bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xenobiotic export pumps, endothelin signaling, and tubular nephrotoxicants—a case of molecular hijacking
Authors: Miller David S.
Published: October 2002

This article is a review on recent studies in intact renal proximal tubules that link tubular nephrotoxicants with endothelin (ET) regulation of xenobiotic export pump function. The data show that transport on p‐glycoprotein and Mrp2 decreases rapidly when ET signals through an ETB receptor, NO synthase (NOS), and protein kinase C (PKC). Surprisingly, nephrotoxicants, such as radiocontrast agents, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and heavy metal salts, “hijack” this signaling pathway, causing ET release from the tubules, hormone binding to its receptor, activation of NOS and PKC, and reduced xenobiotic transport. These findings suggest a new common mechanism by which nephrotoxicants may act to disrupt renal tubular function. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:121–127, 2002. DOI 10.1002/jbt.10030
High levels of MMP‐1 expression in the absence of the 2G single nucleotide polymorphism is mediated by p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen‐activated protein kinases in VMM5 melanoma cells
Authors: Benbow Ulrike , Tower Grant B. , Wyatt Colby A. , Buttice Giovanna , Brinckerhoff Constance E.
Published: October 2002

Matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) is one of only a few enzymes with the ability to degrade the stromal collagens (types I and III) at neutral pH, and high expression of MMP‐1 has been associated with aggressive and invasive cancers. We recently reported a single nucleotide insertion/deletion polymorphism (SNP) in the collagenase‐1 (MMP‐1) promoter (Rutter et al. [1998] Can. Res. 58:5321–5325), where the insertion of an extra guanine (G) at −1607 bp creates the sequence, 5′‐GGAA‐3 (2G allele), compared to the sequence 5′‐GAA‐3′ (1G allele). The presence of 2G constitutes a binding site for the ETS family of transcription factors, and increases MMP‐1 transcription in fibroblasts and A2058 melanoma cells cultured in vitro. In addition, the presence of the 2G allele has been linked to several aggressive malignancies as well as to enhanced expression of MMP‐1. In this study, we describe a melanoma cell line, VMM5, that is 1G homozygous, but that is invasive and expresses high levels of MMP‐1 constitutively. The high level of MMP‐1 expression in VMM5 cells is due to the utilization of both the p38 and ERK1/2 transduction pathways. In contrast, in the A2058 cell line, which also expresses MMP‐1 constitutively and which is 2G homozygous, only the ERK pathway is activated. Thus, our data suggest that in the absence of 2G allele and in the presence of the appropriate transcription factors, tumor cells may use alternative signal/transduction pathways and cis‐acting sequences to achieve high levels of MMP‐1 expression, which contribute to the ability of tumor cells to invade, regardless of their genotype. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism for large first hyperpolarizabilities of phosphonic acid stilbene derivatives
Authors: Calaminici Patrizia , Jug Karl , Köster Andreas M. , Arbez‐Gindre Cécile , Screttas Constantinos G.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents calculations of dipole moments (μ), static polarizabilities (α), and first hyperpolarizabilities (β) of phosphonic acid stilbene derivatives calculated in the framework of density functional theory. These calculations were performed using a finite field approach implemented in the density functional program ALLCHEM and were of an all‐electron type using local exchange‐correlation functional and specially designed basis sets. The molecular structures have been fully optimized using the semiempirical program MSINDO. Some of the investigated stilbenes have been synthesized very recently while others are described for the first time. Donor and acceptor groups of these analogues have been modified and the influence of these changes on the first hyperpolarizabilities has been investigated. This work demonstrates that the nonlinear optical response β of these compounds increases dramatically when the acceptor moiety is displaced by analogues containing alkali metal groups. A general mechanism for the design of novel nonlinear optical materials with large first hyperpolarizabilities is described. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 291–297, 2002
New space warping method for the simulation of large‐scale macromolecular conformational changes
Authors: Jaqaman Khuloud , Ortoleva Peter J.
Published: October 2002

A space warping method, facilitating the modeling of large‐scale conformational changes in mesoscopic systems, is presented. The method uses a set of “global (or collective) coordinates” that capture overall behavior, in conjunction with the set of atomic coordinates. Application of the space warping method to energy minimization is discussed. Several simulations where the method is used to determine the energy minimizing structures of simple central force systems are analyzed. Comparing the results and behavior of the space warping method to simulations involving atomic coordinates only, it is found that the space warping method scales better with system size and also finds lower minima when the potential energy surface has multiple minima. It is shown that the transformation of [Ala16]+ in vacuo from linear to globular is captured efficiently using the space warping method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 484–491, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcc.10040
EUDOC: a computer program for identification of drug interaction sites in macromolecules and drug leads from chemical databases
Authors: Pang Yuan‐Ping , Perola Emanuele , Xu Kun , Prendergast Franklyn G.
Published: October 2002

The completion of the Human Genome Project, the growing effort on proteomics, and the Structural Genomics Initiative have recently intensified the attention being paid to reliable computer docking programs able to identify molecules that can affect the function of a macromolecule through molecular complexation. We report herein an automated computer docking program, EUDOC, for prediction of ligand–receptor complexes from 3D receptor structures, including metalloproteins, and for identification of a subset enriched in drug leads from chemical databases. This program was evaluated from the standpoints of force field and sampling issues using 154 experimentally determined ligand–receptor complexes and four “real‐life” applications of the EUDOC program. The results provide evidence for the reliability and accuracy of the EUDOC program. In addition, key principles underlying molecular recognition, and the effects of structural water molecules in the active site and different atomic charge models on docking results are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1750–1771, 2001
Conformational analysis of the HIV‐1 virus reverse transcriptase nonnucleoside inhibitors: TIBO and nevirapine
Authors: Abrahão‐Júnior Odonírio , Nascimento Paulo G. B. D. , Galembeck Sérgio E.
Published: October 2002

TIBO (Tetrahydro‐imidazo[4,5,1‐jk][1,4]‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one) and nevirapine (11‐cyclopropyl‐5,11‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐6H‐dipyrido[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e][1,4]diazepin‐6‐one) are models for two classes of nonnucleoside inhibitors of the HIV‐1 virus reverse transcriptase (NNRTI). This work presents the parameterization of compounds belonging to these two classes in the Cornell et al. force field through ab initio and semiempirical methods. The new parameters were used in the conformational analysis for TIBO R82913, TIBO R79882, and nevirapine. Various conformational search protocols were tested and the pseudosystematic method SUMM led to the best results. A better understanding of the distribution of conformers was obtained through clustering techniques in the data reduction stages. It was possible to reproduce various experimental data such as the crystallographic structures of the isolated or reverse transcriptase‐complexed (RT) molecules. The proton–proton coupling constants (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\,J^{3}_{\mathrm{HH}}$\end{document}) obtained for TIBO through NMR were also reproduced. Cremer and Pople puckering parameters enabled a precise description of both the conformation of the seven‐membered rings and the relative position of the substituents on them. These parameters also demonstrated the efficiency and precision of the two‐stage clustering method. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1817–1829, 2001
Rekindling the discourse: Organization studies in community psychology
Authors: Boyd Neil M. , Angelique Holly
Published: October 2002

The dual aims of this article are to examine the research on organizations within community psychology and to explore the discourse around organization studies within the field. To that end, we turn to two questions first posed by Keys and Frank: “What does community psychology contribute to the study of organizations?” and “What does the study of organizations contribute to community psychology?” Through a content analysis of all organizational studies published in the American Journal of Community Psychology and Journal of Community Psychology from 1977 through the end of 2000, we found that organization constructs and theories are not widely utilized by community psychologists. When community psychologists did explore organizational issues the focus was on community psychology tenets such as social support, empowerment, stress and coping, and sense of community within organization contexts. The use of organization theory was found to be almost nonexistent. Although a bridge between the two fields is tentative at this point, we argue for a strengthening of the relationship between the fields. Community psychology can offer a focus on the well‐being of people via conceptualization of the tenets of community psychology in organizational contexts. The organization studies literature can aid the community psychologist with its more recent focus on worker‐oriented approaches, and with the macrooriented theory base of the field. Suggestions are offered to expand the boundaries of both fields. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two studies of proximal outcomes and implementation quality of universal preventive interventions in a community–university collaboration context
Authors: Spoth Richard , Guyll Max , Trudeau Linda , Goldberg‐Lillehoj Catherine
Published: October 2002

Here we present the results from two longitudinal studies of competency‐training interventions that entailed community–university collaboration intended to enhance implementation quality. In Study 1, 22 rural schools were randomly assigned to a family‐focused intervention or a minimal contact control group. In Study 2, 36 rural schools were randomly assigned to a family‐focused preventive intervention combined with a school‐based intervention, the school‐based intervention alone, or a minimal contact control group. In both studies, observers rated adherence to intervention protocols. Results showed that, on average, high levels of observer‐rated adherence were attained in both studies. Analyses of the relationship between observer‐rated adherence scores and proximal outcomes showed limited evidence of poorer outcomes associated with lower‐adherence groups. Overall, findings highlight the benefits of community–university collaboration intended to facilitate high levels of intervention adherence. The need for a framework guiding a collaborative implementation research agenda is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma of the scrotum
Authors: Loberant Norman , Chernihovski Anna , Goldfeld Moshe , Sweed Yehiel , Vais Michael , Tzilman Boris , Cohen Isaac
Published: October 2002

Cystic lymphangioma is a congenital lymphatic malformation that is a rare cause of extratesticular scrotal masses in children; it is frequently misdiagnosed preoperatively. Complete excision is curative, but recurrence may result from incomplete excision. We report a case of cystic lymphangioma of the scrotum in a 3‐year‐old boy, which had been previously diagnosed as a hydrocele. Gray‐scale sonography showed a multicystic extratesticular lesion; color Doppler sonography further characterized the lesion by showing blood flow within the septa. CT scanning ruled out extrascrotal involvement. The cystic mass was surgically resected. The appearance of the lesion both macroscopically and microscopically was consistent with a diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. The child recovered uneventfully and was discharged on the third day after surgery; no evidence of recurrence was found in 6 months of follow‐up. In such cases of scrotal masses in children, gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography, followed by CT or MRI, are useful in diagnosing cystic lymphangioma, differentiating it from other lesions, and defining its extent, thus allowing proper surgical planning. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:384–387, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10080
Adenovirus mediated gene transfer to skeletal muscle
Authors: Cao Baohong , Mytinger John R. , Huard Johnny
Published: October 2002

Transfer of therapeutic genes into muscle tissue has promise for the treatment of a variety of muscular dystrophies. Various vectors have been used to deliver genes to skeletal muscle but their application has faced several major limitations including: (1) the lack of transgene persistence caused by the immune rejection of transduced myofibers and/or vector toxicity, and (2) the maturation dependence of viral transduction. While the immunorejection and/or cytotoxic problems are being overcome with the development of new vectors, maturation‐dependent viral transduction is still a major hurdle in gene transfer to skeletal muscle. Poor adenoviral transduction in mature myofibers has been attributed to: (1) the extracellular matrix of mature myofibers may form a physical barrier and prevent the passage of large viral particles; (2) viral receptors are down‐regulated with muscle maturation; and (3) loss of myoblasts with muscle maturation, which serve as intermediaries in the viral transduction. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in overcoming those hurdles of gene therapy in skeletal muscle, especially to adenovirus (Ad), including: (1) new mutant vectors lacking all viral genes to decrease immunogenicity, and hence, improve persistence of transgene expression in muscle in vivo; (2) using tissue specific promoters to evade immunorejection; (3) permeabilization of the extracellular matrix; (4) modifying the viral receptors in mature myofibers; and (5) myoblast or muscle stem cell mediated ex vivo gene transfer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:45–51, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Donor cell survival and repopulation after intraarticular transplantation of tendon and ligament allografts
Authors: Jackson Douglas W. , Simon Timothy M.
Published: October 2002

The specific cells within ligaments and tendons are important to maintain the unique structural and material properties of these tissues. The use of tendon and ligament allografts with living cells for ligament reconstruction would be desirable assuming that these cells would survive after transplantation and continue to function. We assessed the fate of donor cells in fresh allografts of the patellar and anterior cruciate ligaments after transplantation. The cells in these allografts used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament did not survive. This was demonstrated using a DNA probe technique that clearly distinguished donor cells from host cells in the Spanish goat model. The donor cells were replaced by host cells in a rapid manner. The host cells that repopulated the allografts assumed the histologic similarity to the fibroblasts they replace. Simultaneous full‐thickness skin transplants in the same animals were not rejected during the interval of rapid loss of donor DNA from the allografts. The absence of rejection of the skin grafts at the one‐week interval suggests that no pre‐existing antibody associated with an immune reaction was responsible for the rapid loss of DNA in the allografts. The clinical basis for utilizing intra‐articular allografts with living donor cells needs further justification to account for their increased expense, more complicated surgical logistics, and higher potential risk of disease transmission. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:25–33, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamatergic innervation in bone
Authors: Chenu Chantal
Published: October 2002

Bone is highly innervated, and evidence for a regulation of bone metabolism by nerve fibers has been suggested by many clinical and experimental studies. However, the nature of the neuromediators involved in these processes has not been well documented. Glutamate (Glu), a major neuromediator of the central nervous system (CNS), was recently identified in nerve fibers running in bone marrow in close contact with bone cells, suggesting that Glu may also act as a neuromediator in this tissue. During the last few years, all the machinery required for glutamate signalling in the CNS was demonstrated in bone. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts express ionotropic Glu receptors (iGluR) (NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate) and metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR) as well as Glu transporters. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and mGluR are functional on bone cells. NMDAR are involved in osteoclast formation and bone resorption and preliminary studies suggest that they may also participate in mechanisms underlying osteoblast proliferation or differentiation, providing evidence for a direct action of Glu on bone cells. The bone loss induced in a model of sciatic neurectomy in growing rats is associated with a decrease of glutamatergic innervation, suggesting that Glu released by nerve fibers may contribute to the regulation of bone remodeling. The manipulation of Glu action in bone may, therefore, represent a new therapeutic target for pathologies associated with modifications of bone remodeling. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:70–76, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and immunohistochemical localization of ubiquitin C‐Terminal hydrolase expressed in testis of a teleost, the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Mochida Kazuhiko , Matsubara Takahiro , Kudo Hideaki , Andoh Tadashi , Ueda Hiroshi , Adachi Shinji , Yamauchi Kohei
Published: October 2002

We previously produced four monoclonal antibodies to testicular proteins of a teleost, the Nile tilapia. One of the monoclonal antibodies, TAT(Testicular Antigen of Tilapia)‐10, recognizes a Mr=27,000 protein (27 kD protein), which is present in A and early B type spermatogonia, spermatids, and spermatozoa in testis. In order to clarify the function of this protein, molecular cloning was conducted. The cDNA for the 27 kD protein contains a complete open reading frame encoding 220 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence of the 27 kD protein was homologous to those of the ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolases (UCH) reported in mammals. The measurement of the ubiquitin‐releasing activity of the recombinant 27 kD protein revealed that the protein is the active form of UCH. Northern blot analysis showed that the UCH mRNA was expressed in ovary and brain in addition to the testis. Immunohistochemical study showed that, in brain, UCH was localized especially on the olfactory organ including the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium in olfactory rosetta, suggesting the involvement of the protein in chemoreceptive function. In the Tilapia ovary, UCH localized especially in pre‐vitellogenic oocytes, suggesting that the enzyme activity could be important in oocyte growth. This is the first report for the cDNA cloning and cellular localization of UCH in fish. J. Exp. Zool. 293:368–383, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization and direct comparison of the dimerizer and reverse tet transcriptional control systems
Authors: Go William Y. , Ho Steffan N.
Published: October 2002

Background

Exogenously controlled gene expression systems are essential for both the in vivo analysis of gene function and the regulated delivery of therapeutic gene products. However, differences in experimental methods used to characterize the various systems prohibit informative comparisons. The purpose of this study was to identify an optimal system for regulated gene expression studies through a rigorous direct comparison of the dimerizer and the reverse tet transactivator (rtTA) transcriptional switch systems.

Methods

An optimized bicistronic rapamycin‐dependent dimerizer construct and an optimized rtTA construct (based on rtTAs‐M2) were developed that utilize a chimeric mammalian activation domain with a flexible interdomain linker. These constructs were reconstituted in identical eukaryotic expression vectors and compared in transient transfection assays employing target gene reporter constructs that differ only in the relevant DNA binding sites.

Results

The optimized rtTAs‐M2 construct, designated rtTAM2.2, exhibited a twofold increase in the magnitude of doxycycline‐dependent reporter gene induction and an eightfold increase in sensitivity as compared to the rtTAs‐M2 construct. This correlated with a significantly higher level of expression of the rtTAM2.2 protein. In direct comparisons the rtTAM2.2 system mediated inducible expression to a level tenfold greater than the bicistronic dimerizer system. However, while the dimerizer system exhibited no detectable rapamycin‐independent expression, a low level of doxycycline‐independent target gene expression was detectable.

Conclusions

The improved rtTAM2.2 rtTA system described here may prove optimal when the overall magnitude of target gene induction is critical, while the dimerizer system may be advantageous when the complete absence of ligand‐independent target gene expression is essential. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bite performance in clariid fishes with hypertrophied jaw adductors as deduced by bite modeling
Authors: Herrel Anthony , Adriaens Dominique , Verraes Walter , Aerts Peter
Published: October 2002

Within clariid fishes several cranial morphologies can be discerned. Especially within anguilliform representatives an increase in the degree of hypertrophy of the jaw adductors occurs. The hypertrophy of the jaw adductors and skeletal modifications in the cranial elements have been linked to increased bite force. The functional significance of this supposed increase in bite force remains obscure. In this study, biomechanical modeling of the cranial apparatus in four clariid representatives showing a gradual increase in the hypertrophy of the jaw adductors (Clarias gariepinus, Clariallabes melas, Channallabes apus, and Gymnallabes typus) is used to investigate whether bite force actually increased. Static bite modeling shows that the apparent hypertrophy results in an increase in bite force. For a given head size, the largest bite forces are predicted for C. apus, the lowest ones for C. gariepinus, and intermediate values are calculated for the other species. In addition, also in absolute measures differences in bite force remain, with C. apus biting distinctly harder than C. gariepinus despite its smaller head size. This indicates that the hypertrophy of the jaw adductors is more than just a correlated response to the decrease in absolute head size. Further studies investigating the ecological relevance of this performance difference are needed. J. Morphol. 253:196–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance safety testing of a newly‐developed fiber‐optic cardiac pacing lead
Authors: Greatbatch Wilson , Miller Victor , Shellock Frank G.
Published: October 2002

Purpose

To assess magnetic resonance (MR) safety for a newly developed, fiber‐optic cardiac pacing lead.

Materials and Methods

MR safety was assessed for the fiber‐optic cardiac pacing lead by evaluating magnetic field interactions and heating. Translational attraction and torque were evaluated using a 1.5‐Tesla MR system and previously described, standardized techniques. MR imaging‐related heating was assessed using a 1.5‐Tesla MR system and a transmit/receive, body radiofrequency (RF) coil with the fiber‐optic lead positioned to simulate an in vivo condition in a saline‐filled phantom. The phantom had dimensions similar to a human subject's torso and head. A fluoroptic thermometry system was used to record temperatures on and near the electrodes of the fiber‐optic pacing lead at five‐second intervals immediately before and during 20 minutes of MR imaging performed at a whole‐body‐averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.5 W/kg. Temperatures were also recorded from a reference site during this experiment.

Results

Magnetic field interactions for the fiber‐optic lead were minimal (deflection angle, 23°; torque, +2). The highest temperature change recorded for the fiber‐optic cardiac pacing lead and reference site was +0.8°C.

Conclusion

The minor magnetic field interactions and relative lack of heating for the fiber‐optic pacing lead indicate that it should be safe for patients with this device to undergo MR imaging procedures using MR systems operating at 1.5‐T or less and at a whole‐body‐averaged SARs up to 1.5 W/kg. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:97–103. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crossing the phase boundary to study protein dynamics and function: combination of amide hydrogen exchange in solution and ion fragmentation in the gas phase
Authors: Kaltashov Igor A. , Eyles Stephen J.
Published: October 2002

Protein dynamics are the key to understanding their behavior. The static protein structure alone in most cases is insufficient to describe the vast array of complex functions they perform in vivo. Until recently there were relatively few techniques available to investigate the dynamic nature of these proteins. Mass spectrometry has recently emerged as a powerful biophysical method, capable of providing both structural and dynamic information. By utilizing the labile nature of amide hydrogens as a marker of the backbone dynamics in solution, combined with gas‐phase dissociation techniques, we now have a high‐resolution tool to locate these exchanging hydrogens within the sequence of the protein and to probe the functional importance of its structural elements. In this paper we describe several applications of these methodologies to illustrate the importance of dynamics to the biological functions of proteins. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in serum from blood donors with HHV‐8 antibodies indicates possible bloodborne virus transmission
Authors: Enbom Malin , Urassa Willy , Massambu Charles , Thorstensson Rigmor , Mhalu Fred , Linde Annika
Published: October 2002

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. There is a high seroprevalence of HHV‐8 in several African countries, but the transmission route is not known definitively. In this study 174 serum samples from blood donors in Tanzania were examined by immunofluorescence assays detecting antibodies to latent and lytic HHV‐8 antigens. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used for detection and quantification of HHV‐8 DNA in serum. In all, 83/174 (48%) of the subjects had antibodies to latent or lytic antigens. Forty (23%) had antibodies to both antigens and of those eight (20%) had detectable HHV‐8 DNA in serum. HHV‐8 DNA load correlated with antibody titres to lytic, but not latent, HHV‐8 antigens. This supports the usefulness of anti‐lytic antibodies in HHV‐8 serology and suggests that transmission of HHV‐8 by blood contact could be of importance in this region. J. Med. Virol. 68: 264–267, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mixed infections of adults and children with multiple TTV‐like mini virus isolates
Authors: Vasconcelos Helena C.F. , Cataldo Márcio , Niel Christian
Published: October 2002

Testing of the DNA of TTV‐like mini virus (TLMV) was done with serum samples obtained from 184 patients (children and adults) who visited different outpatient clinics at a university hospital in Florianopolis, south of Brazil. TLMV DNA was detected by PCR primers from the non‐coding region of the genome. A global TLMV prevalence of 78% was found (94% among children below 11 years). PCR products from three serum samples (patients A–C) were cloned, and the sequences with a length of 201–227 nucleotides were determined for 16–19 clones derived from each of the sera. Among the 16 clones derived from patient C, 15 were identical, and the remaining one had a sequence homology of 99%. In contrast, eight different sequences were obtained among the 19 clones derived from patient A, and 10 distinct sequences were depicted among the 17 clones derived from the serum of patient B. Additionally, 13 clones derived from a saliva sample of patient B were sequenced, and seven different nucleotide sequences obtained. One particular sequence was predominant in both serum (8/17 clones) and saliva (7/13 clones) of patient B. On a phylogenetic tree, sequences derived from patient A (a 6‐year‐old boy), as well as those derived from patient B (a 24‐year‐old man), were located in five distinct evolutionary branches, taking a minimum divergence of 5% between branches. This suggested that adults and children are coinfected frequently with several TLMV isolates of different origins. J. Med. Virol. 68: 291–298, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Mbayed Viviana Andrea , Sookoian Silvia , Alfonso Victoria , Campos Rodolfo Héctor
Published: October 2002

The Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been classified in seven different genotypes, which include human (I, II, III, and VII) and simian (IV, V, and VI) groups. The sequence analysis of HAV strains contributes to the molecular epidemiology of the virus. Although the infection with HAV is endemic in Argentina and vaccination is being implemented in this country, using both IA and IB strains, there are very few data on the genotypes of the circulating viruses. On the basis of the sequences of 20 isolates collected in Buenos Aires during a 2‐year period (extended to 3 years by two additional specimens), we observed the presence of a single sub‐genotype, IA, but with a high genetic diversity. We analyzed the VP1–2A junction and also the VP3–VP1 region. Most of the Argentine isolates grouped in at least two clusters. One of these was related to South American strains, thus suggesting a co‐circulation of related isolates in neighbor countries. The other cluster was composed only of Argentine specimens. Other sequences were more scattered along the phylogenetic tree. However, we demonstrated that a consistent genetic relatedness of sequences could only be inferred on the basis of a more extensive sequencing of each isolate. J. Med. Virol. 68: 168–174, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors in human microglia
Authors: Lee Yong B. , Nagai Atsushi , Kim Seung U.
Published: October 2002

Enriched populations of human microglial cells were isolated from mixed cell cultures prepared from embryonic human telencephalon tissues. Human microglial cells exhibited cell type‐specific antigens for macrophage‐microglia lineage cells including CD11b (Mac‐1), CD68, B7‐2 (CD86), HLA‐ABC, HLA‐DR and ricinus communis aggulutinin lectin‐1 (RCA‐1), and actively phagocytosed latex beads. Gene expression and protein production of cytokines, chemokines and cytokine/chemokine receptors were investigated in the purified populations of human microglia. Normal unstimulated human microglia expressed constitutively mRNA transcripts for interleukin‐ 1β (IL‐1β) ‐6, ‐8, ‐10, ‐12, ‐15, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α), MIP‐1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), while treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or amyloid β peptides (Aβ) led to increased expression of mRNA levels of IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, TNF‐α, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, and MCP‐1. Human microglia, in addition, expressed mRNA transcripts for IL‐1RI, IL‐1RII, IL‐5R, IL‐6R, IL‐8R, IL‐9R, IL‐10R, IL‐12R, IL‐13R, and IL‐15R. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) showed increased protein levels in culture media of IL‐1β, IL‐8, TNF‐α, and MIP‐1α in human microglia following treatment with LPS or Aβ. Increased TNF‐α release from human microglia following LPS treatment was completely inhibited with IL‐10 pretreatment, but not with IL‐6, IL‐9, IL‐12, IL‐13, or transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). Present results should help in understanding the basic microglial biology, but also the pathophysiology of activated microglia in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and neurotrauma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
d‐amphetamine‐induced increase in neurotensin and neuropeptide Y outflow in the ventral striatum is mediated via stimulation of dopamine D1 and D2/3 receptors
Authors: Gruber Susanne H.M. , Nomikos George G. , Mathé Aleksander A.
Published: October 2002

The neuroanatomical and functional relationships between dopamine (DA) and neurotensin (NT) and DA and neuropeptide Y (NPY) suggest a role for these neuropeptides in DA‐related neuropsychiatric disorders. By employing a microdialysis technique in conjunction with radioimmunoassay (RIA), the effects of d‐amphetamine per se or after pretreatment with DA receptor antagonists on NT and NPY outflow were determined in the ventral striatum (VSTR) of the rat. One hour after a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of saline, the DA‐D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.3 mg/kg), or the DA‐D2/3 receptor antagonist raclopride (1.0 mg/kg), animals were injected s.c. with either saline or d‐amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg). d‐Amphetamine significantly increased extracellular NT‐ and NPY‐like immunoreactivity (LI) concentrations compared with control animals. Administration of SCH 23390 or raclopride did not significantly affect NT‐LI or NPY‐LI concentrations. However, pretreatment with either SCH 23390 or raclopride abolished the stimulatory effect of d‐amphetamine on NT‐LI and NPY‐LI. These findings demonstrate that d‐amphetamine increases extracellular concentrations of NT‐LI and NPY‐LI in the VSTR through a mechanism that initially involves stimulation of either DA‐D1 or DA‐D2/3 receptors but appears to require both. In conclusion, changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission via DA‐D1 and DA‐D2/3 receptors affect the outflow of both NT and NPY in the VSTR. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversal of amyloid β toxicity in Alzheimer's disease model Tg2576 by intraventricular antiamyloid β antibody
Authors: Chauhan Neelima B. , Siegel George J.
Published: October 2002

There are considerable data on synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise molecular basis for synaptotoxicity in AD is not known. We tested the hypothesis that amyloid β (Aβ), as produced in Tg2576 mice overexpressing a mutant form of amyloid precursor protein, leads to changes in SNAP‐25, a molecule required for Ca‐sensitive neurotransmitter vesicle exocytosis. Anti‐Aβ antibody was injected into the third ventricle (icv) of 10‐month‐old Tg2576 mice, preceding formation of plaques. Immunodensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and SNAP‐25 were quantitated in the hippocampus 1 month later. SNAP‐25 was reduced by 96% in the inner molecular layer (SMi) of dentate gyrus, by 95% in the hilum, and by 75–76% in stratum lucidum (SL), stratum oriens (SO), and stratum radiatum (SR) of CA1–CA3 of the Tg2576 mice. GFAP was increased by more than 50‐fold, specifically within the neuropil of CA1–CA3, and by twofold in portions of fimbria. One injection of 10 μg of anti‐Aβ antibody into the third ventricle at 10 months completely prevented or restored changes in GFAP at 11 months of age. The restoration of SNAP‐25 by anti‐Aβ antibody compared with wild type was 69% in CA1‐SO, 93% in CA1‐SR, 85% in CA3‐SL, 77% in SMi, and 60–73% in hilum. In addition, whereas control injections of saline or IgG produced greatly increased GFAP diffusely in the hippocampus of Tg2576 animals, there was no increase in GFAP after anti‐Aβ injection, suggesting a synergistic interaction of nonspecific trauma with Aβ in the transgenic mice. This is the first report of depleted SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity in Tg models and the first report of icv injection of anti‐Aβ antibody in this model of AD. The largest reductions of the SNAP‐25 are in hilum and SMi, so either reduction in the septal‐hilum‐SMi path is primary or reduction in this path begins at an earlier age than in CA3–CA1 fields. A single icv injection of anti‐Aβ antibody is potent in reversing Aβ effects and, therefore, represents a suitable model for investigating early Aβ toxicity. In addition, intrathecal or icv antibody may be an efficient means of treating or preventing toxicity in AD, particularly under conditions of immune hyporesponsivity. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress induced by phenylketonuria in the rat: Prevention by melatonin, vitamin E, and vitamin C
Authors: Martinez‐Cruz Francisco , Pozo David , Osuna Carmen , Espinar Auxiliadora , Marchante Concepcion , Guerrero Juan M.
Published: October 2002

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the phenylalanine hydroxylation system and is characterized by a block in the conversion of phenylalanine (PHE) to tyrosine. We examined the effects of maternal hyperphenylalaninemia on the morphological and biochemical development of pup rat brain and cerebellum. In our model of PKU we evaluated a number of markers of oxidative stress such as Ehrlich adducts formation, lipid peroxidation, as well as the levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione, and the activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. We also studied the expression of heme‐oxigenase‐1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1/2 (MAPK 1/2) as additional markers of oxidative stress. We demonstrate that PKU strongly increased most of the oxidative stress markers studied and induced significant morphological damage. We also showed that daily administration of melatonin (20 mg/kg BW), vitamin E (30 mg/kg BW), and vitamin C (30 mg/kg BW) until delivery prevented the oxidative biomolecular damage in the rat brain and cerebellum. Although no significant differences were observed among the antioxidants studied, it should be noted that the doses of melatonin were less than those for vitamins E and C. We conclude that PKU induces a clear state of oxidative stress that is somehow involved in the brain and body damage occurring in this inborn error. Moreover, melatonin and other antioxidants are capable of preventing completely the damage induced by PKU. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of adenosine triphosphate‐sensitive potassium channels confers protection against rotenone‐induced cell death: Therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tai Kwok‐Keung , Truong Daniel D.
Published: October 2002

It is anticipated that further understanding of the protective mechanism induced by ischemic preconditioning will improve prognosis for patients of ischemic injury. It is not known whether preconditioning exerts beneficial actions in neurodegenerative diseases, in which ischemic injury plays a causative role. Here we show that transient activation of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels, a trigger in ischemic preconditioning signaling, confers protection in PC12 cells and SH‐SY5Y cells against neurotoxic effect of rotenone and MPTP, mitochondrial complex I inhibitors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The degree of protection is in proportion to the bouts of exposure to an ATP‐sensitive potassium channel opener, a feature reminiscent of ischemic tolerance in vivo. Protection is sensitive to a protein synthesis inhibitor, indicating the involvement of de novo protein synthesis in the protective processes. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with preconditioning stimuli FeSO4 or xanthine/xanthine oxidase also confers protection against rotenone‐induced cell death. Our results demonstrate for the first time the protective role of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line against rotenone‐induced neurotoxicity and conceptually support the view that ischemic preconditioning‐derived therapeutic strategies may have potential and feasibility in therapy for Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Not seeing eye to eye: differences in supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contract breach
Authors: Lester Scott W. , Turnley William H. , Bloodgood James M. , Bolino Mark C.
Published: October 2002

This study examines supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contract breach. The data suggest that supervisor and subordinate perceptions are most likely to differ on the extent to which the organization violated its obligations to provide fair pay, advancement opportunities, and a good employment relationship. In addition, the results indicate that the greater the degree of psychological contract breach reported by subordinates, the less committed they are to the organization and the lower their job performance (as rated by their supervisor). Moreover, when psychological contract breach is perceived, supervisors' and subordinates' attributions regarding the reasons for the breach are likely to differ. Specifically, the findings suggest that subordinates are more likely to attribute breach to the organization's intentional disregard for the commitments that it had made to the employee, while supervisors are more inclined to attribute breach to situations beyond the organization's direct control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential effects of strain on two forms of work performance: individual employee sales and creativity
Authors: Van Dyne Linn , Jehn Karen A. , Cummings Anne
Published: October 2002

In this research, we develop and test a model of the links between psychological strain (subjective experiences of feeling conflict and tension) and work performance. Our model includes two types of strain (work strain and home strain) and two forms of work performance (quantity of individual sales performance and creativity). Thus we acknowledge the importance of work and non‐work sources of strain as well as the multidimensional nature of work performance. We test the proposed relationships with data collected over six months from a field sample of 195 hair salon stylists (personal service workers who interact directly with customers and provide services directly to individuals and not to other firms). Results demonstrate a positive relation between work strain and individual employee sales performance and a negative relation between home strain and employee creativity at work. Leader–member exchange moderated the effects of work strain and home strain on creativity. We discuss findings and implications, emphasizing multiple roles, the importance of differentiating types of strain, and the multidimensionality of work performance. We conclude by suggesting that strain may be particularly relevant to work performance of employees in jobs like those in our sample which are characterized by high social interdependence and low task interdependence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The social construction of fairness: social influence and sense making in organizations
Authors: Lamertz Kai
Published: October 2002

This paper explores how the social relationships employees have with peers and managers are associated with perceptions of organizational justice. These relationships are theoretically modelled as the conduits for social comparison, social cues, and social identification, which are sources of sense making about fairness ‘in the eyes of the beholder.’ It is argued that perceptions of procedural and interactional justice are affected by this type of social information processing because: (1) uncertainty exists about organizational procedures; (2) norms of interpersonal treatment vary between organizational cultures; and (3) interpersonal relationships symbolize membership in the organization. A structural equations model of data from workers in a telecommunications company showed that an employee's perceptions of both procedural and interactional fairness were significantly associated with the interactional fairness perceptions of a peer. In addition, employees' social capital, conceived as the number of relationships with managers, was positively associated with perceptions of interactional fairness. In the structural model, both procedural and interactional justice were themselves significant predictors of satisfaction with managerial maintenance of the employment relationship. The discussion highlights the key role which the fairness of interpersonal treatment appears to play in the formation of justice judgements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unfairness at work as a predictor of absenteeism
Authors: de Boer Elpine M. , Bakker Arnold B. , Syroit Jef E. , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: October 2002

This study among 514 security guards examines the relationship between perceptions of unfairness at work and absenteeism during a one‐year follow‐up. On the basis of previous theoretical work and fragmented empirical evidence, it was hypothesized that distributive unfairness causes absence behavior in a direct or indirect way (through health complaints). Procedural unfairness was hypothesized to cause absence behavior through affective commitment or through health complaints. Results of a series of structural equation modelling analyses offer support for the mediating role of health complaints in the relationship between (distributive and procedural) unfairness at work and absenteeism. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that perceived unfairness contributes to explaining T2‐absenteeism over and above the impact of T1‐absenteeism and traditional work‐related stressors (i.e., work load and low job control). The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium
Authors: Wey Smola Karen , Sutton Charlotte D.
Published: October 2002

As we enter the new millennium and face the entrance of another generation of workers into the changing world of work, managers are encouraged to deal with the generational differences that appear to exist among workers. This paper revisits the issue of generational differences and the causes of those differences. Data were obtained from more than 350 individuals across the country who responded to a request to complete a survey. Current generational differences in worker values are analysed and the results are compared to a similar study conducted in 1974. Results suggest that generational work values do differ. To a lesser degree, the results suggest that work values also change as workers grow older. Finally, the results indicate an increasing desire among American workers to balance work and personal goals. This change in attitude was reflected even within the same cohort group. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foraminifera, testate amoebae and diatoms as sea‐level indicators in UK saltmarshes: a quantitative multiproxy approach. W. Roland Gehrels, Helen M. Roe and Dan J. Charman Journal of Quaternary Science Vol 16 No 3 2001, pages 201–220.
Authors: Gehrels W. Roland , Roe Helen M. , Charman Dan J.
Published: October 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Quaternary Science 16 (3) 2001, 201‐220.
Relaxation study of elementary excitations in Bi2212 investigated by picosecond Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Machtoub L. H. , Suemoto T. , Shimoyama J. , Kishio K.
Published: October 2002

We report a relaxation study of elementary excitations in heavily underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) using picosecond Raman Spectroscopy. In B1g symmetry, the two‐magnon peak shows a super‐linear power dependence which is ascribed to excess magnon population. In contrast, the broad feature observed in A1g + B2g symmetry shows a sub‐linear power dependence, suggesting a different origin from the two‐magnon scattering. We could recognize a time response <0.5 ps for the B1g two‐magnon peak. We also observed super‐linear behavior in the power dependence of the 295 and 465 cm−1 anti‐Stokes vibrational modes, in contrast to linear behavior on the Stokes side. We propose to explain the non‐linear behavior in terms of non‐equilibrium phonons. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.