bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐invasive detection and quantification of human foetal brain lactate in utero by magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Charles‐Edwards Geoffrey D. , Jan Wajanat , To Meekai , Maxwell Darryl , Keevil Stephen F. , Robinson Richard
Published: January 2010

Objective

To assess the feasibility of foetal cerebral lactate detection and quantification by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) in pregnancies at increased risk of cerebral hypoxia, using a clinical 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system.

Method

Localised 1H‐MRS was performed in four patients with pregnancies in their third trimester complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). A long echo time (TE) of 288 ms was used to maximise detection and conspicuity of the lactate methyl resonance, together with a short TE MRS acquisition to check for the presence of lipid contamination. Individual peaks in the resulting spectra were measured, corrected for relaxation and referenced to the unsuppressed water signal to provide metabolite concentrations.

Results

A resonance peak consistent with the presence of lactate was observed in all cases. In one subject, this was confounded by the identification of significant lipid contamination in the short TE MRS acquisition. The range of measured lactate concentrations was 2.0–3.3 mmol/kg and compared well with preterm neonatal MRS studies.

Conclusion

The non‐invasive detection and quantification of foetal cerebral lactate by MRS is achievable on a clinical 1.5 T MRI system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the risk of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease starting lisinopril
Authors: Johnson Eric S , Weinstein Jessica R , Thorp Micah L , Platt Robert W , Petrik Amanda F , Yang Xiuhai , Anderson Sharon , Smith David H
Published: January 2010

Purpose

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) because they slow disease progression. But physicians' concerns about the risk of hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium level), a potentially fatal adverse effect, may limit optimal management with ACE‐inhibitors. We synthesized known predictors of hyperkalemia into a prognostic risk score to predict the risk of hyperkalemia.

Methods

We assembled a retrospective cohort of adult patients with possible CKD (at least one estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) who started an ACE‐inhibitor (i.e., incident users) between 1998 and 2006 at a health maintenance organization. We followed patients for hyperkalemia: (1) potassium value >5.5 mmol/L; or (2) diagnosis code for hyperkalemia. Cox regression synthesized a priori predictors recorded in the electronic medical record into a risk score.

Results

We followed 5171 patients and 145 experienced hyperkalemia, a 90‐day risk of 2.8%. Predictors included: age, eGFR, diabetes, heart failure, potassium supplements, potassium‐sparing diuretics, and a high dose for the ACE‐inhibitor (lisinopril). The risk score separated high‐risk patients (top quintile, observed risk of 6.9%) from low‐risk patients (bottom quintile, observed risk of 0.7%). Predicted and observed risks agreed within 1% for each quintile. The risk increased gradually in relation to declining eGFR with no apparent threshold for contraindicating ACE‐inhibitors.

Conclusions

The risk score separated high‐risk patients (who may need more intensive laboratory monitoring) from low‐risk patients. The risk score should be validated in other populations before it is ready for use in clinical practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptoms in lung cancer patients and their family caregivers and the influence of family environment
Authors: Siminoff Laura A. , Wilson‐Genderson Maureen , Baker Sherman
Published: January 2010

Objective: This study investigated depressive symptomatology in lung cancer patients and their identified caregiver.

 Methods: We conducted semi‐structured interviews and administered measures of family environment, depressive symptomatology, and the extent to which the caregiver blamed the cancer on the patient not having taken better care of him/herself to 190 patient–caregiver dyads. Multivariate two‐level models were used to estimate the unique effects for each dyad member and cross‐partner effects while controlling for interdependencies in the data.

 Results: More than half the patients (55%) were male, whereas 74% of caregivers were female. The majority (57.4%) were spouses, followed by offspring, and other family or friends. The baseline model with covariates showed that younger caregivers, spouse caregivers, and caregivers who blamed the patient for the cancer had higher depressive symptom scores. When examining the unique effect for each dyad member, with the exception of patient report of familial conflict, patient and caregiver reports of lower familial cohesion and expressiveness and higher conflict were associated with higher depression scores for patient and caregiver, respectively. When examining cross‐partner effects, patient reports of lower cohesion, lower expressiveness, and greater conflict were associated with higher caregiver depression scores. Offspring caregivers reported less depression than non‐offspring caregivers.

 Conclusion: The family environment and blaming the patient during times of illness can affect both patient and caregiver depression. Findings suggest that quality of the family dynamic is important for patients, but may be particularly influential for caregivers. Future research should aid clinicians' assessment of family environment when making treatment plans. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small‐angle scattering for structural biology—Expanding the frontier while avoiding the pitfalls
Authors: Jacques David A. , Trewhella Jill
Published: January 2010

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the use of small‐angle scattering for the study of biological macromolecules in solution. The drive for more complete structural characterization of proteins and their interactions, coupled with the increasing availability of instrumentation and easy‐to‐use software for data analysis and interpretation, is expanding the utility of the technique beyond the domain of the biophysicist and into the realm of the protein scientist. However, the absence of publication standards and the ease with which 3D models can be calculated against the inherently 1D scattering data means that an understanding of sample quality, data quality, and modeling assumptions is essential to have confidence in the results. This review is intended to provide a road map through the small‐angle scattering experiment, while also providing a set of guidelines for the critical evaluation of scattering data. Examples of current best practice are given that also demonstrate the power of the technique to advance our understanding of protein structure and function.
Evaluating the sustainability impacts of packaging: the plastic carry bag dilemma
Authors: Lewis Helen , Verghese Karli , Fitzpatrick Leanne
Published: January 2010

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used by practitioners and policy‐makers to help them understand the sustainability impacts of packaging. LCA is useful because it quantifies the impact of a product throughout its life cycle, from raw materials extraction through to disposal or recovery. However, it can only ever be one input to decisions about the design or procurement of packaging. LCA has limitations as a tool to measure environmental impact and it does not currently evaluate social or financial impact. This paper provides a critical review of the role of LCA in evaluating packaging sustainability. It does this by evaluating the results of LCA studies that compare different types of carry bags and their implications for policy and practice. The benefits and limitations of this type of analysis are discussed. The case study of plastic carry bags demonstrates that while a scientific understanding of life cycle impacts is essential to support informed decision‐making, a broader sustainability analysis is required to ensure that all relevant issues are considered. These include the functionality of alternative bags, their relative cost, convenience for consumers and retailers, and the availability of reuse and recovery systems. An alternative approach, which evaluates packaging design within a broader sustainability framework, is presented and discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A self‐consistent scattering model for cirrus. I: The solar region
Authors: Baran Anthony. J. , Labonnote L.‐C.
Published: January 2010

In this paper a self‐consistent scattering model for cirrus is presented. The model consists of an ensemble of ice crystals where the smallest ice crystal is represented by a single hexagonal ice column. As the overall ice crystal size increases, the ice crystals become progressively more complex by arbitrarily attaching other hexagonal elements until a chain‐like ice crystal is formed, this representing the largest ice crystal in the ensemble. The ensemble consists of six ice crystal members whose aspect ratios (ratios of the major‐to‐minor axes of the circumscribed ellipse) are allowed to vary between unity and 1.84 for the smallest and largest ice crystal, respectively. The ensemble model's prediction of parameters fundamental to solar radiative transfer through cirrus such as ice water content and the volume extinction coefficient is tested using in situ based data obtained from the midlatitudes and Tropics. It is found that the ensemble model is able to generally predict the ice water content and extinction measurements within a factor of two. Moreover, the ensemble model's prediction of cirrus spherical albedo and polarized reflection are tested against a space‐based instrument using one day of global measurements. The space‐based instrument is able to sample the scattering phase function between the scattering angles of approximately 60° and 180° , and a total of 37 581 satellite pixels were used in the present analysis covering latitude bands between 43.75°S and 76.58°N. It is found that the ensemble model phase function is well able to minimize significantly differences between satellite‐based measurements of spherical albedo and the ensemble model's prediction of spherical albedo. The satellite‐based measurements of polarized reflection are found to be reasonably described by more simple members of the ensemble. The ensemble model presented in this paper should find wide applicability to the remote sensing of cirrus as well as more fundamental solar radiative transfer calculations through cirrus, and improved solar optical properties for climate and Numerical Weather Prediction models. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Tropical cyclogenesis sensitivity to environmental parameters in radiative–convective equilibrium
Authors: Nolan David S. , Rappin Eric D. , Emanuel Kerry A.
Published: January 2010

In this study, the relationship between the likelihood of tropical cyclogenesis and external environmental forcings is explored in the simplest idealized modelling framework possible: radiative‐convective equilibrium on a doubly periodic f‐plane. In such an environment, control of the equilibrium environmental sounding is reduced to three parameters: the sea‐surface temperature, the Coriolis parameter, and the imposed background surface wind speed. Cloud‐resolving mesoscale model simulations are used to generate environments of radiative‐convective equilibrium determined by these three factors. The favourability of these environments for tropical cyclogenesis is measured in three ways: in terms of the maximum potential intensity (MPI) of the sounding, based on the thermodynamic theory of Emanuel; in terms of the ‘genesis potential’ determined by an empirical genesis parameter; and in terms of the propensity of weak initial vortices in these environments to form into tropical cyclones.

The simulated environments of radiative—convective equilibrium with no vertical wind shear are found to be very favourable for tropical cyclogenesis. Weak initial vortices always transition to a tropical cyclone, even for rather low sea‐surface temperatures. However, the time required for these vortices to make the transition from a weak, mid‐level vortex to a rapidly developing tropical cyclone decreases as the MPI increases, indicating the importance of MPI in enhancing the frequency of cyclogenesis. The relationship between this ‘time to genesis’ and the thermodynamic parameters is explored. The time to genesis is found to be very highly (negatively) correlated to MPI, with little or no relationship to convective instability, Coriolis parameter, mid‐level humidity, or the empirical genesis parameter.

In some cases, tropical cyclones are found to form spontaneously from random convection. This formation is due to a cooperative interaction between large‐scale moisture, long‐wave radiation, and locally enhanced sea‐surface fluxes, similar to the ‘aggregation’ of convection found in previous studies. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Scandinavian pattern and its climatic impact
Authors: Bueh Cholaw , Nakamura Hisashi
Published: January 2010

Maintenance mechanisms of the Scandinavian teleconnection pattern and its possible impact on the Eurasian climate are investigated on the basis of long‐term monthly data. Its upstream portion over the North Atlantic is forced and maintained by feedback forcing from transient eddies migrating along the nearby storm track, with an additional contribution from incoming Rossby wave activity from further upstream. The primary anomaly centre over the Scandinavian Peninsula and the downstream portion of the pattern manifest themselves basically as Rossby waves propagating towards central Siberia and east Asia, under the modest feedback forcing from transient eddies. The pattern shows apparent seasonality in its dynamical properties, including the wave‐train orientation and wavelength, under the seasonally varying transient‐eddy feedback forcing and waveguide structure for Rossby waves. In cold seasons, the positive phase of the pattern causes cold‐air accumulation over a vast area extending from western Siberia to the regions around Lake Baikal and Lake Balkhash, while giving rise to decreased precipitation over northeastern Europe, western Siberia and some of the Arctic coastal regions. The pattern also changes the North Atlantic sea surface temperature differently between autumn and winter. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Selection of IASI channels for use in numerical weather prediction
Authors: Collard A. D.
Published: January 2010

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is an infrared Fourier‐transform spectrometer that has been flying on the MetOp satellite series since October 2006. It measures the radiance emitted from the Earth in 8461 channels, covering the spectral interval 645–2760 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1 (apodized). The high volume of data resulting from IASI presents many challenges, particularly in the areas of data transmission, storage and assimilation.

The simplest methods for reducing the data volume are spatial sampling and channel selection. In this paper, the issue of channel selection is discussed, and a selection of 300 channels suitable for transmission to numerical‐weather‐prediction centres is examined; the primary aim is the improvement of the temperature, humidity, ozone and carbon‐dioxide state vectors. The channel‐selection method takes account of redundancy, the effects of interfering species, and robustness against the choice of assumed background‐error covariance and atmospheric state. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of ground‐based GPS precipitable water vapour to independent observations and NWP model reanalyses over Africa
Authors: Bock O. , Bouin M.‐N. , Walpersdorf A. , Lafore J. P. , Janicot S. , Guichard F. , Agusti‐Panareda A.
Published: January 2010

This study aims at assessing the consistency between different precipitable water vapour (PWV) datasets over Africa (between 35°N and 10°S). This region is characterized by large spatial and temporal variability of humidity but also by the scarcity of its operational observing network, limiting our knowledge of the hydrological cycle. We intercompare data from observing techniques such as ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS), radiosondes, AERONET sun photometers and SSM/I, as well as reanalyses from European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ERA‐40) and National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP2). The GPS data, especially, are a new source of PWV observation in this region. PWV estimates from nine ground‐based GPS receivers of the international GPS network data are used as a reference dataset to which the others are compared. Good agreement is found between observational techniques, though dry biases of 12–14% are evidenced in radiosonde data at three sites. Reasonable agreement is found between the observational datasets and ERA‐40 (NCEP2) reanalyses with maximum bias ⩽9% (14%) and standard deviation ⩽17% (20%). Since GPS data were not assimilated in the ERA‐40 and NCEP2 reanalyses, they allow for a fully independent validation of the reanalyses. They highlight limitations in the reanalyses, especially at time‐scales from sub‐daily to periods of a few days. This work also demonstrates the high potential of GPS PWV estimates over Africa for the analysis of the hydrological cycle, at time‐scales ranging between sub‐diurnal to seasonal. Such observations can help studying atmospheric processes targeted by the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis project. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The low‐level katabatic jet height versus Monin–Obukhov height
Authors: Grisogono B. , Kraljević L. , Jeričević A.
Published: January 2010

In this short note we discuss a long‐standing problem in modelling the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over complex terrain: namely, an excessive use of the Monin–Obukhov length scale LMO. This issue becomes increasingly relevant with the ever‐increasing resolution of numerical weather‐prediction and climate models, which typically use LMO in one way or another for parametrizing the surface layer, or at least for formulating the lower boundary conditions. Hence, inevitably, the models under‐represent a significant part of the mesoscale flow variability.

We focus here on the stable ABL over land: in particular, sloped cooled flows. However, a qualitatively similar reasoning applies to the corresponding unstable ABL. We show that for sufficiently stratified flows over moderately sloped surfaces, Monin–Obukhov scaling is inadequate for describing the basic ABL dynamics, which is often governed by katabatic and drainage flows. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The relation between airflow and orographic precipitation on the southern side of the Alps as revealed by weather radar
Authors: Panziera L. , Germann U.
Published: January 2010

The relative importance of various environmental parameters in determining orographic precipitation patterns in the Lago Maggiore region in the southern part of the European Alps is investigated. We examine 58 long‐lasting and widespread orographic precipitation events corresponding in total to 106 days of rainfall. The mesoscale winds are estimated by means of Doppler velocity radar measurements; air‐mass stability is computed from both radiosoundings and pairs of ground stations located at different heights. High‐quality radar‐derived rain rates at the ground are used to characterize the precipitation field.

The mesoscale flows are estimated within the layers with a mean wind velocity that correlates best with rainfall in the mountains; these layers are located around 1 km above sea level (asl) upstream of the Alps and around 3 km above the first alpine peaks. Upstream wind velocity has the largest impact on the intensity and frequency of precipitation in the mountains, while the direction of the wind determines the spatial distribution of precipitation. Unstable conditions cause more precipitation over the mountains compared with stable cases; however, differences in air‐mass stability have a minor impact on the precipitation intensity compared with wind speed and direction. The intensity of the flow also dominates rainfall patterns in different Froude number airflows.

This study builds the scientific framework necessary to develop a heuristic system for nowcasting orographic precipitation in the Alpine region by exploiting the presence of orographic forcing. The latter is shown to give repeatability to the rainfall patterns typically observed in the region with particular environmental conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Contribution of computer‐assisted surgery in total wrist prosthesis: a comparative preliminary study of eight cases
Authors: Facca Sybille , Gherissi Anes , Liverneaux Philippe A.
Published: January 2010

Background

The outcome of total wrist prostheses is disappointing due to complications, mainly loosening or absence of osseointegration. The main reason is poor placement. The aim of this study was to examine whether computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) was advantageous in wrist prosthesis implantation.

Methods

Our study group comprised eight patients. Group I was operated on with CAS and Group II without. In both groups, we used the RE‐MOTION PGT® prosthesis. In Group I, we used a navigation system to navigate the guide pin and K‐wire of the radial component. The evaluation consisted of measuring the operating time, intra‐operative stability and mobility and orientation of the prosthetic components on X‐rays.

Results

The operating time was increased by 34 min with CAS. Intra‐operative mobility in the two groups was comparable. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the position of prosthetic components, except for the lateral view of the radial component.

Conclusions

Our results show that CAS could improve placement of total wrist prostheses. All that is left to be done is to convince industrialists to invest in navigation systems dedicated to small joints. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generality of abundance‐environment relationships in microhabitats: A comment on Lancaster and Downes (2009)
Authors: Lamouroux N. , Mérigoux S. , Capra H. , Dolédec S. , Jowett I. G. , Statzner B.
Published: January 2010

We comment on a criticism of hydraulic preference models and instream habitat models. We provide evidence of the generality of many hydraulic preference models, which supports their use in instream habitat modelling even if the detailed mechanistic causes of the observed preferences are not fully known. We also reply to the assertion that preference models are not based on sound ecological theory. We identify unbalanced use of available knowledge and point out limitations relating to too detailed biological focusses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chain‐like Copper Molybdate [Cu(dien)]2[MoO4]2·H2O
Authors: Alam Nure , Feldmann Claus
Published: January 2010

[Cu(dien)]2[MoO4]2·H2O is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O and Cu(NO3)2·4H2O in the presence of diethylenetriamine. According to single‐crystal structure analysis, the compound crystallizes monoclinic (C2/c; a = 12.623(3); b = 7.813(2); c = 20.850(4) Å; β = 105.5(1) °; Z = 4) and is composed of (Cu(N)3O3) octahedra and (MoO4) tetrahedra that are interlinked to form infinite {}^1_\infty[{Cu(dien)O1/2O2/3}){(MoO2/1O1/2O1/3)}]2 chains. Between these chains one molecule of water per formula unit is incorporated through hydrogen bonding. FT‐IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetry confirm the composition and purity of the title compound.
Cluster Complexes with the Novel Heterometallic Cluster Core {Mo5NbI8}: Synthesis, Excision Reactions, and Crystal Structures
Authors: Artemkina Sofia B. , Naumov Nikolay G. , Kondrakov Konstantin N. , Virovets Alexander V. , Kozlova Svetlana G. , Fedorov Vladimir E.
Published: January 2010

A series of new heterometallic niobium–molybdenum iodido complexes were synthesized from a polymeric precursor by cluster excision technique: [Mo5NbI8(H2O)3(OH)3]·2H2O, trigonal space groupR\bar{3}c(No. 167),a= 9.6859(2),b= 9.6859(2),c= 43.6282(14) Å,Z= 6,V= 3544.69(20) Å3, K3[Mo5NbI8(OH)6]·11H2O, triclinic space groupP\bar{1}(No. 2),a= 9.5522(10),b= 12.2871(14),c= 16.0484(14) Å,α= 90.141(3),β= 91.409(3),γ= 107.798(3) °,V= 1792.8(3) Å3,Z= 4, K[Mo5NbI8(H2O)2Cl4], orthorhombic space groupCmca(No. 64),a= 9.3906(4),b= 16.7816(10),c= 16.0314(9) Å,Z= 4,V= 2526.4(2) Å3, (Pr4N)3[Mo5NbI8(CN)6], cubic space groupIm\bar{3}m(No. 229),a= 14.96850(10) Å,Z= 2,V= 3353.78(4) Å3. Syntheses, X‐ray crystal structures, and electronic structures of the new compounds are discussed in this article.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Two New Metal Diphosphonates with a 3D Pillared Layered Structure
Authors: Zhang Na , Huang Cui‐Ying , Sun Zhen‐Gang , Zhang Jing , Liu Lei , Lu Xin , Wang Wei‐Nan , Tong Fei
Published: January 2010

Two new metal diphosphonates with a 3D pillared layered framework, [Zn2L]·2H2O (1) and [Sb(HL)(H2O)]·H2O (2) (H4L = H2O3PCH2NC4H8NCH2PO3H2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and thermogravimetric analyses. For compound 1, each ZnO3N tetrahedron is in turn corner‐sharing through three CPO3 tetrahedra from three different phosphonate ligands to form two‐dimensional inorganic layers in the ab plane. In compound 2, the inorganic puckered layers are composed of pseudo‐octahedral bipyramidal SbO5 and CPO3 tetrahedra in the bc plane. The overall structure of both compounds may be described in terms of alternating inorganic infinite layers and organic pillars{–CH2N(C2H4)2NCH2–} to form a 3D pillared layered structure.
A New Chair‐shaped Conformation Containing HgHgOHgHgO: Synthesis and Structure of Hg4(L2)2(NO3)4 (L2 = morpholin‐4‐ylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyleneamine)
Authors: Dehghanpour Saeed , Taleghani Somayeh
Published: January 2010

. The complex Hg4(L2)2(NO3)4 (1) (L2 = morpholin‐4‐ylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyleneamine) has been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 1 was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure of 1 contains four mercury atoms, four nitrate anions (two terminal and two bridge ones) and two L2 ligand molecules. A chair shape, six‐membered ring is formed with the sequence OHgHgOHgHg built from Hg–Hg dumbbells and oxygen atoms from the nitrate co‐ligands. In the crystal structure, the asymmetric unit of the compound is built up by one‐half of the molecule. It contains the Hg22+ moiety with a mercury–mercury bonded core, in which one diimine ligand is coordinated to one of the mercury atoms. The nitrate anions act as anisobidentate and bidentate ligands.
Decolonization of orthopedic surgical team S. aureus carriers: impact on surgical-site infections
Authors: Portigliatti Barbos M. , Mognetti Barbara , Pecoraro S. , Picco W. , Veglio V.
Published: January 2010

Background

Orthopedic surgical-site infection (SSI), mostly due to S. aureus, is recognized as a major adverse event. This research aims to verify the usefulness of surgical team decolonization in order to reduce the risk of surgical-site infection.

Materials and methods

We performed swabs of both nares and oropharynx to identify S. aureus carriers among orthopedic team members who consented to cooperate with the study. Carriers were treated with local application of mupirocin ointment.

Results

Retrospective study of 1,000 consecutive patients operated before surgical team decolonization showed 6‰ SSIs. Of the 300 cases considered after decolonization, none developed SSI.

Conclusions

Though we are aware that more data need to be collected, this work might be relevant for the introduction of a new preventive protocol.
A Note on Stochastic Ordering of the Latent Trait Using the Sum of Polytomous Item Scores
Authors: van der Ark L. Andries , Bergsma Wicher P.
Published: January 2010

In contrast to dichotomous item response theory (IRT) models, most well-known polytomous IRT models do not imply stochastic ordering of the latent trait by the total test score (SOL). This has been thought to make the ordering of respondents on the latent trait using the total test score questionable and throws doubt on the justifiability of using nonparametric polytomous IRT models for ordinal measurement. We show that a broad class of polytomous IRT models has a weaker form of SOL, denoted weak SOL, and argue that weak SOL justifies ordering respondents on the latent trait using the total test score and, therefore, the use of nonparametric polytomous IRT models for ordinal measurement.
Dynamin‐1 co‐associates with native mouse brain BKCa channels: Proteomics analysis of synaptic protein complexes
Authors: Gorini Giorgio , Ponomareva Olga , Shores Kevin S. , Person Maria D. , Harris R. Adron , Mayfield R. Dayne
Published: January 2010

MINT‐7543476: Vamp‐2 (uniprotkb:P63044) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Syntaxin‐7 (uniprotkb:O70439), Neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6‐a (uniprotkb:P35802), Syntaxin‐1B (uniprotkb:P61264), Beta‐soluble NSF attachment protein (uniprotkb:P28663), Guanine nucleotide‐binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta‐3 (uniprotkb:Q61011), Guanine nucleotide‐binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta‐1 (uniprotkb:P62874), Guanine nucleotide‐binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (uniprotkb:P18872), V‐type proton ATPase subunit d 1 (uniprotkb:P51863), Zinc transporter 3 (uniprotkb:P97441), Sodium/potassium‐transporting ATPase subunit alpha‐2 (uniprotkb:Q6PIE5), Sodium/potassium‐transporting ATPase subunit alpha‐3 (uniprotkb:Q6PIC6), Sodium/potassium‐transporting ATPase subunit alpha‐1 (uniprotkb:Q8VDN2), Potassium‐transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 (uniprotkb:Q64436), Synaptophysin (uniprotkb:Q62277), Syntaxin‐1A (uniprotkb:O35526) and Dynamin‐1 (uniprotkb:P39053) by anti bait co‐immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
African Polyphony and Polyrhythm
Authors: Arom Simha , Ligeti Gyorgy
Published: January 2010

In this detailed study Simha Arom takes a new and original approach to the understanding of the complex and sophisticated patterns of polyphony and polyrhythm that characterise African music. Considering in particular the harp, sanza, xylophone and percussion music of Central Africa, Simha Arom develops a rigorous method for the analysis of the music and for the recording and deciphering of the many strands of polyphony and polyrhythm. Through a systematic breakdown of the many layers of apparently improvised rhythm he reveals the essential structure which underlies this rich and complex music. Inspired also by linguistic techniques, Professor Arom regards the music very much as a grammatical system.
Crystallization of Polymers
Authors: Mandelkern Leo
Published: January 2010

First published in 2002, from an original 1964 edition, in the Crystallization of Polymers, 2nd edition Leo Mandelkern provides a self-contained treatment of polymer crystallization. All classes of macromolecules are included and the approach is through the basic disciplines of chemistry and physics. The book discusses the thermodynamics and physical properties that accompany the morphological and structural changes that occur when a collection of molecules of very high molecular weight are transformed from one state to another. Volume 1 is a presentation of the equilibrium concepts that serve as a basis for the subsequent volumes. In this volume the author shows that knowledge of the equilibrium requirements is vital to understanding all aspects of the polymer crystallization process, and the final state that eventually evolves. This book will be an invaluable reference work for all chemists, physicists and materials scientists who work in the area of polymer crystallization.
Enterprise and Technology
Authors: Wengenroth Ulrich
Published: January 2010

This is a detailed account of the British and German steel industries' performances during three decades that were marked by radical changes in technology, in sources of raw materials and in product markets. Relying on governmental and corporate archives as well as on the contemporary trade literature, Professor Wengenroth has drawn a meticulous picture of how managements in the two countries met strategic problems raised by these changes. The author does not however, merely trace technological developments; rather he uses them as a backdrop for a contribution to the long-running debate on Britain's relative industrial decline in the late nineteenth century. Was this the result of massive entrepreneurial failure or was it merely the by-product of evolutionary changes that bestowed automatic competitive advantage on latecomers such as the Germans? The author argues a detailed case for the latter scenario and, in doing so, makes a major contribution to the debate on the 'Great Depression'.
A History of Pianoforte Pedalling
Authors: Rowland David
Published: January 2010

David Rowland traces the history of piano pedalling from its beginnings in the eighteenth century to its first maturity in the middle of the nineteenth century and beyond. Pedalling technique was a major feature of nineteenth-century piano performance and, coupled with new developments in piano structure, inspired many composers to write innovative works for the literature. Rowland examines this through the technique and music of composer-pianists such as Beethoven, Liszt, and Chopin. In addition, he follows the transition from harpsichord and clavichord to piano and outlines the physical properties of the various stops, levers, and pedals available at the different stages of the instrument's development. The book also includes an appendix of translated extracts from three well-known piano-pedalling tutors. It will be of interest to students and scholars of music history and performance practice, as well as to pianists.
Equivalence, Invariants and Symmetry
Authors: Olver Peter J.
Published: January 2010

Drawing on a wide range of mathematical disciplines, including geometry, analysis, applied mathematics and algebra, this book presents an innovative synthesis of methods used to study problems of equivalence and symmetry which arise in a variety of mathematical fields and physical applications. Systematic and constructive methods for solving equivalence problems and calculating symmetries are developed and applied to a wide variety of mathematical systems, including differential equations, variational problems, manifolds, Riemannian metrics, polynomials and differential operators. Particular emphasis is given to the construction and classification of invariants, and to the reductions of complicated objects to simple canonical forms. This book will be a valuable resource for students and researchers in geometry, analysis, algebra, mathematical physics and other related fields.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Marx Dominik , Hutter Jürg
Published: January 2010

Ab initio molecular dynamics revolutionized the field of realistic computer simulation of complex molecular systems and processes, including chemical reactions, by unifying molecular dynamics and electronic structure theory. This book provides the first coherent presentation of this rapidly growing field, covering a vast range of methods and their applications, from basic theory to advanced methods. This fascinating text for graduate students and researchers contains systematic derivations of various ab initio molecular dynamics techniques to enable readers to understand and assess the merits and drawbacks of commonly used methods. It also discusses the special features of the widely used Car–Parrinello approach, correcting various misconceptions currently found in research literature. The book contains pseudo-code and program layout for typical plane wave electronic structure codes, allowing newcomers to the field to understand commonly used program packages and enabling developers to improve and add new features in their code.
Democratic Phoenix
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: January 2010

Conventional wisdom suggests that citizens in many countries have become disengaged from the traditional channels of political participation. Commentators highlight warning signs including sagging electoral turnout, rising anti-party sentiment, and the decay of civic organizations. But are these concerns justified? This book, first published in 2002, compares systematic evidence for electoral turnout, party membership, and civic activism in countries around the world and suggests good reasons to question assumptions of decline. Not only is the obituary for older forms of political activism premature, but new forms of civic engagement may have emerged in modern societies to supplement traditional modes. The process of societal modernization and rising levels of human capital are primarily responsible, although participation is also explained by the structure of the state, the role of agencies, and social inequalities.
Hong Kong: The Road to 1997
Authors: Buckley Roger
Published: January 2010

Roger Buckley's book will be essential reading for all those interested in the remarkable history of Hong Kong since 1945 and in its unpredictable future after 1997. In a highly accessible and comprehensive account, the author considers how an obscure British colony on the South China coast emerged from wartime occupation under Imperial Japan to transform itself into an increasingly autonomous and prosperous city-state. He demonstrates how this transformation can only be understood within the context of the extraordinary political, economic, and social changes which have taken place within the territory since 1945. In conclusion, the author looks into the future of Hong Kong after its handover to China, and predicts how its resilient and resourceful people will face the challenges of the post-1997 era.
Freud and the Legacy of Moses
Authors: Bernstein Richard J.
Published: January 2010

Freud's last book, Moses and Monotheism, was published in 1939 during one of the darkest periods in Jewish history. This difficult book has frequently been vilified and dismissed because Freud claims that Moses was not a Hebrew but an Egyptian, and that the Jews murdered Moses in the wilderness. Richard Bernstein argues that a close reading of Moses and Monotheism reveals an underlying powerful coherence in which Freud seeks to specify the distinctive character and contribution of the Jewish people. It is this character that has enabled the Jewish people to survive despite persecution and virulent anti-Semitism, and Freud proudly identifies himself with it. In his analysis of Freud's often misunderstood last work, Bernstein goes on to shows how Freud expands and deepens our understanding of a religious tradition by revealing its unconscious dynamics.
God, Locke, and Equality
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: January 2010

This is a concise and profound book from one of the world's leading political and legal philosophers about a major theme, equality, and the proposition that humans are all one another's equals. Jeremy Waldron explores the implications of this fundamental tenet for law, politics, society and economy in the company of John Locke, whose work Waldron regards 'as well-worked-out a theory of basic equality as we have in the canon of political philosophy'. Throughout the text, which is based on the Carlyle Lectures given in Oxford in 1999, Jeremy Waldron discusses contemporary approaches to equality and rival interpretations of Locke, and this dual agenda gives the whole an unusual degree of accessibility and intellectual excitement, of interest to philosophers, political theorists, lawyers and theologians around the world.
Language and Society in Japan
Authors: Gottlieb Nanette
Published: January 2010

Language and Society in Japan deals with issues important to an understanding of language in Japan today, among them multilingualism, language and nationalism, and literacy and reading habits. It is organised around the theme of language and identity, in particular how language is used to construct national, international and personal identities. Contrary to popular stereotypes, Japanese is far from the only language used in Japan, and does not function in a vacuum, but comes with its own particular cultural implications. Language has played an important role in Japan's cultural and foreign policies, and language issues are intimately connected both with technological advance and with minority group experiences. Nanette Gottlieb is a leading authority in this field. This 2005 book builds on and develops her previous work, and promises to be essential reading for students, scholars, and all those wishing to understand the role played by language in Japanese society.
Hodge Theory and Complex Algebraic Geometry I
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: January 2010

The first of two volumes offering a modern introduction to Kaehlerian geometry and Hodge structure. The book starts with basic material on complex variables, complex manifolds, holomorphic vector bundles, sheaves and cohomology theory, the latter being treated in a more theoretical way than is usual in geometry. The author then proves the Kaehler identities, which leads to the hard Lefschetz theorem and the Hodge index theorem. The book culminates with the Hodge decomposition theorem. The meanings of these results are investigated in several directions. Completely self-contained, the book is ideal for students, while its content gives an account of Hodge theory and complex algebraic geometry as has been developed by P. Griffiths and his school, by P. Deligne, and by S. Bloch. The text is complemented by exercises which provide useful results in complex algebraic geometry.
Hunting Causes and Using Them
Authors: Cartwright Nancy
Published: January 2010

Hunting Causes and Using Them argues that causation is not one thing, as commonly assumed, but many. There is a huge variety of causal relations, each with different characterizing features, different methods for discovery and different uses to which it can be put. In this collection of new and previously published essays, Nancy Cartwright provides a critical survey of philosophical and economic literature on causality, with a special focus on the currently fashionable Bayes-nets and invariance methods – and it exposes a huge gap in that literature. Almost every account treats either exclusively how to hunt causes or how to use them. But where is the bridge between? It's no good knowing how to warrant a causal claim if we don't know what we can do with that claim once we have it. This book will interest philosophers, economists and social scientists.
The Future Governance of Citizenship
Authors: Kostakopoulou Dora
Published: January 2010

In much of the citizenship literature it is often considered, if not simply assumed, that citizenship is integral to the character of a self-determining community and that this process, by definition, involves the exclusion of resident 'foreigners'. Dora Kostakopoulou calls this assumption into question, arguing that 'aliens' are by definition outside the bounds of the community by virtue of a circular reasoning which takes for granted the existence of bounded national communities, and that this process of collective self-definition is deeply political and historically dated. Although national citizenship has enjoyed a privileged position in both theory and practice, its remarkable elasticity has reached its limit, thereby making it more important to find an alternative model. Kostakopoulou develops a new institutional framework for anational citizenship, which can be grafted onto the existing state system, defends it against objections and proposes institutional reform based on an innovative approach to citizenship.
An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography
Authors: Woolfson Michael M.
Published: January 2010

A textbook for the advanced undergraduate or graduate student beginning a serious study of X-ray crystallography. It will be of interest both to those intending to become professional crystallographers and to those physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, metallurgists and others who will use it as a tool in their research. All major aspects of crystallography are covered - the geometry of crystals and their symmetry, theoretical and practical aspects of diffracting X-rays by crystals and how the data may be analysed to find the symmetry of the crystal and its structure. Recent advances are fully covered, including the synchrotron as a source of X-rays, methods of solving structures from power data and the full range of techniques for solving structures from single-crystal data. A suite of computer programs is provided for carrying out many operations of data-processing and solving crystal structures - including by direct methods. While these are limited to two dimensions they fully illustrate the characteristics of three-dimensional work. These programs are required for many of the examples given at the end of each chapter but may also be used to create new examples by which students can test themselves or each other.
An Introduction to Neuroendocrinology
Authors: Brown Richard
Published: January 2010

This book is designed as an introductory text in neuroendocrinology; the study of the interaction between the brain and endocrine system and the influence of this on behaviour. The endocrine glands, pituitary gland and hypothalamus and their interactions and hormones are discussed. The action of steroid and thyroid hormone receptors and the regulation of target cell response to hormones is examined. The function of neuropeptides is discussed with respect to the neuroendocrine system and behaviour. The neuroimmune system and lymphokines are described and the interaction between the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems discussed. Finally, methods for studying hormonal influences on behaviour are outlined. Each chapter has review and essay questions designed for advanced students and honours or graduate students with a background in neuroscience, respectively.
The Cement of Society
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: January 2010

The question Jon Elster addresses in this challenging book is what binds societies together and prevents them from disintegrating into chaos and war. He analyses two concepts of social order: stable, predictable patterns of behaviour, and co-operative behaviour. The book examines various aspects of collective action and bargaining from the perspective of rational-choice theory and the theory of social norms. It is a fundamental assumption of the book that social norms provide an important kind of motivation for action that is irreducible to rationality. The book represents a major statement by Elster, which will be of particular interest to political scientists, political philosophers, sociologists, and economists.
Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game Theory
Authors: Border Kim C.
Published: January 2010

One of the problems in economics that economists have devoted a considerable amount of attention in prevalent years has been to ensure consistency in the models they employ. Assuming markets to be generally in some state of equilibrium, it is asked under what circumstances such equilibrium is possible. The fundamental mathematical tools used to address this concern are fixed point theorems: the conditions under which sets of assumptions have a solution. This book gives the reader access to the mathematical techniques involved and goes on to apply fixed point theorems to proving the existence of equilibria for economics and for co-operative and noncooperative games. Special emphasis is given to economics and games in cases where the preferences of agents may not be transitive. The author presents topical proofs of old results in order to further clarify the results. He also proposes fresh results, notably in the last chapter, that refer to the core of a game without transitivity. This book will be useful as a text or reference work for mathematical economists and graduate and advanced undergraduate students.