bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploiting the inter-strain divergence of Fusarium oxysporum for microbial bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol
Authors: Ali Shahin S , Khan Mojibur , Fagan Brian , Mullins Ewen , Doohan Fiona M
Published: March 2012

Microbial bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol still poses challenges in terms of substrate catabolism. A targeted evolution-based study was undertaken to determine if inter-strain microbial variability could be exploited for bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol. The microorganism studied wasFusarium oxysporumbecause of its capacity to both saccharify and ferment lignocellulose. Strains ofF. oxysporumwere isolated and assessed for their genetic variability. Using optimised solid-state straw culture conditions, experiments were conducted that compared fungal strains in terms of their growth, enzyme activities (cellulases, xylanase and alcohol dehydrogenase) and yield of bioethanol and the undesirable by-products acetic acid and xylitol. Significant inter-strain divergence was recorded in regards to the capacity of studiedF. oxysporumstrains to produce alcohol from untreated straw. No correlation was observed between bioethanol synthesis and either the biomass production or microbial enzyme activity. A strong correlation was observed between both acetic acid and xylitol production and bioethanol yield. The level of diversity recorded in the alcohol production capacity among closely-related microorganism means that a targeted screening of populations of selected microbial species could greatly improve bioprocessing yields, in terms of providing both new host strains and candidate genes for the bioethanol industry.
Implications of E-learning systems and self-efficiency on students outcomes: a model approach
Authors: Saba Tanzila
Published: March 2012

Background

This paper presents a model approach to examine the relationships among e-learning systems, self-efficacy, and students' apparent learning results for university online courses.

Methods

Independent variables included in this study are e-learning system quality, information quality, computer self-efficacy, system-use, self-regulated learning behavior and user satisfaction as prospective determinants of online learning results. An aggregate of 674 responses of students completing at least one online course from Wawasan Open University (WOU) Malaysia were used to fit the path analysis model.

Results

The results indicated that system quality, information quality, and computer self-efficacy all affected system use, user satisfaction, and self-managed learning behavior of students.

Conclusion

Proposed path analytical model suggests that hypothesized variables are useful to forecast e-learning results
Effects of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation in preventing respiratory failure after extubation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gonçalves Miguel R , Honrado Teresa , Winck João Carlos , Paiva José Artur
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Weaning protocols that include noninvasive ventilation (NIV) decrease re-intubation rates and ICU length of stay. However, impaired airway clearance is associated with NIV failure. Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) has been proven to be very effective in patients receiving NIV. We aimed to assess the efficacy of MI-E as part of an extubation protocol.

Method

Patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 48 hours with specific inclusion criteria, who successfully tolerated a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), were randomly allocated before extubation, either for (A) a conventional extubation protocol (control group), or (B) the MI-E extubation protocol (study group). During the postextubation period (48 hours), group A patients received standard medical treatment (SMT), including NIV in case of specific indications, whereas group B received the same postextubation approach plus three daily sessions of mechanical in-exsufflation (MI-E). Reintubation rates, ICU length of stay, and NIV failure rates were analyzed.

Results

Seventy-five patients (26 women) with a mean age of 61.8 ± 17.3 years were randomized to a control group (n = 40; mean SAPS II, 47.8 ± 17.7) and to a study group (n = 35; mean SAPS II, 45.0 ± 15.0). MV time before enrollment was 9.4 ± 4.8 and 10.5 ± 4.1 days for the control and the study group, respectively. In the 48 hours after extubation, 20 control patients (50%) and 14 study patients (40%) used NIV. Study group patients had a significant lower reintubation rate than did controls; six patients (17%) versus 19 patients (48%), P < 0.05; respectively, and a significantly lower time under MV; 17.8 ± 6.4 versus 11.7 ± 3.5 days; P < 0.05; respectively. Considering only the subgroup of patients that used NIV, the reintubation rates related to NIV failure were significantly lower in the study group when compared with controls; two patients (6%) versus 13 (33%); P < 0.05, respectively. Mean ICU length of stay after extubation was significantly lower in the study group when compared with controls (3.1 ± 2.5 versus 9.8 ± 6.7 days; P < 0.05). No differences were found in the total ICU length of stay.

Conclusion

Inclusion of MI-E may reduce reintubation rates with consequent reduction in postextubation ICU length of stay. This technique seems to be efficient in improving the efficacy of NIV in this patient population.
Replacement of fentanyl infusion by enteral methadone decreases the weaning time from mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wanzuita Raquel , Poli-de-Figueiredo Luiz F , Pfuetzenreiter Felipe , Cavalcanti Alexandre Biasi , Westphal Glauco Adrieno
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) are frequently administered prolonged and/or high doses of opioids which when removed can cause a withdrawal syndrome and difficulty in weaning from MV. We tested the hypothesis that the introduction of enteral methadone during weaning from sedation and analgesia in critically ill adult patients on MV would decrease the weaning time from MV.

Methods

A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in the adult intensive care units (ICUs) of four general hospitals in Brazil. The 75 patients, who met the criteria for weaning from MV and had been using fentanyl for more than five consecutive days, were randomized to the methadone (MG) or control group (CG). Within the first 24 hours after study enrollment, both groups received 80% of the original dose of fentanyl, the MG received enteral methadone and the CG received an enteral placebo. After the first 24 hours, the MG received an intravenous (IV) saline solution (placebo), while the CG received IV fentanyl. For both groups, the IV solution was reduced by 20% every 24 hours. The groups were compared by evaluating the MV weaning time and the duration of MV, as well as the ICU stay and the hospital stay.

Results

Of the 75 patients randomized, seven were excluded and 68 were analyzed: 37 from the MG and 31 from the CG. There was a higher probability of early extubation in the MG, but the difference was not significant (hazard ratio: 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87 to 2.64; P = 0.11). The probability of successful weaning by the fifth day was significantly higher in the MG (hazard ratio: 2.64 (95% CI: 1.22 to 5.69; P < 0.02). Among the 54 patients who were successfully weaned (29 from the MG and 25 from the CG), the MV weaning time was significantly lower in the MG (hazard ratio: 2.06; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.63; P < 0.004).

Conclusions

The introduction of enteral methadone during weaning from sedation and analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients resulted in a decrease in the weaning time from MV.
Estrogen Receptors α and β Have Different Gender-Dependent Effects on the Adaptive Responses to Load Bearing in Cancellous and Cortical Bone
Authors: Saxon L. K. , Galea G. , Meakin L. , Price J. , Lanyon L. E.
Published: March 2012

To determine the effect of estrogen receptors (ER) α and β on bones' adaptive response to loading, we subjected the right tibiae of mice lacking ERα or ERβ activity to either axial loading or to disuse. Adaptive changes in architecture were assessed by comparing differences between the right (treated) and left (control) tibiae in these genotypes as assessed by microcomputed tomography. In female ERα−/− mice, the net-osteogenic response to loading was lower in cortical bone compared with their wild-type littermates (11.2 vs. 20.9% in ERα+/+), but it was higher in both cortical and cancellous bone of male ERα−/− mice (cortical 20.0 vs. 4.6% in ERα+/+; cancellous 30.0 vs. 5.3% in ERα+/+, P < 0.05). In ERβ−/− male and female mice, the net-osteogenic response to loading was higher in cortical bone (males 10.9 vs. 3.9% in ERβ+/+; females 18.5 vs. 15.8% in ERβ+/+, P < 0.05) but no different from controls in cancellous bone. The bone loss in response to disuse was less in cancellous bone of ERα−/− mice than in controls (−15.9 vs. −21.3%, respectively, P < 0.05) but no different at any other site or between any other groups. Our conclusion is that functional ERα enhances the net-osteogenic response to loading in cortical but not cancellous bone in female mice but reduces it in males. ERβ decreases the response to loading in cortical bone of males and females but has no effect in cancellous bone. Bone loss due to disuse in cortical bone is unaffected by ER status, but in cancellous bone, functional ERα contributes to greater disuse-related bone loss.
Effects of Intravenous Zoledronate on Bone Turnover and Bone Density Persist for at Least Five Years in HIV-Infected Men
Authors: Bolland Mark J. , Grey Andrew , Horne Anne M. , Briggs Simon E. , Thomas Mark G. , Ellis-Pegler Rod B. , Gamble Greg D. , Reid Ian R.
Published: March 2012

Context:

In HIV-infected men, the antiresorptive effects of zoledronate persist for at least 2 yr after the second annual dose.

Objective:

Our objective was to determine the duration of action of zoledronate in men.

Design and Setting:

This was 4-yr extension of a 2-yr, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial at an academic research center.

Participants:

Participants included 43 HIV-infected men with bone mineral density (BMD) T score below −0.5, 35 of whom entered the extension study.

Intervention:

Intervention was annual administration of 4 mg iv zoledronate or placebo at baseline and 1 yr and no intervention subsequently.

Main Outcome Measures:

We evaluated changes in the bone turnover markers, serum osteocalcin and serum C-telopeptide (CTx), and changes in BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, and total body.

Results:

There was no time × treatment interaction between 1 and 5 yr after the second zoledronate dose for osteocalcin or CTx (P > 0.4) or any BMD site (P > 0.7). Between 1 and 5 yr after the second dose, on average, osteocalcin was 41% lower (95% confidence interval = 19–62%; P < 0.001), CTx 52% lower (33–71%; P < 0.001), lumbar spine BMD 3.7% greater (0.3–7.0%; P = 0.03), total hip BMD 2.3% greater (0.3–4.3%; P = 0.02), and total body BMD 2.5% greater (0.8–4.1%; P = 0.004) in the zoledronate group than the placebo group. Five years after the second dose, the between-groups differences were 38% (13–62%) for osteocalcin, 49% (20–77%) for CTx, 3.5% (0.7–6.7%) for lumbar spine BMD, 3.4% (1.4–5.4%) for total hip BMD, and 1.6% (0.2–3.1%) for total body BMD.

Conclusion:

The effects of two annual 4-mg doses of zoledronate in men persist for at least 5 yr after the second dose. Larger trials assessing the antifracture efficacy of less frequent dosing of zoledronate are justified.
“An Art That Won't Behave”: Film and the Seven Arts, 1907-21
Authors: Devine Michael
Published: March 2012

In the first two decades of the twentieth century, American artists connected to the journal the Seven Arts sought to transform the cinema into an indigenous art free from European influence. Precisely because the cinema was “an art that won't behave,” as the journal's first essay on film put it, it depended on the arts as tutor texts in the effort to restrain sensory disorder and reinvigorate communal life. Wholly absent from critical treatments that see film as a model for the most kinetic modernist practices, the journal provides entry to a richly interdisciplinary history of American cinema: in the critical writings and poetry of the journal's contributors, including James Oppenheim, Waldo Frank, Vachel Lindsay, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Babette Deutsch, and in the works of artists close to the journal—John Sloan's painting Movies, Five Cents (1907) and Paul Strand and Charles Sheeler's abstract film Manhatta (1921). Imagined as a shelter from the most dispiriting forces of urban-industrial modernity, the cinema was at once embraced, challenged, and idealized by these artists who practiced what Wanda Corn has called a “transcendent modernism.”
The Old Men and the “Sea of Masscult”: T. S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, and Middlebrow Aesthetics
Authors: Perrin Thomas Gordon
Published: March 2012

Perrin's essay examines the late work of Ernest Hemingway and T. S. Eliot, both accused of having descended into “middlebrow” territory during the post—World War II years when the term was most in vogue. Perrin argues that Eliot's and Hemingway's middlebrow work develops an aesthetic program that offers solutions to the contradictions and incoherencies of postwar modernism. He aims to show thereby that so-called middlebrow literature might be thought of not merely in terms of the set of structures for marketing and distribution through which it was consumed, but as having a self-conscious, counter-modernist aesthetic philosophy of its own—one that anticipates the “critical aesthetics” called for by today's scholars.
The Tunisian Revolution Observatory: Considering the Perspectives of the Intellectual and Political Elite
Authors: Temimi Abdeljelil
Published: March 2012

When the Tunisian Revolution began, the Temimi Foundation found itself in a new position of cultural responsibility, and this compelled us to invite the main part of the national leadership, the youth of the revolution, as well as leading figures from the diverse currents of Tunisia’s political and civil society to a series of seminars to explore their views, analyses, and insights about the revolution. As a historian, I was very much aware of the tremendous responsibility entrusted to the Temimi Foundation in deciding to document the revolution in this way. The twenty-two seminars were well attended by professors and businessmen, lawyers and doctors, politicians and activists, leading economists and journalists, and many others, including judges and religious figures. All of the participants engaged in open dialogue, responding to what were at times direct challenges with full goodwill and generosity of mind. They spoke to one another a little about the past, but much more about the present, pondering the necessary factors for securing and protecting the agenda of the revolution, and of a new Tunisia, predicated on defending the rights of all its citizens. The importance of this documentation is as a reflection of committed undertaking; it is a message addressed to the various leaders and institutions of civil society in this generation, but especially to those of future generations. Its readers will discern aspects of the new picture being drawn by the Tunisian Revolution of Dignity and Democracy and its place in today’s world and the course of history.
The Movement in Egypt: A Dialogue with Samir Amin
Authors: Hui Wang , Tiejun Wen , Chi Lau Kin
Published: March 2012

In this dialogue spanning February to May 2011, Samir Amin, one of the most important theorists of dependency theory and a long-time activist in third world social movements, discusses with Wang Hui, Wen Tiejun, and Lau Kin Chi, professors from China, the implications of the political unfolding of the Arab Spring in Egypt. With a consensus that the Egyptian revolution is not a color revolution, Samir Amin examines the components and strategies of the movement that brought down the Mubarak regime, the formation of Popular Committees and the National Council, as well as the confluence of left forces into the Alliance of the Socialist Forces. The dialogue explores the spirit of defiance and the regeneration of social connections in the Egyptian movement, situates the current struggles in the context of the politics of Egypt and the geopolitics in North Africa in the last decades, analyzes the complicity of the Muslim Brotherhood with the United States, and compares Egypt to other countries of social upsurge in the region. The exchanges explore the gross inadequacies of liberal democracy in addressing the infrastructural problems that Egypt is confronted with, probe the ways to go beyond street politics and parliamentary politics, and relate the current political crisis to the economic crises of high inflation and high unemployment. The dialogue ends with a comparison between Egypt and China, pointing to the need for food sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, political autonomy, and a long memory appropriate to these two nations with deep historical roots.
Evaluation of the impact of HIV serostatus, tobacco smoking and CD4 counts on epidermoid anal cancer survival
Authors: Linam J M , Chand R R , Broudy V C , Liu K C , Back A L , Lin E H , Patel S A
Published: March 2012

Tobacco smoking and HIV infection increase the risk of epidermoid anal cancer (EAC). No published studies have examined smoking and EAC outcomes, and the literature is discrepant regarding outcomes of HIV-positive patients with EAC. The goal of this study was to examine smoking history, HIV status and outcomes in EAC patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of adults with invasive EAC treated in the University of Washington hospital system from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2008. Sixty-three patients were included. Forty-seven patients (75%) had primary chemoradiation, of whom 42 (89%) completed therapy. Two patients (3%) received radiotherapy alone. Fourteen patients (22%) underwent primary surgery, of whom 11 (79%) underwent tumour excision and three (21%) abdominoperineal resection (APR). We analysed smoking history, HIV status and CD4 count (≥200 cells/μL/<200 cells/μL for HIV-positive patients) versus outcomes. Forty-five patients (71%) were in remission, and 44 (70%) were alive at last follow-up. Overall survival was significantly better for never-smokers than for ever-smokers. There were no differences in outcomes according to HIV status or CD4 counts. Patients with anal cancer who smoke have worse overall survival than non-smoking patients. HIV infection does not appear to affect anal cancer outcomes.
A tale of two audits: closing the feedback loop on clearance rates of anogenital warts at three months
Authors: Davison W , Challenor R
Published: March 2012

Our management of anogenital warts was audited. By case-note review 95% were clear of original warts by three months (assuming wart clearance if patients stopped attending). However, by confirmed outcome (documented in case-notes or verified by telephone) only 81% were clear. The main reason for failure was inconsistent patient attendance. Subsequently, clinic staff were advised to emphasize the importance of regular treatment. A second audit was performed after 12 months. By case-note review 127/134 (95%) had achieved wart clearance, but by confirmed outcome only 74/89 (83%) were clear ( P = 0.004). More men (89%) achieved clearance than women (80%). Again, the main reason for failure was inconsistent attendance. There are few data of outcomes in clinical practice at three months. Auditable outcome measures should be challenging yet achievable. Perhaps 90% clearance at three months is not achievable in clinical practice when allowing for the evidence base and patient choice. Is it time to revise the standard?
miR-Sens—a retroviral dual-luciferase reporter to detect microRNA activity in primary cells
Authors: Beillard Emmanuel , Ong Siau Chi , Giannakakis Antonis , Guccione Ernesto , Vardy Leah A. , Voorhoeve P. Mathijs
Published: March 2012

MicroRNA–mRNA interactions are commonly validated and deconstructed in cell lines transfected with luciferase reporters. However, due to cell type-specific variations in microRNA or RNA-binding protein abundance, such assays may not reliably reflect microRNA activity in other cell types that are less easily transfected. In order to measure miRNA activity in primary cells, we constructed miR-Sens, a MSCV-based retroviral vector that encodes both a Renilla luciferase reporter gene controlled by microRNA binding sites in its 3′ UTR and a Firefly luciferase normalization gene. miR-Sens sensors can be efficiently transduced in primary cells such as human fibroblasts and mammary epithelial cells, and allow the detection of overexpressed and, more importantly, endogenous microRNAs. Notably, we find that the relative luciferase activity is correlated to the miRNA expression, allowing quantitative measurement of microRNA activity. We have subsequently validated the miR-Sens 3′ UTR vectors with known human miRNA-372, miRNA-373, and miRNA-31 targets (LATS2 and TXNIP). Overall, we observe that miR-Sens-based assays are highly reproducible, allowing detection of the independent contribution of multiple microRNAs to 3′ UTR–mediated translational control of LATS2. In conclusion, miR-Sens is a new tool for the efficient study of microRNA activity in primary cells or panels of cell lines. This vector will not only be useful for studies on microRNA biology, but also more broadly on other factors influencing the translation of mRNAs.
Pitfalls in Diagnostic Gastrin Measurements
Authors: Rehfeld Jens F , Bardram Linda , Hilsted Linda , Poitras Pierre , Goetze Jens P
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND

Gastrin measurements are performed primarily for the diagnosis of gastrin-producing tumors, gastrinomas, which cause the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES). Gastrin circulates as several bioactive peptides, however, and the peptide pattern in gastrinoma patients often deviates from normal. Therefore, it is necessary to measure all forms of gastrin.

CONTENT

Only immunoassays are useful for measurement of gastrin in plasma. The original assays were RIAs developed in research laboratories that used antibodies directed against the C terminus of gastrin peptides. Because the C-terminal tetrapeptide amide sequence constitutes the active site of gastrin peptides, these assays were well suited for gastrinoma diagnosis. More recently, however, most clinical chemistry laboratories have switched to commercial kits. Because of recent cases of kit-measured normogastrinemia in patients with ZES symptoms, the diagnostic sensitivity and analytical specificity of the available kits have been examined. The results show that gastrin kits frequently measure falsely low concentrations because they measure only a single gastrin form. Falsely high concentrations were also encountered, owing to overreactivity with O-sulfated gastrins or plasma proteins. Thus, more than half of the gastrin kits on the market are unsuited for diagnostics.

Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine tumors, some of which become malignant. A delay in diagnosis leads to fulminant ZES, with major, even lethal, complications. Consequently, it is necessary that the diagnostic sensitivity of gastrin kits be adequate. This diagnostic sensitivity requires antibodies that bind the C-terminal epitope of bioactive gastrins without the influence of O-sulfation.
Variation in rhodolith morphology and biogenic potential of newly discovered rhodolith beds in Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada)
Authors: Gagnon Patrick , Matheson Kyle , Stapleton Maria
Published: March 2012

For the first time the subarctic northwestern Atlantic, we examined variation in rhodolith (Lithothamnion glaciale) morphology and biogenic potential in two large (>500 m2) rhodolith beds we discovered recently between the depths of 5–25 m off St. Philip’s and Holyrood, Newfoundland and Labrador. Rhodoliths at St. Philip’s were >50% larger and contained 7% more internal space in deep (15–17 m) than shallow (8–10 m) water, whereas shallow rhodoliths were >180% larger at Holyrood than at St. Philip’s. Rhodoliths were predominantly spheroidal and compact at St. Philip’s and platy or bladed at Holyrood. Shallow rhodoliths varied in length from 41.1–114.6 mm at St. Philip’s and 61.3–189.1 mm at Holyrood. Rhodolith density was similar between beds (858.1–938.9 individuals m-2) although biomass was significantly higher at Holyrood than St. Philip’s (25.3 versus 19.4 kg m-2). There was a strong positive relationship (R2>0.93) between rhodolith volume and dry weight in both beds. Invertebrates associated with shallow rhodoliths belonging to the taxonomic groups Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polyplacophora, Crustacea, and Annelida were present at both sites, although they varied in terms of size, density, and biomass. Brittle stars (Ophiopholis aculeata) and chitons (Tonicella marmorea) accounted for at least 82% (up to 2026.7 individuals m-2) of total numbers of invertebrates in each bed. Larger rhodoliths appeared to facilitate reproduction and feeding in dominant fish and invertebrate species. Differences in hydrodynamic conditions within and between beds may have contributed to these patterns.
K+ efflux through two-pore domain K+ channels is required for mouse embryonic development
Authors: Hur Chang-Gi , Kim Eun-Jin , Cho Seong-Keun , Cho Young-Woo , Yoon Sook-Young , Tak Hyun-Min , Kim Chang-Woon , Choe Changyong , Han Jaehee , Kang Dawon
Published: March 2012

Numerous studies have suggested that K+ channels regulate a wide range of physiological processes in mammalian cells. However, little is known about the specific function of K+ channels in germ cells. In this study, mouse zygotes were cultured in a medium containing K+ channel blockers to identify the functional role of K+ channels in mouse embryonic development. Voltage-dependent K+ channel blockers, such as tetraethylammonium and BaCl2, had no effect on embryonic development to the blastocyst stage, whereas K2P channel blockers, such as quinine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram), gadolinium trichloride, anandamide, ruthenium red, and zinc chloride, significantly decreased blastocyst formation (P<0.05). RT-PCR data showed that members of the K2P channel family, specifically KCNK2, KCNK10, KCNK4, KCNK3, and KCNK9, were expressed in mouse oocytes and embryos. In addition, their mRNA expression levels, except Kcnk3, were up-regulated by above ninefold in morula-stage embryos compared with 2-cell stage embryos (2-cells). Immunocytochemical data showed that KCNK2, KCNK10, KCNK4, KCNK3, and KCNK9 channel proteins were expressed in the membrane of oocytes, 2-cells, and blastocysts. Each siRNA injection targeted at Kcnk2, Kcnk10, Kcnk4, Kcnk3, and Kcnk9 significantly decreased blastocyst formation by ∼38% compared with scrambled siRNA injection (P<0.05). The blockade of K2P channels acidified the intracellular pH and depolarized the membrane potential. These results suggest that K2P channels could improve mouse embryonic development through the modulation of gating by activators.
Epidemiologia e organização de serviços de saúde: diabetes mellitus numa comunidade de Porto Alegre
Authors: Mielczarski Rodrigo Geisler , Costa Juvenal Soares Dias da , Olinto Maria Teresa Anselmo
Published: March 2012

O objetivo foi avaliar as condições de processo e de resultado no atendimento às pessoas acima de 20 anos com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus, residentes na área de cobertura da UBS Vila Gaúcha, Porto Alegre. Avaliou-se a prevalência de pacientes controlados com diabetes mellitus. A definição de pacientes controlados foi estabelecida a partir dos valores da pressão arterial, hemoglobina glicada, circunferência abdominal e/ou IMC. Das 753 pessoas acima de 20 anos, 37 (4,9%; IC95% 3,4 6,5) referiram diabetes mellitus diagnosticado por médico. Realizaram-se as medidas de controle em 31 (83,8%) pessoas. Encontraram-se 24 (77,4%) indivíduos com níveis pressóricos alterados, 25 (80,6%) com IMC igual ou maior que 25 kg/m², 29 (93,5%) com circunferência abdominal acima da normalidade e 18 (58,1%) com hemoglobina glicada igual ou maior que 8%. Para se avaliar os resultados foram utilizados diagramas. Apenas um paciente foi classificado como controlado. A interpretação dos diagramas aponta para a necessidade de ações visando à redução de peso corporal na comunidade, medida que atingiria os pacientes com diabetes.
A tuberculose no cotidiano médico e o efeito bumerangue do abandono
Authors: Selig Lia , Geluda Kátia , Junqueira Túlio , Brito Rossana , Trajman Anete
Published: March 2012

O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer a percepção e os sentimentos dos médicos sobre a tuberculose (TB) no Rio de Janeiro. Onze médicos de um hospital público de grande porte foram submetidos a uma entrevista semiestruturada. O processo investigativo teve como base a fenomenologia hermenêutica-dialética. As falas dos depoentes foram analisadas com o objetivo de identificar e compreender no seu discurso suas vivências sobre o seu viver-ser-estar-adoecer que estivessem relacionadas à TB. Dentre as categorias identificadas, o abandono foi abordado neste artigo em suas quatro dimensões: o respeito, a responsabilidade, as condições de atendimento e o mal-estar. Percebe-se o efeito bumerangue do abandono: aquele que abandona também é abandonado. Outros sentimentos referidos foram os de desmotivação, revolta e de frustração. É preocupante a saúde mental dos médicos submetidos à sobrecarga de trabalho e em condições inadequadas. Questiona-se como cuidadores nestas condições podem exercer sua função de cuidar. Concluímos que controlar a TB bem como alcançar os demais objetivos do SUS deve envolver uma política de recursos humanos que responda às questões apresentadas.
Fish dispersal in fragmented landscapes: a modeling framework for quantifying the permeability of structural barriers
Authors: Pépino Marc , Rodríguez Marco A. , Magnan Pierre
Published: March 2012

Dispersal is a key determinant of the spatial distribution and abundance of populations, but human‐made fragmentation can create barriers that hinder dispersal and reduce population viability. This study presents a modeling framework based on dispersal kernels (modified Laplace distributions) that describe stream fish dispersal in the presence of obstacles to passage. We used mark–recapture trials to quantify summer dispersal of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four streams crossed by a highway. The analysis identified population heterogeneity in dispersal behavior, as revealed by the presence of a dominant sedentary component (48–72% of all individuals) characterized by short mean dispersal distance (<10 m), and a secondary mobile component characterized by longer mean dispersal distance (56–1086 m). We did not detect evidence of barrier effects on dispersal through highway crossings. Simulation of various plausible scenarios indicated that detectability of barrier effects was strongly dependent on features of sampling design, such as spatial configuration of the sampling area, barrier extent, and sample size. The proposed modeling framework extends conventional dispersal kernels by incorporating structural barriers. A major strength of the approach is that ecological process (dispersal model) and sampling design (observation model) are incorporated simultaneously into the analysis. This feature can facilitate the use of prior knowledge to improve sampling efficiency of mark–recapture trials in movement studies. Model‐based estimation of barrier permeability and its associated uncertainty provides a rigorous approach for quantifying the effect of barriers on stream fish dispersal and assessing population dynamics of stream fish in fragmented landscapes.
Mapping Cumulative Environmental Effects, Social Vulnerability, and Health in the San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Huang Ganlin , London Jonathan
Published: March 2012

To understand the social distribution of environmental hazards, methods to assess cumulative effects and their health implications are needed. We developed a cumulative environmental hazard index integrating environmental data on pollution sites, air quality, and pesticide use; a social vulnerability index to measure residents’ resources to prevent or mitigate health effects; and a health index. We found that communities in California’s San Joaquin Valley with high social vulnerability face more environmental burdens and have worse health conditions.
Experiences and Perceptions of Medical Discrimination Among a Multiethnic Sample of Breast Cancer Patients in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, California
Authors: Quach Thu , Nuru-Jeter Amani , Morris Pagan , Allen Laura , Shema Sarah J. , Winters June K. , Le Gem M. , Gomez Scarlett Lin
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We conducted qualitative interviews with breast cancer survivors to identify themes related to institutional, personally mediated, and internalized discrimination in the medical setting.

Methods. We conducted 7 focus groups and 23 one-on-one interviews with a multiethnic sample of breast cancer survivors randomly selected from a population-based registry covering the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, California.

Results. Participants reported experiencing different forms of medical discrimination related to class, race, and language. Among African Americans, participants reported experiencing internalized discrimination and personal or group discrimination discrepancy—perceiving discrimination against them as a racial/ethnic group, yet not perceiving or discussing personal experiences of discrimination. Among Asian immigrants, participants reported experiencing institutional and personally mediated overt types of discrimination, including lack of access to quality and readily available translation services. Our results also indicated well-established coping mechanisms in response to discrimination experiences in both groups.

Conclusions. Participants reported experiencing medical discrimination at all 3 levels, which may have deleterious health effects through the biopsychosocial stress pathway and through active coping mechanisms that could lead to delayed- or underutilization of the health care system to avoid discrimination.
Pharmaceutical Companies’ Role in State Vaccination Policymaking: The Case of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
Authors: Mello Michelle M. , Abiola Sara , Colgrove James
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We sought to investigate roles that Merck & Co Inc played in state human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization policymaking, to elicit key stakeholders’ perceptions of the appropriateness of these activities, and to explore implications for relationships between health policymakers and industry.

Methods. We used a series of state case studies combining data from key informant interviews with analysis of media reports and archival materials. We interviewed 73 key informants in 6 states that were actively engaged in HPV vaccine policy deliberations.

Results. Merck promoted school-entry mandate legislation by serving as an information resource, lobbying legislators, drafting legislation, mobilizing female legislators and physician organizations, conducting consumer marketing campaigns, and filling gaps in access to the vaccine. Legislators relied heavily on Merck for scientific information. Most stakeholders found lobbying by vaccine manufacturers acceptable in principle, but perceived that Merck had acted too aggressively and nontransparently in this case.

Conclusions. Although policymakers acknowledge the utility of manufacturers’ involvement in vaccination policymaking, industry lobbying that is overly aggressive, not fully transparent, or not divorced from financial contributions to lawmakers risks undermining the prospects for legislation to foster uptake of new vaccines.
Discrimination and the Stress Response: Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Anticipating Prejudice in Interethnic Interactions
Authors: Sawyer Pamela J. , Major Brenda , Casad Bettina J. , Townsend Sarah S. M. , Mendes Wendy Berry
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We sought to demonstrate that individuals who anticipate interacting with a prejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner show an exacerbated stress response, as measured through both self-report and hemodynamic and vascular responses, compared with individuals anticipating interacting with a nonprejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner.

Methods. Through a questionnaire exchange with a White interaction partner (a confederate) Latina participants learned that their partner had racial/ethnic biased or egalitarian attitudes. Latina participants reported their cognitive and emotional states, and cardiovascular responses were measured while participants prepared and delivered a speech to the White confederate.

Results. Participants who believed that their interaction partner held prejudiced attitudes reported greater concern and more threat emotions before the interaction, and more stress after the interaction, and showed greater cardiovascular response than did participants who believed that their partner had egalitarian attitudes.

Conclusions. This study shows that merely anticipating prejudice leads to both psychological and cardiovascular stress responses. These results are consistent with the conceptualization of anticipated discrimination as a stressor and suggest that vigilance for prejudice may be a contributing factor to racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States.
The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences
Authors: Smedley Brian D.
Published: March 2012

A growing body of research illuminates the mechanisms through which racism and discrimination influence the health status of people of color. Much of the focus of this research, however, has been on individually mediated racism (i.e., acts of discrimination and racial bias committed by White individuals against people of color).

Yet research literature provides numerous examples of how racism operates not just at individual levels, but also at internalized, institutional, and structural levels. A more comprehensive model of the lived experience of race is needed that considers the cumulative, interactive effects of different forms of racism on health over the lifespan.

Such a model must facilitate an intersectional analysis to better understand the interaction of race with gender, socioeconomic status, geography, and other factors, and should consider the negative consequences of racism for Whites.
Editorial - Trypanosomatidae Family: Biochemical Features
Authors: Vermelho Alane B. , H. Lopes Angela
Published: March 2012

This special issue “Trypanosomatidae Family: Biochemical Features” comprises eighteen minireviews written by sixty-four
authors. The reviews highlight the current state of a variety of research topics on trypanosomatids, including their cell biology,
ultrastructure, biochemistry, proteomics and genomics, as well as biochemical and immunological aspects of the interactions of
the parasites with both their mammalian and insect hosts.

Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The pathophysiology and the mechanism of trans-mission of the disease were described in 1909 by the Brazilian scientist Carlos Chagas. Studies of Chagas disease in its various
aspects, from basic to applied science, have revolutionized Brazilian science in an unprecedented way. Even today, roughly 1 in
every 3 articles published on Chagas disease reports research done in Brazil. Therefore, we chose to focus this special issue
upon basic research mostly on Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, two endemic diseases of high prevalence in Latin America.

The reviews were written mostly by Brazilian scientists, thus providing a broad view of current Brazilian contributions in
this field, and its insertion among worldwide research on the topic. For this reason, there are no specific articles on Africantry-panosomas, albeit the subject is briefly addressed in the introductory article.

This special issue is dedicated to Carlos Chagas and to all the great scientists from all countries whose efforts are directedat
finding ways to eradicate the devastating diseases caused by trypanosomatids. It is also dedicated to the bright investigators
who brought to light several important aspects of Biology, first discovered in these protozoa, and later extended to higher eu-karyotes. Examples of such include trans-splicing of nuclear RNAs, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane
proteins and RNA editing.

Part of the results presented here originate from research done in the authors’ laboratories, supported by the Brazilian agen-cies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa Carlos Chagas
Filho (FAPERJ), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Ministério da Saúde, and by the funding program “Instituto Nacional de Ciência e
Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular”, as well as NIAID/NIH and Wellcome Trust. We also like to thank Bentham Science
Publishers for the opportunity to organize this collection. The Open Parasitology Journal carries sole responsibility for all edito-rial content.
Trypanosoma cruzi Cysteine Proteases, Acting at the Interface Between the Vascular and Immune Systems, Influence Pathogenic Outcome in Experimental Chagas Disease
Authors: Scharfstein Julio
Published: March 2012

Trypanosoma cruzi proteases were object of intensive structural and functional characterization in the past decades.
The celebration of the Chagas disease centenarian makes it opportune to review the foundations of molecular research
on cruzipain, a major lysosomal cysteine protease. Acting as a virulence factor, cruzipain promotes intracellular
parasitism. In addition, tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs) exploit the enzymatic versatility of cruzipain to liberate
kinin peptides from kininogen molecules associated to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Acting as paracrine agonists, the released
kinins (eg, lysyl-bradykinin) potentiate parasite invasion of cardiovascular cells through the signaling of heterotrimeric
G-protein coupled bradykinin receptors (BKRs). Generation of kinins also stimulates immunity, implying that
cruzipain activity brings mutual benefits for the host-parasite relationship. Analysis of the dynamics of inflammation revealed
that TCTs induce secretion of KC/MIP-2 by macrophages via signaling of Toll-like 2 receptors (TLR2). Acting on
proximal microvascular beds, CXC chemokines evoke plasma extravasations by activating endothelium/neutrophils via
CXCR2. Diffusion of plasma proteins (including kininogens) through extracellular matrices allow for cruzipain-dependent
generation of vasoactive kinins, which then intensify interstitial edema through the activation of endothelial BK2R. Extent
of edematogenic inflammation is counter-regulated by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), a kinin-degrading metallopeptidase.
Acting at the interface between the vascular and the immune systems, kinins activate BKR of dendritic cells,
which then migrate to T- cell rich areas of secondary lymphoid tissues, where they induce immunoprotective type-1 effector
T cells. Insight into the mechanisms regulating proteolysis in extravascular sites of infection may help to identify susceptibility
markers of chronic heart disease.
Signaling Pathways in Trypanosoma cruzi that Modulate Host Cell Interaction
Authors: Manso Alves Maria Júlia , Colli Walter
Published: March 2012

Members of the Gp85/trans-sialidase (Gp85/TS) superfamily and mucins play an essential role in the invasion
of host cells by T. cruzi trypomastigotes. Together, they constitute a large portion of the genome; approximately 700 and
433 genes encode Gp85/TS glycoproteins and mucins (as do a similar amount of pseudogenes), respectively. Gp85/TS
proteins bind to a variety of host cell receptors and extracellular matrix components and binding of TS to host cells is independent
of their enzymatic activity. Because mucins are the main substrate for TS, their interaction with host cells has
been described as carbohydrate-dependent. Complex signaling cascades operate during the infection process within both
parasite and host cells, but most research into signaling events has been limited to those of host cells. Much less information
about the parasitic side is available; these pathways will be the subjects of intense research in the near future. Analyses
of protein kinases and phosphatases in the parasite genome show pathways common to other organisms, but also parasite-specific
pathways that should be exploited as candidates for drug targeting.
Structures of Glycolipids Found in Trypanosomatids: Contribution to Parasite Functions
Authors: Barreto-Bergter Eliana , Beatriz Vermelho Alane
Published: March 2012

Neutral monohexosylceramides (CMHs) globosides (globotriasyl ceramides), other glycosphingolipids (GSLs)
and more complex structures such as glycoinositol-phospholipids(GIPLs) and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors
have been described in several members of the trypanosomatid family. These highly bioactive molecules are not only
components of biological structures but also participants in host-parasite interactions such as macrophage invasion, antigenic
presentation and signal transduction. Glycolipid structures have been studied using mass spectrometry (MS).This
review describes a wide range of glycoconjugates with unique and complex structures that are present in several trypanosomatid
species. Their structures are described in the context of their biological significance.
Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase Activities in Trypanosomatids: Possible Roles in Infection, Virulence and Purine Recycling
Authors: Roberto Meyer-Fernandes José , Cosentino-Gomes Daniela , Pereira Vieira Danielle , Hampshire Lopes Angela
Published: March 2012

Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ecto-NTPDases), also known as ecto-ATPases and/or ectoapyrases,
are integral membrane glycoproteins or soluble enzymes that are dependent on divalent cations. These ectoenzymes
are important ecto-nucleotidases that are characterized by the ability to hydrolyze nucleoside triphosphates and
nucleoside diphosphates to the monophosphate form. The hydrolysis of nucleoside monophosphates to nucleosides such
as adenosine may then be catalyzed by the action of ecto-5´nucleotidases. The present study reviews the sequential hydrolysis
of ATP → ADP → AMP → adenosine catalyzed by these ecto-enzymes from different trypanosomatids. These
reactions participate in the salvage of purines in these parasites and simultaneously interfere with the establishment of infection
and changes in the host immune response.
Trypanosoma cruzi Peptidases: An Overview
Authors: Beatriz Vermelho Alane , Nogueira de Melo Ana Cristina , Araújo Soares Rosangela , Sales Alviano Daniela , Paraguai Souza Edilma , Souto-Padrón Thaïs , Capaci Rodrigues Giseli , Palermo de Aguiar Alcino , Claudia Pereira Mirian , Ferreira-Pereira Antonio , S. Rosa Maria Socorro , Leal Meirelles Maria Nazareth , Sales Alviano Celuta
Published: March 2012

Peptidases are a group of enzymes which have a catalytic function that is to hydrolyze peptide bonds of proteins.
The enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the amino- or carboxy- terminus are classified as exopeptidases, and
those that cleave peptide bonds inside the polypeptide are endopeptidases. Endopeptidases, such as cysteine-, metalo-, serine-
and threonine peptidases as well as some exopeptidases, have been characterized in Trypanosoma cruzi. Understanding
the pathogenesis of T. cruzi requires the identification of functional properties of those peptidases, as they are implied
in virulence, are important for host-parasite interactions and are critical for successful survival in their hosts. Here we
examine the main T. cruzi peptidases, focusing on their biological roles, especially concerning the parasite-mammalian
host relations.