bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results of TOT operations alone and combined with other vaginal surgical procedures
Authors: ARK Cemal , GÜNGÖRDÜK Kemal , CELEBı Ibrahım
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transobturator vaginal tape (TOT) procedure in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods:  The study population consisted of 210 patients who were diagnosed as having stress urinary incontinence, and they underwent a TOT operation alone (99) or concomitant vaginal surgery (101) between January 2005 and February 2009 and were followed up for at least one year. Patients with detrusor overactivity and intrinsic sphincter deficiency were excluded. The cure and complication rates were investigated.

Results:  The mean follow‐up was 46.4 ± 8.7 months (range 13–48). No vascular, nervous system, or digestive perioperative complications were observed; however, 3.9% of the patients had voiding difficulty. The overall 12‐month objective cure and subjective cure rates were 89.0% and 89.0% respectively. The overall four‐year objective and subjective cure rates were 83.3% and 86.2% respectively. There was no difference between the four‐year objective and subjective cure rates when TOT alone was performed (83.8 and 86.9%) or when performed as part of another surgical procedure (82.9 and 85.6%).

Conclusion:  The TOT procedure is a safe, effective and minimally invasive procedure for treating SUI with a low rate of complications. Moreover, it can be carried out safely and effectively in association with vaginal surgery.
Beneficial Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker Antihypertensive Treatment on Inflammation Indices: The Effect of Smoking
Authors: Kyvelou Stella‐Maria G. , Vyssoulis Gregory P. , Karpanou Eva A. , Adamopoulos Dionysios N. , Gialernios Theodoros P. , Pietri Panagiota G. , Cokkinos Dennis V. , Stefanadis Christodoulos I.
Published: September 2010

The effect of long‐term angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) therapy on inflammation indices has not been fully investigated in a hypertensive population. The authors evaluated 323 consecutive nondiabetic patients (mean age, 57 years; 176 men; 92 smokers) with high renin activity and uncomplicated essential hypertension whose blood pressure levels normalized (from 163.9/100.7 mm Hg to 131.6/82.8 mm Hg) after 4 weeks of ARB or ARB/diuretic treatment. All patients underwent full laboratory evaluation (routine examination of blood and urine, liver, kidney, thyroid function, and lipid and glucose profiles), including measurement of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A levels, at drug‐free baseline, which was repeated after 6 months of ARB or ARB/diuretic treatment. A significant (P<.001) overall decrease was noted in both high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (−0.41±1.56 mg/dL) and serum amyloid A (−0.62±2.03 mg/dL), but a smaller decrease in high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A change was seen in the smoker subgroup compared with nonsmokers (P<.05), indicating that the ARB or ARB/diuretic anti‐inflammatory effect may be adversely affected by smoking status.
Treating Intractable Venous Stenosis: Present and Future Therapy
Authors: Clark Timothy W. I. , Rajan Dheeraj K.
Published: September 2010

The widespread use of percutaneous angioplasty for venous stenoses has lengthened the functional life span of hemodialysis access, while preserving precious venous capital. A subset of dialysis patients with dysfunctional access sites will harbor stenoses which are intractable, in that they fail to respond to conventional balloon angioplasty or recur in the weeks following angioplasty. This editorial discusses various endovascular approaches to the management of intractable venous stenosis as well as promising future therapies.
Dose of Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Luyckx Valerie A. , Bonventre Joseph V.
Published: September 2010

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in supportive care, outcomes in ARF have improved little over the past decades. The primary goals in management of patients with ARF are to optimize hemodynamic and volume status, minimize further renal injury, correct metabolic abnormalities, and permit adequate nutrition. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is often required to achieve these goals while awaiting renal recovery, but the optimal dose of dialysis in patients with ARF is not known. Extrapolation of required dialysis dose from recommendations in chronic dialysis is unlikely to be appropriate because of the lack of a steady state and differences in distribution volume of urea that are intrinsic to ARF. The prescribed dialysis dose in ARF is often low, and actual delivered dose is often even less than prescribed. Delivery of dialysis in ARF is often hampered by the patient's hypercatabolic state, hemodynamic instability, and volume status, as well as suboptimal vascular access with temporary venous catheters. The impact of intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) versus continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on outcomes in ARF is also not clear. Patient disease severity impacts more than dialysis modality in patient outcome, but when patients are stratified for equal disease severity, CRRT may have potential benefits over IHD in terms of patient survival, fluid and metabolic control, and renal recovery. Strategies associated with improved outcomes that have emerged thus far in ARF are to aim for a time‐averaged blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of less than 60 mg/dl with IHD, varying IHD frequency as necessary, or to achieve a minimum ultrafiltration rate of 35 ml/kg/hr with CRRT.
Methods of Assessment of Volume Status and Intercompartmental Fluid Shifts in Hemodialysis Patients: Implications in Clinical Practice
Authors: Ishibe Shuta , Peixoto Aldo J.
Published: September 2010

Determining dry weight and assessing extracellular fluid volume in hemodialysis (HD) patients is one of the greatest challenges to practicing nephrologists. The clinical examination has limited accuracy, so different strategies have been investigated to aid in this evaluation. Biochemical markers of volume overload (ANP, BNP, cGMP) are fraught with excessive variability and poor correlation with volume status. Inferior vena cava ultrasound is effective, but cumbersome and costly. Bioimpedance measurements of intra‐ and extracellular water have significant shortcomings when used as isolated measurements, but can be useful in following trends over time and have been shown to improve intradialytic symptoms and blood pressure control. Continuous blood volume monitoring is helpful in preventing intradialytic hypotension and may help identify patients who are volume overloaded and need increased ultrafiltration. In this review we discuss these different techniques and other developments in the evaluation of dry weight and volume status, which may enhance our ability to improve patient stability and well‐being during HD sessions.
Radioactive 131I Use in End‐Stage Renal Disease: Nightmare or Nuisance?
Authors: Rodby Roger A. , Sinsakul Marvin , Ali Amjad
Published: September 2010

Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) are at risk of prolonged radiation exposure during therapy with radioactive iodine (131I) because it is normally renally excreted. However, 131I is dialyzable and exposure can be monitored with a standard Geiger counter during dialysis. We present two cases of thyroid carcinoma in patients with ESRD who were treated successfully with 131I while continuing chronic hemodialysis (HD). In each case, single HD treatments of 3 and 4 hours performed approximately 20 hours after the administration of 131I resulted in an 80% and 70% reduction in total body radiation levels, respectively. In both cases, Geiger counter measurements after HD following 131I administration revealed levels less than 3 mR/hr, allowing safe discharge from the hospital in a timely manner. All contaminated waste was disposed of by the hospital's Department of Radiation Safety. Postdialysis monitoring revealed no residual radiation contamination of the HD machine or radiation exposure to the dialysis staff. Hemodialyzer reuse was suspended until monitoring demonstrated no appreciable evidence of radioactivity in these spent supplies. HD is a critical aspect in the treatment of patients with ESRD receiving 131I and can safely be administered with close planning between the HD staff and the staff of radiation safety.
American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology Section Editor: Stephen Ash: Preliminary Evaluation of a Valved Introducer Sheath for the Insertion of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters
Authors: Vesely Thomas M. , Fazzaro Alicia G. , Gherardini Danielle
Published: September 2010

This brief technical report describes our initial experience using the FlowGuard valved introducer sheath during the insertion of tunneled hemodialysis catheters in 15 patients. The incorporation of a silicone valve into the introducer sheath is intended to minimize blood loss and decrease the risk of air embolism during the catheter insertion procedure. Our preliminary experience demonstrated that the FlowGuard sheath is a substantial improvement when compared to standard introducer sheaths. However, an asymptomatic air embolus did occur in one patient. This article describes several caveats for the use of this new product.
Improving Access to Renal Transplantation
Authors: Gaston Robert S.
Published: September 2010

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), with success rates greater than were envisioned as recently as a decade ago. Unfortunately this trend has created unprecedented demand for transplantable organs and new challenges for those desiring transplantation. This report is an overview of this changing landscape, with a focus on the clinical implications of the current process that culminates in renal transplantation. It also highlights potential solutions to overcome these newly recognized obstacles.
Kidney Transplantation in HIV‐Infected Patients
Authors: Wyatt Christina M. , Murphy Barbara
Published: September 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has traditionally been considered an absolute contraindication to solid organ transplantation. With improvements in survival and increases in the prevalence of end‐stage liver and kidney disease in HIV‐positive patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, many transplant centers have begun to reconsider the role of transplantation in patients with well‐controlled HIV infection. This article reviews the literature on transplantation in HIV‐infected patients, with a focus on kidney transplantation in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
HEMATOLOGY: ISSUES IN THE DIALYSIS PATIENT: Nonhematologic Complications of Erythropoietin Therapy
Authors: Zhu Xiaolei , Perazella Mark A.
Published: September 2010

Exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is a beneficial therapeutic agent for correction of anemia in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Transfusion requirements in ESRD patients are reduced significantly and anemia management is much improved. Despite widespread use and near‐universal exposure of ESRD patients to the drug, rHuEPO remains an effective and safe product. However, a number of nonhematologic complications are described with rHuEPO therapy. Most notable is hypertension, whereas the connection between seizure and enhanced thrombosis is less clear. A possible complication recently described is exacerbation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Finally, other less common adverse effects, although rare in most patients, should be recognized as such by physicians who prescribe rHuEPO.
HEMATOLOGY: ISSUES IN THE DIALYSIS PATIENT: Neutrophil Dysfunction and Infection Risk in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Chonchol Michel
Published: September 2010

Infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The susceptibility of ESRD patients to infections is typically ascribed to the immunodeficient state associated with uremia. A central role in the host defense against bacterial infections is played by phagocytic polymorphonuclear white blood cells, which are characterized by the capacity to ingest and subsequently destroy bacteria. Disorders in polymorphonuclear cell function are exacerbated by the dialysis procedure and numerous factors including uremic toxins, iron overload, anemia of renal disease, and dialyzer bioincompatibility. It is concluded that the phagocytic defect observed in ESRD is multifactorial, and each factor should be managed individually with specific therapeutic approaches.
HEMATOLOGY: ISSUES IN THE DIALYSIS PATIENT: When Heparin Causes Thrombosis: Significance, Recognition, and Management of Heparin‐Induced Thrombocytopenia in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Chang John Jae Young , Parikh Chirag R.
Published: September 2010

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is characterized by thrombocytopenia and paradoxical hypercoagulability. HIT occurs when an antibody (“HIT antibody”) produced against the complex of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4) causes systemic platelet consumption and activation. Nephrologists encounter HIT in the care of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients because heparin is a routine anticoagulant in hemodialysis. The incidence of HIT in ESRD appears to be lower than in other clinical settings. However, HIT is equally life threatening in ESRD patients and therefore demands the same prompt recognition and aggressive treatment. Diagnosing HIT requires the detection of HIT antibodies. A functional assay (e.g., [14C] serotonin release assay) relies on the patient's HIT antibodies to activate donor platelets at pharmacologic heparin concentrations. The more common antigen assay (e.g., enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) detects the binding of the patient's HIT antibodies to antigens (e.g., heparin‐PF4 complex) in a microtiter well and does not involve platelets. The moment HIT is suspected, heparin should be stopped and an alternative anticoagulant initiated immediately, even before the result of a serologic test becomes available. The advent of several new anticoagulants in the last decade, especially argatroban and bivalirudin, has expanded treatment options for HIT in dialysis patients. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of HIT, with special emphasis on concepts relevant to the care of dialysis patients.
Clinical Application of a Fracture Distractor in Repair of Long Bone Injuries in the Dog
Authors: CHAMBERS J. N. , BETTS C. W.
Published: September 2010

Long bone fractures can be reduced more easily, quickly, and less traumatically by use of a fracture distractor. Bolts are placed across the bone above and below the fracture, and connected to a threaded rod, allowing controlled lengthening of the limb. No complications from use of the device were observed in 100 dogs.
The Tourniquet in Surgery A Review
Authors: BLASS C. E. , MOORE R. W.
Published: September 2010

The tourniquet can be a valuable tool during surgery on extremities. However, its use is not without clanger. Tourniquet ischemia causes profound changes in tissue and venous pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations. An increased bleeding tendency has been noted in dogs after 4 hours of tourniquet ischemia. Muscular damage and nerve palsies are also important complicating factors. The inflation pressure should be the minimum that provides a bloodless field, and pressures greater than 300 mm Hg should be avoided. Duration of use should be minimized, and probably should not exceed 3 hours. A pneumatic tourniquet should be used. An Esmarch bandage should be used only to expel venous blood from the limb and not as a tourniquet device. The inflation and deflation time should be recorded. Previous planning of the operation will allow the surgeon to maximize usefulness of the ischemic period. The surgeon must ensure that the tourniquet has been removed after an operation.
The cost‐effectiveness of introducing nucleic acid testing to test for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors in Sweden
Authors: Davidson Thomas , Ekermo Bengt , Gaines Hans , Lesko Birgitta , Åkerlind Britt
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of using individual‐donor nucleic acid testing (ID‐NAT) in addition to serologic tests compared with the sole use of serologic tests for the identification of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among blood donors in Sweden.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The two strategies analyzed were serologic tests and ID‐NAT plus serologic tests. A health‐economic model was used to estimate the lifetime costs and effects. The effects were measured as infections avoided and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) gained. A societal perspective was used.

RESULTS: The largest number of viral transmissions occurred with serologic testing only. However, the risks for viral transmissions were very low with both strategies. The total cost was mainly influenced by the cost of the test carried out. The cost of using ID‐NAT plus serologic tests compared to serologic tests alone was estimated at Swedish Krona (SEK) 101 million (USD 12.7 million) per avoided viral transmission. The cost per QALY gained was SEK 22 million (USD 2.7 million).

CONCLUSION: Using ID‐NAT for testing against HBV, HCV, and HIV among blood donors leads to cost‐effectiveness ratios that are far beyond what is usually considered cost‐effective. The main reason for this is that with current methods, the risks for virus transmission are very low in Sweden.
The Risk‐Adjusted Cost of Financial Distress
Authors: ALMEIDA HEITOR , PHILIPPON THOMAS
Published: September 2010

Financial distress is more likely to happen in bad times. The present value of distress costs therefore depends on risk premia. We estimate this value using risk‐adjusted default probabilities derived from corporate bond spreads. For a BBB‐rated firm, our benchmark calculations show that the NPV of distress is 4.5% of predistress value. In contrast, a valuation that ignores risk premia generates an NPV of 1.4%. We show that marginal distress costs can be as large as the marginal tax benefits of debt derived by Graham (2000). Thus, distress risk premia can help explain why firms appear to use debt conservatively.
Competition for Order Flow and Smart Order Routing Systems
Authors: FOUCAULT THIERRY , MENKVELD ALBERT J.
Published: September 2010

We study the rivalry between Euronext and the London Stock Exchange (LSE) in the Dutch stock market to test hypotheses about the effect of market fragmentation. As predicted by our theory, the consolidated limit order book is deeper after entry of the LSE. Moreover, cross‐sectionally, we find that a higher trade‐through rate in the entrant market coincides with less liquidity supply in this market. These findings imply that (i) fragmentation of order flow can enhance liquidity supply and (ii) protecting limit orders against trade‐throughs is important.
The Effectiveness of Voluntary Environmental Programs—A Policy at a Crossroads?
Authors: Koehler Dinah A.
Published: September 2010

Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) have been used as a policy tool in the United States since the early 1990s and come in many forms. Early assessments of VEPs targeting changes in production processes showed that industrial participants improved their environmental performance and VEPs were celebrated as a viable alternative to more traditional regulation. Recent analyses using more sophisticated techniques, however, paint a less favorable picture. On the one hand, firms appear willing to sign up to VEPs, and in some cases, participants may be able to create a shield against future losses in shareholder value. On the other hand, these VEPs targeting production processes appear not to generate significant pollution abatement. The latter finding is particularly disturbing and this article discusses various explanations, including institutional failure and participant motivations. Future research needs to focus on understanding the firm motivation to invest in production‐related pollution abatement under a VEP. For policymakers, the research offers a warning on the limited impact to date of VEPs targeting production processes. However, the multitude of other VEPs, such as those which target new product development and changing market demands, merit a closer look to determine the overall potential of VEPs to engender positive environmental change.
Environmental Public Voluntary Programs Reconsidered
Authors: Lyon Thomas P. , Maxwell John W.
Published: September 2010

Environmental “public voluntary programs” (PVPs) involve government offers of positive publicity and technical assistance to firms that reach certain environmental goals. A growing body of empirical work suggests these programs generally have little impact on the behavior of their participants. A natural policy conclusion would be to eliminate PVPs, but we argue that such a conclusion is premature. Many PVPs are best viewed as information diffusion programs, so identifying their effects econometrically is difficult because information is likely to diffuse to nonparticipants. Thus, after the early phases of even a successful PVP, it may well be impossible to detect a difference in the performance between participants and nonparticipants. We argue that new estimation approaches are needed to identify the effects of PVPs. We also explore the design of PVPs in detail, showing how PVPs can potentially enhance the diffusion of cost‐effective techniques for pollution abatement.
Effect of Microstructure on the Resilience of Silicon Carbide to Palladium Attack
Authors: López‐Honorato Eddie , Fu Kun , Meadows Philippa Jill , Tan Jun , Xiao Ping
Published: September 2010

The Pd/silicon carbide (SiC) reaction rate in tristructural isotropic (TRISO)‐coated fuel particles has been studied. We have shown that it is possible to reduce the attack by palladium significantly by controlling the SiC microstructure. Large grain sizes as well as high coating rates did not increase the attack by Pd as previously thought. The activation energy for the Pd/SiC reaction obtained for the optimized SiC coatings, 337 kJ/mol, is almost twice as high as for standard coatings (∼160–190 kJ/mol) and five times higher than for porous samples (67 kJ/mol). An increase of the (111) texture component and the characteristics of the grain boundaries are suggested as possible reasons for reduction of the Pd/SiC reaction.
Deficits in fronto‐posterior interactions point to inefficient resource allocation in schizophrenia
Authors: Sharma A. , Weisbrod M. , Kaiser S. , Markela‐Lerenc J. , Bender S.
Published: September 2010

Sharma A, Weisbrod M, Kaiser S, Markela‐Lerenc J, Bender S. Deficits in fronto‐posterior interactions point to inefficient resource allocation in schizophrenia.

Objective:  Fronto‐posterior networks have been implicated in various cognitive processes that are impaired in schizophrenia. This is the first study on time and frequency resolved fronto‐posterior coherence during cognitive control in schizophrenia.

Method:  We examined 16 schizophrenic/schizoaffective patients and 20 age‐matched controls performing a choice‐reaction task. Fronto‐posterior coherence was analyzed for event‐related increases with respect to the inter‐trial interval. Furthermore, we compared the two groups for event‐related coherence during the task‐related time intervals which showed a significant coherence increase with respect to the inter‐trial interval, as well as for absolute coherence during the inter‐trial interval.

Results:  Event‐related coherence was significantly reduced in patients during time intervals (0–250 ms poststimulus) when controls showed significant event‐related coherence increases. However, patients showed significantly higher absolute coherence during the inter‐trial interval. These results pointed to differential deficits in fronto‐posterior connectivity during the inter‐trial interval and task‐related conditions in schizophrenia.

Conclusion:  Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia might be driven by abnormal fronto‐posterior communication. Task‐related hypo‐connectivity and inter‐trial interval hyper‐connectivity point to resource allocation deficits. The timing of cortico‐cortical interactions during crucial task‐related intervals may be impaired, while frontal and posterior areas may exhibit increased interactions between the trials.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia‐associated immune thrombocytopenia treated with rituximab: a retrospective study of 21 patients
Authors: D’Arena Giovanni , Capalbo Silvana , Laurenti Luca , Del Poeta Giovanni , Nunziata Giuseppe , Deaglio Silvia , Spinosa Giuseppina , Tarnani Michela , De Padua Laura , Califano Catello , Ferrara Felicetto , Cascavilla Nicola
Published: September 2010

Introduction:  There are no standard therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)‐associated immune thrombocytopenia (IT) so far.

Patients and methods:  We report the results of therapy with single agent rituximab in 21 patients with CLL‐associated IT. The mean age at CLL and IT diagnosis was 64 and 68 yr, respectively. IT developed at a mean time of 44 months from the diagnosis of CLL. In four cases, IT was diagnosed at the same time as CLL. For three patients, IT was considered fludarabine‐related and two patients showed autoimmune hemolysis also. All patients but one received steroids as first‐line treatment for IT. Some patients received intravenous high‐dose Ig, vincristine, and Cytoxan also, without beneficial effect. After a mean time of 43 d from the diagnosis of IT, all patients were scheduled to receive rituximab at a dosage of 375 mg/mq/weekly.

Results:  Eighteen (86%) patients completed the scheduled four cycles of rituximab. Irrelevant first infusion side effects were seen only in one patient. Twelve (57%) patients showed a complete response (CR), six (29%) patients a partial response (PR), and three (14%) patients did not respond. In responding patients, the mean duration of response was 21 months (4–49 months). At a mean follow‐up of 28 months, 14 (66%) patients were still alive, 10 (48%) of them in CR and three (14%) in PR.

Conclusions:  This retrospective analysis prove that rituximab is an effective and well‐tolerated alternative treatment for CLL‐associated IT.
Declines in deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii energy density associated with the disappearance of Diporeia spp. in lakes Huron and Michigan
Authors: Pothoven S. A. , Hondorp D. W. , Nalepa T. F.
Published: September 2010

Pothoven SA, Hondorp DW, Nalepa TF. Declines in deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii energy density associated with the disappearance of Diporeia spp. in lakes Huron and Michigan. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 14–22. Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Abstract –  The deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii is a glacial relict in the Laurentian Great Lakes that primarily consumes two glacial relict crustaceans, Mysis relicta and Diporeia spp. Deepwater sculpin were collected in Lake Michigan off Little Sable Point (in 2001) and Muskegon, Michigan (in 2001 and 2009), and in Lake Huron off Harbor Beach, Michigan (in 2007) for energy density and diet analyses. These sites and years represented differences in available prey. In Lake Michigan, energy densities of deepwater sculpin in 2001 were similar to those reported in 1969–1971. In contrast, energy content declined at least 26% at Muskegon between 2001 and 2009. Overall, energy density was 31–34% higher at a site with abundant Diporeia spp. compared with two sites without Diporeia spp. Deepwater sculpin diets consisted primarily of M. relicta at all sites, but included 10–17% (dry mass) Diporeia spp. at sites where this crustacean was still abundant. Food biomass in stomachs was higher at sites with abundant Diporeia spp. than at those without Diporeia spp. Deepwater sculpin energy density and food biomass in stomachs were similar between two sites without Diporeia spp. despite differences in abundance of remaining prey, M. relicta. Declines in deepwater sculpin energy density suggest the potential for further effects on other species and changes in the flow of energy through the food web of the Great Lakes.
A three‐dimensional model of mammalian tyrosinase active site accounting for loss of function mutations
Authors: Schweikardt Thorsten , Olivares Concepción , Solano Francisco , Jaenicke Elmar , García‐Borrón José Carlos , Decker Heinz
Published: September 2010

Tyrosinases are the first and rate‐limiting enzymes in the synthesis of melanin pigments responsible for colouring hair, skin and eyes. Mutation of tyrosinases often decreases melanin production resulting in albinism, but the effects are not always understood at the molecular level. Homology modelling of mouse tyrosinase based on recently published crystal structures of non‐mammalian tyrosinases provides an active site model accounting for loss‐of‐function mutations. According to the model, the copper‐binding histidines are located in a helix bundle comprising four densely packed helices. A loop containing residues M374, S375 and V377 connects the CuA and CuB centres, with the peptide oxygens of M374 and V377 serving as hydrogen acceptors for the NH‐groups of the imidazole rings of the copper‐binding His367 and His180. Therefore, this loop is essential for the stability of the active site architecture. A double substitution 374MS375→374GG375 or a single M374G mutation lead to a local perturbation of the protein matrix at the active site affecting the orientation of the H367 side chain, that may be unable to bind CuB reliably, resulting in loss of activity. The model also accounts for loss of function in two naturally occurring albino mutations, S380P and V393F. The hydroxyl group in S380 contributes to the correct orientation of M374, and the substitution of V393 for a bulkier phenylalanine sterically impedes correct side chain packing at the active site. Therefore, our model explains the mechanistic necessity for conservation of not only active site histidines but also adjacent amino acids in tyrosinase.
Construction of Centrosomes and Spindle Poles by Molecular Motor‐Driven Assembly of Protein Particles
Authors: Zimmerman Wendy , Doxsey Stephen J.
Published: September 2010

Centrosomes and other microtubule organizing centers are the largest non‐membranous organelles in most cells. This morphologically diverse class of organelles shares a common ability to nucleate and organize microtubules in interphase and participates in the formation of mitotic spindles during cell division. This review summarizes recent evidence suggesting that assembly of centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles require transport of large protein particles along microtubules by the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein.
Early Family Transitions and Depressive Symptom Changes From Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Authors: Booth Alan , Rustenbach Elisa , McHale Susan
Published: September 2010

Some research and theory suggest that early cohabitation, parenthood, and marriage have negative long‐term implications. Nevertheless, in the context of their resources and opportunities, early transitions may represent positive choices for some individuals. We studied the family and personal characteristics of young adults (N = 8,172) who did, versus those who did not, make early family transitions. We assessed changes in their depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. Individuals who made early family transitions were disadvantaged in many respects, but differed little from those who did not with respect to changes in depressive symptoms. That they stay “even” with those who do not make transitions suggests that some young adults make positive choices from among limited options.
Parenting and Perceived Maternal Warmth in European American and African American Adolescents
Authors: Jackson‐Newsom Julia , Buchanan Christy M. , McDonald Richard M.
Published: September 2010

Traditional conceptualizations of parenting style assume certain associations between parenting practices/philosophies and parental warmth. This study examines whether those links are similar for European American and African American adolescents. Two hundred and ninety‐eight early adolescents and their mothers reported on discipline and control practices, decision‐making practices, and parenting philosophy, which were used to predict adolescents’ reports of maternal warmth. The moderating role of ethnicity was examined after controlling for gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Although some practices predicted warmth similarly across groups, several practices predicted warmth in ways consistent with parenting style theory only or more strongly among European American adolescents. The findings suggest differences in the interpretation of or context surrounding discipline‐ and autonomy‐related practices in these groups.
Serial Cohabitation and the Marital Life Course
Authors: Lichter Daniel T. , Qian Zhenchao
Published: September 2010

Using cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper tracks the experiences of serial cohabitors. Results indicate that only a minority of cohabiting women (about 15% – 20%) were involved in multiple cohabitations. Serial cohabitations were overrepresented among economically disadvantaged groups, especially those with low income and education. They also were less likely than single‐instance cohabiting unions to end in marriage rather than dissolve. If serial cohabitors married, divorce rates were very high — more than twice as high as for women who cohabited only with their eventual husbands. The results suggest the need to balance the government’s current preoccupation with marriage promotion with greater support of “at risk” unions that marriage promotion initiatives have helped create.
Migrant Remittances and Household Division: The Case of Nang Rong, Thailand
Authors: Piotrowski Martin
Published: September 2010

Using data from the Nang Rong Projects social survey (N = 4,989), this work examines the effect of migrant remittances on household splits in an agrarian district of Thailand, a developing country experiencing tremendous economic, demographic, and social transformations. Results show that remittances sent from migrants (especially female migrants) to their origin households affect changes in household affiliation. Findings are consistent with a household allocation model, whereby money sent by migrant siblings significantly affects the movement of the migrant’s sisters and their husbands into a new household. Results suggest that remittances are a significant determinant of household nucleation, especially in the latter stages of the Thai household life cycle. Results also suggest that rural Thais still follow traditional postnuptial residence patterns.
Chinese hamster apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (chAPE1) expressed in sf9 cells reveals that its endonuclease activity is regulated by phosphorylation
Authors: Borjigin Mandula , Martinez Bobbie , Purohit Sarla , de la Rosa Gaudalupe , Arenaz Pablo , Stec Boguslaw
Published: September 2010

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE), an essential DNA repair enzyme, initiates the base excision repair pathway by creating a nick 5′ to an abasic site in double‐stranded DNA. Although the Chinese hamster ovary cells remain an important model for DNA repair studies, the Chinese hamster APE (chAPE1) has not been studied in vitro in respect to its kinetic characteristics. Here we report the results of a kinetic study performed on cloned and overexpressed enzyme in sf9 cells. The kinetic parameters were fully compatible with the broad range of kinetic parameters reported for the human enzyme. However, the activity measures depended on the time point of the culture. We applied inductivity coupled plasma spectrometry to measure the phosphorylation level of chAPE1. Our data showed that a higher phosphorylation of chAPE1 in the expression host was correlated to a lower endonuclease activity. The phosphorylation of a higher activity batch of chAPE1 by casein kinase II decreased the endonuclease activity, and the dephosphorylation of chAPE1 by lambda phosphatase increased the endonuclease activity. The exonuclease activity of chAPE1 was not observed in our kinetic analysis. The results suggest that noticeable divergence in reported activity levels for the human APE1 endonuclease might be caused by unaccounted phosphorylation. Our data also demonstrate that only selected kinases and phosphatases exert regulatory effects on chAPE1 endonuclease activity, suggesting further that this regulatory mechanism may function in vivo to turn on and off the function of this important enzyme in different organisms.
Differential expression of liver and kidney proteins in a mouse model for primary hyperoxaluria type I
Authors: Hernández‐Fernaud Juan R. , Salido Eduardo
Published: September 2010

Mutations in the alanine‐glyoxylate aminotransferase gene (AGXT) are responsible for primary hyperoxaluria type I, a rare disease characterized by excessive hepatic oxalate production that leads to renal failure. A deeper understanding of the changes in the metabolic pathways secondary to the lack of AGXT expression is needed in order to explore substrate depletion as a therapeutic strategy to limit oxalate production in primary hyperoxaluria type I. We have developed an Agxt knockout (AgxtKO) mouse that reproduces some key features of primary hyperoxaluria type I. To improve our understanding of the metabolic adjustments subsequent to AGXT deficiency, we performed a proteomic analysis of the changes in expression levels of various subcellular fractions of liver and kidney metabolism linked to the lack of AGXT. In this article, we report specific changes in the liver and kidney proteome of AgxtKO mice that point to significant variations in gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and fatty acid pathways.
Drosophila melanogaster lipins are tissue‐regulated and developmentally regulated and present specific subcellular distributions
Authors: Valente Valeria , Maia Rafaela Martins , Vianna Murilo Carlos Bizam , Paçó‐Larson Maria Luisa
Published: September 2010

Lipins constitute a novel family of Mg2+‐dependent phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to yield diacylglycerol, an important intermediate in lipid metabolism and cell signaling. Whereas a single lipin is detected in less complex organisms, in mammals there are distinct lipin isoforms and paralogs that are differentially expressed among tissues. Compatible with organism tissue complexity, we show that the single Drosophila Lpin1 ortholog (CG8709, here named DmLpin) expresses at least three isoforms (DmLpinA, DmLpinK and DmLpinJ) in a temporal and spatially regulated manner. The highest levels of lipin in the fat body, where DmLpinA and DmLpinK are expressed, correlate with the highest levels of triacylglycerol (TAG) measured in this tissue. DmLpinK is the most abundant isoform in the central nervous system, where TAG levels are significantly lower than in the fat body. In the testis, where TAG levels are even lower, DmLpinJ is the predominant isoform. Together, these data suggest that DmLpinA might be the isoform that is mainly involved in TAG production, and that DmLpinK and DmLpinJ could perform other cellular functions. In addition, we demonstrate by immunofluorescence that lipins are most strongly labeled in the perinuclear region of the fat body and ventral ganglion cells. In visceral muscles of the larval midgut and adult testis, lipins present a sarcomeric distribution. In the ovary chamber, the lipin signal is concentrated in the internal rim of the ring canal. These specific subcellular localizations of the Drosophila lipins provide the basis for future investigations on putative novel cellular functions of this protein family.
Impasse and Implementation—How to Subvert the National Labor Relations Act
Authors: Dannin Ellen , Wagar Terry
Published: September 2010

The NLRA was enacted to promote collective bargaining. Judicial and NLRB interpretations that allow an employer to implement its final offer after reaching an impasse with union negotiators subvert the purpose of labor law and allow employers to use collective bargaining to deunionize.
The “Crisis” over Day Labor
Authors: Esbenshade Jill
Published: September 2010

Anti‐day labor campaigns have been part of a larger anti‐immigrant campaign in California. Cities have responded with restrictive ordinances and removal to alternative sites. In response, day laborers have also organized.
Putting Organizing Back into Labor Councils
Authors: Eckstein Enid
Published: September 2010

When John Sweeney and the New Voice Team took over the leadership of the AFL‐CIO in 1995, they pledged to revive organizing and to devote leadership and resources to reactivating labor councils. One year later, labor councils launched the Union Cities initiative. This article examines the effectiveness of the program, the scope and impact of these changes, and the problems faced by labor councils as they seek to build support for organizing new members into unions.
Politics and the American Class Vernacular
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: September 2010

The American working class has long been hidden within the concept of a sprawling “middle class” that claims to embrace almost everyone, but usually does not. Recent works of politically savvy social science have once again pointed to a “working‐class majority” and its importance in twenty‐first‐century U.S. politics. But analytic rigor and factual accuracy by themselves are no match for the ridiculously false but culturally powerful American class vernacular.
THE MEDIATOR'S ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY ISSUES AND CONCERNS (MASIC): A SCREENING INTERVIEW FOR INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND ABUSE AVAILABLE IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
Authors: Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy , Beck Connie J. A. , Applegate Amy G.
Published: September 2010

Screening for intimate partner violence and/or abuse (IPV/A) in family mediation is important, perhaps particularly among cases without attorney representation. While most mediators agree that it is ideal to consider IPV/A in case planning, there is less agreement regarding the need to universally and systematically screen for IPV/A among all cases. Such attitudes are of concern, given research in other fields (e.g., medicine, couples therapy) and our own research in a family mediation clinic, which documents that the lack of consistent and formal IPV/A assessment results in underdetection of IPV/A. While a variety of IPV/A screening measures exist, each has shortcomings. Thus, our research and clinical experience led us to develop a new IPV/A screening measure, the Mediator's Assessment of Safety Issues and Concerns (MASIC). We discuss features of the MASIC and provide the full measure in the Appendix. The MASIC is a behaviorally specific IPV/A screen that assesses various types of abuse (e.g., coercive control, stalking, physical violence) over the course of the relationship and in the past year. It is administered as an interview to build rapport and assesses lethality indicators and offers optional recommendations for procedural changes in mediation based on IPV/A. Although we have begun relevant research, it is important to note that the MASIC has not yet been validated. Nonetheless, we recommend the use of systematic IPV/A screens in family mediation and suggest that such measures may prove especially important in providing unrepresented parties a safe and appropriate environment for mediation.
THE DETERMINANTS OF DISCIPLINARY DECISIONS: THE CASE OF EMPLOYEE DRUG USE
Authors: KLAAS BRIAN S. , DELEOMO GREGORY G.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the disciplinary decision rules that managers employ when responding to substance abuse violations. We suggested that because of competing perspectives about the role and purpose of disciplinary systems, substantial inconsistency is likely to exist across managers in how they respond to violations. Using policy capturing techniques, we found substantial diversity across the 93 managers studied in how they respond to violations. Further, cluster analysis indicated that we could group the 93 managers into retributive, corrective, individual rights, and mixed clusters. The results also suggest that the type of decision rule that a manager employs is influenced by his/her attitude toward punishment and toward drug use. The implications of these findings for disciplinary programs in general and substance abuse policies in particular are discussed as well.
NEGLIGENT HIRING AND DEFAMATION: AREAS OF LIABILITY RELATED TO PRE‐EMPLOYMENT INQUIRIES
Authors: RYAN ANN MARIE , LASER MARJA
Published: September 2010

Research on pre‐employment inquiries has not been extensive. The limited validity and utility of employment references has been documented, but other types of background checks have not been adequately discussed. However, recent legal trends in the areas of negligent hiring and defamation are leading employers to reevaluate their use of pre‐employment inquiries and, particularly, references in hiring. Principles of law in these two areas are discussed and issues of concern to I/O psychologists are presented.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBORDINATE AND SELF‐RATINGS IN UPWARD FEEDBACK
Authors: LONDON MANUEL , WOHLERS ARTHUR J.
Published: September 2010

This study examines measures of agreement between subordinate and self‐ratings of leadership and boss/subordinate relationships in an upward feedback process conducted in a large department. Ratings were provided for 86 target managers from an average of six subordinates per manager. Individual characteristics of the target manager (sex and age) and organizational characteristics of the work unit (the target manager's organizational level and organizational unit, line or staff) were examined as correlates of agreement. Profile agreement (the correlation between self‐ratings and the average subordinates’ratings across 48 items) was higher for female than male target managers, and was higher in line than staff units. Also, profile agreement increased over time for the 39 target managers rated one year later. Other findings indicated psychometric properties of upward feedback data. For instance, profile agreement was positively related to the number of subordinates in the work group. The discussion focuses on the need for research on variables that influence the reliability and usefulness of upward feedback data.
FORMAL AND INFORMAL MENTORSHIPS: A COMPARISON ON MENTORING FUNCTIONS AND CONTRAST WITH NONMENTORED COUNTERPARTS
Authors: CHAO GEORGIA T. , WALZ PATM , GARDNER PHILIP D.
Published: September 2010

Research on mentorships has suffered from fragmentation of key issues; specifically, type of mentoring relationship, functions served by the mentor, and outcomes of the mentoring relationship. A field study was conducted comparing 212 protégés who were involved in informally developed mentorships, 53 protégés involved in formal mentor‐ship programs, and 284 individuals who did not have mentors. Individuals in informal and formal mentorships were compared along two mentoring dimensions: psychosocial and career‐related functions. All groups were compared on three outcome measures: organizational socialization, job satisfaction, and salary. Results indicated protégés in informal mentorships reported more career‐related support from their mentors and higher salaries than protégés in formal mentorships. For all outcome variables, protégés in informal mentorships also reported more favorable outcomes than nonmentored individuals. However, outcomes from protégés in formal mentorships were generally not significant from the other two groups. Implications for mentorship practices and research are discussed.