bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre-Victorian Colonial Education
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 is a retelling of nearly two hundred years of pre-Victorian Indian colonial education, presented to aid interpretations of American missionary action in the Victorian period. The chapter shows how, despite their “universal” Christian intent, mission schools were closely allied with colonial authority and deeply racialized in their functioning. Extensive archival data (1708–1849) is used to describe the typical composition of the student body, syllabi, classroom techniques, and examination methods in mission-run schools. Missionaries used the very “heathen” curricular material and pedagogical practices they denounced. And they deliberated over the advantages of establishing schools that would further the interests of the East India Company. In the other direction, British parliamentary papers show official colonial thinking on how Western education could serve the colonial cause, and on whether a part of the teaching endeavor could be delegated to Christian missionaries. The chapter summarizes the decline of indigenous education under colonial rule as reported by Company officials just as evangelicals, chiefly, educated and ambitious middle-class people in Britain and America, began to express interest in Indian education. Between 1833 and 1854, mission schools were widely established, filling the void in indigenous education. The chapter considers the problematic of the language of education, recounting the Anglicist/Orientalist debate. It then discusses the “Woods Despatch” of 1854, the new education law, which called for a secular curriculum and for inspections to be instituted in private schools seeking government grants-in-aid. The chapter ends with a discussion of American missionary thought and practice of exploring new ways of attracting student audiences to the evangelical cause.
A Pedagogical Testament
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 describes the efforts of American missionaries in putting together a philosophy of education for the new institution they intended to create in India. Since their views, materials, and organizational model were borrowed from the American experience, the chapter first reviews the functioning of the Sunday school in America. Between 1827 and 1838, beginning in Massachusetts, public schools came to be secularized. With the teaching of the Bible effectively proscribed in public schools, the American Sunday School Union, organized in 1824 and supported by several Protestant denominations, found that by 1838, it was obliged to work outside of the public-school system. As an institution dedicated to Christian and moral education, and, around the time of the Civil War as a public counseling center, it enjoyed broad support. By 1872, American Sunday school leaders had created a bureaucratized organization patterned after the very secular forces they had fought, as well as an elaborate seven-year curriculum, the Uniform International Lesson System. American missionaries imported these into India. They soon found, however, that their system could not be implemented in toto in the Indian context given the “heathen” home backgrounds of Indian children and the absence of suitably trained teachers. The chapter discusses missionary thinking on reaching out to the youngest children, using the latest “universal,” “scientific,” child-education and teacher-training methods, and locating all that was “modern” in the Bible itself. Creating a “philosophy of childhood,” and an institution with “form and system,” Sunday school missionaries transformed themselves into professional educators.
Conclusion
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar
Published: October 2019

Chapter 7, the Conclusion, draws out the principal empirical findings of the study and argues that the instrumental reasoning missionaries adopted in the making of the Sunday school redefined the very values they sought to institutionalize. Missionaries bemoaned the secularization of schools, but readily copied the organizational forms of secular institutions; they deplored racism, but institutionalized racism in their own evangelical practice; they preached of the spiritual life, but displayed money-mindedness of an acute sort; they denounced “idolatry” and “heathenism,” but incorporated these very “defilements” as part of their schools’ functioning; and finally, they saw for themselves the disasters that British colonial rule brought upon an agrarian society, but justified its oppressions in the interests of Christianity. These were the workings of the “missionary calculus.” For “upper-caste” Indians, the organizational form that Sunday school missionaries brought to India offered them a new perspective on “modern,” systematic ways of representing belief and culture; and for “lower-caste” Indians, the Sunday school provided them with a social liberatory experience, an institution that was their very own, and for which they had legitimation from the most powerful forces in the land. In the absence of shared objectives, the Sunday school merely offered every group a platform for quid pro quo transactions. But in the making of their various compromises, participants, both Christian and non-Christian, showed that implicit in their actions were certain universal moral and educational values that transcended the doctrinal boundaries that Christian missionaries had prescribed for the Sunday school.
Introduction
Authors: Austin Christopher R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents to the reader the initial and rudimentary facts about Kṛṣṇa’s son Pradyumna, and offers a hypothesis on why this figure of Hindu mythology has been so poorly studied. This requires a review of the relationship between the monograph’s two most important sources—the Sanskrit Mahābhārata and its appendix, the Harivaṃśa. Brief synopses of the seven individual body chapters are provided, followed by an articulation of the two dominant thematic patterns discovered by the study: (a) an evolving cooperation in the mythology of Pradyumna between three aspects of his character—as an erotic figure (lover), master of illusory subterfuges (magician), and double of his father Kṛṣṇa (scion of the avatāra); and (b) the social and gender commitments that conspired to produce a masculine ideal of a mutually implicating sexual and violent power, each embodied as a mode of the other in the persona of Pradyumna.
Pradyumna, the Vṛṣṇis, and the Bhāgavatas
Authors: Austin Christopher R.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 1 establishes the earliest evidence of Pradyumna’s presence and importance in the South Asian landscape, largely on the basis of physical materials from the period of circa 300 bce–300 ce. These materials reveal a cult of devotion to certain heroes of the Vṛṣṇi clan—that is, the larger family group of Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa associated with the Mathurā area in North-Central India. Those who venerated the Vṛṣṇi heroes referred to themselves as the Bhāgavatas, and the objects of their devotion included Vāsudeva (Kṛṣṇa), his brother Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva's son Pradyumna, as well as other Vṛṣṇi figures. While a later sectarian development would fix upon a set of four particular Vṛṣṇi names, it is noted here that a number of figures appear in various configurations in the earliest phase of Bhāgavata devotion.
Pradyumna in the Mahābhārata
Authors: Austin Christopher R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the earliest extant textual materials concerning Pradyumna in the Mahābhārata, and examines first the Saubhavadhaparvan of Book 3 and the club battle of the Vṛṣṇis in Book 16. In both of these episodes, Pradyumna doubles or stands in for his father in ways that prefigure later developments of the Pradyumna mythology. Second, the chapter pursues the connection between the physical evidence of the preceding chapter and the emerging Pāñcarātra movement as attested by the Mahābhārata’s Nārāyaṇīyaparvan. Finally and more broadly, certain patterns in the Mahābhārata’s discourses on sex and gender are introduced, which remain key reference points in all subsequent chapters. Most important here are a set of conflicting essentializations regarding the nature of women, and the ideological premises of the Mahābhārata’s universe that conduce to the association of sex with violence.
The Jain Pradyumnacarita
Authors: Austin Christopher R.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 examines the Jain rendering of the Pradyumna abduction narrative as it is developed in the Pradyumnacarita, a substantial cycle of tales that formed part of the Jain tradition’s larger recasting of the Kṛṣṇa biography. Central to this rewriting is Pradyumna’s absolute rejection of the mother figure’s sexual advances, as well as a number of sub-episodes entirely without parallel in Brahminical literature. The analysis of these materials identifies certain premises about the nature of women which are in fact shared by Brahmins and Jains. It is argued that Pradyumna models, for Jain as much as for Brahminical authors, a total control over women and the powers they embody, only in two very different ways: in the Jain context this means a total resistance to woman and all that she embodies, and in the Brahminical, a total sexual appropriation bespeaking virility and masculine sexual power.
Conclusion
Authors: Austin Christopher R.
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, final reflections on the study are offered, which seek to articulate in comprehensive form the meaning and significance of the person of Pradyumna in Sanskrit literature. Kṛṣṇa’s son can first of all be understood as a figure produced by the cooperation and mutual shaping of three character dimensions: he is Kāmadeva, the handsome God of Love reborn; he is a controller of māyā, or magical illusions and subterfuges; and he is a double of his father Kṛṣṇa, a kind of avatāra of the avatāra. Second and more broadly, it is argued that, more than any other character of South Asian religious and literary culture, Pradyumna conspicuously actualizes a persisting male fantasy of a double and mutually implicating virility, announced through the erotic or kāmic conquest of the auspicious feminine and the resulting violent dharmic conquest of the demonic masculine.
From Skokie to Charlottesville
Authors: Baer Ulrich
Published: October 2019

This chapter argues that the events in Charlottesville, Virginia, in summer 2017, present a watershed moment when the general public realized that free speech can become weaponized to undercut discourse and destroy the social order. At a widely publicized event in 1977, a small group of neo-Nazis won the right, in a court decision, to march in a small town in Illinois. That legal decision set the cultural and legal precedent for the mainstream attitude toward hate speech for several decades. Critically, that legal decision was matched by public condemnations of anti-Semitism and racism by political figures all the way up to the US president. When a group of white supremacists and neo-Nazis marched in Charlottesville in the summer of 2017 and murdered or come to demonstrate a, the US president failed to unequivocally condemn these events. The chapter examines the assumption that tolerating hate speech does not mean condoning it in light of these two events.
Free Speech Is Rooted in Equality
Authors: Baer Ulrich
Published: October 2019

This chapter places Frederick Douglass in the pantheon of America’s Founding Fathers because the orator, statesman, and former slave exercised his natural right to free speech without waiting for the courts or legislator to grant this right to him. Douglass argues that disputing the humanity of an interlocutor does not qualify as speech as intended by the First Amendment. The chapter shifts the focus from free speech as American democracy’s bedrock principle to the equally critical and inalienable principle of equality. The discussion includes the concept that free speech must be rooted in equality, poses the question of whether free speech depends on one’s legal status, and reaffirms that inherent humanity is not up for debate.
An Unholy Alliance
Authors: Baer Ulrich
Published: October 2019

Why do conservatives and progressives often join forces to defend an absolute notion of free speech, when they fundamentally disagree on many other points? This chapter traces the political concept of free speech back to its origins in philosophy, political science, and commonsensical self-understanding. It shows that conservatives mean something quite different when they talk about free speech from the concept used by progressives, and that the surface agreement can lead to political alliances that do not last. The discussion includes the relativism at the heart of free speech absolutism, the risks of suppressing hate, the concept of self-governance as a limit to bad ideas, and the progressive case for unrestricted speech.
Boom Bap Diplomacy: Connecting Cultures, Transforming Conflict
Authors: Katz Mark
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the cross-cultural artistic collaboration that takes places in hip hop diplomacy encounters. It reveals that hip hop can foster mutual understanding and conflict transformation across cultures through nonverbal communication and kinesthetic empathy. One case study examines the interactions between US rappers and a Moroccan gnawa ensemble, demonstrating both the risks and rewards of cross-cultural artistic collaboration. Another case study explores how conflict arose and was transformed in a dance workshop in Bandung, Indonesia in 2016 in which hypermasculine b-boys (breakdancers) and queer dancers (voguers) performed together. The chapter concludes that hip hop can serve as a model for productive people-to-people diplomacy.
Build and Destroy: Hip Hop, US Diplomacy, and Islam
Authors: Katz Mark
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on how the State Department has deployed hip hop as a means to engage with global Muslim youth since 9/11. This engagement is revealed to reflect a broad US perspective on Islam, characterized by a mix of anxiety, curiosity, fetishism, and ignorance. The chapter explores how different Muslim hip hop artists view the relationship between their faith and their religion. The chapter concludes that hip hop diplomacy initiatives that focus on engaging Islam risk alienating Muslim participants and can generate resentment rather than good will. It is recommended that these programs focused on shared interests and not overemphasize religion.
Public Health Approaches to Preventing Substance Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Butler Jay C.
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents the 2017 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials President’s Challenge as a paradigm for understanding the core aspects of a public health approach to preventing substance misuse and addiction. The framework describes primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts and practical examples that public health professionals can use to implement them. Previously published as a journal article, this chapter includes an introduction by the author to update prior work and provide additional information and current data not included in the original piece.
The Role of Community Pharmacy in Addressing and Preventing Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Hagemeier Nicholas E.
Published: October 2019

Pharmacists are actively engaged in providing patient care across multiple practice settings, and the community pharmacist has the opportunity to engage in activities that mitigate opioid use disorder and downstream morbidity and mortality. Community pharmacists’ roles have been expanded in some states to include conducting and being reimbursed for comprehensive medication reviews, administering injections, and prescribing through collaborative practice agreements with physicians. All of these expanded roles potentially have implications related to opioid use disorder. These expanded practice authorities highlight the need to strengthen understanding of pharmacists’ engagement in public health interventions. Given the role of pharmaceuticals in public health interventions and the accessibility of community pharmacies across the nation, determining ways to effectively and efficiently connect the public health and pharmacy professions to improve patient and population health is warranted. The interventions described in the chapter highlight the role of pharmacists in preventing opioid misuse and, more importantly, challenge the status quo regarding pharmacists’ roles in decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use.
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) as a Public Health and Prevention Strategy to Address Substance Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Nowalk Alexandra , Pringle Janice
Published: October 2019

SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment) is a comprehensive and integrated public health approach that aims to address hazardous and harmful substance use in patients through universal screening for substance misuse risk and the subsequent delivery of appropriate evidence-based interventions to reduce this risk. SBIRT has been implemented throughout all 50 states in a wide variety of medical settings. Thus far, over one million people across the country have been screened for substance use using SBIRT practices. SBIRT has also been implemented internationally. SBIRT is predicated on the premise that, like other chronic diseases, substance use falls along a clinical spectrum ranging from low to high risk. Patient substance use can be stratified across increasing risk levels that correlate with an appropriate disease state extending from abstinence to a diagnosable substance use disorder. Implications for treatment and prevention programs are discussed.
The Role of Public Health Agencies in Convening Partnerships and Collaborations to Respond to the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Tucker Philicia , Fraser Michael R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents the role that public health agencies play as leaders and/or conveners of partnerships and collaborations in responding to the opioid epidemic at the state and local levels. “Partnership” is defined as a continuum of relationships between two or more entities ranging from informal engagement around topics of interest to formal, structured memoranda of understanding or contracts that govern resource exchange, the various roles and responsibilities of the partners, and performance metrics or other accountability metrics. The work of partnerships around opioid use and addiction requires intentional engagement of a variety of groups, many of whom have not traditionally worked with public health agencies before. Examples of various partners and their roles in ending the crisis are presented. The chapter includes a discussion of what makes for successful partnerships and key considerations when engaging collaborators in developing shared goals and objectives.
A Comprehensive Approach to Addressing the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Fraser Michael R. , Levine Mark
Published: October 2019

An effective public health response to the opioid crisis includes understanding the many different contributors to the crisis and the need for a comprehensive versus piecemeal approach to addressing it. In this chapter, the authors add to prior work that describes the essential elements of a comprehensive response to the opioid crisis. Building on their commentary published in 2018, the authors state that there is a need to propel the governmental public health agency response well beyond its traditional role as data broker and convener of primarily health care partners toward a more contemporary and much-needed focus on the primary prevention of opioid misuse and addiction that forges new ground with social service agencies, employment and housing programs, law enforcement and corrections, addiction treatment providers and substance abuse prevention agencies, and many other sectors equally engaged in ending the opioid crisis.
Addressing Community Trauma and Building Community Resilience to Prevent Opioid Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Savannah Sheila , Fields-Johnson Dana , Cantu Ruben , Chehimi Sana , Captanian Alexis , Kurtz Karmen
Published: October 2019

Any strategy to end the opioid epidemic must include recognizing and addressing the role of widespread individual and community trauma and the need for solutions that build protective factors and agency within communities while supporting long-term treatment and recovery for those experiencing substance use disorders. In this chapter, the authors describe how a community trauma–informed approach can be applied to address and mitigate the exposures, behaviors, and high levels of hopelessness that are fueling the opioid crisis. Further, the chapter explores how primary prevention strategies can complement opioid treatment and long-term recovery interventions and address other conditions that co-occur in communities experiencing trauma.
Public Health Surveillance and the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Engel Jeffrey P. , Goodson Valerie N. , Toe Megan , Landen Michael
Published: October 2019

The roles for public health surveillance are well established in the infectious disease surveillance literature; however, as they relate to noninfectious diseases and more specifically the current opioid epidemic, there is little standardization between states on what is being surveilled and there is a lack of definitions for some of the most important elements of the crisis, such as what constitutes an overdose death from opioids. Without standard definitions and processes, public health practitioners may develop response protocols based on incomplete data. As such, the opioid epidemic presents many challenges for public health surveillance by limiting the ability for case-based follow-up and stymies creation of a variety of shared indicators and metrics that make it difficult to capture the true burden of disease. In this chapter, the authors review prior surveillance activities related to substance use and share emerging consensus on opportunities to improve the surveillance among states and territories.
Performance Indicators: The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Authors: Brett Mark G.
Published: October 2019

The kings of Israel and Judah were measured by a variety of standards, and each of the two kingdoms were subjected to overall evaluations in the books of Kings in an effort to explain their demise. While it is often assumed that the ultimate performance indicator is conformity to Mosaic law, this assumption is problematic. The few allusions to a written Torah of Moses in the books of Kings introduce both chronological and theological problems. For example, 2 Kgs 23:25–26 explains the destruction of Jerusalem by assuming the validity of intergenerational punishment, but this particular understanding of divine justice is rejected in the fully developed theology of Deuteronomy (Deut 1:39 and 7:9–10, overturning Deut 5:9). Attending to key ideas of centralization and social justice, we may describe the books of Kings as “Yahwistic” rather than “Deuteronomistic,” a conclusion that is confirmed by comparisons with the book of Jeremiah.
Nation Dreaming: Deuteronomy and Joshua
Authors: Brett Mark G.
Published: October 2019

Deuteronomy implicitly reflects a loss of political sovereignty, but more overtly, it presents a utopian model of the ideal, future nation. The centralized “nationalism” of this book imagines a people only superficially divided by class, whose blessings are secured on the condition that a uniformity of religion is vigilantly maintained, along with a justice system that pays special attention to the “alien, widow and orphan.” Adopting and transforming an imperial treaty model for its covenantal constitution, the law code retains an old intercultural tradition of warfare (ḥērem), but later editing translates this requirement into a ban on intermarriage, which could then preserve a distinct ethnic group in multiple social contexts. The implications of Deuteronomic theology are explored in a reinterpretation of Israel’s conquest traditions in the book of Joshua.
Mimicking Empire: Divine Administration in Isaiah
Authors: Brett Mark G.
Published: October 2019

The gōlāh-oriented vision of Ezra was opposed in the scroll of Isaiah, which in Isaiah 49–55 called for a reconciliation of Returnees and Remainees within Yhwh’s own empire. Identifying King Cyrus as a messiah in Isa 45:1 might well have sacrificed messianic hopes, but this is only an apparent concession to the ruling powers. Many of Isaiah’s texts have in fact mimicked the imperial administration in order to claim jurisdiction for Yhwh’s torah not only within the limited state imagined in the Deuteronomic Code but also across the many nations of the empire. Isaiah’s vision of peaceable rule interacts with some distinctive features of Iranian royal ideology, including the symbolism of royal parklands. Isaiah’s Eden theology mimics the Persian paradises, while envisaging the rule of God in a this-worldly eschatology.
Heresy, Forgery, Novelty
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2019

Historians of heresy typically understand the phenomenon as a Christian invention, a notion that emerges in late antiquity as Christianity distinguishes itself from Judaism. Operating with simpler, straightforward definitions of key terms, this book demonstrates that Christianity’s heresiological impulse is indebted to Jewish precedents. Briefly put, the dynamic this book explores can be summarized as follows: Heresy involves the condemnation of novelty; forgery entails the feigning of antiquity. Novelty ensues with the valorization of innovation, which can harden into supersessionism—the inverse of heresy. With these definitions—which the book justifies in light of Jewish and Christian sources—this work shows that (1) Christian heresiology, with its demonization of novelty, has roots in Judaism; (2) the evidence is muddied by Jewish and Christian forgeries—often in the form of pseudepigraphs (works falsely titled)—which serve to deny or conceal innovations that would otherwise be condemned as novel; and (3) the Christian claim of novelty, while having roots in sectarian Judaism, goes further than its Jewish precedents by embracing the new and condemning the old in unprecedented ways. What is more, (4) scholars have inadvertently echoed aspects of this dynamic themselves, by selectively hypothesizing Jewish backgrounds to some phenomena (e.g., Gnosticism) while denying the same to others (e.g., heresy). Ironically, some academic arguments function in quasiheresiological ways—reconstructing the past to defend the perceived uniqueness of Christianity’s heresiological predilection.
Eighteen Takes on God
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

This is a compact introduction to a variety of conceptions of God. Part I examines eight theologies: God as an old man in the sky; as an incorporeal person; as a necessary being; as truth, goodness, and beauty; apophatic theology (beyond all words); pantheism; deism; and open theology in which God acts and changes. The discussion shows differences over whether God is a person, whether he (?) is gendered, whether he is simple, whether he changes over time, and whether he can be spoken of at all. Part II reviews five different ways of understanding language about God: instrumentalism, reductionism, postmodernism, relativism, and a Wittgensteinian view. Part III moves closer to religious experience and practice, looking at the views of Otto, Buber, Kant, Tillich, and Quakers. There are also comments and endnotes on such diverse figures as William Blake, Samuel Palmer, Feuerbach, Don Cupitt, Goethe, Kierkegaard, Iris Murdoch, Simone Weil, Abbe Louf, John Gray, and Keith Ward. There is no overall commitment to theism, atheism, or agnosticism. Instead there is a sympathetic account of various views of the divine, combined with critical questioning about their meaning and practical application. In Chapter 18 Quakerism is recommended as one good way.
Negative (Apophatic) Theology
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

One ancient reaction to the difficulties of identifying and describing God is to say that we cannot know what God is, we can only say what he is not. But does that leave any room at all for belief in God? One classic response is to say that we can apply terms to God only in some analogical sense.
Truth, Goodness, and Beauty
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

Another approach practically identifies God with the Platonic Forms of truth, goodness, and beauty (especially goodness). Some theologians try saying that anyone who recognizes these as objective values is implicitly committed to belief in God, but others resist that inference.
Deism
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

Deism believes in a God who created the world in the beginning but does not intervene in it thereafter. It represents an unstable compromise between traditional theism and scientific determinism.
Reductionism
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

Feuerbach offered an interpretation of Christianity in purely human terms, as expressing commitment to the highest values of love. This has more recently been followed by Cupitt. It presents an interesting challenge to whether theistic talk really requires a transcendent reference.
Relativism
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

Some interpretations of Wittgenstein assert a relativist philosophy, that there is a multiplicity of language-games and associated forms of life, including a variety of religions, between which there can be no neutral, objective, purely rational evaluation. But such a generalized relativism runs into the problem that there is no clear way of dividing up discourse and ways of life into completely separate segments.
Wittgensteinian Christianity
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

The work of D. Z. Phillips, and the book by Gerald Moore examined in this chapter, emphasize that the language and beliefs of Christianity have their sense only in the context of a Christian form of life. Moore often sounds very relativist, but in the end he claims that the Christian way of life involves deeper insight.
The Eternal Thou
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

Martin Buber presented a poetic account of the I-Thou relation that we can have with other people, though also with some animals or trees or works of art, and in his view with God, the eternal Thou. Buber says we can only speak of God in his personal relationship to humans, but that is paradoxical, for he also says the concept of person cannot encompass the essential being of God.
Moral Faith
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

Immanuel Kant arrived at a nuanced compromise between the Pietist religion of his youth and the rational philosophy of his academic training. He denied knowledge of God, the soul, and free will, but left room for a morally-qualified kind of faith in these matters. He hoped that religion would become more rationally purified, emphasizing ethics.
The Inward Light
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: October 2019

The Quakers developed a strong sense of the inner (or inward) Light of God, a theme also found in Augustine and Andre Louf. But our reception of it is fallible, and needs testing. In Quaker thought and language “God” does not have to be interpreted as the name of a mysterious elusive entity, but as indicating the object and source of our religious experience.
Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis
Published: October 2019

Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice updates and extends the authors’ classic general theory of crime (sometimes referred to as “self-control theory”). In Part I, contemporary evidence about the theory is summarized. Research from criminology, psychology, economics, education, and public health substantially supports the lifelong influence of self control as a significant cause of problem behaviors, including delinquency and crime, substance abuse, school problems, many forms of accidents, employment instability, and many poor health outcomes. Contemporary evidence is supportive of the theory’s focus on early socialization for creation of higher levels of self control and other dimensions of the theory, including the roles of self control, age and the generality or versatility of problem behaviors, as well as the connections between self control and later teen and adult problem behaviors. The book provides methodological assessments of research on the theory, contrasting the control theory perspective with other developmental perspectives in criminology. The role of opportunity, the relationship between self and social control theory, and the role of motivation are addressed. In Part II, control theory is taken to be a valid theory and is used to explore the role of criminal sanctions, especially policing and prisons, and policies about immigration, as methods to impact crime. Modern control theory provides an explanation for the general lack of effectiveness of formal, state sanctions on crime and instead provides substantial justification for prevention of delinquency and crime by a focus on childhood. The theory effectively demonstrates the limits of criminal sanctions and the connection between higher levels of self control and positive life-course outcomes.
Proportionality and the Seriousness of Crimes
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: October 2019

The principle of proportionality presupposes that it is possible to make some sort of scaling of crimes in seriousness. Three theoretical challenges face the comparison of the seriousness of crimes: the “harm specification challenge,” which posits that some crimes do not in any direct way involve harm, while others involve harm to an extent that seems to reach far beyond what can plausibly be attributed to the criminal act that has caused it; the “weighing challenge,” which concerns the question of how different degrees of harm and culpability should be combined in a nonarbitrary manner into an overall assessment of the seriousness of a crime; and the “individualization challenge,” in which one and the same type of crime may affect victims very differently. Three strategies for meeting these challenges are available—that the challenges arise as a result of overtheorization, that one or more can be met by adopting a subjectivist view on criminal offending, and that they can be met by basing the determination of seriousness of standardized judgments of harm—but they are unconvincing. In the absence of proper answers, the challenges constitute a serious problem for the proportionality principle as a retributivist principle of penal distribution.
Law and the Economy: 1776–1850
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on regulation in the early nineteenth century. The nineteenth century is considered the high noon of laissez-faire. Government, by habit and design, kept its hands off the economy and let the market do its magic. The first half of the century, in particular, was strongly pro-enterprise, pro-growth. The aim of public policy was the release of creative energy and that meant economic energy, enterprise energy. Government reflected what its constituents wanted. It did what it could to boost the economy, which could mean subsidy or outright intervention. Government intervention, or government regulation, primarily meant the states, not the federal government.
The Growth of the Law
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses changes in American law in the twentieth century, covering welfare, workers’ compensation, tort law, civil rights, First Nations, Asian Americans, Hispanics, freedom of speech, and religion. One of the most striking developments in the twentieth century was the so-called liability explosion: the vast increase in liability in tort, mostly for personal injuries. The nineteenth century—particularly the early part—had built up the law of torts, almost from nothing; courts created a huge, complicated structure, a system with many rooms, chambers, corridors, but with an overall ethos of limited liability, and something of a tilt toward enterprise. The structure was wobbling a bit, by the end of the nineteenth century, and the twentieth century worked fairly diligently to tear the whole thing down. One of the first doctrines to go was the fellow-servant rule.
Family Law in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses changes in family law in the twentieth century. Family life changed in many ways in the twentieth century. More and more women entered the workforce. Women won the vote just after the First World War. Women became lawyers and judges. This was also the century of the birth control pill, and the century of the so-called sexual revolution. People lived longer, and had more money. Millions moved from the city to the suburbs. Radio and then television and then the internet invaded the home. All the events, crises, and developments of the twentieth century had a deep impact on family life and family law. None of the changes in family law were quite so dramatic as the changes in the law of divorce.
Strains of Japonisme in Tin Pan Alley, on Broadway, and in the Parlor
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the representation of Japan and the Japanese in American popular song and musical theater from 1860 to 1930. The representation of African Americans and of European immigrants in American popular song has received much attention. Comparatively little work has been undertaken on Tin Pan Alley’s engagement with Asians and Asian Americans. Through style and content analysis, the author identifies particular features that served as “Japanese” markers in the music, lyrics, and cover art of these songs. Musical interest in Japanese subjects directly reflected developments in political history and in American conceptions of race. The impact of Puccini’s Madama Butterfly, Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Mikado, and of the Russo-Japanese War is identified. The chapter is based on a collection of some 375 pieces with Japanese subjects–including parlor songs, show tunes, and piano dances and novelty pieces–that were published between 1890 and 1930 in the U.S.
Japonisme and the Forging of American Musical Modernism
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

Japanese music played a central role in the formation of American musical modernism. This chapter focuses on the position of Japanese music in the careers of Henry Eichheim and Henry Cowell. For Eichheim, Japan had “a poetry no other country seems to possess.” Inspired by the writings of Lafcadio Hearn, Eichheim traveled to Japan between 1915 and 1928 and composed multiple pieces based on Japanese material. Japan was of central importance throughout Cowell’s life. In the 1930s Cowell studied shakuhachi with Kitaro Tamada who later wrote poignantly to Cowell from his Japanese American Internment Camp. Cowell traveled to Japan in 1957 and 1961 during the Cold War and composed several Japanese-inspired works, including for koto. Juxtaposing the musical journeys of these two composers and proselytizers highlights the roles Japanese music played for those Americans who sought to sound “ultra modern” in the twentieth century.
The Metaphysics of Memory
Authors: Fernández Jordi
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 offers a proposal about the facts in virtue of which a mental state qualifies as a memory. According to this proposal, a mental state qualifies as a memory in virtue of the functional role that it plays within the cognitive economy of the subject. The chapter outlines two alternative proposals about the nature of memory. According to the causal theory of memory, a mental state is a memory in virtue of the fact that it has been caused by a perceptual experience of some fact. According to the narrative theory of memory, a mental state is a memory in virtue of the fact that the subject is using the mental state to construct a story of their life. It is argued that the functionalist proposal enjoys the virtues of each of the two theories, and it avoids the difficulties which threaten the two theories as well.
The Experience of Time
Authors: Fernández Jordi
Published: October 2019

Chapter 4 offers an account of two feelings in memory. One of them is the awareness of what it was like for one to experience, in the past, what one is remembering in the present. An attempt to explain this feeling in terms of the notion of mental time travel is considered, and dismissed on the grounds that it presupposes a misguided conception of mental time travel. The other is the feeling of pastness; the feeling that what one is remembering is in the past. Two attempts to explain this feeling in terms of the content that memories have are considered, and dismissed on the grounds that they presuppose wrong conceptions of mnemonic content. Eventually, both feelings are explained through the causally self-referential content that memories have. It is argued that memories have both feelings because they represent perceptual experiences and a causal relation between those perceptual experiences and themselves.
The Experience of Ownership
Authors: Fernández Jordi
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 offers an account of the feeling that one has, when one remembers something, that the memory that one is having is one’s own. The chapter discusses the case of patient R.B., who claims to have memories which do not feel to him as if they are his own. A hypothesis about the experience that this patient is undergoing is considered. According to it, patient R.B. lacks the feeling of being identical with a past person. It is argued that this hypothesis is in tension with some details in patient R.B.’s reports. An alternative hypothesis is proposed, according to which patient R.B. does not experience his memories as matching the past. It is argued that, more generally, a memory is experienced as one’s own just in case it is experienced as fitting. This idea is generalized to states of other types, such as thoughts and actions.
Introduction
Authors: Cai Congyan
Published: October 2019

This chapter mainly aims to introduce the research background and research structure of The Rise of China and International Law: Taking Chinese Exceptionalism Seriously. It first explains why the rise of China and, accordingly, the engagement of China and international legal order are critical for the configuration of international relations in the twenty-first century, especially for great powers like the United States, which demonstrates the academic importance of this book. Then, by examining the arguments of authorities of international relations and international law, the book shows how the perception of scholars of the rise of China, especially the relationship between the rise of China and international law, has changed in the past several decades. It also introduces the arguments of governments and leaders of China and the United States as to how international law matters to the rise of China and how international law may be used to engage the rise of China. Finally, it explains how the book is structured.
The Relevance of International Law
Authors: Cai Congyan
Published: October 2019

This chapter, from four perspectives of community, power, adjudication, and spirit, reviews the transformation of international law during the past several decades and the relevance of international law on the rise of China, thereby examining the legal and political context where China rises and showing the fundamental difference between the rise of China and the rise of great powers in the history. In light of new political and legal circumstances, international law can play a larger role in the rise of China than that to great powers in history, which may be either expected or unexpected both for China itself and international community.
Lawfare in Dispute Settlement
Authors: Cai Congyan
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines how China resolves international disputes from the unique perspective of lawfare. It reviews the concept of lawfare and then invents a normative framework for analyzing lawfare. Furthermore, it examines China’s changing policies and practice in international adjudication in the context of the rise of China and the judicialization of international law. Relying on the normative framework for analyzing lawfare, this chapter analyzes how China understands and uses international law to handle the China-Philippines SCS arbitration and the China-U.S. trade war, which are two crises that China and the entire international community face.
Conclusion
Authors: Cai Congyan
Published: October 2019

This chapter concludes this book by comparing American exceptionalism and Chinese exceptionalism in the context of the rise and fall of great powers. It agrees that all great powers, compared with other countries, are capable of advocating international law that advances their values and interests; in this sense, there is Chinese exceptionalism. More importantly, it suggests that different great powers have different exceptionalism, thereby bring about different implications on international legal order. This chapter does not purport to argue that people should have a rosy expectation for Chinese exceptionalism. In light of international context and China’s own particularities, however, it is more likely that Chinese exceptionalism can bring about new promise for international legal order, thereby balancing American exceptionalism. Therefore, Chinese exceptionalism merits serious consideration with sympathy.
The Law and Finance of Initial Coin Offerings
Authors: Gurrea-Martínez Aurelio , Remolina and Nydia
Published: October 2019

This chapter analyzes the legal and financial aspects of Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). Section I examines the concept, features, and structure of an ICO. Section II analyzes the different regulatory approaches to deal with ICOs. Section III provides an overview of some of the accounting and financial challenges ICOs generate. Section VI focuses on the corporate governance aspects of ICOs. Section V analyzes how ICOs may raise issues related to money laundering, and how regulators and policymakers can deal with these problems. Section VI provides an overview of the challenges of ICOs from the perspective of privacy law and data protection. Section VII examines how insolvency may affect the issuer and buyer of tokens, and how insolvency jurisdictions should deal with those issues arising in insolvency proceedings involving cryptoassets. Finally, Section VIII discusses the jurisdictional issues arising in ICOs.
Mandatory Reporting of Child Abuse and Neglect in Northern Canada
Authors: Tufford Lea
Published: October 2019

Canada has a wide expanse of geographic terrain that encompasses urban, sub-urban, rural, and remote areas. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the unique challenges of mandatory reporters living and working in northern parts of provincial and territorial Canada. The chapter opens with a discussion of how the north has been defined historically and by Indigenous and settler perspectives. The chapter proceeds to examine the economic and social context of northern Canada before moving into a review of the challenges facing mandatory reporters. The chapter offers suggestions to mandatory reporters to balance their statutory responsibilities with the contextual reality of living in the community.
Protective Factors in Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Tufford Lea
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the protective factors for child maltreatment from child, parent, family, and community aspects as there are individual differences in how children, parents, families, and communities respond to maltreatment. Protective factors have not been studied as extensively or rigorously as risk factors; however, they can promote health and well-being for maltreated children. These factors can also help to develop interventions to reduce impairment following exposure to child maltreatment. Resilience is another term for protective factors and focuses on examining children’s capacity to overcome or manage child abuse and neglect and achieve positive developmental outcomes. Despite the growing emphasis on resilience and protective factors, it must be understood that the existence of protective factors does not deny the negative consequences of child maltreatment or that maltreatment is wrong.