bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leucippus and Democritus on Like to Like and ou mallon
Authors: Andrew Gregory
Published: June 2013

The central issue for this paper is whether for Leucippus and Democritus, 1 the like to like principle, which is critical to cosmos formation once a vortex forms, operates outside of the vortices. Should we consider like to like in the early atomists to be akin to a ‘fundamental force’, with a universal application, as some commentators have suggested?3 Or should we rather consider it to be a sorting effect generated by certain types of motion, occurring only when those types of motion occur? As a matter of detail this is interesting in itself and it also bears on several important interpretive issues for Leucippus and Democritus. What are the intrinsic properties of atoms, if any, beyond their size and shape? Is the initial formation of a vortex a matter of necessity or a matter of chance? Is what happens in a cosmos a matter of necessity or chance? Although not immediately obvious, this will also raise issues concerning to what extent Leucippus and Democritus are committed to the principle of sufficient reason.

I will argue that there are good theoretical and textual reasons to believe that like to like occurs only in the vortices. I will also argue that just as there are no preferred sizes and shapes for atoms for Leucippus and Democritus, no preferred distribution of the atoms in the void and there are no preferred times or places for vortex/cosmos formation either. This I suggest gives Leucippus and Democritus a coherent and interesting position relative to Parmenides. Where Parmenides denies multiplicity and raises sufficient reason issues about the time and place of cosmos formation, Leucippus and Democritus assert multiplicity but without preferred shapes and sizes of atoms and cosmogony without preferred times and places of cosmos formation. Of importance here will be an interesting paradox in cosmogony - if we begin with a uniform entity or uniform distribution of entities how does a non-uniform state such as a cosmos arise, while if we begin with a non-uniform entity or non-uniform distribution of entities how do we explain this non-uniformity?
The Effect of Water-Induced Stress To Enhance Hydrocarbon Recovery in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Fakcharoenphol Perapon , Charoenwongsa Sarinya , Kazemi Hossein , Wu Yu-Shu
Published: June 2013

Waterflooding has been an effective improved-oil-recovery (IOR) process for several decades. However, stress induced by waterflooding has not been well studied or documented. Water injection typically increases reservoir pressure and decreases reservoir temperature. The increase in reservoir pressure and decrease in reservoir temperature synergistically reduce the effective stress. Because of such decrease in stress, existing healed natural fractures can be reactivated and/or new fractures can be created. Similar effects can enhance hydrocarbon recovery in shale reservoirs.

In this paper, we calculated the magnitude of water-injection-induced stress with a coupled flow/geomechanics model. To evaluate the effect of water injection in the Bakken, a numerical-simulation study for a sector model was carried out. Stress changes caused by the volume created by the hydraulic fracture, water injection, and oil production were calculated. The Hoek-Brown failure criterion was used to compute rock-failure potential.

Our numerical results for a waterflooding example show that during water injection, the synergistic effects of reservoir cooling and pore-pressure increase significantly promote rock failure, potentially reactivating healed natural macrofractures and/or creating new macrofractures, especially near an injector. The rock cooling can create small microfractures on the surface of the matrix blocks. In shale oil reservoirs, the numerical experiments indicate that stress changes during water injection can improve oil recovery by opening some of the old macrofractures and creating new small microfractures on the surface of the matrix blocks to promote shallow water invasion into the rock matrix. Furthermore, the new microfractures provide additional interface area between macrofractures and matrix to improve oil drainage when using surfactant and CO2 enhanced-oil-recovery techniques. These positive effects are particularly important farther away from the immediate vicinity of the hydraulic fracture, which is where much of the undrained oil resides.
Processes and Procedures for Data Publication: A Case Study in the Geosciences
Authors: Callaghan Sarah , Murphy Fiona , Tedds Jonathan , Allan Rob , Kunze John , Lawrence Rebecca , Mayernik Matthew S. , Whyte Angus
Published: June 2013

The Peer REview for Publication and Accreditation of Research Data in the Earth sciences (PREPARDE) project is a JISC and NERC funded project which aims to investigate the policies and procedures required for the formal publication of research data, ranging from ingestion into a data repository, through to formal publication in a data journal. It also addresses key issues arising in the data publication paradigm, including, but not limited to, issues related to how one peer reviews a dataset, what criteria are needed for a repository to be considered objectively trustworthy, and how datasets and journal publications can be effectively cross-linked for the benefit of the wider research community. PREPARDE brings together a wide range of experts in the research, academic publishing and data management fields both within the Earth Sciences and in the broader life sciences with the aim of producing general guidelines applicable to a wide range of scientific disciplines and data publication types. This paper provides details of the work done in the first half of the project; the project itself will be completed in June 2013.
Developing an Approach for Data Management Education: A Report from the Data Information Literacy Project
Authors: Carlson Jake , Johnston Lisa , Westra Brian , Nichols Mason
Published: June 2013

This paper describes the initial results from the Data Information Literacy (DIL) project designed to identify the educational needs of graduate students across a variety of science disciplines and respond with effective educational interventions to meet those needs. The DIL project consists of five teams in disparate disciplines from four academic institutions in the United States. The project teams include a data librarian, a subject-specialist or information literacy librarian, and a faculty member representing a disciplinary group of students. Interviews with the students and faculty members present a detailed snapshot of graduate student needs in data management education. Following our study, educational programs addressing identified needs will be delivered in the fall of 2012 and spring of 2013. Our findings from the project interviews are analyzed here, with a preview of the training approaches that will be taken by the five teams.
Stability of three commonly compounded extemporaneous enrofloxacin suspensions for oral administration to exotic animals
Authors: Petritz Olivia A. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Wiebe Valerie J. , Papich Mark G.
Published: June 2013

Objective—To evaluate the stability of 3 extemporaneous oral suspensions of enrofloxacin mixed with readily available flavoring vehicles when stored at room temperature (approx 22°C).

Design—Evaluation study.

Samples—3 commonly compounded oral suspensions of enrofloxacin.

Procedures—On day 0, commercially available enrofloxacin tablets were compounded with a mixture of distilled water and corn syrup (formulation A) or cherry syrup (formulation B) flavoring vehicles to create suspensions with a nominal enrofloxacin concentration of 22.95 mg/mL, and 2.27% enrofloxacin injectable solution was compounded with a liquid sweetener (formulation C) to create a suspension with a nominal enrofloxacin concentration of 11.35 mg/mL. Preparations were stored in amber-colored vials at room temperature for 56 days. For each preparation, the enrofloxacin concentration was evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography at prespecified intervals during the study. The pH, odor, and consistency for all suspensions were recorded at the start and completion of the study.

Results—Relative to the nominal enrofloxacin concentration, the enrofloxacin concentration strength ranged from 95.80% to 100.69% for formulation A, 108.44% to 111.06% for formulation B, and 100.99% to 103.28% for formulation C. A mild pH increase was detected in all 3 suspensions during the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that, when stored in amber-colored vials at room temperature for 56 days, the enrofloxacin concentration strength in all 3 formulations was retained within acceptance criteria of 90% to 110%. Subjectively, cherry syrup flavoring was better at masking the smell and taste of enrofloxacin than were the other mixing vehicles.
Genetic k-Means Clustering Approach for Mapping Human Vulnerability to Chemical Hazards in the Industrialized City: A Case Study of Shanghai, China
Authors: Shi Weifang , Zeng Weihua
Published: June 2013

Reducing human vulnerability to chemical hazards in the industrialized city is a matter of great urgency. Vulnerability mapping is an alternative approach for providing vulnerability-reducing interventions in a region. This study presents a method for mapping human vulnerability to chemical hazards by using clustering analysis for effective vulnerability reduction. Taking the city of Shanghai as the study area, we measure human exposure to chemical hazards by using the proximity model with additionally considering the toxicity of hazardous substances, and capture the sensitivity and coping capacity with corresponding indicators. We perform an improved k-means clustering approach on the basis of genetic algorithm by using a 500 m × 500 m geographical grid as basic spatial unit. The sum of squared errors and silhouette coefficient are combined to measure the quality of clustering and to determine the optimal clustering number. Clustering result reveals a set of six typical human vulnerability patterns that show distinct vulnerability dimension combinations. The vulnerability mapping of the study area reflects cluster-specific vulnerability characteristics and their spatial distribution. Finally, we suggest specific points that can provide new insights in rationally allocating the limited funds for the vulnerability reduction of each cluster.
Mass Estimate for a Lunar Resource Launcher Based on Existing Terrestrial Electromagnetic Launchers
Authors: Roesler Gordon
Published: June 2013

Economic exploitation of lunar resources may be more efficient with a non-rocket approach to launch from the lunar surface. The launch system cost will depend on its design, and on the number of launches from Earth to deliver the system to the Moon. Both of these will depend on the launcher system mass. Properties of an electromagnetic resource launcher are derived from two mature terrestrial electromagnetic launchers. A mass model is derived and used to estimate launch costs for a developmental launch vehicle. A rough manufacturing cost for the system is suggested.
Monetary and Fiscal Policies for a Finite Planet
Authors: Farley Joshua , Burke Matthew , Flomenhoft Gary , Kelly Brian , Murray D. Forrest , Posner Stephen , Putnam Matthew , Scanlan Adam , Witham Aaron
Published: June 2013

Current macroeconomic policy promotes continuous economic growth. Unemployment, poverty and debt are associated with insufficient growth. Economic activity depends upon the transformation of natural materials, ultimately returning to the environment as waste. Current levels of economic throughput exceed the planet’s carrying capacity. As a result of poorly constructed economic institutions, society faces the unacceptable choice between ecological catastrophe and human misery. A transition to a steady-state economy is required, characterized by a rate of throughput compatible with planetary boundaries. This paper contributes to the development of a steady-state economy by addressing US monetary and fiscal policies. A steady-state monetary policy would support counter-cyclical, debt-free vertical money creation through the public sector, in ways that contribute to sustainable well-being. The implication for a steady-state fiscal policy is that any lending or spending requires a careful balance of recovery of money, not as a means of revenue, but as an economic imperative to meet monetary policy goals. A steady-state fiscal policy would prioritize targeted public goods investments, taxation of ecological “bads” and economic rent and implementation of progressive tax structures. Institutional innovations are considered, including common asset trusts, to regulate throughput, and a public monetary trust, to strictly regulate money supply.
Axillary Lymph Node Status, Adjusted for Pathologic Complete Response in Breast and Axilla after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Predicts Differential Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang G.C. , Zhang Y.F. , Xu F.P. , Qian X.K. , Guo Z.B. , Ren C.Y. , Yao M.
Published: June 2013

Background: Our retrospective study in breast cancer patients evaluated whether integrating subtype and pathologic complete response (pCR) information into axillary lymph node restaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) adds significance to its prognostic values. Methods: Patients included in the analysis had stage II or III disease, with post-NAC axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), without sentinel lymph node biopsy before completion of NAC, with definitive subtyping data and subtype-oriented adjuvant treatments. The ypN grading system was used to restage axillary lymph node status, and ypN0 was adjusted by pCR in both breast and axilla into ypN0(pCR) and ypN0(non-pCR). Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed. Results: Among the 301 patients analyzed, 145 had tumours that were hormone receptor–positive (HR+) and negative for the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2–), 101 had tumours that were positive for HER2 (HER2+), and 55 had tumours that were triple-negative. The rate of pCR in both breast and axilla was 11.7%, 43.6%, and 25.5% respectively for the 3 subtypes. Compared with the non-pCR patients, the pCR patients had better disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS): p = 0.002 for DFS and p = 0.011 for OS. In non-pCR patients, DFS and OS were similar in the ypN0(non-pCR) and ypN1 subgroups, and in the ypN2 and ypN3 subgroups. We therefore grouped the ypN grading results into ypN0(pCR) (n = 75), ypN0– 1(non-pCR) (n = 175), and ypN2–3 (n = 51). In those groups, the 3-year DFS was 98%, 91%, and 56%, and the 3-year OS was 100%, 91%, and 82% respectively. The differences in DFS and OS between those three subgroups were significant (all p < 0.05 in paired comparisons). Multivariate Cox regression showed that subtype and ypN staging adjusted by pCR were the only two independent factors predicting DFS. Conclusions: Axillary lymph node status after NAC, adjusted for pCR in breast and axilla, predicts differential DFS in patients without prior sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Effects of an Advanced Nursing Job Satisfaction, Turnover Rate, Assistant Education Program on and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Brown Megan , Redfern Roberta E. , Bressler Katrina , Swicegood Tamara May , Molnar Marianne
Published: June 2013

Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) have become an integral part of the health care system, spend the most amount of time with residents, and yet have the least amount of training. Recent reports demonstrate that CNAs believe their salary is not commensurate with their workload, and turnover rates in this field have indicated low job satisfaction. In light of these issues, we developed an advanced training program for CNAs in our institution to determine whether investing in our employees would increase job satisfaction and therefore impact turnover rates and clinical outcomes. Although overall job satisfaction improved slightly during the study period, satisfaction with training offered was the only area significantly affected by the intervention; however, significant decreases in turnover rates were observed between the pre- and postintervention periods. Clinical indicators were slightly improved, and the number of resident urinary tract infections decreased significantly. Offering an advanced training program for CNAs may be an effective way to improve morale, turnover rates, and clinical outcomes. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 39
(10), 34–43.]
From Overview to Facets and Pivoting for Interactive Exploration of Semantic Web Data
Authors: Brunetti Josep Maria , García Roberto , Auer Sören
Published: June 2013

The proliferation of Linked Open Data on the Web has increased the amount of data available for analysis and reuse. However, casual users find it difficult to explore and use Semantic Web Data due to the prevalence of specialised browsers that require complex queries to be formed and intimate knowledge on the structure of datasets. The authors address this problem in the Rhizomer tool by applying the data analysis mantra of overview, zoom and filter. These interaction patterns are implemented using information architecture components users are already familiar with but that are automatically generated from data and ontologies. This approach makes it possible to obtain an overview of the dataset being explored using techniques, such as navigation menus, treemaps or sitemaps, which are usually not available in text-based semantic web browsers. From there, users can interactively explore the data using facets. Moreover, facets also feature a pivoting operation, motivated during tests with lay users, that removes the main constraint of most faceted browsers, i.e. the inability to combine filters for differently faceted views to build complex queries.
Impacts of aerosols on the chemistry of atmospheric trace gases: a case study of peroxides and HO2 radicals
Authors: Liang H. , Chen Z. M. , Huang D. , Zhao Y. , Li Z. Y.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Field measurements of atmospheric peroxides were obtained during the summer on two consecutive years over urban Beijing, and focused on the impacts of aerosols on the chemistry of peroxide compounds and hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2). The major peroxides were determined to be hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl hydroperoxide (MHP), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). A negative correlation was found between H2O2 and PAA in rainwater, providing evidence for a conversion between H2O2 and PAA in the aqueous phase. A standard gas phase chemistry model based on the NCAR Master Mechanism provided a good reproduction of the observed H2O2 profile on non-haze days but greatly overpredicted the H2O2 level on haze days. We attribute this overprediction to the reactive uptake of HO2 by the aerosols, since there was greatly enhanced aerosol loading and aerosol liquid water content on haze days. The discrepancy between the observed and modeled H2O2 can be diminished by adding to the model a newly proposed transition metal ion catalytic mechanism of HO2 in aqueous aerosols. This confirms the importance of the aerosol uptake of HO2 and the subsequent aqueous phase reactions in the reduction of H2O2. The closure of HO2 and H2O2 between the gas and aerosol phases suggests that the aerosols do not have a net reactive uptake of H2O2, because the conversion of HO2 to H2O2 on aerosols compensates for the H2O2 loss. Laboratory studies for the aerosol uptake of H2O2 in the presence of HO2 are urgently required to better understand the aerosol uptake of H2O2 in the real atmosphere.
Quasi-parallel electron beams and their possible application in inferring the auroral arc's root in the magnetosphere
Authors: Liang J. , Jiang F. , Donovan E. , Spanswick E. , Angelopoulos V. , Strangeway R.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. In this study we investigate the upgoing electron beams at the topside ionosphere and their counterpart feature, the bidirectional quasi-parallel electron beams (QPEB) in the equatorial magnetosphere, with highlight on their potential application in estimating the location of the arc's root (AR) in the magnetotail central plasma sheet (CPS). We infer from FAST data that the upgoing electron beam is often found in the equatorward vicinity of the inverted-V arc. On the premise of such a scenario, we propose a method to estimate the location of the AR from available magnetospheric measurements by assuming that the tailward boundary of the QPEB demarcates the earthward boundary of the AR. We report two events with THEMIS observations of QPEBs in the magnetotail CPS, and demonstrate how to use the QPEB features, together with the magnetic signatures of the current circuit constituted by the QPEB and arc, to estimate the earthward boundary of the AR. We find that the estimated earthward boundary of AR is situated at the periphery of a quasi-dipolar magnetosphere characterized by a strong Bz gradient. This finding is consistent with previously existing proposals on the possible AR location in the tail (e.g., Lui and Burrows, 1978; Sergeev et al., 2012).
Temperature effects on carbon-specific respiration rate and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates – potential implications for deep ocean export processes
Authors: Iversen M. H. , Ploug H.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Most deep ocean carbon flux profiles show low and almost constant fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean. However, the reason for the non-changing POC fluxes at depths is unknown. This study presents direct measurements of formation, degradation, and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates from laboratory studies performed at 15 °C and 4 °C during a three-week experiment. The average carbon-specific respiration rate during the experiment was 0.12 ± 0.03 at 15 °C, and decreased 3.5-fold when the temperature was lowered to 4 °C. No direct influence of temperature on aggregate sinking speed was observed. Using the remineralisation rate measured at 4 °C and an average particle sinking speed of 150 m d−1, calculated carbon fluxes were similar to those collected in deep ocean sediment traps from a global data set, indicating that temperature plays a major role for deep ocean fluxes of POC.
Illustrating a new approach to estimating potential reduction in fish species richness due to flow alteration on a global scale
Authors: Yoshikawa S. , Yanagawa A. , Khajuria A. , Sui P. , Iwasaki Y. , Hirano K. , Mahendran R. , Koirala S. , Hirabayashi Y. , Yoshimura C. , Kanae S.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Changes in river discharge due to human activities and climate change would affect the sustainability of freshwater ecosystem. In order to globally assess the future status of freshwater ecosystem under regime shifts in river discharge, global-scale hydrological simulations need to be connected with a model to estimate the soundness of freshwater ecosystem. However, the explicit combination of those two on a global scale is still in its infancy. A couple of statistical models are introduced here to link flow regimes to fish species richness (FSR): one based on a linear relationship between FSR and mean river discharge, and the other based on a relationship between FSR and ecologically relevant flow indices involving other several flow characteristics as well as mean river discharge. The former one has been sometimes used in global simulation studies, but the latter one is newly introduced here in the context of global simulation. These statistical models for estimating FSR were combined with a set of global river discharge simulations to evaluate the potential impact of flow alterations due to climate change on FSR changes. Generally, future reductions in FSR by the latter method are larger and much more scattered rather than by the former method. In arid regions, both models provide reductions in FSR because mean discharge is projected to decrease from past to future, although the magnitude of reduction in FSR is different. On the other hand, large reductions in FSR only by the latter model are detected in heavy-snow regions due to the increases of mean discharge and frequency of low and high flows. Although we need further research to conclude which is more relevant, this study demonstrates that the new model could show a considerably different behavior in assessing the global impact of flow alteration on freshwater ecosystem change.
Effect of High Pressure Processing on Color and Textural Properties of Eggs
Authors: Singh Ajaypal , Ramaswamy Hosahalli
Published: June 2013

Effect of high pressure processing (HPP) on physicochemical characteristics like color and texture of whole liquid egg (WLE), egg white (EW) and egg yolk (EY) were evaluated. A full factorial design involving several pressure levels (600-900 MPa) and treatment time (0-15 min) was employed for this study and the high pressure treatment were given in a temperature and pressure controlled pilot scale HP unit. HPP caused significant changes in various physic-chemical properties in various egg components. Use of pressure levels > 600 MPa resulted in formation of solid gels for all components of eggs. Pressure induced gels were soft and highly elastic. Hardness and cohesiveness of all egg components were found to increase (p < 0.05) with increase in treatment intensity, and increase in EY was higher than in other egg components. The springiness of WLE increased with pressure and treatment time and were higher than in EW and EY. Color changes as indicated by the total color difference (?E) showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase with an increase in pressure level and treatment time.
The Role of the Independent Donor Advocacy Team in the Case of a Declined Living Donor Candidate
Authors: Jennings Tiane , Grauer Danielle , Rudow Dianne LaPointe
Published: June 2013

Many controversies arise when living donor candidates present themselves for consideration as donors for urgent liver transplants. Nonparent living donors for urgent pediatric transplant recipients are a unique donor candidate population with specific considerations that need to be acknowledged and addressed by the independent donor advocacy team. Such a team educates about donation, identifies potential contraindications, examines the distant relationships between donor and recipient, and considers ethical issues about the ability to make an informed decision in an urgent situation. A center for living donation dealt with such ethical issues when a donor candidate with a distant relationship was evaluated for living donation. Multiple relative contraindications were identified, and the donor candidate was declined. Careful management by the independent donor advocacy team is necessary to ensure the psychosocial safety and to provide needed psychosocial support and intervention for donor candidates with psychological contraindications to donation. Standard follow-up protocols need to be developed for declined donor candidates.
Heart Transplant with Donor-Specific Antibody after Immunoadsorption plus Rituximab: A Case Report
Authors: Resse Marianna , Maiello Ciro , Cacciatore Francesco , Romano Gianpaolo , Sabia Chiara , Picascia Antonietta , Ursomando Fabio , Napoli Claudio
Published: June 2013

Different desensitization strategies are available for treating patients with preformed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. A highly presensitized heart recipient received immunoadsorption and rituximab therapy. The patient, with end-stage heart failure, was positive only for antibodies of HLA class I (anti-A2, A10, B17), and Luminex platform (One Lambda kit) showed a panel-reactive antibody score of 64%. The patient's serum was tested repeatedly in both complement-dependent cytotoxicity and flow-cytometry crossmatches against cells from different potential organ donors. The results of these crossmatches were positive on flow cytometry when tested with HLA-A2, A10, and B17 but were still negative on cytotoxicity. The patient was treated with a desensitization regimen; this treatment immediately decreased antibody levels of 70% and the patient subsequently received a transplant with donor-specific HLA antibody (HLA-A2). After more than 2 years, graft function remains normal and the clinical status of the patient is stable.
Outcomes of Pregnancies Fathered by Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients Exposed to Mycophenolic Acid Products
Authors: Jones Alyssa , Clary Megan J. , McDermott Erin , Coscia Lisa A. , Constantinescu Serban , Moritz Michael J. , Armenti Vincent T.
Published: June 2013

Context

In women, exposure to mycophenolic acid products during pregnancy results in an increase in both miscarriages and birth defects in the live born.

Objective

To describe the outcomes of pregnancies fathered by transplant recipients who were being maintained on mycophenolic acid products at the estimated time of conception and compare these pregnancies with pregnancies in the general population.

Methods

Data were collected by the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry via questionnaires, telephone interviews, and medical records.

Results

One hundred fifty-two male transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolic acid products fathered 205 pregnancies (208 outcomes, including 3 pairs of twins). Pregnancy outcomes included 194 live births with a prematurity rate of 10.8%, 14 spontaneous abortions, and no therapeutic abortions or stillbirths. Among the live births, 6 malformations were reported, for an incidence of 3.1%. No pattern of malformations was identified.

Conclusion

The outcomes of pregnancies fathered by transplant recipients treated with mycophenolic acid products appear similar to outcomes in the general population.
Deprotonation of Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) Intermediates: Pulse Radiolysis Study of Extreme Ultraviolet and Electron Beam Resist
Authors: Okamoto Kazumasa , Matsuda Ryo , Yamamoto Hiroki , Kozawa Takahiro , Tagawa Seiichi , Fujiyoshi Ryoko , Sumiyoshi Takashi
Published: June 2013

Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) has been used in current lithography as a backbone polymer and is also a promising material for EUV and electron beam (EB) lithography. PHS is efficiently deprotonated after the ionization of its radical cation at a low pK
a (<0). Thus, a hydroxystyrene unit is incorporated in the chemically amplified resist formula as a proton source. The deprotonation mechanism after ionization can be characterized by using pulse radiolysis techniques. In this study, the dynamics of PHS radical cations generated upon exposure to EB were investigated in various solvents such as ketones, acetates, and nitriles. The observed deprotonation rate is controlled by intramolecular interaction in the solvents with low proton affinities. However, it is suggested that the formation of the hydrogen bonding complex between a hydroxyl group of PHS and a solvent molecule increases the proton transfer rate in dimethyl sulfoxide and pyridine with higher proton affinities (>850 kcal/mol).
Body Doping Profile of Select Device to Minimize Program Disturbance in Three-Dimensional Stack NAND Flash Memory
Authors: Choe Byeong-In , Park Byung-Gook , Lee Jong-Ho
Published: June 2013

The program disturbance characteristic in the three-dimensional (3D) stack NAND flash was analyzed for the first time in terms of string select line (SSL) threshold voltage (V
th) and p-type body doping profile. From the edge word line (W/L) program disturbance, we can observe the boosted channel potential loss as a function of SSL V
th and body doping profile for SSL device. According to simulation work, a high V
th of the SSL device is required to suppress channel leakage during programming. When the body doping of the SSL device is high in the channel, there is a large band bending near the gate edge of the SSL adjacent to the edge W/L cell of boosted cell strings, which generates significantly electron–hole pairs. The generated electrons decreases the boosted channel potential, resulting in increase of program disturbance of the inhibit strings. Through optimization of the body doping profile of the SSL device, both channel leakage and the program disturbance are successfully suppressed for a highly reliable 3D stack NAND flash memory cell operation.
Complementary-Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Technology-Compatible Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors with 14 nm Gate, Sigma-Shape Source, and Recessed Channel
Authors: Sun Min-Chul , Kim Sang Wan , Kim Hyun Woo , Kim Hyungjin , Park Byung-Gook
Published: June 2013

A new design of tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) focusing on the compatibility to the current Si complementary-metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology is proposed. In addition to use of the structural components of the state-of-the-art CMOS technologies, such as Σ-shaped embedded SiGe and the replacement gate techniques, two-step sidewall image transfer gate-patterning and channel recess process are adopted to form highly-scaled nanoscale TFET. Process integration scheme and the expected device characteristics are examined on the basis of technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation on 14-nm-gate model devices. Tunability of transfer characteristics with doping around tip region, control of short-channel effect with channel recess, and improvement of current drivaility with SiGe composition are studied. Design of the source region is found to be critical in controlling the current drivability of the device and output characteristics.
GaAs-Based Nanowire Devices with Multiple Asymmetric Gates for Electrical Brownian Ratchets
Authors: Tanaka Takayuki , Nakano Yuki , Kasai Seiya
Published: June 2013

GaAs-based nanowire devices having multiple asymmetric gates for electrical Brownian ratchets were fabricated and characterized. From three-dimensional potential simulation results and current–voltage characteristics, we confirmed the formation of the asymmetric potential in our device design. Direct current was generated at room temperature by repeatedly switching the potential in a multiple-asymmetric-gate device on and off. Such current was not observed in either a single-asymmetric-gate device or a multiple-symmetric-gate device. The current direction and input frequency dependences of the net current indicated that the observed current was generated by the flashing-ratchet mechanism.
Rectification Effects of ZnO-Based Transparent Nanodiodes on Glass and Flexible Plastic Substrates
Authors: Kimura Yuta , Sun Yi , Maemoto Toshihiko , Sasa Shigehiko , Kasai Seiya , Inoue Masataka
Published: June 2013

Self-switching nanodiodes (SSDs) using zinc oxide (ZnO) were fabricated on glass substrates. The SSDs using ZnO have attracted significant attention as transparent devices because of their low cost, abundance in nature, and so on. Rectification characteristics in the SSDs were resemblance to the characteristics of conventional diodes with use of a doping junction or a barrier structure. The changes in characteristics depending on the shape of SSDs were investigated. Channel widths in the SSD of 230 and 190 nm and turn-on voltages of 5 and 8 V were obtained. On the other hand, it was found that the channel length influences the current strength. Moreover, after coating the devices with HfO2 to enhance the electric field coupling, the rectification behavior was maintained while the device current increased dramatically. The SSDs were fabricated using ZnO on flexible plastic substrates. For channel widths of 250 and 200 nm, turn-on voltages of 4 and 6 V were obtained, respectively. We also obtained clear rectification and observed the dependence of the turn-on voltage on the channel width.
Irradiation Effects of Gas Cluster Ion Beams on Co–Fe Films
Authors: Toyoda Noriaki , Fujimoto Akihiro , Yamada Isao
Published: June 2013

Irradiation effects of gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) were studied on Co3Fe7 films as a novel etching process. Etching depth of Co3Fe7 increased with increasing the acceleration voltage (V
a) and the ionization electron voltage (V
e), however, there is a tradeoff between etching rate and the surface roughness. Because multiply charged GCIBs were formed at high V
e (200 V), the surface layer and interface became rough. When low V
e (50 V) was applied for ionization of Ar-GCIB, crystalline CoFe2O4 layer (10 nm thick) was formed by Ar-GCIB irradiations at room temperature. Oxidation was due to water vapors during GCIB irradiation, which will be eliminated in ultra high vacuum. It is expected that gentle etching of magnetic films is possible with Ar-GCIB ionized at low V
e.
Phosphorus Doping into 4H-SiC by Irradiation of Excimer Laser in Phosphoric Solution
Authors: Nishi Koji , Ikeda Akihiro , Ikenoue Hiroshi , Asano Tanemasa
Published: June 2013

We developed a method to dope phosphorus into 4H-SiC by irradiating excimer laser light to 4H-SiC immersed in phosphoric acid solution. A KrF excimer laser was used. The surface is slightly ablated by the laser irradiation. However, no amorphous layer is generated near the surface. Phosphorous is introduced at a concentration of over 1020cm-3near the crystal surface. The laser irradiation in phosphoric acid solution significantly improves the ohmic contact characteristic between metal and 4H-SiC. Hall effect measurement shows that the irradiation produces an n-type layer at the surface whose sheet carrier concentration is 2.25×1012cm-2. In addition, we produce a pn junction by irradiating p-type 4H-SiC. The pn junction shows a rectifying characteristic whose on/off ratio is over 8 decades and ideality factor is 1.06.
Localized Electroless Ag Plating at a Tip Apex for Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy
Authors: Lin Chun-Ting , Yu Ming-Han , Su James , Chen Po-Li , Shiao Ming-Hua , Nemcsics Akos , Chang Mao-Nan
Published: June 2013

A typical probe for scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) consists of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe with a metallic coating. Such probes result in a large sensing area and lead to poor spatial resolution due to the stray-field effect. With electroless Ag plating (EAP), we employed an AFM system to form a Ag nanodot (AND) at the apex of the probe tip, which reduces the sensing area of the SKPM probe, thereby suppressing the stray-field effect. It was revealed that the tip with an AND structure had improved the spatial resolution in SKPM. Our experimental results showed that the EAP process can be completed in a few seconds, implying that localized EAP is a simple and rapid process for preparing an AND structure at the tip apex in SKPM measurements.
Dielectric Responses and Electrical Properties of CaCu3Ti4-xVxO12 Ceramics Prepared by a Simple Poly(ethylene glycol) Sol–Gel Route
Authors: Sangwong Nuchjarin , Thongbai Prasit , Yamwong Teerapon , Maensiri Santi , Chindaprasirt Prinya
Published: June 2013

Nanocrystalline CaCu3Ti4-x
V
x
O12 (x = 0, 0.025, and 0.05) powders with particle sizes of 100–200 nm were successfully synthesized using a poly(ethylene glycol) solution. All the ceramic samples exhibited the pure CaCu3Ti4O12 phase. The grain size of CaCu3Ti4-x
V
x
O12 ceramics increased slightly as V doping ion concentration increased; whereas, the dielectric permittivity of the ceramics decreased slightly. The nonlinear current–voltage properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics were improved significantly by substitution of V ions. Impedance spectroscopy analysis and investigation of non-ohmic electrical properties revealed that the electrical resistance of the grain boundary and breakdown electric field strength were markedly increased by substitution of V ions; whereas, electrostatic potential barrier height at grain boundaries decreased slightly.
Control of Crystal Orientation and Diameter of Silicon Nanowire Using Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template
Authors: Shimizu Tomohiro , Inoue Fumihiro , Wang Chonge , Otsuka Shintaro , Tada Yoshihiro , Koto Makoto , Shingubara Shoso
Published: June 2013

The control of the crystal orientation and diameter of vertically grown epitaxial Si nanowires was demonstrated using a combination of a vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth technique and the use of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template on a single-crystal Si substrate. The [100], [110], and [111] nanowires were selectively obtained by choosing the Si substrate with appropriate crystal orientation. The diameter of a Si nanowire in the AAO template could be controlled by the modification of the pore size of the AAO template with anodic voltage during anodization.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Index-Matched Transparent Conducting Oxide Layers for Liquid Crystal on Si Projection Displays
Authors: Park Cheol Young , Choi Bum Ho , Lee Jong Ho
Published: June 2013

In this study, the characteristics of several kinds of index-matched transparent conducting oxide layers (TCO) were investigated for applications to liquid crystals on silicon (LCoS) projection displays. The purpose of exploring the characteristics of these materials is to find alternatives to currently used index-matched indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) layers, since index-matched ITO suffers from high production costs and materials shortages. Based on zinc oxide (ZnO) TCO layers, metal dopants such as Al, In, or Ga were added to improve the optical and electrical properties; 15 nm thick ZnO, aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO), indium–gallium-doped ZnO (IGZO), indium-doped ZnO (IZO), and gallium-doped ZnO (GZO) layers were sputtered on glass substrates using radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. The measured transparency in the visible radiation range was above 94% for all prepared index-matched TCO layers. Among them, the transparency of AZO layers was the highest, reaching 97.5%. The sheet resistance of the TCO layers was around 100 Ω cm-2, with 82.6 Ω cm-2being the lowest measured value obtained from a 15 nm thick AZO layer. Furthermore, the sheet resistance uniformity measured by samples with an area of 200×200 mm2was below 5%. Atomic force microscopy measurement results show that the root-mean-square surface roughness values were lower than 0.01 nm in ZnO and AZO, and 0.128 and 0.261 in IGZO and GZO, respectively. The contact angle, which is another key factor in index-matched TCO-coated substrates, was around 25°, which meets the requirements for LCoS projection display panels. Among the tested TCO layers, AZO exhibited superior characteristics in terms of optical and electrical properties. Therefore, AZO represents an alternative to currently used index-matched ITO layers in LCoS projection displays.
In situ Observation of Formation Process of Negative Electron Affinity Surface of GaAs by Surface Photo-Absorption
Authors: Hayase Kazuya , Nishitani Tomohiro , Suzuki Katsunari , Imai Hironobu , Hasegawa Jun-ichi , Namba Daiki , Meguro Takashi
Published: June 2013

We have used surface photo-absorption (SPA) to investigate the formation of negative electron affinity (NEA) surfaces on p-GaAs during the Yo-Yo method, under an alternating supply of Cs and O2. The SPA spectra showed that the surface during the first Cs step was different from those in the following Cs and O2 steps. This suggests that the surface structure did not change after the initial surface was formed, indicating that there could be two Cs adsorption sites on the GaAs surface, which is different from previously proposed models.
Lithium Adsorption on Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheet Using Dispersion-Corrected Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Hwang Yubin , Chung Yong-Chae
Published: June 2013

Single lithium (Li) atom adsorption behavior on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheet was investigated using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) with the semi-empirical Grimme DFT-D2 approach, which allows a description of London dispersive interaction. The single Li atom was found to be strongly physisorbed on the h-BN nanosheet with dispersion-corrected DFT calculation, while a very weak bonding, close to non-bonding, between the adsorbed Li and h-BN was calculated with conventional DFT calculation. Through analyzing the charge density and the electron density of states of the Li/h-BN system, our calculations demonstrate that the dispersion-corrected DFT calculations give more reasonable predictions for a weakly-bonded adsorption system than conventional DFT calculations, which are unable to precisely describe the system due to absence of a dispersive interaction description.
Evaluation of Demolding Energy for Various Demolding Modes in Embossing Process
Authors: Nishino Tomoki , Fujikawa Norihiro , Kawata Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiko
Published: June 2013

To investigate the demolding process in the UV embossing process, a three-axis controlled test rig is newly developed to realize various demolding motions. Using this test rig, the energy required for demolding is evaluated in various releasing modes and at various aspect ratios of molds. Demolding energy increases as the aspect ratio of the pattern increases. The peeling mode consumes a lower demolding energy than the newly proposed screw mode (twisting releasing) and the lift-off mode (vertical releasing) nevertheless; the screw mode is effective for an alternative pattern layout.
Control of Resin Filling and Pattern Quality of Ultraviolet Nanoimprint Lithography in Pentafluoropropane and Helium Ambient
Authors: Youn Sung-Won , Suzuki Kenta , Wang Qing , Hiroshima Hiroshi
Published: June 2013

Quick and bubble-free cavity filling is a crucial issue in ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL), which is key to mass production by UV-NIL, and this has been accomplished by performing UV-NIL in helium or condensable gas ambient. However, such an ambient has both positive and negative attributes. In this study, the feasibility of UV-NIL in the mixed gas ambient of helium and pentafluoropropane (PFP) as a tool for controlling the combination of characteristics in throughput and pattern quality in a quick and bubble-free patterning process was verified. First, the shrinkage behaviors and elimination time of bubbles were investigated in different ambients (air, helium, and PFP) and compared with each other. Through step-and-repeat UV-NIL experiments using a mold with checker patterns having 100-µm-wide and 94-nm-deep cavities, it was found that bubbles could not be eliminated even after imprinting for 600 s in air ambient, whereas they were removed completely in helium or PFP ambient. Additionally, it was confirmed that UV-NIL in PFP ambient resulted in much faster bubble elimination, lower mold releasing force, larger shrinkage, and higher surface roughness, than UV-NIL in helium ambient. Next, the shrinkage behaviors of bubbles were characterized at different helium fractions in the He/PFP mixture (2000 sccm). In UV-NIL in He/PFP ambient, with the increase in helium fraction, bubble elimination time increased quadratically, and mold releasing force increased, whereas shrinkage and surface roughness decreased rather linearly.
Battery-Free Love-Wave-Based Neural Probe and Its Wireless Characterizations
Authors: Jung In Ki , Fu Chen , Lee Keekeun
Published: June 2013

A wireless Love-wave-based neural probe that utilizes a one-port reflective delay line was developed for both reading and stimulating neurons in the brain. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a waveguide layer and gold (Au) electrodes were structured on the top of a 41° YX LiNbO3piezoelectric substrate, following the parameters extracted from coupling-of-mode (COM) modeling. For a one-port reflective delay line, single-phase unidirectional transducers (SPUDTs) and three shorted grating reflectors were employed, which made possible the implementation of a wireless and battery-free neural probe. The fabricated Love-wave-based neural probes were wirelessly measured using two antennas with a 440 MHz central frequency and a network analyzer. Sharp reflection peaks with a high signal-to-noise ratio were observed from the reflection peaks. The probe was immersed in 0.9% saline solution while applying input DC voltages. Good linearity, high sensitivity, and reproducibility were observed depending on DC applied voltage, in the range from 0 to 500 mV. The sensitivity obtained from the DC firings (artificial neural firings) was ∼0.04 µs/VDC, indicating that this prototype probe is very promising for the wireless reading and stimulation of neural firings in in vivo animal testing.