bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
93 Efficacy of Bacterial 6-Phytase and its Optimal Supplementation Level on Bone Parameters, Nutrient Digestibility, and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Moita Vitor H , Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the optimal supplemental level of bacterial 6-phytase (CJ BIO, Korea) based on bone parameters, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Seventy-two weaned pigs (5.8 ± 0.5 kg BW) were allotted to 6 treatments based on RCBD with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed in 3 phases (P1/P2/P3 for 14/10/14 d, respectively). The treatments consisted of a negative control diet without phytase formulated meeting requirements of NRC, (2012). The other 5 treatments were a basal diet formulated with 0.12% Ca and P deficient with increased supplemental phytase (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to P3 diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID of nutrients. On d 45, all pigs were euthanized to collect ileal digesta to measure AID, and third metacarpus to measure bone parameters. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. The supplementation of phytase from 0 to 950 FTU/kg feed increased (P < 0.05) the ADG (0.32 to 0.40 kg/d). Increasing phytase supplementation from 0 to 5,000 FTU/kg increased (linear, P < 0.05) AID of CP (76.8 to 79.5%), P content (4.6 to 5.2% of DM) and ash content (26.2 to 28.8%). The supplementation of phytase from 0 to 950 FTU/kg feed increased (P < 0.05) P content (17.6 to 18.1% of ash) and from 0 to 1,900 FTU/kg feed increased (P < 0.05) bone breaking strength (222 to 329 N). Phytase supplementation (0 vs. 1,000 to 5,000 FTU/kg) increased (P < 0.05) AID of EE (65 to 73%), and P (79 to 84%). In conclusion, phytase supplementation improved bone breaking strength, bone ash and P content, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance. The supplementation of phytase between 950 and 1,900 FTU/kg feed provided the most benefits for growth performance, bone parameters, and nutrient digestibility.
92 Effects of Increasing Dose of a Novel E. coli Phytase on Total Tract Digestibility of Minerals and Energy in Pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2022

The objective was to test the hypothesis that an increasing dose of a novel thermostable 6-phytase that was derived from E. coli and expressed in a Pichia Pastoris yeast (Superphy; Hanley International, LLC, Belmont, MA) increases apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of minerals and energy by pigs. Forty-eight barrows (initial weight: 22.61 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and fed 6 diets based on corn and soybean meal. The positive control (PC) diet contained P at the requirement. The negative control (NC) diet contained no feed phosphate, but contained 0, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 phytase unit/kg. Feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Dried and ground fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, energy, Ca, P and other minerals. Data were analyzed using a model that included diet as fixed variable and contrast statements were used to compare PC and NC diets and to demonstrate linear and quadratic effects of phytase. Results indicated that ATTD of dry matter and energy and concentration of digestible energy in NC without phytase were greater (P < 0.05) than in PC, but ATTD of ash, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was not different between the 2 diets. There was no effect of phytase on ATTD of dry matter and energy or on digestible energy in diets. As dietary phytase increased, ATTD of ash and Mg increased (linear, P < 0.05) and ATTD of Ca and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P also increased (quadratic, P < 0.05), but ATTD of K, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was not affected by phytase. In conclusion, the novel enhanced E. Coli based phytase increased ATTD of Ca, P, and Mg and STTD of P if included in a diet containing Ca and P below requirements.
97 Effects of Increasing Levels of Hybrid Rye on Growth Performance of 45 to 125 kg Pigs
Authors: Sullivan Caitlyn R , Thaler Robert C , Berg Kiah M , De Jong Jon A , Neill Casey R , Ward Joe P , Frahm Paul F , Hanson Dan B , Boerboom Mike J
Published: April 2022

A total of 2,400 barrows and gilts (FAST x PIC 800, initially 44.9 kg) were used in an 89-d study to determine the effect on growth performance of increasing inclusion of hybrid rye (KWS Serafino) in a commercial grow- finish setting. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 30 pigs per pen and 20 replications per treatment. Diets were fed over 5 phases (44.9 to 56.0, 56.0 to 69.0, 69.0 to 87.9, 87.9 to 107.5, and 107.5 to 111.6 kg respectively). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based replacing either 0, 40, 70 or 100% of the corn with hybrid rye. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed 2012 NRC requirements for all nutrients. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F at each phase change. Pigs were marketed across 3 marketing events (d 68 to 89), with an equal number of pigs removed from each pen per event. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with block as a random effect and pre-planned linear and quadratic contrast statements for increasing inclusion of rye. Overall (d 0 to 89), increased inclusion of hybrid rye from 0 to 100% decreased (linear, P < 0.001) average market BW, ADG and ADFI. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in G:F with increased hybrid rye inclusion, indicating energy value of hybrid rye used in formulation was correct. In summary, while there was no change in G:F, reduction in ADFI and ADG suggests there is a palatability or anti-nutritional factor affecting pig growth performance.
105 The Impact of Lowering Floor Space Allowance and Dietary Energy Level on Finishing Pigs, from 65 Kg to Market, on Growth Performance
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Greiner Laura L , Silva Gustavo , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Knopf Brandon , Estrada Jorge
Published: April 2022

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of reducing floor space allowance in finishing hogs with a starting body weight (BW) of 65 ± 2 kg when fed high versus low energy diets on growth performance. Mixed-sex pens (n=88) with 24 ± 1 pigs per pen were blocked by starting BW to a randomized complete block design with eight treatments. These eight treatments formed a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with 2 energy levels: low (LE, 3270 ±19 kcal/kg ME) vs. high (HE, 3392 ±19 kcal/kg ME) accomplished through fat inclusion; and 4 floor space allowances: 0.60, 0.63, 0.65, 0.67 m2 per pig. Assigned floor space was adjusted by moveable gates in the rear of the pen, which were corrected at each pig removal until the marketing phase. Pen weight and feed disappearance were measured for 2 phases at d 0, 29, and 48 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (GF). Data were analyzed by pen (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) with the repeated measure of phase, and the fixed effects of floor space allowance, dietary energy, and the interaction between. For the overall trial, decreased floor space had no effect (P > 0.1) on ADG, ADFI, or GF (0.36, for all). Energy had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on ADFI (3.17 vs 3.12 kg for LE and HE, respectively) and GF (0.35 and 0.36 for LE and HE, respectively), and tended to impact ADG (1.12 vs 1.13 kg, for LE and HE, respectively; P = 0.08). In conclusion, lowering floor space allowance from 0.67 m2 down to 0.60 m2 did not affect the growth performance of pigs starting at 65 kg. Pigs fed HE diets had 2.86% better GF compared with pigs fed LE diets, however had similar growth and body weight.
104 Effect of Mat Feeding on the Growth Performance and Morbidity and Mortality of Pigs After Weaning
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Allerson Matt W , Menegat Mariana
Published: April 2022

Three experiments were conducted using 9,403 pigs to determine the effect of mat feeding on growth performance and morbidity and mortality of pigs after weaning. At weaning, pigs were randomized to 96 pens (48 feeders) with 30 to 35 pigs/pen. Feeder (2 pens) was the experimental unit. For each experiment, mat feed was provided 3 times daily for 10 d and was included in calculation of post-weaning ADFI and G:F. In Exp. 1, treatments consisted of mat verses no mat feeding. Overall, mat fed pigs tended to have decreased (P = 0.056) ADG compared with the control, which resulted in decreased (P < 0.026) final body weights. No differences were observed in ADFI or G:F. However, mat fed pigs had reduced total mortality and removals (P = 0.019). In Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (pellet or crumble) and mat feeding (without or with). Overall, no interactions between diet form and mat feeding were observed. No differences were observed in growth performance by mat feeding. However, pigs receiving pelleted feed had decreased overall ADFI (P = 0.013) and increased G:F (P < 0.001). Differences in total mortality and removals were not significant. In Exp. 3, treatments consisted of mat feeding small (0.32 cm) or large (1.27 cm) pellets, or no mat feeding. No differences were observed in overall ADG or G:F; however, mat fed pigs had increased ADFI (P < 0.05), regardless of pellet size. Differences in total mortality and removals were not significant. When combining removal and mortality data for the 3 experiments, mat fed pigs had fewer total removals (P = 0.025) compared with the control. In summary, mat feeding has limited effects on growth performance of pigs after weaning; however, mat feeding may encourage earlier feed intake reducing the fall out rate of pigs as indicated by the decreased removals.
107 Effect of Water Delivery System on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Law Kayla , Gomez Andres , Urriola Pedro E , Johnston Lee J
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to determine if cleanliness of the water delivery system influences growth performance of nursery pigs. Newly-weaned pigs (n = 315; about 21 d of age) were used in a 42-d experiment. Pigs were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 water line treatments with 17 to 18 pens/treatment and 9 pigs/pen. Treatments consisted of: 1) OLD water line: water delivered to pens via a water distribution system in use for 21 years without cleaning or 2) NEW water line: water delivered to pens via a water distribution system in use for 6 weeks. Water for both distribution systems was sourced from a common well. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled, power ventilated, confinement nursery barn and were allowed ad libitum access to water and common diets fed in 3 phases across water line treatments. Growth data were analyzed as a repeated measures design using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with water line as a fixed effect, room as a random effect, and pen as the experimental unit. There were no differences in body weight (P > 0.05) throughout the experiment for pigs drinking water from the OLD or NEW water line (Table). Pigs fed water from OLD lines consumed more feed than pigs consuming water from NEW lines but this difference did not influence ADG or G:F throughout the experiment. Mortality and total removals of pigs did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). In conclusion, age and cleanliness of a water delivery system had minimal effects on growth performance of nursery pigs.
109 Awardee Talk: Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Influenced Systemic Immunity and Intestinal Microbiome of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Jinno Cynthia N , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

Supplementation of various Bacillus spp. has shown to improve growth performance, immune responses, and gut health of newly weaned pigs. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 109 CFU/kg of Bacillus (B.) amyloliquefaciens on growth performance, diarrhea, systemic immunity, and intestinal microbiome of weaned pigs with or without enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. An antibiotic treatment was also included in the experiment to compare the efficacy of B. amyloliquefaciens vs. carbadox (50 mg/kg). ETEC challenge reduced (P < 0.05) growth rate but increased (P < 0.05) the frequency of diarrhea in pigs throughout the experiment. Supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens tended (P < 0.10) to increase growth performance but had limited impacts on diarrhea of weaned pigs. ETEC challenge increased (P < 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) count on d 7 and 21 post-inoculation (PI), while supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens tended (P < 0.10) to reduce WBC on d 7 PI and reduced (P < 0.05) WBC on d 21 PI, compared with control. No differences were observed in performance, diarrhea, and systemic immunity of pigs when comparing B. amyloliquefaciens with carbadox. Supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens and antibiotics had different impacts on intestinal microbiome. ETEC challenge increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus in feces on d 7 PI but reduced (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella in feces on d 21 PI. Prior ETEC challenge, Lachnospiraceae was less (P < 0.05) abundant in feces of pigs supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens than pigs in carbadox group on d 0 before ETEC infection. The relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples was the lowest (P < 0.05) in pigs supplemented with carbadox among all treatment on d 0. On d 14 and 21 PI, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in feces was the lowest (P < 0.05) in carbadox treatment among all treatment of the experiment. Ileal digesta were also collected on d 21 PI to analyze intestinal microbiota diversity changes among treatments. The Shannon diversity index was greater (P < 0.05) in ileal digesta of pigs supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens than pigs supplemented with carbadox. ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae in ileal digesta. Under ETEC challenge, pigs supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens had lower (P < 0.05) abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridiaceae and greater (P < 0.05) abundance of Lachnospiraceae in the ileum than pigs supplemented with carbadox. In conclusion, supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens had similar impacts on growth performance and systemic immunity but had different impacts on intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs in comparison to carbadox.
117 Evaluation of Piglet Performance in Response to Cellutein Supplementation in the Sows Diet
Authors: Vaughn Mathew A , McNaughton James L , Gonzalez John M
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of celluTEIN (CT) to promote piglet growth after maternal supplementation. Sows (n = 20) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 0 (CON), 1,000 ppm (TRT1), 350 ppm (TRT2), or 100 ppm (TRT3) CT. Sows were fed treatment diets from 7 d prior to expected estrus through the estrus following farrowing. Piglets underwent a transitional weaning process, 48 piglets per treatment were randomly chosen and assigned to 8 pens (n = 8; initial body weight 8.16 ± 0.07 kg). Piglets were fed common stage specific diets. Body weight, feed conversion, ADG, and feed consumption were collected over the entire wean to finish phase for a 126-d trial period. There was no Treatment effect (P > 0.10) for 126-d feed consumption; however, there were Treatment effects for 126-d feed conversion, ADG, and body weight (BW; P < 0.01). All treatments differed in feed conversion with TRT1 being the smallest followed by TRT2, TRT3, and CON (P < 0.05). Pigs from TRT1 and TRT2 had greater ADG than CON and TRT3 pigs (P < 0.05), but were not different (P > 0.05) from each other. Pigs from TRT3 had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than CON pigs. At the conclusion of the 126-d trial TRT1 had a greater BW compared with CON and TRT3 pigs (P < 0.01), but were not different (P > 0.05) from TRT2 pigs. Pigs from TRT2 had greater (P > 0.05) BW than CON pigs, but did not differ (P > 0.10) from TRT3 pigs. Pigs from TRT3 did not differ (P > 0.10) in BW from CON pigs. These data illustrate piglets from CT supplemented sows grow faster and were more efficient during weaning to finishing.
121 Effects of Total Dietary Fiber Content During Gestation on Sow Reproductive Performance
Authors: Paz Portal Ximena A , Rosero David , Carter Scott D , Wilcock Pete
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) levels during gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 397 (Camborough, PIC) individual-housed sows were used. Sows were balanced by parity (P4-P10) and body condition score (BCS, 1-5) at breeding and allocated to 2 treatments: Low Fiber (TDF = 9%, LF) or High Fiber (TDF = 18%, HF) with similar insoluble to soluble fiber ratios 7.4 and 7.5 respectively. During gestation, all sows were fed according to their BCS (BCS 1 and 2 = 2.7 kg/d, BCS 3 = 2kg/d and BCS 4 and 5 = 1.6 kg/d). From d 90 of gestation thin sows (BCS 1 or 2) received an additional 0.9 kg/d. During lactation sows received a common diet, 1.81 kg/d pre-farrow, and then ad libitum. Diets were milo based with wheat midds and soy hulls as fiber sources. Dietary treatments were isonutrient and isocaloric and formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrients. Data were analyzed for main effects of treatment and within body condition category. Overall, sows that received the LF diet were heavier at placement in lactation (306.6 and 280.6 kg; P = 0.012, for LF and HF, respectively). Similarly, the estimated post-partum BW was heavier for those fed the LF diet (283.1 and 256.1 kg; P = 0.008) and at wean BW (271.3 and 257.1 kg; P = 0.003). However, sows fed a HF gestation diet tended to lose less weight during lactation (17.0 and 4.0 kg; P = 0.080). There were no differences for total born (P = 0.767), born alive (P = 0.821), stillborn (P = 0.850) or weaned pigs (P = 0.620). In conclusion, elevating TDF during gestation did not improve litter performance, but did reduce weight and body condition loss during lactation.
119 A Meta-Regression Analysis to Evaluate the Influence of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Growth Performance
Authors: Holen Julia P , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Titgemeyer Evan C , Goodband Robert D
Published: April 2022

The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) Ile, Leu, and Val are 3 dietary essential amino acids for lactating sows; however, effects of dietary BCAA on sow and litter growth performance in the literature are equivocal. Thus, a meta-regression analysis was conducted to evaluate effects of BCAA and their interactions in lactating sow diets to predict litter growth performance, sow bodyweight (BW) change, and sow feed intake. Thirty-four publications representing 43 trials from 1997 to 2020 were used to develop a database that contained 167 observations. Diets for each trial were reformulated using NRC (2012) nutrient loading values in an Excel-based spreadsheet. Amino acids were expressed on a standardized ileal digestible (SID) basis. Regression model equations were developed with the MIXED procedure of SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Cary, NC), and studies were weighted by the inverse of the squared SEM. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) predictor variables were assessed with a step-wise manual forward selection and required to provide an improvement of at least 2 BIC for model inclusion. Significant predictor variables within 3 equations developed for litter ADG included the count of weaned pigs per litter, dietary concentrations of NE, SID Lys, and CP, sow ADFI, Val:Lys, Ile:Lys, and Leu:Val. For sow BW change, significant predictor variables within 2 developed models included litter size at 24 h, sow ADFI, Leu:Lys, and Ile+Val:Leu. The optimum equation for sow ADFI included Leu:Trp, SID Lys, NE, CP, and Leu:Lys as significant predictor variables. Overall, the prediction equations suggest that BCAA have an important role in litter growth, sow BW change, and feed intake during lactation; however, the influence of BCAA on these criteria is much smaller than that of other dietary components such as NE, SID Lys, sow ADFI, and CP.
118 Awardee Talk: An Empirical Model of Essential Amino Acid Requirements in the Pregnant Sow
Authors: Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Levesque Crystal L
Published: April 2022

Amino acid (AA) requirements are generally considered to be the minimum needed for maximum growth or protein synthesis; however, multiple studies have shown that AA intakes above these requirements improve various body functions such as immune response, gut health, and reproduction. The objective of the current modeling approach was to estimate AA intake in gestation that considered protein synthesis as well as sow reproductive performance and offspring development, potentially increasing piglet growth and survivability. A literature review was conducted to identify studies evaluating the effects of sow AA intake during gestation on protein synthesis, sow body weight, litter size, average piglet birth weight and suckling piglet growth rate. Data from 26 empirical studies from 1989 to 2021 were selected for model development and estimation of arginine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and valine requirements. To check model accuracy and performance, a validation analysis was conducted by contrasting the model predicted lysine requirements with data from 17 published studies not used in the development of the model. The estimated lysine requirement was approximately 40% greater than the minimum lysine intake required for maximum protein synthesis. Similarly, the ratios of arginine, leucine, methionine, and valine to lysine were on average 1.60, 2.47, 0.41, and 0.79, respectively, which are 6 to 300% greater than, and the ratio of threonine to lysine was similar to, current recommendations. The validation analysis showed that the estimated lysine requirement resulted in the greatest litter size and birth weight. In addition, when compared with lysine intakes that met current recommendations, lysine intake at the estimated requirement improved colostrum and milk quality, stillborn rate, proportion of low birth weight, suckling piglet growth rate, and sow blood urea, among other metabolic variables. In conclusion, at the estimated requirements sow reproductive performance as well as piglet survivability and growth rate are improved.
120 Reproductive Performance, Early Embryo Survival, Fetal Characteristics, and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Sows Fed Linoleic or α-Linolenic Acid
Authors: Shipman Garrin , Lin Xi , van Heugten Eric
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the potential reproductive benefits of supplementing sows with linoleic (LA) or α-linolenic acid (α-LA) throughout the preceding lactation and subsequent gestation until 30 d post-rebreeding. Thirty-three second parity sows were allotted to either a control (0.88% LA, 0.10% α-LA), high LA (3.3% LA, 0.10% α-LA,) or high α-LA (0.88% LA, 0.60% α-LA) diet fed throughout lactation and early gestation. At 30 d post-breeding, a subset of sows (n = 18) was harvested to determine embryo survival and fatty acid composition of reproductive and fetal tissues. Number of pigs weaned per litter (P = 0.77) and litter average daily gain (P = 0.34) did not differ among treatments; however, litters from sows supplemented with LA tended to be heavier at weaning (P = 0.09; 55.3, 61.3, and 57.1 kg for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively). Sows supplemented with LA had higher embryo survival (P < 0.01; 57.2, 79.5, and 58.7% for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively), heavier feto-placental units (P < 0.01; 210.3, 279.4 and 235.0 g for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively), and elevated volume of allantoic fluid (P < 0.01; 185.9, 247.9, and 200.8 mL for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively). Concentrations of EFA increased in maternal serum by the dietary EFA supplemented (P < 0.05). Supplementation of LA did not impact linoleic acid or arachidonic acid concentrations in endometrium, chorioallantoic membrane, or fetus; however, α-LA increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of α-linoleic acid in chorioallantoic membrane and eicosapentaenoic acid in serum and endometrium. Supplementation of LA, but not α-LA, throughout lactation and early subsequent gestation was beneficial for embryo survival. The lesser influence of dietary LA and α-LA in fetal tissues may be associated with the intake, transfer, and metabolism of EFA in the chorioallantoic membrane and endometrium.
133 Effects of Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate Supplementation on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Choi Hyunjun , Chen Ying , Longo Flavio , Kim Sung Woo
Published: April 2022

This study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 432 pigs (6.9 ± 0.9 kg BW) were assigned to 8 treatments (6 pigs/pen, n = 9) in a randomized complete block design with initial BW as a block and fed for 41 d in 3 phases (7/17/17 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) basal diet (BD), 2) BD + antibiotic, 3) BD + 0.30% sodium benzoate, 4) BD + 0.40% sodium benzoate, 5) BD + 0.60% sodium benzoate, 6) BD + 0.25% benzoic acid, 7) BD + 0.35% benzoic acid, and 8) BD + 0.50% benzoic acid. Diets contained nutrients meeting the requirement. Growth performance and fecal score were measured for each phase. Pigs representing each pen were euthanized to collect stomach and intestinal digesta to measure pH, and urine to measure pH and hippuric acid content. Data were analyzed using contrasts in Proc MIXED and slope ratio in Proc GLM of SAS. Increasing supplemental sodium benzoate showed a quadratic response (P < 0.05, max at 339 g/d) on ADG and linear increase (P < 0.05, 514 to 578 g/d) in ADFI. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid tended to have a quadratic response on ADG (P = 0.094, max at 323 g/d), but no difference in ADFI. Urine pH linearly decreased (P < 0.05, 7.5 to 5.7) with increasing supplemental benzoic acid, but was not affected by supplemental sodium benzoate. Increasing both supplemental sodium benzoate and benzoic acid linearly increased (P < 0.05) hippuric acid content in urine (3.0 to 10.4 and 3.0 to 9.2 g/L, respectively). With the slope-ratio assay using ADG and urine hippuric acid as dependent variables and benzoic acid intake as an independent variable, the estimates of bioavailability of benzoic acids were not different between sources. In conclusion, supplementation of sodium benzoate and benzoic acid increased growth performance without differences in efficacy between the sources.
128 Effects of Feeding a Whole-Cell Inactivated Pichia guilliermondii Yeast in Sow and/or Pig Diets on Progeny Nursery and Grow-Finish Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Jones Daniel B , Asmus Matthew D , Gourley Gene , Bruder Emily
Published: April 2022

A total of 1260 weaned pigs (PIC 359x1050) from 358 sows were used to determine effects of feeding sows and/or their progeny a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondii as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) on nursery and grow-finish growth performance and carcass characteristics. Sows were fed either a basal gestation/lactation control (CON) diet or CON fortified with 0.1% (0.91 kg/ton) WCY throughout gestation and lactation. Progeny were fed either a CON diet, or CON fortified with 0.15% (1.36 kg/ton) WCY in the nursery period and 0.05% (0.45 kg/ton) WCY in grow-finish. Pigs were allotted (21 pigs/pen, 15 pens/treatment) to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2×2 factorial design. For the nursery period (d0-42 post-weaning), there was no difference in ADG or ADFI (P > 0.05). However, pigs fed WCY in the nursery had lower G:F than pigs fed CON (P = 0.029). Livability of nursery pigs produced from CON fed sows was 92.22% and trended to improve to 94.23% for pigs produced by WCY fed sows (P = 0.157). During the grow-finish period, pigs from sows fed WCY had greater overall ADG (d0-end; 0.89 kg/d vs. 0.92 kg/d), ADFI (2.19 kg/d vs. 2.24 kg/d), and final body weight (BW; 133.97 kg vs. 136.04 kg) compared with pigs from CON fed sows (P < 0.016). A greater hot carcass weight (HCW; 98.51 kg vs. 100.48 kg) and carcass yield percentage was observed for pigs produced from WCY fed sows compared with pigs produced by sows fed CON (P < 0.023). Livability during the grow-finish period was 95.09% for pigs from CON fed sows and trended to increase to 96.92% for pigs produced from WCY fed sows (P = 0.146). In conclusion, feeding sows WCY contributed to improving their progeny’s grow-finish ADG, ADFI, final BW, HCW, and carcass yield percentage. Additionally, a trend for improved combined wean-to-finish livability of 3.84% from sows fed WCY may be meaningful.
135 Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Fed Antibiotic-Free Diets with Spray Dried Bovine Plasma as an Alternative for Use of High Levels of Zinc Oxide
Authors: Campbell Joy , Crenshaw Joe , Landero Jose , Young Malachy
Published: April 2022

The study was designed to evaluate if feeding spray dried bovine plasma (SDP) in low Zn diets would maintain similar growth performance compared with a high Zn diet, as an alternative to high levels of supplemental zinc oxide. Pigs (1,548 Camborough F1 female x 800 boar line; PIC Canada) were weaned at 20 ± 1 d of age (body weight: 5.6 ± 0.2 kg), divided within gender, and allotted to a randomized block design using 48 pens in 2 rooms with 31, 32, or 33 pigs per pen. Feeding phases (P) were (P1) d 0-7, (P2) d 7-21, and (P3) d 21-49. Feed treatments were: 1) positive control (PC) with high supplemental zinc (P1, 3000; P2, 2000, and P3 150 ppm); 2) negative control (NC) with low zinc (P1-P3, 150 ppm); 3) NC + 5% SDP P1; and 4) NC + 5% SDP P1, 2.5% SDP P2. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Contrast statements were used to test effects of Zn supplementation (PC vs NC) or SDP inclusion in low Zn diets vs the PC or NC diets. Overall, from d 0 to 49, ADFI and ADG was greater (P < 0.01) for pigs fed PC than for NC and SDP treatments. Pigs fed SDP had greater ADG and ADFI than NC pigs (P ≤ 0.02). At d 49, pigs fed the PC high zinc diets weighed 1.6 kg more (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the NC low Zn diets. Supplementation of SDP in low Zn diets increased (P < 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and final BW by 0.55-0.59 kg compared with the NC diets. Supplementation of low zinc diets with SDP improved growth performance but resulted in lower final BW compared with the PC diets containing high zinc.
139 Effects of Wheat Middlings Inclusion Rate and Diet form on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: April 2022

A total of 2,520 mixed sex pigs (initial BW = 5.6 kg) were used in a 41-d trial to evaluate the effects of wheat middlings inclusion rate and diet form on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Pen of pigs (36 pigs/pen) were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial with the main effects of wheat middlings (0 or 15%) and diet form (pellet or crumble). An additional treatment was added to the factorial design to evaluate the addition of wheat middlings outside of the crumble. To create the crumble diets, all ingredients were pelleted, crumbled, and then mixed with corn and soybean meal to create the dietary treatments, with the exception of wheat middlings in treatment 5, which was added alongside corn and soybean meal outside of the crumble. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 21 to 41. There were 14 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 21, and 41 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive effects. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F. However, in the subsequent period, when pigs were fed a common diet, pigs previously fed the crumble diets had improved (P < 0.01) performance. Overall (d 0 to 41), pigs fed crumble diets had greatr (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and decreased (P < 0.01) G:F. Pigs fed 0 or 15% wheat middlings had similar (P > 0.10) growth performance, regardless of wheat middlings being incorporated in the crumble or not. In conclusion, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved performance initially but not in the overall nursery period and there was no negative impact of feeding 15% wheat middlings.
145 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 12- to 23-Kg Boars and Gilts
Authors: Lima Gustavo , Castro Gabriel , Ribeiro Neidilania , Silva Anália , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Orlando Uislei A , Silva Caio
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery boars and gilts. A total of 1,920 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 12.1±1.34kg) were used in a 21-d trial. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments containing 1.10, 1.16, 1.29, 1.42, and 1.48% SID Lys (corresponding to 85, 90, 100, 110 and 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean-meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg. There were 6 split gender pens/treatment and 32 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). There was no evidence of linear or quadratic SID Lys concentration by gender interaction. Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, < 0.01). The QP, BLL, and BLQ had similar fit for the ADG and G:F. In the QP model, 95% and 100% of the ADG were at 1.18 and 1.36% of SID Lys, respectively, and 1.17 and 1.35% for G:F. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 1.20% (95% CI: 1.06-1.35%) and 1.22% SID Lys (95% CI: 0.97-1.47%), for ADG, respectively. For G:F, the BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at dietary SID Lys of 1.20% (95% CI: 1.07-1.33%) and 1.20% (95% CI: 1.03-1.38%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial with dietary ME level at 3,300 kcal/kg, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 12- to 23-kg boars and gilts ranged from 1.20-1.36%, depending on the statistical model.
143 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 13- to 23-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Xue Pengcheng , Lu Ning , Pilcher Chad M , Frederick Brent , McGhee Molly L , Li Qingyun , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 546 pigs (PIC 800 × Camborough, initially 12.6 ± 0.56 kg) were used in a 21-d trial. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments that contained 1.10, 1.16, 1.23, 1.29, 1.39, or 1.49% SID Lys (corresponding to 85.0, 90.0, 95.0, 100.0, 107.5, or 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,450 kcal/kg net energy (NE). There were 7 pens/treatment and 13 pigs/pen (6 or 7 gilts and 7 or 6 barrows, balanced among treatments). Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial, broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration increased average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P = 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; linear, P < 0.05; Table 1). Although the best fitting model for G:F was linear, the greatest improvement in efficiency was observed as SID Lys increased from 1.10 to 1.23%. The best-fitting models for ADG were BLL and BLQ. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint of SID Lys at 1.26% (95.4% of PIC SID Lys recommendation; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.29%) and 1.23% (95.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendation; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.28%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial with dietary NE at 2,450 kcal/kg, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 13 – 23 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars ranged from 1.23 to 1.26%, depending on the statistical model.
149 Effect of Dietary Structural Fiber and Fermentable Protein on Growth Performance in Post-Weaning Pigs
Authors: Hu Qiong , Paredes Sandra , Newcomb Mark
Published: April 2022

Excessive protein fermentation in the hind gut is harmful to piglet gut health. Addition of fermentable fiber has been used as a mitigating strategy. However, the impact of structural fiber (STR) and its interactive effect with fermentable protein (FP) are less studied. In the present study, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement setting, 240 weaned pigs with initial body weight of 6.9 ± 1.1 kg (6 mixed sex pigs/pen, 10 pens/treatment) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to 1 of the following diets: low STR, low FP (control); low STR, high FP; high STR, low FP or high STR, high FP diet. A standard corn-soy based nursery diet was used as control. The treatment diets were supplemented with either oat hulls to increase STR or canola meal to increase FP level. Experimental diets were fed during the first 3 weeks post-weaning and followed by a common diet for the rest of nursery phase. Data was analyzed by general linear model in R. In summary, STR significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) during week 1 (P < 0.05) and in the entire nursery phase (P = 0.01) and tended to increase average daily feed intake (ADFI) during these periods (P < 0.10) (Table 1). Interaction effect tended to be different (P < 0.10) on ADG and ADFI during week 3 post-weaning, with pigs fed with high STR, high FP diet having higher ADG and ADFI numerically compared with the same level FP but lower STR treatment. An interaction effect was observed on gain:feed (G:F) for entire nursery phase (P = 0.05), where high STR, low FP diet resulted in numerically highest G:F. Conclusively, high STR improves performance during entire nursery phase and when dietary FP is high, increasing STR may alleviate the negative impact on performance.
142 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 11- to 25-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 337 High Index Boars
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Zaragoza Luis E , Orlando Uislei A
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,116 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 11.1±0.11 kg) were used in a 21-d study. The pigs were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments that contained 1.13, 1.26, 1.32, 1.38, and 1.51% of dietary SID Lys (corresponding to 90, 100, 105, 110, and 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,385 Kcal of NE/kg. There were 9 mixed gender pens per treatment and 24 or 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG, linear, P = 0.001) and gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.011, Table 1). Although the best fitting model for ADG was the linear, the greatest improvement was observed as SID Lys level increased from 1.13 to 1.32%. The best-fitting models for G:F were BLL, BLQ, and QP. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 1.31% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.37%) and 1.30% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.37%), respectively. The QP model estimated the maximum G:F at 1.44% (95% CI: 1.35 to >1.51%), with 98.7% of maximum G:F achieved at 1.30%. Increasing dietary SID Lys levels marginally reduced removal and mortality rate (linear, P = 0.061). In conclusion, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 11- to 25-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 1.30 to 1.44%, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.
154 Impact of Post-Breeding Feeding Level on the Reproductive Performance of Sows
Authors: Anderson Brooke , Paz Ximena , Porta Alina , Rosero David
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of feeding sows different feed levels during the first 7 d of gestation on the reproductive performance of sows. A total of 483 sows (Camborough, PIC) were used, equally balanced by parity (3-10) and body condition score (BCS) and placed on 1 of 2 treatments after breeding. Treatments consisted of: 1) feed a common level of 1.81 kg/d regardless of BCS from breeding to d 7, then feed levels were adjusted according to BCS thereafter; and 2) adjustment of feed level at breeding according to BCS. Sows were fed either 3.63, 2.72, 2.04, or 1.59 kg/d according to their BCS (1-5), respectively. Body condition, measured by the sow caliper, was reassessed, and feed levels were adjusted as needed on d 45 and 90 of gestation. Diets consisted of a standard milo and wheat midds based gestation diet which met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for nutrient levels. Feeding thin (BCS 1, 2) pregnant sows elevated feed levels from breeding to d 7 of gestation tended to reduce the return rate (% sows that returned to estrus: bred) (P = 0.098; 8.85 vs. 3.68%, respectively); but not the farrow rate (% sows that farrowed: bred; P = 0.265, 87.61 vs. 91.91%, respectively). There was no difference in litter size at farrowing (P > 0.10). In conclusion, feeding weaned sows according to body condition compared with feeding 1.81 kg/d during the first 7 d of gestation decreased the number of thin sows returning to estrus.
152 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Terminal Sows and Litter Performance
Authors: Ribas Juliana , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Brun Nevton , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing feeding levels for terminal line sows during early gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 615 PIC L65 (213.3 kg ± 1.51) parity 1 to 3 sows were randomly assigned at weaning to 1 of 4 treatments within parity in a randomized complete block design with body weight blocks. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 85, 100, 120, or 150% of the NRC (2012) maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) requirement calculated as MEm, kcal/d = 100×(body weight, kg)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-wheat-based diet with 3,018 kcal of ME/kg and 0.63% standardized ileal digestible lysine was used. Treatments were applied from d 5 to 30 of gestation, after which they were fed according to body condition until moved to the farrowing room. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Average caliper score at weaning was 14.4 across treatments and average feed allowances were 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.8 kg/d for the 85, 100, 120, and 150% treatments, respectively. Increasing feed allowances increased (linear, P < 0.001) weight change (-1.9, 2.3, 4.9 and 7.9 kg, respectively) and caliper score change (0.0, 0.2, 0.7, 0.7 units, respectively) from weaning to d 30 of gestation. There was no evidence for treatment effects on farrowing rate, caliper score at farrowing, total born, stillborn rate, average piglet birth weight, or piglet throughput. In summary, increasing feed allowances to meet 85 to 150% of the MEm requirements during early gestation on terminal line sows resulted in increased weight and caliper change without impact in performance. Body weight seems to be more sensitive to changes in feeding levels than caliper scores up to d 30 of gestation.
160 The Compensatory Growth of Finishing Pigs Fed Increasing Dietary Lysine Following a Period of Nutrient Restriction
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Greiner Laura L , Spencer Joel , Krahn Gregory
Published: April 2022

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the degree of compensatory gain in finishing hogs when fed increasing levels of lysine during the re-alimentation period after being fed a restrictive 97% corn diet for 3 or 6 weeks. One hundred and forty mixed-sex pens (DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) with a starting body weight of 73.5 ± 2.2 kg were blocked by starting bodyweight and assigned to a 2:3:1 factorial. Twenty replicates of seven treatments were comprised of 2 restriction lengths [3 weeks (3W) vs. 6 weeks (6W)], and 3 lysine inclusion levels at re-alimentation (Lys:ME: 100%, 110%, or 120% of the genetic margin over feed curve), and a control that remained nutrient unrestricted. Pen weight and feed disappearance were recorded at trial day zero and every 3-weeks until market. Whole pens were marketed when the average met 130 kg to evaluate the full re-alimentation period. Data were analyzed by pen (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) with the fixed effects of restriction length and lysine level nested within restriction length. Control pigs were market weight (130 kg) on d 49 while pigs fed corn diets for 3 weeks or 6 weeks were significantly slower to market (57 and 69 d, respectively; P < 0.01). Overall average daily gain was significantly different between the control, 3W, and 6W groups (Control: 1.17, 3W: 0.99, 6W: 0.82; P < 0.01). Furthermore, overall average daily gain was significantly influenced by the lysine inclusion level during re-alimentation (Control: 1.17, 3W/100%: 0.98, 3W/110%: 0.99, 3W/120%: 1.01, 6W/100%: 0.81, 6W/110%: 0.83, and 6W/120%: 0.84 kg/d; P < 0.03). In conclusion, the use of 97% corn diets significantly reduced average daily gain and increased days to market. However, the use of diets in which the Lys:ME was greater than genetic recommendations after a period of nutrient restriction, resulted in increased compensatory growth.