bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O właściwościach postępowania hybrydowego w regulacji ochrony konkurencji i konsumenta
Authors: Mrożek Jakub
Published: March 2020

Peculiarities of hybrid proceedings in the regulation of competition and consumer protection This article describes the issue of replacing administrative regulations with civil law regulations.  This is amulti-faceted problem, so the paper will focus on the example of the so-called hybrid proceedings, pending before the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. In the article, a brief comparison of the hybrid proceedings approach to classical administrative proceedings was initially conducted, pointing out that there was considerable uncertainty about compliance with the Constitutional division of power. The analysis of the proceedings before the President of the OCCP was presented, because of its links with the Constitution, indicating the disfunctionality of that autho­rity at the time of the appeal. In the final section, research proposals and proposed changes were intro­duced, which consisted entirely of abandoning the hybrid model to the classic administrative model.
Konstytucja w praktyce sądów administracyjnych
Authors: Kiczka Karol
Published: March 2020

Constitution in the practice of administrative courtsThe Constitution is directly applied by administrative courts. Constitutional regulations are the basis for shaping the control pattern. The pro-constitutional interpretation of law is of great importance. The direct application of the Constitution by the administrative courts concerns different matters and serves to ensure the rule of law in the executive branch activities.
Uwagi na tle kodeksowej regulacji kar administracyjnych
Authors: Majczak Paweł
Published: March 2020

Remarks regarding penalties regulated in the Code of Administrative ProcedureOn 1 June 2017 an amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure entered into force. The amendment introduced new legal solutions that will speed up administrative procedures and make procedures more efficient. The amendment introduces extensive changes, including administrative penalties. According to the new provisions, during making the decision on penalties, the body is obliged to take into account the circumstances of the case, such as gravity of the offence, fact of previous punishment for the same behavior or the personal conditions of party. It shall be noted that another regulations imposes mandatory withdrawal from punishment in case on occurring at least one of the premises indicated in the provision. This amendment introduces also 5-year limitation period for sentencing the party and its execution.
Dwanaście kolumn z Gortyny — historia odkrycia
Authors: Szymańska Aleksandra
Published: March 2020

The twelve columns of Gortyn — history of the discoveryThe article is devoted to the history of the discovery of the so-called Code of Gortyn, which has attracted the interest of philologists and historians of law. The Code of Gortyn was discovered in the late 19th century by chance, yet the discovery was linked to large-scale archaeological research conducted on the island by the French, Germans and Italians. Its most extensive fragment was found by the Italian scholar Frederico Halbherr, who is consequently regarded as its discoverer, although we should not forget about the contributions of French scholars working independently, about the assistance provided by Ernst Fabricius and about the contributions of local scholars.Die zwölf Säulen aus Gortys — Geschichte der EntdeckungGegenstand des Beitrags ist die Geschichte der Entdeckung des sog. Stadtrechtes von Gortys, das seitdem Gegenstand der Interesse der Philologen und Rechtshistoriker ist. Die Entdeckung der Inschrift am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in Gortys war ein reiner Zufall, obwohl sie doch mit den breit angelegten archäologischen Untersuchungen, die auf Kreta durch die Franzosen, Deutschen und Italiener geführt waren, im Zusammenhang stand. Der größte Teil der Inschrift wurde durch den italienischen Wissenschaftler Frederico Halbherr gefunden, so gilt er als ihr Entdecker. Der Beitrag der französischen Wissenschaftler, die unabhängig handelten, sowie die Hilfe seitens Ernst Fabricius und auch der Beitrag des örtlichen wissenschaftlichen Milieus dürfen jedoch dabei nicht vergessen werden.
Szkoły prawnicze jako przykład „demokratyzacji” wymiaru sprawiedliwości w początkach Polski Ludowej
Authors: Pasek Andrzej
Published: March 2020

Law schools as an example of the “democratisation” of the justice system in the early days of the People’s Republic of PolandThe paper is devoted to the Ministry of Justice’s law schools. The author presents the origins of the institutions as well as the special nature of the decree of 1946 on exceptional admissions to the office of judge, prosecutor and notary, and entry into the list of barristers and solicitors under the Court System Law of 1928. He discusses the functioning of law schools and their curricula. He demonstrates that the introduction of a special system of appointments to various offices in the justice system in the early days of the People’s Republic of Poland stemmed from a lack of trust on the part of the new authorities in prosecutors and judges of the Second Polish Republic. Consequently, using staff shortages caused by the war and occupation as an excuse, the government decided to try to gain decisive influence on the justice system by appointing graduates of the law schools as judges and prosecutors, in return expecting loyalty to the new political authorities.Die Rechtsschulen als Beispiel der „Demokratisierung“ der Rechtspflege am Anfang der Volksrepublik PolenDie Bearbeitung wurde den Rechtsschulen des Justizministeriums gewidmet. Präsentiert wurde die Genese der Institution und der besondere Charakter des Dekretes von 1946 über die Sonderzulassung zur Übernahme der Posten als Richter, Staatsanwalt und Notar und zur Eintragung in die Liste der Rechtsanwälte vor dem Hintergrund des Rechts über das System der ordentlichen Gerichte aus dem Jahre 1928. Besprochen wurden die Tätigkeit der Rechtsschulen und ihre Lehrprogramme. Es wurde bewiesen, dass der Sondermodus der Berufung in die Posten im Justizwesen in den Anfängen der Volksrepublik Polen sich aus dem fehlenden Vertrauen der neuen Macht zu den Staatsanwälten und Richtern der Zweiten Polnischen Republik ergab. Infolgedessen, unter dem Vorwand, den Kadermangel zu beseitigen, der durch den Krieg und die Besatzungszeit verursacht wurde, wurde versucht, entscheidenden Einfluss auf die personelle Besetzung der Postem im Justizwesen zu nehmen, indem die richterlichen und staatsanwaltlichen Posten mit Absolventen der Rechtsschulen besetzt wurden. Als Gegendienst erwartete man von ihnen die Loyalität der neuen Macht gegenüber.
Stroje Rzymianek w kontekście brzmienia fragmentu D. 47, 10, 15, 15 Ulpianus libro 77 ad edictum
Authors: Nowicka Dobromiła
Published: March 2020

Garments of Roman women in the context of fragments D. 47, 10, 15, 15 Ulpianus libro 77 ad edictumThe fact that some kinds of dress were assigned specific categories of people was to reflect — and consolidate — the existing social order expressed in the right to wear strictly defined garments. Yet a widely confirmed non-compliance with the rules concerning garments not only failed to fulfil that role, but even introduced uncertainty about the real status of inappropriately dressed individuals in the light of traditional rules of how to dress. The aim of the article is to examine the question of daily garments used by Roman women, drawing on both literary sources and images of women. The analysis is placed in the context of Ulpian’s account of modification of the liability of the perpetrator of iniuria depending on the dress worn by the woman when her good name was assaulted.Kleidung der Römerinnen im Kontext des Wortlauts des Abschnittes D. 47, 10, 15, 15 Ulpianus libro 77 ad edictumDie Bestimmung gewisser Arten der Kleidung für konkrete Gruppen von Personen sollte die geltende soziale Ordnung widerspiegeln und begründen, die sich in der Berechtigung äußerte, genau festgelegte Kleidungsbestanteile tragen zu können. Die Grundsätze betreffend Kleidung, was breit bestätigt wird, waren jedoch oft verletzt, so erfüllten sie ihre Rolle nicht. Die Verletzung dieser Grundsätze führte sogar zu Bedenken hinsichtlich des tatsächlichen Status der nicht korrekt geklei­deten Person angesichts der traditionell geltenden Regeln betreffend Kleidung.Ziel des Beitrags ist, die Frage der Alltagskleidung der Römerinnen näher zu bringen, sowohl auf Grund literarischer Quellen, als auch der Abbilder der Frauen. Die Analyse wurde im Kontext der Überlieferung Ulpians über die Modifikation der Verantwortung des Verursachers von iniuria in Abhängigkeit von der Kleidung, die eine Frau während der Verletzung ihres guten Rufs trug, durchgeführt.
Wprowadzenie w życie przepisów ustawy scaleniowej z 1933 roku w gminach wiejskich zachodniej Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Podkowski Marek
Published: March 2020

The implementation of the provisions of the Unification Act of 1933 in rural communes in western Poland13 July 1933 was marked by the entry into force of the Act on Partial Change of the Local Government System of 23 March 1933. The most important changes introduced by the new law concerned mainly rural communes in western regions of Poland Poznań and Pomeranian Provinces. The existing individual communes were replaced with collective communes as well as the so-called gromadas, which had not existed in the region before. At the same time the Unification Act abolished the existing administrative units wójtostwo and estate district, with the collective rural commune, usually encompassing several localities, taking over their functions. The commune system could not be transformed within a short period. First, the authorities had to deal with the new territorial organisation of rural communes, division of communes into gromadas, new bodies to govern rural communes and gromadas, questions concerning property and settlements between the newly established rural communes and gromadas as well as rural areas.Die Einführung der Vorschriften des Zusammenlegungsgesetzes aus dem Jahre 1933 in den Dorfgemeinden der westlichen Republik PolenAm 13. Juli 1933 trat das Gesetz vom 23. März 1933 über die teilweise Änderung der Struktur der territorialen Selbstverwaltung in Kraft. Dieses Gesetz führte die wesentlichen Änderungen in der Struktur der Dorfgemeinde in den westlichen Woiwodschaften Posen und Pommern ein. An Stelle der bisherigen Einzelgemeinden wurden Sammelgemeinden und sogenannte Gromaden kleinste Verwaltungseinheiten, die es früher auf diesen Gebieten nicht gab, eingeführt. Gleichzeitig hob das Zusammenlegungsgesetz die bisher in den westlichen Woiwodschaften tätigen Vogtschaften und die Gutsbezirke auf und die Sammeldorfgemeinde, die in der Regel einige Ortschaften umfasste, übernahm ihre bisherigen Funktionen.Die Umgestaltung der Gemeindeverfassung konnte nicht in kurzer Zeit eingeführt werden. Vor allem musste man sich mit der neuen territorialen Organisation der Dorfgemeinden, der Teilung der Gemeinden in Gromaden, der Wahl der neuen Organe in den Dorfgemeinden und Gromaden, den Vermögensangelegenheiten und den Abrechnungen zwischen den neugebildeten Dorfgemeinden und den Gromaden sowie den Dorfbezirken berchäftigen.
Wileński okres w życiu Iwo Jaworskiego
Authors: Koredczuk Józef
Published: March 2020

The Vilnius period in Iwo Jaworski’s lifeThe Vilnius period in Iwo Jaworski’s life, from 1922 until 1939, was one of the most important periods in his life. It began when he became Chair of History of Law in Western Europe at the Stefan Batory University in 1922. It was also associated with the formation of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences at the University. In 1927 Iwo Jaworski obtained his post-doctoral degree habilitation and in 1932 he was made professor. In his research he focused on political and legal questions connected with the French Revolution as well as legal questions concerning the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In addition to conducting research, he was also active in popularising science, and was an outstanding teacher, whose lectures and seminars were very popular among students. That he was trusted by those around him is evidenced by his participation in several collegiate bodies at the university and the fact that he supervised several student organisations. The Vilnius period was also extremely important in his private life. It was in Vilnius that he started a family and despite the fact that he moved several times, his home was a place of social gatherings of many of his friends including people who, like himself, found themselves in Wrocław after the war. Interludes in his life in Vilnius were provided by military training courses which he was called to attend. Die Vilniusser Zeit im Leben von Iwo JaworskiDie Vilniusser Zeit im Leben von Iwo Jaworski, also die Jahre 1922-1939, gehört zu den wichtigsten Perioden seines Lebens. Diese begann, als er im Jahre 1922 auf den Lehrstuhl für Geschichte des Rechts in Westeuropa an der Stefan-Batory-Universität berufen wurde. Sie war auch mit der Errichtung der Fakultät für Recht und Sozialwissenschaften an dieser Universität verbunden. In diesem Zeitraum, im Jahre 1927, habilitierte sich Iwo Jaworski und im Jahre 1932 erwarb er den Professorentitel. Den Schwerpunkt seines wissenschaftlichen Werkes bildeten die verfassungsrechtlichen Fragen bezogen auf die Französische Revolution und die rechtliche Problematik betreffend das Großfürstentum Litauen. Neben der Arbeit als Wissenschaftler beschäftigte sich Iwo Jaworski auch aktiv mit der Förderung der Wissenschaft. Er war dabei ein ausgezeichneter Didaktiker und seine Vorträge und Seminare erfreuten sich großer Beliebtheit bei den Studenten. Ein Zeichen des Vertrauens ihm gegenüber war seine Beteiligung an kollegialen Organen der Universität und sachliche Leitung einiger Studentenorganisationen. Die Zeit in Vilnius war auch für sein privates Leben wichtig. Dort hat Iwo Jaworski seine Familie gegründet und seine Wohnung, trotz einiger Umzüge, diente stets als ein Treffpunkt für viele mit ihm befreundete Personen darunter diejenige, die, ähnlich wie er, nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nach Wrocław kamen. Die Vilniusser Zeit unterbrachen gelegentliche militärische Schulungen, die er zu absolvieren hatte.
Religious groups and religious organizations in the Russian Federation: Legal aspects of activity
Authors: Kuleshova Galina
Published: March 2020

The article provides a legal analysis of the activities of religious groups and religious organizations. Activities of religious organizations are regulated by the Federal Law of 1997 which defines religious organizations as associations of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons permanently and legally residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, formed for joint confession and dissemination of faith and registered as a legal entity recognized in the Russian Federation. Religious groups are voluntary associations of citizens carrying out activities without state legal registration and acquisition of a legal capacity as a legal entity. The authorʼs work is largely based on regional material.
Establishment of a judicial system and ensuring independence of judges in Lithuania, 1918–1920
Authors: Machovenko Jevgenij , Šinkūnas Haroldas
Published: March 2020

The problems of court relations with the other branches forming the constitutional triad of powers the legislative and the executive as well as judicial independence are among the most sensitive issues, which never lose their relevance. The article deals with the problems by reference to the constitutional and ordinary law of 1918–1920, the circulars of the Ministry of Justice, other legislation, as well as research papers. A retrospective analysis of certain issues is also presented by way of establishing links with the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and other historical sources of law. The co-authors have arrived at the conclusion that, while refl ecting general observance of the principle of separation of powers and the intention to ensure judicial independence, the Founding Principles of 1918 and 1919, adopted by the State Council, and the Interim Constitution of 1920, adopted by the Constituent Assembly, enshrined the legislative and the executive powers explicitly but judicial power only implicitly the texts do not even mention courts and the respective principle is derived from the others. Due to the severe shortage of lawyers in 1918–1920, judges were allowed to serve in the executive branch at the same time. The Ministry of Justice explained the law to judges, while judges assisted the executive such as the police in discharging their functions. All that contradicted the principles of separation of powers and judicial independence but was accepted as an unavoidable and temporary arrangement. The Ministry of Justice tried to avoid abusing its power and harming the dignity of the judicial system’s employees by intrusive oversight, and acted in their regard as discretely as possible. It encouraged judicial independence and activism and demonstrated confi dence in the courts.
Zadania administracji publicznej z zakresu pomocy osobom bezdomnym w II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Cendrowicz Dominika
Published: March 2020

Tasks of public administration in the field of providing help to homeless people in the Second Polish RepublicThe article describes the legal aspects of providing help to homeless people by public administration in the Second Polish Republic. Homelessness in the interwar period in Poland had taken on particularly worrying dimensions and was not only the result of war damages from the years 1914‒1918, but also of many social problems which had been accumulating throughout the whole interwar period. Despite all these difficulties, the Polish state made a great effort in order to establish the legal system of social assistance which focused on helping the homeless. However, the Social Assistance Act of August 16, 1923, differentiated homeless people into two categories. In the first category were homeless who deserved help from the state and its administration. In the second group were those named “beggars” and “vagrants” who, as it was thought, didn’t deserve help and in respect of whom repressive measures were taken. Despite many shortcomings of the social assistance system of that time, it was based on the principle of subsidiarity which is worth mentioning here. The basic subject obliged to provide help to the homeless in the Second Republic of Poland was a commune. It was also noticed then that poor housing conditions result in homelessness. The continuity of the system of social assistance from the interwar period was interrupted when World War II broke out. It was then thwarted in the People’s Republic of Poland which was a time when the problem of homeless was hidden and state administration was not concerned with it.
Aresztowanie i śledztwo przeciwko adwokatowi Andrzejowi Jochelsonowi jako przykład represji komunistycznych wobec adwokatury wrocławskiej
Authors: Pluta Przemysław
Published: March 2020

The arrest and criminal investigation of the lawyer Andrzej Jochelson as an example of communist repressions against Wrocław lawyersRepressions of communist security services against Wrocław lawyers have not been researched by law historians so far. Andrzej Jochelson is one of the leading figures of the Wrocław Bar, who was subjected to a hard Stalinist investigation. The main reason of Jochelson’s arrest was his collaboration with the Apostolic Administration Curia in Wrocław as well as his political activities in the Labour Party. The main objective of the investigation was to force the lawyer to incriminate Father Karol Milik, the apostolic administrator. Despite their ruthless interrogation methods the security services were unable to break Jochelson. Throughout the investigation the lawyer behaved with of dignity. Festnahme und Ermittlungen gegen den Rechtsanwalt Andrzej Jochelson als Beispiel der kommunistischen Zwangsmaßregel gegen die Rechtsanwaltschaft in WrocławDie Zwangsmaßregel der kommunistischen Sicherheitsorgane gegen die Rechtsanwaltschaft in Wrocław waren bisher kein Gegenstand der Forschungen der Rechtshistoriker. Der Rechtsanwalt Andrzej Jochelson bleibt eine der vordergründigen Gestalten der Rechtsanwaltschaft in Wrocław, der die schwere stalinsche Untersuchung durchgegangen war. Der Hauptgrund der Festnahme des Rechtsanwalts Jochelson bleibt seine Mitarbeit mit der Kurie der Apostolischen Verwaltung in Wrocław und die politische Tätigkeit des Juristen in der Arbeitspartei. Das Hauptziel der Untersuchung war, bei dem Rechtsanwalt die Belastung des geistlichen apostolischen Verwalters Karol Milik zu erzwingen. Trotz der rücksichtslosen Untersuchungsmethoden gelang es der Sicherheitsbehörde nicht, den Rechtsanwalt Jochelson zu brechen. Er bewahrte im Laufe der Untersuchung eine würdige Haltung.
Ewolucja zasady instancyjności w polskim kodeksie postępowania karnego z 1928 roku
Authors: Pasek Andrzej
Published: March 2020

Evolution of the right of appeal in the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure of 1928The study is devoted to the evolution of the right of appeal in the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure of 1928. The author discusses the most important stages of the work on the draft code. He demonstrates that the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure of 1928 was characterised by the principle of three-level proceedings first instance, appeal and cassation, which was an important element of procedural guarantees. It should be noted that the proposal, repeatedly presented in the literature, to abolish appeal and transform three-level proceedings into two-level proceedings was not put into practice in the inter-war period.After the end of the Second World War the legislator in communist Poland did keep the 1928 Code of Criminal Procedure in force, but new legislative acts were issued, constructing a special kind of two-level proceedings, which combined elements of appeal and cassation. Then, one of the elements of a major amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure in 1949–1950 was the replace­ment of three-level proceedings including appeal and cassation, with two-level revision proceedings.Die Evolution des Grundsatzes des Instanzenzuges in der polnischen Strafprozessordnung aus dem Jahre 1928Die Bearbeitung wurde der Entwicklung des Grundsatzes des Instanzenzuges in der polnischen Strafprozessordnung aus dem Jahre 1928 gewidmet. Besprochen wurden die wichtigsten Etappen der Arbeit an dem Entwurf des Gesetzbuches. Es wurde bewiesen, dass der Grundsatz desdreiinstanzlichen Verfahrens Berufung und Kassation, der ein wichtiges Element der Verfahrensgarantien darstelle, für die polnische Strafprozessordnung aus dem Jahre 1928 charakteristisch war. Der Gesetzgeber Volkspolens bewahrte zwar nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges die Gesetzeskraft der Strafprozessordnung aus dem Jahre 1928, aber gleichzeitig gab er neue Rechtsakte heraus, in welchen er ein zweiinstanzliches Verfahren spezifischen Charakters konstruierte, das Elemente der Berufung und Kassation verband. Später war der völlige Verzicht auf das dreiinstanzliche Berufungs-Kassations-Verfahren ein der Elemente der grundsätzlichen Novellierung der Strafprozessordnung in den Jahren 1949-1950 zugunsten des zweiinstantionellen Revisionsverfahrens.
Vers les fondements anthropologiques du post-sécularisme : l’exemple du Collège de Sociologie
Authors: Swoboda Tomasz
Published: March 2020

TOWARDS THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF POST-SECULARISM: THE EXAMPLE OF COLLÈGE DE SOCIOLOGIEFounded by Georges Bataille, Roger Caillois and Michel Leiris, and conceived as a reaction of leftist Paris intellectuals against fascism, the College of Sociology is an interesting example of the mixture of different types of post-secular thought — a-theological Bataille, community Caillois, intimate Leiris — imagined as a remedy against the mythical forces handled with brio by the European rights of the 1930s. Already analyzed on the political and discursive level, the College also lends itself to an anthropological analysis in which the post-secular aspect finds a basis in the conception of the “new man,” and proves useful in the interpretation of contemporary post-secularism.
Spécificités du rythme de la parole politique. Le cas de françois hollande
Authors: Hirsch Fabrice , Marsac Fabrice , Didirkova Ivana , Bechet Marion , Messaoud Mohammed Anouar Ben
Published: March 2020

RHYTHMICAL SPECIFICITIES OF POLITICAL SPEECH. THE CASE OF FRANÇOIS HOLLANDE The aim of this article is to highlight some rhythmical specificities in political speech. In order to do so, articulation and speech rates, pauses and between-pauses within syllable groups were measured in several talks given by François Hollande. Results show variation for all the above mentioned parameters depending on the topic of the speech. Furthermore, rhythmical differences were observed between speeches and debates.
Le dictionnaire comme champ de lutte idéologique : les idées de religion naturelle et de religion universelle dans les dictionnaires du siècle des lumières 1764–1775
Authors: Szymański Tomasz
Published: March 2020

THE DICTIONARY AS AN IDEOLOGICAL BATTLEFIELD: NATURAL RELIGION AND UNIVERSAL RELIGION IDEAS IN THE DICTIONARIES OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 1764–1775 The article is a reflection on the dictionary as an ideological battleground illustrated with the example of thematic dictionaries or encyclopedias of the Age of Enlightenment. The perspective of the study is philosophical and religious, centred on the ideas of natural and universal religion as elements of conflicting worldviews. We will discuss the controversy surrounding the Philosophical Dictionary by Voltaire, who was attacked by Catholic clergymen such as Chaudon, Paulian, François or Nonnotte.
Circulatie van Nederlandstalig toneel in Tsjechië, 1898–1989
Authors: Sedláčková Lucie
Published: March 2020

Circulation of Dutch plays in Czech, 1898–1989 This article deals with the circulation of Dutch and Flemish dramatic texts in the Czech lands between 1898 – when the first translation of a Dutch theatre play was probably published – and 1989 – the year of the Velvet Revolution, after which the cultural field changed radically. It is a fact that relatively few Dutch and Flemish plays have been translated into Czech. The same is true of the actual production of the plays in Czech translation: these were rather sporadic throughout the whole 20th century, except for several plays by Herman Heijermans which were staged quite regularly in the first decades of the 20th century. This article surveys the different periods of the 20th century and provides an outline of the development of the Czech reception of Dutch and Flemish drama, including a dramatic mystification during the World War II.
Identiteit en narratieven in Dit zijn de namen van Tommy Wieringa
Authors: Dimitrova Sonya
Published: March 2020

Identity and narratives in Dit zijn de namen by Tommy WieringaTommy Wieringa is one of the most prominent contemporary Dutch novelists. The novel These are the Names 2012 depicts, on the one hand, a police commissioner’s need for faith in midlife crisis and, on the other, the journey of a group of refugees in the steppe in search for civilisation and salvation. On the edge of existence and without any point of narrative reference, the refugees kill one of them and then sacralise their act. Using a postmodern paradigm, in particular, the psychoanalytic theories and the theory of the scapegoat mechanism developed by René Girard, this paper attempts to show the connection between the lack of narrative and the birth of the ritual, which is later to become a myth. This underlines the dynamic nature of identity and its dependence on various narratives.
Zwermen mensen en véél water – Tsjechen over het Nederlandse landschap
Authors: Engelbrecht Wilken
Published: March 2020

Swarms of people and lots of water – Czech people on the Dutch landscapeThe paper concerns the image of Dutch scenery in several travel messages of Czech people from the 17th through the 20th centuries. The paper starts with the presentation of two diaries written in the 17th century by the Counts Sternberg and the Protestant Hartmann. One of the first real Czech tourists of the 19th century Josef Štolba is the third author discussed in this study. Then, the paper focuses on the better-known writer Karel Čapek and ends with the discussion of two 20th-century travellers. The paper aims to show which elements are constant in the Czech picture of the Dutch landscape throughout the centuries.
Wizualne konstruowanie przestrzeni lokalnych jako uczestnictwo w kulturze
Authors: Topp-Wójtowicz Izolda , Awanesow Sergej
Published: March 2020

Visual Constructing of Local Spaces as a Participationin CultureThe article presents a conceptual basis of the research project: “Visual organization of the space of the town: continuity, interpretation, historic and cultural dimensions”. S. Avanesov, who is the author of this project, starts from rethinking the metaphysic idea of human existence. It is needed for taking into account 1. existential status of the visual and 2. the task of the project: describing forms of visual activity and organization of the space of the city. Variability of such space is showed using the example of a Siberian town Tomsk and provides a typological proposal. The authors stress that visual activity in creating and transforming space can be treated as inhabitants’ participation in culture. Photographing city is a good case to demonstrate how the way of perception and visual construction of urban landscape meet and interfere.
The Variety of Secularisms in the European Political Thought
Authors: Matlak Michał
Published: March 2020

Różnorodność sekularyzmów w europejskiej myśli politycznejArtykuł prezentuje trzy główne formy sekularyzmu w europejskiej myśli politycznej i imaginariach społecznych: chrześcijańską, laicką i liberalno-agnostyczną. Autor argumentuje, że wszystkie wypełniają minimalne wymaganie sekularyzmu, czyli wyróżnienie sfery religijnej i politycznej. Ar­tykuł prezentuje dwie wersje sekularyzmu chrześcijańskiego — chadecką i konserwatywną. Także laicyzm ma dwie odsłony — republikańską oraz antyreligijną. Agnostyczna forma sekularyzmu z kolei jest umocowana w myśli Johna Rawlsa, który szukał możliwości wyłączenia religii ze sfery politycznej tam, gdzie się da. Autor argumentuje, że filozofia polityczna Rawlsa staje się dziś do­myślną reakcją na problem religii w sferze politycznej. Autor argumentuje, że szersze rozumienie sekularyzmu głęboko zanurzone w europejskiej teorii politycznej pomniejsza intelektualną war­tość kategorii postsekularyzmu, zazwyczaj kojarzonej z Jürgenem Habermasem, jako że wymaga ona wąskiego rozumienia sekularyzmu — jako doktryny politycznej alternatywnej wobec religii, która może odnieść się wyłącznie do jednej z form sekularyzmu — i sprowadza go do antyreligij­nego laicyzmu.
Nostalgiczny wymiar muzeów gier wideo
Authors: Szewerniak Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Nostalgic aspect of video games museumsThe article is a result of a field research conducted in Computerspielemuseum in Berlin, Arcade Hry in Prague and Video Games Consoles Museum in Karpacz Poland. The exhibition arrangements in each of these places led to a question about nostalgic aspect of the museums, in which the traditional layout and narration of exposition contrast with the interactive space.The notion of nostalgia is the center of my research. There are however different concepts of nostalgia as a form of memory among the researchers studying this subject. The point that emerges is the understanding of the past that we long for.I am interested also in how the distance between the visitor and the exhibition is at once maintained and broken. This leads to the question about it being the crucial cause of awakening our nostalgia. That is why I attach importance both to the exhibition arrangement and the modes of visitors’ experience. I also consider the affective aspect of this project, in which playing the game is one of the aforementioned modes of experiencing the exhibition. I argue that the engagement video games require is the main reason why we remember our experiences, therefore it is more likely to trigger our nostalgic emotions.
The Church and Polish Feminism: Forever Enemies? A Secular Feminist Perspective
Authors: Sieracka Joanna
Published: March 2020

Kościół i feminizm w Polsce: odwieczni wrogowie? Z perspektywy świeckiej feministkiKsiążka Kościół kobiet Zuzanny Radzik, feministki i katolickiej teolożki, jest punktem wyj­ścia do przedstawionych w artykule rozważań na temat relacji między feminizmem a Kościołem katolickim w Polsce. Analizując feministyczną debatę na jej temat, skupiającą się na kwestii walki o prawa reprodukcyjne, kościelnej kampanii antygenderowej i negocjacjach dotyczących kształtu polskiej demokracji, przekonuję, że jest ona przejawem paradygmatu sekularyzacyjno-moderni­stycznego i przekonania o niemożliwości pogodzenia walki o prawa kobiet z interesami Kościoła. Postuluję porzucenie takiej perspektywy i zerwanie z feministyczną polityką tożsamości. Przedsta­wiam też propozycję potencjalnego sojuszu ruchu kobiecego z Kościołem.
Zbyt radykalny, by powstać? Historia „Kalejdoskopu” — ostatniego, nieukończonego filmu Alfreda Hitchcocka
Authors: Witek Michał
Published: March 2020

Too radical to be completed? The case of Kaleidoscope, the last, unfinished film of Alfred Hitchcock Between 1964 and 1967, at the end of his illustrious career, Alfred Hitchcock experienced an extraordinary moment of creative renaissance. Inspired by the dynamism and innovativeness of European cinema, he decided to reach for the subject and creative means that were ahead of his time. Unfortunately, one of the potential masterpieces of contemporary cinema has been hailed too radical, shocking and even repulsive to be made. This article is an attempt to reconstruct the intricate fate of the Kaleidoscope, the last of the unfinished film projects of Alfred Hitchcock. The existing materials and available sources have been analyzed and systematized in order to find an answer to a number of research questions, and in the end to try to find an answer to the most important one: why a project so meticulously prepared, and in many ways visionary has become an “unfinished work”? Moreover, within the scope of attainable facts an attempt has been made to reconstruct the motivations and the main stylistic and narrative motifs of the film. The potential relations between this project and the director’s earlier works, Psycho 1960 as well as later Frenzy 1972, have also been examined.
„Chodzenie-wzdłuż-drogi” — rozważania metodologiczne o badaniu i pisaniu na temat bezdomności
Authors: Płaza Magdalena
Published: March 2020

“Walking-along-the-road” — methodological considerations on researching and writing about homelessnessThe article aims at devoloping a methodological framework for describing the world of the homeless and the things they posses. In the first part I consider research problems coming to light while writing on this marginalised and stigmatised group, in the second part I touch on the methods useful in my research project, namely: autoetnography and ethno-animation.
Second hand — rzecz między starym a nowym życiem
Authors: Michno Adrianna
Published: March 2020

Second-hand: A thing between new and old lifeThe article presents the issue of second-hand clothes and their lives in a store space. The aim is to show the perspective of things, not their users, so there is an attempt to make a typology of second-hand clothes by qualities which are located in them. Marek Krajewski’s relational concept of participation in culture, because of its including character — both humans and things — in the network of relations, allows us not only to ask questions about things’ life but also to present the way of choosing them by senses. However, their space’s impurity can be shown in symbolic order, which is why second-hand shops can be surely treated as a stop in their further, cyclic life.
Obserwuj, reaguj, odkrywaj. Permakultura przeciw agrologistyce
Authors: Nacher Anna
Published: March 2020

Watch, react, explore: Permaculture against agrologisticsIn my article I aim at discovering how the potential of permaculture reaches out beyond the sustainable form of agricultural activity. I pay attention to the set of answers given to the current ecological crises, emphasizing the context-dependent, flexible and non-dogmatic ways of solving problems. Permaculture not only is a kind of practice aimed simultaneously at cultivating the land in a sustainable way and giving priority to creating an abundance of crops, but it also accounts for regenerative forestry, soil-making and agricultural practices maintaining the relationships with the older forms of inquiry, often inspired by indigenous knowledge. Therefore, I propose to outline the permacultural ethics and approach as a “mission without mission” and I set it against the modernist assumptions of what constitutes a socially progressive and environmentally sound activity.
Legenda o nieświętym Wrocławiu Łukasza Orbitowskiego
Authors: Augustyn Kamila
Published: March 2020

Legend of NotHoly Wrocław by Łukasz OrbitowskiThis article aims to show how Luke Orbitowski shapes the image of the city in his novel Święty Wrocław “Holy Wroclaw”. Analysis of tokens that build the image of the city, their meaning, the way of reference abstract or real and astriking emotional impression allows the reader to specify the function of the city, and answer the question about what differs presented visions of Wroclaw in the horror story novel by Orbitowski and the crime drama in the style of noir by Marek Krajewski.
Próba analizy Rodziny wilkołaka Siemji wurdałaka Aleksieja K. Tołstoja, jej przekładu pióra René Śliwowskiego i adaptacji filmowych
Authors: Kajtoch Wojciech
Published: March 2020

An attempt at a complementary analysis of The Family of the Vourdalak Siemja wurdałaka by Aleksey K. Tolstoy and its translation by René Śliwowski and its film adaptationsThe article discusses a classic horror story from 1839. It presents those elements of the novel typical of Romanticism, as well as the ones with which Tolstoy exceeded his era. The Polish translation of the piece, published for the first time in 1975, as well as four film adaptations of Tolstoy’s story were analyzed, trying to show how film directors interpreted its universal and timeless themes.
O wielogatunkowości filmów pełnometrażowych Jana Švankmajera
Authors: Maciejewska Marta
Published: March 2020

On genre-crossing in Jan Švankmajer’s feature filmsJan Švankmajer, a Czech film director and artist is known mostly for his short animated films. In 1994, however, a change in his filmmaking career took place — he devoted himself to working only on feature films. This change of medium is connected both to the length of these films, and using language, narration and genre features typical of feature films. What is important, Švankmajer does not adjust his artistic visions to all the directives of a certain genre. Rather, the director chooses some elements of these genres, and creates new, hybrid qualities. Genres that have the biggest impact on his feature films are: horror, comedy, and speculative fiction.
Kulturowe uwarunkowania zachowań językowych a praktyka glottodydaktyczna w perspektywie normy socjokulturowej
Authors: Kowalewski Jerzy
Published: March 2020

Cultural determinants of language behavior and the practice of foreign language teaching in the perspective of socio-cultural normsThe article discusses the problem of the existing variants of socio-cultural behaviour including socio-linguistic behaviour, based on the example of the Polish community in Ukraine. The author considers the possibility of accepting deviations from some of the socio-cultural norms considered in Poland as acceptable variants of the norms, similarly to the linguistic norms. In the second part of the article the author analyses students’ statements considered as incorrect in terms of the possibility of accepting them as alternative forms of socio-cultural norms.
Dawne znaczenia wyrazów nie giną bez śladu
Authors: Piela Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Ancient meanings of words do not vanish into the blue…The fundamental purpose of this article was to present fates of semantic words, which old meanings can be actually found in phraseology. Exemplificative material constituted lexemes that currently do not appear in Polish, but functions in specialist inflections, e.g. ambit, pozłota, nawa, świątek, utrzeć — ucierać. Reference to the past showed that such words can be referred to as “historically burdened”. Their archaic meanings were kept in phrases like: wziąć, brać coś na ambit; głowa do pozłoty; nawa państwowa; świątek i piątek, piątek i świątek; Jaki piątek, taki świątek; Zielone Świątki; utarta droga, utarty szlak, tor; iść, kroczyć utartą drogą; coś toczy się utartym torem.
Co o obrazie świata mówi nam gramatyka?
Authors: Lewiński Piotr
Published: March 2020

What does grammar tell us about the image of the world?Grammatical structures, both regular, strongly embedded in the language, and those which are exceptions from a synchronic viewpoint, are not only carriers of certain cultural messages, but also mirrors of the way of perceiving the world.The lingual representation of the world recorded in the grammar of the Polish language is comprised, among others, of the following features: anthropocentrism, that is observable both in lexis and grammar; a hierarchical-patriarchal structure of society supported by, among other things, the masculine-personal gender and honorific pronouns; xenophobia and national megalomania, and efforts to avoid responsibility. The objective of this paper is to show how language influences the thinking and behaviour of people, and consequently it maintains a specific, negative autostereotype of Poles. The analysed material was excerpted from grammar textbooks originating from the end of the 18th century to the present day.
Elementy sacrum w stylu prawno-urzędowym na przykładzie dokumentów sejmików ziemskich doby średniopolskiej
Authors: Dawidziak-Kładoczna Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

Elements of the sacred in the legal-official style using the example of documents of the regional councils from the 16th to the 18th centuryLegal acts of the regional councils represent the legal and official style. These documents contain numerous references to the sacred, which is the result of the communication convention in force in the Middle-Polish period and Sarmatian culture, represented by the participants of this communication. The Sejmiks were most often held in the church. The dating of documents also contained religious elements. Officials applied temporal terms determined by the liturgical calendar. The sacral motifs appear in many acts of speech, both polite in titles, wishes, thanks and performative in oaths. The image of God in documents is similar to God’s image in literary works. God is seen above all as a creator, donor, ruler, guardian and judge. His traits are, for example, justice, kindness and mercy.
Trzy opowieści o Obcym. Kristeva, Gombrowicz, Pankowski
Authors: Bielecki Marian
Published: March 2020

Three stories about the Stranger. Kristeva, Gombrowicz, Pankowski The article deals with the links between strangeness, otherness and foreignness. Julia Kristeva’s book Strangers to Ourselves provides a theoretical context for an interpretation of two novels: Trans-Atlantyk by Witold Gombrowicz and A Visitor by Marian Pankowski. Both the Bulgarian-French theorist and the two Polish writers demonstrate various links of the category of strangeness and its derivatives and the identity discourse. The traditional notion of identity turns out to have oppressive consequences, because despite its apparent neutrality it is defined through a judgemental reference to its contradiction: non-identity as well as otherness. Kristeva, Gombrowicz and Pankowski propose alternative forms of identity which are — like the identity of a foreigner — open, heterogenous and open to difference.
O niektórych formach i metodach kształcenia sprawności językowej w ramach ćwiczeń w mówieniu w projekcie Tadeusza Czapczyńskiego
Authors: Gajak-Toczek Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

About some forms and methods of language skills training as part of speaking exercises in the project of Tadeusz CzapczyńskiThe purpose of the article is to present the proposal of a Polish language teacher from Łódź to bring closer the ways of learning by the student both various linguistic exercises and didactic methods of language elements that were determinants of his oral expression. The solutions applied in the interwar period led to the achievement of language skills, which, by making the classroom situations resemble authentic communication situations, naturally prepared for communicating themselves and the world of their values and learning about the world of others. It seems that even today it is worth using the opportunities of speaking exercises off ered by Czapczyński, adapting them to the specifi c didactic situation and remembering to provide the learner with the possibility of sustainable development of language competences.
Krytyka konkordatu z 10 lutego 1925 r. w poglądach kardynała Adama Stefana Sapiehy
Authors: Kępa Mateusz
Published: March 2020

Criticism of the Concordat of 10 February 1925 in the views of Cardinal Adam Stefan SapiehaThis article aims to present the views of Archbishop of Krakow, Prince Adam Stefan Sapieha, on the concordat signed between the Holy See and the Polish Republic on 10 February 1925. The topic of this paper suggests the critical view on this issue. Krakow bishop showed a negative line from the beginning of the negotiations between the Polish and the Vatican. Throughout the all period of his pastoral ministry, he was asupporter of the separation of church and state, and claimed that the activities of these institutions should be regulated by the constitution or, in particular cases, by special international agreements. He expressed opposition to obligation of the oath to the state by the clergy as well as to insufficient impact of the church on the education of school children. These views were minor ones but not isolated. Critical line represented by Adam Stefan Sapieha against the Concordat of 1925, during the preparation, adoption and ratification, was primarily based on the view of the Bishop on the place of the church in the state and its social and salvific mission.
Efektywność aktywnej polityki państwa na rynku pracy na przykładzie powiatu kępińskiego
Authors: Godek Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

The effectiveness of active labour market policy on the example of the Kępno countyThe main goal of the article is to present important role of Active Labour Market Policy. For this purpose, ageneral concept of the role of active labour market policy on labour market is illustrated. It shows which labour policy tools have positive influence on labour market. Moreover, this article presents macroeconomic evidence on the impact of this policy on employment and unemployment rates. It concludes with statement that the usage of Active Labour Market Policy is important to the country development.
Analiza treści normatywnej zasady prowadzenia postępowania w sposób budzący zaufanie do władzy publicznej art. 8 k.p.a. oraz zasady informowania art. 9 k.p.a.
Authors: Flisek Karol
Published: March 2020

The principle of conducting administrative proceedings in a trustworthy way and the principle of informing articles 8 and 9 of the Code of Administrative ProceedingsThe text familiarises the practical adoption of the principle of conducting administrative proceedings in a trustworthy way and the principle of informing. Both general principles, established by the Code of Administrative Proceedings are crucial when it comes to the rights of citizen before the imperiously acting public authority. The article presents the content of both principles, turning attention to the inaccuracies risen during the interpretation of both provisions. Next, the text analyses the guarantees of these principles not only from the Code’s perspective. Basing on the judicature and doctrinal views the article shows the minor principles of administrative proceedings, which can be interpreted from the contents of articles 8 and 9 of the Code.