bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case Management through Productivity Engineering: Part 1: Development of the Intensity of Home Care Acuity Scale
Authors: Stafford Diane M. , Scemons Donna , Jones Jennie
Published: March 2007

The business aspect of home health care has become more demanding of managers and clinical staff, requiring home care to meet the highest quality standards and be delivered in a timely, effective, efficient, and cost-effective manner. These requirements and the complex demands of both internal and external customers required the authors' home care agency to develop new management and clinical tools to meet these challenges. One of the tools developed was the Intensity of Home Care Acuity Scale (IHCAS), a tool used by managers and clinicians to assist in the appropriate case management of homebound patients. The IHCAS differs from other tools as it provides a guide to all clinical staff who provide home care services to this population and is not simply a nursing staffing tool. The development of this tool included analysis of actual data from the home health care department and input from the transdisciplinary team. The first part of this three-installment article presents the planning and development process and the initial IHCAS.
Orientation to Management
Authors: DeLaO Kerns Roni
Published: March 2007

Introduction of clinicians into management is an important concern in the work setting. The rapid growth of home health care creates a market where experienced clinicians and managers are at a premium. Development of an orientation-to- management program for newly appointed or hired managers specific to the institution provides the knowledgebase and skills necessary for effective management. It also nurtures a creative and innovative atmosphere that enhances growth and development of the entire organization.
Ethics and Psychiatric Home Care
Authors: Sellin Sandra C.
Published: March 2007

Psychiatric home care offers nurses new ethical challenges. Client autonomy, caregiver beneficence, and client safety often combine to create ethical dilemmas that require much deliberation and inventive decision making. Utilitarian and deontological theories and principles of ethics provide guidelines that can help caregivers work through complex ethical problems. Conflict resolution theory also offers ways of resolving dilemmas that occur when beliefs, values, and personal viewpoints conflict.
Environmental Movement Organizations and Political Strategy
Authors: Dreiling Michael , Wolf Brian
Published: March 2007

The authors introduce the study of material-organizational dependencies into research on political differences in the environmental movement. Presently, the study of disparities in the environmental movement focuses on the ideological differences among major environmental groups to the exclusion of some very glaring discrepancies in the material-organizational context of these groups. The authors present a conceptual model of organizational differences among several U.S. environmental movement organizations to explain variation in their political behavior in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) fight (1991-1993). The case of NAFTA offers a useful context given the volatility of environmental movement politics at the time, the range of issues forced to the surface in major groups, and the ultimate movement split that the politics over NAFTA engendered. It is evident that the split between pro-NAFTA and anti-NAFTA environmental groups stems in large part from substantial differences in both the ideological frames and material-organizational alliances formed among these groups.
The Government's Role As Stakeholder In Industrial Crises
Authors: Zimmerman Rae
Published: March 2007

Industrial crises involving chemical releases into the environment are trans forming the way that government regulates industry in general, and emer gencies and crises of industrial origins in particular. Statistics on the occur ence of accidents over the past decade show numbers of accidents in the thousands, many with severe consequences, indicating a potentially severe problem.

The major thesis explored here is that traditional governmental regula tory and financial policies and programs for health and safety are aimed at more frequent and predictable events rather than rare catastrophic ones. Even the antecedents of accidents have not been regarded as predictable or within the purview of most governmental programs. As a result of ap proaching accidents with great uncertainty, government's estimates and al location of organizational, human, and financial resource needs both before and after a crisis, are characterized by a high degree of variation. This creates deficiencies in the management scheme for industrial crises. Gov ernment can partly overcome this problem by drawing on traditional man agement strategies to cope with the uncertainty posed by industrial crises.
Ripples in a Pond: Forecasting Industrial Crises
Authors: Slovic Paul
Published: March 2007

Accidents, discoveries of pollution, safety violations, product tampering epi sodes and other "unfortunate events" occurring within complex industrial systems can be conceptualised as pebbles dropped in a pond. The impacts of such events ripple outward, encompassing first the directly affected victims and property, then the responsible company or agency, and—in the extreme—engulfing other companies, agencies, and industries. Some events make only small ripples; others make large ones, often labelled "in dustrial crises". This paper explores characteristics of unfortunate events and the ways they are managed that affect the breadth and seriousness of the resulting impacts. In doing so, we point toward the development of models that may help companies forecast and avoid industrial crises.
The Political Ecology of Organizations
Authors: Orssatto Renato J. , Clegg Stewart R.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose a framework to analyze the terrain of political relationships and actions in which environmental strategies and practices are embedded. The framework constitutes the political ecology of organizations. The concept of an organizational field is proposed as the optimal level for the analysis of business-environment relationships. Central to the framework is an anatomy of power (a mapping of the structuring of power relations). The framework is applied to the automobile industry. Initially, the influential approach of double dividends is analyzed from the perspective of political ecology. The main theoretical elements of the framework are subsequently introduced by using empirical examples of experiments with alternative cars (lightweight electric vehicles) and modes of transportation (car sharing) drawn from the Western European context. Through the use of the framework, one can identify the pressure points that are capable of fundamentally transforming the automobile system and, more generally, other macro systems of production and consumption.
Choosing Transportation Investments in Oregon
Authors: Ford Mark , Hibbard Tom
Published: March 2007

Ten years ago, Oregon’s Governor Neil Goldschmidt asked citizens to join state policy makers in articulating a vision for the state. This request culminated in release of a long-range plan, Oregon Shines, and creation of the Oregon Progress Board, a body charged with translating “the strategies in Oregon Shines into measurable goals.” The Progress Board complied by establishing benchmarks that constitute a quantitative expression of the vision Oregonians have for themselves, their economy, and the quality of life provided by the state’s natural environment, communities, and institutions. This article assesses the impacts that Oregon’s benchmarks have had and could have on choosing transportation investments in the state. The authors begin by comparing Oregon benchmarking practices with those of other public and private organizations. Next, the uses and impacts of Oregon’s benchmarks within the transportation field are discussed. Finally, some changes that could enhance the contribution Oregon-style benchmarking makes to citizen well-being are proposed.
Creating Stakeholders for Transportation Research
Authors: Schachter Hindy Lauer
Published: March 2007

This article explores factors that relate to how internal customers use the work completed for them by state department of transportation research bureaus. The influence of researcher-customer relations, top management values, actions of the federal government and industry, and credibility and time dimensions of the research process itself are examined.
The Effective Public Works Manager
Authors: Ostrowski John
Published: March 2007

The author has developed a flowchart that shows the skills required for quality infrastructure management. Areviewof job announcements for infrastructure managers ratifies his findings—that people skills are the greatest such requirement. A course is now taught inWashington State and Oregon based on the author’s analysis; the course is taught by experienced professionals to students who want to be public works administrators and who are willing to undertake a self-assessment as part of the course. The author recommends that any curriculum for infrastructure managers should be 50% people-skill oriented. Administrative training, analytical skills, and governmental finance familiarity should be about one quarter of the course of study. The remainder should consist of training in law, planning, and other day-to-day governmental activities. The courses should be taught by experienced managers using something like the Washington course as an introduction and guide for individual learning plans.
Public-Private Partnerships in Water and Sewerage Services
Authors: Seppälä Osmo T. , Hukka Jarmo J. , Katko Tapio S.
Published: March 2007

There is no empirical proof that private enterprises manage and operate facilities more efficiently than public ones. Instead of privatization, it is better to promote viable public-private partnerships and commercialization of services. The core businesses of water and sewage works should preferably be retained by a municipalityowned enterprise. In the selection of the mode(s) of water service implementation, one must consider the nature of the services, the long-term experiences, and transaction costs. The nature of water and sanitation service activity itself requires that long-term development should be considered in decision making. The institutional framework must be such that all parties benefit from cooperation. Whichever management or contract model is selected, the ownership of the utilities should preferably remain in the hands of municipalities whose decisions on services citizens should be able to influence through local democracy. The responsibility for arranging water services lies de facto with the public sector.
Urban Infrastructure Politics and Metropolitan Growth
Authors: Dilworth Richardson
Published: March 2007

In 1874, the towns of Kingsbridge, Morrisania, and West Farms were all annexed to New York City. A fourth town, Yonkers, was also considered for annexation but was insteadincorporatedas a city in 1872 andremainedindependent of its expanding neighbor to the south. The argument made here is that infrastructurural development reinforcedYonkers’s autonomy andthus limitedthe geographic expansion of New York City. Kingsbridge, Morrisania, and West Farms were relatively undevelopedby 1874, andannexation was thus a more viable strategy by which those towns couldbe suppliedwith infrastructurural andother urban services. The case of Yonkers thus suggests that local infrastructure development contributed to the proliferation of independent municipalities and the fragmentation of metropolitan regions. To the extent that metropolitan fragmentation creates an unequal distribution of resources across a metropolitan area, the case of Yonkers suggests further that infrastructurural development ultimately endangered municipalities’ future prosperity.
Building Public Works Infrastructure Management Systems for Achieving High Return on Public Assets
Authors: Lemer Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

Sewers, highways, and other infrastructure are public assets that can and should be managed to maximize public profit, which is measurable as total return on assets. Assets and profit include environmental, social, and economic components, many without easily determined market values. Despite difficulties, it is possible to estimate changes in infrastructure performance in ways useful to decision makers. Decision makers work at levels of policy, system, and operations management. Management issues differ from one level to another, but decisions must be consistent to yield optimum return on assets. An asset-management system to support such consistency has five stages: data collection and analysis, performance modeling, scenario generation and management alternatives, decision analysis, and management reporting. Such a system is likely to work best when the jurisdiction’s boundaries have economic, environmental, or social logic. This article describes a prototypical Integrated Infrastructure Management System (IIMS) and its application in a local-government setting.
Defining Privatization
Authors: Dominy Matthew
Published: March 2007

A clear set of definitions is a necessary starting point for the discussion of privatization and its value for the public works industry. With the abundance of terms currently in use, a standard lexicon needs to be developed and adopted by the industry. Once defined, the terms will provide for a more precise discussion of privatization services and their benefits.
Cost-Based College Tuition: Evidence From a Case Study
Authors: Spitz John
Published: March 2007

Colleges charge single-price tuition, which constitutes a form of implicit price discrimination, if there are substantial differences in the costs of degree programs. This practice raises questions about the magnitude of allocative effects. This paper, utilizing data from a case study, explores cost differences in degree programs, factors explaining such differences, and possible allocative impact. The findings are that substantial differences exist among some programs in their direct costs; however, the large role of nonallocated costs in tuition charges lessens the potential for cost-based pricing.
Duplicating Moody's Municipal Credit Ratings
Authors: Aronson J. Richard , Marsden James R.
Published: March 2007

In this article we have shown that it is possible to duplicate with fairly high accuracy the credit ratings recently published in Moody's Analytical Overview of 25 Leading U.S. Cities. Using multiple discriminant analysis and a set of nine discriminating variables, we can predict the distribution of cities among five credit rating categories with 83% accuracy and among two aggregated cate gorres with 95% accuracy. Our accuracy rate is much higher than that of pre vious studies in this field. However, we wish to offer a note of caution in re porting our results. The sample we worked with was relatively small. We used it because it seemed to us that the publication of Moody's Analytical Overview provided a unique set of comparable intercity financial data and therefore a new opportunity to attempt a duplication of their ratings. We are pleased with the predictive accuracy we achieve but feel that before we can be sure that our techniques are reliable, future research using a larger sample and perhaps a greater number of variables is needed.
Preference Revelation for Public Goods: an Empirical Analysis
Authors: Auld D.A.L.
Published: March 2007

Using a micro data base of almost 1300 households, this article examines the relationship between fiscal preference (for local and provincial goods) and respondent characteristics. Since individuals were asked if expenditure on a particular functional area was sufficient, a binary dependent variable model was used to test a variety of hypotheses regarding fiscal preferences.
Majority Voting On Tax Shares: a Simple Life-Cycle Model
Authors: Flowers Marilyn R.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a simple model of majority voting on tax shares in which Abstract voters perceive the tax structure to be chosen as a permanent institution under which each voter's tax burden will be determined throughout his or her lifetime. Young voters view the choice of tax structure as a means of allocating an anticipated tax burden over the life cycle. Middle-aged and elderly voters, on the other hand, do have the option of lowering the tax burden on themselves by shifting it onto younger voters. Preferences of different groups of voters and likely majority rule outcome with respect to choice of tax structure are examined under various assumptions about lifetime income patterns and expectations about the rate of public sector growth, and of population growth.
Municipal Borrowing: Some Empirical Results
Authors: Asefa Sally A. , Adams Roy D. , Starleaf Dennis R.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the theory of individual preferences between tax and bond finance of municipal expenditures and tests the hypotheres that cities' borrowing will vary in relation to the cities' capital expenditures, median income, bond rating, and the population level, growth, mobility, and age composition. Differences in bond ratings, population, and population growth did not prove significant, but median income, capital expenditures, and population mobility were found to have statistically significant effects on the percentage of city expenditures financed by borrowing.
The Dynamic Implications of the Tiebout Model: the Changing Composition of Boston Communities, 1960-1970
Authors: Grubb W.Norton
Published: March 2007

The Tiebout model implies, under certain assumptions, that communities will become increasingly homogeneous by income and preferences, and perhaps by race, land use, and other community characteristics. This article tests the hypothesis of increasing homogeneity with equations describing changes among Boston area communities between 1960 and 1970. The results confirm increasing segregation by income and (much more weakly) segregation by age, but other community characteristics show no distinct trend. The system of equations is used to forecast community characteristics, and these projections confirm a tendency toward greater inequality in public spending. The results imply that the Pareto-optimality of the Tiebout model will not be attained and that any efficiencies may come at the expense of greater inequities.
Voter Perceptions of the Cost of Government: the Case of Local School Expenditures in Louisiana
Authors: Nelson Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Voter perceptions of the burden from the two major indirect taxes (sales tax and nonresidential property tax) and from income generated from wealth held by the public sector are examined. Using two alternative median voter models, data on the finances of local school districts in Louisiana are used to estimate voter perceptions of the burden from each revenue source. The results suggest that Louisiana voters apparently perceive that they bear little of the burden from either the locally imposed sales tax or the school tax levied on property (other than the school tax levied on residential or commercial property). Furthermore, the empirical evidence also indicates that voters do not perceive that school expenditures financed from the income of wealth held by the public sector could have alternatively been used for tax reduction.
The Political Business Cycle: How Significant?
Authors: Allen Stuart D. , Sulock Joseph M. , Sabo William A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides evidence that the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate conforms to a four-year pohtical business cycle such as the one hypothesized by Nordhaus (1976) but only when the incumbent party wins the presidential election. The unemployment rate, however, is only reduced by a cumulative effect of .3 to .6 percentage points m the two years preceding a presidential victory.
Pay Differentials Between the Private and the Public Sector in the Netherlands
Authors: Van Der Hoek M. Peter
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the results of an investigation into public- and private-Abstract sector pay that was recently carried out in the Netherlands. The methodology is unique because the study includes aspects of compensation other than the paycheck and because it measures compensation both on the job and after disability, unemployment, and retirement. Moreover, pay differentials arising from determinants not connected with the job are reduced by standardization. As a result, "standardized "people in comparable jobs are compared. The study concludes that approximately two-thirds ofgovernment workers earn less than their private-sector counterparts, while this pay gap increases according to job level. However, a trade-off seems to exist between pay on and off the job, because the pay gap in the active period is partly compensated for by higher compensation in case of unemployment of public-sector workers.
Leviathan and Federalism in the United States
Authors: Raimondo Henry J.
Published: March 2007

This article is an empirical examination of the "Leviathan hypothesis" developed by economists Brennan and Buchanan (1980). The hypothesis states that as individuals turn over control of public spending to higher levels of government, the preferences of the politicians, bureaucrats, and special-interest lobbyists who determine fiscal policy at these higher levels of government replace the tastes and preferences of the individual for the amount of spending and taxing. This transfer of control from decentralized to centralized decisionmaking and this replacement of taxing for individual preferences by political-bureaucratic preferences toward spending lead to an expansion of the public sector. Regression analysis shows support for the hypothesis in specific public-service areas.
A Diagrammatic Representation of Inequality
Authors: Stratmann Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article derives implications of Atkinson's measure of inequality, the equally distributed equivalent income. If every individual gains proportionally to his or her initial income, then the inequality index indicates a move to a more equal distribution in society. Further, a new diagrammatic technique is presented, allowing us to link welfare contours to Lorenz curves using the concept of the equally distributed equivalent income. This technique allows us to judge which distribution associated with crossing Lorenz curves is preferable to society in terms of total welfare.
Horizontaland Vertical Inequities in the Capital Gains Taxation of Owner-Occupied Housing
Authors: Sa-Aadu J. , Shilling James D. , Sirmans C.F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the capital gains tax inequities of owner-occupied housing caused by below-market financing techniques. Several recent studies have shown that the capitalized financing premium associated with below-market financing arrangements tends to show that the homeowner purchased a more expensive home than he or she actually did. For homeowners who would otherwise downsize to lower-valued houses (and thus be liable for capital gains taxes), the higher reported purchase price lowers the taxable gain in the year of sale and creates potential horizontal and vertical inequities in the taxation of capital gains of owner-occupied. The evidence suggests that the aggregate capital gains tax savings from assumption financing techniques is likely to be around $60 million per year.
The Welfare Significance and Nonsignificance of General Equilibrium Demand and Supply Curves
Authors: Thurman Walter N.
Published: March 2007

General equilibrium demand and supply curves can be used to measure the multiple market effects of interventions m a single market. However, complications arise when feedback into the mtervened-m market comes through both demand and supply channels. This article presents a new and straightforward proof of the significance of general equilibrium curves when there is only one source of feedback, establishes the conditions under which multiple sources of feedback invalidate the analysis, and demonstrates that the general equilibrium curves become policy dependent when there are multiple sources of feedback.
Do Capital Income Taxes Always Reduce Growth?
Authors: Liu Kam W.
Published: March 2007

Recent analyses have shown that a tax on income from capital may reduce long-term economic growth. However, in a multi-capital economy, taxation does not necessarily reduce long-term growth. If the accumulation of human capital generates positive externalities, this article shows that policies that favor human capital accumulation tend to raise the steady-state growth rate. Among other results, a rise in the tax on income from physical capital can lead to greater growth because it increases the relative attractiveness of investment in human capital. Further, in contrast to an infinite horizon, the OLG setting here permits analyzing the effects of intergenera tional transfer on growth. Transfer to the young also promotes growth.
Retail Service Branding in Electronic-Commerce Environments
Authors: Davis Robert , Buchanan-Oliver Margo , Brodie Roderick J.
Published: March 2007

Considerable discussion has arisen about how electronic commerce is changing retail marketing theory and practice. Most of the debate revolves around how retailers with investments in physical channels can apply their existing strategy online. The retail service brand is one component that requires examination, but there is no model to guide online strategy. The authors, therefore, draw on exploratory research from consumer focus groups to understand retail service branding in electronic markets. The case setting is a nationwide grocery service that recently extended its traditional strategy and offered consumers online shopping. The authors conclude that the service brand defines the experience of shopping online for consumers in terms of service attributes, symbolic meanings, and functional consequences of the service encounter. In the fulfillment of this role, the service brand acted as a relationship lever (fulcrum) on which trust was built between consumer and service provider. Managerial implications and future research directions are also considered.
The Advertising of Services
Authors: Mittal Banwari
Published: March 2007

Service advertisers often are confronted with the problem of how best to communicate the intangible qualities of a service to their target audiences. In this conceptual article, the author describes what intangibility means, discusses how it influences the service advertising task, and derives propositions to handle that task. The article (a) identifies five conceptual properties of intangibility, (b) describes the advertising challenge of each, (c) suggests approaches to meet each challenge, and (d) elucidates the power of transformational advertising in embedding intangible service performance into a consumer’s life experiences. The author argues that in services, intangibility can contribute to value rather than detract from it and that it is well within the advertising’s special talent to communicate intangibility. The author advances propositions to guide copy and creative strategy for service advertising managers.
Masculinity and Monstrosity
Authors: RIESER KLAUS
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes characterization (of the monster and the “Final Girl”) and identification (of the male audience) in the slasher film. The author engages in a critical dialogue with key theories of gender in the horror film, particularly Carol Clover's work, arguing that these films, despite their formal deviance from Hollywood (gender) formulas—such as positioning a female figure at the center of the narrative—do not usually depart from that cinema's patriarchal signification. Indeed, most slasher films are violently misogynist and homophobic—punishing female sexuality, equating feminity with victimhood, and portraying the killer/monster as a queer figure. It is also argued that the male audience does not straightforwardly identify with the Final Girl. Instead, slasher films rely on primary identification and offer empathy rather than identification. Moreover, insofar as secondary identification with the female protagonist does occur, its aggressive impulses are projected onto the monster.
“I'm Stronger than You”
Authors: FOCA ANNA
Published: March 2007

William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury documents Quentin Compson's descent into suicidal despair over his failure to realize in his own lived experience the patriarchal American South's normative imperatives of white male authority into which he is being initiated. Conflicts play out in several social arenas, as Quentin tries to regulate his experience with his mother's coldness, his sister's teenaged sexual exploits and subsequent pregnancy, as well as his incapacity to establish for himself a secure position of power among his physically and psychologically stronger peers. Drawing on Simone de Beauvoir's analysis of male power and gender relations in The Second Sex, and her use of Hegel's theory of subject-object interdependence in particular, the article seeks to shed light on the marked disequilibrium between expectation and disinheritance, to which Quentin's response is suicide, that is, a total relinquishment of identity.
Destruction and Delight
Authors: VETTEL-BECKER PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

During World War II, the American public was inundated with photographs of war. This article examines the iconography of war as revealed in photographs from the Pacific arena, identifying four primary motifs: the transformation of boys into warrior men, the fetishization of weaponry, the spectacle of death, and the quest to penetrate and dominate nature. War is a territorial game played by men to enact dominance, a social performance that inscribes gender identities on human bodies. War, like masculinity, is predicated on the subjugation of the feminine, which is encoded in the body and territory of the enemy, an inscription even more extreme when the enemy is of another race. These photographs enact the play of domination and subjugation through the imagery of impenetrability and rapability, thus contributing to the propagandistic construction of the enemy and extending the voyeuristic pleasures of domination to those not able to experience it firsthand.
Insulation Facing Pressure Sensitive Tapes: General Review: Technical and Application Requirements
Authors: Munawwar S.M.
Published: March 2007

Pressure sensitive tapes and their applications in thermal insulation are described and discussed in this paper.
Insulation Systems for Liquid Hydrogen Fueled Aircraft
Authors: Cunnington George R.
Published: March 2007

Design of the fuel tank insulation system for LH2-fueled aircraft presents a major problem because of stringent safety and long life, multiple cyclic environmental exposure re quirements. Because of these considerations, a study program was undertaken to evaluate the fifteen types of insulation which could be considered as candidates for the fuel tanks of a subsonic LH2-fueled transport aircraft. The time frame for airline service is 1990 to 1995. The results of this program are presented with recommendations for two types of fuel tank insulation. The gen- . eral fuel systems configurations are also discussed.
How To Ensure Good Thermal Performance of Cellulose Fiber Insulation. Part I. Horizontal Applications
Authors: Bomberg M. , Solvason K.R.
Published: March 2007

The achievement of good thermal performance in horizontal applications of cellulose fibre insulation is discussed.
Thermal Insulation of Low-Cost Housing in Egypt
Authors: Harris-Bass Jon
Published: March 2007

A common fault of architects and building designers in Egypt has been to produce buildings, particularly at the low-cost end of the market, with little regard to the climatic conditions that prevail. Satisfactory internal condi tions are achieved by using mechanical systems which in crease the initial capital cost of the building. In low-cost hous ing, artificial control over energy gains by means of air- conditioning is clearly not feasible on economic grounds. This paper discusses the criteria for thermal comfort in hot climates and reference is made to the BRE method of com putation of internal temperatures in tropical buildings, which has been validated by observations in Egypt. The effects of thermal capacity and insulation in buildings in hot climates are also discussed.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer in a Fibrous Insulant
Authors: Crausse P. , Bacon G. , Langlais C.
Published: March 2007

The outcome of the work presented here consists in predicting the moisture and heat transfer phenomena likely to occur in glass fiber insulants subjected to varying environmental conditions.

This prediction is obtained by a numerical resolution of the equations govern ing the phenomena (Luikov's model) and an experimental determination of the mass transfer coefficients appearing in these equations.

Comparisons between experimental and theoretical results are presented for a particular configuration (closed system with stationary boundary conditions). These comparisons show a good reproduction of the measured moisture distributions but an over estimation of the heat transfer, for reasons developed in the text.

Despite its present imperfections, the procedure presented here remains good and has been used for different configurations.

Further developments require additional measurement of heat and mass transfer coefficients.
Thermal Resistance Measurements of a Well-Insulated Wall Using a Calibrated Hot Box
Authors: Zarr R.R. , Burch D.M. , Faison T.K. , Arnold C.E.
Published: March 2007

Thermal resistance measurements of a well-insulated residential wall are con ducted using a calibrated hot box operated under a range of winter and summer cli matic conditions. The wall consists of two insulated wood-frame sections with stag gered framing, having a nominal thermal resistance of R-27 F·ft 2·h/Btu (4.8 K·m2/ W). The measured thermal resistance is examined as a function of mean wall temper ature and compared with predictions using the ASHRAE parallel-path method, the ASHRAE isothermal-plane method, and a temperature-dependent thermal conduc tivity finite-difference model Good agreement between measured and predicted values is obtained using both ASHRAE methods and the finite-difference model. At mean wall temperatures above 40°F (4.4°C), the ASHRAE parallel-path method tended to overpredict, while the ASHRAE isothermal-plane method tended to underpredict the overall thermal resistance. The effects of the compression of glass- fiber blanket insulation and nail penetrations on the overall thermal resistance are m- vestigated.
Natural Convection in Partitioned Air-Filled Rectangular Enclosures
Authors: Tong T.W. , Gerner F.M.
Published: March 2007

This work is a study on the effect a vertical partition has on steady-state natural convection in air-filled rectangular enclosures. A finite difference scheme was used to solve the governing equations. Computed Nusselt numbers are presented as a func tion of the governing parameters. It was found that placing a partition midway be tween the vertical walls of an enclosure produces the greatest reduction in heat trans fer and often compares favorably with fully insulating the enclosure with a porous material.
Blowing Agent Alternatives for Sprayed Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Gubrud D.S.
Published: March 2007

Trichlorofluoromethane, CFC-11, has been the predommant blow ing agent used in spray formulations for polyurethane systems. The low thermal con ductivity of this gas has provided polyurethane foam with its excellent msulation properties. However, due to environmental concerns over depletion of ozone in the upper atmosphere, regulations have been proposed limiting the production of CFC's in 1989, with further reductions in the 1990's. This limited supply situation will re quire a great deal of reformulation and testing by suppliers of polyurethane systems as they seek alternative blowing agents. This paper provides data on the performance of two hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-123 and HCFC-141b, which are currently being promoted as alternatives to CFC-11. The alternate materials differ from CFC- 11 in molecular weight, boiling point, latent heat of vaporization, flammability and thermal conductivity. Therefore, formulations must be modified to determine the total blowing agent required for foam density, catalyst levels required to achieve the proper reactivity and flame retardant loading needed to meet flammabihty require ments. In addition, the use of mcreased water levels, which reduces the total quantity of CFC required is discussed. The use of increased water levels will be required for the following two reasons. First, although using increased water levels has its limita tions, it is the most viable alternate method of blowing available for the short term since alternate materials are not currently in large scale production. Second, even when the alternative materials are readily available, the relatively high costs for these materials will certainly motivate the formulator to mimmize usage and therefore maximize the formulation economics. This paper presents data on the required quan tity of various blowing agent combinations, formulation modifications required, the physical properties and flammability test performance in sprayfoam applications.
The French Prediction Method of the Long-Term Thermal Resistance for Gas-Filled Cellular Plastics
Authors: Tramblay Gérard G. , Roux Gabriel A.
Published: March 2007

Insulating materials are certified in France since 1985. That means that the actual performance of each material can be known by the user and not just a contractual performance for a given family of insulating materials.

This paper presents the certified characteristics of building trade thermal insula tion, manufactured products and the three types of certificate. It is more focused on the certified thermal resistance, R. It gives the measurement methodology.

It is more specifically focused on the certification of the R value of PUR foams.

The main repercussions of the certification are given.
IEA Annex 14: Condensation and Energy
Authors: Hens H.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the relations between mould, surface condcnsa tion, chmate, building design and occupancy factors and presents a comprehensive overview of the design guidelines in cool, humid chmates. The analysis showed that the mould condition is more severe than the surface condensation condition, that on an average the standard film coefficient for interior surfaces of 8 W/(m2.K) is too high, that the combined air and humidity transfers in dwellings is convection driven and that the hygroscopic inertia dampens the transient hygric response of an enclo sure.
Moisture Challenges in Canadian Energy Efficient Housing
Authors: Robinson Terry
Published: March 2007

The rapid evolution of traditional wood-frame construction prac tices, in response to the need for energy conservation, has led to an increase in mois ture problems in some new and retrofitted houses in certain parts of Canada. This has prompted Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), the federal government's housing agency, to undertake a detailed program of research, which has involved field surveys, test hut monitoring and computer modelling. After almost a decade of such research, a better understanding of the principles of moisture, air and heat flow has been gained. This improved understanding is now being translated into practical applications for energy-efficient housing to prevent or remedy mois ture problems.
Calibration of a Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
Authors: Lackey John , Normandin Nicole , Marchand Roger , Kumaran Kumar
Published: March 2007

A series of calibration measurements was done on a 600 mm × 600 mm heat flow meter apparatus. Several specimens of medium density glass fiber in sulation and expanded polystyrene insulation were used as transfer standards. The thickness of these transfer standards varied from 25 to 160 mm. The mean tempera ture varied from 0 to 40°C and the temperature difference across the insulation spec imens varied from 10 to 40 K. Measurements included cases in which the ambient temperature of the test assembly was either maintained within 1 K of the mean tem perature, or those with only edge insulation, and an enclosure for the whole test assembly in order to reduce the edge heat losses. A total of 91 sets of measurements were made. Each set of measurements included two sub-sets, one for the warmer(hot) plate and the other for the colder(cold) plate and each sub-set included a heat flow transducer output and the temperatures on either side of the transducer assembly. For 90 out of the 91 sets of measurements, the steady state heat flux across the specimen was correlated, with a standard deviation of 2%, to a simple linear rela tion between the average transducer output and the average of the surface tempera tures of the two transducer assemblies.
A Conversation with Joseph S. Wholey about the Program for Excellence in Human Services
Authors: Johnson Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Joseph Wholey is Professor of Public Administration at the University of Southern California's Washington Public Affairs Center. His research and teaching focus on policies, program approaches, and management practices that contribute to improved performance in human service agencies and programs. He is well- known to evaluators for his development of the theory and application of "evaluability assessment."

In addition to his academic responsibilities, Dr. Wholey currently devotes a good part of his time to a project that places the evaluator in a special role requiring both methodologi cal competence and communication skills.

He is Director of the Program for Excellence in Human Services, a voluntary partnership of local governments, regional groups, state agencies, and universities. The program is a cooperative effort intended to help improve the performance and credibility of Northern Virginia's human service system.

In September 1989 we had the opportunity one afternoon to talk informally in Joe's Washington office (across from the famous Ford's Theatre) about the project in Northern Virginia and his experience of coordinating and facilitating the work of an extraordinary group of local and state government executives, program managers, planners, and faculty members.
Nonlinear Multivariate Analysis
Authors: De Leeuw Jan
Published: March 2007

Reports (1-4 double-spaced typewritten pages) should describe tools, products, andlor services found useful by practicing evaluators. Reports should also include the context of use and sufficient informationfor interested readers to contact the user directly for more detailed information, that is, name, address, and telephone number. Books, computer software and hardware, and new techniques — or old ones used in new ways — are just a few of the items that may be described.
Expression of Titin in Skeletal Muscle Varies with Hind-Limb Unloading
Authors: Kasper Christine E. , Xun Lin
Published: March 2007

The effects of prolonged hind-limb unloading on titin antibody localization and expression of titin isozymes of single fibers from the synergistic slow-twitch soleus (SOL) and fast-twitch plantaris (PLN) of adult rats were studied after 14 and 28 days of hind-limb unloading (HU). Titin antibody localization and expression was not altered at 14 days of HU. However, there was a 4% loss in antibody to Z-band distance (Ab-Z) in the SOL and an increase of 8% in PLN Ab-Z after 28 days of HU. The titin and myosin heavy chain composition of single fibers and small bundles of fibers from control and unloaded muscles were examined using 2% to 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There was a marked loss of relative amounts of titin in both SOL and PLN following 28 days of HU. As the protein loads for these measures were identical, the authors conclude that these findings represent an actual loss of titin density rather than a decreased value due to a loss of total muscle mass. Laser scanning densitometry of the titin bands show a marked decrease in density and molecular weight in unloaded SOL. In the PLN, marked losses of titin density were accompanied by decreased electrophoretic motility. The results demonstrate that the titin isoform composition and titin antibody localization of skeletal muscle is altered during hind-limb unloading. Furthermore, as titin is responsible for positional stability of the sarcomere and the fiber during contraction, change in isoforms during HU may predispose atrophied muscle to injury during reuse and recovery.
Circadian Rhythmicity and Homeostatic Stability in Thermoregulation
Authors: Holtzclaw Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Stability and circadian variation in core body temperature (Tc) were believed to be homeostatic responses until well into the 20th century. Defense of a narrow thermoneutral range was well documented, whereas circadian oscillations were attributed to episodic biochemical and environmental stimuli or chronological stressors in life routines. Research in thermal physiology has illuminated several of the “black boxes” in the understanding of temperature regulation, and advances in chronobiology have shattered old paradigms. While these discoveries are still evolving, existing information provides valuable clues about physiological responses to heat loss or overheating that could improve clinical assessment and intervention. Discoveries that circadian rhythm of Tc is regulated by an endogenous “clock” and is remarkably stable have helped to make it the most widely used circadian indicator. More recently, Tc was found to exert its own cyclic rhythm under free-running conditions. While some investigators claim that circadian and homeostatic processes are independent, there are conditions in which clinical distinctions are less clear. This overview reviews contemporary scientific findings about circadian and homeostatic processes in thermoregulation. Examples are drawn from human and animal research. Physiological responses and mechanisms are explained in relation to their relevance to clinical treatment or health care. Gaps in existing research and application are discussed.
Women Defining their Information Technology- Struggles for Textual Subjectivity in an Office Workers' Study Circle
Authors: Vehviläinen Marja Leena
Published: March 2007

This article discusses female office workers' own definitions of information technology (IT), based on a study with a group of Finnish office workers, in which they studied and evaluated information systems and analysed their work as well as making proposals for their IT systems. IT is considered as a textuality that is connected with the office workers' subjectivities and their organizational activities. For office workers, defining information systems means a struggle for their own subjectivities. Starting from the concrete practices and interviews with the office workers, the article examines how their 'own' definitions of IT were constructed; how office workers' situated interpretations and textualities interacted; how organizational relations and textualities intervened in the definitions; and how women's mutual support made it possible to approach something that could be considered women's 'own' definitions.