bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Best-Practice Recommendations for Producers, Evaluators, and Users of Methodological Literature Reviews
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Ramani Ravi S. , Alabduljader Nawaf
Published: August 2020

We categorized and content-analyzed 168 methodological literature reviews published in 42 management and applied psychology journals. First, our categorization uncovered that the majority of published reviews (i.e., 85.10%) belong in three categories (i.e., critical, narrative, and descriptive reviews), which points to opportunities and promising directions for additional types of methodological literature reviews in the future (e.g., meta-analytic and umbrella reviews). Second, our content analysis uncovered implicit features of published methodological literature reviews. Based on the results of our content analysis, we created a checklist of actionable recommendations regarding 10 components to include to enhance a methodological literature review’s thoroughness, clarity, and ultimately, usefulness. Third, we describe choices and judgment calls in published reviews and provide detailed explications of exemplars that illustrate how those choices and judgment calls can be made explicit. Overall, our article offers recommendations that are useful for three methodological literature review stakeholder groups: producers (i.e., potential authors), evaluators (i.e., journal editors and reviewers), and users (i.e., substantive researchers interested in learning about a particular methodological issue and individuals tasked with training the next generation of scholars).
In vitro efficacy of ganciclovir against feline herpesvirus type 1 and assessment of ocular tolerability in healthy cats
Authors: Lewin Andrew C , Liu Chin-Chi , Alling Christopher , Camacho-Luna Pilar , Miessler Bruna , Carter Renee T
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is a prevalent cause of ocular disease in cats and limited topical options for treatment currently exist. The first objective of this study was to confirm the efficacy of ganciclovir against FHV-1 in vitro. The second objective was to assess the safety and ocular tolerability of topically applied ganciclovir eye gel (GEG) in healthy cats.

Methods

FHV-1 was used to infect tissue culture wells covered in maximally confluent Crandall–Rees feline kidney cells prior to the addition of three molarities of ganciclovir (8.9 µM, 17.8 µM and 89 µM) before being incubated for 48 h. Ganciclovir efficacy in vitro was then assessed using standard plaque reduction assay. Commercially available GEG (0.15%) was applied q8h to one randomly chosen eye of four healthy cats for 7 days. Commercially available lubricating eye gel (LEG) was applied to the opposite eye q8h. Complete blood counts (CBCs), blood chemistry panels (CHEM) and urinalysis (UA) were performed on all cats before and after the study period. Ocular lesions were assessed daily using a standardized scheme.

Results

Ganciclovir led to a significant reduction in FHV-1 plaque number, area and diameter at all tested molarities in vitro. The highest molarity assessed (89 µM) caused a 100% reduction in viral plaque number. There was no significant difference in ocular lesion scores between eyes receiving GEG and LEG. Animals remained healthy throughout the study period with CBC, CHEM and UA showing no clinically significant alterations.

Conclusions and relevance

Based on the in vitro results, ganciclovir appears to be effective against FHV-1 in vitro. When applied q8h as a commercial 0.15% gel to a small group of cats with normal eyes, this medication was well tolerated. Taken together, these data suggest this medication warrants further investigation in cats with ocular disease caused by FHV-1.
Preliminary application of 3D-printed individualised guiding templates for total hip arthroplasty in Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Tu Qiang , Ding Huan-wen , Chen Hu , Shen Jian-jian , Miao Qiu-ju , Liu Bao , Yu Guang-wen , Huang Xian-hua , Zhu Chang-rong , Tang Yong , Xia Hong , Xu Jian-zhong
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D)-printed individualised guiding templates in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Methods:

12 hips in 12 patients with Crowe type IV DDH were treated with THA. A 3D digital model of the pelvis and lower limbs was reconstructed using the computed tomography data of the patients. Preoperative surgical simulations were performed to determine the most suitable surgical planning, including femoral osteotomy and prosthesis placement. Based on the ideal surgical planning, individualised guiding templates were designed by software, manufactured using a 3D printer, and used in acetabulum reconstruction and femoral osteotomy during surgery.

Results:

12 patients were followed up for an average of 72.42 months (range 38–135 months). During surgery, the guiding template for each case was matched to the bony markers of the acetabulum and proximal femur. Preoperative and follow-up Harris Hip Scores were 34.2 ± 3.7 and 85.2 ± 4.2; leg-length discrepancy, 51.5 ± 6.5 mm and 10.2 ± 1.5 mm; and visual analogue scale scores, 6.2 ± 0.8 and 1.3 ± 0.3, respectively, with statistical difference. Shortened deformity and claudication of the affected limb were obviously improved after surgery. However, 1 patient had artificial hip dislocation 2 weeks after surgery, and another patient had sciatic nerve traction injury, both of whom recovered after physical treatment.

Conclusions:

Preoperative surgical simulation and 3D-printed individualised guiding templates can fulfil surgeon-specific requirements for the treatment of Crowe type IV DDH. Accurate THA can be achieved using 3D-printed individualised templates, which provide a new personalised surgical plan for the precise positioning and orientation of acetabular reconstruction and femoral osteotomy.
Simple Methods for Evaluating 4 Types of Biomarkers: Surrogate Endpoint, Prognostic, Predictive, and Cancer Screening
Authors: Baker Stuart G , Kramer Barnett S
Published: August 2020

We review simple methods for evaluating 4 types of biomarkers. First, we discuss the evaluation of surrogate endpoint biomarkers (to shorten a randomized trial) using 2 statistical and 3 biological criteria. Second, we discuss the evaluation of prognostic biomarkers (to predict the risk of disease) by comparing data collection costs with the anticipated net benefit of risk prediction. Third, we discuss the evaluation of predictive markers (to search for a promising subgroup in a randomized trial) using a multivariate subpopulation treatment effect pattern plot involving a risk difference or responders-only benefit function. Fourth, we discuss the evaluation of cancer screening biomarkers (to predict cancer in asymptomatic persons) using methodology to substantially reduce the sample size with stored specimens.
Anti-EGFR Therapy in Metastatic Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Dell’Aquila Emanuela , Zeppola Tea , Stellato Marco , Pantano Francesco , Scartozzi Mario , Madaudo Cristina , Pietrantonio Filippo , Cremolini Chiara , Aprile Giuseppe , Vincenzi Bruno , Moretto Roberto , Puzzoni Marco , Garattini Silvio Ken , Lobefaro Riccardo , Tonini Giuseppe , Santini Daniele
Published: August 2020

Background:

Due to the relative rarity of small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA), prospective trials, helping to guide therapeutic decisions, are lacking and the optimal therapy for advanced SBA is unknown. The role of targeted agents, such as anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is unknown.

Patients and Methods:

This is a retrospective multicenter observational study that included patients with metastatic SBA treated with anti-EGFR antibodies (cetuximab or panitumumab) ± chemotherapy in the first (I) or second (II) line.

Results:

Thirteen patients with metastatic SBA, recruited from 5 Italian referral institutions, were included in the present retrospective analysis. All patients received anti-EGFR inhibitors as a single agent or in association with chemotherapy. More common G2 treatment–related side effects were skin reaction (8 patients, 53.8%), hypomagnesemia (6 patients, 46.2%), and diarrhea (8 patients, 61.5%). Grade 3 diarrhea was observed in only 1 patient. Conjunctivitis was not reported in any patients. Grade 4 toxicity was not reported. In the overall population, median progression-free survival was 5.526 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.684-12.467). Median overall survival was 15.86 months (95% CI: 14.43-24.30). Complete response was observed in 15% of patients, partial response in 39% of patients, stable disease in 23% of patients, and progression disease in 15% of patients.

Conclusions:

In this retrospective analysis, anti-EGFR inhibitors showed to be a suitable addendum to chemotherapy in the I and II line, with an excellent tolerance and safety profile both in I and II line.
Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Dermatology Perspective on Management
Authors: Muntyanu Anastasiya , Netchiporouk Elena , Gerstein William , Gniadecki Robert , Litvinov Ivan V.
Published: August 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have proven to be efficacious for a broad spectrum of solid organ malignancies. These monoclonal antibodies lead to cytotoxic T-cell activation and subsequent elimination of cancer cells. However, they can also lead to immune intolerance and immune-related adverse event (irAEs) that are new and specific to these therapies. Cutaneous irAEs are the most common, arising in up to 34% of patients on PD-1 inhibitors and 43% to 45% on CTLA-4 inhibitors. The most common skin manifestations include maculopapular eruption, pruritus, and vitiligo-like lesions. A grading system has been proposed, which guides management of cutaneous manifestations based on the percent body surface area (BSA) involved. Cutaneous irAEs may prompt clinicians to reduce drug doses, add systemic steroids to the regiment, and/or discontinue lifesaving immunotherapy. Thus, the goal is for early identification and concurrent management to minimize treatment interruptions. We emphasize here that the severity of the reaction should not be graded based on BSA involvement alone, but rather on the nature of the primary cutaneous pathology. For instance, maculopapular eruptions rarely affect <30% BSA and can often be managed conservatively with skin-directed therapies, while Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) affecting even 5% BSA should be managed aggressively and the immunotherapy should be discontinued at once. There is limited literature available on the management of the cutaneous irAEs and most studies present anecdotal evidence. We review the management strategies and provide recommendations for psoriatic, immunobullous, maculopapular, lichenoid, acantholytic eruptions, vitiligo, alopecias, vasculitides, SJS/toxic epidermal necrolysis, and other related skin toxicities.
‘Corona? 5G? or both?’: the dynamics of COVID-19/5G conspiracy theories on Facebook
Authors: Bruns Axel , Harrington Stephen , Hurcombe Edward
Published: August 2020

Focussing in detail on one key component of the infodemic surrounding COVID-19, this article traces the dissemination dynamics of rumours that the pandemic outbreak was somehow related to the rollout of 5G mobile telephony technology in Wuhan and around the world. Drawing on a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods including time-series analysis, network analysis and in-depth close reading, our analysis shows the dissemination of the rumour on Facebook from its obscure origins in pre-existing conspiracist groups through greater uptake in more diverse communities to substantial amplification by celebrities, sports stars and media outlets. The in-depth tracing of COVID-related mis- and disinformation across social networks offers important new insights into the dynamics of online information dissemination and points to opportunities to slow and stop the spread of false information, or at least to combat it more directly with accurate counterinformation.
Mediatisation and datafication in the global COVID-19 pandemic: on the urgency of data literacy
Authors: Nguyen Dennis
Published: August 2020

In the COVID-19 pandemic, societal discourses and social interaction are subject to rapid mediatisation and digitalisation, which accelerate datafication. This indicates urgency for increasing data literacy: individual abilities in understanding and critically assessing datafication and its social implications. Immediate challenges concern misconceptions about the crisis, data misuses, widening (social) divides and (new) data biases. Citizens need to be on guard in respect to the crisis’ impact on the next stages of the digital transformation.
Predictors of training-related improvement in visuomotor performance in patients with multiple sclerosis: A behavioural and MRI study
Authors: Lipp Ilona , Foster Catherine , Stickland Rachael , Sgarlata Eleonora , Tallantyre Emma C , Davidson Alison E , Robertson Neil P , Jones Derek K , Wise Richard G , Tomassini Valentina
Published: August 2020

Background:

The development of tailored recovery-oriented strategies in multiple sclerosis requires early identification of an individual’s potential for functional recovery.

Objective:

To identify predictors of visuomotor performance improvements, a proxy of functional recovery, using a predictive statistical model that combines demographic, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.

Methods:

Right-handed multiple sclerosis patients underwent baseline disability assessment and MRI of the brain structure, function and vascular health. They subsequently undertook 4 weeks of right upper limb visuomotor practice. Changes in performance with practice were our outcome measure. We identified predictors of improvement in a training set of patients using lasso regression; we calculated the best performing model in a validation set and applied this model to a test set.

Results:

Patients improved their visuomotor performance with practice. Younger age, better visuomotor abilities, less severe disease burden and concurrent use of preventive treatments predicted improvements. Neuroimaging localised outcome-relevant sensory motor regions, the microstructure and activity of which correlated with performance improvements.

Conclusion:

Initial characteristics, including age, disease duration, visuo-spatial abilities, hand dexterity, self-evaluated disease impact and the presence of disease-modifying treatments, can predict functional recovery in individual patients, potentially improving their clinical management and stratification in clinical trials. MRI is a correlate of outcome, potentially supporting individual prognosis.
Exploring the lived experience of older Chinese “Shidu” parents who lost their only child: A phenomenology study
Authors: Yu Guilin , Lenny Chiang-Hanisko , Yu Feng , Zheng Yijin , Liu Xiaoliu
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore lived experiences of older “Shidu” parents in China. A qualitative phenomenology study using Colaizzi’s method was employed in a major metropolitan city in China. 8 individuals from 5 families participated in this study. Participants were parents who had lost their only child. 3 participants were male and 5 were female. Four major themes emerged from the data: (1) “Shidu” means excessive grief, and facing spiritual dilemma; (2) “Shidu” often results in withdrawal from society, and social disorder to some extent; (3) Irrational perception on “Shidu” will cause more harmful feelings, like self-blame, guilt, low self-worth; and (4) “Shidu” means loss of support, and worrying about how to manage life after the death of their only child. The findings revealed that the older “Shidu” parents felt a strong desire to express their need for psychosocial support and understanding. These findings are related to the traditional Chinese culture that a child is the center of the family.
Primary-care registered nurse telehealth policy implications
Authors: Watkins Susan , Neubrander Judy
Published: August 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has drastically changed health-care delivery models within primary-care settings. Primary-care providers are limiting routine care face-to-face office visits while triaging COVID-19 symptomatic patients to hospital emergency rooms. Primary-care providers are rapidly adopting telehealth modalities for care provisions during this unprecedented pandemic to allow practices to continue delivering primary care while preventing community spread of COVID-19. Federal legislation has responded to emergent public-health needs by removing barriers that have impeded widespread adoption of telehealth modalities. This legislation has omitted professional registered nurses (RNs) from delivering reimbursable telehealth services, which is problematic for primary-care practice. RNs historically have led telehealth service delivery and should therefore be included in new legislation as eligible health professionals permitted to provide reimbursable telehealth services. RNs improve quality outcomes in primary care within innovative team-based care models and are essential clinicians capable of providing ongoing care coordination and disease management for patients needing to stay on track with their usual care needs.
A comparison between the standard of proof applicable in arbitration and formal adjudication
Authors: Ezurmendia Jesus , Gonzalez Maria de los Angeles
Published: August 2020

This article aims to describe the application of the standard of proof in arbitration and to question whether the standard to be applied should be the same as or lower than in ordinary civil justice as a result of the contractual origin of the dispute. The determination of the applicable standard takes into consideration the equality of arms and other guarantees of due process, along with the fact of the absence of the standard rule in the Arbitration Act 1996. The arbitrator shall establish these aspects at the beginning of the process, considering also the rules of burden of proof.
Progressive damage and failure modeling in composite cylindrical pyramidal lattice structure
Authors: Mohammadi Masoud , Sadeghi Ali
Published: August 2020

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of a carbon fiber composite cylindrical pyramidal lattice structure has been predicted based on initial failure criteria and progressive damage under compressive loading. For this purpose, the three-dimensional Hashin failure criteria with instantaneous and gradual unloading models have been employed by the user subroutine UMAT in ABAQUS/Standard. In the instantaneous and gradual unloading models, progressive damage has been controlled by binary and exponential damage functions, respectively. Besides, to validate finite element models, the results have been compared with the experimental tests. Therefore, a new mold has been designed and manufactured for the experimental test of composite cylindrical pyramidal lattice structures. The new mold allows the use of the maximum inherent strength of the fiber-reinforced composite. The predicted force–displacement curves are in good agreement with the experimental test results. Hence, it is possible to use these FE models in the design of ultra-lightweight structures.
Using gas dynamic models to improve exhaust system design for large-bore, two-stroke engines
Authors: Bajwa Abdullah U , Patterson Mark , Jacobs Timothy J
Published: August 2020

It is vital to have accurate predictions of the gas exchange behavior of an engine in order to reliably study engine performance and emissions using engine simulation models. There are a multitude of factors, both upstream and downstream of the engine cylinder, which influence its gas exchange characteristics. Quite often these influences are interconnected in a non-linear manner that results in complicated feedback loops, which can introduce significant errors in the computed thermodynamic state of the post-breathing cylinder mixture. The effects of such bi-directional movement of pressure pulses are particularly pronounced in two-stroke engines. This study investigates the importance of exhaust system design on the scavenging characteristics of a piston-scavenged, cross-flow, two-stroke engine. A validated one-dimensional predictive model is used to study the effects of changing the exhaust port timing, exhaust system length, and exhaust port efficiency on the breathing performance of the engine, along with the consequent effects on the thermal efficiency and NOx emissions. Exhaust pressure waves and mass flows across ports are used to understand and explain the observed changes. The results show that while making design changes, thermodynamic efficiency considerations can act as a barrier to improving the scavenging efficiency of the engine; in addition, a trade-off between the two has to be considered in the design process to meet engine performance targets. The effects of such a trade-off on the NOx production are analyzed and two exhaust system modifications are discussed.
High-Impact Practices: Evaluating Their Effect on College Completion
Authors: McDaniel Anne , Van Jura Matthew
Published: August 2020

Since the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) introduced high-impact practices (HIPs) in 2007, scholars have argued that students’ involvement in these programs is associated with a range of positive outcomes. Namely, participation in HIPs is thought to promote student retention and help close achievement gaps between historically marginalized populations and advantaged peers. However, few have used a longitudinal approach to determine if HIP participation is related to college completion while accounting for pre-college variables. This study used data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS) to analyze the impact of HIP participation on students’ likelihood of completing college within six years, controlling for socioeconomic status, high school math and reading scores, and high school involvement. Results suggested that students involved in HIPs were more likely to complete college within six years compared to uninvolved peers, but found no evidence of compensatory effects among students who were involved with HIPs.
Food Insecurity and Mortality in American Adults: Results From the NHANES-Linked Mortality Study
Authors: Banerjee Srikanta , Radak Tim , Khubchandani Jagdish , Dunn Patrick
Published: August 2020

Food insecurity is a significant public health problem in the United States leading to substantial social, economic, and health care–related burdens. While studies continue to estimate the prevalence of food insecurity, the long-term outcomes are not extensively explored. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of food insecurity on mortality. We analyzed data on adults (≥ 20 years) from the 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with mortality data obtained through 2015. Among the total study participants (n = 25,247), 17.6% reported food insecurity. Food-insecure individuals were more likely to be younger in age, minorities, poorer, with lesser education, obese, smokers, and with diabetes compared to food-secure counterparts. During a 10.2-year follow-up, among the food insecure, 821 individuals died (11%). The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality among the food insecure compared with the food secure, with adjustment for age and gender only, was 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI: 1.25, 2.01]. The adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality, HR = 1.46, CI [1.23, 1.72], p < .001, and cardiovascular mortality, HR = 1.75, CI [1.19, 2.57], p < .01, were statistically significantly higher among food-insecure individuals, after adjustment for multiple demographic and health risk factors. Individuals who are food-insecure have a significantly higher probability of death from any cause or cardiovascular disease in long-term follow-up. Comprehensive and interdisciplinary approaches to reducing food insecurity–related disparities and health risks should be implemented. Including food insecurity in health risk assessments and addressing food insecurity as a determinant of long-term outcomes may contribute to lower premature death rates.
The Ethics of Emergent Health Technologies: Implications of the 21st Century Cures Act for Nursing
Authors: Martin Margaret
Published: August 2020

The 21st Century Cures Act, passed in December 2016 by the United States Congress, is a public law aimed at accelerating the time it takes to get pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices into the market, in addition to shifting connected review processes from randomized controlled trials to real-world efficacy tests. As of December 2019, efforts are underway to introduce a “Cures Act 2.0” bill, with particular attention to the implementation of digital health within health systems. Research on the development of emergent health technologies is nascent; research examining health technology implications of 21st Century Cures Act for the health care workforce is nonexistent. This article fills a crucial gap in public awareness, discussing ethical implications of the 21st Century Cures Act and centering nursing. Nursing is a profession frequently acknowledged as practicing on “the front lines of care” and frequently responsible for the trialing of products in clinical settings. The article summarizes and evaluates key components of the 21st Century Cures Act related to health technology development. Discrete health technologies addressed are (a) breakthrough devices, (b) digital health software, and (c) combination products. It then connects these provisions to ethical considerations for nursing practice, research, and policy. The article concludes by discussing the relevance of emerging digital health technologies to the crafting of a “Cures 2.0” bill, with particular attention to this moment in light of digital care precedents set during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hybrid Endovascular Treatment of Dysphagia Lusoria: Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Sigdel Abindra , Wayne Erik J. , Dwivedi Amit J.
Published: August 2020

Dysphagia Lusoria is a condition when aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) causes esophageal compression. We report 2 cases of Dysphagia Lusoria treated by hybrid endovascular technique which included subclavian to carotid transposition and embolization of origin of ARSA. By using this technique, we avoided the need for thoracotomy. Both patients had complete symptom relief without any surgery related complication.
Thermo-mechanical characterization of a bio-composite mortar reinforced with date palm fiber
Authors: Benaniba Samir , Driss Zied , Djendel Mokhtar , Raouache Elhadj , Boubaaya Rabah
Published: August 2020

Due to respect for the environment and the search for more sustainable materials, scientists have started in recent decades to launch studies on bio-composite materials. It is well known that building materials are among the most commonly used materials and have an obvious negative impact on the environment. The development of environmentally friendly composites as insulating materials in buildings offers practical solutions to reduce energy consumption. Therefore, this work presents the use of a new bio-composite material composed of natural fibers, date palm fibers, cement, and sand. In addition, the study on the effect of adding date palm fibers on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of mortars assesses the thermal insulation properties as well as the water absorption and mechanical performance of this new bio-composite material to use it in the construction of buildings. The percentage by weight of date palm fiber in the test samples varied from 0% to 30% for a fiber size of length equal to 7 mm. The characteristics of these samples were determined experimentally in terms of resistance to bending and compression as well as thermal conductivity. The results show that while increasing the weight of date palm fiber, an obviously reduction in thermal conductivity, flexural, and compressive strength of the composite is observed. Hence, date palm fiber has a positive effect on the thermo-mechanical properties of the composite material. Therefore, it considerably improves the insulating capacity of the mortar.
Challenges and strategies in managing small schools: A case study in Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Mansor Azlin Norhaini , Hamid Aida Hanim A , Medina Nitce Isa , Vikaraman Sharmini Siva , Abdul Wahab Jamalul Lail , Mohd Nor Mohamed Yusoff , Alias Bity Salwana
Published: August 2020

This research examined leadership practices in the unique context of primary schools with smaller levels of enrolment, specifically small schools in Malaysia. These are schools with an enrolment of up to 150 students that are primarily located in rural areas. This study explored the challenges encountered by experienced head teachers of such schools and, more importantly, identified the strategies head teachers employed to overcome these challenges. This was achieved through a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with experienced head teachers from five small schools. The findings demonstrate that all five schools faced similar challenges: financial constraints, a dilapidated infrastructure, lack of human resources, and competence-related issues among teachers. All respondents overcame these challenges with creativity and passion. They found alternative methods with which to generate school funds, adopted the role of learner leaders by developing their information and communication technology skills, and served as role models for instructional leadership. The findings will enable policymakers and school leaders, particularly those involved in small schools, to provide quality education for every child. Nevertheless, further studies involving a greater number of respondents are needed to understand the complex challenges involved in managing small schools and the optimal ways of overcoming these.
A typology of prisoner compliance with the Incentives and Earned Privileges scheme: Theorising the neoliberal self and staff–prisoner relationships
Authors: Khan Zarek
Published: August 2020

This article is based on interview data ( N = 16) collected in a medium security men’s English prison (HMP Wandsworth). It begins with an introduction of the Incentives and Earned Privileges scheme and outlines the amendments to Incentives and Earned Privileges that have transformed prisoners’ requirements for progression during their sentence. As the article demonstrates, the policy alteration increases the need for prisoners to be visibly compliant by staff in order to advance through the scheme; it is no longer sufficient to be invisibly compliant. To this end, I present a typology of visibility that illustrates prisoner compliance and outcomes to the Incentives and Earned Privileges scheme. The article situates the revisions made to Incentives and Earned Privileges against the backdrop of neoliberal informed penal politics. The article concludes by summarising the key theoretical and practical implications of the study.
The effect of digital sensory loss on hand dexterity
Authors: Luukinen Patrick , Leppänen Olli V. , Jokihaara Jarkko
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine how loss of sensation affect hand dexterity. In this study, digital nerve block anaesthesia was performed in different stages of timing for thumb, index and middle fingers of 12 volunteers. The Moberg pick-up test was conducted in the assessment of hand dexterity. Grip and pinch forces were also measured. Loss of thumb sensation had the greatest effect on dexterity, increasing average timing by at least 10.5 seconds (range 3.4 to 32.4). Loss of sensation to the index and middle fingers has a lesser impact, but decreased hand grip and chuck pinch forces (grip –25% or –33%, chuck pinch –31% or –32% depending on the timing of injections). We concluded that loss of thumb sensation has the greatest impact on hand dexterity. Index and middle finger sensory loss had less of an impact on hand dexterity but decreased grip and chuck pinch forces.

Level of evidence: IV
Pro-equity legislation, health policy and utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services by vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Mac-Seing Muriel , Zinszer Kate , Oga Omenka Charity , de Beaudrap Pierre , Mehrabi Fereshteh , Zarowsky Christina
Published: August 2020

Twenty-five years ago, the International Conference on Population and Development highlighted the need to address sexual and reproductive health (SRH) rights on a global scale. The sub-Saharan Africa region continues to have the highest levels of maternal mortality and HIV, primarily affecting the most vulnerable populations. Recognising the critical role of policy in understanding population health, we conducted a systematic review of original primary research which examined the relationships between equity-focused legislation and policy and the utilisation of SRH services by vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched nine bibliographic databases for relevant articles published between 1994 and 2019. Thirty-two studies, conducted in 14 sub-Saharan African countries, met the inclusion criteria. They focused on maternal health service utilisation, either through specific fee reduction/removal policies, or through healthcare reforms and insurance schemes to increase SRH service utilisation. Findings across most of the studies showed that health-related legislation and policy promoted an increase in service utilisation, over time, especially for antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and facility-based delivery. However, social health inequalities persisted among subgroups of women. Neither the reviewed studies nor the policies specifically addressed youth, people living with HIV and people with disabilities. In the era of the sustainable development goals, addressing health inequities in the context of social determinants of health becomes unavoidable. Systematic and rigorous quantitative and qualitative research, including longitudinal policy evaluation, is required to understand the complex relationships between policy addressing upstream social determinants of health and health service utilisation.
Chemical Compositions and In Vitro Antiphytopathogenic Fungi Activities of the Leaf and Cones Essential Oils of Cunninghamia lanceolata From Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Kuang-Ping , Su Yu-Chang , Ho Chen-Lung
Published: August 2020

In this study, antiphytopathogenic fungi activities of the leaf and cones essential oils and its constituents from Cunninghamia lanceolata were evaluated in vitro against 6 plant pathogenic fungi. The main compounds responsible for the antiphytopathogenic fungi activities were isolated and identified. The essential oil from the fresh leaves and cones of C. lanceolata was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. The leaf oil consisted primarily of ferruginol (10%), τ-cadinol (8.2%), and α-cadinol (6.6%); the cones oil’s main constituents were abietadiene (42.5%), abietatriene (13.1%), and α-pinene (9.6%). Comparing the antiphytopathogenic fungi activities of the oils suggested that leaf oil was the most effective one. Further fractionation of the leaf oil produced ferruginol, τ-cadinol, and α-cadinol. The 3 compounds exhibited very strong antiphytopathogenic fungi activities. For the antiphytopathogenic fungi activities of the leaf oil, the active source compounds were determined to be ferruginol, τ-cadinol, and α-cadinol.
Outcomes in Treatment of Rhinosinusitis in the Setting of Medication Induced Immunosuppression
Authors: Alapati Rahul , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H. , Patel Zara M.
Published: August 2020

Background

There is no data currently available to direct nuanced treatment for recurrent acute and chronic rhinosinusitis (RARS, CRS) in patients on daily, long term medications that suppress the immune system.

Objective

This study sought to evaluate the outcomes of different treatment pathways when treating immunosuppressed patients with chronic rhinosinusitis or recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients on immune suppressing medication presenting to a tertiary care center with RARS or CRS between the years 2014–2019 was completed. Patients were categorized into three groups based on treatment: medical management alone (MM), surgery after medical management (SAMM), or upfront surgery (US). Lund-Kennedy scores (LKS) and SNOT-22 scores were evaluated at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months from presentation.

Results

68 patients met inclusion criteria, with no difference in demographics between groups. Patients who were treated with US and SAMM had significantly higher baseline LKS than those who were treated with MM alone (p = 0.050, p = 0.039). Once this difference was controlled for, there was no significant difference in overall change of LKS between the three groups over time. There was no significant disparity in baseline SNOT-22 scores between the three groups, but patients who underwent US had a significantly higher improvement in SNOT-22 from baseline compared to those undergoing MM alone (p = 0.013).

Conclusion

Patients experiencing chronic rhinosinusitis and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis who are taking immunosuppressive medication can significantly improve from both medical and surgical management, but upfront surgical management appears to result in greater disease resolution relative to medical management in those with CRS. More study is needed in the RARS patient population regarding upfront surgery versus medical management.
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as a repurposed agent against COVID-19: a narrative review
Authors: Acharya Yogesh , Sayed Abida
Published: August 2020

The predicament arising from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become one of the most significant modern public health challenges. Despite uncertainties in the viral determinants and pathogenesis, it is crucial to accurately inspect all available evidence to construct accurate clinical guidelines for optimised patient care. This study aims to discuss the available evidence for the use of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against COVID-19. Early in vitro studies of CQ/HCQ against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are convincing. But contradictory evidence exists on the clinical use of CQ/HCQ, either alone or in combination with azithromycin. As of now, there is no compelling clinical evidence on CQ, HCQ, and azithromycin in COVID-19 and the available evidence is limited to methodologically inferior non-randomised studies. Studies have also shown detrimental drug reactions to CQ and ‘HCQ plus azithromycin’, mainly cardiac side effects in hospitalised patients with coexisting cardiovascular comorbidities. Therefore, we recommend that physicians avoid high doses and exercise extreme caution in the compassionate use of CQ/HCQ, either alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs.
Posterior Sagging After Cephalomedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Femur Fracture is Associated with a Separation of the Greater Trochanter
Authors: Kim Keong-Hwan , Kang Michael Seungcheol , Lim Eic Ju , Park Mi Lan , Kim Jung Jae
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

Cephalomedullary nailing presents several biomechanical benefits for treatment of intertrochanteric fractures, but posterior sagging (PS) of the proximal fragment occurs postoperatively in some patients despite intraoperative achievement of an adequate reduction. We investigated the risk factors for PS in those patients, with specific attention to posterior split fragment involving the greater trochanter (GT separation) as a possible significant risk factor.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 50 (12 males, 38 females) patients ≥50 years old at diagnosis of an intertrochanteric fracture after low-energy trauma who underwent cephalomedullary nailing between April 2015 and February 2017 and were not lost to follow-up within 12 months postoperatively.

Results:

Thirteen (26%) patients experienced PS postoperatively. Average time to bone union was significantly longer in the PS (9.5 months) than in the non-PS (4.8 months) groups ( P = .002). Three patients in the PS group experienced nonunion compared to none in the non-PS group ( P = .015). Significant difference was found in postoperative level of ambulatory ability (Koval score) and deterioration of the score after the injury between 2 groups (4.2 vs 2.8, P = .043 and 2.5 vs 0.8, P = .005). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, GT separation ( P = .010) was a significant risk factor for PS.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The presence of GT separation in cases of intertrochanteric fractures seems to weaken posterior stability in the proximal fragment, thus showing poor clinical outcomes.
Significance of Lumbar MRI in Diagnosis of Sacral Insufficiency Fracture
Authors: Graul Isabel , Vogt Sophia , Strube Patrick , Hölzl Alexander
Published: August 2020

Study Design:

Retrospective observational study.

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnostic algorithm of sacral insufficiency fractures (SIF). The primary objective was to compare the sensitivity in fracture detection and correct fracture classification according to MRI and computed tomography (CT). The secondary objective was to identify differences of additional pathologies found in MRI of the lumbar spine and the pelvis and their rates.

Methods:

A total of 943 patients (from 2010 to 2017) with fracture of the pelvic ring were screened. All patients without high-energy trauma and radiologic diagnostics consisting of X-ray, CT, and MRI of the pelvis or the lumbar spine including the sacrum were included. Differences in fracture detection and description in the various radiologic procedures were evaluated. Detection rates of additional pathologies in MRI of the pelvis and lumbar spine were recorded.

Results:

A total of 77 subjects were included. The sensitivities for SIF were 14% in X-ray and 88% in CT, and all fractures were detected in MRI. MRI showed a more complex fracture pattern compared with CT in 65% of the cases. Additional pathologies were seen in MRI of the lumbar spine (51%) and that of the pelvis (18%).

Conclusions:

We suggest performing MRI of the lumbar spine including the sacrum with coronal STIR (short tau inversion recovery) sequence for elderly patients with suddenly increasing low back pain at an early stage. This procedure might improve fracture detection, classification, and recognition of concomitant pathologies.
Challenges in BCOM: Student and Faculty Perceptions on English as an Additional Language
Authors: McGann Susie , Evans Norman W. , McMurry Benjamin L. , Sandholtz Kurt
Published: August 2020

Business remains a popular major for international students in the United States. Little is known, however, about how these students fare in business communication (BCOM) classes. This qualitative study evaluates the challenges and needs of English as an additional language (EAL) students in BCOM courses at a private university in the United States. We surveyed and interviewed 15 BCOM instructors and 30 students previously enrolled in BCOM. Results reveal faculty are aware of some, but not all, of the linguistic, cultural, emotional, time, and accommodation challenges EAL students face. We discuss suggestions for accommodating EAL students’ unique needs in BCOM courses.
Strengthening (Re)integration from Child Sexual Exploitation: Children and Young People’s Recommendations
Authors: Bhattacharjee Lopa , Veitch Helen J.
Published: August 2020

This article explores care leavers’ views and recommendations for practitioners and policymakers on the transition from leaving care to living independently in the community.

Seven young adults fully reintegrated through programmes in Kathmandu, Nepal, co-produced action research with 21 of their peers (aged 16–26 years). This article outlines how children and young people affected by child sexual exploitation experience community reintegration, and their views on the key issues, reintegration services need to consider.

Findings explored boys’ and girls’ experiences of stigma and discrimination by community members and revolved around social and cultural norms and narratives on masculinity and femininity that denied their victimhood. This article focuses on the theme of independence as it appears to reflect a changing context for reintegration practitioners in South Asia.

Children and young people had not been reintegrated in their family; instead, they were living independently—a situation that can be described as ‘integration’ (with an urban community) rather than ‘reintegration’ (with their family of origin). Research participants’ exploration of ‘independence’ reflected this context and was defined as emotional or financial independence.

The research appears to identify an adaptation to reintegration services to enable a smoother transition for care leavers. Most models of reintegration assume that children will ‘reintegrate’ with their families of origin. This research found that children sexually exploited in Kathmandu chose to ‘integrate’ into a new community to overcome isolation, exclusion and non-acceptance by their families and communities of origin and, in so doing, experienced emotional and financial independence. In this context, successful integration requires the provision of activities for parents that explain indicators of trauma so that they can appropriately support their children. In addition, support for care leavers targeted on psychosocial wellbeing, life-skills and income generation enables young people to live independently from their families and be ‘integrated’ into an urban community.
Intensity, infrastructure, aquatectonics
Authors: Carruthers Andrew M
Published: August 2020

This article uses the Belt and Road Initiative to theorize the relation between intensity and infrastructure. It makes two theoretical claims. First, intensive flows simultaneously reveal and give rise to infrastructural formations. Second, infrastructural formations functionally re-channel the intensities that reveal or give rise to them in the first place. The article introduces the notion of aquatectonics to explore the confluence between intensive flows and infrastructural formations in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. It argues that an account of this flows–formations nexus is necessary for understanding China’s infrastructural aspirations, while enabling broader, potentially planetary considerations of the ‘old’ intensive roots of putatively ‘new’ infrastructural formations.
Navigating Sino-Thai ‘rocky’ bilateral ties: The geopolitics of riverine trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Authors: Lin Shaun , Grundy-Warr Carl
Published: August 2020

The revived plan to dynamite rapids and rocky islets in Chiang Rai province of Thailand as part of an Upper Mekong navigation improvement scheme allowing bigger tonnage Chinese cargo ships to pass more smoothly all the way to Luang Prabang in Laos has been folded into the wider visions of BRI. These rework and invert a geopolitical imaginary that has imperial origins in the Lower Mekong, when the French sought to navigate upstream from Indochina during 19th century explorations. Our paper examines the rock-blasting plans and shifting responses from and relations between Laos and Thailand in light of past and contemporary geopolitical narratives.