bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early life: anaerobic prokaryotes
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 9 we have given an account of the early crust of Earth, of its sea and of its atmosphere. We have also described there the development of these physically separate zones up to the present day. In Chapter 10 we described the essential features of all living systems, in general terms of cellular content and activity.
The coming of dioxygen: unicellular organisms
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da
Published: November 2023

The changes in living organisms. especially multicellular organisms, since the strong build up of dioxygen from about 10% of the present atmospheric level, somewhere between a billion and seven hundred million years ago, were relatively rapid (Figs 13.1 and 13.2).
Multidimensional Continued Fractions
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

The book gives an up to date overview of various aspects of multidimensional continued fractions, which are here defined through iteration of piecewise fractional linear maps. This includes the algorithms of Jacobi-Perron, Güting, Brun, and Selmer but it also includes continued fractions on simplices which are related to interval exchange maps or the Parry-Daniels map. New classes of subtractive algorithms are also included and the metric properties of these algorithms can be therefore investigated by methods of ergodic theory. The recent connection between multiplicative ergodic theory and Diophantine approximation presented, as well as several results on convergence and Perron's approach to periodicity, which has never appeared in book despite being published in 1907. Further chapters include the basic properties of continued fractions in the complex plane, connections with Hausdorff dimension and the Kuzmin theory for multidimensional maps.
Introduction
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

The status of chemistry in society is a profound, dichotomy of perceptions, and neither of these perceptions are in consistent agreement with the facts. While those engaged in the science and industry of chemistry hail the accomplishments that have come from the central science, there are a large number of people who view chemicals and chemistry as something to be afraid of, curtailed, and avoided wherever possible. Neither of these perspectives can possibly capture the full vision of chemistry because it encompasses the characterization, interaction, and manipulation of all matter. The true nature of chemistry, therefore, is complex and vast, as is its effect.

Chemistry has resulted in the medical revolution of the past century in which drugs such as antibiotics have been used to cure diseases that have ravaged mankind for millennia. These advances, brought about by chemistry, have resulted in the average life expectancy rising from 47 in 1900, to 75 years in the 1990s. The world’s food supply has seen an explosive expansion in this century because of the development of chemicals that protect crops and enhance growth. In virtually every arena and every aspect of material life – transportation, communication, clothing, shelter, etc. – chemistry has resulted in an improvement, not merely in the trappings of life, but also in the quality of the lives of the billions of individuals who now inhabit the planet.
Evaluating reaction types
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

When considering a synthetic procedure, it is useful to identify the general type of transformation being employed. Several constructive strategies based on well-known and well-documented routes are often available. The synthetic chemist is trained to identify these pathways. A thorough literature search of the massive collection of chemical books, journals, and other publications will uncover any prior reports of a given synthetic process, or at least give information concerning similar systems that have been investigated in the past. If the particular transformation is unprecedented, the synthetic chemist then draws on their own ingenuity, expertise, and knowledge of basic principles of what transformations are theoretically possible to design or create a new pathway that leads to the desired target material. The information available to the researcher, in combination with his or her own chemical skills, will lend insight into a synthetic sequence’s likely efficiency. A fundamental under­ standing of mechanistic organic chemistry allows the practising chemist to predict the specificity of a reaction process and thus speculate and in some cases predict the relative success of a given synthetic route.
Principles of Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

This book is an introduction to the principles and methodology of modern multivariate statistical analysis. It is written for the user and potential user of multivariate techniques as well as for students coming to the subject for the first time. The author's emphasis is problem-orientated and he is at pains to stress geometrical intuition in preference to algebraic manipulation. Mathematical sections that are not essential for a practical understanding of the techniques are clearly indicated so that they may be skipped by the non-specialist. Discrete and mixed variable techniques are presented as well as continuous variable techniques to give a comprehensive coverage of the subject. This updated edition includes a new appendix which traces developments that have taken place in the years since the publication of the first edition and which clarifies some issues raised by readers of the original text. References to about 60 recent books and articles supplement the material in this appendix. Overall, this volume provides an up-to-date and readable practical account of the subject, both for students of statistics and for research workers in subjects as diverse as anthropology, education, industry, medicine and taxonomy. The new edition includes a survey of the most recent developments in the subject.
Signal transduction pathways controlling morphogenesis and haematopoiesis
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M
Published: November 2023

The prominent role of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-βactivin/ bone morphogenetic factor (BMP) family of growth factors in the control of development and morphogenesis of multicellular organisms, from Drosophila to humans, sets the superfamily of TGF-β factors apart from other growth factors. In humans, BMPs control bone formation and bone repair, and in Drosophila dorsal patterning and morphogenesis of eye and wings.
Machinery of gene transcription
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M
Published: November 2023

Signals of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, received and transmitted by membrane receptors or nuclear receptors, are eventually targeted to genes. In the nucleus, they call up information essential for the regulation of growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. The read-out of the genetic information is tightly regulated at every level—at both the transcriptional and the translational level. Splice variants of premRNAs enlarge the supply of regulatory proteins. Moreover, there are controls of mRNA lifetimes. Finally, the lifetime of the finished product, the protein, is controlled by adjusting rates of protein synthesis and degradation (Fig. 9.1).
Nephron-sparing surgery
Authors: Ghavamian Reza , Zincke Horst
Published: November 2023

The curative management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains surgical. Recent advances in preoperative staging, specifically modern imaging techniques, and improvements in surgical techniques have made nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) an attractive alternative to radical nephrectomy in select patients. Over the past decade, there has been an increasing body of literature regarding, not only the indications, but also the safety and efficacy of NSS for RCC. The goals of conservative resection of RCC are complete local surgical removal of the malignancy and preservation of adequate renal function. This is a delicate balance, which makes renal-preserving surgery at times both challenging and controversial.
Lymph node dissection
Authors: Zisman Amnon , Pantuck, Allan J , Belldegrun Arie S
Published: November 2023

Pathological evidence of lymph node positive disease portends a striking decrease in life expectancy for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (deKernion et al. 1978). Intuitively speaking, the inclusion of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) during radical nephrectomy should add information relevant to the determination of prognosis, but more intriguing is whether it exerts a survival advantage and what is the trade-off for this benefit as compared to the potential additional morbidity and mortality. Lately, substantial evidence stemming from European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) studies as well as UCLA experience suggest that nephrectomy followed by immunotherapy provides a survival advantage over nephrectomy alone for metastatic patients (Fig. 31.1).
The course and development of early reactions to traumatic events: baseline evidence from a non-intervention follow-up study
Authors: Schnyder Ulrich , Moergeli Hanspeter
Published: November 2023

In the immediate aftermath following exposure to a traumatic event, the majority of people affected have at least short periods in which they feel distressed or show some sort of psycho logical disturbance. For instance, in accident survivors, dysphoric-depressed emotions, anxiety and dissociative symptoms, such as de-realization occur quite frequently during the first few days post-accident (Malt and Olafsen, 1992; Shalev et al., 1996; Schnyder and Malt, 1998). High lev els of dissociation were also found in recent victims of sexual and non-sexual assault (Dancu et al., 1996), and in victims of natural disasters (Koopman et al., 1994). With regard to the symp tom clusters of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), re-experiencing symptoms have been reported by up to 71% of survivors of disasters and violent assaults (Sloan, 1988; Feinstein, 1989; Cardena and Spiegel, 1993). Avoidance has been found in 30% of earthquake survivors (Cardena and Spiegel, 1993) and 50% of motor vehicle accident victims (Bryant and Harvey, 1996). Similarly, high levels of arousal have been reported in subjects who had been exposed to differ ent types of traumatic events (Sloan, 1988; Feinstein, 1989; Cardena and Spiegel, 1993). Taken together, the current literature provides clear evidence for the significant levels of distress that may occur across a range of different traumas within the first days and weeks of the traumatic event.
The role of hospitals in delivering early intervention services following traumatic events
Authors: Ruzek Josef I , Cordova Matthew J
Published: November 2023

Any attempt to reconstruct early psychological intervention services after traumatic events must include a consideration of how hospitals might provide this essential service. Many of the injuries for which patients seek hospital care result from events (e.g., assault, motor vehicle collisions, other accidents) that may be experienced as life threatening and may elicit significant emotional distress. Other medical stressors (e.g. life-threatening illness, myocardial infarction, bums, inva sive procedures) may also exact a serious psychological toll. In short, hospitals are full of patients whose experiences can be conceptualized as psychological trauma, making this setting a vital ‘capture site’ for those at risk for a broad range of trauma-related psychosocial problems. In this chapter, we specifically focus on traumatic injury as an example of a traumatic medical stressor for which early intervention may be efficacious. We discuss the negative outcomes associated with traumatic injury, note limitations of psychosocial care in most emergency medical settings and propose a model of hospital-based early intervention services following traumatic events.
Pediatric Neurology
Authors: Bouffet Eric , McGee Phyllis , Beal Deryk
Published: November 2023

In pediatrc neurology, the time taken for the transition into palliative care differs according to the underlying disease (e.g. brain tumor, CNS degenerative disease, neuromuscular disorders). Symptom management, to alleviate, for example, nausea, constipation, convulsions, or pain, is paramount. Whereas the management of pain does not differ much from adults, it is expressed very differently by children, and may just present as a ‘too quiet a child’. Communication with a neurologically impaired child may be an everlasting struggle for relatives and caregivers. For this, setting up new communication systems may be very helpful. Other issues in neurologic palliative care for children are intellectual deterioration, swallowing impairment, and withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment.
Integrated Living Systems of Elements
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

As stated at the beginning of Part I our ambition in writing this book is to give in essential outline an account of organisms in terms of general chemistry including all relevant elements. It might appear to be then just another biochemistry book, but our approach has been informed not by the conventional attitude to this chemistry-that, in essence, life can be understood from the analysis of the properties of particular organic molecules extracted from living cells-but by the study of the way in which a moderately large group of elements, about twenty (see Aside) including C, N, 0 and H, come together systematically to form a living organism.
Transmission, genetic counselling, and prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial DNA disease
Authors: Poulton Joanna , Macaulay Vincent , Marchington David R
Published: November 2023

Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited in humans. Thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA are present in every cell and in most normal individuals these are virtually identical. Mitochondrial diseases may be caused by mutations in either mitochondrial or nuclear genes and hence give rise to maternal or autosomal patterns of inheritance. Antenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases based on chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is available for Mendelian disorders and the syndromes caused by a limited number of human mitochondrial DNA mutations.
Urologic Emergencies
Authors: Keane Patrick F , Hagan Chris
Published: November 2023

Urologic emergencies are common in cancer patients. They can be the presenting features of a new malignancy, or as complications of cancer treatment. The majority of these emergencies relate to urinary tract infection, hematuria, renal failure and upper urinary tract obstruction, urinary retention and priapism. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment reduces the complication rate and long-term morbidity.
Radiation Emergencies
Authors: Kinsella Timothy
Published: November 2023

The management of patients with cancer is generally a multi-modality proposition. Rarely are patients treated with one intervention alone, whether surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The role of radiation in the treatment of cancer patients has therefore grown tremendously in the past few decades. It has been estimated that more than fifty percent of all cancer patients will receive radiation at some point in their management. Although radiation may remain the sole treatment of choice for some early cancers, for example, basal cell skin cancers and early stage vocal cord cancers, its role has dramatically expanded. Ionizing radiation is used in both a definitive fashion and as adjuvant therapy. Technological advances using three-dimensional computer driven planning has allowed higher doses to be delivered in a fashion that is better tailored to treating neoplasms in locations where previously treatment could not be given due to normal tissue toxicity. New combinations of radiation and chemotherapy have enhanced the oncologist’s ability to cure, or at least more effectively treat a number of cancers. This increased application of radiation and the combination of chemotherapy and radiation make it absolutely essential that the various treating physicians involved in the management of the patient with cancer have knowledge of the expected side effects of treatment and their effective management. Occasionally the morbidity is more than anticipated and timely assessment and therapeutic intervention may be required to satisfactorily relieve the problem. Radiation oncologists generally are aware of the side effects and complications of their prescribed treatment, but this basic knowledge must also be shared with numerous other health care professionals. Adequate knowledge of the benefits, side effects and complications of radiation therapy will help streamline the care of these patients and result in better outcomes, both acutely and in the long term.
Chemical control of biomineralization
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

The high level of regulation associated with biologically controlled mineralization is fundamentally dependent on the chemical control of inorganic precipitation and crystallization. In this chapter, we review the key principles of precipitation—usually from the standpoint of ‘crystallization’ —and illustrate their relevance to biomineralization. The aim is to introduce the fundamental chemical concepts that are pivotal to the specific biological control mechanisms described in Chapters 5 to 8.
Morphogenesis
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

Morphogenesis is a general term that refers to the origin and development of form in biological systems. Remarkably, there seems little to distinguish between Nature’s ability to sculpt structures out of soft organic materials—hearts, lungs, etc.—and hard inorganic minerals, such as bones and teeth. Indeed, as we described in Chapter 2, the propensity to produce elaborate inorganic skeletons and shells is part and parcel of the development of form in microscopic creatures, which suggests that the processes of morphogenesis and biomineralization have been strongly coupled throughout evolution.
Phylogenetics
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

‘Phylogenetics’ is the reconstruction and analysis of phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees and networks based on inherited characteristics. It is a flourishing area of intereaction between mathematics, statistics, computer science and biology. The main role of phylogenetic techniques lies in evolutionary biology, where it is used to infer historical relationships between species. However, the methods are also relevant to a diverse range of fields including epidemiology, ecology, medicine, as well as linguistics and cognitive psychology This graduate-level book, based on the authors lectures at The University of Canterbury, New Zealand, focuses on the mathematical aspects of phylogenetics. It brings together the central results of the field (providing proofs of the main theorem), outlines their biological significance, and indicates how algorithms may be derived. The presentation is self-contained and relies on discrete mathematics with some probability theory. A set of exercises and at least one specialist topic ends each chapter. This book is intended for biologists interested in the mathematical theory behind phylogenetic methods, and for mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists eager to learn about this emerging area of discrete mathematics. 'Phylogenetics' in the 24th volume in the Oxford Lecture Series in Mathematics and its Applications. This series contains short books suitable for graduate students and researchers who want a well-written account of mathematics that is fundamental to current to research. The series emphasises future directions of research and focuses on genuine applications of mathematics to finance, engineering and the physical and biological sciences.
Patients and Carers
Authors: Lee Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

I was leaving the flat of a ninety-two-year-old woman when her sister waylaid me in the hallway. ‘Edith’s had enough,’ she said, ‘she’s just waiting for the call, but she knows there’s nothing she can do to make it hurry up.’ We then fell into conversation and I asked if Edith had been married. ‘Oh yes, he was very good to her. She’s had a lovely life you know, no kids, no worries, plenty of money.’ I expect if you asked Edith about her life she might interpret events differently. But there was no denying that Edith was waiting for the call, she was weary of a life whose natural course had run far beyond three score years and ten. How different was she from the patient who has work still to do, commitments to meet, plans to see through, the patient whose biography has been interrupted by their illness. But whether young or old, weary of life or fighting to survive, everyone will wonder about the journey ahead and what it will hold for them. After ninety-two years my patient felt she was ready to find out.
Sex differences in schizophrenia: the case for developmental origins and etiological implications
Authors: Goldstein Jill M , Walder Deborah J
Published: November 2023

There are numerous studies demonstrating sex differences in the phenomenology and genetic transmission of schizophrenia (for review see Goldstein and Lewine 2000). Although one’s sex modifies the phenotypic expression of schizophrenia, there is some debate about whether these differences have etiological implications (Goldstein 1995a, 1995b; Goldstein and Lewine 2000). We have argued that sex differences in incidence, genetic transmission, and brain abnormalities underscore its importance for understanding the etiology of the illness.
Quantum Symmetries on Operator Algebras
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

In the last 20 years, the study of operator algebras has developed from a branch of functional analysis to a central field of mathematics with applications and connections with different areas in both pure mathematics (foliations, index theory, K-theory, cyclic homology, affine Kac--Moody algebras, quantum groups, low dimensional topology) and mathematical physics (integrable theories, statistical mechanics, conformal field theories and the string theories of elementary particles). The theory of operator algebras was initiated by von Neumann and Murray as a tool for studying group representations and as a framework for quantum mechanics, and has since kept in touch with its roots in physics as a framework for quantum statistical mechanics and the formalism of algebraic quantum field theory. However, in 1981, the study of operator algebras took a new turn with the introduction by Vaughan Jones of subfactor theory and remarkable connections were found with knot theory, 3-manifolds, quantum groups and integrable systems in statistical mechanics and conformal field theory. The purpose of this book, one of the first in the area, is to look at these combinatorial-algebraic developments from the perspective of operator algebras; to bring the reader to the frontline of research with the minimum of prerequisites from classical theory.
A 3-D Unstructured Multigrid Navier-Stokes Solver
Authors: Peiró J , Sayma A I
Published: November 2023

Unstructured mesh methods have proven to be a useful practical tool for aeronautical design. Currently, the process of mesh generation and computation of inviscid flows past complex configurations such as a full aircraft can be completed in a matter of days. The meshes used for inviscid computations consist, in general, of tetrahedral elements of aspect ratio close to unity [1]. The use of such meshes for the simulation of high Reynolds number flows is computationally unfeasible due to the very small mesh sizes required in the near-wall regions where viscous layers are present. A compromise between economy and accuracy can be achieved by the use of elements that are stretched along the flow direction in those regions. Current mesh generation methods can be used to produce these stretched elements ([2],[4]) but the quality of the generated elements is very difficult to control. An alternative method is the use of an hybrid approach in which the mesh near the solid surfaces is generated by an hyperbolic type mesh generator whilst the region outside the viscous layer is discretized using the conventional approach [5].
Malingering: historical perspectives
Authors: Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

It seems reasonable to assume that the simulation of illness is as old as humankind, and whenever people gather together in societies with duties and obligations some will use illness to avoid those obligations, or otherwise alter social relations. As writers on malingering never tire of telling us, examples abound in the biblical and classical literature, involving characters from Ulysees to King David, suggesting that such behaviour was recognized and well understood. For example, in Suetonius is the story of a Roman knight who amputated the thumbs of his two sons so they could escape military service-they did not, and the Emperor Augustus confiscated the property of the father. Likewise, as Kinney has entertainingly described, the phenomenon of beggars and assorted vagabonds feigning disease to extract money from the populace was a familiar one (Kinney 1990). In general, such behaviours were seen within the political and military field, and their detection and punishment was a matter for the political or military authorities.
Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders
Authors: Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Malingering is rarely considered when a person has evidence of definite physical pathology that explains their symptoms. Psychiatric illness offers a special challenge in that few psychiatric diagnoses have associated physical pathology but are diagnosed purely on subjective report. This leaves those with psychiatric illness potentially open to the accusation their illnesses are merely feigned. Theoretically, malingering is distinguished from psychiatric illness by the absence of psychopathology, the identification of ‘secondary gain’, and a conscious intent to deceive in order to obtain the gain. However, psychopathology is hypothetical, secondary gain is non-specific, and the determination of the extent that intent is conscious probably impossible.
Outcome-related compensation: in search of a new paradigm
Authors: Mendelson George
Published: November 2023

Terms such as ‘compensation neurosis’ and ‘accident neurosis’ have been used in medical and psychiatric literature to refer to the concatenation of physical and emotional symptoms experi enced by those who had been involved in accidents giving rise to entitlement for compensation. In some instances, the person concerned may have sustained a physical injury at the time of the accident; in other instances no objectively demonstrable organic injury resulting from the accident had been documented. Implicit in the use of such terms has been the expectation that once litigation had been finalized the symptoms will resolve, and the individual will return to his or her pre-injury state, both with respect to health and employment.
Differential brain activations for malingered and subjectively ‘real’ paralysis
Authors: Oakley David A , Ward Nicholas S , Halligan Peter W , Frackowiak Richard S J
Published: November 2023

When encountering medical symptoms such as motor paralysis, clinicians typically have to distin guish between (at least) two types of potential diagnosis. The first, more traditionally biomedical is that the paralysis originates from some demonstrable pathology of the peripheral or central nervous system; the second does not fulfil this criterion and the paralysis can be broadly considered as an ‘unexplained medical symptom’ or, more specifically, as an ‘unexplained neurological symptom’ (Brown and Ron 2002). Inclusion within this second group, however, could occur for a number of different reasons-none of which is mutually exclusive. It may be that an underlying pathological agent does in fact exist but has yet to be identified. In this case, it may just be a matter of time, test sensitivity and technical breakthrough before a proven physiological abnormality and a relevant causal link will be established. On the other hand, no underlying structural pathology may be
Origins, practice, and limitations of Disability Assessment Medicine
Authors: Aylward Mansel
Published: November 2023

Disability Assessment Medicine is the specialty concerned with the assessment of people with disabilities that provides impartial medical advice and reports for decision makers in the United Kingdom (Aylward and Sawney 1999). Many such decision makers work for the Department for Work and Pensions in Great Britain and their job is to determine eligibility for a range of state incapacity and disability related benefits. Others are employed as ‘finders of fact’ in insurance companies, appeals tribunals, and courts of law. A comprehensive list of decision makers is provided in Table 22.1 which also describes the cardinal features that decision makers expect in a
1089 and All That
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

Think of a three-figure number. Any three-figure number will do, so long as the first and last figures differ by 2 or more. Now reverse it, and subtract the smaller number from the larger. So, for example, 782 - 287 = 495. Finally, reverse the new three-figure number, and add: 495 + 594 = 1089.
‘In Love with Geometrie’
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

One of the best-documented examples of someone being really surprised by mathematics is to be found in the following anecdote about the philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679):
But . . . that’s Absurd . . .
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

At the end of The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet, Sherlock Holmes explains his methods of deduction, as usual, and remarks: It is an old maxim of mine that when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.
Ronald A. Fisher
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A
Published: November 2023

Although Gosset’s work on the probable error of a mean appeared at the beginning of his career, and when his association with Karl Pearson was close, that line of research was far more influential for R.A. Fisher and is therefore the first of the topics to be considered here. Gosset’s relationship with Fisher developed strongly after 1919, when Fisher went to Rothamsted. About half of the letters which passed between them date from the next ten years, and during this period much of Gosset’s published research is concerned with experimental design, to which Fisher was then contributing new and fundamental ideas. Another great statistical event of the 1920s was the publication of Statistical methods for research workers, and Gosset’s assistance to Fisher can be examined with the aid of correspondence. Much attention has been given to the final difference of opinion between them with regard to experimental design, but in fact other differences had already occurred, and were interspersed with friendly advice on both sides.
Optimum design theory
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have presented ideas, mostly informal, about good experimental design, leading up to a discussion in Chapters 5 and 6 of some optimum designs for linear and quadratic regression in one factor. In this chapter we begin the second part of the book with a more formal discussion of the General Equivalence Theorem, which is the central result on which the optimum design of experiments depends. The theorem applies to a wide variety of design criteria, many of which are called by a letter of the alphabet, so that the subject is sometimes called ‘alphabetic optimality’. These criteria are the subject of the next chapter. In order to avoid repetition, in this chapter we work with a general criterion ‘¥ which is to be minimized. A special case is D-optimality and its relationship to G-optimality. Because of the importance of D-optimality, Chapter 11 is devoted to this criterion, with examples of designs and of algorithms for constructing them. We begin this chapter with a more formal statement of the important distinction between exact and continuous designs and give the notation for them. On their first exposure to this material, readers may prefer to go straight to Chapter 11 after the end of this section.
Random Coefficient Models
Authors: Longford Nicholas T
Published: November 2023

The principal aim of the book is an exposition of methods for the analysis of clustered observations; the secondary one is to provide substantive interest as a measure of uncertainty, quality, equity, or generally, as a summary of differences among experimental or observational units. Another goal is to make a balanced presentation of the advantages and limitations of these methods The examples used for illustration of methods are not drawn exclusively from the social sciences. Although models are motivated mainly by social science problems, they are applicable in a variety of situations involving (imperfect) replication, such as repeated measurements, repeated experiments, logitudinal analysis, and analysis of covariance structures in general.
Nonlinear Methods for the Analysis of Homogeneity and Heterogeneity
Authors: Heiser Willem J , Meulman Jacqueline J
Published: November 2023

Although nonlinear phenomena are ubiquitous in science and technology, the majority of methods for analysing statistical data is linear. Part of an answer to the puzzling question of how such a discrepancy could have come into existence would seem to be that first approximations are hard to beat. Statistics often enters the stage when the subject of study is badly understood, and then it is sensible to use linear approximation as a first try. If linear approximation does reasonably well, not infrequently after being aided by quite some effort on data cleaning and readjustment of residuals, the returns from bringing in nonlinearity are expected to be low. Another reason is the fact that linearity is a versatile and universal concept in statistics: a model may predict nonlinear regression (as in curve fitting), yet it will be called linear as long as it is linear in the parameters; an estimate may determine the shape of a nonlinear function (as in density estimation), yet the estimator will be called linear as long as it is linear in the data. In multivariate analysis, we often work in a linear space, with !linear operators, under linear constraints, and with computation methods that have linear convergence rate.
Convergent Computation by Iterative M:ajorization: Theory and Applications in Multidimensional Data Analysis
Authors: Heiser Willem J
Published: November 2023

Many problems in multidimensional data analysis involve the optimization of quadratic functions, due to the common assumption of normally distributed errors, together with the prevalence of linear and bilinear models. By present standards, the resulting optimization problems are of moderate complexity, frequently involving the search for eigenvectors and eigenval ues, or projections of vectors on subspaces. Even in fairly complicated situations, such as for example generalized canonical correlation analysis with optimal scaling of the variables (Van der Burg, De Leeuw, and Verde gaal, 1988), it is often possible, by partitioning the parameter space into convenient regions, to split the problem into a connected series of simpler subproblems so that monotonic convergence to at least a local minimum remains guaranteed. This approach is called NIPALS (Wold, 1966), for Nonlinear Iterative PArtial Least Squares, or ALS (De Leeuw, Young, and Takane, 1976), for Alternating Least Squares, and is strongly related to the Gauss-Seidel and block decomposition (or relaxation) methods, which are well-known in numerical analysis for iteratively solving linear systems (e.g., Burden and Faires, 1985).
Embryonic and Early Postnatal Development of Schwann Cells
Authors: Mirsky R , Jessen K R
Published: November 2023

Among peripheral nervous system (PNS) glial cells, the myelin-forming and non-myelin-forming Schwann cells of peripheral nerves are by far the best known. Other PNS glia include the teloglia of somatic motor nerve terminals, satellite cells that envelop neuronal cell bodies in sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory ganglia, and the astrocyte-like enteric glial cells in the autonomic ganglia in the gut wall (Pannese, 1981; Jessen and Mirsky, 1983; Gershon, 1998; Robitaille, 1998). If what we know about Schwann cells is anything to go by, then it is likely that the differences between all of these cell classes are acutely dependent on the cellular environment and represent a readily reversible adoption of a phenotype appropriate for specific location. A notable feature of the Schwann cell phenotype is how labile it remains throughout life. If a mature nerve is transected, the myelinating and non-myelinating cells in the distal stump will promptly undergo numerous and radical alterations in morphology and gene expression (Scherer, 1997; Stoll and Muller, 1999; Terenghi, 1999) (see Chapter 9). Similar events can be induced by dissociating cells from adult nerves and plating them in culture without neurons.
Shared Care in Mental Health
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy
Published: November 2023

Shared care in mental health covers the broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders encountered by the primary care physician. It has been written to provide practical solutions to assist in the management of the common health problems seen in primary care. Shared care means not only care shared between primary and secondary care but also refers to utilizing the skills of the non-medical members of the primary healthcare team. This handbook is easy to read and user friendly and is designed to be ‘dipped into’ when faced with a problem in daily practice. It is problem-solving orientated and offers sensible, pragmatic and practical advice. The book is structured around the treatment of particular patient groups, for example, the depressed patient, the anxious patient, the patient with insomnia. Each treatment covers the following areas: epidemiology; recognition and diagnosis; management in primary care; when to refer and what to expect from secondary services. Equal attention is given to drug treatments, not only what to prescribe but also how to improve compliance, and psychological treatments. Case reports are included to illustrate the application of treatment techniques, and may be used for teaching purposes. This book has been written by a team who understands GPs, general practice and then psychiatry. The emphasis throughout the book is to provide the General Practitioner with practical and specific help in the management of mental health problems.
The Origin and Early Evolution of Life
Authors: Fenchel Tom
Published: November 2023

Origin and Early Evolution of Life draws on evidence from molecular genetics, the structure and function of extant organisms, and geology. It covers the period from about 4 billion years ago, when life is thought to have originated, to about 600 million years ago when multicellular organisms first arose. There are significant gaps in our understanding of the earliest evolution of life forms, but an insight into the topic leads to a more profound understanding of life itself. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that although life arose very soon after the origin of the Earth, it was represented only by simple microbial life forms for approximately 85% of this time. Increase in complexity beyond the microbial level took place only very late in the history of life.
Range edges
Authors: Gaston Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Merriam (1894) clearly regarded the question of what determines the limits to the geographic ranges of species to be more pertinent to naturalists (for which we might here read ‘ecologists’) than that of what enables them to spread. Twenty years later, Griggs (1914, p. 44) stated that with regard to the Sugar Grove region of Ohio, ‘For many of the plants which terminate here, especially those which I know best because their boundaries cross the area, it is quite beyond my power of analysis to discover any reason why they should find their limits where they do and not go a few miles further’.
Cardiac Management of Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Duboc Denis , Eymard Bruno , Damian Maxwell S
Published: November 2023

Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disorder due to an unstable cytosine-thymidine-guanine (CTG) repeat expansion in the 3’ untranslated region of a myotonin kinase gene at 19q13.3 (Harley et al. 1992). Its incidence is estimated to be 1 in 8000 births. Myotonic dystrophy may affect all ages, but represents the most common adult form of muscular dystrophy. Clinical features include distal, facial and axial weakness, myotonia and multisystemic involvement such as cataract, baldness, endocrine dysfunction and heart problems (Harper 2001a). Cardiac involvement, one of the main systemic components of the disease, is particularly frequent, affecting a majority of patients (202 out of 236 cases reported by Church had an abnormal electro­ cardiogram) (Church 1967).
Respiratory problems in myotonic dystrophy and their management
Authors: Phillips Margaret F
Published: November 2023

Respiratory problems are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in myotonic dystrophy. Three large cohort studies have reported respiratory problems as the leading cause of death in forms of myotonic dystrophy (43%, Mathieu et al. 1999), in adult-onset myotonic dystrophy (31%, de Die-Smulders et al 1998) and in congenital myotonic dystrophy (Reardon et al. 1993). Twenty­ six per cent of patients with ‘non-congenital> myotonic dystrophy have been recorded as having a history of significant pulmonary complications (Johnson et al. 1995). Respiratory aspects of the disorder may interact with other features; for instance, the potential for arrhythmia will be increased in the presence of hypoxia; peri- and postoperative complications will often be respiratory in nature; somnolence may be an indication of hypercapnia; and dysphagia will lead to increased risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Legal, social, and economic issues in implementing scoring in the United States
Authors: Johnson R W
Published: November 2023

This chapter is divided into three main parts. To set the stage, the first and very brief section examines the growth of credit scoring in the United States and the economic reasons for its rapid acceptance over the past decade or so. The second part addresses the challenges to credit scoring, their nature, their rationale, and the manner in which they have been resolved. Next, I will suggest that credit scoring has a long way to go and ultimately will not be viewed as credit scoring but as an important tool of profitability management. Finally, I conclude with a plea that in meeting valid concerns for privacy we should not sap the power of credit-scoring systems.

Credit for initiating the concept of credit scoring is generally given to David Durand (1941). His study. published in 1941 by the National Bureau of Economic Research. examined about 7200 reports on good and bad installment loans made by 37 firms. Using a chi-square test, Durand identified the variables that significantly distinguished between good and bad loans and developed an ‘efficiency index ‘ designed to show how effective a variable was in differentiating good risks from bad among loan applicants. He then used a discriminant function to develop credit-scoring models. It is perhaps of more than passing interest to record that Durand ‘s bank scoring model allocated
Nonlinear Science
Authors: Scott Alwyn
Published: November 2023

Much mathematical modelling has involved the assumption that physical systems are approximately linear, leading to the construction of equations which, although relatively easy to solve, are unrealistic and overlook significant phenomena. Models assuming nonlinear systems, however, lead to the emergence of new structures that reflect reality much more closely. This second edition of Nonlinear Science, covers several important areas of nonlinear science, and places a strong emphasis on applications to realistic problems. It includes numerous new topics such as empirical results in molecular dynamics, solid-state physics, neuroscience, fluid dynamics, and biophysics; numerous new exercises and solutions; updated sections on nerve impulse dynamics, quantum-theory of pump-probe measures, and local modes on lattices. With over 350 problems, including hints and solutions, this is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in the applied sciences, mathematics, biology, physics and engineering. This is the latest title in the Oxford Texts in Applied and Engineering Mathematics, which includes a range of texts from the undergraduate through to the graduate level. Most titles should be based on taught courses which explain the mathematical or computational techniques required for the resolution of fundamental applied problems. Other books in the series include: D. W. Jordan and P. Smith: Nonlinear ordinary differential equations: an introduction to dynamical systems 3rd Edition; I. J. Sobey: Introduction to interactive boundary layer theory; A. B. Tayler: Mathematical Models in Applied Mechanics (reissue); Ramdas Ram-Mohan: Finite Element and Boundary Element Applications in Quantum Mechanics; Lapeyre et al: Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods for Transport and Diffusion Equations; Isaac Elishak off & Yong Jin Ren: Finite Element Methods for Structures with Large Stochastic Variations
Clinicopathological prognostic factors and scoring systems in malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Burgers J A , Hegmans J P
Published: November 2023

Prediction of the future, whether it concerns economic welfare, the weather forecast, or health issues, has always fascinated mankind. In ancient Greece and Rome, major events in life were forecast by priests from the position of chicken bones that had been thrown in the air or the appearance of the liver of a goose that had been sacrificed, methods that we nowadays consider a ‘wild guess’. In our modern era the wild guess is replaced by a ‘calculated risk’, introduced by statisticians. Focusing on statistical studies on cancer, we can identify prognostic factors which provide a forecast or statement of probability on a certain clinical outcome [1]. This statement predominantly applies to a group of patients, but can also be used in daily practice to make predictions and clinical decisions on individual patients.
Opioid pharmacokinetics
Authors: Jackson II Kenneth C
Published: November 2023

The appropriate use of opioid analgesics requires clinicians to have knowledge of both the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of this class of medication. In simple terms, this means that clinicians must understand how these agents produce their pharmacological effects, i.e. pharmacodynamic activity, as well as understand what happens to the drug within the body from the time of administration to the point in time where the drug no longer resides in the body, i.e. pharmacokinetic activity. A basic understanding of the pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics reveals three distinct classes of analgesics that maintain diversity in their pharmacological actions; full agonists, partial agonists and mixed agonist-antagonists.
Delirium
Authors: Friedlander Miriam , Kissane David
Published: November 2023

While sometimes associated with wild excitement or ecstasy, the term ‘delirium’ is derived from the Latin delirare, meaning ‘to become deranged, incoherent or raving mad’. In the setting of the medically ill, the diagnosis ‘delirium’ represents an acutely disordered state of mind involving disturbances of consciousness and either perception or cognition, including confusion, disorientation, and changes in attention, memory, psychomotor behaviour, emotion and the sleep–wake cycle.