bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Links between the recruitment success of northern European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) and a regime shift on the NE Atlantic continental shelf
Authors: Goikoetxea Nerea , Irigoien Xabier
Published: July 2013

The distribution of northern European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) extends from the Bay of Biscay up to Norwegian waters. However, despite its wide geographical distribution, there have been few studies on fluctuations in the European hake populations. Marine ecosystem shifts have been investigated worldwide and their influence on trophic levels has been studied, from top predator fish populations down to planktonic prey species, but there is little information on the effect of atmosphere–ocean shifts on European hake. This work analyses hake recruitment success (recruits per adult biomass) in relation to environmental changes over the period 1978–2006 in order to determine whether the regime shift identified in several abiotic and biotic variables in the North Sea also affected the Northeast Atlantic shelf oceanography. Hake recruitment success as well as parameters such as the sea surface temperature, wind patterns and copepod abundance changed significantly at the end of the 1980s, demonstrating an ecological regime shift in the Northeast Atlantic. Despite the low reproductive biomass recorded during the last decades, hake recruitment success has been higher since the change in 1989/90. The higher productivity may have sustained the population despite the intense fishing pressure; copepod abundance, warmer water temperatures and moderate eastward transport were found to be beneficial. In conclusion, in 1988/89 the Northeast Atlantic environment shifted to a favourable regime for northern hake production. This study supports the hypothesis that the hydro‐climatic regime shift that affected the North Sea in the late 1980s may have influenced a wider region, such as the Northeast Atlantic.
Higher Education Research in Asia: a Publication and Co‐Publication Analysis
Authors: Jung Jisun , Horta Hugo
Published: July 2013

This study explores higher education research in Asia. Drawing on scientometrics, the mapping of science and social network analysis, this paper examines the publications of 38 specialised journals on higher education over the past three decades. The findings indicate a growing number of higher education research publications but the proportion of Asian publications in relation to the total world publications in higher education research remains stationary. The higher education research community in Asia is heavily concentrated in a few countries and universities, resting on a relatively small number of core scholars who publish research in the international specialised higher education journals. In response to increasing challenges in Asian higher education systems, the paper suggests that the higher education research community in Asia needs to be expanded and include more regional and international collaborations
The Surveillance of Learning: A Critical Analysis of University Attendance Policies
Authors: Macfarlane Bruce
Published: July 2013

Universities have recently strengthened their class attendance policies along with associated practices that intensify the surveillance of learning: a series of administrative and pedagogic strategies that monitor the extent to which students conform with behavioural expectations associated with learning. Drawing on university policy statements, the paper identifies implicit arguments underpinning attendance requirements for students in higher education. These include demonstrating the accountability of publicly funded higher education, a concern for the pastoral and academic welfare of students and their appropriate preparation for expectations associated with workplace and professional practice. In a critique it is argued that attendance policies promote presenteeism as part of the discourse of learnerism. Such rules further infantilise students rather than developing their capacity to make informed choices as adults thereby failing to respect their academic freedom.
Physicochemical and mechanical properties of zirconium oxide and niobium oxide modified Portland cement‐based experimental endodontic sealers
Authors: Viapiana R. , Flumignan D. L. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , Camilleri J. , Tanomaru‐Filho M.
Published: July 2013

Aim

To evaluate the physicochemical and mechanical properties of Portland cement‐based experimental sealers (ES) with different radiopacifying agents (zirconium oxide and niobium oxide micro‐ and nanoparticles) in comparison with the following conventional sealers: AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and Sealapex.

Methodology

The materials were tested for setting time, compressive strength, flow, film thickness, radiopacity, solubility, dimensional stability and formaldehyde release. Data were subjected to anova and Tukey tests (P < 0.05).

Results

MTA Fillapex had the shortest setting time and lowest compressive strength values (P < 0.05) compared with the other materials. The ES had flow values similar to the conventional materials, but higher film thickness (P < 0.05) and lower radiopacity (P < 0.05). Similarly to AH Plus, the ES were associated with dimensional expansion (P > 0.05) and lower solubility when compared with MTA Fillapex and Sealapex (P < 0.05). None of the endodontic sealers evaluated released formaldehyde after mixing.

Conclusion

With the exception of radiopacity, the Portland cement‐based experimental endodontic sealers presented physicochemical properties according to the specifications no 57 ANSI/ADA (ADA Professional Product Review, 2008) and ISO 6876 (Dentistry — Root Canal Sealing Materials, 2012, British Standards Institution, London, UK). The sealers had setting times and flow ability that was adequate for clinical use, satisfactory compressive strength and low solubility. Additional studies should be carried out with the purpose of decreasing the film thickness and to determine the ideal ratio of radiopacifying agents in Portland cement‐based root canal sealers.
Influence of the exposure of MTA with and without calcium chloride to phosphate‐buffered saline on the push‐out bond strength to dentine
Authors: de Almeida J. , Felippe M. C. S , Bortoluzzi E. A. , Teixeira C. S. , Felippe W. T.
Published: July 2013

Aim

To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with and without calcium chloride (CaCl2) to phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) on the push‐out bond strength, over different experimental periods.

Methodology

One hundred and twenty dentine discs with standardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10% CaCl2. The specimens were randomly divided as follows (n = 30): (G1) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet, (G2) MTA immersed in PBS, (G3) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and (G4) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS. The samples were stored for 3, 28 and 60 days. The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine. Data were analysed using the three‐way anova and Tukey test (P < 0.05).

Results

In general, the samples of MTA with and without CaCl2, exposed to PBS, had higher bond strength values in all study periods (P < 0.05). Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2 to MTA (G1 × G3) evidenced significant differences in bond strength in the different periods (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push‐out bond strength, whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence.
Push‐out bond strength of MTA with antiwashout gel or resins
Authors: Formosa L. M. , Mallia B. , Camilleri J.
Published: July 2013

Aim

Assessment of the push‐out bond strength of four MTA‐based formulations for use as root‐end filling materials.

Methodology

MTA Plus mixed with (i) water (‘MTA‐W’); (ii) a proprietary water‐based antiwashout gel (‘MTA‐AW’); (iii) Superbond C&B chemically curing resin (‘MTA‐Chem’); and (iv) Heliobond light‐curing resin (‘MTA‐Light’) was tested. Root slices 3 mm thick human had a 1.5 mm diameter hole drilled centrally and were treated with 17% EDTA for 60s. Forty specimens divided into groups 1–4 were prepared and filled with MTA‐W, MTA‐AW, MTA‐Chem and MTA‐Light, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 60s, and bonding agent was applied to the dentine surface. Specimens were stored for 28 days in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution at 37 °C. Push‐out strength was tested with a punch and die (punch diameter 1.3 mm, die diameter 2.0 mm, punch speed 1 mm min−1). Stereomicroscopy was used to classify failure mode (adhesive, cohesive or mixed type).

Results

The resulting push‐out strengths were 5.1 MPa (MTA‐W), 4.3 MPa (MTA‐AW), 4.7 MPa (MTA‐Chem) and 11.0 MPa (MTA‐Light). MTA‐W had higher push‐out strength than MTA‐AW (P = 0.022). The same was noted for MTA‐Light relative to the other materials (P < 0.05). All materials exhibited adequate push‐out strengths compared with MTA‐W. Failure was predominantly mixed, except for MTA‐Chem (predominantly adhesive).

Conclusions

All materials exhibited adequate push‐out strength. Previous studies have shown the new formulations have additional advantages including increased washout resistance and faster setting time, making them promising for future dental applications.
Investigation of the interaction between (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate with trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin
Authors: Wu Xuli , He Weiyi , Wang Wenpu , Luo Xinpin , Cao Heyao , Lin Lixia , Feng Kaiqian , Liu Zhigang
Published: July 2013

Tea polyphenol (TP) inhibits digestive enzymes and reduces food digestibility. To explore the interaction between TP with digestive enzymes, bindings of ‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) to trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin were studied in detail using fluorescence, resonance light‐scattering, circular dichroism, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods and protein‐ligand docking. The binding parameters were calculated according to Stern–Volmer equation, and the thermodynamic parameters were determined by the van't Hoff equation. The results indicated that EGCG was capable of binding trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin with high affinity, resulting in a change of native conformation of these enzymes. EGCG had a greater influence on the structure of α‐chymotrypsin than trypsin. This study can be used to explain the binding interaction mechanism between TP and digestive enzymes.
Studies on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) from Tuscan Maremma (Italy): effects of geographical origin, cultivation environment and drying method on volatile emission
Authors: Macchia Mario , Ceccarini Lucia , Molfetta Ilaria , Cioni Pier Luigi , Flamini Guido
Published: July 2013

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a spice used in the food industry in an ever increasing, partly due to consumer preference for natural products. Crocus sativus stigmas are converted into saffron spice by a dehydration treatment. The postharvest treatment of the stigmas, particularly the drying process, is critical to the quality of saffron as measured by the level of secondary metabolites. The aim of this project was to study the volatiles compounds in saffron that came from three different sites of the Maremma Grossetana (Grancia, Pari and Alberese) (Tuscan). The corms were grown both in the place of origin and in the province of Pisa. Fifteen compounds were detected, accounting from 92.3% to 97.8% of the total volatiles. The main characteristic volatile compounds of the dried stigmas saffron were safranal, isophorone, 4‐keto isophorone, γ‐pyronene, dihydrooxophorone. Differences were found in the composition of volatile compounds both based on the place of cultivation and in a function of time of dehydration.
Measuring shear stress at lowest possible shear rates and improving viscosity determination of fat suspensions, for example chocolates
Authors: Bolenz Siegfried , Tischer Theresa
Published: July 2013

In industrial practice, flow property results are frequently discussed due to deviations caused by the measurement method. This project intended to improve preciseness of measuring fat suspensions like chocolate masses at very low shear using a rotary viscosimeter. Results showed no impreciseness at continuous shear rates of 0.03 s−1 and above. A new measurement profile including constant shear of 0.05 s−1 and flow curve evaluation according to Windhab and Casson models was created. Measuring seventeen different chocolates and comparing with a previous method showed changes in numerical results. Shear stress at constant 0.05 s−1 approximated to Casson and Windhab yield values; they were brought into agreement. Linear correlation between the various data sets at low and high shear rates gave acceptable results, thus allowing any of the models to be used in laboratory practice. Finally, repeatability at low shear was further improved after fine tuning and avoiding wall slip effects.
Development of a micromechanical damage model for assessing lifetime due to cyclical mechanical loading
Authors: Krätschmer D. , Roos E.
Published: July 2013

The safe assessment of temporary service load changes necessitates a fatigue analysis in general. Recent computation methods try to include the microcrack growth corresponding to fatigue in the assessment of the material damage. A new damage model, which is based on the development and evolution of microcracks, has been developed. The stochastic character of the initiation and growth of microcracks enables a more realistic description of the material damage. Within this scope the development of the model is presented and its correlation with experimental results is shown. Fatigue tests under uniaxial and torsional loadings were carried out with specimens made of austenitic stainless steel X6CrNiNffe1666‐bib‐0018–10 S (1.4550). The calculated results of the microcrack length distribution show for both uniaxial and multiaxial loading a good agreement with experimentally achieved data. Using the expectation value of the calculated surface microcrack distribution as the governing variable to predict the number of cycles to crack initiation NA, a good correlation between lifetime and local microcrack length distributions for complex loading conditions can be drawn.
Desempleo parcial, la respuesta alemana a la Gran Recesión
Authors: BRENKE Karl , RINNE Ulf , ZIMMERMANN Klaus F.
Published: July 2013

A mediados de 2009, en el punto álgido de la crisis, había en Alemania 1,5 millones de trabajadores en régimen de desempleo parcial, lo cual impidió probablemente un aumento del desempleo mucho mayor del que se registró. Los autores advierten sin embargo de que su efecto amortiguador debe mucho a las circustancias particulares del país, por lo que no pueden generalizarse estos resultados. Además, las reformas legislativas subsiguientes favorecen el abuso del mecanismo, como refleja el número significativo de trabajadores en régimen de desempleo parcial en industrias no afectadas por la crisis y la emergencia de un patrón de aplicación del régimen por periodos prolongados.
Evaluación macroeconómica de las políticas activas del mercado de trabajo en España: ¿mucho ruido y pocas nueces?
Authors: ARRANZ José María , GARCÍA SERRANO Carlos , HERNANZ Virginia
Published: July 2013

Este artículo presenta una evaluación macroeconómica de algunas políticas activas del mercado de trabajo en España (en particular, los subsidios a la contratación indefinida) utilizando un panel agregado de datos de las comunidades autónomas (regiones) para el periodo 1987–2010. Los resultados sugieren que los subsidios a la contratación indefinida no han producido efectos apreciables sobre los niveles agregados de empleo o de temporalidad, aunque parecen haber influido de forma positiva pero pequeña en las transiciones del desempleo a la ocupación y del empleo temporal al indefinido, siendo el impacto mayor en el subperiodo 1997–2010, es decir, a partir de la reforma de 1997.
Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Piezoelectric Properties of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Wei Yongxing , Wang Xiaotao , Zhu Jintao , Wang Xiaoli , Jia Jiangjiang
Published: July 2013

Perovskite solid solution ceramics of (1 − x)BiFeO3–xBaTiO3 (1 − x)BF–xBT, 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.45) with high electrical resistivity were prepared by solid‐state reaction method. Actual ferroelectric hysteresis loops and temperature dependence of dielectric constant of the ceramics were obtained. Ceramics of 0.7BF–0.3BT with small rhombohedral distortion show highest remnant polarization (Pr = 26.0 μC/cm2) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 134 pC/N). Compositions with pseudo‐cubic symmetry (intermediate phases) show relaxor‐like dielectric anomaly. The values of Pr and d33 decrease with increasing BT content, from 24.8 μC/cm2 and 104 pC/N for 0.65BF–0.35BT to 8.2 μC/cm2 and 5 pC/N for 0.55BF–0.45BT.
Enhanced Thermostability, Thermo‐Optics, and Thermomechanical Properties of Barium Gallo‐Germanium Oxyfluoride Glasses and Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Shaoqian , Xu Mingxiu , Chen Xi , Zhang Yuelong , Calvez Laurant , Zhang Xianghua , Xu Yinsheng , Huai Ying , Jin Yuqi
Published: July 2013

Serial substitutions of BaF2 for BaO in BaO–Ga2O3–GeO2 glasses were performed, and the effects of the substitutions on the glass properties were investigated. The glass transition temperature, density, refractive index, thermo‐optics coefficient, and figure of merit for thermal shock decreased with the replacement of oxygen by fluorine. On the other hand, the glass‐forming ability increased. Fluorine substitution removed the absorption band of hydroxyl near 2.9 μm. Raman scattering spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorogermanate glasses. The crystallization process of the glass‐ceramics under different heat‐treatment conditions was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The thermal and mechanical properties were improved by controlling the crystal size of the near‐ and middle‐infrared transparent glass‐ceramics.
Effects of Nb,Mn doping on the Structure, Piezoelectric, and Dielectric Properties of 0.8Pb(Sn0.46Ti0.54)O3–0.2Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Li Yong , Yuan Jie , Wang Dawei , Zhang Deqing , Jin Haibo , Cao Maosheng
Published: July 2013

Nb and Mn were doped, respectively, to 0.8Pb(Sn0.46Ti0.54)O3–0.2Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PST–PMN) to improve electrical properties for meeting the requirement in various fields. The additions of Nb and Mn influence in a pronounced way the structure, and improve the densities of the ceramics. Nb‐doped PST–PMN increased the piezoelectric coefficient d33, planar electromechanical coupling kp, and relative dielectric constant ε, indicating “soft” piezoelectric behavior. Mn doping played a “hard” part, which significantly enhanced the mechanical quality factor Qm without deteriorating other piezoelectric properties. The most excellent properties of Nb‐doped PST–PMN were obtained with doping amount of 0.75 mol%, specifically d33, kp, being on the order of 455 pC/N, 57.5% and 3560, respectively. The addition of 0.75 mol% Mn for PST–PMN presented the optimum electrical properties, with Qm of 554, d33 of 430 pC/N, kp of 57.0%, ε of 2770. It was proposed that the addition of Nb, Mn generated different defect dipoles involved in the domain walls motion and intrinsic piezoelectric responses, leading to different effects on electrical properties.
Tunable Multicolor Emission and Energy Transfer of Sb3+/Mn2+ Codoped Phosphate Glasses by Design
Authors: Zeng Huidan , Yu Qing , Wang Zhaofeng , Sun Luyi , Ren Jing , Chen Guorong , Qiu Jianrong
Published: July 2013

In this work, the luminescent properties of Sb3+/Mn2+ codoped 60P2O5–40MgO glass are presented. White light photoluminescence combining blue and orange‐red light was observed under ultraviolet light excitation. The emission spectra showed that the blue emission intensity of Sb3+ decreased significantly whereas the red emission intensity of Mn2+ increased with the increasing concentration of Mn2+ ions. Meanwhile, by maintaining the concentration of MnO (2.0 mol%) and increasing concentration of Sb2O3, both the blue emission and red emission were enhanced remarkably. The energy transfer from Sb3+ to Mn2+ ions via the dipole–quadrupole interaction was confirmed.
Species richness and evolutionary speed: the influence of temperature, water and area
Authors: Gillman Len N. , Wright Shane D.
Published: July 2013

There are a few patterns in nature that are striking even to casual observers. These include patterns of species richness associated with latitude, elevation, rainfall and area. Current thinking suggests that a number of primary mechanisms determine richness variation and that these differ depending on the type of pattern and the biome to which they apply. Prominent among the many hypotheses that attempt to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) are those based either on climate or on historical factors such as past biome area. Climate‐based and historically‐based hypotheses have been regarded as competing alternatives, but there is growing acknowledgement that both are important. The evolutionary speed hypothesis (ESH) is one of several climate‐based hypotheses. According to this hypothesis the LDG is generated by thermally mediated asymmetries in evolutionary speed and diversification. Here we identify five relationships predicted by the ESH and survey the literature for empirical evidence for and against these relationships. We find these five relationships are supported by a number of empirical studies. However, there are gaps in this evidence that require further work and, because the relationship between temperature and species richness is negative when water is limited, a modification to the ESH is necessary. Additionally, we suggest that diversity patterns associated with area, temperature and water availability might all be influenced by a common mechanism associated with biologically available energy and its influence on the tempo of evolution. Rates of genetic evolution might also be influenced by spatial heterogeneity and rates of biotic and abiotic environmental change, potentially introducing positive feedbacks between diversification and genetic evolution.
The design and efficacy of a robot‐mediated visual motor program for children learning disabilities
Authors: Krishnaswamy S. , Shriber L. , Srimathveeravalli G.
Published: July 2013

This study investigated the effects of a robot‐mediated visual motor program on improving the visual motor skills of children ages 5 to 11 years with learning disabilities and visual motor delays. It also compared the effects of a robotic program with traditional occupational therapy and tested the reliability of the computer‐generated scores. A randomized experimental design was used with 25 students assigned to either a robotic program group or traditional occupational therapy. The primary outcome measure was the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI). Non‐parametric statistics evaluated the effects of intervention and compared the two methods. The correlation between the computer‐based scoring methods and the VMI was tested. The children who received the robotic program demonstrated significant gains in visual motor performance. The correlation between the computer‐based scoring and the VMI was moderate, but not significant.
Dynamic and differential regulation in the microRNA expression in the developing and mature cataractous rat lens
Authors: Kubo Eri , Hasanova Nailia , Sasaki Hiroshi , Singh Dhirendra P.
Published: July 2013

Recent evidence supports a role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating gene expression, and alterations in gene expression are known to affect cells involved in the development of ageing disorders. Using developing rat lens epithelial cells (LECs), we profiled the expression of miRNAs by a microarray‐based approach. Few gene expression changes known to be involved in pathogenesis or cytoprotection were uniquely influenced by miRNA expression. Most miRNAs increased or decreased in abundance (let 7b, let 7c, miR29a, miR29c, miR126 and miR551b) in LECs/lenses during late embryonic and post‐natal development and in cataract. Among them, miR29a, miR29c and miR126 were dramatically decreased in cataractous LECs from Shumiya Cataract Rats (SCRs). Specifically, the cytoskeleton remodelling genes tropomyosin (Tm) 1α and 2β, which have been implicated in the initiation of pathophysiology, were targets of miR29c and were over‐stimulated as demonstrated by inhibitor experiments. In transfection experiments, increasing the level of miR29c caused a corresponding decrease in the expression of Tm1α and 2β, suggesting that miR29c may regulate the translation of Tm1α and 2β. 3′UTR luciferase activity of Tm1α, not 2β, was significantly decreased in miR29c‐transfected mouse LECs. These findings demonstrate changes in miRNAs expression, and target molecules have potential as diagnostic indicators of ageing and as a foundation of miR‐based therapeutics for age‐related diseases.
Organic Acid Resistance and Toxin Gene Profiles of B. cereus Isolated from Red Pepper Powder
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung , Baek Seung‐Youb , Lee Nari , Oh Se‐Wook
Published: July 2013

The objectives of the study were to determine the diversity of organic acid resistance as well as the toxin gene profiles of Bacillus cereus isolated from red pepper powder and to analyze the inhibition kinetics of unstressed type culture and resistant food isolates against organic acids.

Among 68 B. cereus isolated from red pepper and processing environmental samples (n = 180), 1.4–16.7% of the cells could survive at 0.5% of acetic, malic and tartaric acid. Parameter α of the Weibull model for type strain were up to threefold lower than for resistant food isolate at 0.2% or lower concentration of organic acid treatment. All the B. cereus isolates were positive for three genes in the nonhemolytic enterotoxin complex (nheA, nheB and nheC), entFM and bceT genes. The ces gene‐encoding emetic toxin was detected in nine (13.2%) of the 68 isolates tested.

Practical Applications

Bacillus cereus is an etiological agent of foodborne illness in Korea. The food products under risk for B. cereus food poisoning are pasteurized (dairy foods or cooked chilled foods) and dry foods. When B. cereus has been exposed to sublethal acid treatment conditions, adapted or resistant strains have developed. Acid resistance of the strain cause a food safety problem because it may result in enhanced protection for cells which are subsequently exposed to lethal heat or hydrogen peroxide stress. The rate of acid resistance and the kinetic parameters of wild type food isolates against organic acid treatment can be used to develop intervention strategies and in risk assessment to assure food safety. A diversity of toxin gene profiles which include diarrheal and emetic toxins also provide useful information in risk assessment of food poisoning caused by B. cereus.
Religion, Corruption, and the Rule of Law
Authors: NORTH CHARLES M. , ORMAN WAFA HAKIM , GWIN CARL R.
Published: July 2013

In a 207‐country sample, we find that rule of law and corruption are both associated with a country's religious heritage, thereby partially explaining the correlation between religion and economic growth found in previous research. We also show that our results change when we control for some variables lacking data for all countries in the sample but that these differences are attributable to changes in sample composition rather than the effects of the control variables. Our research suggests that researchers doing cross‐country analysis should distinguish between the effects of adding a control variable and the resulting sample composition effects.
Intraday Patterns in FX Returns and Order Flow
Authors: BREEDON FRANCIS , RANALDO ANGELO
Published: July 2013

Using a comprehensive high‐frequency foreign exchange data set, we present evidence of time‐of‐day effects in foreign exchange returns through a significant tendency for currencies to depreciate during local trading hours. We confirm this pattern across a range of currencies and time zones. We also find that this pattern is reflected in order flow and suggest that both patterns relate to the tendency of market participants to be net purchasers of foreign exchange in their own trading hours. Data from a single market maker appears to corroborate that interpretation.
Effect of cognitive behavioural interventions on the quality of life in Chinese heroin‐dependent individuals in detoxification: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zhuang Shu‐Mei , An Shi‐Hui , Zhao Yue
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To determine whether cognitive behavioural interventions would improve the quality of life in Chinese heroin addicts.

Background

Drug dependence is one of the most serious health problems in the world, representing a real menace to mental and somatic health. However, effects of cognitive behavioural interventions on quality of life in Chinese heroin addicts are unclear.

Design

This randomised controlled study was conducted at a Drug‐withdrawal Rehabilitation Center in China.

Methods

Following ethics approval and heroin addicts' consent, 240 heroin addicts were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group (n = 120) received a six‐month cognitive behavioural intervention comprising education intervention and behavioural intervention developed by the investigators. The control group (n = 120) received the hospital's routine care. The effects of the interventions on patients' quality of life were evaluated at baseline and six months and were compared. A Chinese version of Quality of Life in Drug Addiction Questionnaire was used in this study. Usefulness of the intervention and usual community services was evaluated at six months.

Results

The quality of life of participants with heroin addiction with physical and psychological disorders is poor. The experimental group showed a significant improvement in quality of life after nurse‐managed cognitive behavioural intervention.

Conclusions

The quality of life and the health status of Chinese heroin addicts were improved after they received a nurse‐managed cognitive behavioural intervention.

Relevance to clinical practice

Appropriate nurse‐managed cognitive behavioural intervention for heroin addicts can improve their quality of life and promote their health. It is important for clinical nurses to understand cognitive behavioural therapy, appraisal and coping to apply knowledge in practice when dealing with a client who has heroin addiction.
The effect of injection duration and injection site on pain and bruising of subcutaneous injection of heparin
Authors: Pourghaznein Tayebe , Azimi Amir Vahedian , Jafarabadi Mohammad Asghari
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To determine and compare the effects of four methods of subcutaneous heparin injection on pain and bruising in abdomen and thighs.

Background

Subcutaneous heparin injection is a common nursing clinical intervention. Nurses frequently inject heparin subcutaneously and this action often results in some complications such as bruising, haematoma, pain and induration in the injection site. There are also some other factors inducing complications associated with heparin injection, including the injection site and the injection duration.

Design

A quasi‐experimental within‐subject design.

Methods

This study was conducted on 90 patients withCOPDhospitalised in twoICUwards at two teaching hospitals in urban areas of Iran. They were administered heparin subcutaneously, 4000 units every 12 hours. Each patient received four injections in their abdomen and thighs, using four different methods. The number and size of bruising at the injection site were measured through a flexible millimetre ruler, 48 hours after each injection. The severity of pain was measured through pain visual analogue scale immediately after each injection. Collected data were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics usingspss11.5 software.

Results

In the method 15 seconds injection duration and waiting for 5 seconds before withdrawing the needle, the number of bruising was significantly lower and size of bruising was significantly smaller, but no significant difference was found in the severity of pain. However, in other methods, the severity of pain in thighs was significantly higher than in abdomen, but no statistically significant difference was reported between the size and number of bruising in abdomen and thighs.

Conclusions

The method 15 seconds injection duration and waiting for 5 seconds before withdrawing the needle is recommended to be used for subcutaneous heparin injection by clinical nurses. As to the results, the severity of pain in abdomen was lower than in thighs.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study proposed a suitable method for subcutaneous heparin injection in order to reduce pain and bruising.
Discharge planning in mental health care: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Nurjannah Intansari , Mills Jane , Usher Kim , Park Tanya
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To identify the evidence base related to discharge planning in the context of acute and community mental healthcare service provision to ascertain the need for future research.

Background

Discharge planning is an important activity when preparing consumers to transition from hospital to home. The efficiency of discharge planning for consumers living with a mental health issue can influence both the number of future readmissions to acute‐care facilities and their quality of life at home.

Design

An integrative review of the peer‐reviewed literature.

Method

This review uses specific search terms and a 21‐year time frame to search two key nursing databases CINAHL (Cinahl Information Systems, Glendale, CA, USA) and PSYCHINFO (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, USA) for research reports investigating the substantive area of enquiry. Hand searches of reference lists and author searches were also conducted. Nineteen peer‐reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria for this review.

Results

Research findings about discharge planning for people living with a mental health issue identify the importance of communication between health professionals, consumers and their families to maximise the effectiveness of this process. The complexity of consumer's healthcare needs influences the discharge planning process and impacts on aftercare compliance and readmission rates. There is a limited amount of research findings relating to differences between health professionals and families' perceptions of the level of information required for effective discharge planning, and the appropriate level of involvement of individuals living with a mental health issue in their own discharge planning. Results from this integrative review will inform future research related to this topic.

Conclusion

Discharge planning for consumers living with a mental health issue involves many stakeholders who have different expectations regarding the type of information required and the necessary level of involvement of people living with a mental health issue in this process.

Relevance to clinical practice

Comprehensive discharge planning can result in reduced readmissions to both acute and community mental health services. Understanding the impact of effective communication on the outcomes of discharge planning is an important step in promoting success.
Short‐term Effect of Upstream Administration in Comparison to Deferred Injection of Tirofiban on Patients with Acute ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: JIA ZHI , GUO MU , ZHANG YUN‐QIANG , LIANG HAI‐QING , SONG YU
Published: July 2013

Background

High bolus dose tirofiban has been demonstrated to provide greater inhibition of platelet aggregation, but the most appropriate timing of its administration remains unknown.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of upstream vs. deferred administration of tirofiban in patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on clinical outcomes.

Methods

The 660 patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention were divided into upstream (n = 330, administration of tirofiban to all patients in emergency room) and deferred groups (n = 330, treatment of patients with large thrombus burden or no‐reflow phenomenon in cardiac catheterization laboratory during PCI). The primary end‐points were death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), revascularization of targeted vessels (TVR) or major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 1 month and 6 months following PCI, with safety end‐point at 7 days.

Results

Compared with that of the deferred group, there was a significant increase of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the upstream group within 7 days (55.5 ± 6.6% vs. 54.6 ± 7.9%, P = 0.011). The rates of 7‐day and 1‐month MACE in the upstream group were lower than those in the deferred group (1.5% vs. 4.2%, 3.3% vs. 7.0%, P = 0.037 and 0.034, respectively). However, there were higher tendencies for major and minor bleedings in the upstream group (1.8% vs. 0.9%, 2.7% vs. 1.5%, P = 0.315 and 0.280, respectively).

Conclusion

To the Chinese patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI, upstream administration of tirofiban was slightly superior to deferred injection for short‐term clinical outcomes.
Comparison of 3‐Year Clinical Outcomes Between Resolute™ Zotarolimus‐ and Sirolimus‐Eluting Stents for Long Coronary Artery Stenosis
Authors: IM EUI , KIM BYEONG‐KEUK , KO YOUNG‐GUK , HER AE‐YOUNG , CHOI HYUN HEE , SHIN DONG‐HO , KIM JUNG‐SUN , CHOI DONGHOON , JANG YANGSOO , HONG MYEONG‐KI
Published: July 2013

Objectives

Long‐term clinical outcomes were evaluated in long coronary artery stenosis treated with different types of drug‐eluting stents.

Background

Long‐term follow‐up data to compare clinical outcomes between Resolute™ zotarolimus‐eluting stent (R‐ZES) versus sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) implantation for long coronary artery stenosis is insufficient.

Methods

A total of 254 patients (307 lesions) treated with R‐ZES and 265 patients (303 lesions) treated with SES for long coronary lesions (total stent length ≥30 mm) were enrolled, and long‐term (3 years) clinical outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Efficacy (target lesion revascularization [TLR]) and safety (the composite occurrence of cardiovascular death, target lesion–related myocardial infarction, or target lesion–related definite stent thrombosis) were assessed.

Results

The 2 groups had similar baseline characteristics except for the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (23.4 ± 11.2 months in R‐ZES‐treated patients vs. 27.4 ± 13.9 months in SES‐treated patients, P < 0.001). Total stent length was similar in R‐ZES‐treated patients (45.0 ± 19.0 mm) and SES‐treated patients (45.4 ± 18.6 mm) (P = 0.464). The cumulative TLR rate was 4.6% in R‐ZES‐treated patients versus 4.6% in SES‐treated patients (P = 0.911). For safety parameters, R‐ZES‐treated patients showed a significantly lower rate of the composite occurrence of cardiovascular death, target lesion–related myocardial infarction, or target lesion–related definite stent thrombosis than SES‐treated patients (0.4% vs. 2.4%, P = 0.042). Particularly, the occurrence of target lesion–related definite stent thrombosis was significantly lower in R‐ZES‐treated patients than in SES‐treated patients (0.0% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.028).

Conclusions

R‐ZES stents showed superior long‐term safety than SES for treating long coronary lesions, while maintaining a similar clinical efficacy.
Circulating tumour cells: insights into tumour heterogeneity
Authors: Hayes D. F. , Paoletti C.
Published: July 2013

Tumour heterogeneity is a major barrier to cure breast cancer. It can exist between patients with different intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer or within an individual patient with breast cancer. In the latter case, heterogeneity has been observed between different metastatic sites, between metastatic sites and the original primary tumour, and even within a single tumour at either a metastatic or a primary site. Tumour heterogeneity is a function of two separate, although linked, processes. First, genetic instability is a hallmark of malignancy, and results in ‘fixed’ genetic changes that are almost certainly carried forward through progression of the cancer over time, with increasingly complex additional genetic changes in new metastases as they arise. The second type of heterogeneity is due to differential but ‘plastic’ expression of various genes important in the biology and response to various therapies. Together, these processes result in highly variable cancers with differential response, and resistance, to both targeted (e.g. endocrine or anti‐human epithelial growth receptor type 2 (HER2) agents) and nontargeted therapies (e.g. chemotherapy). Ideally, tumour heterogeneity would be monitored over time, especially in relation to therapeutic strategies. However, biopsies of metastases require invasive and costly procedures, and biopsies of multiple metastases, or serially over time, are impractical. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) represent a potential surrogate for tissue‐based cancer and therefore might provide the opportunity to monitor serial changes in tumour biology. Recent advances have enabled accurate and reliable quantification and molecular characterization of CTCs with regard to a number of important biomarkers including oestrogen receptor alpha and HER2. Preliminary data have demonstrated that expression of these markers between CTCs in individual patients with metastatic breast cancer reflects the heterogeneity of the underlying tumours. Future studies are designed to determine the clinical utility of these novel technologies in either research or routine clinical settings.
Associations and interactions between lipid profiles, retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: the FinnDiane Study
Authors: Tolonen N. , Hietala K. , Forsblom C. , Harjutsalo V. , Mäkinen V.‐P. , Kytö J. , Summanen P. A. , Thorn L. M. , Wadén J. , Gordin D. , Taskinen M.‐R. , Groop P.‐H. ,   the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: July 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between lipid profiles and retinopathy in the large nationwide FinnDiane Study and to examine interactions and correlations between retinopathy, nephropathy and lipid variables.

Design and subjects

A total of 1465 patients with type 1 diabetes, available lipid profiles, ophthalmic records and fundus photographs were included in the study. The Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale was used to assess the severity of retinopathy. In an independent cohort of 1100 patients, laser treatment was used to define severe diabetic retinopathy.

Results

HDL cholesterol was associated with proliferative retinopathy (PDR), and triglycerides were associated with mild nonproliferative retinopathy (NPDR) independently of nephropathy and other conventional risk factors (P < 0.01). Significant interactions were seen between albumin excretion rate (AER), retinopathy status and lipid parameters (including triglycerides, non‐HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B; P < 0.001). Highly different correlations between AER and lipid variables were observed in patients without retinopathy or with mild NPDR compared with patients with moderate to severe NPDR or PDR. Similar interactions and correlations were observed in an independent cohort stratified by laser treatment. In patients without retinopathy or with mild NPDR, AER was low despite HDL cholesterol in the lowest or triglycerides, total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol in the highest quartiles.

Conclusions

Nephropathy had a strong effect on the associations between lipid variables and retinopathy, whilst dyslipidaemia was associated with nephropathy only in the presence of retinopathy. This finding suggests the existence of shared pathogenic mechanisms between retinopathy and nephropathy which could be targeted to prevent complications in patients with metabolic risk factors.
Skin Capillary Density in Infants Born to Normotensive Mothers: A Comparison Between Singleton and Twin Infants
Authors: Raghuraman Rajendra P. , D'Souza Rohan , Nathan Preetha , Wang Duolao , Manyonda Isaac T. , Antonios Tarek F.T.
Published: July 2013

Objective

Twin infants tend to have LBW and microvascular alterations but do not appear to have an increase in cardiovascular mortality later in life as singleton infants. We hypothesized that twin infants born to normotensive mothers would not have capillary rarefaction at birth.

Methods

We studied 26 dizygotic twin infants and compared them with 115 consecutive singleton infants to normotensive mothers. We used orthogonal polarized spectroscopy to measure basal (i.e., functional) and maximal (i.e., structural) skin capillary density according to a well‐standardized protocol.

Results

Twin infants have significantly higher BCD (mean difference 4.3 capillaries/mm2, 95% CI: 0.4, 8.1, p = 0.03) and have marginally significantly higher MCD (mean difference 3.9 capillaries/mm2, 95% CI: −0.6, 8.3, p = 0.086) compared to singleton infants. Birth weight was significantly associated with BCD and MCD (p = 0.003 and 0.006).

Conclusions

Twin infants with low and NBWs tend to have higher functional and structural capillary densities compared to singleton infants. Further longitudinal studies of skin capillary density and of retinal vascular parameters commencing from birth to various stages in early childhood are essential to identify the dynamics and the exact timing, if any, of the remodeling of microcirculation in these individuals.
Risk factors for hospitalization among older, incident haemodialysis patients
Authors: Schoonover Kimberly L , Hickson LaTonya J , Norby Suzanne M , Hogan Marie C , Chaudhary Sanjay , Albright Robert C , Dillon John J , McCarthy James T , Williams Amy W
Published: July 2013

Aims

The number of elderly persons with end‐stage renal disease is increasing with many requiring hospitalizations. This study examines the causes and predictors of hospitalization in older haemodialysis patients.

Methods

We reviewed hospitalizations of older (≥65 years) incident chronic haemodialysis patients initiating therapy between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2009 under the care of a single Midwestern United States dialysis provider.

Results

Of 125 patients, the mean age was 76 ± 7 years and 72% were male. At first dialysis, 68% used a central venous catheter (CVC) and 51% were in the hospital. Mean follow‐up was 1.8 ± 1.0 years. At least one hospitalization occurred in 89 (71%) patients and half of all patients were hospitalized once within the first 223 days. Total hospital admission rate was 1.48 per patient year with hospital days totalling 8.54 days per patient year. The three most common reasons for first admission were cardiac (33%), infection (18%) and gastrointestinal (12%). Predictors of future hospitalization included the first dialysis occurring in hospital (hazard ratios (HR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.3, P = 0.0005) and the use of a CVC at first haemodialysis (HR 2.6, CI 1.6–4.4, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Hospitalizations are common in older incident haemodialysis patients. Access preparation and overall burden of illness leading to the initial hospitalization appear to play a role. Identification of additional factors associated with hospitalization will allow for focused interventions to reduce hospitalization rates and increase the value of care.