bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimers or Solid‐State Solvation? Intermolecular Effects of Multiple Donor–Acceptor Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter Determining Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Performance
Authors: Imbrasas Paulius , Lygaitis Ramūnas , Kleine Paul , Scholz Reinhard , Hänisch Christian , Buchholtz Stephanie , Ortstein Katrin , Talnack Felix , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Lenk Simone , Reineke Sebastian
Published: March 2021

Organic light‐emitting materials exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) show great promise for improving display applications. Recently, intermolecular effects between emitting molecules have been given more attention, revealing strong solid‐state solvation or aggregation induced changes of sample performance. Implications of this on device performance are not yet fully covered. In this work, a thorough investigation of a novel TADF emitter, methyl 2,3,4,5,6‐penta(carbazol‐9‐yl)benzoate (5CzCO2Me), is provided. Steady‐state emission spectra reveal a luminescence redshift with increasing emitter concentration in a small molecule host. In all investigated concentrations, the emission profile remains the same; thus, the redshift is attributed to the solid‐state solvation effect. The highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is achieved in the 20 wt% sample, reaching 66%. The best organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) in terms of current–voltage–luminance and external quantum efficiency (EQE) parameters is the device with 60 wt% emitter concentration, reaching maximal EQE values of 7.5%. It is shown that the emitter transports holes and that charge‐carrier recombination does not take place on the bandgap of the host, but rather, a mixed host–guest concentration‐dependent recombination is seen. The hole‐transporting properties of 5CzCO2Me allow for a new dimension in tuning the device performance by controlling the emitter concentration.
In Situ Thermal and Electricity Utilization of Photovoltaic Devices by Membrane Distillation and Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation for Desalination and Degradation of Wastewater
Authors: Cheng Shaoan , Li Yihang , Yu Zhen , Sun Yi , Jin Beichen , Mao Zhengzhong
Published: March 2021

Freshwater shortages and water pollution have threatened the sustainable development of human beings. Efficient and sustainable technologies are urgently needed to achieve seawater desalination and wastewater treatment. Here, a hybrid device is developed consisting of photovoltaics (PV), membrane distillation (MD), and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) for sustainable freshwater production and wastewater treatment. The device obtains freshwater from seawater with a stable rate of 0.97 kg m–2 h–1 under 1 sun, and the produced clean water reaches the drinking water limit of the WHO. This device also obtains freshwater from a methylene blue (MB) solution at a stable water production rate of 0.75 kg m–2 h–1, and the concentrated MB solution demonstrates a degradation rate of 96.05% by in situ degradation of EAOPs. The high water‐production performance and degradation performance is attributed to the well‐designed structure of the three stages PV‐MD‐EAOPs device, which enables both the latent heat recycle of water evaporation and the contaminants enrichment of wastewater. To summarize, a new path is explored for in situ thermal and electricity utilization of photovoltaic for efficient treatment of wastewater, which is a meaningful way for synchronous clean water production and wastewater treatment.
Pan‐Milling: Instituting an All‐Solid‐State Technique for Mechanical Metastable Oxides as High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Liu Xingang , Wen Hao , Guo Binbin , Lv Chunzheng , Shi Weimei , Kang Wenbin , Zhang Jihai , Yuan Ruoxin , Zhang Chuhong
Published: March 2021

All‐solid‐state mechanochemistry is experiencing an exciting period of renaissance, thanks in part to the recent discovery of its ability to realize chemical synthesis that is inaccessible to solution‐based methods. Among them, high‐energy ball‐milling is widely used in large‐scale preparation of metal oxide composites for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, ball‐milling‐induced high‐energy mechanical activation may destroy crystalline structure, and thus the electrochemical activity of many metastable oxides such as anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2). Herein, the mechanism that anatase TiO2 undergoes the crystalline‐amorphous phase transformation subject to ball‐milling is reported and a new pan‐milling mechanochemical technique for preparation of stable anatase TiO2/graphene (TiO2/GNS) composites is demonstrated. The pan‐milling technique not only preserves the original crystal structure of TiO2 but also realizes a good dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene nanosheets through its unique 3D shear force. When used as anode for LIBs, the pan‐milled TiO2/GNS demonstrates high reversible specific capacity, excellent rate capability, and long cycle stability, in comparison to the ball‐milled TiO2/GNS that shows no capacity. By tapping into the huge potential of pan‐milling mechanochemistry, this work opens the door to large‐scale all‐solid‐state preparation of mechanical metastable oxides with desired electrochemical performance for energy storage.
Decision‐making competence and cognitive abilities: Which abilities matter?
Authors: Skagerlund Kenny , Forsblad Mattias , Tinghög Gustav , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: March 2021

Decision‐making competence is a skill that is associated with numerous positive life outcomes. Even though multiple cognitive abilities have been shown to predict decision‐making competence, few studies have incorporated a large test battery tapping into several cognitive abilities concurrently in the same models. The current paper presents a study that sought to investigate which cognitive abilities predicted overall decision‐making competence in adults using hierarchical regression analysis. A cognitive test battery, comprising abilities such as general intelligence, executive functions, numeracy, visuospatial ability, and time perception, was administered to 182 participants. Results indicate that both general intelligence, which was consistently the strongest predictor, and numeracy contributed independently to overall decision‐making competence. Executive functions did predict overall decision‐making competence, while all predictors were included in the models. A novel finding concerns the relationship between time perception and decision‐making competence. The complementary roles of these cognitive abilities are discussed.
Shape Effect on Electrochemical Energy Storage Performance of Nanosized Copper Germanium Selenide Particles
Authors: Ganesan Vinoth , Kim Jinkwon
Published: March 2021

Colloidal Cu2GeSe3 nanosheets (NSs) (0.5–1.5 μm) and Cu2GeSe3 nanoparticles (NPs) (8–10 nm) were synthesized for electrochemical performance comparison. The galvanostatic measurements show the maximum capacitance of 118 F/g and 77 F/g for Cu2GeSe3 NSs and NPs, respectively. Each type of nanomaterials exhibits shape dependence in its capacitance reduction behavior with increasing current density due to differences in surface area and electrical conductivity. The cyclic stability tests for Cu2GeSe3 NSs showed a capacity retention of about 90% after 1000 cycles.
TAFRO syndrome presenting as intrahepatic cholangitis on autopsy
Authors: Nishioka Hiroaki , Nishino Shogo , Yoshizaki Aisa , Hara Shigeo
Published: March 2021

Elevation of ALP is an abnormal feature in TAFRO syndrome, but the cause is unknown. This article is the first report that histologically showed intrahepatic cholangitis may be the cause of ALP elevation in TAFRO syndrome.
Generation and Use of Recombinant Galectins
Authors: Wu Shang‐Chuen , Paul Anu , Ho Alex , Patel Kashyap R. , Allen Jerry William Lynn , Verkerke Hans , Arthur Connie M. , Stowell Sean R.
Published: March 2021

Galectins are soluble carbohydrate binding proteins that can bind β‐galactose‐containing glycoconjugates by means of a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). In mammalian systems, galectins have been shown to mediate very important roles in innate and adaptive immunity as well as facilitating host‐pathogen relationships. Many of these studies have relied on purified recombinant galectins to uncover key features of galectin biology. A major limitation to this approach is that certain recombinant galectins purified using standard protocols are easily susceptible to loss of glycan‐binding activity. As a result, biochemical studies that employ recombinant galectins can be misleading if the overall activity of a galectin remains unknown in a given assay condition. This article examines fundamental considerations when purifying galectins by lactosyl‐sepharose and nickel‐NTA affinity chromatography using human galectin‐4N and ‐7 as examples, respectively. As other approaches are also commonly applied to galectin purification, we also discuss alternative strategies to galectin purification, using human galectin‐1 and ‐9 as examples. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 20 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.

Basic Protocol 1: Purification of galectins using lactosyl‐sepharose affinity chromatography

Basic Protocol 2: Purification of human galectin‐7 using a nickel‐NTA affinity chromatography column

Alternate Protocol 1: Iodoacetamide alkylation of free sulfhydryls on galectin‐1

Alternate Protocol 2: Purification of human galectin‐9 using lactosyl‐sepharose column chromatography
Ultrafast Sodium Imaging of the Axon Initial Segment of Neurons in Mouse Brain Slices
Authors: Blömer Laila Ananda , Canepari Marco , Filipis Luiza
Published: March 2021

Monitoring Na+ influx in the axon initial segment (AIS) at high spatial and temporal resolution is fundamental to understanding the generation of an action potential (AP). Here, we present protocols to obtain this measurement, focusing on the AIS of layer 5 (L5) somatosensory cortex pyramidal neurons in mouse brain slices. We first outline how to prepare slices for this application, how to select and patch neurons, and how to optimize the image acquisition. Specifically, we describe the preparation of optimal slices, patching and loading of L5 pyramidal neurons with the Na+ indicator ING‐2, and Na+ imaging at 100 µs temporal resolution with a pixel resolution of half a micron. Then, we present a data analysis strategy in order to extract information on the kinetics of activated voltage‐gated Na+ channels by determining the change in Na+ by compensating for bleaching and calculating the time derivative of the resulting fit. In sum, this approach can be widely applied when investigating the function of Na+ channels during initiation of an AP and propagation under physiological or pathological conditions in neuronal subtypes. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 26 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of cortical slices

Basic Protocol 2: Selection, patching, and Na+ fluorescence recording of a neuron

Support Protocol: Calibrating Na+ fluorescence

Basic Protocol 3: Data analysis
Social and economic cost of eating disorders in the United States: Evidence to inform policy action
Authors: Streatfeild Jared , Hickson Josiah , Austin S. Bryn , Hutcheson Rebecca , Kandel Johanna S. , Lampert Jillian G. , Myers Elissa M. , Richmond Tracy K. , Samnaliev Mihail , Velasquez Katrina , Weissman Ruth S. , Pezzullo Lynne
Published: March 2021

Objective

To estimate one‐year costs of eating disorders in the United States (U.S.) from a societal perspective, including the costs to the U.S. health system, individual and family productivity costs, lost wellbeing, and other societal economic costs, by setting and payer. Findings will inform needed policy action to mitigate the impact of eating disorders in the U.S.

Method

Costs of eating disorders were estimated using a bottom‐up cost‐of‐illness methodology, based on the estimated one‐year prevalence of eating disorders. Intangible costs of reduced wellbeing were also estimated using disability‐adjusted life years.

Results

Total economic costs associated with eating disorders were estimated to be $64.7 billion (95% CI: $63.5–$66.0 billion) in fiscal year 2018–2019, equivalent to $11,808 per affected person (95% CI: $11,754–$11,863 per affected person). Otherwise Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder accounted for 35% of total economic costs, followed by Binge Eating Disorder (30%), Bulimia Nervosa (18%) and Anorexia Nervosa (17%). The substantial reduction in wellbeing associated with eating disorders was further valued at $326.5 billion (95% CI: $316.8–$336.2 billion).

Discussion

The impact of eating disorders in the U.S. is substantial when considering both economic costs and reduced wellbeing (nearly $400 billion in fiscal year 2018–2019). Study findings underscore the urgency of identifying effective policy actions to reduce the impact of eating disorders, such as through primary prevention and screening to identify people with emerging or early eating disorders in primary care, schools, and workplaces and ensuring access to early evidence‐based treatment.
Batesian mimicry in the nonrewarding saprophytic orchidDanxiaorchis yangii
Authors: Luo Huolin , Xiao Hanwen , Liang Yuelong , Liu Nannan , Turner Cassidy , Tan Shaolin , Chen Xinghui , Xiong Dongjin , Yang Boyun
Published: March 2021

Batesian mimicry, a type of deceptive pollination, is a complicated strategy used by nonrewarding plants to attract pollinators, but some hypotheses concerning this have not been systematically verified. In order to show in detail a case of Batesian mimicry on saprophytic orchidDanxiaorchis yangii, the ecological relationship betweenDanxiaorchis yangii,Lysimachia alfrediandDufoureaspp. was explored.Lysimachia alfredicould provide a reward toDufoureasp., whereasDanxiaorchis yangiinot. The floral morphology and geographical distribution of these two plants were highly overlapping, and the fruit set rate ofDanxiaorchis yangiiwas significantly positively correlated with the number of nearbyL. alfrediindividuals. In a glass cylinder experiment,Danxiaorchis yangiiandL. alfrediattractedDufoureaspp. through visual signals, but the insect could not distinguish between flowers of the two plants before landing on flowers. The ultraviolet reflection spectra of flowers between the two plant species were highly similar. In the hexagonal color models constructed according to the visual characteristics of bees, the flower color signals of these two plant species highly overlap, indicating that the visual signals of the flowers of the two plants to the pollinator were greatly similar. All of these results provided evidence thatDanxiaorchis yangiisimulated the visual signals ofL. alfredithrough Batesian mimicry, thereby deceptively attractingDufoureaspp.
Effects of short‐interval disturbances continue to accumulate, overwhelming variability in local resilience
Authors: Hayes Katherine , Buma Brian
Published: March 2021

Increasing rates of short‐interval disturbances have the potential to rapidly transform ecosystems via shifts in post‐disturbance regeneration. While research has explored compound events in multiple biomes, we know little regarding how local site conditions interact with short‐interval disturbances to influence post‐disturbance regeneration. Furthermore, questions remain regarding the consequences of continued high frequency events: What happens when emerging new communities are themselves subject to short‐interval disturbances? To investigate effects of ongoing short‐interval fires on regeneration, we examined post‐fire forest regeneration in two locations in interior Alaska. We established 50 plots across a mosaic of fire histories (one, two, or three fires in <70 yr) in an upland and lowland site in interior Alaska. To investigate how shifts in community driven by short‐interval fires differ according to local site conditions, we quantified abundance, proportion, and density of conifer and deciduous regeneration in a drier upland site and a wetter lowland site. Both sites were dominated by black spruce prior to burning. In the drier upland site, black spruce (Picea mariana) presence declined sharply after two fires, while paper birch (Betula neoalaskana) became increasingly abundant with each additional fire. In the wetter lowland site, less organic soil was consumed by fire and presence of black spruce persisted through an initial single reburn (two fires), indicating local topography may temporarily buffer reburning impacts. However, after three burns, conifers were effectively eliminated in both upland and lowland stands. Deciduous regeneration differed with site: Birch dominated in upland plots, while willow (Salix spp.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides) dominated in lowlands. These results offer strong empirical evidence of the divergence of boreal successional trajectories from previous historic norms. Furthermore, results from this study demonstrate shifts in post‐fire succession in forested ecosystems continue to accumulate with additional short‐interval disturbance events, overwhelming the interactive effects of local site conditions.
Posttraumatic symptoms, posttraumatic growth, and internal resources among the general population in Greece: A nation‐wide survey amid the first COVID‐19 lockdown
Authors: Kalaitzaki Argyroula
Published: March 2021

Scarce and inconclusive evidence exists on the mental health consequences of the COVID‐19 lockdown. This study examined the psychological impact of the lockdown in Greece, resilience levels, use of coping strategies, and identified high‐risk groups. A sample of 1661 participants (mean age = 39.5, SD = 12.2; 75.5% females) completed a web‐based survey, which was distributed through social networking sites, webpages, and personal contacts. Posttraumatic symptoms, posttraumatic growth, resilience, and coping strategies were assessed. Different population subgroups suffered the impact of lockdown disproportionately. Healthcare workers, females, younger, less educated, and those living alone reported higher rates of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Females achieved more posttraumatic growth and were using coping strategies more frequently than men. Men, older, healthcare workers, and those with a partner were more resilient. Interventions need to be developed to target personal resources, protect vulnerable populations, facilitate posttraumatic growth, and ameliorate wellbeing and quality of life.
High‐sensitivity Raman imaging of the surface of casted glass plates
Authors: Jacquemin M. , Simon P. , Canizarès A. , Hennet L. , Bessada C. , Skrelic D. , Gouillart E. , Burov E.
Published: March 2021

Glass manufacturing processes are prone to induce local fluctuations of the glass properties, to which Raman spectroscopy is highly sensitive. In this work, Raman imaging is used to investigate the homogeneity of the Raman response at the surface of casted aluminosilicate glass pieces. Samples were probed at constant focus depth across 7 × 7 cm2 surfaces using 500 μm spatial steps, resulting in unusually large and detailed Raman images. We show that the extent of modification of the Raman response is small across the scanned area and that the information is mostly carried by the spatial representation of properly selected Raman parameters. Specifically, detailed macroscopic patterns correlating to the glass casting process were obtained from Raman parameters of two distinct Raman modes: the Si‐O stretching mode involving Q2 tetrahedral units, and the Si‐O‐Si bending vibrations envelope in the low‐wavenumber range. The contrasts on the Raman images are assigned to fine local variations of fictive temperature (and hence of cooling rate) and chemistry resulting from the manufacturing process. From the evolution of these parameters across the surface of the sample, we were able to identify areas consisting of material from different stages of the casting. Structural and chemical changes originating from the manufacturing process are therefore printed at the surface of the glass pieces, and their fingerprint revealed by Raman imaging.
Multivariate optimization of a combined static and dynamic supercritical fluid extraction method for trace analysis of pesticides pollutants in organic honey
Authors: Tolcha Teshome , Gemechu Tura , Al‐Hamimi Said , Megersa Negussie , Turner Charlotta
Published: March 2021

The intensive application of pesticides to increase crop production has resulted in contamination of the agricultural products. Due to their occurrence at trace levels and the complexity of food samples, analysis of pesticide residues requires selective and efficient sample preparation methods. For this purpose, an extraction method based on supercritical carbon dioxide and acetonitrile as entrainer solvent was developed for trace analysis of atrazine, diazinon, chlorothalonil, and deltamethrin pesticides in honey samples. A Box–Behnken experimental design was applied to optimize extraction variables including static extraction time (5–15 min), pressure (200–700 bar), and temperature (45–70°C). The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 11.5 min static extraction time, 252 bar, and 70°C. The proposed analytical method showed a good linearity (≥0.998), low limit of detection (0.005–0.009 mg/kg), and good extraction recovery (74–111%). The precision study of the proposed method at two concentration levels of each pesticides, 0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg was found to be in the ranges of 2.3–4.21% for intraday (n = 3) and 3.93–8.02% for interday precisions (n = 3). The developed method is promising for use in trace analysis of pesticides in complex food samples including honey.
The Performance of Transvaginal Two‐Dimensional Fundamental Sonosalpingography Combined with Saline Infusion Pelvic Sonosalpingography for Assessing Fimbrial Part's Morphology and Function of the Fallopian Tubes
Authors: Xu Zining , Peng Chengzhong , Lv Ya'er , Sun Juan , Chen Shuangxi , Cui Ailin , Jin Bihui
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of transvaginal two‐dimensional fundamental sonosalpingography (2D‐FS) combined with saline infusion pelvic sonosalpingography (SIPS) for assessing fimbrial part's morphology and function of the fallopian tubes.

Methods

One hundred and sixty‐nine cases underwent 2D‐FS combined with SIPS. Among them, 18 cases received laparoscopy and dye test (LDT) within 3 months after the examination and the results were regarded as reference standard.

Results

Excluding proximal or middle segment obstructed tubes, the remaining fimbrial parts' display rate by using 2D‐FS combined with SIPS was 75.1%. According to the ultrasonic appearance, the fimbrial parts were classified into 4 types: normal, abnormal, suspected abnormal, and unclassifiable. Normal fimbrial parts accounted for 73.8% when the tubes were patent; abnormal fimbrial parts accounted for 74.1% when the tubes were partial obstructed; all became abnormal when the tubes were distal complete obstructed. The fimbrial parts which had been classified by 2D‐FS combined with SIPS were compared with LDT further. This combination's accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Youden's index (YI) were 86.4, 87.5, 85.7, 77.8, 92.3, and 0.73%, respectively. The result of consistency analysis showed the combination was essentially consistent with LDT result (Kappa = 0.713).

Conclusion

2D‐FS combined with SIPS can be a preferred method for assessment of the fimbrial part's morphology and function, with its advantages of non‐invasive, intuition, and accuracy. This combination could provide an objective imaging basis for choosing clinical treatment strategies and predicting prognosis.
Flexural wave and vibration properties of nanotubes conveying fluid
Authors: Lu Pin , Liu Rui
Published: March 2021

The flexural wave and vibration properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conveying fluid are studied by considering van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the nanotube surface and the fluid. Based on the modified model, the exact dispersion and eigenvalue relations are derived, and the corresponding wave and dynamic properties are calculated and discussed in details. The results show that the wave and vibration properties of the fluid‐conveying nanotubes with allowance for the nanotube‐fluid vdW interactions are significantly different from those predicted based on the conventional models. These properties can provide a better understanding on the relationships between the flexural waves/vibrations and the flow velocities of the fluid‐conveying components at small size scale level and to design stable nanotube‐based nanofluidic channels. In addition, the dynamic properties calculated herein by the exact dispersion and eigen equations can also serve as benchmark solutions for verifying results obtained by other approximate approaches.
Understanding nurses’ experiences with near‐miss error reporting omissions in large hospitals
Authors: Lee Jaehee
Published: March 2021

Aim

This qualitative study aimed to provide an in‐depth understanding of nurses’ experiences with near‐miss errors and report omissions known to be direct or indirect causes of medical accidents in hospitals and cited as precursors of serious medical accidents.

Design

This study collected experiences of research participants through an interview as a qualitative research method and confirmed the meaning through an inductive approach.

Methods

We selected nine nurses with various levels of experience from 27 May to 10 June 2019 for analysis. We adopted phenomenological research methods and procedures proposed by Colaizzi (Existential‐phenomenological alternative for psychology, 1978) and established the feasibility and integrity of our results based on narrative studies proposed by Lincoln and Guba (Naturalistic inquiry, 1985).

Results

This study demonstrated that near‐miss errors and report omissions experienced by professional nurses could be merged into the following themes: lack of cognitive susceptibility to near‐miss errors; confusion about the reporting system for near‐miss errors; lack of knowledge about near‐miss errors; disappointment with results of reporting near‐miss errors; and fear of reporting near‐miss errors. These results strongly suggest the need to improve recognition efforts based on a socio‐educational viewpoint involving the so‐called openness about failures.
Improving crosshole ground‐penetrating radar full‐waveform inversion results by using progressively expanded bandwidths of the data
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Klotzsche Anja , Vereecken Harry
Published: March 2021

In the last decade, time‐domain crosshole ground‐penetrating radar full‐waveform inversion has been applied to several different test sites and has improved the resolution and reconstruction of subsurface properties. The full‐waveform inversion requires several diligent executed pre‐processing steps to guarantee a successful inversion and to minimize the risk of being trapped in a local minimum. Thereby, one important aspect is the starting models of the full‐waveform inversion. Generally, adequate starting models need to fulfil the half‐wavelength criterion, which means that the modelled data based on the starting models need to be within half of the wavelength of the measured data in the entire investigation area. Ray‐based approaches can provide such starting models, but in the presence of high contrast layers, such results do not always fulfil this criterion and need to be improved and updated. Therefore, precise and detailed data processing and a good understanding of experimental ground‐penetrating radar data are necessary to avoid erroneous full‐waveform inversion results. Here, we introduce a new approach, which improves the starting model problem and is able to enhance the reconstruction of the subsurface medium properties. The new approach tames the non‐linearity issue caused by high contrast complex media, by applying bandpass filters with different passband ranges during the inversion to the modelled and measured ground‐penetrating radar data. Thereby, these bandpass filters are considered for a certain number of iterations and are progressively expanded to the selected maximum frequency bandwidth. The resulting permittivity full‐waveform inversion model is applied to update the effective source wavelet and is used as an updated starting model in the full‐waveform inversion with the full bandwidth data. This full‐waveform inversion is able to enhance the reconstruction of the permittivity and electrical conductivity results in contrast to the standard full‐waveform inversion results. The new approach has been applied and tested on two synthetic case studies and an experimental data set. The field data were additionally compared with cone penetration test data for validation.
A survey of newly enrolled school psychology trainees: Estimates of key role and function
Authors: Weiner Yaacov , Shernoff Elisa S. , Kettler Ryan J.
Published: March 2021

Examining school psychology trainees' perceptions regarding school psychologists' key role and function is important because inaccurate perceptions may lead to unmet professional expectations, reduced job satisfaction, and burnout. One hundred and eighty two first‐year school psychology graduate students enrolled in National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) approved and/or American Psychological Association accredited school psychology specialist and/or doctoral training programs were surveyed regarding their perceptions of how school psychologists spend their time. Responses were compared to results from the 2010 NASP survey of school psychologists, in which NASP members reported the percentage of time engaged in various school psychology functions. Respondents in the current sample underestimated time spent conducting special education evaluations t(399.54) = 12.2, p < 0.000, d = 0.76 and overestimated time spent providing individual student counseling, t(465.27) = 2.94, p < 0.001, d = 0.17 and student groups t(444.74) = 5.42, p < 0.001, d = 0.409, η2 = 0.04. A positive correlation between prior professional public school experience and time estimates for special education evaluations was found, r(175) = 0.14, p = 0.03. Implications for the field of school psychology are discussed, including the provision of updated information on key role and function to applicants along with screening to assess knowledge of the field.
Early childhood educators' beliefs about child behavior and adult outcomes related to gender and play
Authors: McCabe Paul C.
Published: March 2021

This study explored the beliefs of early childhood educators about a child's current behavior and potential adult adjustment based on a description of the child's gender and play interests. There were 451 early childhood educators from a US sample who, after reading a brief vignette describing a child's play and behavior, responded to questions related to the child's current and future behavior. Respondents also provided demographic information as well as ratings of their gender role beliefs. Results indicated that (a) educators believe strongly masculine or feminine play in early childhood predicts similar displays of masculinity or femininity in adulthood, (b) educator ratings of externalizing problem behaviors were significantly higher in the masculine play vignettes, irrespective of the child's gender, (c) ratings of internalizing problem behaviors were higher in the feminine play vignettes, also independent of child's gender, and (d) there were few differences in ratings between gender role conforming and gender role nonconforming children. However, the gender role nonconforming boy was rated as more likely to contemplate suicide as an adult compared to the gender role nonconforming girl and the gender role conforming boy and girl. Educators' beliefs about gender‐related constructs and recommendations for future practice and research were discussed.
Assessing and communicating heterogeneity of treatment effects for patient subpopulations: The hardest problem there is
Authors: Ruberg Stephen J.
Published: March 2021

Heterogeneity is an enormously complex problem because there are so many dimensions and variables that can be considered when assessing which ones may influence an efficacy or safety outcome for an individual patient. This is difficult in randomized controlled trials and even more so in observational settings. An alternative approach is presented in which the individual patient becomes the “subgroup,” and similar patients are identified in the clinical trial database or electronic medical record that can be used to predict how that individual patient may respond to treatment.
Intergroup dialogue: A justice‐centered pedagogy to address gender inequity in STEM
Authors: White Brittany A. , Miles Joseph R. , Frantell Keri A.
Published: March 2021

Gender inequities in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields persist and calls have been made for continued efforts to challenge systemic sexism in STEM. In response to these calls, we examined the experiences of undergraduate and graduate STEM students who participated in an intergroup dialogue (IGD) focused on gender and sexism in STEM. We conceptualize IGD as a form of “justice‐centered” STEM pedagogy, designed to bring together individuals from different social identity groups with a history of tension between them (in this case, women and men in STEM) for sustained, face‐to‐face communication. The goals of the dialogue included (1) building relationships and understanding across genders, (2) developing a critical awareness of male privilege and systemic oppression (i.e., sexism), and (3) promoting capacities to work toward gender equity in STEM. The dialogue followed a modified version of an empirically validated model of IGD. Eight students participated in the IGD and post‐IGD interviews. Through grounded theory analyses of these interviews, four themes emerged including Barriers to Dialogue, Facilitative Factors, Cognitive and Attitudinal Outcomes, and Behavioral Outcomes. Ultimately, we engaged in theoretical integration around a core theme of perspective‐taking to characterize these young scientists' experiences in IGD. We explore the implications for STEM education and research and practice of IGD and conclude that IGD on gender, sexism, and intersecting forms of privilege and oppression in STEM has the potential to challenge inequitable cultures.
From Nanosecond Photochemistry to Optical Force Chemistry: My Journey
Authors: Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

Laser was invented in 1960 and soon introduced to chemistry research. We started time‐resolved spectroscopy and photochemistry and initial trial was focused to nanosecond and then picosecond electronic absorption spectroscopy for studying molecular electronic excited states, charge separation in molecular complexes, and intermolecular electron transfer in solution. We considered that not only time‐resolved but also space‐resolved chemistry would be important for future laser‐based chemistry and combined pulsed lasers with optical microscopes. Spectroscopy, photochemistry, ablation, and spatial arrangement of single microparticles and microdroplets in solution were carried out. Further we shifted from micro to nano and opened a new field covering spectroscopy, ablation, phase transition, crystallization, patterning, and fabrication. The progress is summarized and discussed as time‐resolved nano spectroscopy, ablation nano dynamics, and optical force chemistry.
Electrochemical Fluorescence Switch of Organic Fluorescent or Fluorogenic Molecules
Authors: Guille‐Collignon Manon , Delacotte Jérôme , Lemaître Frédéric , Labbé Eric , Buriez Olivier
Published: March 2021

This short review is aimed at emphasizing the most prominent recent works devoted to the fluorescence modulation of organic fluorescent or fluorogenic molecules by electrochemistry. This still expanding research field not only addresses the smart uses of known molecules or the design of new ones, but also investigates the development of instrumentation providing time‐ and space‐resolved information at the molecular level. Important considerations including fluorescent/fluorogenic probes, reversible/irreversible fluorescence switch, direct/indirect fluorescence modulation, or environment properties are especially scrutinized in recent works dealing with bioanalysis perspectives.
The short‐term and long‐term effects of Fe(II) on the performance of anammox granules
Authors: Zhou Biru , Chen Guangjiao , Dong Chifei , Jiang Yushi , Chen Haoyu , Ouyang Tong , Li Yu‐You , Zhang Yanlong
Published: March 2021

Fe(II) is one of the commonly used additives in wastewater treatment and proved to be beneficial for promoting microbial activity. In this study, the effects of Fe(II) on the specific anammox activity (SAA) and reactor performance were proved to be concentration‐dependent. In the short‐term experiment, low concentration of Fe(II) (5–80 mg/L) significantly enhanced the SAA, while high concentration of Fe(II) (120–300 mg/L) inhibited the SAA. It was confirmed that anammox can be domesticated after long‐term exposure to low Fe(II) concentration, and the SAA could be further enhanced by higher Fe(II) concentration in the following phases. In addition, as an important factor for anammox granulation and maintaining the SAA, the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was also affected by Fe(II) addition. In spite of the effects on SAA and EPS, Fe(II) was proved to be the key factor that enhances the N2O emission via abiotic pathway in the anammox reactor.

Practitioner points

Low Fe(II) concentrations enhanced SAA, while high concentrations inhibited SAA.

Long‐term acclimatization by Fe(II) improved the tolerance of anammox to Fe(II).

Fe(II) affects the amount and constituent of EPS and the performance of anammox granules.

Accumulation of Fe(II) in the AAFEB reactor promoted the N2O emission.
Formen der Evidenzsynthese
Authors: Graf S. , Kranz J. , Schmidt S. , Bellut L. , Uhlig A.
Published: March 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Arten von Reviews (Übersichtsarbeiten) als Formen der Evidenzsynthese mit besonderem Hinblick auf deren Stärken sowie Limitationen. Reviews können Wissen in aggregierter Form beschreiben und erlauben zusätzlich eine Bewertung der Studienqualität eingeschlossener Arbeiten. Die Aussagekraft bzw. die Vertrauenswürdigkeit der Ergebnisse eines Reviews hängt stark von der Qualität der eingeschlossenen Daten ab, weswegen eine konsequente Auswahlstrategie notwendig ist. Ein Basiswissen zur Literaturbewertung und zu möglichen Verzerrungseffekten ist auch in der Betrachtung von Übersichtsarbeiten notwendig. Zu diesem Zweck werden in diesem Artikel auch ausgewählte Werkzeuge zur Evidenzbewertung und zur Beurteilung des Biasrisikos vorgestellt.
Knee position at the moment of bone bruise could reflect the late phase of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury rather than the mechanisms leading to ligament failure
Authors: Grassi Alberto , Agostinone Piero , Di Paolo Stefano , Lucidi Gian Andrea , Macchiarola Luca , Bontempi Marco , Marchiori Gregorio , Bragonzoni Laura , Zaffagnini Stefano
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The
aim of the present study was to trace knee position at the time of bone bruise (BB) and investigate how much this position departed from the knee biomechanics of an in vivo flexion–extension.

Methods

From an original cohort of 62 patients, seven (11%) presented bicompartmental edemas and were included in the study. 3D models of bones and BB were obtained from MRI. Matching bone edemas, a reconstruction of the knee at the moment of BB was obtained. For the same patients, knee kinematics of a squat was calculated using dynamic Roentgen sterephotogrammetric analysis (RSA). Data describing knee position at the moment of BB were compared to kinematics of the same knee extrapolated from RSA system.

Results

Knee positions at the moment of BB was significantly different from the kinematics of the squat. In particular, all the patients’ positions were out of squat range for both anterior and proximal tibial translation, varus–valgus rotation (five in valgus and two in varus), tibial internal–external rotation (all but one, five externally and one internally). A direct comparison at same flexion angle between knee at the moment of BB (average 46.1° ± 3.8°) and knee during squat confirmed that tibia in the former was significantly more anterior (p < 0.0001), more externally rotated (6.1 ± 3.7°, p = 0.04), and valgus (4.1 ± 2.4°, p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Knee position at the moment of Bone bruise position was out of physiological in-vivo knee range of motion and could reflect a locked anterior subluxation occurring in the late phase of ACL injury rather than the mechanism leading to ligament failure.

Level of evidence

Level IV
Checking for model failure and for prior-data conflict with the constrained multinomial model
Authors: Englert Berthold-Georg , Evans Michael , Jang Gun Ho , Ng Hui Khoon , Nott David , Seah Yi-Lin
Published: March 2021

Multinomial models can be difficult to use when constraints are placed on the probabilities. An exact model checking procedure for such models is developed based on a uniform prior on the full multinomial model. For inference, a nonuniform prior can be used and a consistency theorem is proved concerning a check for prior-data conflict with the chosen prior. Applications are presented and a new elicitation methodology is developed for multinomial models with ordered probabilities.
Automated Western immunoblotting detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies
Authors: Edouard Sophie , Jaafar Rita , Orain Nicolas , Parola Philippe , Colson Philippe , La Scola Bernard , Fournier Pierre-Edouard , Raoult Didier , Drancourt Michel
Published: March 2021

ELISA and chemiluminescence serological assays for COVID-19 are currently incorporating only one or two SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We developed an automated Western immunoblotting as a complementary serologic assay for COVID-19. The JessTM Simple Western system, an automated capillary-based assay, was used, incorporating an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 lineage 20a strain as the source of antigen, and total immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) detection. In total, 602 sera were tested including 223 from RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients, 76 from patients diagnosed with seasonal HCoVs and 303 from coronavirus-negative control sera. We also compared this assay with the EUROIMMUN® SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA kit. Among 223 sera obtained from RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients, 180/223 (81%) exhibited reactivity against the nucleocapsid and 70/223 (31%) against the spike protein. Nucleocapsid reactivity was further detected in 9/76 (14%) samples collected from patients diagnosed with seasonal HCoVs and in 15/303 (5%) coronavirus-negative control samples. In the subset of sera collected more than 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms, the sensitivity was 94% and the specificity 93%, the latter value probably reflecting cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 with other coronaviruses. The automated Western immunoblotting presented a substantial agreement (90%) with the compared ELISA (Cohen’s Kappa=0.64). Automated Western immunoblotting may be used as a second line test to monitor exposure of people to HCoVs including SARS-CoV-2.
Type IV collagen as a potential biomarker of metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Lindgren Moa , Jansson Malin , Tavelin Björn , Dirix Luc , Vermeulen Peter , Nyström Hanna
Published: March 2021

No reliable, non-invasive biomarker of metastatic breast cancer (mBC) exists: circulating CA15-3 (cCA15-3) is the marker mostly used to monitor mBC. Circulating collagen IV (cCOLIV) has been evaluated in other metastatic cancers and has been found to be a promising biomarker. The overarching aim of this study was to evaluate cCOLIV as a potential biomarker in patients with mBC. The first aim was to determine the levels of cCOL IV and cCA15-3 in patients with healthy controls, primary breast cancer (pBC) and mBC. The second aim was to compare levels of cCOLIV and cCA15-3 in patients with different metastatic sites of BC. The third aim was to investigate the prognostic value of cCOLIV and cCA15-3 for mBC patients. The fourth aim was to analyse whether a combination of the two biomarkers was more accurate in detecting mBC than a single marker. Lastly, we investigated the tissue expression levels of COLIV in BC bone metastases (BM) and liver metastases (LM). Plasma levels of cCOLIV and cCA15-3 from healthy controls and patients with pBC and mBC were measured. COLIV expression in tissue from patients with LM and BM was analysed using immunohistochemistry. Clinical and survival data were collected from medical charts. The levels of cCOLIV and cCA15-3 were significantly elevated in mBC patients compared with healthy controls and pBC patients. No differences in cCOLIV and cCA15-3 levels were found based on the metastatic site. High levels of cCOLIV, but not cCA15-3, correlated with poorer survival. cCOLIV alone and the combination of cCA15-3 and cCOLIV were superior to cCA15-3 at detecting mBC. COL IV was highly expressed in the tissue of LM and BM. Our study suggests that cCOLIV is a potential marker to monitor patients with BC.
Rare Pathogenic Variants in Mitochondrial and Inflammation-Associated Genes May Lead to Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy in Chagas Disease
Authors: Ouarhache Maryem , Marquet Sandrine , Frade Amanda Farage , Ferreira Ariela Mota , Ianni Barbara , Almeida Rafael Ribeiro , Nunes Joao Paulo Silva , Ferreira Ludmila Rodrigues Pinto , Rigaud Vagner Oliveira-Carvalho , Cândido Darlan , Mady Charles , Zaniratto Ricardo Costa Fernandes , Buck Paula , Torres Magali , Gallardo Frederic , Andrieux Pauline , Bydlowsky Sergio , Levy Debora , Abel Laurent , Cardoso Clareci Silva , Santos-Junior Omar Ribeiro , Oliveira Lea Campos , Oliveira Claudia Di Lorenzo , Nunes Maria Do Carmo , Cobat Aurelie , Kalil Jorge , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz , Sabino Ester Cerdeira , Cunha-Neto Edecio , Chevillard Christophe
Published: March 2021

Cardiomyopathies are an important cause of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Little is known about the role of rare genetic variants in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy prevalent in Latin America, developing in 30% of the 6 million patients chronically infected by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, while 60% remain free of heart disease (asymptomatic (ASY)). The cytokine interferon-γ and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to play a major pathogenetic role. Chagas disease provides a unique model to probe for genetic variants involved in inflammatory cardiomyopathy.

Methods

We used whole exome sequencing to study nuclear families containing multiple cases of Chagas disease. We searched for rare pathogenic variants shared by all family members with CCC but absent in infected ASY siblings and in unrelated ASY.

Results

We identified heterozygous, pathogenic variants linked to CCC in all tested families on 22 distinct genes, from which 20 were mitochondrial or inflammation-related – most of the latter involved in proinflammatory cytokine production. Significantly, incubation with IFN-γ on a human cardiomyocyte line treated with an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase brequinar (enzyme showing a loss-of-function variant in one family) markedly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM), indicating mitochondrial dysfunction.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation may be genetically determined in CCC, driven by rare genetic variants. We hypothesize that CCC-linked genetic variants increase mitochondrial susceptibility to IFN-γ-induced damage in the myocardium, leading to the cardiomyopathy phenotype in Chagas disease. This mechanism may also be operative in other inflammatory cardiomyopathies.