bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning-Assisted Measurement of Liquid Sheet Structure in the Atomization of Hydraulic Nozzle Spraying
Authors: Yan Wenlong , Li Longlong , Song Jianli , Hu Peng , Xu Gang , Wu Qiangjia , Zhang Ruirui , Chen Liping
Published: February 2025

The structural parameters of the liquid sheet represent a significant factor influencing the atomization performance, and its measurement is an important part of the agrochemical atomization study. Currently, the measurement predominantly relies on commercial software with manual operation, which is labor intensive and inefficient. In this study, deep learning methods with high-speed photographing were employed to measure the structural parameters of the liquid sheet of hydraulic nozzles with different atomization modes. The LM-YOLO liquid sheet structure recognition model was constructed to recognize the liquid sheet and perforations. Based on the recognition results, a method is designed to calculate several key parameters, including the breakup length, the liquid sheet area, the spray angle, the average number of perforations, and the average perforation area. A comparative scrutiny of the assorted liquid sheet structural parameters under different experimental conditions was also implemented. Based on the constructed model, a recognition accuracy of 81.0% for the liquid sheet structure of the LU nozzle (a classical hydraulic nozzle with high liquid sheet integrity) and 71.3% for the IDK nozzle (an air-induced hydraulic nozzle with a certain amount of bubbles in the liquid sheet) was achieved. The liquid sheet structure was measured based on the recognition results. It was found that the pressure has a significant impact on the structural parameters of the liquid film. For the LU120-03 nozzle, the breakup length of the liquid film decreases from 48.96 mm to 39.05 mm as the pressure increases. In contrast, for the IDK120-03 nozzle, the breakup length exhibits fluctuating changes, with a peak value of 29.65 mm occurring at 250 kPa. After adding silicone adjuvant, the breakup length and area of the liquid film generally decrease. The variation trends of the measured structural parameters under different experimental conditions are consistent with the trends of the data in previous relevant research by other scholars. This study provides a new method for measuring out the structural parameters of the liquid sheet, and it has potential application in related fields.
Development of Fragrant Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterile Line Rice Using CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Chen Tengkui , Pu Na , Ni Menglin , Xie Huabin , Zhao Zhe , Hu Juan , Lu Zhanhua , Xiao Wuming , Chen Zhiqiang , He Xiuying , Wang Hui
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to develop an aromatic thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) line in indica rice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The TMS5 and FGR in the high-quality conventional rice variety Huahang 48 were targeted for editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. CRISPR/Cas9 vectors designed for TMS5 and FGR were constructed and introduced into rice calli through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic seedlings were subsequently regenerated, and the target sites of the edited plants were analyzed via sequencing. A total of fifteen T0 double mutants were successfully obtained. Three mutants without T-DNA insertion were screened in the T1 generation by the PCR detection of hygromycin gene fragments, and homozygous mutants without T-DNA insertion were screened in the T2 generation by the sequencing analysis of the mutation sites, named Huahang 48s. Huahang 48s exhibited complete sterility at 24 °C and pollen transfer at 23 °C. The 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content was detected in the young panicles, leaves, and stems of Huahang 48s. The leaves of Huahang 48s had the highest 2-AP content, contrasting with the absence of 2-AP in HuaHang 48. F1 hybrids that crossed Huahang 48s with two high-quality restorer lines were superior to the two parents in terms of yield per plant and 1000-grain weight. Huahang 48s has a certain combining ability and application potential in two-line cross breeding. The successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in Huahang 48 established a foundation for developing aromatic TGMS lines, providing both theoretical insights and practical materials for breeding efforts.
How Is Bovine Genital Leptospirosis Diagnosed Under Field Conditions?
Authors: Pedrosa Juliana , Mendes Julia , Zambrano José , Carvalho-Costa Filipe Aníbal , Di Azevedo Maria Isabel Nogueira , Aymée Luiza , Lilenbaum Walter
Published: February 2025

Bovine genital leptospirosis (BGL) is a chronic reproductive disease in cattle, often causing significant economic losses, and is commonly associated with leptospiral strains belonging to the Sejroe serogroup. A two-step protocol was recommended, based on serological screening of the herds followed by an individual diagnosis with PCR of a genital sample. Although proposed, it has not been commonly applied under field conditions, leading to frustrating outcomes in disease control. In that context, the present study aimed to demonstrate the viability of that two-step protocol under field conditions for diagnosing BGL in eight herds with reproductive disorders. Blood samples were collected from 440 cows for serology. In addition, 304 cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) samples were collected for lipL32-PCR and 11 samples were sequenced of the secY gene. All herds showed high seroreactivity, mainly against the serogroup Sejroe. In addition, 113 of the 304 CVM samples (37.2%) were PCR-positive. DNA sequencing of 11 positive samples based on the secY gene revealed maximum identity (100%) with L. interrogans species. This study found CVM sampling quick and easy, making it practical for field use. Overall, the results support the two-step protocol serological screening followed by CVM-PCR testing as an efficient and reliable method for diagnosing BGL in herds with reproductive disorders in field conditions.
A History of Pain Studies and Changing Attitudes to the Welfare of Crustaceans
Authors: Elwood Robert William
Published: February 2025

Early discussions about possible pain in crustaceans often comprised speculation and anecdotes. Experiments to investigate pain took guidance from these early debates, and from studies on other taxa. Many experiments provided data that are consistent with the idea of pain. However, that does not mean that pain has been proved, but they open the possibility. With each study that is consistent with pain being felt, the probability increases, but we will probably never have conclusive proof. Some responses appear to be nociceptive reflexes; however, they at least indicate that the animal responds to stimuli such as tissue damage, heat, acid, alkaline, or electric shock. The data are said to be consistent with pain only if they cannot be explained by reflexes. These studies have encouraged various organisations to improve the welfare of crustaceans, e.g., PETA, Crustacean Compassion, RSPCA, British Veterinary Association, UFAW, and HSA. They also formed much of the evidence included in the highly influential review of sentience for the UK government that resulted in the inclusion of decapod crustaceans in the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022. This recognises that decapod crustaceans are sentient. By contrast, the New York Declaration recognises there is a possibility of sentience. Others have argued against the idea of pain in crustaceans. Nevertheless, the 2022 Act provided an impetus to groups that campaign for improved welfare. Some UK retailers now require improved slaughter techniques for the shrimp/prawn they sell, and electrical stunning is the preferred slaughter method.
Typification and Characterization of Different Livestock Production Systems of Mediterranean Dairy Sheep Farms with Different Degrees of Intensification: A Comparative Study
Authors: Gonzalez-Ronquillo Manuel , Robles-Jimenez Lizbeth E. , Osorio Avalos Jorge , Revilla Isabel , Hidalgo-González Cristina , Rodriguez Pilar , Nieto Jaime , Plaza Javier , Palacios Riocerezo Carlos
Published: February 2025

It is necessary to study small-ruminant production systems in a spatial context, as different areas, depending on their natural, socioeconomic, and cultural context, will respond differently to the effects of such causal factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between technology use and farm and farmer characteristics in dairy sheep production by developing a farm typology using multivariate statistical analysis and comparing it with the multi-scale sustainability evaluation of the Natural Resource Management Systems (NRMS) method. Quantitative and qualitative data were evaluated and compared using the NRMS method and cluster analysis to identify groups of farms. Fourteen variables were considered for the analysis, resulting in four farm systems with the NRMS method, named Intensive, Semi-Intensive, Semi-Extensive, and Extensive; however, when analyzing the data by cluster analysis, the following clusters were used: Cluster 1, Semi-Extensive Dairy Systems (SEDSs); Cluster 2, Semi-Intensive Systems (SIDSs); Cluster 3, Semi-Extensive Cheese Systems (SECSs); and Cluster 4, Intensive Dairy Systems (IDSs). This study concludes that the traditional classification of dairy sheep farms based on their dependence on natural resources can be enriched by incorporating additional indicators that allow for a more comprehensive and accurate characterization of farms.
Can a Simple Static-Equivalent Model Be Used to Predict Major Trends in the Dynamic Structural Response of Monopile Offshore Wind Turbines?
Authors: Romero-Monzón Antonio J. , Romero-Sánchez Carlos , Álamo Guillermo M. , Padrón Luis A.
Published: February 2025

This paper tests the capability of a simplified model to predict major trends in the dynamic structural response of monopile offshore wind turbines. For this purpose, the results of two numerical models of different levels of complexity are compared: the advanced time-domain multi-physics tool OpenFAST and a simplified static-equivalent model based on beam elements and concentrated masses. The IEA-15-240-RWT reference wind turbine is considered as a benchmarking problem. The comparison between the two structural models is presented in terms of their fundamental frequencies and through the analysis of shear forces and bending moments under wind-only and combined wave and wind load scenarios. The results show that the simplified model can adequately represent the system’s mass and stiffness characteristics, as well as the impact of soil–structure interaction effects on its fundamental frequency. Turbulence and wind velocity have a significant impact on internal forces and on the ability of the simplified model to reproduce their values. Despite the large differences obtained for highly turbulent scenarios, the acceptable accuracy obtained for relevant load scenarios and the conservative nature of the simplified model make it a viable option for preliminary large-scale studies that prioritize efficiency and efficacy over high-precision.
Visual Localization Method for Fastener-Nut Disassembly and Assembly Robot Based on Improved Canny and HOG-SED
Authors: Cao Xiangang , Zuo Mengzhen , Chen Guoyin , Wu Xudong , Wang Peng , Liu Yizhe
Published: February 2025

Visual positioning accuracy is crucial for ensuring the successful execution of nut disassembly and assembly tasks by a fastener-nut disassembly and assembly robot. However, disturbances such as on-site lighting changes, abnormal surface conditions of nuts, and complex backgrounds formed by ballast in complex railway environments can lead to poor visual positioning accuracy of the fastener nuts, thereby affecting the success rate of the robot’s continuous disassembly and assembly operations. Additionally, the existing method of detecting fasteners first and then positioning nuts has poor applicability in the field. A direct positioning algorithm for spiral rail spikes that combines an improved Canny algorithm with shape feature similarity determination is proposed in response to these issues. Firstly, CLAHE enhances the image, reducing the impact of varying lighting conditions in outdoor work environments on image details. Then, to address the difficulties in extracting the edges of rail spikes caused by abnormal conditions such as water stains, rust, and oil stains on the nuts themselves, the Canny algorithm is improved through three stages, filtering optimization, gradient boosting, and adaptive thresholding, to reduce the impact of edge loss on subsequent rail spike positioning results. Finally, considering the issue of false fitting due to background interference, such as ballast in gradient Hough transformations, the differences in texture and shape features between the rail spike and interference areas are analyzed. The HOG is used to describe the shape features of the area to be screened, and the similarity between the screened area and the standard rail spike template features is compared based on the standard Euclidean distance to determine the rail spike area. Spiral rail spikes are discriminated based on shape features, and the center coordinates of the rail spike are obtained. Experiments were conducted using images collected from the field, and the results showed that the proposed algorithm, when faced with complex environments with multiple interferences, has a correct detection rate higher than 98% and a positioning error mean of 0.9 mm. It exhibits excellent interference resistance and meets the visual positioning accuracy requirements for robot nut disassembly and assembly operations in actual working environments.
Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance
Authors: Johnson Joseph , Kujawski Daniel
Published: February 2025

Inconel 718 is one of the most used alloys within the aerospace gas turbine industry. The acceptance of Inconel 718 within the aerospace gas turbine industry has largely been due to its high strength and fatigue capabilities up to 677 °C (1250 °F). This alloy is traditionally produced through conventional manufacturing methods, such as casting, wrought, and sheet forming. The various traditional manufacturing methods of this alloy have been well understood and characterized for use in critical components. However, Inconel 718 can also be produced with non-traditional manufacturing methods, such as by additive manufacturing. Producing Inconel 718 by additive manufacturing has the opportunity to design more complex components that provide distinct advantages over conventionally produced components. However, prior to implementing additively manufactured Inconel 718 within the aerospace gas turbine industry, there needs to be a complete understanding of the material’s performance. In an effort to completely characterize additively manufactured Inconel 718, this study focuses on the characterization of the alloy’s low-cycle fatigue performance. Specimens were produced via the laser powder bed fusion process in a vertical orientation. Both as-printed surfaces and fully machined surface specimens were evaluated at 24 °C (75 °F) and 538 °C (1000 °F). Fractography analysis was then completed on the specimens to understand differences in the crack initiation and propagation with respect to test temperatures and surface conditions. Based on these tests, it was shown that the fatigue life knockdown due to the as-printed surface conditions was 62.8% at 538 °C (1000 °F) versus only 8.5% at 24 °C (75 °F). These findings are discussed in detail within this article, and future work is proposed.
Risk Element Interaction with an Emerging Contaminant in Mammals: The Case of Arsenic and Carbamazepine Orally Taken up by Microtus arvalis L. as a Model Organism
Authors: Boahen Frank , Száková Jiřina , Čadková Zuzana , Štanderová Jana , Schwarz Christiane , Gierus Martin , Praus Lukáš , Mercl Filip , Tlustoš Pavel
Published: February 2025

Arsenic (As), a well-known ‘traditional’ environmental contaminant, and carbamazepine (CBZ), an emerging contaminant of a pharmaceutical category, are both frequently detected in the environment and have been shown to exhibit toxicity at exposure concentrations present in the environment. This study aimed to assess the single and combined exposure effects of these pollutants on the adult common vole (Microtus arvalis L.), a model mammalian organism. This study assessed As and CBZ accumulation, their biotransformation processes, and antioxidant enzyme defence responses after sole and combined exposure. The animals were fed a diet containing either a low (1.25 mg/kg) or high level (166 mg/kg) of As. Moreover, half of the animals were exposed to CBZ via drinking water infused with 10 ng/L of CBZ, and the second half had the use of drinking water devoid of CBZ. The results showed enhanced total As and As species contents in the organs of the As + CBZ exposure group compared to the As exposure group. High As exposure in the As + CBZ group did not cause an enhanced uptake of CBZ in the liver compared to the CBZ exposure group. There was a potential accumulation of CBZ in the liver of the CBZ exposed groups (CBZ and As + CBZ), raising concerns about potential toxic effects in mammals from long-term exposure. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, reflecting the antioxidant enzyme defence responses against single and co-exposure of the two pollutants, showed that the CBZ group exhibited comparable activity to the control group, while the As group had down-regulation and the As + CBZ group had up-regulation. These findings suggest that the CBZ group experienced minimal oxidative stress conditions, similar to the control group. The As group showed a rapid adaptation response to curtail or offset potential oxidative stress tissue damage conditions, compared to the slow adaptation/response in the As + CBZ group. The findings of this experiment indicate that the possible interactions of various environmental pollutants could alter the potential effects of the individual pollutants after a sole exposure. These findings indicate the necessity of investigating these interactions for better understanding of the potential risk of these pollutants in real environmental conditions.
Reproductive Potential and Population Growth of the Worm Enchytraeus buchholzi (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) Under Laboratory Conditions as Well as Regression Models
Authors: Zhao Limin , Ma Guilan
Published: February 2025

The worm Enchytraeus buchholzi is a new pest injuring American ginseng Panax quinquefolium. To explore its reproductive potential and then estimate its population dynamics, the authors conducted two related experiments: (1) measuring individual fecundity in its lifetime by rearing each of the parent adults alone in a wet sandy dish at 18 and 21 °C indoors; (2) testing population growth by rearing each of the parent adults together with its offspring for a time longer than two generations at 21 °C. In Experiment I, five dependent variables, namely daily mean cocoons (DMC), cumulative cocoons (CC), eggs per cocoon (EPC), daily mean eggs (DME) and cumulative eggs (CE), were extracted, with each of them subject to a stepwise regression analysis on rearing time (T) and its power series as independent variables. Equaling to the net reproductive rate (R0), the generational adult equivalent (GAE) was calculated via a conversion of F1 generational eggs into adult equivalents (AE). In Experiment II, both an exponential and a logistic function were applied to construct regression equations. The results indicated that (1) a parent adult of E. buchholzi was able to live for a period as long as 10 and 13 full generations at the two temperatures tested and lay 84.8 and 110.6 cocoons containing 545 and 714 eggs, respectively; (2) DMC reached its maximum between 7 and 9 days of rearing and then declined slowly along a straight regression line; (3) CC rose steadily along a quadratic curve; (4) both EPC and DME varied following a cubic curve; (5) CE increased steadily along a cubic curve; (6) the new polynomial models suitably reflected the numerical growth trends of cocoons and eggs in the F1 generation in a broad sense, while corresponding derivative equations quantified both the daily reproductive potential and resistance of the worm, thus revealed its daily reproductive capacity; (7) R0 was 41.2 AE at 21 °C and 42.5 AE at 18 °C when a population of E. buchholzi lived in a niche with unlimited ambient resources; (8) this kind of temporal population generated by individual reproduction had fully demonstrated its significant, generational reproductive potential; and (9), through living in such a limited area as the wet sandy dish, bypassing an exponential growth process, the laboratory population grew up along a logistic curve from the F1 to F3 generations. The statistical relationships help to comprehend the individual reproduction of E. buchholzi, understand deeply the logical sequence and the difference between individual and population reproductions, predict population dynamics of the worm, and provide its integrated pest management with a solid basis. The experimental study has expanded theories on bionomics and population ecology, opening up a new area for research work in related fields.
Integrins in Cardiovascular Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Ławkowska Karolina , Bonowicz Klaudia , Jerka Dominika , Bai Yidong , Gagat Maciej
Published: February 2025

Cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure, remain the leading cause of global mortality, with endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling as critical contributors. Integrins, as transmembrane adhesion proteins, are central regulators of cell adhesion, migration, and signaling, playing a pivotal role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and mediating pathological processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. This article comprehensively examines the role of integrins in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, focusing on their dysfunction in endothelial cells and interactions with inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α. Molecular mechanisms of integrin action are discussed, including their involvement in mechanotransduction, leukocyte adhesion, and signaling pathways that regulate vascular integrity. The review also highlights experimental findings, such as the use of specific integrin-targeting plasmids and immunofluorescence to elucidate integrin functions under inflammatory conditions. Additionally, potential therapeutic strategies are explored, including the development of integrin inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and their application in regenerative medicine. These approaches aim not only to mitigate pathological vascular remodeling but also to promote tissue repair and angiogenesis. By bridging insights from molecular studies with their translational potential, this work underscores the promise of integrin-based therapies in advancing the management and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
After-School Behaviors, Self-Management, and Parental Involvement as Predictors of Academic Achievement in Adolescents
Authors: Xiao Meng , Zuo Mingzhang , Liu Xinqi , Wang Kunyu , Luo Heng
Published: February 2025

How adolescents’ after-school behaviors, self-management, and parental involvement are associated with their academic success and personal development has drawn growing attention. This study systematically examined how these three factors predict academic achievement. Data were collected from 353 seventh-grade students through a self-designed daily behavior log sheet and self-management app, and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify key predictors. The results indicated that academic achievement was positively related to sleep quality, homework duration, self-assessment, and parental involvement, while it was negatively associated with sleep duration, exercise duration, and the number of daily planned tasks. Despite these insights, the study has limitations, including reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias, and the use of a cross-sectional design, which precludes determining the temporal sequence of variables and inferring causal relationships. These findings provide valuable insights for educators, parents, and students; they also emphasize the importance of organizing students’ after-school activities effectively, enhancing their self-management competencies, and encouraging active parental involvement in fostering students’ academic success and overall development.
Correction: Tsai et al. Comparative Analysis on the Mechanical Properties, Transportation Cost, and Carbon Footprint Emission of Cement Mortar with PE and SSRS as Partial Replacement for Aggregates. Buildings 2024, 14, 1437
Authors: Tsai Shen-Lun , Wang Her-Yung , Lin Keng-Ta , Hung Chang-Chi
Published: February 2025

There was an error in the original publication [...]
Dobutamine, Epinephrine, and Milrinone Accelerate Particle Transport Velocity in Murine Tracheal Epithelium via Ca2+ Release from Caffeine-Sensitive Internal Stores
Authors: Schmidt Götz , Borchers Frederic , Müller Sabrina , Ali Akbari Amir , Edinger Fabian , Sander Michael , Koch Christian , Henrich Michael
Published: February 2025

Mucociliary clearance, the ability of the respiratory tract to protect the integrity of the airways through the mechanical removal of potentially harmful substances, is of enormous importance during intensive care treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of clinically relevant inotropic agents on mucociliary clearance. The particle transport velocity (PTV) of isolated murine tracheae was measured as a surrogate for mucociliary clearance in the presence of dobutamine, epinephrine, and milrinone. Inhibitory substances were applied to elucidate the signal transduction cascades and the value and origin of calcium ions which provoke alterations in mucociliary clearance function. Dobutamine, epinephrine, and milrinone increased the PTV in a dose-dependent manner with half maximal effective concentrations of 75.7 nM, 87.0 nM, and 13.7 µM, respectively. After the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, no increase in PTV was observed after administering any of the three inotropic agents. While dobutamine and epinephrine activated β-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine used both the phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathway to promote the release of intracellular Ca2+. However, dobutamine primarily acted on the PKA pathway, having only a minor influence on the PLC pathway. The induced changes in PTV following milrinone administration required both the PKA and PLC pathway, although the PKA pathway was responsible for most of the induced changes. In conclusion, the common inotropic agents dobutamine, epinephrine, and milrinone increase murine PTV in a concentration-dependent manner and ultimately release Ca2+ from intracellular calcium stores, suggesting the function of changes in mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract.
Mitochondrial Alterations, Oxidative Stress, and Therapeutic Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Spina Erica , Ferrari Riccardo Rocco , Pellegrini Elisa , Colombo Mauro , Poloni Tino Emanuele , Guaita Antonio , Davin Annalisa
Published: February 2025

The relationship between aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex area of study. Aging is the primary risk factor for AD, and it is associated with a decline in mitochondrial function. This mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to contribute to the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD. Neurodegeneration in AD is characterized by the progressive loss of synapses and neurons, particularly in regions of the brain involved in memory and cognition. It is hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role by disrupting cellular energy metabolism and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular components and exacerbate neuronal loss. Despite extensive research, the precise molecular pathways linking mitochondrial dysfunction to AD pathology are not fully understood. Various hypotheses have been proposed, including the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, which suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event in AD pathogenesis that triggers a cascade of cellular events leading to neurodegeneration. With this narrative review, we aim to summarize some specific issues in the literature on mitochondria and their involvement in AD onset, with a focus on the development of therapeutical strategies targeting the mitochondria environment and their potential application for the treatment of AD itself.
Outcomes of Preterm Infants Admitted to Canadian NICUs Before and During the SARS-COV Pandemic
Authors: Campbell-Yeo Marsha , Mireault Amy , Bacchini Fabiana , Beltempo Marc , Shah Prakesh S. , Alcock Lynsey , Comeau Jeannette , Dol Justine , Grant Amy , Gubbay Jonathan , Hughes Brianna , Hundert Amos , Inglis Darlene , Lalani Yasmin , MacNeil Morgan , Luu Thuy Mai , Mitra Souvik , Narvey Michael , O’Brien Karel , Robeson Paula , Science Michelle ,   Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) Investigators
Published: February 2025

Background: To better elucidate the impact of the SARS-COV pandemic on neonatal outcomes, we compared the health outcomes of infants born preterm requiring care in a Canadian NICU before and during the SARS-COV pandemic. Methods: Using a retrospective cohort study, infants born between 23 and 32 weeks gestation who were admitted to tertiary Canadian NICUs before and during the pandemic were included. A total of 7280 infants were in the pre-pandemic cohort (admitted 1 April 2018–31 December 2019), and 7088 infants were in the pandemic cohort (admitted 1 April 2020–31 December 2021). The primary outcomes included major morbidity or mortality rates. Care strategies and treatments were compared across the two periods. The relative risk (RR) for the pandemic period, compared to the pre-pandemic period, was calculated using a Poisson regression model, adjusted for identified risk factors. Results: There were no significant differences in infant characteristics between the pre-pandemic and pandemic cohorts. The risk of mortality or major morbidity was comparable before and during the pandemic (37% pre-pandemic, 36% pandemic; RR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.92, 1.01). Individual risks for morbidity and mortality did not differ significantly between periods. There was a clinically significant decline in the receipt of the mothers’ own milk exclusively at discharge during the pandemic (45% before and 37% during; RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68, 1.06). Conclusions: There were no significant differences in major morbidity or mortality rates in preterm infants between pre-pandemic and pandemic cohorts in Canadian NICUs.
Serum and Seminal Plasma Zinc Levels and Immunopositivity of the ZIP6 and ZIP14 Transporters in Men with Normo- and Teratozoospermia
Authors: Veselinović Aleksandra , Stojsavljević Aleksandar , Arsić Aleksandra , Bojović-Jović Dragana , Vučić Vesna , Golić Igor
Published: February 2025

Zinc plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis, sperm function, and fertilisation. Zinc homeostasis is regulated by ZIP and ZnT transporter proteins, which mediate Zn2+ influx and efflux across sperm cell membranes. This study analysed total Zn concentration in seminal plasma and serum of 10 normozoospermic and 32 teratozoospermic men involved in the process of infertility treatment, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, the expression of Zn transporters ZIP6 and ZIP14 in the sperm of two normozoospermic and two teratozoospermic men was analysed using immunofluorescence. Applying Student’s t test and the Mann–Whitney U test, we found no significant differences in Zn concentrations in seminal plasma and serum between groups. ZIP6 was mainly localised in the sperm head, with slightly higher immunopositivity in normozoospermic than teratozoospermic samples, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. ZIP14 was mainly found in the sperm head, and some teratozoospermic samples showed immunopositivity in the tail, although there were no significant differences in ZIP14 immunopositivity between normozoospermic and teratozoospermic samples. The results suggest that Zn concentrations in seminal plasma and serum, and the expression of ZIP6 and ZIP14, do not differ in normo- and teratozospermic samples, and emphasise the complex interplay of factors underlying male fertility.
Snow Cover and Depth Climatology and Trends in Greece
Authors: Masloumidis Ioannis , Dafis Stavros , Kyros George , Lagouvardos Konstantinos , Kotroni Vassiliki
Published: February 2025

The rising surface temperatures driven by climate change have resulted in significant reductions in snow depth and snow cover duration globally, with pronounced impacts on snow-dependent regions. This study focuses on Greece, a region where snow plays a critical role in water resources and winter tourism. Using numerical model reanalysis data spanning from 1991 to 2020, this study identifies statistically significant declining trends in snow depth and duration of snow cover across much of the country. The findings reveal considerable spatial and temporal variability, with the most pronounced reductions occurring in winter months and mountainous regions. Particularly affected are the northern and central mountainous areas, where snow cover days have decreased by up to 1.5 days per year. Ski resorts at lower elevations exhibit steeper declines in snow reliability compared to higher-altitude resorts, posing challenges to winter tourism. These trends underscore the urgency of adaptation strategies for climate resilience in snow-dependent sectors and the broader implications for water resource management in the region.
Increasing the Number of Material Recognition Classes in Cargo Inspection Using the X-Ray Dual High-Energy Method
Authors: Osipov Sergey , Chakhlov Sergei , Usachev Eugeny
Published: February 2025

Issues related to increasing the number of material recognition classes in cargo inspection by the X-ray dual high-energy method through introducing a class of heavy organic materials that include basic explosives are considered. A mathematical model of material recognition by the dual-energy method based on the parameters of level lines and effective atomic numbers has been proposed. Estimates of the parameters of the level lines and effective atomic numbers of explosives and their physical counterparts for monoenergetic and classical high-energy implementations of the dual-energy method were made. The use of a simulation model to demonstrate the ability to detect and correctly identify explosives and their physical counterparts using the dual high-energy method is illustrated. An algorithmic methodological approach is proposed to improve the accuracy of effective atomic number estimation. It has been demonstrated theoretically and by simulation that it is possible to distinguish materials in cargo inspection from the following classes of materials: light organics (typical representative—polyethylene); heavy organics (explosives), light minerals and heavy plastics (fluoropolymers); light metals (aluminum, Z = 13), heavy minerals (calcium oxide, Z = 19); metals (iron, Z = 26); heavy metals (tin, Z = 50); and radiation insensitive metals (Z > 57).
Enhanced, Seamless Ultrasound Introduction Unit for Thermoplastic Melt Treatment
Authors: Sparenberg Marc René André , Schmidt Jan-Uwe Reinhard , Titze Maik , Monner Hans Peter
Published: February 2025

Ultrasonic power stimulation of polymers has been employed to modify their properties for various industrial applications. It is used to disperse particles in polymers or to impregnate continuous fiber-reinforced filaments. These processes operate under extreme conditions, involving temperatures exceeding 400 °C and pressures reaching up to 60 bars. Traditional sound introduction systems rely on moving horns within cavities, which pose significant challenges in maintaining clean environments. The moving horn makes it inconceivable to seal such sound introduction systems. To address these limitations, an innovative tool that incorporates only sealed components capable of introducing sound energy without employing cavities was developed. This technology focuses on optimizing eigenfrequencies to efficiently transfer motion into the polymer channel while minimizing disturbing vibrations and sealing issues. The simulation results reveal the mode of operation between the fourth and fifth resonance of the tool. The measurements of the tool validate this theory, indicating a range of operation between 18.5 kHz and 19.5 kHz. With an amplitude of 15 μm, resulting in a minimum power introduction of 224.03 W/cm² in PLA, the average flow rate gain is 13.6%. This new design reduces the risk of blockages and damage in the processed goods and minimizes the force required to process the polymer.
SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Their Impact on Pediatric COVID-19: Clinical Manifestations and Hematological Profiles
Authors: Trempelis Konstantinos Paris , Kosmeri Chrysoula , Kalavas Panagiotis , Ladomenou Fani , Siomou Ekaterini , Makis Alexandros
Published: February 2025

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze data on pediatric cases of COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in northwest Greece. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the most common clinical manifestations and laboratory findings, stratified by age group and SARS-CoV-2 strain. Results: A total of 254 children were hospitalized, with a mean age of 4.5 years. Underlying conditions were present in 10.2% of cases; two children required pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, and one child died. The most common hematological manifestations, in general, were neutropenia (30%) and lymphopenia (23%), whereas the findings varied when the children were stratified by age group. Eight children developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), with the most common findings being anemia (75%), lymphopenia (50%), and thrombocytopenia (25%). Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 strains revealed the proportions of the dominant strain over time. Fever was the predominant symptom across all strains, particularly in the Omicron group, which also had a high incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The longest hospital admission occurred in children with the Omicron strain, followed by the Wuhan, Alpha, and Delta strains. Conclusions: Fever was the most consistent symptom across all age groups and virus strains. The most common hematological manifestations were neutropenia (30%) and lymphopenia (23%). The Omicron strain was associated with the longest hospital stay.
Drop Nozzle from a Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System Reduces Spray Displacement
Authors: Gibson Ryan P. , Martin Daniel E. , Howard Zachary S. , Nolte Scott A. , Latheef Mohamed A.
Published: February 2025

Weeds remain one of the major limiting factors affecting agricultural production, causin significant yield loss globally. Spot spraying of resistant weeds as an alternative to broadcast applications provides the delivery of chemicals closer to the plant canopy. Also, wind speed can cause spray displacement and can lead to inefficient coverage and environmental contamination. To mitigate this issue, this study sought to evaluate drop nozzles configured to direct the spray closer to the target. A remotely piloted aerial application system was retrofitted with a 60 cm drop nozzle comprising a straight stream and a 30° full cone nozzle. A tracer spray solution was applied on 13 Kromekote cards placed in a grid configuration. The center of deposition for each spray application was determined using the Python (3.11) software. Regardless of nozzle angle, the drop nozzle produced ca. 76% lower spray displacement than the no drop nozzle. The no drop nozzles had a narrower relative span compared to the drop nozzles. This suggests that smaller, more driftable fractions of the spray did not deposit on the targets due to spray displacement. Additional research investigating in-field weed species under various meteorological conditions is required to move this technology forward.
Big Five Personality Traits, Personal Projects, and Compulsive Buying: A Causal Approach
Authors: Otero-López José Manuel , Santiago María José , Castro María Cristina
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this paper is to predict compulsive buying based on the integration of explanatory units located at different levels of personality analysis (dispositional vs. motivational variables). More specifically, we propose a causal model that examines the extent to which personal projects (particularly, the domains of meaning and stress) channel the influence of the Big Five personality traits on compulsive buying. The results obtained from a structural equation analysis using a sample of 487 university students generally confirm the suitability of this mediating model. Specifically, while the meaning of projects channels the influence of all traits on compulsive buying, neuroticism and conscientiousness have—in addition to a direct influence on compulsive buying—an indirect influence through the stress of personal projects. The findings obtained not only make it possible to better understand the dynamics between personal variables of different nature and compulsive buying but also allow us to suggest some guidelines for preventive action and intervention on this complex problem.
Data-Based Modelling for Quantifying Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction Potential by Using Heat Pumps
Authors: Hehar Roshan , Burges William , Fender Thomas , Radcliffe Jonathan , Mehta Neha
Published: February 2025

Decarbonising heat is critical for achieving net zero goals. This study investigates the deployment of heat pumps for decarbonising domestic heating in the United Kingdom (UK), focusing on a local analysis in the West Midlands and North West regions. Through detailed data modelling, including weather patterns, housing characteristics, and carbon intensity data, the study quantifies the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions associated with air source heat pump adoption compared to conventional gas boilers. In this study, hourly temperature data for 2022 were examined for six local authorities: Birmingham, Warwick, Shropshire, Manchester, Oldham, and West Lancashire. Additionally, half-hourly carbon intensity data for 2022 were used for the two wider regions, the West Midlands and the North West of England. Results demonstrated that the North West region stands out with the highest percentage CO2 reductions due to the relatively low carbon intensity associated with the electricity grid, reaching up to 33% for an uptake of 40% of air source heat pumps. Moreover, regions with a high prevalence of detached housing, such as Shropshire and West Lancashire, show promise for emissions reductions and require continued monitoring and support for heat pump adoption. Despite limitations in modelling techniques and data sources, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and strategic planners, guiding efforts to combat climate change and promote environmental sustainability in the UK.
Coupling Impedance Modeling Analysis of Grid-Connected Inverters Under Three-Phase Voltage Unbalance
Authors: Liu Yang , Yu Haidong , Wu Qihang , Wang Bin , Li Lisheng , Liu Wenbin
Published: February 2025

Under the condition of asymmetric system voltage, grid-connected inverters exhibit obvious sequence impedance frequency coupling characteristics, which can easily lead to resonance and the misoperation of protection and control devices. Currently, targeted quantitative analyses are insufficient. To address this limitation, this paper identifies dominant harmonic pairs and develops an analytical model of an inverter’ second-order admittance under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. Considering the influence of the phase-locked loop and current control loop, the sequence impedance characteristics of a grid-connected inverter were quantitatively analyzed. The simulation results verified the accuracy of the model. The conclusion of the paper provides a foundation for subsequent research on the instability mechanism and oscillation suppression strategy of the grid-connected inverter and grid interconnection system.
Analysis of Impacts in Electric Power Grids Due to the Integration of Distributed Energy Resources
Authors: Marlés-Sáenz Eduardo , Gómez-Luna Eduardo , Guerrero Josep M. , Vasquez Juan C.
Published: February 2025

In the present article, the impacts that arise in electrical grids due to the integration of distributed energy resources (DER) are identified and analyzed, aiming to provide a basis from which the effects of these new technologies can be considered. To conduct this research, information was collected and analyzed, which was classified according to each of the impacts evidenced in the literature, such as technical, economic, social, environmental, sectoral, and political. Considering the classification of impacts by category, the corresponding advantages and disadvantages were highlighted, and based on this, a qualitative evaluation of the information found was conducted along with respective analyses. Thus, based on the development of this article, it can be concluded that DER influences many aspects, and according to the qualitative evaluation, clarity is provided regarding the contribution of each impact within electrical grids. It was found that, out of 100% of the impacts identified, those with the highest percentage of contribution are the technical impacts.
Development and Performance Analysis of an Electromagnetic Pump for a Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Loop of a Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor
Authors: Li Zi’ang , Yuan Lanfei , Wang Chenglong , Qiu Suizheng , Li Ying
Published: February 2025

With the advancement of lead–bismuth fast reactors, there has been increasing attention directed towards the design of and manufacturing technology for electromagnetic pumps employed to drive liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE). These electromagnetic pumps are characterized by a simple structure, effective sealing, and ease of flow control. They exploit the excellent electrical conductivity of liquid metals, allowing the liquid metal to be propelled by Lorentz forces generated by the traveling magnetic field within the pump. To better understand the performance characteristics of electromagnetic pumps and master the techniques for integrated manufacturing and performance optimization, this study conducted fundamental research, development of key components, and the assembly of the complete pump. Consequently, an annular linear induction pump (ALIP) suitable for liquid lead–bismuth eutectic was developed. Additionally, within the lead–bismuth thermal experimental loop, startup and preheating experiments, performance tests, and flow-head experiments were conducted on this electromagnetic pump. The experimental results demonstrated that the output flow of the electromagnetic pump increased linearly with the input current. When the input current reached 99 A, the loop achieved a maximum flow rate of 8 m3/h. The efficiency of the electromagnetic pump also increased with the input current, with a maximum efficiency of 5.96% during the experiments. Finally, by analyzing the relationship between the flow rate and the pressure difference of the electromagnetic pump, a flow-head model specifically applicable to lead–bismuth electromagnetic pumps was established.