bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variation in prostate‐specific antigen levels: a large cross‐sectional study of men in the UK
Authors: Down Liz , Metcalfe Chris , Martin Richard M. , Neal David E. , Hamdy Freddie C. , Donovan Jenny L. , Lane J. Athene
Published: March 2011

Study Type – Aetiology (cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Evidence for seasonal or climatic effects on PSA levels is mixed and inconclusive.

In this large, long‐term study, no seasonal or climatic patterns in PSA levels were identified.

OBJECTIVE

• To assess whether a seasonal change in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels can be detected in men recruited to a large clinical trial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• A total of 66 969 men aged 50–69 years were drawn from a large study conducted at general practices across the UK between 2002 and 2007.

• Trigonometric algorithms and regression methods were used to assess the relationship between the time of year and serum PSA and blood pressure measurements.

• We obtained local daily mean temperatures and hours of sunlight per day to assess whether these factors were potential mechanisms for seasonal variation in PSA levels or blood pressure.

• The proportion of participants who would be considered clinically at risk according to their PSA or blood pressure measurement, by month, was also assessed.

• The strength of associations between time of year and blood pressure were used to reinforce conclusions from the PSA models.

RESULTS

• There was no relationship between time of year and PSA levels (P= 0.11) or between climate and PSA levels (P= 0.42).

• No difference was found in the prevalence of clinically raised PSA content by month (P= 0.50).

• This lack of an association with PSA content was despite our data being sufficient to provide clear evidence of an association between blood pressure and time of year (systolic P < 0.001; diastolic P < 0.001), and to show that this association was largely explained by climatic factors (temperature and sunlight).

CONCLUSION

• There was no pattern in PSA levels by time of year, air temperature or levels of sunlight in this cohort, so there is no need to take these factors into account when reviewing PSA results.
Relationship of relapse with impulsivity, novelty seeking and craving in male alcohol‐dependent inpatients
Authors: EVREN CUNEYT , DURKAYA MINE , EVREN BILGE , DALBUDAK ERCAN , CETIN RABIA
Published: March 2011

Introduction and Aims. Aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of relapse with impulsivity, novelty seeking (NS) and craving during 12 month follow up after inpatient treatment in male alcohol dependents.

Design and Methods. Among 156 consecutively admitted male alcohol dependents, 102 were examined by face to face interview 12 months after discharge from hospital. Patients were investigated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, version 11 (BIS‐11), the NS dimension of the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test at the end of 12 months.

Results. Among 102 alcohol‐dependent inpatients 61.8% (n = 63) were considered as relapsed to alcohol use during 12 month follow up. Sociodemographic variables did not differ between relapsed and non‐relapsed groups. Mean scores of BIS‐11 and NS and subscales of these scales were higher in relapsed group than non‐relapsed group. BIS‐11 and NS and their subscales were positively correlated with each other. PACS was also positively correlated with these scales and their subscales. Only exception was ‘exploratory excitability’ (NS1) subscale of NS, which did not differ between groups and did not correlate with PACS or BIS‐11. Extravagance (NS3) and BIS‐11 non‐planning impulsiveness (NPI) scores were associated with craving in Stepwise Linear Regression model. Only NS3 showed an association with relapse in the first Forward Wald logistic regression model. When severity of craving was included in the second model, as an independent variable, it was also associated with relapse additional to NS3.

Discussion and Conclusions. Both impulsivity and NS seem to be related with craving and relapse. Particularly, NS3 may be related with relapse both directly and indirectly via craving, whereas NPI may be related with relapse only indirectly via craving. Thus severity of craving may be a final pathway to relapse in these relationships of NS3 and NPI with relapse. These findings suggest that impulsivity, NS and craving are important variables to predict outcome and also for the treatment plan.[Evren C, Durkaya M, Evren B, Dalbudak E, Cetin R. Relationship of relapse with impulsivity, novelty seeking and craving in male alcohol‐dependent inpatients. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:81–90]
Elite athletes' estimates of the prevalence of illicit drug use: Evidence for the false consensus effect
Authors: DUNN MATTHEW , THOMAS JOHANNA O. , SWIFT WENDY , BURNS LUCINDA
Published: March 2011

Introduction and Aims. The false consensus effect (FCE) is the tendency for people to assume that others share their attitudes and behaviours to a greater extent than they actually do. The FCE has been demonstrated for a range of health behaviours, including substance use. The study aimed to explore the relationship between elite athlete's engagement in recreational drug use and their consensus estimates (the FCE) and to determine whether those who engage in the behaviour overestimate the use of others around them.

Design and Method. The FCE was investigated among 974 elite Australian athletes who were classified according to their drug use history.

Results. Participants tended to report that there was a higher prevalence of drug use among athletes in general compared with athletes in their sport, and these estimates appeared to be influenced by participants' drug use history. While overestimation of drug use by participants was not common, this overestimation also appeared to be influenced by athletes' drug use history.

Discussion and Conclusions. The results suggest that athletes who have a history of illicit drug use overestimate the prevalence of drug use among athletes. These findings may be helpful in the formulation of normative education initiatives.[Dunn M, Thomas JO, Swift W, Burns L. Elite athletes' estimates of the prevalence of illicit drug use: Evidence for the false consensus effect. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:27–32]
The Performance Implications of Financial and Non‐Financial Rewards: An Asian Nordic Comparison
Authors: Chiang Flora F. T. , Birtch Thomas A.
Published: March 2011

abstract

This study empirically investigated culture's consequences on employee perceptions of the performance implications of financial and non‐financial rewards. Using a sample (n = 568) drawn from the banking industry in Finland and Hong Kong, we found that although the effects and predictive capability of culture (i.e.masculinity–femininity,individualism–collectivism,uncertainty avoidance, andpower distance) offered some important insights, a range of other contextual factors (i.e. organizational, institutional, economic) wielded influence over and shaped reward–performance values, preferences, and behaviours. The emergence of these new paradigms necessitates that the US centric economic and behavioural theories (e.g. exchange) that underpin reward–performance be revisited and extended if they are to be applicable in the international context. Understanding the influence of a range of contextual forces is therefore critical to multinational organizations attempting to implement effective reward strategies aimed at achieving a diverse set of performance priorities. In addition to these novel theoretical and practical contributions, this study also paves the way for future research in this promising area of management studies.
Tobacco chloroplast transformants expressing genes encoding dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione‐S‐transferase, exhibit altered anti‐oxidant metabolism and improved abiotic stress tolerance
Authors: Le Martret Bénédicte , Poage Miranda , Shiel Karen , Nugent Gregory D. , Dix Philip J.
Published: March 2011

One approach to understanding the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)‐scavenging systems in plant stress tolerance is to manipulate the levels of antioxidant enzyme activities. In this study, we expressed in the chloroplast three such enzymes: dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR). Homoplasmic chloroplast transformants containing either DHAR or GST, or a combination of DHAR:GR and GST:GR were generated and confirmed by molecular analysis. They exhibited the predicted changes in enzyme activities, and levels or redox state of ascorbate and glutathione. Progeny of these plants were then subjected to environmental stresses including methyl viologen (MV)‐induced oxidative stress, salt, cold and heavy metal stresses. Overexpression of these different enzymes enhanced salt and cold tolerance. The simultaneous expression of DHAR:GR and GST:GR conferred MV tolerance while expression of either transgene on its own didn’t. This study provides evidence that increasing part of the antioxidant pathway within the chloroplast enhances the plant’s ability to tolerate abiotic stress.
Measuring teacher efficacy to implement inclusive practices
Authors: Sharma Umesh , Loreman Tim , Forlin Chris
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure perceived teacher efficacy to teach in inclusive classrooms. An 18‐item scale was developed on a sample of 607 pre‐service teachers selected from four countries (Canada, Australia, Hong Kong and India). Factor analysis of responses from the sample revealed three factors: efficacy in using inclusive instruction, efficacy in collaboration and efficacy in dealing with disruptive behaviours. The alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.89. Alpha coefficients for the three factors ranged from 0.85 to 0.93. Reliability analysis for the total scale as well as factors for each country suggested that the scale provides a reliable measure of pre‐service teacher perceptions of self‐efficacy for inclusion across different countries.
Design capital: practice and situated learning in London design agencies
Authors: Sunley Peter , Pinch Steven , Reimer Suzanne
Published: March 2011

This paper considers the relations between practice, knowledge and context in design consultancies. It uses a case study of design consultancies in London based on in‐depth interviews with designers working in design agencies in the city. The paper argues that the relations between design knowledge and context have been conceived in two ways. The first account emphasises the sharing of tacit knowledge in a design community marked by relatively strong and durable social ties. The second approach argues instead that design is a creative collectivity with much weaker social ties and a broader range of types of knowledge. It is argued that while both of these approaches illuminate parts of situated learning and context in design consultancies, these are actually more complex and mixed than either account recognises. Both accounts overlook the crucial importance of what are termed medium‐strength ties between designers and their clients that combine market contracts with personal regard and friendship. The paper concludes by suggesting that such medium ties are increasingly important in design‐based innovation systems.
Travels into print: authoring, editing and narratives of travel and exploration,c.1815–c.1857
Authors: Withers Charles W J , Keighren Innes M
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the relationships between authorship and editing in the production of narratives of travel and exploration. The context to the paper is the widespread interest in exploration and travel writing in geography and related fields, and the materialist hermeneutic apparent in the conjunction of geography, book history and the history of science. Through assessment of archival and printed evidence relating to the authorship and editing of books of travel and exploration published by the leading British publisher, John Murray, the paper examines the redactive relationships between writer and editor‐publisher, illustrates the means by which authors sought status in their words and explores how Murray authorised explorers’ words and works. In addressing the complex connections between author and editor, manuscript and print, private correspondence and public audience, the paper has implications for researchers in geography interested in the specific relationships between writing and print, and in the general connections between geography, book history and the history of science.
Distinct pharmacological and functional properties of NMDA receptors in mouse cortical astrocytes
Authors: Palygin Oleg , Lalo Ulyana , Pankratov Yuriy
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Astrocytes of the mouse neocortex express functional NMDA receptors, which are not blocked by Mg2+ ions. However, the pharmacological profile of glial NMDA receptors and their subunit composition is far from complete.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the sensitivity of NMDA receptor‐mediated currents to the novel GluN2C/D subunit‐selective antagonist UBP141 in mouse cortical astrocytes and neurons. We also examined the effect of memantine, an antagonist that has substantially different affinities for GluN2A/B and GluN2C/d‐containing receptors in physiological concentrations of extracellular Mg2+.

KEY RESULTS UBP141 had a strong inhibitory action on NMDA receptor‐mediated transmembrane currents in the cortical layer II/III astrocytes with an IC50 of 2.29 µM and a modest inhibitory action on NMDA‐responses in the pyramidal neurons with IC50 of 19.8 µM. Astroglial and neuronal NMDA receptors exhibited different sensitivities to memantine with IC50 values of 2.19 and 10.8 µM, respectively. Consistent with pharmacological differences between astroglial and neuronal NMDA receptors, NMDA receptors in astrocytes showed lower Ca2+ permeability than neuronal receptors with PCa/PNa ratio of 3.4.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The biophysical and pharmacological properties of the astrocytic NMDA receptors strongly suggest that they have a tri‐heteromeric structure composed of GluN1, GluN2C/D and GluN3 subunits. The substantial difference between astroglial and neuronal NMDA receptors in their sensitivity to UBP141 and memantine may enable selective modulation of astrocytic signalling that could be very helpful for elucidating the mechanisms of neuron‐glia communications. Our results may also provide the basis for the development of novel therapeutic agents specifically targeting glial signalling.
Behavioral manipulation of the orb‐weaver spider Argiope argentata (Araneae: Araneidae) by Acrotaphus chedelae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: GONZAGA Marcelo O. , SOBCZAK Jober F.
Published: March 2011

We observed the first case of host‐behavioral manipulation of an orb‐weaver spider Argiope argentata induced by a parasitoid wasp of the genus Acrotaphus. The modified web is similar of those constructed by other orb weavers attacked by wasps of the close related genus Hymenoepimecis. The stick spirals and radii are absent and the web is composed of a three‐dimensional structure of non adhesive threads. The discovery of the ability to induce changes in host's web‐building behavior in Acrotaphus is indicative that this trait may be primitively present in the clade that includes the genus Hymenoepimecis.
Variation in number of copulations in Theclini butterfly females (Lycaenidae: Lepidoptera)
Authors: IMAFUKU Michio
Published: March 2011

The number of spermatophores inseminated in the bursa copulatrix of females of 21 species of Theclini butterflies varied from 0 to 38, a maximum much larger than reported so far. The variation of spermatophore number observed was analyzed on a phylogenetic tree recently determined, together with variation of wing colors and male mating tactics. Monandrous species tended to be sexually dimorphic in wing color and associated with male territoriality.
Giannoti‐Crosti Syndrome Associated With Type A Influenza
Authors: May Joshua , Pollack Ross
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome is an entity characterized by an acute papular eruption in children and has been associated with a multitude of viruses. This is the first case reported in association with type A influenza, a virus that usually has no dermatologic findings.
Skin Manifestations in Primary Immunodeficient Children
Authors: Al‐Herz Waleed , Nanda Arti
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Skin manifestations are prevalent in primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID). In a large proportion of patients, they manifest as presenting signs and serve as important factors for the early diagnosis of PID. Only a few studies describing the spectrum of skin disorders in PID are available. The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of skin manifestations in children with PID. Participants were 128 pediatric patients with PID (aged <16 years) registered prospectively over 6 years. Skin manifestations were observed in 61 patients (48%), and those manifestations were the presenting features in 50 (39% of total PID and 82% of those with skin lesions). Skin infections were the most prevalent manifestations, seen in 39 patients (30%), followed by eczemas in 24 (19%). Skin infections were significantly more prevalent in those with congenital defects in phagocyte number, function, or both, as well as in those with well‐defined immunodeficiencies. Although widely present in all participants with PID, eczema was a consistent feature (100%) in patients with hyper IgE syndrome and Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS). Erythroderma of infancy with diffuse alopecia was seen exclusively in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disorders, telangiectasia in patients with ataxia telangiectasia, and partial albinism with silvery gray hair in those with Chediak‐Higashi syndrome. Autoimmune skin manifestations were observed in 6% of reported cases of PID. This study highlights the importance of awareness of skin manifestations of PID to assist in the early diagnosis and management of these disorders.
Systematic Reviews of Spinal Manipulations for Headaches: An Attempt to Clear Up the Confusion
Authors: Posadzki Paul , Ernst Edzard
Published: March 2011

Background.— Spinal manipulation (SM) is a therapy which is frequently used for headaches. During the last decade, several systematic reviews (SRs) of this topic have been published. Confusingly, their conclusions are far from uniform. The aim of this article is to identify the reasons for this confusion and to create more clarity about the therapeutic value of SM.

Methods.— SRs were identified through searches of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Amed, Cinahl, and PsychInfo. They were considered if they were recent, systematic, and evaluated the effectiveness of SM for headache disorders.

Results.— Six SRs were included. Their methodological quality was assessed using the Oxman criteria for SRs. Five SRs were of high quality and one was associated with a high risk of bias. The findings of the SRs differed considerably. This variance seemed to be caused by several factors: differences in conditions included, treatments assessed, or primary studies analyzed.

Conclusion.— We conclude that high‐quality SRs with a clear focus are required before the value of SM for headaches can be defined.
Resection Benefits Older Adults with Locoregional Pancreatic Cancer Despite Greater Short‐Term Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Riall Taylor S. , Sheffield Kristin M. , Kuo Yong‐Fang , Townsend Courtney M. , Goodwin James S.
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate time trends in surgical resection rates and operative mortality in older adults diagnosed with locoregional pancreatic cancer and to determine the effect of age on surgical resection rates and 2‐year survival after surgical resection.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and linked Medicare claims database (1992–2005).

SETTING: Secondary data analysis of population‐based tumor registry and linked claims data.

PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older diagnosed with locoregional pancreatic cancer (N=9,553), followed from date of diagnosis to time of death or censorship.

MEASUREMENTS: Percentage of participants undergoing surgical resection, 30‐day operative mortality after resection, and 2‐year survival according to age group.

RESULTS: Surgical resection rates increased significantly, from 20% in 1992 to 29% in 2005, whereas 30‐day operative mortality rates decreased from 9% to 5%. After controlling for multiple factors, participants were less likely to be resected with older age. Resection was associated with lower hazard of death, regardless of age, with hazard ratios of 0.46, 0.51, 0.47, 0.43, and 0.35 for resected participants younger than 70, 70 to 74, 75 to 79, 80 to 84, and 85 and older respectively compared with unresected participants younger than 70 (P<.001).

CONCLUSION: With older age, fewer people with pancreatic cancer undergo surgical resection, even after controlling for comorbidity and other factors. This study demonstrated increased resection rates over time in all age groups, along with lower surgical mortality rates. Despite previous reports of greater morbidity and mortality after pancreatic resection in older adults, the benefit of resection does not diminish with older age in selected people.
A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Placebo‐Controlled Antidepressant Studies in People with Depression and Dementia
Authors: Nelson J. Craig , Devanand Davangere P.
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of antidepressants in people with depression and dementia.

DESIGN: A systematic review and meta‐analysis based on a literature search of Medline and Cochrane Trials Registry for acute‐phase, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐design, random‐assignment trials of antidepressants marketed in the United States.

SETTING: Outpatient clinics, inpatient units, residential settings.

PARTICIPANTS: People with criterion‐based diagnoses of dementia and depression.

MEASUREMENTS: Numbers of participants randomized; baseline and end point depression scale scores; and response, remission, and discontinuation rates were extracted. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed for response and remission rates, change scores using standardized mean differences, and discontinuation rates. Sensitivity analyses were planned to examine effects of depression diagnosis, severity, and trial duration.

RESULTS: Seven trials with 330 participants met selection criteria. The odds ratio (OR) for six trials reporting response rates with antidepressant and placebo was 2.12 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.95–4.70; Z=1.84, P=.07). The OR for five trials reporting remission rates was 1.97 (95% CI=0.85–4.55; Z=1.59, P=.11). Both analyses demonstrated heterogeneity. The standardized mean difference in trials was 0.29 (95% CI=0.02–0.60, Z=1.86, P=.06). This analysis did not demonstrate significant heterogeneity. Adverse event discontinuation rates (9.0%) were not significantly higher with drug than placebo (6.0%), and were low.

CONCLUSION: The evidence for antidepressant treatment of people with depression and dementia, although suggestive, does not confirm efficacy. All of the trials were significantly underpowered to detect differences, resulting in inconclusive findings. Variable trial methods, comorbid conditions, and differences in antidepressants employed further confounded findings.
On the Complex Quantification of Risk: Systems‐Based Perspective on Terrorism
Authors: Haimes Yacov Y.
Published: March 2011

This article highlights the complexity of the quantification of the multidimensional risk function, develops five systems‐based premises on quantifying the risk of terrorism to a threatened system, and advocates the quantification of vulnerability and resilience through the states of the system. The five premises are: (i) There exists interdependence between a specific threat to a system by terrorist networks and the states of the targeted system, as represented through the system's vulnerability, resilience, and criticality‐impact. (ii) A specific threat, its probability, its timing, the states of the targeted system, and the probability of consequences can be interdependent. (iii) The two questions in the risk assessment process: “What is the likelihood?” and “What are the consequences?” can be interdependent. (iv) Risk management policy options can reduce both the likelihood of a threat to a targeted system and the associated likelihood of consequences by changing the states (including both vulnerability and resilience) of the system. (v) The quantification of risk to a vulnerable system from a specific threat must be built on a systemic and repeatable modeling process, by recognizing that the states of the system constitute an essential step to construct quantitative metrics of the consequences based on intelligence gathering, expert evidence, and other qualitative information. The fact that the states of all systems are functions of time (among other variables) makes the time frame pivotal in each component of the process of risk assessment, management, and communication. Thus, risk to a system, caused by an initiating event (e.g., a threat) is a multidimensional function of the specific threat, its probability and time frame, the states of the system (representing vulnerability and resilience), and the probabilistic multidimensional consequences.
Vulnerability and Social Justice as Factors in Emergent U.S. Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions
Authors: Conti Joseph , Satterfield Terre , Harthorn Barbara Herr
Published: March 2011

As an emerging domain of risk research, nanotechnologies engender novel research questions, including how new technologies are encountered given different framing and contextual detail. Using data from a recent U.S. national survey of perceived risks (N= 1,100), risk versus benefit framings and the specific social positions from which people encounter or perceive new technologies are explored. Results indicate that vulnerability and attitudes toward environmental justice significantly influenced risk perceptions of nanotechnology as a broad class, while controlling for demographic and affective factors. Comparative analyses of different examples of nanotechnology applications demonstrated heightened ambivalence across acceptability when risk versus benefit information was provided with application descriptions (described in short vignettes as compared to the general category “nanotechnology,” absent of risk or benefit information). The acceptability of these nano‐specific vignettes varied significantly in only some cases given indexes of vulnerability and attitudes toward environmental justice. However, experimental narrative analyses, using longer, more comprehensive descriptive passages, show how assessments of risks and benefits are tied to the systematically manipulated psychometric qualities of the application (its invasiveness and controllability), risk messaging from scientists, and the social implications of the technology with regard to justice. The article concludes with discussion of these findings for risk perception research and public policy related to nanotechnology and possibly other emerging technologies.
Benefits of a Quadripolar Left Ventricular Lead in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with Underlying Myocardial Scar
Authors: HUSSAIN MOHSIN A. , BHAMRA‐ARIZA PAUL , JACQUES ADAM , WILKINSON PETER , ODEMUYIWA OLUSOLA , FLUCK DAVID , BEETON IAN , KABA RIYAZ A.
Published: March 2011

We present a case of a 76‐year‐old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated severe left ventricular (LV) impairment with possibility of scar formation. Cardiac resynchronization therapy was employed with the aid of a novel quadripolar LV lead. The quadripolar LV lead can be programmed for 10 different pacing configurations, allowing the electrophysiologist freedom to optimize the vector around scar and also avoid phrenic nerve stimulation without the requirement of LV lead repositioning. (PACE 2013; 36:e45–e47)
Accuracy and Efficiency of Novice Nurse Practitioners Using Personal Digital Assistants
Authors: Krauskopf Patricia Biller , Farrell Sarah
Published: March 2011

Purpose: To determine if using personal digital assistants (PDAs) increased accuracy and efficiency of clinical decisions made by novice nurse practitioners (NPs).

Design: Experimental with a repeated measures design.

Methods: The study sample included 40 novice NPs. Data were collected from December 2003 to March 2004 following a stratified random assignment of the subjects to a textbook or PDA group. Participants identified appropriate laboratory value assessments, diagnosis, and medication decisions using the assigned resources when given two randomly administered clinical scenarios. Accuracy was determined by the correct response score to each clinical question. The completion of the scenario was timed by the investigator. Length of time necessary to answer each part of the scenario determined efficiency. Data analysis included mixed design repeated measures analysis of variance.

Findings: There was a significant interaction and difference in accuracy in the laboratory analysis section of the case scenarios (F(1,38) = 21.256, p≤ .001) in the PDA group when compared with the textbook group. There were no differences in accuracy by section. In three of six efficiency variables measured, the PDA users were significantly more efficient.

Conclusions: In both laboratory values and one of the treatment sections, the PDA users were more efficient in determining an answer to the clinical questions. Accuracy of PDA users was equal to textbook users.

Clinical Relevance: The findings lend support to benefits for novice practitioners using PDAs when evaluating clinical situations, both in accessing certain correct information and doing this in a timely manner.
“The Only Thing That Isn't Sustainable . . . Is the Farmer”: Social Sustainability and the Politics of Class among Pacific Northwest Farmers Engaged in Sustainable Farming
Authors: Pilgeram Ryanne
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Using interviews and participant observation at Pacific Northwest sustainable farming operations, this article analyzes the complex ways that class privileges and labor practices impact the social sustainability of sustainable agriculture. While the farmers in this study were highly aware of and reflexive about the class politics of sustainable agriculture, they also participated in a classed system that restricts access to sustainable farming as an occupation even as it exploits the labor of the farmer in order to regulate prices. In particular, the farmers in the study benefited from educational privileges and often‐lucrative off‐farm income, they expressed a desire to make their goods more accessible and affordable even as they marketed their foods to their upper‐middle‐class consumers, and they used their own idealism as justification to exploit their own difficult labor on the farm. Using a qualitative, ethnographic approach, this research explores the negotiations between farmers' social ideals and the actual practice of sustainable agriculture in a capitalist system.
The Luminescence Characterization and Thermal Stability of Eu2+ Ions‐Doped NaBaPO4 Phosphor
Authors: Zhang Suyin , Huang Yanlin , Nakai Yosuke , Tsuboi Taiju , Seo Hyo Jin
Published: March 2011

The Eu2+‐doped NaBaPO4 phosphor was prepared by high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra and the luminescence quantum efficiency of Eu2+ ions were investigated. The dependence of luminescence intensity on temperatures and the temperature‐dependent decay times of Eu2+ ions doped in NaBaPO4 were measured and discussed. The natures of the Eu2+ emission in NaBaPO4, e.g., the Stokes shift, the luminescence quenching temperature (T0.5), the activation energy for thermal quenching (δE) were reported. In addition, the crystal structure and the site occupancy of Eu2+ ions doped in NaBaPO4 crystal lattice were discussed. Two different Eu2+ centers were assigned according to the crystal structure and the luminescence characteristics of Eu2+ ions. The phosphor shows an excellent thermal stability on temperature quenching effects. With the increasing of temperature, the emission bands show the abnormal blue‐shift.
Alveolar Ridge Reconstruction with Titanium Mesh and Autogenous Particulate Bone Graft: Computed Tomography‐Based Evaluations of Augmented Bone Quality and Quantity
Authors: Miyamoto Ikuya , Funaki Katsuyuki , Yamauchi Kensuke , Kodama Takashi , Takahashi Tetsu
Published: March 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality and quantity of augmented bone following alveolar ridge reconstruction with titanium mesh and autogenous particulate bone graft for implant placement in terms of the preoperative bone defect.

Materials and Methods: Forty‐one patients (50 sites) rehabilitated between September 2000 and May 2009 with autogenous particulate intraoral bone or iliac cancellous bone marrow grafts and micro‐titanium meshes were enrolled. We classified the bone defects by means of shape as complex horizontal–vertical (HV), horizontal (H), and socket (S) types, and the augmented bone was evaluated based on preoperative computed tomographic data. The postsurgical complications were assessed during the healing period and after implant superstructure placement.

Results: The bone defects were successfully augmented using the titanium mesh technique. The HV‐type defect was the most difficult to augment (mean horizontal gain, 3.7 ± 2.0 [SD] mm; mean vertical gain, 5.4 ± 3.4 [SD] mm). The mean horizontal gain with the H‐type defect was 3.9 ± 1.9 mm. The S‐type defect achieved the most efficient bone augmentation (mean horizontal gain, 5.7 ± 1.4 [SD] mm; mean vertical gain, 12.4 ± 3.1 [SD] mm). The major postsurgical complications were mesh exposure, infection, total or partial bone resorption, and temporary neurological disturbances. Implant failure was observed in one case. The HV‐type defect showed significantly higher bone resorption (p < .05) than the other defect types.

Conclusions: Autogenous bone grafting with titanium mesh allows adequate vertical and horizontal alveolar bone reconstruction both quantitatively and qualitatively for implant placement. However, the clinical outcome of augmentation depends on the type of preoperative bone defect.
The near-infrared radius—luminosity relationship for active galactic nuclei
Authors: Landt Hermine , Bentz Misty C. , Peterson Bradley M. , Elvis Martin , Ward Martin J. , Korista Kirk T. , Karovska Margarita
Published: March 2011

Black hole masses for samples of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are currently estimated from single-epoch optical spectra. In particular, the size of the broad-line emitting region needed to compute the black hole mass is derived from the optical or ultraviolet continuum luminosity. Here we consider the relationship between the broad-line region size, R, and the near-infrared (near-IR) AGN continuum luminosity, L, as the near-IR continuum suffers less dust extinction than at shorter wavelengths and the prospects for separating the AGN continuum from host-galaxy starlight are better in the near-IR than in the optical. For a relationship of the form R∝Lα, we obtain for a sample of 14 reverberation-mapped AGN a best-fitting slope of α= 0.5 ± 0.1, which is consistent with the slope of the relationship in the optical band and with the value of 0.5 naïvely expected from photoionization theory. Black hole masses can then be estimated from the near-IR virial product, which is calculated using the strong and unblended Paschen broad emission lines (Paα or Paβ).
Self-regulated star formation and the black hole—galaxy bulge relation
Authors: Power C. , Zubovas K. , Nayakshin S. , King A. R.
Published: March 2011

We show that star formation in galaxy bulges is self-regulating through momentum feedback, limiting the stellar bulge mass to Mb∝σ4. Together with a black hole mass MBH∝σ4 set by active galactic nucleus (AGN) momentum feedback, this produces a linear MBH–Mb relation. At low redshift this gives MBH/Mb∼ 10−3, close to the observed ratio. We show that AGN feedback can remove any remaining gas from the bulge and terminate star formation once the central black hole reaches the MBH–σ value, contrary to earlier claims. We find a mild upward deviation from the σ4 law at higher redshift and at higher σ.
“Not Seeing the Woods for the Trees”: Is the Patent System Still Fit for Purpose?
Authors: Brimelow Alison
Published: March 2011

The patent system is more widely debated and criticized now than at any time since the 19th century. Predictably this produces more heat than light. Growth on the scale the system has seen in recent years must challenge received certainties. Current analytical priorities seem well focused, but we lack courage, clear ideas about how to respond and develop the system rather than patch it, and a willingness to shape change rather than be shaped by it.
Factors Influencing Electronic Clinical Information Exchange in Small Medical Group Practices
Authors: Kralewski John E. , Zink Therese , Boyle Raymond
Published: March 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the organizational factors that influence electronic health information exchange (HIE) by medical group practices in rural areas.

Methods: A purposive sample of 8 small medical group practices in 3 experimental HIE regions were interviewed to determine the extent of clinical information exchange with other health care providers and to identify the factors influencing those patterns.

Findings: HIE was found to be largely limited to exchanging immunization data through the state health department and exchanging clinical information within owned provider systems. None of the clinics directly exchange clinical information with non‐owned clinics or hospitals.

Conclusions: While regional HIE networks may be a laudable goal, progress is slow and significant technical, political, and financial obstacles remain. Limiting factors include data protection concerns, competition among providers, costs, and lack of compatible electronic health record (EHR) systems.
Development and Testing of Emergency Department Patient Transfer Communication Measures
Authors: Klingner Jill , Moscovice Ira
Published: March 2011

Purpose: Communication problems are a major contributing factor to adverse events in hospitals.1 The contextual environment in small rural hospitals increases the importance of emergency department (ED) patient transfer communication quality. This study addresses the communication problems through the development and testing of ED quality measurement of interfacility patient transfer communication.

Methods: Input from existing measures, measurement and health care delivery experts, as well as hospital frontline staff was used to design and modify ED quality measures. Three field tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of data collection and the effectiveness of different training methods and types of partnerships. Measures were evaluated based on their prevalence, ease of data collection, and usefulness for internal and external improvement.

Findings: It is feasible to collect ED quality measure data. Different data sources, data collection, and data entry methods, training and partners can be used to examine hospital ED quality. There is significant room for improvement in the communication of patient information between health care facilities.

Conclusion: Current health care reform efforts highlight the importance of clear communication between organizations held accountable for patient safety and outcomes. The patient transfer communication measures have been tested in a wide range of rural settings and have been vetted nationally. They have been endorsed by the National Quality Forum, are included in the National Quality Measurement Clearinghouse supported by the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ), and are under consideration by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for future payment determinations beginning in calendar year 2013.
Anaerobic benzene degradation by bacteria
Authors: Vogt Carsten , Kleinsteuber Sabine , Richnow Hans‐Hermann
Published: March 2011

Benzene is a widespread and toxic contaminant. The fate of benzene in contaminated aquifers seems to be primarily controlled by the abundance of oxygen: benzene is aerobically degraded at high rates by ubiquitous microorganisms, and the oxygen‐dependent pathways for its breakdown were elucidated more than 50 years ago. In contrast, benzene was thought to be persistent under anoxic conditions until 25 years ago. Nevertheless, within the last 15 years, several benzene‐degrading cultures have been enriched under varying electron acceptor conditions in laboratories around the world, and organisms involved in anaerobic benzene degradation have been identified, indicating that anaerobic benzene degradation is a relevant environmental process. However, only a few benzene degraders have been isolated in pure culture so far, and they all use nitrate as an electron acceptor. In some highly enriched strictly anaerobic cultures, benzene has been described to be mineralized cooperatively by two or more different organisms. Despite great efforts, the biochemical mechanism by which the aromatic ring of benzene is activated in the absence of oxygen is still not fully elucidated; methylation, hydroxylation and carboxylation are discussed as likely reactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the ‘key players’ of anaerobic benzene degradation under different electron acceptor conditions and the possible pathway(s) of anaerobic benzene degradation.
A well‐differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung with early local recurrence after limited resection
Authors: Atoini Fouad , Ouarssani Aziz , Elmejereb Charafeddine , Hachimi Moulay Ahmed , Jaafari Hamid , Aitlhou Fatima , Guenoun Fatima Zahra , Idrissi Rguibi Mustapha
Published: March 2011

A 42‐year‐old man was found to have an abnormal shadow during a systematic physical examination. Computed tomography of the chest revealed a mass in the lateral segment of the left lower lobe with parietal contact without pleural effusion or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Bronchoscopy showed inflammation at the pyramid basal bronchus without visualization of hydatid materials or bud tumor. The hydatid serology, testing for myobacterium tuberculosis in sputum and the histological finding of bronchial biopsy, were negative. Initial surgery of a posterolateral thoracotomy showed a mass with soft consistency adherent to the parietal pleura on the seventh and eighth intercostal space. Because of the technical difficulties of extemporaneous examination, a limited resection was performed. The histopathological exam showed a well‐differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma. The patient was re‐operated on for complete resection 1 month and 20 days later, she was staged cT2N0M0. At exploration we discovered local recurrence with a 1.5 cm nodule in the same segment. An extended lower lobectomy to the seventh and the eighth rib was performed with lymphadenectomy. The patient was staged as Ib (pT2N0M0) with clear resected margins (R0). She was discharged in good condition from hospital 11 days postoperatively. Review at 2, 6 and 11 weeks showed no complications and chest radiograph revealed no anomaly. No adjuvant therapy was conducted and the patient is under surveillance.
p53-targeted cancer pharmacotherapy: move towards small molecule compounds
Authors: Kim Soo-Hyun , Dass Crispin R
Published: March 2011

Objectives

For the past three decades of research, p53 has been identified as one of the most targetable molecules for developing anticancer treatments. This tumour suppressor protein is involved in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence. A wide range of pharmaceutical drugs and radiotherapy treatments activate this protein and rely on p53 signalling for therapeutic outcome. Promising small molecular weight compounds, some of which are undergoing clinical trials, are discussed in this review.

Key findings

The spectrum of potential therapeutic approaches trialled for p53 stretch from gene therapy to the more recent development of small molecules capable of activating wild-type p53 or reactivating mutant p53.

Our ever-growing knowledge leads us to better understand this protein, from its structure and activities to its potential therapeutic application, firstly for cancer and then for other diseases and maybe even for reversal of ageing.
Numerical Simulation for Two-Phase Flows in Fuel Cell Minichannels
Authors: Dupont Jean-Baptiste , Legendre Dominique , Morgante Anna Maria
Published: March 2011

This work presents direct numerical simulations of two-phase flows in fuel cell minichannels. Different two-phase flow configurations can be observed in such minichannels, which depend on gas-flow rate, liquid holdup, and wettability of each wall. These flows are known to have a significant impact on the fuel cell’s performance. The different two-phase flow configurations must be studied specially concerning the prediction of the transition among them. In the fuel cell minichannels, experimental investigations are difficult to perform because of the small size of the device and the difficult control of the wettability properties of the walls. In such systems, numerical approach can provide useful information with a perfect control of the flow characteristics, particularly for the wettability aspect. The numerical code used in this study is the JADIM code developed at IMFT, which is based on a “volume of fluid” method for interface capturing without any interface reconstruction. The numerical description of the surface tension is one of the crucial points in studying such systems where capillary effects control the phase distribution. The static and the dynamics of the triple line between the liquid, the gas, and the wall is also an essential physical mechanism to consider. The numerical implementation of this model is validated in simple situations where analytical solutions are available for the shape and the pressure jump at the interface. In this paper we present the characteristics of the JADIM code and its potential for the studies of the fuel cell internal flows. Numerical simulations on the two-phase flows on walls, in corners, and inside channels are shown.
Response of a Large Spar Platform to Monochromatic Input Wave Excitation
Authors: Altenberg A. E.
Published: March 2011

A wavelet analysis of the behavior of a large spar platform model undergoing a monochromatic input wave excitation is presented. Two techniques are involved in this analysis. First, a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with complex Morlet wavelets is performed. For this transform, special attention is given to the treatment of the signals ends by mean of stating adequate hypotheses on the behavior of the time series at their boundaries. Second, to validate the hypotheses on the boundary extensions made for the CWT analysis and to provide additional insight on the system behavior, a cubic B-spline discrete wavelet transform representation on a bounded interval is performed. This transform relies only on the interval data, giving in this way a truly semi-orthogonal representation of the energy density of the system on a bounded interval. In this manner, it becomes possible the analysis of wave tank experiments with spar platforms in which it is not possible to conduct tests involving long spans of data and making extrapolation assumptions can pose a question on the validity of the analysis.