bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Low‐Grade Heat Conversion and Storage with an Activity‐Regulated Redox Flow Cell via a Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Cycle
Authors: Zhang Hang , Lek Dao Gen , Huang Shiqiang , Lee Yann Mei , Wang Qing
Published: June 2022

Efficient and cost‐effective technologies are highly desired to convert the tremendous amount of low‐grade waste heat to electricity. Although the thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC) has attracted increasing attention recently, the unsatisfactory thermal‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency and low power density limit its practical applications. In this work, a thermosensitive Nernstian‐potential‐driven strategy in the TREC system is demonstrated to boost its temperature coefficient, power density, and thermoelectric conversion efficiency by rationally regulating the activities of redox couples at different temperatures. With a Zn anode and [Fe(CN)6]4−/3−‐guanidinium as the catholyte, the TREC flow cell presents an unprecedented average temperature coefficient of −3.28 mV K−1, and achieves an absolute thermoelectric efficiency of 25.1% and apparent thermoelectric efficiency of 14.9% relative to the Carnot efficiency in the temperature range of 25–50 °C at 1 mA cm−2. In addition, a thermoelectric power density of 1.98 mW m−2 K−2 is demonstrated, which is more than 7 times the highest power density of reported TREC systems. This activity regulation strategy can inspire research into high‐efficiency and high‐power TREC devices for practical low‐grade heat harnessing.
Kirigami‐Inspired Pressure Sensors for Wearable Dynamic Cardiovascular Monitoring
Authors: Meng Keyu , Xiao Xiao , Liu Zixiao , Shen Sophia , Tat Trinny , Wang Zihan , Lu Chengyue , Ding Wenbo , He Ximin , Yang Jun , Chen Jun
Published: June 2022

Continuously and accurately monitoring pulse‐wave signals is critical to prevent and diagnose cardiovascular diseases. However, existing wearable pulse sensors are vulnerable to motion artifacts due to the lack of proper adhesion and conformal interface with human skin during body movement. Here, a highly sensitive and conformal pressure sensor inspired by the kirigami structure is developed to measure the human pulse wave on different body artery sites under various prestressing pressure conditions and even with body movement. COMSOL multiphysical field coupling simulation and experimental testing are used to verify the unique advantages of the kirigami structure. The device shows a superior sensitivity (35.2 mV Pa−1) and remarkable stability (>84 000 cycles). Toward practical applications, a wireless cardiovascular monitoring system is developed for wirelessly transmitting the pulse signals to a mobile phone in real‐time, which successfully distinguished the pulse waveforms from different participants. The pulse waveforms measured by the kirigami inspired pressure sensor are as accurate as those provided by the commercial medical device. Given the compelling features, the sensor provides an ascendant way for wearable electronics to overcome motion artifacts when monitoring pulse signals, thus representing a solid advancement toward personalized healthcare in the era of the Internet of Things.
Long‐Life Lithium‐Metal All‐Solid‐State Batteries and Stable Li Plating Enabled by In Situ Formation of Li3PS4 in the SEI Layer
Authors: Xu Jieru , Li Jiuming , Li Yongxing , Yang Ming , Chen Liquan , Li Hong , Wu Fan
Published: June 2022

An ultrastable and kinetically favorable interface is constructed between sulfide–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) and lithium metal, via in situ formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer containing Li3PS4. A specially designed sulfide, lithium polysulfidophosphate (LPS), can distribute uniformly in the PEO matrix via a simple stirring process because of its complete solubility in acetonitrile solvent, which is advantageous for creating a homogeneous SEI layer. The CSE/Li interface with high Li+ transportation capability is stabilized quickly through in situ formation of a Li3PS4/Li2S/LiF layer via the reaction between LPS and lithium metal to inhibit lithium dendrite growth. A Li/Li symmetric cell with the LPS‐integrated CSE exhibits constant and small CSE/Li resistance of 10 Ω cm2 during cycling, delivering stable cycling for 3475 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 and a high critical current density of 0.9 mA cm−2 at 60 °C. Impressive electrochemical performance is also demonstrated for LiFePO4/CSE/Li all‐solid‐state batteries with capacity of 127.6 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1 C.
Reversible Deformation of Artificial Cell Colonies Triggered by Actin Polymerization for Muscle Behavior Mimicry
Authors: Li Chao , Zhang Xiangxiang , Yang Boyu , Wei Feng , Ren Yongshuo , Mu Wei , Han Xiaojun
Published: June 2022

The use of artificial cells to mimic living tissues is beneficial for understanding the mechanism of interaction among cells. Artificial cells hold immense potential in the field of tissue engineering. Self‐powered artificial cells capable of reversible deformation are developed by encapsulating living mitochondria, actins, and methylcellulose. Upon addition of pyruvate molecules, the mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which acts as an energy source to trigger actin polymerization. The reversible deformation of artificial cells occurs with a spindle shape resulting from the polymerization of actins to form filaments adjacent to the lipid bilayer that subsequently returns to a spherical shape resulting from the depolymerization of actin filaments upon laser irradiation. The linear colonies composed of these artificial cells exhibit collective contraction and relaxation to mimic muscle tissues. At maximum contraction, the long axis of each giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) is parallel to each other. All the colonies are synchronized in the contraction phase. The deformation of each GUV in the colonies is influenced by its adjacent GUVs. The muscle‐like artificial cell colonies described here pave the way to develop sustainably self‐powered artificial tissues.
Genetically Engineered Cell Membrane Modified Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wei Zuwu , Xin Fuli , Yang Sen , Zhang Cuilin , Wang Bingxi , Xue Fangqin , Guo Zhiyong
Published: June 2022

Tumor‐selective near infrared‐induced photothermal therapy is a successful approach for ablation of malignant and cancerous cells. In the NIR region, tissue penetration depth in the near‐infrared second region (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) is deeper than that of the traditional near‐infrared first region (NIR‐I, 700–900 nm) for the lower scattering and absorption. However, there are few photothermal conversion agents (PCAs) in the NIR‐II. And these PCAs are quickly identified by the immune system and rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), leading to low accumulation in tumor, which prevents further advanced clinical practice. In this work, the conjugated polymer, PBTPBFTDPP, is prepared and assembled into nanoparticles (SPN). Then, the genetically engineered cell membranes are coated on the surface of SPN to obtain the positive targeting ability (SPN‐TF). The obtained SPN‐TF nanoparticles exhibit an excellent photothermal conversion ability, predominant targeting efficiency, and superb photothermal therapy for anticancer both in vitro and in vivo. These works will inspire more translational work on SPN for future clinical applications.
Predicting Real‐Time Spectra from High‐Speed Imaging: An Ultrafast Machine Vision Framework for Online Optical Control in Microfluidics
Authors: Zhang Xucheng , Guo Jia , Wang Changchun
Published: June 2022

Automated laboratory pipelines empowered by the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) have been reshaping the paradigm of chemical and material discovery. While intelligent decision‐making strategies have been developed that enable fast convergence to optimal reaction conditions, the overall efficiency is still bottlenecked by the slow acquisition of online characterization units, especially in microfluidics‐based systems. In response, an ultrafast machine vision framework is hereby developed to directly predict optical spectra from real‐time high‐speed imaging in this article. Utilizing uniquely engineered deep‐learning algorithms, this framework automatically detects droplets and recapitulates high‐quality spectra from embedded image features in a sub‐millisecond timeframe. In a proof‐of‐concept example, droplets are detected with an average precision of 99.75% within 0.51 ms, and their spectra spanning the entire visible wavelengths are predicted with an average peak error of 5.32 nm, which is equivalent to 1.6% of the visible range. The work demonstrates the first example of an all‐imaging‐based machine learning framework deployed in a real‐time environment for the full replacement of an analytical instrument. It highlights the broader possibility of AI in material researches to break the physical limitations of online diagnostics and to further boost efficiencies in self‐driving laboratories.
Low Cost and Facile Fabrication of a Micro‐Mold with High Aspect Ratio for Transparent Electrodes with Metal Mesh Using Micro‐Scale 3D Printing
Authors: Sun Luanfa , Wang Rui , Zhu Xiaoyang , Li Hongke , Zhang Jinbao , Wang Fei , Zhang Guangming , Yang Jianjun , Peng Zilong , Zhang Yuan‐Fang , Lan Hongbo
Published: June 2022

Transparent electrodes (TEs) with metal mesh are regarded as a substitute for traditional indium tin oxide (ITO) due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. The manufacture of metal mesh based on micro‐molds will be a low‐cost and high‐efficiency method, but the cost‐effective fabrication of micro‐molds with a high aspect ratio (AR) currently faces challenges. Here, a polymer micro‐mold with high AR based on an electric‐field‐driven (EFD) micro‐scale 3D printing and molding process is proposed for the mass production of TEs with metal meshes. The final fabricated flexible transparent electrode (FTE) based on polymer micro‐mold with high AR exhibits superior optoelectronic properties with a figure of merit (FOM) of 1800, as well as excellent mechanical stability with a slight increase in the sheet resistance (Rs) during cyclic bending, scratching, torsion, and adhesion tests. Furthermore, the fabricated rigid TE based on polymer micro‐mold shows remarkable performance and stability with a FOM of 2500, a negligible increase in the Rs under harsh working conditions, and a robust heating cycle. Whether used for the manufacture of FTEs or rigid TEs, the polymer micro‐mold shows good service life. This strategy provides support for the efficient and environmentally friendly mass production of high‐performance TEs.
Double‐Side Interface Engineering Synergistically Boosts the Efficiency of Inorganic CsPbIBr2 Perovskite Solar Cells Over 12%
Authors: Chen Zhenyu , Yang Ming , Li Ru , Zang Zhigang , Wang Huaxin
Published: June 2022

All‐inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused the worldwide interest because of their excellent thermal stability. However, the bottom and upper surfaces of CsPbIBr2 films are vulnerable to surface defects, corroding the carrier dynamic in PSCs. Meanwhile, the band alignment mismatch also affects the interfacial carrier transport. Therefore, this work systematically investigates the passivation effect and band alignment of rubidium acetate (RbAc) interface layer at electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite and perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL), respectively. When RbAc is introduced to ETL/perovskite interface, the improved morphology quality of CsPbIBr2 films and the elevated conductive band minimum of SnO2 leads to effective electron extraction and band alignment. Furthermore, once RbAc is introduced to perovskite/HTL interface, it passivates grain boundary defects and reduces the roughness of CsPbIBr2 films, contributing to reduced nonradiative recombination. In addition, the raised valence band maximum of CsPbIBr2 also accelerates the hole transfer. It is found that each single‐side interface modification contributes to improved photovoltaic performance and air stability. Consequently, a synergy effect of double‐side interface modification is investigated for improving the device efficiency. Accordingly, the modified PSCs achieve a champion efficiency of 12.11%, which is increased by 30.78% compared to that of the pristine devices.
Photocatalytic Chemodivergent Synthesis of α‐gem‐Dihalovinyl Ketones and Chromen‐2‐Ones from Monoalkynes
Authors: Xu Zi‐Yang , Liu Yin‐Ping , Liu Xin , Fu Rong , Hao Wen‐Juan , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Jiang Bo
Published: June 2022

A general photocatalytic substrate‐controlled chemodivergent strategy starting from monoalkynes with polyhalomethanes such as BrCCl3 and CBr4 was develop, enabling Kharasch‐type addition/nucleophilic substitution cascade to selectively produce α‐gem‐dihalovinyl ketones and chromen‐2‐ones with moderate to good yields. Use of monoalkynes without additional nucleophilic sites furnished α‐gem‐dihalovinyl ketones through a Kharasch‐type addition and intermolecular allylic substitution cascade whereas the latter transformation of 2‐ethynylphenols allowed the full breaking of carbon‐halogen bonds of BrCX3 to access functionalized chromen‐2‐ones. The late‐stage application of these resulting α‐gem‐dihalovinyl ketones demonstrates the versatility of their derivatization.

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Tetrahydroxydiboron‐Mediated Palladium‐Catalyzed Deoxygenative Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones
Authors: Spaller William C. , Lu Jennifer Q. , Stokes Benjamin J.
Published: June 2022

We describe a palladium‐catalyzed deoxygenative transfer hydrogenation of ketones using B2(OH)4 as the sole additive. Deuterium labeling experiments using B2(OD)4 show that the incorporated protons originate exclusively from the diboron reagent. Spectroscopic evidence implicates the intermediacy of a borate ester. A variety of aromatic ketones can be deoxygenated using this approach.

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Synthesis of 1‐Aryl Isoquinolinones or o‐Diaryl Pyrimidines via Bismuth Triflate‐Mediated Intermolecular Annulation of Arylacetic Acids with Nitroarylaldehydes or Trimethoxybenzene in the Presence of Acetonitrile
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Lin Chun‐Yi , Chen Shin‐Mei
Published: June 2022

In this article, bismuth triflate (Bi(OTf)3)‐controlled intermolecular multi‐component condensation of oxygenated arylacetic acids with electron‐withdrawing nitroarylaldehydes or electron‐donating trimethoxybenzene provide 1‐aryl isoquinolinones or o‐diaryl pyrimidines in acetonitrile at 60 °C. The uses of various metal triflates and reaction conditions are investigated in the one‐pot reaction. Only water is generated as the byproduct via (4C+1C+1N) and (2C+1N1C+1N1C) annulation routes. Plausible mechanisms have been proposed.

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A Solution‐Processable High‐Modulus Crystalline Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Practical Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Yu Zhiao , Seo Samuel , Song Jongchan , Zhang Zewen , Oyakhire Solomon T. , Wang Yang , Xu Rong , Gong Huaxin , Zhang Song , Zheng Yu , Tsao Yuchi , Mondonico Luca , Lomeli Eder G. , Wang Xinchang , Kim Wonkeun , Ryu Kyounghan , Bao Zhenan
Published: June 2022

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) has been identified as a key challenge for Li metal anodes. The brittle and inhomogeneous native SEI generated by parasitic reactions between Li and liquid electrolytes can devastate battery performance; therefore, artificial SEIs (ASEIs) have been proposed as an effective strategy to replace native SEIs. Herein, as a collaboration between academia and industrial R&D teams, a multifunctional (crystalline, high modulus, and robust, Li+ ion conductive, electrolyte‐blocking, and solution processable) ASEI material, LiAl‐FBD (where “FBD” refers to 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoro‐1,4‐butanediol), for improving Li metal battery performance is designed and synthesized. The LiAl‐FBD crystal structure consists of Al3+ ions bridged by FBD2– ligands to form anion clusters while Li+ ions are loosely bound at the periphery, enabling an Li+ ion conductivity of 9.4 × 10–6 S cm–1. The fluorinated, short ligands endow LiAl‐FBD with electrolyte phobicity and high modulus. The ASEI is found to prevent side reactions and extend the cycle life of Li metal electrodes. Specifically, pairing LiAl‐FBD coated 50 µm thick Li with industrial 3.5 mAh cm–2 NMC811 cathode and 2.8 µL mAh–1 lean electrolyte, the Li metal full cells show superior cycle life compared to bare ones, achieving 250 cycles at 1 mA cm–2.
Rechargeable Silicon Redox Batteries
Authors: Epshtein Alon , Baskin Igor , Suss Matthew , Ein‐Eli Yair
Published: June 2022

Despite its high abundance and ease of production, the possibility of using silicon as an active multivalent rechargeable anode has never been explored, until now. As a proof of concept, a novel rechargeable silicon cell, its design and architecture are reported, enabling Si to be reversibly discharged at 1.1 V and charged at 1.5 V. It is proven that during the discharge process silicon is dissolved and upon charging, elemental silicon is deposited. Several discharge–charge cycles are achieved, utilizing heavy doped n‐type Si wafer anodes and hybrid‐based ionic liquid electrolytes, along with dissolved halides, functioning as conversion cathodes. Cell characterizations correlate the discharge and charge processes with the presence of dissolved fluoride and Si species in the electrolyte. The presence of appreciable fluoride species is crucial in both establishing surface activation and battery operation, and their depletion is directly linked to cell performance degradation. Quantum‐chemical calculations based on density functional theory in the framework of a continuum model for solvation in ionic liquids are performed to shed light on Si ion deposition mechanism.
Current Technological Trends in Transdermal Biosensing
Authors: Zhang Yuyue , Yang Cheng , Shi Haibin , Xu Chenjie
Published: June 2022

Transdermal biosensing focuses on the qualitative and quantitative collection and detection of biomarkers on and in the skin layers. In comparison to the blood‐based diagnosis, transdermal sensing technologies provide pain‐free, convenient, patient‐friendly, and infection‐avoiding methods to collect biosignals from transdermal samples such as interstitial fluid (ISF) and sweat. This article summarizes the latest trends in transdermal biosensing including the technologies and their application blueprints. Specifically, the current transdermal biosensing technologies including microneedles, microfluidics, and reverse iontophoresis are introduced first. Subsequently, their roles in daily health status monitoring, disease diagnosis and therapy monitoring are discussed in detail. Finally, an overview of the future blueprints and application prospects of transdermal biosensing is provided.
Switchable Electrostatically Templated Polymerization
Authors: Li Chendan , Magana Jose R. , Sobotta Fabian , Wang Junyou , Stuart Martien A. Cohen , van Ravensteijn Bas G. P. , Voets Ilja K.
Published: June 2022

We report a switchable, templated polymerization system where the strength of the templating effect can be modulated by solution pH and/or ionic strength. The responsiveness to these cues is incorporated through a dendritic polyamidoamine‐based template of which the charge density depends on pH. The dendrimers act as a template for the polymerization of an oppositely charged monomer, namely sodium styrene sulfonate. We show that the rate of polymerization and maximum achievable monomer conversion are directly related to the charge density of the template, and hence the environmental pH. The polymerization could effectively be switched “ON” and “OFF” on demand, by cycling between acidic and alkaline reaction environments. These findings break ground for a novel concept, namely harnessing co‐assembly of a template and growing polymer chains with tunable association strength to create and control coupled polymerization and self‐assembly pathways of (charged) macromolecular building blocks.
Connection of nonlinear model predictive controllers for smooth task switching in autonomous driving
Authors: Honda Kohei , Okuda Hiroyuki , Suzuki Tatsuya , Ito Akira
Published: June 2022

Motion planning, decision making, and control are vital functions in autonomous driving for accomplishing the desired driving task while considering passenger comfort, road infrastructure, and surrounding traffic participants. Model predictive control (MPC) is a promising method for simultaneously realizing these functions. However, formulating a single MPC that can run through all driving scenarios is difficult, and previous research has often been conducted to design an MPC for a specific driving task. To extend the availability of MPC for all driving tasks, smooth switching between different MPCs designed for each driving task must be addressed. One of the difficulties in switching between MPCs is guiding the state to a feasible set of optimization problems after switching. In this paper, we present a new framework to realize the smooth connection of MPCs, that is, to reduce the optimization infeasibility at the time of MPC switching. In our proposed method, two general nonlinear MPCs with different state spaces, cost functions, constraints, and formulations can be systematically switched via automatically generated intermediate‐MPCs without requiring any particular alterations. This can help reduce the system complexity of the hybrid MPC system.
Biomass and eicosapentaenoic acid production from Amphora sp. under different environmental and nutritional conditions
Authors: Cheah Yi Tong , Ng Bee Wah , Tan Tze Ling , Chia Zi Sheng , Chan Derek Juinn Chieh
Published: June 2022

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could be extracted from diatoms such as Amphora sp. present abundantly in the ecosystems. In view of the key environmental and nutritional factors governing the diatoms growth rate, culture conditions were optimized for the biomass yield, total lipid content, EPA yield, and fatty acid composition under two main cultivation regimes: photoautotrophic and heterotrophic. The fastest growth rate about 0.20 ± 0.02 g/L and the highest EPA yield about 9.19 ± 3.56 mg EPA/g biomass were obtained by adding 10 g/L glucose and sucrose, respectively. Under photoautotrophic culture conditions, Amphora sp. rendered higher EPA yield at 100 rpm and 16:8 light/dark cycle. Total fatty acids produced predominantly comprised of an approximate 40–70% of saturated fatty acids, followed by 10–27% of monounsaturated fatty acids and then 8–25% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings were able to pave a way for huge‐scale microalgal biomass production in commercial EPA production.
Parametrisierte Brückenmodellierung mit PythonParts in Allplan
Authors: Jeske André , Scheil Maximilian , Castrischer Ulrich
Published: June 2022

Überführungsbauwerke im Zuge eines Autobahnabschnitts stellen häufig ähnliche Anforderungen an die Bauwerksplanung. Dies gilt insbesondere bei Bauwerken zur Überführung kleinerer Verkehrswege, bei flachem Geländeverlauf und bei Brückenfamilien, die einem gemeinsamen Gestaltungskonzept unterworfen sind. Sie gleichen sich z. B. in Stützweiten, bei der baulichen Ausbildung und in der Gestaltung, unterscheiden sich aber in Querschnitten, Kreuzungswinkeln, Gradiente und Einbindung in die Umgebung. Es ergeben sich ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche Bauwerke und damit ideale Voraussetzungen für eine Sortenfertigung. Parametrisierte Modellerstellung ist eine Voraussetzung für effiziente Bearbeitung von BIM‐Planungen im Ingenieurbau. Nur mit der Hilfe von Vereinfachungen in der Durcharbeit der Planung und ihrer Ableitung in prüfbare Darstellungen kann eine effektive und auch im Komplexen korrekte und damit konkurrenzfähige Planung erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der Überführungsbauwerke der sich in Planung befindenden Verlängerung der Autobahn A 20 wird versucht, mithilfe einer parametrisierten Modellerstellung eine Sortenfertigung der Bauwerksplanung zu erreichen. Ziel ist die weitere Fokussierung des Planers auf seine Facharbeit in der Erzeugung kreativer technischer Lösungen durch Entlastung bei wiederkehrenden Planungsaufgaben.
Biofuel production from olive pomace via thermal and catalytic pyrolysis using an RFCC catalyst
Authors: Balaghi Inaloo Ebrahim , Saidi Majid
Published: June 2022

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of olive pomace as a second generation of biomass for the production of valuable bio‐oil has been investigated. The achieved results indicate that the maximum bio‐oil production yield through the non‐catalytic pyrolysis process is 56% at a temperature of 500°C, with a high content of oxygenated compounds. Since the main focus of this study was the catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis‐derived bio‐oil to valuable fuels, an industrial residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC) catalyst has been examined using different catalyst to biomass ratios. For a catalyst to biomass ratio of 0.5, the highest bio‐oil production yield was 44 wt% at 500°C and for a catalyst to biomass ratio of 5, the highest bio‐oil yield was 39 wt% at 400°C. The obtained experimental results indicate that, although the bio‐oil production yield decreases through catalytic pyrolysis, application of RFCC catalysts reduces the oxygenated compounds as undesirable products and increases aromatic and cyclic compound content in the bio‐oil, significantly. By increasing the temperature, the production of aromatic compounds as valuable products intensifies, and this compound group is identified as the main content of the derived bio‐oil. It is inferred that RFCC catalysts are appropriate candidates for use in the pyrolysis process for developing biofuel production on an industrial scale. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐particle fluorescence tracking combined with TrackMate assay reveals highly heterogeneous and discontinuous lysosomal transport in freely orientated axons
Authors: Liu Yongyang , Lu Yaxin , Tang Zhiyong , Cao Yuheng , Huang Dehua , Wu Feng , Zhang Yejun , Li Chunyan , Chen Guangcun , Wang Qiangbin
Published: June 2022

Axonal transport plays a significant role in the establishment of neuronal polarity, axon growth, and synapse formation during neuronal development. The axon of a naturally growing neuron is a highly complex and multifurcated structure with a large number of bends and branches. Nowadays, the study of dynamic axonal transport in morphologically complex neurons is greatly limited by the technological barrier. Here, a sparse gene transfection strategy was developed to locate fluorescent mCherry in the lysosome of primary neurons, thus enabling us to track the lysosome‐based axonal transport with a single‐particle resolution. Thereby, several axonal transport models were observed, including the forward or backward transport model, stop‐and‐go model, repeated back‐and‐forth transport model, and cross‐branch transport model. Then, the accurate single‐particle velocity quantification by TrackMate revealed a highly heterogeneous and discontinuous transportation process of lysosome‐based axonal transport in freely orientated axons. And, multiple physical factors, such as the axonal structure and the size of particles, were disclosed to affect the velocity of particle transporting in freely orientated axons. The combined single‐particle fluorescence tracking and TrackMate assay can be served as a facile tool for evaluating axonal transport in neuronal development and axonal transport‐related diseases.
Clitoral Anatomy in the Feminist Literature: Vagina obscura: An anatomical voyage (2020) and Clitoral Conventions and Transgressions: Graphical representations in anatomy texts, c1900‐1991 (1995)
Authors: Vilensky Joel A.
Published: June 2022

O'Connell et al. proposed that the vestibular bulbs be renamed the “clitoral bulbs” because of their consistent relationship to the clitoris and inconsistent relationship to the vestibule. Normally such proposed esoteric changes in anatomical nomenclature would get little notice by anatomists, yet alone the general public; however, many subsequent articles and books placed this change in the context of centuries of male anatomists and physicians downplaying female sexual anatomy and sexuality. Most prominent is a 2022 book by Rachel Gross, Vagina Obscura: An Anatomical Voyage. Here we review this “Anatomical Voyage” and find author bias in omitting/including erroneous facts in this book. We also present a critique of a 1995 article that appeared in Feminist Studies; Graphical Representations in Anatomy Texts, c1900‐1991. This article, which has been repeatedly cited in the clinical literature, asserts that between circa 1950–1980 anatomy textbooks purposely eliminated depicting/labeling the clitoris in illustrations because the authors of the textbooks were reflecting societal norms that de‐emphasized the importance of the clitoris. Unfortunately, the methods used by Moore and Clarke are not replicable; and further, their conclusions were not justified because of clear bias in their description and depiction of the anatomy sources they review.
Characteristics of peritumoral pseudocapsule in small renal cell carcinoma and its influencing factors
Authors: Dong Xiang , Pan Sheng , Zhou Xiaodie , Ma Wenliang , Guo Hongqian , Gan Weidong
Published: June 2022

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the peritumoral pseudocapsule (PC) status and identify the factors influencing PC status in small renal cell carcinoma (RCCs).

Methods

A total of 147 patients with small RCC (≤4 cm) who had undergone tumor enucleation (TE) were assigned into three groups according to PC status: complete PC, PC absence, and PC invasion. Computed tomography (CT) imaging and clinicopathological features were compared among the three groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with incomplete PC.

Results

The number of patients with complete PC, PC absence, and PC invasion was 87 (59%), 20 (14%), and 40 (27%), respectively. Compared with the other two groups, tumors with complete PC were most common in clear cell RCC (CCRCC) and showed a hyperenhancement pattern (92%) and clear boundary (63%) on CT scanning images (p < 0.001). PC absence was most common in female patients (50%), whereas PC invasion was more common in male patients (85%) (p = 0.017). The tumor diameter in the PC absence group (2.24 ± 0.93 cm) was shorter compared with that of the complete PC group (2.88 ± 0.76 cm) and PC invasion group (3.16 ± 0.64 cm) (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that hypoenhancement pattern, unclear boundary, and non‐CCRCC subtype were independent risk factors of incomplete PC.

Conclusions

Hypoenhancement pattern, unclear boundary, and non‐CCRCC subtype were significant predictors of incomplete PC in small RCCs. It remains to be established whether TE is an appropriate procedure for patients with incomplete PC.
Direct Laser Writing of Poly(furfuryl Alcohol)/Graphene Oxide Electrodes for Electrochemical Determination of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Fernandes Loguercio Lara , Thesing Anderson , da Silveira Noremberg Bruno , Vasconcellos Lopes Bruno , Kurz Maron Guilherme , Machado Giovanna , Pope Michael A. , Lenin Villarreal Carreno Neftali
Published: June 2022

Due to the considerable importance of preventing and treating diseases, efficient detection methods are required to monitor levels of ascorbic acid (AA) in beverages, foods, dietary supplements, and biological fluids. In this work, an efficient, easy handling, low cost, and simple fabrication process for non‐enzymatic electrochemical sensors was fabricated through the carbonization of a graphene oxide filled biomass‐derived polymer poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA/GO), as sustainable alternative, using a high throughput CO2 laser‐scribing process. The laser power was found to determine the physicochemical properties of the resulting graphene‐like electrodes. As an electrochemical sensor, devices presented a detection limit of 1.0 μmol cm2 L−1 with good reproducibility towards AA oxidation. For real sample measurements, recovery rates between 97 and 113 % were found in commercial vitamin‐C tablet. Analysis of AA in synthetic sweat presented good intra‐electrode reproducibility and limit of detection of 1.3 μmol cm2 L−1.
Covalent‐Induced Heterostructure of Covalent‐Organic Frameworks and MXene as Advanced Electrodes with Motivated Pseudocapacitance Performance
Authors: Geng Qianhao , Wang Haichao , Wu Yang , Lv Li‐Ping , Chen Shuangqiang , Sun Weiwei , Wang Yong
Published: June 2022

Heterostructures based on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and conductive materials have attracted more attentions to effectively apply COF‐related materials for supercapacitor. Here, the as‐prepared amino‐modified Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets are adopted to support the in‐situ growth of anthraquinone‐based COFs (AQ‐COF) to fabricate the heterostructures of COFs uniformly dispersed on surface of MXene, based on the covalent interaction between terminal C=O groups of COFs and amino units of MXene. Besides, the morphology and porous structures of COF@MXene heterostructures are optimized by controlling the amounts of MXene nanosheets. Combining the superiority from the two‐dimensional structure with high conductivity of MXene and porous structure with abundant redox‐active groups inherited from AQ‐COF, the COF@MXene‐15 heterostructure electrode delivers large surface area with optimal porous structures, leading to the maximally‐activated C=O units for charge‐storage and capacitance‐controlled electrochemical kinetics. Improved specific capacitance (290 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and rate capability can be achieved for the COF@MXene‐15 heterostructure as the electrode for supercapacitor in Na2SO4 electrolyte. It is the first time to report the heterostructure of COFs and MXene as the electrode for supercapacitor, and this work would promote further application of COFs and related materials for other energy‐storage systems.
Partial least median of squares regression
Authors: Xie Zhonghao , Feng Xi'an , Li Limin , Chen Xiaojing
Published: June 2022

In modern data analysis, there is an increasing availability of datasets with numerous variables. Linear models that deal with abundant predictor variables often have poor performance because they tend to produce large variances. As well known, partial least squares (PLS) regression standouts because it is serviceable even if the number of variables far exceeds the number of samples. However, PLS, at its core, is a least‐squares method based on latent space, which is spanned by the components extracted from the original predictors. Hence, it is sensitive to outliers. In this study, incorporating the idea of least median of squares, we propose a new robust PLS method, namely, partial least median of squares (PLMS) regression. Unlike most of the robust counterparts, we solve the PLMS problem via modern optimization rather than a heuristic process or a reweighting strategy. A classical PLS method and two of the most efficient robust PLS methods are compared with our method. Results on simulations and two real‐world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.
Physician awareness and understanding of hereditary angioedema: A web‐based study in Japan
Authors: Fukunaga Atsushi , Kishimoto Miwa , Oh Akinori , Akiyama Takeshi , Kotera Ippei , Inoue Yoichi , Maehara Junichi
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease with acute attacks in the skin and mucosa throughout the body including life‐threatening laryngeal edema and abdominal attacks with severe pain. Physicians, regardless of specialty, may encounter HAE patients in their daily practice; however, low disease awareness may attribute to a considerable number of undiagnosed HAE patients in Japan. This study aims to identify issues associated with the diagnosis processes of HAE and to determine levels of HAE awareness among Japanese physicians from various specialties.

Methods

A web‐based quantitative survey was conducted using a physicians panel. Physicians from the following departments were included in the survey: internal medicine, dermatology, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and gastroenterological surgery.

Results

The proportions of physicians in dermatology, pediatrics, emergency medicine, internal medicine, and gastroenterological surgery who were able to select the C1‐INH activity test as a diagnosis test for potential HAE patients were 71.8%, 59.7%, 57.1%, 40.3%, and 25.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed significant association between physicians who selected “strongly suspected” AE based on the case‐scenario and physicians who had knowledge of the essential HAE symptoms (laryngeal edema, swelling after tooth extraction, swelling of the tongue, and abdominal pain).

Conclusions

This study showed that disease awareness of HAE varied among medical specialties, suggesting the importance of educational activities in academic societies and specialist accreditation in raising HAE awareness. Proper knowledge of complement testing and HAE symptoms may help not only to diagnose patients with AE‐like symptoms as AE but also to differentially diagnose HAE from AE.
Survival outcomes following pregnancy or assisted reproductive technologies after breast cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Rauh‐Hain J. Alejandro , Zubizarreta Jose , Nitecki Roni , Melamed Alexander , Fu Shuangshuang , Jorgensen Kirsten , Brady Paula C. , Baker Valerie L. , Chavez‐MacGregor Mariana , Giordano Sharon H. , Keating Nancy L.
Published: June 2022

Background

This study sought to determine the impact of pregnancy or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) on breast‐cancer‐specific survival among breast cancer survivors.

Methods

The authors performed a cohort study using a novel data linkage from the California Cancer Registry, the California birth cohort, and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System data sets. They performed risk‐set matching in women with stages I–III breast cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2012. For each pregnant woman, comparable women who were not pregnant at that point but were otherwise similar based on observed characteristics were matched at the time of pregnancy. After matching, Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of pregnancy with breast‐cancer‐specific survival. We repeated these analyses for women who received ART.

Results

Among 30,021 women with breast cancer, 553 had a pregnancy and 189 attempted at least one cycle of ART. In Cox proportional hazards modeling, the pregnancy group had a higher 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate; 95.6% in the pregnancy group and 90.6% in the nonpregnant group (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24–0.77). In women with hormone receptor–positive cancer, we found similar results (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.2–0.91). In the ART analysis, there was no difference in survival between groups; the 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 96.9% in the ART group and 94.1% in the non‐ART group (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.17–1.13).

Conclusion

Pregnancy and ART are not associated with worse survival in women with breast cancer.

Lay summary

We sought to determine the impact of pregnancy or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) among breast cancer survivors.

We performed a study of 30,021 women by linking available data from California and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System.

For each pregnant woman, we matched at the time of pregnancy comparable women who were not pregnant at that point but were otherwise similar based on observed characteristics.

We repeated these analyses for women who received ART.

We found that pregnancy and ART were not associated with worse survival.
1‐Nitrimino‐5‐azidotetrazole: Extending Energetic Tetrazole Chemistry
Authors: Benz Maximilian , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: June 2022

Azide and nitrimino functions are among the most energetic substituents that can be introduced to the skeleton to enhance the energetic properties of a compound. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of a compound that combines both, azide and nitrimino substituents directly attached to one tetrazole scaffold. 1‐Nitrimino‐5‐azidotetrazole is prepared by nitration of 1‐amino‐5‐azidotetrazole. Subsequent salination with ammonia and guanidinium carbonate yields two highly energetic derivatives. All energetic compounds, as well as the intermediate steps of an alternatively developed synthesis strategy, were analysed and characterized in detail. In addition to multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, crystal structures of all key compounds were measured. The sensitivities (friction, impact, electrostatic discharge and thermal) were determined accordingly. In addition, the detonation parameters of all energetic substances were calculated with the EXPLO5 code, which was fed with the enthalpy of formation (atomization method based on CBS‐4M) and the crystallographic densities.
Liquid Biopsies or Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for CYP Activity Profile Determination
Authors: Pridgeon Chris S. , Johansson Inger , Ingelman‐Sundberg Magnus
Published: June 2022

During pharmacotherapy, knowledge about the actual drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma is often critical. Individual dose adjustments can be performed based on pre‐emptive genotyping of certain absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) genes but also using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Analyses of liquid biopsies for tumor‐derived components are well‐established and have been found to be a good complement to biopsy examinations. Recently, liquid biopsy‐based quantification of cell‐free RNA (cfRNA) in plasma exosomes was proposed as a proxy measurement for the expression of different hepatic ADME genes and for the rate of drug metabolism, constituting an alternative to TDM. In this study, we validated these findings by examining the correlation between mRNA expression of eight different CYP genes in liver and the corresponding rate of enzyme‐specific drug metabolism in 96 donor‐matched liver samples. Analyses of CYP‐dependent drug metabolism in liver microsomes in comparison to the level of mRNA expression for the different CYP genes revealed a mean Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.28. The highest correlations (0.33–0.34) were obtained for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and the weakest correlations were observed for CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 (0.18–0.21). In all cases, the correlations obtained were too weak to demonstrate a predictive relationship, likely due to different regulatory and post‐translational events controlling the rate of enzyme activity. Our results reinforce the notion that, whilst liquid biopsy‐based approaches might have utility for prediction of hepatic CYP protein expression, they are not currently an important substitute for TDM.
Correlation of clinical findings of temporomandibular joint with serological results in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Jalal Ranj A. , Ahmed Khadija M. , Saeed Shahla M. , Qaradaghi Taha A.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the frequency of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to find out the correlation of serological tests with clinical symptoms of TMJs in RA patients.

Patients and Methods

This cross‐sectional study was performed on 40 patients with RA classified into two groups according to their duration of the disease. Clinical examination as well as laboratory tests were done for participants.

Results

The frequency of TMJ involvement clinically was 15% in Group A and 40% in Group B. The most frequently observed clinical symptom was facial pain (25%), and the slightest symptom was clicking (2.5%) during mouth opening. There was a positive correlation between ESR, RF, CRP and anti‐CCP and clinical sign and symptoms of TMJs in RA patients. An elevated ESR, RF CRP and anti‐CCP may indicate the presence of TMJ complains in RA patients. The chronicity of RA affects the frequency of TMJ involvement clinically, patients with longer disease duration have more clinical symptoms of TMJs. An elevated level of ESR, RF, CRP and anti‐CCP predict clinical symptoms of TMJs.
Dietary patterns of a versatile large carnivore, the puma (Puma concolor)
Authors: Karandikar Harshad , Serota Mitchell W. , Sherman Wilson C. , Green Jennifer R. , Verta Guadalupe , Kremen Claire , Middleton Arthur D.
Published: June 2022

Large carnivores play critical roles in terrestrial ecosystems but have suffered dramatic range contractions over the past two centuries. Developing an accurate understanding of large carnivore diets is an important first step towards an improved understanding of their ecological roles and addressing the conservation challenges faced by these species.

The puma is one of seven large felid species in the world and the only one native to the non‐tropical regions of the New World. We conducted a meta‐analysis of puma diets across the species’ range in the Americas and assessed the impact of varying environmental conditions, niche roles, and human activity on puma diets. Pumas displayed remarkable dietary flexibility, consuming at least 232 different prey species, including one Critically Endangered and five Endangered species.

Our meta‐analysis found clear patterns in puma diets with changing habitat and environmental conditions. Pumas consumed more larger‐bodied prey species with increasing distance from the equator, but consumption of medium‐sized species showed the opposite trend.

Puma diets varied with their realized niche; however, contrary to our expectations, puma consumption of large species did not change with their trophic position, and pumas consumed more small prey and birds as apex predators. Consumption of domestic species was negatively correlated with consumption of medium‐sized wild species, a finding which underscores the importance of maintaining intact native prey assemblages.

The tremendous dietary flexibility displayed by pumas represents both an opportunity and a challenge for understanding the puma’s role in ecosystems and for the species’ management and conservation. Future studies should explore the linkages between availability and selection of primary and other wild prey, and consequent impacts on predation of domestic species, in order to guide conservation actions and reduce conflict between pumas and people.
Ambient Fast Synthesis of Superaerophobic/Superhydrophilic Electrode for Superior Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Shen Jingjun , Li Jing , Li Bo , Zheng Yun , Bao Xiaozhi , Guo Junpo , Guo Yan , Lai Chenglong , Lei Wen , Wang Shuangyin , Shao Huaiyu
Published: June 2022

Developing cost‐effective and facile methods to synthesize efficient and stable electrocatalysts for large‐scale water splitting is highly desirable but remains a significant challenge. In this study, a facile ambient temperature synthesis of hierarchical nickel–iron (oxy)hydroxides nanosheets on iron foam (FF‐FN) with both superhydrophilicity and superaerophobicity is reported. Specifically, the as‐fabricated FF‐FN electrode demonstrates extraordinary oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with an ultralow overpotential of 195 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 34 mV dec−1 in alkaline media. Further theoretical investigation indicates that the involved lattice oxygen in nickel–iron‐based‐oxyhydroxide during electrochemical self‐reconstruction can significantly reduce the OER reaction overpotential via the dominated lattice oxygen mechanism. The rechargeable Zn–air battery assembled by directly using the as‐prepared FF‐FN as cathode displays remarkable cycling performance. It is believed that this work affords an economical approach to steer commercial Fe foam into robust electrocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion and storage systems.