bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment and International Policy Perspectives on Chemical and Waste Management Activities
Authors: Wassersug S. R.
Published: May 2018

Waste management practices for industry were compared for the United States, Western Europe, and the newly emerging democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. The developing policies and requirements for sound practices are analyzed as a function of perceived risks, history and cultural values of the geographic areas. Identification of the problems and merits is given in approaches for waste transportation, siting of new waste facilities, and prevention of chemical releases. Focus is given to strong ethical practices and integrated risk management. For the Central and Eastern Europe Region their unique problems and potential solutions are explored. Technology transfer solutions and other opportunities provided by the Regional Environmental Center in Hungary should benefit that region.
Health Risk Assessment of the Migration of Unleaded Gasoline – A Model for Petroleum Products
Authors: Hartley W. R. , Englande A. J.
Published: May 2018

Unleaded gasoline consists of over 100 chemicals. The risk assessment strategy proposed identifies benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, (o-, m-, p-) xylenes, n-hexane and methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) as the major components of health concern for humans from the migration of unleaded gasoline to groundwater and/or other potential drinking water sources. The mixtures model for human exposure to drinking water contaminated with unleaded gasoline proposed indicates that the greatest proportion of the total health risk is due to cancer risk from the benzene component. The extensive migration of the unleaded gasoline additive MTBE in groundwater indicates that human exposure guidelines are needed to protect human health. This paper proposes a maximum level of 0.2 mg MTBE/L in groundwater/drinking water to protect from potential central nervous system (CNS) depressant and other toxicity. More limited human exposure to contaminated air due to gasoline releases may occur. A mixtures model based upon limited dose-response data for expected predominant air components is also proposed.
Advances in Residuals Processing, Treatment and Disposal for Chemical and Petrochemical Industries – A Brazilian Case Study
Authors: Fontes Lima F. , Alves Pereira F.
Published: May 2018

Technological developments and their application must follow a course that is parallel with legislation and public concerns about hazardous wastes management. This paper describes and comments the practices that have been conducted at a Brazilian Petrochemical Complex for 10 years.
Mobility of Residues at Petroleum Industry Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Sites
Authors: Loehr R. C. , Rogers L. A. , Erickson D. C.
Published: May 2018

This study determined: (a) waste constituents remaining at long-term hazardous waste land treatment (HWLT) sites, and (b) the potential for subsequent degradation and migration of these constituents. Soils from six depths from random test pits at two oil refinery sites and a wood preserving site were evaluated for specific metals and organics. In surface soils, concentrations of organics and metals were greater than in background soils. At depths below 24-30” (60-76 cm) at the HWLT sites, PAH concentrations were below detection limits and the freon-extractable concentrations were at background. Chromium and nickel at depths below 24” (60 cm) appeared greater than background soil concentrations, but not copper, lead, and zinc concentrations.

Organics in TCLP extracts of site soils indicated no PAH compounds were extracted from either weathered or non-weathered soils. In most of the site soil samples, metals in the TCLP extracts were close to or below detection limits of 0.1 mg/L.

Aerobic and anaerobic microcosm studies indicated no statistically significant degradation of the PAH and freon extractables in the surface soil samples over eight months, suggesting very slow degradation of the accumulated organics following closure of an HWLT site.
Remediation of Petroleum Impacted Soils in Fungal Compost Bioreactors
Authors: McFarland M. J. , Qiu X. J. , Sims J. L. , Randolph M. E. , Sims R. C.
Published: May 2018

The ability of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to enhance the biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in contaminated soils was evaluated in compost bioreactors. Radiolabelled114C and chemical mass balances were used to evaluate: 1) rate of disappearance of test compound; 2) mineralization; 3) formation of bound contaminant residue; and 4) treatment costs.

Mineralization of B(a)P was found to be insignificant over the duration of test period. Moreover, no radioactivity was recovered in volatile organic traps indicating that transformation of B(a)P resulted in chemicals intermediates that remained associated with the compost matrix.

Bound contaminant residue formation was found to be the major mechanism of B(a)P removal accounting for nearly 100% of the contaminant loss from the solvent extract (methylene chloride/acetone). A maximum rate of bound contaminant removal of 1.36 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day was estimated in fungal inoculated system over the first thirty days of treatment. This was significantly different from the maximum rate of bound residue formation estimated in the noninoculated systems (0.83 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day) over the same time period. After thirty days, the rate of bound residue formation decreased to near zero in the inoculated system while remaining constant in the noninoculated reactors. The decrease in bound residue formation coincided with decline in benzo(a)pyrene removal. Data suggest that fungal activity may have been reduced over time by nutrient limitation.
Slurry Bioremediation of Petrochemical Waste Sludges
Authors: Castaldi F. J. , Ford D. L.
Published: May 2018

Slurry bioremediation testing was conducted on waste sludges from petrochemical production. The study concludes that the apparent mechanism for remediation of the waste involves an initial dissolution of the waste constituents into the aqueous phase followed by actual biodegradation. The test reactor most successful in the solubilization and dispersal of waste constituents and possibly most effective in reducing waste sludge mass during treatment is the reactor with the lowest waste sludge-to-microorganism ratio.
Biological Treatment of Petrochemical Wastes for Removal of Hazardous Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Constituents
Authors: Marks R. E. , Field S. D. , Wojtanowicz A. K. , Britenbeck G. A.
Published: May 2018

Biodegradation of recalcitrant petrochemical sludges was carried out in sealed continuous tank stirred reactors (CSTR's). The specific sludge used in the research contained eight polynuclear aromatics (PNA's) cited by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as hazardous wastes. Benzo(a)pyrene {B(a)P} was selected in this research as the primary target contaminant due to its strong carcinogenic nature and low allowable release concentrations in sludges. Equilibrium conditions in the strongly stirred aerobic 1 litre reactors, were confirmed by daily monitoring of key control parameters which included: sludge oil & solids mass balances, B(a)P mass balances, pH, culture plating, carbon dioxide respiration, and biomass accumulation. B(a)P loadings varied from 285 mg/kg of dry feed solids to 3475 mg/kg and 10 out of 13 reactors produced solid wastes meeting the 1990 USEPA constituent concentration limit (CCL) for B(a)P of 12 mg/kg for allowable land disposal. Anionic surfactants - Triton N-101, Triton X-100 - were added to all petrochemical sludges augmented with B(a)P at mass concentrations of 1600 mg/kg and higher. All sampling and analytical protocols followed USEPA methodologies. Mass balance removals of B(a)P and other similar aromatic hydrocarbons were found to exceed 90 percent. It is concluded that the high removals of B (a) P demonstrated in aerobic bioremediations in high solids environments, will generate better engineered and more economical commercial waste minimization applications.
The Kinetic Basis of a New Start-Up Method to Ensure the Rapid Granulation of Anaerobic Sludge
Authors: Morvai L. , Miháltz P. , Czakó L.
Published: May 2018

The control of the granulation process seems to be a kind of microbial selection: the enrichment of Methanothrix sp. against the Methanosarcina sp. Because of a lower KS value of Methanothrix, keeping a low (below 200 mg.dm−3) acetate concentration has been advised to be beneficial for granulation. This method results a 70-100 days start-up time. This approach assumes Monod-type kinetics, although a substrate inhibition model may describe better the biomethanation of acetate. We found that the best fit was yielded by a Haldane-type equation modified by an inhibition response coefficient (n). The major difference between the kinetics of raw and granular sludges has been manifested in this dimensionless parameter. The n was 4 times higher for raw sludge (3.6-4.1) than for granular sludge (0.95-1.13) which means that the granular sludge (formed mainly by Methanothrix sp.) is less sensitive to substrate inhibition. Continuous UASB experiments gave a similar result: the n-value continuously decreased (from 2.3 to 0.2) following granule formation. On the basis of the above findings we developed a new strategy for granulation control which ensured fast (35-40 day) granulation on carbohydrate-containing wastewaters.
Characterization and Comparison of Biomass from Mesophilic and Thermophilic Fixed Bed Anaerobic Digesters
Authors: Soto M. , Méndez R. , Lema J. M.
Published: May 2018

Two lab-scale mesophilic (MAF) and thermophilic (TAF) anaerobic filters treating effluents from a mussel cooking factory were operated at their maximum organic load rate (OLR) for a long period of time. The biomass profiles and the distribution of occluded and attached biomass were determined. Biomass distribution in the MAF was more homogeneous along the filter. Most of the biomass in the TAF was attached while both attached and occluded biomass was observed in the MAF. The hydrolytic, acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic activities of sludges at different levels were determined. An attempt is made to explain the behaviour of both reactors as a function of these activities and other kinetic parameters.
Treatment of Lees Vinasses of Red Wine by Methanogenic Fermentation in Presence of Tannins and Sulphides
Authors: Ehlinger F. , Gueler I. , Ball F. X. , Prevot C.
Published: May 2018

A two-stage anaerobic fermentation of red wine distillery wastes with high tannin concentrations (2-3 g/l) and high sulphate concentrations (3-8 g/l) was investigated. Tannins did not inhibit acid production and sulphate reduction in the acidogenic phase. Even with a concentration of 800 mg/l, 30% of the tannins were degraded in the acidogenic reactor.

A concentration of 500 mg/l tannins in the methane reactor progressively limited the methanogenic biological activity by 20%. A strong inhibition effect was detected towards sulphate-reducing bacteria in the methanogenic reactor.
Anaerobic Treatment of Manure Together with Industrial Waste
Authors: Ahring B. K. , Angelidaki I. , Johansen K.
Published: May 2018

A joint large-scale biogas plant treats animal manure together with organic industrial and household solid waste and produces biogas and organic fertilizers. In the presentation we will discuss the importance of combined treatment of manure and organic waste. Furthermore, data will be shown on the effects of addition of lipid- and protein- containing wastes to thermophilic digesters treating cattle manure.
Cleaning of Sewers
Authors: Dinkelacker A.
Published: May 2018

Deposits occur often in sewers. Since these deposits can cause serious difficulties regular inspection and if necessary cleaning of sewers is important for proper operation of the sewer system. In this paper a survey on different methods for sewer cleaning is given, including: cleaning with the help of winches, cleaning with high pressure jetting, cleaning with flushing devices, cleaning with the “Sielwolf System” and preventive cleaning with cleaning balls.
Sewer Sediment Models and Basic Knowledge
Authors: Kleijwegt R. A.
Published: May 2018

Sewer sediment models are being developed using results of laboratory and field research. The writer's laboratory research has given a good understanding of the basic processes that determine sediment transport in sewers. This understanding has resulted in a deterministic one-sewer sediment transport model. The results of calculations with the model show that the water level or energy slope and the sediment transport do not necessarily increase with increasing discharge. This is caused by the bed development and the transition to full-pipe flow. The basic knowledge can be used to develop deterministic or probabilistic models.
The Influence of Cohesion on Sediment Behaviour
Authors: Nalluri C. , Alvarez E. M.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the results of a laboratory study financed by the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC), UK. The work was carried out at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in collaboration with the Water Research Centre's (WRc) River Basin Management Project during the period 1987-90. The present study has covered hydraulics, deposition, erosion and sediment transport, all with deposited bed. Noncohesive sands and sewer sediment analogues (with cohesive additives to sand) have been used and throughout the study comparisons between cohesive and noncohesive sediments were made. The noncohesive sediment studies suggested that the initiation of erosion and transport rates criteria in channels of circular cross-section using bed shear stress are comparable to those of wide channels. The sewer sediment analogues corresponding to type A needed a maximum mean shear stress of around 6-7 N/m2 whereas a weaker sediment (type C) needed only around 2.5 N/m2. The chosen cohesive analogues behaved as noncohesive sediments once they started moving, perhaps a phenomenon close to reality.
Physical Oceanographic Studies for the Design of the Athens Sea Outfall (Saronikos Gulf, Greece)
Authors: Theodorou A. J.
Published: May 2018

The discharge of about 600 000 m3/day of untreated wastewater into the northern part of Saronikos Gulf constitutes the major source of pollution for the latter. To take corrective measures, a new treatment plant and sea disposal by a deep outfall system is under construction. The basic design concept is to produce a submerged sewage field below the pycnocline, during the stratified period, at a location where the ambient current field is strong enough to advect it diluted to the open sea. Accordingly, the objectives aimed at obtaining accurate descriptions of the annual variation of the density stratification regime and the local current field. The results obtained showed that during summer the density stratification off Psyttalia Island is sufficiently strong to warrant the submergence of the sewage field; moreover, coupled with the virtual absence of upwelling and the presence of a well organized current field ensures the adequate offshore dispersal of the diluted effluent plume.
Impact of Sewage Disposal on the Distribution and Flux of Detergents in Alexandria Coastal Waters, Egypt
Authors: Aboul-Kassim T. A.
Published: May 2018

Detergents from 26 stations, representing four different zones from pollution view points, were sampled biweekly during 1985-1986 from the coastal waters of Alexandria, Egypt. Samples were analyzed for anionic surfactants, total suspended matter and salinity. The main objective of this work is to study retrospectively the relation between the state of pollution of Alexandria waters by anionic detergents and sewage and waste water disposal. A comparison with background level was performed to evaluate the deviations in anionic detergent concentrations. The absolute detergent values varied between a minimum of 0.02 mg LAS/l and a maximum of 12.55 mg LAS/l. The estimated detergent loadings reaching the study area are about 86, 109 & 7000 Kg/day through zones I, II & III, respectively. Based on the daily discharge of detergents to the waters of Alexandria, the population equivalent will vary from 0.40-0.73. The expected total loading of detergents to the area is projected to be approximately double between now and year 2000.
Ecological Consequences of Untreated Wastewater Discharge in the Saronikos Gulf, Greece
Authors: Theodorou A. J.
Published: May 2018

Prior to the operation of the new major wastewater treatment and sea disposal system (Athens Sea Outfall) an assessment of the existing ecological state of the Saronikos Gulf constitutes a prerequisite, since it will provide the background against which any changes that may occur following the treatment of the wastewater and the new disposal system will be evaluated. Main objective is the evaluation of the extent of eutrophication and associated adverse water quality. The results showed that eutrophication is intensified in the vicinity of the present untreated sewage discharge, where occasionally low oxygen values occur, whereas nutrients, chlorophyll-α and Zooplankton have high values and exhibit disturbed annual variability patterns. Also, the benthic communities have been modified and dense concentrations of subsurface deposit-feeding polychaetes predominate. Beyond this region the impact of the discharge is indirect; the nutrient values remain low and the diatom-based phytoplankton ecosystem displays well defined annual cycles with maxima in spring and autumn; however, the copepod-based Zooplankton ecosystem shows some signs of instability. The conclusions reached indicated that the existing discharge has detrimental effects on the ecology of the Saronikos Gulf, especially pronounced in its innermost part, and advocate the urgent replacement of the present scheme by the Athens Sea Outfall.
Sewage Disposal as a Source of Phosphorus in the Coastal Environment of Alexandria
Authors: Aboul-Kassim T. A. , Dowidar N. M.
Published: May 2018

A preliminary attempt was performed to assess the relative impact of sewage and waste water discharge on the different phosphorus forms and their contribution to the total phosphorus balance in one of the most polluted basins off Alexandria region, the Eastern Harbor, representing its coastal marine environment The annual input of DIP to the harbor basin during the period 1985-1986 from land run-off, precipitation and flux from sediment was 567 Kg, 6.5 Kg and 520 Kg, respectively. On the other hand, about 860 Kg of phosphorus are removed annually through phytoplankton assimilation. A considerable part of the phosphorus budget of the harbor basin, i.e 400 Kg/yr is compensated from the flux exchange with highly phosphorus-rich sewage water from Kayet Bay sewage outfall.
The Concept of the Optimum Alignment of Discharge Pipelines Due to the Minimization of the Wave Forces
Authors: Akyarli A. , Arisoy Y.
Published: May 2018

As the wave forces are the function of the wave height, period and the angle between the incoming wave direction and the axis of the discharge pipeline, the resultant wave force is directly related to the alignment of the pipeline.

In this paper, a method is explained to determine an optimum pipeline route for which the resultant wave force becomes minimum and hence, the cost of the constructive measures may decrease. Also, the application of this method is submitted through a case study.
The Costa Do Estoril Wastewater System: Interception, Inland Pretreatment and Ocean Treatment
Authors: Celestino da Costa P. , Saldanha Matos J. , Bénard Gliedes M. , di Berardino S. , Bettencourt A. , Gonçalves V.
Published: May 2018

The “Costa do Estoril” is a large coastal zone located near the end of the Tagus estuary, that has became an urban extension, very densely populated, of the city of Lisbon.

The Costa do Estoril Wastewater System, nowadays under construction, is planned in order to free the marine waters of the beaches from any wastewater discharge. At the final phase (second stage) that system is prepared to serve more than one million inhabitants, from a tributary area of 22 000 ha, and consists, principally, of a large circular interceptor, a preliminary treatment plant and a long sea outfall with submerged multiport diffusere.

In this paper some important aspects concerning the geographical peculiarities of the region, the hydrodynamics of the marine environment near the coast and the general layout of the system are outlined. Special emphasis is given to the particular conditions that ruled out the sewerage facilities design, and to the characterization of the sanitary and hydraulic design of the long sea outfall.
The “Green Revolution”, Ethics and Engineering in the USA
Authors: Garber W. F. , Anderson D. R.
Published: May 2018

Ethical behavior applied to any activity within our society is, in the final analysis, the responsibility of each of the individuals involved in that activity. The “Green Revolution”, which erupted in the U.S.A. resulted in conditions which presented difficult ethical decisions to individuals and organizations working on ecological/environmental questions. The problems posed are best observed in an examination of the enforcement of the U.S.A. Clean Water Act where construction workers, the media, regulators, lawyers, politicians, environmentalists, treatment facility operators, scientists, engineers, academics and scientific/technical organizations all substantially benefited. Unfortunately this legislation does not require ecological or net environmental improvement. It requires equitable distribution of the costs of compliance throughout the nation. This has encouraged nonscientific standards and criteria, and a narrow focus, which have in turn resulted in both nonresponsible environmental results, and costs such that other important ecological/societal needs cannot be funded. All societies, whether developing or industrialized, must conserve their resources by utilizing scientific/economic methods to attack clean water and similar problems if they are to really improve their ecology/environment. Since this procedure is minimally used in the U.S.A., what should or can be the ethical positions of the many individuals and groups now benefiting by the present flawed system?
Brief Historical Review of Membrane Development and Membrane Applications in Wastewater Treatment in Southern Africa
Authors: Botha G. R. , Sanderson R. D. , Buckley C. A.
Published: May 2018

Away back in 1953 few people in the world, let alone South Africa, knew or had heard about membrane desalination, but there was an increasing awareness that electrodialysis had considerable potential for the desalination of brackish water.

In South Africa the development of the new gold fields in the northern Orange Free State and the problems posed by the presence of excessive volumes of very saline mine waters stimulated interest in desalination and the CSIR* in collaboration with the mining industry became involved in the development of the electrodialysis process. By 1959 the largest brackish desalination plant in the world had been built and commissioned. South Africans were thus in the forefront of this technology, even to the extent of making the required membranes locally.

Our historical review of membrane development and the applications of membrane technology in Southern Africa encompasses both pressure- and voltage-driven processes. Examples of the pressure processes are microfiltration, ultrafiltration and charged membrane ultrafiltration or nanofiltration, and finally reverse osmosis with fixed and dynamically formed membranes. The voltage-drive processes considered are electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal.
Practical Application of the ADUF Process to the Full-Scale Treatment of a Maize-Processing Effluent
Authors: Ross W. R. , Barnard J. P. , Strohwald N. K. H. , Grobler C. J. , Sanetra J.
Published: May 2018

ADUFR (anaerobic digestion ultrafiltration) is a membrane-assisted process for positive separation of biomass from the treated effluent. Pilot and full-scale ADUFR studies were carried out on a maize-processing effluent (15 kgCOD/m3) at the Meyerton mill of Messrs. African Products, South Africa. The results after 15 months of full-scale operation have illustrated the merits of the process for the production of a colloid-free effluent at a mean COD removal efficiency of 97%. The permeate flux varied in the range 37 to 8 l.m−2.h−1 at 35°C, inlet pressure of 450 kPa, linear tube velocity of 1.6 m/s and digester suspended solids concentration of 21 kg/m3. Periodic chemical cleaning of the unsupported tubular polyethersulphone membranes with EDTA was only commenced after 13 months operation. A mean plant space load rate of 3 kgCOD.m−3.d−1 guaranteed reliability to withstand high COD shock loadings due to variations in the feed load. Bio-membrane separation technology of this nature holds important economic advantages for the treatment of a wide spectrum of organic industrial effluents.
Application of the ADUFR Process to Brewery Effluent on a Laboratory Scale
Authors: Strohwald N. K. H. , Ross W. R.
Published: May 2018

The application of the high rate ADUFR (Anaerobic Digestion - Ultrafiltration) process to brewery effluent was investigated over an 80 day test period. Performance data on both the anaerobic digester and ultrafiltration unit is presented. At stabilised conditions, space load rates of 15 kgCOD.m−3.d−1 could be achieved at hydraulic residence times of 0.5-0.8 days, with COD removal efficiencies between 96 and 99%. Linear flow velocity across the membrane surface and suspended solids concentration of the biomass were found to have a substantial effect on ultrafiltration membrane flux. No membrane fouling was experienced throughout the test period and flux values of 10-18 l.m−2.h−1 (LMH) could be maintained without resorting to chemical cleaning. Dormant sludge was reactivated rapidly, after a two month rest period. A space load rate of 8 kgCOD.m−3.d−1 at a retention time of 0.5 days could be reached within seven days from restart.
Membrane Treatment Strategies for Red Meat Abattoir Effluents
Authors: Cowan J. A. C. , MacTavish F. , Brouckaert C. J. , Jacobs E. P.
Published: May 2018

In water-scarce South Africa there is pressure on water-intensive industries to conserve water, and at the same time to reduce the organic and salinity concentrations discharged in effluents back (indirectly) to the water resources.

These requirements are usually contradictory: effective water conservation will generally lead to more concentrated effluents, motivating the need, in some cases, for effluent pretreatment before discharge.

Wide-ranging effluent pretreatment trials have been carried out at a number of red meat abattoirs over the past few years, under funding from the Water Research Commission. Fat removal, screening and dissolved air flotation (DAF) trials have confirmed the usefulness of such processes, but results from treatment with membranes have been both exciting and promising.

These treatment techniques have now been lifted from the research phase into commercial application on small scale (25 m3/d) using full size modules. The South African Abattoir Corporation, as the major representative of the industry in South Africa, has undertaken to assess the value of membrane treatment processes as a part of a number of effluent treatment strategies. This paper describes the experiences and future potential for abattoir effluent treatment by membrane processes.

Ultrafiltration will consistently remove 90% COD, 85% phosphate from the effluent, and provide a relatively non-fouling feed for reverse osmosis which produces a high quality reusable water for abattoir use.

Indicative costing shows the costs of membrane treatment compare favourably with anaerobic digestion as an alternative, and even to municipal effluent tariffs.
Total Organic Halogen: Chemical Pollution Parameter in Urban River Waters
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Fukushima M. , Kuroda K.
Published: May 2018

Nature and occurrence of total organic halogen (TOX) in urban river waters were surveyed. The features of TOX pollution were characterized by its relation with chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen. TOX was mainly comprised of unpurgable, soluble and stable compounds, but most of the TOX components were still unidentified. Considering the results, TOX could be a suitable indicator of water quality assessment in terms of chemical contamination.
The Importance of Pesticide Volatilization from the Surface Microlayer of Natural Waters after Aerial Spraying
Authors: Maguire R. J.
Published: May 2018

Fenitrothion [O,O-dimethyl O-(p-nitro-m-tolyl) phosphorothionate] and deltamethrin [(S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (lR,3R)-cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate]in formulations sprayed on the surface of natural water in the laboratory disappeared from water far faster than formulations injected below the surface of the water. Half-lives of disappearance from surface-sprayed water were less than 2.5 h, compared to 5 - 60 d for disappearance from subsurface-injected water. Analyses of air filters showed that the disappearance from surface-sprayed samples was due to volatilization, which accounted for at least 70% of the pesticide lost from water. The results correlate well with those from earlier field studies of directly sprayed ponds, and indicate that volatilization from the surface microlayer is the major dissipation process for these pesticides sprayed on natural waters.
Study of Organic Pollutants in Municipal Wastewater in Göteborg, Sweden
Authors: Paxéus N. , Robinson P. , Balmér P.
Published: May 2018

Influent and effluent wastewater from the Göteborg Regional Sewage Works was regularly analyzed during 1989-1991 for the presence of organic pollutants using GC-MS. While concentrations of individual organic compounds in the influent varied from 0.1 µg/l to several mg/l, few of them were present in the effluent in concentrations higher than 0.5 µg/l The majority of the pollutants in the influent were either food related or due to the diffuse discharge from products used both in households and in industry. For a number of priority pollutants, a declining trend in influent loadings was observed. The treatment process removes hydrophobic organic pollutants effectively. However, the effects of an increased loading of hydrophilic compounds on the treatment process need to be evaluated.
Occurrence and Persistence of Dyes in a Canadian River
Authors: Maguire R. J.
Published: May 2018

A study of the Yamaska River in Quebec, Canada, in the period 1985 - 1987 has revealed the occurrence of fifteen dyes in water, suspended solids and sediment downstream of textile mills. The most contaminated area was downstream of the city of Granby, which has the largest concentration of textile mills in the basin. Three dyes were positively identified - Disperse Red 60, Disperse Blue 26 and Disperse Blue 79, the most widely used dye in the world. In addition, a mutagenic degradation product of Disperse Blue 79, 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline, was identified in sediment at a location about 6 km downstream of Granby. This product is a result of the reductive cleavage of the azo bond of Disperse Blue 79 in anaerobic sediments. Most of the dyes found are expected to be moderately stable in aerobic environments, but may degrade under anaerobic conditions. This is the first demonstration of the occurrence of dyes in the Canadian environment.
Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for Toxicity Assessment including Interacting Effects and DNA Damage
Authors: Kungolos A. , Aoyama I.
Published: May 2018

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in this study not only as a test organism for routine quick toxicity screening but also as a potential indicator of DNA damage by chemicals. Several indices were investigated for evaluating the inhibition rates caused by some heavy metals. Specific growth rate proved to be the most suitable index. Of the chemicals used in this study CH3HgCl was the most toxic with an EC60of 3.5×10−4 mmol/l. The EC60's for HgCl2. CdCl2 and NiCl2 were 0.192, 0.0345 and 2.30 mmol/l respectively, using specific growth rate as an index. The interacting effect between Cd and Ni was generally additive. In order to detect DNA damage the growth of wild type strains was compared with the growth of strains deficient in one or all the DNA repairing systems. A known mutagen, 4-nitroquinoneline 1-oxide, and a non-mutagen, kanamycin, were used. The experimental results confirmed that 4-nitroquinoneline 1-oxide damaged the DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while kanamycin did not damage it. The importance of this confirmation lies in the fact that this test uses Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a eucaryotic organism and closer to human being than the procaryotic organisms that are usually used in other mutagenicity tests such as Ames test and Rec-assay.
Genotoxicity and Cell Proliferative Activity of 3-Chloro-4-(Dichloromethyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-Furanone [MX] in Rat Glandular Stomach
Authors: Furihata C. , Yamashita M. , Kinae N. , Matsushima T.
Published: May 2018

MX is a strong direct acting mutagen on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and is present in chlorinated tap water which contains organic compounds. MX was administered orally to 7-week-old male F344 rats, and its geno-toxicity in the pyloric mucosa of stomach was examined by analysis of DNA single strand scissions by the alkaline elution method. The effect of MX on cell proliferation was examined by assays of the inductions of replicative DNA synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase. MX at closes of 20-48 mg/kg body weight induced DNA single strand scissions dose-dependently (p<0.02) in the pyloric mucosa of the stomach 2 h after its administration. Moreover at doses of 10-60 mg/kg body weight, it induced up to 21-fold increase in replicative DNA synthesis (p<0.01) 16 h after its administration. At doses of 10-60 mg/kg body weight, it induced up to 100-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity with a maximum 16 h after its administration. These results suggest that MX is genotoxic and induces cell proliferation in the glandular stomach of rats.
Microbiological Detoxification of Hazardous Organic Contaminants: The Crucial Role of Substrate Interactions
Authors: Rittmann B. E.
Published: May 2018

Microbiological detoxification of hazardous organic pollutants is highly promising, but its reliable implementation requires a sophisticated understanding of several different substrate types and how they interact. This paper carefully defines the substrate types and explains how their interactions affect the bacteria's electron and energy flows, information flow, and degradative activity. For example, primary substrates, which are essential for growth and maintenance of the bacteria, also interact with degradation of specific hazardous pollutants by being inducers, inhibitors, and direct or indirect cosubstrates. The target contaminants, which often are secondary substrates, also have the interactive roles of self-inhibitor, inhibitor of primary-substrate utilization, inducer, and a part of an aggregate primary substrate.
Biological and Chemical Characterization of Organic Substances in Water Purification Pond at Sea-Based Solid Waste Disposal Site
Authors: Yoshikura T. , Kitano M. , Nishio T. , Fukunaga I. , Masumoto K. , Inoue S. , Kuroda K. , Inoue Z.
Published: May 2018

The biological and chemical properties of organic substances in the water purification pond at a sea-based solid waste disposal site, in Osaka City, have been investigated. The mutagenic activities in the extract of water and benthal mud were detected by the Ames Salmonella typhimurium TA98/microsome assay. The extracts of water and sediments of the disposal site showed a weak mutagenic activity to TA98 with S9 mix. The levels of mutagenic activity in water were almost the same as those of the Yodo river. Dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of sediments were separated into acidic, basic and neutral fractions. The neutral fraction was further fractionated on a silica-gel column chromatography and tested for mutagenicity in the Ames assay. The mutagenic subfractions were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometory (GC-MS) and 20 kinds of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were detected. These results indicate that the PAH-containing fractions account for most of the genotoxic activity observed in this reservoir sediment.
Urban Wastewater Disposal and Eutrophication Risk Assessment in the Coastal Zone
Authors: Guillaud J. F. , Aminot A. , Menesguen A.
Published: May 2018

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the possible relationship between urban wastewater disposal and eutrophication in the coastal zone. Firstly, nutrient loadings are studied in raw and treated sewages coming from physical-chemical and biological wastewater treatment plants. Secondly biological responses of coastal ecosystems to overenrichment are considered in term of macroalgal or phytoplanktonic proliferations. Finally it can be deduced that to assess the risk of eutrophication due to urban wastewater disposal, it is necessary a) to evaluate the form and the respective importance of urban and riverine nutrient loadings into the site, b) to determine the physical sensitivity of the disposal area by evaluating the morphological or hydrodynamical entrapment of water masses, c) to point out possible nitrogen or phosphorus limitation for primary production in a potentially eutrophicated site. All these evaluations may help optimizing a reduction strategy of nutrient coastal discharge by urban wastewater, and finding the limiting nutrient that must be controlled in the sewage treatment plant.
Artificial Recharge of Groundwater with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: Current Status and Proposed Criteria
Authors: Asano T.
Published: May 2018

Current status and the proposed criteria for artificial recharge of groundwater with reclaimed municipal wastewater are discussed with special reference to controlling microbial pathogens and trace organic contaminants. The draft criteria have been developed by the State of California Interagency Water Reclamation Coordinating Committee, followed by the Groundwater Recharge Committee of the Department of Health Services (DHS). The proposed criteria are in the final review process and are expected to be adopted in late 1992 by the DHS as a part of the revised, state-wide Wastewater Reclamation Criteria.

The discussions and the draft criteria presented in this paper facilitate the approval of groundwater recharge projects by identifying the nature and characteristics of groundwater recharge projects that do not jeopardize the public water supply systems including use of groundwater for potable water supply. These criteria are intended to provide uniform state-wide application of regulations on which to regulate and design groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater as a source of recharge water.
Decontamination of Domestic Wastewater through “Geopurification”
Authors: Iung O. , Alamy Z. , Baleux B.
Published: May 2018

The aim of the article is to explain the mechanisms responsible for eliminating pathogenic bacteria through “Geopurification”. Bacteriological tracing at the “Geopurification” plant of Orléans la Source showed that percolation through a 1.50 m thick filter bed of building sand resulted in a reduction by 2 to 4 logarithmic units of the health-related bacterial colonies doping the effluent: Eschericha coli O126B16, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhirium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Laboratory experiments carried out on “microcosms” revealed the kinetics of bacterial elimination and showed that the stress due to competition with an autochthonous flora making up the biofilm was responsible for more than 90% of the observed reduction of health-related bacteria. These conclusions enable recommendations to be put forward for optimizing the reduction in health-related bacteria so as, for example, to protect the littoral environment against effluents of domestic wastewater.
Norwegian Experiences with Chemical Treatment of Raw Wastewater
Authors: Ødegaard H.
Published: May 2018

The paper presents the results of a survey of the Norwegian chemical wastewater treatment plants. Statistical data are given in terms of plant description, treatment results and operating data such as coagulant dosage, sludge production, energy consumption and operation cost for 87 chemical treatment plants.
Multiple Technological Barriers Combined with Recycling of Water and Oil in Wastewater Treatment of a Coastal Petrochemical Complex
Authors: Galil N. , Rebhun M.
Published: May 2018

A research and development project was carried out at a petrochemical complex, located at a distance of about two miles from the Mediterranean coast in the Gulf of Haifa, Israel. The program included: characterization of the wastewater, the main stream as well as lateral streams generated by specific production processes; laboratory and pilot studies of chemical flocculation-dissolved air flotation (DAF); a comparative study of three alternative biological processes: activated sludge, rotating biological contactor (RBC) and aerated ponds (AP); a survey of the biological process occurring in the recirculated cooling water system (RCS) of the industrial complex; conditioning and dewatering of the oily sludges produced by the wastewater treatment facilities and by some other units. Following the research results and conclusions, the developed solution was based on: a) multiple stage treatment, achieved by combining physico-chemical and biological processes, creating several technological barriers in order to avoid uncontrolled emissions into the marine environment; b) maximal recycling of water(treated effluent) and oil for minimizing the disposal of pollutants outside the industrial zone. Flexibility as well as complete independent operation of the treatment units have increased significantly the reliability of producing a final effluent of high and safe quality.
Streamside Forests and the Physical, Chemical, and Trophic Characteristics of Piedmont Streams in Eastern North America
Authors: Sweeney Bernard. W.
Published: May 2018

It is now clear that water and habitat quality in the coastal embayments of eastern North America are greatly affected by the quality of water and habitat in the thousands of feeder streams and rivers comprising their watershed. In this paper I suggest that the quality of streamside forests may be the single most important factor altered by humans that affects the structure and function, and ultimately water quality, of the streams providing water to the coastal embayments. I use comparative data from forested and deforested reaches of streams in a small Piedmont watershed (White Clay Creek) to illustrate the actual and/or potential effects of streamside forests on: (i) availability of habitat; (ii) the nutrient chemistry of the water; and (iii) the quantitative and qualitative nature of the primary food base (organic detritus and algae) supporting higher trophic levels in streams. Also discussed are the potential role of streamside forests in partially mitigating the flux of sediment and nutrients into aquatic ecosystems, the effects of global warming on stream temperatures, and the deleterious effects on stream organisms of the increased levels of UV radiation associated with global ozone depletion. Current methods and approaches for streamside forest restoration are presented.
Living Resources: The Ultimate Result
Authors: Jordan S. J. , Klauda R. J. , Brown T. C. , Dalpra C. M.
Published: May 2018

The Chesapeake experience is the realization that the Bay is an ecosystem, a living network in which the water, the land, the air, the people and the living resources are all connected to each other. Revitalization of the Chesapeake Bay can be accomplished only if we focus on the restoration of this web of life. We must not allow ourselves to measure success only in tons of nitrogen removed or milligrams per litre of dissolved oxygen achieved, even through these are important milestones along the difficult journey toward our goals. Living resources are the ultimate goal -the true measure of a healthy Chesapeake Bay - and with adequate effort, the ultimate result.
Determining and Modeling Mass-Transfer Rate Limitations in Heterogeneous Aquifers
Authors: Harmon T. C. , Roberts P. V.
Published: May 2018

This work focuses on assessing mass-transfer rate limitations on the transport of aqueous phase volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in real aquifer systems. The rate limiting mechanism is considered as diffusion through immobile regions of a porous medium, i.e., through intra-particle, intra-aggregate, intra-layer pores, or through a series of such zones. Sorption/desorption studies are reviewed for two experimental aquifers: the large-scale, relatively homogeneous Borden site, and the pilot-scale, relatively heterogeneous Moffett site. The flame-sealed ampule method, with accompanying intermittent purge, is discussed with respect to supplying diffusion rate parameters for homogeneous and heterogeneous solute transport models.
Interaction of Cr(VI) with Amorphous Iron Oxide: Adsorption Density and Surface Charge
Authors: Hsia T. H. , Lo S. L. , Lin C. F.
Published: May 2018

Cr(VI) adsorption on amorphous iron oxide was performed in a batch type reactor under constant temperature (25°C) and nitrogen atmosphere. The adsorption percentage of Cr(VI) on iron oxide increases with decreasing pH and total concentration of Cr(VI). But the Cr(VI) adsorption density and surface charges on iron oxide increase as pH is lowered and Cr(VI) concentration increases. From the correlation among Cr(VI) adsorption density, surface charges and changes in system pH, it was suggested that ligand exchange can be used to describe the reaction between soluble Cr(VI) and iron oxide surface.
Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Tap and Raw Water and Their Potential Risk
Authors: Utsumi H. , Kiyoshige K. , Mitade C. , Han K.-S. , Hakoda M. , Manabe H. , Hamada A.
Published: May 2018

In order to establish the method of bio-assay for the safety of drinking water, mutagenic activity, promotion activity for cancer, cytotoxicity and liposomal membrane damage of micropollutants in water were studied. The dissolved substances in water were recovered from raw, chlorinated, and rapid-filtrated waters by adsorption with XAD-2. Mutagenicity of the recovered substances was estimated with Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test. Cancer promotion activity was assayed by use of morphological change of HL-60 cell. Cytotoxicities of the recovered substances were evaluated with the cultured cells, HL-60 and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Some of the samples showed strong direct mutagenicity and cytotoxicities, while cancer promotion activity was not found in any sample. No correlation was observed between the results of mutagenicity and cytotoxicities, while the results of cytotoxicities related to those of liposomal membrane damage. The findings indicate that the combination of mutagenicity test with the other bio-assay such as cytotoxicity should be necessary to secure the safety of drinking water.
Pollution Prevention: Part of Your Waste Management Program
Authors: Brosky D. L.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this paper is to present information on pollution prevention practices and economics to recommend it as a significant part of industrial waste management. The waste reduction/waste minimization/pollution prevention sequence is described and optimized. Experiences in pollution prevention for three separate industries are presented. The pollution prevention approach is stressed for its positive effects on cost, expenses, environmental benefits, as well as other less tangible benefits. The conclusion is that you can generally reduce, minimize or eliminate waste and make money doing it. This is especially the case with old processes having significant residuals.