bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Borrowing by the New England Textile Mills, 1840–1860, A Comment
Authors: Vatter Barbara
Published: August 2016

Lance E. Davis, writing in the March 1960 issue of The Journal of Economic History, found that comparatively low interest rates were paid by eight “Massachusetts-type” cotton textile mills on loans from 1840 to 1860. These firms were voracious borrowers throughout the period, and the textile industry as a whole was a major user of credit. Davis attributed the continued low interest rates primarily to well-enforced usury laws and to the influence of nonprofit lending agencies, with occasional references to effects of the New York money market (not important before 1853). Many other factors—for example, the Tariff of 1846, removing protection from important classes of cotton textiles, die general business cycle, technological changes, alternative investments in railroads and other industries, the relation of increased savings to increased investment demands—should all be explored for an adequate explanation. Of these factors, only the general business cycle is taken up by Davis in a brief reference. The purpose of this note is to suggest that interlocking directorates between financial and textile firms rather than usury laws were probably chiefly responsible for the low rates paid.
The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873-1879
Authors: Lambi Ivo N.
Published: August 2016

The year 1873 marked the zenith of the German free-trade movement, which had been gathering impact since 1818 when Prussia first established a tariff along free-trading lines. Promulgated at the peak of prosperity, the law of 1873 abolished immediately the duties on pig iron, raw steel, and ships, but, as a concession to the protectionists, only reduced the rates on other iron products and provided for their repeal on January 1, 1877. Despite the dissatisfaction of many free-traders, the latter provision opened the door for the repeal of other protective rates. Germany thus stood at the threshold of complete free trade.
Recent Studies on the Economic History of Venice
Authors: Lane Frederic C.
Published: August 2016

The economic development of Venice claims attention for several reasons. As the birthplace of capitalism, Venice has been assigned a leading role in a semi-Marxist scheme of world history. Within a more specifically historical and geographical framework, it presents a classic case of maturity and decay. After being for centuries a leader among world markets it was so placed as to register the effects of the oceanic shift in the world's trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Rejoinder
Authors: Daniere Andre
Published: August 2016

I am not aware of having “censored and manipulated” the data, unless rejection from the sample of the revolutionary year 1789 and of the two years following the 1815 collapse is to be viewed as unreasonable.
Sources of Monetary Disturbances in the United States, 1834–1845
Authors: Macesich George
Published: August 2016

Monetary and economic difficulties in the United States in the 1830's and early 1840's have been attributed by some writers to the struggle between the supporters of Andrew Jackson's “hard currency” and Nicholas Biddle's “Second Bank.”
Cultural Factors in Economic Growth
Authors: Cochran Thomas C.
Published: August 2016

In 1940, when our Association was founded, this paper might have borne the same title as Caroline Ware's book: The Cultural Approach to History. In the meantime, however, world events have brought economists and historians together around the problem of economic growth. So, while pursuing the same interests illustrated in my contribution to Caroline Ware's book, I have chosen the more fashionable title of “Cultural Factors in Economic Growth.”
Report of the Discussion
Authors: Dales J. H.
Published: August 2016

Discussion from the floor served in the main to elaborate die themes announced in the three prepared contributions. The Chairman, C. Goodrich, pointed out that it was the rise of a new field, Economic Growth, and the increasing popularity of quantitative and theoretical techniques that invited some reappraisal of the goals and methods of economic history. What is the relationship between Economic History and the burgeoning field of Economic Growth ? Should economic historians direct more attention to growth phenomena, and in particular should they make greater use of the analytical and statistical methods so prominendy used in die literature of Economic Growth?
Geographical Change: A Theme for Economic History
Authors: Clark Andrew H.
Published: August 2016

A Geographer speaking to the theme of the relationships of his field with that of economic history has many choices. Mine is to suggest ways, and one in particular, in which we may be of service to you. There is much that we need from you, too, but it seems less presumptuous to offer than to ask and it may be more useful to you in the long run to do so.
The Great Depression in Britain, 1873–1896: a Reappraisal
Authors: Musson A. E.
Published: August 2016

It is nearly a quarter century since H. L. Beales produced his notable article on “The Great Depression.” Since then a great deal of work has been done on that period, especially by economists and statisticians, so that it is now possible to make a fuller assessment of the changes in Britain's economic position during those years. Most of this work has been in the form of specialized articles and books covering longer periods, on such subjects as national income, investment, or terms of trade, and there appears to be a need for some attempt at synthesis, especially as the various interpretations put forward are not always in agreement and are sometimes contradictory. It would be impossible, of course, in a mere article, to settle all the theoretical problems suggested by the facts or to resolve all the divergencies of opinion, but it is worth while to draw the evidence and opinions together in an effort to get a general picture.
Business Manuscripts: A Pressing Problem
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: August 2016

Perhaps there exists no better index of the increased sophistication of research in American economic and business history than the enhanced, still expanding utilization of manuscript materials, especially the records of individual businessmen and corporations. One has only to compare the scholarly productions of a generation ago—Copeland's Cotton Manufacturing Industry, Eliot Jones's Anthracite Coal Combinations, or Lippincott's Manufactures in the Ohio Valley—with nearly any first-class corresponding volume of recent years—for example, in the series edited by N. S. B. Gras—to be struck with the greatly increased reliance of recent and contemporary authors upon unpublished materials.
Invention as a Factor in Economic History
Authors: Gilfillan S. C.
Published: August 2016

The great inventions of the past and their effect on history form a subject that everyone talks about, and no one thinks about, or precious few ever think hard about. So I consider this a good subject for economic historians to do some hard thinking about now. It is not enough just to schematize the subject philosophically; we should replace and improve some ideas of history that are very popular. Particularly in need of examination is the idea of materialistic Karl Marx, which has spread to such respectable professors and other well-heeled gentlemen that Marx would shudder at his associates—the idea that invention, technologic change, determines economic life and hence all history.
Labor Policy and Economic History
Authors: Wolman Leo
Published: August 2016

This paper is a tentative effort to suggest how some of the problems of economic history look to a student of the history of labor policy. In this, as in other areas of economic history, the investigator wants to know what the policies are and how they have worked. To help him answer these questions he has at his disposal familiar tools of inquiry—economic theory or analysis, the evidence of history, and comparative economic experience.
Early Examples of Marine Insurance
Authors: de Roover Florence Edler
Published: August 2016

The problem of the origins of marine insurance is one of the most complicated and controversial questions in the history of business institutions. One cause of this confusion is the fact that the earliest documentary sources are often ambiguous and lend themselves to widely varying interpretations. The legal writers, who have done most of the research on the early history of insurance, have focused their attention upon certain documents of the late thirteenth and the early fourteenth centuries. As these sources unfortunately give incomplete information, the results of all this research have been rather disappointing. The minute scrutiny with which the legal writers have examined the early documents has produced subtle and brilliant examples of textual criticism but has also given rise to conflicting theories which have confused the issues instead of clarifying them.
Abstract: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches to Monetary Control
Authors: McDonough William R. , Fry Clifford L.
Published: August 2016

Theoretically the money stock could be controlled by targeting, either a reserve aggregate or the Federal funds rate. In practice, however, one strategy might be more effective than the other if the relationship between its operating variable and the money stock was more predictable.
Abstract: A Resolution of the Leasing Controversies
Authors: Weston J. Fred , Dann Larry Y.
Published: August 2016

Recent theoretical articles on leasing are summarized as a basis for the distillation of a conceptually correct framework for analyzing leasing versus purchase decisions. In order to make a theoretically valid comparison, the analysis must be kept within the framework of comparable and consistent risk class assumptions. When this is done, competition in the leasing market produces indifference in the leasing versus purchase analysis.
The taxonomic status of Merychippus insignis Leidy
Authors: Evander Robert L.
Published: August 2016

The genus Merychippus was erected by Leidy (1857), who named as the type species Merychippus insignis. The type specimen of M. insignis is an immature and incomplete maxilla containing a broken dp2 and a dp3. The type comes from the Bijou Hills of South Dakota, probably from the Barstovian (middle Miocene) Fort Randall Formation of South Bijou Hill in Charles Mix County (Skinner and Taylor, 1967), but possibly from the overlying undifferentiated Ogallala Formation, or possibly from North Bijou Hill in Brule County. Despite this enigmatic type, the species M. insignis has frequently been identified in the fossil record, and the genus Merychippus has grown to include all mesodont horses (Stirton, 1940). Conceptually, the taxon Merychippus is considered a horizontal grade rather than a vertical clade (Simpson, 1945, p. 18). As a horizontal concept, the genus Merychippus derived importance as the ancestral group for the many Mio-Pliocene lineages of hypsodont horses. Today, as horse classification is remodeled along cladistic lines, the taxon Merychippus derives importance from its early naming. Several distinctive horse clades extend upward from a middle Miocene radiation (Stirton, 1940; Quinn, 1955). If M. insignis can be placed within one of these clades, then it is likely that the clade will bear the generic nomen Merychippus because of the antiquity of the name.
Pityostrobus hokodzensis, a new species of pinaceous cone from the Cretaceous of Russia
Authors: Ratzel Stephen R. , Rothwell Gar W. , Mapes Gene , Mapes Royal H. , Doguzhaeva Larisa A.
Published: August 2016

Pinaceae is the most species rich and geographically dispersed group of living gymnosperms (Florin, 1963), and comprise a dominant component of modern mountain and boreal forests throughout the northern hemisphere (Florin, 1963). Although there are a few records of possible pinaceous species extending back to the Upper Triassic (Delevoryas and Hope, 1987), unequivocal evidence for the family does not appear until the Cretaceous, and Pinaceae may be the most recently derived conifer family. During the Early Cretaceous, pinaceous remains became common components of terrestrial plant communities, and a diverse array of ovuliferous cones signals an explosive evolutionary radiation within the family (Miller, 1976a). Most of this diversity is chronicled by cones that are clearly representatives of the Pinaceae, but are not assignable to a genus with living species. Cones of these types are assigned to the genera Pityostrobus Dutt, Pseudoaraucaria Fliche, and Obirastrobus Ohsawa, Nishida and Nishida, and have been discovered in a circumpolar distribution from North America, through Europe and Russia, to eastern Asia (Miller, 1976a; Ohsawa et al., 1992; Falder et al., 1998). The purpose of this paper is to extend further the known diversity of the early Pinaceae by the description of a new species of the genus Pityostrobus. This cone is the second Pityostrobus species from southwestern Russia, and it further documents the remarkable Cretaceous evolutionary radiation of Pinaceae.
Larvae and relationships of the Calymenina (Trilobita)
Authors: Chatterton B. D. E. , Siveter D. J. , Edgecombe G. D. , Hunt A. S.
Published: August 2016

Up to four discrete protaspid larval stages are described for calymenid trilobites of Ordovician to Devonian age. The earliest growth stages are nonadult-like planktonic protaspides; later protaspides are adult-like and benthonic. In contrast, the related homalonotid trilobites apparently lack planktonic protaspides, but have up to two large benthonic protaspid stages that are similar in form to calymenid benthonic protaspides. These differences in life history patterns between these families are reflected in their paleobiogeographic distributions. Calymenids werre widely dispersed from Ordovician to Devonian times, both being common in warm, low latitude provinces (particularly from the Late Ordovician onwards) and well represented in cooler, higher latitude regions. The paleogeographic distribution of the homalonotids during the Ordovician (Arenig to the Ashgill) was concentrated in high paleolatitudes, with only a few forms occurring at low paleolatitudes (often in deeper, cooler environments?). Both families survived the Ordovician–Silurian mass extinction, with the calymenids again being widely dispersed but the homalonotids being best represented in the cool-water Malvinokaffric Province and in other regions where they are largely restricted to clastic facies.

So few complete growth series of calymenine trilobites are known that it is unlikely that the ontogenies of taxa that form parts of ancestor–descendant clades can be identified. However, some evidence for heterochronic, particularly paedomorphic (neotenic), evolution is suggested for larval stages of members of both the Calymenidae and the Homalonotidae. Such possible neotenic evolution leading to very large planktonic larval stages of calymenid trilobites during the Devonian could have enhanced dispersal during a period of widespread warm and equable climates. Comparisons of homalonotid protaspides with equivalent stages of calymenids support the close relationship of these families within the Calymenina. A data matrix based upon characters of protaspides of two calymenine trilobites (FlexicalymeneShirley, 1936, andBrongniartellaReed, 1918) and eight other trilobites, belonging to the Phacopina (Calyptaulax), Cheirurina (PhysemataspisandHyrokybe), Proetida (Scharyia), Lichida (Acanthopyge), Odontopleurida (Diacanthaspis), Corynexochida (Bathyuriscus), and Ptychopariida (Crassifimbra) was subjected to cladistic analysis using the parsimony program “Hennig 86.” The shortest length cladogram produced is consistent with the inclusion of the Homalonotidae in the Calymenina, and inclusion of the Calymenina in the order Phacopida. “Cheirurina” is the paraphyletic “stem group” of Phacopina. The hypothesis that Lonchocephalidae is most closely related to part of post-Cambrian Phacopida is poorly supported by protaspid characters.
Axiopsis eximia, a new thalassinidean shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Axiidae) from the Middle Eocene of South Carolina
Authors: Kensley Brian , Williams Austin B.
Published: August 2016

Axiopsis eximia, a new species of thalassinidean shrimp, is described from an exposure of the Middle Eocene Lower Warley Hill Formation of South Carolina, U.S.A. Fossil axiids are rare, but this unique specimen is remarkably preserved as quartz free of enveloping matrix, having a nearly complete though distorted carapace, proximal parts of most thoracic appendages in situ but with distal articles missing, and extended abdomen with segments almost complete except for a few missing appendages. Presence of the bases of pleopods 1 and the elongate eyestalks surpassing the rostral apex, which it shares with the extantAxiopsis caespitosagroup, place it provisionally inAxiopsis, which generally lacks first pleopods in males.
Fluorescent tracers for observation of transport behavior of skeletal sediment particles
Authors: Broadhead Thomas W. , Driese Steven G. , Harvey James L.
Published: August 2016

Settling rates and behaviors of sediment grains are of particular interest as components in interpreting the hydrodynamics of skeletal carbonate sediments (Maiklem, 1968) and the deposition of skeletons of planktonic organisms (Bé, 1977; Casey and McMillen, 1977). Settling rates and behaviors also are important because even the disarticulated remains of benthic organisms may undergo repeated resuspension and differential settling prior to final burial.
The taxonomic status of Hipparion minus Sellards, 1916 (Mammalia, Equidae)
Authors: Hulbert Richard C.
Published: August 2016

E. H. Sellards (1916, p. 96) applied the new binomen “Hipparion minor” to the very small hipparionine horse from the early Pliocene Bone Valley District of peninsular Florida. Since the gender of Hipparion is neuter, the ending of the species name must be amended to agree with it (Articles 32d and 34b, ICZN, 1985), and thus the correct spelling of the original species name for this taxon is Hipparion minus Sellards. This correction was previously instituted by Hay (1930, p. 693). However, this name is a primary junior homonym of Hipparion minus Pavlow, 1890, a Eurasian species of horse, and as such is permanently invalid (Articles 52b, 53c(ii), and 57b, ICZN, 1985). Hipparion minus Pavlow was in common use for small hipparionine horses from Russia and Greece during the first quarter of this century. Although now generally regarded as a nomen dubium, it was used as a valid subspecies as recently as Pirlot (1956). Its present disuse in no way affects the condition of primary homonymy between the two species names.
William Culp Darrah (1909–1989)
Authors: Morey Elsie Darrah
Published: August 2016

William C. Darrah, educator, geologist, botanist, and historian, loved life, and he chose to share with others his genuine enjoyment of discovery and learning through his writing and teaching. His A Critical Review of the Upper Carboniferous Floras of the Eastern United States (1970) and nearly a hundred professional papers made his name familiar to many paleontologists in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States. It is interesting to note that early in his career Bill developed an interest in the early conifers, especially Walchia. At the time of his death, he had just completed a manuscript with Paul Lyons, “The Earliest Conifers in North America: Upland and/or Paleoclimatic Indicators?,” “which has been accepted for publication in PALAIOS. Most recently, having attended the International Geological Conference in the United States in 1933, Bill had hoped to present a paper on the Dunkard at the July 1989 IGC in Washington, D.C.
An unusual new bellerophontacean gastropod from the Ordovician (Whiterockian) of Nevada
Authors: Rohr David M. , Yochelson Ellis L.
Published: August 2016

Groomodiscus rossi n. gen. and sp., a bellerophontacean from the Ordovician of Nevada that uncoiled at maturity, is described and placed in the Gastropoda. The deep notch or sinus of the shell is interpreted to have functioned the same as a deep slit, and the new genus is placed within the tropidodiscinids. Uncoiling and thickening of the shell in the mature stage of growth is probably an indication of a fundamental change of life style to a sedentary mode. Fragmentary specimens of the final, uncoiled portion of the whorl resemble the apertural portion of hyoliths. From a functional viewpoint, compressed planispiral shells are concluded more likely to be gastropods than monoplacophorans.
Additional information onAlainaspisandBoothiaspis, cyathaspidids (Agnatha: Heterostraci) from the Upper Silurian of Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Elliott David K. , Dineley David L.
Published: August 2016

New material of the poraspidAlainaspis platyrhinaElliott and Dineley has made it possible to provide a more extensive reconstruction of this animal. It is now clear that an elongated branchial opening was present below the lateral lamina and that a well-developed post-branchial lobe was present. No branchial plate has been identified and this may have been fused to the dorsal shield, forming the ventral lamina. The lateral lamina is now seen to terminate in a rounded angle before the posterior margin of the shield. Several ventral shields with similar ornament are identified as belonging toA. platyrhina. These are broad and deep and are consistent with the original interpretation of this animal as a filter feeder. One similar shield with a coarser ornament is tentatively assigned to the closely related speciesBoothiaspis ovataBroad.
Clinal variation, heterochrony, and facies in the TrentonianSowerbyellaLineage (Ordovician, New York State)
Authors: Titus Robert
Published: August 2016

Clinal variation is systematic, morphologic variation within a species along a geographic or ecologic gradient. While common among today's biotas, it has rarely been well documented in the fossil record. It is, however, clearly displayed among the large populations of the Trentonian brachiopod genusSowerbyella. In general, shallow agitated waters were populated by specimens with flat or round pedicle valve exteriors and ornately sculptured brachial valve interiors. Deeper, quieter facies were populated by forms with medial folds on pedicle valve exteriors and plain brachial valve interiors. This clinal variation was apparently the product of heterochrony with either the shallow-water forms having been peramorphic or the deeper water forms having been paedomorphic.

The distributions of theSowerbyellaclines are directly related to the facies developed within approximately eight million years of continuously deposited strata of the Trenton Limestone. Evolution of the Trentonian species ofSowerbyellaappears to have been phyletic and locally adaptive. New clinal variants evolved by orthoselection during episodes when new environments were becoming available for occupation. The lower Trentonian transgression and the middle Trentonian shallowing were the major examples. Some clinal variants were eliminated when they failed to pass through facies bottlenecks in the lower and upper Trentonian. Thus, the history of theSowerbyellalineage of the Trenton Group is the product of the facies-controlled production and selection of clinal variants. Clinal variation appears to be a central factor of phyletic evolution.

Sowerbyella kayin. sp. is described.
Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters
Authors: Wilson Mark V. H. , Brinkman Donald B. , Neuman Andrew G.
Published: August 2016

Contrary to ideas that Cretaceous fresh waters contained few teleosts, there were several taxa of Esocoidei (pikes and relatives) in North American Cretaceous rivers. Dentaries and palatines of Campanian to Maastrichtian age all have C-shaped tooth bases and other distinctive features of shape and foramina. The fossils include at least three distinct kinds, two of which are described here as new genera and species in the Esocidae: Estesesox foxi n. gen. and sp. and Oldmanesox canadensis n. gen. and sp.

These old, diverse, and apparently primitive specimens show that pikes radiated when Eurasia and North America were still joined. Some references in the literature to the Cretaceous fish Platacodon Marsh are based on referred dentaries that are here identified as esocoid fossils. The Esocidae are the first example of a family of Recent North American freshwater teleosts that has been shown to have speciated in Cretaceous fresh waters and survived the terminal Cretaceous extinction.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil isopods of North America
Authors: Wieder Robert W. , Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: August 2016

Nine species of fossil isopods have been studied from Cretaceous to Pleistocene rocks of North America. This represents all known species from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil record on this continent. Four species ofPalaegawere studied.Palaega goedertorumWieder and Feldmann, 1989, from upper Eocene to lower Miocene rocks of Washington state, has served recently as the basis for restructuring the genus. Emendations are made to species descriptions ofPalaega guadalupensisandP. williamsonensisfrom the Cretaceous rocks of Texas. The fourth species ofPalaega, P. lamnae, also from the Cretaceous rocks of Texas, although of doubtful affinities with this genus, was not removed due to lack of sufficient information to reassign it. Two new species are described,Cirolana enigma, from Lower Cretaceous rocks of South Dakota, andArchaeoniscus texanus, from the Cretaceous of Texas. This is the first report ofCirolanafrom the fossil record. Two sphaeromatid isopods were included: one,Sphaeroma burkartiifrom Tertiary rocks of Mexico, was not located for study; the other,Eocopea oculata, is from Miocene rocks of southern California. Two specimens of the valviferan genusSaduria, from Pleistocene deposits in Canada, were also studied.
The so-called giant Miocene dolphin Megalodelphis magnidens Kellogg (Mammalia: Cetacea) is actually a crocodile (Reptilia: Crocodilia)
Authors: Morgan Gary S.
Published: August 2016

The type specimen of Megalodelphis magnidens Kellogg, 1944, from the Late Tertiary of Florida, is not a long-beaked dolphin of the mammalian order Cetacea as it was originally described. The presence of splenial and angular bones in the holotype mandible, along with a suture for the surangular bone and an external mandibular fenestra, are reptilian characters unknown in the Mammalia. Details of the morphology and placement of the teeth and the conformation of the mandible reveal that this specimen belongs to a crocodilian, and should be referred to the long-snouted estuarine crocodile, Gavialosuchus americanus. Therefore, Megalodelphis magnidens Kellogg, 1944, becomes a junior synonym of Gavialosuchus americanus (Sellards, 1915). The edentulous “rostral” (actually mandibular) fragment referred by Kellogg to M. magnidens does represent a large, long-beaked odontocete cetacean; however, its fragmentary condition does not permit a positive allocation to genus. Pending a revision of the long-beaked odontocetes, this specimen is regarded as Odontoceti incertae sedis.
New Monoplacophora (Mollusca) from Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician of Missouri
Authors: Stinchcomb Bruce L.
Published: August 2016

Fourteen new species and six new genera of the molluscan class Monoplacophora are described from the Upper Cambrian Potosi and Eminence formations and the Lower Ordovician Gasconade Formation of the Ozark Uplift of Missouri and some new biostratigraphic horizons are introduced. A new superfamily, the Hypseloconellacea nom. trans. Knight, 1956, and a new family, the Shelbyoceridae, are named. The genus Proplina is represented by five new species: P. inflatus, P. suttoni from the Cambrian Potosi Formation, P. arcua from the Cambrian Eminence Formation and P. meramecensis and P. sibeliusi from the Lower Ordovician Gasconade Formation. A new genus and species in the subfamily Proplininae, Ozarkplina meramecensis, is described from the Upper Cambrian Eminence Formation. Four new monoplacophoran genera in the superfamily Hypseloconellacea and their species are described, including: Cambrioconus expansus, Orthoconus striatus, Cornuella parva from the Eminence Formation, and Gasconadeoconus ponderosa, G. waynesvillensis, G. expansus from the Gasconade Formation. A new genus in the new family Shelbyoceridae, Archeoconus missourensis, is described from the Eminence Formation and a new species of Shelbyoceras, S. bigpineyensis, is described from the Gasconade Formation.
Some new post-Paleozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) and comments on taxon endurance
Authors: Blake Daniel B.
Published: August 2016

Five Jurassic through Oligocene sea stars are described; all are assignable to modern genera and two(Tethyaster jurassicus; Mediaster hayi)represent new species.TethyasterandPseudarchasterare morphologically similar but represent separate orders; occurrence of both in Jurassic sediments suggests close common ancestry. Many post-Paleozoic sea stars appear enduring, perhaps because of broad ecological tolerances and construction; the fossils described here probably are not unique as asteroid living fossils.
Microforaminiferal linings from the Early Devonian of eastern Australia, and their generic placement
Authors: Winchester-Seeto Theresa , Bell K. N.
Published: August 2016

Microforaminiferal linings assigned to 10 known genera have been recovered from Early Devonian (Lochkovian to Late Emsian) limestones from Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. These organic linings have been identified by comparison with normal-sized agglutinated foraminiferan genera known to occur in the associated sediments. Microforaminiferal linings with smooth walls and reticulate sculptured walls were present and the possible implications of these (diagenetic, relict structure, naked homeomorphs, or processing artifact) are discussed. Evidence is presented thatOrdovicinamay have a bilamellar organic wall lining.
The Otarionine trilobite Cyphaspis, with new species from the Silurian of northwestern Canada
Authors: Adrain Jonathan M. , Chatterton Brian D. E.
Published: August 2016

The genus Cyphaspis Burmeister, 1843, is first known from the northern Laurentian Sheinwoodian. By the late Homerian, the genus had appeared in England and Baltica, and from the Ludlow through the Lower and Middle Devonian it had an essentially cosmopolitan distribution. The Mississippian Dixiphopyge Brezinski, 1988, may represent a relict distribution of Cyphaspis, and if so should be considered a junior subjective synonym. Cyphaspis is considered the sister taxon of Otarion Zenker, 1833. The oldest, Sheinwoodian, species of either genus are very similar, but the clades evolved to the point of gross morphological disparity in the Devonian.

New species from the Wenlock and probably Ludlow of northwestern Canada are Cyphaspis lowei, C. munii, C. buchbergeri, and C. mactavishi. New ontogenetic material of the Zlichovian C. dabrowni (Chatterton, 1971) further demonstrates the pervasiveness of the basic juvenile morphology of the tribe Otarionini.
The oldest record of Lophoranina (Decapoda: Raninidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Chiapas, Southeastern Mexico
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M. , Vega Francisco , Tucker Annette B. , Garcia-Barrera Pedro , Avendaño Javier
Published: August 2016

The description of Lophoranina precocious new species from the Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) Ocozocuautla Formation, Chiapas, México, represents the first occurrence of Lophoranina in pre-Eocene strata. The discovery provides documentation that the evolutionary development of terraced lines in the genus trended from relatively few, undivided, symmetrical terraces to more numerous, divided, asymmetrical terraces, and that the overall carapace surface developed a lower relief and became more uniform through time. Terraced lines that appear to be nodose, in most cases, were probably spinose. The morphology of the dorsal carapace seems to support affinities of the Raninidae with the Homolidae.
Pinnotheres laquei Sakai (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae), a tiny crab commensal within the brachiopod Laqueus rubellus (Sowerby) (Terebratulida: Laqueidae)
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M. , Mackinnon David I. , Endo Kazuyoshi , Chirino-Galvez Luis
Published: August 2016

Examination of 186 specimens of the living brachiopod Laqueus rubellus (Sowerby), collected during four different months from Sagami Bay, Japan, has yielded 94 specimens of the pinnotherid crab, Pinnotheres laquei Sakai, living within the mantle cavity. This work provides the first quantitative statements regarding crab/brachiopod associations. All but four of the specimens were female crabs; the four male specimens occurred together with females in brachiopods collected during March, 1982. Pinnotherids, common associates of mollusks and echinoderms, tend to be host specific; however, anecdotal information received near the conclusion of this study suggests that P. laquei may visit multiple brachiopod host species. Although the crabs seem to be more common in larger brachiopods, there is some correspondence between crab size and brachiopod size. No physical evidence, such as malformation of the shell or lophophore loop, was observed in host brachiopods and, therefore, the association was judged to be commensal or symbiotic. It is probable that crabs were able to enter and exit the mantle cavity at will. This association of brachiopod and pinnotherid represents the only known occurrence of infestation of brachiopods by crabs and, with the exception of boring and encrusting organisms, is one of very few biotic associations, of any kind, for brachiopods. Although this association has not yet been reported from the fossil record, the nature of preservation of brachiopods and the methods of study, employing serial sectioning techniques, suggest the possibility of detecting this unusual association in the fossil record.
Davidsonia and Rugodavidsonia (new genus), cryptic Devonian atrypid brachiopods from Europe and South China
Authors: Copper Paul
Published: August 2016

The fixosessile, perireefal to reefal Devonian epibiont Davidsonia cemented itself by its entire ventral valve to the underside of alveolitid tabulate corals, or to stromatoporoid sponges. It occupied a cryptic niche in perireefal biostromal thickets to reef complexes in the Old World faunal realm (Europe, western North America), and Uralian–Central Asian faunal province. A new species, D. septata, is here reported in abundance for the first time from Middle Devonian (Givetian) rocks of Yunnan, thus extending its range to South China. The usual absence of the brachial valve is suggested to be due to postmortem taphonomy as a result of its unique, cemented mode of life on the undersides of corals or sponges. A new genus of coarsely ribbed, partly libero-, partly fixosessile davidsoniid, Rugodavidsonia, type Davidsonia woodwardiana (DeKoninck), mimicking unrelated Late Paleozoic orthotetids, is also described, demonstrating that ribs evolved secondarily in a family dominated from its inception by smooth shells. Its paleogeographic distribution ranged from Europe through western North America (and possibly China), commonly accompanying Davidsonia in similar assemblages, but with a slightly different mode of life. Reexamination of available material, using thin sections, peels and SEM, confirms that the impunctate shell structure, dorsally directed spiralia, nature of the hinge mechanism, the deltidial plates, absence of a chilidium, “atrypoid” musculature and vascular markings, show features in Davidsonia and Rugodavidsonia that are all typical of the Order Atrypida. Thus, Davidsonia demonstrates that ventral valve cementation evolved independently more than once in articulate brachiopods such as strophomenids, productids, atrypids, and thecideid spiriferids. A revised classification of the Davidsonioidea and Palaferelloidea is proposed. Relationships between various genera are outlined in a new family tree for these groups. The various families discussed, including the Symmatrypidae, are united under a new suborder, the Davidsoniidina, a primarily carbonate platform and perireefal dwelling group, which first evolved during the Ludlovian (Late Silurian) in the Uralian–Central Asian tropical shelf region, diversified over a period of ~47 Ma, and then died out during the late Givetian, 10 Ma prior to the Frasnian–Famenian mass extinction events.
The irregular echinoidsEchinoneusLeske andBrissusGray in the Cenozoic of the Antillean region
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Veale Christopher
Published: August 2016

The extant irregular echinoidsEchinoneus cyclostomusLeske andBrissus unicolor(Leske) are reported from the middle Pleistocene of Barbados. The moderately robustE. cyclostomusis well-preserved, whileB. unicolor, which had a thin test in life, occurs as an internal mold. The holectypoidE. cyclostomus sensu latooccurs in fossiliferous deposits of Upper Oligocene to Pleistocene age in the Antillean region, showing remarkably little overall variation in test shape during this period. Similarly, gross morphological features of RecentB. unicolorare not dissimilar to those seen in some Caribbean species from the Paleogene, such asB.sp. cf.B. unicolorfrom the Middle Eocene of Jamaica. Superior fossil specimens will be required to determine if certain fossil species within these genera are valid. This analysis supports the observation that many taxa of the modern Antillean, shallow-water echinoid fauna have essentially persisted within the region since at least the Oligocene.
Brachiopod mounds not sponge reefs, Permian Capitan-Tansill Formations, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Senowbari-Daryan Baba , Rigby J. Keith
Published: August 2016

Small bioherms in the uppermost Tansill Formation and Capitan Limestone in the northern Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, have been informally interpreted as sponge reefs by past workers. Samples collected during the present cycle of field work in 1993 and 1994 suggest that some of these isolated carbonate mounds have a different origin. Guadalupe Mountains complexes have been recognized for many years as outstanding models for interpretation of reefs, reef facies, and reef faunas (for example, King, 1948; Newell et al., 1953; Achauer, 1969; Yurewicz, 1976, 1977; Babcock, 1977; Kirkland et al. 1993).
The nonmarine mollusks of the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Cabbage Patch fauna of western Montana. II. Terrestrial gastropod families other than Pupillidae (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)
Authors: Pierce Harold G.
Published: August 2016

The remaining terrestrial gastropod fauna of the late Oligocene–early Miocene Cabbage Patch beds of western Montana is composed of nine new species, all from extant genera now occurring in the western United States: Vallonia berryi, [Succineidae] montana, Nesovitrea pulchra, Deroceras securis, D. mahiz, Punctum alveus, Polygyroidea montivaga, Oreohelix brandi, and Monadenia? n. sp. A, which is described from neanic material. All except the Monadenia? represent first occurrences of the respective genus in North America. The terrestrial fauna suggests that climatic and environmental conditions during the late Oligocene–early Miocene interval must have been very similar to those of the present. Two sizes of gastropod eggs, attributed to P. montivaga and V. berryi, were found at one locality. Monadenia? n. sp. A is of limited use, due to rarity, as an index fossil for the upper Cabbage Patch beds.
The last Western InteriorBaculitesfrom the Fox Hills Formation of South Dakota
Authors: Cobban W. A. , Kennedy W. J.
Published: August 2016

Species ofBaculitesare important marker fossils in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Western Interior of the United States and provide indices for 20 of the 29 Campanian and Maastrichtian zones recognized by Cobban (inGill and Cobban, 1966; Cobban, 1977). They often occur in rock-forming proportions (Gill and Cobban, 1966, Pl. 11, fig. 3) and are common up through the lower MaastrichtianBaculites clinolobatuszone. In the type area of the Fox Hills Formation in west-central South Dakota,B. clinolobatusis present in the lower part of the Mobridge Member of the Pierre Shale, butBaculitesare rare or absent in the rest of the member as well as in the overlying Elk Butte Member that forms the uppermost part of the Pierre Shale (Waage, 1968, p. 50, 51, fig. 6). Only the diminutiveBaculites columnaMorton, 1834, has been noted from the succeeding Fox Hills Formation (Waage, 1968). The highest marine Cretaceous rocks of the Western Interior are characterized instead bySphenodiscusand a range of scaphitid species (Hoploscaphites, Discoscaphites). It is therefore of some interest to describe, for the first time, the baculitids from the very high Cretaceous of the Western Interior. The material described below was collected from the Fox Hills Formation by N. L. Larson, P. L. Larson, and R. A. Farrar of the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Hill City, South Dakota. We are grateful to them for allowing us to describe this interesting collection. Specimens cited below are deposited in the collections of the Black Hills Institute (BHI) and in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM) in Washington, D.C.
A new genus and species of regular echinoid from the Late Cretaceous of Gebel El Rowdah, Hatta area, Oman-U.A.E.
Authors: Ali Mohamed Said M.
Published: August 2016

This paper is the fourth in a continuing series describing Late Cretaceous echinoids from the United Arab Emirates (Ali, 1989, 1990, in press). A single semi-spherical Arbaciidae was discovered while I was preparing my earlier paper on additional echinoids of Gebel El Rowdah. This specimen resembled Codiopsis L. Agassiz (1840), but differs in having the ambulacral and interambulacral tubercles developed throughout the adapical and adoral sides. The ambulacral structure in the new genus is also unique among arbaciids. Therefore, the specimen is here placed in a new genus, having been omitted from previous papers because of the paucity of the material. Recently, during a field trip with students of the Geology Department, U.A.E. University, to the same location visited in December 1990, an additional 18 specimens were collected. These provide the basis for the present description of a new genus.
A new smooth-shelledArgyrothecaDall (Brachiopoda, Articulata) from the Eocene of Jamaica
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Harper David A. T. , Doyle Eamon N.
Published: August 2016

The fossil brachiopods of the Caribbean region are reasonably well known following publication of Cooper's (1979) monograph; however, the Jamaican fauna was not considered in this volume. Until recently, only Trechmann (1927, 1930) had described and figured fossil brachiopods from the island. Harper (1993; Harper and Donovan, 1990) has recently revised Trechmann's identifications and added to the still small faunal list, which includes two Cretaceous and 11 Cenozoic species (excluding those discussed below). Further specimens continue to be found and the present communication is a description of a significant collection of small terebratellaceans from the top of the Paleocene to Eocene Richmond Formation of eastern Jamaica. One of the two species described herein was originally recognized on the basis of three brachial valves asArgyrothecasp. 1 in Harper (1993). The availability of superior material has confirmed the uniqueness of this species and has permitted adequate description and diagnosis. All specimens described herein are deposited in the James Mitchell Museum of University College, Galway (JMM), and the British Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH).
Identifying moa gastroliths using a video light scattering instrument
Authors: Johnston Roger G. , Lee William G. , Grace W. Kevin
Published: August 2016

When not found with fossil bone, gastroliths (fossil gizzard stones) may be hard to identify. One attribute that is potentially useful is their high degree of surface polish, presumably caused by abrasion in the animal's gizzard. A novel video laser light scattering instrument is used to characterize the surface roughness of suspected moa gastroliths, as well as similar (non-gastrolith) quartz rocks that were polished by ocean waves. The instrument is fairly successful at distinguishing between the two types of samples.
New Early Devonian pteraspidids (Agnatha, Heterostraci) from east-central Nevada
Authors: Ilyes Robert R. , Elliott David K.
Published: August 2016

Three new species and genera of pteraspidids (Agnatha, Heterostraci), Tuberculaspis elyensis, Pirumaspis lancasteri, and Lamiaspis longiripa, are described from the Sevy Dolomite, east-central Nevada. They form part of a vertebrate fauna of typical Early Devonian aspect that indicates a correlation with previously described faunas from the Beartooth Butte and Water Canyon Formations of Utah and Wyoming, thus improving the known distribution and diversity of these faunas. Correlation with an accurately dated fauna in Death Valley, California, enables this fauna to be dated to the late Emsian (inversus–serotinus Zones).
Exogyrain Upper Cretaceous chalky strata of western Kansas, U.S.A.: a biogeographic enigma
Authors: Hattin Donald E.
Published: August 2016

Upper cretaceous strata of the U. S. Gulf Coastal Plain are rich in species and numbers ofExogyra, which occurs in a wide range of facies including siliciclastics, marls, and chalks. Specimens ofExogyrabelonging to numerous well-defined species are also common to abundant locally in Upper Cretaceous siliciclastic rocks at many localities within the U. S. Western Interior, but the genus is exceedingly sparse in marly and chalky rocks of the same region. Intensive collecting in the chalky outcrops of western Kansas has yielded only two specimens ofExogyra, which are notable not only for good shell preservation but also for uniqueness of their respective occurrence. One of these specimens was collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Chalk (Figure 1), and the other was collected from the Fairport Member, Carlile Shale (Figure 1). Principal paleontological works that treat the Niobrara fauna, especially including those of Meek (1876), Stanton (1893), Logan (1898), Scott and Cobban (1964), Miller (1968), and Hattin (1982), make no mention of the genus in that formation. Hattin (1962) documented a lone occurrence ofExogyrain the Fairport Member of Kansas, and sparse occurrence ofE.cf.E. suborbiculataLamarck in the Fairport was recorded by Kauffman (1961), whose material was collected in Huerfano Park, Colorado, where the member is calcareous or marly shale. Stratigraphic occurrence of the two Kansas specimens is presented in Figure 1, which also depicts ranges of otherExogyraspecies that have been recorded in the Upper Cretaceous of western Kansas.
PeltichiaJin and Liao, 1981 (Enteletidae, Brachiopoda) from Asia: taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography
Authors: Shen Shuzhong , Tazawa Jun-Ichi , Shi G. R.
Published: August 2016

An enteletid brachiopod genusPeltichiaJin and Liao, 1981, is reviewed and emended based on specimens from the Permian sequences of Japan, South China, Vietnam, and Transcaucasia. New and revised taxa arePeltichia akasakensis(Ozawa),P. kwangtungensis(Zhan),P. ruzhencevi(Sokolskaja),P. sinensis(Huang),P. subtriangularisnew species,P. transversus(Huang), andP. zigzag(Huang). The genusPeltichia, consisting of 10 species, ranges from Kungurian to Changhsingian, and is distributed geographically in the Tethyan Realm and its surrounding areas and probably as well as in the western Panthalassan region.