bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure
Authors: O'Connor Mary J. , Paley Blair
Published: September 2009

Since the identification of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) over 35 years ago, mounting evidence about the impact of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy has prompted increased attention to the link between prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and a constellation of developmental disabilities that are characterized by physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments. These disabilities include a continuum of developmental disorders known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Longitudinal studies suggest that individuals with FASDs are at a greatly increased risk for adverse long‐term outcomes, including mental health problems and poor social adjustment. This review summarizes the existing literature on mental health outcomes for individuals with PAE across the lifespan, including findings in infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence and early adulthood. Research on the psychiatric disabilities suffered by individuals with FASDs throughout development highlights the need for training of mental health professionals in the identification and the provision of specific treatments to address the unique features of this developmental disability since early identification and treatment have been demonstrated to be protective against more serious secondary disabilities. It is hoped that with greater awareness of the mental health problems experienced by individuals with FASDs, these individuals can receive appropriate and early treatment resulting in more adaptive and rewarding lives. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:225–234.
Vinyl Sulfone Modified Hex‐3‐enopyranosides: Novel Routes to C3–C4 and C4–C5 Cyclopropanated Pyranosides
Authors: Bhattacharya Rahul , Dey Debanjana , Pathak Tanmaya
Published: September 2009

In a departure from metal‐based cyclopropanation reactions, 4‐sulfonylhex‐3‐enopyranosides carrying a leaving group at either of the two γ‐positions are used as efficient intermediates for the synthesis of C3–C4 and C4–C5 cyclopropanated pyranosides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Electrochemical Behavior of Nitrazepam at a Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode and Its Determination in Beverages by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: McGuire Natasha D. , Honeychurch Kevin C. , Hart John P.
Published: September 2009

The cyclic voltammetric behavior of nitrazepam was investigated at screen‐printed carbon electrodes over the range −1.5 V to +1.5 V. Two reduction peaks were observable on the negative scan, at −0.7 V, and −1.2 V using pH 6 buffer. On the return scan a single oxidation peak was obtained at −0.05 V. For quantitative analysis of beverages, we developed an anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method which required only dilution with buffer. The identification of nitrazepam and flunitrazepam could be achieved using cyclic voltammetry.
Metallic Free Carbon Nanotube Cluster Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for the Sensing of Nicotine in Artificial Saliva
Authors: Highton Louise , Kadara Rashid O. , Jenkinson Norman , Logan Riehl Bill , Banks Craig E.
Published: September 2009

We demonstrate that metallic free carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrodes provide an advantageous sensing methodology for nicotine. The electrochemical oxidation of nicotine is possible at low potentials compared to other commercially available carbon electrodes. Using the carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrodes a detection range of 10 to 1000 μM is possible with a limit of detection of 2 μM. The sensing protocol is shown to be viable in artificial saliva and is promising as a portable and rapid sensor for nicotine in oral fluid (saliva) in areas such as health/life insurance, instances where smoking is banned and also as a point of care test to help improve smoking quit rates.
Kriging and cross‐validation for massive spatial data
Authors: Zhang Hao , Wang Yong
Published: September 2009

Spatial prediction such as kriging involves the inversion of a covariance matrix. When the number of locations is very large as in many studies, inversion of the covariance matrix may not be practical. Covariance tapering, predictive process models, and low rank kriging are some methods for overcoming the large matrix problem, all of which can be regarded as approximations to the underlying stationary process. Therefore, efficient cross‐validation is very helpful for spatial prediction with large data to assess how well an approximation works. This work studies the calculation of drop‐one prediction and various prediction scores. Estimators are constructed to minimize some prediction scores. One advantage of this approach is that it integrates estimation and cross‐validation and does not treat them as two separate procedures. Further simplification of calculation is studied that is based on the infill asymptotic theory. The methods are illustrated through the analysis of a US precipitation dataset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrophotometric aspects in the working of photocatalytic reactors
Authors: Cortés J.A. , Alarcón‐Herrera M.T. , Villicaña‐Méndez M. , González‐Hernández J. , Pérez‐Robles J.F.
Published: September 2009

The current research work presents a methodology for determining the area of influence of the ultraviolet light emitted by a lamp located in the center of a photocatalytic reactor, at different concentrations of the catalyst TiO2 degussa P25 and of the acid blue 9 dye. The measurements for the development of the corresponding methodology were performed through a novel system that allows the evaluation of light intensity at different distances from the lamp and at real working concentrations (with no dilution). The results obtained from these measurements indicate that for 600 mg L−1, 450 mg L−1, 300 mg L−1, and 150 mg L−1 catalyst concentrations there is complete absorption of the light emitted by the lamp at distances of 0.8, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.4 cm, respectively. For the dye it was observed that at 2.4 cm from the lamp, there is an intensity reduction in the order of 91%, 85%, 71%, and 50% for concentrations of 80 mg L−1, 60 mg L−1, 40 mg L−1, and 20 mg L−1, respectively.

The results obtained with the application of the developed methodology for the evaluation of the combined effect of the catalyst and dye absorption, show that, the absorption of the catalyst is more important than that of dye in the concentrations evaluated. With higher catalyst concentration, complete light absorption happens closer to the lamp wall, which produces an increment in the reaction kinetics; with higher dye concentrations, the amount of energy reaching by the catalyst decreases and causes an exponential decrease in the reaction kinetics. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Application of microwave energy to treat granular activated carbon contaminated with chlorobenzene
Authors: Jou Chih‐Ju G. , Wu Chung‐Rung , Lee Chien‐Li
Published: September 2009

Granular activated carbon (GAC) is an excellent dielectric material to absorb and convert microwave (MW) energy into thermal energy. The MW heat is effective in decomposing organic substances adsorbed on the carbon. One gram of GAC loaded with chlorobenzene (CB) was subject to the MW output power varying from 400 to 800 W for 60 s, the carbon temperature rises to 325 to 470°C; 81.9% to 100% of the adsorbed CB is decomposed with the GAC dielectric loss factor between 16.2 and 24.8 F/m. Additionally, for the same dielectric material, larger surface area will absorb more MW energy. With more GAC (e.g., 2 g), the heat generated within GAC will cause sparks to occur if the MW irradiation time exceeds 80 s. The occurrence of sparks causes the GAC surface to graphitize thus destroying the surface micropore structure that leads to more smooth surface with less adsorption capacity. After five repetitive uses, dielectric loss of the recovered GAC decreases from 29.8 to 19.4 and the CB removal rate declines from 100 to 91%. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Biofiltration of simulated air pollutants from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) dryer vents at corn‐derived ethanol production facilities
Authors: Chen Li‐Jung , Bangs Katherine M. , Kinney Kerry A. , Katz Lynn E. , Seibert A. Frank
Published: September 2009

The DDGS dryer vents at corn‐derived ethanol production facilities often contain a mixture of odorous and/or potentially hazardous air pollutants including acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a biofilter system to treat the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the DDGS dryer stack during ethanol production. Single aldehyde elimination capacity experiments indicate that both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are readily biodegraded in a biofilter at a short contact time of 10 s, although the acetaldehyde removals during the initial start up period were lower than those observed during later operation. A biofilter packed with porous silicate pellets at neutral pH successfully achieved greater than 90% removal of VOC mixtures containing acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, ethanol, and acetic acid. However, extended operation with the four component VOC mixture led to a decline in biofilter pH. At low pH (4.6), acetaldehyde removal declined from 95 to 62% and ethanol removal declined from 90 to 57%. The option of utilizing a water scrubber upstream of the biofilter to remove acetic acid was investigated; it was determined that effective acetic acid removal was possible in a recirculating water scrubber maintained at a pH level above ∼7, where the rate of removal was controlled by gas phase mass transfer resistance. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Optimisation and Evaluation of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 – δ Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Tao Youkun , Shao Jing , Wang Wei Guo , Wang Jianxin
Published: September 2009

In this work, La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 – δ/Ce1 – xGdxO2 – δ (LSC/GDC) composite cathodes are investigated for SOFC application at intermediate temperatures, especially below 700 °C. The symmetrical cells are prepared by spraying LSC/GDC composite cathodes on a GDC tape, and the lowest polarisation resistance (Rp) of 0.11 Ω cm2 at 700 °C is obtained for the cathode containing 30 wt.‐% GDC. For the application on YSZ electrolyte, symmetrical LSC cathodes are fabricated on a YSZ tape coated on a GDC interlayer. The impact of the sintering temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical properties is investigated. The optimum temperature is determined to be 950 °C; the corresponding Rp of 0.24 Ω cm2 at 600 °C and 0.06 Ω cm2 at 700 °C are achieved, respectively. An YSZ‐based anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cell is fabricated by employing LSC/GDC composite cathode sintered at 950 °C. The cell with an active electrode area of 4 × 4 cm2 exhibits the maximum power density of 0.42 W cm–2 at 650 °C and 0.54 W cm–2 at 700 °C. More than 300 h operating at 650 °C is carried out for an estimate of performance and degradation of a single cell. Despite a decline at the beginning, the stable performance during the later term suggests a potential application.
Mental stress in Ireland, 1994–2000: a stochastic dominance approach
Authors: Madden David
Published: September 2009

The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is frequently used as a measure of mental well‐being with those people with values below a certain threshold regarded as suffering from mental stress. Comparison of mental stress levels across populations may then be sensitive to the chosen threshold. This paper uses stochastic dominance techniques to show that mental stress fell in Ireland over the 1994–2000 period regardless of the threshold chosen. Decomposition techniques suggest that changes in the proportion unemployed and in the protective effect of income, education and marital status upon mental health were the principal factors underlying this fall. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone Marrow Transplantation Demonstrates Medullar Origin of Cd34+ Fibrocytes and Ameliorates Hepatic Fibrosis in Abcb4 −/− Mice
Authors: Roderfeld Martin , Rath Timo , Voswinckel Robert , Dierkes Christian , Dietrich Hartmut , Zahner Daniel , Graf Jürgen , Roeb Elke
Published: September 2009

Bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells and CD34+ fibrocytes are associated with fibrogenesis in several organs. In an

Abcb4

−/− mouse model for sclerosing cholangitis alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive (α-SMA+) myofibroblasts are thought to play a pivotal role in hepatic fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to demonstrate that the origin of an important fibrogenetic cell population is the BM; and (2) to investigate whether transplantation of BM (BM-Tx) affects liver function, staging, and grading. Surrogate markers for fibrogenesis and regulation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) as well as progenitor-cell-derived fibrocytes in liver tissue were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistology. After lethal irradiation of recipient mice, BM-Tx was carried out by way of tail vein injection of BM cells from marker protein donors (green fluorescent protein, GFP+) or

Abcb4

−/− mice as control (syngeneic Tx). Parameters of liver function were assessed serologically and histologically. Activated HSC of α-SMA+/CRP2+ phenotype were expressed in ≈50% of proliferating bile ducts, whereas fibrotic liver parenchyma showed no expression thereof. Epithelial mesenchymal transfer (EMT) was visualized in the areas of proliferating bile ducts. The hematopoietic origin of CD34+ fibrocytes was demonstrated immunohistologically in livers of BM chimeric mice. These CD34+ cells infiltrated hepatic lobules from portal fields and developed a desmin+ phenotype expressing collagen type I in fibrotic parenchyma as well as

in vitro

after isolation by magnetic cell separation. Transplantation of GFP+/

Abcb4

+ BM improved liver function and staging compared with sham transplantation, but no significant differences were noticed among allogeneic and syngeneic Tx.

Conclusion:

The present study is the first to identify that both BM-derived fibrocytes and HSC are involved in biliary fibrogenesis in

Abcb4

−/− mice. Our data suggest that changes in immunity subsequent to BM-Tx may alter hepatic fibrosis. (Hepatology 2009.)
Predictors of Response to Therapy With Terlipressin and Albumin in Patients With Cirrhosis and Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome
Authors: Nazar André , Pereira Gustavo Henrique , Guevara Mónica , Martín-Llahi Marta , Pepin Marie-Noëlle , Marinelli Marcella , Solá Elsa , Baccaro María Eugenia , Terra Carlos , Arroyo Vicente , Ginès Pere
Published: September 2009

Terlipressin plus albumin is an effective treatment for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), but approximately only half of the patients respond to this therapy. The aim of this study was to assess predictive factors of response to treatment with terlipressin and albumin in patients with type 1 HRS. Thirty-nine patients with cirrhosis and type 1 HRS were treated prospectively with terlipressin and albumin. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables obtained before the initiation of treatment as well as changes in arterial pressure during treatment were analyzed for their predictive value. Response to therapy (reduction in serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL at the end of treatment) was observed in 18 patients (46%) and was associated with an improvement in circulatory function. Independent predictive factors of response to therapy were baseline serum bilirubin and an increase in mean arterial pressure of ≥5 mm Hg at day 3 of treatment. The cutoff level of serum bilirubin that best predicted response to treatment was 10 mg/dL (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.77;

P

< 0.0001; sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 61%). Response rates in patients with serum bilirubin <10 mg/dL or ≥10 mg/dL were 67% and 13%, respectively (

P

= 0.001). Corresponding values in patients with an increase in mean arterial pressure ≥5 mm Hg or <5 mm Hg at day 3 were 73% and 36%, respectively (

P

= 0.037).

Conclusion:

Serum bilirubin and an early increase in arterial pressure predict response to treatment with terlipressin and albumin in type 1 HRS. Alternative treatment strategies to terlipressin and albumin should be investigated for patients with type 1 HRS and low likelihood of response to vasoconstrictor therapy. (Hepatology 2009.)
Cytogenetic and molecular responses in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia patients receiving low dose of imatinib for intolerance to standard dose
Authors: Breccia Massimo , Cannella Laura , Stefanizzi Caterina , Latagliata Roberto , Nanni Mauro , Diverio Daniela , Santopietro Michelina , Federico Vincenzo , Alimena Giuliana
Published: September 2009

Imatinib mesylate is the gold standard treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and 400 mg/day is considered the standard dose. Although it is generally well tolerated, some patients require temporary drug discontinuation and permanent dose reduction because of haematological or non‐haematological toxicities. Whether or not reduced doses are effective as the standard dose in inducing and/or maintaining complete cytogenetic and molecular response is not clear. We report the outcome of 45 CML patients in early (17) and late (28) chronic phase (CP) in whom, within a series of 250 patients treated with imatinib, reduced the dose of the drug after experiencing adverse events. Median time interval between the start of therapy and dose reduction was 58 days, whereas median administered dose was 300 mg/day. At 6 months from reduction, major cytogenetic responses (MCRs) were observed in 67% of patients, with 58% being complete cytogenetic remission (CCR), and complete molecular response (CMR) were obtained in 18% of patients. At 12 months, all patients who had obtained MCR reached CCR: this was significantly higher in low risk patients (87%) versus non‐low risk patients (66 and 46%), and in early phase (82%) versus late phase (53.5%). CMR and major molecular response (MMR) were detected in 20 and 22% of patients, respectively. Low dose imatinib appears effective in patients with intolerance to standard dose, even though long‐term effects remain to be established. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CT‐guided percutaneous lung biopsies in patients with haematologic malignancies and undiagnosed pulmonary lesions
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Sultenfuss Mark , Romaguera Jorge E. , Ensor Joe , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Wallace Michael J. , Ahrar Kamran , Madoff David C. , Murthy Ravi , Hicks Marshall E.
Published: September 2009

We searched the electronic patient database at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for patients who underwent computed tomography (CT)‐guided needle biopsy between January 2001 and December 2005. Inclusion criteria were a known history of haematologic malignancy and a newly detected, undiagnosed pulmonary lesion on chest CT that required tissue sampling for diagnosis; 213 met these criteria. We analysed the biopsy results for diagnostic yield, factors affecting diagnostic yield and effect on treatment. Of 213 procedures, 191 (89.7%) yielded sufficient material for pathologic analysis; 130 (60%) yielded specific diagnoses, while 61 (28.6%) yielded nonspecific benign diagnoses. Lesions larger than 1 cm, cavitary lesions and lung masses were more likely to yield a specific diagnosis than were lesions smaller than 1 cm, lung nodules and consolidations. The most common specific diagnoses were malignancy (62.8%) and infection (34.3%). The latter was more common in patients with leukaemia, cavitary lung lesions or consolidations, active underlying malignancy, neutropenia, respiratory signs and symptoms and/or fever, bone marrow transplant recipients, and in patients receiving chemotherapy. Lung lesions discovered upon follow‐up imaging in patients who did not have any respiratory signs/symptoms or fever were mostly malignant. Therapeutic changes were more likely after a specific diagnosis than after a nonspecific diagnosis or a nondiagnostic biopsy (88.4% vs. 18.1%; p < 0.0001). CT‐guided lung biopsy has a high diagnostic yield in patients with haematologic malignancies that present with unexplained pulmonary lesions and provides a specific diagnosis in a majority of these patients, leading to therapeutic changes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How newcomers learn the social norms of an organization: A case study of the socialization of newly hired engineers
Authors: Korte Russell F.
Published: September 2009

Current scholarship views organizational socialization as a learning process that is primarily the responsibility of the newcomer. Yet recent learning research recognizes the importance of the social interactions in the learning process. This study investigated how newly hired engineers at a large manufacturing company learned job‐related tasks and the social norms of the organization. From the perspective of social exchange theory, two major findings emerged from the data: (1) relationship building was the primary driver of socialization, and (2) the work group was the primary context for socialization. These findings challenge the current views of organizational socialization by accentuating the relational processes that mediate learning during socialization.
Preferences for training options: A conjoint analysis
Authors: Gan Chui Goh , Lee Julie Anne , Soutar Geoffrey N.
Published: September 2009

Singapore is a growing educational hub for the Asia Pacific region. However, no prior research has examined how Singaporean managers trade off attributes of training programs when making executive training decisions. The current study used conjoint analysis to identify the most important attributes of training programs as word of mouth, trainers' practical experience, and institutional reputation. Three clearly distinct segments were found: pragmatic executives, who preferred experienced trainers and were somewhat pricesensitive; willing‐to‐pay executives, who were willing to pay higher fees; and quality‐conscious executives, who preferred attribute levels that relate to high quality, including trainers with a higher level of practical experience and an above‐average institutional reputation.
Antecedents and outcomes of workplace incivility: Implications for human resource development research and practice
Authors: Reio Thomas G. , Ghosh Rajashi
Published: September 2009

This cross‐sectional, correlational study (N = 402) examined the relationships among select demographics, workplace adaptation, employee affect, and incivility and physical health and job satisfaction. The paper‐and‐pencil survey battery consisted of nine scales. The hypotheses were tested through correlational, factor analytic, and hierarchical regression analytic procedures. Younger males engaged more frequently in uncivil behavior. After statistically controlling for the demographic variables, high negative affect and low degree of establishing relationships with coworkers and supervisors (adaptation) predicted more incivility. For the physical health model, establishing relationships with coworkers and positive affect positively contributed to perceived physical health, while organizational incivility negatively contributed to the dependent variable. As for the job satisfaction model, establishing relationships with coworkers and supervisors and positive affect positively predicted satisfaction, whereas negative affect and incivility made negative contributions to the regression equation. In all cases, the magnitude of effect ranged from medium to large, supporting the theoretical, empirical, and practical relevance of understanding the detrimental effects of uncivil behaviors on organizational outcomes. HRD researchers and professionals are highlighted as possible means for reducing uncivil workplace behaviors and improving organizational performance.
How does satisfaction translate into performance? An examination of commitment and cultural values
Authors: Zhang Jin , Zheng Wei
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study is to add new insights into the mechanism through which job satisfaction relates to job performance. Affective commitment was tested as a potential mediator between job satisfaction and job performance, and traditionality was used as a potential moderator between job satisfaction and affective commitment. A survey study was conducted on 292 employees from seven companies in China. The study findings suggest that affective commitment serves as one of the mechanisms through which job satisfaction influences job performance. Job satisfaction can strengthen people's identification with, involvement in, and emotional attachment to their organization which in turn can foster better performance. The second major finding of this study is that cultural values influence how well people translate job satisfaction into affective commitment. People who are culturally more traditional tend to transfer their satisfaction with their job into stronger commitment than people lower in cultural traditionality. HRD implications are drawn.
Gentamicin‐impregnated chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite/ethyl cellulose microspheres granules for chronic osteomyelitis therapy
Authors: Shi Pujiang , Zuo Yi , Li Xiaowei , Zou Qin , Liu Haohuai , Zhang Li , Li Yubao , Morsi Yos S
Published: September 2009

In this article gentamicin (GM) impregnated microspheres were used to extend the drug release time for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. The granules were prepared in solution and consisted of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), chitosan (CS) and GM loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres. A rabbit model with chronic osteomyelitis was made by using staphylococcus aureus and morrhuate sodium and special inspection methods were used to test the curative effects of the granules, such as microbiological investigations, tissue, and X‐ray observations. The granules were provided with excellent drug release properties, 49 days in vitro and 45 days in vivo, moreover, they showed almost no cytotoxic for fibroblast and osteoblast. The findings indicated that the GM‐impregnated CS/nHA/EC microspheres granules showed outstanding curative effect. Generally, it can be concluded that the granules containing GM impregnated microspheres may be used effectively in the treatment of the chronic osteomyelitis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Biochemical investigation of the effects of human platelet releasates on human articular chondrocytes
Authors: Spreafico Adriano , Chellini Federico , Frediani Bruno , Bernardini Giulia , Niccolini Silvia , Serchi Tommaso , Collodel Giulia , Paffetti Alessandro , Fossombroni Vittorio , Galeazzi Mauro , Marcolongo Roberto , Santucci Annalisa
Published: September 2009

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the mitogenic and differentiating properties of platelet‐rich plasma releasates (PRPr) on human chondrocytes in mono‐ and three‐dimensional cultures. In order to assess if PRPr supplementation could maintain the chondrocyte phenotype or at least inhibit the cell de‐differentiation even after several days in culture, we performed a proteomic study on several cell cultures independently grown, for different periods of time, in culture medium with FCS, human serum (HS), and releasates obtained from PRP and platelet‐poor plasma (PPP). We found that PRP treatment actually induced in chondrocytes the expression of proteins (some of which novel) involved in differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1153–1165, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Did Paul Kammerer discover epigenetic inheritance? A modern look at the controversial midwife toad experiments
Authors: Vargas Alexander O.
Published: September 2009

The controversy surrounding the alleged Lamarckian fraud of Paul Kammerer's midwife toad experiments has intrigued generations of biologists. A re‐examination of his descriptions of hybrid crosses of treated and nontreated toads reveals parent‐of‐origin effects like those documented in epigenetic inheritance. Modification of the extracellular matrix of the egg as described by Kammerer provides a plausible cause for altered gene methylation patterns. Traits such as altered egg and adult body size in Kammerer's “treated” toads are inherited epigenetically in other tetrapods. A preliminary model involving the environmental silencing of a maternally inherited allele can be attempted to explain the midwife toad experiments. Given available molecular tools and our current understanding of epigenetics, new experimentation with the midwife toad is strongly encouraged. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:667–678, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
About the reaction of β‐dimethylamino‐α,β‐enones with active methylene nitriles
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Elsayed Akram N.
Published: September 2009

magnified image

The reaction of 3‐dimethylamino‐1‐arylpropenone derivatives with active methylene nitriles was reinvestigated and a plausible mechanism to account for the results is suggested. X‐ray crystallographic study supported the suggested mechanism. Based on these findings, the reaction of 3‐acetylamino‐4‐dimethylaminobut‐3‐en‐2‐one with malononitrile was also reinvestigated and the correct structures verified. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
A basic ionic liquid catalyzed reaction of benzothiazole, aldehydes, and 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione: Efficient synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans
Authors: Wen Li‐Rong , Xie Huai‐Yuan , Li Ming
Published: September 2009

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A fast, mild, and quantitative procedure for the preparation of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives in the presence of an easily accessible basic ionic liquid—[bmIm]OH(3‐butyl‐1‐methylimidazoliumhydroxide) as the catalyst has been developed. The ionic liquid was stable during the reaction process and could also be reused at least nine times with consistent activity. This procedure may be a practical alternative to the existing procedures to meet the need of academe as well as industries. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of 2‐ and/or 5‐substituted 4,6‐dichloropyrimidines with arylboronic acids
Authors: Tumkevicius S. , Dodonova J. , Baskirova I. , Voitechovicius A.
Published: September 2009

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The Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction of some 4,6‐dichloropyrimidines bearing methylthio‐, methyl‐, amino‐, cyano‐, formyl‐, and nitro groups in positions 2 and/or 5 of the pyrimidine ring with arylboronic acids has been investigated. Influence of palladium catalyst, ligand, base, and solvent on the reaction outcome was studied. The reaction was found to give the corresponding 4,6‐diarylpyrimidines in reasonable yields using Pd(OAc)2/PPh3/K3PO4 or Pd(PPh3)2Cl2/K3PO4 as catalyst systems. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
A facile and efficient synthesis of N‐substituted furo[3,4‐b]indeno[2,1‐e]pyridine analogues of azapodophyllotoxin via microwave‐assisted multicomponent reactions
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhang Ge , Zhang Yan , Ma Ning , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: September 2009

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The efficient and facile synthesis of N‐substituted furo[3,4‐b]indeno[2,1‐e]pyridine analogues of azapodophyllotoxin was achieved via microwave‐assisted multicomponent reactions of aldehyde, 2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione and 4‐(arylamino)furan‐2(5H)‐one in glycol without catalyst. This method has the obvious advantages over traditional heating ones on short reaction time, high yield, operational simplicity as well as being environmental friendly. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
One‐pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline derivatives from nitro‐componds reduced by zinc
Authors: Shi Da‐Qing , Rong Shao‐Feng , Dou Guo‐Lan , Wang Man‐Man
Published: September 2009

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An efficient, convenient, one‐pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines was accomplished in good yields via the novel reductive cyclization of 2‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐imidazole with isothiocyanates mediated by zinc dust. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
1963: The break point of the Northern Hemisphere temperature trend during the twentieth century
Authors: Ivanov Martin A. , Evtimov Stilian N.
Published: September 2009

Besides gradually, climate can also change abruptly. The global surface temperature series is a major indicator of such changes. Using rigorous statistical tools, we show that during the twentieth century the time series of annual Northern Hemisphere surface temperature is well described by a trend‐stationary process, but the trend line breaks in 1963. After six transitory years, in 1970, the temperature course locks up into a new regime with a triple linear warming rate. For the emergence and abruptness of the break we reveal the key roles of the Mount Agung eruption and the interannual to interdecadal changes of the major modes and patterns of climate variability. We offer an abrupt climate shift scenario based on the adaptivity of climatic regimes against instant external forcings. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Biological significance of the maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Takenaka Tomoyoshi , Yano Tokujiro , Ito Kensaku , Morodomi Yousuke , Miura Naoko , Kawano Daigo , Shoji Fumihiro , Abe Koichiro , Honda Hiroshi , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: September 2009

Background

The 2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) has recently become an important non‐invasive tool for the diagnosis and staging in several cancers. The standardized uptake value (SUV) of primary tumor has been reported to relate to cancer progression and prognosis, however, biological mechanism is still unclear.

Method

Seventy‐nine patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had undergone preoperative FDG‐PET and a surgical resection were enrolled in this study. NSCLC tissue samples prepared from the surgical specimens were subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of Ki‐67 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins. The relationships between the expression status of these proteins and SUVmax of primary tumors were evaluated.

Result

Concerning the relationship with various clinicopathological findings, SUVmax of primary tumors was associated with histology, tumor proliferation, pleural or vascular invasion, and pathological stage. A significant correlation was observed between the SUVmax and either the Ki‐67 or VEGF expression (P < 0.001, P = 0.006), respectively. Cases with both Ki‐67‐negative and VEGF‐negative findings exhibited a significantly lower SUVmax than those with single positive or double positive cases (P = 0.006, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The SUVmax was associated with the expression of Ki‐67 and VEGF in NSCLC. These findings indicated that the SUVmax of primary tumors might therefore reflect the biological malignant potential in NSCLC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:688–692. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term outcomes after laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer: Analysis of consecutive 106 experiences
Authors: Lee Junhyun , Kim Wook
Published: September 2009

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this retrospective study is to suggest the possibility of laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy (LAG) for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) through long‐term outcomes.

Methods

Of 283 patients with gastric cancer who underwent LAG with extraperigastric (D2) lymphadenectomy between January 2004 and February 2009, 106 were pathologically confirmed with AGC and analyzed.

Results

There were 75 men and 31 women, with a mean age of 61.4 ± 11.7 years. There were 32 total gastrectomies and 74 distal gastrectomies with D2 lymphadenectomy. The mean tumor size was 4.8 ± 2.6 cm. The mean numbers of retrieved and metastatic lymph nodes were 34.3 ± 15.3 and 5.4 ± 8.7, respectively. There was no lymph node metastasis in 44 patients (41.5%), and there were 35 grade T2a, 51 T2b, and 20 T3 lesions. There were 10 operation‐related morbidities (9.4%) and one postoperative death (0.9%) from hepatic failure. The overall and disease‐free survival rates were 81.4% and 72.4%, respectively. Tumors recurred in 17 patients (16.0%) during the follow‐up periods (median 21.5 months; range 2–60).

Conclusions

LAG for AGC might be considered as a minimally invasive treatment in selected cases, but further study comparing it with open gastrectomy will be needed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:693–698. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of ultra low fluence rate single and repetitive photodynamic therapy on glioma spheroids
Authors: Mathews Marlon S. , Angell‐Petersen Even , Sanchez Rogelio , Sun Chung‐Ho , Vo Van , Hirschberg Henry , Madsen Steen J.
Published: September 2009

Background and Objective

Achieving local control of gliomas with photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the delivery of adequate light fluences to depths of 1–2 cm in the resection margin where the majority of local recurrences originate. This is clinically impractical with current single‐shot, intraoperative PDT treatments due to the length of time required to deliver adequate fluences. Multiple or extended treatment protocols would therefore seem to be required. The response of human glioma spheroids to 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐mediated PDT using single or, repetitive light delivery protocols was investigated at both low and ultra low fluence rates.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Human glioma spheroids (400 µm diameter) were subjected to sub‐threshold light fluence (1.5, 3, or 6 J cm−2) ALA–PDT consisting of four light delivery schemes: single treatment given over either 1 or 24 hours, repetitive treatment given either as four 1 hour light treatments separated by a 4 day interval, or 24 hours light delivery, consisting of four 24 hours treatments separated by a 3 day interval. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using a growth assay. In some cases, confocal microscopy was used to image cell viability.

Results

The repetitive and single light treatment protocols were most effective when delivered at ultra low (µW cm−2) fluence rates. In all cases, growth inhibition was light dose‐dependent. The repetitive ultra low fluence rate treatment (1.5 J cm−2; irradiance = 17 µW cm−2) light delivery protocol was the most effective resulting in total growth inhibition during the 2‐week observation period.

Conclusion

Ultra low light fluence rate ALA–PDT results in significant spheroid growth inhibition. Repeated administration of ALA was required during repetitive and/or protracted single PDT treatment protocols. The existence of a lower fluence rate limit, below which the efficacy of threshold light fluences diminish was not found in these studies. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:578–584, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neoglycopolymers Based on 4‐Vinyl‐1,2,3‐Triazole Monomers Prepared by Click Chemistry
Authors: Hetzer Martin , Chen Gaojian , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: September 2009

The synthesis of a new glycomonomer based on mannose, prepared via CuAAC, is reported. The resulting 1,2,3‐triazole linkage between mannose and the polymer backbone ensures the formation of highly stable glycopolymers, which will not undergo hydrolysis. The monomer 2′‐(4‐vinyl‐[1,2,3]‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethyl‐O‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside was polymerized in the presence of a RAFT agent – 3‐benzylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl propionic acid – to yield well‐defined polymers with molecular weights up to 51 500 g mol−1 and a PDI of 1.16. The resulting polymer was employed as a macroRAFT agent in the polymerization of NIPAAm in order to generate thermo‐responsive block copolymers, which undergo reversible micelle formation at elevated temperatures. The rapid interaction between the polymers prepared and ConA confirms the high affinity of these structures to proteins. While the linear glycopolymers already undergo a fast complexation with ConA, the reported rates have found to be exceeded by the micellar glycopolymer structure presented in the current contribution.

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Lyapunov stability of periodic solutions of the quadratic Newtonian equation
Authors: Zhang Meirong , Chu Jifeng , Li Xiong
Published: September 2009

We will find a positive constant Σ2 such that for any 2π ‐periodic function h (t) with zero mean value, the quadratic Newtonian equation x ″ + x2 = σ + h (t) will have exactly two 2π ‐periodic solutions with one being unstable and another being twist (and therefore being Lyapunov stable), provided that the parameter σ is bigger than the first bifurcation value and is smaller than the constant Σ2. The construction of Σ2 is obtained by examining carefully the twist coefficients of periodic solutions (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interval oscillation criteria for second order super‐half linear functional differential equations with delay and advanced arguments
Authors: Zafer A.
Published: September 2009

Sufficient conditions are established for oscillation of second order super half linear equations containing both delay and advanced arguments of the formequation imagewhereϕδ(u) = |u|δ–1u;α> 0,β≥α, andγ≥αare real numbers;k,p,q,e,τ,σare continuous real‐valued functions;τ(t) ≤tandσ(t) ≥twith limt→∞τ(t) = ∞. The functionsp(t),q(t), ande(t) are allowed to change sign, provided thatp(t) andq(t) are nonnegative on a sequence of intervals on whiche(t) alternates sign.

As an illustrative example we show that every solution ofequation imageis oscillatory provided that eitherm1orm2orr0is sufficiently large (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On spectral stability for the fractional Laplacian perturbed by unbounded obstacles
Authors: Demuth Michael , Hansmann Marcel
Published: September 2009

In this paper we give integral conditions for the stability of the absolutely continuous spectrum for the fractional Laplacian H0 = , where α ∈ (0, 2), perturbed by an unbounded obstacle Γ ⊂ Rd . We use the stochastic representation of the associated semigroups to derive conditions in terms of the capacity of certain subsets of Γ. In particular, obstacles with infinite capacity are allowed (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gâteaux derivatives and their applications to approximation in Lorentz spaces Γp,w
Authors: Ciesielski Maciej , Kamińska Anna , Płuciennik Ryszard
Published: September 2009

We establish the formulas of the left‐ and right‐hand Gâteaux derivatives in the Lorentz spaces Γp,w = {f: ∫0α (f **)p w < ∞}, where 1 ≤ p < ∞, w is a nonnegative locally integrable weight function and f ** is a maximal function of the decreasing rearrangement f * of a measurable function f on (0, α), 0 < α ≤ ∞. We also find a general form of any supporting functional for each function from Γp,w , and the necessary and sufficient conditions for which a spherical element of Γp,w is a smooth point of the unit ball in Γp,w . We show that strict convexity of the Lorentz spaces Γp,w is equivalent to 1 < p < ∞ and to the condition ∫0∞ w = ∞. Finally we apply the obtained characterizations to studies the best approximation elements for each function f ∈ Γp,w from any convex set K ⊂ Γp,w (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adolescents' perceptions of family communication patterns and some aspects of their consumer socialization
Authors: Kim Chankon , Lee Hanjoon , Tomiuk Marc A.
Published: September 2009

This study examined the effects of family communication patterns (FCP) on adolescent consumers' decision‐making styles and influence in family purchase decisions. Two underlying dimensions of FCP (concept‐orientation and socio‐orientation) were measured separately for mother–child communication and father–child communication and regressed on adolescents' use of the selected decision‐making styles and influence in purchase decisions involving durable products and nondurable products for their own use. Results show that only mother–child communication patterns have significant associations with adolescents' decision‐making styles and family purchase influence. Specifically, mothers' concept‐oriented communication was positively linked to children's use of utilitarian decision‐making styles (e.g., careful and deliberate decision making) and social/conspicuous decision‐making styles (e.g., recreational and hedonic decision making) as well as to children's influence in family purchase decisions involving both durable and nondurable products for themselves. On the other hand, mothers' socio‐oriented communication was linked positively to children's use of undesirable decision‐making styles (e.g., confusion by overchoice) and negatively to children's influence in family purchase decisions. This study also investigated the presence (or absence) of a same‐gender effect in the relationships between parent–child communication orientations and children's consumer socialization outcome. If present, a same‐gender effect would be indicated by a greater influence from the same‐sex parent's communication orientations on the adolescent's decision‐making styles and influence in family decisions relative to that of the opposite‐‐ sex parent's communication orientations. Comparisons of the two gender‐group regression results revealed no systematic pattern that suggests the presence of such an effect. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shaping online consumer choice by partitioning the Web
Authors: Martin Jolie M. , Norton Michael I.
Published: September 2009

This research explores how partitioning attributes in online search interfaces changes the valuations of those attributes—and impacts subsequent choice—such that attributes that are displayed as separate categories tend to receive greater decision weight than attributes grouped under umbrella categories. Across several choice domains—cars, dates, and hotels—we show that different attribute partitions impact the importance assigned to attributes (Studies 1 and 2), as well as consumer choices (Studies 3 and 4). We argue that these effects are due in part to users' willingness to use the implicit recommendations of interface designers to determine the importance of attributes, a willingness that extends to following explicit recommendations of online agents based on those attributes (Study 5). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perfectly Controlled Lamella Thickness and Thickness Distribution: A Morphological Study on ADMET Polyolefins
Authors: Hosoda S. , Nozue Y. , Kawashima Y. , Utsumi S. , Nagamatsu T. , Wagener K. , Berda E. , Rojas G. , Baughman T. , Leonard J.
Published: September 2009

Summary: Lamella thickness distribution (LTD) plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of polyethylene. LTD is predominantly governed by the intermolecular chemical composition distribution, but intrachain heterogeneity also results in a broadened LTD. Polyethylene synthesized by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) contains pristine microstructures free from inter and intrachain heterogeneity and therefore represent ideal models to investigate these phenomena. The crystalline structures of ADMET polyethylene with ethyl or n‐hexyl branches every 21st backbone carbon (EB21and EO21, respectively) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small X‐ray scattering and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (SAXS and WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The samples were crystallized for various periods at temperatures near the DSC crystallization peak temperatures: 10 °C for EB21 and 0 °C for EO21. TEM observation exhibited that EB21 displays straight lamellar crystals with axialitic organization and an average thickness of about 55 Å. This corresponds to twice the ethylene sequence length between branches, suggesting that one lamellar stem spans three branches and includes one ethyl branch within the lamella. The lamella thickness distribution was very narrow compared with that of the cross‐fraction of ethylene/1‐butene copolymer prepared via Ziegler‐Natta polymerization. Similarly it was found from the same characterization methods that EO21 also displays a narrow lamella thickness distribution albeit with thinner lamellae, averaging 25–26Å thick. Judging from this lamella thickness, EO21 is considered to have a lamella stem composed of a single ethylene sequence between two braches, suggesting that the n‐hexyl branch is entirely excluded from a crystalline phase.