bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of the reproductive technology clinic in the imposition of societal values
Authors: Segal Teresa M.
Published: March 2017

IVF/PGS procedures require that all embryos produced for potential implantation be screened for genetic abnormalities: only embryos free of genetic defects may be implanted or cryogenically preserved for future implantation. In this paper, I argue that the standard practice of the reproductive technology clinic (RTC), according to which all abnormal embryos must be discarded, unjustly imposes certain biases and discriminatory social values upon persons for whom it may not be a significant concern that their offspring would be disabled. The “standard” practice both reflects a bias against disability and imposes this bias upon those who seek reproductive assistance from RTCs. I argue, therefore, that insofar as consenting to the destruction of any abnormal embryos as a condition of IVF treatment, RTCs threaten the autonomy of women (or parents) seeking medical assistance to overcome infertility. Finally, I examine recent empirical findings which suggest that genetic screening and destruction of abnormal embryos does not actually aid the overall objective of IVF, which is live birth, and may actually hinder it.
The DSM, big pharma, and clinical practice guidelines: Protecting patient autonomy and informed consent
Authors: Cosgrove Lisa
Published: March 2017

The author of this paper discusses why the issue of financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) in psychiatry has important public health implications for women and why FCOI complicate the informed consent process. For example, when psychiatric diagnostic and treatment guidelines are unduly influenced by industry, informed consent becomes a critical issue, because women may be assigned diagnostic labels that are not valid and may also be receiving imbalanced or even inaccurate information about their mental health treatment options. However, mere disclosure of industry relationships is an insufficient solution. Following Ells (2003), the author offers a more robust account of autonomy, inspired by Foucault, to strengthen informed consent practices. In addition to addressing power relations, this Foucauldian account of autonomy emphasizes the relational and dialogical aspect of the physician–patient relationship.
Triad collaboration in psychiatry: Privacy and confidentiality revisited
Authors: Landeweer Elleke , Abma Tineke A. , Dauwerse Linda , Widdershoven Guy A. M.
Published: March 2017

Within psychiatry, patients, family, and professionals are involved and interrelated. Yet it is not easy for healthcare professionals to involve family actively in patient care. Taking a feminist perspective, we investigate why health-care professionals experience ambivalence in involving family in attempts to reduce seclusion, suggesting how they can improve family involvement by adopting a relational view on autonomy. Professionals should view patients not only in terms of individual autonomy and rights, but also in terms of relations and dependencies that need to be considered in fostering patient care.
Stigma and the politics of biomedical models of mental illness
Authors: Thachuk Angela K.
Published: March 2017

This paper offers a critical analysis of the strategic use of biomedical models of mental illness as a means of challenging stigma. Likening mental illnesses to physical illnesses (1) reinforces notions that persons with mental illnesses are of a fundamentally “different kind,” (2) entrenches misperceptions that they are inherently more violent, and (3) promotes overreliance on diagnostic labeling and pharmaceutical treatments. I conclude that too much has been invested in the claim that the body is somehow morally neutral, and that advocates of this approach oversimplify, misrepresent, and underestimate the personal and social costs of physical illness.
Preserving trust, maintaining care, and saving lives: Competing feminist values in suicide prevention
Authors: Martin Norah
Published: March 2017

“Active intervention” with suicidal callers to telephone crisis lines involves breaking confidentiality by dispatching emergency services, typically the police, to a suicidal person without that person’s consent and sometimes without his or her knowledge. In this paper I am concerned with the issue of whether active intervention is ethically justified from a feminist bioethical perspective, and if so, under what conditions.
Foucault, ugly ducklings, and technoswans: Analyzing fat hatred, weight-loss surgery, and compulsory biomedicalized aesthetics in America
Authors: Morgan Kathryn Pauly
Published: March 2017

Using a densely constructed ethnographic subject, Josephine, the “ugly duckling,” I use Foucault’s complex notion of an Apparatus to examine how Josephine’s decision to have weight-loss surgery is understandable even though it permanently destroys her normally functioning digestive system. I try to illuminate how the decision is deeply embedded in extraordinarily complex neoliberal biopolitical structures and dynamics of fat hatred camouflaged by liberatory discourses that promise “empowerment,” becoming “normal,” and discovery of her “real self.” I argue that in contemporary America, Fat Hatred must be understood as a powerful systemic structure of racialized gendered oppression, that one tactic to normalize weight-loss surgery involves assimilating it to “normal” cosmetic surgery, and that Josephine must be seen, simultaneously, as legitimizing dominant obesity discourses and practices, enacting genuinely liberating personal choices, demonstrating her status as a “good American bio-citizen,” and contributing to the collective physical health and mental health of the nation since “obesity” is soon to be included in the fifth edition of the canonical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a mental disorder.
The price of perfection: Individualism and society in the era of biomedical enhancement, by Maxwell J. Mehlman
Authors: Silvers Anita
Published: March 2017

Maxwell J. Mehlman, The price of perfection: Individualism and society in the era of biomedical enhancement, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, reviewed by Anita Silvers
Why the histrionic personality disorder should not be in the DSM: A new taxonomic and moral analysis
Authors: Gould Carol Steinberg
Published: March 2017

In this article, I argue for a reconsideration of the taxonomy of the Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD). First, HPD does not carry the negative ethical implications of the other Cluster Bs, which are Anti-Social (ASPD), Borderline (BPD), and Narcissistic (NPD). Using Aristotelian notions of character as a heuristic device, I argue that ontologically HPD is not a personality disorder, but instead a cultural disorder, a result of attitudes toward traditionally feminine styles of interaction. This explains the confusion in the research between HPD and hysteria and also the curious paucity of literature on HPD itself in contrast to the other Cluster Bs.
Same but different: Constructions of female violence in forensic mental health
Authors: Adshead Gwen
Published: March 2017

Feminist analyses address the way differences between the sexes are conceptualized and operationalized in society. In this paper, I discuss how violence by men and women is conceptualized as different in the psychological scientific discourses of forensic mental health. I suggest that these empirical discourses perpetuate assumptions of difference and discourage examination of similarities. Specifically, I will argue that neutralization techniques are frequently used that reduce women’s agency and responsibility for violence compared to their male counterparts, and compared to nonoffending women. I discuss the implications for violence research and interventions for violence perpetrators.
Women on the move: Long-term care, migrant women, and global justice
Authors: Eckenwiler Lisa
Published: March 2017

I argue that a particular epistemological approach, “ecological thinking,” helps to demonstrate that long-term care work is organized transnationally—through health, economic, labor, and immigration policies established primarily by governments, transnational corporations, other for-profit entities, and international lending bodies—to create and sustain injustice against the dependent elderly and those who care for them, and to weaken the care capacities of countries and their health systems, especially those of source countries. An ecological approach also helps to reveal the grounding of global responsibilities and an alternative conception of justice for long-term care and global health equity more generally.
Trusting experts and epistemic humility in disability
Authors: Ho Anita
Published: March 2017

It is generally accepted that the therapeutic relationship between professionals and patients is one of trust. Nonetheless, some patient groups carry certain social vulnerabilities that can be exacerbated when they extend trust to health-care professionals. In exploring the epistemic and ethical implications of expert status, this paper examines how calls to trust may increase epistemic oppression and perpetuate the vulnerability of people with impairments. It critically evaluates the processes through which epistemic communities are formed or determined, and examines the institutional structure and power relations that contribute to or sustain such self-affirming ideological communities. It also argues for a two-way collaborative approach between professionals and people with impairments that recognizes the role of local knowledge in enhancing professionals’ own understanding of their theoretical framework and promoting responsive practices and policies.
Ethical challenges in HIV microbicide research: What protections do women need?
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: March 2017

Finding an effective method that can lower women’s risk of HIV infection is an ethical imperative. A vaginal microbicide is a preventive method that can be controlled by women. Well-designed scientific research has already yielded modest success, yet more research is needed in order to develop an even better product. But just as research must be scientifically sound, it must also be ethically sound. Ethical challenges in HIV microbicide research include issues of safety and level of efficacy, whether pregnant women and adolescents should be included in clinical trials, and whether male partners of women participants should be involved in any way in the process of obtaining informed consent.
Reproductive choice and the ideals of parenting
Authors: Gedge Elisabeth
Published: March 2017

In “Where Is the Sin in Synecdoche?” (2005) Asch and Wasserman criticize the individual choice to use prenatal testing (PNT) to determine disability, and claim that such a choice may be inconsistent with the virtues of parenting and the ideals of family life. I argue that their characterization of parental virtue as unconditional welcome and devotion needs to be contextualized. The requirement of unconditional welcome and devotion is at odds with recognizing parents as deserving of the conditions for self-respect; it overlooks the moral requirements on children of reciprocity and mutuality; and it decontextualizes parenting from the social circumstance where the provision of social support for caregivers makes a difference to our moral assessment of their reproductive decisions.
Doing ethics from experience: Pragmatic suggestions for a feminist disability advocate’s response to prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Stramondo Joseph A.
Published: March 2017

While disability theory and feminist theory share a great deal in their methodology and could potentially share quite a bit in their political commitments, there is a tension or conflict between these two approaches as they evaluate prenatal diagnosis. For the feminist disability advocate, this can be thought of as a type of ideological double bind. This paper will dissolve this tension by way of John Dewey’s version of American pragmatism. First, I will map out the landscape of the prenatal diagnosis double bind by describing the skeptical disability arguments and supportive feminist arguments. Then, I will describe how Dewian pragmatism can dissolve the tension between disability advocacy and feminism by giving lived experience priority over absolutist ethical theories and recommending that we deliberately evolve our social institutions to work better in our social environment. Finally, I will suggest some reforms of the social institutions surrounding prenatal diagnosis, taking into account the interests of people with disabilities, caregivers who tend to be female, and pregnant women.
The “brain drain” problem: Migrating medical professionals and global health care
Authors: Groenhout Ruth
Published: March 2017

The global migration of physicians and nurses produces serious shortages in the developing world, exemplifying one of the ways that global capitalism sets up dynamics of surplus extraction from periphery to global wealth centers. This paper focuses specifically on the Ghanaian situation, and argues that an ethics of care framework offers a way of approaching the problem productively. Recognizing the various commitments and relationships that tie us together allows for a response that protects individual freedom while responding to the need to maintain adequate numbers of trained health-care workers.
Birthing a mother: The surrogate body and the pregnant self, by Elly Teman
Authors: Leissner Omi
Published: March 2017

Elly Teman, Birthing a mother: The surrogate body and the pregnant self, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, reviewed by Omi Leissner
Care ethics and corporeal inquiry in patient relations
Authors: Hamington Maurice
Published: March 2017

This article contends that the body provides underthematized resources for caring, which health professionals can utilize in creating richer, more satisfying, and ultimately more effective patient relations. The author develops a notion of embodied care drawing on contemporary works of feminist care ethics, philosophies of embodiment, and nursing philosophy. Within this framework, the body is viewed not only as a repository of tacit knowledge regarding how to convey care, but also as a resource for imaginative empathy that can improve patient relations. The article seeks greater reflective attention to embodiment—including the embodiment of the medical practitioner—in medical training, as well as longer and more robust interactions with patients.
A relational analysis of pandemic critical care triage protocols
Authors: Kaposy Chris , Khraishi Sarah
Published: March 2017

This paper examines eight publicly available critical care triage protocols intended for use during an influenza pandemic. These protocols place an emphasis on objective measures of survivability as the primary criterion for assigning priority for lifesaving critical care during a pandemic. Triage would then be undertaken without consideration of the relational or social characteristics of patients who need critical care. We argue that enacting these protocols could result in the denial of lifesaving care to oppressed and disadvantaged groups. The lens of relational theory reveals this ethical flaw in the triage protocols we examine, and suggests ways of improving these protocols.
Why bioethics needs a concept of vulnerability
Authors: Rogers Wendy , Mackenzie Catriona , Dodds Susan
Published: March 2017

Concern for human vulnerability seems to be at the heart of bioethical inquiry, but the concept of vulnerability is under-theorized in the bioethical literature. The aim of this article is to show why bioethics needs an adequately theorized and nuanced conception of vulnerability. We first review approaches to vulnerability in research ethics and public health ethics, and show that the bioethical literature associates vulnerability with risk of harm and exploitation, and limited capacity for autonomy. We identify some of the challenges emerging from this literature: in particular, how to reconcile universal human vulnerability with a context-sensitive analysis of specific kinds and sources of vulnerability; and how to reconcile obligations to protect vulnerable persons with obligations to respect autonomy. We then briefly survey some of the theoretical resources available within the philosophical literature to address these challenges, and to assist in understanding the conceptual connections between vulnerability and related concepts such as harm, exploitation, needs, and autonomy. We also sketch out a taxonomy of sources and kinds of vulnerability. Finally, we consider the implications for policy evaluation of making vulnerability an explicit and central focus of bioethics. Our investigation is in the form of a broad survey motivating a research agenda rather than a detailed analysis.
How are pregnant women vulnerable research participants?
Authors: Wild Verina
Published: March 2017

Despite the attempts to promote the inclusion of pregnant women into clinical research, this group is still widely excluded. An analysis of the “vulnerability of pregnant women” that questions deeply internalized stereotypes is necessary for finding the right balance in the protection of pregnant women as research participants. Criticism of the traditional account of vulnerability will lead to an alternative that focuses on situations rather than groups and on the obligations of responsible parties. The paper adds to the current general discussion of vulnerability and at the same time addresses the specific problem of drug treatment during pregnancy.
Reconciling the disability critique and reproductive liberty: The case of negative genetic selection
Authors: Hall Melinda C.
Published: March 2017

The disability critique of negative genetic selection is frequently accused of threatening reproductive liberty. This paper describes the disability critique and defends it against that objection. It also contends that the critique can work to deflate belief in genetic determinism. Recognizing the influence of genetic determinism helps advocate for existing persons in the disability community and protects reproductive liberty. The disability critique can point to genetic determinism but does not suggest a ban or obstacles to the choice of negative genetic selection; therefore, it is not antithetical to reproductive liberty, as has been charged.
Long-term care, globalization, and justice, by Lisa A. Eckenwiler
Authors: Reid Lynette
Published: March 2017

Lisa A. Eckenwiler, Long-term care, globalization, and justice, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012, reviewed by Lynette Reid
The epistemic function of narratives and the globalization of mental disorders
Authors: Gosselin Abigail
Published: March 2017

The scientific model of mental disorder, which is the foundation of American psychiatry, is easily imperialistic when it is applied globally. This unwarranted extension of power is especially problematic for women, since psychiatry is easily used to deny women discursive and agential power and to ignore social and political contexts for women’s suffering. By analyzing the epistemic function of narratives, I argue that the hegemonic power of the scientific narrative is unjustified and often harmful, and that a more accurate and more justly applied understanding of disorder requires accounting for alternative cultural narratives as well.
Conditions of care: Migration, vulnerability, and individual autonomy
Authors: Straehle Christine
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates the specific conditions of female migrant workers who come to Canada as caregivers for the very young or the very old. Most of Canada’s live-in caregivers come into the country under the auspices of the Live-in Caregiver program. I assess this program from the perspective of individual autonomy and vulnerability. I argue that such programs allow for the realization of individual migration projects; however, they also generate specific vulnerabilities for female care workers that restrict and disable their capacity for autonomy. Insofar as programs can be modified to avoid these vulnerabilities while still allowing for migration, they need to be changed.
Caring for the elderly in Algeria within the discourse of traditionalism and modernism: Is there a Kabyle “woman problem”?
Authors: Kaci Ariana , Starks Helene
Published: March 2017

In Algerian Kabyle families, the intersection of tradition and modernity creates a dilemma for family-based eldercare. As daughters-in-law (traditional caregivers) choose to live independently from their in-laws’ home, some unmarried daughters may be left to fill the care gap. Given the shift from traditional to modern caregiving arrangements, how can elders and the members of their family survive and thrive? Choosing an empirical case study that is analyzed using key concepts from care ethics and gender justice, we develop a notion of “caring with the heart” for aging family members in need of long-term care. We offer seven possible solutions and policy options for the modern Kabyle context.
Formalization of informal care in the Netherlands: Cost containment or gendered cost redistribution?
Authors: Broek Thijs van den
Published: March 2017

In order to contain public care expenditure, policymakers in the Netherlands have over the last decades formulated in ever more stringent ways what ought to be expected from spouses, partners, and family members with regard to care for dependent relatives. The current Dutch coalition cabinet plans to shift the principal responsibility for nonmedical care, including demanding forms of care such as long-term personal care, to individuals and families. I argue that these policy developments imply cost redistribution rather than cost containment and that this redistribution is disadvantageous for women.
International migrant eldercare workers in Italy, Germany, and Sweden: A feminist critique of eldercare policy in the United States
Authors: Tong Rosemarie
Published: March 2017

Hiring international migrant eldercare workers to work hard for little pay simply because this traveling workforce needs wages higher than those they would receive back home seems somehow “wrong.” The standard justification for hiring migrants seems more like an excuse than a justification. My purpose in this article, however, is not to condemn people who hire international migrant eldercare workers, but to suggest that these employers as well as their employees are caught in the same moral bind. Depending on how uncaring a state is about meeting its people’s fundamental needs including adequate long-term care, it will create a hostile environment for the development of caring people (Eckenwiler 2011, 9). But a society without a sufficient number of caring people risks unraveling. People who avoid care work and who shun the practice of care are, in my estimation, “marginal” to society in that they are not contributing to the foundation that makes society possible.
A looming dystopia: Feminism, aging, and community-based long-term care
Authors: Holstein Martha
Published: March 2017

Old age often brings with it chronic conditions that make it difficult to handle the activities of daily life. In the United States, unpaid family caregivers, predominantly women, provide most of this care. I explore why this situation has come about and persists and further ground my image of a dystopian future in neoliberalism, the policymaking process, and contemporary politics. I then offer an ethical and policy foundation for an alternative approach to providing needed long-term care services and make provisional suggestions for actions that ought to be taken now and in the near future to avoid this dystopian future.
Merit and money: The situated ethics of transnational commercial surrogacy in Thailand
Authors: Whittaker Andrea
Published: March 2017

Specific studies of the “situated ethics” of international surrogacy that address the structural conditions and local moral economies that sustain the trade are needed. In this essay, I describe the intimate industry of surrogacy in Thailand, exploring the local moral economy in which surrogacy is described as a form of Buddhist merit making and an opportunity to provide for one’s own children. This offers a further example of how other ethical values beyond the strictly economic are negotiated in commercial surrogacy relationships. Situated ethics allow us to locate and understand the tensions, competing logics, and contradictions within ethical practices.
COMPETENCE, VOLUNTARINESS, AND OPPRESSIVE SOCIALIZATION: A FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF THE THRESHOLD ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT
Authors: Sisti Dominic , Stramondo Joseph
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Feminists have argued that oppressive socialization undermines the liberal model of autonomy. We contend that this argument can also be employed effectively as a challenge to the standard bioethical model of informed consent. We claim that the standard model is inadequate because it relies on presumptions of procedural autonomy and rational choice that overlook the problem of how agents are often socialized so that they adopt and internalize oppressive norms as part of their motivational structure. The argument that oppressive socialization undermines liberalism’s view of autonomy is most relevant to what Beauchamp and Childress call the threshold elements of informed consent—competence and voluntariness. We show how these elements fail to account for morally relevant factors such as oppressive socialization.
DO THE “RIGHT” THING: ACHIEVING FAMILY AT HOME AND ABROAD
Authors: Daoud Julie , Ghent Alana , Sherron Catherine
Published: March 2017

Abstract

This article uses narrative accounts of women who are intended parents to show the health and financial implications of infertility treatments (particularly in vitro fertilization), underregulation, and lack of funding in the United States and abroad. It argues that providing access to infertility treatment and regulating for safety are necessary means of protecting the health of women diagnosed with infertility and women who, through the sale of their reproductive goods and services, are the catalysts to conception. Many moral ambiguities arise from the utilization of assistive reproductive technologies to treat infertility, requiring careful scrutiny of market and nonmarket values.
UNREFLEXIVE MEDICINE: THE UNSPOKEN “GOODNESS” OF THE NORMAL IN THE CASE OF CONJOINED TWINS’ SEPARATION
Authors: Ferrari Martina
Published: March 2017

Abstract

In this article, I illustrate ways in which the concepts of the norm and normativity, as well as discourses about normality and the good life, are implicated in relations of power that inform individuals’ values. By analyzing the separation of conjoined twins as a paradigmatic example of practices of overmedicalization, I consider the implications of taking the “goodness” of normality for granted. I argue that overmedicalization procedures establish an interpretative framework that does not leave room for recognizing the contingency of societal suppositions about normality and the good life. It is this kind of ethical reflection (or lack thereof) that I problematize as being symptomatic of individuals’ “normalized” ethical reflection.
FORCED SONOGRAM AND COMPELLED SPEECH ABORTION REGULATIONS: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Toscano Vicki
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Recent state regulations require women, before undergoing abortions, to be subjected to unwanted and nonmedically necessary sonograms, often requiring an intrusive vaginal probe. Physicians, for their part, are forced to turn the viewing screens toward the faces of their patients and to describe to them the details on the screen. In this commentary, I explain these current laws and the various court responses to them to date. Further, I demonstrate why these abortion regulations violate the ethical principles governing informed consent and why they should be declared unconstitutional based on women’s constitutional rights as settled by Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey and physicians’ First Amendment rights.
BREAST CANCER ACTIVISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE POLITICS OF GENES
Authors: McHenry Kristen Abatsis
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Perhaps no other medical advocacy movement has been as successful as breast cancer advocacy in increasing awareness and funds. Recent decades have seen a division between a “green” environmental advocacy aimed at prevention and a “pink” advocacy focused on fund-raising for a cure. The movement has largely failed to address the implications of corporate control over genetic testing, as reflected by the involvement of only one breast cancer organization in the lawsuit against Myriad Genetics Laboratory, which held patents on the BRCA 1/2 genes. This article argues that the reason for this failure is an unwillingness to challenge the role that corporations play in advocacy.
Fair Advice: Discretion, Persuasion, and Standard Setting in Child Nutrition Advice
Authors: Jonas Monique
Published: March 2017

Child nutrition advice enjoys a prominent and widely accepted social presence. This article argues that popular acceptance of the institution of child nutrition advice, and state involvement in it, rests on a conception of advice as discretionary that is in tension with its persuasive intent. In the domain of child nutrition, the persuasive intent often prevails. Child nutrition advice can acquire the status of a set of parenting standards by stealthy means. This raises questions of fairness. Using the notion of role obligations, reasons are presented to separate out the setting of parental standards from the provision of child nutrition advice.
Approche de l'anorexie au carrefour de la phénoménologie et du féminisme
Authors: Pelluchon Corine
Published: March 2017

Résumé

A rebours d'une approche strictement médicale de l'anorexie, qui fait la genèse des troubles du comportement alimentaire, cette étude se focalise sur le rapport aux autres et au corps dont témoignent ces privations alimentaires. Soulignant l'apport de la phénoménologie qui appréhende l'anorexie comme une manière d'être-avec-le-monde-et-avec-les-autres, l'auteure s'appuie sur Un artiste de la faim de Kafka pour montrer que l'anorexie n'est pas seulement ni essentiellement liée à l'idéal de la minceur. Il s'agit d'un problème d'autonomie lié au dualisme âme-corps caractéristique du rationalisme moderne et renvoyant ainsi à des représentations sociales. Une approche féministe de l'anorexie permet d'éclairer la raison pour laquelle les anorexiques sont en majorité des femmes. Il ne suffit pas d'insister sur les rôles sociaux qui expliquent que les femmes d'aujourd'hui cherchent à répondre aux canons de la minceur, mais d'analyser leurs formes d'expression de soi dans des contextes qui font de l'autonomie un idéal difficile à réaliser pour elles.
Appetites, Disorder, and Desire
Authors: Schwartzman Lisa H.
Published: March 2017

Contemporary discussions of food, diet, and obesity often center on individuals and not on the myriad ways that culture, class, race, and gender affect eating practices. The expectation that one will “choose” foods wisely, track calories, and control one's appetite can have devastating effects on women. Drawing on Caroline Knapp's Appetites: Why Women Want and on recent sociological studies of young women's sexual experiences, I explore connections between the cultural pressures on women to control their appetites for both food and sex and to deny their own needs and pleasures. I advocate a feminist approach that situates choice in particular contexts and emphasizes the cultivation of women's embodied desires, rather than their control.
A New Kant on Religion?
Authors: Davis Stephen T.
Published: March 2017

In recent years certain scholars have argued that the philosophy of Immanuel Kant is much more open to religion in general and Christianity in particular than was previously believed. A focus of this approach is the forthcoming Kant and the Question of Religion, edited by Christ Firestone, Nathan Jacobs, and James Joiner (Cambridge University Press). The present article resists the “new wave” interpretation of Kant on religion. It argues that Kant's religious views are incompatible with Christianity, as that religion is standardly understood.
Love as Power and Powerlessness: Kierkegaard and Adorno Revisited
Authors: Brittain Christopher Craig
Published: March 2017

This article defends the ongoing relevance of Adorno's criticism of Kierkegaard's Works of Love, despite the fact that many Kierkegaard scholars dismiss it. To support this claim, the discussion shows how issues at the heart of Adorno's critique resurface in contemporary debates over Kierkegaard's distinction between preferential and non-preferential love. This is particularly evident in Krishek's debate with Ferreira. The article argues that the repair Krishek proposes to Kierkegaard's account falls short of Adorno's insistence on the significance of social context. This issue is drawn out by contrasting Krishek's emphasis on caring compassion with Adorno's preference for concepts such as reconciliation and justice. The discussion subsequently acknowledges that Adorno's own account of subjectivity remains inadequate in ways that recall issues he criticizes in Kierkegaard's philosophy. Potential resources in Adorno's thought are drawn out from some of his aphorisms on the power of love.
The Turning Point of Lutheran Anti-Catholicism: The Reception of the Second Vatican Council in Finland
Authors: Zitting Heidi
Published: March 2017

The Second Vatican Council indirectly furthered the high approach of Finnish Lutheranism to liturgy and episcopal ministry by tempering fear of the Roman Catholic Church, paving the way for acceptance of such concepts as successio apostolica and episcopal consecration. This change in attitude toward Catholicism can be observed in the writings and speeches of certain Finnish Lutheran bishops. This article examines the hopes and fears of the Finnish Lutheran bishops raised by the announcement of Pope John xxiii that an ecumenical council would be assembled and investigates the role of the Finnish observer Seppo A. Teinonen at the council. Teinonen wrote theologically detailed articles and lectures about the council and its progress and aims, works that gradually helped to vanquish the long-standing tradition of mild anti-Catholicism in Finland and create space for the liturgical and episcopal renewal of Finnish Lutheranism. It is apparent that the principal catalyst in this Nordic Lutheran development is the successful ecumenical dialogues between the Lutheran and Anglican Churches that resulted in the Porvoo Agreement of 1992. However, the impact of the Second Vatican Council on this development in Finland has not been previously investigated, and it has thus not been taken into account. This study thus fills an obvious gap in the field of theology and ecumenics.
Introduction: Visualizing Violence
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: March 2017

The Introduction explores the relationship between visual and literary representations of modern warfare. What impact have paintings, cartoons, films and television had on the reporting of conflicts? How has the visual imagery of military violence – as the most extensive and damaging form of violence – changed? Here, Susan Sontag's 2003 essay Regarding the Pain of Others is used as a starting point for a wider discussion of what it means to portray, and to witness portrayals of, wartime violence.
Vasily V. Vereshchagin (1842–1904): Vae victis in Asia and in Europe
Authors: Kantarbaeva-Bill Irina
Published: March 2017

Vasily Vereshchagin (1842–1904) was one of the most well-known Russian artists of the second half of the nineteenth-century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Strongly influenced by the popular French Neo-Classicist and Orientalist Jean-Léon Gérome, Vereshchagin's was constantly in pursuit of new subjects for his art. Instead of construing the east as a place of backwardness, lawlessness or barbarism, enlightened and tamed by Occidental rule, Vereshchagin's engagement with progress and humanism evolved in the course of his numerous expeditions and travels, shaping themes and images of human pathos, uncontrollable force and emotional extremes engendered by the war violence unfolding before his eyes. This article will trace Vereshchagin's life and works and their place in the development of the arts in the nineteenth century, when genre painting, the prevalent form of Orientalist art, gradually evolved into battle scenes. Vereshchagin selected the facts of human existence to transfer them to his drafts and studies as if he were attempting to discover the roots of cultural contradictions between the beauty and diversity of human creativity and the poverty, cruelty and barbarity of human life. His method of juxtaposing the traditional form of battle painting and the real tragedy of war whose victims had neither voice nor identity would challenge generals, tsars, governments and the orthodoxies of his time but would also bring him fame and respect.
Land Use for Edible Protein of Animal Origin—A Review
Authors: Flachowsky Gerhard , Meyer Ulrich , Südekum Karl-Heinz
Published: March 2017

The present period is characterized by a growing world population and a higher demand for more and better quality food, as well as other products for an improved standard of living. In the future, there will be increasingly strong competition for arable land and non-renewable resources such as fossil carbon-sources, water, and some minerals, as well as between food, feed, fuel, fiber, flowers, and fun (6 F’s). Proteins of animal origin like milk, meat, fish, eggs and, probably, insects are very valuable sources of essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins, but their production consumes some non-renewable resources including arable land and causes considerable emissions. Therefore, this study´s objective was to calculate some examples of the land use (arable land and grassland) for production of edible animal protein taking into consideration important animal species/categories, levels of plant and animal yields, the latter estimated with and without co-products from agriculture, and the food/biofuel industry in animal feeding. There are large differences between animal species/categories and their potential to produce edible protein depending on many influencing variables. The highest amounts per kilogram body weight are produced by growing broiler chicken followed by laying hens and dairy cows; the lowest yields in edible protein and the highest land need were observed for beef cattle. This review clearly indicates that the production of food of animal origin is a very complex process, and selective considerations, i.e., focusing on single factors, do not provide an assessment that reflects the complexity of the subject.
Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Load-Carrying Performance of a Wind Turbine Considering the Influence of Assembly Factors
Authors: Wang Jianmei , Ning Ke , Tang Liang , Malekian Reza , Liang Yinan , Li Zhixiong
Published: March 2017

In this work, a wind turbine shrink disk is used as the research object to investigate load-carrying performance of a multi-layer interference fit, and the theoretical model and finite element model are constructed. According to those models, a MW-level turbine shrink disk is designed, and a test device is developed to apply torque to this turbine shrink disk by hydraulic jack. Then, the circumferential slip between the contact surfaces is monitored and the slip of all contact surfaces is zero. This conclusion verifies the reasonability of the proposed models. The effect of the key influencing factors, such as machining deviation, assembly clearance and propel stroke, were analyzed. The contact pressure and load torque of the mating surfaces were obtained by building typical models with different parameters using finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that the minimum assembly clearance and the machining deviation within the machining range have little influence on load-carrying performance of multi-layer interference fit, while having a greater influence on the maximum assembly clearance and the propel stroke. The results also show that the load-carrying performance of a multiple-layer interference fit can be ensured only if the key factors are set within a reasonable design range. To avoid the abnormal operation of equipment caused by insufficient load torque, the propel stroke during practical assembly should be at least 0.95 times the designed propel stroke, which is significant in guiding the design and assembly of the multi-layer interference fit.
Experimental Study of Imbibition Characteristics of Silica Sol in Coal-Measure Mudstone Matrix
Authors: Pan Dongjiang , Zhang Nong , Han Changliang , Yang Sen , Zhang Chenghao , Xie Zhengzheng
Published: March 2017

Coal-measure mudstone is a typical dual-porosity media, and grouting in a matrix system is dominantly controlled by the imbibition effect for silica sol. This paper studies the imbibition effect using mudstone in the Huaibei mining area and silica sol as grouting material as an example. Groutability, driving force, and diffusion difficulty affecting the imbibition effect were tested by a mercury porosimeter, nanoparticle size analyzer, optical contact-angle measuring device, surface tension meter, and rotary viscosity meter. After finely grinding a mudstone sample, a pressureless imbibition process was conducted through nuclear magnetic resonance equipment for 216 h to study colloid spontaneous migration and phase characteristics. Results show that silica sol absorption rate follows a power function and that the spectrograms of T2 are distributed in a triple peak pattern, with a tendency to move to the right of vertex time. The paper lays a theoretical and experimental foundation for field grouting in the coal mine.
Influence of Hard Segments on the Thermal, Phase-Separated Morphology, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Polycarbonate Urethanes
Authors: Zhu Rong , Wang Xinyu , Yang Jing , Wang Yiyu , Zhang Zongrui , Hou Yuanjing , Lin Fei , Li Yi
Published: March 2017

Abstract: In this study, we have fabricated a series of polycarbonate polyurethanes using a two-step bulk reaction by the melting pre-polymer solution-casting method in order to synthesize biomedical polyurethane elastomers with good mechanical behavior and biostability. The polyurethanes were prepared using dibutyltin dilaurate as the catalyst, poly(1,6-hexanediol)carbonate microdiols (PCDL) as the soft segment, and the chain extender 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the hard segments. The chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained films were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and mechanical property tests. The surface properties and degrees of microphase separation were further analyzed by water droplet contact angle measurements (CA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The materials exhibited a moderate toxic effect on the tetrazolium (MTT) assay and good hemocompatibility through hemolytic tests, indicating a good biocompatibility of the fabricated membranes. The materials could be considered as potential and beneficial suitable materials for tissue engineering, especially in the fields of artificial blood-contacting implants or other biomedical applications.
Universal Voltage Conveyor and its Novel Dual-Output Fully-Cascadable VM APF Application
Authors: Herencsar Norbert , Koton Jaroslav , Hanak Pavel
Published: March 2017

This letter presents a novel realization of a voltage-mode (VM) first-order all-pass filter (APF) with attractive features. The proposed circuit employs a single readily available six-terminal active device called as universal voltage conveyor (UVC) and only grounded passive components, which predict its easy monolithic integration with desired circuit simplicity. The auxiliary voltage input (W) and output (ZP, ZN) terminals of the device fully ensure easy cascadability of VM APF, since the input and output terminal impedances are theoretically infinitely high and zero, respectively. Moreover, thanks to mutually inverse outputs of the UVC, the proposed filter simultaneously provides both inverting and non-inverting outputs from the same configuration. All of these features make the UVC a unique active device currently available in the literature. The behavior of the filter was experimentally measured using the readily available UVC-N1C 0520 chip, which was produced in cooperation with ON Semiconductor Czech Republic, Ltd.
Inverse Relations of PM2.5 and O3 in Air Compound Pollution between Cold and Hot Seasons over an Urban Area of East China
Authors: Jia Mengwei , Zhao Tianliang , Cheng Xinghong , Gong Sunling , Zhang Xiangzhi , Tang Lili , Liu Duanyang , Wu Xianghua , Wang Liming , Chen Yusheng
Published: March 2017

Abstract: By analyzing the data of urban air pollutant measurements from 2013 to 2015 in Nanjing, East China, we found that the correlation coefficients between major atmospheric compound pollutants PM2.5 and O3 were respectively 0.40 in hot season (June, July and August) and −0.16 in cold season (December, January and February) with both passing the confidence level of 99%. This provides evidence for the inverse relations of ambient PM2.5 and O3 between cold and hot seasons in an urban area of East China. To understand the interaction of PM2.5 and O3 in air compound pollution, the underlying mechanisms on the inversion relations between cold and hot seasons were investigated from the seasonal variations in atmospheric oxidation and radiative forcing of PM2.5 based on three-year environmental and meteorological data. The analyses showed that the augmentation of atmospheric oxidation could strengthen the production of secondary particles with the contribution up to 26.76% to ambient PM2.5 levels. High O3 concentrations in a strong oxidative air condition during hot season promoted the formation of secondary particles, which could result in a positive correlation between PM2.5 and O3 in hot season. In cold season with weak atmospheric oxidation, the enhanced PM2.5 levels suppressed surface solar radiation, which could weaken O3 production for decreasing ambient O3 level with the low diurnal peaks. Under the high PM2.5 level exceeding 115 μg·m−3, the surface O3 concentration dropped to 12.7 μg·m−3 at noon with a significant inhibitory effect, leading to a negative correlation between PM2.5 and O3 in cold season. This observational study revealed the interaction of PM2.5 and O3 in air compound pollution for understanding the seasonal change of atmospheric environment.