bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monomerization of abscisic acid receptors through CARKs‐mediated phosphorylation
Authors: Li Xiaoyi , Xie Yiting , Zhang Qian , Hua Xinyue , Peng Lu , Li Kexuan , Yu Qin , Chen Yihong , Yao Huan , He Juan , Huang Yaling , Wang Ruolin , Wang Tao , Wang Jianmei , Li Xufeng , Yang Yi
Published: April 2022

Cytosolic ABA Receptor Kinases (CARKs) play a pivotal role in abscisic acid (ABA)‐dependent pathway in response to dehydration, but their regulatory mechanism in ABA signaling remains unexplored. In this study, we showed that CARK4/5 of CARK family physically interacted with ABA receptors (RCARs/PYR1/PYLs), including RCAR3, RCAR11–RCAR14, while CARK2/7/11 only interacted with RCAR11–RCAR14, but not RCAR3. It indicates that the members in CARK family function redundantly and differentially in ABA signaling.

RCAR12 can form heterodimer with RCAR3 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the members of CARK family can form homodimer or heterodimer in a kinase activity dependent manner.

ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylation of RCAR12 by CARK1 enhanced the ABA binding affinity. The phosphor‐mimic RCAR12T105D significantly displayed ABA‐induced inhibition of the phosphatase ABI1 (ABA insensitive 1) activity, leading to upregulation of ABA‐responsive genes RD29A and RD29B in cark157:RCAR12T105D transgenic plants, which exhibited ABA hypersensitive phenotype. The transcription factor ABI5 (ABA insensitive 5) activates the transcriptions of CARK1 and CARK3 by binding to ABA‐response elements (ABREs) of their promoters.

Collectively, our data imply that the dimeric CARKs phosphorylate homodimer or heterodimer ABA receptors, leading to monomerization for triggering ABA responses in Arabidopsis.
Math anxiety and deficient executive control: does reappraisal modulate this link?
Authors: Daches Cohen Lital , Rubinsten Orly
Published: April 2022

The literature suggests an interplay between executive control functions and emotion regulation processes, with each playing a key role in math anxiety. We examined the relation between the use of two different emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and suppression) and the ability to reduce emotional interference in high‐conflict situations (i.e., executive control of attention) in cases of math anxiety. A sample of 107 adults completed emotion regulation tendencies and math anxiety questionnaires and performed a flanker task following the priming of a math‐related or negative word. The findings revealed: (1) highly math‐anxious individuals had difficulty controlling emotional distractions induced by math information, even as simple as math‐related words, in high‐conflict conditions; and (2) the tendency to use reappraisal in everyday situations was associated with math‐anxious individuals’ ability to avoid heightened emotional reactions when encountering math‐related (i.e., threatening) information. These findings point to the efficacy of reappraisal‐focused intervention and suggest an innovative mechanism through which reappraisal reduces emotional reactions and improves performance among math‐anxious individuals, indicating a new way to approach interventions for math anxiety.
Prognostic value of tumor–stroma ratio in oral carcinoma: Role of cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Qiu Jingjian , Jiang Erhui , Shang Zhengjun
Published: April 2022

Objective

Tumor‐stroma ratio (TSR) is a promising parameter representing the abundance of the stroma which has been validated in many solid tumors. However, it is still not clear which part of stroma mainly contribute to the prognostic value of TSR. The aim of this study is to confirm the prognostic value of TSR in a large cohort of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and further demonstrated that cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs)‐stroma ratio (CSR) contributed to the prognostic value of TSR.

Materials and methods

TSR was evaluated on hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue samples from 581 patients with OSCC, which divides patients into high (>50%) and low (<50%) stroma. Then, CSR was estimated on immunohistochemical staining slides of 100 patients selected from 581 patients.

Results

In multivariate analysis, TSR was identified as an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival (DFS) (p < 0.001) and oral cancer‐specific survival (OCSS) (p < 0.001). The interaction term reached statistical significance for histological grade for DFS and OCSS separately. Furthermore, the high‐stroma group had a higher CSR than the low‐stroma group.

Conclusion

The prognostic value of TSR is validated in OSCC particularly in moderate and high differentiation, and CSR plays its part in the prognosis of TSR.
Expression and Clinical Significance of High‐Mobility Group AT‐hook 2 (HMGA2) in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Cui Juncheng , Dean Dylan , Hornicek Francis J , Yi Guoliang , Duan Zhenfeng
Published: April 2022

Objective

Although high‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 (HMGA2) has been shown to have crucial roles in the pathogenesis and metastasis of various malignancies, its expression and significance in osteosarcoma remain unknown. Here we evaluate the expression, clinical prognostic value, and overall function of HMGA2 in osteosarcoma.

Methods

Sixty‐nine osteosarcoma patient specimens within a tissue microarray (TMA) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for HMGA2 expression. Demographics and clinicopathological information including age, gender, tumor location, metastasis, recurrence, chemotherapy response, follow‐up time, and disease status were also collected. After validation of expression, we determined whether there was a correlation between HMGA2 expression and patient clinicopathology. HMGA2 expression was also evaluated in osteosarcoma cell lines and patient tissues by Western blot, we analyzed the expression of HMGA2 in the human osteosarcoma cell lines MG63, 143B, U2OS, Saos‐2, MNNG/HOS, and KHOS. HMGA2‐specific siRNA and clonogenic assays were then used to determine the effect of HMGA2 inhibition on osteosarcoma cell proliferation, growth, and chemosensitivity.

Results

HMGA2 expression was elevated in the osteosarcoma patient specimens and human osteosarcoma cell lines. HMGA2 was differentially expressed in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Specifically, a relatively high expression of HMGA2 was present in KHOS, MNNG/HOS, 143B and a relatively low expression was in MG63, U2OS as well as Saos‐2. HMGA2 expression is correlated with metastasis and shorter overall survival. High HMGA2 expression is an independent predictor of poor osteosarcoma prognosis. There was no significant correlation between HMGA2 expression and the age, gender, or tumor site of the patient. HMGA2 expression is predominantly within the nucleus. The expression of HMGA2 also directly correlated to neoadjuvant chemoresistance. There was a significant reduction of HMGA2 expression in the siRNA transfection group. After the use of siRNA, the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells is decreased and the chemosensitivity of osteosarcoma cells is significantly increased.

Conclusion

Our study supports HMGA2 as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma.
Learning Curve of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Direct Anterior Approach without Requiring Corrective Osteotomy for Hip Dysplasia
Authors: Shen Kaiwei , Feng Eryou , Lin Feitai , Weng Yan , Chen Jinhua
Published: April 2022

Objective

To explore the learning curve of total hip arthroplasty in direct anterior approach (DA‐THA) without requiring corrective osteotomy for patients with unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) through the evaluation of clinical and radiographic results.

Method

From December 2015 to January 2021, we retrospectively evaluated a surgeon's first 100 patients with unilateral hip dysplasia (Crowe I‐III) who underwent DA‐THA. All procedures were performed by a fellowship‐trained joint surgeon. Cementless hemispheric porous‐coated acetabular cups and tapered cementless stems were used in all hips. The radiographic data, including leg length, the height of the center of rotation, femoral head offset, the cup anteversion and inclination angle, were measured. The cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM) and risk‐adjusted cumulative sum analysis (RA‐CUSUM) were used to determine the learning curve of DA‐THA for each patient's operation time. By analyzing the operation time, complication rate, postoperative length of hospitalization and creatine kinase (before surgery and the third day after surgery), estimated blood loss, Harris score, radiographic data were compared between the different stages of the learning curve.

Results

The mean follow‐up time was 35.45 ± 16.82 months. The CUSUM method obtained the maximum turning point of the curve at 43 cases, which divided the learning curve into Learning Period and Mastery Period. The CUSUM learning curve was best modeled as a cubic curve with the equation: CUSUM (min) = 0.001x3 − 0.495x2 + 33.60x − 10.00, which had a higher R2 value of 0.967. The pre‐operative data, creatine kinase, estimated blood loss and postoperative Harris scores of the two stages were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mean operation time was 118 min in the Learning Period and 87 min in the Mastery Period. Statistically significant differences were detected in the operation time (P < 0.001), postoperative length of hospitalization(P = 0.024), and postoperative leg length discrepancy (P = 0.012) between the two stages. The overall complication rates were 27.9% in the Learning Period and 12.3% in the Mastery Period (p = 0.049). The overall outliers of radiographic data were 34 cases in the Learning Period and 31 cases in the Mastery Period (79.07% vs 54.39%, P = 0.010).

Conclusions

The DA‐THA is a valuable alternative to achieve satisfactory clinical results for mild‐to‐moderate DDH patients. Furthermore, accurate analysis of the learning curve of DA‐THA for hip dysplasia by the CUSUM method showed that the surgeons need to finish about 43 cases to master the technique.
Social vulnerability indicators in pandemics focusing on COVID‐19: A systematic literature review
Authors: Fallah‐Aliabadi Saeed , Fatemi Farin , Heydari Ahad , Khajehaminian Mohammad Reza , Lotfi Mohammad Hasan , Mirzaei Masoud , Sarsangi Alireza
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Social factors can affect the vulnerability of disaster‐prone communities. This review aimed to identify and categorize social vulnerability indicators in the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted in February 2021. Bibliographies, citation databases, and other available records were investigated based on the aim of the study. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools were applied for assessing the included articles retrieved through the comprehensive and systematic literature search. Descriptive and thematic analyses were done to extract the indicators affecting social vulnerability in the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

Thirty‐one eligible articles were included and 85 indicators of social vulnerability were extracted. The indicators were categorized in seven main categories, including; Household, community composition; Race, minority status and language; Socioeconomic status; Community health status; Public health infra‐structures; Education; Information, technology and communication.

Conclusion

Regions with higher social vulnerability experienced greater mortality rates during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Additional research is needed to measure the social vulnerability index in pandemics to prioritize distribution of scarce resources and ensure effectiveness and equity for all regions of countries.
Optional purchase verification in e‐commerce platforms: More representative product ratings and higher quality reviews
Authors: Kokkodis Marios , Lappas Theodoros , Kane Gerald C.
Published: April 2022

E‐commerce platforms struggle to create and maintain high‐quality reputation systems. One promising option is “purchase verification,” which confirms that the user reviewing a product purchased the product from the platform. Previous works comparing platforms that require purchase verification with platforms that do not offer purchase verification found that review manipulation is easier in the latter. But what happens in platforms where purchase verification is optional? In such platforms, there is no monetary cost for posting fake reviews. Yet, optional purchase verification (OPV) might introduce indirect costs for fake reviewers through expectation disconfirmation, hence positively affecting the reputation ecosystem of an e‐commerce platform. To investigate, we use a quasi‐experimental setup to analyze 336,043 book reviews. We find empirical evidence that introducing OPV reduces fake reviews, most of which are positive. This reduction of fake reviews results in lower, more representative product ratings and longer and more helpful reviews posted by more experienced reviewers. These new findings extend our understanding of how OPV can improve a platform's reputation ecosystem and suggest managerial interventions for platforms that have yet to develop a verification mechanism.
UNDecade on Ecosystem Restoration: key considerations for Africa
Authors: Nsikani Mlungele M. , Anderson Pippin , Bouragaoui Zakher , Geerts Sjirk , Gornish Elise S. , Kairo James G. , Khan Nasreen , Madikizela Bonani , Mganga Kevin Z. , Ntshotsho Phumza , Okafor‐Yarwood Ifesinachi , Webster Kayla M. E. , Peer Nasreen
Published: April 2022

To support and scale up global restoration efforts, the United Nations (UN) has proclaimed 2021–2030 the “UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.” The Decade offers significant opportunities for and challenges to restoration, in particular for Africa, a continent that has a large need and potential for restoration. We thus argue that the Decade must be a success in and for Africa, and for this to happen, opportunities and challenges to achieving its goals must be promptly identified, and considered in the planning and implementation of restoration. Here, we outline six key areas that should be considered at a strategic level by African countries during the Decade. These are: (1) ensuring effective oversight and governance relevant to Africa; (2) translating the goals to meet the African context; (3) making the case for restoration amid multiple development demands; (4) growing an African restoration community of practice based on regional need; (5) collaborating to improve restoration outcomes; and (6) establishing an Africa‐relevant evidence base for restoration. We believe that these six key areas—even though they are not all novel—are currently not addressed at a level that matches the scale of the problem on the continent. Although the specific actions to be taken under each key area are dependent on the restoration context, integrating these key areas in the planning and implementation of restoration efforts will likely lead to improved restoration outcomes during the Decade.
Advances in CD247
Authors: Dexiu Chen , Xianying Lei , Yingchun Hu , Jiafu Li
Published: April 2022

CD247, which is also known as CD3ζ, CD3H, CD3Q, CD3Z, IMD25, T3Z and TCRZ, encodes CD3ζ protein, which is expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) and T cells. Since the discovery of the ζ peptide in 1986, it has been continuously investigated. In this paper, we review the composition, molecular mechanisms and regulatory factors of CD247 expression in T cells; and review the autoimmune diseases, tumours and inflammatory diseases associated with CD247, providing a detailed and comprehensive reference for further research on the mechanism of CD247 and related diseases.
Efficacy of metacognitive training on symptom severity, neurocognition and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia: A single‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Fekete Zita , Vass Edit , Balajthy Ramóna , Tana Ünige , Nagy Attila Csaba , Oláh Barnabás , Domján Nóra , Kuritárné Ildikó Szabó
Published: April 2022

Over the past decades, a number of complementary treatments for schizophrenia have emerged. One of these is metacognitive training (MCT), which combines the principles of cognitive‐behavioral therapies, cognitive remediation, and psychoeducation into a hybrid approach placing emphasis on increasing metacognitive awareness. The aim of our study was to investigate the efficacy of MCT on symptom severity, and neurocognitive and social cognitive functioning in schizophrenia; also, attention was paid to the assessment of subjective acceptability. Forty‐six patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were included in our single‐blind randomized controlled trial, who were assigned to the intervention or control group. The intervention group was provided standard MCT, while the control group received treatment as usual. We assessed symptom severity and cognitive functions before and after the training, as well as after a 6‐month follow‐up period. Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed improvement in overall symptom severity, and positive and disorganized symptoms. Training participans showed further improvement at the follow‐up assessment. Regarding neurocognitive functions, improvement in visuospatial functions was observed between pre‐ and post‐intervention assessments compared to the control group. Patients showed excellent adherence, and evaluated the training as useful and interesting. In line with the results of previous studies, our results demonstrate the efficacy of MCT on symptom severity in schizophrenia. Improvements in cognitive functions that are closely related to the onset and prevalence of symptoms of schizophrenia were also found.
Assessing work resumption in hospitals during the COVID‐19 epidemic in China using multiscale geographically weighted regression
Authors: Hu Bisong , Zhang Qianqian , Tao Vincent , Wang Jinfeng , Lin Hui , Zuo Lijun , Meng Yu
Published: April 2022

The resumption of work and production is one of the key issues during the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) post‐epidemic phase. We used location‐based service data of mobile devices to assess the work resumption of 22,098 hospitals in mainland China. The multiscale influences of the determinants on work resumption in hospitals, including medical‐service capacity, human movement, and epidemic severity, were examined using the multiscale geographically weighted regression technique. This study provides a novel insight into the assessment of work resumption in hospitals and its determinants, and is flexible to be extended to evaluate the work resumption of other industries. The findings can introduce helpful information for other countries to implement the strategies of work recovery during the post‐epidemic phase.
Cytokinin increases vegetative growth period by suppressing florigen expression in rice and maize
Authors: Cho Lae‐Hyeon , Yoon Jinmi , Tun Win , Baek Gibeom , Peng Xin , Hong Woo‐Jong , Mori Izumi C. , Hojo Yuko , Matsuura Takakazu , Kim Sung‐Ryul , Kim Sun‐Tae , Kwon Soon‐Wook , Jung Ki‐Hong , Jeon Jong‐Seong , An Gynheung
Published: April 2022

Increasing the vegetative growth period of crops can increase biomass and grain yield. In rice (Oryza sativa), the concentration of trans ‐zeatin, an active cytokinin, was high in the leaves during vegetative growth and decreased rapidly upon induction of florigen expression, suggesting that this hormone is involved in the regulation of the vegetative phase. To elucidate whether exogenous cytokinin application influences the length of the vegetative phase, we applied 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages. Our treatment delayed flowering time by 8–9 days when compared with mock‐treated rice plants, but only at the transition stage when the flowering signals were produced. Our observations also showed that flowering in the paddy field is delayed by thidiazuron, a stable chemical that mimics the effects of cytokinin. The transcript levels of florigen genes Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering locus T1 (RFT1) were significantly reduced by the treatment, but the expression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), a gene found directly upstream of the florigen genes, was not altered. In maize (Zea mays), similarly, BAP treatment increased the vegetative phage by inhibiting the expression of ZCN8, an ortholog of Hd3a. We showed that cytokinin treatment induced the expression of two type‐A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2) which interacted with Ehd1, a type‐B response regulator. We also observed that cytokinin did not affect flowering time in ehd1 knockout mutants. Our study indicates that cytokinin application increases the duration of the vegetative phase by delaying the expression of florigen genes in rice and maize by inhibiting Ehd1.
Small molecule RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth by acting upstream of the RHD6‐RSL4‐dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP signaling in plants
Authors: Jin Zhongcai , Li Tian , Zhou Yuelong , Huang Yuanzhi , Ning Chengqing , Xu Jing , Hicks Glenn , Raikhel Natasha , Xiang Yun , Li Ruixi
Published: April 2022

Root hairs are single‐cell projections in the root epidermis. The presence of root hairs greatly expands the root surface, which facilitates soil anchorage and the absorption of water and nutrients. Root hairs are also the ideal system to study the mechanism of polar growth. Previous research has identified many important factors that control different stages of root hair development. Using a chemical genetics screen, in this study we report the identification of a steroid molecule, RHP1, which promotes root hair growth at nanomolar concentrations without obvious change of other developmental processes. We further demonstrate that RHP1 specifically affects tip growth with no significant influence on cell fate or planar polarity. We also show that RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth via acting upstream of the RHD6‐RSL4‐dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP GTPase‐guided local signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that RHP1 exhibits a wide range of effects on different plant species in both monocots and dicots. This study of RHP1 will not only help to dissect the mechanism of root hair tip growth, but also provide a new tool to modify root hair growth in different plant species.
Long non‐coding RNA and transfer RNA‐derived small fragments in exosomes are potential biomarkers for canine oral melanoma
Authors: Husna Al Asmaul , Rahman Md Mahfuzur , Chen Hui‐Wen , Hasan Md Nazmul , Nakagawa Takayuki , Miura Naoki
Published: April 2022

Novel small non‐coding RNAs (sRNAs) represent an emerging line of research in both human and canine oncology, due to their diverse regulatory and functional roles. Novel sRNAs are regarded as distinct from microRNAs, although both are part of the exosomal cargo. Recently, we reported on exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for canine melanoma; however, it is unknown if novel sRNAs hold similar potential. Accordingly, we aimed to identify and validate novel sRNAs as potential biomarkers of canine oral melanoma, as part of our larger project on sequencing small exosomal RNA for this disease. Next generation sequencing revealed several differentially expressed novel sRNAs in exosomes from two melanoma cell lines (KMeC and LMeC) when compared with reference exosomes (from tumour‐free dogs). Among these novel sRNAs, long noncoding RNA fragments, tRNA‐derived fragments, snoRNAs and snRNAs were abundantly expressed. We selected four novel sRNAs upregulated in each cell line, and validated their aberrant expression with qPCR. In analysis using plasma‐derived exosomes from melanoma patients, six out of the eight selected novel sRNAs showed significantly elevated expression. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis showed that one long non‐coding RNA‐derived small fragment (ENSCAFT00000069599.1) and one transfer RNA‐derived small fragment (tRNA‐Ala‐TGC‐5‐1) have more than 85% sensitivity and specificity for differentiating melanoma patients from tumour‐free dogs. Therefore, we consider that novel sRNAs may serve as candidate biomarkers to facilitate more accurate diagnosis of canine oral melanoma in clinical settings.
Exercise, healthy ageing, and the potential role of small extracellular vesicles
Authors: McIlvenna Luke C. , Whitham Martin
Published: April 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released from most cells in the body and act as intercellular messengers transferring information in their cargo to affect cellular function. A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of EVs, referred to here as ‘small extracellular vesicles’ (sEVs), can accelerate or slow the processes of ageing and age‐related diseases dependent on their molecular cargo and cellular origin. Continued exploration of the vast complexity of the sEV cargo aims to further characterise these systemic vehicles that may be targeted to ameliorate age‐related pathologies. Marked progress in the development of mass spectrometry‐based technologies means that it is now possible to characterise a significant proportion of the proteome of sEVs (surface and cargo) via unbiased proteomics. This information is vital for identifying biomarkers and the development of sEV‐based therapeutics in the context of ageing. Although exercise and physical activity are prominent features in maintaining health in advancing years, the mechanisms responsible are unclear. A potential mechanism by which plasma sEVs released during exercise could influence ageing and senescence is via the increased delivery of cargo proteins that function as antioxidant enzymes or inhibitors of senescence. These have been observed to increase in sEVs following acute and chronic exercise, as identified via independent interrogation of high coverage, publicly available proteomic datasets. Establishing tropism and exchange of functionally active proteins by these processes represents a promising line of enquiry in implicating sEVs as biologically relevant mediators of the ageing process.

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La accesibilidad en debate: ¿localizar vivienda social en áreas centrales de Bogotá?
Authors: Parrado Rodríguez Cristhian
Published: April 2022

Este artículo inquiere sobre el intento de localización de vivienda social en áreas centrales de Bogotá, durante el periodo de 2012-2015. Sin abordar los aspectos económicos o técnicos que permitieron su producción, aquí se examinan los discursos que estuvieron a favor y en contra de la instalación de vivienda en estos lugares. Como estrategia metodológica, se consideró el análisis de discurso para revisar fuentes secundarias y artículos de prensa y así identificar y cualificar cada uno de los argumentos allí utilizados. Los hallazgos muestran la defensa de una mirada ortodoxa, centrada en el principio de accesibilidad, la cual le concedió el privilegio localizativo a aquellas actividades que brindaban una mayor rentabilidad, y no a la vivienda social. De esta manera, el artículo concluye resaltando la importancia de pensar la localización central como un lugar de constante lucha material y simbólica.
Condiciones y capacidades político-institucionales para la gestión del suelo a través de convenios urbanísticos en ciudades argentinas
Authors: Gargantini Daniela Mariana , Del Valle Peresini Natalí , Cerrezuela María
Published: April 2022

El artículo presenta avances en el estudio comparativo de las capacidades y condiciones político-institucionales que exhiben las experiencias de convenios urbanísticos (CU), comprometiendo producción de suelo urbano en dos casos de ciudades argentinas referentes: el ex Batallón 141 en Córdoba y el ex Batallón 121 en Rosario. Para cada caso se analiza la definición e implementación del instrumento, mediante una estrategia metodológica de base cualitativa a través de fuentes primarias (registros narrativos y entrevistas semi estructuradas a los responsables técnicos de dichas iniciativas) y fuentes secundarias. Los resultados proveen insumos para la identificación de aquellas condiciones y capacidades que han favorecido el diseño y aplicación de instrumentos y estrategias articuladoras y redistribuidoras a nivel urbano, así como también las dificultades que enfrentan los gobiernos locales en el desarrollo de este tipo de estrategias para construir ciudades más justas e integradas.
Spatial Manipulation in Virtual Peripersonal Space: A Study of Motor Strategies
Authors: Mohanty Ronak R. , Raina Abhijeet S. , Chaudhuri Subhrajyoti , Quek Francis , Sueda Shinjiro , Krishnamurthy Vinayak R.
Published: April 2022

This article studies fine motor strategies for precise spatial manipulation in close-to-body interactions. Our innate ability for precise work is the result of the confluence of visuo-tactile perception, proprioception, and bi-manual motor control. Contrary to this, most mixed-reality (MR) systems are designed for interactions at arms length. To develop guidelines for precise manipulations in MR systems, there is a need for a systematic study of motor strategies including physical indexing, bi-manual coordination, and the relationship between visual and tactile feedback. To address this need, we present a series of experiments using three variations of a tablet-based MR interface using a close-range motion capture system and motion-tracked shape proxies. We investigate an elaborate version of the classic peg-and-hole task that our results strongly suggests the critical need for high precision tracking to enable precise manipulation.
The Influence of Geometrical and Inlet Parameters on the Impingement Cooling of Aviation Kerosene
Authors: Xing Yunfei , Fan Wenhui , Du Mengmeng , Zhong Fengquan
Published: April 2022

In the present paper, numerical study of flow and heat transfer properties of RP-3 kerosene in an impingement model are conducted with SST k−ω turbulence model and a 10-species surrogate of kerosene. The independence of grids is first studied and the numerical results are compared with experimental data for validation. Characteristics of flow and heat transfer of kerosene flow in the impingement model are studied with different inlet temperatures, dimensionless open areas, and separation distances. The heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses increase with decreasing dimensionless open areas. The separation distance H/d = 2 gets the best heat transfer performance and the separation distance H/d = 3 gets the best heat transfer uniformity on the target plate. Higher inlet temperature gets a higher heat transfer performance and heat transfer uniformity on the target plate.
Incident Case Study of Baseline Pigging During In-Line Inspections for Corrosion Resistant Alloy Clad Pipelines
Authors: Reda Ahmed , Shahin Mohamed A. , Sultan Ibrahim A. , Lagat Christopher , McKee Kristoffer K.
Published: April 2022

This paper describes an incident that occurred during the baseline inspections of pre-commissioning activities performed on a 20-in. metallurgically bonded corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) clad pipeline of an approximate length equal to 2.7 km. The inspection tool, deployed as part of the baseline inspections before the startup of the pipeline, was damaged in the CRA clad pipeline. This damage occurred despite extensive computer simulations, carried out before the inspection, which indicated that the tool, an ultrasonic (UT) pig, was able to traverse the length of the pipe without major issues. The application of the pressure surges was successful in dislodging the UT pig; however, as a direct consequence, the UT pig crashed into the pig receiver and sustained significant damage. The sealing pigs that were trailing behind the UT pig also collided with the rear of the UT pig, and it was at this junction that all further data transmission was ceased. A metal swarf was discovered upon inspection of the UT pig after retrieval, indicating that the inner wall of the pipeline also sustained damage. An analysis of the swarf indicated that it comprised solely of the CRA alloy that was metallurgically bonded to the inner wall of the carbon steel pipe. It was concluded that, due to the anticorrosive nature of the CRA material and high-quality control standards upheld during the manufacture of CRA pipes, the baseline in-line and routine inspections were unnecessary and can be detrimental if the inspection tool becomes impacted, thereby compromising the containment of the CRA layer.
Enhancing Turbine Deposition Prediction Capability With Conjugate Mesh Morphing
Authors: Bowen Christopher P. , Bons Jeffrey P.
Published: April 2022

A framework for performing mesh morphing in a conjugate simulation in the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ansys fluent is presented and validated. A procedure for morphing both the fluid and solid domains to simulate the protrusion of deposit into the fluid while concurrently altering and adding to the solid regions is detailed. The ability to delineate between the original metal sections of the solid and the morphed regions which represent deposit characteristics is demonstrated. The validity and predictive capability of the process are tested through simulation of a canonical impingement jet. A single oversized impingement jet (6.35 mm) at 894 K and an average flow velocity of 56.5 m/s is used to heat a nickel-alloy target plate. One gram of 0- to 5-µm Arizona road dust (ARD) is delivered to the target and a Particle Shadow Velocimetry (PSV) technique is used to capture the transient growth of the deposit structure on the target. Thermal infrared images are taken on the backside of the target and synchronized with the PSV images. The experiment is modeled computationally using the Fluent Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and the Ohio State University (OSU) Deposition Model for sticking prediction. The target is morphed according to the particulate volume prediction. The deposit regions are assigned an effective conductivity (keff) representative of a porous deposit, and the fluid and thermal computations are reconverged; 10 mesh morphing iterations are performed accounting for the first half of the experiment. The morphed deposit volume and height are compared to those of the experiment and show reasonable agreement. The backside target temperatures are also compared, and the simulations show the ability to predict the reduction in temperature that occurs as the growing deposit insulates the metal surface. It is demonstrated that the assignment of unique thermal conductivities to the deposit and metal cells within the solid is critical. With a more robust and accurate implementation of the deposit keff, this conjugate mesh morphing framework shows potential as a tool for predicting the thermal impact of deposition.
Thermodynamic Characteristics of a Single Stage Pneumatically Driven Gifford–McMahon Refrigerator
Authors: Panda Debashis , Behera Suraj K. , Satapathy Ashok K. , Sarangi Sunil K.
Published: April 2022

At present, the demand for high cooling capacity Gifford–McMahon (GM) refrigerators is increasing to cool the high-temperature superconducting magnets in cryogenic temperature range. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the cooling capacity of existing refrigerators, which needs a thorough understanding of related thermodynamic phenomena. In this paper, thermodynamic processes of a GM refrigerator are analyzed and its performance is compared with Carnot cycle, and Brayton cycle with and without work recovery. Subsequently, a mathematical model has been formulated for a pneumatically driven GM refrigerator by applying the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and mechanics. The model computes the influence of geometrical and operating parameters upon its refrigeration performance. Subsequently, the impact of valve opening intervals upon internal thermodynamic and dynamic processes is evaluated. The dynamic characteristics of the displacer motion, transient variation of mass flow, and pressure distribution are studied by the model for different values of idling angles. It is found that an increase in the idling angle of the rotary valve of GM refrigerator reduces its cooling capacity and enhances its specific cooling capacity. An experimental study has also been undertaken to corroborate the mathematical results.
Selective vapor sensors with thin-film MoS2-coated optical fibers
Authors: Motala Michael , Beagle Lucas K. , Lynch Jason , Moore David C. , Stevenson Peter R. , Benton Anna , Tran Ly D. , Baldwin Luke A. , Austin Drake , Muratore Christopher , Jariwala Deep , Glavin Nicholas R.
Published: April 2022

Effective chemical sensor devices must facilitate both the detection of analytes at ultralow concentrations and the ability to distinguish one analyte from another. Sensors built using two-dimensional nanomaterials have demonstrated record-level sensitivity toward certain chemical vapor species, but the specificity of chemical analyte detection remains lacking. To address this deficiency, this work pioneers the use of a broadband fiber-optic sensor coated with thin-film MoS2 where selectivity is achieved through observing changes in the visible spectrum transmission during exposure to different aliphatic and aromatic vapors. A significant loss in transmission across the fiber was observed near peaks in the refractive index associated with the C, B, and A excitons as well as at peaks associated with defect states. Several mechanisms for achieving selectivity are investigated, including deciphering donor/acceptor molecules, aromatic compounds, analytes with high refractive index, and intercalants such as aniline-based compounds. Moreover, the sensor device is entirely reusable and demonstrates reversible, empirical, and selective detection of aniline down to 6 ppm.
The combined importance of finite dimensions, anisotropy, and pre-stress in acoustoelastography
Authors: Crutison Joseph , Sun Michael , Royston Thomas J.
Published: April 2022

Dynamic elastography, whether based on magnetic resonance, ultrasound, or optical modalities, attempts to reconstruct quantitative maps of the viscoelastic properties of biological tissue, properties that are altered by disease and injury, by noninvasively measuring mechanical wave motion in the tissue. Most reconstruction strategies that have been developed neglect boundary conditions, including quasistatic tensile or compressive loading resulting in a nonzero prestress. Significant prestress is inherent to the functional role of some biological tissues currently being studied using elastography, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, arterial walls, and the cornea. In the present article, we review how prestress alters both bulk mechanical wave motion and wave motion in one- and two-dimensional waveguides. Key findings are linked to studies on skeletal muscle and the human cornea, as one- and two-dimensional waveguide examples. This study highlights the underappreciated combined acoustoelastic and waveguide challenge to elastography. Can elastography truly determine viscoelastic properties of a material when what it is measuring is affected by both these material properties and unknown prestress and other boundary conditions?
Voice disadvantage effects in absolute and relative pitch judgments
Authors: Gao Zi , Oxenham Andrew J.
Published: April 2022

Absolute pitch (AP) possessors can identify musical notes without an external reference. Most AP studies have used musical instruments and pure tones for testing, rather than the human voice. However, the voice is crucial for human communication in both speech and music, and evidence for voice-specific neural processing mechanisms and brain regions suggests that AP processing of voice may be different. Here, musicians with AP or relative pitch (RP) completed online AP or RP note-naming tasks, respectively. Four synthetic sound categories were tested: voice, viola, simplified voice, and simplified viola. Simplified sounds had the same long-term spectral information but no temporal fluctuations (such as vibrato). The AP group was less accurate in judging the note names for voice than for viola in both the original and simplified conditions. A smaller, marginally significant effect was observed in the RP group. A voice disadvantage effect was also observed in a simple pitch discrimination task, even with simplified stimuli. To reconcile these results with voice-advantage effects in other domains, it is proposed that voices are processed in a way that voice- or speech-relevant features are facilitated at the expense of features that are less relevant to voice processing, such as fine-grained pitch information.
The Effects of Self-Myofascial Release on Hamstring and Gastrocnemius Muscles Using Foam Roll on Postural Sway, Knee Proprioception, and Dynamic Balance in Recreationally Active Females
Authors: Dadfar Mahdis , Seidi Foad
Published: April 2022

Poor joint proprioception and balance maintenance may lead to sports injuries. Numerous studies have indicated that self-myofascial release (SMR) can improve the function of the proprioception and balance systems. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of acute bouts of SMR on the center of pressure displacements during four stance positions, knee joint position sense at 45° and 90° in open kinetic chain tasks, and dynamic balance during the Y-balance test. Forty-two recreationally active females aged 20–25 years were assigned to either the foam roll group performing 1 min × 3 sets of SMR in the posttest session (N = 22) or the control group (N = 20). Joint position sense at 90° (p = .021), dynamic balance in the anterior (p = .007) and posterolateral (p < .001) directions, as well as the composite score (p = .001), improved significantly in the foam roll group. According to the findings, SMR may improve knee joint position sense at 90° and dynamic balance without any significant impacts on postural sway.
Martial Arts Training for Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Stessel Maarten K.N. , de Groot Imelda J.M. , Janssen Mariska M.H.P.
Published: April 2022

Purpose: The primary aim of this pilot study was to investigate the safety and feasibility of a 3-month martial arts-based training (MAT) program for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The secondary aim was to examine changes in physical and psychosocial abilities after participating in the MAT program. Methods: Twelve patients with DMD (10 ambulant and 2 nonambulant) were included. The MAT program was evaluated on feasibility and safety. Changes in physical abilities were measured using the Motor Function Measure, Performance of Upper Limb scale, and the North Star Ambulatory Assessment. Changes in psychosocial abilities were measured using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, Personal Adjustment and Role Skills for DMD, and the Self-Perception Profile for Children/Adolescents. Results: Two participants did not complete the MAT program. Attendance rate for the 10 remaining participants was 91%. Eleven falls were reported during the training, but these falls did not result in injuries. Therefore, the MAT program was found feasible and safe. After completing the MAT program, most participants showed an improvement of their psychosocial abilities, and their physical abilities did not show deterioration. Conclusion: The MAT program is feasible and safe for boys with DMD.
“There Is No First Attack in Karate”: The Emergence of “Sport Karate” During the Allied Occupation of Japan
Authors: Kim Jooyoun , Kim Eunjung
Published: April 2022

Following the Second World War, martial arts in East Asia underwent various changes. This study focuses on the change from traditional martial arts to sports-oriented martial arts. It examines the emergence of karate as a sport during the Allied occupation of Japan. Kanbukan, founded in Japan by the Korean Kwaebyeong Yoon, was promoted as a sport version of karate that differed from traditional forms. Consequently, following the end of the war, Kanbukan introduced protective gear, held the first competition, created the first rules of the competition, published the first magazine, and formed the first international organization. “Sport Karate” is a detailed symbolic example of acculturation to a Western-centered culture in East Asian sports history. It is necessary to recall the legacy of Kanbukan and to reflect on the historical significance of Sport Karate, which facilitated the transition of traditional martial arts to sports.
Genome-wide analysis of somatic noncoding mutation patterns in cancer
Authors: Dietlein Felix , Wang Alex B. , Fagre Christian , Tang Anran , Besselink Nicolle J. M. , Cuppen Edwin , Li Chunliang , Sunyaev Shamil R. , Neal James T. , Van Allen Eliezer M.
Published: April 2022

We established a genome-wide compendium of somatic mutation events in 3949 whole cancer genomes representing 19 tumor types. Protein-coding events captured well-established drivers. Noncoding events near tissue-specific genes, such as
ALB
in the liver or
KLK3
in the prostate, characterized localized passenger mutation patterns and may reflect tumor-cell-of-origin imprinting. Noncoding events in regulatory promoter and enhancer regions frequently involved cancer-relevant genes such as
BCL6
,
FGFR2
,
RAD51B
,
SMC6
,
TERT
, and
XBP1
and represent possible drivers. Unlike most noncoding regulatory events,
XBP1
mutations primarily accumulated outside the gene’s promoter, and we validated their effect on gene expression using CRISPR-interference screening and luciferase reporter assays. Broadly, our study provides a blueprint for capturing mutation events across the entire genome to guide advances in biological discovery, therapies, and diagnostics.
Orderly disorder in magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene
Authors: Turkel Simon , Swann Joshua , Zhu Ziyan , Christos Maine , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Sachdev Subir , Scheurer Mathias S. , Kaxiras Efthimios , Dean Cory R. , Pasupathy Abhay N.
Published: April 2022

Magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene (TTG) has recently emerged as a platform to engineer strongly correlated flat bands. We reveal the normal-state structural and electronic properties of TTG using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at twist angles for which superconductivity has been observed. Real trilayer samples undergo a strong reconstruction of the moiré lattice, which locks layers into near–magic-angle, mirror symmetric domains comparable in size with the superconducting coherence length. This relaxation introduces an array of localized twist-angle faults, termed twistons and moiré solitons, whose electronic structure deviates strongly from the background regions, leading to a doping-dependent, spatially granular electronic landscape. The Fermi-level density of states is maximally uniform at dopings for which superconductivity has been observed in transport measurements.
Measurement of a helium tune-out frequency: an independent test of quantum electrodynamics
Authors: Henson B. M. , Ross J. A. , Thomas K. F. , Kuhn C. N. , Shin D. K. , Hodgman S. S. , Zhang Yong-Hui , Tang Li-Yan , Drake G. W. F. , Bondy A. T. , Truscott A. G. , Baldwin K. G. H.
Published: April 2022

Despite quantum electrodynamics (QED) being one of the most stringently tested theories underpinning modern physics, recent precision atomic spectroscopy measurements have uncovered several small discrepancies between experiment and theory. One particularly powerful experimental observable that tests QED independently of traditional energy level measurements is the “tune-out” frequency, where the dynamic polarizability vanishes and the atom does not interact with applied laser light. In this work, we measure the tune-out frequency for the 2
3
S
1
state of helium between transitions to the 2
3
P
and 3
3
P
manifolds and compare it with new theoretical QED calculations. The experimentally determined value of 725,736,700(260) megahertz differs from theory [725,736,252(9) megahertz] by 1.7 times the measurement uncertainty and resolves both the QED contributions and retardation corrections.
Investing in what matters most
Life on the Rocks: Building a Future for Coral Reefs
Juli Berwald
Riverhead Books, 2022. 352 pp.
Authors: Johnson Steven Mana’oakamai
Published: April 2022

Faced with a family crisis, a marine scientist finds parallels with Earth’s imperiled coral reefs
Taking a shot at cancer
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: April 2022

Preventive vaccines that wipe out nascent tumors are now being tested in healthy people
French election could buoy president’s R&D overhaul
Authors: Pain Elisabeth
Published: April 2022

Macron vows reforms of national research bodies