bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valuation of R&D compound option using Markov chain approach
Authors: D’Amico Guglielmo , Villani Giovanni
Published: May 2021

Incorporation of technical risk in compound real options has been considered in Cassimon et al. (2011) concerning the valuation of multi-stage pharmaceutical R&D. There, the technical success probabilities at each development stage were assumed to be generated independently of each other. This assumption can be unrealistic in many applied problems, pharmaceutical R&D included. We present a valuation procedure dealing with dependent success probabilities and random development stage times. This greater flexibility allows a better description of the sequence of decision stages and results, which in turn, impact the value of the considered project. The theoretical results are illustrated through a numerical example that shows the implementation of the model to a pharmaceutical R&D problem.
Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) Messaging Increases Uptake of HIV Testing Among Men: Results from a Pilot Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Smith Philip , Buttenheim Alison , Schmucker Laura , Bekker Linda-Gail , Thirumurthy Harsha , Davey Dvora L. Joseph
Published: May 2021

HIV testing coverage in sub-Saharan Africa is lower among men than women. We investigated the impact of a peer-delivered U = U (undetectable equals untransmittable) message on men’s HIV testing uptake through a cluster randomised trial with individual mobile clinic days as unit of randomisation. On standard of care (SOC) days, peer promoters informed men about the availability of HIV testing at the mobile clinic. On intervention days, peer promoters delivered U = U messages. We used logistic regression adjusting for mobile clinic location, clustering by study day, to determine the percentage of invited men who tested for HIV at the mobile clinic. Peer promoters delivered 1048 invitations over 12 days. In the SOC group, 68 (13%) of 544 men invited tested for HIV (3, 4.4% HIV-positive). In the U = U group, 112 (22%) of 504 men invited tested for HIV (7, 6.3% HIV-positive). Men in the U = U group had greater odds of testing for HIV (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89, 95% CI 1.21–2.95; p = 0.01). Tailored, peer-delivered messages that explain the benefits of HIV treatment in reducing HIV transmission can increase men’s HIV testing uptake.
A comparative study on a complex URM building: part I—sensitivity of the seismic response to different modelling options in the equivalent frame models
Authors: Ottonelli Daria , Manzini Carlo Filippo , Marano Corrado , Cordasco Emilia Angela , Cattari Serena
Published: May 2021

The paper presents the comparison of the results of nonlinear static analyses carried out using six software packages (SWs) available at professional level and operating in the field of the equivalent frame (EF) approach on a model representative of a complex masonry building. The structure is inspired by the school “P. Capuzi” in Visso (MC, Italy), proposed as one of the benchmark structures in the “URM nonlinear modelling—Benchmark project” funded by the Italian Department of Civil Protection within the context of the ReLUIS projects. The 2-stories building is characterized by an irregular T-shaped plan and load-bearing walls consisting of two-leaf stone masonry with a rather regular bond scheme. The school was severely damaged by the seismic sequence that hit Central Italy in 2016/2017 and essentially exhibited a global in-plane box-type response, with a clear evidence of cracks concentrated in piers and spandrels. The availability of an accurate survey of the crack extension represents a precious and rare reference to firstly address in the paper the rules to be adopted in the EF models for the definition of the structural elements geometry. Then, the comparison of results is made with a twofold aim: firstly, by setting the models adopting shared and consistent modelling assumptions across the SWs; secondly, by investigating the sensitivity of the seismic response to some common epistemic and modelling uncertainties (namely: the adoption of various EF idealization rules for walls, the out-of-plane contribution of piers, the flange effect). In both cases, results are post-processed to define reference values of the achievable dispersion. The comparison is carried out in relation to a wide set of parameters, namely: global parameters (e.g. dynamic properties, pushover curves and equivalent bilinear curves); synthetic parameters of the structural safety (i.e. the maximum acceleration compatible with the ultimate limit state); the damage pattern simulated by SWs.
Relating a Rate-Independent System and a Gradient System for the Case of One-Homogeneous Potentials
Authors: Mielke Alexander
Published: May 2021

We consider a non-negative and one-homogeneous energy functional $${{\mathcal {J}}}$$
J
on a Hilbert space. The paper provides an exact relation between the solutions of the associated gradient-flow equations and the energetic solutions generated via the rate-independent system given in terms of the time-dependent functional $${{\mathcal {E}}}(t,u)= t {{\mathcal {J}}}(u)$$

E
(
t
,
u
)
=
t
J
(
u
)

and the norm as a dissipation distance. The relation between the two flows is given via a solution-dependent reparametrization of time that can be guessed from the homogeneities of energy and dissipations in the two equations. We provide several examples including the total-variation flow and show that equivalence of the two systems through a solution dependent reparametrization of the time. Making the relation mathematically rigorous includes a careful analysis of the jumps in energetic solutions which correspond to constant-speed intervals for the solutions of the gradient-flow equation. As a major result we obtain a non-trivial existence and uniqueness result for the energetic rate-independent system.
Cumulative effects of infrastructure and human disturbance: a case study with reindeer
Authors: Eftestøl Sindre , Tsegaye Diress , Flydal Kjetil , Colman Jonathan E.
Published: May 2021

Context

WithinRangiferranges, many studies focus on expanding infrastructure and human activity negatively influencing habitat use. Little documentation exists on how disturbances act in synergy (i.e. cumulative effects), nor methods to test such effects.

Objectives

(1) Investigate how cumulative disturbance at different distances affects reindeer habitat use and (2) at what disturbance levels and distances loss of habitat functionality occurs.

Methods

Disturbance intensity levels for trails and infrastructure were based on expected amount of human activity, on a scale from 1 to 6. To test cumulative disturbance, we adapted the multi-grain method and summed-up disturbance intensity levels within “disturbance distance intervals” (0–0.25, 0.25–1, 1–2 km, etc. instead of 0–0.25, 0–1, 0–2 km, etc.), and tested reindeers’ avoidance using GPS data for 2011–2018.

Results

We found decreased habitat use within 0.25 km with increasing cumulative disturbance for snow free and winter seasons. For spring, a similar effect occurred up to 1 km. Reductions in use in areas with highest cumulative disturbance within these zones were between 92 and 98%. Strongest avoidance during spring supports previous studies. Comparatively, the multi-grain approach showed negative effects up to 3 km.

Conclusions

Our approach provides novel results and precisely estimates where cumulative effects actually occur. Reindeer in our study tolerate low intensities of human disturbance, while further increase in disturbance intensity reduces habitat functionality. We suggest clustering future human developments within areas of high disturbance, i.e. where functional habitat use is already lost or highly reduced. Our method can be used for other areas and species.
Non-local criteria for the borehole problem: Gradient Elasticity versus Finite Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Sapora A. , Efremidis G. , Cornetti P.
Published: May 2021

Two nonlocal approaches are applied to the borehole geometry, herein simply modelled as a circular hole in an infinite elastic medium, subjected to remote biaxial loading and/or internal pressure. The former approach lies within the framework of Gradient Elasticity (GE). Its characteristic is nonlocal in the elastic material behaviour and local in the failure criterion, hence simply related to the stress concentration factor. The latter approach is the Finite Fracture Mechanics (FFM), a well-consolidated model within the framework of brittle fracture. Its characteristic is local in the elastic material behaviour and non-local in the fracture criterion, since crack onset occurs when two (stress and energy) conditions in front of the stress concentration point are simultaneously met. Although the two approaches have a completely different origin, they present some similarities, both involving a characteristic length. Notably, they lead to almost identical critical load predictions as far as the two internal lengths are properly related. A comparison with experimental data available in the literature is also provided.
Nine new species of scuttle flies, including one new genus (Diptera: Phoridae) from Iran
Authors: Namaki-Khameneh Roya , Khaghaninia Samad , Disney R. Henry L. , Maleki-Ravasan Naseh
Published: May 2021

Namaki-Khameneh and Disney describe nine new species and one new genusIranphora sharafkhaneensisgen. n., sp. n.,Megaselia caveonectergatasp. n.,M. distinctasp. n.,M. fereagaricisp. n.,M. flavucrurussp. n.,M. paluventersp. n.,M. polysetosissp. n.,Phalacrotophora flavidussp. n., andPhora iranensissp. n. from Iran. As a result, this study increased the total number of reported phorids genera and species from Iran to 12 and 78, respectively.
Do ectoparasites of the slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus, pose a danger to humans?
Authors: Behnke-Borowczyk Jolanta , Gwiazdowicz Dariusz J.
Published: May 2021

Staff working with nocturnal mammals at Poznań Zoo, noticed erythematous bite marks on their hands and parts of their necks. No perpetrators were immediately obvious, but the bite marks were experienced mainly by persons caring for the slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus. The purpose of this study was to collect ectoparasites from four N. pygmaeus, to identify the species involved and to ascertain whether they carry any pathogenic organisms that might pose a health risk to people who have been bitten. A total of 51 Ornithonyssus bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) mites were collected from the coats of four slow loris, 37 of which were used for molecular analysis to determine if the mites were carrying any disease-causing organisms. DNA was extracted and screened for candidate pathogens including Babesia spp. and Rickettsia spp., but none were identified. The authors suspect that because the zoo differs in its sanitary and veterinary conditions from those found in nature, the results obtained here may differ markedly from those existing in the natural environment. Although we cannot be certain at this stage that the mites did not carry other pathogens in addition to those that were detectable by the primers that were used, the erythematous reaction to bite marks likely reflects a response to secretions of the mites rather than to transmitted pathogens.
GIS-based urban energy modelling and energy efficiency scenarios using the energy performance certificate database
Authors: Mutani Guglielmina , Todeschi Valeria
Published: May 2021

The EU building stock is 97% not energy efficient and the promotion of energy retrofitting strategies is a key way of reducing energy consumptions and greenhouse gas emission. In order to improve the energy performance of buildings, the European Union released the Energy Performance of Buildings and the Energy Efficiency Directives. The certification of the energy performance of a building is a central element of these Directives to monitor and promote energy performance improvements in buildings, with the aim of increasing their energy efficiency level, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work evaluates the energy performance of existing residential buildings using the energy performance certificate database and identifies the more effective retrofitting interventions by applying an urban-scale energy model. The novelty of this study is that a new retrofitting database is created to improve the results of a building energy model at urban scale taking into account the real characteristics of the built environment. The here presented GIS-based monthly engineering model is flexible and easily applicable to different contexts, and was used to investigate energy efficiency scenarios by evaluating their effects of city scale. An urban energy atlas was designed for an Italian city, Turin, as a decision-making platform for policy makers and citizens. This energy platform can give information on energy consumption, production and productivity potential, but also on energy retrofitting scenarios. The results of this work show that it is possible to obtain energy savings for space heating of 79,064 MWh/year for the residential buildings connected to the district heating network in the city of Turin; these interventions refer mainly to thermal insulation of buildings envelope with windows replacement and allow a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 12,097 tonCO2eq/year.
Topset-to-forest rollover trajectories as reliable predictors of sediment-volume partitioning into deep-lake areas
Authors: Zhao Xian-Zheng , Gong Cheng-Lin , Zhou Li-Hong , Li Dong-Wei , Pu Xiu-Gang , Han Guo-Meng , Jin Feng-Ming , Yu Yi-Xin , Jiang Wen-Ya , Dong Xiong-Ying
Published: May 2021

Topset-to-forest rollover trajectories and their relation to sediment- and sand-budget partitioning into deep-lake areas are far from being well understood, as compared with their marine counterparts of shelf edges. Two quantitatively distinctive topset-to-forest rollover trajectories and clinothem-stacking patterns were recognized in the Oligocene Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin and are quantified in terms of trajectory angles (Tse), topset thickness (Tt), forest thickness (Tf), bottomset thickness (Tb), and clinothem-set relief (Rc). Rising topset-to-forest trajectories have positive Tse of 0.15°–0.51° (averaging 0.35°). Ranges in Tt, Tf, Tb, and Rc of their associated progradational and aggradational clinothem sets are, respectively, 32.4–58.7 m (averaging 42.7 m), 76.9–176.2 m (averaging 148.3 m), 0 m, and 167.8–320.8 m (averaging 272.9 m). Falling topset-to-forest rollover trajectories, in contrast, have negative Tse of − 0.12° to − 0.02° (averaging − 0.06°). Ranges in Tt, Tf, Tb, and Rc of their associated progradational and downstepping clinothem sets are, respectively, 0 m, 266.0–395.7 m (averaging 333.4 m), 441.1–542.5 m (averaging 464.1), and 874.9–922.6 m (averaging 892.5 m). These two topset-to-forest rollover trajectories and clinothem-stacking patterns are closely linked to two distinctive patterns of sediment- and sand-volume partitioning into deep-lake areas, which are quantified in terms of Tt, Tb, and differential sediment aggradation of topset segments and forest-to-bottomset compartments (As/Ad). Rising topset-to-forest rollover trajectories and associated progradational and aggradational clinothem sets are characterized by aggradational topsets (reported as Tt of 32.4–58.7 m), a lack of time-equivalent bottomsets, and As/Ad of 0.22–0.87 (averaging 0.33), and are fronted by mud-dominated depositional deposits, with sporadic occurrence of thinner and regionally localized forest sands. They are, therefore, inefficient at delivering terrestrial sediments or sands into deep-lake settings. Falling topset-to-forest rollover trajectories and associated progradational and downstepping clinothem sets, in contrast, are characterized by toplap, erosional terminations but aggradational bottomsets (reported as Tb of 266.0–473.4 m), and As/Ad of 0, and are fronted by sand-rich depositional deposits, with widespread occurrence of thicker and regionally extensive time-equivalent deep-lake bottomset sands. They are, thus, efficient at delivering terrestrial sediments or sands into deep-lake settings. Topset-to-forest rollover trajectories and associated clinothem-stacking patterns are thus reliable predictors of sediment- and sand-volume partitioning into deep-lake areas, assisting greatly in developing a more dynamic stratigraphy.
Research Progress on Photocatalytic/Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrogen Oxides
Authors: Li Shuangjun , Chen Linglong , Ma Zhong , Li Guisheng , Zhang Dieqing
Published: May 2021

The emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) increases year by year, causing serious problems to our livelihoods. The photocatalytic oxidation of NOx has attracted more attention recently because of its efficient removal of NOx, especially for low concentrations of NOx. In this review, the mechanism of the photocatalytic oxidation of NOx is described. Then, the recent progress on the development of photocatalysts is reviewed according to the categories of inorganic semiconductors, bismuth-based compounds, nitrogen carbide polymer, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). In addition, the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of NOx, a method involving the application of an external voltage on the photocatalytic system to further increase the removal efficiency of NOx, and its progress are summarized. Finally, we outline the remaining challenges and provide our perspectives on the future directions for the photocatalytic oxidation of NOx.
Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting on Infant Social-Emotional Development
Authors: Lönnberg Gunilla , Niemi Maria , Salomonsson Björn , Bränström Richard , Nissen Eva , Jonas Wibke
Published: May 2021

Objective

Maternal stress and depression in pregnancy and early parenting are associated with decreased maternal sensitivity and infant social-emotional development impairments. This randomized controlled trial explored if a Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting Program (MBCP) is more beneficial than a Lamaze program for infant’s social-emotional development. Infant social-emotional development was also explored in the light of maternal psychological states.

Methods

Pregnant women at risk of perinatal stress and depression were included and randomized to either MBCP or Lamaze. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE) regarding infant social-emotional development was filled out by the mothers (n = 88) 3 months postpartum. Data on mode of delivery, skin-to-skin care, and breastfeeding rates was collected from medical records and self-report questionnaires. The women also filled out self-report questionnaires: Perceived Stress Scale, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, Positive States of Mind, and Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire, at baseline, postintervention, and 3 months postpartum.

Results

There was a significant difference in score on the infants’ social-emotional development, suggesting that infants in the MBCP-study arm showed better social-emotional development compared with infants in the Lamaze-study arm (p = .049 d = .407). At 3 months postpartum, 9% in the MBCP-arm compared with 29% in the Lamaze-arm (p = .02) scored above the EPDS cutoff 11/12. Furthermore, maternal positive states of mind at 3 months postpartum influenced the variance of ASQ:SE.

Conclusion

The study shows positive effects of MBCP influencing the mother-infant dyad, suggesting that the increase in maternal psychological well-being supports positive infant social-emotional development.

Trial Registration

NCT02441595
Is Perception Stimulus-Dependent?
Authors: Cermeño-Aínsa Sergio
Published: May 2021

The most natural way to distinguish perception from cognition is by considering perception as stimulus-dependent. Perception is tethered to the senses in a way that cognition is not. Beck Australasian Journal of Philosophy 96(2): 319-334 (2018) has recently argued in this direction. He develops this idea by accommodating two potential counterexamples to his account: hallucinations and demonstrative thoughts. In this paper, I examine this view. First, I detect two general problems with movement to accommodate these awkward cases. Subsequently, I place two very common mental phenomena under the prism of the stimulus-dependence criterion: amodal completion and visual categorization. The result is that the stimulus-dependent criterion is too restrictive, it leaves the notion of perception extremely cramped. I conclude that even the criterion of stimulus-dependence fails to mark a clearly defined border between perception and cognition.
You, Me, and Them: Understanding Employees’ Use of Trans-Affirming Language within the Workplace
Authors: Perales Francisco , Ablaza Christine , Tomaszewski Wojtek , Emsen-Hough Dawn
Published: May 2021

Introduction

As the benefits of workplace inclusion become progressively recognized, employers are making greater efforts to cultivate inclusive organizational environments where employees from diverse backgrounds can thrive. Yet academic research has often neglected issues of sexual orientation and gender diversity. We contribute to redressing this knowledge gap by examining processes of workplace inclusion for employees with diverse genders and sexualities, focusing on an under-researched area—the role of language.

Methods

Using a regression framework, we empirically examine how different individual and workplace factors are associated with employees’ inclusive language use toward their trans- and gender-diverse colleagues. To accomplish this, we undertook the first-ever analyses of unique survey data from the 2020 Australian Workplace Equality Index Employee Survey (n ~ 27,000 employees and ~ 150 employers).

Results

Our results highlight the role of employees’ socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., their gender and sexual orientation, age, education, and religiosity) as well as the role of features of the workplace environment (e.g., employer’s size, location, and inclusion culture).

Conclusions

While use of appropriate language toward individuals with diverse genders and sexualities constitutes an important stepping stone to their workplace inclusion, this study has demonstrated that its adoption remains incomplete and highly segmented.

Social Policy Implications

These findings bear important implications for the design, targeting, and implementation of programs aimed at fostering trans-affirming language and the workplace inclusion of individuals from sexual and gender minorities.
Ipercortisolismo funzionale e sue possibili conseguenze cliniche
Authors: Martino Marianna , Arnaldi Giorgio
Published: May 2021

Sommario

L’ipercortisolismo funzionale rappresenta una condizione di attivazione cronica dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene che si verifica in condizioni cliniche eterogenee (depressione e altri disordini psichici, disturbi del comportamento alimentare, diabete mellito, obesità, alcolismo, sindrome dell’ovaio policistico, sindrome delle apnee ostruttive notturne, lavoro a turni). Solitamente è un ipercortisolismo di lieve entità e reversibile alla remissione della condizione sottostante. Deve essere distinto dalla Sindrome di Cushing con la quale, però, condivide manifestazioni cliniche, alterazioni biochimiche e problematiche di diagnostica differenziale. Si può ipotizzare che l’ipercortisolismo funzionale abbia comunque un’azione deleteria tessuto-specifica. In questa rassegna verranno illustrati sinteticamente meccanismi ed effetti nocivi dell’ipercortisolismo funzionale.
Economic cost–benefit analysis for the agricultural use of sewage sludge treated with lime and fly ash
Authors: Hadas Efrat , Mingelgrin Uri , Fine Pinchas
Published: May 2021

A tool for calculating the economic and environmental impacts of the use of byproducts of industrial processes that can substitute for perishable resources was presented. This was exemplified by fly ash (the fine fraction of ash originating from coal burned to generate electricity and collected by filtering exhaust gases leaving the furnace), added to soil as a component of sewage sludge stabilized with fly ash and lime (NVS). Application to soil of NVS has potential agricultural and environmental advantages and disadvantages. The costs and benefits of such application were calculated using both a database and expert opinions. The calculations assumed a representative assemblage of soils and crops, with weights assigned to each crop type and soil characteristic. The annual weighted benefits (additional income for the farmer) and costs per hectare reached 324 $/ha and 131 $/ha respectively. Major potential benefits include: Chemical fertilizer replacement, 159 $/ha; Improvement to the soil's physical properties, 75 $/ha; Supply of vital trace elements, 33 $/ha. Major potential costs were: Regulatory limitations on marketing of crops pending proof of absence of risk of heavy metals or radionuclides accumulation in these crops, (17 $/ha and 36 $/ha respectively); Application and incorporation cost, 50 $/ha. The presented estimates of the costs and benefits refer to the array of soils and conditions typical to Israel. It is possible to maximize potential benefits by applying fly ash only to the most suitable agricultural soils while improper use of fly ash will increase the costs incurred from its use.
Scalable Multi-grained Cross-modal Similarity Query with Interpretability
Authors: Zhu Mingdong , Shen Derong , Xu Lixin , Wang Xianfang
Published: May 2021

Cross-modal similarity query has become a highlighted research topic for managing multimodal datasets such as images and texts. Existing researches generally focus on query accuracy by designing complex deep neural network models and hardly consider query efficiency and interpretability simultaneously, which are vital properties of cross-modal semantic query processing system on large-scale datasets. In this work, we investigate multi-grained common semantic embedding representations of images and texts and integrate interpretable query index into the deep neural network by developing a novel Multi-grained Cross-modal Query with Interpretability (MCQI) framework. The main contributions are as follows: (1) By integrating coarse-grained and fine-grained semantic learning models, a multi-grained cross-modal query processing architecture is proposed to ensure the adaptability and generality of query processing. (2) In order to capture the latent semantic relation between images and texts, the framework combines LSTM and attention mode, which enhances query accuracy for the cross-modal query and constructs the foundation for interpretable query processing. (3) Index structure and corresponding nearest neighbor query algorithm are proposed to boost the efficiency of interpretable queries. (4) A distributed query algorithm is proposed to improve the scalability of our framework. Comparing with state-of-the-art methods on widely used cross-modal datasets, the experimental results show the effectiveness of our MCQI approach.
Individual Differences in Language Learning and Teaching: a Complex/Dynamic/Socio-Ecological/Holistic View
Authors: Griffiths Carol , Soruç Adem
Published: May 2021

This article begins by outlining the development of the individual difference concept, considering what should be included as an individual difference, and suggesting a definition. The authors then suggest 11 individual differences which occur regularly in the literature and which they have found to be salient features in their own classrooms. A brief overview of these 11 factors is provided, along with theoretical perspectives relevant to the individual differences issue. The article concludes with a small-scale investigation of teachers’ perspectives of the importance of individual differences in language learning. According to the results, teachers consider motivation and strategy use the most important variables, but that all 11 factors are at least somewhat important. This conclusion emphasizes the need for a holistic view of these complex/dynamic, socio-ecologically influenced phenomena.
Green synthesis and anticorrosion effect of Allium cepa peels extract-silver nanoparticles composite in simulated oilfield pickling solution
Authors: Ituen Ekemini , Singh Ambrish , Yuanhua Lin , Akaranta Onyewuchi
Published: May 2021

An alternative green approach through which nanoscience/nanotechnology could be applied in the industry is being demonstrated in this study. Ethanol extracts of Allium cepa peels (Et-ACPE) is used to mediate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Et-AgNPs) at room temperature. Stable crystalline, monodisperse and non-agglomerated spherical NPs with zeta potential of −46.2 ± 0.1 mV and plasmon absorption at 435 nm are obtained. Silver atoms are predominantly oriented towards the Ag (111) plane in a face centered cubic structure with a = b = c = 4.0968 Å having $$\alpha = \beta = \gamma = 90^\circ$$

α
=
β
=
γ
=

90
∘

. The surfaces of the NPs becomes rich in electron cloud due to O atoms supplied by capped phyto-compounds of Et-ACPE. This enhances adsorption potential and more efficient inhibition (up to 90% at 30 °C) of X80 steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution than using the crude extract. Investigation of corrosion products and morphologies of the steel surface by FTIR, SEM/EDS and AFM techniques reveals efficient surface protection through adsorption of Et-AgNPs facilitated mainly by O and –C = C– sites. Findings prove that the Et-AgNPs is a more efficient and thermally stable alternative ecofriendly anticorrosion additive for industrial cleaning and pickling operations than the crude extract.
Calculation of targeted eco-environmental water requirements in a dry inland river: a case study of the Yarkand River Basin, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Fu Aihong , Li Weihong , Wang Yi
Published: May 2021

Analysis of eco-environmental water requirements along a dry inland river under extreme drought conditions can provide a theoretical basis for the sustained utilization and management of water resources in arid regions. This paper uses the Yarkand River Basin in Xinjiang, China, as a case study to determine and assess a method to calculate targeted eco-environmental water requirements (TEEWR) for different ranges of ecological protection of inland riparian forests. The proposed method is intended to comprehensively analyze the water resources along arid inland rivers. Specifically, the ranges of ecological protection were gradually expanded at intervals of 1 km (or multiples of the smallest distance) away from the river course while the TEEWR was determined as a function of the ecological water demand of riparian forest vegetation (Yec) and its corresponding river loss (Xloss). The developed method was shown to be feasible for analyzing TEEWR in the Yarkand River Basin and thus provides a novel and effective approach for the rational utilization and management of water resources in inland river basins in arid regions.

Article Highlights

Zones of ecological protection were gradually expanded at intervals of 1 km (or multiples of the smallest distance) away from the river course on both sides of the dry inland river

The targeted eco-environmental water requirement, defined as the ecological water demand of riparian forest vegetation (Yec) and its corresponding river loss (Xloss), was determined for a dry inland river basin

The developed methods for calculating targeted eco-environmental water requirements are useful, but have limitations.
A Machine Learning Analysis of TCGA Expression Data to Finding Signatures for “Normal-Like” IDH-WT Diffuse Gliomas with a Longer Survival
Authors: Nguyen HD , Allaire A , Diamandis P , Bisaillon M , Scott MS , Richer M
Published: May 2021

Classification of primary CNS tumours is currently achieved by complementing histologic analysis with molecular information, in accordance with the WHO guidelines, and aims at providing accurate prognosis and optimal patient management. cIMPACT-NOW update 3 now recommends grading diffuse IDH-wild type astrocytomas as grade IV glioblastomas if they bear one or more of the following molecular alterations: EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, and whole-chromosome 7 gain combined with chromosome 10 loss. In this reanalysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) glioma expression datasets, we identified 14 IDH-wt infiltrating astrocytic gliomas displaying a “normal-like (NL)” transcriptomic profile associated with a longer survival rate. Some of these tumours would be considered as GBM-equivalents with the current diagnostic algorithm. A k-nearest neighbors model was used to identify 3-gene signatures able to identify NL IDH-WT gliomas. Genes such as C5AR1 (complement receptor) SLC32A1 (vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter), and SMIM10L2A (long non-coding RNA) were overrepresented in these signatures which were validated further using the Chinese Glioma Genome and Ivy Glioblastoma Atlases. They showed high discriminative power and correlation with survival. This finding could lead to the validation of an immunohistochemical or PCR test which would facilitate classification of IDH-WT astrocytomas with unclear histological grading. Furthermore, associated signaling pathways might represent novel treatment targets for aggressive tumours.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Reconsider recent updates in the WHO classification of infiltrating gliomas.

2.

Discuss advanced bioinformatics profiling of the brain cancer transcriptome.
Familial juvenile onset Alexander Disease demonstrating germline mosaicism and presenting with a tumor-like mass of the medulla
Authors: Dunham C , Sargent M , Halverson M , Hukin J , Tamber M , Richardson A
Published: May 2021

Alexander Disease (AD) is a rare and ultimately lethal leukodystrophy, typically presenting in infants who exhibit developmental delay, macrocephaly, seizures, spasticity and quadriparesis. Classic infantile forms are generally due to sporadic mutations in GFAP that result in the massive deposition of intra-astrocytic Rosenthal fibres, particularly in the frontal white matter. However, phenotypic manifestations are broad and include both juvenile and adult forms that often display infratentorial pathology and a paucity of leukodystrophic features. We describe the unique case of an 8.5 year old female who presented with an 8 month history of progressively worsening vomiting and cachexia, whose extensive multidisciplinary systemic workup, including GI biopsies, proved negative. Neuroimaging ultimately revealed bilaterally symmetric and anterior predominant supratentorial signal alterations in the white matter plus a 1.7 x 1.2 x 0.7 mm right dorsal medullary mass. Biopsy of this presumed low-grade glioma revealed features in keeping with AD, which was later confirmed on whole exome sequencing. The proband exhibited a pathogenic p.Arg239Cys heterozygous missense mutation in GFAP, which was apparently inherited from her asymptomatic mother (1% mosaicism in the mother’s blood). Germline mosaic inheritance patterns of young-onset AD, particularly those presenting with a tumor-like mass of the brainstem, are scarcely reported in the literature and serve to expand the clinicopathologic spectrum of AD.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation with enable the learner to:

1.

Recognize an uncommon clinical presentation of AD.

2.

Describe the underlying genetics of AD, including a rare familial juvenile onset form featuring germline mosaicism.
Emotional bias training as a treatment for anxiety and depression: evidence from experimental medicine studies in healthy and medicated samples
Authors: Suddell Steph , Müller-Glodde Maren , Lumsden Jim , Looi Chung Yen , Granger Kiri , Barnett Jennifer H. , Robinson Oliver J. , Munafò Marcus R. , Penton-Voak Ian S.
Published: May 2021

Background

Anxiety and depression are leading causes of disability worldwide, yet individuals are often unable to access appropriate treatment. There is a need to develop effective interventions that can be delivered remotely. Previous research has suggested that emotional processing biases are a potential target for intervention, and these may be altered through brief training programs.

Methods

We report two experimental medicine studies of emotional bias training in two samples: individuals from the general population (n = 522) and individuals currently taking antidepressants to treat anxiety or depression (n = 212). Participants, recruited online, completed four sessions of EBT from their own home. Mental health and cognitive functioning outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately post-training, and at 2-week follow-up.

Results

In both studies, our intervention successfully trained participants to perceive ambiguous social information more positively. This persisted at a 2-week follow-up. There was no clear evidence that this change in emotional processing transferred to improvements in symptoms in the primary analyses. However, in both studies, there was weak evidence for improved quality of life following EBT amongst individuals with more depressive symptoms at baseline. No clear evidence of transfer effects was observed for self-reported daily stress, anhedonia or depressive symptoms. Exploratory analyses suggested that younger participants reported greater treatment gains.

Conclusions

These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of delivering a multi-session online training program to promote lasting cognitive changes. Given the inconsistent evidence for transfer effects, EBT requires further development before it can be considered as a treatment for anxiety and depression.
Physicians’ Characteristics and Attitudes Towards Medically Assisted Dying for Non-Competent Patients with Dementia
Authors: Bravo Gina , Trottier Lise , Arcand Marcel
Published: May 2021

The federal and Quebec governments are both considering extending medical aid/assistance in dying (MAID) to non-competent patients who would have requested MAID prior to losing capacity. In 2016–2017, we surveyed 136 Quebec physicians (response rate: 25.5%) on their attitudes towards extending MAID to such patients. Complementing our published findings, we herein identify demographic and practice characteristics that distinguish physicians who reported being open to extending MAID to non-competent patients with dementia, or willing to administer MAID themselves should it be legal, from those who were not. We found that physicians who were older, had stronger religious beliefs, were trained in palliative care, practiced in a teaching hospital, and had not received assisted dying requests in the year preceding the survey held less favourable attitudes towards MAID for non-competent patients with dementia. These findings will inform current deliberations as to whether assistance in dying should be extended to non-competent patients in some circumstances.
Smart platform experiment cycle (SPEC): a process to design, analyze, and validate digital platforms
Authors: Brecht Patrick , Niever Manuel , Kerres Roman , Ströbele Anja , Hahn Carsten H.
Published: May 2021

Digital platform business models are disrupting traditional business processes and reveal a new way of creating value. Current validation processes for business models are designed to assess pipeline business models. They cannot grasp the logic of digital platforms, which increasingly integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) to ensure success. This study developed a new validation process for early market validation of digital platform business models by following the Design Science Research methodology. The designed process, the Smart Platform Experiment Cycle (SPEC), is created by combining the Four-Step Iterative Cycle of business experiments, the Customer Development Process, and the Build-Measure-Learn feedback loop of the Lean Startup approach and enriching it with the knowledge of digital platforms. It consists of five iterative steps showing the startup how to design their platform business model and corresponding experiments and how to run, measure, analyze, and learn from the outcomes and results. To assess its efficacy, applicability, and validity, SPEC was applied in the German startup GassiAlarm, a service marketplace business model. The application of SPEC revealed shortcomings in the pricing strategy and highlighted to what extent their current business model would be successful. SPEC reduces the risk of building a product or service the market deems redundant and gives insights into its success rate. More applications of the SPEC are needed to validate its robustness further and to extend it to other types of digital platform business models for improved generalization.
Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid health benefits – where are we now?
Authors: Bohn Torsten , Bonet M. Luisa , Borel Patrick , Keijer Jaap , Landrier Jean-Francois , Milisav Irina , Ribot Joan , Riso Patrizia , Winklhofer-Roob Brigitte , Sharoni Yoav , Corte-Real Joana , van Helden Yvonne , Loizzo Monica Rosa , Poljšak Borut , Porrini Marisa , Roob Johannes , Trebše Polonca , Tundis Rosa , Wawrzyniak Agata , Rühl Ralph , Dulińska-Litewka Joanna
Published: May 2021

Dietary intake and tissue levels of carotenoids have been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, brain-related diseases and some types of cancer. However, intervention trials with isolated carotenoid supplements have mostly failed to confirm the postulated health benefits. It has thereby been speculated that dosing, matrix and synergistic effects, as well as underlying health and the individual nutritional status plus genetic background do play a role. It appears that our knowledge on carotenoid-mediated health benefits may still be incomplete, as the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood in relation to human relevance. Antioxidant mechanisms – direct or via transcription factors such as NRF2 and NF-κB – and activation of nuclear hormone receptor pathways such as of RAR, RXR or also PPARs, via carotenoid metabolites, are the basic principles which we try to connect with carotenoid-transmitted health benefits as exemplified with described common diseases including obesity/diabetes and cancer. Depending on the targeted diseases, single or multiple mechanisms of actions may play a role. In this review and position paper, we try to highlight our present knowledge on carotenoid metabolism and mechanisms translatable into health benefits related to several chronic diseases.
Development and psychometric validation of the Dispositional Recovery and Dysfunction Inventory: a tool to assess for positive and negative cognitions following trauma exposure
Authors: Moore Brian A. , Hale Willie J. , Judkins Jason L. , Peterson Alan L.
Published: May 2021

Background:

Recovery from trauma can be naturally occurring or facilitated through psychotherapy. Few brief measures exist to provide clinicians with dispositional, empirical assessments of patient’s sentiments during psychotherapy.

Aims:

This manuscript presents the Dispositional Recovery and Dysfunction Inventory (DRDI), a measure created to assist clinicians in evaluating patient’s treatment progress during psychotherapy, as well as evaluate its factor structure, reliability estimates, measurement invariance, and correlates.

Method:

The DRDI was created based on feedback from experts with experience treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and was structurally validated in two distinct populations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in sample 1 consisting of (n=401) university students. Confirmatory factor analysis, measure validity and structure validation were then conducted in sample 2 (n=249) composed of 49% individuals with clinically significant PTSD symptoms.

Results:

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the DRDI was best represented by a two-factor correlated traits model representing sentiments related to dispositional recovery and dysfunctional cognitions. The recovery subscale exhibited relationships with convergent measures including authenticity and psychological hardiness (r values of .30 to .60). The dysfunctional beliefs subscale exhibited relationships with convergent measures: PTSD, depression, suicidality and stress (r values of .55 to 80). Measurement invariance across gender and PTSD status was observed.

Conclusion:

Initial findings indicate that the DRDI has the potential to be a useful tool to assess individuals’ beliefs about their propensity to recover from and thrive through adversity.
BIG MAPPING CLASS GROUPS WITH HYPERBOLIC ACTIONS: CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Horbez Camille , Qing Yulan , Rafi Kasra
Published: May 2021

We address the question of determining which mapping class groups of infinite-type surfaces admit nonelementary continuous actions on hyperbolic spaces.

More precisely, let$\Sigma $be a connected, orientable surface of infinite type with tame endspace whose mapping class group is generated by a coarsely bounded subset. We prove that${\mathrm {Map}}(\Sigma )$admits a continuous nonelementary action on a hyperbolic space if and only if$\Sigma $contains a finite-type subsurface which intersects all its homeomorphic translates.

When$\Sigma $contains such a nondisplaceable subsurfaceKof finite type, the hyperbolic space we build is constructed from the curve graphs ofKand its homeomorphic translates via a construction of Bestvina, Bromberg and Fujiwara. Our construction has several applications: first, the second bounded cohomology of${\mathrm {Map}}(\Sigma )$contains an embedded$\ell ^1$; second, using work of Dahmani, Guirardel and Osin, we deduce that${\mathrm {Map}} (\Sigma )$contains nontrivial normal free subgroups (while it does not if$\Sigma $has no nondisplaceable subsurface of finite type), has uncountably many quotients and is SQ-universal.
Self-reported mental health status of donor sperm-conceived adults
Authors: Adams Damian H. , Gerace Adam , Davies Michael J. , de Lacey Sheryl
Published: May 2021

While donor-conceived children have similar mental health outcomes compared to spontaneously conceived children, there is an inconsistency between studies investigating mental health outcomes of donor-conceived people in adulthood. This study is an online health survey that was completed by 272 donor sperm-conceived adults and 877 spontaneously conceived adults from around the world. Donor sperm-conceived adults had increased diagnoses of attention deficit disorder (P= 0.004), and autism (P= 0.044) in comparison to those conceived spontaneously. Donor sperm-conceived adults self-reported increased incidences of seeing a mental health professional (P< 0.001), identity formation problems (P< 0.001), learning difficulties (P< 0.001), panic attacks (P= 0.038), recurrent nightmares (spermP= 0.038), and alcohol/drug dependency (P= 0.037). DASS-21 analysis revealed that donor sperm-conceived adults were also more stressed than those conceived spontaneously (P= 0.013). Both donor sperm and spontaneously conceived cohorts were matched for sex, age, height, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, own fertility, and maternal smoking. The increase in adverse mental health outcomes is consistent with some studies of donor-conceived adult mental health outcomes. These results are also consistent with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) phenomenon that has linked adverse perinatal outcomes, which have been observed in donor-conceived neonates, to increased risk of chronic disease, including mental health. Further work is required to reconcile our observations in adults to contrary observations reported in donor-conceived children.