bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Learning Theory
Authors: Akers Ronald L. , Sellers Christine S.
Published: February 2013

Social learning theory refers to any behavioristic approach in social science that has a cognitive or behavioral focus. Social learning theory combines the differential association theory of criminal behavior with general behavioral learning principles and proposes that criminal and delinquent behavior is acquired, repeated, and changed by the same process as conforming behavior. This article presents a discussion of the concepts and propositions of the original social learning model as well as its later expansion, which includes the social structural context within which social learning occurs. It reviews empirical research on social learning theory to underscore its validity as an explanation of crime and delinquency. It also analyzes several criticisms of social learning theory and concludes with a description of a variety of programs based on principles of social learning theory.
Legal Socialization and Delinquency
Authors: Tyler Tom R. , Rankin Lindsay E.
Published: February 2013

The current instrumental approach of legal authority focuses on the power of legal authorities and institutions to shape behavior by threatening to deliver negative sanctions for rule breaking. This article discusses public attitudes and considers how these views have led to an instrumental approach to motivating lawful behavior, as this strategy is costly and results in negative side effects. Following this, the article explores the alternatives that are possible. In this regard, it points to a series of findings that suggest the importance of focusing on values, an approach which has the goal of enhancing self-regulation. Finally, it states that policy changes related to rehabilitation face more resistance from the public and discusses the nature of the public opinion that policy makers must confront when seeking to make policy changes.
The Conundrum of Girls and Juvenile Justice Processing
Authors: Kempf‐Leonard Kimberly
Published: February 2013

Due to the under-representation of females, public officials have paid less attention to understanding their offending or to developing and assessing prevention and intervention strategies for them. Attention to female offenders is now considered important because their numbers are growing in all spheres of criminal justice. This article explains what is currently known about girls and their juvenile justice experiences. It discusses the difficulty that exists in identifying gender bias because of the nature of juvenile justice processing. It then describes data sources about the offending patterns of girls and boys and examines how gender appears to affect juvenile justice processing. Following this, the article identifies difficulties for girls in access to treatment and services. It highlights deficiencies in knowledge about female-specific treatment. Finally, it gives recommendations for an integrated framework to assist in learning more about the problems girls face and ways to make their experiences with juvenile justice systems successful.
Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court
Authors: Feld Barry C. , Bishop Donna M.
Published: February 2013

Transfer of juvenile offenders for adult prosecution provides the nexus between the deterministic, rehabilitative premises of juvenile justice and the free-will, punishment assumptions of criminal justice. This article analyzes the history, implementation, and consequences of changes in transfer laws over the past few decades. It places transfer decisions in a broader sentencing policy context, examining alternative transfer strategies, and reviews evaluations of their implementation. It also explores legislative approaches and the characteristics of youths transferred under each regime. Furthermore, it considers the sentencing policy goals of transfer and assays to what extent transfers of jurisdiction achieve goals of retribution, general deterrence, incapacitation, specific deterrence, or the recognition of youths' diminished criminal responsibility. Finally, the article presents a prescriptive conclusion about appropriate waiver policies for juvenile courts, suggesting a review of judges' waiver decisions by appellate courts and develop general sentencing principles to define a consistent boundary of adulthood.
Juvenile Justice Cross-Nationally Considered
Authors: Tonry Michael , Chambers Colleen
Published: February 2013

In juvenile systems, countries vary considerably in how they define the jurisdiction of adult and juvenile courts and where they draw the lines between them. The starkest difference lies in the jurisdiction of the ages. This article provides an overview of current knowledge about national differences in juvenile justice systems. It describes formal structural differences between systems and provides brief depictions of systems representing importantly different models: the English juvenile court model with its heavy emphasis on crime reduction, the German youth criminal court model with its emphasis on social integration of young offenders, the Scandinavian non-juvenile-court model, and the New Zealand conferencing model. It reveals immediate outcomes in terms of the use of confinement and the frequency of transfers to adult courts. Finally, it makes an attempt to offer a number of observations about comparative advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the evolution of the American musicals covered in this book. It focuses on how the study of the American musical might proceed, either by historiography, history, media, identity, the various elements of performance (how a musical is put together), and by the audience (how the commercialism of the musical organizes its production and its reception). The self-reflexive structure means that some descriptions in the book mention the same musical in different analytical contexts, and some traverse the same historical moment from different interpretive perspectives. The studies focusing on a single musical relying on archival research to unearth details about the production process are also presented in the book. The book promotes scholarship supporting the study of musicals that is gradually attracting students, as more dissertations are written and books published on musicals each year.
Texts and Authors
Authors: Lovensheimer Jim
Published: February 2013

Several experts share their views on the terms, “texts” and “authors”, with regard to the musical. David Savran, theater and cultural theorist, suggests that no form of western theater (with the possible exception of opera) uses as many different media to produce a totality that is always far more than the sum of its parts so the analysis requires an implicit or explicit theorization of multiple systems of signification. Bernhard Radloff reports that a structure is composed of elements of signification by which the greater or lesser unity of those elements makes itself manifest. Kier Elam mentions that the researcher in theater and drama is faced with two quite dissimilar types of textual material, which includes the one that are produced in the theater and another that is composed for the theater. These two potential focuses of semiotic attention are indicated as the theatrical or performance text and the written or dramatic text respectively. Various dramatic texts of the musical do not necessarily relate to each other in any kind of hierarchical system, as the proponents of the composer-dominant approach might have it, but instead produce a somewhat egalitarian intertextuality.
Evolution of Dance in the Golden Age of the American “Book Musical”
Authors: Gennaro Liza
Published: February 2013

The article provides a detailed description of the evolution of dance in the golden age of the American “book musical”. Choreographers, partnering with writers, composers, and lyricists, developed a collaborative creative approach in which dance, music, and spoken narrative combined to produce the “book musical”, an integrated form in which song and dance emerge seamlessly from spoken dialogue. The creation of dances for a “book musical” requires a method different from that of concert venues, where the initial formative impulse of a dance develops solely from the mind of the choreographer. The Golden Age began with Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! (1943), choreographed by Agnes de Mille, and ended with Bock and Harnick's Fiddler on the Roof (1964), directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins. The techniques of a director, Ned Wayburn, of Golden Age, were rooted in American Delsarte, military drills, and the hierarchical systems of nineteenth-century ballet spectacles. His strategy for success was a methodically prescribed system for making dances that included six categories of musical theater dancing such as musical comedy technique, toe specialties, exhibition ballroom, acrobatic work, tapping and stepping, and modern Americanized ballet. The performers and dance directors, who were making significant efforts to invent performance acts that showcased unique talents and distinguished them from competitors, borrowed movement vocabularies from a wide range of dance styles.
Minstrelsy and Theatrical Miscegenation
Authors: Riis Thomas L.
Published: February 2013

American minstrelsy or blackface minstrelsy arose in the early nineteenth century as a form of mass entertainment. American minstrelsy was the most influential and long-lived musical-theatrical development in the antebellum period with effects that can be observed in the present. Each form of popular entertainment created in the United States since the early nineteenth century has been touched by it. American minstrelsy was banned or suppressed for its virulent racial stereotyping during the second half of the twentieth century but its elements resurfaced in environments where underclass theatrical expression could come out and be expressed safely in the same venues that encouraged ragtime, jazz, rock-and-roll, and hip-hop. The minstrel show, which by 1844 began adhering to consistent formats and advertising itself as a full night's entertainment, comprised a variety of interwoven elements that include jokes, dances, patter, topical skits, eccentric instruments, sentimental and comic songs, and mimicry of familiar and prominent persons. Folk theatricals or seasonal holiday celebrations with ancient roots also employed blackface performance in unscripted but widely practiced rituals of chaos, such as Mardi Gras or Carnival, where all is topsy-turvy. Blackface minstrelsy grew and changed with a protean character that defies full explanation. It did far more than borrow surface racial features or allow it to be limited to a single signifier.
The Filmed Musical
Authors: Knapp Raymond , Morris Mitchell
Published: February 2013

The article focuses on the specific historical contributions of filmed musicals and examines selected areas of intersection between stage and screen. The four significant domains of filmed musicals are mise-en-scène covering all aspects of the “look” within the film's frame that include setting, whether specially constructed or found in the everyday world, and lighting, both artificial and natural. Another domain is cinematography that involves three things such as photographic qualities of the shot such as color, hue, speed, perspective, framing, or the way that the borders of the particular image focus viewer attention, particularizing the image, and duration, or “take” that is the length of the camera's view of a specific scene before cutting to another. Another domain is editing that depends on qualities of the mise-en-scène and cinematography. The narrative sound film typically maintains the illusion of reality through deploying its combination of images and sounds so as to seem natural to audiences, whether by directly simulating experienced reality or by following familiar conventions of cinematic storytelling. Musicals adjust the default aesthetic of cinematic realism at nearly every turn, because in musical numbers characters appear to sing and dance their feelings in open violation of the restrained acting fostered by cinematic realism.
The Television Musical
Authors: Stilwell Robynn J.
Published: February 2013

Three different versions of Cinderella, which are studied here, offer an opportunity to examine the specificity of a musical made for television and the medium as it changes over the years between. The first version was performed live in a complex soundstage set. The live-ness and the integral set meant that the performance was closest to a theatrical production. The acting style is theatrical and slightly restrained to the small scale of the television screen, particularly the small screen of the 1950s. The 1965 version was shot on soundstages, with much simpler and more spacious sets. The 1957 version has a rococo design aesthetic and the 1965 version is a combination of the modern and the medieval. The Disney version is strongly centered on the voice. The role of the Prince in this version is considerably more “generic adolescent” than the Prince of the 1965 version. The structural bonding between Cinderella and the Prince is used efficiently in the 1997 version, where the leads meet through Richard Rodgers's “The Sweetest Sound”, interpolated from No Strings. The relationship between the Prince and Cinderella is focused in this version but more attention is given to other characters, particularly the fairy godmother, the stepmother, and the major-domo of the castle. The romance between Cinderella and the Prince in this version seems more youthful.
Musical Theater Directors
Authors: Grossman Barbara Wallace
Published: February 2013

The role of directors in the American musicals has evolved significantly over the years. The vision of directors shapes an entire production, which ensures the success of the theater. The partnership of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II led to significant musical development. Rodgers and Hammerstein placed new emphasis on a well-crafted book as the basis for a unified, artistic whole. Dance had always been an essential part of musicals but emerged as a key element in dramatic storytelling with the work of Agnes de Mille, who brought ballet to Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! and Carousel (1945). Some experts viewed the ascendance of the director-choreographer negatively, claiming that this “hybrid type” exercised undue influence on both script and score and always privileged dance over text. Whether director-producer, director-playwright, director-dramaturg, director-designer, or simply director, he or she was now the artistic leader of a production, no matter how collaborative the art form was. Arthur Laurents suggests that the look of the musical now is the director's look. He chooses the designers, he conveys his vision, he guides, and he edits. When the duties are divided between a director and a choreographer, then the choreographer is in charge if there is a lot of music. The musical numbers tend to be the most memorable parts of a production so the contribution of a director, as opposed to a director-choreographer, may be difficult for the average theatergoer to appreciate unless the director is also associated with some other tangible element such as the book.
Acting
Authors: Clum John M.
Published: February 2013

The article points out various aspects of acting in a musical theater. The acting was not always a primary concern in the history of musical theater. Stars of musical comedy were either singers or comedians who could sing competently or who couldn't sing at all. Traditional musical comedy was a hybrid performed by specialists. The chorus was split into singers and dancers. Serious actors usually avoided the musical entirely since there was enough serious drama on Broadway to keep them busy. Operetta, extremely popular in the 1920s, was built on stock characters that include the exotic romantic leading soprano and baritone, the comic mezzo and bass, the wistful tenor, and the perky soubrette. These same characters appeared again and again in different settings and costumes. Acting was definitely secondary to quasi-operatic singing. A singing star such as Ethel Merman was expected to sing and wisecrack with the comics, which she did in a succession of musicals in the 1930s and early 1940s.
Box Office
Authors: Adler Steven
Published: February 2013

The article examines the influence of the box office on the making of musicals. The key players in the box-office arena are producers, attorneys, critics, general managers, and investors. Producers evaluate a theater's location, stage size, sightlines, ambience, and seating capacity to determine where to house a production. Producers must consider theater rents, union-negotiated salaries, royalties, equipment, advertising, insurance, utilities, and development expenses for earlier versions of the show, and weekly operating expenses, when considering whether to proceed with a production. Muscular box-office receipts and small capitalization result in rapid recoupment. The relationship between commercial producers and not-for-profit theaters is a relatively new but vitally important factor in the box-office arena. Producing wisdom, composed of equal parts experience and intuition, is essential in determining the future of new work. Spring Awakening played at the Off Broadway, not-for-profit Atlantic Theater Company in spring 2006. Off Broadway, a designation that applies to a range of not-for-profit and commercial theaters throughout Manhattan, is a less expensive choice and with a maximum of 499 seats and being a lower remunerative venue than Broadway, theaters can seat as many as 2,000. Good ideas may succeed in one venue but fail in another. Many new musicals that earn significant audience reaction elsewhere fail on Broadway, where different expectations and audience demographics create a more challenging environment.
Audiences and Critics
Authors: Dvoskin Michelle
Published: February 2013

The article explains the role of audience and critics in the musicals. The published critics are the individuals who make their living experiencing and responding to musicals, alongside other forms of performance. These are most often writers with some knowledge about and interest in the form, and throughout the musical's history they have been influential in regard to both audiences' attitudes and size. Audience reaction served as feedback for the artistic team, who would then often make adjustments to the show to maximize its audience appeal. The musical theater audiences are part of a communal experience with other audience members and the performers, and are involved in a reciprocal relationship which can change the quality and success of a performance. Most audiences are aware of their influence and manage their responses accordingly. Critics, adversarial or supportive, have been essential collaborators throughout musical theater's history. New media platforms have created increasing opportunities for criticism that can both add to the historical archive and influence an ever-wider body of potential audience members. The advent of online media has increased opportunities for less official, but often no less astute, criticism such as blogs, which allow for more specialized criticism that explicitly takes up particular points of view. The immensely popular social networking site facebook also offers opportunities for recreational criticism.
Performance, Authenticity, and the Reflexive Idealism of the American Musical
Authors: Knapp Raymond
Published: February 2013

The article focuses on advancement in the authenticity or idealism through artificial modes of performance offered up in musicals. Musicology became established as a discipline during the nineteenth century in part as an outgrowth of German Idealism and German nationalism, which gave a direction and purpose to the young discipline. The authenticity comes out directly from the historically based valorization of subjective musical expression, and links up to both a related valorization of folk music as authentic within nationalist discourses and a strong latter-day emphasis on the recapturing of origins, whether in source studies, sketch studies, editions, or performance practice. The interpretation and re-creation influences every facet of putting on a musical, combining to create a complex layering of performances at every stage. The humor in American musicals tends to suggest that negative forces need not be taken seriously, or at least should not be allowed the final say, an attitude that emerged as a particularly American form of idealism. The reflexive idealism of the American musical has a specifically musical basis, relating to its comic tone and deriving from European musical comedy in the eighteenth century, borrowing in particular the sanguine assurances of tonality, the sustaining musical achievement of the eighteenth century. A musical may thus bring dramatic emphasis to bear on idealist potentials, arguing through plotting and musical numbers that ideals are more valuable than their potential for realization, and this matters beyond the realities that prevent their fulfillment.
Club Objectives, Competitive Balance, and the Invariance Proposition
Authors: Kesenne Stefan
Published: February 2013

This chapter considers the analysis of the competitive balance in a formal model that focuses attention on the nature of the market for talent and the nature of the club owner's objective function, and derives the conditions which have led to the dissenting results about the competitive balance. It then addresses the optimal competitive balance in a league theoretically, and whether a win- or profit-maximizing club comes closest to the social optimum. Next, the chapter deals with the invariance proposition, analyzing the effects of restrictions on player mobility and revenue-sharing arrangements. The most unequal competitive balance can be expected in a league in which the large-market clubs are win maximizers and the small-market clubs are profit maximizers. It is noted that the invariance proposition no longer holds if one of the teams in a league is a win maximizer.
The Demand for Violence in Hockey
Authors: Rockerbie Duane W.
Published: February 2013

This chapter presents some revealing statistics about violence in the National Hockey League (NHL), and discusses economic literature on why violence is tolerated in the NHL. Next, it provides some new evidence on the effects of violence on NHL attendance. Casual observation provides mixed evidence about the effects of fighting on attendance in the NHL. The first stream of the hocket violence literature investigates whether greater violence in NHL contests contributes to greater attendance and higher salaries for players who exhibit violent behavior, and the second considers whether greater enforcement of the rules that are meant to deter violent behavior actually do so. It is shown that hockey fans respond mildly positively to greater violence, and that efforts made by the NHL to reduce the frequency and severity of violent behavior have been met with modest success.
What Does Intercollegiate Athletics Do to or for Colleges and Universities?
Authors: Getz Malcolm , Siegfried John
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes the peculiarly American phenomenon of colleges and universities sponsoring organized athletic competitions against each other. It then reviews available evidence on the returns to universities from supporting big-time televised college sports, including effects on government support, philanthropy, admissions, and on students themselves. The literature on college sports offers little guidance on how to produce winners. Evidence correlating university donations to athletic success reveals only half the effects of a resource reallocation. There is some evidence that the presence and success of intercollegiate athletics at colleges and universities may increase the applicant pool, and possibly may improve the academic credentials of the student body of institutions which win national championships. A lot of anecdotes and marketing hype are devoted to the prospect that winning university sports teams stimulate private donations to the successful schools.
Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Zimbalist Andrew
Published: February 2013

This chapter briefly outlines the history of Title IX. It then considers the ways that women's sports can continue to be promoted without reducing men's sports and without increasing athletics' budgets. The chapter also proposes that Congress grant the National Collegiate Athletic Association a limited antitrust exemption so that universities can cap coaches' compensation levels. As part of the argument for capping coaches' salaries, it presents econometric evidence which suggests that coaches' salaries do not bear a significant relationship to team performance. Title IX's critics have argued that women's participation gains have come at the expense of men. The regression results suggest that higher salaries are positively correlated with a school's historical success. Given the demonstrated physical, emotional, academic, and career benefits associated with women participating in school sports, it is important to continue to push gender equal opportunity in this area.
Economics of the Super Bowl
Authors: Matheson Victor A.
Published: February 2013

This chapter highlights a time series of comparative advertising revenue and ticket prices in secondary markets for the preeminent event in American sports: the National Football League (NFL)'s Super Bowl. The NFL itself has examined the effect of the Super Bowl on taxable sales. It is often claimed that the Super Bowl brings indirect or non-pecuniary benefits to host cities which add substantially to the direct monetary benefits. The game also brings potential intangible benefits to the host city. Ex post economic analyses of the Super Bowl by scholars not financially connected with the game have typically found that the observed effects of the game on real economic variables such as employment, government revenues, taxable sales, GDP, and personal income, although generally positive, are a fraction of those claimed by the league and sports boosters.
The Economics of Discrimination
Authors: Longley Neil
Published: February 2013

This article replicates for hockey what others have done for baseball and basketball, with the interesting exception that alleged discrimination in hockey falls along the lines of language and national origin rather than along racial grounds. The National Hockey League (NHL) essentially has three minority groups: Americans, Europeans, and French Canadians. The focus in the discrimination literature has been on French Canadians, and, to a lesser extent, Europeans. It is reasonable to suggest that Canadian fans and media have a much stronger sense of “ownership” of the game of hockey than what is found in the United States. There have also been economic changes that have occurred in recent years that should work to decrease any possible discrimination. While the NHL has historically had the least amount of voluntary player mobility, the most recent collective bargaining agreement signed in 2005 provides for a much more liberalized system of free agency.
Travel and Population Issues in Modeling Attendance Demand
Authors: Forrest David
Published: February 2013

This article summarizes how travel cost and population have been treated in the attendance demand literature and argues that those who have exploited geographic information systems (GIS) have succeeded in offering new insights in sports economics. It also carefully pursues the insight that the full cost of attending a sporting event includes the ticket price, the time costs, and the travel costs incurred by the fans. It then explains the Travel Cost Method (TCM) and applies it using a detailed data set collected in an annual survey of consumers of games sponsored by the Football Association (FA) Premier League in English football. Study of travel cost itself offers a route to an econometric framework that appears to avoid pitfalls encountered in more conventional approaches to modeling attendance demand. The estimated elasticity of attendance with respect to the size of the population within five miles of the stadium was only 0.4.
Major League Baseball is Just Like Mcdonald's?
Authors: Fort Rodney
Published: February 2013

This article explores the history of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the three cases of competition from rival leagues. The early history shows the rough and tumble competition outcomes for the American Association (AA), Union Association (UA), Players League (PL), and Federal League (FL). It also reveals the decidedly different outcome that reduced competition in the case of the African American Leagues (AALs), the Pacific Coast League (PCL), and the Continental League (CL). There is no evidence of concerted collusive effort to end the PCL's chance as a rival major league. The welfare of fans at the major-league level was reduced, on net. It might be argued that minor league-level play was replaced by major league level play and then AAA baseball spread to cities that previously had enjoyed even lower-level classifications.
Multiplier Effects and Local Economic Impact
Authors: Von Allmen Peter
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the multiplier model in the context of the local impact of expenditures on sports infrastructure. There are two fundamental reasons for the lack of empirical evidence of large multiplier effects: inflated estimates of the direct effects, or the “base” increase in spending; and leakage from the local economy that diminishes the multiplier. The appropriate base expenditure of hosting a team in a city is the net new spending on local incomes and businesses plus local taxes paid. The effect of tax rates on the multiplier is less ambiguous. The full-time employment benefits are small, as the ratio of part-time to full-time employment is roughly ten to one. The role of government in stimulating economic growth has always been the subject of debate in macroeconomics. Local economic impact studies argue that stadium projects and playing host to a professional sports team are legitimate engines of economic growth.
Tournament Incentives in Professional Bowling
Authors: Bognanno Michael L.
Published: February 2013

This article explores a seven-year period of Professional Bowling Association tournaments to examine the effectiveness of the incentive structure in bringing about effort and performance. It also draws implications from tournament theory regarding the influence of dispersion and skewness in the prize structure on effort. The two most distinct portions of bowling tournaments are studied separately. Estimations are first performed on the qualifying and match play rounds and then on the televised match play, elimination championship round. The trend coefficient indicates that players' scores were generally rising during the sample period. Increases in the number of games in a tournament reduce average scores, perhaps because of player fatigue. There was no evidence found that increases in the percentage of the total prize money going to first place or in the coefficient of skewness increased player scores. Skewness decreased the scores of even those players in contention for top prizes.
Historical Perspectives on Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Moeller F. Gerard
Published: February 2013

At a recent meeting of the International Society for Research on Impulsivity (ISRI), there were a number of presentations describing different behavioral laboratory measures of impulsivity. After one of the presentations, a question was raised about how a specific behavioral laboratory measure captured the construct of impulsivity. At that point, it was said that perhaps the term impulsivity had outlived its usefulness and another, more specific term was needed. This discussion is part of a long history of the study of impulsivity and impulse control disorders and points out an interesting feature of impulsivity: While the clinical literature is consistent in describing the importance of impulsivity in a number of psychiatric disorders, there has been much more inconsistency in the definition and measurement of impulsivity. In spite of this inconsistency, there has been a large body of work on impulsivity over the last 2500 years. This chapter will focus on historical aspects of the study of what impulsivity is, how it should be measured, and what causes it. This review will be of necessity an abridged discussion of the history of impulsivity. To complete an exhaustive review of this literature would require an entire book. While it is not feasible to include all of the work that has been done in this area, an attempt will be made to present a cross section of the vast literature on impulsivity. In this chapter, authors have been grouped together based on theoretical frameworks used to approach impulsivity. Based on this historical perspective, an attempt will be made to answer the question raised above: Has the term impulsivity lost its usefulness?
Pyromania: Phenomenology and Epidemiology
Authors: Lejoyeux Michel , Germain Candice
Published: February 2013

Pyromania corresponds to fire setting not done for criminal reasons, for profit or sabotage, for monetary gain, as an expression of sociopolitical ideology (an act of terrorism or protest) or anger, or for revenge. Pyromania, in the sense of arson without a separate motive, is a rare phenomenon.

In the DSM-IV-TR, pyromania is classified as an impulse control disorder (ICD) not elsewhere classified. It is characterized by a failure to resist impulsive, repetitive, deliberate fire-setting urges that are unrelated to external reward.

The only study of the prevalence of fire setting derived from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions found a lifetime prevalence of 1% for fire setting in the U.S. population. The prevalence of pyromania in adult psychiatric inpatients was 3.4% (n = 7), and the lifetime prevalence was 5.9%.

Fire setting is significantly associated with a wide range of antisocial behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified strong associations between lifetime alcohol and marijuana use disorders, conduct disorder, antisocial and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and a family history of antisocial behavior. Intentional illicit fire-setting behavior is associated with a broad array of antisocial behaviors and psychiatric comorbidities. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders among persons with a history of fire setting are any lifetime alcohol use disorder (71.7%), antisocial personality disorder (51.46%), marijuana use disorder (43.17%), and nicotine dependence (42.95%). A family history of antisocial behavior is also frequent (60%).
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Pathological Skin Picking
Authors: Odlaug Brian L. , Grant Jon E.
Published: February 2013

Pathological skin picking (PSP), or neurotic excoriation, is characterized by the repetitive and compulsive picking of skin, causing tissue damage. It appears to have a prevalence rate of 1.4%–5.4% in the general population and is seen predominantly in females in clinical settings. Individuals with PSP may pick for hours each day, resulting in significant scarring, infections, and medical complications. Although PSP is common, most individuals with this disorder are unaware of treatment options and thus often do not seek treatment. Co-occurring psychiatric conditions are common in PSP, with depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders presenting as the most prevalent conditions. Significant psychosocial impairment and activity avoidance due to shame and embarrassment are frequent. Neurocognitive research has recently shown that individuals with PSP have deficits in inhibitory control, a finding similar to that found in trichotillomania. From a public health perspective, concurrent collaboration between dermatology and the behavioral sciences is imperative for future advances in the understanding and treatment of PSP.
The Genetics of Impulsivity
Authors: Nielsen David A. , Proudnikov Dmitri , Jeanne Kreek Mary
Published: February 2013

Impulsivity is a complex trait that varies across healthy individuals, although when excessive, it is generally regarded as dysfunctional. Impulsive behavior may lead to initiation of drug addiction that interferes with inhibitory controls, which may in turn result in facilitation of the individual’s impulsive acts. Although environmental factors play a considerable role in impulsive behavior, a body of evidence collected in twin studies suggests that about 45% of the variance in impulsivity is accounted for by genetic factors. Genetic variants studied in association with impulsivity include those fortryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1 and TPH2), the serotonintransporter (SERT), serotonin receptors, and genes of the monoamine metabolism pathway (e.g., monoamine oxidase A, MAOA). Other systems may also play a role in these behaviors, such as the dopaminergic system (the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4, and the dopamine transporter, DAT), the catecholaminergic system (catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT), and the GABAergic system (GABAreceptor subunit alpha-1, GABRA1; GABA receptor subunit alpha-6, GABRA6; and GABA receptor subunit beta-1, GABRB1). Taking into account involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the number of candidate genes implicated in impulsivity may be increased significantly and, therefore, may go far beyond those of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. For a number of years, our group has conducted studies of the association of genes involved in the modulation of the stress-responsive HPA axis and several neurotransmitter systems, all involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders, impulse control and compulsive disorders, with drug addiction. These genes include those of the opioid system: the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) and the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor (OPRL1); the serotonergic system: TPH1 and TPH2 and the serotonin receptor 1B (5THR1B); the catecholamine system: COMT; the HPA axis: themelanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R or adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTHR); and the cannabinoid system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). In this chapter we will focus on these findings.
Assessment and Treatment of Kleptomania
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Odlaug Brian L. , Kim Suck Won
Published: February 2013

Kleptomania, a disabling impulse control disorder, is characterized by repetitive and uncontrollable theft of items that are of little if any use. Kleptomania often goes undiagnosed or is misdiagnosed as a mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or a substance use disorder. Unlike typical shoplifters, individuals with kleptomania steal for symptomatic relief rather than personal gain. Although the etiology of kleptomania is unknown, various biological and psychosocial theories may explain why some individuals develop kleptomania. Although cognitive behavioral therapy has shown early promise in treating kleptomania in case reports, the only controlled data for treatment involve the use of the opioid antagonist naltrexone.
Assessment and Treatment of Pyromania
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Odlaug Brian L.
Published: February 2013

Pyromania, also referred to as pathological fire setting, is a disorder defined by the deliberate and purposeful fire setting that has occurred on more than one occasion and that cannot be attributed to another psychiatric disorder. Although juvenile or adolescent fire-setting behavior or match play is a fairly common occurrence, clinical pyromania is a rare disorder associated with shame and embarrassment, significant psychosocial dysfunction, and legal consequences. Case reports and small controlled clinical trials have reported the successful treatment of fire-setting behavior through both pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic means. Pyromania, however, is a largely misunderstood, unrecognized, and untreated disorder.
Impulse Control Disorders in Medical Settings
Authors: Sullivan Sean G.
Published: February 2013

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) and conditions with impulse control features provide a challenge in terms of identification, treatment, and follow-up when mental health specialists are in short supply. Medical settings, in particular the largest, primary health care, provide an opportunity to address many impulse-affected conditions currently poorly assessed and treated in health care settings. Barriers to intervention for ICDs in primary health care are time constraints; understanding of the etiology, symptoms, and appropriate interventions; the health and social costs; and prioritizing of training in and treatment of conditions perceived as more serious or appropriate to a primary health care service. These barriers may possibly be overcome in primary care settings, and in this chapter, a model to address problem gambling is described.
Impulsivity in Childhood
Authors: Walsh Kelda H. , McDougle Christopher J.
Published: February 2013

This chapter discusses impulse control disorders in children 12 years of age and younger. In this age group, the available research focuses on fire setting/pyromania, trichotillomania, and pathological gambling. Less well studied are kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder, and the impulse control disorder not otherwise specified, pathological skin picking. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, epidemiology, age of onset, risk factors, sociocultural factors, and comorbidity will be reviewed. Psychotherapeutic interventions for the age group will be explored, with particular emphasis on behavioral therapy. The available literature on psychopharmacological treatments, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and opioid antagonists, will also be explored.
Prevention of Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Faregh Neda , Derevensky Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2013

There is currently no unifying model of prevention for all impulse control disorders. As with many other mental health problems, individuals with impulse control disorders frequently share a host of comorbid disorders with common antecedents, symptoms, and risk factors. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of impulse control disorders rests in the adoption of a general mental health prevention framework associated with other psychiatric disorders. Specific programs currently available for the prevention of impulse control disorders are discussed. The adoption of prevention programs targeting multiple and general risk behaviors and the promotion of programs that enhance protective factors leading to resiliency for children and adolescents are advocated. Universal prevention programs designed to enhance self-regulation and promote positive development are presented within a risk protection framework.
The Economics of Religion as a Field of Inquiry
Authors: McCleary Rachel M.
Published: February 2013

The modern study of the economics of religion is grounded in two intellectual strands of thought, each of which appears in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. First, Smith analyzed religious competition and church–state relations as market phenomena. He argued that the absence of state religion allows for competition, thereby creating an environment for a plurality of religious faiths in society. Second, he viewed religious beliefs and activities as rational choices. As in commercial activity, people respond to religious costs and benefits in a predictable, observable manner. People choose a religion (the theory of sects) and the degree to which they participate and believe (if at all). This article seeks to place within a historical perspective the evolution of the economics of religion as a field of inquiry. It focuses on Max Weber and the sociological study of religion, rational choice and market theory, human capital and religion, religious monopoly with or without the state, state regulation and the religion market, and religious pluralism and competition.
Islam and Human Capital Formation
Authors: Chaney Eric
Published: February 2013

Given the rich scientific tradition of the Muslim world, current levels of scientific production in predominantly Muslim countries are surprisingly low. A recent survey of the state of scientific production in Muslim countries found that forty-six predominantly Muslim countries produced 1.17 percent of the world's science literature between 1997 and 2007. The historical record provides evidence that religious diversity and religious tolerance helped constrain Islam's conservative elements for hundreds of years. This article examines the extent to which the behavior of Muslim religious authorities helps explain the evolution of Muslim scientific development in the premodern era. It begins by providing a brief overview of scientific production throughout Islamic history and then examines the role of religion in both the flourishing and stagnation of Muslim science. The conclusion provides suggestions for future research and examines the extent to which the historical evolution of Islam provides lessons for encouraging scientific progress today.
Religion and the Spread of Human Capital and Political Institutions
Authors: Woodberry Robert D.
Published: February 2013

Although often ignored, religion has profoundly shaped political and economic conditions around the world. This claim is suggested by three historical divergences: a divergence between Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim regions of Europe (these differences emerged after the Reformation and began to dissipate only after World War II); a divergence between Protestant and Catholic settler colonies in Oceania and the Americas; and a divergence between the impacts of Protestant and Catholic missionaries on societies throughout the global South prior to Vatican II (which ended in 1965). This article discusses religion and the spread of human capital and political institutions, focusing on Christian missions as a quasi-natural experiment. It argues that both in Europe and in the global South, Protestants shaped human capital development (mass education and mass printing) and institutional development (civil society, colonial rule of law, and market economics)—especially prior to the 1960s. Together, these shaped elites' incentives and thus long-term prospects for economic development and political democracy.
Rethinking the Study of Religious Markets
Authors: Hungerman Daniel M.
Published: February 2013

In the early 1990s, little work was being produced on the economics of religion; today, dozens of papers are being written (and published) on the topic, including articles in the top journals on economics and sociology. This body of work has produced a number of useful findings. Starting with the seminal contribution by Laurence Iannaccone (1992), research has shown that seemingly bizarre religious practices (such as forcing adherents to act in strange ways or sacrifice valuable property) are in fact crucial screening devices; organizations which embrace these “irrational” practices often grow the fastest (at least initially). Work has also shown that religious faith does not wilt in the face of scientific knowledge. This article deals with religious markets, focusing on theories of interreligious competition and congregations' awareness or concern about competition with secular forces vis à vis religious forces. It argues that work on religious competition has focused too narrowly on competition among congregations, and that more work should be done examining religious responses to secular phenomena.