bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of four storms in December 2010 on the eastern Shore of Nova Scotia
Authors: Taylor R B , Frobel D , Mercer D , Fogarty C , MacAuley P
Published: April 2013

A series of intense low pressure systems struck the Atlantic Maritime Provinces during each week in December 2010. Record storm surges during December 21 and 27 most impacted the shores of Cape Breton Island and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Impacts along the
coastal highlands of Cape Breton Island were compounded by high river discharge and slope instability caused by heavy rainfall during the December 14 and 21 events.
Detailed observations and repetitive surveys of physical impacts to specific shore types from the December 2010 storms were limited to shores east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The rapid succession of storms prohibited shoreline recovery and resulted in net shoreline retreat. Cumulative impacts of the
storms included: an upper beach and backshore dune retreat of 7 to 9 m along sand and mixedsediment barrier beaches; a beach crest retreat of 2 to 4 m across high and low gravel barriers respectively; and a cliff top erosion of 1 to 1.8 m (between September 2010 and March 6, 2011) which was 4 to 7
times the average annual rate compiled between 1986 and 2009. Despite accelerated shore erosion caused by these storms, longer term evolutionary trends observed at select shores were only slightly altered.
Longshore variations of storm impacts on specific beaches were a function of antecedent shore conditions. (a) At Miseners-Long Beach, representative of a high gravel barrier, increased changes across the upper beach and backshore signal future increased beach mobility, instability and a shift toward
a low gravel barrier beach. (b) At Cow Bay Beach, representative of a low gravel barrier, the loss of small segments of high, narrow barrier, and the initiation of a new tidal channel signal continued rapid beach migration into Cow Bay Lake. (c) At Lawrencetown Beach, representative of a mixed
sediment barrier, variable changes along the backshore revealed different longer term responses. To the east sediment deposition into backshore craters is depleting shoreface sand reserves and accelerating the breakdown of adjoining foredunes. To the west the movement of large quantities of coarse
clasts to the upper beach imply it is evolving toward a high gravel barrier similar to Miseners-Long Beach. (d) At Conrads Beach, representative of a sand barrier, contrasting beach responses were recorded east and west of Fox Point. To the east, a maximum foredune retreat of 9.1 m was caused by
repeated wave attack. To the west the foredune was cut back, however the change only represented a temporary interruption in a recent phase of foredune progradation since a tidal inlet was closed in the late 1980s.
Communication management during the veld fires of 23 August 2011 in the Tlokwe Local Municipality: A cautionary tale
Authors: Wiggill Magrita N.
Published: April 2013

Background: A veld fire disaster in the Tlokwe Local Municipality on 23 August 2011, resulted in an estimated monetary loss of over R43 million. The veld fire disaster was characterised by a lack of strategic management and a subsequent lack of planned, coordinated communication between all role players involved. The lack of strategic communication management indirectly contributed to the losses suffered during the disaster, and afterwards relationships between many role players were strained. Objectives and method: The objectives for the qualitative research project were to determine the different role players’ perception of communication management during the veld fires of 23 August 2011, and in what way relationships between role players were affected by the lack of communication management during the veld fire disaster. Data were gathered by means of semi-structured interviews with the relevant role players.Results and conclusion: Most of the role players were convinced that communication was not managed effectively on 23 August 2011. It resulted in, most especially, a loss of trust and perceived lack of commitment between some of the role players. It is recommended that emergency services and other role players receive more training (also focusing on communication management), participate in simulations and incorporate a communication and relationship management approach to disaster risk management.
Laryngeal paralysis in dogs: An update on recent knowledge
Authors: Kitshoff Adriaan M. , Van Goethem Bart , Stegen Ludo , Vandekerckhov Peter , De Rooster Hilde
Published: April 2013

Laryngeal paralysis is the effect of an inability to abduct the arytenoid cartilages duringinspiration, resulting in respiratory signs consistent with partial airway obstruction. Theaetiology of the disease can be congenital (hereditary laryngeal paralysis or congenitalpolyneuropathy), or acquired (trauma, neoplasia, polyneuropathy, endocrinopathy). Themost common form of acquired laryngeal paralysis (LP) is typically seen in old, large breeddogs and is a clinical manifestation of a generalised peripheral polyneuropathy recentlyreferred to as geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy. Diagnosing LP based onclinical signs, breed and history has a very high sensitivity (90%) and can be confirmed bylaryngeal inspection. Prognosis after surgical correction depends on the aetiology: traumaticcases have a good prognosis, whereas tumour-induced or polyneuropathy-induced LP has aguarded prognosis. Acquired idiopathic LP is a slow progressive disease, with dogs reachingmedian survival times of 3–5 years after surgical correction.
How Do Long‐Shot Outcomes Affect Preferences for Climate‐Change Mitigation?
Authors: Riddel Mary
Published: April 2013

This article takes a fresh look at how public uncertainty influences willingness to pay (WTP) for climate‐change mitigation programs. I elicit subjective distribution functions over future global mean temperatures and WTP for mitigation. I find, not surprisingly, that subjects, on average, view climate change as a “bad,” and the higher the expected temperature increase they perceive, the more they are willing to pay for mitigation. Subjects are generally risk averse, so that they are WTP more for mitigation programs when the outcome of the program is more certain. The skew of the subjective climate‐change distribution also affects preferences, so that aversion to catastrophic outcomes is an important component of WTP for mitigation. I find that models that ignore skew are likely to underestimate the influence of uncertainty on willingness to pay for climate‐change mitigation.
Prenatal Smoking Cessation and Infant Health: Evidence from Sibling Births
Authors: Yan Ji
Published: April 2013

This article uses a large data set of sibling births to examine when mothers must quit smoking in pregnancy to deliver healthy babies. It applies sibling fixed effects models to provide robust evidence that smoking cessation in the first trimester has a negligible effect on infant health, but cessation as late as second trimester or smoking throughout pregnancy is associated with substantially lower birth weights and higher risks of delivering low birth weight babies. In particular, about two thirds of the total detrimental smoking impact on birth outcomes occurs in the second trimester. Therefore, reallocating resources on prenatal smoking cessation towards the first trimester can lead to a significant efficiency gain. This study also shows when the timing information of prenatal smoking cessation is improperly used, it will introduce a new nontrivial downward bias in estimating the causality between the conventionally used group measure “prenatal smoker” and infant health.
Educação sexual: quando a articulação de múltiplos discursos possibilita sua inclusão curricular
Authors: Furlani Jimena
Published: April 2013

Hoje, no contexto da escolarização brasileira, é possível encontrar espaço no currículo para a Educação Sexual? Em que medida a sociedade contemporânea criou (e cria) demandas que favorecem a inclusão curricular de temáticas como a sexualidade, o gênero, as políticas identitárias? O que este contexto histórico e essa demanda têm a dizer aos cursos de formação de educadores(as)? Defendo o pressuposto de que a última metade do século XX foi determinante na discussão na inclusão da Educação Sexual nos âmbitos social e educacional, no Brasil. Segundo Michel Foucault, múltiplos discursos participam na construção dos saberes sociais acerca das sexualidades e dos gêneros. Esses discursos se articulam por "descontinuidades históricas" nos processos que definem as representações acerca dos sujeitos e de suas identidades culturais. Apresento um mapeamento histórico de demandas de ordem política, cultural, midiática, pedagógica, estética econômica que parecem apontar para as possibilidades temáticas e didático-metodológicas que um currículo da Educação Sexual pode assumir nos dias de hoje, em qualquer nível do ensino.
O pragmatismo e o trabalho docente profissionalizado
Authors: Scalcon Suze
Published: April 2013

O presente trabalho é resultado de uma investigação que tomou a profissionalização de professores como objeto de estudo, entendido como conceito principal das mudanças promovidas pela reforma do sistema de formação no Brasil a partir dos anos de 1990. O estudo intentou identificar o teor epistemológico da produção intelectual de autores que publicaram sobre a profissionalização de professoresem revistas Qualis Internacional A, entre os anos de 1996 a 2005. Como questão de pesquisa foi tomada a identificação da orientação pegadógico-epistemológica predominante na produção dos referidos autores. Este texto discute a temática da profissionalização no Brasil, aborda a formação de professores como questão de conhecimento e apresenta os resultados da análise empreendida. Concluiu-se que existem duas formas distintas de apreensão do que seja profissionalizar professores e de conceber o trabalho educativo em face de suas finalidades sociais. Inferimos que as teorizações ideológico-políticas, seja dos reformadores, seja dos autores que sustentam pedagogicamente as reformas educacionais, realçam o valor e o poder da teoria, uma vez que pela produção teórica, entre outros, estabelecem condições de disseminação de idéias e consensos.
Ensino superior no Brasil: a implantação da UNITINS e o uso da EaD como estratégia expansionista de uma universidade pública
Authors: Pretto Nelson , Pereira Isabel C. Auler
Published: April 2013

Este artigo destaca os elementos presentes no processo de implantação da Fundação Universidade do Tocantins (UNITINS), associado ao uso da tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) pela oferta inicial do ensino telepresencial, que se caracterizou pela associação de recursos televisivos e tecnológicos. Tem como base a contextualização dos fatos desencadeados na UNITINS no período de sua implantação com a utilização da modalidade educativa telepresencial (e posterior a EAD) como recursos que viabilizou o acelerado processo de concepção, formulação e execução do projeto pedagógico do curso Normal Superior telepresencial, ofertado inicialmente ao estado do Tocantins e, posteriormente, para todo o território nacional. A reconstituição desse percurso histórico da UNITINS, pontuando as constantes alterações ocorridas em sua natureza jurídica, enfatiza as coincidências entre esses ajustes realizados durante o período de sua implantação e o contexto de reestruturação e ajustes do Estado brasileiro às exigências das políticas internacionais. Essas transformações deixaram marcas evidentes do atrelamento das políticas da educação superior no estado do Tocantins à política de minimização dos recursos para as universidades públicas. A contínua reestruturação da Universidade, ora como fundação pública, ora como autarquia ou fundação aberta ao capital privado e o início da oferta de cursos a distância estiveram consoantes com a agenda neoliberal adotada pelo governo estadual e com o estabelecimento de novos marcosregulatórios e de mudanças substanciais no campo da educação superior brasileira.
Fontes de informações do consumidor organizacional: as compras de medicamentos por hospitais
Authors: Burlamaqui Paulo Fernando , Godoy Roberto
Published: April 2013

A fonte das buscas de informação realizadas pelo consumidor organizacional pode influir decisivamente no momento da escolha do fornecedor. A compreensão de como são processadas as buscas de informações realizadas nas compras se apresenta como questão estratégica por parte de profissionais de marketing no reconhecimento das necessidades dos consumidores organizacionais. O presente estudo analisa como é efetuada a busca das fontes de informações na compra de medicamentos observando o comportamento deste consumidor, através de uma survey aplicada aos compradores dos hospitais gaúchos. O estudo desenvolvido identificou a forte utilização das fontes de informações (fontes comerciais, fontes de mídia, fontes pessoais e fontes experimentais); onde observou-se que a principal influência são as fontes comerciais. A conclusão do estudo indica também que, por sua vez, o comprador pode compreender como a sua organização (hospital) se comporta diante destas variáveis.
Cooperação como estratégia segundo diferentes perspectivas teóricas
Authors: Begnis Heron S. M. , Pedrozo Eugênio Avila , Estivalete Vania de Fatima B.
Published: April 2013

Em um contexto no qual se evidencia a competitividade interorganizacional, este artigo procura identificar os enfoques centrais, os argumentos, as teorias de base e as principais conclusões alcançadas, ao final da década de 90, sobre a temática da cooperação interorganizacional. O artigo orienta-se com base na revisão de literatura especializada e observa que os trabalhos científicos na área de estratégia, envolvendo cooperação, seguem três enfoques: a relação entre a utilização de estratégias cooperativas com o desempenho das firmas e/ou como fonte de vantagens competitivas; o estudo do processo de formação das configurações interorganizacionais de base cooperativa e a construção de modelos e frameworks enfatizando os aspectos teóricos subjacentes aos relacionamentos interorganizacionais. Nesse sentido, este artigo também identifica as abordagens teóricas utilizadas nos trabalhos sobre este campoda gestão estratégica e dos relacionamentos interorganizacionais cooperativos.
Foreign Entry Modes Under Institutional Pressures: The Impact of Strategic Resource Seeking and Market Seeking Strategies
Authors: Ferreira Manuel Portugal , Serra Fernando Antônio Ribeiro
Published: April 2013

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are subject to the various dimensions of the external institutional environments. Institutional theory suggests that MNCs need to conform to the prevailing rules, norms and procedures of the locations where they operate in order to survive and grow. This means that MNCs need to develop the best possible configuration of strategy-structure for their worldwide operations. Previous research has noted that in these conditions firms may simply seek to follow a referent other. However, MNCs’ specific strategy for a focal foreign operation is likely to determine the entry mode for each host country. In certain circumstances it may be whether MNCs are pursuing a market-seeking strategy or a strategic resource seeking strategy that shapes the entry mode in face of the prevailing institutional pressures. We contribute to the understanding of entry modes into foreign markets as a reflection of a strategic choice that is bound by institutional constraints.
Southern Hemisphere orbital forcing and its effects on CO2 and tropical Pacific climate
Authors: Tachikawa K. , Timmermann A. , Vidal L. , Sonzogni C. , Timm O. E.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) is an important heat source for the atmospheric circulation and influences climate conditions worldwide. Understanding its sensitivity to past radiative perturbations may help better contextualize the magnitudes and patterns of current and projected tropical climate change. Here we present a new Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction over the past 400 kyr from the Bismarck Sea, off Papua New Guinea, along with results from a transient earth system model simulation. Our results document the primary influence of CO2 forcing on glacial/interglacial WPWP SSTs and secondary effects due to changes in wind-driven tropical boundary currents. In addition to the SST, deep ocean temperature reconstructions from this core are linked with Southern Ocean temperature and sea-ice variations on timescales of ~ 23 kyr. It is proposed that Southern Hemisphere insolation changes serve as pacemaker for sea-ice variations in the Southern Ocean, which in turn modulate windstress curl-driven upwelling of carbon-rich waters, hence controlling atmospheric CO2 and tropical WPWP temperatures.
Technical note: Method of Morris effectively reduces the computational demands of global sensitivity analysis for distributed watershed models
Authors: Herman J. D. , Kollat J. B. , Reed P. M. , Wagener T.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The increase in spatially distributed hydrologic modeling warrants a corresponding increase in diagnostic methods capable of analyzing complex models with large numbers of parameters. Sobol' sensitivity analysis has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnostic analyses of hydrologic models. However, for many spatially distributed models, the Sobol' method requires a prohibitive number of model evaluations to reliably decompose output variance across the full set of parameters. We investigate the potential of the method of Morris, a screening-based sensitivity approach, to provide results sufficiently similar to those of the Sobol' method at a greatly reduced computational expense. The methods are benchmarked on the Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) model over a six-month period in the Blue River Watershed, Oklahoma, USA. The Sobol' method required over six million model evaluations to ensure reliable sensitivity indices, corresponding to more than 30 000 computing hours and roughly 180 gigabytes of storage space. We find that the method of Morris is able to correctly identify sensitive and insensitive parameters with 300 times fewer model evaluations, requiring only 100 computing hours and 1 gigabyte of storage space. Method of Morris proves to be a promising diagnostic approach for global sensitivity analysis of highly parameterized, spatially distributed hydrologic models.
Impact of bushfire and climate variability on streamflow from forested catchments in southeast Australia
Authors: Zhou Y. , Zhang Y. , Vaze J. , Lane P. , Xu S.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Most of the surface water for natural environmental and human water uses in southeast Australia is sourced from forested catchments located in the higher rainfall areas. Water yield of these catchments is mainly affected by climatic conditions, but it is also greatly affected by vegetation cover change. Bushfires are a major natural disturbance in forested catchments and potentially modify the water yield of the catchments through changes to evapotranspiration (ET), interception and soil moisture storage. This paper quantifies the impacts of bushfire and climate variability on streamflow from three southeast Australian catchments where Ash Wednesday bushfires occurred in February 1983. The hydrological models used here include AWRA-L, Xinanjiang and GR4J. The three models are first calibrated against streamflow data from the pre-bushfire period and they are used to simulate runoff for the post-bushfire period with the calibrated parameters. The difference between the observed and model simulated runoff for the post-bushfire period provides an estimate of the impact of bushfire on streamflow. The hydrological modelling results for the three catchments indicate that there is a substantial increase in streamflow in the first 15 yr after the 1983 bushfires. The increase in streamflow is attributed to initial decreases in ET and interception resulting from the fires, followed by logging activity. After 15 yr, streamflow dynamics are more heavily influenced by climate effects, although some impact from fire and logging regeneration may still occur. It is shown that hydrological models provide reasonable consistent estimates of forest disturbance and climate impacts on streamflow for the three catchments. The results might be used by forest managers to understand the relationship between forest disturbance and climate variability impacts on water yield in the context of climate change.
Characterization of two coexisting pathogen populations of Leptosphaeria spp., the cause of stem canker of brassicas
Authors: Kaczmarek Joanna , Jędryczka Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

Stem canker of brassicas, also known as blackleg is the most damaging disease of many Brassicaceae. The disease is caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces et de Not. and L. biglobosa sp. nov., Shoemaker & Brun, which coexist in plants and resulting in disease symptoms and decreased yield, quantity and quality of cultivated vegetables and oilseed rape. The paper presents taxonomic relationships between these coexisting pathogen species, describes particular stages of their life cycles, summarizes the differences between the species, and reviews methods for their identification.
Variations in birch (Betula spp.) pollen seasons in Lublin and correlations with meteorological factors in the period 2001-2010. A preliminary study
Authors: Piotrowska Krystyna , Kaszewski Bogusław M.
Published: April 2013

In Poland birch belongs to the most important taxa producing allergenic pollen, therefore information on the start dates, duration and severity of the pollen season is very important for allergists and their patients as well as for climatologists. Birch pollen monitoring was conducted in Lublin using the volumetric method during the period 2001-2010. A Lanzoni VPPS 2000 trap was placed at a height of 18 m in the city centre. The pollen season was determined using three methods: 98%, 95%, and 90%. The present study also investigated correlations between the birch pollen season parameters and meteorological factors. A comparison of the above-mentioned methods shows that, in the conditions prevailing in Lublin, the most appropriate method to determine the birch pollen season is the 98% method, since in the case of the two other methods too large quantities of pollen grains are eliminated. Based on a comparative analysis of the meteorological data from the study period and the long-term averages, it can be concluded that in the recent years a clear increase in air temperature has been recorded in Lublin. The study found a statistically significant negative correlation of seasonal pollen concentration with rainfall and air humidity. When the pre-peak and post-peak periods were separated, these correlations were larger and related to different meteorological factors. The start of the pollen season was negatively correlated with temperature in February and March. The season duration depended on temperature (a positive correlation). The date of the seasonal maximum was positively correlated with seasonal temperature and negatively with temperature in April.
The effect of foliar fertilization on growth and yield of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cv. Łutówka
Authors: Wociór Stanisław , Wójcik Irena , Palonka Salwina
Published: April 2013

The present study, carried out in the period 2007-2009 in the Sandomierz Upland, did not show a significant effect of foliar fertilization on trunk thickness and canopy volume in the cultivar Łutówka. However, under the influence of urea applied three times in combination with Florovit at a concentration of 0.5%, a clear increasing trend was observed in the above mentioned parameters used to assess the strength of growth. In years of abundant fruiting, this study showed a significant increase, or on the verge of significance, in yield after threefold application of urea and Florovit in combination. A small insignificant effect of fertilization on fruit weight shows that the growth in yield after the application of fertilization was produced as a consequential effect of a significant increase in the length of one-year shoots and thereby in flowering intensity of the 'Łutówka' cherry trees. In the case of the sour cherry cultivar Łutówka bearing fruit on one-year shoots, foliar feeding after flowering using multi-nutrient fertilizers and urea can be recommended as a technological treatment, in particular in years of abundant fruiting.
Dominant weeds in maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation and their competitiveness under conditions of various methods of weed control
Authors: Głowacka Aleksandra
Published: April 2013

A field experiment was conducted in the years 2008-2010 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, on brown soil with a slightly acidic pH, a high content of available phosphorus and potassium as well as an average magnesium content. The experiment was set up in a random split-plot design with four replications, with two methods for controlling weed infestation: I. mechanical - weeding of inter-rows twice; II. chemical - the herbicide Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC (a.i. linuron, 900 g × ha-1). Next, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were determined in maize and in the dominant weed species. Based on the dry weight yield of maize and the biomass of particular weed species, nutrient uptake per hectare area was calculated. The chemical method of weed control reduced both the number and dry weight of weeds more than the mechanical method. The dominant species in the maize crop were Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Chenopodium album L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., and Cirsium arvense L. All the weed species examined were more competitive than maize in accumulating potassium, calcium and magnesium. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. was the most competitive species with maize for potassium, Cirsium arvense L. for calcium, and Chenopodium album L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. subsp. lapathifolium for magnesium. Weeds are serious competitors in taking up nutrients relative to crop plants; their share in the total uptake of macroelements from the soil by the maize crop and weeds together was considerable and it averaged as follows: for K - 35%, Ca - 27.3%, Mg - 27.4%.
Effect of colour of light on the opening of inflorescence buds and post-harvest longevity of pot chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam)
Authors: Jerzy Marek , Zakrzewski Piotr , Schroeter-Zakrzewska Anita
Published: April 2013

The pot cultivar of Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum 'Leticia Time Yellow' was cultivated and stored in a growth room under fluorescent light of white, blue, green, yellow and red colour. Quantum irradiance was 30 μmol · m-2 × s-1. The colour of light exerted a significant influence on the opening of closed inflorescence buds and on post-harvest longevity of pot chrysanthemums grown earlier in an unheated plastic tunnel. Under florescent lamps emitting blue light at a wavelength of 400-580 nm, inflorescence buds opened and coloured the earliest. The number of developed flower heads was the greatest under blue and white light. Flower heads developing in blue light were bigger than flower heads developing in white and green light. In red light at a wavelength of 600-700 nm, plants flowered latest and they produced the smallest flower heads. Post-harvest longevity was preserved longest in chrysanthemums kept under blue, white and green light. In red and yellow light, the flowers were overblown earliest.
The effect of different nitrogen fertilization rates on yield and quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L. 'Tokaj') raw material
Authors: Król Beata
Published: April 2013

Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual ornamental plant which is also grown for herbal raw material (flower heads) used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in the years 2006-2008 in the Experimental Farm of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The study was conducted on loess soil with the granulometric composition of silt loam. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of different nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg N × ha-1) on some morphological features of flower heads as well as on yield and quality of pot marigold raw material. Flowering of pot marigold was shortest in the control treatment (32 days) and longest (43 days) in the plot where nitrogen fertilization had been applied at the highest rate (160 kg N × ha-1). Nitrogen fertilization had a significant influence on the number of flower heads per plant, but no significant difference was found in diameter as well as in ligulate flowers and tubular flowers in the flower head. It was found to increase significantly raw material yield after the application of 80 kg N × ha-1, compared to the control treatment. Yield of flower heads did not differ markedly for fertilization rates from 80 to 160 kg N × ha-1. Nitrogen fertilization modified slightly essential oil content (this content increased with increasing nitrogen rates), but at the same time it decreased the percentage of flavonoid compounds.
Influence of row spacing on herb yield of common chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) as well as seed yield and quality
Authors: Surmacz-Magdziak Agnieszka
Published: April 2013

The experiment consisted of three single row spacings (every 25, 40 and 50 cm) and four double and triple row spacings (40-25-40 cm, 40-25-25-40 cm, 50-25-50 cm, 50-25-25- 50 cm). The aim of the present experiment was to compare the influence of varying spacing on yields and quality of chamomile seeds. Among the row spacings under comparison, the highest seed and herb yields were achieved from the triple row spacing. 1000-seed weight was proportional to seed yield, and the seed germination capacity was not differentiated due to row spacings used. Plants growing in single rows every 25 cm formed the lowest number of branches terminated by flower heads, thus the herb and seed yields were the lowest.
Comparison of growth and productivity of the low morphine poppy Papaver somniferum L. cv. Mieszko depending on the sowing date
Authors: Zając Tadeusz , Oleksy Andrzej , Klimek-Kopyra Agnieszka
Published: April 2013

A single-factor field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009. The aim of this study was to evaluate the low-morphine poppy cv. Mieszko which was sown at three different dates: I-early, II-optimal, III-delayed. The results of the experiment demonstrate that there is no difference between morphological traits at characteristic growth stages. Plants in the population varied in the number of poppy heads (from 1 to 6). Plant productivity in the crop depended on the sowing date and growing year. Sowing poppy at the early and optimal date allowed more productive individuals that produced poppy heads with a higher unit weight to be obtained in the crop population. The most productive plants in the crop formed 3 or more poppy heads per plant. The results of experiment proved that the date of poppy sowing had a significant effect on plant growth and, as a consequence, on yield, in spite of the fact that it is a no-cost agrotechnical factor. For utilitarian reasons, efforts should be made to do sowing at the optimal time.
The occurrence of fungi on roots and stem bases of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under two levels of chemical protection
Authors: Kiecana Irena , Rachoń Leszek , Mielniczuk Elżbieta , Szumiło Grzegorz
Published: April 2013

Investigations were carried out in 2007-2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Science in Lublin. The studies comprised two cultivation lines of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.): STH 716 and STH 717, as well as the 'Tonacja' cultivar of common wheat (T. aestivum ssp. vulgare L.). Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation: minimal and complex protection. Infection of wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Tottman's scale, 1987). After three years of study, the mean disease indexes for the analyzed wheat genotypes in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 31.13, 30.43 and 38.83 for, respectively, the 'Tonacja' cultivar and the cultivation lines of T. durum STH 716 and STH 717. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after three years of study the disease indexes ranged from 25.26 (T. durum STH 716) to 30.83 (T. durum STH 717). The results of mycological analysis of diseased plants showed that Fusarium spp., especially F. culmorum, F. avenaceum as well as Bipolaris sorokiniana and Rhizoctonia solani, caused root rot and necrosis of wheat stem bases. The analyzed chemical protection levels did not significantly influence grain yield of the investigated genotypes of T. aestivum and T. durum.
The effect of soil environment on germination and emergence of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.)
Authors: Kapeluszny Jan , Haliniarz Małgorzata , Harasim Paweł
Published: April 2013

In 2007 mature achenes of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) were collected from a winter wheat crop growing on loess-derived brown earth soil, from the side of a dirt road, and from a hybrid alfalfa crop growing on heavy rendzina soil. In March 2008 the germination ability of achenes and the length of roots and above-ground parts of L. serriola seedlings were determined. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design in 6 replicates and it was done in dishes. The dishes were filled with loess-derived brown soil and podzolic soil derived from light loamy sand with different pH values of 4.5, 5.5 and 7.0 obtained using laboratory methods. The second experiment evaluated the effect of medium type and light conditions on the germination of Lactuca serriola achenes. The experimental design was the same as in the above described experiment. The study found that there were significantly more germinating seeds from the plants growing in the alfalfa crop and on the dirt roadside compared to the plants from the wheat crop. Emerging plants showed higher germination ability on loess-derived soil with a pH of 5.5 and 7.0 than on podzolic soil derived from sand with the same pH. Lactuca serriola prefers soils rich in calcium compounds, and developing segetal cenopopulations produce diaspores capable of germination, thereby the numbers of individuals can increase and the continuity of this species in crop fields can be maintained. Seeds germinated significantly better in the dark than under the conditions of 12-hour illumination.
Effect of hydrogel and different types of fertilizers on the number of turf shoots in lawns created by monocultures of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) cultivars and its mixtures
Authors: Jankowski Kazimierz , Sosnowski Jacek , Jankowska Jolanta
Published: April 2013

In order to determine the effect of the hydrogel content in the soil substrate on the number of shoots per unit area of grass lawns with different proportions of red fescue and monoculture turf produced from the following fescue cultivars: Adio, Libano, Corail, Simone. In the period 2003-2004, a field experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in four replications. In combination with a hydrogel (Aqua-Gel P4), 0.05 kg x m-2 of sorbent was placed at a depth of 10 cm below the soil surface in 2002. Another experimental factor was the type of fertilizer. Trawovit (a fertilizer with standard effects) and Sierrablen (a controlled-release fertilizer) were used for this purpose. The quantities of fertilizer and time of fertilization date followed manufacturer's instructions. The number of shoots per 1 m2 was determined at the end of the growing season. The study showed that, regardless of years of cultivation, the type of soil substrate and fertilizer, the average number of shoots for the mixtures was about 32% lower than for monoculture lawns. The presence of the hydrogel in the soil substrate regulated soil moisture, and therefore in the mixture lawns the values of the tested features were significantly higher in the treatments with hydrogel. Fertilization with Trawovit, regardless of the type of soil substrate (H, BH), does not lead to a statistically significant difference in the number of shoots between the studied mixtures. However, in the treatments fertilized with Sierrablen, the presence of the hydrogel in the soil substrate caused a significant increase in the traits examined for the mixtures containing, respectively, 20 and 80% of red fescue in their composition. The addition of Aqua-Gel P4 to the soil substrate, when the turf lawns were fertilized with Trawovit, resulted in a significant increase in the number of shoots for the cultivars Adio, Libano and Corail.
Weed infestation of a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under the conditions of plough and ploughless tillage
Authors: Woźniak Andrzej
Published: April 2013

A field experiment was conducted in the period 2007- 2009 in the Uhrusk Experimental Farm (Lublin region) belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. Different tillage systems - plough and ploughless tillage - were the experimental factors. In the plough tillage system, tillage involved skimming done after the harvest of the forecrop and autumn ploughing. In the ploughless tillage system, only the herbicide Roundup 360 SL (active substance - glyphosate) was applied after the harvest of the forecrop. In both tillage treatments, spring tillage involved field cultivating and the use of a tillage assembly consisting of a cultivator, cage roller, and harrow. The present experiment evaluated weed infestation of the crop expressed by the number and air-dry weight of weeds and their species composition. Under the conditions of ploughless tillage, air-dry weight of weeds in the spring wheat crop was shown to increase significantly compared to plough tillage. The tillage systems under comparison did not differentiate the number of weeds per 1 m2. Spring wheat sown using plough tillage was colonized most extensively by the following weed species: Avena fatua L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Galium aparine L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., and Consolida regalis Gray. In the ploughless tillage treatments, the following weeds were predominant: Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Avena fatua L., Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve, Papaver rhoeas L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Galium aparine L., and Chenopodium album L.
Micromorphology of flowers, anatomy and ultrastructure of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. (Asteraceae) nectary
Authors: Sulborska Aneta
Published: April 2013

Investigations of the micromorphology of flowers and the structure of nectaries in Chamomilla recutita L. (Rausch.) were carried out with the use of stereoscopic, light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Biseriate glandular trichomes consisting of 5-6 cell layers were found on the surface of the corollas of ray and disc florets. Accumulation of secretion within the subcuticular space was accompanied by degradation of trichome cells. Secretion release followed rupture of the cuticle in the apical part of the trichome. The ovary of the ray florets exhibited characteristic ribs covered with epidermis composed of radially elongated palisade cells. Nectariferous glands were present only in the disc florets. The ring-like nectary (93 × 163 µm; height × diameter) was located above the inferior ovary. The gland structure was formed by single-layer epidermis and 5-8 layers of specialised nectariferous parenchyma. Nectar was released via modified 15-20 µm wide stomata. The guard cells were slightly elevated above the surface of the other epidermal cells or were located slightly below them. The stomatal cells were characterised by small external and internal cuticular ledges. No vascular bundles were observed in the nectary. The gland was supplied by branches of vascular bundles reaching the style and ending at the nectary base. The nectariferous tissue was formed by isodiametric cells with a diameter of 11-20 µm. The cell interior was filled with electron dense cytoplasm containing a large nucleus, numerous pleomorphic plastids, mitochondria with a distinct system of cristae, Golgi bodies, ER profiles, and ribosomes. The plastid stroma was characterised by presence of pastoglobuli, intraplastid tubules, and lighter zones. Several small vacuoles were found in each cell. Plasmodesmata were visible in the walls of some cells. Lighter periplasmic space in which apoplastic transport of nectar might take place was observed between the plasmalemma and the cell wall. The presence of an osmiophilic substance in the intercellular spaces additionally corroborates this assumption.
Structure of the floral parts of Crocus vernus (L.) Hill.
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Chwil Mirosława
Published: April 2013

In the climatic conditions of Lublin, Crocus vernus blooms from the third decade of March until the third decade of April. The flowers live for 3-4 days. Micromorphological investigations of the tepals and perianth tube as well as of the stamens and pistil were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. The anatomical features of the perianth segments and flower stem were examined with the use of light and fluorescence microscopy. Pollen grains were observed under a light microscope. It was found that the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells formed papillae in the middle and lower part of the tepals. Much smaller papillae are formed in the upper region of the perianth tube. Elongated non-glandular and glandular trichomes, with spherical protrusions at the tip, are found at the base of the filaments. The filaments are distinguished by epidermal cells with a longitudinally striated cuticle and by the presence of papillae of varying number and size. The cylindrical papillae on the stigma of the pistil are covered by a wrinkled cuticle. The style is surrounded by the perianth tube along a significant length. A narrow space is formed between these organs, and it is filled by the nectar. Stylar channels are found in the style. We observed calcium oxalate crystals and numerous plastids in the parenchymal cells surrounding these channels. Inaperturate, spherical pollen grains are covered by numerous tryphine (or pollenkitt) droplets. This paper also discusses the functions of the papillae found in the epidermis of the perianth and filaments.
The effect of silicon foliar application on the development of Seasonal ornamental plants. Part I: Sanvitalia speciosa 'Sunbini', Verbena 'Patio Blue' and Portulaca umbraticola 'Duna Red'
Authors: Dębicz Regina , Wróblewska Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

Silicon is known as an element stimulating plant immunity and resistance to unfavorable conditions. Additional treatment with silicon may also cause a positive change in plant performance, improving the quality of ornamental plants. In the years 2009-2010, a two-factorial experiment was conducted involving three cultivars of seasonal ornamental plant species: creeping zinnia Sanvitalia speciosa 'Sunbini', vervain Verbena 'Patio Blue', and purslane Portulaca umbraticola 'Duna Red'. The first experimental factor was the concentration of Actisil preparation being an equivalent of 60, 120, and 180 mg Si×dm-3, applied three times by spraying, the second one was the type of medium: peat substrate and peat substrate with sand. The experiment proved the beneficial effect of fertilization with silicon on plant development of Verbena and the number of shoots of all examined plant species. The higher concentrations of Actisil were applied, the higher number of shoots the plants developed. Plants treated with Actisil also produced a higher number of buds and flowers or inflorescences featuring an increased diameter. Plants cultivated in peat substrate flowered better.
Phenological phases of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mnch.) in the primary and secondary crop depending on seeding rate
Authors: Juszczak Dariusz , Wesołowski Marian
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the growth stages of buckwheat grown as a primary or secondary crop as well as using three seeding rates. A field experiment was conducted in the years 2003-2004 and in 2006 on podzolic soil derived from slightly loamy sand. Phenological observations were made at 5-day intervals, from the time of buckwheat emergence (in the primary crop around 28 May, in the secondary crop 7 June), on selected and properly marked plants. The buckwheat plants were harvested when more than 80% of buckwheat seeds on them were brown. The duration of particular growth stages of buckwheat are presented in phenological diagrams. It was found that crop rotation treatment and weather conditions affected significantly the time of occurrence of the phenological phases of buckwheat, but these phases were less dependent on seeding density. A rainfall deficit in 2006 caused a delay in particular growth stages compared to the previous years.
The occurrence of fungi on the stem base and roots of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in monoculture depending on tillage systems and catch crops
Authors: Kraska Piotr , Mielniczuk Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

The present study was carried out in the period 2006-2008 based on an experiment established in 2005. The study evaluated the effect of conservation and plough tillage as well as of four catch crops on the level of infection by fungal pathogens of the stem base and roots of the spring wheat cultivar ‘Zebra’ grown in monoculture. The species composition of fungi colonizing the stem base and roots of spring wheat was determined. The split-plot design of the experiment set up on rendzina soil included plough tillage and conservation tillage with autumn and spring disking of catch crops. The experiment used four methods for regeneration of the spring wheat monoculture stand using the following: undersown red clover and Westerwolds ryegrass crops as well as lacy phacelia and white mustard stubble crops. Plots without catch crops were the control treatment. Red clover and Westerwolds ryegrass catch crops as well as lacy phacelia and white mustard stubble crops had a significant effect on the decrease in the stem base and root infection index of spring wheat compared to the control without catch crops. The disease indices in the tillage treatments under evaluation did not differ significantly from one another. The stem base and roots of spring wheat were most frequently infected by fungi of the genus Fusarium, with F. culmorum being the dominant pathogen of cereals. Compared to conservation tillage, in plough tillage the pathogenic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana was not found to occur on the stem base and roots. The Westerwolds ryegrass catch crop promoted the occurrence of F. culmorum, both on the stem base and roots of spring wheat.
The influence of cut Festuca rubra L. turf not removed from the lawn surface on the proportion of dicotyledons in the lawn
Authors: Lipińska Halina , Sykut Magdalena
Published: April 2013

The aim of the study was to assess how the proportion of dicotyledons in the lawn was influenced by aboveground biomass containing Festuca rubra, cv. ‘Areta’, ‘Nimba’, and ‘Olivia’, cut and left on the lawn surface. This influence was evaluated based on the changes in the species composition of the lawn sward. In the control treatments, the cut turf was removed from the lawn surface immediately after cutting. The study showed that the botanical composition of the lawn varied and depended on the cultivar of F. rubra and the assessment date. In the treatments where the cut turf with F. rubra ‘Areta’ and ‘Olivia’ was not removed, grasses were found to have a higher proportion than dicotyledons and other unsown species, both in the spring and autumn. In the treatments with ‘Nimba’, this effect was only observed in the autumn. ‘Nimba’ demonstrated the greatest ability to limit the proportion of dicotyledons in the lawn sward.