bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komparasi Pembelajaran IPA Terpadu Tipe Connected dan Webbed melalui LSLC terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa di SMP Negeri 11 Semarang
Authors: Fitriani Ayu , Mulyaningrum Eko Retno , Rachmawati Rivanna Cittraning
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komparasi pembelajarn IPA terpadu tipe connected  dan tipe webbed terhadap hasil belajar kognitif siswa pada materi sistem pernapasan di SMP Negeri 11 Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain quasi eksperimen non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dan menghasilkan kelas VIII F sebagai kelas eksperimen 1 (connected) dan VIII G sebagai kelas eksperimen 2 (webbed). Instrumen yang digunakan dalam bentuk tes pilihan ganda, lembar observasi terbuka dan lembar wawancara. Penelitian dilakukan karena banyak guru yang tidak mengetahui tentang  pembelajaran IPA terpadu, hasil belajar kognitif siswa masih rendah dan untuk mengukur profesionalisme guru melalui lessnon study for learning community terhadap hasil belajar kognitif siswa. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data diperoleh rata-rata skor pretest pada kelas eksperimen 1 adalah 56,12 dan kelas eksperimen 2 skor rata-ratanya adalah 55,07. Sedangkan rata-rata skor posttest pada kelas eksperimen 1 adalah 74,2 dengan kriteria baik dan pada kelas eksperimen 2 adalah 80,1 dengan kriteria sangat baik. Analisis data tes dilakukan dengan teknik statistik uji-t dua pihak untuk menguji perbedaan rata-rata skor hasil belajar kognitif siswa dengan taraf signifikan α=0,05. Diperoleh nilai hasil thitung = 0,4204 dan ttabel = 2,0243 yang berarti hipotesis diterima. Nilai rata-rata posttest hasil belajar kognitif kelas eksperimen 2 lebih tinggi dari kelas eksperimen 1 sehingga disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan pembalajaran IPA terpadu tipe connected dan webbed melalui LSLC terhadap hasil belajar kognitif siswa pada materi sistem pernapasan di SMP Negeri 11 Semarang dan IPA terpadu. Komparasi hasil belajar kognitif siswa pada materi sistem pernapasan manusia yang memiliki presentase dengan kriteria sangat baik adalah pembelajaran IPA terpadu tipe webbed dan pembelajaran IPA terpadu tipe connected memiliki presentase dengan kriteria baik melalui Lesson Study for Learning Community sehingga pembelajaran IPA terpadu yang efektif untuk digunakan pada materi sistem pernapasan manusia melalui lesson study for learning community di SMP N 11 Semarang adalah tipe webbed.
Studi Variasi Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea Batatas L) Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi di Kabupaten Ngawi
Authors: Purbasari Karlina , Sumadji Angga Rahabistara
Published: May 2019

Sweet potatoes were potential plants in food diversification for rice substitution. The plants could be found in some areas in Indonesia, such as in Ngawi Regency. The research aimed to find out the variation and morphological distinction in sweet potatoes in Ngawi Regency. The samples were taken randomly in Kedunggalar, Jogorogo, and Bringin Subdistrict. The sweet potatoes were tested with ANAVA and DMRT, Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann Whitney with significant degree was 5%. There were variation in morphological leaves, storage root, and stems from the eight samples taken. Statistical analysis showed there were vivid distinction in the shape of the leaves, the lobes type, the central lobes, the petiole pigmentation, the colour of stems, the immature leaves colour, the storage roots shape, the dominant skin colour, the dominant flesh colour, and distribution of secondary flesh colour of anthosianine pigment. The variation among sweet potatoes were affected by genetic/ variety distinction and environment factors. 
PENGARUH ALELOPATI SERESAH DAUN BAMBU (Dendrocalamus asper) PADA PERKECAMBAHAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L. Merril)
Authors: Cahyanti Lutfy Ditya
Published: May 2019

Weeds are an important factor in the decline of soybean  production. One of weed control techniques that can be done is to use alelopati as an bioherbicide. One source of allelopathy that can be utilized as bioherbicide is bamboo leaf litter. Problems arise if this alelopati also affect the pattern of germination cultivation plants because one of the main requirements of bioherbisida is not to affect the growth and development of crops. The purpose of this study was to determine whether leaf litter alelopathy would affect the germination of soybeans. The hypothesis this research is that bamboo leaf litter alelopathy will not affect the germination of soybean crops so it will be safe to use as a pre-plant bioherbicide. The treated treatment is without litter solution of bamboo leaf, and dosage of 5%, 10%, and 15% bamboo leaf litter solution. The design used was a complete non factorial randomized design with 5x replication. The conclusion of this research is the treatment of allelopathy given by application of bamboo leaf litter with various doses has no significant effect on the germination, sprout length, and germination time of soybean crop, so that bamboo leaf litter solution is safe to be used as bioherbicide on sustainable agriculture.
STRUKTUR ANATOMIS VALVULA INTESTINALIS PARI GITAR (Rhinobatos typus)
Authors: Kusrini Kusrini , Aba La
Published: May 2019

Rhinobatos typus is included in Elasmobranchii Subclasses which has a unique intestine structure on internal part forms folds called valvula intestinalis as extension surface of food absorption. The uniqueness is influenced by habitat differences and food types. Ray’s habitat is in all waters, one of them is in waters Wakatobi Island. The aims of this research to determine Rhinobatos typus anatomical structure variations of valvula intestinalis were decided by observing intestine internal folds variations. Microanatomy structures were performed by making histological preparations using paraffin method, NBF (netral buffer formalin) solution fixation with Hematoxilin-Eosin (HE) staining. The result of the research indicated microanatomis structures of Rhinobatos typus has valvula intestinalis in spiral-shaped. Microanatomic structures of both internals valvula intestinalis from outside to inside consists of mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI
Authors: Agnafia Desi Nuzul
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this research are to analyze the critical thinking ability of XA grade student at SMK BIM Ngawi. This research is include of descriptive qualitative research. The subject of research is XA grade at SMK BIM Ngawi. The technique sampling is purposive samping. The technique that use to fix the data is essay written test that developed by critical thinking ability indicator, based on Facione opinion. Based on data analysis critical thinking ability is gotten average explanation score 72% high category, interpretation 63% high category, analysis 31% low category, self regulation 51% category enough, evaluation 46% category enough and inferation 62% high category. The results or research show that almost the students critical thinking ability category enough. That result give an information to the teacher to train the criical thinking ability so can improve the students critical thinking ability more.
Authors: - Dahwadin
Published: May 2019

Hukum Islam yang berlaku di lingkungan Badan Peradilan Agama di Indonesia memiliki tujuan sebagaimana menjadi prinsip di dalam hukum Islam dan prinsip hukum yang ada di Indonesia. Salah satu asas peradilan agama ialah mengadili menurut hukum dan persamaan hak. Dalam asas ini Lembaga pengadilan agama berusaha memberikan pelayanan bagi warga masyarakat dengan tidak ada perbedaan antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Melalui kajian pustaka denan pendekatan kualitatif serta content analis, penulis menemukan bahwa nilai-nilai keadilan yang menjadi dambaan bagi para pencari keadilan dapat terwujud melalui pemeriksaan di dalam sidang pengadilan agama yang dipimpin oleh majelis hakim hingga putusan, selain itu perlu ada uapaya sungguh-sungguh dalam penegakan sistem hukum yang berkeadilan di Lingkungan badan Peradilan Agama.
Problematika Konsep Kafaâ€™ah dalam Fiqih (Kritik dan Reinterpretasi)
Authors: Muhtarom Ali
Published: May 2019

The concept of kafaah (equality) in Islamic marriage aims to avoid the negative impact of inequality between husband and wife in terms of physical appearance, heredity, wealth, and religion. Nonetheless, the aspect of equality in various respects may trigger a negative effect; it is caste as a closed social stratification system that contradicts Islamic teachings. This present study aims to explore the problematic factors that emerge from the application of the kafaah concept and tries to reconceptualize kafaah in realizing an Islamic marriage that does not characterize a caste system. A qualitative approach was designed in this library research. The findings expose that the criteria in the concept of kafaah, excluding religion, may lead to social stratification and even discrimination in society, specifically for marital life. Consequently, it is noteworthy to re-understand the concept of kafaah, which is emphasized more on religion rather than other criteria.
Wakaf Uang Untuk Infrastruktur Dalam Prespektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Mudzakkir Fadhlullah
Published: May 2019

This article is to find out the Money Waqf for infrastructure in the perspective of Islamic law. Money Waqf can be a bridge for improving the economy in Indonesia as well as reducing the gap between rich and poor, one way to maximize the role of waqf is infrastructure investment channels. This study is a research library with a juridical and normative approach, it can be concluded by looking at benefits and benefits as well as cash waqf money is a sunnah (recommended), while according to MUI it states that the legal money waqf is permissible and can only be distributed and used for things that are allowed in shar'i and the principal value of the waqf of the money must be guaranteed for its sustainability, may not be sold, granted, and / or inherited.
Studi Fatwa Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) No. 005/MNU-33/VIII/2015 Tentang Hukum Alih Fungsi Lahan Perspektif Maslahah
Authors: Hermawan Sulhani
Published: May 2019

This paper highlights that Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Indonesiaâ€™s largest Muslim organizations,contributes its basic principles to food sovereigntyover the country. One of the national contributions is demonstrated throughthe fatwa No. 005/MNU-33/VIII/2015 in Bahtsul Masaâ€™il ad-Diniyyah al-Waqiâ€™iyyah point VII on Land Use Conversion Lawissued when holding the 33rd NU national congress (muktamar) in Jombang, East Java.The fatwa issuance denotes an alternative to enhance Indonesiaâ€™s food sovereignty. This present study aims to investigate the Islamic edict concerning land use conversion law in the perspective of maslahah (public interests/benefits). A qualitative approach was employed in this library research. The fatwa No. 005/MNU-33/VIII/2015 in Bahtsul Masaâ€™il ad-Diniyyah al-Waqiâ€™iyyah point VII on Land Use Conversion Law was used as the primary data. The study applies the theory of maslahah to analyze the data. The finding promotes that the law argument over the haram aspect of the land use conversion in the fatwa indicates the existence of maslahah and the prevention of darar (harm conditions) due to the land conversion.
Filosofi Dasar Akad Murabahah dan Mudarabah: Studi Perbandingan dalam Upaya Menggerakkan Sektor Riil
Authors: Munif Ahmad
Published: May 2019

This present study highlights Murabaha (mark-up or cost-plus financing) and Mudaraba (profit-and-losssharing), modes of financing in Islamic financial institutions. Murabaha is a contract of sale that is ranked as the most popular Islamic banking product. Practically, this contract tends to be intendedfor consumptive economic activities. Meanwhile, Mudaraba is based on the profit-and-loss sharing system and applicable for productive business activities. Essentially, productive economic activities play a more pivotal role in promoting economic growth in the real sector widely. Conversely, consumptive economic ones do not give much impact on it. This study aims to explore the philosophical basis of the application of the two contracts.A comparative approach was employed in this study by comparing the philosophy of the two contracts respectively. The comparative results were analyzed descriptively by applying a philosophical approach. The findings expose that one the one hand, Mudaraba is more suitable for fostering the real sector basedon its own philosophy. On the other hand, Murabaha is considered more appropriate to be used for consumptive needs eventhough it can be allocated to the real sector with certain conditions. It indicates that Murabaha gains a wide array of popularity due to the philosophy established in this mode of Islamic financing.
Politik Hukum Islam dalam Pengaturan Tentang Kesusilaan di Indonesia (Studi UU Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pornografi)
Authors: Marzuki Ismail
Published: May 2019

This article tries to explore how the influence of Islamic law politics in drafting Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography. A qualitative approach was employed in this study. The treatise of Indonesiaâ€™s Pornography Law was collected as the primary data. The findings expose that there was the effect of Islamic law politics in drafting Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography. It can be noticed from the active involvement of Islamic political parties in parliament and the House of Representatives (DPR) members from the nationalist parties possessing an Islamic background in promoting the law enactment. Likewise, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and Islamic mass organizations also actively encouraged the issuance of this law. Another result highlights that there was a strong debate between political fractions in the DPR, including the Gerindra Party (PG), the United Development Party (PPP), the Democratic Party (PD), the National Mandate Party (PAN), the National Awakening Party (PKB), the Democratic Vanguard Star (BPD), the Star Reform Party (PBR), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), and the mass organizations that proposed the ratification of the Pornography Law draft, and other fractions, namely: the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP), the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the mass organizations that supported the refusal of the law draft ratification
Implementasi Huruf Pejazm Fi’il Mudhari’ Pada Citra Al-Qur’an Menggunakan Metode Czekanowski
Authors: Nurdin Nurdin , Safwandi Safwandi , Fitriani Ulva
Published: May 2019

Al Quran adalah Kalamullah, sebagai mu’jizat, yang telah diturunkan kepada penutup para Nabi dan Rasul, membacanya sebagai ibadah, mempelajari dan memahami isi kandungan Al-Quran juga penting karena Al-Quran merupakan sumber asli dalam pembelajaran agama islam menggunkan bahasa Arab. Untuk mempelajari bahasa Al Quran diperlukan  pengetahuan  tentang  pedoman  ilmu  Nahwu.  Pada  umumnya, tidak banyak  orang  yang  mempelajari,  mudah  mengerti  maupun  untuk  menemukan kaidah Nahwu di dalam kitab suci Al Quran. Oleh karena itu, sistem pendeteksi Huruf jazam yang merupakan salah satu kaidah Nahwu sangat berguna untuk membantu pengguna menemukan hukum-hukum kaidah Nahwu di dalam Al Quran.
The Study of the Neuroprotective Effect of the Extract from Chelidonium Majus L. in Vitro
Authors: Zhalsrai A. , Sanzhieva L. Ts.
Published: May 2019

The protection of neurons from damage and death is an important challenge in the development of treatment of brain ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to investigate protective effect of the extract prepared from Chelidonium majus, which contains total alkaloids. In the present study, we examined antioxidant activity of total alkaloids from Chelidonium majus in vitro. Hydroxyl radical and lipid radicals were detected using spin trapping agents with ESR spectrometer. Chelidonium majus extract exhibited dose-dependent scavenging effects on lipid radicals. Halfmaximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extract was 2.96 mg/ml, whereas for hydroxyl radicals it was 55.13 mg/ ml. These results showed that extract of Chelidonium majus is partly inhibited free radicals. Antioxidant effects of this extract were further demonstrated by protecting enzyme activity of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain (complex I) in isolated brain mitochondrial dysfunction induced by MDA. However, it did not change the decreased level of complex II, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in a concentration of 12 and 25 mg/ml. Here, we examined the neuroprotective effect of the extract from Chelidonium majus against oxidative stress in cultured cortical neurons, using MTT. We found that pretreatment with the extract of Chelidonium majus (0.05 and 0.5 mg/ml) significantly inhibited H2O2-induced cell death in cortical neurons.

Furthermore, the use of a luciferase reporter (ARE-luc) assay showed that extract from Chelidonium majus activates protective signaling pathway in primary cortical neurons through ARE/Nrf2 pathway.

Together, this suggests that total alkaloids from Chelidonium majus may be neuroprotective by increasing anti-oxidant gene expression.
Microsurgical Treatment of Epidermoids. Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Byvaltsev V. A. , Kalinin A. A. , Belykh E. G. , Antipina S. L. , Badaguev D. I.
Published: May 2019

The aim of the research: study the features of surgical treatment of epidermoids.

Materials and methods. We present a literature review and the clinical case of surgical treatment of a patient with epidermoid. We have searched medical databases: Medline, Russian Science Citation Index, EMedicine, United Medical Knowledge Base. We considered the features of the clinic, diagnosis, and surgical intervention. The article presents a clinical example of successful surgical treatment of a patient with an epidermoid cyst of the posterior cranial fossa. The result of the literature review was the writing of a clinical lecture; the current state of the issue of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of patients with epidermoids was studied.

Results. The authors found that total microsurgical removal is the method of choice, and the operative technique should be aimed at preventing postoperative aseptic meningitis. Although it was not possible to establish the cause of the development of aseptic meningitis, the authors assume that the mechanism of its formation lies in the self-breaking of the capsule of the epidermoid cyst, probability of which was confirmed by a number of studies. Further study of this pathology is a promising direction in neurosurgery.

Conclusion. Difficulties in the diagnosis and choice of surgical tactics point at the need for detailed preoperative planning of surgical intervention, performing a precise total removal of a lesion with compliance with preventive measures for aseptic meningitis to improve clinical results and reduce the incidence of perioperative complications.
Comparative Evaluation of the Expression of Apoptosis Proteins at the Influence of Metal Containing Polymeric Nanocomposites on the Brain
Authors: Novikov M. A. , Titov E. A.
Published: May 2019

Background. The creation and the attempt to introduce into medicine new nanostructured materials dictate the need for careful study of their safety for human health and the environment. At the same time, the existing classical approaches to safety assessment do not always objectively reflect the real state of affairs; therefore, there is a need to introduce new approaches, including methods of intracellular safety assessment of nanoparticles and nanomaterials.

The aim of this study was to evaluate expression level of apoptosis-regular proteins caspase-3 and bcl-2 in neurons of white outbred rats exposed to nanocomposites consisting of nanoparticles of metals (silver, bismuth and gadolinium) on a natural matrix of arabinogalactan isolated from Siberian larch wood.

Materials and methods. Sixty outbred male rats were exposed to nanocomposites for 9 days at a dose of 500 μg of metal per 1 kg of animal body weight. The introduction of substances was carried out orally using atraumatic probe. Study of the activity of proteins of apoptosis modulators caspase-3 and bcl-2 and calculate the percentage of different types of reacted neurons was conducted. Statistics 6.1 was used to process results, p-values less than 0.01 were acknowledged as statistically significant.

Results. It was found that the activation of apoptotic process occurs only when the nanocomposite is affected with the addition of silver nanoparticles, which are realized in a significant increase in the percentage of all types of neurons under study.

Conclusion. Monitoring proteins – regulators of apoptosis can serve as a marker of early damage to nerve cells, since glial cells can form at the site of dead neurons that do not fulfill the main function of transmission of nerve impulses. The results obtained allow us to substantiate the need for a more thorough and prolonged study of silver nanoparticles encapsulated on the arabinogalactan matrix.
Effect of Oxidative Stress and Fatty Acids Disbalance on the Development of Apoptosis in the Placenta with Cytomegalovirus Infection in the First Trimester
Authors: Ishutina N. A. , Andrievskaya I. A. , Dovzhikova I. V. , Dorofienko N. N. , Gorikov N. N.
Published: May 2019

Background. Reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) during pregnancy is associated with manifestation of oxidative stress, both in the maternal peripheral blood and in the placental tissues. One of the effects of oxidative stress is a disturbance of the metabolism of fatty acids, which leads to the initiation of the apoptotic cascade, the death of trophoblast cells and, as a result, tissue or organ dysfunction, promoting to the development of a pathological condition. However, an analysis of the current literature indicates insufficient information on this problem in the villous chorion of the placenta in CMV infection.

Aims. To study the relationship between the oxidative stress development and fatty acid imbalance in apoptosis of trophoblast cells during reactivation of CMV in the first trimester.

Material and methods. We examined peripheral blood, urine, a homogenate of the villous chorions from 35 pregnant women with CMV reactivation within 9–11 weeks of pregnancy and from 30 pregnant women without CMV of the same gestation period. We studied levels of IgM and IgG for cytomegalovirus, low-avid IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (avidity index), phospholipase A2 content, fatty acid content, number of apoptotic trophoblast cells, fatty acid peroxide content and catalase activity. Sampling and analysis of material from pregnant women was conducted in 2016–2018.

Results. The reactivation of CMV in the first trimester of pregnancy led to an increase content in the phospholipase A2 in villous chorion by 2.5 times, by 1.5 times of fatty acid peroxides, 1.5 times arachidonic acid, palmitic acid by 1.3 times, number of trophoblast cells in a state of apoptosis by 4.7 times and decrease catalase activity by 1.44 times.

Conclusion. As a result of the study, cytomegalovirus-dependent induction of oxidative stress and imbalance of fatty acids triggering apoptosis of trophoblast cells was identified. Increased apoptosis initiates inflammation and destructive processes in the early placenta.
Rare Forms of Intestinal Obstruction in Children
Authors: Stalmakhovich V. N. , Kaigorodova I. N. , Strashinsky A. S. , Li I. B. , Sapukhin E. V.
Published: May 2019

The article analyzes two rare cases of acquired intestinal obstruction in children. In the first child at the age of 2 years, who suffered a retrosternal total coloesophagoplasty for extended post-burn chemical esophageal stenosis, early postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction appeared on the 8th day of the postoperative period, which was eliminated laparoscopically. The next day, against the background of drug stimulation of the intestine, a small intestinal invagination developed, diagnosed with ultrasound examination. Relaparotomy and disinvagination were performed.

The second patient, the 15 years old girl, who had suffered from closed abdominal injury and a pancreatic injury, manifested the signs of high partial intestinal obstruction a day after the trauma occurred. Initially, its cause was considered to be hematoma of the omental bursa. Fibrogastroduodenoscopy (FGDS) and X-ray diagnostics did not reveal the cause of intestinal obstruction, but after FGDS procedure the patient’s condition improved within 3–4 days, and then the clinical signs of small bowel obstructive adhesion confirmed by X-ray and laparoscopy. With laparoscopy in the middle section of the small intestine, a hyperinflate “whitish” section about 12 cm long, dense in palpation, was identified, which was the cause of obstruction. Through minilaparotomic umbilical access from the abdominal cavity, a loop of the jejunum with a foreign body inside was exteriorized. With transverse enterotomy trihobezoar 10×4×4 cm was removed from the lumen, which moved from the stomach and led to obstruction of small intestine. The outcome of the treatment was good in both cases.
Clinical Case of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: Expert Approaches
Authors: Karetnikova V. M. , Petrunko I. L.
Published: May 2019

The article describes the criteria for the examination of temporary disability and the establishment of a disability group for idiopathic interstitial pneumonia on the example of a clinical case of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia with a view to a uniform interpretation by clinical physicians and expert doctors of the criteria for persistent functional impairments in the case of respiratory organs and the timeliness of referring to medical and social examination of people suffering from it patients. Temporary disability is caused by the appearance of shortness of breath in patients, which is steadily progressing and leads to a decrease in exercise tolerance. The presence of an unfavorable prognosis in some forms of interstitial pneumonia predetermines the maximum period of temporary disability for 4 months with the subsequent registration of patients for medical and social examination. Restrictive dysfunction of external respiration is not singled out in quantitative criteria of functional persistent disorders of the body to establish the group of disability in the Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 17, 2015 No. 1024н, which causes difficulties during the examination. A key sign of persistent respiratory function disorders is respiratory failure, the severity of which is put in its quantitative gradation for recognizing a citizen as disabled. Pulse oximetry is currently available as a verification method for the diagnosis of respiratory failure, which is used for medical and social expertise. The morphological variant of interstitial pneumonia, if histological diagnosis was performed, or the presumptive nosological form diagnosed on the basis of a complex of clinical and radiological data, do not have a direct impact on the result of the examination; just as the volume of drug therapy and the response to it are not taken into account in order to establish the fact of disability.
Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressants: from Genetic Findings to Predictive Strategies
Authors: Khokhlov L. K. , Lukyanov N. E.
Published: May 2019

The constantly growing contribution of depressive disorders to the global disease statistics calls for a growth of treatment effectiveness and optimization. Antidepressants are the most frequently prescribed medicines for depressive disorders. However, development of a standardized pharmacotherapeutic approach is burdened by the genomic heterogeneity, lack of reliable predictive biomarkers and variability of the medicines metabolism aggravated by multiple side effects of antidepressants. According to modern assessments up to 20 % of the genes expressed in our brain are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Large-scale genetic and genomic research has found a number of potentially prognostic genes. It has also been proven that the effectiveness and tolerability of antidepressants directly depend on the variable activity of the enzymes that metabolize medicines. Almost all modern antidepressants are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 family enzymes. The most promising direction of research today is the GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) method that is aimed to link genomic variations with phenotypical manifestations. In this type of research genomes of depressive patients with different phenotypes are compared to the genomes of the control group containing same age, sex and other parameters healthy people. Notably, regardless of the large cohorts of patients analyzed, none of the GWA studies conducted so far can reliably reproduce the results of other analogous studies. The explicit heterogeneity of the genes associated with the depression pathogenesis and their pleiotropic effects are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This may explain the difficulty of obtaining clear and reproducible results. However, despite any negative circumstances, the active multidirectional research conducted today, raises the hope of clinicians and their patients to get a whole number of schedules how to achieve remission faster and with guaranteed results
Estimation of the Medico-Ecological Component of Life Quality at the Level of Risk of Morbidity with Mass Non-Infectious Diseases
Authors: Prusakova A. V. , Prusakov V. M.
Published: May 2019

For an objective assessment of the quality of life (QOL) in areas with different environmental pressures and the development of recommendations for improving medical care, population studies of children are used. The purpose of this study is to assess the risk of a general incidence of mass noncommunicable diseases (МND) of the child population of industrial cities with various environmental pressures as an indicator of QOL. To assess the anthropogenic load in industrial cities, atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances was analyzed. The assessment of the influence of local factors of cities was determined by relative and attributable risks of morbidity using synchronous annual and corresponding to the studied time interval values of background and estimated morbidity, and the influence of common background factors by the value of initial background morbidity at the beginning of the long-term observation period. To assess and rank changes in QOL in areas with different environmental loads, we used the results of the analysis of the long-term risk dynamics of the minority disease of children’s population with long-term exposure to a complex of general and local environmental factors of industrial cities of the Irkutsk region. To do this, we used the criteria developed by the authors for assessing the degree of tension of the medico-ecological situation and the strength of the impact of environmental factors on them by the relative risk levels of the minimum level and the corresponding QOL levels for the specified component.

QOL in terms of the minimum number of children’s diseases in the period under review decreases as a whole due to the increasing influence of general background (regional) factors throughout the region, and in the studied cities in addition from the influence of local adverse factors, including anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air.

A significant decrease in the local anthropogenic load is accompanied by a decrease in the associated additional МND and the severity of the additional to the background decrease in QOL in the industrial cities of the region, especially in Angarsk.
Assessment of the Validity of the Psycho-Cardiological Comorbidity Index in the Practice of a Cardiologist
Authors: Dorofeikova M. V. , Zadvorev S. F. , Petrova N. N. , Yakovlev A. A.
Published: May 2019

Background. The feasibility of creating a screening Index for the comorbidity of mental disorders and cardiovascular diseases in the practice of the cardiologist dictates the need to validate existing algorithms.

Aim. To validate the previously proposed Index of psychocardiac comorbidity in prediction of outpatient recommendation of psycho-pharmacotherapy for cardiology patients.

Materials and methods. Medical records of 302 consecutive patients of cardiac in-patient department were retrospectively analyzed with ROC-curve to estimate the predictive value of previously proposed Index of psychocardiac comorbidity for out-patient recommendation of psycho-pharmacotherapy.

Results. The prevalence of outpatient psycho-pharmacotherapy in the examined patients was 15.2 %; this group of patients was more polymorbid and was characterized by a higher proportion of women and a higher prevalence of a labile course of arterial hypertension. The sedative antipsychotics, non-benzodiazepine tranquilizers and mood stabilizers were predominant pharmacological groups. An analysis of reproducibility of Index of psychocardiac comorbidity was provided on a cohort of cardiology in-patient department (n = 302). Index calculated by using the formula I = C + 3(6)×Q + 3×W + 8×A (C – number of Comorbid diagnoses, Q – Quake in the chest, palpitations or arrhythmia, onset before 55 (3 points) or 50 (6 points) years; W – Women; A – labile Arterial hypertension). Area under ROC-curve in validation cohort was 0.828 ± 0.035 (p < 0.001). Positive predictive value of Index was maximal for the score of ≥ 13.

Conclusion. The proposed Index of psychocardiac comorbidity is a valid tool to predict the prescription of psychopharmacotherapy in cardiology patients.
Multi-Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis – the Problem of Modern Phthisiology
Authors: Zorkaltseva E. Yu. , Vorobyeva O. A. , Savilov E. D. , Ogarkov O. B.
Published: May 2019

The 21st century is characterized by the exacerbation of the problem formation and spreading of drug-resistant strains throughout the world. Genetic mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lead to the formation of drug-resistant forms because of long-term use of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The Russian Federation is among the top three countries with a high burden of tuberculosis with multidrug resistance (MDR). The estimated number of cases of tuberculosis with MDR in the Russian Federation was 60,000, which corresponds to half the burden of the European Region in 2015. In the Irkutsk region from 2014 till 2018 the proportion of TB cases with MDR cases increased from 15.2 % to 18.3 %. According to the reference laboratory of the Irkutsk Regional Clinical Tuberculosis Hospital, a significantly higher level of MDR among primary diagnosed was registered in the cities (27.7 %) and the lowest in rural areas of the region (16.5 %). Among the cohorts of patients with tuberculosis, the highest proportion of MDR was in the northern territories of the region (43.1 %), in Irkutsk district (41.2 %) and in large cities, including Irkutsk (38.5 %). Positive correlations were established between cohort of primary diagnosed TB with MDR and among populations in areas with high morbidity along the railway (r = 0.91; p = 0.00001), in the Irkutsk region (r = 0.89; p = 0,00008), and also in the Irkutsk city (r = 0.91; p = 0.00002). This is probably due to the influence of reservoir of tuberculosis infection formed in these localities. The regulatory documents of the Ministry of Health of the Irkutsk Region was developed on the basis of the data obtained, and they include recommendations for improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis in the region using fast and accelerated microbiological diagnostic methods.
In the Brightness and Darkness of Knowledge: Pío Baroja’s “Tree of Knowledge”
Authors: İLKER Nur Gülümser
Published: May 2019

Pío Baroja, one of the leading writers of the generation of 98 in Spanish Literature, presents
valuable subjects to be studied in his novels and on the characters he creates. He creates silent,
lonely, rebellious and delicate characters by setting out from his own inner world. These
characters emphasize the corruption and tension that the country is in. In his novel "The Tree of
Knowledge", he creates Andrés Hurtado by reference to himself. This character studied
medicine like himself. He tries to explain the spiritual structure of human being from a scientific
point of view. He wants to know the world from Kant, Nietzsche and Shopenhauer. Along with
all these, he is an individual who is constantly lonely because of family problems. In this sense
Baroja finds a way to discover himself as he depicts his character Hurtado. On the other hand,
within the patriarchal system of the period, a new and progressive perspective is adopted
beyond the usual thinking towards women. A woman named Lulu is created against the social
norms. This character again presents pieces from original ideas of the writer. Andrés Hurtado
comes to mind as a character who questions and experiences loneliness with a sensitive but
rebellious character and a mental and philosophical structure. Thus, he presents important data
to question the different dimensions of loneliness. What kind of loneliness is experiencing
Andrés Hurtado? In the study, the loneliness in which the science and the philosophy are
involved will be discussed. Psychological loneliness to be dealt with in the social sense will be
brought against it.
Siyasetnamelerde Çizilen Hz. Ömer İmajı
Authors: ÖZDAL Ahmet Nurullah
Published: May 2019

Siyasetname tarzında kaleme alınan eserler, geçmiş dönemlerin uygulamaları en çok örnek
gösterilen hükümdarları arasında Hz. Ömer’e oldukça ayrıcalıklı bir konumu verirler. Ancak her
bir yazarın Hz. Ömer’i ele alış biçimi, eserinde ona yer verme sıklığı ya da idealize edilen yönü
farklılaşmaktadır. Genel olarak bakıldığında Endülüs’te kaleme alınan siyasetnamelerde ona
çok daha fazla ağırlık verildiği, oysa İran ve Irak coğrafyasında yazılanlarda bu ağırlık oranının
düştüğü gözlemlenir. İbn Cemâa, eserinde hükümdar için Hz. Ömer’in uygulamaları ışığında bir
yol haritası çizer; o, yazarın gözünde rehberdir, ideal hükümdardır. Oysa Nizamü’l-Mülk, kendi
deneyimlerinden yola çıkarak ideal bir yönetim tarzı ortaya koyar. Onun Siyasetname’sindeki
Hz. Ömer, yalnızca savların desteklenmesi için kendisine referans gönderilmek suretiyle sanki
istismar edilen bir figürdür. İbn Abdirrabîh, Hz. Ömer’i ekonomiye dair davranışlarıyla;
Maverdî ve Şeyzerî, muhtesibin görev sahasında yer alan uygulamalarıyla eserine dâhil etmeyi
yeğler. Turtuşî, eserinin mufassal olmasına rağmen, daha çok Hz. Ömer’in kısa anekdotlarını ve
sözlerini zikreder. Neyrizî, eserinde onun davranış ve sözlerini ihtiva eden hususi bir bölüm
ayırmıştır. Siyasetnamelerde Hz. Ömer’in adaleti, sertliği (aynı zamanda halim yönü), düzen
kuruculuğu, teşkilatçılığı, teftiş ediciliği, fiziksel özellikleri ile sevdiği, nefret ettiği ya da hiç
umursamadığı huy ve davranışlar üzerinde de durulmuştur.
Almanca Yazılmış Çocuk Kitaplarında Türk İmajı: “Hatschi Bratschis Luftballon” Örneği
Authors: İSTEK Emrah , İSTEK Gülşen
Published: May 2019

Din
ve tarih içerikli birçok Almanca çocuk kitabında, Türkler ve Müslümanlar,
genellikle olumsuz bir figür olarak tanıtılmıştır. Çocuklara yönelik yazılan bu
eserlerde, Türk kavramı, Osmanlı akınları ve devşirme sistemi üzerinden yorumlanarak
çocuk ve gençlerin zihinlerinde, Türkleri kötüleme, ötekileştirme
(Müslüman/Hristiyan; Doğulu/Batılı), onlardan nefret ettirme şeklinde yer almış
olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca korkunç ve canavar bir Türk portresi çizilerek, Almanca
da “Türkenfurcht” olarak ifade edilen “Türk korkusu” pekiştirilmiştir. Bu
çalışma, öncelikle Avusturya Macaristan İmparatorluğu’nun hâkimiyet sahasında yayımlanan
Almanca kaynaklarda Türk algısının nasıl olduğunu anlamaya yöneliktir. Zikredilen
eserlerde Türk kelimesi; “Müslüman”, “Doğulu” yani “Avrupalı olmayan”ı ifade
etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu eserlerde Türk’e karşı geliştirilen yaklaşımın
tarihsel geçmişi ortaya konularak, bu sürecin en son örneklerinden birisi olan
ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin son yüzyılında Viyana’da yazılan bir çocuk kitabı olan
“Hatschi Bratschis Luftballoon” adlı eserdeki Türk imajı etraflıca irdelenmiş
ve kitabın farklı dönemlerdeki basımları mukayese edilmiştir. Böylece eserin,
kapak resminden içeriğine kadar pek çok hususta Türk imajındaki değişim
incelenmiştir.
Dil ve Kültürel Değerler İlişkisi: Dinî Terimler Örneği
Authors: KIRBOĞA Ziyaeddin
Published: May 2019

Sadeleştirme veya farklı kavramlarla ifade etme çalışmaları yoluyla, dinî kavramlarda anlam kaybının gerçekleştiği düşüncesi, önemli bir problemi teşkil eder. Bu problem dinî terimlerin aslına uygun olarak sonraki nesillere nakledilememesi ve dinî literatürün ortaya koyduğu değerlerin süreç içerisinde farklı algılanma ve farklı ifade edilmesi sorunuyla ilgilidir. Musannifi Muhyiddîn-i Nevevî olan “Riyâzü’s-Sâlihîn” isimli, orijinal metni Arapça olan hadis kitabı, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı yayınları arasında farklı kişiler tarafından farklı zamanlarda Türkçeye tercüme edilmiştir. Çalışmada bu eserin 1997 ve 2016 yıllarındaki farklı kişiler tarafından tercüme edilen baskıları karşılaştırılacaktır. Dolayısıyla çalışmada nitel araştırma söz konusu olup doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle veri toplanacak ve betimsel analiz yaklaşımı ile analiz edilecektir. Bunun için adı geçen tercüme eserlerde dinin iman, ibadet ve ahlâk temel alanlarında bulunan alt başlıkların içeriğinde yer alan aynı hadislerin çevirilerinden ikişer örnek karşılaştırılacaktır. Bu yolla 1997 ve 2016 yılarında aynı eserin tercüme edilmesiyle ortaya çıkan dinî terim ve kavramlardaki farklılık belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı, dinî terminolojinin farklı kavramlarla ifadesi, başka bir deyişle sadeleştirilmesi amacına yönelik yeni veya yabancı kelimelerle karşılanmasının bir anlam kaybına ve klasik literatüre yabancılaşmaya mı yol açtığının veya toplumsal hayatta gerçekleşen modernleşme, kültürel ilişki olanaklarının artması, yeni ya da yabancı kelime ve kavramların kullanılması, yeni nesillerin eski kelime ve kavramlara yabancılaşması gibi değişimlerin göz önüne alınmasının bir sonucu mu olduğunun anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktır.
PENGARUH SUDUT ATAP CEROBONG TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI TEMPERATUR PADA RUANG PENGERING BERTINGKAT DAN KARAKTERISTIK PERPINDAHAN PANAS
Authors: Juhan Nawawi
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh sudut atap cerobong terhadap keseragaman distribusi temperatur di setiap rak yang terdapat dalam lemari pengering. Pengujian dilakukan dengan membuat suatu sistem peralatan pengering dengan sistem aliran gas panas alamiah, yang terdiri atas lima bagian utama yaitu ruang pembakaran, pengarah awal tidak berlubang berbentuk V dengan sudut 30o, saluran pengarah sirip bersudut 15o, ruang pengeringan dengan 7 rak pengeringan, dan 3 buah cerobong dengan sudut atap masing-masing 15o, 25o, 35o. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi temperatur dalam ruang pengering dengan sudut atap cerobong 15o mencapai keseragaman temperatur setelah pemanasan 90 menit. Karakteristik perpindahan panas yang terjadi seperti Grashof number, Rayleigh number, Nusselt number, dan koeffisien perpindahan panas dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian karakteristik, lebar karakteristik, dan sudut atap cerobong.Kata kunci: Sudut atap cerobong, distribusi temperatur, karakteristik pindah panas.
PERBANDINGAN KETEBALAN FILLER TERHADAP KEKUATAN FLEKSURAL DAN IMPACK PADA KOMPOSIT YANG DIBUAT DARI LIMBAH TERMOPLASTIK PET, PP, DAN PE
Authors: Suryani Suryati , Zulnazri Zulnazri
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini melaporkan tentang perbandingan kekuatan fleksural dan impack terhadap komposit Polietilenateraptalat (PET), Polipropilen (PP) dan Polietilen (PE) yang menggunakan filler fiber glass dengan berbagai variabel. Dimana untuk komposit PET menggunakan softenning agent o-klorofenol sedangkan untuk PP dan PE menggunakan waiting agent xilena. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengepresan dengan hot press, temperatur leleh maksimum yang didapatkan untuk masing-masing bahan termoplastik yaitu PET 265 oC, PP 167 oC, dan PE 135 oC. Nilai fleksural yang terbaik pada masing-masing komposit diperoleh pada PET - 3 lapis serat 533.33 Mpa, PP - 2 lapis serat 566.66 Mpa, dan PE - 2 lapis serat 600,00 Mpa. Untuk uji impact diperoleh nilai terbaik masing-masing pada komposit PET - 3 lapis serat 25,5 Mpa, komposit PP-2 lapis serat 29,5 Mpa, dan komposit PE - 2 lapis serat 21,5 Mpa.Kata kunci : Komposit, Poplietilenteraptalat, Polipropilen, Polietilen, Fiber Glass
KINERJA REAKTOR UREA DC-101 DI PT. PUPUK ISKANDAR MUDA
Authors: Wahidin Teuku Raja , Dewi Ratni , Yunus Muhammad
Published: May 2019

PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda mempunyai dua unit pabrik yaitu PIM 1 dan PIM 2. Bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi pupuk urea adalah dengan mereaksikan NH3 dan CO2 pada kondisi tekanan dan temperatur yang sangat tinggi. Tempat terjadinya reaksi antara NH3 dan CO2 tersebut adalah di dalam reaktor (DC-101). Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh konversi reaksi pada reaktor PIM 1 adalah 72,6 %, sedangkan reaktor PIM 2 adalah 74,2 %. Hal tersebut menunjukkkan bahwa kondisi konversi reaksi pada kedua reaktor masih tergolong bagus karena pada kondisi disain persen konversi reaksi yang diharapkan adalah 75 %. Untuk neraca energi, reaktor PIM 1 Qloss yang terjadi adalah 1,008 % sedangkan untuk reaktor PIM 2 Qloss yang terjadi adalah 39,5 %,Kata kunci : CO2, Konversi reaksi, NH3, Qloss, Reaktor
PEMANFAATAN KULIT TANDUK KOPI ARABIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF
Authors: Raudah Raudah
Published: May 2019

Salah satu sumber biomassa yang dapat dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif adalah limbah kulit tanduk kopi arabika. Kulit tanduk kopi biasanya menjadi limbah dan dibakar diladang pertanian dan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian bertujuan menghasilkan karbon aktif dari kulit tanduk kopi sesuai dengan SNI 06-370-1995 dan SII 0258-79 serta mengukur kemampuannya dalam menyerap HCN. Proses pembuatan karbon aktif dilakukan pada suhu karbonisasi 300oC selama 2 jam. Kemudian menggunakan aktivator asam klorida 0,1 N dengan variasi waktu aktivasi 1 jam, 3 jam, 5 jam, dan 7 jam. Kemudian diuji kadar abu, kadar air, daya serap terhadap iodium, pengujian kadar yang hilang pada suhu 950oC dan uji daya serap karbon aktif terhadap sianida artifisial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada waktu aktivasi 3 jam dihasilkan kadar abu 1,68%, kadar air 3,7%, daya serap iodium 791,4 mg/g, bagian yang hilang pada pemanasan 950oc adalah 14,5% dan efisiensi penyerapan sianida sebesar 84,3%.Kata kunci: Karbon aktif, kulit tanduk kopi, sianida.
“How Does a Black Person Speak English?” Beyond American Language Norms
Authors: Smith Patriann
Published: May 2019

This study draws from World Englishes and a raciolinguistic perspective to examine how seven Black educators used standardized Englishes after their migration to the United States. Findings reflected sources of English (il)legitimacy to which educators were subjected based on negative reactions to their accents, race, communication, and vocabulary. In turn, cultural incongruence and confusion led educators to (re)claim their English legitimacy and to leverage pedagogical approaches regarding tone, expectation, delivery, and linguistic content and context. Through metalinguistic, metaracial, and metacultural understanding, educators reflected ‘a transraciolinguistic approach,’ (re)establishing legitimacy of their standardized Englishes as Black speakers in the U.S. academy. Implications for addressing challenges to the legitimacy of certain standardized Englishes used by racialized speakers in the academy are discussed.
New records of centric diatoms from Yakutia (Bolshoe Toko Lake): SEM morphology, ecology and distribution
Authors: Genkal S. I. , Gabyshev V. A.
Published: May 2019

As a result of a SEM study of phytoplankton, the first data on centric diatom species composition in Bolshoye Toko Lake, Yakutia, were obtained. Ten species (Aulacoseira — 5, Cyclotella — 1, Discostella — 1, Handmannia — 1, Pliocaenicus — 1) were found, and one taxon from the genus Pliocaenicus was identified to the genus level. Of these, nine taxa are reported for the first time in the water bodies of the Aldan River basin and Discostella guslyakovyi in Yakutia.
Russian and English terminological glossary on morphology of diatoms
Authors: Gogorev R. M. , Chudaev D. A. , Stepanova V. A. , Kulikovskiy M. S.
Published: May 2019

The present work is an attempt to summarize, systematize, supplement and clarify the terms used in morphological description of diatoms and their taxonomy (systematics). Two glossaries (Russian and English) include definitions of near 300 key terms (excluding their synonyms) and their Latin translations.