bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eddy correlation measurements of the air/sea flux of dimethylsulfide over the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Marandino C. A. , De Bruyn W. J. , Miller S. D. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: February 2007

Shipboard measurements of air/sea fluxes and sea surface concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were made over the tropical and midlatitude North Pacific Ocean. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to measure DMS levels in ambient air and in air equilibrated with surface seawater drawn from a depth of 5 m. Air/sea fluxes were obtained using eddy covariance. Corrections and uncertainties involved in the calculation of fluxes from shipboard data are discussed. The surface ocean DMS concentrations measured during this study ranged from 1 to 10 nM, and atmospheric mixing ratios ranged from 20 to 1000 ppt. Air/sea fluxes ranged from 0.47 to 39 μmol m−2 d−1. Most of the variance in the fluxes can be accounted for by variations in sea surface concentration (37%) and wind speed (19%). Gas transfer coefficients derived from the measurements are generally consistent with those derived from deliberate inert gas tracer experiments and eddy covariance measurements of CO2. The gas transfer coefficients exhibit wind speed dependence, but the variance in the data is sufficiently large that they do not constrain the functionality of the wind speed dependence of gas exchange.
Inflammatory biomarkers increase with severity of upper-extremity overuse disorders
Authors: Carp Stephen J. , Barbe Mary F. , Winter Kathryn A. , Amin Mamta , Barr Ann E.
Published: February 2007

MSDs (musculoskeletal disorders) from overuse are common occupational health problems that cause pain, functional loss and loss of work time. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the severity of early-onset overuse-related MSDs of the upper extremity and serum levels of IL-1β (interleukin-1β), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (interleukin-6) and CRP (C-reactive protein). Twenty-two subjects with upper-extremity MSDs due to overuse for no longer that 12 weeks were stratified according to the severity of upper-extremity signs and symptoms as determined by a UBMA (upper-body musculoskeletal assessment). Nine asymptomatic subjects also participated. Serum cytokines were analysed using ELISA, and CRP was analysed using a laser nephelometry technique. CRP was strongly correlated, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were moderately correlated, with UBMA scores. Only CRP and TNFα were significantly associated with UBMA scores in an ordinal logistic regression analysis in which age and BMI (body mass index) were covariates. These results are of clinical importance as they suggest that early-onset overuse-related MSDs may have an inflammatory component. The possibility of using a combination of serum biomarkers to follow the progression of overuse-related MSDs or their response to therapeutic intervention may be of interest to clinical practitioners and should be the focus of future research.
Secrets of Successful Patent (Non)Litigation
Authors: Saunders Thomas M. , Michaelis Brian L.
Published: February 2007

Settlement is almost always preferable to last-man-standing litigation. While litigation posturing is a necessity, all but the largest pharmaceutical houses must avoid suing to a conclusion. The objective is to make a reasonable deal. Having a non-lawyer corporate representative fully engaged in direct settlement efforts, with the assistance of counsel, throughout the process is one way to foster settlement. Also, be sure to propose a Scheduling Order with as many points of decision as possible. In particular, separate Markman claim construction briefings and rulings from summary judgment briefings and rulings. Preparing for the 95 per cent probability of settlement is prudent, cost effective and substantially less bloody.

Abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) Paragraph IV litigation is a unique litigation exercise. Address ANDA Paragraph IV litigation and settlement separately in terms of how the ‘other side’ will react and how the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) will react. The objective is not to sustain or defeat a patent. These are merely aspects of potentially profitable constructions of a settlement agreement.
Reference Prices and Generic Medicines: What Can We Expect?
Authors: Mestre-Ferrandiz Jorge
Published: February 2007

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between reference prices (RPs), generic medicines and generic substitution at pharmacy level. In particular, the focus is on generic reference pricing. RPs in general aim to control reimbursement prices to reduce public pharmaceutical expenditure. In addition, generic reference pricing also aims to increase the use of generic medicines. The link between generic reference pricing and generic medicines is that the RP is usually set as a function of generic prices. Generic RPs are also linked with generic substitution because, without the possibility of substitution at pharmacy level, the potential cost savings from reference pricing will be reduced. RPs in general have been relatively successful in reducing prices, but less successful at controlling pharmaceutical expenditure. Moreover, generic reference pricing has not necessarily led to significant increases in generic drug use in those countries where such a system has been implemented. This paper analyses the reasons for these results, and discusses further issues that need to be considered when considering an RP system, concentrating in particular on generic reference pricing.
Managed Care: US Experience and European Initiatives
Authors: Simonet Daniel
Published: February 2007

Managed care, a regime with multiple facets, integrates the delivery of care, whatever fields it concerns (services, hospitalisations, drugs), and the financing to supply medical services of high quality while containing expenses. Its success reached its climax in the 1990s. This paper discusses the history of managed care, analyses the mechanisms of cost reduction that appeared in the aftermath of managed care, notes criticisms from practitioners and insurers and, finally, describes some European experiences inspired by US managed care.
Integrated API Distribution in Europe
Authors: Schneider Gerhard
Published: February 2007

Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) distribution in highly developed generics markets must go different roads than in earlier days in order to be successful. This paper deals with the challenges and chances for today's API manufacturers in a changing environment. It has become crucial for API manufacturers to be part of successful generics development programmes in the generics industry. Service partners offer complete solutions for a launch of a new generic product on day one following patent expiration and so fill the pipelines of generics companies. It is as essential for API manufacturers to back the right horse as it is decisive in generics development to pick the right API partner. All or nothing at all - these are often the clear-cut choices.
On attractive interaction of a colloid pair of like charge at infinite dilution
Authors: Behera Raghu Nath , Gupta-Bhaya Pinaki
Published: February 2007

Numerical data on the potential of mean force W(r) at infinite dilution of a highly charged colloid pair embedded in a 1:1 electrolyte are reported. The authors obtain attractive minima (W<0) at short interparticle distance in these potential functions in hypernetted chain (HNC) approximation, as salt concentration is increased. These minima, however, disappear in all system sets studied when a self-consistent Zerah-Hansen (ZH) closure is used. The authors infer that the attractive minima obtained in a HNC closure are spurious and result from the neglect of bridge diagrams in HNC approximation. An expression of bridge function, which the ZH closure in effect incorporates in W(r) to remove attractive minima, is derived in terms of modification of correlation functions. Features of repulsive pair potentials obtained using the ZH closure, their dependence on particle charge and salt concentration, and their agreement with those of the Derajguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory are investigated.
Structural and optical properties of single crystal Zn1−xMgxO nanorods—Experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Chang Yu-Sheng , Chien Chih-Tao , Chen Chun-Wei , Chu Ta-Ya , Chiang Hsuen-Han , Ku Chen-Hao , Wu Jih-Jen , Lin Chao-Sung , Chen Li-Chyong , Chen Kuei-Hsien
Published: February 2007

Structural and optical properties of single crystal Zn1−xMgxO nanorods (0≤x≤0.17) are studied experimentally and theoretically. Structural analyses indicate that the nanorods grown on Si substrates are oriented in the c-axis direction and the nanorods possess the single-crystalline hexagonal structure with the Mg incorporated within the ZnO nanorods by means of substituting Zn. A blueshift of the near-band edge emission in the photoluminescence spectra by increasing Mg content is observed. Two distinct emission bands are found in the photoluminescence spectra; one is mainly attributed to the delocalized exciton recombination and the other is originating from localized excitons due to the incorporation of foreign impurity of Mg. Enhanced exciton localization with increasing Mg content in Zn1−xMgxO nanorods is mainly due to large ionic characters of Mg-O bonding. Structural stability, band structures, projected density of states, and charge distribution in various Zn1−xMgxO alloy compounds were further investigated by first-principles calculations. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results is found.
Electromagnetism and magnetization in granular two-phase nanocomposites: A comparative microwave study
Authors: Brosseau Christian , Mallégol Stéphane , Quéffélec Patrick , Ben Youssef Jamal
Published: February 2007

Cold-pressed powder compacts in our experiments were prepared from commercial nanopowders of ZnO, Ni, Co and γ-Fe2O3. A systematic study of the room temperature effective permeability tensor of composite samples made of these nanophases is performed and provides a signature for the nonreciprocity of wave propagation in these nanostructures. Our measurements which cover a broad range of frequency in the microwave region provide a wealth of information leading to a much better understanding of the electromagnetic wave transport in nanogranular materials throughout this frequency range. We report our observations on the frequency and composition dependences of the permeability tensor components of a large set of nanocomposites (NCs) at different magnetic fields. It is found that mixing Ni nanoparticles with ZnO nanoparticles results in a smaller linewidth of the gyromagnetic resonance and an increased coercivity compared to a sample consisting solely of Ni nanoparticles. On the contrary, mixing of Co nanoparticles with ZnO nanoparticles resulted in the disappearance of the off-diagonal component of the permeability tensor and an increase in coercivity. Deviations of the saturation magnetization of Ni and Co in the Ni∕ZnO and Co∕ZnO NCs from bulklike values were observed. It is believed that the different microwave magnetic behaviors of the Ni∕ZnO and Co∕ZnO NCs are related to the difference in magnetic anisotropy of the Ni and Co particles. It is argued that surface and boundaries in the samples can play a significant role in the microwave magnetic response of these nanostructures. These NCs are promising for implementing the nonreciprocal functionality employed in many microwave devices, including isolators and circulators.
Analysis of defect mode switching response in one-dimensional photonic crystal with a nematic liquid crystal defect layer
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Moritake Hiroshi , Yoshino Katsumi , Ozaki Masanori
Published: February 2007

We analyze the dynamic response and optical properties of a high-speed defect mode switching that is based on a tunable defect mode in a one-dimensional photonic crystal with a nematic liquid crystal defect layer. The electro-optic responses of the defect mode switching are calculated considering the director distributions in the defect layer, which are determined using continuum theory. The calculated defect mode switching exhibits a response on the order of microseconds in spite of the use of the reorientation of nematic liquid crystal molecules. From the calculation, it is found that the fast response is realized using a narrow peak shift and a fast part of the molecular reorientation. Furthermore, the dependences of the switching response are clarified on several physical parameters.
Soft chemical deposition of BiFeO3 multiferroic thin films
Authors: Gonzalez A. H. M. , Simões A. Z. , Cavalcante L. S. , Longo E. , Varela J. A. , Riccardi C. S.
Published: February 2007

Bi Fe O 3 thin films free of secondary phases were obtained by the soft chemical solution on Pt(111)∕Ti∕SiO2∕Si substrates after annealing at 500°C for 2h. The film grown in the (100) direction presented a remanent polarization Pr of 31μC∕cm2 at room temperature. Electrical measurements using both quasistatic hysteresis and pulsed polarization confirm the existence of ferroelectricity with a switched polarization of 60–70μC∕cm2, ΔP=(P*−P̂). Low leakage conduction and an out-of-plane piezoelectric (d3) coefficient of 40pm∕V were obtained by the improvement of preparation technology.
Polariton parametric luminescence in a single micropillar
Authors: Bajoni D. , Peter E. , Senellart P. , Smirr J. L. , Sagnes I. , Lemaître A. , Bloch J.
Published: February 2007

The authors report on parametric luminescence in a single pillar semiconductor microcavity. Nonresonant photoluminescence measurements at 10K show that micropillars operate in the exciton-photon strong coupling regime. Under resonant excitation, polariton parametric scattering is observed: signal and idler beams are of comparable intensities, a promising result in the framework of quantum optics with correlated photon pairs.
Final-state readout of exciton qubits by observing resonantly excited photoluminescence in quantum dots
Authors: Kuroda K. , Kuroda T. , Watanabe K. , Mano T. , Sakoda K. , Kido G. , Koguchi N.
Published: February 2007

The authors report on an approach to detect excitonic qubits in semiconductor quantum dots by observing spontaneous emissions from the relevant qubit level. The ground state of excitons is resonantly excited by picosecond optical pulses. Emissions from the same state are temporally resolved with picosecond time resolution. To capture weak emissions, the authors greatly suppress the elastic scattering of excitation beams, by applying obliquely incident geometry to the microphotoluminescence setup. Rabi oscillations of the ground-state excitons appear to be involved in the dependence of emission intensity on excitation amplitude.
Wavelength- and material-dependent absorption in GaAs and AlGaAs microcavities
Authors: Michael C. P. , Srinivasan K. , Johnson T. J. , Painter O. , Lee K. H. , Hennessy K. , Kim H. , Hu E.
Published: February 2007

The quality factors of modes in nearly identical GaAs and Al0.18Ga0.82As microdisks are tracked over three wavelength ranges centered at 980, 1460, and 1600nm, with quality factors measured as high as 6.62×105 in the 1600nm band. After accounting for surface scattering, the remaining loss is due to sub-band-gap absorption in the bulk and on the surfaces. The observed absorption is, on average, 80% greater in AlGaAs than in GaAs and is 540% higher in both materials at 980nm than at 1600nm.
Mass sensor for in situ monitoring of focused ion and electron beam induced processes
Authors: Friedli Vinzenz , Santschi Christian , Michler Johann , Hoffmann Patrik , Utke Ivo
Published: February 2007

A cantilever-based mass sensor for in situ monitoring of deposition and milling using focused ion and electron beams is presented. Carefully designed experiments allowed for mass measurements with a noise level of ±10fg by tracking the resonance frequency of a temperature stabilized piezoresistive cantilever using phase locking. The authors report on measurements of precursor surface coverage, residence time, mass deposition rates, yields, and deposit density using the (CH3)3PtCpCH3 precursor.
Decrease of Tc and persistent two gaps upon enhancement of the Ca doping in MgB2 superconductor
Authors: Sun Yaxin , Yu Dongli , Liu Zhongyuan , He Julong , Zhang Xiangyi , Tian Yongjun , Xiang Jianyong , Zheng Dongning
Published: February 2007

Superconducting properties have been investigated in the Ca-doped MgB2 (Mg1−xCaxB2) superconductors, which have been synthesized under high temperature and pressure. With increasing doping level x, a linear drop of the critical temperature Tc is observed, and the gap Δσ keeps nearly fixed and the gap Δπ deceases, giving rise to the persistent two-gap feature in the Mg1−xCaxB2 samples for x up to 0.07. Both the Sommerfeld constant γn and the relative weight γπ∕γn are found to decrease with raising x, indicative of the decrease of Nπ(0).
Threading synthetic polyelectrolytes through protein pores
Authors: Murphy Ryan J. , Muthukumar M.
Published: February 2007

We have measured the ionic current signatures of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) as its single molecules translocate through an α-hemolysin pore embedded into a bilayer in a salty aqueous medium under an externally applied electric field. As in the previous experiments involving DNA and RNA, the pore current, which is a measure of the ionic conductivity of the low molar mass electrolyte ions, is significantly reduced when the polymer molecule translocates through the pore. The magnitude and the duration of the reduction in the pore current are measured for each of the translocation events. By studying thousands of events of reduction in the ionic current, we have constructed distribution functions for the extent of the reduced current and for the translocation time. The details of these distribution functions are significantly different from those for DNA and RNA. By investigating over two orders of magnitude in the molecular weight of the polymer, the average translocation time is found to be proportional to the molecular weight and inversely proportional to the applied voltage. This demonstration of threading a synthetic polyelectrolyte through a protein pore opens up many opportunities to systematically explore the fundamental physical principles behind translocation of single macromolecules, by resorting to the wide variety of synthetically available polymers without the complexities arising from the sequences of biological polymers. In addition, the present experiments suggest yet another experimental protocol for separation of polymer molecules directly in aqueous media.
Significant improvement of electron mobility in organic thin-film transistors based on thiazolothiazole derivative by employing self-assembled monolayer
Authors: Kumaki Daisuke , Ando Shinji , Shimono Satoshi , Yamashita Yoshiro , Umeda Tokiyoshi , Tokito Shizuo
Published: February 2007

n -type organic thin-film transistors based on a thiazolothiazole derivative were fabricated on a SiO2 gate insulator treated with n-alkyl self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which were composed of various alkyl chain lengths. The field-effect electron mobility increased depending on the alkyl chain length of the SAMs. A long alkyl chain significantly improved the on current and electron mobility. The highest electron mobility of 1.2cm2∕Vs and on/off ratio of 107 were achieved with an alkyl chain longer than that of tetradecyl-trichlorosilane. This result is attributed to the suppression of the influence of electron trap sites on the SiO2 gate insulator by employing the SAM with the long alkyl chain.
Nucleation and growth of NiSi from Ni2Si transrotational domains
Authors: Alberti Alessandra , Spinella Corrado , La Magna Antonino , Rimini Emanuele
Published: February 2007

The phase transition from Ni2Si to NiSi transrotational structures was studied in terms of incubation (t0) and characteristic (τ) times, i.e. the time required to trigger the transformation and the time after which the volume fraction occupied by the NiSi phase (χ) increases by 60%. The authors combined the effective medium approximation and the Avrami-Johnson-Mehl models to relate the measured sheet resistance Rs versus time to χ(t) in the temperature range between 230 and 320°C With this method, the nucleation barrier and the activation energies for NiSi growth were obtained, 0.5 and 0.93eV, respectively, with the density of nucleation sites higher in thicker layers.
Extrahigh color rendering white light-emitting diode lamps using oxynitride and nitride phosphors excited by blue light-emitting diode
Authors: Kimura Naoki , Sakuma Ken , Hirafune Syunichiro , Asano Kenichiro , Hirosaki Naoto , Xie Rong-Jun
Published: February 2007

The blue-light-excitation-type white light-emitting diode (LED) lamps are considered to be very suitable for lighting for art objects, shop window displays, and medical applications because they do not give infrared ray and ultraviolet ray. But their color rendering indices are needed to be improved for such applications. In this letter, the authors have fabricated white LED lamps with a broad range of color temperatures, and realized extrahigh color rendering index Ra values of 95–98 in them, using four oxynitride/nitride phosphors and a blue LED die. It means UV LED die is not always necessary for high color rendering white LED lamps. The luminous efficacies of white LED lamps are 28–35lm∕W, which are sufficiently high for extremely high color rendering white LED lamps.
High TC ferromagnetism of Zn(1−x)CoxO diluted magnetic semiconductors grown by oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Liu G. L. , Cao Q. , Deng J. X. , Xing P. F. , Tian Y. F. , Chen Y. X. , Yan S. S. , Mei L. M.
Published: February 2007

Co-doped wurtzite ZnO [Zn(1−x)CoxO] thin films have been grown on Al2O3(0001) substrates by using oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy at the low growth temperature of 450°C. The epitaxial films of Co concentration at 0⩽x⩽0.12 are single crystalline, which were examined by reflection high energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction. Both of optical transmission spectrum and in situ. x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirmed the incorporation of Co2+ cations into wurtzite ZnO lattice. Magnetic measurements revealed that the Zn(1−x)CoxO thin films are ferromagnetic with Curie temperature TC above room temperature, and the ferromagnetism shows intrinsic characteristic.
Simultaneous observation of magnetic domain structure and topography of Fe70Co30 using scanning Lorentz force microscopy
Authors: Suzuki Seiichi , Azuma Yasuo , Majima Yutaka
Published: February 2007

The surface topography and the distribution of stray magnetic flux density of Fe70Co30 are observed simultaneously by using scanning Lorentz force microscopy (SLFM). The SLFM images of the magnetic domain of Fe70Co30 have been observed repeatedly, and they were found to be unaffected by the surface roughness and friction force. As compared to the magnetic force microscopy image, it can be inferred that small stray magnetic flux loops were detected near the sample surface in the SLFM image.
Enhanced magnetocaloric response in Cr∕Mo containing Nanoperm-type amorphous alloys
Authors: Franco V. , Conde C. F. , Conde A. , Kiss L. F.
Published: February 2007

The magnetocaloric effect of Fe76Cr8−xMoxCu1B15 (x=0,4) alloys is studied. Although the combined addition of Cr and Mo is more efficient in tuning the Curie temperature of the alloy, the Mo-free alloy presents a higher magnetocaloric response. The refrigerant capacity (RC) for the Mo-containing alloy is comparable to that of Gd5Ge1.9Si2Fe0.1 (for a field of 50kOe, RC=273Jkg−1 for the Mo alloy vs 240Jkg−1 for the Gd-based one), with a larger temperature span of the optimal refrigeration cycle (250K vs 90K, respectively). The restriction of the temperature span to 90K gives RC=187Jkg−1 for the Mo alloy. A master curve behavior for the magnetic entropy change is also evidenced.
Metal Directed Synthesis Involving Formaldehyde and Nitroethane, and Crystal Structure of the Copper(II) Complex of the 14-Membered Macrocycle 6-Methyl-6-Nitro-1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradecane
Authors: Lawrance GA , Rossignoli M , Skelton BW , White AH
Published: February 2007

The condensation reaction of (3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine)copper(II) with formaldehyde and nitroethane in basic methanol is highly specific, producing the macromonocyclic complex (6-methyl-6-nitro-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)copper(II) as the only product. However, under conditions employed, the reaction cannot be readily driven to completion, and an intermediate consisting of equimolar amounts of precursor and product complexes can be crystallized preferentially. The intermeciate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 21/c, a 16.11 5(10), b 8 825(6), c 25.970(13)�, β 104.30(4)�, and consists of a linear polymer of the two alternating copper(II) complexes bridged by perchlorate anions; 3372 'observed' reflections were refined to a residual of 0.049. Each copper ion is surrounded by a square-planar arrangement of four nitrogen donors, with perchlorate oxygens from bridging ions occupying the axial sites. The Cu-N distances in the precursor tetraamine unit (1.991 to 2.006 �) and the product macromonocycle unit (1.995 to 2.017 �) are similar; apparently the copper ion is readily accommodated in both the precursor and the 14-membered macrocycle. Reduction of the nitro group of the macrocycle by zinc/aqueous acid produces the corresponding ligand with a pendant primary amine group, isolated as the copper(II) complex. Complexes were characterized by infrared and electronic spectroscopy, and voltammetry.
APL-1, a
Caenorhabditis elegans
protein related to the human β-amyloid precursor protein, is essential for viability
Authors: Hornsten Angela , Lieberthal Jason , Fadia Shruti , Malins Richard , Ha Lawrence , Xu Xiaomeng , Daigle Isabelle , Markowitz Mindy , O'Connor Gregory , Plasterk Ronald , Li Chris
Published: February 2007

Dominant mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene are associated with rare cases of familial Alzheimer's disease; however, the normal functions of APP and related proteins remain unclear. The nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
has a single
APP
-related gene,
apl-1
, that is expressed in multiple tissues. Loss of
apl-1
disrupts several developmental processes, including molting and morphogenesis, and results in larval lethality. The
apl-1
lethality can be rescued by neuronal expression of the extracellular domain of APL-1. These data highlight the importance of the extracellular domain of an APP family member and suggest that APL-1 acts noncell-autonomously during development. Overexpression of APL-1 also causes several defects, including a high level of larval lethality. Decreased activity of
sel-12
, a
C
.
elegans
homologue of the human γ-secretase component presenilin 1, partially rescues the lethality associated with APL-1 overexpression, suggesting that SEL-12 activity regulates APL-1 activity either directly or indirectly.
Olfactory neurons expressing transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5) are involved in sensing semiochemicals
Authors: Lin Weihong , Margolskee Robert , Donnert Gerald , Hell Stefan W. , Restrepo Diego
Published: February 2007

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the main olfactory epithelium respond to environmental odorants. Recent studies reveal that these OSNs also respond to semiochemicals such as pheromones and that main olfactory input modulates animal reproduction, but the transduction mechanism for these chemosignals is not fully understood. Previously, we determined that responses to putative pheromones in the main olfactory system were reduced but not eliminated in mice defective for the canonical cAMP transduction pathway, and we suggested, on the basis of pharmacology, an involvement of phospholipase C. In the present study, we find that a downstream signaling component of the phospholipase C pathway, the transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5), is coexpressed with the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel subunit A2 in a subset of mature OSNs. These neurons project axons primarily to the ventral olfactory bulb, where information from urine and other socially relevant signals is processed. We find that these chemosignals activate a subset of glomeruli targeted by TRPM5-expressing OSNs. Our data indicate that TRPM5-expressing OSNs that project axons to glomeruli in the ventral area of the main olfactory bulb are involved in processing of information from semiochemicals.
Cells infected with scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease agents produce intracellular 25-nm virus-like particles
Authors: Manuelidis Laura , Yu Zhoa-Xue , Barquero Nuria , Mullins Brian
Published: February 2007

We had repeatedly found ≈25-nm-diameter virus-like particles in highly infectious brain fractions with little prion protein (PrP), and therefore we searched for similar virus-like particles
in situ
in infected cell lines with high titers. Neuroblastoma cells infected with the 22L strain of scrapie as well as hypothalamic GT cells infected with the FU Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease agent, but not parallel mock controls, displayed dense 25-nm virus-like particles in orthogonal arrays. These particles had no relation to abnormal PrP amyloid
in situ
, nor were they labeled by PrP antibodies that faithfully recognized rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes and amyloid fibrils, the predicted sites of normal and pathological intracellular PrP. Additionally, phorbol ester stimulated the production of abnormal PrP gel bands by >5-fold in infected N2a + 22L cells, yet this did not increase either the number of virus-like arrays or the infectious titer of these cells. Thus, the 25-nm infection-associated particles could not be prions. Synaptic differentiation and neurodegeneration, as well as retroviruses that populate the rough endoplasmic reticulum of neuroblastoma cells, were not required for particle production. The 25-nm particle arrays in cultured cells strongly resembled those first described in 1968 in synaptic regions of scrapie-infected brain and subsequently identified in many natural and experimental TSEs. The high infectivity of comparable, isolated virus-like particles that show no intrinsic PrP by antibody labeling, combined with their loss of infectivity when nucleic acid–protein complexes are disrupted, make it likely that these 25-nm particles are the causal TSE virions that induce late-stage PrP brain pathology.
Deep Infection After Total Knee Replacement: Impact of Laminar Airflow Systems and Body Exhaust Suits in the Modern Operating Room
Authors: Miner Andrew L. , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N. , Fossel Anne H. , Platt Richard
Published: February 2007

We investigated the relationship between the risk of deep infection and intraoperative use of laminar airflow systems and body exhaust suits during 8,288 total knee replacements performed in 256 hospitals. The overall 90-day cumulative incidence of deep infection requiring subsequent operation was 0.34% (28 procedures). In all combinations of laminar airflow systems and body exhaust suits, the 90-day cumulative incidence of infection requiring subsequent operation was 0.27%-0.43%. The risk ratio was 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.75-3.31) for laminar airflow systems and 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.34-1.62) for body exhaust suits suits. The risk was not statistically associated with use of either method, but infections were rare.
Fear of HIV Infection and Impact of Training on the Attitudes of Surgical and Emergency Nurses Toward Inpatient HIV Testing
Authors: Gańczak Maria , Barss Peter
Published: February 2007

This study evaluates the association between the degree of fear of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and support for different HIV testing policies. A strong fear of acquiring HIV infection at work was widespread among a sample of 601 Polish surgical and emergency nurses. Most favored inappropriate HIV testing of all surgical patients and inpatients. Previous training about HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and experience caring for HIV-positive patients had a significant impact on reducing support for testing of all inpatients but not for testing of surgical patients.
A defect relation for non-Archimedean analytic curves in arbitrary projective varieties
Authors: An Ta
Published: February 2007

If

f
f

is a non-Archimedean analytic curve in a projective variety

X
X

embedded in

P

N

\mathbb P^N

and if

D
1

,
…
,

D
q

D_1,\dots ,D_q

are hypersurfaces of

P

N

\mathbb P^N

in general position with

X
,

X,

then we prove the defect relation:
\[

∑

j
=
1

q

δ
(
f
,

D
j

)
≤
dim
⁡
X
.

\sum _{j=1}^q \delta (f,D_j) \le \dim X.

\]
A minimum fixed point theorem for smooth fiber preserving maps
Authors: Lee Catherine
Published: February 2007

Let

p
:
E
→
B

p:E\rightarrow B

be a smooth fiber bundle. Given a smooth fiber preserving map

f
:
E
→
E

f:E\rightarrow E

, we will show that

f
f

can be deformed by a smooth, fiber preserving homotopy to a smooth map

g
:
E
→
E

g:E\rightarrow E

such that the number of fixed points of

g
g

is equal to the fiberwise Nielsen number of

f
f

.
Sampling convex bodies: a random matrix approach
Authors: Aubrun Guillaume
Published: February 2007

We prove the following result: for any

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

, only

C
(
ε
)
n

C(\varepsilon )n

sample points are enough to obtain

(
1
+
ε
)

(1+\varepsilon )

-approximation of the inertia ellipsoid of an unconditional convex body in

R

n

\mathbf {R}^n

. Moreover, for any

ρ
>
1

\rho >1

, already

ρ
n

\rho n

sample points give isomorphic approximation of the inertia ellipsoid. The proofs rely on an adaptation of the moments method from Random Matrix Theory.
On the varieties defined by Riemann-Mumford’s relations
Authors: Salvati Manni Riccardo
Published: February 2007

In this paper we consider varieties defined by Riemann-Mumford’s relations. An irreducible component of these varieties is related to Siegel modular varieties. We prove that in most cases Riemann-Mumford varieties are not irreducible.
Genus 2 mapping class groups are not Kähler
Authors: Veliche Răzvan
Published: February 2007

The goal of this note is to prove that the mapping class groups of closed orientable surfaces of genus 2 (with punctures) are not Kähler. An application to compactifications of the moduli space of genus

g
g

curves (with punctures) is given.
A remark on the semi-classical measure from -ℎ²\over2Δ+𝑉 with a degenerate potential 𝑉
Authors: Yu Yifeng
Published: February 2007

This note is motivated by Evans (2004) and Anantharaman (2004). We study the semiclassical measure arising from the operator

P
(
h
)
=
−

h
2

2

Δ
+
V
(
x
)

P(h)=-{h^2\over 2}\Delta +V(x)

when the potential

V
V

has degenerate minimum points. We will use the technique of integration by parts and some identities of Evans to derive information on the support of the measure.
Roles of the CDK Phosphorylation Sites of Yeast Cdc6 in Chromatin Binding and Rereplication
Authors: Honey Sangeet , Futcher Bruce
Published: February 2007

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc6 protein is crucial for DNA replication. In the absence of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity, Cdc6 binds to replication origins, and loads Mcm proteins. In the presence of CDK activity, Cdc6 does not bind to origins, and this helps prevent rereplication. CDK activity affects Cdc6 function by multiple mechanisms: CDK activity affects transcription of CDC6, degradation of Cdc6, nuclear import of Cdc6, and binding of Cdc6 to Clb2. Here we examine some of these mechanisms individually. We find that when Cdc6 is forced into the nucleus during late G1 or S, it will not substantially reload onto chromatin no matter whether its CDK sites are present or not. In contrast, at a G2/M nocodazole arrest, Cdc6 will reload onto chromatin if and only if its CDK sites have been removed. Trace amounts of nonphosphorylatable Cdc6 are dominant lethal in strains bearing nonphosphorylatable Orc2 and Orc6, apparently because of rereplication. This synthetic dominant lethality occurs even in strains with wild-type MCM genes. Nonphosphorylatable Cdc6, or Orc2 and Orc6, sensitize cells to rereplication caused by overexpression of various replication initiation proteins such as Dpb11 and Sld2.
Diversification of Function by Different Isoforms of Conventionally Shared RNA Polymerase Subunits
Authors: Devaux Sara , Kelly Steven , Lecordier Laurence , Wickstead Bill , Perez-Morga David , Pays Etienne , Vanhamme Luc , Gull Keith
Published: February 2007

Eukaryotic nuclei contain three classes of multisubunit DNA-directed RNA polymerase. At the core of each complex is a set of 12 highly conserved subunits of which five—RPB5, RPB6, RPB8, RPB10, and RPB12—are thought to be common to all three polymerase classes. Here, we show that four distantly related eukaryotic lineages (the higher plant and three protistan) have independently expanded their repertoire of RPB5 and RPB6 subunits. Using the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei as a model organism, we demonstrate that these distinct RPB5 and RPB6 subunits localize to discrete subnuclear compartments and form part of different polymerase complexes. We further show that RNA interference-mediated depletion of these discrete subunits abolishes class-specific transcription and hence demonstrates complex specialization and diversification of function by conventionally shared subunit groups.
Moral Philosophy
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

This chapter explores Bonaventure's account of moral philosophy. Bonaventure unambiguously presents moral philosophy as a distinct branch of study in On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology. He divides moral philosophy into three branches: personal (monastica), domestic (oeconomica), and political (politica). According to Bonaventure, moral philosophy investigates the truth of morals and the right order of living (rectitudo vivendi), specifically, the right order in man's actions as an individual (ethics), as a member of a household (economics), and as a member of the city (politics). Human beings are able to know the right order of living through the natural law, which consists of both the dictates of right reason and God's eternal law impressed on the human soul.
Superstructure
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter examines how justification is transmitted from one belief to another, as where one acquires justification for believing a proposition by inferring it from something else that one already justifiedly believes. An account of theoretical reason must also consider knowledge. Knowledge is not merely justified true belief, and its relation both to theoretical justification and to practical rationality is quite complicated. It is argued that rationality, justification, and knowledge are all based on reasons, and several kinds of reasons we must understand in order to see how they are so based are discussed.
The Sources of Practical Reasons
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter considers whether practical reason is substantive or only instrumental. It examines egoism, in a normative form, as well as hedonism, for which pleasure and pain are the fundamental sources of practical reasons. The chapter also considers what metaphysical commitments a theory of practical rationality must make if it embraces some apparently irreducible normative notion, such as that of intrinsic value.
Desires, Intentions, and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

With practical reason, as with theoretical reason, there is an important difference between reasons that are in some sense basic and those based on further reasons. Beliefs, actions, and desires can all be rational on the basis of rational elements that “transmit” rationality to them. This chapter addresses the following questions: what sorts of relationships hold between desires that are, for the agent, basic, as a desire to maintain good health might be, and desires based on those, such as the desire to swim? And how might desires, taken together with beliefs, justify actions?
Global Rationality
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter argues that if we have a unified, comprehensive account of rationality for both domains, we should have much of the theoretical material needed to understand the notion of a rational person. But the matter is complicated. There are tradeoffs; for instance, a high degree of theoretical rationality might counterbalance some degree of practical irrationality, and no rational person need exhibit rationality all of the time. Some irrational actions, and even isolated moments of a wider irrationality, are compatible with the overall rationality of a person. Indeed, if some things, such as certain emotions, may fail to be rational without being irrational, then it is entirely consistent with being a rational person that one cultivate certain non-rational elements in oneself and allow them to play a significant role in one's life.
Conclusion
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. Topics discussed include theoretical reason, the nature and grounds of rational belief, how practical reason is highly analogous to theoretical reason, and global rationality.
Zeraḥiah Ḥen
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: February 2007

This discussion of Zerahiah begins by outlining the contents of Zerahiah’s reading of Job, with special attention given to deciphering its esoteric doctrines. It then examines the three interfaces around which this study has been structured. It is shown that Zerahiah presents a reading of Job that is very much in the spirit of Ibn Tibbon’s exegetical enterprise in that he uses Maimonides’ Guide as a resource to produce a comprehensive commentary on the biblical text. Yet, there is also evidence to suggest that some of Zerahiah’s key insights regarding Job are taken directly from Ibn Tibbon himself. It is possible that Zerahiah may be closer to Ibn Tibbon in philosophical orientation than scholars up to now have appreciated. However, in a number of ways Zerahiah goes beyond Ibn Tibbon. He composes an exposition on the entire Book of Job, and this allows him to develop elements of Maimonides’ reading of Job to a much greater extent than Ibn Tibbon did. The most significant example of this tendency is his fascinating discussion of allegory. In addition, Zerahiah’s commentary displays a greater independence from Maimonides than does that of Ibn Tibbon. Most important in this regard is its elitist emphasis.
Simon ben Ẓema ḥDuran
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: February 2007

Because Duran presents his systematic views on providence in his introduction to the commentary on Job, this chapter will deal with Duran’s thinking on this issue as part of the summary of the commentary, rather than in a separate section. The analysis as a whole will be aided by the fact that Duran’s philosophical thought is in many respects a reaction against Maimonides, and he therefore does not adopt esoteric discourse. It is shown that Duran’s commentary on Job presents another rich and original interpretation of the book. While his exposition is dependent on previous philosophical readings of Job — particularly Saadiah’s — Duran’s commentary also betrays the strong influence of non-philosophical sources in rabbinic midrash and Kabbalah, and these influences result in a reading of Job that is very conservative in orientation. The traditional turn initiated by Gersonides is completed in Duran. This provides a reading of Job that is “rationalistic” in the broad sense of the term, but one that has abandoned Aristotelianism and its concomitant radicalism.
Medieval Jewish Philosophy and the Exegesis of Job
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: February 2007

This study examined six readings of Job spanning five centuries; they originate in geographical locations as far apart as Baghdad and Provence; they reflect a wide range of philosophical orientations and perspectives; and they contain numerous insights about every aspect of Job. The remaining challenge is to formulate general conclusions about this material. This purpose will be greatly aided by the scheme of three interfaces around which this study has been organized. These interfaces are reviewed to draw general conclusions about these readings of Job as a collective. The implications of these conclusions for the field of medieval Jewish philosophy as a whole are also discussed.
Property Dualism, Phenomenal Concepts, and the Semantic Premise
Authors: White Stephen L.
Published: February 2007

This chapter defends the property dualism argument. The term “semantic premise” mentioned is used to refers to an assumption identified by Brian Loar that antiphysicalist arguments, such as the property dualism argument, tacitly assume that a statement of property identity that links conceptually independent concepts is true only if at least one concept picks out the property it refers to by connoting a contingent property of that property. It is argued that, the property that does the work in explaining the possibility of a posteriori identities need not be a first-order property of the referent in question. On his view, the property dualism argument requires only a weaker semantic premise, which allows that the property in question be a higher order property. A refined version of the property dualism argument is formulated, which uses the weaker premise, and defends the argument against various objections.
Max Black's Objection to Mind‐Body Identity
Authors: Block Ned
Published: February 2007

This chapter criticizes the property dualism argument. It argues that one version of the argument conflates two different notions of mode of presentation: the “cognitive mode of presentation,” which is defined in terms of its role in determining reference and/or explaining cognitive significance; and the “metaphysical mode of presentation,” which is a property of the referent in virtue of which the cognitive mode of presentation plays its semantic and cognitive roles. It also examines John Perry's (2001) book, which discusses both Max Black's argument and the Knowledge Argument as well as some arguments drawn from Stephen White's (1986) essay on the topic and arguments inspired by unpublished papers by White.
Battle of the Isms
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

This chapter reviews the calumnies that are commonly directed at moral naturalists. Philosophical rationalism is compared unfavorably with the empirical tradition by drawing attention to the inadequacies in the reasoning that supposedly leads to Kant's categorical imperative. Moral naturalism is defended on the same basis as biological naturalism. Moral relativism — the big no-no for metaphysical moralists — is defended against a variety of common criticisms; reductionism gets the same treatment. Finally, the life of David Hume is advanced as a counter-example to those who feel that naturalism is necessarily dehumanizing or dispiriting.
Empathy
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

Sympathy refers to caring about another to some degree as one cares for oneself. Empathy refers to the capacity to put yourself in the position of others to see things from their point of view. Empathetic preferences compare being one person in one situation with being another person in another situation. John Harsanyi showed that mild assumptions imply that to have empathetic preferences is the same thing as having rates at which the utility units of different people are to be traded off against one another. A consequence is that empathetic preferences have the same structure as Hamilton's rule, and so may have originated from strangers adopted into a clan being treated as surrogate kinfolk. But since empathetic preferences are cultural artifacts, they are subject to cultural evolution. The idea of an empathy equilibrium is introduced to capture the medium-run effects of such cultural evolution on empathetic preferences.