bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUPPRESSION AND RETARDATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE, PART 1. FORMATION AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR HYDROCARBON GENERATION
Authors: Carr A. D.
Published: September 2010

Vitrinite consists of a number of macerals with varying morphology and reflectance. Although vitrinite reflectance (VR) generally increases with increasing depth of burial, a spread of values often occurs due to the presence of the different macerals. However, reports of suppressed and/or retarded VR values introduce a potential problem for the geologist attempting to assess the thermal maturity of a sedimentary basin.

Suppression is defined as the reduction in reflectance resulting from:

•high liptinite contents

•the presence of aliphatic lipids and bitumens derived from associated liptinites;

•the generation of perhydrous (hydrogen/aliphatic‐rich) vitrinite in anaerobic and/or alkaline depositional environments;

•the occurrence of hydrogen‐ and aliphatic‐rich vitrinite originating from a particular flora.

Suppression occurs immediately after a sediment has been deposited, and continues to reduce the reflectance until the hydrogen/bitumen is removed from the structure. Although suppression has been recognised in many basins, it probably occurs more frequently than is currently recognised.

Retardation, by contrast, refers to a thermochemical reduction in reaction rate resulting from the effects of overpressure in a sedimentary basin. Unlike suppression, retardation only occurs at depth in a basin due to the development of a pressure seal; retardation continues to occur as long as the overpressure remains. The presence of overpressured sediments in many sedimentary basins means that VR retardation probably occurs more frequently than is commonIy recognised.

In this paper, methods for recognising suppression and retardation of VR together with examples of both phenomena are described, together with the implications for petroleum systems analysis resulting from the interpretation of suppression when the vitrinite reflectance is retarded. Suppression and retardation are not restricted to coals, and the recognition of either or both of these phenomena will add value to a petroleum systems analysis.
SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND DIVE PATTERNS OF JUVENILE BAIKAL SEALS, PHOCA SIBIRICA
Authors: Stewart Brent S. , Petrov Eugene A. , Baranov E. A. , Ivanov A. Timonin M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) is confined to Lake Baikal in southern Siberia. The breeding distribution of seals in winter, when the lake is frozen over, is fairly well known, whereas their movements and foraging behaviors have been relatively unstudied. With satellite‐linked radio transmitters, we documented the movements and dive patterns of four juvenile Baikal seals from autumn through spring. The seals moved extensively in the lake, each covering minimal distances of 400–1,600 km between September and early May. They spent little time hauled out from September through May and, apparently, dived continuously. Dives were mostly to depths of lo‐50 m, though a few exceeded 300 m. Most lasted between 2 and 6 mm, within theoretical aerobic dive limits, although a few exceeded 40 min. The exceptionally long dives occurred while the seals were in areas of extensive ice cover, suggesting that they were, perhaps, under ice‐pilotage in search of breathing holes rather than foraging dives. Otherwise, the dive performances of these Baikal seals were, relative to body mass, similar to those of other well‐studied phocids. Movements and dive patterns of seals appeared to be primarily associated with seasonal and die1 movements of their primary prey, golomyanka and sculpins, and secondarily correlated with patterns of ice formation and thaw.
THE USE OF STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINING THE DIETARY HABITS OF THE FLORIDA MANATEE, TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS
Authors: Ames Audra L. , Van Vleet Edward S. , Sackett William M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The sloughed skin from three captive manatees at Lowry Park Zoological Garden (Tampa, Florida) was examined over a period of one year to determine its stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C). The food consumed by these manatees in a controlled diet was also sampled and its δ13C values determined. The sloughed skin δ13C values from the captive manatees were enriched by an average of +4.1%0 relative to lettuce (generally >98% of the diet) the animals consumed. δ13C values of the skin were shown to be related to changes in δ13C values of the lettuce.

The stable carbon isotopic composition of internal tissues (liver, kidney, and blubber) and skin from dead, stranded manatees was also determined. These values were compared to values of vegetation that manatees are known to eat in the wild. The δ13C values of the internal tissues and skin of wild manatees were consistent with the range of δ13C values of their expected diet.
IMPACTS OF COMMERCIAL WHALE WATCHING ON MALE SPERM WHALES AT KAIKOURA, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Richter Christoph , Dawson Steve , Slooten Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

Abstract Male sperm whales are the basis for a commercially important whale‐watching industry at Kaikoura, New Zealand. We examined the influence of whale‐watching boats and aircraft over three years using observations from an independent research boat and from shore. We employed an information‐theoretic approach to determine which factors were necessary to explain variation in blow interval, time at surface, and time to first click. In almost all analyses, models required the inclusion of the presence of the research boat or whale‐watching boats or airplanes. The only exception was the model explaining variation in blow intervals observed from shore, which required only season. We also analyzed spatial behavior at the surface. Resident whales changed direction significantly more in the presence of whale‐watching boats compared to encounters with only the research boat present. No such difference was observed for encounters with aircraft. Our results thus indicate that sperm whales off Kaikoura respond to whale‐watching activities, although these changes are small and most likely not of biological importance. However, resident whales responded less to these activities compared to transient whales, possibly indicating habituation and, more importantly, the need to monitor continued activities closely.
APPARENT LATERALIZED BEHAVIOR IN GRAY WHALES FEEDING OFF THE CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST
Authors: Woodward Becky L. , Winn Jeremy P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract

A digital acoustic recording tag was used to examine the 3‐D orientation of gray whales feeding along the central British Columbia coast. A total of 96 feeding dives were recorded from six different whales. More than half (53.1%) of the whales' bottom time was spent rolled at an angle greater than 45°. Whales rolled an average of 2.9 times per feeding dive, and rolling behavior was often accompanied by a negative pitch angle. Out of 282 recorded rolls, 274 (97.2%) were to the right. Likewise, 98.5% of the total time spent rolled at an angle greater than 45° was spent rolled to the right. The gray whales in this study showed a significant right‐side bias on both an individual (P≤ 0.009) and group level (P < 0.001). Based on the findings of this study and previous reports of uneven baleen wear (Kasuya and Rice 1970), it is proposed that gray whales exhibit a population‐wide right‐side rolling bias similar in character to the 90/10 split of right handedness in humans.
THE TROPHIC ROLE OF MARINE MAMMALS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE
Authors: Morissette L. , Hammill M. O. , Savenkoff C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The trophic role of apex predators was evaluated in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem. An Ecopath model was developed for the period 1985–1987 prior to the collapse of commercially exploited demersal fish stocks in this area. Marine mammal trophic levels were estimated by the model at 4.1 for cetaceans, 4.4 for harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), 4.7 for hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), 4.5 for gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), and 4.3 for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Harp seals were the third most important predator on vertebrate prey following large Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and redfish (Sebastesspp.). Different seal species preyed on different levels of the food chain. Harp seals preyed on most trophic groups, whereas larger seals, such as gray seals and hooded seals, mainly consumed higher trophic levels. The model suggested that apex predators had a negative effect on their dominant prey, the higher trophic level fish, but an indirect positive feedback on the prey of their preferred prey, mainly American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), flounders, skates, and benthic invertebrates. Our results suggest that both marine mammals and fisheries had an impact on the trophic structure.
Telomeres and life histories: the long and the short of it
Authors: Monaghan Pat
Published: September 2010

Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryote chromosomes. Telomere loss limits the number of times cells can divide and is intimately involved in cell loss and renewal. Average telomere length in cell samples generally declines with donor age but shows substantial intraspecific variation. Telomeres are potentially of great interest to evolutionary biologists since the balance of fitness costs and benefits associated with loss and restoration is linked to the biology of life span. Most telomere research is done in the context of human disease. Recently, however, there has been a burgeoning of interest in telomere dynamics in healthy organisms. The extent to which variation in telomere loss might be involved in the evolution of life histories, and constrain or underpin life history trade‐offs, is a growing field of research. I discuss what we do and do not know about the links between telomere length and life histories and the extent to which variations in telomere length and loss rate are useful indicators of aging‐related changes and/or the biological state of individuals.
The origins and evolution of genetic disease risk in modern humans
Authors: Crespi Bernard J.
Published: September 2010

Patterns and risks of human disease have evolved. In this article, I review evidence regarding the importance of recent adaptive evolution, positive selection, and genomic conflicts in shaping the genetic and phenotypic architectures of polygenic human diseases. Strong recent selection in human populations can create and maintain genetically based disease risk primarily through three processes: increased scope for dysregulation from recent human adaptations, divergent optima generated by intraspecific genomic conflicts, and transient or stable deleterious by‐products of positive selection caused by antagonistic pleiotropy, ultimately due to trade‐offs at the levels of molecular genetics, development, and physiology. Human disease due to these processes appears to be concentrated in three sets of phenotypes: cognition and emotion, reproductive traits, and life‐history traits related to long life‐span. Diverse, convergent lines of evidence suggest that a small set of tissues whose pleiotropic patterns of gene function and expression are under especially strong selection—brain, placenta, testis, prostate, breast, and ovary—has mediated a considerable proportion of disease risk in modern humans.
The role of gene expression in ecological speciation
Authors: Pavey Scott A. , Collin Hélène , Nosil Patrik , Rogers Sean M.
Published: September 2010

Ecological speciation is the process by which barriers to gene flow between populations evolve due to adaptive divergence via natural selection. A relatively unexplored area in ecological speciation is the role of gene expression. Gene expression may be associated with ecologically important phenotypes not evident from morphology and play a role during colonization of new environments. Here we review two potential roles of gene expression in ecological speciation: (1) its indirect role in facilitating population persistence and (2) its direct role in contributing to genetically based reproductive isolation. We find indirect evidence that gene expression facilitates population persistence, but direct tests are lacking. We also find clear examples of gene expression having effects on phenotypic traits and adaptive genetic divergence, but links to the evolution of reproductive isolation itself remain indirect. Gene expression during adaptive divergence seems to often involve complex genetic architectures controlled by gene networks, regulatory regions, and “eQTL hotspots.” Nonetheless, we review how approaches for isolating the functional mutations contributing to adaptive divergence are proving to be successful. The study of gene expression has promise for increasing our understanding ecological speciation, particularly when integrative approaches are applied.
Inclusion of Blended Lipid Solutions as Functional Ingredients to Alter the Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Patties
Authors: Lowder A.C. , Osburn W.N.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Beef patties formulated to contain beef fat, plant oil, and a rosemary extract to increase unsaturated fatty acid content and maintain desirable sensory attributes were compared to control beef patties formulated without plant oils. Treatment patties were formulated to a fat content of 10% or 20% by combining beef trimmings (6% fat) with 4% or 14% addition of a lipid blend. Blends contained 57% beef tallow, 0.3% rosemary extract, and 43% of high oleic safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO), or corn oil (CO). Lipid oxidation, as measured by TBA values, of treatment patties were similar to control patties after 0 and 3 d of refrigerated (2 °C) storage and up to 56 d of frozen (−10 °C) storage. Cooked lipid blend patties having a fat content of 10% or 20% were similar to or higher than control patties for juiciness and were no different for other sensory attributes evaluated. At fat levels of 10% or 20%, oleic acid (18: 1) in cooked SO patties (46.1% and 50.3%, respectively) and OO patties (43.8% and 48.1%, respectively) was higher than the control (37.3% and 37.6%, respectively). Unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios at the 10% or 20% fat levels were higher in SO (1.37 and 1.60, respectively) and CO (1.40 and 1.48, respectively) patties than the control (0.97 and 0.94, respectively). Beef patties manufactured with varying lipid blends increased unsaturated fatty acid content and were similar in physical characteristics and sensory attributes of all beef patties formulated without lipid blends.

Practical Application:  The development of healthier beef products that will be more appealing to consumers has long been an industry goal. The authors believe that lipid blends such as the one used in this study could be used to create such products, not only in the form of beef patties, but any number of processed meat products. Because the materials and equipment used to create the lipid blends in this study are widely available, their incorporation into meat products would represent a small capital investment. This is an important factor in bringing a reasonably priced, healthier product to consumers.
Sensory Properties of Ginseng Solutions Modified by Masking Agents
Authors: Tamamoto Lauren C. , Schmidt Shelly J. , Lee Soo‐Yeun
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Ginseng is one of the most popular functional ingredients found in energy drink formulations. Although ginseng is known for its health benefits, ginseng is also notorious for imparting a bitter taste. Incorporating ginseng into beverages without the bitterness, while still maintaining its health benefits, is necessary for developing an acceptable product. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (1) identify effective treatments for minimizing the bitterness of ginseng in water base and model energy drink base solutions and (2) determine the sensory effects of incorporating different treatment levels to minimize the bitterness of ginseng. A series of pilot studies investigating bitterness reducing treatments were conducted, which included: congruent flavor addition, bitterness blocking agent incorporation, enzymatic modification, ingredient interaction, and complexation. Based on the results of a series of pilot studies, γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) complexation agents were identified as having the most potential. Effectiveness of the γ‐CDs, β‐CDs, and combinations of γ‐ and β‐CDs were tested in 100 mL water and in 100 mL model energy drink base solutions containing 0.052 g 80% ginsenosides panax ginseng, using descriptive sensory analysis. Twelve trained panelists evaluated 42 solution treatments (3 treatments × 7 levels × 2 bases) for bitter attributeswithandwithout nose clips. Overall, the most effective treatments were 0.09 g γ‐CDs in 100 mL of solution and 1 g β‐CDs in 100 mL solution, which both reduced the bitterness intensity of the solutions by half. Incorporation of these levels of CDs in water and model energy drink base solutions containing ginseng will aid in the development of functional beverages that are more acceptable to a wider range of consumers.
Behavior and Enterotoxin Production by Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus in Cooked Ham, Reconstituted Skimmed Milk, and Confectionery Cream
Authors: Oliveira Ana Maria , Miya Norma Teruko Nago , Sant’Ana Anderson S. , Pereira José Luiz
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In this study, the behavior and enterotoxin production by 10 different coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) strains inoculated in cooked ham, reconstituted skimmed milk, and confectionery cream in the presence or absence of background microbiota have been investigated. After inoculation (103 CFU/g), foods were incubated at 25, 30, and 37 °C and aerobic mesophilic and CNS counts were carried out at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) detection was performed by SET‐RPLA (Oxoid, Basingstoke, U.K.) and mini‐Vidas® (bioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France). CNS counts increased during incubation and approached 106 to 107 CFU/g after 12 h at 37 °C in the 3 foods studied. At 25 °C, counts reached 106 to 107 CFU/g only after 24 to 48 h. The interference of background microbiota on CNS behavior was only observed when they grew in sliced cooked ham, which presented a high initial total count (105 CFU/g). Significantly higher counts of CNS isolated from raw cow's milk in comparison with food handlers isolates were found in reconstituted milk and confectionery cream. Although CNS strains were able to produce SEA, SEB, and SED in culture media, in foods, in the presence or absence of background microbiota S. chromogenes LE0598 was the only strain able to produce SEs. Despite the scarcity of reports on CNS involvement with foodborne disease outbreaks, the results found here support the CNS growth and SE production in foods even in the presence of background microbiota and may affect food safety.
Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Total Phenolics, Antioxidant Activities, and Anthocyanin of Oregano, Thyme, Terebinth, and Pomegranate
Authors: Rababah Taha M. , Banat Fawzi , Rababah Anfal , Ereifej Khalil , Yang Wade
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin–Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.
Influence of Cell Integrity on Textural Properties of Raw, High Pressure, and Thermally Processed Onions
Authors: Gonzalez M.E. , Jernstedt J.A. , Slaughter D.C. , Barrett D.M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The integrity of onion cells and its impact on tissue texture after high pressure and thermal processing was studied. The contribution of cell membranes and the pectic component of cell walls on the texture properties of onion tissue were analyzed. Neutral red (NR) staining of onion parenchyma cell vacuoles was used for the evaluation of cell membrane integrity and microscopic image analysis was used for its quantification. The content of methanol in tissue as a result of pectin methylesterase activity was used to evaluate the pectin component of the middle lamella and cell walls and the hardening effect on the tissue after processing. High pressure treatments consisted of 5‐min holding times at 50, 100, 200, 300, or 600 MPa. Thermal treatments consisted of 30‐min water bath exposure to 40, 50, 60, 70, or 90 °C. In the high pressure treatments, loss of membrane integrity commenced at 200 MPa and total loss of membrane integrity occurred at 300 MPa and above. In the thermal treatments, membrane integrity was lost between 50 and 60 °C. The texture of onions was influenced by the state of the membranes and texture profiles were abruptly modified once membrane integrity was lost. Hardening of the tissue corresponded with pressure and temperature PME activation and occurred after membrane integrity loss.

Practical Application: The texture of vegetables is an important quality attribute that affects consumer preference. Loss of textural integrity also indicates that other biochemical reactions that affect color, flavor, and nutrient content may occur more rapidly. In this study, we analyzed changes in the texture of onions after preservation with heat and high pressure.
Disintegration Efficiency of Pulsed Electric Field Induced Effects on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Tissues as a Function of Pulse Protocol and Determination of Cell Integrity by 1H‐NMR Relaxometry
Authors: Ersus Seda , Oztop Mecit Halil , McCarthy Michael J. , Barrett Diane M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The influence of electrical pulse protocol parameters on cell rupture of onion tissues was investigated in order to improve fundamental understanding and to enhance the processing of plant tissues with pulsed electric fields (PEFs). The impact of PEF parameters on cell integrity of 20 mm dia, 4‐mm thick disks of Don Victor onions (Allium cepa L.) was determined by ion leakage measurements. Electric field strength, pulse width, total pulse duration, and frequency effects were determined in relation to their effects on cell damage as a function of pulse protocol. Electric field strengths up to 500 V/cm increased the damage efficiency but there was no significant difference in efficiency beyond this field strength. Larger pulse widths increased the degree of tissue disintegration at a constant pulse number. Higher PEF efficiency was achieved with shorter pulse widths and a larger number of pulses at a constant total treatment time. Lower frequencies caused a greater degree of disintegration at constant number of pulses. 1H‐NMR experiments were performed to determine the proton relaxation components of the PEF‐treated onion samples and to obtain cell damage information nondestructively. Paramagnetic ion uptake by the onion sample was used to identify different proton relaxation components. Five different proton relaxation components were observed and changes in the 2 components representing different proton environments showed high correlations with ion leakage results (R2= 0.99), indicating that T2 distributions can be used to obtain information about cell membrane integrity in PEF‐treated samples. 1H‐NMR proved to be an effective method for nondestructive quantification of cell membrane rupture in onions.
Relating Instrumental Texture, Determined by Variable‐Blade and Allo‐Kramer Shear Attachments, to Sensory Analysis of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Fillets
Authors: Aussanasuwannakul Aunchalee , Kenney Patrick Brett , Brannan Robert G. , Slider Susan D. , Salem Mohamed , Yao Jianbo
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Texture is one of the most important quality attributes of fish fillets, and accurate assessment of variation in this attribute, as affected by storage and handling, is critical in providing consistent quality product. Trout fillets received 4 treatments: 3‐d refrigeration (R3), 7‐d refrigeration (R7), 3‐d refrigeration followed by 30‐d frozen storage (R3F30), and 7‐d refrigeration followed by 30‐d frozen storage (R7F30). Instrumental texture of raw and cooked fillets was determined by 3 approaches: 5‐blade Allo‐Kramer (AK) and variable‐blade (VB) attachment with 12 blades arranged in perpendicular (PER) and parallel (PAR) orientations to muscle fibers. Correlation between instrumental texture and sensory hardness, juiciness, elasticity, fatness, and coarseness was determined. Muscle pH remained constant at 6.54 to 6.64. Raw fillets lost 3.66% of their original weight after 30‐d frozen storage. After cooking, weight loss further increased to 15.97%. Moisture content decreased from 69.11 to 65.02%, while fat content remained constant at 10.41%. VBPER detected differences in muscle sample strength (P= 0.0019) and demonstrated effect of shear direction reported as maximum force (g force/g sample). AKPER detected differences in energy of shear (g × mm; P= 0.0001). Fillets that received F30 treatments were less extensible. Cooking increased muscle strength and toughness. Force determined by VBPER was correlated with sensory hardness (r= 0.423, P= 0.0394) and cook loss (r= 0.412, P= 0.0450). VB attachment is accurate, valid, and less destructive in fillet texture analysis.

Practical Application:  A new shearing device was validated with sensory analysis. Settings and parameters obtained could be used to define fillet texture quality associated with muscle fiber orientation.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Fermented Soybean Paste (Doenjang)
Authors: Kim H.G. , Hong J.H. , Song C.K. , Shin H.W. , Kim K.O.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the sensory profiles of fermented soybean paste (Doenjang), to understand consumers’ acceptability of different types ofDoenjangsamples and to identify the sensory characteristics that drive consumer acceptability ofDoenjangproducts. Descriptive analysis and consumer acceptability test were conducted for 7 different types ofDoenjangsamples. The samples included 2 types ofDoenjangmade by either traditional or commercially modified methods. For the descriptive analysis, 8 trained panelists developed and evaluated 31 descriptors. There were significant differences in all 31 attributes among the samples. Principal component analysis was also performed to summarize the sensory characteristics of the samples. In consumer testing, 200 consumers evaluated the acceptability ofDoenjangsamples. Significant differences in consumer acceptability were observed among the samples. The consumers preferred theDoenjangsamples manufactured using a commercially modified method. In overall point of view, most consumers liked theDoenjangsamples that had strong “sweet” and “MSG (monosodium glutamate)” tastes. It appears that “sweet” and “MSG” tastes are the drivers of liking forDoenjang. “Salty” taste, “meju,”“traditional Korean soy sauce,” and “fermented fish” odor/flavors seem to be the drivers of disliking forDoenjang. Cluster analysis identified 3 subconsumer segments sharing a common preference pattern for the 7 samples within a cluster. The results showed that each consumer cluster preferred differentDoenjangsamples. External preference mapping was performed to establish the relationships between the sensory attributes and consumer acceptability in each cluster.

Practical Application: Consumption of the fermented soybean products is gradually expanding around the world, due to their various health benefits. Therefore, understanding sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability ofDoenjangare becoming increasingly important. The intense and complex flavor characteristics ofDoenjangmake it difficult to obtain a comprehensive sensory profiling and drivers of liking. The finding of this study can be applied to development of a new product that has better consumer acceptability. Also this study can be a useful and effective guideline to researchers who intend to examine the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of fermented soybean pastes.
Control of Biogenic Amines in Food—Existing and Emerging Approaches
Authors: Naila Aishath , Flint Steve , Fletcher Graham , Bremer Phil , Meerdink Gerrit
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Biogenic amines have been reported in a variety of foods, such as fish, meat, cheese, vegetables, and wines. They are described as low molecular weight organic bases with aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic structures. The most common biogenic amines found in foods are histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, 2‐phenylethylamine, spermine, spermidine, putrescine, tryptamine, and agmatine. In addition octopamine and dopamine have been found in meat and meat products and fish. The formation of biogenic amines in food by the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids can result in consumers suffering allergic reactions, characterized by difficulty in breathing, itching, rash, vomiting, fever, and hypertension. Traditionally, biogenic amine formation in food has been prevented, primarily by limiting microbial growth through chilling and freezing. However, for many fishing based subsistence populations, such measures are not practical. Therefore, secondary control measures to prevent biogenic amine formation in foods or to reduce their levels once formed need to be considered as alternatives. Such approaches to limit microbial growth may include hydrostatic pressures, irradiation, controlled atmosphere packaging, or the use of food additives. Histamine may potentially be degraded by the use of bacterial amine oxidase or amine‐negative bacteria. Only some will be cost‐effective and practical for use in subsistence populations.
Sensitivity of Stream flow and Water Table Depth to Potential Climatic Variability in a Coastal Forested Watershed1
Authors: Dai Zhaohua , Trettin Carl C. , Li Changsheng , Amatya Devendra M. , Sun Ge , Li Harbin
Published: September 2010

Dai, Zhaohua, Carl C. Trettin, Changsheng Li, Devendra M. Amatya, Ge Sun, and Harbin Li, 2010. Sensitivity of Streamflow and Water Table Depth to Potential Climatic Variability in a Coastal Forested Watershed.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 1–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00474.x

Abstract: A physically based distributed hydrological model, MIKE SHE, was used to evaluate the effects of altered temperature and precipitation regimes on the streamflow and water table in a forested watershed on the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain. The model calibration and validation against both streamflow and water table depth showed that the MIKE SHE was applicable for predicting the streamflow and water table dynamics for this watershed with an acceptable model efficiency (E > 0.5 for daily streamflow and >0.75 for monthly streamflow). The simulation results from changing temperature and precipitation scenarios indicate that climate change influences both streamflow and water table in the forested watershed. Compared to current climate conditions, the annual average streamflow increased or decreased by 2.4% with one percentage increase or decrease in precipitation; a quadratic polynomial relationship between changes in water table depth (cm) and precipitation (%) was found. The annual average water table depth and annual average streamflow linearly decreased with an increase in temperature within the range of temperature change scenarios (0‐6°C). The simulation results from the potential climate change scenarios indicate that future climate change will substantially impact the hydrological regime of upland and wetland forests on the coastal plain with corresponding implications to altered ecosystem functions that are dependent on water.
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Flooding Inundation, Population Affected and Property Damages in Corpus Christi1
Authors: Frey Ashley E. , Olivera Francisco , Irish Jennifer L. , Dunkin Lauren M. , Kaihatu James M. , Ferreira Celso M. , Edge Billy L.
Published: September 2010

Frey, Ashley E., Francisco Olivera, Jennifer L. Irish, Lauren M. Dunkin, James M. Kaihatu, Celso M. Ferreira, and Billy L. Edge, 2010. Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Flooding Inundation, Population Affected and Property Damages in Corpus Christi. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1–11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00475.x

Abstract:  The effect of climate change on storm‐surge flooding and the implications for population and structural damages on the city of Corpus Christi, Texas, was investigated. The study considered the influence of sea level rise and hurricane intensification, both influenced by climate change. Combinations of future carbon dioxide equivalent emission rates and carbon dioxide doubling sensitivities, based on findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, were considered to define future climate scenarios. A suite of physically based numerical models for hurricane winds and the resulting waves, surge, and morphological change at the coast were used to determine flooded areas, population affected, and property damages for Hurricanes Bret, Beulah, and a version of Carla shifted south from its original track, under present and predicted future climate conditions. A comparison of the economic damages for current climate conditions and for the 2080s climate scenario shows that, for Carla (shifted), there will be an increase in the range of $270‐1,100 million; for Beulah, of $100‐390 million; and, for Bret, of $30‐280 million. A similar analysis was also conducted for 2030s predicted climate scenarios. Overall, the comparison of the results for the different climate conditions indicates what the destructive consequences of climate change could be, even within the somewhat short time frame of 80 years considered here.
Les retraites de la sécurité sociale aux Etats‐Unis: réactions aux propositions de réforme
Authors: Becker Fred W.
Published: September 2010

Le régime de retraite de la sécurité sociale souffre depuis un certain temps aux Etats‐Unis d'un déséquilibre actuariel qui préoccupe les experts et les décideurs comme la population en général. Face à cette situation, le Président Bush a proposé en 2004, d'une part, de modifier le mode de détermination des prestations, d'autre part, d'établir dans le cadre du régime un système de comptes individuels d'investissement. Ces propositions ont donné lieu à un vif débat, mis en veilleuse cependant au milieu de 2005. Que restera‐t‐il de ce débat? On peut penser que des limites ont été fixées quant aux mesures envisageables à l'avenir pour faire face aux difficultés financières rencontrées. Cet article montre les contraintes qui vont peser sur les discussions futures concernant le régime de retraite et qui vont déterminer les nouvelles lignes d'action.
La protection sociale et la pauvreté dans un pays en transition à bas revenu, l'Azerbaïdjan: enseignements d'une enquête auprès des ménages
Authors: Habibov Nazim , Fan Lida
Published: September 2010

A l'aide des données fournies par l'Enquête nationale sur les budgets des ménages, les auteurs étudient l'impact du système de protection sociale sur la pauvreté en Azerbaïdjan. L'étude montre que les régimes en vigueur concourent certes à soulager notablement la pauvreté mais que celle‐ci reste importante. Le système souffre de plusieurs insuffisances. Une bonne partie de la population pauvre n'est pas couverte. Les ménages pauvres reçoivent en règle générale une fraction moindre du montant total des prestations que les autres ménages. Ces prestations sont insuffisantes dans la plupart des cas pour leur permettre de sortir de la pauvreté. Il importe de renforcer le système actuel en mettant en place un nouveau dispositif d'aide sociale qui vise expressément à réduire celle‐ci.
Le taux de sécurité démarchandisée: un outil d'évaluation des systèmes de protection sociale européens
Authors: Menahem Georges
Published: September 2010

Afin de mieux évaluer les rôles de la sécurité sociale et des politiques sociales dans la détermination du bien‐être, cet article introduit le «taux de sécurité démarchandisée» (TSD), un instrument d'évaluation d'une mission importante de l'Etat social, le maintien et le développement de la sécuritééconomique des populations. Pour cela, il présente les conventions de son évaluation, il en analyse les principaux composants dans vingt pays européens en 2002 et il en simule les variations impliquées par une dizaine de modulations de ses composantes. L'analyse des sensibilités de la sécuritééconomique débouche sur la mise en évidence de trois logiques différentes.
L'enjeu du respect des obligations en matière de sécurité sociale: conséquences pour la sécurité sociale en République populaire de Chine
Authors: Ramia Gaby , Davies Gloria , Nyland Chris
Published: September 2010

Résumé  Les discussions sur le respect des obligations en matière de sécurité sociale dans les sociétés en développement ont porté principalement sur les aspects administratifs et de fonctionnement du système. Le présent article affirme que l'analyse du respect de ces obligations doit s'inscrire dans un cadre qui tienne compte du contexte politique de chaque nation et qui exploite les comparaisons des divers régimes de protection sociale. C'est en ayant recours à une telle méthodologie qu'il examine également le respect des obligations en matière de sécurité sociale dans le contexte de la Chine. Quatre paramètres sont à prendre en considération pour améliorer le respect de ces obligations: la durabilité de la croissance économique; la confiance dans les institutions et la réglementation sociale; les différentes valeurs sociales selon les régimes; et l'inertie institutionnelle dont est empreinte la trajectoire politique de la Chine.
Concevoir un système public d'assurance vieillesse
Authors: Brown Robert L.
Published: September 2010

Résumé  Le présent article a pour objet d'examiner des modèles potentiels en matière de système public d'assurance vieillesse. A travers d'abondantes références aux systèmes actuellement en vigueur aux Etats‐Unis et, en particulier, au Canada, il décrit les enjeux que soulève tout projet visant à concevoir un système public d'assurance vieillesse «efficace». Un de ces enjeux consiste évidemment à définir ce que l'on entend par «efficace». Les critères utilisés aux fins de notre réflexion sont principalement les suivants: allégement de la pauvreté, adéquation des revenus de retraite, viabilité du ratio prestations/cotisations, égalité de revenus et répartition des richesses. Notre analyse abordera les multiples aspects qu'il convient de prendre en compte lors de la conception d'un système public d'assurance vieillesse, où que ce soit dans le monde. Elle pourrait s'avérer utile dans les pays où un nouveau système a été récemment mis en place (et même dans ceux où le système existant évolue constamment). Nous espérons aussi qu'elle sera appréciée par les étudiants en droit social, puisqu'elle énonce certains principes fondamentaux qu'il convient de respecter lors de l'élaboration d'un système public de retraite efficace.
La création de l'AISS et l'OIT
Authors: Guinand Cédric
Published: September 2010

Résumé  La création de l'Association internationale de la sécurité sociale a été fortement influencée par l'Organisation internationale du Travail, qui était certainement l'étoile montante dans le monde des organisations internationales dans l'entre‐deux‐guerres. Néanmoins, il serait faux de penser que cette dernière a été la seule institution à pouvoir imposer ses vues lors de la fondation de l'AISS. En effet, aussi bien les prédécesseurs de ces deux organismes, comme la CPIAS et l'AIPLT, que d'autres acteurs de l'époque, comme l'Association internationale professionnelle des médecins, ainsi que l'internationalisation du mouvement des assurances sociales, contribuèrent à la mise sur pied de cette nouvelle association. Elle n'en connut pas moins quelques moments difficiles durant ces premières années.
Anciens et nouveaux géants: favoriser sécurité sociale et croissance économique dans la zone Asie‐Pacifique
Authors: Walker Robert , Pellissery Sony
Published: September 2010

Résumé  Même si la zone Asie‐Pacifique est caractérisée par une grande diversité, son ensemble mérite attention. De grandes choses ont été accomplies ces dernières années pour favoriser la croissance économique, bâtir une sécurité sociale et faire reculer la pauvreté, mais il reste des obstacles gigantesques, qu'on peut chiffrer à neuf. Cinq sont analogues aux problèmes qui sévissaient en Europe il y a soixante ans: indigence, insalubrité, chômage, manque d'instruction et manque d'hygiène. Les quatre autres, à savoir croissance inéquitable, discrimination, corruption et vieillissement démographique nuisent à l'efficacité des politiques ciblant les cinq premiers. On esquisse ici en réponse une stratégie quadruple. Elle comprend des mécanismes visant àétendre l'emploi dans le secteur structuré, àélargir la couverture de la sécurité sociale dans le secteur structuré et dans le secteur non structuré et, enfin, à créer et à maintenir des filets de sécuritéà l'intention de ceux qui se trouveraient autrement exclus de la protection sociale.
Pensions sociales et apprentissage en matière de politiques publiques: l'exemple de l'Afrique du Sud
Authors: Casey Bernard H. , McKinnon Roddy
Published: September 2010

Depuis une dizaine d'années, en particulier depuis la publication des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement, les régimes de retraite sociaux suscitent l'intérêt des acteurs qui se préoccupent du bien‐être des personnes âgées dans cette grande partie du monde où les régimes de prestations de vieillesse formels, financés par des cotisations, ne couvrent qu'une minorité de la population. Les organisations internationales ont porté leur attention sur ces régimes et certaines d'entre elles considèrent qu'ils ont un rôle important à jouer. Toutefois, les informations dont on dispose sur leur nature, leur fonctionnement et leur capacitéà atteindre les objectifs qui leur sont assignés restent limitées. Un processus d'apprentissage s'est engagé, non seulement dans les organisations internationales, mais aussi dans la région où leur rôle est le plus important — l'Afrique australe. Ce processus d'apprentissage doit être encouragé et l'Association internationale de la sécurité sociale a un rôle à y jouer.
Einschätzung der Bedeutung staatlicher Transfers für die Armutsdynamik: Beispiel Russland
Authors: Clément Matthieu
Published: September 2010

Dieser Artikel möchte eine dynamische Analyse des russischen Transfersystems vorstellen, die das Wohlergehen vor und nach dem staatlichen Eingreifen anhand eines Indikators vergleicht. Zunächst wollen wir die Auswirkungen der staatlichen Transfers auf die Formen der Armut schätzen und zeigen, dass das System zwar zur Verringerung chronischer und vorübergehender Armut beiträgt, dass aber die Mobilität zwischen den Kategorien sehr begrenzt ist. Sodann wollen wir die Fähigkeit des Systems bewerten, die nicht armen Haushalte gegen das Abgleiten in Armut zu schützen (Schutz) und den armen Haushalten beim Überwinden der Armut zu helfen (Förderung). Mehrere Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass das russische Transfersystem geeignet scheint, die Haushalte zu schützen, jedoch das Ziel der Förderung nicht erfüllen kann. Mit anderen Worten kann es in seiner aktuellen Form nicht für sich in Anspruch nehmen, ein effizientes Instrument zur Bekämpfung von Langzeitarmut zu sein.
Krankenversicherung für die Armen in ländlichen Gebieten? Eine Fallstudie über ein Krankenversicherungssystem für Bauern und Landarbeiter in Indien
Authors: Kuruvilla Sarosh , Liu Mingwei
Published: September 2010

Diese Fallstudie befasst sich mit einer wichtigen Neuerung bei der Gesundheitsversorgung für Arme in ländlichen Gebieten, dem Yeshasvini‐Krankenversicherungssystem für Bauern und Landarbeiter im indischen Bundesstaat Karnataka. Das wohl weltgrößte Krankenversicherungs‐system für Arme in ländlichen Gebieten wurde im Jahre 2003 eingeführt und so ausgestaltet, dass mehrere Hindernisse für den Gesundheitsschutz der ländlichen Bevölkerung überwunden wurden. In seinem zweiten Jahr versicherte es zu einer geringen Jahresprämie von rund 2 Dollar rund 2,2 Millionen weit verstreute Bauern für chirurgische und ambulante Behandlungen. In dieser Abhandlung wird das System in seinem ersten Betriebsjahr beschrieben und bewertet und dessen Potenzial als Modell für die Entwicklungsländer ganz allgemein untersucht.
Die Auswirkungen von HIV/Aids auf die Beiträge zur sozialen Sicherheit am Beispiel Simbabwes
Authors: Chikova Henry N. , Chinamasa Camillo F.
Published: September 2010

Zahlreiche Personen, die aufgrund einer HIV/Aids‐Erkrankung vorzeitig in den Ruhestand gehen, verringern die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen und bedrohen die Tragfähigkeit der gesetzlichen Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit des Landesamtes für soziale Sicherheit in Simbabwe. Die Wirtschaft leidet seit einem Jahrzehnt unter einer Rezession, verbunden mit hoher Inflation und bedeutenden Arbeitsplatzverlusten, die sich auch auf die Beiträge an das Nationale System für Renten und andere Leistungen (NPOBS) negativ auswirken, und die Regierung setzt Obergrenzen für das zu versichernde beitragsrelevante Einkommen. Es gibt gegenwärtig keine konsistenten Ansätze, um die mit diesen Faktoren verbundene Aushöhlung der Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit zu mildern. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die potenziellen Auswirkungen von HIV/Aids und den verbindlichen Obergrenzen auf die Einnahmen des NPOBS angesichts der hohen Inflationsraten für die Zukunft abzuschätzen. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass HIV/Aids die vorgesehenen Beitragszahlungen an das System bis 2030 um mehr als 30 Prozent verringern wird. Politische Strategien zur Anpassung und häufigen Überprüfung der Höhe der Obergrenzen für das versicherte Einkommen in Einklang mit der Inflationsentwicklung sowie Investitionen in die Prävention von HIV/Aids könnten dazu beitragen, die negativen Auswirkungen von HIV/Aids und/oder der Obergrenzen auf die Beiträge zur sozialen Sicherheit in Simbabwe zu verringern.
Sozialschutz und Armut in Aserbaidschan, einem Transformationsland mit niedrigem Einkommen: Bedeutung einer Haushaltsbefragung
Authors: Habibov Nazim , Fan Lida
Published: September 2010

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht anhand einer nationalen repräsentativen Umfrage die Leistung des Sozialschutzes in Aserbaidschan unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Armutslinderung. Die vorgestellten empirischen Daten lassen vermuten, dass die Sozialschutzprogramme eine bedeutende Auswirkung im Sinne einer Armutsverringerung haben. Armut ist jedoch nach wie vor weit verbreitet. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, sind dem aktuellen Sozialschutzsystem mehrere wichtige Grenzen gesteckt. Erstens wird ein signifikanter Teil der armen Bevölkerung nicht durch das Sozialschutzsystem geschützt. Zweitens erhalten die Armen insgesamt gewöhnlich einen kleineren Anteil an den Leistungen als die Nichtarmen. Schließlich sind die moisten Sozialtransfers zu gering, um den Haushalten aus der Armut herauszuhelfen. Das derzeitige Sozialschutzsystem Aserbaidschans muss weiter gestärkt werden. Vor allem sollte die Regierung neue Sozialhilfeprogramme entwickeln, die direkt die Armutslinderung zum Ziel haben.