bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the application of sequential pattern mining primitives to process discovery: Overview, outlook and opportunity identification
Authors: Hassani Marwan , van Zelst Sebastiaan J. , van der Aalst Wil M. P.
Published: May 2019

Sequential pattern mining (SPM) is a well‐studied theme in data mining, in which one aims to discover common sequences of item sets in a large corpus of temporal itemset data. Due to the sequential nature of data streams, supporting SPM in streaming environments is commonly studied in the area of data stream mining as well. On the other hand, stream‐based process discovery (PD), originating from the field of process mining, focusses on learning process models on the basis of online event data. In particular, the main goal of the models discovered is to describe the underlying generating process in an end‐to‐end fashion. As both SPM and PD use data that are comparable in nature, that is, both involve time‐stamped instances, one expects that techniques from the SPM domain are (partly) transferable to the PD domain. However, thus far, little work has been done in the intersection of the two fields. In this focus article, we therefore study the possible application of SPM techniques in the context of PD. We provide an overview of the two fields, covering their commonalities and differences, highlight the challenges of applying them, and, present an outlook and several avenues for future work.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Big Data Mining
SNF1 controls the glycolytic flux and mitochondrial respiration
Authors: Martinez‐Ortiz Cecilia , Carrillo‐Garmendia Andres , Correa‐Romero Blanca Flor , Canizal‐García Melina , González‐Hernández Juan Carlos , Regalado‐Gonzalez Carlos , Olivares‐Marin Ivanna Karina , Madrigal‐Perez Luis Alberto
Published: May 2019

The switch between mitochondrial respiration and fermentation as the main ATP production pathway through an increase glycolytic flux is known as the Crabtree effect. The elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the Crabtree effect may have important applications in ethanol production and lay the groundwork for the Warburg effect, which is essential in the molecular etiology of cancer. A key piece in this mechanism could be Snf1p, which is a protein that participates in the nutritional response including glucose metabolism. Thus, this work aimed to recognize the role of the SNF1 gene on the glycolytic flux and mitochondrial respiration through the glucose concentration variation to gain insights about its relationship with the Crabtree effect. Herein, we found that SNF1 deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown at 1% glucose, decreased glycolytic flux, increased NAD(P)H concentration, enhanced HXK2 gene transcription, and decreased mitochondrial respiration. Meanwhile, the same deletion increased the mitochondrial respiration of cells grown at 10% glucose. Altogether, these findings indicate that SNF1 is important to respond to glucose concentration variation and is involved in the switch between mitochondrial respiration and fermentation.
How Are Agile Release Trains Formed in Practice? A Case Study in a Large Financial Corporation
Authors: Putta Abheeshta , Paasivaara Maria , Lassenius Casper
Published: May 2019

The Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is currently the most widely adopted framework for scaling agile in the software intensive industry. Despite this, there exists very little scientific research on the transformation process, as well as on the challenges and success factors of using SAFe in large-scale organizations. To start filling in this research gap, we conducted a case study by investigating the formation of agile release trains and the related challenges in a large financial organization adopting SAFe. We conducted 24 interviews with 27 interviewees, after which we analyzed the transcribed interviews using open and axial coding.

The SAFe transformation started by forming a pilot train with teams that already had experience in agile practices. The success of the pilot led to the launching of new release trains. The forming of new agile release trains was challenging due to politics, difficulties in identifying the value streams, and the avoidance of a radical restructuring of the organization. These challenges led to opting for an organic way of transformation.

Management organized several workshops to identify stakeholders for the second train. This was followed by team members choosing their teams based on skills and interests. The last two trains were formed using Lego workshops. The most significant challenges after forming the release trains at the case organization were struggles with existing projects and challenges due to inter-train dependencies.
Scaling Agile Beyond Organizational Boundaries: Coordination Challenges in Software Ecosystems
Authors: Figalist Iris , Elsner Christoph , Bosch Jan , Olsson Helena Holmström
Published: May 2019

The shift from sequential to agile software development originates from relatively small and co-located teams but soon gained prominence in larger organizations. How to apply and scale agile practices to fit the needs of larger projects has been studied to quite an extent in previous research. However, scaling agile beyond organizational boundaries, for instance in a software ecosystem context, raises additional challenges that existing studies and approaches do not yet investigate or address in great detail. For that reason, we conducted a case study in two software ecosystems that comprise several agile actors from different organizations and, thereby, scale development across organizational boundaries, in order to elaborate and understand their coordination challenges. Our results indicate that most of the identified challenges are caused by long communication paths and a lack of established processes to facilitate these paths. As a result, the participants in our study, among others, experience insufficient responsivity, insufficient communication of prioritizations and deliverables, and alterations or loss of information. As a consequence, agile practices need to be extended to fit the identified needs.
Enterprise Agility: A Balancing Act - A Local Government Case Study
Authors: Barroca Leonor , Sharp Helen , Dingsøyr Torgeir , Gregory Peggy , Taylor Katie , AlQaisi Raid
Published: May 2019

Austerity and financial constraints have been threatening the public sector in the UK for a number of years. Foreseeing the threat of continued budget cuts, and addressing the situation many local councils face, requires internal transformations for financial stability without losing the key focus on public service. Agile transformations have been undertaken by organisations wanting to learn from the software development community and bringing agile principles into the wider organisation. This paper describes and analyses an ongoing behaviour-led transformation in a district council in the UK. It presents the results of the analysis of 19 interviews with internal stakeholders at the council, of observations of meetings among senior and middle management in a five-month period. The paper explores the successes and the challenges encountered towards the end of the transformation process and reflects on balancing acts to address the challenges, between: disruption and business as usual, empowerment and goal setting, autonomy and processes and procedures, and behaviours and skills. Based on our findings, we suggest that behaviours on their own cannot guarantee a sustained agile culture, and that this is equally important for enterprise agility and for large-scale agile software development transformations.
The Product Owner in Large-Scale Agile: An Empirical Study Through the Lens of Relational Coordination Theory
Authors: Berntzen Marthe , Moe Nils Brede , Stray Viktoria
Published: May 2019

In agile software development, a core responsibility of the product owner (PO) is to communicate business needs to the development team. In large-scale agile software development projects, many teams work toward an overall outcome, but they also need to manage interdependencies and coordinate efficiently. In such settings, POs need to coordinate knowledge about project status and goal attainment both within and across the development teams. Previous research has shown that the PO assumes a wide set of roles. Still, our knowledge about how POs coordinate amongst themselves and with their teams in large-scale agile is limited. In this case study, we explore PO coordination in a large-scale development program through the theoretical lens of Relational Coordination Theory. Our findings suggest that (1) coordination varies depending on the context of each PO, (2) a focus on achieving high-quality communication changes coordination over time, and (3) unscheduled coordination enables of high-quality communication.
Soft gravitational radiation from ultra-relativistic collisions at sub- and sub-sub-leading order
Authors: Addazi Andrea , Bianchi Massimo , Veneziano Gabriele
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Using soft-graviton theorems a well-known zero-frequency limit (ZFL) for the gravitational radiation flux dE
GW
/dω is re-derived and extended to order

$$ \mathcal{O}\left(\omega \right) $$

O

ω

and

$$ \mathcal{O}\left({\omega}^2\right) $$

O

ω
2

for arbitrary massless multi-particle collisions. The (angle-integrated, unpolarized)

$$ \mathcal{O}\left(\omega \right) $$

O

ω

correction to the flux turns out to be absent in the case of two-particle elastic collisions. The

$$ \mathcal{O}\left({\omega}^2\right) $$

O

ω
2

correction is instead non-vanishing and takes a simple general expression which is then applied to bremsstrahlung from two-particle elastic collisions. For a tree-level process the outcome is finite and consistent with expectations. Instead, if the tree-level form of the soft theorems is used at sub-sub-leading order even when the elastic amplitude needs an all-loop (eikonal) resummation, an unphysical infrared singularity occurs. Its origin can be traced to the infinite Coulomb phase of gravitational scattering in four dimensions. We briefly discuss how to get rid, in principle, of the unwanted divergences and indicate -without carrying out- a possible procedure to find the proper correction to the naive soft theorems. Nevertheless, if a simple recipe recently proposed for handling these divergences is adopted, we find surprisingly good agreement with results obtained independently via the eikonal approach to transplanckian-energy scattering at large (small) impact parameter (deflection angle), where such Coulomb divergences explicitly cancel out.
Holographic Renyi entropy from quantum error correction
Authors: Akers Chris , Rath Pratik
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study Renyi entropies S

n
in quantum error correcting codes and compare the answer to the cosmic brane prescription for computing

$$ {\tilde{S}}_n\equiv {n}^2{\partial}_n\left(\frac{n-1}{n}{S}_n\right) $$

S
˜

n

≡

n
2

∂
n

n
−
1

n

S
n

. We find that general operator algebra codes have a similar, more general prescription. Notably, for the AdS/CFT code to match the specific cosmic brane prescription, the code must have maximal entanglement within eigenspaces of the area operator. This gives us an improved definition of the area operator, and establishes a stronger connection between the Ryu-Takayanagi area term and the edge modes in lattice gauge theory. We also propose a new interpretation of existing holographic tensor networks as area eigenstates instead of smooth geometries. This interpretation would explain why tensor networks have historically had trouble modeling the Renyi entropy spectrum of holographic CFTs, and it suggests a method to construct holographic networks with the correct spectrum.
Fluxes in exceptional field theory and threebrane sigma-models
Authors: Chatzistavrakidis Athanasios , Jonke Larisa , Lüst Dieter , Szabo Richard J.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Starting from a higher Courant bracket associated to exceptional generalized geometry, we provide a systematic derivation of all types of fluxes and their Bianchi identities for four-dimensional compactifications of M-theory. We show that these fluxes may be understood as generalized Wess-Zumino terms in certain topological threebrane sigma-models of AKSZ-type, which relates them to the higher structure of a Lie algebroid up to homotopy. This includes geometric compactifications of M-theory with G-flux and on twisted tori, and also its compactifications with non-geometric Q- and R-fluxes in specific representations of the U-duality group SL(5) in exceptional field theory.
Momentum space conformal three-point functions of conserved currents and a general spinning operator
Authors: Isono Hiroshi , Noumi Toshifumi , Takeuchi Toshiaki
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We construct conformal three-point functions in momentum space with a general tensor and conserved currents of spin 1 and 2. While conformal correlators in momentum space have been studied especially in the connection with cosmology, correlators involving a tensor of general spin and scaling dimension have not been studied very much yet. Such a direction is unavoidable when we go beyond three-point functions because general tensors always appear as an intermediate state. In this paper, as a first step, we solve the Ward-Takahashi identities for correlators of a general tensor and conserved currents. In particular we provide their expression in terms of the so-called triple-K integrals and a differential operator which relates triple-K integrals with different indices. For several correlators, closed forms without the differential operator are also found.
Chronic Postoperative Opioid Use: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hinther Ashley , Abdel‐Rahman Omar , Cheung Winson Y. , Quan May Lynn , Dort Joseph C.
Published: May 2019

Background

There are a number of studies in the literature that describe the prevalence, causes, and factors associated with chronic postoperative opioid use, but there is a lack of synthesis of the literature to guide clinicians in optimally managing postoperative pain while avoiding opioid dependence. Thus, the goal of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to investigate the prevalence of chronic postoperative opioid use and the associated risk factors.

Materials and methods

A systematic search was performed using Ovid Medline and Embase according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were collected on the following outcomes of interest: prevalence of opioid use at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and risk factors associated with chronic postoperative opioid use.

Results

Forty‐three articles were included in the final analysis. The mean prevalence of chronic postoperative opioid use in all populations at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively was 30.5%, 25.6%, and 25.2%, respectively. The prevalence of patients who developed chronic opioid use at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively was 10.4%, 8.5%, and 9.8%, respectively. Forty of the articles analyzed risk factors associated with chronic postoperative opioid use. The most common associated risk factor identified was preoperative opioid use with 27 articles demonstrating a significant association with chronic postoperative opioid use.

Discussion

The current opioid crisis is in part secondary to the prevalence of chronic opioid use following surgery. This study identified associated risk factors with chronic postoperative opioid use, which may help identify patients at risk for developing chronic postoperative opioid use.
Impact of content characteristics and emotion on behavioral engagement in social media: literature review and research agenda
Authors: Schreiner Melanie , Fischer Thomas , Riedl Rene
Published: May 2019

We present a review of N = 45 studies, which deals with the effect of characteristics of social media content (e.g., topic or length) on behavioral engagement. In addition, we reviewed the possibility of a mediating effect of emotional responses in this context (e.g., arousing content has been shown to increase engagement behavior). We find a diverse body of research, particularly for the varying content characteristics that affect engagement, yet without any conclusive results. We therefore also highlight potential confounding effects causing such diverging results for the relationship between content characteristics and content engagement. We find no study that evaluates the mediating effect of emotional responses in the content—engagement relationship and therefore call for further investigations. In addition, future research should apply an extended communication model adapted for the social media context to guarantee rigorous research.
A Phragmén–Lindelöf Theorem via Proximate Orders, and the Propagation of Asymptotics
Authors: Jiménez-Garrido Javier , Sanz Javier , Schindl Gerhard
Published: May 2019

We prove that, for asymptotically bounded holomorphic functions in a sector in $$\mathbb {C},$$

C
,

an asymptotic expansion in a single direction towards the vertex with constraints in terms of a logarithmically convex sequence admitting a nonzero proximate order entails asymptotic expansion in the whole sector with control in terms of the same sequence. This generalizes a result by Fruchard and Zhang for Gevrey asymptotic expansions, and the proof strongly rests on a suitably refined version of the classical Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem, here obtained for functions whose growth in a sector is specified by a nonzero proximate order in the sense of Lindelöf and Valiron.
Diverse Polyphenols from Hypericum faberi
Authors: Zhang Xin-Wen , Ye Yan-Song , Xia Fan , Yang Xing-Wei , Xu Gang
Published: May 2019

Six new polyphenols with different isoprenylated xanthones, isoprenylated acylphloroglucinols, and chromone architectures, hyperfaberols A–F (1–6), were isolated from the whole plants of Hypericum faberi along with seven other related known compounds. In which hyperfaberols A/B (1/2) and 12–13 were isoprenylated xanthones, hyperfaberols C–E (3–5) and 8–11 were seven isoprenylated acylphloroglucinol derivatives, while 6–7 were two chromones. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic data as well as detailed comparison with the literature data. Compounds 1 and 11 showed cytotoxities against the human esophageal cancer cell line (ECA-109) and the pancreatic tumor cell line (PANC-1) in vitro, respectively.

Graphical Abstract
Cap: connecting FaceReader™ to z-Tree
Authors: Doyle Leonard , Schindler David
Published: May 2019

<mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">μCap is a software package (citeware) for economic experiments enabling experimenters to analyze emotional states of subjects using z-Tree and FaceReader™. <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">μCap is able to create videos of subjects on client computers based on stimuli shown on screen and restrict recording material to relevant time frames. Another feature of <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">μCap is the creation of time stamps in csv format at prespecified screens (or at prespecified points in time) during the experiment, measured on the client computer. The software makes it possible to import these markers into FaceReader™ easily. <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">μCap is the first program that significantly simplifies the process of connecting z-Tree and FaceReader™ with the additional benefit of extremely high precision. This paper describes the usage, underlying principles as well as advantages and limitations of <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">μCap. Furthermore, we give a brief outlook of how <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">μCap can be beneficial in other contexts.
Effect of polymer-stress diffusion in the numerical simulation of elastic turbulence
Authors: Gupta Anupam , Vincenzi Dario
Published: May 2019

Elastic turbulence is a chaotic regime that emerges in polymer solutions at low Reynolds numbers. A common way to ensure stability in numerical simulations of polymer solutions is to add artificially large polymer-stress diffusion. In order to assess the accuracy of this approach in the elastic turbulence regime, we compare numerical simulations of the two-dimensional Oldroyd-B and FENE-P models sustained by a cellular force with and without artificial diffusion. We find that artificial diffusion can have a dramatic effect even on the large-scale properties of the flow and we show some of the spurious phenomena that may arise when artificial diffusion is used.
Relaxing the No Liars Assumption in List Experiment Analyses
Authors: Li Yimeng
Published: May 2019

The analysis of list experiments depends on two assumptions, known as “no design effect” and “no liars”. The no liars assumption is strong and may fail in many list experiments. I relax the no liars assumption in this paper, and develop a method to provide bounds for the prevalence of sensitive behaviors or attitudes under a weaker behavioral assumption about respondents’ truthfulness toward the sensitive item. I apply the method to a list experiment on the anti-immigration attitudes of California residents and on a broad set of existing list experiment datasets. The prevalence of different items and the correlation structure among items on the list jointly determine the width of the bound estimates. In particular, the bounds tend to be narrower when the list consists of items of the same category, such as multiple groups or organizations, different corporate activities, and various considerations for politician decision-making. My paper illustrates when the full power of the no liars assumption is most needed to pin down the prevalence of the sensitive behavior or attitude, and facilitates estimation of the prevalence robust to violations of the no liars assumption for many list experiment applications.
Vitamin A deficiency induces morphometric changes and decreased functionality in chicken small intestine
Authors: Uni Zehava , Zaiger Gidi , Reifen Ram
Published: May 2019

The effect of vitamin A on chicken intestinal mucosal morphology and functionality was tested in relation to severe and mild vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A repletion. Compared with rats and mice, chickens have a very quick response to a deficient dietary intake. Severe vitamin A deficiency altered the small intestine of chickens at both the biochemical and the morphological levels. It caused the loss of mucosal protein, reduced villus height and crypt depth and diminished activities of disaccharidases, transpeptidase and alkaline phosphate (EC3.1.3.1). The ratios RNA-.DNA, RNA:protein and protein:DNA, and the DNA concentrations in 1 g intestinal tissue, together with morphological measurements, provided knowledge about the pattern of lesion. The results indicated that (1) lack of vitamin A influenced cellular hyperplasia as it caused an increase in DNA content and in the number of enterocytes per villus; (2) lack of vitamin A influenced cellular hypertrophy as it decreased the protein:DNA ratio. There was no difference in mucosal enzyme activity between the two deficient groups. The repletion group exhibited a remarkable increase in mucosal enzyme activity only 4 d after switching to the control diet. The evidence presented in our paper suggests that the low vitamin A supply interferes with the normal activity of chicken intestinal mucosa as it influences the processes of proliferation and maturation of enterocytes.
Net energy value of non-starch polysaccharide isolates (sugarbeet fibre and commercial inulin) and their impact on nutrient digestive utilization in healthy human subjects
Authors: Castiglia-Delavaud C. , Verdier E. , Besle J. M. , Vernet J. , Boirie Y. , Beaufrere B. , De Baynast R. , Vermorel M.
Published: May 2019

The energy value of NSP has been expressed as their metabolizable energy (ME) content. The aim of the present study was to determine whether differences in ME and net energy (NE) contents were similar for insoluble and soluble NSP. Nine healthy young men were offered three diets according to a Latin-square design (3 × 3) with three repetitions: diet C (control), diet B (control + 50 g sugarbeet fibre/d) and diet I (control + 50 g commercial inulin/d). After a 16 d adaptation period to NSP isolate, food intake was controlled (duplicate meal method) and faeces and urine were collected for 8 d. A period of 60 h was devoted to measurement of energy expenditure (EE) by whole-body indirect calorimetry. NSP-isolate ingestion induced significant increases in the number of defecations and stool weight resulting from increases in water, DM and microbial mass excretion. After deduction of microbial N, differences in faecal N excretion between diets were not significantly different. Urinary N excretion was slightly decreased by sugarbeet fibre or commercial inulin ingestion but the N balances for the diets were not significantly different. Diet energy, N and lipid apparent digestibilities decreased by only 1–2 %. Commercial inulin was entirely fermented and fermentability of sugarbeet fibre averaged 0.886 (sd0.117). Sugarbeet fibre and commercial inulin ME values averaged 10.7 (sd1.2) and 13.0(sd2.3) kJ/g DM respectively. NSP-isolate ingestion caused significant (sugarbeet) and nonsignificant (inulin) increases in daily EE. The maintenance NE contents of sugarbeet fibre and inulin averaged 5.0 (sd5.0) and 11.9 (sd1.3)kJ/g DM respectively. Differences in maintenance NE contents of NSP isolates were much greater than differences in ME values.
Absorption of lycopene from single or daily portions of raw and processed tomato
Authors: Porrini Marisa , Riso Patrizia , Testolin Giulio
Published: May 2019

To study the relationship between lycopene intake and plasma concentration, ten healthy female subjects were given one or more portions of tomato purée or fresh raw tomato containing 16.5mg total lycopene (all-trans+cisforms). In Expt 1 subjects (n9) were randomly assigned the single portions of the two tomato products and blood samples were collected to follow the change in plasma carotenoid concentrations within the first 12 h and on each of the following 5 d (104 h). In Expt 2 subjects (n10) were divided into two groups of five each receiving daily dietary portions of tomato purée or fresh raw tomato containing 16.5mg total lycopene for 7 d. Fasting blood samples were collected daily. In Expt 1 the plasma total lycopene (all-trans+cisforms) concentration, after the single portions of tomato purée and raw tomato, varied significantly over time, with a first peak reached after 6 h, a further increase after 12 h and a slow decrease until 104 h. In Expt 2, when the tomato products were given daily, there was a day-by-day increase in the plasma total lycopene concentration, and through the following week of a diet without tomato there was a gradual decrease. However, values did not return to basal concentrations. Plasma total lycopene concentration was higher after the tomato purée intake than after the raw tomato in both the first (F(1,8) 7.597;P< 0.025) and the second experiments (F(1,8) 12.193;P< 0.01) demonstrating a significant effect of food matrix on absorption.
A comparison of the short-term kinetics of zinc metabolism in women during fasting and following a breakfast meal
Authors: Lowe Nicola M. , Woodhouse Leslie R. , King Janet C.
Published: May 2019

The physiological importance and mechanism of the postprandial fall in plasma Zn concentration is not well understood. In order to gain further information on this apparent redistribution of plasma Zn, a stable isotope,70Zn, was used to study the effect of a breakfast meal on plasma Zn kinetics. Nine women participated in two trials, a fasting trial and a breakfast-meal trial; five of the women participated in a third trial in which the energy content of the breakfast meal was doubled. At each trial, 0.1mg of70Zn was infused intravenously, and the plasma disappearance of the isotope was analysed using a two-compartment model of Zn kinetics. Plasma Zn concentration fell significantly following the two trials in which the subjects were given meals, reaching low points that were 13 and 19 %, respectively, below concentrations at comparable times during the fasting trial. Kinetic analysis revealed that after the doubled breakfast meal there was a significant fall (P< 0.007) in the size of the most rapidly turning over Zn pool (pool (a)) from 2.90 (se0.13)mg in the fasting state to 2.47 (se0.14) mg postprandially. The fractional turnover rate of pool (a) to other extravascular Zn pools, i.e. outside the two-compartment system, was also significantly elevated after the doubled breakfast meal (P< 0.05). These results suggest that the decline in plasma Zn concentration following a meal is due to a redistribution of Zn from the plasma to other more slowly turning over extravascular pools that may be involved in the assimilation and metabolism of fuels following food intake.
Maternal food restriction in the second half of pregnancy affects vascular function but not blood pressure of rat female offspring
Authors: Holemans Kathleen , Gerber Robert , Meurrens Kris , Clerck Fred De , Poston Lucilla , Van Assche F. André
Published: May 2019

Food restriction during pregnancy in rats induces intrauterine growth retardation with consequences persisting into adulthood. In the present study we have investigated the hypothesis that malnutrition in pregnant rats may lead to altered cardiovascular function in adult female offspring. Perinatal growth retardation was induced by a 50 % reduction of normal dietary intake in rats during the second half of pregnancy. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values and heart rate were recorded in conscious female offspring (100 d old) using a femoral artery probe. No significant differences in heart rate, or in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded between control offspring and offspring of nutritionally deprived rats. In order to ascertain whether cardiovascular variables in the offspring were influenced by lactation, subgroups of offspring from food-restricted dams were fostered with lactating dams fed on a normal diet. Blood pressure and heart rate were also found to be normal in these offspring. The rise in blood pressure associated with NO inhibition was similar in all groups. Isolated resistance artery function was assessed in vitro in offspring (100–120 d old) of a second group of semi-starved dams. Small mesenteric arteries from these animals showed reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation (to acetylcholine and bradykinin), but enhanced sensitivity to exogenous NO (sodium nitroprusside). We conclude that food restriction during the second half of pregnancy and/or lactation does not induce hypertension in adult offspring, but may effect subtle changes in vascular function.
The comparative roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pig neonatal development
Authors: Leskanich C. O. , Noble R. C.
Published: May 2019

The present review focuses on the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) provision for the normal development of the pig neonate. The review describes first the selected fatty acid composition of a range of porcine tissues including nervous tissues, muscle and adipose tissues, reproductive organs and immune-responsive organs and/or cells. The importance of PUFA to the functioning of the immune system of the neonate is considered briefly and is followed by an in-depth consideration of the sources of PUFA for the neonatal pig. The effects of different categories or specific types of fatty acid (i.e. non-essential, linoleic, α-linolenic, long-chainn-6 andn-3 PUFA) on various indices of pig neonatal growth are reviewed. The importance ofn-3 PUFA supply to the fetal and early neonatal pig is underlined and evidence is presented for more attention to be given to the amounts available from maternal sources. Based on the material reviewed, recommendations are made on the dietary intake of PUFA in the gestating pig.
Effect of dietary supplementation with carotenoids on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of the rat
Authors: Jewell Christopher , O'Brien Nora M.
Published: May 2019

The effect of 16 d intake of 300 mg carotenoids/kg diet (β-carotene (βC), bixin (BX), lycopene (LY), lutein (LU), canthaxanthin (CX) or astaxanthin (AX)) on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of male Wistar rats was assessed. A control group received the basal diet (AIN-76) without carotenoids and a positive control group for enzyme induction received 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) at 666 mg/kg diet. Cytochrome P450 activity was assessed using the substrates ethoxyresorufin for P450 1A1, methoxyresorufin for P450 1A2, pentoxyresorufin for P450 2B1/2 and benzyloxyresorufin for P450 types 1A1/2, 2B1/2 and 3A. Glutathione-S-transferase (EC2.5.1.18) and reduced glutathione status were assessed. Carotenoid uptake by the tissues was also determined. 3-MC and the carotenoids BX, CX and AX led to significant increases compared with control in liver, lung and kidney ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation. Methoxyresorufin-O-demethylation activity was significantly increased in liver and lung by BX, CX and AX but only CX and AX significantly increased activity in kidney. Pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylation and benzyloxyresorufin-O-dearylation increased in liver of 3-MC-, BX-, CX- and AX-treated rats, but to a much lesser degree than for the other two substrates. Benzyloxyresorufin-O-dearylation in lung was significantly decreased by all carotenoids. Activities of any of the measured enzymes in the small intestine were undetectable in all treatment groups except the 3-MC group. Glutathione status was unaffected by any of the treatments. This is the first study identifying the carotenoids BX, CX and AX as inducers of rat lung and kidney xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.
The effects of maternal protein restriction on the growth of the rat fetus and its amino acid supply
Authors: Rees William D. , Hay Susan M. , Buchan Viv , Antipatis Christos , Palmer Robert M.
Published: May 2019

Maternal protein deficiency causes fetal growth retardation which has been associated with the programming of adult disease. The growth of the rat fetus was examined when the mothers were fed on diets containing 180, 90 and 60 g protein/kg. The numbers of fetuses were similar in animals fed on the 180 and 90 g protein/kg diets but the number was significantly reduced in the animals fed on the 60 g protein/kg diet. The fetuses carried by the mothers fed on the 90 g protein/kg diet were 7·5% heavier than those of mothers fed on 180 g protein/kg diet on day 19 of gestation, but by day 21 the situation was reversed and the fetuses in the protein-deficient mothers were 14% smaller. Analysis of the free amino acids in the maternal serum showed that on day 19 the diets containing 90 and 60 g protein/kg led to threonine concentrations that were reduced to 46 and 20% of those found in animals fed on the control (180 g/kg) diet. The other essential amino acids were unchanged, except for a small decrease in the branched-chain amino acids in animals fed on the 60 g protein/kg diet. Both low-protein diets significantly increased the concentrations of glutamic acid+glutamine and glycine in the maternal serum. On day 21 the maternal serum threonine levels were still reduced by about one third in the group fed on the 90 g protein/kg diet. Dietary protein content had no effect on serum threonine concentrations in non-pregnant animals. Analysis of the total free amino acids in the fetuses on day 19 showed that feeding the mother on a low-protein diet did not change amino acid concentrations apart from a decrease in threonine concentrations to 45 and 26% of the control values at 90 and 60 g protein/kg respectively. The results suggest that threonine is of particular importance to the protein-deficient mother and her fetuses. Possible mechanisms for the decrease in free threonine in both mother and fetuses and the consequences of the change in amino acid metabolism are discussed.
Divorce in Papyrus Ṣeʾelim 13 Once Again: A Reply to Tal Ilan
Authors: Schremer Adiel
Published: May 2019

Tal Ilan, in her recent “Notes and Observations On a Newly Published Divorce Bill from the Judaean Desert,” attempts to turn the “old view of Jewish divorce on its head.” She suggest that, “Perhaps in ancient Jewish practice women could divorce their husbands, and it is an accident of our transmission history that this fact is not amply illustrated.” This suggestion rests on her reading of Papyrus Se'elim 13, published and identified by Jonas C. Greenfield and Ada Yardeni as a receipt for the payment of the requisite money (“kethuba money”) promised at the time of marriage to be paid in the event of divorce. Ilan argues that this document is in fact a bill of divorce, and that it was given by a woman to her husband.
SOCIAL BROKERS AND LEFTIST–SADRIST COOPERATION IN IRAQ'S REFORM PROTEST MOVEMENT: BEYOND INSTRUMENTAL ACTION
Authors: Robin-D'Cruz Benedict
Published: May 2019

This article develops a concept of social brokerage to explain leftist–Sadrist cooperation during Iraq's 2015 protest movement. Conventional understanding holds that Iraq's secular-leftist civil trend and Shiʿi Islamist factions have been mutually isolated, and at times fierce antagonists, in Iraq's post-2003 politics. This view has been challenged by an emergent political alliance between a faction of the civil trend and the Shiʿi Islamist Sadrist movement. By comparing this alliance with the failure of another Shiʿi Islamist group, ʿAsaʾib Ahl al-Haq, to involve itself with and exploit the protest movement, this article isolates the conditions which determined the dynamics of leftist–Islamist interactions. Shifting the focus away from elite politics and structural-instrumental explanations favored by rational choice models, this article reveals a longer backstory of social and ideological interactions between less senior actors that transgressed leftist–Islamist social boundaries. From this context, potential brokers emerged, capable of skilfully mediating leftist–Sadrist interactions.
International Law Commission: Draft Articles on State Responsibility
Authors: Kaye David
Published: May 2019

State responsibility has been on the agenda of the International Law Commission since its earliest days. Nearly fifty years ago, in 1949, the Commission identified state responsibility as one of fourteen topics in international law ready for codification. Only in 1956, however, did the Commission, with F.V. Garcia Amador as special rapporteur, begin in earnest its state responsibility codification project. Garcia Amador, whose work focused on the responsibility of states toward aliens on their territory, submitted a number of reports through 1961, but limited discussion was devoted to the topic. A review of the early history of the Commission's state responsibility project, as well as other efforts at codification of this area of law, may be found in the ILC's 1969 Yearbook
The Shadow of Democracy
Authors: Karl Rebecca E.
Published: May 2019

It is next to impossible to write today, now, in this fraught historical moment about the May Fourth Movement and its centenary with anything other than sheer astonishment—still!—over the number of different sorts of people in China who organized themselves at that time, and who, in the extended process of self-organization, articulated—however inchoately and sometimes even incoherently—an intellectual and activist program of resistance and opposition to the corrupt domestic governmental systems, global institutions, local organizations, and specific individuals who were betraying the very principles of democracy and sovereignty that were supposed to be upheld. The betrayal of democratic and sovereign principles was part of an ongoing process of the elaboration of an establishment political position exercised by and through the wished-for domination of political and economic possibility by the powerful and by those who strove for power. As that process of imperialist-colonial expansion along with anti-democratic state-formation and sociocultural hegemonizing—sometimes in tandem with one another, and sometimes separately—became ever more evident, an increasingly vocal opposition posed itself as an active political force and not merely as a detached or abstract form of remonstrance. Through their activist political interventions and in the ensuing contingent realization of an incipient mass movement—incomplete, urban-based, and often elitist, to be sure—a new political consciousness and a new political discourse arose: a consciousness and discourse of the possibilities of and in mass mobilization, of a political practice of mass democracy. The May Fourth Movement, in its temporal proximity to and political juxtaposition with the Korean and Indian movements of the same year, and in the political space created by the ongoing revolution in Russia, helped constitute a world historical moment. That protracted moment can be seen as the inflection of the forces of global capitalism and imperialism into modern historical consciousness and political activism in China, as elsewhere.
1919 in Korea: National Resistance and Contending Legacies
Authors: Shin Gi-Wook , Moon Rennie
Published: May 2019

This excerpt, written in 1920 by a then seventeen-year-old girl, Yu Kwansun, while imprisoned at Seodaemun Prison, is a powerful expression of Korean national resistance against Japanese colonialism. As a student at Ehwa Haktang in Seoul, Korea, she joined other protesters on March 1, 1919, shouting “Mansei!” (“Long live Korean independence!”), which became the first nationwide protest movement against Japanese rule. After being convicted of sedition, Yu was sent to Seodaemun Prison in Seoul, where she demanded the release of other prisoners and continued to express her support for Korean independence, even organizing a large-scale protest on the first anniversary of the movement. She was transferred to an underground cell, where she was repeatedly beaten and tortured for speaking out. She reportedly wrote the excerpt above before dying of her injuries on September 28, 1920, at the age of seventeen.
Representations and Regulations of Marriage Migration from Russia and Vietnam in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Barabantseva Elena , Grillot Caroline
Published: May 2019

Marriage migration has developed as a discursive field and a new direction of governing practices in the relations of post-Mao China with Russia and Vietnam. This article examines China's developing governing regime for international marriages from the perspective of its sovereign concerns related to border stability, population management, and national security. These concerns are considered through the analysis of material and affective processes informing and shaping the regulations and representations of marriage migration to China. This discussion not only shows how the Chinese state revises its administrative and legal terms of international marriage, but also highlights the historical, racialized, and gendered forces that shape the process. The regulatory framework of marriage migration is informed by the shifting structures of feeling shaping the contours of belonging in Chinese society. These intersecting spheres of state affective and regulatory practices signal new relations of power and inequality coalescing in China's relations with its neighbors.
Liberalism and Republicanism: Friends or Foes? A Reply to Richard Dagger
Authors: Sandel Michael J.
Published: May 2019

I am grateful to Professor Dagger for his insightful critique. He brings out the continuities and differences betweenDemocracy's Discontentand my earlier work with subtlety and care. He writes in defense of liberalism, but not without sympathy for many of the ideals I invoke in the name of republicanism—civic virtue, encumbered selves, obligations of membership, the formative project. In fact, his republican sympathies are so expansive that I found myself unsure at times whether I could identity a fundamental disagreement.

Professor Dagger's basic objection, as I understand it, is this: I overstate the opposition between liberalism and republicanism, between autonomy and civic virtue; in drawing these distinctions too sharply, I fail to acknowledge the elements of liberalism I implicitly affirm. Professor Dagger accepts the importance of civic virtue and the formative project. But he considers it a mistake to oppose liberalism as vigorously as I do, and “particularly wrong to oppose republicanism to liberalism.” Instead, he favors a “hybrid” of liberalism and republicanism that combines autonomy and civic virtue. Any republicanism worth defending must include “a commitment to liberal principles, such as tolerance, fair play, and respect for the rights of others.”

Whether liberalism and republicanism are compatible doctrines depends on how they are conceived. At a certain level of generality, there is no necessary conflict: the liberal tradition stands for toleration and individual rights, while the republican tradition stands for government by the people. Liberal rights support republican self rule by preventing the majority from oppressing the minority, while the republican emphasis on civic virtue restrains individuals from abusing their rights and ignoring the common good.