bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular differentiation of two sibling species of the black fly Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) based on random amplified polymorphic DNA
Authors: Duncan G A , Adler P H , Pruess K P , Powers T O
Published: July 2010

Larvae of the black fly morphospecies Simulium vittatum from Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, and New Hampshire were cytologically identified as either the IS-7 or the IIIL-1 cytospecies. DNA was PCR amplified from cytotyped larvae using eight 10-mer primers, labeled with 33P, and run on polyacrylamide gels. The entire data set of 96 amplicons produced incomplete separation of the two cytospecies when subjected to neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony analyses. However, when analyzed within geographical regions, separate species status was supported. Bootstrap support for distinctness of the two cytospecies was best in Colorado where they were collected in true sympatry. The IS-7 cytospecies was more polymorphic in the western states, where it differed most from IIIL-1, which was most variable in the eastern states. The frequencies of the 17 most common amplicons in the two cytospecies were inversely correlated. A model of speciation derived from the molecular evidence suggests that IS-7 evolved in the west and spread eastward, whereas IIIL-1 later originated in the east and spread westward.Key words: Simulium vittatum, cytospecies, RAPD analysis, molecular markers, population structure.
SPECTRA OF RADIATION AND CREATED PARTICLES AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGY IN ORIENTED CRYSTAL TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ENERGY LOSS
Authors: BAIER V. N. , KATKOV V. M.
Published: July 2010

The spectral distribution of positron created by photon and the spectral distribution of photons radiated from electron in an oriented single crystal of intermediate thickness is calculated at intermediate energies. The energy loss of charged particles as well as photon absorption are taken into account. The used basic probabilities of processes include the action of field of axis as well as the multiple scattering of radiating electron or particles of the created pair (the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect).
NEGATIVE PARTICLE PLANAR AND AXIAL CHANNELING AND CHANNELING COLLIMATION
Authors: CARRIGAN RICHARD A.
Published: July 2010

While information exists on high energy negative particle channeling there has been little study of the challenges of negative particle bending and channeling collimation. Partly this is because negative dechanneling lengths are relatively much shorter. Electrons are not particularly useful for investigating negative particle channeling effects because their material interactions are dominated by channeling radiation. Another important factor is that the current central challenge in channeling collimation is the proton-proton Large Hadron Collider (LHC) where both beams are positive. On the other hand in the future the collimation question might reemerge for electron-positron or muon colliders. Dechanneling lengths increase at higher energies so that part of the negative particle experimental challenge diminishes. In the article different approaches to determining negative dechanneling lengths are reviewed. The more complicated case for axial channeling is also discussed. Muon channeling as a tool to investigate dechanneling is also discussed. While it is now possible to study muon channeling it will probably not illuminate the study of negative dechanneling.
A POSITRON SOURCE USING CHANNELING IN CRYSTALS FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS
Authors: ARTRU X. , CHEHAB R. , CHEVALLIER M. , KAMITANI T. , OMORI T. , RINOLFI L. , STRAKHOVENKO V.M. , SUWADA T. , VARIOLA A. , VIVOLI A.
Published: July 2010

An alternative way to the conventional positron source using intense electron beams, of some GeV, impinging on thick amorphous targets is presented. This source is using two successive targets: the first one is a tungsten crystal, which <111> axis is aligned with the beam direction, and the second is an amorphous target put at some distance from the crystal. The enhanced radiation due to electron channelling produces a large amount of photons which, consecutively, create high quantity of e +- e - pairs in the amorphous target. Between the two targets a sweeping magnet takes off all or part of the charged particles coming out from the crystal. An optimization procedure is carried out based on two important parameters: a) the distance between the two targets; b) the minimum energy above which the charged particles coming out from the crystal are allowed to hit the amorphous target. This optimization, which first step is presented here, aims to obtain the highest accepted yield (> 1 e +/ e -) after the capture system and the minimum Peak Energy Density Distribution (PEDD) (PEDD < 35 J/g) in order to avoid thermal gradients, which are destructive for the target.
SURFACE CHANNELING OF MAGNETIC-CHARGED PARTICLES ON MULTILAYER SURFACE
Authors: ADAMENKO S.V. , VYSOTSKII V.I.
Published: July 2010

In the work the mechanism of generation of hypothetical magneto-charged particles, which were observed in experiments on supercompression of condensed target in Electrodynamics Laboratory "Proton-21", is discussed. It was shown that these particles are most probably the hypothetical light magnetic monopoles, that were introduced by George Lochak [1] as magneto-excited state of neutrinos. Parameters of these particles (including mass of monopole and both size and binding energy of monopole-antimonopole pair) and the method of their generation in "Proton-21" Lab are discussed and calculated.
GEOMETRICAL EFFECT OF TARGET CRYSTAL ON PXR GENERATION AS A COHERENT X-RAY SOURCE
Authors: HAYAKAWA Y. , HAYAKAWA K. , INAGAKI M. , KUWADA T. , NAKAO K. , NOGAMI K. , SAKAI T. , SATO I. , TAKAHASHI Y. , TANAKA T.
Published: July 2010

The experiments of the PXR performance carried out for the target crystals with different cutting planes have shown significant difference in the PXR property, which suggests another way to increase the PXR intensity than by increasing the electron beam current. In order to investigate the effect of the geometrical condition of the crystal surface on the PXR property, the experiments have been carried out for the target crystal with a knife-edge-shaped cut surface. For the case with symmetric Bragg geometry on the front surface and asymmetric condition on the rear surface, the rather low intensity X-ray beam has shown considerably good spatial coherence. The X-ray beam with narrow line width has made it possible to obtain X-ray absorption spectra with a high resolution. In contrast, relatively high intensity, which enabled taking an absorption image with the exposure for several tens of seconds, has been obtained for the geometry with asymmetric front surface and symmetric rear surface. This configuration, however, has raised a problem of degradation in the spatial coherence of the X-rays due to the superposition of two different X-ray beams.
TIME AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF IONS TRANSMITTED THROUGH INSULATING CAPILLARIES
Authors: KOMAROV F.F. , KAMYSHAN A.S.
Published: July 2010

The processes of interaction of accelerated protons with the surface of insulating capillaries have been investigated to determine the character of motion of particles during such interaction. The angular distributions of 240-keV protons transmitted through glass capillaries have been measured, and splitting of the distribution into a series of lines equally spaced from each other is revealed.
X-RAY PROPAGATION IN MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: CHILDS P A , ONG S Y , HERBERT D C , O'NEILL A G
Published: July 2010

There is considerable interest in the development of inexpensive lithography techniques for applications in the area of nanoscale electronics. The semiconductor industry is pursuing the development of photolithography techniques such as extreme UV and x-ray. However these techniques are extremely expensive and not suitable for smaller scale applications. In this paper we describe research on the feasibility of exploiting x-ray propagation within carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the fabrication and characterisation of nanoscale devices. A description is given of a test structure designed to explore experimentally the possibility of x-ray propagation in carbon nanotubes. As x-ray propagation requires a grazing angle of incidence the nanotubes need to be straight and reproducible. In order to alleviate this problem the possibility of using Bragg reflection is investigated. This approach to the problem is stimulated by the inherent Bragg structure of multiwall carbon nanotubes. It is further encouraged by the recent development of coatings using materials such as WS2. Results from simulations presented in this paper show that although Bragg reflection in as-grown multiwall carbon nanotubes is weak the potential for exploitation of this phenomenon in suitably coated nanotubes exists.
SOLITONS AND LOCALIZED EXCITATIONS FOR THE (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL DISPERSIVE LONG WAVE SYSTEM VIA SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION
Authors: XUE YU-SHAN , LI LI-LI , MENG XIANG-HUA , XU TAO , LÜ XING , LIU WEN-JUN , TIAN BO
Published: July 2010

For describing some nonlinear localized excitations, the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long wave (DLW) system is investigated with symbolic computation in this paper. Based on two different dependent variable transformations obtained through the truncated Painlevé expansion, the (2+1)-dimensional DLW system can be bilinearized or linearized. Through the Hirota bilinear method, the analytic one-, two-, three-, and N-soliton solutions are derived. On the other hand, by means of the variable separation approach, localized excitations, such as the resonant dromion, resonant solitoff, lump and compacton excitations, are obtained. Figures are plotted to illustrate the structures of those solutions.
MAXIMIZABLE INFORMATIONAL ENTROPY AS A MEASURE OF PROBABILISTIC UNCERTAINTY
Authors: OU CONGJIE , EL KAABOUCHI AZIZ , NIVANEN LAURENT , CHEN JINCAN , TSOBNANG FRANOIS , LE MÉHAUTÉ ALAIN , WANG QIUPING A.
Published: July 2010

In this work, we consider a recently proposed entropy S defined by a variational relationship [Formula: see text] as a measure of uncertainty of random variable x. The entropy defined in this way underlies an extension of virtual work principle [Formula: see text] leading to the maximum entropy [Formula: see text]. This paper presents an analytical investigation of this maximizable entropy for several distributions such as the stretched exponential distribution, κ-exponential distribution, and Cauchy distribution.
EFFECT OF FILLING HE ON THE BUCKLING FORCE OF HOST SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE
Authors: XIA K. , PAN Z. Y. , ZHU B. E. , XIAO Y. , WANG Y. X.
Published: July 2010

The effect of filling He atoms on the compression properties of hosting (10, 10) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results show that at a given temperature, a critical density exists for the filling He , above which the interactions between the He atoms and the tube wall mainly represent repulsive Van der Waals (VdW) force, and consequently, the increase of filling He density will result in the enhancement of the buckling strength. Below that critical density, weak attractive force will dominate the interactions between He atoms and the tube wall of SWCNT, and the filling of He has found no contribution to the buckling strength. This simulation also shows that the critical density of filling He is dependent on the temperature. With increasing temperature, the critical density was found to be decreased.
A VIEW OF NEURAL NETWORKS AS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: CESSAC B.
Published: July 2010

We present some recent investigations resulting from the modeling of neural networks as dynamical systems, and deal with the following questions, adressed in the context of specific models.

(i) Characterizing the collective dynamics;

(ii) Statistical analysis of spike trains;

(iii) Interplay between dynamics and network structure;

(iv) Effects of synaptic plasticity.
TRANSIENTS VERSUS ATTRACTORS IN COMPLEX NETWORKS
Authors: MUEZZINOGLU MEHMET K. , TRISTAN IRMA , HUERTA RAMON , AFRAIMOVICH VALENTIN S. , RABINOVICH MIKHAIL I.
Published: July 2010

Understanding and predicting the behavior of complex multiagent systems like brain or ecological food net requires new approaches and paradigms. Traditional analyses based on just asymptotic results of behavior as time goes to infinity, or on straightforward mathematical images that can accommodate only fixed points or limit cycles do not tell much about these systems. To obtain sensible dynamical models of natural phenomena, such as the reproducible order observed in ecological, cognitive or behavioral experiments, one cannot afford to neglect the transient dynamics of the underlying complex network. In disclosing such dynamical mechanisms, the focus of interest must be on reproducible or, even, structurally stable transients. In this tutorial, we formulate the Winnerless Competition (WLC) principle that induces robust transient dynamics in open complex networks. The main point of WLC principle is the transformation of the acquired information into ensemble (spatio)-temporal output via intrinsic transient dynamics of the network. Such encoding provides a reproducible transient response, whose geometrical image in phase space is a stable heteroclinic sequence. We compile a diverse list of natural phenomena which can be rigorously modeled by the WLC. Together with the experimental and numerical results of the networks with different levels of complexity, we evaluate the robustness and reproducibility of the WLC dynamics and discuss the advantages of future possible application of the discussed approach.
SOURCE RECONSTRUCTION AND SYNCHRONY MEASUREMENTS FOR REVEALING FUNCTIONAL BRAIN NETWORKS AND CLASSIFYING MENTAL STATES
Authors: LAURENT FRANÇOIS , BESSERVE MICHEL , GARNERO LINE , PHILIPPE MATTHIEU , FLORENCE GENEVIÈVE , MARTINERIE JACQUES
Published: July 2010

We classified performance-related mental states from EEG-derived measurements. We investigated the usefulness of massively distributed source reconstruction, comparing scalp and cortical scales. This approach provides a more detailed picture of the functional brain networks underlying the changes related to the mental state of interest. Local and distant synchrony measurements (coherence, phase locking value) were used for both scalp measurements and cortical current density sources, and were fed into a SVM-based classifier. We designed two simulations where classification scores increased when our 60-electrode scalp measurements were reconstructed on 60 sources and on a 500-source cortex. Source reconstruction appeared to be most useful in these simulations, in particular, when distant synchronies were involved and local synchronies did not prevail. Despite the simplicity of the model used, certain flaws in accuracy were observed in the localization of informative activities, due to the relationship between amplitude and phase for mixed signals. Our results with real EEG data suggested that the phenomenon of interest was characterized merely by modulations in local amplitudes, but also in strength of distant couplings. After source reconstruction, classification rates also increased for real EEG data when seeking distant phase-related couplings. When reconstructing a large number of sources, the regularization coefficient should be carefully selected on a subject-by-subject basis. We showed that training classifiers using such high-dimension data is useful for localizing discriminating patterns of activity.
THE ROLE OF BIOCONVECTION IN PLANKTON POPULATION WITH THERMAL STRATIFICATION
Authors: NGUYEN-QUANG TRI , GUICHARD FREDERIC
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates hydrodynamic processes of suspended planktonic population within a thermal stratification to represent a thermocline, in using a model of coupled equations: Navier–Stokes' equation for the fluid dynamic motion, Fisher's equation for the planktonic population with logistic growth, energy conservation equation for thermal effects and the Boussinesq approximation for the dependence on mass density of plankton. The planktonic population is assumed to be slightly denser than the fluid and to follow logistic growth. A numerical investigation is conducted to study patterns of plankton distribution under thermal stratification, and we adopt the finite volume method for solving the system of governing equations in simulations. It is found that thermal stratification constrains the feedback between hydrodynamic and plankton dynamics. More precisely, when temperature is lower in the upper than in the lower layer, the temperature gradient is destabilizing and both convection mechanisms — plankton motility (i.e. taxis behavior that can induce bioconvection) and temperature gradient — are additive. In the case of higher temperature in the upper than the lower layer, which applies to most natural systems, thermal stratification can dampen bioconvection and induce oscillatory dynamics if plankton diffuses faster than temperature. In all cases, if hydrodynamic and demographic time scales overlap, plankton growth rate has a strong effect on hydrodynamic processes involving both thermal convection and convection created by gravitaxis mechanism. Our study thus reveals the potential feedback between hydrodynamic and local demographic processes in plankton populations.
SELF-REFERENTIAL PHASE RESET PHENOMENON AND PHASE CLUSTERS IN ENSEMBLES OF FITZHUGH–NAGUMO NEURONS
Authors: KASATKIN D. V. , NEKORKIN V. I.
Published: July 2010

The phenomenon of self-referential phase reset is investigated in ensembles of interacting FitzHugh–Nagumo neurons with different topologies of couplings. It is shown that the reset phase of neurons oscillation is independent of the initial phase and is determined by parameters of the stimulus. This process does not require direct influence on all elements of the ensemble and takes place when the stimulus is applied to one of the interacting neurons only. The influence of inter-neuron couplings and stimulus parameters on ensemble dynamics and phase reset phenomenon is studied.
PHASE CHAOS IN THE DISCRETE KURAMOTO MODEL
Authors: MAISTRENKO VOLODYMYR , VASYLENKO ANNA , MAISTRENKO YURI , MOSEKILDE ERIK
Published: July 2010

The paper describes the appearance of a novel, high-dimensional chaotic regime, called phase chaos, in a time-discrete Kuramoto model of globally coupled phase oscillators. This type of chaos is observed at small and intermediate values of the coupling strength. It arises from the nonlinear interaction among the oscillators, while the individual oscillators behave periodically when left uncoupled. For the four-dimensional time-discrete Kuramoto model, we outline the region of phase chaos in the parameter plane and determine the regions where phase chaos coexists with different periodic attractors. We also study the subcritical frequency-splitting bifurcation at the onset of desynchronization and demonstrate that the transition to phase chaos takes place via a torus destruction process.
OPERATOR FORMS OF THE CLASSICAL YANG–BAXTER EQUATION IN LIE SUPERALGEBRAS
Authors: WANG YAN , HOU DONGPING , BAI CHENGMING
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we study the operator forms of the classical Yang–Baxter equation (CYBE) in Lie superalgebras. We introduce the notion of super [Formula: see text]-operators and give their relationship with the (standard) tensor form. There are close relationships between the CYBE in Lie superalgebras and left-symmetric superalgebras which can be interpreted through the super [Formula: see text]-operators. In particular, there are natural and explicit solutions of the CYBE in Lie superalgebras constructed from left-symmetric superalgebras.
THE CARTAN FORM AND ITS GENERALIZATIONS IN THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS
Authors: KRUPKA DEMETER , KRUPKOVÁ OLGA , SAUNDERS DAVID
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we discuss possible extensions of the concept of the Cartan form of classical mechanics to higher-order mechanics on manifolds, higher-order field theory on jet bundles and to parametric variational problems on slit tangent bundles and on bundles of nondegenerate velocities. We present a generalization of the Cartan form, known as a Lepage form, and basic properties of the Lepage forms. Both earlier and recent examples of differential forms generalizing the Cartan form are reviewed.
ON NON(ANTI)COMMUTATIVE SUPER TWISTOR SPACES
Authors: TANIGUCHI TADASHI , MIYAZAKI NAOYA
Published: July 2010

The main purpose of this article is a proposal of non(anti)commutative super twistor space by making the odd coordinates θ not anticommuting, but satisfying Clifford algebra relations. Despite the deformation, we can introduce a deformed associative product which is globally defined on P3|N.
INDUCED CONNECTIONS ON TOTAL SPACES OF FIBER BUNDLES
Authors: KOLÁŘ IVAN
Published: July 2010

We present a construction transforming a general connection Γ on a fibered manifold Y → M and a classical connection Λ on its base M into a classical connection on the total space Y by means of a vertical parallelism Φ and an auxiliary linear connection Δ. The relations to the theory of gauge-natural operators are discussed.
SINGLE PARTICLE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE
Authors: BAKER LINDSAY A. , RUBINSTEIN JOHN L.
Published: July 2010

Mitochondrial ATP synthase is a large, membrane-bound protein complex that plays a central role in cellular metabolism. Since the identification of this assembly in micrographs of mitochondrial membranes, electron microscopy has been crucial in elucidating the structure and mechanism of the enzyme. This review addresses the recent use of single particle electron microscopy for structure determination of ATP synthase, including subunit localization, the challenges posed by the protein, and areas in which further work is needed.
MATCHING PROPERTIES IN DOUBLE DOMINATION EDGE CRITICAL GRAPHS
Authors: WANG HAICHAO , KANG LIYING
Published: July 2010

A vertex subset S of a graph G = (V, E) is a double dominating set for G if |N[v]∩S| ≥ 2 for each vertex v ∈ V, where N[v] = {u |uv ∈ E}∪{v}. The double domination number of G, denoted by γ×2(G), is the cardinality of a smallest double dominating set of G. A graph G is said to be double domination edge critical if γ×2(G + e) < γ×2(G) for any edge e ∉ E. A double domination edge critical graph G with γ×2(G) = k is called k - γ×2(G)-critical. In this paper, we first show that G has a perfect matching if G is a connected 3 - γ×2(G)-critical graph of even order. Secondly, we show that G is factor-critical if G is a connected 3 - γ×2(G)-critical graph with odd order and minimum degree at least 2. Finally, we show that G is factor-critical if G is a connected K1,4-free 4 - γ×2(G)-critical graph of odd order with minimum degree at least 2.
REPEATED BURST ERROR LOCATING LINEAR CODES
Authors: DASS B. K. , MADAN SURBHI
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with derivation of bounds for linear codes that are able to detect and locate errors which occur during the process of transmission. The kind of errors considered are known as repeated burst errors. An illustration for such kind of a code has also been provided.
ON THE TWIN DOMINATION NUMBER IN GENERALIZED DE BRUIJN AND GENERALIZED KAUTZ DIGRAPHS
Authors: KUO JYHMIN
Published: July 2010

Let V and A denote the vertex and edge sets of a digraph G. A set T ⊆V is a twin dominating set of G if for every vertex v ∈ V - T, there exist u, w ∈ T (possibly u = w) such that arcs (u, v), (v, w) ∈ A. The twin domination number γ*(G) of G is the cardinality of a minimum twin dominating set of G. In this note, we investigate the twin domination numbers of generalized de Bruijn digraph and generalized Kautz digraph. The bounds of twin domination number of special generalized Kautz digraphs are given.
THE CONNECTIVITY OF EXCHANGED HYPERCUBES
Authors: MA MEIJIE
Published: July 2010

The exchanged hypercube EH(s, t), proposed by Loh et al. [The exchanged hypercube, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distri. Syst.16 (2005) 866–874], is obtained by systematically removing links from a binary hypercube Qn. This paper determines that the connectivity and the edge connectivity of EH(s, t) are s + 1 where s ≤ t. That is, for s ≤ t, at least s + 1 vertices (resp. s + 1 edges) of EH(s, t) are removed to get a disconnected graph.
THE HARARY INDEX OF A GRAPH UNDER PERTURBATION
Authors: HE CHANG-XIANG , CHEN PING , WU BAO-FENG
Published: July 2010

The Harary index is defined as the half-sum of the elements in the reciprocal distance matrix. In this paper, we investigate how the Harary index behaves when the graph is perturbed by grafting or moving edges.
Electroluminescence Characterization of (2021) InGaN/GaN Light Emitting Diodes with Various Wavelengths
Authors: Chung Roy B. , Lin You-Da , Koslow Ingrid , Pfaff Nathan , Ohta Hiroaki , Ha Junseok , DenBaars Steven P. , Nakamura Shuji
Published: July 2010

The optical characteristics of InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on (2021) bulk GaN substrates with wavelengths 469, 487, 510, and 528 nm were investigated. From 2 to 100 mA, the peak emission wavelength for green LEDs blue-shifted by 6.2 nm. Emission spectra widths were almost independent of the injection current. These results suggest that (2021) LEDs have a smaller polarization field and smaller indium fluctuations in the quantum wells. Optical polarization ratios for the LEDs varied between 0.4 and 0.5, which are larger than reported values. A weak dependence of the polarization ratio on the indium composition was observed.
An Efficient Threshold Voltage Control in Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Using Spacer Stress Engineering
Authors: Huang Chien-Chao , Chen Hao-Yu , Lee Sanboh
Published: July 2010

In this work, we have demonstrated an efficient method to control threshold voltage in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor (CMOSFET) using spacer stress technology compatible with a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) process. Consequently, the threshold voltage of the device could be shifted by 180 mV for n-type FETs (n-FETs) with a tensile-stressed SiN spacer and by 20 mV for p-type FETs (p-FETs) with a compressively stressed oxide spacer. From a theoretical thermodynamics model as well as reported experimental data, we demonstrated that spacer stress could play an important role on threshold voltage control due to altering the diffusivities of dopants in silicon.
Characteristics of Terahertz Radiation Emitted From Fractal Photoconductive Antennas
Authors: Miyamaru Fumiaki , Saito Yu , Takeda Mitsuo Wada , Hou Bo , Wen Weijia , Sheng Ping
Published: July 2010

We study the terahertz (THz) emission characteristics of a photoconductive antenna comprising a metallic fractal pattern fabricated on a semi-insulating gallium arsenide substrate. multifrequency emission peaks were observed owing to the property of the multifrequency resonances of our fractal structures. The number of emission peaks increases with the number of fractal levels, attributable to the attendant increase in the number of localized resonances. We have also found that the emission intensity of the THz radiation can be enhanced by modifying part of the fractal pattern.
Optimization of Device Structures for Bright Blue Semipolar (1011) Light Emitting Diodes via Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Zhao Yuji , Sonada Junichi , Koslow Ingrid , Pan Chih-Chien , Ohta Hiroaki , Ha Jun-Seok , DenBaars Steven P. , Nakamura Shuji
Published: July 2010

The device structures of semipolar (1011) GaN blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) were optimized to achieve high power and high efficiency via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The quantum well (QW) width, barrier thickness and last barrier (LB) thickness were varied in order to optimize device performances and achieve the best growth conditions. Additional optimization methods such as Mg doping for the LB and p+ contact layers were also investigated. This study resulted in a LED with an output power of 22.75 mW and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 39.5% at a driving current of 20 mA, which is a significant improvement over previous results.
New Combined Matrix Model for the Analysis of Merged Optical Fiber Gratings with both Long- and Short-Period Fiber Gratings
Authors: Bae Jinho , Bae Junkye
Published: July 2010

We propose a new combined matrix model to analyze merged optical fiber gratings concatenated by both long- and short-period fiber gratings (LPFGs/SPFGs). The proposed model is developed using a multiport lattice filter model for LPFGs and a fundamental matrix model for SPFGs. We demonstrate that the chirp SPFGs can be utilized as a core mode blocker for a single mode only.
A Simple Synchronization Method for Optical Sampling Eye Monitor
Authors: Mori Takashi , Otani Akihito
Published: July 2010

A simple software synchronization method based on spectral interpolation is proposed for an optical sampling eye-waveform monitor. A clear eye diagram was reconstructed successfully from an asynchronously sampled signal using a passively mode-locked fiber laser. The timing jitter of the reconstructed eye diagram was measured to quantify synchronization accuracy. The 0.0016 UI increase in rms timing jitter caused by synchronization error is negligible.
Nonvolatile Memory Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles Embedded in an Amorphous Carbon Layer
Authors: Li Fushan , Shakerzadeh Maziar , Tay Bengkang , Guo Tailiang , Kim Taewhan
Published: July 2010

Nonvolatile memory devices utilizing ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in an amorphous carbon (a-C) dielectric layer were investigated by capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. C–V curves for the Al/ZnO NPs embedded in an amorphous carbon layer/SiO2/p-Si capacitor at 298 K showed a clockwise hysteresis with flat band voltage shift due to charge trapping in the ZnO NPs. Capacitance–time measurements showed that the devices exhibited excellent memory retention ability under ambient conditions. Operating mechanism for the memory devices was proposed based on the C–V results.
Growth of GaAs1-xBix/AlyGa1-yAs Multi-Quantum-Well Structures
Authors: Fuyuki Takuma , Tominaga Yoriko , Oe Kunishige , Yoshimoto Masahiro
Published: July 2010

GaAs1-x
Bi
x
/Al
y
Ga1-y
As (0<x<0.05, 0<y<0.26) multi-quantum-wells (MQWs) have been successfully grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The intensity oscillation and streaky patterns of in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction suggested the layer-by-layer growth of GaAs1-x
Bi
x
/Al
y
Ga1-y
As MQWs. Clear satellite peaks attributed to periodical structures were observed in high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements. The cross-sectional transmission microscopy images and secondary-ion mass spectrometry depth profile showed that GaAs1-x
Bi
x
/Al
y
Ga1-y
As MQWs with a smooth interface can be fabricated without distinct segregation.
Field Emission from a P-Type Silicon Single Emitter Sharpened by Focused Ion Beam Milling
Authors: Yoshimoto Tomomi , Sato Kazuki , Iwata Tatsuo
Published: July 2010

The field emission properties of a p-type Si single emitter that was sharpened by focused ion beam (FIB) milling were investigated. Typical nonlinear Fowler–Nordheim (FN) plots commonly observed in a p-type Si emitter were maintained in a Ga+ ion FIB-milled emitter. The emitter sharpened by FIB milling exhibited a low turn-on voltage. Excellent stability of the emission current was obtained from the FIB-milled emitter.
Synthesis of the Higher-Order Diamondoid Hexamantane Using Low-Temperature Plasmas Generated in Supercritical Xenon
Authors: Stauss Sven , Miyazoe Hiroyuki , Shizuno Tomoki , Saito Koya , Sasaki Takehiko , Terashima Kazuo
Published: July 2010

Diamondoid molecules were synthesized from adamantane (C10H16) using low-temperature plasmas generated in supercritical xenon. The carbon content of the synthesized materials was verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, while micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the synthesized materials contained sp3 bonds, the features in the Raman spectra being similar to those found in the Raman spectra of higher order diamondoids. Mass peaks at m/z = 396 were most abundant and might be attributed to C30H36 isomers of hexamantane. The synthesis of this particular type of diamondoid is explained by the fewer necessary cleavages of C–C bonds or C–H occurring to form the diamondoid.
The Calderón Reproducing Formula Associated with the Heisenberg Group Hd
Authors: Xiao Jinsen , He Jianxun
Published: July 2010

We establish the Calderón reproducing formula for functions in L2 on the Heisenberg group Hd. Also, we develop this formula in Lp(Hd) with 1 < p < ∞.
A Note on Fractional Sumudu Transform
Authors: Gupta V. G. , Shrama Bhavna , Kiliçman Adem
Published: July 2010

We propose a new definition of a fractional‐order Sumudu transform for fractional differentiable functions. In the development of the definition we use fractional analysis based on the modified Riemann‐Liouville derivative that we name the fractional Sumudu transform. We also established a relationship between fractional Laplace and Sumudu duality with complex inversion formula for fractional Sumudu transform and apply new definition to solve fractional differential equations.
A Consistency Test of Thickness and Loading Noise Codes Using Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings Equation
Authors: Khelladi Sofiane , Bakir Farid
Published: July 2010

The thickness noise predicted by the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings
(FW&H) equation depends on the normal velocity vn which is very sensitive
to the meshing size. Isom showed that in far field a monopolar source is
equivalent to a dipolar source induced by a uniform distribution of the
load on the entire moving surface. The main objective of this paper is
to determine a specific expression of Isom′s thickness noise in time and
frequency domains for subsonic fans. The scope of the proposed expression
of Isom′s thickness noise is to define a benchmark test of consistency for
thickness and loading noise codes in both time and frequency domains for
subsonic fans when using the free field solution of FW&H′s equation.
Process-Oriented Development of Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action System
Authors: Lee Jae Hoon , Chan SungIl , Jang Joong Soon
Published: July 2010

Although failure reporting, analysis, and corrective action system (FRACAS) has two management perspectives, its tasks and related information, the previous researches and applications mainly have focused on the data management. This study is to develop a process-oriented FRACAS which supports the operation of the failure-related activities. The development procedures are (1) to define the reporting and analysis tasks, (2) to define the information to be used at each task, and (3) to design a computerized business process model and set the attributes such as durations, rules, and document types. This computerized FRACAS process can be activated in a business process management system (BPMS) which employs the enactment functions, deliver tasks to the proper workers, provide the necessary information, and alarm the abnormal status of the tasks (delay, incorrect delivery, cancellation). Through implementing the prototype system, improvements are found for automation of the tasks, prevention of disoperation, and real-time activity monitoring.
Iterative Learning without Reinforcement or Reward for Multijoint Movements: A Revisit of Bernstein's DOF Problem on Dexterity
Authors: Arimoto Suguru , Sekimoto Masahiro , Tahara Kenji
Published: July 2010

A robot designed to mimic a human becomes kinematically redundant and its total degrees of freedom becomes larger than the number of physical variables required for describing a given task. Kinematic redundancy may contribute to enhancement of dexterity and versatility but it incurs a problem of ill-posedness of inverse kinematics from the task space to the joint space. This ill-posedness was originally found by Bernstein, who tried to unveil the secret of the central nervous system and how nicely it coordinates a skeletomotor system with many DOFs interacting in complex ways. In the history of robotics research, such ill-posedness has not yet been resolved directly but circumvented by introducing an artificial performance index and determining uniquely an inverse kinematics solution by minimization. This paper tackles such Bernstein's problem and proposes a new method for resolving the ill-posedness in a natural way without invoking any artificial index. First, given a curve on a horizontal plane for a redundant robot arm whose endpoint is imposed to trace the curve, the existence of a unique ideal joint trajectory is proved. Second, such a uniquely determined motion can be acquired eventually as a joint control signal through iterative learning without reinforcement or reward.
Emotion on the Road—Necessity, Acceptance, and Feasibility of Affective Computing in the Car
Authors: Eyben Florian , Wöllmer Martin , Poitschke Tony , Schuller Björn , Blaschke Christoph , Färber Berthold , Nguyen-Thien Nhu
Published: July 2010

Besides reduction of energy consumption, which implies alternate actuation and light construction, the main research domain in automobile development in the near future is dominated by driver assistance and natural driver-car communication. The ability of a car to understand natural speech and provide a human-like driver assistance system can be expected to be a factor decisive for market success on par with automatic driving systems. Emotional factors and affective states are thereby crucial for enhanced safety and comfort. This paper gives an extensive literature overview on work related to influence of emotions on driving safety and comfort, automatic recognition, control of emotions, and improvement of in-car interfaces by affect sensitive technology. Various use-case scenarios are outlined as possible applications for emotion-oriented technology in the vehicle. The possible acceptance of such future technology by drivers is assessed in a Wizard-Of-Oz user study, and feasibility of automatically recognising various driver states is demonstrated by an example system for monitoring driver attentiveness. Thereby an accuracy of 91.3% is reported for classifying in real-time whether the driver is attentive or distracted.
Taylor Expansion of Surface Potential in MOSFET: Application to Pao-Sah Integral
Authors: Murray Hugues , Martin Patrick , Bardy Serge
Published: July 2010

We propose a simple model, derived from Pao-Sah theory, valid in all modes from weak to strong inversion, to calculate the drain current in Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). The Pao-Sah double integral is decomposed into single integrals with limits of integration calculated from Taylor polynomials of inverse functions. The solution is presented analytically wherever possible, and the integration is made from simple numerical methods (Simpson, Romberg) or adaptative algorithms and can be implemented in simple C-program or in usual mathematical software. The transconductance and the diffusion current are also calculated with the same model.
Effect of Saturated Near Surface on Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen Losses in Surface Runoff at the Loess Soil Hillslope
Authors: Zhang Yu-bin , Zheng Fen-li , Cao Ning
Published: July 2010

Water pollution from agricultural fields is a global problem and cause of eutrophication of surface waters. A laboratory study was designed to evaluate the effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on NO3–N and NH4–N losses in surface runoff from soil boxes at 27% slope undersimulated rainfall of a loess soil hillslope. Experimental treatments included two near-surface hydraulic gradients (free drainage, FD; saturation, SA), three fertilizer application rates (control, no fertilizer input; low, 120 kg N ha-1; high, 240 kg N ha-1), and simulated rainfall of 100 mm h-1was applied for 70 min. The results showed that saturated near-surface soil moisture had dramatic effects on NO3–N and NH4–N losses and water quality. Under the low fertilizer treatment, average NO3–N concentrations in runoff water of SA averaged 2.2 times greater than that of FD, 1.6 times greater for NH4–N. Under the high fertilizer treatment, NO3–N concentrations in runoff water from SA averaged 5.7 times greater than that of FD, 4.3 times greater for NH4–N. Nitrogen loss formed with NO3–N is dominant during the event, but not NH4–N. Under the SA condition, the total loss of NO3–N from low fertilizer treatment was 34.2 to 42.3% of applied nitrogen, while under the FD treatment that was 3.9 to 6.9%. However, the total loss of NH4–N was less than 1% of applied nitrogen. These results showed that saturated condition could make significant contribution to water quality problems.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Wounds: Pain Relief or Excessive Scar Formation?
Authors: Su Wen-Hsiang , Cheng Ming-Huei , Lee Wen-Ling , Tsou Tsung-Shan , Chang Wen-Hsun , Chen Chien-Sheng , Wang Peng-Hui
Published: July 2010

The inflammatory process has direct effects on normal and abnormal wound healing. Hypertrophic scar formation is an aberrant form of wound healing and is an indication of an exaggerated function of fibroblasts and excess accumulation of extracellular matrix during wound healing. Two cytokines—transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)—are lipid mediators of inflammation involving wound healing. Overproduction of TGF-βand suppression of PGE2 are found in excessive wound scarring compared with normal wound healing. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or their selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are frequently used as a pain-killer. However, both NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors inhibit PGE2 production, which might exacerbate excessive scar formation, especially when used during the later proliferative phase. Therefore, a balance between cytokines and medication in the pathogenesis of wound healing is needed. This report is a literature review pertaining to wound healing and is focused on TGF-βand PGE2.
On a Higher‐Order Nonlinear Difference Equation
Authors: Iričanin Bratislav D.
Published: July 2010

This paper shows that all positive solutions of a higher‐order nonlinear difference equation are bounded, extending some recent results in the
literature.
The Partial Inner Product Space Method: A Quick Overview
Authors: Antoine Jean-Pierre , Trapani Camillo
Published: July 2010

Many families of function spaces play a central role in analysis, in particular, in signal
processing (e.g., wavelet or Gabor analysis). Typical are Lp spaces, Besov spaces, amalgam
spaces, or modulation spaces. In all these cases, the parameter indexing the family measures the
behavior (regularity, decay properties) of particular functions or operators. It turns out that
all these space families are, or contain, scales or lattices of Banach spaces, which are special
cases of partial inner product spaces (PIP‐spaces). In this context, it is often said that such
families should be taken as a whole and operators, bases, and frames on them should be defined
globally, for the whole family, instead of individual spaces. In this paper, we will give an overview of PIP‐spaces and operators on them, illustrating the results by space families of interest in mathematical physics and signal analysis. The
interesting fact is that they allow a global definition of operators, and various operator classes
on them have been defined.
Timing of Imaging after D‐Luciferin Injection Affects the Longitudinal Assessment of Tumor Growth Using In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Kiryu Shigeru , Watanabe Makoto , Tojo Arinobu , Ohtomo Kuni
Published: July 2010

The peak signal or the signal at a predetermined, fixed time point after D‐luciferin injection may be used for the quantitative analysis of in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We repeatedly performed sequential bioluminescence imaging after subcutaneous injection of D‐luciferin in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. The peak time in each measurement became shorter early after cell inoculation, presumably due to gradual establishment of intratumoral vasculature, and reached a plateau of about 10 min on day 10. Although the correlation between the signal at a fixed time point and the peak signal was high, the signal at 5 or 10 min normalized for the peak signal was lower for earlier days, which caused overestimation of tumor growth. The time course of the signals after D‐luciferin injection may vary with time after cell inoculation, and this variation should be considered when determining the imaging protocol for quantitative bioluminescence tumor monitoring.
Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) Cultivar Selection Affects Double-Crop and Relay-Intercrop Soybean (Glycine maxL.) Response on Claypan Soils
Authors: Nelson Kelly A. , Meinhardt Clinton G. , Smoot Randall L.
Published: July 2010

Field research (2003–2005) evaluated the effect of wheat row spacing (19 and 38 cm) and cultivar on double-cropped (DC) soybean response, 38-cm wheat on relay-intercrop (RI) response, and wheat cultivar selection on gross margins of these cropping systems. Narrow-row wheat increased grain yield 460 kg , light interception (LI) 7%, and leaf area index (LAI) 0.5 compared to wide rows, but did not affect DC soybean yield. High yielding wheat (P25R37) with greater LI and LAI produced lower (330 kg ) soybean yields in an RI system than a low yielding cultivar (Ernie). Gross margins were 267  greater when P25R37 was RI with H431 Intellicoat (ITC) soybean compared to Ernie. Gross margins were similar for monocrop H431 non-coated (NC) or ITC soybean, P25R37 in 19- or 38-cm rows with DC H431 NC soybean, and P25R37 in 38-cm rows with RI H431 ITC soybean in the absence of an early fall frost.
Effects of Endogenous PPAR Agonist Nitro-Oleic Acid on Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Wang Haiping , Liu Haiying , Jia Zhanjun , Guan Guangju , Yang Tianxin
Published: July 2010

Nitroalkene derivatives of nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) are endogenous lipid products with novel signaling properties, particularly the activation of PPARs. The goal of this proposal was to examine the therapeutic potential of this OA-NO2in treatment of obesity and obesity-related conditions in obese Zucker rats. The animals were randomly divided to receive OA-NO2, oleic acid (OA), both at 7.5 μg/kg/d, or vehicle ethanol via osmotic mini-pumps for 2 weeks. Following OA-NO2treatment, food intake was decreased as early as the first day and this effect appeared to persist throughout the experimental period. At day 14, body weight gain was significantly reduced by OA-NO2treatment. This treatment significantly reduced plasma triglyceride and almost normalized plasma free fatty acid and significantly increased plasma high-density lipid (HDL). The plasma TBARS and proteinuria were paralelly decreased. In contrast, none of these parameters were affected by OA treatment. After 14 days of OA-NO2treatment, hematocrit, a surrogate of fluid retention associated with PPARγagonists, remained unchanged. Together, these data demonstrated that OA-NO2may offer an effective and safe therapeutic intervention for obesity and obesity-related conditions.
Immunomodulatory Effects of dsRNA and Its Potential as Vaccine Adjuvant
Authors: Jin Bo , Sun Tao , Yu Xiao-Hong , Liu Chao-Qun , Yang Ying-Xiang , Lu Ping , Fu Shan-Feng , Qiu Hui-Bin , Yeo Anthony E. T.
Published: July 2010

dsRNA can be detected by pattern recognition receptors, for example, TLR3, MDA-5, NLRP3 to induce proinflammatory cytokines responsible for innate/adaptive immunity. Recognized by endosomal TLR3 in myeloid DCs (mDCs), dsRNA can activate mDCs into mature antigen presenting cells (mAPCs) which in turn present antigen epitopes with MHC-I molecules to naïve T cells. Coadministration of protein and synthetic dsRNA analogues can elicit an antigen-specific Th1-polarized immune response which stimulates the CD8+CTL response and possibly dampen Th17 response. Synthetic dsRNA analogues have been tested as vaccine adjuvant against viral infections in animal models. However, a dsRNA receptor, TLR3 can be expressed in tumor cells while other members of TLR family, for example, TLR4 and TLR2 have been shown to promote tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Thus, the promising potential of dsRNA analogues as a tumor therapeutic vaccine adjuvant should be evaluated cautiously.