bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chlorination on the Tautomeric Equilibrium of 2‐Hydroxypyridine: Experiment and Theory
Authors: Calabrese Camilla , Maris Assimo , Uriarte Iciar , Cocinero Emilio J. , Melandri Sonia
Published: December 2016

The effects of halogenation on the tautomeric and conformational equilibria of the model system 2‐hydroxypyridine/2‐pyridone have been investigated through chlorine substitution at positions 3, 4, 5, and 6. In the gas phase, the lactim syn‐periplanar tautomer (OHs) was the predominant species for all compounds over the lactam form (C=O) and the less abundant anti‐periplanar lactim (OHa). However, the population of the three species was shown to be dependent on the position of the chlorine substitution. Chlorination in position 5 or 6 strongly stabilizes the OHs tautomer, whereas the C=O form has a significant population when the ring is chlorinated in positions 3 or 4. Overall, the OHa form is the least favourable form, although the 3‐substitution favours the population of this tautomer. In addition, the C=O tautomer is strongly stabilized in the solvent, which makes it the dominant form in some substituted species. This study has been performed by means of rotational spectroscopy in the gas phase and/or theoretical calculations in the isolated phase and in solution. Both the OHs and C=O forms of 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypyridine and the OHs form of 6‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypyridine were experimentally observed. All transitions displayed a complex nuclear hyperfine structure owing to the presence of the chlorine and nitrogen nuclei. For all species, a full quadrupolar hyperfine analysis has been performed. This has provided crucial information for the unambiguous identification of tautomers.
Nacnac‐Cobalt‐Mediated P4 Transformations
Authors: Spitzer Fabian , Graßl Christian , Balázs Gábor , Mädl Eric , Keilwerth Martin , Zolnhofer Eva M. , Meyer Karsten , Scheer Manfred
Published: December 2016

A comparison of P4 activations mediated by low‐valent β‐diketiminato (L) cobalt complexes is presented. The formal Co0 source [K2(L3Co)2(μ2:η1,η1‐N2)] (1) reacts with P4 to form a mixture of the monoanionic complexes [K(thf)6][(L3Co)2(μ2:η4,η4‐P4)] (2) and [K(thf)6][(L3Co)2(μ2:η3,η3‐P3)] (3). The analogue CoI precursor [L3Co(tol)] (4 a), however, selectively yields the corresponding neutral derivative [(L3Co)2(μ2:η4,η4‐P4)] (5 a). Compound 5 a undergoes thermal P atom loss to form the unprecedented complex [(L3Co)2(μ2:η3,η3‐P3)] (6). The products 2 and 3 can be obtained selectively by an one‐electron reduction of their neutral precursors 5 a and 6, respectively. The electrochemical behaviour of 2, 3, 5 a, and 6 is monitored by cyclic voltammetry and their magnetism is examined by SQUID measurements and the Evans method. The initial CoI‐mediated P4 activation is not influenced by applying the structurally different ligands L1 and L2, which is proven by the formation of the isostructural products [(LCo)2(μ2:η4,η4‐P4)] [L=L3 (5 a), L1 (5 b), L2 (5 c)].
Thermodynamically‐based response time as controllability indicator in heat exchanger networks
Authors: de León Carmen , Miranda Camila B. , Andrade Cid M. G. , Ravagnani Mauro A. S. S.
Published: December 2016

Recently, research and development has focused on how to integrate process design and process control, considering that the most outstanding process design does not always result in the best dynamic performance, involving plant controllability. A steady‐state controllability and resiliency analysis provides useful information for the assessment of heat exchanger networks (HEN) and requires less work than the dynamic analysis. In the interests of obtaining the best balance between process integration and controllability, a thermodynamic analysis from the dissipative point of view can be a starting point. This paper presents a simultaneous approach for finding controllability and economic goals in early stages of process design. An index based on response time is obtained, which is a controllability measure of the system. It is applied to a HEN and the results obtained are compared with known controllability and resiliency measures tools on steady state, showing consistency. The proposed methodology serves as a starting point for controllability evaluation, making it possible to relate the stages of process control and design.
The Development of Next‐Generation Pyridinium‐Based multiQAC Antiseptics
Authors: Al‐Khalifa Saleh E. , Jennings Megan C. , Wuest William M. , Minbiole Kevin P. C.
Published: December 2016

A series of 18 bis‐ and tris‐pyridinium amphiphiles were prepared and tested for both antimicrobial activity and lytic capability, in comparison with the commercially available pyridinium antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Assessments were made against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, including two methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. While 2Pyr‐11,11 was identified as one of the most potent antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) reported to date, boasting nanomolar inhibition against five of six bacteria tested, no significant improvement in bioactivity of tris‐pyridinium amphiphiles over their bis‐pyridinium counterparts was observed. However, the multicationic QACs (multiQACs) presented herein did display significant advantages over the monocationic CPC; while similar red blood cell lysis was observed, superior activity against both Gram‐negative bacteria and resistant S. aureus strains led to the discovery of four pyridinium‐based multiQACs with advantageous therapeutic indices.
Discovery of Macrocyclic Pyrimidines as MerTK‐Specific Inhibitors
Authors: McIver Andrew L. , Zhang Weihe , Liu Qingyang , Jiang Xinpeng , Stashko Michael A. , Nichols James , Miley Michael J. , Norris‐Drouin Jacqueline , Machius Mischa , DeRyckere Deborah , Wood Edgar , Graham Douglas K. , Earp H. Shelton , Kireev Dmitri , Frye Stephen V. , Wang Xiaodong
Published: December 2016

Macrocycles have attracted significant attention in drug discovery recently. In fact, a few de novo designed macrocyclic kinase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials with good potency and selectivity for their intended target. In this study, we successfully engaged a structure‐based drug design approach to discover macrocyclic pyrimidines as potent Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK)‐specific inhibitors. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 384‐well format was employed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of macrocycles in a cell‐based assay assessing tyrosine phosphorylation of MerTK. Through structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, analogue 11 [UNC2541; (S)‐7‐amino‐N‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐8‐oxo‐2,9,16‐triaza‐1(2,4)‐pyrimidinacyclohexadecaphane‐1‐carboxamide] was identified as a potent and MerTK‐specific inhibitor that exhibits sub‐micromolar inhibitory activity in the cell‐based ELISA. In addition, an X‐ray structure of MerTK protein in complex with 11 was resolved to show that these macrocycles bind in the MerTK ATP pocket.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Edoxaban in Japanese Atrial Fibrillation Patients With Severe Renal Impairment
Authors: Shimizu Takako , Tachibana Masaya , Kimura Tetsuya , Kumakura Tomohiko , Yoshihara Kazutaka
Published: December 2016

This is a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analysis to predict PK of edoxaban, a direct‐acting oral anticoagulant, in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with severe renal impairment (SRI; creatinine clearance [CLcr] <30 mL/min). Data from a phase 3 study recently conducted in Japanese NVAF patients (n = 90), including patients with SRI, were used to update the ENGAGE PopPK model that had been developed based on pooled data from the phase 3 ENGAGE AF‐TIMI 48 study and 13 phase 1 PK studies, which included few patients with SRI. The final model indicated that the ENGAGE PopPK model was applicable to Japanese patients in that the model‐simulated and study‐observed concentration‐time profiles were in agreement. Estimated model parameters after the addition of Japanese SRI data were consistent with those derived from the original ENGAGE PopPK data set. The model‐predicted exposure in NVAF patients with SRI who received edoxaban at a 15‐mg, once‐daily dose was similar to that in patients with normal renal function or with mild renal impairment receiving a 30‐mg dose. This suggests that efficacy and safety data from the ENGAGE AF study can be used to support dose setting for NVAF patients with SRI.
A cloud‐assisted publish/subscribe service for time‐critical dissemination of bulk content
Authors: Ma Xingkong , Wang Yijie , Pei Xiaoqiang , Xu Fangliang
Published: December 2016

Characterized by the increasing arrival rate of live content, emergency applications pose a great challenge: how to disseminate data with diverse sizes to interested users in a real‐time manner. Most file sharing applications focus on the dissemination of bulk content with less consideration of users' interests. On the other hand, existing publish/subscribes are designed for notifying interested users with small‐sized content. To bridge this gap, we propose CAPS, a cloud‐assisted publish/subscribe service for time‐critical bulk content dissemination. In CAPS, a hybrid 2‐layer architecture is proposed to knit servers in the cloud and clients in the internet. Through dividing each event into attribute‐value pairs and the data content, CAPS provides both event matching service and data distribution in a parallel manner. To improve the upload bandwidth of data distribution, we propose a helper‐based content distribution protocol, where the servers not only guide the clients with similar interests to exchange their received data blocks but also contribute their own upload capacities to clients. Moreover, a volume‐aware helper renting scheme is proposed to adaptively adjust the scale of servers according to the churn of data volume, leading to a high‐performance price ratio. So as to evaluate the performance of CAPS, about 1000 virtual machines are deployed in our Cloud‐Stack testbed. Extensive experiments confirm that CAPS can linearly reduce the download completion time with the growing number of servers, adaptively adjust the upload capacity in tens of seconds according to the change of the workloads, and ensure reliable data dissemination even if a large number of nodes frequently churn or instantaneously fail. Compared with the state‐of‐the‐art approaches, CAPS demonstrates better performance under various parameter settings.
Direct Synthesis of Renewable Dodecanol and Dodecane with Methyl Isobutyl Ketone over Dual‐Bed Catalyst Systems
Authors: Sheng Xueru , Li Ning , Li Guangyi , Wang Wentao , Wang Aiqin , Cong Yu , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao
Published: December 2016

For the first time, we demonstrated two integrated processes for the direct synthesis of dodecanol or 2,4,8‐trimethylnonane (a jet fuel range C12‐branched alkane) using methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) that can be derived from lignocellulose. The reactions were carried out in dual‐bed continuous flow reactors. In the first bed, MIBK was selectively converted to a mixture of C12 alcohol and ketone. Over the Pd‐modified magnesium– aluminium hydrotalcite (Pd‐MgAl‐HT) catalyst, a high total carbon yield (73.0 %) of C12 oxygenates can be achieved under mild conditions. In the second bed, the C12 oxygenates generated in the first bed were hydrogenated to dodecanol over a Ru/C catalyst or hydrodeoxygenated to 2,4,8‐trimethylnonane over a Cu/SiO2 catalyst. The as‐obtained dodecanol can be used as feedstock in the production of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), which are widely used as surfactants or detergents. The asobtained 2,4,8‐trimethylnonane can be blended into conventional jet fuel without hydroisomerization.
Occurrence over time and regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Giorda Carlo , Forlani Gabriele , Manti Roberta , Mazzella Natalia , De Cosmo Salvatore , Rossi Maria Chiara , Nicolucci Antonio , Russo Giuseppina , Di Bartolo Paolo , Ceriello Antonio , Guida Piero ,   the AMD‐Annals Study Group
Published: December 2016

Background

This analysis was aimed to assess the incidence, regression, and correlated factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes, which are poorly known.

Methods

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (defined as fatty liver index [FLI] score ≥ 60) in patients with type 2 diabetes, and related factors was investigated in a nationwide database containing information from the Italian network of diabetes clinics. A 10% variation of FLI was the cut‐off considered in the analyses of a cohort of 5030 patients, which was separately conducted for those who developed, maintained, or recovered from FLI‐assessed NAFLD (FLI‐NAFLD) over a 3‐year period.

Results

At baseline, FLI‐NAFLD was diagnosed in 61.3% of patients. Within the 3‐year study period, FLI‐NAFLD occurred in 313 patients and remitted in 410. The FLI score remained unchanged in 4307. Body‐mass index (odds ratio, 1.45 95%; confidence interval, 1.35‐1.55), abdominal obesity (2.11; 1.64‐2.72), low HDL cholesterol levels (1.38; 1.02‐1.87), and triglycerides (1.20; 1.12‐1.28) all emerged as notable negative prognostic factors for the development or maintenance of FLI‐NAFLD. The regression rate of FLI‐NAFLD was higher among patients who managed to partially control these factors. Male sex and established organ damage, especially kidney function (1.64; 1.12‐2.42), were independent risk predictors. Unlike other diabetes complications, FLI‐NAFLD was more frequent among younger patients or those with a shorter duration of diabetes.

Conclusions

FLI‐assessed NAFLD is a dynamic condition, with about 5% of diabetic patients entering or leaving the status every year. Younger male patients with insulin resistance or organ damage have a higher risk of presenting with FLI‐NAFLD at baseline, developing FLI‐NAFLD within 3 years, and a lower probability of regression.
Rat astrocytes are more supportive for mouse OPC self‐renewal than mouse astrocytes in culture
Authors: Cheng Xuejun , Xie Binghua , Qi Jiajun , Zhao Xiaofeng , Zhang Zunyi , Qiu Mengsheng , Yang Junlin
Published: December 2016

Mouse primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are increasingly used to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotype changes in oligodendrocyte differentiation and axonal myelination observed in transgenic or mutant mouse models. However, mouse OPCs are much more difficult to be isolated by the simple dissociation culture of brain tissues than their rat counterparts. To date, the mechanisms underlying the species difference in OPC preparation remain obscure. In this study, we showed that astrocytes from rats have a stronger effect than those from mouse in promoting OPC proliferation and survival in vitro. Mouse astrocytes displayed significantly weaker viability in culture and reduced potential in maintaining OPC self‐renewal, as confirmed by culturing OPCs with conditioned media from rat or mouse astrocytes. These results explained the reason for why stratified cultures of OPCs and astrocytes are difficult to be achieved in mouse CNS tissues. Based on these findings, we adopted inactivated rat astrocytes as feeder cells to support the self‐renewal of mouse cortical OPCs and preparation of high‐purity mouse OPCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 907–916, 2017
The Robo3 receptor, a key player in the development, evolution, and function of commissural systems
Authors: Friocourt François , Chédotal Alain
Published: December 2016

Roundabout receptors are known to mediate Slit‐dependent repulsive signaling. However in vertebrates, mounting evidence suggest that Robo3 is an unconventional Robo receptor regarding both its expression and function. From its initial description, the Robo3 receptor has been tightly associated with the development of specific axons, called commissural, that connect both sides of the nervous system. Many studies using transgenic mouse models showed that Robo3 expression is mandatory for commissural axon guidance to the floor plate. Moreover, mutations in human ROBO3 are responsible for a rare neurological disease in which patients also display midline crossing defects. Robo3 was initially thought to counteract Slit/Robo repulsion. However, recent studies support an alternative model where Robo3 potentiates midline attraction. These studies support a complex, central and multifaceted role of Robo3 in controlling the development of commissural circuits. Furthermore, the analysis of Robo3 evolution in vertebrates points out the specificity of this receptor in the mammalian lineage, suggesting mechanistic and functional divergence of Robo3 in mammals compared to a more traditional function in other vertebrates. Here, we review the current knowledge about Robo3 function, from the regulation of its expression to signaling. We also present evidence for a high variability of Robo3 splice variants in vertebrates. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 876–890, 2017
Cellular reactions and compensatory tissue re‐organization during spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury in neonatal mice
Authors: Chawla Rishab S. , Züchner Mark , Mastrangelopoulou Maria , Lambert François M. , Glover Joel C. , Boulland Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2016

Following incomplete spinal cord injuries, neonatal mammals display a remarkable degree of behavioral recovery. Previously, we have demonstrated in neonatal mice a wholesale re‐establishment and reorganization of synaptic connections from some descending axon tracts (Boulland et al.: PLoS One 8 (2013)). To assess the potential cellular mechanisms contributing to this recovery, we have here characterized a variety of cellular sequelae following thoracic compression injuries, focusing particularly on cell loss and proliferation, inflammation and reactive gliosis, and the dynamics of specific types of synaptic terminals. Early during the period of recovery, regressive events dominated. Tissue loss near the injury was severe, with about 80% loss of neurons and a similar loss of axons that later make up the white matter. There was no sign of neurogenesis, no substantial astroglial or microglial proliferation, no change in the ratio of M1 and M2 microglia and no appreciable generation of the terminal complement peptide C5a. One day after injury the number of synaptic terminals on lumbar motoneurons had dropped by a factor of 2, but normalized by 6 days. The ratio of VGLUT1/2+ to VGAT+ terminals remained similar in injured and uninjured spinal cords during this period. By 24 days after injury, when functional recovery is nearly complete, the density of 5‐HT+ fibers below the injury site had increased by a factor of 2.5. Altogether this study shows that cellular reactions are diverse and dynamic. Pronounced recovery of both excitatory and inhibitory terminals and an increase in serotonergic innervation below the injury, coupled with a general lack of inflammation and reactive gliosis, are likely to contribute to the recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 928–946, 2017
Visual experience dependent regulation of neuronal structure and function by histone deacetylase 1 in developing Xenopus tectum in vivo
Authors: Ruan Hangze , Gao Juanmei , Qi Xianjie , Tao Yi , Guo Xia , Guo Zhaoyi , Zheng Lijun , Song Yaling , Liao Yuan , Shen Wanhua
Published: December 2016

Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is thought to play pivotal roles in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. However, the role of HDAC1 in neuronal growth and structural plasticity in the developing brain in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that in the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis, HDAC1 knockdown dramatically decreased the frequency of AMPAR‐mediated synaptic currents and increased the frequency of GABAAR‐mediated currents, whereas HDAC1 overexpression significantly decreased the frequency of GABAAR‐mediated synaptic currents. Both HDAC1 knockdown and overexpression adversely affected dendritic arbor growth and visual experience‐dependent structural plasticity. Furthermore, HDAC1 knockdown decreased BDNF expression via a mechanism that involves acetylation of specific histone H4 residues at lysine K5. In particular, the deficits in dendritic growth and visually guided avoidance behavior in HDAC1‐knockdown tadpoles could be rescued by acute tectal infusion of BDNF. These results establish a relationship between HDAC1 expression, histone H4 modification and BDNF signaling in the visual‐experience dependent regulation of dendritic growth, structural plasticity and function in intact animals in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 947–962, 2017
Regioselective Access to 1,2‐Diarylhistidines through the Copper‐Catalyzed N1‐Arylation of 2‐Arylhistidines
Authors: Sharma Krishna K. , Mandloi Meenakshi , Jain Rahul
Published: December 2016

We report the copper(I)‐catalyzed synthesis of 1,2‐diarylhistidines through the N1‐arylation of protected 2‐arylhistidines in the presence of 8‐hydroxyquinoline as a ligand and aryl iodides as electrophilic coupling partners under microwave irradiation at 140 °C. This method provides regioselective access to previously inaccessible multisubstituted histidines with intact chirality in high yields. The synthesized 1,2‐diarylated histidines are a hitherto unknown class of derivatives with untapped potential in modified amino acid based peptide and peptidomimetic drug discovery.
ACR appropriateness criteria® nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers
Authors: Siddiqui Farzan , Smith Richard V. , Yom Sue S. , Beitler Jonathan J. , Busse Paul M. , Cooper Jay S. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Jones Christopher U. , Koyfman Shlomo A. , Quon Harry , Ridge John A. , Saba Nabil F. , Worden Francis , Yao Min , Salama Joseph K. ,   Expert Panel on Radiation Oncology – Head and Neck Cancer
Published: December 2016

The American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria are evidence‐based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer‐reviewed journals and the application of well‐established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment. Here, we present the Appropriateness Criteria for cancers arising in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses). This includes clinical presentation, prognostic factors, principles of management, and treatment outcomes. Controversies regarding management of cervical lymph nodes are discussed. Rare and unusual nasal cavity cancers, such as esthesioneuroblastoma and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas, are included. © 2016 American College of Radiology. Head Neck, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 407–418, 2017
Cardiovascular risk and prevention in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Okoye Christian C. , Bucher Jessica , Tatsuoka Curtis , Parikh Sahil A. , Oliveira Guilherme H. , Gibson Michael K. , Machtay Mitchell , Yao Min , Zender Chad A. , Dorth Jennifer A.
Published: December 2016

Background

The underlying contributors to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are poorly characterized.

Methods

Patients with HNSCC who underwent definitive or adjuvant (chemo)radiation between 2011 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The 10‐year risk estimates for a CVD event were calculated according to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS).

Results

One hundred fifteen patients with predominantly stage III/IV HNSCC had a median follow‐up of 2 years. At diagnosis, 23% of patients had CVD. The FRS was higher among patients with laryngeal cancer versus other sites (20.5% vs 14.4%). Twenty‐four percent of all patients had uncontrolled blood pressure at diagnosis. Among the patients with CVD, 41% were not taking antiplatelet therapy and 30% were not taking statin therapy. Thirty‐four percent of patients without CVD had indications for initiating statin therapy.

Conclusion

Patients with HNSCC have a high baseline CVD risk and many do not receive optimal preventive care. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 527–532, 2017
Efficacy and safety of ultrasound‐guided radiofrequency ablation of hyperplastic parathyroid gland for secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Peng Chengzhong , Zhang Zhengxian , Liu Jibin , Chen Hongyu , Tu Xiao , Hu Rihong , Ni Jun , Weng Ning , Pang Haisu , Xue Zhengmei
Published: December 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasound‐guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hyperplastic parathyroid glands could be used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Methods

RFA of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands was performed in 34 patients with secondary HPT. Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium, and phosphorus were measured. The outcome was based on the ablation extent (ie, 4, 3, and 1–2 glands).

Results

The iPTH, calcium, and phosphorus levels decreased in all groups after RFA. One year after ablation, these parameters remained significantly lower in the 4‐gland ablation group compared with the 3‐gland and 1 to 2‐gland groups. The same tendency was observed for the symptom score. The iPTH levels of <272 pg/mL on the day after ablation was the best predictor for maintaining parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in a reasonable range 1 year after ablation.

Conclusions

RFA of hyperplastic parathyroid glands for treating secondary HPT is feasible in selected patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 564–571, 2017
Timing of neck dissection in association with transoral surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Repanos Costa , Mirza Adal H. , George Michael , Karkos Petros D.
Published: December 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to present our evaluation of the importance of timing (early vs synchronous vs delayed) in conjunction with transoral laser surgery for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

Articles addressing surgical management via transoral laser surgery for HNSCC were included for review.

Results

Twenty‐six articles fulfilled our criteria. The overall 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) was 75.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67.3–83.9) and locoregional control was 87.3% (95% CI, 82.3–92.1), respectively. In the synchronous neck dissection group, the mean locoregional control was 89.9% (95% CI, 84.8–95.1) versus 84.5% (95% CI, 56.2–112.7) for the delayed neck dissection group. From studies in which complications were explicitly given, a bleeding rate of 5.3% (95% CI, 3.6–6.9) was established. There were 11.1% of patients who underwent a tracheostomy.

Conclusion

There is no evidence to indicate that timing of neck dissection after transoral laser surgery for HNSCC has any effect on overall survival (OS). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1020–1032, 2017
Hippocampus duality: Memory and novelty detection are subserved by distinct mechanisms
Authors: Barbeau Emmanuel J. , Chauvel Patrick , Moulin Christopher J.A. , Regis Jean , Liégeois‐Chauvel Catherine
Published: December 2016

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role both in novelty detection and in long‐term memory. The physiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors have yet to be understood in humans. We recorded intracerebral evoked potentials within the hippocampus of epileptic patients (n = 10) during both memory and novelty detection tasks (targets in oddball tasks). We found that memory and detection tasks elicited late local field potentials in the hippocampus during the same period, but of opposite polarity (negative during novelty detection tasks, positive during memory tasks, ∼260–600 ms poststimulus onset, P < 0.05). Critically, these potentials had maximal amplitude on the same contact in the hippocampus for each patient. This pattern did not depend on the task as different types of memory and novelty detection tasks were used. It did not depend on the novelty of the stimulus or the difficulty of the task either. Two different hypotheses are discussed to account for this result: it is either due to the activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons by two different pathways such as the monosynaptic and trisynaptic entorhinal‐hippocampus pathways, or to the activation of different neuronal populations, that is, differing either functionally (e.g., novelty/familiarity neurons) or located in different regions of the hippocampus (e.g., CA1/subiculum). In either case, these activities may integrate the activity of two distinct large‐scale networks implementing externally or internally oriented, mutually exclusive, brain states. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic corpus atrophic gastritis and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Huang Jiaqi , Zagai Ulrika , Hallmans Göran , Nyrén Olof , Engstrand Lars , Stolzenberg‐Solomon Rachael , Duell Eric J , Overvad Kim , Katzke Verena A , Kaaks Rudolf , Jenab Mazda , Park Jin Young , Murillo Raul , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Bamia Christina , Bradbury Kathryn E , Riboli Elio , Aune Dagfinn , Tsilidis Konstantinos K , Capellá Gabriel , Agudo Antonio , Krogh Vittorio , Palli Domenico , Panico Salvatore , Weiderpass Elisabete , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Martínez Begoña , Redondo‐Sanchez Daniel , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , HM Peeters Petra , Regnér Sara , Lindkvist Björn , Naccarati Alessio , Ardanaz Eva , Larrañaga Nerea , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Rebours Vinciane , Barré Amélie , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. B(as) , Ye Weimin
Published: December 2016

The association between H. pylori infection and pancreatic cancer risk remains controversial. We conducted a nested case‐control study with 448 pancreatic cancer cases and their individually matched control subjects, based on the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, to determine whether there was an altered pancreatic cancer risk associated with H. pylori infection and chronic corpus atrophic gastritis. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for matching factors and other potential confounders. Our results showed that pancreatic cancer risk was neither associated with H. pylori seropositivity (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.31) nor CagA seropositivity (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.48). We also did not find any excess risk among individuals seropositive for H. pylori but seronegative for CagA, compared with the group seronegative for both antibodies (OR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.38). However, we found that chronic corpus atrophic gastritis was non‐significantly associated with an increased pancreatic cancer risk (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.77, 2.37), and although based on small numbers, the excess risk was particularly marked among individuals seronegative for both H. pylori and CagA (OR = 5.66; 95% CI: 1.59, 20.19, p value for interaction < 0.01). Our findings provided evidence supporting the null association between H. pylori infection and pancreatic cancer risk in western European populations. However, the suggested association between chronic corpus atrophic gastritis and pancreatic cancer risk warrants independent verification in future studies, and, if confirmed, further studies on the underlying mechanisms.
Occupational exposure to solvents and bladder cancer: A population‐based case control study in Nordic countries
Authors: Hadkhale Kishor , Martinsen Jan Ivar , Weiderpass Elisabete , Kjaerheim Kristina , Sparen Pär , Tryggvadottir Laufey , Lynge Elsebeth , Pukkala Eero
Published: December 2016

The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between exposure to selected solvents and the risk of bladder cancer. This study is based on the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) database and comprises 113,343 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden between 1961 and 2005 and 566,715 population controls matched according to country, sex and birth year. Census‐based occupational titles of the cases and controls were linked with the job exposure matrix created by the NOCCA project to estimate quantitative cumulative occupational exposures. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Increased risks were observed for trichloroethylene (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.12–1.40), toluene (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.00–1.38), benzene (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04–1.31), aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.94–1.30) and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.23) at high exposure level versus no exposure. The highest excess for perchloroethylene was observed at medium exposure level (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.23). The study provides evidence of an association of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, benzene and toluene and the risk of bladder cancer.
Strategic Immobilization of Molecular Catalysts onto Carbon Nanotubes via Noncovalent Interaction for Catalytic Organic Transformations
Authors: Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: December 2016

Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) continue to attract growing interest from scientists in a wide range of fields, likely due to their fascinating nanoarchitecture as well as their electronic and physical properties. From the viewpoint of synthetic chemistry, the chemical and physical stability, high surface area, and π‐stacking nature of CNTs are attractive features for their application as solid supports for molecular catalysts. The chemical functionalization of CNTs has been explored for various applications, including covalent and noncovalent grafting of molecular catalysts. Although noncovalent grafting provides less stable immobilized catalysts compared with covalently grafted hybrid molecular catalysts and CNTs, the preparation protocol is expeditious and repetitive use of the catalysts is well demonstrated, confirming their potential broad utility in synthetic organic chemistry.
EARLY CHILDHOOD PREDICTORS OF LOW‐INCOME BOYS’ PATHWAYS TO ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE, AND EARLY ADULTHOOD
Authors: Shaw Daniel S. , Gilliam Mary
Published: December 2016

Guided by a bridging model of pathways leading to low‐income boys’ early starting and persistent trajectories of antisocial behavior, the current article reviews evidence supporting the model from early childhood through early adulthood. Using primarily a cohort of 310 low‐income boys of families recruited from Women, Infants, and Children Nutrition Supplement centers in a large metropolitan area followed from infancy to early adulthood and a smaller cohort of boys and girls followed through early childhood, we provide evidence supporting the critical role of parenting, maternal depression, and other proximal family risk factors in early childhood that are prospectively linked to trajectories of parent‐reported conduct problems in early and middle childhood, youth‐reported antisocial behavior during adolescence and early adulthood, and court‐reported violent offending in adolescence. The findings are discussed in terms of the need to identify at‐risk boys in early childhood and methods and platforms for engaging families in healthcare settings not previously used to implement preventive mental health services.
Untaxed Foreign Earnings—Keep Growing!
Authors: Ciesielski Jack T. , Weirich Thomas R.
Published: December 2016

Focusing on a lack of transparency related to untaxed foreign earnings (UFEs), this article highlights the growing balance in accumulated UFEs by the corporate sector. The authors also explain where the concept of “indefinite reinvestment assumption” comes from that has resulted in UFEs. The article further discusses that these UFEs are not really part of an entity's real earnings that are available to shareholders by discussing Schrodinger's paradox. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Refer to Materiality as a Legal Concept
Authors: Chen Sean , Tsay Bor‐Yi
Published: December 2016

The accounting profession traditionally regards materiality assessment as the auditor's professional judgment, which is misleading. The Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) concept statements emphasized that materiality must be evaluated from the user's perspective rather than accountant's. The Supreme Court of United States' landmark case of Matrixx Inc. et al. Petitioners v. James Siracusano et al. (2011) alerted the accounting profession about the legal effect of accountants' professional judgment on materiality. The FASB, consequently, proposed in a recent exposure draft to revise its concept statement by adding “refer to materiality as a legal concept.” This article analyzes the Supreme Court case to provide insight into the Supreme Court's reasoning and the impact of the FASB's intended concept statement on financial accounting and auditing. A simple interpretation of the Supreme Court's position is that materiality judgment should be made from the user's perspective rather than from the preparer's. Ultimately, the key issue is whether the preparer presents financial statement faithfully.

If the FASB's exposure draft is adopted, it will affect management and auditors in different ways. When management doubts their judgment of materiality, they have to gather sufficient evidence to substantiate the position of immateriality. In other words, it is nice to say that “an omission of immaterial information is not an accounting error”; it is difficult to prove that the preparer has the correct interpretation of the investors' view on materiality. A lot of work on substantiating the evidence on immateriality is still required. On the other hand, auditors will have to expand their work related to materiality assessment to include the review of the client's other formal or informal statements and communications beyond the scope of a traditional audit. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Culture, Capital Structure, and Implications for Accounting Regulation
Authors: Anabila Andrew A. , Whang Eunyoung
Published: December 2016

We examine culture as a determinant of capital structure. Our motivation is twofold. First is to contribute to the literature on the determinants of capital structure, which is currently replete with mixed findings. Second is to explore accounting policy implications. Our measure for capital structure is leverage, the debt‐to‐assets ratio. Using Hofstede's dimensions of culture, we compute SECRECY, a measure of secretiveness shown to be associated with information asymmetry and risk aversion. We use 284,158 firm‐years from 46 countries over the fiscal years 1990 through 2009. Our methodology controls for determinants of capital structure identified in prior research and is robust to clustering by years and countries. We find that leverage is positively associated with SECRECY, consistent with the behavior of managers and investors under information asymmetry and risk aversion. We examine the implications of SECRECY and leverage for capital market initiatives, specifically GAAP evolution, whose primary objective is to mitigate information asymmetry. The analysis reveals a conflict of disclosure interests between the firm and lenders, especially in secretive cultures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting hydrophobic solvation by molecular simulation: 1. Testing united‐atom alkane models
Authors: Jorge Miguel , Garrido Nuno M. , Simões Carlos J. V. , Silva Cândida G. , Brito Rui M. M.
Published: December 2016

We present a systematic test of the performance of three popular united‐atom force fields—OPLS‐UA, GROMOS and TraPPE—at predicting hydrophobic solvation, more precisely at describing the solvation of alkanes in alkanes. Gibbs free energies of solvation were calculated for 52 solute/solvent pairs from Molecular Dynamics simulations and thermodynamic integration making use of the IBERCIVIS volunteer computing platform. Our results show that all force fields yield good predictions when both solute and solvent are small linear or branched alkanes (up to pentane). However, as the size of the alkanes increases, all models tend to increasingly deviate from experimental data in a systematic fashion. Furthermore, our results confirm that specific interaction parameters for cyclic alkanes in the united‐atom representation are required to account for the additional excluded volume within the ring. Overall, the TraPPE model performs best for all alkanes, but systematically underpredicts the magnitude of solvation free energies by about 6% (RMSD of 1.2 kJ/mol). Conversely, both GROMOS and OPLS‐UA systematically overpredict solvation free energies (by ∼13% and 15%, respectively). The systematic trends suggest that all models can be improved by a slight adjustment of their Lennard‐Jones parameters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction of Lactic Acid and Silicon‐doped Single‐walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Najafi Chermahini Alireza , Teimouri Abbas
Published: December 2016

In this study, we investigate the adsorption of lactic acid (LA) on the outer surface, inside, and at the edge of Si‐doped single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with different chiralities using dispersion‐corrected hybrid density functional theory. For this propose, the adsorption of LA through its hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups on Si‐doped carbon nanotubes (Si/CNTs) with (4,4), (5,5), and (6,6) chirality is investigated. The geometries of all the studied aggregates have been fully optimized. The results show that the adsorption of LA on the outer surface of Si/CNTs is thermodynamically favored. The adsorption energies for Si/CNTs with (4,4), (5,5), and (6,6) chiralities, calculated at the density functional theory‐D level, were in the range −5.17 to −18.62, −5.12 to −16.55, and −5.23 to −26.80 kcal/mol, respectively. Total density of states and projected density of states analysis showed the electronic states related to SWCNTs. The influence of diameter on different electronic properties has been analyzed. In addition, global reactivity descriptors were calculated for Si/CNTs and the modified ones and were compared.
Deviating from the Norm: Peculiarities of Aplysia cf. californica Early Cleavage Compared to Traditional Spiralian Models
Authors: Chávez‐Viteri Yolanda E. , Brown Federico D. , Pérez Oscar D.
Published: December 2016

Spiralia represents one of the main clades of bilaterally symmetrical metazoans (Bilateria). This group is of particular interest due to the remarkable conservation of its early developmental pattern despite of the high diversity of larval and adult body plans. Variations during embryogenesis are considered powerful tools to determine ancestral and derived characters under a phylogenetic framework. By direct observation of embryos cultured in vitro, we analyzed the early cleavage of the euopisthobranchs Aplysia cf. californica. We used tubulin immunocytochemistry to stain mitotic spindles during early cleavages, and followed each division with the aid of an autofluorescent compound inside yolk platelets, which differed from the characteristic pink‐brownish pigment of the vegetal cytoplasm in zygotes and early embryos. We found that this species exhibits an unequal cleavage characterized by ooplasmic segregation, oblique inclination of mitotic spindles, and differences in size and positioning of the asters in relation to the cellular cortex. Furthermore, we detected asynchrony in cleavage timing between the two large macromeres C and D, which increases the number of cleavage rounds required to reach a particular cell stage in comparison to other spiralians. Here, we report the presence of a transient and previously undescribed U‐shaped embryo in this species. The present detailed description of A. californica early development deviates considerably from stereotypical patterns described in other spiralians. Our observations demonstrate that early spiralian development can be more plastic than previously thought.
Evaluating the Role of a Protected Area on Hedgerow Conservation: The Case of a Spanish Cultural Landscape
Authors: Schmitz María F. , Herrero‐Jáuregui Cristina , Arnaiz‐Schmitz Cecilia , Sánchez Iván A. , Rescia Alejandro J. , Pineda Francisco D.
Published: December 2016

Hedgerows are key features in agricultural landscapes performing diverse functions that are both economically and ecologically significant. Here, we quantify how the characteristics of a relict hedgerow network of a Spanish cultural landscape (Guadarrama mountains in the north of Madrid region) have changed over a single decade both inside and outside the boundaries of a Protected Area, the aim of which is to conserve cultural uses and biodiversity. A gradient of abandonment of pasture systems was detected, including a decline and loss of woody species from hedgerows associated with grazed areas towards shrub encroachment zones. These tendencies were similar inside and outside the boundaries of the Protected Area. The results highlight the management weaknesses of the Protected Area in order to achieve its objectives. Based on the results, we propose to include a specific conservation status for hedgerow landscapes in the regulatory framework of Spanish protected areas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of a numerical weather prediction model to simulate the release of a dense gas with an application to the Lake Nyos disaster of 1986
Authors: Burton R. R. , Dudhia J. , Gadian A. M. , Mobbs S. D.
Published: December 2016

The spread of a dense gas in the atmosphere is a phenomenon that occurs widely with natural (and anthropogenic) causes and is often associated with high impact and hazardous events. In this study a method of simulating the spread of dense gases in a numerical weather prediction model is presented. This approach has the advantage that dense gases can be simulated in regions of complex terrain using realistic forcings (in terms of both the driving meteorological fields and the representation of surface characteristics). The model formulation is tested against semi‐idealized gravity‐current‐type experiments and similar modelling studies. As an example application, the Lake Nyos disaster of 1986, where a dense CO2 cloud spread through a mountainous region of Cameroon, is simulated. The predicted spread of CO2 agrees (qualitatively) very well with the observations. The method provides a means of determining a potential ‘safe height’ above which simulated concentrations are not hazardous, and thus the height above which refuge should be taken during similar future events. The simulation demonstrates a novel application which can be rapidly applied to other scenarios.