bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between personality, theory of planned behaviour and physical activity in individuals with type II diabetes
Authors: Davies Cally A , Mummery W Kerry , Steele Rebekah M
Published: August 2008

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to conduct a process analysis of the effects of personality on physical activity intention and behaviour using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).

Design

Prospective study design with data collected by means of two questionnaires.

Methods

Data were obtained by means of two questionnaires, the initial questionnaire measured demographic characteristics, TPB constructs, physical activity intention and personality. The 2-week follow-up questionnaire assessed self-report physical activity behaviour. A series of regression analysis were undertaken to identify the relationship between the variables and to determine mediation effects of the TPB constructs.

Patients

A random sample of individuals with type II diabetes was selected from the Diabetes Australia (Queensland) membership database. A total of 74 complete data sets were obtained.

Results

Intention explained 28% of the variance in physical activity behaviour. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (PBC) explained 73% of variance in physical activity intention. Attitude and PBC mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and physical activity intention.

Conclusions

These results provide preliminary evidence that targeting constructs proximal to the behaviour (attitudes and PBC) may be effective in overcoming inherent qualities such as personality in order to produce physical activity behaviour change within this sample population.
Immune deficiency disorders involving neutrophils
Authors: Spickett G P
Published: August 2008

This review addresses current thinking on the diagnosis, causation and management of common and rare primary disorders of granulocytes. The genetic basis of many of these disorders is now understood. Increased awareness is necessary to ensure that these disorders are identified promptly and treated appropriately.
SOME EFFECTS ON FRUIT SIZE OF CHROMOSOME 2 OF THE TOMATO
Authors: Butler L.
Published: August 2008

Fruit weights taken from two F2's of 1500 plants indicated that the genes d p o s Lc dil and suf all affect fruit weight. The recessive alleles, except suf and Lc, were associated with small fruit size. The data were analyzed to determine whether this association was the result of linkage or pleiotropic effects. The major effect occurred in the o region, which is some 44 units from the centromere of chromosome 2. The o gene makes the genes oval or pear-shaped instead of spherical, and it is shown that when the locule wall of a spherical fruit and an oval fruit are composed of the same number of cells, the spherical fruit is always heavier. Since cell number is the inherited unit of fruit size, then o is always associated with small size. A gene controlling number of locules, which affects fruit size, is also located in this section of the chromosome. The genes d and s, which are at opposite ends of the present linkage map, both appear to be linked with fruit size genes. It is suggested that these size genes lie in the hetero-chromatin which is adjacent to both ends of the linkage map. The genes dil and suf, which were produced by radiation of the same variety, appear to have pleiotropic effects on fruit size; suf increasing, and dil decreasing fruit size.
PUCCINIA KARELICA AND SPECIES DELIMITATION IN THE UREDINALES
Authors: Savile D. B. O.
Published: August 2008

The problem of species concepts and delimitation in the heteroecious rusts is discussed. It is illustrated by Puccinia karelica, which is known in typical form from Europe, southern Alaska, coastal British Columbia, and apparently Kamchatka and Saghalien. A distinct population in eastern Canada and adjacent United States is named ssp. laurentina ssp. nov. P. karelica is compared with closely related species and its probable mode of evolution is discussed.
THE GROWTH CURVE AND GROWTH CORRELATIONS OF EXCISED TOMATO ROOTS GROWN IN STERILE CULTURE
Authors: Boll William G.
Published: August 2008

The curve of growth in length of the main axis of excised tomato roots, grown in a 6-day passage, shows a 'lag phase' at the beginning and a decrease in growth rate toward the end of the passage when growth of the apex is inhibited by the older tissues. The 'lag phase' is neither due to transfer of the excised tip to fresh medium nor a consequence of the developmental stage at which the tip is excised. The 'lag phase' may mean that the apical meristem requires substances supplied by the older tissues, but it is, at least in part, due to injurious effects of excision.From surgical experiments it is concluded that the growth of lateral roots is promoted by the presence of older tissues and inhibited by the main apex and younger parts of the main axis. A comparison is made between this latter effect and apical dominance in shoots.Growth of the main axis was increased by 2,4-dichloroanisole (DCA). Growth of the lateral roots was inhibited at concentrations of 3-indolylacetic acid (IAA) and DCA which did not affect growth of the main axis. This effect was not observed with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). At concentrations which did not affect growth of the main axis, only NAA promoted the formation of lateral roots. The evidence is reviewed that the growth correlations in the root involve 'auxin-type' growth regulators but that different regulators may be involved in the different growth correlations.The author acknowledges the loan of apparatus from the U.S. Office of Naval Research.
PLASMODIAL ACTIVITY IN STEMONITIS FUSCA ROTH
Authors: Benedict W. G.
Published: August 2008

The morphological variability of the early stages in the development of the Plasmodium is recorded. In all stages a semblance of the formerly anterior extremity of the diploid swarmcell may be recognized in the young plasmodium. Observations indicate that the planogametes and the amoeboid plasmodial cells are photophobic and that the aphanoplasmodium, characteristically found in the Stemonitaceae, appears during a stage in plasmodial growth. In microculture the hyphoid plasmodial stage disintegrates into protoplasmic spherules.
STAGES OF OZONE DAMAGE TO RESPIRATION OF TOBACCO LEAVES
Authors: Macdowall F. D. H.
Published: August 2008

Two stages of damage were observed in the respiration of tobacco leaf tissues after fumigation with ozone. A damaging dose of ozone initially inhibited the respiration of fumigated leaves and of mitochondria removed from them.Stimulation of leaf respiration occurred later together with visible signs of damage and inhibition of photosynthesis. Mitochondria prepared from such visibly damaged tissue also showed stimulated activity. However, their cytochrome oxidase activity was inhibited and their oxidative phosphorylation was suppressed, like known effects of cyanide and carbon monoxide.
A STUDY OF UNIALGAL CULTURES OF SCENEDESMUS INCUBATED IN NATURE AND IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Trainor Francis R.
Published: August 2008

Two Scenedesmus species were studied in culture in the laboratory and incubated in nature. When the organisms were suspended in sterile Büchner funnels or dialysis sacs in nature, results were similar to those for certain laboratory experiments. In nature there was suppression of spine production with one species; similar results were obtained with older laboratory cultures. With a second Scenedesmus sp., unicells were commonly produced in nature, as well as in several media in the laboratory.
CHLOROPHYLL, PROTEIN, AND NUCLEIC ACID LEVELS IN DETACHED, SENESCING WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Shaw Michael , Bhattacharya P. K. , Quick W. A.
Published: August 2008

Excised primary leaves of Little Club and Khapli wheats were allowed to senesce on water or on kinetin (10 mg/l.) for 6 to 8 days. Histological sections taken at 2-day intervals were stained for RNA, DNA, histone, and total protein. Twenty-five or thirty leaves were analyzed daily for chlorophyll, protein, and nucleic acids. Oxygen uptake was also measured. Examination of the sections showed that leaves senescing on water underwent rapid losses in chloroplast RNA and protein and in nuclear RNA. Losses in DNA, histone, and total nuclear protein were delayed until the nuclei disintegrated. These observations are correlated with the analytical results. The latter revealed statistically significant losses in chlorophyll, protein, and nucleic acid contents with time. The losses in nucleic acids were due mainly, if not entirely, to losses in RNA. Oxygen uptake per gram fresh weight in the leaves on water did not change significantly with days after excision. Kinetin significantly delayed losses in chlorophyll, RNA, and protein, and depressed oxygen uptake. Certain differences between the two varieties of wheat are described, including the more rapid loss of nucleic acid in Khapli.
THE MALE GAMETOPHYTE OF ZEA MAYS L.: II. IN VITRO GERMINATION
Authors: Cook F. S. , Walden D. B.
Published: August 2008

Results from a series of experiments designed to establish a suitable environment for the in vitro germination of corn pollen are reported. A medium consisting of 0.35 M sucrose, 300 p.p.m. CaCl2, and 100 p.p.m. H3BO3 with or without 0.7% special agar-Noble in a high relative humidity was found consistently to support germination of su1/su1 corn pollen in excess of 70% depending upon the condition of the pollen. Sampling error has been reduced to 2%, experimental error to 3%, and with ample replication, least significant range values of 10% germination at the 5% level of significance can be attained.
THE PERIOD OF SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ULMUS AMERICANA TO CERATOCYSTIS ULMI UNDER CONDITIONS PREVAILING IN QUEBEC
Authors: Pomerleau René
Published: August 2008

The results of an experiment performed for the first time in 1946 and repeated the next 3 years shows that proneness of 10- to 13-year-old white elms to infection by C. ulmi was high from May 15 to late July in Quebec. However, successful inoculations were obtained each year on trees inoculated before and after (as late as November) that period. The time at which susceptibility reached its maximum, which was some time between the end of May and late June, depended on weather conditions. Wilting was suppressed during periods of dry weather.
PROCESS OF CERATOCYSTIS FIMBRIATA INFECTION IN ASPEN
Authors: Zalasky H.
Published: August 2008

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. and Halst. is reported for the first time to be pathogenic to aspen in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Infection studies revealed that the fungus causes two types of symptoms, one a leaf spot and twig dieback, and the other a target canker of the stem. Twig and branch dieback resulted from a rapid infection of the young petiole, leaf trace, cortex, phloem, and cambium of the stem. Target canker was caused by slow infection of older petioles and bark. A continuous cicatricial zone walled off the healthy bark from the infected area and formed a callus fold at the margin of the lesion.Histological studies of the penetration phase of infection revealed that hyphae of C. fimbriata penetrate directly through the epidermis of leaves, petioles, and young stems. Colonization of the tissue is intracellular, although intercellular hyphae may be found in the mesophyll and pith. Hyphae colonize mainly the phloem and cambium of the stem.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: XV. FINE STRUCTURE IN RUST-INFECTED WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Shaw Michael , Manocha M. S.
Published: August 2008

Electron microscopy showed that the haustoria of P. graminis tritici on wheat were characterized by numerous mitochondria, an extensive endoplasmic reticulum, densely packed ribosomes, and a well-defined plasma membrane (plasmalemma), which was often invaginated by lomasomes. No evidence was obtained for cytoplasmic connections between the parasite and its host. Many of the haustoria formed on a resistant variety, Khapli, were necrotic but others were closely similar to those formed on a susceptible variety, Little Club. The haustorial necks were surrounded by a collar-like sheath formed by an extension of the host cell wall. The haustoria merely invaginated host protoplasts from which they were separated by granular encapsulations. The latter were apparently secreted mainly by the host and developed faster in Khapli than in Little Club. The presence of haustoria also induced the formation of an extensive, smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the host, a contraction and fragmentation of the vacuole, an increase in the volume of the cytoplasm, and, ultimately, the complete degeneration of the host cells. The processes of breakdown of the subcellular organelles in the host were very similar to those which have been observed in uninfected cells in detached leaves senescing on water.
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ELK KELP (PELAGOPHYCUS SPECIES)
Authors: Parker B. C. , Fu M.
Published: August 2008

A comparative anatomical study of two species of Pelagophycus has revealed specific differences in the nuclear volumes of meristoderm cells, morphology and branching of mucilage ducts, and medulla construction in the solid stipes. Pelagophycus spp. have nucleate sieve elements in all organs except the holdfast. Mucilage ducts and multinucleate cortical cells occur throughout the thallus. These and other features demonstrate that Pelagophycus is closely related to and probably phyletically intermediate between Macrocystis and Nereocystis.
MEIOSIS IN COSMARIUM BOTRYTIS
Authors: Brandham P. E. , Godward M. B. E.
Published: August 2008

An account is given of the cytological phenomena associated with zygospore maturation and germination, including meiosis, in the homothallic desmid Cosmarium botrytis var. tumidum, and also of meiosis in the heterothallic C. botrytis var. botrytis. Evidence was obtained for the absence of localized centromeres in the chromosomes. In both strains the first meiotic division is asynchronous, some chromosomes moving towards the spindle poles while others are still present as incompletely terminalized bivalents.A count of 2n = 40 chromosomes in the heterothallic variety confirmed a mitotic count of n = 20. After meiosis, two non-sister nuclei abort.
THE ORGANIZATION OF CYTOPLASMIC COMPONENTS DURING THE PHASE OF CELL WALL THICKENING IN DIFFERENTIATING CAMBIAL DERIVATIVES OF ACER RUBRUM
Authors: Cronshaw James
Published: August 2008

Cambial derivatives of Acer rubrum have been examined at stages of their differentiation following fixation in 3% or 6% glutaraldehyde with a post fixation in osmium tetroxide. At early stages of development numerous free ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm, and elements of the endoplasmic reticulum tend to align themselves parallel to the cell surfaces. The plasma membrane is closely applied to the cell walls. During differentiation a complex system of cytoplasmic microtubules develops in the peripheral cytoplasm. These microtubules are oriented, mirroring the orientation of the most recently deposited microfibrils of the cell wall. The microtubules form a steep helix in the peripheral cytoplasm at the time of deposition of the middle layer of the secondary wall. During differentiation the free ribosomes disappear from the cytoplasm and numerous elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum with associated polyribosomes become more evident. In many cases the endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the cell surface. During the later stages of differentiation there are numerous inclusions between the cell wall and the plasma membrane.
CYTOTAXONOMY OF THE SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF THE GENUS AGROPYRON IN CANADA AND NEIGHBORING AREAS
Authors: Bowden Wray M.
Published: August 2008

A cytotaxonomic treatment is given for 10 native species, 4 introduced species, and 8 natural interspecific hybrids of the genus Agropyron Gaertner that occur in Canada. Five of the native Agropyron species, one introduced species, and one natural interspecific hybrid are also found in Alaska. Eight of the native species, the four introduced species, and four natural interspecific hybrids are present in the mainland United States. Four additional native species and five additional introduced species that occur in the mainland United States are considered briefly.Nomenclatural proposals include: Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. var. riparium (Scribn. & Smith) Bowden; Agropyron × pseudorepens Scribn. & Smith (pro sp.) nm. pseudorepens and nm. vulpinum (Rydb.) Bowden (A. dasystachyum × A. trachycaulum); and Agropyron × brevifolium Scribn. (pro sp.) (A. scribneri × A. violaceum).Voucher specimens are cited for chromosome number determinations of the native and introduced Agropyron species and some natural and artificial interspecific hybrids. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for A. violaceum (2n = 28), A. yukonense (2n = 28), the natural hybrids A. × pseudorepens nm. pseudorepens and nm. vulpinum (2n = 28), A. dasystachyum × A. spicatum (2n = 21), and A. violaceum × A. yukonense (2n = 28), and four artificial interspecific hybrids. Seven natural hybrids and four artificial hybrids are reported for the first time.
EVIDENCE FOR THE FORMATION OF HCN FROM GLYCINE BY A SNOW MOLD FUNGUS
Authors: Ward E. W. B. , Thorn G. D.
Published: August 2008

HCN production, which normally occurs during the autolysis stages in culture, was found to occur throughout growth when the nitrogen source of the medium (L-asparagine) was replaced or supplemented with L-glycine. L-Serine promoted HCN production to a much smaller degree but other amino acids tested were without effect. Mycelial mats fed glycine rapidly synthesized HCN, but, of a number of related compounds, only the methyl and ethyl esters of glycine were effective. Removal or methylation of the NH2group of glycine destroyed the ability of the molecule to promote HCN formation and such derivatives inhibited HCN production when fed together with glycine. Preliminary experiments using glycine-C14demonstrated that glycine promotes the formation of the intermediary cyanogenic compound described previously for this fungus and indicated that the cyanide carbon is derived from C-2 of glycine.
NUTRIENT DEPLETION AND THE PRODUCTION OF PERITHECIA BY GNOMONIA FRUCTICOLA
Authors: McOnie K. C. , Snyder W. C.
Published: August 2008

In certain media the production of normal perithecia by the pathogen of strawberry leaf blotch, Gnomonia fructicola, was dependent upon the exhaustion of the glucose source of carbon at, or soon after, perithecial initiation. Many normal perithecia developed on media from which the nitrate source of nitrogen was not depleted. The inhibition by high concentrations of glucose was not specific for normal perithecia were produced in the presence of glucose when the usual concentration of nitrate was reduced and was exhausted by the fungus from the medium.Results suggest that the initiation of perithecia is determined by the establishment within the mycelium of a favorable balance between stimulatory substances (supplied by an extract of strawberry petioles or a mixture of vitamins in the medium) and other mycelial constituents and that subsequent normal development of perithecia is dependent on curtailment of vegetative growth processes.
CHANGES IN GERMINATION TYPE IN SOME USTILAGO SPECIES CAUSED BY AN UNIDENTIFIED VOLATILE SUBSTANCE
Authors: Nielsen J.
Published: August 2008

An unidentified volatile substance, released by smut fungi, their host plants, and facultative pathogenic fungi, changed the germination type from sporidial to mycelial in Ustilago kolleri, U. avenae, U. hordei, and U. nigra. Imidazole caused similar changes. U. maydis did not respond to either the gas or imidazole. These compounds increase sexual affinity, which is expressed by fusion of compatible promycelial cells. The gas and similarly acting solid compounds seem to be responsible for the change in germination type of spores that germinate on host tissue or in the soil, thereby immediately initiating the parasitic dikaryophase. The importance of high sexual affinity for the maintenance of the dikaryophase of smut fungi both on artificial media and in the host is discussed.
CARBON-14 STUDIES OF INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM IN POTASSIUM-DEFICIENT TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: Jones L. H.
Published: August 2008

The effect of potassium deficiency on the metabolism of tomato leaves was studied by the use of14CO2. After normal and potassium-deficient plants had been exposed to14CO2in the light for 5 minutes, the latter showed smaller amounts of label in starch, uridine–diphosphate–glucose, glucose, fructose, glyceric acid, phosphoenol-pyruvate, pyruvic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. Relatively more was present in 3-phosphoglycerate, serine, glycine, and glutamine. When exposure for 5 minutes to14CO2in the light was followed by 2 hours of darkness, the potassium-deficient plants had less14C in glucose, fructose, alanine, and aspartic acid, but relatively more in sucrose, glycine, and glutamine.Exposure to14CO2in the dark for 2 hours resulted in less label entering aspartic acid, but relatively more in glycine in potassium-deficient plants.The results are consistent with decreased pyruvic kinase activity in potassium-deficient plants, and there is evidence of a similar effect on glyceric acid production, invertase activity, and UDPG synthesis.
AVIRULENCE IN PROTOTROPHS OF PENICILLIUM EXPANSUM
Authors: MacNeill B. H. , Barron G. L.
Published: August 2008

Over 100,000 prototrophic survivors from ultraviolet-irradiated stock were screened for pathogenicity on apple fruits. Of these, seven showed altered pathogenic capacity when compared with the wild type, five having reduced virulence and two being completely avirulent. The nutritional hypothesis of pathogenicity, as presently conceived, seems inadequate to explain the observed changes in virulence. It is suggested that, in the complex association of host and pathogen, the mechanism controlling pathogenicity must be considered as distinct from that which governs the basic metabolism of the parasite.
STUDIES ON ASPERGILLI: XVIII. ESSENTIALITY OF TRACE ELEMENTS TO FIVE CONIDIAL ASPERGILLUS SPECIES
Authors: Agnihotri V. P.
Published: August 2008

The effect of zinc, iron, copper, and manganese on growth, sporulation, and pigmentation of Aspergillus sydowi (Bainier) Thom and Church, A. candidus Link, A. flavus Link, A. carneus (van Teigh) Bloch., and A. flavipes (Bainier and Sartory) Thom and Church was examined in a chemically defined medium under controlled conditions. The reduction in growth in cultures to which none of the above trace elements were added varied with the species. The essentiality of zinc, iron, copper, and manganese to most of the species under study was established. In manganese-deficient cultures, the fungal mats were wrinkled and in patches. The trace element deficiencies generally decreased the sporulation and modified the pigmentation of these aspergilli. Marked morphological changes in the conidiophores and vegetative hyphae were observed in cultures lacking all four trace elements.
STUDIES ON THE PATELLARIACEAE: I. EUTRYBLIDIELLA SABINA (DE NOT.) HÖHN.
Authors: Pirozynski K. A. , Reid James
Published: August 2008

The description of Eutryblidiella sabina (de Not.) Höhn. is emended to include the North American fungus originally described as Cenangium deformatum Peck. Nine other synonyms are listed. The history, nomenclature, and development of the species are briefly discussed.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TWO SMALL SPHERICAL PLANT VIRUSES IN THIN SECTIONS
Authors: Edwardson J. R. , Purcifull D. E. , Christie R. G.
Published: August 2008

Particles within lesions of leaf tissue infected with either tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) or southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) were compared with particles in embedded pellets of purified preparations of these viruses by an examination of thin sections. The mode of the diameters of particles in tissues and pellets was 20.5 mµ.It is assumed that the particles in infected tissues are virus particles on the basis of their similarities in size, shape, and arrangement with the particles in purified preparations.
NATURAL MECHANISMS OF COPPER TOLERANCE IN A COPPER SWAMP FOREST
Authors: Dykeman W. R. , Sousa A. S. de
Published: August 2008

The presence of a larch – black spruce forest on the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick offered an opportunity for the study of natural mechanisms of copper tolerance of plants. Concentrations of copper occur as high as 7% dry weight of peat. Immobilization of copper in the soil by chelation to naturally occurring organic compounds appears to be the most important factor in preventing uptake of the metal in toxic amounts.
A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF WESTERN CANADIAN SPECIES IN THE GENUS BETULA
Authors: Dugle Janet R.
Published: August 2008

Five western North American birches, Betula fontinalis, B. glandulosa, B. glandulifera, B. resinifera, and B. papyrifera, are studied taxonomically. Four hybrids, B. × winteri, B. × sargentii, B. × arbuscula, and B. × uliginosa, are described for the first time and three others, B. × utahensis, B. × eastwoodae, and B. × sandbergii, are also included. Populations formed when species are in contact have been analyzed and the nature of several hybrid entities determined. B. × uliginosa results from B. resinifera × B. glandulifera. In this population, introgression is toward B. glandulifera, which has the higher chromosome number. B. glandulifera also hybridizes with B. glandulosa producing B. × sargentii. Most gene flow is toward B. glandulifera, which has the higher chromosome number. In B. glandulosa × B. fontinalis (B. × eastwoodae) introgression was little influenced by environmental selection, the hybrid was as common as either parental species, and any gene flow was in either direction. B. × utahensis results from B. papyrifera × B. fontinalis. Introgression is toward B. papyrifera. Hybridization of B. × sargentii and B. papyrifera produces B. × arbuscula, a rare hybrid. Hybridization of B. resinifera and B. papyrifera results in B. × winteri, with introgression in both directions. B. × sandbergii results from B. papyrifera × B. glandulifera. Probably as a result of environmental influence in the analysis area, introgression was toward B. glandulifera, with the lower chromosome number.
DRY TWIST: A SYSTEM OF CULTURING RUSTS FROM SINGLE SPORES
Authors: Fleischmann George , Khair Jamal , Dinoor Amos
Published: August 2008

The dry twist system of culturing rust from a single urediospore or aeciospore provides a simple, rapid, and straightforward procedure which requires a minimum of manual dexterity. Two successive crops of urediospores, the first used to infect differential varieties for race identification, and the second crop for collection of a pure increase of the culture, can be produced directly from the single spore.The system combines three separate techniques: isolation of single spores from dialysis tubing cellophane; inoculation of single spores by the dry twist method, which involves drawing the needle tip lightly up along the dry leaf blade with a twisting motion; and the subsequent development of infection, first on the attached leaf and then on the excised leaf blade floating on benzimidazole in a closed petri dish. Dry twist is recommended for general use in the isolation, purification, and increase of rust cultures.
FINE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA OF HEALTHY AND VIRUS-INFECTED VICIA FABA L.
Authors: Weintraub M. , Ragetli H. W. J. , John V. T.
Published: August 2008

Mitochondria within leaf cells of healthy broad bean had the normal appearance of plant mitochondria, while within cells infected with bean yellow mosaic virus they had matrices that were electron-opaque and cristae that were swollen and angular. However, upon isolation, mitochondria from healthy broad bean cells became indistinguishable from either mitochondria in situ in virus-infected cells, or from mitochondria in vitro isolated from virus-infected cells. Cristae of the isolated mitochondria were greatly inflated, while the matrices were reduced to a thin network in which spherical substructural components, 130–140 A in diameter, were visible. These changes in isolated healthy mitochondria could not be prevented by the use of tannin inhibitors. No significant differences were found in the succinoxidase activities of the isolated healthy and infected mitochondria.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MARINE ALGAE OF NOVA SCOTIA: I. WINTER FLORA OF THE ATLANTIC COAST
Authors: Edelstein T. , McLachlan J.
Published: August 2008

From December 1964 to April 1965 a survey of the marine algae of the Atlantic coast of Halifax County, Nova Scotia was carried out. Within this region 11 collecting stations were established, including sites from the exposed outer coast to the protected area of Halifax Harbour. One hundred and one species were identified: 24 from the Chlorophyceae, 36 from the Phaeophyceae, and 41 from the Rhodophyceae. Seventeen species are new records for Nova Scotia. During the winter months active vegetative and reproductive development was observed. These results have been compared with those obtained previously from this area as well as with results of similar studies made in Massachusetts and Newfoundland–Labrador.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO SAC AND EMBRYO OF TEFF, ERAGROSTIS TEF
Authors: Mengesha Melak H. , Guard A. T.
Published: August 2008

A careful study of the floral development of Eragrostis tef indicates that the flowers do not open and that self-pollination is the rule. Observations of the development of the female gametophyte show that it is of the normal monosporic type common to most angiosperms. The three antipodals divide several times as is common in grasses. Study of many ovules before and after fertilization showed absence of any apomictic type of embryo formation. Fertilization was found to occur in the basal floret of a spikelet when that floret was at the base of the flag leaf blade.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME WESTERN CANADIAN PLANTS
Authors: Taylor Roy L. , Brockman Ronald P.
Published: August 2008

Chromosome numbers are presented for 97 taxa of western Canada. A total of 33 are reported for the first time, and of these, the chromosome numbers given for Xerophyllum(Liliaceae), n = 15, Menziesia (Ericaceae), n = 13, and Physostegia (Labiatae), n = 19, are the first for these genera. A brief discussion is given for a few of the taxa.
A NEW SPECIES OF CYATHUS FROM THE CANADIAN ROCKIES
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: August 2008

A new species of the Nidulariaceae or bird's nest fungi is described from the Canadian Rockies, named Cyathus helenae, and illustrated. The fungus appears to be unique in growing upon alpine scree at an altitude of 7000 ft. This very small plant differs from other known small species in the faint plication of the inner surface of the peridium, in the distinctly nodular tomentum, and in spore size.
DIFFERENTIATION OF STRAINS OF CARNATION MOTTLE VIRUS IN CRUDE PLANT EXTRACTS BY IMMUNODIFFUSION IN AGAR PLATES
Authors: Kemp W. G. , Fazekas L. J.
Published: August 2008

Antigenic differences between isolates of carnation mottle virus were detected by immunodiffusion in agar plates. A specific precipitation pattern characterized by partial intersection of the precipitate lines of certain isolates and a reference virus antigen suggested that these antigens were similar to but not identical with each other. The "spur" pattern between these cross-reacting isolates was shown not to be the result of a reaction with healthy host components or unrelated virus contaminants. These results were substantiated by cross-absorption tests.
GERMINATION AND INOCULATION TESTS WITH BASIDIOSPORES OF POLYPORUS TOMENTOSUS
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: August 2008

Basidiospore collections from more than 600 Polyporus tomentosus sporophores in 1963 and 1964 indicated that best spore production was from 4-week-old sporophores and best germination was from 3-week-old sporophores. Tests on spores collected at weekly intervals indicated that while basidiospore production remained high, spore germinability varied greatly from week to week in a given sporophore. Although there was extreme variability in individual basidiospore collections, the average germination improved after 3 months' storage at −18 °C; at this temperature a few collections remained viable for 20 months. Viability was abruptly reduced after 3 months' storage at 0 °C. Basidiospores germinated well from 15 to 27 °C with optimum germination from 20 to 24 °C. Out of 12 standard laboratory media tested, best germination was obtained on synthetic malt extract agar (3.36 g per 100 ml distilled water). Autoclaved extracts from bark or wood stimulated basidiospore germination, while those from humus or mineral soil inhibited germination.P. tomentosus basidiospores inoculated into white spruce roots caused more infections in wounds 2 in. deep than in wounds [Formula: see text] deep. Shallow wood and bark wounds were not infected. Roots were more susceptible than stems.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF AN ANNUAL CANKER OF SUGAR MAPLE IN PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Skelly John M. , Wood Francis A.
Published: August 2008

An annual canker of sugar maple was found throughout the natural range of the species in Pennsylvania. The canker develops during the dormant season, has been increasing in incidence during the past three decades, occurs more frequently on the north and south sides of trees than on the east and west sides, and occurs more frequently on the lower portion of the stem. Severe cankering of individual trees had no apparent effect on diameter growth. It is suggested that the disease is caused by a sequence of events which involves a predisposing factor such as drought, frost, or insect activity followed by development of the facultative parasite Fusarium solani.
ANTIBIOTIC P-9: PURIFICATION AND PROTRACTED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT ON STEM RUST OF WHEAT
Authors: Hagborg W. A. F. , Rohringer R.
Published: August 2008

A culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. containing antibiotic P-9 was partially purified and then tested in a greenhouse experiment for its effect on stem rust. Increased control of stem rust development (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. and Henn. race 15B1 (Can.)) was obtained with increased dosage on 7-day-old seedlings of Marquis wheat. At the maximum dosage, which wetted the primary leaf with a 5000 μg/ml (0.5% w/v) aqueous solution, rust development in the first four leaves was reduced considerably when the leaves were inoculated up to 15 days after treatment. The results indicated a downward translocation in the primary leaf and an upward movement in the younger leaves, thus protecting the plant until the new growth diluted the antibiotic substance(s) to a concentration below the inhibitory level of the rust.
DELAY OF SENESCENCE IN WHEAT LEAVES BY CYTOKININS, NICKEL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Authors: Bushnell W. R.
Published: August 2008

Single-drop applications of nickel salts, cobalt salts, or kinetin induced similar patterns in the delay of the rapid senescence of detached wheat leaf tissue (Triticum aestivum compactum 'Little Club'). Tissues near treatment sites remained green as more distant parts of the leaves became chlorotic. Yeast extract, coconut milk, and benzimidazole also preserved the green pigment but the activity of the last two was sometimes displaced away from treatment sites. Total nitrogen content increased markedly in the portions of detached leaves treated with nickel sulfate or kinetin, indicating that nitrogenous substances moved from senescing tissues into the green tissues at treatment sites. The green tissues increased in dry weight and stained heavily with I–KI.The slowly senescing tissues of attached leaves were kept green by high concentrations of either kinetin or benzimidazole in treatment drops but not by nickel sulfate. However, moderate concentrations of nickel sulfate or kinetin increased the dry weight and retarded the slow natural loss of nitrogen content of attached leaf tissue, indicating that both substances induced a temporary senescence delay.
NITROGEN IN WOOD AND ITS ROLE IN WOOD DETERIORATION
Authors: Cowling Ellis B. , Merrill William
Published: August 2008

Based on present knowledge of the origin, amounts, chemical form, and distribution of nitrogen (N) in wood, hypotheses are proposed to explain radial gradients in N content that exist across the xylem cylinder of tree stems: (1) N in the cytoplasm of developing wood cells is diluted by apposition of cell wall substances; (2) after maturation of wood fiber cells, N in their cytoplasm is removed by elution into the transpiration stream; (3) death of xylem parenchyma cells during aging of sapwood and formation of heartwood is accompanied by removal of much of the N in their cytoplasm. Hypotheses 2 and 3 above suggest strongly that trees possess an internal recycling mechanism for conservation and reuse of the N in the cytoplasm of xylary cells.Although the supply of N in wood is meager, wood-destroying fungi readily metabolize the carbon-rich constituents of wood and produce large fruiting structures that release vast numbers of spores in nature. To account for these capacities, we postulate that these fungi employ one or more of the following three mechanisms: (1) preferential allocation of N obtainable from wood to substances and pathways highly efficient in the use of wood constituents; (2) reuse of N obtainable from wood by a dynamic and continuous process of autolysis and reuse without significant loss of N; (3) utilization of N sources outside the wood itself, for example, by fixation of atmospheric N.
NITROGEN FIXATION BY NODULATED ALNUS RUGOSA
Authors: Daly G. T.
Published: August 2008

Quantitative data from solution cultures of Alnus rugosa are presented which indicate facultative independence of this species regarding combined nitrogen supply and its close similarity to A. glutinosa in efficiency of N-fixation and physiology of nodule symbiosis.Volume–weight measurements and chemical analyses are given for soils and soil – surface organic matter in stands representative of succession involving nodulated A. rugosa, confirming that this species is capable of contributing greatly to nitrogen levels of the soil. Total seasonal litter-fall from woody species in several stands was collected and analyzed for nitrogen. Annual amounts of litter-N returning to the ground appear to be substantially greater under alder and alder–forest phases than under those dominated by Salix and Salix–forest vegetation. On favorable sites, soil nitrogen may accumulate under Alnus rugosa thickets at rates in excess of 150 lb/acre per year.However, no excess nitrogen accumulation was found in sandy soil supporting the Alnus shrub phase of a dry upland "old-field" succession and an explanation for this has been advanced.The past and present ecological position of Alnus species in northeastern North America is related to their capacity to fix nitrogen.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PHYSARIA (CRUCIFERAE) IN COLORADO
Authors: Mulligan Gerald A.
Published: August 2008

Two new endemic species of Physaria, P. Bellii Mulligan and P. Rollinsii Mulligan, are described from Colorado. Both species are self-incompatible and their chromosome number is 2n = 8.
INDUCED APOGAMY IN DIPLOID GAMETOPHYTES OF PTERIDIUM
Authors: Whittier D. P.
Published: August 2008

Diploid gametophytes were produced via self-fertilization and apospory from a strain of haploid gametophytes which underwent apogamy in sterile culture. These diploid gametophytes of the fern, Pteridium, demonstrated quantitative differences from the haploid prothalli. The diameters of the rhizoids and antheridia were larger on the diploid prothalli. The diploid gametophytes grew slightly faster than the haploids. Under conditions which induced apogamy in the haploid prothalli, the diploids produced more apogamous sporophytes on a culture or on a weight basis than did the haploid prothalli.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM SAXICOLOUS BRYOPHYTE VEGETATION AT STEPS BRIDGE, DEVON: I A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF VARIATION IN THE VEGETATION
Authors: Yarranton G. A.
Published: August 2008

The aim of the series of three papers, of which this is the first, is to produce a rigorous quantitative analysis of variation in vegetation and to correlate the results of the analysis with environmental variation. A general account is given of the Steps Bridge area and of the vegetation studied. The collection of samples of contact between species in the saxicolous bryophyte vegetation is described. To compare the effects of different methods of data processing, four matrices were calculated: a correlation and a dispersion matrix based on the joint and total occurrences of pairs of species in the samples, and a correlation and a covariance matrix based on the occurrences of pairs of species with all the other species in the samples. Results of principal components analyses of the four matrices are presented and compared and the appropriate circumstances for the use of each type of matrix are indicated. The components analyses are analyses of the distributional relationships of the species and are based on rigorous statistical treatment throughout.
THE GENUS PRAGMOPORA
Authors: Groves J. Walton
Published: August 2008

Six species of fungi considered to belong in the genus Pragmopora Massalongo are discussed from a morphological and taxonomic standpoint. Three new combinations are proposed, P. abietina (Ell. & Ev.) (≡ Scleroderris abietina Ell. & Ev.), P. pithya (Fr.) (≡ Cenangium pithyum Fr.), and P. viticola (Schw.) (≡ Peziza viticola Schw.). One new species, P. pini, is described. Eight species previously referred to Pragmopora are excluded. Pragmopora shows similarities to Tympanis and Durandiella.
A CARBON-DATED POLLEN DIAGRAM FROM THE CAPE BRETON PLATEAU, NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Livingstone D. A. , Estes A. H.
Published: August 2008

Organic sedimentation in a lake near the southwestern edge of the Cape Breton Plateau began about 9000 years ago. Before that time the vegetation was an open tundra, probably with scattered conifer and poplar trees. Since then the vegetation has been dominated by closed fir forest of a variety of types not dissimilar to forests growing in various parts of Nova Scotia today. Organic sedimentation and the establishment of forest, and by implication deglaciation, began more recently at Wreck Cove Lake than at any other Nova Scotian locality that has been investigated. The establishment of forest occurred 1300 years sooner in part of lowland Cape Breton, and 1800 years sooner in part of mainland Nova Scotia, than it did on the Cape Breton Plateau. The length of postglacial, preforest time, which cannot be measured by radiocarbon dating, appears to have been much shorter at Wreck Cove than it was in lowland Cape Breton. The Cape Breton Plateau was not, as some phytogeographers have suggested, a nunatak during glacial time. It may have been a center of late-glacial readvance.
LEAFHOPPER TRANSMISSION OF WITCHES' BROOM AND CLOVER PHYLLODY VIRUSES FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA TO CLOVER, ALFALFA, AND POTATO
Authors: Raine J.
Published: August 2008

The leafhoppers, Scleroracus dasidus Med. and Scleroracus balli Med., transmitted witches' broom virus from clover and alfalfa to clover, alfalfa, and potato; and from potato to clover, but not from potato to potato. Where flowering parts occurred, they appeared normal.The leafhoppers also transmitted clover phyllody virus from clover to clover, in which it caused phyllody, and to potato, in which it caused symptoms of witches' broom. Scions of these potatoes infected with clover phyllody virus grafted to tomato produced the same symptoms as a phyllody-inducing strain of potato witches' broom virus.
ANIXIELLA INDICA SPEC. NOV., A NEW MEMBER OF NEUROSPORACEAE FROM INDIAN SOILS
Authors: Rai J. N. , Wadhwani K. , Tewari J. P.
Published: August 2008

An isolate of Anixiella Saito and Minoura from garden soils (pH 7.2) of Lucknow, India, was found to be different from the other known species of this genus and has been described as A. indica spec. nov.
ONTOGENY OF STOMATA IN SOME CRUCIFERAE
Authors: Paliwal G. S.
Published: August 2008

The ontogeny of stomata was investigated in 12 species of Cruciferae. The three subsidiary cells as well as the guard cells originate from the same protodermal cell and thus the ontogeny conforms to the syndetocheilic type. The mature stomata are anisocytic. Sometimes, the subsidiary cells undergo a transverse and (or) vertical division and the mature stoma shows four to five subsidiary cells.
TRICHOSPORONOIDES OEDOCEPHALIS N. GEN., N. SP: I. MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND TAXONOMIC POSITION
Authors: Haskins R. H. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: August 2008

The name Trichosporonoides oedocephalis n. gen., n. sp. is given to a fungus which forms true mycelium, pseudomycelium, arthrospores, and budding cells as does Trichosporon Behrend, but which also produces conidiospores on the swollen tips of aseptate sporophores which may or may not be aerial. The organism is described and illustrated.
MORPHOLOGICAL SERIES WITHIN THE GENUS PYRROSIA, AND THEIR PHYLOGENETIC INTERPRETATION
Authors: Nayar B. K. , Chandra Subhash
Published: August 2008

The morphology of 13 species of Pyrrosia from India is described and the different species are arranged in six morphological groups, the Flocculosa, Heteractis, Mannii, Nayariana, Obovata, and Varia groups. It is postulated that P. subfurfuracea is the most primitive species in the genus, and the others are evolved from it: the different lines of descent from P. subfurfuracea are traced.It is concluded that Pyrrosia is more intimately related to Platycerium and Drymoglossum than to any other living fern, and along with them has evolved probably from extinct gleichenioid ancestors. The possible origin of a short-creeping rhizome, bearing leaves on phyllopodia associated with lateral branch buds, from ancestors possessing leaf-bearing vertical branches with arrested apical growth, as found in Stromatopteris, is suggested.
THE CYTOLOGY OF EUDESME VIRESCENS (CARM.) J. AG.: I. MEIOSIS AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER
Authors: Cole Kathleen
Published: August 2008

A cytological investigation of meiosis and chromosome number in Eudesme virescens was conducted on sporophytic field material and cultured gametophytes, using a modified iron acetocarmine squash technique. Meiosis was readily observed in the unilocular sporangium mother cells of the adult sporophyte, sporangia in all stages of development occurring on one thallus at one time. Although the nuclei reach a maximum diameter of only 7 μ, the chromosomes absorb the stain readily and can be distinguished throughout the complete process of reduction division. After meiosis, synchronous mitotic divisions ultimately produce 512 nuclei within the sporangium. At maturity the cone-like depression in the apex of the sporangium everts, and biflagellate zoospores are released. Mitosis in the gametophytes appears to follow a normal pattern. Chromosome numbers of 2n = 20 and n = 10 were recorded.
LA FLORE ET LA VÉGÉTATION BRYOLOGIQUES DU MONT SAINT-HILAIRE, CTÉ DE ROUVILLE, QUÉBEC
Authors: Ouellet Jeannine , LeBlanc s. c. Fabius
Published: August 2008

The authors outline briefly the geography, geology, and vegetation of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. They then describe bryophyte societies, or unions, growing in different habitats. The catalogue of bryophytes of the mountain lists 197 species and 15 varieties of mosses and 36 species of liverworts.