bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HANDCRAFTED TEXTILES ACTIVITIES IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Salau S A
Published: April 2024

This study estimated costs and returns and determine the factors influencing handcrafted textiles activities in Ilorin metropolis, of Kwara state, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 120 respondents for interview. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive, budgetary and regression analyses. The study revealed that the pattern type entrepreneurs have a larger net income (N1,237, 234) per annum, when compared with the net income (N1,096, 456) of plain type entrepreneurs The average rate of returns to total investment were 87.2% and 74.3 % for the plain and pattern type entrepreneur respectively. Factors determining the traditional hand-crafted textiles activities among the plain type entrepreneurs were the variable costs (X3), fixed costs (X4) and entrepreneursâ€™ experiences in years (X5). On the other hand, entrepreneur weaverâ€™s wage (X2) and the variable costs of production (X3) were the variables determining hand-crafted textiles among the pattern type entrepreneurs. The most serious problems confronting hand-crafted textiles activities were inadequate credit facilities and high cost of the inputs. Government and other development concerns should therefore encourage and facilitate handicraft textile entrepreneurs to obtain loan from banks and other credit institutions. The entrepreneurs should also pool their resources together to enjoy economics of scale. Also, policy targeting at subsidizing inputs used in the industry should be encouraged.
BODY WEIGHT CHANGES AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASED AND HEALTHY JAPANESE QUAIL (Cortunix cortunix japonica)
Authors: Fayeye Timothy Rotimi , Badmos A H , Omole E B
Published: April 2024

This study evaluated the body weight and carcass characteristics in diseased and healthy Japanese quails. Data was obtained on initial body weight (g), final body weight (4 weeks), mortality and carcass characteristics (eviscerated weight, weights of head, neck, breast, back, drum-stick and leg, liver, lung, heart, gizzard, intestine, and kidney) of 200 diseased and healthy Japanese quails. Clinically unhealthy birds were significantly lower in final body weight than birds in the control (0ml inoculum, free from aerosol transmission) (p<0.05). Mortality increased from 0% in unchallenged birds to 60% in birds challenged with 1.5ml reconstituted vaccine.Â  Slaughtered weight and eviscerated weight were significantly (p<0.05) higher in clinically healthy birds (111.25g and 85.93g, respectively) than in exposed (58.19g and 50.68g, respectively) and clinically challenged treatment groups (43.05-68.53g and 41.05-52.95g, respectively). Weights of primal cuts; drumstick, back, breast and leg cuts were significantly higher in clinically healthy birds than in exposed and clinically challenged treatment groups (p<0.05). Generally, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in weights of lung, gizzard and kidney between clinically healthy and diseased groups. However, liver and heart weights were significantly higher in clinically healthy than diseased quail groups (p<0.05). Based on the study, it is concluded that the health status of quail birds affects their slaughter weight and carcass characteristics. The use of prophylactic measures such as vaccination against Newcastle disease is recommended to enhance body weight and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails.
EFFECT OF THE GRADIENT SOLVENT EXTRACT OF Cola nitida (Vent.) Schotl and Endl. (Sterculiaceae) SEED ON MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF ALBINO RAT (wistar strain)
Authors: Adika O A , Abatan M O
Published: April 2024

This study is an attempt to determine the biological effect of the gradient levels of solvent extracts of C nitida this male reproductive function. This study investigated the effects of oral administration of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of C. nitida seeds on serum hormone concentration and sperm quality in the male wistar rats. Forty (45) male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 9 Groups of five animals per group. Group A to H were administered gradient solvents extracts of C. nitida. Group I served as the control group. The dose of 500mg/kg and 1500mg/kg was administered for each solvent extract of the plant orally for 14 days. After the completion of treatment, all animals were sacrificed 24 hours after last treatment by cervical dislocation. Blood samples were collected and serum was obtained through centrifugation of blood samples. Some part of the testis was also collected and homogenized. Sperm count, livability and motility of the testes were investigated. Serum concentration of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) were measured. The result show that there was no significant effect on the FSH and LH levels in all the experimental groups while testosterone level was significantly reduced in all the experimental groups when compared against the control group (p <0.05). There was significant decrease in the level of the sperm motility and livability as both parameters showed above 60 percent normal sperm cell in the total cell per slide. The level of the sperm count was significantly lower for all the experimental groups when compared against the control group. In conclusion, the result of this study suggests that the extracts of C. nitida seeds have harmful effects on male fertility due to its effect in the testosterone level and subsequent decrease in sperm characteristics.
REVIEW OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AND THEIR COMMONALITIES ACROSS SPECIES USING BOLDNESS AND AGGRESSION AS PERSONALITY MARKERS
Authors: Ariyomo T O , Apata T G , Akinsorotan A M , Watt P J
Published: April 2024

Several studies have been published on a number of animal groups in different taxa addressing various aspects of personality traits. However, only a few studies have attempted to synthesize these findings to show that some aspects of personality may be common across a wide range of species. Furthermore, researchers have employed varying methods to answer empirical and conceptual problems associated with animal behaviour and their findings have assisted in predicting the evolution of human personality. Moreover, the study of animal personality traits indicates that the display of personality is not limited to certain organisms but cuts across different taxa whilst the extent of display of personality traits may however vary across species.
SOURCES AND DEPTHS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INFORMATION IN NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS
Authors: Bolarin O , Oladipo F O , Daudu A K , Badmos A A , Lawal A A
Published: April 2024

The study examined the sources and depth of climate change information published in selected Nigerian newspapers over a ten-year period (1996-2005). Published information on climate change issues were analyzed. The information depths were in form of technical scientific reports and non-technical reports. Data were analyzed using descriptive percentages and the chi-square test. chi-square analysis results revealed significant differences (X2 = 126.20; P < 0.005) between the two sources of information commonly used by different newspapers Specifically, non-official sources were predominant and were as high as 71.1% in the Nations newspaper (which is privately-owned) and 51.2% in Nigeria Herald (Government owned). The depth of the publication showed that technical-scientific climate change reports dominated the newspapers contents. The study therefore recommends the need for government agencies and media to broadcast developments on climate change and its mitigation strategies. Efforts should be focused at clarifying some intricacies to understanding climate change, so that these issues can be appreciated by a wider audienceÂ
PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PASTING AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF SORREL SEED (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L) PROTEIN ISOLATE FORTIFIED MAIZE (Zea mays L) OGI
Authors: Sanni T A , Ogunbusola M E , ADUBIARO H O
Published: April 2024

The use of sorrel seed protein isolate as supplements in enhancing the nutrients contents of commonly used maize grain weaning food was investigated in this study. Protein isolate was obtained from sorrel seed while maize Ogi was produced using the standard traditional method. The maize ogi samples A, B, C and D was fortified with sorrel seed protein isolate in the ratios; 100:0 (100% maize Ogi as the control), 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 of the maize ogi to sorrel seed isolates respectively, while .Â  Standard procedures were used to analyze the samples proximate composition, The pasting and organoleptic properties of the samples were evaluated using a Rapid Visco Analyzer and a Nine-point Hedonic scale respectively. Results showed that the samples protein contentranged between 10.21% and 23.34%, ash content was 3.0 â€“ 3.4, moisture content, 2.3 and 3.8%, fibre content ranged between 1.4 and 2.6%, fat content 6.6 - 10.8% and carbohydrates 59.15- 72.32. Enquiry on the functional properties showed that the water absorption capacity ranged between 71.65% and 76.58%, Oil absorption capacity between 53.39% and 59.11% and bulk densityn 0.53% and 0.74%.Â  For the pasting characteristics, the samplespeak viscosity ranged between 1527.50- 2243.00 RVA, through, 1034.00 - 1472.00 RVA, breakdown; 495.50 - 775.00 RVA, final viscosity; 1837.50 - 2784.00 RVA, setback; 809.50- 1313.00 RVA, peak time; 5.43- 5.62 min and peak temperature; 78.03- 84.51oC.Â  Sensory evaluation showed significant difference (P<0.05) across the attributes analyzed. Fortified Ogi with ratios; 95:5 or 5% inclusion of sorrel seed protein isolate was the most preferred among the supplements, while ratios; 85:15 or 15% was the least preferred among all the samples due to its taste. The study showed that maize ogi fortified with sorrel seed protein isolates exhibited higher nutritional properties and could be used as weaning food for infants.Â
GENDER ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS NEEDED BY FARM YOUTHS IN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FROM KWARA STATE
Authors: Daudu Abdulrazaq Kamal , F Oladipo O , L Olatinwo K , W Kareem O , T Dolapo A , B Adekunle A , R Isiaka A
Published: April 2024

Agricultural productivity is believed to be enhanced by the incorporation of strategic entrepreneurship skills. This study assessed gender gap in entrepreneurial skills needed by farm youths in Kwara State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 158 male and 142 female farm youths. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that the mean age of male farm youths was 37Â±6.4 years while that of their female counterparts was 33Â±5.2 years with more non-literates in female category (39.5%) compare to male (32.1%). Findings revealed that female farm youths had very low proficiency that required more technical skills than their male counterparts in the study area. Also, there was positive and significance difference (Pâ‰¤0.05)in entrepreneurial skills needed by male and female farm youths to strengthen their knowledge in entrepreneurial activities. In conclusion, both male and female farm youths require entrepreneurial skills to broaden their knowledge but female farm youths need more entrepreneurial skills than their male counterparts. Fostering entrepreneurship education among male and female farm youths especially where they had low proficiency skills to ensure capacity building for diverse enterprises in agriculture was highly advocated.
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSIBILITY AND EFFECTS OF WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS AND CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS ON TWO WATERMELON CULTIVARS
Authors: ALIYU TAIYE HUSSEIN , Sanni S A , Akanbi B B , Adeoti O M , Balogun O S , Adeboye R S
Published: April 2024

A screen house experiment was used to evaluate the mechanical transmissibility and effect of Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on virus infection, growth, yield of Kaolac and Sugar dragon watermelon cultivars. The treatments consisted of each cultivar mechanically inoculated with a virus and a buffer control; making 6 treatment combinations each replicated 6 times with a total of 36 pots. The results indicated that Kaolac and Sugar dragon watermelon cultivars were susceptible to mechanical inoculations with WMV and CMV, with consequent diminutions in plant growth, number and weights of pods produced. The significantly highest percentage infection was in Kaolac cultivar inoculated with CMV (3.6 â€“ 23.6%). Â Â Â Kaolac cultivar inoculated with CMV also produced the significantly dwarfed plants (37.3cm) and lowest average number of leaves per plant (49.4). The significantly lowest average number of pods/plant (1.8) and weight of pods/plant (1.7Kg) were equally in Kaolac cultivar inoculated with CMV. The significantly highest average number of pods/plant (5.4 â€“ 5.6) and average weights of pods/plant (4.9 â€“ 5.2 kg) were however realized in the control treatments. On the overall, pathogenicity was greater in Kaolac watermelon cultivar infected with CMV compared with other treatments. Since genetic resistance is considered the most effective and most economical form of viral disease control; the screening of cultivars for their natural resistance to virus infection is essential for the development of control and management strategies for improvements in watermelon cultivation. Â
DETERMINANTS OF SMALL SCALE GINGER PRODUCTION IN IJUMU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Mohammed A B
Published: April 2024

Ginger is an important rhizome in Nigeria, mostly cultivated by the rural smallholder farmers, who utilise low-level production techniques. There, is, therefore, the need to enhance their farming activities. Hence determinants of small scale ginger production were examined in this study. Primary data sourced from 120 respondents randomly selected from twelve villages were used while the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Â  Study results revealed that the average age of the respondents was 44years, household size was 7 persons, farm size was 1 hectare, and the farming experience was 13 years. Most of the respondents (83%) have had no contact with extension agents. Farm management practices used by the ginger farmers showed that most of the respondents practiced mixed cropping, used family labour only while few of them used fertilizer and chemical respectively for ginger production. The result also revealed that age, educational level, marital status, household size, farm size, farming experience, and income significantly determined ginger production at P â‰¤ 0.05 level. Based on the study findings, the study recommends that ginger farm size and income should be increased to enhance ginger production. Extension services should also be facilitated to educate farmers on the use of adequate management practices. Sustainable increased in ginger production could be achieved if farmers can secure credits from formal institutions, as this will enhance ginger production.
EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON ASSETS ACCUMULATION AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Akanbi S O , Salami M F , Olatunji O S , Abdulrahman H T
Published: April 2024

This paper examined the effect of rural-urban migration on assets accumulation among farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the farming households in the study area, examine the level of rural-urban migration and the effects of rural-urban migration on assets accumulation among farming households. Data obtained from 120 farming household heads were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The result showed that most of the farming household heads (73.3%) were men, with the majority (70.0%) of them been married. About three-quarters of the respondents (77.5%) claimed to have migrants within their household and the analysis showed that household farm size and number of migrants in the household had a statistically significant effect on asset accumulation in the study area. This study concluded that most of the migrants had migrated in search of employment and furtherance of their education, thus decimating an average farming household in terms of their youthful population. As a result of this finding, it is recommended that there should be an all-inclusive agricultural programme by the government that will engage these youths to discourage them from further unnecessary migration from their immediate communities.Â Keywords: assets accumulation, farming households, non-migrants, remittance, Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  rural-urban migration
ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC HAND DUG WELLS SANITARY RISK AND WATER QUALITY IN ADO EKITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EKITI STATE
Authors: Adeyeye J A , Akintan O B , Afun T
Published: April 2024

This study assessed the sanitary conditions and groundwater quality of hand-dug wells in Ado-Ekiti local government area, Ekiti State in a view to supporting the operation and maintenance of hand-dug wells. This would provide clear guidance for remedial action on water quality integrity in the area. The study area was zoned into ten sampling sites and fifty (50) wells were randomly selected for sanitary risk assessment using the standard sanitary inspection form. Ten water samples were also collected from the zones and analyzed using standard procedures to determine microbial and physicochemical characteristics. Parameters of interest include total coliform count, fecal streptococci and E. coli, colour, turbidity, pH, temperature, sulphate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), iron (Fe+2), fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca+2), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg+2), manganese (Mn+2), total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness. Results showed that the wells were found to be at various levels of risk: about 52 % were moderately at risk, 22 % (high risk) and about 4 % were at a very high risk of contamination due to poor hygiene and maintenance culture. All the samples from the hand-dug wells tested positive to total coliform count, E. coli (90 %) and fecal streptococci (70 %). When compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) permissible limits, calcium, iron, pH, alkalinity and manganese were found to be above permissible limits of 75 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 6.5-8.5, 100 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L respectively.Â  The study concluded that sanitary conditions of most of the wells failed to meet the standard requirement for modern hand-dug well and thus increased risk of contamination which is of public health concerns.
ASSESSMENT OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale) NUTS HANDLING METHODS BY FARMERSâ€™ IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Adewoyin O B
Published: April 2024

This study assessed handling methods for cashew nuts in Osun State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information on the post-harvest handling method for cashew nuts by farmers. Data were analyzed descriptive statistics. The results showed that 83% of the cashew farmers were males, at between 50 and 60 years old on average. Majority (33%) of the respondents cultivated 6 hectares of land. The Cashew hybrid variety was well adopted by farmers. The seeds were sourced mostly from research institute. Main problems observed by cashew farmers were immature fruit drop. The major diseases of cashew were the leaf scab disease and fruit rot. Majority (56%) of the cashew farmers processed their cashew nut manually at high cost. Majority of the farmers (46 %) sold their cashew at local markets. Some of them (49 %) supply cashew to industries About 71% of the cashew farmer used chemical to control pest. Majority of cashew farmers transported their cashew through vehicle with inadequate ventilation that leads to spoilage of the fruits. Most of the farmers (66%) inherited the land used for cashew farming. Based on the study findings, formation of viable cooperatives is recommended in order to boost cashew production and resolve the challenges faced by farmers.Â
ANALYSIS OF DISCOUNT PRICING AND ITS DETERMINANTS AMONG COCOA MARKETERS IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Salau S A
Published: April 2024

Studies on the effect of discount pricing on the market margin of cocoa marketers are rare in the literature. Thus, the study identified the common types of price discounts and discount pricing strategies adopted by marketers, described the structure of cocoa market, estimated the marketing margin and determined factors influencing price discounting strategies among marketers in the study area. A combination of purposive and random sampling techniques was employed to select 120 respondents. Data were collected using structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, Herfindal Index, marketing efficiency model, marketing margin and multiple regression analysis were the analytical tools employed to achieve the research objectives. The result revealed a Herfindahl index value of 0.155. This showed a competitive and non-concentrated cocoa market. Marketing efficiency value of 120.1%, indicated that the respondents perform marketing activities efficiently. The estimated marketing margin value of 16.7%, indicated that every â‚¦1 sale result to a price spread of about 16.7k in cocoa marketing. Hence, cocoa marketing is economically viable and is therefore worthwhile. The marketing margin (t=-2.521), cost of spoilt cocoa bean (t=-2.313), marketing experience (t=1.919), age (t=-1.971) and membership of traders association (t=1.919) were the significant variables explaining price discounting among marketers in the state. Training of cocoa farmers is recommended to enhance modern cocoa processing and storage techniques so as to increase efficiency. Marketers are also encouraged to pool their resources together through the various associations to achieve economies of scale in order to reduce the cost of production for increased marketing margin.
QUALITY AND STORAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BOREHOLE AND HAND-DUG WELL WATERS IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OYE-EKITI, NIGERIA AND ENVIRONS
Authors: Kehinde Kunle , Akintola O A , Jaiyeoba C N , Adebayo F I , Akinsorotan A M , Baiyeri S O
Published: April 2024

Public water supply is gradually becoming extinct among the several communities in Nigeria. Each householder is responsible for the production of potable water for his household via the exploitation of the only viable groundwater option. In this study, the physico-chemical properties of shallow well and borehole waters in Ikole Ekiti and Oye Ekiti Local Government Areas were assessed. Samples were collected from twelve sampling points-three each from deep and shallow wells respectively, stored at 40C for three weeks and analyzed according to standard procedures. Parameters investigated include lead (Pb), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, Ca, total bacterial and total coliform counts. Most of the parameters were within the recommended standards ensured by regulating authorities except in the case for Pb for the two locations. Total Bacteria Count (TBC) and Total coliform count (TCC) were detected in both locations implying some levels of pollution. There were slight increases in the values of most parameters for Oye-Ekiti, relative to Ikole-Ekiti, suggesting that Oye Ekiti tends to have more pollution than Ikole Ekiti. There is therefore the need to sensitize the residents of these localities about the need to take their hygiene more seriously and consciously embrace practices that will protect their groundwater sources.
AN EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY OF AUTOMOBILE OIL WASH ON THE GILLS, LIVER AND SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Ariyomo T O , Omofunmi O E , Omobepade B P , Ogunmola T P
Published: April 2024

Â The toxicity of a commercial automobile oil wash to Clarias gariepinus (mean weight 12.73g and mean total length 7.40cm) was investigated in a 96-hour Bioassay. The effects of the automobile oil wash on the histology of gills, liver and some haematological parameters of C. gariepinus were determined using standard methods. C. gariepinus showed varying degrees of hyperactivity, mortality, congestion, necrosis and vacuolation to the various concentrations (1.00ml/L, 1.33ml/L, 1.67ml/L, and 2.00ml/L) of the automobile oil wash used. The LC50 of the automobile oil wash to C. gariepinus juveniles was 1.92ml/L. The results obtained from the haematological analysis indicated that the value of the blood indices decreased with increasing concentrations of the automobile oil wash compared to those of the control fish at the end of the 96hour exposure period. The histopathological results showed that the automobile oil wash had a direct negative degenerative impact on the tissues of the gills and livers of C. gariepinus.
AGROAPICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY ISSUES FOR SELF-RELIANCE: MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST POSSIBLE FOOD SCARCITY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Adekola P J , Ayeni O D , Victoria I , Adams O T , Adebayo A S , Lawal M O
Published: April 2024

The policy-making context is highly political and rapidly changing, this depends on a variety of factors, inputs and relationships. The pathway to evidence - informed policy and practice involves three stages of discussion influenced by the policy content. The three stages are: Sourcing the evidence, using the evidence, implementing the evidence. The pathway also involves decision making factors and a process comparing the three stages to adopt and act. In this vein, there is an urgent need to develop Nigeriaâ€™s agro-apicultural production. This paper reviewed the agro-apicultural self-reliance option as a veritable tool for alleviating possible food scarcity problems The problems and possible solutions are suggested for improving agro-apicultural production. The study conclusion pinpoints on the fact that human commitment and conservation attitude towards agro-apicultural output need be reoriented positively if the scarcity of quality honey are to be averted.
THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DESIGN OF A BIOETHANOL PROCESSING PLANT CONDENSER
Authors: Adeleke A E , Oni K , Ogundana T
Published: April 2024

In respect of an efficient design of bioethanol processing plants, the heat exchange equipment plays an important role. This paper elucidates the technical considerations on the design of a condenser which will be used to separate bioethanol from other components of fermented substrates. The existing guidelines and findings of the previous research works were followed for the design calculation of different parts of the condenser. Conceptual design approach was executed to determine the most advantageous design parameters that will produce higher efficient condenser. The results of the design analysis revealed the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), Pull-Through Floating Head 1-2 Heat Exchanger as an efficient type of condenser suitable for the bioethanol processing plant. The results also show the following as the highest efficient parameters for the condenser design: shell outer diameter (783.1 mm), number of tubes (95), tube length (1830 mm), shell side pressure drop (0.22 kPa), tube side pressure drop (4.62 kPa). The efficiency of the designed condenser is 0.82.Â  The design is hereby recommended for the construction of distillation unit of the bioethanol processing plant.
EVALUATION OF YELLOW-MAIZE OGI FLOUR COMPLEMENTED WITH OYSTER MUSHROOM (Pleurotusostreatus) FLOUR
Authors: Jaiyeoba C N , Oni K , Owoseni O A
Published: April 2024

This study focused on the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of complemented Ogi flour prepared from yellow maize and mushroom flour. The maize was fermented and processed into instant Ogi flour while the mushroom was dried and milled into flour. Complementary flour blends of 10-20% mushroom flour substitution was added to give samples A, B, C and D. Sample A serves as control. Proximate analysis, functional properties, pH and total titratable acidity, mineral composition, phytochemicals and pasting properties of the flour blends were done using standard methods. Results of the proximate composition showed a significant (pâ‰¤0.05) increase in moisture, protein, fat, ash and crude fibre from 7.43 to 8.91%, 14.02 to 23.46%, 0.99 to 2.81%, 1.74 to 2.88%, 3.85 to 5.40% respectively. Carbohydrate content reduced from 71.97% to 56.54% with increasing level of mushroom substitution. Functional properties showed no significant difference in bulk density while there was a decrease in water absorption capacity from 165 to 105%. Oil absorption capacity from 176.5 to 168.5% and.swelling capacity from 9.01 to 7.53g/g. Total titratable acidity and pH increased significantly. Calcium, Zinc and Potassium levels rose from 68.02 to 119.2mg/100g, 2.282 to 3.25mg/100g and 222.32g to 510.5mg/100g respectively, as mushroom substitution increases. Pasting properties showed a decrease in peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity and set back viscosity while the peak time and pasting temperatures increased. Sensory results of the Ogi samples differed significantly in terms of colour, taste, texture and overall acceptance, with the conventional maize Ogi most preferred, the complemented Ogi porridge-sample B with 10% mushroom substitution was most preferred among the substituted samples. This study has reveaed a notable improvement on the nutritional and functional properties of the mushroom complemented Ogi. The study outcome has implied that complementing Ogi with 10% mushroom flour could be useful as weaning foods and breakfast cereals.
WATER ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO RICE VARIETIES DURING SOAKING
Authors: Adesina B S , Olayanju T M , Dairo O U , Ajakaye O R , Olasoju S A
Published: April 2024

Quantitative data on the effect of processing variables for rice varieties are necessary for practical applications to characterize the rice soaking conditions and predict water absorption as a function of time and temperature. In this work, water absorption characteristics of two rice varieties; FUNAABOR-1 and FUNAABOR-2, were carried out. The rice varieties paddies were soaked in a thermo-statistically controlled hot water bath at temperatures ranging from 40 to 60 0C and at soaking times ranging from 30 to 180 minutes. Data obtained were fitted to the Peleg Model to determine Peleg’s constants using a non-linear regression model. Temperature, time and variety all had significant effects (p < 0.05) on water absorption. The estimated Peleg’s equation adequately explained   the hydration characteristics of the paddies with R2 values of 0.987 and 0.989 for FUNAABOR-1 and FUNAABOR-2 respectively. Peleg’s rate constant K1 decreases significantly as the hydration temperature were increased from 40 0C to 60 0C, suggesting a corresponding increase in the initial water absorption rate. Peleg’s capacity constant K2 increases fairly with increase in temperature of 40 to 50 0C and drop at 60 0C in both varieties, demonstrating that the water absorption rate increased and water absorption capacity decreased with increase in temperature. Activation Energy (Ea) of 0.73 KJ/Mol and 0.60 KJ/Mol were obtained for FUNAABOR-1 and FUNAABOR-2 respectively.  The parameters obtained in this study are necessary during the parboiling operation of these rice varieties which affects subsequent processing operations and the quality of the final product.
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF AGRICULTRURE’S IMPACTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Oyewole O O , Abegunrin O O , Adebayo A A , Ogunwale O G , Olatunji B T , Ojo-Fakuade F F
Published: April 2024

The study assessed the perceived effects of agricultural practices and sustainable natural environment among farmers in Omu-Aran Kwara State, Nigeria. A simple random sampling was used to select 90 respondents from the study area. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires. Descriptive statistics such as means and percentages, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Chi square statistics were used for analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that most (52.2%) of the respondents were male and 57.8% were married. Also, 82.2% of the respondents had at least secondary school education middle level education while 17.8% of respondents have higher education. Majority of the respondents agreed that pasture tilling (77.8%), grazing (82.2%) and mulching (78.9%) affect the natural environment negatively. Also, 15.6% had indigenous knowledge of agricultural practices while 45.6% agreed that destructions of ecological structures are evidence of reactions to habitat destruction. Chi-square analysis revealed that sex (X2=8.143, P=0.043) and years lived in the community (X2=17.429, P=0.042) had significant relationship with their perceived effects of agricultural practices affecting sustainable natural environment. Government and other relevant authorities should engage in public environmental education targeted at farmers on the impact of agricultural practices on the environment and its implication. This is necessary to ensure a continuous gaining of knowledge on the subject matter and can perhaps contribute to more positive actions in the future thus will surely promote proper farm practices, organic farming, and new climate change adaptation.
CHEESE MARKETING AMONG WOMEN MARKETERS IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPROACH
Authors: Nofiu N B , Sulaimon T T , Buhari A O
Published: April 2024

Cheese is a momentous source of protein and contributes to the dietary protein intake of millions of the populaces. Cheese marketing is a vital source of income for marketers and nomadic households in Nigeria. This study therefore examined cheese marketing among marketers in Kwara State. Specifically, the study examined the costs and returns to cheese marketing, assessed the market efficiency of cheese marketing, determined the marketing margins, described structure of cheese market and determined the factors influencing net returns of cheese marketing among marketers in the study area. A three stage sampling techniques was employed in selection of 120 cheese marketer. Data were collected using structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, marketing efficiency model, marketing margin, Herfindahl Index, and multiple regression analysis were employed in achieving the research objectives. The average age of the women marketers was 38years. The study revealed a monthly gross margin of N107,778 with a marketing efficiency of 184.9% which implied that the marketing activities were efficiently implemented. Herfindahl index value of 0.012 revealed a modest and sparsely populated cheese market. Estimated average marketing margin was N58.3 per kg of cheese. N102, 038 was revealed as the net income on cheese marketing on monthly basis with an RORI of 0.59. The estimated value of the RORI implied that for every ₦1 invested in cheese marketing industry, a return of N0.59k is definite. Therefore, cheese marketing is feasible, lucrative and investment worthy. The purchase cost (p<0.05), spoilage cost (p<0.01), storage cost (p<0.01) and marketing margin (p<0.01) were the statistically significant variables determining the net returns to cheese marketing among marketers in the study area. The study recommended improvement of storage facilities so as to reduce spoilage and increase efficiency which could attract more able bodied youth to work and invest in the industry
ASSESSMENTS OF POPULATION DENSITY AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGYOF SELECTED MONOCULTURED Moringa oleifera (LAM.) PLANTATIONS IN SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA
Authors: C Jegede O , O Olajuyigbe S , O Adeyeye A
Published: April 2024

Moringa oleifera tropical tree cultivated in many countries has become a very important component of human nutrition and medicine. Despite this, the utilization of the plant for product development has not been fully harnessed particularly from its monocultures. This is partly because of the lack of empirical information on fruit maturity index and the amount of Moringa tree grown under monoculture conditions. Therefore, this study assessed the density and the reproductive phenology of Moringa oleifera within South-west Nigeria. Sixteen monoculture plantations within eight locations were sampled. Sample plots were laid on each plantation and the number of trees was counted. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of each tree were measured. For reproductive phenology, five trees were selected from each plantation and selected branches within each tree were labelled. Phenophases and fruit maturity index were monitored for two seasons (dry and rainy) and two years. A total of 186 days was required for the completion of phenological processes with significant differences observed among developmental stages across locations, during the rainy season. Three phases of fruit maturation with colour indication (green, yellow/light brown and brown pod) were assessed and subjected to germination tests. Fruit maturity index was highest in yellow pod seeds with 90.66% germination, followed by brown (80.00%) and the least in green pods (30.66%). The highest tree density value was 12,525 standing trees, with a mean DBH of 9.05 cm and a total Basal area of 0.18 m2 per hectare. The least had a value of 520 trees, with a mean DBH (11.41cm) and a total Basal area of 0.27m2.Considering the enormous uses of Moringa oleifera, the monoculture assessment in South-west Nigeria calls for supplementary and sustainable monocultures plantations for products developments in Nigeria.
ASSESSMENT OF RURAL WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN COOPERATIVE SOCIETY IN AKINYELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: A Oyebamiji B , O Adetarami , E Dada O , P Oyetade O , O Ijeh M , I Sodiya C
Published: April 2024

This study assessed rural women participation in cooperative societies, in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from ninety-six (96) respondents using a multi stage sampling procedure. Data were described using frequency counts, percentage, mean, and analyzed using t-test. Results showed that mean age of the co-operators and non- co-operators were 38 and 36 years respectively, while the mean incomes were N308,060 and N83,630 respectively. Participation in cooperative societies increased household food securities, incomes and interpersonal relationship. There was no significant difference (p≤0.05, t = 0.750) in the role of cooperative societies on cooperators and non-cooperators in the study area. The study concluded that participation of rural women in cooperative societies has a positive contribution to the participant’s household, therefore, rural women should be encouraged to join cooperative societies for their households to enjoy the benefits of cooperative society’s incentives.
ANALYSIS OF FARM HOUSEHOLD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG YAM FARMERS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: P Sani T , M Baba K , K Abubakar U , S Abdullahi
Published: April 2024

This study examined    income diversification among yam farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. The study adopted a three-stage random sampling technique in the selection of respondents.  In the first stage, three Local Government Areas were selected randomly from agro-ecological zone II of the State based on the preponderance of yam production in these Local Government Areas located in the zone. The second stage involved the random selection of three villages from each of the selected Local Government Areas summing up to nine villages.  The third stage involved the random selection of yam farmers from each of the villages using stratified sampling technique.  Data were collected through the aid of structured questionnaire.  To analyse the collected data, the study employed Diversification Index and Farm Budgeting Techniques.  . The study showed that 90% of the respondents were male and 45% were within the age range of 40-49 years, with a mean age of 43years. 91% of the respondents were married while about 44% had average household size of 8 members. 42% of respondents   had no formal education.  58% sourced their funds from personal savings.  The decomposition of the overall income between farm and off-farm income, revealed that the farm income accounted for 76.68% while off-farm income accounted for 23.32%. .The mean income diversification index was found to be 2.41. The study recommended that since there is poor access to credit facilities among respondents inhibiting livelihood diversification, there is a need to revamp rural financial systems.. Targeted education and skill development trainings could help enhance livelihood diversification strategies among respondents.. Efforts should be made at enhancing access to remunerative non-farm opportunities among the rural households. This includes the development of rural infrastructure in terms of road, market, electrification, telecommunication and storage facilities.
THE EFFICIENCY OF FRESH FISH MARKETING IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Shuaibu M K , Obulamah N H , Abubakar U K
Published: April 2024

This study examined the efficiency of Fresh Fish marketing in some Selected Local Government Areas-LGAs, of Niger State, Nigeria. Specifically the study tested hypothesized factors’ effects   on the Fresh Fish Marketing Efficiency in the study area. The hypothesized factors were farmers marketing experience, transportation cost, marketer’s age and marketers’ access to Credit. Multistage sampling technique was used to sample 120 fresh fish marketers for the study; The efficiency of Fresh Fish Marketers was 5.94 while regression analysis revealed that: local market tax; cost of purchasing product; transportation cost significantly influenced the efficiency of fresh fish marketing in the study area. R2 value was 92%. The study recommends that government should regulate the activities of middlemen in the fresh fish market, in order to significantly reduce the marketing cost. Fresh Fish marketers should be encouraged to join or form viable cooperatives towards empowering themselves.
ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY AND POVERTY LEVELS AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Gusau S M , Abubakar Y , Akinyemi M
Published: April 2024

The study investigated food security and poverty level among rural farming households in Zamfara State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 240 households while a structured questionnaire was used for data collection.  Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the food security index, and the Foster Greer Thorbeck (FGT) model. The study revealed that most of the respondents were married. The mean household size was 6 persons.  The study also revealed that 95.8% of the respondents were within the active age of 25-54 years with a mean age of 49 years. The findings also showed that 75% of the respondents spent between N4000 and N10000 monthly on food. The Mean Per Capita Household Food Expenditure (MPCHHFE) and Food security line (2/3 of MPCHHFE) were ₦6,841.70 and ₦4,561.3 respectively.  The result showed that 68.3% of the respondents were food insecure while 31.7 % were food secure based on the food security index constructed (that is 2/3 mean per capita food expenditure). The results of the FGT model found that 65.4% of the respondents’ equivalent to 157 were living below the poverty line, while 34.6% of the respondents representing 83% were non-poor. The poverty line was ₦ 9,122. However, the poverty depth index was 0.269 for the respondents, implying that 26% of expenditure is needed to bring the respondents up to the poverty line. The poverty severity for the respondents was 0.1080 implying that the poorest respondents accounted for 10.8% only in the study area. The study, therefore, recommends the need for the establishment of empowerment programmes and skill acquisition centres that will allow diverse income options for rural farming households.

 

Keywords: food security, poverty level, rural farming households.
COMPLIANCE TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION INFORMATION AMONG ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN OYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF EKITI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Fasuan Y O , Alabi O O , Ajala A O , Adedapo A O , Adelumo I O
Published: April 2024

This study assessed the Compliance to Agricultural Extension Information among Arable Crop Farmers in Oye Local Government, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were: to describe the socio-economic characteristic of the respondents; assess the level of compliance to agricultural extension information; and to identify the barriers to complied with agricultural extension information among arable crop farmers. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 108 respondents for the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (such as frequency, percentage and mean) and regression model. The results revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 47 years with a household size of 5 persons and a mean monthly income of N179, 833.3. Most of the respondents strongly complied with information from extension agents on plant protection =1.97), nursery care and soil preparation ( =1.82) while the least is harvesting =1.03). The major constraints of farmers compliance to agricultural information was lack of credit facilities ( =2.42), delayed information and lack of infrastructure ( =2.21) while the least was traditional believe ( = 0.96). Linear regression results showed that there was a relationship at P <0.05 between the farmers’ household size (p=0.01), access to extension service (0.00), primary occupation (0.05) and compliance to agricultural information from extension agents. The study concluded that the major constraint faced was lack of credit facilities. It is recommended that both governmental and Non-governmental agency should help to provide agricultural credit facilities in order to increase farmers’ output.

 

Keyword: agricultural credit, extension services, constraint, credit facilities
GENDER ROLES AND LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: IMPLICATIONS ON ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA
Authors: Ogunjinmi K O , Fakoya E O , Banmeke T O.A , Fapojuwo O E , Ogunjinmi A A
Published: April 2024

In most parts of developing world, females are saddled with different roles they played in thehouseholds/ or communities. These roles impinge their capacity and ability to adapt toclimate change. This study examined the implications of gender roles on adaptation toclimate change and the livelihood options of male and female farmers in Ekiti and OgunStates, Nigeria. Employing a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 358 male and222 female farmers using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained weredescriptively analysed. In terms of gender roles, more female farmers were mostly involved inproduction tasks and reproduction tasks while male farmers were more involved incommunity development tasks and politics. For livelihood activities, more male farmers wereinvolved in on-farm livelihood activities than female farmers, however, female farmersengaged more in off-farm livelihood activities than male farmers while more farmers wereinvolved in non-farm livelihood activities. This study thus recommends that climate changeinterventions should be gender-responsive considering the livelihood interest, constraints andmultiple roles of female farmers and that capacity building of female farmers shouldaccommodate labour-saving technologies, solar energy sources and borehole.