bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Case of Functional Hypoglycaemia—A Medico-Legal Problem
Authors: Bovill Diana
Published: August 2008

A family doctor's wife, aged 42, S.R.N., J.P., social worker and citizen of excellent character, drove her car through a nearby town at about 10.30 p.m. on an autumn night. Later a cyclist was found dead in the road along which she had just passed, parts of her car were found at the scene of the accident, and subsequently damage to her car was found to correspond with the damage to be expected had it been involved in this accident.
Some Reflections on the Unsuccessful Treatment of a Group of Married Couples
Authors: Cochrane Nils
Published: August 2008

In any psychotherapeutic endeavour, it must be recognized that psychogenically based mental illness is generally the product of childhood experience in the context of intrafamilial interpersonal relationships. Involvement in treatment of the whole original family might therefore be considered a logical approach, if this were either possible or practicable. Rarely, however, is this the case, save when the patient happens to be a child or adolescent. On the whole, mental hospitals and psychiatric units are populated by adults, many of whom, voluntarily or otherwise, have gained a considerable degree of physical independence from their first families. Many too have already committed themselves to a second family. In these cases the selection of a spouse has often been determined by unconscious pathological needs and expectations, resulting in a ‘neurotic’ object choice, and an unsuccessful ‘sick’ marriage. Thus the second family can frequently be seen as a precipitating factor in the development of mental illness, although not ultimately as causative in the true sense of the word.
Cognitive Functioning and Degree of Psychosis in Schizophrenics given many Electroconvulsive Treatments
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Ruff Carol F. , Armstrong Gloria
Published: August 2008

Goldman, Gomer, and Templer (2) found that the Bender-Gestalt and Benton Visual Retention Test performances of male chronic schizophrenic in-patients with a history of 50 or more electroconvulsive treatments (ECT) were significantly inferior to those of control patients matched for age, level of education, and race. However, the authors maintained that it cannot be inferred with certainty that ECT causes permanent brain damage since it is possible that schizophrenic patients more likely to receive ECT are those whose psychosis is more severe. It has been reported that patients with the so-called functional psychiatric disorders tend to do poorly on tests of organicity (5).
The Confluence of Psychiatry and Demography
Authors: Blacker C. P.
Published: August 2008

The world as a whole, and to a lesser extent this country, is confronted with the strong possibility of an unprecedented increase in its population. Pressure of population will produce tensions which will pose problems to psychiatrists. But other social events will give rise to generally similar tensions which will thus have multiple causes. It will then be difficult to separate the effects of population pressure from the effects of other causes and there may be illjustified swings of opinion such as we have seen in the past.
The Side-Effects of Fluphenazine Decanoate
Authors: Johnson D. A. W.
Published: August 2008

The unwanted effects of the phenothiazines can be divided into two categories; those effects which represent the pharmacodynamic actions of a particular drug and occur as a function of dosage and individual susceptibility; and the hyper-sensitivity reactions (Shepherd et al., 1968). This latter group of side-effects is relatively rare, and there is no suggestion in the literature that they occur more frequently with the injectable long-acting phenothiazines (LAP) than with the oral forms. With the first available long-acting phenothiazine (fluphenazine enanthate) motor side-effects were frequently observed, particularly during the first few days after injection (Millar and Daniel, 1967; Lowther, 1969; Malm, 1970). Initial studies have suggested that fluphenazine decanoate is less likely to produce these unwanted extrapyramidal effects (Neal and Imlah, 1968; Ayd, 1970). So far, however, no study has attempted to make a quantitative evaluation of the problem of side-effects in the clinical situation of longterm medication. Since both the therapeutic efficacy and the unwanted extra-pyramidal side-effects are dose-dependent, it is meaningless to measure the incidence of side-effects without also recording the therapeutic gain: a low incidence of side-effects might only reflect a non-therapeutic dose of medication. Further, any such study should be continued for at least two months after the last reduction in dosage, as it is well recognized that loss of clinical control may be postponed for many weeks after phenothiazines have been discontinued.
Possible Potentiation of Haloperidol Neurotoxicity in Acute Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Lake C. Raymond , Fann William E.
Published: August 2008

Altered thyroid states may influence the effects of psychotropic drugs. Prange (1963a) reported a case in which moderate factitious hyperthyroidism and Imipramine treatment seemed to interact to produce paroxysmal auricular tachycardia. Later, this author and his colleagues described increased lethality in imipramine in hyperthyroid mice (Prangeet al., 1962) and decreased lethality in hypothyroid mice (Prangeet al, 1963b). Similar effects have been found for phenothiazines (Ashfordet al., 1968). More recently it has been shown that a variety of physiological and behavioural effects of phenothiazines are amplified in hyperthyroid mice (Parket al., 1973). Furthermore, Selye and Szabo (1972) found that thyroxine sensitized the rat to the toxic effects of haloperidol.
The Relationship Between the Depressive Illnesses
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

In discussion of the wider issue of the characteristics of, and the relationship between, the classes ‘psychosis' and ‘neurosis', Maxwell (1972) wrote: ‘… the majority of all patients tend to have a basic core of symptoms, neurotic in type, which lend themselves to a dimensional description, but one whose prominence decreases somewhat as we pass from neurotic through affective psychotics to schizophrenics. In addition there are the psychotic type symptoms, which are rare and haphazard in occurrence. These are virtually absent in neurotics: they are most common in schizophrenics, but still not sufficiendy numerous or patterned to support a clear-cut typology or to lend themselves to a dimensional description.’
An Icelandic Family Study of Schizophrenia
Authors: Karlsson Jon L.
Published: August 2008

At the present time there is a renewal of interest in the contribution of biological factors to schizophrenic illness. This stems in part from the success of pharmacological treatment and in part from the impressive findings in studies of foster-reared relatives of schizophrenics. While the pendulum of emphasis thus seems to be generally swinging in favour of constitutional influences, recent reports on twin studies have tended to go in the opposite direction. As will be discussed below, this development is largely attributable to a methodological error in the most recent twin investigations.
Accuracy of Dating Parent Deaths: Recollected Dates Compared with Death Certificate Dates
Authors: Barraclough B. M. , Bunch Jane
Published: August 2008

Bereavement studies which have correlated mental illness and other pathology with the recent or past deaths of parents have relied on the subject's memory for ascertaining parent death dates. Data given by subjects can be wrong, because of faulty recollection or deliberate misinformation given to conceal something felt to be shameful, such as illegitimacy.
Life Events and Maintenance Therapy in Schizophrenic Relapse
Authors: Leff J. P. , Hirsch S. R. , Gaind R. , Rohde P. , Stevens B. C.
Published: August 2008

The possible role of environmental stress in precipitating the onset or relapse of acute schizophrenia was investigated by Brown and Birley (1968), Birley and Brown (1970). They enquired about events which could be dated to a definite point in time and which usually involved either actual or threatened danger or important fulfilments or disappointments. They distinguished between independent events, which were outside the control of the subject, and possibly independent events, which were not so clearly out of his control but which seemed unlikely to be produced by unusual behaviour of the subject himself. In their main group of patients a significant concentration of independent events (about 60 per cent) was found in the three weeks preceding onset or relapse of schizophrenia. In examining two small sub-groups they found that 4 of 13 patients (31 per cent) who relapsed after reducing or discontinuing phenothiazine therapy had experienced a life event in the three weeks before relapse, compared with 3 of 5 patients (60 per cent) who had been taking phenothiazines regularly at the time of relapse. Although these proportions are very different, the numbers in the groups are too small for the difference to reach significance. Furthermore the groups were not matched in any way, and there may be important differences between patients who discontinue medication themselves and those who carry on taking it regularly.
Personality Disorder
Authors: Liss Jay L. , Welner Amos , Robins Eli
Published: August 2008

A diagnosis of personality disorder is commonly used in psychiatry. It is generally agreed to refer to a disorder manifested by limited adaptive flexibility and certain relatively fixed ineffectual modes of behaviour (Ausubel, 1961; Brody and Lindbergh, 1967; DSM II, 1968; Noyes and Kolb, 1958; Schneider, 1950; Small, Small, Alig and Moore, 1970; Walton, Foulds, Littman and Presly, 1970). However, of twenty or more different types of personality disorders only antisocial personality has been differentiated by rigorous criteria as a distinct diagnostic entity (Robins, 1967; Feighner, Robins, Guze, Woodruff, Winokur and Munoz, 1972; Robins, 1966).
A Ten Years' Review of the Functioning of a Psychiatric Day Hospital
Authors: Fottrell E. M.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric Day Hospitals are likely to play an important role in the development of community psychiatry. Although they have existed in Britain for approximately 25 years, there is much that remains unknown about them. The present is a report of the functioning of a Day Hospital over a period of ten years. Stress is laid on (a) the source of patient referrals; (b) the diagnostic categories of the patient, and (c) the follow-up of patients after discharge.
The Abrupt Withdrawal of Antiparkinsonian Drugs in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: McClelland H. A. , Blessed G. , Ali N. , Bhate S. , Clarke P. A.
Published: August 2008

Phenothiazines and other neuroleptic drugs are known to cause extrapyramidal side-effects. Consequently antiparkinsonian (AP) drugs are commonly prescribed at the same time as antipsychotic medication in order to prevent these complications. Once this medication has been started it may be continued for prolonged periods.
Implications of Sustained Release Phenothiazines: A Study of Fluphenazine Decanoate
Authors: Martin Ian C. A. , Townend R. A.
Published: August 2008

Although some reservations have been expressed about the value of sustained release phenothiazines (Hicks and Ovenstone, 1966; West, 1970), the majority reaction has been favourable. Many authors have emphasized the usefulness of an approach which by-passes a patient's impaired insight as to the need for regular medication (e.g. Capstick, 1968; Lehmann, 1970).
Treatment of the Cerebral Manifestations of Arteriosclerosis with Cyclandelate
Authors: Young J. D. , Hall Peter , Blakemore C. B.
Published: August 2008

Despite controversy about whether cerebral arteriosclerosis is a valid clinical entity and independent of senile dementia and/or ‘functional’ senile psychoses (Post, 1971), there is a good reason for differentiating it in clinical practice, and its incidence is increasing (Registrar General, 1960).
The Relationship Between Marital Status and the Risk of Psychiatric Referral
Authors: Robertson Norma C.
Published: August 2008

There have been many studies of the incidence with regard to marital status of admissions to mental hospital. Each has reported the same pattern of highest rates for the divorced, followed by the widowed and single and lowest rates for the married, the pattern being the same for both sexes (Adler, 1953; Brooke, 1963; Dayton, 1940; Frumkin, 1955; Malzberg, 1964; Norris, 1956; Ødegaard, 1946; Stevens, 1969; Thomas and Locke. 1963).
Pathways of Specialist Referral of Depressed Patients from General Practice
Authors: Fahy T. J.
Published: August 2008

Of patients with ‘conspicuous psychiatric morbidity’ in British general practice, 5 per cent annually are seen by psychiatrists, roughly equal numbers are referred to non-psychiatric specialists (Shepherd, Cooper, Brown and Kalton, 1966), and cross-referral rates are low (Mezey and Kellett, 1971). The clinical, as opposed to the social, reasons why so few patients are referred to psychiatrists must be inferred from the indirect evidence of epidemiological surveys (Shepherd et al., 1966), studies of patients already referred to an out-patients clinic (Kreitman, Sainsbury, Pearce and Costain, 1965), doctors' referral letters (Mowbray, Blair, Jubb and Clarke, 1961), and surveys of doctors' attitudes (Shepherd et al., 1966; Mezey and Kellett, 1971). Few studies of referral have been prospective (Kaeser and Cooper, 1971) and none has been by interview of patients before referral has taken place. Meanwhile, detailed clinical studies of psychiatric illness continue to focus almost exclusively on patients already in care of psychiatrists. It follows that more knowledge is needed of the clinical factors which lead to specialist referral; otherwise the significance of hospital-based studies for the wider context of psychiatry in general medical practice cannot be properly appreciated. This need is particularly acute with respect to the so-called minor affective disorders which are common in general practice but of which only a minority come to the notice of psychiatrists (Watts, 1966; Taylor and Chave, 1964).
Two Syndromes of Suicide
Authors: Ovenstone Irene M. K. , Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

People who kill themselves are grouped together as suicides on the basis of that one action, yet they can hardly be considered to be a homogenous class. Attempts to define sub-categories among suicides can be made in a number of different ways, none by itself entirely satisfactory. Differentiation by psychiatric diagnosis is one possibility, but is difficult to achieve and throws little light on the undoubted contribution of social factors. Sociological studies have usually persisted in regarding all suicides as intrinsically similar, and have sought to relate variations in rates between different sections of the community in terms of general social variables such as status integration, social isolation, anomie and the like. Yet suicides are not a uniform group, and relatively little can be achieved while this fact is ignored.
An Experimental Investigation of Desensitization in Phobic Patients
Authors: Gillan P. , Rachman S. J.
Published: August 2008

The investigation had three major aims. We attempted to repeat and extend the findings of the Gelder, Marks and Wolff (1967) study of the comparative efficacy of desensitization and psychotherapy in the treatment of phobic patients. Our second aim was to isolate the effects of various components of desensitization treatment, in the manner employed in laboratory studies of fear-reduction (e.g. Davison, 1968; Rachman, 1965; Rachman, 1968). The third aim was to collect data on the relationships between psychophysiological changes and clinical outcome.
Drug Dependence and Sexual Dysfunction: A Comparison of Intravenous Users of Narcotics and Oral Users of Amphetamines
Authors: Gossop M. R. , Stern R. , Connell P. H.
Published: August 2008

Diminished sexual activity among individuals dependent upon the opiate drugs (heroin, morphine, methadone, etc.) has been noted by Freedman (1967) and by Jurgensen (1966). A study of four populations of male patients (controls, abstainers, heroin addicts and patients maintained on methadone), suggested that although factors other than the specific drug effects may be important determinants of sexual difficulties, that the drug itself may act as a specific determinant (Cushman, 1972). This was supported by the fact that all patients claimed to have been normal before narcotic use, that heroin reduced sexual performance and desire, and that a reversal to normal sexual function rapidly occurred during enforced withdrawal. Other observations by Ding (1972), and Scher (1967) support these findings. Berzins et al. (1971), and Mott (1972) have noted that drug-dependent subjects tend to have problems of sexual identity, and Hobi (1972) suggests that psychosexual immaturity is frequently seen in drug-dependent subjects.
The B.B.C. ‘Befrienders’ Series and its Effects
Authors: Holding T. A.
Published: August 2008

The organization known as The Samaritans was established in 1953 in London by the Rev. Chad Varah as a suicide prevention service, but there is still an absence of data regarding the impact of this service on parasuicide (‘attempted suicide’). If it is hypothesized that the Samaritan organization does prevent parasuicide, it follows that an increase in Samaritan referrals would be associated with a decrease in parasuicide, other factors being equal. The recent B.B.C.1 programme based on the Samaritans afforded a natural experiment for testing this hypothesis.
The Incidence of Cancer Among In-Patients with Affective Disorders
Authors: Evans N. J. R. , Baldwin J. A. , Gath Dennis
Published: August 2008

Mortality rates in psychiatric patients have been reported as higher than those of the general population in Scandinavia (Odegaard, 1952), the United States (Gorwitz et al., 1966; Babigian and Odoroff, 1968), and Scotland (Innes and Millar, 1970). These findings may be related both to a greater prevalence of physical disease amongst psychiatric patients (Kay and Roth, 1955; Culpan et al., 1960; Shepherd et al., 1964; Kay and Bergman, 1966; Eastwood and Trevelyan, 1972) and to a greater frequency of suicide (Stenstedt, 1952; Stenstedt, 1959; Pokorny, 1964).
Childhood Psychopathology and Psychotic Phenomena in Adults
Authors: Freeman Thomas
Published: August 2008

The tendency of adult and child psychiatrists to go their separate ways has led to neglect of the common ground which exists between the psychopathology of childhood and that of the psychoses of adult life. The purpose of this paper is to rekindle interest in what once was regarded as an important field for research into the psychoses. In this paper the phenomena which are to be found in children who suffer from neurotic disorders, ‘borderline’ states and psychoses will be compared with the signs and symptoms of adult psychoses and the significance of the similarities assessed. In both children and adults the data to be presented consists of the symptomatology observable at the onset of the illness and the phenomena which appear during the course of the illness and during psychotherapy.
Multiphasic Screening Programme for Somatic Diseases Among Elderly Long-Term Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Gjesdal Knut , Strømme Johan H.
Published: August 2008

Older people in institutions are often disabled by physical disease (Wilsonet al., 1962). Psychiatric patients, in general, have more somatic disorders than mentally healthy people (Westrin, 1961; Shepherdet al., 1964; Maguire and Granville-Grossman, 1968). In fact, most elderly long-term psychiatric patients in hospital suffer from one or more somatic disorders (Ask, 1962). Even a small improvement in the general health of these patients may be of importance for their daily life activities, and also reduce the requirements for assistance. An established regular somatic screening of these patients will help to detect disease which otherwise may be over-looked.
Non-Diagnostic Prediction of Behaviour and Outcome in Male Psychiatric Admissions
Authors: Alexander Eric Richardson , Hall David John , Little J. Crawford
Published: August 2008

The success of an in-patient therapeutic programme depends, in many instances, on the willingness of the patient to co-operate with medical and nursing staff, and to react positively to the permissive regime characteristic of the modern psychiatric hospital.
Group Exposure (Flooding) in vivo for Agoraphobics
Authors: Hand I. , Lamontagne Y. , Marks I. M.
Published: August 2008

Exposure treatments such as flooding are being used increasingly for phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders (reviewed by Marks, 1972). The shortage of treatment personnel has led to a search for ways to save therapist time. An obvious way of economizing is to expose a number of patients simultaneously in groups, instead of individually, to the real life situation which they fear.
Comparison of Self-Ratings of Psychiatric Patients with Ratings made by a Psychiatrist
Authors: Shapiro M. B. , Post F.
Published: August 2008

A large part of the data gathered in psychiatric and clinical psychological research consists of ratings carried out by various members of the clinical team. A set of clinical ratings consists essentially of a questionnaire that is completed by someone who is familiar with the patient. Data of this kind provide information about the way in which members of the clinical team think about their patients; but not necessarily about the ways in which the patients themselves actually behave, feel and think. One would of course expect to find a relationship between the two kinds of data, and both are of psychological interest.
The Victims of Mentally Disordered Female Offenders
Authors: Parker Elizabeth
Published: August 2008

The study of the victims of violent criminal offences and the study of female criminality are both poorly documented areas which are currently attracting a larger share of attention. Investigations into the relationship between the victim and offender and descriptions of the victims of fatal offences have appeared intermittently over the years (East, 1936; von Hentig, 1948; Wolfgang, 1957; Morris and Blom-Cooper, 1964; Gibson and Klein, 1969), but in most of these cases the information is peripheral to the main interests of the researchers and the studies are confined to victims of homicide. This report describes the victims of mentally disordered violent female offenders who were patients in the Special Hospitals, and includes victims of murder, manslaughter, attempted murder and wounding.
Predicting Offender-Patients' Reconvictions
Authors: Payne Clive , McCabe Sarah , Walker Nigel
Published: August 2008

In 1963–4 the Oxford University Penal Research Unit managed to collect information about 90 per cent of the offender-patients who were admitted to N.H.S. and Special Hospitals under hospital orders made by criminal courts: this cohort has been described in Crime and Insanity, Vol. II, by Walker and McCabe (1973). One of the by-products of the follow-up of these offender-patients was a rough and ready scoring system for predicting reconvictions (within a two-year follow-up) of 456 offender-patients who were allowed to leave hospital within a year of admission. A prediction system can be used to assist human decision-making (though it should not be a substitute for it)∗ and can also be used to assess the efficacy of measures—such as after-care—by seeing whether individuals with equal predicted reconviction-rates do better with than without the measure (Mannheim and Wilkins, 1955).
Thiothixene and Thioridazine in Anxiety
Authors: Rickels Karl , Weise Charles C. , Clark E. L. , Jenkins B. Wheeler , Rose Charles K. , Rosenfeld Howard , Gordon Paul E.
Published: August 2008

Thiothixene and thioridazine, established anti-psychotic agents (5), have been reported to possess antidepressant (4, 7, 8, 9, 17) and anxiolytic (3, 15, 16) properties. The present study is primarily concerned with the latter claim. It was initiated to assess the role of both these major tranquillizers—thiothixene, a thioxanthene derivative, and thioridazine, a phenothiazine derivative—in the symptomatic treatment of anxious neurotic out-patients.
The Pattern of Hostility in Affective Illness
Authors: Blackburn Ivy M.
Published: August 2008

Many theoretical accounts of the affective disorders, in particular those by writers of the psychodynamic schools, have emphasized the central role of hostility and aggression. However, there have been very few objective studies of the expression of aggression in patients with affective disorders. Of these, two have used the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ,) of Foulds (Foulds et al., 1960; Foulds, 1965). Mayo (1967) tested 24 depressed patients before and after treatment and found a significant decrease after recovery, both in their level of general punitiveness and in their level of intropunitiveness. The psychotically depressed patients scored significantly higher than the neurotic depressives. Philip (1971) tested depressed women, and found that extra-punitiveness did not change over time, but that improved patients were less intropunitive than those who showed no improvement. No studies have reported the hostility pattern of manic patients.
A Temporal Measure of Attention in Schizophrenia and its Clinical Significance
Authors: Kay Stanley R. , Singh Man Mohan
Published: August 2008

Disturbance of attention has been frequently suggested as one of the mechanisms underlying schizophrenic thought disorder (Weckowicz and Blewett, 1959; Chapman, 1961; Payne, 1966). Much effort has, therefore, been directed toward studying this variable in schizophrenia (McGhie, 1971; Neale and Cromwell, 1972). The approach undertaken has been determined by the psychophysiological and theoretical constructs presumed to be involved. To enumerate a few, disordered attention has been studied with indices of arousal (Venables, 1960; Venables and Wing, 1962), vigilance tasks (Mackworth, 1970), reaction time (Shakow, 1962), size constancy (Weckowicz and Blewett, 1959; Silverman, 1964a), tachistoscopic detection (Kornetsky, 1972), the WAIS Digit Span subtest (Blum et al., 1969), and immediate recall (McGhie et al., 1965). The lack of correspondence between these various procedures has become increasingly apparent (Neale and Cromwell, 1972). In one recent study, for example, the intercorrelations of five purported measures of attention ranged from –.23 to +.31 (Kopfstein and Neale, 1972).
‘Psychoticism’ and Psychotic Illness
Authors: McPherson F. M. , Presly A. S. , Armstrong Jennifer , Curtis R. H.
Published: August 2008

This study concerns the scores on a questionnaire measure of ‘Psychoticism’ of patients with a diagnosed psychotic illness.

Eysenck (1952) postulated the existence of three main dimensions of personality—Extra-version, Neuroticism and Psychoticism. The label ‘Psychoticism’ as used to suggest the hypothesis: ‘that there exists a set of correlated behaviour variables indicative of predisposition to psychoticbreakdown, demonstrableas a continuous variable in the normal population and independent of E and N (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1968a). Psychotically ill patients are held to mark the extreme end of this dimension.
Clinical Aspects of Attempted Suicide Among Women in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Burke Aggrey W.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the distribution of female attempted suicide and other psychiatric admissions to the twenty-bedded Psychiatric Unit of Trinidad and Tobago (population about 1 million). Reports from this area have hitherto been concerned with the socio-cultural but not the clinical aspects (McCandless, 1968; Roberts and Russell, 1969) of psychiatric disorders.
Descriptive Studies of a Psychiatric Hospital Population
Authors: Clarke Michael , Waller Jane
Published: August 2008

These studies were carried out in Park Prewett Hospital (1,400 beds) which serves most of northern Hampshire, a population of just over 300,000 people. Our aim was to describe in some detail the gross features of this hospital population. Three descriptive techniques were employed.
Serum Creatine Kinase in Acute Psychosis
Authors: Harding T.
Published: August 2008

The enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is present in high concentration in skeletal and cardíac muscle and brain tissue (Dawson and Fine, 1967). Raised serum levels of the enzyme occur in skeletal muscle disease, following myocardial infarction and in hypothyroidism. Raised levels have also been demonstrated in acute cerebral disease (Acheson et al., 1965), but earlier suggestions that this might be due to leakage of enzyme from brain tissue have not been confirmed by isoenzyme separation studies (Dubo et al., 1967), which have shown that the excess enzyme came from striated muscle. Raised serum CK levels associated with acute psychosis have also been reported (Bengzon et al., 1966; Meitzer et al., 1969; Coffey et al., 1970; and Gosling et al., 1972). This has led to the suggestion that serum CK estimation could be used in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric patients (Meltzer et al., 1970; Gosling et al., 1972). Meitzer (1969) has also claimed that the biochemical abnormality reflects ‘a basic patho-physiological process common to the acute psychoses'.
Mental Illness in Married Pairs in a Total Population
Authors: Hagnell Olle , Kreitman Norman , Duffy J.
Published: August 2008

Several surveys of mental illness in husband-wife pairs have all concluded that sick couples occur in the general population with a frequency significantly in excess of the number to be expected by chance (Penrose, 1944; Gregory, 1959; Kreitman, 1962; Ryle and Hamilton, 1962; Pondet al., 1963; Nielsen, 1964). The statistical methods employed in such investigations have been criticized by Hallet al.(1971), but these authors' arguments appear to suggest that the relative excess of conjoint illness has, if anything, been under-estimated.
Learning Clinical Psychiatry in a Provincial Mental Hospital
Authors: Barraclough Brian , Wace Godfrey
Published: August 2008

Postgraduate teaching in psychiatry has always been a function of the provincial mental hospitals, but nothing before has equalled the expansion of theoretical teaching which has taken place over the past ten years. At the heart of the training of a psychiatrist, however, there is the National Health Service job with its own demands, where the practical clinical skills are acquired. The job has not changed much, even though the arrangements for theoretical instruction have improved. Yet changes may be possible which will make the registrar's job more efficient as an educational experience by removing the unsystematic and random elements.
One Gene vs. Two Genes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Buck Carol
Published: August 2008

Arguments about the role of heredity in schizophrenia have largely given way to arguments about the genetic mechanisms involved. Discussions of the various genetic models by leading workers in the field have been presented in recent years (Rosenthal and Kety, 1968; Kaplan, 1972). Single gene theories have prevailed, Slater's intermediate model being preferred because of its good fit with the observed risks of schizophrenia in specific categories of blood relatives (Slater and Cowie, 1971).
Speech Perception in Schizophrenia
Authors: Bull Helen C. , Venables Peter H.
Published: August 2008

Although there have been several reports of investigations of speech perception in schizophrenia (Laffal, 1961; Lawson, McGhie and Chapman, 1964) in all cases the assumption was made that the patients’ difficulties arose, not from an inability to perceive the individual words, but from a deficiency in perceiving the words in a meaningful relationship to each other, as part of an organized pattern. In this study, however, instead of examining the performance of schizophrenic patients on a task involving the perception of sentences, as these earlier workers had done, we have used individual words as stimuli in a series of tests of speech perception.
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy among Men in Three Swedish Hospitals for the Mentally Retarded and Maladjusted
Authors: Åkesson Hans Olof , Forssman Hans , Wahlström Jan , Wallin Leif
Published: August 2008

In the mid-1960.s, reports came from Scotland and England of a high frequency of gonosomal aberrations among male patients in maximum security hospitals (Jacobs et al., 1965; Casey et al., 1966). This led to a lively discussion. If these observations could be generalized so as to apply also to similar institutions in other countries, the question would be whether gonosomal aneuploidy had any bearing on the development of criminality and psychic diseases? In particular, the significance of a double Y condition as a predisposing factor was called in question. Unfortunately, from the outset the discussion became too categorical and oversimplified. When in subsequent studies socially well-adjusted individuals of normal intelligence were found, it was doubted whether aneuploidy had any importance at all. In a survey as recent as 1972, for example, Owen questions whether there is any connection at all between excess Y-chromosomes and behaviour disorders and mental diseases. Hook (1973), on the contrary, in a somewhat more detailed compilation, shows that there is a clear connection between the occurrence of double Y-chromosomes and individuals whom he defines as ‘mental-penal’. A common feature in all the literature, however, is that almost all writers insist on the importance of more research in this field.
Season of Birth in the General Population and in Patients with Mental Disorder in Norway
Authors: Ødegård Ørnulv
Published: August 2008

It has been shown by Knobloch and Pasamanick that a disproportionate number of oligophrenics are born during the first months of the year. This appears to be true mainly in warmer climates and is supposed to be related to nutritional problems which arise when the most sensitive weeks of pregnancy coincide with the unpleasantly warm summer months. Such findings have led to a revival of the interest in the monthly birth distribution of schizophrenics. There is some evidence that this pattern actually differs from that of the general population, and para-natal complications could be the explanation.
The Effects of Small Electrical Currents upon Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Nias D. K. B. , Shapiro M. B.
Published: August 2008

Lippold and Redfearn (1964) reported psychological effects from sending small direct electrical currents through the brain (polarization). For 26 subjects they found that scalp-positive current caused ‘alertness or more involvement in the environment’, whereas scalp-negative current caused ‘quietness and withdrawal’ (p. 771). Three other subjects reliably produced opposite changes. The observations were made during brief talks by judges unaware of the kind of current being administered. The present study, details of which are given by Nias (1968), aimed to observe the effects of polarization upon symptoms of depressed patients.
Femininity and Preferred Partner Age in Homosexual and Heterosexual Males
Authors: Freund Kurt , Langevin Ron , Laws Richard , Serber Michael
Published: August 2008

Ferenczi (1927, orig. 1911) thought that on clinical grounds he had clearly established two types of homosexual males. One type combined masculinity and a preference for pubescents, and the other type combined femininity with a preference for physically mature partners. However, Hirschfeld (1920, p. 267, 277, orig. 1914), who had examined a very large number of homosexual males, doubted the existence of any relationship between femininity and age preference.
Personality Characteristics of Male Homosexuals Referred for Aversion Therapy: a Comparative Study
Authors: Turner R. K. , Pielmaier H. , James Sheelah , Orwin Arnold
Published: August 2008

Most studies on the personality of homosexuals have been based on patients or prisoners (e.g. Cattell and Morony, 1962), and much less is known about those who do not fall into these categories. This report summarizes a comparison of the personalities of a sample of normal British homosexuals with a patient group who sought treatment. It was hoped through this investigation, an offshoot study of a major treatment programme for homosexuals, to determine the relationship between personality characteristics and referral for treatment; also to obtain further information about the personalities of non-treatment-seeking homosexuals.
Overinclusive Thinking in Mania and Schizophrenia
Authors: Andreasen N. J. C. , Powers Pauline S.
Published: August 2008

Beginning with the work of Cameron (1944), the concept of overinclusive thinking has been used to describe or account for the thought disorder observed in schizophrenic patients. This is usually defined as an inability to preserve conceptual boundaries, perhaps based on a cerebral input dysfunction which causes difficulty in filtering stimuli (Payne et al., 1959; McGhie, 1970; Epstein, 1953; Broadbent, 1958). This leads the schizophrenic to make remote associations and to overgeneralize or overabstract.
Antibody Levels to Herpes Simplex Type 1, Measles and Rubella Viruses in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Halonen P. E. , Rimon R. , Arohonka Katve , Jäntti V.
Published: August 2008

The systematic search of aetiological agents from a variety of slowly progressing or subacute neurological diseases has revealed causative viruses or virus-like agents from kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and other forms of presenile dementias, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, progressive multifocal encephalopathy, and from many similar neurological diseases in animals (Gajdusek and Gibbs, 1973; Gajdusek, 1973). The first two diseases called subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies (Gajdusek and Gibbs, 1971) have many interesting features including heredo-familial occurrence and totally non-inflammatory neuropathology. Thus the epidemiology of these diseases is not typical for diseases with infectious aetiology, and the histopathological studies do not suggest the presence of extremely high-titred infectious material in brain cells.
Psychiatric Illness and Living in Flats
Authors: Moore N. C.
Published: August 2008

All the papers about flat dwelling (Central Housing Advisory Committee, 1952; Hopper, 1962; Hird, 1966; Fanning, 1967; Gunn, 1968; Gilloran, 1968 and Stewart, 1970) except one (Sheerboom, 1962) state that it has an adverse effect on mental health. They are almost unanimous in naming the care of children as a cause. The best study from a scientific point of view (Fanning, 1967) showed a significantly higher rate of psychiatric consultations among those living in the same flats as in the present study. This was thought to be due to social isolation caused by the nature of the flats and being confined in them by children. A widely held belief that bad housing can cause or aggravate mental illness is not justified by the evidence. Three investigations (Martin, Brotherston and Chave, 1957; Wilner, Walkley, Schram, Pinkerton and Tayback, 1960 and Hare and Shaw, 1965) failed to show any benefit to mental health from new housing. The only one (Taylor and Chave, 1964) to find an improvement studied new housing which was socially planned. All four studies failed to allow for two other variables. One was the adverse effect of the move itself (Maule and Martin, 1956; Hall, 1964 and Shepherd, Cooper, Brown and Kalton, 1966) on those in new housing. The other was moving to better old housing among controls (Wilneret al., 1960).
Geographical Differences in the Prevalence of Mental Deficiency
Authors: Åkesson Hans Olof
Published: August 2008

Like other mental disorders, mental deficiency presents great problems in diagnosis. These diagnostic problems derive ultimately from the fact that a medical diagnosis can be made only in exceptional cases. Mental retardation is not a disease in itself, but only a symptom which may be found in a number of different conditions. It is true that there are a great number of oligophrenia syndromes with known aetiology, but together they represent a numerically small group. When one considers, in addition, that no clear cut distinction between the normally intelligent and the mentally retarded can be made, since the difference is merely quantitative, the difficulties of diagnosis become manifest.
Social Aspects of the Battered Baby Syndrome
Authors: Smith Selwyn M. , Hanson Ruth , Noble Sheila
Published: August 2008

In spite of increasing interest, the problem of the battered child remains controversial. Some see the problem as a response to stressful social circumstances and society's permissive attitude to violence (23), others view it as primarily a manifestation of parental maladjustment (64).
Clinical and Eeg Studies of Prisoners Charged with Murder
Authors: Driver M. V. , West Letitia R. , Faulk M.
Published: August 2008

For some years EEG recordings have been carried out at the Maudsley Hospital on male persons charged with murder and in custody while awaiting trial. These recordings have been undertaken at the request of the prison authorities with the consent of the defence and irrespective of whether or not there was a recognized clinical indication for such a procedure. During the period 1964 to 1969 150 such prisoners were examined, only 97 of whom were subsequently brought to trial on a charge of murder, with the outcome as given in Table I. Towards the end of this period EEGs were recorded from 20 volunteer male members of the hospital staff, all within the same age range as the prisoners (mean age 30 years, range 16–70) and none with any previous history of obvious medical or forensic relevance.
A Case of Multiple Tics with Vocalisation (Partial Syndrome of Gilles de la Tourette) and XYY Karyotype
Authors: Merskey H.
Published: August 2008

Multiple tics appear in the population with a frequency estimated at from 1 in 1,000 child psychiatric out-patients (Lucas et al., 1967) to 1 in 12,500 out-patients (Ascher, 1948). The incidence of XYY karyotype is about 1.24 per thousand males (Nielsen and Christensen, 1974). The occurrence of multiple tics with vocalization in a patient with the XYY chromosome constitution strongly suggests that the extra chromosome promotes neurological abnormality.
Cross-National Study of Diagnosis of the Mental Disorders: A Comparison of the Diagnoses of Elderly Psychiatric Patients Admitted to Mental Hospitals serving Queens County, New York, and the former Borough of Camberwell, London
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Kelleher M. J. , Kellett J. M. , Gourlay A. J. , Cowan D. W. , Barron G. , De Gruchy J. , Gurland B. J. , Sharpe L. , Simon R. , Kuriansky J. , Stiller P.
Published: August 2008

The original aim of the U.S./U.K. Diagnostic Project, founded in 1965, was to examine differences in the national statistics for the diagnostic frequencies among patients admitted to state mental hospitals in the United States of America and to area mental hospitals in England and Wales.
Helping the Chronic Psychiatric Patient in an Industrial Therapy Setting
Authors: Pattie Anne H. , Williams Anne E. , Emery David
Published: August 2008

The original aim of Industrial Therapy Units, which exist in most psychiatric hospitals, was to preserve or re-establish outside interests and standards by providing work of an industrial nature (Wadsworth, 1962), but often they merely offer the patient activity and occupation. The staff of the Industrial Therapy Unit at Clifton Hospital were concerned about some patients who benefited very little from attendance, and they devised a project to improve this. Qualitatively the patients appeared to benefit but the staff were unable to measure this. They therefore approached the Psychology Department, and a structured programme was designed with emphasis on measurement and control of variables. There was very little to be found in the literature on experiments in an Industrial Therapy setting (see references).
Neurocutaneous Disorder and Mental Functioning
Authors: Jancar J.
Published: August 2008

Disorders of the skin, either congenital or acquired, associated with nervous disorders and disturbance of normal mental functioning arc numerous. The classification is very wide-ranging and includes: phakomatoses, hamartoses, adenomatoses and neurocutaneous syndromes. In 1972, Liebaldt and Leiber collected 40 titles of the syndromes, and since then many more reports of the new syndromes and their variants have appeared in the world literature.
Dimensions of Behaviour in Infant School Children
Authors: Kolvin I. , Wolff S. , Barber L. M. , Tweddle E. G. , Garside R. F. , Scott D. McI. , Chambers S.
Published: August 2008

Much attention has been devoted to the classification of the behaviour disorders of childhood, and various authors have identified what they consider to be clinically homogeneous groups. The alternative to a clinical approach to classification is a multivariate approach in an attempt to identify more scientifically the main dimensions underlying the wide range of behaviour disorders that occur in children. A model for a multivariate classification was pioneered by Hewitt and Jenkins (1946), who delineated three behaviour syndromes:

(a)

socialized delinquency;

(b)

unsocialized aggressive behaviour;

(c)

over-inhibited behaviour.
A Study of the Interaction Between Depressed Patients and Their Spouses
Authors: Hinchliffe Mary , Hooper Douglas , Roberts F. John , Vaughan Pamela W.
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the initial analysis of a series of observations of a number of depressed patients communicating with their spouses and with a third party. This is part of a larger study which arose out of our dissatisfaction with the traditional ways of thinking about depressed patients. By and large there is general agreement about the people who are called ‘depressed’; there are constellations of symptoms and signs which can be evaluated by using one of the many rating scales for depression which have a degree of reliability and consistency. However, we feel that most of the thinking which underlies these efforts is based on presuppositions which would place ‘the depression’ within the patient, that is to say that there is something wrong within the patient which causes the symptoms and gives rise to the signs. These views are reductionist in character and we have by contrast attempted to reexamine certain aspects of depression using non-reductionist ideas.
A Study of Intellectual Impairment and Recovery Rates in Heavy Drinkers in Ireland
Authors: Clarke Jane , Haughton Helen
Published: August 2008

Work in England (Kaldegg, 1956) and America (Wechsler, 1958; and Jones and Parsons, 1972) has suggested that heavy drinking, while in the later stages leading to all-round intellectual deterioration, in the early stages frequently causes deficits in visual/spatial and visual/motor co-ordination and visual memory. Kleinknecht and Goldstein (1972) suggest two general areas of deficit, inability in abstract reasoning and problem solving, and inability in tasks involving speed and perceptual/motor co-ordination. These functions are known to deteriorate with age and so deficits due to alcohol look like premature senescence of intellectual and psychological processes.
Group Greed and Group Need—An Occupational Hazard for Psychiatric Personnel?
Authors: Zeitlyn B. B.
Published: August 2008

This preliminary communication draws attention to a condition that may adversely affect psychiatric personnel, and to some of its determinants. Personnel working in institutions where meetings are a major occupational activity appear especially at risk. The condition is a pathological response to groups or collections of colleagues met together in circles for professional purposes. Idealization of these groups and their activities leads to a craving to join them and to dependency once membership is achieved; less often rejection symptoms arise.