bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Hematoma Expansion Scores in Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Yogendrakumar Vignan , Moores Margaret , Sikora Lindsey , Shamy Michel , Ramsay Tim , Fergusson Dean , Dowlatshahi Dar
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—

In acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple hematoma expansion scores have been proposed for use in clinical trial environments. We performed a systematic scoping review to identify all existing hematoma expansion scores and describe their development, validation, and relative performance.

Methods—

Two reviewers searched MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) for studies that derived or validated a hematoma expansion prediction score in adults presenting with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A descriptive analysis of the extracted data was performed, focusing on score development techniques and predictive capabilities.

Results—

Of the 14 434 records retrieved, 15 studies met inclusion criteria and 10 prediction scores were identified. Validation analysis using independent samples was performed in 9 studies on 5 scores. All derivation studies reported high performance with C statistics ranging from 0.72 to 0.93. In validation, the C-statistic range was broader with studies reporting 0.62 to 0.77. For every score, the risk of expansion increased with each point increase, although patients with high scores were rare.

Conclusions—

At present, 10 hematoma expansion scores have been developed, of which 5 have been externally validated. Real-world performance in validation studies was lower than performance in derivation studies. Data from the current literature are insufficient to support a meaningful meta-analysis.
Didymoplexiella laosensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new holomycotrophic orchid from Lao PDR

Authors: KUMAR PANKAJ , BOUAMANIVONG SOMSANITH , FISCHER GUNTER A. , GALE STEPHAN W.
Published: January 2020

Didymoplexiella laosensis is described as a new species from the limestone mountains of Vang Vieng District in central Laos. A detailed description, colour plate, line drawings and conservation assessment are provided, together with morphological comparisons with three allied species in tropical Asia, namely, D. ornata, D. siamensis and D. trichechus. With the leasing of its limestone habitat to a mining company for cement production, the threat to D. laosensis is already evident.
First record of Elsholtzia kachinensis (Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae) for the Flora of Vietnam

Authors: HOANG THANH SON , MIN DAO-ZHANG , THOA PHAM THI KIM , LI BO
Published: January 2020

Elsholtzia Willdenow (1790: 3) is a genus of the family Lamiaceae and currently placed in tribe Elsholtzieae of subfamily Nepetoideae (Chen et al. 2016). As traditionally circumscribed, Elsholtzia contains about 40 species widely occurring in Africa, East Asia, Europe, and North America, with a particular high diversity in China (Li & Hedge 1994). There are 33 species, 15 varieties, and five forms recognized in Flora of China (Li & Hedge 1994), and two new species, E. lamprophylla Xiang & Liu (2012: 578) and E. litangensis C.X.Pu & W.Y.Chen in Pu et al. (2012: 174), were described in the recent decade. Most of Elsholtzia species were commonly used as traditional medicinal herbs or nectar source plants in China (Editorial Board of Zhong Hua Ben Cao 1999, Li & Hedge 1994). In the molecular phylogeny of Elsholtzia (Chen et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017), E. flava Bentham (1833: 161) and E. penduliflora Smith (1918: 176) have been revealed to be separated from the remainder of the genus, which were recently assigned to a new genus, Vuhuangia Solomon Raju, Molinari & Mayta in Mayta et al. (2016: 3).
A new species and new record of Tyloperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from China
Authors: LI WEIHAI , KONG FANBIN
Published: January 2020

One new species of the genus Tyloperla Sivec & Stark, 1988, T. bimaculata sp. nov., is described from Guizhou Province of southern China. The relationships of taxonomic characteristics of T. bimaculata sp. nov. and the related species of the genus are discussed. A new species record, T. illiesi Stark & Sivec, 2005 is added to the stonefly fauna of China for the first time.
The West-Palearctic species of the genus Tonnoiriella Vaillant, 1971 (Diptera: Psychodidae, Psychodinae)
Authors: WAGNER RÜDIGER , WITHERS PHIL
Published: January 2020

Tonnoiriella Vaillant, 1971 was one of the genera not treated by F. Vaillant for his revision in Die Fliegen der paläartktischen Region. Here we provide a genus diagnosis, re-describe known species based mainly on type material, and provide descriptions and figures of the West-Palearctic species. New species described are T. aurasica sp. nov., T. italiae sp. nov., T. ikariae sp. nov., T. andradei sp. nov., T. rhodesica sp. nov., and T. goncalvesi sp. nov.; T. androsica Vaillant, 1978, T. orientalis Vaillant, 1978, and T. pallidipenis Vaillant, 1978 are nomina nuda; finally 21 species are known to date from Europe and North Africa. The ejaculatory apodeme (basiphallus) is asymmetric and bilobed, lobes are stacked; one or both lobes are connected with asymmetric, cross positioned (distiphallus) sclerites. Operating of the open–close mechanism of the aedeagus is explained. Information on larval ecology is provided and the systematic position of the genus is discussed.
Ceria-Doped Titania Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System
Authors: Torres-Romero A. , Cajero-Juárez M. , Nuñez-Anita R. E. , Contreras-García M. E.
Published: January 2020

The development of new devices at the nanoscale level, as therapeutic support in medical practice, has facilitated the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanoparticles. This enables the transport of an effective dose of therapeutic agents to target cells or tissues,
with no collateral damage to healthy cells. Owing to their unique properties, nanoparticles doped with rare earths have demonstrated the potential of being used as a DDS of drug molecules to target cells or tissues. In the present work, ceria-doped titania nanoparticles (CeO2/TiO2NPs)
were used to form the DNR-CeO2/TiO2NPs complex as a DDS of daunorubicin (DNR), which was tested in a B-lymphocyte cell culture. The CeO2/TiO2NPs were synthesized via the sol–gel process in a microemulsion of reverse micelle. In general, the
results indicated that the nanoparticles presented good biocompatibility and load efficiency superior to that reported in other investigations for pure titania nanoparticles, suggesting that the CeO2/TiO2NPs increased intracellular accumulation of the drug. These results
indicate that a delivery strategy using CeO2/TiO2NPs is a promising approach in the medical field, particularly in anticancer therapies.
Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Synthesized from Cucumis melo L.
Authors: Wang Yun , Zhang Xudong , Bai Yuzhuo , Li Wei , Li Xu , Xing Xiuli , Wang Chunlan , Gao Longlan , Yogi Maddipatla , Swamy Mallappa Kumara , Dupadahalli Kotresha , Rudramurthy Gudepalya Renukaiah , Purushotham Boregowda , Rohit Komdur Channabasavaraju , Fu Jianhua
Published: January 2020

The current investigation reports the structural and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized from the pericarp extract of Cucumis melo L. (muskmelon). The AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, XRD (X-ray diffraction),
SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDAX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The XRD analysis showed that biosynthesized AgNPs were having FCC (face centered cubic) crystalline structures. Further, the SEM and EDAX showed spherically shaped AgNPs having an average size of 25 nm. The
AgNPs effectively inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Moreover, the cytotoxic assay of AgNPs revealed effective cytotoxicity against different cancer cells, such as HeLa, HCT-116, PC-3 and Jurkat in a dose reliant way. The cell viability was noticed
to range from 50% to 60% with IC50 values ranging from 150 μg/mL to 224 μg/mL. The lower cell viability indicates the toxic effects of biosynthesized AgNPs against these malignant cells. Thus, the current study shows that these biosynthesized AgNPs could be utilized
in various medical applications in near future.
Modification of Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Representational Method in Graphene Nanoplates Dispersion
Authors: Wang Baomin , Deng Shuang , Zhao Lu
Published: January 2020

Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) are carbon nanomaterials with two-dimensional structure which is easy to reunite and their dispersion is necessary before using. The existing methods for dispersion characterization mainly include UV spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In this research study, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), polyoxyethylene (40) nonylphenyl ether, branched (CO890), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were used as dispersants, and ultrasonic
treatment was employed as dispersion method. Ultraviolet spectrum for GNPs showed that some errors were attained, resulting from dispersant at 274 nm characteristic wavelength of GNPs dispersions with deionized water as controlled sample. The errors could be eliminated if dispersant solution
was used as controlled sample. The microstructures of dispersed GNPs observed by SEM, TEM and AFM suggested that the GNPs were dispersed uniformly with 2.5 g/L SDBS, which showed the best dispersion effect. Raman spectrum indicated that more chaotic distribution and edge structures were achieved
after dispersion.
Effects of Trace Elements on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Al–Zn–Cu Based Alloys Using Extrusion
Authors: Kim Yong-Ho , Yoo Hyo-Sang , Son Hyeon-Taek
Published: January 2020

Thermal properties and microstructure of Al-4 wt.% Zn-2 wt.% Cu–x (x = 2 wt%. Mg, 2 wt%. Sn, 0.7 wt.% Mg-0.7 wt.% Sn-0.7 wt.% Ca) alloys on cast and extrusion have been investigated with extrusion temperature of 400 °C. Al-4 wt.% Zn-2 wt.% Cu alloy was composed
of Al and Al2Cu phases. By adding Mg contents, Al2Mg3Zn3 phase was increased and Al2Cu phase was decreased respectively. During hot extrusion, elongated in the extrusion direction because of severe deformation. The thermal conductivity
with temperature and composition of as-extruded Al-4 wt.% Zn-2 wt.% Cu–x alloys decreases with adding 2 wt.% Mg, 2 wt.% Sn contents from 190.925 and 196.451 W/mK but thermal properties of addition of 0.7 wt.% Mg-0.7 wt.% Sn-0.7 wt.% Ca element slightly reduced from 222.32 to 180.775
W/mK. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for Al-4 wt.% Zn- 2 wt.% Cu alloy was 121.67 MPa. By adding 2 wt.% Mg contents, tensile strength was dramatically increased with 350.5 MPa.
Effect of Surface Roughness on Crystal Size of Manganese Phosphate Coating of Carbon Steel
Authors: Kim Ho-Young , Noh Young-Tai , Jeon Jun-Hyuck , Byoun Young-Min , Kang Ho-Sang , Hyun Soong-Keun
Published: January 2020

In this study, the correlation between surface roughness of carbon steel and crystal size of manganese phosphate coatings has been investigated. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD. The surface roughness test was carried out in order to
calculate Ra value by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, the tribology property of manganese phosphate coating was tested by ball-on disk. XRD showed that (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4·4H2O in manganese phosphate coating
layer was formed by the chemical reaction between manganese phosphate and elements in carbon steel. Also, (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4 · 4H2O was observed to be formed in all manganese phosphate conversion coating. With regard to the effects
of surface roughness on manganese phosphate coatings, it can be seen that there is an increase of the crystal size on manganese phosphate coating as the surface roughness of carbon steel decreased. The increase of crystal size by the surface roughness had effect on the tribology property and
electrochemical property. It was approved that friction coefficient of manganese phosphate coating is remarkably improved as the surface roughness of carbon steel become rough.
Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Supported Rh Nanocubes as Catalysts for Higher Alcohol Synthesis
Authors: Lee Sungjune , Kim Chul-Ung , Kim Tae-Wan
Published: January 2020

Among higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) catalysts, Rh-based catalysts show catalytic activity for the selective production of ethanol and C2+ oxygenates, because both CO dissociation and CO insertion are available on the surface of Rh. Theoretical studies have indicated that
the activation barrier of CO on the Rh(100) surface is lower than other Rh surfaces, and this can lead to higher catalytic activity for HAS on Rh-based catalysts. Uniform and specifically size-controlled Rh nanocubes (NCs) with Rh(100) planes were prepared via a polyol synthesis route, and
introduced onto ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) supports. The Rh NC/OMC materials were employed for HAS from syngas to investigate the effect of the Rh crystal surface. TEM analysis and catalytic reactions clearly demonstrated that Rh NCs in the OMC support can improve the catalytic performance
for HAS by both enhancing CO dissociation and suppressing methane formation. Moreover, additional chain growth reactions for the synthesis of C3 and C4 alcohols were induced by the Rh NCs on OMC supports.
A Study on the Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Nano Thin Films Fabricated by Radio-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jeong Woon-Jo
Published: January 2020

We have developed a HA nano-coating technology suitable for dental and orthopedic implants using RF magnetron sputtering method which can achieve excellent adhesion to titanium compared with other various PVD coating technologies. As a result, the HA thin film prepared by RF magnetron
sputtering has a thickness of about 1.6 [μm] and its adhesion force to base metal is about 11.93 [N] or more and Ca/P ratio is about 1.64, which is suitable for dental and orthopedic implants.
Novel Magnesium Aminoclay-Vitamin C Hybrid for Enhanced Stability and Bioactivity in Cosmeceutical Applications
Authors: Tran Vinh Van , Moon Ju-Young , Lee Young-Chul
Published: January 2020

Vitamin C (VC) is a hydrophilic antioxidant that plays a vital role in the protection of health and is also an integral ingredient in beauty formulations due to its numerous distinct and necessary properties. However, its application in the area of cosmeceuticals still confronts huge
challenges relating to its instability and low bioactivity. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent its degradation by utilizing microencapsulation techniques, many and various of which, entailing the use of liposomes, nanoemulsions, lipid particles, and layered double hydroxide, have already
been introduced. Nevertheless, such techniques still have several disadvantages in terms of either their difficult preparation or toxicity to skin. Recently, aminoclay (AC), a synthetic organic-nanoclay comprising 3-aminopropyl-functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate, has been proposed as
a promising candidate for encapsulation and delivery of active agents in cosmeceuticals. In the present work, a novel magnesium aminoclay/vitamin C (MgAC-VC) hybrid was successfully fabricated by a simple onepot synthesis method via the in situ loading of VC into MgAC. The resultant
hybrid was found to highly improve the stability and controllable release of VC. Compared with free VC, the MgAC-VC hybrid exhibited significantly enhanced stability of VC under high temperature (60 °C) as well as slow and controllable release of VC from MgAC-VC hybrids over 24 h. Our
results suggest that such MgAC-VC hybrids can potentially be utilized in cosmeceutical applications for delivery of VC and other antioxidants.
High Efficiency Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diode by Solution Printing of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Park Da-Young , Lim Jae-Hoon , Ha Mi-Young , Moon Dae-Gyu
Published: January 2020

Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) have attracted considerable attention owing to the narrow emission spectra, wide color gamut, high quantum yield and size-controlled emission wavelength. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been widely used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in
QLEDs due to their excellent electrical properties. In this study, we compared the efficiency of QLEDs with organic and zinc oxide ETLs in viewpoint of the charge balance. The QLEDs were constructed using ZnO nanoparticles with an average particle size of 3 nm or 3TPYMB as the ETL materials.
CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and poly-TPD were used as a light-emitting elements and hole transporting material, respectively. The QLED with 3TPYMB ETL exhibited current efficiency of 7.71 cd/A, while the efficiency of the QLED using ZnO nanoparticles was significantly improved to 38.76 cd/A. Such
a substantial improvement of emission efficiency in the QLEDs with ZnO ETL was attributed to the much better charge balance by the ZnO.
Cubic Nonlinearity of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoflakes
Authors: Neupane Tikaram , Rice Quinton , Jung Sungsoo , Tabibi Bagher , Seo Felix Jaetae
Published: January 2020

The cubic optical nonlinearity of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes was characterized by Z-scan and I-scan with resonant excitation. The excitation source was a ~6 ns laser at 532 nm with a 10 Hz repetition rate. The open and closed Z-scan analyzed the nonlinear absorption
and nonlinear refraction properties of MoS2 nanoflakes. The I-scan technique characterized the nonlinear transmittance properties of MoS2 nanoflakes at the peak and valley of closed Z-scan trace as a function of excitation intensity.
Degradation of Metaldehyde in Aqueous Solution by Nano-Sized Photocatalysts and Granular Activated Carbon
Authors: Kim Jong Kyu , Jiang Tingting , Li Zhoujun , Mayadevi Suseeladevi , Bharat Kale , Joo Jin Chul , Campos Luiza Cintra
Published: January 2020

Metaldehyde has been detected in drinking water system in relatively high concentration exceeding European water quality standard. In order to address this problem, the aim of this project was to treat metaldehyde aqueous solution by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and granular
activated carbon (GAC) column. Ten novel materials were tested for degradation rates of metaldehyde under ultraviolet light irradiation (UVC). For treatment of 1 mg/L metaldehyde solution by AOPs, the highest degradation rate is 16.59% under UVC light with the aid of nitrogen doped titanium
dioxide coated graphene (NTiO2/Gr). Furthermore, 0.5 mg/L is the optimal concentration for degradation of metaldehyde with N–TiO2/Gr under UVC light. Apart from that, the lifetime of GAC column could be elongated on condition that metaldehyde has been treated by
AOPs previously. Hence, combination of AOPs and GAC column is promising in treating water containing metaldehyde.
Room-Temperature Hydrogen-Gas Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube Yarn
Authors: Han Maeum , Kim Jae Keon , Lee Junyeop , An Hee Kyung , Yun Jong Pil , Kang Shin-Won , Jung Daewoong
Published: January 2020

The proposed study describes the development of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based gas sensor capable of detecting the presence of hydrogen (H2) gas at room temperature. CNT yarn used in the proposed sensor was fabricated from synthesized CNT arrays. Subsequently, the yarn was
treated by means of a simple one-step procedure, called acid treatment, to facilitate removal of impurities from the yarn surface and forming functional species. To verify the proposed sensor’s effectiveness with regard to detection of H2 gas at room temperature, acid-treated
CNT and pure yarns were fabricated and tested under identical conditions. Corresponding results demonstrate that compared to the untreated CNT yarn, the acid-treated CNT yarn exhibits higher sensitivity to the presence of H2 gas at room temperature. Additionally, the acid-treated
CNT yarn was observed to demonstrate excellent selectivity pertaining to H2 gas.
Synthesis of Highly Monodispersed SnO2/Carbon Nanocomposites for Li-Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Li Lili , Li Wei , Li Jinlian , Yu Qin , Shu Jing
Published: January 2020

A simple and easily scalable process to form a SnO2/carbon composite was achieved using ethanol, SnCl4 · 5H2O, and iodine. In the process, two reactions occur simultaneously: alcoholysis of Sn4+ and carbonization of ethanol by iodine.
Ethanol is important to the synthesis of the SnO2/carbon composite, as it acts as both a solvent and carbon precursor. As the amount of NaCl decreased from 0.0005 to 0.0003 mol, the morphology shifted from flakes to self-assembled nanospheres with diameters of 100–150 nm.
The correlation between the structural and electrochemical performance was processed. However, for the SnO2/carbon composites, the capacity decreased to 350.2 mAh g−1 within 50 cycles.
Electrical and Thermal Performances of Omega-Shaped-Gate Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for Low Power Operation
Authors: Song Young Suh , Hwang Sungmin , Min Kyung Kyu , Jang Taejin , Choi Yunho , Yu Junsu , Lee Jong-Ho , Park Byung-Gook
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we proposed Omega-Shaped-Gate Nanowire Field Effect Transistor (ONWFET) with different gate coverage ratio (GCR). In order to investigate electrical and self-heating characteristics of the proposed devices, on-current, off-current, subthreshold swing (SS), and operating
temperature were examined by using 3D TCAD simulator and compared with nanowire MOSFET (NW-MOSFET). As a result, a possibility of reducing off-current and operating temperature was demonstrated by using the ONWFET with 40% GCR. Therefore, the ONWFET can save power consumption and serve as
low power application such as battery-powered portable electronic devices.
Sugarcane Bagasse-, Orange Peel-Derived Adsorbent Materials: Thermal and Morphological Studies
Authors: Licona-Aguilar Ángeles Iveth , Lois-Correa Jorge Aurelio , Torres-Huerta Aidé Minerva , Domínguez-Crespo Miguel Antonio , Dorantes-Rosales Héctor Javier , García-Zaleta David Salvador
Published: January 2020

In this work, agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse and orange peel were used for obtaining activated carbons through phosphoric acid activation in order to propose them as adsorbent materials during the production of carbon foam or filters for wastewater treatment applications.
A two-step process was carry out to obtain activated carbons; the first step consisted of a simple physical activation at high temperature 400 °C to reach raw material decomposition; followed by acid activation at temperature of 500 °C. The effect of concentration of acid media (45,
65 and 85 wt.%) was analyzed in terms of the thermal stability, sorption, textural and structural properties. Surface area increases with the concentration of activation media, which is ranging from 114.08–355.52 m2 g−1, 49.54–228.90 m2 g−1
for sugarcane bagasse and orange peel, respectively. Fourier transform-infrared spectra showed the presence of functional C–O–P group, which confirmed with the thermal stability of the samples. The produced carbon foams showed a two-level cell structure with bubble and bar-like
structures that increase the pore quantity in the carbon foams.
Synthesis of Nanosized Pd-Catalysts on Activated and Al–Zr-Pillared Montmorillonite and Their Catalytic Behavior in the Isomerization of n-Hexane
Authors: Zakarina N. A. , Jumabayeva L. S. , Akulova G. V.
Published: January 2020

Pd/AlZrNaHMM catalysts, containing palladium 0.1 and 0.35 wt.%, were prepared and tested in the hydrosomerization reaction of n-hexane. The active metal was deposited from a concentrated stable solution of Pd-sol with an average particle size of 4.5 nm. It was shown that the
Pd particle size is maintained when supported on the carrier. On all catalysts, the conversion of n-hexane and the yield of isomers increase with increasing temperature and reach a constant value at temperature of 400 °C. The maximum conversion of n-hexane, equal to 59.5%,
the maximum yield of dimethylbutanes and the total amount of C6 isomers, equal to 26.3% and 47.0%, was observed on 0.35% Pd/AlZrNaHMM catalyst at 400 °C. The studied Pd-catalysts are distinguished by high selectivity for C6+ isomers (91.7–98.7%). Consequently,
amount of hydrocracking products was not higher than on 0.37% even at 400 °C. Palladium catalysts derived from sols present a promising approach for production of high octane additives.
Implicit Homotopy Perturbation Method for MHD Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Flow with Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Due to Parallel Rotating Disks
Authors: Abou-Zeid Mohamed Y.
Published: January 2020

This article deals with the influence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux on MHD flow of biviscosity nanofluid between two rotating disks through a porous media. Von Karman transformations are used to transform system of partial differential equations to non-linear ordinary differential
equations. This system are solved by using homotopy perturbation method. Numerical results for the behaviors of the radial, axial and tangential velocities, temperature and nanoparticles with the physical parameters of the problem are obtained. These results are depicted graphically and discussed
in details. The obtained results show that the tangential velocity increases with the increase of both the stretching and rotation parameters. Moreover, it is found that the stretching and thermal relaxation parameters increase the temperature, while they increase or decrease the nanoparticles
concentration. Comparison between the obtained results and those obtained by other researchers is made during this study.
Forced and Unforced Decadal Behavior of the Interhemispheric SST Contrast during the Instrumental Period (1881–2012): Contextualizing the Late 1960s–Early 1970s Shift
Authors: Friedman Andrew R. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Schurer Andrew P. , Lee Shih-Yu , Kong Wenwen , Cheng Wei , Chiang John C. H.
Published: January 2020

The sea surface temperature (SST) contrast between the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) influences the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the intensity of the monsoon systems. This study examines the contributions of external forcing and unforced internal variability to the interhemispheric SST contrast in HadSST3 and ERSSTv5 observations, and 10 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) from 1881 to 2012. Using multimodel mean fingerprints, a significant influence of anthropogenic, but not natural, forcing is detected in the interhemispheric SST contrast, with the observed response larger than that of the model mean in ERSSTv5. The forced response consists of asymmetric NH–SH SST cooling from the mid-twentieth century to around 1980, followed by opposite NH–SH SST warming. The remaining best-estimate residual or unforced component is marked by NH–SH SST maxima in the 1930s and mid-1960s, and a rapid NH–SH SST decrease around 1970. Examination of decadal shifts in the observed interhemispheric SST contrast highlights the shift around 1970 as the most prominent from 1881 to 2012. Both NH and SH SST variability contributed to the shift, which appears not to be attributable to external forcings. Most models examined fail to capture such large-magnitude shifts in their control simulations, although some models with high interhemispheric SST variability are able to produce them. Large-magnitude shifts produced by the control simulations feature disparate spatial SST patterns, some of which are consistent with changes typically associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).
Effects of Explicit Convection on Future Projections of Mesoscale Circulations, Rainfall, and Rainfall Extremes over Eastern Africa
Authors: Finney Declan L. , Marsham John H. , Rowell David P. , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Tucker Simon O. , Stratton Rachel A. , Jackson Lawrence S.
Published: January 2020

Eastern Africa’s fast-growing population is vulnerable to changing rainfall and extremes. Using the first pan-African climate change simulations that explicitly model the rainfall-generating convection, we investigate both the climate change response of key mesoscale drivers of eastern African rainfall, such as sea and lake breezes, and the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall responses. The explicit model shows widespread increases at the end of the century in mean (~40%) and extreme (~50%) rain rates, whereas the sign of changes in rainfall frequency has large spatial heterogeneity (from −50% to over +90%). In comparison, an equivalent parameterized simulation has greater moisture convergence and total rainfall increase over the eastern Congo and less over eastern Africa. The parameterized model also does not capture 1) the large heterogeneity of changes in rain frequency; 2) the widespread and large increases in extreme rainfall, which result from increased rainfall per humidity change; and 3) the response of rainfall to the changing sea breeze, even though the sea-breeze change is captured. Consequently, previous rainfall projections are likely inadequate for informing many climate-sensitive decisions—for example, for infrastructure in coastal cities. We consider the physics revealed here and its implications to be relevant for many other vulnerable tropical regions, especially those with coastal convection.
Comparison of TRMM Microwave Imager Rainfall Datasets from NASA and JAXA
Authors: You Yalei , Wang Nai-Yu , Kubota Takuji , Aonashi Kazumasa , Shige Shoichi , Kachi Misako , Kummerow Christian , Randel David , Ferraro Ralph , Braun Scott , Takayabu Yukari
Published: January 2020

This study compares three TMI rainfall datasets generated by two versions of NASA’s Goddard Profiling algorithm (GPROF2010 and GPROF2017) and JAXA’s Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation algorithm (GSMaP) over land, coast, and ocean. We use TRMM precipitation radar observations as the reference, and also include CloudSat cloud profiling radar (CPR) observations as the reference over ocean. First, the dynamic thresholds for rainfall detection used by GSMaP and GPROF2017 have better detection capability, indicating by larger Heidke skill score (HSS) values, compared with GPROF2010 over both land and coast. Over ocean, all three datasets have very similar HSS regardless of including CPR observations. Next, intensity analysis shows that no single dataset performs the best according to all three statistical metrics (correlation, root-mean-square error, and relative bias), except that GSMaP performs the best for stratiform precipitation over coast, and GPROF2017 performs the best for convective precipitation over ocean, based on all three metrics. Finally, an error decomposition analysis shows that the total error and its three components have very different characteristics over several regions among these three datasets. For example, the positive total error in GPROF2010 and GSMaP is primarily caused by the positive hit bias over central Africa, while the false bias in GPROF2017 is largely responsible for this positive total error. For future algorithm development, results from this study imply that a convective–stratiform separation technique may be necessary to reduce the large underestimation for convective rain intensity.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Microphysical and Thermodynamic Characteristics of the 20 June 2015 PECAN MCS
Authors: Stechman Daniel M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Rauber Robert M. , Bell Michael M. , Jewett Brian F. , Martinez Jonathan
Published: January 2020

This study examines microphysical and thermodynamic characteristics of the 20 June 2015 mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed during the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) experiment, specifically within the transition zone (TZ), enhanced stratiform rain region (ESR), anvil region, melting layer (ML), and the rear inflow jet (RIJ). Analyses are developed from airborne optical array probe data and multiple-Doppler wind and reflectivity syntheses using data from the airborne NOAA Tail Doppler Radar (TDR) and ground-based Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radars. Seven spiral ascents/descents of the NOAA P-3 aircraft were executed within various regions of the 20 June MCS. Aggregation modified by sublimation was observed in each MCS region, regardless of whether the sampling was within the RIJ. Sustained sublimation and evaporation of precipitation in subsaturated layers led to a trend of downward moistening across the ESR spirals, with greater degrees of subsaturation maintained when in the vicinity of the descending RIJ. In all cases where melting was observed, the ML acted as a prominent thermodynamic boundary, with differing rates of change in temperature and relative humidity above and below the ML. Two spiral profiles coincident with the rear inflow notch provided unique observations within the TZ and were interpreted in the context of similar observations from the 29 June 2003 Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment MCS. There, sublimation cooling and enhanced descent within the RIJ allowed ice particles to survive to temperatures as warm as +6.8°C before completely sublimating/evaporating.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Occupying Posterior Hyoid Space with Endolaryngeal Extension Presenting After Neck Trauma
Authors: Bosco Samuel , Cohn Jason E. , Evarts Marissa , Papajohn Paul , Lesser Raymond
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital neck mass. They typically present as a painless midline neck mass in a child or young adult, but may also present later in adulthood when the cyst becomes symptomatic. Thyroglossal duct cysts are most commonly located inferior to the hyoid bone in close relation with the thyrohyoid membrane. Very rarely, they may extend intralaryngeal, occupy the posterior hyoid space, and present with dysphonia and/or dysphagia. To our knowledge, this is the 24th reported case in the literature.

Methods:

Case report with a comprehensive review of the literature.

Results:

The patient was a 43-year-old male experiencing dysphonia and dysphagia following a motor vehicle accident. He was subsequently found to have a large thyroglossal duct cyst with endolaryngeal extension that was previously asymptomatic and undiagnosed. He underwent successful surgical excision which resulted in resolution of symptoms.

Conclusion:

This is the first reported case of a thyroglossal duct cyst in the posterior hyoid space with endolaryngeal extension being diagnosed following a traumatic event. This case illustrates the need to consider thyroglossal duct cyst in the differential diagnosis when working up a post-traumatic intralaryngeal neck mass. A secondary educational objective in this case is to be diligent to consider and rule out laryngeal fracture in the case of a neck mass presenting after trauma as they can easily be missed and present with many overlapping symptoms.
An Essay: Can Competition Law and Policy Be Made Relevant for Inclusive Growth of Developing Countries?
Authors: Jenny Frederic
Published: January 2020

In their book Making Markets Work for Africa, Eleanor Fox and Mor Bakhoum argue that competition law and policy can be made more relevant for the inclusive growth of developing countries if a bottom-up approach is followed. They suggest that the most detrimental obstacles to competition faced by each country differ with their stage of economic development and that national competition laws should therefore be designed so as to allow each country to address the specific challenges it faces. This essay discusses the approach of the authors and points to some areas where further research is warranted in light of the recent experience of Sub-Saharan African countries.
Beyond Their Absence: Male Intergenerational Social Ties and Community Informal Social Control
Authors: Warner Barbara D. , Berg Mark T.
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Examine the degree to which adult male social ties with neighborhood youth, or intergenerational ties, increase the perceived willingness of residents to engage in the informal social control of children.

Method:

Survey data from approximately 2,200 residents in 64 neighborhoods along with neighborhood census variables are used to examine the effects of male intergenerational social ties with youth on informal social control. Multilevel linear regression equations adjust for measures of social ties, social cohesion and trust, lagged official crime rates, and the proportion of residents that are males.

Results:

Male intergenerational social ties with youth are found to be an important and unique source of informal social control of children net of other forms of neighborhood social organization, and informal social control of children is shown to decrease neighborhood crime rates.

Conclusions:

This study provides support for assumptions implied in the urban underclass and social disorganization literatures regarding the positive role of male ties (outside of the family) in collective crime prevention capacity.
Does Achievement Rise Fastest with School Choice, School Resources, or Family Resources? Chile from 2002 to 2013
Authors: Hofflinger Alvaro , von Hippel Paul T.
Published: January 2020

Debates in education policy draw on different theories about how to raise children’s achievement. The school competition theory holds that achievement rises when students can choose among competing schools. The school resources theory holds that achievement rises with schools’ resources per student. The family resources theory holds that achievement rises as parents become more educated and earn higher incomes. We test all three theories in Chile between 2002 and 2013, when reading and math scores rose by 0.2 to 0.3 standard deviations, as school competition, school resources, and family resources all increased. We compare Chilean municipalities in a difference-in-differences analysis, asking whether test scores rose fastest in municipalities with greater increases in school competition, school resources, or family resources. We find that municipal test scores did not rise with school competition but did rise with family resources (parental education, not income) and, to a smaller extent, with school resources (as measured by class sizes). Results favor the family resource theory, and to a lesser extent the school resource theory, but not the school competition theory.
Preparation and luminescent properties of multicolored SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+/SiO2-coated red-emitting coumarin color converter/polyamide 6 luminous fiber with warm-toned luminescence
Authors: Chen Zhi , Cheng Qing , Ke Huizhen , Li Yonggui , Wei Qufu , Ge Mingqiao
Published: January 2020

Novel SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+/SiO2-coated red-emitting coumarin color converter (SiO2@RECC)/polyamide 6 (PA6) luminous fibers with warm-toned luminescence color were prepared on the basis of the energy transfer and color conversion from SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ to RECC. The mass concentrations of RECC used in the fibers were adjusted to obtain different luminescence colors. Scanning electron microscopy images, photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra, RGB color coordinates, luminescence photos, and luminescence lifetimes were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the PL emission spectra of luminous fibers contain two emission peaks in the range of 475–700 nm. The increase in RECC concentration contributed to the gradual redshift of the second emission peak, and the ratio of the second emission maximum to the first emission maximum also increased gradually. The luminescence color of the fibers shifted gradually toward red in the dark. Moreover, the fibers showed light yellow, yellow, orange, and orange-reddish luminescence in the dark when the mass concentrations of RECC were fixed at 0.1%, 0.6%, 1.0%, and 1.4%, correspondingly. The luminescence lifetimes of the fibers can be sustained for at least 13,288 s. The prepared warm-toned SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+/SiO2@RECC/PA6 luminous fibers have considerable application prospects, given their excellent luminescence properties.
Low-cost management of mushroom poisoning in a limited-resource area: a 12-year retrospective study
Authors: Jongthun Ratsameekhae , Hemachudha Pasin , Wacharapluesadee Supaporn , Hemachudha Thiravat
Published: January 2020

Amatoxin poisoning is the main cause of death from accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms and a mortality rate of 27.3% has been reported in Thailand. Symptoms of mushroom ingestion are often confused with food poisoning; thus, gastroenteritis is not recognised as the first phase of poisoning. Our study assessed the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a treatment for amatoxin poisoning. We retrospectively analysed 74 medical records over 12 years. The majority (70/74) were treated successfully with NAC; death in the remaining 4 (5.4%) patients was attributed to late presentation in three and advanced alcoholic cirrhosis in one.
Experimental investigation of the receiver of a solar thermal dish collector with a dual layer, staggered tube arrangement, and multiscale diameter
Authors: Al Dulaimi Ra'ad K Mohammed
Published: January 2020

A new experimental model is proposed and tested to enhance the ability of receivers of solar thermal dish collectors in absorbing solar energy. An innovative model consisting of a dual layer, staggered arrangement, and multiscale diameter tubes is established. The enhancement augments the capability of the solar receiver of the collector to transform solar energy to thermal energy within the heat transfer fluid. The new design depends on the exploitation of the dead regions of the solar receiver, that is, surfaces with weak solar energy absorption which include the space between the pipes and the terminal sides of the pipes. The surface areas of the circular pipes in these regions are almost parallel to the solar energy radiation, which leads to a reduction in the ability of the tube to absorb solar energy. The design was validated through five receiver ([Formula: see text]) models for solar thermal dish collectors, in addition to the model base (which has single layer). Each model consists of a two-layer staggered arrangement and tubes with four different staggered diameter ratios [Formula: see text] between the two layers. Each of them has an octagonal shape and consists of three serial paths of copper tubes; each path consists of a bank of parallel tubes. The results show a noteworthy increase in the ability of the receiver to absorb solar energy and greater with model ([Formula: see text]) which [Formula: see text]equal (0.269) than for a plain tube collector. The enhancement leads to an increase in the thermal efficiency [Formula: see text]and exergetic performance [Formula: see text], that equal (78.8%) and (19.8%) respectively at (0.07 kg/s). Furthermore, the pressure difference, and efficiency evaluation criterion was estimated to evaluate dish collector receivers.
Ruination Science: Producing Knowledge from a Toxic World
Authors: Ureta Sebastian
Published: January 2020

The multiple environmental crises our planet is experiencing forces us to change the ways we engage with it, especially the ones developed by scientific disciplines such as toxicology. In particular, widespread degradation should lead us to develop scientific practices that take environmental ruination as a framework condition, not only as an object of analysis. In doing so, we should take into account the practice of science at laboratories located in the peripheries of global science, institutions that have coexisted with extensive environmental and material decay from their very onset. Contributing to this task, this paper analyzes the case of Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CENMA), an environmental chemistry laboratory located in Santiago, Chile. Established in mid-1990s, decades of continual budget cuts left it in a state of almost terminal ruin. In its struggle to remain relevant, CENMA developed an alternative kind of scientific practice, ruination science. Although always precarious, ruination science also tends to be well adapted to engage with impurity, resilient but fragile, and ethically entangled, prioritizing attachment and compromises over the application of certain standard recipes or procedures. Beyond its particularities, CENMA’s ruination science provides us with several valuable keys to better deal with worlds facing multiple kinds of anthropogenic degradation.
Australia’s remote workfare policy: Rhetoric versus reality of ‘community’ empowerment
Authors: Staines Zoe
Published: January 2020

In 1977, Jones (in Bryson and Mowbray, 1981: 255) described the term ‘community’ as ‘the aerosol word of the 1970s because of the hopeful way it is sprayed over deteriorating institutions.’ They argued that the term is used to give the impression of community ownership over policymaking processes and outputs when the reality can be far different. This article discusses one of Australia’s current workfare programs, the Community Development Programme (CDP), which operates in remote parts of the country as new welfare conditionality architecture for moving (mainly Indigenous) remote unemployed people off welfare and into work. It argues that, despite political rhetoric to the contrary, ‘community’ is marginalised in the program’s design and implementation. Instead, CDP can be best conceptualised as a manifestation of neoliberal paternalism, whereby the governance practices of the state work through community organisations to enforce market principles and ‘train’ unemployed and poor people into pursuing ‘freedom’ within the bounds of market rationality. Through these modes of governing, Indigenous communities are instead strategically disempowered.
Resilient resistance? The third sector in the London Borough of Newham at a time of ‘post-racial’ politics
Authors: Garratt Lindsey , Byrne Bridget , Harries Bethan , Smith Andrew
Published: January 2020

This article engages with the shift towards an emphasis on ‘resilience’ in local government discourses. Using the London Borough of Newham as a case study, it will argue that contradictory definitions of the term have, until recently, been used to justify the erosion of the third sector in the borough, specifically groups who support religious and linguistic minorities. Interviews and documentary analysis are used to consider how the concept of resilience had a racializing effect in this borough, and we argue that as a facet of policy resilience risks treating plurality as a threat rather than a strength. This is highlighted through an examination of how the third sector was characterised as retarding individuals’ resilience and promoting ‘ethno-centrism’ in official resilience discourse. We offer three distinctive insights on the problem of resilience as a feature of policy, firstly, that resilience has a symbolic power that makes it difficult to securitize; secondly, resilience discourses risk instituting racism within policy; and thirdly, that resilience is built against collective forms of resistance and is therefore incapable of harnessing the resources and capacities of local populations. To conclude, we discuss the evolving political situation in the borough and the demise of the administration promoting resilience, through collective forms of resistance.
Parenting with eyes wide open: Young gifted children, early entry and social isolation
Authors: Wellisch Mimi
Published: January 2020

This case study outlines the challenges of eight Australian mothers with intellectually gifted preschoolers. The ideal ways of nurturing children’s giftedness, the parents’ role in early identification and the effect of maternal depression and possible association with twice exceptionality (gifted with a disorder) are discussed. The narratives of case study parents then describe how and whether the needs of their preschoolers were understood or met in early childhood services, and the advice they received about early entry. It was found that early entry met the needs of children whose parents chose this acceleration option and that the preschoolers who missed out because of intervention by their educators did not fare so well. Findings also indicated an urgent need for the inclusion of compulsory early childhood giftedness courses for Australian pre-service educators and an equally urgent need for professional development courses about giftedness for educators already working in early childhood services.