bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Health Behaviors in Schools with 4‐ Versus 5‐Day School Weeks
Authors: Israel Whitney , Mulitauopele Christine , Ma Ming , Levinson Arnold H. , Cikara Lauren , Brooks‐Russell Ashley
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

The adoption of a shortened school week from the traditional 5 to 4 days is increasing nationwide. Budgetary and staffing needs are driving the change, yet research on the effects on students is lacking, especially regarding student health. Our study examined student health in 4 vs 5‐day schools in Colorado, a state with one of the highest numbers of schools with a 4‐day week.

METHODS

Data are from a population‐based survey of high‐school students. Student responses were weighted to school enrollment, and schools were classified by length of the school week. Indicators of health behaviors and outcomes were compared between the two groups, adjusted for student and school characteristics.

RESULTS

A 4‐day school week was associated with several positive health outcomes (improved student engagement, decreased substance use behaviors, decreased non‐school screen time, and increased physical activity) as well as several negative health outcomes (increased bullying, increased sexual activity, decreased sleep, and breakfast consumption).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study found mixed health outcomes associated with attending schools with shortened weeks. The findings may be related to longer school days and a non‐contact day, but further research is needed.
Improving paediatric advance care planning: Results of a learning needs analysis and simulation‐based education programme
Authors: Katz Naomi T , Sacks Bronwyn H , Hynson Jenny L , Heywood Melissa , Williams Molly , Sokol Jenni
Published: August 2020

Aim

To assess clinicians' experience, attitudes and confidence with advance care planning (ACP) at a quaternary paediatric referral centre using a learning‐needs survey, and then apply this information to develop and examine the feasibility of simulation‐based education for this topic.

Methods

An electronic learning‐needs survey was distributed to medical, nursing and allied health clinicians from departments who provide primary care for children with life‐limiting conditions. Results were incorporated into the design of a simulation‐based education session which was piloted with the Royal Children's Hospital Oncology Department.

Results

A total of 157 learning‐needs surveys were included in analysis, and included quantitative and qualitative responses from nursing, allied health, senior and junior medical staff from intensive care, general and subspecialty medical teams. Most (75.0%) participants had participated in ACP discussions previously. Only 40.1% of participants felt confident to assess appropriate timing of, and 45.2% felt adequately prepared to participate in ACP discussions. Barriers identified were both clinician and patient/parent related, including clinicians not knowing when to address issues (43.9%) or what to say (21.0%). Participants indicated that ACP discussions are most frequently initiated when death is clearly imminent. Following a pilot of simulation‐based education with the oncology department, 90% of participants expressed confidence to participate in ACP discussions.

Conclusions

Barriers to paediatric ACP, including lack of clinician training, continue to contribute to delayed conversations. Simulation‐based education is a valuable and feasible educational tool that can increase clinicians' understanding and confidence in this area.
Characteristics and causes of death in children with neonatal abstinence syndrome
Authors: Uebel Hannah , Wright Ian M , Burns Lucinda , Hilder Lisa , Bajuk Barbara , Breen Courtney , Abdel‐Latif Mohamed E , Falconer Janet , Clews Sarah , Ward Meredith , Eastwood John , Oei Ju Lee
Published: August 2020

Aim

To determine characteristics of death in children with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).

Methods

A population‐based linkage study of children from birth to 13 years of age in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, born 1 July 2000 to 31 December 2011. Infants with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Problems, Australian modification coding of NAS (P96.1, n = 3842) were compared to infants (n = 1 018 421) without NAS by birth, hospitalisation and death records linkage.

Results

Forty‐five (1.2%) children with NAS died, compared to 3665 (0.4%) other children. Most deaths (n = 30, 66%) in NAS children occurred between 1 month and 1 year. Risk of death was independently increased in full‐term children (hazard ratio 2.34, 95% confidence interval 1.63–3.35; P < 0.001) from lower socio‐economic groups (1.23, 1.12–1.35; P < 0.001), most commonly from ill‐defined or external causes, including assault and accidents (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Children with NAS, especially those of term gestation and from lower socio‐economic groups, are more likely to die, especially from external causes.
Phosphites of manganese and zinc potentiate the resistance of common bean against infection by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli
Authors: Costa Lilian Cação , Debona Daniel , Silveira Patricia Ricardino , Cacique Isaias Severino , Aucique‐Pérez Carlos Eduardo , Resende Renata Sousa , Oliveira José Rogério , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila
Published: August 2020

Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (Xapf), negatively impact common bean production globally. Considering the potential of phosphites to protect plants against different diseases, this study investigated the potential of using manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) phosphites in common bean for CBB control. Plants were inoculated with Xapf 48 hr after being sprayed with water (control) and solutions (7.5 ml/L) of Mn and Zn phosphites. The area under common bacterial blight progress curve (AUCBBPC) was significantly lower by 34% and 59% for Mn and Zn phosphite treatments in comparison with the control treatment. The AUCBBPC was significantly reduced by 38% for Zn phosphite‐sprayed plants compared to Mn phosphite treatment. Phosphite‐sprayed plants displayed higher values for area under the curves of net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance to water vapour, transpiration rate and internal‐to‐ambient CO2 concentration ratio than non‐sprayed plants. This indicates the effect of Mn and Zn phosphites in attenuating the photochemical dysfunctions caused by Xapf infection. Moreover, plants sprayed with Mn phosphite displayed higher values for area under the curves of efficiency in capturing the excitation energy of open reaction centres of PSII and electron transport rate than those non‐sprayed indicating their capacity to preserve the capture and the use of the collected energy more efficiently. Lower AUCBBPC for Zn phosphite‐sprayed plants resulted in higher concentrations of total chlorophylls. The Zn phosphite‐sprayed plants showed higher values for area under the curves of β‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, polyphenoloxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. The Zn phosphite spray primed the plants to enhance their defence response and antioxidant capacity to reduce Xapf‐triggered oxidative stress with the preservation of the photosynthetic apparatus more efficiently.
Using Demographics to Predict Palliative Care Access in Inpatient Facilities in Rural North Carolina
Authors: Johnson Lee Ann , Melendez Carlos , Larson Kim , Moye Janet , Schreier Ann M. , Ellis Charles
Published: August 2020

Purpose

For individuals with cancer, palliative care improves quality of life, mood, and survival. Rural residents experience limited access to palliative care. In eastern North Carolina, a rural area, little is known about access to inpatient cancer‐related palliative care. This study describes access to inpatient palliative care and developed a predictive model of who was most likely to be admitted to an inpatient facility without a palliative care provider.

Methods

A descriptive, exploratory design was used to examine demographics, clinical variables, and inpatient admissions from 2017 and 2018, in a major regional teaching hospital system that included 8 hospitals (7 rural hospitals). Descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression were used to analyze data.

Findings

The mean age was 62.2 years (N = 2,161, range: 18‐88, SD = 15.52): 49.4% were female, 54% lived in a rural county, and 44.4% were black. The outlying rural hospitals, with no palliative care providers on staff, had 388 admissions (18%). Only gender (P = .0128), county (P < .0001), and age (P < .05) contributed to the logistic model. The predicted probability of being admitted to an inpatient facility with a palliative care provider is higher for younger males living in urban counties. That probability decreases with age regardless of the gender or type of county.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the limited availability of inpatient palliative care for those with cancer. Women, older adults, and rural residents are more likely to be admitted to 1 of the 7 rural hospitals with no palliative care provider on staff.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Mexican genus Bakerantha (Hechtioideae, Bromeliaceae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA: Implications for taxonomy
Authors: Romero‐Soler Katya J. , Ramírez‐Morillo Ivón M. , Ruiz‐Sanchez Eduardo , Hornung‐Leoni Claudia T. , Carnevali Germán , Raigoza Néstor
Published: August 2020

Bakerantha is one of the three genera of subfamily Hechtioideae (Bromeliaceae). This genus was re‐established recently, and it currently contains four species (B. caerulea, B. lundelliorum, B. purpusii, and B. tillandsioides), which are distributed throughout the central region of Mexico. Bakerantha tillandsioides has the widest geographical distribution of the four species, and some populations currently referred to it do not match the species description. In this study, we used extensive sampling (81 accessions) of four plastid regions (matK, rpl32‐trnL, rps16‐trnK, and ycf1) and the nuclear PRK gene to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships and delimit the species boundaries in Bakerantha. Our results confirm the monophyly of Bakerantha, and the species delimitation analysis supports five evolutionary lineages within Bakerantha, showing that B. tillandsioides is nonmonophyletic as currently circumscribed. Diagnostic characters and coherent geographical distributions support the five lineages. On the basis of our results, we describe and illustrate B. hidalguense as a new species and provide evidence that B. caerulea is morphologically and ecologically different from B. tillandsioides, with which it has been confused in the past. Additionally, we provide a morphological key to the Bakerantha species.
Phylogeny and phylogeography of Arenaria section Pseudomoehringia
Authors: Bobo‐Pinilla Javier , Peñas Julio , Padilla‐García Nélida , Martínez‐Ortega María Montserrat
Published: August 2020

Phylogeographic and evolutionary studies are necessary to establish solid taxonomic treatments and to implement effective conservation programs. Unfortunately, a well‐argued and well‐founded taxonomic framework is still lacking for some Mediterranean taxa. This is the case of Arenaria section Pseudomoehringia, a group that currently comprises three species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (A. funiculata, A. suffruticosa, and A. tejedensis) and A. glochidisperma, which is restricted to the Rif mountains, North Africa. However, the taxonomic boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among these species are still uncertain. To explore the evolutionary history and phylogeographic patterns within this section, analyses based on nuclear (amplified fragment length polymorphism and internal transcribed spacer) and plastid DNA markers (psbA‐3’ trnK‐matK and rps16) were performed. Our study has confirmed the monophyly of the section, in which two species are clearly identified (A. funiculata and A. glochidisperma) and an additional species complex (“A. suffruticosa + A. tejedensis complex”) is also supported as a monophyletic clade. The phylogeographic results point toward a dispersal event of a common ancestor of the group from the Iberian Peninsula, giving rise to A. glochidisperma in North Africa. Moreover, A. funiculata and A. glochidisperma are identified as closely related species edaphically differentiated across the Strait of Gibraltar. Our study indicates low levels of a recent gene flow among populations of the “A. suffruticosa + A. tejedensis complex,” which are genetically highly structured and suggest an isolation by distance pattern, probably due to a combination of ecological and geographic barriers. Furthermore, the taxonomic and conservation status of taxa included in Arenaria section Pseudomoehringia has been reviewed.
Chronic hepatitis B in children, report of a single‐centre longitudinal study on 152 children
Authors: Arnone Olivia C. , Serranti Daniele , Bartolini Elisa , Mastrangelo Greta , Stinco Mariangela , Trapani Sandra , Ricci Silvia , Resti Massimo , Indolfi Giuseppe
Published: August 2020

The aims of this prospective study were as follows: (1) to describe the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a large cohort of untreated children followed at a single centre and (2) to evaluate whether or not the new European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL) classification for the phases of HBV infection in adults can be used for children. All children who presented at the Liver Unit of our hospital from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2019 and were diagnosed with chronic HBV infection were enrolled. The final sample consisted of 152 children. The median duration of the follow‐up was 83 months (range 7‐232). At baseline, 125 patients (82.2%) were HBeAg positive (85.3% abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels), and 24 (15.8%) were HBeAg‐negative (93.3% abnormal ALT). At the end of the observation period, 62 of the HBeAg‐positive patients (40.7%) achieved HBeAg seroconversion (median age 9.45 years, range 0.8‐19) and 2 (1.4%) achieved HBsAg seroconversion. Elevated ALT serum levels at baseline (P = .011), lower baseline HBV DNA levels (P < .001) and Asian ethnicity (P = .0001) were identified as predisposing factors towards HBeAg seroconversion. EASL criteria could not be applied to 43.3% and 43.5% of the children at baseline and at end of observation, respectively, that were grouped into an undetermined phenotype category. According to the results of the present study, the new EASL guidelines for adults with HBV infection cannot be applied in a satisfactory manner in children.
Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 1—Specialty demographics and measures of professional achievement
Authors: Morello Samantha L. , Colopy Sara A. , Chun Ruthanne , Buhr Kevin A.
Published: August 2020

Background

Barriers to achieving work‐life balance, as well as gender‐based differences, exist in the male‐dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM).

Hypothesis/Objectives

To provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender‐related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work‐life balance.

Sample

A total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine.

Methods

An 82‐item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary.

Results

Thirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26% completed surveys; 25% were men and 75% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full‐time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty‐three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender‐related imbalances are evident.
Liver steatosis is highly prevalent and is associated with metabolic risk factors and liver fibrosis in adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease
Authors: Nascimbeni Fabio , Lugari Simonetta , Cassinerio Elena , Motta Irene , Cavicchioli Alessia , Dalla Salda Annalisa , Bursi Serena , Donatiello Salvatore , Spina Vincenzo , Cappellini Maria Domenica , Andreone Pietro , Carubbi Francesca
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims

Gaucher disease (GD) is associated with peculiar metabolic abnormalities (ie hypermetabolic state, peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia), partially reverted by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) at the expense of weight gain. Such metabolic alterations together with an unhealthy lifestyle acquired by an ageing GD population may favour the development of liver steatosis. We aimed at evaluating the prevalence of significant liver steatosis and at identifying the factors associated with liver steatosis in a cohort of patients with type 1 GD.

Methods

Twenty adult type 1 GD patients from an Italian academic referral centre were prospectively submitted to vibration‐controlled transient elastography (Fibroscan®) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP); significant steatosis was defined as CAP values ≥250 dB/min.

Results

Median CAP values were 234 [165‐358] dB/min and 8 patients (40%) had significant steatosis. Significant steatosis was associated with indices of adiposity (weight, BMI and waist circumference), high blood pressure, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. GD‐related variables and dose and duration of ERT were not associated with significant steatosis. In the subgroup of 16 patients on stable ERT for at least 24 months, CAP resulted significantly and positively associated with liver stiffness (rho 0.559, P = .024).

Conclusions

Significant steatosis is highly prevalent in adult type 1 GD patients and is strongly associated with a worse metabolic profile, featuring metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). MAFLD may determine liver fibrosis progression in GD patients on stable ERT and may be a risk factor for long‐term liver‐related complications.
How to escape male infanticide: mechanisms for avoiding or terminating pregnancy in mammals
Authors: Bartoš Luděk , Dušek Adam , Bartošová Jitka , Pluháček Jan , Putman Rory
Published: August 2020

The phenomenon whereby pregnancy may be inhibited or terminated when a female is exposed to non‐sire males after mating is often, and rather generally, referred to as the ‘Bruce effect’. Widespread and indiscriminate use of the term for any case of pregnancy failure following exposure to an unfamiliar male, however, masks distinct physiological and social causes of the blocking or termination of pregnancy. Within the available literature, we identify four basic processes by which mammalian females can terminate pregnancy, and thus minimise risks of wasted reproductive costs which might result from male infanticide by a subsequent consort of any progeny carried to full‐term where he was not the father. Physical contact with a non‐sire male may induce pregnancy failure either before implantation (pregnancy block) or after implantation (pregnancy disruption). By direct contrast, in other species, physical presence of a familiar non‐sire male may act to prevent the blocking or disruption of pregnancy, while separation from this non‐sire male may act to trigger termination. We propose that use of the term ‘Bruce effect’ should be restricted to situations in which pregnancy failure is induced primarily by physical contact and/or odour stimuli from a non‐sire male as in its initial formulation. Blanket use of this single term for all situations of pregnancy block or disruption, implying by default that pregnancy failure is the consequence of pre‐implantation pregnancy block of an inseminated female as a result of physical contact with an unfamiliar male or his olfactory cues, masks the fact that, in many circumstances or species, very different mechanisms may operate in the prevention or disruption of pregnancy. The implicit presumption that pregnancy failure is a single and uniform phenomenon also discourages further research into the range of rather different circumstances and mechanisms by which pregnancy disruption may be triggered.
Mineralogy, chemistry, and composition of organic compounds in the fresh carbonaceous chondrite Mukundpura: CM1 or CM2?
Authors: Potin S. , Beck P. , Bonal L. , Schmitt B. , Garenne A. , Moynier F. , Agranier A. , Schmitt‐Kopplin P. , Malik A. K. , Quirico E.
Published: August 2020

We present here several laboratory analyses performed on the freshly fallen Mukundpura CM chondrite. Results of infrared transmission spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, and reflectance spectroscopy show that Mukundpura is mainly composed of phyllosilicates. The rare earth trace elements composition and ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry of the soluble organic matter give results consistent with CM chondrites. Finally, Raman spectroscopy shows no signs of thermal alteration of the meteorite. All the results agree that Mukundpura has been strongly altered by water on its parent body. Comparison of the results obtained on the meteorite with those of other chondrites of known petrologic types leads to the conclusion that Mukundpura is similar to CM1 chondrites, which differ from its original classification as a CM2.
The Potential of “Watchful” Care: Preventing Suicide with Aloha in Hawaii
Authors: Krishnamurti Lauren Sealy
Published: August 2020

As a therapeutic practice of care, “watchfulness” (Garcia 2010) implies a vigilant responsibility and constant mindfulness of others; in Hawaii, this is captured in the concept of aloha. This article explains how watchful care with aloha is discussed and mobilized in community suicide prevention in Hawaii. Rates of suicidality and suicide attempts in the state are high, among young people in particular. My ethnographic research follows a network of workers and volunteers as they incorporate local understandings of aloha into suicide prevention outreach. Following a history of aloha's meanings and (mis)uses in and beyond Hawaii, I draw on ethnographic examples to reveal how care with aloha prioritizes personal connection and individuality, rather than being rhetorically detached or “anonymous” (Stevenson 2014). But as my central vignettes reveal, there are difficulties in the implementation of this kind of watchful care, which ultimately question its utility in suicide prevention.
Community assembly of bacteria and archaea in coastal waters governed by contrasting mechanisms: A seasonal perspective
Authors: Wang Kai , Yan Huizhen , Peng Xin , Hu Hanjing , Zhang Huajun , Hou Dandi , Chen Wei , Qian Peng , Liu Junfeng , Cai Jingbo , Chai Xueliang , Zhang Demin
Published: August 2020

Marine planktonic bacteria and archaea commonly exhibit pronounced seasonal succession in community composition. But the existence of seasonality in their assembly processes and between‐domain differences in underlying mechanism are largely unassessed. Using a high‐coverage sampling strategy (including single sample for each station during four cruises in different seasons), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and null models, we investigated seasonal patterns in the processes governing spatial turnover of bacteria and archaea in surface coastal waters across a sampling grid over ~300 km in the East China Sea. We found that archaea only bloomed in prokaryotic communities during autumn and winter cruises. Seasonality mostly overwhelmed spatial variability in the compositions of both domains. Bacterial and archaeal communities were dominantly governed by deterministic and stochastic assembly processes, respectively, in autumn cruise, probably due to the differences in niche breadths (bacteria < archaea) and relative abundance (bacteria > archaea). Stochasticity dominated assembly mechanisms of both domains but was driven by distinct processes in winter cruise. Determinism‐dominated assembly mechanisms of bacteria rebounded in spring and summer cruises, reflecting seasonal variability in bacterial community assembly. This could be attributed to seasonal changes in bacterial niche breadths and habitat heterogeneity across the study area. There were seasonal changes in environmental factors mediating the determinism‐stochasticity balance of bacterial community assembly, holding a probability of the existence of unmeasured mediators. Our results suggest contrasting assembly mechanisms of bacteria and archaea in terms of determinism‐vs.‐stochasticity pattern and its seasonality, highlighting the importance of seasonal perspective on microbial community assembly in marine ecosystems.
Genomic islands of divergence infer a phenotypic landscape in Pacific lamprey
Authors: Hess Jon E. , Smith Jeramiah J. , Timoshevskaya Nataliya , Baker Cyndi , Caudill Christopher C. , Graves David , Keefer Matthew L. , Kinziger Andrew P. , Moser Mary L. , Porter Laurie L. , Silver Greg , Whitlock Steven L. , Narum Shawn R.
Published: August 2020

High rates of dispersal can breakdown coadapted gene complexes. However, concentrated genomic architecture (i.e., genomic islands of divergence) can suppress recombination to allow evolution of local adaptations despite high gene flow. Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) is a highly dispersive anadromous fish. Observed trait diversity and evidence for genetic basis of traits suggests it may be locally adapted. We addressed whether concentrated genomic architecture could influence local adaptation for Pacific lamprey. Using two new whole genome assemblies and genotypes from 7,716 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 518 individuals from across the species range, we identified four genomic islands of divergence (on chromosomes 01, 02, 04, and 22). We determined robust phenotype‐by‐genotype relationships by testing multiple traits across geographic sites. These trait associations probably explain genomic divergence across the species’ range. We genotyped a subset of 302 broadly distributed SNPs in 2,145 individuals for association testing for adult body size, sexual maturity, migration distance and timing, adult swimming ability, and larval growth. Body size traits were strongly associated with SNPs on chromosomes 02 and 04. Moderate associations also implicated SNPs on chromosome 01 as being associated with variation in female maturity. Finally, we used candidate SNPs to extrapolate a heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of these predicted phenotypes based on independent data sets of larval and adult collections. These maturity and body size results guide future elucidation of factors driving regional optimization of these traits for fitness. Pacific lamprey is culturally important and imperiled. This research addresses biological uncertainties that challenge restoration efforts.
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Early Outcomes, Pitfalls, and Challenges
Authors: He Yong , Xiao Lian‐bo , Zhai Wei‐tao , Xu Yue‐lin
Published: August 2020

Objective

To evaluate the early outcomes and risk factors of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

A retrospective study was performed on RA patients who had undergone RSA between January 2016 and January 2018. Preoperative glenohumeral joint damage was evaluated according to two radiographic classification systems. The severity of joint damage was estimated using Larsen's method, while the Levigne‐Franceschi method was used to assess the type of destruction. Further, we recorded intra‐ and postoperative complications. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the degree of shoulder pain while shoulder function was evaluated with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score. In addition, patients' subjective outcome and range of shoulder motion were recorded. Radiographs were taken and examined during the follow‐up period. Paired t‐test was used to determine the difference in measurement data between preoperative and the last follow‐up. VAS was analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test.

Results

A total of 14 patients with 14 shoulders were included. All the patients were female with an average age of 60.29 years (range, 49–71 years) at the time of surgery and an average RA disease duration of 24.57 years (range, 5–40 years). Seven of the 14 patients had a history of joint surgery related to RA. Meanwhile, 11 of the 14 shoulders showed glenoid bone defect, and eccentric reaming was performed intraoperatively to avoid base plate malposition. The mean follow‐up period for the 14 patients was 2.76 years (range, 2–4 years). The mean VAS decreased from a value of 5.71 ± 1.10 preoperatively to 1.36 ± 0.61 postoperatively (P < 0.001). On the contrary, the ASES score showed an increase from 33.93 ± 6.89 to 76.67 ± 5.23 (P < 0.001). An increase in active forward elevation, abduction, and external rotation with the arm in 90° of abduction from 85.71° ± 17.61°, 77.14° ± 19.43°, and 17.14° ± 10.97° to 126.43° ± 5.23°, 106.42° ± 11.72°, and 38.57° ± 14.57°, respectively, was observed (P < 0.001). Subjective outcome assessment showed that 13 of the 14 patients were very satisfied or satisfied with the operation, while one patient was uncertain due to co‐existing ipsilateral elbow lesion. Notably, one patient acquired a humeral periprosthetic fracture during the operation. In this study, no major complications such as periprosthetic joint infection and dislocation or implant loosening were observed. Further, no patients underwent revision for any reason at the end of the follow‐up.

Conclusions

RSA could achieve good early outcomes without high complication rates in patients with RA. Glenoid bone defects and adjacent joints involvement were common in this patient group, which might increase the risk of surgery and affect postoperative satisfaction.
Pediatric CNS imaging and long‐term effects of irradiation in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Kluge Sara , Balermpas Panagiotis , Lehrnbecher Thomas , Porto Luciana
Published: August 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate post‐irradiation changes in the central nervous system (CNS) detected using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Methods

Magnetic resonance images of 15 children with CNS tumors treated through whole‐brain irradiation over 10 years were reviewed retrospectively. Variables such as age at the time of irradiation, total radiation dose, treatment length, and time interval between irradiation and MR changes, were evaluated.

Results

All patients included in the study had imaging abnormalities of the CNS. Eight patients (53%) developed CNS abnormalities within a short period of time – only a few months after irradiation (mean 4.8 months). Seven patients (47%) developed CNS abnormalities within a long time interval after treatment (mean 4.6 years). In almost all patients, a T2 increase in supra‐ and infratentorial white matter was observed. Follow‐up examinations showed nine patients (60%) with cerebellar atrophy.

Conclusions

In this sample of pediatric patients who underwent whole‐brain irradiation, the time receiving irradiation was not related to the severity of the MR changes. A correlation between the age of the child or the length of the radiotherapy and the extent of the changes could not be confirmed. However, we observed a trend towards stronger brain parenchymal degeneration with cystic changes in the younger age group of children in our sample. Older children who received irradiation seem to be more susceptible to vascular dysplasia with cavernous hemangiomas and microbleeding.
Prevalence and subtype distribution of early‐onset dementia in Japan
Authors: Awata Shuichi , Edahiro Ayako , Arai Tetsuaki , Ikeda Manabu , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Kawakatsu Shinobu , Konagaya Yoko , Miyanaga Kazuo , Ota Hidetaka , Suzuki Kyoko , Tanimukai Satoshi , Utsumi Kumiko , Kakuma Tatsuyuki
Published: August 2020

Aim

People living with early‐onset dementia (EOD) have specific social needs. Epidemiological studies are needed to obtain current information and provide appropriate service planning. This study aimed to clarify the current prevalence and subtype distribution of EOD, as well as the services frequently used by individuals with EOD.

Methods

A multisite, population‐based, two‐step study was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to 26 416 candidate facilities in 12 areas with a target population of 11 630 322 to inquire whether any individuals with EOD had sought services or stayed during the last 12 months (step 1). When “yes” responses were received, additional questionnaires were sent to the facilities both to complete and to distribute to the target individuals with EOD to obtain more detailed information, including the dementia subtype (step 2).

Results

In step 1, valid responses were obtained from 16 848 facilities (63.8%), and 4077 cases were identified. In step 2, detailed information was obtained for 1614 cases (39.6%) from the facilities and 530 cases (13.0%) from the individuals. The national EOD prevalence rate was estimated to be 50.9/100 000 population at risk (95% confidence interval: 43.9–57.9; age range, 18–64 years). The number of individuals with EOD was estimated to be 35 700 as of 2018. Alzheimer‐type dementia (52.6%) was the most frequent subtype, followed by vascular dementia (17.1%), frontotemporal dementia (9.4%), dementia due to traumatic brain injury (4.2%), dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease dementia (4.1%), and dementia due to alcohol‐related disorders (2.8%). Individuals with EOD were most frequently identified at medical centers for dementia.

Conclusion

The prevalence rate estimated in this study was comparable to those in previous studies in Japan. However, the subtype distribution differed, with Alzheimer‐type dementia being the most prominent. Based on the case identification frequencies, medical centers for dementia are expected to continue to function as the primary special health service by providing quality diagnosis and post‐diagnostic support for individuals with EOD.
Identification of reliable reference genes for expression studies in maternal reproductive tissues and foetal tissues of pregnant cows
Authors: Cheng Lei , Yu Jie , Hu Xiuzhong , Xiang Min , Xia Yu , Tao Bifei , Du Xiaoyong , Wang Dingfa , Zhao Shuhong , Chen Hongbo
Published: August 2020

The relationship between the conceptus and the maternal uterine environment is crucial for the successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in cattle. Gene expression analysis of the conceptus and maternal reproductive tissues is a favourable method to assess the embryonic maternal interaction. The reliability of the commonly used method reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) depends on proper normalization to stable reference genes (RGs). The objective of this study was to determine the expression stability of 10 potential RGs in maternal reproductive tissues and foetal tissues, and to analyse the effect of RG selection on the calculation of the relative expression of target genes. The expression stability of 10 potential RGs was analysed in eight different tissues from three pregnant dairy cows. Three programs—GeNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper—were used to identify the best RGs. According to all three programs, the most stable RG was CNOT11, whereas the least stable RGs were GAPDH and HPRT1. GeNorm analysis showed that a combination of five RGs (SDHA, PPIA, CNOT11, RPS9 and RPL19) was necessary for appropriate data normalization. However, NormFinder analysis indicated that the combination of CNOT11 and PPIA was the most suitable. When target genes were normalized to these RGs, the relative expression of the Radical S‐adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 gene was not affected by the choice of RGs, whereas a large difference was observed in the expression profile of the Nuclear erythroid2‐related factor 2 gene between the most stable and least stable RGs. The results indicate that careful selection of RGs is crucial under different conditions, especially for target genes with relatively small fold changes. Furthermore, the results provide useful information for the selection of RGs for evaluating genes affecting bovine reproduction.
Explanatory Matrices on the Causes of a Tailing Dam Collapse in Brazil: The (Dis)Articulation of Epistemes
Authors: de Oliveira Lopes Juliana Aurora , Heller Léo
Published: August 2020

Mining tailing dam ruptures are increasingly common events in South America. Due to their high potential degree for avoidance, they are considered to be technological disasters and often have a considerable impact on local populations and communities, as well as affecting the ecosystem. The failure of the Fundão dam in 2015 in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais (is) considered one of the largest socioenvironmental disasters in the country's history. Different explanations for the causes of the disaster were put forward by various social actors. This article critically analyzes these discourses through the theoretical‐methodological reference of the social theory of discourse, with the aim of understanding the various discursive contexts of the causes of the breach of the dam. The analysis and understanding of these explanatory matrices suggested that different discourses present different epistemological approaches to the causes of the disaster, related to aspects such as sociohistorical, political, ideological, and asymmetric relations of power. The statements had different emphases, being associated with distinct epistemic positions that were often not in convergence.  Moreover, certain terms and approaches reinforce or minimize processes of vulnerability experienced by the affected populations. These discourses present consents, dissents, and contradictions and when systematically integrated can improve the planning of risk management and broaden the understanding related to technological disaster occurrence.
A challenging journey: The experience of elderly patients and their close family members after major emergency abdominal surgery
Authors: Petersen Julie Jacoby , Østergaard Birte , Svavarsdóttir Erla Kolbrún , Rosenstock Steffen Jais , Brødsgaard Anne
Published: August 2020

Rationale

Knowledge of how elderly patients undergoing major emergency abdominal surgery and their close family members experience the course of illness is limited. Little is known about how such surgery and hospitalisation affect elderly patients' daily life after discharge. It is well known that such patients have an increased risk of mortality and that their physical functional level often decreases during hospitalisation, which can make them dependent on family or homecare services. Critical illness and caregiving for a close relative can be a stressful experience for families, which are at risk of developing stress‐related symptoms.

Aim

To explore how elderly patients and their families experience the course of illness during hospitalisation and the first month at home after discharge.

Method

A phenomenological study was conducted to gain in‐depth descriptions through 15 family interviews with 15 patients who had undergone major emergency abdominal surgery and 20 of their close adult family members. Data were analysed using a phenomenological approach inspired by Giorgi.

Findings

The essence of the phenomenon is captured in three themes: (1) Being emotionally overwhelmed, (2) Wanting to be cared for and (3) Finding a way back to life.

Conclusion

Patients and their close family members experienced the course of illness as a challenging journey where they longed for life to become as it was before illness. They experienced illness as a sudden life‐threatening incidence. In this situation, it was crucial to be met with empathy from healthcare professionals. The patients’ experience of fatigue and powerlessness remained intense one month after discharge and affected their and their close family members’ lives.
Brexit: How to Reach an Amicable Divorce*
Authors: Forslid Rikard , Nyberg Sten
Published: August 2020

Control over borders and access to the common market were key issues in the Brexit negotiations concerning the UK's future relationship with the European Union (EU). The parties have expressed strong political commitments regarding both issues. We explore a sequential model, which allows us to analyze the effects of these commitments. It is assumed that the UK controls labor mobility, and that the EU can constrain trade to dissuade future secession, or to punish the UK. We find that the EU has an incentive to claim trade and mobility to be inseparable freedoms whether that reflects its true preferences or not. Our model also implies that both parties are better off if the UK commits to a mobility policy first. Moreover, UK contributions to the EU budget can substitute for trade restriction and allow for a more efficient outcome. Finally, while the EU lacks bargaining power without a readiness to impose trade restrictions, a stronger will to punish the UK does not affect mobility but harms trade. Hence, fueling resentment about Brexit does not benefit the EU.
On the assumption of independent right censoring
Authors: Overgaard Morten , Hansen Stefan Nygaard
Published: August 2020

Various assumptions on a right‐censoring mechanism to ensure consistency of the Kaplan–Meier and Aalen–Johansen estimators in a competing risks setting are studied. Specifically, eight different assumptions are seen to fall in two categories: a weaker identifiability assumption, which is the weakest possible assumption in a precise sense, and a stronger representativity assumption which ensures the existence of an independent censoring time. When a given censoring time is considered, similar assumptions can be made on the censoring time. This allows for a characterization of so‐called pointwise independence as well as full independence of censoring time and event time and type. Examples illustrate how the various assumptions differ.
Outdoor walking rounds: combining resident education and wellness
Authors: Klee David , Hirko Kelly
Published: August 2020

Background

It is challenging to achieve quality teaching on a busy resident service. Teams must balance the competing drivers of patient care, clinical efficiency, patient satisfaction and resident learning. Our novel outdoor walking rounds improve both the quality of resident instruction and their physician wellness without negatively affecting patient care.

Methods

Our team meets outside for attending rounds on the sidewalks or hiking trails near our hospital. The residents present their clinical plans as we walk. We are able to achieve more in‐depth clinical discussions and teaching than with traditional rounds conducted inside. Residents were surveyed to compare their experiences with traditional rounds.

Results

Twenty‐seven residents were surveyed over 5 years (29.6% were first‐year residents, 33.3% were second‐year residents and 37.0% were third‐year residents): 81% of residents indicated that walking rounds improved the time dedicated to teaching; 100% of residents believed that the quality of teaching had improved; 70% of residents indicated that walking rounds improved their sense of physician wellness; and 59% of residents identified that walking rounds were as efficient, or more efficient, than traditional rounds.

Discussion

Striving to provide in‐depth resident clinical teaching without negatively affecting the quality and efficiency of patient care is a tall order. Outdoor walking rounds are a teaching method that combines dedicated non‐distracted time for resident teaching with exercise. Our study indicates that this teaching method improves the quantity and quality of dedicated teaching time, improves resident physician wellness and does so in an innovative way that maintains efficient patient care.
Bilateral third eyelid ectopic cilia in an adult horse
Authors: Chiwitt Carolin L. H. , Scurrell Emma J. , Featherstone Heidi J. , Heinrich Christine L.
Published: August 2020

A 15‐year‐old Cob mare presented with a 4‐month history of chronic epiphora and intermittent blepharospasm in the right eye. On ophthalmic examination, two translucent aberrant hairs were identified at the third eyelid margin corresponding to an area of corneal fibrosis and neovascularization. Partial excision of the third eyelid was performed, and histopathology confirmed ectopic hair follicles. Two weeks later, clinical signs recurred in the same eye. Examination revealed another pair of aberrant hairs on the bulbar surface of the third eyelid near its leading edge. This portion of the third eyelid was also excised, and histopathology confirmed two additional ectopic hair follicles. Eight months later, the horse developed similar clinical signs in the left eye. Ophthalmic examination showed a single aberrant translucent hair at the third eyelid margin associated with focal fibrosis and neovascularization of the ventromedial cornea. Partial excision of the third eyelid was performed, and histopathology confirmed an ectopic hair follicle within the third eyelid conjunctiva. Excision was curative at 4 years postoperatively with no further recurrence in either eye.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Evelyn Angelia
Published: August 2020

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 2Anastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAnna Viktorovna Kravchuk, Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, UkraineAnthony Okafor, University of Louisville, USADapeng Zhu, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, ChinaFabio Rizzato, University of Turin, ItalyGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaJayendra S. Gokhale, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USALuca Sensini, University of Salerno, ItalyLuo Yongli, Houston Baptist University, United StatesMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMohammad Sami Ali Al-Dahrawi, Zarqa University, JordanNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianRui Fernandes, Porto Accounting and Business School, PortugalShahram Fattahi, Razi University, Iran  Angelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://afa.redfame.com
Direct molecular quantification of electronic disorder in N,N′-Di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine on Au(111)
Authors: Wang Jiuyang , Wang Jingying , Dougherty Daniel B.
Published: August 2020

Organic light-emitting diodes are important in display applications, but thin films used in these devices often exhibit complex and highly disordered structures. We have studied the adsorption of a typical hole transport material used in such devices, N,N′-Di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD), on the Au(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy images reveal the appearance of different conformations in the first monolayer with submolecular resolution. Scanning tunneling spectra identify the highest occupied molecular orbital on several different adsorption structures. We directly compare the statistical distribution of this orbital energy between an ordered monolayer structure and a disordered bilayer structure of α-NPD on Au(111). The disordered structure exhibits a very broad distribution that is consistent with inferences from prior organic device studies and that we propose arises from minor conformational variations.