bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘They think that if you're a teacher here … you're not clever enough to be a proper teacher’: the courtesy stigma experienced by teachers employed at schools for pupils with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties (BESD)
Authors: Broomhead Karen E.
Published: February 2014

A wealth of literature has identified that children with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties (BESD) and their families are frequently stigmatised due to the perceived controllable and ‘invisible’ nature of this special educational need (SEN). Yet little research has considered the impact of this stigma on another group of individuals, educational practitioners employed in BESD schools. This is despite these professionals working in close contact with pupils with BESD, a heavily stigmatised group, on a regular basis. This paper therefore, details a study which explored perceptions of stigma specifically with educational professionals employed in schools for pupils with BESD. Semi‐structured interviews with nine practitioners (including head teachers and class teachers with additional responsibilities) were conducted, all of whom had worked within the BESD sector for at least 10 years, with data being analysed via Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings revealed how educational practitioners employed in BESD schools experienced courtesy stigma, with many not being perceived as ‘proper’ teachers due to a discourse of care surrounding BESD. Other professionals reported much confusion from their mainstream colleagues and other individuals about how they could want to work with such ‘challenging’ pupils. This courtesy stigma was linked to the wider stigma surrounding BESD schools, which were often ignorantly perceived to be full of ‘bad boys’ or ‘absolute horrors’. This paper concludes by considering the implications of these findings for policy and practice, and provides recommendations for addressing the identified stigma towards practitioners employed in BESD schools.
Barriers to Computed Tomography Radiation Risk Communication in the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient and Physician Perspectives
Authors: Robey Thomas E. , Edwards Kelly , Murphy Mary K.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

This qualitative study aimed to characterize the barriers to informed discussions between patients and emergency physicians (EPs) about radiation risk from computed tomography (CT) and to identify future interventions to improve patient understanding of CT radiation risk.

Methods

This study used a focus group approach to collect concepts about radiation risk exposure from a national sample of EPs and a local sample of emergency department (ED) patients. A directed content analysis used an a priori medical ethics framework to explore themes from the focus groups while a subsequent normative ethics analysis compared these results with existing perceptions about discussing CT radiation risk.

Results

Focus groups (three each for a total of 19 EPs and 27 patients) identified concepts consistent with core medical ethics principles: patients emphasized autonomy and nonmaleficence more than physicians, while physicians emphasized beneficence. Subjects' knowledge of radiation dose and risk were equivalent to previously published reports. When asked about whether they should talk about radiation with patients, 74% of EPs reported that radiation exposure should be discussed, but the study EPs self‐reported doing so with only an average of 24% of patients. Patients reported wanting to hear about radiation from their physicians the next time they need CT scans and thought that a written handout would work better than any other method. When presented with options for how to discuss risk with patients, EPs reported needing easy access to risk information and preferred discussion over other communications approaches, but had mixed support of distributing patient handouts.

Conclusions

The normative view that radiation from diagnostic CT should be discussed in the ED is shared by patients and physicians, but is challenged by the lack of a structured method to communicate CT radiation risk to ED patients. Our analysis identifies promising interest among physicians and patients to use information guides and electronic order prompts as potential informational tools to overcome this barrier.
Social anxiety disorder, a lifelong disorder? A review of the spontaneous remission and its predictors
Authors: Vriends N. , Bolt O. C. , Kunz S. M.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Based on clinical observations, social anxiety disorder (SAD) is usually described as a chronic disorder. Its natural course in the community is less clear.

Method

The present review summarises prospective and retrospective spontaneous remission rates of SAD in the community and its predictors that were published after 1987. Remission rates were specified as partial, defined as still having social fears, but not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria, and full, defined as having no social fears anymore.

Results

In prospective studies, remission rates of SAD varied between 36% and 93% and in retrospective studies between 3% and 80%. The estimated average remission rate in prospective studies was 50% for full remission and 79% when including partial remission. In retrospective studies, the average remission rate was 26% during the last year and 56% over the lifetime. Diverse predictors of remission of SAD have been found that can be clustered into less severe anxiety, less additional psychopathology, less stress, employment, and mental health.

Conclusion

The enormous variation in remission rates indicates that SAD might have different course types (short, fluctuating, and chronic) and is not necessarily a chronic disorder. Prevention and treatment should be focused on enhancing positive and reducing negative factors.
A DFNA5 Mutation Identified in Japanese Families with Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Hearing Loss
Authors: Nishio Ayako , Noguchi Yoshihiro , Sato Tatsuya , Naruse Taeko K. , Kimura Akinori , Takagi Akira , Kitamura Ken
Published: February 2014

Mutations in DFNA5 lead to autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss (NSHHL). To date, four different mutations in DFNA5 have been reported to cause hearing loss. A 3 bp deletion mutation (c.991‐15_991‐13del) was identified in Chinese and Korean families with autosomal dominant NSHHL, which suggested that the 3 bp deletion mutation was derived from a single origin. In the present study, we performed genetic screening of mutations in the interval between intron 6 and exon 9 of DFNA5 in 65 Japanese patients with autosomal dominant NSHHL and identified the c.991‐15_991‐13del mutation in two patients. Furthermore, we compared the DFNA5‐linked haplotypes consisting of intragenic SNPs between the reported Chinese and Korean families and found that the Japanese patients showed a shared region spanning 41,874 bp. This is the first report of DFNA5 mutations in Japanese patients with autosomal dominant NSHHL, supporting the suggestion that the 3 bp deletion mutation occurred in their ancestors.
Comparison of organic electroluminescence and liquid crystal displays for clinical utility in orthopedic endoscopic surgery
Authors: Dezawa Akira , Sairyo Koichi
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Organic electroluminescence displays (OELD) use organic materials that self‐emit light with the passage of an electric current. OELD provide high contrast, excellent color reproducibility at low brightness, excellent video images, and less restricted viewing angles. OELD are thus promising for medical use. This study compared the utility of an OELD with conventional liquid crystal displays (LCD) for imaging in orthopedic endoscopic surgery.

Methods

One OELD and two conventional LCD that were indistinguishable in external appearance were used in this study. Images from 18 patients were displayed simultaneously on three monitors and evaluated by six orthopedic surgeons with extensive surgical experience. Images were shown for 2 min, repeated twice, and viewed from the front and side (diagonally). Surgeon rated both clinical utility (12 parameters) and image quality (11 parameters) for each image on a 5‐point scale: 1, very good; 2, good; 3, average; 4, poor; and 5, very poor.

Results

For clinical utility in 16 percutaneous endoscopic discectomy cases, mean scores for all 12 parameters were significantly better on the OELD than on the LCD, including organ distinguishability (2.1 vs 3.2, respectively), lesion identification (2.2 vs 3.1), and overall viewing impression (2.1 vs 3.1). For image quality, all 11 parameters were better on the OELD than on LCD. Significant differences were identified in six parameters, including contrast (1.8 vs 2.9), color reproducibility in dark areas (1.8 vs 2.9), and viewing angle (2.2 vs 2.9).

Conclusion

The high contrast and excellent color reproducibility of the OELD reduced the constraints of imaging under endoscopy, in which securing a field of view may be difficult. Distinguishability of organs was good, including ligaments, dura mater, nerves, and adipose tissue, contributing to good stereoscopic images of the surgical field. These findings suggest the utility of OELD for excellent display of surgical images and for enabling safe and highly accurate endoscopic surgery.
Osteological development of Cope's Gray Treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis
Authors: Shearman Rebecca M. , Maglia Anne M.
Published: February 2014

Hyla chrysoscelis, Cope's Gray Treefrog, is a generalized treefrog found throughout much of east‐central North America. Although it is a model for many behavioural and ecological studies, little is known of its skeletal morphology or development. Herein, we describe the postembryonic skeletal development and adult osteology of H. chrysoscelis. The adult skull is well ossified with slight dermal ornamentation, the postcranial and tadpole skeletons are fairly non‐distinct with no obvious novel morphologies, and the Gosner stage by which bony elements first appear varies. We compare the rank order sequence of ossification to that of its sibling species Hyla versicolor and use examples from this study to demonstrate current complications with conducting ossification sequence meta‐analyses.
Immunolocalization of beta‐proteins and alpha‐keratin in the epidermis of the soft‐shelled turtle explains the lack of formation of hard corneous material
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: February 2014

Immunolocalization of beta‐proteins in the epidermis of the soft‐shelled turtle explains the lack of formation of hard corneous material, Acta Zoologica, Stockholm. The corneous layer of soft‐shelled turtles derives from the accumulation of higher ratio of alpha‐keratins versus beta‐proteins as indicated by gene expression, microscopic, immunocytochemical and Western blotting analysis. Type I and II beta‐proteins of 14–16 kDa, indicated as Tu2 and Tu17, accumulate in the thick and hard corneous layer of the hard‐shelled turtle, but only type II is present in the thinner corneous layer of the soft‐shelled turtle. The presence of proline–proline and proline–cysteine–hinge dipeptides in the beta‐sheet region of all type II beta‐proteins so far isolated from the epidermis of soft‐shelled turtles might impede the formation of beta‐filaments and of the hard corneous material. Western blot analysis suggests that beta‐proteins are low to absent in the corneous layer. The ultrastructural immunolocalization of Tu2 and Tu17 beta‐proteins shows indeed that a diffuse labelling is seen among the numerous alpha‐keratin filaments present in the precorneous and corneous layers of the soft epidermis and that no dense corneous material is formed. Double‐labelling experiments confirm that alpha‐keratin prevails on beta‐proteins. The present observations support the hypothesis that the soft material detected in soft‐shelled turtles derives from the prevalent activation of genes producing type II beta‐proteins and high levels of alpha‐keratins.
Results of collagen plug occlusion of anal fistula: a multicentre study of 126 patients
Authors: Blom J. , Husberg‐Sellberg B. , Lindelius A. , Gustafsson U.‐M. , Carlens S. , Oppelstrup H. , Bragmark M. , Yin L. , Nyström P.‐O.
Published: February 2014

Aim

The Biodesign® anal fistula plug was introduced as a means of obliterating the fistula tract and promoting healing through biocompatibility. The results demonstrated unexplained variations from good to bad. This report analysed the results of a retrospective multicentre study.

Method

All plug procedures performed in four Stockholm hospitals between June 2006 and June 2010 were identified and studied using a common protocol. The outcome after the first plug‐insertion procedure was assessed by chart review performed a minimum of 8 months after plug insertion. Cox proportional‐hazards models were used to assess the associations of various factors with fistula healing.

Results

One‐hundred and twenty‐six patients (mean age 47 years) were deemed suitable for the plug procedure. Eighty‐five per cent of fistulae were cryptoglandular, 64% of patients were male and a mean of 2.9 previous fistulae procedures had been performed. All patients, except four, had an indwelling seton at the time of the plug procedure, which was performed in accordance with previously established principles of day surgery. After a median of 13 months, 30 (24%) fistulae had closed with no discomfort or secretion reported. The outcome in the four hospitals varied from 13% to 33% with similar numbers of patients in each hospital. A success rate of 12% was observed for patients with anterior fistula compared with 32% for those with posterior tracks [hazard ratio (HR) for successful healing = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.01–8.78) and 41% for those with a lateral internal opening (HR = 3.76; 95% CI: 1.03–13.75). Age, sex and number of previous procedures were not associated with healing.

Conclusion

Four independent patient groups showed low success rates after the first plug‐insertion procedure. Anterior fistulae were much less likely to heal compared with fistulae in other locations.
Randomized single‐blind clinical trial of intradermal methylene blue on pain reduction after open diathermy haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Sim H.‐L. , Tan K.‐Y.
Published: February 2014

Background

Open haemorrhoidectomy has been associated with considerable postoperative pain and discomfort. Perianal intradermal injection of methylene blue has been shown to ablate perianal nerve endings and may bring about temporary pain relief after haemorrhoidectomy. We hypothesized that the administration of intradermal methylene blue would reduce postoperative pain during the initial period after surgery.

Method

A randomized, prospective, single‐blind placebo‐controlled trial was conducted. Patients were randomized to intradermal injection at haemorrhoidectomy of either 4 ml 1% methylene blue and 16 ml 0.5% marcaine or of 16 ml 0.5% marcaine and 4 ml saline prior to surgical dissection. Patients were asked to fill in a pain diary with a visual analogue scale. The primary outcome measure was pain score and analgesic use. Secondary outcomes were complications.

Results

There were 37 patients in the methylene blue arm and 30 patients in the placebo arm. There were no statistically significant differences in the sex, type of haemorrhoid, number of haemorrhoids excised, duration of surgery or hospital stay. The mean pain scores were significantly lower and the use of paracetamol was also significantly less in the methylene blue group during the first three postoperative days. The risk ratio of acute urinary retention occurring when methylene blue was not used was 2.320 (95% CI 1.754–3.067). Other complication rates were not significantly different.

Conclusion

Perianal intradermal injection of methylene blue was useful in reducing the initial postoperative pain of open haemorrhoidectomy.
Assessment of Aortic Stiffness by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Go Orson D. , Safar Michel E. , Smulyan Harold
Published: February 2014

Background

Aortic stiffness, often measured by the carotid/femoral pulse‐wave velocity (PWV) method, has become an attractive predictor for cardiovascular (CV) risk. Although noninvasive, PWV requires additional equipment and training. Aortic diameters measured at transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provide high spatial resolution images as an alternative to PWV, and permit a more routine assessment of aortic stiffness. The purpose of this study was to measure aortic diameters at TEE, calculate aortic stiffness and compare these data to those of the more established PWV as estimates of CV risk and survival.

Methods

Systolic and diastolic aortic dimensions were measured retrospectively in 500 consecutive patients who had a clinically indicated TEE. Aortic compliance, distensibility, and stiffness index were calculated using the aortic diameters and corrected brachial cuff blood pressures (BP).

Results

Compliance significantly related to age and mean BP (both P < 0.0001) and nearly significantly to chronic renal disease (P = 0.064). The results for distensibility and stiffness index were similar. When analyzed by Kaplan–Meier curves, all stiffness tertiles were significantly predictive of 4.5‐ to 7.5‐year survival. These calculated values behaved similar to those of PWV reported in the literature.

Conclusions

This study showed that in patients undergoing routine TEE, aortic stiffness can be readily measured and that the derived values offer relationships comparable to those of PWV, including survival prediction. The method may also find use in assessing aortic stiffness in the TEE evaluation of patients with a bicuspid aortic valve or in preparation for transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
RapidSalmonelladetection in experimentally inoculated equine faecal and veterinary hospital environmental samples using commercially available lateral flow immunoassays
Authors: Burgess B. A. , Noyes N. R. , Bolte D. S. , Hyatt D. R. , van Metre D. C. , Morley P. S.
Published: February 2014

Reasons for performing study

Salmonella entericais the most commonly reported cause of outbreaks of nosocomial infections in large animal veterinary teaching hospitals and the closure of equine hospitals. Rapid detection may facilitate effective control practices in equine populations. Shipping and laboratory testing typically require ≥48 h to obtain results. Lateral flow immunoassays developed for use in food‐safety microbiology provide an alternative that has not been evaluated for use with faeces or environmental samples.

Objectives

We aimed to identify enrichment methods that would allow commercially available rapidSalmonelladetection systems (lateral flow immunoassays) to be used in clinical practice with equine faecal and environmental samples, providing test results in 18–24 h.

Study design

In vitroexperiment.

Methods

Equine faecal and environmental samples were inoculated with known quantities ofS. entericaserotypeTyphimurium and cultured using 2 different enrichment techniques for faeces and 4 enrichment techniques for environmental samples. Samples were tested blindly using 2 different lateral flow immunoassays and plated on agar media for confirmatory testing.

Results

In general, commercial lateral flow immunoassays resulted in fewer false‐negative test results with enrichment of 1 g faecal samples in tetrathionate for 18 h, while all environmental sample enrichment techniques resulted in similar detection rates. The limit of detection from spiked samples, ∼4 colony‐forming units/g, was similar for all methods evaluated.

Conclusions

The lateral flow immunoassays evaluated could reliably detectS. entericawithin 18 h, indicating that they may be useful for rapid point‐of‐care testing in equine practice applications. Additional evaluation is needed using samples from naturally infected cases and the environment to gain an accurate estimate of test sensitivity and specificity and to substantiate further the true value of these tests in clinical practice.
Strong effects of occasional drying on subsequent water clarity and cyanobacterial blooms in cool tropical reservoirs
Authors: Teferi Mekonen , Declerck Steven A. J. , De Bie Tom , Lemmens Pieter , Gebrekidan Abraha , Asmelash Tsehaye , Dejenie Tadesse , Gebrehiwot Kindeya , Bauer Hans , Deckers Jozef A. , Snoeks Jos , De Meester Luc
Published: February 2014

In semi‐arid regions, the construction of small reservoirs is important in alleviating water shortage, although many have poor water quality with high turbidity and dense blooms of algae and cyanobacteria, and there are large differences in the ecology of such reservoirs.

We took advantage of two exceptionally dry years in northern Ethiopia to study the effect of a dry period and the associated fish kills on reservoir ecology and water quality. We studied 13 reservoirs, seven of which dried up in 2009. Four of the latter dried up again in 2010. We monitored the ecology of these reservoirs from 2009 to 2011, hypothesising that the pattern of reservoir drying would explain ecological differences among them.

Reservoirs that refilled after drying had a significantly lower fish biomass, lower biomass of phytoplankton (expressed as chlorophyll‐a) and cyanobacteria (Microcystis), clearer water, greater macrophyte cover and lower nutrient concentrations than reservoirs that did not dry. Although the differences in water quality were most striking in the wet season after a drying event, there were persistent effects on reservoir ecology. The three categories of reservoirs we distinguished, based on their behaviour in 2009 and 2010, also showed differences in 2004, a year during which none of the reservoirs dried out. While drying evidently results in better water quality, we could not disentangle the effects of drying per se from that of reductions in fish biomass. The total combined effect was highly significant in all 3 years, whereas the separate effects of drying and loss of fish were only significant in 2004.

Our results suggest that differences in water quality and ecology among reservoirs depend on their propensity to dry out. Drying might be used as a restoration measure to reduce potentially harmful cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs.
Terrestrialization alters organic matter dynamics and habitat quality for freshwater mussels (Unionoida) in floodplain backwaters
Authors: Negishi Junjiro N. , Katsuki Kotaro , Kume Manabu , Nagayama Shigeya , Kayaba Yuichi
Published: February 2014

Anthropogenically induced reduction in flood inundation frequency often leads to terrestrialisation, which accompanies establishment and expansions of tree cover on areas formerly with little or no trees. We tested hypotheses that terrestrialisation degrades habitat for freshwater mussels (Unionoida: Unio douglasiae nipponensis and Lanceolaria grayana) by changing the organic matter (OM) dynamics in floodplain backwaters.

Stable isotope composition of seston, periphyton, fine and coarse benthic particulate OM (FBPOM and CBPOM) and mussel tissues was measured to understand OM dynamics and food webs in 14 backwaters in the middle segment of the Kiso River, Japan. Isotope ratios, C : N ratio and chlorophyll a as a proxy of food resource characteristics and the frequency of hypoxia were related to mussel growth rates.

δ13C of seston, periphyton and FBPOM was low at sites with lower inundation frequency (a greater degree of terrestrialisation), whereas such a trend was not observed for CBPOM (i.e. riparian leaf litter). Mussels fed exclusively on seston or mixtures of seston and periphyton with their δ13C tracking fluctuations in food resources.

Sestonic δ13C differences were attributed to changes in dominant carbon origin from predominantly river‐borne to autochthonous sources, while periphytic δ13C differences were possibly caused by a varying level of dependence on respiratory CO2. FBPOM‐δ13C differences were associated with a greater contribution of CBPOM to the FBPOM pool in infrequently flooded backwaters. Variability in mussel growth was more closely related to hypoxia than food resource characteristics.

We inferred that terrestrialisation changes quality of seston and benthic detritus and degrades habitat conditions largely by accumulating riparian leaf litter in the benthic detrital pool and increasing the frequency of hypoxia. The removal of riparian trees may temporarily improve habitat condition in backwaters heavily affected by terrestrialisation. However, ecological integrity in the long run requires the recovery of the process that suppresses terrestrialisation, which includes restoration of incised channels and flood pulses.
Obesity and Headache: Part I – A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Obesity and Headache
Authors: Chai Nu Cindy , Scher Ann I. , Moghekar Abhay , Bond Dale S. , Peterlin B. Lee
Published: February 2014

Individually, both obesity and headache are conditions associated with a substantial personal and societal impact. Recent data support that obesity is comorbid with headache in general and migraine specifically, as well as with certain secondary headache conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. In the current manuscript, we first briefly review the epidemiology of obesity and common primary and secondary headache disorders individually. This is followed by a systematic review of the general population data evaluating the association between obesity and headache in general, and then obesity and migraine and tension‐type headache disorders. Finally, we briefly discuss the data on the association between obesity and a common secondary headache disorder that is associated with obesity, idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Taken together, these data suggest that it is important for clinicians and patients to be aware of the headache/migraine‐obesity association, given that it is potentially modifiable. Hypotheses for mechanisms of the obesity‐migraine association and treatment considerations for overweight and obese headache sufferers are discussed in the companion manuscript, as part II of this topic.
The Home and the World: New Directions in the History of the Family in South Asia
Authors: Denault Leigh
Published: February 2014

Histories of the family and household in South Asia, while they appear at first to represent a micro‐historical and regional approach, have in recent years engaged with global histories of ideas and material culture. This article argues that studying ‘imperial social formation’ at the level of the family provides important insights into the ways in which global and local forces interact and coexist. It provides us with the means to write a ‘thicker’ history of the development of the modern global economy as well as more precisely charting the evolution of political forces in the colonial and postcolonial world. Looking at recent work by a new generation of historians blurring traditional disciplinary boundaries, ‘family histories’ offer a means of reconciling micro and macro historiographies of modern South Asia.
Why Study Medieval Canon Law?
Authors: Rennie Kriston R. , Taliadoros Jason
Published: February 2014

Why study medieval canon law? Dominated for generations by German and French historians, the field is frequently viewed as hyper‐specialised, arcane, abstruse, and inaccessible even to scholars of medieval history and religion. Yet, as this article suggests, nothing could be further from the truth. To treat the study of medieval canon law as peripheral to medieval life and society is to ignore and misunderstand its full potential. A current revival of scholarship is transforming this general impression, bringing necessary relevance and clarity to the law's importance in the Middle Ages. By examining the current ‘state of the field’, this article argues that a renaissance in the study of medieval canon law is now taking place, the impact of which is only beginning to be felt. It examines recent developments in the study of medieval canon law between the 11th and 13th centuries, arguing that this revival of scholarship has the potential to influence our understanding of medieval Europe as a whole.
The Early Árpáds (895–1095): Consolidation, Christianization, Monarchy
Authors: Sutt Cameron
Published: February 2014

The nomadic Hungarians arrived in the Carpathian Basin at the end of the ninth century. In the following century, significant changes occurred that led to their survival as a distinct political entity. These changes involved the adoption of western modes of power, including centralization under a single monarch, consolidation of political power, and Christianization in part as a means of ideological legitimacy. These changes are generally attributed to the first king, Stephen, though his father Géza set important precedents. A period of political chaos followed Stephen's death, but Ladislas I followed the example of Stephen in reestablishing order.
Some Perspectives on Societal Impacts of Past Climatic Changes
Authors: Diaz Henry , Trouet Valerie
Published: February 2014

We examine a range of paleoclimatic evidence covering approximately the last 2000 years (the Common Era) to provide plausible environmental scenarios as potential drivers and stressors associated with major societal disruption in different parts of the world. The period studied covers both historical, for which there is documentary evidence of impacts, and prehistorical events, for which impacts are inferred from the archeological record. Drought appears to be the most common high‐impact stressor in the historical and prehistorical records. Clearly, the adequacy of water supplies for growing food and for an array of other uses is a thread that weaves its way across time and societies.

We also briefly outline some of the key physical mechanisms leading to climatic changes of a magnitude that could have led to societal disruptions. These include solar variability and large explosive volcanic eruptions, both of which affect the amount of radiant energy available to the Earth's climate system, as well as the natural internal variability of the climate system.

We emphasize that climatic changes alone are unlikely to be the sole determinant cause of a given society's response – whether abandonment of settlements or bellicose action against its own members or neighbors. Often, the natural hazard is simply a catalyst for actions whose groundwork had been set in motion for some time prior. In many cases, appropriate mitigation to reduce vulnerability and efforts to enhance a society's adaptive capacity might have been enough to prevent the most extreme consequences of the nature's extremes. In that vein, we point to current conditions in the western United States, where a complex mix of past and current actions together with a rapidly changing climate are causing a plethora of problems whose solution will demand creative collaborative actions at all levels of society.
“A Home for Poets”: The Liberal Curriculum in Victorian Britain's Teachers' Training Colleges
Authors: Bischof Christopher Robert
Published: February 2014

In the 1850s, at St. Mark's training college in Chelsea, London, ten students regularly violated the “lights out” rule in the evening at the end of long, exhausting days. Desirous of increasing their culture and general knowledge, they gave over half an hour every evening before sleep to what they styled, after the working-class clubs of the same name, “a mutual improvement society” in which they took turns giving lectures on a wide range of topics. They were not alone: throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, teachers-in-training across Britain supplemented their already daunting workload by writing poetry, reading novels, discussing Shakespeare, and holding debates about pressing social and political questions. From the perspective of many Victorian observers and historians today, this anecdote is an anomaly, an aberration that carries little weight in telling the story of the training colleges in which the majority of teachers in Victorian Britain eventually came to receive an education. For them, training colleges were the sites of rote memorization and pedagogical learning. Though some educationalists called for a more liberal curriculum for teachers, according to this view, teachers' education only began to emphasize expansive reading, original thinking, the cultivation of the individual, and general curiosity beginning in the 1890s with the rise of day training colleges affiliated with universities.
The Management of Prisoners' Children in the Russian Federation
Authors: Pallot Judith , Katz Elena
Published: February 2014

The inherited geography of the penal estate in the Russian Federation, which results in prisoners being sent long distances to serve their sentences, creates difficulties for maintaining prisoners' family ties. Using the results of interviews conducted with prisoners, former prisoners and relatives in the Russian Federation in 2007–2011, the article examines the patterns of contact between minors and their incarcerated parents in the context of arrangements put in place by the prison service to support the parent‐child relationship. Despite arrangements that appear positive on the surface, societal prejudice and historical practice combine with geography to militate against good outcomes.
Landscape mosaic attributes for maintaining ground‐living spider diversity in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Gaigher Rene , Samways Michael J.
Published: February 2014

Spiders often dominate predator assemblages in vineyard agroecosystems. Land‐use practices that enhance their diversity may be important for regional biodiversity conservation as well as biological control of vineyard pests.

We surveyed ground‐dwelling spiders in habitats at different management intensities (natural habitat remnants, organic vineyards, and conventional vineyards) in the vineyard landscape of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) biodiversity hotspot, South Africa, to examine the effects of local land use on spider diversity.

Natural habitat remnants contributed significantly to the overall diversity, and supported rare families and unique species that were not found in the agricultural matrix. Nevertheless, vineyards still supported fairly high spider diversity, with a tendency for higher species richness in organic vineyards. Environmental variables relating to plant diversity, management intensity and distance to nearest natural habitat influenced spider abundance and species richness, and changes to these factors may improve the habitability of the vineyard landscape for spiders.

All habitats supported various spider families that are known to prey on South African crop pests. In addition, spiders were abundant in both sampling seasons (autumn and spring), but showed a significant increase in vineyards early in the growing season, suggesting that they may provide early‐season background regulation of pests.

There is considerable opportunity for spider conservation in the CFR vineyard landscape, as well as the possibility of associated benefits to biological control within vineyards.
The impact of trauma on sexual functioning
Authors: Gregory Angela
Published: February 2014

A traumatic incident is an extremely stressful experience for any person. The effects on an individual after the event can be so distressing that their lives and relationships with others are seriously affected. This paper discusses how trauma can impact on the sexual functioning of an individual using case examples and suggestions for management.
Carbon Interlayer Between CVD SiC and SiO2in High‐Temperature Passive Oxidation
Authors: Katsui Hirokazu , Oguma Miyuki , Goto Takashi
Published: February 2014

The oxidation behavior of high‐purity silicon carbide (SiC) prepared by chemical vapor deposition was investigated by thermogravimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy in the temperature range 1534–1902 K in pure O2. The carbon layer formed at the SiC/SiO2interface upon oxidation above 1784 K. Raman peaks corresponding toD‐ andG‐bands could be identified from the carbon layer. Bubbles were observed in the SiO2scale after the oxidation at 1873 K. This could be attributed to the accumulation of CO gas at the SiC/SiO2interface, resulting in the formation of the carbon layer and bubbles. These suggest that the oxidation rate of SiC is limited by the outward diffusion of CO in the SiO2scale in this temperature range.
Application of Ultrasonic Measurement on Small‐Sized Ceramic Sample
Authors: Serizawa Hiroyuki , Kaji Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2014

The longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of polycrystalline MgO were successfully measured simultaneously and five types of elastic moduli, the Debye temperature, and the Grüneisen parameter were evaluated as functions of temperature from 298 to 1764 K. An aluminum foil was used as a couplant between the MgO specimen and waveguide. Both acoustic waves were successfully propagated into the specimen through the solid and liquid aluminum layers. In particular, no influence of melted aluminum foil on the acoustic wave velocities was observed. With increasing temperature, the Young's, shear, and bulk moduli decreased monotonically and the Grüneisen parameter and Poisson's ratio increased monotonically, which indicated a decrease in the ionic bonding strength. The Debye temperature decreased almost linearly with increasing temperature, which showed the effect of thermal expansion. Although previous investigators concluded that the Grüneisen parameter was almost independent of temperature, our data showed an obvious gradual increase in this parameter with temperature. In addition, our results implied the possibility of an abrupt increase in the Grüneisen parameter at temperatures less than 400 K. The slope of the Lamé parameter–temperature plot was almost zero over the entire investigated temperature range. On the basis of three‐dimensional volume‐nonpreserving shear, this behavior was interpreted as being caused by interlocking associated with the network of short Mg–O bonds.
Factors associated with gender differences in medication adherence: a longitudinal study
Authors: Chen Shiah‐Lian , Lee Wen‐Lieng , Liang Tienli , Liao I‐Chen
Published: February 2014

Aims

To examine gender differences in the medication adherence of patients with hypertension by applying a longitudinal follow‐up.

Background

Patient views of illness affect their adherence to therapeutic regimens. However, few studies have explored these issues by using a longitudinal design or from a gender perspective.

Design

This study used a longitudinal, correlational design.

Methods

A purposive sampling of 118 patients were recruited from cardiovascular clinics of a teaching hospital in Central Taiwan in 2007–2009. Data were collected using the Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire‐Revised and the Medication Adherence Inventory at three time points: at the first clinic visit, 6 and 12 months after the initial survey. Generalized estimating equations were calculated using the STATA software for data analysis.

Results

The findings revealed that male patients adhere more effectively to medications than female patients do. The interaction between systolic blood pressure and gender emerged as a significant predictor of adherence. Factors associated with adherence in male patients included less causal attribution to culture, more attribution to risk factors, fewer symptoms and uncertain symptoms related to high blood pressure, lower scores for timeline‐cyclical and higher scores for illness consequences and coherence. Medication adherence for female patients was significantly related to more causal attribution to balance and risk factors, less personal control and enhanced illness coherence.

Conclusion

Factors associated with adherence to antihypertensive medication were relatively gender‐specific. Awareness of the differences is crucial for health professionals to provide appropriate advice for patients to cope effectively with their health threat.
Perceptions of healthcare professionals’ support, shock anxiety and device acceptance among implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients
Authors: Morken Ingvild M. , Norekvål Tone M. , Bru Edvin , Larsen Alf I. , Karlsen Bjørg
Published: February 2014

Aims

To investigate the extent to which perceived support from healthcare professionals and shock anxiety is related to device acceptance among implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients.

Background

Device acceptance can be influenced by several factors, one of which is shock anxiety associated with poor device acceptance. Reduced shock anxiety, as well as increased device acceptance, has been reported after psycho‐educational programmes. As healthcare professionals appear to play a significant role in providing support and education during regular follow‐up visits, they may constitute an important social support system that could be another factor influencing device acceptance. However, little is known about the relationship between perceived support from healthcare professionals and device acceptance among recipients.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey design.

Methods

A sample comprising implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients completed questionnaires assessing perceived support from healthcare professionals, shock anxiety and device acceptance. Demographic and clinical data were collected by self‐report and from medical records in September–October 2010.

Results

The descriptive results indicated that approximately 85% of the recipients experienced high device acceptance. Regression analysis demonstrated that constructive support from healthcare professionals was positively associated with device acceptance and moderated the negative relationship between shock anxiety and device acceptance. Non‐constructive support and shock anxiety had a negative statistical association with device acceptance.

Conclusions

Healthcare professionals may represent a valuable constructive support system that can enhance device acceptance among implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients, partly by preventing shock anxiety from leading to poor device acceptance. Non‐constructive communication on the part of healthcare professionals could hinder device acceptance.
Dependence on Wrongdoing in the Consumption of Meat: A Kantian Analysis
Authors: Hammer Carl
Published: February 2014

Kant's ethics is used by some as a defence of the exploitation of animals and is criticised by others for not recognising any moral relevance of the plight of animals. These appeals overlook the broad applicability of Kant's principles. In this article, I argue that Kant's ethics implies a duty to abstain from most meat and some other animal products derived from farming. I argue that there is a Kantian principle not to choose goods that have been derived from wrongdoing, with certain qualifications. This principle isolates the wrong of using others to commit wrongdoing on one's behalf. As has been argued by others, Kant's ethics implies that animal farming as we know it in our society almost universally involves wrongdoing and the slaughter of animals is especially tied to wrongdoing. I argue for a broad sense in which these ideas together imply that choosing farmed meat, and probably other animal products, is treating animal industry workers as mere means. Thus, we have a Kantian duty to abstain from these products.
A New Use of ‘Race’: The Evidence and Ethics of Forensic DNA Ancestry Profiling
Authors: Kopec Matthew
Published: February 2014

Recent advances in population genetics have made it possible to infer an individual's ancestral origin with a high degree of reliability, giving rise to the new technology called ‘DNA Ancestry Profiling’. Bioethicists have raised concerns over using this technology within a forensic context, many of which stem from issues concerning race. In this article, I offer some reasons why we ought to allow forensic scientists to use DNA Ancestry Profiling to infer the race or ethnicity of perpetrators — on a particular understanding of race or ethnicity — in at least some cases. First, there is reason to think the process will meet our evidential standards in many cases. Second, the technology has serious prospects for improving racial justice. Third, the ethical concerns that have been raised can be addressed. And last, using Forensic DNA Ancestry Profiling to infer race or ethnicity has many benefits over its successor technology known as Molecular Photofitting. I conclude the essay by sketching the empirical work that remains to be done.
Moral Individualism, Moral Relationalism, and Obligations to Non‐human Animals
Authors: May Todd
Published: February 2014

Moral individualists like Jeff McMahan and Peter Singer argue that our moral obligations to animals, both human and non‐human, are grounded in the morally salient capacities of those animals. By contrast, what might be called moral relationalists argue that our obligations to non‐human animals are grounded in our relationship to them. Moral relationalists are of various kinds, from relationalists regarding assistance to animals, such as Clare Palmer and Elizabeth Anderson, to relationalists grounded in a Wittgensteinian view of human practice, such as Cora Diamond and Alice Crary. This article argues that there are, in fact, two distinct types of moral reasons, those based on salient capacities and those based on relationships. Neither type of reason is reducible to the other, and there is no third type to which to reduce them both. Any attempt at reduction would run counter to deep intuitions about our moral relation to non‐human animals as well as to other humans. Among the implications of this is that certain kinds of arguments, such as the argument from marginal cases, seem to be incomplete precisely because they do not capture the complexity of our moral relations to non‐human animals.
A matter of perspective: why past moral behavior can sometimes encourage and other times discourage future moral striving
Authors: Susewind Moritz , Hoelzl Erik
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we investigate the role of different perspectives people take on their past moral and nonmoral behavior. Across two experiments, we show that when people focus on progress toward personal goals, past moral behavior leads to less future moral striving compared to past nonmoral behavior. However, when people focus on commitment toward personal goals, past moral behavior tends to lead to more future moral striving compared to past nonmoral behavior. Our results integrate seemingly contradictive empirical evidence from past research, relying on the overarching theoretical framework of goal regulation theory.
3‐D ultrastructure and collagen composition of healthy and overloaded human tendon: evidence of tenocyte and matrix buckling
Authors: Pingel Jessica , Lu Yinhui , Starborg Tobias , Fredberg Ulrich , Langberg Henning , Nedergaard Anders , Weis MaryAnn , Eyre David , Kjaer Michael , Kadler Karl E.
Published: February 2014

Achilles tendinopathies display focal tissue thickening with pain and ultrasonography changes. Whilst complete rupture might be expected to induce changes in tissue organization and protein composition, little is known about the consequences of non‐rupture‐associated tendinopathies, especially with regards to changes in the content of collagen type I and III (the major collagens in tendon), and changes in tendon fibroblast (tenocyte) shape and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To gain new insights, we took biopsies from the tendinopathic region and flanking healthy region of Achilles tendons of six individuals with clinically diagnosed tendinopathy who had no evidence of cholesterol, uric acid and amyloid accumulation. Biochemical analyses of collagen III/I ratio were performed on all six individuals, and electron microscope analysis using transmission electron microscopy and serial block face‐scanning electron microscopy were made on two individuals. In the tendinopathic regions, compared with the flanking healthy tissue, we observed: (i) an increase in the ratio of collagen III : I proteins; (ii) buckling of the collagen fascicles in the ECM; (iii) buckling of tenocytes and their nuclei; and (iv) an increase in the ratio of small‐diameter : large‐diameter collagen fibrils. In summary, load‐induced non‐rupture tendinopathy in humans is associated with localized biochemical changes, a shift from large‐ to small‐diameter fibrils, buckling of the tendon ECM, and buckling of the cells and their nuclei.