bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of pericyclic steps in the mechanisms of Gold(I) catalyzed rearrangement of alkynes
Authors: Pérez Adán González , Álvarez Rosana , de Lera Ángel R.
Published: November 2012

Pericyclic reactions are frequently proposed as intermediate steps in diverse multistep Au(I)‐catalyzed transformations of unsaturated systems, an expanding class of atom‐economical reactions that proceed under mild conditions and generally lead to products that exhibit an extraordinary increase in molecular complexity. The feasibility of pericyclic steps occurring in the overall transformations is greater with highly functionalized polyunsaturated systems. Experimental and computational studies concur that Au(I) catalyst guides, if possible, the evolution of the reactant and/or intermediates through pericyclic processes if available to the particular substrate. In general, the activation energies are lower than those for the corresponding reactions in the absence of the coinage metal, in particular when Au(I) is bound to a carbon atom of the pericyclic array. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
t $ \bar{\mathrm{t}} $ W± + t $ \bar{\mathrm{t}} $ Z hadroproduction at NLO accuracy in QCD with Parton Shower and Hadronization effects
Authors: Garzelli M. V. , Kardos A. , Papadopoulos C. G. , Trócsányi Z.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We present theoretical predictions for the hadroproduction of t
$ \bar{\mathrm{t}} $
W+, t
$ \bar{\mathrm{t}} $
W− and t
$ \bar{\mathrm{t}} $
Z at LHC as obtained by matching numerical computations at NLO accuracy in QCD with Shower Monte Carlo programs. The calculation is performed by PowHel, relying on the POWHEG-BOX framework, that allows for the matching between the fixed order computation, with input of matrix elements produced by the HELAC-NLO collection of event generators, and the Parton Shower evolution, followed by hadronization and hadron decays as described by PYTHIA and HERWIG. We focus on the dilepton and trilepton decay channels, studied recently by the CMS Collaboration.
Demography, Migration and the Economy at a Regional Level: Recent Evidence from Catalonia
Authors: Bonifazi Corrado , Crisci Massimiliano
Published: November 2012

In the last decade Spain had one of the highest immigration levels in the European Union and Catalonia was one of the most important destinations within the country. Immigration drove a strong and fast population growth and rejuvenated the population of the region. The world economic crisis is probably going to mark a turning point in international migration trends and has already caused a sharp decrease in Spanish and Catalan immigration flows. However, Catalonia is historically a very intriguing example of the close links that exist between demographic trends, migration movements and economic development. Around the mid 1800s the region was one of the first in Europe to experience a demographic transition and as a consequence it was affected early on by low levels of natural population change and by imbalances in the age structure. Moreover, Catalonia’s economy has almost always been one of the most dynamic in Spain. The main consequence of the diverging trends in demography and the economy has been the recurrent need for large immigration flows in periods of sustained economic growth. From this point of view, Catalonia is a meaningful example for all the European regions with a structurally low fertility and dynamic economic systems. The main aims of this paper are to analyse the interplay between demographic, migratory and economic factors during the last decade in Catalonia and try to infer their possible future interactions, according to the results of innovative regional projections implemented for EU and EFTA countries.
Class I/II hybrid inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide exerts Th1 and Th2 double immunosuppression
Authors: Ito Yusuke , Shigemori Suguru , Sato Takashi , Shimazu Tomoyuki , Hatano Konomi , Otani Hajime , Kitazawa Haruki , Shimosato Takeshi
Published: November 2012

We designed class I/II hybrid inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (iODNs), called iSG, and found that the sequence 5′‐TTAGGG‐3′, which has a six‐base loop head structure, and a 3′‐oligo (dG)3–5 tail sequence are important for potent immunosuppressive activity. Interestingly, splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin (OVA)‐immunized mice and treated with iSG3 showed suppression of not only interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐12p35, IL‐12p40, and interferon (IFN) γ mRNA expression, but also IL‐4 and IL‐13 mRNA expression. Thus, both Th2 and Th1 immune responses can be strongly suppressed by iODNs in splenocytes from allergen‐immunized mice, suggesting usefulness in the treatment of diseases induced by over‐active immune activation.
Predation by carabid beetles on the invasive slugArion vulgarisin an agricultural semi-field experiment
Authors: Pianezzola E. , Roth S. , Hatteland B.A.
Published: November 2012

Arion vulgarisMoquin-Tandon 1855 is one of the most important invasive species in Europe, affecting both biodiversity and agriculture. The species is spreading in many parts of Europe, inflicting severe damage to horticultural plants and cultivated crops partly due to a lack of satisfactory and effective management solutions. Molluscicides have traditionally been used to manage slug densities, although the effects are variable and some have severe side-effects on other biota. Thus, there is a need to explore potential alternatives such as biological control. The nematodePhasmarhabditis hermaphroditais the only biological agent that has been applied commercially so far. However, other biological control agents such as carabid beetles have also been found to be promising. In addition, some carabid species have been shown to feed onA. vulgarisin the field as well as in the laboratory. Two species in particular have been found to be important predators ofA. vulgaris, and these species are also common in agricultural environments:Pterostichus melanariusandCarabus nemoralis. This study is the first to use semi-field experiments in a strawberry field, manipulating densities, to investigate howP. melanariusandC. nemoralisaffect densities ofA. vulgariseggs and juveniles, respectively. Gut contents ofC. nemoraliswere analysed using multiplex PCR methods to detect DNA of juvenile slugs. Results show that bothP. melanariusandC. nemoralissignificantly affect densities of slug eggs and juvenile slugs under semi-field conditions and thatC. nemoralisseems to prefer slugs smaller than one gram.Carabus nemoralisseems to be especially promising in reducing densities ofA. vulgaris, and future studies should investigate the potential of using this species as a biological control agent.
Effect of Wolbachia on insecticide susceptibility in lines of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Endersby N.M. , Hoffmann A.A.
Published: November 2012

Two stable infections of Wolbachia pipientis, wMelPop and wMel, now established in Aedes aegypti, are being used in a biocontrol program to suppress the transmission of dengue. Any effects of Wolbachia infection on insecticide resistance of mosquitoes may undermine the success of this program. Bioassays of Ae. aegypti were conducted to test for differences in response to insecticides between Wolbachia infected (wMelPop, wMel) and uninfected lines. Insecticides screened were bifenthrin, the pyrethroid commonly used for adult knockdown, as well as larvicides: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, the organophosphate, temephos and the insect growth regulator, s-methoprene. While differences in response between lines were detected for some insecticides, no obvious or consistent effects related to presence of Wolbachia infection were observed. Spreading Wolbachia infections are, therefore, unlikely to affect the efficacy of traditional chemical control of mosquito outbreaks.
The QuranicMushrikūnand the resurrection (Part II)
Authors: Crone Patricia
Published: November 2012

This article examines the attitudes of the Quranicmushrikūnto the resurrection and the afterlife, focusing on those who doubted or denied the reality of both. The first part of the article, published in a previous issue ofBSOAS, argued that the doubters and deniers had grown up in a monotheist environment familiar with both concepts and that it was from within the monotheist tradition that they rejected them. This second part relates their thought to intellectual currents in Arabia and the Near East in general, arguing that the role of their pagan heritage in their denial is less direct than normally assumed. It is also noted thatmutakallims such as Abū ʿĪsā al-Warrāq and al-Māturīdī anticipated the main conclusions reached in this paper.
The evolution of animal husbandry in Neolithic central-west Anatolia: the zooarchaeological record from Ulucak Höyük (c. 7040–5660 cal. BC, Izmir, Turkey)
Authors: Çakırlar Canan
Published: November 2012

Research into the emergence of animal husbandry west of the Taurus mountains has been primarily confined to central Anatolia, the Lake District and the Marmara region in Anatolia, leaving a c. 85,000km area in western Anatolia largely unexplored. This vast region is crucial to understand the developmental trajectories of early farming practices in Anatolia and to explain the expansion of Neolithic agro-pastoralist lifeways into southeast Europe. The hand-collected faunal assemblage from Ulucak Höyük near Izmir provides a first opportunity to examine the beginnings and the evolution of Neolithic animal husbandry practices in this region across an uninterrupted cultural sequence dating between c. 7040–5660 cal. BC. Taxonomic, osteometric and demographic analyses suggest that all four initial food animals (sheep, goat, cattle and pig) appeared simultaneously at the beginning of the seventh millennium BC. The relative proportions of the domestic food animals indicate that beef was as significant a resource as sheep and goat meat. Fusion data for cattle and combined tootheruption and wear data for sheep and goat suggest that milk exploitation may have begun towards the end of the seventh millennium BC and intensified during the first quarter of the sixth. Evidence for post-adult caprines and cattle is thought to represent a strategy employed to maximise herd size and buffer risk. No clear evidence for cattle traction was found. Fallow deer seems to have become an increasingly important resource throughout the period. Small amounts of fish remains and substantial amounts of marine molluscs demonstrate that coastal environments were also exploited. These results indicate that central-west Anatolia played an essential role in the expansion of animal husbandry technologies into southeast Europe.
Bronze Age Trojan artefacts in Poland: some remarks
Authors: Maliszewski Dariusz
Published: November 2012

This article focuses on several overlooked assemblages of the Bronze Age artefacts from Troy brought to light by H. Schliemann and W. Dörpfeld. It briefly presents the complicated history and partition of duplicate artefacts from the Berlin collection and their donation to many European institutions after Schliemann's death. The article discusses five such collections in modern-day Poland. Schmidt's 1902 Berlin catalogue gives an overview of what types of object were sent to which institution, but gives no clear indication of the quantities involved. The present article tries to rectify that, and to present the information systematically institution by institution, with later documentation where available.
Primary evidence for Late Roman D Ware production in southern Asia Minor: a challenge to ‘Cypriot Red Slip Ware’
Authors: Jackson Mark , Zelle Michael , Vandeput Lutgarde , Köse Veli
Published: November 2012

Late Roman D Ware (or ‘Cypriot Red Slip Ware’) is one of the most widespread fine wares of the late antique Mediterranean. Its hypothetical origin in Cyprus is challenged by the discovery since 2008 of kilns in Turkey whose products include the whole of this ware's standard repertoire. This paper provides the first detailed account of the discovery of a network of seven production centres located near Gebiz, 32km northeast of Antalya and close to the Kestros river (Aksu çayı) and its tributary the Küçükaksu river, from where these products together with agricultural goods would have been traded inland and downstream to Perge and beyond. Results of the field survey during which these kilns were discovered are presented, together with a discussion of their far-reaching implications. The results establish southern Anatolia, and specifically the margins of the Pamphylian plain, as the only certainly identified production area of this ware. By challenging the origin traditionally accepted for ‘Cypriot Red Slip Ware’, which is distributed throughout the eastern Mediterranean, the discovery of these kilns raises questions also about other less archaeologically distinct Anatolian goods which also are likely to have been involved in this exchange network at both local and international scales.
Cost-effectiveness of farm interventions for reducing the prevalence of VTEC O157 on UK dairy farms
Authors: LYONS N. A. , SMITH R. P. , RUSHTON J.
Published: November 2012

A randomized control trial on verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC)-infected farms found evidence that: (1) keeping animals in the same group; (2) maintaining dry bedding; (3) preventing direct contact with neighbouring cattle; and (4) maintaining a closed herd, were associated with a reduced risk of infection in youngstock aged 3–18 months. This study evaluated these interventions using a cost-effectiveness framework for UK dairy farms. Keeping animals in the same group was considered to have negligible cost and was feasible for herds containing over 77 dairy cows. Assuming equal efficacy of the remaining interventions, preventing direct contact between neighbouring cattle is most cost-effective with a median annual cost of £2.76 per cow. This compares to £4.18 for maintaining dry bedding and £17.42 for maintaining a closed herd using quarantine procedures. Further model validation and exploration of other potential benefits are required before making policy decisions on VTEC control.
Systemic hypertension in an infant with unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot: case report
Authors: Khoury Michael , Kallile Michael , May Joseph , Punn Rajesh
Published: November 2012

Patients with severe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in tetralogy of Fallot typically have right-to-left shunting, resulting in low pulmonary blood flow and cyanosis. Here we present the case of an infant with tetralogy of Fallot and severe pulmonary valve stenosis, complicated by systemic hypertension, the presence of which altered flow dynamics and possibly prevented cyanosis.
Associations between apriori-defined dietary patterns and longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in adolescents
Authors: Monjardino Teresa , Lucas Raquel , Ramos Elisabete , Barros Henrique
Published: November 2012

Objective

To quantify short- and long-term associations between dietary patterns defined a priori and bone mineral density (BMD) during adolescence.

Design

Dietary patterns were defined at 13 years old using a Mediterranean diet (MD) quality index, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet index and the Oslo Health Study (OHS) dietary index. Linear regression coefficients were used to estimate associations between dietary patterns and forearm BMD at 13 and 17 years, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Setting

Public and private schools of Porto, Portugal.

Subjects

The EPITeen cohort comprising 1180 adolescents born in 1990, recruited at schools during the 2003/2004 school year and re-evaluated in 2007/2008.

Results

In girls, at 13 years, mean BMD (g/cm2) in the first and third tertiles was 0·369 and 0·368 for the MD pattern, 0·368 and 0·369 for the DASH diet, and 0·370 and 0·363 for the OHS index. In boys, mean BMD (g/cm2) in the first and third tertiles was 0·338 and 0·347 for the MD pattern, 0·342 and 0·346 for the DASH diet, and 0·344 and 0·342 for the OHS index. None of these differences were significant. Mean BMD at 17 years and prospective variation were also not significantly different between tertiles of adherence to each score. However, a trend of increased BMD at 13 years with greater adherence to the MD pattern was observed in boys (adjusted coefficient = 0·248; 95 % CI 0·052, 0·444).

Conclusions

The selected dietary patterns may not capture truly important dietary differences in determining BMD or diet may not be, beyond nutrient adequacy, a limiting determinant of BMD.
Defamilisation of Twenty-Two Countries: Its Implications for the Study of East Asian Welfare Regime
Authors: Chau Ruby C. M. , Yu Sam W. K.
Published: November 2012

Two analytical tasks have been conducted in this article. The first is to construct a defamilisation typology that covers eighteen OECD members and four tiger economies (namely Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore). The second is to demonstrate this typology's contribution to the debate on the existence of two essential preconditions for the development of an all-encompassing East Asian welfare regime: (1) the existence of significant differences in the welfare systems between the East Asian countries and the non-East Asian OECD countries; and (2) the existence of significant similarities in the welfare systems of the East Asian countries.
Infant body composition in the PEA POD® era: what have we learned and where do we go from here?
Authors: Li C. , McCargar L. J. , Casey L. M.
Published: November 2012

The availability of clinically feasible infant body composition assessment can inform current questions regarding the developmental origins of chronic disease. A strategic approach will facilitate more rapid advancement in knowledge. The objective of this study was to summarize published evidence and ongoing research activity in infant body composition using the PEA POD® infant body composition system. All published studies using the PEA POD® were identified and grouped according to study population and question. All centers with PEA POD® units were invited to participate in an online survey regarding past, current and future PEA POD® use, and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The resulting information was used to identify gaps or limitations in existing knowledge, thus highlighting potential research priorities. Twenty-seven published articles were identified and grouped into six research themes. Although the number of infants studied is significant in some areas, interpretation of data is limited by methodological differences. Survey responses were received from 16 of ∼60 centers. Research themes echoed those identified from the published literature. Controlling for or reporting potential confounding variables is essential for understanding infant body composition data. Measurement of health outcome variables would be helpful in identifying associations.
Insignificant buffering capacity of Antarctic shelf carbonates
Authors: Hauck J. , Arrigo K. R. , Hoppema M. , van Dijken G. L. , Völker C. , Wolf‐Gladrow D. A.
Published: November 2012

We combined data sets of measured sedimentary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and satellite‐derived pelagic primary production to parameterize the relation between CaCO3 content on the Antarctic shelves and primary production in the overlying water column. CaCO3 content predicted in this way was in good agreement with the measured data. The parameterization was then used to chart CaCO3 content on the Antarctic shelves all around the Antarctic, using the satellite‐derived primary production. The total inventory of CaCO3 in the bioturbated layer of Antarctic shelf sediments was estimated to be 0.5 Pg C. This quantity is comparable to the total CO2 uptake by the Southern Ocean in only one to a few years (dependent on the uptake estimate and area considered), indicating that the dissolution of these carbonates will neither delay ocean acidification in this area nor augment the Southern Ocean CO2 uptake capacity.
Cross‐shelf transport of warm and saline water in response to sea ice drift on the Laptev Sea shelf
Authors: Janout Markus A. , Hölemann Jens , Krumpen Thomas
Published: November 2012

Oceanographic moorings and conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) surveys from September 2009 to September 2010 are used to describe recent changes in the Laptev Sea hydrography and to highlight wind‐ and ice‐driven surface Ekman transport as the mechanism to translate these changes from the outer‐ to the inner‐shelf bottom waters. In February 2010, moored oceanographic instruments recorded a sudden increase in temperature (+0.8°C) and salinity (+ >3) near the bottom of the inner Laptev Sea shelf. Such warm and saline waters had not been previously observed on the inner shelf in winter. They likely originated from the basin and were first observed during a summer 2009 CTD survey in the northwestern shelf break region, subsequently spreading east and shoreward across the Laptev Sea shelf. The changes were introduced to the mooring site by the first of a series of bottom‐intensified flow events with velocities reaching 20 cm s−1, topographically guided along a relic submarine river valley. Each of the flow events coincided with negative pressure anomalies at the mooring site and offshore‐directed (upwelling‐favorable) winds and ice drift. We suggest that the observations to first order resemble a simplified two‐dimensional two‐layered ocean, where offshore surface Ekman transport is compensated for by a barotropic shoreward response flow near the bottom. In this paper, we use one of the first comprehensive long‐term Laptev Sea datasets to highlight ice‐ocean‐atmosphere interactions in early and late winter and discuss the role of freshwater, stratification, and ice mobility on under‐ice circulation on the Laptev Sea shelf.
Implications for Earth and space in new K–12 science standards
Authors: Wysession Michael E.
Published: November 2012

New science standards for national K–12 science education are in the process of being written by a states‐led team of writers organized by Achieve, Inc., with important implications for teaching Earth and space sciences. The final version of these “Next Generation Science Standards” (NGSS) is scheduled to be released in early 2013, but a second draft of the standards will be made public in December 2012. Members of the Earth and space science (ESS) research communities can review this draft of NGSS and provide constructive feedback. Such feedback will help ensure that American students receive instruction that is accurate, relevant, and engaging.
2012 AGU section and focus group awardees and named lecturers
Authors: Williams Danica
Published: November 2012

Each year, more than 20 awards are presented by AGU sections and focus groups to recipients at various stages in their careers. In addition, nearly 25 individuals are selected annually to present lectures under the Bowie Lecture Series and the Section and Focus Group Named Lecture Series. The Bowie Lecture Series was inaugurated in 1989 to commemorate the fiftieth presentation of the William Bowie Medal, which is AGU's highest honor and is named for AGU's first president. Named lectures are designated by sections and focus groups to honor and memorialize distinguished scientists in their respective fields of science.
Public events at Fall Meeting 2012
Authors: Holm Adamec Bethany
Published: November 2012

Three much‐anticipated events at Fall Meeting are AGU's family science programs, which take place the Sunday before Fall Meeting begins. Beginning at noon on 2 December, the public lecture will be given by Michael Meyer, John Grotzinger, and Rebecca Williams. These three NASA scientists are working with the rover Curiosity, which is currently exploring Mars. They will engage the public in a discussion of Mars exploration and the latest activities of the most sophisticated explorer ever sent to another planet. The panelists will discuss the hopes and excitement of exploring Mars through a robot's eyes, nose, taste, and touch.
New insights into faster computation of uncertainties
Authors: Bhattacharya Atreyee
Published: November 2012

Heavy computation power, lengthy simulations, and an exhaustive number of model runs—often these seem like the only statistical tools that scientists have at their disposal when computing uncertainties associated with predictions, particularly in cases of environmental processes such as groundwater movement. However, calculation of uncertainties need not be as lengthy, a new study shows. Comparing two approaches—the classical Bayesian “credible interval” and a less commonly used regression‐based “confidence interval” method—Lu et al. show that for many practical purposes both methods provide similar estimates of uncertainties. The advantage of the regression method is that it demands 10–1000 model runs, whereas the classical Bayesian approach requires 10,000 to millions of model runs.
Weighing the ocean with a single mooring
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

Scientists propose that it would be possible to measure changes in ocean mass with a single moored sensor. Changes in ocean mass, which can be caused by added water from melting ice sheets, are an important part of global sea level changes, which can also result from thermal expansion. Many estimates of changes in ocean mass currently rely on satellite‐based measurements of the regional gravitational field, which are used to calculate mass. However, satellites have limited spatial resolution and have difficulty distinguishing mass on land from ocean mass near coasts. They also have problems measuring the very largest scales, making interpretation difficult.
A combined statistical and dynamical approach for downscaling large‐scale footprints of European windstorms
Authors: Haas R. , Pinto J. G.
Published: November 2012

The occurrence of mid‐latitude windstorms is related to strong socio‐economic effects. For detailed and reliable regional impact studies, large datasets of high‐resolution wind fields are required. In this study, a statistical downscaling approach in combination with dynamical downscaling is introduced to derive storm related gust speeds on a high‐resolution grid over Europe. Multiple linear regression models are trained using reanalysis data and wind gusts from regional climate model simulations for a sample of 100 top ranking windstorm events. The method is computationally inexpensive and reproduces individual windstorm footprints adequately. Compared to observations, the results for Germany are at least as good as pure dynamical downscaling. This new tool can be easily applied to large ensembles of general circulation model simulations and thus contribute to a better understanding of the regional impact of windstorms based on decadal and climate change projections.
Postseismic deformation following the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Implication for lower‐crust rheology
Authors: Rousset Baptiste , Barbot Sylvain , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Hsu Ya‐Ju
Published: November 2012

On 1999 September 21, the Mw 7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake ruptured a segment of the Chelungpu Fault, a frontal thrust fault of the Western Foothills of Taiwan. The stress perturbation induced by the rupture triggered a transient deformation across the island, which was well recorded by a wide network of continuously operating GPS stations. The analysis of more than ten years of these data reveals a heterogeneous pattern of postseismic displacements, with relaxation times varying by a factor of more than ten, and large cumulative displacements at great distances, in particular along the Longitudinal Valley in eastern Taiwan, where relaxation times are also longer. We show that while afterslip is the dominant relaxation process in the epicentral area, viscoelastic relaxation is needed to explain the pattern and time evolution of displacements at the larger scale. We model the spatiotemporal behavior of the transient deformation as the result of afterslip on the décollement that extends downdip of the Chelungpu thrust, and viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and in the mid‐crust below the Central Range. We construct a model of deformation driven by coseismic stress change where afterslip and viscoelastic flow are fully coupled. The model is compatible with the shorter relaxation times observed in the near field, which are due to continued fault slip, and the longer characteristic relaxation times and the reversed polarity of vertical displacements observed east of the Central Range. Our preferred model shows a viscosity of 0.5–1 × 1019Pa s at lower‐crustal depths and 5 × 1017Pa s in the mid‐crust below the Central Range, between 10 and 30 km depth. The low‐viscosity zone at mid‐crustal depth below the Central Range coincides with a region of low seismicity where rapid advection of heat due to surface erosion coupled with underplating maintain high temperatures, estimated to be between 300°C and 600°C from the modeling of thermo‐chronology and surface heat flow data.
Photoabsorption cross‐section measurements of32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S sulfur dioxide for the B1B1‐X1A1 absorption band
Authors: Danielache Sebastian O. , Hattori Shohei , Johnson Matthew S. , Ueno Yuichiro , Nanbu Shinkoh , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: November 2012

We report measurements of the ultraviolet absorption cross‐sections of32SO2, 33SO2, 34SO2 and 36SO2 recorded from 250 to 320 nm at 293 K with a resolution of 8 cm−1. This is the first reported measurement of the 36SO2cross‐section. This work improves earlier measurements of the32SO2, 33SO2 and 34SO2cross‐sections and is in good agreement concerning fine structure and peak widths, with localized differences at the peak maxima when isotope effects are taken into account. SO2 samples were produced in an identical process via combustion of isotopically enriched S0, eliminating effects due to variation in oxygen isotopic composition. Peak positions for the rare isotopologues are red shifted relative to the 32SO2 isotopologue. Starting at the origin the shift increases linearly through the band. A linear shift model based on the spectrum of 32SO2was used to estimate the cross‐sections of33,34,36SO2; the average of the wavelength resolved absolute difference between the modeled and experimental spectra is 77.4, 107 and 139 ‰ respectively. While the peak‐to‐valley amplitude of36SO2 tends to be smaller than the other isotopologues throughout the spectrum, integrated band intensities for all isotopologues are conserved to within 4% relative to 32SO2. The cross‐sections were used in a photochemical model to obtain fractionation constants to compare with photochemical chamber experiments. We conclude that planetary atmospheres will exhibit isotopic fractionation from both photoexcitation and photodissociation, and that experiments in the literature have isotopic imprints arising from both the B1B1‐X1A1 and the C1B1‐X1A1 bands.
Millennial‐scale climate change and intermediate water circulation in the Bering Sea from 90 ka: A high‐resolution record from IODP Site U1340
Authors: Schlung Shiloh A. , Christina Ravelo A. , Aiello Ivano W. , Andreasen Dyke H. , Cook Mea S. , Drake Michelle , Dyez Kelsey A. , Guilderson Thomas P. , LaRiviere Jonathan P. , Stroynowski Zuzanna , Takahashi Kozo
Published: November 2012

Millennial‐scale climate events in the North Pacific are thought to be related to changes in the circulation of North Pacific Intermediate Water, which may have formed in the Bering Sea in the past. To advance our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie millennial‐scale events, Bering Sea sediment cores from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program site U1340 were used to construct high‐resolution, multiproxy climate records of the last 90,000 years. Sediment density records show millennial‐scale events resembling Dansgaard‐Oeschger events, several of which are laminated. Interstadials were characterized by 3–5 °C warming, increased productivity driven by upwelling, and reduced benthic oxygenation. Bering Sea intermediate water also changed over longer timescales; our records show the presence of intermediate water with lower salinity and higher oxygen content than modern beginning around 60 ka and persisting until the beginning of the deglaciation. The Bølling‐Allerød was characterized by high productivity, laminated sediments, and strong denitrification signature. Our data support the idea that productivity‐derived changes in oxygenation at intermediate water source regions may have contributed to the intensification of the North Pacific–wide oxygen minima during the Bølling‐Allerød.
Theory of ground surface plasma wave associated with pre‐earthquake electrical charges
Authors: Fujii Masafumi
Published: November 2012

It is shown theoretically that if mobile electrical charge exists on the surface of the ground, a ground surface plasma wave is induced by radio waves. If the electrical charges are generated by tectonic stresses acting on crustal rocks prior to major earthquakes, the detection of a ground surface plasma wave could be used as a pre‐earthquake electromagnetic phenomenon. The ground surface plasma wave has a dispersion relation, i.e., the relation between frequency and wavelength, similar to that of the free‐space plane wave in the atmosphere over the radio broadcast frequency range. It allows for a strong coupling between these two types of waves. This is a mode of electromagnetic wave propagation that has not been previously reported. Numerical analysis demonstrates (1) the propagation of the ground surface plasma wave along a curved surface beyond the line of sight, (2) anomalous scattering by ground surface roughness, and (3) the generation of cross‐polarized waves due to the scattering. These results all agree well with radio wave anomalies observed before large earthquakes.
Eph/ephrinB signalling is involved in the survival of thymic epithelial cells
Authors: García‐Ceca Javier , Alfaro David , Montero‐Herradón Sara , Zapata Agustín G
Published: November 2012

The signals that determine the survival/death of the thymic epithelial cells (TECs) component during embryonic development of the thymus are largely unknown. In this study, we combine different in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches to define the role played by the tyrosine kinase receptors EphB2 and EphB3 and their ligands, ephrinsB, in the survival of embryonic and newborn (NB) TECs. Our results conclude that EphB2 and EphB3 are involved in the control of TEC survival and that the absence of these molecules causes increased apoptotic TEC proportions that result in decreased numbers of thymic cells and a smaller‐sized gland. Furthermore, in vitro studies using either EphB2‐Fc or ephrinB1‐Fc fusion proteins demonstrate that the blockade of Eph/ephrinB signalling increases TEC apoptosis, whereas its activation rescues TECs from cell death. In these assays, both heterotypic thymocyte–TEC and homotypic TEC–TEC interactions are important for Eph/ephrinB‐mediated TEC survival.
Building Innovation into the Outsourcing Relationship: A Case Study
Authors: Babin Ron , Schuster Cheryl
Published: November 2012

This teaching case has been developed for a global consumer products company. Interviews from several outsourcing managers and executives within the company have contributed to the case. This case focuses on how a company can build innovation into an outsourcing relationship when it has not been explicitly stated in the outsourcing agreement. The two fictitious companies in this case are Bentley & Brooks (B&B) (the client) and AlphaCorp (the provider). Both companies are based on, but are not accurate portrayals of, actual companies that are anonymous. The case is a composite of several actual outsourcing cases between the two companies. B&B has outsourced much of their human resource operations and IT support. They have been frustrated that their global outsource provider, AlphaCorp, has not been able to bring innovation to the relationship. In the outsourcing contract, innovation was not expressly identified, but was certainly discussed during the outsourcing proposal and negotiations. In addition, the ability of AlphaCorp to deliver consistent quality of service on a global basis has been uneven, particularly in Latin America. You will be asked to take on the role of a B&B employee who is part of a team looking into the innovation problem. The team has been asked to provide answers to three key questions and to present their recommendations to a panel of senior executives of B&B.
J-TRADING: Full Circle Outsourcing
Authors: Jaiswal Valerie , Levina Natalia
Published: November 2012

J-TRADING is a US-based arm of a Japanese keiretsu that is focused on commodity trading between the East and North America counting about 350 employees in the US. It has experienced problems with its information technology (IT) infrastructure and help-desk functions. IT employees were not motivated to work on these rather mundane tasks leading to quality and cost issues. J-TRADING CIO decided to solve the problem by outsourcing both functions. The case relays J-TRADING's outsourcing journey through its ups and downs discussing the process of vendor evaluation and selection, task transition, relationship management, and business outcomes. The case provides full financial details necessary for financial analysis and asks students to evaluate the sourcing decision itself as well as vendor selection and governance processes. It also asks students to elaborate on alternative sourcing approaches such as offshoring and cloud-based solutions.
Transforming a Human Resource Function through Shared Services and Joint-venture Outsourcing: The BAE Systems–Xchanging Enterprise Partnership 2001–2012
Authors: Willcocks Leslie , Feeny David , Lacity Mary
Published: November 2012

The call for new types of collaboration in outsourcing saw the development of the enterprise partnership model by Xchanging in 2001. The case looks at the history of one such partnership with BAE Systems. History shows why the model was attractive to BAE Systems against several other models. In Part 1 of the case, we look at and ask students to assess the in-house, fee-for-service outsourcing and management consultancy options for transforming HR through shared services. In Part 2, the case details the distinctive features of a joint-venture model that was eventually adopted and of the supplier competencies needed. We follow the relationship through the phases of preparation, realignment, streamlining, and continuous improvement, initially up to 2003. Students are asked to assess the model, progress, and what the future holds. In the third part of the case, we follow subsequent developments, including the change in the nature of outsourcing with BAE Systems from March 2007, the launch of Xchanging on the stock market in April 2007, its continued expansion, and its troubled history from 2010 to 2012. The case gives insight into the conduct of a distinctly different form of outsourcing, into how the client and the supplier deal with outsourcing over a number of years, and how a supplier navigates through a highly dynamic 21st century global environment while trying to expand its market services and revenue growth.
Planar tunneling measurements of the energy gap in biased bilayer graphene
Authors: Puls Conor P. , Liu Ying
Published: November 2012

We present an analysis on the determination of the energy gap in biased bilayer graphene using tunneling measurements, report our experimental results obtained from planar tunneling spectroscopy, and compare them with those from electrical transport measurements. Bilayer graphene flakes were prepared by exfoliating from bulk graphite onto SiO2 thermally grown on a doped Si substrate. Due to the low carrier density of bilayer graphene, the Fermi level and electronic structure are expected to be highly sensitive to tunnel bias-induced charging, which is neglected in traditional tunnel junctions. We found that the tunneling signal generally exhibited a “V”-shaped tunneling conductance background that did not shift with back gate voltage, possibly due to a two-step tunneling process. We observed a tunable suppression in the tunneling conductance that follows theoretical predictions for a band gap in biased bilayer graphene. We explore the evolution of the band gap by tuning the electric field and charge carrier density produced by the tunneling bias and back gate, and compare experimental results with numerical simulations. Finally, we compare these findings with transport measurements of top- and bottom-gated bilayer graphene field effect transistors featuring similar gate dielectrics.
Improvement of the identification of multiwall carbon nanotubes carpet thermal conductivity by pulsed photothermal method
Authors: Amin-Chalhoub E. , Wattieaux G. , Semmar N. , Gaillard M. , Petit A. , Leborgne C.
Published: November 2012

Thermal properties in multiwall carbon nanotubes carpets and micro-devices are investigated using a nanosecond photothermal method. Gradually, the identification model and experimental protocol are performed to increase the method accuracy for the thermal conductivity determination. In the experimental protocol, a nanosecond UV monopulse laser beam is used to heat the surface of a multilayer (600 nm of Ti/20 μm of carbon nanotube carpet) sample. In the 1D identification model with two layers and a thermal contact resistance, the effect of the laser excitation temporal shape is taken into account. In this study, this first approach allows to improve the accuracy of apparent thermal conductivity measurements of multiwall carbon nanotubes carpet. The carbon nanotubes carpet apparent thermal conductivity value went from being to 180 ± 5 W×m−1×K−1. In the second approach, two laser beams are coupled in order to increase the interaction time duration from 27 ns to 60 ns. It becomes possible to probe different depths in the carpet. The obtained value (180 W×m−1×K−1) confirms the pulsed photothermal method consistency for porous samples. Finally, assuming that the carbon nanotubes are parallel and without any defects, the equivalent intrinsic thermal conductivity of a single carbon nanotube is estimated to be around 3600 W×m−1×K−1.
Microelectromechanical strain and pressure sensors based on electric field aligned carbon cone and carbon black particles in a silicone elastomer matrix
Authors: Høyer H. , Knaapila M. , Kjelstrup-Hansen J. , Helgesen G.
Published: November 2012

Methods for developing microelectromechanical strain and pressure sensors based on aligned carbon particle strings within dielectric elastomer matrices are presented. Two different types of carbon particles were used: a mixture of carbon cone and carbon disk particles and spherical carbon black particles. The particles were assembled and aligned into strings by an alternating electric field with a strength of 4 kV/cm and a frequency of 1 kHz, utilizing the dielectrophoretic effect. The particle fraction was about 0.1 vol. %, which is an order of magnitude lower than their percolation threshold (∼2 vol. %). The aligned strings were produced in a couple of minutes. The matrices were subsequently cured thus stabilizing the strings. Micromechanical strain sensors with a capacitive readout were produced by aligning the particles into a single string-like formation in the in-plane direction, the string dimensions being 3 μm width and 30 μm length. The pressure sensors with piezoresistive readout were made by aligning the particles into multiple unidirectional strings in the out-of-plane direction, the thickness of the sensors being of the order of 100 μm and the lateral area of 1.5 cm2. The strain and the pressure sensors show reversible piezocapacitive and piezoresistance effects when stretched and compressed, respectively.
Fluorescence emission of Ca-atom from photodissociated Ca2 in Ar doped helium droplets. II. Theoretical
Authors: Hernando A. , Masson A. , Briant M. , Mestdagh J.-M. , Gaveau M.-A. , Halberstadt N.
Published: November 2012

The stability of the ground or excited state calcium atom in an argon-doped helium droplet has been investigated using an extension of the helium density functional method to treat clusters. This work was motivated by the experimental study presented in a companion paper, hereafter called Paper I [A. Masson, M. Briant, J. M. Mestdagh, M. A. Gaveau, A. Hernando, and N. Halberstadt, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 184310 (2012)10.1063/1.4762836], which investigated Ca2 photodissociation in an argon-doped helium droplet and the nature of the fluorescent species. It is found that one single argon atom is sufficient to bring the calcium atom inside the droplet, for droplets of over 200 helium atoms. The absorption and emission spectra of CaArM (M = 0–7) clusters have been simulated using the recently developed density sampling method to describe the influence of the helium environment. Absorption spectra exhibit broad, double bands that are significantly blueshifted with respect to the calcium atomic line. The emission spectra are less broad and redshifted with respect to the calcium resonance line. The shifts are found to be additive only for M ⩽ 2, because only the first two argon atoms are located in equivalent positions around the calcium p orbital. This finding gives a justification for the fit presented in the companion paper, which uses the observed shifts in the emission spectra as a function of argon pressure to deduce the shifts as a function of the number of argon atoms present in the cluster. An analysis of this fit is presented here, based on the calculated shifts. It is concluded that the emitting species following Ca2 photodissociation in an argon-doped droplet in Paper I could be Ca*ArM in a partly evaporated droplet where less than 200 helium atoms remain.
Areal density limitation in bit-patterned, heat-assisted magnetic recording using FePtX media
Authors: McDaniel Terry W.
Published: November 2012

The future evolution of magnetic recording data storage toward its ultimate limit is expected to involve a combination of energy-assisted recording on bit-patterned media, according to recent publications. In this work, we assess the effectiveness of single magnetic grain reversal under heat-assisted recording conditions by analyzing macrospin magnetization dynamics with the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation. The simulations reported pertain to FePtX recording media and recording system parameters constrained by expected practical limitations. The approach adopted is assessment of the patterned media writing error rate as a function of applied bias field and areal density (AD), taking account of the relevant physics of the heat-assisted recording process. Additionally, we require that long-term thermal stability of recorded information be maintained, and that sufficient thermal and effective writing field gradients to support AD targets are available. For the long-time analysis, an Arrhenius-Nèel model of single grain switching probability is helpful. In this context, an investigation of achievable areal density with respect to tradeoffs in writing error rate at practical applied fields and thermal conditions is provided.
A software framework for developing measurement applications under variable requirements
Authors: Arpaia Pasquale , Buzio Marco , Fiscarelli Lucio , Inglese Vitaliano
Published: November 2012

A framework for easily developing software for measurement and test applications under highly and fast-varying requirements is proposed. The framework allows the software quality, in terms of flexibility, usability, and maintainability, to be maximized. Furthermore, the development effort is reduced and finalized, by relieving the test engineer of development details. The framework can be configured for satisfying a large set of measurement applications in a generic field for an industrial test division, a test laboratory, or a research center. As an experimental case study, the design, the implementation, and the assessment inside the application to a measurement scenario of magnet testing at the European Organization for Nuclear Research is reported.