bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suprachiasmatic Nuclear Lesions Eliminate Circadian Rhythms of Drinking and Activity, but Not of Body Temperature, in Male Rats
Authors: Satinoff Evelyn , Prosser Rebecca A.
Published: March 2007

Male Long-Evans rats were maintained in lightproof cabinets while drinking, ac tivity, and telemetered body temperature (Tb) data were collected. After suprachiasmatic nuclear (SCN) lesions, the rats were exposed to a 12:12 light-dark cycle, a 6-hr delay in the lighting cycle, and constant dark. Lesions that abolished the drinking and activity rhythms did not eliminate the Tb rhythm. However, the amplitude, phase, and free-running period of the Tb rhythm were altered. Lesions that only partially damaged the SCN had similar, though lesser, effects. In some cases, Tb rhythms remained normal, activity rhythms were only temporarily disrupted, and drinking rhythms were eliminated in the same animals. These results support the conclusion that Tb can remain rhythmic after lesions that permanently or temporarily disrupt other circadian rhythms. Of the three rhythms, it appears that drinking rhythms are most easily and Tb rhythms least easily disrupted by SCN lesions.
Effects upon Circadian Rhythmicity of an Alteration to the Sleep-Wake Cycle: Problems of Assessment Resulting from Measurement in the Presence of Sleep and Analysis in Terms of a Single Shifted Component
Authors: Minors D.S. , Waterhouse J.M.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were performed upon groups of three or four human subjects in an isolation chamber (total n = 14). Subjects lived initially on a conventional lifestyle and then delayed their hours of sleep by 8 hr (so mimicking some aspects of nightwork) for 2 or 5 days. They also performed two constant routines—protocols designed to minimize any effects due to the environment, mealtimes, and activity. Regular samples of urine were taken when subjects were awake, and were analyzed for sodium, potassium, and chloride; rectal temper ature was measured and logged at 6-min intervals throughout. Shifts in circadian rhythms produced by the change in sleep time were assessed by cosinor and cross-correlation tech niques. The protocol enabled these assessments to be made on days when sleep was allowed and under constant-routine conditions, so that masking and behavioral effects could be in vestigated also. The results confirmed that adjustment to the change in sleep time was slow and only partial, and that assessments made on days when sleep was allowed overestimated this adjustment. Furthermore, it was concluded that, whereas cosinor and cross-correlation techniques using only one shifting component were equally useful in describing the observed changes, both were inferior to a cross-correlation technique that made use of two shifting components. Some practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Role of the Pineal Gland in the Control of Annual Reproductive Behavioral and Physiological Cycles in the Red-Sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)
Authors: Crews David , Hingorani Vinita , Nelson Randy J.
Published: March 2007

Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) exhibit a dissociated re productive pattern in nature: Male snakes court and mate with females after emergence from hibernation, when the gonads are regressed and not producing gametes or sex steroid hor mones. The proximate environmental cues used for timing this behavior appear to be the onset of warm ambient temperatures after prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. Pinealectomy blocks the normal onset of vernal courtship behavior in red-sided garter snakes. In the present study, snakes captured in the spring or the fall were pinealectomized in different seasons (i.e., spring or fall) prior to the onset of hibernation. Upon emergence, only 1 of 36 sham-operated animals failed to exhibit courtship behavior; 4 of 29 pinealectomized animals exhibited some courtship behavior, but none reached criterion. No animals courted 18 weeks after emer gence, and plasma testosterone levels were similar in pinealectomized and sham-operated animals, indicating that pinealectomy did not simply rephase courtship behavior in these snakes. Although some animals lost mass while others gained mass over the course of the study, this variable does not account for the absence of mating behavior in pinealectomized garter snakes. These data lend additional support to the hypothesis that the pineal gland directly influences reproductive behavior in the red-sided garter snake.
Effect of Winter High Temperatures on Reproduction and Circannual Rhythms in Hibernating Ground Squirrels
Authors: Barnes Brian M. , York Alison D.
Published: March 2007

We tested whether prevention of hibernation in ground squirrels by midwinter exposure to high ambient temperatures influenced timing of the spring phase of reproductive maturation and the phase and period of subsequent circannual rhythms of reproduction and body mass. Exposing hibernating adult male Spermophilus lateralis to 30°C for 6 weeks beginning December 4 advanced the timing of testicular recrudescence by 4-5 weeks, compared to controls left at 4°C. Males exposed to 30°C for 6 weeks beginning at the average time of spontaneous end of hibernation (January 15) reached reproductive maturation at a time intermediate to those of controls and of the December 4 experimental group. However, neither the date of the subsequent fall's body mass peak, the date of the next year's reproductive maturation, nor the periods of circannual rhythms of body mass and reproduction differed among groups. Premature interruption of hibernation appears to allow early expression of reproduction, but does not affect the underlying timing mechanism.
Entrainment of Bimodal Circatidal Rhythms in the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas
Authors: Reid D.G. , Naylor E.
Published: March 2007

Individuals of the shore crab Carcinus maenas were exposed to artificial cycles, applied in tidal antiphase, of pairs of the three major environmental variables that entrain circatidal rhythmicity in this species: salinity, temperature, and hydrostatic pressure. During entrainment, the observed locomotor activity patterns were dominated by exogenous responses to high pressure, low temperature, or low salinity. In subsequent constant conditions, many of the crabs showed bimodal circatidal rhythms, with peaks phased to the times of expected high-tide characteristics of high pressure, low temperature, or high salinity. Similar bimodal rhythms were induced by exposing freshly captured crabs, with free running circatidal rhythms, to tidal antiphase cycles of each of the three environmental variables applied individually. The hypothesis that circatidal rhythmicity in this species is controlled by at least two separate circatidal oscillators, with differential sensitivities to specific cyclical environmental variables, is discussed.
Further Evaluation of the Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Circadian Pacemaker in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
Authors: Schwartz William J.
Published: March 2007

We previously reported the results of an experimental paradigm in which tetrodotoxin (TTX) was chronically infused by miniosmotic pump into the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) (Schwartz et al., 1987). Although TTX reversibly blocked photic entrainment and overt expression of the circadian drinking rhythm, the circadian pacemaker in the SCN continued to oscillate unperturbed by the toxin, and we concluded that Na+-dependent action potentials are not a part of the SCN pacemaker's internal timekeeping mechanism. In the research reported in the present paper, we used our paradigm to chronically infuse other agents, in order to evaluate the validity of this interpretation further.

( 1) Infusion of 50% procaine into the SCN of blinded rats resulted in a disorganized circadian drinking rhythm during the infusion, after which behavioral rhythmicity returned without apparent phase shift. In intact rats, procaine reduced the phase-resetting action of a reversed light-dark cycle imposed during the infusion. Thus, the effects of voltage-dependent Na+ channel blockade by a local anesthetic resemble those produced by TTX.

(2) Infusion of high (20 mM) K+ or 100 μM veratridine into the SCN of blinded rats resulted in an apparent phase advance of the circadian drinking rhythm by over 4 hr. The phase-shifting effect of veratridine was blocked by simultaneous infusion of 1 μM TTX. Thus, membrane depolarization or direct activation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels can affect the pacemaker's oscillation. Our infusion paradigm can detect alterations of rhythm phase, and the lack of phase shift after TTX or procaine infusion is not an artifact of an insensitive method.
Influence of Melatonin Treatment on Human Circadian Rhythmicity before and after a Simulated 9-Hr Time Shift
Authors: Samel Alexander , Wegmann Hans-Martin , Vejvoda Martin , Maass Hartmut , Gundel Alexander , Schütz Michael
Published: March 2007

The hormone melatonin is currently proposed by some investigators to be an efficient means for decreasing the impairing effects of jet lag. Eight healthy male subjects, aged 20 to 32, underwent a 9-hr advance shift in the isolation facility of our institute during two periods each of 15 days' duration. In a double-blind, crossover design, subjects took either melatonin or placebo at 1800 hr local time for 3 days before the time shift and at 1400 hr for 4 days afterwards. The time shift was simulated on days 7 and 8 by shortening the sleep period by 6 hr and the following wake period by 3 hr. Body temperature was recorded every 90 min, and urine was collected at 3-hr intervals all day and night. Melatonin treatment enhanced the resynchronization speed of some, but not all, hormone and electrolyte excretion rates for several days after the time shift. The adaptation speed of the temperature rhythm significantly increased during one postshift day. In addition, the circadian temperature rhythm had a significantly higher amplitude under melatonin treatment than under placebo after the time displacement. For the placebo group, the rhythm of 6-hydroxymelatoninsulfate excretion exhibited an advance shift in five subjects, whereas the other three showed a delay shift, and adjustment did not achieve more than one-half of the expected value within 8 days. A significantly different adjustment could be observed in the melatonin-treated group: Seven subjects underwent an advance shift of the expected 9 hr within an average of 8 days. The results suggest that melatonin treatment can accelerate resynchronization of the melatonin excretion rhythm after eastward time zone transitions. The improvement is not, however, sufficiently great that we can recommend melatonin for the alleviation of jet lag.
The Effect of Constant Light and Phase Shifts on a Learned Time-Place Association in Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin): Hourglass or Circadian Clock?
Authors: Biebach Herbert , Falk Helene , Krebs John R.
Published: March 2007

Garden warblers are able to learn an association between time of day and feeding place. In constant dim light and constant food availability, the learned feeding pattern (successive visits to four feeding rooms for approximately 3 hr each) persisted for at least 1 day in three birds and for at least 6 days in one bird. The free-running feeding rhythm had a period of slightly greater than 23 hr. In response to a 6-hr phase advance of the light-dark cycle, the birds advanced their learned feeding pattern by 2.6 hr on the first day, whereas a 6-hr phase delay had no significant effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the birds use a circadian clock rather than an hourglass mechanism of timing. This conclusion is further supported by the response of birds to forced interruptions of the daily feeding pattern (Krebs and Biebach, 1989).
Importance of Photoperiods in Determining Temporal Pattern of Annual Testicular Events in Rose-Ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri )
Authors: Kumar Maitra Saumen , Dey Mamata
Published: March 2007

Male rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) were transferred to a long photoperiod (LP; LD 16:8) or a short photoperiod (SP; LD 8:16) for 45 or 90 days on four dates corresponding to the beginnings of different reproductive phases in an annual testicular cycle, and testicular responsiveness was evaluated by comparison with the testicular volume, weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, and germ cell profiles of birds in a natural photoperiod (NP). Exposure of birds to LP during the progressive phase (November) led to precocious maturation of testes after 45 days, but induced regression at 90 days. After showing retarded gametogenic functions at 45 days, parallel (November) SP birds exhibited an accelerated rate of germ cell formation at day 90. During the prebreeding phase (January), there were no remarkable differences in any features of testes among NP, LP, and SP birds at 45 days, but gonadal involution in LP parakeets and active spermatogenesis in SP birds occurred after 90 days. The testes did not show any response to LP or SP for 45 and 90 days when the birds were transferred to altered photoperiods during the breeding (March) and preparatory (June) phases, indicating that the parakeets were photorefractory for at least 6 months (March through September). The results also suggest that initiation and termination of seasonal gametogenic activity in parakeets are possibly functions of endogenous rhythmicity or extraphotoperiodic environmental factors. Duration of light may have certain influences on the attainment of annual peak in spermatogenesis, but in all probability the species has a low photoperiod threshold for induction of testicular growth.
Combined Effects on the Circadian Clock of Agents with Different Phase Response Curves: Phase-Shifting Effects of Triazolam and Light
Authors: Joy Janet E.
Published: March 2007

Although light provides the primary signal for the entrainment of circadian pacemakers, a number of endogenous substances and pharmacological agents are also capable of resetting circadian pacemakers. Very little is known about the combined effects of photic and nonphotic agents on clock functions. We conducted a "double-pulse" experiment, in which two discrete stimuli are presented at different times within a single circadian cycle, to determine the combined effects of a 1-hr light pulse and injections of a benzodiazepine, triazolam, on the circadian rhythm of activity in the golden hamster.
The Role of Extracellular Calcium in Generating and in Phase-Shifting the Bulla Ocular Circadian Rhythm
Authors: Khalsa Sat Bir S. , Ralph Martin R. , Block Gene D.
Published: March 2007

Since extracellular calcium is known to be involved in the entrainment of the circadian pacemaker in the retina of Bulla gouldiana, we have assessed the requirement for extracellular calcium in the generation of the circadian rhythm. To enable us to assay the state of the pacemaker during low-calcium treatment, which often obscures rhythmicity, long-duration pulses of low-calcium artificial seawater (no added calcium, 10 mM EGTA, calculated calcium concentration = 4.5 x 10-10 M) were applied, and the phase of the subsequent rhythm was measured. Pulse treatments started at zeitgeber time (ZT) 6, and durations ranged from 4 to 72 hr. Although no phase shifts followed pulses ending before the next projected dawn (ZT 24), phase delays of up to 4 hr followed pulses ending after projected dawn, and delays of up to 8 hr followed pulses spanning two dawns. Some activity records exhibited unequivocal circadian rhythmicity during the long low-calcium treatments, with phases and periods similar to untreated control eye records; this finding suggests that the phase delays observed following long low-calcium pulses are attributable to the pulsatile nature of the treatment. These data suggest that extracellular calcium is not an essential requirement for the pacemaker in generating the circadian rhythm.
The Circadian Rhythm of Thermoregulation in Japanese Quail. II. Multioscillator Control
Authors: Underwood Herbert , Edmonds Kent
Published: March 2007

Most biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes in vertebrates show significant daily rhythms. Under constant conditions, these rhythms exhibit an endogenous periodicity around 24 h showing that they are driven by an internal circadian clock. In Japanese quail, the circadian clock driving activity and body temperature rhythms is functionally organized as a dual-oscillator system. Under certain conditions, such as switching birds from light:dark (LD) 12:12 to continuous darkness (DD), the body temperature rhythm splits into two circadian components that free-run independently before recoupling in a normal phase-relationship. The behavior of the activity rhythm parallels that of the body temperature rhythm, supporting the hypothesis that both rhythms are driven by the same set of oscillators. In some instances, recoupling fails to occur and birds continue to exhibit two circadian components that free-run independently. Dual-oscillator control of body temperature was observed in normal birds, pinealectomized birds, and optic nerve sectioned birds. However, birds were rendered arrhythmic by complete eye removal. It is proposed that the central circadian system (suprachiasmatic nuclei?) acts as a complex pacemaker that is functionally organized as two sets of oscillators and that circadian input from the eyes is necessary to preserve the integrity of this complex pacemaker.
Relationship between Napping and Melatonin in the Blind
Authors: Lockley Steven W. , Skene Debra J. , Tabandeh Homayoun , Bird Alan C. , Defrance Remy , Arendt Josephine
Published: March 2007

Daytime sleepiness is a common complaint in blind subjects. Abnor mally timed melatonin has been invoked as a possible cause of both daytime sleepiness and nighttime awakening. In free-running blind individuals, there is an opportunity to assess the relationship between endogenous melatonin rhythms and subjective sleepiness and naps. The aim of this study was to characterize melatonin rhythms and simultaneously to evaluate subjective nap ping. A total of 15 subjects with no conscious light perception (NPL) were studied for 1 month. Prior to the study, sleep disorders were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Cosinor and regression analysis revealed that 9 of the 15 NPL subjects had free-running 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) rhythms (period [τ] range = 24.34 to 24.79 h), 3 were entrained with an abnormal phase, and 3 were normally entrained. Most of the subjects (13 of 15) had daytime naps; the 2 individuals who did not made conscious efforts not to do so. Subjects with abnormal aMT6s rhythms had more naps of a longer duration than did those with normal rhythms. Free-running nap rhythms occurred only in subjects with free-running aMT6s rhythms. The 2 abnormally entrained subjects who napped did so at times that coincided with high levels of aMT6s (mean aMT6s acrophase [phi] ± SD = 14.30 ± 1.08 h, 20.30 ± 0.62 h; mean nap time ± SD = 14.01 ± 3.60 h, 18.23 ± 3.20 h, respectively). Regardless of aMT6s rhythm abnormality, signifi cantly more naps occurred within a 4-h period before and after the estimated aMT6s acrophase. In 4 free-running subjects, aMT6s acrophase (phi) passed through an entire 24-h period. When aMT6s was in a normal phase position (24:00 to 06:00 h), night-sleep duration tended to increase with a significant reduction in the number and duration of naps. Sleep onset and offset times tended to advance and delay as the aMT6s rhythms advanced and delayed. Our results show a striking relationship between the timing of daytime production of melatonin and the timing of daytime naps. This suggests that abnormally timed endogenous melatonin may induce sleepiness in blind subjects.
Evidence that the Circadian System Mediates Photoperiodic Nonresponsiveness in Siberian Hamsters: The Effect of Running Wheel Access on Photoperiodic Responsiveness
Authors: Freeman David A. , Goldman Bruce D.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile male Siberian hamsters from a line of hamsters selected for nonresponsiveness to short photoperiod (PNRj) and animals from the general colony (UNS) were separated at weaning into two groups. Group 1 males were moved into short days (10 h light:14 h dark [10L:14D]) with free access to running wheels (RW). Group 2 animals were the male siblings of Group 1 hamsters; they were moved at the same time into the same room, but were housed in cages without access to RW. Group 2 hamsters only had access to RW for the final week of short-day exposure (Week 8). Animals were blood sampled at the time of sacrifice for analysis of serum prolactin (PRL) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations. At sacrifice, paired testis weights were obtained and pelage color was scored. Animals from the UNS line showed the expected declines in testis weight, body weight, and serum concentrations of both PRL and FSH, regardless of the presence or absence of RW. These animals also exhibited a high proportion of individuals molting to winter-type pelage. By contrast, a marked difference was noted between siblings from the PNRj line depending on whether RW access was provided at the time of weaning. Animals with access to RW exhibited identical responses to those of the UNS responder animals, whereas PNRj animals without access to RW showed no adjustments to short days (i.e., testis regression, pelage molt, expansion of alpha). In a second experiment, PNRj and UNS males were placed in constant darkness (DD), with or without RW access. The results of this experiment indicated that PNRj animals respond to DD regardless of the presence or absence of RW. In DD, PNRj hamsters also exhibited significantly longer free-running period lengths (taus) than did UNS hamsters; all the PNRj hamsters had taus > 24 h, whereas none of the UNS hamsters had a tau > 24 h. These results indicate that PNRj hamsters retain the proper neural pathways for responding to short day lengths and establish a role for locomotor activity feedback in modulating the circadian system and, subsequently, photoperiodic responsiveness in PNRj hamsters.
Environmental Ethics and Planning Theory
Authors: Beatley Timothy
Published: March 2007

Environmental ethics addresses the basic questions of how we ought to use and manage the natural environment and the extent to which man must exercise certain moral and ethical constraints in his relations to the natural environment. More specifically, the subject of environmental ethics asks questions such as the following: Based upon what ethical criteria or principles should individuals and society make decisions about the use of the environment? What are acceptable levels of environmental risk or degradadation, and does society have an obligation to protect individuals from such risks? How should conflicts between social justice and environmental protection be resolved? Do we have moral obligations to non-human forms of life? Do we have environmental obligations to future generations? Do we have obligations to maintain the stability and integrity of natural systems? It is argued here that environmental ethics should be a legitimate and necessary component of planning theory. This article provides a cursory taxonomy of the primary substantive topics addressed by the literature, and the various perspective and theories presented within each.
Economic Contributions to Transportation Planning II
Authors: Viton Philip A.
Published: March 2007

This is the second part of a three-part article on the contributions of microeconomic analysis to urban transportation planning. Part One surveyed urban transportation demand. Part Two examines urban transportation costs and develops a framework and methodology for analyzing preferences. The third part of the article considers models integrating demand and supply considerations.
Planning Residential Environments with Persons with Mental Retardation
Authors: Murray William
Published: March 2007

Residential environments for persons with mental retardation generally are produced with little inputfrom the inhabitants and rely heavily on the preconceived notions of planners, architects, and human service personnel. A general belief exists that persons with mental retardation have little ability to contribute significantly to the design process, primarily because of their cognitive and communication deficits. As mental retardation services have slowly shiftedfrom a medically oriented model to a normalization-based one, the focus has switchedfrom product-oriented to process-oriented goals. This poses significant difficultiesfor consumers and the professionals who work with them. However, it seems possible that, given the visually oriented nature of the design professions combined with current teaching technologies that can rapidly facilitate the acquisition of self-advocacy skills, persons with mental retardation may be able to learn to express their preferences about their residential environments and experience greater control over their lives.
Fiscal Impact Studies as Advocacy and Story Telling
Authors: Bunnell Gene
Published: March 2007

Citizens and local officials have become increasingly inclined to acceptfiscal arguments as the basisfor land use decisions, and planners have increasingly usedfiscal impact studies as an argument for growth management. However, as an increasing number of studies have found that most forms of development arefiscally unbeneficial, it is no longer clear that the answers fiscal studies are producing are leading to constructive conclusions. Planners, environmentalists, and proponents of the "taxpayers revolt" have concluded from recent fiscal impact studies that growth is undesirable. This probably says more about the "taxpayers' revolt," the changing structure of publicfinance, and changing attitudes toward development and the environment than it does about the desirability or undesirability of development. Fiscal impact research can and should be more informative and should increase public understanding of the consequences of alternative land use policies and fiscal approaches to paying for infrastructure and facilities related to new development. Toward that end, this article proposes a number of specific ways to makefiscal impact research educationally useful and informative.
Mother-Headed Single-Parent Families: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Sands Roberta G. , Nuccio Kathleen E.
Published: March 2007

A disproportionate number of women who head single-parent families are black and poor. Subjected to the interactingforces of sexism, racism, and classism, their major problem is economic. Ideologies about women's "place"restrict women from active, participatory roles (as family heads and as workers) and relegate them to the category of "Other." The mother-headed single parent family is the Other of family forms. This article elaborates on the ideologies of women's place and the effects of the Other status on the economic plight of mother-headed single-parent families: low wages, dependence on welfare, and difficulties surrounding child support.
Burnout in the Human Services: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Finn Janet L.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on burnout, using tenets offeminism as a frameworkand value base forcritiquing the literature. It contends that burnout is not inevitable, that personal adaptation or cosmetic changes in organizations are not adequate, and that the integration of the individual and institutional aspects of burnout is essential for defining and solving the problem. Furthermore, it presents strategies for change that incorporate feminist values.
Gender-Related Issues in the Career Development of Social Work Managers
Authors: Zunz Sharyn J.
Published: March 2007

Using a career development perspective, the author studied 55 social work managers to determine gender-related issues that affect promotions to first managerial positions. Despite equal access to education, training, mentors, and promotions from within their organizations, the women were promoted at a significantly slower pace than were the men. In addition, the women felt less confident about a move to management, and each sex tended to recommend and support its own members' promotions.
Women as Social Work Scholars: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Bentley Kia J. , Hutchison Elizabeth D. , Green Robert G.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of the characteristics, experiences, and scholarly productivity of a group of 96 successful female social work scholars and compares them to a group of 130 successful male social work scholars. It presents information on the supports and barriers for women in academe and offers insights into the quality of the women's professional lives.
Gender Differences in the Social Networks of Persons With Severe Mental Illnesses
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: March 2007

Although some studies have examined the characteristics of the social networks of severely mentally ill clients living in the community, little research has been done on gender differences in the structure of such networks. In the study reported in this article, 57 male and 68 female clients of two assertive community treatment teams were surveyed to determine their involvement in social-network clusters, the size of their personal networks, and the levels of perceived support from friends and family. Although the sizes of the men's and women's overall networks were similar, there were differences in the composition of some clusters. The implications of these findings for targeting interventions that will enhance the community supports of male and female clients with severe mental illnesses are presented.
When Mothers of Adult Daughters Die: A New Area of Feminist Practice
Authors: Foote Catherine , Valentich Mary , Gavel Leslie
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a new area of feminist practice: bereavement work with adult daughters whose mothers died. It reviews the dynamics of the loss of the mother in the context of societal repression of grieving and the devaluation of women's roles as mothers and provides basic information for personal and professional interventions, including an educational workshop for women whose mothers died or who wish to prepare for their mothers' death.
Social Work Research: Is There a Feminist Method?
Authors: Mason Sally
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether social work feminist researchers have reached a consensus about the "best" method for upholding feminist principles by reviewing the research literature for the application of those principles, especially in methodology. The author concludes that no one method seems to take precedence and suggests how social workers can further the use of feminist principles in their research.
Female Protection and Empowerment: Travelers Aid Services, 1919-1934
Authors: Stadum Beverly
Published: March 2007

Women's organizations in many early 20th-century communities developed travelers aid (TA) programs to protect and rescue women who were traveling on their own or were strangers to an area and had scant funds for security. This case study of TA services for women in Duluth, Minnesota, at a time when social work was redefining its mission nationally, illustrates the diversity among the female clients' goals, the services they received, and the importance of home in expectations for them.
Race, Gender, and Class: Interlocking Oppressions in the Lives of South Asian Women in Canada
Authors: George Usha , Ramkissoon Sarah
Published: March 2007

This report of a study of 47 South Asian women who were recent immigrants to Canada reveals that these women face many challenges in settling in the new country and barriers to the receipt of social services. The findings emphasize the need to understand these women's experiences within the framework of the intersecting diver sities of race, gender, and class and to develop culturally and linguis tically sensitive social work policies and practice.
Dissociative Experiences Described by Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse
Authors: HALL JOANNE M. , POWELL JILL
Published: March 2007

Clinicians and researchers use a language of fragmentation that limits experiential descriptions of women abuse survivors. Secondary analysis of focused life stories of women recovering from both substance use and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) revealed in vivo descriptions of dissociative experiences. Findings included seven categorical themes and additional observations of behavior during interviews that qualify and/or contradict conventional empirical and clinical conceptualizations. It is concluded that the language of fragmentation is not universally applicable to diverse abuse and survival experiences. An alternative language about core issues was salient in the data. Questions are raised about tensions between participants' narratives and current clinical practice, theory, and research.
Antigay Behaviors Among Young Adults
Authors: FRANKLIN KAREN
Published: March 2007

This is the first empirical research into prevalence rates of and motivations for antigay harassment and violence by noncriminal young adults. In an anonymous survey of 484 young adults, 1 in 10 admitted physical violence or threats against presumed homosexuals, and another 24% acknowledged name-calling. Factor analyses revealed four motivational themes: peer dynamics, antigay ideology, thrill-seeking, and perceived self-defense. Compared with nonassailants, assailants held more negative attitudes toward homosexuals and reported more negative social norms among their friends. Assailants also had higher levels of masculinity ideology and social drinking. The findings suggest that many young adults believe antigay harassment and violence is socially acceptable, particularly in response to inferred sexual innuendos or gender norms violations. Because antigay behaviors are culturally normative and usually go unreported, educational outreach to adolescents and preadolescents is likely to be a more effective prevention strategy than criminal prosecutions under special hate crimes laws.
Methodological and Ethical Challenges Associated With Child Self-Report of Maltreatment
Authors: KNIGHT ELIZABETH DAWES , RUNYAN DESMOND K. , DUBOWITZ HOWARD , BRANDFORD CAROL , KOTCH JONATHAN , LITROWNIK ALAN , HUNTER WANDA
Published: March 2007

The conduct of research in the area of child abuse and neglect may be one of the most difficult tasks in social science research. One requirement for valid research is knowledge of the type and amount of exposure. Official reports have been demonstrated to provide a serious undercount of the frequency of maltreatment, and parent report is of limited usefulness. LongSCAN, a consortium of longitudinal studies of abuse and neglect, made the decision to ask children for self-report, but with five independent study sites with unique study-to-sample relationships, ethically implementing this choice demanded customized participant protocols. This article describes the consortium's approach to asking children for direct reports at age 12, the relevant methodological and ethical challenges, and solutions developed with institutional review boards at 4 of the 5 study sites. The wording of consents and the variations in protocol related to reporting to Child Protective Services are discussed.
Prevalence and Correlates of the Risk of Marital Sexual Violence in Bangladesh
Authors: HADI ABDULLAHEL
Published: March 2007

Sexual violence against women has never been new in history. What is new in the developmental literature is the discovery that this kind of act is wrong and has direct impact on women's health. Using data from a nationally representative sample, this article attempts to improve our understanding about the prevalence and determinants of sexual violence within marriage in Bangladesh. Findings reveal that the probability of a woman to be sexually abused increases if she is young and illiterate and hails from a landless, poor family. The risk of sexual abuse is less among women who participate in credit programs and financially contribute to their families. The article concludes that the context of sexual violence can be changed by involving vulnerable women in productive activities.
Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Gynecological Patients With a History of Sexual and Physical Abuse
Authors: WIJMA KLAAS , SÖDERQUIST JOHAN , BJÖRKLUND INGELA , WIJMA BARBRO
Published: March 2007

All patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Linköping, Sweden over a 2-week period were sent a questionnaire about experiences of sexual/physical abuse and the Traumatic Event Scale, assessing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Of 649 patients, 26.3% showed a history of sexual or physical abuse in childhood or adulthood. Childhood and adulthood sexual abuse were experienced by 11.6% and 6.5%, respectively, childhood and adulthood physical abuse by 16.9% and 7.9%, respectively. Twenty-nine of all participants (4.5%) met PTSD criteria, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. PTSD was associated with multiple experiences of abuse. The frequency of PTSD symptoms was positively related to the amount and recency of abuse. PTSD participants reported more visits to a physician than abused non-PTSD and nonabused participants. The PTSD group reported less satisfaction than the other two groups with (a) contact with the physician and (b) the help received during visits to the clinic.
Dissociative Experiences in Partner-Assaultive Men
Authors: SIMONETI STYLIANI , SCOTT ERIK C. , MURPHY CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: March 2007

Dissociative experiences, dissociative symptoms, and violence-specific dissociation (dissociative experiences that occur during the perpetration of domestic violence) were evaluated in a sample of 47 domestic abuse perpetrators. As predicted, childhood trauma (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessed abuse) was correlated with a range of dissociative experiences and symptoms in this population. General measures of dissociative experiences and symptoms were correlated with reports of violence-specific dissociation. General dissociation and violence-specific dissociation also had significant correlations with the frequency and severity of domestic violence perpetration. The findings suggest that dissociative coping mechanisms may play an important role in the etiology of severe domestic violence, further supporting the need for treatment strategies that ameliorate long-term effects of childhood trauma exposure in this population.
Community Violence Exposure in a Young Adult Sample
Authors: SCARPA ANGELA
Published: March 2007

This study extends findings of the prevalence and consequences of community violence exposure in at-risk youth to a young adult and low-risk population. A total of 476 male and female university students (mean age = 20.26 years) completed a survey of lifetime exposure to community violence. Based on high and low reports of exposure as a witness or victim, 54 (mean age = 20.5) returned to complete questionnaires on depression, anxiety, and aggression. Of the full sample, 95.6% of respondents reported witnessing and 82% reported being victimized by some form of violence; 81.6% and 44.8% reported experiencing at least three different forms of violence as a witness or victim, respectively. Of the returning subsample, high- versus low-exposure groups reported significantly greater aggression and depression. These findings underscore the persistence of violence-related problems into young adulthood and the unfortunate prevalence of violence even among populations traditionally thought of as low risk.
Evidence for the Efficacy of Self-Report in Predicting Nonviolent and Violent Criminal Recidivism
Authors: KRONER DARYL G. , LOZA WAGDY
Published: March 2007

Self-report instruments have not been favored in the prediction of criminal recidivism. The present study compared the predictive accuracy of a self-report instrument (Self-Appraisal Questionnaire) with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, General Statistical Information on Recidivism, and the Violent Risk Appraisal Guide. The sample consisted of incarcerated males (N= 78) who were followed for 2 years following release. Of the four risk prediction instruments, the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire was statistically equivalent in predicting nonviolent and violent recidivism. These results suggest that a self-report instrument can predict recidivism.
Psychopathy, Deviant Sexual Arousal, and Recidivism Among Sexual Offenders
Authors: SERIN RALPH C. , MAILLOUX DONNA L. , MALCOLM P. BRUCE
Published: March 2007

A sample of 68 incarcerated sexual offenders for whom assessments of psychopathy and sexual deviance were available were followed up postrelease for 7 years to determine (a) rates of recidivism, (b) discriminant and predictive ability of psychopathy and sexual deviance, and (c) degree of incremental predictive utility of grouping offenders based on extreme combinations of psychopathy and sexual deviance. The results confirm previous research, which suggests that general recidivism and sex offender typologies are differentiated using information on psychopathy. Rapists and child molesters were differentiated based on measures of deviant sexual arousal. Although some of the results are speculative with respect to the groups based on extreme cutoffs, the trends support this proposal. Those who displayed more psychopathic characteristics and deviant sexual arousal recidivated sooner and at significantly higher rates. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the provisions of assessment and intervention strategies and for providing recommendations regarding prescriptive treatment.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Sexual Assault Education Program Focusing on Psychological Barriers to Resistance
Authors: BREITENBECHER KIMBERLY HANSON , SCARCE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present investigation was to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of a sexual assault education program. Participants in this study included 94 college women who were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or control group. Early in the academic year, all women responded to survey instruments assessing history of sexual victimization, general knowledge about sexual assault, dating behaviors, sexual communication, perception of risk for experiencing sexual aggression, resistance strategy, self-blame, disclosure of the experience, and reporting of the assault to the police or campus security. At the time of the initial session, women in the treatment group also participated in a 90-minute sexual assault education program focusing on psychological barriers to resistance. Participants in both groups returned for a 7-month follow-up session and responded to survey instruments again. Results indicate that the sexual assault education program was unsuccessful in influencing any of the outcome variables.
Male Perpetration of Physical Violence Against Female Partners
Authors: MAURICIO ANNE MARIE , GORMLEY BARBARA
Published: March 2007

Sixty men arrested for domestic violence and court referred to a batterer intervention program completed measures offrequency of physical violence enacted toward their female partner, need for dominance in a relationship, social desirability, and adult attachment style. A hierarchical regression analysis indicated that, after adjusting for the effect of social desirability, adult attachment style significantly moderated the relationship between need for dominance and frequency of violence. As expected, insecurely attached men who also indicated a need for dominance in their relationship reported the most violence toward their female partners. These findings highlight the importance of drawing on multiple and diverse theories to explain battering. Implications of the findings for intervention and policy are addressed.
Dating Violence
Authors: CARLSON BONNIE E.
Published: March 2007

Beliefs about dating violence and abuse were studied in a sample of 298 undergraduate and graduate students. After reading 15 vignettes, respondents were asked to rate how violent and abusive a depicted incident was, what they thought was likely to happen to the relationship in the future, and what should happen following the incident. The depicted incidents varied along eight dimensions: nature of the act, consequences, gender of perpetrator, gender of victim, extent of relationship, alcohol consumption, extent of provocation, and history of violence. Personal experiences with violence were also assessed. Beliefs about what was likely to happen to the relationship and what should happen were influenced by both vignette characteristics (nature of the act, gender of perpetrator, and outcome) and perceived violence and abusiveness, as well as respondent characteristics.
Association of Abuse-Related Symptoms and Style of Anger Expression for Female Survivors of Childhool Incest
Authors: SCOTT ROXANNE I. , DAY H. D.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-two adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and the Response to Childhood Incest Questionnaire (RCIQ). These women reported higher levels of both experienced and expressed anger than comparable STAXI norms. The STAXI measure of inwardly directed anger was positively correlated with the total symptom score of the RCIQ and with 10 of the 11 RCIQ subscales. STAXI measures of outwardly directed anger and anger control were not correlated with the RCIQ. These findings are the first empirical evidence for an association between style of anger expression and the long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse.
Predicting the Recidivism of Mentally Disordered Firesetters
Authors: RICE MARNIE E. , HARRIS GRANT T.
Published: March 2007

The psychiatric literature has asserted that arsonists are a particularly dangerous group of mentally disordered offenders with a high likelihood of setting further fires, yet the scant empirical data do not support that contention. We examined the postrelease firesetting, violent, and nonviolent recidivism of 208 male firesetters who had been admitted to a maximum security psychiatric hospital. In an average period of 7.8 years at risk, 16% set another fire, 31% committed a violent offense, 57% committed a nonviolent offense, and 66% exhibited some form of recidivism. In general, personal characteristics that predicted firesetting recidivism were quite different from those that predicted nonviolent outcome and very different from those that predicted violent recidivism.
To Have and to Hold
Authors: MONSON CANDICE M. , BYRD GARY R. , LANGHINRICHSEN-ROHLING JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

The perceptions surrounding marital versus stranger rape were investigated in a sample of 195 undergraduates. Subjects rated their reactions to one of two hypothetical rape scenarios that were exactly the same in form and content except for the identification of the man as the woman's husband (marital condition) or as a stranger (stranger condition). Factor analysis of the questions used to assess perceptions revealed one strong factor that was labeled rape-supportive beliefs. Consistent with previous research on date rape, individuals were significantly more likely to minimize the seriousness of rape perpetrated by a husband than rape perpetrated by a stranger. In general, the female subjects considered rape a more serious event than the male subjects. However, an unexpected gender-by-relationship interaction was found on two of the rape-supportive questions. Some evidence suggested that sex role expectations influence the perceptions of marital rape. The results are discussed within a sex role socialization theory of rape.
Denial, Response Styles, and Admittance of Offenses Among Child Molesters and Rapists
Authors: NUGENT PATRICIA M. , KRONER DARYL G.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the correspondence of six measures of denial and response styles with the level of admittance of offense among child molesters (n = 49) and rapists (n = 49). Comparison of child molesters with rapists showed that child molesters incorporated more impression management and denial tactics. There were no differences between partial admitters and nonadmitters for both groups on self-report measures. Differences occurred between admitters and nonadmitters for the rapists, but not for the child molesters. The results have implications for treatment and utilization of self-report with sex offenders.