bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Measles Virus
Authors: Musser Samuel J. , Underwood Gerald E. , Weed Sheldon D. , Ossewaarde J. L.
Published: January 2023

In the presence of serum, measles virus was kept in the refrigerator for 6 to 8 months or at −72°C for over a year with little drop in titer. Thermal inactivation studies indicated that the virus was relatively unstable at 25°C and at 37°C, with a rapid initial rate of inactivation followed by a “tailing effect” of longer duration. At 25°C, the virus was most stable at pH values between 7 and 8. The virus could be lyophilized without significant loss of titer. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated a particle size for the infective unit of approximately 140 mμ. Difficulty was encountered in passing the virus through bacteria-retaining filters; best recovery was obtained with the clarifying stainless sintered steel filters and with the sterilizing Millipore filters. It was found that measles virus was readily inactivated by either γ- or β-radiation.
A β-Globulin Antibody in the Sera of Guinea Pigs and Cattle Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Brown F.
Published: January 2023

Immunoelectrophoresis of bovine and guinea pig sera from animals recovering from foot-and-mouth disease shows that the mobility of the precipitating antibodies alters considerably during convalescence. Seven days after infection the precipitin band is produced in the β-globulin region. At 14 days or later, precipitation occurs in the γ-globulin region. Antibody to the noninfective 7 mμ component of the virus is produced later than the antibody to the infective 20 mμ component. Chromatography of the sera on DEAE-cellulose has shown that the neutralizing activity and precipitating antibody of a given serum are in the same fraction. Antibody in the later sera is eluted from the column with 0.01 M phosphate, pH 7.6. Seven-day serum antibody is retained in the columns in this buffer but is eluted with 0.10 M NaH2PO4, which also elutes the β-globulins.
The Production of Antibody by Transferred Bone Marrow
Authors: Stoloff Irwin L.
Published: January 2023

Bone marrow cells from mice hyperimmunized with tetanus toxoid are capable of continuing production of tetanus antitoxin after transfer to irradiated hosts. Isologous cells functioned well 25 days after transfer, whereas there was a sharp decline in production of antitoxin by homologous cells during this period.
Gel Diffusion Analysis of Cross-Reactions of a Protein-Hapten Conjugate
Authors: Finger Irving , Heller Carol
Published: January 2023

The precipitation of the conjugates of phenyl-(p-azobenzoylamino)-acetate with bovine γ-globulin (BGG-dIp), with human fibrinogen (HF-dIp), and of native bovine γ-globulin (BGG) with anti-BGG-dIp has been studied by gel diffusion methods. Fusion of bands formed by heterologous antigens and the homologous antigen with the antiserum was complete, with an added extension or spur being formed by the homologous antigen. Identification of the spur as a precipitate of antibodies specific for the haptenic group was made by the analysis of supernatants of absorption mixtures in addition to comparison of patterns. The utilization of spurs as criteria for immunologic cross-reactivity due to structural similarity is discussed and a procedure for distinguishing “true” spurs from spurious ones is described.
A Modified Direct Complement Fixation Test for the Detection of Antibodies in the Serum of Cattle Previously Infected with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Boulanger Paul , Bannister G. L.
Published: January 2023

A modified direct complement fixation method for the detection of antibodies in heat-inactivated sera of cattle infected with vesicular stomatitis virus is described. The addition of fresh unheated bovine serum to the diluted guinea pig complement constitutes the only modification. In its absence no fixation of complement is observed. The normal serum supplying the apparently essential heat-labile factor, is pretested for absence of nonspecific reactivity with test antigen. Sera of animals around 6 months of age show less nonspecific reactivity than sera of adult cattle.

This method when applied in testing serial bleedings from cattle infected with either the New Jersey or Indiana type of vesicular stomatitis virus, detected the antibodies 9 to 10 days after intralingual infection. Antibodies were demonstrable at a diagnostic level for at least 90 days afterward.

The test was shown to be sufficiently specific to indicate the type of virus in epithelial tongue tissue collected at the acute stage of infection and to reveal the type-specificity of the antibodies in serum of convalescent cattle.

In indirect complement fixation tests, the inhibition titers of early convalescent sera were much lower than those recorded in the modified direct complement fixation test. The difference was negligible with hyperimmune sera.
The Dissociation of Hemolytic Antibody from Sensitized Cells as Measured by Cell-to-Cell Transfer
Authors: Goodman Harold S. , Masaitis Lillian
Published: January 2023

A method is presented for quantitating the extent of cell-to-cell transfer of hemolytic antibody. A number of sera obtained from rabbits immunized with either sheep cells or sheep cell stromas were examined. The differences in the percentage of transfer were found to be primarily due to differences in the percentage of readily dissociable and nondissociable antibody rather than variations in dissociation rates of the hemolytic antibody of the different sera. Electrophoretic fractionation of these sera indicated that the nondissociable hemolytic antibody was found in the γ1 electrophoretic fractions. On the other hand, the readily dissociable hemolytic antibody was found in the γ2 fractions. The differences observed in the percentage of transferable antibody appeared to correlate well with the relative amount of γ1 and γ2 hemolytic antibodies which were present. The amount of antibody transferred was directly proportional to the amount of antibody used for sensitization. This suggests that if antibody complexes are formed, such antibody complexes do not add any stability to the antigen-antibody reaction. An inverse relation was found between the percentage of transferable antibody and the 1/n value (a measure of the relationship between relative antibody concentration and percentage lysis.) The significance of this finding in regard to immune hemolysis is discussed.
Studies of Polyoma Virus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Roane Philip R. , Robinson Virginia L.
Published: January 2023

Several variables inherent in the assay of the polyoma virus by hemagglutination (HA) and of antibody to the virus by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were studied at 2°C with guinea pig erythrocytes.

Hemagglutination was not detected in 125 mM sucrose containing less than 15 mM of NaCl. Peak titers were obtained at NaCl concentrations of 50–300 mM. MgCl2 (10–75 mM) and CaCl2 (10–50 mM) in veronal buffered saline did not enhance or inhibit hemagglutination. A detailed study of the effects of hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range 6.0–8.2 revealed that higher titers were obtained at pH 7 to 8, particularly at pH 7.8.

Hemagglutination and complement fixation studies of crude virus, as well as products and byproducts of various purification procedures, revealed good correspondence between HA and CF titers of virus preparations. The HA assay was 30–40 times more sensitive than the CF assay. In view of the absence of nonhemagglutinating antigens, HA as well as CF assays could be used for the measurement of viral mass.

At 55° and 65° C the kinetics of thermal inactivation were found to be pseudo-first order. A rate constant of 10-3 sec-1 was found at 68°C. The energy of activation in the range 55° to 75°C was 80 kcal/mole.

Studies of the relationship between the serum HI titer and the concentration of virus in the assay revealed that increase in virus concentrations beyond 16–32 HA units did not affect serum titers. At lesser concentrations the serum titers increased, but less rapidly than the decrease of virus in the test system.

Sera from inoculated and uninoculated hamsters were assayed by HI and CF with crude and partially purified antigens. For sera with high and moderate levels of activity good correspondence of HI and CF titers, with an average ratio of 5.5, was established. At low levels of activity, the ratios varied considerably, particularly with sera from uninoculated animals which showed HI activity in the absence of CF. The HI titers of such sera dropped significantly in assays with virus obtained from DEAE cellulose column chromatography.
Studies of Polyoma Virus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Roane Philip R. , Robinson Virginia L.
Published: January 2023

Titration of partially purified cell-free virus in newborn hamsters revealed that the dose response curves for tumor or antibody formation is shallower than would be expected if one particle were sufficient to induce a tumor or trigger the events that lead to antibody response. Hemagglutination-inhibiting or complement-fixing antibody reached peak levels between 30 and 70 days and was a more sensitive indicator of virus than tumor response.

Hamsters with tumors at multiple sites developed high antibody titers. Hamsters with tumors at one site, particularly the site of injection, occasionally lacked demonstrable antibody. Such a condition could also be produced following simultaneous injection of newborn hamsters with virus and serum at different sites.

Virus was demonstrated in 2 of 14 tumor homogenates by injection into mice, and in 7 of 22 tumors by injection of fluids or cells from tumor cell cultures into newborn hamsters. Most isolations were from homogenates or cultures of tumors from animals with moderate and high antibody titers. Hamsters injected with live cells from tumor cell cultures frequently developed invasive tumors at the site of injection but no antibody. These experiments lead us to believe that (1) lack of demonstrable antibody in some hamsters with tumors is due to virus multiplication that is inadequate to stimulate a good antibody response, (2) virus isolation is more probable from animals in which virus multiplied extensively and which in turn developed high antibody levels, and (3) tumor formation may not be related to the extent of virus multiplication in the hamster.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in Mice Following Neonatal Exposure to Shigella Antigens
Authors: Friedman Herman , Gaby William L.
Published: January 2023

Partial immunologic unresponsiveness has been induced in mice by neonatal inoculation of a relatively large dose of either cellular or soluble Shigella paradysenteriae antigens. Unresponsiveness was temporary and did not last longer than 5 weeks. Concentration of antigen, route of inoculation and age of the animal at inoculation were important factors; i.p. injection within 24 hr of birth with the highest sublethal dose of antigen resulted in the greatest degree of unresponsiveness (10-fold suppression as compared to controls) when challenged at 5 weeks of age. Transfer of immune spleen cells reversed unresponsiveness.
The Variation of Heterohemagglutinins in Normal Mouse Sera
Authors: Stimpfling J. H.
Published: January 2023

The results presented here indicate that the sheep and chicken cell hemagglutinins of normal C57BL/6Sn sera exhibited significant fluctuations over a period of 6 months. It was found that the mean titer levels of sheep and chicken cell hemagglutinins have, in general, a parallel distribution over a corresponding period of time. A sex difference in the hemagglutinin mean titer levels for both sheep and chicken cells has been demonstrated, i.e., females have significantly higher hemagglutinin titers than do males.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R. , Nadel Hyman
Published: January 2023

Crude saline extracts of hog, dog, beef and human pancreas glands were injected into rabbits intradermally in combination with Freund adjuvants, and intravenously. Some of the antisera initially proved to be specific for pancreas extract. Other antisera could be made specific by absorption with serum or various organ extracts of the particular species. The pancreas-specific antibodies could be demonstrated by means of complement fixation, tanned cell hemagglutination and precipitation in agar gel. The last type of experiment made it clear that more than one pancreas-specific antigen is present. The pancreas-specific antisera show very little, if any, cross-reaction with pancreas extracts of other species tested. In immunoelectrophoresis experiments, the primary antigens have the electrophoretic properties of serum globulins.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar V Precipitate Density Studies Using the Oudin Technique
Authors: Hayden Alonza R. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The leading edge of the precipitate band obtained in the simple diffusion tube technique of Oudin has been measured over a wide range of antigen concentrations, antiserum concentrations and diffusion times. Five different antigen-antibody systems, egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin, hog thyroglobulin, and lobster hemocyanin, and their respective rabbit antibodies were employed. All systems showed that at the higher antigen and lower antiserum concentrations the O.D. is independent of the time of diffusion and of the antigen concentration. At the lower antigen and higher antibody concentrations, however, the O.D. increases with increasing time of diffusion and decreasing concentration of antigen. For the egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin and hemocyanin systems, at sufficiently high antigen and low antibody concentrations the relationship between O.D. and antiserum concentration is a straight line extrapolating to the origin. Thyroglobulin under the same circumstances gives a straight line that does not extrapolate to the origin.

Under conditions in which the O.D. is independent of the antigen concentration and time of diffusion and directly proportional to the antiserum concentration, there is a linear relation between O.D. of the leading edge of the precipitate band in the Oudin test and the total nitrogen concentration of the precipitate as found by the quantitative precipitin reaction carried out in liquid media. The same linear relationship was found for egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin and hemocyanin, but not for thyroglobulin.

No effect on the O.D. of the addition of nonspecific protein to the antiserum layer was observed. Reasons were given for expecting that under the proper conditions there should be no effect of adding nonspecific protein to the upper layer.
Precipitins against Pasteurella Pestis in Normal and Antibacterial Sera
Authors: Eisler Daniel M. , Metz Eleanor Von
Published: January 2023

The normal sera of seven animal species, including sera of germ-free mice and of a Caesarian delivered calf, gave precipitin reactions with fraction IB of Pasteurella pestis and with antigens of other Gram-negative bacterial species in agar diffusion plates. The normal precipitin lines were intensified, and additional lines due to specific antibodies were demonstrated in tests with the sera of mice and rabbits inoculated with fraction IB. The normal serum precipitins of Namru strain mice were low in titer. The number of lines could be varied by altering both antigen-antibody concentrations and the pH of the agar in which tests were made.

The normal sera of six mammalian species formed a continuous precipitin line when tested with fraction IB in a single agar diffusion plate.

Precipitins in normal sera and fraction IB antisera were not specific for “H” or “O” antigens of Proteus vulgaris. Chemical fixation of these antigens in some instances altered their precipitin reaction with some sera.

An antigen common to P. pestis and Proteus mirabilis did not elicit protective antibodies against P. pestis.

The precipitins in calf and cow sera were not demonstrable in commercially available bovine plasma fractions. Human globulin gave precipitin reactions with an antigen common to several bacterial species.

The precipitins in normal sera and fraction IB antisera of mice were associated with β- and γ-globulins.
Dissociation of Infective Poliomyelitis Virus from Neutralizing Antibody by Fluorocarbon
Authors: Ketler Albert , Hinuma Yorio , Hummeler Klaus
Published: January 2023

Varying doses of poliomyelitis type I virus were mixed with appropriately diluted homologous rabbit antiserum and incubated at 37°C for 12–30 hr. The resulting noninfectious mixtures were homogenized with fluorocarbon and the amount of dissociated virus was determined by plaque assay. Similarly treated mixtures of virus and normal rabbit serum served as controls for the small losses of infectivity during incubation and homogenization. The use of optimal procedures permitted total recovery of as little as 90 to 270 plaque forming units from mixtures neutralized by an excess of antibody. Homogenization of these mixtures in absence of fluorocarbon did not yield infectious virus, indicating that the fluorocarbon is responsible for dissociation of virus from antibody.
The Effect of Zymosan on the Phagocytosis of Foreign Erythrocytes
Authors: Cutler John L.
Published: January 2023

The disappearance of sheep erythrocytes in the rat and in the rabbit has been shown to be a rapid exponential function attributable to phagocytosis. Following this initial erythrophagocytosis hemoglobin is released back into the circulation, reflecting the catabolic function of the reticuloendothelial system. Zymosan causes an increased rate of removal of erythrocytes but does not alter the disappearance rate of foreign albumin. The relationship of phagocytosis to antibody production and the fact that enhanced antibody formation in Zymosan-treated animals cannot be attributed to more efficient phagocytosis are discussed.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Emulsified Vaccines
Authors: McKinney Robert W. , Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

A model system in mice has been developed and defined, in which the adjuvant effect of emulsified vaccines was tested.

Studies on the temporal relationship of enhanced antibody response to vaccination with adjuvant vaccine have shown that the initial peak level of antibody is dependent on repositing the virus in situ for about 16 days. Other data emphasizing the importance of the early events that take place after vaccination with adjuvant vaccine came from studies on the rate of breakdown of emulsified vaccines carried out by injection of P32 containing emulsions, by the removal of the site of inoculation and by irradiation designed to block further antibody production. These experiments have demonstrated that mineral oil emulsified vaccines tend to release a large and effective portion of their antigen soon after inoculation.
Transplantation of Antibody-Forming Cells in Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Gengozian N. , Makinodan T. , Shekarchi I. C.
Published: January 2023

A comprehensive study of the relative contribution of normal versus presensitized bone marrow or spleen tissue to the antibody-forming mechanisms of lethally irradiated mice was made. Bone marrow cells transplanted into the irradiated animals showed definite antibody-forming potential when marrow was obtained from presensitized donors but lacked this capacity if normal, nonsensitized donors were used. In contrast, both normal and presensitized spleen cells transplanted into the irradiated host were able to initiate an immune response to the test antigen. The marked efficiency of the spleen over the bone marrow was indicated by the ability of 12 × 106 presensitized spleen cells to produce agglutinins in amounts comparable to that observed in normal mice undergoing a secondary type of response. Different presensitization procedures of the donors also revealed differences in the efficiency of the transplanted hematopoietic cells to produce antibody in the irradiated host.

The increased antibody-forming potential of both bone marrow and spleen cells from presensitized donors was demonstrated in two in vivo biologic tests: a) there was a relative decrease in the ability of marrow and spleen cells from presensitized donors to protect lethally irradiated isologous mice; and b) in a homologous transfer of cells, marrow and spleen cells from donors sensitized to the homologous recipient showed a detrimental effect when transplanted into lethally irradiated homologous mice.
Studies on the Combining Sites of the Protein Antigen Silk Fibroin
Authors: Cebra John J.
Published: January 2023

The octapeptide Gly(Gly3,Ala3)Tyr was the most effective inhibitor of the fibroin-rabbit antifibroin precipitin reaction among the peptides tested that ranged in size from tetra- to octapeptides (40% inhibition at 5–18 μm/ml). The tetrapeptides were considerably less effective than Gly(Gly3,Ala3)Tyr although one of them, Gly(Gly,Ala)Tyr (20% inhibition at 18–20 μm/ml) has the same qualitative amino acid composition as the most effective octapeptide inhibitor. The dodecapeptide fraction was the most active of the peptides compared, giving 50% inhibition at 5–8 μm/ml. Removal of carboxyl-terminal tyrosine from the active octapeptides resulted in a halving of their effectiveness as inhibitors. The results indicate that, although tyrosine appears to account for a disproportionate part of the binding of peptide to antibody, a sizable segment (at least 8 to 12 residues) of the glycyl, alanyl chain is involved in specific combination.
An Adenovirus Vaccine Potency Test
Authors: Tint Howard , Stone Joseph
Published: January 2023

Adenovirus vaccine potency estimates, based upon immune responses following multiple injections of fluid vaccine, were unreliable. As an alternative, a potency test based upon a single injection of vaccine with oil-adjuvant is described. In this test, no evidence of interference among components in multivalent vaccines was demonstrable. The test was responsive to potency changes in a stability study of this vaccine.
The Mechanism of Particulate Carrier Reactions
Authors: Oreskes Irwin , Singer Jacques M.
Published: January 2023

Suspensions of polystyrene latex particles treated with human γ-globulin are empolyed in a variety of serologic agglutination procedures. The protein is adsorbed onto the surface of the latex particles and this adsorption can be described by a Langmuir type of isotherm. The adsorption process is in two steps. The amount of protein adsorbed in the first step is proportional to the surface area of the latex particles.

The data obtained are consistent with two interpretations. One is that the protein is adsorbed as a double molecular layer where the second layer contains about half the amount of adsorbed protein in the first layer. An alternate view is that the adsorbed protein forms a random immobile film with the molecules oriented parallel to the particle surface. Further adsorption then takes place in the interstices between molecules already adsorbed, but now the molecules are perpendicularly oriented to the particle surface. Estimations of the fraction of surface occupied by molecules in the two different orientations are in good agreement with theoretic calculations. A latex particle of 8020 Å in diameter can adsorb a maximum of about 75,000 γ-globulin molecules.
Studies on Allegedly Non-Complement-Fixing Immune Systems
Authors: Knight Gerald J. , Cowan Keith M.
Published: January 2023

The inability of bovine antibody, in contrast to rabbit antibody, to fix guinea pig C′ with soluble antigen preparation derived from M. mycoides was shown to be due to a requirement for a heat labile serum factor. A satisfactory C′-fixing reaction could be obtained using unheated immune bovine serum or heated immune bovine serum to which normal bovine serum, or serum from other species, had been added. The heat labile factor appeared to be neither properdin nor the second, third or fourth components of C′. Similarities between C′-fixing enhancing material and C′1 were noted but no conclusion with respect to their identity is warranted at this time.
A Precipitation Reaction Between Human Serum and a Soluble Tissue Component
Authors: Tomasi Thomas B.
Published: January 2023

Certain extracts of human and animal tissues have been found to give a precipitation line with normal human serum in a gel diffusion system. This precipitation reaction results from the interaction of a basic tissue component, probably a protein, with human serum albumin. Evidence has been presented that the reaction is not of the immune type and that the interaction, which shows specificity for human albumin, is due primarily to electrostatic forces.
Properties of Specifically Purified Kidney Localizing Antikidney Antibody
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Significant amount of material containing 18% of the total nitrogen and 60% of the total phosphorus was solubilized by heating lyophilized sediment of rat kidney homogenate at 60°C at pH 8. The heat extract thus obtained partially neutralized the localizing activity of anti-kidney antibody. Therefore, specifically purified antibody prepared by heat elution of adsorbed antibody on untreated kidney sediment seems to be already neutralized to some extent. Electrophoresis on starch of anti-kidney antibody indicated the γ-globulin nature of localizing antibody. A large portion of the γ-globulin from specifically purified antibody was converted to faster migrating components, probably antigen-antibody complexes, after neutralization with the trypsin digest of kidney sediment. Further evidence for the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in specifically purified antibody was also indicated from the electrophoretic results. Ultracentrifugal studies showed that the localizing antibody is primarily in the light γ-globulin and excluded the possibility that it is significantly present in heavy globulins. The radioiodination and the specific purification by adsorption-elution procedure does not seem to cause any appreciable change in the sedimentation properties of antibody globulin.
Effect of Eperythrozoon Coccoides upon Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Seamer John , Gledhill A. W. , Barlow James L. , Hotchin John
Published: January 2023

The pathogenicity of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus inoculated subcutaneously and intraperitoneally was much greater in mice which had been recently infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides than in normal mice. This enhancement of pathogenicity was observed with two strains of virus and a tissue cultured subline of one of them. With the more virulent strain of virus which was able to kill normal mice by the intraperitoneal route, the mean survival time of the E. coccoides treated mice was shorter than that of the normal mice. The enhancing effect of E. coccoides, given as a 10-6 dilution of infected mouse blood, was maximal when the parasite was inoculated from 4 days before to 2 days after the inoculation of virus. The similarity of these results to those reported earlier with mouse hepatitis virus is discussed.
Cellular Factors in Resistance to Acute Bacterial Infection
Authors: Miya Fred , Marcus Stanley , Perkins Eugene H.
Published: January 2023

Both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of cellular factors in specific resistance to acute bacterial disease agents have been reported. The Warburg apparatus was used in the in vitro experiments and it was found that changes in oxygen uptake could be correlated with the fate (death or proliferation) of the organisms ingested by normal or “immune” phagocytes.

Under the conditions of the experiments it has been demonstrated that phagocytes obtained from animals actively immunized against acute bacterial agents have enhanced functional capacity independent of demonstrable antibody. This enhanced activity may play a dominant role in host defense in cases where antibacterial resistance cannot be correlated with antibody titers.
Enhancement of the Mouse Virulence of a Non-Vi Variant of Salmonella Typhosa by Vi Antigen
Authors: Gaines Sidney , Tully Joseph G. , Tigertt William D.
Published: January 2023

Vi antigen was shown to be a major factor in the virulence of S. typhosa for mice. Employing the intracerebral route of infection and V and W variants of the Ty2 strain, it was observed that the Vi-containing culture was approximately 40 times more lethal than the variant devoid of this antigen.

The lethality of the W form was markedly increased when it was administered simultaneously with isolated, purified Vi antigen, and this virulence enhancement was shown to be specific. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that isolated Vi antigen did not become incorporated in the bacterial cell during the infectious process, and that this substance need not be an integral part of the bacterial cell in order to contribute to virulence.

Enhancement of the virulence of the W cells appeared to be due, at least in part, to the ability of Vi antigen to enhance the rate of increase in numbers of the infecting inoculum in vivo.
Observations on the Complement-Fixing Antibody Response to Poliovirus in Patients with Certain Coxsackie and Echo Virus Infections
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L.
Published: January 2023

Sera of 579 patients with laboratory evidence of Coxsackie, ECHO, mumps, herpes simplex, WEE, SLE, or unidentified enterovirus infections were tested against unheated poliomyelitis complement-fixing (CF) antigens. Only 26 of these individuals manifested a 4-fold or greater rise in poliovirus antibody, and in four instances the antibody rises were attributable to a recent poliomyelitis vaccination or to dual infection. The titers of the heterologous antibody were generally low.

It was observed that a high proportion (18%) of the patients with ECHO 9 virus infection and with no evidence of a dual infection or of vaccination against poliomyelitis, showed 4-fold or greater rises in CF antibody titer to the polioviruses. This was the only nonpoliovirus showing definite evidence of a possible sharing of common antigen(s) with the polioviruses.
Certain Biological Characteristics of Adenovirus Types 5, 6, 7 and 14
Authors: Denny Floyd W. , Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: January 2023

Adenovirus types 5, 6, 7 and 14 were studied with respect to the quantitative reaction with antiserum, the length of the latent period of the initial multiplication cycle, and the production of infectious virus per HeLa cell; the results of the experiments were compared with similar studies done with adenovirus types 1–4. Types 5 and 6 were found to be similar to types 1 and 2 and types 7 and 14 were similar to types 3 and 4. These studies confirm earlier data which indicated that adenoviruses could be subdivided into at least two subgroups by certain biologic characteristics. In addition, it was demonstrated that adenovirus types 5, 6, 7 and 14 were quite stable for at least 1 week when stored at 36°C at pH 6.5 and pH 7.5, and that these viruses dissociated poorly from infected HeLa cells. These properties are similar to those determined for adenovirus types 1–4.
A New Model to Study Hematopoietic Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Celada Franco , Makinodan T.
Published: January 2023

A method for the study of hematopoietic transplantation antigens is described. It seems to fulfill the requirements for an immunochemical bioassay, i.e., to be simple, sensitive and quantitative. The procedure is as follows: a) Recipient mice are primed with varying doses of homologous donor antigens, and donors with sheep RBC antigen. b) Ten days later the recipients are exposed to 800 r and injected intravenously with 24 × 106 spleen cells of the donor, followed by intraperitoneal injection of sheep RBC. c) Anti-sheep RBC titer is determined 6 days later and compared with the titer of nonprimed controls.

The RD50 (the dose of priming donor antigen capable of stimulating the host to reject 50% of the donor spleen cells) is 6 × 102 for viable bone marrow cells, 4 × 104 for bone marrow cells killed with x-rays, 1 × 105 for liver cells, and 5 × 105 for testicular cells. No priming potency was found with even 107 RBC.
Effect of Humoral Factors on in Vitro Phagocytic and Cytopeptic Activities of Normal and “Immune” Phagocytes
Authors: Miya Fred , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

Candida guilliermondi cells labeled with P32 were used in an in vitro system for quantitating phagocytosis and cytopepsis rates by mouse peritoneal phagocytes. In this system the optimal concentration of guinea pig serum was determined to be 12.5% (66 C′ units/ml of buffer). Complement was not significantly inactivated at 37°C for 24 hr in serum concentrations of 25 and 12.5%, but a loss of 50% activity occurred when a serum concentration of 2.5% was employed.

Yeast phase Histoplasma capsulatum cells labeled with P32 were used in a series of experiments to study the effects of humoral factors on the ingestive and digestive activities in vitro of peritoneal phagocytes obtained from normal and immunized mice. Among humoral factors studied by this technique were complement, properdin and antibody. In all cases, a heat labile component (complement and/or properdin) not only enhanced phagocytic rates by normal and “immune” phagocytes but caused a significant enhancement of the digestive activities of the “immune” cells as compared to the normal phagocytes. Specific antibody did not appear to play any significant role in phagocytosis or cytopepsis activities of normal or “immune” phagocytes when a chronic disease agent, H. capsulatum, was used as the P32-labeled organism.
Studies on the Nonspecific Precipitation of Basic Serum Proteins with γ-Glutamyl Polypeptides
Authors: Leonard C. Gomez , Thorne Curtis B.
Published: January 2023

Efforts to identify antibodies to γ-d-glutamyl polypeptide in sera from rabbits injected with encapsulated cells of Bacillus anthracis were unsuccessful. Antisera to a variety of antigens unrelated to B. anthracis, as well as sera from rabbits injected with B. anthracis, contained basic proteins which reacted with the polypeptide when tested by the usual serologic techniques including the precipitin, agar diffusion, and complement fixation reactions. The nonspecific reactions occurred most strongly in water and decreased in sensitivity with increasing concentrations of NaCl. Positive reactions were also given by all these techniques when egg white lysozyme was substituted for antiserum. DNA precipitated most of the material in serum that reacted with polypeptide and similarly, polypeptide precipitated the material that reacted with DNA. The complexes formed between DNA and serum proteins or egg white lysozyme also fixed complement.

Most of the serum protein that reacted with γ-D-glutamyl polypeptide could be removed by adsorbing on Bentonite. The amount of nonspecific protein precipitable with γ-d-glutamyl polypeptide increased in serum following injection of a variety of antigens. Serum lysozyme is believed to account for part of the nonspecific protein.

The use of egg white lysozyme conjugated with fluorescent dye for staining encapsulated cells of B. anthracis is described. The reaction with egg white lysozyme can be used for the rapid detection of low concentrations of glutamyl polypeptide.
Me, a Blood Factor Common to the Antigenic Properties M and He
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Rosenfield Richard E.
Published: January 2023

A rabbit antiserum has been described which detects a blood factor shared by blood having either the M or the He antigens. This finding again points up the multiplicity of blood factors corresponding to any single antigen. Failure to allow for such complexities can lead to serious errors in M-N typing, with resulting false exclusions of paternity in medicolegal cases.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Inhibition Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Laffer Norman C. , Dunne Charles J. , Akeroyd Joseph H.
Published: January 2023

Comparative quantitative hemagglutination inhibition studies of the reactions of human anti-A with hog A substance have demonstrated differences in behavior of isoagglutinins in sera from individuals without known antigenic stimulus and those induced in normal subjects by either hog or human A substances. The naturally occurring isoagglutinins were characterized by a) hemagglutination inhibition log-probit assay curves of low slope, b) the requirement for larger doses of hog A to inhibit their hemagglutinating capacities, and c) possibly the ready dissociation of complexes formed with hog A substance. The isoagglutinins in nine antihog A sera were shown to be identical in nature whereas a marked variation was observed in the characters of anti-A isoagglutinins naturally occurring in the sera of 13 group B individuals.
Studies on Abh-Like Antigens and “O-Cell Agglutinins” in Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Buffalo
Authors: Bhatia H. M.
Published: January 2023

New data are given on the occurrence of A-like, B-like and H-like antigens on the red cells and corresponding agglutinins in the serum of cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo. Many of the animal sera were found to contain agglutinins relatively specific for human A, B and H antigens. Agglutinins reacting more strongly with O cells were studied in some detail. They could always be classified by the inhibition test with human saliva into anti-H and “anti-O.” The significance of the results is discussed.
Differences Among Virus Populations Recovered from Mice Vaccinated with an Attenuated Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Hearn Henry J.
Published: January 2023

The differences among virus populations that were recovered after the vaccination of mice with an attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were investigated. Large quantities of virus were recovered from spleen and liver tissues; smaller amounts were isolated from the brain. During the first 24 hr, virus populations recovered from all three tissues contained a majority of nonlethal, immunizing particles which gave higher titers in L cells than in mice. Such virus preparations resembled the attenuated vaccine virus strain with respect to the degree of virulence for mice and in the small size of the plaques produced on chick fibroblasts. At 72 hr, virus particles lethal for mice by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route appeared in spleen tissue and a small percentage of plaques, larger in size than those produced by the attenuated strain were found. Such virus populations, therefore, showed properties similar to those shown by the virulent parent virus from which the attenuated strain was derived. In contrast, liver and brain tissue taken from vaccinated mice yielded only virus which was nonlethal when tested i.p. and which produced only small plaques. Despite the presence of virulent virus in spleen, demonstrable after subinoculation, no signs of clinical illness were observed in any of the vaccinated mice.
Characteristics of Echo 4 (Shropshire) Virus Isolated during Epidemic of Aseptic Meningitis
Authors: Barron Almen L. , Karzon David T.
Published: January 2023

Neutralization tests using hyperimmune monkey antisera or human sera in test tube cultures or by plaque reduction demonstrated antigenic similarity between the Buffalo strains as represented by Shropshire and the prototype ECHO 4 virus. The viruses could be distinguished serologically by the same methods using hyperimmune antisera prepared in rabbits. ECHO 4 antibody response in patients was measured by two methods: a) tube tissue culture neutralization tests employing strain DuToit which was found to be well neutralized by ECHO 4 antibody, and b) plaque reduction tests using either Shropshire or prototype ECHO 4 virus.
Studies of the Determinant Antigens of Viable Cells
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Roane Philip R.
Published: January 2023

Human epidermoid carcinoma No. 2 (HEp-2) cells infected with herpes simplex virus and treated with rabbit anti-HEp-2 serum and fresh guinea pig complement failed to produce plaques when seeded on HEp-2 monolayer cultures. Antiserum alone or complement alone were ineffective. This observation is in accord with the concept that virus multiplication requires viable cells. This method for studying immune cytolysis was used to differentiate in a quantitative fashion between intact cells and cells injured by the combined action of antibody and complement. The test system was suitable for titration of complement and for evaluation of the relationship between the number of cells in the test system and the amount of antibody required to reduce the plaque count by 50%.

The sole function of infected cells was to provide a measurement of the fraction of the test population that remained viable after exposure to antibody and complement. Infected and noninfected cells reacted equally well with antibody and complement. The differentiation of viable from nonviable cells was not affected by the type of monolayer cell culture used for enumeration of infective centers.

Comparative studies were made of stock HEp-2 cells and progeny of survivors of cells grown in the presence of antibody and treated with antibody and complement. Lower complement titers were observed in tests employing the progeny of cells which survived exposure to antibody and complement. However, it is not known whether the altered reactivity of these cells is a manifestation of increased resistance to immune injury or altered antigenic structure.
Antigenic Cross-Reactivity between 7 S and 19 S Rabbit γ-Globulin
Authors: Thorbecke G. Jeannette , Franklin Edward C.
Published: January 2023

Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of rabbit γ-globulin preparations containing varying amounts of the 19 S fraction have shown that 19 S and 7 S γ-globulin form cross-reacting arcs of different electrophoretic mobility. Pure preparations of 19 S γ-globulin were also shown to cross-react with 7 S γ-globulin in Ouchterlony plates. With an appropriate antiserum both proteins demonstrate spurs, indicating individual as well as common antigenicity.

Absorption of a sheep antiserum to 7 S γ-globulin with fragment III (papain digestion) does not affect the line formed with the 19 S fraction but removes the spur formed by the 7 S fraction.

Absorption of this antiserum with fragments I and II removes the 19 S are but leaves the 7 S line. This demonstrates that 7 S and 19 S rabbit γ-globulin share some of the antigenic groups associated with the antibody carrying fragments of the 7 S molecule.
Demonstration of Brucella Antibodies in Human Serum
Authors: Biegeleisen Joseph Z. , Bradshaw Betsy R. , Moody Max D.
Published: January 2023

Brucella antibody titers were determined on 96 human serum specimens by the conventional tube agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The agglutinin titers were routinely higher than those obtained by the fluorescence technique, but fluorescence always was observed when the serums contained antibodies demonstrable by agglutination tests. Comparisons were made of the titers obtained by both methods and their significance was discussed.
The Effect of Specific Antibodies on Xanthine Oxidase from Various Sources
Authors: Ultmann John E. , Feigelson Philip , Harris Susanne
Published: January 2023

Purified rabbit antibodies were prepared against native and thermally denatured bovine cream xanthine oxidase (Cr.X.O.). Each antibody reacted with lines of identity to both enzymes when tested in the Ouchterlony plate. Similar cross-reactions were demonstrated in liquid precipitin tests with concomitant inhibition of enzyme activity by either antibody. Neither the substrate, xanthine, nor the competitive inhibitor, 4-amino-6-hydroxypyrazolo-(3,4-d)pyrimidine, both of which combine with the active center of the enzyme, prevented the antigen-antibody interaction. Thus, physical or chemical modifications of the active center of the enzyme do not influence its immunologic specificity, indicating that antibodies are not formed primarily to the active center of the enzyme. The retention of considerable catalytic activity by the enzyme-antibody precipitate indicates that steric blockade of the active center by proximal binding of the antibodies is incomplete.

A technique for continuously measuring the rate of antigen-antibody precipitation and residual enzyme activity has been described. At equivalence, the rate of precipitation was most rapid and the catalysis of xanthine by bovine Cr.X.O. was maximally reduced, with residual enzyme activity localized mainly in the precipitate.

Species specificity was shown by the absence of interaction between antibody to bovine Cr.X.O. and rat liver xanthine oxidase. These antibodies, however, did cross-react with xanthine oxidase isolated from various bovine tissues and from human liver.
Studies on the Immune Response of Guinea Pigs to the Envelope Substance of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Walker Richard V.
Published: January 2023

According to fluorescent antibody observations, Fraction I injected in oil persisted in guinea pigs for 186 to 210 days. Its distribution detected with fluorescent antibody and by radioactivity differed. The latter suggested combination with antibody resulting in catabolism by the liver, elimination by the kidneys and brief storage in bone marrow not seen with fluorescent antibody. Only fixed reticular macrophages and fibroblasts were observed to ingest the antigen. It was not stored long in these cells. Many vessels, sinuses and other microscopic cavities were lined with a thick coating of the antigen. The last appearance in antibody producing centers was in the germinal centers of Flemming. Partial immunity developed 3 months after primary injection and could be restimulated at 6 months. Immunounresponsiveness of guinea pigs to Fraction I in oil was temporary; eventually a partial immunity arose.
Studies of Viruses of the Tick Borne Encephalitis Complex
Authors: Morse Leonard J. , Russ Sudie B. , Needy Charles F. , Buescher Edward L.
Published: January 2023

Three overt human infections with Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) virus directly related to laboratory contact are described. Each case was proved serologically, and in two KFD virus was isolated from blood. The epidemiologic association with laboratory exposure is described, and complete immunologic investigation of all potentially infected persons was made to determine the etiology of observed disease. Differences in serologic response to active disease, modified disease, and subclinical infection are presented. This study provides additional interpretable information concerning the significance of heterologous antibodies to subsequent infection with other Group B arthropod borne viruses.
The Bactericidal Activity of Human Serum Against Escherichia Coli
Authors: Waisbren Burton A. , Brown Imogene
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The bactericidal activity of human sera against Escherichia coli was studied. An inverse relationship between the number of E. coli present and the bactericidal activity of serum was established. Significant differences in the bactericidal potency of serum from different individuals and in the resistances to the bactericidal activity of serum of different strains of E. coli were found. The bactericidal activity was found to be heat labile and not restored by addition of fresh guinea pig sera.

Sera drawn from different age groups did not vary significantly in bactericidal activity. There were no gross differences between the bactericidal activities of sera drawn from limited numbers of patients with cirrhosis, diabetes, pyelonephritis and carcinoma, and control sera.
Studies of a Myxovirus Isolated from Human Blood
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Isacson Peter , McCollum Robert W.
Published: January 2023

Using agar overlaid primate cell cultures, a plaque-forming agent was obtained from human whole blood whereas cytopathic effects were not evident in parallel fluid cultures. This agent, termed the DA virus, was classified as a myxovirus and was found to have biologic properties similar to those of the mumps-NDV group. Using techniques of neutralization of infectivity either by plaque reduction or by hemadsorption-inhibition the DA virus was found to be antigenically distinct from influenza A, B and C, Newcastle disease, and parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and 4 viruses. Some degree of antigenic similarity was found to mumps virus. A complete serologic cross-reaction was found between the DA virus and the SA and SV-5 viruses. Normal monkeys were found to have antibodies to the DA virus while in captivity.