bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interlaminar Normal Stiffness and Strength of Thick Orthotropic Laminates: An Experimental Study
Authors: Roy Ajit K. , Kim Ran Y.
Published: March 2007

A test techique for measuring the interlaminar (in the thickness direction) tensile stiffness and strength of orthotropic laminates is discussed. A special gripping technique is used to eliminate the end bending of the specimens due to any misalignment of the load frame grips. The measured values of the interlaminar normal stiffness, Poisson's ratio, and strength of AS4/3501-6 composite laminates ([0/90]100s and [0/90/ ± 45]50S), both in tension and compression, are presented. It is observed, espe cially for the [0/90/ ± 45] laminate, that the interlaminar stiffness decreases with increas ing specimen aspect ratio (ratio of specimen gage length to thickness) of greater than 15, due to the free-edge stress effect as confirmed by a finite element analysis. The average values of the interlaminar tensile stiffness for [0/90] and [0/90/ ± 45] laminates are found to be respectively 18 and 23 percent higher than the transverse stiffness of the constituent ply. Analysis of failure strength indicates that the interlaminar compressive failure is a highly interactive failure mode, whereas the tensile failure is controlled by the in terlaminar normal stress, a non-interactive failure mode.
Aging, Autonomy, and the Value of Life
Authors: Klinefelter Donald S.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes several moral, religious, and social issues relevant to being old in America during the last decades of the twentieth century. Specifically, I explore some ethical and religious dimensions of the relations of freedom and dependence, sickness and health, and meaning and value in the geriatric context. Are there positive alternatives to our prevailing images of aging as illness, disease, or decline? Is "dependence with dignity" a realistic possibility for many elderly people? On the basis of both Western and non- Western moral and religious traditions, my answer is a qualified but insistent Yes.
Attitudes Toward Clothing of Elderly Men
Authors: Simpson Mary M. , Littrell Mary A.
Published: March 2007

Individuals use clothing to foster self-esteem and to assist in social encounters. Daily choice of personal attire remains one way by which elderly individuals in institutions may express feelings about self and attitudes towards others. The purpose of this research was to identify general themes present in elderly institutionalized men's attitudes toward clothing and to ascertain whether attitudes toward clothing were associated with social roles performed by the men. Themes of clothing awareness, comfort, and social approval emerged from factor analysis of the questionnaire items. The majority of the men wanted clothing that was comfortable, up-to-date, and like that of their friends. Clothing was considered to enhance self-confidence and to assist in impression management. Men who were less active in the leisure role showed greater interest in the psychological and social components of clothing. Recommendations are made for practition ers who assist elderly men with their clothing.
Risks and Resources: Service Allocation Decisions in a Consolidated Model of Long-Term Care
Authors: Hennessy Catherine Hagan
Published: March 2007

Efficient and equitable allocation of long-term care services by case managers depends on an accurate match of client needs with available resources. To date, however, systematic descriptions of case managers' decision-making process in service assignment have been lacking. This study employs an ethnographic approach to examine the rationale for service choice used by a multidisciplinary case management team within a consolidated model of community-based long-term care. It focuses on the team's assessment of "risk, " both to client and to organization, in providing certain high-cost categories of care, and identifies several key characteristics of the individual and the resource system used to formulate service decisions.
Are Hearing and Visual Dysfunction Associated with Cognitive Impairment? A Population-Based Approach
Authors: Colsher Patricia L. , Wallace Robert B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between cognitive functioning and self-reported sensory functioning in a population-based (N = 3,097) survey of the elderly. Obtained were two performance measures (a mental status examination and a recall memory test) and two subjective measures (global self-rated memory and self-reported memoryproblems) of cognitive function. Poorer self-rated vision was associated with poorer scores on the performance measures; poorer self-rated hearing was associated with poorer scores on the performance and subjective measures. Adjustment for age, educational attainment, physical health status, and depressive symptoms accounted for most of the relationships between the performance measures of cognition and vision and hearing function and the subjective measures of cognition and vision function. However, subjective measures of cognitive function remained related to hearing after adjustment. Thus clear evidence of a relationship between sensory function and cognitive performance in a population of noninstitutionalized elderly persons was not found.
Support System Participation in Spousal Caregiving: Alzheimer's Disease Versus Other Illness
Authors: Straw Lorraine B. , O'Bryant Shirley L. , Meddaugh Dorothy I.
Published: March 2007

We examined interview data from 158 widows who had provided care to the husband before his death. Two groups, Alzheimer's caregivers and other caregivers, were compared to determine the differential support received from informal and formal support systems. Alzheimer's caregivers reported having more needs for which they received no help than did other caregivers — t (24) = 2.70, p <.01. Alzheimer's caregivers also reported less caregiving participation by formal and nonkin sources than did other caregivers-t (39.99) = -2.39, p <.01; and t (157) = -2.02, p <.02, respectively. The results imply a need for greater community awareness of and involvement in the care of families affected by Alzheimer's disease. Also indicated is the need for further research into factors influencing the help-seeking and help-accepting behaviors of the affected families.
Survey of Health Promotion in Pennsylvania Nursing Homes
Authors: Brannon Diane , Taylor-Nicholson Mary , Bucher Julia , Mahoney Beverly Saxton
Published: March 2007

Health promotion programs for residents represent a discretionary organizational response to increased demand for service differentiation within the nursing home setting. More than half (57%) of facilities in a systematic sample of Pennsylvania nursing homes reported offering one or more health promotion programs. This article describes the variety of topical categories of programs. Guided by two alternative explanations of medical technology adoption-the key professional model versus the institutional/environmental model-an explanation is offered about why some facilities offer such programs and others do not.
Aging Places: Perspectives on Change in a Cape Cod Community
Authors: Cuba Lee
Published: March 2007

Using data from a community located in Barnstable County (Cape Cod), Massachusetts, this study examines variation in how three groups of residents-nonmigrants, younger migrants, and older migrants-view changes occurring in their town. Although all three groups evaluate community change in negative terms, older migrants are more likely to express concern solely over changes in the physical environment of the community, whereas nonmigrants and younger migrants are more likely to voice opposition to a wider range of changes, including those affecting the social environment of the community. The distinguishing characteristics of older migrants make them susceptible to scapegoating by nonmigrants and younger migrants, suggesting that the traditional local distinction between native Cape Codders and newcomers is being superseded by one between younger and older migrants. Implications of this trend are discussed.
Retirement, Personality, and Life Satisfaction: A Review and Two Models
Authors: Reis Myrna , Gold Dolores Pushkar
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature of life satisfaction in retirement, focusing on the retiree's personality. Personality effects are examined in a context including other determinants of life satisfaction: involuntary retirement, stress, health, finances, and activities, and issues of control and adaptivity are explored. Heuristic models specifying direct and indirect effects of personality traits on life satisfaction in retirement are proposed. The models are based on the findings reviewed and on a variety of theories, including five-factor personality theory, stress theory, and attachment theory. Directions for retirement counseling, planning, and research are suggested.
Health Insurance and Disability Levels for Older Black and White Women in the South
Authors: White-Means Shelley I. , Hammond Judith M.
Published: March 2007

For this article, the authors used the National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) to look at health insurance coverage for persons aged 50 and older. Although previous research has shown that race, gender, and region influence health insurance status, little is known about how these factors interact to affect that status. It was found that there is a crucial intersection of gender, race, and region in the reliance on Medicaid and in not having any insurance for persons aged 50 and older. Over 73% of southern Black women are covered by Medicaid, compared to 9.4%, 16.6%, and 33% of southern White men, White women, and Black men, respectively. Having no insurance or insurance coverage through Medicaid, being unmarried, and having low levels of formal education are associated with reports of significantly higher levels of disability among older women. The article concludes with the implications of these findings for national health and family policy.
Impact of AARP Andrus Foundation Grantmaking in Aging on Professional and Institutional Development
Authors: Kerin Pamela B. , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Sprouse Betsy M. , Kriner Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of support from grant making by the AARP Andrus Foundation on the institutional growth of gerontology programs from 1973 to 1992 and on the professional development of grant recipients. Faculty who were awarded grants in that time (N = 355) were mailed questionnaires to assess the impact of receiving an applied research grant from the AARP Andrus Foundation on gerontological instruction, research, program development, and profes sional development The 187 grantees responding (52.7%) identified both quantitative and qualitative outcomes from the grants, including promotion and tenure, advances in professional stature, opportunities to present research at professional meetings, opportunities to conduct nontraditional research, and the receipt of additional funding from other foundations and government agencies.
Older Persons Who Move: Reasons and Health Consequences
Authors: Choi Namkee G.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of data from the Longitudinal Survey of Aging (LSOA), 1984-1990, this article analyzes reasons for, and determinants of, moving among subjects 70 years or older. More than 60% of the mover sample gave their own poor health, their spouse's poor health/death, and/or their desire for close kinship as reasons they moved, and more than 25% cited money problems as a reason. Blacks and women were more likely to cite desire for close kinship than were Whites and men. The comparison between 615 movers and 3,445 nonmovers also showed that moving late in life contributes to the deterioration of health to a small but significant degree. Social services and financial assistance for children and other relatives who take in ailing elderly relatives are recommended. Social services and programs to help alleviate the stress and ease the transition of moving for older persons are also discussed.
Coping Strategies of Middle-Aged and Older Women Who Have Undergone a Mastectomy
Authors: Bartmann Judith A. , Roberto Karen A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the types of coping strategies used by middle-aged (n = 51) and older women (n = 49) who had a mastectomy and the relationship between the types of coping strategies used and the level of depression they experienced. Although both age groups of women used active-cognitive and active-behavioral coping strategies, more of the older women employed avoidance strategies than their middle-aged counterparts. The type of coping strategies used was not associated with depression levels for the middle-aged women. For older women, using avoidance strategies and not using cognitive strategies were associated with higher depression scores
State Variations and Trends in Preadmission Screening Programs
Authors: Harrington Charlene , Curtis Michael
Published: March 2007

Nursing home costs have increased dramatically and comprise a large share of state Medicaid budgets. To control the use of nursing home beds, state policymakers have established preadmission screening programs to assess apphcants' functional, psychological, and medical status to determine whether they are in need of nursing home care. States are becoming increasingly stringent in their screening and are linking their preadmission screening programs to community-based alternatives funded by Medicaid waiver, state general funds, or both. States vary greatly in their specific program characteristics. These variations include: geographic basis (statewide/local), population screened (Medicaid/private pay), client origin (hospital/commu nity), whether decisions are binding, timing of screen (prior to/after admission), and who does the assessment (state staff/contract agency/provider). Descriptive data on these and other features of state preadmission screening programs from 1978 to 1992 are presented.
Components of the Vera Hypothesis: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ballard Allan J.
Published: March 2007

Reform within the bail system has received much attention in recent years. Much of this attention has been focused on the substitution of interviews designed to determine a prisoner's likelihood of returning for trial for the traditional setting of bail After a brief account of the bail system's framework, a review of certain problem areas, and a description of a successful experiment in releasing prisoners without bail, this paper presents an analysis of prisoners' characteristics for use in predicting which prisoners, if released without bail, will become fugitives and which will return for trial.
The Importance Given Selected Job Characteristics by Individuals who Possess a Criminal Justice Degree
Authors: Sullivan Tommy T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the importance given selected job characteristics by individuals who possess a criminal justice degree from an Illinois institution of higher learning. The examination entailed the analysis of the possible differentiation between racial groups, sex, degree obtained, and occupational choice in relation to job characteristics. The findings indicated that significant differentiations did occur between races as a whole and between races by sex. No significant differentiations were found between: (1) sexes; (2) racial groups by degree level; (3) racial groups by occupational choice, (4) racial groups by sex and degree level: (5) racial groups by sex and occupational choice, and (6) racial groups by degree level and occupational choice.
Containment Theory Reevaluated: An Empirical Explication
Authors: Dodder Richard A. , Long Janet R.
Published: March 2007

All seven variables of Containment theory were operationalized in order to examine which combination of them related best to self-reported delinquency and to official involvement with the law. The data, from questionnaires administered in four high schools and three correctional institutions in Oklahoma, revealed stronger relationships with self-reported delinquency than with official involvementfor both males and females. While internalization of rules accounted for the most variation in delinquency among high school students, frustration tolerance was most related to delinquency among institutionalized students. Self-perception, the containment variable receiving the most attention in the past, was much less related to delinquency than were the other containment variables.
Juvenile Offenders Who Become Adult Criminals
Authors: Scanlon John R. , Webb Larry
Published: March 2007

Juvenile and adult corrections have traditionally maintained a separateness that does not encourage a (oojecratilve aJpproach to research. Studies usualli address "successes" and failuress" within systems or jurisdictions. Data and research about juvenile and adult correctional programs are available, but there is little that conne(ts the t o() as a continuum. There is a need for a broader perspective In view of this need, the objective of the present research i as Ito provide an analysis with policy and research implications for both types of programs. Specifi ally, youths ser ved in juvenile correctional programs wsho subsequently entered adult prisons were contrasted with thosc wh1o did tio t e-nter prison.
Research Methods and Criminal Justice Curricula: Surmounting the Obstacles
Authors: Brown Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

Teaching research methods to undergraduate social science students has typically been recognized as problematic. Such students often experience considerable anxiety concerning the required research courses in their curricula and infrequently enter these classes with motivation to learn about research methods. These problems appear to be exacerbated in criminal justice programs because of its recent emergence as a distinct academicfield. Criminaljustice curricula typically have inadequate sequences of research related courses and often fail to integrate their research and substantive components. This article discusses the problems and recommends an applied instructional strategy as a means of compensating for the resulting deficiencies. Severalforms of such an instructional approach are delineated, but it is emphasized that this technique is supplemental to traditional teaching strategies. To the degree that educators are successful in alleviating student anxiety about courses in research methods and strengthening the research component of criminal justice curricula, the needfor this applied instructional strategy is obviated.
Correlates of Escape: A Preliminary Assessment of Georgia Prisons
Authors: Anson Richard H. , Hartnett Catherine M.
Published: March 2007

Incapacitation theory of imprisonment postulates that confinement functions in isolating inmates from the free world community. Institutional escapes thwart this objective and undermine the relationship between prisons and their surrounding communities. Few published studies have examined the correlates of escape behavior. Fewer researchers have examined the connection between institutional escapes and structural conditions ofprisons. In this study, youthfulness of the inmate population, prison resources, adequacy of treatment personnel, and prison supervision levels are observed to explain 70% of the total variance in Georgia prison escape levels.
Criminal Justice Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: 1990 Term
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

In the term that concluded in June 1991, the Supreme Court was clearly an institution on the doctrinal move in the field of criminal justice, although the fluidity of the justices' voting alignments betrayed some groping for the rationale for that movement. Both old and recent precedents were abandoned, and the once highly touted bright lines provided by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), and Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), were further obscured. In a death penalty decision, Payne v. Tennessee, see below, announced on the last day of the term, Chief Justice Rehnquist gave an unmistakable signal that other criminal justice precedents were hardly to be considered sacrosanct. Because of the increasingly overt influence of the more recently appointed justices, the term represented a discernible lurch in the ongoing shift away from the Warren Court's legacy. Indeed, if the 1990 Term is to be viewed as a barometer, the Supreme Court's impact on criminal justice issues in the decade of the 1990s could rival that of the Warren Court in the 1960s.

All of the major Fourth Amendment decisions in the past term produced defeats for the defense, whereas the interrogation cases had mixed results. In the "fair trial" area, yet more ripples were created by the progeny of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). Although several defendants who had received death sentences obtained relief, the two decisions having the broadest doctrinal implications for capital punishment litigation were clear-cut victories for the government. Finally, the Court announced its most definitive edict to date in support of the judicial hands-off principle in the area of prison litigation.

If, as is often heard, Mapp v. Ohio began the criminal justice revolution of the 1960s, the 1990 Term offers the clearest evidence yet that the counterrevolution is flourishing.
Correctional Case Law
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

In this issue the Review continues its practice of offering brief summaries of selected decisions of federal courts in the areas of corrections and pretrial detention. These cases are drawn from the period since the previous survey. Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in this area are included in the Review's autumn issue, which surveys the major criminal justice decisions of that court.

The chief purpose of the following summaries is to introduce the reader to cases that appear to have significance beyond their immediate facts and outcomes so that in-depth research on any particular topic might be facilitated. Thus the survey is limited primarily to decisions at the court of appeals level and to cases reported in readily available sources. Together with the annual surveys that have appeared in prior spring issues of the Review, the following summaries should provide a comprehensive starting point for research on federal court review of prison, jail, and community-based corrections issues in the modern era. To enhance the usefulness of these surveys, the major decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in each topical area surveyed are cited in the context of their role as precedents for the lower court decisions that are summarized.

For the information of those readers who wish to follow developments in the period immediately following the cutoff point of the present survey, the latest sources that were consulted were advance sheets number 53 of the Federal Reporter (Vol. 978, No. 2, ending at page 1268) and the Federal Supplement (Vol. 803, No. 2, and Vol. 804, No. 1, ending at page 372 of the latter), both dated December 28, 1992. Thus, the summarized decisions date from late 1991 to late 1992. The reader is reminded that the cases surveyed do not serve as binding precedent beyond their respective jurisdictions and that some of the decisions are being appealed and are therefore subject to possible modification or reversal.
Asian Emerging Crime Groups: Examining the Definition of Organized Crime
Authors: Song John Huey-Long , Dombrink John
Published: March 2007

This article examines the definition, structure, and operation of one set of contemporary emerging crime groups-Asian racketeers. The article describes how Japanese, Chinese, and Vietnamese criminal groups differ in their structural forms because of culture, immigration patterns, function, and other factors and analyzes them according to Maltz's 1985 article on defining organized crime.
Public vs. Private Prison Management: A Case Comparison
Authors: Logan Charles H.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the private operation of a prison in comparison to its previous operation by a state agency, using a series of management-related performance measures derived from surveys of staff and from institutional records. The results are consistent with prior research in favoring private over public prison management on a majority of quantifiable comparisons. Qualitative data drawn from staff comments and from field observations support the quantitative comparisons and help to interpret them in terms of differences in organizational structure and climate. The private prison's advantages displayed the following pattern: a better designed facility; greater operational and administrative flexibility; decentralized authority and good communications; more performance-based personnel management; higher morale, enthusiasm, and sense of ownership among staff; greater experience and leadership among top administrators; and stricter, "by the book" governance of inmates. These traits may be fostered by the structure, incentives, and environment of private management.
Communications
Authors: French Laurence A.
Published: March 2007

A communication may take one of two forms. The first relates to correspondence from a reader about an article that has appeared in the Review. In this instance the editor will determine whether the initial correspondence is worthy of publication. In the event that it is, the author of the article in question will have an opportunity to respond to the reader's comment. Both communications will appear unedited. The second type of communication relates to book reviews. It is assumed that this type of communication will be initiated by authors of books who believe that their work has been criticized unfairly. In this instance the editor will not determine whether the communication should be published. Instead, it is our intention to allow the reviewer of the book in question to respond to the author's communication and then to permit the author of the book a final rejoinder to the reviewer's communication. All of this correspondence will be published unedited. This policy is designed to ensure the essential integrity and purpose of the Review.
Olive-Mill Wastewater Composting: Microbiological Aspects
Authors: Galli E. , Pasetti L. , Fiorelli F. , Tomati U.
Published: March 2007

Oxygen consumption, microbial growth, lignin and phenol degradation, urease, protease and nitrogenase activity were determined during the composting of an olive- mill wastewaters (OMW)—wheat straw mixture. Oxygen consumption, microbial growth and urease activity were greatly enhanced during the thermophilic phase, reaching their maximum in about three weeks. Casein-hydrolysing protease showed a high initial activity which sharply decreased after 2 weeks. At the end of the thermophilic phase both phenols and lignin were reduced by about 70%. Composting enhanced diazotrophic microflora as indicated by nitrogenase activity which increased at the end of the thermophilic phase. © 1997 ISWA
Mechanical recycling of electronics scrap - the current status and prospects
Authors: Shunli Zhang  , Forssberg Eric
Published: March 2007

Of the various mechanical metal recycling techniques employed in electronic scrap processing, air table separation, magnetic separation and eddy current separation technolo gies have proved to be the most commercially successful. In addition, it is very important, even indispensable, that, prior to the physical processing of electronic scrap, selective dis mantling and identification (if necessary) be employed. It is, however, recognized that problems such as process optimiza tion and organics handling remain and that in-depth charac terization of electronic scrap will be essential in this context.
Utilization of sewage sludge in short-rotation energy forestry: a pilot study
Authors: Hasselgren K.
Published: March 2007

Dewatered and non-dewatered sewage sludge from a secondary treatment plant was applied to plots planted with three Salix (willow) clones according to the Swedish short-rotation forestry concept. Stem biomass production was enhanced by the sludge application rate, which vaned between 2.5 and 20 t DS/ha/yr. Sludge metals in general accumulated in the soil within the layer in which the sludge was applied, whereas metal transportation below this point was less pronounced. Concentrations of nutrients and metals in plant tissues were not influenced by the sludge application rates, but decreased in general with stem and stand age. Improved sewage sludge quality in recent years is contributing to the possibilities of designing sustainable systems for sludge use on productive land—for instance, in short-rotation forestry for biofuel production.
Influence of mechanical-biological pretreatment of municipal solid waste on landfill behaviour
Authors: Leikam K. , Stegmann R.
Published: March 2007

Mechanical-biological pretreatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) can significantly improve the behaviour of landfills. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen in the leachate, as well as the gas production rate, are about 90% lower than for untreated waste. The volume to be landfilled decreases by mechanical-biological pretreatment by up to 60%.
Comparison of seven methods for measuring methane flux at a municipal solid waste landfill site
Authors: Trégourès A. , Beneito A. , Berne P. , Gonze M.A. , Sabroux J.C. , Savanne D. , Pokryszka Z. , Tauziède C. , Cellier P. , Laville P. , Milward R. , Arnaud A. , Levy F. , Burkhalter R.
Published: March 2007

Seven methods were compared to evaluate methane flux densities m an actual municipal solid waste landfill: two accumulation chambers, two micrometeorological techniques (eddy correlation and mass balance methods), two tracer gas methods and an airborne infrared thermography. The comparison took into account scientific, technical and economic aspects.
Job Redesign in the Public Sector: the Track Record
Authors: Smith Russ
Published: March 2007

Job redesign has been used in the public and private sectors for at least two decades. This essay examines the use of job redesign techniques in the public sector. The psychological basis of job redesign is briefly reviewed, focusing on motivation theories. Then, several cases are reviewed il lustrating the application of different techniques. Finally, the utility of job redesign in the public sector is assessed, concluding with a call for more rigorous research. An Appendix lists twenty-one cases of various job redesign efforts in the public sector.
Perceptions of Personnel System Constraints in Public, Private, and Hybrid Organizations
Authors: Coursey David , Rainey Hal G.
Published: March 2007

Public and private managers' perceptions of flexibility of personnel procedures, authority over personnel actions, and approval times for basic personnel tasks are compared. A phone survey of 78 top managers of Syracuse, New York area organizations followed by 210 responses from middle and upper managers to a mail survey constitutes the data source. Differences were studied using two approaches of organizational characterization: a category scheme dividing organizations into core public, hybrid, and core private groupings based on the nature of the primary product or service produced and Bozeman's (1987) publicness model. Results, in part, indicate private managers perceive more flexible personnel proce dures, greater authority over personnel actions, and shorter approval times for hiring and dis missing employees compared to public managers.
The ADEA and Its Exemptions on the Mandatory Retirement Provisions for Firefighters
Authors: Pynes Joan E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the Age Discrimination and EmploymentAct (ADEA) and how the expiration of its exemption on the mandatory retirement provisions for firefighters is likely to affect the retirement patterns in a large midwestern urban fire department. The implementation of health and fitness tests for all firefighters is also addressed.
Entrepreneurial Bureaucrats and Democratic Accountability
Authors: Grady Dennis O. , Tax Paul C.
Published: March 2007

RELYING ON DATA SUPPLIED BY TWO PANELS OF BUREAUCRATIC ENTREPRENEURS, THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL AGENCY ACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN STATE GOVERNMENT. THE ENTREPRENEURS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE INNOVATION FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE; HYPOTHESES AND ANALYSES ARE PRESENTED BASED UPON HOW A DEMOCRATICALLY CONTROLLED ENTREPRENEUR WOULD OPERATE. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND MAGNITUDE OF INNOVATION AFFECT WHO THE BUREAUCRAT DEALS WITH AS THE NEW IDEA BECOMES OPERATIONAL.
Multi-Source Performance Appraisals
Authors: deLeon Linda , Ewen Ann J.
Published: March 2007

Performance appraisal is crucial to effective human resource management, but there is evidence that current processes are not very effective This study reports on experience with a relatively new appraisal system in the operations office of a large federal agency The method, multi-source assessment (MSA, or "360° Feedback") utilizes ratings from peers, direct-reports, the supervisor, and the employee Comparison of survey results from before and after implementation of MSA found significant improvement in employee perceptions of the fairness and effectiveness of appraisals, particularly among protected classes The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
"Victimhood" and the Implementation of Sexual Harassment Policy
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Lindenberg Karen E.
Published: March 2007

This article explores a critical policy conundrum Most organizations have sexual harassment policies, most employees are aware of such policies; there appears to be widespread agreement regarding the behaviors which constitute sexual harassment, and, substantial numbers of employees experience sexual harassment Yet, formal reporting rates are extremely low Several alternative "causes" of this conundrum are explored, that employees are not knowledgeable about procedures, that they prefer informal solutions, that victims fear or know of negative reactions to complaints, that incidents were judged to be too "minor" to warrant complaint, or that victims are reluctant to acknowledge that they are indeed victims of sexual harassment. Survey responses from employees in two public sector organizations indicate that fear of possible negative consequences and an unwillingness to admit to "victimhood" reduce formal reporting and hence represent roadblocks to full implementation of sexual harassment policies.
Continuing Progress Toward Racial and Gender Pay Equality in the Federal Service
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

Although White men continue to dominate the middle management and higher levels of the federal service, representation of Blacks, Hispanics, and White women is increasing at an accelerating pace Although women and minorities continue to earn substantially less than White men in the federal service, their average salaries have risen steadily relative to those of White men over the past two decades. Rising qualifications and improving treatment within the civil service have both contributed to this progress, with improving treatment appearing to be the more important cause Women and minorities continue to earn substantially less than comparably educated and experienced White men, but unexplained salary differences are shrinking steadily and at an accelerating pace, though more slowly than many would like
An Overview of Benefits for the Public Sector
Authors: Daley Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

Benefits compose a major portion of the total compensation package. Along with wages and salaries, benefits serve to recruit, motivate, and retain employees This article provides a descriptive overview of the myriad of benefits (and their sub-options) available for public sector use Health care (medical, dental, vision, and wellness) and pension (social security, government retvrement, and deferred compensation) systems are reviewed Finally, special pay options (overtime, moonlighting, business expenses, and paid time off) and employee development are detavled
Planning the Public: Some Comments on Empirical Problems for Planning Theory
Authors: Abram Simone A.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the notions of communicative and participative planning through an examination of some empirical difficulties in the case of a British planning process. It focuses on the different understandings found amongst participants to a local plan process in terms of the aims and methods of planning and of the future. Two particular problems are considered: the notion of representativeness required for participants to achieve legitimacy, and the disconnections between process and outcome. The paper further considers the rituals of planning as a form of institutionalized thought that supports a particular sort of governance and lends weight to certain epistemologies and technologies. This also challenges the Habermasian notion that participants can somehow set aside their own interests or power during discussions, since this assumes that power and interests are attributes that can be shed, rather than flowing from intrinsic ways of thinking and being in the world.
When Finance Leads Planning
Authors: Taylor Brian D.
Published: March 2007

Freeways have profoundly influenced the form and function of U.S. cities, yet urban planners generally played only a peripheral role in their development. This article traces the history of freeway development in California to show how political negotiations between local and state governments over street and highway finance resulted in urban freeways financed, designed, and built by the state highway department. To fund their ambitious transportation plans, local officials and planners in cities like Los Angeles turned over control of the planning and development of urban freeways in the 1940s and 1950s to state departments of transportation. This shift in control led to, among other things, the construction of freeways too large to fit easily into cities and freeway networks too sparse to adequately disperse urban traffic. While federal surface transportation legislation returned significant control over metropolitan freeways to regions and planners in the 1990s, the influence of modern freeways on urban life endures.
Do Plans Matter?
Authors: Knaap Gerrit J. , Ding Chengr , Hopkins Lewis D.
Published: March 2007

Using data on vacant land sales in Washington County, Oregon, the authors find that plans for light rail investments have positive effects on land values in proposed station areas. These findings suggest that such capitalization is likely to discourage the development of low-density housing in station areas and encourage high-density, transportation-oriented development. More important, the results provide support for a model in which planning is rational behavior by a local government and that plans—independent of regulations— can be used to alter urban development patterns for the purpose of increasing social welfare. To the extent that these results hold more generally, these results suggest that plans indeed matter.
A “Public” Muse
Authors: Roy Ananya
Published: March 2007

The “public” is a central concept in planning, delimiting a realm of praxis as well as often indicating the reconciliation of disparate interests to create a collective basis for action. Recently, communicative action, informed by Habermasian critical theory, has enlivened these ideas. The author draws on ongoing feminist debates to rethink this “public” through two conceptual devices: the social and the global. In planning, the public has always been contested, but a feminist perspective demonstrates how the discursive constitution and legitimation of the public has crucial implications for social entitlements. And if communicative action has shown how the public interest is shaped by the dialogic parameters of the public domain, then feminist contentions point to the geopolitical conditions under which participatory dialogue is possible. The author offers this feminist interrogation of the ideal of the public not with the intent of replacing it but instead with the hope that it will strengthen the everyday idea of the public.
Transit Availability and Automobile Ownership
Authors: Deka Devajyoti
Published: March 2007

The recent increases in auto ownership among low-income households make one wonder whether public transit continues to provide adequate services to this group of transportation disadvantaged. With this question in mind, the study examines the relationship between transit availability and auto ownership with travel survey data from Los Angeles. Although the relationship is statistically significant, it is rather weak, indicating that significant improvements will be needed in transit services to bring forth a slight decrease in auto ownership among the general population. Empirical evidence also shows that auto ownership is relatively low among the poorest households. Due to the difficulties in attracting the general population from automobile use to transit use, it has been suggested that instead of trying to achieve its many objectives, transit may benefit by rigorously pursuing provision of services to those incapable of owning and operating an automobile.
Enterprise Zones in the United States: Lessons From International Experience
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: March 2007

A criticism of the potential use of the enterprise zone concept in the U.S. is presented. Following from the new inter national division of labor and its exploita tion by capitalist economies, an analysis of the distributional impacts of platform economies is outlined. Enterprise zones appear to be a deleterious policy for the U.S for three reasons: (1) wages in the U.S cannot be cut so low so that workers could compete with their counterparts in Third World economies; (2) they are part of the problem of economies in industrial nations, i.e., they are a planned means by which the costs of production can be reduced; and (3), there will be social and political resistance to substantial reduc tions in wages, legal protection, and bla tant control by outsiders.
Institutionalist Economics and the Intellectual Origins of National Planning in the United States
Authors: Gellen Martin
Published: March 2007

The intellectual roots and theory of national economic planning as we know it in the United States today can be traced back to Institutionalist Economics The first part of this paper traces the intellectual geneology of Institutionalism from its first statement by Thorstein Veblen through subsequent formulations by disciples such as John M Clark, Wesley Mitchell, and Clarence Ayres The paper also explicates the theoretical framework of Institutionalist Economics The Institutionalists held that all economic development could be viewed in terms of the evolution of technology and insti tutions This led them to emphasize the role of management and organization in economic behavior and consequently the importance of planning at the level of the firm, the industry, and the economy as a whole The final sections of the paper explore their thoughts about implemen tation in economic planning, and the paper concludes with some implications for the current debate on "industrial policy"
Estimating Substandard Housing for Planning Purposes
Authors: Koebel C. Theodore
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the use of administra tive records from tax assessments, combined with the hedonic price technique to estimate a housing quality index This, in turn, is used to estimate substandard housing and established need levels for housing programs Verification of the housing quality index is made by compar ing housing units with code violation inspections
The Chicago Area Transportation Study: A Case Study of Rational Planning
Authors: Black Alan
Published: March 2007

This case study of the Chicago Area Transportation Study during the late 1950s and early 1960s illustrates ex ecution of the rational planning model. The model is outlined in ten steps and the way the agency per formed each step is described. A fi nal section discusses staff attitudes in a research-oriented agency that emphasized rationality and avoided politics. The study shows that the rational model is workable but raises questions about whether it is effec tive in influencing decisions.
Linear Assignment Problems and Transferable Development Rights
Authors: Moore James E.
Published: March 2007

The Koopmans and Beckmann (1957) assignment model approach to problems of urban economics has led to considerable discussion. Recent papers (Gördon and Moore 1989; Moore and Gordon 1990; Gordon and Moore in press) review some of the issues raised and suggest extensions that resolve many of the conceptual dilemmas suggested by the original model. Most of the existing approaches surveyed in these previous papers make little use of the duality properties of the assignment model. In this paper duality information provided by the linear version of the Koopmans and Beckmann model is used to explain the utility of transferable development rights (TDR) as land use control policies. In particular, it is shown that aggregate rents accruing to capital are affected by land use plans in ways the current literature ignores. This view emphasizes the importance of TDR policies to city planners and sheds light on how planners can guide optimal urban development.
Filtering in Urban Housing: A Graphical Analysis of a Quality-Segmented Market
Authors: Galster George , Rothenberg Jerome
Published: March 2007

This paper theoretically investigates filtering in urban housing markets: how the process occurs and the degree to which its outcomes are beneficial. Central to the framework presented is the partitioning of the urban housing market into submarkets that are segmented by quality. Within each submarket there is latitude for independent adjustments of demand and supply, and submarkets are interconnected by the actions of households, converters of new dwellings, and builders of new dwellings. Forces impinging on one submarket create signals there that eventually lead to systematic, but nonuniform repercussions, potentially throughout the submarket array. It is these dynamics of intersubmarket adjustments of demanders and suppliers that illuminate filtering.
Fighting the Not-In-My-Backyard Syndrome in Minneapolis
Authors: Bryson John M. , Crosby Barbara C. , Carroll Anne R.
Published: March 2007

This case examines citizens', planners', and elected officials' responses to the proliferation of community-based residential facilities for disabled people in a large U.S. city. It traces an effort to rationalize a highly political siting process for these group homes. In the course of this effort, city planners surveying neighbors of group homes found that the neighbors cited benefits more often than problems associated with group homes. Planners also found that neighborhood resistance to the homes tended to evaporate a few months after the facilities opened. Although the planners recommended a streamlined siting process, elected officials decided against the change.
The Fairy's Tale: Teaching Planning and Public Policy in a Different Voice
Authors: Ritzdorf Marsha
Published: March 2007

A growing body of literature discusses the different learning and communicating styles of men and women After briefly reviewing this literature, the paper discusses a class in which women students and their female instructor employed nontraditional methods to study planning and public policy issues of significance to their lives as women The final assignment of that class, to write a public policy fairy tale, is the main focus of the discussion. The fairy tales revealed that the main issue for women in the class was the creation of a "safe" society in which women could claim their social, economic, and psychological places.