bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
46.1:Invited Paper: Developments in p‐Si TFT LCD Projectors
Authors: Okamoto Norihisa
Published: January 2005

Developments in high‐brightness and high‐resolution technologies for p‐Si TFT LCD projectors are reviewed. Recent topics relating to the improvement of image quality in areas such as contrast ratio and color uniformity are introduced. P‐Si TFT LCD Projectors should be dominant in consumer applications with continuous efforts to improve TFT processes, LCD technology and optical components for smaller size LV.
46.2: Method to Improve Contrast in an Off‐Axis Projection Engine
Authors: Bone Matthew
Published: January 2005

Polarization aberrations cause loss of contrast in polarizing optical systems for LCOS displays. In an off‐axis system the separation of the polarizer and analyzer allows polarization aberrations to be conveniently corrected by using retardation films. In this paper we will describe how a retarder can be used to increase the limiting contrast of an off‐axis system. Limiting contrasts of greater than 3000:1 have been achieved at an f# number of 2.65. Using this technique in combination with 45 degree reflective twisted nematic microdisplay we have demonstrated system contrasts of greater than 500:1.
46.3: An Efficient Illumination System for Single‐Pane LCD Projector
Authors: Ling L. C. , Yen Y. I. , Ho F. C.
Published: January 2005

A novel illumination system for single‐panel type LCD projector that employs angular color separation for synthesis of full color images is described. The optical design of the illumination system is optimized to give maximum optical efficiency and minimum color mixing.
46.4: Color Management System for 3‐Panel LCOS ‐Projectors
Authors: Heine Claus , Linz‐Dittrich Sabine
Published: January 2005

In projectors based on 3‐panel architectures using reflective LCDs polarizing beam splitters are key elements for separating dark state form bright state. RGB separation and recombination is performed by dichroics. A new architecture based on a PBS and a dichroic prism will be presented and important characteristics will be discussed.
47.3: Analysis of Subtriad Addressing Algorithms by Visual System Models
Authors: Daly Scott
Published: January 2005

Recently, there is a renewed interest in improving the perceived horizontal resolution of triad‐pixel displays, such as LCDs. These techniques consider the spatial displacements of the individual red, green, and blue subpixels of the single displayed color pixel. Valid luminance information is essentially carried on a chromatic aliasing signal. Using spatiochromatic visual models, we present an analysis of the visibility of the false chromatic signal, as well as the additional luminance bandwidth.
48.1: Vibration Prevention Technology in Jumbo Flat CRTs of Tension Type Iron Mask
Authors: Ha Kuendong , Park Wooill , Nozomu Arimoto
Published: January 2005

A decent technology to solve the microphony phenomenon in the tension type jumbo CRTs of iron shadow mask has been developed. Starting from the relation between mask tension and its vibration amplitude and the relation between necessary beam‐landing margin and guard band, the minimum amplitude required to prevent an observer from recognizing beam‐mislanding is calculated. Various types of tension distribution and their corresponding mask amplitude response were analyzed and tested. So‐called the ‘Flat‐U’ type tension was resulted to be the tension distribution for minimum amplitude and doming suppression in association with an appropriate mask pattern design, we could successfully meet the set‐maker's microphony requirement.
48.2: Claded Sheet Steel for Shadow Mask of CRT
Authors: Lee Byeong Yong
Published: January 2005

Composite materials are new materials for the future. Studies and commercialization of composite materials for metal machine have been brisk since the 1960s. In particular, the aviation, space, and shipbuilding industries have developed composite materials of Ni alloy and other metals, thereby dramatically reducing shortcomings of the concerned combined metal. It has contributed to improving the quality and performance of the concerned products that use those metals. This report will be dedicated to explaining Invar‐AK Claded, which combines Invar with less thermal discoloration and AK with strong tolerance to shock from use. It will complement weak points of he two metals, reduce production cost through the entire production process related to CRT and sheet steel production, and improves the quality of CRT.
50.1:Invited Paper: Future Application Potential of Low Temperature p‐Si TFT LCD Displays
Authors: Yoneda Kiyoshi , Yokoyama Ryoichi , Yamada Tsutomu
Published: January 2005

As information technology rapidly grows, the development of LCDs with higher specifications is demanded for use as information display devices. Since the LTPS TFT enables high performance circuit integration in the LCD, it is a suitable technology for mobile information devices. Here we will discuss past and present LTPS TFT LCD circuit design technologies, devices and processes technologies, and will propose a next‐generation LTPS TFT LCD technology road map.
10.3: Electro‐Optical Devices from Banana‐Shaped Liquid Crystals
Authors: Jákli Antal , Chien L‐C. , Krüerke Daniel , Sawade Hans , Heppke Gerd
Published: January 2005

We present the first displays using antiferroelectric smectic phases of banana‐shaped liquid crystal molecules. In appearance these displays are similar to Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLC) but the physical mechanisms responsible for the electrically controlled light scattering are different. In the present case the scattering is due to defect walls separating domains with different tilt directions. In addition there can be two distinct ground—states (“racemic” and “chiral”) that work in opposite ways. The racemic state is scattering in the OFF state and is optically clear under electric fields. The chiral state is transparent at zero fields and is scattering in the field ON state. These two structures may be reversibly interchanged implying their use in devices that consume energy only during switching from one stable state to other.
51.3: Digital Driving of TN‐LC for WUXGA LCOS Panel
Authors: Kang Ki Hyung , Oh Jin Kyoung , Shin Seung‐Rok , Lee Jong Seo , Cho Chul Sik
Published: January 2005

In this paper, digital driving method of SCTN mode for LCOS panel is studied for 256 gray scale realization of WUXGA panel. It is found that the slow response time of nematic LC causes the discontinuity and non‐linearity of gray scales. For a natural gray scale, a short falling time of nematic LC is required. By an improved LC material and on the appropriate driving conditions, continuous 256 grays have been realized.
10.4: Ion Transport Simulations and DC Leakage Current Measurements in Nematic LCDs
Authors: De Vleeschouwer Herbert , Vermael Stefaan , Bougrioua Fatiha , Adamski Arthur , Stojmenovic Goran , Neyts Kristiaan , Pauwels Herman , Verschueren Alwin , Van Asselt Rob , Alexander Els
Published: January 2005

Prototype liquid crystal cells with different alignment layers were studied at different temperatures. Long‐term leakage current measurements were then performed revealing an S‐shaped IV‐curve typical for the presence of ion generation and recombination as well as the Onsager's dependency. Highly and weakly resistive alignment layers can be clearly distinguished.
53.4: Night Vision Goggles: Issues for Simulation and Training
Authors: Martin Elizabeth , Howard Celeste
Published: January 2005

The use of night vision goggles (NVGs) has spread throughout the military, law enforcement, and emergency medical services, and may soon enter civil aviation. This paper addresses perceptual and training issues associated with NVGs.
54.2: Light Weight Glass Funnel Designs for CRTs
Authors: Hergott Stefan
Published: January 2005

To strengthen and to prolong the market position of the cathode‐ray tube (CRT), one of the main requirements today is to reduce tube weight and thus to save glass material. A method to design weight reduced glass funnels under the restrictions of the glass and tube manufacturers processes will be presented.
54.4: Thickness‐Distribution‐Controlled Two‐layer Sputter Coating for CRTs
Authors: Teng Y.‐M. , Tong H.‐S. , Hu C.‐M.
Published: January 2005

In order to reduce the transmission and enhance the contrast of flat panel CDT. CHUNGHWA PICTURE TUBES LTD. has developed a new two‐layer coating with adjustable transmission, low resistivity and reflectance. We use the titanium and silicon target to deposit Ti and SiO2 layer individually. By controlling the thickness of Ti layer, we can get the transmission as we need. In the same time, we can control the gas flow of each position and the scanned velocity of target to overcome the difference in transmission caused by the difference in glass thickness from center to the edge. Basically, this optimum condition can be reached by properly controlling the thickness of each layer.
55.4: Influence of He‐Ne‐Xe Gas Composition on Vacuum Ultraviolet Ray Spectra in Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Bu K.‐H. , Shin T.‐H. , Choi J.‐S , Yi J.‐D. , Kim W.‐J. , Kim M.‐S. , Han J.‐K. , Moon S.‐J. , Seo Y.‐W. , Joo Y.‐D. , Kim B. K. , Lee J.‐G. , Kim J.‐D.
Published: January 2005

The vacuum ultra‐violet (VUV) ray emission characteristics for Plasma Display Panels (PDP) were studied using various 3‐component (He‐Ne‐Xe) gas compositions and 2‐component (He‐Xe, and Ne‐Xe) systems.

In the 3‐component (Xe‐25%Ne‐He bal.) systems, an increase in the pressure and Xe content contributed to an increase in the 147nm atomic emission, whereas above a certain point this decreased. In contrast, in the 2‐component 4%Xe‐Ne bal. System, the 147 nm atomic emission was saturated with an increase in pressure. Integrated intensities of 147nm, 172nm and the total were largely changed with different measuring conditions (Vfixed and Vsus), with Xe content variation. With the increase of Xe content, when measured at Vsus, atomic emission shows maximum value at 8 % while dimer emission linearly increased. On the other hand, atomic emission shows maximum value at 4 % in Vfixed condition. Different 3‐component gas compositions with the same Xe partial pressure showed nearly the same optical properties at a fixed applied voltage. In the case of Ne, the 147nm peak increased and the 172nm peak decreased with an increasing Ne content.
56.1: Novel LC Alignment Method using Diamond Like Carbon Film and Ion Beam Alignment
Authors: Nakagawa Yoshiki , Kato Yoshimine , Saitoh Yukito , Sakai Kazumi , Satoh Hiroyuki , Wako Kazuhiro , Odahara Shuichi , Toshifumi Nakamura , Nakagaki Johji , Nakano Hiroki , Chaudhari P. , Lacey James , Doyle James , Galligan Eileen , Lien Shui‐Chih Alan , Callegari Alessandro , Hougham Gareth , Andry Paul S. , John Richard , Lu Minhua , Cai Chen , Purushothman James Speidell Sampath , Ritsko John , Samant Mahesh , Stohr Joachim
Published: January 2005

A novel LC alignment method has been developed. In this, the conventional polyimide film and cloth rubbing have been replaced by a diamond‐like‐carbon film and an ion beam respectively. The novel method has been used in pilot‐line manufacturing to produce super high quality panels: 15″ TN mode and 22″ IPS mode. These panels will be demonstrated, and the advantage of new method will be discussed.
56.3: Development of One Drop Fill Technology for AM‐LCDs
Authors: Kamiya Hiroyuki , Tajima Ken , Toriumi Kohichi , Terada Kazuo , Inoue Hiroshi , Yokoue Toshinobu , Shimizu Nobuo , Kobayashi Takeshi , Odahara Shuichi , Hougham Gareth , Cai Chen , Glownia James H. , von Gutfeld Robert J. , John Richard , Lien Shui‐Chih Alan
Published: January 2005

A new cell process for TFT‐LCDs which integrates the liquid crystal (LC) injection with the glass substrate assembly process has been developed and has similarities to that previously reported for passive LCDs. In this process LC is applied in droplets directly onto the glass substrate, and results in reduced LC waste, reduction of fabrication time, and overall process simplification. With this technology, we fabricated 22 inch diagonal, high‐resolution products and achieved better cell gap uniformity and fast (16.7 ms) time response for the in‐plane switching (IPS) mode LCDs.
12.2: A Conformable Electronic Ink Display using a Foil‐Based a‐Si TFT Array
Authors: Chen Y. , Denis K. , Kazlas P. , Drzaic P.
Published: January 2005

We have fabricated prototype lightweight electronic ink displays on a conformable active‐matrix array sheet. The active matrix arrays were built using amorphous silicon thin film transistors and capacitors on a stainless steel foil substrate. These prototype displays possess a resolution of 40 dpi, with 52×64 pixels (active area 1.3 inch × 1.6 inch) on a 1.8 inch × 2.0 inch stainless steel substrate. The display possesses an ink on paper appearance, with wide‐viewing angle and good contrast ratio.
4.4: Polymer‐Stabilized FLCDs Exhibiting V‐ and Half‐V EO Characteristics
Authors: Kobayashi S.
Published: January 2005

The electrooptic characteristics and the switchability of newly developed polymer‐stabilized(PS) FLCDs exhibiting V‐ and Half‐V(H‐V) characteristics have been investigated with FETs using FLC materials where FLC media are stabilized by both side‐chain and main‐chain polymers. The appearance of V or H‐V characteristics in the PS‐FLCD is shown to depend on the FLC material and the photocuring conditions. Color‐sequential LCD systems using both V and H‐V‐FLCDs will be discussed.
14.2: Novel Device Structure of MIM Cathode Array for Field Emission Displays
Authors: Sagawa M. , Kusunoki T. , Suzuki M. , Tsuji K.
Published: January 2005

A new device structure of an MIM‐cathode array with the passivation layer has been developed for FED. This design makes possible self‐patterning of the top electrode. As the results, high emission current density of 80mA/cm2 was successfully obtained in the 1.5′(3.8‐cm)‐diameter, 60 × 60 pixels cathode array.
14.4L: Late‐News Paper: Thin Film Edge‐Emitter Field Emission Flat Panel Display
Authors: Kastalsky Alex , Shokhor Sergey , Hou Jack , Naar Sylvain , Abanshin Nikolai , Gorfinkel Boris
Published: January 2005

New approach in FED technology based on edge emission from a thin carbon film is presented. Planar technology is employed to provide efficient electron emission and high brightness in the structure with the effective cathode‐to‐anode spacing of about 1 μm. Alpha‐numerical displays of different colors are demonstrated with the luminance up to 28,000 cd/m2 at voltages around 300 V and phosphor luminous efficiency of ∼ 5–6 lm/W for blue‐green color.
15.2: Development of an UXGA Display System by a Digital Packet Video Link
Authors: Hanari Jun , Watanabe Manabu , Okazaki Atsuo , Mamiya Johji , Sugiuchi Yoh , Yamauchi Kazushi , Futami Toshio , Kasai Naruhiko
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe the development an UXGA Display system by using a trial Digital Packet Video(PV) Link for a next‐generation interface(I/F). We already presented the basic idea and performance about this system. Then, we can apply this system for a QUXGA display, and then we can decrease the data transfer rate from PC to LCD. So we can solve the problem of I/F by this system, we propose the Digital PV Link as a standard for the next generation I/F of high density displays.
15.3: Color Error Diffusion: Accurate Luminance from Coarsely Quantized Displays
Authors: Klompenhouwer Michiel A. , de Haan Gerard
Published: January 2005

A video signal should use as many bits (gray levels) as possible, to obtain sufficient amplitude resolution for high quality images. However, (digital) displays use a limited number of bits. We propose a modification to the error diffusion algorithm that enables a decrease in the number of bits, without a decrease in luminance accuracy.
16.2: Bistable Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals Display with Permanent Grayscales and Fast Switching
Authors: Xie Z. L. , Meng Z. G. , Ng K. W. , Tang B. Z. , Wong Man , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

Permanent grayscales in a π bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display have been demonstrated. This display can be switched between −22.5° and 157.5° twist states by means of a combination of strong in‐plane electric fields and vertical electric field for creating both the planar anchoring breaking and an electro‐hydrodynamic flow. The switching of the twist states during the Frederiks transition is sufficiently inhomogeneous such that domains of −22.5° twisted and 157.5° twisted states are formed. The ratio of these domains can be controlled by the vertical electric field. Fast switching of 1 ms was achieved for gray scales. These grayscales have very long lifetime.
5.1: Invited Paper: History and Status of Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) Technology for Vehicular Applications
Authors: Mahon Janice K.
Published: January 2005

With the drive to convey much more information in today's vehicles to both driver and passenger, organic light emitting device (OLED) technology has begun to capture the attention of automotive systems designers and engineers. OLED displays are bright, emissive devices that offer excellent color gamut, wide viewing angle and high contrast. Passive matrix (PM) monochrome and multi‐color OLEDs have been introduced in products including an automotive audio console and cellular telephone. In the near future, full‐color, high‐resolution active matrix (AM) OLEDs with excellent power efficiency, particularly through the use of new high‐efficiency phosphorescent materials, will also be available. Finally, continued progress toward meeting more rigorous requirements, for thermal stability and extended lifetimes, including those of the automotive environment, are foreseen. Moreover, recent technological advances such as display flexibility and transparency have created exciting new ways to integrate OLEDs into vehicles. In this paper, we discuss the status of OLED technology, highlighting some of the key features and performance measures that are most important to the automotive designer and engineer.
17.1: Invited Paper: Direction of Low‐Temperature p‐Si Technology
Authors: Kanzaki Koichi , Sakamoto Masanori
Published: January 2005

Low temperature p‐Si technology road map is proposed and discussed focusing on the evollution of TFT performance and integration density. Integration of DAC and control circuits will realize lighter‐weight and lower cost display, where, higher resolution and larger display size require higher TFT performance. While, higher integration density enables multi‐bits(∼ 8bits) memories in pixels and significantly reduces the driving power consumption. Another key is the combination of OLED, which will replace LCD and become the main stream flat panel technology.
17.2: Invited Paper: Wide Aspect FPM with Calibrated High Information Content Display
Authors: Evanicky D. E. , Medina O. I. , Daeda B. , Mendelson J. D.
Published: January 2005

Each year the Society awards the Display of the Year Award to several display devices that exhibit leading edge technology or innovative solutions to an information display need. The following paper provides a summary of the Silicon Graphics 1600SW™ Flat Panel Monitor, the recipient of the 1999 Silver Display of the Year award presented in May 2000. Addressing the explosion of computer graphics usage makes the need for accurate image reproduction obvious. The SGI 1600SW can change its spectral emission characteristics through the use of an embedded measuring device and independent color temperature control. Its optical features, white balance adjustment, the ergonomics of its wide aspect ratio and high information content display, and the development of its digital interface will be described.
17.4: Invited Paper: Image Processor Architecture Enables Smart LCD™ Design Integrating LCD Panel with Display Controller Electronics
Authors: Greenberg Robert , Michel Tamara , Kim Sang‐Soo , Seouk Jun H. , Kim Joseph , Park Jin‐Ho
Published: January 2005

Smart LCD™ is an emerging concept in the display industry that means all the LCD Monitor system electronics are integrated into the LCD panel module resulting in LCD modules with more common analog or digital interface connectors (DSUB15/DVI) and required control electronics. The benefits to system integrators and OEMs using LCD display technology is to eliminate the separate, uniquely designed, controller board by moving the “intelligence” into the panel, thus dramatically reducing the effort and cost necessary to integrate LCD display technology into monitors and systems using displays. The ImageProcessor Architecture, combining a highly integrated “system‐on‐a‐chip” IC and complete software environment, is a unique enabling technology for this exciting new trend.
17.5:Invited Paper: Eyewear Platforms For Miniature Displays
Authors: Spitzer M. B. , Zavracky P. M. , Crawford J. , Aquilino P. , Hunter G.
Published: January 2005

The use of eyewear as a platform for mobile display systems is gaining acceptance, owing to the high degree of miniaturization that is now possible in optics, electronics, and microdisplays. Eyewear offers unique features for display integration. This paper will review important aspects of eyewear display design and provide a progress report on eyewear display development.
5.2: Automotive LCD Backlighting Issues and Solutions
Authors: Weindorf P. , Milne G. , Anderson D.
Published: January 2005

A number of backlighting issues face developers of vehicular LCD's. User comfort, safety and backlight life can be addressed through the design of automatic luminance control circuits. Additionally, extended temperature performance must be assured. Design issues and solutions for backlights in vehicular display applications are discussed.
19.1: Invited Paper: Xe Discharge Backlights for LCDs
Authors: Mikoshiba Shigeo
Published: January 2005

Mercury‐free, Xe fluorescent lamps are becoming more and more important for LCD backlights, not only from the environmental point of view but for attaining high picture quality. The paper explains underlying limitations assessed to the Xe glow discharges and introduces various Xe backlights with a stress on a flat discharge lamp.
19.3: Optimized LCD Backlight for Outdoor and High Brightness Applications
Authors: Blanchard Randall
Published: January 2005

A high intensity backlight for use with large LCD panels has been developed. It supports the performance and environmental requirements of a display intended for outdoor applications. It uses an inductively coupled electrodeless fluorescent lamp. The backlight lamp has a lifetime of 100,000 hours with instant starting at −40°C and a stable light output over a 70°C temperature span. The backlight design has been optimized for luminance uniformity and efficiency within a display depth of 6″. A wide format 22″ LCD display with this backlight technology provides an image brightness of 1,200 cd/m2 from a single 150‐watt lamp.
5.3: LCD Projection Image Source for Head‐Up Display
Authors: Brown Robert D. , Modro David H. , Greer Michael R.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the performance requirements, design, and fabrication of a LCD projection image source for use in a wide field of view head‐up display (HUD) optical system. The LCD projector replaces the commonly used CRT, with the intended benefits of lower cost, multicolor, improved raster brightness, and digital interface. Predicted and measured results are reported, with descriptions of the key technical challenges.
20.3: Super‐High Luminance Light‐Source Device with Carbon Nanotube Emitter
Authors: Yotani Junko , Uemura Sashiro , Nagasako Takeshi , Kurachi Hiroyuki , Yamada Hiromu , Ezaki Tomotaka , Saito Yahachi , Ando Yoshinori , Zhao Xinluo , Yumura Motoo
Published: January 2005

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been attracting considerable attention as field emitters. An excellent performance of carbon‐nanotubes as field‐emitters was demonstrated using a high‐voltage FED element at Society for Information Display (SID) in 1998 where a lighting element for outdoor large size display and a flat panel were presented with the screen printed nanotube cathode. After that, we reported experimental results of a light source tube which was able to be emitted luminous flux of more than 1000lm in prospect at International Display Workshops'00 (IDW'00).

In this paper, we described a light‐source device which performed super‐high luminance with special multi‐walled nanotubes (MWNTs) called nanografiber (NGF) as field emitters. The electrodes passed through electrons was improved for more uniform landing to the phosphor screen. X‐ray shield and cooling for phosphor screen were investigated for a practical use and life‐time confirmation. The device was experimentally applied to one of projection displays with liquid crystal display (LCD) as light sources.

NGF cathodes have been tested under dc driving condition with high current and high anode voltage(25–30kV) against high voltage ion bombardment. The degradation of phosphors has been tested to maintain super‐high luminance under high density electron irradiation and efficient cooling.
20.4: Printable Triode Structure Carbon Nanotubes Field Emission Display
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Chung , Chang Yu‐Yang , Sheu Jyh‐Rong , Ho Jia‐Chong , Liao Jane‐Hway , Cheng Hua‐Chi , Hsiao Ming‐Chun , Han Cheng‐Xian , Huang Shin‐Mao , Wang Wen‐Chun
Published: January 2005

A 4‐inch, 64×256 pixels, diode structure carbon nanotubes (CNT) field emission displays have been fabricated after screen printing and vacuum sealing process. The design and process for CNT‐emitters arrays of triode structure were studied and developed. The dielectric layer and gate electrode were fabricated by printing on cathode plate.
21.1: Electro‐optical Characterization of Reflective LCDs
Authors: Becker Michael E. , Laur Jürgen , Neumeier Jürgen
Published: January 2005

The concept of the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) is applied to analyze, characterize and understand the reflective properties of LCDs and their components in more detail. BRDFs are measured in the plane of light incidence with a goniometric apparatus (“in‐plane BRDF”) while the full 2‐dimensional BRDF is measured with a conoscopic device. BRDF‐curves of typical reflective LCDs clearly show the individual contributions of the first surface (unwanted reflections) and the component from the reflector, which is modulated by the LC‐cell and is thus carrying the information to be displayed. The effect of anti‐glare coatings on the front polarizer surface is analyzed via BRDF measurements.

Based on the acquired BRDF data we explain the function of a device for diffuse reflective illumination that can be considered as the correspondence to the “dark‐room condition” in the case of transmissive LCDs since it is designed to effectively avoid disturbing unwanted reflections from the first display to air interface and, at the same time assuring illumination over a wide solid angle (up to 70°).
21.3: NIST Colorimetric Calibration Facility for Displays — Part 2
Authors: Manoocheri Farshid , Brown Steven W. , Ohno Yoshi
Published: January 2005

Development of a calibration facility for spectroradiometric, colorimetric, and goniometric measurements of displays, display colorimeters, and spectroradiometers has been completed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). An overview of the facility and results of the characterization measurements are presented. The results show that the facility is capable of measuring colors of sources with an expanded uncertainty 0.001 for chromaticity (x,y) and 1 % for luminance (Y). The new calibration services from NIST are designed to reduce the uncertainty of color measurements using commercial instruments to a level approaching that of the NIST reference instrument.
22.1: PH‐VAN System Design for High Contrast Rub‐Free Microdisplays
Authors: Anderson James E. , Gandhi Jignesh , Stefanov Michael E.
Published: January 2005

If circular polarizers are incorporated into a microdisplay system, a Vertically Aligned Nematic (VAN) cell design with perfect homeotropic alignment can be used. This alignment is easy to achieve and removes the rubbing step from the manufacturing process. Perfect Homeotropic VAN (PH‐VAN) cells have the performance advantage of ultra high contrast.
22.3: Diffuse Renditions of Spatially Pixelated and Temporally Multiplexed H‐PDLCs for Full Color Reflective Displays
Authors: Fontecchio Adam K. , Qi Jun , Escuti Michael J. , Amimori Ichiro , Crawford Gregory P. , Faris Sadeg
Published: January 2005

We report on incorporating a diffuse film into our spatial and angular multiplexing techniques to form Diffuse Holographically‐formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (DHPDLC) using a single holographic exposure thus creating wide viewing angle multicolor reflective displays. Our work has resulted in a device with an increased viewing cone for wide viewing angle applications.
23.1:Progress of the Interactive Information Display Tutorial on CD‐ROM
Authors: Chmura S. M. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

A CD‐ROM Interactive Information Display Tutorial was created to supplement training in the sciences and engineering for those pursuing a career in display technology. As the display industry becomes more complex and interdisciplinary, additional training is becoming more essential as display engineers require a broad technical skill set.
23.3: A Novel Photoaddressable Electronic Paper Utilizing Cholesteric LC Microcapsules and Organic Photoconductor
Authors: Yamamoto S. , Kobayashi H. , Kakinuma T. , Hikichi T. , Hiji N. , Ishii T. , Harada Y. , Koshimzu M. , Maruyama K. , Niitsu T. , Suzuki T. , Tsuda D. , Arisawa H.
Published: January 2005

A novel photoaddressable electronic paper has been developed. It has a spatial light modulator (SLM) structure that consists of microencapsulated cholesteric liquid crystal and an organic photoconductive layer between flexible plastic thin films. An A6‐ size prototype E‐Paper sheet exhibits greater than 20% reflectivity, a 4:1 contrast ratio and a wide viewing angle. Images transferred by the projection of a 2D image with a 200 ms electrical pulse exhibit nonvolatility without power and excellent stability against deformation of the sheet.
23.4: A Liquid Crystal Fresnel Zone Device and Its Light Focusing Properties
Authors: Ren Hongwen , Zhang Ligong , Xuan Li , Chen Ming , Huang Ximin
Published: January 2005

A novel light‐focus device was fabricated and demonstrated. The device consists of two glass substrates and one liquid crystal (LC) layer. Each indium tin oxide electrode coated on the two inner substrate surfaces of the device was etched into Fresnel zone patterns. In field‐off state, the transmission is uniform and light is not focused. In field‐on state, a 2π phase difference between adjacent zones can be adjusted. Then the device becomes a Fresnel phase zone plate and acts as a lens. Moreover, for getting transmission independent of light polarization direction, the LC layer was treated by twist of 180° along the normal of substrate surfaces.
24.1: Invited Paper: Pursuit of Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode Displays
Authors: Dawson R. M. A. , Kane M. G.
Published: January 2005

The promise of organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays is becoming a reality as demonstrated by the passive matrix OLED displays already in the market. The passive matrix architecture cannot support the high resolutions expected by the consumer due to the currents required to perform the high degree of multiplexing. The gap between expectation and performance is driving continued development of active matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays that do support the required high information content formats. Pixel‐to‐pixel uniformity across a large area is a key consideration for AMOLED displays fabricated using thin film transistor technologies. Transistor technologies including a‐Si:H, poly‐Si, crystalline Si, and organics will be reviewed with respect to application to AMOLED displays.
24.2 Direct View Active Matrix VGA OLED‐on‐Crystalline‐Silicon Display
Authors: Sanford James L. , Schlig Eugene S.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the pixel and array circuitry, which includes a CMOS SRAM cell and a precision current source at each pixel, of a direct view VGA active matrix OLED‐on‐crystalline‐silicon display, developed jointly by IBM Research Division and eMagin Corporation. The display has applications for low‐power personal information appliances such as a computer wristwatch. The display obtains data and control signals directly from the memory bus of the appliance's processor.
L‐3: Late‐News Paper: Autostereoscopic Display for Image, Film, and Video Applications
Authors: Just Dieter , Runge Hartmut
Published: January 2005

A new autostereoscopic display is presented that allows one or several observers to view a three‐dimensional object scene from different angles. The observers need no viewing aids, e.g. goggles or head‐trackers. The viewed perspective changes when an observer moves his head or changes his position relative to the object scene. The display is conceptually simple and does only require two key components.
26.1: Simple and Accurate Optical Reflection and Phase Compensation Methods for Reflective LCD Cell Gap
Authors: Ong Hiap L.
Published: January 2005

We developed two fast, simple, and accurate optical methods for reflective LCD cell‐gap measurements. One method uses optical reflection, while the other uses optical phase compensation. They have higher accuracy, simpler setup and procedure, and lower cost than the present optical interference method. The typical measurement accuracy is about 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3um respectively, for phase compensation, optical reflection, and optical interference methods.
26.2: A Two‐Dimensional and Hyperfine Measurement Method of Cell Parameter Distributions in the Reflective LC Cell by Using a Stokes Parameter Method
Authors: Kawamura Marenori , Sato Susumu
Published: January 2005

We propose a two‐dimensional (2D) measurement method for precisely determining cell parameter distributions in reflective LC displays. The hyperfine 2D cell thickness distribution can easily and rapidly be determined by measuring Stokes parameters of the LC cells for each pixel of a CCD camera.
26.4: Assembly of Reflective PDLC Microdisplays
Authors: Bruyneel Filip , De Smet Herbert , Vanfleteren Jan , Van Calster André
Published: January 2005

Different methods for the filling and the assembly of reflective PDLC (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) microdisplays with a 4 μm cell gap are evaluated. The filling of the vias in the microdisplay and the stability of the cell gap after the curing of the PDLC are important parameters for displays with a high brightness.
6.2: A Select Line Driver for the Offset‐Scan‐and‐Hold Dual Select Diode AMLCDs
Authors: den Boer Willem
Published: January 2005

The basic architecture for an offset‐scan‐and‐hold row select driver for Dual Select Diode (DSD) AMLCDs is presented. It can be implemented in a 30 V CMOS process. The performance of the row driver was simulated with SPICE. This drive method eliminates vertical cross‐talk and can be used in conjunction with 5 V or 3.3 V data drivers on low cost AMLCDs with diagonal size up to at least 30 in.
27.2: Twisted‐Nematic Compensator for Reflective Color NB‐STN‐LCDs with a Single Polarizer
Authors: Masaki A. , Uesaka T. , Kumagi Y. , Kaminade K. , Toyooka T. , Kobori Y.
Published: January 2005

The performance of a reflective color NB‐STN‐LCD with a single polarizer in combination with a twisted‐nematic compensator is discussed. In contrast to combined uniaxial retarder sheets, it is possible to create a display with a high contrast ratio using only a single sheet, which is one of the advantages of the twisted‐nematic compensator. For optimizing the performance of the display, the dispersion of the birefringence was found to be essential as well as the twist angle and the retardation of the compensator.
27.3: New Cholesteric Colour Filters for Reflective LCDs
Authors: Doornkamp C. , Wegh R. T. , Lub J.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe a new method to manufacture cholesteric colour filters. The cholesteric colour filter is made by a simple method, comprising one coating step and two UV exposure steps. The optical performance of the cholesteric colour filter and a reflective LCD with a cholesteric colour filter inside the cell will be discussed. The cholesteric colour filter has a high colour purity and the display shows a high contrast ratio of 35:1.
28.1: Invited Paper: Current Status and Trends for Business Projector Technology & Markets
Authors: Dash Sweta
Published: January 2005

Ultraportable projectors (LCD, MEMS/DLP and LCOS) have become essential tools for the business presentation market. Manufacturers are breaking barriers every year in weight, size, and brightness, and are offering projectors with increased features and lower prices. The next generation of projectors can work more as information technology devices with wireless connectivity and networking abilities. The current status and future trends of business projectors will be presented in this paper.
28.2: Tiled Display Utilizing Ceramic Actuators for Large Area Flat Panels
Authors: Takeuchi Y. , Nanataki T. , Ohwada I.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel display device driven by micro ceramic actuator arrays. Typically 60–150 inch diagonal size direct viewing flat display can be flexibly built up by tiled display technology with non‐seal structure. We successfully built up 33 inch engineering model display.
29.3: Fast Response 15‐in. XGA TFT‐LCD with Feedforward Driving (FFD) Technology for Multimedia Applications
Authors: Nakanishi K. , Takahashi S. , Oura H. , Matsumura T. , Miyake S. , Kobayashi K. , Oda K. , Tahata S. , Yuuki A. , Someya J. , Yamakawa M.
Published: January 2005

15‐in. XGA TFT‐LCD with fast response time is developed. The response time between grayscale transitions is reduced to less than 20ms by adopting newly developed Feedforward Driving (FFD) technology. High brightness, high color saturation, and wide viewing angle characteristics are also achieved, which are significant for multimedia applications.
6.3: Field‐Sequential Smectic LCD with TFT Pixel Amplifier
Authors: Takatori Ken‐ichi , Imai Hiroshi , Asada Hideki , Imai Masao
Published: January 2005

A field‐sequential color smectic LCD has been developed using low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs. An active‐load type TFT pixel amplifier is used to drive a V‐shaped‐switching smectic LC without voltage fluctuation. The optical response time is 300 μs for a field frequency of 180 Hz. This LCD is capable of displaying high‐quality motion‐picture images.
29.4L: Late‐News Paper: Image Synchronized Brightness Control
Authors: Hwang Insun , Park Cheol Woo , Kang Sung Chul , Sakong Dong Sik
Published: January 2005

A novel image synchronized brightness control (ISBC) method for active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) was developed, where automatic modulation of the backlight luminance is performed according to the gray distribution of image data. The ISBC can deliver a peak luminance of 500 ∼ 600 nits, which is very comparable to that of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and is 2 to 3 times higher than that of normal LCD. The dynamic CR is over 700. With this ISBC method we can display a vivid moving image, while maintaining the same level of power consumption and a backlight.
30.4: Effect of Image Compression on Image Quality
Authors: Barten Peter G. J.
Published: January 2005

By a comparison of the image quality of JPEG compressed images with images with various distortions, a good description is obtained for the image quality of these images with the SQRI method. The results can also be applied on other measurements published in literature.
31.3: Organic EL Materials Based on Styryl and Amine Derivatives
Authors: Hosokawa Chishio , Toshio Sakai , Fukuoka Kenichi , Tokailin Hiroshi , Hironaka Yoshio , Ikada Hidetsugu , Funahashi Masakazu , Kusumoto Tadashi
Published: January 2005

Excellent organic electroluminescent materials are needed to obtain the color EL devices with high performance. We have succeeded in realizing bright and efficient devices with long lifetime in various color regions, based on styryl and amine derivatives.
6.4: Active Matrix Amorphous Silicon Photo‐sensor Array for Flexible Substrate
Authors: Won Sung Hwan , Ryu Jai , Hur Ji Ho , Jang Jin , Jang Gyu Jung , Lee Cheor Woo , Jung Suk Tae
Published: January 2005

We developed an active matrix photo‐sensor of a 250 dpi for flexible substrate using hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistor (a‐Si:H TFT) and photoconductor (PC). We fabricated a small prototype, having 260 × 256 pixels with a 100 μm pixel pitch at a maximum process temperature of 180 °C.
32.1: Foam Glass Barrier™‐ A New PDP Barrier Rib Technology
Authors: Ernsthausen Roger E. , Friedman Peter S. , Barnhart Charles J. , Cutcher Randall J. , Keglewitsch Vivian J. , Choi John H. , Suess Terry R. , Scheuer Ann L. , Cartagena Angel
Published: January 2005

A new, high throughput, low cost process for the manufacture of PDP barrier ribs — Foam Glass Barrier™ — is described. The new barrier rib is a vitreous glass containing a uniform distribution of small, closed bubbles which chemically etches at high rates anisotropically, has high strength and does not outgas.
32.2: Development of PDP Rear Panel by Etching Technology
Authors: Kim W. S. , Lee J. S. , Lee G. W. , Kim S. Y. , Ha H. T.
Published: January 2005

LG Micron Ltd. has developed PDP Rear Panel by Etching Technology enabling large area 30″ to 65″ diagonal size and excellent resolution VGA to HDTV. This method is able to achieve cost benefits too. In this paper, we present etching technology, which introduces alternative method to fabricate PDP Rear Panel against conventional technologies, Combining materials, manufacturing process and 40″ PDP module evaluation.
32.3: Barrier Ribs Formed for PDP by Rolling of Green Tape
Authors: Kim Yong‐Seog , Jeon Hyun‐Jo , Kim Hyun‐Sung , Lee Seog‐Young , Hong Soon‐Kug
Published: January 2005

In an attempt to explore a possibility of forming barrier ribs for the plasma display panel by plastically deforming a green tape with a grooved roll, the effects of green tape composition and rolling parameters on the height of the barrier ribs formed were studied.
P‐4: SPC Poly‐Si TFT Having a Maximum Process Temperature of 380°C
Authors: Park Seong Jin , Cho Bong Rae , Kim Kyung Ho , Cho Kyu Sik , Yoo Seong Yeol , Kim Ah Young , Jang Jin , Shin Dong Hyuk
Published: January 2005

A very thin Ni layer was deposited onto a‐Si, which was annealed for crystallization in the presence of the electric field. The NiSi2 precipitates were formed at the a‐Si surface, and needle‐like crystallites have ben found in the a‐Si network even at 350°C. The poly‐Si crystallized at 380°C has been used for the TFT, exhibiting a field effect mobility of 51 cm2/Vs and a threshold voltage of −2.2 V.
P‐6: Submicron Thin Retardation Coating
Authors: Lazarev Pavel , Ovchinnikova Natalya , Paukshto Michael
Published: January 2005

New submicron film retarders are produced by the deposition and drying of water‐based lyotropic liquid crystal materials on various substrates. The coatings have high refraction coefficient anisotropy. Birefringence varies from 0.5 to 1.0 for 380–900nm wavelength range. These materials provide new options for LCD designs.
P‐7: Wear Resistance of Indium Tin Oxide Coatings on Polyethylene Terephthalate substrates for Touchscreen Applications
Authors: Cairns Darran R. , Crawford Gregory P. , Chernefsky Anthony F.
Published: January 2005

The wear mechanisms of the Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) topsheet in resistive touchscreens are investigated using a custom built sliding wear tester and electron microscopy studies. Cracking of the ITO layer and adhesive wear failure occurs in the topsheet after a large number of wear cycles due to increasing deformation of the substrate and thus increasing contact stresses. The damage to the ITO layer causes a progressive increase in the deviation from linearity in the response of resistive touch sensors. It is essential to understand the factors affecting the wear resistance of the topsheet in developing high‐performance touchscreens.
P‐8: Conductive and Adhesive Properties of Z‐axis Adhesives for Tail Bonding
Authors: Cairns Darran R. , Crawford Gregory P. , LaCourse Michele L. , Jakubowski Michael J. , Bottari Frank J.
Published: January 2005

The change in resistance of an anisotropic conducting adhesive (Z‐axis adhesive) solderless joint with increasing strain in a shear configuration is investigated using a modified mechanical testing machine. No change in resistance is evident up to a load of 25 Newtons above this load the resistance increases rapidly and electrical continuity is lost. We also report on the change in resistance with strain after ageing at 85°C and 85 % Relative humidity for six days. The anisotropic conducting adhesive performs well in shear after ageing.
P‐9: TV Display Applications by an Advanced Multi‐Media Display Processor (AMDP2)
Authors: Sawaragi Takashi , Miyaguchi Hiroshi , Kojima Takao
Published: January 2005

The AMDP2 provides various features for current television system such as frame synchronization, de‐interlace, still image display, multiple pictures display and so on. AMDP2 is a programmable device which allows customers to realize their signal processing algorithm. By using AMDP2 and its capabilities, various video format signals can be converted to specific screen format and displayed on any monitor, including TV, PC, LCD, PDP and DLP.
P‐15: The Methods of Analysis and Synthesis of Symbols of Matrix Alphabets of Electronic Indicators and Displays
Authors: Litvak I. I. , Fel'Dman D. V. , Bogachyov K. A.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the proposed method of analysis of symbols of matrix alphabets, that enable to synthesize new alphabets. The investigation method based on “basic character of alphabet” criterion. An operator could perceive visual information with higher precision, rapidness and reliability. Number of errors in new alphabets 3–10 times as less.
P‐17: A Variable Addressability Binocular System
Authors: Kubala Kenny , Hooker R. Brian
Published: January 2005

A variable addressability binocular system has been developed and subjected to rigorous optical testing. This novel system enables a large filed of view using a limited number of pixels. The tests show a proof of concept and demonstrate the applicability of the technology.
LP‐1: Late‐News Poster: Strong Accommodation Bias to a Collimated Retinal Scanned Light Display
Authors: Schowengerdt Brian T. , Seibel Eric J. , Kelly John P. , Furness Thomas A.
Published: January 2005

Accommodation was measured while subjects viewed a retinal scanned light display that has a focus plane near optical infinity. Compared with dark accommodation, subjects over‐accommodated to the display (mean 2D; 0–8D range). Subjects were unaware of blurring, suggesting open‐loop accommodation. Accommodation fluctuates greatly between subjects viewing a fixed‐focus retinal scanning display.
P‐18: Residual Gas Analysis on Various Tube Size and Different Process Stages in Cathode Ray Tubes
Authors: Lee Byoung‐Joo , Jung Jae‐Hoon , Park Gong‐Seok
Published: January 2005

We have analyzed the residual gases in cathode ray tubes (CRT) quantitatively by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). The analyses have been performed on different process stages and various tube size.(17″–32″) There are many changes in residual gases of CRT according to different process stages. And if all other conditions are same or similar, it can be said that the vacuum level of a big CRT is higher than the small one's. These results give us deeper information and understanding for CRT developing and manufacturing.