bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral signs and symptoms in 160 Greek HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Laskaris George , Hadjivassiliou Maria , Stratigos John
Published: April 2006

One hundred and sixty HIV‐infected Greek patients were prospectively examined and the oral signs and symptoms were recorded. At the time of oral examination, 76 patients were asymptomatic seropositive, 47 were in ARC stage and 37 had AIDS. One or more oral findings were recorded in 90.6% of the patients while a total of 33 different lesions were observed. The more common oral lesions (highly suspicious) were candidiasis (61%), hairy leukoplakia (24%), periodontitis (19%), necrotizing gingivitis (11%) and Kaposi's sarcoma (12%). In addition some unclassified lesions or symptoms (xerostomia 26%, burning mouth syndrome 19%, patchy depapillated tongue 16%, hairy tongue 10%, exfoliative cheilitis 4%), were common while submandibular and cervical lymph node enlargement were found in 49% of the patients. Interestingly in 16 patients (10%) the suspicion of HIV infection was exclusively based on oral lesions. Our findings show that oral signs and symptoms are common and some times early manifestations of HIV infection and it is in association to those reported in previous studies.
The lateral periodontal cyst: an update
Authors: Altini M. , Shear M.
Published: April 2006

Lateral periodontal cysts account for 0.8% of all jaw cysts seen in our department. Published reports have indicated that they occur most frequently in the 5th to 7th decades, that there is a male preponderance and that they are located mainly in the mandibular canine‐premolar region. In our own series of 20 cases, 10 were found in the anterior maxilla. We have distinguished unicystic and multicystic (including botryoid) varieties. They were lined predominantly or exclusively by thin reduced enamel epithelium‐like tissue which contained many clear cells and epithelial thickenings referred to as plaques. Glycogen was present in the epithelium of two‐thirds of our cases although not exclusively in the clear cells, many of which showed no positivity. Two of our examples of the botryoid variety were different histologically, being lined predominantly by non‐keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium with crowded and pyknotic nuclei and no clear cells. One case contained melanin while another showed epithelial crypt formation and superficial palisaded low columnar cells as seen in the glandular odontogenic cyst. This raised the question of whether the latter may form part of the clinico‐pathologic spectrum of lateral periodontal cyst. The histogenesis of lateral periodontal cysts is uncertain but we favour origin from reduced enamel epithelium.
Enhanced prostaglandin biosynthesis in human gingival fibroblasts isolated from patients treated with phenytoin
Authors: Modéer T. , Anduren I. , Lerner U. H.
Published: April 2006

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation was studied in human gingival fibroblasts derived from three epileptic patients before and after 9 months of phenytoin (PHT) therapy. Interleukin I (IL‐1α; 0.3‐6.0 ng/ml), (IL‐1β; 10–1000 pg/ml) and tumour necrosis factor (TNFα; 0.01–O.I μg/ml) dose‐dependently stimulated the formation of PGE: in 24 h cultures. In fibroblasts, derived after 9 months of PHT therapy. IL‐1α, IL‐1β and TNFα induced a significantly higher formation of PGE2 compared to that in fibroblasts derived before PHT therapy. IL‐1β induced a significantly higher release also of 3H‐arachidonic acid (3H‐AA) from prelabelled PHT fibroblasts compared to that in prelabelled gingival fibroblasts isolated before the drug therapy. Addition of exogenous AA caused a spontaneous increase of PGE: formation in PHT fibroblasts compared to that in fibroblasts isolated before the PHT treatment. The results indicate that PHT medication results in an upregulation of prostanoid formation in gingival fibroblasts partly due to an increased phospholipase A; activity and partly due to an increased cyclooxygenase activity.
Prevalence of betel quid chewing habit in Taiwan and related sociodemographic factors
Authors: Ko Ying‐Chin , Chiang Tai‐An , Chang Shun‐Jen , Hsieh Shu‐Feng
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of betel quid chewing habit in Taiwan was surveyed in a group of Chinese people from Kaohsiung city and in a second group from the aboriginal inhabitants of South Taiwan. In all 1299 participants constituted Group 1 (85.2% response rate) and 827 Group 2 (70.1% response rate). People were interviewed in their homes in house‐to‐house survey, according to a structured questionnaire developed and evaluated by the authors. Of the Kaohsiung inhabitants covering all ages and both sexes, 6% was a current betel chewer and 4% was an ex‐chewer, whereas 42% of the aborigines aged over 15 yr was a current chewer and 1% an ex‐chewer. Lifetime prevalence was 10%. Betel chewing enjoys islandwide popularity among the 20 million inhabitants of Taiwan; the number of current and ex‐users was estimated at 2.0 million (95% Cl 1.6–2.4 million). The betel quid was prepared in two different ways. In one, used mainly by aborigines, fresh arcca nut was simply wrapped with betel leaf and in another, popular mainly among Chinese, a lengthwise piece of betel fruit and lime paste was sandwiched between two halves of an areca nut. A high proportion of chewers was also a smoker and drinker, but tobacco was not found to be chewed together with betel quid. Consumption varied between 14 to 23 portions per day. with individual frequencies ranging widely from 1 to over 200 portions a day. A statistical analysis of sociodemographic factors showed that lesser educated older men, blue collar workers, smokers and drinkers were the likeliest betel chewers.
Human papillomaviruses in normal oral mucosa: a comparison of methods for sample collection
Authors: Lawton Guy , Thomas Steve , Schonrock Joy , Monsour Frank , Frazer Ian
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of six genital genotypes of HPV was assessed in the clinically normal oral mucosa of an adult Caucasian population, and three methods of sample collection compared. HPV DNA was detected in the mouth of 60% of 60 subjects. HPV 16 was the most prevalent genotype, and positive samples were found most frequently in men over 50. A 3% sucrose mouthwash produced more positive results (51%) than mucosal scrapes of three separate sites (45%) or buccal mucosal biopsies (12%). There was no association of a positive result for HPV DNA with any particular mucosal site. A mouthwash was the preferred single screening method for epidemiologic studies of HPV DNA in the mouth, but the greatest yield of positive samples was obtained if multiple sampling techniques were employed.
Loss of epithelial L1 expression is associated with cellular invasion of oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Heyden A. , Thrane P. S. , Brandtzaeg P.
Published: April 2006

Recent studies have suggested that the epithelial expression of two leukocyte‐related proteins, human class II HLA‐DR antigen and myelomonocytic LI antigen, depends on a certain state of cellular maturation and differentiation. We have studied HLA‐DR and LI expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The epithelial distribution of these proteins was evaluated in relation to differentiation alterations by two‐color immunotluorescence staining with cytokeratins (KI4 and K13) as a baseline. HLA‐DR was infrequently expressed in oral carcinomas, apparently being unrelated to the degree of differentiation and the subepithelial leukocyte infiltration. LI was generally present in oral epithelium but disappeared in the most invasive cells of carcinomas. These cells were also KI4 and KB negative suggesting an abnormal state of differentiation. LI has been suggested to have an inhibitory effect on casein kinases I and II, enzymes possibly associated with cell proliferation; it might therefore exert an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. Its absence could be an interesting aspect of the invasiveness of oral carcinoma cells.
Growth hormone regulates nucleolar organizer regions during odontogenesis in the rat
Authors: Zhang C. Z. , Young W. G. , Li H. , Rolinson S. , Waters M. J.
Published: April 2006

Nucleolar organizers are major sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and provide an index of transcriptional activity. In order to further define growth hormone actions on nucleolar organizer regions in tooth forming cells, hypophysectomized rats treated with growth hormone for 4 and 24 h, hypophysectomized and sham‐operated animals were used. After demineralization and standard paraffin embedding, longitudinal sections of maxillary incisors were stained by a silver stain technique to reveal nucleolar organizer regions. The area of these regions per nucleus was measured using a modified microdensitometer. Analyses of variance of the resulting data showed that preameloblasts and preodontoblasts have greater silver stained nucleolar organizer region values than ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Hypophysectomy reduced and growth hormone partly restored the level of nucleolar organizer regions in preameloblasts and preodontoblasts, but not in mature ameloblasts or odontoblasts. In the case of the younger preameloblasts and preodontoblasts, the effect of growth hormone was seen within 4 h of growth hormone injection. In conclusion, rRNA synthesis, as revealed by the specific silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions in tooth forming cells, appears to be regulated by growth hormone over a relatively short time frame.
Major recurrent oral ulcers in AIDS: report of three cases
Authors: Reyes‐Terán Gustavo , Ramírez‐Amador Velia , De la Rosa Estela , González‐Guevara Martha , de León Samuel Ponce
Published: April 2006

We report the cases of three AIDS patients who developed major recurrent oral ulcers with severe odynophagia and weight loss. The patients were treated successfully with systemic steroids. Within the first week of prednisone therapy (40 mg/day), the symptoms improved and the lesions entirely healed. We suggest, on the bases of recent literature, that superantigens and the cytokine network could be involved and they should be considered in the immunopathogenic mechanisms of this type of ulcers.
Morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation of the dental hard tissues in compound odontoma: a study of undemineralized material
Authors: Piattelli Adriano , Trisi Paolo
Published: April 2006

Dental hard tissues and mineralization at the enamel surface or in the ameloblastic epithelium were studied in 10 odontomas using undemineralized material. All the specimens showed a high degree of histo‐ and morphodifferentiation. Dentin formed the bulk of the tumors. Much of the enamel was prismatic and apparently normal and in almost every specimen were present enamel tufts and spindles. At greater magnification it could he seen that the prisms had a very irregular orientation. Cementum was mostly acellular. Calcified material formed focally in the intercellular portion of the enamel epithelium: this material showed a concentric layers arrangement.
Cytokeratin profiles in dyskeratosis congenita: an immunocytochemical investigation of lingual hyperkeratosis
Authors: Ogden Graham R. , Chisholm Derrick M. , Leigh Irene M. , Lane E. Birgitte
Published: April 2006

In dyskeratosis congenita, the hyperkeratotic lesions affecting the mucous membranes have a propensity to undergo malignant change. Unfortunately there is presently no reliable method for predicting such an outcome. Oral mucosal biopsies were obtained from a case of dyskeratosis congenial and keratin expression identified using a panel of antikeratin antibodies. Marked changes were found from keratin profiles established for normal oral mucosa. In particular co‐expression of three separate type 1 keratins (K 16, K 10 and K 13) were observed in the ventral tongue lesion. The keratin pattern found in the tissue biopsies examined is suggestive of an unusually immature or disturbed state of tissue differentiation, and as such may be indicative of future malignant change.
Immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic studies of obstructive lesions in submandibular glands
Authors: Shinohara M. , Oka M. , Yamada K. , Hashimura K. , Yuba K. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Obstructive sialoadenitis was examined by immunohistochemical techniques for keratin (MoAb K.LI, PKK.I and K.8.12) and actin. Electronmicroscopy (EMS) was used to identify ultrastructural changes in myoepithelial cells and ductal basal cells. With immunohistochemistry, actin staining was used as a marker of myoepithelium. MoAbs KL1 and PKK1 for ductal luminal cells, and MoAb K8.12 for ductal basal cells. Histologic features of the lesion usually showed degenerative changes of acinar and duct cells with cell infiltration and fibrous replacement. Immunohistochemical findings indicated that actin staining in the changed myoepithelial cells was irregularly positive or negative, and also keratin staining in luminal and ductal basal cells was reduced or disappeared. Ultra‐structural features of the changed myoepithelial cells indicated that these cells appeared less altered than adjacent acinar and ductal cells and showed increased amounts of lipid droplets and lipofuscin granules, and also wrinkled processes filled the prominent myofilamenl material.
Oral candidiasis established in the sialoadenectomised rat
Authors: Jorge A. O. C. , Totti M. A. G. , de Almeida O. P. , Scully C.
Published: April 2006

Xerostomia provoked in rats by surgical removal of the major salivary glands favoured the development of oral candidiasis. After 32 weeks of inoculation, 20% of normal and 70% of xerostomic rats showed candidal infection on the tongue but only in xerostomic rats did candidiasis affect the pharyngeal aspect of the tongue.
Oral findings in Mexican AIDS patients with cancer
Authors: Ramirez‐Amador Velia , González Martha , de la Rosa Estela , Esquivel Lilly , Volkow Patricia , Ochoa Francisco J. , Meneses Abelardo , Mortar Alejandro
Published: April 2006

Oral findings of 42 Mexican AIDS patients with cancer were reviewed. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was the most frequent malignancy (81%) followed by non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (12%). All cases of NHL were of high or intermediate grade and most of them were extranodal. Out of the 34 individuals with KS, 22 (65%) showed oral KS and in 21 of them the palate was involved. The clinical features of oral KS including site, appearance and size are described. Pseudo‐membranous candidosis (PC), hairy leukoplakia (HL) and exfoliative cheilitis (ECh) were also found in these patients. There was no association of these lesions with any type of cancer. A strong association of oral candidosis and history of this infection was found, RR = 7.0 (1.3–4.1). There was evidence of severe immunosuppression in most patients, with mean average CD4 counts of 116 mm3 (range 4–841 /mm3). Oral KS, ECh, PC and HL were more common in patients with lower CD4 counts. Our findings illustrate the most frequent oral lesions associated with HIV‐1 infection in patients with AIDS and cancer, and further support the importance of oral examination in HIV infected patients.
Immunohistochemical study of lymphoid tissue in human fetal salivary gland
Authors: Lee S. K. , Lim C. Y. , Chi J. G. , Hashimura K. , Yamada K. , Kunikata M. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Immunoreactivity of lysozyme (LY), lactoferrin (LF), α1 antichymotrypsin (α1‐ACT), α‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT), keratin proteins KL1, PKK1, K8.12, S‐100 protein, MAM‐3, MAM‐6, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) were evaluated in lymphoid and glandular tissues of developing salivary gland of human fetus (gestational age ranging from 17 to 40 wk to investigate the role of lymphoid tissue in developing salivary glands. In a total of 79 cases, lymphoid cell aggregations were noted in parotid (57 cases), submandibular (21 cases) and sublingual (5 cases) glands. Mononuclcar cells showing intense activity of LY, α1‐ACT and α1‐AT were present in the lymphoid aggregation. The glandular ducts embedded in lymphoid tissue were negative to MAM‐3, MAM‐6, EMA and S‐100 protein, but showed positive PKK1 and KL1 reaction during early stages of development, and showed degeneration and effacement upon increase in number and LY activity of the mononuclear cells. The lymphoid aggregations progressively emerged as lymph nodes.
Tobacco and alcohol related to the anatomical site of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jovanovic Andreas , Schulten Engelbert A. J. M. , Kostense Pieter J. , Snow Gordon B. , van der Waal Isaac
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible relationship between tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking and the anatomical sites of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip and oral cavity. For this purpose, a case‐case study has been performed in 690 patients. The study was focused on the relative risk (RR) or developing SCC at various (sub)sites, for smokers and drinkers of alcohol (divided into moderate and heavy users) relative to non‐smokers and non‐drinkers. Estimates of ratios of these relative risks were obtained. The relative risk associated with tobacco smoking, adjusted for the use of alcohol, appeared to be highest for SCC in the retromolar area, followed by the floor of mouth, whereas the lowest RR was found in the cheek mucosa. For alcohol drinking, adjusted for tobacco smoking, RR of SCC of the floor of mouth was significantly higher than for the tongue, whereas the RR of SCC of the cheek appeared to be lowest. Furthermore, this study suggests that the contrasts between relative risks, observed by anatomical site of oral SCC, are more pronounced for tobacco smoking than for the use of alcohol. The possible local and systemic factors responsible for these variations of susceptibility for tobacco and alcohol within the oral cavity are discussed.
Detection of human papillomavirus‐related oral verruca vulgaris among Venezuelans
Authors: Premoli‐de‐Percoco G. , Galindo I. , Ramirez J. L. , Perrone M. , Rivera H.
Published: April 2006

A sensitive in situ hybridization test under low stringency conditions (LCS) with a set of digoxigenin‐labeled human papillomavirus mixed probes (D‐L HPV MP) revelaed a positive reaction in 8 of 10 cases of oral verruca vulgaris (OVV), Ages ranged from 5 to 37 years with a mean of 14.5 years. 50% of all cases were located intraorally on the hard palate, followed in frequency by the commissures. These preliminary findings provide evidence of the role of HPV in OVV from a sample of the Venezuelan population. We show that in situ hybridization conducted under LSC is useful in HPV detection (regardless of the type) and the digoxigenin‐labeling system is a rapid, relatively easy and specific method. In addition, this technique permits the retrospective evaluation of routinely processed material, thus widening the investigative spectrum for HPV.
Effect of sialoadenectomy on the carriage of Candida albicans in the mouths of rats
Authors: Jorge A. O. C. , Totti M. A. G. , de Almeida O. P. , Scully C.
Published: April 2006

Xerostomia provoked in rats by surgical removal of the major salivary glands significantly increased oral carriage of Candida albicans. Five weeks after 3 oral inoculations of 108 CFU, C. albicans were found in the mouths in 50% of normal animals but after 8 weeks in none. In xerostomic rats, 100% had oral C. albicans after 5 weeks and after 18 weeks, 66.6% still harboured yeasts. Over the whole experimental period the amount of C. albicans was greater in the mouths of sialoadenectomized than in normal rats.
Immunohistochemical study of oral keratoses including lichen planus
Authors: Robertson W. D. , Wray D.
Published: April 2006

Biopsies of non‐ulcerated oral mucosa from 13 patients with oral lichen planus and 12 patients with leukoplakia were immunohistochemically stained using monoclonal antibodies to pan T, pan B, T helper and T suppressor/cytotoxic cells and the stained lymphocytes enumerated using an image analyser. The results show the preponderance of T cells infiltrating both oral lichen planus and leukoplakia. The T helper: T suppressor/cytotoxic cell ratio was the same (1:2) for both oral lichen planus and leukoplakia. A similar proportion of T suppressor/cytotoxic cells was found infiltrating the epithelium. These data indicate that T cell subset analysis is of no value in distinguishing oral lichen planus from other oral keratoses.
Role of cations and IgA in saliva‐mediated aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Armstrong E. A. , Ziola B. , Habbick B. F. , Komiyama K.
Published: April 2006

Oral colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa possibly precedes the pulmonary infection process in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. As bacterial aggregates may play a role in establishment of pulmonary infections, involvement of IgA and cations in CF patient saliva‐mediated aggregation of P. aeruginosa was investigated. For colonized patients, P. aeruginosa aggregation correlated with bacterial‐specific and total salivary IgA. Cation or IgA depletion reduced P. aeruginosa aggregation by saliva from all patients. However, if cations were removed before IgA, and saliva was then reconstituted with calcium, only colonized patient saliva showed reduced aggregation. Aggregation by IgA‐depleted saliva was augmented by reconstituting with original IgA. CF patient saliva‐mediated aggregation of P. aeruginosa thus is cation‐dependent and enhanced by bacterial‐specific IgA. Characterizing the interactions among bacterial aggregating factor(s), cations, and antibodies in CF saliva will help clarify the link between P. aeruginosa oral colonization and pulmonary infections in CF patients.
Disappearance of smoker's melanosis after reducing smoking
Authors: Hedin C. A. , Pindborg J. J. , Axéll T.
Published: April 2006

Besides genetic factors, tobacco smoking is known to be the main cause of oral melanin pigmentation. The present study compares the frequency of oral melanin pigmentation in a large number of former smokers with that of non‐smokers. It also describes in two patients the disappearance of smoker's melanosis in the buccal mucosa following a considerable reduction in smoking.
Keratinocyte expression of calprotectin in oral inflammatory mucosal diseases
Authors: Eversole L. R. , Miyasaki Kenneth T. , Christensen Russell E.
Published: April 2006

Oral mucosal inflammation evolves in response to microbial pathogens and non‐infectious antigens which activate humoral and cell‐mediated immunologic processes. Most of these disease processes invoke a leukocyte response culminating in cellular infiltration of the submucosa and. to some degree, transmigration into the epithelium itself. Calprotectin, a leukocyte‐derived dimeric protein complex that has potent antibacterial and antifungal effects, has recently been identified in skin and mucosal keratinocytes implying that epithelium may biochemically contribute to the overall mechanism of host defense. In this study, the upregulation of calprotectin as assessed immunohistochchemically is pursued for oral diseases of immunopathologic, fungal and viral origin. In lichen planus, candidiasis, herpes virus stomatitis, and oral hairy leukoplakia, calprotectin was found to be expressed to a significantly higher level than in normal control mucosal samples.
Extraction of amyloid‐like fibrils from chronically inflamed periodontal tissues
Authors: Short L. L. , Zoellner H. , Hunter N.
Published: April 2006

Immunohistological studies have established an association between the deposition of the amyloid P protein and disease status in chronically inflamed periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to determine if amyloid‐like fibrils could be extracted from these tissues. Biopsies were homogenised and extracted exhaustively in saline before serial extraction in distilled water. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the presence of previously undetected protein bands in the fifth water extraction. These were probed and were found to react with antisera to kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains but not with antisera to mu, gamma or alpha heavy chains. Electron microscopic study indicated fibrils of 9.7 nm diameter. These bound Congo Red and exhibited green birefringence under polarised light. The results supported the presence of an amyloid‐like matrix composed of immunoglobulin light chains in the lesions of chronic periodontitis. This could explain the persistence of foci of degenerate plasma cells and the paucity of granulation tissue formation in the disease process.
Glandular odontogenic cyst: analysis of cytokeratin expression and clinicopathological features
Authors: Semba Ichiro , Kitano Motoo , Mimura Tamotsu , Sonoda Satoru , Miyawaki Akihiko
Published: April 2006

The glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare odontogenic cyst which is still controversial in regard to classification, terminology, and origin. The first Japanese case of GOC is reported. Immunohistochemical examination for expression of cytokeratins and epithelial membrane antigen by monoclonal antibodies suggested that the lining epithelium was of odontogenic origin with metaplastic mucus‐laden cells. We have reviewed the literature and compared the clinicopathological findings of the reported case of GOC with those of botryoid odontogenic cysts (BOC). The anatomical location, age range, and sex of GOC cases were very similar to those of BOC. GOC appears to be a multilocular and mucoe‐pidermoid variant of non‐keratinizing odontogenic cysts, which also includes BOC. GOC should be separated from the other types of odontogenic cyst and central mucoepidermoid tumours of salivary gland origin.
Distribution of procollagen type III, collagen type VI and tenascin in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)
Authors: Reichart P. A. , van Wyk C. W. , Becker J. , Schuppan D.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of procollagen type III, collagen type VI and tenascin was studied in biopsy specimens from the buccal mucosa of 19 Indian women with confirmed oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) using the immunogold‐silver staining technique. Immunohistochemistry revealed a loss of stainable procollagen type III and collagen type VI in the fibrotic zones of oral submucous fibrosis compared to normal oral mucosa. Tenascin was noted only very faintly at the subepithelial basement membrane. The present study showed that procollagen type III and collagen type VI in OSF were expressed in a specific pattern which allows a clear differentiation between fibrotic areas and adjacent apparently normal connective tissue stroma. Loss of procollagen type III, and therefore a probable predominance of collagen type I in collagen fiber bundles, and an almost complete loss of collagen type VI might explain the stiffness of the oral mucosa in patients with OSF. The immunohistochemical findings provided evidence that the process of fibrosis starts in the deeper subepithelial connective tissue stroma and not close to the subepithelial basement membrane. Further studies are required to determine whether OSF is due to increased or altered synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, altered fibrolysis or both.
Identification of Candida albicans types related to healthy and pathological oral mucosa
Authors: Rindum J. L. , Stenderup A. , Holmstrup P.
Published: April 2006

This study comprised 100 healthy dentate adults and 53 patients with either chronic crythematous oral candidosis or oral leukoplakic lesions. The presence of yeasts was determined by microscopical examination of PAS–stained smears and by culture. Biopsy material was obtained from all lesions. The isolated yeasts were identified to species level. Strain phenotypes of 147 Candida albicans isolates were determined on the basis of the Odds & Abbott procedure (25, 26). Yeasts were found in the mouth of healthy dentate individuals both by culture and by smears. The identification of hyphae in healthy mucosa indicates that the presence of these structures is not an unequivocal sign of candidal infection. The results support the view that tobacco smoking may be a predisposing factor for candidal infection. Also, the results have shown an association between the occurrence of yeasts and the type of leukoplakic lesions. Finally, the strain differentiation has indicated an oral mycoflora in patients with candidal lesions disappearing after antimycotic treatment which was more homogeneous in composition than in patients with irreversible lesions; furthermore, certain strains may possess properties which may be important in the development of pathological conditions and premalignant changes.
Generalized gingival enlargement due to accumulation of amyloid‐like material
Authors: Günhan Ö. , Celasun B. , Perrini F. , Covani U. , Perrini N. , Ozdemir A. , Bostanci H. , Finci R.
Published: April 2006

Hyaline or amyloid‐like substances may be seen in several oral lesions. Some of these originate from epithelial cells and some from connective tissue components. In this study, amyloid‐like material causing gingival enlargement in three patients, with eyelid involvement in two, was examined using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. These accumulations did not share the classical features of amyloid such as green birefringence under polarized light after Congo red staining. Our findings suggest that epithelial degeneration plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these amyloid‐like accumulations. These substances may be the result of defective amyloidogenesis and our cases may represent an oral counterpart of ligneous conjunctivitis or colloid milium of the skin.
Developmental odontogenic cysts. An update1
Authors: Shear Mervyn
Published: April 2006

This review paper reports recent advances in the subject of developmental odontogenic cysts, essentially those of the past decade, starting with reference to the new WHO classification (1). On keratocysts, the latest reported recurrence rates are assessed as are their mode of growth, immunocytochemistry, immunology, genetic studies, and work on specific keratocyst antigens. There is a critical account of the group of lesions which includes the gingival cyst of adults, lateral periodontal cyst, hotryoid odontogenic cyst and glandular odontogenic cyst, and their possible relationship to one another. On dentigerous cysts, reference is made to the relationship between them and deciduous teeth, as well as to their immunocytochemistry and immunology. Recent work on the unicystic ameloblastomas. their classification and prognosis, is assessed, as is the calcifying odontogenic cyst and its relationship with solid odontogenic tumours.
Langerhans cell density in normal human oral mucosa and skin: relationship to age, smoking and alcohol consumption
Authors: Cruchley A. T. , Williams D. M. , Farthing P. M. , Speight P. M. , Lesch C. A. , Squier C. A.
Published: April 2006

The immune function of skin has been studied extensively and it has been suggested that epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) density and function decreases with increasing age. Little is known, however, about the effect of age on oral mucosa I LC. Cryostat sections from biopsies of buccal mucosa, lip, hard palate, lateral border of tongue, floor of mouth and abdominal skin, obtained from 91 subjects (aged 16 96 yr), were reacted immunocytochemically with a monoclonal antibody against CDIa and then LC density was expressed as LC/mm epithelial surface length. No significant effect of age on mucosal or skin LC density was found, whilst a history of smoking was associated with an increase in LC density in lateral border of tongue and in biopsies of labial mucosa taken from men (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between LC density in men and women in oral mucosa. Oral mucosal LC may therefore form a relatively stable population in the adult and thus the increased incidence of mucosal disease in the elderly may be the result of subtle changes in cell mediated immune function rather than changes in LC density.
Detection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the saliva from 1,000 oral surgery outpatients by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation
Authors: Tateishi Koichiro , Toh Yasushi , Minagawa Hiroko , Tashiro Hideo
Published: April 2006

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was detected by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 47 (4.7%) out of 1.000 saliva samples from the outpatients of an oral and maxillofacial surgery department compared with 27 (2.7%) by conventional virus isolation. There were 20 PCR‐positive, culture‐negative cases but no culture‐positive. PCR‐negative cases. Patients younger than 10 years or older than 60 years secreted HSV more frequently than the others. Those with inflammatory diseases showed higher positivity for HSV than those with malignancy, trauma or other complaints. All 27 virus isolates were typed as HSV type I and none were resistant to acyclovir, arabinoluranosyl‐adenine, iododeoxyuridine or phosphonoacetic acid.
Oral candidiasis and immune status of HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Nielsen Henrik , Bentsen Kirsten D. , Hojtved Lone , Willemoes Elisabeth H. , Scheutz Flemming , Schiodt Morten , Stoltze Kaj , Pindborg Jens J.
Published: April 2006

A total of 84 HIV‐infeted homosexual men having either normal oral mucosa (NOM). erythematous candidiasis (EC) or pseudomembranous candidiasis (PsC) were included in the study. The patients were evaluated by median number of peripheral CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells and by lymphocyte function assessed by poke‐weed mitogen test. There was a significant difference between CD4+ counts among patients with the two subtypes of candidiasis (95% CI of median difference: 10 240/mm3; P=0.03). but not for pokeweed mitogen response. Survival analysis showed that after 2 y there was no significant difference in development of AIDS between patients with EC and PsC (P= 0.29). If patients with both types of oral candidiasis were pooled and compared with patients with NOM. a significant difference in development of AIDS was found (P= 0.04). It is concluded that HIV‐infected patients with oral candidiasis of any subtype (EC or PsC) arc significantly more immune suppressed and show a faster development of AIDS than HIV‐infected patients with NOM. However, in this cohort. EC and PsC are of equal importance as predictors for immune suppression and AIDS development.
Demonstration of c‐erbB‐2 oncogene overexpression in salivary gland neoplasms by in situ hybridization
Authors: Jordan Richard , Dardick Irv , Lui Eugene , Birek Catalena
Published: April 2006

The level of c‐erbB‐2 cellular mRNA in 18 salivary gland tumours and in 7 normal salivary glands was determined by in situ hybridization using [35S] labelled RNA probes. Computer assisted quantitation of the autoradiographic signal indicated a significantly higher c‐erbB‐2 expression in the tumour group (22.64 grains per cell ±3.79; 95% CI) as compared to the non‐neoplastic salivary gland tissue (4.11 ±0.90; 95% CI). The c‐erbB‐2 expression as measured by grain counts per cell for the pleomorphic adenomas (16.29± 1.87; 95% CI), mucoepidermoid carcinomas (31.52 ±0.08; 95% CI) and the acinic cell carcinomas (44.24± 17.11; 95% CI) were significantly greater than the expression for the normal group. The acinic cell carcinomas exhibited the greatest level of expression. As observed at the individual cell level, the autoradiographic signal was distributed uniformly in the neoplastic tissues, regardless of the cell type. This study confirms the hypothesis that the c‐erbB‐2 oncogene is overexpressed at the mRNA level in salivary gland tumours.
Changes in nerve fibers adjacent to transplanted VX2 carcinoma in rabbit tongue
Authors: Taniguchi Kunihisa , Okamura Kazuhiko , Kitamura Katsuya , Honda Takeshi
Published: April 2006

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between malignant tumor tissue and nerve fibers using a transplantation model and nerve fiber stains. Most of the neural tissue, as well as the other host tissues, showed severe degenerative changes as the transplanted tumor grew. Furthermore, the degenerative changes were chiefly confined to the area anterior to the tumor. These changes were probably provoked chiefly by the compressive effects of the rapidly enlarging transplant. The results could possibly explain clinical symptoms such as paralysis or disturbances in the movement of the tongue observed occasionally in some patients with lingual carcinomas.
Oral psoriasis: report of six new cases
Authors: Ulmansky M. , Michelle R. , Azaz B.
Published: April 2006

This article presents six cases of oral psoriasis originally diagnosed by means of the histological changes found on biopsies of the oral lesions. Three of the patients presented with oral and skin psoriasis. Of the remaining three, two presented with oral manifestations alone, although their follow‐up was short, whilst the third showed delayed dermatological changes. Two of the cases were also complicated by psoriatic arthritis, one of them to the temporomandibular joint.
A clinical and histopathological study of radicular cysts associated with primary molars
Authors: Mass Eliyahu , Kaplan Ilana , Hirshberg Abraham
Published: April 2006

Radicular cysts originating from primary teeth are considered rare. The study analyzed 49 primary molars with radiolucent lesions ranging from 4–15 mm in diameter. 73.5% of the lesions were diagnosed as radicular cysts, and 26.5% as granulomas. The lesions were more frequent in the mandible. All lesions were associated with severely decayed teeth and only 4 had previous pulp therapy. The present study and the survey of the literature suggest that radicular cysts associated with primary teeth are not rare.
Inverse correlation between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting Streptococcus mutans and the percentage of untreated carious teeth
Authors: Goyette Nathalie , Parrot Marc , Sutzescu Denise , Leduc Manon , Dufour Laurent , Trahan Luc , Lavoie Marc C.
Published: April 2006

To evaluate the role of inhibitory substances produced by bacteria in the oral cavity, we estimated, by a deferred test on Todd‐Hewitt agar enriched with hemin and vitamin K, the proportion of bacteria that inhibited or stimulated the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, from the saliva of 109 patients (54 males and 55 females) attending our dental clinics. The patients, aged from 8 to 75 years old (mean: 31±18 years), were randomly selected whatever the reason for their visit. The results, evaluated with the Spearman rank test, indicated that there was no statistically significant (P>0.05) correlation between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting or stimulating P. gingivalis with the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the number of carious, missing and filled teeth, or with the decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMFT). Also, no statistically significant correlation was observed between the proportion of salivary bacteria stimulating the growth of S. mutans and the above mentioned health indexes. However, a statistically significant (P<0.005) negative correlation was found between the percentage of cultivated bacteria that inhibit S. mutans and the percentage of untreated carious teeth as well as with the CPITN. The results thus indicate a possible role for inhibitory substances produced by bacteria in the maintenance of oral health.
Oral manifestations of infantile systemic hyalinosis
Authors: Devlin H. , Sloan P. , Thakkar N. S.
Published: April 2006

Oral manifestations of infantile systemic hyalinosis in a child of Asian origin are presented. Infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare fatal condition with probably an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The symptoms become apparent soon after birth and death usually occurs before the age of two years. The systemic features are essentially due to widespread deposition of hyaline material in tissues. These include thickening and nodularity of skin, growth failure, joint contractures, osteoporosis, diarrhoea and recurrent infections. The oral changes in the case reported here included thickening of the oral mucosa, extensive overgrowth of gingival tissue, osteoporosis, marked curvature of the dental roots, and replacement of periodontal ligament by hyaline fibrous material. Immunohistochemistry revealed widespread presence of Type VI collagen in the connective tissue with particularly intense staining in the hyaline material.
Oral Fusarium infection in a granulocytopenic patient with acute myelogenous leukemia: a case report
Authors: Myoken Y. , Sugata T. , Kyo T. , Fujihara M.
Published: April 2006

The fungus Fusarium moniliforme causes fusariosis, which can be invasive and fatal in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of oral Fusarium infection in a granulocytopenic patient with acute myelogenous leukemia who developed necrotic ulceration of the gingiva, extending to the alveolar bone, but was otherwise free of any active systemic lesions. Fusarium moniliforme was identified, by histopathology and culture, to be present in the lesion and was deduced to be the causative organism for this invasive oral infection.
Elevated ras p21 expression in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo M. Y. P. , Chang H. H. , Hahn L. J. , Wang J. T. , Chiang C. P.
Published: April 2006

Expression of ras p21 oncoproteins was examined in histological sections of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), epithelial dysplasia, epithelial hyperkeratosis and normal oral mucosa using antibodies to ras p21 with an immunoperoxidase technique. Ras p21‐positive staining was found in 47 of 51 (92.2%) cases of oral SCC, 4 of 4 (100%) cases of epithelial dysplasia, 7 of 7 (100%) cases of epithelial hyperkeratosis, and 1 of 6 (16.7%) cases of normal oral mucosa. The positive staining rate of ras p21 in oral SCC, epithelial dysplasia or epithelial hyperkeratosis was significantly higher than that in normal oral mucosa (P<0.05). No correlation was found between ras p21 expression and patient age, tumour location, tumour size, clinical staging or histological differentiation of SCC. However, a significant positive correlation was found between ras p21 expression and patients' sex (P<0.05) or regional lymph node status (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was also discovered between ras p21 expression and patients' smoking habits (P<0.01), as well as daily or total betel quid (BQ) consumption (P<0.05). Of the 47 immunostain‐positive SCC patients, specimens from 6 patients were also obtained after chemotherapy, when ras p21 expression was found to be reduced. These results indicate that ras p21 over expression may play an important role in the initiation and progression of oral SCCs in patients who are smokers and BQ chewers.
Preliminary assessment of the epithelial nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear volume density in human palatal lesions
Authors: Jin Y. , Yang L. J. , White F. H.
Published: April 2006

We have analysed both the nuclear‐cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and nuclear volume densities (VVN) in defined strata from human hard palate lesions with and without malignant potential to determine the prognostic reliability and/or validity of this parameter. Measurements of cellular and nuclear areas of basal and spinous cells from normal (N) and pathological palatal epithelium were made on histological sections using an image analyser. The lesions comprised fibrous hyperplasia (FH), traumatic inflammation (INF), benign hyperkeratosis (HK), squamous cell papilloma (PP), dysplastic epithelium adjacent to invasive carcinoma (CE) and islands of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (CI). In basal cells, no significant differences were detected in comparisons of N/C and VVN between all pathological groups and the N control group. The mean value for CE was lower than that obtained for N. In spinous cells, the only statistically significant comparison was between IF and FH for both N/C and VVN. Both parameters were lower in CE than in N. Of all groups analysed except CI, the CE group is the only one likely to possess an increased malignant potential. The N/C ratio therefore seems to be of no value as a predictor of malignancy in palatal epithelial lesions.
Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis in HIV infection: Ultrastructural findings
Authors: Reichart Peter A. , Philipsen Hans Peter , Schmidt‐Westhausen Andrea , Samaranayake Lakshman P
Published: April 2006

A light and electron microscopic investigation of pseudomembranous candidiasis in HIV infection was undertaken as there is little data available on the ultrastructural features of the invasive phase of Candida in this disease. On examination of biopsy specimens of four patients, histopathology revealed the classic features of superficial candidiasis, including hyphal penetration down to the spinous cell layer, parakeratosis, acanthosis and spongiosis of the infected, superficial epithelium. However, in one case, hyphae traversed the entire epithelium and crossed the basal membrane, invading the adjacent connective tissue. Ultrastructural investigations revealed initial hyphal penetration through the intercellular spaces, possibly demonstrating thigmotropism. However, hyphal penetration was not solely confined to intercellular spaces, as some specimens demonstrated hyphal elements traversing both the cytoplasm and the nuclei of the spinous cells. In these areas of the epithelium appressoria‐like appendages were often found at the hyphal tip. These phenomena, commonly described in plant fungi, have rarely been described in human material. Pools of desmosomes were seen in the vicinity of the hyphal pathways, implying that the penetration procedure is associated with detachment and congregation of desmosomes, possibly by enzymatic means. Interestingly, the host immune response to fungal invasion appeared to be minimal, as no immune‐effector cells were seen closely associated with either the blastospores or the hyphae in any of the tissues examined. Whether the foregoing events are exaggerated by the abortive immune response seen in HIV‐infected patients, or common in immunocompetent individuals during candidal invasion of epithelia, needs to be ascertained by further studies.
Oral hairy leukoplakia in a HIV‐negative asthmatic patient on systemic steroids
Authors: Zakrzewska J. M. , Aly Z. , Speight P. M.
Published: April 2006

During an acute exacerbation of asthma, a HIV‐negative patient with a normal CD4 count presented with candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia which receded with treatment by systemic antifungals.
Detection of cytomegalovirus and Epstein‐Barr virus in labial salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome and non‐specific sialadenitis
Authors: Maitland Norman , Flint Stephen , Scully Crispian , Crean St. John
Published: April 2006

To investigate the role of herpes viruses in Sjogren's syndrome, minor (labial) salivary gland tissues from Sjogren's syndrome and from non‐specific sialadenitis were examined for Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Almost half of all salivary glands studied contained EBV and/or HCMV. There was, however, no significant difference between the detection of EBV or HCMV in salivary glands from patients with Sjogren's syndrome or non‐specific sialadenitis. The findings are consistent with the persistence of EBV and HCMV in minor salivary glands following primary infection, but do not indicate a direct role for either virus in the aetiology of Sjogren's syndrome, and do not exclude reactivation of the viruses in this disease.
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) investigation of oral verrucae which contain HPV types 2 and 57 by in situ hybridization
Authors: Padayachee Arun , Sanders C. M. , Maitland N. J.
Published: April 2006

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing have been used to identify strain variants of HPV types 2a/57 in formalin‐fixed sections of human oral verrucae, where the virus had previously been detected by both immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. By employing type‐specific and type‐common PCR primers we show that these lesions contain a mixture of viral DNAs which vary by up to 27% in DNA sequence, in a region where the variation between HPV types 2a and 57 is only 4%. The extra discriminatory power of fluorescent sequencing indicates that the lesions may also contain wild‐type HPV2a/57 DNA which could provide a helper function for defective viral DNA molecules or indicate a mosaic origin for the lesions.