bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 1,3‐Benzoselenazoles from Carboxylic Acids Promoted by Tributylphosphine.
Authors: Schwartz Radatz Catia , Rampon Daniel S. , Balaguez Renata A. , Alves Diego , Schneider Paulo Henrique
Published: March 2015

The practical and simple method delivers not only 2‐aryl‐1,3‐benzoselenazoles (III), but for the first time also 2‐alkyl‐1,3‐benzoselenazoles (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Immunosuppressive Diterpenes from Phomopsis sp. S12.
Authors: Wei Wei , Gao Jian , Shen Yan , Chu Yan L. , Xu Qiang , Tan Ren X.
Published: March 2015

Along with four known compounds three new diterpenes, myrocin E (I), libertellenone J (II), and libertellenone K (III), are isolated from the culture of phomopsis sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Sterhirsutins A and B, Two New Heterodimeric Sesquiterpenes with a New Skeleton from the Culture of Stereum hirsutum Collected in Tibet Plateau.
Authors: Qi Qiu‐Yue , Bao Li , Ren Jin‐Wei , Han Jun‐Jie , Zhang Zong‐Yao , Li Yi , Yao Yi‐Jian , Cao Rui , Liu Hong‐Wei
Published: March 2015

The two new sterhirsutins A (I) and B (II), as well as the new hirsutic acids D (III) and E (IV) are isolated from Stereum hirsutum.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Revision of a Brominated Sesquiterpenoid, Aldingenin C.
Authors: Takahashi Shunya , Yasuda Masayuki , Nakamura Takemichi , Hatano Ken , Matsuoka Koji , Koshino Hiroyuki
Published: March 2015

Compound (I) is prepared based on the proposed structure of aldingenin C however, the spectral data are different to the reported NMR data of the natural product.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Androstane Derivatives from the Cultures of Fungus Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.) Singer.
Authors: Yang Ning‐Ning , Ma Qing‐Yun , Huang Sheng‐Zhuo , Dai Hao‐Fu , Guo Zhi‐Kai , Yu Zhi‐Fang , Zhao You‐Xing
Published: March 2015

isolation of a new androstane derivative (I) showing significant AChE inhibitory activity along with a known androstane derivative
ChemInform Abstract: The Taumycin A Macrocycle: Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Revision of Relative Stereochemistry.
Authors: deGruyter Justine N. , Maio William A.
Published: March 2015

The relative stereochemistry of the taumycin macrolide is confirmed via the first total synthesis of taumycin aldehyde (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of a Pyrrole Lactone Alkaloid, Longanlactone.
Authors: Reddy Chada Raji , Reddy Motatipally Damoder , Dilipkumar Uredi
Published: March 2015

Key reactions in the first asymmetric total assembly of the natural pyrrole lactone longanlactone (I) are a Barbier propargylation and a Paal—Knorr pyrrole synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Novel Pentacyclic Indole Alkaloid, Kopsiyunnanine E, Isolated from Kopsia Arborea.
Authors: Kitajima Mariko , Murakami Yosuke , Takahashi Nobuaki , Wu Yuqiu , Kogure Noriyuki , Zhang Rong‐Ping , Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: March 2015

The first asymmetric total synthesis of kopsiyunnanine E is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Aspergillines A—E, Highly Oxygenated Hexacyclic Indole—Tetrahydrofuran—Tetramic Acid Derivatives from Aspergillus Versicolor.
Authors: Hu Qiu‐Fen , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

Aspergillines A—E are isolated from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor and their structures are determined spectroscopically.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Atroposelective Formal Synthesis of (‐)‐Steganone.
Authors: Yalcouye Boubacar , Choppin Sabine , Panossian Armen , Leroux Frederic R. , Colobert Francoise
Published: March 2015

The formal synthesis of title compound (I) is accomplished by a completely atropodiastereoselective construction of the biaryl unit using a Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction with an enantiopure β‐hydroxy sulfoxide derivative as chiral auxiliary.
ChemInform Abstract: Isocoumarins from the Bark of Lindera caudata.
Authors: Hu Qiu‐Fen , Ye Yan‐qing , Xia Cong‐Fang , Yang Juan‐Xia , Yang Yu‐Chun , Gao Xue‐Mei , Du Gang , Yang Hai‐Ying , Li Yin‐Ke
Published: March 2015

Three new isocoumarins, caudacoumarins A‐C (I), are isolated along with two known ones from the bark of Lindera caudata.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxicity Flavones from Desmodium oxyphyllum
Authors: Hu Qiu‐Fen , Gao Xue‐Mei , Wang Huang , Li Yin‐Ke , Ji Bing‐Kun , Xia Cong‐Fang , Yang Juan‐Xia , Zhou Ming , Ye Yan‐Qing
Published: March 2015

isolation, structure and cytotoxicity of oxyphyllumflavone A and B, the first naturally occurring flavones possessing a six‐membered 6‐methyl‐α‐pyrone ring
ChemInform Abstract: Color‐Tunable Photoluminescence Phosphors of Ce3+ and Tb3+ Co‐Doped Sr2La8(SiO4)6O2 for UV w‐LEDs.
Authors: Guo Qingfeng , Liao Libing , Mei Lefu , Liu Haikun , Hai Yun
Published: March 2015

The title phosphors are prepared by solid state reactions of SrCO3, SiO2, CeO2, La2O3, and Tb4O7 (alumina crucible, flowing 5%H2/95%N2, 1350 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide: From Bulk to Atomic Layers
Authors: Song Intek , Park Chibeom , Choi Hee Cheul
Published: March 2015

Review: synthesis, structural polytypes, properties, and application of bulk, multi‐ and single‐layer MoS2; 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of the Carbon‐Transition Metal Double and Triple Bond: Annual Survey Covering the Year 2013
Authors: Herndon James W.
Published: March 2015

Review: 1283 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on 2‐Heteryl and Heteroalkylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones: Part‐II
Authors: Mittapelli Vasantha
Published: March 2015

Review: syntheses and pharmacological activity; 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Main Group Catalysed Reduction of Unsaturated Bonds
Authors: Revunova K. , Nikonov G. I.
Published: March 2015

Review: 306 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Asymmetric Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines Catalyzed by Small Organic Molecules
Authors: Zhang Quanxuan , Wang Changning , Zhao Wenjun
Published: March 2015

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Advances in Macrosphelides: Natural Anticancer Agents
Authors: Paek Seung‐Mann
Published: March 2015

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Lipid Nanoparticle‐Based Calix[n]arenes and Calix‐Resorcinarenes as Building Blocks: Synthesis, Formulation and Characterization
Authors: Montasser Imed , Shahgaldian Patrick , Perret Florent , Coleman Anthony W.
Published: March 2015

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Heterogeneous Catalysis by Nanoporous Materials Using Privileged Ligands as Chiral Building Blocks
Authors: Silva Ana R.
Published: March 2015

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation Catalysis by Rationally Designed Artificial Metalloenzymes
Authors: Marchi‐Delapierre Caroline , Rondot Laurianne , Cavazza Christine , Menage Stephane
Published: March 2015

Review: [72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (3 + 2)‐Cycloaddition Reactions of Oxyallyl Cations
Authors: Li Hui , Wu Jimmy
Published: March 2015

Review: [36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimerization of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes
Authors: Novikov Roman A. , Tomilov Yury V.
Published: March 2015

Review: [20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Temperature‐Responsive Polymeric Micelles for Optimizing Drug Targeting to Solid Tumors
Authors: Akimoto Jun , Nakayama Masamichi , Okano Teruo
Published: March 2015

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Zn—Ce Hybrid Redox Flow Batteries for Energy Storage and Their Continuing Challenges
Authors: Walsh Frank C. , Ponce de Leon Carlos , Berlouis Len , Nikiforidis George , Arenas‐Martinez Luis F. , Hodgson David , Hall David
Published: March 2015

Review: [100 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Next‐Generation, High‐Energy‐Density Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Huang Qizhao , Wang Qing
Published: March 2015

Review: [56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of the Iron—Air Secondary Battery for Energy Storage
Authors: McKerracher R. D. , Ponce de Leon Carlos , Wills R. G. A. , Shah A. A. , Walsh Frank C.
Published: March 2015

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hot Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition Chemistry in the Gas Phase and on the Catalyst Surface with Organosilicon Compounds
Authors: Shi Yujun
Published: March 2015

Review: 45 refs.
Reaktive Trennung von Essigsäure/Ameisensäure/Wasser‐Gemischen aus der Bioraffinerie
Authors: Painer Daniela , Lux Susanne , Siebenhofer Matthäus
Published: March 2015

Die Verarbeitung von Biomasse als Rohstoff in industriellen Prozessen kann zur Bildung von Multikomponentengemischen führen, die bei der destillativen Trennung zur Azeotropbildung neigen. Das ternäre Gemisch Essigsäure/Ameisensäure/Wasser ist dafür ein repräsentatives Beispiel. Eine vielversprechende Lösungsstrategie für die Auftrennung azeotroper Gemische bieten reaktive Trennverfahren, wie beispielsweise die Reaktivdestillation. Durch die Veresterung beider Fettsäuren und die gleichzeitige Abtrennung der leichter siedenden Ester mittels Destillation können die Azeotrope umgangen und eine Isolierung der Reinstoffe ermöglicht werden.
Disentangling CEO compensation: A simultaneous examination of time, industry, and firm‐level effects
Authors: Sur Sujit , Magnan Michel , Cordeiro James
Published: March 2015

Despite decades of research, how CEO compensation is determined remains an enigma. Drawing on agency, managerial hegemony, and institutional theoretical perspectives, we use hierarchical linear modelling—a multilevel analytic technique—to examine how firm‐, industry‐, and time‐level effects drive CEO compensation in US corporations. Results show that while cash salary is mostly driven by firm‐specific factors, equity‐based compensation responds to time‐level effects with firm‐ and industry‐level effects playing a marginal role. We argue that such evidence is consistent with the institutionalization of the CEO compensation determination process through the widespread adoption of benchmark peer‐group comparisons. Such practices underlie economy‐wide changes in CEO compensation that are increasingly disconnected from other fundamental firm‐ or industry‐specific factors. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conditional conservatism and persistence of accrual components
Authors: Li Yutao , Zhang Wenjun
Published: March 2015

We examine whether conditional conservatism affects the persistence of accrual components associated with varying degrees of reliability. Using a sample of 102,416 firm‐year observations from 1968 to 2006, we found that conservatism reduces the persistence of more reliable accruals, but not less reliable accruals. Our evidence suggests managers' discretion in practicing conservatism convention may have caused the low persistence of less reliable accruals. Our results inform capital market participants, such as financial analysts, that managers may incorporate more bad news into more reliable accruals than in less reliable accruals, leading to lower persistence of more reliable accruals than less reliable accruals. We expect that analysts can improve forecasting efficiency by understanding the differential implications of accounting conservatism on different accrual components. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Nitrogen Management on Soil Microbial Community and Enzymatic Activities inJatropha curcasL. Plantation
Authors: Chaudhary Doongar Ram , Gautam Ritesh Kumar , Ghosh Arup , Chikara Jitendra , Jha Bhavanath
Published: March 2015

Globally,Jatropha curcasis a potential bio‐fuel crop and can grow on wastelands without competition with food crops. However, little is known about its fertilizer management and soil quality. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) applied through urea fertilizers and organic manures (farm yard manure (FYM) andJatrophacake) on soil nutrient availability, microbial communities, and enzymes activities inJatrophaplantation. Treatments examined were 140 kg N ha−1through (i) urea (100% N); (ii)Jatrophacake (100% NJatrophacake); (iii) FYM (100% N FYM) and (iv) 70 kg N ha−1through urea (50% N) during four years. A 100% nitrogen addition by urea fertilizers significantly increased available N, whereas available phosphorus was significantly higher in cake‐amended soil. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to assess changes in microbial biomass and soil microbial community structure. Higher concentrations of total PLFA, Gram‐positive, Gram‐negative bacterial, and actinomycetes PLFAs were observed in cake, FYM, and 50% N treatments compared to 100% N by urea fertilizers. The fungal PLFA concentration was significantly greater with cake‐amended soil. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis of PLFA profiles for soil microbial community shift showed that 100% N urea fertilizer treatment was significantly different from other treatments. Microbial biomass C and enzyme activities (β‐glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes) were significantly enhanced by organic manure amendments (cake and FYM) compared to urea fertilizers (50 and 100% N). The study shows that N supplied by organic manures significantly affected the soil microbial community, and had positive effects in enhancing the microbial diversity and activity.
Temporal Stability and Periodicity of Groundwater Electrical Conductivity in Luohuiqu Irrigation District, China
Authors: Xu Guoce , Lu Kexin , Li Zhanbin , Li Peng , Liu Haibo , Cheng Shengdong , Ren Zongping
Published: March 2015

Soil salinization is currently a constraint on agriculture development in irrigated areas throughout the world. This study was conducted to examine the temporal stability and periodicity of groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) in irrigation districts. To accomplish this, 51 observation wells were selected for analysis of groundwater EC. Relative difference analysis and the non‐parametric Spearman rank correlation test were used to check EC temporal stability, while the Morlet wavelet analysis was applied to measure the periodic variation of groundwater EC and groundwater level of high and low salinity wells. The mean groundwater EC of the 51 wells did not show an increasing trend over the entire measurement period, but demonstrated a moderate spatial variability, with coefficient of variation values ranging from 61 to 72%. The groundwater EC exhibited a strong temporal stability with Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.98. The mean EC representative location in the study area was well 2, showing a good relationship between groundwater EC and groundwater level. Changes in groundwater EC were mainly affected by lateral groundwater recharge sources in small time scales. However, the groundwater EC and groundwater level always showed an obviously inverse phase with a large time scale due to precipitation effects. In conclusion, the groundwater EC, lateral recharge sources, and irrigation time should be fully considered in irrigation to avoid soil salinization.
Bond selection during protein crystallization: Crystal shapes
Authors: Nanev Christo N.
Published: March 2015

The so‐called bond selection mechanism, BSM (C.N. Nanev, Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 59, 133–169, 2013) allows explaining a set of traits in both protein crystal nucleation and growth processes. BSM explanatory and predictive power are enhanced now, when intra‐crystalline repulsive interactions are assumed to act in parallel with the attractive forces, the former arising due to protein surface patch‐to‐patch incompatibility. Shapes of 1D and 2D protein crystals are considered from such a perspective. Using BSM the strong directional kinetic anisotropy in the edge growth rates of 2D protein crystals is tackled. The shapes of near‐critically sized apoferritin crystals and of experimentally grown 3D apoferritin crystals are considered.
Evolution of mating behavior between two populations adapting to common environmental conditions
Authors: Bárbaro Margarida , Mira Mário S. , Fragata Inês , Simões Pedro , Lima Margarida , Lopes‐Cunha Miguel , Kellen Bárbara , Santos Josiane , Varela Susana A. M. , Matos Margarida , Magalhães Sara
Published: March 2015

Populations from the same species may be differentiated across contrasting environments, potentially affecting reproductive isolation among them. When such populations meet in a novel common environment, this isolation may be modified by biotic or abiotic factors. Curiously, the latter have been overlooked. We filled this gap by performing experimental evolution of three replicates of two populations of Drosophila subobscura adapting to a common laboratorial environment, and simulated encounters at three time points during this process. Previous studies showed that these populations were highly differentiated for several life‐history traits and chromosomal inversions. First, we show initial differentiation for some mating traits, such as assortative mating and male mating rate, but not others (e.g., female mating latency). Mating frequency increased during experimental evolution in both sets of populations. The assortative mating found in one population remained constant throughout the adaptation process, while disassortative mating of the other population diminished across generations. Additionally, differences in male mating rate were sustained across generations. This study shows that mating behavior evolves rapidly in response to adaptation to a common abiotic environment, although with a complex pattern that does not correspond to the quick convergence seen for life‐history traits.
Chiral Ruthenium Catalyst Immobilized within Magnetically Retrievable Mesoporous Silica Microcapsules for Aqueous Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenations
Authors: Zoabi Amani , Omar Suheir , Abu‐Reziq Raed
Published: March 2015

The preparation of magnetically separable silica microcapsules that incorporate in their inner shell a chiral catalyst and their application in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions are described. The preparation method is based on the emulsification of an oil phase containing chloroform, a modified Noyori Ru‐TsDPEN catalyst, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles in water in the presence of an appropriate surfactant, followed by an interfacial polycondensation process under basic conditions to generate a silica shell around the oil droplets. The resulting catalytic microreactors can be considered a “quasi‐homogeneous” system because the immobilized chiral catalyst reacts in a homogeneous zone, the microcapsule core filled with an organic solvent. The catalytic activity was tested in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones in an aqueous medium. The catalytic reactions took place only in the presence of surfactants. In addition, the judicious selection of the surfactant plays a crucial role in enhancing the reaction progress through the emulsion‐solid transfer (EST) approach. The catalytic activity of the Ru‐TsDPEN catalyst immobilized within the silica microcapsules was superior to the same catalyst supported on silica microspheres or linked to the backbone of a silica sol–gel matrix, which indicates the importance of the homogeneous zones for the reactions.
Differentiation of rice varieties using small bioactive lipids as markers
Authors: Zhu Dan , Nyström Laura
Published: March 2015

Steryl ferulates (γ‐oryzanol) are a group of important lipid antioxidants found in rice. This study uses OMIC‐technologies to differentiate between rice varieties based on these minor bioactive lipids. The γ‐oryzanol rich‐lipid fractions were first extracted from six types of common cargo rice and two types of wild rice, which were subsequently analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography with high‐resolution quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric detection (UPLC‐HR‐Q‐TOF‐MS). Unique spectral profiles were produced for each rice variety, and the MS data was further converted into markers. Multivariate statistical analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and the observed partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) was utilized to find the characteristic markers, enabling us to differentiate between various rice varieties based on their steryl ferulate profiles and other small lipids.

Practical applications: This study provides a targeted method to distinguish between various common rice varieties as well as wild rice from different geographic regions, which could be a new approach for rice authentication. Additionally, this sensitive analytical technique may reveal several new compounds of bioactive lipids in rice. Furthermore, the OMIC approach to rice differentiation also has the potential to lead to the selection of rice varieties with optimal profiles of bioactive lipids for food use.

Our study provides a novel and targeted method to distinguish between rice varieties using UPLC‐HR‐Q‐TOF‐MS with the OMIC technique. We were able to find characteristic markers that can classify different rice types based on their steryl ferulate profiles and other potential small lipids.
Beating the VAR: Improving Swedish GDP Forecasts Using Error and Intercept Corrections
Authors: Lyhagen Johan , Ekberg Stefan , Eidestedt Richard
Published: March 2015

This paper examines the forecast accuracy of an unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model for GDP, relative to a comparable vector error correction model (VECM) that recognizes that the data are characterized by co‐integration. In addition, an alternative forecast method, intercept correction, is considered for further comparison. Recursive out‐of‐sample forecasts are generated for both models and forecast techniques. The generated forecasts for each model are objectively evaluated by a selection of evaluation measures and equal accuracy tests. The result shows that the VECM consistently outperforms the VAR models. Further, intercept correction enhances the forecast accuracy when applied to the VECM, whereas there is no such indication when applied to the VAR model. For certain forecast horizons there is a significant difference in forecast ability between the intercept corrected VECM compared to the VAR model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refinement of the myocutaneous anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of frontonasal fistula defects
Authors: Wu Chih‐Wei , Valerio Ian L. , Huang Jung‐Ju , Chang Kai‐Ping , Cheng Ming‐Huei
Published: March 2015

Background

Frontonasal fistulas can lead to life‐threatening intracranial infections. Our refinement of the myocutaneous anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap for treating these fistulas is described.

Methods

A retrospective review of the microsurgical treatment of frontonasal fistulas is presented. Demographics, etiologies, outcomes, and complications were evaluated.

Results

Ten myocutaneous ALT flaps were used to reconstruct frontonasal fistula. The mean follow‐up was 35 ± 2.5 months. Nine fistulas were secondary to oncologic resections, and one was due to a traumatic origin. Complications included a recurrent abscess in 1 case (10%); there were no cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak or flap loss. Preoperative intracranial infections were present in 7 cases, with 6 successfully resolving their infection after surgical intervention and flap obliteration of their fistulas.

Conclusion

Refinements in the myocutaneous ALT flap design have been illustrated to provide robust dead‐space obliteration with vascularized muscle and reliable simultaneous scalp coverage in the treatment of frontonasal fistulas. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E552–E558, 2016
Bridging the gap between spatial and mnemonic views of the hippocampal formation
Authors: Buffalo Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2015

While it has long been recognized that medial temporal lobe structures are important for memory formation, studies in rodents have also identified exquisite spatial representations in these regions in the form of place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the entorhinal cortex. Spatial representations entail neural activity that is observed when the rat is in a given physical location, and these representations are thought to form the basis of navigation via path integration. Recent studies in nonhuman primates have suggested that similar kinds of spatial representations can be identified, even in the absence of physical movement through an environment. Here, I will highlight some recent work that addresses similarities and differences between spatial responses as identified in rodents and primates. I will also discuss areas of opportunity for future research to further our understanding of the function of the hippocampal formation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is the place cell a “supple” engram?
Authors: Routtenberg Aryeh
Published: March 2015

This short note, which honors Nobelists O'Keefe and the Mosers, asks how the patterning of inputs to a single place cell regulates its firing. Because the combination of inputs to a single CA1 place cell is very large, the generally accepted view is rejected that inputs to a place cell are relatively restricted, near identical repetition upon re‐presentation of the environment. The alternative proposed here is that when any 100 excitatory inputs are fired activating a subset combination, which is a large number, selected from the 30,000 synapses, this leads to CA1 cell firing. The selection of the combination of inputs is a very large number it nonetheless leads to the conclusion that even though the same cell dutifully fires when the animal is in an identical location, the inputs that fire the place cell are nonetheless obligatorily non‐identical. This CA1 input combinatorial proposal may help us understand the physiological underpinnings of the memory mechanism arising from supple synapses (Routtenberg (2013), Hippocampus 23:202–206). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From the GPS to HM: Place cells, grid cells, and memory
Authors: Knierim James J.
Published: March 2015

A longstanding debate in hippocampus research has revolved around how to reconcile spatial mapping functions of the hippocampus with the global amnesia produced by hippocampal damage in humans. Is the hippocampus primarily a cognitive map used to support spatial learning, or does it support more general types of learning necessary for declarative memory? In recent years, a general consensus has emerged that the hippocampus receives both spatial and nonspatial inputs from the entorhinal cortex. The hippocampus creates representations of experience in a particular spatial and temporal context. This process allows the individual components of experience to be stored in such a way that they can be retrieved together as a conscious recollection. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Current questions on space and time encoding
Authors: Hasselmo Michael E. , Stern Chantal E.
Published: March 2015

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 celebrated the groundbreaking findings on place cells and grid cells by John O'Keefe and May‐Britt Moser and Edvard Moser. These findings provided an essential foothold for understanding the cognitive encoding of space and time in episodic memory function. This foothold provides a closer view of a broad new world of important research questions raised by the phenomena of place cells and grid cells. These questions concern the mechanisms of generation of place and grid cell firing, including sensory influences, circuit dynamics and intrinsic properties. Similar questions concern the generation of time cells. In addition, questions concern the functional role of place cells, grid cells and time cells in mediating goal‐directed behavior and episodic memory function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CA1‐specific deletion of NMDA receptors induces abnormal renewal of a learned fear response
Authors: Hirsch Silke J. , Regmi Nanda L. , Birnbaum Shari G. , Greene Robert W.
Published: March 2015

CA1 hippocampal N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐receptors (NMDARs) are necessary for contextually related learning and memory processes. Extinction, a form of learning, has been shown to require intact hippocampal NMDAR signalling. Renewal of fear expression can occur after fear extinction training, when the extinguished fear stimulus is presented in an environmental context different from the training context and thus, renewal is dependent on contextual memory. In this study, we show that a Grin1 knock‐out (loss of the essential NR1 subunit for the NMDAR) restricted to the bilateral CA1 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus does not affect acquisition of learned fear, but does attenuate extinction of a cued fear response even when presented in the extinction‐training context. We propose that failure to remember the (safe) extinction context is responsible for the abnormal fear response and suggest it is a dysfunctional renewal. The results highlight the difference in outcome of extinguished fear memory resulting from a partial rather than complete loss of function of the hippocampus and suggest a potential mechanism for abnormally increased fear expression in PTSD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Child, Parenting, and Situational Characteristics Associated with Toddlers' Prosocial Behaviour
Authors: Blandon Alysia Y. , Scrimgeour Meghan B.
Published: March 2015

The infant and toddler years are crucial for the development of prosocial behaviour, such as helping, sharing, comforting and cooperation. Recent evidence suggests that the correlates of different types of prosocial behaviour may differ. The current study investigated whether child, maternal parenting and situational characteristics were differentially associated with toddlers' cooperation and concern with a peer. The sample, drawn from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care, included the 612 children who participated in the 36‐month dyadic play session and their mothers. The results indicated that girls were more cooperative and expressed more concern than boys. Greater sustained attention to toys was associated with lower cooperation. Children were more cooperative with peers who engaged in more positive social interaction, and expressed more concern with peers that they had a close relationship with. Maternal sensitivity at 24 months was associated with greater cooperation when the peer engaged in more positive social behaviour. Finally, both maternal sensitivity and cognitive stimulation at 15 months indirectly influenced toddlers' cooperation through maternal sensitivity at 24 months, underscoring the predictive power of early parenting when children are rapidly developing the capacity to engage in prosocial behaviour. Overall, the results highlight some differences in the correlates of toddlers' cooperation and concern. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate production by Azotobacter vinelandii strains in batch cultures at different oxygen transfer rates
Authors: Díaz‐Barrera Alvaro , Andler Rodrigo , Martínez Irene , Peña Carlos
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyester that can be accumulated by Azotobacter vinelandii. This polymer is a biodegradable thermoplastic material used for producing plastics for packaging, biobased films, and biocompatible implants.

RESULTS

PHB produced by wild‐type A. vinelandii and a mutant OP strain were evaluated at different agitation rates. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) evolution was characterized in cultures grown at 300, 400, 500 and 600 rpm, showing for the first time the OTR evolution in cultures of mutant OP. Under the conditions evaluated, the cultures were limited by oxygen. In the cultures grown with the OP strain, lower OTR and specific oxygen uptake rate were obtained, indicating a lower necessity for oxygen for growth in this mutant. A higher amount of PHB can be produced by decreasing the OTR. A maximum PHB of 79% on dry weight was observed in the cultures with the wild‐type strain, whereas the highest PHB productivity (0.18 g L−1 h−1) was obtained in cultures of A. vinelandii OP conducted at 600 rpm.

CONCLUSION

The amount of PHB produced during the period of oxygen limitation can be controlled by the OTR, opening the possibility to evaluate this parameter as a criterion for scaling‐up PHB production by A. vinelandii. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Self‐Employment and Queues for Wage Work: Evidence from Chile
Authors: Contreras Dante , Gillmore Roberto , Puentes Esteban
Published: March 2015

Self‐employment can be considered as either the result of a self‐selection process or a reflection of rigidities and skill mismatch in the labour market or both. We estimate a double selection model where individuals queue for wage work instead of being self‐employed in the first stage, followed by employers selecting from the queue in the second. We find statistical support for the double selection model, implying that some individuals are self‐employed because they cannot find wage work, while other self‐select to be self‐employed. Individuals with higher education are more often chosen as wage workers, and belonging to an ethnic group decreases the likelihood of being chosen. Additionally, earnings equations suggest that high ability individuals perform better in both the wage work and self‐employment sectors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diverse impact of neuronal activity at θ frequency on hippocampal long‐term plasticity
Authors: Wójtowicz Tomasz , Mozrzymas Jerzy W.
Published: March 2015

Brain oscillatory activity is considered an essential aspect of brain function, and its frequency can vary from <1 Hz to >200 Hz, depending on the brain states and projection. Episodes of rhythmic activity accompany hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory in vivo. Therefore, long‐term synaptic potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression, which are considered viable substrates of learning and memory, are often experimentally studied in paradigms of patterned high‐frequency (>50 Hz) and low‐frequency (<5 Hz) stimulation. However, the impact of intermediate frequencies on neuronal plasticity remains less well understood. In particular, hippocampal neurons are specifically tuned for activity at θ frequency (4–8 Hz); this band contributes significantly to electroencephalographic signals, and it is likely to be involved in shaping synaptic strength in hippocampal circuits. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo studies showing that variation of θ‐activity duration may affect long‐term modification of synaptic strength and neuronal excitability in the hippocampus. Such θ‐pulse‐induced neuronal plasticity 1) is long‐lasting, 2) may be built on previously stabilized potentiation in the synapse, 3) may produce opposite changes in synaptic strength, and 4) requires complex molecular machinery. Apparently innocuous episodes of low‐frequency synaptic activity may have a profound impact on network signaling, thereby contributing to information processing in the hippocampus and beyond. In addition, θ‐pulse‐induced LTP might be an advantageous protocol in studies of specific molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections of aridity and its regional variability over China in the mid‐21st century
Authors: Yin Yunhe , Ma Danyang , Wu Shaohong , Pan Tao
Published: March 2015

The effects of aridity on ecosystems and water cycles are pronounced and have received considerable attention. However, aridity changes due to future warming and its regional variability over China remain uncertain. This paper aims to identify the spatiotemporal variations in aridity and its key influencing factors over China in the mid‐21st century based on five general circulation models (GCMs) and four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. An aridity index (AI), defined as the ratio of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) to precipitation (P), was calculated. We show that the GCM ensemble means are able to reproduce the variation of aridity during the baseline period. Generally, ETo anomalies are consistently positive. Other than for the RCP2.6 low‐emission scenario, precipitation and aridity are both projected to increase. There are pronounced regional differences in aridity changes; i.e. wetter across most of western China and drier across most of eastern China in the mid‐21st century. Negative AI anomalies in western China can be attributed mainly to the projected increase in precipitation. In eastern China, the AI was higher despite positive precipitation anomalies, due mainly to the greater effect of climate change on increasing atmospheric moisture demand. This suggests that evapotranspiration demand should be incorporated into aridity changes under future warming.
Production of novel vinegar having antioxidant and anti‐fatigue activities from Salicornia herbacea L.
Authors: Cho Hyun‐Dong , Lee Ju‐Hye , Jeong Ji‐Hye , Kim Jae‐Yong , Yee Sung‐Tae , Park Seok‐Kyu , Lee Mi‐Kyung , Seo Kwon‐Il
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Salicornia herbacea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and contains significant amounts of salts and minerals. Because it is known as a folk medication to treat diseases, various processed products such as powder, globular type of powder, laver and extract have been developed. However, it is difficult to process as a drink because of its high salinity. In the present study, glasswort vinegar (GV) containing high amounts of organic acids and minerals was developed via two‐step fermentation with unpolished rice substrates and investigated its antioxidant and anti‐fatigue activities.

RESULTS

GV showed various free radical scavenging effects, reducing power, oxidized‐LDL inhibition and superoxide dismutase‐like activities. Compared with the control group (orally administered 7 g kg−1 distilled water), the GV supplementation group showed increased running endurance and had higher glycogen accumulation in liver and muscles of rats exhausted by exercise. Furthermore, the GV‐administered group demonstrated significantly elevated lactate and ATP metabolism, promoting enzyme activities such as muscle creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, whereas serum fatigue biomarkers such as ammonia, lactate and inorganic acid were markedly decreased.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that GV can be used as a functional food for the development of a dietary beverage to alleviate fatigue. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Rice bran protein hydrolysates exhibit strong in vitro α‐amylase, β‐glucosidase and ACE‐inhibition activities
Authors: Uraipong Chatchaporn , Zhao Jian
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to systematically examine the in vitro health‐promotion activities of rice bran protein hydrolysates. Rice bran proteins were fractioned into albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin, which were subjected to hydrolysis by four protease preparations, namely Alcalase, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Protamax, and the inhibitory activities of the hydrolysates against α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), were monitored over a hydrolysis period of 240 min. Active peptides in the hydrolysates were isolated by ultra‐filtration and ion‐exchange chromatography and the peptide sequences of the active fractions were identified by LC‐MS/MS.

RESULTS

Hydrolysis of the proteins resulted in significant increases in these bioactivities, which were generally correlated with the degree of protein hydrolysis. In general, the highest bioactivities were found with albumin and glutelin hydrolysates, followed by globulin hydrolysates, while prolamin hydrolysates showed the lowest activities. Of the four enzymes used, Alcalase‐ and Protamax‐catalysed hydrolysates generally had the highest activities while Flavourzyme‐produced hydrolysates had the lowest activity. The MW < 3 kDa fraction of the Alcalase‐catalysed glutelin hydrolysates had the highest β‐glucosidase inhibition activity, which was identified to contain 13 peptides with six to 32 amino acid residues.

CONCLUSION

The α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities of albumin and glutelin hydrolysates produced by Alcalase and Protamax were comparable in magnitude to those of the standard anti‐diabetic drug acarbose, and had the potential to be developed into a dietary or nutraceutical supplement for the management of diabetes. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel chelating agents for iron, manganese, zinc, and copper mixed fertilisation in high pH soil‐less cultures
Authors: López‐Rayo Sandra , Nadal Paloma , Lucena Juan J
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Studies about simultaneous fertilisation with several micronutrients have increased in recent years, as Fe, Mn and Zn deficiencies may appear in the same culture conditions. In fertigation, the replacement of sulfates by synthetic chelates is essential in areas with high pH irrigation water and substrates. Ethylenediamine‐N‐(2‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid)‐N′‐(4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (o,p‐EDDHA) and ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) are novel chelating agents whose efficacy in simultaneous fertilisation of Zn, Mn and Cu is unknown. This work evaluates the effectiveness of both ligands compared to traditional ligands (EDTA, HEEDTA and DTPA) applied as micronutrient chelate mixtures to soybean and navy bean plants grown in soil‐less cultures at high pH by analysing the SPAD and micronutrient nutritional status, including the Composition Nutritional Diagnosis (CND) analysis tool.

RESULTS

The application of micronutrients using o,p‐EDDHA was more effective in providing Mn and Zn than traditional ligands or sulfates. The application using EDDS increased the Zn nutrition. The results are well correlated with the chemical stability of the formulations.

CONCLUSION

The combined application of Mn and Zn as o,p‐EDDHA chelates can represent a more effective source than traditional chelates in micronutrient fertiliser mixtures in soil‐less cultures at a high pH. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Cathodoluminescence and electron microscopy of red quantum dots used for display applications
Authors: Fern George Robert , Silver Jack , Coe‐Sullivan Seth
Published: March 2015

Cathodoluminescent imaging of the visible light emitted from quantum dots is reported. The shape and uniformity of individual particles is observed in the scanning transmission electron microscope image, and the image of the particles created from their visible light collected simultaneously is shown. Visible light images of the 13 nm sized particles are reported for clusters of particles. The emission spectrum collected from small clusters of quantum dots is also reported.
Contiguous mutation syndrome in the era of high‐throughput sequencing
Authors: Langouët Maéva , Siquier‐Pernet Karine , Sanquer Sylvia , Bole‐Feysot Christine , Nitschke Patrick , Boddaert Nathalie , Munnich Arnold , Mancini Grazia M. S. , Barouki Robert , Amiel Jeanne , Colleaux Laurence
Published: March 2015

We investigated two siblings, born to consanguineous parents, with neurological features reminiscent of adaptor protein complex 4 (AP4) deficiency, an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia that progresses to hypertonia and spasticity, severe intellectual disability speech delay, microcephaly, and growth retardation. Yet, both children also presented with early onset obesity. Whole‐exome sequencing identified two homozygous substitutions in two genes 170 kb apart on 7q22.1: a c.1137+1G>T splice mutation in AP4M1 previously described in a familial case of AP4‐deficiency syndrome and the AZGP1 c.595A>T missense variant. Haplotyping analysis indicated a founder effect of the AP4M1 mutation, whereas the AZGP1 mutation arose more recently in our family. AZGP1 encodes an adipokine that stimulate lipolysis in adipocytes and regulates body weight in mice. We propose that the siblings' phenotype results from the combined effects of mutations in both AP4M1 and AZGP1 that account for the neurological signs and the morbid obesity of early onset, respectively. Contiguous gene syndromes are the consequence of loss of two or more adjacent genes sensible to gene dosage and the phenotype reflects a combination of endophenotypes. We propose to broaden this concept to phenotypes resulting from independent mutations in two genetically linked genes causing a contiguous mutation syndrome.
Exponential stability for a one‐dimensional compressible viscous micropolar fluid
Authors: Huang Lan , Nie Dayong
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we consider one‐dimensional compressible viscous and heat‐conducting micropolar fluid, being in a thermodynamical sense perfect and polytropic. The homogenous boundary conditions for velocity, microrotation, and temperature are introduced. This problem has a global solution with a priori estimates independent of time; with the help of this result, we first prove the exponential stability of solution in (H1(0,1))4, and then we establish the global existence and exponential stability of solutions in (H2(0,1))4 under the suitable assumptions for initial data. The results in this paper improve those previously related results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthocyanins and their physiologically relevant metabolites alter the expression of IL‐6 and VCAM‐1 in CD40L and oxidized LDL challenged vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Amin Hiren P. , Czank Charles , Raheem Saki , Zhang Qingzhi , Botting Nigel P. , Cassidy Aedín , Kay Colin D.
Published: March 2015

Scope

In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that dietary anthocyanins modulate cardiovascular disease risk; however, given anthocyanins extensive metabolism, it is likely that their degradation products and conjugated metabolites are responsible for this reported bioactivity.

Methods and results

Human vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with either oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) and cotreated with cyanidin‐3‐glucoside and 11 of its recently identified metabolites, at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations. Protein and gene expression of IL‐6 and VCAM‐1 was quantified by ELISA and RT‐qPCR. In oxLDL‐stimulated cells the parent anthocyanin had no effect on IL‐6 production, whereas numerous anthocyanin metabolites significantly reduced IL‐6 protein levels; phase II conjugates of protocatechuic acid produced the greatest effects (>75% reduction, p ≤ 0.05). In CD40L‐stimulated cells the anthocyanin and its phase II metabolites reduced IL‐6 protein production, where protocatechuic acid‐4‐sulfate induced the greatest reduction (>96% reduction, p ≤ 0.03). Similarly, the anthocyanin and its metabolites reduced VCAM‐1 protein production, with ferulic acid producing the greatest effect (>65% reduction, p ≤ 0.04).

Conclusion

These novel data provide evidence to suggest that anthocyanin metabolites are bioactive at physiologically relevant concentrations and have the potential to modulate cardiovascular disease progression by altering the expression of inflammatory mediators.
Branched‐chain amino acids modulate the expression of hepatic fatty acid metabolism‐related genes in female broiler chickens
Authors: Bai Jie , Greene Elizabeth , Li Weifen , Kidd Michael T. , Dridi Sami
Published: March 2015

Scope

The effects and roles of branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) in hepatic fat metabolism are still unknown.

Methods and results

Here, we used broiler chickens, in which lipogenesis occurs essentially in the liver as in human, to investigate the effects of three levels of BCAAs (control “C,” low “L” and exogenous supplemented diet “L+S”) on growth, carcass traits, immunity, and hepatic fat metabolism. Despite the same productive performance, immunity, and plasma BCAA levels between all groups, low BCAA levels significantly downregulated the hepatic expression of lipogenic genes particularly acetyl‐CoA carboxylase alpha (ACCα) and stearoyl‐coA desaturase 1 (p = 0.0036 and p = 0.0008, respectively) and upregulated the hepatic expression of mitochondrial β‐oxidation‐ (uncoupling protein and NRF‐1, p < 0.05) and dynamic‐related genes (DNM1, p < 0.05). Concomitant with these changes, low BCAA levels increased the phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)αThr172, ACCαSer79, and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1Ser256) and decreased the phosphorylation of mTORSer2481 and P70 S6 kinase Thr389. The mRNA abundance of the transcription factors SREBP1/2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha/beta, and FoxO1 were also increased in the liver of L group compared to the control.

Conclusion

Together our data indicate that low BCAA levels inhibit fatty acid synthesis and enhanced fatty acid β‐oxidation in the liver of female broiler chickens and these effects were probably mediated through AMPK‐mTOR‐FoxO1 pathway.