bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indinavir and nelfinavir inhibit proximal insulin receptor signaling and salicylate abrogates inhibition: Potential role of the NFkappa B pathway
Authors: Ismail Wan Iryani W. , King Judy A. , Anwar Khawar , Pillay Tahir S.
Published: February 2013

The molecular basis of insulin resistance induced by HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs) remains unclear. In this study, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with high levels of human insulin receptor (CHO‐IR) and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were used to elucidate the mechanism of this side effect. Indinavir and nelfinavir induced a significant decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β‐subunit. Indinavir caused a significant increase in the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) on serine 307 (S307) in both CHO‐IR cells and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Nelfinavir also inhibited phosphorylation of Map/ERK kinase without affecting insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Concomitantly, levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), suppressor of cytokines signaling‐1 and ‐3 (SOCS‐1 and ‐3), Src homology 2B (SH2B) and adapter protein with a pleckstrin homology domain and an SH2 domain (APS) were not altered significantly. When CHO‐IR cells were pre‐treated with sodium salicylate (NaSal), the effects of indinavir on tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR β‐subunit and phosphorylation of IRS‐1 at S307 were abrogated. These data suggest a potential role for the NFκB pathway in insulin resistance induced by HPIs. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1729–1737, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probiotic use decreases intestinal inflammation and increases bone density in healthy male but not female mice
Authors: McCabe Laura R. , Irwin Regina , Schaefer Laura , Britton Robert A.
Published: February 2013

Osteoporosis can result from intestinal inflammation, as is seen with inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics, microorganisms that provide a health benefit to the host when ingested in adequate amounts, can have anti‐inflammatory properties and are currently being examined to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we examined if treating healthy male mice with Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 (a candidate probiotic with anti‐TNFα activity) could affect intestinal TNFα levels and enhance bone density. Adult male mice were given L. reuteri 6475 orally by gavage for 3×/week for 4 weeks. Examination of jejunal and ileal RNA profiles indicates that L. reuteri suppressed basal TNFα mRNA levels in the jejunum and ileum in male mice, but surprisingly not in female mice. Next, we examined bone responses. Micro‐computed tomography demonstrated that L. reuteri 6475 treatment increased male trabecular bone parameters (mineral density, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness) in the distal femur metaphyseal region as well as in the lumbar vertebrae. Cortical bone parameters were unaffected. Dynamic and static histomorphometry and serum remodeling parameters indicate that L. reuteri ingestion increases osteoblast serum markers and dynamic measures of bone formation in male mice. In contrast to male mice, L. reuteri had no effect on bone parameters in female mice. Taken together our studies indicate that femoral and vertebral bone formation increases in response to oral probiotic use, leading to increased trabecular bone volume in male mice. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1793–1798, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response of breeding duck pairs to predator reduction in North Dakota
Authors: Pieron Matthew R. , Rohwer Frank C. , Chamberlain Michael J. , Kaller Michael D. , Lancaster Joseph
Published: February 2013

Predator management regularly improves waterfowl nesting success, often beyond levels believed necessary for population maintenance. If recruitment, survival of breeding females, and/or breeding site fidelity is increased on predator‐reduced sites, then local breeding populations may increase in subsequent years. During 2005–2008, we annually conducted breeding pair surveys on >600 wetlands at 6 township‐sized (93.2 km2) trapped sites and 4 non‐trapped sites for the 5 most common upland nesting ducks in eastern North Dakota, USA. For each species, we developed a series of competing regression models that related breeding pair abundance to wetland size, predator management, and upland habitats adjacent to sampled wetlands. In contrast to previous studies, we found limited and equivocal evidence that breeding populations increased following predator management. We discuss multiple potential explanations for this lack of effect and suggest that managers should not assume that increased production as a product of elevated nest success will be compounded over years. © The Wildlife Society, 2013
Which dyskinesia scale best detects treatment response?
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Chung Kathryn A. , Hauser Robert A. , Miyasaki Janis M. , Nicholas Anthony P. , Poewe Werner , Seppi Klaus , Rascol Olivier , Stacy Mark A. , Nutt John G. , Tanner Caroline M. , Urkowitz Alison , Jaglin Jean A. , Ge Song
Published: February 2013

Numerous scales assess dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease (PD), variably focusing on anatomical distribution, phenomenology, time, severity, and disability. No study has compared these scales and their relative ability to detect change related to an established treatment. We conducted a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of amantadine, assessing dyskinesia at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks using the following scales: Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS), Lang‐Fahn Activities of Daily Living Dyskinesia Rating Scale (LF), 26‐Item Parkinson's Disease Dyskinesia scale (PDD‐26), patient diaries, modified Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS), Rush Dyskinesia Rating Scale (RDRS), dyskinesia items from the Movement Disorder Society–sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS), and Clinical Global Impression (severity and change: CGI‐S, CGI‐C). Scale order was randomized at each visit, but raters were aware of each scale as it was administered. Sensitivity to treatment was assessed using effect size. Sixty‐one randomized dyskinetic PD subjects (31 amantadine, 30 placebo) completed the study. Four of the 8 scales (CGI‐C, LF, PDD‐26, and UDysRS) detected a significant treatment. The UDysRS Total Score showed the highest effect size (η2 = 0.138) for detecting treatment‐related change, with all other scales having effect sizes < 0.1. No scale was resistant to placebo effects. This study resolves 2 major issues useful for future testing of new antidyskinesia treatments: among tested scales, the UDysRS, having both subjective and objective dyskinesia ratings, is superior for detecting treatment effects; and the magnitude of the UDysRS effect size from amantadine sets a clear standard for comparison for new agents. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
3D‐mapping of phosphocreatine concentration in the human calf muscle at 7 T: Comparison to 3 T
Authors: Parasoglou Prodromos , Xia Ding , Chang Gregory , Regatte Ravinder R.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The development and implementation of a spectrally selective 3D‐Turbo Spin Echo sequence for quantitative mapping of phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration in different muscles of the lower leg of healthy volunteers both at 3 T and 7 T.

Methods

Nine healthy volunteers were recruited, all of whom where scanned at 3 T and 7 T. Three dimensional PCr concentration maps were obtained after images were corrected for B1 inhomogeneities, T1 relaxation weighting, and partial volume of fatty tissue in the muscles. Two volunteers performed plantar flexions inside the magnet, and the oxidative capacity of their muscles was estimated.

Results

Three dimensional PCr concentration maps were obtained, with full muscle coverage and nominal voxel size of 0.52 mL at both fields. At 7 T a 2.7‐fold increase of signal‐to‐noise ratio was achieved compared to 3 T.

Conclusion

Imaging 31P metabolites at 7 T allowed for significant increase in signal to noise ratio compared to imaging at 3 T, while quantification of the PCr concentration remained unaffected. The importance of such an increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio is 2‐fold, first higher resolution images with reduced partial volume effects can be acquired, and second multiple measurements such as dynamic imaging of PCr post‐exercise, 31P magnetization transfer, or other 1H measurements, can be acquired in a single imaging session. Magn Reson Med 70:1619–1625, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compressed sensing reconstruction improves sensitivity of variable density spiral fMRI
Authors: Holland D. J. , Liu C. , Song X. , Mazerolle E. L. , Stevens M. T. , Sederman A. J. , Gladden L. F. , D'Arcy R. C. N. , Bowen C. V. , Beyea S. D.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Functional MRI (fMRI) techniques that can provide excellent blood oxygen level dependent contrast, rapid whole brain imaging, and minimal spatial distortion are in demand. This study explored whether fMRI sensitivity can be improved through the use of compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction of variable density spiral fMRI.

Methods

Three different CS‐reconstructed 1‐shot variable density spirals were explored (corresponding to 28%, 35%, and 46% under‐sampling), and compared with conventional 1‐shot and 2‐shot Archimedean spirals acquired using matched echo time and volume repetition time. fMRI maps were reconstructed with or without CS MRI and sensitivity was compared using identically matched voxels.

Results

The results demonstrated that an l1‐norm based CS reconstruction only led to an increase in functional contrast when applied to 28% under‐sampled data. A whole brain t‐contrast map revealed that 2‐shot uniformly sampled spiral and 28% under‐sampled spiral data reconstructed with CS yield equivalent sensitivity, even with matched echo time and volume repetition time

Conclusion

VD spiral exhibits a useful operating range, in the region of 25–30% under‐sampling, for which CS reconstruction can be used to increase the sensitivity of fMRI to brain activity. Using CS, VD acquisitions achieve the same sensitivity as 2‐shot Archimedean acquisitions, but require only a single shot. Magn Reson Med 70:1634–1643, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an inverse analysis framework for extracting dynamic soil behavior and pore pressure response from downhole array measurements
Authors: Groholski David R. , Hashash Youssef M. A.
Published: February 2013

Observations from earthquakes over the past several decades have highlighted the importance of local site conditions on propagated ground motions. Downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile, and also to record the pore pressure response within the soft soil profiles during excitation. The degradation of soil stiffness as excess pore pressures are generated during earthquake events has also been observed. An inverse analysis framework is developed and demonstrated to directly extract soil material behavior including pore water pressure (PWP) generation from downhole array measurements that can then be readily used in 1D nonlinear site response analysis. The self‐learning simulations (SelfSim) inverse analysis framework, previously developed for total stress site response analysis, is extended to extract PWP generation behavior of the soil in addition to cyclic response during ground shaking. A Neural Network based constitutive model is introduced to represent PWP generation during cyclic loading. A new analysis scheme is introduced that can use data from co‐located piezometer and accelerometer sensors. The successful performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated using four synthetic vertical array recordings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When are observed failures more informative than observed survivals?
Authors: Ebrahimi Nader , Soofi Ehsan S. , Soyer Refik
Published: February 2013

A framework involving independent competing risks permits observing failures due to a specific cause and failures due to a competing cause, which constitute survival times from the cause of primary interest. Is observing more failures more informative than observing survivals? Intuitively, due to the definitiveness of failures, the answer seems to be the former. However, it has been shown before that this intuition holds when estimating the mean but not the failure rate of the exponential model with a gamma prior distribution for the failure rate. In this article, we address this question at a more general level. We show that for a certain class of distributions failures can be more informative than survivals for prediction of life length and vice versa for some others. We also show that for a large class of lifetime models, failure is less informative than survival for estimating the proportional hazards parameter with gamma, Jeffreys, and uniform priors. We further show that, for this class of lifetime models, on average, failure is more informative than survival for parameter estimation and for prediction. These results imply that the inferential purpose and properties of the lifetime distribution are germane for conducting life tests. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
UTRly malignant: mRNA stability and the invasive phenotype in breast cancer
Authors: Le Quesne John
Published: February 2013

Alterations in gene expression are central to the malignant phenotype. In this issue, Al‐Ahmadi et al elegantly demonstrate that one key mechanism that determines invasiness in breast cancer is likely to be dysregulation of mRNA stability. This is achieved by altered expression of the proteins TTP and HuR, which bind 3′ untranslated region (UTR) elements in cancer‐related genes. The authors link this to the expression of a miRNA, miR‐29a, and show that anti‐miR‐29a treatment can reverse the invasive phenotype in vitro. This further highlights the important roles of mRNA UTRs in malignant transformation, and the importance of investigating post‐transcriptional disease mechanisms. Such mechanisms have the potential to provide novel therapeutic targets, as well as being vital to further our understanding of cancer biology. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate–Associated Macroglossia in a Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Igneri Lauren A. , Czosnowski Quinn A. , Whitman Craig B.
Published: February 2013

Allergic hypersensitivity reactions are a rare adverse effect of corticosteroids. Previous reports have identified patients who developed symptoms of urticaria, dyspnea, hypotension, bronchospasm, and angioedema occurring within minutes to an hour after corticosteroid administration. A 35‐year‐old woman is described who developed an atypical reaction of isolated macroglossia after receiving intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate for myasthenic crisis. Macroglossia was identified on day 2 of therapy and worsened through day 5. On day 5, she was transitioned to prednisone 50 mg daily administered by feeding tube. Tongue swelling improved by day 7 and on day 10, the patient was extubated. The patient required reintubation due to stridor, but received a tracheostomy and was weaned off mechanical ventilation by day 15. The reaction was not confirmed with skin‐prick tests, intradermal tests, or a drug rechallenge; however, she had previously received and tolerated all other drugs administered during this time. Due to the timing of administration and onset of symptoms, we feel this adverse drug reaction was likely due to administration of methylprednisolone. Applying the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale to this case, a score of six was obtained, indicating a probable association between the administration of methylprednisolone and the development of macroglossia. As intravenous corticosteroids are often used in the treatment of allergic reactions, they may be overlooked as a cause of macroglossia and other allergic reactions; therefore, practitioners need to be aware of the possibility of this adverse effect secondary to corticosteroid administration. In the event of methylprednisolone sodium succinate–induced macroglossia, alternative nonesterified corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisone, should be considered if continuation of therapy is required.
Noise characteristics of InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes
Authors: Wörl Andreas , Kleinow Philipp , Rehm Robert , Schmitz Johannes , Walther Martin
Published: February 2013

A sophisticated noise measurement setup employing a switching unit to measure statistically relevant numbers of InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been developed. The noise current resolution limit of 20 fA Hz‐1/2 enables the characterization of focal plane array‐sized InAs/GaSb superlattice homojunction photodiodes for the long‐wavelength infrared at 77 K. To resolve midwavelength infrared photodiodes a junction area of about (400 µm)2 is required. Without switching unit and by using a dedicated low noise amplifier, noise currents down to 2 fA Hz‐1/2 can be achieved, allowing the noise characterization of mid‐wavelength photodiodes with smaller junction areas. With this setup long‐wavelength and mid‐wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes, with generation‐recombination limited dark current behavior, are investigated at 77 K. The measured diode noise follows the theoretically predicted shot noise level within the white noise part of the spectra. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pairwise comparisons with ordered categorical data
Authors: Lin Yueqiong , Cheung Siu Hung , Poon Wai‐Yin , Lu Tong‐Yu
Published: February 2013

Clinical trials frequently involve pairwise comparisons of different treatments to evaluate their relative efficacy. In this study, we examine methods for conducting pairwise tests of treatments with ordered categorical responses. A modified version of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test based on a logistic regression model assuming proportional odds is a popular choice for comparing two treatments. This paper discusses the extension of this test to pairwise comparisons involving more than two treatments. However, when the proportional odds assumption is not valid, the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney‐type test procedure cannot control the overall type I error rate at the prespecified level of significance. We therefore propose a better strategy in which a latent normal model is employed. We presented a simulated comparative study of power and the overall type I error rate to illustrate the superiority of the latent normal model. Examples are also given for illustrative purposes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent changes in U.S. connection design practice
Authors: Carter Charles J. , Duncan Cynthia J.
Published: February 2013

The 2010 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360‐10) forms the basis for the 14th edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual. Both publications reflect changes in connection design requirements and practices. This paper summarizes the most relevant changes in connection design requirements and practices made in these latest versions of these documents.
A compact, closed‐form solution for the optimum, ideal wind turbine
Authors: Peters David A. , Modarres Ramin
Published: February 2013

The classical momentum solution for the optimum induced‐flow distribution of a wind turbine in the presence of wake swirl can be found in many textbooks. This standard derivation consists of two momentum balances (one for axial momentum and one for angular momentum), which are combined into a formula for power coefficient in terms of induction factors. Numerical procedures then give the proper induction factors for the optimum inflow distribution at any radial station; and this, in turn, gives the best possible power coefficient for an ideal wind turbine.

The present development offers a more straightforward derivation of the optimum turbine. The final formulas give the identical conditions for the ideal wind turbine as do the classical solutions—but with several important differences in the derivation and in the form of the results. First, only one momentum balance is required (the other being redundant). Second, the solution is provided in a compact, closed form for both the induction factors and the minimum power—rather than in terms of a numerical process. Third, the solution eliminates the singularities that are present in current published solutions. Fourth, this new approach also makes possible a closed‐form solution for the optimum chord distribution in the presence of wake rotation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projected freshwater withdrawals in the United States under a changing climate
Authors: Brown Thomas C. , Foti Romano , Ramirez Jorge A.
Published: February 2013

Key Points

water withdrawal efficiency is improving in most sectors

Population growth alone will not greatly increase future withdrawals

Future climate change is likely to significantly increase withdrawals
How changing sea level extremes and protection measures alter coastal flood damages
Authors: Boettle M. , Rybski D. , Kropp J. P.
Published: February 2013

Key Points

Effect of sea level rise and flood protection on coastal flood damages

Analytic relations for the expected annual damage and its variability

Universal applicability due to generality of approach
Current state and recent advances in biopharmaceutical production in Escherichia coli, yeasts and mammalian cells
Authors: Berlec Aleš , Štrukelj Borut
Published: February 2013

Almost all of the 200 or so approved biopharmaceuticals have been produced in one of three host systems: the bacterium Escherichia coli, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) and mammalian cells. We describe the most widely used methods for the expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm or periplasm of E. coli, as well as strategies for secreting the product to the growth medium. Recombinant expression in E. coli influences the cell physiology and triggers a stress response, which has to be considered in process development. Increased expression of a functional protein can be achieved by optimizing the gene, plasmid, host cell, and fermentation process. Relevant properties of two yeast expression systems, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, are summarized. Optimization of expression in S. cerevisiae has focused mainly on increasing the secretion, which is otherwise limiting. P. pastoris was recently approved as a host for biopharmaceutical production for the first time. It enables high-level protein production and secretion. Additionally, genetic engineering has resulted in its ability to produce recombinant proteins with humanized glycosylation patterns. Several mammalian cell lines of either rodent or human origin are also used in biopharmaceutical production. Optimization of their expression has focused on clonal selection, interference with epigenetic factors and genetic engineering. Systemic optimization approaches are applied to all cell expression systems. They feature parallel high-throughput techniques, such as DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing and proteomics, and enable simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters. Systemic approaches, together with technological advances such as disposable bioreactors and microbioreactors, are expected to lead to increased quality and quantity of biopharmaceuticals, as well as to reduced product development times.
Two Spectrophotometric Methods for the Assay of Benzalkonium Chloride in Bandage Samples
Authors: Ma Weixing , Ma Xiaodong , Sha Ou , Liu Yinghong
Published: February 2013

Two rapid, direct, extraction‐free spectrophotometric procedures were developed for the determination of benzalkonium chloride. The procedures were based on the formation of mixed dye‐surfactant aggregates between eosine Y and benzalkonium chloride (Method A), or between eosine B and benzalkonium chloride (Method B) in Clark‐Lubs medium by measuring the increase in absorbance at 556 and 550 nm, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5–12 and 0.5–12 μg mL−1 for benzalkonium chloride with good precision and accuracy, whose limits of detection were 0.1 μg mL−1 at 556 nm for Method A and 0.2 μg mL−1 at 550 nm for Method B, respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the assay of benzalkonium chloride in bandages. The analytical results of the real samples were in good agreement with those by HPLC.
Rahmenbedingungen von Zuwanderung und interkulturellem Zusammenleben in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern – eine Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Münch Sybille
Published: February 2013

It is not only the case that new immigration and transit countries have emerged in recent years within Europe. Also within states with existing migration histories, target regions have become differentiated and migrants have reached places that previously have had but little experience of inter-cultural living. Discussion of the issues related to growing ethnic-cultural diversity in Germany focuses primarily on the western federal states, and particularly on large cities within them. Nonetheless, in recent years new clusters of international immigration have emerged in the eastern German states, even if they appear small in comparison to the traditional target regions. The majority of these clusters are established by the deliberate distribution throughout the country of new immigrants, particularly of asylum seekers and, especially in the past, of ethnic German immigrants from Eastern Europe and of Jewish quota refugees. The patterns of immigration, integration and social-spatial segregation differ not only from those in the western federal states but are also themselves extremely diverse. Against the background of the substantial neglect of East German states in migration research and political concepts about inter-cultural living, this paper aims to provide a summarising overview of the results of existing studies.
The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism
Authors: Gardbaum Stephen
Published: February 2013

Stephen Gardbaum argues that recent bills of rights in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia are an experiment in a new third way of organizing basic institutional arrangements in a democracy. This 'new Commonwealth model of constitutionalism' promises both an alternative to the conventional dichotomy of legislative versus judicial supremacy and innovative techniques for protecting rights. As such, it is an intriguing and important development in constitutional design of relevance to drafters of bills of rights everywhere. In developing the theory and exploring the practice of this new model, the book analyses its novelty and normative appeal as a third general model of constitutionalism before presenting individual and comparative assessments of the operational stability, distinctness and success of its different versions in the various jurisdictions. It closes by proposing a set of general and specific reforms aimed at enhancing these practical outcomes.
Understanding the Universe
Authors: Greenstein George
Published: February 2013

A student-active introduction to astronomy, emphasizing inquiry learning so students will clearly understand our universe and the scientific method. Within-text and end-of-chapter questions check understanding of concepts and require the student to think critically through astronomy-based problems. 'Nature of Science' and 'Detectives on the Case' sections in each chapter encourage students to take on the role of a scientist and so develop an understanding of how scientific progress is made, leading students through a chain of arguments of forming and testing hypotheses, in the context of specific astronomical topics. By focusing on key topics, the student is able to develop a deeper understanding of the core areas of astronomy. Math is used to make intuitive points and kept simple by using a two-track system to first describe the logic of the calculation followed by a more detailed example. Simple illustrations support the text and step students through concepts visually.
Journal d'Antoine Galland pendant son séjour à Constantinople, 1672–1673
Authors: Galland Antoine
Published: February 2013

The French orientalist Antoine Galland (1646–1715) held the chair of Arabic at the Collège de France from 1709 until his death. He was the first European translator of The Thousand and One Nights, which he published between 1704 and 1717. A hugely influential work, it provided the basis for later translations in English and German. Between 1670 and 1675, Galland worked as a librarian and private secretary to the Marquis de Nointel, who had been appointed as the French ambassador in Istanbul. This book, first published in 1881, is the record of Galland's daily life at the embassy. It is a personal diary covering the period 1672–3 that includes details of Galland's research and of the manuscripts he purchased on behalf of the ambassador. An introduction by Charles Schefer (1820–98) provides details of the political and diplomatic relations between France and Turkey at the time.
The Accessibility of Music
Authors: Eisentraut Jochen
Published: February 2013

Questions of musical accessibility are relevant to most musical contexts but what does this term mean, how do we make contact with music and how do we decide what music to listen to? In The Accessibility of Music Jochen Eisentraut argues that musical judgements are often based upon implicit attitudes to accessibility, which need to be identified and exposed. Surveying a range of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, aesthetics and cultural theory, Eisentraut investigates how and why music becomes accessible and the impact of accessibility on musical and social hierarchies. The book is structured around three major case studies: punk vs progressive rock, Vaughan Williams and his ideas on art and folk music, and Brazilian samba, both in situ and in a global context. These are used to reveal aspects of musical accessibility at work and serve as a springboard for discussions that challenge accepted ideas of musical value and meaning.
Reminiscences of the University, Town and County of Cambridge, from the Year 1780
Authors: Gunning Henry
Published: February 2013

Henry Gunning (1768–1854) was a Bedell at the University of Cambridge for over sixty years, and in this capacity attended on the Vice-Chancellor at official ceremonies and published the results of votes held in the Senate House. This two-volume work, written shortly before his death, and published posthumously in 1854, was controversial. News of its publication caused consternation about what he might say, and senior members of the University are noticeably absent from the subscription list. Gunning had been active in town as well as university affairs, and, though he includes amusing and perhaps embarrassing anecdotes about Cambridge figures, he is not malicious. He makes it clear that Cambridge was at a low point academically when he arrived as a student, but he lived to see the beginnings of reform in the Victorian period. Volume 2, covering the period from 1795 to 1830, includes the events and friendships of his later life.
Religion and State in Syria
Authors: Pierret Thomas
Published: February 2013

While Syria has been dominated since the 1960s by a determinedly secular regime, the 2011 uprising has raised many questions about the role of Islam in the country's politics. This book demonstrates that with the eradication of the Muslim Brothers after the failed insurrection of 1982, Sunni men of religion became the only voice of the Islamic trend in the country. Through educational programs, charitable foundations and their deft handling of tribal and merchant networks, they took advantage of popular disaffection with secular ideologies to increase their influence over society. In recent years, with the Islamic resurgence, the Alawi-dominated Ba'thist regime was compelled to bring the clergy into the political fold. This relationship was exposed in 2011 by the division of the Sunni clergy between regime supporters, bystanders and opponents. This book affords a new perspective on Syrian society as it stands at the crossroads of political and social fragmentation.
Protest, Reform and Repression in Khrushchev's Soviet Union
Authors: Hornsby Robert
Published: February 2013

Protest, Reform and Repression in Khrushchev's Soviet Union explores the nature of political protest in the USSR during the decade following the death of Stalin. Using sources drawn from the archives of the Soviet Procurator's office, the Communist Party, the Komsomol and elsewhere, Hornsby examines the emergence of underground groups, mass riots and public attacks on authority as well as the ways in which the Soviet regime under Khrushchev viewed and responded to these challenges, including deeper KGB penetration of society and the use of labour camps and psychiatric repression. He sheds important new light on the progress and implications of de-Stalinization, the relationship between citizens and authority and the emergence of an increasingly materialistic social order inside the USSR. This is a fascinating study which significantly revises our understanding of the nature of Soviet power following the abandonment of mass terror.
Individuality and Modernity in Berlin
Authors: Föllmer Moritz
Published: February 2013

Moritz Föllmer traces the history of individuality in Berlin from the late 1920s to the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. The demand to be recognised as an individual was central to metropolitan society, as were the spectres of risk, isolation and loss of agency. This was true under all five regimes of the period, through economic depression, war, occupation and reconstruction. The quest for individuality could put democracy under pressure, as in the Weimar years, and could be satisfied by a dictatorship, as was the case in the Third Reich. It was only in the course of the 1950s, when liberal democracy was able to offer superior opportunities for consumerism, that individuality finally claimed the mantle. Individuality and Modernity in Berlin proposes a fresh perspective on twentieth-century Berlin that will engage readers with an interest in the German metropolis as well as European urban history more broadly.
The IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration
Authors: Ashford Peter
Published: February 2013

The IBA Rules are the most common feature of international arbitration around the world, yet so far little work has been done exploring the Rules themselves. In this practical guide, Peter Ashford combines a detailed discussion of the Rules and the commentary from the Drafting Committee with a tabular view of the interaction between the Rules and those of the main arbitration institutions. Written by a respected and experienced arbitration practitioner, the guide conveniently brings into one place materials that will assist in the practical application of the IBA Rules. This contribution to an under-covered area of international arbitration provides an invaluable handbook for arbitration practitioners in law firms, chambers, and general or in-house counsel in large corporations.
To Win the Battle
Authors: Stevenson Robert
Published: February 2013

In 1915 the 1st Australian Division led the way ashore at Gallipoli. In 1916 it achieved the first Australian victory on the Western Front at Pozières. It was still serving with distinction in the battles that led to the defeat of the German army in 1918. To Win the Battle explains how the division rose from obscurity to forge a reputation as one of the great fighting formations of the British Empire during the First World War, forming a central part of the Anzac legend. Drawing on primary sources as well as recent scholarship, this fresh approach suggests that the early reputation of Australia's premier division was probably higher than its performance warranted. Robert Stevenson shows that the division's later success was founded on the capacity of its commanders to administer, train and adapt to the changing conditions on the battlefield, rather than on the innate qualities of its soldiers.
Stahl's Illustrated Substance Use and Impulsive Disorders
Authors: Stahl Stephen M. , Grady Meghan M. , Muntner Nancy
Published: February 2013

All of the titles in the Stahl's Illustrated series are designed to be fun. Concepts are illustrated by full-color images that will be familiar to readers of Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology, 3rd edition, and The Prescriber's Guide. The visual learner will find that these books make psychopharmacology concepts easy to master, while the non-visual learner will enjoy a shortened text version of complex psychopharmacology concepts. Each chapter builds on previous ones, synthesizing information from basic biology and diagnostics to building treatment plans and dealing with complications and comorbidities. Novices may want to begin by looking through all the graphics and gaining a feel for the visual vocabulary. Readers more familiar with these topics should find that going back and forth between images and text provides an interaction with which to vividly conceptualize complex pharmacologies. Each book ends with a Suggested Reading section to help guide more in-depth learning about particular concepts.
Atomic Aversion: Experimental Evidence on Taboos, Traditions, and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: PRESS DARYL G. , SAGAN SCOTT D. , VALENTINO BENJAMIN A.
Published: February 2013

How strong are normative prohibitions on state behavior? We examine this question by analyzing anti-nuclear norms, sometimes called the “nuclear taboo,” using an original survey experiment to evaluate American attitudes regarding nuclear use. We find that the public has only a weak aversion to using nuclear weapons and that this aversion has few characteristics of an “unthinkable” behavior or taboo. Instead, public attitudes about whether to use nuclear weapons are driven largely by consequentialist considerations of military utility. Americans’ willingness to use nuclear weapons increases dramatically when nuclear weapons provide advantages over conventional weapons in destroying critical targets. Americans who oppose the use of nuclear weapons seem to do so primarily for fear of setting a negative precedent that could lead to the use of nuclear weapons by other states against the United States or its allies in the future.
A randomised study on the effectiveness of therapist-ledv. self-help parental intervention for treating childhood obesity
Authors: Hystad Hilde Tang , Steinsbekk Silje , Ødegård Rønnaug , Wichstrøm Lars , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita
Published: February 2013

A strategy is needed on how to treat the growing number of obese children with the limited resources available. We compared the long-term (24 months) effectiveness of therapist-led groups (TLG)v. self-help groups (SHG) for parents on changes in children's adiposity and dietary intake. The study included ninety-nine children (forty-eight girls) who were referred to obesity treatment (7–12 years, BMIz-scores ≥ 2, attendance of at least one parent). Parents (ninety-one mothers, fifty-four fathers) were randomised to TLG aimed at increasing parents' competence to accomplish lifestyle changes (n47), or SHG (n52), both with fifteen sessions. All children participated in children's groups, and all families attended individual counselling by a clinical dietitian and physiotherapist. Percentage of body fat (BF) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMIz-score was calculated by international reference values and dietary intake was calculated from 4 d estimated food records at baseline and after 6 and 24 months. No significant between-group differences were detected in the children's changes in adiposity or dietary intake after 6 and 24 months. BF, BMIz-scores and energy intake were significantly decreased after 6 months (P< 0·05) in both intervention groups, and this persisted throughout 24 months without compromising the diet macronutrient composition. In conclusion, the TLG and SHG intervention groups appear to be equally effective in improving long-term adiposity and dietary intake in obese children. Further research should be performed to clarify whether the SHG should be preferred to parental group treatment for similar children with obesity.
Human Dignity in Criminal Procedure: A Comparative Overview of Israeli and German Law
Authors: Weigend Thomas , Ghanayim Khalid
Published: February 2013

German constitutional law proclaims to grant human dignity “absolute” protection, whereas Israeli law permits a weighing of human dignity against other important interests. In spite of this difference in principle, German and Israeli law arrive at remarkably similar results with respect to the regulation of “dignity-sensitive” areas of criminal procedure, such as the privilege against self-incrimination, the search of the body and the home of suspects, and secret surveillance of private communications. With regard to privileged conversations, Israeli law provides for even stronger safeguards against state intrusion than German law. The protection against forced self-incrimination, by contrast, goes further under German law. In order to optimize the protection of human dignity in the criminal process, the authors suggest a strict distinction between measures designed to investigate past offenses and those aimed at preventing crime.
Bruise susceptibilities of Golden Delicious apples as affected by mechanical impact and fruit properties
Authors: ABEDI GHASEM , AHMADI EBRAHIM
Published: February 2013

In order to reduce bruising damage to fruits, it is necessary to know the effect of fruit properties on bruise susceptibility. Statistical bruise estimation models were constructed to determine the level of bruising in Golden Delicious apples. The regression models were built based upon peak contact force (PF) and impact energy as the main independent variables, with other parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustic stiffness (a measure of texture/firmness of fruit and vegetables). Significant effects of acoustic stiffness, temperature and curvature radius and some interactions on bruising were obtained with determination coefficients of 0·87 and 0·93 for the force and energy models, respectively. It was demonstrated that increasing the temperature and lowering acoustic stiffness reduced bruise damage to the fruit. Golden delicious apples with a low radius of curvature developed more bruise damage compared to large apples when impacts were low, but the opposite was true for high impacts, with less damage for small fruit. No significant differences were observed between the predicted bruise volumes of models that included PF and impact energy at all impact levels.
Inter-individual differences in response to dietary intervention: integrating omics platforms towards personalised dietary recommendations
Authors: Lampe Johanna W. , Navarro Sandi L. , Hullar Meredith A. J. , Shojaie Ali
Published: February 2013

Technologic advances now make it possible to collect large amounts of genetic, epigenetic, metabolomic and gut microbiome data. These data have the potential to transform approaches towards nutrition counselling by allowing us to recognise and embrace the metabolic, physiologic and genetic differences among individuals. The ultimate goal is to be able to integrate these multi-dimensional data so as to characterise the health status and disease risk of an individual and to provide personalised recommendations to maximise health. To this end, accurate and predictive systems-based measures of health are needed that incorporate molecular signatures of genes, transcripts, proteins, metabolites and microbes. Although we are making progress within each of these omics arenas, we have yet to integrate effectively multiple sources of biologic data so as to provide comprehensive phenotypic profiles. Observational studies have provided some insights into associative interactions between genetic or phenotypic variation and diet and their impact on health; however, very few human experimental studies have addressed these relationships. Dietary interventions that test prescribed diets in well-characterised study populations and that monitor system-wide responses (ideally using several omics platforms) are needed to make correlation–causation connections and to characterise phenotypes under controlled conditions. Given the growth in our knowledge, there is the potential to develop personalised dietary recommendations. However, developing these recommendations assumes that an improved understanding of the phenotypic complexities of individuals and their responses to the complexities of their diets will lead to a sustainable, effective approach to promote health and prevent disease – therein lies our challenge.
The type and spatial distribution of past waste at the abandoned Wilkes Station, East Antarctica
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie , Snape Ian , Babicka Nadia
Published: February 2013

Legacy waste is a significant problem in Antarctica. This is particularly the case where waste generated on stations prior to the 1980s was incinerated, placed in landfill sites or disposed of at sea. Although several Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) reports from the 1980s recognise that there are contaminated sites at the abandoned Wilkes Station, there has been no systematic attempt to classify the waste or define the spatial scale of the problem, making development of strategic and systematic clean-up or preservation programmes difficult. This article reports on a project to classify the waste remaining on Clark Peninsula using categories listed in Annex III, Article 2 of the Madrid Protocol (1991). 536 sites with one or more waste items have been identified in nine categories that are based on the degree of waste hazard, recyclability, heritage value and waste management potential. Fuel drums, petroleum hydrocarbons waste and contaminated sediment occur at 38% of the sites. This waste includes around 1020 partially full fuel drums. Heritage items that illustrate expedition life at Wilkes occur at about 10% of the sites. Solid, non-combustible waste, including scrap metal, copper wire and pipe, and steel mechanical parts, occurs at 25% of the sites. Potentially hazardous or harmful waste including electrical batteries, plastics including fuel bladders, food remains, treated timber and containers containing persistent compounds occur at 28% of sites. Although hazardous substances, such as caustic soda, explosives and asbestos, occur at only 9% of the sites, these items represent significant contamination and heath issues for the sites and for visiting explorers. Any future clean-up operations will require more than just the physical removal of waste. Preservation, removal and treatment of various types of waste from Wilkes will be required as part of a multi-year, multi-strategy approach.
When International Criminal Justice Collides with Principles of International Protection: Assessing the Consequences of ICC Witnesses Seeking Asylum, Defendants Being Acquitted, and Convicted Being Released
Authors: VAN WIJK JORIS
Published: February 2013

In 2011 three Congolese ICC defence witnesses applied for asylum in the Netherlands. A decision has not yet been made. This article argues that three outcomes of their procedures are most likely: (i) an asylum permit is granted, (ii) a permit is denied, or (iii) the applicants are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1(f)(a). All scenarios would have serious practical and political consequences for the ICC, the Netherlands, and the DRC. There is a limited, but real, chance that future defence witnesses will also apply for asylum. This mere threat might already seriously hamper future co-operation between the ICC and states parties. More practical and political dilemmas stemming from a lack of harmonization between international criminal law and principles of international protection lie ahead, since a coherent scheme on how to deal with ICC defendants whose case has been rejected in the pre-trial phase, who have been acquitted, or who have served their sentence and cannot be refouled to their country of origin has thus far not been realized. As it stands the international community does not have an answer to this fundamental system error yet.