. In analyzing such data, the foci are on what determines the amount of time spent in each state and on what determines the value of the next state entered. This article describes how one can use continuous-time hazard rate models to address these two foci when analyzing event histories.
A Hierarchy for Some Latent Structure Models
Authors: REISER MARK , SCHUESSLER KARL F.
Published: March 2007

In this article we consider some latent variable models for dichotomous manifest variables that have recently appeared in sociology. The latent trait models considered are a logit/probit one-parameter, a logit/probit two-parameter, and a log-linear model. Some related latent class models for response consistency are also considered. We discuss both statistical and logical relations among these models and propose strategies for model selection, demonstrating those strategies in several examples. We also discuss the usefulness of the various models.
Analyzing Locational Attainments
Authors: ALBA RICHARD D. , LOGAN JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

The authors address a major difficulty associated with research on spatial processes. Although theory frequently demands analytic models that combine variables from individual and locational (or aggregate) levels, appropriate data sets are rarely available. The authors demonstrate that, in many circumstances, it is nevertheless possible to construct individual-level multivariate models by using aggregate census files and microdata samples, and they describe a method for doing so. They illustrate this method with an analysis of suburban location in the metropolitan area around New York City, focusing on two features of suburban communities-their homeownership level and median household income.
Estimator Conditioning Diagnostics for Covariance Structure Models
Authors: KAPLAN DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article studies the utility of a general set of diagnostics for assessing conditioning problems in the covariance structure modeling framework. The diagnostics are based on extensions of the condition index and variance decomposition proportions advanced by Belsley and are based on using the covariance matrix of the estimates. A series of simulations with a variety of covariance structure models as well as a real data example show that these diagnostics are useful for gauging the sensitivity of parameter estimates to conditioning problems arising from collinearity in the raw data. The relationship between ill-conditioning and local identification as it pertains to the proposed diagnostics is also discussed. It is suggested that these diagnostics be implemented in existing covariance structure modeling software.
Identification Risks of Microdata
Authors: MÜLLER WALTER , BLIEN UWE , WIRTH HEIKE
Published: March 2007

In the social sciences and in other fields where data from individual respondents are collected, it is an important concern that information remains confidential and that the identity of individual data providers is not disclosed. For several realistic scenarios, the present article examines the risks of discovering the identity of data providers even in cases where the microdata have been previously anonymized by some procedure. The results show that, even under peculiarly risky conditions, the identification risk is smaller than has been assumed by previous research. The inherent unreliability of measurement is found to be an implicit protection of anonymity and a natural barrier to identification.