bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Formal Education and its Role in Establishing a Democratic Culture within Indonesian Heterogeneous Society
Authors: Tampubolon Mangatas
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini membincangkan peranan pendidikan non–formal bagi membentuk budaya demokrasi dalam satu masyarakat majmuk, khasnya dalam masyarakat Indonesia. Hari ini, demokrasi semakin menjadi pusat perhatian, kerana berbagai–bagai negara tengah mempersiapkan diri untuk menjadi sebuah negara demokratik. Namun demikian, aspek–aspek pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang berhubungkait dengan demokrasi belum sampai ke tahap yang membanggakan. Bagi mencapai matlamat agar memiliki kefahaman yang lebih tinggi mengenai demokrasi ini, maka pendidikan sivik (kewarganegaraan) menerusi pendidikan non–formal perlu dijalankan dan digalakkan. Hakikatnya, di negara–negara berkembang termasuk di Indonesia, pelaksanaan pendidikan demokrasi menghadapi pelbagai masalah. Hal ini wujud, kerana didapati majoriti masyarakatnya masih rendah tahap pendidikan formalnya. Oleh itu, bagi mencapai kejayaan pembangunan demokrasi ini terutama pada masa globalisasi dan demokratisasi, maka peranan pendidikan umum, khususnya menerusi pendidikan non–formal telah dikuatkuasakan sebagai satu cara untuk mempertingkatkan kepercayaan, perhatian, pengetahuan, sikap, nilai–nilai, norma, dan tingkah laku masyarakat.

Kata kunci: Pendidikan non-formal; demokrasi; budaya demokrasi; masyarakat majmuk

This paper highlights the role of non–formal education in establishing a democratic culture particularly; within the Indonesian heterogeneous society. Democracy is in the center of attention because many nations today are preparing themselves to be democratic even though their knowledge and experiences dealing with democracy are still inadequate. The implementation of civic education in the form of non–formal is necessary in order to have a letter understanding democracy. Generally, the main contraint of the implementation of democracy education in developing countries is the low level of formal education of the peoples. Therefore, for the establishment of a proper democratic culture in this era of globalization and democratization, the role of general education, particularly, non–formal education has been accepted by all nations as an instrument to enhance societal beliefs, awareness, concerns, knowledge, attitudes, values, norm, living skills and even behavior.

Key words: Non-formal education; Democracy; Democratic culture; Heterogeneous society
The Effect of Blending Acrylic Grafted PVC and PVC Kâ€“66 with ABS on Impact and Flexural Properties
Authors: Chew Sau Yen , Hassan Azman , Hashim Shahrir
Published: January 2013

Adunan antara ABS dan PVC telah dikaji. Adunan yang mempunyai pelbagai nisbah ini disediakan dengan teknik pengadunan leburan. ABS yang mempunyai ketegaran tinggi, hentaman yang sederhana dan hentaman paling tinggi digunakan sebagai polimer dasar. Manakala, PVC bercangkuk akrilik dan PVC Kâ€“66 ditambah ke dalam ABS. Ujian hentaman Izod dititikâ€“beratkan. Kekuatan hentaman adunan meningkat berikutan dengan peningkatan berat molekul PVC. Yang menariknya, kekuatan hentaman yang paling tinggi wujud apabila PVC bercangkuk akrilik diadunkan bersama ABS berhentaman paling tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, penurunan modulus lenturan berlaku apabila PVC ditambah ke dalam ABS. Penurunan modulus lenturan yang paling minimum ialah adunan antara PVC Kâ€“66 dan ABS bertegaran tinggi. Keputusan yang diperolehi adalah serasi dengan pemeriksaan morfologi. Mikroskopi imbasan elektron (SEM) menunjukkan semakin tinggi kandungan PVC, semakin tinggi kekuatan hentaman.

Kata kunci: ABS; PVC; kekuatan hentaman; modulus lenturan; SEM

Blends of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were studied. The blends were prepared in different ratios by melt blending technique. High rigidity; medium impact and super high impact ABS were used as the base polymer. Acrylic grafted PVC and PVC Kâ€“66 were incorporated into the blends. Particular emphasis was on Izod impact test. The impact strength of the blends increased with increasing content of PVC. Interestingly, the result shows that the highest impact strength occurs when acrylic grafted PVC was added into super high impact ABS. However, it was observed that when PVC is incorporated in ABS, there is a decrease in the flexural modulus. The least decrease occurred when PVC Kâ€“66 was added into high rigidity ABS. These observations are consistent with the morphological studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that an increase in PVC content results in greater ductility.

Key words: ABS; PVC; impact strength; flexural modulus; SEM
Polyamide 6/Polypropylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Influence of Organoclay and Compatibiliser on the Morhological and Tensile Properties
Authors: Chow W. S. , Ishiaku U. S. , Mohd Ishak Z. A. , Kargerâ€“Kocsis J.
Published: January 2013

Nanokomposit poliamida 6/polipropilena (PA6/PP) telah disediakan dengan menggunakan pengekstrud skru kembar dan mesin pengacuanan suntikan. Kesan penambahan organotanah liat daripada 2% mengikut berat hingga 10% mengikut berat ke atas sifat-sifat tensil bagi komposit PA6/PP telah dikaji. Daripada kajian yang telah dijalankan, didapati komposit yang mengandungi organo-tanah liat sebanyak 4% mengikut berat telah menunjukkan penambahan yang optimum bagi komposit PA6/PP. 5% mengikut berat MAH-g-PP telah ditambahkan sebagai agen penyerasian dalam nanokomposit PA6/PP yang mengandungi 4% mengikut berat organo-tanah liat. Permukaan perekahan selepas ujian tensil bagi nanokomposit PA6/PP telah dikaji dengan menggunakan mikroskop penskanan elektron (SEM). Penambahan MAH-g-PP telah meningkatkan sifat-sifat mekanikal bagi nanokomposit PA6/PP/organo-tanah liat. Morfologi yang kasar dan rapuh telah diperhatikan bagi nanokomposit PA6/PP/organo-tanah liat tanpa MAH-g-PP. Manakala, bagi nanokomposit PA6/PP/organo-tanah liat yang mengandungi MAH-g-PP, morfologi yang menunjukkan dominasi fibril telah diperhatikan. Ini menunjukkan bahawa MAH-g-PP berkebolehan untuk meningkatkan pelekatan antara muka dan interaksi antara PA6, PP dengan organo-tanah liat.

Kata kunci: Nanokomposit poliamida 6/polipropilena (PA6/PP); Organo-tanah liat; MAH-g-PP; sifat-sifat tensil; morfologi

Polyamide 6/polypropylene (PA6/PP) nanocomposite was prepared by twin screw extruder and injection molding machine. The effect of organoclay loading from 2 wt% up to 10 wt% on the tensile properties was studied. 4 wt% organoclay has been observed to be the optimum loading for PA6/PP blends. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) at 5 wt% was used as a compatibiliser for 4 wt% organoclay filled PA6/PP nanocomposites. Failure mechanisms of PA6/PP/organoclay nanocomposites, assessed by fracture surface studies in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are discussed. The incorporation of MAH-g-PP increased mechanical properties of PA6/PP/organoclay nanocomposites. A coarse and brittle morphology was observed for uncompatibilised PA6/PP nanocomposites. On the contrary, MAH-g-PP compatibilised PA6/PP nanocomposites showed a more fibrilous dominant morphology, which indicates that MAH-g-PP is capable of promoting a better adhesion and interaction between PA6, PP and organoclay.

Key words: POlymide 6/polypropylene (PA6/PP) nanocomposit; organoclay; maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP); tensile properties; morphology
Pervaporation Separation of Isopropanolâ€“Water Mixtures Using Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes
Authors: Mohd Nawawi Mohd Ghazali , Hassan Hashim
Published: January 2013

Membran kitosan telah dihasilkan daripada kulit udang tempatan. Membran kitosan yang dihasilkan adalah membran homogen (tanpa ubah suai) dan membran terangkaiâ€“silang (terubah suai). Darjah perangkaisilangan adalah ditentukan oleh masa rangkaiâ€“silang itu sendiri. Prestasi bagi membran yang dihasilkan tanpa ubah suai dan membran yang terubah suai telah dikaji dalam pemisahan penelapsejatan bagi sistem campuran airâ€“isopropanol. Daripada ujikaji penelapsejatan, membran yang dihasilkan daripada kitosan telah memberikan keutamaan dalam penelapan kepada air. Membran terubah suai menunjukkan penurunan dalam fluks tetapi terdapat peningkatan dalam faktor pemisahan berbanding dengan membran tanpa ubah suai. Daripada segi indeks pemisahan penelapsejatan (PSI) pula didapati membran terubah suai telah menunjukkan prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding membran tanpa ubah suai.

Kata kunci: penelapsejatan; kitosan; membran; terangkai-silang; campuran isopropanol-air

Chitosan membranes were prepared from local shrimp shells. Membranes were prepared as homogeneous (unmodified) and crosslinked chitosan. Chitosan membranes were modified via chemical crosslinking technique. The extent of crosslinking were determined by its crosslinking time. The pervaporation performances of the unmodified and the modified chitosan membranes were investigated in the pervaporation isopropanolâ€“water systems. From the pervaporation experiments, it showed that chitosan membranes exhibited preferential permeation to water. The modified chitosan membranes showed a lower permeation flux but a higher separation factor than the unmodified membranes. The modified chitosan membrane had a better pervaporation performance than the unmodified membranes in terms of pervaporation separation index.

Key words: pervaporation; chitosan; membrane; crosslinking; isopropanol-water mixtures
Simulasi Airbumi bagi Akuifer Cetek Pesisir Pantai di Lembangan Sungai Kelantan
Authors: Tajul Baharuddin Mohamad Faizal , Abd. Rahman Norhan , Mohd Amin Mohd For
Published: January 2013

Penekanan terhadap teknik simulasi aliran airbumi adalah penting sebelum model simulasi digunakan dalam meramalkan perubahan turus airbumi. Teknik menjana model simulasi perlulah melalui prosedurâ€“prosedur seperti menentukur, analisis sensitiviti dan pengesahan sebelum ia digunakan sebagai alat ramalan perubahan turus airbumi. Beberapa andaian dan permudahan perlu dibuat kerana dalam membina model simulasi seperti keadaan di lapangan adalah sukar untuk dilaksanakan. Model simulasi yang digunakan adalah â€œAquifer Simulation Model for WINdowsâ€ (ASMWIN) yang menggunakan persamaan beza terhingga aliran airbumi dalam bentuk dua dimensi bagi akuifer tak terkurung. Keputusan ramalan simulasi airbumi pada tahun 2050 menunjukkan hampir kesemua paras turus airbumi di setiap loji di daerah Kota Bharu akan berada di bawah kedudukan teratas skrin terutamanya pada musim kering. Kajian ini dapat membantu pihak bertanggungjawab dalam merancang pengurusan air pada masa akan datang dengan lebih berkesan.

Kata kunci: Teknik simulasi; menentu ukur; analisa sensitiviti; pengesahan; andaian; ramalan

Emphasis on technique of groundwater simulation is essential before the groundwater model is used to for forecast a groundwater exchange. The simulation technique needs to follow a restricted procedure such as a calibration, sensitivity analysis and validation before it can be used in the forecasting of the groundwater heads exchange. Assumption and simplification are necessary because a reconstruction of simulation model closer to the field situation is difficult to achieve. The simulation model used was â€œAquifer Simulation Model for WINdowsâ€ (ASMWIN) which consists of finite differential equation in two dimensional for unconfined aquifer. The forecast simulation results in 2050 show that groundwater heads in most of the wellfield in Kota Bharu district below the above of groundwater screen especially in drought season. The findings of this study are particularly useful for improving the groundwater management in the future.

Key words: Simulation technique; calibration; sensitivity analysis; validation; assumption; forecast
Kajian Aliran Masuk dan Penyusupan dalam Sistem Pembetungan di Taman Sri Pulai, Skudai
Authors: Abd Rahman Norhan , Jasmi Mohd Ali , Hj Abdul Hamid Mohamed Haniffa , Mohd Baki Aminuddin
Published: January 2013

Pembinaan keseluruhan sistem pembetungan perlu mengambil kira aliran sebagai parameter bagi penggunaan yang optimum dan mengekalkan kualiti alam sekitar. Aliran berpunca dari penjanaan air kumbahan domestik berdasarkan jumlah populasi penduduk setempat, ditambah dengan aliran masuk dan penyusupan dari air larian permukaan serta air bumi. Objektif kajian adalah untuk menentukan aliran masuk dan penyusupan dalam paip pembetung. Kajian telah dijalankan di sebuah kawasan tadahan perumahan di Taman Sri Pulai, Skudai, Johor, iaitu merupakan kawasan perumahan dan komersil dengan populasi penduduk kurang daripada 2000 PE. Kajian melibatkan penyediaan maklumat awal tapak, kerja pengambilan data dan penganalisisan. Data-data kadar alir dan halaju aliran sama ada dalam musim panas atau musim hujan diukur menggunakan alat flowmeter ISCO 4250 dan juga tolok hujan. Data yang diperolehi kemudiannya dibandingkan dengan formula reka bentuk. Hasil kajian mendapati nilai faktor reka bentuk paip pembetung, F adalah 1.51, purata kadar penyusupan masuk bagi (Qpuncak)jam adalah 8.2%, purata kadar penyusupan masuk bagi (Qpurata) jam adalah 31.3%, dan nilai pekali aliran puncak, K adalah 1.8, menunjukkan sistem pembetungan di Taman Sri Pulai sesuai digunakan. Kajian ini harus dikembangkan ke kawasan tadahan lain dengan meluas bagi mendapatkan ciri-ciri aliran tempatan untuk aliran masuk dan penyusupan.

Kata kunci: Aliran masuk; penyusupan; sistem pembetungan; air bumi; air larian permukaan

Wastewaters flow very important as a parameter in design and construction the overall sewerage system in order to optimize the usage and maintain the quality of environment. Wastewaters flow generated from domestic sewerage depend on local resident population, additional with inflow including infiltration from surface runoff and groundwater. The objective of this study is to determine inflow and infiltration into sewerage systems. The study was conducted in a typical residential catchment at Taman Sri Pulai, Skudai, Johor, which is a housing and commercial area, with population equivalent less than 2000 PE. The studies included preparation of site information, data collection and data analyses. The collection of flowrate data and flow velocity data whether in dry and wet session are measured using Flowmeter ISCO 4250 and automatic rain gauge. The data obtained from site was compared with the design formula. From the study, the results for factor value of sewerage pipe design, F, is 1.51, average infiltration rate for (Qpeak) hour and (Qaverage) hour are 8.2% and 31.3% and constant value for peak flow, K, is 1.8 show that the sewer line in Taman Sri Pulai is effective.

Key words: Inflow; infiltration; sewerage system; groundwater; surface runoff
Generator Loads Study of a Hydroâ€“electric Power House Structure
Authors: Bakhteri Jahangir
Published: January 2013

The shape of a hydro-electric (hydel) power station particularly the concrete around spiral case and generator foundation is so complex that the determination of actual stresses is very complicated and time-consuming process since it is essentially a three-dimensional problem. The stress variations in the structure have been studied using three-dimensional photoelastic method in few small scale models only. In the present study, finite element and boundary element analyses of spiral (scroll) case and generator foundation of a large hydel power station considering generator loads have been carried out. A simple and efficient method of slices for the geometric representation of the structure has been developed. Linear elastic analyses have been carried out using well established existing finite element and boundary element computer programs and two pre-processing computer programs have also been developed to support the 3-D finite element program. Almost all of the present analyses show the same pattern of stresses and only their values differ, while most of the existing photoelastic study results indicate stresses with different pattern. In conclusion, a suitable, efficient and appropriate numerical method for the approximate analysis of the structure has been proposed.

Key words: Scroll case; generator foundation; slicing technique; stresses
Conversion of Methane Using Mo–MFI Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Saidina Amin Nor Aishah , Ngadi Norzita , Prasetyoko Didik
Published: January 2013

HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 30), silikalit dan Mo-MFI dengan kepekatan logam molibdenum yang berbeza telah disintesis secara kaedah langsung. Sampel-sampel mangkin ini dicirikan dengan menggunakan teknik pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), Spektroskopi Inframerah Fourier Transformasi (FTIR) dan penjerapan suhu teraturcara bagi Ammonia (TPD-NH3). Prestasi pemangkinan sampel-sampel ini dijalankan di dalam reaktor aliran berterusan lapisan terpadat mikro. Kesan kandungan logam dalam mangkin terhadap penukaran metana dan kadar kepilihan terhadap produk dikaji. Hasil pencirian menunjukkan bahawa sampel-sampel tersebut adalah mempunyai struktur seperti MFI-zeolit dan logam molibdenum yang hadir berkemungkinan besar terletak di tapak cacat zeolit. Ubahsuaian zeolit dengan logam memberi kesan kepada peningkatan aktiviti pemangkinan. Keputusan eksperimen yang menggunakan Mo(0.1)-MFI menunjukkan kepilihan C1-oksigenat yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, mangkin Mo-MFI didapati tidak sesuai untuk penghasilan gasolin.

Kata kunci: MO-MFI, sintesis langsung, XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH

HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 30), silicalite and Mo-MFI with different molybdenum concentrations were synthesized by direct synthesis method. The catalyst samples were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (TPD-NH3) techniques. The catalytic performance of the samples was evaluated in a continuous micro packed-bed reactor. The effects of metal content on methane conversion and products selectivity were investigated. Characterization results revealed that the samples were MFI-zeolite catalysts and the molybdenum metal most probably occluded in the defect sites of the zeolite. Modification of zeolite with metal resulted in the enhancement of catalytic activation. The experimental results using Mo(0.1)-MFI demonstrated a high selectivity of C1-oxygenates. However, Mo-MFI catalyst was found not suitable for gasoline production.

Key words: MO-MFI, direct synthesis, XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH
Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Mapping
Authors: Salleh Mazleena , Ibrahim Subariah , Isnin Ismail Fauzi
Published: January 2013

Imej digunakan dalam pelbagai bidang seperti perubatan, ketenteraan, sains, kejuruteraan, kesenian, hiburan, pengiklanan, pendidikan dan latihan. Dengan bertambahnya penggunaan teknik digital bagi penghantaran dan penyimpanan imej, isu asas untuk melindungi kerahsiaan, keutuhan dan kesahihan imej perlu dititikberatkan. Kertas–kerja ini membincangkan algoritma alternatif penyulitan kekunci simetri, iaitu Secure Image Encryption (SIP), bagi melindungi keselamatan imej, Algoritma ini direka bentuk berdasarkan teknik chaos. SIP mengolah piksel, bukannya bit sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh algoritma penyulitan yang popular seperti Triple–DES dan IDEA. Pada umumnya, SIP terdiri daripada tiga komponen: (1) fungsi transformasi mendatar–menegak (HVT); (2) fungsi anjakan (S), dan (3) fungsi skala kelabu (GS). Fungsi HVT adalah berdasarkan pemetaan chaos yang digunakan dalam algoritma pemetaan Baker. Fungsi GS pula melanjutkan algoritma ini ke tiga–dimensi dengan dimensi ketiga merujuk kepada aras skala kelabu piksel. Algoritma ini menyokong dua mod operasi, iaitu Electronic Code Book (ECB) dan Cipher Block Chaining (CBC). Analisis yang dilakukan terhadap SIP menunjukkan aras keselamatan masih memuaskan walaupun kekunci yang digunakan terdiri daripada kekunci lemah jika digunakan dalam algoritma pemetaan Baker.

Kata kunci: Kerahsiaan, chaos, kriptografi, penyulitan imej

Images are routinely used in diverse areas such as medical, military, science, engineering, art, entertainment, advertising, education as well as training. With the increasing use of digital techniques for transmitting and storing images, the fundamental issue of protecting the confidentiality, integrity as well as the authenticity of images has become a major concern. This paper discusses an alternative symmetric–key encryption algorithm for securing images, namely Secure Image Encryption (SIP) that is based on chaos. Unlike other popular encryption algorithms such as Triple–DES and IDEA, SIP manipulates pixels rather than bits. Generally, SIP comprises of three main components: (1) horizontal–vertical transformation function (HVT); (2) shift function (S), and (3) gray scale function (GS). HVT function is based on a two–dimensional chaotic map that utilized Baker´s map algorithm. GS function extends the algorithm to three–dimension, whereby, the third dimension refers to the level of the gray–scale of a pixel. The algorithm supports two modes of operation namely Electronic Code Book (ECB) and Cipher Block Chaining (CBC). From the analysis done, SIP manage to encrypt images of various sizes even with the usage of weak keys that exist in Baker´s map encryption algorithm.

Key words: Confidentiality, chaos, cryptography, image encryption
A Comparison of Quadratic Programming Solvers in Support Vector Machines Training
Authors: Zaki N. M. , Deris S. , Chin K. K.
Published: January 2013

Penyelesaian atur cara kuadratik yang sangat besar diperlukan untuk melatih Support Vector Machine. Tiga cara penyelesaian atur cara kuadratik yang berbeza telah digunakan untuk melaksanakan latihan Support Vector Machine bagi mengkaji keberkesanannya ke atas Support Vector Machine. Prestasi bagi kesemua penyelesaian telah dikaji dan dianalisis dari segi masa pelaksanaan dan kualiti penyelesaian. Kaedah praktikal untuk mengurangkan masa latihan tersebut telah dikaji sepenuhnya.

Kata kunci: Support vector machines, atur cara kuadratik

Training a Support Vector Machine requires the solution of a very large quadratic programming problem. In order to study the influence of a particular quadratic programming solver on the Support Vector Machine, three different quadratic programming solvers are used to perform the Support Vector Machine training. The performance of these solvers in term of execution time and quality of the solutions are analyzed and compared. A practical method to reduce the training time is investigated.

Key words: Support vector machines, quadratic programming
Increased Mastery of Learning Strategies Through Strategy Instruction and Attribution Retraining
Authors: Loh Sau Cheong , Elias Habibah , Mohd. Nor Sharifah , Mahyuddin Rahil , Uli Jegak
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini menyelidik penguasaan kemahiran belajar di kalangan pelajar sebagaimana dipengaruhi oleh pengajaran strategi dan latihan semula atribusi. Seratus tiga puluh tiga orang pelajar dari sebuah sekolah terpilih mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Pelajar-pelajar ini membentuk empat kumpulan persampelan rawak yang masing-masing menerima pengajaran strategi dan latihan semula atribusi, pengajaran strategi sahaja, latihan semula atribusi sahaja, dan tiada rawatan. Terdapat kesan utama kumpulan [F(3,87)=4.57, p=.005, η2=.14] dalam min kemahiran belajar selepas rawatan. Terdapat juga kesan interaksi kumpulan dengan tahap pencapaian, jantina, dan kumpulan etnik [F(2,87)=3.07, p=.052, η;2=.07]. Perbincangan dan implikasi kajian dilaporkan bersama.

Kata kunci: Pengajaran Strategi, latihan semula atribusi

Kajian ini menyelidik penguasaan kemahiran belajar di kalangan pelajar sebagaimana dipengaruhi oleh pengajaran strategi dan latihan semula atribusi. Seratus tiga puluh tiga orang pelajar dari sebuah sekolah terpilih mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Pelajar-pelajar ini membentuk empat kumpulan persampelan rawak yang masing-masing menerima pengajaran strategi dan latihan semula atribusi, pengajaran strategi sahaja, latihan semula atribusi sahaja, dan tiada rawatan. Terdapat kesan utama kumpulan [F(3,87)=4.57, p=.005, η2=.14] dalam min kemahiran belajar selepas rawatan. Terdapat juga kesan interaksi kumpulan dengan tahap pencapaian, jantina, dan kumpulan etnik [F(2,87)=3.07, p=.052, η2=.07]. Perbincangan dan implikasi kajian dilaporkan bersama.

Key words: Learning strategies, strategy instruction, attribution retraining
Ketamadunan Melayu dan Sains: Satu Analisis Awal Ke atas Pencapaian Masyarakat Melayu dalam Bidang Sains
Authors: Mohd Balwi Mohd Koharuddin
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini merupakan satu usaha untuk meneroka dan mendedahkan pencapaian masyarakat Melayu dalam bidang sains sebelum masyarakat Melayu mengenal ilmu sains moden daripada Barat. Terdapat tiga pencapaian sains yang diteliti iaitu pencapaian sains dalam bidang perubatan, matematik dan kimia (peleburan logam). Perkembangan ketiga–tiga bidang ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh kepentingannya dalam kehidupan seharian masyarakat Melayu. Perkembangan ilmu sains Melayu juga berlaku terutama apabila mereka memeluk agama Islam pada abad ke 7 Masihi. Bermula dari detik itu sebahagian tradisi keilmuan Melayu mengongsi tradisi keilmuan dari umat Islam lain. Ilmu–ilmu ini kemudiannya diubahsuai dan diperbaiki oleh para cerdik pandai tempatan untuk digunakan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Melayu. Terdapat juga cerdik pandai tempatan ini yang menghasilkan ilmu–ilmu sains baru bagi menyelesaikan permasalahan seharian masyarakat dari masa ke semasa.

Kata kunci: Tamadun, Melayu, sains, pengubatan, matematik, kimia

This paper want to explores and reveals the achievement of Malay Society in science, expecially before western modern science was introduced in Malay civilization. Three Malay achieve–ments in sciences; medicine, mathematics and chemistry were studied. The progress of Malay science was determined not only by its importance in the daily lives of the people but also by Islamic civilization after the Malays embraced Islam in the seventh century. Science knowledge had been absorbed and adapted by the local geniuses. They also produced new knowlege and practices to overcome various problems which they faced from time to time.

Key words: Civilisation, Malay, science, medicine, mathematics, chemistry
Studies on Alumina Dispersionâ€“Strengthened Copper Composites Through Ball Miling and Mechanical Alloying Method
Authors: Hussain Zuhailawati , Koay Han Keong
Published: January 2013

Kuprum diperkuatâ€“serakan oksida berkemampuan untuk mengekalkan sifatâ€“sifatnya pada suhu tinggi. Di antara pelbagai proses, kaedah penghasilan serbuk logam adalah terbaik disebabkan oleh kecekapannya dalam penyebaran partikel oksida yang halus. Dalam kajian ini, komposit kuprumâ€“alumina dihasilkan menerusi kaedah serbuk logam yang mana serbuk matriks kuprum ditambah kepada alumina yang berfungsi sebagai penguat. Campuran serbuk dengan komposisi alumina yang berbeza telah disediakan (2.5% berat, 5% berat, 7.5% berat dan 10% berat). Campuran tersebut kemudiannya dicampur melalui dua kaedah berbeza samada: (a) proses percampuran selama 45 minit dengan pengisar bebola atau (b) proses pengaloian mekanikal selama 45 minit dalam pengisar planet. Ini diikuti dengan penekanan campuran serbuk pada 200 MPa dan persinteran dalam argon pada 950Â°C selama 1 jam. Keputusan menunjukkan kaedah pengaloian mekanikal telah menghasilkan komposit Cuâ€“AI203 dengan kekerasan yang lebih tinggi dan kekonduksian elektrik yang lebih rendah berbanding kaedah pengisaran bebola.

Kata kunci: Komposit kuprum-alumina, pengaloian mekanik, pengisaran bebola, kekonduksian elektrik

Oxide dispersionâ€“strengthened copper has the ability to retain most of its properties at elevated temperatures. Among various processes, powder metallurgy route is ideal because of its efficiency in dispersing fine oxide particles. In this study, copperâ€“alumina composites is produced through powder metallurgy route whereby copper powder, which is the matrix, was mixed with alumina powder, which act as reinforcement. Powder mixtures with different compositions of alumina (2.5wt%, 5wt%, 7.5wt% and 10wt%) were prepared. The mixtures were then mixed either by (a) blending process for 45 minutes in a ball mill or (b) mechanical alloying for 45 minutes in a planetary mill. The mixture was then compacted at 200 MPa and sintered under argon atmosphere at 950Â°C for 1 hour. Results showed that mechanical alloying has produced Cuâ€“AI2O3 composite with better hardness and lower electrical conductivity compared to those prepared by ball milling method.

Key words:Copper-alumina composites, mechanical alloying, ball milling, electrical conductivity
Simulation of the Penetration of 6061â€“T6511 Aluminium Alloy Targets by Ogiveâ€“Nose Rigid Projectiles
Authors: Ahmad Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid
Published: January 2013

An axisymmetric simulation model using meshâ€“less approach is developed to predict final penetration depth of 6061â€“T6511 aluminum alloy by rigid ogiveâ€“nose projectile. In this model, the target structures made of aluminium alloy are modelled by finite layers of aluminium alloy materials and the projectile is modelled by standard finite elements. Penetration resistance of the target structure is provided by functions derived from the principles of dynamic cavity expansion. Interaction between the finite elements and the meshâ€“less target model is made by applying penetration resistance load to the elements on the surface of the projectile nose. Final penetration depth results are compared with the experimental data. The simulation model shows good agreement with the experimental data.

Keywords: Penetration resistance, mesh-less treatment, ogive-nose, dynamic cavity expansion
Experimental Study Of Reinforced Concrete Columns Concealing Rain Water Pipe
Authors: Bakhteri Jahangir , Iskandar Syed Ahmad
Published: January 2013

Suatu kajian bereksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan paip air hujan tersembunyi di dalam tiang konkrit bertetulang dalam bangunan bertingkat. Sebanyak empat belas tiang telah diuji dalam tujuh set dengan saiz dan tetulang yang berbeza dengan satu paip saliran PVC yang terletak di tengah keratan rentas setiap satunya. Satu kaedah penghampiran penjajaran tiang juga telah dibangunkan dan jajaran tiang yang dibina telah dijalankan sebelum memulakan uji kaji. Kekuatan muktamad yang diperoleh dari uji kaji ini telah dibandingkan dengan kekuatan reka bentuk yang disarankan oleh kod amalan British (BS 8110) dan kod amalan Amerika (ACI). Tiang menunjukkan kemerosotan ketara dalam kapasiti menampung beban dan faktor keselamatan yang didapati adalah jauh lebih kurang daripada nilai nominal yang disarankan oleh kebanyakan kod amalan.

Kata kunci: Tiang konkrit bertetulang, kapasiti menampung beban, paip saliran, tegasan, keterikan, faktor keselamatan

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effect of concealing rain water pipes inside reinforced concrete columns in multistorey buildings. Fourteen columns in seven sets, having different sizes and reinforcement, with a PVC drain pipe positioned at the centre of crosssection of each one of them have been tested. An approximate method of columnsâ€™ alignment has also been developed and the alignment of the constructed columns has been carried out before their testing. The ultimate strength of the columns obtained from the present investigation have been compared with the design strengths recommended by the British code of practice (BS 8110) and the American code of practice (ACI). The columns showed significant reduction in their load carrying capacities and the safety factors obtained were much less than the nominal value usually recommended by various codes of practice.

Key words: Reinforced concrete column, load carrying capacity, drain pipe, stress, strain, factor of safety
Performance Of Cruciform Column Using Universal Beam Sections Under Axial Compression Load
Authors: Md Tahir Mahmood , Shek Poi Ngian
Published: January 2013

Tujuan utama penggunaan tiang adalah untuk mengagihkan beban dengan cara tindakan mampatan. Daya mampatan tiang bergantung kepada beberapa faktor. Antara yang paling penting ialah panjang efektif, luas keratan, kekuatan bahan, sambungan pada kedua-dua hujungnya dan juga rembatan pada paksi lenturannya. Kertas kerja ini membincangkan keupayaan mampatan tiang cruciform. Tiang cruciform juga dikenali sebagai tiang gabungan, terdiri daripada dua keratan rasuk semesta di mana satu keratan rasuk semesta dikerat di tengah keratan dan dikimpal pada satu keratan rasuk semesta lain. Jadual keupayaan mampatan telah dihasilkan untuk pelbagai jenis saiz tiang dengan panjang efektif yang berbeza. Semua pengiraan untuk jadual keupayaan mampatan adalah merujuk kepada BS 5950â€“1:2000. Daripada kajian ini, didapati bahawa kekuatan mampatan tiang bertambah dengan pertambahan jejari legaran. Kajian ini dapat menyimpulkan bahawa penggunaan tiang cruciform mengurangkan jumlah berat tiang sebanyak 35% apabila dibandingkan dengan tiang universal dan 60% apabila dibandingkan dengan rasuk universal.

Kata kunci: Tiang cruciform, tiang gabungan, kekuatan mampatan, panjang efektif, rasuk universal

The main function of a column is to transfer loads by means of compressive action. The response of the column to a nominally applied load depends upon a number of factors. The most important are its length and crossâ€“sectional shape, the strength of material, the conditions of support provided at its ends and the method of restrained to its axis. This paper presents the performance of cruciform column under axial compression load. Cruciform column, which is also known as compound members, consists of two universal beams section where one universal beam section is cut into two at the mid section of the beam and welded to the other beam section. The compression capacity tables based on the code BS5950â€“1:200 are developed for columns with different sections and different effective lengths. The study shows that the compression resistance of the column increases as the radius of gyration of the section increases due to the formation of cruciform column. The study also concludes that the use of cruciform column contributes to the saving of the column steel weights up to 35% compared to UC sections and up to 60% as compared to UB sections.

Key words: Cruciform column, compound member, compression resistance, effective length, universal beam
Integer Programming Approach in Bus Scheduling and Collection Optimization
Authors: Ismail Zuhaimy , Ang Pei Shan
Published: January 2013

This paper discusses the current practices of bus services within a chosen town council. In this service, the driverâ€™s schedule has to be sorted out as the bus timetable involves large constraints and requires vast amount of planning. Two problems were studied, namely the overlapping journey which resulted in competition among the companyâ€™s own buses and the â€œunfairâ€ distribution of tasks among the bus crews. We propose the use of integer programming model to determine whether adding an interchange would improve collections. Simple rules were introduced in rescheduling the buses that attempted to minimize the frequency of buses departing from the main station (Larkin Terminal) at the same time. Using Excel program with Visual Basic Application, we develop a scheduler system to generate the weekly timetable for the drivers. This software has demonstrated its ability to solve the second problem of â€œunfairâ€ distribution of duties. The result of the integer programming model shows that adding an interchange with proper allocation of buses not only can increase the daily collections but also improve the trip frequency as well.

Key words: Integer programming, bus scheduling, maximizing collection and scheduling modelling
Performance Study of Carbonâ€“Clad Zirconia Stationary Phase in High Temperature Reversedâ€“Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sanagi Mohd Marsin , See Hong Heng , Francis Jaclyn Ann
Published: January 2013

Prestasi turus zirkonia tersalut karbon (CCZ) telah dikaji bagi pemisahan sebatian ujian (benzaldehid, benzamida, nitrobenzena, dan toluena) dan alkil aril keton (asetofenon, propiofenon, butirofenon, dan valerofenon) dalam sistem kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi fasa terbalik (RPâ€“HPLC) pada suhu tinggi (100Â°Câ€“160Â°C) menggunakan fasa bergerak dengan pelarut organik berkomposisi rendah dan lOO% air tulen. Mekanisme pemisahan yang lebih baik dan masa analisis yang lebih pendek diperolehi apabila pengoperasian sistem pada suhu tinggi dijalankan. Lakaran keluk Vanâ€™t Hoff yang linear bagi turus CCZ membuktikan bahawa tiada perubahan mekanisme penahanan terhadap sebatian analit terpilih pada julat suhu yang dikaji. Siri homolog alkil aril keton telah digunakan sebagai skala indeks penahanan dalam pembangunan indeks penahanan dalam sistem RPâ€“HPLC suhu tinggi. Walaupun faktor muatan sebatian ujian itu amat dipengaruhi oleh perubahan suhu turus, namun perubahan nilai indeks penahanan sebatian berkenaan adalah kecil.

Kata kunci: Karbon tersalut zirkonia, kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi pada suhu tinggi

The performance of carbonâ€“clad zirconia (CCZ) stationary phase was evaluated for the separations of test compounds (benzaldehyde, benzamide, nitrobenzene, and toluene) and alkyl aryl ketones (acetophenone, propiophenone, butyrophenone and valerophenone) at high temperature (100Â°Câ€“160Â°C) in reversedâ€“phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPâ€“HPLC) using low compositions of organic modifier and 100% pure water as eluent. Improved separation mechanism and faster analysis time were achieved during high operating temperatures. Vanâ€™t Hoff plots were linear for the investigated CCZ column, which showed that over the temperature range, no changes occurred in the retention mechanism. The use of alkyl aryl ketone homologs as a retention index scale in high temperature RPâ€“HPLC was investigated. Although the retention factors of the test compounds were greatly affected by increasing the column temperature, there were only slight variations in their respective retention index values.

Key words: Carbon-clad zirconia, high temperature high performance liquid chromatography
Identification of Harmonic Source at the Point of Common Coupling Based on Voltage Indices
Authors: Hamzah Noraliza , Mohamed Azah , Hussain Aini
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membentangkan teknik baru untuk mengesan punca gangguan harmonik, samada pembekal atau pengguna. Dalam kaedah ini, litarâ€“litar setara Norton dan Thevenin diperolehi untuk tujuan pengesanan punca gangguan harmonik. Berdasarkan keduaâ€“dua litar setara tersebut, dua kes telah dianalisa iaitu litar yang mempunyai satu punca harmonik dan litar yang mempunyai dua punca harmonik. Di dalam litar yang mempunyai satu punca harmonik, litar setara diringkaskan kepada litar setara Thevenin untuk memperolehi indeks voltan. Voltan yang diperolehi di titik gandingan sepunya (TGS) dibandingkan dengan voltan di pihak pembekal. Di dalam litar yang mempunyai dua punca harmonik, teorem tindihan dan litar setara Norton digunakan untuk menerbitkan indeks voltan daripada bacaan yang diperolehi di titik gandingan sepunya. Beberapa kes dan ujian suis dijalankan menggunakan perisian PSCAD/EMTDC. Perbandingan dilakukan dengan teknik galangan kritikal (GK) untuk membuktikan kesahihan teknik yang dicadangkan dalam pengesanan punca gangguan harmonik. Keputusan yang diperolehi membuktikan teknik pengesanan punca gangguan harmonik berdasarkan indeks voltan lebih baik daripada teknik galangan kritikal (GK).

Kata kunci: Harmonik, teorem tindihan, galangan harmonik

This paper presents a new method to determine harmonic source either at the utility or the customer based on voltage indices. In the method, both Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits are first derived for harmonic source identification. Based on these circuits, two cases are analyzed, that is a circuit with a single harmonic source and a circuit with two harmonic sources. In a single harmonic source, harmonic circuit is simplified to a Thevenin equivalent circuit which is used to derive the voltage indices. The voltage measured at the point of common coupling (PCC) is compared with the voltage at the utility sides. In a two harmonic source system, the superposition theorem and Norton equivalent circuits are employed to derive the voltage indices at utility and customer sides based on the voltage and current measurements at the PCC. For both systems, the voltage index based on the higher voltage magnitude is identified as the main harmonic source. Several case studies and a series switching tests are performed in the simulations using the PSCAD/EMTDC program. Comparisons are made with the Critical Impedance (CI) method to verify the accuracy of the proposed method in harmonic source identificafion. Results proved that the identification of harmonic source at the point of common coupling based on voltage indices is more accurate when compared to the CI method.

Key words: Harmonic, superposition theorem, harmonic impedance
Integration of Fingerprint Centre Point Location and Principal Component Analysis for Fingerprint Verification
Authors: Chan Ying Hui , Rahman Abu Bakar Syed Abdul
Published: January 2013

Online Interpreter for Novice C Programmer (IfNCP) ialah pakej perisian pembelajaran bagi seseorang yang baru mula mempelajari bahasa pengaturcaraan C. IfNCP mengunakan antara muka grafik untuk mempertingkatkan pemahaman pengguna. Sistem ini menyediakan persekitaran pembelajaran yang interaktif dengan menggunakan multimedia dan grafik secara online.

Key words:Biometrik, cap jari, pusat cap jari, pemeriksaan cap jari, PCA

Online Interpreter for Novice C Programmer (IfNCP) is intended as an introductory learning package for the beginners of C programming language. IfNCP focuses on the graphical code interpretation to enhance user understanding. The system creates an onâ€“line interactive learning environment using multimedia tools and graphical simulations.

Kata kunci:Biometrics, fingerprints, fingerprint centre point, fingerprint verification, PCA
A Study on Gene Selection and Classification Algorithms for Classification of Microarray Gene Expression Data
Authors: Yeo Lee Chin , Deris Safaai
Published: January 2013

Pembangunan teknologi microarray membenarkan penyelidik untuk meneliti tahap ekspresi gen dalam sel. Salah satu aplikasi teknologi microarray adalah pengkelasan sampel tisu kepada tisu kanser atau tisu biasa. Pemilihan gen memainkan peranan yang penting sebelum pengkelasan. Dalam makalah ini, beberapa kombinasi teknik pemilihan gen dan teknik pengkelasan yang berlainan untuk pengkelasan data expresi gen microarray telah dikaji. Teknik pemilihan gen terdiri dari Fisher Criterion, Golub Signalâ€“toâ€“Noise, traditional tâ€“test dan Mannâ€“Whitney rank sum statistic. Teknik pengkelasan terdiri dari support vector machines (SVMs) dengan pelbagai kernel dan kâ€“nearest neighoor (kâ€“nn). Prestasi kombinasi teknikâ€“teknik yang dikaji disahkan dengan menggunakan teknik leaveâ€“oneâ€“out cross validation (LOOCV) dan receiver operating characteristic (ROC) digunakan untuk menganalisa prestasi kombinasi teknikâ€“teknik yang dikaji. Kajian yang telah dijalankan dalam eksperimen ini menunjukkan bahawa pemilihan gen sebelum pengkelasan adalah penting untuk memperolehi prestasi pengkelasan yang lebih baik. Kombinasi yang menghasilkan prestasi tertinggi adalah dengan menggunakan Mannâ€“Whitney rank sum statistic dan SVMs. Nilai ROC tertinggi yang dicapai oleh kombinasi ini adalah 0.91. Ini adalah penting bagi tujuan rawatan dan kajian biologi seterusnya.

Kata kunci: Data expresi gen microarray, pemilihan gen, kaedah statistik, algoritma pengkelasan, Support Vector Machines, k-nearest neighbor

The development of microarray technology allows researchers to monitor the expression of genes on a genomic scale. One of the main applications of microarray technology is the classification of tissue samples into tumor or normal tissue. Gene selection plays an important role prior to tissue classification. In this paper, a study on numerous combinations of gene selection techniques and classifcation algorithms for classification of microarray gene expression data is presented. The gene selection techniques include Fisher Criterion, Golub Signalâ€“toâ€“Noise, traditional tâ€“test and Mannâ€“whitney rank sum statistic. The classification algorithms include support vector machines (SVMs) with several kernels and kâ€“nearest neighbor (kâ€“nn). The performance of the combined techniques is validated by using leaveâ€“oneâ€“out cross validabon (LOOCV) technique and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) is used to analyze the results. The study demonstrated that selecting genes prior to tissue classification plays an important role for a better classification performance. The best combination is obtained by using Mannâ€“Whitney Rank Sum Statistic and SVMs. The best ROC score achieved for this combination is at 0.91. This should be of significant value for diagnostic purposes as well as for guiding further exploration of the underlying biology.

Key words: Microarray gene expression data, gene selection, statistical methods, classification algorithms, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbor
Generation of Fuzzy Rules with Subtractive Clustering
Authors: Priyono Agus , Ridwan Muhammad , Alias Ahmad Jais , O. K. Rahmat Riza Atiq , Hassan Azmi , Mohd. Ali Mohd. Alauddin
Published: January 2013

Pembelajaran sistem pangkalan peraturan kabur menggunakan algoritma genetik mempunyai masa depan yang cerah bagi menyelesaikan beberapa masalah. Lojik kabur menawarkan cara sederhana bagi menyimpulkan maklumat input yang kasar, kabur, cacat atau tidak jelas. Model lojik kabur adalah berasaskan kaedahâ€“kaedah empirik bergantung kepada pengalaman operator berbanding dengan pengetahuan teknikal daripada sistem. Dalam metod lojik kabur, sebarang input yang munasabah dapat diproses dan sebilangan output dapat dijana meskipun penakrifan pangkalan peraturan secara cepat dapat menjadi rumit sekiranya terlalu banyak input dan output yang dipilih untuk sebuah penggunaan. Bergantung kepada sistem, semakin rumit input dan output yang ingin diselesaikan oleh sistem, maka akan semakin banyak jumlah bilangan peraturan dan kerumitan tetapi juga akan menambah mutu kawalan dari sistem. Banyak kaedah telah dicadangkan bagi menjana peraturan kabur. Idea asas daripada penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mempelajari serta menjana peraturan paling optimum yang diperlukan bagi mengawal input tanpa mengurangi mutu kawalan. Kertas kerja ini yang mencadangkan penjanaan peraturan kabur menggunakan penggugusan subtraktif pada lojik kabur Takasiâ€“Sugenoâ€“Kang (TSK) bagi kegunaan kawalan lampu isyarat lalu lintas.

Kata kunci: Lojik kabur TSK, sistem pangkalan peraturan kabur, teknik penggugusan subtraktif

Learning fuzzy ruleâ€“based systems with genetic algorithms can lead to very useful descriptions of several problems. Fuzzy logic (FL) provides a simple way to arrive at a definite conclusion based upon vague, ambiguous, imprecise, noisy or missing input information. The FL model is empirically based, relying on an operatorâ€™s experience rather than their technical understanding of the system. In the FL method, any reasonable number of inputs can be processed and numerous outputs will be generated, although defining the ruleâ€“base quickly becomes complex if too many inputs and outputs are chosen for a single implementation since rules defining their interrelations must also be defined. This will increase the number of fuzzy rules and complexity but may also increase the quality of the control. Many methods were proposed to generate fuzzy rulesâ€“base. The basic idea is to study and generate the optimum rules needed to control the input without compromising the quality of control. The paper proposed the generation of fuzzy rule base by subtractive clustering technique in Takagiâ€“Sugenoâ€“Kang (TSK) fuzzy method for traffic signal control system.

Key words: TSK fuzzy logic, fuzzy rule base system, subtractive clustering technique