bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Historical Contexts of Byzantinization
Authors: Galadza Daniel
Published: January 2018

Once the liturgical tradition of Jerusalem has been presented, Chapter 2 examines the historical context of Byzantinization, narrated from the perspective of liturgy through the example of pilgrims, monks, bishops, emperors, and caliphs. It is within this context that we approach the interaction between Jerusalem and Constantinople. Christological controversies played a role in defining Christian communities in Jerusalem, but it was contact between the monks from St Sabas Lavra in Palestine and the monks from the Stoudios Monastery in Constantinople that left a lasting mark on Jerusalem’s liturgy. Their liturgical interaction—and not, say, a political ideology of the Byzantine empire to consciously export the liturgy of Constantinople, or the influence of the exiled Jerusalemite patriarchs in Constantinople—provides answers to questions of liturgical Byzantinization.
Responsibility as Contrasted with Justice and Legitimate Authority
Authors: Brown Alexander
Published: January 2018

Section I underscores the differences between the Justice-Based Account and the Responsibility-Based Account of the legitimacy of expectations, and tries to motivate the Responsibility-Based Account as being the superior account based on intuitions about hypothetical cases. Likewise, Section II sets out the important differences between the Legitimate Authority-Based Account and the Responsibility-Based Account, and once again attempts to motivate the Responsibility-Based Account as being the superior account by appealing to intuitions about hypothetical cases. All of the cases I shall discuss abstract from any particular legal doctrines of legitimate expectations that currently exist. The aim here is to get at what is the best theory of the general concept of legitimate expectations. This theory can then be used to critically assess actual legal doctrines.
Administrative Liability for Frustrated Legitimate Expectations
Authors: Brown Alexander
Published: January 2018

Section I clarifies and defends key aspects of the Liability Precept and the Secondary Duties Principle. Section II reconsiders the three idealized and illustrative modes of expectations coming into being introduced in Chapter 2. Against putative distinctions which appear to suggest otherwise, I argue that all of these modes should attract liability. Section III outlines and responds to some initial objections to the Liability Precept. In addition, Section IV tries to motivate my focus on public administration rather than a broader scope that would also encompass primary legislation. Finally, Section V provides two chief reasons why governmental administrative agencies are distinctive, such that the imposition of liability for frustrated expectations is especially fitting for them.
Introduction
Authors: Kantor Georgy , Lambert Tom , Skoda Hannah
Published: January 2018

Beginning with theories of absolute property, this introduction considers the merits of a more composite view, namely the ‘bundle of rights’ concept. Anthropologists discuss the relationships between people at the heart of property regimes, but personhood must also be seen as embedded in the things owned. The ideas of rules and control are key, and the concept of control at a distance provides useful conceptual purchase. Property is a complex idea to articulate, and natural law, religious and political frameworks of property are interwoven. Moreover, property is shaped by economic prerogatives, and its management shapes the relationship between the individual and the community, and the preservation of common resources. Property is, then, thoroughly embedded in social contexts, which in turn can render property highly unstable and contingent. It is precisely because of these kinds of tensions that legalism is so often invoked in order to manage and even create property relations.
Corruption and Inequality
Authors: Raimondi Fabio
Published: January 2018

The chapter sets out the key terms and overall approach taken by Machiavelli to the problem of the cause of the corruption of a city and its inability to transform its orders. Only a republic can carry out this operation successfully because only a republic has as its goal the regeneration of the free and civil way of life, while the principality, even the civil principality, inevitably degenerates into tyranny. The possibility of re-establishing a free state in a corrupt city, therefore, only exists if it is not already a very corrupt city. If the city were in such a situation, the people would not be able to restore freedom since the principality leads to the emergence of the kingly state and from there to tyranny. Only after having brought virtue back to the city could its citizens create a well-ordered republic by equipping it with the necessary orders.
Tumults and the Birth of Florence
Authors: Raimondi Fabio
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the subject of the free or servile beginnings of Florence, and analyses the path taken by Machiavelli in the Discourses and the Histories. Despite historical appearances, which showed Florence to be totally servile and thus condemned to not being free, Machiavelli’s analysis demonstrates that the city was constructed by people who were partly servile and partly free, and its virtue expressed itself in the struggles against fortune, even if they generated political instability. The comparison between tumults that made Rome great and struggles that characterized the history of Florence was used by Machiavelli to distinguish between the different situations of the two cities and to show that Florence should not imitate the constitution of Rome but instead create its own way of exploiting the virtue generated by its own struggles.
The Coherence Of Thrasymachus
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: January 2018

This essay gives an interpretation of the character of Thrasymachus in Plato’s Republic. Contrary to what recent commentators have claimed, Plato presents Thrasymachus as a horrifying figure, with a dark but coherent view of human life. According to this view, the principal good in life is domination over others: so in every significant interaction, one party is the winner, while the other is the loser. Justice is the vice of foolishly losing out to the more powerful, while injustice is the virtue of winning through one’s power and skill. Thrasymachus defends this account as revealing the deep phenomenon behind the law, and behind rulers’ declarations about justice and injustice. The Republic as a whole is a response to Thrasymachus’ view of the intrinsic benefits of injustice and intrinsic disadvantages of justice. But Thrasymachus represents this view in its most horrifying form—foreshadowing the discussion of the tyrant in book 9.
Intended and Unintended Consequences of Government Credit Guarantee Programmes
Authors: Ioannidou Vasso , Liberti José Maria , Mosk Thomas , Sturgess Jason
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, we provide empirical evidence that the underwriting of private sector loans through a loan guarantee programme distorts the efficient allocation of bank credit. We exploit cross-sectional and time series variation in the availability of loan guarantees to entrepreneurial firms in the Netherlands after the financial crisis to examine the impact of loan guarantees on a large sample of individual borrowers. The introduction and posterior withdrawal of the programme had the intended effect on the number of loan applications. Firms eligible for loan guarantees applied for more loans relative to those that were not. However, loan guarantees reduced the incentives on banks to screen and monitor the quality of loans by reducing collateralized loans and making riskier loans. Our findings suggest that government guarantee programmes may have adverse effects on the screening incentives of banks.
Historical Writing in the Balkans
Authors: Brunnbauer Ulf
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes historiography in several Balkan countries, paying particular attention to the communist era on the one hand, and the post-1989–91 period on the other. When communists took power in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia in 1944–5, the discipline of history in these countries—with the exception of Albania—had already been institutionalized. The communists initially set about radically changing the way history was written in order to construct a more ideologically suitable past. In 1989–91, communist dictatorships came to an end in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Albania. Years of war and ethnic cleansing would ensue in the former Yugoslavia. These upheavals impacted on historiography in different ways: on the one hand, the end of communist dictatorship brought freedom of expression; on the other hand, the region faced economic displacement.
Brazilian Historical Writing
Authors: Eakin Marshall C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses how, starting in the 1940s, historical writing in Brazil was gradually professionalized and then pluralized under the impact of Western historiographical trends such as Marxism, the Annales School, and dependency theory. With the independence of Brazil in 1822, gentlemen scholars began to produce the first notable historical works that helped define the nation’s identity, particularly focusing on Brazil’s culturally and racially mixed heritage of Africans, Native Americans, and Portuguese. Professional academic history began to emerge in the 1940s and 1950s, taking off after 1960. Over the last half-century, Brazilians have constructed a very sophisticated and vibrant community of professional historians writing for both academic and non-academic audiences. Although historical writing in Brazil over the last century has been deeply influenced by US and European historians, Brazilian historical writing today is largely shaped by domestic issues and concerns.
Arab Historical Writing
Authors: Choueiri Youssef M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the principal historiographical developments in the Arab world since 1945. It is divided into two major parts. The first part deals with the period extending from 1945 to 1970. During this period the discourse of either socialism or nationalism permeated most historical writings. The second part presents the various attempts made to decolonize, rewrite, or theorize history throughout the Arab world. The chapter then shows how in the various states of the Arabic world—some but not all of which have become fundamentalist Islamic regimes—Western models continued to be followed, though often with a more explicitly socialist approach than would be the case in America or Western Europe. By the 1970s, well before the shake-up of radical Islamicization that has dominated the past quarter-century, the entire Arabic world began to push hard against the dominance of residual Western colonial history.
Indian Historical Writing since 1947
Authors: Mukherjee Supriya
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Indian historical writing. The end of colonial rule in 1947 was a turning point in Indian historical writing and culture. History emerged as a professional discipline with the establishment of new state-sponsored institutions of research and teaching. Attached to the institutionalization was the political imperative of a newly independent nation in search of a coherent and comprehensive historical narrative to support its nation-building efforts. At the same time, there was a desire to establish an autonomous Indian perspective, free of colonial constraints and distortions. In this, post-independence historiography owed much to earlier strands of nationalist historiography. During the first two decades after independence, three main trajectories of historical writing emerged: an official and largely secular nationalist historiography, a cultural nationalist historiography with strong religious overtones, and a critical Marxist trajectory based on analyses of social forms.
Indonesian Historical Writing after Independence
Authors: Kumar Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Indonesian historical writing after independence. At the time Indonesia became independent, knowledge of academic history-writing was virtually non-existent. Indonesian elites then faced the postcolonial predicament of having to adopt Western nationalistic approaches to history in order to oppose the Dutch version of the archipelago’s history that had legitimized colonial domination. Soon after independence, the military took over and dominated the writing of history in Indonesia for several decades. Challenges to the military’s view of history came from artistic representations of history, and from historians—trained in the social sciences—who emphasized a multidimensional approach balancing central and local perspectives. However, it was only after 2002 that historians could openly criticize the role of the military.
Chinese Historical Writing since 1949
Authors: Weigelin‐Schwiedrzik Susanne
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies how in China—divided by civil war into mainland China and Taiwan—two opposing political camps instrumentalized the writing of history for political purposes. With the beginning of the end of the Cold War in East Asia around 1975–6, the writing of history on both sides of the Taiwan Straits underwent major changes. In Taiwan, questions of national identity became increasingly important, and it is no surprise that Taiwanese history grew in popularity. On the mainland, academic history-writing became gradually marginalized in the wake of a thorough commercialization of the historical field. The dominant discourse now turned anti-revolutionary, leaving the Communist Party in a difficult position as it faced the paradox that its legitimacy depended on the very revolutionary discourse now being attacked by a reformist paradigm that it needed to adopt in order to modernize the country.
Historians and Historical Writing in Modern Korea
Authors: Em Henry
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Korea, describing how after 1945 those who had criticized colonial rule achieved influence, started to build modern academic institutions, and, in the southern state, excluded Marxists from the profession. A positivist style of history, modelled along the lines of modernization theory, dominated the discipline in South Korea for a long time, especially after the suppression of the student revolts in the 1960s. It was only after 1980 that the situation changed. In the wake of rapid economic modernization and concomitant political changes, long-dominant modernization theories were increasingly challenged, and notions of multiple modernities—assuming divergent paths to different manifestations of modernity—were fruitfully applied to research on Korean history. In this context, postcolonial theories and the Korean historical experience of suzerainty under Chinese and Japanese colonialism started to play an important role in conceptualizing multiple modernities, and have recently influenced the writing of history in Korea.
Byzantine Historical Writing, 500–920
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes how the timeline of Byzantine historical writing can be divided into three 140-year periods: first, from AD 500–640, the end of late antiquity, when historiography flourished in many genres; second, from 640–780, when Byzantium struggled to resist Arab conquest and few surviving texts were produced; and finally, from 780–920, an age of recovery for the state and literature, when older traditions were resynthesized and the foundations for new developments were laid. Primarily, the society of the Eastern Empire was mostly Greek speaking, Christian, and specifically Roman in its political or national consciousness. The ‘usable past’ available to historians was therefore complex, consisting of incommensurate components that defined different sites of the culture.
Historical Writing in Central Europe (Bohemia, Hungary, Poland), c.950–1400
Authors: Berend Nora
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how, in Central Europe, historical writing emerged in connection to intertwined political and religious change between the late tenth and twelfth centuries: the establishment of polities and Christianization introduced by rulers. An ecclesiastical organization and personnel along with the rulers' patronage were the preconditions for local historiography. The correlation was not simply chronological; in its aims and themes, historical writing expressed and supported the power of Christian rulers and the new religion. Annals, gesta, chronicles, and saints' lives were produced, inspired by Western models, with Bohemian and Hungarian hagiography also incorporating Byzantine influences. The authors of almost all the texts were ecclesiastics, immigrants or locals, with laymen appearing exceptionally in the fourteenth century.
Annals and Chronicles in Western Europe
Authors: Foot Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how annals that describe events across Western Europe in the year AD 919 typifies the annalistic genre in form, style, and content. One specific author — Flodoard of Rheims — shares a preoccupation with extremes of weather and focus on the ills suffered by his people, the Franks, and their neighbours, especially those misfortunes which resulted from warfare. Flodoard's other hagiographical and historical works adopted different literary forms. Those texts revealed him as a conscious stylist and rhetorician, yet his annals remained close to the stylistically more limited forms demanded by their genre. Flodoard's annals make an interesting case study for they require scholars to challenge conventional understandings of the development of historical writing — and historical consciousness — in the early medieval West.
The Vicissitudes of Political Identity: Historical Narrative in the Barbarian Successor States of Western Europe
Authors: Lifshitz Felice
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how national histories, ‘intended to explain at length the legitimacy of a present secular power’, certainly abounded in Western Europe during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. However, neither that eventual ubiquity, nor the mirage of genealogical continuity from the barbarian successor states in Western Europe to the modern nation states of Western Europe, should distort one's view of the immediate post-Roman centuries. There was a continuous tradition of universal histories (often in chronicle format) witnessing a perception of the past as springing from the beginning of the world, including all human time, painted on a worldwide canvas, and embracing one's own history. But the perception of the past as the story of a single, barbarian led, post-Roman state was a rarity.
Scandinavian Historical Writing, 1100–1400
Authors: Bagge Sverre
Published: January 2018

This chapter talks about how historical writing in Scandinavia began in the early twelfth century, clearly as the result of European influence through the conversion to Christianity. In the following period, a considerable number of works were produced in the three Scandinavian kingdoms plus Iceland, largely in connection with the formation of dynastic kingdoms. The conversion to Christianity was a stimulus to historical writing not only through the introduction of script but also because of the challenge the new religion represented to the traditional culture. Consequently, most of the new kingdoms that came into being as the result of the expansion of Western Christendom in the tenth and eleventh centuries developed their own national historiography in which the origin of the people or the dynasty was a crucial issue.
Entitativity Perceptions of Individuals and Groups across Cultures
Authors: Tsukamoto Saori , Kashima Yoshihisa , Haslam Nick , Holland Elise , Karasawa Minoru
Published: January 2018

Cross-cultural differences in social perceptions pose an intriguing puzzle. East Asians, in contrast to Westerners, tend to have the view that individuals lack coherent and thematically consistent characteristics and, therefore, are likely to exhibit cross-situationally inconsistent actions and reactions. This tendency is explained in terms of naïve dialecticism. However, from a different domain of perception, East Asians perceive groups as possessing more coherent and thematically consistent characteristics than ascribed by Westerners. Does this apparent contradiction mean that, unlike individual selves, groups are not dialectically construed by East Asians? One way to reconcile these findings is to say that naïve dialecticism is domain-specific—East Asian dialecticism applies to individuals, but not to groups. Another is to consider individualism–collectivism and argue that East Asians perceive groups as more entitative because they are collectivistic, and Westerners perceive individuals as more entitative because they are individualistic. Pros and cons for these explanations are examined in this chapter and future research directions are suggested.
The Yin and Yang of Attitudes and Related Constructs
Authors: Ma-Kellams Christine , Spencer-Rodgers Julie , Peng Kaiping
Published: January 2018

Much of the literature has examined how dialectical thinking influences the self, emotions, and well-being. How does dialectical thinking affect valenced evaluations of objects outside of the self? This chapter argues that naive dialecticism shapes the internal consistency, cross-situational consistency, and temporal stability of attitudes and related constructs. It begins with a discussion of how dialecticism leads to greater attitudinal ambivalence or “both-valenced” (positive/negative) evaluations of a wide variety of phenomena. It then examines how dialecticism can explain the cultural variation in ingroup favoring versus ingroup derogating tendencies. The difference between cognitive versus affective components and implicit versus explicit levels emerge as important distinctions in elucidating cultural variation in group-based attitudes. The chapter continues with a discussion of how dialecticism can account for cultural differences in cognitive dissonance, intergroup attitudes and relations, and attitude flexibility and change, and topics for future research are proposed.
Dialectical Thinking and Attitudes toward Action/Inaction Beyond East Asia
Authors: Zell Ethan , Su Rong , Albarracín Dolores
Published: January 2018

Previous research has focused primarily on assessing dialectical thinking among respondents in representative East Asian and Western nations (e.g., China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States). This chapter examines how dialectical thinking varies across 19 nations/subnations spanning four continents. Consistent with previous theory, dialectical thinking was highest in East Asian societies, such as mainland China, Hong Kong, and Japan. Dialectical thinking was lowest in Guatemala, Turkey, and Italy. Further, both individual and nation-level dialecticism significantly predicted attitudes toward action and inaction. That is, both cultural groups and individuals high in dialectical thinking evidenced greater balance and moderation in attitudes toward action and inaction than cultural groups and individuals low in dialectical thinking. Given that dialectical thinking exists to some degree in a variety of cultures, factors that cultivate dialecticism in both East Asian and Western cultures are addressed. The chapter concludes with discussion of avenues for future research examining patterns of dialectical thinking across the globe.
Introduction
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: January 2018

This Introduction outlines various examples of ensemble performance to highlight diverse practices in the world of orchestras. It poses a fundamental question: What is an orchestra? It raises issues around collective creativity and social agency, which provide thematic foci in relation to a diversity of orchestral practices. Discussion on the conceptual aspects of adopting global perspectives on orchestras highlights comparison as a mode of theorization. The relevance of a comparative approach lies in its capacity to draw together diverse ethnographic case-studies. The Introduction thus provides a framework for reading this volume and it points out some of the conceptual connections between its chapters.
Steel orchestras and tassa bands
Authors: Ballengee Christopher L.
Published: January 2018

In the 1950s, the steel orchestra in Trinidad and Tobago became an icon of a nationalist discourse promoting African Trinidadian culture as national culture. In subsequent decades, steel orchestras were subsidized by the state and routinely linked with moments of national significance. Some Indian Trinidadian leaders met steelpan’s official declaration as the country’s national instrument in 1992 with accusations of unequal representation and they have continued to press the government to make the Indian Trinidadian tassa drum co-national instrument. This chapter surveys the cultural and political histories of steel orchestras and tassa bands and uses the national instrument debate as a key example of how notions of collective creativity, multiculturalism and national identity are processed through ideas about music and musical performance. The chapter concludes with a discussion of collaborations between steelpan and tassa musicians as representative of a desire to create musical and ideological fusions that reflect Trinidad and Tobago’s multiculturalism.
‘Every town our home town’
Authors: Hämeenniemi Eero
Published: January 2018

I am a Finnish classically trained composer who has extensive experience of working with musicians from diverse backgrounds. In this chapter I examine some of the possibilities and challenges that arise in this kind of work. The discussion focuses on composing for a symphony orchestra and incorporating musical ideas from my exploration of Carnatic classical music. The discussion is illustrated with reference to the compositional processes for a specific musical project: Yaadum uuree (‘Every town our home town’). This work featured the singer Bombay Jayashri Ramnath, one of the leading Carnatic performers, and it was premiered in a concert given by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra in 2013.
State orchestras and multiculturalism in Singapore
Authors: Ee Tan Shzr
Published: January 2018

State-sponsored orchestras organized along ideas about ‘ethnic’ affiliation have been emerging in Singapore since the 1980s. This follows the professionalization of its first symphony orchestra in 1979, and a strategic plan by the government to establish sister amateur orchestras rooted in the imagined Chinese, Indian and Malay traditions of the island’s multicultural population. This chapter examines the processes and results of sociocultural engineering through music. It pays particular attention to the application of the western symphonic model to small ensemble and solo traditions found or invented in the practice of existing South Indian, Southern Chinese, Indonesian and Malay performing arts. In this, orchestras—as flagship arts organizations—play important roles.
Orchestrating the nation
Authors: Norton Barley
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the cultural politics, history and revival of Vietnamese court orchestras, which were first established at the beginning of the Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945). Based on fieldwork in the city of Hue, it considers the decolonizing processes that have enabled Vietnamese court orchestras to take their place alongside other East Asian court orchestras as a display of national identity in the global community of nations. The metaphor of ‘orchestrating the nation’ is used to refer to the ways in which Vietnamese orchestras have been harnessed for sociopolitical ends in several historical periods. Court orchestras as heritage have recourse to a generic, precolonial past, yet they are not entirely uncoupled from local roots. Through a case-study of the revival of the Nam Giao Sacrifice, a ritual for ‘venerating heaven’, the chapter addresses the dynamics of interaction and exchange between staged performances of national heritage and local Buddhist and ancestor worship rituals. It argues that with growing concern about global climate change, the spiritual and ecological resonances of the Nam Giao Sacrifice have provided opportunities for the Party-state to reassert its position as the supreme guardian of the nation and its people.
Family Histories, Reproduction, and Migration
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

Chapter six discusses how different family models— joint, nuclear, transnational, among others—are linked to class mobility among Nambudiri migrant families. The question of the relation between family size, sterilization and citizenship is analysed to show how sticking to the ‘one-child’ model is made meaningful by referring to a wider colonial history of family reproduction and creates dilemmas in the present. The chapter discusses how histories of procreation, childbirth, and care are recalled to illustrate the progressive move from a sterile community to a responsible community. While the sterile community describes a colonial past in which few Nambudiri children were born or accepted due to orthodox kinship norms, the responsible community accepts the sacrifice represented by sterilization in order to achieve models of modern motherhood and fatherhood. Changing family sizes, if combined with generational forms of migration, also produces anxieties among middle-class families on elderly and children care.
On Irony, Brahminism, and Intergeneration
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

Chapter seven looks at intergenerational engagement with brahmins’ contemporary politics of identity through the perspective of irony. It delves into how older sections of Nambudiri society critically engage with contemporary political uses of the past for class claims and community building by neo-orthodox Nambudiri youth. This section analyses the formation of the modern YKS in the 1990s, as promoted by educated Nambudiris— often living in the diaspora— to counter the (supposedly) persistent subordination of the community to more successful middle-class strata. The chapter suggest how contemporary attempts to reframe a fragment of ‘glorious history’, rather than allowing middle-class Nambudiris to escape from the ‘backward’ public representation, have the effect of exacerbating public perceptions of Nambudiris as the embodied antinomy of the present.
Conclusion
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

The conclusion argues for a reconsideration of the place hold by kinship in postcolonial trajectories of social mobility. The reading of present middle-class modernities through the lens of kinship recalling and experiences provides a necessary balance to the ongoing focus on new middle classes as mainly enmeshed in political activism and economic strategies of mobility. The book suggests how, among Nambudiris, the historical move from nationalist engagement towards contemporary liberalization has been accompanied by the questioning of any kinship project based on unproblematic ideas of joint family, caste purity, and intergenerational hierarchies. Alternative ways of conceiving kinship have emerged, based on the idea of collective suffering and sacrifice, as well as on the necessity of territorial, caste, and religious mingling. It suggests how middle-class identities are framed today not only by a nostalgic attachment to an idealized past, but also by a historically-grounded reconsideration of the importance of kinship ruptures in actively participating to global history.
Marginal Separation Theory
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 discusses the ‘short separation bubble’ that forms at the leading edge of an aerofoil when the angle of attack reaches a certain value. It then suggests that the process of the formation of the bubble is described by the Marginal Separation theory, which represents a special version of the triple-deck theory. It then covers how, in this case, the viscous-inviscid interaction problem may be reduced to an integro-differential equation for the skin friction. It discusses how by solving this equation not only the transition from attached to separated flow in the boundary layer be predicted, but also the well-known phenomenon of the ‘bubble bursting’ that leads to a sudden loss of the lift produced by an aerofoil.
Introduction
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2018

How should one assess Husserl’s legacy? One possibility is to study the influence he has exerted on the development of twentieth-century philosophy. That the influence has been immense can hardly be disputed. This is not to say, of course, that everybody agreed with him; but the fact that subsequent phenomenologists, including Heidegger, Ingarden, Schutz, Fink, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Levinas, Gadamer, Ricœur, Derrida, Henry, and Marion, as well as leading theorists from a whole range of other traditions, including hermeneutics, critical theory, deconstruction, and post-structuralism, felt a need to react and respond to Husserl’s project and program testifies to his importance. We can, however, contrast this more backward-looking approach with a more forward-looking appraisal of Husserl’s legacy, one that basically asks the following question: ‘What are the future prospects of Husserlian phenomenology?’ Or to put it differently, ‘Does Husserlian phenomenology remain relevant for philosophy in the twenty-first century?’ These are, of course, huge questions, and there are again different ways one might go about trying to answer them....
Domesticating the market: moral exchange and the sharing economy
Authors: Fitzmaurice Connor J , Ladegaard Isak , Attwood-Charles William , Cansoy Mehmet , Carfagna Lindsey B , Schor Juliet B , Wengronowitz Robert
Published: January 2018

The ‘sharing economy’ is a contested realm, with critics arguing it represents a further development of neoliberalism, as platforms such as Airbnb and TaskRabbit, monetize previously uncommodified realms of life via renting of bedrooms, possessions, space and labor time. To date, this debate has largely ignored participants’ views. Using data from 120 in-depth interviews with providers in two for-profit and three not-for-profit sites, we find that most see the sharing economy differently, as an opportunity to build a radically different market, from the bottom up. Like the detractors, they are critical of dominant market arrangements, however, they believe the sharing sector can construct personalized exchanges that are morally attuned, based on ideals of community, and that help them achieve creative and financial autonomy in their working lives. These aspirations represent an attempt to tame, or domesticate the neoliberal market.
Cyclosporine blocks muscle differentiation by inducing oxidative stress and by inhibiting the peptidylprolyl‐cistrans‐isomerase activity of cyclophilin A: cyclophilin A protects myoblasts from cyclosporine‐induced cytotoxicity
Authors: Hong Feng , Lee Jinhwa , Song Jae‐Woo , Lee Su Jae , Ahn Heekyung , Cho Jeong Je , Ha Joohun , Kim Sung Soo
Published: January 2018

Allogenic myoblast transplantation (AMT) is under investigation for treatment of severe genetic myopathies. Data regarding the role of cyclosporine (CsA) and FK‐506 in AMT have shown that CsA is less effective than FK‐506. For this study, we investigated mechanisms of CsA toxicity during AMT and showed that a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by CsA, mediated partly by inhibition of the peptidylprolyl‐cis‐trans‐isomerase (PPIase)‐like activity of cyclophilin A (CypA), blocked differentiation and induced apoptosis at an early stage of muscle differentiation. Inhibition of the PPIase‐like activity of CypA alone also blocked muscle differentiation. However, CsA toxicity did not depend on the inhibition of calcineurin activity during muscle differentiation. Together, these data suggest that CsA‐mediated inhibition of the PPIase‐like activity of CypA and the high level of ROS generation contributed to the low efficacy of CsA in AMT. In addition, we showed that a reduction of oxidative stress protected cells from CsA‐induced apoptosis, and myoblasts that had survived after preexposure to CsA not only proliferated and differentiated reversibly but also gained resistance to subsequent CsA exposure. Thus, administration of antioxidants or overexpression of CypA either exogenously or endogenously during CsA treatment has the potential to improve the success of this treatment in AMT.
Immediate Postpartum Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Insertion and Breast-Feeding Outcomes: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Turok David K. , Leeman Lawrence , Sanders Jessica N. , Thaxton Lauren , Eggebroten Jennifer L. , Yonke Nicole , Bullock Holly , Singh Rameet , Gawron Lori M. , Espey Eve
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:665.e1–665.e8)

Maternal and infant health benefits are associated with breastfeeding to extend at least 6 months or more after birth. While most women plan to breastfeed, it is only exclusively practiced by less than 20% of them.
Cervical Pessary for Preventing Preterm Birth in Singleton Pregnancies With Short Cervical Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Ciardulli Andrea , Xodo Serena , Dugoff Lorraine , Ludmir Jack , Pagani Giorgio , Visentin Silvia , Gizzo Salvatore , Volpe Nicola , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Rizzo Giuseppe , Martinelli Pasquale , Berghella Vincenzo
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from J Ultrasound Med 2017;36:1535–1543)

Spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) is the leading cause of perinatal death in the United States and other countries. A short cervical length (CL) is a predictor of SPTB, and cervical pessaries have been found in some studies to decrease the rate of preterm birth.
Review on Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in African and Southeast Asian Children
Authors: Baillie Vicky L. , Olwagen Courtney P. , Madhi Shabir A.
Published: January 2018

Background:

The detection of human rhinoviruses (HRV) is highly prevalent in children with pneumonia, bronchiolitis, acute asthma and croup; however, there is also evidence that HRV is common in asymptomatic individuals. The majority of studies on the role of different HRV serotypes during acute respiratory tract infections episodes have limited sample size to fully characterize the epidemiology of HRV infection, including those from low-middle income countries, where the burden of childhood respiratory disease is greatest.

Methods:

We systematically reviewed HRV clinical and molecular epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Southeast Asia before November 2015.

Results:

We identified 31 studies, which included data from 13 African and 6 Southeast Asian countries, emphasizing the gaps in knowledge surrounding HRV infections. HRV was one of the most prevalent respiratory viruses detected during childhood respiratory disease (13%–59%); however, many studies could not determine the attributable role of HRV in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory infections due to high prevalence of detection among asymptomatic individuals (6%–50%). A meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of HRV identification between children of different age groups; or between children with severe disease compared with asymptomatic children.

Conclusions:

These data highlight the need for large-scale surveillance projects to determine the attributable etiologic role of HRV in respiratory disease.
Apocrine Cystadenoma of the Eyelid: A Rare Palpebral Neoplasm. Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Charles Norman C. , Patel Payal , Belinsky Irina , Oami Shimon
Published: January 2018

The authors report 2 cases of apocrine cystadenoma of the eyelid, 1 of which was studied with immunohistochemical and other special stains. While a previous report describes the tumor in a palpebro-orbital location, no other detailed descriptions of a purely eyelid location are present in the literature. Apocrine cystadenoma occupies an unusual portion of the spectrum of Moll gland tumors of the eyelid. It has no definitive clinical characteristics and may be diagnosed pathologically by hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections.
Dietary Influences on Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Coyner Theresa , Purath Janet
Published: January 2018

Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological condition affecting an estimated 85% of school-aged adolescents and 43% of individuals in their 30s. Dietary influences on acne have been explored by several clinical studies. Preliminary evidence suggests that dairy products influence the development and severity of acne through the actions of Insulin-like growth factor 1. Additional studies suggest that high-glycemic diets impact acne. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation influences on acne show conflicting results. Further large-scale clinical studies are needed to definitively explore the influence of diet on the development of acne. Providers should consider assessing dietary patterns in patients with acne and counsel those individuals who are found to intake diets that might adversely affect acne.
Synergistic increase in cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Yao-Yao , Zhou Xiao-Dong , Wu Sheng-Jie , Hu Xian-Qing , Tang Biao , Poucke Sven van , Pan Xiao-Yan , Wu Wen-Jun , Gu Xue-Mei , Fu Shen-Wen , Zheng Ming-Hua
Published: January 2018

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To explore the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) as a cardiovascular risk factor, this meta-analysis quantitatively assessed the association of NAFLD and CVD in diabetic patients.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database were analyzed until the end of March 2017. Original studies analyzing the association between NAFLD and cardiovascular risk factors in the diabetic population were included. The available data related to outcome were extracted for the effect estimate using a random-effects model. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.

Results

Of the 770 initially identified studies, 11 studies involving 8346 patients were finally included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale scores suggested that the studies included were of high quality. The pooled effects estimate showed that diabetic patients with NAFLD showed a two times increased risk for CVD compared with patients without NAFLD (odds ratio=2.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.67–2.90). Subgroup analysis also yielded a markedly increased risk, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) values of 2.28 (1.61–3.23) and 1.90 (1.48–2.45) in cross-sectional and cohort studies, respectively.

Conclusion

This is the first meta-analysis investigating the relationship between NAFLD and CVD independent of the impact of DM. Our findings suggested that NAFLD increases the risk of CVD in populations with comparable DM profiles. Diabetic patients diagnosed with NAFLD might benefit from a more early cardiovascular risk assessment, thereby reducing CVD morbidity and mortality.
Prospective Screening With the Validated Opioid Risk Tool Demonstrates Gynecologic Oncology Patients Are at Low Risk for Opioid Misuse
Authors: Garcia Christine , Lefkowits Carolyn , Pelkofski Elizabeth , Blackhall Leslie , Duska Linda R.
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Gynecol Oncol 2017;147:456–459)

Mortality rates in the United States due to opioid misuse have risen in recent years and continue to rise. Many of these deaths were attributed to misuse of prescription drugs.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence Among Different National Populations of Middle East and North African Men
Authors: Dargham Soha R. , Nasrallah Gheyath K. , Al-Absi Enas S. , Mohammed Layla I. , Al-Disi Rana S. , Nofal Mariam Y. , Abu-Raddad Laith J.
Published: January 2018

Background

There are limited data on herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We examined country- and age-specific HSV-2 seroprevalence among select MENA populations residing in Qatar.

Methods

Sera were collected from male blood donors attending Hamad Medical Corporation between June 2013 and June 2016. Specimens were screened for anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies following a 2-test algorithm: HerpeSelect 2 ELISA was used to identify HSV-2–positive specimens, and Euroline-WB was used to confirm positive and equivocal specimens for final HSV-2 status. Trends and associations with HSV-2 seropositivity were assessed.

Results

Of the 2077 tested sera, 61 were found and confirmed positive. The proportion of those confirmed positive increased steadily with HerpeSelect 2 ELISA index value, ranging from 16.3% for index values of 1.101 to 1.999 to 92.9% for index values of 4 or greater. Nationality-specific seroprevalence was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1%–8.8%) in Qataris, 5.3% (95% CI, 2.5%–11.1%) in Iranians, 4.2% (95% CI, 1.8%–9.5%) in Lebanese, 3.1% (95% CI, 1.2%–7.7%) in Sudanese, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.4%–6.4%) in Palestinians, 2.2% (95% CI, 1.1%–4.3%) in Egyptians, 2.0% (95% CI, 1.0%–5.0%) in Syrians, 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3%–3.6%) in Jordanians, 0.7% (95% CI, 0.1%–3.7%) in Yemenis, and 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1%–2.8%) in Pakistanis. There was evidence for higher seroprevalence in older age groups.

Conclusions

The seroprevalence of HSV-2 was in the range of few percentage points. There were no major differences in seroprevalence by nationality. These findings add to our understanding of HSV-2 epidemiology in MENA and indicate unmet needs for sexual health and control of sexually transmitted infections.
Comparison Between Small and Large Bowel Intussusception in Children
Authors: Levinson Hila , Capua Tali , Scolnik Dennis , Rimon Ayelet , Salomon Lotan , Glatstein Miguel
Published: January 2018

Background

Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in young children, and delayed diagnosis may lead to serious sequelae. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ileoileal intussusception and to document and compare clinical outcomes with ileocolic intussusception.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of children with an abdominal ultrasound that diagnosed intussusception. Clinical data and diagnostic studies were retrieved, to compare ileoileal with ileocolic intussusception.

Results

A total of 488 patients were evaluated with an abdominal ultrasound on suspicion of intussusception; 54 (11%) had ileoileal intussusception and 30 (6%) ileocolic intussusception. The significant features distinguishing the 2 conditions were fever, more common in patients with ileoileal intussusception, and an abdominal mass, which was papable more commonly in ileocolic intussusception. None of the ileoileal intussusception patients required surgical intervention, and all were discharged without complication.

Conclusions

With recent advances in abdominal ultrasound, the diagnosis of ileoileal intussusception has become easier than before. Patients presenting with small bowel intussusception may not need any immediate intervention. The presence of fever supports the diagnosis of ileoileal intussusception.