bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRATIGRAPHY AND RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF THE MESOZOIC KHORAT GROUP, NE THAILAND: Part 1: Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution
Authors: Racey A. , Love M.A. , Canham A.C. , Goodall J.G.S. , Polachan S. , Jones P.D.
Published: December 2007

In this paper, the sedimentology, petrography and biostratigraphy of the Nam Phong Formation and the overlying Mesozoic Khorat Group in NE Thailand are described. Data were gathered during extensive studies in the field (about 100 outcrop localities were investigated) and from laboratory analyses of over 500 surface samples.

The Nam Phong Formation is dated accurately for the first time as late Norian to Rhaetian, while the Phra Wihan, Sao Khua, Phu Phan and Khok Kruat Formations (of the Khorat Group) are reassigned to the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian to Aptian) on the basis of new palynological data. The age of the intervening Phu Kradung Formation, which is conventionally assigned to the Lower Jurassic, is probably Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous, although this cannot be determined with confidence. Changes in provenance between the Nam Phong Formation and the overlying Phu Kradung Formation suggest a possible sedimentary hiatus. Palaeocurrent data suggest that sediments were mainly sourced from the north and east.

Part 1 of this paper describes the sedimentology and biostratigraphy of these units; Part 2, which is scheduled to appear in the April, 1996 issue of this Journal, reports on their diagenesis and reservoir quality.
STRATIGRAPHY, SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND DEPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE KHUFF FORMATION IN SOUTH‐CENTRAL SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Al‐Aswad A. A.
Published: December 2007

The Upper Permian Khuff Formation, a major gas reservoir unit in Saudi Arabia and other A rabian Gulf countries, has been studied in outcrops south of lat. 23 d̀N in south‐central Saudi Arabia. Fifteen stratigraphic sections were studied and measured; the maximum thickness of the Khuff Formation in this area is about 148m. The formation non‐conformably overlies the Proterozoic rocks of the Arabian Shield here, and the underlying Unayzah Formation is absent due to depositional pinch‐out. The overlying Sudair Shale (Lower Triassic) is found only in small, isolated outliers.

The Khuff Formation is composed of alternating sequences of carbonates and siliciclastic rocks, and the proportion of siliciclastics increases southwards. The transgressive Khuff carbonates mark a significant change in the pattern of sedimentation from dominantly siliciclastic to dominantly carbonate. This change is attributed to a combination of factors, all of which acted in favour of carbonate rather than siliciclastic deposition. These factors include a change in the palaeolatitudinal position of the Arabian Plate towards lower latitudes within the subtropical zone; the consequent change inpalaeoclimate towards warmer temperatures; tectonic subsidence associated with the opening of the Neo‐Tethys and closure of the Palaeo‐Tethys Oceans; and the late Early Permian melting of continental glaciers in the area.

The major Late Permian marine incursion onto the Arabian Plate resulted in the deposition of extensive carbonates over the Arabian Shelf in a shallow‐marine tidal‐flat system. The shelf was barred, and became differentiated into an inner shelf in the west (where restricted circulation prevailed), and an open‐marine, outer shelf in the east; most sediments were deposited within the photic zone below fairweather wave‐base. The depositional environment changed laterally to the east from a shelf setting to a slope‐and‐basin (with turbidites) in Iran.

The sedimentation of the Khuff Formation involved four third‐order depositional cycles, which reflect relative changes in sea‐level. Each cycle began with a transgressive phase, and ended with a regressive phase during which sedimentation occurred in the supratidal zone. The duration of these cycles ranged between 1.33 and 4.08 million yr. Differential tectonic subsidence is invoked to explain these third‐order cycles. The Hail‐Jawf‐Rutbah‐Mosul Arch in the north, and the Hadramaut Arch in the south acted as barriers to the advancing Permian Tethys Sea. The eastern tip of the Arabian Shield was submerged by this transgression.
FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE
Authors: Fang J. H. , Chen H. C.
Published: December 2007

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.

Fuzzy clustering of output values.

Formation of membership grades of input data.

Generation of fuzzy rules; and

Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption‐free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non‐numerical knowledge and imprecise information.
THE ROLE OF OVERPRESSURE IN THE RETARDATION OF ORGANIC MATTER MATURATION
Authors: McTavish R. A.
Published: December 2007

Abnormal profiles of organic matter maturation in overpressured sequences, which express the retardation of maturation, are a worldwide phenomenon; however, the cause of this retardation has not been explained satisfactorily. Clearly, the different types of pressure in an overpressured regime must be identified in order to determine their role in the retardation of organic matter maturation. Differential pressure is shown to have a marked influence on the maturation of organic matter through its effects on the thermal properties of the source‐rock system.

Vitrinite reflectance data from several wells in basins offshore NW Europe have been used to calibrate source‐rock maturation against differential pressure and “effective temperature ” (i.e. observed temperature in an overpressured sequence corrected to the temperature at the same depth in a normally‐pressured sequence). High correlation coefficients with vitrinite reflectance have been measured for both relationships.

Differential pressure is a determining factor in porosity reduction. Temperature and porosity affect the thermal conductivity of a rock in both overpressured and normally‐pressured sequences according to established formulae. Cumulative heat flow, the product of observed temperature and thermal conductivity, is an important value which is affected indirectly by differential pressure. A close linear correlation between cumulative heat flow and vitrinite reflectance is proved. Cumulative heat flow can be related to thermodynamic properties of source‐rock systems, and it can be compared to the enthalpy of a system or the internal energy of a reaction. In overpressured sequences, conditions resemble those of constant pressure and constant volume reactions. As a result, cumulative heat flow can be taken as a measure of the final state of a reaction, corresponding in this discussion to the level of vitrinite reflectance. So it can be used as a guide to the state of source‐rock maturation in both normally‐pressured and overpressured sequences.
THE TIMING OF CEMENTATION IN THE ROTLIEGEND SANDSTONES OF THE SOUTHERN NORTH SEA: A PETROLOGICAL AND FLUID INCLUSION STUDY OF CEMENTS
Authors: McNeil B. , Shaw H. F. , Rankin A. H.
Published: December 2007

We report here on fracture and pore‐filling cements in the Rotliegend Sandstones of the Sole Pit area, UK Southern North Sea. Standard thin‐section petrography and scanning electron microscopy have been complemented by fluid inclusion microthermometry. The main objectives of this paper are to establish the stratigraphy of the sandstones' cements and to describe the cements' characteristics. In addition, the combined use of petrography and fluid inclusion microthermometry is used to define the timing of cementation and gas migration in the Southern North Sea.

The geological history of the Sole Pit area is similar to that of other parts of the Southern North Sea. A period of aeolian deposition resulting in the Upper Permian Rotliegend Sandstones was ended by the Zechstein marine transgression. Rapid subsidence followed until Cretaceous times, when a phase of uplift affected the Sole Pit area as well as, for example, the Broad Fourteens Basin. This uplift continued through the Cretaceous and, following a minor phase of subsidence, uplift again took place in the Late Cretaceous and into the Tertiary.

When plotted on burial‐thermal history diagrams, the fluid‐inclusion and petrographic results show that quartz cement precipitated over a range of burial depths. Quartz mineralisation was, however, more common at deep burial levels and also during the uplift period in the Sole Pit area, which caused extensive fracturing of the Rotliegend Sandstones. Dolomite precipitation occurred during deep burial diagenesis and ceased largely with the onset of fracturing. Sulphates (anhydrite and barite) were mainly precipitated during the inversion phase in the Sole Pit area. As both the anhydrite fluid inclusions, and possibly also the quartz fluid inclusions within some of these cements contain hydrocarbon gases, the migration of gas took place during the inversion period, using the fractures as migration pathways.
DEPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF THE PLIOCENE PERI‐ADRIATIC FOREDEEP, NE ITALY
Authors: Dattilo P. , Pasi R. , Bertozzi G.
Published: December 2007

Seismic analyses and detailed well‐log correlations have been used to define the depositional patterns and the relative timing of thrust movements in the highly mobile Peri‐Adriatic Foredeep, a gas‐bearing basin of Pliocene age in NE Italy. Due to the high rates of sedimentation and subsidence, up to 8,000 m of mostly deep‐water clastics were deposited in the foredeep in the Marche‐Abruzzo area during the Pliocene‐early Pleistocene.

Three phases of foredeep evolution can be recognised. In the first phase, during which there was little structural activity, a sandy turbidite system of regional dimensions (the Cellino Turbidite System) developed on a flat, stable substratum. Discrete sand‐bodies belonging to this system can be traced over distances of up to 80 km. This turbidite system is a key unit in the analysis of the foredeep. The rapid deposition and burial of organicrich sediments favoured the generation of biogenic gas.

The second phase offoredeep evolution coincided with the onset of structural deformation. Sediments are mainly deep‐marine shales and minor turbidite sandstones, which were deposited during a period of almost continuous tectonic activity. A major eastward migration of the deep‐marine depocentre then occurred. In the study area, this phase is represented by a series of closely‐spaced local unconformities which can be correlated eastwards with a major late Pliocene turbidite system. The high frequency of the unconformities is a distinctive feature of this interval.

The third phase was characterised by thrusting in the eastern part of the foredeep and by the development of a piggy‐back basin. During this phase, shallow‐water, coarse‐grained deltas replaced the deep‐water turbidite systems. Accommodation space for the coarse‐grained deltas was provided to begin with by rapid subsidence. The progressive decrease in accommodation resulted in delta progradation eastwards and ultimately in the infilling of the foredeep.
BASEMENT LITHOLOGY AND ITS CONTROL ON SEDIMENTATION, TRAP FORMATION AND HYDROCARBON MIGRATION, WIDURI‐INTAN OILFIELDS, SE SUMATRA
Authors: Tonkin P. C. , Himawan R.
Published: December 2007

The Widuri‐Intan oilfields produce from late Oligocene sandstones of the Talang Akar Formation, which were deposited in a fluvial‐to‐deltaic setting on the NW side of the Asri Basin, offshore SE Sumatra. The Asri Basin is of rift origin and formed during the early Oligocene, with its axis oriented in a NE‐SW direction. Approximately 310 million brls of oil have been produced from the fields within the 12‐by‐12 mile (20‐by‐20 km) study area. The oil occurs in a series of structural and stratigraphic traps within slightly sinuous to meandering channel sandstone bodies. The reservoir sequence (sandstone interbedded with minor mudstone and coal) overlies basement rocks, which are predominantly Cretaceous in age. Forty‐nine well penetrations have shown that the basement is composed of one of four lithologies: (1) hornblende granodiorite; (2) metamorphic rocks, mainly mica schist; (3) plugs of metabasalt and related volcanic rocks; or (4) dolomitic limestone.

A combination of drill cuttings, sidewall and conventional cores and FMS/FMI images has been used to identify and map the distribution of basement rock type. The basement was subjected to exposure and deep weathering prior to the formation of the Asri Basin, as evidenced by the zones of surface alteration encountered during drilling. The basement palaeotopography had a strong influence on the later distribution of major fluvial channels and sand pinch‐outs. Several major faults appear to be controlled by basement lithology, especially at the boundaries of granodiorite and metabasalt intrusives. An important shear zone, oriented NW‐SE, appears to have offset the basement between the main Widuri and Intan fields, and was subsequently the site of silicification of the mica schists in the basement. The Lidya field is situated where the reservoir pinches out onto eroded areas of basement silicification along this shear zone. Palaeocurrents in the upper 34–2 and 34–1 channel sandstones in the Widuri field were controlled by the orientation of this basement feature. Drape and compaction of Oligocene Talang Akar Formation sediments over eroded volcanic plugs have defined or enhanced a number of structural/stratigraphic plays, including the Widuri and Chesy fields. From seismic and well evidence, the reservoir sequence at the Indri field is underlain by dolomitic limestone and exhibits a series of unusual karst‐related sinkhole and collapse structures. These are circular to slightly elliptical in shape, and extend from basement level to over 900 ft vertically into the overlying Talang Akar Formation.
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION BY A COMBINED MICRO‐EXTRACTION — MICRO THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (IATROSCAN) METHOD: A CALIBRATION STUDY WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE NORWEGIAN NORTH SEA
Authors: Bhullar A. G. , Karlsen D. A. , Backer‐Owe K. , Tran K. Le , Skålnes E. , Berchelmann H. H. , Kittelsen J. E.
Published: December 2007

Well logging is used routinely to delineate variations in the physical properties of the water, gas and oil zones in a petroleum reservoir The analysis of petroleum extracted from reservoir samples is a complementary approach to reservoir screening. For this study, we studied core samples of Jurassic reservoir rock from the Rind discovery (offshore Norway). Bitumen was extracted from these samples using a rapid procedure known as “micro‐extraction”. The extracts were then separated into compound classes (saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds) by Iatroscan thin‐layer chromatography —flame ionisation detection (TLC‐FID). Using this approach, we show how problematic transition zones in this reservoir, which had not been resolved by logging techniques, were targeted, analysed and categorised. Furthermore, we demonstrate how oil and water zones can be differentiated from residual oil zones, and how the early existence of oil in currently gas‐charged reservoir strata can be inferred. Examples from the Hild, Visund and Ula fields from the Norwegian North Sea illustrate the identification of sand bodies which served as highly interconnected “pipelines” during reservoir filling.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the combined use of micro‐extraction and Iatroscan TLC‐FID in reservoir screening. We illustrate the application of this dual procedure using case histories from three oilfields and one condensate field in the Norwegian North Sea.
SUPPRESSION AND RETARDATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE, PART 2. DERIVATION AND TESTING OF A KINETIC MODEL FOR SUPPRESSION
Authors: Carr A. D.
Published: December 2007

The presence of suppressed and retarded vitrinite reflectance (VR) data introduces a number of dificulties into the prediction of hydrocarbon generation in sedimentary basins. Although the effects of suppression can be removed from measured VR values manually, a kinetic model for suppressed vitrinite maturation would enable both suppressed and unsuppressed VR values to be predicted using thermal histories derived from basin modelling. The evaluation of hydrocarbon generation fiom suppressed and unsuppressed vitrinite shows that both have similar reaction kinetics. While hydrocarbon generation involves the rupture of the bonds holding volatiles into the vitrinite structure, increases in VR are mainly produced by aromatisation and condensation reactions which take place after volatiles have been expelled. The reactions involved in hydrocarbon generation are diyerent from those responsible for increases in VR, and it is not therefore appropriate to derive kinetic models of vitrinite maturation from laboratory hydrocarbon generation experiments.

During the maturation of normal (unsuppressed) vitrinite, the volatiles generated are expelled via the microporous network; the expulsion efficiency is not limited by the capacity of the microporous network. In hydrogen‐rich (suppressed) vitrinites, excess volatiles saturate the microporous network, restricting further aromatisation and condensation processes within the vitrinite, which results in suppression of VR. Kinetically, this has been modelled by using a variable pre‐exponential or “A” value. Two versions of a kinetic model of vitrinite maturation (SMod‐1 and SMod‐2) have been prepared, based on the amount of suppression predicted by HI‐VR calibration models published by Lo (1993) and Samuels son and Middleton (1998).

Two case studies, involving wells Bunga Orkid‐1 (Malay Basin) and 2013–4 (Outer Moray Firth, North Sea), are discussed. Both wells contain suppressed VR values; well 20/3–4 is also overpressured and contains VR data that are both retarded and suppressed. The application of the SMod model to the wells enables heat flow histories derived from tectonic (rift) histories to be used for the prediction of VR data, although in the case of well 20/3–4, the use of a pressure retardation model was also required. Complementary evidence to support the use of the heat flow history applied to well 2013–4 is provided by palaeotemperature data obtained from diagenetic concretions.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LOWER TOARCIAN SOURCE ROCKS FROM NW GERMANY: INTERPRETATION OF AROMATIC AND SATURATED HYDROCARBONS IN RELATION TO DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND MATURATION EFFECTS
Authors: Radke M. , Vriend S. P. , Schaefer R. G.
Published: December 2007

The characterization of crude oils in terms of source rock facies and depositional environment, as well as their maturity and alteration stage, is a crucial element in exploration studies. The present contribution has implications for oil‐oil and oil‐source rock correlations. In the past, numerous parameters have been used for this purpose most of which are based on the analysis of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (including sulphur aromatics) and also on stable isotope signatures and elemental compositions. Recently, molecular indicators based on dibenzothiophene (DBT), phenanthrene (PHE) and their methyl derivatives methyldibenzothiophene (MDBT) and methylphenanthrene, as well as pristane (PRI) and phytane (PHY), have also been proposed (Hughes et al., 1995). These studies have attempted to infer a crude oil's source rock facies and lithology, and to classify the source rock's depositional environment. In the present study, the above compounds have been quantified by solvent extraction, liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography in 98 core samples of the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale Formation, a source rock in NW Germany. Most samples, cored between depths of 7m and 70 m, came from the Hils Half‐Graben in the Lower Saxony Basin. With a few exceptions from one borehole, the samples were unweathered marls or calcareous shales. The rocks contained mainly marine organic matter (Type II kerogen), the thermal maturity of which ranged from early mature to postmature (corresponding to 0.48‐1.44% mean vitrinite reflectance), therefore encompassing the range over which effective petroleum generation had occurred. We found that the influences of organic matter type and maturity on the molecular distributions of the above compounds were not obvious when interpreted in terms of a DBT/PHE vs PRI/PHY diagram. However, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of our data‐set showed that alkylphenanthrene concentrations are strongly controlled by maturity, while the concentrations of PRI, PHY, and 1‐MDBT display a distinct source effect.
Nudibranchs: butterflies of the sea
Authors: ANDERSON ROLAND C.
Published: December 2007

Sea slug nudibranchs are exotic representatives of the Mollusca, rivalling orchids or butterflies in their beauty. Colourful nudibranchs are found in both tropical and temperate seas. Aquarium husbandry, as practised by the Seattle Aquarium, is presented here for temperate species. The nudibranchs found in the Seattle area are representative of the population on the coast of the north‐eastern Pacific Ocean, from the state of California to Alaska.
Rearing and first reproduction of the Savi's pipistrelle Pipistrellus savii at Group of Study and Conservation Chiroptera, Florence
Authors: DONDINI G. , VERGARI S.
Published: December 2007

In July 1993 a young Savi's pipistrelle Pipistrellus savii♀ was taken into the Group of Study and Conservation Chiroptera, Tuscany. In September 1993 she was observed mating with a ♂ in the colony and two months later the ♀ went into three‐and‐a‐half months' hibernation. In July 1994 she gave birth to 1.1 young. While the ♀ was nursing the normal diet for adults, Tenebrio molitor larvae raised on protein‐enriched bran, was supplemented with milk for human babies to avoid the possibility of calcium deficiency which could have an effect on ossification in the neonates. The young had completed their growth in four weeks and were capable of flight by 35–40 days.
Development of feeding behaviours in Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis calves at Brookfield Zoo, Chicago
Authors: REASON ROGER C.
Published: December 2007

Observations carried out on the development of feeding behaviours in Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis calves at Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, gave the mean earliest ages observed as lower than the mean of those previously published for Giraffes in the wild and in captivity. The mean age of ten calves for ingestion of food was 8–9 days, drinking water 7‐4 days and rumination 28‐8 days.
History of the Cheetah: Acinonyx jubatus in zoos 1829–1994
Authors: MARKER‐KRAUS LAURIE
Published: December 2007

Since 1829 the African CheetahAcinonyx jubatushas been exhibited in over 373 zoological facilities. As at 31 December 1994 the international captive population was 1218 animals of which 880 (72%) were captive‐bred and 338 (28%) were wild‐caught. The steady increase in the captive population is a result of captive breeding, co‐operative captive‐management programmes and importation from the wild. Of facilities holding Cheetah 26%. (96) have bred the species, 15% of which have bred continuously producing 63%> (n=1580) of all cubs born in captivity. Although the number of facilities breeding Cheetah has increased, in 1994 only 10%) of them reported successful reproduction. The Nehas increased gradually and in 1994 was equivalent to 17% of the captive population. Of 1564 animals that have been imported,c.20% (n= 308) have reproduced and in 1994 155 have living descendants in the captive population. Except for a few East African CheetahAcinonyx jubatus raineyiall of the imported animals are the southern African subspeciesAcinonyx jubatus jubatus.There has been an increase in the number of subspecific hybrids in the captive population and between 1990 and 1994 28 hybrids produced 24%, (190) of cubs. The captive population is not yet self‐sustaining and is maintained by the importation of wild‐caught animals. Continued progress can be achieved by implication of a co‐ordinated global management programme.
Breeding and maternal behaviour in Geoffroy's catsOncifelis geoffroyi
Authors: FOREMAN GAIL E.
Published: December 2007

Over a 3 year period ten Geoffroy's catOncifelis geoffroyiat four zoos were videotaped, producing 4278 hours of behavioural data including 15 oestrous periods, five gestation periods, five births and four post‐partum periods. One‐hundred‐and‐one separate behaviours were described and analysed, providing a behavioural profile of the species which enabled the construction of time budgets and an analysis of enclosure usage. Geoffroy's cats were found to be crepuscular. Most activity occurred on the ground and ledges were only used for resting and trees were used as pathways from the ground to the ledges. The Geoffroy's cats were found to be mostly sedentary with much social grooming between ♂♂ and ♀♀ Stereotypic and aggressive behaviours were rare. Females were more gregarious than ♂♂ Several interesting behaviours with ecological implications are discussed. Captive cats exhibited oestrus all year round, with a peak between February and August, and were polyoestrus. Mean age of sexual maturity reported by ISIS was 50 months for ♂♂ and 47 months for ♀♀ and breeding could continue until 16 years of age or older. A pre‐oestrous period could be predicted from behaviour up to 14 days before oestrus. The length of oestrus (1–12 days) showed some relationship to the age of the ♀. The predominance of social behaviour and the lack of courtship behaviours indicated a possible pair‐bond in the species. Frequency and duration of mounting and intromission during mating showed some relationship with age of the ♂ and the length of time the pair had been housed together. Birth peaks were between April and October and the gestation period ranged from 66 to 72 days. Parturition could be predicted from behaviour up to 14 days before birth. Interbirth period, mean litter size, total infant mortality and ♂ infant mortality showed some relationship to the age and parity of the ♀ Behavioural development of infants is documented and the data are used to make recommendations for the successful management and breeding of this species.
Developing a regional collection plan for felids in North America
Authors: SHOEMAKER ALAN H.
Published: December 2007

In 1988 an analysis of inventory information indicated that over 4332 felids were being maintained at ISIS‐member zoos world‐wide. Many animals were of unknown genetic provenance and of the species that were well represented, most were large cats already managed by studbooks and SSP‐type programmes. The Felid TAG developed a North American regional collection plan which recommended that AZA‐member zoos conserve threatened species through a nationally co‐ordinated management plan while meeting institutional, exhibit and financial needs. The TAG also encouraged AZA zoos to support conservation programmes in other regions and in situ projects. The selection of species for conservation action involved a realistic assessment of founder population size and specimen availability. The plan is flexible and open to change as new information becomes available. In 1995 the number of ‘spaces’ occupied by managed and unmanaged felid species was analysed and a 5 year plan was prepared with separate collection plans for large and small felids.
Management and reproduction of the Kinkajou Potosflavus at Barquisimeto Zoo
Authors: PERNALETE JOSE MANUEL
Published: December 2007

The Kinkajou Potos ftuvus is arboreal and largely nocturnal. At time of writing 3.3 are housed at Barquisimeto Zoo. In 2 years only one pair have bred This paper describes the management of the specie; at the Zoo giving information on the enclosure and diet, and the rearing and development of young.
Introduction of Mhorr gazelle Gazella dama mhorr in Bou‐Hedma National Park, Tunisia
Authors: ABAIGAR T. , CANO M. , ESPESO G. , ORTIZ J.
Published: December 2007

Since 1968 the Mhorr gazelle Gazella dama mhorr has been extinct in the wild. In October 1994 4.10 Mhorr gazelles were transferred from Almeria to the Bou‐Hedma National Park, Tunisia. The Park is open shrub habitat dominated by an extensive cover of Acacia raddiana (–tortilis) trees, similar to that of the former range of the species. The gazelles were maintained in a 10 ha acclimatization enclosure for 5 months before being released into a 2000 ha total protection zone. This paper describes the introduction of the gazelles to native food species, veterinary preparations, social relationships and dominance, pattern of activity and flight distance of the introduced animals. Three days after release into the protected area the new herd was joined by five Mhorr gazelles which had already been living in the Park, making a group of 19 animals.
Review of the in situ status of the Great green or Buffon's macaw and the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP): Ara ambigua
Authors: MÜLLER M.
Published: December 2007

The Great green or Buffon's macaw Ara ambigua is discontinuously distributed in lowland tropical forests primarily along the Caribbean coast of Central America. Various threats to this habitat and trapping are severely affecting the remaining population of c. 5000 birds. In the early 1990s fieid studies were initiated to gather information about the ecology and biology of the species. In 1994 a European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for A. ambigua was established to help safeguard a viable captive population for the future. Morphological differences between A. ambigua and the Military macaw Ara militaris, which are important to identify in order to avoid hybridization in the captive population, in situ projects, ex situ studies and the captive‐breeding programme are described. At the end of 1996 the European studbook reported 76 registered Great green macaws at 23 institutions, although only 14 chicks had been reared successfully by four pairs in a 2 year period.
A temperature‐controlled nestbox for Thick‐billed parrots
Authors: DEMLONG M. J. , BOHMKE B.
Published: December 2007

In Phoenix, summer temperatures outdoors can reach a fairly constant 37‐8°C for over 100 days and often soar to over 43‐3°C. During this period, the temperature in an unoccupied, standard wooden nestbox for parrots at The Phoenix Zoo can reach up to 40'C. For nesting adult parrots and their eggs or offspring, these temperatures can be deadly. In this paper information is provided on the design of an air‐conditioned nest log, that maintains a significantly cooler internal temperature during the summer than a standard wooden nestbox.
A review of nutritional deficiencies and toxicities in captive New World primates
Authors: CRISSEY S. , PRIBYL L.
Published: December 2007

The science of providing adequate nutrition for New World primates in captivity has improved dramatically in the past decade. To utilize these advances it is important to be aware of specific metabolic diseases and/or conditions associated with nutrient deficiencies or toxicities seen in New World primates. The non‐human primate may require up to 64 dietary nutrients, highlighting the importance of an appropriate diet for optimal health. A review of the major nutritional problems which occur in captive New World primates is presented to provide a basis for good nutritional management of these species.
The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG): activities, core competencies and vision for the future
Authors: BYERS O. , SEAL U. S.
Published: December 2007

The programmes of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) are expanding in scope, increasing in complexity and reaching more diverse groups as we explore and develop the versatility, diversity of applications, robustness and multidisci‐plinary scientific basis of our workshop processes. This paper provides a brief description of CBSG's background, present capabilities, the dynamics of the workshop process, the human cognitive factors influencing decision making and the underlying CBSG philosophy as a framework for projection of our directions into the near future.
Environmental enrichment: past, present and future
Authors: SHEPHERDSON D. J.
Published: December 2007

Intereat and activity in the field of environmental enrichment have blossomed over the last decade, and the sophistication and utility of the concepts underlying enrichment have grown correspondingly. Combined with the enthusiasm of animal keepers, this has resulted in demonstrable improvements to the welfare of zoo animals. The next step is for enrichment to be incorporated systematically into the husbandry programmes of all zoos and aquariums, and this is beginning to happen. Detailed systematic studies utilizing large sample sizes are needed to test and refine hypotheses in order to ensure that enrichment activities continue to be effective in the future.
Standardizing captive‐management manuals: guidelines for terrestrial vertebrates
Authors: JACKSON S. M.
Published: December 2007

Captive‐management or husbandry manuals for wild animals maintained in captivity are invaluable resources for those working in zoos and aquariums. The more detailed the manuals the more useful they are. These documents should report every known aspect of the focal species and highlight gaps in knowledge. This ensures that successful studies are not repeated and pointers are given towards new research that could be developed to find out more about the species. This article sets out a possible standard for those compiling captive‐management manuals for terrestrial vertebrates in an attempt to ensure that nothing is missed out.
REVIEWS
Authors: Frankel S. Herbert
Published: December 2007

The Study of Society: Metfiods and Problems. Ed. by F. C. BARTLETT, M. GINSBERG, E. J. LINDGREN and R. H. THOULESS.

A Century of Social Thought. A series of Lectures Delivered at Duke University during the Academic Year 1938–1939, as a Part of the Centennial Celebration of that Institution.

A History of Socialism. By SALLY GRAVES. (Hogarth Press. Pp 308. 5s.

Income Tax in the Napoleonic Wars. By ARTHOR HOPE‐JONES. (Cambridge Studies in Economic History. Cambridge University Press 1939.

The Theory of Idle Resources. By W. H. HUTT. (Jonathan Cape, 1939.

Urban and Rural Housing.(League of Nations, Economic Intelligence Service, Ser. L.O.N.P. 1939.

State Banks For India. Being a Study of State Banks and Land Mortgage Credit Institutions in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States of America, with suggestions for establishing similar Banks in India, by ANWAR IQBAL QURESHI. (London: Macmfflan and Co.

Company Finance. By W. COLLIN BROOKS. (P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1939.

The South African Mints. By E. H. D. ARNDT. (Publication of the University of Pretoria. Series No. Ill: Arts and Social Sciences No.

Ons Finansies, Geld–en Bankwese. By. E. H. D. ARNDT. (J. L. Van Schaik, Bepk. 1939.
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SCOTTISH POLITICAL ECONOMY The Impact on Adam Smith and his Work, of his Association with Francis Hutcheson and David Hume1
Authors: TAYLOR W. L.
Published: December 2007

I Introduction. II Francis Hutcheson as the teacher and friend of Adam Smith. III the basic similarity between Adam Smith's Glasgow lectures and the economic sections of Hutcheson's work. IV Friendship between David Hume and Francis Hutcheson. V Friendship between David Hume and Adam Smith. VI The basic similarity between the economic ideas of David Hume and Adam Smith VII Conclusion.
A REVIEW OF THE BOARD OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIES REPORT ON THE PRINTING INDUSTRY
Authors: HORWITZ RALPH
Published: December 2007

Probably no more penetrating indictment of an industry has come out of an investigation by the Board of Trade and Industries than that made in Report No. 353 on the printing industry. And perhaps no other report has been received with such silence by the press and by the Government.
Polish Postwar Economy
Authors: Alton Thad Paul
Published: December 2007

Polish Postwar Economy
THE RADCLIFFE COMMITTEE AND GOLD
Authors: Holloway J. E.
Published: December 2007

The Radcliffe Committee has nimbly side‐stepped the question of the function which gold should perform in present‐day monetary policy and the important related question of the price which gold should have in the framework of whatever function is allocated to it inside the broader confines of monetary policy. The index to the Report1 indicates only seven paragraphs on the gold standard and the price of gold. It is, however, clear from the general tenor of the Report that the Committee no longer thinks of gold as money but as the basic constituent of exchange reserves.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Brand S. S.
Published: December 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Agriculture in the Congo Basin: Tradition and Change in African Rural Economies. By Marvin P. Miracle.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Maasdorp G. G.
Published: December 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

The Economy of Tanganyika, by Gilbert L. Rutman
Vaccination againstPseudomonas aeruginosaPneumonia in Immunocompromised Mice
Authors: Scarff Jennifer M. , Goldberg Joanna B.
Published: December 2007

Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to infection withPseudomonas aeruginosa. Our laboratory previously showed that intranasal administration of an attenuatedSalmonellastrain expressing theP. aeruginosalipopolysaccharide O antigen was effective in clearing bacteria and preventing mortality in wild-type mice after intranasal challenge. We were interested in investigating the efficacy of this vaccine strategy in immunocompromised mice. Mice rendered leukopenic or neutropenic by intraperitoneal treatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) or RB6-8C5 antibody, respectively, were more susceptible toP. aeruginosapneumonia than their nontreated counterparts, demonstrating 50% lethal doses several logs lower than that in wild-type mice. This hypersusceptiblity was also associated with bacterial dissemination to the liver and spleen and increased lung permeability in Cy mice. Vaccination of the mice prior to treatment resulted in better survival and lower bacterial loads compared to vector-immunized mice. Although the treatments had no effect on antibody titers, this level of protection was still lower than that seen in untreated vaccinated mice. Administration of antibodies directly to the site of infection at the time of bacterial delivery prolonged survival and lowered bacterial loads in the immunocompromised mice. These results demonstrate the importance of white blood cells while still suggesting a critical role for antibodies in protection againstP. aeruginosainfection.
Stabilization of TM Trimer Interactions during Activation of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Env
Authors: Sjöberg Mathilda , Lindqvist Birgitta , Garoff Henrik
Published: December 2007

The transmembrane subunit (TM) of the trimeric retrovirus Env complex is thought to direct virus-cell membrane fusion by refolding into a cell membrane-interacting, extended form that subsequently folds back on itself into a very stable trimer of hairpin-like TM polypeptides. However, so far there is only limited evidence for the formation of a stable TM trimer during Env activation. Here we have studied the oligomer composition and stability of an intermediate and the fully activated form of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) Env. Activation of Mo-MLV Env is controlled by isomerization of its intersubunit disulfide. This results in surface subunit (SU) dissociation and TM refolding. If activation is done in the presence of an alkylator, this will modify the isomerization-active thiol in the SU of Env and arrest Env at an intermediate stage, the isomerization-arrested state (IAS) of its activation pathway. We generated IAS and fully activated Envs in vitro and in vivo and studied their states of oligomerization by two-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE. The IAS Env was composed of trimers of SU-TM complexes, whereas the activated Env consisted of SU monomers and TM trimers. When the oligomers were subjected to mild SDS treatment the TM trimer was found to be 3.5 times more resistant than the IAS oligomer. Thus, this demonstrates that a structural conversion of TM takes place during activation, which results in the formation of a stable TM trimer.
The DNase of Gammaherpesviruses Impairs Recognition by Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells through an Additional Host Shutoff Function
Authors: Zuo Jianmin , Thomas Wendy , van Leeuwen Daphne , Middeldorp Jaap M. , Wiertz Emmanuel J. H. J. , Ressing Maaike E. , Rowe Martin
Published: December 2007

The DNase/alkaline exonuclease (AE) genes are well conserved in all herpesvirus families, but recent studies have shown that the AE proteins of gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exhibit an additional function which shuts down host protein synthesis. One correlate of this additional shutoff function is that levels of cell surface HLA molecules are downregulated, raising the possibility that shutoff/AE genes of gammaherpesviruses might contribute to viral immune evasion. In this study, we show that both BGLF5 (EBV) and SOX (KSHV) shutoff/AE proteins do indeed impair the ability of virus-specific CD8+T-cell clones to recognize endogenous antigen via HLA class I. Random mutagenesis of theBGLF5gene enabled us to genetically separate the shutoff and AE functions and to demonstrate that the shutoff function was the critical factor determining whether BGLF5 mutants can impair T-cell recognition. These data provide further evidence that EBV has multiple mechanisms to modulate HLA class I-restricted T-cell responses, thus enabling the virus to replicate and persist in the immune-competent host.
Functional Genetic Analysis of Rhesus Cytomegalovirus: Rh01 Is an Epithelial Cell Tropism Factor
Authors: Lilja Anders E. , Chang W. L. William , Barry Peter A. , Becerra S. Patricia , Shenk Thomas E.
Published: December 2007

Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) is an emerging model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis that facilitates experimental CMV infection of a natural primate host closely related to humans. We have generated a library of RhCMV mutants with lesions in genes whose HCMV orthologues have been characterized as nonessential for replication in human fibroblasts, and we characterized their replication in rhesus fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The RhCMV mutants grew well in fibroblasts, as predicted by earlier studies with HCMV. However, mutations in four genes caused replication defects in rhesus retinal pigment epithelial cells: Rh01 (an HCMV TRL1 orthologue), Rh159 (HCMV UL148), Rh160 (HCMV UL132), and Rh203 (HCMV US22). Growth of the Rh01-deficient mutant was examined in detail. After entry into epithelial cells, the mutant expressed representative viral proteins, accumulated viral DNA, and generated infectious virus, but it failed to spread efficiently. We conclude that Rh01 is a cell tropism determinant that has the potential to dramatically affect virus spread and pathogenesis.
Root nodule initiation in Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae) and Shepherdia (Elaeagnaceae) induced by Frankia strain HFPGpI1
Authors: Racette Suzanne , Torrey John G.
Published: December 2007

Seedlings of Gymnostoma papuanum (Casuarinaceae) and Shepherdia argentea (Elaeagnaceae) were grown in water culture and inoculated with Frankia strain HFPGpI1. Root nodule initiation and early nodule development were examined using light microscopy. Gymnostoma papuanum was infected by penetration of Frankia into deformed root hairs, followed by development of a prenodule region and one to several nodule lobe primordia in the root cortex. Frankia hyphae grew directly through cell walls from cell to cell, colonizing cells of the prenodule prior to invading nodule lobe cells. Shepherdia argentea roots were infected by Frankia via intercellular penetration of the root epidermis and cortex with direct infection of cells of the nodule lobe primordia. No prenodule region was formed. Thus far, the mode of infection appears to be characteristic for each of the plant families. Subsequent to nodule initiation, plants were assayed at 4-week intervals (up to 12 or 16 weeks) for acetylene reduction activity. Low and variable activity was observed. The presence of symbiotic vesicles in G. papuanum nodules is reported as the first instance of vesicles seen in nodules taken from a member of the family Casuarinaceae.
Wood quality of white spruce from north central Alberta
Authors: Wang Eugene I. C. , Micko Michael M.
Published: December 2007

Wood specific gravity and tracheid lengths were measured from increment cores and discs of 10 white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) trees from each of four stands in the Slave Lake forest of north central Alberta. Such measurements were used to indicate the variation of wood properties among trees and within individual stems. The specific gravity of white spruce grown in the Slave Lake area was somewhat greater than that found in the Edson and Footner Lake areas reported earlier. Tracheid length was comparable to that found in trees from Footner Lake and longer than that from the Edson trees on the same age basis. Within a tree, growth rate affected wood specific gravity negatively. However, no correlation was evident between these parameters among trees. Seven trees were examined intensively to determine the variation of properties within the stem. The complex variation patterns from pith-to-bark and stump-to-crown are reported. Contrary to the Edson and Footner Lake trees, a very high corewood specific gravity was not observed. Tracheid length increased from pith to the periphery and from stump to crown.
A model for predicting logging machine productivity
Authors: Meng C. H.
Published: December 2007

There are three conventional methods for predicting the potential productivity of a new logging machine concept or prototype. The three methods are means, arithmetic formulae, and regression equations. The former two methods give only point estimates, i.e., there are no standard deviations provided. The third method, regression equations, requires field data which often cannot be obtained if the machine is at the developmental stage. The model presented in this paper provides a more meaningful estimate of potential productivity, since the estimate includes the use of historical data and expert knowledge for estimating the mean and the variance of potential productivities. With an estimated variance, a range of cost figures, which are required for a break-even analysis or a sensitivity analysis, can be established. Furthermore, a woodlands decision maker can have some "feeling" about the degree of uncertainty in his estimates. A practical example of the application of the model is given. This example illustrates the procedure to be used by a woodlands manager in considering the purchase of a newly developed logging machine which has not been tested within his forest environment.