bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical investigation on the reaction mechanisms of O2‐initiated gas‐phase oxidation of lignin model compounds
Authors: Dong Shuqi , Zhang Hui , Du Xia , Yao Tingyu , Shang Yan , Jing Liquan , Hu Jinguang
Published: December 2023

Transforming renewable lignin into high value‐added chemicals is a forward‐looking strategy to address the resource waste caused by insufficient utilization of biomass resources. On this basis, studying the efficient conversion of lignin to aldehydes/acids and their reaction mechanisms has become an attractive topic. A systematic investigation of the gas‐phase oxidation reaction mechanisms of the three model compounds initiated by O2 was carried out at the atomic and molecular levels by using density functional theory (DFT). Further revealing of oxidation behavior on two reaction sites of phenolic hydroxyl group and hydroxymethyl group were accomplished in detail. The potential energy surface information of 21 possible reaction channels of two pathways were obtained at B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level. The influence of substituent effects on the reaction energy barrier was estimated. The calculation results showed that the reactivity of phenolic hydroxyl group is stronger than that of hydroxymethyl group, because the reaction Gibbs potential barriers are lower by about 4.9–8.7 kcal/mol. The reaction energy barriers on phenolic hydroxyl group site and hydroxymethyl group site decrease with the increase of the number of methoxy groups. Revealing the oxidation processes of lignin model compounds will provide a deeper understanding on the reaction mechanism and provide theoretical support for further experimental research on the conversion of lignin into high value‐added chemicals.
Universal Platform for Robust Dual‐Atom Doped 2D Catalysts with Superior Hydrogen Evolution in Wide pH Media
Authors: Adofo Laud Anim , Kim Seon Je , Kim Hyung‐Jin , Choi Soo Ho , Lee Su Jin , Won Yo Seob , Kirubasankar Balakrishan , Kim Jae Woo , Oh Chang Seok , Ben‐Smith Andrew , Elorm Anthonio Enoch , Jeong Hu Young , Lee Young Hee , Kim Young‐Min , Han Young‐Kyu , Kim Soo Min , Kim Ki Kang
Published: December 2023

Layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been suggested as efficient substitutes for Pt‐group metal electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, poor catalytic activities in neutral and alkaline electrolytes considerably hinder their practical applications. Furthermore, the weak adhesion between TMDs and electrodes often impedes long‐term durability and thus requires a binder. Here, a universal platform is reported for robust dual‐atom doped 2D electrocatalysts with superior HER performance over a wide pH range media. V:Co‐ReS2 on a wafer scale is directly grown on oxidized Ti foil by a liquid‐phase precursor‐assisted approach and subsequently used as highly efficient electrocatalysts. The catalytic performance surpasses that of Pt group metals in a high current regime (≥ 100 mA cm−2) at pH ≥ 7, with a high durability of more than 70 h in all media at 200 mA cm−2. First‐principles calculations reveal that V:Co dual doping in ReS2 significantly reduces the water dissociation barrier and simultaneously enables the material to achieve the thermoneutral Gibbs free energy for hydrogen adsorption.
Application Scopes of Miniaturized MXene‐Functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers‐Based Electrochemical Energy Devices
Authors: Khademolqorani Sanaz , Banitaba Seyedeh Nooshin , Gupta Ashish , Poursharifi Nazanin , Ghaffari Ali Akbar , Jadhav Vijaykumar V. , Arifeen Waqas Ul , Singh Mandeep , Borah Munu , Chamanehpour Elham , Mishra Yogendra Kumar
Published: December 2023

Exploring combinatorial materials, as well as rational device configuration design, are assumed to be the key strategies for deploying versatile electrochemical devices. MXene sheets have revealed a high hydrophilic surface with proper mechanical and electrical characteristics, rendering them supreme additive candidates to integrate in electrospun electrochemical power tools. The synergetic effects of MXene 2D layers with the nanofibrous networks can boost actuator responsive ability, battery capacity retention, fuel cell stability, sensor sensitivity, and supercapacitor areal capacitance. Their superior mechanical features can be endowed to the electrospun layers through the embedding of the MXene additive. In this review, the preparation and inherent features of the MXene configurations are briefly evaluated. The fabrication and overall performance of the MXene‐loaded nanofibers applicable in electrochemical actuators, batteries, fuel cells, sensors, and supercapacitors are comprehensively figured out. Eventually, an outlook on the future development of MXene‐based electrospun composites is presented. A substantial focus has been devoted to date to engineering conjugated MXene and electrospun fibrous frames. The potential performance of the MXene‐decorated nanofibers presents a bright future of nanoengineering toward technological growth. Meanwhile, a balance between the pros and cons of the synthesized MXene composite layers is worthwhile to consider in the future.
Human-Centered Work Design for the Internet of Production
Authors: Baier Ralph , Brauner Philipp , Brillowski Florian , Dammers Hannah , Liehner Luca , Pütz Sebastian , Schneider Sebastian , Schollemann Alexander , Steuer-Dankert Linda , Vervier Luisa , Gries Thomas , Leicht-Scholten Carmen , Mertens Alexander , Nagel Saskia K. , Schuh Günther , Ziefle Martina , Nitsch Verena
Published: December 2023

Like all preceding transformations of the manufacturing industry, the large-scale usage of production data will reshape the role of humans within the sociotechnical production ecosystem. To ensure that this transformation creates work systems in which employees are empowered, productive, healthy, and motivated, the transformation must be guided by principles of and research on human-centered work design. Specifically, measures must be taken at all levels of work design, ranging from (1) the work tasks to (2) the working conditions to (3) the organizational level and (4) the supra-organizational level. We present selected research across all four levels that showcase the opportunities and requirements that surface when striving for human-centered work design for the Internet of Production (IoP). (1) On the work task level, we illustrate the user-centered design of human-robot collaboration (HRC) and process planning in the composite industry as well as user-centered design factors for cognitive assistance systems. (2) On the working conditions level, we present a newly developed framework for the classification of HRC workplaces. (3) Moving to the organizational level, we show how corporate data can be used to facilitate best practice sharing in production networks, and we discuss the implications of the IoP for new leadership models. Finally, (4) on the supra-organizational level, we examine overarching ethical dimensions, investigating, e.g., how the new work contexts affect our understanding of responsibility and normative values such as autonomy and privacy. Overall, these interdisciplinary research perspectives highlight the importance and necessary scope of considering the human factor in the IoP.
Toward Holistic Digital Material Description During Press-Hardening
Authors: Wesselmecking Sebastian , Ackermann Marc , Blankart Charline , Wang Jing , Brasche Frederike , Plum Tobias , Qin Siyuan , Pütz Felix , Münstermann Sebastian , Broeckmann Christoph , Hirt Gerhard , Krupp Ulrich
Published: December 2023

Press hardening of manganese-boron steels is one of the most widely used production processes for high-strength automotive components. The low residual formability of these parts is a decisive disadvantage. The low formability originates from a strong, but brittle martensitic microstructure transformed during quenching in the press-hardening tool. In contrast, medium manganese steels (MMnS) contain high fractions of ductile retained austenite improving press-hardened parts toward promising candidates for crash-relevant car body components. Disadvantages include a more complex alloy design, a highly sensitive production process, and more demanding requirements on the tool due to higher strength during press-hardening.

A detailed description of the entire production process along the process chain including the material and the press-hardening tool is important for tailoring the properties. Combined information is required to enable a precise control of the production process and its influences on the final properties of the part. Maximum economic use of the material is achieved by digitally describing MMnS as well as the tool along the entire process chain (casting, forging, hot rolling, cold rolling, galvanizing and press hardening including Q&P). To link the process steps and to describe the changes of the material, a new material database structure (idCarl) was developed. All production parameters are recorded and processed as a digital material twin. Ultimately, deviations occurring during production process can be deduced from in-line data analysis and counteracted. These can then be counteracted by adapted process control and the product can be brought back into the required parameter field of properties. Clear identification of the component and the used material allows conclusions about steps responsible for errors in the production process that become apparent during use.
Interplay Between Company-Internal and -External Perspectives on the Internet of Production: Implications for Governance, Organization, Capabilities, and Interfaces
Authors: Lüttgens Dirk , Mertens Alexander , Millan Michael , Nitsch Verena , Piller Frank T. , Pütz Sebastian
Published: December 2023

The Internet of Production (IoP), the global and integrated use of production data, will completely reshape how organizations operate and interact with each other. We introduce how these developments will affect the usage phase including value creation and capture in the future manufacturing ecosystem. Our analysis highlights requirements and implications for governance, organization, capabilities, and interfaces. These factors are considered from both a company internal and a company external perspective on usage as well as in terms of their interplay. The internal perspective focuses on the role of humans in interacting with IoP-based technology in future socio-technical production systems. The external perspective describes how value is captured and shared between stakeholders by incorporating data based on platform-based industrial ecosystems. The interplay of the two perspectives is exemplarily discussed using a foresight study on next-generation manufacturing.
A Digital Shadow Reference Model for Worldwide Production Labs
Authors: Michael Judith , Koren István , Dimitriadis Iraklis , Fulterer Judith , Gannouni Aymen , Heithoff Malte , Hermann Annkristin , Hornberg Katharina , Kröger Moritz , Sapel Patrick , Schäfer Niklas , Theissen-Lipp Johannes , Decker Stefan , Hopmann Christian , Jarke Matthias , Rumpe Bernhard , Schmitt Robert H. , Schuh Günther
Published: December 2023

Due to their growing amount and heterogeneity, we need a precise and standardized understanding about the foundation, structure, and forms of aggregation and especially the use of data and models within the production domain. Our aim is to investigate how to model data elements and static and dynamic relationships as well as their physical resources in the IoP, in a cross-disciplinary life cycle spanning cooperation as a basis for information management, meeting all technical, scientific-ethical, and legal framework conditions. The core solution for this challenge is the use of an adequate set of modeling techniques, transformations, and their integration with digital shadows. This chapter provides a deep insight into relevant concepts that constitute a digital shadow, link it to their semantics defined by appropriate metamodels, and discuss the data and models a digital shadow consists of in four use cases. We show a method to derive digital shadows and introduce their life cycle in relation to the product life cycle. These concepts are the foundation for data and model sharing within digital shadows applicable for worldwide production labs.
Materials Within a Digitalized Production Environment
Authors: Broeckmann Christoph , Bührig-Polaczek Andreas , Hallstedt Bengt , Krupp Ulrich , Rajaei Ali , Rom Michael , Rudack Maximilian , Schmitz Georg J. , Wesselmecking Sebastian
Published: December 2023

Materials serve as the foundation of the technical framework on which modern society relies every day. Generations have developed new materials, tried to understand the origins of their properties, and found ways to predict them. Modern computational tools have vastly expanded our capabilities to make predictions, not only of material properties but also of component properties and of the component health status over its life cycle. Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) aims at simulating the material and component properties along the complete process chain and across the length scales from microstructure to component scale. In this way a digital twin of the material or component can be generated, which can be leveraged to facilitate gains in productivity and service life of technical systems. By reducing the complexity of models for the digital twin where necessary, combining them with in-process data using innovative sensor technology and suitable mathematically driven approximation procedures such as machine learning, it is possible to conceive a digital material shadow that resolves elements of the dilemma between data granularity, data volume, and processing speed to enable process monitoring and control for materials processing. To enable communication between humans and machines it is necessary to create a strictly defined language in the form of ontologies. Ontologies are typically domain-specific, but care must be taken to make them consistent across domains. Integrated Structural Health Engineering (ISHE) aims at predicting and monitoring the health state of components over their entire life cycle, enabling timely replacement of components and avoiding costly and possibly life-threatening failures. In particular when components are subjected to cyclic loading, their structural health does not primarily depend on the average material properties, but on the presence of more or less statistically distributed defects. These defects are intrinsic to materials processing, cannot be completely avoided, and evolve during various stages of the production process. The objective of ISHE is to predict their formation and evolution during the production process and their impact on the component structural health during its life cycle. It is clear that the material and component properties are strongly dependent on the process by which they are produced. Therefore, many of the topics discussed in this part have relational counterparts in Part IV, “Production”.
Lady Jane Lumley’s Private Education and Its Political Resonances
Authors: da Silva Perez Natália
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, Natália da Silva Perez focuses on Lady Jane Lumley, who lived in England in the middle of the sixteenth century. As a young member of a noble household close to the throne, her study practices were fomented and shaped by her family’s political aspirations and alignments, all the while remaining within the private circle of her family. In what follows, Silva Perez maps ideas that Lady Lumley articulated through translations and letters that she wrote for her father as a young woman. In her texts, the private, the political, and the public appear not as distinct categories but are rather co-constructed as mutually interdependent.
“Fait à mes heures de loisir”: Women’s Private Libraries as Spaces of Learning and Knowledge Production
Authors: Weis Joëlle
Published: December 2023

The Duchesses Elisabeth Sophie Marie (1683–1767) and Philippine Charlotte of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel (1716–1801) both owned substantial collections of several thousand books. Elisabeth’s library primarily contained theological literature, including 1200 Bibles and a unique collection of texts by Martin Luther, which she used to compose theological pamphlets. In addition, she granted access to her collection to selected scholars who, in turn, used the holdings for their research. Although more diversified, Philippine Charlotte’s library functioned as a similar meeting place for scholars of the region and beyond. Moreover, her papers offer an insight into the interaction between her book use and the writing that she did in her free time. In contrast to the usage practices of the neighbouring ducal library, Philippine Charlotte was free to consult the books she wanted in the privacy of her chambers for as long as she wanted to and, most importantly, without fear of being judged. It is certain that, in both cases, the privacy of the library gave the women the freedom to pursue intellectual interests, which were hard to combine with their public role as Duchesses. The fact that both women expanded their libraries considerably after becoming widows only supports the observation that private and “leisure” time could take more space. Based on these findings, this chapter argues that women’s learning and knowledge production in the early modern period both benefitted from and, in many cases, needed privacy.
Youth Homelessness in the Danish Welfare State: How Do Young Persons in Homelessness Mobilise Rights?
Authors: Nielsen Stine Piilgaard Porner , Hammerslev Ole
Published: December 2023

This chapter offers a bottom-up perspective on welfare rights in practice, analysing legal mobilisation by young persons in homelessness in the Danish welfare state. Youth homelessness is selected as case motivated by the fact that the number of persons aged 18 to 29 living in homelessness almost doubled from 2009 to 2019. Drawing on the young persons’ narratives, the chapter stresses that their rights consciousness, social network and sense of welfare bureaucracy are decisive for their ability to mobilise welfare rights. Without these factors, the young persons may find themselves lost in a complex welfare state system, leaving them in increasingly marginalised situations. Based on the chapter’s analyses, a distinction is made between active and passive agency to illustrate the dynamic character of legal mobilisation processes.
Einführung in das Themenfeld
Authors: Meller Stefan
Published: December 2023

Bereits zu Beginn der 2010er-Jahre konnte eine verstärkte Nutzung von Onlinevideos für persönliche Lernzwecke beobachtet werden. Nicht zuletzt die Coronapandemie und die damit verbundenen Schulschließungen – mit der Notwendigkeit, Fernunterrichtsangebote zu schaffen – haben seit 2020 dazu geführt, dass sich der Einsatz audiovisueller Medien auch für Lehr- und Lernprozesse im Schulsystem endgültig durchgesetzt hat. Doch schon vor der Coronapandemie etablierte sich das audiovisuelle Format des Erklärvideos zu einem beliebten Medium „in Bereichen des informellen und formellen Lernens […], um Inhalte zu veranschaulichen und den Erwerb von Fertigkeiten und Wissen zu unterstützen“ und „neues Wissen und Informationen zielgruppenspezifisch zu präsentieren und […] einer Vielzahl von Menschen zugänglich zu machen“.
Theoretische Grundlagen
Authors: Meller Stefan
Published: December 2023

Die Ursprünge des Sachunterrichts reichen zurück bis zum Realien- und Anschauungsunterricht des 17. Jahrhunderts. Johann Amos Comenius (1698) verfasste in dieser Zeit sein bedeutendes Werk „Orbis sensualium pictus“ („Die Welt im Bild“), ein Schul- bzw. Sachbuch, dessen Besonderheit darin bestand, jeden Lerninhalt auch mithilfe einer Zeichnung zu illustrieren und damit – im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes – zu veranschaulichen. In Comenius’ Werken „wird der Begriff ‚Sachunterricht‘ z. B. in Abgrenzung zum Sprachunterricht explizit erwähnt, wobei sich der Sachunterricht mit den Realien befasst“.
Zusammenschau und Diskussion
Authors: Meller Stefan
Published: December 2023

Die in Kapitel 3 beschriebene explorative Studie verfolgte das Ziel, aus den subjektiven Sichtweisen von Sachunterrichtslehrkräften ein breites Spektrum an Erkenntnissen zum Einsatz von Erklärvideos im Sachunterricht abzubilden. Die qualitativ-empirische Untersuchung im Sinne der Grounded-Theory-Methodologie erfasste in drei Forschungszyklen über fokussierte Interviews die Aussagen von insgesamt 24 Volks- und Grundschullehrkräften zum audiovisuellen Medium im Kontext des Unterrichtsfachs Sachunterricht. Der iterative Charakter des Forschungsprozesses erlaubte es, neu gewonnene Erkenntnisse unmittelbar im Untersuchungsfeld anhand weiterführender Interviews zu überprüfen und damit schrittweise ein vertiefendes Verständnis der Rahmenbedingungen des Erklärvideoeinsatzes im Sachunterricht aus Sicht der Lehrkräfte zu erlangen.
Organoide in der Zelltherapie
Authors: Bartfeld Sina
Published: December 2023

Organoide sind aus Stammzellen entstehende, dreidimensionale zelluläre Gebilde, in denen sich Stammzellen, Vorläuferzellen und differenzierte Zellen selbst organisieren. Organoide werden erfolgreich in der Grundlagenforschung eingesetzt; eine breite Anwendung in der Medikamentenentwicklung, in Toxizitätsstudien und in der personalisierten Medizin zeichnet sich ab. Der Einsatz von Organoiden als Transplantationsmaterial ist im Vergleich dazu noch in den Anfängen. Einzelne Transplantationen werden jedoch an menschlichen Organen ex vivo oder sogar im Patienten getestet. In diesem Kapitel wird der Stand der Forschung an Organoiden in der Zelltherapie zusammengefasst.
AAV-Vektoren – die imposante Karriere eines Parvovirus
Authors: Jäschke Nico Martin , Büning Hildegard
Published: December 2023

AAV-Vektoren gelten als die derzeit besten Genfähren für die In-vivo-Gentherapie. Aber was ist ihr Ursprung, was macht sie so besonders und wie interagieren sie mit ihrer Umgebung oder mit Wirtszellen? Lassen Sie uns zunächst diese Punkte näher beleuchten, bevor wir Beispiele für ihre Anwendungen besprechen.
Technologien und Lösungsansätze für die effiziente Herstellung von Zelltherapeutika für die CAR-Immuntherapie
Authors: Blache Ulrich , Kebbel Kati , Quaiser Andrea , Popp Georg , Franz Paul , Dünkel Anna , Thoma Martin , König Niels , Platzbecker Uwe , Schmiedeknecht Gerno , Fricke Stephan , Köhl Ulrike
Published: December 2023

Die dynamischen Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der zellulären Immuntherapie, insbesondere im Bereich der CAR-T-Zellen, ermöglichen neue Erfolg versprechende Behandlungsoptionen von Krebserkrankungen. Zugleich stellen diese noch jungen Krebstherapien die Medizin vor große Herausforderungen. Wie die Herstellung von zellulären Krebstherapeutika im großen Maßstab zur Versorgung der wachsenden Patientenzahl in der Zukunft gewährleistet werden kann und welche Hürden es dabei zu überwinden gilt, wird im Folgenden adressiert. Erste Optionen zur automatisierten Herstellung von CAR-T-Zellen sind bereits etabliert. Um zukünftig die Behandlung großer Patientengruppen zu gewährleisten, sind neue Herstellungstechnologien wie allogene Zellquellen, digital gesteuerte Prozessstraßen und automatische Qualitätskontrollen erforderlich.
Non-Adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy Among Adult People Living with HIV in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Aytenew Tigabu Munye , Demis Solomon , Birhane Binyam Minuye , Asferie Worku Necho , Simegn Amare , Nibret Gedefaye , Kassaw Amare , Asnakew Sintayehu , Tesfahun Yohannes , Andualem Henock , Bantie Berihun , Kassaw Gebrie , Kefale Demewoz , Zeleke Shegaw
Published: December 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus remains a global public health problem. Despite efforts to determine the prevalence of non-adherence to ART and its predictors in Ethiopia, various primary studies presented inconsistent findings. Therefore, this review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of non-adherence to ART and identify its predictors. We have searched PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases extensively for all available studies. A weighted inverse-variance random-effects model was used to compute the overall non-adherence to ART. The pooled prevalence of non-adherence to ART was 20.68% (95% CI: 17.74, 23.61); I2 = 98.40%; p < 0.001). Educational level of primary school and lower [AOR = 3.5, 95%CI: 1.7, 7.4], taking co-medications [AOR = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.35, 0.59], not using memory aids [AOR = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.13, 0.71], depression [AOR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.05, 3.79], comorbidity [AOR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.16, 3.09), under-nutrition [AOR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.20, 3.43], not believing on ART can control HIV [AOR = 2.31, 95%CI: 1.92, 2.77], lack of access to health facilities [AOR = 3.86, 95%CI: 1.10, 13.51] and taking ART pills uncomfortably while others looking [AOR = 5.21, 95%CI: 2.56, 10.53] were significantly associated with non-adherence to anti-retroviral therapy. The overall pooled prevalence of non-adherence to ART was considerably high in Ethiopia. Educational status, taking co-medications, not using memory aids, depression, comorbidity, under nutrition, not believing on anti-retroviral therapy controls HIV, lack of access to health facilities and taking ART pills uncomfortably were independent predictors of non-adherence to ART in Ethiopia. Therefore, healthcare providers, adherence counselors and supporters should detect non-adherence behaviors and patients’ difficulties with ART early, and provide intensive counseling to promote adherence.
The Feeling Rules of Peer Review: Defining, Displaying, and Managing Emotions in Evaluation for Research Funding
Authors: Brunet Lucas , Müller Ruth
Published: December 2023

Punctuated by joy, disappointments, and conflicts, research evaluation constitutes an intense, emotional moment in scientific life. Yet reviewers and research institutions often expect evaluations to be conducted objectively and dispassionately. Inspired by the scholarship describing the role of emotions in scientific practices, we argue instead, that reviewers actively define, display and manage their emotions in response to the structural organization of research evaluation. Our article examines reviewing practices used in the European Research Council’s (ERC) Starting and Consolidator grants and in the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action’s (MSCA) Individual Fellowships. These two European funding mechanisms offer different perspectives on the organization of grant evaluation. We conducted interviews with review panel members and analyzed various institutional documents. By drawing on the sociological concepts of feeling rules and emotional work, we demonstrate that reviewers define rules concerning how emotions should be experienced and expressed to ensure the proper functioning of evaluation, and that reviewers experience the need to actively regulate their emotions to comply with these rules. We present four feeling rules concerning the experience and expression of: (1) excitement for novelty during individual evaluation; (2) respect for others’ opinions and the absence of anger in review panels; (3) attentiveness and interest, which are seen as missing in online evaluations. Reviewers also expect ERC candidates to (4) avoid pride and manifest modesty during interviews. These rules demonstrate that proposal peer review is governed by emotional norms, and show the influence of organizational settings and moral requirements on research evaluation.
Suppression of deep-level traps via semicarbazide hydrochloride additives for high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells
Authors: Jia Wenbo , Jing Yi , Zhang Han , Tian Baoyan , Huang Huabo , Wang Changlei , Xu Ligang
Published: December 2023

Tin perovskites with exemplary optoelectronic properties offer potential application in lead-free perovskite solar cells. However, Sn vacancies and undercoordinated Sn ions on the tin perovskite surfaces can create deep-level traps, leading to non-radiative recombination and absorption of nucleophilic O2 molecules, impeding further device efficiency and stability. Here, in this study, a new additive of semicarbazide hydrochloride (SEM-HCl) with a N–C=O functional group was introduced into the perovskite precursor to fabricate high-quality films with a low concentration of deep-level trap densities. This, in turn, serves to prevent undesirable interaction between photogenerated carriers and adsorbed oxygen molecules in the device’s operational environment, ultimately reducing the proliferation of superoxide entities. As the result, the SEM-HCl-derived devices show a peak efficiency of 10.9% with improved device stability. These unencapsulated devices maintain almost 100% of their initial efficiencies after working for 100 h under continuous AM1.5 illumination conditions.

Graphical Abstract
From Pharmaceutical Innovation to Revenue Generation: The Asian Experience
Authors: Basak Subir Kumar
Published: December 2023

Asia’s pharmaceutical sector has experienced remarkable growth over the last two decades, with companies in the region producing bulk of the world’s specialty generics, biologicals, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The Asian pharma growth story has had several pillars for a strong and sustainable foundation that provided non-linear growth. This report introduces three models showing how Asian countries at different development stages — India, South Korea, and Singapore — have nurtured their own, self-sustaining pharmaceutical sectors.
A Model‐Data Comparison of the Hydrological Response to Miocene Warmth: Leveraging the MioMIP1 Opportunistic Multi‐Model Ensemble
Authors: Acosta R. P. , Burls N. J. , Pound M. J. , Bradshaw C. D. , De Boer A. M. , Herold N. , Huber M. , Liu X. , Donnadieu Y. , Farnsworth A. , Frigola A. , Lunt D. J. , von der Heydt A. S. , Hutchinson D. K. , Knorr G. , Lohmann G. , Marzocchi A. , Prange M. , Sarr A. C. , Li X. , Zhang Z.
Published: December 2023

The Miocene (23.03–5.33 Ma) is recognized as a period with close to modern‐day paleogeography, yet a much warmer climate. With large uncertainties in future hydroclimate projections, Miocene conditions illustrate a potential future analog for the Earth system. A recent opportunistic Miocene Model Intercomparison Project 1 (MioMIP1) focused on synthesizing published Miocene climate simulations and comparing them with available temperature reconstructions. Here, we build on this effort by analyzing the hydrological cycle response to Miocene forcings across early‐to‐middle (E2MMIO; 20.03–11.6 Ma) and middle‐to‐late Miocene (M2LMIO; 11.5–5.33 Ma) simulations with CO2 concentrations ranging from 200 to 850 ppm and providing a model‐data comparison against available precipitation reconstructions. We find global precipitation increases by ∼2.1 and 2.3% per degree of warming for E2MMIO and M2LMIO simulations, respectively. Models generally agree on a wetter than modern‐day tropics; mid and high‐latitude, however, do not agree on the sign of subtropical precipitation changes with warming. Global monsoon analysis suggests most monsoon regions, except the North American Monsoon, experience higher precipitation rates under warmer conditions. Model‐data comparison shows that mean annual precipitation is underestimated by the models regardless of CO2 concentration, particularly in the mid‐ to high‐latitudes. This suggests that the models may not be (a) resolving key processes driving the hydrological cycle response to Miocene boundary conditions and/or (b) other boundary conditions or processes not considered here are critical to reproducing Miocene hydroclimate. This study highlights the challenges in modeling and reconstructing the Miocene hydrological cycle and serves as a baseline for future coordinated MioMIP efforts.
Ecosystemic Clinical Assessment of Linguistic Diversity: Greek-Dominant Speech
Authors: Babatsouli Elena
Published: December 2023

Purpose:

Diversity considerations are of paramount significance in the clinical assessment and treatment of speech disorders in bilingual children and adults who speak a less common language (and/or its dialects). While comprehensive assessment is essential for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) populations, this is clinically challenging due to the indeterminacy entailed in the process and incumbrances in access to resources. This clinical tutorial outlines key considerations necessary for holistic, ecological, and dynamic assessments of speech disorders internationally, focusing on Greek.

Method:

Pertinent literature is reviewed to provide the relevant theoretical backdrop for the ecosystemic protocol, both conceptually and schematically. Greek is utilized as an example language, aiming to underscore knowledge, tools, and other resources on clinically relevant aspects of dialectal, interlanguage (adult second language [L2]), and child multilingual (L2/third language) variation in Greek-dominant speakers.

Results:

The tutorial highlights facets of Greek speech and scripts a primary assessment model for clinical use mostly targeting clinicians that are not speakers or cognizant of the language, also viewing speech in linguistic diversity as a sociolinguistic construct. Recommendations for clinical practices are outlined proposing a specific action plan, exemplified by a case scenario.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated ecosystemic paradigm in holistic, ecological protocols for clinical assessment of speech disorder in CLD speakers addresses the need for nonlinear, multilevel assessment of variable language exposure and use; being sensitive to individual speaker specificities; the sociolinguistic environment; and employing people-first, culturally sensitive, and dynamic strategies in clinical assessment. The stance also simplifies disambiguation tasks regarding the difference disorder dichotomy, enhancing existing clinical procedures.
Bullet ricochet mark plan-view morphology in concrete: an experimental assessment of five bullet types and two distances using machine learning
Authors: Eren Metin I , Romans Jay , Walker Robert S , Buchanan Briggs , Key Alastair
Published: December 2023

Bullet ricochets are common occurrences during shooting incidents and can provide a wealth of information useful for shooting incident reconstruction. However, there have only been a small number of studies that have systematically investigated bullet ricochet impact site morphology. Here, this study reports on an experiment that examined the plan-view morphology of 297 ricochet impact sites in concrete that were produced by five different bullet types shot from two distances. This study used a random forest machine learning algorithm to classify bullet types with morphological dimensions of the ricochet mark (impact) with length and perimeter-to-area ratio emerging as the top predictor variables. The 0.22 LR leaves the most distinctive impact mark on the concrete, and overall, the classification accuracy using leave-one-out cross-validation is 62%, considerably higher than a random classification accuracy of 20%. Adding in distance to the model as a predictor increases the classification accuracy to 66%. These initial results are promising, in that they suggest that an unknown bullet type can potentially be determined, or at least probabilistically assessed, from the morphology of the ricochet impact site alone. However, the substantial amount of overlap this study documented among distinct bullet types’ ricochet mark morphologies under highly controlled conditions and with machine learning suggests that the human identification of ricochet marks in real-world shooting incident reconstructions may be on occasion, or perhaps regularly, in error.

Key points
Effects of the care given to intensive care patients using an evidence model on the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections
Authors: Şanlı Deniz , Sarıkaya Aklime , Pronovost Peter J
Published: December 2023

It is important to put evidence-based guidelines into practice in the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care patients. In contrast to expensive and complex interventions, a care bundle that includes easy-to-implement and low-cost interventions improves clinical outcomes. The compliance of intensive care nurses with guidelines is of great importance in achieving these results. The Translating Evidence into Practice Model provides guidance in how to implement the necessary guidelines. This quasi-experimental study used a post-test control group design in nonequivalent groups and was conducted in the anesthesia intensive care unit of a tertiary-level training and research hospital. All patients who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit, who had a central line during the study, and who met the inclusion criteria were included in the sample. The care bundle comprised education, and protocols for hand hygiene and the aseptic technique, maximum sterile barrier precautions, central line insertion trolley, and management of nursing care. To analyze the data, the independent samples t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, dependent samples t-test, rate ratio, and relative risk were used with 95% confidence intervals. The rate of central line-associated bloodstream infections was significantly lower in the intervention group (2.85/1000 central line days) than in the control group (3.35/1000 central line days) (P = 0.042). The number of accesses to the central line by the nurses decreased significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The mean score for the nurses’ evidence-based guideline post-education knowledge (70.80 ± 12.26) was significantly higher than that pre-education (48.20 ± 14.66) (P < 0.001). Compliance with the guideline recommendations in central line-related nursing interventions and in the central line insertion process was significantly better in the intervention group than in the control group in many interventions (P < 0.05). The mean score for the nurses’ attitude towards evidence-based nursing increased significantly over time (59.87 ± 7.23 at the 0th month; 63.79 ± 7.24 at the 6th month) (P < 0.001). Nursing care given by implementing the central line care bundle with the Translating Evidence into Practice Model affected the measures. Thanks to the implementation of the care bundle, the rate of infections and the number of accesses to the central line decreased, while the critical care nurses’ knowledge of evidence-based guidelines, compliance with the guideline recommendations in central line-related nursing interventions, and attitudes towards evidence-based nursing improved.
The care needs of the elderly in China’s elderly care institutions: a narrative synthesis
Authors: Tan Rong , Gao Ruizhe , Tan Jiping , Zhu Qunhui , Liu Hua , Lei Wei , Yan Ruofen , Yan Lianmei , Lei Yunhong
Published: December 2023

China’s population is ageing, affecting trends in social development and basic national conditions. More attention must be paid to the lack of care needs assessments for the elderly in China’s pension institutions. This paper discusses a systematic evaluation of the care needs of the elderly in China’s elderly care institutions. Literature was collected and synthesized after a search of the Web of Science, PubMed, and other databases for works published up to August 2021. Relevant content is proposed, including the name of the first author, publication date, study area, and sample size. Exactly 18 articles were included in the literature, documents that reported on a total of 7277 elderly people. The results showed a combined demand rate of primary care needs ≥50%. The top five needs included mental/psychological (76%), tranquillity/care (73%), living/environmental (71%), medical treatment (64%), and preventive healthcare (64%). The combined demand rate of secondary care needs was  ≥50%. The top five needs included 79% for room/laundry/cleaning, 77% for psychological comfort and nursing, 73% for end-of-life care, 70% for disease diagnosis and treatment, and 69% for physical examination. The health needs of older people are diverse and focus mainly on mental/psychological, tranquility/care, living/environmental (71%), pharmacotherapy, and preventive healthcare.
Dissection of an ABC transporter LolCDE function analyzed by photo-crosslinking
Authors: Tao Kazuyuki , Narita Shin-ichiro , Okada Ui , Murakami Satoshi , Tokuda Hajime
Published: December 2023

The envelope of Escherichia coli contains approximately 100 different species of lipoproteins, most of which are localized to the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. The localization of lipoprotein (Lol) system, consisting of five Lol proteins, is responsible for the trafficking of lipoproteins to the outer membrane. LolCDE binds to lipoproteins destined for the outer membrane and transfers them to the periplasmic chaperone LolA. Although the cryo-EM structures of E. coli LolCDE have been reported, the mechanisms by which outer membrane lipoproteins are transferred to LolA remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the interaction between LolCDE and lipoproteins using site-specific photo-crosslinking. We introduced a photo-crosslinkable amino acid into different locations across the four helices which form the central lipoprotein-binding cavity, and identified domains that crosslink with peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (Pal) in vivo. Using one of the derivatives containing the photo-crosslinkable amino acid, we developed an in vitro system to analyze the binding of lipoproteins to LolCDE. Our results indicate that compound 2, a LolCDE inhibitor, does not inhibit the binding of lipoproteins to LolCDE, but rather promotes the dissociation of bound lipoproteins from LolCDE.
The Arab World and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Mahfoudh Haykel Ben
Published: December 2023

This article discusses the main reasons behind the reluctance of most Arab countries to ratify the Rome Statute and to cooperate with the International Criminal Court (ICC). There are legal, political, and practical restraints, as well as cultural barriers, to incorporating principles of individual criminal responsibility for international crimes into the domestic laws of most Arab countries. Moreover, many Arab states adopt a security-based approach to war crimes and crimes against humanity, which are thus prosecuted mainly under anti-terrorist laws, rather than a rule of law-based approach to holding those most responsible for international crimes accountable. Further, when political considerations are at stake, states’ commitment to address the most serious crimes appears eroded, thus becoming inconsistent with the objective of the Rome Statute of ending impunity for perpetrators of international crimes. It is becoming ever more necessary for the ICC to gain recognition and acceptance in the Arab world by garnering effective participation of those Arab states undergoing major transitions, where international justice, arguably, is most needed.
Usefulness of perforating branches of the deep femoral artery and vein as recipient vessels during free-flap reconstruction for extensive defects of the thigh
Authors: Miyamae Makoto , Urabe Ryotaro , Nakai Kunihiro
Published: December 2023

The perforating branches of the deep femoral artery and vein are considered useful recipient vessels during free-flap reconstruction for extensive defects extending from the knee to the mid-thigh or from the lateral to the posterior region of the thigh. Despite being located deep between the adductor longus and magnus muscles, they can be easily identified, allowing for a sufficient surgical field for the vascular anastomosis. Approximately four perforators from the deep femoral artery can be found on the posterior aspect of the thigh, easily identified by dissecting the semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles. The calibre and length of the perforators were suitable for vascular anastomosis. In this study, we present three cases of free-flap reconstruction for extensive thigh defects using perforating branches of the deep femoral artery and vein as recipient vessels.
Acute pancreatitis: pathogenesis and emerging therapies
Authors: Zaman Saif , Gorelick Fred
Published: December 2023

Acute pancreatitis is a severe inflammatory disorder with limited treatment options. Improved understanding of disease mechanisms has led to new and potential therapies. Here we summarize what we view as some of the most promising new therapies for treating acute pancreatitis, emphasizing the rationale of specific treatments based on disease mechanisms. Targeted pharmacologic interventions are highlighted. We explore potential treatment benefits and risks concerning reducing acute injury, minimizing complications, and improving long-term outcomes. Mechanisms associated with acute pancreatitis initiation, perpetuation, and reconstitution are highlighted, along with potential therapeutic targets and how these relate to new treatments.
Diagnostic Utility of a Modified Reticulin Algorithm in Pediatric Adrenocortical Neoplasms
Authors: Lopez-Nunez Oscar , Virgone Calogero , Kletskaya Irina S. , Santoro Luisa , Giuliani Stefano , Okoye Bruce , Volante Marco , Ferrari Andrea , Bisogno Gianni , Duregon Eleonora , Papotti Mauro , De Salvo Gianluca , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Alaggio Rita
Published: December 2023

Pediatric adrenocortical neoplasms (ACNs) are extremely rare tumors in contrast to their adult counterparts. Distinguishing benign from malignant is challenging based on pure morphologic grounds. Previously, 2 scoring systems were proposed in pediatric ACN, including the Wieneke criteria (WC) and its modified version (modified WC [mWC]). In adults, the reticulin algorithm (RA) has proven inexpensive, reliable, predictive, and reproducible; however, it has been validated only recently in children in a limited number of cases. This study aims to assess the RA utility compared with other scoring systems in a series of 92 pediatric ACNs. All cases were individually scored, and mitotic rate cutoffs were recorded. Reticulin alterations were classified as quantitative and qualitative. Outcome data were available in 59/92. The median age was 5 years (0.1 to 18 y) with an M:F of 0.6. Clinical presentation included virilization (39%), Cushing syndrome (21%), other symptoms (4%), and asymptomatic (36%). The reticulin framework was intact in 27% and altered in 73% of cases, showing qualitative (22%), quantitative (73%), and both (5%) alterations. In patients with favorable outcomes, 59% showed either intact reticulin or qualitative alteration compared with the unfavorable outcome group, where 90% showed quantitative alterations. All scoring systems WC (P < 0.0001), mWC (P = 0.0003), and the adult/pediatric RA (P < 0.0001) had predictive value. The RA is comparable to WC and mWC, easier to apply, and is the most sensitive histopathological approach to identifying aggressive behavior in pediatric ACN. Its integration into the WC might be helpful in ACN of uncertain malignant potential and deserves further investigation.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound-Guided Arthrocentesis of a Pediatric Septic Ankle
Authors: Daly Christopher H. , Moake Matthew M. , Cummings Earl D.
Published: December 2023

Septic arthritis is one potential cause of pediatric joint effusion and pain that may lead to significant morbidity. We present a case where point-of-care ultrasound was used to identify and aspirate a joint effusion in a pediatric patient with septic arthritis of the ankle, facilitating timely diagnosis and care. We review the technique for arthrocentesis of the ankle and literature on point-of-care ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric septic arthritis.