bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REHABILITATION OF A PORTION OF INTERSTATE 35 WITH PAVEMENT INLAY USING RECYCLED CONCRETE FOR SUBBASE
Authors: Chase Gerald W. , Lane John
Published: January 2025

Removal of the Portland cement concrete pavement was required on portions of Interstate 35 in Iowa. The old 0.2 m (8 in) continuously rein­forced pavement was extremely deteriorated because of the freeze-thaw susceptibility of the aggregate and heavier-than-anticipated truck traffic. The contractor was permitted to recycle the old pavement and use it for the new subbase. A diesel-driven hammer and a resonant pavement breaker were used to break the pavement. The new design provided for 0.25 m (10 in) non­ reinforced PCC pavement over a better draining subbase. Longitudinal drains were placed at the outside lanes to drain water from under the pave­ment. Traffic was routed to the opposite side of the interstate highway, requiring two-way traffic around the construction. Performance of the new pavement that has been in place for over a year is being closely monitored. It is in excellent condition.
RESTORATION OF FINAL SURFACE TO CONCRETE PAVEMENT BY DIAMOND SAW GRINDING
Authors: Mosher Larry G.
Published: January 2025

Diamond saw grinding, in 1965, first provided a final surface finish to an existing concrete highway. Improvements in diamond saw blades and grinding equipment during the past twenty years have made diamond grinding the most cost effective technique to restore riding quality and skid-resistance to a structurally sound concrete pavement. The data contained in this article is based on actual restoration work by various agencies, and is written to help the reader understand diamond grinding and how it is used in the Concrete Pavement Restoration, (CPR) process. Also included is criteria for determining when diamond grinding is needed, cost effectivness of the grinding process, and tips on achieving longevity of skid-resistance.
RISC - A MECHANISTIC METHOD OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN
Authors: Majidzadeh Kamran , Ilves George J. , Sklyut Henry
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with the development and verification of a stress analysis model (RISC) and the use of this model in a program for the design of rigid pavements. RISC is the result of coupling finite element plate theory with multi­layer elastic layer theory and consists of a two­layer rigid slab resting on a semi-infinite t0.ree-layer elastic solid foundation. The features of RISC include variable thickness of slabs, the effects of curling, warping, voids and parti­al contact, the effect of load transfer across joints and cracks by specifying either dowel bars, aggregate interlock, or load or shear transfer efficiency, the ability to analyze up to nine slabs in any configuration, and the ability to determine the stresses in both rigid layers as well as anywhere in the subbase and subgrade layers. Model verification includes comparison with known solutions whenever possible; however, since this model is an extension beyond the scope of existing theories, qualitative comparisons are also included. The pavement design program uses RISC for stress analysis; however the input requirements have been drastically simplified for the convenience of the user. The output includes the expected design life.
ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Pittman David W. , White Thomas D.
Published: January 2025

Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) is a relatively new type of rigid pavement that utilizes a construction technique similar to asphaltic concrete pavement (ACP) construction to provide a strong, economical pavement. This paper discusses briefly the history and performance of RCCP to date, design and construction procedures used in US Army Corps of Engineers projects, jointing procedures, and in situ properties of RCCP.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN CHINA
Authors: Yao Zukang
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a comprehensive revision of the structural design procedures for concrete pavements in China, integrating a new fatigue equation and advanced computational methods. The revision accounts for the combined effects of traffic load spectra and thermal gradients on pavement fatigue damage. Using finite element analysis and simplified design charts, the new procedure optimizes thickness selection and stress analysis of concrete slabs resting on semi-infinite continua. Key updates include a novel conversion formula for axle loads, empirical and theoretical equations for predicting thermal gradients, and design parameters that better match theoretical predictions with empirical data. These enhancements aim to prevent fatigue cracking, a primary distress in cement concrete pavements, and align with a new specification for concrete pavement design in China, proposed for adoption. The validation of the methodology through extensive laboratory and field tests confirms its effectiveness and suitability for improving the durability and serviceability of concrete pavements in various Chinese provinces. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
THE APPLICATION AND VALIDATION OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD IN THE STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION OF A CRACKED RIGID PAVEMENT
Authors: Strauss P. J. , Du Plessis J. , Francis V. , Viljoen A. W.
Published: January 2025

The use of high alkali cement together with aggregates rich in silica to construct a jointed unreinforced concrete pavement without dowels resulted in a chemical reaction that caused microscopic cracking. This cracking not only reduced the stiffness of the slab but also reduced the strength of the subbase so that structural cracking developed under traffic loading. The visual assessment of the structural condition of the pavement was based on a load transfer constant which in turn correlated with deflections and relative vertical movements at the joints. In order to relate the visual condition to pavement response and eventually performance, an analytical model was used to calculate pavement response in terms of vertical movement and deflections. Experimental overlay sections, using Portland cement concrete, continuously graded crushed stone and asphaltic concrete, were constructed to calibrate the analytical model and these sections are being trafficked by road users in addition to a mobile accelerated traffic simulator, the Heavy Vehicle Simulator, to evaluate the relative performance of each section. This paper discusses the findings on some of the concrete overlay sections and the data is extrapolated to include preliminary predictions of the performance of those overlays that have not yet been tested by the HVS.
THE ECONOMICS OF PAVEMENT TYPE SELECTION
Authors: Mitchell Malcolm F. , Walker Robert N.
Published: January 2025

This paper describes the role of economic analysis and other factors involved in the selection of pavement types to carry heavy traffic of up to 75 million E80s per lane over a 30-year analysis period. Three different pavement types selected from the South African catalogue of pavement designs for Category A roads, which have been shown by Heavy Vehicle Simulator testing to be capable of carrying very heavy traffic, are analysed on the basis of the present worth of costs (PWOC). The pavements are a heavy-duty concrete pavement, a pavement with a bituminous base and one with a crushed-stone base. The last two pavements are supported on stiff cement-stabilized subbases. It is shown that the concrete pavement is more economical than bituminous base pavements, particularly when road user delay costs are taken into account. However, a pavement with a high quality crushed-stone base which is kept well sealed is the most economical of the three types. At present this type of pavement can be constructed with confidence to carry very heavy traffic only in certain regions where the climate is relatively dry and experience is available to achieve a very good quality pavement. On economic grounds, using current prices, the paper concludes that the National Transport Commission is justified in specifying as a matter of policy that 20 per cent of its pavements should be of concrete and 20 per cent should have bituminous bases, with the remainder subject to the factors described in this paper. This will have the effect of stimulating competition in the concrete and bituminous industries, and is also of strategic value.
THE NAMUR TEST ROAD : BEHAVIOUR OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONTRACTION JOINTS AFTER FIVE YEARS OF TRAFFIC
Authors: Hubrecht L.
Published: January 2025

This report deals with the observations andmea­ surements made in order to study the behaviour of various types of contraction joints in the Namur test road, which was constructed in Belgium, in 1979, within the framework of the activities of P.I.A.R.C. 's Technical Commit­tee on Concrete Roads. The concrete overlay, with a thickness of 20 to 23 cm, was intended to strengthen an asphaltic pavement, carrying about 17000 vehicles/ day. Six types of joints were constructed, namely undowelled 'joints, joints with evenly spaced dowels and joints with variably spaced joints, each sealed and unsealed. Observation shows that on an average only one joint in three is active. Slab rocking movements, during the passage of a 13 ton axle, were until the end of 1981 only detectable in 40 cases out of 140 joints with an amplitude of the order of one hundredth of a millimeter. At the end of 1984, those measurements point out a different behaviour between dowelled and undowelled joints, yet without practical consequences, seeing the very low level of those movements in comparison to standard concrete roads. No apparent defects resulted from unsealed joints. The high quality asphaltic underlayers and the efficient drainage system for infiltrated water are surely important factors of the excellent behaviour of all the joint variants.
UNIQUE ASPECTS OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Potter John C.
Published: January 2025

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) exhibits in­ creased tensile strength and spall resistance, has the ability to carry load, and keeps cracks tightly closed after cracking, compared to plain or conventionally reinforced concrete. Thus, thinner FRC sections may be used in place of plain or conventionally reinforced concrete sections. FRC provides a significant advantage over plain concrete for rehabilitation and expansion projects where vertical alignment, overhead clearances, or drainage profiles must be maintained. This advantage may offset the additional cost and control required to reduce the curling, corner cracking, and shrinkage cracking that have plagued many projects. These problems are generally attributable to the thinner slab sections and higher cement and fly ash contents associated with FRC. Future work may show that shorter, thicker slabs and a revised mix design are needed.
"4R" FRENCH TECHNIQUES AND PERFORMANCES
Authors: Aunis Jaques , Charpentier Gerard , Ray Michel , Chauchot Jean , Christory Jean-Pierre , Nissoux Jean-Louis
Published: January 2025

This study presents an overview of the techniques and strategies implemented for the maintenance of concrete pavements in France, with a focus on practices developed since 1975. Initially, the French experience demonstrated that, despite their reputation for durability, concrete pavements require maintenance, particularly in heavily trafficked areas. This necessitated the development of a comprehensive maintenance strategy, introduced in the late 1970s.
Key components of the methodology include diagnostic procedures that rely on understanding the pavement's condition through detailed investigations, including the use of innovative equipment like the collograph. The collograph is particularly noted for its ability to evaluate concrete pavements by measuring deflections under load, aiding in the accurate assessment of pavement conditions. The maintenance strategies discussed encompass various techniques to restore and enhance pavement performance, such as maintaining surface roughness, restoring load transfer at joints, and reconstructing heavy-traffic lanes. The effectiveness of these strategies is illustrated through specific maintenance operations that France has pioneered, highlighting both their practical implementation and performance outcomes. Furthermore, the study delves into the specific maintenance operations employed, such as continuous reinforced concrete overlays and their adaptation to the French road network's needs. It also discusses the experimental and operational phases of these techniques, providing insights into the successes and challenges encountered. In summary, this paper encapsulates the evolution of concrete pavement maintenance in France, emphasizing the integration of diagnostic techniques and maintenance operations tailored to the demands of heavily trafficked routes, thereby contributing to the prolonged durability and safety of the road network. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
A COMPARISON OF LIGHT VERSUS HEAVY DYNAMIC LOAD TESTING OF RIGID PAVEMENTS
Authors: Hudson W.R.
Published: January 2025

A battle has raged for several years over the type and level of dynamic loads that should be applied for evaluating existing rigid pavements. Current conventional wisdom suggests that "bigger is better". This may or may not be true depending on conditions but it may be similar to ideas about human anatomy. This study compares significant amounts of data that define the realistic load limits required for testing. The dynamics of the problem are very important in determining the final answer as are the type of load the relative cost, and the variability of the parameters. This study reports and compares test data on field, and shows that several types of loading equipment are useful and effective. The choice depends on materials variability, equipment availability, and other factors. Equipment such as the Dynaflect is shown to be as useful in pavement evaluation as so-called heavy equipment under most conditions and to be better under conditions of large variability, due to the ability to repeat large numbers of tests at low cost.
A RIGID PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL EVALUATION SYSTEM BASED ON DYNAMIC DEFLECTIONS
Authors: Uddin Waheed , Meyer A. H. , Hudson W. R. , Stokoe K. H.
Published: January 2025

This paper describes the computer program RPEDDl for the mechanistic evaluation of dynamic deflection data, measured on rigid pavements by dynamic load NDT devices such as a Falling Weight Deflectometer and a Dynaflect. The analysis models used in RPEDDl include a self-iterative procedure to determine insitu moduli of pavement layers using a layered elastic theory, a self-iterative procedure for determining non-linear strain dependent moduli of granular layers and subgrade, and a procedure for predicting fatigue life and existing structural capacity. A methodology has been developed to ensure uniqueness of the estimated insitu moduli. Deflection basins measured by a Falling Weight Deflectometer and a Dynaflect can be analyzed by RPEDDl in a few iterations to determine unique values of pavement moduli. Guidelines presented for application of the proposed structural evaluation system provide a rational approach to rehabilitation design.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN PRACTICE WITH CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Kraemer Carlos
Published: January 2025

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the European practices associated with the design, performance, and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. It draws extensively from National Reports presented at the 17th PIARC World Road Congress and subsequent discussions within the PIARC Technical Committee on Concrete Roads, offering a broad perspective on current trends and methodologies across Europe. The focus is on recent innovations and ongoing shifts in concrete pavement technology, such as the increased use of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP) and adaptations in pavement design to accommodate varying traffic loads and environmental conditions. The paper also explores the economic and environmental factors influencing the choice of concrete over asphalt, including the relative costs of materials and the benefits of concrete's durability and lower maintenance requirements. Particular attention is paid to advancements in construction techniques, such as roller compacted concrete and the use of recycled materials, which enhance the sustainability and cost-efficiency of pavement projects. Joint design and maintenance strategies are also discussed, with insights into national standards and practices that ensure long-term pavement performance and serviceability. Additionally, the paper delves into the challenges of repairing and rehabilitating existing pavements, emphasizing the need for systematic approaches and the application of new materials and technologies that can extend pavement life and reduce lifecycle costs. Overall, this paper serves as a vital resource for engineers and policymakers seeking to understand and implement the best practices in concrete pavement construction and maintenance, promoting more resilient and sustainable road infrastructure in Europe. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
COMPOSITE SUBGRADE MODULUS FOR RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENT DESIGN BASED UPON MULTILAYER THEORY
Authors: Uzan Jacob , Witczak Matthew W.
Published: January 2025

This study, authored by Jacob Uzan and Matthew W. Witczak, presents a computational exploration of the composite subgrade modulus within rigid airfield pavement design, employing multilayer theory as utilized in the new USAGE pavement design method. The research focuses on comparing the effects of pavement geometry and loading configurations by equating base-subgrade systems with an equivalent composite subgrade system, based on producing equal maximum tensile stresses under similar conditions. The analysis reveals that the composite subgrade modulus is influenced by various factors including the properties of the base and subgrade, the thickness of the concrete layer, and the load configuration. A regression equation is developed to estimate the composite subgrade modulus of elasticity, considering factors such as pavement geometry and the number of gear wheels on the landing gear, which aligns well with existing FAA and PCA methodologies. This paper also includes a thorough review of current methods for determining the composite subgrade modulus, pointing out the limitations and variations between methods that utilize either field tests or computational approaches based on layered elastic theory. The implications of these variations on pavement life and performance are critically analyzed, emphasizing the importance of accurate modulus estimation in pavement design to accommodate various aircraft types and pavement conditions. In conclusion, the research validates the application of multilayer theory in estimating composite subgrade modulus, offering enhancements over traditional approaches by incorporating a wider range of design variables. This comprehensive analysis not only contributes to refining pavement design practices but also highlights the necessity for ongoing adjustments and validations within established methodologies. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
A REFINED MODEL OF DOWELED JOINTS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FEM ANALYSIS
Authors: Nishizawa T. , Fukuda T. , Matsuno S.
Published: January 2025

This study presents a refined model for analyzing doweled joints in concrete pavements using Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. Recognizing the critical role of mechanical behavior at concrete slab joints in pavement thickness design, the study divides the joint mechanism into two primary functions: aggregate interlocking and dowel action, including bending of the dowel bar. A sophisticated joint model incorporating these functions was developed and evaluated through numerical calculations against experimental data, illustrating its accuracy. The model addresses the discontinuity and structural weaknesses introduced by transverse joints, which are typically used to control cracking due to volumetric changes in concrete slabs but can reduce pavement load capacity. It also considers the severe stress conditions at joint edges caused by repetitive traffic loading, which often leads to cracking. The paper elaborates on the development of an FEM based on thin plate theory, detailing the formulation of joint elements that encapsulate both the aggregate interlocking and dowel action mechanisms. The study's findings indicate the refined joint model's efficacy in capturing the load transfer characteristics of doweled joints, significantly contributing to the accurate prediction of pavement behavior under various load conditions. This advancement aids in the structural analysis of concrete pavements, offering insights into the optimization of their design and the enhancement of their durability. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
ACCELERATED STRENGTH TESTS FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Armstrong Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2025

This study presents an evaluation of accelerated methods for measuring concrete flexural strength for pavement quality control within 24 hours, compared to the conventional 28- and 90-day tests mandated by current Corps of Engineers pavement design procedures. With rapid construction techniques outpacing the traditional strength assessment methods, there's a pressing need for quicker evaluation processes. The research focused on the use of elevated curing temperatures as a means to predict long-term flexural strength, particularly through warm water curing methods (ASTM C 684, Procedure A), due to its safety, reliability, and minimal adverse effects on specimens. Three concrete mixtures with varying water-cement ratios were prepared to cover a broad strength range, resulting in 1,061 specimens tested for flexural, splitting tensile, and compressive strengths at accelerated (24-hour) and standard intervals (14, 28, and 90 days). The findings demonstrated that the warm water method, with its high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.894 to 0.945), offers reliability comparable to or better than 14-day tests for predicting 28- and 90-day flexural strengths. These results suggest a promising direction for improving quality control practices in pavement construction, allowing for earlier detection of strength issues and potentially reducing the reliance on protracted testing durations. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
ANALYSIS OF FULL-DEPTH PCC PATCHES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Kilareski Walter P. , Ozbeki Taghi E.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the effectiveness of full-depth Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) patches for rehabilitating jointed concrete pavements, focusing on load transfer efficiency, stress distribution, and deflection characteristics under heavy axle loads. The deterioration of jointed PCC pavements, primarily at transverse contraction joints due to heavy traffic and environmental conditions, necessitates maintenance strategies like Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) which includes full-depth patching among other techniques. The research emphasizes the importance of dowel bar size, spacing, and concrete thickness in the design of full-depth patches to ensure effective load transfer and minimize pavement deflections and stresses. Key findings reveal that deflections along transverse joints increase with fewer dowel bars, while joint efficiency improves with thicker slabs and more dowel bars. Tensile stresses were found to be less influenced by the number and size of dowel bars, not exceeding rupture limits, indicating stresses alone are insufficient for patch design. The study highlighted that bearing stresses are critical, with six and seven dowel bars configurations exceeding allowable stresses, suggesting that a minimum of eight dowel bars of at least 1 1/4-inch diameter is necessary for effective design. The optimum design proposed involves a 10-inch thick patch with eight dowel bars positioned strategically across the transverse joint for improved load transfer and reduced bearing stress, thus enhancing pavement longevity and performance. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAYS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN FRANCE
Authors: Charonnat Yves , Chauchot Jean , Sainton Alain
Published: January 2025

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the application of cement concrete overlays on flexible pavements in France. Initially, traditional methods involved the use of bituminous base course or hydraulic gravel with asphalt concrete for heavy traffic roads. However, between 1973 and 1976, France embarked on experimental projects utilizing cement concrete laid by vibration for pavement overlays, driven by the objectives of maintaining technique competition, developing energy and aggregate efficient methods, reducing imported material reliance, and offering adaptable solutions for varying site conditions. The experimental sites spanned over 50 km in two traffic lanes, using discontinuous mixing plants and slip form pavers for concrete laying, which proved highly successful. The study outlines the specific construction techniques, including the preparation and maintenance of the pavement, showcasing excellent structural integrity and minimal maintenance requirements over a decade of use despite high traffic volumes. The research culminates in establishing operational techniques and design rules for cement concrete overlays, highlighting the strategic planning for traffic management, site preparation, and concrete laying. It also explores advancements to enhance the technique's cost-efficiency, such as reducing road reopening delays and developing zero-clearance equipment for seamless concrete application. This paper not only details the technical aspects of cement concrete overlays but also addresses the environmental and economic benefits, marking a significant evolution in pavement overlay techniques in France. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
COMBATTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB PUMPING STATE OF THE ART AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Ray Michel , Christory Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2025

This article presents a comprehensive overview and recommendations for combating concrete pavement slab pumping, drawing on the collaborative efforts of the PIARC Technical Committee on Concrete Roads. The synthesis, derived from international seminars and operational experiences, focuses on optimizing drainage and using low-erodability materials to enhance the longevity and performance of concrete pavements. Key recommendations include implementing effective drainage systems at the slab-subbase-shoulder interface, selecting materials with minimal erodability to prevent cavity formation, and employing waterproofing techniques. The classification of constructional arrangements and materials based on drainage efficiency and erodability offers a framework for designing durable pavements. The article also emphasizes the importance of maintenance and innovation in hydraulic function to prevent water infiltration and ensure structural integrity. Through detailed observations and case studies, including the significant improvement in service life on Autoroute A1 and the drainage efficiency on A6, the paper advocates for a balanced approach that integrates mechanical and hydraulic considerations. The need for international collaboration and shared research to refine and implement these recommendations is highlighted, with the goal of achieving sustainable and resilient concrete pavement infrastructures. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
DEVELOPMENT OF A THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STABILIZED LAYERS UNDER RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS
Authors: Kohn Starr D. , Gemayel Chaouki A. , Alexander Don R. , Tons Egons
Published: January 2025

This study introduces a novel design procedure for determining the optimal thickness of cement stabilized base layers under rigid airfield pavements. Highlighting a gap in existing design methodologies, which lacked a uniform approach for calculating the thickness of stabilized base layers, this research aims to address inconsistencies and optimize material use. Utilizing elastic theory for stress determination and accounting for the material properties of the stabilized base, the procedure ensures compatibility with current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) guidelines and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' practices. Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing various wheel load conditions and utilizing the BISAR program for stress analysis, the method provides a more efficient and economically viable solution for airfield pavement design. A key outcome is the development of a computer program, CTBDES, facilitating the application of the new design method by automating the thickness selection process. This research not only fills a critical void in pavement design practices but also allows for the utilization of material properties in the design process, potentially leading to significant cost savings and enhanced pavement performance. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DESIGN METHOD FOR CONTROL OF CRACKING IN CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Authors: Sato Ryoichi , Hachiya Yoshitaka , Kawakami Atsuhito
Published: January 2025

This paper contains a detailed description on the crack controlling method for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP). A longitudinal crack originated from the transverse cracks is considered as a failure criteria in CRCP. As the possibility of this cracking depends on the load transfer efficiency at the transverse crack, the crack control, namely controlling both crack width and crack spacing, is thought as a key stone in designing CRCP. This study consists of the following steps. Firstly new formulas for calculating stress in the reinforcement have been derived. By using those, crack spacing and crack width can be estimated with accuracy. And then, full scale test pavements have been constructed and the behaviour of the pavements has been monitored continuously from the construction. Finally, the validity of those formulas has been verified by various data obtained in the test pavement. By using the new formulas, it is confirmed that the position of the reinforcement adopted in this test pavement is supported to be theoretically reasonable.
Economic Evaluation of Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation
Authors: Coudriet Daren L. , Luhr David R. , Kilareski Walter P.
Published: January 2025

In the paper "Economic Evaluation of Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation" by Daren L. Coudriet, David R. Luhr, and Walter P. Kilareski, the authors address the challenge transportation agencies face with managing deteriorating infrastructures amid financial constraints and increasing traffic volumes. The study highlights the importance of Pavement Management Systems (PMS) in optimizing the substantial investment required for roadway maintenance and construction, which is estimated at around 15 billion dollars annually in the U.S. alone. PMS aids in making informed decisions at both network and project levels based on economic analyses that consider the costs of maintenance and rehabilitation against the benefits and available funding. The paper delves into pavement economics, advocating for life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) as a method to evaluate the financial implications of initial construction, rehabilitation, maintenance, user costs, and salvage value over a pavement's lifespan. Key economic terms and methodologies, such as present worth and equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC), are reviewed for understanding the fiscal evaluation of different pavement strategies. Utilizing the ROADCOST program, the study performs a comprehensive economic evaluation of concrete pavement rehabilitation strategies in four counties near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The objective is to compare the economic life of pavements to their design life in order to identify the most cost-effective maintenance and rehabilitation options. Through sensitivity analyses and predictive equations, factors influencing pavement economics, such as interest rates, performance periods, and maintenance costs, are examined to guide the selection of economically viable rehabilitation strategies. Ultimately, the paper underscores the critical role of timely rehabilitation based on economic life calculations, demonstrating that selecting rehabilitation strategies guided by economic life can result in significant cost savings compared to decisions based solely on design life. This approach emphasizes the need for a thorough economic analysis at both network and project levels to ensure the sustainable management of pavement infrastructure. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATES ON THE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF CRCP IN TEXAS
Authors: McCullough B. Frank , Saraf C. L.
Published: January 2025

This study, conducted by the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin, investigates the impact of coarse aggregate types on the performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP) in Texas. Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation specifications typically do not differentiate between aggregate types, assuming equivalent performance if certain criteria like grading and hardness are met. However, field observations have indicated significant performance disparities in CRCPs constructed with different aggregates, particularly crushed limestone (LS) and siliceous river gravel (SRG). Through extensive laboratory testing and the development of a mechanistic model (CRCP), this research evaluates the properties of concrete mixes containing LS and SRG aggregates, including their modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, thermal coefficient of expansion, and drying shrinkage. The findings suggest that aggregate type significantly affects CRCP performance, influencing crack spacing, crack width, and steel stress. Consequently, the study presents design charts enabling the construction of CRCPs with equivalent performance using either aggregate type. This research not only challenges the prevailing assumption regarding aggregate interchangeability in CRCP construction but also offers practical guidelines for pavement design that accommodates the distinct properties of LS and SRG aggregates. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
EFFECT OF DESIGN FEATURES ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
Authors: Smith Kurt D. , Peshkin David G. , Darter Michael I. , Mueller Amy L.
Published: January 2025

A major national field study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavement. Such variables as slab thickness, base type, joint spacing, transverse joint load transfer, shoulder type, and drainage were studied. These represent critical areas which current pavement design procedures do not satisfactorily address. Eighty experimental rigid pavement sections representing the four main climatic zones were selected for inclusion in the study. A wide range of design variables were included to provide an indication of their relative impact on pavement performance. Visual condition surveys, roughness, drainage surveys, NOT deflection testing, and coring/boring testing were performed on every section to provide a complete indication of the performance of the pavement and its relevant properties and characteristics. Preliminary findings on the effect of the design features on pavement performance are presented in this paper.
EFFECT OF HIGH TIRE PRESSURES ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
Authors: Okamoto Paul A. , Packard Robert G.
Published: January 2025

This study, conducted by Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc. for the Portland Cement Association, investigates the impact of high tire pressures on concrete pavement performance. With the increasing use of trucks equipped with radial tires and high tire pressures, significant pavement damage has been observed across major highways in the United States and Canada. Unlike asphalt pavements, for which extensive research programs have been initiated, the effects of high tire pressures on concrete pavements have been less thoroughly studied. This research aims to fill that gap by examining how high tire pressures influence concrete pavement response, service life, and performance characteristics. Field testing across six sites in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania involved loading pavement sections with trucks equipped with tires at pressures ranging from 80 to 120 psi. Measurements of pavement strains, deflections, and the subsequent analysis suggested that increased tire pressure does not significantly affect concrete pavement response. Additionally, surveys of truck tire pressures in various states revealed that operational pressures are substantially higher than those used during the AASHO Road Test, upon which many pavement design equations are based. Despite the higher pressures, the research found no significant impact on pavement performance, indicating that current pavement thickness design procedures, which do not consider the effects of increased tire pressure, may still be adequate. This conclusion is supported by both theoretical analyses and field test data, which collectively indicate that increased tire pressures up to 120 psi do not significantly affect the performance or service life of concrete pavements. The study's findings suggest that existing design methodologies for concrete pavements remain valid, even in the face of changing tire technologies and usage patterns. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
EVALUATION OF STRENGTH TESTS AND ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Greer Wilbur
Published: January 2025

One of the most troublesome phases of a concrete pavement construction project can be the determination of whether the strength of the concrete meets the project specifications. This determination can be complicated by the fact that the flexural strength test is often the test specified for acceptance and there is often little or no understanding of the procedures and precision of the flexural strength test. The quick placement of large volumes of concrete for pavement construction projects means that a million dollars or more worth of concrete can be "on the ground" before the first acceptance test is ever performed. If questions arise regarding the validity of the acceptance tests, then a good understanding of the variations inherent in the flexural strength test are necessary for a proper evaluation of the acceptability of the concrete. The results of analyses to determine the statistical parameters for flexural strength test results for more than one million cubic yards of concrete pavement constructed at the Atlanta International Airport are presented in this paper. Parameters for within-test statistical variations are presented so that the quality of the testing agency personnel can be evaluated. Parameters for the between-test statistical variations are presented so that the quality of production by the contractor can be evaluated. The results of the analyses indicate that the within-test variations can approach the between-test variations and this greatly contributes to the confusion and misunderstandings. The analyses also show that two flexural strength test results from the same batch of concrete can be expected to vary by as much as 100 psi and not be considered suspect 95 percent of the time. The difference between the average flexural strengths of each of two batches of the same concrete mix in the laboratory can differ by as much as 75 psi and not be considered suspect 95 percent of the time. Procedures for adjusting the actual flexural strength test results upward based on additional thickness over the design thickness or downward based on deficient thickness from the design thickness are given. The use of compressive or split tensile strength test results in lieu of flexural strength test results for the acceptance testing for concrete pavement construction projects are also presented.
Fatigue Strength of Roller Compacted Concrete
Authors: Gomez Jorge , Scholer Charles F.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this laboratory investigation was to compare some of the fatigue characteristics of roller compacted concrete and conventional concrete, under the same testing conditions. The flexural fatigue life of RCC was examined based on load stress history, and compared with that of CC prepared with the same aggregates and cement content but having a measurable slump.
Improved Pavement Design Through Pavement Instrumentation
Authors: Cable James K.
Published: January 2025

Past methods of pavement design have relied heavily on the use of empirical data and laboratory testing to develop the materials and thickness required for an estimated number of loadings. The technology has advanced to the point where instrumentation can be used to measure the effect of the existing traffic flow on the pavement under various climatic conditions. This project is part of an FHWA Demonstration project and an Iowa Highway Research Board project on pavement instrumentation. The paper describes the instrumentation that has been developed to monitor the traffic effect on a section of I-80 in southwestern Iowa. The instrumentation includes the use of piezo electric cables to trigger the data collection and monitor the weight, speed, lateral location and lane placement of the vehicles passing over the data collection site. Data collection equipment includes concrete deflection, concrete and dowel bar strain, and temperature of the pavement and subgrade. A special application of nuclear gages is being used to measure the moisture and density of the material under the pavement at the joints and midslab location. Examples of the results are shown. The site is equipped with telephone lines and computer capability to allow remote sensing of the results at an office location at the University. Site planning and installation problems and solutions are discussed in this report. The successes and failures of the installation portion of the project are discussed. This type of location allows the designer and planner to monitor traffic and pavement performance remotely without interference or identification by the traffic to improve the knowledge of pavement/traffic/environment interaction.
INCORPORATION OF THE 1986 AASHTO GUIDE INTO THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES OF THE TEXAS SDHPT
Authors: Wimsatt Andrew J. , Brown James L.
Published: January 2025

This study explores the incorporation of the 1986 AASHTO Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures into the concrete pavement design guidelines of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (Texas SDHPT). Recognizing the limitations of the 1981 AASHTO Guide, which failed to account for critical variables such as the significant rainfall differences across Texas and the need for computer-based design equations, the Texas SDHPT sought to update its design procedures. The paper outlines the design parameters adopted from the 1986 Guide, emphasizing the enhanced reliability for high-traffic areas and the consideration of positive drainage impacts. Design examples for urban and rural freeway expansions, as well as highway intersections and arterial street improvements, demonstrate the practical application of the revised guidelines. The comparison of pavement designs generated using both the 1981 and 1986 AASHTO Guides with the new recommendations reveals the improved accuracy and consistency of the 1986 Guide when supplemented with specific Texas SDHPT recommendations. The study concludes that the 1986 AASHTO Guide, augmented with Texas-specific inputs, offers a more reliable and adaptable framework for concrete pavement design across diverse environmental conditions and traffic demands. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
INTERPRETATION OF FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER RESULTS USING PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Ioannides Anastasios K. , Barenberg Ernest J. , Lary Jo A.
Published: January 2025

This Paper discusses a rigorous, theoretically sound and efficient backcalculation procedure, applicable to two-layer, rigid pavement systems. A number of practical illustrative examples demonstrate that the method presented simplifies considerably the effort required in interpreting nondestructive testing data. A unique feature of this approach is that in addition to yielding the required backcalculated parameters, it also allows an evaluation of the degree to which the in situ system behaves as idealized by theory, and provides an indication of possible equipment shortcomings. The method is extremely powerful and versatile, and may be extended to include other loading conditions, as well as multi­ layer systems (flexible pavements). When the backcalculation is performed on a personal computer, execution time per deflection basin is trivial ( l sec.). Application of the procedure to actual field data from recent projects has confirmed that it yields very realistic, consistent and reliable results.
MEASURING THE SMOOTHNESS OF NEWLY CONSTRUCTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR ACCEPTANCE SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: Harrison Rob , Bertrand Carl , Hudson W.R.
Published: January 2025

A smooth highway surface is recognized as an important characteristic for achieving good service life and user comfort. A 10-foot straight edge was the traditional instrument used by contractors and owners to check surface deviations until the Profilograph was developed in California in the 1960s, and utilized as a means of evaluating pavement smoothness. In the last decade many highway engineers have noted a decline in initial pavement smoothness and, as a result, other state agencies have incorporated versions of the Profilograph into their acceptance standards. This led AASHTO in 1984 to conduct a survey into smoothness specifications and to recommend a draft guide specification. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) engaged the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) at The University of Texas to evaluate this specification with a variety of roughness devices. The paper presents a brief historical background and reports the key results of an AASHTO survey to ascertain state's practices. A modification to the AASHTO guide specification is then discussed, and implications of the bonus and penalty categories discussed. A high resolution profiling device, the Dipstick, which can be used to quantify pavement surface data, has been tested with other roughness devices and the results are presented. Finally, a California-type Profilograph was employed on newly constructed reinforced concrete to test the proposed specification prior to its trial adoption. Problems with the Profilograph were identified which could make the proposed standards difficult to implement. CTR staff believe that a combination of Profilograph and Dipstick instruments, together with a modification to the categories within the Texas draft specification, would result in a more equitable and enforceable standard.