bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using UAV technology for basic data collection of Firmiana danxiaensis H. H. Hsue & H. S. Kiu, J. S. (Malvaceae), an important, nationally protected wild plant in Zhanglao Peak, Danxiashan Mountain, South China
Authors: Ouyang Jie , Simonson Scott L. , Zhang Yunpeng , Zhuang Changwei , Wang Jinchuan , Chen Zaixiong , Qiao Yan , Duan Yinan , Zheng Suifang
Published: April 2020

The protection of rare species is an urgent task for all of mankind, however this task is challenging because it is usually difficult to determine their numbers and spatial distribution. Firmiana danxiaensis H. H. Hsue & H. S. Kiu, J. S. (Malvaceae), which is listed at the highest grade of critically endangered (CR) plants in the first volume of “The China Species Red List,” can be found at Danxiashan Mountain, one of the six World Nature Heritage sites of China Danxia, in Northern Guangdong Province, China. At present, UAV low-altitude photogrammetry technology can complete and produce orthophoto maps of 1:2000 resolution and high-precision DEM data, and has a high application value in the collection and research of rare species’ basic data. For this study, UAV technology was used especially for mapping, quantifying and monitoring plant species. F. danxiaensis is a good fit for automated identification from UAV imagery due to its leaf coloration making it stand out during the end of October. A fixed-wing UAV was used to aerially survey the Zhanglao Peak Tourist Area of Danxiashan Mountain (the aerial survey area is 4.25 km2) and the valleys and cliffs where it is difficult to conduct field surveys. 638 high-precision image data were obtained. Photoscan software was used to produce mosaic image data, an orthophoto map, and DEM data. Analyses of the targets’ locations and data visualizations were done with Arc GIS 10.5 software. 1,515 individuals of F. danxiaensis have been found in the aerial survey area. The results suggest that the red line boundary of ecological protection should be delineated in the densely distributed areas of F. danxiaensis, and scientific research plans should be formulated to protect the rare species and their natural environment so as to ensure sustainable development and utilization for human beings.
Acute toxicity of 4 algal toxins on 5 common fishes of the pearl river estuary
Authors: Guo Wei , Jiang Ran , Li Jie , Ma Zhipeng , Zhang Xin-feng
Published: April 2020

This study studied the common economic fish in the Pearl River Estuary, including Konosirus punctatus, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Oreochromis spp, dace and Carassius auratus. We evaluated the toxic effects using hydrostatic toxicity. The method is to expose the test organism to different concentrations of algal toxin, and obtain the LC50 by using the probability unit method. The results showed that the same algal toxin had significant differences in toxicity to five species of fish. 96h-LC50 of Anabaena-a toxins on 5 common fishes. is 38.1μg/L, 45.6μg/L, 68.2μg/L, 78.2 μg/L, 64.5 μg/L; MC-LR is 66.9μg/L, 226.8μg/L, 255.4μg/L, 317.5 μg/L, 184.3 μg/L; MC-RR is 91.2μg/L, 266μg/L, 285μg/L, 337.6 μg/L, 214.8 μg/L; MC-YR is 95μg/L, 299μg/L, 505μg/L, 709μg/L, 439 μg/L. Anabaena-a toxins is the most toxic to the test organism, while MC-YR is the weakest. The toxicity of different algal toxins is different for the tested organisms. In this study, we found that the toxicity of the four algal toxins was from strong to weak: Anabaena-a toxins>MC-LR>MC-RR>MC-YR, this research results can provide reference and basic data support for the water environment quality and water supply safety in Dawan District and Pearl River Estuary.
Comparison of river network health status in two typical Chinese cities considering water diversion project
Authors: Fu Lei , Wang Junmin , You Aiju
Published: April 2020

In the last decades, water quality of river network in most Chinese cities has been worse than before due to the huge amount of wastewater discharges. Hence, in order to improve the river network environment, numbers of water diversion projects have been constructed in lots of these cities, which are widely acknowledged as effective projects to accelerate the river network flow rate and enhance the environmental capacity. In this study, two typical river networks are selected, which are Jiaxing river network and Wenzhou river network, located in northern and southern Zhejiang province, respectively. Since the water diversion projects in these two cities have been constructed and operated for years, it is necessary to evaluate the water quality improvements as well as the social benefits using a comprehensive evaluation system. Moreover, the health status comparison of these two different river networks is also made in this study to show the discrepancies between these two typical Chinese cities. The analysis and results in this study will be widely used in other Chinese cities in the future as a decision-making method for the construction of water diversion projects.
Study on new decolorization technology of waste lubricating oil
Authors: Gong Jing
Published: April 2020

The decolorization and regeneration of waste lubricating oil is an important measure to prevent pollution and protect the environment. In view of the serious pollution of the traditional decolorization process of waste lubricating oil, according to the reasons for the color of waste lubricating oil, the decolorization effect of waste lubricating oil under different experimental conditions was investigated by the combination of chemical method and adsorption method, taking the total decolorization rate and total oil yield rate as evaluation indexes. The experimental results showed that: in 150 g waste lubricating oil, the mass fraction of 22% ammonium chloride solution was added, the upper layer was taken after centrifugation, and the decolorization rate was up to 11.74%. 30 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide solution was added into the obtained upper layer solution, and the upper layer was centrifuged and the total decolorization rate was 19.19%. Then attapulgite clay was used to adsorb and depressurize the obtained upper solution, through single factor experiment, the better conditions of adsorption decompression filtration were obtained as follows: attapulgite clay content was 15% of the mass fraction of waste lubricating oil, decolorization temperature was 50°C, pressure of 65.6-66.7 kPa was reduced for 5 minutes. After the above decolorization steps, the total decolorization rate and total oil yield of waste lubricating oil are 84.31% and 79.32%, respectively.
Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purpose in a loess aquifer Northwestern China: a case study in Liquan loess tableland
Authors: Jia Hui , Qian Hui
Published: April 2020

Knowledge of groundwater quality is a crucial issue for the scientific and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources in loess aquifer, northwest of China. In this study, analysis of water quality for drinking and irrigation were proceeded in a loess aquifer. Based on the analysis of 52 groundwater samples, the groundwater is characterized by high sodium, with 54% samples have sodium exceed WHO limit, observed in the central of loess tableland where the water table is shallow. EC, SAR, and SSR indices are used to appraise the water quality for irrigation. The results showed groundwater can pose high risks of salinity and medium sodium hazard, without any measures and management.
Extraction/removal of uranium, U(VI) from chloride solutions by an environment-friendly extractant
Authors: Ibrahim Sherif M. , Zhang Yan , Xue Yun , Yang Suliang , Ma Fuqiu , Tian Guoxin
Published: April 2020

The extraction/removal of uranium U(VI) from chloride solutions have been investigated in the pH region by using N, N-di(2-ethylhexyl)-diglycolamic acid (HDEHDGA, HA) as an environment-friendly extractant. The influence of acid concentration in the aqueous phase, the ligand concentration in the organic phase, and the temperature on the extraction of U(VI) have been studied. The results from slope analysis methods reveal that the extraction of uranium is strongly pH-dependent and directed by cation-exchange mechanism. The proposed composition of the extracted complex species is UO2A2·HA with a core UO2A2 and one protonated ligand molecule binding to the second coordination sphere of the metal ion via hydrogen bonding. The extraction thermodynamic data demonstrate an exothermic reaction. The considerably high extraction affinity for uranium makes the HDEHDGA/kerosene system a promising candidate for the purification of water solutions from radioactive pollutants.
Experiment study on the treatment effect of the hydrocarbon degradation microorganism to treat the oily wastewater
Authors: Han Zhiyong , Du Chengzhen , Shang Ziming
Published: April 2020

In view of the large amount of oily wastewater, the complexity of pollutant composition and the difficulty of effective treatment, the idea to adopt the microbial technology to treat it is put forward and the influencing factors of oil-degrading microbial treatment of oily wastewater.optimal degradation conditions and degradation kinetics have been studied in depth. The degradation effect and the inflluecing factors of the hydrocarbon degradation microorganism to treat the oily wastewater were investigated in this study. Firstly, the hydrocarbon degradation microorganism which can degradate the oil pollutions quickly and effectively are screened and identificated and the physiological and biochemical characteristics are detaily reaearched.. Secondly, the influencing factors and effects of oil-degrading bacteria treatment of oily wastewater and the optimal degradation conditions, which including pH value, rude oil mass concentration and the biological inoculum size are studied in depth and determined. Thirdly, the degradation kinetics characteristics of the petroleum hydrocarbon degrading stains are investigated. At last, the degradation effect of the oil pollution under the optimal condition is studied as the focus research is studied to verify the biodegradation effects of the strains in order to provide some technical reference for the practical application of this technology. The research results indicate that: (1) the Petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria we screened all have good treatment effect on oily wastewater; (2) Analytical identification of morphological and physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that both JA and JB are all Pseudomonas sp and their optimal growth times are 18-23h, and 20-21h respectively; (3) The degradation effect of the mixed strain. on the pollutants is much better than that of the single one, Under the JA to JB mixed rate of 1:2, the average degradation rate of crude oil can be increased from 23.4% of the single bacteria to 49.6% of the mixed one; (4) The most important influencing factors affecting the degradation performance of petroleum-degrading bacteria are pH value, followed by crude oil mass concentration and biological inoculum. Among them, under the condition of pH 7.15, crude oil mass concentration of 3387mg/L and biological inoculum size of 75ml/L, the mixed bacteria had the highest degradation rate of crude oil, up to 55.76%.
Distribution of lead in soils within the plant area and adjacent farmland of a typical lead-related enterprise
Authors: Ding Liang , Cai Bingjie , Qu Changsheng , Wang Shui
Published: April 2020

In this study, an environmental site investigation was conducted of a typical lead (Pb)-related production plant. Based on a combination of manual and Geoprobe sampling, Pb concentrations in soils were measured using standard analytical methods to clarify the distribution of Pb concentrations in soils of the plant’s production workshops, open spaces within the plant, and in the adjacent farmland. The results show that the maximum depth of Pb pollution in the soil of the production workshop was 1.5 m. Pb pollution was found in the soil of the adjacent farmland within a range of 50 m from the plant and occurred at a maximum depth of 0.15 m. Probably as a result of the characteristics of Pb species, there was little horizontal movement of Pb observed in the sampled soils. Further, the solid ground surfaces in the plant (e.g., hardened concrete) effectively prevented the pollution of subsurface soil by Pb.
Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of surface sediments in nine plateau lakes of Yunnan Province
Authors: Cheng Na , Liu Laisheng , Hou Zelin , Wu Jiapeng , Wang Qiwen
Published: April 2020

Sediment is the indicator of nutrient and heavy metal pollution in water environment, which can obviously reflect the pollution state in lakes. This paper reviews the literature of surface sediment pollution assessment of nine plateau lakes (Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake, Fuxian Lake, Qilu Lake, Lugu Lake, Yangzonghai Lake, Yilong Lake, Xingyun Lake and Chenghai Lake) in Yunnan Province in the past ten years. TN (TN), total phosphorus (TP), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) are selected. As an evaluation index, the average contents in surface sediments of nine plateau lakes were 3517.53 mg/kg, 1826.86 mg/kg, 72.52 mg/kg, 215.43 mg/kg, 39.51 mg/kg, 69.66 mg/kg, 1.31 mg/kg, 43.83 mg/kg, 12.77 mg/kg and 0.21 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient and heavy metals in sediments were evaluated by single pollution index method, ground accumulation index method and potential ecological risk index method. The results showed that nutrient pollution was serious, and the average pollution level was heavy pollution. Eight kinds of heavy metals were in moderate or below the pollution level. Cd and Hg were the main contributing factors in the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals. The correlation analysis shows that the TN pollution in surface sediments of nine plateau lakes is related to the average water depth, recharge coefficient and population density of the lakes.
Review on oily sludge treatment technology
Authors: Li Xuening , Zhang Fusheng , Guan Baoshan , Sun Jianghe , Liao Gongqing
Published: April 2020

Oily sludge is one of the most important solid pollutants produced by petroleum industry. Due to the serious pollution and the increasing production of oily sludge year by year, how to effectively treat oily sludge is the focus of worldwide attention. This paper mainly introduces the source, characteristics, environmental impact, as well as traditional and newly developed oily sludge treatment technologies. With the improvement of national environmental protection requirements, oily sludge quality reduction, recyclable and harmless treatment technology will become the most potential technologies in the future.
Decomposition and measures of the driving factors for China’s industrial air pollution emissions at the prefectural level
Authors: Zhou Zhimin
Published: April 2020

The decomposition and measures of industrial air pollution emissions’ driving forces in China are helpful to sustainable development. They are also instructive for the Chinese government to functionally formulate policies for energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as to deal with climate change in practice. This study, for the first time, has applied Kaya identity and LMDI index decomposition method to empirically decompose and measure the driving factors of China’s industrial air pollution emissions based on prefecture-level cities. The results suggest that, over the past ten years, the per capita industrial air pollution emissions have increased from both state and regional perspective. The main reason for the increasing trend is the economy’s scale effects. Meanwhile, the technological effects and structural effects reduce pollution emissions in the long term. However the environmental-beneficial technology and structural effects are smaller than the scale effects, therefore such an increasing trend cannot be offset by the technological effects.
Application of bag filter in integrated technology of dry desulfurization and dust collection
Authors: Wang Chuan , Li Jian
Published: April 2020

A new technical route is explored to realize the integrated design of dry gas desulfurization and dust collection, combining dry duct injection technology with bag filter technology. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was used as desulfurizer, outside and inside filtration bag filters were used as the main body of the reaction device. A series of experiments were carried out, and the temperature, NaHCO3 particle size, inlet SO2 concentration, sodium to sulphur ratio and dust concentration were evaluated. The results showed that the desulfurization reaction was mainly composed of two parts: the NaHCO3 injection section of duct and the filtration of bag filter. The desulfurization efficiency of the inside filtration was better than that of the outside filtration, and collection efficiency was maintained above 99.9%. From 130°C to 150°C, the desulfurization efficiency of both inside and outside filtration bag filter increased with temperature increased, but the efficiency decreased at the temperatures of 150°C∼200°C because of the thermal decomposition reaction of sodium bicarbonate. After adding 1000mg·m−3 dust, the desulfurization efficiency of both the inside filtration and outside filtration bag filters increased by 10%, and the trend of desulfurization efficiency with temperature was the same as that before adding dust. It was found that the desulfurization reaction was better with the NaHCO3 particles size was smaller, and the inlet SO2 gas concentration had little effect on the desulfurization efficiency.
Research on operation control strategy of user-side power routing device in market environment
Authors: Jin Xue , Huang Kun , Zhang Xiaoyan , Meng Xin , Wang Dan
Published: April 2020

Considering the demand of distributed power trading, a user-side power routing device topology is designed. The operation scenario of the device is divided into eight operation states, and the operation control strategy of the device system oriented to power trading is proposed for the eight operation states. In the process of power trading, grid-connected converters adopt Direct Power Control (DPC) to realize constant power trading. Super Capacitor (SC) adopt constant voltage control, Lithium battery adopt droop control, the Super Capacitor and the Lithium battery work together as the system bus voltage control unit. A simulation model is built on PSCAD/EMTDC platform, and two typical scenarios of power trading mode and non-trading mode are compared and analyzed. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
A review of the global energy internet and the suggestions to China
Authors: Wang Yikuai , Tu Ying , Lu Shenxiong , Liu Qiang , Ying Yejun , Zhou Xiaoming
Published: April 2020

Energy internet projects can participate in demand response, distributed renewable energy resources, and “source-grid-load-storage”. Some developed countries, such as the United States, Denmark, and Germany, have accumulated some experience in energy internet projects. In these projects, the electricity market mechanisms have been adjusted according to the character of energy internet. Firstly, some typical projects of energy internet are introduced. In addition, different electricity market mechanisms are analyzed. Finally, combined with the current electricity market in China and foreign experience, suggestions are proposed to the development of the electricity market and energy internet in China.
Cluster analysis on railway infrastructure standards in China and its application to railway efficiency improvement
Authors: Fei Jianbo , Ni Guangbin , Wang Xuetao , Jie Yuxin
Published: April 2020

The present paper structures an infrastructure standard cluster by studying the attributes, the level of application, and the implementation object of more than two hundred railway infrastructure standards in China. These standards are classified and fitted into different specific categories of the cluster, as a result, a systematic and complete standard cluster forms. A concept of comprehensive standards is put forward during the development of the proposed standard cluster. The proposed cluster could not only guide the preparation of railway standards, improve the economic performance of railway construction, but also helps to enhance the efficiency of the whole railway technical system. Cost reduction for HSR is chosen as an efficiency improvement objective to study how the proposed standard cluster helps to get a set of complete technical solutions. Study results reveal that the cluster can provide a basis for a comprehensive study on specific technical aspects (e.g., cost reduction), and can further extend to a number of applications regarding to efficiency improvement of the railway infrastructure system.
Study fuzzy variable supplied water temperature control for air-to-water heat pumps connected to a residential floor heating system
Authors: Jiang Duhui , Cui Hongshe , Sun Rui , Lin Wei
Published: April 2020

Reasonable supplied water temperature of air-to-water heat pump connected to the floor heating system can save energy and improve comfort. Based on the variation of hourly ambient temperature and ambient temperature, the fuzzy control table is established to adjust the supplied water temperature of the air-to-water heat pump. Considering the energy consumption and unsatisfied time in the whole season, the fuzzy control table is optimized by Hooke-Jeeves algorithm by a 100 m2 building in Beijing. Comparing the conventional 45 °C supplied water temperature, the simulation results show that the system energy consumption saved by 11.3% and unsatisfied time saved by 9.0% in the whole heating season.
The characteristics and enlightenment of famous energy and power enterprises’ environmental management
Authors: Jin Yanming , Tan Xue
Published: April 2020

This study compares and analyzes the environmental management cases of well-known foreign energy and power companies, and investigates their environmental management operation modes, environmental protection measures and environmental management performance. Based on the survey data, this paper puts forward the main problems existing in the environmental management of China’s energy and power enterprises. The results show that the world-famous energy and power companies have clear environmental protection strategic goals, first-class environmental protection talents and continuous environmental protection technology. Innovative environment protection abilities include extending the pollution prevention chain, innovation waste recycling and reusing methods, carrying out the research of carbon capture and storage technology, and focusing on protecting biodiversity. In contrast, the environmental management systems of some domestic power enterprises are not compatible with the rapid development of productivity, therefore, an innovative environmental management model is needed.
Multi-drivers and multi-mechanism analysis for city-level energy consumption in Suzhou based on the extended STIRPAT model
Authors: Ma Yahui , Zhang Zhe , Huo Molin , Guo Lei , Wang Changjian , Li Zeng
Published: April 2020

Examining the driving factors of energy consumption at city scale, is an important measure for effectively achieving energy saving and emission reduction. An extended STIRPAT model based on the classical IPAT identity is adopted to uncover the main drivers for total energy consumption in Suzhou, an important manufacturing city in China, during 2006 to 2016. The main conclusions are as follow: (1) Foreign trade, economic growth, and industrialization are the three dominant contributors to energy consumption increments. Furthermore, quite significant portion of Suzhou’s foreign trade is processing exports. The export products are mainly high-energy consumption such as electromechanical, chemical, textile, etc. The export-oriented economy is accelerating the economic growth and industrialization, and also strengthening the energy intensive regional development mode. (2) Urbanization and population size are also the main driving factors for the rapid growth of energy consumption in Suzhou. The population scale effect exhibits the urban function of absorb employment and agglomerate population in Suzhou, it also demonstrates the growing energy demands caused by population growth and the accompanying urbanization process. (3) Energy consumption intensity and energy consumption structure are the important influencing factor in curbing energy consumption in Suzhou. Energy saving effects played by energy consumption intensity are stronger than energy consumption structure. The coal-based energy consumption structure has not been changed fundamentally during the research period. Therefore, the energy saving effect of energy structure has not been fully utilized. The current and future major strategies for controlling energy consumption in Suzhou should further improve energy utilization efficiency, optimize energy consumption structure, and reduce the proportion of coal consumption.
Development and management of ocean energy in China
Authors: Li Yuhang , Ma Changlei
Published: April 2020

Renewable energy is one important countermeasure for global climate change problems. Chinese government has paid more attentions to renewable energy in the context of increasing energy demand. The national strategy, such as the Renewable Energy Lawand special fund program for ocean energy, have advanced the big progress of the technology research, development and demonstration for ocean energy in recent years, especially for tidal current energy technologies and wave energy technologies in China. Nevertheless, there are some problems in the development of ocean energy, such as technology readiness levels, incentive policies, test sites, industrialization and so on. Some suggestions are given to improve the applications in remote islands and foster the ocean energy industries in China.
Past and present spatial precipitation variability in the upper middle catchment of the Olifants River basin
Authors: Nkhonjera German K. , Dinka Megersa O.
Published: April 2020

Within the context of catchment hydrology, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, this paper attempts to assess the past and present spatial precipitation variability in the upper middle catchment (UMC) of the Olifants River basin. The study shows a strong decreasing trend of east-to-west direction of spatial precipitation with most rainfall concentrated in the eastern part of the area. Within the western part of the UMC, we also noted another decreasing trend of precipitation from south to north with northern areas of the study area receiving the least amount of rainfall. This localized spatial precipitation variability in the area, from past and present, underlines the importance of studies targeting localized areas within a larger and wider river basin like the Olifants where such variations could otherwise been overlooked.
Estimation of resource capabilities of the NPP turbine unit under the primary frequency control of the current in the power system
Authors: Aminov R Z , Bairamov A N , Moskalenko A B
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the article is to estimate the life cycle on the example of NPP with the K-1000-60/1500 turbine and with the VVER-1000 reactor under cyclic load changes using the primary frequency control. The criterion for estimating the life cycle is the rate of the fatigue crack growth of the most loaded rotor element. The main requirements for the NPP power units under conditions of involvement in the primary frequency control are provided. The cyclic loading of the NPP turbine unit blades under conditions of maintaining the power reserve due to a reduction in the load by 2% by throttling the steam, and in line with the requirements for participation in the primary frequency control by 8% of the nominal capacity is substantiated. At the same time, the cyclic mechanical and thermal stresses are determined for the HPC and the LPC rotor blades. In this regard, it is shown that the first stage blades of the HPC rotor during unloading by 8% of the nominal capacity of the most cyclically loaded. The loading intensity and the rate of the fatigue crack growth of the first-stage blades of the HPC rotor are determined on the basis of the cyclic crack-resistance methodology and the Paris equation. It is shown that the rate of the fatigue cracks growth is negligible which determines their longterm life cycle.
Development of a new scheme for the use of heat in the process of dry quenching coke in order to save energy
Authors: Gordeeva I S , Necheporenko E G
Published: April 2020

The process of efficient use of the heat of red-hot coke in order to obtain the annealed concentrate of siderite ore in the coke dry quenching plant, with the allocation of the zone of preliminary technological heat treatment (ZPTO) of siderite ore, is proposed and investigated. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out, in which the shares of heat of incandescent coke consumed for the implementation of the processes of heating and decomposition of FeCO3MgCO3 with the processes of the bell-Boudoir reaction at 490°C and 650°C, respectively, were determined. The thermodynamic analysis resulted in the construction of a temperature-thermal graph of carbon monoxide cooling in the preheating zone, the heat of which is used to preheat the material to the decomposition temperature of 490°C and a graph of coke cooling in the main zone of material processing (ZMTO) - the zone of the forkamera of the coke dry quenching plant. A comparative table of the mass flow rates of coke and sideriteplezite ore is presented.
Development of technologies to increase efficiency and reliability of combined cycle power plant with double-pressure heat recovery steam generator
Authors: Kudinov A A , Ziganshina S K , Khusainov K R , Demina Yu E
Published: April 2020

To increase the efficiency of a combined cycle power plant, it was suggested in a double-pressure heat recovery steam generator to carry out a reheat of water steam that had been spent in a high pressure cylinder of a steam turbine. The researchers introduce a mathematical algorithm and calculation methodology of the waste-heat boiler. It is proved that after re-superheat of water vapour in a double-circuit waste-heat boiler after the high-pressure superheater (with vapour already used in the high-pressure cylinder of a condensing steam turbine), a CHP-plant efficiency and reliability increase. Calculations for the combined cycle gas turbine unit PGU-450 were performed. It is shown that when the reheater is installed in the recovery steam generator, its efficiency increases by 2.15%. At the same time the efficiency of CCGT for power generation is increased by 3.36%, the degree of dry water steam used in the turbine is increased by 0.082. Consequently, the specific consumption of conventional fuel for electric power generation is reduced by 6.1%. Re-superheating of the total flow of water vapour allows to increase CGP-450 steam-gas unit efficiency by increasing the parameters of the steam entering the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine.
Determination of the physicochemical properties of boric acid for VVER emergency modes
Authors: Morozov A V , Sahipgareev A R , Shlepkin A S , Soshkina A S
Published: April 2020

The results of experimental research of physicochemical properties of water solutions of H3BO3 are presented in this article. The literature review about the influence of hydrogen ion exponent of H3BO3 solutions on its heat and mass transfer, and corrosiveness of an acid in the VVER reactor core in is given. It is found that the existing data does not cover the entire range of parameters (acid concentration, temperature and pressure) characteristic of a possible Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) at nuclear power plant with a VVER. The problem of the accumulation and crystallization of boric acid in case of LOCA and the operation of passive safety systems (such as hydro accumulators of the first, second and third stages, and a passive heat removal system) is formulated. Test equipment and techniques of research are described. The generalizing equations for the pH and acidity constant of hydrous solutions of H3BO3 in range of the concentration (5-100 gkg−1 H2O) and temperature (25-50 °C) has been obtained.
The efficiency of gas combustion in TGM-84B boilers with a different number of burners
Authors: Taymarov M A , Akhmetova R V , Akhmetov E A , Sungatullin R G
Published: April 2020

The efficiency of fuel combustion in energy boilers of thermal power plants largely depends on the layout of the burners in the combustion furnace, on their number and unit capacity. An important condition for the cost-efficiency of the selected combustion mode is the absence of a torch projecting from the combustion products onto the screen surfaces of the heating of the furnace. To prevent the formation of large quantities of harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, the necessary requirement for fuel combustion is to reduce the local values of the torch temperature in the volume of the furnace. In addition, the intensity of the radiation of the torch from the furnace into the horizontal gas duct on the pipe surface of the heating of the superheater should not exceed the permissible values for the thermal resistance of the metal pipes. With a frontal arrangement, the use of burners with a low unit thermal power with an increase in their number allows to reduce the length of the torch and prevent the torch from projecting onto the rear screen. However, this reduces the coefficient of efficiency of the boiler, as it increases the loss of heat with flue gases due to an increase in their temperature.
Structural and operational optimization of the phase transition accumulator during operation as part of a nuclear power plant based on long-term durability
Authors: Yurin V E , Moskalenko A B
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the article is the operational optimization of the heat accumulation system taking into account the requirements of the energy market, daily differentiated tariffs and the influence of a specific operating regime on the main equipment performance using the example of a phase transition accumulator installed at a nuclear power plant. There was developed a three-dimensional model for the non-statutory process of flowing fluids and heat-accumulating material hardening which comes as a result of the heat transfer and the stress field exchange between them. The service life of 3D models with various collector wall thicknesses was calculated. There was performed the calculation of the economic effect and payback period for options being compared based on of phase transition accumulator operating cycle, his performance with various collector metal wall thickness. The performance change in the economic analyses is based on the useful lives change while the change in daily operating time is based on the power generation change. As a result, the research shows that the most profitable option for accumulated net income is to use a collector with an accumulator wall thickness of 40 mm and the following operation mode: 5 hours charge + 16 hours discharge.
Development of an algorithm for searching optimal solutions for compensation of reactive power
Authors: Bekirov E A , Voskresenskaya S N
Published: April 2020

The problem of reactive power compensation, which includes many tasks, was substantiated in the work. Taking into account a number of specific problems of reactive power compensation and analysis of various electrical systems, an effective method of the calculation of the steady-state operation of the electrical network, on the basis of which the program “KRM_2021V7” was developed, is proposed. The method of nodal voltage, which was accompanied by the compilation of the system of equations and schematic matrices, among which the matrix of nodal conductivities and nodal loads were distinguished, is considered. An algorithm for finding optimal solutions for reactive power compensation is formulated and developed. Also, the work explains the use of genetic algorithms of mutation and population to find optimal solutions. The result of the calculation of losses in power lines for the considered electrical network is given.
The process of charge carrier generation in photosensitive elements based on heterojunction of monocrystalline and amorphous silicon
Authors: Bykov M A , Zuev S A , Bekirov E A
Published: April 2020

In this article, to describe the process of charge carrier generation and current transfer, we consider a model for calculating the characteristics of photovoltaic cells based on heterojunctions of amorphous - monocrystalline silicon in the kinetic approximation. Developed the main provisions of a numerical model for the study, based on the statistics of the broken bonds, and physics of photogeneration and sign conclusion nonequilibrium carriers, and the experimental verification of the obtained simulation results. The use of a simplified model of the density of states in the mobility gap of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is substantiated. This model allows to carry out researches of influence of temperature, degree of alloying and the geometrical sizes on characteristics of photoconverters. The generation of current carriers is characterized by the rate of optical generation and for the interpretation of photoconductivity, the following models of recombination are used such as zone-tail, which occurs when a nonequilibrium carrier is captured from the free zone to the tail state of the opposite zone, which has captured the carrier of another sign and acts as a recombination center. The number of tail states increases as the temperature decreases. Tail - broken link recombination occurs when captured carriers are tunneled from the tail zone state to the broken link state. The dependence of the photoconductivity on the temperature of these structures is calculated.
The alternator and the ancillary components continuous drive from the gearbox
Authors: Dobretsov R Yu , Porshnev G P , Semenov A G , Komarov I A , Telyatnikov DE
Published: April 2020

This paper considered implementation variations of the alternator and/or other units (systems) continuous mechanical drive from summing reduction unit, combined power flows from input and output gearbox valves. The three-link planetary mechanism is used in the simplest case as a reduction unit. These principals could be used in the hybrid cars transmission. The main purpose of this concept is to provide an uninterrupted power supply to the vehicle electrical onboard system from the alternator, including cases of the engine off. Describing principles could be used in transmissions of the wheel traction transport vehicles and tracked vehicles with the hybrid propulsion system. Variants of double way transmission kinematics schemes are provided. The differential characteristics of the schemes are movement and steering abilities with the inoperable internal combustion or electric engines. It worth noting that such engineering solution have extra advantages. The steering control level is increasing, electromechanical drive could replace hydrostatic steering control transmission as a more chip, reliable and technical.
Calculation and analysis of the arcs efficiency of small and large capacity arc steel-melting furnaces
Authors: Makarov A N , Okuneva V V , Pavlova Yu M
Published: April 2020

In the course of the research, the calculation and performed analysis of the arc efficiency of furnaces ASF-5 and ASF-100 power furnaces were performed and the average arc efficiency for melting was determined. The reasons of the increased specific consumption of electric power on charge melting by arc steel-melting furnaces of small capacity in comparison with heavy-load furnaces are revealed. Efficiency of arcs of low-tonnage furnaces is much less than the same indicator of modern heavy-duty arc steel-melting furnaces (ASF). Low efficiency of arcs of light-duty furnaces leads to a significant specific power consumption for smelting, comprising 700-750 kWh/t, that is 1.9-2 times higher than the specific energy consumption in modern furnaces ASF-120, amounting to 375 kWh/t. With the use of devices for foaming slag in furnaces ASF-5 the average melting efficiency of furnaces can be increased, and the specific electricity consumption for melting will be reduced to 440-480 kWh/t.
The magnetic field of a three-phase power line with an ordinary and triangular arrangement of wires
Authors: Oleshuk O V , Sysun A V , Tikhomirov A A , Sobolev N V
Published: April 2020

Power lines are sources of magnetic fields, which requires attention to ensure safety for people and to consider electromagnetic compatibility. In this article the nondimensional form expressions for calculation of magnetic field strength of a three-phase line with an ordinary and triangular arrangement of wires were obtained what makes it possible to calculate the necessary distance to the core of the line if the maximum permissible level of magnetic field strength is provided. The approximate expression of magnetic field strength at large distance from the line was considered. It is valid with the measurement accuracy less than 1%, which shows the proportion between magnetic field strength and distances between wires and inverse proportion of square distance to the wire core. It was determined that the triangular arrangement of three-phase line wires has lower magnetic field strength than the arrangement of wires in row due to more compact arrangement of wires.
Analysis of energy-saving measures in industrial steam supply systems
Authors: Gasho E G , Kiseleva A I
Published: April 2020

The high level of heat losses in Russia is determined by both the excessive centralization of many heat supply systems and the poor state of heat networks and the low quality of their service. For this reason, the development and application of energy-saving measures to reduce heat loss is a priority and urgent area in the power industry. The article is devoted to the assessment and analysis of energy-saving measures of industrial steam supply systems using the example of an industrial steam pipeline from Smolensk CHPP-1. The study examined the main factors affecting the parameters of the heat transfer agent in the consumer. The main measures to reduce heat losses in steam networks are considered and their calculation is carried out. Of the considered methods of energy saving, it is preferable to increase the thickness of the thermal insulation of steam pipelines. Moreover, the calculations showed that the optimal value of the insulation thickness for the investigated steam pipeline was 0.17 m, which corresponds to the highest quality of the supplied steam and the shortest payback period.
Feasibility study of collector-distributor district heating system
Authors: Romanov D O , Yavorovsky Y V , Zhigulina E V , Shelginsky A Y
Published: April 2020

One of the ways to improve efficiency of district heating systems is to use thermohydraulic dispatchers (THD) along with distributed variable speed pumps (DVSP) for reducing electricity consumption. First part of this paper deals with the application of THD at consumers to evaluate its technical and economic advantages. Although the result of the analysis shows that savings are quite small for Moscow conditions, the solution still might be applicable due to low additional capital expenditures. The second part of the paper uses the obtained result and summarizes previous works in this field to introduce collector-distributor district heating system which extensively incorporates THD and DVSP. Feasibility study of the proposed system was performed in comparison with a conventional district heating system. Electricity saving potential of collector-distributor district heating system is estimated to be 42-129 MW*hr/yr, while discounted payback period of additional capital expenditures is less than 2 years.
The system of indicators of street lighting systems energy efficiency
Authors: Valiullin K R
Published: April 2020

One of the important tasks that arise when choosing a project for the modernization of any electric power system is estimation of its energy efficiency. Criterion of energy efficiency is one of the most important for development plans of electrical systems, as well as other criterions. Evaluation of energy efficiency of street lighting systems is complex task, because it should take in account effectivity of street lighting that cannot be directly measured. This paper propose a system of indicators of street lighting systems, based on process of energy transformation and requirements of regulatory documents. Suggested indicators rate every elements of street lighting systems from electrical grid to luminaires, and can be used for estimation of energy efficiency of existing street lighting systems or selection of the most energy efficient option of electrical street lighting system modernization. Proposed indicators can be also used for determination of the most effective geometrical position of luminaire and can be used for energy efficiency optimization of street lighting systems on the design stage.
Productivity of Enhanced Solar Still Under Various Environmental Conditions in Yekaterinburg city / Russia
Authors: Alwan N T , Shcheklein S E , Ali O M
Published: April 2020

Water is the most important source for human being and other living creatures. The naturul sources of water started to decline especially in the recent years. Researchers have focused on the productivity of drinking water as one of the main live requirements. Conversion of salt water into drinking water using solar distillation technology can be considered as the most viable methods in the dry climate regions. The productivity of solar stills effected by various parameters such as design, operational and environmental parameters. The current study aims to study the effect of different environmental conditions on improvement rate of productivity for suggested solar still. The tests were conducted at the Ural Federal University / Russia, during four months from June to September 2019 under different environmental conditions. The study results showed that there is a noticeable impact on the improvement rate in the productivity of the enhanced solar still, which depends mainly on solar radiation and ambient temperature. The rate of improvement fluctuated during the four months; the highest rete of enhancement obtained by 200% in September.
Algorithm and program for calculating the facility’s power supply system based on photovoltaic modules
Authors: Bekirov E A , Asanov M M , Polyanovsky D V
Published: April 2020

The popularity of renewable sources in design of the facility’s energy supply system is mainly due to their environmental safety. They are the sources of the so-called “clean energy”, the production of which is not accompanied by harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Renewable energy plants are complex systems with a large number of interconnected elements. Their design requires the solution of a number of problems, which include the selection of the functional, technical and technological structure of the system. The power plants components parameters depend on many factors, including the system’s installation location characteristics, the consumers operating mode features, the system components compatibility with each other. Design automation of power plants based on renewable sources will help reduce the workload on the designer during the system development, thereby will promote wider use of such sources in facility’s energy supply systems. In this work, the authors developed an algorithm and a program based on it for designing a facility’s power supply system with photovoltaic modules as an energy source. The program allows user to select the necessary system components based on databases; evaluate the system effectiveness depending on the facility location; calculate the selected power supply system cost. When simulating the system operation a check for the input data correctness is made to exclude possible errors.