bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melanoma progression and prognostic models drawn from single-cell, spatial maps of benign and malignant tumors
Authors: Love Nick R. , Williams Claire , Killingbeck Emily E. , Merleev Alexander , Saffari Doost Mohammad , Yu Lan , McPherson John D. , Mori Hidetoshi , Borowsky Alexander D. , Maverakis Emanual , Kiuru Maija
Published: July 2024

Melanoma clinical outcomes emerge from incompletely understood genetic mechanisms operating within the tumor and its microenvironment. Here, we used single-cell RNA-based spatial molecular imaging (RNA-SMI) in patient-derived archival tumors to reveal clinically relevant markers of malignancy progression and prognosis. We examined spatial gene expression of 203,472 cells inside benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms, including melanocytic nevi and primary invasive and metastatic melanomas. Algorithmic cell clustering paired with intratumoral comparative two-dimensional analyses visualized synergistic, spatial gene signatures linking cellular proliferation, metabolism, and malignancy, validated by protein expression. Metastatic niches included up-regulation of
CDK2
and
FABP5
, which independently predicted poor clinical outcome in 473 patients with melanoma via Cox regression analysis. More generally, our work demonstrates a framework for applying single-cell RNA-SMI technology toward identifying gene regulatory landscapes pertinent to cancer progression and patient survival.
Cryptosporidium
impacts epithelial turnover and is resistant to induced death of the host cell
Authors: Wallbank Bethan A. , Pardy Ryan D. , Brodsky Igor E. , Hunter Christopher A. , Striepen Boris
Published: July 2024

Infection with the apicomplexan parasite
Cryptosporidium
is a leading cause of diarrheal disease. Cryptosporidiosis is of particular importance in infants and shows a strong association with malnutrition, both as a risk factor and as a consequence.
Cryptosporidium
invades and replicates within the small intestine epithelial cells. This is a highly dynamic tissue that is developmentally stratified along the villus axis. New cells emerge from a stem cell niche in the crypt and differentiate into mature epithelial cells while moving toward the villus tip, where they are ultimately shed. Here, we studied the impact of
Cryptosporidium
infection on this dynamic architecture. Tracing DNA synthesis in pulse-chase experiments
in vivo,
we quantified the genesis and migration of epithelial cells along the villus. We found proliferation and epithelial migration to be elevated in response to
Cryptosporidium
infection. Infection also resulted in significant cell loss documented by imaging and molecular assays. Consistent with these observations, single-cell RNA sequencing of infected intestines showed a gain of young and a loss of mature cells. Interestingly, enhanced epithelial cell loss was not a function of enhanced apoptosis of infected cells. To the contrary,
Cryptosporidium
-infected cells were less likely to be apoptotic than bystanders, and experiments in tissue culture demonstrated that infection provided enhanced resistance to chemically induced apoptosis to the host but not bystander cells. Overall, this study suggests that
Cryptosporidium
may modulate cell apoptosis and documents pronounced changes in tissue homeostasis due to parasite infection, which may contribute to its long-term impact on the developmental and nutritional state of children.

IMPORTANCE

The intestine must balance its roles in digestion and nutrient absorption with the maintenance of an effective barrier to colonization and breach by numerous potential pathogens. An important component of this balance is its constant turnover, which is modulated by a gain of cells due to proliferation and loss due to death or extrusion. Here, we report that
Cryptosporidium
infection changes the dynamics of this process increasing both gain and loss of enterocytes speeding up the villus elevator. This leads to a much more immature epithelium and a reduction of the number of those cells typically found toward the villus apex best equipped to take up key nutrients including carbohydrates and lipids. These changes in the cellular architecture and physiology of the small intestine may be linked to the profound association between cryptosporidiosis and malnutrition.
Upper Paleozoic komatiites near Mashhad, NE Iran
Authors: Mobasheri Mohsen , Arndt Nicholas , Cordier Carole , Sobolev Alexander , Ghasemi Habibollah , Garrido Carlos J.
Published: July 2024

We report the discovery of upper Paleozoic komatiites from a location near Mashhad in NE Iran. Like Archean komatiites, they erupted as differentiated lava flows with olivine spinifex−textured upper portions and olivine cumulate lower portions. They are associated with komatiitic basalts and undifferentiated ultramafic units and are intercalated with clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks. Using the compositions of samples with randomly oriented spinifex and the forsterite contents of olivine, we estimate that the parental magmas contained >20 wt% MgO. As such, they represent only the second known occurrence of post-Archean komatiite. Their geochemical compositions show relatively low Al/Ti and depleted heavy rare earth elements, indicating that they belong to the Al-depleted variety. This is the only reported post-Archean example of this type of komatiite. The parental magmas probably formed by moderate degrees of melting (∼20%) of a hydrous peridotite source at a depth of ∼180 km and erupted into a subduction zone at the margin of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.
Supplemental Material: Late Eocene sodic calc-alkaline lamprophyre in Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet: Implications for mantle metasomatism by carbonatitic melt
Authors: Li Guangxu , et al.
Published: July 2024

Descriptions of analytical methods. Table S1: LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data of Langxian lamprophyres. Table S2: Major and trace element composition of Langxian lamprophyres. Table S3: Zircon Hf isotope composition for Langxian lamprophyres. Table S4: Whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions for Langxian lamprophyres.
Most major bleeds in preterm infants occur in the absence of severe thrombocytopenia: an observational cohort study
Authors: van der Staaij Hilde , Hooiveld Nadine M A , Caram-Deelder Camila , Fustolo-Gunnink Suzanne F , Fijnvandraat Karin , Steggerda Sylke J , de Vries Linda S , van der Bom Johanna G , Lopriore Enrico
Published: July 2024

Objective

To describe the incidence of major bleeds according to different platelet counts in very preterm infants, and to explore whether this association is influenced by other risk factors for bleeding.

Design

Observational cohort study.

Setting

A Dutch tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit.

Patients

All consecutive infants with a gestational age at birth <32 weeks admitted between January 2004 and July 2022.

Exposure

Infants were stratified into nine groups based on their nadir platelet count (×10
9
/L) during admission (<10, 10–24, 25–49, 50–99, 100–149, 150–199, 200–249, 250–299 and ≥300), measured before the diagnosis of a major bleed and before any platelet transfusion was administered.

Main outcome measure

Incidence of major bleeds during admission. Logistic regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between nadir platelet count and incidence of major bleeds.

Results

Among 2772 included infants, 224 (8%) developed a major bleed. Of the infants with a major bleed, 92% (206/224) had a nadir platelet count ≥50×10
9
/L. The incidence of major bleeds was 8% among infants with and without severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50×10
9
/L), 18/231 (95% CI 5 to 12) and 206/2541 (95% CI 7 to 9), respectively. Similarly, after adjustment for measured confounders, there was no notable association between nadir platelet counts below versus above 50×10
9
/L and the occurrence of major bleeds (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.94).

Conclusion

In very preterm infants, the vast majority of major bleeds occur in infants without severe thrombocytopenia.
Retrospective analysis on the outcomes of contact lens-associated keratitis in a tertiary centre: an evidence-based management protocol to optimise resource allocation
Authors: Cai Yijun , Clancy Noah , Watson Martin , Hay Gordon , Angunawela Romesh
Published: July 2024

Background/aims

Contact lens-associated keratitis (CLAK) is a common sight-threatening complication of contact lens use. Current management protocols in the UK are based on historical practice and necessitate a review for every patient within 48 hours regardless of severity, increasing the treatment burden on a resource-limited healthcare service. Our study aims to identify the different risk factors associated with CLAK, categorise CLAK using a novel grading system and recommend modifications to current management protocols based on the outcomes in the individual subgroups.

Methods

The retrospective cohort study identified 161 eyes from 153 patients with CLAK from the electronic patient records of a tertiary eye centre between 1 July 2021 and 28 February 2022. Patients were categorised based on epithelial defect size (grade 1: <1.0 mm, grade 2: 1.0–2.0 mm, grade 3: >2.0 mm) and their risk factors, clinical features, treatments and outcomes were analysed.

Results

The most significant risk factors for CLAK include extended-wear contact lens, poor hygiene and prolonged duration of wear. Grades 1 and 2 CLAKs have excellent outcomes following an empirical treatment regime with topical moxifloxacin with 96% discharged within 48 hours and 94.1% discharged in 2 weeks, respectively. Grade 3 CLAKs require prolonged average duration of treatment.

Conclusion

We recommend typical grade 1 and 2 CLAKs can be discharged with empirical fluoroquinolone treatment. Grade 3 and all CLAKs with atypical features require monitoring for resolution, further diagnostics or treatment. We provide an evidence-based approach to reduce unnecessary patient visits and optimise resource allocation in an urban setting.
Shared decision-making in the management of pulmonary nodules: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies
Authors: Yuan Jingmin , Xu Fenglin , Sun Yan , Ren Hui , Chen Mingwei , Feng Sifang
Published: July 2024

Objective

The objective of this systematic review was to explore the evidence regarding shared decision-making (SDM) in the management of pulmonary nodules.

Design

Systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.

Data source

Studies published in English or Chinese up to April 2022 were extracted from nine databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data and SinoMed Data.

Eligibility criteria

Studies were eligible if patients or healthcare providers are faced with pulmonary nodule management options or the interventions or experiences were focused on the patient–healthcare provider relationship or health education to make, increase or support shared decisions. All types of studies were included, including quantitative and qualitative studies. Grey literature and literature that had not been peer reviewed were excluded. Poster abstracts and non-empirical publications such as editorials, letters, opinion papers and review articles were excluded.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts, assessed quality using Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tools, and extracted data from included studies. Thematic syntheses were used to identify prominent themes emerging from the data.

Results

A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, 11 of which were conducted in USA. These included six qualitative studies and six quantitative studies (including both survey and quasi-experimental designs). Three major themes with specific subthemes emerged: (1) Opportunity (uncertainty in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules, willingness to participate in decision-making); (2) Ability (patient’s lack of knowledge, physician’s experience); and (3) Different worldview (misconception, distress among patients, preference for diagnosis and treatment).

Conclusions

Uncertainty in the management of pulmonary nodules is the opportunity to implement SDM. Patients’ lack of knowledge, distress, and misunderstandings between healthcare providers and patients are both the main obstacles and the causes of the application of SDM.
Exploring medical first responders’ perceptions of mass casualty incident scenario training: a qualitative study on learning conditions and recommendations for improvement
Authors: Schulz Fredrik , Nguyen Quynh , Baetzner Anke , Sjöberg David , Gyllencreutz Lina
Published: July 2024

Objective

Despite participating in scenario training, many medical first responders (MFRs) perceive themselves as inadequately prepared to respond to mass casualty incidents (MCIs). The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive examination of traditional MCI scenario training methods, focusing on their inherent strengths and limitations. An investigation into the perceptions of MFRs who had participated in MCI scenario training was carried out to identify potential areas for improvement and provide recommendations for refining MCI training protocols.

Design

Qualitative inductive approach using semistructured interviews that took place between October 2021 and February 2022. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis.

Setting

MCI scenario training involving four organisations (three emergency medical services and one search-and-rescue organisation) tasked with responding to MCIs, collectively representing four European Union countries.

Participants

27 MFRs (17 emergency medical services personnel and 10 search-and-rescue volunteers) were recruited to participate in the study.

Results

Two categories and seven associated subcategories (shown in parentheses) were identified as influencing the learning outcomes for MFRs: Training in a context mirroring real-world incidents (conducting incident scene risk assessment, realistic representation in casualties, incorporating scenario variety into the curriculum, interagency collaboration, role alignment when training incident site management) and use of a pedagogical framework (allowing for mistakes, the importance of post-training evaluation).

Conclusions

This study reaffirms the value of traditional MCI scenario training and identifies areas for enhancement, advocating for realistic scenarios, interagency collaboration, improved incident site management skills and thorough post-training evaluation. It suggests a shift in MCI training conceptualisation and delivery. The potential of virtual reality technologies as a valuable addition to training methods is explored, with a note on the need for further research to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of these technologies. However, the selection of a training method should consider programme goals, target population and resources.
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following exposure to acute psychological trauma in children aged 8–16 years in South Africa: protocol for the Sinethemba longitudinal study
Authors: Sharp Tamsin H , Chideya Yeukai , Giuliani Alessandra , Hunt Xanthe , Tomlinson Mark , Seedat Soraya , Creswell Cathy , Fearon Pasco , Hamilton-Giachritsis Catherine , Hiller Rachel , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Du Toit Stefani , Stewart Jackie , Halligan Sarah L
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Children exposed to trauma are vulnerable to developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other adverse mental health outcomes. In low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), children are at increased risk of exposure to severe trauma and co-occurring adversities. However, relative to high-income countries, there is limited evidence of the factors that predict good versus poor psychological recovery following trauma exposure in LMIC children, and the role of caregiver support in these high-adversity communities.

Methods and analysis

We will conduct a longitudinal, observational study of 250 children aged 8–16 years and their caregivers in South Africa, following child exposure to acute trauma. Dyads will be recruited from community hospitals following a potentially traumatic event, such as a motor vehicle accident or assault. Potential participants will be identified during their hospital visit, and if they agree, will subsequently be contacted by study researchers. Assessments will take place within 4 weeks of the traumatic event, with 3-month and 6-month follow-up assessments. Participants will provide a narrative description of the traumatic event and complete questionnaires designed to give information about social and psychological risk factors. Child PTSD symptoms will be the primary outcome, and wider trauma-related mental health (depression, anxiety, behavioural problems) will be secondary outcomes. Regression-based methods will be used to examine the association of psychosocial factors in the acute phase following trauma, including caregiver support and responding, with child PTSD and wider mental health outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approvals have been granted by Stellenbosch University and the University of Bath, with additional approvals to recruit via hospitals and healthcare clinics being granted by the University of Cape Town, the Department of Health and the City of Cape Town. Study findings will be disseminated via publication in journals, workshops for practitioners and policy-makers, and public engagement events.
Impact of C-level positions on hospital performance: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Henzler Dennis , Zuchowski Matthias Lukas , Alscher Mark Dominik , Nagel Eckhard
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The objective of this scoping review is to identify evidence of the impact of hospital managers in top management (c-suite) on hospital performance. Managers generally have various effects on organisational objectives of their organisations. In recent years, the healthcare sector has experienced alterations in hospital governance structures, together with the emergence of new c-suite positions, aligning more closely with those found in private organisations. Their impact on hospital performance (ie, quality of care) is not well known. This scoping review seeks to identify all the available evidence of their impact on the organisational objectives. This scoping review will include primary studies, reviews and commentaries that describe the impact of top management team members on organisational outcomes in a hospital setting.

Methods and analysis

The search strategy aims to locate both published and unpublished documents (ie, grey literature) using a three-step search strategy. An exploratory search of Medline and Google Scholar identified keywords and Medical Subject Headings terms. A second search of Medline (PubMed), Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect, Business Source Premier (EBScoHost), JSTOR, BASE, Lens.org and the Google Search Engine will be performed. The scope of the search will cover 1990-present time using English search terms. Manual searching by two reviewers will be added to the search strategy. The identified documents will be independently screened, selected by two researchers and extracted by one researcher. The data are then presented in tables and graphics coupled with a descriptive summary.

Ethics and dissemination

As this study neither involves human participants nor unpublished secondary data, an ethics approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated through professional networks, conference presentations and publication in a scientific journal.

Trial registration number

The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EBKUP).
Does clinical experience influence the effects of team simulation training in stroke thrombolysis? A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ajmi Soffien Chadli , Kurz Martin , Lindner Thomas Werner , Dalen Ingvild , Ersdal Hege Langli
Published: July 2024

Objectives

After introducing a team simulation training programme at our hospital, we saw a reduction in door-to-needle times (DNT) for stroke thrombolysis but persisting variability prompting further investigation. Our objective is to examine this gap through assessing: (1) whether there is an association between DNT and the clinical experience of neurology registrars and (2) whether experience influences the benefits from attending simulation.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting and participants

Patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis between January 2016 and 2020 at a Norwegian stroke centre.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Using DNT and prior intravenous thrombolysis administrations (case-based definition of clinical experience) as continuous variables, a mixed effects linear regression model was performed to examine the association between clinical experience, DNT and simulation attendance. For dichotomised analyses, neurology registrars with 15 or more prior treatments were defined as experienced.

Results

A total of 532 patients treated by 36 neurology registrars from January 2016 to 2020 were included. There was a linear association between clinical experience and DNT (test for non-linearity p=0.479). Each prior intravenous thrombolysis administration was associated with a significant 1.1% decrease in DNT in the adjusted analysis (ΔDNT −1.1%; 95% CI, −2.2% to −0.0%; p=0.048). The interaction between effects of clinical experience and simulation on DNT was not statistically significant (p=0.150). In the dichotomised analysis, experienced registrars had similar gains from attending simulation sessions (mean DNT from 18.5 min to 13.5 min) compared with less experienced registrars (mean DNT from 22.4 min to 17.4 min).

Conclusions

Less experienced registrars had longer DNT in stroke thrombolysis. Attending team simulation training was associated with similar improvements for experienced and inexperienced neurology registrars. We suggest a focus on high-quality onboarding programmes to close the experience-related quality gap. Our findings suggest that both inexperienced and experienced neurology registrars might benefit from team simulation training for stroke thrombolysis.
Benchmarking a universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing
Authors: El-Hellani Ahmad , Watson Clifford H , Huang Michelle , Wilson Clark W , Fleshman Clint C , Tran Hang , Chafin Dana , McGuigan Megan , Bravo Cardenas Roberto , Petitti Ryan , Pancake Mary , Bennett Chad , Mays Darren , Keller-Hamilton Brittney L , Jones Jeremy , Ye Wei , Schaff Jason , Borthwick Robert P , Williamson Raymond L , Wagener Theodore L , Brinkman Marielle C
Published: July 2024

Significance

Characterisation of tobacco product emissions is an important step in assessing their impact on public health. Accurate and repeatable emissions data require that a leak-tight seal be made between the smoking or vaping machine and the mouth-end of the tobacco product being tested. This requirement is challenging because of the variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries being puffed on by consumers today. We developed and tested a prototype universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) that interfaces with existing machines and reliably seals with a variety of tobacco product masses and geometries.

Methods

Emissions were machine-generated using the USMA and other available adaptors for a variety of electronic cigarettes (n=7 brands), cigars (n=4), cigarillos (n=2), a heated tobacco product, and a reference cigarette (1R6F), and mainstream total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine were quantified. Data variability (precision, n≥10 replicates/brand) for all products and error (accuracy) from certified values (1R6F) were compared across adaptors.

Results

TPM and nicotine emissions generated using the USMA were accurate, precise and agreed with certified values for the 1R6F reference cigarette. Replicate data indicate that USMA repeatability across all tobacco products tested generally meets or exceeds that from the comparison adaptors and extant data.

Conclusion

The USMA seals well with a variety of combustible tobacco products, e-cigarettes with differing geometries and plastic-tipped cigarillos. Variability for all measures was similar or smaller for the USMA compared with other adaptors.
Mass distributions in 12C + 232Th fission: role of shell effects and excitation energy
Authors: Kumar S. , Patra S. , Mhatre A. , Kumar A. , Ramachandran K. , Tripathi R.
Published: July 2024

This article reports the measurement of cross sections of charge and mass identified fission products and the mass distributions in 232Th(12C,f) reaction at 62.5, 70.7 and 102.9 MeV beam energies to investigate the role of single particle effects. The study was carried out using the recoil catcher technique followed by off-line γ-ray spectrometry. Cross sections of 32, 54 and 64 fission products were measured for 62.5, 70.7 and 102.9 MeV beam energies, respectively. The mass distributions obtained at 62.5 and 70.7 MeV show a flat-top nature indicating significant asymmetric fission contribution (heavy mass peak corresponding to Z range of 54–56), whereas, a nearly Gaussian behaviour was observed at 102.9 MeV indicating dominant contribution from symmetric fission. The experimental mass distributions were in gross agreement with the “GEF, 2021/1.1” calculations which predicted significant asymmetric fission contribution dominated by Z ≈ 55 (‘Standard 2’ mode) at 62.5 and 70.7 MeV. The present study shows the significant role of charge polarization resulting in the deviation of the most probable charge (ZP) values from those obtained using UCD hypothesis. “GEF, 2023/2.1” calculations were unable to explain the observed mass distributions with significant asymmetric fission contribution due to comparatively lower contribution from higher chance fission resulting from the lower saddle point energies. An attempt has been made to estimate the mass distributions arising from the complete fusion fission and α-transfer induced fission. The trend shows an increase in the α-transfer induced fission contribution with increasing beam energy which is in qualitative agreement with the sum-rule model calculations.
Yadism: yet another deep-inelastic scattering module
Authors: Candido Alessandro , Hekhorn Felix , Magni Giacomo , Rabemananjara Tanjona R. , Stegeman Roy
Published: July 2024

We present , a library for the evaluation of both polarized and unpolarized deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) structure functions and cross sections up to N$$^{3}$$3LO in perturbative QCD. The package provides computations of observables in fixed-flavor and zero-mass variable flavor number schemes. The implementation of the general mass variable flavor number schemes is supported through the high virtuality limits for the heavy flavor coefficients. In addition, provides a set of tools for the generation of interpolation grids in the PDF-independent format, allowing to test the PDF dependence on any DIS observable without needing to rerun the computation. This work is part of an ongoing effort to standardize the format of theory predictions in high-energy physics within the framework. The code is open source, written in and documented to facilitate usage, integrations, and further extensions. Finally, the code has been benchmarked against the widely used and libraries.
Prompt gamma activation analysis for boron determination in the tens of milligram range at the HOTNES facility
Authors: Bedogni R. , Russo L. , Campoy A. I. Castro , Dashdondog D. , Caballero-Pacheco M. A. , Calamida A. , Pietropaolo A.
Published: July 2024

Boron is an elective element for the Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA), due to its exceptionally large neutron capture cross section. This technique, usually performed in nuclear reactors with neutron fluxes as high as 108 cm−2 s−1, can determine quantities of boron as low as tens of nanograms. Some applications, such as the industry of neutron shielding materials, would better benefit from a less sensitive but more portable and accessible boron PGAA, which could be established at construction or fabrication sites. For these purposes ENEA and INFN jointly setup a compact PGAA based on a 0.5 cm3 Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride gamma spectrometer and the HOTNES thermal neutron source. Relying on a series of borated resins with known composition and on comprehensive experimental and Monte Carlo evaluations, this technique features a detection limit in the order of few milligrams in terms of boron mass. As the facility consists simply on a lab-scale neutron source and a polyethylene block with well-established geometry, this simplified PGAA system is suited to be replicated or transported to construction or fabrication sites for QA/QC purposes on borated construction materials for the nuclear sector.
Electric field-induced electronic structure and intersubband transitions of a hydrogen molecular ion in a gaussian-type quantum ring
Authors: Sakiroglu S. , Sari H.
Published: July 2024

In this work, the influence of an external electric field on the electronic structure and intersubband transitions of a singly ionized double-donor system in a GaAs quantum ring defined by Gaussian-type potentials is investigated theoretically. Within the framework of the effective mass approach, the two-dimensional diagonalization method is used for the solution of the Schrödinger equation to obtain the eigen energies and corresponding wave functions. Numerical results reveal that the electronic energy spectrum and the linear optical absorption coefficient of the ring are remarkably affected by the strength of the lateral electric field, internuclear distance and parameters defining the confinement potential. Also, it has been shown that beyond the anti-crossing point, the wave functions exchange their symmetries without mixing, which is a characteristic feature of energy-level anti-crossing.
Optimizing quantum refrigerators with a qubit on the hot side
Authors: Fernández J. J.
Published: July 2024

We study the performance of one-qubit quantum and semiclassic refrigerators with the qubit on the hot side. We obtain the cooling power and the $$\Omega$$
Ω
function. We discover that the quantum refrigerators perform differently to classic ones. We also prove that even in the high-temperature limit, where the semiclassic version of the refrigerator is valid, the results of the optimization are different to those obtained by optimizing classic refrigerators.
The Relationship between Structure of the Wrist and Function in a Japanese and Caucasian Population
Authors: WOLLSTEIN Ronit , MAYMON Yael , IKEGUCHI Ryosuke , BDOLAH-ABRAM Tali , LURIA Shai
Published: July 2024

Background: Factors such as age and joint structure affect normal wrist motion. The midcarpal joint participates in flexion/extension, radial-ulnar/deviation (RUD), and since lunate/wrist type-2 is likely more stable than a lunate/wrist type-1, we suggest that midcarpal joint structure will affect wrist motion. Our purpose was to compare wrist motion in Caucasian and Japanese populations and to associate motion with midcarpal joint morphology. We hypothesised that radiographic structure would correlate with wrist motion.

Methods: A total of 164 patients with normal wrist radiographs were included. Clinical measurements included wrist extension, flexion and RUD. Radiographic measurements included the radiocarpal joint: ulnar variance, radial height, radial inclination, volar inclination and carpal joint measurements: lunate type, capitate circumference and each of its joints contact measured and calculated as a proportion of capitate circumference.

Results: The groups differed in wrist motion and in multiple radiographic measurements. When the two populations were analysed together, there were no significant associations between midcarpal joint type and wrist motion. The radiocarpal joint: ulnar variance was correlated with extension and radial deviation. Radial height was directly related to flexion, and both radial height and radial inclination were directly correlated with ulnar deviation. The intracarpal measurements: The main measurement affecting motion was the contact between the capitate and the scaphoid (as a proportion of capitate circumference) with lesser correlations of the contact of the capitate with the trapezoid and hamate. The most significant measurement associated with a lunate type-2 was scaphoid contact with the capitate p = 0.01. Logistic regression demonstrated that the measurements most associated with wrist motion were scaphoid contact with the capitate/capitate circumference and hamate contact with the capitate/capitate.

Conclusions: This study supports discrepancies in wrist motion amongst different racial cohorts, and a relationship between bone/joint structure in the wrist and wrist motion. This can help treat wrist pathology.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Diagnostic)
Economics of the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence–Based Digital Technologies in Agriculture
Authors: Khanna Madhu , Atallah Shady S. , Heckelei Thomas , Wu Linghui , Storm Hugo
Published: July 2024

Rapid advances and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform agriculture globally by improving measurement, prediction, and site-specific management on the farm, enabling autonomous equipment that is trained to mimic human behavior and developing recommendation systems designed to autonomously achieve various tasks. Here, we discuss the applications of AI-enabled technologies in agriculture, including those that are capable of on-farm reinforcement learning and key attributes that distinguish them from precision technologies currently available. We then describe various ways through which AI-driven technologies are likely to change the decision space for farmers and require changes to the theoretical and empirical economic models that seek to understand the incentives for their adoption. We conclude with a discussion of areas for future research on the economic, environmental, and equity implications of AI-enabled technology adoption for the agricultural sector.
Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab Treatment in Tunisian Critically Ill COVID‐19 Patients
Authors: Bahrini Khadija , Ben Cheikh Larbi Hamza , Ben Azaiez Mouna , Stambouli Nejla , Zakraoui Mohamed , Boughariou Sana , Yousfi Mohamed Ali , Labbene Iheb , Daiki Mayssa , Gharsallah Hédi , Romdhani Chihebeddine , Ferjani Mustapha
Published: July 2024

Background. COVID‐19 is the major cause of serious acute respiratory complications, leading to strong perturbation of cytokine release and high levels of interleukin‐6. In this work, we assessed the efficacy and safety of Tocilizumab in Tunisian patients with severe COVID‐19. Materials and Methods. We enrolled in this retrospective study 255 critically ill patients in the intensive care unit of the military hospital of Tunis. These patients were categorized into a standard group (n = 148) and a Tocilizumab group (n = 107). Medical records were gathered and analyzed between September, 2020 and September, 2021. Results. No significant difference was detected in clinical and biological parameters at admission between the two studied groups. Interestingly, we revealed here a significant improvement in respiratory parameters as well as biological findings such as hemoglobin (p = 0.001), platelets (p = 0.005), CRP (p = 0.0001), fibrinogen (p = 0.0001), and creatinine (p = 0.002). Regarding the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and 28‐day mortality, we showed a significant decrease of these two parameters following 48 hr of drug administration (p = 0.0001, respectively). No significant difference between the two groups regarding complications except the renal failure and the need for renal replacement therapy, which are higher in the standard group as compared to patients treated with Tocilizumab (p = 0.02; p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions. Treatment with TCZ seems to be safe and effective in reducing the mortality rate in severe COVID‐19 patients.
User‐Centered Evaluation of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Al-Ansari Noor , Al-Thani Dena , Al-Mansoori Reem S.
Published: July 2024

Researchers have developed a variety of approaches to evaluate explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) systems using human–computer interaction (HCI) user‐centered techniques. This systematic literature review has been conducted to understand how these approaches are used to achieve XAI goals. The aim of this review is to explore the methods used to evaluate XAI systems in studies involving human subjects. A total of 101 full‐text studies were systematically selected and analyzed from a sample of 3414 studies obtained from four renowned databases between 2018 and 2023. The analysis focuses on prominent XAI goals achieved across 10 domains and the machine learning (ML) models utilized to create these XAI systems. The analysis also explores explanation methods and detailed study methodologies used by researchers in previous work. The analysis is concluded by categorizing the challenges experienced by researchers into three types. Exploring the methodologies employed by researchers, the review discusses the benefits and shortcomings of the data collection methods and participant recruitment. In conclusion, this review offers a framework that consists of six pillars that researchers can follow for evaluating user‐centered studies in the field of XAI.
A Comprehensive Investigation for the Production of Optimized Interlocking Compressed Earthen Bricks with Varying Proportions of Stabilizer, Water, and Fine Aggregate
Authors: Fiaz Mashhood , Khan Shayan Ali , Amjad Hassan , Sajid Zeerak Waryam , Khushnood Rao Arsalan
Published: July 2024

The global construction industry is shifting toward eco‐friendly building materials to reduce environmental impact while ensuring affordability, energy efficiency, and resource conservation. Interlocking compressed earthen bricks (ICEBs) offer a sustainable alternative to traditional bricks. However, ICEB composition significantly impacts their performance. This study investigates the interplay of stabilizer, water, and fine aggregate content to optimize ICEBs. Soil properties were assessed through particle size gradation analysis, Atterberg limits, and the modified Proctor test. ICEBs were manufactured using cement as a stabilizer, with various combinations of stabilizer proportions, water‐to‐soil ratios, and inclusion of fine aggregates. Compressive strength tests were conducted for each mix. Results showed that increased cement content enhanced ICEB compressive strength by promoting the formation of calcium silicate hydrate gel. Water content increments from 12% to 21% improved strength up to 18% but declined thereafter. Higher sand percentages initially reduced compressive strength but improved it with higher cement proportions. The optimal mix ratio was selected for ICEB production, followed by tests including flexural strength assessment, forensic investigations, curing regimes impact, and comprehensive durability and structural performance evaluation. Findings highlight ICEBs’ potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional brick masonry.
Breast Desmoid Tumours: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Wu Mike , Hughes Thomas Michael , Edirimanne Senarath , Ngui Nicholas
Published: July 2024

Breast desmoid tumour is a rare type of benign breast disease that presents like malignancy. Current guidelines are based on limited evidence derived from case reports and small case series and recommend resection with microscopically‐negative margin (R0). There is a high risk of recurrence despite negative surgical margins. A review of the published cases of breast desmoid since 2000 was conducted using Medline and Embase to descriptively analyse the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of this rare disease. After screening, we identified 46 patients from 39 articles. Most cases did not have risk factors, but 17/46 (37%) had prior procedures on the ipsilateral breast. Mammography was able to detect 65% of the cases, ultrasound detected 74%, and both CT and MRI detected all cases when used. Preoperative diagnosis was best performed using core needle biopsy showing typical histology and positive beta‐catenin staining. 42/46 cases underwent definitive surgical management, with 8 cases of recurrence. Recurrence occurred within 3 years of the initial surgery. Median time of recurrence was 8 months, and the median follow‐up of the recurrence‐free patients was 12 months. There were no predictive factors identified for recurrence. There were 7 cases treated with a nonsurgical modality, with 3 showing at least a partial response.
Simulation of Premovement Active Surveillance Protocols for Moving Finishing Pigs to a Harvest Facility from a Control Area during an Outbreak of African Swine Fever in the United States
Authors: Bonney Peter J. , Malladi Sasidhar , Ssematimba Amos , O’Hara Kathleen C. , Remmenga Marta D. , Farr Michelle , Leonard Mickey , Alexander Catherine Y. , Blair Benjamin , Martin Sylvia Wanzala , Culhane Marie R. , Corzo Cesar A.
Published: July 2024

Movement restrictions are a critical component of response plans for an African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the United States. These restrictions are likely to include requiring permits to move animals and products within, into, and out of 5‐km control areas (CAs) established around confirmed positive farms. For quarantined finishing farms located within a CA, diagnostic testing is an expected criterion for receival of a permit to move pigs to a harvest facility or removal of quarantine. A stochastic disease transmission and active surveillance model were used to evaluate premovement active surveillance protocols varying by the number of samples and timing of sample collection before movement. Surveillance protocol scenarios were evaluated for several different sampling prioritization schemes; virus strains of medium or high virulence; barn sizes of 1,200, 2,400, and 4,800 pigs; and farms with average to high mortality and morbidity during routine production. Surveillance protocols that included prioritization schemes targeting dead pigs and pigs with clinical signs resulted in the highest probabilities of detection and the lowest numbers of infectious pigs at the time of movement in barns that went undetected. There was some evidence that targeting sick pigs prior to dead pigs may be more effective for moderately virulent strains. However, in most scenarios, including all highly virulent strain scenarios and moderately virulent strain scenarios in barn sizes of 1,200 with average farm performance, prioritization of dead versus sick pigs first did not have a large impact on the predicted outcomes. Increasing sample sizes improved outcomes, though only marginal gains were achieved once the available dead and sick were sampled. Predicted outcomes may be further improved by sampling the available dead and sick pigs in a barn across multiple days, though the associated increase in the probability of detection was minor.
Supplementary Fig 3 from A Multimodal Drug–Diet–Immunotherapy Combination Restrains Melanoma Progression and Metastasis
Authors: Oatman Nicole , Gawali Mruniya V. , Congrove Sunny , Cáceres Román , Sukumaran Abitha , Gupta Nishtha , Murugesan Narmadha , Arora Priyanka , Subramanian Srividhya , Choi Kwangmin , Abdel-Malek Zalfa , Reisz Julie A. , Stephenson Daniel , Amaravadi Ravi , Desai Pankaj , D’Alessandro Angelo , Komurov Kakajan , Dasgupta Biplab
Published: July 2024

Supplementary Fig 3
Supplementary Figure S2 from BRD9 Degradation Disrupts Ribosome Biogenesis in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Kurata Keiji , Samur Mehmet K. , Liow Priscilla , Wen Kenneth , Yamamoto Leona , Liu Jiye , Morelli Eugenio , Gulla Annamaria , Tai Yu-Tzu , Qi Jun , Hideshima Teru , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: July 2024

Ribosome biogenesis and translation signatures are upregulated in BRD9-depletion-sensitive MM cell lines.
Supplementary Figure S1 from BRD9 Degradation Disrupts Ribosome Biogenesis in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Kurata Keiji , Samur Mehmet K. , Liow Priscilla , Wen Kenneth , Yamamoto Leona , Liu Jiye , Morelli Eugenio , Gulla Annamaria , Tai Yu-Tzu , Qi Jun , Hideshima Teru , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: July 2024

Clinical impact and biological significance of BRD9 in multiple myeloma (MM) in vitro and in vivo.
Supplementary Table S7 from Plasma Metabolic Profiles-Based Prediction of Induction Chemotherapy Efficacy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Results of a Bidirectional Clinical Trial
Authors: Tang Tingxi , Zhou Zhenhua , Chen Min , Li Nan , Sun Jianda , Chen Zekai , Xiao Ting , Wang Xiaoqing , Zhang Longshan , Wang Yingqiao , Zhang Hanbin , Zheng Xiuting , Chen Bei , Ye Feng , Guan Jian
Published: July 2024

Supplementary Table S7 Contributions of features in the XGB model
Supplementary Data Figures from Phenotypic Models of CAR T-Cell Activation Elucidate the Pivotal Regulatory Role of CAR Downmodulation
Authors: Greenman Raanan , Pizem Yoav , Haus-Cohen Maya , Horev Guy , Denkberg Galit , Shen-Orr Shai , Rubinstein Jacob , Reiter Yoram
Published: July 2024

Supplementary figures
Supplementary Figure S2 from Race-Related Differences in Sipuleucel-T Response among Men with Metastatic Castrate–Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Heath Elisabeth I. , Thakur Archana , Chen Wei , Hwang Clara , Paller Channing J. , Cackowski Frank C. , Boerner Julie L. , Heilbrun Lance , Smith Melanie P. , Schalk Dana L. , Schienschang Amy , Whitaker Sarah A. , Polend Amanda , Smith Daryn , Vaishampayan Ulka N. , Dickow Brenda , Lum Lawrence G.
Published: July 2024

Cytokine and chemokine responses in AA (n=29) and non-AA(n=28).
Supplementary Table S1 from Race-Related Differences in Sipuleucel-T Response among Men with Metastatic Castrate–Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Heath Elisabeth I. , Thakur Archana , Chen Wei , Hwang Clara , Paller Channing J. , Cackowski Frank C. , Boerner Julie L. , Heilbrun Lance , Smith Melanie P. , Schalk Dana L. , Schienschang Amy , Whitaker Sarah A. , Polend Amanda , Smith Daryn , Vaishampayan Ulka N. , Dickow Brenda , Lum Lawrence G.
Published: July 2024

Antibody and IFN-γ responses and co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory marker expressions in mCRPC patients.
Age-Related Increases in IGFBP2 Increase Melanoma Cell Invasion and Lipid Synthesis
Authors: Alicea Gretchen M. , Patel Payal , Portuallo Marie E. , Fane Mitchell E. , Wei Meihan , Chhabra Yash , Dixit Agrani , Carey Alexis E. , Wang Vania , Rocha Murilo R. , Behera Reeti , Speicher David W. , Tang Hsin-Yao , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Rebecca Vito W. , Wirtz Denis , Weeraratna Ashani T.
Published: July 2024

Aged patients with melanoma (>65 years old) have more aggressive disease relative to young patients (<55 years old) for reasons that are not completely understood. Analysis of the young and aged secretome from human dermal fibroblasts identified >5-fold levels of IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in the aged fibroblast secretome. IGFBP2 functionally triggers upregulation of the PI3K-dependent fatty acid biosynthesis program in melanoma cells. Melanoma cells co-cultured with aged dermal fibroblasts have higher levels of lipids relative to those co-cultured with young dermal fibroblasts, which can be lowered by silencing IGFBP2 expression in fibroblasts prior to treating with conditioned media. Conversely, ectopically treating melanoma cells with recombinant IGFBP2 in the presence of conditioned media from young fibroblasts or overexpressing IGFBP2 in melanoma cells promoted lipid synthesis and accumulation in melanoma cells. Treatment of young mice with rIGFBP2 increases tumor growth. Neutralizing IGFBP2 in vitro reduces migration and invasion in melanoma cells, and in vivo studies demonstrate that neutralizing IGFBP2 in syngeneic aged mice reduces tumor growth and metastasis. Our results suggest that aged dermal fibroblasts increase melanoma cell aggressiveness through increased secretion of IGFBP2, stressing the importance of considering age when designing studies and treatment.

Significance:

The aged microenvironment drives metastasis in melanoma cells. This study reports that IGFBP2 secretion by aged fibroblasts induces lipid accumulation in melanoma cells, driving an increase in tumor invasiveness. Neutralizing IGFBP2 decreases melanoma tumor growth and metastasis.