bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A lipid‐coated lipase as an efficient hydrolytic catalyst in the two‐phase aqueous‐organic system
Authors: Mori Toshiaki , Kishimoto Shintaro , Ijiro Kuniharu , Kobayashi Atsushi , Okahata Yoshio
Published: September 2002

A lipid‐coated lipase has been known to be soluble in organic solvents and act as an efficient esterification catalyst in the dry organic solvent. It was also found to act as an efficient hydrolytic catalyst for lipophilic esters in the two‐phase aqueous‐organic system. Both the lipid‐coated lipase and substrates are solubilized in the organic phase and the hydrolysis occurs with water molecules from the aqueous phase. Therefore, the reaction was 40–100 times faster than that of the native lipase, in which the enzyme and substrate exist separately in the aqueous and organic phase, respectively, and the reaction proceeded at the interface. The hydrolysis rates for the lipid‐coated lipase were not affected by the aqueous pH and agitation speed of the two‐phase. Enzymatic activity of the lipid‐coated lipase was compared with that of the poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted lipase. Michaelis‐Menten kinetics in the two‐phase reactions was also studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 157–163, 2001.
Determination of Danshensu, a major active compound of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza in dog plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection
Authors: Luo Xiaojian , Bi Kaishun , Zhou Shuyu , Wei Qinghua , Zhang Ruhua
Published: September 2002

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of Danshensu (3, 4‐dihydroxyphenyllactic acid) in dog plasma. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate. Analysis of the extracts was performed on a reversed‐phase column with an aqueous phosphate buffer‐acetonitrile (93:7, v/v) mobile phase, and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid was used as the internal standard. Fluorescence detection at 285 nm (excitation) and 320 nm (emission) was employed. Standard curves were linear in the range from 0.125 to 11.3 µg/mL (regression coefficient r > 0.993) on three different days. Mean recovery was determined as 96.4% by analysis of plasma standard containing 0.63, 5.65 and 11.3 µg/mL of Danshensu. The inter‐day precision (RSD) ranged from 3.4 to 8.6% at concentrations of 0.125, 1.88, 6.28 and 11.3 µg/mL, and the intra‐day precision was better than 7.2%. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.063 and 0.125 µg/mL, respectively. This validated assay was applied to the determination of Danshensu concentration in dog plasma after oral administration of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of atrasentan by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in human plasma
Authors: Bryan Peter D. , Sapochak Lisa B. , Tames Michelle M. , Padley Robert J. , El‐Shourbagy Tawakol A.
Published: September 2002

Atrasentan is an endothelin antagonist selective for the ETA receptor in development at Abbott Laboratories for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and cell proliferation disorders. A simple and sensitive chromatographic method for the determination of atrasentan in human plasma has been developed and validated. The analytical method involves acidification of the plasma samples with 0.3 N HCl prior to extraction with 1:1 (v:v) hexane/tert‐butylmethylether. The organic extract was evaporated to dryness, reconstituted with 20:80 (v:v) acetonitrile/0.05 M K2HPO4 and washed with 75:25 (v:v) hexane/tert‐butylmethylether. The organic layer was discarded and the aqueous layer was injected into the HPLC. Atrasentan and internal standard (ABT‐790) were separated from interference using a 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, 120 Å, Phenomenex Spherisorb C8 analytical column with a 50 × 4.6 mm, Alltech Absorbosphere 5 µm CN guard cartridge using a mobile phase consisting of 25:15:5:55 (v:v:v:v) acetonitrile/isopropanol/methanol/0.05 M K2HPO4, pH 7.0, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Fluorescence detection was achieved using λex 278 nm and λem 322 nm. For a 1.0 mL plasma sample volume, the limit of quantitation was approximately 200 pg/mL. The method was linear from 0.2 to 1300 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9986). Inter‐ and intra‐day assay RSD (n = 6) were less than 10%. Mean accuracy determinations showed the quality control samples to range between 94 and 99% of the theoretical concentration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro metabolism of a new H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor DBM‐819 in liver microsomes using HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Choi Sung Jin , Ji Hye‐Young , Lee Hee‐Yong , Lee Dong Ha , Lim Hong , Lee Hye Suk
Published: September 2002

The metabolism of 1‐(2‐methyl‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐[(3‐hydroxypropyl)amino]‐6‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2c]quinoline (DBM‐819), a new H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor, has been studied by HPLC with spectrometric detection and on‐line LC‐electrospray mass spectrometry. In vitro incubation of DBM‐819 with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH resulted in the production of four metabolites (M1‐4), whereas DBM‐819 was oxidized to two metabolites, M2 and M4, by human liver microsomes. M2, M3 and M4 were identified as O‐demethyl‐DBM‐819, 8‐hydroxy‐DBM‐819 and N‐dehydroxypropyl‐DBM‐819, respectively, based on LC/MS/MS analysis with authentic standards. M1 was tentatively identified as 1‐(hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐[(3‐hydroxypropyl)amino]‐6‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2c]quinoline. Rat liver CYP1A1/2 catalyzed the oxidation of DBM‐819 to 8‐hydroxy‐DBM‐819 and N‐dehydroxypropyl‐DBM‐819. Human CYP3A4 was a major isozyme for the formation of O‐demethyl‐DBM‐819 as well as N‐dehydroxypropyl‐DBM‐819. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of scopolamine, atropine and anisodamine in Flos daturae by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ye Nengsheng , Zhu Ruohua , Gu Xuexin , Zou Hong
Published: September 2002

A capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the separation and determination of tropane alkaloids in Flos daturae plants. Separation was performed on a fused silica capillary(42.1 cm × 50 µm i.d.) at an applied voltage of 20 kV. Scopolamine, atropine and anisodamine were well separated in the buffer of 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 20% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran (THF). Beer's law was obeyed in the range of concentration of 2.4–21.8 µg/mL for scopolamine, 4.0–36.0 µg/mL for atropine and 2.6–23.7 µg/mL for anisodamine, respectively, and the correlation coefficients were over 0.999 (n = 6). The developed method was applied for the analysis of herb samples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybridation of different chiral separation techniques with ICP‐MS detection for the separation and determination of selenomethionine enantiomers: chiral speciation of selenized yeast
Authors: Méndez Sonia Pérez , González Elisa Blanco , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo
Published: September 2002

Enantioseparation and determination of selenomethionine enantiomers in selenized yeast was investigated using chiral separation techniques based on different principles, coupled on‐line to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) for selenium‐specific detection. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a β‐cyclodestrin (β‐CD) column, cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD‐MEKC), gas chromatography (GC) on a Chirasil‐L‐Val column, and HPLC on a Chirobiotic T column have been investigated as the chiral separation techniques. For HPLC separation on the β‐CD column, and also for CD‐MEKC, selenomethionine enantiomers were derivatized with NDA/CN−. For chiral separation by GC, selenomethionine enantiomers were converted into their N‐trifluoroacetyl (TFA)‐O‐alkyl esters. The developed hybridation methodologies are compared with respect to enantioselectivity, sensitivity and analysis time. The usefulness of the best‐suited method [HPLC (Chirobiotic T)‐ICP‐MS] was demonstrated by its application to the successful chiral speciation of selenium and D‐and L‐selenomethionine content determination in selenized yeast. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A group‐based module for adolescents to improve motivation to change sexually abusive behaviour
Authors: O'Reilly Gary , Morrison Tony , Sheerin Declan , Carr Alan
Published: September 2002

This article describes a group‐based intervention for adolescents specifically designed to improve motivation to change sexually abusive behaviour. The intervention is intended to be used as a single module within a comprehensive treatment programme based on cognitive behavioural and relapse prevention principles. It utilizes the Prochaska and DiClemente (1983,1986) model of the stages of change and Morrison's (1998) seven steps in contemplating change. We have combined these two models to produce ‘11 Steps of Motivation and Action in Changing Sexually Abusive Behaviour’. These 11 steps form the foundation of the intervention. In this paper we describe how we use the 11 steps, with accompanying illustrative vignettes and question cards describing juvenile sexual abusers at various points along the continuum of change, in order to promote the acceptance of responsibility for abusive behaviour and the development of skills to prevent reoffending. Examples of the vignettes are provided, along with a discussion of how they can be used to motivate change, develop healthy group norms in treatment and set individual goals for clients. Finally, we highlight the possibility of future applications of this intervention with male adult abusers, adolescent and adult female abusers, parents groups, significant other groups, individual clients and children with sexually aggressive behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postinterventional transcutaneous suture of femoral artery access sites in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: A study of 930 patients
Authors: Balzer Jörn Oliver , Scheinert Dierk , Diebold Thomas , Haufe Michael , Vogl Thomas J. , Biamino Giancarlo
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a percutaneous vascular suture (PVS) device in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) for achievement of immediate hemostasis at the vascular access site and early ambulation of fully anticoagulated patients after peripheral interventional procedures. From June 1995 to March 2000, a vascular suture using a PVS device (6–10 Fr) was applied in 930 patients with PAOD. All patients had received an endoluminal intervention in the pelvic and/or the contralateral femoropopliteal region via a retrograde access through the common femoral artery (CFA). The incidence of complications within 12 hr after intervention, prior to discharge, and at 30‐day follow‐up was assessed employing clinical examination, treadmill test, and color Doppler ultrasound and the safety of the PVS device was determined. The efficacy of the system was measured by the percentage of achieved immediate hemostasis and early ambulation. PVS was technically successful in 92.2% independently from the degree of calcification at the access site. In 7.8%, an appropriate suture delivery could not be performed and these patients were successfully treated by conventional compression technique. Device malfunction or insufficient suture closure occurred in 1.7% and 2.1%, respectively. In 7.0%, groin‐related complications occurred. Ambulation within 2–4 hr after successful suture was possible in 96.1%. All patients were free of any local symptoms at 30‐day follow‐up. The PVS device provides a safe and effective solution to achieve immediate hemostasis, thus permitting early ambulation in fully anticoagulated patients with PAOD after peripheral interventional procedures. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:174–181. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A unique pitfall in percutaneous coronary angioplasty of in‐stent restenosis: Guidewire passage out of the stent
Authors: Jain Deepak , Kurowski Volkhard , Katus Hugo A. , Richardt Gert
Published: September 2002

Three cases of in‐stent restenosis are narrated, wherein, during balloon angioplasty of the lesion, the guidewire inadvertently exited out of the stent. The forward balloon progress was halted in this region. In the first case, the situation could only be realized when dilatation of a forcefully pushed small balloon avulsed the well‐embedded stent. The mishap was averted in the subsequent two cases by reintroduction of a new guidewire. Some suggestions to avoid this eventuality are offered. Though the cases pertain to in‐stent restenosis, the observations may be applicable to the procedures in general that entail passage of a guidewire through a stented area. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:229–233. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Losing a home through mortgage repossession: the views of children
Authors: Nettleton Sarah
Published: September 2002

In Britain between 1990 and 1998 454,280 households containing an estimated 1.32 million adults and children experienced mortgage repossession. The majority of households which are repossessed contained dependent children. Drawing on qualitative data derived from interviews with parents and children this paper aims to throw some light on how losing a family home in this way is experienced by children. The process of the repossession is often long and drawn out and is characterised by uncertainty; the change in tenure status from ‘owner’ to ‘renter’ is matched by a change in social status; and disruption in the children's social lives and circumstances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘The extreme end of a spectrum of violence’: physical abuse, hegemony and resistance in British residential care
Authors: Coldrey Barry
Published: September 2002

While researching the history of traditional child care institutions – children's homes, orphanages, industrial schools and reformatories – the author was impressed by the similarities of regimen across the spectrum of traditional care. Underpinning all forms of care was a severe discipline which often became abusive. Sexual abuse was also reasonably common. There were differences but it is the similarities which are stressed in this article, which seeks reasons for the perceived sameness. Children in care came mostly from the same deprived social background, and no matter what the intentions of the carers, traditional care involved a confrontation with cherished working class values which many of the children were bound to resist. Resistance was met by severe staff reaction; hence the violent undercurrent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexation with albumins of chiral aromatic substrates and their chemistry in ground and excited states. Catalytic and chirality recognition properties of the protein in the cases of binaphthol, its photoisomers, and ketoprofen
Authors: Ouchi Akihiko , Zandomeneghi Giorgia , Zandomeneghi Maurizio
Published: September 2002

The reactivity of organic molecules can be modified upon complexation with proteins: these changes can be different and more significant when the substrate is in an electronically excited state. Here we review UV, CD, and fluorescence spectroscopy studies on the photochemistry and on the chemistry of atropisomeric binaphthols and of ketoprofen, complexed to serum albumins. The chemical and photochemical properties of the organic substrates, complexed to the albumins or free in common solvents, are different. The role of the protein complexation is also evidenced in photoresolution processes of racemate–protein complexes. Catalytic effects due to serum albumins are also reported. In particular, the Arrhenius parameters for the rate of thermal isomerization of a metastable photoproduct of binaphthol in common solvents are compared with those of the bovine serum albumin catalyzed isomerization. Chirality 14:1–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal phase chiral HPLC of methylphenidate: Comparison of different polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Ali Imran
Published: September 2002

A comparison of the enantiomeric resolution of (±)‐threo‐methylphenidate (MPH) (Ritalin®) was achieved on different polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases. The mobile phase used was hexane‐ethanol‐methanol‐trifluoroacetic acid (480:9.75:9.75:0.5, v/v/v/v). Benzoic acid and phenol were used as the mobile phase additives for the enantiomeric resolution of MPH on Chiralcel OB column only. The α values for the resolved enantiomers were 1.34, 1.29, 1.30, and 1.24 on Chiralpak AD, Chiralcel OD, Chiralcel OB (containing 0.2 mM benzoic acid in mobile phase), and Chiralcel OB (containing 0.2 mM phenol in mobile phase) columns, respectively. The Rs values were 1.82, 1.53, 1.19, and 1.10 on Chiralpak AD, Chiralcel OD, Chiralcel OB (containing 0.2 mM benzoic acid in mobile phase), and Chiralcel OB (containing 0.2 mM phenol in mobile phase), respectively. The role of benzoic acid and phenol as mobile phase additives is discussed. Chirality 14:47–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantiomer separation of hydrocarbons in preparation for ROSETTA's “chirality‐experiment”
Authors: Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Thiemann Wolfram H.‐P , Goesmann Fred , Roll Reinhard , Rosenbauer Helmut
Published: September 2002

Until now the favored method for separating racemic pairs of underivatized alcohols, diols, and phenylsubstituted amines has been gas chromatography on cyclodextrin phases. However, certain enantiomers of saturated chiral hydrocarbons could not be resolved in this way because they lack the functional groups necessary to undergo “intensive” diastereomeric interactions with the cyclodextrins. The present study describes a gas‐chromatographic technique for resolution of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons into their enantiomers and presents a brief discussion of the possible applications. The (enantiomer) separations were performed in preparation for the Cometary Sampling and Composition Experiment on board the cometary lander RoLand, part of ESA's cornerstone mission ROSETTA. This experiment has been designed to investigate the hypotheses that biomolecular asymmetry has an interstellar origin and to separate and identify a wide range of organic enantiomers in situ on the surface of a comet's nucleus. Chirality 13:454–457, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of singular stresses in bonded bimaterial wedges by computed eigen solutions and hybrid element method
Authors: Chen M.‐C. , Sze K. Y. , Wang Hai‐tao
Published: September 2002

This paper concerns the determination of the singular stress fields in bonded bimaterial wedges under inplane loading. The mathematical complexity required for deriving the eigen solutions is avoided by an ad hoc developed one‐dimensional finite element formulation. The computed eigen solutions are here adopted in the assumed stress fields of hybrid stress elements which are employed to determine the stress intensities. To illustrate the efficacy of the suggested procedure, stress intensities for cracks in homogeneous, interfacial cracks, bimaterial free edges and other configurations are computed and compared with the existing analytical/reference solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From color‐matching error to large color differences
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G.
Published: September 2002

Classical color‐matching error data have been compared in L, M, S cone response space to small and large color‐difference data to reveal their agreements and divergences. The color‐matching error data analyzed (with exception of the Brown data) and, implicitly, the Boynton–Kambe data were found to be similar, with a large ratio of S increment to L increment. Another group is formed by the Richter threshold data, small color‐difference data and the CIE94 formula fitted to the latter. This group has an S/L increment ratio of approximately one third that of the first. The Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales and the Munsell set are on average comparable and intermediate in S/L increment ratio. Color‐matching error data, threshold and small color‐difference data as well as the formula fitted to it reveal a characteristic V shape of the cone response increment functions. It is explained as the overlay of a crispening effect onto the basic global increment function revealed in Munsell or OSA‐UCS data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 384–393, 2001
Colour‐difference evaluation using CRT colours. Part II: Parametric effects
Authors: Cui Guihua , Luo M. Ronnier , Rigg B. , Li Wei
Published: September 2002

A large set of colour discrimination data based upon cathode ray tube (CRT) colours was accumulated and described in Part I of this article. The experiment was divided into 16 different phases according to different viewing parameters studied: sample size (large and small), background (mid‐gray, white, black, gray, red, yellow, green, and blue), frame (black and no frame), and width (no gap, 1‐pixel, 2‐pixel, and large gap) and colour (mid‐gray and black) of separations between pairs of samples. This part of the article investigates the changes of perceived colour differences caused by these variables. In addition, investigations were made to find the results from which phase agree best with results for surface colours. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 403–412, 2001
Cognitive therapy for auditory hallucinations as an alternative to antipsychotic medication: A case series
Authors: Morrison Anthony P.
Published: September 2002

Antipsychotic medication is the main focus of current treatment approaches to schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms. However, there are some disadvantages to such treatments including side‐effects, non‐response and non‐compliance. Cognitive behavioural interventions have been employed successfully as an adjunct to medication, and two case studies suggest that such interventions can be of benefit to patients as an alternative to antipsychotic medication. Four patients received cognitive therapy for auditory hallucinations as an alternative to antipsychotic medication and were assessed weekly used a semi‐structured interview that quantifies dimensions of psychotic symptoms. Measurements occurred over a two week baseline period, during intervention and at follow‐up. Three of the four patients seemed to find the treatment acceptable. Two patients achieved significant decreases in conviction, distress and frequency. Cognitive therapy may be a useful alternative to medication for auditory hallucinations. A more controlled evaluation is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive analytic therapy for borderline erotomania: forensic romances and violence in the therapy room
Authors: Pollock Philip H.
Published: September 2002

Dysfunctional patterns of attachment have been implicated as substrates for interpersonal violence within relationships, often termed ‘violent attachments’ (Meloy, 1992). Within the therapist–patient relationship, a patient may demonstrate grave complications within the attachment to the therapist, in some cases, manifest as an intense and gross disturbance expressed as obsessive, unrequited affection or love. A lack of reciprocation by the therapist can solicit the patient to pursue, harass or even attack the therapist. A number of mental disorders are encountered in these patients. An illustrative case is presented in which a female patient, who demonstrated one such condition, borderline erotomania, stalked and attempted to kill her therapist, was treated using Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT; Ryle, 1990, 1995, 1997). The complications that emerged within the therapeutic relationship are understood through a CAT reformulation and the process of therapy described. The relative benefits of relational models of psychotherapy such as CAT with dysfunctional forms of relating within relationships that can lead to serious interpersonal violence are discussed. Commentary is made regarding clinical threat management for therapists dealing with such cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of liquid‐based cervical cytology specimen adequacy using cellular light scatter and flow cytometry
Authors: Grundhoefer Dava , Patterson Bruce K.
Published: September 2002

Background: The majority of cervical cytology specimens are being collected in liquid‐based preservatives (LBP). However, the assessment of specimen adequacy, as mandated by The Bethesda System (TBS), is still being performed at the time of slide review. We present a rapid, flow cytometric method for assessing specimen adequacy. Methods: Three LBPs were compared for cell‐surface antigen preservation. A three‐color antibody panel was used to confirm the light scatter profile of specific cells in a liquid‐based cervical cytology specimen. Using forward and orthogonal light scatter alone, we were able to assess the adequacy of liquid‐based cytology specimens in all LBPs tested. Results: The number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), endocervical (columnar) cells, ectocervical (squamous) cells, and debris in 120 liquid‐based cervical cytology samples was quantified in less than 10 min. Using cutoffs of >20% PMNs, <1.0% endocervical cells, <1.0% ectocervical cells, and <500 total cells per milliliter, light scatter correlated with microscopic determination of adequacy with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Conclusions: This rapid method allows the quantitative determination of cervical cytology adequacy in liquid‐based cytology preparations prior to the preparation of slides for morphologic assessment. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:340–344, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance evaluation of random power capture on mobile communications
Authors: Wen Jyh‐Horng , Hsu Kuo‐Gen , Wen Jet‐Chau , Chen Yi‐Show
Published: September 2002

Power assignment schemes are man‐made methods to enhance the capture effect of radio communications. In a previous study, Wen and Yang investigated the combined capture effect of the fixed power assignment scheme, Rayleigh fading, and near–far effect on the performance of packet radios. The performance analysis was limited to an infinite population environment. This assumption is reasonable for a conventional packet radio system with a vast service area. However, for a cellular mobile system, a finite population model should be used. In this paper, we analyse the combined natural and man‐made capture effect on the performance of a cellular system with finite population in each cell. A random power assignment scheme is adopted to produce the man‐made capture. The system throughput and delay are carried out by a Markov model. Some numerical calculations are used to demonstrate the degree of performance improvement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction between the transmitters ATP and glutamate in the central nervous system
Authors: Illes Peter , Wirkner Kerstin , Nörenberg Wolfgang , Masino Susan A. , Dunwiddie Thomas V.
Published: September 2002

Although it has been demonstrated repeatedly that ATP is a fast excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), there are only limited data to indicate a corelease of ATP with other transmitters such as γ–aminobutyric acid or noradrenaline. Somewhat surprisingly, there is no evidence hitherto for glutamate‐ATP cotransmission in spite of the widespread distribution of glutamatergic neurons in the brain and spinal cord. However, ATPergic and glutamatergic neurons may interact both at the pre‐ and postsynaptic level. Presynaptic P2X receptors facilitate glutamate release both from the terminals of mesencephalic proprioceptive trigeminal neurons projecting to the motor trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem and from primary afferent fibers onto dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord. The inhibitory effect of ATP via presynaptic P2Y receptors has been demonstrated convincingly at noradrenergic but not glutamatergic nerve terminals. However, in addition to the direct effects of ATP, adenosine formed by the enzymatic degradation of ATP can inhibit the release of glutamate from the Schaffer collateral‐commissural pathway onto CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. Similarly, ATP degraded to adenosine may inhibit the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced current in the striatopallidal subpopulation of medium spiny neurons via A2A receptor activation. Finally, ATP may potentiate the NMDA receptor–mediated depolarization or the underlying inward current at layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex, and P2Y receptors have been suggested to mediate this interaction. Thus, although as a transmitter ATP alters the membrane potential of a limited subset of CNS neurons, it may have widespread and pronounced effects by modulating glutamatergic mechanisms. Drug Dev. Res. 52:76–82, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purinergic modulation of Ca2+ channels and exocytosis in bovine chromaffin cells
Authors: Ulate Guido , Scott Steve Richard , Gilabert Juan Antonio , Artalejo Antonio R.
Published: September 2002

It is now firmly established that adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) can act as a fast excitatory neurotransmitter by activation of postsynaptic purinergic receptors. Moreover, ATP also serves as a neuromodulator and inhibits neurotransmitter release by acting on presynaptic purinoceptors of the P2Y type. The mechanisms underlying inhibition of neurotransmission by P2Y purinoceptors may involve either inhibition of membrane excitability, particularly Ca2+entry through voltage‐activated Ca2+ channels, or direct action on the secretory apparatus. Bovine chromaffin cells from the adrenal medulla are a good model system to address this problem since: 1) they store and release ATP along with catecholamines by Ca2+ regulated exocytosis; 2) ATP binds to P2Y purinergic receptors to inhibit Ca2+ channels; and 3) they are amenable to combined capacitance measurement and voltage clamp recordings for the purpose of directly examining the relationship between voltage‐activated Ca2+ entry and exocytosis. This paper reviews our recently published results on the specific Ca2+ channel types that are inhibited by ATP and their relative contribution to the expected ATP regulation of catecholamine release from bovine chromaffin cells. While no direct effect of ATP on the secretory machinery could be evidenced, ATP regulation of exocytosis is voltage‐dependent as a reflection of the voltage dependence of ATP effects on Ca2+ channels. These data lend support to the idea of an ATP‐mediated autocrine regulation of secretion from chromaffin cells, though feed‐back regulation of the rate of release can be assumed to be a complex function of the occupancy of the purinoceptors and the electrical and secretory activity of the cell. Drug Dev. Res. 52:89–94, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of retinoic acid upon eye field morphogenesis and differentiation
Authors: Eagleson Gerald W. , Johnson‐Meeter Leanne J. , Frideres Jennifer
Published: September 2002

This study describes a whole embryo and embryonic field analysis of retinoic acid's (RA) effects upon Xenopus laevis forebrain development and differentiation. By using in situ and immunohistochemical analysis of pax6, Xbf1, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), gene expression during eye field, telencephalon field, and retinal development was followed with and without RA treatment. These studies indicated that RA has strong effects upon embryonic eye and telencephalon field development with greater effects upon the ventral development of these organ fields. The specification and determination of separate eye primordia occurred at stage‐16 when the prechordal plate reaches its most anterior aspect in Xenopus laevis. Differentiation of the dopaminergic cells within the retina was also affected in a distinct dorsoventral pattern by RA treatment, and cell type differentiation in the absence of distinct retinal laminae was also observed. It was concluded that early RA treatments affected organ field patterning by suppression of the upstream elements required for organ field development, and RA's effects upon cellular differentiation occur downstream to these organ determinants' expression within a distinct dorsoventral pattern. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical analysis of heat transfer from transferred‐type plasma to water‐cooled copper anode
Authors: Furukawa Shizue , Amakawa Tadashi , Adachi Kazuo
Published: September 2002

A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the effects of gas properties on the mechanism of heat transfer from DC 200A atmospheric pressure arc plasmas to heated materials. We also have performed numerical experiments on “hypothetical” gases while varying their physical properties. These calculation results show that the total amount of heat transfer from nitrogen plasma is greater than that from argon plasma, agreeing with the tendency of experimental results. The main reason for this is efficient conduction heating owing to the plasma's high thermal conductivity and specific heat. In view of the gas properties, it was concluded that the choice of a gas which has both high thermal conductivity and specific heat is beneficial for a policy of greater heat transfer. Nitrogen is one of the most hopeful gases. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 1–9, 2001
The stability of voltage oscillation modes in longitudinal power systems with SVC
Authors: Kakimoto Naoto , Nagai Takeshi , Nakamura Mitsugu
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we investigate the stability of voltage oscillation modes in longitudinal power systems equipped with static var compensators (SVC). These modes are usually stable, so they do not appear without external force. The conventional harmonic resonance is a phenomenon in which an oscillation mode is excited with a harmonic source. Hence, it is solved by removing the source with a harmonic filter. For this reason, an SVC is equipped with several filters. However, there is a possibility that an oscillation mode itself may become unstable. If a mode is unstable, it can have a large amplitude without any harmonic source. Since it needs no harmonic source, its frequency is not limited to a harmonic frequency, but can have any value. The harmonic instability in direct‐current transmission systems is an example of such phenomena. The PLL (phase‐locked loop) is considered to be effective to suppress harmonic instability with an SVC. However, no theoretical reason has been shown as yet. This paper clarifies the effectiveness of PLL based on a stability condition for the voltage oscillation modes. Frequency responses of a thyristor‐controlled reactor (TCR), a component of the SVC, are largely influenced by the presence of the PLL. If a PLL exists, the stability condition is always satisfied, and all modes are stable. Lastly, we perform numerical simulations to show the validity of our investigation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 8–17, 2001
High‐power fourth‐harmonic generation of Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Kojima Tetsuo , Konno Susumu , Fujikawa Shuichi , Yasui Koji
Published: September 2002

We have analyzed the relation between the conversion efficiency of CLBO crystals for fourth‐harmonic generation of Nd:YAG lasers and the effect of frequency‐conversion parameters such as the peak intensity, crystal length, and so on. We have found that the conversion efficiency of CLBO crystals is related to the product of the average input intensity and the crystal length. By this theoretical investigation, we have generated 20.5‐W UV output power by fourth‐harmonic generation of a Nd:YAG laser in a CLBO crystal. This value is, to our knowledge, the highest UV power generated in any solid‐state laser. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 18–25, 2001
Application of a nonlinear system identification method to thermal power plants
Authors: Toyoda Yukihiro , Wada Kiyoshi
Published: September 2002

Electric power companies pay attention to the load following capability and economical operation of a thermal power plant with once‐through boilers. However, conventional PID controllers embedded in DCSs cannot always provide the optimum solution for such subjects. To cope with these problems, we discuss a model‐based advanced control system. Prior to study of the advanced control system, we develop a nonlinear system identification method based on the exogeneous variable‐dependent ARX model considering the characteristics of power plant dynamics. We verify its effectiveness through simulation tests by using measurement data collected in field tests and simulation tests with SIMULINK‐based boiler‐turbine dynamic models. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 26–35, 2001
Design of guidance system for superconducting maglev vehicle using propulsion coils
Authors: Sakamoto Tetsuzo
Published: September 2002

Superconducting magnetically levitated vehicles have guidance coils that produce vehicle guidance forces using a null flux coil connection. However, the resulting forces do not have sufficient damping forces to suppress lateral vibration of the vehicle. Even though the experimental system has some magnitude of damping, it is still unsatisfactory. Moreover, since the guidance forces are very weak at low speeds, the minimum levitating speed is limited. The paper proposes a guidance method using LSM armature coil currents. When the currents are decomposed into the dq frame variables so that the d‐axis is assigned to the field axis, the d‐axis component of the currents generates lateral forces. The lateral forces of the vehicle are formulated, and the guidance force coefficient is defined. In addition, the author presents a design formula for a guidance regulator system that employs a dynamic compensator using a feedback signal of lateral displacement. The calculated results show that the guidance regulator system works as intended. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 44–51, 2001
ISO 14001 and Federal Facilities (Part 2)
Authors: Ellis Richard A.
Published: September 2002

Federal facilities would be expected to have a substantial head start on conformance to ISO 14001. Federal
and agency requirements have typically required a procedural, standardized approach to management, and this is
the heart and soul of the ISO system. This article will discuss the standard, element by element, to suggest
where federal facilities can take advantage of efforts already expended to meet existing requirements. The
elements must be regarded as nodes of a network, however. Facilities considering an environmental management
system, whether ISO 14001 or another alternative, must create an overlying documentation that directs the user
to the location of these nodes and how they relate to each other. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk aversion, disappointment aversion, and futures hedging
Authors: Lien Donald , Wang Yaqin
Published: September 2002

This article examines the effect of disappointment aversion on futures hedging. We incorporated a constant‐absolute‐risk‐aversion (CARA) utility function into the disappointment‐aversion framework of Gul (1991). It is shown that a more disappointment‐averse hedger will choose an optimal futures position closer to the minimum‐variance hedge than will a less‐disappointment‐averse hedger. The effect of disappointment aversion is stronger when the hedger is less risk averse. A small disappointment aversion will cause a near‐risk neutral hedger to take a drastically different position. In addition, a more‐risk‐averse or disappointment‐averse hedger will have a lower reference point. Numerical results indicate that the reference point of a disappointment‐averse hedger tends to be lower than that of a conventional loss‐averse hedger. Consequently, the disappointment‐averse hedger will act more conservatively, not exploiting profitable opportunities as much as the conventional loss averse hedger will. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:123–141, 2002
Step‐reset options: Design and valuation
Authors: Hsueh L. Paul , Liu Y. Angela
Published: September 2002

This study proposes a new design of reset options in which the option's exercise price adjusts gradually, based on the amount of time the underlying spent beyond prespecified reset levels. Relative to standard reset options, a step‐reset design offers several desirable properties. First of all, it demands a lower option premium but preserves the same desirable reset attribute that appeals to market investors. Second, it overcomes the disturbing problem of delta jump as exhibited in standard reset option, and thus greatly reduces the difficulties in risk management for reset option sellers who hedge dynamically. Moreover, the step‐reset feature makes the option more robust against short‐term price movements of the underlying and removes the pressure of price manipulation often associated with standard reset options.

To value this innovative option product, we develop a tree‐based valuation algorithm in this study. Specifically, we parameterize the trinomial tree model to correctly account for the discrete nature of reset monitoring. The use of lattice model gives us the flexibility to price step‐reset options with American exercise right. Finally, to accommodate the path‐dependent exercise price, we introduce a state‐to‐state recursive pricing procedure to properly capture the path‐dependent step‐reset effect and enhance computational efficiency. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:155–171, 2002
Astroglial permissivity for neuritic outgrowth in neuron–astrocyte cocultures depends on regulation of laminin bioavailability
Authors: Costa Silvia , Planchenault Thierry , Charriere‐Bertrand Cecile , Mouchel Yann , Fages Christiane , Juliano Sharon , Lefrançois Thierry , Barlovatz‐Meimon Georgia , Tardy Marcienne
Published: September 2002

The molecular determinants underlying the failure of axons to regenerate in the CNS after injury were studied in an in vitro model of astrogliosis and neuronal coculture. Mechanically lesioned neuron–astrocyte mouse cortical cocultures were treated with antisense glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐mRNA in order to inhibit the formation of gliofilaments that occurs in response to injury. This inhibition relieves the blockage of neuron migration and neuritic outgrowth observed after lesion, and migrating neurons reappeared, supported by a laminin‐labeled extracellular network (permissive conditions). We then questioned the relationship between this permissivity and laminin production. Follow‐up studies on the concentration of laminin indicated that, after antisense treatment, the laminin level was increased in the cocultures and was under the control of astrocyte–neuron interactions. The addition of exogenous laminin favored neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth, whereas neutralizing laminin bioavailability with antibodies recognizing the astroglial laminin resulted in an inhibition of both neuronal access to the lesion site and neurite outgrowth, suggesting an active role for laminin in the permissive process. This permissive process could be associated with modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule degradation by proteinases. Among the latter, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the breakdown of the ECM component. Our investigation showed a net decrease of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP‐2 expression and activity and an increase of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP‐2 expression. Both proteins associated with permissivity should be involved in the laminin stabilization and cell‐matrix interactions. High levels of laminin and laminin bioavailability, consequent to a reduction in astrogliosis, may be important permissive elements for neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth postlesion. GLIA 37:105–113, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The incidence of dementia in an Australian community population: the Sydney older persons study
Authors: Waite Louise M. , Anthony Broe G. , Grayson David A. , Creasey Helen
Published: September 2002

Objectives

Limited Australian dementia incidence data are available. This study aimed to identify the incidence of dementia and its subtypes in an Australian community dwelling population.

Method

A community dwelling sample of 647 subjects aged ≥75 years at recruitment were followed for a mean period of 3.2 years (range 2.6–4.5 years). The incidence of dementia (measured in person years at risk) was identified for different levels of severity of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Results

Incidence figures were slightly higher than those previously reported. The incidence of dementia and of Alzheimer's disease increased with age but was not affected by gender. The incidence of vascular dementia was not affected by age.

Conclusion

This study provides the largest body of data on the incidence of dementia in Australia, indicating a slightly higher incidence of dementia than previous reports. Further Australian data are required to confirm these findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of semantic interference in episodic memory retrieval is associated with an anterior cingulate‐prefrontal activation pattern
Authors: Herrmann Manfred , Rotte Michael , Grubich Claudia , Ebert Anne D. , Schiltz Kolja , Münte Thomas F. , Heinze Hans Jochen
Published: September 2002

Prefrontal activation is a consistent finding in functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory retrieval. In the present study we aimed at a further analysis of prefrontal neural systems involved in the executive control of context‐specific properties in episodic memory retrieval using an event‐related fMRI design. Nine subjects were asked to learn two 20‐item word lists that consisted of concrete nouns assigned to four semantic categories. Ten items of both word lists referred to the same semantic category. Subjects were instructed to determine whether nouns displayed in random order corresponded to the first 20‐item target list. The interference evoked by the retrieval of semantically related items of the second list resulted in significantly longer reaction times compared to the noninterference condition. Contrasting the interference against the noninterference retrieval condition demonstrated an activation pattern that comprised a right anterior cingulate and frontal opercular area and a left‐lateralized dorsolateral prefrontal region. Trial averaged time series revealed that the PFC areas were selectively activated at the interference condition and did not respond to the familiarity of learned words. These findings suggest a functionally separable role of prefrontal cortical areas mediating processes associated with the executive control of interfering context information in episodic memory retrieval. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:94–103, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.