bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
hext, a software supporting tree‐based screens for hybrid taxa in multilocus data sets, and an evaluation of the homoplasy excess test
Authors: Schneider Kevin , Koblmüller Stephan , Sefc Kristina M.
Published: October 2015

The homoplasy excess test (HET) is a tree‐based screen for hybrid taxa in multilocus nuclear phylogenies. Homoplasy between a hybrid taxon and the clades containing the parental taxa reduces bootstrap support in the tree. The HET is based on the expectation that excluding the hybrid taxon from the data set increases the bootstrap support for the parental clades, whereas excluding non‐hybrid taxa has little effect on statistical node support. To carry out a HET, bootstrap trees are calculated with taxon‐jackknife data sets, that is excluding one taxon (species, population) at a time. Excess increase in bootstrap support for certain nodes upon exclusion of a particular taxon indicates the hybrid (the excluded taxon) and its parents (the clades with increased support).

We introduce a new software program, hext, which generates the taxon‐jackknife data sets, runs the bootstrap tree calculations, and identifies excess bootstrap increases as outlier values in boxplot graphs. hext is written in r language and accepts binary data (0/1; e.g. AFLP) as well as co‐dominant SNP and genotype data.

We demonstrate the usefulness of hext in large SNP data sets containing putative hybrids and their parents. For instance, using published data of the genus Vitis (˜6,000 SNP loci), hext output supports V. × champinii as a hybrid between V. rupestris and V. mustangensis.

With simulated SNP and AFLP data sets, excess increases in bootstrap support were not always connected with the hybrid taxon (false positives), whereas the expected bootstrap signal failed to appear on several occasions (false negatives). Potential causes for both types of spurious results are discussed.

With both empirical and simulated data sets, the taxon‐jackknife output generated by hext provided additional signatures of hybrid taxa, including changes in tree topology across trees, consistent effects of exclusions of the hybrid and the parent taxa, and moderate (rather than excessive) increases in bootstrap support. hext significantly facilitates the taxon‐jackknife approach to hybrid taxon detection, even though the simple test for excess bootstrap increase may not reliably identify hybrid taxa in all applications.
Improved molecular diagnosis of the common recurrent intragenic deletion mutation in IKBKG in a Filipino family with incontinentia pigmenti
Authors: Guevara Bryan Edgar K , Hsu Chao‐Kai , Liu Lu , Feast Alice , Alabado Karen Lee P , Lacuesta Maricarr Pamela M , Lee Julia Yu‐Yun , McGrath John A
Published: October 2015

Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare, multisystem X‐linked dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in IKBKG, the encoding inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B‐cells. Almost 80% of all cases result from a recurrent intragenic deletion mutation that removes exon 4–10. At present, this mutation can be detected by a multi‐primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique although current protocols may preferentially amplify the wild‐type allele and miss the deletion. Here, we report a female infant with incontinentia pigmenti that also affected her mother and sister, and two spontaneously aborted male siblings. We developed a modified PCR amplification method that provides more robust detection of the exon 4–10 deletion mutation, which was demonstrated in all affected females in this pedigree.
The development of lung biochemical monitoring can play a key role in the early prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Fabiano Adele , Gavilanes Antonio W.D. , Zimmermann Luc J.I. , Kramer Boris W. , Paolillo Piermichele , Livolti Giovanni , Picone Simonetta , Bressan Katia , Gazzolo Diego
Published: October 2015

Aim

Despite advances in perinatal management, there is a flat trend in incidences of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. The main feature of BPD development in preterm infants is an imbalance between increased exposure to free radicals and inadequate antioxidant defences. We investigated the associations between BPD and lipid hydro‐peroxide (LOOH) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).

Methods

In this prospective study, BALF samples were collected from 44 preterm infants with RDS and oxidative stress markers were measured in 11 with BPD and 33 controls without BPD.

Results

LOOH levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the BPD group (median 16.35; 25th–75th centile 13.75–17.05 nmol/mL) than in the no BPD group (median 13.18; 25th–75th centile 12.92–13.63 nmol/mL). Conversely, GSH levels were significantly lower in the BPD group (p < 0.01) (median 11.52; 25th–75th centile 6.95–13.85 μmol/mg) than the no BPD group (median: 18.69; 25th–75th centile: 13.89–23.64 μmol/mg). Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlations between BPD and mechanical ventilation time (p < 0.01) and LOOH levels (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Early LOOH level increases in preterm infants developing BPD suggest that lung biochemical monitoring of sick infants might be possible and BPD could be predicted early by evaluating biomarkers.
Childhood trauma and suicide risk in the population living in Zonguldak Province
Authors: Saraçlı Özge , Atasoy Nuray , Şenormancı Ömer , Atik Levent , Açıkgöz Hasret Ozan , Doğan Veysel , Sankır Hasan , Köktürk Fürüzan , Örsel Sibel
Published: October 2015

Introduction

No previous study has investigated the association between early trauma and suicidal behavior in Zonguldak. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of childhood abuse and neglect in the general population living in Zonguldak province and the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal ideations and attempts.

Methods

The present study was carried out with 897 people in the general population, as assessed in a representative sample from Zonguldak province. The cluster sampling method was used. After obtaining written consent from the people who agreed to participate in the study, the Socio‐demographic Information Form, Suicide Probability Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered.

Results

The lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideations was 18.3% among those who experienced at least one type of early trauma, and it was 9.6% among those without a history of childhood trauma (P < 0.001). Only emotional abuse exhibited a significantly high odds ratio for lifetime suicidal ideations (odds ratio [OR] = 3.168, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.731–5.798) and attempts (OR = 3.467, 95% CI = 1.343–8.952). Emotional neglect showed a high odds ratio only for lifetime suicidal attempts (OR = 3.282, 95% CI = 1.287–8.371). There were significant correlations among the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Suicidal Probability Scale sub‐scores and all six Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores.

Discussion

Emotional abuse and neglect in childhood are significantly associated with lifetime suicidal ideations and attempts in the general population living in Zonguldak province. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the importance of the childhood trauma in the patients with suicidal ideations and attempts.
Chinese version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire: Factor structure replication and invariance across sex
Authors: Yu Junhong , Bernardo Allan B.I. , Zaroff Charles M.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) is a self‐report measure assessing symptoms of schizotypy. The SPQ has been used in both normative and clinical samples and has much theoretical and empirical support. A three‐factor structure of the SPQ, derived on the basis of work in schizophrenia, consisting of Cognitive‐Perceptual, Interpersonal, and Disorganized factors, has been well replicated. The present study aimed to (i) validate this three‐factor structure in the Chinese version of the SPQ in a sample of individuals of Chinese ethnicity, and (ii) test for invariance across sex.

Methods

A total of 209 (99 males) undergraduate university students (Mage = 19.5, SD = 1.6) were administered the SPQ.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a better fit between the data and the three‐factor model compared with a one‐factor model. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis also found strong measurement invariance across sex.

Discussion

The current results add to a growing body of literature evidencing cross‐cultural validity of the SPQ and its invariance across sex. Research and clinical implications of the current results are discussed.
Making health care safer: What is the contribution of health psychology?
Authors: Vincent Charles , Wearden Alison , French David P.
Published: October 2015

While health care brings great benefits, all treatments, and many investigations, carry some risk. As patients, we should be told of the risks of specific treatments but we are also at risk from failings in the health care system itself. We suggest that, while there are many examples of individual health psychologists who have made important contributions, this has not yet translated into a broader disciplinary engagement. Health psychologists have devoted much more attention to patients and devoted much less attention to the potentially huge impact of studying and intervening with staff, clinical practice, and organizations. We believe that there are considerable opportunities for health psychology to engage more closely with patient safety and, more importantly, that this would be of great benefit to both patients and staff.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

While health care brings great benefits, all treatments, and many investigations, carry some risk. Patients are also at risk from failings in the health care system itself.

Studies using review of medical records in many countries have found that between 8% and 12% of patients in hospital suffer an unintended harm due to health care.

What does this study add?

There are many examples of individual psychologists who have made important contributions, but this has not yet translated into a broader disciplinary engagement.

There are considerable opportunities for health psychology to engage more closely with patient safety. These include health behaviour change, teamwork, communication after medical error, diagnosis and decision making, organisational culture, and improving compliance with rules and standards.

Psychologists providing a clinical service to specialist services in any area could expand their remit from supporting patients to a more general support and engagement with safety and quality initiatives.

Health psychologists have models to understand the behaviour of people, and recent developments in changing behaviour should be applicable to health professionals in addition to their patients.
Immune responses to human cancer stem‐like cells/cancer‐initiating cells
Authors: Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Torigoe Toshihiko , Tsukahara Tomohide , Kanaseki Takayuki , Kochin Vitaly , Sato Noriyuki
Published: October 2015

Cancer stem‐like cells (CSC)/cancer‐initiating cells (CIC) are defined as minor subpopulations of cancer cells that are endowed with properties of higher tumor‐initiating ability, self‐renewal ability and differentiation ability. Accumulating results of recent studies have revealed that CSC/CIC are resistant to standard cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and molecular targeting therapy, and eradiation of CSC/CIC is, thus, critical to cure cancer. Cancer immunotherapy is expected to become the “fourth” cancer therapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an essential role in immune responses to cancers, and CTL can recognize CSC/CIC in an antigen‐specific manner. CSC/CIC express several tumor‐associated antigens (TAA), and cancer testis (CT) antigens are reasonable sources for CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy. In this review article, we discuss CSC/CIC recognition by CTL, regulation of immune systems by CSC/CIC, TAA expression in CSC/CIC, and the advantages of CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy.
Evaluation of a novel automated allergy microarray platform compared with three other allergy test methods
Authors: Williams P , Önell A , Baldracchini F , Hui V , Jolles S , El-Shanawany T
Published: October 2015

Microarray platforms, enabling simultaneous measurement of many allergens with a small serum sample, are potentially powerful tools in allergy diagnostics. We report here the first study comparing a fully automated microarray system, the Microtest allergy system, with a manual microarray platform, Immuno-Solid phase Allergen Chip (ISAC), and two well-established singleplex allergy tests, skin prick test (SPT) and ImmunoCAP, all tested on the same patients. One hundred and three adult allergic patients attending the allergy clinic were included into the study. All patients were tested with four allergy test methods (SPT, ImmunoCAP, Microtest and ISAC 112) and a total of 3485 pairwise test results were analysed and compared. The four methods showed comparable results with a positive/negative agreement of 81–88% for any pair of test methods compared, which is in line with data in the literature. The most prevalent allergens (cat, dog, mite, timothy, birch and peanut) and their individual allergen components revealed an agreement between methods with correlation coefficients between 0·73 and 0·95. All four methods revealed deviating individual patient results for a minority of patients. These results indicate that microarray platforms are efficient and useful tools to characterize the specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E profile of allergic patients using a small volume of serum sample. The results produced by the Microtest system were in agreement with diagnostic tests in current use. Further data collection and evaluation are needed for other populations, geographical regions and allergens.
DC-SIGN expression on podocytes and its role in inflammatory immune response of lupus nephritis
Authors: Cai Minchao , Zhou Tong , Wang Xuan , Shang Minghua , Zhang Yueyue , Luo Maocai , Xu Chundi , Yuan Weijie
Published: October 2015

Podocytes, the main target of immune complex, participate actively in the development of glomerular injury as immune cells. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is an innate immune molecular that has an immune recognition function, and is involved in mediation of cell adhesion and immunoregulation. Here we explored the expression of DC-SIGN on podocytes and its role in immune and inflammatory responses in lupus nephritis (LN). Expression of DC-SIGN and immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 was observed in glomeruli of LN patients. DC-SIGN was co-expressed with nephrin on podocytes. Accompanied by increased proteinuria of LN mice, DC-SIGN and IgG1 expressions were observed in the glomeruli from 20 weeks, and the renal function deteriorated up to 24 weeks. Mice with anti-DC-SIGN antibody showed reduced proteinuria and remission of renal function. After the podocytes were stimulated by serum of LN mice in vitro, the expression of DC-SIGN, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD80 was up-regulated, stimulation of T cell proliferation was enhanced and the interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-4 ratio increased. However, anti-DC-SIGN antibody treatment reversed these events. These results suggested that podocytes in LN can exert DC-like function through their expression of DC-SIGN, which may be involved in immune and inflammatory responses of renal tissues. However, blockage of DC-SIGN can inhibit immune functions of podocytes, which may have preventive and therapeutic effects.
Serum antibodies to human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E, HLA-F and HLA-G in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during disease flares: Clinical relevance of HLA-F autoantibodies
Authors: Jucaud V , Ravindranath M H , Terasaki P I , Morales-Buenrostro L E , Hiepe F , Rose T , Biesen R
Published: October 2015

T lymphocyte hyperactivity and progressive inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients results in over-expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Ib on the surface of lymphocytes. These are shed into the circulation upon inflammation, and may augment production of antibodies promoting pathogenicity of the disease. The objective was to evaluate the association of HLA-Ib (HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G) antibodies to the disease activity of SLE. The immunoglobulin (Ig)G/IgM reactivity to HLA-Ib and β2m in the sera of 69 German, 29 Mexican female SLE patients and 17 German female controls was measured by multiplex Luminex®-based flow cytometry. The values were expressed as mean florescence intensity (MFI). Only the German SLE cohort was analysed in relation to the clinical disease activity. In the controls, anti-HLA-G IgG predominated over other HLA-Ib antibodies, whereas SLE patients had a preponderance of anti-HLA-F IgG over the other HLA-Ib antibodies. The disease activity index, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)-2000, was reflected only in the levels of anti-HLA-F IgG. Anti-HLA-F IgG with MFI level of 500–1999 was associated with active SLE, whereas inactive SLE revealed higher MFI (>2000). When anti-HLA-F IgG were cross-reactive with other HLA-Ib alleles, their reactivity was reflected in the levels of anti-HLA-E and -G IgG. The prevalence of HLA-F-monospecific antibodies in SLE patients was also associated with the clinical disease activity. Anti-HLA-F IgG is possibly involved in the clearance of HLA-F shed from lymphocytes and inflamed tissues to lessen the disease's severity, and thus emerges as a beneficial immune biomarker. Therefore, anti-HLA-Ib IgG should be considered as a biomarker in standard SLE diagnostics.
Validation of a family‐centred outcome questionnaire for pinnaplasty: a cross‐sectional pilot study
Authors: Fraser L. , Montgomery J. , James H. , Wynne D.M. , MacGregor F.B. , Clement W.A. , Morrissey M.S.C. , Kubba H.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Comparison of pinnaplasty techniques is difficult due to variation in the reporting of outcomes. We aimed to develop a family‐centred outcome questionnaire for use after pinnaplasty and assess it for reliability and validity.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary referral paediatric otolaryngology centre.

Participants

20 prospective and 71 retrospective pinnaplasty patients and their parent(s).

Methods

The Post‐Operative Pinnaplasty Questionnaire (POPQ) was developed after semi‐structured interview with families of children undergoing pinnaplasty. Children aged 4–16 were recruited. Three different ear measurements (auriculocephalic angle, helix‐mastoid distance and Walker's ratio) were performed pre‐operatively. Children were reviewed 3 months post‐operatively and asked to complete a POPQ and Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory with their parent(s). Ear measurements were repeated and data collected on surgical technique and complications. 200 retrospective pinnaplasty patients were posted a POPQ and Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory and data collected on surgical technique, complication rate and Walker's angle.

Main outcomes measures

Validity and reliability of the POPQ.

Results

Age range was 4–16 (median 12). POPQ correlated well with Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory (Spearman's rho = 0.776, P < 0.001). There was no correlation of POPQ scores with age, sex, complication or surgical technique. POPQ score was not associated with severe prominence pre‐op nor change or degree of prominence post‐op. POPQ displayed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.850) and ease‐of‐use scores.

Conclusions

We have developed a family‐focused outcome tool for pinnaplasty that displays good face validity, internal consistency and correlation with health‐related quality of life and that is simple and easy to use. No correlation was seen with more traditional measures of outcome such as complications or ear measurements. Further refinement and testing of validity and reliability on a larger sample is planned.
Communal property rights and land redistributions in Late Tsarist Russia
Authors: Nafziger Steven
Published: October 2015

Communal property rights have long symbolized the apparent backwardness of rural Russian society in the late nineteenth century. Drawing on newly compiled data and qualitative sources, this article summarizes the institutions and practices of rural property rights in late Imperial Russia and shows that there was substantially more heterogeneity in what constituted peasant property rights than is commonly assumed. Archival and documentary accounts suggest that the emblematic practice of repartitioning communal land occurred relatively infrequently and, when undertaken, was generally managed in low‐cost ways. Econometric evidence from Moscow province implies that repartitions were driven more by concerns over the distribution of associated tax burdens than the desire to reallocate productive assets. Along with an analysis of cross‐sectional data on property rights and grain yields from European Russia, these findings suggest a weaker causal link between communal land practices and agricultural productivity than is typically asserted.
Enhanced interannual precipitation variability increases plant functional diversity that in turn ameliorates negative impact on productivity
Authors: Gherardi Laureano A. , Sala Osvaldo E.
Published: October 2015

Although precipitation interannual variability is projected to increase due to climate change, effects of changes in precipitation variance have received considerable less attention than effects of changes in the mean state of climate. Interannual precipitation variability effects on functional diversity and its consequences for ecosystem functioning are assessed here using a 6‐year rainfall manipulation experiment. Five precipitation treatments were switched annually resulting in increased levels of precipitation variability while maintaining average precipitation constant. Functional diversity showed a positive response to increased variability due to increased evenness. Dominant grasses decreased and rare plant functional types increased in abundance because grasses showed a hump‐shaped response to precipitation with a maximum around modal precipitation, whereas rare species peaked at high precipitation values. Increased functional diversity ameliorated negative effects of precipitation variability on primary production. Rare species buffered the effect of precipitation variability on the variability in total productivity because their variance decreases with increasing precipitation variance.
Different effects of five depigmentary compounds, rhododendrol, raspberry ketone, monobenzone, rucinol and AP736 on melanogenesis and viability of human epidermal melanocytes
Authors: Lee Chang Seok , Joo Yung Hyup , Baek Heung Soo , Park Miyoung , Kim Jeong‐Hwan , Shin Hong‐Ju , Park Nok‐Hyun , Lee John Hwan , Park Young‐Ho , Shin Song Seok , Lee Hae‐Kwang
Published: October 2015

Numerous medications are used to treat hyperpigmentation. However, several reports have indicated that repeated application of some agents, such as rhododendrol (RD), raspberry ketone (RK) and monobenzone (MB), can be toxic to melanocytes. Although these agents had severe side effects in human trials, no current in vitro methods can predict the safety of such drugs. This study assessed the in vitro effects of five depigmentary compounds including leukoderma‐inducing agents. In particular, we determined the effects of different concentrations and exposure times of different depigmentary agents on cell viability and melanogenesis in the presence and absence of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Concentrations of RD, RK and MB that inhibit melanogenesis are similar to concentrations that are cytotoxic; however, concentrations of rucinol (RC) and AP736 that inhibit melanogenesis are much lower than concentrations that are cytotoxic. Furthermore, the concentrations that cause toxic effects depend on exposure duration, and prolonged exposure to RD, RK and MB had more cytotoxic effects than prolonged exposure to RC and AP736. The cytotoxic effects of RD and RK appear to be mediated by apoptosis due to increased expression of caspase‐3 and caspase‐8; UVB radiation increased the cytotoxicity of these agents and also increased caspase activity. Our results indicate that different leukoderma‐inducing compounds have different effects on the viability of normal epidermal melanocytes and suggest that the in vitro assay used here can be used to predict whether an investigational compound that induces leukoderma may lead to adverse effects in human trials.
Post‐progression survival and progression‐free survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated by sorafenib
Authors: Terashima Takeshi , Yamashita Tatsuya , Takata Noboru , Nakagawa Hidetoshi , Toyama Tadashi , Arai Kuniaki , Kitamura Kazuya , Yamashita Taro , Sakai Yoshio , Mizukoshi Eishiro , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi
Published: October 2015

Aim

Although sorafenib is a standard drug for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), little is known about a patient's clinical course after treatment. We investigated the effect of post‐progression survival (PPS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) on overall survival (OS) in patients whose advanced HCC was treated by sorafenib.

Methods

We searched in the PubMed database for reports with survival data of patients with HCC treated with sorafenib monotherapy, and selected reports with 20 or more patients each that provided data for both OS and PFS or time to progression (TTP). Median PPS (mPPS) was defined as the period obtained by subtracting median PFS or TTP (mPFS/TTP) from median OS (mOS). We identified 56 reports with 5803 patients. We investigated the correlation of mOS and either mPPS or mPFS/TTP using weighted linear regression.

Results

Median PPS correlated with mOS (r = 0.834) very strongly, whereas mPFS/TTP did not correlate with mOS as highly as PPS did (r = 0.546). When we stratified survival data by Child–Pugh classification, a significantly greater average percentage of mPPS to mOS was seen in Child–Pugh class A (54.4 ± 17.6%) than in Child–Pugh class B (32.0 ± 11.6%) (P = 0.015).

Conclusion

PPS highly correlated with OS, and its importance should be more emphasized for advanced HCC patients treated after sorafenib therapy, whereas we need to take more care in interpreting the results of PFS to evaluate treatment efficacy in clinical trials of advanced HCC.
Ethical markets in the artisan economy: Portland DIY
Authors: Curtis Renée Bogin
Published: October 2015

This article reviews a study of Portland's artisan economy with a focus on the do‐it‐yourself craft sector. Portland is recognized nationally within the United States and internationally for its prominent craft sector. Through interviews, field observations and archival research, the study looks for indicators of ethical market practices and supports for these practices. Findings identify values that drive participation and enabling place‐based characteristics, yet global forces remain relevant. The study highlights locally based ethical markets as an alternative to the uneven North/South consumption/production relationships of neoliberal globalization.
Comparative analysis of mediastinal fat‐associated lymphoid cluster development and lung cellular infiltration in murine autoimmune disease models and the corresponding normal control strains
Authors: Elewa Yaser Hosny Ali , Ichii Osamu , Kon Yasuhiro
Published: October 2015

We previously discovered mediastinal fat‐associated lymphoid clusters (MFALCs) as novel lymphoid clusters associated with mediastinal fat tissue in healthy mice. However, no data about their morphology in immune‐associated disease conditions, and their relationship with lung infiltration, is available to date. In the present study, we compared the morphological features of MFALCs in 4‐month‐old male murine autoimmune disease models (MRL/MpJ‐lpr mice and BXSB/MpJ‐Yaa mice) with those of the corresponding control strains (MRL/MpJ and BXSB/MpJ, respectively). In addition, we analysed their correlation with lung infiltration. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for CD3, B220, Iba1, Gr1 and BrdU was performed to detect T cells and B cells, macrophages, granulocytes and proliferating cells, respectively. The spleen weight to body weight ratios and anti‐double‐stranded DNA autoantibody titres were found to be significantly higher in the autoimmune models than in the control strains. Furthermore, the autoimmune model presented prominent MFALCs, with a significantly greater ratio of lymphoid cluster area to total mediastinal fat tissue area, and more apparent diffused cellular infiltration into the lung lobes than the other studied strains. Higher numbers of T and B cells, macrophages and proliferating cells, but fewer granulocytes, were observed in the autoimmune models than in the control strains. Interestingly, a significant positive Pearson's correlation between the size of the MFALCs and the density of CD3‐, B220‐ and Iba1‐positive cells in the lung was observed. Therefore, our data suggest a potentially important role for MFALCs in the progression of lung disease. However, further investigation is required to clarify the pathological role of MFALCs in lung disease, especially in inflammatory disorders.
The Thermal Conductivity of Polymer‐Derived Amorphous Si–O–C Compounds and Nano‐Composites
Authors: Gurlo Aleksander , Ionescu Emanuel , Riedel Ralf , Clarke David R.
Published: October 2015

Silicon oxycarbide glasses can be produced over a range of Si–O–C compositions by the controlled pyrolysis of polymer precursors. We present measurements of the thermal conductivity of a silicon oxycarbide glass after two different heat treatments and two Si–O–C nano‐composites, hot‐pressed at 1600°C, up to 1000°C and compare them to fused silica, amorphous carbon, and SiC. The temperature dependence of their thermal conductivities is similar to other amorphous materials. The presence of low volume fractions of nanoparticles of hafnia (4.5 v/o) or zirconia (7.4 v/o) dispersed within the amorphous matrix only modifies the conductivity slightly, consistent with a simple Maxwell model, and does not affect the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity above room temperature.
Effect of ZrO2 Addition on Densification and Mechanical Properties of MgAl2O4–CaAl4O7–CaAl12O19 Composite
Authors: Xu Lei , Chen Min , Jin Liang‐yu , Yin Xue‐liang , Wang Nan , Liu Lei
Published: October 2015

Although the platelet structure of calcium hexaluminate (CaAl12O19, or CA6) grains can strengthen and toughen the Al2O3–MgO–CaO system materials designed in the high‐alumina region, it also results in poor densification and subsequent accelerated slag penetration for refractory application. Considering this aspect, MgAl2O4–CaAl4O7–CaAl12O19 composite was fabricated by solid‐state reaction sintering in this work, and the effect of ZrO2 addition on densification and mechanical properties was investigated. The results showed that the CA6 grains presented a more equiaxed morphology by addition of ZrO2, contributing to form highly dense microstructures after heating at 1600°C without evident grain coarsening. The compressive strength and flexural strength were greatly enhanced mainly due to the significant decrease in porosity and pore sizes. Besides, the increased content of ZrO2 plays an active role in toughening this composite attributed to the dense microstructure and strong bonding with higher strength, as well as considerable t‐ZrO2 transformability.
Can PEP‐3 Provide a Cognitive Profile in Children with ASD? A Comparison Between the Developmental Ages of PEP‐3 and IQ of Leiter‐R
Authors: De Giacomo Andrea , Craig Francesco , Cristella Arcangelo , Terenzio Vanessa , Buttiglione Maura , Margari Lucia
Published: October 2015

Background

The assessment of the intelligence quotient (IQ) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important to plan a detailed therapeutic‐educative programme. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Psychoeducational Profile‐third edition (PEP‐3) to estimate the general cognitive development of children with ASD.

Method

We recruited 30 children with ASD assessed with the Leiter International Performance Scale‐Revised (Leiter‐R) and the PEP‐3. We compared the IQ of the Leiter‐R with the developmental level (DL) of PEP‐3.

Results

The findings showed a significant positive correlation between IQ with DL of the cognitive verbal/pre‐verbal (P = 0.0005), DL of the area of expressive language (P = 0.0004), DL of the area of receptive language (P = 0.0001), DL of fine motor (P = 0.0066), DL of gross motor (P = 0.0217), DL of visuo‐motor imitation (P = 0.02), DL of communication (P = 0.0001) and DL of motor (P = 0.0063).

Conclusions

These findings show that the DLs could be considered as indicators of cognitive functioning in ASD.
Revisiting the relationship between attributional style and academic performance
Authors: Houston Diane M.
Published: October 2015

Previous research into the relationship between attributions and academic performance has produced contradictory findings that have not been resolved. The present research examines the role of specific dimensions of attributional style in predicting subsequent academic performance in a sample of pupils (N = 979) from both high‐ and low‐achieving schools. Hierarchical regression and moderation analyses indicate that internal, stable, and global, attributional styles for positive events predict higher levels of academic performance. Global attributions for negative events were related to poorer performance across all schools. Stable attributions for negative events were related to higher levels of performance in high‐achieving schools but not in low‐achieving schools. Higher levels of internality for negative events were associated with higher performance only in low achieving schools.
Determinants and Valuation Implications of Compulsory Stock Option Disclosures in a Weak Regulatory Setting—The Case of France
Authors: Goh Lisa , Joos Philip , Soonawalla Kazbi
Published: October 2015

Using a sample of listed French firms in 2005, the year of mandatory IFRS adoption in the European Union (EU), we investigate the determinants of disclosure compliance of stock option expenses under IFRS 2, Share‐based Payment. Stock options are a popular means of executive compensation in France relative to other EU countries. Prior to 2005, French accounting standards and corporate governance regulations did not require recognition of option expense amounts and required minimal supplementary disclosures. There was also a perception that enforcement was imperfect, in particular with respect to IFRS 2. Given this setting, we explore what factors influence the willingness of firms to follow compulsory IFRS requirements in a weak regulatory setting. We find that overall compliance with IFRS 2 disclosure requirements increases with U.S. and U.K. institutional ownership, U.S. cross‐listing, provision of English language statements, and decreases with CEO and family ownership of the firm. We also investigate how stock market prices are affected by the recognition and disclosure of stock option expenses according to IFRS 2 in this regulatory setting and find that investors value option expenses positively, particularly when accompanied by high‐disclosure compliance. Our findings have implications for other jurisdictions in the process of adopting or converging to IFRS.
Neuregulin1‐β decreases interleukin‐1β‐induced RhoA activation, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and endothelial hyperpermeability
Authors: Wu Limin , Ramirez Servio H. , Andrews Allison M. , Leung Wendy , Itoh Kanako , Wu Jiang , Arai Ken , Lo Eng H. , Lok Josephine
Published: October 2015

Neuregulin‐1 (NRG1) is an endogenous growth factor with multiple functions in the embryonic and postnatal brain. The NRG1 gene is large and complex, transcribing more than twenty transmembrane proteins and generating a large number of isoforms in tissue and cell type‐specific patterns. Within the brain, NRG1 functions have been studied most extensively in neurons and glia, as well as in the peripheral vasculature. Recently, NRG1 signaling has been found to be important in the function of brain microvascular endothelial cells, decreasing IL‐1β‐induced increases in endothelial permeability. In the current experiments, we have investigated the pathways through which the NRG1‐β isoform acts on IL‐1β‐induced endothelial permeability. Our data show that NRG1‐β increases barrier function, measured by transendothelial electrical resistance, and decreases IL‐1β‐induced hyperpermeability, measured by dextran‐40 extravasation through a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells plated on transwells. An investigation of key signaling proteins suggests that the effect of NRG1‐β on endothelial permeability is mediated through RhoA activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation, events which affect filamentous actin morphology. In addition, AG825, an inhibitor of the erbB2‐associated tyrosine kinase, reduces the effect of NRG1‐β on IL‐1β‐induced RhoA activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation. These data add to the evidence that NRG1‐β signaling affects changes in the brain microvasculature in the setting of neuroinflammation.

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We propose the following events for neuregulin‐1‐mediated effects on Interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β)‐induced endothelial hyperpermeability: IL‐1β leads to RhoA activation, resulting in an increase in phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). Phosphorylation of MLC is known to result in actin contraction and alterations in the f‐actin cytoskeletal structure. These changes are associated with increased endothelial permeability. Neuregulin‐1β acts through its transmembrane receptors to activate intracellular signaling pathways which inhibit IL‐1β‐induced RhoA activation and MLC phosphorylation, thereby preserving the f‐actin cytoskeletal structure and endothelial barrier function.
Phosphorylation Alters Oestrogen Receptor β‐Mediated Transcription in Neurones
Authors: Pinceti E. , Shults C. L. , Rao Y. S. , Mott N. N. , Pak T. R.
Published: October 2015

Nuclear steroid hormone receptors are ubiquitously expressed transcription factors whose activity can be altered by post‐translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. The consequences of post‐translational modifications have been described for several members of the nuclear steroid hormone receptor superfamily; however, little is known about the effects of oestrogen receptor (ER)β phosphorylation in the brain. Moreover, to our knowledge, the presence of phosphorylated ERβ has not been detected in the brain of any species to date. Oestrogen receptor β is highly expressed in several regions of the brain and in vitro studies have demonstrated that it can be phosphorylated at two serine residues (S87 and S105) in the N‐terminal AF‐1 region. The present study aimed to determine whether phosphorylated ERβ is detectable in the hippocampus of aged female rats, as well as the functional consequences of ERβ S87 and S105 phosphorylation on transcriptional activity in neuronal cells. First, we used a novel PhosTag™ approach to detect phosphorylated forms of ERβ in the dorsal hippocampus of aged female rats. The data obtained demonstrated abundant forms of phosphorylated ERβ in the dorsal hippocampus, suggesting that this post‐translational modification might be an important regulator of ERβ function. To assess the functional consequences of ERβ phosphorylation in neuronal cells, we created phospho‐mimetic (S87E, S105E) and phospho‐null (S87A, S105A) ERβ receptors that were transiently transfected in a hippocampal‐derived cell line. Collectively, our results showed that phosphorylation of S87 and S105 altered both ligand‐independent and ligand‐dependent ERβ transcriptional regulation. Overall, these data demonstrate that phosphorylated forms of ERβ are present in the brain of aged female rats and that phosphorylation of ERβ could differentially alter ERβ‐mediated gene expression.
Survival rates of anterior composites in managing tooth wear: systematic review
Authors: Ahmed K. E. , Murbay S.
Published: October 2015

The use of composite restorations for patients with tooth wear is considered as a more conservative treatment option. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature investigating the survival rates of anterior composite restorations when used in managing tooth wear in patients. PubMed and MEDLINE (Ovid) databases were screened for studies from 1995 to 2015. Cross‐referencing was used to further identify articles. Article selection and data extraction were performed in duplication. Languages were restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy system. Six hundred and sixty‐six articles were initially identified from which eight articles were full‐text reviewed. Six articles involving five studies were selected for inclusion. Three studies were prospective and two retrospective. Included studies involved placement of 772 direct and indirect anterior composite restorations in 100 patients with follow‐up periods between 5 months and 10 years. The survival rates of anterior composites were >90% and 50% at 2·5 and 5 years, respectively. Posterior occlusion was re‐established in 91% of patients within 18 months. Meta‐analysis could not be performed due to the heterogeneity of included studies. The systematic review's overall strength of recommendation was graded B. There is evidence to support the use of anterior composite restorations at an increased vertical dimension of occlusion in the short/medium‐term management of tooth wear. Long‐term reporting of outcomes remains limited. Further research is needed with standardised study design, detailed reporting of outcomes and long‐term review.
A Whole School Approach: Collaborative Development of School Health Policies, Processes, and Practices
Authors: Hunt Pete , Barrios Lisa , Telljohann Susan K. , Mazyck Donna
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model shows the interrelationship between health and learning and the potential for improving educational outcomes by improving health outcomes. However, current descriptions do not explain how to implement the model.

METHODS

The existing literature, including scientific articles, programmatic guidance, and publications by national agencies and organizations, was reviewed and synthesized to describe an overview of interrelatedness of learning and health and the 10 components of the WSCC model.

RESULTS

The literature suggests potential benefits of applying the WSCC model at the district and school level. But, the model lacks specific guidance as to how this might be made actionable. A collaborative approach to health and learning is suggested, including a 10‐step systematic process to help schools and districts develop an action plan for improving health and education outcomes. Essential preliminary actions are suggested to minimize the impact of the challenges that commonly derail systematic planning processes and program implementation, such as lack of readiness, personnel shortages, insufficient resources, and competing priorities.

CONCLUSIONS

All new models require testing and evidence to confirm their value. District and schools will need to test this model and put plans into action to show that significant, substantial, and sustainable health and academic outcomes can be achieved.
The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model: A New Approach for Improving Educational Attainment and Healthy Development for Students
Authors: Lewallen Theresa C. , Hunt Holly , Potts‐Datema William , Zaza Stephanie , Giles Wayne
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The Whole Child approach and the coordinated school health (CSH) approach both address the physical and emotional needs of students. However, a unified approach acceptable to both the health and education communities is needed to assure that students are healthy and ready to learn.

METHODS

During spring 2013, the ASCD (formerly known as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened experts from the field of education and health to discuss lessons learned from implementation of the CSH and Whole Child approaches and to explore the development of a new model that would incorporate the knowledge gained through implementation to date.

RESULTS

As a result of multiple discussions and review, the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) approach was developed. The WSCC approach builds upon the traditional CSH model and ASCD's Whole Child approach to learning and promotes greater alignment between health and educational outcomes.

CONCLUSION

By focusing on children and youth as students, addressing critical education and health outcomes, organizing collaborative actions and initiatives that support students, and strongly engaging community resources, the WSCC approach offers important opportunities that will improve educational attainment and healthy development for students.
Validation of an early childhood caries risk assessment tool in a low‐income Hispanic population
Authors: Custodio‐Lumsden Christie L. , Wolf Randi L. , Contento Isobel R. , Basch Charles E. , Zybert Patricia A. , Koch Pamela A. , Edelstein Burton L.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

There is a recognized need for valid risk assessment tools for use by both dental and nondental personnel to identify young children at risk for, or with, precavitated stages of early childhood caries (i.e., early stage decalcifications or white spot lesions).The aim of this study is to establish concurrent criterion validity of “MySmileBuddy” (MSB), a novel technology‐assisted ECC risk assessment and behavioral intervention tool against four measures of ECC activity: semi‐quantitative assays of salivary mutans streptococci levels, visible quantity of dental plaque, visual evidence of enamel decalcifications, and cavitation status (none, ECC, severe ECC).

Methods

One hundred eight children 2‐6 years of age presenting to a pediatric dental clinic were recruited from a predominantly Spanish‐speaking, low‐income, urban population. All children received a comprehensive oral examination and saliva culture for assessment of ECC indicators. Their caregivers completed the iPad‐based MSB assessment in its entirety (15‐20 minutes). MSB calculated both diet and comprehensive ECC risk scores. Associations between all variables were determined using ordinal logistic regression.

Results

MSB diet risk scores were significantly positively associated with salivary mutans (P < 0.05), and approached significance with visible plaque levels (P < 0.1). MSB comprehensive risk scores were significantly associated with both oral mutans and visible plaque (P < 0.05). Neither was associated with visually evident decalcifications or cavitations.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that MSB may have clinical utility as a valid risk assessment tool for identifying children with early precursors of cavitations but does not add value in identifying children with extant lesions.
Possible influence of AMPD1 on cholinergic neurotransmission and sleep
Authors: Buyse Bertien , Van Damme Philip , Belge Catharina , Testelmans Dries
Published: October 2015

It is known that adenosine excess due to monophosphate deaminase deficiency (AMPD1) can be linked to muscle problems. Recently, Perumal et al., 2014 reported a first case of possible impact of AMPD1 on sleep, REM sleep and cholinergic neurotransmission. We report a second patient with similar sleep complaints: long sleep duration with residual daytime sleepiness and a need to sleep after exercise. On polysomnography we observed a long sleep duration, with high sleep efficiency and a SOREMP; on MSLT a shortened sleep latency and 4 SOREMPS were observed. Frequency power spectral heart rate analysis during slow wave sleep, REM sleep and wakefulness revealed an increased parasympathetic tone. In conclusion, AMPD1 could have a profound influence on cholinergic neurotransmission and sleep; further studies are mandatory.