bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning nondoped carbon nanotubes to an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction by localizing the orbital of the nanotubes with topological defects
Authors: Jiang Shujuan , Li Zhe , Wang Huayu , Wang Yun , Meng Lina , Song Shaoqing
Published: September 2014

Nondoped CNTs were tuned to be an efficient ORR electrocatalyst by introducing topological defects to localize the orbital of CNTs, which enables the enhancement of O2 chemisorption and the electrocatalytic activity.
Retracted Article: Equilibrium and kinetic studies on adsorptive removal of malachite green by the citrate-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Mishra Rashmi Rani , Chandran Preethy , Khan S. Sudheer
Published: September 2014

Citrate-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles can be used for the efficient removal of malachite green.
A simple route to a 1D ferromagnetic Dy-containing compound showing magnetic relaxation behaviour
Authors: Zhu Wen-Hua , Zhang Yan , Guo Zhen , Wang Shen , Wang Juan , Huang Yan-Li , Liu Li , Fan Yu-Qiao , Cao Feng , Xiang Su-Wei
Published: September 2014

The relatively rare well-isolated 1D ferromagnetic chain of the Dy analogue displays magnetic relaxation behaviour.
Towards high-performance poly(l-lactide)/elastomer blends with tunable interfacial adhesion and matrix crystallization via constructing stereocomplex crystallites at the interface
Authors: Bai Hongwei , Bai Dongyu , Xiu Hao , Liu Huili , Zhang Qin , Wang Ke , Deng Hua , Chen Feng , Fu Qiang , Chiu Fang-Chyou
Published: September 2014

Preparing super-tough and heat-resistant PLLA/elastomer blends by constructing stereocomplex crystallites at the interface to simultaneously tailor interface and matrix properties.
New coordination features; a bridging pyridine and the forced shortest non-covalent distance between two CO32−species
Authors: Velasco V. , Aguilà D. , Barrios L. A. , Borilovic I. , Roubeau O. , Ribas-Ariño J. , Fumanal M. , Teat S. J. , Aromí G.
Published: September 2014

New coordination assemblies furnish a rare crevice pyridine ligand or encapsulation of the closest not bonded CO32−species.
Reactivity of uranium(iii) with H2E (E = S, Se, Te): synthesis of a series of mononuclear and dinuclear uranium(iv) hydrochalcogenido complexes
Authors: Franke Sebastian M. , Rosenzweig Michael W. , Heinemann Frank W. , Meyer Karsten
Published: September 2014

Reaction of [((AdArO)3N)UIII(DME)] with EH2 (E = S, Se, Te) yields a complete series of mono- and dinuclear uranium(iv) hydrochalcogenide complexes.
High-efficiency fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes with MoO3 and PEDOT : PSS composition film as a hole injection layer
Authors: Zhang Hongmei , Fu Qiang , Zeng Wenjin , Ma Dongge
Published: September 2014

The high efficiency and low efficiency roll-off can be achieved in C545T-based green OLEDs with MoO3/PEDOT : PSS as the interfacial modification layer on ITO.
Azobenzene based multistimuli responsive supramolecular hydrogels
Authors: Yang Runmiao , Peng Shuhua , Wan Wubo , Hughes Timothy C.
Published: September 2014

Multiresponsive hydrogels capable of reversible transitions to solutions upon changes in light, heat, shear and pH were prepared from low molecular weight azobenzene hydrogelators.
A context-independent N-glycan signal targets the misfolded extracellular domain of Arabidopsis STRUBBELIG to endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation
Authors: Hüttner Silvia , Veit Christiane , Vavra Ulrike , Schoberer Jennifer , Dicker Martina , Maresch Daniel , Altmann Friedrich , Strasser Richard
Published: September 2014

N-glycosylation of proteins plays an important role in the determination of the fate of newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Specific oligosaccharide structures recruit molecular chaperones that promote folding or mannose-binding lectins that assist in the clearance of improperly-folded glycoproteins by delivery to ER-associated degradation (ERAD). In plants, the mechanisms and factors that recognize non-native proteins and sort them to ERAD are poorly understood. In the present study, we provide evidence that a misfolded variant of the STRUBBELIG (SUB) extracellular domain (SUBEX-C57Y) is degraded in a glycan-dependent manner in plants. SUBEX-C57Y is an ER-retained glycoprotein with three N-glycans that is stabilized in the presence of kifunensine, a potent inhibitor of α-mannosidases. Stable expression in Arabidopsis thaliana knockout mutants revealed that SUBEX-C57Y degradation is dependent on the ER lectin OS9 and its associated ERAD factor SEL1L. SUBEX-C57Y was also stabilized in plants lacking the α-mannosidases MNS4 and MNS5 that generate a terminal α1,6-linked mannose on the C-branch of N-glycans. Notably, the glycan signal for degradation is not constrained to a specific position within SUBEX-C57Y. Structural analysis revealed that SUBEX-C57Y harbours considerable amounts of Glc1Man7GlcNAc2N-glycans suggesting that the ER-quality control processes involving calnexin/calreticulin (CNX/CRT) and ERAD are tightly interconnected to promote protein folding or disposal by termination of futile folding attempts.
Gruppenphänomene in ärztlichen Entscheidungen – Eine Analyse unter Assistenzärzten einer HNO-Klinik
Authors: Helmstaedter V. , Lenarz T. , Teschner M.
Published: September 2014

Hintergrund: Gruppenphänomene sind gekennzeichnet durch Verhaltensweisen, die von den Handlungen als Einzelperson differieren. Ein solches ist bspw. das Risikoschubphänomen. ­Diese Beobachtung beschreibt, dass Gruppen fast immer risikoreichere Entscheidungen treffen als die Einzelpersonen. Für Ärzte deutscher Kliniken sind Gruppenphänomene bisher nicht untersucht.

Material und Methoden: Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie erhielten die Studienteilnehmer einen Fragebogen mit einer Beschreibung von 12 klinischen Grenzfällen. Die Teilnehmer wurden gebeten, diesen selbstständig mit einer vorgegebenen numerischen Analogskala von 1 (keine OP- oder Therapieindikation) bis 10 (OP- oder Therapieindikation) zu beantworten. Am Nachmittag wurden die Fragen gemeinsam diskutiert und erneut beantwortet.

Ergebnisse: Vor der Diskussion lagen die Antwortmediane der einzelnen Fragen zwischen 3 und 9 (Mittelwert: 6,25), während nach der Diskussion die Mediane Werte zwischen 1 und 10 annahmen (Mittelwert: 4). Diese Änderungen des Antwortverhaltens waren z. T. statistisch signifikant (p<0,05). Weiterhin war eine Tendenz in Richtung extremerer Antworten zu verzeichnen.

Schlussfolgerungen: Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass in einer Gruppe von Assistenzärzten gemeinsame Diskussionen von klinischen Fällen die individuellen Entscheidungen der einzelnen Teilnehmer zum Teil signifikant beeinflussen. Somit muss im klinischen Alltag das ‚Phänomen der Gruppe‘ immer reflektiert werden, um sich bei der Entscheidungsfindung nicht durch (unbewusste) Einflüsse anderer Gruppenmitglieder leiten zu lassen. Der hohe Wert der gemeinsamen Diskussion und der Reflexion von Fällen bleibt unbestritten.
A new population of the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) on the edge of the Little Sandy Desert, Western Australia
Authors: Turpin Jeff M. , Bamford Mike J.
Published: September 2014

A fauna survey was conducted within the Throssell and Broadhurst Ranges in the Little Sandy Desert Bioregion of Western Australia during August and September 2012. The endangered northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) was recorded from two distinct locations of similar habitat: deep dissected rocky gorges containing caves and permanent waterholes. One individual was photographed by a motion-sensitive camera and several scats were collected, with mitochondrial DNA analysis confirming the identification. These records represent a significant range extension (~200 km) and due to habitat restrictions are likely to represent the very eastern extreme of the species’ range.
Body condition score is a critical factor determining the onset of puberty in Blanca Andaluza female goat kids
Authors: Gallego-Calvo L. , Gatica M. C. , Celi I. , Guzmán J. L. , Zarazaga L. A.
Published: September 2014

This study examines the effect of body condition score (BCS), independently of bodyweight (BW), on the onset of puberty in Blanca Andaluza female kids born in Autumn (November). Thirty-six female kids were distributed into three groups according to their BW and BCS: low BW and low BCS (LL, n = 10), low BW and high BCS (LH, n = 10), and high BW and high BCS (HH, n = 16). Feeding was adjusted weekly so that the animals would gain ~50 g per day. Oestrus was checked daily using young vasectomised bucks fitted with a marking harness. The ovulation rate was determined by transrectal ultrasonography 10 days after the identification of oestrus. Plasma samples were obtained weekly for progesterone determination. Changes in BW and BCS were also recorded weekly. The BCS had a clear effect on the date of first ovarian activity and first detected oestrus. The HH kids experienced the earliest onset of puberty (31 August ± 2.4 days) although no significant difference was seen compared with the LH group (19 September ± 8.7 days). A significant difference was recorded, however, in comparison with the LL group (25 October ± 7.8 days) (P < 0.001). No effect of BCS was observed on ovulation rate. These results show that, in Blanca Andaluza female kids, the onset of puberty depends strongly upon BCS. There may be clear benefit in breeding November-born animals if, during the prepubertal period, they can be maintained with a high BCS.
Innovation agendas: the ambiguity of value creation
Authors: Daniel Lisa J. , Klein Jeremy A.
Published: September 2014

Innovation is said to be the key to future markets, business development and economic growth, yet the concept of innovation remains abstract and ambiguous. This paper suggests any value creation intentions need to recognise that innovation is a context-dependent process which is implicitly and fundamentally informed through the social agendas and consensus of those involved. To inform this social perspective of innovation value creation, we ask, how does the ‘sociology of innovation’ influence value creation? Using a ‘sociology of innovation’ standpoint, a qualitative study of participants in Australian bioindustry research and development (R&D) was undertaken to explore how the various socio-contextual frameworks and dominant outcome intentions were involved in value creation in the development of new biotechnological innovations. Through the two themes of context and community, we reveal how value creation was shaped by dynamic social processes involving multiple stakeholders and diverse perspectives of innovation. This research improves our understanding of how those involved in innovation development negotiate a complex social milieu of interpretive schemas to leverage various aspects of value creation. These findings present insights to managers and policy makers seeking to advance innovation value and advantages.
An analytical psychology view of wholeness in art
Authors: Matthews Robert
Published: September 2014

This paper examines the creative practice and product of thevisionaryartist, the artist who brings forth a new vision of wholeness for the social group. A description of the general creative process is provided according to Jung's view of the transcendent function. It is by this process that a new vision may be understood to arise. The activity and product of thevisionaryartist is then reified by situating it within an historical conception of the God-image and as a cultural canon. Drawing from Neumann, three phases or roles of thevisionaryartist are discussed: the establishment of a culture's new vision, the maintaining of the culture's existing vision, and the enduring of the fragmentation of a culture's ‘exhausted’ vision. A more detailed account, including examples, is then given for the role of thevisionaryartist within the present state of the West's cultural cannon – a state of fragmentation or, as it often known, the wasteland; a time when the spiritual wholeness has broken down. Finally the artist Peter Birkhäuser is briefly discussed to query the role that analytical psychology may explicitly play in supporting thevisionaryartist.
Polo-like kinase 3 regulates CtIP during DNA double-strand break repair in G1
Authors: Barton Olivia , Naumann Steffen C. , Diemer-Biehs Ronja , Künzel Julia , Steinlage Monika , Conrad Sandro , Makharashvili Nodar , Wang Jiadong , Feng Lin , Lopez Bernard S. , Paull Tanya T. , Chen Junjie , Jeggo Penny A. , Löbrich Markus
Published: September 2014

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The C terminal binding protein–interacting protein (CtIP) is phosphorylated in G2 by cyclin-dependent kinases to initiate resection and promote HR. CtIP also exerts functions during NHEJ, although the mechanism phosphorylating CtIP in G1 is unknown. In this paper, we identify Plk3 (Polo-like kinase 3) as a novel DSB response factor that phosphorylates CtIP in G1 in a damage-inducible manner and impacts on various cellular processes in G1. First, Plk3 and CtIP enhance the formation of ionizing radiation-induced translocations; second, they promote large-scale genomic deletions from restriction enzyme-induced DSBs; third, they are required for resection and repair of complex DSBs; and finally, they regulate alternative NHEJ processes in Ku−/− mutants. We show that mutating CtIP at S327 or T847 to nonphosphorylatable alanine phenocopies Plk3 or CtIP loss. Plk3 binds to CtIP phosphorylated at S327 via its Polo box domains, which is necessary for robust damage-induced CtIP phosphorylation at S327 and subsequent CtIP phosphorylation at T847.
Structure–activity analysis of a CFTR channel potentiator: Distinct molecular parts underlie dual gating effects
Authors: Csanády László , Töröcsik Beáta
Published: September 2014

The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily that functions as an epithelial chloride channel. Gating of the CFTR ion conduction pore involves a conserved irreversible cyclic mechanism driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis at two cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs): formation of an intramolecular NBD dimer that occludes two ATP molecules opens the pore, whereas dimer disruption after ATP hydrolysis closes it. CFTR dysfunction resulting from inherited mutations causes CF. The most common CF mutation, deletion of phenylalanine 508 (ΔF508), impairs both protein folding and processing and channel gating. Development of ΔF508 CFTR correctors (to increase cell surface expression) and potentiators (to enhance open probability, Po) is therefore a key focus of CF research. The practical utility of 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoate (NPPB), one of the most efficacious potentiators of ΔF508 CFTR identified to date, is limited by its pore-blocking side effect. NPPB-mediated stimulation of Po is unique in that it involves modulation of gating transition state stability. Although stabilization by NPPB of the transition state for pore opening enhances both the rate of channel opening and the very slow rate of nonhydrolytic closure, because of CFTR’s cyclic gating mechanism, the net effect is Po stimulation. In addition, slowing of ATP hydrolysis by NPPB delays pore closure, further enhancing Po. Here we show that NPPB stimulates gating at a site outside the pore and that these individual actions of NPPB on CFTR are fully attributable to one or the other of its two complementary molecular parts, 3-nitrobenzoate (3NB) and 3-phenylpropylamine (3PP), both of which stimulate Po: the pore-blocking 3NB selectively stabilizes the transition state for opening, whereas the nonblocking 3PP selectively slows the ATP hydrolysis step. Understanding structure–activity relationships of NPPB might prove useful for designing potent, clinically relevant CFTR potentiators.
A study on knowledge flows of dye-sensitized solar cells’ patent
Authors: K.C. Chen James , Kien Pham Van
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine the development and knowledge flows of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) via the use of patent inventor database. Moreover, this study aims to explore patentees and inventors’ companies to help readers and practitioners to be able to understand the patentees, technology development and activities of knowledge flows from four countries. DSSCs, which are known as one of the key technologies of green energy, have been applied ever more widely to many different industries, and their use has quickly grown with a number of scientific publications and patent applications.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper was based on the US patent database collection of third-generation DSSCs in four typical countries such as USA, Japan, Germany and Taiwan to map the knowledge network of DSSC technology via the social network analysis method.

Findings

– The knowledge network of 132 DSSC patents was explored. Among the four countries, Japan leads, with the main patent number being H01G009. This paper also indicates the knowledge flow situation of Japanese inventors of DSSCs. For example, patented inventors Wariishi and Koji (JP) served the Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (JP) in 2002, and then in 2008, transferred to the Fuji Film Corporation (JP). This means that the knowledge of technology was transferred by people who moved to another company for a new job.

Research limitations/implications

– This study is based on US Patent and Trademark Office patent database to do exploration.

Practical implications

– This study was expected to provide information for the industry, government and academia, so that they will understand the trajectory of the technology inventor, specialist cultivation and technology development in the DSSC industry.

Originality/value

– This study provides useful information for the green energy industry, government and academia to understand the importance of the knowledge flows and future development of DSSC technology of the solar cell industry. Thereby, they can intensify industrial competence and innovation by externally collaborating in this field as well as to increase the industrial competence by reimbursing the funds from government and other research institutes.
The great divorce: the freeing of markets from communities and from moral constraint
Authors: W. Stikkers Kenneth
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to explain how economics severed itself from the moral constraint of community and from ethics.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper utilizes respected economic histories (e.g. Tawney, Polanyi, Heilbroner) and analyzes central theoretical texts of modern capitalism (e.g. Adam Smith).

Findings

– This paper concludes that the divorce of economics from community and ethics had historical causes, beginning with enclosure, and was then theoretically justified by the classical economics.

Practical implications

– The paper suggests that, if social economics wish to reconnect economics with ethics, they need first to understand and to contend with, better than they have, the enormity of the historical and theoretical forces that drove the two apart in the first place.

Originality/value

– While many social economists argue for the need to connect economics with ethics, few if any have offered an extended analysis of their divorce.
Islamic micro finance: tool for economic stability and social change
Authors: Abdul Samad Mohammed
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the benefits of starting Islamic microfinance (IMF) in India and the core concepts of IMF.

Design/methodology/approach

– Methodology of the paper is exploratory in nature and analysing of a new concept for implementation.

Findings

– The brief findings have been that Indian masses, especially the poor minority community and lower middle class, are in a pathetic situation financially, as per survey analysis. IMF can play a very critical role in providing deliverance from financial slavery.

Research limitations/implications

– Limitations of the paper have been that the survey was done in a limited area and within a particular community and financial background.

Practical implications

– Research finding of the paper demonstrates a practical roadmap or a blueprint on the need of starting IMF in India.

Social implications

– Social implications of the paper are that if the research findings are implemented and IMF were to be offered in India, the mass suicides committed specially by the Indian farmers can be contained to a great extent and can be virtually stopped.

Originality/value

– The paper is original in concept, as IMF is totally new to the Indian scenario, and the paper is of high value for regulators to seriously think on initiating the IMF machinery in India for the benefit of all Indians.
Integrated regional vulnerability assessment of government services to climate change
Authors: C. Jacobs Brent , Lee Christopher , O’Toole David , Vines Katie
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to describe the conduct and outcomes of an integrated assessment (IA) of the vulnerability to climate change of government service provision at regional scale in New South Wales, Australia. The assessment was co-designed with regional public sector managers to address their needs for an improved understanding of regional vulnerabilities to climate change and variability.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study used IA of climate change impacts through a complex adaptive systems approach incorporating social learning and stakeholder-led research processes. Workshops were conducted with stakeholders from NSW government agencies, state-owned corporations and local governments representing the tourism, water, primary industries, human settlements, emergency management, human health, infrastructure and natural landscapes sectors. Participants used regional socioeconomic profiling and climate projections to consider the impacts on and the need to adapt community service provision to future climate.

Findings

– Many sectors are currently experiencing difficulty coping with changes in regional demographics and structural adjustment in the economy. Climate change will result in further impacts on already vulnerable systems in the forms of resource conflicts between expanded human settlements, the infrastructure that supports them and the environment (particularly for water); increased energy costs; and declining agricultural production and food security.

Originality/value

– This paper describes the application of meta-analysis in climate change policy research and frames climate change as a problem of environmental pollution and an issue of development and social equity.
The protestant ethic and the spirit of democracy: what is the democratic effect of Calvinism?
Authors: Zafirovski Milan
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The paper considers whether and how Calvinism as a specific type of religion, ideology, and social system impacts political democracy in modern society. In contrast to the previous sociological and related literature assuming only a positive or negative linear effect, the paper proposes that Calvinism exerts mixed positive-negative and non-linear effects on democracy. The purpose of this paper is to aim at making a contribution to the sociological theory and research on Calvinism and democracy and modern society in general.

Design/methodology/approach

– A combination of comparative and historical sociological methodology.

Findings

– The main proposition and finding is that whether Calvinism is likely to have a positive or negative impact on democracy is the function of its specific position within social structure and its concrete phase of development. Thus, different positions of Calvinism in social structure are linked to its differential consequences in aggregate for democracy, and various stages of its development to time-variable non-linear effects in sequence.

Originality/value

– This is a relatively novel finding innovating and expanding on the literature's assumption that Calvinism has a structurally uniform, either positive or negative, and linear, time-constant effect on democracy.
The perversity of business case approaches to CSR
Authors: Moratis Lars
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a reaction to the paper of Nijhof and Jeurissen inIJSSPon limitations of business case approaches to CSR by nuancing some of their critique as well as extending it by addressing a more fundamental flaw in such approaches. In addition, the paper aims to also provide a case of a company that integrates various approaches to CSR into its business model that goes beyond the CSR business case.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper both has a conceptual approach through drawing on critical studies and theoretical arguments on CSR as well as an empirical approach through examining the integrative sustainability business model developed by the company Patagonia, a recognized and innovative CSR leader.

Findings

– The paper argues that the “cherry-picking argument” by Nijhof and Jeurissen on the limitations of the business case approach to CSR does not reflect the idiosyncrasy of the CSR concept. Also, their glass ceiling metaphor may not be well-chosen. Second, stage models of CSR maturity that detach ethics from CSR development should be revised to include these, also from a credibility perspective. Third, the theory of the firm perspective on CSR may be adjusted to capture the reality of new market relations that companies pioneering with sustainability business models are developing.

Originality/value

– The paper formulates a new critique on business case approaches to CSR, adding to the stream of critical studies on CSR and provides an example of a company that pioneers an integrative approach to CSR.
Standard of living, consumption norms, and perceived necessities
Authors: Aro Riikka , Wilska Terhi-Anna
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the material conditions of peoples’ daily lives by investigating changes in the self-perceived necessities of ten technology- and leisure-related consumer goods and services between 1999 and 2009. The authors also look at the socio-demographic predictors of the perceptions and the development of the ownership of the goods under investigation.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data are derived from surveys “Finland – Consumption and way of life” 1999 (N=2,417), 2004 (N=3,574), and 2009 (N=1,202). The statistical analysis methods include ANOVA and descriptive statistics. Also official statistics are used.

Findings

– Many technological goods, in particular, have become necessities for most people, and the ownership rates have increased notably. Age, type of household, place of residence and gender affected the necessity of most items. Income affected the necessity of expensive goods and services.

Practical implications

– The ways goods become social decencies does not always follow economic rationalities or are explained by conventional socio-economic determinants. The meaning of life course stage and related daily practices are probably more important than is usually recognized in social studies. Particularly many ICT goods become socially perceived necessities soon after their emergence, which changes the perceptions of adequate living standards, affecting thus the definition of “basic needs” and related social policy.

Originality/value

– The perceptions of necessities and other measures of living standards have been mainly looked at from the viewpoint of poverty and income. This study explains the perceived necessity of goods and services by several socio-demographic variables.
The (non)politicisation of age discrimination in Finland and Sweden
Authors: Nygård Mikael , Snellman Fredrik
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the politicisation of age discrimination in relation to the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Finland and Sweden in the early-2000s. By showing how politicians constructed the meaning of age discrimination, it seeks to highlight the drivers of country variation in terms of the implementation of directives from the European Union (EU).

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses a comparative design based on content analyses of parliamentary documents. Theoretically, it uses discursive institutionalism as a starting point but it also builds on previous research/theories on age discrimination.

Findings

– The findings show that although age was seen as a ground for discrimination in both countries, there was surprisingly little debate about discrimination as societal problem. There was however considerable differences between the countries suggesting that age discrimination was a much more heated subject in Sweden.

Research limitations/implications

– Although the analysis focuses on a small part of the policy-making process it highlights drivers (such as political culture) that may cause variation in the ways age discrimination is politicised, even within similar welfare state regimes. It also suggests that more research is needed to fully understand such drivers.

Social implications

– The paper presents examples that can help analysts and the public to deconstruct institutionalised practices of age discrimination and thereby to understand how age discrimination practices may prevail in society.

Originality/value

– By analysing the ways in which age discrimination was constructed as a problem within national policy-making frameworks, the paper presents valuable insights as to the sources of country variation in relation to the implementation of EU directives.
Innovations in marketing of higher education: Foreign market entry mode of not-for-profit universities
Authors: Naidoo Vik , Wu Terry
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to examine the innovations in the international activities of not-for-profit (NFP) universities. While the entry mode literature is well addressed, particularly by international marketing and business scholars, an academically interesting and managerially relevant question relates to the applicability of extant research to the emerging phenomenon of internationalization in the NFP sector.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using an inductive constructivist qualitative methodology grounded in 12 case studies of internationalization in the NFP education sector, this study applies Dunning’s eclectic framework as its theoretical anchor.

Findings

– This study identified that entry mode choice in the NFP context may not always be reconciled with extant literature derived mostly from a for-profit context. In particular, the broader definition of offshore equity investment is in sharp contrast to previous entry mode research which is largely, if not exclusively, grounded in a for-profit context.

Originality/value

– Extant frameworks developed to explain the entry mode phenomena tend to assume a profit maximization philosophy. The propositions advocated in this study are a step further to develop our understanding of internationalization of NFP universities.
Opening up copyright (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Lippman Alexandra , Murrell Mary
Published: September 2014

This editorial looks at the opening up of intellectual property and copyright to the world and encourages anthropologists to pay attention to the way their implementation evolves across the various communities where these issues tend to be vernacularized based on local concerns.
Law versus lore: Copyright and conflicting claims about culture and property in Indonesia (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Aragon Lorraine V.
Published: September 2014

The spread of intellectual and cultural property laws and language to developing nations highlights tensions between individual and collective rights models. The Indonesian government's response was to redraw and meld the two types of law. Most Indonesian ‘traditional’ artists, however, reject the property assumptions of both legal regimes. This article portrays how the world's fourth most populous nation, Indonesia, reacted to multinational corporate and World Trade Organization pressures for stricter intellectual property laws with an unusual 2002 copyright law. The law combines standard copyright provisions that suit the West with atypical cultural property provisions that proclaim the government's copyright of all its citizens' ‘folklore and cultural products’. Like Indonesia's eminent domain land law, it potentially encloses the local resources of its ‘disorderly’ citizens for state‐imposed commercial development. Ethnographic narratives from regional artists show their alternative views on authority and transmission of local production knowledge, here termed ‘lore’. These artists’ collaborative creations are not deemed private property, most creators do not claim authorship, and copying is not generally an ethical problem. The example of a Flores weaving motif that political leaders sought to ‘copyright’ for their new district elucidates the gap between the aspirations of nation and region, law and lore. The discussion analyzes the provincialism and instability of universalist intellectual and cultural property models as it describes alternative authority processes and ethics used in a limited commons beyond the wired West.
Magnetic resonance imaging in knee synovitis: Clinical utility in differentiating asymptomatic and symptomatic meniscal tears
Authors: Troupis John M. , Batt Michael Jethro , Pasricha Sundeep Singh , Saddik Daniel
Published: September 2014

It is well documented that meniscal tears may be found frequently by MRI as an incidental finding in asymptomatic knees. We aim to review the literature regarding the ability of MRI to differentiate between asymptomatic and symptomatic meniscal tears. Ovid MEDLINE, MEDLINE inProcess, Cochrane reviews, Web of Science, Embase and CINAHL were systematically searched. A total of 1251 publications were screened based on their titles, abstracts and full texts, of which 1213 publications were excluded because they did not address the relationship between synovitis and meniscal tears, were case reports or reviews, concerned atypical patient populations or reported surgical research. Of the 38 retained publications, only two reported results specific to perimeniscal synovitis, while 36 discussed less specific but relevant findings. The small number of heterogeneous results describing perimeniscal synovitis precluded meta‐analysis. In the symptomatic knee, identification of the likelihood of a meniscal tear contributing to the patient's pain is of significance to the orthopaedic surgeon. In our literature review, we have identified that localised synovitis and displacement of the meniscus are two features that may assist in identifying the subgroup of patients that may benefit from meniscal intervention.
Dissociation of μ‐opioid receptor and CRF‐R1 antagonist effects on escalated ethanol consumption and mPFC serotonin in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Hwa Lara S. , Shimamoto Akiko , Kayyali Tala , Norman Kevin J. , Valentino Rita J. , DeBold Joseph F. , Miczek Klaus A.
Published: September 2014

Both the opioid antagonist naltrexone and corticotropin‐releasing factor type‐1 receptor (CRF‐R1) antagonists have been investigated for the treatment of alcoholism. The current study examines the combination of naltrexone and CP154526 to reduce intermittent access ethanol drinking [intermittent access to alcohol (IAA)] in C57BL/6J male mice, and if these compounds reduce drinking via serotonergic mechanisms in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Systemic injections and chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of naltrexone, CP154526 or CP376395 transiently decreased IAA drinking. Immunohistochemistry revealed CRF‐R1 or μ‐opioid receptor immunoreactivity was co‐localized in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)‐immunoreactive neurons as well as non‐TPH neurons in the DRN. Mice with a history of IAA or continuous access to alcohol were microinjected with artificial cerebral spinal fluid, naltrexone, CP154526 or the combination into the DRN or the median raphe nucleus (MRN). Either intra‐DRN naltrexone or CP154526 reduced IAA in the initial 2 hours of fluid access, but the combination did not additively suppress IAA, suggesting a common mechanism via which these two compounds affect intermittent drinking. These alcohol‐reducing effects were localized to the DRN of IAA drinkers, as intra‐MRN injections only significantly suppressed water drinking, and continuous access drinkers were not affected by CRF‐R1 antagonism. Extracellular serotonin was measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using in vivo microdialysis after intra‐DRN microinjections in another group of mice. Intra‐DRN CP154526 increased serotonin impulse flow to the mPFC while naltrexone did not. This suggests the mPFC may not be an essential location to intermittent drinking, as evidenced by different effects on serotonin signaling to the forebrain yet similar behavioral findings.
A cricoid cartilage compression device for the accurate and reproducible application of cricoid pressure
Authors: Taylor R. J. , Smurthwaite G. , Mehmood I. , Kitchen G. B. , Baker R. D.
Published: September 2014

We describe the development and laboratory assessment of a refined prototype tactile feedback device for the safe and accurate application of cricoid pressure. We recruited 20 operating department practitioners and compared their performance of cricoid pressure on a training simulator using both the device and a manual unaided technique. The device significantly reduced the spread of the applied force: average (SE) root mean squared error decreased from 8.23 (0.48) N to 5.23 (0.32) N (p < 0.001). The average (SE) upwards bias in applied force also decreased, from 2.30 (0.74) N to 0.88 (0.48) N (p < 0.01). Most importantly, the percentage of force applications that deviated from target by more than 10 N decreased from 18% to 7% (p < 0.01). The device requires no prior training, is cheap to manufacture, is single‐use and requires no power to operate, whilst ensuring that the correct force is always consistently applied.
Single‐dose compared with multiple day antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section in low‐resource settings, a randomized controlled, noninferiority trial
Authors: Westen Esther H.M.N. , Kolk Pascal R. , van Velzen Christine L. , Unkels Regine , Mmuni Nicholaus S. , Hamisi Alex D. , Nakua Ritha E. , Vlek Anne L.M. , van Beekhuizen Heleen J.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of a single prophylactic dose of ampicillin combined with metronidazole to prevent postcesarean section infections compared with a multiple day regimen in low‐resource settings.

Design

An evaluator‐blinded randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial.

Setting

Two rural hospitals in Tanzania.

Population

Of 181 enrolled eligible women with an indication for cesarean section, information on 176 was analyzed by intention‐to‐treat.

Methods

The women were randomly assigned to either the intervention group who received a single dose of ampicillin and metronidazole, or to the control group who received a multiple‐day regimen of ampicillin/amoxicillin and metronidazole.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was maternal postcesarean infection. Secondary outcomes were severity of these infections, other maternal complications, and the duration of hospital stay.

Results

In the intervention group (n = 89), six women (6.7%) developed a wound infection compared with nine (10.3%) in the control group (n = 87) (difference 3.60; 95% CI −4.65 to 11.85) (p = 0.40).

Conclusions

A single dose of prophylactic ampicillin and metronidazole is equally effective as a multiple‐day regimen in preventing postcesarean wound infections in low‐resource settings, therefore it can be considered as a good strategy in low‐resource settings. The reduced quantity of prophylactic antibiotics will reduce costs without increasing the risk of maternal infection.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peginterferon beta‐1a in patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis in the randomized ADVANCE study
Authors: Hu Xiao , Cui Yue , White Joleen , Zhu Ying , Deykin Aaron , Nestorov Ivan , Hung Serena
Published: September 2014

Aims

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of subcutaneous peginterferon beta‐1a in patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in the phase 3 ADVANCE study (n = 1512).

Methods

During year 1, patients were randomized (1:1:1) to placebo or peginterferon beta‐1a 125 μg every 2 or 4 weeks. After year 1, patients randomized to placebo were re‐randomized to 125 μg peginterferon beta‐1a administered every 2 weeks or every 4 weeks for year 2. Patients randomized to peginterferon beta‐1a in year 1 remained on the same dosing regimen in year 2. Intensive blood samples for PK and PD (neopterin elevation; a biomarker of pharmacological activity induced by interferon beta‐1a) measurements were collected from 44 patients pre‐dosing and at intervals over 240 h post‐dosing at weeks 4 and 24. Sparse samples were collected from all patients after each dosing at weeks 4, 12, 24, 56 and 84.

Results

The PK profile of peginterferon beta‐1a did not change over time or between dosing regimens. No accumulation was observed. Peak serum concentrations were reached 1–1.5 days post‐dosing, with a mono‐phasic decline and a median half‐life of approximately 2–3 days. Dosing every 2 weeks provided approximately two‐fold greater monthly cumulative area under the curve than every 4 weeks. Neopterin elevation was sustained for 10−14 days following each dose, indicating doubled cumulative duration of pharmacological activity for dosing every 2 weeks vs. every 4 weeks.

Conclusions

These PK/PD profiles potentially explain the enhanced efficacy of dosing every 2 weeks in patients with RRMS.
Reversal of Human Multi‐Drug Resistance Leukaemic Cells by Stemofoline Derivatives via Inhibition of P‐Glycoprotein Function
Authors: Umsumarng Sonthaya , Pitchakarn Pornsiri , Sastraruji Kwankamol , Yodkeeree Supachai , Ung Alison T. , Pyne Stephen G. , Limtrakul Pornngarm
Published: September 2014

Our previous study reported multi‐drug resistance (MDR) reversing properties of synthetic stemofoline derivatives (STFD), OH‐A1, NH‐B6 and NH‐D6 on P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) overexpressing leukaemic cells (K562/Adr); however, the mechanism was unclear. In this study, we further investigated whether the STFD reverse MDR through either the inhibition of P‐gp function or expression in K562/Adr cells, or both. The P‐gp functional studies showed that the STFD increased the accumulation of calcein‐AM, rhodamine 123 and [14C]‐doxorubicin in K562/Adr cells, while the effects have not been seen in their parental sensitive cancer cell line (K562). Further, the STFD did not alter the P‐gp expression as determined by Western blotting. This study concludes that the STFD reverse MDR via the inhibition of P‐gp function. The efficacy of the STFD to inhibit P‐gp function followed the order: NH‐B6 >  OH‐A1 >  NH‐D6. These compounds could be introduced as candidate molecules for treating cancers exhibiting P‐gp‐mediated MDR.
Directors' Social Identifications and Board Tasks: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Melkumov Dmitri , Breit Eric , Khoreva Violetta
Published: September 2014

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

Scholars and practitioners have been interested in the tasks of boards of directors, yet we know relatively little about the impact of directors' social identification on their engagement in specific board tasks. Examining the 92 largest Finnish industrial organizations, we explore how the directors' identification with the organization, its shareholders, and customers affects the extent to which the board engages in external legitimacy, networking, advice and counsel, top management monitoring, financial monitoring, strategic participation, and strategic evaluation tasks.

Research Findings/Insights

Following the social identity perspective, we provide new insight to understand the relationship between board tasks and the directors' relevant identifications. We find that organizational identification is positively related to the level of board task involvement. We also discover that shareholder identification is negatively related to strategic participation tasks and only weakly related to other board tasks.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We contribute to the present literature on boards of directors by applying an empirical, analytical lens to theories on how and why directors engage in board tasks. In particular, we show that different social identifications of the directors have different explanatory power towards the subsets of resource provision and monitoring tasks.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Our findings suggest a re‐evaluation of the shareholder supremacy view as the only driver of value creation for the organization. Additionally, we advocate that board, organization, and industry characteristics are similarly weak in predicting the involvement of the directors in the board tasks examined.
Expanding and Diversifying South Mediterranean Exports through Trade Facilitation
Authors: Bourdet Yves , Persson Maria
Published: September 2014

This article explores whether trade facilitation – i.e. improved and simplified trade procedures – could be an important part of the reform agenda of the Barcelona Process. Adopting a Southern perspective by focusing on exports to the European Union (EU) from non‐EU Mediterranean countries, it tests whether the efficiency of trade procedures affects (i) bilateral volumes of exports and (ii) the number of products exported. The findings suggest that trade facilitation could lead to substantially increased export volumes and export diversification.
A case of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome in a patient with FOXG1‐related disorder
Authors: Terrone Gaetano , Bienvenu Thierry , Germanaud David , Barthez‐Carpentier Marie‐Anne , Diebold Bertrand , Delanoe Catherine , Passemard Sandrine , Auvin Stéphane
Published: September 2014

Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a drug‐resistant epileptic encephalopathy of childhood with a heterogeneous etiology. Recently, genome‐wide association studies have led to the identification of new de novo mutations associated with this epileptic syndrome. Herein, we report an 8‐year‐old child with intellectual disability, severe postnatal microcephaly, Rett‐like features, and LGS, carrying a de novo missense mutation in the forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) gene. This gene is responsible for FOXG1 syndrome, characterized by severe postnatal microcephaly, moderate postnatal growth deficiency, mental retardation with poor social interaction, stereotyped behavior and dyskinesias, absent language, sleep disorders, and epilepsy. Nonspecific epilepsy syndromes have been associated with this genetic disorder. Thus, we hypothesize that FOXG1 might be a new candidate gene in the etiology of LGS and suggest screening for this gene in cases of LGS with concomitant microcephaly and clinical features overlapping with Rett syndrome.
Extraction techniques for equine incisor and canine teeth
Authors: Rawlinson J. , Carmalt J. L.
Published: September 2014

Extraction of equine incisor and canine teeth is a vital part of equine dentistry. Although dental pathology involving the incisor and canine teeth is less common, the practitioner should be prepared to diagnose conditions and develop a treatment plan. Depending on the pathology revealed via oral examination and intraoral radiographs, the treatment plan may include either simple (nonsurgical) or surgical extraction of an incisor or canine tooth. Technique and instrumentation refinement over the last 20 years has led to more precise extraction procedures with reduced secondary trauma to healthy tissues. As a result, incisor and canine extraction procedures are more predictable in execution and quality, with minimal complications.