bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The drivers of prejudice with a special focus on religion—insights into anti-Muslim sentiment in Austrian society
Authors: Aschauer Wolfgang
Published: June 2020

Terrorist attacks, refugee movements from crisis regions as well as barriers to integration among immigrants have also been increasing fears of Islam in Austria, whereby Muslims are often regarded all too generally as outsiders to Austrian society. In this article the results of a representative study (Social Survey Austria 2018) are presented, which includes the first time a sophisticated scale on attitudes towards Muslims. In addition, a sequential multiple regression analysis will be used for a more detailed analysis of classical factors influencing critical attitudes towards Islam, whereby a new research gap will be addressed focusing on religious attitudes and practices of Austrians. The analysis of the extent of anti-Muslim sentiment in Austria reveals a dominant critical view. However, the influences of religious orientations are manifold: While conventional religious practice (such as church attendance and praying) as well as superstition reinforces animosities, inclusive religious attitudes and individual practices of spirituality lead to more tolerant attitudes. The results, which indicate a tendency towards greater tolerance among religious people, show that we are in Austria mainly confronted with cultural rather than interreligious conflicts, which are primarily centered around identity and recognition.
Scenes, symbols and social roles: raising the curtain on OSCE performances
Authors: Gormley Gerard J , Johnston Jennifer L , Cullen Kathy M , Corrigan Mairead
Published: June 2020

Introduction Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are a complex form of assessment, where candidates can interact with ‘patients’ in a constructed socio-clinical encounter. Conceptualizing OSCEs as a complex socially and culturally situated activity offers important research affordances. There are concerns that OSCEs may encourage more strategic ‘tick-box’ candidate behaviours and have a potential negative impact on learner identity formation. This study explored, at a micro-level, the social roles and behaviours occurring within the OSCE triad of simulated patients, candidates and examiners. We used a theoretical framework drawn from Goffman’s dramaturgy metaphor.

Methods OSCE candidates, examiners and simulated patients were invited, consented and recruited using maximal variation sampling. Participants were allocated to a summative OSCE circuit that had unobtrusive video cameras. Video footage of 18 stations was transcribed. Analysis was interpretative and iterative until a rich and thick description was achieved.

Results Focusing on elements of Goffman’s dramaturgy metaphor, we foregrounded our analysis by considering the performers, costumes, props and the theatre of the OSCE. A combination of symbols, both physical and semiotic, was used to construct and maintain layered roles and identities within this tightly defined socio-clinical setting. Informed by this foregrounding, we then considered the social interactions and behaviours within the OSCE: ‘Creating the right impression?’, ‘A performance of contradictions?’ and ‘Simulated patients: patients or props?’

Discussion In the pursuit of standardization, OSCEs have potential to mediate less desirable test-taking behaviours that are not entirely patient-centric, and beyond this may have an impact on professional identity.
Separating paint mist efficiently
Authors: Zhou Yihui , He Xi , Xu Tao , Dai Xin , Yu Gang
Published: June 2020

Paint mist separation plays a key role in the treatment of paint spraying waste gas. This paper explains a novel system which can be operated continuously, avoiding filter blockages and so reduces running costs and improves efficiency.
Medical Transport for 769 COVID-19 Patients on a Cruise Ship by Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team
Authors: Anan Hideaki , Kondo Hisayoshi , Takeuchi Ichiro , Nakamori Tomoki , Ikeda Yu , Akasaka Osamu , Koido Yuichi
Published: June 2020

The Diamond Princess cruise ship, carrying 3711 passengers and crew members, docked at Yokohama Port in Japan on February 3, 2020. A quarantine was immediately instituted because 1 passenger who had disembarked in Hong Kong was confirmed to have tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After the quarantine began, all passengers and crew were tested using the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction assay on the ship, 696 of whom tested positive. In total, 769 patients, including 696 with COVID-19, required transport to a hospital. The Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) successfully picked up and safely transported the COVID-19 patients using a novel classification system to prioritize patients. The Japan DMAT transported 203 patients to hospitals in Kanagawa and another 566 patients to hospitals in 15 different prefectures.
Pediatric ambulatory catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs): Incidence, risk factors, and patient outcomes
Authors: Rinke Michael L. , Oyeku Suzette O. , Heo Moonseong , Saiman Lisa , Zachariah Philip , Rosenberg Rebecca E. , DeLaMora Patricia , Rabin Barbara , Mirhaji Parsa , Klein Elizabeth , Ford William J. H. , Obaro-Best Oghale , Drasher Michael , Peshansky Alexandre , Balem Kelly Ann , Bundy David G.
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) occur frequently in pediatric inpatients, and they are associated with increased morbidity and cost. Few studies have investigated ambulatory CAUTIs, despite at-risk children utilizing home urinary catheterization. This retrospective cohort and case-control study determined incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of pediatric patients with ambulatory CAUTI.

Design:

Broad electronic queries identified potential patients with ambulatory urinary catheters, and direct chart review confirmed catheters and adjudicated whether ambulatory CAUTI occurred. CAUTI definitions included clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Our matched case-control analysis assessed risk factors.

Setting:

Five urban, academic medical centers, part of the New York City Clinical Data Research Network.

Patients:

Potential patients were age <22 years who were seen between October 2010 and September 2015.

Results:

In total, 3,598 eligible patients were identified; 359 of these used ambulatory catheterization (representing186,616 ambulatory catheter days). Of these, 63 patients (18%) experienced 95 ambulatory CAUTIs. The overall ambulatory CAUTI incidence was 0.51 infections per 1,000 catheter days (1.35 for indwelling catheters and 0.47 for CIC; incidence rate ratio, 2.88). Patients with nonprivate medical insurance (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–6.3) were significantly more likely to have ambulatory CAUTIs in bivariate models but not multivariable models. Also, 45% of ambulatory CAUTI resulted in hospitalization (median duration, 3 days); 5% resulted in intensive care admission; 47% underwent imaging; and 88% were treated with antibiotics.

Conclusions:

Pediatric ambulatory CAUTIs occur in 18% of patients with catheters; they are associated with morbidity and healthcare utilization. Ambulatory indwelling catheter CAUTI incidence exceeded national inpatient incidence. Future quality improvement research to reduce these harmful infections is warranted.
Temporal trends in ambulatory antibiotic prescription rates in South Carolina: Impact of age, gender, and resident location
Authors: Winders Hana R. , Royer Julie , Younas Mariam , Justo Julie Ann , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Weissman Sharon B. , Bell Linda , Waites Katie S. , Plante John , Al-Hasan Majdi N.
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To examine the temporal trends in ambulatory antibiotic prescription fill rates and to determine the influences of age, gender, and location.

Design:

Population-based cohort study.

Setting:

Ambulatory setting in South Carolina.

Patients:

Patients ≤64 years of age from January 2012 to December 2017.

Methods:

Aggregated pharmacy claims data for oral antibiotic prescriptions were utilized to estimate community antibiotic prescription rates. Poisson regression or Student t tests were used to examine overall temporal trend in antibiotic prescription rates, seasonal variation, and the trends across age group, gender, and rural versus urban location.

Results:

Overall antibiotic prescription rates decrease from 1,127 to 897 per 1,000 person years (P < .001). The decrease was more noticeable in persons aged <18 years (26%) and 18–39 years (20%) than in those aged 40–64 years (5%; P < .001 for all). Prescription rates were higher among females than males in all age groups, although this finding was the most pronounced in group aged 18–39 years (1,232 vs 585 per 1,000 person years; P < .0001). Annualized antibiotic prescription rates were higher during the winter months (December–March) than the rest of the year (1,145 vs 885 per 1,000 person years; P < .0001), and rates were higher in rural areas than in urban areas (1,032 vs 941 per 1,000 person years; P < .0001).

Conclusions:

The decline in ambulatory antibiotic prescription rates is encouraging. Ongoing ambulatory antibiotic stewardship efforts across South Carolina should focus on older adults, rural areas, and during the winter season when antibiotic prescriptions peak.
The role of non-categorical relations in establishing focus alternative sets
Authors: JÖRDENS KIM A. , GOTZNER NICOLE , SPALEK KATHARINA
Published: June 2020

Categorisation is arguably the most important organising principle in semantic memory. However, elements that are not in a categorical relation can be dynamically grouped together when the context provides a common theme for these elements. In the field of sentence (and discourse) comprehension, alternatives to a focused element can be thought of as a set of elements determined by a theme given in the utterance context. According to Alternative Semantics (Rooth, 1985, 1992), the main function of linguistic focus is to introduce a set of alternatives to the focused element within an utterance. Here, we will investigate the contribution of the utterance context to the composition of focus alternative sets. Specifically, we test whether a focus alternative set can contain elements that belong to different taxonomic categories (i.e., that are not closely semantically related). Using a behavioural probe recognition experiment, we show that participants activate elements from another taxonomic category than the focused element as part of sentence comprehension. This finding suggests that the composition of a focus alternative set is not simply based on semantic relations between the members of the set and the focused element, but that contextual relations also play a crucial role.
PsychTable.org
Authors: Glass Daniel J , Balachandran Niruban
Published: June 2020

PsychTable.org is a new online, mass-collaborative tool for the social sciences that aggregates evidence for and classifies the evolved psychological adaptations (EPAs) that have been proposed to comprise the human mind. This article provides an overview of the need for this reference tool and how it can benefit researchers who incorporate the behavioral sciences into their work. The article walks the reader through a hypothetical use case for PsychTable.org and describes the features of the website. PsychTable.org is intended to help key stakeholders better understand the linkages between EPAs and political behavior, public policy, and ethics.
Influence of 2′-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Salli K. , Söderling E. , Hirvonen J. , Gürsoy U. K. , Ouwehand A. C.
Published: June 2020

Human milk oligosaccharides, such as 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic carbohydrate mixture, are being increasingly added to infant formulas, necessitating the understanding of their impact on the oral microbiota. Here, for the first time, the effects of 2′-FL and GOS on the planktonic growth and adhesion characteristics of the caries-associated oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans were assessed, and the results were compared against the effects of xylitol, lactose and glucose. There were differences in S. mutans growth between 2′-FL and GOS. None of the three S. mutans strains grew with 2′-FL, while they all grew with GOS as well as lactose and glucose. Xylitol inhibited S. mutans growth. The adhesion of S. mutans CI 2366 to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was reduced by 2′-FL and GOS. Exopolysaccharide-mediated adhesion of S. mutans DSM 20523 to a glass surface was decreased with 2′-FL, GOS and lactose, and the adhesion of strain CI 2366 strain was reduced only by GOS. Unlike GOS, 2′-FL did not support the growth of any S. mutans strain. Neither 2′-FL nor GOS enhanced the adhesive properties of the S. mutans strains, but they inhibited some of the tested strains. Thus, the cariogenic tendency may vary between infant formulas containing different types of oligosaccharides.
Constantine, Helena and Heraclius in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Authors: DŹWIGAŁA BARTŁOMIEJ
Published: June 2020

Before the First Crusade, Constantine, Helena and Heraclius occupied an important place in the papal vision of the past. They had already been memorialised in the Latin liturgy, especially in the rituals of festivities surrounding the holy cross. The First Crusaders encountered Constantine, Helena and Heraclius as a part of the religious imagery at the very heart of Christian memory: at the Holy Sepulchre. This article presents research into whether and how the elite of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem developed the historical memory of Constantine, Helena and Heraclius, and argues that it was a central element in the political culture of the crusader states.
What you see is what you get: visual scanning failures of naturalistic social scenes in schizophrenia
Authors: Patel Gaurav H. , Arkin Sophie C. , Ruiz-Betancourt Daniel R. , DeBaun Heloise M. , Strauss Nicole E. , Bartel Laura P. , Grinband Jack , Martinez Antigona , Berman Rebecca A. , Leopold David A. , Javitt Daniel C.
Published: June 2020

Background

Impairments in social cognition contribute significantly to disability in schizophrenia patients (SzP). Perception of facial expressions is critical for social cognition. Intact perception requires an individual to visually scan a complex dynamic social scene for transiently moving facial expressions that may be relevant for understanding the scene. The relationship of visual scanning for these facial expressions and social cognition remains unknown.

Methods

In 39 SzP and 27 healthy controls (HC), we used eye-tracking to examine the relationship between performance on The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), which tests social cognition using naturalistic video clips of social situations, and visual scanning, measuring each individual's relative to the mean of HC. We then examined the relationship of visual scanning to the specific visual features (motion, contrast, luminance, faces) within the video clips.

Results

TASIT performance was significantly impaired in SzP for trials involving sarcasm (p < 10−5). Visual scanning was significantly more variable in SzP than HC (p < 10−6), and predicted TASIT performance in HC (p = 0.02) but not SzP (p = 0.91), differing significantly between groups (p = 0.04). During the visual scanning, SzP were less likely to be viewing faces (p = 0.0001) and less likely to saccade to facial motion in peripheral vision (p = 0.008).

Conclusions

SzP show highly significant deficits in the use of visual scanning of naturalistic social scenes to inform social cognition. Alterations in visual scanning patterns may originate from impaired processing of facial motion within peripheral vision. Overall, these results highlight the utility of naturalistic stimuli in the study of social cognition deficits in schizophrenia.
Pacemaker and conduction disturbances in patients with atrial septal defect
Authors: Albæk Diana H. R. , Udholm Sebastian , Ovesen Anne-Sif L. , Karunanithi Zarmiga , Nyboe Camilla , Hjortdal Vibeke E.
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of pacemaker and conduction disturbances in patients with atrial septal defects.

Design:

All patients with an atrial septal defect born before 1994 were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry, and 297 patients were analysed for atrioventricular block, bradycardia, right bundle branch block, left anterior fascicular block, left posterior fascicular block, pacemaker, and mortality. Our results were compared with pre-existing data from a healthy background population. Further, outcomes were compared between patients with open atrial septal defects and atrial septal defects closed by surgery or transcatheter.

Results:

Most frequent findings were incomplete right bundle branch block (40.1%), left anterior fascicular block (3.7%), atrioventricular block (3.7%), and pacemaker (3.7%). Average age at pacemaker implantation was 32 years. Patients with defects closed surgically or by transcatheter had an increased prevalence of atrioventricular block (p < 0.01), incomplete right bundle branch block (p < 0.01), and left anterior fascicular block (p = 0.02) when compared to patients with unclosed atrial septal defects. At age above 25 years, there was a considerably higher prevalence of atrioventricular block (9.4% versus 0.1%) and complete right bundle branch block (1.9% versus 0.4%) when compared to the background cohorts.

Conclusions:

Patients with atrial septal defects have a considerably higher prevalence of conduction abnormalities when compared to the background population. Patients with surgically or transcatheter closed atrial septal defects demonstrated a higher demand for pacemaker and a higher prevalence of atrioventricular block, incomplete right bundle branch block, and left anterior fascicular block when compared to patients with unclosed atrial septal defects.
‘Improbable Metaphor’: Jesmyn Ward’s Asymmetrical Anthropocene
Authors: Ivry Henry
Published: June 2020

This article traces the ways in which the Anthropocene has led us to rethink what we mean by crisis. Crisis in the Anthropocene is no longer about a threat to a sovereign self but signals a dissolution of the sovereignty of the planet. In order to trace the shifting scales of crisis, this article reads Jesmyn Ward’s 2011 Hurricane Katrina novel,Salvage the Bones. Katrina, I argue, offers a site at which to think through how crisis in the Anthropocene is both natural and human, epistemological and ontological. Ward’s novel, I contend, offers a glimpse of the ecological interdependency of life in the Anthropocene. Ward’s novel also offers an environmental account of racism and a racialized account of environmentalism. In this way, Ward’s novel works through the divergent scales of crisis of life in the Anthropocene.
An exploration of the portrayal of the UK soft drinks industry levy in UK national newspapers
Authors: Bridge Gemma , Flint Stuart W , Tench Ralph
Published: June 2020

Objective:

News media play a role in politics through the portrayal of policies, influencing public and policymaker perceptions of appropriate solutions. This study explored the portrayal of sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes in UK national newspapers. Findings aid understanding of the role newspapers play in shaping understanding and acceptance of policies such as the UK Soft Drink Industry Levy (SDIL).

Design:

Articles discussing sugar or SSB taxes published in six UK national newspapers between 1 April 2016 and 1 May 2019 were retrieved from the LexisNexis database. Articles were thematically analysed to reveal policy portrayal.

Setting/Participants:

Analysis of UK newspaper articles.

Results:

Two hundred and eighty-six articles were assessed. Sugar and SSB taxes were discussed across the sample period but publication peaked at SDIL announcement and introduction. Themes were split according to support for or opposition to taxation. Supportive messaging consistently highlighted the negative impacts of sugar on health and the need for complex actions to reduce sugar consumption. Opposing messages emphasised individual responsibility for health and the unfairness of taxation both for organisations and the public.

Conclusions:

Sugar and SSB taxes received considerable media attention between 2016 and 2019. All newspapers covered arguments in support of and opposition to taxation. Health impacts of excess sugar and the role of the soft drink industry in reducing sugar consumption were prevalent themes, suggesting a joined-up health advocacy approach. Industry arguments were more varied, suggesting a less collaborative argument. Further research should investigate how other media channels portray taxes such as the SDIL.
Screening and comprehensive evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) germplasm resources for nitrogen efficiency in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Jia Chunping , Wang Fengbin , Yuan Jie , Zhang Yanhong , Zhao Zhiqiang , Abulizi Buhaliqiemu , Wen Xiaorong , Kang Mintai , Tang Fusen
Published: June 2020

Comprehensive screening of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) germplasm resources with different nitrogen (N) efficiency levels is effective for improving N use efficiency (NUE) while reducing pollution and providing high quality, yield, and efficiency agriculture. We investigated 14 indices of 38 varieties under three N application levels to assess differences among genotypes. Rice varieties were classified for screening and identifying N efficient. Descriptive statistical analysis results indicated significant differences in relative yield, and also in NUE indices (agronomic utilization rate and partial productivity of N fertilizer). The genotype main effects and genotype–environment interaction effects (GGE) biplot analysis was used to evaluate suitable varieties, compare the stable and high yield capabilities of different varieties, find the ideal variety, and describe the correlation, discrimination and representativeness of the indices under different N application levels. Descriptive statistical, discrimitiveness and representativeness and factor analysis were used to select indices, in which the panicle number per plant and soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value were the key indices for evaluation and identification. Heatmap and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the average value of evaluation indices, and scatter plot based on the comprehensive value of N efficiency (P) according to formula showed that all varieties could be divided into five types under different N treatments. Our findings work toward developing N efficient rice varieties to improve NUE, reduce N fertilizer application and thus N waste, consequently mitigating the effects of rice production on the environment to ensure food security and sustainable agricultural development.
John Rawlinson and Anglican Liberal Catholicism in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Wilcox Graham
Published: June 2020

The article examines some key writings in the works of Bishop John Rawlinson with relation to the development of Anglican Liberal Catholicism in the early twentieth century. The article aims to show how he contributed to the development of Anglican Liberal Catholic thought and practice in the period, especially with regard to views on authority and ecumenical relations.
Fully-automated liberalism? Blockchain technology and international cooperation in an anarchic world
Authors: Reinsberg Bernhard
Published: June 2020

A recent wave of scholarship attests that the liberal world order is under threat. Although there is disagreement about the underlying reasons for this diagnosis, there are few attempts to further our understanding of how the liberal order can be reinvigorated. This paper probes the potential of blockchain technology to promote international cooperation. Blockchain technology is a data structure that enables global governance stakeholders to establish decentralized governance systems which provide high-powered incentives for enhanced cooperation. By outlining the contours of a blockchain-based global governance system for climate policy, the paper illustrates that blockchain technology holds theoretical promise to foster cooperation in three ways: leveraging new sources of information through blockchain-based prediction markets; allaying coordinating problems through reducing the cost of transactions for side payments; and allowing states and other global governance actors to make more credible commitments given guaranteed execution of blockchain-enabled smart contracts. By empowering local knowledge holders and non-state actors that traditionally lacked the means to coordinate efforts to influence global politics, blockchain technology also promises to advance an international order based on liberal values. In actuality, however, emerging blockchain-based global governance systems will fall short of the libertarian ideal of ‘fully-automated liberalism’ as their design and operation will remain under the shadow of power.
Assessing the Impact of Different Ocean Analysis Schemes on Oceanic and Underwater Acoustic Predictions
Authors: Storto Andrea , Falchetti Silvia , Oddo Paolo , Jiang Yong‐Min , Tesei Alessandra
Published: June 2020

Assimilating oceanic observations into prediction systems is an advantageous approach for real‐time ocean environment characterization. However, its benefits to underwater acoustic predictions are not trivial due to the nonlinearity and sensitivity of underwater acoustic propagation to small‐scale oceanic features. In order to assess the potential of oceanic data assimilation, integrated ocean‐acoustic Observing System Simulation Experiments are conducted. Synthetic altimetry and in situ data were assimilated through a variational oceanographic data assimilation system. The predicted sound speed fields are then ingested in a range‐dependent acoustic model for transmission loss (TL) predictions. The predicted TLs are analyzed for the purpose of (i) evaluating the contributions of different sources to the uncertainties of oceanic and acoustic forecasts and (ii) comparing the impact of different oceanic analysis schemes on the TL prediction accuracy. Using ensemble member clustering techniques, the contributions of boundary conditions, ocean parameterizations, and geoacoustic characterization to acoustic prediction uncertainties are addressed. Subsequently, the impact of three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR), 4DVAR, and hybrid ensemble‐3DVAR data assimilation on acoustic TL prediction at two signal frequencies (75 and 2,500 Hz) and different ranges (30 and 60 km) are compared. 3DVAR significantly improves the predicted TL accuracy compared to the control run. Promisingly, 4DVAR and hybrid data assimilation further improve the TL forecasts, the hybrid scheme achieving the highest skill scores for all cases, while being the most computationally intensive scheme. The optimal scheme choice thus depends on requirements on the accuracy and computational constraints. These findings foster developments of coupled data assimilation for operational underwater acoustic propagation.
Groundwater Storage Loss Associated With Land Subsidence in Western United States Mapped Using Machine Learning
Authors: Smith R. G. , Majumdar S.
Published: June 2020

Land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction has numerous negative consequences, such as loss of groundwater storage and damage to infrastructure. Understanding the magnitude, timing, and locations of land subsidence, as well as the mechanisms driving it, is crucial to implementing mitigation strategies, yet the complex, nonlinear processes causing subsidence are difficult to quantify. Physical models relating groundwater flux to aquifer compaction exist but require substantial hydrological data sets and are time consuming to calibrate. Land deformation can be measured using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS, but the former is computationally expensive to estimate at scale and is subject to tropospheric and ionospheric errors, and the latter leaves many temporal and spatial gaps. In this study, we apply for the first time a machine learning approach that quantifies the relationships of various widely available input data, including evapotranspiration, land use, and sediment thickness, with land subsidence. We apply this method over the Western United States and estimate that from 2015 to 2016, ~2.0 km3/yr of groundwater storage was lost due to groundwater pumping‐induced compaction of sediments. Subsidence is concentrated in the Central Valley of California, and the state of California accounts for 75% of total subsidence in the Western United States. Other significant areas of subsidence occur in cultivated regions of the Basin and Range province. This study demonstrates that widely available ancillary data can be used to estimate subsidence at a larger scale than has been previously possible.
Controlled hydrogenation into defective interlayer bismuth oxychloride via vacancy engineering
Authors: Cui Dandan , Xu Kang , Dong Xingan , Lv Dongdong , Dong Fan , Hao Weichang , Du Yi , Chen Jun
Published: June 2020

Hydrogenation is an effective approach to improve the performance of photocatalysts within defect engineering methods. The mechanism of hydrogenation and synergetic effects between hydrogen atoms and local electronic structures, however, remain unclear due to the limits of available photocatalytic systems and technical barriers to observation and measurement. Here, we utilize oxygen vacancies as residential sites to host hydrogen atoms in a layered bismuth oxychloride material containing defects. It is confirmed theoretically and experimentally that the hydrogen atoms interact with the vacancies and surrounding atoms, which promotes the separati30on and transfer processes of photo-generated carriers via the resulting band structure. The efficiency of catalytic activity and selectivity of defective bismuth oxychloride regarding nitric oxide oxidation has been improved. This work clearly reveals the role of hydrogen atoms in defective crystalline materials and provides a promising way to design catalytic materials with controllable defect engineering.
Three-dimensional covariance-map imaging of molecular structure and dynamics on the ultrafast timescale
Authors: Lee Jason W. L. , Köckert Hansjochen , Heathcote David , Popat Divya , Chapman Richard T. , Karras Gabriel , Majchrzak Paulina , Springate Emma , Vallance Claire
Published: June 2020

Ultrafast laser pump-probe methods allow chemical reactions to be followed in real time, and have provided unprecedented insight into fundamental aspects of chemical reactivity. While evolution of the electronic structure of the system under study is evident from changes in the observed spectral signatures, information on rearrangement of the nuclear framework is generally obtained indirectly. Disentangling contributions to the signal arising from competing photochemical pathways can also be challenging. Here we introduce the new technique of three-dimensional covariance-map Coulomb explosion imaging, which has the potential to provide complete three-dimensional information on molecular structure and dynamics as they evolve in real time during a gas-phase chemical reaction. We present first proof-of-concept data from recent measurements on CF3I. Our approach allows the contributions from competing fragmentation pathways to be isolated and characterised unambiguously, and is a promising route to enabling the recording of ‘molecular movies’ for a wide variety of gas-phase chemical processes.
Fluorescent supramolecular mechanophores based on charge-transfer interactions
Authors: Imato Keiichi , Yamanaka Ryota , Nakajima Hidekazu , Takeda Naoya
Published: June 2020

Supramolecular mechanofluorophores based on charge-transfer interactions between fluorescent electron-rich pyrene and electron-deficient naphthalene diimide(s) are newly developed and show turn-on fluorescence upon application of mechanical forces.
Formation of normal surface plasmon modes in small sodium nanoparticles
Authors: Matsko N. L.
Published: June 2020

The work is devoted to the mechanism of the formation and conditions of existence of surface plasmon polaritons in small nanoparticles.
Comparisons of magnetic defects and coercive forces for Co/Si(100) and Co/rubrene/Si(100)
Authors: Jhou Yen-Wei , Chang Cheng-Hsun-Tony , Sie Siang-Yu , Yang Chun-Kai , Hsieh Chen-Yuan , Lin Chih-Ming , Tsay Jyh-Shen
Published: June 2020

A schematic plot elucidating the effects of the enhanced film quality and reducing defect density by inserting rubrene on the enlargement of the magnetic domains as well as the reduced coercive force.
High pressure single-molecule FRET studies of the lysine riboswitch: cationic and osmolytic effects on pressure induced denaturation
Authors: Sung Hsuan-Lei , Nesbitt David J.
Published: June 2020

Protective mechanisms of the piezolyte trimethylamine N-oxide counteracting the pressure effects are revealed by single molecule studies at extreme pressures.
Waste to MOFs: sustainable linker, metal, and solvent sources for value-added MOF synthesis and applications
Authors: El-Sayed El-Sayed M. , Yuan Daqiang
Published: June 2020

We introduce the concept of “waste-to-MOFs” as a decisive step for potential MOF industrial commercialization and solid/liquid waste utilization.
A ternary nanocomposite based on nickel(iii) oxide@f-CNF/rGO for efficient electrochemical detection of an antipsychotic drug (Klonopin) in biological samples
Authors: Sriram Balasubramanian , Govindasamy Mani , Wang Sea-Fue , Joseph Xavier Benadict
Published: June 2020

The formation of the Ni2O3@f-CNF/rGO composite for the electrochemical detection of KNP.
Highly efficient formic acid and carbon dioxide electro-reduction to alcohols on indium oxide electrodes
Authors: Adegoke Kayode Adesina , Radhakrishnan Shankara Gayathri , Gray Clarissa L. , Sowa Barbara , Morais Claudia , Rayess Paul , Rohwer Egmont R. , Comminges Clément , Kokoh K. Boniface , Roduner Emil
Published: June 2020

Co-electrolysis of formic acid and water using an indium oxide cathode catalyst yields a mixture of methanol, ethanol and iso-propanol with a Faraday efficiency up to 82.4%. The reaction of aqueous carbon dioxide occursviaa competing pathway.
Light-powered active colloids from monodisperse and highly tunable microspheres with a thin TiO2 shell
Authors: Xu Pengzhao , Duan Shifang , Xiao Zuyao , Yang Zhou , Wang Wei
Published: June 2020

Chemically synthesized core–shell TiO2 microspheres are monodisperse and tunable, and thus are useful as model systems for light-powered active colloids.
Synthesis and high antiproliferative activity of dehydroabietylamine pyridine derivatives in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhao Fengyi , Lu Wen , Xu Yuanyuan , Xu Li , Zhang Jingjing , Sun Xu , Yang Shilong , Zhou Mengyi , Su Fan , Lin Feng , Cao Fuliang
Published: June 2020

Several bioactive dehydroabietylamine Schiff-bases (L1−L4), amides (L5−L11) and complex CuL3(NO3)2, Cu(L5)3, Co(L6)2Cl2 had been synthesized successfully for developing more efficient but lower toxic antiproliferative compounds. Their antiproliferative activities to Hela (cervix), HepG2 (liver), MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung) and HUVEC (umbilical vein, normal cell) were investigated in vitro. The toxicity of all compounds was less than dehydroabietylamine (L0). For HepG2 cells, L1, L2 and L3 had higher anti-HepG2 activity, especially L1 (0.52 µM) had highest anti-HepG2 activity but low toxicity. For MCF-7 cells, L1, L2, L3 and L4 had higher anti-MCF-7 activity, especially L3(0.49 µM) had highest anti-MCF-7 activity but low toxicity. For A549 cells, L2 and L3 had higher anti-A549 activity. Furthermore, L1 and L3 may be the great promise antiproliferative drugs with nontoxic side effects, due to the high anti-HepG2 and anti-MCF-7 inhibition rate in vivo, 65% and 61%, respectively. L1, L2 and L3 could induce apoptosis through intercalating into DNA.
Cross-linking of bovine rhodopsin with sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate affects its functionality
Authors: Medina Rafael , Perdomo Deisy , Möller Carolina , Bubis José
Published: June 2020

Rhodopsin is the photoreceptor protein involved in visual excitation in retinal rods. The functionality of bovine rhodopsin was determined following treatment with sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC), a bifunctional reagent capable of forming covalent cross-links between suitable placed lysines and cysteines. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that rhodopsin incubated with sulfo-SMCC generated intermolecular dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, although most of the sulfo-SMCC-treated protein remained as a monomer. Minor alterations on the absorption spectrum of light-activated sulfo-SMCC-treated rhodopsin were observed. However, only ∼2% stimulation of the guanine nucleotide binding activity of transducin was measured in the presence of sulfo-SMCC-cross-linked photolyzed rhodopsin. Moreover, rhodopsin kinase was not able of phosphorylating sulfo-SMCC-cross-linked rhodopsin after illumination. Rhodopsin was purified in the presence of either 0.1% or 1% n-dodecyl β-d-maltoside, to obtain dimeric and monomeric forms of the protein, respectively. Interestingly, no generation of the regular F1 and F2 thermolytic fragments was perceived with sulfo-SMCC-cross-linked rhodopsin either in the dimeric or monomeric state, implying the formation of intramolecular connections in the protein that might thwart the light-induced conformational changes required for interaction with transducin and rhodopsin kinase. Structural analysis of the rhodopsin three-dimensional structure suggested that the following lysine and cysteine pairs: Lys66/Lys67 and Cys316, Cys140 and Lys141, Cys140 and Lys248, Lys311 and Cys316, and/or Cys316 and Lys325 are potential candidates to generate intramolecular cross-links in the protein. Yet, the lack of fragmentation of sulfo-SMCC-treated Rho with thermolysin is consistent with the formation of cross-linking bridges between Lys66/Lys67 and Cys316, and/or Cys140 and Lys248.
Evaluating Change in the Conversation of a Person With Mild Aphasia After Attentive Reading With Constrained Summarization-Written Treatment
Authors: Obermeyer Jessica A. , Leaman Marion C. , Edmonds Lisa A.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of a discourse-level treatment, Attentive Reading with Constrained Summarization–Written (ARCS-W), on conversational discourse. ARCS-W aims to improve spoken and written output by addressing the cognitive–linguistic requirements of discourse production through constrained summarization of novel material.

Method

This is an experimentally controlled case study with a single participant, Bill. Three conversation samples were collected at pretreatment, and a single conversation was collected 1 month after treatment. The participant completed 24 ARCS-W treatment sessions, and each session included reading and then summarizing a novel current event article following specific constraints (use lexically precise words, stay on topic, use complete sentences) in speaking and writing. Conversation outcomes evaluated the success of each utterance (1–4 scale), grammaticality, and the proportion of utterances with relevant content (relevant utterances). Additionally, behavioral manifestations of word-finding difficulty were evaluated in conversation.

Results

Bill improved communicative success at the utterance level based on the minimal detectable change. He also demonstrated reductions in behavioral manifestations of lexical retrieval difficulty based on decreases in the percentage of false starts (e.g., t*, t*), mazes (e.g., uh, s*, um), and abandoned utterances. Bill did not increase the proportion of relevant utterances or grammatical utterances in conversation.

Conclusions

This case study provides preliminary evidence of the potential impact of ARCS-W treatment in conversation. Additionally, the measures implemented to evaluate conversation represent a promising adaptation of a novel methodology to capture change in conversation.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12375053
Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Clinical Decision Making From a Motor-Based Perspective
Authors: Stoeckel Ruth , Caspari Susan
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This article uses two case studies to illustrate clinical decision making using the best available evidence to approach the assessment and intervention for children with childhood apraxia of speech. The cases represent children seen in the authors' clinical practice, with personal information altered or omitted to protect the identity of the individuals. The case discussions exemplify choices that may be made for children of different ages, highlighting common elements across ages, as well as treatment aspects that may differ by age.

Conclusions

While research regarding best practice for assessment and treatment for childhood apraxia of speech has not been conclusive and, in fact, at times has been equivocal, there is empirical evidence from which to develop a rationale for assessment and treatment decisions. Accountability is important even as decisions are being made based on the best available evidence. In each case study, modifications in treatment depended on data that allowed the clinician to evaluate the children's response to therapy and adapt accordingly.
Effects of Project ImPACT Parent-Mediated Intervention on the Spoken Language of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Barber Angela B. , Swineford Lauren , Cook Candace , Belew Ashton
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to measure spoken language and social communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder following their participation in a 12-week parent-mediated intervention.

Method

Nineteen children with autism spectrum disorder and their primary caregivers completed the Project ImPACT intervention, which focuses on language, social engagement, imitation, and play. Expressive vocabulary and social communication were measured pre- and posttreatment.

Results

Expressive vocabulary significantly increased at the group level as measured by parent report. Expressive vocabulary for half of the sample grew by more than 25%, indicating good response to intervention. However, when a categorical approach was applied using total number of words, all but one of the participants who was minimally verbal pretreatment remained minimally verbal after treatment. Clinicians reported significant increases on all dimensions of social communication as measured by the Social Communication Checklist with the exception of imitation. Caregiver responses on the Social Communication Checklist suggested significant growth in only form of language and play functions. Greater change in spoken language between pre- and posttreatment was significantly related to higher posttreatment average scores of language form, language function, understanding, imitation, and play dimensions, as reported by caregivers.

Conclusions

Results provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of parent-mediated interventions on spoken language in addition to social communication.
Defect classification based on wavelet packet energy through pulsed alternating current field measurement technique
Authors: Ge Jiuhao , Yang Chenkai , Wang Ping , Shi Yongsheng
Published: June 2020

In this Letter, a wavelet packet energy‐based algorithm is proposed to classify surface and non‐surface slits through the pulsed alternating current field measurement technique. Wavelet packet decomposition is used to obtain the coefficient of each frequency band. The slit is classified as non‐surface slit or surface slit according to the normalised energy of the first band. The quantification of the remaining ligament or depth of slits is performed using the entropy of the wavelet packet energy. The experiment results show that the non‐surface and surface slits can be clearly classified. The entropy of a non‐surface slit is linearly proportional to the remaining ligament, and the entropy of a surface slit is inversely proportional to slit depth.
Increasing Rice Yield Through Amelioration and Fertilization on Medium Freshwater Swampland
Authors: Hairani Anna , Alwi Muhammad , Anwar Khairil
Published: June 2020

A big potential of freshwater swampland to overcome the land depreciation and the effects of drought in some land typologies during climate anomalies such as El Nino. Some of the freshwater swampland has been utilized by farmers for food crops, horticulture, fisheries, and livestock, but its utilization and productivity are still low and needs to be improved. The research was conducted on 2.5 ha of medium freshwater swampland at Hamayung village, Daha Utara district, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan in dry season 2017. The experiment used a randomized block design with six treatments and three replicates. The treatments were: (1) Application of Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + Decision Support System (DSS) fertilization system; (2) Application of Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + recommended fertilization system; (3) Application without Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + DSS fertilization system; (4) Application without Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + recommended fertilization system; (5) Only Pistia stratiotes; and (6) Control. Soil tillage was carried out with minimum tillage. The rice variety was Inpara (Inbrida padi rawa) 2, which is high yield varieties for a swampy area that Fe tolerant with a planting system of jajar legowo (jarwo) 2: 1 (25 cm-50 cm) x 12.5 cm. The results showed that a combination treatment of 15 t/ha in situ weed of Pistia stratiotes/ha + 25 kg Biotara/ha + DSS fertilization system (50 kg urea/ha + 37 kg SP36/ha + 24 kg KCl/ha) gave the highest yield (7.62 t/ha). This treatment increased yield by 10.28% compared to control (6.91 t/ha) and was higher (52.40-69.33%) than those yielded by local farmers cultivation (4.5-5.0 t/ha).
Heavy Metal (Pb and Cu) and Bacterial Contamination in Mudskipper, Eeltail Catfish and Mud Clam at Kuala Tambangan Mangrove Ecosystem, South Kalimantan
Authors: Kadarsah Anang , Salim Dafiuddin , Krisdianto  , Oksi Susilawati Ika
Published: June 2020

Heavy metal content (Pb and Cu) in waters and sediments from the Kuala Tambangan mangrove ecosystem, South Kalimantan was above the standard of Minister Environment of the Republic of Indonesia in 2004. Lead content in waters is reached 0.128 mg/L and Cuprum at 0.444 mg/L, but in the sediments is increased dramatically almost 10 times (17,426 mg/gr for Lead and 20,576 mg/gr for Cuprum. The highest content of Lead (0.128 mg/L) was found in the estuary while for Cuprum (0.444 mg/L) found in the interior. The highest value of Lead (17,426 mg/gr) and Cuprum (20,576 mg/gr) for sediments were found in the estuary. Lead content in eeltail catfish and mud clam is can not be detected, but for Mercury (0.1601 mg/kg in eeltail catfish and 0.2653 mg/kg in mud clam) is above the standard of ISO 2354.6-2016. The Total Plate Count values of inhabitants fauna in mangrove ecosystems were below the standard of SNI 2332.3-2015. A qualitative test for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholera presents shows a negative value (<3 APM/g). Coliform quantitative test is above the standard of quality (43 APM/gr in eeltail catfish and 150 APM/g in mud clam). The presence of parasites was not found on all samples.