bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boosting of ALVAC-SIV Vaccine-Primed Macaques with the CD4-SIVgp120 Fusion Protein Elicits Antibodies to V2 Associated with a Decreased Risk of SIVmac251 Acquisition
Authors: Gordon Shari N. , Liyanage Namal P. M. , Doster Melvin N. , Vaccari Monica , Vargas-Inchaustegui Diego A. , Pegu Poonam , Schifanella Luca , Shen Xiaoying , Tomaras Georgia D. , Rao Mangala , Billings Erik A. , Schwartz Jennifer , Prado Ilia , Bobb Kathryn , Zhang Wenlei , Montefiori David C. , Foulds Kathryn E. , Ferrari Guido , Robert-Guroff Marjorie , Roederer Mario , Phan Tran B. , Forthal Donald N. , Stablein Donald M. , Phogat Sanjay , Venzon David J. , Fouts Timothy , Franchini Genoveffa
Published: September 2016

The recombinant ALVAC vaccine coupled with the monomeric gp120/alum protein have decreased the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition. Ab responses to the V1/V2 regions have correlated with a decreased risk of virus acquisition in both humans and macaques. We hypothesized that the breadth and functional profile of Abs induced by an ALVAC/envelope protein regimen could be improved by substituting the monomeric gp120 boost, with the full-length single-chain (FLSC) protein. FLSC is a CD4-gp120 fusion immunogen that exposes cryptic gp120 epitopes to the immune system. We compared the immunogenicity and relative efficiency of an ALVAC-SIV vaccine boosted either with bivalent FLSC proteins or with monomeric gp120 in alum. FLSC was superior to monomeric gp120 in directing Abs to the C3 α2 helix, the V5 loop, and the V3 region that contains the putative CCR5 binding site. In addition, FLSC boosting elicited significantly higher binding Abs to V2 and increased both the Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity and the breadth of neutralizing Abs. However, the FLSC vaccine regimen demonstrated only a trend in vaccine efficacy, whereas the monomeric gp120 regimen significantly decreased the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition. In both vaccine regimens, anti-V2 Abs correlated with a decreased risk of virus acquisition but differed with regard to systemic or mucosal origin. In the FLSC regimen, serum Abs to V2 correlated, whereas in the monomeric gp120 regimen, V2 Abs in rectal secretions, the site of viral challenge, were associated with efficacy.
The Development and Validity of a Chinese Version of the Compound Remote Associates Test
Authors: Shen Wangbing , Yuan Yuan , Liu Chang , Yi Baoshu , Dou Kai
Published: September 2016

Numerous recent studies have used neuroscientific methods such as event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging to demystify insight and creativity. To do so, 1 key prerequisite is the creation of a large enough number of homogeneous problems that can reliably produce insight-like experiences within a short time window. The Remote Associates Test (RAT) and its variant, the compound remote associate (CRA) problems developed by Bowden and Jung-Beeman (2003), are 2 of the most popular and important instruments for unraveling the behavioral and cognitive, especially electrophysiological and neural, mechanisms of creative thinking and insight. However, little research has examined cognitive, neural, or even behavioral correlates of remote association and creative insight in the Chinese context because of the absence of a Chinese RAT/CRA. The present work, based on Mednick’s (1962) associative theory, developed a Chinese version of the CRA test with enough items. The reliability, criterion-related validity, and underlying structure of this test were then further assessed. The results revealed that the test possesses satisfactory psychometric properties and is an appropriate psychometric instrument for uncovering neural correlates of creative thinking, creative insight, and associative thought.
The Effect of Collective Transitions on the Organization and Contents of Autobiographical Memory: A Transition Theory Perspective
Authors: Brown Norman R. , Schweickart Oliver , Svob Connie
Published: September 2016

In this article, we first outline a minimalist approach to the organization of autobiographical memory called transition theory. This theory assumes that the content and organization of autobiographical memory mirror the structure of experience and reflect the operation of basic memory processes. Thus, this approach rests on an analysis of the environment that emphasizes repetition, co-occurrence, change, and distinctiveness. We then report a study that tested a set of predictions derived from transition theory. The predictions concerned both the temporal distribution of memorable personal events and the use of public events and historical periods to date those events. To test these predictions, we collected word-cued memories, event-dating protocols, and historical relatedness ratings from 2 groups of Bosnians; on average, people in the younger group were in their early 40s at the outset of the Siege of Sarajevo (1992); those in the older group were in their mid-50s when they experienced this collective transition. As predicted, participants in both groups produced a robust living-in-history effect, often (∼25%) referring to the civil war or the Siege of Sarajevo when dating event memories. They also displayed an upheaval bump, recalling more events from the war years than from prewar and postwar years, and a reminiscence bump, recalling more events from late adolescence and early adulthood than from earlier or later periods. Finally, this study demonstrated, for the first time, the existence of a before/after effect. Specifically, participants often mentioned the war when dating historically unrelated events for the prewar and postwar years. We conclude by considering extensions of transition theory and the significance of our findings for existing models of autobiographical memory.
Adolescent Aggression as Predicted from Parent–Child Relationships and Executive Functions
Authors: Fatima Shameem , Sheikh Hamid
Published: September 2016

Previous research has emphasized the role of parent–child relationships (PCRs) in child and adolescent development. The present study extends the previous findings by examining the direct and mediated relationship between PCRs, executive functioning (EF), and adolescent aggression. Five hundred twelve adolescents of South Asian ethnic background, enrolled at the secondary and higher secondary levels (aged 13–19 years; 50% boys), participated in the study. The Parent–Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 2000), Aggression Scale (Mathur & Bhatnagar, 2004), and four tests from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001) were administered to measure the perceived quality of PCR, level of aggression, and EF, respectively, in participants. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that perceived PCRs were related to EF and adolescent aggression among South Asian youth. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses using Baron and Kenny’s (1986) guidelines showed that the influence of PCRs on aggression was partially mediated by EF. The findings suggest that PCRs and EF can be important factors to focus on in interventions aimed at preventing adolescent aggression in society.
Child and Ancient Man: How to Define Their Commonalities and Differences
Authors: Oesterdiekhoff Georg W.
Published: September 2016

Developmental psychology is not only a psychology of development from childhood to old age but a psychology of human development in world history. Eighty years of cross-cultural empirical research findings indicate that the adolescent stage of formal operations evolved late in history and is not a universal development of adult humans across cultures and history. Correspondingly, preoperational or concrete operational stages describe adult psychological stages in past or premodern cultures, as Jean Piaget and some of his followers have mentioned. Developmental psychology is likewise a historical or anthropological psychology capable of describing humans in premodern cultures. The article develops a general anthropological or psychological theory answering the many questions that arise from the correspondences between (modern) children and ancient adults. On this psychological basis, the new structural genetic theory program is capable of explaining, better than previous approaches, the history of humankind from prehistory through ancient to modern societies, the history of economy, society, culture, religion, philosophy, sciences, morals, and everyday life. The accomplishment of this task was once demanded of some classical founders of psychology, sociology, history, and ethnology but was largely avoided by the postwar generations of authors for political and ideological reasons.
Composition and Improvisation in Instrumental Methods Courses: Instrumental Music Teacher Educators’ Perspectives
Authors: Stringham David A. , Thornton Linda C. , Shevock Daniel J.
Published: September 2016

Many musical traditions value creative music making in the form of composition and improvisation. However, research indicates American public school teachers consider improvisation and composition among the least important and most difficult skills to teach. Because instrumental methods courses serve as one source for preparing future instrumental teachers, this mixed methods study elicited experiences, values, and decisions from a national population (N = 321) of instrumental methods instructors. The results of the national survey and interviews with selected participants (n = 8) served as the data sources. Results indicated general support for improvisation and composition in teacher preparation, but low levels of prioritization in instrumental methods courses. Instructors’ comfort with those skills, curricular space, and preparation for existing jobs were among reported barriers to prioritizing composition and improvisation in coursework. Recommendations include greater intentionality in planning for composition and improvisation by teacher educators, professional development opportunities for in-service teachers, and encouraging future music teachers to seek musical experiences beyond typical requirements.
Measuring Music Teacher Identity: Self-Efficacy and Commitment Among Music Teachers
Authors: Wagoner Cynthia L.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of the study was to design an instrument to measure constructs of music teacher identity. The Music Teacher Identity Scale (MTIS), a researcher-constructed data gathering instrument, was developed to measure two constructs of music teacher identity: Music Teacher Self-Efficacy and Music Teacher Commitment. Participants in the study were selected using a stratified sampling technique, based on music teaching level, from the National Association for Music Education’s division membership roster. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s coefficient alpha, item-total corrected correlation, and inter-item correlation were used to evaluate the degree of reliability of the survey instrument. An exploratory factor analysis using a direct oblimin rotation was calculated to allow for correlated factors to be considered as subdimensions of the common theme of professional identity and provide evidence of construct validity for the measurement instrument. The MTIS had an overall reliability of α = .81, with the individual constructs of Music Teacher Self-Efficacy reliability of α = .87 and Music Teacher Commitment of α = .67. The two constructs were found to contribute 42.17% of the variance through the exploratory factor analysis. The MTIS has initially been found to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Music Teacher Self-Efficacy and Music Teacher Commitment, explaining nearly half of the total variance of contributors to music teacher identity construction. Recommendations are suggested for future research regarding music teacher identity construction utilizing the findings in this study.
“It’s Much More Collaborative”: Democratic Action in Contemporary Collegiate A Cappella
Authors: Berglin Jacob
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this case study was to explore the democratic practices of an all-female contemporary collegiate a cappella ensemble. Due to advances in the Internet and portrayals in popular media, contemporary a cappella participation on collegiate campuses has seen a period of extreme growth. There is interest within music education research to understand the role of democracy in a variety of musical settings, but empirical research connecting democratic action to the everyday practice of music ensembles is relatively sparse. This case study involved documenting and examining 8 hours of observation and 10 hours of group and individual interviews over the course of a 10-week rehearsal and performance sequence. Tan’s (2014) 5 qualities of a democratically run instrumental music ensemble (people, participation, equality, cooperation, and conflict) served as a framework for analysis. Emergent themes included “stepping up,” vulnerability, and transmission. Findings indicate that Tan’s qualities may need reconceptualization in order to apply to a peer-led ensemble working democratically, with equality of opportunity as a primary characteristic. Suggestions for further research and implications for teaching are provided.
Analyze the Competitiveness of Iran in the Aluminum Export with the Use of Analyze the Share Shift Index and Trademapping Index
Authors: Goodarzi Saeed Moazemi , Razini Ebrahim Ali
Published: September 2016

Due to the importance of non-oil export in the country, the aim of this research is the study and analysis of competitiveness Iran's in aluminum export to world markets in the period of 2005 to 2014 with the use of share shiftanalysis index and trademapping index.The analysis of share shift index is a standard of determine the competitiveness include the three effect of competitiveness, structural effect and effect of reaction to changing global demand. Sum of these three works has been used for calculate the total number of competitiveness in the present research and following that analyze the aluminum export. The results show that share of Iran in the aluminum export in the global markets had been increased except between 2013 and 2014. Moreover, these evidences show that structural effect had been the only reason of increase the advantage among components of share shiftanalysis index two effect of competitiveness and reaction to change in the global demand cause to had been reduced the advantage. In other words, the aluminum industry had been progressed in term of structural but it had been regressed in terms of the competitiveness effect and effect of reaction to change in global demand.
Identify and Prioritize Risks of Construction Projects Based on Fuzzy Logic (Case Study: Construction Project of Iranian Investment and Sustainable Development Company)
Authors: Aras Shima Ahmadi , Amirhosseini Zahra
Published: September 2016

The purpose of the research was to identify and rank risks in construction projects of Iranians investment and Sustainable Development Company. This descriptive study based on purpose and on the basis of data collection is the survey. The study society consisted of 25 experts in construction projects. The data collected through a questionnaire which is then used to calculate the reliability and validity researcher.Thus, using literature review and interviews with experts, more than 100 risks were identified and were divided based on risk factors and risk breakdown structure, for weighting criteria, network analysis process which is used to obtain the internal relationship between the criteria of DIMATEL fuzzy method is used, then rankings risks were done using fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm. The results showed that, given the vague nature of the data in most projects, the proposed model is suitable for the real world.
Accounting Standards No.1, 2, 3 and 4 of Iran and Its Comparative Comparison with International Accounting Standards till 2014
Authors: Milad Rashidi Astaneh
Published: September 2016

This article considers the comparative comparison of Iran's accounting standards and international accounting standards till 2014 and studies the accomplished changes after IASB and FASB cooperation. The purpose of this research is to collect the information for researchers in order to help to increase more convergence between Iran's accounting standards and international standards. After comparison of standards, the questionnaires were distributed among accountants community in Iran and they were analyzed by using of Chi-square test. The results indicate that for more convergence, seventeen standards of Iran's accounting standards should be reviewed by standards compilation committee.
A Study on the Role of Government and Private Health Expenditures on Iran Economic Growth in 1968 to 2012
Authors: Kazemi Ali
Published: September 2016

The aim of current study is to investigate the effects of government and private health expenditure on Iran economic growth in 1968 to 2012. Identifying the influencing factors on economic growth is necessary and deeper researches are required. Based on conducted researches, the influencing factors on economic growth includehuman capital, a factor which has been effective on economic growth more than any other factors and besides this, physical and technological and work force can lead to increase gross domestic product of the country. In accomplished researches the effect of government and private expenditures on Iran economic growth has been investigated, based on this the variable of health expenditures has entered growth patterns which has a positive significant effect on Iran economic growth and econometric techniques and tools have been used in order to calculate it. Ultimately, it answers this questions that if there is a significant relationship between health expenditures and economic growth.All concerned tension coefficients are in accordance with research hypothesis, GDP tension compared to LED is equal to 1.26 so if life expectancy at birth in Iran increases for one percent (almost 1.26 year) then economic growth will increase as 2.38 percent, LET tension or life expectancy at birth in Iran compared to HEG or government final consumption expenditure on healthcare is equal to 15% and shows that with 1 percent of increase in government final consumption expenditure on healthcare, life expectancy will increase almost 15%, LET tension in Iran compared to HEP or final consumption expenditure of households on healthcare is equal to 8% and shows that with 1 percent of increase in HEP, life expectancy will increase almost 0.08 percent. Government final consumption expenditure tension in healthcare is almost twice the tension of final consumption expenditures of the country in healthcare and represents that government expenditures is efficient compared to private section in order to increase life expectancy at birth.
KEI en wat er (niet) verandert in het procesrecht in het civiele hoger beroep
Authors: Lock F.J.P.
Published: September 2016

KEI en wat er (niet) verandert in het procesrecht in het civiele hoger beroep

Dit artikel beoogt in kaart te brengen wat er met de invoering van het programma Kwaliteit en Innovatie rechtspraak (KEI) en de daarbij horende wijzigingen in het Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvorderingen al dan niet verandert in het appelprocesrecht.
Vindt de consumentenbescherming haar grens in het appelprocesrecht?
Authors: Nieuwenhuijs M. , Möhring M.E.A.
Published: September 2016

Vindt de consumentenbescherming haar grens in het appelprocesrecht? Gedachten naar aanleiding van HR 26 februari 2016

De Hoge Raad heeft op 26 februari 2016 nader uitgewerkt in welke gevallen de appelrechter ambtshalve moet toetsen. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de begrippen “het door de grieven ontsloten gebied” en “de grenzen van de rechtsstrijd”. Daarnaast wordt nagegaan of de lijn van de Hoge Raad strookt met het EU-recht en of verbeteringen in het Nederlandse systeem mogelijk zijn.
Comparative Study of PVC-Free All-Solid-State, PVC Membrane, and Carbon Paste Ion-Selective Electrodes for the Determination of Dapoxetine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Aziz Azza , Khamees Nesrin , Mohamed Tagreed Abdel-Fattah , Derar Abeer Rashad
Published: September 2016

The potentiometric response characteristics and analytical applications of a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-free all-solid-state ion-selective electrode for dapoxetine hydrochloride (DAP) are examined. The Nernstian response of the electrode was evaluated by comparison with PVC-based liquid membrane and carbon paste electrodes. The PVC-free electrode is prepared by direct incorporation of dapoxetine-tetraphenyl borate (DAP–TPB) as a sensing element into a commercial nail varnish containing cellulose acetate propionate. The composite was applied onto a 3 mm diameter graphite disk electrode. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian slope of 56.0 mV/decade in the concentration range of 1 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−2 mol/L with an LOD of 2 × 10−5 mol/L. The electrode is independent of pH in the range of 2 to 6 and showed good selectivity for DAP with respect to a large number of inorganic cations and amino acids. Comparable Nernstian slope, sensitivity, pH range, and selectivity pattern were obtained with a PVC membrane and a carbon paste incorporating DAP–TPB as a sensing element and dioctylphthalate as a solvent mediator. The electrodes were used for the determination of DAP in pure solution and in tablets without extraction with high accuracy and precision (RSD ≤ 2%). The nail varnish solid-state electrode is simple, economical, and rapid when compared with PVC membrane and carbon paste electrodes.
Determination of Fructans in Infant, Adult, and Pediatric Nutritional Formulas: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2016.06
Authors: Haselberger Philip , Jacobs Wesley A
Published: September 2016

A method for fructan analysis designed to comply with AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®) 2014.002 is described. It is closely related to existing methods for fructan analysis, including AOAC 997.08 and 999.03, as well as a method previously published by Cuany et al. This new method achieves LOQ of 0.03% fructan on a ready-to-feed (RTF) basis with mean recoveries ranging from 93 to 108% in the presence of up to 9% sucrose (even at the 0.03% level of fructan). Repeatability ranged from 1.09 to 3.67%. Intermediate precision ranged from 2.46 to 6.79%. Sample preparation for quantitative analysis is simplified compared to some of the existing methodologies. The method incorporates a qualitative profile analysis to determine fructan size category. This allows assignment of appropriate correction factors without independent knowledge of fructan type.
Heparin Promotes Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Chemically Defined Albumin-Free Medium, Enabling Consistent Manufacture of Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Lin Yongshun , Linask Kaari L. , Mallon Barbara , Johnson Kory , Klein Michael , Beers Jeanette , Xie Wen , Du Yubin , Liu Chengyu , Lai Yinzhi , Zou Jizhong , Haigney Mark , Yang Hushan , Rao Mahendra , Chen Guokai
Published: September 2016

Cardiomyocytes can be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in defined conditions, but efficient and consistent cardiomyocyte differentiation often requires expensive reagents such as B27 supplement or recombinant albumin. Using a chemically defined albumin-free (E8 basal) medium, we identified heparin as a novel factor that significantly promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency, and developed an efficient method to differentiate hPSCs into cardiomyocytes. The treatment with heparin helped cardiomyocyte differentiation consistently reach at least 80% purity (up to 95%) from more than 10 different hPSC lines in chemically defined Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F-12-based medium on either Matrigel or defined matrices like vitronectin and Synthemax. One of heparin's main functions was to act as a Wnt modulator that helped promote robust and consistent cardiomyocyte production. Our study provides an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective method for cardiomyocyte derivation from hPSCs that can be used for potential large-scale drug screening, disease modeling, and future cellular therapies.
Noninvasive Assessment of an Engineered Bioactive Graft in Myocardial Infarction: Impact on Cardiac Function and Scar Healing
Authors: Gálvez-Montón Carolina , Bragós Ramon , Soler-Botija Carolina , Díaz-Güemes Idoia , Prat-Vidal Cristina , Crisóstomo Verónica , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M. , Llucià-Valldeperas Aida , Bogónez-Franco Paco , Perea-Gil Isaac , Roura Santiago , Bayes-Genis Antoni
Published: September 2016

Cardiac tissue engineering, which combines cells and biomaterials, is promising for limiting the sequelae of myocardial infarction (MI). We assessed myocardial function and scar evolution after implanting an engineered bioactive impedance graft (EBIG) in a swine MI model. The EBIG comprises a scaffold of decellularized human pericardium, green fluorescent protein-labeled porcine adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells (pATPCs), and a customized-design electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) monitoring system. Cardiac function was evaluated noninvasively by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Scar healing was evaluated by using the EIS system within the implanted graft. Additionally, infarct size, fibrosis, and inflammation were explored by histopathology. Upon sacrifice 1 month after the intervention, MRI detected a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (7.5% ± 4.9% vs. 1.4% ± 3.7%; p = .038) and stroke volume (11.5 ± 5.9 ml vs. 3 ± 4.5 ml; p = .019) in EBIG-treated animals. Noninvasive EIS data analysis showed differences in both impedance magnitude ratio (−0.02 ± 0.04 per day vs. −0.48 ± 0.07 per day; p = .002) and phase angle slope (−0.18° ± 0.24° per day vs. −3.52° ± 0.84° per day; p = .004) in EBIG compared with control animals. Moreover, in EBIG-treated animals, the infarct size was 48% smaller (3.4% ± 0.6% vs. 6.5% ± 1%; p = .015), less inflammation was found by means of CD25+ lymphocytes (0.65 ± 0.12 vs. 1.26 ± 0.2; p = .006), and a lower collagen I/III ratio was detected (0.49 ± 0.06 vs. 1.66 ± 0.5; p = .019). An EBIG composed of acellular pericardium refilled with pATPCs significantly reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function in a preclinical model of MI. Noninvasive EIS monitoring was useful for tracking differential scar healing in EBIG-treated animals, which was confirmed by less inflammation and altered collagen deposit.
Human kinetochores are swivel joints that mediate microtubule attachments
Authors: Smith Chris A , McAinsh Andrew D , Burroughs Nigel J
Published: September 2016

Chromosome segregation is a mechanical process that requires assembly of the mitotic spindle – a dynamic microtubule-based force-generating machine. Connections to this spindle are mediated by sister kinetochore pairs, that form dynamic end-on attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. This bi-orientation generates forces that have been reported to stretch the kinetochore itself, which has been suggested to stabilise attachment and silence the spindle checkpoint. We reveal using three dimensional tracking that the outer kinetochore domain can swivel around the inner kinetochore/centromere, which results in large reductions in intra-kinetochore distance (delta) when viewed in lower dimensions. We show that swivel provides a mechanical flexibility that enables kinetochores at the periphery of the spindle to engage microtubules. Swivel reduces as cells approach anaphase, suggesting an organisational change linked to checkpoint satisfaction and/or obligatory changes in kinetochore mechanochemistry may occur before dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion.
The aliphatic chain of cholesterol modulates bilayer interleaflet coupling and domain registration
Authors: Lin Xubo , Zhang Siya , Ding Hui , Levental Ilya , Gorfe Alemayehu A.
Published: September 2016

Cholesterol is a necessary component and critical regulator of liquid‐ordered membrane domains. However, the structural features that determine its unique physicochemical behaviors are not fully understood. In particular, very little is known about the specific functions of the terminal aliphatic chain of cholesterol, as previous studies have focused mainly on the rigid sterol ring structure and its hydroxyl head. In the current work, we used coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of cholesterol aliphatic chain length on the dynamics and structure of coexisting lipid domains. We found that the aliphatic chain has no appreciable effect on phase separation per se, but it significantly affects the rate of cholesterol flip‐flop and intermonolayer interaction. These effects are accompanied by changes in domain dynamics, lateral pressure, and interleaflet coupling. Our study provides useful insight into how biological sterols modulate communication between the outer and inner surfaces of the plasma membrane and, therefore, cellular signaling.
Deformation in the asthenospheric mantle beneath the Carpathian‐Pannonian Region
Authors: Qorbani Ehsan , Bokelmann Götz , Kovács István , Horváth Frank , Falus György
Published: September 2016

To better understand the evolution and present‐day tectonics of the Carpathian‐Pannonian Region (CPR), we characterize the upper mantle anisotropic structure. We present a shear wave splitting analysis from teleseismic events recorded at the Carpathian Basin Project and permanent stations located in the CPR. The results show a large‐scale uniform NW‐SE fast orientation under the entire CPR. Compared with the complexity of geologic structures, the anisotropy expresses a relatively simple pattern of deformation. We attribute this anisotropy to an asthenospheric origin and interpret it as flow‐induced alignment within the upper mantle. We also observe a few measurements depicting NE‐SW fast orientation in line with the Mid‐Hungarian Shear Zone. This suggests the likely contribution of either lithosphere or northeastward flow into a slab gap under the northern Dinarides. We observe splitting delay times on average of 1 s, showing noticeable change (60%) in the middle Pannonian basin. This change correlates well with the variation in the thickness of low‐velocity zones that were previously imaged between a depth of 75 and 400 km by velocity tomography. In order to evaluate the relation between anisotropy and tectonics, we compare our data with the tectonic models that have so far been suggested to explain the evolution and current‐stage tectonics of the region. We present here a plausible tectonic model responsible for the NW‐SE anisotropy within the asthenospheric mantle. In this model, NW‐SE deformation is mainly generated in a northeastward compressional tectonic regime acting in a wide region between the Adriatic microplate and the East European platform.
Modulation of chorus intensity by ULF waves deep in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Dai Lei , Claudepierre Seth G. , Chan Anthony A. , Soto‐Chavez A. R. , Reeves G. D.
Published: September 2016

Previous studies have shown that chorus wave intensity can be modulated by Pc4‐Pc5 compressional ULF waves. In this study, we present Van Allen Probes observation of ULF wave modulating chorus wave intensity, which occurred deep in the magnetosphere. The ULF wave shows fundamental poloidal mode signature and mirror mode compressional nature. The observed ULF wave can modulate not only the chorus wave intensity but also the distribution of both protons and electrons. Linear growth rate analysis shows consistence with observed chorus intensity variation at low frequency (f <∼ 0.3fce), but cannot account for the observed higher‐frequency chorus waves, including the upper band chorus waves. This suggests the chorus waves at higher‐frequency ranges require nonlinear mechanisms. In addition, we use combined observations of Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) A and B to verify that the ULF wave event is spatially local and does not last long.
The effect of representing bromine from VSLS on the simulation and evolution of Antarctic ozone
Authors: Oman Luke D. , Douglass Anne R. , Salawitch Ross J. , Canty Timothy P. , Ziemke Jerald R. , Manyin Michael
Published: September 2016

We use the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry‐Climate Model, a contributor to both the 2010 and 2014 World Meteorological Organization Ozone Assessment Reports, to show that inclusion of 5 parts per trillion (ppt) of stratospheric bromine (Bry) from very short lived substances (VSLS) is responsible for about a decade delay in ozone hole recovery. These results partially explain the significantly later recovery of Antarctic ozone noted in the 2014 report, as bromine from VSLS was not included in the 2010 Assessment. We show multiple lines of evidence that simulations that account for VSLS Bry are in better agreement with both total column BrO and the seasonal evolution of Antarctic ozone reported by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's Aura satellite. In addition, the near‐zero ozone levels observed in the deep Antarctic lower stratospheric polar vortex are only reproduced in a simulation that includes this Bry source from VSLS.
A comparison of mesospheric and low‐thermospheric winds measured by Fabry‐Perot interferometer and meteor radar over central China
Authors: Yu Tao , Xia Chunliang , Zuo Xiaomin , Huang Cong , Mao Tian , Liu Libo , Liu Zhizhao
Published: September 2016

Wind data observed by a Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI) and a meteor radar (MR) deployed in two stations, which are 430 km apart in ground distance, are used to study wind climatology in mesosphere/lower thermosphere over central China and compare between the measurements. A general morphologic similarity of the FPI winds and MR winds is identified with 4 year data since November 2011. At 87 km, the wind vector plots show that the FPI and MR winds agree with each other very well in all months. The zonal winds of both instruments have an apparent semiannual variation with a maximal strength of −20 m/s at around 18:00 UT in equinoctial months, and the meridional winds from both instruments have an apparent annual variation with a maximal strength of −40 m/s at around 15:00 UT in summer months. The correlation coefficients between the measurements of the two instruments are about 0.95 for meridional wind and 0.90 for zonal wind. At 97 km, the wind vector plots show that FPI and MR winds agree with each other from May to October and are obviously different in the rest months. There are very weak semiannual variations at around 18:00 UT for both zonal winds and pronounced annual variation at around 13:00 UT for both meridional winds. The correlation coefficients between the FPI and MR winds are 0.73 for zonal wind and 0.86 for meridional wind, which are overall smaller than that at 87 km. A Gaussian distribution of airglow profile is used to investigate the deviations associated with peak height and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of airglow layer. It is found that the variation of peak height could lead to about 20% variation of correlation coefficients between measurements at the height of 87 km and about 14.8% at the height of 97 km on average. The variation of FWHM could lead to a correlation coefficient variation of about 2.4% and 3.5% at the height of 87 km and 97 km, respectively. Some other reasons, such as the influence of geomagnetic field on meteor trail and the propagation of gravity waves, could also contribute to these differences between measurements.
Structure, dynamics, and seasonal variability of the Mars‐solar wind interaction: MAVEN Solar Wind Ion Analyzer in‐flight performance and science results
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Ruhunusiri S. , Harada Y. , Collinson G. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , McFadden J. P. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , Eparvier F. , Luhmann J. G. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: September 2016

We report on the in‐flight performance of the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer (SWIA) and observations of the Mars‐solar wind interaction made during the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) prime mission and a portion of its extended mission, covering 0.85 Martian years. We describe the data products returned by SWIA and discuss the proper handling of measurements made with different mechanical attenuator states and telemetry modes, and the effects of penetrating and scattered backgrounds, limited phase space coverage, and multi‐ion populations on SWIA observations. SWIA directly measures solar wind protons and alpha particles upstream from Mars. SWIA also provides proxy measurements of solar wind and neutral densities based on products of charge exchange between the solar wind and the hydrogen corona. Together, upstream and proxy observations provide a complete record of the solar wind experienced by Mars, enabling organization of the structure, dynamics, and ion escape from the magnetosphere. We observe an interaction that varies with season and solar wind conditions. Solar wind dynamic pressure, Mach number, and extreme ultraviolet flux all affect the bow shock location. We confirm the occurrence of order‐of‐magnitude seasonal variations of the hydrogen corona. We find that solar wind Alfvén waves, which provide an additional energy input to Mars, vary over the mission. At most times, only weak mass loading occurs upstream from the bow shock. However, during periods with near‐radial interplanetary magnetic fields, structures consistent with Short Large Amplitude Magnetic Structures and their wakes form upstream, dramatically reconfiguring the Martian bow shock and magnetosphere.
The deep crust beneath the Trans‐European Suture Zone from a multiscale magnetic model
Authors: Milano Maurizio , Fedi Maurizio , Fairhead J. Derek
Published: September 2016

We present a 3‐D interpretation of the deep magnetic sources beneath the main geological structure of central‐eastern Europe, the “Trans‐European Suture Zone” (TESZ). We used a multiscale analysis of aeromagnetic data, based on a multiscale data set generated by upward continuation of the European and Mediterranean Magnetic Project data set from 5 to 100 km altitude. We also computed the multiscale total gradient |∇T| of the multiscale field. Both of the multiscale data sets allow us to discriminate the main crustal contributions to the field at various scales, and we showed that at large altitudes the field is dominated by the sole effect of the TESZ. The multiridge geometric method was very useful in studying the complex features of the main crustal interfaces, either shallow or deep. The interpreted interfaces are largely agreement with geological models based on seismic surveys and, in some cases, complete the models out of the analyzed region. In order to estimate the deepest source depths in the TESZ region, we applied the multiridge method to the large scales (50–100 km altitude), obtaining a set of singular points at depths ranging between 35 and 40 km. Considering the heat flow trend and the geological models around the TESZ area, we found a meaningful correspondence among the location of the estimated singular points and the most abrupt variations and complex morphology features of the Moho boundary. The multiridge estimates are consistent with known structural information and can be used for a 3‐D representation of the Moho depth along the TESZ.
Alternative source models of very low frequency events
Authors: Gomberg J. , Agnew D. C. , Schwartz S. Y.
Published: September 2016

We present alternative source models for very low frequency (VLF) events, previously inferred to be radiation from individual slow earthquakes that partly fill the period range between slow slip events lasting thousands of seconds and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFE) with durations of tenths of a second. We show that VLF events may emerge from bandpass filtering a sum of clustered, shorter duration, LFE signals, believed to be the components of tectonic tremor. Most published studies show VLF events occurring concurrently with tremor bursts and LFE signals. Our analysis of continuous data from Costa Rica detected VLF events only when tremor was also occurring, which was only 7% of the total time examined. Using analytic and synthetic models, we show that a cluster of LFE signals produces the distinguishing characteristics of VLF events, which may be determined by the cluster envelope. The envelope may be diagnostic of a single, dynamic, slowly slipping event that propagates coherently over kilometers or represents a narrowly band‐passed version of nearly simultaneous arrivals of radiation from slip on multiple higher stress drop and/or faster propagating slip patches with dimensions of tens of meters (i.e., LFE sources). Temporally clustered LFE sources may be triggered by single or multiple distinct aseismic slip events or represent the nearly simultaneous chance occurrence of background LFEs. Given the nonuniqueness in possible source durations, we suggest it is premature to draw conclusions about VLF event sources or how they scale.
Paleocene Pacific Plate reorganization mirrored in formation of the Suvarov Trough, Manihiki Plateau
Authors: Pietsch Ricarda , Uenzelmann‐Neben Gabriele
Published: September 2016

The Suvarov Trough is a graben structure that deviates from the Danger Islands Troughs within the Manihiki Plateau, a Large Igneous Province (LIP) located in the Central Pacific. New high‐resolution seismic reflection data provide evidence that the graben formed in two phases during the Paleocene (65–45 Ma). In a first phase extension occurred in southwestward direction, pulling apart the northern part of the Suvarov Trough and a parallel trending unnamed trough. In a second phase a change of extensional force direction occurred from southwest to west‐northwest, forming the southern part of the Suvarov Trough that extends onto the High Plateau. The formation of the Suvarov Trough is accompanied by a series of normal fault systems that apparently formed simultaneously. Comparing the seismic results to existing Pacific paleo strain reconstructions, the timing of increased strain and local deformation direction fits well to our findings. We thus suggest that the multiple strike directions of the Suvarov Trough represent an extensional structure that was caused by the major, stepwise Pacific Plate reorganization during the Paleocene.
Evolution of young oceanic lithosphere and the meaning of seafloor subsidence rate
Authors: Korenaga Tomoko , Korenaga Jun
Published: September 2016

Plate tectonics, a special class of mantle convection so far observed only on the Earth, is responsible for a vast array of geological processes, from the generation of continental crust to the modulation of atmospheric composition. Whereas conditions for its operation are still debated, the minimum requirement is generally thought that surface plates become denser than the underlying asthenosphere so that they can subduct. Recent studies, however, have raised the possibility that even mature oceanic plates remain buoyant because chemical buoyancy is too high to be overcome by negative thermal buoyancy, challenging the basic tenet of plate tectonics. Here we show that on the basis of new integrated geophysical and petrological modeling, oceanic plates do become negatively buoyant after ∼30 Myr. Our modeling also indicates that the seafloor would subside at a rate of ∼500 m Myr−1/2, which is considerably faster than the observed rate of ∼320 m Myr−1/2. We suggest that this discrepancy in subsidence rate is best explained by the combined effect of incomplete viscous relaxation within oceanic plates, radiogenic heat production in the convecting mantle, and the secular cooling of the Earth.
Luminosity with intracloud‐type lightning initial breakdown pulses and terrestrial gamma‐ray flash candidates
Authors: Stolzenburg Maribeth , Marshall Thomas C. , Karunarathne Sumedhe , Orville Richard E.
Published: September 2016

High‐speed video data for four hybrid lightning flashes show luminosity bursts at visible wavelengths that are time‐correlated with large, intracloud flash (IC) initial breakdown (IB) pulses in electric field change (E‐change) data. The candidate IC‐type IB pulses are large in range‐normalized E‐change amplitude and peak current (2.2‐3.4 V/m at 100 km, 2.9‐11.1 kA) and have slow (0.3‐2.2 ms duration) field changes corresponding to charge moment changes of 0.5‐15 C km. Such large amplitude IB pulses have been associated with production of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes in prior work. No gamma‐ray observations were available for these events. In each flash, a luminosity increase was evident in the video data at the time of the largest IC‐type IB pulses, when VHF sources and E‐change data indicate the IC initial leader was at 6.1 ‐ 9.4 km altitude and rapidly developing upward. Luminosity starts increasing within ‐10 µs to +20 µs of the main IC‐type IB pulse peak, i.e., within the same 20‐µs video frame as that in which the E‐change peak occurs. Delay time between the beginning of the E‐change pulse and beginning of the luminosity increase is 40‐110 µs. Video intensities increase sharply for 80‐220 µs to maximum value, then decrease over a longer period, with entire burst durations of 300‐800 µs. The time lag between IB pulse peak and maximum luminosity is consistent with these IC‐type IB pulses starting a large current that peaks and becomes bright at the time of the main pulse peak, and lasts for several hundred microseconds.
Impacts of urbanization on summer climate in China: An assessment with coupled land‐atmospheric modeling
Authors: Cao Qian , Yu Deyong , Georgescu Matei , Wu Jianguo
Published: September 2016

China has experienced unprecedented urbanization since the 1980s, resulting in substantial climatic effects from local cities to broad regions. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model dynamically coupled to an urban canopy model, we quantified the summertime climate effects of urban expansion in China's most rapidly urbanizing regions: Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD). High‐resolution landscape data of each urban agglomeration for 1988, 2000, and 2010 were used for simulations. Our results indicated summertime urban warming of 0.85°C for BTH, 0.78°C for YRD, and 0.57°C for PRD, which was substantially greater than previous estimates. Peak summer warming for BTH, YRD, and PRD was 1.5°C, 1°C, and 0.8°C, respectively. In contrast, the loss of moisture was greatest in PRD, with maximum reduction in 2 m water vapor mixing ratio close to 1 g/kg, followed by YRD and BTH with local peak humidity deficits reaching 0.8 g/kg and 0.6 g/kg, respectively. Our results were in better agreement with observations than prior studies because of the usage of high‐resolution landscape data and the inclusion of key land‐atmospheric interactions. Our study also demonstrated that the warming impacts of polycentric urban forms were less intense but more extensive in space, whereas large concentrated urban aggregations produced much stronger but localized warming effects. These findings provide critical knowledge that improves our understanding of urban‐atmospheric interactions, with important implications for urban landscape management and planning to alleviate the negative impacts of urban heat islands.
Editorial for the special issue on recent advances in adaptive methods for frequency estimation with applications
Authors: Bodson Marc , Fedele Giuseppe
Published: September 2016

The Special Issue presents results of current research on adaptive methods designed for periodic signals with unknown frequency. The first group of papers presents new methods for parameter estimation, while the second group focuses on practical applications involving active noise and vibration control problems. These papers are compiled in a special virtual issue of the journal at the journal homepage. To access all of the papers please follow the following link http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1115/homepage/virtual_issue_-_recent_advances_in_adaptive_methods_for_frequency_estimation_wit.htm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.