bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Microscopy as the Reference Method for Particle Size Analysis in Drug Development
Authors: DiMemmo L , Hubert M , Sarsfield B , Shekunov B
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Thermal Microscopy Standards for Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Carlton R , Roberts-Skilton K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
A to Z of Technology - Software for Better Results with Faster Sensors
Authors: Burgess S , Goulden J , Hyde A , Redfern D , Rowlands N
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
3D Confocal Raman Imaging of Transparent and Opaque Samples
Authors: Schmidt U , Yang J , Liu W , Jauss A , Dieing T
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
New Design and Measurements with 60 mm2 Rococo2 SDD Detectors
Authors: Niculae A , Bornschlegl M , Eckhardt R , Herrmann J , Jaritschin O , Lechner P , Liebel A , Soltau H , Schaller G , Schopper F , Strüder L
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Characterization of 16 MegaPixel CMOS Detector for TEM by Evaluating Single Events of Primary Electrons
Authors: Ghadimi R , Daberkow I , Kofler C , Sparlinek P , Tietz H
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
New Type of Silicon-Based Zernike Thin-Film Phase Plate
Authors: Irsen S , Pattai S , Kurth P , Wamser J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
DNA Sequencing by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Bleloch A , Own C , Hamalainen M , Hershleb J , Kemmish K , Koene R , Stark H , Stark J , Andregg M , Andregg W
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Picometer Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Urban K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Low kV Analysis and First Principles Study of the Structure and Bonding at SrTiO3/GaAs Hetero-Interfaces
Authors: Qiao Q , Klie R , Ogut S
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Wetting-Dewetting Transitions of Ultrathin Nickel Films Deposited on Silicon (100) Substrates
Authors: Thron A , Greene P , Liu K , van Benthem K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
In Situ TEM Observation of Atomic-Level Shear Deformation for Nano Tribological Research
Authors: Sato T , Ishida T , Jalabert L , Fujita H
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Stress Distribution in Multiple Quantum Well Stacks and its Effect on Optical Emission Energy Using Cathodoluminescence in a STEM
Authors: Mouti A , Stadelmann P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Charge Transfer in Magnetic Heterostructures from Atomic Resolution EELS
Authors: Aguiar J , Ramasse Q , Arredondo M , Sandiumenge F , Abellan P , Valanoor N , Browning N
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Interface Structures and Associated Magnetic Properties of Perovskite Oxide Thin Films Controlled by Substrate Symmetry
Authors: Kim Y-M , Leonard D , Biegalski M , Christen H , Ambaye H , Lauter V , Pennycook S , Borisevich A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Atomic Scale Characterization of Strain Relaxation Behavior in LSFO/LSMO Superlattices
Authors: Gu M , Biegalski M , Christen H , Song C , Dearden C , Nguyen N , Vo H , Takamura Y , Browning N
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
The Structure of He-Irradiated Gold Twist Boundary
Authors: Dey S , Browning N
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nanoscale Building Material Characterization by Means of High-Resolution SEM Imaging Techniques
Authors: Möser B
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Aberration-Corrected STEM Imaging and EELS Analysis of Extraterrestrial Nanodiamond-Glassy Carbon Residues
Authors: Stroud R , Chisholm M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Spatial-Resolved EELS Studies on Single-Walled Nanotubes Based on B, C and N
Authors: Arenal R , Stephan O , Loiseau A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
In Situ Evaluation of the Factors Controlling Carbon Nanotube Synthesis During Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Sharma R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Performance and Application of Chromatic/Spherical Aberration-Corrected 30 kV Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Sasaki T , Sawada H , Hosokawa F , Shimizu Y , Nakamichi T , Yuasa S , Kawazoe M , Kaneyama T , Kondo Y , Kimoto K , Suenaga K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Mapping the Structure of an Organic Monolayer
Authors: Aloni S , Altoe V , Katan A , Martin F , Salmeron M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
In Situ TEM Study of Chemical and Structural Transformation of Carbon Coated Titania Nanoparticles
Authors: Pozuelo M , Prikhodko S , Zhang X , Park J , Koc R , Kodambaka S
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Understanding Color Stability by Visualization of Pigment Dispersions in Paint Films
Authors: van Leerdam G , Stjerndahl M , Karlson L
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Focused Ion Beam Preparation of All Solid State Nanobattery for TEM In Situ Cycling Studies
Authors: Dupont L , Brazier A , McGrouther D , Hondow N , Davoisne C , Brydson R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Real Time Observation of Nanomaterials in Energy Harvesting and Li-ion Battery Systems
Authors: Shahbazian-Yassar R , Ghassemi H , Asthana A , Au M , Yap Y
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Structural Changes Induced by Cycling/Aging in Oxide Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Abraham D , Bareño J , Wen J , Petrov I
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Imaging Li Using EFTEM Spectrum Imaging and Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Authors: Sugar J , Kotula P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
In Situ and Post Mortem Observation of Bias Cycling Effects in Thin Film La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes
Authors: Leonard D , Jesse S , Kalinin S , Shao-Horn Y , Crumlin E , Mutoror E , Biegalski M , Christen H , Pennycook S , Borisevich A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Direct Imaging of Interstitial Atoms in a Complex (La0.6Er0.4)5Ni19 Hydrogen-Storage Compound
Authors: Ishikawa R , Abe E
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Analytical Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy Study of the Effects of Transient Operation on the Stability of Nanostructured Thin Film Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Cullen D , More K , Reeves K , Vernstrom G , Atanasoska L , Haugen G , Atanasoski R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Structure of White Light Emitting CdSe Nanocrystals
Authors: Pennycook T , McBride J , Rosenthal S , Pantelides S , Pennycook S
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nanostructure of the Iron Chalcogenide Superconductor Fe1+yTexSe1-x
Authors: Hu H , Zuo J-M , Wen J , Xu Z , Lin Z , Li Q , Gu G , Park W , Greene L
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Maximizing Photocatalytic Efficiency of Magnetically Separable Nanoparticles for Water Disinfection by Photocatalysis
Authors: Fowler S , Qian W , Eastman M , Jiao J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Electronic Structure of Supelattice and Twin in Ga Doped ZnO Measured by Monochromated EELS
Authors: Chang H , Yoon S , Seong T , Yu T , Yuo Y , Ahn J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Size-Controlled Palladium Nanocubes for Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
Authors: Liu H , Jin M , Allard L , Xia Y , Liu J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Examples of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Copper Piping for Heating and Cooling Systems
Authors: Hineman M , Danko M , Schmidt F
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Cleaning Daguerreotypes with a Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Abere M , Murphy R , Jackson B , Mourou G , Menu M , Mansfield J , Torralva B , Yalisove S
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Applications of an Ion Beam Cross Section Polisher in Art Conservation and Preservation
Authors: McMahon G , Zajac L , Adams-Hebard B , Larsen D , Erdman N
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Microanalysis of Coolant Mists Generated from Wet Cutting of Art Glass
Authors: Simmons R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Virtual Meteorite Sections, an Aid to Conservation and Research Access
Authors: Spratt J , Kearsley A , Smith C
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nanostructure Fabrication Based on In-Zn Alloy Evaporation
Authors: Li C , Solomon V , Wang L
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nanoparticles by Mechanosynthesis in the Immiscible System Cu-Co
Authors: Angeles-Islas J , Ramirez-Rosales D , Zamorano-Ulloa R , Calderon H
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Coupled Microstructural and Calorimetric Investigation of Controlled Solder Joint Microstructures in Pb-Free Solder
Authors: Anderson I , Boesenberg A , Riegner D , Harringa J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Tweezergate: A Cautionary Tale about Sample Preparation
Authors: Lindstrom A , Ritchie N , Newbury D
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Direct Visualization of Size-Controlled Au39 Clusters Supported on Hydroxyapatite by AC-STEM
Authors: Han Y , Liu Y , Xie S , Tsukuda T , Li Z
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Characterization of Guinier-Preston zones in Mg-Gd-Zn Alloys by using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Yasuhara A , Saito K , Nishijima M , Hiraga K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Sintering Process on Microstructure Evolution of Ni-Co-Al-Fe-Cu-Cr-Ti High-Entropy Alloys
Authors: Gómez-Esparza C , Estrada-Guel I , Antúnez-Flores W , Torres-Moye E , Herrera-Ramírez J , Martínez-Sánchez R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
High Energy-Resolution EELS and SXES Studies on Characteristic Chemical Shifts and Charge Transfer in Al-Si-Mn and Zn-Mg-Zr Alloys
Authors: Koshiya S , Terauchi M , Ohhashi S , Tsai A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation of Stainless Steel 316
Authors: Davis J , Short K , Wuhrer R , Phillips M , Whittle K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Stacking-Fault Energy Measurements in Fe-Mn-Al-Si Austenitic TWIP Steels
Authors: Pierce D , Bentley J , Jimenez J , Wittig J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
TEM/STEM Characterization of Soil
Authors: Hailstone R , Xin H , Muller D
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Microscopy of Heat Exchanger Fouling During SAGD Operations
Authors: Munoz V , Elliott G , Afara M , Mikula R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
TEM Characterization of Iron-Doped Ceria-Zirconia and Ceria
Authors: Hailstone R , DiFrancesco A , Herder L , Allston T , Reed K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
TEM Study of Aluminum Oxynitride Films Prepared by Reactive R.F.-Sputtering
Authors: Lai L-C , Nose M , Chiou W-A , Saiki A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Tetrapod-Like ZnO Nanostructure
Authors: Liu H , Allard L , Liu J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Investigation of Mineral Transformations in Wet Supercritical CO2 by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Arey B , Kovarik L , Wang Z , Felmy A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nanobeam Electron Diffraction Study of MoO3 Nanorods and Nanobelts
Authors: Paraguay-Delgado F , Leyva C , Ornelas C
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Development of RNA Targeted Probes for Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Santangelo P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Modeling Effects of Faking on an Objective Personality Test
Authors: Arendasy Martin , Sommer Markus , Herle Margit , Schützhofer Bettina , Inwanschitz Dagmar
Published: October 2011

The article investigated the effect of faking on the dimensionality and mean scores of an objective personality test measuring subjectively accepted level of risk. Various studies conducted with standardized personality questionnaires have demonstrated that faking may distort both the dimensionality and mean scores. In contrast, the empirical evidence on the effect of faking on the dimensionality and mean scores obtained with objective personality tests is still sparse. In the first study, we evaluated the effect of naturally occurring faking on the dimensionality and mean scores using a between-subject design that compared professional driver applicants to volunteers matched according to relevant sociodemographic characteristics. The results indicated that the objective personality test measures the same latent trait in both samples. Furthermore, we failed to observe a significant mean difference between volunteers and professional driver applicants. Furthermore, we failed to observe any mean score differences between both samples. The second study experimentally evaluated the effect of individual differences in respondents’ ability to infer the ideal level of the latent trait on the dimensionality and mean scores using a combined between- and within-subject design. Using modern item response theory techniques we found that a less clear description of the ideal level of the latent trait prevented a successful faking attempt. In contrast, a more clear and less difficult to implement a description of the ideal level of the latent trait allowed respondents to successfully increase their test scores. The results are discussed in light of current models of applicants response processes when working personality tests.
Translation of a minigene in the 5′ leader sequence of the enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli LEE1 transcription unit affects expression of the neighbouring downstream gene
Authors: Islam Md. Shahidul , Shaw Robert K. , Frankel Gad , Pallen Mark J. , Busby Stephen J. W.
Published: October 2011

The 5′ end of the major RNA transcript of the LEE1 operon of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli contains ~170 bases before the AUG translation start codon of the first recognized gene, ler. This unusually long leader sequence carries three potential alternative AUG start codons. Using a lac fusion expression vector, we confirmed that the ler gene AUG is functional for translation initiation, and we checked for translation initiation at the three alternative AUG codons. Whereas two of the alternative AUG codons appear incompetent for translation initiation, we detected strong initiation at the third AUG, which is followed by one AAA codon and a UAG stop codon. The location of this very short two-codon open reading frame with respect to the ler translation start appears to be critical. Hence mutations that destroy the UAG stop codon, or short deletions between the UAG stop codon and the ler translation initiation region, result in big effects on ler expression. In the context of the full-length LEE1 operon leader sequence, translation of this very short two-codon open reading frame is necessary for optimal expression of the ler gene and for the subsequent interactions of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli with host target cells.
Acoustic Analysis of Voice: A Tutorial
Authors: Hillenbrand James M.
Published: October 2011

This tutorial reviews acoustic methods that have been used to characterize vocal function. The most persuasive argument for the use of acoustic measures is that all of the information used by listeners to make judgments about speech is to be found in the acoustic signal. Acoustic methods have been used clinically to differentiate normal from abnormal voices, to aid in differential diagnosis, to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different treatment approaches, and to track progress in voice therapy. The measures discussed here focus on quantifying the degree of periodicity, the shape of the spectrum, and the range of vocal intensity.
Coaxial carbon nanotube–polythiophene core-shell nanowire for efficient hole transport in heterojunction photovoltaic device
Authors: Chen Yixuan , Gao He , Luo Yi
Published: October 2011

Efficiently extracting hole from a 3-dimensional bulk heterojunction is critical to polymer photovoltaics. One possible approach is to incorporate efficient hole transport pathway within each individual nanoscale donor-phase component. We present a study employing electrochemically prepared metallic carbon nanotube (CNT)–polythiophene (PT) core-shell nanowire networks trying to realize such a desired structure. Phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester was infiltrated into the openings of the core-shell nano-networks as electron acceptor. The thin PT shell can ensure high exciton dissociation rate and efficient free hole transport to the CNT core which serves as an efficient network for extracting hole out of the heterojunction.
Detrimental Hf penetration into TiN gate electrode and subsequent degradation in dielectric properties of HfSiO high-k film
Authors: Arimura Hiroaki , Odake Yuki , Kitano Naomu , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji
Published: October 2011

Hafnium penetration through the TiN gate electrode as thick as 10 nm is detected in the TiN/HfSiO/SiO2 gate stacks after high-temperature annealing by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Hf outdiffusion, showing TiN thickness dependence, is revealed to cause permittivity lowering of the pristine HfSiO high-k layer, which accelerates the equivalent oxide thickness increase and degrades the dielectric properties. In contrast, such diffusion is suppressed by adopting metal inserted polycrystalline silicon stack (MIPS) structure. Our further experiments indicate that the SiO2 regrowth during high-temperature annealing, which is hampered in MIPS structure, triggers the adverse Hf diffusion.
Field-programmable gate array based locking circuit for external cavity diode laser frequency stabilization
Authors: Schwettmann Arne , Sedlacek Jonathon , Shaffer James P.
Published: October 2011

We present a locking circuit for external cavity diode lasers implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The main advantages over traditional non-FPGA-based locking circuits are rapid reconfigurability without any soldering and a friendly user interface. We characterize the lock quality by measuring the linewidth of a locked laser using electromagnetically induced transparency in a Rb vapor cell.
Graphene nano-ribbon formation through hydrogen-induced unzipping of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tsetseris L. , Pantelides S. T.
Published: October 2011

Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can create graphene nano-ribbons (GNRs) with predetermined width. Experiments have used thus far an oxidative-induced unzipping approach that produces residual oxygen impurities. Here, we employ results of first-principles calculations to demonstrate an alternative scenario of GNR formation. We show that hydrogen loading at open CNT ends leads to successive C–C bond breaking and opening of CNTs to GNRs with edge morphologies that depend on CNT chirality. We also show that re-zipping of partially open CNTs can lead to new type of materials, for example, CNTs with lines of oxygen inter-carbon bridges.
Substrate-mediated electron tunneling through molecule-electrode interfaces
Authors: Sun Jia-Tao , Chen Lan , Ping Feng Yuan , Thye Shen Wee Andrew
Published: October 2011

Electron tunneling properties at the molecule-electrode interfaces formed by coronene molecules adsorbed on Ag(111) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations. Experimentally, the coronene molecules display significant variation in the electronic density of states at the molecular centers on different substrates. An analysis of the electronic structures for both systems by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory reveals that substrate dependent molecular image contrast is ascribed to the resonant tunneling process mediated by geometrically different substrates. Possible consequences for electron transport are briefly discussed.
The Role of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in New Types of Armed Conflicts
Authors: Sassòli Marco
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the interaction of particular norms of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) that regulate specific situations and on the adequacy of existing mechanisms for resolving norm conflicts. It expands the interest in the ‘war on terror’ to additional types of new conflicts (asymmetric conflicts, conflicts in failed states, and UN peace operations). Noting that from the perspective of the application of either IHL or IHRL, the novelty of the conflicts is overstated, the chapter compares them to the archetypes of conflicts for which IHL was originally designed; determines the threshold questions relative to the applicability of both regimes ratione materiae, ratione personae, and ratione loci; and proceeds to focus on their co-application. The latter is explored in the light of the lex specialis principle on both a general level and in relation to the pertinent questions of the targeting and preventive detention of members of an armed group. The chapter concludes that existing law, properly interpreted, contains realistic, albeit controversial and situation-dependent, solutions for the legal problems arising in these types of conflicts.
Post-conflict Accountability and the Reshaping of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Bell Christine
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the ways in which human rights and humanitarian law have been argued to impose post-conflict accountability. It argues that the attempt to use human rights and humanitarian law standards to impose accountability has had similar dynamics across both cases. In both cases a lack of fit between regime and post-conflict political landscape has involved an interpretative revision of what the regimes require, that has moved them towards a loose common denominator implemented by ad hoc institutional innovation. Any account of the implications for the relationship of human rights and humanitarian law in post-conflict settings should take account of both sets of developments. To this end, the chapter sets out both processes of interpretive revision and ad hoc institutional innovation, discussing the consequences for each regime and the relationship between them. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part 2 discusses, in general terms, the peculiarities of the post-conflict political environments with reference to human rights and humanitarian law. Parts 3 and 4 examine how the accountability standards of human rights and humanitarian law have been argued to apply post-conflict. Part 5 considers the implications of regime-merge and institutional innovation for the existing regimes of human rights and humanitarian law. Finally, Part 6 suggests the possibility of drawing on all three conceptualizations as reflecting different underlying meta-level understandings of the current ‘situating’ of international law itself.
Neurotic Women
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

The burden of sexual stereotyping bore down even more heavily on Victorian women whose lives were plagued with nervous illness. With many of these women, it is difficult to speak of nervous breakdown as a specific event that interrupted the course of their normal daily activities. Their depression was more likely to be a chronic than an acute condition, similar to prolonged mood or anxiety disorders rather than a discrete, identifiable crisis. Much of the problem of definition arises from the fact that Victorian and Edwardian medical advisors typically subsumed their diagnoses of nervous maladies in female patients under the general category of “feminine disorders,” related to menstruation, pregnancy, or lactation. This theoretical merger of the female nervous and reproductive systems was an integral pan of the medical assumption that biology dominated women's lives, utterly beyond the regulatory power of the individual will.
Nervous Degeneration
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

In 1905, the idea of nervous degeneration was inseparable from the more open discussion of moral degradation and physical debility. For a country beleaguered by worldwide competitors, nerves were more than ever necessary to sustain the British people in their struggle to maintain international hegemony. In the clamor for national efficiency, conditions of body were inseparably intertwined with states of mind. Over and over again, all manner of alarmists asked whether the British people had, not merely the stamina, but the will to triumph over their rivals. Never had the connotations of power, force, and energy associated with the nerves assumed greater significance in the public consciousness. Curiously enough, degeneration theory prolonged the life of the mid-Victorian certainty that private exertions were the key to public progress.
Introduction: In the Shadows of Citizenship
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

Beginning with a reading of a Sojourner Truth carte-de-visite and its epigrammatic phrasing, this introductory chapter prefigures Ralph Ellison's notion of the “shadow” and Jacques Derrida's notion of the “specter” to underscore the book's critique of democratic sociality in mid-19th century America. Using the context of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law and the 1857 Dred Scott decision to intimate the fraught condition of antebellum black political subjectivity, the chapter stages the book's central concern with aurality and visuality. On the one hand, it outlines how a preoccupation with the vernacular practices of vocal enunciation was part of a larger national rhetoric about democracy. On the other hand, it outlines how a preoccupation with the meanings of visual representations was tied to the graphic processes of imagining the citizen.
Frederick Douglass's “Glib-tongue”
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter outlines how Frederick Douglass deploys a series of speech acts in his 1852 “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” address and 1852 novella The Heroic Slave to manipulate the accepted national idioms on the right-of-revolution as a means to critique slavery as anathema to democracy itself. In theorizing Douglass's creation of a polyphonic discourse system, the chapter traces how he uses a contrapuntal mechanism to alternate black and white voices in the debates about democracy. In particular, the chapter reveals how Douglass stylizes repetition as the sonic device of the reverb to manipulate Patrick Henry's well-known expression “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death” to legitimate mid-century black liberation movements as specifically American.
A Common Certain Understanding
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

In spite of Virginia Woolf’s insistence in her personal writing on the significance of her relationship with Katherine Mansfield, some of her biographers pay scant attention to it, although this is not true of Mansfield’s major biographers, Antony Alpers and Claire Tomalin, who each include a chapter on the friendship. Though they were literally foreigners to each other, with Mansfield prizing her colonial childhood increasingly as she grew older, they had border crossings in common: those traced in this chapter concern their abjection in illness, their bisexuality, their responses to childlessness, and their complex gender relationships with their editor husbands and with their fathers, as they move from late-Victorian childhood to young womanhood at the beginning of the new century. There is throughout the record of the relationship in the letters and diaries of the two writers a sense of Woolf’s intensity of feeling for Mansfield: admiration, love, and the hatred that stems from jealousy.
The Cement of the Universe
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks at the metaphysical problems with the ‘Necessary’ part of Kant's argument. The search for the ‘necessity’ embodied in Kant's ‘Necessary’ Unity of Consciousness can itself explain why Kant should have believed that the label ‘great metaphysician’ would ‘scarcely be envied’ by any ‘sophisticated man’. Since Kant only criticized Descartes about his laxity in including too large a domain for Descartes' own individual experience, so Kant could limit his epistemology to a subset of those individual experiences which are connected by his special brand of ‘Necessity’. Philosophers like Hume argue that what ‘necessity’ may be found in the unfolding of the world's four-dimensional scenery is nothing but a fiction, superimposed by our minds upon a world which has no room for it. Furthermore, Kant could have responded to any form of incoherent nihilism, but relative nihilism already forces one to return to Hegel's dynamic dialectical view.
Introduction: Ascetics and Ambassadors
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the ascetics and ambassadors of Christ in the monasteries of Palestine during the period from 314 to 631. This book is devoted to Palestinian monasticism and it consists of three major parts. The first discusses the main sources of information about the monasteries, the second describes the environment in which the monasteries grew and developed their distinctive characters, the last part explores the activities and achievements of the monks themselves.
This Desert
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the Palestinian desert that served as home to thousands of monks. The Palestinian desert was unique compared to other desert areas inhabited by monks, those of Egypt and Syria. Its distinctiveness is attributed to the geographical facts of it being close to Jerusalem and having varied terrain and weather conditions. This chapter describes the rainfall, soil variation, water supply, and sources of livelihood in the Palestinian desert.
Electoral Systems and Party Systems
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

An electoral system is the most fundamental element of representative democracy, translating citizen's votes into representatives' seats. It is also the most potent practical instrument available to democratic reformers. This book describes and classifies the seventy electoral systems used by twenty-seven democracies — including those of Western Europe, Australia, Canada, the USA, Costa Rica, India, Israel, Japan, and New Zealand — for 384 national legislative and European Parliament elections between 1945 and 1990. Using comparative and statistical analyses of these systems, the author demonstrates the effect of the electoral formula used, the number of representatives elected per district, electoral thresholds, and of five other key features of electoral systems on the proportionality of the election outcome, the degree of multipartism, and the creation of majority parties. The author reveals that electoral systems are neither as diverse nor as complex as is often assumed. This book represents the most definitive treatment of the subject since Rae's classic study in 1967, based as it is on more accurate and comprehensive data (covering more countries and a longer timespan), and using stronger hypotheses and better analytical methods.
Electoral Systems: Types, Patterns, Trends
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the dimensions of the seventy electoral systems used in twenty-four countries that hold democratic and parliamentary elections. These dimensions are the district magnitude or the number of representatives elected in a district; the legal threshold; the electoral threshold or the minimum level of support that a political party needs to gain representation; and assembly size or the total number of seats in the legislature. The variables in the electoral system are the ballot structure, malapportionment, the difference between legislative elections in parliamentary and in presidential systems, and the possibility of linked lists.
Disproportionality, Multipartism, and Majority Victories
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the main political consequences of an electoral system. These are the effects of the electoral system on the proportionality and disproportionality of the electoral outcomes and their effects on the party system, especially the degree of multipartism and the tendency to generate majority victories. The chapter explains the different measures of disproportionality and suggests that the link between the party system as the independent variable and disproportionality as the dependent variable has an important implication for two of the four additional dimensions of electoral systems, which are presidentialism and ballot structure.
The Operation and Effects of Cash Limits
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

In 1976, cash limits were applied to about sixty percent of total public expenditure and it was introduced as an administrative device to control the annual amount of government programme expenditure. About fifty-six percent of the Control Total was cash limited in 1992–1993 and the greater part was Supply Expenditure. Some changes have been made to cash limit coverage including the prescribed allocation for some health and community services previously excluded, but one-third of total public expenditure is still not covered by cash limits. The system also had other changes such as the assimilation of cash limits with the Estimates, extending cash disciplines to three-year cash plans, and the introduction of a system to carry on expenditure from one cash limit to the next year. Another significant development is the separation of expenditure on pay and administration costs from other programme expenditure prescribed for each central department.
Profit Squeeze and Keynesian Theory
Authors: Marglin Stephen A. , Bhaduri Amit
Published: October 2011

This chapter explains the importance of the macroeconomic ‘climate’, especially the investment climate, in generating different economic regimes according to differences in the relationship between real wages and investment and hence employment. It examines the impact of wage change on economic growth and employment. It clarifies that wage reduction will lower consumption demand. In addition, a fall in wages always lowers aggregate demand through the effect on consumption; and stimulating investment raises aggregate demand. In the ‘stagnationist’ regime, higher real wages do not lead to higher unemployment and are necessary to promote a process of wage-led growth. On the other hand, in the ‘exhilarationist’ case, investment effects dominate, and higher real wages do lead to higher unemployment and interfere with investment-led growth, so that wage restraint becomes the preferred policy stance.
A New Paradigm of Work Organization and Co-ordination? Lessons from Japanese Experience
Authors: Aoki Masahiko
Published: October 2011

This chapter concludes the volume and addresses the question of how Japan has been able to maintain a rate of growth of labour productivity consistently at the forefront of the OECD countries. It examines the organization of production in the Japanese firm and contrasts it with the organization of production in the Western firm. It explains that superior flexibility, the ability to respond to local ‘shocks’, such as interruption in the supply of parts or the breakdown of a machine, the results from the larger scope of workers to exercise initiative. The chapter states that this is the key to the Japanese success story.
The Privileged Practice of Violence: Worship of the Demi-god Prowess
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter explains why knights worshipped at the shrine of the demi-god prowess and that they were the ones practising violence. Knights considered the practice of violence to be a privilege. The primary constituent in chivalry is prowess which wins honour. Prowess and honour are closely linked in the minds of knights, for the practice of the one produces the other, a theme expounded in all chivalric literature.
Epilogue
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions. It talks about the revolt of Essex in 1601 as an important signpost pointing towards basic transformations of those ideas by the early 17th century. It discusses the Bouteville affair of 1627. It argues that prowess is no longer regularly fused to the concept of honour and that it is no longer the universally praised personal means of attaining honour. It notes that the link between piety and prowess has been stretched to breaking point. Finally, it explains that chivalry ceased to function as the indicator of nobility.
Occasional Identities: A Preliminary Account
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a preliminary account of occasional identities. It suggests that the occasional identity thesis (OIT) is tailor-made to fit all of the puzzles previously described. It contends that there is no conflict between OIT and the strongest version of Leibniz's Law (LL) acceptable to occasional identity theorists. This is because occasional identity theorists can retain LL by giving up the assumption that time-indexed properties are not subject to change.
Defending the Contingency of Identity
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues in defence of the contingency of identity. It describes the occasional identity theory's (OIT) view on the truncated car puzzle case, and provides an illustration of the so-called modal argument for the necessity of identities. This argument is a detailed version of the one originally propounded by Ruth Barcan Marcus. This chapter provides the basic assumptions of the modal argument relevant to the truncated car puzzle case.
Indefinite Identities
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the indefinite identity problem posed by the ship of Theseus puzzle. It provides an alternative solution to the puzzle that will prove that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT. It also analyses the applicability of the argument devised by Gareth Evans and Nathan Salmon to the problem of indefinite identity. The Evans-Salmon argument is a reductio designed to show that reasonable assumptions about identity together with the assumption that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT lead to a contradiction.
Titus Andronicus with George Peele
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

The external evidence for the genesis of Titus Andronicus is meagre, and has become even smaller of late. T. M. Parrott's essay of 1919 may stand as the first attempt to establish the authenticity of Titus Andronicus by using the methods of modern authorship studies, combining quantitative analysis of the play's verse styles with the citation of enough close parallel passages to make the case for the separate presence of George Peele and Shakespeare beyond the possibility of coincidence or imitation. Specifically discussed is the detailed evaluation of Peele's share in Titus Andronicus. The case for Peele's co-authorship can be made even stronger by examining other aspects of the play's style: three new tests have been devised. It can be stated that Peele is recognized as co-author of ‘The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedy of Titus Andronicus’.
Timon of Athens with Thomas Middleton
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter reports the history of Timon of Athens and its authorship. Since the play's represented action was not as violent as Titus Andronicus, it offended fewer critics. Middleton also wrote The Revenger's Tragedy. The division of authorship between Shakespeare and his co-author was solidly established by metrical and linguistic studies. With Timon of Athens, the impressive feature of authorship studies from the 1840s to the 1990s is that widely differing methodologies have converged, supporting sound attributions and discrediting others. All these methods agree in assigning to Middleton a substantial part of Timon, and Shakespearians who continue to deny this point risk forfeiting their scholarly credibility.
Plot and Character in Co-Authored Plays: Problems of Co-ordination
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter demonstrates that co-authorship can be seen just as clearly in the treatment of character and motive as in language. In considering Shakespeare's co-authorship of the five plays presented, namely Titus Andronicus with George Peele, Timon of Athens with Thomas Middleton, Pericles with George Wilkins, and King Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen with John Fletcher, it concentrates on their language, and the many ways in which his style can be differentiated from that of his collaborators. Specifically discussed are the plot and character in these co-authored plays.