bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the structural stability of R‐phycocyanin under pressure
Authors: Minic Simeon , Velickovic Luka , Annighöfer Burkhard , Thureau Aurélien , Gligorijevic Nikola , Jovanovic Zorana , Brûlet Annie , Combet Sophie
Published: August 2024

The red macroalgae Porphyra, commonly known as Nori, is widely used as food around the world due to its high nutrient content, including the significant abundance of colored phycobiliproteins (PBPs). Among these, R‐phycocyanin (R‐PC) stands out for its vibrant purple color and numerous bioactive properties, making it a valuable protein for the food industry. However, R‐PC's limited thermal stability necessitates alternative processing methods to preserve its color and bioactive properties. Our study aimed to investigate the in‐situ stability of oligomeric R‐PC under high pressure (HP) conditions (up to 4000 bar) using a combination of absorption, fluorescence, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. The unfolding of R‐PC is a multiphase process. Initially, low pressure induces conformational changes in the R‐PC oligomeric form (trimers). As pressure increases above 1600 bar, these trimers dissociate into monomers, and at pressures above 3000 bar, the subunits begin to unfold. When returned to atmospheric pressure, R‐PC partially refolds, retaining 50% of its original color absorbance. In contrast, heat treatment causes irreversible and detrimental effects on R‐PC color, highlighting the advantages of HP treatment in preserving both the color and bioactive properties of R‐PC compared to heat treatment.
Destabilization of the D2 domain of Thermotoga maritima arginine binding protein induced by guanidinium thiocyanate and its counteraction by stabilizing agents
Authors: Izzi Guido , Paladino Antonella , Oliva Rosario , Barra Giovanni , Ruggiero Alessia , del Vecchio Pompea , Vitagliano Luigi , Graziano Giuseppe
Published: August 2024

D2 is a structural and cooperative domain of Thermotoga maritima Arginine Binding Protein, that possesses a remarkable conformational stability, with a denaturation temperature of 102.6°C, at pH 7.4. The addition of potassium thiocyanate causes a significant decrease in the D2 denaturation temperature. The interactions of thiocyanate ions with D2 have been studied by means of isothermal titration calorimetry measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. It emerged that: (a) 20–30 thiocyanate ions interact with the D2 surface and are present in its first solvation shell; (b) each of them makes several contacts with protein groups, both polar and nonpolar ones. The addition of guanidinium thiocyanate causes a marked destabilization of the D2 native state, because both the ions are denaturing agents. However, on adding to the solution containing D2 and guanidinium thiocyanate a stabilizing agent, such as TMAO, sucrose or sodium sulfate, a significant increase in denaturation temperature occurs. The present results confirm that counteraction is a general phenomenon for globular proteins.
Population structure, spatial aggregation, and sampling plan for the Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (Acari: Tetranychidae) on citrus
Authors: López‐Olmos Sergio , Ferragut Francisco
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an invasive spider mite native to the Americas. In 2013 it invaded the main citrus‐growing area in Spain producing significant damage and requiring chemical treatments. This work examines its population structure, spatial distribution and presents a sampling plan, which will assist in developing an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.

RESULTS

There were differences in the population structure on fruits and leaves, as well as between leaves from different flushes with fluctuations over time correlated with variations in sex ratio. No differences in aggregation at the different plant strata were found; however, immature stages showed a higher aggregation than adults, with females being the sex with the lowest aggregation. There was a high correlation between E. banksi motile forms and adult females with the total population, thus both were used as reference stages to develop sampling plans. We recommend binomial sampling of 100 leaves for female monitoring, sampling two leaves per tree on 25 trees per transect regularly spaced along two diagonal transects, the first oriented northeast to southwest and the second northwest to southeast. To be more accurate, it is possible to survey the presence/absence of motile forms. In this case, four leaves per tree in 50 trees per transect should be monitored.

CONCLUSION

This study has resulted in the first sampling plan for E. banksi, one of the most damaging citrus mite species described so far. The binomial sampling plan involves monitoring reference developmental stages, as well as a reasonable sample size that makes it applicable in field sampling for decisions making based on a future intervention threshold. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Ex vivo delivery of dsRNA targeting ryanodine receptors for control of Tuta absoluta
Authors: Askew William T. , Edwards Martin G. , Gatehouse Angharad M.R.
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

RNA interference (RNAi) is an endogenous eukaryote viral defence mechanism representing a unique form of post‐transcriptional gene silencing. Owing to its high specificity, this technology is being developed for use in dsRNA‐based biopesticides for control of pest insects. Whilst many lepidopteran species are recalcitrant to RNAi, Tuta absoluta, a polyphagous insect responsible for extensive crop damage, is sensitive. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are intracellular calcium channels regulating calcium ion (Ca2+) release. The chemical pesticide class of diamides functions agonistically against lepidopteran RyR, resulting in uncontrolled Ca2+ release, feeding cessation and death. Resistance to diamides has emerged in T. absoluta, derived from RyR point mutations.

RESULTS

RNAi was used to target RyR transcripts of T. absoluta. Data presented here demonstrate the systemic use of exogenous T. absoluta RyR‐specific (TaRy) dsRNA in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) to significantly downregulate expression of the target gene, resulting in significant insect mortality and reduced leaf damage. Using a leaflet delivery system, daily dosing of 3 μg TaRy dsRNA for 72 h resulted in 50% downregulation of the target gene and 50% reduction in tomato leaf damage. Corrected larval mortality and adult emergence were reduced by 38% and 33%, respectively. TaRy dsRNA demonstrated stability in tomato leaves ≤72 h after dosing.

CONCLUSIONS

This work identifies TaRy as a promising target for RNAi control of this widespread crop pest. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A Model of Wafer Warpage for Trench Field‐Plate Power MOSFETs
Authors: Kato Hiroaki , Cai Bozhou , Yuan Jiuyang , Miyamura Yoshiji , Nishizawa Shin‐ichi , Saito Wataru
Published: August 2024

A new wafer warpage model is proposed for the full process design of trench field‐plate (FP) power metal‐oxide‐semiconductor fileld‐effect transitors (MOSFETs) using large‐sized wafer. Trench FP power MOSFETs feature a deep trench and thick oxide at the wafer surface. Wafer warpage occurs due to the stress imbalance between the front and back sides of the wafer. This warpage leads to significant problems with transport errors in manufacturing equipment. This issue is expected to become even more crucial as lateral pitch narrowing is employed to reduce on‐resistance. In this study, two methods are compared to estimate the warpage of a 200 mm diameter Si‐wafer after trench etching and oxidation process. The mechanical stress generated by the oxidation process in several cell units is calculated using a 3D simulation. In the first approach, wafer warpage is converted from the displacement of the cell units. In the second approach, wafer warpage is estimated based on the surface film stress, which is calculated in the 3D simulation. The second approach shows good agreement with experimental results and is applicable to the 300 mm diameter Si process. This method yields more accurate measurements than the method using displacement.
Design of New Sensor Functionalized with Green Nanoparticles PbO@Hyphaene Thebaica for in‐situ Amoxicillin Monitoring in Real Media
Authors: Ali Shazalia Mahmoud Ahmed
Published: August 2024

The present work reports for the first time the design of an electrochemical sensor functionalized with green nanoparticles based on Hyphaene thebaica for amoxicillin quantification. Based on a simple one‐pot bio‐reduction reaction, lead oxide PbO coated with Hyphaene thebaica was synthesized. Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV), fourier transform infrared (FITR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to control optical, structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties of the elaborated nanoparticles. Results demonstrated a good dispersion with a spherical morphology, which is in the order 8 nm. Regarding the good properties of nanoparticles, they are integrated to design an electrochemical sensor for amoxicillin detection. Cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were used to follow up the sensor modification and the electrochemical sensor response versus different amoxicillin concentrations. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical sensor modified with the nanoparticles in question provides a linear detection in the range 50–10000 nM, with a detection limit of 0.105 nM. The proposed sensor also exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity against several antibiotic analogues and has been successfully applied to real samples. Aside from its power in several fields including antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme‐inhibiting and antioxidant, green nanoparticles based on Hyphaene thebaica have demonstrated an effectiveness as a sensor for the electrochemical detection of amoxicillin, highlighting the possibility of adopting these sensors as routine test for the environment monitoring.
Eutectic Mixtures of APIs: A way to Improve the Physiochemical Properties and Oral Bioavailability of the Drugs
Authors: Singh Madhur Babu , Sharma Ujjwal , Singh Raman@ Anirudh Pratap , Jain Pallavi , Kumari Kamlesh , Singh Prashant
Published: August 2024

Eutectic mixtures (EMs) are consisted of two or more components with a specific composition and melting point, have received a lot of attention in pharmaceutical research due to their potential to improve the physicochemical properties and oral bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This review summarizes the most recent research on eutectic combinations of APIs and their use in pharmaceutical formulations. First, the fundamental concepts and characteristics of EMs are reviewed, focusing on their distinct thermodynamic properties and possible advantages in drug delivery systems. The tactics used for forming and characterizing EMs are then described, including techniques such as thermal analysis, spectroscopy, and microscopy. The review delves into the diverse approaches utilized to enhanced the solubility, dissolution rate and oral absorption of poorly water‐soluble APIs through the formation of EMs, including the selection of suitable co‐formers, optimization of composition ratios, and formulation techniques. Furthermore, notable examples of EMs in pharmaceutical development are presented, showcasing their efficacy in enhancing the bioavailability of a wide range of drug compounds across different therapeutic classes. Overall, this review covers the potential of EMs as a promising approach to address formulation challenges and improve the therapeutic performance of APIs, paving the way for the development of more effective and patient‐friendly drug products.
Development of ZnFe(PBA)@Mo3C2Tx Nanohybrid based Non‐Enzymatic Sensor for the Detection of Glucose in Human Sweat
Authors: Ravitchandiran Arrthi , Dhandapani Preethi , Rajendra Saradh Prasad , AlSalhi Mohamad S. , Rajamohan Rajaram , Angaiah Subramania
Published: August 2024

ZnFe (PBA)@Mo3C2Tx is prepared by in‐situ sonication method using ZnFe Prussian blue analogue infused with Mo3C2Tx (MXene) to use as a non‐enzymatic glucose sensor owing to its low cost and biocompatibility. The synthesized ZnFe (PBA)@Mo3C2Tx is characterized for its physical and chemical characterization by XRD, Raman, XPS, EDAX, and FESEM analyses, revealing a functionalized multiple‐layered structure with a cubic nano‐hybrid arrangement. This sensor has undergone electroanalytical investigation, including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry analysis. The electrochemical performance of ZnFe(PBA)@Mo3C2Tx exhibits an excellent analytical performance with a sensitivity of 818.285 μA mM−1 cm−2 and the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.6 μM (S/N=3). The analysis of glucose in human sweat samples, compared with their corresponding blood glucose values, yield a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.98 %.
Cysteine‐Functionalized Ti3C2 MXene Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Sensors for the Detection of Ag+
Authors: Liu Dan , Qiu Ying , Yu Fengrui , Zhang Guohua , Zhou Wenjuan , Ni Qingting
Published: August 2024

MXene quantum dots (MQDs), an emerging zero‐dimensional nanomaterial, have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties. In this study, cysteine‐functionalized Ti3C2 MQDs were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal methods, resulting in the functionalized Ti3C2 MQDs exhibiting intense blue fluorescence attributed to size‐dependent effects and surface defects. Furthermore, the cysteine‐functionalized Ti3C2 MQDs exhibit excitation wavelength‐dependent emission behavior and serve as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe for Ag+ detection with an impressive low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.015 μM. Moreover, they demonstrate exceptional sensitivity and selectivity in determining Ag+. This study presents a novel approach for the detection of Ag+ and highlights the immense potential of cysteine‐functionalized Ti3C2 MQDs in environmental applications.
Donor‐Acceptor‐Based Conjugated Fluorescent Probes for Volatile Acid Detection
Authors: B. M. Samrudhi , Barkale Harshal V. , Devadiga Deepak , Dey Nilanjan , T. N. Ahipa
Published: August 2024

Stimuli‐responsive materials based on π‐conjugated donor‐acceptor systems have great potential for sensing applications in solution and solid state. The photophysical properties of an oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) series consisting of five push‐pull type molecules were systematically investigated to switch their absorption and emission properties by using trifluoroacetic acid as a specific external analyte. During the trifluoracetic acid sensing, the terminal pyridine units of the molecules undergo the protonation and lead to the broader absorption band at a longer wavelength region owing to the π‐π* characteristics of molecules. Upon exposing solid samples to the trifluoracetic acid vapors, the initial color of solid samples changed from yellow to orange for three‐ring system‐based molecules and brick red to wine red color for five‐ring system‐based molecules with the shifting of emission band to the longer wavelength region. Furthermore, exposing the trifluoracetic acid‐fumed solid samples to triethylamine vapors, the color of the solid samples reverted to their original colors and emission properties. The DFT analysis indicated a decreased energy band gap for the protonated molecules compared to the neutral molecules, suggesting a redshift in both the absorption and emission spectra of the protonated molecules. Thus, all the molecules of an Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) series can be utilized effectively for volatile acid detection.
Highly Sustainable h‐BN Encapsulated MoS2 Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts
Authors: Lim Jungmoon , Heo Su Jin , Jung Min , Kim Taehun , Byeon Junsung , Park HongJu , Jang Jae Eun , Hong John , Moon Janghyuk , Pak Sangyeon , Cha SeungNam
Published: August 2024

Despite the importance of the stability of the 2D catalysts in harsh electrolyte solutions, most studies have focused on improving the catalytic performance of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) catalysts rather than the sustainability of hydrogen evolution. In previous studies, the vulnerability of MoS2 crystals is reported that the moisture and oxygen molecules can cause the oxidation of MoS2 crystals, accelerating the degradation of crystal structure. Therefore, optimization of catalytic stability is crucial for approaching practical applications in 2D catalysts. Here, it is proposed that monolayered MoS2 catalysts passivated with an atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) layer can effectively sustain hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and demonstrate the ultra‐high current density (500 mA cm⁻2 over 11 h) and super stable (64 h at 150 mA cm⁻2) catalytic performance. It is further confirmed with density functional theory (DFT) calculations that the atomically thin h‐BN layer effectively prevents direct adsorption of water/acid molecules while allowing the protons to be adsorbed/penetrated. The selective penetration of protons and prevention of crystal structure degradation lead to maintained catalytic activity and maximized catalytic stability in the h‐BN covered MoS2 catalysts. These findings propose a promising opportunity for approaching the practical application of 2D MoS2 catalysts having long‐term stability at high‐current operation.
Cholic Acid/Glutathione‐Assembled Nanofibrils for Stabilizing Pickering Emulsion Biogels
Authors: Bi Wenzhi , Le Mengqi , Jia Yong‐Guang , Bao Zeyu , Sun Shuo , Wang Chaoyang , Binks Bernard P. , Chen Yunhua
Published: August 2024

Achieving the delicate balance required for both emulsion and gel characteristics, while also imparting biological functionality in gelled emulsions, poses a significant challenge. Herein, we report on Pickering emulsion biogels formed by novel biological nanofibrils assembled from natural glutathione (GSH) and a tripod cholic acid derivative (TCA) via electrostatic interactions. GSH, composed of tripeptides with carboxyl groups, facilitates the protonation and dissolution of TCA compounds in water and the electrostatic interactions between GSH and TCA trigger nanofibrillar assembly. Fibrous nuclei initially emerge, and the formed mature nanofibrils can generate a stable hydrogel at a low solid concentration. These nanofibrils exhibit efficient emulsifying capability, enabling the preparation of stable Pickering oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion gels with adjustable phase volume ratios. The entangled nanofibrils adsorbed at the oil‐water interface restrict droplet movement, imparting viscoelasticity and injectability to the emulsions. Remarkably, the biocompatible nanofibrils and stabilized emulsion gels demonstrate promising scavenging properties against reactive oxygen species (ROS). This strategy may open new scenarios for the design of advanced emulsion gel materials using natural precursors and affordable building blocks for biomedical applications.
Revealing the Effect of Electronic Configuration in Cux Species on CO2 Photoreduction Characteristic Products
Authors: Bi Wei , Lei Jing , Bian Zhengliang , Zheng Yaru , Hu Yanjie , Wang Mitang , Li Ying
Published: August 2024

As of the present time, the in‐depth study of the structure‐activity relationship between electronic configuration and CO2 photoreduction performance is often overlooked. Herein, a series of Cux species modified CeO2 nanodots are constructed in situ by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) to achieve an efficient photocatalytic CO2‐to‐C2 conversion with an electron utilization of up to 142.5 µmol g−1. Through an in‐depth study of the electronic behavior and catalytic pathways, it is found that the Cu0/Cu+ species in the coexistence state of Cu0/Cu+/Cu2+ can optimize the energy band structure, photocurrent stability, and provide a kinetic basis for the active surface catalytic reaction process that requires the conversion of multiple electrons into C2 products, which ultimately enhances the CO2‐to‐C2H6 photoreduction by 3.8‐fold and that for CO2‐to‐C2H4 photoreduction by 5.2‐fold. Besides, the Cu2+ species in the coexistence state of Cu0/Cu+/Cu2+ are able to regulate the electronic behavior and the choice of the catalytic pathway, enabling the transitions between CO2‐to‐C2H6 and CO2‐to‐C2H4. This work indicates that electronic configuration optimization is an effective strategy to significantly enhance the CO2 photoreduction performance and provides new ideas for the design and synthesis of high‐performance heterostructure photocatalysts.
Active Stratification of Colloidal Mixtures for Asymmetric Multilayers
Authors: Kim Baekmin Q. , Kim Jongmin Q. , Yoon Hojoon , Lee EunSuk , Choi Siyoung Q. , Kim KyuHan
Published: August 2024

Stratified films offer high performance and multifunctionality, yet achieving fully stratified films remains a challenge. The layer‐by‐layer method, involving the sequential deposition of each layer, has been commonly utilized for stratified film fabrication. However, this approach is time‐consuming, labor‐intensive, and prone to leaving defects within the film. Alternatively, the self‐stratification process exploiting a drying binary colloidal mixture is intensively developed recently, but it relies on strict operating conditions, typically yielding a heterogeneous interlayer. In this study, an active interfacial stratification process for creating completely stratified nanoparticle (NP) films is introduced. The technique leverages NPs with varying interfacial activity at the air–water interface. With the help of depletion pressure, the lateral compression of NP mixtures at the interface induces individual desorption of less interfacial active NPs into the subphase, while more interfacial active NPs remain at the interface. This simple compression leads to nearly perfect stratified NP films with controllability, universality, and scalability. Combined with a solvent annealing process, the active stratification process enables the fabrication of stratified films comprising a polymeric layer atop a NP layer. This work provides insightful implications for designing drug encapsulation and controlled release, as well as manufacturing transparent and flexible electrodes.
Electrodeposition of Ni/Cu Bimetallic Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks Electrocatalysts with Boosted Oxygen Reduction Activity for Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Liu Mufei , Zhao Jing , Dong Hongxing , Meng Hao , Cao Dianxue , Zhu Kai , Yao Jiaxin , Wang Guiling
Published: August 2024

Zinc–air batteries employing non‐Pt cathodes hold significant promise for advancing cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, poor intrinsic electrical conductivity and aggregation tendency hinder the application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as active ORR cathodes. Conductive MOFs possess various atomically dispersed metal centers and well‐aligned inherent topologies, eliminating the additional carbonization processes for achieving high conductivity. Here, a novel room‐temperature electrochemical cathodic electrodeposition method is introduced for fabricating uniform and continuous layered 2D bimetallic conductive MOF films cathodes without polymeric binders, employing the organic ligand 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexaiminotriphenylene (HITP) and varying the Ni/Cu ratio. The influence of metal centers on modulating the ORR performance is investigated by density functional theory (DFT), demonstrating the performance of bimetallic conductive MOFs can be effectively tuned by the unpaired 3d electrons and the Jahn–Teller effect in the doped Cu. The resulting bimetallic Ni2.1Cu0.9(HITP)2 exhibits superior ORR performance, boasting a high onset potential of 0.93 V. Moreover, the assembled aqueous zinc–air battery demonstrates high specific capacity of 706.2 mA h g−1, and exceptional long‐term charge/discharge stability exceeding 1250 cycles.
Atomic Structure Amorphization and Electronic Structure Reconstruction of FeCoNiCrMox High‐Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhou Xuechun , Zhu He , Fu Shu , Lan Si , Hahn Horst , Zeng Jianrong , Feng Tao
Published: August 2024

The complexity of the multielement interaction in high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) may provide more active sites to adapt different catalytic reaction steps in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Investigating the correlation between structure and performance of HEAs electrocatalysts is both essential and challenging. In this work, FeCoNiCrMox HEA nanoparticles are successfully fabricated utilizing a unique nanofabrication method called inert gas condensation. With the increase of high‐valence metal component Mo, the atomic structure amorphization and electronic structure reconstruction are unveiled. According to the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence spectra, the d‐band center of FeCoNiCrMox is ascending, and thus enhancing the adsorption energy. Synchrotron pair distribution function analysis reflects the degree of structural disorder and reveals a robust correlation with the intrinsic OER activities of the electrocatalysts. FeCoNiCrMo1.0 high‐entropy metallic glass nanoparticles exhibit an outstanding OER performance with an ultralow overpotential of 294.5 mV at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2. This work brings fundamental and practical insights into the modulation mechanism of metal components of HEAs catalysts for developing OER.
Adsorption Dynamics of Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate on Clay Minerals: Implications for Construction Wood Protection
Authors: Brisebois Patrick , Aouinti Meriam , Jafari Maziar , Siaj Mohamed , Ouellet‐Plamondon Claudiane
Published: August 2024

The wood preservative disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) migration is studied in clay. Using boron analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), DOT spatial and temporal dynamics are surveyed to show how DOT permeates into the wood and the clay using concentration profiles as a function of depth, initial wood moisture, and direction of filling. Atomic force microscopy and chemical imaging using photoinduced force microscopy are used to show the morphology of the wood samples and the distribution of DOT on their surface. ICP‐OES results show that the average DOT concentration in the wood samples is originally 0.8 and 1.5 wt% in the bulk and at the surface, respectively. Conditioning of the wood to a moisture content of 19% in a climatic chamber reduces DOT concentration by 8% for the fir and 17% for the spruce. After one week of contact with the clays, the results showed a rapid decrease of 25–40% in DOT concentration in wood. On longer periods (5 months), the spruce shows a tendency to reabsorb the DOT from the clay and the DOT migration stabilizes at 20%. These results contribute to defining the dosage of DOT when the wood is exposed to clay.
Biomimetic Nanoparticles for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Wang Yan , Li Yize , Lu Yuqing , Li Jingjing
Published: August 2024

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammation of blood vessels, which often has no obvious symptoms in the early stage of the disease, but when atherosclerotic plaques are formed, they often cause lumen blockage, and even plaque rupture leads to thrombosis, that is the essential factor of cardiovascular events, for example myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and renal atrophy. Therefore, it is considerably significant for the early recognition and precise therapy of plaque. Biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs), especially those coated with cell membranes, can retain the biological function of cell membranes or cells, which has led to extensive research and application in the diagnosis and treatment of AS in recent years. In this review, we summarized the roles of various key cells in AS progression, the construction of biomimetic nanoparticles based on these key cells as well as their applications in AS diagnosis and therapy. Furthermore, we give a challenge and prospect of biomimetic nanoparticles in AS, hoping to elevate their application quality and the possibility of clinical translation.
Engaging Kindergarten Writers Through Play Experiences
Authors: Sanchez Andrea
Published: August 2024

While research consistently demonstrates that young children learn best through play and social interactions, this developmental insight is not often reflected in current classroom curricula. Through action research, I examined how a play‐based kindergarten environment could impact student writing and writing engagement. This article specifically focuses on two students from the class, Matthew and Liam. Using observations, semi‐structured interviews, and student artifacts evaluated using a developmental writing rubric, findings indicate that the play‐based approach led to increased interest and engagement in writing activities, as well as improvements in writing skills. These results suggest that integrating play into the early childhood curriculum can create authentic writing experiences, fostering development and enthusiasm in young writers.
Something in the air: does smelling stress affect dogs?
Authors: Mills Georgina
Published: August 2024

Georgina Mills discusses research into the effects of human stress on dogs, and how this might lead to them being more pessimistic.
Hyalomma marginatum – an emerging tickborne disease vector for the UK?
Authors: Armstrong Daniel
Published: August 2024

The tick Hyalomma marginatum is expanding its geographical range, reinforcing the need for surveillance and control to prevent the emergence of tickborne equine disease. Daniel Armstrong, policy adviser for exotic animal diseases at Defra, explains more.
Ronald John Roberts
Authors: Rodger Hamish
Published: August 2024

A veterinary pathologist, author, editor, teacher and mentor to many young vets and fish health professionals; he was a talented veterinarian who applied veterinary science to aquaculture.
Female vet surgeons who run: it's something in our mindset that makes us succeed!
Authors: Stewart Ceri
Published: August 2024

Refusing to be thwarted, Ceri Stewart's third attempt to get into vet school succeeded; her determination has also driven her to enter ultramarathons and she is facing her biggest challenge yet: the Dragon's Back Race.
Utilisation of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and midazolam for immobilisation and health assessment of captive white‐bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in the Amazon rainforest of Iquitos, Peru
Authors: Parada Edmundo , Schwartz Heather , Lam Aaron Yiu , Baca‐Montero Oliver , Laubscher Liesel
Published: August 2024

This study presents data collected from 41 captive white‐bellied spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) immobilisations conducted between 2022 and 2024. The anaesthetic protocol employed consisted of dexmedetomidine (0.04 mg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.25 mg/kg), with supplementary intramuscular doses dexmedetomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) administered as needed. The protocol demonstrated fast and efficient induction times, with no reported complications, indicating its safety and efficacy. During immobilisation, all animals were placed in dorsal recumbency, with monitored physiological parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, SpO2 and capillary refill rate. Additionally, blood samples were collected for haematology and biochemistry analysis. The dose of atipamezole administered was 10 times that of dexmedetomidine. Data on time to recumbency, duration of immobilisation, recovery times and post‐antagonist drug administration recovery were recorded. Moreover, details regarding the type of restraint and pre‐anaesthetic activity level were included in the analysis.
Pretreatment for potable reuse: Enhancing the biological removal of 1,4‐dioxane from landfill leachate through cometabolism with tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Stohr Hannah , Menon Rohan , Griffin Micaela , Sabo James , Martin Mike , Brazil Brian , Bott Charles
Published: August 2024

1,4‐Dioxane is a probable human carcinogen and a persistent aquatic contaminant. Cometabolic biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane is a promising low‐cost and effective treatment technology; however, further demonstration is needed for treating landfill leachate. This technology was tested in two full‐scale moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) treating raw landfill leachate with tetrahydrofuran selected as the cometabolite. The raw leachate contained on average 82 μg/L of 1,4‐dioxane and before testing the MBBRs removed an average of 38% and 42% of 1,4‐dioxane, respectively. First, tetrahydrofuran was added to MBBR 1, and 1,4‐dioxane removal was improved to an average of 73%, with the control MBBR removing an average of 37% of 1,4‐dioxane. During this period, an optimal dose of 2 mg/L of tetrahydrofuran was identified. Tetrahydrofuran was then fed to both MBBRs, where the 1,4‐dioxane removal was on average 73% and 80%. Cometabolic treatment at the landfill significantly reduced the concentration of 1,4‐dioxane received from the landfill at a downstream wastewater treatment and indirect potable reuse facility, reducing the load of 1,4‐dioxane from 44% to 24% after the study.

Practitioner Points

Cometabolic degradation of leachate 1,4‐dioxane with THF in MBBRs is a feasible treatment technology and a low‐cost technique when retrofitting existing biological treatment facilities.

The MBBRs can be operated at a range of temperatures, require no operational changes beyond THF addition, and operate best at a mass ratio of THF to 1,4‐dioxane of 24.

Source control of 1,4‐dioxane significantly reduces the concentration of 1,4‐dioxane in downstream wastewater treatment plants and potable reuse facilities.
Operator size growth in Lindbladian SYK
Authors: Liu Jiasheng , Meyer René , Xian Zhuo-Yu
Published: August 2024

Abstract

We investigate the growth of operator size in the Lindbladian Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model with q-body interaction terms and linear jump terms at finite dissipation strength. We compute the operator size as well as its distribution numerically at finite q and analytically at large q. With dissipative (productive) jump terms, the size converges to a value smaller (larger) than half the number of Majorana fermions. At weak dissipation, the evolution of operator size displays a quadratic-exponential-plateau behavior. The plateau value is determined by the ratios between the coupling of the interaction and the linear jump term in the large q limit. The operator size distribution remains localized in the finite size region even at late times, contrasting with the unitary case. Moreover, we also derived the time-independent orthogonal basis for operator expansion which exhibits the operator size concentration at finite dissipation. Finally, we observe that the uncertainty relation for operator size growth is saturated at large q, leading to classical dynamics of the operator size growth with dissipation.
The near horizon dynamics in three-dimensional Einstein gravity
Authors: Afshar Hamid , Aghamir Narges
Published: August 2024

Abstract

We study the asymptotic dynamics of 3D gravity with Rindler boundary conditions both in flat and AdS spacetimes. We do this by using the angular quantization and Hamiltonian reduction of the action to the Wess-Zumino-Witten theory on the boundary. We then rewrite the boundary action as a functional of elements of the asymptotic symmetry group.
Global analysis of $$ \mathcal{CP} $$-violation in atoms, molecules and role of medium-heavy systems
Authors: Gaul Konstantin , Berger Robert
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Detection of parity $$ \left(\mathcal{P}\right) $$

P

and time-reversal $$ \left(\mathcal{T}\right) $$

T

symmetry-odd electric dipole moments (EDMs) within currently achievable resolution would evidence physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Via the $$ \left(\mathcal{CPT}\right) $$

CPT

-theorem, which includes charge conjugation $$ \left(\mathcal{C}\right) $$

C

, such low-energy searches complement high-energy physics experiments that probe $$ \left(\mathcal{CP}\right) $$

CP

-violation up to the TeV scale. Heavy-elemental atoms and molecules are considered to be among the most promising candidates for a first direct detection of $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-violation due to enhancement effects that increase steeply with increasing nuclear charge number Z. However, different $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-odd sources on the subatomic level can contribute to molecular or atomic EDMs, which are target of measurements, and this complicates obtaining rigorous bounds on $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-violation on a fundamental level. Consequently, several experiments of complementary sensitivity to these individual $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-odd sources are required for this purpose. Herein, a simply-applicable qualitative model is developed for global analysis of the $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-odd parameter space from an electronic-structure theory perspective. Rules of thumb are derived for the choice of atoms and molecules in terms of their angular momenta and nuclear charge number. Contrary to naive expectations from Z-scaling laws, it is demonstrated that medium-heavy molecules with Z ≤ 54 can be of great value to tighten global bounds on $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-violating parameters, in particular, if the number of complementary experiments increases. The model is confirmed by explicit density functional theory calculations of all relevant $$ \mathcal{P} $$
P
, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
-odd electronic structure parameters in systems that were used in past experiments or are of current interest for future experiments, respectively: the atoms Xe, Cs, Yb, Hg, Tl, Ra, Fr and the molecules CaOH, SrOH, YO, CdH, BaF, YbF, YbOH, HfF+, WC, TlF, PbO, RaF, ThO, ThF+ and PaF3+.
Lost in the logistical funhouse: speculative design as synthetic media enterprise
Authors: Horn Zoe , Magee Liam , Munster Anna
Published: August 2024

From the deployment of chatbots as procurement negotiators by corporations such as Walmart to autonomous agents providing ‘differentiated chat’ for managing overbooked flights, synthetic media are making the world of logistics their ‘natural’ habitat. Here, the coordination of commodities, parts and labour design the problems and produce the training sets from which ‘solutions’ can be synthesised. But to what extent might synthetic media, surfacing via platforms such as Midjourney and OpenAI, be understood as logistical media? This paper charts a selective genealogy of synthetic media from early attempts to synthesise human sensory capacities in order to cybernetically integrate them into computational circuits. We see this integration as a pre-emption of their (computational) logistical coordination. It then details media experiments with ‘ChatFOS’, a GPT-based bot tasked with developing a logistics design business. Using its prompt-generated media outputs, we assemble a simulation and parody of AI’s emerging functionalities within logistical worlds. In the process, and with ‘human-in-the-loop’ stitching, we illustrate how large language models become media managers overseeing image prompts, graphical design, website code, promotional copy and investor pitch scenarios. The processes and methods of producing speculative scenarios via ChatFOS lead us to consider how the media of logistics and the logistics of media are increasingly enfolded. We ask: what can a (practice-based) articulation of this double-becoming of logistics and synthetic mediality tell us about the politics and aesthetics of contemporary computation and capital?
Wave solutions in nonlocal integral beams
Authors: Barretta Raffaele , Iuorio Annalisa , Luciano Raimondo , Vaccaro Marzia Sara
Published: August 2024

Wave propagation in slender beams is addressed in the framework of nonlocal continuum mechanics. The elastodynamic problem is formulated exploiting consistent methodologies of pure integral, mixture and nonlocal strain gradient elasticity. Relevant wave solutions are analytically provided, with peculiar attention to reflection and near field phenomena occurring in presence of boundaries. Notably, the solution field is got as superimposition of incident, reflected, primary near field and secondary near field waves. The latter contribution represents a further effect due to the size dependent mechanical behaviour. Limit responses for vanishing nonlocal parameter are analytically evaluated, consistently showing a zero amplitude of the secondary near field wave. Parametric analyses are carried out to show how length scale parameter, amplitude of incident wave and geometric and elastic properties of the beam affect the amplitudes of reflected, primary near field and secondary near field waves. The results obtained exploiting different nonlocal integral elasticity approaches are compared and discussed.
Therapeutic drug monitoring for valproate: deriving a novel formula for calculation of free concentration
Authors: Pretorius Erna , van Zyl Paulina , Joubert Gina
Published: August 2024

Background

Monitoring free valproate concentrations, as with other highly protein-bound anticonvulsants, is essential in clinical situations where protein binding may be disrupted. Conversion of measured total concentrations to approximate free concentrations offers a cost-effective alternative. This study evaluated the relationship between total and free valproate concentrations for discordance and the impact of key determinants. A novel formula was devised that incorporates significant variables.

Methods

A multicentre, cross-sectional observational analytical study included 101 subjects 18 years and older using valproate for 6 months or longer. Participants were recruited from private and public sector healthcare settings from primary to tertiary level in, South Africa, during 2017–2019.

Results

Free valproate concentrations could be measured for 84 subjects. Discordance for concomitant total and free valproate concentrations was 79.1%. Among 19 participants with elevated free concentrations, 15 (78.9%) had total valproate concentrations within the recommended reference range. Calculations based on the study-derived formula were more accurate in predicting free valproate concentration than previously proposed methods.

Conclusion

This study proposes that the novel formula for calculating free valproate enables more accurate prediction.
A life engineering perspective on algorithms, AI, social media, and quantitative metrics
Authors: Bigea Georgiana , Mumtaz Maria , Portmann Edy , Swaminathan Jennifer , Vedasri Nakka
Published: August 2024

This academic paper delves into the captivating intersection of life engineering and algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI), social media, and quantitative metrics on human life, through a comprehensive review of three thought-provoking books. In each critical review, the authors add their own thoughts and impressions, as Computer Science graduates and scholars, illustrating the impact that these eye-opening books have on them. The first book, “Weapons of Math Destruction” by Cathy O’Neil, delves into the hidden dangers of algorithmic decision-making. O’Neil uncovers how algorithms can perpetuate discrimination, biases, and unfairness in domains such as education, advertising, criminal justice, employment, and finance, and emphasizes the need for ethical considerations, transparency, and human judgment in algorithmic systems. The second book, “Atlas of AI” by Kate Crawford, takes a multidimensional approach to AI beyond mere algorithms and deep learning. Crawford addresses issues such as labor exploitation, surveillance technologies, classification systems, wealth concentration, and environmental consequences due to AI. The book calls for responsible and ethical considerations in the development and usage of AI. Shoshana Zuboff’s “The Age of Surveillance Capitalism” is the third book, focusing on the pervasive influence of tech giants like Google and Facebook. Zuboff exposes the dynamics of surveillance capitalism, wherein personal data is extracted and exploited for economic gains. The book illuminates how this form of capitalism erodes privacy, reshapes societal structures, and challenges democratic norms. Illustrating the essence of these disruptive narratives and the tense dialogue taking place between ethicians or scholars and technology developers, this research examines the profound social, economic, and environmental implications brought forth by these transformative technologies. Ultimately, the paper advocates for the embrace of responsible and ethical technology development that not only safeguards the well-being of individuals but also fosters a harmonious coexistence between humans and machines amidst the winds of disruption.
Characterization of the vaginal microbiota in Italian women with endometriosis: preliminary study
Authors: Sessa Rosa , Filardo Simone , Viscardi Maria Federica , Brandolino Gabriella , Muzii Ludovico , Di Pietro Marisa , Porpora Maria Grazia
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This cross-sectional study aims to assess the interplay between the vaginal microbiota and endometriosis.

Methods

123 consecutive Italian fertile women, aged between 20 and 40 years old, were enrolled during a routine gynecological consultation; 24 were diagnosed with endometriosis and 99 did not complain of any gynecological disease. All women underwent a vaginal swab for the evaluation of the composition and diversity of vaginal microbiota by means of 16 s rDNA metagenomic sequencing.

Results

Compared to women with no gynecological disease, the vaginal microbiota in women with endometriosis showed a similar abundance of Lactobacillus spp.; however, a statistically significant lower abundance in the genera Pseudomonas (p < 0.01), Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05), Novispirillum (p < 0.0000001) and Sphingomonas (p < 0.0000001), and a statistically significant increase in the abundance of the genera Escherichia (p < 0.00001), Megasphaera (p < 0.00001), and Sneathia (p < 0.0001) were observed.

Conclusions

There is a complex interplay between vaginal microbiota composition and endometriosis, showing a distinct microbial signature in the bacterial genera usually found in dysbiosis.