bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic Free‐Flow Paper Electrochromatography for Continuous Separation of Glycans
Authors: Liu Yingchao , Huang Yuanyu , Wu Mengxi , Kong Siyuan , Cao Weiqian , Li Shunxiang , Yan Guoquan , Liu Baohong , Yang Pengyuan , Zhang Quanqing , Qiao Liang , Shen Huali
Published: April 2022

Microfluidic free‐flow electrophoresis (μ‐FFE) is widely used for continuous separation of charged analytes. However, μ‐FFE is limited in the separation of analytes with the same electrophoretic mobility. In this work, we developed a novel microfluidic free‐flow paper electrochromatography (μ‐FFPE) by combining μ‐FFE with filter paper‐based chromatography, enabling continuous separation of analytes through the mechanism of both μ‐FFE and paper chromatography. Numerical simulation was applied to demonstrate the advantages of adding filter paper as the stationary phase of μ‐FFE. With the filter paper, a more stable separation system was achieved. The device was applied to the separation of simple mixtures of dyes and complex mixtures of glycans. With the μ‐FFPE fractionation, much more glycans and glycan types can be identified by LC‐MS, demonstrating the value of the method in biological analysis. The μ‐FFPE can provide a new platform for the separation and analysis of various biological molecules.
Ultrasmall Mo2C Embedded in N‐Doped Holey Carbon for High‐Efficiency Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Huali , Yang Shuaibing , Yang Weiguang , Zhao Chuan , Cao Minna , Cao Rong
Published: April 2022

The Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays an important role in fuel cells, but the synthesis of efficient and low‐cost catalysts remains challenging. We report the synthesis of ultra‐small Mo2C nanoparticles with an average size of 1.5 nm embedded in a N‐doped holey carbon (NHC) matrix by employing self‐assembled macrocycle cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) and melamine as carbon precursors. The interaction between Mo precursors and CB[6] effectively prevented the aggregation of Mo2C NPs during the pyrolysis procedure. Besides, the holey structural carbon has a larger electrocatalytic activity area and improves mass transfer efficiency and charge transfer rate. The NHC features abundant defective sites and thus effective anchoring and electronic regulation for Mo2C nanoparticles. The electrochemical oxygen reduction activity of Mo2C/NHC is comparable to that of noble metal Pt/C benchmark catalyst with an initial potential, half‐wave potential and limiting current density of 0.95 V, 0.84 V and 5.0 mA cm−2, respectively. Mo2C/NHC shows a good long‐term durability during 25 h chronoamperometry.
Combining the advantages of AlexNet convolutional deep neural network optimized with anopheles search algorithm based feature extraction and random forest classifier for COVID‐19 classification
Authors: Akbar Sumaiya Begum , Thanupillai Kalaiselvi , Sundararaj Suganthi
Published: April 2022

In this article, COVID‐19 detection and classification framework based on anopheles search optimized AlexNet convolutional deep neural network for random forest classifier is implemented. Here, the COVID‐19 dataset is taken from Joseph Paul Cohen database. Then, the input images are preprocessed with the help of fuzzy gray level difference histogram equalization technique (FGLHE) and fuzzy stacking technique for color enhancement and noise elimination in the input images. The FGLHE technique and fuzzy stacking technique are combined together and forms into stacked dataset image. This stacked dataset are trained with AlexNet convolutional deep neural network model and the feature packages acquired via the models are processed by the anopheles search algorithm. Subsequently, the efficient features are combined and delivered to random forest (RF) classifier. The proposed approach is implemented in MATLAB. The proposed ADCNN‐ASA‐RFC provides 91.66%, 69.13%, 34.86%, and 70.13% higher accuracy, 79.13%, 60.33%, and 63.34% higher specificity and 77.13%, 58.45%, 25.86%, and 55.33%, higher sensitivity compared with existing algorithms. At last, the simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed system can be able to find the optimal solutions efficiently and accurately with COVID‐19 diagnosis.
RAPSAMS: Robust affinity propagation clustering on static android malware stream
Authors: Katebi Matin , RezaKhani Afshin , Joudaki Saba , Shiri Mohammad Ebrahim
Published: April 2022

This article proposed RAPSAMS, extending affinity propagation (AP) clustering to be robust in malware steaming. We use AP, which has been suggested as an approach for clustering a set of samples that by passing messages in different clusters, represents malware stream clustering. Then, by generating and adding adversarial examples, a method has been proposed to attack this clustering algorithm and try to make a robust algorithm against the proposed attack. Malware clustering has become an active research area in mobile security, in which the knowledge is being exploited in large quantities of the generated malware stream. Different procedures have been used that apply clustering to the malware's static features. This article focuses on selecting the most appropriate examples as centers for Android malware clusters and tries to add some perturbation to fool the clustering algorithm. There are two important challenges in this regard: (i) How to find the best representations for clustering. (ii) How to manage extracted patterns that include important data flow characteristics with different distributions. Malware stream clustering poses many challenges to solve this problem, including dealing with malware that is imported online, being able to process malware quickly and incrementally, dealing appropriately with time constraints, and the way that can manage important features patterns of malware stream. To examine the adaptability of the proposed methods of defense and attack, analyses were performed. The proposed approaches are tested on a couple of malware Android dataset benchmarks, namely, Contagio, Genome, and Drebin. We use permission, API, and intent features of these datasets. The obtained results from false positive rate (FPR) recognize that the amounts of the known algorithm for clustering, AP, increases to more than 50% afterward an offense occurs in a number of instances (like: Genome dataset in permission and intent features). Furthermore, by applying the label flipping attack (LFA) the accuracy measures decrease lower than 85% in all instances. Also, the proposed defense method decreased the FPR value by less than 30%, and the accuracy increased by more than 91%, in all cases. Consequently, the AP clustering will be robust against LFAs.
Mapping breeding bird species richness at management‐relevant resolutions across the United States
Authors: Carroll Kathleen A. , Farwell Laura S. , Pidgeon Anna M. , Razenkova Elena , Gudex‐Cross David , Helmers David P. , Lewińska Katarzyna E. , Elsen Paul R. , Radeloff Volker C.
Published: April 2022

Human activities alter ecosystems everywhere, causing rapid biodiversity loss and biotic homogenization. These losses necessitate coordinated conservation actions guided by biodiversity and species distribution spatial data that cover large areas yet have fine‐enough resolution to be management‐relevant (i.e., ≤5 km). However, most biodiversity products are too coarse for management or are only available for small areas. Furthermore, many maps generated for biodiversity assessment and conservation do not explicitly quantify the inherent tradeoff between resolution and accuracy when predicting biodiversity patterns. Our goals were to generate predictive models of overall breeding bird species richness and species richness of different guilds based on nine functional or life‐history‐based traits across the conterminous United States at three resolutions (0.5, 2.5, and 5 km) and quantify the tradeoff between resolution and accuracy and, hence, relevance for management of the resulting biodiversity maps. We summarized 18 years of North American Breeding Bird Survey data (1992–2019) and modeled species richness using random forests, including 66 predictor variables (describing climate, vegetation, geomorphology, and anthropogenic conditions), 20 of which we newly derived. Among the three spatial resolutions, the percentage variance explained ranged from 27% to 60% (median = 54%; mean = 57%) for overall species richness and 12% to 87% (median = 61%; mean = 58%) for our different guilds. Overall species richness and guild‐specific species richness were best explained at 5‐km resolution using ~24 predictor variables based on percentage variance explained, symmetric mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square error values. However, our 2.5‐km‐resolution maps were almost as accurate and provided more spatially detailed information, which is why we recommend them for most management applications. Our results represent the first consistent, occurrence‐based, and nationwide maps of breeding bird richness with a thorough accuracy assessment that are also spatially detailed enough to inform local management decisions. More broadly, our findings highlight the importance of explicitly considering tradeoffs between resolution and accuracy to create management‐relevant biodiversity products for large areas.
MIDORI2: A collection of quality controlled, preformatted, and regularly updated reference databases for taxonomic assignment of eukaryotic mitochondrial sequences
Authors: Leray Matthieu , Knowlton Nancy , Machida Ryuji J.
Published: April 2022

Analysis of environmental DNA is increasingly used to characterize ecological communities, but the effectiveness of this approach depends on the accuracy of taxonomic reference databases. The MIDORI databases, first released in 2017, were built to improve accuracy for mitochondrial metazoan (animal) sequences. MIDORI has now been significantly improved and renamed MIDORI2 (available at http://www.reference‐midori.info). Like MIDORI, MIDORI2 is built from GenBank and contains curated sequences of thirteen protein‐coding and two ribosomal RNA mitochondrial genes. Coverage has been substantially expanded to cover all eukaryotes, including fungi, green algae and land plants, other multicellular algal groups, and diverse protist lineages. MIDORI2 also now includes not only species with full binomials, but also taxa referred to by genus with species left unspecified (“sp.”). Another new feature is the updating of the databases approximately every two months with version numbers corresponding to each new GenBank release. Additional potentially erroneously annotated sequences have also been removed. Finally, the ability to export data files to BLAST+ has been added to the original ability to export preformatted data to five taxonomic assignment programs, and databases of amino acid sequences are also made available for protein‐coding genes. As a technical validation, we conducted a preliminary comparison of the performance of MIDORI2 with five taxonomic assignment programs. Results suggest that BLAST+ top hits performed better for assigning CO1 sequences than alignment‐free methods based on compositional features. Comparing MIDORI2 with two other commonly used curated databases of mitochondrial sequences, CO‐ARBitrator and BOLD, we show that MIDORI2 includes sequences from a broader range of metazoan and non‐metazoan taxa. Overall, in many contexts, MIDORI2 offers clear advantages: a higher diversity of taxa than other databases, a variety of user‐friendly features, and regular updates. MIDORI2 is particularly well‐suited for environmental DNA studies that target mitochondrial genes with broad primers.
Baseline characteristics of 547 new onset heart failure patients in the PREFERS heart failure study
Authors: Linde Cecilia , Ekström Mattias , Eriksson Maria J. , Maret Eva , Wallén Håkan , Lyngå Patrik , Wedén Ulla , Cabrera Carin , Löfström Ulrika , Stenudd Jenny , Lund Lars H. , Persson Bengt , Persson Hans , Hage Camilla ,   for the Stockholm County/Karolinska Institutet 4D heart failure investigators
Published: April 2022

Aim

We present the baseline characteristics of the PREFERS Stockholm epidemiological study on the natural history and course of new onset heart failure (HF) aiming to improve phenotyping focusing on HF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) pathophysiology.

Methods and results

New onset HF patients diagnosed in hospital or at outpatient HF clinics were included at five Stockholm hospitals 2015–2018 and characterized by N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), biomarkers, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (subset). HFpEF [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%] was compared with HF with mildly reduced LVEF (HFmrEF; LVEF 41–49%) and with HF with reduced LVEF (HFrEF; LVEF ≤ 40%). We included 547 patients whereof HFpEF (n = 137; 25%), HFmrEF (n = 61; 11%), and HFrEF (n = 349; 64%). HFpEF patients were older (76; 70–81 years; median; interquartile range) than HFrEF (67; 58–74; P < 0.001), more often women (49% vs. 30%; P < 0.001), and had significantly higher comorbidity burden. They more often had atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. NT‐proBNP was lower in HFpEF (896; 462–1645 ng/L) than in HFrEF (1160; 563–2370; P = 0.005). In HFpEF, left ventricular (LV) diameters and volumes were smaller (P < 0.001) and septal and posterior wall thickness and relative wall thickness higher (P < 0.001). E/é ≥ 14 was present in 26% of HFpEF vs. 32% of HFrEF (P = 0.017) and left atrial volume index > 34 mL/m2 in 57% vs. 61% (P = 0.040). HFmrEF patients were intermediary between HFpEF and HFrEF for LV mass, LV volumes, and RV volumes but had the highest proportion of left ventricular hypertrophy and the lowest proportion of elevated E/é.

Conclusions

Phenotype data in new onset HF patients recruited in a broad clinical setting showed that 25% had HFpEF, were older, more often women, and had greater comorbidity burden. PREFERS is well suited to further explore biomarker and imaging components of HFpEF pathophysiology and may contribute to the emerging knowledge of HF epidemiology.

Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03671122.
A Cyclopalladated BODIPY Construct as a Fluorescent Probe for Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Çevik Eren Merve , Eren Ahmet , Dartar Suay , Buse Tütüncü Büşra , Emrullahoğlu Mustafa
Published: April 2022

By introducing a palladium ion into the backbone of BODIPY, we devised a cyclopalladated BODIPY construct that was almost non‐emissive in the absence of any analyte but became highly fluorescent upon interacting with carbon monoxide (CO) in solution and in living cells. A process of ortho‐carbonylation and depalladation mediated by the specific binding of CO to palladium, promoted the release of the heavy atom from the fluorophore and consequently generated a fluorescence signal with an exceptionally high (60‐fold) enhancement ratio.
Acid‐Catalyzed Carbene Transfer from Diazo Compounds: Carbocation versus Carbene as Key Intermediate
Authors: Qu Zheng‐Wang , Zhu Hui , Grimme Stefan
Published: April 2022

An efficient mechanism for the acid‐catalyzed formal carbene transfer from diazo compounds to nucleophilic substrates is disclosed by DFT calculations. In sharp contrast to recent proposal via neutral carbene‐like intermediates, the new mechanism involves selective diazo C‐protonation to form catalytic electrophilic carbocations, thus enabling a broad choice of metal‐free acid catalysts and nucleophilic substrates.
Research on discrete element modeling and numerical simulation of cutting rock behavior under impact load
Authors: Zhang Heng , Ni Hongjian , Huang Bin , Liu Shubin , Wang Yong , Liang Hongjun , Guo Xing
Published: April 2022

Combining well‐drilling hammers with polycrystalline diamond compact bits to break rock under cutting load and impact load is an effective way to improve drilling efficiency. Although impact load can enhance the cutting efficiency of the cutter, excessive impact can also cause the cutter to be subjected to additional vibrations, which can decrease its working life. Knowledge of laws governing the changes in the cutting force of the cutter under impact load is essential for the design and selection of well‐drilling hammers. Based on rock scratch tests and finite element rock cutting model, a discrete element modeling (DEM) rock cutting model was established to analyze the rock breaking and cutting force. Then, the material parameters of rock samples were determined, and the simulation parameters were corrected. Finally, a DEM rock cutting model under an impact load was established. The results showed that when there was an obvious difference between the average cutting force and mean peak cutting force, which corresponded to the rock‐breaking transition from ductile to brittle, with introduction of the impact load leading to an earlier transition. The cutting force variance was proportional to the impact amplitude, and the increase in the cutting force variance became more obvious when the static load exceeded the critical transition weight. When the ratio of the impact amplitude to the static load was greater than 50%, the mean and variance of the cutting force increased rapidly. Under the same impact amplitude, the impact frequency had little effect on the average cutting force, but a higher frequency could significantly reduce the variance of the cutting force under a high static load (i.e., it could alleviate the fluctuation of the cutting force). These results provide a reference for the selection of well‐drilling hammers and optimization of the impact load.
Increased Mercury and Reduced Insect Diversity in Linked Stream–Riparian Food Webs Downstream of a Historical Mercury Mine
Authors: Kraus Johanna M. , Holloway JoAnn M. , Pribil Michael J. , McGee Ben N. , Stricker Craig A. , Rutherford Danny L. , Todd Andrew S.
Published: April 2022

Historical mining left a legacy of abandoned mines and waste rock in remote headwaters of major river systems in the western United States. Understanding the influence of these legacy mines on culturally and ecologically important downstream ecosystems is not always straightforward because of elevated natural levels of mineralization in mining-impacted watersheds. To test the ecological effects of historic mining in the headwaters of the upper Salmon River watershed in Idaho (USA), we measured multiple community and chemical endpoints in downstream linked aquatic–terrestrial food webs. Mining inputs impacted downstream food webs through increased mercury accumulation and decreased insect biodiversity. Total mercury (THg) in seston, aquatic insect larvae, adult aquatic insects, riparian spiders, and fish at sites up to 7.6 km downstream of mining was found at much higher concentrations (1.3–11.3-fold) and was isotopically distinct compared with sites immediately upstream of mining inputs. Methylmercury concentrations in bull trout and riparian spiders were sufficiently high (732–918 and 347–1140 ng MeHg g−1 dry wt, respectively) to affect humans, birds, and piscivorous fish. Furthermore, the alpha-diversity of benthic insects was locally depressed by 12%–20% within 4.3–5.7 km downstream from the mine. However, because total insect biomass was not affected by mine inputs, the mass of mercury in benthic insects at a site (i.e., ng Hg m−2) was extremely elevated downstream (10–1778-fold) compared with directly upstream of mining inputs. Downstream adult aquatic insect–mediated fluxes of THg were also high (~16 ng THg m−2 day−1). Abandoned mines can have ecologically important effects on downstream communities, including reduced biodiversity and increased mercury flux to higher order consumers, including fish, birds, and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1696–1710. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Thermodynamics Affecting Glacier-Released 4-Nonylphenol Deposition in Alaska, USA
Authors: Lyons Rebecca , Weatherly Shaun , Waters Jason , Bentley Jim
Published: April 2022

The chemical and physical properties governing movement of 4-nonylphenol through environmental compartments.

Abstract

Glaciers have recently been recognized as a secondary source of organic pollutants. As glacier melt rates increase, downstream ecosystems are at increasing risk of exposure to these pollutants. Nonylphenols (NPs) are well-documented anthropogenic persistent pollutants whose environmental prevalence and ecotoxicity make them of immediate concern to the health of humans and wildlife populations. As glacier melt increases, transport of NPs to downstream environments will also increase. Snow, ice, meltwater, and till for five glaciers in the Chugach National Forest and Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska, USA, were investigated for the presence of 4-nonylphenol (4NP). Average concentrations for snow, ice, meltwater, and glacial till were 0.77 ± .017 µg/L snow water, 0.75 ± .006 µg/L, 0.26 ± .053 µg/L, and 0.016 ± .004 µg/g, respectively. All samples showed the presence of 4NP. Deposition of 4NP downstream from glaciers will depend more on the ionic strength of the water than organic carbon to drive partitioning and deposition. Laboratory studies of partition coefficients showed that ionic strength contributed 59% of the driving force behind partitioning, while organic carbon contributed 36%. Evidence was found for interaction between organic carbon and the aqueous phase. The 4NP Setschenow constants (Ks) were determined for particle types with varying percentages of organic carbon. Values of Ks increased with the percentage of organic carbon. These relationships will shape further studies of 4NP deposition into the environment downstream of glacier outflow. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1623–1636. © The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Virtual reality simulator for pipe umbrella installation works
Authors: Dolsak Wolfgang , Reich Christian
Published: April 2022

The installation of pipe umbrella systems is a complex process that requires well‐trained machine operators and installation crews. Due to project and time constraints, adequate operator training in a safe environment without risk of personnel accidents or machine damage often falls victim to cost cuts. Previously, this shortcoming has been compensated by the deployment of selected expert personnel to respective tunnel projects for a certain period. This practice is, however, limited to availability of expert personnel and associated with high travel costs and significant waiting time on‐site. Virtual reality (VR) simulator‐based trainings have become state‐of‐the‐art in underground construction. They provide enhanced occupational safety by conducting virtual training before commencing works in the tunnel, increased operator performance, and improved installation cycle times. In addition to basic training, the VR simulator can be used for assembly and commissioning, maintenance, as well as refresher trainings and ongoing just‐in‐time support. Around mid‐2019, DSI Underground initiated the development of a realistic and authentic scenario‐based VR simulator for the AT – Pipe Umbrella System. This training tool also includes extensive theory background supported by a series of video modules illustrating best underground work practices. This article illustrates the background and development plan of the VR simulator and the implementation based on use cases.
Dynamic evaluation of the top‐down construction of the Belfiore high‐speed railway station
Authors: Magursi Leonardo , Zurlo Raffaele , Sorbello Rosario
Published: April 2022

The construction phase of underground railway stations executed with top‐down method is often susceptible to a considerable number of interferences. The interference between the excavation of the Florence high‐speed station and tunnels' execution is a critical element of the Florence underpass project, which foresees the simultaneous construction of the two infrastructures. The project's complexities and the interference between the various construction phases have been studied and resolved by developing the entire project in a Building Information Modeling (BIM) environment. In particular, the implemented four‐dimensional (4D) BIM model managed to simulate the possible macrophases and identify an optimal construction solution or, at least, the crucial actions to be taken to ensure the simultaneous construction of the station and tunnels. The 4D BIM model allowed an accurate simulation of the specific critical construction phases by identifying spatial interferences between completed works, temporary structures, and overlapping interventions. Consequently, it was possible to adopt appropriate technical solutions and develop a reliable work plan. In addition, it was possible to verify the potential scenarios of the TBM passage through the excavated station, which allowed to foresee some specific interventions needed to ensure works' continuity. The BIM methodology also allowed to find optimal solutions in a reasonable time, preventing a significant use of resources.
Improving face decisions in tunnelling by machine learning‐based MWD analysis
Authors: Hansen Tom F. , Erharter Georg H. , Marcher Thomas , Liu Zhongqiang , Tørresen Jim
Published: April 2022

In Norwegian drill and blast tunnelling, contracts stipulate collecting Measurement While Drilling (MWD) data from all drillholes. The MWD approach is an objective way of collecting, processing and visualising advance drilling data that have been successfully used in making face decisions for many years in Norwegian tunnelling. MWD data collection consists of equipping drill rigs with sensors recording different drilling parameters, with subsequent near real‐time data processing for access by on‐site personnel and face engineers in decision‐making process. A deficiency in the MWD approach is still the subjective data interpretation necessary to translate visualised data into actual face decisions. Digital scepticism and a lack of digital knowledge are other obstacles in automating the process from data interpretation to decisions. Thus, MWD data are sometimes only used for nice visualisations and as‐built documentation. This study proposes machine learning (ML)‐based methods to characterise the rock mass from sensor data using data from five twin‐tube tunnels in a Norwegian highway project. Results show that the deep learning‐based method – convolutional neural network – is capable of translating complex patterns in MWD data to functional rock mass characterisation, thereby aiding face engineers with data analysis. The study is, to our knowledge, the first known attempt to use deep learning‐based computer vision techniques to interpret MWD data framed as images.
Clinical evaluation versus magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with radicular arm pain—A pragmatic study
Authors: Redebrandt Henrietta N. , Brandt Christian , Hawran Said , Bendix Tom
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Cervical nerve root compression can lead to radiculopathy in the arm. Some studies have reported low accuracy in determining the responsible nerve root in both cervical and lumbar regions. This prospective, observational, pragmatic study aimed to determine the accuracy of the clinical evaluation relative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with arm radiculopathy.

Methods

Patients with neck pain and neck‐related arm pain referred to a spine unit underwent a standard clinical neurological examination and cervical spine MRI. The clinical examination required a judgment of the most likely cervical root involved, including the side. The Interobserver reproducibility was tested. Using MRI, the most likely nerve root involved according to radiology was assessed.

Results

Eighty‐three patients met the inclusion criteria. The Interobserver reproducibility between clinical evaluators was 58%, with a modest κ coefficient (0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18–0.47) classified only as "fair agreement.” Only 31% (95% CI: 22–42) of the 83 patients exhibited full agreement regarding the suspected cervical root as assessed via the clinical evaluation and MRI. In another 28% (95% CI: 18–39), the clinical evaluation identified an adjacent level to that identified on MRI.

Conclusions

In cervical radiculopathy, the clinical‐neurological examination diagnosed the same in 31% or an adjacent cervical root in 28% of the patients in relation to the most affected cervical root on MRI.
Couple stress flow of exponentially stretching sheet with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model
Authors: Abbas Tasawar , Ahmad Bilal , Khan Sami Ullah , Haq Ehsan Ul , Hassan Qazi Mahmood Ul , Wakif Abderrahim
Published: April 2022

This paper deals with the effect of three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow for a couple of stress fluids on an exponentially stretching sheet. The magnetic field is implemented normally to the surface. To observe the transfer of heat phenomenon, the Cattaneo–Christov flux model of heat is employed. Using similarity transformation, the substantial differential equations are reformed into ordinary differential equations. Eventually, the effects of different physical parameters are studied graphically. The drawback in Fourier heat flux model is removed by adding a new paramter known as thermal relaxation time by Cattaneo. This perimeter allows heat transportation by way of propagation of waves thermally at a defined speed. After this, the Cattaneo law is further modified by Christov–Christov to replace the ordinary derivative along Oldroyd's upper‐convective derivative.
Evaluating long‐term One‐Way Atmosphere‐Hydrology simulations and the impacts of Two‐Way coupling in four mountain watersheds
Authors: Rudisill William , Kaiser Kendra E. , Flores Alejandro N.
Published: April 2022

Joint hydrologic‐atmospheric model frameworks offer novel insights into the terrestrial hydrologic cycle and the potential for improved predictive capabilities for stream discharge and other hydrologic fluxes. In this study, we examine both one‐ and two‐way coupled integrations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF v3.8.1) atmospheric and WRF‐Hydro (v5.0) hydrologic models for four 1000–2000 km2 snow‐dominated mountain watersheds (1500–2100 m mean elevation) in Idaho's Rocky Mountains. In watersheds where anthropogenic withdrawals are minimal (3 of 4 watersheds), we simulate stream discharge with high confidence (KGE > 0.63) for a 20 year period in the uncoupled scenarios, and find that WRF winter precipitation accumulations have less than 15% average error for all but two of the fourteen comparison NRCS Snotel sites. However, annual streamflow biases are highly correlated (r2 > 0.8 in some cases) with the annual errors in WRF cold‐season precipitation, suggesting that process representation of winter orographic precipitation limits hydrologic predictability. In the second part of the study, we evaluate the potential for ‘two‐way’ model coupling to influence hydrologic predictability by examining a 2 month case‐study period with active spring season convective precipitation. We quantify the impacts of resolving hillslope‐scale soil water redistribution on the ABL, and find that while resolving overland and saturated subsurface soil moisture flow influences soil moisture distributions and surface energy fluxes, the impact on precipitation is non‐systematic, as precipitation is generally atmospherically controlled during the study period. Consequently, future efforts should focus on improving winter orographic process representation, as streamflow is highly sensitive to errors in these processes.
Hypothesised cutaneous sites of origin of stage III melanomas with unknown primary: A multicentre study
Authors: Clayton Bethan , Muneeb Ferhan , Hughes Maria Celia B. , Grant Megan E. , Khosrotehrani Kiarash , Smithers B. Mark , Spina Romina , Campana Luca G. , Oudit Deemesh , Green Adele C.
Published: April 2022

Based on molecular evidence that melanomas with unknown primary (MUPs) arise from the skin, we hypothesised that sites of MUPs are disproportionately on trunk and lower limbs, sites that are not readily visible to patients and clinicians. We tested this hypothesis by inferring the anatomic site of origin of MUPs from the corresponding known cutaneous sites of melanoma patients with known primary tumours (MKPs). We analysed data from three separate cohorts of patients from Brisbane, Australia (n = 236); Manchester, UK (n = 51) and Padova, Italy (n = 33), respectively, who first presented with stage III melanoma with lymph node metastases. We matched two MKP patients to each MUP patient based on lymph node dissection (LND) site, age and sex, and imputed cutaneous sites of origin of MUPs from their two matched MKPs for study countries, giving two possible sites for each MUP per centre. Overall, results showed that MUP patients were predominantly male, and trunk was the most likely origin, comprising around a third to a half of MUPs across the three cohorts. The remaining MUP inferred sites varied by country. In the Australian cohort, the legs accounted for a third of imputed sites of MUPs, while in the UK and Italian cohorts, the most frequent site was the arms followed by the legs. Our findings suggest the need for regular and thorough skin examination on trunk and limbs, especially in males, to improve early detection of cutaneous melanoma and reduce the risk of metastatic disease at the time of presentation.
Exposure‐Response Model With Time‐Varying Predictors to Estimate the Effects of Veliparib in Combination With Carboplatin/Paclitaxel and as Monotherapy: Veliparib Phase 3 Study in BRCA‐Mutated Advanced Breast Cancer (BROCADE3) Trial
Authors: Stodtmann Sven , Eckert Doerthe , Joshi Rujuta , Nuthalapati Silpa , Ratajczak Christine K. , Menon Rajeev , Mensing Sven , Xiong Hao
Published: April 2022

BRCA‐Mutated Advanced Breast Cancer (BROCADE3) is a phase 3 study, evaluating veliparib in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel with continuation as monotherapy if carboplatin/paclitaxel is discontinued in patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutation‐associated, advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative breast cancer. The objective of the current analysis was to characterize the veliparib exposure‐response relationships for efficacy (progression‐free survival [PFS]) and safety in this study. Exposure‐efficacy analyses of PFS were conducted using Kaplan‐Meier plots and cox proportional hazards (CPH) models using treatment alone or both treatment and exposure as time‐dependent predictors to estimate the effect of veliparib in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel and as monotherapy. The cox proportional hazards model with only treatment as the time‐varying predictor estimated a statistically significant benefit of veliparib monotherapy compared to placebo monotherapy (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95%CI, 0.33‐0.73) and a modest, non–statistically significant benefit (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.62‐1.05) of adding veliparib to carboplatin/paclitaxel. Inclusion of exposure as an additional time‐varying predictor in the cox proportional hazards model indicated a flat exposure‐response relationship between the veliparib exposure and PFS when veliparib was administered in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel or as monotherapy. The exposure‐safety analysis did not reveal any meaningful exposure‐dependent trend in the incidence of adverse events of interest. These analyses support the dose regimen of veliparib (120 mg twice daily) in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel and continuation of veliparib (300‐400 mg twice daily) as monotherapy if carboplatin/paclitaxel were discontinued before disease progression in this patient population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov with a registration ID: NCT02163694.
Developing diagnostic skills from preclinical dental education: Caries detection and assessment using e‐learning assisted practice
Authors: Escobar Alfonso , Rojas‐Gualdrón Diego F. , Velez Luis F. , Santos‐Pinto Lourdes
Published: April 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of developing visual diagnostic skills for detecting and assessing dental caries using e‐learning assisted practice in preclinical dental education.

Methods

A one‐group before and after the study was conducted. After a theoretical lesson on cariology, 53 inexperienced second‐year preclinical students assessed 78 clinical photographs using the Nyvad criteria; they received automated feedback upon completion of the test. After a week, all students reassessed the same set of photographs, which were randomly reordered. Differential diagnostic accuracy was analyzed category‐pairwise, and overall accuracy measures were based on the receiver operator curve. Diagnostic accuracy in both attempts was evaluated and compared through estimation and pooling of individual student accuracies.

Results

Pooled category‐pairwise accuracy was lower for discriminating Sound surface from Non‐cavitated‐active caries, and for discriminating inactive caries (surface discontinuity) from intact surface inactive caries and Cavitated‐active caries. Pooled overall accuracy, after the theoretical lesson, was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–0.81), and it increased to 0.99 (95% CI 0.98–0.99) after feedback. Between‐student variability in accuracy was reduced from I2 = 0.66 to 0.55.

Conclusion

E‐learning assisted practice is a feasible alternative to start developing visual diagnostic skills for detecting and assessing dental caries using the Nyvad criteria from preclinical dental education in cariology. However, further studies are required to evaluate its effectiveness in improving real‐world practice knowledge and skills.
Uncertainties in projections of climate extremes indices in South America via Bayesian inference
Authors: Gouveia Carolina Daniel , Rodrigues Torres Roger , Marengo José Antônio , Avila‐Diaz Alvaro
Published: April 2022

Historical simulations and projections of climate extremes indices of precipitation and temperature were analysed over South America until the end of the 21st century through 31 general circulation models (GCMs) under four Representative Concentration Pathways. Simulations were compared with reanalysis data, and a Bayesian inference method was used to assess the uncertainties involved in the multi‐model climate projections. Regarding the precipitation extremes indices, the GCMs' simulations reasonably approached the reanalysis data, but with heterogeneous biases, both in sign and in the location of the highest values. The temperature extremes indices presented the smallest biases when compared to precipitation. Projections show a gradual growth of precipitation extremes events as the analysed radiative forcing scenario increases, both in magnitude and extent, over a large part of South America. Projections also indicate a decrease in cold days and nights and an increase in warm days and nights, more pronounced in the equatorial region. Bayesian inference method smoothed changes in precipitation extremes events, both in magnitude and extent, compared to the simple GCMs' ensemble mean. There was no considerable variation in the temperature indices when applying the Bayesian inference. Finally, the probability density functions resulted in a predominance of multimodal and wide curves for the precipitation indices, showing great uncertainties in the GCMs' results, differently from those for the temperature indices, where the GCMs presented good agreement represented through unimodal and narrow curves.
Current situation of biogenic amines in Rioja Alavesa red wines: A technical study
Authors: Diez‐Ozaeta Iñaki , Lavilla María , Amárita Félix
Published: April 2022

Background

In Rioja Alavesa, a worldwide recognised wine region, it has been identified a lack of data about the situation of biogenic amines in its wines. Due to the relevance of the topic and the interest of regional wine stakeholders002C it was determined the situation of biogenic amines levels on 70 commercial red wines from Rioja Alavesa region.

Results

The most abundant was putrescine (15.12 ± 8.31 mg/L) followed by histamine (4.60 ± 2.60 mg/L), tyramine (3.19 ± 2.51 mg/L) and cadaverine (2.19 ± 2.25 mg/L), respectively. The absence of significant differences between different types of wines (young, “crianza” and “reserva” wines) indicated that biogenic amines production occurred mainly during fermentation processes and not ageing period.

Conclusion

Although the situation was not considered alarming, it is still necessary to keep working in order to reduce biogenic amines levels to minimum. Any strategy aimed at reducing biogenic amines levels will increase the competitiveness of Rioja Alavesa red wines in global market by giving them added value.
Factors associated with returns of snowy owls to airports following translocation
Authors: McCabe Rebecca A. , Wiebe Karen L. , Therrien Jean‐François , Gauthier Gilles , Smith Norman E. , Weidensaul C. Scott , Brinker David F. , Allard Maxime , Skelling Marilou G. , Molina Pierre , Fuller Mark R. , Bates Kirk K. , Elliott Kyle H.
Published: April 2022

Human‐dominated environments often include ecological traps for wildlife, such as airports that may be perceived as suitable habitat by grassland birds but reduce fitness because of collisions with aircraft. Birds of prey are often attracted to airports where collisions with aircraft (i.e., bird strikes) are usually fatal for the birds and are a significant threat to flight safety. The snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) is known for its nomadism, exhibiting unpredictable and highly variable movements during the nonbreeding season, including being a common visitor to airports, which often have high small‐mammal populations and mimic flat, open habitats used naturally by owls. Since 2009, the Federal Aviation Administration reported an average of 22 snowy owl deaths annually due to aircraft collisions throughout 55 North American airports. To aid in active management of owls at airports, we assessed relocation data of 42 telemetry‐tracked snowy owls from 2000–2020 in the United States and Canada. Owls that returned to the airport after relocation (33%) frequently crisscrossed and perched near runways where they were at risk of strikes. Adult females and immature males were more likely to return than the other sex and age classes, and returns were less likely to occur as the distance between the release site and the airport increased. Owls relocated in open habitats with a greater proportion of wetland and cropland (including grasslands and pasture) land cover classes were also less likely to return. We conclude that inclusion of multiple factors to limit return rates of relocated snowy owls from airport facilities can unspring the ecological trap presented by airports to these owls.
The compound annual growth rate of the fibrosis‐4 index in chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Liu Ta‐Wei , Huang Chung‐Feng , Tsai Pei‐Chien , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Jang Tyng‐Yuan , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long
Published: April 2022

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with low disease activity are at risk of liver fibrosis. The age‐adjusted fibrosis‐4 index (FIB4‐AA), developed in our previous publication, and was implemented to evaluate the tendency of liver fibrosis in these patients. We aimed to investigate the rate of liver fibrosis in CHB patients with low disease activity. Resuming our previous study, the FIB‐4 changes of 244 antiviral treatment‐naïve CHB patients, with a total of 1243.48 person‐years, were reviewed. Among the cohort, patients were categorized as FIB4‐AA positive or negative according to the results of their last FIB4‐AA minus their initial FIB‐4 during at least 18 months of observation time. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of FIB‐4 was calculated for the FIB4‐AA positive and negative groups. The assumed healthy controls had an FIB‐4 CAGR calculated to be 2.34% for both men and women, while the FIB‐4 CAGR of the whole study cohort was 2.84% ± 6.01%. FIB4‐AA positive effectively identifies CHB patients with higher mean FIB‐4 CAGR (7.11% ± 3.88% vs. −2.36% ± 3.52%, p < 0.0001). Overweight CHB patients had 10 times smaller mean FIB‐4 CAGR than lean ones (0.38% ± 10.35% vs. 3.83% ± 8.88%, p = 0.009). An increase in FIB4‐AA over at least 18 months in CHB patients with relatively low disease activity meant they were at greater risk of liver fibrosis, and these patients had a mean FIB‐4 CAGR of 7.11%. The FIB‐4 CAGR was compatible with the findings of previous studies on the collagen proportionate area in viral hepatitis patients.
Antecedents of telecommuting in emerging countries: The role of knowledge complexity
Authors: Dávila Guillermo Antonio , Poleza Mariângela , Varvakis Gregório
Published: April 2022

This research investigated the role of knowledge complexity and the individual, organisational, and technological determinants in telecommuting in an emerging economy. A sample of 452 Brazilian workers was surveyed, and PLS‐SEM was used for analysing the data. The results suggest that knowledge complexity matters, and its joint effect together with task interdependence has a negative impact on telecommuting performance. It was also found that technology‐based communication skills are more important for enhancing both telecommuting performance and satisfaction than the technology itself. Furthermore, it was found that telecommuting outcomes may be affected by demographic variables and the national culture. Identification of the antecedents of telecommuting in emerging countries helps managers to adapt their business models and work arrangements to achieve firm sustainability and respond to a complex socio‐economic landscape generated by the coronavirus crisis.
Toward High‐Quality Laser‐Driven Lightings: Chromaticity‐Tunable Phosphor‐in‐Glass Film with “Phosphor Pattern” Design
Authors: Huang Qiugui , Sui Ping , Huang Feng , Lin Hang , Wang Bo , Lin Shisheng , Wang Pengfei , Xu Ju , Cheng Yao , Wang Yuansheng
Published: April 2022

High‐quality laser‐driven lightings require not only high luminous flux (LF) but also uniform spectral distribution. Herein, the green‐emitting Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+ (LuAG:Ce) and red‐emitting CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ (CASN:Eu) commercial phosphor powders with high‐performance are fabricated into phosphor‐in‐glass film (PiGF) sintered on sapphire plate, and further served as a motor‐driven rotatory “phosphor wheel” to receive pumping of blue laser in a reflective excitation light path. The greatly relieved thermal pressure, benefited from the high‐thermal‐conductivity sapphire substrate and the pulse‐like rotatory excitation mode, efficiently retards the occurrence of luminescence saturation. Remarkably, the photon reabsorption phenomenon in the conventional “phosphor mixture” design is well solved by introducing a smart “phosphor pattern” design, free of causing inhomogeneous angular color distribution at the same time. The constructed LuAG:Ce PiGF‐based lighting source yields high brightness of 2970 lm@21 W mm−2, and the constructed LuAG:Ce PiGF‐CASN:Eu PiGF‐based lighting source yields luminosity‐chromaticity balanced white light with LF higher than 1000 lm and color rendering index of 80–90.
Cross‐Linking of Biobased Monofunctional Furan Epoxy Monomer by Two Steps Process, UV Irradiation and Thermal Treatment
Authors: Pezzana Lorenzo , Melilli Giuseppe , Guigo Nathanael , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas , Sangermano Marco
Published: April 2022

Among the new generation of green polymers, furan monomers are occupying a strategic role to produce both innovative biobased thermoplastic and thermoset. Herein, furfuryl glycidyl ether (FGE) is used as monomer to design two steps cured coating. Linear polymer chains are first produced by means of cationic UV technique. The UV reactivity of FGE is assessed by real‐time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, a thermal treatment is carried out to crosslink the UV‐irradiated linear chains. The formation of cross‐links is proven by means of different techniques. ATR‐FTIR shows the development of new chemical bonds by the appearance of new bands. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis confirms the cross‐link reaction by the presence of exothermic peaks and the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis reveals an increase of the Tg as direct consequence of cross‐links formation. Moreover, the %gel analysis confirms the formation of highly insoluble fraction after the cross‐linking.