bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Holistic Review on Impact of Demonetization on Animal Husbandry Sector
Authors: Sharma Veenu , Kasrija Rajesh , Anjana Nallapati Sai , Sharma R.K.
Published: October 2024

The impact created in the year 2016 by demonetization policy on India's animal husbandry industry analyse different effects which are critically analysed using different studies. The goal of demonetization, which invalidated ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, was to suppress corruption, burden the use of counterfeit money, and encourage online transactions [1,2]. Animal husbandry holds as strongest pillar of India's rural economy, and the current study of demonetization examines the short- and long-term effects on it. The short term effects like Price volatility, lack of liquidity, and decreased market demand particularly impacted small-scale livestock, dairy, and poultry producers [3]. The studies also suitably reveal that farmers faced many significant challenges, including loss of livelihood, disrupted supply chains, and restricted access to banking facilities, increased debt, and limited farm investments [4]. The Long-term effects included a rise in the use of formal banking, a move toward digital payments, and structural modifications to cooperatives. The present agriculture and allied industries scenario, which mainly depends on cash transactions, experienced significant disruptions in labor payments, input procurement, and livestock sales etc [2]. The report also assesses government actions, such as initiatives to promote digital payments, sector-specific relief programs, and financial inclusion The policy recommends the need for more efforts to raise digital literacy in rural communities, improved rural banking infrastructure in order to improve the sector's adaptability to future economic uncertainties [5,3].
Analyzing the Contribution of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) to the CO\(_2\) Stock and Other Advantages for Urban Residents
Authors: Chandra K. K. , Kumar Rajesh , Dixit Bhavana , Nayak Pusala Praveen , Bhardwaj Atul Kumar , Pandey S. K. , Shukla Arun Kumar , Singh Anish Kumar , Singh Astha
Published: October 2024

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a tree with high nutritive values with essential nutrients, minerals, and vitamins. It makes the tree best for the urban residents in South Asian countries. The Moringa trees in Bilaspur city of Chhattisgarh, India, were enumerated, and their potential yield and CO2 storage were estimated. The resident response to the benefits of Moringa was explored through interviews. The main objectives of the study are analyzing of the CO2 stock in urban areas and the importance of moringa species for the growth of urban residences.  Forty-eight sample plots of 50m x 50m size were laid out randomly across the city. The total number of Moringa trees in the city was 84499, accounting for 0.23 trees per capita. The increase in human density in urban sites negatively correlated with Moringa populations (R2=0.328). Young trees of 20-30cm diameter were abundant in the urban environment, which yield four to19kg tree-1 pods and 3 to 10kg leaf tree-1. An average Moringa tree stored 0.04tonne CO2, and overall, the stock was 3380tons of CO2 in these trees of the city. Eighty-five percent of the urban residents ranked first to the Moringa fruit followed by leaf and these were identified as the reason for the domestication of the trees by the urban resident. More than 58% of urban residents use different parts of the Moringa plant 15 - 25 times a year, and 27% of people use it more than 25 times as vegetables. The tree was most beneficial for urban residents, contributing to food security and climate change.Therefore the concept of "one house one Moringa" may be advocated for implementing the climate-smart urban policy.
Management of Odontogenic Myxoma of Lower Jaw: Case Report
Authors: Vargas Guilherme Manuel Braz , Leal Marilia de Oliveira Coelho Dutra , Pomponi Ana Caroline Digiere , Manzani Regis , Teixeira Rubens Gonçalves , Jodas Cláudio Roberto Pacheco
Published: October 2024

Aims: Odontogenic myxoma is a benign tumor that affects the jaw bones. Although it is benign, it can cause great destruction to the tissues, creating deformities on the face. It can be easily confused with other fibro-osseous lesions, leading to inadequate treatment. The treatment of choice is surgical resection of the lesion and reconstructive surgery.
Presentation of Case: In the present work, a clinical case was addressed of a female patient, aged 38 years, with a primary complaint of painless volumetric increase in soft tissues in the posterior region of the body of the mandible on the right side, with progression for two years. After clinical and complementary examinations, an incisional biopsy diagnosed odontogenic myxoma. Total Resection surgery was performed with a safety margin, and reconstruction was done with a hemi mandibular customized temporomandibular joint prosthesis.
Discussion: The OM lesion affects the mandible bone. The present research diagnosed it in the mandible, too. We disagree that the radical treatment harmed the patient's quality of life; our study showed no functional or aesthetic damage because we simultaneously performed surgical reconstruction with customized prosthesis.
Conclusion: As a result, total resection of the lesion was achieved with a safety margin (proven by biopsy), restoring the face's function and aesthetics.
Effect of Sowing Time on Infestation of Sucking Pests in Okra
Authors: Kumar Akshay , Singh Bhupender , Jakhar Anil , Saini Ankit , Baliyan Utkarsh , Mehla Sumit
Published: October 2024

Okra is highly susceptible to sucking pests like leafhopper, whitefly, and red spider mite, leading to significant yield losses. While farmers rely on insecticides for pest control, excessive use poses risk to the environment. To explore alternatives, a study was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during kharif 2023 to assess the effect of sowing time on sucking pests infestation in okra. For this, okra was sown on different times i.e., in the 3rd week of May, 1st and 3rd week of June, and 1st and 3rd week of July. The population of leafhopper, whitefly and red spider mite was recorded weekly, starting from the appearance of the pest. The study revealed that leafhopper population in crop sown in the 1st and 3rd week of July was on a par, however, significantly lower than that in other crops. Okra sown in the 1st week of July resulted in significantly lower population of whitefly than rest of the sowing times having population on a par with each other. Mite infestation was significantly lower in crop sown in the 3rd week of July compared to the others. Based on these findings, July appears to be the most suitable time for sowing okra to minimize sucking pests’ infestation.
“Histopthological Spectrum Of Leprosy In A Tertiary Care Centre”
Authors: Gajale Dr Sheetal B , Kadam Dr P N , Shinde Dr Prashant R , Kute Dr Kedarnath V , Muneshwar Dr Supriya R
Published: October 2024

Background: Leprosy affects skin and peripheral nerves, muscles, eyes, bones, testis and internal organs. Histopathology and demonstration of lepra bacilli is a vital role to supplement clinical examination and diagnosis for correct classification and therefore for patients treatment. Aim- To study the Histopathology spectrum of Leprosy in a tertiary care centre. Materials &Methods: All the skin biopsy with clinically suscipious of leprosy and sent for histopathological examination during the year Jan 2020 to Dec 2024 were included in the study. Results: A total of 60 cases were studied out of them 61% are male and 39% are female. With M:F ratio1.56: 1, majority of them belongs to 41-50 age group. The commonest histological type was borderline TB leprosy followed by Borderline lepromatous leprosy, least common cases were of lepromatous leprosy and histoid leprosy. Conclusion: Histopathological examination is the important investigation for accurate diagnosing and typing of leprosy
Efficacy And Safety Of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) For Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms Of Dementia (BPSD) In A Peripheral Tertiary Care Hospital: A Prospective Study
Authors: Mahadik Dr. Humaid , Muthe Dr. Mayur
Published: October 2024

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Modeling the Excitation of Seismic Waves by the Joplin Tornado
Authors: Valovcin Anne , Tanimoto Toshiro
Published: October 2017

Tornadoes generate seismic signals when they contact the ground. Here we examine the signals excited by the Joplin tornado, which passed within 2 km of a station in the Earthscope Transportable Array. We model the tornado‐generated vertical seismic signal at low frequencies (0.01–0.03 Hz) and solve for the strength of the seismic source. The resulting source amplitude is largest when the tornado was reported to be strongest (EF 4–5), and the amplitude is smallest when the tornado was weak (EF 0–2). A further understanding of the relationship between source amplitude and tornado intensity could open up new ways to study tornadoes from the ground.
Seismic High Attenuation Region Observed Beneath Southern New England From Teleseismic Body Wave Spectra: Evidence for High Asthenospheric Temperature Without Melt
Authors: Dong Mingduo T. , Menke William H.
Published: October 2017

Seismic attenuation exhibits strong geographic variability in northeastern North America, with the highest values associated with the previously recognized Northern Appalachian Anomaly (NAA) in southern New England. The shear wave quality factor at 100 km depth is 14 < QS < 25, the ratio of P wave and S wave quality factors is QP/QS = 1.2 ± 0.03 (95%), and the frequency dependence parameter is α = 0.39 ± 0.025 (95%). The high values of QP/QS and α are compatible with laboratory measurements of unmelted rock and, in the case of α, incompatible with widespread melting. The low QS implies high mantle temperatures (~1,550–1,650°C) at 100 km depth (assuming no melt). Small‐scale variations in attenuation suggest structural heterogeneity within the NAA, possibly due to lithospheric delamination caused by asthenospheric flow.
Insights Into the Causes of Arc Rifting From 2‐D Dynamic Models of Subduction
Authors: Billen Magali I.
Published: October 2017

Back‐arc spreading centers initiate as fore‐arc or arc rifting events when extensional forces localize within lithosphere weakened by hydrous fluids or melting. Two models have been proposed for triggering fore‐arc/arc rifting: rollback of the subducting plate causing trench retreat or motion of the overriding plate away from the subduction zone. This paper demonstrates that there is a third mechanism caused by an in situ instability that occurs when the thin high‐viscosity boundary, which separates the weak fore arc from the hot buoyant mantle wedge, is removed. Buoyant upwelling mantle causes arc rifting, drives the overriding plate away from the subducting plate, and there is sufficient heating of the subducting plate crust and overriding plate lithosphere to form adakite or boninite volcanism. For spontaneous fore‐arc/arc rifting to occur a broad region of weak material must be present and one of the plates must be free to respond to the upwelling forces.
Modeling the Response of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden and Zachariae Isstrøm Glaciers, Greenland, to Ocean Forcing Over the Next Century
Authors: Choi Y. , Morlighem M. , Rignot E. , Mouginot J. , Wood M.
Published: October 2017

Recent studies have shown that the Northeast Greenland Ice Sheet region has been undergoing significant acceleration and dynamic thinning since 2010, and these changes are closely related to regional atmospheric and oceanic warming. Here we model the response of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden (79North) and Zachariae Isstrøm (ZI) to ocean forcing to investigate their evolution over the coming decades. Our model suggests that 79North will retreat slowly over the next century, whereas ZI will lose its floating ice tongue completely and retreat rapidly for 70 years. After 70 years, ZI will stabilize 30 km upstream of its current position on a topographic ridge. Frontal melt rates need to reach 6 m/d in the summer to dislodge the glacier from this ridge. ZI will then continue a fast and unstoppable retreat, contributing more than 16.2 mm to global sea level rise by 2100.
Mars Under Primordial Solar Wind Conditions: Mars Express Observations of the Strongest CME Detected at Mars Under Solar Cycle #24 and its Impact on Atmospheric Ion Escape
Authors: Ramstad Robin , Barabash Stas , Futaana Yoshifumi , Yamauchi Masatoshi , Nilsson Hans , Holmström Mats
Published: October 2017

An extremely strong Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) impacted Mars on 12 July 2011, while the Mars Express spacecraft was present inside the nightside ionosphere. Estimated solar wind density and speed during the event are 39 particles cm−3 and 730 km/s, corresponding to nominal solar wind flux at Mars when the solar system was ∼1.1 Ga old. Comparing with expected average atmospheric heavy ion fluxes under similar XUV conditions, the CME impact is found to have no significant effect on the escape rate 3.3 × 1024s−1, with an upper limit at 1025s−1 if the observed tail contraction is not taken into account. On the subsequent orbit, 7 h later after magnetosphere response, fluxes were only 2.4% of average. As such, even under primordial solar wind conditions we are unable to find support for a strong solar wind‐driven ion escape, rather the main effect appears to be acceleration of the escaping ions by ×10–×20 typical characteristic energy.
Different Evolution Patterns of Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) During Intense Storms and Quiet Time Substorms
Authors: He Fei , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Wang Wenbin , Wan Weixing
Published: October 2017

In this letter, we present multisatellite observations of the evolution of subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) during intense storms (ISs) and quiet time substorms (QSs). SAPS occurred during 37 ISs and 30 QSs were analyzed. Generally, SAPS occur after the southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with time lags of 0–1.5 h for ISs and 0–2.5 h for QSs. SAPS usually occurred 0–3 h after the beginning of storm main phases and 0–2 h after the substorm expansion onsets. The lifetimes of SAPS are generally longer than the durations of southward IMF and storm main phases. During QSs, the lifetimes of SAPS are shorter than the duration of the ISs. Superposed epoch analysis shows different evolution patterns of SAPS during ISs and QSs. The results of this study provide both physical insight and constrains to modeling the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling.
Crater Lake Controls on Volcano Stability: Insights From White Island, New Zealand
Authors: Hamling Ian J.
Published: October 2017

Many volcanoes around the world host summit crater lakes but their influence on the overall stability of the edifice remains poorly understood. Here I use satellite radar data acquired by TerraSAR‐X from early 2015 to July 2017 over White Island, New Zealand, to investigate the interaction of the crater lake and deformation of the surrounding edifice. An eruption in April 2016 was preceded by a period of uplift within the crater floor and drop in the lake level. Modeling of the uplift indicates a shallow source located at ∼100 m depth in the vicinity of the crater lake, likely coinciding with the shallow hydrothermal system. In addition to the drop in the lake level, stress changes induced by the inflation suggest that the pressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system helped promote failure along the edge of the crater lake which collapsed during the eruption. After the eruption, and almost complete removal of the crater lake, large areas of the crater wall and lake edge began moving downslope at rates approaching 400 mm/yr. The coincidence between the rapid increase in the displacement rates and removal of the crater lake suggests that the lake provides a physical control on the stability of the surrounding edifice.
Empirical Modeling of the Plasmasphere Dynamics Using Neural Networks
Authors: Zhelavskaya Irina S. , Shprits Yuri Y. , Spasojević Maria
Published: October 2017

We present the PINE (Plasma density in the Inner magnetosphere Neural network‐based Empirical) model ‐ a new empirical model for reconstructing the global dynamics of the cold plasma density distribution based only on solar wind data and geomagnetic indices. Utilizing the density database obtained using the NURD (Neural‐network‐based Upper hybrid Resonance Determination) algorithm for the period of 1 October 2012 to 1 July 2016, in conjunction with solar wind data and geomagnetic indices, we develop a neural network model that is capable of globally reconstructing the dynamics of the cold plasma density distribution for 2≤L≤6 and all local times. We validate and test the model by measuring its performance on independent data sets withheld from the training set and by comparing the model‐predicted global evolution with global images of He+distribution in the Earth's plasmasphere from the IMAGE Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) instrument. We identify the parameters that best quantify the plasmasphere dynamics by training and comparing multiple neural networks with different combinations of input parameters (geomagnetic indices, solar wind data, and different durations of their time history). The optimal model is based on the 96 h time history ofKp,AE,SYM‐H, andF10.7indices. The model successfully reproduces erosion of the plasmasphere on the nightside and plume formation and evolution. We demonstrate results of both local and global plasma density reconstruction. This study illustrates how global dynamics can be reconstructed from local in situ observations by using machine learning techniques.
Ground‐Based Optical Measurements of Quiet Time Thermospheric Wind and Temperature: Atmospheric Scattering Corrections
Authors: Harding Brian J. , Qin Jianqi , Makela Jonathan J.
Published: October 2017

Ground‐based measurements of thermospheric wind and temperature are known to be affected by tropospheric scattering during geomagnetically active times, when horizontal airglow gradients are large. In this work, we present an analysis of the effects during quiet times, when horizontal airglow gradients can be assumed to be negligible, and we derive corrections to be applied to historical and future data sets. These corrections are easy to apply, depending only upon the optical thickness of the atmosphere and the measured wind, not the viewing direction or temperature. If these corrections are not applied, all winds estimated from ground‐based observatories are underestimated by about 10% (depending on the optical thickness), and temperatures are overestimated by a couple K. We present observational evidence of the effect of atmospheric scattering on temperature measurements using 5 years of data from the North American Thermosphere Ionosphere Observing Network. We find that the temperatures measured to the east and west are statistically larger than the temperatures measured to the zenith. This is consistent with our analysis of the effect of atmospheric scattering, though the difference in the measurements is slightly larger than the theoretical prediction.
A Statistical Study of the Spatial Extent of Relativistic Electron Precipitation With Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites
Authors: Shekhar Sapna , Millan Robyn , Smith David
Published: October 2017

Relativistic electron precipitation (REP) in the atmosphere can contribute significantly to electron loss from the outer radiation belts. In order to estimate the contribution to this loss, it is important to estimate the spatial extent of the precipitation region. We observed REP with the zenith pointing (0°) Medium Energy Proton Electron Detector (MEPED) on board Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES), for 15 years (2000–2014) and used both single‐satellite and multisatellite measurements to estimate an average extent of the region of precipitation in L shell and magnetic local time (MLT). In the duration of 15 years (2000–2014), 31,035 REP events were found in this study. Events were found to split into two classes; one class of events coincided with proton precipitation in the P1 channel (30–80 keV), were located in the dusk and early morning sector, and were more localized in L shell (dL < 0.5), whereas the other class of events did not coincide with proton precipitation, were located mostly in the midnight sector, and were wider in L shell (dL ∼ 1–2.5). Both classes were highly localized in MLT (dMLT ≤ 3 h), occurring mostly during the declining phase of the solar cycle and geomagnetically active times. The events located in the midnight sector for both classes were found to be associated with tail magnetic field stretching which could be due to the fact that they tend to occur mostly during geomagnetically active times or could imply that precipitation is caused by current sheet scattering.
Blind Thrusting, Surface Folding, and the Development of Geological Structure in the Mw 6.3 2015 Pishan (China) Earthquake
Authors: Ainscoe E. A. , Elliott J. R. , Copley A. , Craig T. J. , Li T. , Parsons B. E. , Walker R. T.
Published: October 2017

The relationship between individual earthquakes and the longer‐term growth of topography and of geological structures is not fully understood, but is key to our ability to make use of topographic and geological data sets in the contexts of seismic hazard and wider‐scale tectonics. Here we investigate those relationships at an active fold‐and‐thrust belt in the southwest Tarim Basin, Central Asia. We use seismic waveforms and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to determine the fault parameters and slip distribution of the 2015 Mw6.3 Pishan earthquake—a blind, reverse‐faulting event dipping toward the Tibetan Plateau. Our earthquake mechanism and location correspond closely to a fault mapped independently by seismic reflection, indicating that the earthquake was on a preexisting ramp fault over a depth range of ∼9–13 km. However, the geometry of folding in the overlying fluvial terraces cannot be fully explained by repeated coseismic slip in events such as the 2015 earthquake nor by the early postseismic motion shown in our interferograms; a key role in growth of the topography must be played by other mechanisms. The earthquake occurred at the Tarim‐Tibet boundary, with the unusually low dip of 21°. We use our source models from Pishan and a 2012 event to argue that the Tarim Basin crust deforms only by brittle failure on faults whose effective coefficient of friction is ≤0.05 ± 0.025. In contrast, most of the Tibetan crust undergoes ductile deformation, with a viscosity of order 1020–1022 Pa s. This contrast in rheologies provides an explanation for the low dip of the earthquake fault plane.
Estimation of the Isotopic Composition and Origins of Winter Precipitation Over Japan Using a Regional Isotope Circulation Model
Authors: Tanoue Masahiro , Ichiyanagi Kimpei , Yoshimura Kei , Shimada Jun , Hirabayashi Yukiko
Published: October 2017

The deuterium excess (d‐excess) of precipitation aids in identifying vapor source regions because it reflects humidity conditions in those regions. For Japan, studies have assumed that the Sea of Japan was the dominant source of winter precipitation when the d‐excess value in winter is >20‰ or higher than the average value in summer. Because this assumption is based on an interpretation that the high d‐excess value is due to an interaction between the continental winter monsoon (WM) and warm Sea of Japan, it may not be appropriate for winter precipitation due to extratropical cyclones (ECs). Here we clarify local patterns of isotopic composition and the origins of precipitation in WM and EC types over Japan using a regional isotope circulation model. The results indicate that the Sea of Japan made the highest contribution to precipitation on the Sea of Japan side in the WM type, whereas the Pacific Ocean is the dominant source of precipitation over Japan in the EC type. Because d‐excess values are higher in the WM type than the EC type, we can assume that the Sea of Japan is the dominant source of precipitation on the Sea of Japan side when the d‐excess value is high. In comparison, we cannot identify the source regions from d‐excess values alone for Honshu Island bordering the Pacific Ocean, because the difference in the d‐excess value between the WM and EC types is unclear. Moreover, WM variability can be estimated from observed d‐excess values due to their clear positive correlation.
Co‐Occurrence of Extreme Daily Rainfall in the French Mediterranean Region
Authors: Blanchet Juliette , Creutin Jean‐Dominique
Published: October 2017

We propose in this article a statistical framework to study local disparities in the co‐occurrence of extreme rainfall in the French Mediterranean region. We employ a region‐of‐influence approach by studying the likelihood of the 3% largest daily rainfall to occur simultaneously at less than 50 km distance, when moving across the region. Our model uses an anisotropic max‐stable process allowing us to properly represent the co‐occurrence of daily extremes and including the possibility of a preferred direction of co‐occurrence. We use this framework on a dense network composed of almost 900 daily stations spread over a 100,000 km2 region of southern France under a Mediterranean influence, with data back to 1948. This density allows us to study the spatial patterns in the co‐occurrence of extreme rainfall at fine scale and by so to characterize the main precipitation systems leading to extremes in the region. We show in particular that concomitant extremes are the most likely along the crest line of the Massif Central, which is also the area where the magnitude of extremes is among the largest. This may be of concern for flood risk management.
Revisiting the Fundamental Analytical Solutions of Heat and Mass Transfer: The Kernel of Multirate and Multidimensional Diffusion
Authors: Zhou Quanlin , Oldenburg Curtis M. , Rutqvist Jonny , Birkholzer Jens T.
Published: October 2017

There are two types of analytical solutions of temperature/concentration in and heat/mass transfer through boundaries of regularly shaped 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D blocks. These infinite‐series solutions with either error functions or exponentials exhibit highly irregular but complementary convergence at different dimensionless times,
. In this paper, approximate solutions were developed by combining the error‐function‐series solutions for early times and the exponential‐series solutions for late times and by using time partitioning at the switchover time,
. The combined solutions contain either the leading term of both series for normal‐accuracy approximations (with less than 0.003 relative error) or the first two terms for high‐accuracy approximations (with less than 10−7 relative error) for 1‐D isotropic (spheres, cylinders, slabs) and 2‐D/3‐D rectangular blocks (squares, cubes, rectangles, and rectangular parallelepipeds). This rapid and uniform convergence for rectangular blocks was achieved by employing the same time partitioning with individual dimensionless times for different directions and the product of their combined 1‐D slab solutions. The switchover dimensionless time was determined to minimize the maximum approximation errors. Furthermore, the analytical solutions of first‐order heat/mass flux for 2‐D/3‐D rectangular blocks were derived for normal‐accuracy approximations. These flux equations contain the early‐time solution with a three‐term polynomial in
and the late‐time solution with the limited‐term exponentials for rectangular blocks. The heat/mass flux equations and the combined temperature/concentration solutions form the ultimate kernel for fast simulations of multirate and multidimensional heat/mass transfer in porous/fractured media with millions of low‐permeability blocks of varying shapes and sizes.
Physical Controls on Biogeochemical Processes in Intertidal Zones of Beach Aquifers
Authors: Heiss James W. , Post Vincent E. A. , Laattoe Tariq , Russoniello Christopher J. , Michael Holly A.
Published: October 2017

Marine ecosystems are sensitive to inputs of chemicals from submarine groundwater discharge. Tidally influenced saltwater‐freshwater mixing zones in beach aquifers can host biogeochemical transformations that modify chemical loads prior to discharge. A numerical variable‐density groundwater flow and reactive transport model was used to evaluate the physical controls on reactivity for mixing‐dependent and mixing‐independent reactions in beach aquifers, represented as denitrification and sulfate reduction, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was performed across typical values of tidal amplitude, hydraulic conductivity, terrestrial freshwater flux, beach slope, dispersivity, and DOC reactivity. For the model setup and conditions tested, the simulations demonstrate that denitrification can remove up to 100% of terrestrially derived nitrate, and sulfate reduction can transform up to 8% of seawater‐derived sulfate prior to discharge. Tidally driven mixing between saltwater and freshwater promotes denitrification along the boundary of the intertidal saltwater circulation cell in pore water between 1 and 10 ppt. The denitrification zone occupies on average 49% of the mixing zone. Denitrification rates are highest on the landward side of the circulation cell and decrease along circulating flow paths. Reactivity for mixing‐dependent reactions increases with the size of the mixing zone and solute supply, while mixing‐independent reactivity is controlled primarily by solute supply. The results provide insights into the types of beaches most efficient in altering fluxes of chemicals prior to discharge and could be built upon to help engineer beaches to enhance reactivity. The findings have implications for management to protect coastal ecosystems and the estimation of chemical fluxes to the ocean.
Inverting the Swelling Trends in Modular Self‐Oscillating Gels Crosslinked by Redox‐Active Metal Bipyridine Complexes
Authors: Aizenberg Michael , Okeyoshi Kosuke , Aizenberg Joanna
Published: October 2017

The developing field of active, stimuli‐responsive materials is in need for new dynamic architectures that may offer unprecedented chemomechanical switching mechanisms. Toward this goal, syntheses of polymerizable bipyridine ligands, bis(4‐vinylbenzyl)[2,2′‐bipyridine]‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate and N4,N4′‐bis(4‐vinylphenyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxamide, and a number of redox‐active Ruthenium(II) and Iron(II) complexes with them are reported. Detailed characterizations by NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass‐spectrometry, X‐ray, and cyclic voltammetry show that the topology of these molecules allows them to serve as both comonomers and crosslinkers in polymerization reactions. Electronic properties of the ligands are tunable by choosing carboxylate‐ or carboxamido‐linkages between the core and the vinylaryl moieties, leading to a library of Ru and Fe complexes with the M(III)/M(II) standard redox potentials suitable for catalyzing self‐oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinskii (BZ) reaction. New poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based redox‐responsive functional gels containing hydrophilic comonomers, which have been prepared using representative Ru bpy complexes as both a crosslinker and redox‐active catalyst, exhibit a unique feature: their swelling/contraction mode switches its dependence on the oxidation state of the Ru center, upon changing the ratio of comonomers in the hybrid gel network. The BZ self‐oscillations of such crosslinked hydrogels have been observed and quantified for both supported film and free‐standing gel samples, demonstrating their potential as chemomechanically active modules for new functional materials.
Enzyme‐Driven Hasselback‐Like DNA‐Based Inorganic Superstructures
Authors: Lee Jae Sung , Kim Hyejin , Jo Changshin , Jeong Jaepil , Ko Jeonghyun , Han Sangwoo , Lee Min Sun , Lee Ho‐Young , Han Jeong Woo , Lee Jinwoo , Lee Jong Bum
Published: October 2017

DNA structures have gained much attention due to its ease of self‐assembly and precise controllability. Although DNA technology has been successfully applied to generate a variety of DNA structures, there are only few attempts to apply DNA technology to generate inorganic materials due to lack of controllability of interactions between DNA and inorganic materials. In addition, the synthesis of a predictable structure of hybrid materials still remains a significant challenge. To address the challenge, here a novel strategy for the synthesis of DNA‐based inorganic superstructures using DNA polymerase is reported. In particular, strategic feeding of metal ions for generating DNA‐inorganic hybrid superstructures during DNA polymerization is established. This approach can produce a variety of structures with varying metal ions and can easily add functionality to the product. The structural features are also easily studied by first‐principles calculations. With these advantages, DNA‐Mn particles show the potential as a cell tracking agent, a contrast agent for MRI, and an electrode material for supercapacitors. The enzyme‐driven synthesis in this study will provide a novel route for the generation of a range of organic–inorganic hybrid superstructures for biomedical and energy applications.
Toward a New Generation of Smart Biomimetic Actuators for Architecture
Authors: Poppinga Simon , Zollfrank Cordt , Prucker Oswald , Rühe Jürgen , Menges Achim , Cheng Tiffany , Speck Thomas
Published: October 2017

Motile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, cone scales, and capsules) are functionally highly robust and resilient concept generators for the development of biomimetic actuators for architecture. Here, a concise review of the state‐of‐the‐art of plant movement principles and derived biomimetic devices is provided. Achieving complex and higher‐dimensional shape changes and passive‐hydraulic actuation at a considerable time scale, as well as mechanical robustness of the motile technical structures, is challenging. For example, almost all currently available bioinspired hydraulic actuators show similar limitations due to the poroelastic time scale. Therefore, a major challenge is increasing the system size to the meter range, with actuation times of minutes or below. This means that response speed and flow rate need significant improvement for the systems, and the long‐term performance degradation issue of hygroscopic materials needs to be addressed. A theoretical concept for “escaping” the poroelastic regime is proposed, and the possibilities for enhancing the mechanical properties of passive‐hydraulic bilayer actuators are discussed. Furthermore, the promising aspects for further studies to implement tropistic movement behavior are presented, i.e., movement that depends on the direction of the triggering stimulus, which can finally lead to “smart building skins” that autonomously and self‐sufficiently react to changing environmental stimuli in a direction‐dependent manner.
Textile‐Enabled Highly Reproducible Flexible Pressure Sensors for Cardiovascular Monitoring
Authors: Luo Ningqi , Zhang Jun , Ding Xiaorong , Zhou Zhiqiang , Zhang Quan , Zhang Yuan‐Ting , Chen Shih‐Chi , Hu Jin‐Lian , Zhao Ni
Published: October 2017

Flexible piezoresistive sensors (FPS) with high reproducibility and hysteresis‐free pressure response are highly desirable for various emerging biomedical applications. In this work, the potential of using regularly interlaced textile materials to achieve high‐repeatability and low‐hysteresis FPS is explored. It is found that the structural flexibility and surface regularity of knitted fabric structures can in general provide reproducible pressure response; however, response fluctuations and hysteresis are still present due to the inevitable inelastic deformation of the textiles. To address this limitation, carbon black particles and polyvinylidene fluoride are introduced in the knitted fabric as the electrical and mechanical interconnects, respectively, between the fibers. Through composition optimization, the pressure response variation is reduced to below 2% and the hysteresis loop deviation is decreased to below 10% for single sensors. The performance variation among multiple sensors is as low as 5%, much smaller than the 33% variation of the sensors made with nonwoven fabrics. Utilizing the high sensor repeatability, sensor arrays and multisite sensor network are successfully realized for monitoring superficial temporal artery pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity, which demonstrate the potential of using wearable sensing systems for multifunctional cardiovascular monitoring.
Reducing Mg Anode Overpotential via Ion Conductive Surface Layer Formation by Iodine Additive
Authors: Li Xiaogang , Gao Tao , Han Fudong , Ma Zhaohui , Fan Xiulin , Hou Singyuk , Eidson Nico , Li Weishan , Wang Chunsheng
Published: October 2017

Electrolytes that are able to reversibly deposit/strip Mg are crucial for rechargeable Mg batteries. The most studied complex electrolytes based on Lewis acid‐base chemistry are expensive, difficult to be synthesized, and show limited anodic stability. Conventional electrolytes using simple salts such as Mg(TFSI)2 can be readily synthesized, but Mg deposition/stripping in these simple salt electrolytes is accompanied by a large overpotential due to the formation of a surface layer on the Mg metal with a low Mg ion conductivity. Here the overpotential for Mg deposition/stripping in a simple salt, Mg(TFSI)2‐1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME), electrolyte is significantly reduced by adding a small concentration of iodine (≤50 × 10−3m) as an additive. Mechanism studies demonstrate that an Mg ion conductive solid MgI2 layer is formed on the surface of the Mg metal and acts as a solid electrolyte interface. With the Mg(TFSI)2‐DME‐I2 electrolyte, a very small voltage hysteresis is achieved in an Mg‐S full cell.
Vulnerability of employees in businesses with fewer than five workers (micro‐enterprises) to occupational safety and health problems
Authors: Park Jungsun , Park Jong‐shik , Han Boyoung , Kim Yangho
Published: October 2017

Introduction

We assessed the characteristics of micro‐enterprises (businesses with fewer than five workers) focusing on occupational safety and health (OSH) issues.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of data from the Economically Active Population Supplementary Survey and the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey of 2014.

Results

Relative to larger businesses, micro‐enterprises employ more women, temporary workers, and older workers (>55 years). In addition, more workers in micro‐enterprises held “elementary occupations” (unskilled or under‐skilled) or “sales and service jobs.” Key sectors of such employment included the sectors of “wholesale and retail trade” and “hotel and restaurants.” Furthermore, lower skilled workers in such micro‐enterprises more frequently reported exposure to ergonomic risk factors and subsequent musculoskeletal disorders, and they also experienced a much higher fatality rate due to occupational injuries.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that Korean workers in micro‐enterprises are more vulnerable to OSH problems than workers in larger businesses.
Promising novel therapy with hydrogen gas for emergency and critical care medicine
Authors: Sano Motoaki , Suzuki Masaru , Homma Koichiro , Hayashida Kei , Tamura Tomoyoshi , Matsuoka Tadashi , Katsumata Yoshinori , Onuki Shuko , Sasaki Junichi
Published: October 2017

It has been reported that hydrogen gas exerts a therapeutic effect in a wide range of disease conditions, from acute illness such as ischemia–reperfusion injury, shock, and damage healing to chronic illness such as metabolic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of hydrogen gas have been proposed, but the molecular target of hydrogen gas has not been identified. We established the Center for Molecular Hydrogen Medicine to promote non‐clinical and clinical research on the medical use of hydrogen gas through industry–university collaboration and to obtain regulatory approval of hydrogen gas and hydrogen medical devices (http://www.karc.keio.ac.jp/center/center-55.html). Studies undertaken by the Center have suggested possible therapeutic effects of hydrogen gas in relation to various aspects of emergency and critical care medicine, including acute myocardial infarction, cardiopulmonary arrest syndrome, contrast‐induced acute kidney injury, and hemorrhagic shock.
Revealing Conformational Variants of Solution‐Phase Intrinsically Disordered Tau Protein at the Single‐Molecule Level
Authors: Manger Lydia H. , Foote Alexander K. , Wood Sharla L. , Holden Michael R. , Heylman Kevin D. , Margittai Martin , Goldsmith Randall H.
Published: October 2017

Intrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau protein, adopt a variety of conformations in solution, complicating solution‐phase structural studies. We employed an anti‐Brownian electrokinetic (ABEL) trap to prolong measurements of single tau proteins in solution. Once trapped, we recorded the fluorescence anisotropy to investigate the diversity of conformations sampled by the single molecules. A distribution of anisotropy values obtained from trapped tau protein is conspicuously bimodal while those obtained by trapping a globular protein or individual fluorophores are not. Time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements were used to provide an explanation of the bimodal distribution as originating from a shift in the compaction of the two different families of conformations.
Fast Heavy‐Atom Tunneling in Trifluoroacetyl Nitrene
Authors: Wu Zhuang , Feng Ruijuan , Li Hongmin , Xu Jian , Deng Guohai , Abe Manabu , Bégué Didier , Liu Kun , Zeng Xiaoqing
Published: October 2017

Chemical reactions involving quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) increasingly attract the attention of scientists. In contrast to the hydrogen‐tunneling as frequently observed in chemistry and biology, tunneling solely by heavy atoms is rare. Herein, we report heavy‐atom tunneling in trifluoroacetyl nitrene, CF3C(O)N. The carbonyl nitrene CF3C(O)N in the triplet ground state was generated in cryogenic matrices by laser (193 or 266 nm) photolysis of CF3C(O)N3 and characterized by IR and EPR spectroscopy. In contrast to the theoretically predicted activation barriers (>10 kcal mol−1), CF3C(O)N undergoes rapid rearrangement into CF3NCO with half‐life times of less than 10 min and unprecedentedly large 14N/15N kinetic isotope effects (1.18–1.33) in solid Ar, Ne, and N2 matrices even at 2.8 K. The tunneling disappearance of CF3C(O)N becomes much slower in the chemically active toluene and in 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran at 5 K.
Wavelength‐Gated Dynamic Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Frisch Hendrik , Marschner David E. , Goldmann Anja S. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: October 2017

Chemical reactions are classically controlled by the judicious choice of functional groups as well as external factors such as temperature and catalysts. However, the use of light‐induced reactions not only offers precise temporal and spatial control, but critically allows highly specific reaction channels to be selectively addressed through wavelength and intensity, thereby enabling targeted covalent bonds to be made and broken. Photoreversible cycloadditions are the most promising candidates to seize the outlined potential upon selective cyclization and cycloreversion, but are today still far from fulfilling these expectations. The current Minireview critically explores the current challenges in the application of photoreversible cycloadditions and discusses the steps necessary to realize their potential in molecular biology, biomimetic systems, 3D laser lithographic processes, and advanced soft matter materials with reprogrammable and self‐healing properties.
Understanding persistent scientific collaboration
Authors: Bu Yi , Ding Ying , Liang Xingkun , Murray Dakota S.
Published: October 2017

Common sense suggests that persistence is key to success. In academia, successful researchers have been found more likely to be persistent in publishing, but little attention has been given to how persistence in maintaining collaborative relationships affects career success. This paper proposes a new bibliometric understanding of persistence that considers the prominent role of collaboration in contemporary science. Using this perspective, we analyze the relationship between persistent collaboration and publication quality along several dimensions: degree of transdisciplinarity, difference in coauthor's scientific age and their scientific impact, and research‐team size. Contrary to traditional wisdom, our results show that persistent scientific collaboration does not always result in high‐quality papers. We find that the most persistent transdisciplinary collaboration tends to output high‐impact publications, and that those coauthors with diverse scientific impact or scientific ages benefit from persistent collaboration more than homogeneous compositions. We also find that researchers persistently working in large groups tend to publish lower‐impact papers. These results contradict the colloquial understanding of collaboration in academia and paint a more nuanced picture of how persistent scientific collaboration relates to success, a picture that can provide valuable insights to researchers, funding agencies, policy makers, and mentor–mentee program directors. Moreover, the methodology in this study showcases a feasible approach to measure persistent collaboration.
Renal vectorial transport of berberine mediated by organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 (MATE1) in rats
Authors: Shi Rong , Yang Yuanyuan , Xu Zhangyao , Dai Yan , Zheng Min , Wang Tianming , Li Yuanyuan , Ma Yueming
Published: October 2017

Berberine, a well‐known plant alkaloid derived from Rhizoma coptidis, has potential applications as a therapeutic drug for diabetic nephropathy. However, the transporter‐mediated renal transport of berberine remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the renal transport mechanism of berberine using transfected cells, kidney slices and animal experiments. In Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing rat OCT2 (MDCK‐rOCT2) and kidney slices, saturable and non‐saturable uptake of berberine was observed, and corticosterone could inhibit the uptake of berberine, with IC50 values of 0.1 μm and 147.9 μm, respectively. In double‐transfected cells, the cellular accumulation of berberine into MDCK‐rOCT2 and MDCK‐rOCT2‐rMATE1 (MDCK cells stably expressing rOCT2 and rMATE1) cells was significantly higher than the uptake into MDCK cells. Meanwhile, berberine transcellular transport was considerably higher in double‐transfected MDCK‐rOCT2‐rMATE1 cells than in MDCK and MDCK‐rOCT2 cells. Corticosterone for MDCK‐rMATE1 and MDCK‐MDR1 and pyrimethamine for MDCK‐rMATE1 at high concentrations could inhibit the efflux of berberine. In animal experiments, compared with the berberine alone group, the cumulative urinary excretion of berberine significantly decreased in the corticosterone or pyrimethamine pretreatment groups. In the rat kidney, pyrimethamine increased, and a low dose of corticosterone (5 mg/kg) decreased, the berberine concentration. However, there was no apparent change in the renal concentration of berberine in rats pretreated with corticosterone (10 or 20 mg/kg). Thus, berberine is not only a substrate of OCT2 and P‐glycoprotein, but is also a substrate of MATE1. Both OCT2 and MATE1 mediate the renal vectorial transport of berberine.