bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation of Methods and Tools of Competitive Analysis in the Digital Economy
Authors: Gerasimenko Valentina , Slepenkova Elena
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the transformation processes of competitive analysis methods under the influence of digital economy, the development of electronic markets and communications. It is shown that the development of market strategies requires a new methodology and structure of analytical tools to obtain valuable results about competitors and consumers in different markets. The proposed approach to competitive analysis is based on the methodology of integrated use of all business intelligence blocks: big data Analytics, content analysis, web Analytics, mobile Analytics. New Internet services and platforms that allow for effective competitive analysis are evaluated. On the basis of surveys about readiness of Russian management to use digital technologies in market research, recommendations on the directions of development of educational programs in Russian universities are formulated. The article is based on the results of the authors ‘ presentations and discussions at the scientific seminar on digital economy held in 2018-2019 at the faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow state University.
Digitalization of the Economy: Content and Main Trends
Authors: Skripkin Kirill
Published: December 2020

The digital economy researching scientific seminar was created by the decision of the Academic Council of the faculty of Economics of Moscow State University on December 29, 2017, adopted at the suggestion of Professor V. N. Cherkovets. Professor M. I. Lugachev, head of the Department of Economic Informatics, was appointed scientific Director of the seminar. The moderator of the seminar was the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of MSU, Professor A. A. Auzan. The main objective of the seminar was to form the tasks of the faculty based on the analysis of the content and main trends in the development of the digital economy. 13 meetings of the seminar were held, 107 speakers made speeches, 61 were from the Faculty of Economics and 46 were invited.
Information Revolution in the Economic Context
Authors: Lugachev Mikhail , Skripkin Kirill
Published: December 2020

The paper proposes vision of digital economy from the economic informatics perspective. It defines the digital economy itself, discusses its key features and patterns. It also considers key problems and risks arising from mutual adaptation between the system of complementary technologies, organization and human capital and public economic policy. The problems to be solved by economics are discussed in details.
CONVERGENCE THEORY AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: A COMMENT BY JAMES K. GALBRAITH
Authors:   University of Texas at Austin (USA), JAMES KENNETH GALBRAITH
Published: December 2020

Convergence theory did not develop as its authors expected in either the United States or the Soviet Union, but the core principles nevertheless guided the economic development of the countries now emerging as the industrial powerhouses of the world economy, notably Germany, Japan, Korea and the People’s Republic of China.
DUAL-CIRCUIT MONETARY AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ENSURING ITS SOVEREIGNTY
Authors:   Committee of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, SERGEI N. RYABUKHIN , MIKHAIL A. MINCHENKOV ,   Research Institute “Innovative Financial Instruments and Technologies” (Plekhanov Russian University of Economics), VERA V. VODYANOVA ,   Research Institute “Innovative Financial Instruments and Technologies” (Plekhanov Russian University of Economics), MAXIM P. ZAPLETIN ,   Research Institute “Innovative Financial Instruments and Technologies” (Plekhanov Russian University of Economics)
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the ensuring the sovereignty of the national economy of the Russian Federation. The authors believe that the basis for achieving this goal is the creation of an investment circuit in the structure of the Russian financial system. The article presents an analysis of the structural levels of the modern international monetary and financial system and identifies the features of the functioning of countries belonging to different levels. The authors propose to expand the gold and foreign exchange reserves at the expense of a group of dual goods and create commodity and currency reserves, by help of which will then launch the internal investment circuit. The interaction of contours is proposed to be carried out using a new financial instrument “calculated gold”, which is formed according to the author’s algorithm.
A Canadian Massage Therapy Education Environmental Scan
Authors: Baskwill, PhD, MSc, BEd, RMT Amanda , Sumpton, BScN Bryn , Shipwright, BA(Hons), RMT Stacey , Atack, PhD Lynda , Maher, PhD Janet
Published: December 2020

Background: Massage therapists have been a part of Canadian’s health care since 1919. The profession has gone through great change over the past 100 years including adjustments to entry-to-practice education. An important recent change was the implementation of massage therapy (MT) education program accreditation. In light of the likely disruption as a result of programs becoming accredited, a

scan of the current state of MT education in Canada was undertaken.

Methods: An environmental scan informed by seminal medical education efforts was used to describe the thoughts and opinions of MT education stakeholders in Canada. Specifically, stakeholders were interviewed regarding the current state of MT education and their comments were analyzed for common themes.

Results: Twenty-one stakeholders participated. Four themes were constructed: variation, isolation, stagnation, and accreditation. Variation is described as the impact of differences in content and quality of the education provided in MT colleges. Isolation is described as the feeling of the participant being separated, or disconnected, from the regulator, accreditor, or colleagues due, at least in part, to a lack of communication or networking opportunities. Stagnation is described as a lack of activity, growth, or development within MT education. Participants talked about accreditation, both as a solution for some of the challenges previously mentioned, and as a potential challenge in itself.

Conclusions: Several challenges to MT education were described by stakeholders that they hoped would be remedied by national MT program accreditation. Despite some limitations, this environmental scan forms a baseline for stakeholder views on massage education in Canada upon which future comparisons can be made. While the environmental scan results are most useful when applied to the MT in Canada context, stakeholders in other countries may also find them interesting and valuable when considering challenges facing their own education programs.
Practice-Based Research Networks and Massage Therapy: a Scoping Review
Authors: Zabel, MA Samantha , Munk, PhD, LMT Niki
Published: December 2020

Background: Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) are means to connect practitioners with researchers and increase the body of rigorous research. PBRNs have been used in medicine for decades, but efforts to create PBRNs in massage therapy (MT) are limited.

Purpose: Examine and describe the amount of and nature of MT-related publications derived from PBRN-supported endeavors.

Publication Selection: Databases: Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed, ClinicalKey, EMBASE, Google Scholar. Keywords: massage, massage therapy, practice-based research network, PBRN. Key items: publication year, operating PBRN, article type, study design, general theme, massage therapist involvement/MT application. Inclusion Criteria: studies conducted through a PBRN using MT/massage therapists as an investigated factor; articles/editorials focused on PBRN-related MT research.

Results: Initial database search resulted in 444 records; 40 articles included in analysis from database search, PBRN website access, and PBRN staff contacts. Publication dates ranged from 2005 to 2019, with nearly all published since 2013. Nine PBRNs published 29 articles based on 20 studies and sub-studies as research papers (n=21) or poster/oral presentation abstracts (n=8), and articles discussing the need for PBRNs in MT (n=8). Most research studies were conducted as surveys (n=21), examining practice characteristics (n=9) and patient perspectives/utilization (n=7). Three articles discussing PBRNs in MT were not connected to any specific PBRN.

Conclusion: The PBRN model holds promise to further the field of MT, but implementation needs significant development. Promoting the creation and growth of massage-specific PBRNs should be a focus of professional associations and research institutions to expand the body of scientific evidence supporting MT. While the United States has had the most PBRN-related research efforts, a sustainable implementation model is not evident as highlighted by inactivity from US-based PBRNs after initial productivity. An Australian PBRN may serve as a needed sustainability model for massage-related PBRNs in the US if their productivity trajectory continues.
Multidirectional Mass Accretion and Collimated Outflows on Scales of 100–2000 au in Early Stages of High-mass Protostars
Authors: Goddi C. , Ginsburg A. , Maud L. T. , Zhang Q. , Zapata Luis A.
Published: December 2020

We observed the W51 high-mass star-forming complex with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array’s longest-baseline configurations, achieving an angular resolution of ∼20 mas, corresponding to a linear resolution of ∼100 au at D
W51 = 5.4 kpc. The observed region contains three high-mass protostars in which the dust continuum emission at 1.3 mm is optically thick up to a radius ≲1000 au and has brightness temperatures ≳200 K. The high luminosity (≳104
L
⊙) in the absence of free–free emission suggests the presence of massive stars (M ≳ 20 M
⊙) at the earliest stages of their formation. Our continuum images reveal remarkably complex and filamentary structures arising from compact cores. Molecular emission shows no clear signs of rotation or infall on scales from 150 to 2000 au; we do not detect disks. The central sources drive young (t
dyn ∼ 100 yr), fast (v ∼ 100 km s−1), powerful (

M
⊙ yr−1), collimated outflows. These outflows provide indirect evidence of accretion disks on scales r ≲ 100–500 au (depending on the object). The active outflows are connected to fossil flows that have different orientations on larger spatial scales, implying that the orientations of these small disks change over time. These results together support a variant of an accretion model for high-mass star formation in which massive protostars do not form a large, stable Keplerian disk during their early stages but instead accrete material from multiple massive flows with different angular momentum vectors. This scenario therefore contrasts with the simplified classic paradigm of a stable disk+jet system, which is the standard model for low-mass star formation, and provides experimental confirmation of a multidirectional and unsteady accretion model for massive star formation.
Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next-generation Very Large Array
Authors: Harter Sarah K. , Ricci Luca , Zhang Shangjia , Zhu Zhaohuan
Published: December 2020

We present simulations of the capabilities of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and of a next-generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) to detect and resolve substructures due to terrestrial planets and super-Earths in nearby planet-forming disks. We adopt the results of global 2D hydrodynamical planet–disk simulations that account for the dynamics of gas and dust in a disk with an embedded planet. Our simulations follow the combined evolution of gas and dust for several thousand planetary orbits. We show that long integrations (several tens of hours) with the ngVLA can detect and spatially resolve dust structures due to low-mass rocky planets in the terrestrial planet formation regions of nearby disks (stellocentric radii r = 1–3 au), under the assumption that the disk viscosity in those regions is low (α ≤ 10−5). ALMA is instead unable to resolve these structures in these disk regions. We also show that high-resolution ngVLA observations separated by several days to a few weeks would allow us to detect the proper motion of the azimuthally asymmetric structures expected in the disk regions of terrestrial planet formation.
Spectral Modeling Using Radiative Transfer Theory with Packing Density Correction: Demonstration for Saturnian Icy Satellites
Authors: Kolokolova Ludmilla , Ito Gen , Pitman Karly M. , McMichael Kirsten , Reui Nicholas
Published: December 2020

We demonstrate the capabilities of the radiative transfer theory with packed media correction (RTT-PM) in analyzing spectral data of planetary surfaces by modeling to first order the shape and band depths of spectra of icy satellites of Saturn acquired by Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). The RTT-PM is an efficient and physically strict numerical method that employs a packing density correction, the static structure factor, to single-scattering properties of particles to simulate the light scattering by densely packed media. Originally created for layers formed by spherical homogeneous particles, the RTT-PM method has been recently updated to treat particles of arbitrary shapes and structures, including aggregates. We apply the RTT-PM method to roughly model Cassini VIMS spectra from Dione, Rhea, and Tethys as layers of spherical particles versus aggregates. The shape and structure of particles strongly affect the modeled spectra; the best model comparisons to the VIMS spectra were obtained when the surface icy particles were assumed to be small aggregates consisting of micron-sized monomers, which may imply rather compact, irregular particles. Our results suggest that presenting the icy regolith as a dense layer of nonspherical particles may noticeably affect the modeling results and bring a better understanding of the satellite surface structure and composition. The RTT-PM demonstrated itself to be a powerful tool for such studies: we computed a reflectance for 22 wavelengths within minutes using a regular desktop computer. The combination of such high efficiency and physical strictness makes the RTT-PM method advantageous for analyzing large spaceborne instrument data sets.
Three new species from Guangdong Province of China, and a molecular assessment of Hygrocybe subsection Hygrocybe
Authors: Wang Chao-Qun , Zhang Ming , Li Tai-Hui
Published: December 2020

Blackening waxcaps (Hygrocybe subsect. Hygrocybe) are a group of colorful and attractive mushrooms. However, the species diversity of subsect. Hygrocybe in China is still poorly known due to the limited sampling. In this study, three new species of this group from Guangdong Province, China are described and illustrated based on their morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit ribosomal DNA regions.Hygrocybe debilipesfrom grasslands of South China Sea islands is mainly characterized by its orange red to vivid red pileus, fragile stipe, and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores;H. griseonigricansfrom woodlands is characterized by its whitish to dull yellow pileus, quick black discoloration and the globose, subglobose to broadly ovoid basidiospores;H. rubroconicafrom woodlands is characterized by the hemispheric to plano-convex pileus when mature, semitranslucent fibrose stipe, and globose to ellipsoid basidiospores.
Vulnerable Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Li Benjamin , Iqbal Syed Z. , Avellaneda Ojeda Andres A. , Stevens Jon , Saunders John , Naqvi Mohammad Faraz , Shah Asim A.
Published: December 2020

The coronavirus 2019 pandemic has affected people worldwide. The social determinants of health can disproportionately affect the outcomes of vulnerable populations, which include the elderly, racial or ethnic minorities, children and adolescents, as well as those with comorbid medical conditions. These populations may require additional resources and consideration in treatment of their mental health given the struggles they may face secondary to decreased resources, health care access, increased mortality and morbidity, lifestyle disturbances at crucial developmental times, and a host of other factors contributing to an increased vulnerability to the effects of the virus. This article provides background on those factors and reviews interventions to consider for treating these populations.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2020;50(12):531–535.]
The Long-Term Mental Health Effects of COVID-19
Authors: Iqbal Syed Z. , Li Benjamin , Onigu-Otito Edore , Naqvi Mohammad Faraz , Shah Asim A.
Published: December 2020

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the mental health of health care professionals and the general population. Most of the research has focused on the immediate and short-term implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a paucity of research available exploring the long-term mental health effects. Experience with previous disasters has shown that survivors suffer from various mental health problems including posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, phobias, fears with avoidant behaviors, and various neuropsychiatric disorders. There has been an increased incidence of substance use and internet addiction along with increased rates of domestic violence and child abuse. Social distancing is helpful in limiting the spread of the disease, but the impact of social distancing and quarantine has resulted in increased anxiety among the general population. The long-term mental health effects are anticipated to be intensified due to the pandemic affecting people worldwide. Mitigation strategies need to be implemented as there will be no vaccine available to limit the long-term mental health effects of this pandemic.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2020;50(12):522–525.]
Method for IOL Power Calculation in the Second Eye of Patients With Previous Keratorefractive Surgery
Authors: Lin Shawn R. , Nutkiewicz Max , Rasheed Haroon , Nejad Mitra , Hamilton D. Rex
Published: December 2020

PURPOSE:

To describe and evaluate a method for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power in the second operative eye of patients with a history of keratorefractive surgery.

METHODS:

All eyes had undergone cataract surgery by a single surgeon from 2015 to 2018. Postoperative outcomes on the first eye (eg, IOL power implanted and postoperative refractive error) were used to back calculate a “Real K” for the first eye. The difference (delta) between the second and first eye topographic simulated keratometry values was then added to the first eye Real K to calculate the second eye Real K. This Real K value was inputted into the Holladay IOL Consultant software as an “alternate K” to derive an accurate IOL power for the second eye. Mean absolute error, mean error, and percentage of eyes on target using the Delta K method were compared with results obtained with intraoperative abserrometry and the Haigis-L and Barrett True-K No History formulas.

RESULTS:

The mean error for the Delta K method was significantly better than the Haigis-L (
P
= .00001) and Barrett True-K No History (
P
= .027) formulas, and on par with intra-operative aberrometry (
P
= .25). The mean absolute error of the Delta K method was significantly better than the Haigis-L formula (
P
= .03). The Delta K mean absolute error was on par with intraoperative aberrometry (
P
= .81) and the Barrett True-K No History formula (
P
= .56).

CONCLUSIONS:

The Delta K mean absolute error is comparable to the Barrett True-K No History formula. The mean error is lower than that calculated with the Barrett True-K No History formula and comparable to intraoperative aberrometry.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(12):826–831.]
Pinhole Pupilloplasty for Higher Order Aberrations: Assessment of Visual Quality and Depth of Focus
Authors: Narang Priya , Holladay Jack , Agarwal Amar , Gracy Helen , Kumar Dhivya Ashok , Sivagnanam Soundari
Published: December 2020

PURPOSE:

To evaluate visual quality and depth of focus under photopic and mesopic light conditions of patients treated with pinhole pupilloplasty (PPP) for corneal higher order aberrations.

METHODS:

This was a prospective, noncomparative, interventional series and PPP was performed with a single-pass four-throw procedure in 14 eyes of 14 patients. After PPP, patients were analyzed with the Clinical Trial Suite machine (M & S Technologies, Inc) that offers a standardized method of recording visual quality. The luminance levels of 85 and 3 cd/m
2
were set for photopic and mesopic lighting conditions, respectively, and uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity were recorded for distance (4 m), intermediate (66 cm), and near (44 cm). Low contrast acuity (LCA) at 10% and mesopic contrast sensitivity function (CSF) with glare on and off at four spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 cycles per degree (cpd) and defocus curve were assessed.

RESULTS:

Under photopic and mesopic conditions, a significant difference was observed postoperatively in uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity for distance, intermediate, and near. The defocus curve demonstrated extended depth of focus that ranged from +1.50 to −2.50 diopters and LCA at 10% demonstrated significant improvement for all cases. For mesopic CSF, a significant improvement was noted at spatial frequencies of 3 and 6 cpd with glare on. With glare off, an improvement was seen at spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, and 6 cpd, but not at 12 cpd.

CONCLUSIONS:

Early results demonstrate that PPP provides improved visual quality and extended depth of focus and can be a useful option in cases with higher order aberrations.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(12):812–819.]
Gradec in Rim – bazilika sv. Petra kot vzor za cerkev sv. Katarine in mavzolej
Authors: Lein Edgar
Published: December 2020

Mavzolej v Gradcu so gradili od leta 1614 dalje po načrtih Giovannija Pietra de Pomisa, njegov naročnik pa je bil nadvojvoda Ferdinand (od leta 1619 cesar Ferdinand II.). Prvotna zasnova fasade je nastala pod vplivom cerkvenih pročelij Andrea Palladia. Po letu 1621 je bila fasada povišana z nadstropjem atike, ki poteka okoli celotne zgradbe, in zaključena s trikotnim čelom, nad katerim se pne mogočen segmentni lok. Ta motiv, ki ga je prvi uporabil Michelangelo, najdemo tudi nad portali stolnice v Reggiu Emilii in cerkve Il Gesu v Rimu. Tudi arhitekturna členitev zunanjščine sega vse do Michelangelovega osnutka zunanjščine bazilike sv. Petra. Bogate dekorativne oblike imajo milanski ali lombardski značaj. Posrednik rimskih arhitekturnih oblik je bil jezuit Wilhelm Lamormaini, ki je v Gradcu deloval kot svetovalec in spovednik nadvojvode Ferdinanda in njegove družine in je verjetno imel odločilno vlogo pri preoblikovanju mavzoleja v spomenik protireformacije.
Portret in propaganda na primeru cesarja Karla VI.
Authors: Polleroß Friedrich
Published: December 2020

Članek podaja pregled javnih funkcij cesarskih portretov na primeru portretov Karla VI., iz čigar časa je ohranjenih veliko pisnih in slikovnih virov. Ena od glavnih tem je uporaba portretov v procesu iskanja vladarjeve soproge in pri zaročnih slovesnostih. Po nekaj Karlovih otroških portretih je v času španske nasledstvene vojne nastala množica vladarjevih portretov, zaradi katerih je prišlo celo do »portretne vojne«. Podeljevanje portretnih miniatur in častnih medalj ter uporaba državnih portretov sta imela pomembno politično vlogo pri dednih poklonitvah deželnih stanov. Tudi pri drugih praznovanjih so bile vladarjeve slikarske in kiparske portretne upodobitve predstavljene v javnosti. Samostojne portrete ali serije pa so zbirali v »cesarskih« ali »avstrijskih« dvoranah mestnih hiš (Dunaj, Bruselj, Maribor), samostanov (Salem, Ottobeuren, St. Florian, Osoje) in rezidenc cerkvenih knezov (Bamberg, Salzburg). Nekatere primere je mogoče najti tudi v plemiških dvorcih (Forchtenstein, Znojmo) ali uradnih vladnih in univerzitetnih stavbah.
Portreti kot vizualizirani spomin na dosežke zaslužnih mariborskih meščanov
Authors: Vidmar Polona
Published: December 2020

V prispevku je analiziranih dvanajst portretov uglednih mariborskih meščanov, ki so bili ob koncu 19. in v začetku 20. stoletja naslikani za mariborski rotovž, občinsko hranilnico in prostore gledališko-kazinskega društva. Avtorica je analizirala upodobljene rekvizite glede na funkcijo portretirancev, ugotovila prvotno nahajališče portretov in na podlagi sočasnih časopisnih člankov in jubilejnih besedil navedla nagibe naročnikov ter portrete prvič predstavila v okviru sorodnih portretnih serij v prestolnicah (Dunaj, Gradec, Ljubljana, Zagreb) in bližnjih štajerskih mestih (Ptuj, Radgona). S portretnimi serijami županov, predstojnikov direkcije občinske hranilnice in gledališko-kazinskega društva so člani mariborske lokalnopolitične in finančne elite vizualizirali izjemne dosežke upodobljencev, da bi jim zagotovili trajen spomin in spodbujali bodoče kandidate. V kontekstu primerljivih srednjeevropskih portretnih galerij je pri mariborskih serijah manj pomembno kontinuirano upodabljanje nosilcev funkcije, poudarjena je propagandna vloga portreta kot nagrade za posameznikove izjemne dosežke.
Vizualna propaganda med prvo svetovno vojno na ozemlju Slovenije: vplivi in posebnosti
Authors: Vodopivec Barbara
Published: December 2020

Prispevek se osredotoča na vprašanja, kakšna je bila podoba vizualne propagande na slovenskih tleh v času prve svetovne vojne, od kod so prihajali vplivi in ali ta podoba odslikava določene regionalne posebnosti. Avtorica analizira delovanje osrednjega avstroogrskega vojnega tiskovnega urada (Kriegspressequartier, KPQ) ter njemu podrejenih umetniške (Kunstgruppe) in propagandne skupine (Propagandagruppe). V osredje postavlja njihov vpliv na slovenski prostor, kot se kaže na podlagi medvojnih umetniških razstav, delovanja vojnih slikarjev in mehanizmov produkcije vsebin za množične tiske. Na podlagi arhivskega gradiva razkriva nekatere še neznane podrobnosti delovanja kiparja Fri- edricha Gornika (1877–1943) in slikarja Ivana Vavpotiča (1877‒1943) kot vojnih umetnikov in predstavlja del Vavpotičevega do sedaj pri nas neznanega vojnega opusa, ki ga hrani Vojni muzej na Dunaju. V nadaljevanju so analizirani likovni motivi in tematike zbirke razglednic Vojska v slikah, ki je izhajala na Slovenskem, pri čemer avtorica posebno pozornost posveča iskanju vplivov in opredelitvi posebnosti, ki jih lahko vežemo na slovenski prostor.
Archaeological research at Tié (Kanem, Chad): excavations on Mound 1
Authors: Magnavita Carlos , Bouimon Tchago
Published: December 2020

Contrairement aux recherches sur son histoire, les recherches archéologiques dans la région tchadienne du Kanem n’ont commencé que très récemment. À l’heure actuelle, les vestiges matériels les plus remarquables sont les ruines de sites en briques cuites destinés aux élites, dont certains sont manifestement associés au sultanat du Kanem-Borno et sont datés de la période du xie au xive siècle de notre ère. Parmi ceux-ci, le lieu nommé Tié se distingue par un certain nombre d’attributs particuliers. Composé d’une enceinte en briques cuites d’environ 3,2 hectares, l’emplacement occupe non seulement la position centrale au sein d’un groupe compact de onze sites plus petits dans le centre du Kanem mais c’est apparemment aussi le plus grand emplacement connu construit uniquement avec des briques cuites. En outre, le lieu possède certaines caractéristiques propres à l’occupation qui ne sont visibles sur aucun des autres sites étudiés à ce jour par les auteurs. Le monticule 1 présente de telles caractéristiques ; c’est le monticule le plus au sud de deux grands monticules de débris du secteur nord-est du site. Des fouilles archéologiques récentes révèlent que le monticule 1 cache les restes d’un énorme bâtiment de plusieurs pièces, en briques cuites, relativement bien conservé, aux murs intérieurs plâtrés. La structure a été érigée au plus tard entre le milieu du xiie et le milieu du xiiie siècle de notre ère et était encore utilisée entre le début du xive et le début du xve siècle. Bien que sa fonction reste floue et sujette à interprétation, la découverte confirme le statut particulier de Tié par rapport aux autres sites en briques cuites destinés aux élites dans la région.
Les territoires de la mobilité
Authors: Faret Laurent
Published: December 2020

Certaines logiques de migration internationale de travail s’apparen­tent de plus en plus à des logiques de circulation – l’émigration ne se déclinant plus en termes de rupture ou de nouveau départ. Aujourd’hui, les liens maintenus de part et d’autre de l’espace migratoire, le va-et-vient des personnes, l’échange de biens et d’idées constituent un système migratoire dynamique dans lequel le mouvement se perpétue selon des lois qui lui sont propres.

La circulation migratoire entre le Mexique et les Etats-Unis en est sans doute l’exemple le plus manifeste, et l’incessante activité à la frontière entre les deux pays en témoigne au quotidien. La traditionnelle image du paysan mexicain traversant le Rio Grande pour rejoindre une grande ville des Etats-Unis ne recouvre que très partiellement la réalité ; celle du norteño revenant régulièrement au pays ou celle des familles acheminant des marchandises pour des proches à l’étranger peuvent aujourd’hui l’accompagner. Mais comment s’organisent ces mobilités de personnes et de biens ? Quel est le rôle des individus et des réseaux sociaux dans la mise en place et le maintien des logiques du mouvement ? Plus largement, quels peuvent être les impacts de ces mises en relation multiformes pour les sociétés et les territoires qu’elles traversent ?

C’est à de telles questions que s’attache l’auteur en proposant ici une lecture socio-spatiale du système migratoire mexicain. Analysant les stratégies mises en place par les migrants, il révèle les différentes étapes du processus migratoire et les logiques d’investissement dédoublé des individus dans les lieux de départ et d’installation. En s’intéressant à des espaces de vie complexifiés à la fois par le mouvement et par des situations de multiculturalisme, l’étude offre une réflexion sur la façon dont les logiques transnationales de mobilité produisent des formes spécifiques de rapport au territoire.
Entre admiration et critique : Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach à Versailles (1715)
Authors: Göbel Angela
Published: December 2020

En 1715, l’Allemand Johann Friedrich von Uffenbach, issu d’une famille bourgeoise de Francfort, entreprend un voyage de quatre ans dont les derniers mois se passent à Paris où il séjourne du 11 septembre 1715 au 11 avril 1716. Pendant cette période, il fait deux excursions d’une journée à Versailles, une première fois le 17 septembre 1715 et une deuxième peu après, le 21. Ces petites visites sont marquées par de longues promenades dans le domaine royal en compagnie d’autres voyageurs d’origine germanophone. Dans son journal de voyage, non destiné à la publication, il en décrit en détail le déroulement. Ses notes suivent précisément la chronologie de ses déplacements à Versailles. D’un ton admiratif et critique à la fois, son récit est riche d’informations sur l’état de Versailles quelques jours après le décès de Louis XIV, mais offre en même temps un aperçu sur l’accueil des étrangers ainsi que sur la communication entre voyageurs allemands.
Admiration to Intimacy: Versailles and the English, from Louis XIV to Louis XVI
Authors: Mansel Philip
Published: December 2020

More than any other foreigners, the English were fascinated by Versailles. Fifty per cent of foreign books on Versailles before 1789 were in English. Martin Lister, who visited it in 1698, described Versailles as the most magnificent palace ‘in all Europe’. In 1701, John Northleigh called Versailles ‘the most beautiful palace in Europe’; the garden, ‘for statues, canals, groves, grotto’s, fountains, waterworks or what else may be thought delightful, far surpasses anything to be seen of this kind in Italy’. Versailles was one of the models (although not the only one) for Greenwich, Hampton Court, Boughton and many other English houses. English houses also contained the best collections of Gobelins tapestries and Sèvres porcelain outside France. The true English Versailles, however, is Versailles itself. Lord Chesterfield wrote in 1751 that an hour at Versailles was worth more than three hours in a closet with the best books. Francophilia is as English as Francophobia.
Rural Workforce Years: Quantifying the Rural Workforce Contribution of Family Medicine Residency Graduates
Authors: Meyers Peter , Wilkinson Elizabeth , Petterson Stephen , Patterson Davis G. , Longenecker Randall , Schmitz David , Bazemore Andrew
Published: December 2020

Background

Rural regions of the United States continue to experience a disproportionate shortage of physicians compared to urban regions despite decades of state and federal investments in workforce initiatives. The graduate medical education system effectively controls the size of the physician workforce but lacks effective mechanisms to equitably distribute those physicians.

Objective

We created a measurement tool called a “rural workforce year” to better understand the rural primary care workforce. It quantifies the rural workforce contributions of rurally trained family medicine residency program graduates and compares them to contributions of a geographically matched cohort of non-rurally trained graduates.

Methods

We identified graduates in both cohorts and tracked their practice locations from 2008–2018. We compared the average number of rural workforce years in 3 cross sections: 5, 8, and 10 years in practice after residency graduation.

Results

Rurally trained graduates practicing for contributed a higher number of rural workforce years in total and on average per graduate compared to a matched cohort of non-rural/rural training tack (RTT) graduates in the same practice intervals (P < .001 in all 3 comparison groups). In order to replace the rural workforce years produced by 1 graduate from the rural/RTT cohort, it would take 2.89 graduates from non-rural/RTT programs.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that rural/RTT-trained physicians devote substantially more service to rural communities than a matched cohort of non-rural/RTT graduates and highlight the importance of rural/RTT programs as a major contributor to the rural primary care workforce in the United States.
Michał Bobrzyński kontra Roman Dmowski: historiograficzno- -polityczny dwugłos na temat wskrzeszenia państwa polskiego
Authors: Daszyk Krzysztof K.
Published: December 2020

Michał Bobrzyński vs. Roman Dmowski: A historiographical-political duet on the resurrection of the Polish state Just as the year 1795 was traumatic – the year of removal of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic from the political map of Europe – and it rekindled a passionate dispute on the reasons of the fall of the previously spacious and powerful monarchy, so was the year 1918 happy for the Poles – the year of regaining independence, which marked the beginning of another great, and no less passionate, dispute upon the merits in the task of the resurrection of the Polish state. That dispute went beyond the frame of historical debates or schoolbooks, evoking unflagging political emotions during the two decades of the Second Republic’s existence. It was a kind of a settlement of accounts with the recent (for the people of the time) national past, while the question on merits in the task of reviving the state was, at the same time, a question on the moral right to rule the state and control its fate. Two voluminous publications issued shortly after Poland regained independence played a particularly important role in the aforementioned dispute: a two-volume “historical essay” Wskrzeszenie państwa polskiego (Resurrection of the Polish state), published anonymously by Michał Bobrzyński in the period 1920–1925, and a piece by Roman Dmowski entitled Polityka polska i odbudowanie państwa (Polish politics and rebuilding of the state), published in 1925 and followed by two more editions within the author’s lifetime: the second edition in 1926 and the third one in 1937. This text analyses both works in the context of the above-mentioned historiographical-political dispute upon merits in the restoration of the Polish state.
Problemy bezpieczeństwa II Rzeczypospolitej. Koncepcje polskie a realia geopolityczne (1919–1932)
Authors: Kornat Marek
Published: December 2020

Security of the Second Polish Republic: Polish ideas and geopolitical realities (1919–1932) The aim of the paper is to provide a critical perspective on the concepts of the international security of Poland as defined by the policy makers responsible for the international policy in 1918–1932, that is, before Józef Beck became the Minister of Foreign Affairs, which gave rise to the doctrine of balance between Germany and the Soviet Union. The author’s main conclusion is that the attempts to provide the Polish state with real “material”security in the reality of unstable international order were like squaring the circle. The hopes for alliance with the victorious superpowers of the Entente were not fulfilled because the United States had returned to isolationism and Great Britain did not give any guarantees to any state of continental Europe except France in Locarno. The multilateralism offered by the League of Nations did not yield any fruit because the idea of the collective security turned out to be an illusion. Both the Central-European Bloc and the Intermarium project were merely theoretical concepts. Basically, it is impossible for a historian to provide an ex post outline of a convincing alternative to the activities of Polish diplomacy in relation to those of which we know, no matter how critical their assessment of those actions would be.
O kształt policji w II Rzeczypospolitej. Od wzorca samorządowego do modelu państwowego
Authors: Litwiński Robert
Published: December 2020

The issue of Police in the Second Republic of Poland: From the local government model to the state model The article discusses an important aspect associated with the functioning of every state, namely, the question of ensuring public security by an effective police institution. The significance of these issues was recognized already in pre-partition Poland. No wonder that during the world conflict of 1914–1918, when the hopes of Poland regaining its independence appeared, there also arose ideas for ensuring public security, peace and order in the reborn state. The first to emerge were citizens’ bodies: underlying their actions was the intention to secure persons and their property after the withdrawal of the Russians from the Kingdom of Poland. The initiatives they took resulted first in the formation of citizens’organizations, which were subsequently taken over by local government authorities. This made it possible to develop a local government model of police organization with a territorially limited range of operation. However, when the issues of public security began to be considered from the angle of administering the territory of the reborn Republic as a whole, the concept that prevailed was that of a centralized state police institution, which was brought into effect after independence was regained.
Unifikacja, modernizacja, opresja. Przemiany aparatu administracyjnego II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Mierzwa Janusz
Published: December 2020

Unification, modernization, oppression: Changes of the administration of the Second Polish Republic The creation of Polish public administration after regaining independence was characterized by two attributes –continuation (in the legal and organizational aspect) and novelty (personal aspect). At the beginning the process of modernization was uncoordinated, but this changed after the coup d’état. The Great Depression interfered with it, but after 1935 reforms proceeded in the same direction, for the most part. Similarly, the unification process was uncoordinated, gradually becoming more structured and rapid after 1926. Finally, serious changes of voivodship borders were made just before WWII. At the same time, we can observe the growing oppression of the administration, even though it was already detectable in the democratic period, it became stronger and more widespread when Józef Piłsudski’s camp took power. It manifested through physical violence, censorship, and the surveillance of opposition. It reflected not only the ways of the undemocratic government but was also associated with the brutalization of social habits and with the threats to internal security.
Polityka personalna w Wojsku Polskim w latach 1918–1939
Authors: Wojtaszak Andrzej
Published: December 2020

Personnel policy in the Polish Army in the years 1918–1939 Personnel policy is one of the most sensitive elements shaping the military personnel of each army, and we can distinguish several stages of this policy in the Polish Army in the years 1918–1939. The first was related to the regaining of independence by Poland and fights for its borders. At that time, the organizational structures of the army were created and verification commissions were set up, which defined the possibilities of serving in the Polish Army, especially in regard to former soldiers from the forces of partitioning powers. The next period was associated with the transition of the army to the so-called peace organization, when the basis for the promotion pragmatics was defined by law. The third of the stages began after 1926, when after the coup d’état, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and his entourage gained a decisive role in the promotion policy, mainly based on legionary provenance. At that time, many officers left the military, especially those generals who previously commanded the armies of partitioning powers. The organizational system of the Polish Army also changed, as alongside the Ministry of Military Affairs and the General Staff (Main), a new dominant organ was appointed –the General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces –to prepare the army for a future war. After the death of Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the pragmatist approach was advocated by his successor Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, who tried to introduce clear promotion regulations regarding personnel policy in the Polish Army.
Ewolucja czy rewolucja? Przemiany rodziny na ziemiach polskich w pierwszej połowie XX wieku. Wybrane aspekty
Authors: Sierakowska Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

Evolution or revolution? Transformations of family in the Polish lands in the first half of the twentieth century: Selected aspects The text focuses on select issues related to the transformation of the family in the first half of the twentieth century, such as: changes regarding marital choices and relationships between spouses, changes in the scope of parental roles and the processes of individualization and individual autonomy in the family. It tries to answer the questions about the dynamics of these processes in different social milieus and to indicate factors that accelerated and delayed them. The analysis of the sources and literature concerning family lives does not allow for an unambiguous assessment of the rapidity and range of changes taking place in families. Nevertheless, it exposes the diversity of models existing in family life and shows that it depends on such elements as social environment, gender, idiosyncratic features of the individual, to the same extent as it does on the rate of change.
Ruch związkowy w Polsce 1918–1939
Authors: Zackiewicz Grzegorz
Published: December 2020

The trade union movement in Poland in the years 1918–1939 Precisely estimating the membership of trade union confederations in Poland in the years 1918–1939 is difficult, but we can assume that there were from 0.8 to 1.4 million trade unionists. Although the number of members of trade union organizations was relatively small, they played an important role in Polish social and political life. The trade union movement in the Second Polish Republic reflected political and occupational splits within the labor force, as well as its regional differentiation during the time of the partition of Poland. Although the membership of main trade union confederations was dynamic, the most influential currents of the movement–class trade unions and national-solidaristic trade unions–remained unchanged.
Legal Aspects of the Position of Slovakia in the Newly Established Czechoslovakia in Vratislav Kalousek´s Interpretation
Authors: Jiroušek Bohumil , Rauchová Jitka
Published: December 2020

The following text examines the topic of unifying territories with disparate legal traditions as exemplified by Czechoslovakia during the first years of its existence and interpreted by Vratislav Kalousek (1883–1936), an unjustly forgotten clerk at the Ministry of the Interior, a lawyer and a contributor to inter-war legal magazines. He analyzed how the Czechoslovak law – drafted by the Czechoslovak officials of the Cisleithanian tradition – was implemented in the newly acquired lands, namely in Slovakia and in Carpathian Ruthenia. Vratislav Kalousek perceived the foundation of Czechoslovakia, based on uniting lands with a different history, as well as cultural, social and legal traditions, as a situation in which it was necessary to act swiftly, instead of slowing the process down with emphasis on accuracy typical for legal theory.
Programa Alta Gerencia en el liderazgo transformacional de directores del Distrito de Yanahuanca, Pasco, 2017
Authors: Capcha-Hinostroza Karla E.
Published: December 2020

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo aplicar el Programa de Alta Gerencia en el Liderazgo Transformacional de los directores de instituciones educativas del distrito de Yanahuanca, Pasco. El PAG ha sido diseñado con una metodología que contempla un alto contenido de habilidades sociales y directivas, basadas en la teoría de Abraham Maslow, teoría ERG de Aldelfer y la teoría Motivacional de la Homeostasis; destacando acciones del liderazgo transformacional, herramientas gerenciales, visión crítica y las aptitudes óptimas, donde los participantes interactúan y cooperan para producir conocimiento, a partir del análisis, reflexión y discusión en grupos. Los métodos utilizados son el aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP) y el estudio de casos (EC). La validez del instrumento fue realizada por Juicio de expertos y la confiabilidad a través del Índice de Alfa de Cronbach. Dentro de los resultados se obtuvo en la aplicación de entrada la escala de “a veces” a “nunca” y en la aplicación de salida se ha mejorado la escala de “normalmente“ a “siempre”, reflejándose una X2 obteniéndose 40,190, concluyéndose el programa de alta gerencia mejora positivamente el liderazgo transformacional de directores.
Evaluación del aprendizaje: de la medición a la evaluación por competencias
Authors: La Madrid-Vivar Pablo L.
Published: December 2020

Nuestro objetivo es describir el problema de la evaluación pedagógica en los centros educativos del nivel básica del Perú, que viene siendo confundida con la medición cuantitativa, es decir, con que evaluar significa asignar notas aprobatorias o desaprobatorias. Los docentes la confunden con la aplicación de exámenes escritos en un período determinado. Los exámenes escritos se encuentran enraizados en la práctica pedagógica de los docentes peruanos; el asunto se agrava porque los docentes en su mayoría no utilizan instrumentos de evaluación, y sobre todo persisten en su práctica evaluativa tradicional; no vienen entendiendo que en los actuales momentos de cambios educativos, se propone una evaluación por competencias lo que significa variar la manera clásica de evaluar. La metodología empleada fue la investigación bibliográfica, cuyo soporte fue la revisión teórica de textos sobre la evaluación educativa. Las conclusiones a las que arribamos fueron que la evaluación, como proceso formativo que encamine a mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, no es tomada en cuenta en el sistema educativo peruano. La evaluación implica reflexión y análisis de las acciones pedagógicas realizadas durante el desarrollo del aprendizaje con el fin de corregir las debilidades o potenciar las fortalezas encontradas, no obstante, su relevancia, se soslaya ello. La creencia que medir es evaluar no ayuda a consolidar el sistema evaluativo peruano.