bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CONTROL OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ALPHA RHYTHMS THROUGH AUDITORY FEEDBACK AND THE ASSOCIATED MENTAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Nowlis David P. , Kamiya Joe
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐six subjects were given baseline tests for electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythm presence, and then a period of fifteen minutes to gain insight into mental activity associated with alpha presence and absence, while provided with an auditory feedback loop keyed to the presence of alpha. Sixteen of the subjects worked with eyes closed, and ten, with very high initial alpha baseline scores, worked with eyes open. After the fifteen minute practice period permitting control of alpha through feedback, the subjects were given a trial during which they attempted to produce as much alpha as possible and a trial in which they tried to produce as little as possible. The results indicated significant appropriate change for both the generation and suppression trials. Those who were able to control alpha spontaneously reported mental states reflecting relaxation, “letting go,” and pleasant affect associated with maintaining alpha.
QUANTITATIVE EVOKED POTENTIAL CORRELATES OF THE PROBABILITY OF EVENTS
Authors: Tueting Patricia , Sutton Samuel , Zubin Joseph
Published: February 2007

A late positive‐going component (P3) of the average evoked potential recorded from human scalp was shown to be quantitatively related to a priori stimulus probability both when the S was told the identity of the stimulus before it was presented and when the S was not told, and was instructed to guess. In the guessing situation, the amplitude of P3 was much larger and was influenced not only by the a priori probability of events determined by the experimenter but also by the interaction of these probabilities with the S's guessing behavior. The amplitude of the late positive component was inversely related to the proportion of trials in which a particular event was associated with a particular guess, i.e., the proportion of hits and misses. It was larger the more unexpected the outcome of the guess. This relationship held for different methods of manipulating the probability of two events.
CORTICAL VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE IN CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISORDERS
Authors: Conners C. Keith
Published: February 2007

A family of poor readers is shown to have attenuation of the visual evoked response (VER) in the left parietal area. Studies of two samples of poor readers, and a sample of children with contrasting verbal‐performance discrepancies on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale also show significant relationships between verbal skills and the late components of the VER. The strongest VER amplitude correlations occur in the left parietal area. Children with verbal‐performance discrepancies also show some highly significant latency effects in the late waves of the VER.
ALPHA ACTIVITY DURING INHIBITORY BRAIN PROCESSES
Authors: Heinemann L. G. , Emrich H.
Published: February 2007

Three studies involving quantitative changes in alpha activity are reported. Sixteen normal volunteers were shown neutral or emotionally provoking words appearing with slowly increasing intensity on a frosted glass pane in a darkened room. A differential reaction was observed, i.e., with emotional words there was a higher alpha percentage from the time before the Ss perceived the light until after they could read the word. In the second study 10 normal volunteers were stimulated with closed eyes for 2‐sec periods of diffuse light after the hypnotic suggestion of blindness. Compared with the prestimulus interval there was an average increase in alpha amplitude, whereas the control condition showed the usual alpha decrease during stimulation. In the third study 32 chronic schizophrenic patients were given a Phenothiazine derivative over 3 months after a 2‐month placebo period. Ratings of alpha activity as to occipital amplitude, group length, topographical extension, and occurrence in synchronous groups showed a progressive increase from the placebo condition to the third month.
ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE RESPONSE CURVES: A COMMENT ON POOLED INTERACTION ERROR TERMS
Authors: Graham Frances K.
Published: February 2007

Use of pooled interaction error terms in repeated measurement analyses of variance may lead to seriously erroneous conclusions. The danger is increased when designs contain both data sampled at short intervals of time, such as second‐by‐second heart rate (HR) responses, and data sampled at longer intervals, such as responses on different trials or stimulus presentations. Empirical examples illustrate the differing error variances typically found with such data.
A NEW METHOD FOR DETECTING EYE MOVEMENT IN SLEEP
Authors: Toth Max F.
Published: February 2007

A new method of detecting eye movements (EMs) during sleep is described. The method consists of an electromechanical measurement using micro‐miniaturized silver cup electrodes. These electrodes, when placed on the eyelid, produce electro‐oculographic (EOG) recordings similar to the usual electrical method. The eyelid method offers the advantage of a relatively “clean” recording showing only EMs and movement artifact, with no intermingling of EEG and EOG. Furthermore, the method is at least one and one half times as sensitive as the usual EOG technique. In addition to these two special advantages, it also offers the features of conventional methods, convenience of DC coupling, independence from signal converters, ease of analyzing EM directionality, and durability despite the small size of the electrodes.

Fabrication of the electrodes, recording configurations, and simultaneous comparisons to both the usual EOG technique and to a strain gauge method are described.
THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN RATS
Authors: Albert Ira , Cicala George A. , Siegel Jerome
Published: February 2007

Four experiments were performed to test the behavioral effects of REM deprivation on rats. Two studies of avoidance learning showed that shuttle avoidance and runway avoidance were unaffected by REM deprivation. REM deprivation produced an enhancement of activity, and the addition of periodic shock demonstrated a failure of adaptation for REM‐deprived subjects.

These data were interpreted as indicating that REM deprivation produces motivational effects on rat behavior and that electric shock‐induced pain and REM deprivation interact to change activity patterns. It was concluded that the findings of the present experiment can be explained most parsimoniously in terms of increased sensitivity of REM‐deprived subjects to environmental stimulation.
CONSISTENCY OF PERFORMANCE CHANGE AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF EXPRESSED ATTITUDE TOWARD A SPECIFIC STRESS SITUATION
Authors: Pearson David W. , Thackray Richard I.
Published: February 2007

A persistent problem in stress research has been that some individuals may show impairment, while others show improvement or no change in performance under stress. Attempts to relate this variance in performance to general anxiety or other personality variables have generally not been too successful. Based upon responses to a fear of shock item in an attitude questionnaire, Ss were classified as “high fear of shock” or “low fear of shock” types. Half of the Ss in each group were assigned a perceptual‐motor task; the others were assigned a cognitive‐interference task. After training, all Ss were informed that they would be required to maintain their training performance levels in a situation in which they would be shocked if performance declined. Performance and heart rate measures taken during training were compared with the same measures taken under the threat‐of‐shock conditions. Results indicate significant differences between groups in both performance and physiological activity with “high fear of shock”Ss exhibiting relatively greater performance impairment and increased heart rate.
THE PERIPHERAL MECHANISM OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Darrow Chester W. , Gullickson Gary R.
Published: February 2007

Darrow held that the galvanic skin response (GSR) appears to be a complicated phenomenon because a number of events are sequentially involved. The mechanism resulting in the peripheral components of electrodermal phenomena is not complicated. Following excitation, sympathetic impulses to cutaneous tissues and subsequent release of acetylcholine account for initial negative polarity and resistance changes. When these incoming impulses are sufficiently persistent and strong, and when the cholinergic response of the sweat glands is sufficient, then if temperature and circulatory conditions are favorable, secretion by the sweat glands is initiated. Sweating is the major factor contributing to the positive potential and large drops in skin resistance during excitation, but at low levels of excitation, when skin resistance is high and before sweating has reached a critical level, epidermal activities other than those of the sweat glands may contribute appreciably to negative potential and resistance changes.
HEART RATE, SKIN RESISTANCE, AND REACTION TIME OF MONGOLOID AND NORMAL CHILDREN UNDER BASELINE AND DISTRACTION CONDITIONS
Authors: Wallace R. M. , Fehr F. S.
Published: February 2007

Reaction time, body movement, heart rate, and skin resistance of Mongoloid and “normal” control children were evaluated under baseline and distraction conditions. Relative to controls, Mongoloids demonstrated (1) slower reaction time under both conditions, (2) a reduced skin resistance response and fewer heart rate fluctuations during the baseline period, and (3) fewer skin resistance fluctuations during the distraction condition. Furthermore, skin resistance fluctuations were negatively correlated with reaction time, and heart rate fluctuations, although not significant, were in the same direction. These findings offer some support for the theoretical assertions of Lacey and Lacey (1958) that spontaneous activity is related to motor impulsivity, cortical activity, and general skeletal‐motor functions. Body movement was negatively related to these measures of spontaneous activity and thus cannot be invoked as an explanation for the findings.
AVERAGE EVOKED RESPONSE AND VERBAL CORRELATES OF UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESSES
Authors: Shevrin Howard , Smith William H. , Fitzler Dean E.
Published: February 2007

Two methods for identifying visual average evoked response components—one based on sequence, the other on peak amplitude—resulted in significant discriminations between subliminal visual stimuli, thus supporting and extending previous findings dealing with the investigation of unconscious mental processes. In addition, verbal effects of a subliminal stimulus, detected by a free association procedure, were found, which correlated with different AER characteristics. Verbal effects which were conceptually and veridically related to the stimulus correlated with an AER amplitude component (90–260 msec post‐stimulus), while homophonic, unveridical verbal effects were related to the incidence of alpha bursts approximately 1 1/2 sec post‐stimulus. Ss were 12 pairs of twins, ranging in age from 13–22. For older Ss (17–20) the sequence and peak amplitude components coincided; for younger Ss (12–16), they were different. Younger Ss also had significantly larger amplitudes than older Ss for both subliminal and supraliminal conditions (peak amplitude method) and for the supraliminal condition (sequence method).
HEART RATE, SKIN CONDUCTANCE, AND INTENSITY RATINGS DURING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANXIETY: HABITUATION WITHIN AND AMONG DAYS
Authors: Epstein Seymour
Published: February 2007

Twenty Ss were divided into two groups according to whether they received as a noxious stimulus in a count‐up a mild shock or a punishing sound. Trials were varied over as well as within days. Among the findings: (1) There was considerable evidence of response fractionation among and within measures of heart rate, skin conductance, and rated stimulus intensity. (2) Trials over days exhibited an incubation effect for shock in the skin conductance data, a displacement of maximum heart rate reactivity toward the beginning of the time dimension, and a greater degree of habituation of the rated intensity of the shock stimulus than of the sound stimulus. It was concluded that habituation and incubation reflect cognitive processes, that the forward displacement of heart rate is the result of a centrally mediated inhibitory process, and that the gradient of such inhibition is steeper than the gradient of anxiety.
CARDIAC RESPONSES TO SELF‐INDUCED THOUGHTS
Authors: Schwartz Gary E.
Published: February 2007

A psychophysiological procedure is described for obtaining time locked autonomic responses to specific internal (thought) stimuli in the absence of different external (environmental) stimuli. The procedure is illustrated by a heart rate experiment in which 10 Ss silently generated numbers followed by letters or affect‐laden words, all in synchrony with externally paced tones. The shape of the cardiac response was found to be a function of the specific thought sequence. The data are interpreted as demonstrating that specific thoughts can act as potential stimuli of autonomic responses. General implications of the finding and the procedure are considered.
USE OF A SMALL PROCESS CONTROL COMPUTER IN A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Authors: Gips James , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Buchsbaum Monte
Published: February 2007

The use of a classic LINC computer in a psychophysiological laboratory is de‐scribed. A monitor system provides a standard framework for running and analyx‐ing the experiments of several investigators. The monitor system allows the LINC to be run remotely via two push buttons and a CRT display. The LINC is used to simultaneously collect data and generate stimuli. The system is flexible, economi‐cal, and can be run by persons with no previous computer experience.
A TACTILE AIR STIMULATOR FOR HUMANS
Authors: Wineman E. W.
Published: February 2007

A tactile air stimulator device is described. It basically consists of three valves, a mercury manometer, flexible gooseneck tube, and plastic tubing. The intensity and area of stimulation can be easily controlled and changed.
Effects of CS Duration and Instructional Set on Cardiac Anticipatory Responses to Stress in Field Dependent and Independent Subjects
Authors: Dronsejko Krystyna
Published: February 2007

The study showed that within a modified delayed conditioning paradigm the shape of the anticipatory cardiac response to shock can be modified by changing the CS duration. When the tone (CS) duration was only 4 sec, there was a significant HR acceleration. With the CS duration increasing stepwise, from 4 to 12 sec, the anticipatory cardiac response to the UCS became biphasic. The acceleratory component of this response was bound to the CS and time locked, and, on the average, reached its peak within 5 sec after the onset of the CS. The deceleratory component was directly related to the length of the time interval between the onset of the CS and the UCS: there was no anticipatory deceleration when the tone duration was 4, 5, or 6 sec; the most pronounced deceleration was observed during the 10 sec interval.

Instructional sets did not significantly affect cardiac activity by themselves, but did influence responses in interaction with the individual difference variable of field dependence; this was found to be the case only on the first trial.

Field dependence was also a meaningful variable, and accounted for some of the differences in the patterns of HR responding in anticipation of shock.
Is the Contingent Negative Variation Contingent on a Motor Response?
Authors: Donchin Emanuel , Gerbrandt Lauren A. , Leifer Larry , Tucker Ledyard
Published: February 2007

Ten subjects participated in an experiment in which each was presented with series of paired stimuli separated by 1000 msec. The first stimulus was a click. The second stimulus was either of two visual patterns, concentric circles or a star figure. Figure selection on each trial was determined by a random procedure.

There were four experimental conditions: 1) Subjects pressed a switch following the presentation of either figure. 2) Subjects pressed a switch following the presentation of the star only. 3) Subjects guessed prior to the clicks, which figure would appear as S2; no overt motor response was required. 4) Subjects had to add 7 to a cumulative sum following a star, and subtract 7 following the circles; no overt motor response was required.

Using data obtained from a vertex to linked ear derivation we conclude that the CNV is not contingent on a motor response to S2.

The electrical potentials recorded following S2, and in particular the positive‐going “resolution” of the CNV seemed to vary systematically with the experimental conditions. An application of Tucker's three‐mode factor analysis to this CNV is reported.
Factor Analytically Derived Components of Orienting, Defensive, and Conditioned Behavior in Electrodermal Conditioning
Authors: ÖHman Arne
Published: February 2007

The hypothesis that conditioned electrodermal responses can be analyzed into separate components of orienting and conditioned behavior was tested with a factor analytical method. Multiple responses from 105 Ss in a long interstimulus interval paradigm were grouped into four blocks of 6 trials each, and a correlation matrix computed from intercorrelations between different multiple responses during four stages of training. The first analysis was performed on the CS, pre‐US, and post‐US responses, and resulted in three significant factors. The first one was defined by the CS response early in training and was interpreted as reflecting orienting behavior. The second factor was defined by the pre‐US response late in training and was interpreted as representing expectancy or preparatory processes. The third factor tentatively was designated as a conditioned response factor of defensive nature, since it was defined by the post‐US response late in training. This interpretation was confirmed in a second analysis which included the UR. Essentially, the factor structure from the first analysis was replicated, with the UR highly loaded in the third factor, which therefore was interpreted as reflecting defensive behavior.
The Auditory Evoked Response to Stimuli Producing Periodicity Pitch
Authors: Butler Robert A.
Published: February 2007

The cortical evoked response in man to an amplitude modulated complex sound was investigated in order to find out whether the response reflects the acoustic spectrum of the stimulus or its modulation rate. The complex sound consisted of a train of square waves repeated 200 times a second and filtered so that only the acoustic energy confined predominantly to the region of 1000 Hz was delivered to the listener. Perceptually, the pitch of this complex sound is in the neighborhood of 200 Hz.

The results from 10 listeners, tested repeatedly, showed that the presence of 1000 Hz tones interposed between successive presentations of the periodic complex stimulus served to habituate the response to the latter; intervening 200 Hz tones exerted relatively little effect on the responsiveness to the periodic stimulus.

These data suggest that periodicity differences in stimulation at the periphery are not converted into place differences at the level of the auditory cortex; that a low‐pitched sound is not necessarily mediated by those neural units maximally responsive to low frequency sinusoids.
An Accurate, Direct Reading, Beat‐By‐Beat, Heart Rate Scale for Measurement of the Cardiac Orientation Reaction
Authors: Hayes R. W. , Venables P. H.
Published: February 2007

An easily made, accurate, direct reading scale for obtaining beat‐by‐beat HR from paper chart EKG recordings is described for use where on‐line computer analysis is not practicable, or where a check is wanted on the accuracy of the computer program.
Simulating the Waking and Sleeping EEG
Authors: Sheatz Guy C.
Published: February 2007

A novel noise source whose fundamental frequencies are congruent with typical physiological events is presented. Design criteria are given for using it to simulate the waking and sleeping EEG and suggestions for using it as a general random event programmer.
Are the Eye Movements of Dreaming Sleep Related to the Visual Images of the Dreams?
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence , Feldman Martin , Bender Morris B.
Published: February 2007

As a result of recording eye movements during Stage REM sleep by AC electrooculography (EOG) previous investigators concluded that each eye movement is the response to the visual action in each dream. When we repeated the study using DC EOG it was discovered that only a minority of eye movements during Stage REM are in the direction of the visual action in the dream. If only single, large amplitude, prominent eye movements are considered then most such movements are related to colorful, compelling visual action occurring as a prominent single visual action against a quiet background. The AC recording method used in past studies emphasizes these isolated movements; perhaps this explains the disparity in results. At any rate, most eye movements during REM sleep are unrelated to the action in the dream. When these eye movements were analyzed in regard to the direction of movements, sequential order of movements, and randomness in time, we found that similar patterns of oculomotor output were found in all subjects. Thus, the nervous system executes a patterned output of oculomotor activity during dreaming sleep which is fairly consistent in all subjects. At times, however, a link is established between the visual and oculomotor systems and the eyes respond to visual action.
Response Requirements and Directional Fractionation of Autonomic Responses
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: February 2007

Physiological responses were monitored while 27 male Ss were shown a series of 45 colored slides of homicide victims. Nine of the Ss were required to simply look at each slide (Nonraters), 9 were required to push 1 of 7 buttons, after each trial to indicate how disturbing they found the slide to be (Raters). Evidence for directional fractionation of autonomic responses to the slides was obtained for only the Nonraters. Their responses included cardiac deceleration, an increase in skin conductance, digital vasoconstriction, and cephalic vasodilation. The Raters responded with cardiac acceleration, an increase in skin conductance, and both digital and cephalic vasoconstriction. The Raters also showed a larger increase in tonic skin conductance over trials than did the Nonraters. To determine whether the physiological responses of the Raters were influenced by the requirement to make a motor response, 9 other Ss pressed a button after each slide. The physiological responses of these latter Ss were almost identical with those of the Nonraters.

The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the requirement to rate the stimuli was associated with appraisal and cognitive elaboration. They also indicate that response requirements can have a profound effect upon autonomic responsivity.
Interrelations Between Amplitude, Latency, Rise Time, and the Edelberg Recovery Measure of the Galvanic Skin Response
Authors: Lockhart Russell A.
Published: February 2007

This report describes relationships between the Edelberg recovery measure, latency, rise time, and amplitude measures of GSR response to cued, uncued, and disparity USs. Under cued and uncued conditions all temporal measures were independent of amplitude. Rise time and recovery measures were highly correlated under all conditions, while correlations between latency and rise time or amplitude were quite weak, suggesting that latency and rise time‐recovery are partly under the control of different mechanisms. When US was unexpected (disparity), latency remained independent of amplitude, but significant correlations developed between amplitude and the temporal measures of rise time and recovery. Latency and recovery, but not rise time or amplitude, distinguished between disparity and non‐disparity conditions. The results demonstrate the need and utility for more complete response specification.
The Effects of Distorted Visual Input on Sleep
Authors: Allen Susan R. , Oswald Ian , Lewis Stuart , Tagney Joanna
Published: February 2007

An experiment in which 3 subjects wore prism lenses, which rotated the visual environment through 90 degrees and reversed right‐left the visual field, was carried out to investigate whether visual distortion would affect sleep. An initial 2 laboratory adaptation nights, 6 pre‐experimental days wearing heavy spectacles of plain glass that restricted the visual field but did not distort it, followed by 6 experimental days wearing distorting prisms, and then 6 post‐experimental days with no spectacles, were consecutive. All‐night sleep recordings were performed.

Sleep parameters remained within normal limits during the 18‐day period and there was no change in % REM sleep, or eye movement profusion, despite the fact that performance tasks confirmed that learning to cope with the disorted visual world took place. The latency to the first REM period, the % of stages 3 and 4 sleep, and the amount of REM sleep in the first 2 hrs of sleep were unaffected. There was a tendency toward greater intra‐sleep restlessness. Results did not confirm the report of Zimmerman, Stoyva, and Metealf (1970). The results should not, however, be taken as providing positive evidence against links between learning, cerebral protein synthesis, and REM sleep.
EOG and Delta Rhythmicity in Human Sleep EEG
Authors: Hilbert Raymond , Naitoh Paul
Published: February 2007

The use of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is accepted as the only objective method of studying sleep. However, EEG sleep study may not be feasible, although it would be highly desirable, in some non‐laboratory operational environments due to difficulties in EEG recordings. Results of the present study showed that the ultradian delta rhythmicity of sleep as defined by EEG could be obtained from electro‐oculograms (EOGs) alone.
Preception: Autonomic Response to Shock as a Function of Predictability in Time and Locus
Authors: Lykken D. T. , Macindoe I. , Tellegen A.
Published: February 2007

Signals were used to manipulate S's ability to predict when and where (i.e., on which limb) he would receive each of 48 painful shocks. Two groups of 24 Ss received 12 shocks in each of four predictability conditions. Heart rate and palmar SC were monitored throughout. Both HR and SC responses to shock were consistently reduced when shock was preceded by a warning signal; predictability of locus had no effect on HRR and a weak effect on SCR. More anxious Ss showed greater post‐shock HR acceleration under all conditions; less anxious Ss showed greater anticipatory HR acceleration. In a separate experiment, 9 Ss in whom the later components of the vertex AER increased systematically with shock intensity showed a decrease in these same components when shock was made predictable in time.
Menstrual, Diurnal, and Activation Effects on the Resolution of Temporally Paired Flashes
Authors: DeMarchi G. W. , Tong J. E.
Published: February 2007

Normal female Ss were tested for the discrimination of paired flashes in the mornings and evenings of 3 days during the menstrual cycle, under both resting and activation conditions. The threshold for fusion was highest at the premenstrual point and in the evening. A signal detection analysis indicated that the threshold change was the result of a change in criterion placement and not a change in sensory sensitivity as required by a biological clock hypothesis. No interactions were apparent for the three arousal variables.
Human Parotid Secretion in Response to Pleasant and Unpleasant Odorants
Authors: Pangborn Rose Marie , Berggren Barbro
Published: February 2007

Unilateral parotid secretion was determined for 12 Ss using a precision sialometer, in response to the odors of distilled water, three pleasant stimuli (vanillin, β‐phenylethanol, anethol), three unpleasant stimuli (pyridine, diethylsulfide, butyric acid), and two irritating stimuli (ethyl alcohol, ammonia). Flow rates were compared with the Ss' rated intensity and affective responses to the same solutions. Flow rates were significantly higher for male than for female Ss, with both secreting significantly more saliva in response to ammonia, ethyl alcohol, and butyric acid, as compared to water. Correlations between flow rates and degree of liking, and between flow rates and rated intensity were not significant.
Brief Latency Click‐Evoked Potentials During Waking and Sleep in Man
Authors: Amadeo Marco , Shagass Charles
Published: February 2007

Very early auditory evoked potentials, commencing from 1 to 2 msec after stimulation, can be recorded from human scalp by averaging; they appear to be generated in the VIII nerve and brain stem structures. This study was conducted to obtain data concerning possible variations of these early auditory responses with sleep in man. Our results show little or no change in the amplitude and latency characteristics of these potentials from waking to sleep or between sleep stages. Prolonged stimulation, during waking or sleep, produced increases of latency and a tendency for decrease of amplitude. The findings were interpreted to indicate that changes in latency and amplitude of later components of auditory evoked responses during sleep occur at levels above the brain stem. They also support the view that the increased threshold for auditory arousal associated with sleep is mediated centrally rather than peripherally.
Body Movements During Sleep After Sleep Loss
Authors: Naitoh P. , Muzet A. , Johnson C. , Moses J.
Published: February 2007

Following 4 baseline nights, 7 Ss were deprived of REM sleep for 3 nights and 7 were deprived of stage 4 sleep. Both groups were then deprived of total sleep for 1 night and then allowed 2 nights of uninterrupted recovery sleep. Compared to baseline nights, on the first recovery night the number of body movements was significantly reduced in all sleep stages and for total sleep. On the second recovery night, the number of movements was back to baseline level. The increased amount of slow‐wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) during recovery sleep was not the primary reason for the reduced body motility.
Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Authors: Hoddes E. , Zarcone V. , Smythe H. , Phillips R. , Dement W. C.
Published: February 2007

The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) is a self‐rating scale which is used to quantify progressive steps in sleepiness. The present study investigated whether the SSS cross‐validates with performance on mental tasks and whether the SSS demonstrates changes in sleepiness with sleep loss. Five college student Ss were given a brief test of memory and the Wilkinson Addition Test in 2 test sessions and The Wilkinson Vigilance Test in 2 other sessions spaced throughout a 16‐hr day for 6 days. Ss made SSS ratings every 15 min during their waking activities. On night 4, Ss underwent all night sleep deprivation. On all other nights, Ss were allowed only 8 hrs in bed. Mean SSS ratings correlated r= .68 with performance on the Wilkinson Tests. Discrete SSS ratings correlated r= .47 with performance on the memory test. Moreover, mean baseline SSS ratings were found to be significantly lower than corresponding ratings of the deprivation period.
The Relationship Between Spontaneous and Stimulus‐Correlated Electrodermal Responses in Simple and Discriminative Conditioning Paradigms
Authors: ÖHman Arne , Bohlin Gunilla
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between skin conductance fluctuations (SF) and skin conductance conditioning with designs permitting conclusions regarding both reactivity and conditioning. In the first experiment, involving simple delayed conditioning with a tone CS, a shock UCS, and an 8‐sec ISI, groups high and low in SF during conditioning and sensitization were formed. Spontaneous fluctuations predicted magnitude of CS, pre‐UCS, post‐UCS, and unconditioned responses. Overall conditioning was significant only for the pre‐UCS response, and for this measure the high SF group showed better conditioning than the low SF group. The second experiment involved discrimination training to pitch with shock UCS and an 8‐sec ISI. Groups high, medium, and low in SF during conditioning were selected. Again, SF predicted magnitude of all response components. Reliable conditioning and significant relationship to SF was observed for CS, pre‐UCS, and post‐UCS responses. It was concluded that SF is related to both skin conductance reactivity and skin conductance conditioning.
A Computer Compatible Digital Encoding‐Decoding System
Authors: Mostofsky David I. , Cohen Stephen A. , Babish James
Published: February 2007

A system for using a home stereo tape recorder to encode up to 30 separate events is described. The basic features of the technique are discussed together with an evaluation of alternative schemes. Schematics for construction are supplied, and the flow chart for computer decoding of the taped record via this system is provided.
The Relation Between Heart Rate and Electromyographic Activity in a Discriminated Escape‐Avoidance Paradigm
Authors: Cohen Michael J.
Published: February 2007

Experiment I attempted to train both increases and decreases in heart rate using a discriminated escape‐avoidance paradigm. Noncontingent control Ss were yoked to both experimental groups. Subjects were given 64 training trials and 16 extinction trials. Experiment II employed essentially the same design except that the contingent response was a specific amount of muscular tension (either 40 to 60 microvolts, or 90 to 110 microvolts) from the chin area. Seven Ss were run in each group. Heart rate, chin electromyogram (EMG), and respiration were continuously monitored during each study.

The results of Experiment I indicated that the response contingencies produced significant heart rate increases and decreases in the appropriate experimental groups. Neither yoked control group showed a significant heart rate change. No group exhibited any significant EMG activity. Respiration amplitude increased significantly only in the heart rate increase group. Both experimental groups in Experiment II learned to emit the correct EMG response. However, only the group in the 40 to 60 microvolt range showed a relationship between heart rate and EMG changes.
Latency of Alpha Blocking as a Function of Photic Stimulation During the Cardiac Cycle
Authors: Novak Stanley , Diaz Jaime , Leinwand Stuart
Published: February 2007

Changes in reaction time during the cardiac cycle have been reported by a number of investigators. The present study concerns changes in the latency of alpha blocking as a function of the time of presentation of photic stimulation during the cardiac cycle. Stimuli were presented at intervals of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 msec following the peak of the R‐wave of the EKG. Alpha blocking latency was found to be shorter for stimulus presentation early in the cardiac cycle.
Some Limits on the Cognitive Control of Conditioned Autonomic Behavior
Authors: Furedy John J.
Published: February 2007

Because certain recently adopted doctrinaire cognitivist positions are just as undesirable as the doctrinaire behaviorist positions of the fifties, evidence is presented to indicate that there are some instances where cognitive factors do not appear to control autonomic conditioning. The first aspect of that evidence deals with tests of the applicability of the contingency position to Pavlovian autonomic conditioning, and the data indicate that conditioned autonomic responses like the GSR do not act like “contingency analysers” over CS‐US intervals ranging from .75 to 8.0 sec. Moreover, measures of cognitive subjective contingency (SC), which could not be taken in the animal studies used previously to support the contingency analysis of Pavlovian conditioning, indicate that the human Ss are aware of the contingency differences considered important for autonomic conditioning by the contingency position. This lack of correspondence between the autonomic and cognitive dependent variables is also relevant to another form of the cognitive‐control position, that knowledge of CS‐US contingencies is related to autonomic conditioning. Such relations were not, in fact, observed between the extents of autonomic and cognitive (SC) discrimination. Finally, a more sensitive and continuous measure of SC is proposed which should yield more precise answers to the empirical and complex question of the limits of cognitive control of conditioned autonomic behavior.
Subjective and Response‐Related Determinants of CNV Amplitude
Authors: Rebert Charles S. , Sperry Kathleen G.
Published: February 2007

The effect on contingent negative variation (CNV) of varying the difficulty of obtaining reaction time (RT) feedback and the relationship of CNV and RT were studied. Subjects (Ss) were run in a reaction‐time‐foreperiod experiment with 4 conditions of varying RT feedback duration. Subjective reactions to the experiment were recorded by Ss on a questionnaire and were divided by the experimenters into two highly significant sets of mean CNVs based on the most “positive’ and most “negative’ responses to the conditions. CNVs and their associated RTs were analyzed, and a significant rank order correlation over all Ss showed there was a trend for individuals with faster RTs to have larger CNVs. Individual correlations were low and highly variable. Only the very slowest RTs were associated with small CNVs. The failure of explicit RT feedback to have any effect upon CNV amplitude is in agreement with previous studies, and the significant association of CNV amplitude with written reactions of Ss might prove a useful tool for further CNV analysis. The RT data indicated that CNVs and RTs reflect relatively independent functions and that very slow RTs may reflect qualitative changes in S's psychological state which affect both RT and CNV; and such trials might appropriately be eliminated from CNV data analysis.
Basal Heart Rate Variations by Day of Week
Authors: Malmstrom Edward J.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies have shown large variations in basal heart rate (HR) in individuals over occasions. To examine long‐term variability, one individual's HR was recorded daily for one year. Besides changes due to ambient temperature and periods of illness, obvious regular variations corresponded to day of week. Weekends and Mondays differed from the other four weekdays: HR was high on Saturdays and Mondays, and reached a nadir on Sundays. These fluctuations probably reflect the cultural pattern of activity over the week, rather than representing an intrinsic circaseptan rhythm.
The Effects of a Chronic Limitation of Sleep Length
Authors: Webb W. B. , Agnew And H. W.
Published: February 2007

Fifteen male subjects (Ss) were studied once each week while on a sleep regime of 5 1/2 hrs of sleep a night for 60 days. The electroencephalogram and electro‐oculogram were recorded in the laboratory once each week. Performance was measured each week using the Wilkinson Vigilance Task, the Wilkinson Addition Test, and a word memory test, and grip strength was measured using a hand dynomometer. The Zung Depression Scale and the Gough Adjective Check List were used to measure mood. The Ss completed a sleep log on a daily basis.

The effect on sleep of the restricted regime was to initially increase the absolute amount of stage 4 sleep. But by the 5th week of the study the stage 4 amount decreased to near baseline levels. The initial effect on REM sleep was to sharply reduce this type of sleep when compared with baseline values. During the course of the experiment there was a REM deprivation of some 25% of baseline values and 30 min in absolute amount. During the course of the experiment the latency to the onset of the first stage 4 and the latency to the first REM period were reduced.

Only the Wilkinson Vigilance Task showed a decline in performance associated with continued restricted sleep. The sleep logs revealed that initially the Ss experienced difficulty in arousing from sleep in the morning and felt drowsy during the day, but these effects did not continue throughout the experiment. The mood scales showed no changes associated with continuing to sleep 5 1/5 hrs a night. These findings suggest that a chronic loss of sleep as much as 2 1/2 hours a night is not likely to result in major behavioral consequences.
Instrumental Heart Rate Responses and Visual Perception: A Preliminary Study
Authors: McCanne Thomas R. , Sandman Curt A.
Published: February 2007

Five subjects (Ss) were trained to raise and lower their heart rates over a number of operant conditioning sessions. Geometric forms were superimposed upon the conditioned stimuli during the final operant training session. For the conditioning trials, Ss detected significantly more tachistoscopic stimuli during heart rate deceleration trials than during heart rate acceleration trials. During extinction trials, there were no differences in tachistoscopic recognition between acceleration and deceleration trials. The results are discussed in terms of Lacey's hypothesis concerning the instrumental effect of heart rate change on environmental attention.
The Influence of the EEG Alpha Rhythm on the Perception of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Nunn C. M. H. , Osselton J. W.
Published: February 2007

An experiment is described which was designed to test the hypothesis that brief visual stimuli would not be perceived when they occurred during certain phases of the EEG alpha rhythm. The results agreed with the hypothesis. It was concluded that the alpha rhythm is a correlate of the activity of a ‘neuronic shutter' which periodically prevents the reception or processing of visual information by the brain.

The procedure used was such that there was no necessity for the subjects to pay attention to the stimuli; indeed, efforts were made to avoid such attention. This methodology was thought to be of importance in obtaining a positive result.
Increased Psychophysiological Variability of the Anisocoric Individual: A Neurological Model
Authors: Varni John G. , Doerr Hans O. , Robinson Malcolm G.
Published: February 2007

Bilateral differences in the diameter of the two pupils, anisocoria, has been associated with everything from beri beri to psychological trauma. The one common finding in most studies dealing with anisocoria is the increased psychophysiological variability of this population. A neurological model is proposed explaining both the anisocoric condition and increase in autonomic variability. The model suggests that deficiencies in the ascending bulbar inhibitory system reduce tonic control of the medial reticular activating system and may be implicated in the etiology of anisocoria. The portions of the nervous system implicated are those reported by Lacey (1967) to be involved in “directional fractionation.” It is suggested that the anisocoric individual may provide a ready made “lesioned” sample with which to compare normal subjects. At the very least anisocoria represents another example of bilateral autonomic asymmetry. Possible research in this area is discussed.
Sympathetic Influences on Cardiac Rate and Contractility During Acute Stress in Humans
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Lawler James E. , Howard James L. , Smithson Kenneth W. , Martin Philip L. , Manning John
Published: February 2007

Experiments are reported concerning an evaluation of sympathetic influences on heart rate and cardiac contractility in normal young adult humans during a stressful reaction time task. During the preparatory interval only vagal influences on heart rate change could be found which were related to concomitant somatic activity. In expectation of the shock and for a more sustained period thereafter, sympathetic influences became manifested on both heart rate and contractility which were independent of concomitant somatic activity. In a follow‐up study, the relationship was evaluated between blood pressure, as measured directly from the radial artery, and both contractility and heart rate. Sympathetic influences on the heart were not found to be secondary to depressor effects, although appreciable phasic decreases in blood pressure were sometimes found to follow the onset of large increases in heart rate and contractility. The data suggest that sympathetic influences on the heart are normally very minimal but are evoked by intense stress when the organism attempts to cope with the stress.
Electrodermal Activity in Hyperactive Boys Who Are Methylphenidate Responders
Authors: Spring Carl , Greenberg Lawrence , Scott Jimmy , Hopwood John
Published: February 2007

Hyperactive boys being treated with methylphenidate medication were randomly divided into two groups. In one of the hyperactive groups (n = 18) methylphenidate was withheld for approximately 72 hrs before testing. Boys in the other hyperactive group (n = 20) continued to take their usual daily doses of methylphenidate. Normal boys formed a third group (n = 20). The following electrodermal measures were taken: basal resistance, frequency of non‐specific responses, specific response amplitude to an auditory signal, and number of trials to habituation. Normal and off‐drug hyperactive groups differed significantly on specific response amplitude, and trials to habituation. In addition, frequency of non‐specific responses approached significance. These differences indicated lower reactivity in the off‐drug hyperactive group. Off‐drug and on‐drug hyperactive groups differed significantly on frequency of non‐specific responses. In addition, trials to habituation approached significance. These differences again indicated lower reactivity in the off‐drug hyperactive group.
Habituation of Fear: Effects of Intensity and Stimulus Order
Authors: Klorman Rafael
Published: February 2007

This study investigated snake‐fearful subjects' skin conductance, heart rate, and fear ratings to repeated presentations of seascape and snake films (10–13 sec duration). The films sampled three levels of fear intensity and were displayed in ascending, descending, or nonsystematic orders; additional Ss viewed only high‐fear material. A linear relationship with fear intensity emerged for fear ratings, but not for physiological measures. Differences found between orders in patterns of habituation were concordant for cardiac rate and fear ratings; relative to the other orders, the ascending sequence habituated less and displayed sensitization to material of higher fear levels. In all orders, there was marked habituation of physiological responses, especially in the first session. The possible role of adaptation level and implications of the data for desensitization and flooding were noted.
The Law of Initial Value and Neonatal Sleep States
Authors: Schmidt Katalin , Rose Susan A. , Bridger Wagner H.
Published: February 2007

The present study investigated the applicability of the Law of Initial Value (LIV) for heart rate (HR) responses evoked by a nociceptive stimulus in neonatal sleep states. Ten infants were tested during Quiet and Active Sleep. In concordance with the LIV there was a significant inverse correlation for all Ss in Active Sleep between HR change and prestimulus HR values; the average correlation was ‐.76, the average slope ‐.48. In Quiet Sleep, which had a small prestimulus HR range, this relationship was significant only for some Ss. Equating for prestimulus HR values, no significant difference existed in the magnitude of average HR response in Active Sleep vs Quiet Sleep. It was concluded that for nociceptive stimuli the initial HR value is a better predictor than the behavioral sleep state of the magnitude of HR response. It is suggested that the LIV depends largely on the modality and strength of the stimulus and the width of the prestimulus HR range.