bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the eye of the beholder: student perspectives on professional roles in practice
Authors: Bennett Deirdre , McCarthy Marian , O’Flynn Siun , Kelly Martina
Published: March 2013

Context Learning about professional roles in clinical settings is confounded by the gap between espoused theory and the professional practice of the workplace. Workplace learning is grounded in that which is afforded to learners and individuals’ engagement with those affordances. The meaning students make of the real‐world performance of professional roles and how this relates to formal professionalism frameworks remain unclear. Construal of experience is individual. Professional roles are enacted in the eye of the beholder. In their reflections, student subjectivities, intentionalities and engagement with workplace affordances are revealed. Our research question was: How do students’ perspectives of professional roles in practice, revealed through written reflections, relate to the formal professionalism curriculum?

Methods Year 3 students (n = 108) wrote reflections during hospital and community placements. Thematic content analysis was performed.A prioricategories based on the CanMEDS Physician Roles Framework were used to map content.

Results A total of 107 students consented to the use of their reflections (n = 315). The CanMEDS roles of Communicator, Professional and Scholar predominated. Students were seen applying prior knowledge to new situations and reflecting on them. For some, the confirmation of previous learning was the outcome; for others, the mismatch between practice and the formal curriculum led to the questioning of both. The roles of Manager, Collaborator and Health Advocate were less frequently reflected upon. Differences between the affordances of hospital and community placements were seen. Means to address findings are discussed with reference to Billett’s duality of workplace learning.

Conclusions Reflective narratives reveal how students construe professional roles in practice. Mapping the content of reflections to a competency framework confirmed the mismatch between the formal and enacted curricula. Billett’s duality of workplace learning provides a useful lens through which to identify means to address this, through the structural aspects of access and guidance, and through the promotion of individual engagement and reflection.
DNA methylation by CcrM activates the transcription of two genes required for the division of Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Gonzalez Diego , Collier Justine
Published: March 2013

DNA methylation regulates many processes, including gene expression, by superimposing secondary information on DNA sequences. The conserved CcrM enzyme, which methylates adenines in GANTC sequences, is essential to the viability of several Alphaproteobacteria. In this study, we find that Caulobacter crescentus cells lacking the CcrM enzyme accumulate low levels of the two conserved FtsZ and MipZ proteins, leading to a severe defect in cell division. This defect can be compensated by the expression of the ftsZ gene from an inducible promoter or by spontaneous suppressor mutations that promote FtsZ accumulation. We show that CcrM promotes the transcription of the ftsZ and mipZ genes and that the ftsZ and mipZ promoter regions contain a conserved CGACTC motif that is critical to their activities and to their regulation by CcrM. In addition, our results suggest that the ftsZ promoter has the lowest activity when the CGACTC motif is non‐methylated, an intermediate activity when it is hemi‐methylated and the highest activity when it is fully methylated. The regulation of ftsZ expression by DNA methylation may explain why CcrM is essential in a subset of Alphaproteobacteria.
Forgotten resources of older home care clients: Focus group study in Finland
Authors: Turjamaa Riitta , Hartikainen Sirpa , Pietilä Anna‐Maija
Published: March 2013

In this qualitative focus group study, the resources available to older home‐dwelling people, particularly incoming and existing home care clients, are described from the viewpoint of home care professionals (n = 32). The data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. There were three categories of older people requiring resources from the viewpoint of interviewers: home‐dwelling people, incoming home care clients, and existing home care clients. Based on the analysis, the resources of older home‐dwelling people were categorized in terms of support, meaningful life, everyday activities, and environment. Incoming home care client resources were support, out‐of‐home activities, in‐home activities, and environment. Existing client resources were described in terms of support, everyday activities, and environment. Home care professionals described the resources of the older home‐dwelling people in diverse ways, but those of the perspective of existing clients were reduced. The biggest difference was in everyday activities. Psychological and social resources, including meaningful life and social relationships, seemed to be forgotten. All available resources must be taken into account, especially in the everyday home care services for existing home care clients.
Association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome in older adults in Korea: Analysis of data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV
Authors: Choi Mona , Yeom Hye‐A , Jung Dukyoo
Published: March 2013

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is consistently increasing among Korean adults and is reported to be particularly high among older adults in Korea. This paper reports the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and identifies the association between metabolic syndrome and physical activity in Korean older adults. Subjects of this study were 3653 older adults who participated in the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during the years 2007–2009. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the study population was 46.84%. The prevalences of abdominal obesity, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, reduced high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure were 39.51, 45.53, 39.55, 48.24, and 69.14%, respectively, in the study population. Compared to subjects who reported low levels of physical activity, the odds ratios of metabolic syndrome for those who were moderately active and highly active were 0.93 and 0.63, respectively. Nurses should develop metabolic syndrome management programs that are tailored to the needs of the targeted group and that include individually adapted physical activity programs to promote health.
Pain and quality of life in Turkish cancer patients
Authors: Ovayolu Nimet , Ovayolu Özlem , Serçe Sibel , Tuna Döndü , Pirbudak Çöçelli Lütfiye , Sevinç Alper
Published: March 2013

This study was designed to examine the relationship between patients' pain severity and their self‐reported quality of life, to evaluate factors that may affect pain and quality of life, and to assess patients' opinions and practices on the use of analgesics. The study was conducted with 260 cancer patients. Data were collected using a Quality of Life Scale and Visual Analog Scale questionnaire. It was found that mean scores of pain, all subdomains of quality of life, and overall mean scores of patients were at a moderate level, the lowest score in the subdomains of quality of life was in the psychological subdomain and the highest was in the spiritual subdomain. It was also found that as severity of pain experienced by patients increased, their general activities, mood, activeness, sleep, and nutrition were negatively affected. As severity of pain experienced by patients increased, their quality of life worsened. Patients were observed to have insufficient knowledge and a poor understanding with respect to the use of analgesics. In conclusion, it is very important for nurses to assess factors that can complicate pain management and to establish an effective pain control.
The experiences of adult ventilator‐dependent patients: A meta‐synthesis review
Authors: Tsay Shwu‐Feng , Mu Pei‐Fan , Lin Shirling , Wang Kai‐Wei Katherine , Chen Yu‐Chih
Published: March 2013

Studies exploring the perceptions of patients whose lives are maintained by mechanical ventilation highlight the stressful nature of this type of experience. The objective of this meta‐synthesis study was to describe the nature of the experience of adult ventilator‐dependent patients. A systematic literature search of English and Chinese databases was undertaken, covering the period between 1970 and 2012. Qualitative research findings were extracted and pooled using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument. A total of 1004 papers were identified from various database and hand searches. Nineteen papers were critically appraised and 16 met inclusion criteria. Five meta‐synthesis themes emerged from the analysis: (1) the feelings of fear due to being dependent on a ventilator and the loss of control of life; (2) disconnection with reality; (3) impaired embodiment; (4) construction of coping patterns; (5) trust and caring relationship. Suggested implications for practice include enhancing the trust relationship with health professionals, as well as nursing actions throughout the suction procedure relating to release of patient's psychological distress and empowering their resilience factors.
Electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy: a novel device to measure esophageal mucosal integrity changes during endoscopy
Authors: Weijenborg P. W. , Rohof W. O. A. , Akkermans L. M. A. , Verheij J. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J.
Published: March 2013

Background

Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have impaired esophageal mucosal integrity. Measurement of the mucosal integrity is complex and time‐consuming. Electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy (ETIS) is a device that measures impedance of tissue in vivo during endoscopy. In this study, we aimed to validate ETIS as a measure of esophageal mucosal integrity.

Methods

Electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed during upper endoscopy in 12 GERD patients and 11 healthy controls after cessation of proton pump inhibition. During endoscopy biopsies of the distal esophagus were obtained for transmission electron microscopy to determine dilation of intercellular spaces (DIS) and for Ussing chamber experiments to determine transepithelial permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance.

Key Results

Extracellular impedance measured in vivo by ETIS was significantly lower in GERD patients compared to controls [mean (SD) 5621 (3299) Ω.m and 8834 (2542) Ω.m, respectively, P < 0.05]. We found a strong inverse relation between extracellular impedance determined by ETIS and DIS (r = −0.76, P < 0.05), and between extracellular resistance in vivo and transepithelial permeability of esophageal biopsies (r = −0.65, P < 0.01).

Conclusions & Inferences

Electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy is a new tool that can be used to evaluate esophageal mucosal integrity changes during endoscopy.
Ginger and its pungent constituents non‐competitively inhibit activation of human recombinant and native 5‐HT3 receptors of enteric neurons
Authors: Walstab J. , Krüger D. , Stark T. , Hofmann T. , Demir I. E. , Ceyhan G. O. , Feistel B. , Schemann M. , Niesler B.
Published: March 2013

Background

Beneficial effects of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) problems and chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting are well accepted. In rodents, the action of ginger seems to be mediated by the inhibition of 5‐HT3 receptors, which are established targets to combat emesis and irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods

Heterologously expressed human 5‐HT3A or 5‐HT3AB receptors were characterized by means of Ca2+influx studies using HEK293 cells. Complementing Ca2+ measurements in Fluo‐4‐AM‐stained whole‐mount preparations of the human submucous plexus were carried out. Furthermore, [3H]GR65630 binding assays were performed to reveal the mode of action of ginger and its pungent compounds.

Key Results

We show for the first time that ginger extracts and its pungent arylalkane constituents concentration‐dependently inhibit activation of human 5‐HT3 receptors. Ginger extracts inhibited both receptors with increasing content of pungent compounds, confirming that these are part of ginger's active principle. Inhibition potencies of the arylalkanes 6‐gingerol and 6‐shogaol on both receptors were in the low micromolar range. A lipophilic ginger extract and 6‐gingerol had no influence on 5‐HT potency, but reduced the 5‐HT maximum effect, indicating non‐competitive inhibition. The non‐competitive action was confirmed by [3H]GR65630 binding, showing that the ginger extract did not displace the radioligand from 5‐HT3A and 5‐HT3AB receptors. The potential relevance of the inhibitory action of ginger on native 5‐HT3 receptors in the gut was confirmed in whole‐mount preparations of the human submucous plexus. While a general neurotoxic effect of 6‐gingerol was ruled out, it inhibited the 2‐methyl‐5‐HT‐mediated activation of 5‐HT3 receptors residing on enteric neurons.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our findings may encourage the use of ginger extracts to alleviate nausea in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and to treat functional GI disorders.
Arrhythmias in the gut
Authors: Lammers W. J. E. P.
Published: March 2013

In recent years, it has become possible to record, from a large number of extracellular electrodes, the electrical activities of smooth muscle organs. These recordings, after proper processing and analysis, may reveal origin and propagation of normal and abnormal electrical activities in these organs. Several publications have appeared in the past 5 years describing origin and propagation of slow waves in the stomach of experimental animals and in humans. Furthermore, publications are now starting to appear that describe pathophysiological patterns of propagation and these studies provide us with novel concepts regarding potential mechanisms of arrhythmias in the gut, crucial information if we are ever going to successfully treat patients suffering from such arrhythmias. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Angeli et al. have mapped the slow wave propagation in the porcine small intestine and discovered two types of reentry; functional reentry and circumferential reentry. Next to the descriptions of arrhythmias in the stomach, the fact that reentrant arrhythmias may also occur in the small intestine further extends this new emerging field of gastrointestinal (GI) arrhythmias. In this viewpoint, the relevance of these arrhythmias is further discussed and a few ideas for future research in this field, not necessarily constrained to the GI system, proposed.
Neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia
Authors: Namura Shobu , Ooboshi Hiroaki , Liu Jialing , Yenari Midori A.
Published: March 2013

Cerebral ischemia, a focal or global insufficiency of blood flow to the brain, can arise through multiple mechanisms, including thrombosis and arterial hemorrhage. Ischemia is a major driver of stroke, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the general etiology of cerebral ischemia and stroke has been known for some time, the conditions have only recently been considered treatable. This report describes current research in this field seeking to fully understand the pathomechanisms underlying stroke; to characterize the brain's intrinsic injury, survival, and repair mechanisms; to identify putative drug targets as well as cell‐based therapies; and to optimize the delivery of therapeutic agents to the damaged cerebral tissue.
Selective RAF inhibitor impairs ERK1/2 phosphorylation and growth in mutant NRAS, vemurafenib‐resistant melanoma cells
Authors: Le Kaitlyn , Blomain Erik S. , Rodeck Ulrich , Aplin Andrew E.
Published: March 2013

The RAF inhibitor vemurafenib achieves remarkable clinical responses in mutant BRAF melanoma patients. However, vemurafenib is burdened by acquired drug resistance and by the side effects associated with its paradoxical activation of the ERK1/2 pathway in wild‐type BRAF cells. This paradoxical effect has driven the development of a new class of RAF inhibitors. Here, we tested one of these selective, non‐paradox‐inducing RAF inhibitors termed paradox‐breaker‐04 (PB04) or PLX7904. Consistent with its design, PB04 is able to efficiently inhibit activation of ERK1/2 in mutant BRAF melanoma cells but does not hyperactivate ERK1/2 in mutant RAS‐expressing cells. Importantly, PB04 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mutant BRAF melanoma cells with acquired resistance to vemurafenib/PLX4720 that is mediated by a secondary mutation in NRAS. Consistent with ERK1/2 reactivation driving the re‐acquisition of malignant properties, PB04 promoted apoptosis and inhibited entry into S phase and anchorage‐independent growth in mutant N‐RAS‐mediated vemurafenib‐resistant cells. These data indicate that paradox‐breaker RAF inhibitors may be clinically effective as a second‐line option in a cohort of acquired vemurafenib‐resistant patients.
Prognostic value of brain injury biomarkers in acute encephalitis/encephalopathy
Authors: Tsukahara Hirokazu , Fujii Yosuke , Matsubara Kousaku , Yamada Mutsuko , Nagaoka Yoshiharu , Saito Yukie , Yashiro Masato , Tsuge Mitsuru , Goto Shinichiro , Kitamura Tetsuro , Hata Atsuko , Ichiyama Takashi , Morishima Tsuneo
Published: March 2013

Background

Acute encephalitis/encephalopathy (AEE) is a devastating cause of severe neurodevelopmental sequelae or death in children. Assessing ongoing brain injury and predicting outcomes using bedside point‐of‐care testing is expected to be extremely valuable.

Methods

For this study, three brain injury markers, S‐100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tau protein, were measured in early cerebrospinal fluid samples of children with AEE. Subjects comprised three groups: Group 1 (non‐AEE control, n = 27); Group 2 (AEE with normal resolution or mild sequelae, n = 13); and Group 3 (AEE with severe sequelae or death, i.e. “poor outcome,” n = 10).

Results

All marker levels were significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 or 2. In Group 3, only S‐100B was significantly higher in non‐survivors than in survivors. For scoring assessment (range: 0–3 points), the predictive accuracies of 3 points for poor outcomes in children with AEE (i.e. Group 2 and 3, n = 23) were 91% (21/23) for S‐100B, 74% (17/23) for GFAP, and 78% (18/23) for tau. When the scores were summed up for S‐100B, GFAP, and tau (range: 0–9 points), and for S‐100B and tau (range: 0–6 points), the patients with poor outcomes were identified more accurately using the respective thresholds of 6 points and 4 points (96% [22/23] and 100% [23/23], respectively).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that combined measurement and scoring assessment of the markers, especially S‐100B and tau, show promise as predictors of clinical outcomes in children with AEE.
Time to diagnosis of brain tumors in children: A single‐centre experience
Authors: Molineus Anja , Boxberger Nicole , Redlich Antje , Vorwerk Peter
Published: March 2013

Background

The aim of the study was to analyze the pre‐diagnostic symptomatic interval (PSI) of children with brain tumors with regard to the parental and doctor's delay and the clinical symptoms.

Methods

A retrospective review of all children with brain tumors diagnosed in a single centre over a period of 11 years was carried out.

Results

Seventy‐nine patients (35 boys, 44 girls), with a mean age of 9.2 years (0.2–23.5 years), were analyzed. PSI was 28 weeks with a parental delay of 11.1 weeks and a doctor's delay of 16.9 weeks. Main clinical symptoms were headache (66.7%), vomiting (57.7%), vision (46.2%) and gait (41.6) disorders and fatigue (41.0%) followed by other neurological signs.

Conclusions

Diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors is often delayed in relation to the presenting symptoms. If parents report a combination of headache with other neurological abnormalities, a brain tumor should always be considered.
Use of airway pressure release ventilation in a child with refractory hepatopulmonary syndrome after liver transplantation
Authors: Jenkins Julia K. , Gebergzabher Yodit D. , Island Eddie R. , Habashi Nader , Hauser Gabriel J.
Published: March 2013

HPS is a life‐threatening condition in patients with end‐stage liver disease, in which intrapulmonary vascular dilatations result in intrapulmonary shunts and hypoxemia. The only successful treatment is liver transplantation. Hypoxemia may be severe prior to transplantation; however, it can worsen or become refractory after liver transplantation and result in increased post‐operative mortality. Here, we present the case of a 10‐month‐old female infant with progressive end‐stage liver disease and severe HPS, who developed refractory hypoxemia after a successful liver transplantation. After 19 days of unsuccessful attempts to reverse the hypoxemia using conventional mechanical ventilation and HFOV, the patient responded dramatically to APRV, with rapid improvement in her PaO2 and sharp decline in her OI. She was able to begin weaning from APRV two days later and was extubated within seven days. APRV was successful in treating refractory hypoxemia in this patient with severe HPS after liver transplantation, possibly by modifying distribution of pulmonary blood flow. Although we cannot rule out coincidental natural resolution of the HPS, APRV could be a useful rescue therapy in patients with HPS and refractory hypoxemia.
MRI validated echocardiographic technique to measure total cardiac volume: A tool for donor–recipient size matching in pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Camarda Joseph , Saudek David , Tweddell James , Mitchell Michael , Woods Ronald , Otto Michelle , Simpson Pippa , Stendahl Gail , Berger Stuart , Zangwill Steven
Published: March 2013

Our aim is to develop and validate an accurate method for estimating TCV using standard echocardiographic imaging that can be easily employed to aid in donor–recipient size matching in pediatric heart transplantation. Thirty patients who underwent Echo and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) were identified. TCV was measured on cMRI. TCV was determined echocardiographically by two methods: a volume measurement using the modified Simpson's method on a four‐chamber view of the heart; and a calculated volume measurement which assumed a true‐elliptical shape of the heart. These two methods where compared with the value obtained by cMRI using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). TCV by method 1 correlated well with cMRI (CCC = 0.98%, CI = 0.97, 0.99). TCV by method 2 had a CCC = 0.90 (CI = 0.9464, 0.9716) when compared to cMRI. Left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) also correlated as a predictor of TCV in patients with structurally normal hearts and could be described by the equation: TCV = 6.6 (LVEDV) + 12 (R2 = 0.97). Echocardiographic assessment of TCV for recipients and their potential donors is a simple process and can be prospectively applied as part of donor evaluation.
Comparative analysis of peroxiredoxin activation in the brown macroalgae Scytosiphon gracilis and Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyceae) under copper stress
Authors: Lovazzano Carlos , Serrano Carolina , Correa Juan A. , Contreras‐Porcia Loretto
Published: March 2013

Among thiol‐dependent peroxidases (TDPs) peroxiredoxins (PRXs) standout, since they are enzymes capable of reducing hydrogen peroxide, alkylhydroperoxides and peroxynitrite, and have been detected in a proteomic study of the copper‐tolerant species Scytosiphon gracilis. In order to determine the importance of these enzymes in copper‐stress tolerance, TDP activity and type II peroxiredoxin (II PRX) protein expression were compared between the opportunistic S. gracilis and the brown kelp Lessonia nigrescens, a species absent from copper‐impacted sites due to insufficient copper‐tolerance mechanisms. Individuals of both species were cultured with increasing copper concentrations (0–300 µg l−1 Cu) for 96 h and TDP activity and lipoperoxides (LPXs) were determined together with II PRX expression by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The results showed that TDP activity was higher in S. gracilis than L. nigrescens in all copper concentrations, independent of the reducing agent used (dithiothreitol, thioredoxin or glutaredoxin). This activity was copper inhibited in L. nigrescens at lower copper concentrations (20 µg l−1 Cu) compared to S. gracilis (100 µg l−1 Cu). The loss of activity coincided in both species with an increase in LPX, which suggests that TDP may control LPX production. Moreover, II PRX protein levels increased under copper stress only in S. gracilis. These results suggest that in S. gracilis TDP, particularly type II peroxiredoxin (II PRX), acts as an active antioxidant barrier attenuating the LPX levels generated by copper, which is not the case in L. nigrescens. Thus, from an ecological point of view these results help explaining the inability of L. nigrescens to flourish in copper‐enriched environments.
Intellectual disability and impact on oral health: a paired study
Authors: Oliveira Juliana Santos , Prado Júnior Raimundo Rosendo , de Sousa Lima Kássio Rafael , de Oliveira Amaral Heylane , Moita Neto José Machado , Mendes Regina Ferraz
Published: March 2013

The objective was to assess the oral health status, the treatment needed, and the type of dental health services access of intellectually disabled (ID) subjects in Teresina, Brazil. The sample consisted of 103 ID subjects matriculated in centers for special needs people and 103 siblings. Results were analyzed using paired t‐test, chi‐square test, and odds ratio. ID subjects had fair (63.1%; p < .001) and their siblings had a good oral hygiene (n = 103 [55.3%]; p < .005). ID had more decayed (3.52; p < .005), and missing teeth (1.17; p = .001), fewer dental restorations (1.67; p = .012) and had a greater need for tooth extraction (21.4%; p = .002) than their siblings. Thirty percent of ID subjects had never received dental treatment and had difficulty accessing public health services. Their treatment needs were, therefore, higher than non‐ID subjects. The access to oral health services was unsatisfactory, thus it is important to implement educational and health promotion inclusion policies for people with ID.
Nested or Networked? Future Directions for Ecological Systems Theory
Authors: Neal Jennifer Watling , Neal Zachary P.
Published: March 2013

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (EST) is among the most widely adopted theoretical frameworks for studying individuals in ecological contexts. In its traditional formulation, different levels of ecological systems are viewed as nested within one another. In this article, we use Simmel's notion of intersecting social circles and Bronfenbrenner's earlier writing on social networks to develop an alternative ‘networked’ model that instead views ecological systems as an overlapping arrangement of structures, each directly or indirectly connected to the others by the direct and indirect social interactions of their participants. We redefine each of the systems discussed byEST—micro, meso, exo, macro, and chrono—based on patterns of social interaction, and then illustrate how this alternative model might be applied in the classic context of the developing child. We conclude by discussing future directions for how the networked model ofESTcan be applied as a conceptual framework, arguing that this approach offers developmental researchers with a more precise and flexible way to think about ecological contexts. We also offer some initial suggestions for moving a networkedESTmodel from theory to method.
Children Selectively Trust Individuals Who Have Imitated Them
Authors: Over Harriet , Carpenter Malinda , Spears Russell , Gattis Merideth
Published: March 2013

We investigated the influence of being imitated on children's subsequent trust. Five‐ to six‐year‐olds interacted with one experimenter who mimicked their choices and another experimenter who made different choices. Children were then presented with two tests. In a preference test, the experimenters offered conflicting preferences for the contents of two opaque boxes, and children were asked to choose a box. In a factual claims test, the experimenters offered conflicting claims about the referent for a novel word, and children were asked to state which object the word referred to. Children were significantly more likely to endorse both the preferences and the factual claims of the experimenter who had mimicked them. These results demonstrate that imitation is a powerful means of social influence in development.
Patterns of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Young Adolescents in Singapore
Authors: Pang Joyce S. , Ang Rebecca P. , Kom Dennis M. Y. , Tan Ser Hong , Chiang Aaron Q. M.
Published: March 2013

The authors investigated the patterns of reactive and proactive aggression exhibited by young male (N = 604) and female (N = 544) adolescents in Singapore. Self‐report measures of reactive and proactive aggression, behavioral and emotional adjustment, parenting styles, and delinquency were administered to students aged 13–14. Using cluster analysis, three distinct patterns of aggression emerged: a low aggressive group, a combined aggressive group with high reactive and proactive aggression, and a reactively aggressive group with low proactive and high reactive aggression. The two aggressive groups showed similar disturbances in adjustment and delinquency, but the combined group showed the greatest disruptions. Findings indicate cross‐cultural stability of patterns of aggression as well as the usefulness of the reactive/proactive distinction in early identification of individuals with adjustment problems.
A molecular analysis of the Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea) with an interpretative grouping of its taxa
Authors: KARSHOLT OLE , MUTANEN MARKO , LEE SANGMI , KAILA LAURI
Published: March 2013

We re‐examine the higher level phylogeny and evolutionary affinities of the family Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) based on DNA sequence data for one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and seven nuclear genes (Elongation Factor‐1α,wingless,Ribosomal protein S5,Isocitrate dehydrogenase,Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase,Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenaseandCarbamoylphosphate synthase domain protein). Fifty‐two taxa representing nearly all established subfamilies and tribes of Gelechiidae, and about 10% of described gelechiid genera, in addition to five outgroup taxa were sequenced. Data matrices (6157 bp total) were analysed under model‐based evolutionary methods (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference), resulting in novel high‐level phylogenetic interrelationships. The best supported cladogram divided the Gelechiidae into six distinct clades corresponding to the subfamilies Anacampsinae, Dichomeridinae, Apatetrinae, Thiotrichinae, Anomologinae and Gelechiinae (+ Physoptilinae, which were not available for study). The results suggest the following adjustments in gelechiid interrelationships: Brachmini is nested within Dichomeridinae; Anarsiini is the sister group of Chelariini; Pexicopiinae is the sister group of Apatetrinae, here suggested to be treated as a tribe Pexicopiini of Apatetrinae. A new subfamily Thiotrichinae (subfam.n.) is proposed on the basis of the resurrected genusThiotrichaMeyrick (gen.rev.), which includesMacrenchesMeyrick,PalumbinaRondani andPolyhymnoChambers. Gelechiidae display a wide array of life‐history strategies, but the diversity in patterns of larval mode of life has direct phylogenetic correlation only below subfamily level, suggesting multiple origins and/or frequent reversals for traits such as external or internal feeding and leaf mining within the family.
Cost‐effectiveness of nurse‐led versus doctor‐led antiretroviral treatment in South Africa: pragmatic cluster randomised trial
Authors: Barton Garry R. , Fairall Lara , Bachmann Max O. , Uebel Kerry , Timmerman Venessa , Lombard Carl , Zwarenstein Merrick
Published: March 2013

Objective

To estimate the cost‐effectiveness of nurse‐led versus doctor‐led antiretroviral treatment (ART) forHIV‐infected people.

Design

Cost‐effectiveness analysis alongside a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in 31 primary care clinics (16 intervention, 15 controls) in Free State Province, South Africa. Participants wereHIV‐infected patients, aged ≥16 years. Cohort 1 (CD4 count ≤350 cells/μl, not yet receivingARTat enrolment): consisted of 5 390 intervention patients and 3 862 controls; Cohort 2 (already receivedARTfor ≥6 months at enrolment) of 3 029 intervention patients and 3 202 controls. Nurses were authorised and trained to initiate and represcribeART. Management andARTprovision were decentralised to primary care clinics. In control clinics, doctors initiated and re‐prescribedART, nurses monitoredART. Main outcome measure(s) were health service costs, death (cohort 1) and undetectable viral load (<400 copies/ml) (cohort 2) during the 12 months after enrolment.

Results

For Cohort 1, the intervention had an estimated incremental cost ofUS$102.52, an incremental effect of 0.42% fewer deaths and an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) ofUS$24 500 per death averted. For Cohort 2, the intervention had an estimated incremental cost ofUS$59.48, an incremental effect of 0.47% more undetectable viral loads and anICERofUS$12 584 per undetectable viral load.

Conclusions

Nurse‐ledARTwas associated with higher mean health service costs than doctor‐led care, with small effects on primary outcomes, and a high associated level of uncertainty. Given this, and the shortage of doctors, further implementation of nurse‐ledARTshould be considered, although this may increase health service costs.
Joint effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on winter wheat suppression of Bromus tectorum
Authors: Orloff N , Miller Z J , Menalled F D , Burrows M E , Mangold J M
Published: March 2013

In winter wheat systems in the Northern Great Plains of the United States, Bromus tectorum and wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) commonly co‐occur. While independent effects of these pests on wheat yields have been well documented, to our knowledge, no study has investigated whether WSMV modifies interactions between wheat and B. tectorum. Furthermore, the impact that environmental stressors such as nutrient availability have on these interactions has not been addressed. We conducted a randomised split‐plot field study over 2 years to investigate the effects of WSMV and nitrate (N) availability on winter wheat suppression of Bromus tectorum. The study included four N treatments (10–19, 20–31, 31–84, and 85–207 kg ha−1) and two WSMV treatments (mechanically inoculated or control). Increasing soil N increased the susceptibility of wheat to WSMV infection. In 2009, wheat in the lowest and highest N levels had 24% and 65% of plants infected respectively. However, regression analysis indicated that interactive effects of wheat competition, N and WSMV did not play a consistent role in B. tectorum growth. Specifically, the effect of both wheat density and distance from row on B. tectorum biomass remained constant across inoculation treatments, suggesting that wheat inoculated with WSMV suppressed B. tectorum as effectively as healthy wheat. Furthermore, wheat had a greater impact on B. tectorum growth in higher N environments, even though incidence of WSMV infection in wheat was highest. Overall, our results suggest that WSMV infection may not change the ability of wheat to suppress B. tectorum.
Bread and Roses: Women Workers and the Struggle for Dignity and Respect
Authors: Ross Robert J. S.
Published: March 2013

When workers walked out of the Lawrence, Massachusetts mills on January 12, 1912, calling “short pay, all out,” their strike was later called the Bread and Roses strike. Though Congressional Committee investigated food budgets of the strikers and found that the 32 cents the owners had docked their pay (because of legislation reducing hours) was about two weeks of bread, the memory of the strike has been more iconic: “The strikers wanted not only decent pay, but a chance to enjoy the good things of life. They carried signs saying, ‘We want bread and roses too!' ” Thus, states one of the 252,000 entries that Google reports using the phrase “bread and roses strike.” Many sources repeat the inspiring observation. The workers, the legend goes, usually identifying the women, asserted their aspiration for what the poet James Oppenheim called “art and love and beauty” that their “drudging spirits” lacked. Some versions refer to the slogan on picket signs and some to banners. That this is probably legend and not something that actually happened tells us much about the importance of dignity and respect in working class struggles—and the role of women workers in them.
Universally Designing the Public Sector Workplace: Technology as Disability Access
Authors: Basas Carrie Griffin
Published: March 2013

More than twenty years after the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, people with disabilities continue to face discrimination in society, particularly in employment. At the same time, workers with disabilities often seek shelter in public sector employment settings where job benefits and stability are perceived to be greater. Understanding that employees with disabilities are an increasing and desirable part of the American workforce, unions, particularly in the public sector, have increased outreach to this population. Their collective bargaining agreements will have to reflect this inclusion, however, to be successful in hiring and retaining worker‐members with disabilities. Building on her earlier study of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)'s collective bargaining agreements and their disability provisions, the author provides a foundation for how unions might adopt proactive, partnership‐based disability policies, particularly in the area of technology‐based reasonable accommodations.
The Temporary Work Revolution: The Shift from Jobs that Solve Poverty to Jobs that Make Poverty
Authors: Van Arsdale David G.
Published: March 2013

Temporary Workers Dispatched from True Blue Staffing to Construction Site © David G. Van Arsdale

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Temporary Workers Dispatched from True Blue Staffing to Construction Site © David G. Van Arsdale

The creation of new jobs will not fix the problem of growing poverty in this era, now at record highs according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Today, nearly half of all jobs created are the source of poverty, the consequence of a shift to temporary employment standards, a trend beginning in the early 1970s and growing exponentially since the 2008 recession. In the immediate years following the recession, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics () reported that over 90 percent of all work created was temporary, increasing the scope, revenue, and capital investments in the U.S. staffing industry. Numerous studies have shown the jobs of this industry to be insecure by design and primarily low‐wage (Dietz ; Theodore and Peck ; Van Arsdale ). This article explains just how significant the shift to temporary work has been and why temporary staffing, a form of outsourcing labor by the staffing industry, is producing poverty for millions and stagnating wages for everyone, especially in this post‐recession reconstruction. The temporary work revolution marks a radical shift away from the post‐World War II logic that dedication to a job can and should solve poverty. Today, unfortunately, for most workers in the U.S., dedication to one's job cannot resolve one's economic woes. Most new jobs are simply too temporary, part‐time, and low paying.
Miniature Bioreactors for Rapid Bioprocess Development of Mammalian Cell Culture
Authors: Sani Mohd Helmi , Baganz Frank
Published: March 2013

At present, there are a number of commercial small scale shaken systems available on the market with instrumented controllable microbioreactors such as Micro–24 Microreactor System (Pall Corporation, Port Washington, NY) and M2P Biolector, (M2P Labs GmbH, Aachen, Germany). The Micro–24 system is basically an orbital shaken 24–well plate that operates at working volume 3 – 7 mL with 24 independent reactors (deep wells, shaken and sparged) running simultaneously. Each reactor is designed as single use reactor that has the ability to continuously monitor and control the pH, DO and temperature. The reactor aeration is supplied by sparging air from gas feeds that can be controlled individually. Furthermore, pH can be controlled by gas sparging using either dilute ammonia or carbon dioxide directly into the culture medium through a membrane at the bottom of each reactor. Chen et al., (2009) evaluated the Micro–24 system for the mammalian cell culture process development and found the Micro–24 system is suitable as scaledown tool for cell culture application. The result showed that intra-well reproducibility, cell growth, metabolites profiles and protein titres were scalable with 2 L bioreactors.
Bacillus Licheniformis Coated Bioparticles for Hydrogen Peroxide Degradation
Authors: Teoh Wei Kheng , Ibrahim Zaharah , Shahir Shafinaz
Published: March 2013

The potential use of Bacillus licheniformis coated bioparticles for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) degradation was assessed in this study. Bioparticles were made by mixing zeolite, activated carbon and cement in ratio 20:5:6 for attachment of biofilm. The efficiency of H2O2 degradation was examined in the presence and absence of biofilm (control) on bioparticles. Optimisation of biofilm development (7 and 10 days) and reusability were also investigated for H2O2degradation. Actively growing bacterial suspension (late exponential phase) of B.licheniformis was used in development of pure culture biofilm. The 7–day biofilm coated bioparticles system successfully achieved complete H2O2 degradation within an hour (highest rate = 1.17 % H2O2 degraded per minute) while the control showed no significant H2O2 degradation. After repeated use of biofilm coated bioparticles, the rate of H2O2 degradation declined to 0.654 % H2O2degraded per minute, and second use, the rate of H2O2 degradation was 0.166 % H2O2 degraded per minute. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images of the biofilm coated bioparticles showed the attachment of cells and formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), whereas the control showed no biofilm formed.
Etching selectivity of indium tin oxide to photoresist in high density chlorine- and ethylene-containing plasmas
Authors: Vitale Steven A. , Berry Shaun
Published: March 2013

Etching of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films in high density chlorine plasmas is studied, with the goal of increasing the etching selectivity to photoresist. The ITO etching rate increases with ethylene addition, but is not affected by BCl3 addition. ITO exhibits a threshold energy for ion etching, whereas the photoresist etches spontaneously in chlorine plasmas. The ITO:photoresist selectivity increases with BCl3 addition, ion bombardment energy, and C2H4 addition. It is proposed that the ITO etching rate is limited by desorption of InClx products, and that ethylene addition assists in scavenging oxygen from ITO leaving loosely bound In, which is more easily removed by physical sputtering.
Effect of electron irradiation on AlGaN/GaN and InAlN/GaN heterojunctions
Authors: Hwang Ya-Shi , Liu Lu , Ren Fan , Polyakov Alexander Y. , Smirnov N. B. , Govorkov A. V. , Kozhukhova E. A. , Kolin N. G. , Boiko V. M. , Vereyovkin S. S. , Ermakov V. S. , Lo Chien-Fong , Laboutin Oleg , Cao Y. , Johnson J. W. , Kargin N. I. , Ryzhuk R. V. , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: March 2013

AlGaN/AlN/GaN/sapphire, AlGaN/GaN/sapphire, AlGaN/GaN/Si, and InAlN/GaN/sapphire heterojunctions (HJs) were irradiated with 10 MeV electrons to fluences of 2 × 1015 to 3.3 × 1016 cm−2. The main effects on the electrical properties were a decrease in two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility and the shift of capacitance–voltage (C-V) characteristics to more positive values. The 50% 2DEG mobility decrease occurred at a similar fluence of 3.3 × 1016 cm−2 for all AlGaN/GaN and AlGaN/AlN/GaN HJs, but at a much lower fluence of 1.3 × 1016 cm−2 for InAlN/GaN, which is in line with previous observations for neutron irradiated HJs. The shift of C-V characteristics is due to increased concentration of deep acceptor traps in the barrier/interface region. In AlGaN/GaN/Si transistors, the increase of concentration of deep barrier/interface traps with activation energy of 0.3, 0.55, and 0.8 eV was observed. This increase correlates with the observed degradation of gate lag characteristics of transistors after irradiation with 1.3 × 1016 cm−2 electrons.
Covert underwater acoustic communication using dolphin sounds
Authors: Liu Songzuo , Qiao Gang , Ismail Asim
Published: March 2013

In November 2012, an experiment demonstrating biological mimicry method for covert underwater acoustic communication (UAC) was conducted at Lianhua Lake in Heilongjiang China. Dolphin whistles were used for synchronization while dolphin clicks were used as information carrier. The time interval between dolphin clicks conveys the information bits. Channel estimates were obtained with matching pursuit (MP) algorithm, which is useful for sparse channel estimation. Adaptive RAKE Equalization was employed at the receiver. Bit error rates were less than 10−4 with 37 bits per second data rate in the lake trial.
Nanosurface Chemistry on Size-Selected Silicon Clusters
Authors: Jarrold Martin F.
Published: March 2013

Studies of the chemistry that occurs on the nanosurfaces of size-selected silicon clusters reveal a number of fascinating qualitative similarities to the behavior of bulk surfaces. However, silicon clusters containing up to 70 atoms appear to be much less reactive than bulk silicon surfaces. This unexpected result suggests that these large silicon clusters are not just small crystals of bulk silicon, but have much more compact geometric structures.
Acidic Lakes and Streams in the United States: The Role of Acidic Deposition
Authors: Baker Lawrence A. , Herlihy Alan T. , Kaufmann Philip R. , Eilers Joseph M.
Published: March 2013

A statistically designed survey of lakes and streams conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency in acid-sensitive areas of the United States, the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS), was used to identify the role of acidic deposition relative to other factors in causing acidic conditions in an estimated 1180 lakes and 4670 streams. Atmospheric deposition was the dominant source of acid anions in 75 percent of the acidic lakes and 47 percent of the acidic streams. Organic anions were dominant in one-fourth of the acidic lakes and streams; acidic mine drainage was the dominant acid source in 26 percent of the acidic streams. Other causes of acidic conditions were relatively unimportant on a regional scale. Nearly all the deposition-dominated acidic systems were found in six well-delineated subpopulations that represent about one-fourth of the NSWS lake population and one-third of the NSWS stream population.
New Mechanism of Cavitation Damage
Authors: Chen You Lung , Israelachvili Jacob
Published: March 2013

Enormous impact pressures can develop when a vapor cavity collapses in a liquid, and it is generally held that these pressures are the underlying cause of cavitation damage of surfaces. The rapid growth and disappearance of vapor cavities have been viewed with a surface forces apparatus in liquids, and their effects on nearby surfaces at the submicroscopic level have been simultaneously monitored. The inception of cavities is intimately connected with simultaneous relaxations of high local strain energies on nearby surfaces, and in many practical situations, damage is more likely to occur during the formation, rather than the collapse, of cavities.
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Cells Correlates with Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Bentebibel Salah-Eddine , Lopez Santiago , Obermoser Gerlinde , Schmitt Nathalie , Mueller Cynthia , Harrod Carson , Flano Emilio , Mejias Asuncion , Albrecht Randy A. , Blankenship Derek , Xu Hui , Pascual Virginia , Banchereau Jacques , Garcia-Sastre Adolfo , Palucka Anna Karolina , Ramilo Octavio , Ueno Hideki
Published: March 2013

A T cell subset that emerges in blood after seasonal influenza vaccinations correlates with the development of protective antibody responses.