bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracting Design Information from the Outputs of Systems Analysis: A Case Study in Public Transport Ticketing
Authors: J. M. Reada Gemma , M. Salmonb Paul , G. Lennéc Michael , P. Jenkinsd Daniel
Published: February 2022

Analysis and design activities underpinned by the systems thinking are required for the design of modern complex sociotechnical systems. Cognitive work analysis is a commonly used analysis framework for understanding complex systems. Although the framework was developed with a view to then using analysis outputs to inform system design, questions about its direct application to design remain. This paper will describe an approach that was developed to support the translation of cognitive work analysis outputs into design-relevant information. The approach was applied to a case study analysis of a public transport ticketing system, with the insights documented during the analysis being used to prepare design materials for a participatory design workshop. The process of identifying design-relevant information from the analysis outputs and applying this to the preparation of design materials was found to be structured and efficient, providing the potential for traceability between analysis and design without constraining the creativity required for design innovation.
Social Media Monitoring as a Tool for the Development of Disruptive Innovations
Authors: Keinath Andreas , Vilimek Roman
Published: February 2022

Understanding how electric vehicles (EVs) are driven in the real world has massively advanced with the implementation of the MINI E and BMW ActiveE field trials. The results of these studies served as a key learning project for the development of the BMW i3, the first purpose-designed EV produced by the BMW Group. Especially in the early phases of the fields trial in 2009, the design of user research and analysis methods posed a challenge as it was unclear how users would react to an EV. As with all disruptive innovations, the collection of immediate and unbiased feedback as well as long-term feedback was required to separate first-contact phenomena from permanent effects. Our research partners from academia therefore established a research schedule with repeated face-to-face interviews and diaries. In order to make sure that the questions asked also sufficiently reflect the customers’ everyday life with the EV, social media monitoring was established as a means to participate in usual driving and charging experiences and to support the development of the methods tool set. This approach proved to be very fruitful as early tendencies in customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction were identified and later on systematically reviewed with quantitative methods. Several examples of relevant findings in the MINI E field trial are presented and social media monitoring is discussed as a tool for customer feedback in the development chain. Presented as a case study for the development of electric vehicles, the data basis for this discussion are 2242 Facebook and relevant blog comments of US MINI E users between April 2009 and October 2011.
Does Range Anxiety Exists? Experiences from the ELVIRE Project
Authors: Nilsson ab Maria
Published: February 2022

This paper reports on the results from the EU-project ELVIRE regarding the phenomenon of range anxiety, the fear of not reaching the destination in an electrical vehicle (EV). Presented is the initial analysis of a questionnaire study with 42 Swedish EV drivers targeting their experience of range from a behavioural perspective (e.g., driving habits), as well as from a psychological perspective (e.g., experience of unease while driving). The following questions are addressed: (a) How is range anxiety portrayed by EV drivers? and (b) What is the role of experience of EVs for range anxiety? Regarding (a), findings show that the drivers’ posses a behaviour indicating that they suffer from range anxiety, although, they explicitly state that they have a low level of range anxiety; highlighting the unconscious nature of range anxiety. Regarding (b), statistical analysis show that there is a significant difference in level of experienced range anxiety and understandings of vehicle information but no significant difference in driving style between drivers who has more than 6-months experience compared to those with less than 6-month experience; indicating that driving style are manifested early on and stays stable over time.
New Features on Noise, Vibration and Harshness Posed by the Next Generation of Vehicles
Authors: Campillo-Davoa Nuria , Sanchez-Lozanoa Miguel , Peral-Ortsa Ramon , Pluymersb Bert , Desmetb Wim
Published: February 2022

Traffic noise is generally considered one of the most important sources of environmental pollution in urban and interurban areas. Each individual vehicle in the traffic flow contributes to the total emission by means of three different sub-sources: noise emitted by engine, exhaust and transmission; aerodynamic noise; and noise radiated during tire/road interaction. Those sub-sources play a different role depending on the characteristics of the traffic, i.e. for low speed traffic – less than 30km/h – mechanical noise coming from engine and drive chain is the prominent, whilst for high speed – above 30km/h – the main contribution is related to tire/road noise. The new generation of hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs) will contribute to a reduction of noise pollution through reduced use or inexistence of the internal combustion engine. That feature, which is positive for environmental noise control, carries a negative connotation since low noise emissions of HEVs represent an actual danger to pedestrians. Also drivers of HEVs should adapt their driving style and behavior to the new features related to noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) inside the cabin. In order to solve that problem, warning sounds are being designed by HEVs manufacturers, but, it is not actually known how those new sounds will integrate into urban soundscapes. These and many other questions arise related to the increased presence of electric vehicles in city car fleets. The Research Group in Applied Mechanical Engineering of Miguel Hernandez University in Spain is currently coordinating the COST TU1105 Action “NVH analysis techniques for design and optimization of hybrid and electric vehicles”, together with the Noise and Vibration Research Group of KU Leuven in Belgium. The aim of the Action is to engage NVH experts from vehicle industry and renowned research groups in the accumulation, development and dissemination of novel analysis techniques to be developed for the next generation of vehicles and their drivers. In this article, new features posed by HEVs are discussed and latest developments on the topic are presented.
Examining User-Range Interaction in Battery Electric Vehicles – a Field Study Approach
Authors: Frankea Thomas , Günthera Madlen , Trantowa Maria , F. Kremsa Josef
Published: February 2022

In order to provide users with an optimal range-related user experience, it is essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of everyday user-range interaction. For this to happen, it is important to sample a high amount of situations where battery-electric vehicle (BEV) users must actively interact with the range resources of their BEV. The present contribution presents the methodology (i.e., a toolbox to study user-range interaction) and preliminary results of a field study that was designed to reach this objective: The BMW ActiveE long-distance commuter field trial in the area of Leipzig, Germany. Within this study, a sample of 75 customers was given the opportunity to drive a BEV for three months. Applicants were recruited via an online screening questionnaire. In order to be selected, participants had to drive at least 90 km per day. A comprehensive data set was generated based on qualitative interviews, questionnaires, diary methods, and data loggers. Relevant constructs were identified and translated into items/scales or specific score definitions. Initial results show that even users who have high daily mobility needs can cope with the limited range of a BEV. However, results also point to the potential of strategies aimed at supporting users in adapting to BEV range to reach an optimal user experience even under conditions of high range demand.
Evaluation of Telematic Applications for Information Provision in Public Transport
Authors: Szarataa Andrzej , Kokkinoub Olga , Basbasb Socrates , Politisb Ioannis
Published: February 2022

This paper investigates various parameters that are related with the information provided by telematics applications in public transport. The telematics applications examined are a) a web site portal that provides real time information to PT users, b) a smartphone application that utilizes the advantages of location identification and c) an interactive voice response (IVR) system. The examination was performed through a revealed and stated preference questionnaire-survey that was addressed to public transport users in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The parameters investigated are related with the socioeconomic background of the public transport users, their mobility patterns and attitudes as well as with stated opinions about changes that telematics applications may have on their current travel behavior. Finally, a linear multiple regression model was developed, indicating that the parameters which may have an impact on the perceived cost of these application (as a percentage of the total fare level) are related with the application itself, the age of the PT user as well as with his/her educational level.
Development of a Concept for Ergonomic Design and Work Organization of Remote Lock Operation Centers
Authors: Bützler J. , Motz F. , Mertens A. , Horoufchin H. , Bröhl C. , Jochems N. , M. Schlick C.
Published: February 2022

A trend can be observed towards grouping and shifting local operations to centralized remote lock operation centers (RLOCs) due to costs and limitations in personnel resources and the increasing automation level of technical systems. However, safety-critical activities still require active monitoring of processes by a human operator with help of adequate technical systems and interfaces. Therefore, many video images and abstract representations must be shown simultaneously at one workplace to guarantee an all-inclusive overview. Given this situation, it has to be determined from an ergonomic point of view how many systems (e.g. lock chambers) can be controlled by one operator. Therefore, the challenge is to develop a new efficient and ergonomic control concept for RLOCs that prevents straining work conditions in terms of mental over- and underload. This control concept should enable the short-term and situation-dependent allocation of systems to operators. Moreover, prospective personnel resource planning and the design of the control panels have to be adapted to the control concept and human performance factors.The following paper presents a study covering the analysis of tasks and processes in remote lock operation centers around Germany including soft- and hardware design components in use. Based on the results, a new concept integrating ergonomic requirements for remote control and monitoring has been developed. This concept enables the assignment of optimal workload to one workplace by determining the potential straining condition within one shift. For the purpose of integrating prospective and retrospective evaluation, a practical guide for personnel management and scheduling has been developed. It includes a questionnaire and calculation specifications that can be generically adapted to other remote operation centers. In addition to the strain which is evoked by the main tasks of lock control and monitoring, it also considers the impact of additional tasks. Based on the developed concept for remote control and monitoring and in accordance with the assessed ergonomic design requirements, the control panel layout has been determined with regard to anthropometric dimensions.
Development and Application of a Hybrid Control Theory Model to Quantify Human-Machine Interaction Problems on the Flight Deck
Authors: Anne Surakitbanharn Caitlin , J. Landry Steven
Published: February 2022

Previous work has been conducted by McRuer [McRuer, 1973] to model the gain and delay of the pilot-aircraft system using classic control theory methods. However, a continuous extraction of gain and delay further enhances the ability to gather valuable, quantitative data to make inferences about human-machine interaction problems that occur on the flight deck. A parameter tracking system, based on McRuer’s crossover model, has been developed to simultaneously and continuously track the gains and delays at the pilot-machine interface with which pilots track particular axes. The values extracted for gain and delay may be indicative of particular human factors issues that are prevalent in the cockpit, such as inattention, complacency, low situational awareness, and high workload. This model has been developed for use in an artificial tracking task, where it has been observed that if gain and delay are allowed to change freely, the model is overfit and not realistic, as it is believed that gain and delay change rarely, though not necessarily slowly. To combat this, one gain/one delay is applied to the system to find time periods where the fit is poor, and these frames of time are then re-evaluated to find a gain/delay value that fits, and this method is applied across all poorly fit time periods to create a well-fit model. This method of modeling is then applied to a realistic flight simulation task for pilots and is intended to evaluate the levels of gain and delay for specific human-machine tasks incurred on the flight deck, and which axis are affected the most in flight.
How Can Procedures and Checklists Help Pilots in Abnormal Flight Situations?
Authors: Haslbeck Andreas , Gontar Patrick , Schubert Ekkehart
Published: February 2022

This paper introduces a flight simulator study to evaluate procedures and checklists for use in abnormal situations. These utilities are meant to support pilots in hazardous situations, but for extreme situations, they might be inappropriate. Sixty crews (A340, A320) were required to fly in an abnormal flight scenario with a technical defect (loss of one main hydraulic system), which leads to several subsequent events. The aircrews had to mitigate these situations in order to safely land. The decreasing remaining fuel intensified time pressure while overloaded procedures had to be performed. In this study, the provided procedures were tested in this simulated crisis scenario.
Using System-wide Trust Theory to Analyze Passenger Loss of Trust in Aircraft Automation
Authors: R. Winter Scott , Rice Stephen , M. Reid Katie
Published: February 2022

The current study focuses on airline passengers and how they might be affected by the contagion of an unreliable automated device. Participants took part in an online survey where they were presented with a scenario in which they were on an airline flight and oxygen masks erroneously dropped from the compartment above. They were then asked to rate their trust in that automated device, along with four other unrelated devices (auto-pilot system, flaps, landing gear, and video screen). In a control condition, no error occurred with the oxygen masks, and trust was high for all automated devices. In the experimental condition, trust was lower for all automated devices. In fact, in most cases, trust in the other automated devices dropped nearly as much as it did for the unreliable device. These results show that system-wide trust theory can make accurate predictions about the contagious effects of unreliable automated devices on otherwise unknown or reliable devices for non-expert airline passengers. This provides evidence that people tend to: a) view different automated components of an aircraft as part of a system even when they are logically independent of each other; and b) distrust other components of that “system” when one component fails.
Fuzzy Model of Air Traffic Controller Attitude to the Risk During Decision Making
Authors: M. Reva Alexii , P. Borsuk Sergii
Published: February 2022

Air traffic controllers (as “first line” operators) professional activity may be described as a continuous chain of decisions, being developed and implemented under influence of different natural factors, including risks of stochastic and deterministic type. Thus, taking into account air traffic control (ATC) influence upon flight safety, problem solution of ATC danger estimation that may appear under conditions of aircraft flight levels separation failure is permanently urgent. For that purpose term set of linguistic variable “risk level” was formed. This set includes terms “very high”, “high”, “above common”, “common”, “below common”, “low” “very low”. Using modified Cooper-Harper scale and information gather method that may be described as “point on research interval” along with membership function construction procedure based on “supplementary matrices”, fuzzy generic models of 132 ATC students attitude to 10-kilometer interval between aircrafts (for horizontal en-route flight in АС (Approach Control) ТМА (Terminal Control Area) with ATC AS (automated system)) violation was received. This allows to place in correspondence quantitative and qualitative factors of flight conditions and to define human factor influence upon acceptance of distances between aircrafts. Since formation of initial term set includes modifier “very”, use of procedures reverse to concentration and dilation may reduce term set to five terms in it. That is exact number of ICAO recommended quantity of danger identifiers. This allowed to transform correspondent membership functions. Received connections between quantitative and qualitative estimates of distances between aircrafts was basics for solving ICAO’s “risk triangle” in response to “event danger” parameter.
Evaluation of an Arrival Coordinator Position in a Terminal Metering Environment
Authors: Kupfer Michael , Mercer Joey , J. Callantine Todd , Gujral Vimmy , Gomez Ashley
Published: February 2022

A human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation investigated the performance of an integrated arrival-management solution developed by NASA, called the Interval Management Terminal Area Precision Scheduling System (IM-TAPSS). The focus of this paper is on the operator who, during the simulation, served as both the terminal radar approach control (TRACON) traffic management controller and Arrival Radar Coordinator (ARC), and played an integral part in coordinating, adjusting, and instantiating the arrival schedule computed by the IM-TAPSS system. Analyses of the simulation data highlight the role of the ARC within the terminal metering environment, describe his planning strategies, tool interactions, and coordinations with controllers, and lend insights to the impact of the ARC’s actions on the arrival problem. High levels of comfort and confidence were reported when working with the IM-TAPSS system. Challenges included the sequencing of unscheduled satellite arrival flights during periods of peak demand, in response to which, the ARC had to identify sequence slots while minimizing disruptions to the overall schedule.
Identifying Markers of Performance Decline in Air Traffic Controllers
Authors: Edwards Tamsyn , Sarah Sharples a , Kirwan John Wilson Barry , Balfe Nora
Published: February 2022

Air traffic control (ATC) is a safety critical environment in which air traffic controllers (ATCOs) must maintain a consistently high standard of human performance in order to maintain safety. It is therefore essential to understand the impact, of human factors such as workload on human performance. Traditionally, a wide range of methods have been utilized to investigate the association between performance-influencing factors and human performance, from experimental to research in the wild (Sharples et al., 2012). However, little research has focused on the identification of ‘signs and symptoms’, or indicators, that a factor may be negatively influencing human performance. The aim of this study was to identify indicators that were commonly associated with specific factors (workload, stress and situation awareness) and the associated influences on human performance. Findings identified internal and external, observable indicators that were common across all controllers and signified when ATCO performance was threatened. Findings also suggest that controllers use internal markers to adapt control strategies in order to maintain performance. Findings have relevance for existing aviation training, online measurement of performance during live operations, and measurements during simulations. Further research should investigate the application of indicators in measurement of live operations.
Human Diversity: A Limit or an Opportunity in the Maritime Design Domain?
Authors: Di Bucchianico Giuseppe
Published: February 2022

The complexity of contemporary society can be described also through the diversity between individuals, expressed not only in terms of mental and physical capabilities, but also with respect to social and cultural differences. Diversity, however, can be considered as a limit or a resource for the economic development of society. Design for inclusion has already shown that confront the human diversity, in a different way than traditional ergonomics has done so far, represents a major opportunity in the first place for business, becoming an extraordinary lever of communication, expanding the market dimensions, differentiating the production and retaining customers, but more importantly, it determines a positive effect for the entire social system and for the collective well-being. This inclusive and participatory approach to design, is growing also in the specialized productive sector of maritime transportation design. The paper offers a critical reflection on the need to confront the issues of inclusion and participation in the design of products, systems and services related to specialist areas such as maritime transportation. Through synthetic remarks about good practices, we highlight the benefits and opportunities that the spread of a design approach considering human diversity can determine also for the maritime transportation domain.
Water-based Public Transport Accessibility.A Case Study in theInternal Waters of Northern Italy
Authors: Ercoli Sebastiano , Ratti Andrea , Piardi Silvia
Published: February 2022

Accessibility to public transport systems is a key factor for the social inclusion and quality of life of people with disabilities. This paper presents an analysis of the accessibility of the water public transport service run by Navigazione Laghi on lakes Maggiore, Como and Garda in Northern Italy. The study is focused on ‘water buses’, namely small ferries operating on short, scheduled routes, with one or two decks, that do not transport vehicles and that are not equipped with bed cabins. In particular, as a case study, this paper examines a ferry of the series Airone, 24 m passenger-only units built in 2008‒2011. These units are relevant because they represent about 10% of the whole fleet of Navigazione Laghi.
DfD_UD_ID_DfA: Design for Inclusion in Sailing Yacht Design
Authors: Lagatta Jessica
Published: February 2022

“Design for Inclusion” is a method that includes various way of thinking, for example: DfD_Design for Disability, UD_Universal Design, ID_Inclusive Design, DfA_Design for All. Today these disciplines are often evaluated in the same way; UD, ID, DfD are frequently used as synonymous. Actually there are many differences among them. To shed some light on this problem can help us to work better and to understand the importance that these disciplines have on yacht sailing design today. This Paper shows the result of the first step of a research for University G. D’Annunzio (Chieti-Pescara, Italy), Architecture and Design Department, in order to complete a three year Ph.D. At the end of the third year the target to goal is to put the final touch on an analysis system that should be useful to distinguish the foretold methods by studying the sailing yacht. On this document we can read the theory back on the research and we can find the most similar features and differences among DfD, UD, ID, DfD methods. Continuing we can read about how “Design for Inclusion” influenced sailing yacht design using also historical examples.
Human Factors in Yacht Designfor Older Adults
Authors: Musio-Sale Massimo
Published: February 2022

An ergonomics oriented toward older adults has responded to increasing social expectations, particularly since late in the 20th century. The popularity of yachting as a form of recreation for the middle class has grown since 1945, while average life expectancy has increased considerably over the past few years only, reflecting improved general economic conditions, better healthcare and nutrition. A higher general retirement age, and advancements in all life phases, also associated to a larger access to higher education have enabled the financial independence and economic security of adults in old age. Until late in the 20th century, adults aged between 60 to 70 years were frequently regarded as an old age group. Individuals who lived to age 90 may have been considered decrepit at the time. Conversely, individuals aged 80 or 90 today sport, on average, a high degree of interest for life and unprecedented physical potentiality. This vitality is also in association with the upper middle classes in terms of income and wealth, which is normally related to older adults. This potentiality to acquire and own costly goods, and a yacht is one, is arguably in reference to these classes of older individuals. To look for ergonomic design concepts that facilitate yachting for older adults is key to the future success of the industry vis-à-vis this new potential market.
Sailing as Stroke Rehabilitation Strategy
Authors: Romero Maximiliano , Andreoni Giuseppe , Piardi Silvia
Published: February 2022

Stroke (brain attack), is a serious global public health problem and the main cause of many forms of disability. The majority of stroke survivors are mostly left with motor (muscle movement or mobility) impairments. Although remarkable developments have been made in drug treatment, post-stroke care continues to rely on rehabilitation interventions mostly. On the other hand, the presence of post-stroke depression has been associated with decreases in functional recovery, social activity and cognition. Therefore, this project aims to improve the quality of people’s lives after a stroke by introducing sailing as outdoor mobility rehabilitation. It is intended to increase the patients’ motivation and engagement in the rehabilitation process by a more enjoyable and relaxing intervention than the existing ones especially for long term periods. The project, based on a haptic system installed on the deck of NYTEC 28 sailing boat, aim to monitoring rehab process development in post-stroke during normal sailing activity.
Passenger Needs on Mobile Information Systems – Field Evaluation in Public Transport
Authors: Hörold Stephan , Mayas Cindy , Krömker Heidi
Published: February 2022

Passenger information is an essential part of public transport and mobility in general. Enabling passengers to plan their journey, to check travel times and routes as well as prices and local information. Technological developments have made information available, e.g. real-time information of vehicles, which supports seamless information before and during the trip. These developments have lead to new information systems along the travel chain, e.g. real-time information displays at stop points, interactive public displays or mobile passenger applications. In this regard, mobile passenger information systems often serve as personal assistants along the journey, providing necessary information for the individual journey of each passenger. Designing these systems for different users and for different journeys, requires knowledge about when and where information and functions are needed along the journey. This knowledge enables developers to design these systems more in regard to the user’s needs. This paper shows a user and context depended evaluation of a mobile passenger information system and an assessment of twenty different functions, related to the fulfillment of information needs along the journey and the creation of added value.
Development of Future Scenarios: Prediction of Mental Workload in a Traffic Management Control Room
Authors: Zeilstra Melcher , Wilms Marit , Blommers Fenneke , de Bruijn David
Published: February 2022

Existing instruments to investigate mental workload are dedicated to specific and existing monitoring jobs. Objective instruments mostly focus on performance or physiological measures. Subjective instruments are more simply applicable, but not suitable to predict mental workload in a nonexistent situation. To overcome these disadvantages Intergo developed OWATTM (Objective Workload Assessment Technique) to assess mental workload of operators in control rooms. A case study shows the use of OWATTM in development of scenarios for the near future of the traffic management control room of the city of Amsterdam, when new build tunnels are under super- vision of the central traffic management control room of the city of Amsterdam. Prediction of workload was key issue in this scenario development. The jobs assessed are traffic managers of the city of Amsterdam. The OWAT™ assessment made it possible to point out the bottlenecks in workload in current situation and future situation. The highly participative way of assessment of workload was appreciated by participating traffic managers. Results showed that there was an opportunity for a higher ambition in traffic management in the city of Amsterdam.
To Beep or Not to Beep: Developing a Non Fail-Safe Warning System in a Fail-Safe Train Protection Environment
Authors: van der Weide Richard , Schreibers Kirsten , Weeda Colete
Published: February 2022

In The Netherlands the most deployed train protection system (ATB-EG) leaves a ‘gap’ below 40 km/h, leading to about 200 signals passed at danger per year. A new warning system (ORBIT) was to fill this gap to a large extent by warning the train driver when approaching a red signal at (too) high speed. ORBIT is not fail-safe, because it is based on GSM-R/UMTS communication and GPS. The design concept and different design solutions of this imperfect automated system were tested with 17 train drivers in a train simulator, and during four weeks in actual service on one route. Results indicate that ORBIT is effective in identifying hazardous situations. Train drivers accepted the warning system. They preferred a warning that is infrequent, diminishing uncertainty, but leaving just enough time to react adequately. A spoken warning was preferred to a tone warning. Results also indicated that minor adjustments in the algorithm were needed to avoid too many unnecessary warnings.
Developing Bayesian Belief Networks to Support Risk-Based Decision Making in Railway Operations
Authors: Molloy Brendan , Balfe Nora , Loweb Emma
Published: February 2022

This paper presents research conducted to model the factors influencing Railway Lookout behaviour in a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). Railway Lookouts are responsible for monitoring the approach of trains and warning their colleagues to clear the track before the train passes. As such, it is a responsible job which requires a high degree of vigilance and lapses in vigilance can have major consequences. The work presented here has attempted to identify and model the factors affecting vigilance in a BBN in order to provide decision support for judging the risks involved in Lookout operations on a daily basis. An understanding of the lookout task was achieved through the use of interviews, workshops, an on-site observation, and a literature review including internal reports from the infrastructure manager and from these the model was developed. The paper details the factors included and their justification and presents the initial results of the BBN. The final Bayesian Network reveals that a Lookout’s efficacy within the lookout task is not sot solely determined by vigilance factors but also auditory, visual and interpersonal factors. The Network shows that Vigilance is dependent on a number of other factors, divided among internal, external, and environmental attention. The paper also discusses the implications of the Network, its potential applications, and possible avenues of further research.
Automatic Inference of Driving Task Demand from Visual Cues of Emotion and Attention
Authors: Soro Alessandro , Rakotonirainy Andry
Published: February 2022

Sensing the mental, physical and emotional demand of a driving task is of primary importance in road safety research and for effectively designing in-vehicle information systems (IVIS). Particularly, the need of cars capable of sensing and reacting to the emotional state of the driver has been repeatedly advocated in the literature. Algorithms and sensors to identify patterns of human behavior, such as gestures, speech, eye gaze and facial expression, are becoming available by using low cost hardware: This paper presents a new system which uses surrogate measures such as facial expression (emotion) and head pose and movements (intention) to infer task difficulty in a driving situation. 11 drivers were recruited and observed in a simulated driving task that involved several pre-programmed events aimed at eliciting emotive reactions, such as being stuck behind slower vehicles, intersections and roundabouts, and potentially dangerous situations. The resulting system, combining face expressions and head pose classification, is capable of recognizing dangerous events (such as crashes and near misses) and stressful situations (e.g. intersections and way giving) that occur during the simulated drive.
Investigating the Effect of Long-Term Worksites on Road Users
Authors: Busen Christian , Gerhards Max Haberstroh Eva-Maria Skottke d Anna , Oeser Markus
Published: February 2022

A large part of German motorways is increasingly in need of modernization. In addition, the dimensioning of traffic routes has to be adapted to consistently growing traffic volumes. Worksites that have to be installed for road preservation and development are planned, following the existing technical regulations. However, the human factor is only considered poorly. Many accidents and traffic disturbances at worksites could be avoided if the driving behavior of road users would be taken into account for the particular situation "worksite". Therefore psychological aspects need to be taken into account for the design of future worksites. In the present study, funded by the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, not only driving behavior, but also heart rate and eye movement of the subjects were measured during test drives in real worksites in order to capture the behavior, workload and attitude that arise for road users when passing a worksite. In addition, longitudinal and lateral distances were detected by means of video cameras and additional measurements were performed at cross-sections. Based on these variables, local traffic parameters were determined. Based on the findings obtained in the study, recommendations for the installation and arrangement of worksites will be compiled which give consideration to the driving behavior. Overall, the aim is to reduce workload for road users in areas of worksites and thereby increase traffic safety.
An Application of the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire in a Large Australian Organisational Fleeting Setting: Can it Predict Crashes and Demerit Point Loss?
Authors: Wishart Darren , Freeman James , Davey Jeremy , Rowland Bevan , Barraclough Peter
Published: February 2022

This study reports on the utilisation of the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) to examine the self-reported driving behaviours of a large sample of Australian fleet drivers (N = 3414). Surveys were completed by employees before they commenced a one day safety workshop intervention. Factor analysis techniques identified a three factor solution similar to previous research, which was comprised of: (a) errors, (b) highway-code violations and (c) aggressive driving violations. Two items traditionally related with highway-code violations were found to be associated with aggressive driving behaviours among the current sample. Multivariate analyses revealed that exposure to the road, errors and self-reported offences predicted crashes at work in the last 12 months, while gender, highway violations and crashes predicted offences incurred while at work. Importantly, those who received more fines at work were at an increased risk of crashing the work vehicle. However, overall, the DBQ demonstrated limited efficacy at predicting these two outcomes. This paper outlines the major findings of the study in regards to identifying and predicting aberrant driving behaviours and also highlights implications regarding the future utilisation of the DBQ within fleet settings.
Comparison of Fuel Economy over Different Drive Cycles Each Having the Same Average Speed
Authors: McGordon Andrew , Birrell Stewart , Poxon John , Jennings Paul
Published: February 2022

The fuel economy of a vehicle is known to be highly dependent on its average speed during driving, with a maximum in fuel economy being present at around 40-50mph. Comparatively little work has been done on the investigation of how fuel economy varies for the same average speed. In this paper we report a theoretical simulation study of nine drive cycles each having the same average speed. The fuel economy for a typical C-segment vehicle varied from 37.3 to 74.4mpg for the nine drive cycles studied. Of the various metrics considered, standard deviation of speed, appears to be the most promising to explain the range of fuel economy. The results have important implications for transport planners, local authorities and national governments who rely on emissions predictions derived from vehicle average speeds. This research highlights the issues associated with this approach.
Choosing Routes and Looking Around Carefully: Aspects of Security Management in Behavior of Nonprofessional Motorcyclists
Authors: Rogério Campos Golias Andrey , Muniz de Almeida Ildeberto
Published: February 2022

In Brazil, many motorcycle accidents have occurred in displacements home-work/school-meals. This study aims to understand the aspects and origins of accidents involving motorcycles used to transport. Therefore, analyzes 20 cases of nonprofessional motorcyclists that accidents occurred in 2011 in Paranavaí, Paraná State, Brazil. Consisted of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and observations at accidents locals, and analyzes were supported by concepts of Activity Ergonomics and guided by the model of analysis and prevention of work accidents. Motorcycle riding strategies were found and constitute prevention. Strategies of motorcycle conduction were found, that are to prevent, based on diachronic management, like route choice, time planning, knowledge of road and vehicle characteristics; and synchronic management, like constant vigilance, change path and attempt to be seen. Accidents occurred in a factors network, when management aspects cognitive fail. The accident, in this light, should be seen as a result of the interaction of task demands, competition between objectives, organizational factors and cognitive processes. Thus, nonprofessional riders are not crazy looking for the accident. Training activities of motorcyclists should highlight the cognitive, guiding with respect to multiple aspects in motorcycle conduction and showing the importance of synchronic and diachronic aspects, as well as their interactions.
Driver’s Over-Trust on Advanced Driver Assistance Systems on Passively Protected Railway Crossings
Authors: S. Larue Gregoire , Rakotonirainy Andry
Published: February 2022

Passively protected railway crossings are a major rail safety issue in Australia. Such crossings cannot be upgraded as such crossings are too numerous and the cost involved is prohibitive. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have been shown to improve road safety and are widely used. These systems could be a solution to improve safety of passively protected crossings at a lower cost. Such complementary ADAS could result in driver’s over-trust due to the absence of Humane Machine Interface reflecting the quality of the information or the state of the ADAS (failure status). This paper demonstrates that driver’s exposure to crossing exhibiting fail-safe and non-fail safe properties could result in improperly allocating trust between technologies. We conducted a driving simulator study where participants (N=58) were exposed to three types of level crossing warning system on passive and active crossings. The results show that a significant proportion of participants over-trust the ADAS. Such drivers exhibit the same driving performance with the ADAS as when exposed to infrastructure based active crossing protection. They do not take the necessary safety precautions as they have a faster speed approach, reduced number of gaze toward the rail tracks and fail to stop at the crossing.
Effects of Driver Familiarity and Prolonged or Intermittent Right-Side Failure on Level Crossing Safety
Authors: Wullems Christian , Haworth Narelle , Larue Gregoire , Haines Andrew , Gildersleeve Matthew
Published: February 2022

This paper investigates the adverse effects of familiarity and human factors issues associated with the reliability of low-cost warning devices at level crossings. The driving simulator study featured a repetitive, low workload, monotonous driving task in which there were no failures of the level crossing (control) or prolonged or intermittent right-side failures (where the device reverts to a safe failure mode). The results of the experiment provided mixed support for the familiarity hypothesis. Four of the 23 participants collided with the train when it first appeared on trial 10 but safety margins increased from the first train to the next presentation of a train (trial 12). Contrary to expectations, the safety margins decreased with repeated right-side failure only for the intermittent condition. The limited head movement data showed that participants in the prolonged failure condition were more likely to turn their head to check for trains in the right-side failure trials than in earlier trials where there was no signal and no train. Few control participants turned their head to check for trains when no signal was presented. This research highlights the need to consider repetitive tasks and workload in experimental design and accident investigation at railway level crossings.
DriveLab: Understanding Driving Behavior Made Easy
Authors: Heffelaar Tobias , van Mil Bram , Kuipers Jorrit
Published: February 2022

The ever increasing computerization in vehicles, combined with an increasing pressure for researchers to deliver results, calls for technology that can quickly record and analyze a drivers behavior. With Drivelab, an easy to use system for measuring and analyzing driver behavior, Green Dino, Noldus Information Technology and SmartEye introduce a system that meets those needs. Drivelab is built on Green Dino’s driving simulator, SmartEye’s Smart Eye Pro and Noldus’ The Observer XT. It records common driver performance measure and various (cognitive) workload measures. Using real-time date exchange, data analysis can start immediately after a trial.
Requirements Discovery for Smart Driver Assistive Technology Through Simulation
Authors: Gregoriadesa Andreas , Floridesa Christos , Christodoulou Smaragda , Pampakab Maria , Michaelc Harris
Published: February 2022

Smart driver assistive technologies (DAT) have been developed to alleviate accident risk by either reducing driver workload or assessing driver attentiveness. Such systems aim to draw drivers’ attention on critical cues that improve their decision making. In some cases, these systems can have a negative effect to the driver due to the extra information load they incur to the user. Therefore, in addition to specifying the functional requirements there is an urgent need to address the human requirements of such system which include workload and SA. The first step in improving drivers’ SA is to enhance driver’s capability of perceiving and interpreting information from traffic and environmental cues. These constitute Level 1 and 2 of the SA model. However, most DAT systems, facilitate high (i.e. level 3) SA for navigation, but as highlighted earlier, they might decrease drivers’ attention and hence, level 1 SA due to secondary task execution that undermines attention to primary task of operational or tactical driving behaviours (e.g. braking, lane changing, gap acceptance etc.). To that end, three important issues need to be addressed prior to departing in any DAT development. These are: the identification of the driver’s information needs that could enhance SA and the specification of a DAT feedback metaphor (type of feedback and appropriate time for issuing warnings) that will support those needs without impairing driver attention. These constitute the requirements discovery phase. The third step in the process is the evaluation of the effect of a prospective DAT on traffic safety. This however, is a complex process and in most cases it’s only feasible once a prototype of the system is available. Developing a prototype however, is time consuming and expensive. An alternative is thus the development of a simulation model that will mimic the system’s functional and non-functional requirements. This enables testing of candidate system designs and the evaluation of their effect on human requirements prior to implementation. In this study we address the requirements discovery phase through experimental analysis of drivers’ needs that are expressed in terms of workload and SA.
Comparing Truck Driving Performance in a Simulator and Instrumented Vehicle
Authors: J. Hanowski Richard , F. Morgan Justin , Soccolich Susan , A. Tidwell Scott
Published: February 2022

Instrumented vehicles record driver behavior and performance as it occurs in the real world. Driving simulators also capture performance, but in conditions meant to approximate the real world. It is unclear the extent to which simulators elicit performance that is comparable to the real world. This study compared driving performance measures that were collected behind the wheel (BTW) of a truck in the real world and from a truck-driving simulator. Both the road and simulator trucks were instrumented with the same data collection equipment and recorded the same driving performance measures. Comparison of overall scores on the road and range tests by test method (BTW and simulator) found test scores differed as a function of test method for drivers trained in a real truck, and in range tests for drivers trained in the simulator. Non-parametric tests indicated the mean rate of lane departures was significantly different between BTW and simulator road tests (p = 0.01); the lane departure rate per minute was 250% greater in the simulator than on the actual road (0.48 vs. 0.19, respectively). Significant differences in scores and measures between BTW and simulator testing indicates that simulation may not be an appropriate platform for testing on-road performance.