bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulfur isotope engineering in heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Varade Vaibhav , Haider Golam , Kalbac Martin , Vejpravova Jana
Published: January 2025

Isotope-engineered MoS2 bilayers, composed of 34S and 32S provided access to the top and bottom layer individually. Raman and PL studies highlight suppressed intralayer excitons and nuanced exciton dynamics due to the isotopic modification.
A Ti3C2Tx MXene/alginic acid-derived mesoporous carbon nanocomposite as a potential electrode material for coin-cell asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Sutar Sanjay D. , Swami Anita
Published: January 2025

In this study, we demonstrate MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-based coin-cell asymmetric supercapacitor (coin-cell ASC) exhibiting high energy density and high power density along with good capacitance.
Benzofuranone-based spiropyrans: synthesis, temperature-dependent photochromic properties, and DFT calculations
Authors: Zhou Xincheng , Chang Zhichao , Hu Yongchun , Zhong Jianming , Liao Jiaying , Rong Chunying , Zhou Wang
Published: January 2025

The synthesis of benzofuranone-based spiropyrans containing a thiophene, benzothiophene, or indole moiety, their diverse temperature-dependent photochromic properties, and DFT rationalization.
Photocatalytic anti-Markovnikov addition of carboxylic acids to alkenes: an ionic mechanism under radical conditions
Authors: Lipilin Dmitry L. , Zubkov Mikhail O. , Kosobokov Mikhail D. , Dilman Alexander D.
Published: January 2025

Photocatalytic anti-Markovnikov addition of carboxylic acids to styrenes is described. The reaction proceeds in the presence of an acridine catalyst via a double radical-polar crossover mechanism.
Advanced polymeric systems for colon drug delivery: from experimental models to market applications
Authors: Crispino R. , Lagreca E. , Procopio A. , D’Auria R. , Corrado B. , La Manna S. , Onesto V. , Di Natale C.
Published: January 2025

A diagram illustrating various nano- and micro-particle systems for colon treatment, emphasizing their biocompatibility, controlled drug release, anti-inflammatory action, and high target specificity. Created using https://BioRender.com.
Green and efficient one-pot synthesis of the bio-based platform molecule 4-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural on a multigram scale
Authors: Ceyhan Kubilay , Rottmann Mattis , Gröger Harald
Published: January 2025

This study outlines a detailed process development of dendroketose preparation and its conversion to the bio-based platform molecule 4-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (4-HMF) through a dehydration reaction in water as a green and sustainable solvent.
Molecular engineering of gCN-based multifunctional photocatalysts via in situ covalent modification
Authors: Li Zhenxing , Tu Hong , Zhang Taihong , Hu Jinhong , Zhou Xiang , Liu Liwei , Wu Jian , Yang Song
Published: January 2025

A multifunctional gCN-based photocatalyst was constructed through controllable surface covalent reactions. This modification contributes to electron–hole separation and improves photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.
Multifunctional Zn–carbon dots enhanced specific recognition and in situ degradation of tetracycline
Authors: Liu Tianbao , Zhao Weixuan , Meng Shenhua , Dong Biao , Shi Nan , Shi Weiguang
Published: January 2025

A simple yet effective strategy for detecting and in situ degrading tetracycline offers an innovative dual-purpose solution for treating organic pollutants.
Exploring precarity and wellbeing through embodied eco-psychotherapies and posthuman subjectivity
Authors: Light Amanda
Published: January 2025

This article presents the case for a rethinking of wellbeing in precarious times. Covid-19 made visible ways in which precarity has become central to daily living and to existence itself. From employment to the environment—and multiple forms of life in between—insecurity takes its toll on health and wellbeing. However, a collective sense of precarity’s effects can be overlooked due to the predominantly individualising nature of wellbeing discourses. Common interventions do little to challenge the individualised narratives, yet there is a deficit of research into alternative, more relational approaches. This research draws from qualitative interviews with twelve embodiment/eco-psychotherapy practitioners to contextualise wellbeing within a precarity assemblage. The empirical data are theorised through a critical posthuman lens, and the concept of posthuman subjectivity is applied. Reading this concept through the alternative practitioners’ insights stipulates for a relational reframing of wellbeing suitable for the subjectivities emerging through contemporary precarity.
Low-temperature behavior of the velocity of sound in amorphous metals
Authors: Zherlitsyn S. V. , Popova V. V. , Fil’ V. D. , Khabibullin Kh. G.
Published: January 2025

A comparative study of the elastic properties of different types of metallic glasses (Ni78Si8B14 and Fe5Ni10Co60Si10B15) is made. A time relaxation of the density of states of two-level systems is observed and the physical nature of various contributions to the velocity of sound in the low-temperature region is discussed. By considering the example of the beryllium bronze BRB-2, it is shown that the disordering of alloys affects the behavior of the velocity of sound in them.
Transverse focusing of monoenergetic nonequilibrium charge carriers in metals
Authors: Buldovskii V. A. , Kolesnichenko Yu. A. , Kulik I. O.
Published: January 2025

A new modification of the point-contact spectroscopic method proposed here is based on the excitation of monoenergetic electrons in a metal and permits the reconstruction of the electron–phonon interaction (EPI) function g(ω) by using “dirty” contacts. It is shown that the charge carrier distribution function, appearing as a result of their inelastic relaxation, and containing peculiarities coinciding with those of the function g(ω), can be determined by the transverse electron focusing method.
Plastic deformation of crystalline methane at low temperatures
Authors: Leont’eva A. V. , Alekseev A. D. , Romanusha V. A. , Strel’tsov V. A. , Prokhorov A. Yu. , Stepanchuk L. V. , Vashchenko L. A.
Published: January 2025

Experimental investigations of creep in crystalline methane revealed a considerable increase in the steady-state creep rate in the vicinity of phase transition (by a factor of 40 to 100 under stresses of 300 and 440 gf/mm2, respectively) and between 9 and 4.5 K (by a factor of three under a stress of 200 gf/mm2). The low-temperature anomaly in the creep rate is attributed to the spin quantum conversion in methane.
Condensate stability in the Bose-gas model with two- and three-particle interaction
Authors: Makhan’kov V. G. , Kholmurodov Kh. T.
Published: January 2025

The problem of Bose-condensate stability is studied in the model with two-particle attraction and three-particle repulsion. Two channels of condensate decomposition are established, one of which is associated with an excitation of one bubble and the other with bubble gas in the condensate. Calculations show that the gas channel of decomposition is more advantageous from the energy point of view since it takes place at lower temperatures in comparison with the one-soliton channel.
Deformation effects in superconducting ceramics under axial compression
Authors: Dotsenko V. I. , Kislyak I. F. , Natsik V. D.
Published: January 2025

Ultimate strengths σmax for yttrium ceramic samples YBa2Cu3O7−δ under axial compression are measured. It is found that σmax correlates with pressure during pressing of pellets. Resistive and inductive measurements reveal an increase in Tc for yttrium ceramics under axial compression. The value of the derivative ∂Tc/∂p calculated for hydrostatic conditions lies between 0.6 and 0.9 K/kbar.
On the existence of impurity–helium van der Waals crystals
Authors: Gordon E. B. , Pel’menev A. A. , Popov E. A. , Pugachev O. F. , Khmelenko V. V.
Published: January 2025

Extremely high relative concentrations of nitrogen atoms stabilized in He II ([N]/[N2]≃50%) are obtained by injecting a nitrogen atomic–molecular jet into superfluid helium. An analysis of EPR spectra of nitrogen atoms as well as earlier investigations by thermometric and optical methods reveal that a new metastable phase is formed. An attempt to give an adequate interpretation of the entire body of experimental data leads to the conclusion that a specific solid phase consisting of van der Waals clusters “frozen together,” viz., impurity atoms (molecules) “coated” by 4He atoms, can exist in liquid helium.
First and second sound velocities along the melting curve of 4He
Authors: Dyumin N. E. , Svatko S. V. , Grigor’ev V. N.
Published: January 2025

First and second sound velocities along the melting curve are measured in the temperature range from Tλ to 1.0 K. The second sound velocity is shown to be described successfully by a thermodynamic expression taking into account the thermal expansion of He II. The first sound velocity along the melting curve is found to be temperature independent.
The sign of quadrupole interaction and the Goldanskii–Karyagin effect in 57Fe impurity centers in YBa2Cu3O7−δ
Authors: Checherskii V. D. , Eremenko V. V. , Finkel V. A. , Kaner N. É.
Published: January 2025

Mössbauer effect measurements have been carried out on 57Fe impurity nuclei in texturized and powdered YBa2Cu3O7−δ samples with different oxygen concentrations. It is found that Fe atoms occupy three nonequivalent positions at Cu1 sites with coordination numbers 2, 4, and 6, respectively. The sign of the quadrupole interaction constants for the Fe nuclei in positions Cu1 and Cu2 is determined and found to be negative. Anisotropy data for the mean square displacements of impurity atoms in these positions are obtained. It is shown that a direct observation of the Goldanskii–Karyagin effect is hampered by the presence of textures in the powder.
Pulse-mode measurements of critical current density in bulk high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Dmitriev V. M. , Prikhod’ko O. R. , Khristenko E. V.
Published: January 2025

The proposed method of measurement of critical currents in HTS samples with a large cross-sectional area in a wide temperature range consists in the passage of a pulsed electric current through the sample. Temperature dependences of critical currents in HTS ceramic samples are determined. It is shown that experimental conditions can be regarded as isothermal for the electric pulse duration τ ≤ 10 ms.
Magnetic phase transition in superconducting ceramics GdBa2Cu3O7–x
Authors: Zvyagin A. I. , Stepanov A. A. , Khats’ko E. N. , Chernyi A. S. , Dotsenko V. I. , Chaikovskaya N. M.
Published: January 2025

Magnetic investigations of GdBa2Cu3O7–x ceramic samples are carried out in the temperature range 0.5–1.2 K. The magnetic H–T phase diagram is reconstructed and effective fields of magnetic interactions are obtained.
Quantum oscillations of magnetopolarization parameters of transverse ultrasonic waves in tungsten
Authors: Bebenin N. G. , Zimbovskaya N. A. , Okulov V. I. , Yartseva N. S.
Published: January 2025

Quantum oscillations of ellipticity and rotation of the polarization plane of ultrasound propagating in tungsten are calculated in terms of Faraday geometry. It is shown that the main contribution to oscillations in magnetic fields much stronger than the Doppler-shift cyclotron resonance edges comes from the carriers of the hole N ellipsoids, and the major role is played by pulsations of the longitudinal velocity of an electron moving in the cyclotron orbit. The developed theory provides a natural explanation to the experimental facts which could not be interpreted earlier, viz., the ratio of phases of wave vector oscillations for different circularly polarized waves and the values of their amplitudes.
Manipulation of field-effect transistors by flexoelectric effect
Authors: Zuo Yuxin , Yu Ying , Wang Haoran , Lu Hailong , Zhang Yaya , Zuo Chuncheng , Lv Yong , Yang Yang
Published: January 2025

Flexoelectric field-effect transistors (FE-FETs) hold significant potential for applications in biomedical and healthcare sensing fields. While existing piezoelectric FETs sense physiological signals based on pressure or compressive strain, movements such as bending of the elbow or knee joints are more common in physiological activities than external pressure. To address this, this study innovatively introduces FE-FETs that are regulated through the flexoelectric effect induced by bending. In this study, MoS2 with flexoelectric properties is utilized as the channel region. By bending the FE-FETs, the flexoelectric effect is induced, generating a flexoelectric response voltage that alters the Schottky barrier. The results confirm that varying the bending angle of the FE-FETs effectively modulates their transconductance and carrier mobility. Remarkably, the combination of traditional gate voltage and the flexoelectric effect results in a maximum carrier mobility of 49.63 cm2/V · s within a drain voltage range of 0–1 V, which is approximately 10.6 times higher than the carrier mobility of 4.68 cm2/V·s under traditional gate voltage alone. This study provides an effective approach to regulating FE-FETs and expands the possibilities for their application in wearable technology.
Impact of non-Hermiticity and nonlinear interactions on disorder-induced localized modes
Authors: Kumar Bhupesh , Andreasen Jonathan , Sebbah Patrick
Published: January 2025

In non-Hermitian photonics, introducing gain and loss offers new degrees of freedom to control optical systems and a unique approach to explore fundamental concepts. Random lasers are a natural class of non-Hermitian open optical systems where spatial confinement, leakage, and non-orthogonality of the modes are further controlled by the degree of scattering. How Anderson localization is impacted by complex potentials, gain and loss and, more generally, nonlinearities has been the subject of numerous theoretical debates, without any conclusive experimental demonstration yet. Indeed, in systems where localized modes have sufficient spatial extension to be observed and investigated, their mutual interaction and coupling to the sample boundaries make it extremely difficult to isolate them spectrally and investigate them alone. Here, the degree of non-Hermiticity of an active scattering medium is controlled by shaping the pump. By imaging the intensity distribution of individual localized lasing modes, we demonstrate experimentally their insensitivity to local pumping; a signature that orthogonality is preserved between modes localized away from the system boundaries, as theoretically established. Demonstration of the one-to-one correspondence between lasing modes and localized states of the passive system opens the route to investigate the robustness of localized states in the presence of nonlinear gain and nonlinear modal interactions. Interestingly, gain saturation and mode competition for gain do not affect the spatial distribution of the modes, demonstrating their orthogonality in an otherwise strongly non-Hermitian system.
Tailoring dynamics of thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules embedded in cavity by forming coupling-induced hybrid states
Authors: Behera Sinay Simanta , Ghorai Anaranya , Narayan K. S.
Published: January 2025

Light–matter coupling-induced hybrid states provide the potential to tune the emission dynamics of molecular chromophores having multilevel systems. We demonstrate the alteration of delayed fluorescence dynamics by hybrid states formation through the interaction of light with a thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule embedded in a conventional Fabry–Pérot cavity. The proximity of cavity resonance with the excited state absorption is modified by manipulating the incident angles (with sample) instead of varying the active layer thickness. The coupling-induced hybrid states are observed by angle-dependent emission spectroscopy and lifetime measurements. The variation in average emission lifetime with respect to incident angle is over 10 μs and is accompanied by significant changes in the full width at half maxima (factor of three). The control of emission via a barrier-free route or reverse intersystem crossing transition is demonstrated from these measurements. These findings suggest the possibility of tailoring intermediate states for lasing, where exciton density inversion can enhance spontaneous emission.
Nonreciprocal and nonlinear transport and spontaneous voltage generation in MoGe/Ni81Fe19
Authors: Oshigane Koyomi , Arisawa Hiroki , Saitoh Eiji
Published: January 2025

The nonreciprocal, diode-like electric transport in a superconductor/ferromagnet bilayer system, MoGe/Ni81Fe19, has been investigated. We found that a MoGe film on Ni81Fe19 spontaneously generates d.c. voltage by rectifying environmental fluctuations. By comparing the effect between MoGe films on different magnetic materials, we show that the amplitude of the spontaneous voltage generation is almost proportional to that of the nonreciprocal electric transport in MoGe, suggesting that the observed rectification mainly originates from the motion of superconducting vortex strings that can feel asymmetry in the magnetic environment between the MoGe surfaces.
Strong out-of-plane piezoelectric properties in Janus PdXY (X, Y = O, S, Se, Te; X ≠ Y) monolayers: A first-principles study
Authors: Ma Biao , Cui Shou-Xin , Zhao Bao , Li Jun , Wang Xiao-Chun
Published: January 2025

The development of piezoelectric materials is limited by incomplete internal mechanisms and a lack of vertical piezoelectricity. This study introduces Janus PdXY (X, Y= O, S, Se, Te; X ≠ Y) monolayers as innovative candidates for superior piezoelectric performance, as predicted by density functional theory. Our study reveals that these materials possess exceptional in-plane and out-of-plane piezoelectric properties, with the out-of-plane coefficient d33 being up to two orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional Janus materials. This enhancement is attributed to the electron contributions and correlates with the Bader charge difference and electronegativity difference ratio, which conforms to the P-R mechanism. Additionally, the impact of layer thickness on piezoelectric coefficients is evaluated. These findings highlight the potential of Janus PdXY monolayers for advanced nanoscale flexible piezoelectric devices and offer valuable insights for the design of transition metal dichalcogenide-based Janus materials with robust out-of-plane piezoelectricity.
Enhancing the acidic oxygen evolution reaction efficiency of sol–gel synthesized SrCo0.5Ir0.5O3 catalysts through optimized ball milling and acid leaching
Authors: Yang Dongqi , Andreas Nicolai , Yadav Ankit K. , Stylianou Kyriakos C. , Feng Zhenxing
Published: January 2025

High-efficiency and low-cost catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic electrolytes are critical for electrochemical water splitting in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers to produce green hydrogen, a clean fuel for sustainable energy conversion and storage. Among OER catalysts, solid-state synthesized SrCo1−xIrxO3 has demonstrated superior activity compared to commercial standards, such as IrO2 and RuO2. However, the solid-state synthesis process is economically inefficient for industrial use due to the potential for impurities and low yield of the final product. In addition, the requirement for electrochemical cycling to activate the catalyst introduces contaminations and uncertainties for industrial applications. In this study, a modified solution-based sol–gel method was employed to produce SrCo0.5Ir0.5O3 (SCIO) with high purity and yield. Subsequent ball milling and acid leaching treatments were applied, resulting in a catalyst with higher efficiency than those activated solely by electrochemical cycling. The electrochemical analysis and physical characterizations of our SCIO catalyst after ex-situ post-synthesis treatments show a similar active phase in composition and structure to those obtained through in situ electrochemical cycling and activation. Our approach simplifies the preparation process, making the catalyst ready for direct use in PEM electrolyzers without further treatment, offering a promising solution for producing high-performance, industrial-scale OER catalysts.
Improving the performance of solar cells by optimizing the interface of SnO2/perovskite layer using sodium citrate
Authors: Zhang Yongqi , Wang Yueyan , Liu Ruilin , Li Luzhen , Wang Peijie , Zhang Lisheng
Published: January 2025

Interface engineering is an important means of modifying perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this paper, a strategy for modifying the SnO2/perovskite interface transport layer using sodium citrate (SC), an organic sodium salt, was proposed. The optimal power conversion efficiency was 22.55%, 9.3% higher than that of devices without SC modification. The open circuit voltage (Voc) reaches a respectable 1.20 V. This method enhances the conductivity of thin SnO2 films with inert photocatalytic performance, improves the crystallinity of perovskite, and increases the grain size, thereby meliorating the performance and stability of PSCs.
Defect-mediated electron–phonon coupling in halide double perovskite
Authors: Joshi Aprajita , Saikia Sajid , Badola Shalini , Nag Angshuman , Saha Surajit
Published: January 2025

Optically active defects often play a crucial role in governing the light emission as well as the electronic properties of materials. Moreover, defect-mediated states in the midgap region can trap electrons, thus opening a path for the recombination of electrons and holes in lower energy states that may require phonons in the process. Considering this, we have probed electron–phonon interaction in halide perovskite systems with the introduction of defects and investigated the thermal effect on this interaction. Here, we report Raman spectroscopic study of the thermal evolution of electron–phonon coupling, which is tunable with the crystal growth conditions, in the halide perovskite systems Cs2AgInCl6 and Cs2NaInCl6. The signature of electron–phonon coupling is observed as a Fano anomaly in the lowest frequency phonon mode (51 cm−1), which evolves with temperature. In addition, we observe a broad band in the photoluminescence (PL) measurements for the defect-mediated systems, which is otherwise absent in defect-free halide perovskite. The simultaneous observation of the Fano anomaly in the Raman spectrum and the emergence of the PL band suggests the defect-mediated midgap states and the consequent existence of electron–phonon coupling in the double perovskite.
Direct laser writing of planar and stretchable supercapacitors based on a graphene oxide and manganese dioxide nanoparticle composite on a paper substrate
Authors: Fu Xiu-Yan , Jiang Hao-Bo , Han Dong-Dong , Zhang Yong-Lai , Zhang Ping-Li
Published: January 2025

Paper-based supercapacitors (P-SCs) exhibit superior electrochemical performance owing to the flexibility and unique surface properties of paper substrates. Currently, most P-SCs adopt a sandwich structure that is limited by electrode fabrication methods. However, the development of planar paper-based devices is crucial to satisfy the tremendous demand for wearable electronics. Herein, based on the mechanism of interaction between the laser and material, we used direct laser writing (DLW) techniques to fabricate in-plane P-SCs based on graphene oxide (GO) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) composite-covered paper substrates. Owing to the in-plane device structure and pseudocapacitive MnO2, the acquired rGO-MnO2-based planar P-SCs possessed a much higher specific capacitance value (17.7 mF/cm2) than that based on sandwich-structured reduced GO (rGO) (1.71 mF/cm2). In addition, three in-series integrated devices can be easily achieved via the DLW fabrication method, which shows potential for practical applications such as powering a light emitting diode. In addition, by carefully designing the paper substrate structure, the paper-based device exhibited excellent stretching stability. A specific capacitance retention of 86.8% remained after 5000 stretch cycles. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the design and fabrication of wearable paper-based electronics.
Topology of far-field signals for photonic crystal slabs
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Liu Andong , Wang Jin , Dong Zhenggao
Published: January 2025

The study of band topology in photonic crystals was primarily focused on near-field effects, including edge states and high-order corner states. However, this work investigated the polarization distribution of radiated fields for photonic crystal slabs to get their far-field properties of band topology. We introduced a topological invariant—the winding number of far-field polarization around the Brillouin zone boundary and confirmed a robust correspondence between it and the Chern number of energy bands from the perspective of symmetry, which can be used to analyze the process of topological phase transition. It is found that changes in the winding number and Chern number, associated with the exchange of far-field polarization singularities, especially for bound states in the continuum, will emerge during phase transition. These findings offer insights for further understanding the intriguing properties of topological materials.
An entropy-based assessment of acoustic information confusion at unstable flow occurrence in a centrifugal compressor
Authors: Zhao Ben , Wu Xiaoyang , Lu Qianyu , Zhou Teng , Huang Chen
Published: January 2025

Centrifugal compressors play a crucial role in energy and power systems, and compressor surge significantly impact their safe operation. Monitoring typical surge inception characteristics in a compressor can effectively serve as an early warning indicator, thereby enhancing safety. This paper presents the results of an acoustic experiment conducted on a centrifugal compressor setup. Four microphones were positioned in front of the compressor inlet to record the noise emitted as the compressor entered its surge region from a near-surge state. An entropy-based method is proposed to extract surge inception from acoustic signals by evaluating the informational complexity. Four types of entropy, including approximate entropy, sampling entropy, fuzzy entropy, and information entropy, were calculated from the acoustic signals. Their time-domain curves exhibit a clear increasing trend prior to surge inception. Further analysis reveals differing growth rates of the entropy curves among the four microphones, confirming the impact of microphone position on the capture of flow information and, consequently, on surge warning accuracy. Eventually, an entropy-weight method is proposed to eliminate the effects of positions and enhance surge warning capabilities by accounting for multiple acoustic signals.
ConvNet-based prediction of droplet collision dynamics in microchannels
Authors: Mamun S. M. Abdullah Al , Farokhirad Samaneh
Published: January 2025

The dynamics of droplet collisions in microchannels are inherently complex, governed by multiple interdependent physical and geometric factors. Understanding and predicting the outcomes of these collisions (whether coalescence, reverse-back, or pass-over) pose significant challenges, particularly due to the deformability of droplets and the influence of key parameters such as the density and viscosity of immiscible fluids, the initial offset between droplets, and the confined geometry of microchannels. Traditional methods for analyzing these collisions, including computational and experimental techniques, are time-consuming and resource-intensive, limiting their scalability for real-time applications. In this work, we explore a novel data-driven approach to predict droplet collision outcomes using convolutional neural network (CNN). CNN-based approaches present a significant advantage over traditional methods, offering faster, scalable solutions for analyzing large datasets with varying physical parameters. Using a lattice Boltzmann method for binary immiscible fluids, we numerically generated droplet collision data under confined shear flow. These data, represented as droplet shapes, serve as input to the CNN model, which automatically learns hierarchical features from the images, allowing for accurate and efficient collision outcome predictions based on deformation and orientation. The model achieves a prediction accuracy of 0.972, even on test datasets with density and viscosity ratios not included in the training. Our findings suggest that the CNN-based models offer improved accuracy in predicting collision outcomes while drastically reducing computational and time constraints. This work highlights the potential of machine learning to advance droplet dynamics studies, providing a valuable tool for researchers in fluid dynamics and soft matter.
Dynamic manipulation of ultrasonic beams by coding Moiré metasurfaces
Authors: Xue Ren-Guang , Zhu Xing-Feng , Yao Jie , Wei Qi , Wu Da-Jian
Published: January 2025

Dynamic acoustic beam manipulation via tunable acoustic metasurfaces (AMs) has attracted significant attention. However, most current tunable AMs are primarily designed for airborne sound, feature complex structural components, and serve a singular purpose. This study proposes a coding Moiré metasurface (CMM) consisting of two cascaded acoustic coding metasurfaces (ACMs) to dynamically manipulate ultrasonic beams in water. The CMM merges the characteristics of Moiré AMs and coding and can achieve different ultrasonic beam manipulations by rotating the ACM and changing the coding sequence. This is demonstrated by presenting CMMs with stripe and checkerboard coding patterns: the former split an ultrasonic beam into two dynamically omnidirectional scanning beams, while the latter divided it into four sections. Finally, two coding bits are employed to construct the CMM samples: a water unit for bit “0” and a photosensitive resin unit for bit “1.” Experimental results demonstrate that the CMM can dynamically manipulate ultrasonic beams. The proposed CMMs hold substantial potential for acoustic communication and dynamic detection applications.
Numerical study of turbulent flow boiling heat transfer in structured cooling channels using lattice Boltzmann method with advanced outlet boundary conditions
Authors: Oh Hoongyo , Jo HangJin
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the application of the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method to simulate turbulent flow boiling in structured cooling channels. The simulation used a central moment-based pseudopotential LB model with advanced characteristic boundary conditions to address numerical instabilities associated with turbulent multiphase flow. This approach ensures prolonged stability, facilitating the accurate modeling of complex flow boiling dynamics. The simulation results revealed that structured cooling channels considerably enhanced thermal performance, achieving a 27.3% increase in critical heat flux compared to flat channels. This improvement is induced by the fin structure of structured cooling channel, which makes heat distribution and promotes lower local wall heat flux compared with incident heat flux. Moreover, the simulations showed that fin structures manage bubble detachment more effectively, thereby enhancing heat transfer during the phase-change process. The study suggests that advanced outlet boundary conditions are crucial in stabilizing simulations for fin-structured channels, and the findings provide significant insights into heat dissipation mechanisms in high-heat-flux applications.
Improving CO2 storage efficiency in saline aquifers through wettability-optimized nanoparticle foam
Authors: Li Shaopeng , Yao Zengyang , Shang Fanhe , Li Minghe , Wei Yaohui , Li Songyan
Published: January 2025

The sequestration of CO2 in saline aquifers represents a critical strategy for mitigating the warming effects of greenhouse gases. Nanoparticle foams, known for their superior stability, are instrumental in substantially reducing the CO2 migration rate. This makes their use a promising method for the geological containment of CO2. In this paper, the utilization of nanoparticle foam in the geological storage of CO2 was investigated. By combining nanoparticles with six different wettability characteristics and five types of cationic surfactants, the optimal contact angle range for surfactant compatibility was determined. Additionally, the impact of nanoparticle wettability on foam performance and rheological behavior was evaluated. Ultimately, displacement experiments were conducted to investigate how nanoparticle foams can enhance the CO2 storage capabilities of geological formations. The experimental results show that the primary contact angle of nanoparticles plays a crucial role in determining their compatibility with cationic surfactants. Nanoparticles are found to be most effective within a contact angle range of 37.83°–51.13°. In displacement experiments, foam DDA (ethyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) reaches its maximum CO2 geological sequestration capacity at a foam quality of 80%. In contrast, foam produced by surfactant DDA and nanoparticle N20 (DDA+N20) achieved the highest CO2 sequestration capacity at 85% foam quality. Distinctively, compared with traditional foams, foam DDA+N20 exhibits superior capabilities, storing more CO2 while consuming less water. The outcomes of these experiments provide invaluable directions for the application of nanoparticle foams in geological CO2 sequestration endeavors.
A room temperature rechargeable Li–LiNO
3
battery with high capacity
Authors: Hu Zhengqiang , Zhang Fengling , Wu Feng , Li Li , Chen Renjie
Published: January 2025

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become advanced energy storage technologies; however, specific capacity remains limited by the active materials in cathodes. Here, we report Li–LiNO
3
batteries (LNBs) where LiNO
3
in electrolyte serves as both active materials and ion conductor at room temperature. LNBs operate on a highly reversible redox between NO
3
−
and NO
2
−
, which results in an impressive areal capacity of 19 mAh cm
−2
at a plateau voltage of 1.75 V. Furthermore, the pouch cell exhibits stable cycling at a capacity of 100 mAh. This research underscores the potential of LNBs for high-capacity energy storage.
Multi-stage infrared detectors
Authors: Shen Zhijian , Yang Zezheng , Dai Zhecheng , Chen Baile
Published: January 2025

This paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-stage infrared detectors, including interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) and quantum cascade detectors (QCDs). These detectors exhibit low dark current, high detectivity, and high 3dB bandwidth positioning them as promising candidates in infrared (IR) detector technology. The review covers the history of multi-stage infrared detectors, the corresponding device physics, materials systems, DC and RF performance, and recent advancements. Additionally, a comparative analysis of ICIPs and QCDs is provided, along with discussions on optimization strategies. This review is intended to be a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the field of IR detector technology, offering a detailed insight into the most advanced multi-stage infrared detector technology and providing guidance for future development.
REBCO coated conductors: enabling the next generation of tokamak reactors
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Ainslie Mark D , Song Dongbin , Yang Wenjiang , Macian-Juan Rafael
Published: January 2025

The discovery of REBCO (rare-earth barium copper oxide) materials with high critical temperatures, and the continued advancements in the fabrication of REBCO coated conductors with extremely high critical current densities, has enabled the development of ultra-high-field (> 20 T) compact and large-scale thermonuclear fusion devices. At present, around a dozen global commercial manufacturers are able to supply high-quality REBCO coated conductors with excellent performance. Significant advancements have been made for high-temperature, low-field applications such as motors, generators, long-length transmission cables, and so on using REBCO coated conductors. Nonetheless, multiple ongoing critical challenges under low-temperature, high-field conditions, such as irreversible degradation of the critical current, along with insufficient mechanical protection and inadequate reduction of AC losses, remain unsolved, collectively hindering their utilization in high-field thermonuclear fusion reactors. This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical and technical review of the current state-of-the-art, associated challenges, and prospects in the research and development (R&D) of REBCO coated conductors, cables, and magnet systems for high-field fusion. It highlights the significant enhancements in current-carrying capacity, mechanical protection, and AC loss reduction achieved over the past decade. The paper delves into detailed analyses of potential cabling solutions that offer exceptional current-carrying capacity while ensuring an optimal inductance balance for toroidal, poloidal, and central solenoid coils in tokamak devices. This work endeavors to lay the groundwork for the R&D of the next-generation REBCO magnets to facilitate the construction of ultra-high-field compact and large-scale tokamak reactors.
Transport analysis of the EHL-2 spherical torus in a high-ion-temperature scenario
Authors: Wang Xueyun , Liu Wenjun , Yang Danke , Yang Guang , Tan Muzhi , Jiang xinchen , Xie Huasheng , Shi Yuejiang , Zhao Hanyue , Wang Yumin , Liang Yunfeng , Dong Jiaqi , Wu Bin , Liu Chengyue
Published: January 2025

EHL-2 is an ENN second-generation device aiming at studying p-B fusion reactions in a spherical torus. The design parameters are Ti0~30keV, Ti/Te>2, ne0~1e20m-3, Ip~3MA, Bt~3T, τE~0.5s. High-ion-temperature scenario is one of the standard operation scenarios of EHL-2, aiming to reduce bremsstrahlung radiation while enhancing plasma parameters by elevating the ion to electron temperature ratio. In order to achieve high ion temperature, neutral beam injection is considered as the primary heating method during the flat-top phase. The neutral beam system for EHL-2 comprises 3-5 beams with energy/power ranging from 60 keV/4 MW, 80-100 keV/10 MW, to 200 keV/3 MW. This work conducts predictive analysis on core transport during the flat-top phase of EHL-2's high-ion-temperature scenario utilizing ASTRA. The study delineates the potential operating range of core temperature and other parameters given the designed heating capacity. Specifically, the study presents predictive simulations based on CDBM, GLF23, Bohm-gyro-Bohm and IFSPPPL transport models, evaluating the steady-state power balance, energy confinement time, and the impact of various parameters such as plasma density and NBI power on core ion temperature. The simulations demonstrate that, although sensitive to varying transport models, the design parameters of the EHL-2 high-Ti scenario are hopefully attainable as long as adequate ion heating and controlled ion transport levels are ensured.
Chalcogenide perovskites: enticing prospects across a wide range of compositions and optoelectronic properties for stable photodetector devices
Authors: Samuel Shilpa Mariam , Shaji Sadasivan , Avellaneda David Avellaneda , Krishnan Bindu
Published: January 2025

Photodetectors are indispensable components of many modern light sensing and imaging devices, converting photon energy into processable electrical signal through absorption, carrier generation and extraction using semiconducting thin films with appropriate optoelectronic properties. Recently, metal halide perovskites have demonstrated groundbreaking photodetector performance due to their exceptional properties originating from their perovskite structure. However, toxicity and stability remain challenges for their large-scale applications. Inspired by the perovskite structure, intense investigation in search of highly stable, non-toxic and earth abundant materials with superior optoelectronic features has led to the discovery of chalcogenide perovskites (CPs). These are unconventional semiconductors with the formula ABX3, where A and B are cations and X is a chalcogen, which covers the compounds with the corner sharing perovskite structures of type II-IV- VI3 compounds (II = Ba, Sr, Ca, Eu; IV = Zr, Hf; VI = S, Se) and III1-III2-VI3 compounds (III1 and III2 = Lanthanides, Y, Sc; VI = S, Se). The increased coordination and ionicity in these compounds contribute to their excellent charge transport properties and exceptionally high optical absorption coefficient (> 105 cm−1). The present review encompasses theoretical analysis that provides electronic band structures and the orbital contributions that support the excellent optoelectronic properties. Furthermore, the challenging thin film deposition, characterizations, and their application in photodetection focusing on BaZrS3-which is the most studied one, are ascribed. Additionally, we suggest prospects that can bring out the true potential of these materials in photodetection and photovoltaics.
Being We
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2025

What does it take to constitute a we with others and how does feeling, thinking, and acting as part of a we, transform one’s sense of self, one’s relation to others, and the way one experiences the world? Is individual subjectivity something that necessarily requires a communal grounding or does a we-relationship always presuppose a plurality of pre-existing selves? What kind of understanding of and relation to others is required if a we is to emerge? You can constitute a we together with somebody you hardly know, your partner, your family, your friends, your professional group, your national community, and global humanity. But these are different kinds of we. How do they differ, and what is the relation and difference between a dyadic we, a triadic we, and a transgenerational we? Questions regarding the ontological, epistemological, and social character of we are not only of contemporary societal relevance but are also questions that were intensively discussed by early phenomenological philosophers such as Husserl, Reinach, Stein, Scheler, Walther, Gurwitsch, and Schutz. Drawing on and engaging with ideas, distinctions, and analyses found in these historical resources, the book combines historical scholarship and systematic theorizing. It breaks new ground by interweaving work on selfhood and first-personal experience, social cognition and collective intentionality, offers a much-needed cross fertilization between philosophy and theoretical considerations in the social sciences (sociology, anthropology, and social psychology), and provides a novel account of the complex interrelation between we, you, and I.
Ranked Choice Voting
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J
Published: January 2025

A recent and popular electoral and political reform sweeping across the United States is ranked choice voting (RCV). This method of group decision-making asks voters to create an ordered list of preferences over a range of alternatives. Proposed as a solution to inherent problems with plurality or first-past-the-post elections, RCV has some paradoxical characteristics and implementation issues of its own. In North America, RCV is neither new nor uniform in its application. RCV can be used for the selection of a single winner, such as a public official or a group consensus, or multiple winners, such as representatives for a city council or a legislature. This book considers RCV as a family of decision-making methods: preferential voting, instant runoff voting, the alternative vote, and the single transferable vote. The common link among these is that voters must rank their preferences on a ballot. Subtle variations in rules can lead to differences in outcomes. In all its forms, this electoral system aims to find a mutually satisfactory outcome approved by a majority of voters or group participants. The book uses a wealth of data from election theory to observed election outcomes, from political history to interviews with advocates, detractors, and election administrators. This book offers a balanced view of RCV in North American elections. Neither advocacy nor opposition, the evaluation of RCV elections presents essentials for understanding the theory, history, analysis, and administration of RCV.
Introduction
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J
Published: January 2025

Ranked choice voting (RCV) is experiencing growing interest as an electoral reform in the United States. Straightforward examples are used to illustrate the various applications of RCV. The introduction clarifies commonly used vocabulary, RCV, the alternative vote (AV), instant runoff voting (IRV), and preferential voting. IRV and AV select a single election winner, and the single transferable vote (STV) selects multiple winners such as for a legislature or parliament. In all RCV systems, a voter orders preferences from first to last. First-choice votes are tabulated, and, if no candidate receives a majority, ballots for low-ranking candidates are transferred to the next surviving candidate listed on each voter’s ballot. RCV was introduced through the example of its inaugural application for congressional elections in Maine in 2018. The introduction provides advantages and drawbacks of RCV and includes a brief outline with the main ideas of each chapter.
Thinking Tools
Authors: Schulz Armin W
Published: January 2025

This chapter argues that underlying the evolution of distinctively human cognition is a complex, looping dynamic. The chapter describes this dynamic and shows how it can answer the questions left open from the previous chapter. At the heart of this dynamic is a positive feedback loop: sophisticated cultural learning makes possible the creation of tools that increase the sophistication of representational decision-making, which in turn allows for yet further increases in the sophistication of cultural learning and tool manufacture. This chapter provides a general overview of the account. Doing so makes clearer how the different applications detailed in the next few chapters hang together and provides an explicit contrast to the accounts sketched in the previous chapter to bring out the novelty here more explicitly.
The Making of Morality
Authors: Schulz Armin W
Published: January 2025

Human cognition is unique in its dependence on often highly complex and abstract moral concepts. It is also widely known that there is massive variation in the ways in which humans think when it comes to morality—at least on a surface level. However, it is not clear what explains this reliance on complex and abstract moral concepts in human thought. Taking steps toward answering this question is the goal of this chapter. To do this, it argues that we need to see these two questions—Why do humans rely on complex moral concepts when other species do not? Why do they do it so differently within their own species?—as deeply related. Answering these questions requires paying attention to the feedback loop between abstract and complex moral representations, cultural learning, and cognitive and social technology.
‘This Is Our Cuba’
Authors: Tendi Blessing-Miles
Published: January 2025

This chapter interrogates arguments that China contributed to or sponsored Zimbabwe’s 2017 coup. It maintains that arguments that point out possible Chinese involvement in, support for, or foreknowledge of the coup rest on a narrow evidential base. Scholars who pinpoint likely Chinese participation in the coup ignore informative literature on China’s approaches to coups, which tells us that China by and large does not have a history of engineering coups in Africa. The chapter also argues there was a history, going back to the early 2000s, of covert action by Britain in Zimbabwe, which sometimes sought to use military power to bring about an end to Mugabe’s presidency. This history of covert action does not, by itself, substantiate suggestions Britain was involved in Mugabe’s fall from power in 2017, but it does provide a valuable backdrop to debates about the role Britain might have played in the successful 2017 coup.