bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity and academic performances in adolescents
Authors: Herlina Nina , Djais Julistio TB , Rusmil Kusnandi
Published: August 2016

Background Adolescence is a phase of dynamic developmentin human life, marked by rapid physical growth, in addition tomental, emotional, and social development. Adolescent obesityhas been related to metabolic disease, in addition to psychologicaldisorders, which may lead to a negative impact on academicperformances.Objective To assess academic performances in adolescents withobesityMethods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Junior HighSchool No. 14 in Bandung from December 2010 to July 2011.Subjects were aged 12 to 14 years, and were divided into two groups:obese or good nutritional status. Statistical analysis using Fisher'sexact test was performed to assess the association of obesity andacademic performances. T-test was used to compare subjects' meanmathematics and English performances in the two groups.Results There were 24D students who met the inclusion criteria.Since there were 40 obese subjects in the first group, we randomizedthe remaining students to obtain 40 subjects with good nutritionalstatus for the second group. Best academic performances inmathematics and English was obtained mostly by subjects in thegood nutrition group (38/40 and 39/40, respectively). Statisticalanalysis revealed a significant association of lower performances inmathematics (mean difference -2.8; 95%CI -5 to -0.6; P=0.043)and English (mean difference -1.9; 95%CI -3.5 to -0.2; P=0.001)to obesity. We also found a significant association of bettermathematics (P=0.001) and English performances (P=0.004)to the father's occupation. Additional English lessons were notassociated with higher English performances in the obese group(mean difference 0.2; 95%CI -2.9 to 3 .2; P=0.885).Conclusion Obese adolescents tend to have poorer academicperformances compared to those with good nutritional status.
Risk factors of bronchiolitis
Authors: Indrawan I Gde Doddy Kurnia , Subanada IB , Triasih Rina
Published: August 2016

Background Bronchiolitis peak incidence is in children aged 2 -6months. History of atopy in parents, non-exclusive breastfeeding,exposure to cigarette smoke, and infants living in crowded areasmay be risk factors for bronchiolitis. Gestational of age at birth isalso influences the mortality oflower respiratory tract infection.Objective To evaluate the following conditions as possiblerisk factors for bronchiolitis: history of atopy, non-exclusivebreastfeeding, preterm infants, exposure to cigarette smoke, and2:: 6 persons residing in the home.Methods A sex-matched case-control study was conductedby collecting data from medical records at Sanglah Hospital,Denpasar. The case group subjects met the diagnostic criteriafor bronchiolitis and were aged 1-24 months. The control groupincluded patients with diagnoses unrelated to the respiratorysystem. Data was analyzed using bivariate (Mc.N emar) andmultivariate methods (logistic regression) with 95% confidenceintervals and statistical significance value of P <0 .05.Results There were 96 subjects in our study, consisted of 48subjects in the case group and 48 in the control group. Thecase and control groups were similar in baseline characteristics.The presence of history of atopy (OR 34.7; 95%CI 3 to 367,P=0.003), non-exclusive breastfeeding (OR 4.3; 95%CI 1.4 to13, P=0.010), exposure to cigarette smoke (OR 3; 95%CI 1 to9.2, P=0.047), and 2:: 6 persons living in the home (OR 7.9;95%CI 2.6 to 24, P<0.0001) were found to be significant riskfactors for bronchiolitis, while the preterm infants seem notsignificant as a risk factor of bronchiolitis (OR3; 95%CI 0.31 to78.99, P=0.625).Conclusion History of atopy, non-exclusive breastfeeding,exposure to cigarette smoke, and 2:: 6 persons living in the homeare found to be risk factors, while preterm infants seem not a riskfactor for bronchiolitis.
Using pRIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill children
Authors: Saragih Rina Amalia C. , Mandei Jose M. , Yuniar Irene , Dewi Rismala , Pardede Sudung O. , Pudjiadi Antonius , Latief Abdul
Published: August 2016

Backgi-ound Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically illchildren and its mortality rate is high. The lack of a uniform definitionfor AKI leads to failure in determining kidney injury, delayedtreatment, and the inability to generalize research results.Objectives To evaluate the pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria (riskfor renal dysfunction, injury to the kidney, failure of kidney function,loss of kidney function, and end-stage renal disease) for diagnosingand following the clinical course of AKI in critically ill children. Wealso aimed to compare AKI severity on days 1 and 3 of pediatricintensive care unit (PICU) stay in critically ill pediatric patients.Methods This prospective cohort study was performed in PICUpatients. Urine output (UOP), serum creatinine (SCr) , andglomerular filtration rate on days 1 and 3 of PICU stay wererecorded. Classification of AKI was determined according topRIFLE criteria. We also recorded subjects' immune status,pediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD) score, admissiondiagnosis, the use of vasoactive medications, diuretics, andventilators, as well as PICU length of stay and mortality.Results Forty patients were enrolled in this study. AKI wasfound in 13 patients (33%). A comparison of AKI severity onday 1 and day 3 revealed no statistically significant differences forattainment of pRIFLE criteria by urine output only (pRIFLfu0 p;P=0.087) and by both UOP and SCr (pRIFLEcr+uo p; P= 0.577).However, attainment of pRIFLE criteria by SCr only (pRIFLEcrlwas significantly improved between days 1 and 3 (P =0.026). Therewas no statistically significant difference in mortality or length ofstay between subjects with AKI and those without AKI.Conclusion The pRIFLE criteria is feasible for use in diagnosingand following the clinical course of AKI in critically ill children.
Die Professionalisierung(en) der Mediation
Authors: Maiwald Kai-Olaf
Published: August 2016

Im Bereich der beruflich ausgeübten Mediation existieren seit längerer Zeit (nicht immer eineindeutige) Bestrebungen, das Tätigkeitsfeld zu professionalisieren. Aus professionssoziologischer Sicht stellt sich bei solchen Bestrebungen immer die Frage, ob es sich überhaupt um einen Beruf handelt, der professionalisierungsbedürftig, aber auch -fähig ist. Dieser Frage wird nachgegangen, indem zentrale Kriterien der Professionalisierung – Verberuflichung/Institutionalisierung, Expertisierung, Etablierung, berufsständische Organisation und insbesondere professionelles Handeln – an die Mediation angelegt, überprüft und diskutiert werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund lässt sich einerseits feststellen, dass man bei der Mediation derzeit allenfalls von einer gebremsten Professionalisierung sprechen kann. Andererseits lässt sich durchaus ein Professionalisierungsbedarf der Tätigkeit diagnostizieren, sowohl im Hinblick auf die Anforderungen und Probleme mediatorischen Handelns wie auch bezüglich der tatsächlichen Funktion und Rolle des/der MediatorIn.
Professionalisierungsbedürftige Vermittlungspraxis oder Sozialtechnologie?
Authors: Münte Peter
Published: August 2016

Mediation gilt als ein innovatives Verfahren zur einvernehmlichen Beilegung von Konflikten. Die im Beitrag angestellten Überlegungen zur Struktur des mediatorischen Berufshandelns gehen von einem Befund aus, der bei der Analyse von Dokumenten der Berufswirklichkeit der Mediation gewonnen wurde, dass nämlich die Position des vermittelnden Dritten im institutionalisierten Selbstverständnis der Mediation unausgefüllt bleibt und dies weitreichende Konsequenzen für die Berufspraxis von Mediatoren besitzt. Maiwald erklärt diesen Befund mit dem expertokratiekritischen Zeitgeist, der in die Institutionalisierung der Mediation eingegangen ist. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird eine alternative Erklärung vorgeschlagen, die, hierin an Überlegungen Bröcklings zur Mediation anschließend, das Wissen der Mediation in das Zentrum der Analyse rückt. Es soll herausgearbeitet werden, inwiefern diese Wissensbasis der Institutionalisierung einer genuinen Vermittlungspraxis entgegensteht. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die These entwickelt, dass die Mediation in ein Feld von Tätigkeiten einzuordnen ist, die für die Moderne der Gegenwart charakteristisch sind. Diese Tätigkeiten sind zum einen in Ordnungsdiskurse eingelagert, in denen Emanzipationsforderungen eine wichtige Rolle spielen und in denen die Gesellschaft als reformbedürftig beschrieben wird. Zum anderen wird in diesen Tätigkeiten für die Durchführung der als erforderlich betrachteten Reformen sozialtechnologisches Wissen mobilisiert und angewendet.
Ursula Streckert: Der Briefwechsel Ferdinand Christian Baurs mit Ludwig Friedrich Heyd – die Introspektion. Teil 1
Authors: Streckert Ursula
Published: August 2016

Nineteen newly-transliterated letters between Ferdinand Christian Baur and his friend Ludwig Friedrich Heyd are presented. Seventeen of them were written by Baur, and two by Heyd in the period between 10
th
February 1836 and 16
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January 1842. A further sixteen earlier letters were already published by Carl Egbert Hester in 1993. The correspondence between the two close friends cover a broad range of subjects, predominantly historical, as well as family, scientific, political themes and particularly university politics. The key personal topic is the death of Baur’s wife in 1839 and the consequences of this for their children. The scientific themes concern firstly Baur’s efforts to assist Heyd in his research into the history of Württemberg, and to promote these works to publishers. Secondly, the letters document the reaction of the two to David Friedrich Strauß’s work “Das Leben Jesu”, and how their views changed during this correspondence. The central political themes of the letters relate primarily to appointments within Tübingen University, and in particular to previously unknown attacks on Baur’s own position there. Further discussions concern two politically arranged festivals; the Buchhändlerfest of 1840, and the 25
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coronation anniversary of King Wilhelm I. of Württemberg in 1841, at which Baur gave a courageous speech on the political situation in Württemberg. Of particular interest in the letters previously transliterated by Hester are two topics, firstly the “Polish Petition” regarding the political situation in Poland in the 1830s, and secondly regarding the constitution of Tübingen University. To better understand the significance of these private letters and their openness, a short biography of Heyd is included.
BIOIMPEDANSO REIKŠMĖ HEMODIALIZUOJAMŲ PACIENTŲ MITYBOS BŪKLEI NUSTATYTI
Authors: Ginčaitė Alvita , Vicka Vaidas , Rimševičius Laurynas , Kopūstaitė Inga , Miglinas Marius , Laučytė-Cibulskienė Agnė
Published: August 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: hemodializė, mitybos nepakankamumas, bioimpedanso analizė. Tikslas. Nustatyti mitybos nepakankamumo dažnį tarp hemodializuojamų pacientų ir palyginti tarpusavyje naudojamus metodus mitybos būklei nustatyti. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Mokslinis tyrimas atliktas Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikos Nefrologijos centro Dializių skyriuje. Pacientai tirti siekiant įvertinti mitybos būklę – duomenys rinkti po hemodializės procedūros. Vertinant būklę naudota „Subjective Global Assessment“ (SGA) anketa, antropometriniai tyrimo metodai (kūno masės indeksas, odos raukšlės storio matavimai), bioelektrinio impedanso analizė (liesosios, beriebalinės, raumenų masės ir fazės kampo nustatymas), biocheminiai tyrimai (albumino koncentracijos nustatymas). Pagal minėtus rodiklius pacientai suskirstyti į dvi grupes: nepakankamos ir normalios mitybos būklės. Grupės suskirstytos atsižvelgiant į „European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition“ (ESPEN) rekomenduojamas mitybos nepakankamumą rodančias ribines reikšmes. Rezultatai. Surinkta 38 pacientų duomenys. Iš jų mitybos nepakankamumas nustatytas: pagal kūno masės indeksą – 1 (2,7 proc.), pagal „Subjective Global Assessment“ skalę – 12 (35,1 proc.), pagal kaliperiu nustatytą liesosios masės indeksą – 4 (13,3 proc.), pagal albumino koncentraciją – 2 (6,3 proc.), pagal bioimpedanso analize nustatytą liesosios masės indeksą – 8 (21,6 proc.), pagal fazės kampo 5 procentilę – 18 (48,6 proc.), o pagal 10 procentilę – 21 (56,8 proc.). Padalinus pacientus į dvi grupes pagal fazės kampo 5 procentilės reikšmes, jos palygintos ir nustatyti skirtumai tarp kitų mitybos nepakankamumo rodiklių vidurkių. Reikšmingi skirtumai rasti: tarp kūno masės indekso 23,64 ± 4,02 vs 28,84 ± 6,6 p = 0,007, tarp liesosios masės indekso nustatyto kaliperiu 17,54 ± 2,8 vs 20,19 ± 3,96 p = 0,047, tarp albumino koncentracijos 36,39 ± 3,46 vs 38,51 ± 1,93 p = 0,044, o tarp liesosios masės indekso, nustatyto bioimpedanso analize, vidurkių stebėtas tendencingas skirtumas 17,08 ± 1,9 vs 18,52 ± 2,46 p = 0,056. Tačiau įvedus šių rodiklių mitybos nepakankamumo diagnostikos ribines reikšmes, skirtumų tarp grupių nebeliko (p > 0,05). Norint nustatyti tiksliausią mitybos nepakankamumą rodantį rodiklį, nusakantį fazės kampo 5 procentilės reikšmę, nubraižytos ROC kreivės ir suskaičiuoti plotai po jomis, tačiau statistiškai reikšmingų skirtumų negauta. Išvados. Mitybos nepakankamumas nustatytas reikšmingai galutinės stadijos inkstų liga sergančių pacientų grupėje ir priklauso nuo pasirinkto mitybos nepakankamumo diagnostikos rodiklio – naudojant fazės kampą, aptinkama du kartus daugiau mitybos nepakankamumo atvejų. Tolesnis mitybos nepakankamumą rodančių įverčių tyrimas ir mitybos nepakankamumą lemiančių rizikos veiksnių nustatymas leistų taikyti tikslesnę mitybos nepakankamumo diagnostiką ir mitybos terapiją.
PAKAITINE INKSTŲ TERAPIJA GYDOMŲ PACIENTŲ MIEGO KOKYBĖS TYRIMAS
Authors: Musteikytė Audrė , Narkevičiūtė Evelina , Rimševičius Laurynas , Miglinas Marius
Published: August 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: dializė, inkstų transplantacija, miego kokybė. Darbo tikslas. Palyginti pakaitine inkstų terapija (hemodialize, peritonine dialize ir po inkstų transplantacijos) gydomų pacientų miego kokybės skirtumus. Darbo metodika. Atlikta anketinė apklausa trijuose dializių centruose ir universitetinės ligoninės konsultacijų poliklinikoje. Miego kokybė vertinta taikant Pitsburgo miego skalės indeksą (PMSI). Skirtumai vertinti lyginant hemodialize gydomų pacientų parametrus su peritonine dialize gydomų pacientų ir pacientų po inksto transplantacijos parametrais. Vertintas pacientų amžius, lytis, dializės trukmė, kraujo rodikliai, miego kokybės rodikliai. Duomenų analizei naudota SPSS 17.0 programa. Rezultatai. Apklausta 70 pacientų: 47 – hemodializuojami, 14 – transplantuotų, 9 – kuriems atliekama peritoninė dializė. Miego sutrikimai nustatyti 44 (63 proc.) pacientams. Iš blogai miegančių (PMSI >5): hemodializuojami – 28 (60 proc.), peritoninę dializę atliekantys – 8 (89 proc.), transplantuoti – 8 (57 proc.) pacientai. Lyginant hemodializuojamų ir peritoninę dializę atliekančių pacientų miego efektyvumą bei miego kokybę, statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo – nėra (PMSI – 7,66 ± 4,11 ir 9,22 ± 4,17, P – 0,1684; miego efektyvumas proc. atitinkamai – 86,55 proc. ir 76 proc., P – 0,0857). Atitinkamai lyginant hemodializuojamų ir transplantuotų pacientų grupes, statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo nėra vertinant miego kokybės rodiklius (PMSI: 7,66 ± 4,11 ir 6,29 ± 4,07, P – 0,3507; miego efektyvumas proc.: 86,55 proc. ir 87 proc., P – 0,9175. Lyginant gerai miegančius pacientus, su blogai miegančiais pacientais, statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi lytis: moterys blogiau miega nei vyrai ( vyrai – 17 (39 proc.), moterys – 27 (61 proc.); P – 0,0267). Išvados. Miego sutrikimai vargino 63 proc. tiriamųjų. Lyginamosiose grupėse statistiškai patikimo miego kokybės skirtumo nebuvo. Miego sutrikimai labiau būdingi moterims.
HEMODIALIZĖS TUNELINIŲ KATETERIŲ IMPLANTAVIMO METODŲ PALYGINIMAS
Authors: Kripaitytė R. , Matiekutė G. , Tyla Ramūnas , Miglinas Marius
Published: August 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: tunelinis kateteris, hemodializė, lėtinė inkstų liga, uždegiminiai žymenys. Tikslas. Palyginti skirtingus tunelinio kateterio implantavimo į centrinę veną metodus remiantis kateterio funkcionavimo trukme ir kateterio nefunkcionavimo priežastimi. Įvertinti ikiimplantacinių uždegiminių žymenų padidėjimo įtaką tolesniam kateterio funkcionavimui. Metodika. VUL SK Nefrologijos centre atlikta retrospektyvinė hemodializuojamų pacientų ligos istorijų analizė, kuriems 2010–2014 metų taikytos hemodializės naudojant tunelinį kateterį. Išanalizavus 101 ligos istoriją, pacientai suskirstyti į dvi grupes: de novo grupė, kuriems kateteris įvestas naujai, ir pakeisto kateterio grupė, kuriems jau implantuotas kateteris pakeistas nauju tuneliniu kateteriu. Abi grupės palygintos tarpusavyje pagal šiuos kriterijus: amžių, lytį, kateterio funkcionavimo trukmę, uždegiminius žymenis (CRB ir leukocitų skaičius), kateterio disfunkcijos priežastį. Rezultatai. Tyrime dalyvavo 61 (60,4 proc.) moteris ir 40 (39,6 proc.) vyrų, jų amžiaus vidurkis 62,9 ± 15,3 (± SN) metų. Lygintose grupėse amžiaus ir lyties pasiskirstymas panašus. De novo grupėje buvo 42 (41,6 proc.) pacientai, o pakeisto kateterio grupėje – 59 (58,4 proc.). De novo grupėje kateteris funkcionavo ilgiau nei 6 mėn. (sėkmė) – 37 (88,1 proc.), o trumpiau nei 6 mėn. (nesėkmė) – 5 (11,9 proc.). Nefunkcionavimo priežastys: trombozė (1 atvejis), kateterinis sepsis (4 atvejai). Pakeisto kateterio grupėje: sėkmių – 45 (76,3 proc.), nesėkmių – 14 (23,7 proc.). Nefunkcionavimo priežastys: kateterio trombozė (7 atvejai), kateterinis sepsis (7 atvejai). Statistiškai patikimo skirtumo tarp sėkmių ir nesėkmių skaičiaus grupėse nebuvo rasta. De novo grupėje vidutinis kateterio funkcionavimo laikas – 230 dienų, pakeisto kateterio grupėje – 202 dienos. De novo grupėje vidutinė leukocitų skaičiaus reikšmė – 7,33 (×109/l) ± 2,73, o CRB minimali reikšmė – 0,4 mg/l, maksimali reikšmė – 133 mg/l. Pakeisto kateterio grupėje vidutinė leukocitų reikšmė – 7,85 (×109/l) ± 2,90, CRB minimali reikšmė – 0,9 mg/l, maksimali reikšmė – 103 mg/l. Abiejose grupėse statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo tarp uždegiminių žymenų, tirtų prieš operaciją, ir sėkmių bei nesėkmių skaičiaus nerasta. Išvados. Implantuoto kateterio pakeitimas nauju ilgalaikiu yra saugus metodas lyginant su de novo implantavimu, kadangi nepastebėtas didesnis komplikacijų skaičius ar trumpesnis kateterio funkcionavimo laikas. Ikiimplantacinių uždegiminių žymenų padidėjimas kateterio funkcionavimo trukmei įtakos neturėjo.
SLAUGOS POREIKIAI IR TĖVŲ ŽINIOS APIE JŲ VAIKŲ ATOPINĮ DERMATITĄ: ANKETINĖS APKLAUSOS IR VIZUALINĖS ANALOGINĖS SKALĖS VERTINIMO DUOMENYS
Authors: Ėmužytė Regina , Biaigo Ilona , Firantienė Regina , Mikaliūkštienė Aldona , Kinčinienė Odeta , Kalibatienė Danutė
Published: August 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: tėvai, žinios, vaikai, atopinis dermatitas, anketinė apklausa, vizualinė analoginė skalė, vertinimas. Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti atopiniu dermatitu sergančių vaikų slaugos poreikius ir jų tėvų žinias apie ligą. Darbo uždaviniai. 1. Įvertinti tėvų žinias apie atopinį dermatitą. 2. Įvertinti tėvų nuomonę apie jų vaikų atopinį dermatitą sukėlusias priežastis. 3. Įvertinti sergančių atopiniu dermatitu vaikų slaugos poreikius pagal jų tėvų apklausos duomenis. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Tyrimo tikslui ir uždaviniams pasiekti buvo naudojamas anketinės apklausos metodas. Apklausa buvo vykdoma internetiniame forume www.tevu-darzelis.lt ir http://www.supermama.lt. Iš viso tyrime dalyvavo 154 tėvai, auginantys atopiniu dermatitu sergančius vaikus. Respondentų apklausa vykdyta 2014 m. gruodžio – 2015 m. balandžio mėn. Tyrimui atlikti buvo panaudota mūsų parengta 31 klausimo anketa, siekiant įvertinti bendrus tiriamųjų duomenis, tėvų žinias apie ligą ir nuomonę apie ją sukėlusias priežastis bei įvertinti slaugos poreikius pagal tėvų apklausos duomenis. Pirmą kartą atopinio dermatito kontrolei įvertinti buvo panaudota vizualinė analoginė skalė (VAS). Duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant statistinės analizės „SPSS Windows 16.0“ ir Excel 2007 programas. Rezultatai. Tyrimas parodė, kad dauguma – 70,1 proc. – tėvų pakankamai žino apie atopinį dermatitą, tačiau trečdalis – nepakankamai. Pagrindinis informacijos šaltinis apie vaikų atopinį dermatitą buvo šeimos gydytojas arba pediatras – 91,6 proc. ir gydytojas alergologas – 89 proc., tačiau tik 6,5 proc. tėvų sužinojo apie ligą iš bendrosios praktikos slaugytojų. Dauguma – 87,7 proc. – tėvų mano, kad atopinio dermatito išsivystymo priežastys yra maistas ir odos dirgikliai, paveldėjimas – 85,1 proc. ir odos pokyčiai – 80,5 proc. Du trečdaliai respondentų teigė, kad atopinį dermatitą sukelia susilpnėjęs imunitetas – 76,6 proc., metų laikas – 75,3 proc., emocinė įtampa arba stresas – 70,8 proc. Dauguma vaikų turėjo odos – 97,4 proc. – ir mitybos – 83,8 proc. – problemų. Dažniausiai atopiniu dermatitu sergančius vaikus vargino odos sausumas – 89 proc. ir niežėjimas – 74,7 proc., alergija tam tikriems maisto produktams – 78,6 proc. Išvados. Esant blogesniems sveikatos rodikliams (sunkesnė ligos eiga, daugiau sveikatos problemų, blogesnė ligos kontrolė pagal vizualinę analoginę skalę – VAS) buvo nustatyti reikšmingai didesni (p < 0,05) slaugos poreikiai, palyginti su atopiniu dermatitu sergančiais vaikais, kuriems buvo lengvesnė ligos eiga, mažiau sveikatos problemų ir kurių ligos kontrolė pagal VAS buvo geresnė.
FEOCHROMOCITOMA – KATECHOLAMINUS PRODUKUOJANTIS NAVIKAS: KLINIKINIS ATVEJIS
Authors: Aleknaitė Inga
Published: August 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: feochromocitoma, katecholaminus produkuojantis navikas, hipertenzinė krizė. Feochromocitoma yra retas, chromafininių ląstelių kilmės, katecholaminus produkuojantis navikas. Literatūros duomenimis, šių navikų paplitimas bendroje populiacijoje yra 0,3 proc., o tarp sergančių arterine hipertenzija feochromocitoma diagnozuojama 1–5 pacietams tūkstančiui atvejų. Didžioji dalis tumorų randami antinksčių šerdinėje dalyje, o apie 10–20 proc. – kitose lokalizacijoje, daugiausia krūtinės, pilvo ir dubens organų simpatinės nervų sistemos ganglijų išsidėstymo srityse. Apie 17 proc. feochromocitomų yra piktybinės, daugiausia tos, kurios randamos ne antinkstyje, likusios yra gerybinės. Šie tumorai gali būti susiję su dauginėmis endokrininėmis neoplazijomis (angl. multiple endocrine neoplasia MEN2A ir MEN 2B), pirmo tipo neurofibromatoze, von Hippel–Lindau liga, šeiminėmis paragangliomomis. Daugiausia feochromocitomų diagnozuojama ketvirtame– penktame gyvenimo dešimtmetyje, moterims ir vyrams vienodai dažnai. Daugeliu atvejų šio neuroendokrininio turomo kilmė yra neaiški, išskyrus su genetinėmis ligomis susijusius ir paveldėtus atvejus. Klasikinė simptomų triada (galvos skausmas, tachikardija, prakaitavimas) dažniausiai nustatoma kartu su arterine hipertenzija, kuri pusei sergančiųjų būna epizodinė. Retesni atvejai, kai feochromocitoma pasireiškia ortostatine hipotenzija, regėjimo sutrikimais, hiperglikemija, leukocitoze, pavieniais atvejais būdinga kardiomiopatija, kuri išsivysto dėl katecholaminų pertekliaus, panašiai kaip esant streso sukeltai (Takotsubo) kardiomiopatijai, taip pat gali pasireikšti plaučių edema. Feochromocitoma paprastai diagnozuojama nustatant katecholaminų kiekį paros šlapime arba metanefrinų kiekį kraujo plazmoje. Pirmo pasirinkimo gydymas – operacinis, kai pašalinus naviką normotenzija pasiekiama iki 75 proc. pacientų. Negydant feochromocitomos, didėja mirtingumo rizika. Literatūroje aprašomi pavieniai feochromocitomų atvejai, susiję su staigia mirtimi. Dažniausiai mirties priežastis yra sunki epizodinė hipertenzija, hipertenzinė krizė, ūmūs cerebrovaskuliniai įvykiai, tumoro plyšimas ir kraujavimas, ūmus kairiojo skilvelio nepakankamumas, kardiogeninis šokas ir ūmus širdies nepakankamumas. Šiame straipsnyje aptarsime jaunos moters netipinį feochromocitomos pasireiškimo klinikinį atvejį bei literatūros duomenis šia tema.
Canagliflozin Slows Progression of Renal Function Decline Independently of Glycemic Effects
Authors: Heerspink Hiddo J. L. , Desai Mehul , Jardine Meg , Balis Dainius , Meininger Gary , Perkovic Vlado
Published: August 2016

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition with canagliflozin decreases HbA1c, body weight, BP, and albuminuria, implying that canagliflozin confers renoprotection. We determined whether canagliflozin decreases albuminuria and reduces renal function decline independently of its glycemic effects in a secondary analysis of a clinical trial in 1450 patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin and randomly assigned to either once-daily canagliflozin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg, or glimepiride uptitrated to 6–8 mg. End points were annual change in eGFR and albuminuria over 2 years of follow-up. Glimepiride, canagliflozin 100 mg, and canagliflozin 300 mg groups had eGFR declines of 3.3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.8 to 3.8), 0.5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (95% CI, 0.0 to 1.0), and 0.9 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.4), respectively (P<0.01 for each canagliflozin group versus glimepiride). In the subgroup of patients with baseline urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio decreased more with canagliflozin 100 mg (31.7%; 95% CI, 8.6% to 48.9%; P=0.01) or canagliflozin 300 mg (49.3%; 95% CI, 31.9% to 62.2%; P<0.001) than with glimepiride. Patients receiving glimepiride, canagliflozin 100 mg, or canagliflozin 300 mg had reductions in HbA1c of 0.81%, 0.82%, and 0.93%, respectively, at 1 year and 0.55%, 0.65%, and 0.74%, respectively, at 2 years. In conclusion, canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg/d, compared with glimepiride, slowed the progression of renal disease over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes, and canagliflozin may confer renoprotective effects independently of its glycemic effects.
Consumo alimentar e avaliação nutricional: caracterização de escolares no município de Maringá - Paraná
Authors: Cadamuro Suelen Dayane Pereira , Oliveira Daniel Vicentini de , Bennemann Rose Mari , Silva Eraldo Schunk , Gonçalves José Eduardo
Published: August 2016

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional dos escolares com relação ao consumo alimentar. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 82 crianças de 5 a 7 anos, matriculadas em quatro escolas municipais de Maringá, estado do Paraná. Para a avaliação nutricional foi aferida a estatura e o peso atual dos escolares. Utilizou-se o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e os escolares foram classificados conforme o IMC e por idade em escore-z do sistema de vigilância alimentar e nutricional. Foi aplicado aos pais o questionário de consumo alimentar do sistema de vigilância alimentar nutricional. Resultados: a proporção de crianças do sexo feminino foi de 48,78% e 51,21% do sexo masculino. A maioria encontrava-se com o IMC adequado (78.04%); 21,95% dos escolares estavam acima do peso. A frequência do consumo alimentar demonstrou que 74,37% consumiam alimentos saudáveis mais de três vezes na semana e para os alimentos não saudáveis, 58,53% das crianças consumem até três vezes na semana. Considerações finais: conclui-se que a maior parte das crianças avaliadas da rede municipal de ensino possuem IMC adequado e consomem alimentos saudáveis na maioria dos dias da semana, o que pode ser fator protetor para obesidade nesta população. Porém, há um percentual considerável acima do peso, o que requer cuidados e orientações especiais da escola e órgãos públicos de saúde e educação.
Health-related physical fitness and sociodemographic factors: a study with schoolchildren from Santa Cruz do Sul - RS
Authors: Reuter Cézane Priscila , Doern Rodrigo , Silva Cristiane Fernanda da , Marques Kelin Cristina , Welser Letícia , Silva Rafaela da , De Souza Sonimar , Silva Priscila Tatiana da , Burgos Miria Suzana
Published: August 2016

The present cross-sectional study aims to verify a possible association between health-related physical fitness indicators and sociodemographic factors in schoolchildren of Santa Cruz do Sul - RS. The subjects investigated were 1,254 schoolchildren (686 females) aged between 7 and 17 years from rural and urban schools. Evaluation of children’s and adolescents’ physical fitness and health was performed by the following tests (recommended by Sport Brazil Project): abdominal resistance, flexibility, body mass index (BMI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The results show, with respect to flexibility, that being within a health risk zone is more prevalent among male students (PR: 1.15; p
Efecto del tratamiento de escaldado sobre la actividad enzimática de la polifenoloxidasa en dos variedades de batata (Ipomoea batatas Lam.)
Authors: Arrazola-Paternina Guillermo , Alvis-Bermúdez Armando , García-Mogollon Carlos
Published: August 2016

Se estudió el efecto del tiempo y temperatura de escaldado sobre la actividad enzimática de la polifenoloxidasa en dos variedades de batata (blanca y colorada), con el objetivo de obtener y evaluar el comportamiento de esta enzima, las muestras fueron sometidas a temperaturas de escaldado (75, 80 y 85ºC) y tiempos de 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 y 180 segundos, en agua destilada con contenido de 0,5% ácido cítrico y 1% ácido ascórbico, regulando pH y control de oxidación. En la evaluación del efecto-temperatura, (extracto) la actividad de la enzima polifenoloxidasa inicialmente en variedad colorada era de 0,263 ΔUAbs min-1 mg-1 de proteína(variación de unidades de absorbancia por minuto por gramos de proteína), la cual disminuyó a valores de 0,0347 ΔUAbs min-1 mg-1 de proteína a la temperatura de 85ºC y 180 s. Mientras la variedad blanca 0,128 ΔUAbs min-1 mg-1 de proteína que disminuyó a valores de 0,0177 ΔUAbs min-1 mg-1 de proteína a la misma temperatura y tiempo. Se concluye que la actividad de la enzima polifenoloxidasa  se redujo en un 86,8 % para la variedad colorada y 86,17 % en la variedad blanca, mediante la acción del escaldado.
Influência da cobertura morta em mini melancia ‘Sugar baby’ no início da frutificação
Authors: Amaral Uirá do , Santos Valdineia Maria dos , Oliveira André Dorneles , Carvalho Silvio Luís , Silva Isabella Borges
Published: August 2016

Objetivou-se com estetrabalho avaliar a influência de diferentes tipos de cobertura morta no cultivo de mini melancia „Sugar baby‟ no início da frutificação. Oexperimento foi conduzidono campus da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas de Goiatuba-GO, de fevereiro a abril de 2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi deblocos casualizadoscom quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, com seis plantas úteis por parcela. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha (sem cobertura morta); casca de arroz; serragem e resíduo de silagem de milho. As plantas foram avaliadas aos 44 dias após o plantio, na fase reprodutiva, no entanto, os frutos ainda não estavam maduros e a ocorrência deplantas espontâneasfoi realizada quinzenalmente, sendo identificadas todas as plantas daninhas presentes na parcela. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: número de frutos; peso de frutos(g); massa fresca de raízes (g); massa fresca da parte aérea (g); massa seca de raízes (g); massa seca da parte aérea (g) e a ocorrência de espécies de plantas daninhas em cada tratamento utilizado. A cobertura morta a base de resíduo de silagem foi superior aos demais tratamentos, exceto para variável número de frutos por planta. A ocorrência de plantas espontâneas foi menor quando utilizou-se os tratamentos serragem e resíduo de silagem.
Phosphate Speciation under Organic‐Acid‐Promoted Dissolution of Phosphorus‐Sorbed Ferrihydrite–Boehmite Mixtures: Implications For Soil Phosphorus
Authors: Adam Nadia
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas

Phosphate speciation determines its bioavailability in soils.

Phosphate molecular speciation changes occur upon organic‐acid‐promoted dissolution.

Results imply that phosphate in acid soils preferentially associated with Fe(III) oxides.

Organic‐acid‐promoted dissolution of phosphate is a primary mechanism for enhancing the bioavailability of sorbed, inorganic soil phosphate. Bioavailability of P is, however, dependent on its speciation. Hence, the main objective of this study was to characterize changes in phosphate speciation as a function of pH levels (4–8) during citrate‐promoted dissolution of phosphate adsorbed on ferrihydrite–boehmite mixtures using two different sizes of ferrihydrite. A combination of batch dissolution kinetics and P K‐X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used. Trends in shifts of white‐line peak energy and full width at half maximum height of P K‐XANES spectra indicated that the phosphate bonding configuration on ferrihydrite–boehmite as single minerals and mineral mixtures was predominantly binuclear–bidentate complexes at pH levels of 4, 6, and 8. When citrate was added to the ferrihydrite–boehmite mixtures with bound phosphate (pH 4 and 6), phosphate was preferentially released from boehmite, resorbed onto ferrihydrite, and precipitated to form noncrystalline FePO4 minerals. A reverse trend was observed at alkaline pH. These results suggest the potential for excessive P release in P‐enriched acidic soils during a redox event due to preferential association of P to Fe(III) phases.
Indian Act Sex Discrimination: Enough Inquiry Already, Just Fix It
Authors: Brodsky Gwen
Published: August 2016

This article links ongoing historical sex discrimination in the Indian Act to the high levels of violence against Indigenous women. The status provisions have been recognized as an underlying cause contributing to the existing vulnerabilities that make Indigenous women more susceptible to violence. Addressing violence against Indigenous women will be impossible unless and until the underlying discrimination is also comprehensively addressed. The author further contends that fixing the Indian Act does not require waiting for an inquiry. Successive federal governments have been well aware of the ongoing sex discrimination under the Act and its implications for Canada's human rights record. The article concludes by calling for the immediate amendment of the status provisions in the Indian Act once and for all.
The National Inquiry on Murders and Disappearances of Indigenous Women and Girls
Authors:   Feminist Alliance for International Action,   Native Women's Association of Canada
Published: August 2016

Consolidated Recommendations

On 30–31 January 2016, the Native Women's Association of Canada, the Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action, and the Canadian Journal of Women and the Law convened a symposium in Ottawa to engage in dialogue about the upcoming national inquiry on the murders and disappearances of Indigenous women and girls. Forty Indigenous women leaders, family members of murdered and disappeared women, academics, and allies were joined by six human rights experts from the United Nations and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. This document is distilled from presentations and dialogue at the symposium.

This is a consensus document. The group was largely in agreement with the principles put forward. A few women did not agree fully with all aspects of these recommendations. We have attempted to capture their concerns in this document. This document does not purport to deal exhaustively with all aspects of the inquiry. Other areas of consideration include how to incorporate the voices and experiences of young, elderly, disabled, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, transgendered, intersexual, queer, questioning, 2-spirited Indigenous women into the inquiry.

The aim of this report is to provide those who are developing the mandate for the inquiry with clear direction that is rooted in the face-to-face deliberations of Indigenous women from across Canada and their allies. It is organized by theme, outlining the concerns and issues raised by participants, with each theme concluding in a concrete recommendation. The recommendations are consolidated at the end of the document for ease of reference. We sincerely hope that the policy makers who are developing the inquiry's mandate will take these recommendations, and their human rights lens, into account in meaningful ways.
Assessment of Multiple Cardiac Biomarkers in Acute STEMI Patients without Clinical Manifestation of Heart Failure in NICVD
Authors: Subhan Syeda Shahina , Mithu Nasir Uddin , Rahman Md Rezwanur , Nahar Sharifun , Abdullah Muhsina , Parvin Dilshad , Dutta Bijoy
Published: August 2016

Background: In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) elevation is indicative of myocardial damage. After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), level of Pro-BNP rises rapidly during the first 24 hours and tends to stabilize thereafter.Objective: The present study tried to explore the pattern of multiple cardiac biomarkers (cTnI, CK-MB, Pro-BNP, SGOT and LDH) in newly diagnosed acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients without clinical symptoms of heart failure.Materials and method: This was a prospective study. Total 82 acute STEMI patients were recruited purposively from National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh, within 24 hours of symptoms having normal serum creatinine level. cTnI and pro-BNP elevation were defined >1mg/mL and >125 pg/mL respectively. The study population was sub grouped according to age: group A (<40 years), group B (40-50 years), group C (>51-60 years) and group D (>60 years).Results: The mean±SD age of patients was 53.3±11.6 years and 42.70% population belonged to relatively younger age group (group B). Smoking was found on the top of the list (73.20%) as a risk factor. There was no difference among the groups regarding atherosclerotic marker and no other cardiac markers except pro-BNP. Only Pro-BNP (pg/mL) showed gradual and progressive increment with increasing age. No significant difference was observed between CRP positive and negative groups in different age groups (cut off value <6mg/dL). Group B (40-50 years) seems to be the most vulnerable as the anterior and the extensive anterior myocardial infarctions (worst prognosis) were highest in this group.Conclusion: Worst prognosis is associated with increased age and raised pro-BNP level.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2016 4(2): 55-60
Comparative Gastro-Protective Effects of Nigella sativa (Kalojira) and Omeprazole against Aspirin Induced Gastric Ulcer in Albino Rats
Authors: Sultana Nashid , Khan Md Ismail , Ahmed Nasim , Akhter Md Shakil , Momtaz Azmary
Published: August 2016

Background: Nigella sativa seeds have been in use as a natural remedy for over thousands of years in various parts of the world. These seeds are reported to have beneficial effects almost on every system of the body.Objective: To evaluate the gastro-protective effect of Nigella sativa on aspirin induced gastric ulcer with comparison to omeprazole.Materials and method: This experimental study was carried out in the department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh in collaboration with the department of Pathology, Delta Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total number of 30 healthy albino rats were used in this study. The experiment was divided into 2 parts: Experiment-1 and Experiment-2. Experiment-1 comprised of 12 rats: Group-A and Group-B having 6 rats in each group. Ulcer was produced by administration of aqueous suspension of aspirin (200 mg/kg body wt) in Group-B where Group-A served as control and was provided with normal saline (2 ml/kg body wt). All the rats were sacrificed after 4 hrs to confirm gastric ulcer by histopathology. Experiment-2 comprised of 18 rats: Group-C, Group-D and Group-E having 6 rats in each group. Group-C served as disease control group and provided with normal saline (2 ml/kg body wt). Group-D was provided with alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (150 mg/kg body wt) and Group-E was provided with omeprazole suspension (20 mg/kg body wt). After 8 days of treatment, animals were fasted for 24 hrs. Then aqueous suspension of aspirin (200 mg/kg body wt) was administered and after 4 hrs all rats were sacrificed. Gross and microscopic examinations were performed to evaluate the results.Results: Aspirin caused marked gastric damage in negative control group which was prevented in omeprazole suspension and Nigella sativa extract treated groups significantly. The protective effect was maximum with omeprazole followed by alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa.Conclusion: Alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa showed significant protection against aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rats as compared to omeprazole.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2016 4(2): 61-66
Diabetes in Pregnancy: Maternal Profile and Neonatal Outcome
Authors: Sultana Nahid , Shermin Shahana , Naher Nurun , Ferdous Fatheha , Farjana Shayla
Published: August 2016

Background: Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with increased risk to the woman and to the developing fetus. Historically, infants born to mother with diabetes (IDM) have significantly greater risk for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality and morbidity.Objective: To evaluate the complications associated with diabetes in pregnancy in the periconceptional, fetal, neonatal and postnatal period.Materials and method: This observational study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2013 to December 2013. Data of 100 patients with pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) delivering live baby after 37 completed weeks were evaluated during the period. They were divided into two groups: patients with PGDM in group-A and patients with GDM in group-B.Results: Majority of the PGDM patients were in 31-35 years age group whereas 50% of the GDM patients were from younger group (26-30). A major proportion of the patients of both the groups required Caesarean section with a higher rate in group-A. Diabetic mothers had more macrosomic babies than GDM mothers (14% vs 4%). Most commonly found neonatal complications were hyperbilirubinaemia followed by RDS and hypoglycaemia in both the groups with a higher proportion in PGDM group.Conclusion: Almost similar maternal and neonatal complications were observed in both PGDM and GDM group in our study despite of integrated antenatal, intranatal and perinatal care with a higher proportion in PGDM patients.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2016 4(2): 83-88
Efficacy of neem leaf, nishyinda leaf and turmeric rhizome supplementation on the growth performance of broiler chicken
Authors: Sultana Nahid Nawrin , Mou Soheli Jahan , Mostofa Mahbub , Rahman Md Abdur
Published: August 2016

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf, Nishyinda (Vitex nogundo) leaf and Turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) powdered supplementation in drinking water as a growth promoter in broiler chickens. A total of 40 day-old Cobb 40 broiler chicks were purchased from local hatchery (Nourish Poultry & Hatchery Ltd.) and after seven days of acclimatization chicks were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. The group A was kept as a control and not treated. The group B was supplemented with Neem, Nishyinda leaves and Turmeric dried powder with feed and water. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight gain up to 5th weeks and hematological tests were performed at 7th and 35th days age of broiler to search for hematological change between control (A) and treatment (B) groups. The initial body weight of groups A and B on 7th day of this experiment were 130±4.35 gm, respectively and after 35th day of experiment final body weight were 150±47.35 gm and 1600±58.56 gm, respectively; the net body weight gain were 1320±43.79 gm and 1470±54.25 gm, respectively and economics of production were analyzed and found that net profit per broiler was Tk. 17.24 and Tk. 30.00, respectively. The treatment group B was recorded statistically significant (at 1% level) increase for live body weight than that of control group A. The hematological difference, while Hb. estimation does not show significant difference from control group. The results suggest that better growth performance could be achieved in broilers supplemented with Neem, Nishyinda leaves and Turmeric rhizome extract.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(2): 331-338, August 2016
The Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites in Dongguan, China
Authors: Liu Chao , Lu Liwen , Huang Ting , Huang Yalin , Ding Lei , Zhao Weituo
Published: August 2016

Exponential industrialization and rapid urbanization have resulted in contamination of soil by metals from anthropogenic sources in Dongguan, China. The aims of this research were to determine the concentration and distribution of various metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) in soils and identify their potential health risks for local residents. A total of 106 soil samples were collected from the vicinity of industrial sites in Dongguan. Two types of samples were collected from each site: topsoil (0–20 cm, TS) and shallow soil (20–50 cm, SS). Results showed that the soils were contaminated by metals and pollution was mainly focused on TS. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and pollution indexes (PI) implied that there was a slight increase in the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb, but the metal pollution caused by industrial activities was less severe, and elements of As and Cr exhibited non-pollution level. The risk assessment results suggested that there was a potential health risk associated with As and Cr exposure for residents because the carcinogenic risks of As and Cr via corresponding exposure pathways exceeded the safety limit of 10−6 (the acceptable level of carcinogenic risk for humans). Furthermore, oral ingestion and inhalation of soil particles are the main exposure pathways for As and Cr to enter the human body. This study may provide basic information of metal pollution control and human health protection in the vicinity of industrial regions.
Accumulation and Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cells and Experimental Animals
Authors: Jarockyte Greta , Daugelaite Egle , Stasys Marius , Statkute Urte , Poderys Vilius , Tseng Ting-Chen , Hsu Shan-Hui , Karabanovas Vitalijus , Rotomskis Ricardas
Published: August 2016

The uptake and distribution of negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (SPIONs) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH3T3, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal influenced by SPIONs injected into experimental animals, were visualized and investigated. Cellular uptake and distribution of the SPIONs in NIH3T3 after staining with Prussian Blue were investigated by a bright-field microscope equipped with digital color camera. SPIONs were localized in vesicles, mostly placed near the nucleus. Toxicity of SPION nanoparticles tested with cell viability assay (XTT) was estimated. The viability of NIH3T3 cells remains approximately 95% within 3–24 h of incubation, and only a slight decrease of viability was observed after 48 h of incubation. MRI studies on Wistar rats using a clinical 1.5 T MRI scanner were showing that SPIONs give a negative contrast in the MRI. The dynamic MRI measurements of the SPION clearance from the injection site shows that SPIONs slowly disappear from injection sites and only a low concentration of nanoparticles was completely eliminated within three weeks. No functionalized SPIONs accumulate in cells by endocytic mechanism, none accumulate in the nucleus, and none are toxic at a desirable concentration. Therefore, they could be used as a dual imaging agent: as contrast agents for MRI and for traditional optical biopsy by using Prussian Blue staining.