bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olympism through the Eyes of Coaches: Metaphorical Texture and Colors of Sport
Authors: Makaracı Melek , Ceylan Acar Gizem , Bayrakdar Akan
Published: October 2024

This study aims to explore coaches' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of “Olympism.” The research sample consists of 170 coaches (86 male, 84 female) from various sports disciplines, working in both public and private organizations in Turkey during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected using a “metaphor form,” where participants were prompted to complete the sentence: “Olympism is like ...; because …”. Content analysis was employed to examine the responses, leading to the development of categories and themes. The metaphors were organized into five categories, each comprising eleven themes. The most prominent category was ‘values of sport,’ followed by ‘abstract concepts and spiritual development’ and ‘universal values.’. The most frequent metaphors included life, Olympiad, summit, success, harmony, spirit, and sport. These findings indicate that coaches view sport as both a physical and a spiritual journey, emphasizing that Olympism supports athletes' personal and professional development. In the category of “Sport and Ethical Competition,” coaches highlighted that Olympism encompasses ethical values and social contributions in addition to achieving success. In the “Abstract Concepts and Spiritual Development” category, coaches described Olympism as a spiritual journey and a philosophy of life. Meanwhile, in the “Universal Values” category, they conveyed that sport serves as a means of fostering global unity and understanding. Overall, the study highlights that metaphors are an effective means of expressing the complex and multifaceted nature of Olympism.
Платон об исправительной функции наказания
Authors: А. Серёгин
Published: October 2024

В статье анализируется сформулированная в некоторых платоновских диалогах концепция, согласно которой наказание приносит пользу порочным агентам, устраняя порок в их душах или даже привнося в них добродетель. Вопреки мнению ряда современных исследователей, я настаиваю на том, что это представление об исправительной функции наказания играет важную роль в платоновском корпусе, а также распространяется на ретрибутивные практики, предполагающие причинение преступнику весьма интенсивных физических страданий. Проблема, однако, состоит в том, что у Платона не приводится практически никаких аргументов в пользу этой концепции. Некоторая аргументация предлагается только в Горгии, где Сократ пытается сочетать ретрибутивизм с эвдемонизмом и доказать, что справедливое наказание должно приносить некоторое благо порочному агенту, способствуя его счастью или, как минимум, делая его менее несчастным. Но эта аргументация не отвечает на ключевой вопрос: почему надо думать, что причинение агенту интенсивных страданий действительно делает его лучше в моральном отношении Повидимому, такой вывод делается просто на основании общей аналогии между медицинским искусством и правосудием, которая принимается за самоочевидность и подразумевает, что, если медицинское искусство может причинять страдания больному ради здоровья его тела, то и правосудие должно способствовать здоровью его души, т.е. добродетели, применяя схожие средства.
Kata symbebēkos in Aristotle’s Teaching on Deformity in GA
Authors: A. Darovskikh
Published: October 2024

In Physics, book ii, Aristotle says that besides the four wellknown causes there is a fifth, chance (tych) or accidental (automaton) one, which is no less important. Despite the fact that Aristotle does argue about spontaneous generation and deformities in his biological works, the relationship between the accidental and the four main causes (especially the formal one) is less than clear in his teaching on embryology. The relationship between the accidental and its counterpart is usually characterized in modal terms. Likewise, in the general discourse of Aristotles teleology the accidental is contrasted with a necessity the former is a diverted implementation of something that was supposed to be a necessary step for the sake of an end. This diversion is something that is not required, but which nevertheless happens. However, the statement conveyed in The Generation of Animals, book iv, that monstrosities are per accident necessary overturns this common characterization and suggests that it could be otherwise. This study offers some insights into the problem regarding the necessity of irregular generation and ensuant deviations in Aristotelian philosophy and biology. It questions the standard interpretation of the relation between incidental occurrences and teleology and suggests a way of reconciling the two. The study of the problem of the accidental in embryogenesis leads us to the problem regarding the normativity of human nature. This allows us to broaden the picture of embryology in antiquity for the purposes of understanding human nature in the context of causes and teleology.
Идеальный наставник в «Философской истории» Дамаския
Authors: Е. Афонасин
Published: October 2024

Философы неоплатоники развили сложную и оригинальную систему степеней добродетелей, которая включала в себя как обычные человеческие добродетели, такие как природные, этические и политические, так и высшие, доступные лишь подлинным искателям истины, такие как очистительные, созерцательные, парадигматические и иератические. В данной работе я рассматриваю эволюцию неоплатонического учения о степенях добродетелей, иллюстрируя ее избранными фрагментами из Философской истории Дамаския, в которых он описывает характер своего обожаемого учителя. Жизненный путь Исидора представлен его учеником как восхождение по пути неоплатонического совершенствования, причем, случайно или нет, но в сохранившихся фрагментах сочинения Дамаския, в котором рассказывается о многих замечательных философах и теургах, последней седьмой степени добродетелей в конечном итоге, повидимому, достигает только Исидор. Обладая выдающимися личными качествами и даже даром провидца, он был учителем сократического типа, более всего стремящимся помочь ученикам достичь очистительных добродетелей, определяющих, как доказывает неоплатоник, дальнейший путь философского совершенствования.
How does the reply to the ? Or, Why the One is not among the
Authors: Michalis Tegos
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the relation of the to the : in what ways the responds to the questions, aporias and demands raised in the . It aims to show how the problems encountered in the first part and the categories used in the second part of the , relate to the solutions proposed in the . The has been interpreted in various ways: as a logical exercise and as a theory about gods, even as an example of perfect symmetry in impossibility. It has been acclaimed as the best collection of antinomies ever produced, but also, asan impossible map sketching how the theory of forms should not be thought. Its purpose, a parody, or training, a pedagogic exercise necessary for the proper way to truth. Not, however, in order to discard forms, but, on the contrary, to affirm their necessity and to refine them, lest we end up abandoning forms and, with them, the possibility of dialectic and Philosophy. Throughout the , the Theaetetus and the Sophist ,we are led through a complex argumentative and dramatic strategy to the refutationof the Eleatic doctrine and the mature ontology of the . We shall seek to show that the sections on , the and the community of forms that follow the Gigantomachia episode about in the , propose a way out of the aporias of participation and the ‘greatest difficulty’ of the , a way to salvage the theory of forms, and, with them, the possibility of knowledge, logos and Philosophy altogether.

Статья исследует отношение «Софиста» к «Пармениду»: каким образом «Софист» отвечает на вопросы, запросы и апории, сформулированные в «Пармениде». Автор стремится показать, как проблемы, встречающиеся в первой части «Парменида», и категории, используемые во второй части диалога, соотносятся с решениями, предложенными в «Софисте». «Парменид» толковался по-разному: как упражнение в логике и как теория относительно богов, и даже как пример совершенной и абсолютно невозможной симметрии. Диалог называли лучшим в истории сборником антиномий, но также и невозможной схемой, показывающей, как не следует мыслить теорию идей. Его цель - пародия или же обучение, педагогическое упражнение, необходимое для отыскания надлежащего пути к истине, однако без того, чтобы отказываться от идей, напротив - имея в виду подтвердить и отточить их. Иначе, оставив идеи, мы теряем возможность заниматься диалектикой и философией. Три диалога, «Теэтет», «Парменид» и «Софист», вместе образуют сложную доказательную и драматическую стратегию, ведущую нас к опровержению учения элеатов и к зрелой онтологии «Тимея». Мы постараемся показать, что посвященные дюнамис, великим родам и общности идей разделы, следующие в «Софисте» за эпизодом гигантомахии, борьбы за усию, предлагают выход из апорий причастности и разрешение «величайшей трудности» «Парменида», намечающие пути спасения теории идей, а с ними - и возможности знания, логоса и философии.
Антисфен как наследник Сократа: к вопросу о сократической пайдейе
Authors: Ирина Николаевна Мочалова
Published: October 2024

В статье рассматривается философия Антисфена (ок.450-360 г.дон.э.)как определяющая становление сократической пайдейи. Демократизация софистического движения в конце V - начале IV вв. до н.э., а также процессы институализации «высшего образования» приводят к дифференциации внутри софистического движения и появлению двух ведущих течений: риторического (школа Исократа) и философского (сократического), связанного с фигурой Сократа. Сократическая пайдейя Антисфена формируется в результате критики софистической практики. Став последователем и духовным наследником Сократа, Антисфен предлагает свой ответ на вопрос о том, как можно научить добродетели (арете). Арете, по мнению Антисфена, - это моральное качество; пайдейя состоит не в передаче готовых знаний («О воспитании, или Об именах»), а в личном усилии и упражнении (сократическая пайдейя). Идеалом сократической пайдейи становится самодостаточный частный человек, а разработанная Антисфеном дидактическая техника делает идеал достижимым. Таким образом, педагогическая стратегия Антисфена предстает как альтернатива и утилитарной пайдейе софистов, и педагогической стратегии их противников - Исократа и Платона. Педагогическая практика эллинистических школ во многом унаследовала сократическую пайдейю Антисфена.

The article deals with the philosophy of Antisthenes (about 450 - 360 BC) as a determining factor for the formation of Socratic . Democratization of sophistic movement and institutionalization of “higher education” in the late V - early IV centuries BC lead to differentiation within the sophistic movement and the emergenceof two leading trends, rhetorical (school of Isocrates) and philosophical (Socratic, associated with the figure of Socrates). The Socratic of Antisthenes is formed as a result of criticism of sophistic practice. As a follower and spiritual heir to Socrates, Antisthenes offers his own answer to the question of how to teach virtue (). According to Antisthenes, is a moral quality; does not consist in the transmission of ready-made knowledge (), but in personal effort and exercise (Socratic ). The ideal of Socratic becomes a self-sufficient individual, and the didactic technique of Antisthenes makes this ideal achievable. Thus,the pedagogical strategy of Antisthenes appears as an alternative to both the utilitarian of the sophists and the pedagogical strategy of their opponents - Isocrates and Plato. The pedagogical practice of the Hellenistic schools in many respects inherited the Socratic of Antisthenes.
Кинизм и иудаизм в оценке Юлиана Отступника
Authors: Роман Викторович Светлов
Published: October 2024

Для императора Юлиана в его полемике с христианами кинизм и иудаизм выступали двумя различными по своей религиозно-философской сути, но вполне равноправными в качестве риторических аргументов явлениями. Мы рассматриваем, как полемические задачи императора вызвали конструирование образов двух общин. В этих образах этнические, религиозные и морально- поведенческие черты теряли в одном случае национальную, в другом - школьно-философскую специфику. Они превращались в атрибуты социальных групп, оцениваемые с точки зрения их соответствия традициям и космическому строю. Обе группы кажутся девиантными, так как отрицают те стороны жизни, которые большинству представляются естественными. Но Юлиан оправдывает их «девиантность», в отличие от христианской. Киники испытывают подлинную природу человека, перечеканивая себя в существа подлинно философские. Их мудрость ведет происхождение от Геракла, а потому эта традиция освяшена богами. Иудеи также являются законной частью ойкумены, несмотря на свою гордыню и отказ от почитания иных богов, кроме собственного. Их партикуляризм - это одна из деталей Целого, а не что-то, его разрушающее. Верность предкам в соблюдении традиций, готовность нести жертвы, терпеть состояние социальных «париев» делают их примером для современников Юлиана. В религиозном отношении они связаны с космосом, каким его видит Юлиан, так как поклоняются создателю нашего мира, имеющему вполне определенное место в неоплатонической иерархии божеств.

In his polemic against Christianity, the Emperor Julian considered Cynicism and Judaism as two essentially different philosophical and religious phenomena and at the same time as two perfectly equal rhetorical arguments. We are going toexamine in what way the Emperor’s polemical tasks informed the images of these two communities. Ethnic, religious, ethical and behavioral traits of these images were loosing their national, in the case of Judaism, and scholastic or philosophical particularity, in the case of Cynicism. They were transforming into attributes of social groups, evaluated in terms of their conformity with tradition and cosmic order. Both groups appeared as deviant, since they denied those aspects of life that the majority deemed natural. Still, their deviance, unlike that of the Christians, was justified in Julian’s opinion. The Cynics probe the true nature of man, attempting to alter themselves into truly philosophical beings. Their wisdom goes back to Heracles, and therefore is sanctified by the gods. The Jews, too, are a legitimate part of the oecumene, despite their arrogance and refusal to worship other gods but their own. Their particularism is a detail that is part of the Whole, not an oddity destroying it. Fidelity to ancestors in observance of tradition, readiness to make sacrifices, to suffer the condition of social pariahs, makes them an example for Julian’s contemporaries. Moreover, they are religiously connected with the cosmos, as it was viewed by Julian himself, since they worship the Creator of our world, who has a definite place in the Neoplatonic hierarchy of deities
Учение Аристотеля о разумной части души в контексте «сотериологии» Платона
Authors: Игорь Романович Тантлевский
Published: October 2024

В статье рассматриваются ключевые аспекты становления и эволюции «сотериологических» элементов в учении Аристотеля (начиная с фрагментов его «экзотерических» произведений - прежде всего, диалогов «Евдем, или О душе», «О философии» и «Протрептик») о разумной «части» души человека как его самости, о ее «божественности», путях обретения «бессмертия» (включая имплицитные намеки на «воздаяние») во взаимосвязи с доктриной об уме бога и его корреляции с «деятельным умом» человека. Соответствующие аспекты концепций Стагирита сопоставляются с «сотериологическими» элементами учения Платона о «бессмертной» (разумной) части души человека и ее участи по отделении от тела в контексте его доктрины о мировой душе и особенностях ее «структуры». Сопоставляются также отдельные элементы представлений Платона и Аристотеля о сущности добродетели и ее «сотериологических» аспектах.

The article deals with the key aspects of the formation and evolution of the “soteriological” elements in Aristotle’s teaching (starting with fragments of his “exoteric” works, such as the dialogues , , and ) about the rational “part” of the soul of man as his self, its “divinity”, ways of attaining “immortality” (including implicit hints of “retribution”) in conjunction with the doctrine of god’s mind and its correlation with the human “active mind”. The relevant aspects of the Stagirite’s concepts are compared with the “soteriological” elements of Plato’s teaching on the “immortal” (rational) part of the human soul and its fate upon separation from the body in the context of his doctrine of the world soul and the peculiarities of its “structure”. The individual features of Plato’s and Aristotle’ sideas on the essence of virtue and its “soteriological” aspects in the process of human activity are also put in comparison.
Длительность вечного: язык вражды в нарративах позднеантичных космологий
Authors: Татьяна Валерьевна Литвин
Published: October 2024

В статье рассматриваются мифологемы о времени и вечности в позднеантичных сюжетах о сотворении мира, известные по платоновско-пифагорейской, герметической и гностической интерпретациям. Идея вечного в мире, соотношение времени и вечности рассматриваются на примере конфликта Рема и Ромула, давшего название вечному городу. В фокусе анализа находится язык поздней античности, в котором переплетается древний пантеон и возникает новая христианская семантика. Вечность как означаемое и акт/конфликт именования как означающее, как начало новой истории, диалектически мыслится не только в мифах, но и в критике христианских авторов, в частности Августина. Платоническая диалектика оказывается эпистемологическим решением для внутреннего семантического конфликта христианизации поздних античных космологий; установление вечного на земле (Град Божий) приобретает характер наименования, символического начала нового творения.

The article deals with mythologemes about time and eternity in Late Antique stories about the creation of the world, known through the Platonic-Pythagorean, Hermetic, and Gnostic interpretations. The idea of the eternal in the world, the relation between time and eternity is considered using the example of the conflict of Remusand Romulus, which gave the name to the eternal city. The focus of analysis is the language of Late Antiquity, in which the ancient pantheon intertwines and new Christian semantics arise. Eternity as signified and the act/conflict of naming as signifier, as beginning of new history is thought dialectically not only in myths, but also in the criticism of Christian authors, in particular Augustine. Platonic dialectics turns out to be an epistemological solution for the internal semantic conflict of the Christianization of Late Antique cosmologies, the establishment of the eternal on earth (City of God) takes on the character of a name, a symbolic beginning of the new creation.
Идеальное Ильенкова с точки зрения платонизма
Authors: Рустем Ринатович Вахитов
Published: October 2024

Советский философ Э.В. Ильенков полагал, что Платон, который открыл существование идей, неправильно истолковал бытие идеального. По мнению Ильенкова, только политэкономическая теория Маркса дает ключ к пониманию идеального. Одним из примеров идеального Ильенков считал феномен стоимости, описанный в «Капитале» К. Маркса. Ильенков уподоблял товарно-денежный обмен и обмен веществами между человеком и природой (так Маркс определял труд). Стоимость «появляется» в вещи в процессе рыночного обмена так же, как вещество природы получает отпечаток человеческой идеи в процессе его обработки. Однако эту метафору можно продолжить: стоимости в вещи до рыночного обмена не было. Но на производство вещи был потрачен абстрактный труд, количество которого отражается в стоимости. Точно так же в предмете природы должна быть субстанция, которая потом отобразится в идеальном бытии. Эта субстанция - всеобщая форма вещи, которая представлена в материальном теле другой вещи - в предмете культуры. В процессе такого представления одной вещью всеобщей формы другой вещи и возникает идеальное. Ильенков признавал существование всеобщего в природе, но характеризовал его как материальное бытие. Между тем, эти всеобщие формы и законы обладают всеми параметрами идеального бытия. На это указывали М.А. Лифшиц и А.Ф.Лосев. Таким образом, Ильенкову не удалось опровергнуть платоновскую теорию идей, при этом он дополнил ее важным нюансом.

The article examines the Soviet philosopher Evald Ilyenkov’s approach to the concept of the ideal. Ilyenkov believed that Plato, who discovered the concept of ‘idea’, misinterpreted the existence of the ‘ideal’. In his opinion, the political economic theory of Karl Marx is the only key to understanding the ideal. Ilyenkov considered the phenomenon of value described in Marx’s to be an example of the ideal. The commodity-money exchange is similar to the exchange of substances between man and nature (as Marx defined labor). The value of a thing emerges in the process of market exchange just as a substance of nature obtains the imprint of a man’s idea in the course of its processing. However, this metaphor may be extended: there is no value in a thing before market exchange. Still, to produce a thing, some abstract labor was spent, the amount of which is reflected in the value. Similarly, there must bean essence in an object of nature, which later comes to be reflected in ideal existence. This essence is the universal form of a thing, which is represented in the material body of another thing - e.g., of a cultural item. In the process of such representation of one thing’s universal form by another thing, the ideal appears. Ilyenkov acknowledged the existence of the universal in nature, but he characterized it as the material existence. Meanwhile, these universal forms and laws possess all the parameters of ideal existence. This was indicated both by M. Lifshits and A. Losev. Thus, Ilyenkov failed to refute Plato’s theory of ideas, and at the same he added to it an important nuance.
Aspects of the Dianoetical Consideration of the Soul in the Republic
Authors: R. Gutierrez
Published: October 2024

Aspects of the Dianoetical Consideration of the Soul in the Republic Abstract. Taking as a hypothesis the idea that the central images of books VI–VII of the Republic — the sun, the line and the cave — are just an outline that nevertheless throws light on the meaning of the whole dialogue, as much as the dialogue as a whole does on those images, the author discusses some problems concerning the middle sections of the line: their relation as much as the meaning of the contradiction resulting from the different criteria applied to their division — according to mathematical proportion (509d7–8) and according to their respective degree of clarity (509d9). In doing this, he tries to show the dianoetical character of the tripartition of the soul — its deduction from the law of non-contradiction taken as a hypothesis which, nevertheless, will be assumed as a principle — and its consequences for the nature of the objects of διάνοια, especially of mathematical entities, which share their conceptual nature with the law of non-contradiction.

Исходя из предположения, что центральные образы книг VI–VII «Государства» — солнце, линия и пещера — представляют собой лишь некую схему, проясняющую, однако, значение всего диалога в целом (так же, как и диалог в целом проясняет эти образы), автор обсуждает ряд проблем, относящихся к средним отрезкам линии: их соотношение, как и смысл противоречия, вытекающего из разных критериев, прилагаемых к их разделению — согласно математической пропорции (509d7–8) и согласно их степени отчетливости (509d9). На этом основании автор пытается показать дианоэтический характер трехчастного деления души — его выведение из закона непротиворечия, взятого как гипотеза, которая, тем не менее, будет принята как принцип, — и его последствия для природы объектов дианойи, особенно математических сущностей, разделяющих свою понятийную природу с законом непротиворечия.
Платон и Софрон: постановка вопроса
Authors: А.В. Гараджа
Published: October 2024

Древние (и не очень древние) свидетельства намекают на совершенно особое отношении Платона к мимографу Софрону из Сиракуз, современнику Сократа и Еврипида. Платон восхищался книгами Софрона, привез их с собой в Афины из Сиракуз, увлекался ими настолько, что не расставался с ними ни днем, ни ночью, и не просто зачитывался этим автором, но в чем-то и подражал ему, а именно в изображении характеров (ἠθοποιῆσαι πρὸς αὐτόν, D.L. 3.18). Отсюда нетрудно предположить, что именно из сочинений Софрона Платон, возможно, заимствовал изюминку своего философского стиля — саму форму диалога. Такое предположение действительно высказывалось — и в очень позднем тексте Иоанна Цеца (H. 10.806–810 et al.), и в совсем раннем свидетельстве Аристотеля, которое находим в его сохранившемся лишь фрагментарно сочинении Περὶ ποιητῶν, дополняемом анонимным папирусом (P. Oxy. 3219) и перекликающемся с начальными страницами «Поэтики» (1447b). Помимо Софрона, Аристотель указывает на некоего Алексамена (Теносского или Теосского) как предшественника Платона: именно тот будто бы первым начал писать ‘сократические / драматические (диа)логи’. Прежде чем приступать к какой-либо интерпретации, необходимо более или менее четко представлять себе не только доступный материал, но и инструменты для его обработки, а именно вопросы, которые следует задавать, чтобы получить осмысленные результаты. Что понимал Аристотель под ‘(диа)логом’? Чем именно были сицилийские мимы? Увы, от сочинений Софрона сохранились лишь скудные фрагменты.

Ancient testimonies allude to a special relationship that linked Plato to Sophro, a writer of mimes from Syracuse, contemporary with Socrates and Euripides. Plato admired Sophron’s writings, has brought them to Athens from Syracuse, was engrossed in them to such extent that he couldn’t part with them throughout day and night, was not only absorbed in reading but in some way imitated the Sicilian, namely in depicting characters (ἠθοποιῆσαι πρὸς αὐτόν, D.L. 3.18). One might infer that even that which makes up the special appeal of Plato’s philosophical style, the very form of dialogue, could have been borrowed from Sophron. Such an assumption has actually been made, both in recentiores like John Tzetzes (H. 10.806–810 et al.) and in a quite early testimony of Aristotle found in his fragmentary piece Περὶ ποιητῶν, supplemented by a papyrus (P. Oxy. 3219) and rebounding on the opening pages of the Poetics (1447b). Besides Sophron, Aristotle indicates among Plato’s precursors a certain Alexamenus of Teos (Tenos) who supposedly wrote ‘Socratic / dramatic dialogues / logoi’ ahead of Plato. Before attempting to interpret such claims, one should not only parse the available material but also hone the tools for its processing, namely the questions that must be asked if one hopes to get any sensible answers. What did Aristotle intend by a ‘dialogue’? What exactly were Sicilian mimes? Sophron’s writings are extant only as scanty, largely unrevealing fragments. We have to grope our way on this quest, depending mostly on indirect and unreliable data.
Plato’s Reception in Polish Philosophy (1800–1950): An Outline
Authors: T. Mroz
Published: October 2024

The paper aims to outline the reception of Plato’s work among philosophers in Poland. During the period 1800–1950 many cultural phenomena related to Plato occurred in Poland. The overall account of the direct reception of Plato in Polish philosophy distinguishes between three types of reception, which essentially correspond – with only a few exceptions – to three chronological stages of the reception of Plato in Poland. The first stage concerns the passive reception of Platonism as part of the wider process of the reception of contemporary philosophical currents. The second stage consists of evaluations of Plato’s philosophy provided by the representatives of the different philosophical currents and philosophical approaches, who referred directly to Plato and evaluated his philosophy from their own point of view, from their philosophical position. The third stage involves implanting, or integrating the Platonic material into the tissue of Polish philosophy. The authors classified into this stage used Plato’s dialogues to build their own philosophical views and systems.

Статья ставит своей задачей дать обзор рецепции платоновского творчества в польской философии. Период 1800–1950 в Польше отмечен множеством культурных феноменов, связанных с Платоном. Общая сводка прямой рецепции Платона в польской философии подразделяется на три отдела, которые в целом соответствуют – за очень немногими исключениями – трем хронологическим стадиям рецепции Платона в Польше. Первая стадия представляет собой пассивное восприятие платонизма как часть более объемлющего процесса усвоения современных философских течений. Вторая стадия включает оценки платоновской философии, дававшиеся представителями различных философских направлений и подходов, которые напрямую работали с Платоном и оценивали его философию со своей собственной точки зрения, собственной философской позиции. Третья стадия предполагает пересадку или внедрение платонического материала в ткань польской философии. Авторы, причисляемые к данной стадии, использовали диалоги Платона с целью построения своих собственных философских воззрений и систем.
Noise Analysis and Data Refinement for Chemical Reactions from US Patents via Large Language Models
Authors: Lee Chaewon , Chen Shuan , Ong Kai Tzu-iunn , Yeo Jinyoung , Jung Yousung
Published: October 2024

The extraction of chemical reactions from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) documents has enabled significant advancements in machine learning models for organic synthesis. While the USPTO dataset offers a large and diverse collection of reaction data, recent studies have identified issues such as inconsistent or missing chemical entries, impacting data quality. To address these challenges, we employed fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) to revisit experimental sections in the US patents, performing a comprehensive analysis of noisy reaction data. Our findings demonstrate that LLMs produce fewer false reactions compared to existing datasets and reveal that many reactions in US patents involve multiple experimental steps, previously overlooked by standard extraction methods. Our analysis suggests that untraceable references and erroneous chemical names are primary sources of data noise. We also identify reaction types with high susceptibility to these issues, recommending scientists avoid using those high-risk reaction data.
Solvatochromic dyes increase the sensitivity of nanosensors
Authors: Ma Chen , Kistwal Tanuja , Hill Bjoern F. , Neutsch Krisztian , Kruss Sebastian
Published: October 2024

Organic dyes can be chemically tailored to bind specific molecules and act as molecular sensors or probes. However, they bleach and most of them fluoresce in the UV-Vis range. In contrast, nanomaterials such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fluoresce in the near infrared (NIR) tissue transparency window and are extremely stable. Here, we combine solvatochromic dyes with SWCNTs to create molecular sensors and increase their sensitivity. We find that the dyes trans-4-[4-(Dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (t-DSMI) and Reichardt´s dye (Betaine 30) increase the fluorescence responses of DNA-modified SWCNTs to target analytes. With t-DSMI the fluorescence of (GC)15-SWCNT decreases 4 times more to pH compared to the SWCNT itself. Betaine 30 also boosts the sensitivity of T20-SWCNT for the lipid linoleic acid (LA) more than 2-fold. A kinetic model shows that not the affinity for the analyte, but mainly the fluorescence change is increased by the presence of the solvatochromic dyes. This approach provides a flexible design framework to increase the sensitivity of SWCNTs-based biosensors and combines the best of two worlds.
An optimized sol-gel process for dyeing cotton fabrics with organic dyes
Authors: AABOUB Tarik , H.V. WERTS Martinus
Published: October 2024

An optimized sol-gel process was developed to dye cotton fabric with organic dyes. Several model dyes were synthesized and characterized, and then used to prepare the corresponding sol-gel solutions on basis of the n-propyltriethoxysilane (nPTES) precursor. These solutions were applied to the fabric via the pad-dry-cure method. The affinity of the dyes toward the fabric was evaluated by measuring their uptake from the dye bath, which was found to vary between 3% and 16% depending on the molecular structure of the dye. Furthermore, four dyeing parameters were studied with respect to their effect on (i) the exhaustion of the dye bath using UV-visible spectroscopy, and (ii) on the obtained nuance of the textile employing colorimetric (Datacolor) and diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. The process parameters are dyeing temperature, dye concentration, impregnation time, and the number of dyeing cycles. Our results showed the transfer of dye from bath to textile depends only weakly on temperature, and below 40°C the transfer reaches an optimum. Also, the dye transfer is rapid, where already after 1 minute, the color strength on the textile is close to the plateau value. However, residual dye uptake from the bath continues for up to 2 hours. Further intensification of the textile coloration requires the deposition of additional sol-gel layers or an increase in the dye bath concentration. On basis of these results, the optimal conditions of dyeing by this process were proposed.
Polarization Induced Quantum Confinement of Negative Charge Carriers by Organic Nanoporous Frameworks
Authors: Tyagi Ritaj , Voora Vamsee
Published: October 2024

We characterize the attachment of excess-electrons to organic nanoporous systems including molecular nanohoops and models of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) using many-body methods. \emph{All} the nanopore systems exhibit diffuse electronic states where the excess-electron is bound to the molecular scaffold via long-range polarization forces, and the excess-electron is predominantly localized in the interior of the nanopore or away from the molecular scaffold. Such ``nanopore-bound'' states show an enhanced electron-transfer coupling compared to more strongly-bound skeletal-states (or valence-bound states), where the excess-electron is confined to the molecular skeleton. For 1D assemblies of nanohoops, the bands formed from nanopore-bound states have a consistent nearly-free-electron character, indicating an efficient excited-state pathway for charge-carriers, while the bands from skeletal-states have higher effective mass along certain lattice directions. The nanopore-bound states show distinct size-dependent variations in electron affinities compared to skeletal-states and previously observed molecular quantum corral states. We conclude that nanopore-bound states emerge from polarization-induced quantum confinement, forming a distinct common feature of organic nanoporous matter with potential for efficient electron-transport.
Decoupling Degradation at the Electrode Interfaces in Prussian White Full Cells
Authors: Misiewicz Casimir , Ulander Alexandra E. , Melin Tim , Hall Aram , Berg Erik J.
Published: October 2024

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) for sodium ion battery (SIB) cathodes are growing in popularity as next generation energy storage devices. Prussian White (PW) with formula NaxFe[Fe(CN)6]y•nH2O is leading the trend, having already been commercialized. However, capacity fade (PW/electrolyte degradation) and safety concerns (cyanide/cyanogen release) still raise concerns. Online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS), supported by both operando Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MöS), is herein used to analyse degradation processes in PW based Na-ion full cells. Apart from the typical cell formation reactions, hydrogen is observed to evolve during cell discharge and evidenced to stem from oxidation of NaH, accumulated upon charge. Over-oxidation of PW after full desodiation releases CN, which not only forms (CN)2 but also degrades the electrolyte. Loss of CN likely results in a nanometric (~4 nm) surface-reconstructed passivation layer on PW thus inhibiting further degradation. Fundamental understanding of degradation reactions in PW full-cells, as gathered herein, shows that the aforementioned capacity fade and safety concerns are wholly addressable and hence guides the further development of Na-ion batteries for wider ranges of applications.
Mechanistic Insights into Atom-Economical Bromoalkynylation of Ynamides: 1,3-Alkynyl Migration Explored through ¹³C Kinetic Isotope Effects, XPS, and DFT Analysis
Authors: Pradhan Tapas R. , González-Montiel Gisela A. , Dzhaparova Alina , Park Eunseok , Cheong Paul Ha-Yeon , Park Jin Kyoon
Published: October 2024

Difunctionalization of ynamides, whether through an intermolecular approach or in an atom-economical manner, continues to pose a significant challenge. This work presents a simpler method for such unprecedented functionalization through a highly regio- and stereoselective bromoalkynylation. The developed strategy, which requires a Pd(II) catalyst and no additive, has a broad scope and high functional-group tolerance and provided access to fifty value-added -bromo ynenamides. In addition to late-stage functionalization, the synthetic potential of this method was demonstrated through rapid access to previously challenging -skeletons. A unique 1,3-alkynyl migration, which was enabled by carbopalladation, offers a platform for the development of atom-economical reactions. Experimental evidence, such as from Hammett plot analysis, XPS studies, and 13C kinetic isotope effect measurements, supported by density functional theory computations enabled a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism.
Approach to Malignancy in Homeopathy and Prevention
Authors: P. Chakraborty Dr.
Published: October 2024

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IPR- Challenge to Ayurveda
Authors: Shreelata S Dr.
Published: October 2024

None
Utility and Importance of Anupama
Authors: Dhulappa Mehatre Dr. , Channabasavanna B Dr. , Karishma Dr.
Published: October 2024

None
Sadyovamana in Tamaka Shwasa
Authors: Shrilatha Kamath Dr , U.N. Prasad Dr
Published: October 2024

None
Management of Vipadika- A case report
Authors: BV Priyanaka , K J Mallika
Published: October 2024

None
Management of chronic venous ulcer with jaloukavacharana(leech therapy)
Authors: Nayak Jayakrishna , Bhat K Prashant , R Ramachandra K , S B Najuma
Published: October 2024

None
Mirritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: A.C. Menon Dr.
Published: October 2024

None
A Phytochemical Study on the Poly Herbal Ayurvedic Eye Drop
Authors: Bavalatti Narayan , Rajagopala Manjusha
Published: October 2024

None
A Clinical Study on the efficacy of Panchaksheerivriksha Twak lepa in Keeta Visha
Authors: K. Shobha Bhat Dr. , K.V. Asha Dr. , C.M. Sreekishnan Dr.
Published: October 2024

None
Technogenic industrial waste is a valuable raw material for the production of building materials
Authors:   AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Batyrkhanova Akmaral , Issayeva Raziya , Sarsenbayev Bakytzhan , Sauganova Gaukhar , Abduova Aisulu
Published: October 2024

The growth of industrial production leads to an increase in the volume of waste generated and the costs of their storage, concentration, burial, disposal, capture or neutralization, especially in the non-fer-rous metallurgy of Kazakhstan. The metallurgical production system is based on technological processes that actively interact with the environment. The bulk of existing technological processes are built on the principle of open systems, on the one hand consuming raw materials and energy, and on the other – producing finished products and waste. Taking into account the current level of production, a significant period of time is still required to significantly reduce production waste associated with the improvement of technological processes. During these periods, waste accumulating in industrial and other territories continues to intensively pollute the soil, air and water sources.The purpose of the work: Utilization of man-made industrial waste and development of technologi-cal bases for the production of composite cements based on them. The use of waste “carbonate-barium tailings”, phosphoric and blast furnace slags in the production of composite cements, on the one hand, improves the ecological situation of the region, and on the other hand, allows us to save reserves of natural resources for future generations, especially non-renewable ones, and prevent the destruction of natural landscapes with natural self-development. In the course of the work, standard and generally ac-cepted research methods were carried out: chemical and mineralogical methods of analysis, scanning electron microscopy, physical and mechanical tests.
Retrospective radiation situation of the urdzhar district of the Аbai region
Authors:   AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Lipikhina Alexandra , Esilkanov Gani , Yurievna Yulia , Harbron Richard , Ostroumova Evgenia , Apsalikov Kazbek
Published: October 2024

Atmospheric tests, which became the main cause of radioactive pollution of the environment, at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site were completed in 1962. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) con-ducted nuclear tests in the atmosphere from 1965 to 1980. The settlements of the Urdzhar district of the Abai region are located at a distance of 600-700 km from the Semipalatinsk test site and at a distance of 900-1100 km from the chinese Lob-Nor test site. The main scientific issue of the entire study is to assess the contribution of ionizing radiation at low dose range due to the Lob-Nor nuclear tests to the formation of the radiation situation in the southern part of the Abai region. An important aspect of the research will be to study the impact of nuclear tests at the Lob-Nor test site (PRC) on the population of Kazakhstan. The paper presents the analysis results of previously unpublished archival data on the parameters of radiation-hygienic situation in the study area. According to the content of radioisotopes, caesium-137 and strontium-90, in soil of Urdzhar district, two peaks are distinguished, which occurred in June 1967 and July 1973 and significantly exceed the indicators of 1963 and the national average levels of soil contimination.
The current ecological state of the Volga-Ural saiga population and the problems of sustainable development of the population
Authors:   AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Begilov Talgat , Bizhanova Nazerke , Eszhanov Birlikbay , Sarsenova Bibigul
Published: October 2024

This article is dedicated to studying the complex ecology of the Volga-Ural saiga population in Kazakhstan, providing comprehensive information about its current state and dynamics. Extensive field studies were conducted in key locations such as calving sites, summer pastures, and wintering grounds to understand habitat conditions, ecological characteristics, and relationships with other animal species. The increasing population of Volga-Ural saigas has led to conflicts of interest with agricultural producers, which have been examined alongside proposed measures for resolution. Currently, this population is the world`s largest, uniquely positioned in the border area between Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. In recent years, saigas have been observed crossing the borders of these countries in the west and northwest of the West Kazakhstan region during spring, seeking calving sites. Fluctuation in saiga numbers from perilous lows to record highs within several years, raise concerns about sustainable long-term development. The author`s research seeks to address these questions and aligns with other researchers advocating for population regulation through controlled reduction necessary to manage the rapidly increasing saiga population effectively. Furthermore, this article serves as a valuable resource for conservation stakeholders, including those interested in saiga protection and regional agriculture development. It significantly contributes to understanding the intricate ecosystem dynamics along the right bank of the Ural River, emphasizing the importance of sustainable natural resource management for saiga conservation and overall biodiversity in the region.
EFFECIENCY OF SIMULATING DECAY HEATIN THE CORIUM OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR BY THE OHMIC HEATING METHOD
Authors:   AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Skakov Mazhyn , Baklanov Viktor , Nurpaissova Gulnur , Toleubekov Kuanyshbek , Akayev Assan , Bekmuldin Maxat
Published: October 2024

Most commonly, in consequence of a severe accident at a nuclear power plant(NPP) followedby a meltdown of the reactor core, corium is formed. Decay heat is one of the features of it andhighly affectsthe thermal field of the entire corium. Thus, takinginto account the decay heat is a central tophysical modelingof severe accidents. For this reason, methods for simulating decay heatmust meet at least two requirements of physical modeling: intensity and uniformity of heating throughout the entire volume of the melt.This paper provides studies on the efficiencyof using ohmic heating as a method for simulating decay heatin a corium prototype during experiments at the LAVA-B test-bench. Melt heating data using an ohmic heater was obtained by computer modeling based on a software packageANSYS. To assess the efficiencyof using ohmic heating, the obtained calculation parameters were compared with the parameters of other existing methods for simulating decay heatin the melt under similar conditions, such as induction heating and plasmatron heating.
Effect of Prone Position Ventilation in Patients with Severe Craniocerebral Injury Complicated with Pulmonary Infection
Authors: Huang Xiaoqiong , Lan Xuebing , Li Juan , Zhao Min , Hu Xiaofang , Hu Zhihong , Li Qi
Published: October 2024

Objective: To investigate the effects of prone ventilation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with pulmonary infection. Methods: A total of 100 patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with pulmonary infection in the hospital were randomly divided into a prone ventilation group and a conventional ventilation group, with 50 patients in each group. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, APACHE II score, sputum culture results, oxygenation indicators, and prognosis were compared between the two groups. Data were processed using SPSS 25.0 statistical software, and t-tests and chi-square tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results: The experimental group showed better oxygenation indicators, a lower positive rate of sputum cultures, and reduced intracranial pressure compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that GCS score, APACHE II score, and prone ventilation were independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prone ventilation can improve oxygenation, reduce the risk of pulmonary infection, and decrease intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with pulmonary infection, thereby improving patient prognosis. GCS score and APACHE II score can serve as important indicators for prognostic evaluation.
Effect of Accounts Receivable Practice on Value of Listed Manufacturing Firms at Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya
Authors: Jescah Nanjendo Matini , Dennis Bulla , Fredrick Kiongera
Published: October 2024

Purpose: Effect of accounts receivable management practice on listed manufacturing firms value at NSE, Kenya
Design/Methodology/Approach: Causal design adopted on 8 manufacturing firms listed NSE. A five year secondary data was hence attained for 2017 to 2021 years. Data presented through tables was inferentially computed.
Findings: Accounts receivable management practice had a significant association with value of listed NSE manufacturing companies Kenya
Implications/Originality/Value: The study recommends that credit sales and cash sales should be checked to ensure that accounts receivable management practice is effective