bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft x‐ray multilayer monochromator with improved resolution and low specular background
Authors: André Jean‐Michel , Benbalagh Rabah , Barchewitz Robert , Ravet Marie‐Françoise , Raynal Alain , Delmotte Frank , Bridou Françoise , Julie Gwaénäelle , Bosseboeuf Alain , Laval René , Soullié Gérard , Rémond Christian , Fialin Michel
Published: September 2002

A new soft‐x‐ray multilayer monochromator with an improved resolution and a low specular background is presented. The principles of the device, based on the use of a lamellar multilayer amplitude grating (LMAG), are summarized. The techniques of fabrication of the monochromator (multilayer deposition, UV lithography and reactive ion etching) are given. The performance of this new monochromator at photon energies around 1500 eV is demonstrated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metallic thin film thickness determination using electron probe microanalysis
Authors: Campos C. S. , Coleoni E. A. , Trincavelli J. C. , Kaschny J. , Hubbler R. , Soares M. R. F. , Vasconcellos M. A. Z.
Published: September 2002

An experimental procedure to determine metallic thin film thicknesses by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is presented. Several monoelemental films of Al, Ti, Cr, Cu, Nb, Mo and Au with different thicknesses, deposited on an Si substrate, were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry for thickness measurement. Characteristic x‐ray intensities were measured for films, substrate and bulk standards. The ratios of these intensities (k‐ratio), were compared with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulations based on the subroutine package PENELOPE, and good agreement was found. The results from simulation and experiments were added to build calibration curves of k‐ratio vs thickness for the monoelemental films investigated. A simple analytical function was fitted to these curves and the behavior of its parameters with atomic number was studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New procedure for intensity and detection limit determination in spectral trace analysis: application for trace mercury by TXRF
Authors: Bennun L. , Greaves E. D. , Blostein J. J.
Published: September 2002

A new procedure for the identification and quantification of spectral signals based on the method of maximum likelihood is presented. It is particularly appropriate for the analysis of signal interference or cases of a small signal in a sizeable noisy background. The formulation yields precise signal intensity values and has advantages in its estimation of detection limits over established signal processing methods. The method developed is applicable to spectroscopic techniques where net counts are proportional to acquisition time, such as particle induced x‐ray emission (PIXE) and other x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopic methods, Mössbauer spectroscopy, some cases of α, β and γ spectroscopy, etc. The proposed method was applied in two experimental instances to the quantification of traces of the XRF mercury signal in the presence of a large, strongly interfering gold signal: (i) In liquid solutions assayed by means of total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry, where mercury amalgamated on a gold‐plated thin film sputtered on pure quartz reflectors was irradiated with a molybdenum anode x‐ray tube; detection limits achieved by the method were 100 ppb, significantly lower than obtained by standard net‐area processing procedures; (ii) solid sample XRF spectra analyzed with the proposed method yielded consistent and reliable signal intensities and evidence of detection limits almost an order of magnitude smaller than achieved by standard net‐area processing procedures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic detection in nineteenth century Portuguese King post mortem tissues by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Carvalho M. L. , Rodrigues Ferreira F. E. , Neves M. C. M. , Casaca C. , Cunha A. S. , Marques J. P. , Amorim P. , Marques A. F. , Marques M. I.
Published: September 2002

Arsenic and other heavy metal concentrations in post mortem soft tissues from a Portuguese King of the nineteenth century were studied by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis. This work is an attempt to clarify the strange death of the King, through the analysis of his post mortem soft tissue remains, which were kept inside a Chinese porcelain container since his death in 1826. The container was put in a wooden coffin and buried underground in a chapel of the St Vicente de Fora Monastery in Lisbon. Quantitative elemental analysis of the remains showed very high concentrations of arsenic and lead, which on average correspond to a few hundred times the mean normal values for contemporary human soft tissues. Increased levels of Cu were found, and also small enrichments for Fe and Zn, probably due to either enrichment during the 175 years or contamination by direct intake from the container, or both. The results obtained are consistent with acute arsenic poisoning, reinforcing the conclusions from the medical anatomical–pathological report, based on the analysis of the fragments by scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between element concentrations and x‐ray diffraction patterns in hair
Authors: Trounova V. A. , Vazina A. A. , Lanina N. F. , Sergienko P. M. , Kondratyev V. I.
Published: September 2002

A correlation between the character of x‐ray patterns and the element composition of human hair was found. X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis of human hair were carried out using synchrotron radiation of the storage ring of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS. Some factors leading to the appearance of the diffuse ring in keratin fibrils, which corresponds to a molar periodicity of 4.44 nm, were shown, as was the ring's connection with the element composition of hair. The role of metals in the matrix complex was considered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two mechanisms for oxidation of cytosolic NADPH by Kluyveromyces lactis mitochondria
Authors: Overkamp Karin M. , Bakker Barbara M. , Steensma H. Y. , van Dijken Johannes P. , Pronk Jack T.
Published: September 2002

Null mutations in the structural gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase completely abolish activity of this glycolytic enzyme in Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In S. cerevisiae, the pgi1 null mutation abolishes growth on glucose, whereas K.lactis rag2 null mutants still grow on glucose. It has been proposed that, in the latter case, growth on glucose is made possible by an ability of K. lactis mitochondria to oxidize cytosolic NADPH. This would allow for a re‐routing of glucose dissimilation via the pentose‐phosphate pathway. Consistent with this hypothesis, mitochondria of S. cerevisiae cannot oxidize NADPH. In the present study, the ability of K. lactis mitochondria tooxidize cytosolic NADPH was experimentally investigated. Respiration‐competent mitochondria were isolated from aerobic, glucose‐limited chemostat cultures of the wild‐type K. lactis strain CBS 2359 and from an isogenic rag2Δ strain. Oxygen‐uptake experiments confirmed the presence of a mitochondrial NADPH dehydrogenase in K.lactis. This activity was ca. 2.5‐fold higher in the rag2Δ mutant than in the wild‐type strain. In contrast to mitochondria from wild‐type K. lactis, mitochondria from the rag2Δ mutant exhibited high rates of ethanol‐dependent oxygen uptake. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that, in the rag2Δ mutant, a mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase was present and that activity of a cytosolic NADPH‐dependent ‘acetaldehyde reductase’ was also increased. These observations indicate that two mechanisms may participate inmitochondrial oxidation of cytosolic NADPH by K. lactis mitochondria: (a) direct oxidation of cytosolic NADPH by a mitochondrial NADPH dehydrogenase; and (b) a two‐compartment transhydrogenase cycle involving NADP+‐ and NAD+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A microarray‐assisted screen for potential Hap1 and Rox1 target genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ter Linde José J. M. , Steensma H. Yde
Published: September 2002

Saccharomyces cerevisiae adapts to altered oxygen availability by differentially expressing a number of genes. Under aerobic conditions oxygen control of gene expression is exerted through the activator Hap1 and the repressor Rox1. The Hap1 transcription factor senses cellular heme status and increases expression of aerobic genes in response to oxygen. The repression of hypoxic genes under normoxic conditions results from Hap1‐mediated activation of ROX1 transcription. To allow the identification of additional Hap1 and Rox1 target genes, genome‐wide expression was analysed in aerobically, chemostat‐cultivated hap1 and rox1 null mutants. The microarray results show that deletion of HAP1 causes a lower transcript level of 51 genes. Transcription of 40 genes was increased in rox1 mutant cells compared to wild‐type cells. Combining these results with our previously described transcriptome data of aerobically and anaerobically grown cells and with computational analysis of the promoters identified 24 genes that are potentially regulated by Hap1, and 38 genes satisfied the criteria of being direct targets of Rox1. In addition, this work provides further evidence that Rox1 controls transcription of anaerobic genes through repression under normoxic conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sco2p reveals a high degree of redundancy with Sco1p
Authors: Lode Anja , Paret Claudia , Rödel Gerhard
Published: September 2002

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SCO1 has been shown to play an essential role in the transfer of copper to the CuA‐centre of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit Cox2p. By contrast, the function of Sco2p, the gene product of the highly homologous SCO2 gene, remains to be elucidated. Deletion of the SCO2 gene does not affect growth on a variety of carbon sources, including glycerol, lactate and ethanol. We report here, that Sco2p is anchored in the mitochondrial membrane by a single transmembrane segment and displays a similar tripartite structure as Sco1p. Most parts of Sco1p can be replaced by the homologous parts of Sco2p without loss of function. A short stretch of 13 amino acids, immediately adjacent to the transmembrane region, is crucial for Sco1p function and cannot be replaced by its Sco2p counterpart. We propose that this region is relevant for the correct spatial orientation of the C‐terminal part of the protein. Immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding assays show that Sco2p interacts with the C‐terminal portion of Cox2p. This interaction is neither dependent on bound copper ions nor on the presence of Sco1p. Furthermore we report on in vitro binding assays which show that Sco2p can form homomeric complexes, but also heteromeric complexes with Sco1p. Our data suggest that Sco2p is involved in the transfer of copper to Cox2p, but that this activity is insufficient for oxidative growth and not able to substitute for Sco1p activity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6‐phosphofructokinase from Pichia pastoris: purification, kinetic and molecular characterization of the enzyme
Authors: Kirchberger Jürgen , Bär Jörg , Schellenberger Wolfgang , Dihazi Hassan , Kopperschläger Gerhard
Published: September 2002

6‐Phosphofructokinase from Pichia pastoris was purified for the first time to homogeneity applying seven steps, including pseudo‐affinity dye‐ligand chromatography on Procion Blue H‐5R‐Sepharose. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was about 80 U/mg. It behaves as a typically allosteric 6‐phosphofructokinase exhibiting activation by AMP and fructose 2,6‐bis(phosphate), inhibition by ATP and cooperativity to fructose 6‐phosphate. However, in comparison with the enzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis, the activation ratio of 6‐phosphofructokinase from Pichia pastoris by AMP is several times higher, the ATP inhibition is stronger and the apparent affinity to fructose 6‐phosphate is significantly lower. Aqueous two‐phase affinity partitioning with Cibacron Blue F3G‐A did not reflect remarkable structural differences of the nucleotide binding sites of the Pfks from Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The structural organisation of the active enzyme seems to be different in comparison with hetero‐octameric 6‐phosphofructokinases from other yeast species. The enzyme was found to be a hetero‐oligomer with an molecular mass of 975 kDa (sedimentation equilibrium measurements) consisting of two distinct types of subunits in an equimolar ratio with molecular masses of 113 kDa and 98 kDa (SDS–PAGE), respectively, and a third non‐covalently complexed protein component (34 kDa, SDS–PAGE). The latter seems to be necessary for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Sequencing of the N‐terminus (VTKDSIXRDLEXENXGXXFF) and of peptide fragments by applying MALDI–TOF PSD, m/z 1517.3 (DAMNVVNH) and m/z 2177.2 [AQNCNVC(L/I)SVHEAHTM] gave no relevant information about the identity of this protein. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid differentiation of Candida albicans from other Candida species using its unique germ tube formation at 39° C
Authors: Kim Donghwa , Shin Woon‐Seob , Lee Kyoung‐Ho , Kim Kyunghoon , Young Park Joo , Koh Choon‐Myung
Published: September 2002

In this study, we found that no Candida species other than C. albicans is able to form germ tubes at 39° C in serum‐free YEPD (1% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) peptone and 2% (w/v) dextrose) media, which makes it easy to identify C. albicans from other Candida species. When cultivated in rabbit serum for at least 2 h at 37° C, more than 60% of C. albicans cells generated germ tubes. In YEPD, however, germ tubes began to appear from C. albicans cells within 30 min at 39° C, and more than 60% of C. albicans cells formed the germ tubes after 1 h at 39° C. Standard Candida strains (ATCC, CBS), three C. albicans and two C. dubliniensis strains were cultured in serum at 37° C for 2 h and in YEPD at 39° C for 1 h. All of the three C. albicans formed germ tubes at 39° C. The two C. dubliniensis strains formed germ tubes in serum at 37° C, but grew as a yeast form in YEPD at 39° C. All of the clinically isolated C. albicans strains in our laboratory formed germ tubes in YEPD at 39° C for 1 h, and none of the clinically isolated Candida species other than C. albicans generated germ tubes in YEPD at 39° C. Thus, the unique germ tube formation of C. albicans induced by high temperature (39° C) in YEPD could be applied to a protocol for the rapid and convenient identification of C. albicans in clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the embryo culture system useful for collecting primordial germ cells from endangered avian embryos?
Authors: Kawashima Takaharu , Sakai Rika , Kano Koichiro , Tamaki Yoshinori , Hashimoto Koichiro
Published: September 2002

The development of artificial means to conserve endangered avian species appears to be urgently needed. Procedures developed in recent years for experimental embryology with primordial germ cells (PGCs) may help prevent the extinction of endangered species. To this end, we examined the embryo culture system (ECS) for collection of PGCs using chick embryos as a model system. Our results showed that the ECS had no detrimental effect on the number of PGCs that could be collected from the bloodstream at the optimal developmental stages. Also, our findings indicated that the number of PGCs recoverable from the blood depended on the developmental stage. We conclude that the ECS, which allows direct observation of embryos during development, is very useful for collecting PGCs and for obtaining basic developmental information that can be extended to invaluable endangered avian embryos. Various aspects of the ECS are discussed. Zoo Biol 21:287–294, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signals from the X: signal transduction and X‐linked mental retardation
Authors: Barnes Anthony P. , Milgram Sharon L.
Published: September 2002

The dramatic increase in genomic information is allowing the rapid identification of genes that are altered in mental retardation (MR). It is necessary to place their resulting gene products in their cellular context to understand how they may have contributed to a patient's cognitive deficits. This review will consider signaling molecules that have been implicated in X‐linked MR and the known pathways by which these proteins covey information will be delineated. The proteins discussed include four distinct classes: transmembrane receptors, guanine nucleotide related proteins, kinases, and translational regulators.
Mental Retardation Research Center at Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Authors: Volpe Joseph J.
Published: September 2002

The MRRC at Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School is focused on research in genetics and neuroscience. Both clinical and basic science approaches are abundant. Major interdisciplinary programs, particularly in the areas of neonatal brain injury, human cerebral cortical malformations, and human neuromuscular disorders, interdigitate basic and clinical research in cohesive research programs. The core research support facilities serve as the nidus for this large research effort, encompassing 65 externally funded clinical and basic scientists.
An Economic and Jurisprudential Genealogy of Corporate Law. By Michael J. Whincop. [Aldershot: Ashgate. 2001. xviii, 222, (Bibliography) 20 and (Index) 5 pp. Hardback £45. ISBN 1–84014–773–3.]
Authors: Armour John
Published: September 2002

Economic analysis has recently gained a high profile in English company law scholarship, not least through its employment by the Law Commissions and its resonance with the Company Law Review. This approach has taught us much about how company law functions in relation to the marketplace. Whincop’s book is, however, the first attempt to use economic methodology not only to explain how the law functions, but also to provide an evolutionary account of why the history of English company law followed the path it did. The result is a thesis that, whilst complex, has a powerful intuitive appeal for those familiar with Victorian company law judgments.
Mental Disability in Victorian England: The Earlswood Asylum 1847–1901. By David Wright. [Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. xii, 244 and (Index) 10 pp. Hardback £40. ISBN 0–19–924639–4.]
Authors: Stein M. A.
Published: September 2002

Under the auspices of the 1808 Asylums Act, twelve county asylums for the institutionalised care of “dangerous idiots and lunatics” were created from 1808 through 1834. The advent of the New Poor Law in that latter year, with its emphasis on economising costs through “relieving” the poor in Union workhouses, resulted in a drastic increase in the number of mentally disabled people under the care of the Poor Law Overseers. Subsequently (and partially in consequence) the Lunatics Act of 1845 directed that all “lunatics, idiots, or persons of unsound mind” be institutionalised in county asylums. The Earlswood Asylum (formerly the National Asylum for Idiots) was the premier establishment for the care of people with mental disabilities throughout the Victorian era, and the institution upon which a national network would be modelled. This book chronicles and examines the history of the Earlswood Asylum from 1847–1901.
Industrialising English Law: Entrepreneurship and Business Organisation 1720–1844. By Ron Harris. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000. xvi, 293 and (Appendices) 6, (Bibliography) 21 and (Index) 9 pp. Hardback £37.50 net. ISBN 0–521–66275–3.]
Authors: Sinclair-Brown Nicholas
Published: September 2002

During the past decade entrepreneurs have emerged as key figures in national wealth creation. This book serves as a reminder that they were not always so highly regarded and records the intense struggles by which the medieval public purpose corporation was adapted to the structural challenges wrought by the industrial revolution. These were not merely the technical challenges of developing appropriate legal mechanisms to balance the needs of management and investors but entailed the readjustment of a whole range of vested interests and conflicting ideologies.
Euthanasia, Death with Dignity and the Law. By Hazel Biggs. [Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2001. xvi, 174 and (Index) 5 pp. Hardback £25.00 net. ISBN 1–84113–091–5.]
Authors: Hiscox WendyE.
Published: September 2002

The voluntary euthanasia debate in the United Kingdom has a lengthy history, and the public continues to grapple with the possible legalisation of the practice. Hazel Biggs enters into this debate with Euthanasia, Death with Dignity and the Law, a timely contribution that has as its focus the question of whether legal reform to accommodate active voluntary euthanasia is an appropriate response to a perceived need for the option of “death with dignity”. The book’s seven discrete chapters explore aspects of the overall theme of achieving dignity in dying through the mechanism of euthanasia, from the perspectives of clinicians, patients and others who are indirectly affected. Emphasis on “autonomy”, “self-determination” and “human dignity” permeates the text and underpins the author’s stated position in favour of legal reform.
French Legal Cultures. By John Bell. [Butterworths: London. 2001. xxiii, 257, (Bibliography) 9 and (Index) 8 pp. Paperback £26.95. ISBN 0–406–94303–6.]
Authors: Garde Amandine
Published: September 2002

ItHas now become common ground that legal rules are contingent and are not enough in themselves to present a real image of a legal system. They are only one manifestation of the legal culture from which they stem. As Merriman put it, to understand a legal system, “you have to know where it comes from and what its image of itself is”. This is the premise on which Professor Bell wrote his latest book. However, he takes the argument one step further and states that it is not fully accurate to speak about the French legal culture as a single, homogeneous entity. Rather, he submits that there are several French legal cultures: one for each area of law under scrutiny. In his book, he therefore refines the now widely accepted view that a legal system consists not only of a set of rules but also of a complex of perceptions, attitudes, values and modes of reasoning.
Transforming the Law: Essays on Technology, Justice and the Legal Marketplace. By Richard Susskind. [Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. xiii, 292, and (Index) 9 pp. Hardback £19.95. ISBN 0–19–829922–2.]
Authors: Bates Daniel
Published: September 2002

InThe introduction to Transforming the Law Professor Susskind supposes that the development of the World Wide Web has created a population of people who read in short digestible chunks, leaving the “cover-to-cover experience” uniquely for readers of fiction novels. If this is indeed the case, then this book is ideally suited to such a reader, being a collection of Susskind’s own brand of legal IT strategising and crystal-ball-gazing in self-contained and comprehensive chapters. Readers who have heard Susskind speak will recognise some proportion of the various essays. However, the book does also provide an extremely comprehensive collection of his thinking on developments in the practice of the law at many different levels.
Hydromagnetic Taylor–Couette flow: numerical
formulation and comparison with experiment
Authors: WILLIS A. P. , BARENGHI C. F.
Published: September 2002

Taylor–Couette flow in the presence of a magnetic field is a problem belonging to
classical hydromagnetics and deserves to be more widely studied than it has been
to date. In the nonlinear regime the literature is scarce. We develop a formulation
suitable for solution of the full three-dimensional nonlinear hydromagnetic equations
in cylindrical geometry, which is motived by the formulation for the magnetic field. It
is suitable for study at finite Prandtl numbers and in the small Prandtl number limit,
relevant to laboratory liquid metals. The method is used to determine the onset of
axisymmetric Taylor vortices, and finite-amplitude solutions. Our results compare well
with existing linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic calculations and with hydromagnetic
experiments.
The linear stability of flat Stokes layers
Authors: BLENNERHASSETT P. J. , BASSOM ANDREW P.
Published: September 2002

The linear stability of the Stokes layer generated by an oscillating flat plate is
investigated using Floquet theory. The results obtained include the behaviour of
the growth rate of the disturbances, part of the corresponding neutral curve and
the structure of neutrally stable disturbances. Previously unknown properties of the
growth rate cause the neutral curve to have a complicated geometry: the majority of
the marginal curve is defined by waves propagating relative to the basic flow and the
curve is smooth in character, but for certain very narrow bands of wavenumbers it
was found that stationary modes are the first to become unstable. This phenomenon
has the consequence that the underlying smooth neutral curve is punctuated by thin
finger-like features. The structure of the eigenfunctions showed that the neutrally
stable disturbances tend to grow most rapidly just after the wall velocity passes
through zero.
Life of a smooth liquid sheet
Authors: CLANET CHRISTOPHE , VILLERMAUX EMMANUEL
Published: September 2002

We report on experiments with liquid sheets formed through the impact of a slender jet
on a small disc at high Reynolds number. When the interaction with the surrounding
air is negligible, the sheet spreads out radially and remains smooth. The study
extends over the whole life of the sheet, considering the dynamics of its formation
and destruction and paying special attention to the stationary regime, in which the
transition from sheet to drops occurs.
Life of a flapping liquid sheet
Authors: VILLERMAUX E. , CLANET C.
Published: September 2002

A round liquid jet with density ρ, surface tension σ and diameter D0 impacting a solid
circular surface at normal incidence with velocity U0 takes the form of a radially
expanding sheet whose thickness decreases with distance from the impact point. When
the sheet develops in a still environment with density ρa = αρ, it destabilizes, provided
the impacting Weber number We = ρU20D0/σ is larger than about 40α−1/2, as a result
of a shear instability with the surrounding medium, in a sinuous, flag-like motion.
We show how the instability properties set both the radial extent of the liquid sheet
and the drop formation process at its rim. The shear instability gives the liquid a
flag-like motion, ultimately triggering a Rayleigh–Taylor instability at the rim of the
sheet which disintegrates, at the radial location R, into disjointed droplets of size d
such that

R/D0 ∼ α−2/3We−1/3
and
d/D0 ∼ α−2/3We−1.

The features of the sheet instability, its radius and the droplet sizes are determined
experimentally for a broad range of control parameters, using different liquids and
ambient-medium densities.
The effect of viscous heating on the stability of
Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: AL-MUBAIYEDH U. A. , SURESHKUMAR R. , KHOMAMI B.
Published: September 2002

The influence of viscous heating on the stability of Taylor–Couette flow is investigated
theoretically. Based on a linear stability analysis it is shown that viscous heating leads
to significant destabilization of the Taylor–Couette flow. Specifically, it is shown that in
the presence of viscous dissipation the most dangerous disturbances are axisymmetric
and that the temporal characteristic of the secondary flow is very sensitive to the
thermal boundary conditions. If the temperature difference between the two cylinders
is small, the secondary flow is stationary as in the case of isothermal Taylor–Couette
flow. However, when the temperature difference between the two cylinders is large,
time-dependent secondary states are predicted. These linear stability predictions are
in agreement with the experimental observations of White & Muller (2000) in terms
of onset conditions as well as the spatiotemporal characteristics of the secondary
flow. Nonlinear stability analysis has revealed that over a broad range of operating
conditions, the bifurcation to the time-dependent secondary state is subcritical, while
stationary states result as a consequence of supercritical bifurcation. Moreover, the
supercritically bifurcated stationary state undergoes a secondary bifurcation to a
time-dependent flow. Overall, the structure of the time-dependent state predicted by the
analysis compares very well with the experimental observations of White & Muller
(2000) that correspond to slowly moving vortices parallel to the cylinder axis. The
significant destabilization observed in the presence of viscous heating arises as the
result of the coupling of the perturbation velocity and the base-state temperature
gradient that gives rise to fluctuations in the radial temperature distribution. Due to
the thermal sensitivity of the fluid these fluctuations greatly modify the fluid viscosity
and reduce the dissipation of disturbances provided by the viscous stress terms in the
momentum equation.
Double-diffusive finger convection: influence of
concentration at fixed buoyancy ratio
Authors: PRINGLE SCOTT E. , GLASS ROBERT J.
Published: September 2002

Double-diffusive finger convection is studied experimentally in a transparent Hele-Shaw
cell for a two-solute system. A less dense sucrose solution is layered on top
of a more dense salt solution using a laminar flow technique, and convective motion
is followed photographically from the static state. We systematically increase solute
concentrations from dilute to the solubility limit of the salt solution while maintaining
a fixed buoyancy ratio of approximately 1.08. Across the 14 experiments conducted,
the convective motion shows considerable variation in both structure and time scale.
We find that new finger pairs form continuously within a finger generation zone where
complexity increases with Rayleigh number, reaches a peak, and then decreases for
highly concentrated solutions. The vertical fnger length scale grows linearly in time
across the full concentration range. The vertical finger velocity also increases linearly
with Rayleigh number, but as the concentrations increase, deviation from linearity and
asymmetrical convection occur. The horizontal length scale grows as a power law in
time with the exponent constant over most of the range; again, deviations are observed
for highly concentrated solutions. The observed deviations at high concentrations are
attributed to the increasing nonlinearity in the governing equations as the solutions
approach their solubility limits. There, the fluid properties become functions of
solute concentration and vary significantly within the experimental fields suppressing
structural complexity, imparting asymmetry to the convective motion, and influencing
emergent vertical and horizontal length scales and their growth.
Instability and mode interactions in a
differentially driven rotating cylinder
Authors: LOPEZ J. M. , HART J. E. , MARQUES F. , KITTELMAN S. , SHEN J.
Published: September 2002

The flow in a completely filled rotating cylinder driven by the counter-rotation of the
top endwall is investigated both numerically and experimentally. The basic state of
this system is steady and axisymmetric, but has a rich structure in the radial and axial
directions. The most striking feature, when the counter-rotation is sufficiently large,
is the separation of the Ekman layer on the top endwall, producing a free shear layer
that separates regions of flow with opposite senses of azimuthal velocity. This shear
layer is unstable to azimuthal disturbances and a supercritical symmetry-breaking
Hopf bifurcation to a rotating wave state results. For height-to-radius ratio of 0.5
and Reynolds number (based on cylinder radius and base rotation) of 1000, rotating
waves with azimuthal wavenumbers 4 and 5 co-exist and are stable over an extensive
range of the ratio of top to base rotation. Mixed modes and period doublings are
also found, and a bifurcation diagram is determined. The agreement between the
Navier–Stokes computations and the experimental measurements is excellent. The
simulations not only capture the qualitative features of the multiple states observed in
the laboratory, but also quantitatively replicate the parameter values over which they
are stable, and produce accurate precession frequencies of the various rotating waves.
Self-similar enstrophy divergence in a shell
model of isotropic turbulence
Authors: MELANDER M. V. , FABIJONAS B. R.
Published: September 2002

We focus on the early evolution of energy E and enstrophy Z when the dissipation
grows in significance from negligible to important. By considering a sequence of
viscous shell model solutions we find that both energy and dissipation are continuous
functions of time in the inviscid limit. Inviscidly, Z takes only a finite time t* to diverge,
where t* depends on initial conditions. For viscous solutions, Z peaks long after t*,
but the inflection point for Z(t) provides an excellent approximation to t*. Near t*,
all of our high Reynolds number solutions obey the formula ναdZ/dt = F(νβZ).
Neither the function F nor the constants α and β depend on initial conditions. We
use F to obtain the inviscid limit. The energy spectrum remains concave down on
double logarithmic scales until t*. At t*, the spectrum becomes algebraic at high
wavenumbers, i.e. E(k, t*) ∼ C0kα. Crucially, the spectral slope σ is steeper than
−5/3. Thus, we conclude that the inviscid singularity at t* is not associated with the
establishment of a semi-infinite Kolmogorov range. For viscous solutions, the −5/3
range builds gradually after t* starting from high wavenumbers, and Z peaks when
the inertial range reaches the integral scale. Thus, the formation of the inertial range
is a viscous process in our shell model.
Emergence of intense jets and Jupiter's Great Red Spot as maximum-entropy structures
Authors: BOUCHET F. , SOMMERIA J.
Published: September 2002

We explain the emergence and robustness of intense jets in highly turbulent planetary
atmospheres, like that on Jupiter, by a general statistical mechanics approach to
potential vorticity patches. The idea is that potential vorticity mixing leads to the
formation of a steady organized coarse-grained flow, corresponding to the statistical
equilibrium state. Our starting point is the quasi-geostrophic 1-1/2 layer model, and
we consider the relevant limit of a small Rossby radius of deformation. Then narrow
jets are obtained, in the sense that they scale like the radius of deformation. These jets
can be either zonal, or closed into a ring bounding a vortex. Taking into account the
beta-effect and a sublayer deep shear flow, we predict organization of the turbulent
atmospheric layer into an oval-shaped vortex within a background shear. Such an
isolated vortex is centred over an extremum of the equivalent topography, combining
the interfacial geostrophic tilt due to the deep shear flow and the planetary beta-effect
(the resulting effective beta-effect is locally quadratic). This prediction is in agreement
with an analysis of wind data in major Jovian vortices (Great Red Spot and Oval BC).
Land of the Morning Calm, Land of the Rising Sun: The East Asia Travel Writings of Isabella Bird and George
Curzon
Authors: Park Jihang
Published: September 2002

The developments in East Asia in the late nineteenth century became a matter of great interest to Britain. The rise of Japan and the wrangles among the great powers over China and Korea were some of the issues that put East Asia in the spotlight. In China, Western powers had been contending fiercely for economic and political hegemony since the Opium War. Japan, after abandoning its national policy of seclusion in 1854, carried out the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and was driving towards rapid Westernization. Here modernization took place in a relatively smooth manner and there was no need to fear external threats, but domestic tensions were inevitable. Finally Korea, after being forced to open its doors in 1876, suffered from acute dissensions between conservatives and progressives, and fierce competition between China, Japan and Russia over hegemony in Korea complicated the situation further.
Congress Radicals and Hindu Militancy: Sampurnanand and Purushottam Das Tandon in the Politics of the United Provinces, 1930–1947
Authors: Gould William
Published: September 2002

A recent trend in the historiography of north India has involved analyses of ‘Hindu nationalist’ motifs and ideologies within both mainstream nationalist discourses and subaltern politics. A dense corpus of work has attempted to provide historical explanations for the rise of Hindutva in the subcontinent, and a great deal of debate has surrounded the implications of this development for the fate of secularism in India. Some of this research has examined the wider implications of Hindutva for the Indian state, democracy and civil society and in the process has highlighted, to some degree, the relationship between Hindu nationalism and ‘mainstream’ Indian nationalism. Necessarily, this has involved discussion of the ways in which the Congress, as the predominant vehicle of ‘secular nationalism’ in India, has attempted to contest or accommodate the forces of Hindu nationalist revival and Hindutva. By far the most interesting and illuminating aspect of this research has been the suggestion that Hindu nationalism, operating as an ideology, has manifested itself not only in the institutions of the right-wing Sangh Parivar but has been accommodated, often paradoxically, within political parties and civil institutions hitherto associated with the forces of secularism. An investigation of this phenomenon opens up new possibilities for research into the nature of Hindu nationalism itself, and presents new questions about the ambivalent place of religious politics in institutions such as the Indian National Congress.
Welfare Rewritten: Change and Interlay in Social and
Economic Accounts
Authors: HARRIS PATRICIA
Published: September 2002

The broad contours of the move from the old to the new welfare are well
established but the changes in social theory which bear on this have been
relatively neglected. Also neglected are the links between these theoretical
positions and contemporaneous shifts in economic thought. Drawing
on the works of Titmuss, Marshall, Putnam and Etzioni, this paper traces
how understandings of social cohesion, social provision, responsibility
and obligation have shifted over time. It then indicates the relationship
between these constructions and parallel developments in economic
theory. Here attention is drawn to a fundamental ideological tension
between communitarian and neo-classical accounts. It is argued that
governments attempt to resolve this tension by projecting notions of
moral disintegration onto welfare claimants. Alternatives to the new
welfare are canvassed in the final section of the paper.
Agent-oriented approaches to B2B interoperability
Authors: BLAKE M. BRIAN
Published: September 2002

The use of agents in electronic commerce has been explored greatly over the past several years. A large majority of this effort is toward commerce where businesses have direct transactions with consumers (B2C). However, the transactions that occur between businesses (B2B) are far more prevalent than B2C. Research where agents are used for B2B
can be classified in five basic areas, service discovery, mediation, negotiation, process management (be it workflow or supply-chain management), and evaluation. At the 2001 International Bi-Conference Sessions on Agent-Based Approaches to B2B Interoperability (AgentB2B), practitioners were invited to present their research and industry efforts in each of these areas. This paper summaries the work and conclusions presented at these two
events.
Hybrid argumentation systems for structured news reports
Authors: HUNTER ANTHONY
Published: September 2002

Numerous argumentation systems have been proposed in the literature. Yet there often appears to be a shortfall between proposed systems and possible applications. In other words, there seems to be a need for further development of proposals for argumentation systems before they can be used widely in decision-support or knowledge
management. I believe that this shortfall can be bridged by taking a hybrid approach. Whilst formal foundations are vital, systems that incorporate some of the practical ideas found in some of the informal approaches may make the resulting hybrid systems more useful. In informal approaches, there is often an emphasis on using graphical notation with symbols that relate more closely to the real-world concepts to be modelled. There may also
be the incorporation of an argument ontology oriented to the user domain. Furthermore, in informal approaches there can be greater consideration of how users interact with the models, such as allowing users to edit arguments and to weight influences on
graphs representing arguments. In this paper, I discuss some of the features of argumentation, review some key formal argumentation systems, identify some of the strengths and weaknesses of these formal proposals and finally consider some ways to develop formal proposals to give hybrid argumentation systems. To focus my discussions, I
will consider some applications, in particular an application in analysing structured news reports.
Michael Hammond (1999). The phonology of English: a prosodic optimality-theoretic approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi+368.
Authors: McMahon April
Published: September 2002

Hammond's book is the volume on English in the series The Phonology of the
World's Languages; and therein lies an inevitable problem. Writing a contribution for a series with as many definite articles as this one, and on English,
which like it or not, and with no disrespect to the less attended-to languages of
the world, has been the focus of quite disproportionate phonological attention,
is for anyone a rather daunting task. This means that there is even more
literature to review than usual in a book of this kind, and more controversies to
be embroiled in; and in consequence, there will inevitably be restrictions in
coverage. What matters, then, is that the author must set out what he intends
to do, be consistent with that, and explain his choices in terms of those entirely
inevitable restrictions. Although this book has many good points, it often seems
that Hammond does not actually carry through his stated intentions, or justify
the choices he has made as cogently as might be hoped.
L'influence mu‘tazilite sur la naissance et le
développement de la rhétorique arabe
Authors: Kouloughli Djamel E.
Published: September 2002

The thesis presented in the present article is not the widely-accepted one
according to which Mu‘tazilite thought indirectly influenced the birth and
development of Arab rhetoric (balāġa ) as an intellectual trend at the time
that witnessed the constitution of this discipline of Arab language sciences,
but the more specific thesis that it was primarily in Mu‘tazilite thought that
the foundations of balāġa as a technical discipline were truly elaborated. To
argue this thesis, we shall proceed in two stages. In the first, we shall try to
identify the indirect Mu‘tazilite sources of balāġa; that is, the theses and
overall positions of this movement, an echo of which may be found in constitutive
elements of the discipline. In the second, we will try to identify some
of the direct Mu‘tazilite sources of balāġa on the basis of Mu‘tazilite studies
directly devoted to the status of the Koranic text, and the concepts elaborated
to account for it.
The Changes of Metaphor in Arabic Literature
Authors: Maróth Miklós
Published: September 2002

Metaphor was based on similarity. During their history the Arabs adopted different logical systems in their scientific investigations. They shifted from Aristotle's logic accepted by the philosophers to that of the theologians and jurisconsults, and later again back to Aristotle's logic. In all these logical systems the definition of metaphor was dependent on the ever changing meaning of “similarity”. The seemingly unchanging definition of metaphor implies different interpretations in different ages parallel to the changing logical background.
Age-related changes in liver, gall bladder and
pancreas
Authors: Wynne Hilary A
Published: September 2002

Although a reduced liver size in elderly people has long been recognized from post-mortem studies, these studies do not allow the separation of true ‘age-related’ differences from the effects of premorbid illness, and death. An age-related effect was confirmed however by an in vivo study which measured liver size by ultrasound scanning of healthy individuals. This demonstrated a significant negative correlation between age and liver volume, with volumes being 28% lower in individuals above the age of 65 compared with those under 40 years of age.
The differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Vaughan J , Hardie RJ
Published: September 2002

The difficulty in making an accurate diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) should never be underestimated. Just as the introduction of CT scanning and, more recently, magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized general neurological practice and exposed the diagnostic inadequacies of the most experienced clinician, current understanding of the pathophysiology of the extrapyramidal system has advanced considerably, even in the last decade or two.
Hand function and stroke
Authors: Hunter SM , Crome P
Published: September 2002

Stroke is particularly prevalent in older people and the effects of stroke can be profound. Not only are the abilities to stand, balance and walk affected, but also the ability to use the upper limb and hand in its diversity of functions in everyday life. Loss of independence of upper limb function contributes enormously to functional disability, affecting quality of life and independence in ‘basic’ (washing, grooming, feeding, dressing,
etc.) and ‘instrumental’ activities (shopping, home/financial management, etc.) of daily living. A larger proportion of stroke patients with initial
severe upper limb paresis are discharged to institutionalized
care (63%) than are discharged home
(37%).
Targeting frail older adults for outpatient
comprehensive geriatric assessment and
management services: An overview of concepts and criteria
Authors: Aminzadeh Faranak , Dalziel William B , Molnar Frank J
Published: September 2002

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) has been defined as ‘a multidimensional, often interdisciplinary, diagnostic process intended to determine a frail elderly person’s medical, psychosocial, and functional capabilities and problems, with the objective of developing an overall plan for treatment and long-term follow-up’. Evidence from recent meta-analyses of clinical trials of the effectiveness of CGA programmes suggest that older persons may experience a variety of health benefits from these comprehensive services.
Effect of Hoechst 33342 staining on developmental competence of prepubertal goat oocytes
Authors: Velilla Esther , López-Béjar Manel , Rodríguez-González Elisabet , Vidal Francesca , Paramio Maria-Teresa
Published: September 2002

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Hoechst staining on nuclear maturation and fertilisation when used at different stages of in vitro maturation (IVM) in prepubertal goat oocytes. Oocytes were matured in TCM1999 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 μg LH/ml, 10 μg FSH/ml and 1 μM 17β-estradiol for 27 h. Frozen-thawed sperm cells were prepared by centrifugation in a discontinuous Percoll gradient and resuspended in DMH medium with 20% steer serum. Oocytes were fertilised in DMH medium with 7.75 mM calcium lactate. During IVM oocytes were exposed to 0.5 μg/ml of Hoechst 33342 staining and to ultraviolet light for a mean time of 3 s at 0 h, 8 h, 15 h, 20 h and 27 h. The percentage of metaphase II oocytes decreased significantly when oocytes were stained with Hoechst dye at 0 h, 8 h and 15 h of IVM. There was a decrease in total fertilisation rate and normal fertilisation rate of Hoechest-stained oocytes, independently of the time of Hoechst staining. Hoechst staining produces a significant reduction in oocyte viability when it is used in the early stages of in vitro maturation.