bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

This introduction discusses Herder’s intellectual biography, his philosophical style, and his general program in philosophy. His philosophical style comprises a number of features that have tended to be misunderstood, thereby leading to depreciation of his thought, including a seriously motivated assimilation of his writing to speech; a principled opposition to systematizing; and a skeptically inspired method of arguing on opposing sides of issues. His general philosophical program, inspired by the pre-critical Kant and driven by a concern to make philosophy useful, includes a skeptical rejection of metaphysics in favor of empirical inquiry (into human society and nature) and a rejection of cognitivism in ethics in favor of sentimentalism together with a closely related project of moral pedagogy.
Philosophy of Language
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with a consideration of Herder’s best-known thesis in the philosophy of language—that the origins of language are natural rather than divine—but especially emphasizes three theses of much greater relevance today: (1) thought is essentially dependent on and bounded by language; (2) meaning consists in word-usage; and (3) all concepts are rooted in sensations. Theses (1) and (2) essentially founded modern philosophy of language. All three theses play foundational roles in Herder’s hermeneutics and theory of translation. The chapter argues that Herder’s positive arguments for these theses are powerful, and that he also develops sophisticated answers to objections to them based on seeming counterexamples, such as the occurrence of thought and meaning in non-linguistic animals and in non-linguistic art. The chapter concludes with a briefer consideration of additional principles that Herder develops in the philosophy of language, such as that language is fundamentally social in character.
Philosophical Contributions to the Birth of Linguistics and Anthropology
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that Herder contributed the fundamental philosophical principles that enabled the birth of two major new academic disciplines that we today take for granted: linguistics and cultural anthropology. In linguistics his principles were especially taken over and developed by Friedrich Schlegel and Wilhelm von Humboldt. In anthropology they were especially taken over and developed by Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski, the founders of American and British anthropology, respectively. Moreover, as in some other areas (such as hermeneutics), his principles not only enabled the birth of these two new disciplines but were also in important respects even better than the versions of them that the disciplines went on to develop.
Philosophy of History
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

Herder makes a number of vitally important contributions to the philosophy of history. His well-known teleological conception of history as a realization of humanity and reason was influential but is probably untenable. A more intrinsically important contribution is a deep commitment to historicization, or the radical transformation of phenomena over time, including historicism, or the deep mutability of human mental life over the course of history. Others are a closely related commitment to reorienting historiography away from explanation towards understanding; a “genetic” or “genealogical” method for explaining psychological phenomena in light of their emergence out of earlier origins and transformations thereof; a conception of historical Bildung; and a recognition that historicism leads to, or exacerbates, skeptical problems, together with a promising strategy for coping with such problems in the domain of value. Herder’s influence in this whole area on thinkers such as Hegel, Nietzsche, and Dilthey was enormous.
Introduction
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to small angle solution scattering with particular reference to the complementary technique of X-ray crystallography and the relationship between the two. It describes at its most basic level the theoretical underpinnings of solution scattering starting from a single molecule and how this information is sampled in crystals versus in solution. A brief introduction is given to some of the primary types of structural information that can be obtained from experiments. The chapter concludes discussing some of the most common applications of the technique in structural biology, and where the future is likely headed.
Theoretical Background
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the basic background for small angle scattering starting with a simple description of the experiment and geometric theory of scattering. It describes the nature of the data produced and the information contained within that data and how relationship between real and reciprocal space in the context of solution scattering. The concept of spherical averaging is described along with its implications and effects on the available structural information from experiment. The chapter describes important fundamental concepts in solution scattering such as the pair distribution function, contrast, and resolution and information content. The chapter is presented so as to promote an intuitive understanding of the theoretical foundations of solution scattering, rather than a rigorous treatment of them.
Quantities Directly Measurable by Scattering
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter we note that solution scattering data can be divided into four regions. At zero scattering angle, the scattering provides information on molecular weight of the particle in solution. Beyond that, the scattering is influenced by the radius of gyration. As the scattering angle increases, the scattering is influenced by the particle shape, and finally by the interface with the particle and the solution. There are a number of important invariants that can be calculated directly from the data including molecular mass, radius of gyration, Porod invariant, particle volume, maximum particle dimension, particle surface area, correlation length, and volume of correlation. The meaning of these is described in turn along with their mathematical derivations.
Before the Beamtime
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes preparation before collecting solution scattering data. SAXS requires a sample concentration similar to that typically used for crystallization, and a volume on the order of tens of μ‎l. SANS can require an order of magnitude more than this. The sample should be well characterized, and free from impurities. Standard laboratory techniques are suitable for characterization. Buffer choice and accurate matching is a component of experimental success and after sample preparation is the next most critical step. The sample should be monodisperse, stable, and well characterized.
Making the Best Use of Beamtime
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

Extracting information from scattering data is very sensitive to the quality of the data. In this chapter data quality characterization is described, including initial data processing procedures to alert the user to potential data quality issues. Accurate buffer subtraction is crucial for correct modeling and analysis of SAS data, and mechanisms for identifying buffer subtraction errors are discussed. Examining SAS parameters such as a function of concentration or exposure is very useful for identifying concentration dependent artifacts or radiation damage that, if unnoticed, can be very detrimental to further analysis, including misinterpreting the results and drawing erroneous conclusions. SAS is often used for analyzing flexible molecules in solution that may be difficult to study with other structural techniques. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of flexibility are described.
Examples of Data Collection and Processing
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a detailed example of SAXS data analysis from a well behaving system. After collecting the SAXS data, several data analysis procedures are illustrated to ensure the data were of sufficient quality. Many of these steps are performed by comparing multiple concentrations from a dilution series, demonstrating the importance of this step in the data collection procedure for ensuring high quality data. Finally, real space modeling and shape reconstructions are shown to determine the oligomeric state as a tetramer, and identify the correct oligomeric assembly from crystal packing predictions.
Instrumental and Experimental Considerations
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

Thic chapter describes some of the processes that are often carried out within specific data processing software associated with an instrument but are invisible to the user. It is useful to be aware of them. These include dealing with detector artifacts and limitations, and the integration of the signal from a two-dimensional image to produce a one-dimensional scattering profile, among other steps.
SANS
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a specialized application of solution scattering limited by source availability and intensity. While not routinely used for structural studies of biological samples in general, it does have unique characteristics that make it attractive to determining the individual positions of components of complexes. This is due to the scattering properties of hydrogen and deuterium allowing the technique of contrast matching. SANS is highly complementary to SAXS and provides unique information not available by other techniques. This chapter discussed SANS, instrumentation, and application.
Pushing the Envelope
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

Direct electron density determination from SAXS data opens up new opportunities. The ability to model density at high resolution and the implicit direct estimation of solvent terms such as the hydration shell may enable high-resolution wide angle scattering data to be used to calculate density when combined with additional structural information. Other diffraction methods that do not measure three-dimensional intensities, such as fiber diffraction, may also be able to take advantage of iterative structure factor retrieval. While the ability to reconstruct electron density ab initio is a major breakthrough in the field of solution scattering, the potential of the technique has yet to be fully uncovered. Additional structural information from techniques such as crystallography, NMR, and electron microscopy and density modification procedures can now be integrated to perform advanced modeling of the electron density function at high resolution, pushing the boundaries of solution scattering further than ever before.
Epilogue
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter summarizes the book, describes publications that provide complementary information, and sets the tone for the future.
Countershading
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Countershading is a coloration pattern where the exterior surfaces most exposed to light, typically dorsal surfaces, are more darkly coloured than those oriented away from light, typically ventral surfaces. Countershading is widely discussed as a camouflage defence, although other functions—such as thermoregulation, abrasion resistance, and protection from ultraviolet light—may also select for countershading. In terms of camouflage, countershading is thought to work by up to six distinct mechanisms. We discuss several key examples of countershading and counterillumination that give insight into some of this complexity, before reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of each of the six mechanisms. These include relatively simple effects, such as background matching dorsal surfaces against dark oceanic depths when viewed from above and ventral surfaces against downwelling light when viewed from below, but also more complex mechanisms, such as the concealment of cues to three-dimensional shape created by an animal’s self-cast shadows. Following this are sections on the evolution and genetics of countershading, before the chapter concludes with ecological considerations and suggestions for future research.
Batesian mimicry and masquerade
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns Batesian mimicry, which is the resemblance of a palatable species to an unpalatable or otherwise unprofitable species. Often these unprofitable models have warning signals, which the mimic has evolved to copy. The chapter also considers another well-known form of deception, namely masquerade, which is the resemblance of a palatable species to the cues of an object of no inherent interest to a potential predator such as leaves, thorns, sticks, stones, or bird droppings. Batesian mimicry and masquerade share many properties, and both can be considered examples of ‘protective deceptive mimicry’. We begin by briefly reviewing some well-known examples of protective deceptive mimicry. We then compare and contrast the various theories that have been proposed to understand them. Next, we examine the evidence for the phenomenon and its predicted properties, and finally we address several important questions and controversies, many of which remain only partly resolved.
Dazzle camouflage
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Dazzle camouflage is a putative anti-predator adaptation that works to reduce predation by camouflaging movement itself, comprising coloration that interferes with predator perception of prey speed and trajectory. Accurately estimating speed and trajectory is essential for any predator that needs to know where its prey is likely to be in the near future so that it can position itself to intercept. The dazzle hypothesis is that prey coloration can interfere with these judgements. Experimental support for dazzle camouflage is currently very mixed, and we are not yet clear whether dazzle effects occur in natural systems. Here we first discuss illustrative examples of putative disruptive effects in biological and military design. Then we identify where firm and less firm conclusions can be made on the role of pattern contrast, pattern orientation, and internal object motion, before moving on to consider the evolution and ecology of dazzle camouflage.
Face the Music (and Dance)
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

The technological advance of the gramophone allowed consumers to hear the performers of Broadway in their living rooms. But the tunes from the Great White Way were more persuasive than the impulse to record original performers in the roles they performed nightly on the stage; the technical limitations of the 78 rpm record only allowed for three minutes of music, so the overwhelmingly popular dance band orchestras of the period were, by and large, the most effective purveyors of Broadway music. The notion of an “original cast performance” was not a commercial imperative and the early decades of recorded music reveal an arbitrary and confounding legacy of original performances; the music of Broadway itself, however, was the most influential and revered genre in American popular culture.
The Farmer and the Cowman Should Be Friends
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

The pioneering attempts to capture an original Broadway production were limited by the technology of the bulky 78 rpm album sets. Still, innovators such as Jack Kapp, producer at Decca Records, and Marc Blitzstein, creator of The Cradle Will Rock, attempted to package larger musical narrative experiences for the home listener. In the middle of a boycott from the American Federation of Musicians in 1943, Oklahoma! opened to phenomenal success on Broadway; Jack Kapp took advantage of a quick settlement with the AFM and put the cast album set to the show (twelve songs on six discs) out before Christmas, turning it into a financial blockbuster and reimagining the commercial product of a Broadway recording.
Songs for Swingin’ Show Fans
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

The market for single recordings, now on the 45 rpm format, was still huge in the 1950s. Songs from Broadway shows were immensely popular with commercial singers at the time, such as Perry Como, Dinah Shore, Peggy Lee, and Rosemary Clooney; their renditions often shot to the top of the pop charts for weeks on end. Often these songs were placed by music publishers with A&R (artists and repertory) divisions in advance of their appearance in the actual Broadway show, as a way to promote both song and show. The LP format had matured by the mid-1950s and artists such as Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald dug deep into the catalog of Broadway songs from the earlier decades of the century to fill out extended “songbook” tributes to great Broadway songwriters, often restoring obscure material to the popular consciousness.
Hymn for a Sunday Evening
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

Ed Sullivan dominated Sunday night primetime television for a quarter of a century with his extremely popular and inclusive variety show (first called Toast of the Town, then The Ed Sullivan Show). A former (and concurrent) Broadway columnist, Sullivan adored the mythology of Broadway and promoted its history—in song and performance—on practically every broadcast. Expanding on the reach of radio, television allowed for millions of Americans to get their first glimpse of Broadway magic through Sullivan’s promotion of current shows and tributes to giants of the past. The musical Bye Bye Birdie paid homage to the great impresario of the television age by writing him into the show. Sullivan’s domination of the airwaves also nearly parallels the so-called Golden Age of the Broadway musical.
“You Never Seen a Show Like This Before!”
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

The advent of the compact disc provided another major sea change in the world of Broadway cast albums. Commercially accepted by the mid-1980s, the CD allowed for the recording of a full score of 70 minutes or more. At the same, cast albums became increasingly prohibitive to record and market; many shows opened on Broadway without a recording deal already signed and sealed—something unthinkable in the previous three decades. Still, the compact disc allowed for the reissue of many out-of-print scores, as well as minor pieces by major artists that flew underneath the radar. It also allowed for experimentation of larger, fuller scores, such as EMI’s three-disc archival version of Show Boat, conducted by John McGlinn. The archival opportunities offered by the compact disc were manifold, but the increased duration of the recordings often flew in the face of tradition, taste, and common sense.
History Has Its Eyes on You
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

A generational change at the beginning of the twenty-first century intersected with the technological advance of the Internet to provide a renaissance of Broadway music in popular culture. Downloading playlists allowed the home listener to become, in essence, his/her own record producer; length, narrative, performer were now all in the hands of the consumer’s personal preference. Following in the footsteps of Rent (as a favorite of a younger demographic), Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton emerged as the greatest pop culture/Broadway musical phenomenon of the twenty-first century; its cast album and cover recording shot up near the top of music’s pop charts. A rediscovery of the power of Broadway’s music to transform listening and consumer habits seems imminent with the addition of Hamilton and Dear Evan Hansen to a devoted fan base—and beyond.
Between Live Performance and Mediated Narrative
Authors: Bacon Eli T.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers how the history and development of battle rapping has influenced the wider trajectory of hip hop music and culture. Starting with a history of battle rap, told with an eye toward changes in the purpose(s), communicative practices, and modes of circulation of battles, the chapter labels three distinct eras: the Party Era (1970–1981), Lyricist Era (1981–1999), and Theatrical Era (1999 to present). These three eras trace the shift to written and rote preparations within rap battle culture, the more prominent role of visual discourse within battles, and a musical shift to an a cappella format. Moving from the very center of hip hop culture, to the peripheries, and back to somewhere in between, rap battling has come to be framed as a subculture within hip hop. Within this frame, the communicative strategies of battle rappers require “decoding,” as does the relationship between battle rap subcultures and hip hop culture. To explicate this argument, the second section decodes some of the communicative practices of a contemporary written battle.
“Playas” and Players
Authors: Austin Michael
Published: September 2018

Video games have long been scrutinized and criticized as sites of identity formation and exploration for video game players. This chapter argues that hip hop–themed video games afford players the opportunity to adopt hip hop identities through the use of avatars within the game, an endeavor that can be problematic when considering the politics of representation (and specifically the politics of race and ethnicity) at play. It also investigates ways in which hip hop spaces are represented within video games, and ways in which video games and their music operate as a site of resistance for hip hop artists.
Military Assistance during Health Emergencies
Authors: Kamradt-Scott Adam , Smith Frank
Published: September 2018

The participation of military personnel in health-related activities remains highly controversial. Drawing on four case studies that extend from peacetime to post-conflict situations, this chapter analyses where, and under what circumstances, military actors have previously engaged in providing health assistance. It also examines the controversies, criticisms, and perceived benefits that have accompanied that activity. The chapter advances an analytical framework for understanding the types of situations in which military actors have been called upon to assist, and what these signal for future health crises.
Statistical Discrimination and Duration Dependence in the Job Finding Rate
Authors: Jarosch Gregor , Pilossoph Laura
Published: September 2018

This article models a frictional labour market where employers endogenously discriminate against the long-term unemployed. The estimated model replicates recent experimental evidence which documents that interview invitations for observationally equivalent workers fall sharply as unemployment duration progresses. We use the model to quantitatively assess the consequences of such employer behaviour for job finding rates and long-term unemployment and find only modest effects given the large decline in callbacks. Interviews lost to duration impact individual job finding rates solely if they would have led to jobs. We show that such instances are rare when firms discriminate in anticipation of an ultimately unsuccessful application. Discrimination in callbacks is thus largely a response to dynamic selection, with limited consequences for structural duration dependence and long-term unemployment.
Bayesian Trees for Automated Cytometry Data Analysis
Authors: Ji Disi , Nalisnick Eric , Qian Yu , Scheuermann Richard H. , Smyth Padhraic
Published: September 2018

Cytometry is an important single cell analysis technology in furthering our understanding of cellular biological processes and in supporting clinical diagnoses across a variety hematological and immunological conditions. Current data analysis workflows for cytometry data rely on a manual process calledgatingto classify cells into canonical types. This dependence on human annotation significantly limits the rate, reproducibility, and scope of cytometry’s use in both biological research and clinical practice. We develop a novel Bayesian approach for automated gating that classifies cells into different types by combining cell-level marker measurements with an informative prior. The Bayesian approach allows for the incorporation of biologically-meaningful prior information that captures the domain expertise of human experts. The inference algorithm results in a hierarchically-structured classification of individual cells in a manner that mimics the tree-structured recursive process of manual gating, making the results readily interpretable. The approach can be extended in a natural fashion to handle data from multiple different samples by the incorporation of random effects in the Bayesian model. The proposed approach is evaluated using mass cytometry data, on the problems of unsupervised cell classification and supervised clinical diagnosis, illustrating the benefits of both incorporating prior knowledge and sharing information across multiple samples.
The Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of CTX-M-9 Group Producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in children
Authors: Logan Latania K. , Medernach Rachel L. , Domitrovic T. Nicholas , Rispens Jared R. , Hujer Andrea M. , Qureshi Nadia K. , Marshall Steven H. , Nguyen David C. , Rudin Susan D. , Zheng Xiaotian , Weinstein Robert A. , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: September 2018

Background

The pandemic of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing-Enterobacteriaceae (Ent) is strongly linked to the dissemination of CTX-M-type-ESBL-Ent. We sought to define the epidemiology of infections in children due to an emerging resistance type, CTX-M-9-group-producing-Ent (CTX-M-9-grp-Ent).

Methods

A multi-centered case-control analysis of Chicago children with CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infections was performed. Cases were defined as children possessing extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) infections. PCR and DNA analysis assessed beta-lactamase (bla) genes, multi-locus sequence types (MLST) and phylogenetic grouping of E. coli. Controls were children with ESC-susceptible (ESC-S)-Ent infections matched 3:1 by age, source, and hospital. The clinical-epidemiologic predictors of CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infection were assessed.

Results

Of 356 ESC-R-Ent isolates from children (median age 4.1 years), CTX-M-9-group was the solely detected bla gene in 44(12.4%). The predominant species was E. coli (91%) of virulent phylogroups D(60%) and B2(40%). MLST revealed multiple strain types. On multivariable analysis, CTX-M-9-grp-Ent occurred more often in E. coli (OR 7.0), children of non-black-white-Hispanic race (OR 6.5), and outpatients (OR 4.5) which was a very unexpected finding for infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Residents of South Chicago were 6.7 times more likely to have CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infections than those in the reference region (West), while residence in Northwestern Chicago was associated with an 81% decreased risk. Other demographic, comorbidity, invasive-device, and antibiotic use differences were not found.

Conclusions

CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infection is strikingly associated with patient residence and is occurring in children without traditional in-patient exposure risk factors. This suggests that among children, the community environment may be a key contributor in the spread of these resistant pathogens.
The wildlife-livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India
Authors: Walsh Michael G. , Mor Siobhan M. , Hossain Shah
Published: September 2018

Anthrax is a potentially life-threatening bacterial disease that can circulate in wild and domestic animals and subsequently spillover to human contacts with devastating consequences for human and animal health, as well as livestock economies and ecosystem conservation. India has a high annual occurrence of anthrax in some regions, but a country-wide delineation of risk has not yet been undertaken. The current study modeled the geographic suitability of anthrax across India and its associated environmental features using a biogeographical application of machine learning. Both biotic and abiotic features contributed to risk across multiple scales of influence and the wildlife-livestock interface, using elephants as a wildlife sentinel species, was the dominant feature in delineating anthrax suitability. In addition, water-soil balance, soil chemistry, and historical forest loss were also influential. These findings suggest that the wildlife-livestock interface plays an important role in the cycling of anthrax in India. Prevention efforts targeted toward this interface, particularly within anthropogenic ecotones, may yield successes in reducing ongoing transmission between animal hosts and subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
GenEpi: Gene-based Epistasis Discovery Using Machine Learning
Authors: Chang Yu-Chuan , Wu June-Tai , Hong Ming-Yi , Tung Yi-An , Hsieh Ping-Han , Yee Sook Wah , Giacomini Kathleen M. , Oyang Yen-Jen , Chen Chien-Yu ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2018

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a powerful means to identify associations between genetic variants and phenotypes. However, GWAS techniques for detecting epistasis, the interactions between genetic variants associated with phenotypes, are still limited. We believe that developing an efficient and effective GWAS method to detect epistasis will be a key for discovering sophisticated pathogenesis, which is especially important for complex diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this regard, this study presents GenEpi, a computational package to uncover epistasis associated with phenotypes by the proposed machine learning approach. GenEpi identifies both within-gene and cross-gene epistasis through a two-stage modeling workflow. In both stages, GenEpi adopts two-element combinatorial encoding when producing features and constructs the prediction models by L1-regularized regression with stability selection. The simulated data showed that GenEpi outperforms other widely-used methods on detecting ground-truth epistasis. As real data is concerned, this study uses AD as an example to reveal the capability of GenEpi in finding disease-related variants and variant interactions that show both biological meanings and predictive power.Availability:GenEpi is an open-source python package and available free of charge only for non-commercial users. The package can be downloaded fromhttps://github.com/Chester75321/GenEpi, and has also been published on The Python Package Index.
Proximity sensors reveal social information transfer in maternity colonies of Common noctule bats
Authors: Ripperger Simon , Günther Linus , Wieser Hanna , Duda Niklas , Hierold Martin , Cassens Björn , Kapitza Rüdiger , Kölpin Alexander , Mayer Frieder
Published: September 2018

Bats are a highly gregarious taxon suggesting that social information should be readily available for making decision. Social information transfer in maternity colonies might be a particularly efficient mechanism for naïve pups to acquire information on resources from informed adults. However, such behaviour is difficult to study in the wild, in particular in elusive and small-bodied animals such as bats.

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of social information in acquiring access to two types of resources, which are crucial in the life of a juvenile bat: suitable roosting sites and fruitful feeding grounds. We hypothesized that fledging offspring will make use of social information by following informed members of the social groups to unknown roosts or foraging sites.

In the present study we applied for the first time the newly developed miniaturized proximity sensor system ‘BATS’, a fully automated system for documenting associations among individual bats both while roosting and while on the wing. We quantified associations among juveniles and other group member while switching roosts and during foraging.

We found clear evidence for information transfer while switching roosts, mainly among juveniles and their genetically identified mothers. Anecdotal observations suggest intentional guidance behaviour by mothers, indicated by repeated commuting flights among the pup and the target roost. Infrequent, short meetings with colony members other than the mother indicate local enhancement at foraging sites, but no intentional information transfer.

Our study illustrates how advances in technology enable researchers to solve long-standing puzzles. Miniaturized proximity sensors facilitate the automated collection of continuous data sets and represent an ideal tool to gain novel insights into the sociobiology of elusive and small-bodied species.
Beta and theta oscillations differentially support free versus forced control over multiple-target search
Authors: van Driel Joram , Ort Eduard , Fahrenfort Johannes J. , Olivers Christian N. L.
Published: September 2018

Many important situations require human observers to simultaneously search for more than one object. Despite a long history of research into visual search, the behavioral and neural mechanisms associated with multiple-target search are poorly understood. Here we test the novel theory that the efficiency of looking for multiple targets critically depends on the mode of cognitive control the environment affords to the observer. We used an innovative combination of EEG and eye tracking while participants searched for two targets, within two different contexts: Either both targets were present in the search display and observers were free to prioritize either one of them, thus enabling proactive control over selection; or only one of the two targets would be present in each search display, which requires reactive control to reconfigure selection when the wrong target is prioritized. During proactive control, both univariate and multivariate signals of beta-band (15–35 Hz) power suppression prior to display onset predicted switches between target selections. This signal originated over midfrontal and sensorimotor regions and has previously been associated with endogenous state changes. In contrast, imposed target selections requiring reactive control elicited prefrontal power enhancements in the delta/theta-band (2–8 Hz), but only after display onset. This signal predicted individual differences in associated oculomotor switch costs, reflecting reactive reconfiguration of target selection. The results provide compelling evidence that multiple target representations are differentially prioritized during visual search, and for the first time reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying proactive and reactive control over multiple-target search.

Significance Statement

Searching for more than one object in complex visual scenes can be detrimental for search performance. While perhaps annoying in daily life, this can have severe consequences in professional settings such as medical and security screening. Previous research has not yet resolved whether multiple-target search involves changing priorities in what people attend to, and how such changes are controlled. We approached these questions by concurrently measuring cortical activity and eye movements using EEG and eye tracking, while observers searched for multiple possible targets. Our findings provide the first unequivocal support for the existence of two modes of control during multiple-target search, which are expressed in qualitatively distinct time-frequency signatures of the EEG both before and after visual selection.
Molecular basis for activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase by a compound that increases HDL cholesterol
Authors: Manthei Kelly A. , Yang Shyh-Ming , Baljinnyam Bolormaa , Chang Louise , Glukhova Alisa , Yuan Wenmin , Freeman Lita A. , Maloney David J. , Schwendeman Anna , Remaley Alan T. , Jadhav Ajit , Tesmer John J.G.
Published: September 2018

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and LCAT-activating small molecules are being investigated as treatments for coronary heart disease (CHD) and familial LCAT deficiency (FLD). Herein we report the crystal structure of LCAT bound to a potent activator and an acyl intermediate-like inhibitor, thereby revealing an active conformation of LCAT and that the activator is bound exclusively to its membrane-binding domain (MBD). Functional studies indicate that the compound does not modulate the affinity of LCAT for HDL, but instead stabilizes residues in the MBD and likely facilitates channeling of substrates into the active site. By demonstrating that these activators increase the activity of an FLD variant, we show that compounds targeting the MBD have therapeutic potential. In addition, our data better define the acyl binding site of LCAT and pave the way for rational design of LCAT agonists and improved biotherapeutics for augmenting or restoring reverse cholesterol transport in CHD and FLD patients.
High-density multi-fiber photometry for studying large-scale brain circuit dynamics
Authors: Sych Yaroslav , Chernysheva Maria , Sumanovski Lazar T. , Helmchen Fritjof
Published: September 2018

Animal behavior originates from neuronal activity distributed and coordinated across brain-wide networks. However, techniques to assess large-scale brain circuit dynamics in behaving animals remain limited. Here we present compact, high-density arrays of optical fibers that can be chronically implanted into the mammalian brain, enabling multi-fiber photometry as well as optogenetic perturbations across many regions. In mice engaged in a texture discrimination task we achieved simultaneous photometric calcium recordings from networks of 12 to 48 brain regions, including striatal, thalamic, hippocampal, and cortical areas. Furthermore, we optically perturbed specific subsets of regions in VGAT-ChR2 mice by using a spatial light modulator to address the respective fiber channels. Perturbation of ventral thalamic nuclei caused distributed network modulation and behavioral deficits. Finally, we demonstrate multi-fiber photometry in freely moving animals, including simultaneous recordings from two mice during social interaction. Thus, high-density multi-fiber arrays are simple, low-cost, and versatile tools that open novel ways to investigate large-scale brain dynamics during behavior.
Organoid culture media containing growth factors of defined cellular activity
Authors: Urbischek Manuela , Rannickmae Helena , Foets Thomas , Ravn Katharina , Hyvönen Marko , de la Roche Marc
Published: September 2018

The media components necessary for deriving and sustaining organoids from a number of epithelial tissues such as prostate, colon, gastric, liver, pancreas, and others have been established (1). Critical components of organoid media formulations are a set of growth factors that include EGF, R-spondins and BMP signalling antagonists such as Noggin or Gremlin. The practical limitation to organoid culture and the development of new applications for the technology is the use of defined cellular activities of growth factors in media formulations, in particular Noggin/Gremlin 1 and R-spondin 1. Here we report the production of highly pure recombinant Gremlin 1 and R-spondin 1 from bacterial expression and their use for culturing organoids. We detail the workflow for their purification, determination of cellular activity, quality control and their formulation in organoid media. The protocols we provide for generation of precisely formulated, cost-effective, organoid media of defined cellular activity will enable broader access to organoid technology and engender the development of novel applications.
The dormancy-specific regulator, SutA, is intrinsically disordered and modulates transcription initiation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Bergkessel Megan , Babin Brett M. , VanderVelde David G. , Sweredoski Michael J. , Moradian Annie , Eggleston-Rangel Roxana , Hess Sonja , Tirrell David A. , Artsimovitch Irina , Newman Dianne K.
Published: September 2018

Though bacteria in nature are often nutritionally limited and growing slowly, most of our understanding of core cellular processes such as transcription comes from studies in a handful of model organisms doubling rapidly under nutrient-replete conditions. We previously identified a small protein of unknown function, called SutA, in a global screen of proteins synthesized in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under growth arrest (Babin BM, et al. (2016) SutA is a bacterial transcription factor expressed during slow growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PNAS 113(5):E597-605). SutA binds RNA polymerase (RNAP), causing widespread changes in gene expression, including upregulation of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Here, using biochemical and structural methods, we examine how SutA interacts with RNAP and the functional consequences of these interactions. We show that SutA consists of a central α-helix with unstructured N- and C-terminal tails, and binds to the β1 domain of RNAP. It activates transcription from the P. aeruginosa rrn promoter by both the housekeeping sigma factor holoenzyme (Eσ70) and the general stress response sigma factor holoenzyme (EσS) in vitro, and its N-terminal tail is required for activation in both holoenzyme contexts. However, we find that the interaction between SutA and each holoenzyme is distinct, with the SutA C-terminal tail and an acidic loop unique to σ70 playing the determining roles in these differences. Our results add SutA to a growing list of transcription regulators that use their intrinsically disordered regions to remodel transcription complexes.

SIGNIFICANCE

Little is known about how bacteria regulate their activities during periods of dormancy, yet growth arrest dominates bacterial existence in most environments and is directly relevant to the problem of physiological antibiotic tolerance. Though much is known about transcription in the model organism, Escherichia coli, even there, our understanding of gene expression during dormancy is incomplete. Here we explore how transcription under growth arrest is modulated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the small acidic protein, SutA. We show that SutA binds to RNA polymerase and controls transcription by a mechanism that is distinct from other known regulators. Our work underscores the potential for fundamental, mechanistic discovery in this important and understudied realm of bacterial physiology.
Poly(2-chloroaniline) and poly(aniline-co-2-chloroaniline) films on ZnFe alloy plating
Authors: Akdag Abdurrahman , Ozyilmaz Gul , Ozyilmaz Ali Tuncay
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare the protective, anticorrosion behaviors and electrochemically synthesis of poly(2-chloroaniline) (PCANI) and poly(2-chloroaniline-co-aniline) P(CANI-co-ANI) films on thin zinc–iron plated carbon steel (CS).

Design/methodology/approach

Zinc–iron (ZnFe) alloy plating was successfully achieved on CS applying 3 mA constant current value. The PCANI and P(CANI-co-ANI) films on ZnFe-plated CS electrode were synthesized by cyclic voltammetry technique using monomer(s) containing 0.20 M sodium oxalate solution. The CS/ZnFe electrodes with and without PCANI or P(CANI-co-ANI) films were characterized using SEM and anodic linear sweep voltammograms. The anticorrosive behaviors of uncoated and coated electrodes were studied in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution by corrosion techniques which include open circuit potential measurements, the anodic polarization curves and alternative current electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique.

Findings

The protection efficiency values (E per cent) for CS/ZnFe, ZnCS/ZnFe/PCANI and CS/ZnFe/P(CANI-co-ANI) electrodes were calculated as 71.05, 84.53 and 92.79, respectively, after 168 h of immersion time. The results showed that P(CANI-co-ANI) coating on ZnFe-plated CS electrode exhibited higher corrosion resistance and provided better barrier property in comparison with PCANI coating and ZnFe alloy plating, in longer exposure time.

Originality/value

A number of reports on the synthesis and characterization of PANI have appeared in the literature during the past decade, but there is no such publication of PCANI. At the same time, the synthesis of PCANI onto the surface of metal alloy coating being the first of this kind, no such proceedings have been reported in the literature so far.
Entry of Reliance Jio in the telecom industry: a ripple in the ocean
Authors: Rishi Bikramjit , Kacker Archit , Gupta Shreya
Published: September 2018

Subject area

Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy and Marketing Communication.

Study level/applicability

The case is targeted at students of post-graduation and under-graduation programs in Business Administration, specializing in Marketing Management or Marketing Strategy.

Case overview

Mukesh Ambani’s announcement about the launching of Reliance Jio at the 41st Annual General Meeting (AGM) of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) in June 2015 sent shock waves in the telecom industry. Everyone, including the customers, competitors and the entire telecom industry, was excited to know whether Reliance Jio would be able to make a dent or fizzle out like a weak firecracker. Was it time for the top players to be worried and pull their socks up or will it be an inconsequential ripple in the ocean? Mukesh Ambani saw the telecom sector from a new viewpoint and proposed a complete set of solution in the form of Reliance Jio SIM card that addressed the different needs of customers through various applications. This has spread rumors of a merger between Idea and Vodafone in India, which can have a huge impact on Reliance Jio and the telecom sector in general. The profitability indicator that was earlier determined as the average revenue per user (ARPU) will continue to dominate. The companies will be scrambling to find different ways to increase the ARPU to maximize the returns. This would also lead to a downsize in the cost in such a way that their operations do not suffer and profitability is also not negatively affected.

Expected learning outcomes

To better understand the entry strategy of firms in highly volatile business situations. To know about the competitors and their contribution to the operational and strategic changes of a new entrant. To understand the proceedings associated with marketing communication for establishing a product in a highly competitive market. To know about the impact of joining hands with the competitors on a new entrant.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code

CSS 8: Marketing.