bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic significance of p53 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma without neck node metastases
Authors: Carlos de Vicente Juan , Junquera Gutiérrez Luis Manuel , Zapatero Agustín Herrero , Fresno Forcelledo Manuel Florentino , Hernández‐Vallejo Gonzalo , López Arranz Juan Sebastián
Published: January 2004

Background. Aberrations of the p53 gene and overexpression of its protein are widely recognized markers of malignancy including oral squamous cell carcinomas. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship of immunoexpression of p53 protein in series of 91 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity with clinicopathologic parameters and to investigate whether p53 immunoexpression might influence the clinical outcome of the disease.

Methods. From a group of 287 consecutive patients, 91 surgically treated ones were randomly selected. P53 protein expression was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. Clinical and histopathologic data were gathered, and the patient survival was analyzed.

Results. Of the oral carcinomas, 52.7% (n = 48) overexpressed p53, using a threshold of 10% stained cell nuclei. There was a negative correlation of p53 immunoexpression with a histologic grade of differentiation (r = −0.236, p = .06) but not with clinical variables. Overall survival rate was 59% at 5 years. In univariate analysis, tumor size, node status, and advanced clinical stage were significantly associated with shortened overall survival. In patients without neck node metastases, p53 showed a strong correlation with survival (p = .01). In multivariate analysis performed only on N0 patients, tumor extension and p53 immunoexpression were found to be the only independent prognostic parameters with relative risks of 1.9 and 4.3, respectively.

Conclusions. A strong relationship was observed between p53 immunoexpression and poor prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas without neck node metastases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 22–30, 2004
Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of chronic neck pain after neck dissection
Authors: Vasan Claus Wittekindt , Liu Wei‐Chi , Klussmann Jens‐Peter , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando
Published: January 2004

Background.

Neck dissection surgery is often followed by chronic head and neck pain. To date optimal treatment of this type of pain is lacking. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome and headache. In a pilot study, we wanted to test the effectiveness of BTX‐A for the treatment of chronic neck pain after neck dissection.

Methods.

Sixteen patients with chronic neck pain after neck dissection were included in this prospective, open study. Eighty to 320 units of BTX‐A (Dysport) were injected into muscular trigger points. Outcome measures included chronic pain and shooting pain on the basis of visual analog scales and quality of life improvement (EORTC QLQ‐C‐30; EORTC QLQ‐H&N35) before and 4 weeks after treatment.

Results.

Patients showed a significant reduction in chronic pain (4.5 before to 3.3 after treatment, p = ,005) and in shooting pain (6.1 before to 4.7 after treatment, p = .005). There was a trend toward improvement in global quality of life (QLQ‐C30, p = .097) and an increase on the functional scale “pain” (QLQ‐H&N35, p = .071).

Conclusions.

BTX‐A treatment of subjects with chronic neck pain after neck dissection resulted in a fast and significant reduction of pain. A significant improvement in quality of life may be expected in a longer time course after treatment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 39–45, 2004
Polymorphisms of GSTT1 and related genes in head and neck cancer risk
Authors: Evans Adam J. , Henner William David , Eilers Kristi M. , Montalto Michelle A. , Wersinger Emily M. , Andersen Peter E. , Cohen James I. , Everts Edwin C. , McWilliams Jeffrey E. , Beer Tomasz M.
Published: January 2004

Background. Glutathione S‐transferase T1 detoxifies some environmental carcinogens while activating others and is deleted in 15% to 38% of humans. We sought to determine whether GSTT1 genotype and genotypes of several related genes are associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC).

Method. Somatic genotypes for GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and CYP1A1 were determined in 283 individuals with HNSCC and 208 population‐based controls.

Results. The OR for presence of GSTT1 was 1.6 (CI, 1.1–2.5, p = 0.03). HNSCC risk was not associated with GSTM1 null genotype, the presence of the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype, or the Val/Val homozygous genotype for CYP1A1. Stratified analysis revealed disparate ORs for women (OR, 3.0; CI, 1.5–6.3) and men (OR, 1.2; CI, 0.7–2.1) for the presence of GSTT1.

Conclusions. In this population, the presence of GSTT1 gene was associated with a significant increase in the risk of HNSCC. This association was particularly robust in women. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26:63–70, 2004
Genetic abnormalities associated with nodal metastasis in head and neck cancer
Authors: Wreesmann Volkert B. , Wang Dorothy , Goberdhan Andy , Prasad Mukesh , Ngai Ivan , Schnaser Erik A. , Sacks Peter G. , Singh Bhuvanesh
Published: January 2004

Background.

Lymphatic metastasis represents the single most important clinical prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but underlying genetic mechanisms remain ill defined. Genetic differences between primary carcinomas and their corresponding metastases might form a key to understanding the metastatic phenotype. In this study we aimed to characterize such differences using a genome‐wide screening measure.

Methods.

Four human cell lines (MDA‐686tu, MDA‐686Ln, MDA‐1386tu, MDA‐1386Ln) derived from primary tumor and synchronous lymph node metastasis of two cases of metastatic HNSCC were subjected to comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) by differentially labeling DNA from tumor tissue and normal tissue with fluorescent agents. The labeled DNAs were simultaneously hybridized onto normal metaphase chromosomes. In addition, modified CGH was performed by directly hybridizing labeled primary tumor DNA against differentially labeled metastatic tumor DNA, allowing the direct detection of copy number differences in individual pairs. Image analysis for fluorescence intensity along the entire length of each metaphase chromosome allowed generation of a color ratio, which was used to detect copy number changes.

Results.

In both cases, significant overlap was found between chromosomal aberrations present in the primary tumor and the corresponding nodal metastasis. However, several abnormalities differentiated primary tumors from their metastases. Modified CGH identified several genetic aberrations that were not detectable with the conventional CGH analysis. Gains at chromosomes 10p11‐12 and 11p and deletions at chromosomes 4q22‐31, 9p13‐24, and 14q differentiated nodal metastases from the corresponding primary tumors in both cases.

Conclusions.

The combination of conventional and modified CGH analyses facilitates the identification of DNA copy number changes that might be involved in the development of a metastatic phenotype. Future research should aim at the identification of the genes involved at the identified sites of chromosomal aberration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 10–15, 2004
Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma in association with SIADH
Authors: Vasan Nilesh R. , Medina Jesus E. , Canfield Vikki A. , Gillies Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2004

Background. Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare malignancy of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) has not been previously reported in association with this cancer.

Methods. We report a 30‐year‐old woman with histologically confirmed neuroendocrine carcinoma who also demonstrated SIADH. After successful chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for the neoplasm, her SIADH resolved. A literature search found eight cases of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) associated with SIADH, four of which resolved after treatment of the malignancy.

Results. Treatment of the underlying malignancy resulted in the immediate resolution of the SIADH.

Conclusions. We report the first case of SIADH associated with NEC, which resolved after treatment of the cancer. A direct cause and effect between ONB/nasal NEC and SIADH has been established in previous reports. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 89–93, 2004
Diagnosis and treatment of supraglottic laryngeal paraganglioma: report of a case
Authors: Del Gaudio John M. , Muller Susan
Published: January 2004

Background. Paragangliomas of the larynx are unusual tumors that are seen as a vascular submucosal mass. These usually are seen in the supraglottic larynx but have also been found in the subglottis. This is the only laryngeal neuroendocrine tumor with a female predilection. It is important that paragangliomas be differentiated from other neuroendocrine tumors of the larynx, including atypical carcinoid, because of differing treatment modalities.

Methods. We present the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of a supraglottic laryngeal paraganglioma seen in a 50‐year‐old woman with a 6‐month history of slowly progressive hoarseness.

Results. The tumor was successfully approached by means of a midline laryngofissure with mucosal preservation. The patient remains disease free 24 months after surgery.

Conclusions. Preoperative CT and angiography are useful in making the diagnosis of paraganglioma before surgical intervention. Complete excision through an external mucosa‐sparing approach is the treatment of choice. Distinguishing laryngeal paraganglioma from other neuroendocrine tumors can be difficult. Immunohistochemistry is an important tool for the correct pathologic diagnosis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 94–98, 2004
Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland presenting as an external auditory canal mass
Authors: Prasad Mukesh , Kraus Dennis H.
Published: January 2004

Background. The fissures of Santorini have long been known as a gateway for disease to pass from the external auditory canal to the periparotid and neck spaces. Although anatomically understandable, description of disease that originates in the parotid gland and extends through the fissures to the external auditory canal is rare. This is, in fact ,the first presentation of such a patient at our institution in a previously untreated patient.

Case Report. A 43‐year‐old woman was seen with a mass in her right external auditory canal. Further evaluation found this to be the presenting finding of a parotid neoplasm. The patient also had a right marginal mandibular paresis. Biopsy of the external auditory canal mass provided a diagnosis of an acinic cell adenocarcinoma. She underwent a right lateral temporal bone resection, type III modified neck dissection, and radical parotidectomy with facial nerve sacrifice and rectus abdominus reconstruction with facial nerve grafting. Pathologic examination of the specimen revealed an acinic cell carcinoma of the right parotid gland with focal dedifferentiation into a high‐grade adenocarcinoma.

Conclusions. Care should be taken with auditory canal masses to remember the possibility that disease is extending from the parotid through the fissures of Santorini, and evaluation and management should proceed accordingly. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 85–88, 2004
Longitudinal health‐related quality of life after mandibular resection for oral cancer: a comparison between rim and segment
Authors: Rogers Simon N. , Devine John , Lowe Derek , Shokar Parminder , Brown James S , Vaugman E. David
Published: January 2004

Background.

Mandibular resection for oral cancer is often necessary to achieve an adequate margin of tumor clearance. Segmental mandibulectomy has been associated with a poor health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), particularly before composite free tissue transfer to reconstruct the defect. Little is published in the literature contrasting the subjective deficit of segmental compared with rim resection. The aim of this study was to use a validated head and neck HRQOL questionnaire to compare rim and segmental mandibular resection in patients having primary surgery for oral cancer.

Method.

There were 224 consecutive patients between 1995 and 1999 who were treated by primary surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma. One hundred twenty‐tree had no mandibular resection, 44 had a rim resection, and 57 had a segmental resection. The University of Washington Quality of life questionnaire (UW‐QOL) was adminstered before treatment, at 6 months, 12 months and after 18 months.

Results.

Preoperatively, patients undergoing segmental resection reported significantly more pain, chewing problems, and a lower composite UW‐QOL score. Postperatively, the segment group tended to score worse at all time points, particularly in appearance, swallowing, recreation, and chewing; however, the difference between rim and segment was only seen in smaller resections without adjuvant radiotherapy. Little difference was seen between rim or segment for tumors <4 cm with radiotherapy and between rim and segments for tumors >4cm.

Conclusion:

After segmental mandibulectomy and reconstruction using composite free tissue transfer, the UW‐QOL scores were relatively good. The only 2 difference between rim and segments was noted in the small resections without radiotherapy, and some of this was reflected in differences at baseline. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 54–62, 2004.
Cancer of the oral cavity: a comparison between institutions in a developing and a developed nation
Authors: Carvalho André L. , Singh Bhuvanesh , Spiro Ronald H. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Shah Jatin P.
Published: January 2004

Background.

The literature suggests that the natural history of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity may vary and the prognosis is different in patients from developing and developed nations. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of patients with oral cancer treated at tertiary care cancer institutions in a developing nation (Brazil— Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Cancer A. C. Camargo [HCACC]) with those from a developed nation (United States— Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC]).

Methods.

Between January 1990 and December 1994, 602 patients underwent initial treatment in the study institutions.

Results.

Overall, patients from HCACC had a higher predominance of men (78.8% vs 54.6%;p< .001) and a higher prevalence of tobacco (88.1% vs 77.8%;p= .002) and alcohol consumption (80.9% vs 69.8%;p= .004). More patients at HCACC had advanced disease (stage III/IV; 73.4% vs 37.4%;p< .001). Even though the overall outcome was poorer in patients from HCACC (p< .001), after controlling for stage, there was not a statistically significant difference in disease‐free or overall survival between the two institutions. Only at cancer‐specific survival for early‐stage disease (stage I/II) patients showed a difference (p= .05). Moreover, clinical stage (RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.6–5.5) and definitive treatment (RR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.4–4.6) were the only factors that remained as significant predictors of outcome on multivariate analysis. Finally, the rate of subsequent second primary cancers was higher in patients from HCACC (p= .03).

Conclusions.

Statistically significant differences were found in clinical presentation, tumor characteristics, and outcome in OC patients between the two institutions from a developing and developed nation. Overall outcome was poorer in HACC patients. However, after controlling for site, stage, and treatment, the outcome of these patients was similar, with the exception of a higher rate of occurrence of second primary cancers in patients from HACC. Given that the use of standard protocols of treatment offer similar outcomes, the establishment of education programs and screening measures for early diagnosis might be the best chance to improve overall outcome in OC patients in developing nations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Head Neck26:31–38, 2004
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma without clinically evident metastasis
Authors: Kontio Risto , Leivo I. , Leppänen E. , Atula T.
Published: January 2004

Background.

The clinically N0 neck in patients with oral SCC is commonly treated by neck dissection because the existence of metastases cannot be excluded. To determine whether unnecessary treatment could be avoided, we evaluated the feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy.

Methods.

Fifteen previously untreated patients with T1 or T2 oral SCC without clinically or radiologically detectable metastasis were included. A blue dye and gamma probe were used to identify SLNs. SLNs were stained with cytokeratins. All nodes in neck dissection specimens were stained using H & E.

Results.

SLNs were identified in 14 patients by lymphoscintigraphy and in all patients when probe and dye were combined. Four neck dissection specimens contained four metastatic lymph nodes. Three of the four lymph nodes were SLN. One SLN was found to be metastatic after immunostaining. However, although there was one blue sentinel node in one neck, a metastatic non‐SLN was present.

Conclusions.

Our results show that SLN biopsy is a promising tool for use in patients with oral SCC. However, further studies are necessary. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 16–21, 2004
Clinical outcomes for the elderly patient receiving a tracheotomy
Authors: Baskin Jonathan Zvi , Panagopoulos Georgia , Parks Christine , Rothstein Stephen , Komisar Arnold
Published: January 2004

Background.

Tracheotomies are routinely performed for severely ill and elderly patients with respiratory failure. This intervention is questioned, given the poor survival rate in this group. Outcomes analysis is performed after tracheotomy.

Methods.

This is a retrospective study of 78 elderly patients, who received tracheotomies for respiratory failure. Pretracheotomy data (age, length of oral intubation, and DNR status) were collected. Outcomes analyzed during the same admission as the tracheotomy included death versus discharge, ventilator dependence, vocal function, route of feeding, decannulation, and ICU discharge disposition.

Results.

The mean age was 77.6 ± 11 years (median, 79 years) and patients were intubated for 16.7 ± 9 days. Forty‐two percent (n = 33) obtained DNR orders after tracheotomy, and 8% (n = 6) before tracheotomy. Seventy‐one percent of patients (n = 55) had gastrostomy tubes placed. Fifty‐six percent of patients (n = 44) died after tracheotomy; median time from tracheotomy to death was 31 days. After tracheotomy, 53 % (n = 41) remained at least partially ventilator dependent, 18 % (n = 14) regained consistent vocal function, and 13 % (n = 10) were decannulated. For those who died, 27 % (n = 12) died without leaving the ICU.

Conclusion.

These data demonstrate that a large proportion of elderly, severely ill patients with respiratory failure suffer poor outcomes after tracheotomy. More stringent criteria are necessary for performing the tracheotomy in this patient population. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 71–76, 2004.
DNA bulky adducts in a Mediterranean population correlate with environmental ozone concentration, an indicator of photochemical smog
Authors: Palli Domenico , Saieva Calogero , Grechi Daniele , Masala Giovanna , Zanna Ines , Barbaro Antongiulio , Decarli Adriano , Munnia Armelle , Peluso Marco
Published: January 2004

Ozone (O3), the major oxidant component in photochemical smog, mostly derives from photolysis of nitrogen dioxide. O3 may have biologic effects directly and/or via free radicals reacting with other primary pollutants and has been reported to influence daily mortality and to increase lung cancer risk. Although DNA damage may be caused by ozone itself, only other photochemical reaction products (as oxidised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) may form bulky DNA adducts, a reliable biomarker of genotoxic damage and cancer risk, showing a seasonal trend. In a large series consisting of 320 residents in the metropolitan area of Florence, Italy, enrolled in a prospective study for the period 1993–1998 (206 randomly sampled volunteers, 114 traffic‐exposed workers), we investigated the correlation between individual levels of DNA bulky adducts and a cumulative O3 exposure score. The average O3 concentrations were calculated for different time windows (0–5 to 0–90 days) prior to blood drawing for each participant, based on daily measurements provided by the local monitoring system. Significant correlations between DNA adduct levels and O3 cumulative exposure scores in the last 2–8 weeks before enrollment emerged in never smokers. Correlations were highest in the subgroup of never smokers residing in the urban area and not occupationally exposed to vehicle traffic pollution, with peak values for average concentrations 4–6 weeks before enrollment (r = 0.34). Our current findings indicate that DNA adduct formation may be modulated by individual characteristics and by the cumulative exposure to environmental levels of ozone in the last 4–6 weeks, possibly through ozone‐associated reactive pollutants. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial Distribution and Coexistence Patterns of Caddisfly Larvae (Trichoptera) in a Hungarian Stream
Authors: Schmera Dénes
Published: January 2004

It is well known that stream macroinvertebrates usually show aggregated spatial distributions caused by extrinsic factors and interactions among species and individuals. In the present study, the spatial distribution of caddisfly assemblages and coexistence patterns of larval caddisfly species (Insecta: Trichoptera) were measured in a Hungarian stream reach at three different spatial scales.

Caddisfly assemblages showed aggregated, random and regular distributions as measured by the variance‐mean relationship of species richness as sampling area increased from 0.0225 m2 to 0.2025 m2. The observed coexistence patterns indicated interactions (lower diversity of unique species combinations than expected by chance) among species for aggregated distributions. These interactions among species proved to be positive associations particularly among species belonging to the same functional feeding group.

The positive associations and the aggregated distribution of caddisflies supported the hypothesis that microhabitat patches (patchy microhabitat‐macroinvertebrate model) and/or positive biological interactions among species using the same resource (hypothesis of facilitation) have a deterministic effect on the spatial distribution of caddisfly assemblages. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and Functioning of the “Egg Bank” of a Fairy Shrimp in a Temporary Pool: Chirocephalus ruffoi from Pollino National Park (Southern Italy) as a Case Study
Authors: Mura Graziella
Published: January 2004

To investigate their distribution and total numbers, resting eggs of the anostracan Chirocephalus ruffoi were collected from the bed of a temporary pool in southern Italy. Samples were taken at 0.5 m intervals along six transects oriented at 30° from each other, by means of a cylindrical core sampler. The horizontal distribution of intact resting eggs was extremely patchy, with cyst number per core ranging from 191 to 1,400 (CV = 32.7%), corresponding to a mean of between 0.8 and 4.3 cysts cm−3. Differences observed were related to core position and transect orientation, total cyst numbers being markedly higher in the leeward area of the pool compared to the windward area. Marked variation was also evident in vertical distribution, a significant, though weak correlation was recorded between egg density and sediment depth. Cyst‐bank size (± 95% confidence limits) of the pool bed, estimated from the mean cyst number cm−3 obtained for the 6 transects, ranged between 1.0 × 108 and 1.3 × 108 cysts.

Hatching in the laboratory was very erratic. Despite significant differences in hatching, the observed variation was unrelated to most of the variables considered (position within sections, cores and transects, pre‐incubation treatment) and was explained only by initial sediment conditions (moist/dry). In none of the experimental conditions tested was synchronous hatching obtained.

Possible causal factors (mixing of the bottom sediments by cattle, egg age, storage conditions, differential exposure to environmental cues as well as variability in hatching response even at clutch level) are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biomass Size Spectra and Plankton Diversity in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake
Authors: Gaedke Ursula , Seifried Angelika , Adrian Rita
Published: January 2004

Biomass size spectra collate structural and functional attributes of plankton communities enabling standardised temporal and cross‐system comparisons and may be rapidly obtained by automated particle counters. To examine how differences in plankton communities from highly eutrophic and more oligotrophic lakes are reflected in size spectra, a three‐year time series of biomass size spectra was established for polymictic, eutrophic Lake Müggelsee, based on approximately weekly sampling and microscopic enumeration. The continuous but often bumpy size spectra reflected appropriately the seasonal and trophy‐related variations in the plankton composition and growth conditions and the potential impact of daphnids on smaller plankton. We tested the hypothesis that more diverse plankton communities have smoother size spectra than impoverished ones. The spectra of Lake Müggelsee and other more or less eutrophic lakes covaried roughly with the functional diversity in total plankton composition but were unrelated to taxonomical diversity within the phyto‐ or mesozooplankton. The slopes of the normalised size spectra of Lake Müggelsee were generally more negative than –1, exhibited a recurrent seasonal pattern and were strongly correlated with crustacean biomass. In contrast to less eutrophic systems, slopes could not be used to quantify energy fluxes within the food web due to highly variable algal P/B ratios and frequently bumpy size distributions. The latter indicated stronger deviations from the ideal concept of a steady energy flow along the size gradient than found in e.g. large, mesotrophic Lake Constance. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport of Algal Cells in Hyporheic Sediments of the River Elbe (Germany)
Authors: Kloep Frank , Röske Isolde
Published: January 2004

The advective transport of algal cells into the interstices of the hyporheic zone of the River Elbe was spatially and temporally heterogenous. Even deep sediment layers were reached by large phytoplankton species. Therefore, it is suggested that (i) the advective interstitial transport patterns vary between different algal sizes and morphotypes and (ii) sediment characteristics, expressed by the permeability coefficient kf of porous media, affect retention and retardation of surface water algae during subsurface transport. The transport behaviour of different green algae (Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus acuminatus, Desmodesmus communis, and Pediastrum duplex) and algal sized microspheres was tested in flow‐through column experiments with hyporheic sediments. The algal cell transport was directly related to the permeability of the column sediments. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Life History Traits of the Invader Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Moselle River, France
Authors: Devin Simon , Piscart Christophe , Beisel Jean‐Nicolas , Moreteau Jean‐Claude
Published: January 2004

The latest threatening invader in European freshwaters is Dikerogammarus villosus, a large gammarid of Ponto‐Caspian origin exhibiting a predatory behaviour. Its biology and population dynamics were studied over a one‐year period in a recipient ecosystem to determine bio/ecological traits having facilitated its rapid establishment. The study revealed that D. villosus reaches sexual maturity early, at six mm in length, and produces three reproductive peaks, though the species reproduces all year long, hence reflecting its multivoltine character. The study also revealed a female‐biased sex ratio, exceptional growth rates of up to 2.6 mm in two‐weeks in spring, and one of the highest fecundities of Western Europe gammarids. D. villosus exhibits a biological profile suggesting that only a few individuals can rapidly establish a new population in a recipient ecosystem, and allow this gammarid to become cosmopolitan in the near future. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Are Bacteria the Major Producers of Extracellular Glycolytic Enzymes in Aquatic Environments?
Authors: Vrba Jaroslav , Callieri Cristiana , Bittl Thomas , Šimek Karel , Bertoni Roberto , Filandr Pavel , Hartman Petr , Hejzlar Josef , Macek Miroslav , Nedoma Jiří
Published: January 2004

In aquatic microbial ecology, it has been considered that most extracellular enzymes except phosphatases are of bacterial origin. We tested this paradigm by evaluating the relationship between bacterial cell number and the activity of three glycolytic enzymes from 17 fresh waters and also from a laboratory experiment. Our large sets of pooled data do not seem to support such a simple explanation, because we found only a weak correlation of bacterial number with activity of α‐glucosidase (rs = 0.63), β‐glucosidase (rs = 0.45), and β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase (rs = 0.44). We also tested relations of the enzymatic activities to potential sources of natural substrates: dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phytoplankton (as chlorophyll a). Their correlations with the enzymatic activities tested were very weak or insignificant. On the other hand, we found evidence for distinct producers of extracellular enzymes by analysing enzyme kinetics. The kinetics usually did not follow the simple Michaelis‐Menten model but a more complex one, indicating a mixture of two enzymes with distinct affinity to a substrate. In combination with size fractionation, we could sometimes even distinguish three or more different enzymes. During diatom blooms, the diatom biomass tightly correlated with β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase activity (>4 μm fraction). We also documented very tight relationships between activity of both glucosidases and dry weight of Daphnia longispina (rs = 1.0 and 0.60 for α‐ and β‐glucosidases, respectively) in an alpine clear‐water lake. Our data and evidence from other studies indicate that extracellular glycosidic activities in aquatic ecosystems cannot generally be assigned only to bacteria. Also invertebrate animals and other eukaryotes (fungi, diatoms, protozoa etc.) should be considered as potentially very important enzyme producers. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Long Term Effect of Cyprinid Fishes on Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Communities in a Shallow Water Protection Reservoir
Authors: Mátyás Kálmán , Korponai János , Tátrai István , Paulovits Gábor
Published: January 2004

The effects of fish kill and different fish stocks on the phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics were studied in a shallow hypertrophic reservoir system. When fish stock was below 100 kg ha−1, nutrient availability was not the main limiting factor for growth of phytoplankton. Consequently top‐down forces controlled phytoplankton. In the years with high fish stock (>100 kg ha−1) the bottom‐up forces dominated as nutrient availability was the main limiting factor for growth of phytoplankton. We can conclude that significant water quality improvement can be achieved in the reservoir system by decreasing fish stock below 100 kg ha−1. Although clear‐water phase could be stabilised temporary by macrophytes, stabilisation of good water quality requires continuous regulation of fish community. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Taxonomy and Ecology of Sponge‐Associate Marionina spp. (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) from the Horomatangi Geothermal System of Lake Taupo, New Zealand
Authors: Rota Emilia , Manconi Renata
Published: January 2004

The dissection of Heterorotula sponges collected in an area of geothermal activity at 126–145 m depth on the floor of Lake Taupo (de Ronde et al., 2002) revealed a dense population of associated Enchytraeidae. They represent three species of Marionina, two of which known but exotic (the Palaearctic M. riparia Bretscher, 1899 and the Chinese M. seminuda Xie and Rota, 2001), and one new to science, M. spongicola sp. n. This is the first report of an ecological association between enchytraeids and poriferans in the lake profundal zone. The possible nature of such relationship (casual contact for feeding or dwelling for food and shelter) is discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Environmental Factors Influencing Local Fish Species Richness and Differences between Hydroregions in South‐Western France
Authors: Santoul Frédéric , Soulard Anne , Figuerola Jordi , Céréghino Régis , Mastrorillo Sylvain
Published: January 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 5 typological variables on the spatial distribution patterns of fish species richness in south‐western France, and, subsequently, to analyse differences in the number of species occurring in 6 major hydroregions located within the overall study area. The data were collected at 329 sampling sites. General Linear Modelling was used to assess the influence of each typological variable on local fish species richness, and to determine the differences in local fish species richness between the 6 hydroregions. Local species richness was significantly influenced by altitude, slope and catchment area, whereas distance from the source and stream width showed no significant relations with local richness. The Côteaux de Gascogne hydroregion had a significantly lower species richness, whereas no significant differences occurred among other neighbouring hydroregions. These results were congruent with the spatial distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrate species richness in the area, which were analysed in previous studies. At such a regional scale, we suggest that congruent patterns between fish and invertebrate species richness are almost certainly a result of similar responses by different taxa to environmental conditions, rather than to biotic interactions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Technology in psychotherapy: An introduction
Authors: Newman Michelle G.
Published: January 2004

All indicators suggest that technology may be an inherent part of psychotherapy delivery in the next decade. This article serves as an introduction to a special issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session devoted to technology in psychotherapy. Articles in this series feature self‐help Internet sites, computer‐administered psychotherapy, adjunctive palmtop computer psychotherapy, virtual reality psychotherapy, interactive voice messaging systems, biofeedback via ambulatory physiological monitoring, synchronous and asynchronous online support groups, and use of electronic mail by psychotherapists. As illustrated by many of the articles in this issue, technological advances may extend psychotherapy beyond the therapy hour and increase psychotherapy dissemination, client motivation, and compliance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Computer‐aided CBT self‐help for anxiety and depressive disorders: Experience of a London clinic and future directions
Authors: Gega Lina , Marks Isaac , Mataix‐Cols David
Published: January 2004

This article describes a broad‐spectrum, computer‐aided self‐help clinic that raised the throughput of anxious/depressed patients per clinician and lowered per‐patient time with a clinician without impairing effectiveness. Many sufferers improved by using one of four computer‐aided systems of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) self‐help for phobia/panic, depression, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and general anxiety. The systems are accessible at home, two by phone and two by the Web. Initial brief screening by a clinician can be done by phone, and if patients get stuck they can obtain brief live advice from a therapist on a phone helpline. Such clinician‐extender systems offer hope for enhancing the convenience and confidentiality of guided self‐help, reducing the per‐patient cost of CBT, and lessening stigma. The case examples illustrate the clinical process and outcomes of the computer‐aided system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Using technical innovations in clinical practice: The Drinker's Check‐Up software program
Authors: Squires Daniel D. , Hester Reid K.
Published: January 2004

Interest in assessing and treating a variety of psychological conditions with software programs is increasing rapidly. This article reviews a software program for problem drinkers entitled the Drinker's Check‐Up (DCU) and illustrates its use with three patients. The DCU is based on the principles of brief motivational interventions and can be used as a stand‐alone intervention by therapists without expertise in substance abuse or as a prelude to alcohol treatment services. It is the first software program to provide integrated assessment, feedback, and assistance with decision making for individuals experiencing problems with alcohol. Preliminary data from an ongoing clinical trial of the DCU as a stand‐alone intervention indicate that it is an effective intervention for a wide range of problem drinkers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Internet‐based cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus
Authors: Andersson Gerhard , Kaldo Viktor
Published: January 2004

Tinnitus is a common otological problem that is often resistant to surgical or medical interventions. In common with chronic pain, cognitive‐behavioral treatment has been found to alleviate the distress and improve the functioning of tinnitus patients. Recently, a self‐help treatment has been developed for use via the Internet. In this article, we describe the self‐help program and apply it to a middle‐aged woman with tinnitus. We report the case formulation, which was done in a structured interview, and the treatment interactions, which were conducted via e‐mail. The self‐help program was presented on Web pages, and weekly diaries were submitted to follow progress and give feedback. The treatment was successful with reductions of tinnitus‐related annoyance and anxious and depressive mood. Implications for Internet administration of self‐help treatment are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Water‐friendly virtual reality pain control during wound care
Authors: Hoffman Hunter G. , Patterson David R. , Magula Jeff , Carrougher Gretchen J. , Zeltzer Karen , Dagadakis Stephen , Sharar Sam R.
Published: January 2004

Recent research suggests that entering an immersive virtual environment can serve as a powerful nonpharmacologic analgesic for severe burn pain. The present case study describes an attempt to use water‐friendly virtual reality (VR) technology with a burn patient undergoing wound care in a hydrotherapy tub. The patient was a 40‐year‐old male with 19% total body surface area deep flame/flash burns to his legs, neck, back, and buttocks. The virtual reality treatment decreased the patient's sensory and affective pain ratings and decreased the amount of time spent thinking about his pain during wound care. We believe that VR analgesia works by drawing attention away from the wound care, leaving less attention available to process incoming pain signals. The water‐friendly VR helmet dramatically increases the number of patients with severe burns that could potentially be treated with VR (see http://www.vrpain.com). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Respiratory feedback for treating panic disorder
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Wilhelm Frank H. , Roth Walton T.
Published: January 2004

Panic disorder patients often complain of shortness of breath or other respiratory complaints, which has been used as evidence for both hyperventilation and false suffocation alarm theories of panic. Training patients to change their breathing patterns is a common intervention, but breathing rarely has been measured objectively in assessing the patient or monitoring therapy results. We report a new breathing training method that makes use of respiratory biofeedback to teach individuals to modify four respiratory characteristics: increased ventilation (Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume), breath‐to‐breath irregularity in rate and depth, and chest breathing. As illustrated by a composite case, feedback of respiratory rate and end‐tidal pCO2can facilitate voluntary control of respiration and reduce symptoms. Respiratory monitoring may provide relevant diagnostic, prognostic, and outcome information. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Palmtop computer‐assisted group therapy for social phobia
Authors: Przeworski Amy , Newman Michelle G.
Published: January 2004

This article describes the application of group computer‐assisted therapy for social phobia. The computer program includes a diary function for ongoing self‐monitoring of anxiety as well as guidance on the practice of relaxation, cognitive restructuring, and self‐control desensitization. Although the program was originally designed to treat individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), it was hypothesized that the program also would be effective for individuals with social phobia; therefore, it was implemented in a group of individuals with a primary diagnosis of GAD or social phobia. We present the case of a client with social phobia who received six sessions of group therapy and who carried the ambulatory computer throughout this treatment. Outcome data suggest that the treatment was highly effective for this client as well as others with a diagnosis of social phobia or GAD. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Computer and Internet applications for psychological treatment: Update for clinicians
Authors: Tate Deborah F. , Zabinski Marion F.
Published: January 2004

Computers and the Internet have the potential to be used to deliver psychological treatments. This article provides a selective review of applications involving little or no therapist contact, applications involving asynchronous and synchronous communication with providers, and applications that have been used as adjuncts to standard psychotherapy. Data on the efficacy of these applications most strongly support using the Internet to complete and submit behavioral assignments, to obtain social support from peers, and to receive education, feedback, and support from therapists in the form of e‐mail or chatroom communications. General practice recommendations are given with an emphasis on ways to encourage use of the Internet as an information and communication tool as an adjunct to regular psychotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Nomothetic science and idiographic history in twentieth‐century Americanist anthropology
Authors: Lyman R. Lee , O'Brien Michael J.
Published: January 2004

For over a century, Americanist anthropologists have argued about whether their discipline is a historical one or a scientific one. Proponents of anthropology as history have claimed that the lineages of human cultures are made up of unique events that cannot be generalized into laws. If no laws can be drawn, then anthropology cannot be a science. Proponents of anthropology as science have claimed that there indeed are laws that govern humans and their behaviors and cultures, and these laws can be discovered. Interestingly, both sides have the same narrow view of what science is. The same sorts of debates over science and history were played out in evolutionary biology over a half‐century ago, and what emerged was the view that that discipline and its sister discipline, paleontology, were both history and science—hence the term “historical sciences.” Anthropology and its sister discipline, archaeology, have only recently begun to realize that they too are historical sciences. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Franz Boas, geographer, and the problem of disciplinary identity
Authors: Koelsch William A.
Published: January 2004

This paper examines Franz Boas as an aspiring professional geographer during the 1880s: his Baffin Land
research, his publications, his participation in geography organizations, and his struggle to attain a
university appointment in geography. Frustrated by a seeming lack of opportunity for advancement in Germany,
Boas explored career opportunities as a geographer in America and launched a series of unsuccessful but
meaningful attempts to dominate the intellectual direction of American geography. Finally, the article reviews
the circumstances surrounding Boas's appointment as an anthropologist at Clark University in 1889. Through
examining Boas's own words and actions, the paper demonstrates that his professional identification with
geography was lengthier and stronger than earlier accounts have suggested. It also critiques the myth of a
Baffin Land “conversion” to anthropology, and delineates the circumstances of his shift from German
human geography to his Americanist recasting of anthropology after 1889. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From the lonely crowd to the cultural contradictions of capitalism and beyond: The shifting ground of liberal narratives
Authors: Galbo Joseph
Published: January 2004

This paper investigates how key social issues related to American culture, social character, and politics are
addressed in the work of two of America's leading liberal sociologists, David Riesman and Daniel Bell. It
maps out the trajectory of Riesman's and Bell's early contributions to a critique of mass society in
post‐war America, as well as Bell's later formulation of “liberalism in crisis” and his
assessment of culture in The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. This analysis pays
particular attention to the intellectual, biographical, and social settings that helped to shape the often
conflicting ideas of each thinker, and examines the discursive shifts within liberal thinking as it attempted to
explain and deal with perceived new social crises from the 1950s to the present. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Culture at work: Family therapy and the culture concept in post‐World War II America
Authors: Weinstein Deborah F.
Published: January 2004

During the 1950s and 1960s, the concept of culture had currency beyond the disciplinary boundaries of
anthropology and sociology. This article takes up a clinical example of the invocation of the culture concept by
examining how early family therapists such as Nathan Ackerman, Murray Bowen, and Don Jackson used culture as a
category of analysis during the formative years of their new field. The culture concept played an integral role
in the processes by which family therapists simultaneously defined the object of their research and treatment,
the family, and built their new field. Their varied uses of culture also contained tensions and contradictions,
most notably between universal and relativist views of family and psychopathology and between views of family
therapy as a conservative force for maintaining the nuclear family or a progressive force for overcoming social
inequality. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.