bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Furanocembranoid from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp.
Authors: Nagasaka Misaki , Tani Kazuki , Nishikawa Keisuke , Kinjo Riri , Ishii Takahiro
Published: March 2022

One new furanocembranoid diterpene, 11-hydroxy-Δ12(13)-pukalide (1), along with six known secondary metabolites, 11-acetoxy-Δ12(13)-pukalide (2), 13α-acetoxypukalide (3), pukalide (4), 3α-methoxyfuranocembranoid (5), Δ9(15)-africanene (6), and methyl (5′E)-5-(2′,6′-dimethylocta-5′,7′-dienyl)furan-3-carboxylate (7) were isolated from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, NMR, and HRESIMS), and the relative stereochemistry of 1 was determined by NOESY experiments and acetylation, which yielded derivative 2. In addition, compounds 1 and 7 exhibited toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test.

Graphical Abstract
Modeling phosphorene and $$\hbox {MoS}_{2}$$ interacting with iron: lubricating effects compared to graphene
Authors: Losi Gabriele , Cutini Michele , Restuccia Paolo , Righi M. Clelia
Published: March 2022

Phosphorene, a single layer of black phosphorus, is attracting interest for several applications, among which tribology. Here, we investigate its possible use as a solid lubricant for iron-based materials by comparing its friction-reduction properties with $$\hbox {MoS}_{2}$$

MoS
2

and graphene. Through first-principle calculations, we predict that phosphorene adheres more strongly to the native iron surface than the other considered 2D materials. The higher adhesion suggests that a stable and durable coverage of reactive surface regions can be obtained with phosphorene. Furthermore, our simulation uncovers the peculiar behavior of phosphorene to exfoliate into two atomic-thin layers upon interface intercalation. This capability makes phosphorene reduce the nano-asperity adhesion very efficiently thanks to the simultaneous passivation of the surface and countersurface. These results suggest that better performances could be obtained by phosphorene than other solid lubricants at low concentrations.
Surface Treatment of Inorganic CsPbI3 Nanocrystals with Guanidinium Iodide for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with High Brightness
Authors: Hoang Minh Tam , Pannu Amandeep Singh , Yang Yang , Madani Sepideh , Shaw Paul , Sonar Prashant , Tesfamichael Tuquabo , Wang Hongxia
Published: March 2022

The remarkable evolution of metal halide perovskites in the past decade makes them promise for next-generation optoelectronic material. In particular, nanocrystals (NCs) of inorganic perovskites have demonstrated excellent performance for light-emitting and display applications. However, the presence of surface defects on the NCs negatively impacts their performance in devices. Herein, we report a compatible facial post-treatment of CsPbI3 nanocrystals using guanidinium iodide (GuI). It is found that the GuI treatment effectively passivated the halide vacancy defects on the surface of the NCs while offering effective surface protection and exciton confinement thanks to the beneficial contribution of iodide and guanidinium cation. As a consequence, the film of treated CsPbI3 nanocrystals exhibited significantly enhanced luminescence and charge transport properties, leading to high-performance light-emitting diode with maximum external quantum efficiency of 13.8% with high brightness (peak luminance of 7039 cd m−2 and a peak current density of 10.8 cd A−1). The EQE is over threefold higher than performance of untreated device (EQE: 3.8%). The operational half-lifetime of the treated devices also was significantly improved with T50 of 20 min (at current density of 25 mA cm−2), outperforming the untreated devices (T50 ~ 6 min).
Notfallausweis, Notfallmedikation und Informationsmaterial zur Prävention und Therapie der Nebennierenkrise (Addison-Krise): Ein österreichisches Konsensusdokument
Authors: Pilz Stefan , Krebs Michael , Bonfig Walter , Högler Wolfgang , Hochgerner Anna , Vila Greisa , Trummer Christian , Theiler-Schwetz Verena , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara , Wolf Peter , Scherer Thomas , Kiefer Florian , Fröhlich-Reiterer Elke , Gottardi-Butturini Elena , Kapelari Klaus , Schatzl Stefan , Kaser Susanne , Höfle Günter , Schiller Dietmar , Stepan Vinzenz , Luger Anton , Riedl Stefan
Published: March 2022

Ein wichtiges Ziel bei der Behandlung der Nebenniereninsuffizienz ist die Prävention der Nebennierenkrise (auch akute Nebenniereninsuffizienz oder Addison-Krise genannt). Um in Österreich eine bessere Implementierung sowie Harmonisierung der Maßnahmen zur Prävention und Therapie der Nebennierenkrise zu erreichen, wurde dieses Konsensusdokument erarbeitet. Folgende Maßnahmen werden grundsätzlich für alle Patient*innen mit Nebenniereninsuffizienz empfohlen und in diesem Manuskript ausführlich erörtert: 1. Versorgung mit einer Notfallkarte („steroid emergency card“) sowie evtl. auch mit einem Armband oder einer Halskette (oder Ähnlichem) mit medizinischem Alarmhinweis „Nebenniereninsuffizienz, benötigt Glukokortikoide“. 2. Versorgung mit einem Hydrocortison-Notfallkit zur Injektion (alternativ auch Suppositorien/Zäpfchen zur Notfallapplikation) sowie ausreichenden oralen Glukokortikoiddosen für Stresssituationen/Erkrankungen. 3. Schulung von Patient*innen und Angehörigen zur Steigerung der Glukokortikoidtherapie in Stresssituationen bzw. bei Erkrankungen („sick day rules“) und zur Selbstinjektion von Hydrocortison. 4. Versorgung mit einer Behandlungsleitlinie (Informationszettel) zur Prävention und Therapie der Nebennierenkrise, welche bei Bedarf auch dem Gesundheitspersonal gezeigt werden soll. 5. Versorgung mit einer Notfall-Telefonnummer des behandelnden endokrinologischen Teams und/oder medizinisch geschulter Betreuungspersonen bzw. Angehöriger. 6. Regelmäßige (vorzugsweise jährliche) Wiederholung der Schulungsmaßnahmen. Dieses Konsensusdokument beinhaltet auch ausführliche Empfehlungen für die perioperative Glukokortikoidtherapie sowie für diverse andere Stresssituationen.
Albumin and C-reactive protein relate to functional and body composition parameters in patients admitted to geriatric rehabilitation after acute hospitalization: findings from the RESORT cohort
Authors: Van Ancum Jeanine M. , Tuttle Camilla S. L. , Koopman René , Pijnappels Mirjam , Meskers Carel G. M. , Paul Sanjoy K. , Lim Wen Kwang , Reijnierse Esmee M. , Lynch Gordon S. , Maier Andrea B.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) are non-specific markers of inflammation, which could affect muscle tissue during acute hospitalization. We investigated the association between albumin and CRP during acute hospitalization with functional and body composition parameters in patients admitted to geriatric rehabilitation.

Methods

The REStORing Health of Acutely Unwell AdulTs (RESORT) cohort includes geriatric rehabilitation patients assessed for change in activities of daily living (ADL, using the Katz index) during acute hospitalization, and subsequently for Katz ADL, gait speed (GS), handgrip strength (HGS) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) at geriatric rehabilitation admission. Albumin and CRP average (median), variation (interquartile range), and maximum or minimum were collected from serum samples, and were examined for their association with functional and body composition parameters using multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and length of acute hospital stay.

Results

1769 Inpatients were included for analyses (mean age 82.6 years ± 8.1, 56% female). Median length of acute hospitalization was 7 [IQR 4, 13] days and median number of albumin and CRP measurements was 5 [IQR 3, 12] times. ADL declined in 89% of patients (median − 3 points, IQR − 4, − 2). Lower average albumin, higher albumin variation and lower minimum albumin were associated with larger declines in ADL and with lower ADL, GS, HGS and SMI at geriatric rehabilitation admission. Higher average and maximum CRP were associated with lower GS.

Conclusion

Inflammation, especially lower albumin concentrations, during acute hospitalization is associated with lower physical function at geriatric rehabilitation admission.
Release mechanisms and waves interaction during liquified CO2 depressurization in a double-membrane conical vessel
Authors: M. Ibrahim Osama , Hansen Per Morten , Bjerketvedt Dag , Vågsæther Knut
Published: March 2022

An unintended release of liquid CO2 during its transport results in depressurization with rapid phase transitions, evaporation, and expansion. Such progression may lead to catastrophic container failure with boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). Therefore, to design safe CO2 transport structures, it is essential to investigate the processes associated with CO2 depressurization. This paper presents a new test rig combining a divergent cross-sectional test vessel with a double-membrane rupturing system. The rig is designed to study the effect of diverging cross sections on phase transition rates and wave propagation during liquid CO2 depressurization. The apparatus has a high-pressure (HP) conical-shaped vessel and a medium-pressure slip-on flange section (MPS) that separates two membranes. The main contribution is examining rupturing methods and subsequent generated waves behavior to evaluate the installation performance. Pressure histories and high-speed video recordings were utilized to analyze the wave pattern and membrane rupturing mechanisms by increasing or decreasing the MPS pressure. A comparison of these two techniques demonstrates that decreasing the MPS pressure requires an extended period between diaphragms rupture and has a lower evaporation wavefront velocity than increasing the MPS pressure. Increasing the MPS pressure method has better reliability and simplicity and provides a more controllable operating system. Increasing the MPS pressure avoids a complicated wave pattern in the test section and prolonged rupturing time.

ArticleHighlights

The conical vessel with a double membrane shows the wave structure during saturated liquid CO2 depressurization.

During liquified CO2 decompression, the double-membrane rupturing sequence affects the expansion wave pattern and evaporation rate.

By decreasing the medium-section pressure, slower wave propagation and complex reflected waves are
observed in the test section.
Of Tax, Crime, and Happiness. An Interdisciplinary Research Review on Social Inequality
Authors: Pleinen Jenny
Published: March 2022

This article reviews research literature on inequality from economics, sociology and political science from a historiographic perspective. The literature covered here mainly focusses on the development of Western societies between 1970 and 2010 and is organised in terms of research concepts such as tax competition, educational attainment gaps, educational assortative mating, opportunity hoarding, happiness inequality, politics of resentment, welfare chauvinism and nature versus nurture.
On the Provision of Services With UAVs in Disaster Scenarios: A Two-Stage Stochastic Approach
Authors: Colajanni Gabriella , Daniele Patrizia , Sciacca Daniele
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we propose a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the provision services in a multi-tiered network, consisting in user or devices on the ground requiring services to controller UAVs in flight. The requested services are executed by a fleet of pre-existing and additional UAVs. The possible occurrence of disaster scenarios and the related uncertainty and severity could cause an unexpected and sudden increase in demand. Hence, the aim of the proposed model is to optimize the management of the pre-existing and additional resources in order to maximize the total profit of service providers and, simultaneously, minimize the expected loss related to a possible unmet demand. A variational approach is proposed, and some numerical examples are performed to validate the effectiveness of our model.
An ontological modelling of multi-attribute criticality analysis to guide Prognostics and Health Management program development
Authors: Polenghi Adalberto , Roda Irene , Macchi Marco , Pozzetti Alessandro
Published: March 2022

Digital technologies are becoming more pervasive and industrial companies are exploiting them to enhance the potentialities related to Prognostics and Health Management (PHM). Indeed, PHM allows to evaluate the health state of the physical assets as well as to predict their future behaviour. To be effective in developing PHM programs, the most critical assets should be identified so to direct modelling efforts. Several techniques could be adopted to evaluate asset criticality; in industrial practice, criticality analysis is amongst the most utilised. Despite the advancement of artificial intelligence for data analysis and predictions, the criticality analysis, which is built upon both quantitative and qualitative data, has not been improved accordingly. It is the goal of this work to propose an ontological formalisation of a multi-attribute criticality analysis in order to i) fix the semantics behind the terms involved in the analysis, ii) standardize and uniform the way criticality analysis is performed, and iii) take advantage of the reasoning capabilities to automatically evaluate asset criticality and associate a suitable maintenance strategy. The developed ontology, called MOCA, is tested in a food company featuring a global footprint. The application shows that MOCA can accomplish the prefixed goals; specifically, high priority assets towards which direct PHM programs are identified. In the long run, ontologies could serve as a unique knowledge base that integrate multiple data and information across facilities in a consistent way. As such, they will enable advanced analytics to take place, allowing to move towards cognitive Cyber Physical Systems that enhance business performance for companies spread worldwide.
The nth-Darboux Transformation and Explicit Solutions of the PT-Symmetry Second-Type Derivative Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Zhou Siqi , Liu Jiapeng , Chen Siran , Yao Yuqin
Published: March 2022

Non-local problems have become one of the research hotspots in recent years since Ablowitz–Musslimani constructed an integrable non-local nonlinear $$\hbox {Schr}\ddot{\mathrm{o}}\hbox {dinger}$$

Schr

o
¨

dinger

(NLS) equation in 2013. In this paper, we first derive the PT-symmetry second derivative nonlinear $$\hbox {Schr}\ddot{\mathrm{o}}\hbox {dinger}$$

Schr

o
¨

dinger

(PT-DNLSII) equation. Then we present the nth-Darboux transformation (DT) of the PT-DNLSII equation. As applications, starting from the zero seed solution and non-zero periodic seed solution, the explicit expressions of the multi-soliton solutions, bright soliton solution, dark soliton solution and breather soliton solution of the PT-DNLSII equation are worked out.
Elite Women as Diplomatic Agents in Italy and Hungary, 1470-1510
Authors: O'Leary Jessica
Published: March 2022

This book explores the diplomatic role of women in early modern European dynastic networks through the study of Aragonese marriage alliances in late-fifteenth-century Italy and Hungary. It challenges the frequent erasure of dynastic wives from diplomatic and political narratives to show how elite women were diplomatically active agents for two dynasties.

 Chapters analyze the lives of Eleonora (1450–1493) and Beatrice d'Aragona (1457–1508), daughters of King Ferrante of Naples (1423–1494), and how they negotiated their natal and marital relationships to achieve diplomatic outcomes. While Ferrante expected his daughters to follow paternal imperatives and to remain engaged in collective dynastic strategy, the extent of his kinswomen's continued participation in familial projects was dependent on the nature of their marital relationships. The book traces the access to these relationships that enabled courtly women to re-enter the diplomatic space after marriage, not as objects, but as agents, with their own strategies, politics, and schemes.
Medieval Sovereignty
Authors: Latham Andrew
Published: March 2022

This book aims
first to provide an account of a pivotal episode in the
historical evolution of the idea of sovereignty - the supreme
authority to command, legislate, and judge - in the thirteenth
century. It also aims to reconnect early modern theorists of
sovereignty to the medieval intellectual tradition out of which
they emerged.
The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, Women and Digital ID in Kenya: A Decolonial Perspective
Authors: Mutung’u Grace
Published: March 2022

Inspired by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the international development community is driving digital ID programmes in low and middle income countries (LMICs) such as Kenya. Kenya has had experience with state-issued identity registration such as that proposed in digital ID programmes for over a century. Identity registration has gendered impacts, stemming from the historical exclusion of women in the system, lack of recognition of their contribution to new uses of the system, as well as lack of engagement with women regarding remedies. Digital ID risks continuing and exacerbating these injustices, as it is based on the existing system. This article uses the ‘protect, respect, remedy’ framework of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to analyse how decolonial approaches could be applied in digital ID to untangle it from colonial legacies, check the ever-increasing power of businesses involved in digital ID systems, and broaden intersectional understanding of human rights.
Reframing Corporate Subjectivity: Systemic Inequality and the Company at the Intersection of Race, Gender and Poverty
Authors: Samaradiwakera-Wijesundara Charmika
Published: March 2022

In this paper I use South Africa as a reference point to discuss the company as a juristic person and its relationship to natural persons through the concepts of subjectivity and personhood. I do this in an attempt to reveal that granting of juristic personality as ‘the company’ is not a neutral, organic or inevitable product of the law and economy but a construct symbiotically bound to the colonial state. Underlying this juristic personhood is colonial ideology which perpetuates racialized and gendered poverty and inequality as systemic oppression, in order to deliberately facilitate and maintain conditions of domination and exploitation. Rather than taking the conventional business and human rights starting point that accepts the corporate structure without critique, it is argued that by reorienting away from juristic personality as purportedly ‘neutral’ and reframing the construct, the powers of the company might be curtailed, thereby interrupting these continuing colonial logics.
Conservation after Sovereignty: Deconstructing Australian Policies against Horses with a Plea and Proposal
Authors: Castelló Pablo P. , Santiago-Ávila Francisco J.
Published: March 2022

Conservation scholarship and policies are concerned with the viability of idealized ecological communities constructed using human metrics. We argue that the discipline of conservation assumes an epistemology and ethics of human sovereignty/dominion over animals that leads to violent actions against animals. We substantiate our argument by deconstructing a case study. In the context of recent bushfires in Australia, we examine recent legislation passed by the parliament of New South Wales (NSW), policy documents, and academic articles by conservationists that support breaking communities of horses and/or killing 4,000 horses in Kosciuszko National Park (KNP), NSW. Theoretically framing our deconstruction against human sovereignty over animals and anthropocentrism, we affirm an intersectional, ecofeminist approach that values animals as relational and vulnerable agents. We uncover first the epistemic violence of categorizing horses as “pests,” and the anthropocentric nature of recently passed legislation in NSW. We analyze next the deficient ethics of NSW's government, and the argument that killing animals is justifiable when they suffer from starvation and dehydration. We close with a realistic proposal that does not involve breaking horses’ communities and/or killing horses, and a plea to the government of NSW and conservationists not to harm any horses in KNP.
Alterity and Intersectionality: Reflections on Old Age in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Kruks Sonia
Published: March 2022

There was a day in March 2020 when I discovered I was old. There had, of course, been quite a few previous intimations of impending old age, but they had not “really” defined my being for me. Some years earlier, I had been surprised when people started to offer me their seat on a crowded bus or train. At first, I politely refused the seat; later, I decided that I would accept such invitations because declining seemed ungracious, and because accepting would encourage this thoughtful behavior from which “others” would benefit. Recently, as my feet have begun to ache more, I have sometimes been happy to accept a seat on my own account. There have been other intimations too: some physical indications, such as needing a brighter light in order to read and stiffness in my knees. There have also been signs that my cultural, intellectual, and professional world, a world in which I have been deeply embedded, is passing: Students now live in an online media world that is alien to me, and a few of my colleagues have made it known that they find my research interests on Simone de Beauvoir a bit old-fashioned (I don't agree with them, of course). But none of this actually defined me for myself as “old.” Surely, still an unremarkable, white, late-middle-aged woman, I did not think I “looked my age.” Surely, I had not yet become a member of that detested “foreign species” (as Beauvoir put it) whose presence lurks within us all and that I, like most of us, so vehemently sought to deny.
Nursing home-associated bloodstream infection: A scoping review
Authors: Mylotte Joseph M.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To update a 2005 review of nursing home–associated bloodstream infection (NHABSI) regarding sources, organisms, antibiotic resistance, and outcome.

Methods:

A scoping review of studies of NHABSI identified by searching Google Scholar and Medline with OVID for the period January 1, 2004, to June 30, 2021, was conducted.

Results:

Overall, 6 studies of NHABSI were identified. Only 1 study was conducted with residents in North American facilities whereas in the 2005 review all studies were conducted in North America. Escherichia coli was the most common blood isolate, the urinary tract was the most common source of NHABSI; and the case-fatality rates ranged from 21% to 28%. These findings were comparable to those in the 2005 review. However, the proportion of NHABSI episodes due to antibiotic-resistant organisms increased substantially compared to the 2005 review. The most common antibiotic-resistant organisms were extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. The 2 studies that evaluated the relationship between appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy and outcome came to different conclusions.

Conclusions:

The only major difference between the 2 reviews in the epidemiology of NHABSI was the marked increase in antibiotic resistance among blood isolates. Despite the increased antibiotic resistance, the case fatality rates in the current review were comparable to those reported in the 2005 review. However, the impact of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of NHABSI remains unclear.
The instability of a helical vortex filament under a free surface
Authors: Li Cheng , Liu Yuming , Wan Minping , Chen Shiyi , Yue Dick K. P.
Published: March 2022

We perform a theoretical investigation of the instability of a helical vortex filament beneath a free surface in a semi-infinite ideal fluid. The focus is on the leading-order free-surface boundary effect upon the equilibrium form and instability of the vortex. This effect is characterised by the Froude number

$F_r = U(gh^*)^{-{1}/{2}}$

where

$g$

is gravity, and

$U = \varGamma /(2{\rm \pi} b^*)$

with

$\varGamma$

being the strength,

$2{\rm \pi} b^*$

the pitch and

$h^*$

the centre submergence of the helical vortex. In the case of

$F_r \rightarrow 0$

corresponding to the presence of a rigid boundary, a new approximate equilibrium form is found if the vortex possesses a non-zero rotational velocity. Compared with the infinite fluid case (Widnall, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 54, no. 4, 1972, pp. 641–663), the vortex is destabilised (or stabilised) to relatively short- (or long-)wavelength sub-harmonic perturbations, but remains stable to super-harmonic perturbations. The wall-boundary effect becomes stronger for smaller helix angle and could dominate over the self-induced flow effect depending on the submergence. In the case of

$F_r > 0$

, we obtain the surface wave solution induced by the vortex in the context of linearised potential-flow theory. The wave elevation is unbounded when the

$m$

th wave mode becomes resonant as

$F_r$

approaches the critical Froude numbers

${\mathcal {F}} (m) = (C_0^*/U)^{-1} (mh^*/b^*)^{-{1}/{2}}$

,

$m=1, 2, \ldots,$

where

$C_0^*$

is the induced wave speed. We find that the new approximate equilibrium of the vortex exists if and only if

$F_r < {\mathcal {F}}(1)$

. Compared with the infinite fluid and

$F_r \rightarrow 0$

cases, the wave effect causes the vortex to be destabilised to super-harmonic and long-wavelength sub-harmonic perturbations with generally faster growth rate for greater

$F_r$

and smaller helix angle.
Measure data elliptic problems with generalized Orlicz growth
Authors: Chlebicka Iwona
Published: March 2022

We study nonlinear measure data elliptic problems involving the operator of generalized Orlicz growth. Our framework embraces reflexive Orlicz spaces, as well as natural variants of variable exponent and double-phase spaces. Approximable and renormalized solutions are proven to exist and coincide for arbitrary measure datum and to be unique when for a class of data being diffuse with respect to a relevant nonstandard capacity. A capacitary characterization of diffuse measures is provided.
Inclusion body myositis and dysphagia. Presentation, intervention and outcome at a swallowing clinic
Authors: Shrivastava M , Harris C , Holmes S , Brady S , Winter S
Published: March 2022

Objective

This study reviewed patients with inclusion body myositis who were referred for assessment of dysphagia at a tertiary swallow clinic. It describes symptoms at presentation, imaging and management strategies.

Method

A retrospective review of electronic patient records was performed between 2016 and 2020.

Results

Twenty-four patients were included, with a mean age of 72 years. Baseline modified Sydney Swallow Questionnaires identified problems with hard or dry food, food sticking, and repeated swallowing. Twenty-two patients had a Reflux Symptom Index score that could indicate significant reflux. Video swallow identified specific problems, including tongue base retraction (96 per cent) and residual pharyngeal pooling (92 per cent). Seven patients (30 per cent) had features of aspiration on imaging despite a median penetration-aspiration scale score of 2. Four patients received balloon dilatation, and two patients underwent cricopharyngeal myotomy.

Conclusion

This study helped to profile features of dysphagia in patients with inclusion body myositis. More evidence is needed to determine the most effective management pathway for these patients.
Body mass index in the middle-aged offspring of parents with severe mental illness
Authors: Protsenko Maria , Kerkelä Martta , Miettunen Jouko , Auvinen Juha , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Jones Peter B. , Gissler Mika , Veijola Juha
Published: March 2022

Background

People with severe mental illness (SMI) have an elevated risk of obesity but the causes and mechanisms are unclear. We explored the familial association between parental SMI and body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged offspring. Our objective was to determine if the offspring of either parent with SMI have an increased risk for obesity.

Methods

The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 is a cohort study of offspring with expected date of birth in 1966. The data include originally 12 068 mothers and 12 231 children from the provinces of Lapland and Oulu in Finland. The final study sample included 5050 middle-aged offspring. Parental SMI was used as exposure in the study. BMI measured at the age of 46 years was used as a primary outcome.

Results

Risk for obesity was elevated in the offspring of mothers with SMI [overweight: adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.93 (1.29–2.90), obese class I: 1.97 (1.20–3.25), obese classes II–III: 2.98 (1.67–5.33)]. For the offspring of either parent with SMI, statistically significant results were found in obese class I and obese classes II–III [overweight: adjusted OR 1.21 (0.94–1.54), obese class I: 1.52 (1.03–1.08), obese classes II–III: 1.53 (1.01–2.32)].

Conclusions

We found an elevated risk of obesity in the middle-aged offspring of either parent with SMI, especially in the offspring of mothers with SMI. Thus, there might be a common familial pathway leading to the co-occurrence of obesity and SMI.
Does psychological treatment of major depression reduce cardiac risk biomarkers? An exploratory randomized controlled trial
Authors: Euteneuer Frank , Neuert Marie , Salzmann Stefan , Fischer Susanne , Ehlert Ulrike , Rief Winfried
Published: March 2022

Background

Depression is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Biological cardiac risk factors are already elevated in depressed patients without existing CVD. The purpose of this exploratory trial was to examine whether treating Major Depression (MD) with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is associated with improvements in cardiac risk biomarkers and whether depressive symptom severity at baseline moderates treatment effects.

Methods

Eighty antidepressant-free patients with MD were randomly assigned to CBT or waiting list (WL). Biological outcomes included long-term recordings (24-h, daytime, nighttime) of heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure, as well as inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. A sample of 40 age- and sex-matched non-clinical controls was also involved to verify biological alterations in MD at study entry.

Results

Compared to WL, CBT was associated with a significant increase in overall HRV, as indexed by the 24-h and daytime HRV triangular index, as well as trend improvements in 24-h low-frequency HRV and daytime systolic blood pressure. Self-rated depressive symptom severity moderated (or tended to moderate) improvements in CBT for 24-h and daytime heart rate and several indices of HRV (especially daytime measures). Inflammatory treatment effects were not observed.

Conclusions

CBT increased overall HRV in patients with MD. Initially more depressed patients showed the most pronounced cardiovascular improvements through CBT. These exploratory findings may provide new insights into the biological effects of psychological treatment against depression and must be confirmed through future research.
Workspace optimization of a humanoid robotic arm based on the multi-parameter plane model
Authors: Sun Peng , Li YanBiao , Shuai Kun , Yue Yi , Wei BaoChen
Published: March 2022

The paper deals with the workspace-based optimization of a novel humanoid robotic arm. The eight-degree-of-freedom hybrid manipulator that conforms to the kinematics characteristics of the human arm is briefly introduced. According to the structural features of this mechanism and the requirements of tasks in the complex environment, the workspace is divided into three parts, the orientation space of the humanoid shoulder joint, the position space of the humanoid elbow joint, and the active orientation space of the end-moving platform. Moreover, a multi-parameter planar model is proposed for the optimization problem with multidimensional parameters and highly nonlinear constraints. Based on the visualized optimization result, the coupling effect of each parameter on the corresponding workspace is clearly presented. Considering the compactness and the processing and assembling technology of this mechanism, a set of structural parameters satisfying the workspace-based optimization objective is obtained. Simulation results show that the corresponding workspace of the three parts has increased significantly by the factor of 1.45, 1.68, and 1.3, respectively.
Enseñando en español: The need to support dual language bilingual education teachers' pedagogical language knowledge
Authors: Barko-Alva Katherine
Published: March 2022

Dual language bilingual education (DLBE) teachers, depending on the modality of the program, teach content areas (i.e., language arts, science, math, social studies) in a language other than English (LOTE) and English. DLBE teachers, who teach in Spanish, should be supported by school districts in meaningful ways. These districts should be equipped to provide the necessary academic and professional development for the DLBE teachers. This paper explores the increasing need to support DLBE teachers’ metalinguistic awareness as well as pedagogical language knowledge (see Bunch, 2013) in Spanish. Guided by Charmaz’ (2006) constructivist grounded theory, this paper analyzed ten transcribed audio interviews with a single DLBE teacher. Interview data included video-taped classroom observations (i.e., preplanning and postlesson implementation), robust field memos, and student artifacts. Data analysis suggested the need for further clarification as far as the teacher's own pedagogical language knowledge (PLK; Bunch, 2013) in Spanish. However, data also indicated that this particular educator was able to negotiate the linguistic and content demands of teaching language arts in Spanish by seeking multifaceted resources and using the full extent of her linguistic repertoire.
“I make my students' assignments bleed with red circles”: An autoethnography of translanguaging in higher education in Pakistan
Authors: Syed Hassan
Published: March 2022

In this paper, I discuss the tension between official monoglossic language ideologies and the heteroglossic classroom realities in higher education in Pakistan. Pakistan has maintained an English as the only medium-of-instruction policy in higher education since independence in 1947, while the everyday classroom practices have been characterized by translanguaging, that is, a hybrid and fluid use of plurilingual resources for communication. Using an autoethnographic lens, I discuss the intuitional processes and discursive practices within which my own experiences with deficit ideologies were shaped as an English language teacher and as I journied into translanguaging. Based on my experiences, I argue that while translanguaging shows great promise to confront monoglossic language ideologies inside the classroom, it offers fewer tools to resist unjust linguistic and social structures.
Cosmopolitan language practices toward change: A case from a South Korean high school
Authors: Jung Jin Kyeong
Published: March 2022

This study explores English language learners’ cosmopolitan language practices. Based on the concepts of cosmopolitanism (i.e., becoming a global citizen) and English as aLingua Franca(ELF), it investigates how South Korean high school students engage in collaborative English writing practices to interact with audiences in a global writing community. Using discourse analysis of students’ artifacts, this study argues that cosmopolitan language practices are beneficial for cultivating global citizenry. The findings indicate that students positioned themselves as effective communicators and meaningful collaborators for change as they developed intercultural and collaboration skills. Researchers and educators are encouraged to create opportunities for language learners to engage in cosmopolitan language practices utilizing digital technologies.
A dynamic systems perspective towards executive function development: Susceptibility at both ends for inhibitory control
Authors: Wu Qiong , Jalapa Karina , Han Soo Jin , Tawfiq Dania , Cui Ming
Published: March 2022

In light of the dynamic systems perspective, the current study expanded existing literature by examining the moderating effect of maternal sensitivity on the quadratic association between infant negative reactivity and future executive function development. Using a longitudinal, multimethod design, we addressed executive function development among preschoolers. This study utilized data from the Family Life Project (N = 1292). Infant negative reactivity at 6 months, maternal sensitivity across first 3 years, and executive functions during preschool age were observational assessed. A path model with moderation analyses revealed a U-shaped quadratic association between infant negative reactivity and preschoolers’ inhibitory control, only when maternal sensitivity was high. The results suggest that maternal sensitivity may assist infants with both low and high, but not moderate, levels of negative reactivity towards better executive function development. Findings support the ongoing nonlinear person-environment interplay during early years of life.
Interpregnancy interval and the risk of oppositional defiant disorder in offspring
Authors: Dachew Berihun Assefa , Pereira Gavin , Tessema Gizachew Assefa , Dhamrait Gursimran Kaur , Alati Rosa
Published: March 2022

The study aimed to investigate the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and parent-reported oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in offspring at 7 and 10 years of age. We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), an ongoing population-based longitudinal study based in Bristol, United Kingdom (UK). Data included in the analysis consisted of more than 3200 mothers and their singleton children. The association between IPI and ODD was determined using a series of log-binomial regression analyses. We found that children of mothers with short IPI (<6 months) were 2.4 times as likely to have a diagnosis of ODD at 7 and 10 years compared to mothers with IPI of 18–23 months (RR = 2.45; 95%CI: 1.24–4.81 and RR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.08–5.33), respectively. We found no evidence of associations between other IPI categories and risk of ODD in offspring in both age groups. Adjustment for a wide range of confounders, including maternal mental health, and comorbid ADHD did not alter the findings. This study suggests that the risk of ODD is higher among children born following short IPI (<6 months). Future large prospective studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms explaining this association.
The Use of Portable Oxygen Concentrators in Low-Resource Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nowadly Craig D. , Portillo Daniel J. , Davis Maxwell L. , Hood R. Lyle , De Lorenzo Robert A.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Portable oxygen concentrators (POCs) are medical devices that use physical means to separate oxygen from the atmosphere to produce concentrated, medical-grade gas. Providing oxygen to low-resources environments, such as austere locations, military combat zones, rural Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and during disasters, becomes expensive and logistically intensive. Recent advances in separation technology have promoted the development of POC systems ruggedized for austere use. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the available data regarding POCs in these challenge environments.

Methods:

PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Defense Technical Information Center were searched from inception to November 2021. Articles addressing the use of POCs in low-resource settings were selected. Three authors were independently involved in the search, review, and synthesis of the articles. Evidence was graded using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines.

Results:

The initial search identified 349 articles, of which 40 articles were included in the review. A total of 724 study subjects were associated with the included articles. There were no Level I systematic reviews or randomized controlled trials.

Discussion:

Generally, POCs are a low-cost, light-weight tool that may fill gaps in austere, military, veterinary, EMS, and disaster medicine. They are cost-effective in low-resource areas, such as rural and high-altitude hospitals in developing nations, despite relatively high capital costs associated with initial equipment purchase. Implementation of POC in low-resource locations is limited primarily on access to electricity but can otherwise operate for thousands of hours without maintenance. They provide a unique advantage in combat operations as there is no risk of explosive if oxygen tanks are struck by high-velocity projectiles. Despite their deployment throughout the battlespace, there were no manuscripts identified during the review involving the efficacy of POCs for combat casualties or clinical outcomes in combat. Veterinary medicine and animal studies have provided the most robust data on the physiological effectiveness of POCs. The success of POCs during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the potential for POCs during future mass-casualty events. There is emerging technology available that combines a larger oxygen concentrator with a compressor system capable of refilling small oxygen cylinders, which could transform the delivery of oxygen in austere environments if ruggedized and miniaturized. Future clinical research is needed to quantify the clinical efficacy of POCs in low-resource settings.
Food promoted on an online food delivery platform in a Brazilian metropolis during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Horta Paula Martins , Matos Juliana De Paula , Mendes Larissa Loures
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To analyse food advertised on an online food delivery (OFD) platform during 16 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Design:

Longitudinal study. We randomly selected foods advertised on the OFD app’s home page, classifying the food items into: water; natural juices and smoothies; vegetables; fruits; traditional meals and pasta; ultra-processed beverages; ice cream, candies, and salty packaged snacks; sandwiches; savoury snacks; and pizza. We also registered the marketing strategies used to promote the food items, such as photos, discounts, ‘combo deals’, and messages on healthiness, value for the money, tastiness, and pleasure.

Setting:

Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Participants:

1593 food items.

Results:

In general, the OFD platform most commonly promoted traditional meals and pasta, ultra-processed beverages, and sandwiches – these food groups were offered 20–25 % of the time during the 16 weeks. There were no promotions for water during the whole period, and the least common promotions were those for natural juices and smoothies, vegetables, and fruits (< 5 %). The most common food promotion strategies were photos (> 80 %) and discounts (> 95 %), while approximately 30 % of the offers featured combo deals. Messages on tastiness, pleasure and value for the money varied from 15 % to 40 %.

Conclusion:

Although the OFD platform offered traditional meals and pasta, most of the foods and beverages advertised were unhealthy and promoted with persuasive strategies. This finding highlights a growing public health concern: an increase in unhealthy eating patterns during the pandemic.
Las Falsas Derechas: Conflict and Convergence in Mexico's Post-Cristero Right after the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Herrán Ávila Luis
Published: March 2022

In the wake of the Second Vatican Council, Mexican traditionalist Catholics mobilized in apparent unity against Catholic “progressivism” and the Left. Yet, they succumbed to their own internecine fights. This article examines the conflicts within Mexico's post-Cristero Right during the 1960s and 70s by tackling the ruptures and realignments surrounding the excommunication of Fr. Joaquín Sáenz Arriaga, a traditionalist Jesuit famed for attacking conciliar reforms and the legitimacy of Paul VI's papacy. I argue that the ensuing debates put into question the apparent coherence of conservatives in the face of social unrest after 1968, highlighting the long-standing entropy of right-wing Catholicism, as traditionalists clashed over matters of orthodoxy, Catholics’ historical relationship with the postrevolutionary state, and the contested memory of the Cristero War, which they used to legitimize their positions and define the terms of their traditionalism. Using anticommunism and anti-Semitism to wage their battles, these traditionalists occupied important spaces in the public sphere, contributed to Mexico's Cold War polarizations, and shaped the Mexican Right's international outlook. Their conflicts attest to the contentious plurality of the Mexican Right during this period, which invites further study to better understand how these actors situated themselves in a rapidly changing world.
Separating Energetic Internal Gravity Waves and Small‐Scale Frontal Dynamics
Authors: Torres Hector S. , Klein Patrice , D’Asaro Eric , Wang Jinbo , Thompson Andrew F. , Siegelman Lia , Menemenlis Dimitris , Rodriguez Ernesto , Wineteer Alexander , Perkovic‐Martin Dragana
Published: March 2022

Oceanic fronts with lateral scales less than 20 km are now known to be one of the major contributors to vertical heat fluxes in the global ocean, which highlights their potential impact on Earth's climate. However, frontal dynamics with time scales less than 1 day, whose contribution to vertical heat fluxes is thought to be significant, are obscured by energetic internal gravity waves (IGWs). In this study, we address this critical issue by separating IGWs and frontal dynamics using an approach based on their respective vertical scales of variability. Results using a numerical model with a horizontal grid spacing of 500 m confirm that it is possible to recover frontal dynamics at short time scales as well as associated intense vertical velocities and vertical heat fluxes. This opens up new possibilities for a more accurate estimation of the vertical exchanges of any tracers between the surface and the ocean interior.
Influence of Arctic Sea Ice Concentration on Extended‐Range Prediction of Strong and Long‐Lasting Ural Blocking Events in Winter
Authors: Ma Xueying , Mu Mu , Dai Guokun , Han Zhe , Li Chunxiang , Jiang Zhina
Published: March 2022

It is traditionally considered that the predictability of atmosphere reaches approximately 2 weeks due to its chaotic features. Considering boundary conditions, the lead prediction time can exceed 2 weeks in certain cases. We find that the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) is crucial for extended‐range prediction of strong and long‐lasting Ural blocking (UB) formation. By applying the rotated empirical orthogonal function‐based particle swarm optimization algorithm, the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation is calculated with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4, to identify the optimally growing boundary errors in extended‐range prediction of strong and long‐lasting UB formation. It is found that SIC perturbations in the Greenland Sea (GS), Barents Sea (BS), and Okhotsk Sea (OKS) are important for strong and long‐lasting UB formation prediction in four pentads. Further analysis reveals that the SIC perturbations in these areas first influence the local temperature field through the diabatic heating process and further affect the temperature field in the Ural sector mainly by advection and convection processes. Moreover, the zonal winds in the Ural sector are adjusted by the thermal wind balance, thus affecting UB formation. The local characteristics of the SIC perturbations indicate that the GS, BS, and OKS may be sensitive areas in regard to extended‐range prediction of strong and long‐lasting UB formation, which can provide scientific support for the SIC target observations in the future.
Machine Learning Pinpoints Meteorite-Rich Areas in Antarctica
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: March 2022

A new algorithm suggests that only a small fraction of meteorites present on the White Continent’s surface have been recovered to date.