bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIVES AT THE CENTER OF THE PERIPHERY, LIVES AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE CENTER
Authors: CHEN ANTHONY S.
Published: March 2007

A decade ago, the “new sociology of masculinity” (NSM) emerged as an exciting new paradigm for understanding gender, emphasizing the study of “hegemonic power relations” among men and women. However, subsequent research has not fully redeemed the promise of the NSM, failing to seriously engage the theoretical implications of studying hegemony. This article addresses the lacunae by presenting a theoretically informed analysis of life history interviews with Chinese American men. Its chief empirical question is how Chinese American men “achieve” masculinity in the face of negative stereotypes. This is accomplished, it is found, through four possible gender strategies: compensation, deflection, denial, or repudiation. The author then fashions a theoretical account of these strategies to show how they can reproduce the social order by striking a hegemonic bargain, which occurs when a Chinese American man's gender strategy involves consciously trading on—or unconsciously taking advantage of—the “privileges” of his race, gender, class, generation, and/or sexuality for the purposes of elevating his masculinity.
TENUOUS RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: UTTAL LYNET , TUOMINEN MARY
Published: March 2007

The relatively recent shift of family caregiving to the public market of service work raises questions about how to theorize paid caregiving. This article examines how to conceptualize child rearing when it is transferred to a paid worker. The gendered character of commodified caregiving is complicated by structural locations of race and class that define the employer-employee relationship. Previous discussions of paid child care work as emotionally meaningful work have been criticized as idealizations that mask the exploitative nature of the work. Yet, emotional meaning is not simply a cover-up or an idealization of the labor; rather, it is an integral component of the work of caregiving, the practice of which is distorted by societal assumptions about gender and race. To better understand paid child care work, the significance of emotional meaning, as well as gender, race, and ethnic dimensions of paid child care work need to be explored.
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Treatments for Post-Stroke Depression in Elderly Inpatients: Systematic Review
Authors: Cole Martin G. , Elie L. Michel , McCusker Jane , Bellavance François , Mansour Asmaa
Published: March 2007

To determine the feasibility and effectiveness of antidepressive treatments for post-stroke depression in elderly medical inpatients, MEDLINE was searched for potentially relevant articles published from January 1987 to August 1997 using the keywords "depression or depressive disorder" (exploded) and "aged." Thirteen reports met the fol lowing inclusion criteria: (1) published in English or French; (2) minimum age criterion of 55 and over or mean age 65 and over; (3) post-stroke subjects admitted to a medical, geriatric, or rehabilitation service; (4) used accepted cri teria for depression; (5) examined treatment(s) for depression; and (6) reported outcomes as a depression diagnosis and/or symptom level. Data were abstracted independently from each article by two reviewers. The limited evi dence suggests contraindications to treatment of 83% of a group to receive a heterocyclic antidepressant compared with 11% of a group to receive a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI); rates of discontinuation and study completion are similar for heterocyclics, SSRIs and psychostimulants. All of the treatments appear to be at least modestly effective in the short term. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:37-41).
Apolipoprotein E ∈4 Allele Affects the Relationship between Stress and Depression in Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Gallagher-Thompson Dolores , O'Hara Ruth , Simmons Alan , Kraemer Helena C. , Murphy Greer M.
Published: March 2007

We examined the effect of the apolipoprotein E (apo E) ∈4 allele on the relationship between self-reported stress and mood in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eighty-six female subjects between the ages of 28 and 82 years who were community-dwelling AD patient caregivers participated in the study. A cross-sectional analysis of stress and mood was performed using the Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist and the Geriatric Depression Scale. All subjects were evaluated for normal cognitive function (Mini-Mental Status Examination) and apo E genotype. The results indicated that increased levels of stress were associated with increased levels of depres sive symptoms in nondemented caregivers with the ∈4 allele. This relationship was not observed in caregivers without the ∈4 allele. These results suggest that carriers of the ∈4 allele may respond differently to psychological stress than do individuals without the ∈4 allele. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:115-119).
The Costs of Caring: Impact of Dementia on Family Caregivers
Authors: Connell Cathleen M. , Janevic Mary R. , Gallant Mary P.
Published: March 2007

With the aging of the population, an increasing number of older adults are diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or a related disorder. Most people with a dementing illness will be cared for at home by a family member, who may experi ence a variety of physical, emotional, financial, and social burdens associated with the caregiving role. The purpose of this article is to (a) examine the physical and psychological effects of providing care to a family member with a dement ing illness, (b) describe the factors that help determine the nature and magnitude of these effects, and (c) discuss several approaches to caregiver intervention designed to reduce the negative impact of this challenging role. Sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., gender, relationship to the patient, culture, race, ethnicity), caregiver resources (e.g., coping, social support, availability of a companion animal), and personal characteristics (e.g., personality, health behaviors) shape the dementia caregiving experience and have implications for interventions designed to prevent or lessen the stress and burden that often accompany the role. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 179-187).
Which Level of Care Is Preferred for End-Stage Dementia? Survey of Taiwanese Caregivers
Authors: Chen Wei-Ta , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Lu Shiang-Ru , Fuh Jong-Ling
Published: March 2007

In Western countries, most family caregivers view some degree of palliative care as appropriate for severely demented care recipients. In Asian countries, caregivers' attitudes toward such an important issue have not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, we surveyed Taiwanese caregivers' attitudes toward the terminal care of demented care recipients by questionnaire. In 115 (48 men, 67 women; mean age 73.7 ± 9.5 years) caregivers who completed the questionnaire, most caregivers (61%) preferred highly aggressive care, whereas only 3% preferred solely palliative care at the end of the demented care recipients' life. Caregivers having a lower education level (≤ 12 vs > 12 years) or having care recipients of a younger age (≤75 vs >75 years) exhibited a higher preference for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (P = .020 and P = .010, respectively). Sixteen percent of caregivers accepted postmortem autopsy for their care recipients. Twenty-eight percent of caregivers of home-resident recipients anticipated institutionalization, especially those with care recipients having moderate to severe stages of dementia. Co-surrogate caregivers, including the spouse and the offspring, were the most common proxies (39%) for care recipients with end-stage dementia. By comparison with Western countries, the low acceptance rate of CPR refusal and nursing home placement by our caregivers might result from cultural differences. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:16-19).
The Effect of Weld-Lines on the Fatigue Resistance of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate
Authors: Boukhili R. , Gauvin R. , Gosselin M.
Published: March 2007

The static and fatigue behaviour of injection molded short glass fiber rein forced polycarbonate and non-reinforced polycarbonate were determined for specimens containing weld-lines generated by double-gating Similar experiments were also per formed on specimens without weld-lines for comparative purposes

Many aspects of the fatigue behaviour of the materials investigated are reported In the case of non-reinforced polycarbonate, the effect of the weld-line acts principally via the V- notch. However, in the case of glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate the weld-line effect was principally due to the fiber orientation at the weld-line interface On the other hand, while the effect of the weld-line on the fatigue behaviour of polycarbonate was very complex and unpredictable, it seems that for the glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate, this effect can be related to the tensile strength reduction
Influence of Ply Waviness on the Stiffness and Strength Reduction on Composite Laminates
Authors: Bogetti Travis A. , Gillespie John W. , Lamontia Mark A.
Published: March 2007

An analytic model, based on two-dimensional laminated plate theory, is developed to investigate the influence of ply waviness on the stiffness and strength reduc tion of [90/0/90] laminate constructions. The model predicts:
The Vibration Welding of Polyamide 66
Authors: Potente H. , Uebbing M. , Lewandowski E.
Published: March 2007

Working on the basis of a parameter study of standard PA 66 material, comparative investigations were conducted into material modifications using heat stabiliz ers, glass fibers and minerals. The evaluation criterion applied for the weld quality was the short-time welding factor, this being the quotient of the weld strength and the strength of the base material With standard material, a weld strength almost equivalent to the strength of the base material was attained. With heat-stabilized and mineral-filled material, the welding factor fell to fs = 0.9. Glass-fiber-reinforced PA achieved a maximum value of fs = 0.58, which, in terms of absolute value, corresponds approximately to the base material strength of standard polyamide. Microtome section investigations show how the different weld results come about.
Elastic Moduli of Injection-Molded Short-Fiber-Reinforced Poly(ether-ether-ketone)
Authors: Choy C.L. , Kwok K.W. , Leung W.P. , Lau Felix P.
Published: March 2007

The nine independent elastic constants of injection-molded bars of poly(ether-ether-ketone) reinforced with 30% by weight of carbon fibers and 20% and 30 % by weight of glass fibers have been determined by ultrasonic techniques. The tensile and shear moduli increase with increasing fiber volume fraction, with the tensile modulus along the longitudinal (mold flow) direction showing the greatest change. The longitudinal tensile modulus of 30 weight % carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced composites exceeds the tensile modulus of the matrix by factors of 6 and 3, respectively. By regarding the injection-molded bar as a multidirectional laminate comprising a large number of uni directional plies, the elastic moduli have been calculated and found to agree closely with the experimental data.
A Review of Conflict Instruments in Organizational Settings
Authors: Womack Deanna F.
Published: March 2007

Since the entire issue of MCQ centers on conflict style instruments, this section departs from the format traditionally employed. Instead, it compares and contrasts the different theoretical frames of each instrument, the role of communication in each, and the internal reliabilities and validities of the five scales. It concludes by synthesizing the strengths and weaknesses of each scale and by highlighting the appropriate uses of the them in organizational communication research and training.
Conceptualizing Organizational Communication Competence:
Authors: Wellmon Tracy A.
Published: March 2007

This study explores perceptions of organizational communication within the workplace, using individuals in the work setting as subjects. Interviews were conducted to elicit descriptions of specific behaviors that were indicative of “competent” and “incompetent” behavior within the organization. The researcher hypothesized that the respondents would be able to articulate rules of the organization that guide their judgments concerning organizational communication competence. The data support this hypothesis. Interviewees did provide specific examples of rule-generated behavior in their discussions of competence.
Facilitation
Authors: Keltner John (Sam)
Published: March 2007

This article defines groups and their function in society and points out the need for training in group processes. It distinguishes between task, therapy, growth, and training groups, defines a group process facilitator as a catalyst to the procesess through which a group performs its task, separates the process-facilitation role from other facilitative roles dealing with the content of a discussion, and looks at the history of group process laboratories and the training of facilitators. Also discussed are the role and requirements of the leader-trainer-facilitator, the function of power in the facilitator role, the nature of intervention, the preparation of facilitators-intervenors, and the paradox of facilitation and facilitator intervention strategy. It points to the variations in the concepts of the role of the facilitator and to the weaknesses in the preparation of facilitators at the present time, and calls for further research in the facilitator role.
Organizations and the Media
Authors: Theus Kathryn T.
Published: March 2007

The results of a recent survey of 140 randomly selected for-profit and nonprofit organizations covered in seven Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia newspapers, and field interviews with journalists and organizational respondents based on articles about those organizations, suggest that discrepancies in communication may result not only from reporting routines but also from the organization's own ideologies and structures governing work and communication. In organic organizations with values compatible with open communication, dependency relationships with journalists are more likely to form, and these appear to diminish claims of distorted reporting. Specifically, systematic discrepancies or differences between organizations and reporters on the salience, selection, and interpretation (accuracy, framing, and emphasis) of news reports were found to be more common for public sector (particularly government) mechanistic bureaucracies of large-sized (greater than 5,000 employees) than for private organizations having organic structures, and these organizations were the ones lacking open communication behaviors that foster dependency relationships.
Superiors' Conflict Management Strategies and Subordinate Outcomes
Authors: Weider-Hatfield Deborah , Hatfield John D.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the extant research investigating the relationships between managers' conflict management strategies and subordinate outcomes and reports the results of a study investigating relationships between a manager's use of collaborating, forcing, and accommodating and four types of rewards (system, job, performance, and interpersonal) subordinates might experience at work. The results show significant positive relationships between a manager's collaborating strategies and subordinates' experiencing interpersonal and performance rewards and significant negative relationships between a manager's forcing strategies and those same outcomes. No relationship was found between a manager's accommodating strategies and subordinates' perceived rewards or between any of the strategies and system rewards.
A Source Accessibility Effect on Media Selection
Authors: Christensen Edward W. , Bailey James R.
Published: March 2007

Understanding information acquisition behavior is increasingly important because the amount of and access to information is growing at a staggering pace. Combining the media and source selection literature, we hypothesize that both task routineness and source accessibility influence media selection. The hypotheses are tested in an experiment where subjects selected among media to acquire the requisite information for a strategic task. Results show an interaction effect of task routineness and source accessibility on media selection. The implications of this effect and directions for future research are discussed.
The Acculturation of Immigrants to U.S. Organizations
Authors: Alkhazraji Khalid Mohammed , Gardner William L. , Martin Jeanette S. , Paolillo Joseph G. P.
Published: March 2007

Questionnaires from 277 Muslim immigrants revealed that most were more inclined to retain their original national culture for their private and/or social lives than to adopt the U.S. national culture. In contrast, most accepted U.S. organizational cultures. Collectivism, religious beliefs and practices, gender, education, and years lived in the United States related to acculturation to the U.S. national culture; national acculturation, collectivism, and perceived discrepancy in work cultures related to acculturation to U.S. organizational cultures. The practical implications of these findings for managers are discussed along with recommended directions for future research.
Employee Attitudes Regarding Electronic Mail Policies
Authors: Hacker Kenneth L. , Goss Blaine , Townley Charles , Horton Valerie J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates employee attitudes toward e-mail and e-mail policies through a case study of e-mail users at a major university libmry. The study employs a triangulation methodology (interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups) to determine how the employees use e-mail, what problems they have with it, and how they feel about policies for e-mail management. Results indicate strong differences in attitudes based on job position (faculty, professional, and classified) and frequency of e-mail usage. Data indicate that those who use e-mail most frequently have more favorable attitudes about it than less frequent users. They are more opposed to policies that regulate their e-mail communication. Qualitative data indicate that employees generally prefer guidelines to restrictive policies for e-mail communication.
The Impacts of Communication and Multiple Identifications on Intent to Leave
Authors: Scott Craig R. , Connaughton Stacey L. , Diaz-Saenz Hector R. , Maguire Katheryn , Ramirez Ruben , Richardson Brian , Shaw Sandra Pride , Morgan Dianne
Published: March 2007

In the currently strong U.S. economy, voluntary turnover continues to affect organizations and individuals in important ways. This study examines two sets of contributors to turnover intent that have not received much attention in the organizational communication literature: various indicators of communication and multiple targets of identification. A modified version of the International Communication Association Communication Audit survey and interviews were used to collect data at a state government agency. Results indicate that among the communication variables, supervisor and coworker relationships have the strongest association with intent to leave. The findings also reveal a rather complex relationship between three different types of identification (with division, agency, and state government) and intent to leave.
A Rogerian Theoretical Tapestry
Authors: Carboni Judith T.
Published: March 2007

A five-level analytical framework is employed in order to critically analyze Martha E. Rogers' science of unitary human beings. Philosophical and epistemological threads are followed in an attempt to evaluate the coherence and comprehensiveness of her theoretical work. The interconnectedness between the five levels is demonstrated, and areas of debate and concern are elucidated. The philosophical and epistemological tapestry emerging from Rogers' theoretical thinking is found to reflect coherence in her philosophical and epistemological positions and beauty in the pattern found therein. The challenge lies in finding innovative methods of inquiry congruent with Rogers' view.
Life Patterns of Persons with Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Newman Margaret A. , Moch Susan Diemert
Published: March 2007

This study of person-environment patterns of people with coronary heart disease was undertaken as an explication of Margaret Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness. A method of cooperative inquiry was used involving eleven clients in a cardiac rehabilitation center, a cardiovascular nursing specialist, and the investigators. The clients were asked to describe the most meaningful times in their lives. Narratives of the evolving patterns based on the clients' descriptions were confirmed or revised by the clients. Similarities among patterns were supportive of some of the previously reported behaviors associated with coronary heart disease: the need to excel, a tendency to be repressed and externally controlled. Differences between individuals were explained by their position on Arthur Young's spectrum of human development. The mutual process of pattern recognition engaged in by nursing researchers and clients is seen as a model for practice.
Nursing Science and the Space Age
Authors: Rogers Martha E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the basic elements of Rogers' science of unitary human beings. It defines science, explicates nursing as a science and an art, addresses the meaning of the principles of homeodynamics, and discusses the building blocks of these principles. Several theories arising from the science of unitary human beings are elaborated, and noninvasive therapeutic modalities are discussed as part of nursing practice.
The Nature of Scientific Truth
Authors: Packard Sheila A. , Polifroni E. Carol
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to share with the readers the authors' views on the need for a philosophical foundation in nursing scholarship. The philosophical premises of realism, idealism, and empiricism are discussed. In addition, the research methods most appropriately used with each philosophical stance are identified and discussed. The authors strongly suggest that nursing epistemology will not advance along the lines of good science until all nursing theorists, thinkers, and philosophers identify their underpinning philosophical positions prior to the discovery of theory, through research and other scientific endeavors. A nursing science fiction account of discovery and theory is used to illustrate the points made within the article.
Dynamism in Practice: Parenting within King's Framework
Authors: Norris Diane M. , Hoyer Paulette J.
Published: March 2007

A dynamic approach to parenting in a neonatal intensive care unit provides a framework to test King's nursing theory. The framework is based on selected concepts from King's theory of goal attainment and current literature on parenting. The framework stresses the valuational components of human interaction. This article describes an attempt to move neonatal care from medicalization of parenting toward transaction between parents and nurses.
The Science of Unitary Human Beings: Current Perspectives
Authors: Rogers Martha E.
Published: March 2007

This article explicates current perspectives on Rogers' science of unitary human beings. Possibilities for nursing in the 21st century are elaborated upon. Attention is called to the increasingly rapid social changes which will have an impact on nursing science.
The Meaning of Retirement for Communally-Living Retired Performing Artists
Authors: Davis D. Karl , Cannava Eugene
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive transcultural study was to explore the meaning of retirement for those older people who have lived as performing artists and who are presently sharing communal living at the Casa Verdi di Riposo, Milan, Italy. Parse's nursing theory was the conceptual framework utilized to structure objectives and interview questions. Findings showed that the meaning of retirement for these communally-living retired performing artists is the emerging of an unburdening lightness as esthetic interconnections surface the was and will be in the now moment as the diversity of everydayness enlivens through communion-solitude while anticipating the transposing vistas of the inevitable prompts treasuring the now in confirming a perpetual arfistic legacy. Findings were congruent with Parse's three major themes (meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence) and support Parse's theory of human becoming, as well as expanding the body of nursing knowledge on the phenomenon of retirement.
Nursing and the Next Millennium
Authors: Huch Mary H.
Published: March 2007

On March 19, 1993, in Toronto, Canada, at Discovery International, Inc.'s, Biennnial Nurse Theorist Conference, five theorists participated in a panel discussion on: caring as an essence of nursing; the value of continuing to develop nursing theory; what constitutes nursing research; the role of advanced practice nurses. The theorists were Imogene M. King, Madeleine M. Leininger, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Hildegard E. Peplau, and Martha E. Rogers. Marlaine C. Smith was the moderator and presented the questions to the panel.
Intersubjective Meeting in Holistic Caring: A Swedish Perspective
Authors: Dahlberg Karin
Published: March 2007

Intersubjectivity is a central notion in nursing which describes the important relationship between nurse and patient. The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of intersubjective meeting and to examine its meaning in light of selected works by nursing and nonnursing authors who have addressed the phenomenon. Intersubjective meeting is posited here as a true and meaningful confirming dialogue. Thus, three elements of this construct will be adduced for further elaboration: a true and meaningful meaning, a confirming meeting, and the meeting as dialogue. For caregivers to engage in such an intersubjective meeting, they must exercise knowledge of self and have access to care for the caregiver.
Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations
Authors: Peplau Hildegard E.
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal competencies of nurses are key to assisting patients in the work necessary for regaining health and well-being. Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations is detailed, and examples are given of the three phases which occur in developing nurse-patient relationships, along with associated challenges.
The Role of Accreditation Reform in Teacher Education
Authors: Murray Frank B.
Published: March 2007

There has been an undeniable erosion of the value and status of academic degrees in teacher education. The erosion has not been stemmed by traditional accreditation mechanisms that are based on mere consensus standard setting. It is argued that a new system of teacher education accreditation, based on evidence of student learning, valid assessment of student learning, and continuous program improvement based on evidence, is more likely to stem the erosion than the current approach.
District and State Policy Influences on Professional Development and School Capacity
Authors: Youngs Peter
Published: March 2007

Based on a review of research, this article examines the extent to which recent reforms related to professional development addressed different aspects of school capacity. The reforms include teacher networks in California, the use of consultants and intervisitation in New York City's District 2, student assessments in Kentucky and Maryland, and school improvement plans in South Carolina. The article finds that these reforms generally strengthened teachers' knowledge, skills, and dispositions but had uneven effects on other aspects of school capacity. The final section discusses four implications of the findings and suggests some guidelines for district and state policy regarding professional development. The guidelines include the need for districts and states to promote within-school collaboration and for districts to negotiate the tension between promoting internal school coherence while providing some autonomy to individual schools.
Diversity or Desegregation? Implications of Arguments for Diversity in K-12 and Higher Education
Authors: McDermott Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

Advocates of race-conscious admissions and attendance policies at the K-12 and postsecondary levels have recently emphasized the argument that public education authorities have a "compelling interest" in maintaining racially, ethnically, and economically diverse learning environments. Unlike earlier calls for integration, which rested on constitutional guarantees of equal protection, the diversity argument emphasizes educational benefits and thus is sensitive to differences in educational contexts. One problem with framing educational equity issues in terms of diversity is that sometimes, diversity is understood in ways that do not enhance educational quality or opportunity. The case that diversity enhances the quality of education must be made in a manner specific to the K-12 context, with reference to the states' constitutional guarantees of public education. This article explores the connections between the diversity arguments currently being made in higher education and K-12 contexts, drawing evidence from federal case law and recent desegregation-related policies in Connecticut.
Design Cooperation: Strengthening the Link between Organizational and Instructional Change in Schools
Authors: Mintrop Heinrich , Gamson David , McLaughlin Milbrey , Wong Pia Lindquist , Oberman Ida
Published: March 2007

This article takes its point of departure from recent developments in design-based school reform: design competition, authoritative lists of presumably research-based projects, and forced choice of comprehensive designs, especially by low-performing schools. Data from the implementation reality of four reform projects in 35 schools, as well as other studies, suggest that perhaps expectations of comprehensiveness, robustness, and fidelity, underlying recent developments, need to be reevaluated and synergy effects of design repertoires more consciously used. The authors contend that design cooperation, rather than design competition, may be a more promising leitmotif for design-based educational reform.
Centralization Versus Decentralization in Educational Administration: Regional Issues
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: March 2007

Reduction of regional imbalances is an explicit goal of a wide range of governments. In general, it is more difficult to reduce imbalances in decentralized systems than in centralized ones. Decentralization may still be desirable for political and other reasons, however, in which case national administrators have to devise ways to work within decentralized frameworks but still achieve overall goals. This article outlines strategies employed in a number of countries, paying particular attention to the distribution of financial and human resources. Also addressed are issues of diversity and conformity in education systems. Reduction of regional imbalances does not necessarily require imposition of uniformity, but the diversity encouraged by decentralization is not always desirable.
School-University Partnerships and Partner Schools
Authors: Goodlad John I.
Published: March 2007

Currently, there are few teacher education settings in the United States where discussion of program improvement does not include reference to professional development schools. However, the discussants differ in their understandings of what they are talking about. The range is wide: from schools where future teachers hone the final stages of their preparation to centers where experienced teachers come together for in-service education. This article is about the former: schools in which school and university personnel join in renewing schools where a significant part of the preservice teacher education program is carried out jointly. The necessary joining of K-12 and university cultures brings with it virtually every problem documented in the literature of educational change. Yet it is a long-overdue effort that is here to stay. There is likely to be no turning back as what is now more talk than action becomes a common feature of the teacher education enterprise.
The Governance of Teacher Education and Systemic Reform
Authors: Gideonse Hendrik D.
Published: March 2007

Changing schools is hard work, has unpredictable results, and seems unlikely when directed from "the center. " Teacher education policy should rest on the meta-modeling of constructivist theory: It corresponds to developing understandings about learning; what has to be done has to be "learned" by those charged with implementation. "Loose coupling" is not, therefore, a deficiency that systemic reform should overcome so much as a desideratum for educators in highly idiosyncratic sites with changing particularities who must serve through means and for ends that are themselves warmly contested. Systemic reform for teacher education will come only through actions taken to enhance the professionalism of teaching as it is performed. ft must be driven by a national system of accreditation for teacher education. A comprehensive professional development effort for all teacher educators on standards development activities is recommended as is the outright rejection of inadequate routes to licensure and/or employment in teaching.
A Skeptical Perspective on the Adequacy Conception
Authors: Pogrow Stanley
Published: March 2007

Although this article is sympathetic to the philosophic goal of developing a conception of adequacy, it is skeptical as to whether this goal is feasible in the near future for anything but the very earliest primary grade levels (K-2). The problem is that the reform ideas suggested as the basis for delivering adequate instruction are really a grab bag of untested, nonoperationalized ideas. Indeed, little substantive progress has been made in designing effective large-scale learning environments for educationally disadvantaged students during the past 30 years. Experience from the Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) project, a successful large-scale intervention for educationally disadvantaged students, is used to indicate just how difficult it is to develop actual, effective large-scale learning environments. This experience is also used to indicate why it is unlikely that the kinds of interventions that have the potential to consistently deliver adequate education will emerge in the next decade despite the brave reform rhetoric. At the same tine, a focus on adequacy is important for focusing people's attention on the need for more powerful learning environments.
Disruption and Reconnection: Counseling Young Adolescents in Japanese Schools
Authors: LeTendre Gerald K.
Published: March 2007

Adolescents face a range of problems in all industrialized nations. In Japan, middle school teachers have a variety of committees and support systems available to assist them in counseling early adolescents. Beginning with two case studies, the author examines the specific systems teachers use. Due to the absence of formal counselors in Japanese schools, teachers are required to provide counseling for a variety of serious mental and emotional problems. Although the system works well on a preventative basis, it can substantially drain a teacher's time if a child 's problems are severe. In comparing Japanese and U.S. systems, the author finds that some of the basic organizational elements used by the Japanese have been implemented in California schools. The author argues for a systematic effort at reform rather than trying to adopt certain techniques piecemeal.
Communal Participatory Action Research as a Strategy for Improving Universities and the Social Sciences: Penn's Work with the West Philadelphia Improvement Corps as a Case Study
Authors: Benson Lee , Harkavy Ira , Puckett John
Published: March 2007

As the 20th century closes, a key question is: What can the social sciences do to help solve the problems of our society and world? The authors identify the principal causes of the crisis in the university and the social sciences to be intellectual fragmentation and a structural contradiction that is built into the American research university. They then propose a radical reorientation of American universities toward helping solve real-world problems—particularly those in a university's local community. The authors suggest that such an orientation can be achieved through communal participatory action research projects designed to help change society. This research strategy, they argue, will significantly advance both general knowledge and human welfare. The article explores, in detail, a communal participatory action research project initiated at the University of Pennsylvania and draws conclusions from this case study that might be applied in other research projects.
"They're Going to Tear the Doors Off this Place": Upper-Middle-Class Parent School Involvement and the Educational Opportunities of Other People's Children
Authors: McGrath Daniel J. , Kuriloff Peter J.
Published: March 2007

This study explores social class and racial differences in parents' school involvement. Furthermore, it examines involved parents' intentions concerning school. Data are from a yearlong observation of parent-educator relations at a suburban school district in the northeastern United States. Highly involved parents tended to be White, upper-middle-class mothers. This happened, in part, because involved mothers frequently acted in ways that excluded other mothers, particularly African Americans. Involved mothers pressed administrators for additional tracking. This was a strategy for separating their children from lower status children and positioning their children for higher education. We discuss implications for school policy.
Understanding the Politics of Research in Education
Authors: Randall E. Vance , Cooper Bruce S. , Hite Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Research in education is a value-free, unbiased, neutral, social scientific pursuit of truth, using the best methods, and models available—or so we were told when we were learning the craft. The past 30 years have witnessed dramatic changes in how we view research and education. Traditional paradigms of research of methodology now compete with a variety of qualitative approaches and critical theory has unmasked the neutrality of education. This article provides an introduction to these issues and concerns of the politics of research on education as well as an outline of each chapter.
A Pharmacist's Guide to the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation
Authors: Madigan Melissa , Favia Michael V.
Published: March 2007

The Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, in fulfilling its obligation to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of Illinois, administers the state statutes that govern licensure and discipline of professional groups, including pharmacists. In doing so, it frequently calls before it various members of these groups to determine whether or not a violation of these statutes has occurred. If it is determined that a violation has occurred, the Department decides upon the type of discipline to be administered. This article is intended to familiarize the pharmacist with the make-up and disciplinary procedures of the Department of Professional Regulation, with the Illinois statutes governing the practice of pharmacy, and with the violations that seem to most frequently occur and how to prevent them. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company
The Power of Nurse-Client Encounters
Authors: Sherwood Gwen D.
Published: March 2007

Both clients and caregivers are confronted with their own spiritual needs in the search for meaning within the health care experience. Yet, time for reflection on the powerful nature and mutuality of care giving is often crowded out by the busyness and intensity of health care. Using a guided reflection technique, 40 nurse participants in five focus groups examined a written nurse-client encounter. Qualitative analysis of the merged data yielded five common themes and descriptive patterns: common elements in the encounter, descriptors portraying the encounter, meanings conveyed by the illness, spiritual needs uncovered, and a framework to apply to practice. Caregivers must be able to see illness as a meaning-intensive experience to be able to help clients understand their own spirituality. The reciprocity of the spiritual connection in health care encounters is proposed as a significant factor in renewal, satisfaction, and healing outcomes for both nurse and client.
The Prevalence of Prayer as a Spiritual Self-Care Modality in Elders
Authors: Dunn Karen S. , Horgas Ann L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to (a) investigate whether elders report using prayer as a coping strategy, (b) examine the frequency and type of spiritual treatment modalities used by elders, and (c) determine if there is a relationship between spiritual treatment modalities and coping in this population. The sample consisted of 50 community-dwelling elders with a mean age of 74 years. Descriptive findings indicate that 96% of elders use prayer to cope with stress based on the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Women and Blacks used prayer to cope with stress significantly more often than did men and Whites. The most frequently reported alternative treatment modality was prayer (84%). The total number of spiritual treatment modalities reported was significantly correlated with the frequent use of more positive coping styles.
Spirituality in Persons with Heart Failure
Authors: Beery Theresa A. , Baas Linda S. , Fowler Christopher , Allen Gordon
Published: March 2007

Spiritual expression has been proposed as a dimension of quality of life. Persons with chronic diseases such as AIDS or cancer have described the value of spiritual expression in living with their illnesses. The authors examined the role spirituality plays in the lives of 58 people with heart failure being treated medically or by transplant. Instruments used included the Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36 and Index of Well-Being measures of quality of life, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and the Relative Importance Scale. Combined spirituality scores predicted 24% of the variance in global quality of life. There were no significant gender differences in spiritual well-being or quality of life.
Weaving the Fabric of Spirituality as Experienced by Patients who have Undergone a Coronary Bypass Surgery
Authors: Råholm Maj-Britt
Published: March 2007

When one is faced with a life-threatening event, spiritual issues become extremely important. The depth of one person’s suffering is a unique experience. The relationship that developed between the interpretation of the answers of the coronary artery bypass patients and self-interpretation were the two directions in which this hermeneutic research moved forward within the hermeneutic circle. Central implications of the concept of spirituality emerging from this study are spirituality as meaning through gaining a new appreciation of life and health, spirituality as an inner strength through love and faith and in an ontological sense, spirituality as an inner strength through suffering and desire. Suffering invites one into the spiritual domain. Indeed, this concept raises important considerations for the development of caring knowledge about spirituality.
An Integrative Model for Holistic Community Health Nursing
Authors: Laffrey Shirley Cloutier , Kulbok Pamela A.
Published: March 2007

Health and nursing are shifting from acute care to community settings, causing confusion for clients and professionals. Although the holistic nursing perspective has improved care to human beings in interaction with their environment and has moved nursing away from pathology-focused care, the community as the focus of care has not been addressed. This article presents an integrated model of community health that expands holistic nursing to the community as client. The model clarifies nursing care for the individual, family, aggregate, and community. One can focus on any one level, with the awareness that each is part of a unified whole. Holistic community nursing completes the circle of care by moving beyond the particular part to focus on the greatest health for the community. The intent is to help nurses describe their unique areas of expertise within the complex community system and to establish a basis for collaboration and partnership.
Interview Modality
Authors: Pruchno Rachel A. , Hayden Jason M.
Published: March 2007

Objectives:To contrast the costs and quality of data collected in person, by telephone, and by self-administered questionnaires in a sample of older persons. Methods: Data collected via interviews with 586 women are contrasted on four dimensions. Results:The cost of data collection was 25% to 30% lower for the self-administered mode than for other modes. Response rates were highest for the inperson interviewand lowest for the self-administered questionnaire. The rate of missing data was highest for the self-administered questionnaire. Significant differences in response effects were found across mode, with respondants to self-administered questionnaires profiling the poorest. Discussion:The costs and quality of data collected by various modes are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the physical and mental well-being of older people.
Knowledge about Aging among Physicians
Authors: Goodwin James S.
Published: March 2007

Ninety-nine practicing physicians, house officers, and medical students were given a brief questionnaire assessing knowledge of geriatric issues. These subjects underestimated the average life expectancy of 75-year-old women by a mean of five years. Half of the respondents estimated the half-life of diazepam to be 12 hours or less, compared to the correct answer of approximately 70 hours. Half of the respondents stated that they would not treat with antihypertensive medications a 75-year-old woman with a blood pressure of 200/80. Those who would not treat underestimated to a greater extent the life expectancy of 75-year-old women than those who would treat (p < .01). Thus there seems to be considerable misinformation among the physicians sampled about some basic facts regarding geriatrics, and this ignorance may be linked to a less than optimal therapeutic approach to the elderly patient.
Ageism or Healthism?
Authors: Gekoski William L. , Knox V. Jane
Published: March 2007

Despite what appears to be ageist behavior in our society, there is little research evidence indicating that the elderly are perceived negatively. The reason for this discrepancy may be that it is not age itself but characteristics that covary with age (such as poor health) that are seen negatively. In a completely between-subjects design, Target Age (young, old) x Target Health Status (poor, average, excellent) x Respondent Sex, 120 undergraduates rated a target on Rosencranz and McNevin's (1969) three-dimensional Aging Semantic Differential. MANOVA and univariate ANOVA results revealed a moderate target age effect on only the Instrumental-Ineffective dimension, but a strong target health status effect on all dimensions. Only targets (old and young) in poor health were seen negatively. An additional 40 undergraduates rated young or old targets whose health status was unspecified. Ratings of these targets did not differ from ratings of those whose health status had been specified as average. Our results are compatible with the notion that people hold multiple substereotypes of the elderly, and suggest that at least some behavior that appears to be ageist may be more accurately seen as "healthist."