bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catenulispora
Authors: Donadio Stefano , Cavaletti Linda , Monciardini Paolo
Published: July 2015

Ca.te.nu.li.spo'ra. L. fem. n.
catenula
small chain; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Catenulispora
a thin chain of spores.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Catenulisporales / Catenulisporaceae / Catenulispora

Stable, extensively‐branched vegetative mycelium. Monopodially or dichotomously branched aerial hyphae produced on various media. Rod shaped and nonmotile spores, formed on the aerial mycelium and arranged in straight or flexuous chains, are 0.4–1.2 × 0.5–1.5 µm. Gram‐stain‐positive. Aerobic and non‐acid‐fast.
Some species acidophilic
. Optimal temperature is 25–30°C. Peptidoglycan contains

LL
‐diaminopimelic acid and glycine

(
A3γ type
sensu
Schleifer and Kandler, 1972) plus glutamic acid and alanine. Arabinose is common to all, although additional sugars complete the whole‐cell sugar pattern in the different species. Predominant menaquinones are MK‐9 (H
8
), (H
6
), (H
4
), in different amounts depending on the species. Predominant fatty acids are

saturated C
16
iso and C
17
anteiso

. Polar lipids containing glucosamine are not detected. Natural habitat is soil.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 69–72.

Type species
:
Catenulispora acidiphila
Busti, Cavaletti, Monciardini, Schumann, Rohde, Sosio and Donadio 2006a, 1745
VP
.
Skermania
Authors: Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Sker.man'i.a. N.L. n.
Skermania
named after Victor Bruce Darlington Skerman (1921–1993), a celebrated Australian bacterial systematist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Skermania

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, non‐sporeforming, facultative aerobic actinomycetes which
form an extensive substrate mycelium that does not fragment in undisturbed cultures
; secondary branching is rare or absent.
Short branched and unbranched aerial hyphae are visible microscopically, but not to the naked eye. During early stages of growth the microscopic appearance of the organism resembles a pine tree
. Colonies are orange, opaque, macroscopically dry and friable. Chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism. Catalase‐, oxidase‐, and urease‐positive. Grows between 15° and 31°C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.5 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Skermania piniformis
Chun, Blackall, Kang, Hah and Goodfellow 1997, 129
VP
.
Smaragdicoccus
Authors: Kasai Hiroaki
Published: July 2015

Sma.rag.di.coc'cus. L. n.
smaragdus
malachite; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
) grain; N.L. masc. n.
Smaragdicoccus
malachite(‐colored) coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Smaragdicoccus

Coccoidal cells without branching
(0.86 µm in diameter). Stain Gram‐positive, do not form spores. Multiply by binary fission.
Nonmotile
.
Colonies are malachite green‐like colored
, round, and 1–3 mm in diameter after 7–14 d on 1/10 TSA at 30°C. The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and arabinose and galactose, corresponding to the chemotype IV‐A of Lechevalier and Lechevalier (1970). Cell wall acyl type is glycolyl. Predominant cellular fatty acids are straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated acids. 10‐methyl branched acids are in trace amounts. Mycolic acids are C
43
–C
49
. Polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and some glycolipids. Two unusual menaquinones are present, MK‐8(H
4
, ω‐methylenecycl) and MK‐8(H
4
, dicycl).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 63.7.

Type species
:
Smaragdicoccus niigatensis
Adachi, Katsuta, Matsuda, Peng, Misawa, Shizuri, Kroppenstedt, Yokota and Kasai 2007, 300
VP
.
Fodinicola
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

Fo.di.ni'co.la. L. n.
fodina
a pit, mine; L. suff. ‐
cola
(from L. n.
incola
) dweller; N.L. masc. n.
Fodinicola
a mine dweller.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Cryptosporangiaceae / incertae sedis I. Fodinicola

Cells are filamentous
. A branched substrate mycelium and sparse to abundant white aerial mycelium is produced. The aerial hyphae break up into irregular rod‐like elements. Gram‐stain‐positive.
Spores are not formed
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic metabolism
. Good growth is observed on complex organic media at 20–30°C.
Oxidase‐negative
,
catalase‐positive
. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐A
2
pm), alanine, glycine, and glutamic acid. The muramic acid in the peptidoglycan is
N
‐acetylated. The
cell‐wall sugars are xylose and minor amounts of an unknown compound
. The predominant menaquinones are
MK‐9
(

H
4

),
MK‐9
(

H
6

),
and MK‐9
(

H
8

). The polar lipids comprise
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylserine
,
phosphatidylinositol
,
and several unknown phospholipids and glycolipids
together with unknown ninhydrin‐positive compounds. Mycolic acids are absent. The cellular fatty acid profile is characterized by the predominance of C
16:0
iso, 10‐methyl‐C
17:0
, C
17:1
cis
9, 10‐methyl‐C
18:0
, and C
17:0
. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the genus is closely related to the genus
Cryptosporangium
of the family
Cryptosporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Fodinicola feengrottensis
Carlsohn, Groth, Saluz Schumann and Stackebrandt 2008, 1534
VP
.
Humicoccus
Authors: Yoon Jung‐Hoon
Published: July 2015

Hu.mi.coc'cus. L. n.
humus
the soil; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Humicoccus
coccus isolated from soil.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Nakamurellaceae / Humicoccus

Cells are cocci
, 0.6–1.2 µm in diameter. Gram‐stain‐positive. Non‐spore‐forming.
Nonmotile
.
Strictly aerobic
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced. Colonies are
light yellow
in color on nutrient agar.

The cell wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐DAP

.
The whole‐cell sugars are galactose
,
mannose
,
xylose
,
and rhamnose
. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phos‐phatidyldimethylethanolamine.
The predominant menaquinones are MK‐8
(

H
4

)
and MK‐9
(

H
4

). The cellular fatty acid profile consists of straight‐chain and branched fatty acids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.6 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Humicoccus flavidus
Yoon, Kang, Jung and Oh 2007, 59
VP
.
Serinibacter
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Se.ri.ni.bac'ter. N.L. n.
serinum
serine; N.L. masc n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Serinibacter
a rod with serine in the cell wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Serinibacter

Cells are irregular rods
(0.5 × 1.0–2.0 µm). Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast.
Endospores are not formed
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to anaerobic
. Good growth on complex organic media at 28–30°C. NaCl in the culture medium may be tolerated up to 10%.
Oxidase‐negative
,
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
α with an
L
‐Ser residue at position 1 of the peptide subunit. The
acyl type is acetyl
. The major cell wall sugar is
galactose
. The predominant menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The major polar lipids consist of
phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol
.
The cellular fatty acid profile
is dominated by the occurrence of
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the genus is closely related to other genera of the family
Beutenbergiaceae
(95.1–96.3%).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Serinibacter salmoneus
Hamada, Iino, Tamura, Iwami, Harayama and Suzuki. 2009, 2812
VP
.
Bogoriella
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: July 2015

Bo.go.ri.el'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Bogoriella
named after Lake Bogoria, Kenya.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Bogoriellaceae / Bogoriella

Cells are irregularly shaped rods or cocci
(0.5–0.8 × 1.0–2.5 µm).
Filaments
, up to 10 µm, may appear. Cells occur singly, in pairs, or in small clusters. Gram‐stain‐positive. Not acid fast.
Endospores are not formed
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to microaerobic
. Colonies are circular, smooth, slightly convex, glistening, and pale to intense yellow. Growth temperature 28–37°C.
Alkaliphilic
. The optimum initial pH for growth in liquid medium A ranges from 8.8–10.1. NaCl in the alkaline medium A is well tolerated up to 8%.
Oxidase‐negative
;
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
α with
L
‐
lysine
as the diagnostic diamino acid and an
L
‐
Lys
–
L
‐
Ala
–
L
‐
Ala
–
L
‐
Glu interpeptide bridge
. The
acyl type is acetyl
.
Galactose
is the only whole‐cell sugar. The predominant respiratory quinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The phospholipids are
phosphaditylglycerol
,
diphosphaditylglycerol
,
phosphaditylinositol
,
and an unknown phospholipid
. The cellular fatty acid profile is dominated by the occurrence of
anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
; iso‐branched‐chain acids occur in minor amounts Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison,
Bogoriella
is most closely related to the genera
Georgenia
and
Beutenbergia
(Figure 1). The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genus of the
Bogoriellaceae
are listed in Table 1.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.

Type species
:
Bogoriella caseilytica
Groth, Schumann, Rainey, Martin, Schuetze and Augsten 1997a, 793
VP
.
Georgenia
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Ge.or.gen'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Georgenia
referring to the village St Georgen in Styria (Austria), where strains 1A‐C
T
and 3A‐1 were isolated.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Bogoriellaceae / Georgenia

Cells may exhibit a rod–coccus growth cycle. Rods and cocci occur singly or in small clusters. Cocci are 1 µm in diameter; rods are 1–2 × 0.5–1 µm. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐spore‐forming, motile and nonmotile. Growth occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Oxidase and catalase positive. Peptidoglycan type is A4α with
L
‐Lys ←
L
‐Glu or
L
‐Lys–
L
‐Ala–
L
‐Glu as the interpeptide bridge (murein type A11.54 or A11.35). Quinone system is menaquinone MK‐8(H
4
). Polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside or phosphatidylinositol together with unidentified phospholipids, and one unknown glycolipid. The predominant fatty acid is C
15:0
anteiso; significant amounts of C
15:1
anteiso, C
15:0
iso and C
14:0
iso are present. Polyamine content is low. Major polyamines are spermidine and spermine. Phylogenetically, this genus is a member of the family
Bogoriellaceae
, order
Micrococcales
, class
Actinobacteria
.

DNA G
+
C
(
mol
%): 70–73.

Type species
:
Georgenia muralis
Altenburger, Kämpfer, Schumann, Vybiral, Lubitz and Busse 2002, 880
VP
.
Humihabitans
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Hu.mi.ha'bi.tans. L. masc. n.
humus
soil; L. masc. n.
habitans
an inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Humihabitans
an inhabitant of soil.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Humihabitans

Aerobes
that form
branching hyphae
and fragmentary vegetative mycelium. Cell length is 1.0–2.2 µm with a mean diameter of 0.5 µm.
Stain Gram‐positive
.
Catalase‐positive
. The
major menaquinone is MK‐8
(

H
4

). The cell‐wall peptidoglycan is type A3c and contains the diagnostic diamino acid,

LL

‐
diaminopimelic acid
. Mycolic acids are absent. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence positions this genus within the family
Intrasporangiaceae
. Its closest relative is
Intrasporangium calvum
, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of the menquinone MK‐8(H
4
). The type strain was isolated from soil samples of a rice paddy field in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, using agar medium containing oxidant scavengers.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.

Type species
:
Humihabitans oryzae
Kageyama, Takahashi and Ōmura 2007a, 2165
VP
.
Janibacter
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: July 2015

Ja.ni.bac'ter L. n.
Janus
a god in Roman mythology, who is said to have had two faces; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Janibacter
referring to the changing morphology of the microorganisms.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Janibacter

Cells are typically
cocci
; in young cultures
irregular short rods or rod‐like cells
may occur. Cells occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or irregular clumps. Gram‐stain‐positive. Not acid‐fast.
Nonsporeforming
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic
. Colonies are smooth, circular, convex, and vary in color from white to yellow. Good growth on complex organic media. Optimal temperatures for growth 23–35°C. NaCl in the culture medium may be tolerated up to 10%.
Oxidase variable
;
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan type
is
A1
γ,
meso
‐A
2
pm directly cross‐linked, which is in accordance with type A31. The
acyl type is acetyl
.
Whole‐cell sugars
so far analyzed are
glucose
,
mannose
,
and ribose
. The
predominant menaquinone is MK‐8
(

H
4

). The
polar lipids
consist of
phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
and phosphatidylinositol
. The
cellular fatty acid profiles are complex with major amounts of iso‐branched‐chain acids together with straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated acids
(C
16:0
iso, C
17:0
, C
17:1
ω8
c
, C
18:1
ω9
c
).
Mycolic acids are absent
. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis reveals that members of
Janibacter
are closely related to strains of
Knoellia
,
Tetrasphaera
,
Terrabacter
,
Intrasporangium
,
Lapillicoccus
, and
Terracoccus
with which they share 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.0–98.2%, 94.1–97.1%, 95.2–97.0%, 95.6–97.0%, 96.1–96.4%, and 95.0–96.4%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the family
Intrasporangiaceae
are listed in Table 1, chapter
Intrasporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–73.

Type species
:
Janibacter limosus
Martin, Schumann, Rainey, Schuetze and Groth 1997, 533
VP
.
Knoellia
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: July 2015

Kno.el'li.a. N.L. fem. n.
Knoellia
named after Hans Knöll (1913–1978), a German pioneer in antibiotic research.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Knoellia

Cells are irregular
rods
(1.5–6.0 × 0.4–1.2 µm) and
cocci
(0.6–1.5 µm) (Figure 1). They occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or clusters. A marked
rod–coccus growth cycle
may be expressed (Figure 2). Gram‐stain‐positive,
not acid‐fast
,
nonsporeforming
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to microaerobic
. Colonies are smooth, circular, convex, opaque with entire margins, and white to cream in color. Good growth occurs on complex organic media between pH 5–9 and at temperatures of 28–35°C; no growth at 42°C. NaCl in the culture medium is tolerated up to 2 or 4%.
Oxidase‐negative
;
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan
is of the
A1
γ
type
based on
meso
‐A
2
pm, direct cross‐linkage, which is in accordance with type A31.
The acyl type is acetyl
. No diagnostic whole cell sugars are found. The major menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

); MK‐7(H
4
) and MK‐6(H
4
) may occur in traces. The
polar lipids
are mainly composed of
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylinositol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
; phosphatidylglycerol may occur in minor amounts. The cellular
fatty acid profile
is characterized by the predominance of
iso‐branched‐chain acids
(C
15:0
iso, C
16:0
iso, C
17:0
iso, C
17:1
iso). Anteiso‐branched (C
17:0
anteiso) and straight‐chain saturated or monounsaturated acids may also occur in higher amounts (C
17:0
, C
17:1
ω8
c
).
Mycolic acids are absent
. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison strains of
Knoellia
are most closely related to members of the genera
Janibacter
,
Lapillicoccus
, and
Tetrasphaera
. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the family
Intrasporangiaceae
are listed in Table 1, chapter
Intrasporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–73.

Type species
:
Knoellia sinensis
Groth, Schumann, Schuetze, Augsten and Stackebrandt 2002, 82
VP
.
Kribbia
Authors: Yoon Jung Hoon
Published: July 2015

Krib.bi'a. N.L. fem. n.
Kribbia
arbitrary name formed from the acronym of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
KRIBB
, where taxonomic studies of this taxon were performed.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Kribbia

Cells are irregular short rods or cocci
, 0.4–0.6 μ × 1.0–1.5 µm. Gram‐stain‐positive.
Nonmotile
.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

.
The predominant menaquinone is MK‐8
(

H
4

). The cellular fatty acid profile consists of straight‐chain, branched, unsaturated, and 10‐methyl fatty acids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–70.

Type species
:
Kribbia dieselivorans
Jung, Kim, Song, Lee, Oh and Yoon 2006, 2430
VP
.
Lapillicoccus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

La.pil.li.coc'cus. L. masc. n.
lapillus
a little stone; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Lapillicoccus
a coccus attached to a little stone, referring to the isolation source.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Lapillicoccus

Nonsporeforming cocci
(0.2–0.3 µm) that occur singly or in pairs.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Aerobic
. Temperature range for growth 10–37°C, pH range 4.1–11.1, NaCl tolerance 0–2%. Cell wall contains
LL
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The acyl type of the muramic acid is acetylated. Mycolic acids are not present. MK‐8(H
4
) is the major menaquinone. Polar lipid profile comprises diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 74.1.

Type species
:
Lapillicoccus jejuensis
Lee and Lee 2 007, 2796
VP
.
Labedella
Authors: Veríssimo António
Published: July 2015

La.be.del'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Labedella
named in honor of David P. Labeda, who has made significant contributions to the area of actinomycete taxonomy.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Labedella

Cells are rod‐shaped (0.3–0.38 × 1.0–4.4 µm),
Gram‐stain‐positive
, nonmotile, and nonsporeforming. Aerobic, oxidase‐negative, and catalase‐positive. Chemo‐organotrophic. Mesophilic. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan is of the
B‐type containing ornithine
as the diagnostic amino acid. Fatty acids are predominantly isoand anteiso‐branched, namely C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:0
iso, and C
17:0
anteiso. Mycolic acids are not present. The respiratory quinones are unsaturated
menaquinones
,
predominantly MK‐10
(
44
%)
and MK‐11
(
31
%),
but MK‐9 and MK‐7 are also present in lesser amounts
. The only strain was isolated from dried seaweed.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.0.

Type species
:
Labedella gwakjiensis
Lee 2007, 2501
VP
.
Rothia
Authors: Austin Brian
Published: July 2015

Roth'i.a. N.L. fem. n.Rothianamed for Genevieve D. Roth, who performed basic studies with these organisms.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Rothia

Coccoid, spherical,dipththeroid,filamentousmycelial cells, usually up to 1.0 µm in diameter. Irregular swellings and clubbed ends up to 5.0 µm in diameter may be present. Growth may be exclusively coccoid, diphtheroid, or filamentous or a mixture of these forms.Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Endospores are absent. Non acid‐fast. Mature colonies (4–7 d) 2–6 mm in diameter, usually off‐white/cream, smooth or rough, usually soft in texture but may be dry and crumbly or mucoid.Optimum temperature for growth is 30–37°C. Usually catalase‐positive.Chemo‐organotrophic. Ferments carbohydrates.Major product of glucose fermentation is lactic acid.Does not produce propionic acid.The cell‐wall peptidoglycan type is A3α,and contains alanine,glutamic acid,and lysine, but notdiaminopimelic acid(DAP). ContainsMK‐7as the major isoprenoid quinone. Cell‐wall sugars includefructose,galactose, andglucose, but not6‐deoxy‐taloseorarabinose.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 54–60 (Tm).

Type species:Rothia dentocariosa(Onishi 1949) Georg and Brown 1967, 68AL.
Couchioplanes
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Couch.i.o.pla'nes. N.L. masc. n.
Couchius
a personal name, referring to J.N. Couch (1896–1986), a mycologist who contributed to the taxonomy of the family
Actinoplanaceae
; Gr. masc. n.
planes
a wanderer; N.L. masc. n.
Couchioplanes
a wanderer organism of the family
Actinoplanaceae
named after J.N. Couch.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Couchioplanes

Gram‐stain‐positive bacterium producing fine, nonfragmenting, branching mycelia. Not acid‐fast. Strictly aerobic. The spore chains and aerial mycelia often
aggregate into clusters resembling sporangia
, but true sporangia are not observed (Figure 214, Figure 215, Figure 216 and Figure 217). Aerial mycelia with short spore chains are
arranged in spirals
that have one to five turns and are hooked or rarely flexuous (Figure 214). Several spores are present per spore chain, and the spores are
oval to short rods
(0.5–0.9 × 1.0–1.5 µm) and smooth. Upon immersion in water or phosphate buffer including soil extract,
motile spores
are released from the spore chain, but in many instances motility begins over 30–60 min after spore release.
Polar flagella
are present in motile spores (Figure 217). Cell wall contains

d

‐
glutamic acid
,

d

‐

and
L
‐serine

,
glycine
,

l

‐
alanine
,
and

l

‐
lysine
(molar ratio approx. 1:1:1:1:1). Xylose, arabinose, and galactose are present in whole‐cell hydrolysates. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine are present, but phosphatidylcholine is absent. C
16:0
iso and C
17:0
anteiso are the major cellular fatty acids. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
); in addition, small amounts of MK‐9(H
6
), MK‐9(H
8
), and MK‐9(H
2
) are also present. The acyl type of the cell‐wall polysaccharides is glycolyl. Mycolic acid is absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70–72 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Couchioplanes caeruleus
(Horan and Brodsky 1986a) Tamura, Nakagaito, Nishii, Hasegawa, Stackebrandt and Yokota 1994, 200
VP
(
Actinoplanes caeruleus
Horan and Brodsky 1986a, 189).
Dactylosporangium
Authors: Vobis Gernot
Published: July 2015

Dac.ty.lo.spo.ran'gi.um. Gr. n.
daktylos
finger; Gr. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology a spore; Gr. neut. n.
angeion
(L. translit.
angium
) vessel; N.L. neut. n.
Dactylosporangium
an organism with finger‐shaped, spore‐containing vessels (sporangia).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Dactylosporangium

Finger‐shaped to claviform sporangia
(0.6–1.4 × 2.5–6.0 µm) are
formed on short sporangiophores on the substrate mycelium
. They develop singly or in clusters above the surface of the substrate.
Each sporangium contains a single row of normally three to four spores
.
The spores are oblong
,
ellipsoidal
,
ovoid
,
or slightly pyriform
(0.4–1.3 × 0.5–1.8 µm) and
motile
by means of a polarly inserted tuft of flagella. True aerial mycelium is not formed. Hyphae of the substrate mycelium are 0.5–1.0 µm in diameter, branched, and rarely septate. Large single spores,
globose bodies
(1.7–2.8 µm in diameter) are formed on short branches on substrate mycelium. Organisms are Gram‐stain‐positive and not acid‐fast. The peptidoglycan of the cell walls contains
meso
‐
diaminopimelic acid
(
meso
‐
DAP
)
and glycine
,
with xylose and arabinose
as characteristic sugars of whole‐cell hydrolysates. Colonies grow on various agar media. They are compact, somewhat tough and leathery, and mostly flat or sometimes elevated with a smooth to slightly wrinkled surface.
The color of the substrate mycelium is pale orange to deep orange
,
rose or wine‐colored to brown
. Aerobic, chemo‐organotrophic, with optimum growth between 25 and 37°C and at pH 6.0–7.0.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71–73 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dactylosporangium aurantiacum
Thiemann, Pagani and Beretta 1967, 43
AL
.
Granulicoccus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Gra.nu.li.coc'cus. L. neut. n.
granulum
a small grain; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Granulicoccus
a coccus from (sludge) granules, here referring to the isolation source. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Granulicoccus

Non‐spore‐forming coccus
(0.3–1.4 μm diameter).
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Facultative anaerobe
. Temperature range for growth 15–37°C, pH range 5–8.5. Cell wall contains type A3γ peptidoglycan (
ll
‐A
2
pm←Gly with alanine at position 1 of the peptide subunit). MK‐9(H
4
) is the major menaquinone, MK‐8(H
4
) is present as well in a 42:1 compositional ratio. Polar lipid profile comprises diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.

Type species
:
Granulicoccus phenolivorans
Maszenan, Jiang, Tay, Schumann, Kroppenstedt and Tay 2 0*0*7, 733
VP
.
Propionicicella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Pro.pi.o.ni.ci.cel'la. N.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; L. fem. n.
cella
a storeroom, chamber, and in biology, a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Propionicicella
propionic‐acid‐producing cells.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Propionicicella

Nonsporeforming rods
, (0.5 × 1.0–2.5 µm).
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Facultative anaerobe
. Temperature range for growth 15–37°C, pH range 4.5–8.5, NaCl tolerance 0–4%. The peptidoglycan type is A1γ with
meso
‐diaminopimelic (
meso
‐DAP) in the cell wall. MK‐9 is the major menaquinone. Propionate and acetate are produced when grown anaerobically with glucose.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.9.

Type species
:
Propionicicella superfundia
Bae, Moe, Yan, Tiago, da Costa and Rainey 2006a, 2026
VP
.
Kutzneria
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Kutz.ne'ri.a. N.L. fem. n.
Kutzneria
named after Hans‐Jürgen Kutzner, a German microbiologist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Kutzneria

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, mesophilic actinomycete which forms a stable, branched, cottony aerial mycelium.
Globose sporangia are large
(
diameter of 10–48
μ
m
). Sporangial walls are thick and strong.
Sporangiophores more than 50
μ
m long are formed by septation of coiled
,
unbranched hyphae within sporangiophores
.
Spores are spherical
,
rod‐shaped
,
or ovoid and nonmotile
. Some species are thermotolerant. Chemoorganotrophic.

Cell walls contain
N
‐acetylated muramic acid

,

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
,
and generally galactose as the characteristic sugar
. Rhamnose may also be present as a whole‐cell diagnostic sugar.
MK‐9
(
II
,

III‐H
4

)
are the major menaquinones
.
Major phospholipids include diphosphatidylglycerol
,
hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
and phosphatidylinositol
.
Major fatty acids are C

16
:
0

iso,
C

16
:
0

iso 2‐
OH
,
C

16
:
0

10‐
methyl
,
C

17
:
0

anteiso,
and C

17
:
0

2‐
OH anteiso
;
C

10
:
0

,
C

14
:
0

iso,
and C

14
:
0

fatty acids are absent. Natural habitat is soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.3–70.7 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Kutzneria viridogrisea
(Okuda, Furumai, Watanabe, Okugawa and Kimura 1966) Stackebrandt, Kroppenstedt, Jahnke, Kemmerling and Gürtler 1994, 268
VP
.
Prauserella
Authors: Kim Seung Bum , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Prau.se.rel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Prauserella
named after Helmut Prauser, a German microbiologist who made many contributions to actinomycete systematics.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Prauserella

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid–alcohol‐fast, nonmotile actinobacteria which form an extensively branched substrate mycelium (0.6–0.8 μm in diameter) that
fragments into irregular rod‐shaped elements within 24–48 h on rich media
. Aerial hyphae, when formed, may differentiate into branched short or, at maturity, long chains which have a straight to flexuous arrangement. Spores are nonmotile.
Most strains grow optimally in the presence of 10
%
or between 10 and 15
%
NaCl at 28
°
C and pH 7
.
0
. Optimal growth occurs between pH 6.8 and 7.2. The temperature range for growth is 10–45°C, with optimal growth between 28 and 34°C.

Contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the major diamino acid

,
an acetylated peptidoglycan
,
major amounts of arabinose and galactose
,
MK‐9
(

H
4

)
as the predominant menaquinone
,
either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine as the diagnostic phospholipid
,
and major amounts of branched chains and saturated fatty acids
,
but not mycolic acids
.

The genus
Prauserella
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is classified in the family
Pseudonocardiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65.8–70.1.

Type species
:
Prauserella rugosa
(Lechevalier, Prauser, Labeda and Ruan 1986) Kim and Goodfellow 1999, 510
VP
.
Acrocarpospora
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

A.cro.car.po.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
akros
uttermost, topmost, highest, at the top, end; Gr. n.
karpos
fruit, harvest; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
Acrocarpospora
an organism forming spores like fruits on the terminal mycelium

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Acrocarpospora

Gram‐stain‐positive bacterium that is not‐acid‐fast and forms
branching hyphae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–69.

Type species
:
Acrocarpospora pleiomorpha
Tamura, Suzuki and Hatano 2000, 1170
VP
.
Nonomuraea
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

No.no.mu.ra'e.a. N.L. fem. n.Nonomureanamed after Hideo Nonomura, a Japanese taxonomist who has made many contributions to the biology of actinomycetes.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Nonomuraea

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast bacteria that formextensively branched substrate and aerial mycelia. Aerial mycelia bear chains of spores which are hooked, spiral, or straight. The spore surface can be folded, irregular, smooth, or warty. Growth temperature ranges from 20–45°C, in some cases up to 55°C.Cell walls containmeso‐diaminopimelic and whole‐cell hydrolysates contain madurose as the diagnostic sugar. Contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxylated phosphatidylethanolamine, and ninhydrin and sugar positive phospholipids as predominant phospholipids. Major menaquinones are MK‐9(H4), MK‐9(H2), and MK‐9(H0). Major types of fatty acids are C1710‐methyl and C16iso‐branched fatty acids.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 64–73.

Type species:Nonomuraea pusillacorrig. (Nonomura and Ohara 1971a) Zhang, Wang and Ruan 1998b, 419 (Actinomadura pusillaNonomura and Ohara 1971a, 909).
Planotetraspora
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Heng
Published: July 2015

Pla.no.te.tra. spo'ra. Gr. n.
planos
wanderer; Gr. adj.
tetra
four; Gr. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
Planotetraspora
four‐spored organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Planotetraspora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast actinomycete which forms a branching, nonfragmenting substrate mycelium.
Long, cylindrical sporangia are formed at the ends of short sporangiophores on aerial hyphae. Each sporangium contains a row of four spores which may be cylindrical, oval, or rod‐shaped
(0.4–1.4 × 0.8–1.5 µm), and may be motile. Vegetative hyphae tend to be pale yellow to white. Good growth occurs at 25–30°C. Cell walls contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid. The peptidoglycan type is A1γ. Muramic acid moieties are
N
‐acetylated. Madurose and rhamnose are present in whole‐organism hydrolysates.

The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
), the predominant fatty acid is C
18:0
10‐methyl, and the diagnostic phospholipid is phosphatidylethanolamine

. Does not contain mycolic acids. Habitat is soil. The phylogenetic position of
Planotetraspora
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Streptosporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.

Type species
:
Planotetraspora mira
Runmao, Guizhen and Junying 1993, 468
VP
.
Actinocorallia
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.co.ral'li.a Gr. n.
actis actinos
a ray; L. n.
corallium
coral; N.L. fem. n.
Actinocorallia
(
sic
) intended to mean a microorganism (actinomycete) that forms sporophores resembling coral.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Thermomonosporaceae / Actinocorallia

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile actinomycete which forms branched non‐fragmenting vegetative hyphae.
Spore chains are formed on the aerial mycelium
. Spores are cylindrical or rod‐shaped.
Spore surface smooth or warty
. Substrate mycelium pale yellowish to brown. Mature aerial mycelium is pale yellow or pink. Chemo‐organotrophic. Temperature growth range is 7–42°C. Melanin pigments are not produced. Does not grow in the presence of 5% (w/v) NaCl. Cell wall contains
meso
‐2,6‐diaminopimelic acid and
N
‐acetylated muramic acid.
Major phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol
. Predominant menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
), MK‐9(H
6
), and MK‐9(H
8
). Hexadecanoic, 14‐methylpentadecanoic, octadecanoic, and 19‐methyloctadecanoic acids are the predominant fatty acids. Mycolic acids are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.2–73.0 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Actinocorallia herbida
Iinuma, Yokota, Hasegawa and Kanamuru 1994, 233
VP
.
Atopobium
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

A.to.po'bi.um. Gr. adj.
atopos
having no place, strange; Gr. neut. part. used as a noun
bion
living thing; N.L. neut. n.
Atopobium
strange living thing.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Atopobium

Cells consist of short rods, often with central swellings, or small cocci that may appear to be elliptical
. They occur singly, in pairs, and in short chains. Gram‐stain‐positive, does not form spores, and is nonmotile.
Obligately or facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative
. Nitrate is not reduced.
The major fermentation products from glucose are lactic acid together with acetic and formic acids; trace amounts of succinic acid may be formed
. Hydrogen is not produced. Growth is stimulated by Tween 80. Growth may occur in the presence of 6.5% w/v NaCl. Gelatin is not liquefied, meat is not digested and indole is not produced. Isolated from human and animal sources.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–46 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Atopobium minutus
(Hauduroy, Ehringer, Urbain, Guillot and Magrou 1937) Collins and Wallbanks 1993, 188
VP
(Effective publication: Wallbanks and Collins 1992, 239.) (
Lactobacillus minutus
Hauduroy, Ehringer, Urbain, Guillot and Magrou 1937; Moore and Holdeman 1972, 63
AL
emend. Olsen, Johnson, Moore and Moore 1991).
Denitrobacterium
Authors: Anderson Robin C. , Stanton Thaddeus B.
Published: July 2015

De.nit.ro.bac.te'ri.um. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
nitro
nitrocompound; Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Denitrobacterium
named for a nitrocompound‐reducing rod‐shaped bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Denitrobacterium

Rod‐shaped
cells (0.5–1.0 × 1.0–1.5 µm). Cells may possess irregular, bulbous ends.
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
non‐sporulating
, and
nonmotile
. Strictly
anaerobic
chemo‐organotroph; growth is supported by suitable electron acceptors and is proportional to amount of acceptor reduced.
Nonfermentative
. Growth occurs in anaerobic media containing clarified ruminal fluid, peptone, and a suitable electron acceptor.
Dimethyl sulfoxide
,
nitroethane
,
3‐nitropropan‐1‐ol
,
2‐nitropropan‐1‐ol
,
3‐nitropropionate
,
trimethyl amine‐oxide and
,
by some strains
,
nitrate
,
may be used as electron acceptors and support good growth
.
Nitroethanol
,
2‐nitrobutane
,
and 1‐nitropropane also may be used as electron acceptors
,
but growth with these compounds is marginal
,
presumably due to the accumulation of toxic end products
.
Azide
,
chlorate
,
fumarate
,
nitrite
,
2‐nitrobenzene
,
perchlorate
,
sulfate
,
and sulfite do not support growth
. Little if any acid is produced during growth in medium with hydrogen or formate as electron donor.
Hydrogen
,
formate
,
and
(

dl

)‐
Iactate can be used as electron donors
; acetate is produced when grown with lactate.
Gelatin is not hydrolyzed
,

indole and H
2
S are not produced

. Palmitic acid (C
14:0
) is the predominant cellular fatty acid of cells grown in modified brain heart infusion medium, although an abundance of other straight and branched chain fatty acids, aldehydes, and dimethyl acetals are present. Cells contain a
c
‐type cytochrome. Isolated from bovine ruminal contents. A single species of
Denitrobacterium
,
Denitrobacterium detoxificans
, has been characterized. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicate
Denitrobacterium
belongs to the
Actinobacteria
(Figure 419).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 56–61 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Denitrobacterium detoxificans
Anderson, Rasmussen, Jensen and Allison 2000, 633
VP
.
Olsenella
Authors: Dewhirst Floyd E. , Wade William G.
Published: July 2015

Ol.sen.el'la. L. fem. dim ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem n.
Olsenella
of Olsen, named to honor Ingar Olsen, a contemporary Norwegian microbiologist who first described
Lactobacillus uli
.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Olsenella

Cells are small,
elliptical rods
which occur singly, in pairs or short chains. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐positive.
Obligate anaerobes
. Glucose fermented to
acetate and lactate
. Does not produce catalase, urease or indole, or reduce nitrate.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 63–64 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Olsenella uli
(Olsen, Johnson, Moore and Moore 1991) Dewhirst, Paster, Tzellas, Coleman, Downes, Spratt and Wade 2001, 1802
VP
(
Lactobacillus uli
Olsen, Johnson, Moore and Moore 1991, 263.).
Acetomicrobium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

A.ce'to.mi.cro'bi.um. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. adj.
mikros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
a small living being, a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Acetomicrobium
a microorganism producing acetic acid.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Bacteroidaceae / Acetomicrobium

Straight tapered rods
, 0.6–0.8 × 2–7 µm, occurring mostly in pairs or short chains. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonsporeforming. The murein contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid.
Motile by means of a single subpolar flagellum or a few lateral flagella
.
Optimum temperature
,
58–73
°
C
. pH range for growth, 6.2–8.0. Catalase‐negative. Cytochromes are not present. Chemoorganotrophic.
Anaerobic
,
having a strictly fermentative type of metabolism
. One species ferments glucose to acetate, CO
2
, and H
2
; the other ferments glucose to acetate, lactate, ethanol, CO
2
, and H
2
. One species ferments pentoses. Good growth depends on the presence of yeast extract or peptone and carbohydrate. Isolated from sewage sludge.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45–47.

Type species
:
Acetomicrobium flavidum
Soutschek, Winter, Schindler and Kandler 1985, 223
VP
(Effective publication: Soutschek, Winter, Schindler and Kandler 1984, 388.).
Alkaliflexus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Al.ka.li.flex'us. N.L. n.
alkali
(from Ar.
al‐qalyi
the ashes of saltwort) soda ash; L. masc. part. adj.
flexus
bent; N.L. masc. n.
Alkaliflexus
referring to life in basic surroundings and to bending/flexible cells.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Marinilabiliaceae / Alkaliflexus

Thin
,
flexible rods
with slightly tapered ends. A nonrefractile, spherical, cyst‐like structure develops at one pole during late growth phase.
Gliding motility is present
. Endospores are not formed. Fruiting bodies are not formed. Gram‐negative.
Anaerobic
, with low to modest tolerance to oxygen. Organisms have a strictly
fermentative
type of metabolism; exogenous electron acceptors are not used. Mesophilic.
Alkaliphilic
, grows at pH 7.5–10.2 (optimum, approx. pH 8.5). Sodium ions are required for growth (optimum, 2%; range, 0.08–5.3%). Carbonate/bicarbonate ions (but not chloride) are also required for growth. Cell mass is yellow to pink due to carotenoids. The temperature range for growth is 10–44°C (optimum, 35°C); no growth occurs at 5 or 55°C. Chemoorganotrophic. Several carbohydrates are utilized, particularly those that may result from the hydrolysis of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and other natural polysaccharides. Isolated from a cellulose‐degrading enrichment culture originating from an alkaline soda lake.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43–44.

Type species
:
Alkaliflexus imshenetskii
Zhilina, Appel, Probian, Llobet Brossa, Harder, Widdel and Zavarzin 2005, 1395
VP
(Effective publication: Zhilina, Appel, Probian, Llobet Brossa, Harder, Widdel and Zavarzin 2004, 251.).
Anaerophaga
Authors: Schink Bernhard
Published: July 2015

An.a.e.ro.pha'ga. an Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer aeros
air; Gr. v.
phagein
to devour, to eat up; N.L. fem. n.
Anaerophaga
an anaerobic eater.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Marinilabiliaceae / Anaerophaga

Slender flexible rods with rounded ends. Strictly anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. Nonphotosynthetic. Have a fermentative type of metabolism, using organic compounds as substrates. Inorganic electron acceptors are not used. Media containing a reductant, e.g., cysteine, are necessary for growth. Catalase‐negative. Isolated from oil‐contaminated sediment in an oil separation tank.

Type species
:
Anaerophaga thermohalophila
Denger, Warthmann, Ludwig and Schink 2002, 177
VP
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.
Emticicia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Em.ti.ci'ci.a. N.L. fem. n.
Emticicia
arbitrarily formed from the acronym
MTCC
for Microbial Type Culture Collection and
GenBank
, where this investigation was carried out.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Emticicia

Rods
,
usually 0
.
3–0
.
4
×
2–5
μ
m
; in an aged culture, some cells may be longer. Cells occur singly and sometimes in pairs. Nonmotile.
No gliding motility
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Oxidase‐positive. Catalase weakly positive.
Growth does not occur on most of the common nutritionally rich culture media but does occur on 100‐fold dilutions of these media
.
Salt tolerance is
<
1
%
NaCl
. Colonies are light pink.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
.
Nitrate is reduced to nitrite
.
Urease‐positive
. The predominant whole‐cell fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, C
15:0
anteiso, summed feature 3 (C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
c
), C
15:0
iso 3‐OH, and C
15:1
ω6
c
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.9.

Type species
:
Emticicia oligotrophica
Saha and Chakrabarti 2006, 993
VP
.
Reichenbachiella
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Suzuki Makoto
Published: July 2015

Rei.chen.bach.i.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Reichenbachiella
named after Hans Reichenbach, a German microbiologist who has made a great contribution to the taxonomy of bacteria belonging to the phylum
Bacteroidetes
.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Flammeovirgaceae / Reichenbachiella

Thin rods
0.5–0.7 × 5–15 µm.
Motile by gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible, orange, flexirubin pigments.
Chemo‐organotrophs
.
Strictly aerobic
. Oxidase‐, catalase‐, and alkaline phosphatase‐positive. Agar, alginate, gelatin, casein, starch, urea, DNA, and Tween 20 are hydrolyzed, but casein, chitin, cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper), and Tweens 40, 60, and 80 are not hydrolyzed.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7
.
Marine
, isolated from coastal habitats in temperate latitudes. Growth does not occur without seawater or sodium ions.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44–45.

Type species
:
Reichenbachiella agariperforans
(Nedashkovskaya, Suzuki, Vysotskii and Mikhailov 2003) Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Suzuki, Shevchenko, Lee, Lee, Park, Frolova, Oh, Bae, Park and Mikhailov 2005c, 2587
VP
(
Reichenbachia agariperforans
Nedashkovskaya, Suzuki, Vysotskii and Mikhailov 2003, 83).
Thermonema
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.ne'ma. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. neut. n.
nema
a thread; N.L. neut. n.
Thermonema
a thermophilic thread.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Incertae sedis III / Incertae sedis / Thermonema

Apparently unicellular filaments ∼0.7 μm in diameter and ∼ 60 to several hundred μm long. Motile by gliding
. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic. Optimum temperature, ∼60°C; poor or no growth occurs at 70°C
. Colonies are orange (Schofield et al., 1987) or yellow (Tenreiro et al., 1997), depending on the medium. Cells possess acetone‐extractable pigments with an absorbance peak at 450 nm. Flexirubin‐type pigments are not produced. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Aminopeptidase‐positive. Casein, gelatin, and hippurate are hydrolyzed but not starch, xylan, or cellulose.

Growth occurs on vitamin‐free Casamino acids and on a mixture of the 20 natural amino acids, but not on single amino acids. Growth does not occur on pentoses, hexoses,
N
‐acetylglucosamine, disaccharides, polyols, or organic acids

. Na
+
may not be required; but if required, only low concentrations are needed. Menaquinone 7 is the major respiratory quinone. Sphingolipids are present.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 47–51.

Type species
:
Thermonema lapsum
Hudson, Schofield, Morgan and Daniel 1989, 487
VP
.
Bergeyella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ber.gey.el'la. L. dim. suff. ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Bergeyella
named in honor of David H. Bergey.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Bergeyella

Rods
with parallel sides and rounded ends, typically 0.6 × 2–3 µm.
Intracellular granules of poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate are absent
. Endospores are not formed. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Nonmotile
. Do not glide or spread.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism. Grows at 18–42°C. Growth on solid media is not pigmented. Colonies are circular (0.5–2 mm in diameter), low convex, smooth, and shiny with entire edges.
Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive
. Agar is not digested. Chemo‐organotrophic. Nonsaccharolytic.
Indole‐positive
. No growth at 42°C, on MacConkey agar, or on β‐hydroxybutyrate agar. Grows on blood and chocolate agar but poorly on nutrient agar. Branched‐chain fatty acids (C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
iso 2‐OH, C
17:1
iso, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH) are predominant. Sphingophospholipids are absent. The major polyamine is homospermidine.
Bergeyella
appears to be part of the oral and/or nasal microbiota of dogs and cats; rare but severe human wound infections can be caused by bites from these animals.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–37 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Bergeyella zoohelcum
(Holmes et al., 1987) Vandamme, Bernardet, Segers, Kersters and Holmes 1994a, 830
VP
(
Weeksella zoohelcum
Holmes, Steigerwalt, Weaver and Brenner 1987, 179; CDC Group IIj).