bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing business in the NHS: exploring dentists’ decisions to practise in the public and private sectors
Authors: Calnan M. , Silvester S. , Manley G. , Taylor‐Gooby P.
Published: March 2003

Through discussion of the findings of a national study of general dental practitioners this paper explores the beliefs, values and practices of dentists, the factors that influence their decisions to practise in the public and/or private sectors, and their experiences of making the transition towards increased private practice. In examining particularly their ideological beliefs, attitudes to business and entrepreneurial behaviour, it considers the appropriateness in sociological thinking of the division between perspectives which have perceived professional behaviour as primarily motivated by economic self‐interest and occupational control, and those which have considered professional behaviour to be characterised by altruistic values and a public‐spirited concern for patient welfare.
On the stopping boundary for sequential selection of the normal population with the largest mean
Authors: Coolen F. P. A.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an improved stopping boundary for open sequential selection of the normal population with the largest mean when all populations have common known variance. The proof relies on the theory of Brownian motion processes with drift.
A general framework for approximate sampling with an application to generating points on the boundary of bounded convex regions
Authors: Romeijn H. E.
Published: March 2003

We consider the problem of generating a sample of points according to some given probability distribution over some region. We give a general framework for constructing approximate sampling algorithms based on the theory of Markov chains. In particular, we show how it can be proven that a Markov chain has a limiting distribution. We apply these results to prove convergence for a class of so‐called Shake‐and‐Bake algorithms, which can be used to approximate any absolutely continuous distribution over the boundary of a full‐dimensional convex body.
Consistent estimation of percolation quantities
Authors: Meester R. , Steif J. E.
Published: March 2003

We consider ordinary independent percolation on the integer lattice, and construct consistent estimators for most of the important quantities associated to this model. We also present some simulation results.
Effective writing in mathematical statistics
Authors: Marron J. S.
Published: March 2003

Care should be taken in the writing of papers in mathematical statistics for two reasons. First this enhances a paper's chances to be accepted for publication in a top journal. Second the contributions of a paper will reach a wider audience if the main ideas are easily accessible. This paper gives suggestions for improvement in two directions: presentation of mathematics and organization of papers.
Multi‐server Batch‐service Systems
Authors: Adan I. J. B. F. , Resing J. A C.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we analyse a multi‐server batch‐service queueing model. Customers arrive one by one according to a Poisson process. They are served in batches under the following threshold policy: when a server becomes available a new batch of waiting customers is taken into service as soon as their number reaches a threshold a. The maximum allowable batch size is equal to b. Two classes of batch service time distributions are considered: Coxian‐2 and Erlang‐r distributions. In both cases the queueing model can be described by a Markov process. For this process it is shown that the equilibrium probabilities for states with all servers busy can be expressed as a finite sum of geometric terms. This form is used to derive a closed form expression for the waiting time distribution.
Some aspects of modeling and statistical inference for financial models
Authors: Dzhaparidze K. , Spreij P. J. C. , Van Zanten J. H.
Published: March 2003

Modeling the stock price development as a geometric Brownian motion or, more generally, as a stochastic exponential of a diffusion, requires the use of specific statistical methods. For instance, the observations seldom reach us in the form of a continuous record and we are led to infer about diffusion coefficients from discrete time data. Next, often the classical assumption that the volatility is constant has to be dropped. Instead, a range of various stochastic volatility models is formed by the limiting transition from known volatility models in discrete time towards their continuous time counterparts. These are the main topics of the present survey. It is closed by a quick look beyond the usual Gaussian world in continuous time modeling by allowing a Levy process to be the driving process.
Inequalities relating maximal moments to other measures of dispersion
Authors: Allaart P. C.
Published: March 2003

Let X, X1, ..., Xk be i.i.d. random variables, and for k∈ N let Dk(X) = E(X1 V ... V Xk+1) −EX be the kth centralized maximal moment. A sharp lower bound is given for D1(X) in terms of the Lévy concentration Ql(X) = supx∈ R P(X∈[x, x + l]). This inequality, which is analogous to P. Levy's concentration‐variance inequality, illustrates the fact that maximal moments are a gauge of how much spread out the underlying distribution is. It is also shown that the centralized maximal moments are increased under convolution.
Time Series Analysis of Repeated Surveys: The State–space Approach
Authors: Feder Moshe
Published: March 2003

Cross sectional estimates from repeated surveys form a time series {yt}. These estimates can be viewed as the sum yt=Yt+et of two processes, {Yt}, the population process and {et}, the survey error process. Serial correlations in the latter series are usually present, mainly due to sample overlap. Other sources of data such as censuses, administrative records and demographic population counts are also available. The state–space modelling approach to the analysis of repeated surveys allows combining information from different sources, incorporating benchmarking constraints in a natural way. Results from these methods seem to compare favourably with those from X‐11‐ARIMA in filtering out survey errors.
Weighted rank statistics in factorial designs with fixed effects
Authors: Brunner Edgar , Domhof Sebastian , Puri Madan L.
Published: March 2003

Nonparametric methods for the analysis of factorial designs with two fixed factors are considered. The sample sizes may be unequal and the distribution functions are not assumed to be continuous. Nonparametric hypotheses for the main effects and for the interaction are tested by ranking procedures where the statistics are weighted according to the different sample sizes within the levels of one factor. Simulations show that the approximations by the limiting normal distribution and by the t‐ and F‐distributions are quite accurate if the samples sizes within the cells are at least 7 for all treatment combinations. Moreover, it turns out that the power for the weighted statistics is much higher than for the unweighted statistics. The application of the suggested procedures is demonstrated by the analysis of a data set from a clinical trial with ordered categorical data.
Wavelet thresholding for some classes of non–Gaussian noise
Authors: Antoniadis A. , Leporini D. , Pesquet J.–C.
Published: March 2003

Wavelet shrinkage and thresholding methods constitute a powerful way to carry out signal denoising, especially when the underlying signal has a sparse wavelet representation. They are computationally fast, and automatically adapt to the smoothness of the signal to be estimated. Nearly minimax properties for simple threshold estimators over a large class of function spaces and for a wide range of loss functions were established in a series of papers by Donoho and Johnstone. The notion behind these wavelet methods is that the unknown function is well approximated by a function with a relatively small proportion of nonzero wavelet coefficients. In this paper, we propose a framework in which this notion of sparseness can be naturally expressed by a Bayesian model for the wavelet coefficients of the underlying signal. Our Bayesian formulation is grounded on the empirical observation that the wavelet coefficients can be summarized adequately by exponential power prior distributions and allows us to establish close connections between wavelet thresholding techniques and Maximum A Posteriori estimation for two classes of noise distributions including heavy–tailed noises. We prove that a great variety of thresholding rules are derived from these MAP criteria. Simulation examples are presented to substantiate the proposed approach.
Slips of the tongue in first and second language production
Authors: Poulisse Nanda
Published: March 2003

This article reports a selection of the findings of an extensive research project on the occurrence of slips of the tongue in L2 learners' speech. The findings confirm most of the claims based on L1 speech error research. In particular, they support the frame‐and‐slot mechanism and the notion of a spreading activation network adopted in current monolingual models of speech production (Dell 1986, Levelt 1989). With respect to bilingual models of speech production, the data suggest that both L1 and L2 lemmas and L1 and L2 wordforms can be simultaneously activated. Finally, it was found that the process of second language acquisition not only consists of accumulating knowledge and automatizing the procedures used in accessing and processing this knowledge, but also of developing the ability to suppress automatized procedures when they are irrelevant.
Against Optional and null clitics. Right dislocation vs. marginalization
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna
Published: March 2003

This paper contains a discussion of (Italian) Right Dislocation, which seems to instantiate an optional anticipatory clitic pronoun. It will be shown that the distribution of the anticipatory pronoun is not free. When the clitic is absent, we do not have an instance of Right Dislocation, but of Marginalization. The structural analysis of Right Dislocation suggested here is similar to Kayne's (1994) analysis of English Right Dislocation, the structure of Marginalization contains an in situ; destressed constituent. Depending on how optionality is interpreted, it is possible to conclude that clitic pronouns are neither optional nor null.
WTC Expansions and Nonintegrable Equations
Authors: Kichenassamy S.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a generalization, to nonintegrable equations, of the ARS‐WTC method for the generation of singular solutions of PDE and ODE. The argument rests on the reduction of the equation to a generalized nonlinear Fuchsian equation and automatically ensures a representation of singularities by convergent expansions. Practical issues in the reduction process are emphasized. Finally, it is shown that a class of unstable characteristic singularities is related to the degeneration of noncharacteristic singularities.
Hydraulic Theory and Particle‐Driven Gravity Currents
Authors: Moodie T. B.
Published: March 2003

Hydraulic theory, as it has been applied to compositionally driven gravity flows, involves the single simplifying assumption that the pressure in the fluid is hydrostatic [1]. This assumption provides, as a consequence, a depth independent horizontal velocity field. This approach has led to a greatly increased understanding of many of the phenomena associated with these complex flows, including issues surrounding internal hydraulic jumps and energy loss [2]. Recently, investigations into flow and deposition of particles from particle‐driven gravity currents have been carried out using an approach that employs the hydraulic theory that had proved so successful in the case of homogeneous flows [3]–[7]. Unfortunately, as we show here, there is a fundamental contradiction in adopting this simplifying assumption when particles drive the flow. This contradiction is essentially that one cannot have a hydrostatic pressure that arises from the presence of particles while at the same time maintaining a depth‐independent horizontal velocity field, as was assumed in references [3]–[7].
Internal Oscillations and Radiation Damping of Vector Solitons
Authors: Pelinovsky Dmitry E. , Yang Jianke
Published: March 2003

Internal modes of vector solitons and their radiation‐induced damping are studied analytically and numerically in the framework of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Bifurcations of internal modes from the integrable systems are analyzed, and the region of their existence in the parameter space of vector solitons is determined. In addition, radiation‐induced decay of internal oscillations is investigated. Both exponential and algebraic decay rates are identified.
Existence of Neutral Rayleigh Waves in the Hagen–Poiseuille Flow Through a Pipe of Circular Cross Section
Authors: Walton Andrew G.
Published: March 2003

The inviscid neutral stability of Hagen–Poiseuille flow through a circular pipe is studied using both analytical and numerical techniques. A zero phase shift is applied across the critical surface to represent the effects of strong nonlinearity. Using a form of Sturm's comparison theorem it is possible to prove that no neutral solutions exist if a combination of the axial and azimuthal wave numbers of the perturbation exceeds a critical value. As a consequence, the physical problem admits only neutral solutions for an azimuthal wave number of unity.
Jump Conditions for Hyperbolic Systems of Forced Conservation Laws with an Application to Gravity Currents
Authors: Montgomery P. J. , Moodie T. B.
Published: March 2003

Weak solutions to systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws admit discontinuities that result from either an initial value or as part of the temporally developing solution itself. The propagation of such shocks or jumps is affected by forcing terms for the nonlinear system in a way that has not been investigated fully in standard references. Jump conditions for systems of conservation laws with discontinuous forcing terms are derived herein, following the method used to derive the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions, and the generalized results are illustrated for the one‐dimensional inviscid Burger's equation with discontinuous forcing. The main application of this type of jump condition, and the primary motivation for its study, is its application to a shallow‐water model of gravity currents previously described by the authors. Specifically, a new result relation between the front and height at a gravity current front is obtained by using the existing model. Front speeds for gravity currents resulting from instantaneous release are calculated numerically and used to determine the suitability of the jump conditions, which are then compared with existing theoretical expressions and experimental observations. New numerical results are portrayed for the gravity current model, suggesting that the standard method of modeling shallow‐water gravity currents with a simple Froude number front condition may tend to suppress some of the finer details of the flow resolved by the numerical scheme used by the authors.
Integrability of Equations Admitting the Nonsolvable Symmetry Algebra so(3,R)
Authors: Muriel C. , Romero J. L.
Published: March 2003

If an ordinary differential equation admits the nonsolvable Lie algebra , and we use any of its generators to reduce the order, the reduced equation does not inherit the remaining symmetries. We prove here how the lost symmetries can be recovered as C∞‐symmetries of the reduced equation. If the order of the last reduced equation is higher than one, these C∞‐symmetries can be used to obtain new order reductions. As a consequence, a classification of the third‐order equations that admit as symmetry algebra is given and a step‐by‐step method to solve the equations is presented.
A Uniformly Valid Asymptotic Approach to the Inviscid–Viscous Interaction Theory
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu M. , Ruban A. I.
Published: March 2003

An issue in the well‐known traditional “crisscross” interaction theory frequently used to describe the boundary layer instability development over curved surfaces is that a strong singularity exists, even in the linear regime, which manifests itself in the form of infinite growth of self‐excited oscillations for the wave numbers l = O(1) and k→∞. This implies that something essential is missing in the formulation, making the Cauchy problem mathematically ill posed, and this, in turn, casts doubts on the validity of calculations made earlier by several researchers using the crisscross interaction theory for investigating laminar‐turbulent transition. The derivation of the theory, therefore, needs re‐examining. In this article, a key approach is taken; namely, a uniformly valid composite asymptotic expansion procedure is proposed in an effort to suppress the unrealistic amplification of the disturbances at any time in space. As a matter of fact, the triple‐deck structure of the disturbance field remains intact as a whole and serves as a basis for the extended asymptotic theory. The backbone of the process inherently involves restoring the longitudinal pressure gradient term accounting for the second‐order approximation in asymptotic expansions for the outermost and innermost sublayers of the conventional crisscross interaction region. The new system as a result has additional terms depending on a small parameter based on the local reference Reynolds number and the curvature of the surface. The new Cauchy model is eventually free from any singularity in the context of the composite approach. The modified linear dispersion relation is obtained and treated both analytically and numerically, and it is verified that the proposed model becomes well posed for a suitably chosen additional parameter.
Initial/Boundary Value Problems for Simultaneous Evolution Equations in Three Dimensions
Authors: Fokas A. S. , Rogers C.
Published: March 2003

A novel procedure recently introduced by the senior author is adapted here for the analysis of initial/boundary value problems for pairs of linear dispersive evolution equations in three dimensions. Such simultaneous equations are shown to arise naturally out of linear representations for 2+1‐dimensional nonlinear integrable equations. The method presented emanates from the encoding of such simultaneous equations as the condition that a certain differential 1‐form is closed.
Values into Practice: Developing Whole School Behaviour Policies
Authors: Radford Julie
Published: March 2003

As the two previous articles have demonstrated, group work can help young people understand their feelings and manage their behaviour more effectively. However such initiatives depend for their success on a school climate which supports the efforts of such young people to improve. In this article, Julie Radford outlines a framework designed to help schools achieve behaviour policies consistent with their agreed values and to undertake policy making in this area as an exercise in collaborative decision making. The approach described here was used in infant, junior and primary schools, and was positively evaluated in terms of increased consistency in approach and more positive responses to children.
Developing provision for visually impaired young people in Hampshire schools
Authors: Thomas Robin , Gillies Alec
Published: March 2003

The question of where to locate the resources required to meet low incidence special educational needs has challenged many LEAs over the years. This account, from Robin Thomas and Alec Gillies, of a ‘new build’ primary school in Hampshire, shows how this question is addressed in one LEA inrelation to the development of provision for visually impaired (VI) children and young people. Readers will be interested in the practical detail provided, including the approximate costs of such an initiative.
Planning, teaching and assessing the curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties: an introduction and overview
Authors: Lawson Hazel , Marvin Claire , Pratt Angela
Published: March 2003

Non‐statutory guidelines for Planning, teaching and assessing the curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties have recently been published by QCA/DfEE (2001). The materials consist of 15 booklets which incorporate general guidelines on developing the school curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties, support material for developing skills across the curriculum, and support material for each National Curriculum subject, personal, social and health education (PSHE), and religious education (RE).

This article, written by the research and development officers (RDOs) involved in the project, outlines the process of developing these guidelines and discusses some of the issues arising during the project. It focuses particularly on the development of the subject materials, using the subject of geography to illustrate points.
Custodians of entitlement or agents of dependence? SEN support services in English LEAs in the context of greater delegation of funding to schools
Authors: Gray Peter
Published: March 2003

During the last two years, the nature and funding of special educational needs (SEN) support services in English LEAs has been changing dramatically. In this article, Peter Gray looks at the ways in which support service funding has altered over the last decade and reports on research into more recent developments, which he carried out last year on behalf of the DfEE and the National Association for Special Educational Needs (NASEN). Peter argues that the funding and role of SEN support services is inextricably linked to expectations of what schools themselves should provide for pupils with special educational needs.
Across‐the‐board Movement and LF
Authors: Bošović Željko , Franks Steven
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the status of across‐the‐board (ATB) dependencies in Logical Form (LF), taking the standard ATB movement analysis as the point of departure. It is argued that, although both overt and covert wh‐movement are subject to the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC), only overt ATB movement can save possible CSC violations. This observation implies that there are no LF ATB dependencies at all—an unexpected result under the ATB movement analysis of the ATB construction. The conclusion is further supported by facts of Quantifier Raising and scope, as well as head movement. The paper then examines other approaches to the ATB construction, and argues that the null‐operator analysis is able to capture the lack of LF ATB dependencies in a more principled way than alternative analyses. The paper also provides evidence for the existence of QR and LF wh‐movement in English and examines the status of VP‐coordination. It is argued that VP‐level coordination is not possible in nonperiphrastic constructions.
Assessment of Student Performance in Statistics
Authors: Huberty Carl J.
Published: March 2003

This article describes assessment and scoringmethods that have been used successfully ingraduate‐level statistics teaching.
Six Billion Characters in Search of an Author
Authors: Fuller Mike
Published: March 2003

An introduction to searching the Internet isfollowed by some examples relating to humanpopulation issues.
Learning About the Normal Distribution With a Graphics Calculator
Authors: Jackman Susan
Published: March 2003

This article describes how a graphics calculator can be used by students who are learning about the Normal distribution. It also discusses the implications of replacing the use of statistical tables.
The Binomial and Hypergeometric Probability Distributions in Jury Selection
Authors: Sommerfeld Jude T.
Published: March 2003

This article considers the composition of juries, asking whether this is representative of the general populations from which the juries were drawn. The binomial and hypergeometric distributions are used for probability calculations. Several example applications of both of these distributions are given, addressing racial, sex and age distributions in various cases.
An International Resource for Learning and Teaching
Authors: Connor Doreen , Davies Neville
Published: March 2003

This article compares the national curriculum data‐handling specifications of the UK, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand and shows how data from the CensusAtSchool project can be used to enhance the data‐handling capabilities of pupils in those countries. These data can also provide enhanced opportunities for the integration of ICT into core curriculum activities. Some ideas to enable teachers of statistics to create classroom teaching material with an international flavour are also provided.
Cleaning Dirty Data in Excel
Authors: Hunt Neville , Tyrrell Sidney
Published: March 2003

This article gives a flavour of the CHIME materials on data handling in Microsoft Excel. It demonstrates the facilities for data validation within Excel.
Engaged Pedagogy Dialogue and Critical Reflection
Authors: Boys Mary C.
Published: March 2003

This article challenges faculty to adopt “engaged pedagogies” that are grounded in dialogue and critical reflection. It first situates this challenge in the academic culture where the scholarship of teaching is given little attention. Then it highlights the importance of conversation, a fundamental aspect of dialogue, and develops the radical character of dialogical teaching. The article then turns to ways in which critical reflection might foster dialogue.
Match or Mismatch? Attempting a Feminist Pedagogy for a Course on Biblical Criticisms
Authors: McKinlay Judith E.
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a project undertaken as part of a wider group exploration of feminist pedagogy. It reflects on the issues this raised in teaching a course on contemporary biblical criticisms, an area of biblical studies where questions of power and ideology are frequently asked of texts. The project therefore asked the question whether there was a match or mismatch between the teaching process and the content of the course. Of particular concern was the understanding of the role of the teacher, the lecturer's ‘what am I doing in this class?’ question. The move to open up the student space led to the matter of boundaries. Who decides upon and regulates the limits of what can be discussed? What allows trust in a class and how does one deal with feelings and emotions? This paper engages the class members on all these issues, drawing on their comments gained from the questionnaire that was part of the project design.
Reading in Colors: Highlighting for Active Reading in Religious Studies
Authors: Engler Steven , Berger Benjamin
Published: March 2003

This note from the classroom suggests that multicolor highlighting is a useful study technique for religious studies students. The note first reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of traditional highlighting, then discusses advantages of the modified technique. Monochrome highlighting works only if readers select text through a discriminating reading process. Reading in colors fosters this sort of active reading. It prompts readers to ask how and why a given term, phrase or passage is important. This technique can help students grasp the basic categories and concepts of the discipline and it can embody course requirements or learning outcomes. The note concludes with practical suggestions for using the technique in the classroom.
Problem‐based Learning in Biblical Studies: Reflections from Classroom Experience
Authors: Harding James E.
Published: March 2003

This article reflects critically on the introduction of a form of problem‐based learning into a first‐year Hebrew course. It begins by outlining the problems inherent in the way this course had previously been taught, and proceeds to consider the factors that needed to be taken into account in developing a solution. In particular, the need to develop a course that promotes deep rather than surface learning is emphasized. A description is then given of problem‐based learning and the advantages it offers. An account of problem‐based learning in the context of the Hebrew course is given, followed by critical reflections based on comments put forward by students involved with the course and the teacher's reflective partners. Without ignoring the problems presented by problem‐based learning, this article defends this educative strategy on the basis that it stimulates student motivation and promotes deep learning on a number of levels.
Teaching Exodus as “Problem Text”
Authors: Mathews McGinnis Claire
Published: March 2003

This essay explores how one might use the “problem” of the hardening of Pharaoh's heart as a learning opportunity in the classroom. The author identifies two pedagogical aims: (1) cultivating more sophisticated, critical readers of the Bible; and (2) helping students reflect on the contextual nature of interpretation. The essay discusses in some detail various ways of teaching the text, including an exercise in close reading, examination of sources, and a selective study of the history of interpretation. It also explores various lessons to be learned from these exercises, and addresses applicability of the approaches to other teaching contexts. An earlier version of this paper was prepared for the “Problem Texts” group of the consultation “Teaching the Bible in the 21st Century,” held at the Wabash Center in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
The Vocation of Teaching: Themes and Models from the Presbyterian Tradition
Authors: Cowan Margaret P. , Ebertz Roger P. , Shiels Mary E.
Published: March 2003

Historically, the Presbyterian/Reformed tradition has placed a heavy emphasis on education and has honored teaching as an important vocation. This paper begins to explore insights and models that tradition offers to help teachers clarify their calling. The article discusses five themes in Reformed theology and how these themes play out in an educational context, providing examples from one Presbyterian college. The paper concludes by suggesting four ways to think about pedagogy in Presbyterian institutions that are both consistent with Reformed principles and practical in their relevance to teaching and learning.
Teaching What May Not Be Practiced: A Review of Teaching Theology and Religion
Authors: Goleman Larry
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:
Ministerial Formation in a Multi–Faith Society
Authors: Gilliat–Ray Sophie
Published: March 2003

This article reports on the findings of a study carried out with ordinands and faculty in English theological Colleges and Courses (programs). The project aimed to discover (a) how and to what extent students are trained to work in Britain’s multi–faith society, and (b) how are ordinands thinking theologically about issues of religious diversity. This article highlights the examples of good practice that emerged from the study and considers what makes for good learning about multi–faith issues for ordinands training for the ministry.
Hereditary stratification in middle‐range societies
Authors: Rousseau Jérôme
Published: March 2003

Hereditary stratification is usually explained in relation to economic complexity. However, the ethnographic evidence does not readily support such explanations. Examples from Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and the West Coast of Canada suggest that hereditary stratification derives from the social construction of leadership.
Are We all Natural Dualists? A Cognitive Developmental Approach*
Authors: Astuti Rita
Published: March 2003

The article takes to task the well‐established anthropological claim that non‐Western peoples are free from the traps of dualistic thinking. Although Vezo informants in Madagascar produce statements that could be used to support such a claim, experimental procedures that target their inferential reasoning reveal that they systematically differentiate between mind and body, between the biological processes that determine the organism and the social processes that shape personhood. This suggests that there is a significant discrepancy between people’s explicit linguistic statements and their implicit theoretical knowledge. Moreover, developmental data show that such implicit theoretical presuppositions are essential to the production and transmission of cultural knowledge. Thus, Vezo children, who do not as yet differentiate between the biological mechanism of birth and the social mechanism of nurture, are still unable to grasp a salient aspect of Vezo culture, namely the causally integrated set of ideas that guide the way adults classify the social world. These findings have significant theoretical and methodological implications for the constitution of anthropological knowledge.
Concepts of Spiritual Nourishment in the Andes And Europe: Rosaries in Cross‐Cultural Contexts
Authors: Dransart Penelope
Published: March 2003

This article explores visual imagery connected with the Christian rosary and its connotations of spiritual nourishment in European art and Andean ritual practices. Early eighteenth‐century religious art inspired by a vision received by Isidoro of Seville, a Capuchin friar, presented the Virgin Mary as the Divine Shepherdess with her flock of Christians, depicted as sheep with roses in their mouths. This imagery resonates in the flowering ceremony practised by Aymara pastoralists in Isluga, Chile. The floreo serves as a rite of passage for herd animals, its intention being to enhance their fertility by making them ‘flower’. However the congruence between the visual codes produced by Europeans and Andeans conveys related but different social and moral messages. Whereas sheep can represent human beings in Christian art, they cannot stand in for human beings in Isluga, since Isluga people recognize that both human and herd animals require spiritual nourishment.
Retail Modernisation and Morphological Change: Central Malaga, Spain
Authors: Barke Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the morphological adaptations of buildings that accompany retail modernisation within a series of villages and small towns in central Malaga province, Southern Spain. Indicators of morphological change are designed and an attempt is made to measure such change in the field. The relationships of morphological change to a range of socio‐economic data are explored. The statistical associations discovered are qualified in terms of possible underlying social and economic factors. The pattern of morphological change appears to be related to a process of hierarchical diffusion although a rudimentary type of retail establishment persists in centres of different types and sizes. It is argued that this survival owes more to social and cultural factors than to economic considerations.
The Social Geography of Rome
Authors: Pacione Michael
Published: March 2003

The city of Rome presents urban analysts with a paradox combining, in its development, processes characteristic of both Anglo‐American and Third World forms of urbanisation. To understand this complexity it is necessary to examine the manifestation of structural forces within particular local context. The research presented in this paper combines conceptual understanding of the major processes that operate to effect Rome’s development and empirical analysis at the neighbourhood‐district level. The results of this investigation provide detailed insight into the social geography of the contemporary city.
The Role of Household Factors in Direct Selling of Farm Produce in France
Authors: Gilg Andrew W. , Battershill Martin
Published: March 2003

The last ten years have witnessed a crisis in European agriculture and most farmers have re‐evaluated their farming strategies. This re‐evaluation has taken place within an internal and external farm environment. Traditionally, the key factors within this environment were seen to be economic ones related to the Common Agricultural Policy. In contrast a growing number of research studies have revealed that farm household factors, like age, family lifecycle and family background may be just as important in decision‐making. This paper reports on research that examined a number of household factors, which the literature had indicated might be important in distinguishing those French farms that participate in direct selling of farm produce, as an alternative farming strategy. Generally, it was found that background and education were of paramount importance, followed by attitudes to profits, suggesting the need for a less economically dominated approach to examining farm decision‐making behaviour.
Economic internationalisation and regional response: The case of North Eastern Mexico
Authors: Vellinga Menno
Published: March 2003

Economic internationalisation and globalising processes have a dialectical appearance. The trend towards homogenisation in an economic, social, political and cultural sense will meet with regionally generated production, innovation and knowledge systems that, while responding to these external influences, develop their own manifestation of the global‐local nexus. The developments in Mexico’s North East, with the industrial city of Monterrey as its core centre, present an example of the impact of these forces. Until 1988 Monterrey industries were operating on a protected domestic market. This situation changed with the opening up of the Mexican economy in that year and the signing of the NAFTA agreement with the USA and Canada in 1993. This paper analyses this insertion in the world economy and the regional response, first on an institutional level where the special brand of family capitalism – as found in Monterrey – is confronting the exigencies of international competitiveness and the organisation of business practice it requires. Second, on a sub‐regional level, we observe the reaffirmation of regional idiosyncracies in the social, political and cultural sphere. The interaction between these two processes has been creating a most interesting case of glocalisation within the context created by NAFTA.
Using Video and GIS to Measure Two‐dimensional Water Surface Elevations in the Swash Zone
Authors: Foote Matthew , Horn Diane
Published: March 2003

This paper describes initial research into the use of video imaging technologies to provide high‐resolution hydrodynamic measurements of two‐dimensional cross‐shore swash water surfaces. Data collected from a laboratory‐based video system and a manual digitisation technique using a desktop GIS are compared with the results from a widely used kinematic model of run‐up and backwash. A GIS is then used to produce water surfaces using the kinematic model and then to compare the two graphically. The two‐dimensional video technique is believed to provide a novel application of video data for measurement of the swash zone water surface.
Field‐scale Variations in Plant and Grasshopper Communities: A GIS‐based Assessment
Authors: Kemp William P. , O’Neill Kevin M. , Cigliano Maria Marta , Torrusio Sandra
Published: March 2003

GIS technology allowed us to examine species‐specific occurrence and abundance patterns of important grassland herbivore species through the use of appropriate statistical methods and the superior spatial representation commonly available in existing GIS packages. The study was conducted on a 254 ha grassland area located 10 km south of Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana, in the Agropyron spicatum province of the western steppe region of the U.S.A. From an ecological perspective, grasshopper species distribution and abundance patterns observed on a local, non‐uniform landscape (2.6 km 2) were consistent with results found in other studies at the valley (≈1,400 km 2) and state‐level (≈237,000 km 2) scales. Our observations at the local scale further demonstrate the importance of vegetation type and specific local stand physiognomies in structuring grasshopper populations. The application of results from studies conducted at various scales to the development of decision support tools for resource managers is also discussed.
Aspectual Shift as Type Coercion
Authors: Pulman Stephen G.
Published: March 2003

The phenomenon of aspectual shift has been discussed by several people over the last ten years using an analogy with type coercion in programming languages. This paper tries to take the analogy literally and to spell out the details for an analysis of some common kinds of aspectual shift in English under the influence of some types of temporal modification. A model‐theoretic basis for this kind of type coercion is supplied, and an illustrative fragment is worked out.
Late Latin Pleonastic Reflexives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis
Authors: Cennamo Michela
Published: March 2003

This paper illustrates the relevance of the Unaccusative Hypothesis for a well‐known area of Late Latin/early Romance syntax, the proliferation of pleonastic reflexives with intransitive verbs denoting change of state/location, states, verba dicendi and sentiendi. In particular, it is argued that at some point in Late Latin the accusative and dative reflexive pronouns (se/sibi) become markers of Split Intransitivity, with se occurring with unergative/class SA verbs, and sibi with unaccusative/class SO verbs. It is also shown that a gradient approach to Unaccusativity/Split Intransitivity accounts neatly for the data, allowing one to locate the verbs/patterns under scrutiny along a Hierarchy of Unaccusativity/Unergativity, resulting from the interplay of a number of parameters, with Telicity and Control being most relevant in defining the core of the categories.
Head movement and negation in English
Authors: Cormack Annabel , Smith Neil
Published: March 2003

This paper has two main aims: to argue for a third negation position (Echo) and to introduce and defend a ‘soft constraint’ solution to the problem of the ‘displacement’ of a head relative to negation. We argue that an adequate account of the position of various heads in relation to negation needs first to establish the LF positions of these heads and then to determine the reasons for the PF displacement of some heads. Scope of modals and adverbs with respect to negation reveals that there must be three negation/polarity positions: Pol[ neg], one above this (Echo[neg]) and one below (Adv[neg]). There are two modal positions, one above and one below Pol. PF positioning of the heads is determined partly by what morphophonological combinations are available, and partly by a set of soft constraints. Corroborating evidence is provided from Basque, Catalan and Italian.
‘Out in Left Field’: Spelling Reformers of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Beal Joan C.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the works of the small number of English writers who advocated schemes for spelling reform in the eighteenth century, a period dismissed by Dobson (1957) and more generally associated with fixing than reforming the orthography of English. Two ‘clusters’ of spelling reformers are identified: one represented by the author of The Needful Attempt (1711) and John Wild, who, it is suggested, may also be WG, the author of Magazine (1703); the other consisting of Abraham Tucker, Thomas Spence and James Elphinston. The ideas, motivation and social networks of each of these writers are examined in order to determine whether any common denominators exist.
Middle Voice in Estonian
Authors: Vihman Virve‐Anneli
Published: March 2003

This paper examines a derivational verbal affix in Estonian, traditionally called a marker of detransitivisation or reflexivisation. The paper argues that this affix is a middle marker, and that Estonian middle semantics generally fits into the domain of the middle voice as described in Kemmer (1993). The account using the middle has greater explanatory power for certain characteristics of these verbs. However, the middle must be defined in terms of what stands in opposition to it in a particular language, and the choices the language provides for describing an event. In Estonian, the middle contrasts primarily with the intransitive and transitive poles, rather than with the reflexive.
Assessing the Impacts of US‐Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements, 1980–1995
Authors: Greaney Theresa M.
Published: March 2003

The paper presents three different viewpoints on the effects of US‐Japan bilateral trade agreements and finds some evidence to support each one using trade data from 1980–1995. For most of the 25 industry‐agreement cases, the data do not support a conclusion of significant positive impacts of the agreements on Japan's imports of targeted manufactured products from either the US or non‐US sources. In at least one high‐profile case involving autos, I find evidence suggesting positive impacts on imports from the US, but in this case the data suggests trade diversion benefiting US0based producers at the expense of European ones. I also find a few cases where the agreements may have produced positive effects on Japan's imports from non‐US sources.
Exchange Rate Policy Options for Post‐crisis Southeast Asia: Is There a Case for Currency Baskets?
Authors: Rajan Ramikishen
Published: March 2003

Following the recent financial crises in Southeast Asia and elsewhere, the perennial issue of the exchange rate policy options for small and open developing countries has resurfaced. There seems to be an emerging consensus that the frequency with which ‘soft pegs’ have been susceptible to speculative attacks in this era of escalating global capital flows has increased pressure for developing countries to adopt ‘corner’ exchange rate regimes. This paper takes issue with this popular –‘one‐size‐fits‐all' – prescription of exchange rate arrangements for developing countries and explores exchange rate policy options for post‐crisis Southeast Asia. The principal purpose of this paper is to discuss the case for currency baskets as a general regime in its own right for Southeast Asia as opposed to being a compromise between the two corner solutions.
Designing EU–US Atlantic Monetary Relations: Exchange Rate Variability and Labour Markets
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Gros Daniel
Published: March 2003

The variability of the euro seems to have a statistically significant and economically small, but non‐negligible, impact on labour markets in Euroland. Unemployment tends to increase and employment growth tends to fall whenever the effective exchange rate of the euro or the bilateral euro/dollar exchange rate becomes more variable. In the US a similar effect seems to be operating, but it is statistically less strong, especially concerning employment growth, which seems largely insulated from exchange rate variability. These results fit the general observation that US labour markets are more flexible and that the euro area is considerably more open than the US (exports of goods and services amount to close to 18 per cent of Euroland GDP versus only about 11 per cent for the US).