bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOCIETY, ECONOMY, AND POLITICS IN RESTORATION ITALY: TOWARDS A REGIONAL SYNTHESIS
Authors: DAL LAGO ENRICO
Published: July 2002

Recent scholarship on the Restoration period in Italy (1815–60) has put the accent on regional diversity and on particular developments within the different pre-unification states. In particular, recent studies on the Kingdom of Sardinia have added much to our view of the Piedmontese nobility's peculiar character and ability to maintain its identity through time. Equally, detailed studies of the economy of nineteenth-century Tuscany have emphasized the importance of banking and silk manufacturing, whilst studies of governmental policies in the Papal State have shed new light over a particular administrative monarchy's attempt at pursuing a policy of reconciliation between modernization and conservatism. Whilst these studies have shown the significance of regional developments during the Restoration, other studies have argued that the process of ‘inventing’ the Italian nation-state has led to a conscious obliteration of regional administrative and juridical traditions and have shown the way to the construction of an up-to-date regional synthesis of a historical period which is much more than a simple prelude to the unification of the country.
THE SEARCH FOR THE ‘MIDDLE SORT OF PEOPLE’ IN ENGLAND, 1600–1800
Authors: FRENCH H. R.
Published: July 2002

The ‘middle sort of people’ is a social group that has been the subject of increased
historical research in the last decade. Many studies have been written, and many definitions offered of
the group, its identity, and its membership. As a result, these overlapping groups and contrasting
methods of definition have caused the nature and identity of the group to remain elusive. This study
charts the evolution of the historiography of the ‘middle sort’, and the many attempts to produce
positive and accurate definitions of the group. It suggests that the identity of the ‘middle sort’ may,
in fact, be more complex than is allowed for by existing studies, with different identities being adopted
according to social context. It concludes that while the term ‘middle sort of people’ is an appropriate
contemporary collective term for use by historians, it is much more problematic as a description of an
active, cohesive social group in the early modern period.
Studies on Anticlericalism in Contemporary Spain
Authors: Pérez Ledesma Manuel
Published: July 2002

Anticlericalism was a decisive trend in Spanish political, social, and
cultural life from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the Spanish
Civil War. It is true that anticlerical movements also existed in other
European states, but the confrontations were much more intense in Spain.
José M. Sánchez recalls this in a concise summary of the violence unleashed
by these struggles: from 1822 to 1936, at least 235 members of the clergy
were assassinated and around 500 churches and religious centres were
burned. In addition, in the three years of the Civil War, almost 7,000
priests, monks and nuns suffered the same fate. Despite this, until a few
years ago there were frequent complaints about the scant attention paid by
Spanish historians to this trend. Julio de la Cueva Merino referred to this
lack of research, and even to the ‘historiographic vacuum’, in a summary
of publications on the subject which appeared in 1991. Three years later,
Pilar Salomón mentioned the ‘absence of fruitful bibliographic production’, and, as recently as 1997, Rafael Cruz spoke of a ‘shortage of works’,
or at least a very scarce production of monographs. Outside the field of
history, anthropologists such as David Gilmore and Manuel Delgado have
likewise criticized the lack of interest of their colleagues in the face of what
Gilmore defined as ‘as powerful a social and ideological phenomenon as
devotion’, and which should deserve the same intellectual consideration.
Diversity of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) at in situ conservation sites in North Shewa and Bale, Ethiopia
Authors: KEBEBEW FASSIL , TSEHAYE YEMANE , MCNEILLY TOM
Published: July 2002

Biological resources used by local people for a long period of time preserve historical records and scientific competence attained while they develop, conserve, maintain and utilize the landrace varieties of those crops sustainably, ensuring their descent to successive generations. Ethiopian farmers and the traditional farming systems they still exercise have a tremendous positive impact on maintaining wheat genetic diversity with the associated indigenous knowledge. Twenty-one durum wheat landraces, 11 of which were collected from North Shewa and the remaining 10 from Bale were examined for five qualitative morphological characters. The long beak character was monomorphic at lower altitude (< 2100 m a.s.l.). The phenotypic frequencies for characters showed that the long and intermediate beak types were found in both sites, with the long one being the predominant type in most of the strategic sites (localities). The short beak type was rare in most of the strategic sites (localities) in Bale whereas in North Shewa its frequency reached a maximum of 51%. Black glume was in rare frequency in most of the strategic sites (localities) and districts (depending on size, a district contains several localities). The three seed colour groups (white, brown and purple) were found in a similar proportion across districts, and in situ conservation zones (farmer-based on-farm crop conservation zones, and depending on size a zone contains several districts) with considerable differences among strategic sites (localities). While white glume colour was predominant at lower altitude (< 2300 m a.s.l.), brown glume was most frequent at higher altitude (> 2301 m a.s.l.). The frequency of the purple seed colour increases with increasing altitude. Intra-population polymorphism was common for most traits. The overall estimate of diversity in in situ crop conservation sites is very high (H′ = 0·81±0·01). The first three canonical functions accounted for 85·5% (48·5, 19·7 and 17·4% respectively) of the variation between varieties. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two major clusters and eight subclusters. In most cases, the cluster analysis based on the qualitative traits did not necessarily cluster varieties on the basis of their collection sites. The two major clusters contained varieties from Bale and North Shewa in situ crop conservation zones.
Transplanted maize (Zea mays) for grain production in

southern England. III. Effects of plant growth regulator treatments on

maize transplant morphology
Authors: DALE A. E. , DRENNAN D. S. H.
Published: July 2002

Maize kernels were soaked for 16 h in solutions containing the

growth regulators BAS 106.W at 40 or 80 mg/l, PP333 at 80 or 160

mg/l, or BNO 0184 at 100 or 150 mg/l. The plant growth

regulator (PGR)-treated kernels and water-soaked controls were sown in

planting trays, and seedling transplants were raised in a glasshouse

for 24 days. When they were planted in the field, the PGR-treated

plants were significantly shorter than controls, with average plant

heights (measured from soil level to uppermost leaf collar) of

4·7 cm (BAS 106.W, 40 mg/l), 3·7 cm (BAS 106.W, 80

mg/l), 6·1 cm (PP333, 80 mg/l), 8·0 cm (PP333,

160 mg/l), 6·4 cm (BNO 0184, 100 mg/l), 7·1 cm

(BNO 0184, 150 mg/l) and 11·0 cm (controls). The dwarfing of

PGR-treated transplants was mainly due to shortened leaf insertions of

the lower leaves. Shoot weights were little affected by PGR-treatment,

since decreased plant heights were partly compensated for by thicker

stems and broader leaves. PGR effects on leaf numbers were negligible.

At crop maturity, PGR-treated plants and controls showed similar grain

weights and harvest indices. A partial leaf removal treatment at

planting using untreated seedlings was associated with rapid crop

establishment in the field and like the PGR treatments, it had no

significant effect on final yield. It is suggested that a PGR-treatment

with a short term dwarfing effect would facilitate the production and

handling of maize seedling transplants and may improve establishment

and early growth in the field.
Day–night variation of thermoregulatory responses of

heifers exposed to high environmental temperatures
Authors: MUNDIA C. M. , YAMAMOTO S.
Published: July 2002

In order to assess relative thermal sensitivity between the

day and the night, vaginal temperature (Tv),

heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), skin

surface temperatures (from which

mean skin temperature (Ts) was calculated) and

standing time were measured at environmental

temperatures (Te) of 23, 28, 33 and 38°C

during the day (11.00–15.00 h) and during the night

(23.00–03.00 h) using four Holstein heifers. Both Tv

and mean body temperature (Tb) were greater

during the night than during the day, increased with increased

Te, and the rate of increase of both Tv

and Tb with increased Te

was greater during the night (P<0·05).

Estimated mean HP was similar

during the night and during the day, and HP did not increase with increased

Te. Respiration rate was

greater but not significantly different at night compared to during the

day, and increased with

increased Te. Mean skin temperature was similar

between day and night, and increased with increased

Te. The amount of time engaged in standing activity

was greater but not significantly different during

the night than during the day and standing activity increased with

increased Te. The results suggest

that thermal sensitivity is lower during the night than during the day,

and consequently the greater

night responses of Tv and Tb,

over day responses, are a requirement for the maintenance of heat

balance.
IS LOW INCOME A CONSTRAINT TO CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG THE PAKISTANI POOR?
Authors: AGHA SOHAIL
Published: July 2002

This paper examines whether low income is a barrier to contraceptive use in Pakistan, a country in which economic conditions are deteriorating at a time when the private sector is becoming a more important supplier of contraception. Multivariate regression analysis performed using the Pakistan Contraceptive Demand Survey suggests that low income is a deterrent to modern contraceptive use in Pakistan. This is particularly the case for contraceptive methods supplied through the private sector. It is concluded that, if the aim of family planning programmes is to reach low-income people, the prices of contraceptives supplied through the private sector should be kept as low as possible.
FAMILY-BUILDING PATTERNS AND CHILDHOOD MORTALITY: A FAMILY-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: DAVID PATRICIA H.
Published: July 2002

It has been suggested that altering the pace of reproduction would improve the health of women and children. For formulating intervention policies, it is important to know whether on its own such a strategy is likely to lead to risk reduction. This paper analyses mortality risk in sibships to explore the relationship between family formation factors and other household characteristics that identify women whose families are at higher risk. The analysis allows for the fact that reproductive behaviour may be modified by the family's prior experience of child death, using simultaneous equations methods to purge the model of the ‘feedback’ effects of death on the endogenous variable, childbearing pace. The strong relationship between reproductive pace and average risk in a family appears to be due to the association of both with other differences between households. Other aspects of family formation patterns are good indicators of which families are likely to experience excess risks to their children. These factors are associated with maternal education, but measure characteristics of the family or mother that educational attainment does not fully capture. They indicate that high-risk mothers are likely to have less control over many aspects of their lives. The pace of family building does not lead to excess average family risk, but may result, at least in part, from the concentration of risk in families with other characteristic patterns of family formation and few resources. The paper argues for a broader conception of household influences on child health and the health-related behaviour of parents.
Formation of homocitrulline during heating of milk
Authors: METWALLI ALI A. M. , LAMMERS WIM L. , VAN BOEKEL MARTINUS A. J. S.
Published: July 2002

Homocitrulline arises from the reaction between cyanate and the
ε-amino
group of lysine residues; in milk, cyanate derives from heat-induced urea
breakdown.
Since homocitrulline levels were unknown in heated milk, its formation
was studied
in the temperature range 100–150°C. Firstly, an analysis method
based on ion-exchange
chromatography using an amino acid analyser was developed. Homocitrulline,
liberated from milk protein by enzymic hydrolysis, was eluted well
separated from other amino acids and could be readily distinguished using
this
technique. Secondly, homocitrulline levels were determined for various
time–temperature
combinations in samples of milk, milk to which 10 mm-urea had
been
added, and milk that was made urea-free. No homocitrulline was formed in
urea-free
milk, while homocitrulline formation was stimulated by urea addition. Upon
prolonged heating, we found extensive subsequent breakdown of homocitrulline.
The
kinetics of homocitrulline formation was quite complicated, but an approximation
was possible as the initial formation reaction could be modelled using
zero order
reaction kinetics. The apparent activation energy for homocitrulline formation
was
estimated at ∼90 kJ/mol. In general, the levels of homocitrulline
to be expected
in heated milk appeared to be quite low: ∼0·3 mm
in in-bottle sterilized milk, and
<0·01 mm in UHT sterilized milk.
DNA probe for Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis
Authors: GIRAFFA GIORGIO , MORA DIEGO
Published: July 2002

Lactobacilli are of great commercial value because they are widely used as
starters in food fermentation. The species Lactobacillus delbrueckii, which comprises
the three subspecies bulgaricus, lactis and
delbrueckii, is important in dairy products and vegetables. The subspecies
bulgaricus is present in yogurt, and subspecies lactis
is recovered from whey, starter cultures and cheeses (Stiles & Holzapfel, 1997). It is
unusual to recover Lb. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii
(Lb. delbrueckii) from dairy
products, from which Lb. delbrueckii subsp. lactis
(Lb. lactis) and subsp. bulgaricus
(Lb. bulgaricus) are typically isolated. However, given the similarity of these two
latter subspecies, a clear identification of isolates on the basis of phenotype criteria
alone is often problematic (Dellaglio, 1989; Millière et al. 1996).

The use of DNA probes and methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
have greatly facilitated diagnostic identification of bacteria. For the lactobacilli,
DNA probes have been described for Lb. helveticus,
Lb. acidophilus, Lb. fermentum,
Lb. plantarum and most of the other Lactobacillus
species (Pot et al. 1994; Tailliez et
al. 1994; Quere et al. 1997). For Lb. delbrueckii,
an EcoRI DNA fragment of the
plasmid pY85 was used as a probe for this species, although it was not able to
discriminate its three subspecies (Delley et al. 1990).

In our laboratory, a specific amplification of a DNA fragment of ∼1·7 kbp using
universal primers for the amplification of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes was found
only for dairy isolates of Lb. lactis and not for Lb. bulgaricus,
Lb. delbrueckii, Lb. helveticus and Lb. acidophilus
(G. Giraffa, P. de Vecchi and L. Rossetti, unpublished
results). This prompted us to test the possible use of this fragment as a specific DNA
probe for Lb. lactis. To this end, Southern and dot blot hybridization experiments
were carried out with total DNA of several strains belonging to different lactic acid
bacteria (LAB) species.
Bound to improve: a variational approach to convective heat transport
Authors: IERLEY GLENN R. , WORTHING R. A.
Published: July 2002

To the long established idea of bounding turbulent convective heat transport by a
variational method based on energetic constraints, we now add a richer class of
‘z-constraints’ with the hope of tightening bounds considerably. We establish that
only certain moments of the governing equations are effective for this purpose. We
explore the initial consequences of groups of such constraints by use of perturbation
theory, which clarifies the need that a given set of elements be mutually congruent.
Energy transfer in rotating turbulence
Authors: CAMBON CLAUDE , MANSOUR N. N. , GODEFERD F. S.
Published: July 2002

The influence of rotation on the spectral energy transfer of homogeneous

turbulence

is investigated in this paper. Given the fact that linear dynamics, e.g.

the inertial

waves regime found in an RDT (rapid distortion theory) analysis, cannot
affect

a homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow, the study of nonlinear dynamics
is of

prime importance in the case of rotating flows. Previous theoretical (including
both

weakly nonlinear and EDQNM theories), experimental and DNS (direct numerical

simulation) results are collected here and compared in order to give a

self-consistent picture of the nonlinear effects of rotation on turbulence.

The inhibition of the energy cascade, which is linked to a reduction
of

the dissipation

rate, is shown to be related to a damping of the energy transfer due to
rotation. A

model for this effect is quantified by a model equation for the derivative-skewness

factor, which only involves a micro-Rossby number

Roω=ω′/(2Ω) – ratio
of r.m.s.

vorticity and background vorticity – as the relevant rotation parameter,

in accordance with DNS and EDQNM results.

In addition, anisotropy is shown also to develop through nonlinear interactions

modified by rotation, in an intermediate range of Rossby numbers

(RoL<1 and

Roω>1), which is characterized by a

macro-Rossby number RoL based on
an integral

lengthscale L and the micro-Rossby number previously defined.

This anisotropy is

mainly an angular drain of spectral energy which tends to concentrate energy
in

the wave-plane normal to the rotation axis, which is exactly both the slow
and the

two-dimensional manifold. In addition, a polarization of the energy distribution
in

this slow two-dimensional manifold enhances horizontal (normal to the rotation
axis)

velocity components, and underlies the anisotropic structure of the integral

length-scales. Finally a generalized EDQNM (eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian)

model is used to predict the underlying spectral transfer structure and
all

the subsequent

developments of classic anisotropy indicators in physical space. The results

from the

model are compared to recent LES results and are shown to agree well. While
the

EDQNM2 model was developed to simulate ‘strong’ turbulence,
it is

shown that it has a strong formal analogy with recent weakly nonlinear

approaches to wave turbulence.
Realisation-based lexicalism
Authors: BLEVINS JAMES P.
Published: July 2002

Farrell Ackerman & Gert Webelhuth,A theory of predicates (CSLI Lecture Notes 76). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 1998. Pp. xiv+402.
Optionality, lexicality and sound change
Authors: PANDEY PRAMOD KUMAR
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the relationship between variability

and lexicality on the one

hand and sound change on the other within the theory of Lexical Phonology.
The

former leads to the proposal of the Optionality Constraint (OC), which
prohibits the

application of optional rules in the lexical module. The constraint is
found to be

violated at the word level. The violation of OC as well as of other lexical
modular

principles is accounted for by the help of a new licensing

principle, called the Polarity

Principle. This allows for interacting modules to have different properties
of

representation and rule application at their opposite ends. The OC leads
to a

resolution of the Neogrammarian Controversy, that is consonant with the
standard

assumption concerning sound change, namely, the inherent relation between
the

latter and variability.
Understanding the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992
Ghanaian presidential election. A closer look at the distributional
impact of Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme
Authors: Bawumia Mahamudu
Published: July 2002

This article attempts to explain the rural–urban voting patterns
in the
1992 Ghanaian presidential election. In this election, rural voters voted

overwhelmingly for the incumbent and urban voters did the opposite.
It is argued that Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme (1983–92)

was distributionally favourable to rural households and unfavourable
to urban households. A link is therefore drawn between the
distributional impacts of the Structural Adjustment Programme and
the voting patterns of rural and urban households.

The relationship between the state of the economy and the fortunes
of political parties at the polls is one which has generated a lot of
debate. This debate has largely taken place within the confines of
Western democracies, not least because of the absence of Western-style

democracy in many developing countries. We are, however, seeing a
movement towards ‘democracy’ in many developing countries,
with
pressures for economic liberalisation going hand in glove with those for

political liberalisation. The increasing democratisation by many
African countries undertaking Structural Adjustment Programmes
provides us with an opportunity to investigate the relationships
between the welfare implications of these programmes and the voting
behaviour of the electorate. Is voting behaviour in Africa any different

from that in Western democracies?
Aspect-ratio dependence of Alfvén-wave
current drive and its efficiency in simulated
tokamak plasmas. A systematic, full-wave equation investigation
Authors: CUPERMAN S. , BRUMA C. , KOMOSHVILI K.
Published: July 2002

We investigate theoretically the aspect-ratio dependence of Alfvén-wave
current
drive (AWCD) in ‘simulated’ tokamaks, in the range
1.1[les ]R/a[les ]10 (where R and
a are the major and minor radii, respectively). The study is carried
out within the
framework of resistive MHD, and is based on the consistent solution of
the full-wave
equation (E∥≠0); both shear and simulated
toroidicity effects are taken into
account. The AWCD includes components due to (wave) momentum transfer,
helicity
injection and plasma flow. The aspect-ratio-dependent features investigated
include
the radial profiles as well as the integrated power absorption, current
drive and
efficiency; the effects of antenna parameters (wavenumbers and frequency)
are also
explored. The numerical code developed and used for these computations
has been
benchmarked with the aid of analytical solutions obtained for the
antenna–metallic-wall system in vacuum, as well as by the smooth

transition from the vacuum case
to the actual plasma case. Results of extensive calculations for the so-called

Alfvén-continuum frequency range are presented and discussed.
Temperature/pressure tolerance of the first larval stage of Mirocaris fortunata from Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field
Authors: Tyler P.A. , Dixon D.R.
Published: July 2002

Larvae of vent shrimp from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are known to disperse widely from the adult habitat. Experimental analysis of the temperature/pressure tolerance of the first zoeal stage of Mirocaris fortunata from the Lucky Strike vent field suggest that the upper limit of vertical distribution is determined by temperature. Conversely, the lower limit is controlled by the maximum pressure tolerance of the larvae.
New bryozoan family from the Indo-Pacific shows unexpected diversity
Authors: Tilbrook Kevin J.
Published: July 2002

Two new species of the recently established genus Echinovadoma (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida: Echinovadomidae) are described and illustrated from the Banda Sea, off Java, E.alacermatrix sp. nov. and E.magnitorquata sp. nov. Their affinities to the only other known species of the genus, E.anceps, for which both the genus and family were named, are discussed.
Gastrotricha from Italian brackish water environments with the description of a new species of Chaetonotus
Authors: Tongiorgi P. , Fregni E. , Balsamo M.
Published: July 2002

During 1996–1997 a systematic sampling programme was carried out in brackish coastal lakes and lagoons and in the delta of the River Po. In six of the nine collecting locations, 12 species of Gastrotricha were identified. One species, Chaetonotus ichthydioides, is new to science; another three species, the chaetonotidans Heterolepidoderma foliatum and the macrodasyidans Dendrodasys ponticus and Turbanella cf. pontica, and one macrodasyidan genus, Paradasys (P. subterraneus), were found in Italy for the first time. The unusual morphology of some of the species identified shows that Gastrotricha colonized brackish waters from both marine and freshwater habitats.
The Scramble for Concessions in 1880s Siam
Authors: Brailey Nigel
Published: July 2002

It is the events of the late 1890s in China which represent the most notorious example of a ‘scramble’ or ‘battle’ for concessions in the era of Western imperialism. The five years following her defeat in her war with Japan of 1894–95 seemed to reduce China to chaos and the brink of dismemberment, when the so-called ‘Boxer Rebellion’ was crushed by an international army comprised mainly of Russian and Japanese troops. But the powers could not agree on how to extend the concessions they had previously secured, and the ‘open door’, championed by Britain, the United States and initially Japan, prevailed. The ultimate blow to Western imperial expansion on a world scale was then delivered by Japan against Russia in the war of 1904–05, and a mere six years later, the Chinese launched out on their own revolutionary path which was to culminate in the Communist victory of 1949.
Miracles and laws of nature
Authors: MAWSON T. J.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, I argue that miracles should not be defined as involving
violations of natural laws. They should be defined as signs of particular volitions of
the deity or of other supernatural agents. I suggest that one may, without any prior
belief in the existence of such supernatural agents, reasonably come to believe that
one has witnessed miracles.
God, causation and occasionalism
Authors: VALLICELLA WILLIAM F.
Published: July 2002

The doctrine that there are no logically necessary connections
in nature
can be used to support both occasionalism, according to which God alone
can be a
cause, and ‘anti-occasionalism’, according to which God cannot
be a cause. Quentin
Smith has recently invoked the ‘no logically necessary connections
in nature’
doctrine in support of the latter. I bring two main objections against
his thesis that
God (logically) cannot be a cause. The first is that there are good reasons
to think
that there are irreducible dispositions in nature, and that where such
dispositions are
manifested, there are logically necessary causal connections. The second
objection
is that even if the ‘no logically necessary connections
in nature’ doctrine is true, one
is not forced to deny causal efficacy to God: with no breach in logical
propriety, one
may embrace occasionalism.
Christina Bratt Paulston & G. Richard Tucker (eds.),
The early days of sociolinguistics: Memories and reflections.
(Publications in sociolinguistics, 2.) Dallas: Summer Institute
of Linguistics, 1997. Pp. xii, 362.
Authors: Leeds-Hurwitz Wendy
Published: July 2002

As a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania
in the 1970s, I took what everyone called the “Grandfathers”
course, which provided an overview of the field through
the work of individual scholars (Dell Hymes was the professor).
It had a more proper title we all ignored, probably “History
of linguistics.” Now, The early days of sociolinguistics
provides an updated and more complete version of that course,
except that it emphasizes sociolinguistics rather than
all of linguistics; it presents substantial information
about the development of the field, as seen through the
eyes of one scholar after another. As we enter the new millennium,
the discussion appropriately now includes “grandmothers”
as well as “grandfathers.” This has the flavor
of salvage linguistics: get the elders to report what they
know before they die (or forget), in order to preserve
the details for future generations. This goal is perhaps
most obviously visible in the selection by Charles Ferguson.
It is not a piece he actually contributed; rather, it is
constructed from interviews conducted by his friends, colleagues,
and students during his recuperation from a series of severe
strokes (77). Given the centrality of Ferguson in the history
of sociolinguistics – he is “identified by
a majority of the contributors as the principal architect
for the field” (321) – his inability to write
his own summary of events justifies the remainder of the
individual histories.
Robert E. MacLaury, Color and cognition in
Mesoamerica: Constructing categories as vantages.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Pp. xxviii, 616.
Hb $85.00.
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: July 2002

Simply put, MacLaury's new book on color terminology
systems in a hundred Mexican and Central American languages
is a groundbreaking study on how the human mind apprehends
the physical universe; it is by far the most important
work on color nomenclature theory to appear in the past
thirty years. M's insights, which are the culmination
of some two decades of fieldwork and analysis, will be
of tremendous value to linguists, anthropologists, psychologists,
and cognitive scientists of many different backgrounds
and interests.
Structuring an emotional world
Authors: Grafman Jordan
Published: July 2002

Rolls emphasizes the role of emotion in behavior. My commentary provides some balance to that position by arguing that stored social knowledge dominates our behavior and controls emotional states, thereby reducing emotions to a subservient role in behavior.
Some implications from language development for merge
Authors: Jusczyk Peter W. , Johnson Elizabeth K.
Published: July 2002

Recent investigations indicate that, around 7-months-of-age, infants begin to show some ability to recognize words in fluent speech. In segmenting and recognizing words, infants rely on information available in the speech signal. We consider what implications these findings have for adult word recognition models in general, and for Merge, in particular.
Developing testable theories of brain dynamics: The global mode theory and experimental falsification
Authors: Wright J. J.
Published: July 2002

The development of theories of global cortical dynamics, using linear wave theory, owes much to the pioneering work of Nunez. His work leads to clear predictions on relations of brain size, axonal conduction velocity, and the frequencies of the cerebral rhythms. These predictions do not appear to be fulfilled, but their falsification constrains the range of parameters applicable in further formulations.
Reflexive and orienting properties of REM sleep dreaming and eye movements
Authors: Herman John
Published: July 2002

In this manuscript Hobson et al. propose a model exploring qualitative differences between the three states of consciousness, waking, NREM sleep, and REM sleep, in terms of state-related brain activity. The model consists of three factors, each of which varies along a continuum, creating a three-dimensional space: activation (A), information flow (I), and mode of information processing (M). Hobson has described these factors previously (1990; 1992a). Two of the dimensions, activation and modulation, deal directly with subcortical influences upon cortical structures – the reticular activation system, with regard to the activation dimension and the locus coeruleus and the pontine raphe neuclei, with regard to the modulation dimension. The focus of this review is a further exploration of the interaction between dreaming and the cortical and subcortical structures relevant to REM sleep eye movements.

[Hobson et al. ]
Synchronizing oscillations: Coding by concurrence and by sequence
Authors: Haase V. G. , Diniz L. F. M.
Published: July 2002

Synchronizing oscillations may be just one case of integration
and/or coding, one which explains associations by concurrence.
Understanding the sequencing of neural/behavioral events requires a
clock mechanism that imposes structure behind mere associations, and
may be best served by dissociating oscillations and synchronization in
terms of physiologic and computational mechanisms.
Real ascriptions of self-deception are fallible moral judgments
Authors: Johnson Edward A.
Published: July 2002

Mele's jointly sufficient conditions for self-deception
preclude definitive ascriptions of self-deception in practice.
Consequently, actual ascriptions of self-deception require large
inferences and may frequently be in error. It is recommended
that attention be directed toward actual practices of ascription
to understand how children learn and adults dispense what is
ultimately a moral judgment.
Cyclicity in speech derived from call repetition rather than from intrinsic cyclicity of ingestion
Authors: Andrew R. J.
Published: July 2002

The jaw movements of speech are most probably derived from
jaw movements associated with vocalisation. Cyclicity does not
argue strongly for derivation from a cyclic pattern, because it arises
readily in any system with feedback control. The appearance of regular
repetition as a part of ritualisation of a display may have been
important.
Relative size of the human corpus callosum redux: Statistical smoke and mirrors?
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: July 2002

Data do exist to support the fact that the corpus callosum
is relatively larger in women than in men. The corpus callosum is
an integral part of the brain, and contrary to Fitch & Denenberg's examples of “pseudostatistics,”
is not an extrinsic structure when determining its relative
size.
The Chorus scheme: Representation or isomorphism, holistic or analytic?
Authors: Latimer Cyril
Published: July 2002

The Chorus scheme could be an important step in the search for
solutions to the symbol grounding problem (Harnad 1990), but Edelman
does not address the potential difficulties inherent in downgrading
differences in favor of similarities in a categorization device.
Isomorphism rather than representation is a more coherent way
of thinking about Chorus whose modules are probably analytic
rather than holistic.
Is speech just chewing the fat?
Authors: Lund James P.
Published: July 2002

It is likely that the system controlling speech has evolved
from the one that controls feeding. However, the idea that frames and
content are programmed independently by two different cortical areas
is not plausible. Models of the speech control system must also take
into account the need to coordinate the respiratory, laryngeal, and
articulatory musculature.
On mandibular oscillation as a source of variation in infant vocalizations
Authors: Peters Jörg
Published: July 2002

The target article raises the question of whether
transcription-based evidence is sufficient to support assumptions
relating to patterns of mandibular activity in young children. Studies
on the perception of both adult and infant speech indicate that the
argument needs to be reexamined on the basis of acoustic and
articulatory data.
Combination-sensitive neurons: A flexible neural strategy for analyzing correlated elements in sounds
Authors: Wenstrup Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2002

Combination-sensitive neurons serve as the fundamental
processing unit in Sussman and colleagues' proposal for the neural
representation of stop consonants. This commentary describes recent
studies in the mustached bat that show how ubiquitous and flexible
this neural strategy can be. Sussman et al.'s proposal is an
important contribution to a neuroethological consideration of speech
perception.
Can current methods of pathonormal inference tell us anything about modularity?
Authors: Gow David W. , Rodkin Philip C.
Published: July 2002

This commentary on Müller's target article is
designed to help bridge the gap between method and theory in
neurobiological approaches to language. We focus on pathonormal
inference as reflective of broader conceptual issues concerning
universality and modularity. Our commentary directs attention to
how current methodological and analytic procedures are less than
optimal and minimize possibilities for reaching theoretical consensus.
We make suggestions about alternative analytic strategies that provide
a direction for future scientific progress.
Steven Rose's alternative to ultra-Darwinism
Authors: Hull David L.
Published: July 2002

Stephen Rose's formulation of evolutionary theory is too
scattered and impressionistic to serve as a genuine alternative to
ultra- Darwinism. In addition, he has muddied a distinction that is
crucial to our understanding of evolutionary phenomenona – the
distinction between homologies and homoplasies.
Some problems with the lexical status of nondefault inflection
Authors: Indefrey Peter
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's characterization of nondefault inflection as based exclusively on lexical entries does not capture the full range of empirical data on German inflection. In the verb system differential effects of lexical frequency seem to be input-related rather than affecting morphological production. In the noun system, the generalization properties of -n and -e plurals exceed mere analogy-based productivity.
Radical explanations, but trivial descriptions
Authors: Lamm Claus
Published: July 2002

A thorough distinction between explanatory and descriptive
concepts reveals a radical explanatory and a trivial descriptive
doctrine in current neuroscientific research. The explanatory approach
examines the neuronal substrates of the mind, whereas the descriptive
one deals only with its correlates.
A holistic developmental theory requires better research techniques
Authors: Michel George F.
Published: July 2002

Research pragmatics, not a defective conceptual framework,
supports modern biological reductionism. Conducting research to reveal
the casual web underlying the multiple developmental pathways leading to
any species-specific characteristic requires better research techniques
than those commonly used. It takes much patience, time, and effort to
gain even small glimpses of an answer to any developmental question.
The lap-counting function for linear mod one transformations II: the
Markov chain for generalized lap
numbers
Authors: FLATTO LEOPOLD , LAGARIAS JEFFREY C.
Published: July 2002

Linear mod one transformations are those maps of the unit interval given by
$f_{\beta,\alpha}(x)=\beta x+\alpha$ (mod 1),
with $\beta>1$ and $0\le\alpha<1$. The lap-counting function is
$L_{\beta,\alpha}(z)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} L_{n}z^{n}$, where
$L_{n}$ essentially counts the number of monotonic pieces of the $n$th iterate
$f_{\beta,\alpha}^{n}$. Part I showed that the
function $L_{\beta,\alpha}(z)$ is meromorphic on the unit disk $|z|<1$ and analytic on
$|z|<1/\beta$. This paper shows that the
singularities of $L_{\beta,\alpha}(z)$ on the circle $|z|=1/\beta$ are contained in the set
$\{(1/\beta)\exp (2\pi il/N):0\le l\le N-1\}$, for some integer $N\ge 1$. Here $N$ can be taken
to be the period $N_{\beta,\alpha}$ of a certain Markov chain
$\Sigma_{\beta,\alpha}$ which encodes information about generalized lap numbers $L_{n}(i,j)$
of $f_{\beta,\alpha}$, where
$L_{n}(i,j)$ counts monotonic pieces of $f_{\beta,\alpha}^{n}$ whose image is
$[f^{i}(0),f^{j}(1^{-}))$. We show that
$N_{\beta,\alpha}=1$ whenever $\beta>2$. Finally, we give the criterion that
$N_{\beta,\alpha}=1$ if and only if for all $n\ge 1$
the map $f_{\beta,\alpha}^{n}$ is ergodic with respect to the maximal entropy measure of
$f_{\beta,\alpha}$.
Wreath products along the period-doubling route to chaos
Authors: SMITH J. D. H.
Published: July 2002

The wreath-product construction is used to give a complete combinatorial description of the dynamics of period-doubling quadratic maps leading to the Feigenbaum map. An explicit description of the action on periodic points uses the Thue–Morse sequence. In particular, a wreath-product construction of this sequence is given. The combinatorial renormalization operator on the period-doubling family of maps is invertible.
Statistical representation and computation of tolerance and clearance for assemblability evaluation
Authors: Lee Sukhan , Yi Chunsik
Published: July 2002

The design of tolerances should take the functionality, manufacturability, assemblability and cost effectiveness of a product into consideration. This paper presents a method of analyzing and evaluating the assemblability of a product under given
tolerance
specifications in order to provide a tool to aide for tolerance design. Introduced is the range of feasible displacement of a part of an assembly as a result of the accumulation of clearances between mating parts along the serial as well as parallel chain
of assembly, which can play a role of compensating for the pose error of the corresponding part due to the accumulation of tolerances. Assemblability is determined by the probability that all the parallel as well as serial chains of the assembly can be f
ormed successfully under given statistical properties of tolerances. This requires to numerically compute the probability that a pair of mating parts forming a parallel chain can align themselves within the error margin defined by their mating clearance,
accounting for the possible compensation of the ranges of pose errors associated with the mating parts due to tolerance accumulations by the ranges of feasible displacements of the mating parts due to clearance accumulations. Simulation results are shown.
Changes in marriage patterns in the Spanish province of Navarre from the eighteenth to the twentieth century
Authors: SÁNCHEZ BARRICARTE JESÚS J.
Published: July 2002

This article examines developments in marriage patterns in the
Spanish province of Navarre over the last 300 years. The data from
Navarrese villages show that the age of both men and women on their first
marriage was well past the onset of sexual maturity. However, major
differences were noted between the marriage patterns in the different
villages. It was also noteworthy that the increasing intensity in marriage
patterns observed in other European countries from the late nineteenth
century onwards is not reflected in the case of Spain. Spain, and particularly
rural Navarre, saw an uninterrupted decline in I′m values from the late-eighteenth
to the mid-twentieth century. The possible influence of migratory
movements on the I′m values in rural Navarre is analysed. Findings are also
reported concerning the age difference between partners offer the last three
centuries.
The Process Interchange Format and Framework
Authors: LEE JINTAE , GRUNINGER MICHAEL , JIN YAN , MALONE THOMAS , TATE AUSTIN , YOST GREGG , OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PIF WORKING GROUP
Published: July 2002

This document provides the specification of the Process Interchange Format (PIF) version 1.2. The goal of this work is to develop an interchange format to help automatically exchange process descriptions among a wide variety of business process modelling and support systems such as workflow software, flow charting tools, planners, process simulation systems and process repositories. Instead of having to write ad hoc translators for each pair of such systems each system will only need to have a single translator for converting process descriptions in that system into and out of the common PIF format. Then any system will be able to automatically exchange basic process descriptions with any other system. This document describes the PIF-CORE 1.2, i.e. the core set of object types (such as activities, agents and prerequisite relations) that can be used to describe the basic elements of any process. The document also describes a framework for extending the core set of object types to include additional information needed in specific applications. These extended descriptions are exchanged in such a way that the common elements are interpretable by any PIF translator, and the additional elements are interpretable by any translator that knows about the extensions. The PIF format was developed by a working group including representatives from several universities and companies, and has been used for experimental automatic translations among systems developed independently at three of these sites. This document is being distributed in the hopes that other groups will comment upon the interchange format proposed here, and that this format (or future versions of it) may be useful to other groups as well. The PIF Document 1.0 was released in December 1994, and the current document reports the revised PIF that incorporate the feedback received since then.
GENERATION 1.5 MEETS COLLEGE COMPOSITION: ISSUES IN THE
TEACHING OF WRITING TO U.S.-EDUCATED LEARNERS OF ESL. Linda
Harklau, Kay M. Losey, and Meryl Siegal (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999. Pp. v +
245. $45.00 cloth, $24.50 paper.
Authors: Khirallah Michael
Published: July 2002

For the last decade, college campuses across the United States have witnessed an influx of
U.S.-educated nonnative speakers of English. Many of these students come to postsecondary
institutions with almost nativelike communicative competence yet marginal literacy skills. This
mismatch in proficiency has proved to be a daunting challenge to ESL and composition faculty.
Furthermore, few researchers have examined the linguistic needs of this population, creating a
gap in our knowledge of how best to intervene with these students. Generation 1.5 Meets
College Composition: Issues in the Teaching of Writing to U.S.-Educated Learners of ESLis one of the first attempts to fill that void. This noteworthy volume brings together the current research on U.S.-educated learners of ESL, or Generation 1.5, a reference to U.S.-educated immigrant students who are caught somewhere between the cultural and linguistic experiences of the first and second generations.
REFLECTION AND STRATEGIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING.Jennifer Ridley. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1997. Pp. 260. $51.95 paper.
Authors: Bender Linda
Published: July 2002

Ridley addresses two developments in language teaching and SLA research. The first
development is toward learner autonomy through self-reflection. None of her subjects reported
learning a language in a classroom with a focus on learning strategies, though Ridley documents
their individual preferred learning strategies with data from the beginning of the study. She then
formulates her first hypothesis, “that individual learners have their own preferred lexical
problem-solving strategies and patterns of reflective monitoring which are manifest when they
speak and also write in the target language” (p. 20).
Simultaneous Diophantine approximation on the circle and Hausdorff dimension
Authors: DICKINSON H. , DODSON M. M.
Published: July 2002

The functional relations between the coordinates of points on a manifold make the
study of Diophantine approximation on manifolds much harder than the classical
theory in which the variables are independent. Nevertheless there has been considerable
progress in the metric theory of Diophantine approximation on smooth manifolds.
To describe this, some notation and terminology are needed.
Ideal topologies, local cohomology and connectedness
Authors: DIVAANI-AAZAR K. , SCHENZEL P.
Published: July 2002

Let [afr ] be an ideal of a local ring (R, [mfr ]) and let N be a finitely generated R-module
of dimension d: It is shown that Hd[afr ](N) ≃
Hd[mfr ](N)/[sum ]n∈ℕ〈[mfr ]〉
(0: Hd[mfr ](N)[afr ]n); where for
an Artinian R-module X we put 〈[mfr ]〉X
= ∩n∈ℕ[mfr ]nX. As a consequence several
vanishing and connectedness results are deduced.