bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Africans Became Integral to New World History
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

In the past, many historians, including Marxists, accepted a model of “economic determinism” when discussing the origins of New World slavery and the restriction of enslavement to Native Americans and then almost exclusively to sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants. Presenting racial slavery as an economically backward but inevitable and temporary stage in historical development, given the shortage of labor and the almost limitless expanses of land in the Americas, they tended to ignore or underestimate cultural and ideological factors, especially religion.
Abolitionism in America
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

In The Early Nineteenth Century, especially after the War of 1812–15, a “market revolution” and “transportation revolution” increasingly transformed American society. Improved roads and especially canals opened up markets and profits that were beyond the previous dreams of many enterprising farmers, skilled artisans, and manufacturers. But the rapid economic growth and urbanization of the 1820s devastated many other Americans who could no longer hold their own against more efficient and productive competitors. The owners of small, rock-strewn New England farms, for example, found it difficult to compete with Midwesterners who had the advantage of rich, loamy soil as well as the new Erie Canal that linked the Great Lakes to the Hudson River. In the eyes of many religious leaders, faced with geographic mobility and the breakup of traditional communities, it appeared that the United States had become increasingly dominated by materialism and greed.
Epistemic Luck in Light of the Virtues
Authors: Axtell Guy
Published: November 2023

In its broadest context, as part of contemporary virtue theory, virtue epistemology can be understood as one side of an integrated account of the human being as both a knower and a valuer. What attracts me to it, personally, is my sense of the fragmented state of reason in contemporary western culture, a condition that is to some extent an inheritance of modern philosophy. Virtue theory promises a response to what Dewey, quoted above from The Reconstruction of Philosophy, presents as a central problem of modern life and even as the theoretical chasm for philosophy to bridge: the chasm between our beliefs about the world and our beliefs about the virtues, rules, and purposes that should direct our actions, both individually and collectively. I use these metaphors of bridge and chasm in connection with Dewey’s passage, because this is an essay about bridges: bridges, firstly, between epistemology and ethics; and secondly, between virtue epistemologists themselves since they, like others, invariably bring with them to the discussion of knowledge their own divergent interests in explanation.
From Lore to Learning: Corning Finds Its “Formula” for Scientific Glassmaking
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

Corning glass works first embraced a strategy based explicitly on superior knowledge in 1910. In that year Alanson B. Houghton succeeded his father, Amory Houghton Jr., as president of the company. The son took over a mature enterprise that was facing major shifts in its production practices and new competitive terrain. The “trust system” of combination and cooperation between related companies--the means that large businesses in the United States and Europe had adopted for controlling what they saw as ruinous competition over the course of the nineteenth century-was under attack in U.S. courts. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 had ruled out as illegal “contracts, combinations and conspiracies” in restraint of trade. Corning had benefited from General Electric’s stable pricing arrangements. But a new way of negotiating the chaos of the markets had to be found.
Invisible Assets: Intellectual Property and the Search for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

This largely reactive approach to managing intellectual property after World War II was shaped by the set of antitrust cases that convicted both Corning and its management of monopolistic behavior in the period before the war. For similar reasons the company largely abandoned its strategy of association.
Additional Weapons in the Polemical Arsenal: Forgeries and Falsifications
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

One of the distinctive features of early Christianity, in all its guises, was its literary character. Literature served to provide sacred authority for Christian belief and practice, to defend the religion against its cultured despisers, to unite local communities of believers into a worldwide church, to encourage the faithful in their time of suffering, to instruct them how to live, to entertain them with accounts of heroes of the faith, and to warn them against enemies within, promoting some forms of the faith and denouncing others. With the partial exception of Judaism, no other religion of the Roman Empire was so rooted in literary texts.
Winners, Losers, and the Question of Tolerance
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

The historical significance of the victory of proto-orthodox Christianity can scarcely be overstated. The form of Christianity that emerged from the conflicts of the second and third centuries was destined to became the religion of the Roman Empire. From there it developed into the dominant religious, political, economic, social, and cultural institution of the West for centuries—down to the present. Christians living in the midst of these conflicts could not have imagined how important their outcome would be for the shape of western civilization. The repercussions are still felt today, in ways that even we may have difficulty understanding.
Mobilization on the South African Gold Mines
Authors: Moodie T Dunbar
Published: November 2023

In August 1982, Cyril Ramaphosa announced the formation of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in South Africa. South African mining is an industry composed largely of migrant workers, barracked in large concentrated compounds. Black miners typically live at mines located far from large cities, insulated from workers in secondary industry, moving from bed to heavy work to mass feeding to bed in a cycle that John Rex (1973) once called the most effective form of labor control ever invented. Conventional wisdom in South Africa was that such workers were “unorganizable.” In 1987, however, only five years after the launching of the NUM, more than 300,000 black South African mine workers embarked on a legal wage strike. It was the largest black strike ever in South Africa. Black miners stayed out for three weeks before being forced back by mass dismissals. Even the failure of the strike could not conceal the colossal organizational achievement of the NUM, which has become the largest of what Eddie Webster (1988) called “social movement unions” in South Africa.

When I began to study the rise of the NUM, I turned eagerly to social movement theory, hoping for a perspective to guide my understanding of actors and events. Although certain monographs were helpful, social movement theory itself was a disappointment. I turned to other, more dialectical, theoretical traditions. In this chapter, I shall use social movement theory to analyze the making of the NUM while challenging and modifying basic assumptions that haunt (and, I believe, hamper) sociological efforts to understand social movements. Three general questions set the focus here. First, what should social movement theory (or any other social theory for that matter) do? Second, what does social movement theory actually do? Third, what is it possible for social movement theory to do?
Ancient and Modern Narratives
Authors: Larson Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The identification of continuities between ancient Greek and modern Greek culture is now controversial. In an influential article, Loring Danforth exposed some of the methodological pitfalls of this practice, which has long dominated modern Greek folklore studies. These include a failure to consider “survivals” as part of an integrated contemporary culture and failure to demonstrate continuity with evidence from the late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish occupation periods. The ideological underpinnings of the search for continuities have also been closely examined.
Caves of the Nymphs and Votive Iconography
Authors: Larson Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The distinctive landscape of Greece and the Aegean is characterized by abundant limestone and marble, types of stone that easily dissolve in and crystallize from water. When the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in water is high, an acid is produced, which enlarges fissures to form caves. When the concentration of carbon dioxide drops, calcite is crystallized from the water, which produces cave formations such as stalactites and stalagmites. This landscape, which geologists call karst, is full of caves and sinkholes.
“We Don’t See Color Here”: A Case Study in Ecclesial-Cultural Invention
Authors: Fulkerson Mary McClintock
Published: November 2023

A white member of an interracial church describes what is unique about his congregation, Good Samaritan United Methodist Church, with the claim, “We don’t see color here.” At its high point, Good Samaritan was remarkably diverse, with one-third of its membership African American, one-third African and Latino, and one-third AngloAmerican. However, “we don’t see color” is a rather ambiguous phrase, regardless of what Ray, the speaker, had in mind. While it may indicate that the kingdom has come at Good Samaritan, this expression has historically functioned to avert issues of racism and power. The claim to color blindness appears accepting of the other, but may actually be a “strategy of condescension.” Such condescension is otherwise known as tolerance, a problematic form of inclusion for the reason that the one who is tolerant has the power to position the other in his or her sphere of influence within specific limits that he or she sets for the other. In Good Samaritan’s case, Ray can fill the position of the tolerant and powerful because he has never had to see color for his own survival.
Helen and Hermes’ Conceit
Authors: Curkpatrick Stephen
Published: November 2023

Busy? Can I talk to you?” “Yes, come in Helen. Good to see you. It’s been a while since we’ve had a chat.” “You haven’t got a sermon to prepare?” “No, not at all. That can wait till Saturday. How’s the doctoral thesis going?” ‘‘.Actually, that’s what I want to talk to you about.” “Me? What can I tell you about ‘heretics’ ... what’s your thesis called again?” “Marginalized movements in the history of Australian Churches.” “That’s right. Well, how’s it going?” “Do you remember your denominational history?” “Just. Not my best subject, I’m afraid.” ‘‘.Ah, yes, but that’s because history is seldom taught well.” “So how do you think it should be taught?”
Working with Greek Mythology: A Journey through Images
Authors: Fahey Diane
Published: November 2023

My interest in Greek mythology began in the early 1980s and led to my writing two collections of poetry based on Greek mythology: Metamorphoses (1988), which centers on female figures in Greek myth, and Listening to a Far Sea (1998), which is mainly about male figures. At the time I began, I was aware of the way myths could offer insight into some of the abiding patterns and themes in human experience-developmental issues, the quest for freedom and self-realization, finding a place and way of being in the world, the facing of death and suffering-and I soon became acquainted with the work of writers such as Christine Downing (1996) and Ginette Paris (1990) who were using myth as a tool of personal differentiation and cultural exploration with a specifically feminist focus.
Cassius Dio’s History of Rome: From Republic to Principate
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

In A Buoyant Aside as He Approached the End of His Labors, Cassius Die expressed the hope that in his work he was leaving a legacy for the future, and that his History, the magnum opus to which he had devoted twenty two years of his life, would ‘survive and never lose its lustre’ (72.23.4). No one will deny that Die stands in the shade of his illustrious predecessors-Herodotus, Thucydides, Polybius, Livy, Tacitus-but for many periods and aspects of the history of Rome he remains an indispensable resource, a veritable quarry for historians.
Dependent Arising and the Emptiness of Emptiness: Why Did Nagarjuna Start with Causation?
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Nagarjuna, who lived in south india in approximately the first century C.E., is undoubtedly the most important, influential, and widely studied Mahayana Buddhist philosopher. He is the founder of the Madhyamaka, or Middle Path, schools of Mahayana Buddhism. His considerable corpus includes texts addressed to lay audiences, letters of advice to kings, and the set of penetrating metaphysical and epistemological treatises that represent the foundation of the highly skeptical and dialectical analytic philosophical school known as Madhyamaka.
Sounds of Silence: Ineffability and the Limits of Language in Madhyamaka and Yogacara
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The Vimalakirtinirdesa-sutra offers us two dramatic and contrasting moments of silence. The first of these, the silence of Sariputra, sets the problem for this chapter: when, and how, can silence be articulate? About what can silence inform? And what can it tell us? We will see that the two principal Mahayana schools or at least prominent protagonists of each-disagree dramatically with regard to the answers they provide to this set of questions, and that this divergence reflects and illuminates their differences with regard to the status of emptiness and the nature of our knowledge thereof.
Introduction
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

Gamma-ray bursts are the most violent events since the birth of the universe. They are perhaps ten times as energetic as the most energetic supernovas, the explosions that destroy massive stars and make neutron stars and black holes. More remarkable, the energy in a gamma-ray burst is concentrated into a small amount of mass moving at 99.999% of the speed of light. It has even been suggested that the most energetic cosmic rays—single elementary particles, each with enough energy to lift a 150-pound man an inch off the floor—are produced in gamma-ray bursts.
The Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

In 1519 the Portuguese sea captain Fernão de Magalhães, whom we call Ferdinand Magellan, commanding a fleet of five small ships, sailed under the flag of Spain to circumnavigate the globe. His purpose was to expand the Spanish empire. A papal bull of 1493 had divided the New World according to a line of longitude running through eastern South America; everything east of this line would be Portuguese and everything west would be Spanish. We see the results of this bull even today; the eastern most part of South America is Brazil, whose language is Portuguese, while the rest of Latin America speaks Spanish.
Soft Gamma Repeaters
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

The year 1986 marked the high point of the view of gamma-ray bursts as a comparatively nearby phenomenon, probably occurring on magnetic neutron stars in our galaxy. Five separate lines of evidence and argument pointed in that direction: the complexity of their light curves, the compactness argument against excessively high luminosities, the identification of the super burst of March 5, 1979, with a supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the reports of lines in the gamma-ray spectra of bursts, and the apparent counterparts of bursts on archival sky photographs.
Batse
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s NASA began planning a series of four “Great Observatories.” These large orbiting telescopes were meant to move astronomy from the era of observing on the ground, hampered by Earth’s atmosphere, to a new age in space. The glories of the universe revealed by space astronomy would keep NASA in the public eye, and its budget in the good graces of Congress.

It came half true. The most famous Great Observatory, the Hubble Space Telescope, was finally launched in 1990, several years late. An error in its optics initially made it nearly useless. However, this error was fixed by the insertion of a correcting mirror, and the Hubble Space Telescope has fulfilled most of the dreams of NASA’s publicists, and even of astronomers.
The Theorists’ Turn
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

Like a cigarette smoker or alcoholic who repeatedly p9stpones the promised day on which he will kick his habit, most astrophysicists had long avoided the problem of explaining how gamma-ray bursts at cosmological distances could work. The only serious attempts, those of Goodman and Paczynski in 1986 (Chapter 10), had predicted properties—a submilli second pulse of gamma rays narrowly concentrated in a black-body spectrum at a few MeV energy—very unlike the actual properties observed (Figures 1-2, 10-4). The BATSE results, like an ominous warning from the doctor, forced the theorists to con front reality.
A Supernova Connection?
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

By the spring of 1998 most of the pieces of the gamma-ray-burst puzzle seemed to be in place: Bursts are produced when dense matter, a neutronic doughnut, is accreted by a black hole. This doughnut makes a series of pair fireballs that accelerate thin shells (or portions of shells) of matter to high energy, with speeds closely approaching the speed of light. This matter is probably directed into jets, but only roughly, like water from a fire hose rather than light from a laser. The gamma rays themselves are made when these shells collide with each other, the faster overtaking the slower, or with surrounding gas.
Religious, Political, and Economic Passions
Authors: Ogilvy James A
Published: November 2023

Back in the fabled sixties, many of us felt that politics were important. Social justice ranked high on our list of priorities, and political institutions seemed to be the right targets for our efforts. The bright kids in school did n’t go into business. They chose teaching or the professions or God knows what. Anything but business!

Now the best and the brightest are getting MBAs, and many of us who spurned business have found our way into the corporate world.
The Limits of The Marketplace
Authors: Ogilvy James A
Published: November 2023

The last chapter made a case for describing the turn of the millennium in terms of a transition from a political to an economic era. It was filled with broad historical descriptions and their interpretation based on certain facts about changing technologies. But what about values? Is the shift to the economic era a good thing?

This is the wrong way to frame the question. The shift to the economic era is inevitable for the reasons I’ve mentioned. The proper question to ask is, What is the right way to live one’s life in light of the fact that we are shifting from a political to an economic era? And this question brings us to the issue of better futures and normative scenarios.
The Features of The Relational Worldview
Authors: Ogilvy James A
Published: November 2023

Having hurtled through several of the human sciences in sequence, and having lain down their linear movements on the loom of the last several chapters, I would like to cross this warp with the woof of a few cross disciplinary comparisons. This weaving maneuver will identify five features of a relational worldview by following their woof across the warp of the disciplines already visited. Second, I want to introduce two further features of the relational worldview woof-wise by simply stating what those features are, then serving up instances and examples from various disciplines.
K
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

From the word kermis, which meant an “outdoor fair or festival” in the Low Countries, usually an event organized to raise money for charitable purposes. In the sixteenth century the word was spelled kermiss and referred to the dedication of a church. Pronounced by Spanish speakers as kermes, and sometimes found in literature as quermes, these outdoor fundraisers were often held in association with school and church activities. References to kermeses can be found in the social histories of Chicano communities throughout the Southwest. After Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, the Spanish missionaries lefr and were replaced by other religious friars. It is possible that this expression was introduced by the many European, and particularly Irish, priests that could be found throughout many Chicano communities. Another expression used by Chicanos to designate this same type of event is jamaica, also a type of bazaar organized to raise money for the building of churches in Mexican communities. The Diccionario de Mejicanismos states that the word kermes was most often used by gente de post(n (people who put on airs).
Q
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

A god, one of the major deities of the Aztecs. Quetzal is a Nahuatl word referring to a bird found in Central America, and coatl means “snake,” so Quetzalcoatl means a “feathered serpent,” and this god is often called the Plumed Serpent. Stories about him indicate that he was an earthly hero, a lightskinned man, who acted as the ruler of the Toltecs for some time. In one legend Quetzalcoatl is sent to the underground to get the bones of the ancients. After the end of the Fourth Sun (an Aztec era), when the ancient people have been drowned or changed into fish, the spirits decide he should go seek the bones in order to start a new race. He must try three times, overcoming many obstacles, before he succeeds in bringing the bones to the sky. They are ground to a powder and placed in a bowl by the goddess Cihuacoatl. The other gods shed blood into the bowl and humans are born. Quetzalcoatl discovered corn, which he brought for the new humans to eat. He saw an ant bringing a kernel of corn from inside a mountain, and he changed himself into an ant and followed it. Lightning was used to split open the mountain to bring the corn to the people. He left the Toltecs to return to his home. It just happened that Quetzalcoatl promised to return in the same year that Hernan Cortes landed in Veracruz. It was to the Spaniards’ advantage to use the Indians’ belief in Quetzalcoatl’s return. Cortes was well received because he was thought to be Quetzalcoatl and the conquest of the Aztecs by the Spaniards was legitimized.
R
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

It is accepted that the word ranchera refers to a type of Mexican song, although sometimes it is an adjective that describes a character or a type of person. Ranchera comes from the word rancho, meaning a “cattle ranch, farm, or rural settlement.” A poor unsophisticated person may be called a ranchero or ranchera, implying he or she is from the countryside, the sticks, and a hick. In the context of Mexican folk music la canci6n ranchera is a love song, sung by the common folk, the peasants of the rural countryside. After the Mexican Revolution rancheras became more agreeable to the upper classes because of the movement toward a Mexican identity and nationalism and a rejection of European cultural values. The modern canci6n ranchera was made popular in Mexico City in the early 1950s by the songwriter Jose Alfredo Jimenez. The poetic structure of the ranchera is brief and simple, yet emotionally it is very intense. According to Ruben Campos as quoted by Gradante, “it is a moan and a sigh ... , the briefest form of composition and, as such, requires a greater intensity of expression than any other compositional form. It must say precisely what it means” (1983, 105). The themes of rancheras are love and unrequited love, but from the point of view of the ordinary common man.
V
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

The vaquero was the early Hispano cowboy and the antecedent of the Hollywood cowboy. Horses and cattle were brought to New Spain by the Spaniards. When Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico, he had with him sixteen horses and at least three breeds of cattle. Cattle breeding was a tradition hundreds of years old in Spain, and Cortes brought this tradition to Mexico and eventually to the Southwest. The Spaniards introduced the system of el rancho, with vaqueros being the workers who herded the cattle and conducting cattle drives. Vaca means “cow” and a vaquero is “one who works with cows.” The Spanish mission padres recognized this labor and conscripted mestizos (mixed-race people), Indians, and Mexicans to take care of the cattle. It was these individuals who developed the system, equipment, practices, and traditions that have lasted these past few hundred years. The Anglo cowboy learned everything about cattle from the vaquero.
Y
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

The creation of yard displays, as shrines or ofrendas (offerings), or nacimientos (nativity scenes) during Christmas, is an important way to commemorate many holidays such as Halloween, D(a de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), Cinco de Mayo (Fifth of May), and even the Fourth ofJuly. A yard shrine may be a permanent display in the form of a small chapel, a nicho (niche), or a gruta (grotto or shrine), set up in the front yard of a home. It may contain one or more holy images, of saints or the Virgin Mary, especially La Virgen de Guadalupe, flowers or potted plants, colorful garlands, and votive candles. These shrines are often just called nichos, and the word shrine is not even mentioned. During special holidays such as Christmas or on a saint’s feast day, a shrine may be lighted up for the community to share. It is a common practice to make the sign of the cross or recite a short prayer when walking past a religious yard shrine.
The Ins and Outs of Othering
Authors: Thorne Barrie
Published: November 2023

Gender, race, and other lines of social difference sometimes seem frozen and fixed, like ice; they may also feel fluid in meaning and significance, like water; and, on occasion, these lines of difference may almost seem to evaporate. This metaphor, borrowed from Troy Duster, evokes complex dynamics that have long fascinated and also disturbed me. The women’s liberation movement of the late 1960s opened my eyes to the complexities of gender and, broadly, to the workings of categories, boundaries, and relations between difference and power. In the ensuing decades, as the protagonist in the movie Groundhog Day who revisits the same scene again and again, I have obsessed about questions of difference, power, and knowledge.
The Modernization of Sinhalese Buddhism as Reflected in the Dambulla Cave Temples
Authors: Katzrituals Nathan
Published: November 2023

This chapter will argue that modern Sinhalese Buddhism begins not with the arrival of the British, much less with the 1957 watershed elections, but during Kandyan times (1649–1815), especially during the reign of Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1780). As John C. Holt has shown in his masterful book The Religious World of Kirti Sri, a close examination of Kirti Sri’s renovations of the Dambulla cave temples, among several other sites, reveals themes, concerns, and motifs typically associated with modern Buddhism. Holt sees Kirti Sri as a transitional figure, a revivalist rooted in his late medieval era. Of his meaning for modern Sinhalese Buddhism, Holt writes, “Yet his response remains relevant in modern Sri Lanka, despite the fact that it is a late medieval, revived form of classical religion and, as such, is not completely synchronized (in fact, is often at odds) with the emphases and orientations of twentieth-century, urban Buddhist modernism.”While obviously Sinhalese Buddhism has changed over the past two and a half centuries, it is in precisely this revival of classical themes that Kirti Sri so closely resembles the nation’s Buddhism modernists.
Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Yokoyama Yuji , Ninomiya, Shinsuke , Narahara Koji
Published: November 2023

The patients were brothers, aged 2 years 9 months and 1 year 8 months, and were referred to our hospital for evaluation of developmental delay. The elder brother was born at term when his mother was 22 years old and his father 33. Pregnancy and delivery were uneventful, and birth weight was 3260 g. Neonatal screening for metabolic diseases and hypothyroidism was unremarkable. However, gross psychomotor retardation became apparent; head control was achieved at the age of 5 months, sitting unaided at 12 months, and walking began at 20 months, but the child had not acquired any meaningful words at the time of examination (2 years 9 months). Physical examination revealed a hyperactive boy with a height of 94.5 cm, weight of 13.2 kg, and head circumference of 47.8 cm (Fig. 1-1a). His face was somewhat long and square with a high forehead and large, prominent ears. The left lower incisor was absent, and the testes were not enlarged. Psychometric testing revealed developmental quotient to be 38% that of a normal child of the same age. The child exhibited unique behavioral abnormalities characterized by hyperactivity, short attention span, poor eye contact, and excessive withdrawal response to strange people or environments; however, these behaviors did not meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for childhood autistic disorders. Electroencephalography (EEG) and acoustic brainstem response were normal.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors and Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Cuchel Marina , Rader Daniel J
Published: November 2023

A 10-year-old girl from China was evaluated at the University of Pennsylvania for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and possible participation in an experimental gene therapy protocol for her condition. Cutaneous xanthomas (lesions characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipids in macrophages) were first observed at 3 months of age. However, the origins were not fully investigated until the age of 3 years, when she was found to have a total cholesterol level of 1150 mg/dL (desirable levels are 200 mg/dL) with normal triglyceride levels, and the diagnosis of homozygous FH was made. Both of her parents’ total cholesterol levels were in the range of 300–400 mg/dL, consistent with the diagnosis of heterozygous FH. A positive family history for premature coronary artery disease was present on both sides.
Tangier Disease: A Disorder in the Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
Authors: Lai Lien B , Gopichandran, vijayaprasad , Gopalan Venkat
Published: November 2023

T. L. was a 5-year-old patient who underwent a tonsillectomy in 1960. His enlarged tonsils were yellowish gray, with many septa running through multiple abnormally lobulated regions. On pathological examination, many foam cells (macrophages with lipid deposits) were found in and among the lymph follicles. This histiocytic appearance of the foam cells led to a tentative diagnosis of either Hand-Schüller-Christian (a multifocal eosinophilic granuloma) or Niemann-Pick (a lysosomal lipid storage) disease. Thinking that the tonsillar honeycomblike appearance was unusual for either of these diseases, the attending physician, Dr. Thomas Edmonds, referred T. L. for further analyses to the NIH and thereby initiated a series of investigations that led to the discovery of Tangier disease by Dr. Donald S. Fredrickson and colleagues in 1961.
Gaucher Disease: A Sphingolipidosis
Authors: Hines William C , Glew Robert H
Published: November 2023

The patient was a 34-year-old woman of Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry. When she was four years old (September 1974), her parents noticed that she had frequent nosebleeds and bruised easily. In addition, she tired with little exertion and looked pale. They took her to the emergency department, and on admission to the hospital, a bone marrow biopsy revealed the presence of Gaucher cells as seen in Figure 16-1. She was diagnosed as having Gaucher disease, an inborn error of metabolism affecting -glucosidase (also known as acid -glucosidase or glucocerebrosidase). White blood cell (WBC) -glucosidase assays were performed on the patient and her immediate family members. Her parents and only sibling had slightly reduced levels of WBC -glucosidase, whereas the patient’s -glucosidase activity was only 9% of the control mean level, thus confirming the diagnosis of Gaucher disease on a biochemical-enzymatic basis. In addition, she was found to have an elevated level of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, a characteristic of most patients with Gaucher disease.
“Not as a Jew but as a Citizen”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

At the same time that Sergeant Jimmy Ceriani’s troopship steamed out of New York harbor, Meyer Siegel was preparing for boot camp. An immigrant Jew, Siegel left the village of Czarmin in Russian Poland when he was in his early teens for New York, where he helped with his father’s clothing store on the Lower East Side and attended public schools. He later found work in an attorney’s office and was taking evening law school classes when the United States went to war.
Being Jewish in the National Army
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

When Sergeant Anthony Teta of the 102nd Infantry wrote home from France in January 1918, he described a double standard in the treatment of American soldiers. “We occasionally get a New Haven paper here,” he told a friend, “and from it, I notice that considerable [sic] is being done for the drafted men.” Teta, having endured three months in Landaville with the Yankee Division, felt that this attention was unfair, since the draftees “are in the States and so near home. . . . It is certainly overlooking us volunteers,” he concludes, “who are soon to see the real stuff and give up their lives for the great cause.”
“New York Jewry Must Do Its Duty”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

New York Jewry’s response to the home front effort was a good deal more complicated than the Italian experience in New Haven. For the overwhelmingly Orthodox Jewish immigrant population, the government’s secular demands inevitably created a number of cultural and religious problems. The Yiddishes Tageblatt, one of the Orthodox newspapers, found itself acting as a mediator on repeated occasions. In May 1918 the paper had to clear up confusion about the International Red Cross. Many immigrant Jews thought the Red Cross was a Christian organization because of its emblem and ignored its pleas for contributions.
The Iron Age
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

During the turmoil surrounding Akhenaton’s religious revolution, Egypt gradually lost its hold on Canaan. Diplomatic letters of the period indicate a concern among Egyptians about the presence of Habiru or Apiru (essentially, “foreigners”) under their jurisdiction who were irritants, and topographical lists of Amenhotep III and Ramses II refer to “the land of nomads [of] Yahweh” to the east of the delta in Sinai (Weinfeld, 483). The earliest reference to Israel itself comes in the reign of Merneptah, the son of Ramses II (Lesko, “Egyptian Religion,” 45). It is possible that the term Habiru, which seems to have referred to several tribes, including the future Israelite Hebrews, became Hebrew and that in the situation surrounding these people we have the basis for the biblical story of the Exodus.
Jews, Christians, and Muslim
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

When the Persians under Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 B.C.E. many of the Babylonian Israelites migrated “home” to Jerusalem and eventually rebuilt the city walls and the Temple. Others remained in Babylon, where a Jewish community flourished for several centuries. Those who came to Jerusalem did so with Persian approval; in Cyrus’s Zoroastrian view Yahweh was among the deities on the side of good in the struggle between good and evil in the universe. Most important, the new arrivals in Jerusalem came as committed Jews rather than as Judeans or as Hebrews influenced, as they had been earlier, by the myths and religious ways of the indigenous Canaanites. Judah became an exclusively Jewisq. theocratic state.
The Mythology of Prehistory
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

Until the advent of writing, Middle Eastern religions and myths, like those of other parts of the world, can only be surmised by way of archeological remains such as shrines, paintings, :figurines, and burial sites. From excavations of the earliest human sites, those of the Paleolithic period, little or nothing mythological or religious can be determined with any certainty. Neanderthal sites such as those at Shanidar in Mesopotamia, Mount Carmel in Palestine, and various places in Egypt reveal some care in burial practices-seemingly symbolic, even ritualistic arrangements of bodies and the placing of animals in graves with human corpses, perhaps suggesting either a sacrificial cult and/or a belief in an afterlife.
The Mythology of Mesopotamia
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

Just as Minoan, Mycenaean, Dorian, and Ionian myths are all part of what we think of as Greek mythology, with its diversity, its conflicting versions of particular events, and its literary as opposed to purely religious and folkloric content, Mesopotamian mythology is made up of the myths and religions of several cultures that over many centuries inhabited the same geographic area—essentially modern Iraq—and assimilated each other’s religious understandings and stories. Mesopotamian mythology refers here to the period between the advent of writing in Sumer late in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and the emergence of Christianity in the first century c.E. The mythology in question in all likelihood reaches back in the oral tradition of the preliterate cultures of the area, but in terms of written records, it begins in Sumer and is absorbed and added to by Sumer’s Semitic conquerors and successors, including the various Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian dynasties. The mythology of the Hurrians and Hittites, whose presence in northern Mesopotamia was significant, will be treated in connection with Anatolian traditions.
The Mythology of Egypt
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

Egyptian mythology is dominated by the theme of a sacred kingship and the related theme of death and the afterlife, often in relation to the role of the Nile in a cyclical process by which the land dies and is reborn. Underlying these themes is a tension between light and darkness—between the supreme solar deity, usually Re (Ra), and the god of earth, fertility, and the underworld, Osiris. The Egyptians, as revealed in their myths, their rituals, their funerary writings, and their symbolic art and architecture, were preoccupied—more philosophically than the Mesopotamians, for instance—with questions of the nature of the universe and the relation of humans to the unknown. Their deities and their myths, highly symbolic vehicles for complex theologies, varied considerably in particulars according to the era and the cult center.
The Mythology of Arabia and the Muslims
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

Pre-Islamic Arabia, before it was influenced through various conquests by Judaism, Christianity, and perhaps Zoroastrianism, was polytheistic in its religion. Jinn (spirits) were worshiped, and various tribal groups worshiped their own, often astral deities. Cult centers were marked by temples, and by holy stones (baetyls) representing these and other tribal deities. Also sacred trees could serve as cult centers. For instance, Muhammad’s tribe, the Qyraysh, worshiped a great tree called the Dhat Anwat on the road between Mecca and Medina. Given the nomadic nature of many of the tribes, objects—especially stones—in any given place could be invested temporarily with the sacred and used as a focus of worship (see Allouche, 364).
“Turning . . . Piety into Hard Cash”: The Marketing of Nineteenth-century Revivalism
Authors: Long Kathryn T
Published: November 2023

On Saturday. February 27. 1858, the most successful daily newspaper in the United States, James Gordon Bennett’s New York Herald,turned its full attention to revival. Under stacked headlines, seven deep, the story received a full column of coverage on page one: For the first time in the nineteenth century in America, revivalism was front page news in the secular press, appearing alongside stories of city politics, the activities of Congress, and sensational crimes.
Cultivating The Garden: The Invention of Lancaster County
Authors: Walbert David
Published: November 2023

Each summer, millions of tourists flock to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in search of America’s rural past. The Lancaster County they seek, the Garden Spot of America, can be found a few miles south of the borough of New Holland. There, on a warm morning in early June, the farmland spreads out on gently rolling hills around the crest of a country lane. An Amish farmer, identifiable even from this distance by his dark clothing and his mode of work, drives a team of horses through a field of newly sprung corn, the lines of cultivation visibly curving around hillsides and farmstead. By the white clapboard farmhouse, jewel toned clothing hangs from a line; a young girl tosses feed to chickens; tomatoes gather strength in a garden plot; a windmill slowly turns, pumping well water to the house. Across the lane, black and white Holstein cows graze—one longs to say contentedly—in a verdant meadow. Beyond it are more meadows, more farms and farmhouses, more Old Order Amish and Mennonite farmers and families, in a patchwork stretching to the horizon.
Domain Of Abundance: Food and Farming
Authors: Walbert David
Published: November 2023

In 1943, Life magazine featured a photo essay entitled “Spring on the Farm in Pennsylvania” depicting an idyllic family farm. The central photograph, “The Barnyard Comes to Life,” suggested all the harmony of man and nature described in any back-to-the-land book. The farmer, his dog panting happily behind, at-tends a team of draft horses; behind them, cows graze in a meadow fenced in white pickets. A sow leads her piglets past the corner of the fence. “Here the men and horses start out early,” the text reminds us. “Cows that have been penned up in stalls during the cold months come out in the barnyard to get a whiff of sun-shine and the good green grass to come. Chickens and ducks wander in and out;
Competitive Collusion: The Associational Origins of Special-Interest Group Politics in the United States
Authors: Kaufman Jason
Published: November 2023

When Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States, the formal business corporation barely existed. There were few if any formal means of protecting capital through legal charter. (As you might recall from chapter l, the nation’s first ever mutual building and loan association was founded in 1831, the very same year Tocqueville and Beaumont toured the country.) By the end of the nineteenth century, however, legal writs of incorporation were absolutely vital to collective enterprise; for-profit firms looked to corporate law as a means of protection from creditors and competitors, and voluntary, nonprofit organizations incorporated as a means of protection from unwanted government interference.1
Whither comprehensive Social Insurance in the United States?: Antistatism and Associationalism before the New Deal
Authors: Kaufman Jason
Published: November 2023

Thus far, I have endeavored to convince you that the rise of the fraternal model of social organization had several adverse effects on American political development: It fostered division of the polity into numerous groups that represented narrowly defined special interests, it helped fracture the nascent labor movement along sectarian lines, and it helped nurture a nation afraid of itself and enamoured with guns. This chapter aims to outline yet another underappreciated consequence of the golden age: the defeat of a national campaign to enact compulsory health insurance during the 1910s.
Luminosity and the Distance Modulus
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Bob bangs on the carbon doors that separate the museum corridor from Miss Muxdröözol’s living quarters. Humanity entered the Carbon Age years ago, after soccer ball shaped cages of carbon atoms led to extraordinary new materials. The new materials are a hundred times stronger than any metal and weigh less than ordinary plastics. Unfortunately for Bob, they also block sound very efficiently.
Stellar Graveyards, Nucleosynthesis, and Why We Exist
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“My great grandfather was semi-aquatic and spent his life among telephone cables that ran across the bottom of the Gulf of Finland, just outside Leningrad harbor.”
Some Final Thoughts
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Our concept and view of the Universe has changed dramatically over the last four centuries. Back in the time of Galileo (1564–1642), there were many who still believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. As this geocentric theory faded away like a dying flower, new theories evolved that suggested the Sun was the center of the Universe, and when this theory died, many considered the idea that the Milky Way galaxy was the center of everything. Today, we realize that our modern telescopes have only begun to reveal the immense numbers and variety of stars, and we know that the Sun is just an ordinary star in our Galaxy that contains roughly 200 billion stars. The galactocentric view of the Universe, which placed our Milky Way at the center of the Universe, turned out to be just another centrism that finally died in the 1920s, when astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that the Milky Way was not the only galaxy in the Universe.2
Costs
Authors: Haddix Anne C , Corso Phaedra S , Gorsky Robin D
Published: November 2023

The costs of health care are essential components of economic evaluations of prevention-effectiveness programs. This chapter describes key concepts in cost analysis and discusses the collection and analysis of data needed to calculate the costs of interventions and health outcomes. The first section defines the types of costs typically included in a cost analysis. The second section presents methods for conducting a cost analysis of a health intervention. The third section describes the cost-of-illness approach to assessing the costs of health outcomes.
Mental Life and Its Assessment
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

What is a psychiatrist? What conditions do psychiatrists treat? These apparently simple questions have proven to be sources of great contention. Various “schools of therapy” have offered different answers, typically based on quite different (even diametrically opposed) underlying premises. At the furthest extreme, some commentators have questioned the very existence of “mental illness.” They have charged that psychiatrists apply “diagnostic labels” to any individuals who they consider to be “different” and therefore “in need of treatment.” At the other extreme would be those who reply with what appears to be the obvious answer to both questions, that psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of “mental illnesses” or “brain diseases,” just as cardiologists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. But this definition is simply too narrow. Consider the following example: An 18-year-old single male college freshman is brought to the emergency room by his dormitory supervisor after his roommate discovers him lying on the floor, somnolent and confused. The patient admits to having taken an overdose of sleeping pills. After treatment with gastric lavage and activated charcoal, a psychiatric consultation is requested.