bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Marriage and High School Dropout Among Poor Girls Across the Globe
Authors: Uddin Emaj , Antara Shara
Published: December 2024

Despite school process-based measures taken, high school dropout (HSD) associated with early marriage (EM) among teenage girls is increasing across countries, including Bangladesh. Based on family life course approach and comprehensive literature review, this chapter explains potential pathways of EM such as early transition to family responsibility, pregnancy, child bearing and rearing and household chores, leading girls to dropout from high school. Based on the FLCA, literature over the past several decades suggests that EM and its subsequent events (e.g., pregnancy, childbearing and rearing, early family role transition) partially explain high school risk behaviors that, in turn, affect girls to drop out from high school. Evidence in this chapter is important for developing effective programs or measures to prevent teenage girls' EM and HSD across developing countries.
Early Marriage and Mental Health in India
Authors: Fanai Lalhriatpuii , Jeyachandran Vaishnavi , Maliakkal Deepthi Jose
Published: December 2024

Child marriage constitutes an extreme breach of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is estimated that the total number of women who get married before reaching the age of 18 will surpass 60 million. Out of these women, more than one-third live in South Asia. India has experienced the most rapid decrease in early marriage (EM) at a rate of 3.8%. However, the eradication of EM will not happen at the current pace until there are advancements in girls' education, an increase in marital household wealth, and a deeper understanding of the negative repercussions of child marriage. Consequently, it is crucial to implement comprehensive and cross-sectoral initiatives to decrease the occurrence of EM. This study utilized the socio-ecological approach to comprehensively explore the intricate phenomenon of EM in the Indian context.
Early Marriage From a Health Perspective
Authors: Sütlü Sevinç , Kutlu Özge
Published: December 2024

Early marriage is one of the most significant global issues created by traditional and patriarchal cultures, particularly impacting girls and women and hindering societal development. Mostly prevalent in impoverished and rural areas of underdeveloped and developing countries, early marriages are now recognized as a violation of women's and girls' human rights. Early marriage has various adverse effects on individuals' health. It increases the likelihood of fertility-related health risks such as pregnancy and childbirth complications, particularly for young people who haven't completed their physical and emotional development. The health implications of early marriage are extensive and diverse, emphasizing the importance for youth to comprehend its risks and consequences for a healthy and secure future. Hence, it's imperative to develop comprehensive strategies and supportive policies to prevent early marriages and safeguard young people's health rights.
Recruiting to Stay
Authors: Walters Annette G.
Published: December 2024

Despite access to a potentially more qualified workforce, additional incentives, or other perks that are often considered or otherwise implied as encompassing a more attractive benefits package, today's employees seek more flexibility from their work organizations than ever before. The coronavirus pandemic of 2019 has re-emphasized for too many would-be job seekers that work can be fluid and not tied to an office or physical space per se. Combined with the growing cost of living, many workers have chosen to work from a proverbial non-office. Even when there are perceived attempts by some companies and industries to offer or implement a worker-friendly environment, there are often many different things that a new potential employee may consider and that more employers should consider. An important aspect of the employer-employee balance continues to be employees who believe they are overworked or overlooked, undervalued, and unappreciated.
The Retention Roadmap
Authors: Taylor Whitney , Benson Greg M.
Published: December 2024

The proposed chapter includes multiple aspects of employee retention based on the core concept of employee satisfaction. Research has consistently shown that employee satisfaction and the perception of company commitment to employees is paramount in the decision to remain with an organization. Moreover, the link between company commitment and perception is consistent across generations and various demographic factors. Research consistently shows that empowering employees is positively correlated to employee retention. This chapter provides an extensive, multi-faceted strategic plan for employee retention, focusing on the alignment of core values between the company and the employee. This “Retention Roadmap” is a key element in helping leaders retain their best employees, even when the phenomenon of “job hopping” is at an all-time high. Research-based and full of practical examples, the chapter provides leaders with essential tools to keep the organization running with a core group of satisfied employees.
The Hidden Costs of Low Morale
Authors: Seshasai Saladi Jaswanth , Balaji K. D.
Published: December 2024

This research investigates the negative impacts of low employee morale on organizations, focusing on high turnover and vacant positions. It emphasizes the need for future research to compare morale-boosting efforts with the costs of turnover and vacancies. it identifying effective intervention strategies, measuring financial and non-financial effects, and analyzing external stakeholders' influence. Using a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design, this study will collect data from 234 employees using survey instrument. Structural equation modeling (SEM), correlation, and regression analysis will be used to analyze the data. The expected outcomes of the study will provide insights into the relationships between various factors and employee morale. These findings will help organizational leaders understand and address the different factors influencing morale, ultimately fostering employee motivation and enhancing work environments. Future research should also explore global and culture-specific morale dynamics and incorporate new trends like remote employment.
Collaborative Approaches to Destination Branding Crafting a Unique Identity Through Stakeholder Engagement
Authors: Gün Serkan
Published: December 2024

Destination branding plays a crucial role in differentiating tourism locations within a competitive landscape by fostering stakeholder collaboration to establish a distinctive brand identity that appeals to a variety of audiences and enhances visitor experiences. This strategic process encompasses several stages, including awareness, recognition, decision-making, and loyalty, underscoring the necessity of a cohesive brand identity. Effective branding hinges on comprehending tourist perceptions and engaging diverse stakeholders to present consistent values, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the destination's brand. The collaborative aspect of destination branding necessitates adept management of stakeholder relationships, as their participation significantly influences brand perception and performance. However, challenges such as conflicting interests and communication barriers can impede cooperation, highlighting the importance of structured engagement.
Indigenous Art Performances as Mechanisms of Cultural Valorization and Economic Leverage in Malabar Region, Kerala
Authors: Pradhan Biswabhusan , Sreenandh A. S. , Chib Suhani
Published: December 2024

This study explores the indigenous art performances of the Malabar region, Kerala, focusing on their unique characteristics, cultural significance, and tourism potential. It aims to assess how these traditional art forms can attract tourists seeking authentic cultural experiences and sustain local artists. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines primary data from performers with secondary sources to examine their demographic profiles, financial challenges, health issues, and technical needs. Major findings reveal significant financial instability, health challenges, and lack of government support, hampering the sustainability and promotion of these art forms. The study underscores the need for enhanced financial aid, healthcare, and technical resources to improve the viability of indigenous art forms and leverage them for cultural tourism.
Integrating Renewable Energy Solutions in Tourism Developments
Authors: Paul Sreelekha
Published: December 2024

The exploration on the integration of RE solutions into tourism is growing with the view to reducing the impacts of users of those services. Focusing on how the environmental problems may be solved with the help of the secondary energy sources, the aspirations for the integration of the tourist industry into the supply of such energy sources are examined in this review article. It also shows diverse global cases on how RE adoption is possible in different geographical and economic conditions. But it is possible to list the following ones: high initial costs, the absence of skills and knowledge, the problems connected with regulations, and the intermittent of some types of renewable energy. Some of the possible ways to overcome these barriers include partnerships between the public and private sectors, monetary rewards, technology and development, and training programs for personnel. Two aspects can be examined in further empirical studies: More profound empirical scrutiny and the elaboration of homogenous assessment standards for sustainability in tourist projects.
The VR Digital Media Visual Design System Based on the Ecological Environment Characteristics of Yanyu in the South of the Yangtze River
Authors: Cheng YaRui , Pan Lin
Published: December 2024

Virtual reality technology can simulate more images and bring people a certain degree of visual enjoyment. VR technology and AR technology are emerging technologies that connect the real and virtual information worlds. Their application has brought people a richer information experience, greatly improving their sensory experience, and has very high practical application significance. This article mainly analyzes the value and methods of using computer virtualization technology, as well as its development and practical application effects, and interprets the current development status. This article combines machine learning methods with VR digital media technology to study a visual design system in the misty rain rising environment of Jiangnan, and demonstrates the superiority of this method through examples.
Design and Manufacture an Instrument Used to Estimate the Sun's Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Dao Tran Thi Anh , Thao Nguyen Mai Thanh , Tri Huynh Van
Published: December 2024

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight changes constantly and depends on environmental conditions such as geographical location, season, time of day, weather, clouds, wind, humidity, etc. Therefore, the impact of UV radiation on the properties of textiles, food, or other products during production also varies greatly. This poses challenges for experimental studies on traditional processing conditions like sun drying outdoors. In this study, a compact measuring device using a simple Arduino board and a commercially available UV sensor with embedded software has been developed to measure UV doses (with an error of ± 0.05 UVI). Daily UV dose values measured over 30 days at a location in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) with this device were evaluated and compared with values observed on a smartphone. The results showed that the average DUVD values of the two methods were almost identical, and their coefficients of variation did not differ much (12.30% compared to 14.86%). This device is being tested and upgraded for further research on accumulated UV doses over a period of time to check the UV resistance characteristics of textiles.
The Strength and Flexural Buckling Resistance of Steel Cylindrical Silos Shells
Authors: Makhinko Anton , Makhinko Nataliia , Vorontsov Oleg , Kordun Oleksandr
Published: December 2024

The article focuses on the structural analysis of a steel cylindrical silo with a corrugated wall, following the guidelines of EN 1993-4-1 standard. The resistance and stability of silo vertical stiffeners under axisymmetric loads during grain storage are being studied. The design model of the ribs is based on a centrally compressed column. In the plane of minimal rigidity, it is further elastically supported by corrugated sheets of a cylindrical shell. The resistance and stability of ribs are analysed using design models of various levels of detail, ranging from simple analytical to complex finite element models. The analysis compares different design models, highlights their pros and cons, and provides recommendations for their practical use.
PET Blend with PBS Fiber: Manufacturing, Properties, and Dyeability
Authors: Metanawin Siripan , Srimod Jirapat , Sonthisombat Apichart , Thongsalee Areeya , Metanawin Tanapak
Published: December 2024

In this paper, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers were blended with a biodegradable polymer, poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) was investigated in this study. The melt-spinning process produced PET/PBS fibers at the different PBS contents in the PET matrix. We evaluate the effectiveness of the dyeability of PBS contents in PET fibers. The yellow organic dye (Turmeric extract) was used as a coloring agent. The spectrophotometer results show that the dye absorption of the fiber increased with PBS contents. The SEM images confirm the relationship between the dye coating on the fiber and PBS contents in the PET matrix. This indicates that the PBS can act as a compatibilizer or modifier to improve dye penetration and fixation in PET/PBS fibers.
Research of the Features of Stress-Corrosion Destruction of Gas Pipelines
Authors: Makarenko Valeriy , Gots Volodymyr , Berdnyk Oksana , Amelina Natalia , Tishchenko Eugene
Published: December 2024

The problems of stress corrosion or hydrogen blistering of gas pipelines are relevant and require careful study of the causes and factors that cause this type of corrosion-mechanical destruction of pipelines. The analysis of numerous publications on this problem revealed contradictions of information regarding the mechanism of stress corrosion and a lack of experimental materials on the substantiation of the nature and peculiarities of the nature of destruction on gas pipeline networks. Systematic experimental studies using different brands of pipe steels allowed to determine the brands of steels, which according to their characteristics are the most resistant to VBR in harsh operating conditions, including even in the most aggressive NACE environment with H2S and CO2 additives at a pressure of 10-15 atm. Moreover, the experimental studies were as close as possible to the operating conditions of pipelines of the gas transportation network. The obtained results of experimental studies can serve as a basis for developing methods of technical diagnostics and forecasting the actual state of pipelines, which will significantly prevent the occurrence of sudden destruction caused by stress corrosion. The influence of the service life of gas pipelines on the degree of flooding and microhardness of pipe steels was established, which made it possible to substantiate the embrittlement of the metal with the increase of service life. The values of impact toughness on samples with sharp and round notches and the amount of work of crack growth depending on the service life of the pipe steels were determined, which made it possible to choose steel grades characterized by the highest resistance to brittle fracture. It is shown that with the service life, the destruction occurs according to a brittle mechanism, which is confirmed by the increase in the share of the fibrous component in the fractured samples after impact tests. It was established that the lowest corrosion rate is possessed by new grades of improved steel grades 20А and 08 KhMChA.The PRFNV parameter proposed in the paper makes it possible to assess the susceptibility of pipe steels to stress corrosion cracking and provides an opportunity to regulate the corrosion crack resistance of pipelines by metallurgical methods.
The Role of Surfactant on the Nanoparticle-Modifiers in Facilitating Scale Inhibition
Authors: Razman Shah Nur Batrisyia , Sazali Rozana Azrina , Sorbie Kenneth Stuart , Khalil Munawar , Azizi Azlinda
Published: December 2024

Nanotechnology has been the prime approach over the last several decades including in scaling prevention. There has been a flurry of activity in incorporating nanoparticles (NPs) with scale inhibitors (SI) to help mitigate the scales’ growth at the early stage before it worsens. However, despite the increasing use of nanoparticles in industry, reservoir complexity such as salinity and heterogeneity have significantly impacted the nanoparticles' performance in the medium. The nanoparticles' repulsive forces are reduced when brine salinity is present, resulting in flocculation and coagulation of nanoparticles in suspension and phase separation. However, the stability and dispersion of nanoparticles may be improved by altering their characteristics by coating them with a surfactant for a particular application. This can be done by introducing a surfactant in the nanoparticle suspension. Herein, this paper aims to study the dispersion and stability of different types of NPs and their performance in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) surfactant solution. Results obtained proved that carbon-based NPs (graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)) showed an excellent zeta potential measurement up to -116 mV when these NPs were dispersed in SDS solution. This surfactant has significantly improved the NPs stability by increasing electrostatic repulsion between the NPs while reducing the average size of agglomeration.
Development of Palm Oil-Based Polyol for the Environmentally Sustainable Production of Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Kitisatorn Wanlop , Pongmuksuwan Pornlada
Published: December 2024

This study synthesized bio-polyols from epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and polysorbate (Tween20), and developed polyurethane foams using these bio-polyols. FT-IR confirmed the formation of urethane linkages, with increased EPO ratios enhancing urethane content. SEM showed that the PU foams exhibited a spherical open-cell structure, with cell sizes increasing at higher EPO ratios. The compressive modulus decreased with higher EPO ratios at an NCO/OH molar ratio of 0.8, whereas compressive strength increased at an NCO/OH molar ratio of 1.0 due to thicker cell walls and enhanced urethane linkages. Resilience tests showed increased energy absorption with higher EPO ratios, attributed to phase mixing and the presence of free urethane and urea. These findings suggest that EPO-based polyol PU foams could be used in applications such as cushioning, noise reduction, and vibration energy mitigation, primarily in the furniture, bedding, carpet underlay, and transportation industries.
Reciprocating Wear of Sintered Fe-Cr-Mo-V-W-C-MoS2 Composites
Authors: Songsujaritkul Veerasak , Tharajak Jirasak , Morakotjinda Monnapas , Tongsri Ruangdaj , Mahathanabodee Sithipong
Published: December 2024

In this work, the Fe-Cr-Mo-V-W-C-MoS2 composites were fabricated using the powder metallurgy process. The uniaxial cold compaction was used to produce green specimens with the density of 6.3 g/cm3. Subsequently, the specimens were sintered at temperatures of 1150 and 1200 °C for 45 min in a vacuum furnace. Sintered specimens were cooled down in the furnace with N2 at a cooling rate of 0.1 °C/s. The influence of MoS2 addition on the density, hardness and microstructure were investigated. Density and hardness of composites were improved due to MoS2 addition, especially, 5 wt.% MoS2 addition and sintering at 1200 °C. The dissociation of MoS2 contributed to the formation of sulfide phases and hard carbide particles within the composites. Sulfide phases such as FeS, CrS and other sulfides were detected by x-ray diffraction analysis. The reciprocating wear test was used to study the effect of MoS2 addition on friction and wear resistance of composites. The synergy of FeS and CrS contained in the compacted layer and hard carbide particle formation within the matrix were expected to enhance tribological properties of composites by decreasing friction coefficient and improving wear resistance.
Atti Sociali
Authors: (SEI) Società Entomologica Italiana
Published: December 2024

Atti Sociali
The impact of a social support program in Immokalee, Florida, during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Richards Lindsay , Wang Leping , Jeanmarie Joashilia , Shafazand Shirin , Palazuelos Daniel , Monacello Vitina
Published: December 2024

Farmworkers were considered “essential” during the COVID-19 pandemic, but face structural inequalities that heightened their risk of the pandemic’s health and economic impacts. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a COVID-relief cash transfer program in the farmworking community of Immokalee, Florida. The authors conducted 153 structured interviews with program beneficiaries via phone call or home visit and asked about sociodemographic variables, how the money was used, whether the money was sufficient for two weeks' financial needs, and participant ability to self-isolate. This study found that the cash transfers were most likely to be spent on living necessities and were effective in relieving COVID 19-associated financial burden, but that some groups may need more support than others. Given that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing health disparities, it is important to understand the role of cash transfers as a public health tool and their potential impact on community mitigation efforts.
Acute exacerbation of COPD: Physiotherapy practice and factors that influence management
Authors: Phalatse-Taban Motheo , Van Aswegen Heleen
Published: December 2024

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in South Africa. Physiotherapy practice and factors that influence management of patients with AECOPD are unknown.Objectives: To explore physiotherapy practice in the management of patients with AECOPD in South African private healthcare settings and to identify and describe factors that influence physiotherapy patient management.Method: The study adopted a qualitative descriptive design using semi-structured interviews. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to identify physiotherapists working in private healthcare in three South African provinces. Individual interviews were conducted face-to-face or via telephone and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was done using an inductive approach.Results: Participants (n = 9) working in private hospitals reported that their management is based on patient-specific needs assessment. Treatment interventions included various respiratory physiotherapy techniques and exercise rehabilitation strategies. Patient education on self-management of disease symptoms featured prominently. Enablers of physiotherapy management included supportive workplace relations, conducive work environment, physiotherapists’ competence, familial support and patient cooperation. Barriers identified included limited communication, nurses’ attitudes, work environment, disease burden, mental health challenges and limited professional development opportunities.Conclusion: Physiotherapists provide individual needs-based care to patients with AECOPD. Various enablers and barriers to physiotherapy patient management have been identified.Clinical implications: Advocacy for physiotherapy, better communication between multidisciplinary team members and recognition of the need for psychological support are important factors to address to enhance the care provided to patients with AECOPD.
Safe Suture Burial in Trans-scleral Fixation of Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens
Authors: Goel Ruchi , Malik KPS
Published: December 2024

The commonest complication of trans-scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) is suture erosion. The sutures though crucial for lens stability, if exposed cause discomfort and are a potential source of endophthalmitis. We describe a technique in which the IOL is suspended in the ciliary sulcus using 9-0 polypropylene by an ab externo approach at 2 and 8 o'clock positions through the scleral bed under 3×3 mm partial thickness scleral flaps. The 9-0 polypropylene suture, holding the PCIOL is then secured by an anchoring knot and the entire mesh of sutures are buried under the scleral flap by a simple modification in suturing technique wherein a bite through the undersurface of scleral flap pulls the flap snugly on the suture knot preventing suture erosion.
Duane's Retraction Syndrome :A Review
Authors: Bodh Sonam Angmo , Kamal Saurabh , kumar Vasu , Bansal Smriti , Madhu
Published: December 2024

Duane's retraction syndrome is a congenital form of strabismus characterized by horizonatal eye movement limitation, globe retraction and palpebral fissure narrowing in attempted adduction. The syndrome is classified in three types based on the presence of defect in adduction, abduction or both. Numerous theories concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of DRS have been proposed including agenesis of the abducens nucleus, but the majority of investigators concur that the characteristic findings are best explained by a paradoxical innervation of the lateral rectus muscle, which subsequently causes a cocontraction of the horizontal rectus muscles. When required, surgical procedure are used to improve the primary gaze alignment, face turn and postural position.
Superior Oblique Silicone Tendon Expander
Authors: Jayakumar Manjula , Bojan Preethi
Published: December 2024

Most surgeons fear to operate on Brown’s syndrome and superior oblique overaction due to the highly unpredictable results. The superior oblique silicone tendon expander is a fairly reliable procedure where there is a graded weakening of the tendon according to the length of the band between the cut ends of the tendon. This procedure has yielded good results in our hands and we have dealt with the pros and cons of this technique so that surgeons are confident to implement it in their practice.
Isolated Sporadic Morning Glory Syndrome A Rare Entity
Authors: Dua Priya , Dev Amar , Dua Akash
Published: December 2024

Morning Glory syndrome is diagnosed by whitish glial tissue at the bottom of the disk with retinal blood vessels emerging from the periphery of the excavation in a radial pattern. Morning glory syndrome has a spectrum of severity, with most patients retaining useful vision. It is usually known to be unilateral. We report an unusual case of a bilateral form of the disorder with an aim to distinguish it from other bilateral optic nerve head anomalies.
Bilateral Choroiditis Involving Macula in Multibacillary Hansen's Disease
Authors: Chanana Bhuvan , Kumar Vinod , Gupta Ved Prakash
Published: December 2024

We report a case of bilateral choroiditis involving macula in multibacillary Hansen's disease. A 40 year old male patient of multibacillary Hansen’s presented with diminution of vision bilaterally. The patient was diagnosed to have active macular choroiditis. The central macular thickness was 242μ OD and 203μ OS. The patient was started on oral prednisolone along with multidrug therapy. After 6 weeks, the choroiditis resolved completely. Posterior segment lesions are rare in ocular leprosy and may result in partial or total blindness. Sight threatening conditions like choroiditis can be managed successfully in Leprosy patients if timely diagnosed.
Drugs of Ophthalmic Concern in Pregnancy
Authors: Shastri Manisha Bhalchandra , Singhal Deepika , Juneja Anu
Published: December 2024

Administration of a drug to a pregnant woman presents a challenging task for the treating physician. One must consider the altered physiological mechanism of pregnancy and fetus which can be affected due to use of some drugs. Most medicine taken by a pregnant woman cross the placenta and reach the fetal blood stream. Though the volume of drug administered as eye drops is low, the amount reach to fetal blood stream is negligible many times. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends labelling of drug products based on the level of risk the drug poses to the fetus and is followed worldwide.
Combined Surgery, Cryotherapy and Topical 0.002% Mitomycin C for Primary and Recurrent Corneal-Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Long -Term Follow Up
Authors: Gupta Saroj , Gupta R K
Published: December 2024

Purpose:-

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the long term results of combined surgery, cryotherapy and topical 0.002% mitomycin-C (MMC) for the management of primary and recurrent corneal-conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CCIN).

Methods:-

Five eyes of five patients with CCIN had surgical excision with cryotherapy. All cases received topical MMC (0.002%) 4 times a day for 12 weeks after surgery. The patients were followed up to two years.

Results: -

All patients showed total cure with no recurrence during 2 years follow up period. Ocular irritation and mild conjunctival hyperemia were observed in 3 eyes during treatment with MMC. There were no serious complications noted at the end of the follow-up period.

Conclusion:-

Combined surgery, cryotherapy and topical 0.002% MMC for the management of primary and recurrent CCIN was found to prevent tumour recurrence, especially in extensive and recurrent lesions, when surgical excision alone can not ensure a tumour free margin.
Canalicular Dacryolithiasis
Authors: Singh Shakeen , Soni Rubina Tuli , Aironi Vyankatesh , Dhillon Baljeet Singh
Published: December 2024

Dacryolith is the name given to a stone in the lacrimal system i.e. canaliculus, lacrimal sac or nasolacrimal duct. It occurs because of impaired lacrimal drainage leading to stasis of tears. It's being underdiagnosed because of many reasons. We have come across four patients with chronic local infection which were proved to be canalicular dacryolithiasis. Non invasive imaging procedure like ultrasound also helped in confirmation of diagnosis.
Ocular Myocysticercosis : An unusual cause of Ptosis with involvement of Levator Palpebrae Superioris and Superior Rectus Muscle
Authors: jain Kirti , Malik KPS , Malik VK , Jain Charu
Published: December 2024

Cysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease of nervous system. Unusual location of the cyst may result in uncommon manifestation. Ocular cysticercosis can involve both the intraocular and extra ocular muscle. We are reporting the unusual case of ocular cysticercosis involving levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscle. A 6 year old boy presented with painless unilateral ptosis and restricted ocular movement superiorly. He was diagnosed to have ocular cysticercosis by computed tomography (CT) Scan of Skull & Orbit left eye. Enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay for serum antibodies against cysticercosis was also found to be positive. The patient was managed conservatively and dramatic improvement was seen on a therapeutic trial of albendazole and oral steroids.
Atypical Presentation of Primary Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Lacrimal Gland
Authors: Chawla Bhavna , Kashyap Seema , Sharma Sanjay , Bajaj Mandeep S. , Pushker Neelam , Chandra Mahesh , Ghose Supriyo
Published: December 2024

Primary Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) of the orbit is an uncommon clinical condition. We report an unusual case of primary NHL of the lacrimal gland in a 30-year-old male with atypical clinical and radiological features. He presented with a progressive proptosis of the left eye with inferonasal displacement of the eye ball. Histopathological examination of the excised lacrimal mass revealed findings consistent with diffuse, low grade, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell). Postoperatively, orbital radiotherapy was advised. At two years follow-up, there was no local or systemic recurrence.
Retreatment of Magnetically Treated Giant Retinal Tear
Authors: Soni Rhibhu , Soni Rubina T , Singh Preetam , Vig Vipin K , Singh Rajbir
Published: December 2024

We present a case of a 52 years old male where external magnet was used to treat a Giant retinal tear 1 month prior to presentation in our OPD. On examination the vision was perception of light and projection of rays. External magnet was seen sutured to the sclera but fundus examination revealed giant retinal tear with persistent total retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The patient was taken for surgery twice in our hospital. First the external magnet was removed and two days later he underwent belt buckle, viterectomy, membrane peeling, perflurocarbon liquid, endolaser with silicon oil exchange for giant retinal tear repair. On his last follow up his BCVA was 20/120. Conventional surgery for treating Giant retinal tear is the standard of care in these times and doing other experimental trials on human eyes will worsen the visual prognosis as the timely effective intervention is delayed.
Systematic Approach to a Case of Disc Pallor
Authors: Singh Digvijay , Saxena Rohit , Sharma Pradeep , Menon Vimla
Published: December 2024

Disc pallor is often the sequel of various optic nerve disorders and signifies partial or total optic atrophy. It may be present with symptoms or signs ranging from subtle visual dysfunction to total blindness or may even be an incidental finding during routine ophthalmological checkup. Discovering the cause of such a case can baffle neurologists and ophthalmologists alike. We describe a systematic clinically oriented approach to a case of disc pallor to help arrive at a diagnosis.
Role of Radiotherapy in Management of Choroidal Melanoma: A Review
Authors: Puranik Shraddha , Nathani Prashant , Mishra Sanjay Kumar
Published: December 2024

Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour. Traditional management of choroidal melanoma is enucleation and local resection. Radiotherapy is emerging as an alternative to surgery, salvaging the vision of the patient. The most commonly used mode of radiotherapy is brachytherapy. With Iodine 125 plaque, 50% of the tumours are seen to reduce to 50% of their pretreatment size. External beam irradiation using charged particles such as protons and Helium ions is another option available. Trans-pupillary thermotherapy, Gamma knife therapy and Carbon ion therapy are thought to be the future of treatment of choroidal melanoma.
Multifocal Electroretinography
Authors: Aalok Lalit , Phuljhele Swati
Published: December 2024

Visual electrophysiological tests provide information about the functional integrity of the pigment epithelium (Electrooculogram or EOG), the photoreceptors and inner layers of the retina (electroretinogram or ERG), and the optic nerve and occipital cortex (Visual Evoked Potential or VEP). The information is objective and independent from the voluntary response of the patient and thus is especially useful for non-cooperative patients and infants. The multifocal ERG technique provides reliable parameters for the accurate evaluations of diseases and their different treatment modalities existing and emerging.
Cause and Clinical Profile of 379 cases of Ocular Trauma
Authors: Rose Jeyanth , Raju Renu
Published: December 2024

Background:

Ocular trauma is a major cause of monocular blindness and visual impairment throughout the world. Population based epidemiological studies in south India have found prevalence rates of 2-10%. The aim of our study was to find the demographic and clinical profile of patients with ocular trauma.

Materials and methods:

All patients who came to our emergency services between July 2004 and January 2005, with history of ocular trauma or foreign body in either eye, within 2 weeks of the date of presentation were included in this prospective, cross sectional survey and underwent a complete eye examination including best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination and fundoscopy.

Results:

Age distribution of ocular trauma showed gradual decline with age with maximum number of patients in the 0-10 year age group. Temporal spectrum showed a bimodal peak in January and November. Male predomination accounted for 71 % of patients. Work related trauma accounted only for 22.4% of patients. The “stick” predominated as the premier object of insult (22.2%), Vegetative matter 10.4%. Road Traffic Accidents 9.4% and Metal 8.2%. Chemical injuries accounted for 7.7% and Open globe injuries 19.3% of patients.

Conclusions:

The demographic factors associated with an increased incidence of ocular trauma include young age, male sex and festive seasons of the calendar year including November and January. The “stick” was the most common object of insult. Clinical profile showed a high incidence of open globe injuries(19.3%). This study highlights some differences in the profile of ocular trauma as seen in a developing country. The predominant occupation in rural India is agriculture and the premier form of fuel used in most households for cooking is firewood. Thus the results of a high percentage of ocular trauma related to sticks and vegetative matter. Chemical injuries which accounted for 7.7% of patients with ocular trauma and were predominantly related to the local practicesof “pan” chewing. The high percentage of open globe injuries is indicative of the severity of ocular trauma seen in rural India.
Parental Eye Care Seeking Behavior and Knowledge of Common Eye Diseases
Authors: Maan Veenu , Agarwal Pradeep , Chauhan Lokesh
Published: December 2024

Background:

A high proportion of visual impairment is avoidable. Parent's eye care-seeking behavior about children's eye diseases plays a crucial role in eradicating avoidable causes of blindness in children.

Aim:

The study aims to determine the eye care-seeking behavior of parents and their knowledge about common eye diseases.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted. The questionnaire consists of demographic information, questions to assess eye care-seeking behavior, and knowledge about eye diseases. Each correct response was given a score of one. An individual score of more than six was considered to have adequate knowledge, and a score of less than or equal to six was considered to have poor knowledge about eye diseases. Binary logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effect of the gender of the child, location, number of children in the family, previous eye examination, respondent (mother/father), family history of eye diseases, and socioeconomic status on the likelihood that participants have adequate knowledge about eye diseases.

Results:

The sample included 384 parents with 384 children from the pediatric eye care clinic at CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad (India). Of them, 203 (52.9%) children had a previous examination by an eye care professional. Awareness of parents about common eye problems was: Cataracts (81.3%), strabismus (74%), night blindness (73.2%), and glaucoma (59.1%). Family history of visual impairments, mother respondent, and higher socioeconomic status were found associated with adequate knowledge of parents about eye diseases.

Conclusion:

Eye care-seeking behavior in the study region was low. The findings of the study suggest that parent awareness can be considered as a first step to bringing the child with eye care needs to the eye care facility.
An Update on Medical Management of Thyroid Eye Disease with Insights on Teprotumumab
Authors: Dabas Smriti , Satish Nishi Meghna , Abrol Sangeeta
Published: December 2024

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a debilitating autoimmune condition. It occurs most commonly with the hyperthyroid state but can also be seen in euthyroid and hypothyroid states. Corticosteroids, steroid-sparing agents, and biologicals have been used, although none of them were Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, with the recent exception of teprotumumab. Teprotumumab was FDA approved for the treatment of TED in January 2020. It has been shown to be effective in reducing proptosis, which was not possible with the other medications available. A detailed review of the literature regarding the medical treatment of TED was done. A comprehensive update on the management options was compiled, with particular emphasis on teprotumumab. Treatment of TED remains a challenge as there is no standard protocol for the same. This article aimed to review the medical management of TED, with an emphasis on teprotumumab.
Retinal imaging in Angiomatous Retinae
Authors: Singh Deeksha , Nath Anamika , Swamyraj Divya
Published: December 2024

The present report aims to describe the use of multimodal imaging in a rare case of Angiomatous Retinae which helps in its diagnosis, prognosis and plan management.
Genomic Studies in Glaucoma
Authors: Singh Ashok Kumar , Kaushik Sushmita
Published: December 2024

Genetic studies in glaucoma provide crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms and risk factors of this complex ocular disorder. The varied susceptibility genes and polymorphisms that contribute to its development have led to a deeper understanding of the biological pathways involved in intraocular pressure regulation and outflow resistance patterns. Genetic studies, though logistically difficult to offer all patients, have highlighted the hereditary nature of certain glaucoma subtypes, paving the way for improved risk assessment, and early intervention strategies for affected individuals. The integration of genome-wide association studies, next-generation sequencing techniques, and advanced bioinformatics has accelerated the discovery of novel genetic markers associated with glaucoma. Genetic research in glaucoma holds promise for personalized treatment approaches, targeted therapies, and enhanced disease management, thereby offering new avenues to mitigate vision loss and enhance the quality of life for patients.
Teaching Trends in Ophthalmology
Authors: Jain Divya
Published: December 2024

Medical education, including ophthalmology, has seen a paradigm shift with the introduction of competency-based medical education. The weightage has been shifted from a time-based curriculum to the acquisition of necessary skills and core competencies for the formation of a medical graduate.
An Approach to Endophthalmitis
Authors: Sharma Aditya , Madan Siddharth , Beri Nitika
Published: December 2024

Endophthalmitis is a dreaded, sight threatening complication which can occur post-surgery, trauma or endogenous like septicemia. It has to be differentiated from toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) as the line of management for both are different. This review focusses on classification, etiology and clinical features for early diagnosis of endophthalmitis. The importance of vitreous tap with role of latest molecular diagnostics like PCR has been elaborated. The dose along with detailed steps for preparation of latest intravitreal drugs to their required concentration has been mentioned. The algorithm and protocol for management of endophthalmitis has been explained in detail. Early diagnosis, prompt treatment and timely referral can save vision of the patients.
A Picture of Hope: 30-year Journey – Postocular Trauma and Intraocular Lens
Authors: Mittal Lipi , Sen Srishty
Published: December 2024

We report a consequence of a 3 decades old complicated cataract surgery post ocular trauma wherein a multipiece IOL was implanted in the anterior chamber with ends of haptics directed into the sulcus via PI, thus reducing the chances of future development of glaucoma and corneal decompensation and enabling the IOL to go over 3 decades without causing any trouble to the patient.
Operation Theater Sterilization and Modular Operation Theater
Authors: Gupta Richa , Bawankule Prashant K.
Published: December 2024

Sterilization holds the most important role in ophthalmic practice. The slow but steady change in sterilization technique over the decades has revolutionized today’s ophthalmic surgery as well as its outcome. Here, in this article, we will discuss all the important aspects of sterilization in an ophthalmic operation theater (OT). We will also discuss the meaning, need, and peculiarities of a modular ophthalmic OT.
Calculating the Power of Toric Intraocular Lens using Total Corneal Astigmatism Measured by a Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Device: An Observation which Changed our Practice Pattern
Authors: Chaudhary Sanjay , Pandey Alka , Sharma Anju , Chaudhary Rahil , Mehra Hema , Khurana Nishtha , Vermani Divya , Nagpal Ritu
Published: December 2024

Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) have been a game-changer for addressing patients with cataract and significant preexisting corneal astigmatism. With increasing demands and expectations of the patients, there is now a greater responsibility on part of anterior segment surgeons to offer a postoperative uncorrected visual acuity of 6/6. At present, majority of surgeons rely on the “measured” values of anterior corneal astigmatism and “predicted” values of posterior corneal astigmatism to calculate the final IOL power and the axis of the toric IOL. Such a practice, at times, has been shown to result in unexpected postoperative refractive outcomes. We have had situations where the anterior corneal curvature values suggested using a spherical IOL, while the measured total corneal astigmatism values suggested implanting a toric IOL to minimize the postoperative residual astigmatism. Not only this, we also encountered situations where the axis of the anterior corneal curvature is not in concordance with that of the total corneal power. Differences as high as 8° have been witnessed. Implanting a toric IOL solely based on the magnitude and axis of the anterior corneal astigmatism would have resulted in residual astigmatic errors. In this article we intend to elaborate on the available literature regarding the contribution of the posterior corneal surface toward the total corneal power. We would also provide some of our clinical scenarios which changed our practice pattern for IOL calculations and discuss future applications of this information.
Cavernous Haemangioma Mimicking Lower Eyelid Fat Bags - An Interesting Case Report
Authors: Agarwalla Isha , Khedkar Rasika , Chaudhary Divya
Published: December 2024

Cavernous hemangioma is the most common primary vascular orbital tumor in adults. The usual presentation of such benign tumors is proptosis with choroidal folds due to intraconal localization. We report a case of 58-year-old male with an unusual presentation of cavernous hemangioma resulting into a picture resembling lower-lid baggy fat bags. Data including clinical picture of both eyes, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) orbit showing mass located anteriorly, intraoperative view of transcutaneous anterior inferior orbitotomy, and histopathological examination results. A 58-year-old male patient presented with left lower eyelid swelling worsening over the past 6 months. The patient had an asymmetric lower lid fullness. A soft palpable, noncompressible mass in the left orbit beneath the lower eyelid was noticed suspicious for an orbital mass. Other ocular and systemic examinations were within normal limits. Orbital computed tomography scan with contrast revealed a well-defined, enhancing mass within the left orbit, measuring 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm, situated anterior to the eyeball and mimicking lower eyelid fat bags. MRI confirmed the presence of the mass, and angiographic sequences demonstrated marked vascularity. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma. In conclusion, the presented case emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to the evaluation of eyelid and orbital conditions. Awareness of uncommon orbital pathologies and the appropriate use of diagnostic imaging are essential for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment planning. In cases like these, interdisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologists, radiologists, and oculoplastic surgeons is critical for optimal patient care.