bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Module 36: Applying Intersectionality Theory to Educational Measurement
Authors: Russell Michael
Published: October 2024

Module Abstract

Over the past decade, interest in applying Intersectionality Theory to quantitative analyses has grown. This module examines key concepts that form the foundation of Intersectionality Theory and considers challenges and opportunities these concepts present for quantitative methods. Two examples are presented to demonstrate how an intersectional approach to quantitative analyses differs from a traditional single‐axis approach. The first example employs a linear regression technique to examine the efficacy of an educational intervention and to explore whether efficacy differs among subgroups of students. The second example compares findings when a differential item function analysis is conducted in a single‐axis manner versus an intersectional lens. The module ends by exploring key considerations analysts and psychometricians encounter when applying Intersectionality Theory to a quantitative analysis.
Multi‐Level Street‐Based Analysis of the Urban Fabric: Developments for a Nationwide Taxonomy
Authors: Araldi Alessandro , Fusco Giovanni
Published: October 2024

Multiple fabric assessment (MFA) is a computer‐aided procedure designed for identifying and characterizing urban fabric types (morphotypes) from a street‐based perspective. Nonetheless, the original MFA presents some limitations: it relies on surface‐based descriptors, conceived as proxy variables for the pedestrian perspective in urban form analysis, rather than direct sight‐based measurements. It also uses building footprint classes as proxies for building types. The spatial statistics on the street network concentrate on patterns of over‐ and under‐represented values, which often results in a limited number of morphotypes. Furthermore, the morphotypes are typically valid only for a specific study area. This article presents the latest methodological advancements in MFA overcoming these four limitations. Its implementation over the eight largest French metropolitan areas successfully distinguishes approximately 20 distinct place‐specific morphotypes, which are further aggregated into a comprehensive multi‐level nested taxonomy. The new MFA procedure allows a nationwide comparative analysis of contemporary urban forms, laying the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of morphologically regionalized metropolitan areas. Through detailed algorithmic improvements and nationwide implementation, integrating traditional urban morphology with streetscape analysis, MFA provides insights into the analogies and differences of the urban fabric in contemporary metropolitan areas, enabling interoperability with other domains of urban research.
Fathers at work—Forfeits, deficits and disregarding discourse
Authors: Kelland Jasmine , Searle Nicola , Brown Andy
Published: October 2024

Existing research observes that fathers navigate the workplace through a complex network of mistreatment, adopting “ground breaker discourse” as a mechanism by which to maintain alignment with masculine norms to reduce mistreatment. Through analysis of online forum comments in response to a UK newspaper article exploring fathers and masculinity, this research investigates if “fatherhood forfeits” and the “patriarchal deficit” are evident in this context and how they are navigated. The research affirms the existence of “fatherhood forfeits” and the “patriarchal deficit,” uncovering an additional forfeit of “impeded attractiveness.” Additionally, it expands knowledge regarding the way in which fathers maintain hegemonic masculinity when combining work and care through observing that fathers adopted a “disregarding discourse” toward any criticism as a management strategy, suggesting a new dimension for research in this area. This research identifies ways in which organizations can improve the workplace experience for fathers, with a view to increasing gender equality for both parents and maximizing the effectiveness of staff in the post‐COVID workplace. It is suggested that future research could involve a more representative sample and an exploration of any potential differences in the findings in the context of the post‐COVID work environment.
Inclusion o'clock—Time embodiment in the experiences of disabled employees
Authors: Georgiadou Andri , Damianidou Eleni
Published: October 2024

This study introduces the concept of “timeism” to examine how ableist assumptions about time and productivity intersect to marginalize disabled workers in organizational contexts. Drawing on qualitative interviews with disabled workers in Cyprus, we explore how ableist temporalities shape experiences of marginalization and resistance in the workplace. Our analysis reveals that disabled workers navigate and resist marginalizing temporal expectations while also internalizing normative pressures around pace and productivity. The study makes three key contributions: (1) it conceptualizes timeism as a theoretical framework for understanding the temporal dimensions of ableism in organizations; (2) it empirically demonstrates how timeist norms create interlocking disadvantages for disabled employees; and (3) it highlights the importance of an intersectional approach to understanding experiences of time and ableism in the workplace. The COVID‐19 pandemic's disruption of conventional work rhythms provides a unique opportunity to rethink temporal norms and develop more inclusive practices. This research advocates for workplace practices that challenge ableist values and center marginalized workers' experiences, offering important implications for theory and practice in disability studies and organizational research.
ON THE ECONOMIC MECHANICS OF WARFARE
Authors: Vandenbroucke Guillaume
Published: October 2024

How do war‐related expenditures affect economically relevant outcomes at a war's conclusion (e.g., prevailing side, duration, and casualties)? I present a model of attrition and characterize the effects of resources at a military conclusion (one side cannot fight anymore) and a political conclusion (one side quits). I analyze the Pacific War through the lenses of the model, both theoretically and empirically. I find that a parsimonious parameterization reproduces the aggregate patterns of destruction, measured in ship tonnage, for both belligerents.
Performance evaluations and employee turnover intentions: Empirical evidence from linked employer–employee data
Authors: Pohlan Laura , Steffes Susanne
Published: October 2024

In this article, we study whether performance evaluations can serve as an instrument for firms to increase employee retention. Feedback on one's own performance may affect individual turnover intentions differently depending on the relative wage rank of workers among their peers. In line with these considerations, empirical evidence based on panel employer–employee data shows that relatively low‐paid employees decrease their turnover intentions after the implementation of a performance evaluation system at the establishment level. We find no effect for relatively high‐paid employees.
Molecular characterization and biomarker identification in paediatric B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Du Yu , Zhang Xiankai , Sun Ming , Yang Li , Long Fei , Qi Shanshan , Luo Linlin , Lv Xiaoyan , Wang Chenxuan , Wu Xiaoying , Zhu Liuqing , Ou Qiuxiang , Xiong Hao
Published: October 2024

B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) is the most prevalent hematologic malignancy in children and a leading cause of mortality. Managing B‐ALL remains challenging due to its heterogeneity and relapse risk. This study aimed to delineate the molecular features of paediatric B‐ALL and explore the clinical utility of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). We analysed 146 patients with paediatric B‐ALL who received systemic chemotherapy. The mutational landscape was profiled in bone marrow (BM) and plasma samples using next‐generation sequencing. Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing on day 19 of induction therapy evaluated treatment efficacy. RNA sequencing identified gene fusions in 61% of patients, including 37 novel fusions. Specifically, the KMT2A‐TRIM29 novel fusion was validated in a boy who responded well to initial therapy but relapsed after 1 year. Elevated mutation counts and maximum variant allele frequency in baseline BM were associated with significantly poorer chemotherapy response (p = 0.0012 and 0.028, respectively). MRD‐negative patients exhibited upregulation of immune‐related pathways (p < 0.01) and increased CD8+ T cell infiltration (p = 0.047). Baseline plasma ctDNA exhibited high mutational concordance with the paired BM samples and was significantly associated with chemotherapy efficacy. These findings suggest that ctDNA and BM profiling offer promising prognostic insights for paediatric B‐ALL management.
The identity of Centrodinium elongatum, type species of the dinoflagellate genus Centrodinium (Dinophyceae), and a review on the synonymy of allied species
Authors: Gómez Fernando , Navarrete‐Carlos Tania Corina , López‐Osorio Yahir Enrique , Zhang Huan , Raymond Eugenio , Salas Rafael , Alonso‐Rodríguez Rosalba , Lin Senjie
Published: October 2024

The planktonic dinoflagellate genus Centrodinium has been understudied, with the type species C. elongatum remaining undocumented since the original description. Here, we report C. elongatum isolated from Mazatlán, Mexican Pacific. In the chains, the posterior daughter cell with an incomplete apical horn shows the morphology of C. elongatum, while the anterior daughter cell with complete epitheca corresponds to C. pulchrum. For the first time, a species of Centrodinium sensu stricto (highly laterally flattened species with horns) was cultured. An unarmored life stage, known as Murrayella ovalis, derived from the spheroplast after ecdysis. In the rDNA molecular phylogenies, C. elongatum (=C. pulchrum) nested as basal to morphologically similar species (C. eminens and C. intermedium) and as a sister group of a former Murrayella species, C. punctatum. C. elongatum differs from C. eminens and C. intermedium in the chain formation, second apical (2′) plate not being divided, horns with coarse poroid ornamentation, and missing prominent distal spinules. The taxonomy of Centrodinium sensu stricto is revised, with a discussion in the identities of C. complanatum, C. eminens, and C. maximum. The name C. deflexum is restored as a senior synonym of C. intermedium and C. ovale.
Ethnic–racial discrimination and socialization: Short‐term longitudinal effects on Black and Latinx young adults' ethnic–racial identity
Authors: Osman Kayla M. , Berkley Steven , Zeiders Katharine H. , Landor Antoinette M.
Published: October 2024

Short‐term longitudinal data were used to examine how racial discrimination, cultural socialization (CS), and preparation for bias (PB) related to Black and Latinx young adults' public and private regard. Black (n = 90) and Latinx (n = 54) young adults (Mage = 20 years) were assessed at two time points, 6 weeks apart. Racial discrimination predicted lower levels of public regard 6 week later; whereas PB predicted greater levels of private regard. CS moderated the relations between racial discrimination and private regard suggesting that at low levels of CS, discrimination related to lower private regard 6 weeks later. Findings demonstrate the short‐term effects of racial discrimination and suggest that ethnic–racial socialization is a salient cultural resource for young adults.
Phylogenomic support for the allopolyploid origin of the northwest Iberian endemic orchid Dactylorhiza cantabrica with Hyb‐Seq
Authors: Pardo Otero Eva , Pimentel Manuel , Sahuquillo Balbuena Elvira , Piñeiro Rosalía
Published: October 2024

The orchid Dactylorhiza cantabrica H.A. Pedersen is a narrow endemic occurring in the western Cantabrian Mountains in northwest Spain. Previous allozyme and morphological studies suggest that it might have resulted from the hybridization of two widespread congeners: the triploid Dactylorhiza insularis and the diploid Dactylorhiza sambucina. However, this hypothesis has not been tested using multiple genetic markers necessary to analyze phylogenies in complex genera such as Dactylorhiza. In this study, the Hyb‐Seq technique is applied together with the universal Angiosperms353 probe kit to sequence multiple plastid and low‐copy nuclear genes. The phylogenetic relationships between the three species, estimated based on 269 and 266 nuclear genes under concatenation and coalescent‐based approaches, respectively, revealed highly supported clades containing each putative parent, D. insularis and D. sambucina. The position of D. cantabrica was not well resolved, suggesting the existence of mixed inheritance, where different genes come from each parent. Phylogenetic networks, used for visualizing the conflict between nuclear gene trees, placed D. cantabrica between the two parents and revealed high levels of reticulation. In addition, nuclear genetic variation within and among species was explored with allele frequency‐based tools further supporting the intermediate position of D. cantabrica and the hypothesis of a recent hybrid origin. Finally, 75 plastid genes revealed that D. insularis might have been the maternal donor. Altogether, our results point to the allopolyploid origin of D. cantabrica from D. insularis and D. sambucina, as well as to the clear genetic differentiation of the two parental species.
Immunohistochemical expression of CYP11A1, CYP11B, CYP17, and HSD3B2 in functional and nonfunctional canine adrenocortical tumors
Authors: Allan Frederik , Watson Alice H. , Syme Harriet M.
Published: October 2024

Background

Functionality of human adrenal tumors is inferred by CYP11B1 (cortisol synthase) expression, CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) expression, or both.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Nonfunctional canine adrenal tumors have low expression of steroidogenic enzymes, whereas aldosterone‐producing tumors express CYP11B, and cortisol‐producing tumors express both CYP11B and CYP17.

Animals

Twenty‐two client‐owned dogs with adrenocortical tumors (ACT) (8 nonfunctional, 7‐cortisol producing, 2 aldosterone‐producing and 5 functional noncortisol producing) and 2 dogs with normal adrenal glands.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Adrenal functionality was determined from clinical signs and endocrine testing. CYP11A1, CYP11B, CYP17, and HSD3B2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded adrenal tissue. Protein expression was semiquantified by 2 blinded observers using H‐scoring (results reported as median [range]) and compared in nonfunctional and cortisol‐producing adrenal tumors by Mann‐Whitney U tests.

Results

CYP11A1, CYP11B, and HSD3B2 were present within all cortical layers of normal adrenal glands, and CYP17 was expressed within the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Expression of CYP11A1 (191.25 [97.5‐270] vs. 175 [102.5‐295] P = .69), CYP11B (190 [130‐265] vs. 147.5 [95‐202.5]; P = .07), CYP17 (177.5 [87.5‐240] vs. 247.5 [55‐292.5]; P = .40), and HSD3B2 (230 [47.5‐295] vs. 277.5 [67.5‐295]; P = .34) were not significantly different between cortisol‐producing and nonfunctional ACT.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Our findings suggest it is not possible to determine functionality of canine ACT by immunohistochemistry for steroidogenic enzymes. Tumor size cannot be used to infer functionality of adrenal tumors.
Agminated Eruptive Melanocytic Nevi and Nail Changes Following Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Jaros Scott C. , Morrell Dean S. , Nieman Elizabeth L.
Published: October 2024

Eruptive melanocytic nevi (EMN) have been reported in the setting of immunosuppression, chemotherapy, and bullous skin disease, including less commonly, Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). This case report presents a 4‐year‐old girl who developed agminated EMN and nail changes after TEN. A systematic review of the literature supports clinically appropriate follow‐up of EMN, as there is no reports of malignancy in EMN following SJS/TEN, nor reports of pediatric melanoma arising within EMN of any etiology. Further study of the possible correlation of nail changes with the development of EMN and better characterization of the dermoscopic features of EMN could improve monitoring and care of these patients.
Linearism, Universalism and Scope Ambiguities
Authors: Frigerio Aldo
Published: October 2024

In this paper, I distinguish two possible families of semantics of the open future: Linearism, according to which future tense sentences are evaluated with respect to a unique possible future history, and Universalism, according to which future tense sentences are evaluated universally quantifying on the histories passing through the moment of evaluation. An argument in favour of Linearism is based on the fact future tense does not exhibit scope interactions with negation. Todd (2020, 2021) defends Universalism against this argument proposing an error theory, according to which the speakers engaged in non‐philosophical conversations implicitly assume a linearist semantics of the future. In this paper, I show that an error theory is not needed for defending Universalism and that the scopelessness of negation can have another explanation. The absence of a wide‐scope reading of negation characterises many other linguistic constructions: counterfactuals, vague predicates, generics and plural definite descriptions. My main thesis is that, their considerable differences aside, these constructions have something in common: they are true when the predicate applies to the members of a set, false when the predicate does not apply to the members of the set and indeterminate in the intermediate cases. When negation interacts with such constructions tends to take the narrow scope reading only. I review two types of explanations for this behaviour, one semantic and the other pragmatic. Since this explanation for the scopelessness of negation is at least as good as that of Linearism, I conclude that the argument against Universalism is ineffective.
Fractional CO2 Laser‐Assisted Delivery of Botulinum Toxin‐A Versus Aluminum Chloride in Treatment of Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Elsayed Manal , Ghonemy Soheir , Sheneeb Najat , Elradi Mona
Published: October 2024

Background

Primary palmar hyperhidrosis (PPH) constitutes a distressing dermatologic condition that greatly affects patients' quality of life. Its management still needs to be addressed to find a suitable therapeutic modality that is readily available, cost effective, and gives patients a quite long disease‐free period.

Objective

To assess the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser as a delivery method for botulinum toxin‐A (BTX‐A) and aluminum chloride in treating PPH.

Patients and Methods

Twenty‐four subjects with PPH were treated on both hands with fractional CO2 laser followed on the right hand with topical BTX‐A and on the left hand with topical aluminum chloride. Minor's starch–iodine test and Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) were used for evaluation of treatment response and for follow‐up.

Results

There was a significant improvement in HDSS in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference in the therapeutic response for both modalities. There was a statistically significant longer disease‐free period in the BTX‐A‐treated hands.

Conclusion

Fractional CO2 laser‐assisted drug delivery (LADD) represents a safe, minimally invasive procedure that enhances the delivery of BTX‐A and aluminum chloride, the two most widely used agents for treating PPH, with a comparable anhidrotic response.
A new species of Cryptognathus (Acariformes: Raphignathoidea: Cryptognathidae) intercepted from New Zealand kiwifruit
Authors: Seeman Owen Douglas , Beard Jennifer , Otto Jurgen
Published: October 2024

A new species of Cryptognathus, C. deliciosus sp. nov., is described from kiwifruit (Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa) imported from New Zealand on several occasions. The new species is most similar to C. australiensis Luxton, 1973, with which it shares very short dorsal setae. These collections represent two surprising findings. First, that Cryptognathidae, which are usually regarded as edaphic mites associated with damp habitats like moss, also occupy low arboreal habitats. Second, that these mites, which show potential for short-range endemism, include several species that could be spread around the world on agricultural produce.
Two Confessional Tales of Trainee Sport Psychology Practitioners’ Experiences of Operating in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Brain Jonathan , Hunter Heather , Franklin George , Quartiroli Alessandro , Wagstaff Christopher , Brown Daniel
Published: October 2024

We present two confessional tales of our transnational experience as U.K.-based trainee sport psychology practitioners working in a professional sport organization in Trinidad and Tobago. We first provide contextual elements of our placement before sharing the confessional tales regarding the nuances of providing sport psychology services in a cultural context different from the one in which we are currently training. In the confessional tales, we share some challenges and hurdles we experienced relating to our culturally led assumptions. The tales are titled “Boundary Issues” and “Punctuality Is a Privilege.” We then share some reflections in which we explore our lessons learned about cultural humility and describe our underestimation of our cultural arrogance and the challenges experienced during our cultural reflection process. We conclude this professional practice paper by offering several practical implications for trainees and qualified sport psychology practitioners to consider when developing a culturally grounded approach to practice.
Direct optical measurement of intramolecular distances with angstrom precision
Authors: Sahl Steffen J. , Matthias Jessica , Inamdar Kaushik , Weber Michael , Khan Taukeer A. , Brüser Christian , Jakobs Stefan , Becker Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Broichhagen Johannes , Hell Stefan W.
Published: October 2024

Optical investigations of nanometer distances between proteins, their subunits, or other biomolecules have been the exclusive prerogative of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy for decades. In this work, we show that MINFLUX fluorescence nanoscopy measures intramolecular distances down to 1 nanometer—and in planar projections down to 1 angstrom—directly, linearly, and with angstrom precision. Our method was validated by quantifying well-characterized 1- to 10-nanometer distances in polypeptides and proteins. Moreover, we visualized the orientations of immunoglobulin subunits, applied the method in human cells, and revealed specific configurations of a histidine kinase PAS domain dimer. Our results open the door for examining proximities and interactions by direct position measurements at the intramacromolecular scale.
Environmental and societal consequences of winter ice loss from lakes
Authors: Hampton Stephanie E. , Powers Stephen M. , Dugan Hilary A. , Knoll Lesley B. , McMeans Bailey C. , Meyer Michael F. , O’Reilly Catherine M. , Ozersky Ted , Sharma Sapna , Barrett David C. , Chandra Sudeep , Jansen Joachim , McClure Ryan P. , Rautio Milla , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Yang Xiao
Published: October 2024

Climate change is reducing winter ice cover on lakes; yet, the full societal and environmental consequences of this ice loss are poorly understood. The socioeconomic implications of declining ice include diminished access to ice-based cultural activities, safety concerns in traversing ice, changes in fisheries, increases in shoreline erosion, and declines in water storage. Longer ice-free seasons allow more time and capacity for water to warm, threatening water quality and biodiversity. Food webs likely will reorganize, with constrained availability of ice-associated and cold-water niches, and ice loss will affect the nature, magnitude, and timing of greenhouse gas emissions. Examining these rapidly emerging changes will generate more-complete models of lake dynamics, and transdisciplinary collaborations will facilitate translation to effective management and sustainability.
Hidden comet tails of marine snow impede ocean-based carbon sequestration
Authors: Chajwa Rahul , Flaum Eliott , Bidle Kay D. , Van Mooy Benjamin , Prakash Manu
Published: October 2024

Gravity-driven sinking of “marine snow” sequesters carbon in the ocean, constituting a key biological pump that regulates Earth’s climate. A mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon is obscured by the biological richness of these aggregates and a lack of direct observation of their sedimentation physics. Utilizing a scale-free vertical tracking microscopy in a field setting, we present microhydrodynamic measurements of freshly collected marine snow aggregates from sediment traps. Our observations reveal hitherto-unknown comet-like morphology arising from fluid-structure interactions of transparent exopolymer halos around sinking aggregates. These invisible comet tails slow down individual particles, greatly increasing their residence time. Based on these findings, we constructed a reduced-order model for the Stokesian sedimentation of these mucus-embedded two-phase particles, paving the way toward a predictive understanding of marine snow.
The life of “ideas worth spreading”
Authors: Gomez-Marin Alex
Published: October 2024

TED turns 40 in a rapidly evolving media landscape
Considerations for governing open foundation models
Authors: Bommasani Rishi , Kapoor Sayash , Klyman Kevin , Longpre Shayne , Ramaswami Ashwin , Zhang Daniel , Schaake Marietje , Ho Daniel E. , Narayanan Arvind , Liang Percy
Published: October 2024

Different policy proposals may disproportionately affect the innovation ecosystem
Polar and quasicrystal vortex observed in twisted-bilayer molybdenum disulfide
Authors: Tsang Chi Shing , Zheng Xiaodong , Yang Tong , Yan Zhangyuan , Han Wei , Wong Lok Wing , Liu Haijun , Gao Shan , Leung Ka Ho , Lee Chun-Sing , Lau Shu Ping , Yang Ming , Zhao Jiong , Ly Thuc Hue
Published: October 2024

We report the observation of an electric field in twisted-bilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2
) and elucidate its correlation with local polar domains using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) and first-principles calculations. We reveal the emergence of in-plane topological vortices within the periodic moiré patterns for both commensurate structures at small twist angles and the incommensurate quasicrystal structure that occurs at a 30° twist. The large-angle twist leads to mosaic chiral vortex patterns with tunable characteristics. A twisted quasicrystal bilayer, characterized by its 12-fold rotational symmetry, hosts complex vortex patterns and can be manipulated by picometer-scale interlayer displacement. Our findings highlight that twisting 2D bilayers is a versatile strategy for tailoring local electric polar vortices.
Predicting pathogen mutual invasibility and co-circulation
Authors: Park Sang Woo , Cobey Sarah , Metcalf C. Jessica E. , Levine Jonathan M. , Grenfell Bryan T.
Published: October 2024

Observations of pathogen community structure provide evidence for both the coexistence and replacement of related strains. Despite many studies of specific host-pathogen systems, a unifying framework for predicting the outcomes of interactions among pathogens has remained elusive. We address this gap by developing a pathogen invasion theory (PIT) based on modern ecological coexistence theory and testing the resulting framework against empirical systems. Across major human pathogens, PIT predicts near-universal mutual susceptibility of one strain to invasion by another strain. However, predicting co-circulation from mutual invasion also depends on the degree to which susceptible abundance is reduced below the invasion threshold by overcompensatory epidemic dynamics, and the time it takes for susceptibles to replenish. The transmission advantage of an invading strain and the strength and duration of immunity are key determinants of susceptible dynamics. PIT unifies existing ideas about pathogen co-circulation, offering a quantitative framework for predicting the emergence of novel pathogen strains.
Somatic mosaicism in schizophrenia brains reveals prenatal mutational processes
Authors: Maury Eduardo A. , Jones Attila , Seplyarskiy Vladimir , Nguyen Thanh Thanh L. , Rosenbluh Chaggai , Bae Taejong , Wang Yifan , Abyzov Alexej , Khoshkhoo Sattar , Chahine Yasmine , Zhao Sijing , Venkatesh Sanan , Root Elise , Voloudakis Georgios , Roussos Panagiotis ,   Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network‡, Park Peter J. , Akbarian Schahram , Brennand Kristen , Reilly Steven , Lee Eunjung A. , Sunyaev Shamil R. , Walsh Christopher A. , Chess Andrew
Published: October 2024

Germline mutations modulate the risk of developing schizophrenia (SCZ). Much less is known about the role of mosaic somatic mutations in the context of SCZ. Deep (239×) whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of brain neurons from 61 SCZ cases and 25 controls postmortem identified mutations occurring during prenatal neurogenesis. SCZ cases showed increased somatic variants in open chromatin, with increased mosaic CpG transversions (CpG>GpG) and T>G mutations at transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) overlapping open chromatin, a result not seen in controls. Some of these variants alter gene expression, including SCZ risk genes and genes involved in neurodevelopment. Although these mutational processes can reflect a difference in factors indirectly involved in disease, increased somatic mutations at developmental TFBSs could also potentially contribute to SCZ.
Denizens of the dark
Night Magic: Adventures Among Glowworms, Moon Gardens, and Other Marvels of the Dark
Leigh Ann Henion
Algonquin Books, 2024. 336 pp.
Authors: Boon Sarah
Published: October 2024

An exploration of night-dwelling organisms encourages an appreciation of all things nocturnal
Unwrapping stemness to revive T cells
Authors: Tsui Carlson , Kallies Axel
Published: October 2024

Targeting epigenetic regulators prevents T cell exhaustion
Genomic patterns in the schizophrenia brain
Authors: An Joon-Yong , Kim Yujin
Published: October 2024

Somatic noncoding mutations likely contribute to schizophrenia development
How racial bias can taint tenure decisions
Authors: Langin Katie
Published: October 2024

Black and Hispanic professors fare worse when voters are less familiar with their work
Fermilab gets a not-quite-new boss to tackle its troubles
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: October 2024

University of Chicago will again lead a group to manage the United States’s only dedicated particle physics lab
Seed disperser declines threaten Europe’s plants
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: October 2024

First broad look at conservation status of animals that transport seeds raises alarms
El Niño fingered as likely culprit in record 2023 temperatures
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: October 2024

Research suggests swings in Pacific Ocean can account for planet’s sudden and perplexing temperature jump
How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by “fomite-borne risk assessment”
Authors: Kramer Axel , Lexow Franziska , Bludau Anna , Köster Antonia Milena , Misailovski Martin , Seifert Ulrike , Eggers Maren , Rutala William , Dancer Stephanie J. , Scheithauer Simone
Published: October 2024

In healthcare settings, contaminated surfaces play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens potentially resulting in healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Pathogens can be transmitted directly from frequent hand-touch surfaces close to patients or indirectly by staff and visitors. HAI risk depends on exposure, extent of contamination, infectious dose (ID), virulence, hygiene practices, and patient vulnerability. This review attempts to close a gap in previous reviews on persistence/tenacity by only including articles (
n
= 171) providing quantitative data on re-cultivable pathogens from fomites for a better translation into clinical settings. We have therefore introduced the new term “replication capacity” (RC). The RC is affected by the degree of contamination, surface material, temperature, relative humidity, protein load, organic soil, UV-light (sunlight) exposure, and pH value. In general, investigations into surface RC are mainly performed
in vitro
using reference strains with high inocula.
In vitro
data from studies on 14 Gram-positive, 26 Gram-negative bacteria, 18 fungi, 4 protozoa, and 37 viruses. It should be regarded as a worst-case scenario indicating the upper bounds of risks when using such data for clinical decision-making. Information on RC after surface contamination could be seen as an opportunity to choose the most appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. To help with decision-making, pathogens characterized by an increased nosocomial risk for transmission from inanimate surfaces (“fomite-borne”) are presented and discussed in this systematic review. Thus, the review offers a theoretical basis to support local risk assessments and IPC recommendations.
Perspectives on the future of ecology, evolution, and biodiversity from the Council on Microbial Sciences of the American Society for Microbiology
Authors: Akob Denise M. , Oates A. Elizabeth , Girguis Peter R. , Badgley Brian D. , Cooper Vaughn S. , Poretsky Rachel S. , Tierney Braden T. , Litchman Elena , Whitaker Rachel J. , Whiteson Katrine L. , Metcalf C. Jessica E. ,   Ecology Evolutionary and Biodiversity Retreat Participants, Akter Salma , Baltrus David , Behringer Megan , Shittu Olufunke Bolatito , Bose Arpita , Chowdhury Monzur , Criss Alison , Gempeler Catalina Cuellar , Chou Hsin-Hung David , Drown Devin , Dunigan David , Esmaeili Saber , Koskella Britt , Lennon Jay , Looft Torey , Lovejoy Connie , Makhalanyane Thulani , Zambrano Maria Mercedes , Newman Jeffrey , Oyetibo Ganiyu Oladunjoye , Adejumo Timothy Olubisi , Peralta Ariane , Perez-Jimenez Jose R. , Reguera Gemma , Richer Renee , Santo Domingo Jorge W. , Schloss Patrick , Sharpton Tom , Steele Joshua , Stein Lisa , Thrash Cameron , Weinheimer Alaina , Williams Laura , Charlson Elisha Wood , Young Vincent , Murilo Zerbini F.
Published: October 2024

The field of microbial ecology, evolution, and biodiversity (EEB) is at the leading edge of understanding how microbes shape our biosphere and influence the well-being of humankind and Earth. To that end, EEB is developing new transdisciplinary tools to analyze these ecologically critical, complex microbial communities. The American Society for Microbiology’s Council on Microbial Sciences hosted a virtual retreat in 2023 to discuss the trajectory of EEB both within the Society and microbiology writ large. The retreat emphasized the interconnectedness of microbes and their outsized global influence on environmental and host health. The maximal potential impact of EEB will not be achieved without contributions from disparate fields that unite diverse technologies and data sets. In turn, this level of transdisciplinary efforts requires actively encouraging “broad” research, spanning inclusive global collaborations that incorporate both scientists and the public. Together, the American Society for Microbiology and EEB are poised to lead a paradigm shift that will result in a new era of collaboration, innovation, and societal relevance for microbiology.
Supplemental Material: Intensified continental weathering and reductive surface runoff during the Triassic–Jurassic transition
Authors: Wang Ruoqi , al. et
Published: October 2024

 Analytical methods, Figures S1–S2, Tables S1–S4, detailed geological setting, sample descriptions, and isotope fractionation details.  
Supplemental Material: Influence of reactivated basement structures on evolving orogens: Along-strike diachronous Himalayan metamorphism in far west Nepal
Authors: Morrell Taylor Rae I.
Published: October 2024

Table S1: Sample GPS coordinates. Table S2: LASS-ICP-MS data. Table S3: EMPA data. Table S4: XRF data. Texts S1–S4: Detailed methodology, additional results, and figures. File S1: Full BSE thin section maps of samples, with monazite and allanite grains located. File S2: EMPA qualitative maps of monazite and allanite. File S3: LASS-ICP-MS spot locations on monazite and allanite grains. 
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of ploidy-driven trait variation: Insights from Saxifraga oppositifolia L.
Authors: Eidesen Pernille Bronken , Brysting Anne Krag , Hagen Kathleen Rani , Hjelle Simen Salomonsen , Revéret Aloïs , Tjessem Ingrid Vesterdal , Čertner Martin , Gago Jorge , Arnberg Mie Prik , Behrisch Johanna , Björnsdóttir Katrín , Brožová Viktorie , Bruls Angeline J.H.M. , Driehaus Kathrin , Einöder Janna , Gya Ragnhild , Handle Valentina , Hansen Niki Meinert , Huntsaar Maria , Jacobsen Anne Hølmkjær , Kendrick Kayden , Mikalsen Christine , Müller Eike , Sørsdal Sondre Kaastad , Tómasson Jóhannes Bjarki Urbancic , Volden Inger Kristine
Published: October 2024

The ecological and evolutionary consequences of ploidy-driven trait variation, particularly for autopolyploids, remain poorly understood. Saxifraga oppositifolia L. (purple saxifrage), is a highly successful arctic-alpine plant species with significant genetic and phenotypic variation potentially related to autopolyploidy. Over the past decade, we have accumulated knowledge of S. oppositifolia through student projects at the University Centre in Svalbard. Building on this knowledge, we initiated the long-term “SO-field study” in 2018 including 768 permanently tagged plants screened for ploidy level, trait variation and environmental associations. Here we summarize main findings from unpublished student projects, consolidating and extending these findings with the available data from the ongoing SO-field study, containing 63% diploids, 16% triploids, and 21% tetraploids. Our results support that Svalbard is a mixed-ploidy contact zone, where ploidy is strongly associated with certain traits, including growth form, leaf mass area, flower investment, seed production and habitat. Autopolyploidy has significantly influenced both ecology and evolution of S. oppositifolia and needs to be accounted for when autopolyploids are used as a study species or evaluated for management purposes. Our findings suggest considerable re-interpretation of former research and pave the way for new inquiries and hypotheses to be tested within this framework.
Optical solitons of the (1+1)-dimensional perturbed complex Ginzburg–Landau equation having the Kerr law in the absence of the chromatic dispersion
Authors: Ozdemir Neslihan , Secer Aydin , Ozisik Muslum , Bayram Mustafa , Yuce Salim
Published: October 2024

This study delves into the soliton solutions of the [Formula: see text]-dimensional perturbed complex Ginzburg–Landau equation characterized by Kerr law, under the condition of absent chromatic dispersion. The complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, a basic equation in nonlinear science, describes various complex systems including optical fibers, Bose–Einstein condensates, and fluid dynamics. By applying the Auxiliary equation scheme, we explore the bright and kink soliton solutions and modulation instability of the considered model by incorporating Kerr nonlinearity, which describes the intensity-dependent refractive index in optical media. Furthermore, detailed 3D-surface and 2D graphs of obtained soliton solutions have been added. Additionally, graphs illustrating the impacts of various parameters for the considered model on soliton solutions are presented in this study. Our findings provide deeper inspirations into the structures of soliton formation and propagation in nonlinear media, contributing to the theoretical understanding and potential implementations in optical communication systems and beyond. This work underscores the critical role of nonlinearity in forming solitons and offers a framework for further exploration of perturbed nonlinear systems devoid of chromatic dispersion effects.
Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Species From Manufactured Probiotic Dairy Products
Authors: Seyirt Seda , Tezel Başar Uymaz , Şanlıbaba Pınar
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to enumerate and identify Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. from 70 samples of commercial dairy probiotic products and assess the antibiotic resistance profile of these probiotic cultures. Viable Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were not detected in 13 of 70 probiotic dairy products. Fifty‐six products with specific claims of viable bacteria met or exceeded their label claim. Only one of the tested products had a lower number of viable bacteria than stated on the label. Based on the label claims, 11 samples explicitly indicated the presence of monoculture Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Meanwhile, 36 samples were labelled as containing a combination of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. species. However, 23 samples did not provide detailed information about the specific probiotic species present. The disc diffusion method was used for determining antibiotic resistance. High levels of resistance to methicillin (100%), vancomycin (95.3%), and cefoxitin (90.7%) were observed in Lactobacillus spp. strains. Bifidobacterium spp. strains were determined to have high frequencies of resistance to cefoxitin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and methicillin (95.6%). Finally, MDR rates were found to be 100% in Bifidobacterium and 95.3% in Lactobacillus species. Antibiotic resistance should be regarded as a significant part of the safety assessment of probiotics. Novel approaches will be essential for addressing MDR bacteria.
Dynamic Behaviors of a Two‐Cable Network With Two Negative Stiffness Dampers and a Cross‐Tie
Authors: Li Mengyu , Xu Yanwei , Gao Hui , Cheng Zhipeng , Wang Zhihao
Published: October 2024

Due to their structural characteristics, stay cables are inherently susceptible to vibrations. Addressing this issue, the research explores the dynamics of a two‐cable network system, emphasizing the impact of composite vibration control methods. A system consisting of two horizontal cables is presented, each fitted with negative stiffness dampers (NSDs) at their anchored ends and interconnected by a cross‐tie. A complex eigenvalue equation, formulated based on displacement boundary conditions and the continuity of displacement and force, is validated through numerical simulations. The multimode damping effects of the dual NSDs and cross‐tie on the two‐cable network are explored through parameter analysis and optimization. The results demonstrate that reducing the stiffness of the cross‐tie improves the fundamental modal damping ratio, whereas increasing its stiffness or positioning it close to the cable’s midpoint enhances the vibration frequency. The incorporation of NSDs into the hybrid system significantly increases the maximum damping ratio while lowering the optimal damping coefficient. This study presents a method for calculating the range of negative stiffness values, providing insights into the selection of installation positions and stiffness for the cross‐tie, thereby facilitating the design of highly effective multimode vibration control solutions for stay cables.
Exploring the Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Nurses’ Moral Courage in China: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment
Authors: Wang Xuan , Zhou Lijuan , Wen Xianxiu , Gou Li
Published: October 2024

Aim: To empirically investigate the impact of ethical leadership on nurses’ moral courage in China and examine the mediating role of psychological empowerment in this relationship.

Background: Moral courage is essential for alleviating nurses’ moral distress, safeguarding patients’ safety and rights, and providing high‐quality care. Previous studies have emphasized the strong relationship between ethical leadership and moral courage; however, little is known about the actual impact of ethical leadership on nurses’ moral courage. This study introduces psychological empowerment, sets out to test empirically its role in the relationship between ethical leadership and moral courage, and provides countermeasures and a theoretical basis for cultivating nurses’ moral courage.

Methods: Between February and May 2023, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 837 nurses from five hospitals in Sichuan Province, southwest China. The three validated self‐report scales, the ethical leadership scale, psychological empowerment scale, and nurses’ moral courage scale, were used to collect data. We used IBM SPSS 27.0 for descriptive statistics, univariate analyses, Cronbach’s α, and correlations of each variable, modeling a hypothesized model of ethical leadership on moral courage in nurses and testing the internal mechanisms by AMOS 26.0.

Results: Ethical leadership significantly positively correlated with psychological empowerment (r = 0.374, p <  0.01), as well as moral courage (r = 0.341, p <  0.01). In addition, psychological empowerment significantly positively correlated with moral courage (r = 0.518, p <  0.01). The structural equation modeling (SEM) shows a satisfactory model fit: χ2 = 2156.36, df = 849, χ2/df = 2.540, root mean square of approximation = 0.043, standard root mean square residual = 0.047, normed fit index = 0.911, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.941, and comparative fit index = 0.944. Ethical leadership directly influenced moral courage (β = 0.135, p = 0.006) and indirectly affected moral courage via psychological empowerment (β = 0.247, p = 0.001).

Conclusion: Promoting ethical leadership and psychological empowerment is essential for nurses to promote moral courage. The results of this study illustrate the pivotal role of psychological empowerment in establishing the impact of ethical leadership on nurses’ moral courage and the partially mediating part of psychological empowerment in this relationship.

Implications for Nursing Management: Nursing managers should understand the importance of moral courage in protecting patients’ rights and interests, as well as in maintaining a stable nursing workforce. They should reinforce the positive influence of ethical leadership and embrace an ethical leadership style. In addition, providing relevant training to enhance nurses’ psychological empowerment will help cultivate moral courage among them.