bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Association of Increased Spontaneous Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro with Clinical Manifestations of Drug Hypersensitivity
Authors: Gill Fred A.
Published: January 2023

Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation was measured in peripheral-blood lymphocyte cultures obtained from patients who developed clinical manifestations of drug allergy related to penicillin therapy. Control observations were made on cultures obtained from healthy individuals not receiving drugs and patients receiving penicillin without signs of drug allergy. The proportion of transformed cells in cultures obtained from the allergic patients before or after allergic drug reactions was similar to the proportion of transformed cells in cultures from the control groups. However, cultures obtained from the allergic patients during episodes of allergic drug reactions contained significantly more transformed cells than cultures obtained from the control groups. Spontaneous transformation was not decreased in cultures of washed lymphocytes obtained during an allergic drug reaction and was not increased by addition of plasma obtained during allergic reactions to cultures obtained after the allergic reactions. Addition of penicillin to lymphocyte cultures resulted in suggestive evidence of a correlation between penicillin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation and penicillin allergy.
The Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge to Detect Primary Interactions between I131-Labeled Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Rothberg Richard M. , Farr Richard S.
Published: January 2023

The different sedimentation characteristies of free I131-labeled antigen (I*antigen) and I*-antigen-antibody complexes in the preparative ultracentrifuge have been used as the basis for a test to detect and measure the primary interaction between antigen and antibody. When serial dilutions of 10 different rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin sera were studied the results obtained with the ultracentrifuge method correlated well with data obtained by the ammonium sulfate technique. The broad applicability of the ultracentrifuge method is illustrated by studies of the use of the method to detect antibody against bovine γ-globulin, and antigen difficult to study by most other primary binding techniques.
Rabbit Antibodies Induced by Calf Thymus Histone-Serum Albumin Complexes
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Liss Maurice , David Stollar B.
Published: January 2023

Antibodies that react in C′ fixation with calf thymus histone determinants have been produced in two rabbits by immunization with whole histone coupled to human serum albumin with a carbodiimide reagent. The sera containing these antibodies reacted directly with the coupled whole histone (whole histone-HSA) and with the histone fractions coupled to HSA. The sera did not react directly with free whole histone, but both unconjugated histone and the fractions inhibited the reaction with coupled histone. Slight direct reactivity was observed with protamine-HSA. The histone-HSA did not react with either a nonimmune serum or an unrelated immune serum, and the free whole histone did not inhibit the reaction of an unrelated antigen-antibody system. In direct reactions with the conjugated histone fractions, the greatest reactivity occurred with F1(A)-HSA, followed by F2b-HSA, Fw-HSA, and F2a-HSA. This same order of effectiveness of the free fractions was observed in inhibition of the reaction of this serum with whole histone-HSA. Fraction F1(A) was also the most effective inhibitor of the reaction with any of the coupled fractions. The order of direct reactivity with the coupled fractions and inhibition by the free fractions each paralleled the lysine-arginine ratios of these fractions but not those of the whole histone preparation. Other basic polypeptides such as polylysine (MW 100,000), poly-arginine, and methylated bovine serum albumin also inhibited this system but failed to inhibit a nonrelated C′-fixing immune system. Monomeric lysine and arginine neither inhibited nor reacted directly when conjugated to HSA.
Characterization of Hamster Antibody Reacting with Papovavirus SV40 Tumor Antigen
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S.
Published: January 2023

Fractionation of sera obtained from hamsters bearing tumors induced by SV40-transformed cells by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and Sephadex G 200 chromatography yielded an antibody with sedimentation coefficient of 7 S. This antibody reacted specifically with SV40 tumor antigen in complement-fixation and immunofluorescence tests. The antibody in whole serum and in isolated fractions also sedimented as 7 S when centrifuged in sucrose density gradients; antibody obtained from animals bearing tumors of various size had similar properties. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antibody isolated on DEAE-cellulose revealed the presence of two 7 S γ-globulins; antibody activity has been associated with the slower migrating globulin. The antibody activity was resistant to inactivation by 0.1 M mercaptoethanol.
Highly Specific Lung Localizing Antibodies
Authors: Tsuzuku Osamu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antibodies against rat lung or kidney were labeled with 125I and injected into rats. The distribution of the antibodies on cellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation was different for the lungs and kidneys. In lung, the antibody was found in the microsome fraction. In contrast, the antibodies localized in kidneys were associated mostly with a fraction sedimentable at 700 RCF. Both anti-lung and anti-kidney antibodies behaved very similarly in this respect.

Antibodies associated with cellular fractions of lungs and kidneys were eluted and the localizing properties of the eluates were determined. The microsome fraction of lung gave the eluate which showed the highest as well as the most preferential localization in lungs. On the other hand, the low speed sediment fraction of kidney gave the eluate which showed the highest as well as the most preferential localization in kidneys.

Exhaustive absorption of in vivo purified anti-lung antibodies with sediments of kidney and liver revealed that 20% of the antibodies were lung specific localizing antibodies. A smaller proportion of kidney specific localizing antibody was isolated from an anti-kidney antibody preparation.
The Immune Response of the Bovine Species Infused Intramammarily with a Semi-Purified Preparation of the Flagella of Salmonella Bacteria
Authors: Smith K. L. , Porter R. M.
Published: January 2023

Using the methods of immobilization and bacterial chaining (somatic agglutination) for the determination of Salmonella anti-H and anti-O titer respectively, the cow was found to have an initial blood serum anti-H titer of 10 to 80 and anti-O titer of 20 to 320. Similar initial anti-H and anti-O titers were not always found in the milk.

Infusion of the mammary gland with a semi-purified preparation of Salmonella flagella brought about an acute inflammation of the gland, a high systemic temperature, a drop in milk production and a shift to a more alkaline pH of the milk. An anti-H and anti-O titer response was stimulated in both the blood serum and the milk. The titer of the blood serum was invariably higher than that of the milk and the anti-O response was dominant to the anti-H response. The greatest increase in titer followed within 6 to 10 days of the first antigen infusion. Subsequent antigen infusions only maintained the response from the first infusion. The titer of the blood remained much more constant than that of the milk with the milk returning to initial titer levels within 7 to 8 days postinfusion. There was a definite titer response in the milk of the noninfused quarters; however, it was not as marked or as persistent as the titer of the infused quarters.

Intramammary infusion of a semi-purified preparation of Salmonella flagella brought about a definite systemic antibody response. The marked anti-O titer indicates that part of the cellular somatic antigen remains attached to the flagella when they were removed from the cell wall.

In the blood serum the anti-O antibody was predominantly IgG while anti-H antibody was about 50% IgG and 50% IgM.

Semi-purified flagellar antigen of Salmonella infused intramammarily at a level of 1.0 µg/kg body weight elicited antibody response, but a dose of 9.71 µg/kg suppressed antibody response.

With intravenous injection of the same antigen preparation in rabbits, a higher anti-H titer was obtained than anti-O titer.
The Titer and Avidity of Natural Antisheep Hemolysins in X-Irradiated Rabbits
Authors: Draper Laurence R. , Owens John R.
Published: January 2023

Natural hemolysin titer and avidity were followed in intact and in splenectomized rabbits not irradiated or irradiated with one or more doses of 500-r x-rays to the total body.

Mean hemolysin titers and avidity in unirradiated groups of intact and splenectomized rabbits remained more or less constant. Hemolysin titer in intact rabbits declined for about 12 days after irradiation. Recovery then ensued and usually led to enhanced titers during the 3rd and 4th weeks. Recovery was delayed but not impaired by a second dose of 500 r 7 days after the first one. Reirradiation during the recovery period (16 or 32 days after the first one) prompted, often after a lag of several days, a second titer decline followed by a second recovery. Hemolysin titers after irradiation of splenectomized rabbits followed the same sequence as in intact rabbits, but the decline persisted for several more days, recovery was more sluggish and significantly enhanced titers were not found 39 days after a single irradiation or 23 days after the second of two irradiations. Avidity of hemolysin, as measured by intercellular transfer, was typically low, varied widely both within groups and with time and was independent of titer. The variability and fluctuations suggested that natural hemolysin levels are maintained by a series of small, independent γM responses yielding hemolysin of varying degrees of specificity for sheep ervthrocytes.
“Protein A” from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne , Sjöquist John
Published: January 2023

Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus precipitates in agar gel normal rabbit γG-globulin and a rabbit anti-protein A γG preparation. In both cases there seem to be reactive regions located in the Fc fragments of the γG-globulin molecule, i.e., structural parts which currently are not believed to contain true antibody active sites. We did not observe a reaction between protein A and the Fab fragments of normal rabbit γG-globulin or rabbit anti-protein A. It is possible that soluble complexes were formed which were not detectable by the methods used.
The Influence of the Dose of Thyroid Extract and Mycobacteria Upon Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Inbred Histocompatible and Random-Bred Guinea Pigs
Authors: McMaster Philip R. B. , Lerner Edwin M. , Kyriakos Michael , Mueller Peter S.
Published: January 2023

The frequency and severity of allergic thyroiditis in guinea pigs appears to be a function of the dose of thyroid extract, the dose of mycobacteria given in the immunizing emulsion and the strain of guinea pig inoculated. High doses of both thyroid extract and of mycobacteria lead to severe disease, whereas moderate doses of one along with high doses of the other cause moderate disease. Low doses of one or of both produce minimal disease. The degree of delayed sensitivity and the amount of serum anti-thyroid antibody are also regulated by these factors. The genetic constitution of the guinea pigs is also a controlling factor in the susceptibility to and the severity of experimental allergic thyroiditis. The Hartley strain animal develops thyroiditis more readily than does the strain 13 animal in response to low doses of thyroid antigen and develops it more severely in response to higher doses.
Disaggregated Human Erythrocyte Membranes and Blood Group Activity
Authors: Green Floyd A.
Published: January 2023

Twice lyophilized human erythrocyte membranes were solubilized or disaggregated with an anionic detergent, sodium duodecyl sulfate, and the latter completely removed by anionic exchange chromatography with Dowex 2. Gel filtration of the solubilized material in detergent showed multiple peaks indicating a diversity of molecular size. Gel filtration of the solubilized material after detergent removal showed a single sharp peak coming off with the void volume (molecular weight equal or more than 300,000). After detergent removal, blood group A, B and O (H) activities were shown to be present by hemagglutination inhibition experiments. M and N activities were also seen, but not Rh antigen activity.
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells in Unsensitized Mice
Authors: Hege John S. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

Using the standard antibody plaque technique, numbers of background anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cells (PFC's) in spleens of unsensitized mice were determined after neonatal thymectomy, after whole body x-irradiation and after injection of phytohemagglutinin-M or typhoid parathyphoid vaccine. The results show that numbers of background PFC's are not affected by neonatal thymectomy or by whole body x-irradiation at dose levels known to inhibit cellular proliferation, but that they are significantly increased (10 to 20 fold) by phytohemagglutinin, typhoid vaccine and other unrelated antigens.

Simultaneous determinations of background anti-sheep erythrocyte and anti-horse erythrocyte PFC's indicate that these two populations are independent of one another.

From these and other studies it is concluded that background PFC's 1) produce specific hemolysin, 2) are thymus independent, 3) are relatively long lived (average life time τ; 7 days) and 4) are not related to the antigen-sensitive precursor cells of the primary response PFC's.
Biologic Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Salmon S. , Fudenberg Hugh
Published: January 2023

Human myeloma proteins, γ2a, γ2b, γ2c, γ2d and γA, normal γA-globulin and γM-globulin from normal individuals and from Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients were aggregated by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine. The aggregates and the untreated proteins were studied for complement-fixing properties and skin reactivity in normal guinea pigs. Neither untreated nor aggregated γ2d- and γA-globulins showed either activity. The other immunoglobulins, e.g., γ2a, γ2b, γ2d and γM, induced C′ fixing properties upon aggregation. The results were confirmed by C′1 fixation tests. The aggregated γ2b- and γ2c-globulins induced increased permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries, whereas neither aggregated γ2a- nor γM-globulin did. These activities of aggregated γ-globulins were independent of types of light chains and of the presence of Gm factors (a) (b) and (f). The results indicate that the heavy chain structures which are essential for C′1 fixation are different from those involved in fixation of the γ-globulin molecules to guinea pig tissues for passive sensitization.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W.
Published: January 2023

Germfree, colostrum-deprived piglets obtained by hysterectomy 3 to 5 days prior to term were free of detectable immunoglobulins in their sera and appeared to be “immunologically virgin.” This model was used, therefore, to determine whether “natural” antibodies are required for induction of antibody formation and for the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Within 2 hr, 99.9% of actinophage MSP-2, 85% of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and 50% of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were eliminated from the blood of these “immunologically virgin” animals. After 48 hr the rate of clearance of MSP-2 increased markedly, indicating immune elimination. This correlated with the time of the onset of the true primary immune response involving 19 S γG. Comparable immune elimination within the same period was not observed with soluble BSA and KLH. With the more antigenic particulate phage, the lag or inductive period in the true primary immune response was probably less than 36 hr.

These results indicate that the initial elimination of antigen in this model is an innate physiologic mechanism independent of antibodies.

Passively immunized piglets eliminated antigen rapidly indicating that specific antibody assists and enhances the function of the RES.

In these “immunologically virgin” animals, the soluble antigens BSA and KLH were eliminated slowly and gave a delayed immune response compared to the rapidly cleared and highly antigenic particulate actinophage. It is suggested that phagocytability and digestability of antigen influence antigenicity.
Changes in Erythrocyte I Agglutinogen and Anti-I Agglutinins During Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection in Man
Authors: Smith Charles B. , McGinniss Mary H. , Schmidt Paul J.
Published: January 2023

Changes in the erythrocyte I agglutinogen and in serum anti-I agglutinins were studied following experimental infection of 27 adult volunteers with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. An increase in thermal amplitude of anti-I agglutinins developed in 12, among whom seven had simultaneous rises in titer of cold agglutinins. The activity of the erythrocyte I agglutinogen was transiently reduced following M. pneumoniae infection in five of the volunteers. These changes were not associated with clinical or laboratory evidence of hemolytic anemia. The possibility that M. pneumoniae organisms directly altered the erythrocyte I antigen leading to the production of anti-I antibodies is discussed.
Presence of Kappa and Lambda Light Chain Determinants in 3 S γ1-Globulins of Pooled Normal Human Plasma
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Schmid Karl
Published: January 2023

Preparations of the plasma 3 S γ1-globulin contain 20% light chain antigenic determinants of kappa and lambda type as measured by antisera to relatively buried light chain determinants. The ratio of kappa to lambda light chains in these preparations was approximately 3 to 1. Analysis of the remainder of the antigenic constituents of the 3 S γ1-globulins by Ouchterlony plates and serologic inhibition studies indicated no relationship to H-chain antigens of γG, γA, γM or γD.
Notation for Human Immunoglobin Subclasses
Authors: Fahey John L. , Franklin Edward C. , Kunkel Henry G. , Osserman Elliott F. , Terry William D.
Published: January 2023

Human immunoglobulin molecules can be divided into at least four major groups or classes referred to either as IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD, or γG, γA, γM and γD, as suggested by a Committee on Nomenclature for Human Immunoglobulins.6

Recent studies in many laboratories have shown that several of these classes can be further divided into subclasses, and consequently, several temporary subclass designations have come into use.

Considerable information has been obtained concerning immunoglobulin G and A subclasses, and it now seems appropriate to 1) initiate a uniform notation for the immunoglobulin G subclasses and 2) propose a general format for notation of additional immunoglobulin subclasses as they are described. The general proposal is as follows.

Subclasses should be indicated by an arabic numeral following letter denoting the class. Arabic rather than Roman numerals are suggested because of their greater simplicity. Confusion with the genetic factors can be avoided by listing genetic factor in parentheses, preferably preceded by the locus.
Studies on the Transfer of Myeloma Protein Synthesis with RNA Isolated from the C3H Plasma Cell Tumor (X5563)
Authors: Chin Paul H. , Silverman Myron S.
Published: January 2023

Lymphoid cells, either untreated or pretreated with protamine sulfate, were incubated in vitro with RNA isolated from the C3H plasma cell tumor. The cells were subsequently injected into sublethally irradiated isogenic recipients or cultured in vitro in medium containing C14-L-leucine. Both methods were found to support protein synthesis by the RNA-treated cells. However, in spite of the greatly enhanced uptake of RNA by protamine-treated cells, induced myeloma protein synthesis could not be demonstrated. Electrophoretic analysis of sera from recipient animals showed, in a few instances, the presence of a serum component which has the same electrophoretic mobility as the γ myeloma protein. Immunological analyses, however, indicated the absence of proteins having the specific antigenic characteristics of the tumor protein. Similarly, although radioimmunoelectrophoresis showed de novo synthesis of globulins by RNA-treated cells cultured in vitro, these globulins did not react with the specific antimyeloma globulin serum.
Isolation and Characterization of Antibodies and other Immunologically Reactive Substances from Rejecting Renal Allografts
Authors: Hampers Constantine L. , Kolker Paul , Hager Edward B.
Published: January 2023

Tissue bound, complement fixing (and presumably cytotoxic) antibodies were regularly found in rejecting canine renal allografts. Techniques for the elution and characterization of these antibodies and other immunologically reactive substances from kidneys undergoing rejection are described.

Physicochemical characteristics of the antibodies eluted from rejecting homografts conform to the electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal criteria for 19 S (IgM) and 7 S (IgG) immunoglobulins.

Biologic activity of these antibodies includes a preferential affinity for donor kidney antigen as well as cross-reactivity with antigen from “indifferent donors.” Consistent demonstration of affinity for host antigen helps substantiate the concept of autoimmunity in allograft rejection. Antibody cross-reacted best with donor lung and platelets and had lesser reactivity against donor bladder, liver and spleen.

A small molecular weight complement fixing substance was found in all rejecting kidneys, but it was not present in normal tissue. This dialyzable substance inactivates complement when reacted with kidney or platelet “antigen” but exhibits no donor specific affinity.

A large molecular weight inhibitor of complement hemolytic activity was regularly found in all kidney tissue, rejected or normal.
Purified Rabies Vaccine: Development and Comparison of Potency and Safety with Two Human Rabies Vaccines
Authors: Sikes R. Keith , Larghi O. P.
Published: January 2023

A purified rabies vaccine was prepared using centrifugation and chromatographic techniques to separate rabies antigen from suckling mouse brain tissue used to grow the virus. The vaccine was free of encephalitogenic activity and was devoid of virtually all tissue components that might cause local reactions. It was more potent than either of the two commercial anti-rabies vaccines used in these tests.
The Dependence of Cold Agglutinin Activity on K Chains
Authors: Costea Nicolas , Yakulis Vincent , Heller Paul
Published: January 2023

Cold agglutinins obtained from patients with infectious mononucleosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, systemic lupus erythematosus and naturally occurring cold agglutinins are bitypic IgM containing K and L type light chains in the same molecule. Cold agglutinins produced by patients with chronic cold agglutinin disease contain exclusively K type light chains. In vitro hybridization studies suggest that cold agglutinin activity is proportional to the number of K type 7S-subunits contained in the IgM molecule.
Three Naturally-Occurring Inhibitors of Components of Complement in Guinea Pig and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Tamura Noboru , Nelson Robert A. , Haugland Elaine , Paterson Leslie
Published: January 2023

At the present time, the complement (C′) system may be defined as consisting of nine hemolytic components and of at least three inhibitors or inactivators of specific components (1). In this report, some properties of three naturally-occurring inactivators of components in guinea pig and rabbit C′ are described. One is similar to a heat labile α-globulin of human serum which inhibits C′1 esterase (2–4) and to an ether labile factor in guinea pig serum which was shown by Klein in 1960 (5) to inactivate C′1 bound to sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EAbC′1). The existence of an inactivator with different specificity originally was suggested in experiments of Nishioka and Linscott (6). In 1965, we isolated and characterized this substance as a specific inactivator of C′3 (7). In 1966, one of us discovered yet another naturally-occurring inactivator in rabbit serum which is specific for C′6 (8).
Localization and Quantitation of Transplantation Antibodies
Authors: Perper Robert J. , Najarian John S.
Published: January 2023

Serum of animals sensitized with intrafamilial xenografts can passively transfer transplantation immunity. The IgG of this serum specifically fixed in renal xenografts in amounts 6 to 12 times greater than in the normal recipient's kidneys. Fixation was independent of serum protein precipitins, hemagglutinating and organ specific antibodies. Autoradiographic analysis showed that the IgG was fixed primarily in the walls of the small blood vessels. The technique that was used was proved to be a sensitive and specific means of detecting tissue fixation of transplantation antibodies.
Sites of Synthesis of Serum Proteins
Authors: Stecher V. J. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

Incorporation of C14-amino acid into serum proteins by cell lines and strains in vitro was studied using the technique of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Fibroblast-like cells of both human and murine origin produced serum proteins associated with complement activity. Epithelial-like cells of several established cell lines produced β1C. Lymphoblastic cells of murine origin synthesized transferrin. A rat hepatoma cell line produced strong labeling of albumin, β1C and transferrin.

The dissociation between production of β1C and transferrin in murine cell lines is discussed in relation to the production of both these proteins by mouse lymphoid tissue and peritoneal macrophages.

A few fresh tumor tissues were also studied. Of them, an epithelioma of the thymus was particularly interesting, since it actively produced both β1C and β1E.
Immunoglobulin Isoantigens (Allotypes) in the Mouse
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Herzenberg Leonard A.
Published: January 2023

Three heavy chain allotypic specificities have been found on two of the mouse immunoglobulin classes, γG2a and γG2b. The other described immunoglobulin allotypic specificities in the mouse are restricted to one or another H-chain class. The possible evolutionary origins of shared or common specificities are discussed.
The Effect of ε-Aminocaproic Acid on Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Authors: Wold Richard T. , Reid Robert T. , Farr Richard S.
Published: January 2023

The effect of ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) treatment of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied in vitro. Primary binding and spontaneous precipitation of I131 BSA by rabbit anti-BSA were not affected by EACA concentrations as high as 7 × 10-3M, but were partially inhibited by 3 × 10-2M and higher. The inhibitory effect of the higher concentrations of EACA was completely reversible by dialysis of the treated antisera, indicating no permanent alteration of the BSA binding or precipitating capacity. Anti-BSA hemagglutination titers were not altered by EACA concentrations as high as 7 × 10-2M and we were unable to confirm the reported inhibitory effect of EACA upon human isoagglutinins. Thus, if EACA in a concentration comparable to current human therapeutic plasma levels of 10-3M has any effect on immune mechanisms, it does not affect the primary binding or secondary manifestations of the antigen-antibody reaction as measured by the in vitro techniques employed.
Characteristics of Antibody Response in Young or Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Takeya Kenji , Nomoto Kikuo
Published: January 2023

Newborn mice immunized at the 3rd day of life did not produce ME-resistant antibody to sheep erythrocytes throughout the observation period of 31 days, although half of them produced ME-sensitive antibody. The interval between the appearance of ME-sensitive and ME-resistant antibodies became shorter as mice were immunized at an older age. The mice immunized at 25 days of age showed an almost completely matured type of immunologic response to sheep erythrocyte antigens. In neonatally thymectomized mice not only were the capacities for immunologic response generally suppressed, but ME-resistant antibody appeared much later than it did in control mice after injections of sheep erythrocytes. The time-course of the ME-resistant antibody response of neonatally thymectomized mice resembled that of young mice. The size of hemolysin plaques produced by spleen cells of mice 10 days of age was smaller than that observed with the spleen cells of adult mice. It is concluded that in extremely young mice the number of hemolysin plaque-forming cells is small, and also that the capacity of each antibody-producing cell is less than it is in adult mice.

In neonatally thymectomized mice injected repeatedly with sheep erythrocytes, hemagglutinin titers increased to levels almost as high as those in sham-thymectomized mice that were immunized according to the same schedule. This increase in ME-resistant antibody production after repeated injections in neonatally thymectomized mice was specific for the antigen that was given.
Serum Autoantibodies in Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma: Selective Affinity for I-Bands of Striated Muscle As a Guide to Identification of Antigen(s)
Authors: Strauss Arthur J. L. , Kemp Pierson G.
Published: January 2023

A panel of sera from 90 persons was studied with respect to sites of binding of γ-globulins to striated muscle in vitro. The indirect and direct fluorescent antibody techniques were employed and compared. Sera from 51 individuals including 47 selected patients with myasthenia gravis, when tested with the indirect technique, reacted consistently with skeletal muscle I-bands in cryostat sections and myofibril suspensions of bovine, human and rabbit origin in a titer range 1:120 to 1:1920. H-zone (M-line) staining was a frequent associated finding. Sera from 49 control individuals reacted with the same morphologic loci, within limits determinable by light microscopic techniques, in a titer range 1:15 to 1:30. Individual and pooled serum globulins from patients with myasthenia gravis, which had been conjugated directly with fluorescein isothiocyanate, also reacted with I-bands and H-zones in a titer range 1:40 to 1:80. Directly conjugated serum globulins from normal controls failed to produce striational staining. The pattern of staining seen with both indirect and direct fluorescent antibody techniques strongly resembles that produced upon treatment of striated muscle with fluorescent antibodies against purified actin and tropomyosin. The present findings strongly suggest that A-band and Z-line staining with human sera on a specific immunologic basis, as described or inferred in previous reports, is an uncommon effect, if indeed it occurs at all. It is more likely that previous descriptions or interpretations of A-band staining by sera from patients with myasthenia gravis can be explained on the basis of procedural flaws and limitations. The possible staining of narrow zones of A-bands immediately adjacent to stained I-bands cannot be totally excluded because of the limits of resolution of the fluorescent antibody technique.
The Effects of Bacterial Endotoxin on Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Des Prez Roger M.
Published: January 2023

The heat-labile plasma factor (HLPF) necessary for endotoxin-induced platelet injury in citrated plasma has been investigated. HLPF does not appear to be complement since no complement fixation occurs during the course of the platelet-endotoxin interaction. A functionally similar factor removed from plasma by zymosan appears to be the same in substitution experiments. The conditions employed in the zymosan adsorption also differentiate the adsorbed factor from complement. The relationship of this factor to properdin is discussed.
Some Observations on the Immunopathology of Virus-Induced Tumors
Authors: Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

For me, this afternoon represents an important and significant occasion, and I should like, first and above all, to express my thanks and gratitude to the members of this Association for the honors they have bestowed upon me, first by electing me to the governing Council, and now to serve as President of the Association, which permits me to appear before this assemblage today. The Presidential Address of this Association, which has become a tradition, has not, fortunately, followed any set pattern—the speaker has always been free to go where fancy or whim suggest. Even so, my presentation for this afternoon was prepared with some misgivings, inasmuch as the studies and investigations with which I have been concerned over the course of my professional career have been in the fields of virology, experimental pathology and epidemiology, and not primarily in immunology, albeit they have been appreciably more than casually influenced by this tremendously important discipline.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Kim Charles W. , Savel Herbert , Hamilton L. D.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs were sensitized with crude saline extract of Trichinella spiralis larvae in combination with complete adjuvant, and skin-tested 5, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days later. A 7-day latent period proved optimal for establishing a delayed response in donors without production of precipitating antibody. When lymph node cells from these sensitized donors were transferred to normal recipient animals by the intraperitoneal route, the optimal latent period proved to be 3 days after transfer, at which time the delayed skin reaction was maximal in area.
Specificity of the Anamnestic Response to a Double Hapten Conjugate in Guinea Pigs Primed with a Single Hapten
Authors: Levine Bernard B.
Published: January 2023

Genetic responder guinea pigs primed with either benzylpenicilloyl-poly-l-lysine (BPO13-PLL287) or dinitrophenyl-polylysine (DNP13-PLL287) and boosted with the double hapten conjugate BPO13-DNP14-PLL287 gave an anamnestic response to the priming hapten and a primary response to the new hapten. Primary and anamnestic responses were clearly differentiated on the basis of antibody titers, time of attainment of maximal titers, and mercaptoethanol sensitivity of the antibodies. Both haptens were shown to be present on the double conjugate molecule. The absence of a booster response to the new hapten did not appear to be due to antigenic competition. These findings indicate for the present system, that the specificity of the anamnestic response relates only to individual antigenic determinants of a complex antigen, and not to the entire antigen molecule. These results would tend to exclude an enhanced processing of the antigen molecule as the crucial mechanism of the anamnestic response. The relationship between these results and the apparently discordant results of others is discussed.
Immunochemical Quantitation of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Components of Human Complement: Concentrations in the Serum of Healthy Adults
Authors: Kohler Peter F. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J.
Published: January 2023

Immunochemical quantitation of the third, fourth and fifth components of human complement is feasible with the single radial immuno-diffusion technique. Serum component concentrations (mg/ml) in 25 healthy adults were: C′3, 1.23 ± 0.26 (0.86 to 1.84); C′4, 0.436 ± 0.118 (0.240 to 0.800) and C′5, 0.076 ± 0.024 (0.042 to 0.140). The experimental error of the quantitation was 10% for C′3 and C′4 and 15% for C′5.

The immunochemical quantitation is influenced by in vitro conditions which allow physicochemical alterations in complement proteins; inclusion of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the agar and the use of fresh serum or serum stored at -70°C circumvents this problem.
Prevention of SV40 Virus Oncogenesis in Hamsters. II. The Effect of Thymectomy on Induction of Tumor Resistance by SV40-Transformed Human Cells
Authors: Girardi Anthony J. , Roosa Robert A.
Published: January 2023

SV40 was inoculated into newborn hamsters and, 7 days later, some of the animals were thymectomized. On day 21 all hamsters received 350 r total body irradiation. Prior to the development of SV40-induced tumors, the thymectomized and non-thymectomized sets were subdivided further into two groups; one subgroup of each set was injected with SV40-transformed human cells; the other subgroup remained as controls. All animals were observed for development of SV40-induced tumors.

The transformed cells induced tumor resistance only in the non-thymectomized host, thus indicating dependence on an intact lymphoid system for expression of tumor immunity, and showing that the cells most likely acted through their ability to stimulate a homograft rejection response.
Peran Guru Kristen dalam Membentuk Pemahaman Siswa tentang Penciptaan Alam Semesta yang Bersumber pada Alkitab
Authors: Christofer Fernando , Irawati Wahyu
Published: January 2023

The fall of man into sin has made man fail to understand God's truth about creation of the universe. Humans seek to uncover the truth of creation with secularism, which focuses on their thought and rejects God as creator. Worldview of creation that opposes God as Creator has become philosophical issues in Christian education that must be criticized with Biblical truth. Christian teachers have responsibility to shape students' worldview based on the Bible. This paper has purpose to examine Christian teachers’ role in shaping students' worldview of creation of the universe based on Biblical truth. The study was conducted with a study literature method that discusses three focuses named students’ worldview of creation of the universe, the role of Christian teachers in education, and the role of Christian teachers in shaping students' worldview. The worldview is formed from doctrine of Biblical creation. The role of the Christian teacher in shaping students' worldview is the responsibility of guiding and directing students learning orderliness of the universe which is by God’s work in Biblical truth. The next research suggested to carry out further analysis of students' perceptions and responses the understanding of creation as a form of evaluation of Christian teacher teaching practices.
The article has been withdrawn
Authors: Reed Francis
Published: January 2023

The article has been withdrawn
Terapia celular como tratamiento para mejorar la curación de heridas en pacientes con epidermólisis ampollosa distrófica recesiva
Authors: Debbe Esquivel Andrés , Soto Cordero Christian
Published: January 2023

La epidermólisis ampollosa es una enfermedad genética, hereditaria, crónica, sin tratamiento específico; reconocida como una enfermedad causada por mutaciones en diversos genes que codifican para las proteínas de la unión dermoepidérmica, causadas por una respuesta inmune anormal contra las proteínas de los desmosomas, caracterizándose por ampollas en piel y mucosas. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante biología molecular y estudio genético. Actualmente el tratamiento se basa en el curado de las heridas, con vaciamiento de las ampollas para luego cubrirlas con apósitos, los cuales deben cubrirse con gasas no adherentes y vendajes. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura más reciente disponible, acerca del uso de la terapia celular en la curación de las heridas en pacientes con epidermólisis ampollosa distrófica recesiva, en las bases de datos de Pubmed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect y TripDataBase. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando palabras claves y según una serie de criterios de inclusión y de exclusión que se mencionan más adelante.Entre las terapias celulares, el uso de fibroblastos es la modalidad más utilizada y puesta a prueba en ensayos clínicos. Se observó que el uso de la terapia celular como método de curación de las heridas en pacientes con epidermólisis ampollosa distrófica recesiva es una alternativa eficaz y segura, ya que aceleran la tasa de curación de las heridas y disminuyen la aparición de nuevas lesiones. No obstante, se requiere de más ensayos clínicos con una mayor cantidad de pacientes con el fin de evaluar de una mejor manera esta terapia. La terapia celular es una buena opción para acelerar la curación de heridas complicadas en la epidermólisis ampollosa distrófica recesiva, sin embargo, se requiere de más y mejores estudios para evaluar la eficacia de este tratamiento.
Crecimiento económico, empleo formal y estructura productiva
Authors: Trombetta Martin , Duarte Baracat Agustín , Menduiña Azul
Published: January 2023

The relationship between employment and economic growth is of great interest to the economic literature. Although the procyclicality of employment is well known, estimates of elasticities for countries such as Argentina are scarce. Using an autoregressive distributed lagged model (ARDL), this paper estimates the elasticity of formal employment with respect to output and the real exchange rate from administrative records for the period 2007-2019. The results indicate procyclicality is small in the short run but considerable in the long run. Additionally, when dividing employment into productive sectors (following two different levels of disaggregation), we find non-trivial sectoral patterns that point to the importance of the productive structure in the generation of formal employment. The sensitivity to the exchange rate, although small at the aggregate level, adopts relevant values in sectors whose productive insertion makes them typically net exporters or importers. Finally, we provide evidence of different elasticities according to the size of the firms and the sign of the movements in output.
Reception date: 19/05/2022Acceptance date: 15/07/2022
Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Frequency of Complicated Appendicitis in Pediatric Populations
Authors: Mohajerzadeh Leily , Ebrahimian Manoochehr , Sarafi Mehdi , Ebrahimisaraj Gholamreza , Rafiei Tabatabaei Sedigheh , Noorbakhsh Seyed Mahmood , Kaveh Ali , Taheri Hossein , Azimi Leila , Alebouyeh Masoud
Published: January 2023

Background: The clinical course of acute appendicitis, one of the most common diseases needing surgical intervention in children, was affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The global fear and panic about the outbreak and governmental decisions on lockdowns and restrictions led to an increasing number of complicated forms of appendicitis. Objectives: This study aimed to compare different aspects of appendicitis and its complications between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional analytical study, we enrolled all patients with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis for two consecutive years. Only children under 14 years of age were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the time of disease presentation, the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Demographic features, as well as clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings, were compared between the two groups. Results: Out of 369 patients included in the study, 173 were placed in the pre-pandemic group. There was no significant change in the incidence of appendicitis between the two periods (P = 0.232). However, the incidence of complicated appendicitis increased remarkably during the pandemic (27% vs. 11%, P < 0.001). No substantial differences were found in parameters like age, sex, laboratory findings, and the length of hospital stay between the two groups (P > 0.005). The patients who tested positive for COVID-19 had a significantly higher hospitalization duration (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggested that the rate of complicated appendicitis was substantially higher during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic time. Also, the proportion of midline laparotomy was significantly higher after the outbreak. These findings suggested that delays in care provision during the COVID-19 outbreak could have probably contributed to the rise in the incidence of complicated appendicitis in children.
Collaborative Pedagogies: Seeking and Finding Truth Within Indigenous Children’s Literature Through Multiliteracies
Authors: Burke Anne , Boison Benjamin , Toope Deborah
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, we highlight the work of two teachers as they engaged in collaborative practice while designing a curriculum that incorporated Indigenous perspectives and ways of knowing through a multiliteracies approach. We describe how these teachers used postcolonial Indigenous children’s literature as a launching point to explore historical and critical issues of Indigenous peoples with their students in an elementary classroom. We use data generated from interviews, focus group discussions, children’s drawings, journal writings, and photographs of classroom sessions. Using a multiliteracies pedagogical framework (situated practice, overt instruction, critical framing, and transformative practice), we show how these teachers transformed their practice and students’ understandings as they participated in learning events together. We also share some possible practices for incorporating Indigenous perspectives and ways of knowing into elementary classrooms. In conclusion, we discuss implications for teachers’ practice and the need for further research as we continue the important work towards truth and reconciliation.
Introduction
Authors: Swaminathan N. , Parente A.
Published: January 2023

The annual data published by IEA is analysed to get a projection for the combustion share in total primary energy supply for the world. This projection clearly identifies that more than 60% of world total primary energy supply will come from combustion based sources even in the year of 2110 despite an aggressive shift towards renewables. Hence, improving and searching for greener combustion technologies would be beneficial for addressing global warming. Computational approaches play an important role in this search. The large eddy simulation equations are presented and discussed. Potential terms which are amenable for using machine learning algorithms are identified as a prelude to later chapters of this volume.
Functionalized zein nanoparticles targeting neonatal Fc receptor to enhance lung absorption of peptides
Authors: Hameedat Fatima , Pinto Soraia , Marques Joana , Dias Sofia , Sarmento Bruno
Published: January 2023

Peptides have a distinguished therapeutic potential for several chronic conditions, and more than 80 peptides exist in the global market. However, most of these marketed peptide drugs are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to their fast degradation and limited absorption through non-invasive routes. The pulmonary route is favored as a non-invasive route. Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is expressed in adult human lungs and has a role in enhancing the pulmonary absorption of monoclonal antibodies. In this work, we developed and characterized candidate protein delivery systems for the pulmonary administration of peptides. The prepared bare and loaded zein nanoparticles (ZNPs), targeted, physically, and covalently PEGylated ZNPs showed hydrodynamic diameters between 137 and 155 nm and a narrow distribution index. Insulin, which was used as a protein model, showed an association efficiency of 72%, while the FcRn-targeted peptide conjugation efficiency was approximately 68%. The physically adsorbed poloxamer 407 on insulin-loaded ZNPs showed slower and controlled insulin release. The in vitro cell culture model consists of the NCI-H441 epithelial cell line, which confirmed its expression of the targeted receptor, FcRn. The safety of ZNPs was verified after incubation with both cell lines of the in vitro pulmonary model, namely NCI-H441 and HPMEC-ST1.6R, for 24 h. It was observed that targeted ZNPs enhanced insulin permeability by showing a higher apparent permeation coefficient than non-targeted ZNPs. Overall, both targeted PEGylated ZNPs showed to be suitable peptide carriers and adequately fit the demands of delivery systems designed for pulmonary administration.

Graphical Abstract