bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for Cognitive and Personality Disorders After Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

address the needs of patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), (Ben-Yishay et al., 1982; Pri-gatano et al., 1986). Those programs often fostered a holistic approach as initially articulated by Goldstein (see Prigatano and Ben-Yishay, 1999). The influence of Luria’s approach was also clear, particularly in Europe (Christensen and Caetano, 1996).
Science and Symbolism in Neuropsychological RehabiIitation
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

This text has attempted to demonstrate the need for continued scientific study of brain-behavior relationships (i.e., neuropsychology) and the importance of applying that information to rehabilitation. It has also at tempted to illustrate the importance of understanding patients’ experiences (Principle 1) during a neuropsychological examination or rehabilitation program. The cognitive and personality problems of brain dysfunctional patients can be formidable, and understanding how the problems inter relate is badly needed (Principle 5). A sophisticated understanding of the direct and indirect effects of brain injury improves understanding of how to approach patients and, thereby, how to educate them and their family members about the effects of brain damage (Principle 4). Such an analysis also improves understanding of the complicated disturbances in higher cerebral functioning labeled as disorders of impaired self-awareness (Principle 11).
Sound
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Sound exists only when it is going out of existence. It is not simply perishable but essentially evanescent. . Ong, 1982, p. 32 The standard distinction among the terms meaning, imagery, and sound has been applied here, in part based on neuropsychological data. Like patterns of meaning and imagery, patterns of sound are viewed as constraints that cue memories and restrict choices. In the first section of this chapter, some general properties of sound that elude the more structural and experimental approaches of cognitive psychology are considered. The second section, which is of interest mainly to psychologists, examines the biases against the study of patterns of sound in psychology and provides arguments against them. The final two main sections examine two major forms of sound pattern: the poetic devices of repetition of sound, including rhyme, alliteration, and assonance, and the timing of sound, as discussed under rhythm and meter. Some mention of music is included, but, in general, is left to those with greater expertise (for reviews, see Deutsch, 1982; Dowling & Harwood, 1986; Sloboda, 1985).
Pre-Cane
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

I had to get away for a few days. During the last six months I’ve drawn myself sounstintedly that I had run dry,-abnormal mental excitation with no corresponding physical vigor or emotional flow .A week here has worked wonders.I have been receptive to life and nature, and it would seem that they have healed me .No writing, not even rewriting or polishing..[sic] no desire to. The responsibility which is so heavy an element in my normal living seems, in fact did melt into the easy inconsequence of the other summer boarders. And three young girls have routed my seriousness and restored my instinct of play.The transition has been so sharp to those looking on that they are somewhat bewildered in ascribing my thoughts (some of which have filtered through to them) to the boy that [was] so evident to them. I picture their faces when they read my book!
The Negro
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

The Emperor Jones has already been explained, criticized, and accepted as an achievement in experimental dramatic form. Likewise, its significances for the Negro have been recognized. There remains, however, one aspect of the play which I find to be of unusual psychological interest, namely, the means employed by Mr. O’Neill to particularize the general emotion of fear in the Negro. It is obvious of course that a distinct racial flavor is created by having a Negro act the part of Brutus Jones. But this has to do with presentation, and not with the actual construction of the drama. In this construction, Mr. O’Neill first establishes fear by means of suggestion and association. This original feeling is increased by physical circumstances: a forest, and the beating of a tom-tom. And then, as fear intensifies to the point where it overpowers Jones, it successively unlocks chambers of the Emperor’s unconscious. Now the contents of the unconscious not only vary with individuals; they are differentiated because of race, by social conditions due to race. And in fact Brutus Jones lives through sections of an unconscious which is peculiar to the Negro. Slave ships, whipping posts, and so on. And because these things are actually real and present for him, his fear is at once expressed, intensified, and colored by them. In a word, his fear becomes a Negro’s fear, recognizably different from a similar emotion, modified by other racial experience. In this way then, Mr. O’Neill achieves his purpose. And The Emperor Jones is therefore a section of Negro psychology presented in a significant dramatic form.
Monrovia
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

The white does lay in the yellow-green grass, very still, dark eyes sad. Monrovia was stretched out by the oldest, one arm round its neck, thick black hair pushed back from her forehead. Her gray eyes watched the beach down beyond the cliff. “How purple the sand and how silver the little fish washed up by the sea,” she was thinking. The magnolia blossoms in the trees above gleamed like star-beams. The water was green as jade. Monrovia watched the tiny red crabs that flecked the shore. She felt the doe beside her move a little. It brushed her arm with its nose, breathing warm sweetness towards her. Over her head the leaves rustled. There was a hum of bees in the salty air. Her scarlet gown spread about her, the grass still cool underneath it. Through the heat came a sound of bells-as if from under water. Monrovia held her breath. All morning she had been waiting. She felt the doe’s heart, like her own, beat faster. A sharper tinkle of bells. Along the beach below swift feet sliding. A sudden crash in the bushes. A louder chime. The does about Monrovia made an arrow flight, disappearing obliquely in the thick brush behind. Their eyes quickened but were still sad. Monrovia seemed about to follow when Asrael caught her. The silver bells on his coat clanged with the quick movement of his arms. He had one flash of darkening gray eyes before her face hid in his shoulder.
Introduction
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

In justice to the highway department and as further information for all concerned I feel it would be well to mention certain developments that have occurred since I wrote the first article on the highway problem. Several members of the Philadelphia office of the highway department have been to see me. After getting a rough idea of the damage that would be done to my property were the latest proposed re-routing of U.S. 202 to go through, the highway men explained the plan for realigning 202 from Montgomeryville to New Hope, and gave reasons for their present preference for the line from Doylestown to Lahaska that has aroused such protest. They believed this highway would be the righway-and, I am bound to admit, they had some grounds for so believing. I then gave my reasons for objecting not only to this line but to the general all too prevalent practice of engineering-and living, too-without due regard for all the vital factors of the situation. I believe[d] and still believe this highway would be the wrongway-and, I think they are bound to admit that I have grounds for so believing.
Insight, Families, and Education An Exploration of the Role of Attribution in Clinical Outcome
Authors: Mcfarlane William R , Lukens Ellen P
Published: November 2023

The problem of insight in patients with schizophrenia has perplexed theoreticians and vexed clinicians for well over a century. The conundrum is all too familiar: these individuals are suffering simultaneously from the most severe of mental illnesses while unaware of a profound discrepancy between their experience and that of their peers. Until the advent of massive evidence that schizophrenia is partly or perhaps entirely an organic syndrome, it has been assumed that this grand indifference was psychologically determined. Lack of insight either protected the person from a self-assessment that might be overwhelmingly demoralizing or it defended against ambivalence and unconscious conflicts that were threatening and anxiety provoking.
Measurement of Stress Appraisal
Authors: Monroe Scott M , Kelley John M
Published: November 2023

It is almost axiomatic that for an event or situation to be stressful it must be apprehended or perceived by the organism. From this perspective, environmental challenge is thought to be mediated largely via perceptual processes; in tum, these perceptual processes are hypothesized to be influential with respect to health and well-being. Most generally stated, then, stress emerges from the perceptual inter face between world and person, the product of which is related to subsequent susceptibility to disorder. Additionally and more practically, the pivotal position of perception in stress theory helps explain individual differences in stress responses and outcomes.
Time of Trial
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

What Even the most zealous of white abolitionists were inclined to overlook was that freedom from slavery was not synonymous with full citizenship. A black man or woman need not wear a slave’s shackles to he “unfree.” Every day of their lives free people of color grappled with the reality of discrimination. In most states of the Union the law relegated them to a situation of quasifreedom. They lived in a particular state, hut they did not “belong” to it in the same way that their white neighbors did. Their presence was tolerated, nothing more. And as the racial violence that beset so many communities in the 1830s and 1840s made abundantly clear, it was not at all certain that their presence would continue to be tolerated.

James Forten was a perennial manager of the American Anti-Slavery Society. His sons and his son-in-law were officers in that same organization. His wife and daughters helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, one of the first women’s abolition societies in the nation.
The Existential Emotions: Anxiety-Fright, Guilt, and Shame
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Anxiety-Fright, Guilt, And Shame are existential emotions because the threats on which they are based have to do with meanings and ideas about who we are, our place in the world, life and death, and the quality of our existence. We have constructed these meanings for ourselves out of our life experience and the values of the culture in which we live, and we are committed to preserving them. What is specifically threatened in each of these emotions differs. In anxiety-fright the meaning centers on our personal security, our identity as individuals, as well as on issues of life and death, while in guilt it is about our moral lapses, and in shame it is about our failure to live up to our own and others’ ideals.
Emotions Provoked by Favorable Life Conditions: Happiness, Pride, and Love
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter we deal with emotions that arise from situations favoring the attainment of our goals. They are happiness, pride, and love. We all want to experience and share these emotions because they are associated with getting and having what we want and, although certain forms of love are notable exceptions, they are mostly associated with feeling good.
The Logic of Our Emotions
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

For Thousands Of Years in the Western world, we have believed that emotion is an unpredictable response to life’s events, incompatible with intelligent judgment. We speak disparagingly of making decisions based on emotions, which are said to be a property of lower animals, while reason is claimed to be characteristic of advanced and intelligent beings like ourselves. When people react with emotion, we say they are regressing and displaying their primitive, animal natures. And these are not just our ideas; they have been handed down from the Ancient Greeks and have come to dominate Western ways of thinking, and are still taken for granted by most of us.
Emotions and Our Health
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

A Major Reason For Scientific and professional interest in the emotions (and stress, too) is the conviction that our emotional lives can promote either health or illness. Although the distinction between illness and disease is not a technical one, we often reserve the term illness for temporary, functional ailments and symptoms, such as respiratory infections from which we usually recover, pain, distress, depression, and lack of energy. Disease, on the other hand, refers to structural damage to tissues, such as the clogging of arteries with cholesterol-based plaque (arteriosclerosis) and cancer. The words ailment and disorder, which are also commonly used, are ambiguous with respect to this distinction.
Charting the History of Political and Social Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

Like English-speaking analytical philosophers, German conceptual historians distinguish concepts from words. A concept may be designated by more than one word or term. Sometimes several words must be tracked in order to chart the history of a concept such as “secularization.” At any given point in time, the political vocabulary of a natural language may make relatively sharp distinctions among potentially synonymous concepts such as “tyranny” and “despotism”; “absolute” and “arbitrar” ule. Or else it may be the case that boundary lines between such concepts ruay be relatively un differentiated, failing to distinguish terms once or later regarded as mutually exclusive. Thus Christian Meier has argued that in classical Greek, a number of political concepts we tend to distinguish—”power”; “force” or “violence”; “rule”; “domination”—were used as approximate synonyms. Again, distinctions once observed may be abandoned, as was the case late in the eighteenth-century when “tyranny” and “despotism” were conflated. From that time on, these terms were used in European languages as synonyms, with one being defined in terms of the other.
Innovation and Critique in the Handbuch
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

The Handbuch’s original program proposed that methods developed in the GG’s mapping of concepts be combined with two further types of investi gation associated with French historiography: mentalités in the Annales style exemplified by Vovelle and the quantitative treatment of political vocabular ies exemplified by French lexicologists. As has been seen, Reichardt con cluded that upon closer examination, quantitative lexicology had not contributed much to research on political language, and even less to that on revolutionary mentalités. If the study of political concepts and language was to inform knowledge of the mentalités developed during the French Revo lution, the Handbuch’s findings would have to be synthesized by other means. Reichardt has now attempted to do so. Thus my assessment of the Handbuch will include its editor’s latest contributions. But there is a prior set of issues which must be considered. For the Handbuch’s project needs to be reexamined in the light of the powerful critiques recently mounted by such French social historians as Roger Chartier, and directed against the previous generation of Annales historians who have provided much of Reichardt’s research program.
The Top-of the-Line Pinivore
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

On July 13, 1979, Harry Hutchins Saw Both the beginning and the end of Clark’s Nutcracker’s period of dependency on pine nuts. Harry had recently come west from Michigan, with bachelor’s degrees in both forestry and wildlife science, to study pines and birds for a master’s degree at Utah State University. Having become acclimated to the altitude and to Rocky Mountain hailstorms, he found himself 9,700 feet above sea level at Surprise Lake, Grand Teton National Park, binoculars hanging from his neck and notebook in hand. Harry was getting to know Clark’s Nutcracker. Among his many observations that day, two have contextual significance: he saw a nutcracker foraging for unripe seeds from the 1979 crop in an immature, purple whitebark pine cone; and he observed a nutcracker parent digging up cached nuts from the 1978 crop, which it then fed to a nagging youngster.
Linguistic Analyses of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Aphasia cannot be considered only as a neurological disorder. As a disruption of language, aphasia is also a linguistic disorder. The disruption may be manifested in different aspects of language function—phonological, morphological, syntactic, or semantic—and the aphasia syndromes can be distinguished, at least to some degree, by the linguistic function impaired. Although aphasia rarely involves only a single linguistic component (Blumstein, 1981), the linguistic abnormalities can be related to specific aphasia syndromes. Thus, they need to be analyzed, and this requires familiarity with basic linguistic concepts. Over the years many investigators have developed outlines of the human language system (see Figures 4.1 and 4.2).

Language function may be viewed as a hierarchy of linguistic units of ascending complexity-features, phonemes, morphemes, and syntagms (Lecours et al., 1983).
Extrasylvian (Transcortical) Aphasic Syndromes
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Repetition is sometimes normal, or nearly so, in patients who are otherwise aphasic. In some aphasics repetition is considerably superior to other language functions. Aphasia without repetition disturbance almost invariably indicates pathology located outside the perisylvian cortical region. Much of the involved brain region is vascular border zone, cerebral tissue lying at the junction of the middle cerebral artery territory with the vascular beds of the anterior or posterior cerebral arteries (see Figure 9.1). The clinical varieties of aphasia with relatively good repetition can usually be correlated with the area of border zone tissue involved.

The term transcortical aphasia was proposed by Wernicke (1881) and Lichtheim (1885), and several varieties of aphasia gathered under this title were in tensely studied by Goldstein (1917). The term was originally proposed to draw a contrast between aphasia syndromes with or without normal repetition. The word transcortical represented one area of a postulated model of the cortical network involved in language and ideation in which exact phonological reproduction could be accomplished by the aphasic patient but the meaning (idea) could not be extracted and/or reproduced. The hypothesis was abandoned many years ago; Goldstein, in his treatise entitled Die Transkortikalen Aphasien (1917), noted that the term transcortical was archaic and misleading.
The Postwar Japanese System
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

A broad, intelligent overview of the Japanese political economy, The Social Construction of Japan is one of the best books available to tell us what we can learn from Japan, and what price the Japanese are paying for their success. While other countries are looking to Japan as an economic model, William Tabb shows how the political and social arrangements that have allowed Japan to succeed are placing a great strain on their society. He distinguishes between those aspects of Japanese success that can, and cannot be transferred successfully to help in the revitalization of the American economy. And he thoughtfully explores the fundamental social, political, and economic transitions the Japanese are experiencing today. A key resource for all those interested in Japanese society, The Social Construction of Japan succeeds in placing the economic “miracle” in its social and political framework.
Methods for Studying Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

The methods used for studying migrating organisms range from simple counts to the use of complex electronic devices to track migrants across space and time. The recent rapid advances in technology from miniaturization to the development of sophisticated computers has permitted the counting or tracking of migrants in ways that often provide startling insights into the details of migratory pathways. At a different level, new technologies are also allowing extensive measurements on migrants under controlled laboratory conditions, yielding new understanding of physiological mechanisms underlying migratory behavior. Sophisticated technology, however, is not always necessary, for there is still much to be learned from relatively simple methods of marking and counting. In the following sections I briefly describe some of the means used to study migration. These are divided into field and laboratory methods, with each used to address particular issues. Field techniques are used to determine what migrants are actually doing under natural conditions; laboratory methods may be necessary to answer questions about physiology or life history. All have major advantages and disadvantages, and so with all there will be trade-offs involved. Whatever the method it will be apparent that because migration often takes place over large scales of space and time relative to the size and life span of the migrating organism, it is one of the most difficult of behaviors to study. The design and use of adequate methods thus presents a formidable challenge to the ingenuity of investigators.
Seasonal Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

Seasonal migrations involve movements among two or more areas that are occupied in different seasons during the annual cycle. Classically these are migrations to one location for breeding and to another for the remainder of the year. Annual migrations of birds like those of the arctic tern and the swift parrot outlined in Chapter 3 are fairly typical examples and illustrate the extremes of distances traveled. Such to-and-fro movements are not limited to birds, but occur also in organisms as diverse as whales and butterflies. It is also the case that seasonal movements can be among more than two places. The movements of wildebeest between three different parts of the Serengeti region of East Africa (Chapter 3), and the numerous cases of circuits to at least three areas of ocean-for breeding, nurturing of young, and adult feeding-in many marine fishes (Harden Jones, 1968; Dingle 1980) are good examples of multipartite migratory cycles. In these examples we see already some of the variability present in seasonal movements. This theme of variability and its significance will pervade the discussion in this chapter.
Evolutionary Genetics of Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in the previous chapters, migration is a dynamic and diverse process with a great deal of intriguing variation expressed across all taxonomic levels and in all aspects of migratory behavior. Running through the diversity is a common thread of adaptation to changing habitats, but there seems to be no limit to the forms adaptation can take. As seasons change, habitats deteriorate, or new environments become available, many organisms migrate, but the distances moved may be long or short, orientation may be simple or complex, and all, most, or only a few of the individuals in a population may take part. From the perspective of the organism, migration renders the environment more equable (Leggett 1985) and so is an important homeostatic behavior. For this reason one would expect relatively intense selection for optimal movement strategies. The observed variety of distinct patterns present in these indicates that natural selection has shaped considerable diversity, and new configurations are continually evolving.
Migration and Conservation
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

The exponential rise in human population and the impact on the environment that growth has generated have resulted in profound consequences for the myriad species with which we share our planet. Many have gone extinct, many others have become scarce, while some, such as the migrant pests described in the last chapter, have increased in the newly created or expanded habitats. Alarmed by the loss of habitat and the extinction and reduced numbers of many species, we have responded with at first crude and now increasingly sophisticated attempts to prevent the extinctions, reverse apparent declines, and preserve a diversity of habitats. From its beginnings under the inspiration of Gifford Pinchot and others at the beginning of the twentieth century, the conservation movement has evolved from a series of relatively simple set-aside programs to the development of a science that attempts to guide the preservation of habitats and species through an understanding of their ecology. After a long gestation was born the science of conservation biology, which is now usually defined as the study of biological scarcity and diversity (Soule 1986; Wilson 1988).Migration is the key to the biology of several species that are becoming increasingly scarce or face the risk of extinction. In migratory organisms all the political, economic, and biological problems inherent in trying to generate sound conservation strategies are brought into sharp focus. Migrants may breed in one country, transit several others, and spend the nonbreeding season (or breed again) in yet another. Stopover sites may be as important as start and end points, and the resources necessary to support migrants anywhere along the line may be in conflict with economic or social aims. Thus, for example, migratory geese of several at risk species feed on grasses and can cause considerable crop losses either en route or on the wintering grounds if the grasses they feed on happen to be sprouting cereal grains (Greenwood 1993).
Summing Up and Future Directions
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

The ability to move is one of the most important characteristics of living things. Migration in all its often astonishing variety is the most elaborate expression of that ability, and its prevalence in so great a diversity of organisms demonstrates that it has been repeatedly favored by natural selection over alternative lifestyles. Movements away from a habitat as occur during migration must be subject to considerable risks, yet time after time in organism after organism migration appears as an element in the life cycle. The prevailing theme of this book has been the attempt to understand the role of migration in the greatly diverse life cycles in which it occurs. Congruent with that theme I have outlined the forms that migratory behavior and migratory lifestyles can take and tried to shed light on why, so often, migratory episodes assume such importance in the evolution of life histories.
Optical Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

The purpose of adaptive optics in astronomical telescopes is to improve the image quality by compensating the wavefront distortion due to atmospheric turbulence. A basic understanding of the effects of turbulence on optical image formation is necessary for the design and evaluation of adaptive systems; it is also the key to the development of new concepts and techniques. The characteristics of atmospheric turbulence and its effect on the propagation of light through Earth’s atmosphere are reviewed in this chapter.
Optical Image Structure
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

The performance of an astronomical telescope is judged by its ability to concentrate the light from a distant star into the smallest possible radius. Laboratory tests reveal the intrinsic quality of the optical system, but when a telescope is operated in the dynamic environment of an observatory, external disturbances, such as atmospheric turbulence, become the limiting factor. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on telescope images is now well understood and many techniques are used to minimize its influence. Adaptive optics adds another dimension to the imaging process. The wavefront compensation produced by adaptive optics is never perfect, so that compensated images have unusual structure. It is these images, formed at the focal plane of the tele scope, that constitute the output of the system and by which the scientific results are judged. An awareness of the process of optical image formation, and of the effects of partial compensation on image structure, is essential for the design of adaptive optics systems for specific tasks. Conventional methods of specifying and evaluating image quality do not necessarily apply in such cases.
Laser Beacons
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

All adaptive optics systems require a means for measuring the propagation path to provide the data to drive the wavefront compensator. Conventionally, this is achieved with a distant source of radiation that traverses the turbulent medium, bringing to the wavefront sensor a record of the wavefront distortion encountered during its journey. In the case of orbiting satellites, for which the first image compensation systems were designed, the solar-illuminated spacecraft themselves functioned as the reference source. By chance, these objects fulfill the two main requirements for adaptive optics reference sources: they are bright, and their size and orbit are such that they are usually contained within a single isopalmitic patch.
The Boston Process Approach To Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Milberg William P , Hebben Nancy , Kaplan Edith
Published: November 2023

The Boston Process Approach is based on a desire to understand the qualitative nature of behavior assessed by clinical psychometric instruments, a desire to reconcile descriptive richness with reliability and quantitative evidence of validity, and a desire to relate the behavior assessed to the conceptual framework of experimental neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience (see Delis et al., 1990). In the past twenty years, the practice of clinical neuropsychology has progressed rapidly. Initially, neuropsychological assessment techniques were known only to a few selftrained clinicians or consisted of test batteries designed with the modest goal of determining the presence of the clinical diagnosis of “organicity.” These formerly esoteric practices have grown into a widely respected specialty of clinical assessment based on a growing body of research (Lezak, 1995). To its credit, the American tradition of clinical neuropsychology is supported by a bulwark of empirical clinical research directly relating test scores to central nervous system (CNS) damage. It is now possible for an experienced clinician to use a series of test scores to reliably determine the presence or absence of brain’ damage in nonpsychiatric patients and somewhat less reliably to localize and establish the etiology of this damage.
The Neurobehavioral Correlates of Alcoholism
Authors: Rourke Sean B , Loberg Tor
Published: November 2023

In 1994, a survey sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) revealed that 51.6% of adults surveyed were classified as current drinkers; 8.6% of adults, representing 15.2 million Americans, met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and/or dependence, with men being three times more likely to meet the criteria than women (Grant, 1994). These recent figures are comparable to those obtained in a 1988 survey sponsored by the NIAAA using DSM-III-R criteria (Grant et al., 1991). It is estimated that 10% of those who meet the criteria for Alcohol Dependence fulfill criteria for an “organic brain syndrome” (Horvath, 1973), and approximately 50% (range 31% to 85%) of the remaining alcoholics exhibit mild to moderate impairment on neuropsychological testing when abstinent for 3 to 4 weeks (Grant et al., 1984; Eckardt and Martin, 1986; Parsons, 1986a, Rourke and Grant, 1995).
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Beyond Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Putnam Steven H , Millis Scott R , Adams Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

The assessment of patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents the largest single expenditure of time for clinical neuropsychologists as a professional group (Putnam and DeLuca, 1990). Referral sources are diverse but typically include neurologists, physiatrists, psychiatrits, attorneys, insurance claims adjusters, case managers and others seeking information regarding the functional capabilities of the patient having sustained TBI. It has been suggested that the burgeoning interest in TBI may be responsible for the increased growth in professional neuropsychology in recent years (Putnam et al., 1994). Unquestionably TBI has been a primary impetus in bringing neuropsychology to the public’s attention and into the courtroom. Indeed, assessment of the TBI patient represents a very significant challenge to the credibility of the profession at large. However, Matthews (1990) has voiced concerns about what he characterizes as the “malignant bloom nourished by the head injury industry” which, he predicts, “will end badly” (p. 33). Nonetheless, few would dispute the fact that understanding TBI is an essential requirement in contemporary neuropsychological practice.
How to Study Discrete Comparative Methods
Authors: Ridley Mark , Grafen Alan
Published: November 2023

This Chapter has three main purposes. The first is to show how to justify a proposed statistical method for discrete comparative data. We shall be particularly concerned with associative hypotheses. However, several authors have recently recommended methods for testing directional, rather than associative, hypotheses with discrete data. Our second purpose is to argue that the conceptual advantage of directional methods has been exaggerated and that the statistics of directional methods present difficult problems that have not been solved.
Theories of International Political Economy
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Theories do not move in straight lines. Some circle around certain questions for long periods before jumping to new concerns; others fan out in many directions at once, erasing the boundaries between one theory and another. Describing how theories change over time is, therefore, a tricky business. A term like theoretical evolution conjures in many minds images of linear progress driven by virtually mechanical responses to conceptual and historical stimuli. moving toward ever better explanations of the object of study. This scheme of theoretical change is rejected, in whole or in part, by writers as disparate as Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, and Michel Foucault. Even the father of modern evolutionary theory, Charles Darwin, distanced himself from overly formal and deterministic understandings of evolution: “After long reflection I cannot avoid the conclusion that no inherent tendency to progressive development exists.”
Hegemonic Power and Stability
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

All three major schools of IPE thought discuss hegemonic power and its consequences. Unlike rational choice analysis, however, the idea of hegemony is not grounded in a particular paradigm; consideration of hegemony does not necessarily entail acceptance of a particular set of theoretical assumptions. It is, rather, an empirical question that is examined from different perspectives. Studies of hegemonic power do, nonetheless, open a new avenue for theoretical contention. Although each theory qualifies its understanding in specific ways, the shared engagement of hegemony has drawn the disparate approaches together in a complemetary, albeit eclectic, manner.
Regimes and Epistemic Communities
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

The study of “international regimes,” like the rational choice approach, emerged from liberal theory. It, too, has been integrated into other theoretical systems, especially neomercantilism, and has developed into a distinct subfield of IPE. Unlike rational choice, which is basically a methodological technique, regime analysis centers on relationships and governing principles among global actors in particular issue-areas. Theoretical synthesis centered on regime analysis does not involve the same kind of epistemological problems as rational choice; neomercantilists employ the concept without compromising their statist assumptions. In recent years, however, the study of regimes, and the allied concept “epistemic communities,” has pushed away from neomercantilist theory, suggesting greater theoretical compatibility with its parent, liberalism. The regime analysis of Donald J. Puchala and Raymond F. Hopkins is consistent with the liberal tradition. They take up the time-honored liberal issue of the role of principles in international affairs. Their definition of regimes-”a set of principles, norms, rules and procedures around which actors’ expectations converge”-is conventional, but their application of the concept is broader than other regime analysts’. Puchala and Hopkins see normative forces at work in virtually every issue-area of international relations. This suggests that regime-based principles and norms have greater efficacy than realist theory would allow. Puchala and Hopkins argue that regime analysis, as such, is an improvement over cruder power politics variants of realism. They do not lapse into unwarranted idealism, but clearly resuscitate long-standing liberal positions.
The Content of Conversation
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In the previous four chapters I have explored gender differences in the communication styles of men and women, focusing on various dimensions of the form or manner in which men and women communicate. I shift now from a focus on the interaction process to a focus on interaction content, to a consideration of what men and women choose to talk about in conversation. Folk wisdom has denigrated women’s talk as “idle chatter,” “gabbing;’ and “gossip:’ When Cheris Kramer examined the beliefs held by high school and college students about the speech of males and females, she found students were more likely to associate gossip, talk about trivial topics, and gibberish with female than with male speakers. The study of gender differences in conversation content suffered for many years from the tendency to devalue what was considered to be female talk. However, in recent years, feminist scholars have recognized female talk as different from men’s talk and reconceptualized it on its own terms. Deborah Jones, for example, suggested that women’s “gossip” is a language of intimacy, that it provides emotional sustenance.
Application of Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Studies for Conservation Genetics
Authors: Francisco-Ortega Javier , Jansen Robert K , Mason-Gamer Robert A J , Wallace Robert S
Published: November 2023

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used widely in systematic and con¬ servation genetic studies of animals (e.g., Wayne et al., 1992; Moritz, 1994; O’Brien, 1994; O’Ryan et al., 1994). The mitochondrial genome of plants has not been used for these kind of studies, however, because of the high incidence of structural rearrangements and low levels of sequence variation (Palmer, 1992). Although chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation is used widely in systematics (Palmer et al., 1988; Olmstead and Palmer, 1994), few if any restriction site studies have focused specifically on the establishment of strategies for biodiversity conservation or the understanding of the biology of threatened species. There has been recent interest in exploring evolutionary and populational questions using the chloroplast genome (reviewed in Soltis et al., 1992a; Rieseberg and Brunsfeld, 1992) which have direct application in conservation genetic studies, and these fall into three categories: (1) origin of hybrids and polyploids; (2) patterns of genetic diversity within species; and (3) phylogenetic relationships within and among closely related species.
Minisatellite Analysis in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Burke Terry , Otte Olivier Han , Pijlen Iris Van
Published: November 2023

A minisatellite locus consists of multiple tandemly repeated copies of a DNA sequence, and is usually highly polymorphic due to variation in the number of repeats (Jeffreys et al., 1985a). The repeat array typically comprises up to several hundred copies of a 10-100 bp (base pair) sequence. Minisatellites are one of the classes of loci also known as variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci (Nakamura et al., 1988). The other well-known class of VNTR loci is the micra satellites, or simple sequence repeat loci, in which the repeat comprises fewer copies (usually 10-50) of a much shorter repeat unit (1-10 bp, usually 2-5 bp) (Tautz, 1989; Weber and May, 1989). There may actually be a continuous distribution of complexity ranging from the simplest microsatellite to the better¬ known of the minisatellites, and beyond, and so the distinction is biologically arbitrary. Rather, it reflects the practicalities of the methods used to isolate the loci in the first place, which do indeed lead to the detection of two distinct size classes of marker loci, which in turn necessitate the use of distinct assay methods. However, there is growing evidence that the main mutational mechanism which generates the variation in the number of these different size repeat units differs between these classes of loci (Di Rienzo et al., 1994; Jeffreys et al., 1994; Goldstein et al., 1995; Slatkin, 1995).
Microsatellites and Their Application to Conservation Genetics
Authors: Bruford Michael W , Cheesman david J , coote trevor , Green harriet A A , Haines susan A , o’ryan colleen , Williams timothy R
Published: November 2023

Microsatellites, or simple sequences, consist of tandemly repeated units, each between 1 and 10 bp (base pairs) in length, such as (TG)n or (AAT)n (Litt and Luty, 1989; Tautz, 1989; Weber and May, 1989). They are widely dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes (e.g., Gyapay et al., 1994), and are often highly polymorphic owing to variation in the number of repeat units (e.g., Amos et al., 1993). Although the application of microsatellite markers to population genetic studies is quite recent, with a relatively small number of plant and animal studies published (still fewer of these studies have been carried out from a conservation genetics perspective), this will certainly change completely within the next few years. This is because the potential for the use of these markers in small populations, and especially in endangered species, is very great, primarily since material for microsatellite analysis can potentially be sampled noninvasively from free-living populations (e.g., Morin et al., 1994a). This fact, together with the high information content of the genetic data yielded by microsatellite loci, will serve to make these markers one of the tools of choice for many future conservation genetic studies.
Simulation Models of Bottleneck Events in Natural Populations
Authors: Halley John , Hoelzel A Rus
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss how simulation models can be used to study the development of natural populations after bottleneck events. We will show how the consequent genetic effects can be used to infer the characteristics of a bottleneck, and compare models based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with those based on nuclear DNA. We will illustrate these with respect to three examples: the Northern elephant seal following the bottleneck of 1884, the Ngorongoro crater lions following the Stomoxys epidemic in 1962, and the Asian lions in the Gir forest.
Applications of Genetics to the Conservation and Management of Australian Fauna: Four Case Studies from Queensland
Authors: Moritz Craig , Wilmer Jessica Worthington , Pope Lisa , Sherwin William B , Taylor Andrea c. , Limpus colin J
Published: November 2023

The Australian vertebrate fauna presents a profound challenge to conservation biology (Table 27-1). For marsupials alone, 10 species have become extinct over the 200 years since European colonization and a further 27 species are currently regarded· as endangered or vulnerable (Kennedy, 1992). The causes of these extinctions and declines are debated, but there seems little doubt that habitat clearing and degradation combined with predation by introduced species (such as cats and foxes) are major threats (Morton, 1990; Recher and Lim, 1990). Particularly notable is the large number of small mammals formerly widespread on the continent, but now restricted to islands (Burbidge, 1994). Substantial problems have also been identified for other groups of terrestrial vertebrates (Table 27-1); for example, there is a suite of rapidly declining frog species in the wet tropical rainforests of north Queensland (Richards et al., 1993). These figures are likely to be underestimates given that new species of Australian vertebrates are still being reported at a high rate (Baverstock et al., 1994): 36% of amphibians and reptiles have been described in the last 20 years (Cogger et al., 1993).
Nature Red in Tooth and Claw The Neurobiological Sources of Rage and Anger
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: November 2023

Although aggression has multiple causes, in psychiatric practice the most problematic forms arise from anger. Many stimuli can provoke anger, but the most common are the irritations and frustrations that arise from events that restrict freedom of action or access to resources. Although psychologists have documented numerous environmental precipitants of anger and aggression, they have yet to clarify the difficult question: What is anger? One reason this topic has been avoided is that anger is a primitive state of the nervous system that cannot be explained by mere words or environmental events. It must be clarified through a study of the underlying neuroevolutionary processes. As most observers have agreed throughout history, the emotion of anger is a human birthright, arising from our ancestral heritage. During this century, we have finally come to understand, at least in part, the nature of brain circuits that generate these powerful and often dangerous feelings, which yield behaviors that moral philosophers of the previous century said “deserved reprehension” and which emerge from our potential for “evil.” Modern evidence suggests that anger emerges from the neurodynamics of subcortical circuits we share homologously with other mammals. The general locations of these circuits have been identified by localized electrical stimulation of the brain. The RAGE circuits run from medial areas of the amygdala, through discrete zones of the hypothalamus and down into the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain. These areas are hierarchically arranged so that higher functions are dependent on the integrity of lower ones. The more we understand about these circuits, the more we will understand the fundamental nature of anger itself. A knowledge of the brain areas where rage is evoked now allows us to work out the neurochemistries of this basic emotion. Such knowledge should eventually permit development of new medications to control pathological rage, as well as other impulse-control disorders that promote aggression. Unfortunately, most forms of human aggression may be instrumental or predatory in nature, and an understanding of anger will not help us solve the prevalent social problems that arise from such sociopathological motivations. In sum, aggression is a broader phenomenon than anger itself. Aggression is not always accompanied by anger, and anger does not necessarily lead to aggression, especially in mature humans who can control such base impulses.