bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mediators of the Relationship Between Attachment and Dispositional Mindfulness in Adolescents
Authors: Goodall Karen , Brodie Zara P. , Schwannauer Matthias
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Converging studies have confirmed a robust relationship between attachment and mindfulness, leading to the proposition that dispositional mindfulness originates from early interpersonal relationships. Despite this assertion, few studies have examined these relationships in adolescents and young adults. Theoretical linkages between mindfulness, attachment, relationships, and self-regulation suggest that attachment may be linked to mindfulness via self-regulatory capacity. This study examined the direct effect of attachment on dispositional mindfulness in adolescents and young adults, as well as indirect effects via attentional control and emotion regulation.

Methods

Participants were 421 adolescents and young people age 12–24 years (M = 17, SD = 4.10). They completed a self-report survey measuring attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, dispositional mindfulness, attentional control (AC), and emotion regulation (ER).

Results

There was a moderate effect of attachment anxiety 95% CI [− 1.45, − 0.93], and a small effect of attachment avoidance 95% CI [− 1.27, − 0.44] on mindfulness. Attachment anxiety was indirectly related to mindfulness via AC, 95% CI [− 0.32, − 10], and ER, [− 0.80, − 0.41], as was attachment avoidance (AC, 95% CI [− 44, − 0.10], ER, 95% CI [− 0.52, − 0.19]. Serial mediation analyses revealed serial paths from AC through ER and ER through AC with small effect sizes relative to individual mediators.

Conclusions

Levels of dispositional mindfulness in adolescents were linked to attachment insecurity dimensions through attention control and emotion regulation. Attachment dimension-specific differences were noted; for the anxiety dimension, emotion regulation exerts a stronger mediating effect.
Multi-turn dialogue-oriented pretrained question generation model
Authors: Wang Yanmeng , Rong Wenge , Zhang Jianfei , Zhou Shijie , Xiong Zhang
Published: May 2020

In recent years, teaching machines to ask meaningful and coherent questions has attracted considerable attention in natural language processing. Question generation has found wide applications in areas such as education (testing knowledge) and chatbots (enhancing interaction). Following previous studies on conversational question generation, we propose a pretrained, encoder–decoder model that can incorporate the semantic information from both passage and hidden conversation representations. We adopt BERT as the encoder to combine external text and dialogue history, and we design a multi-head attention-based decoder to incorporate the semantic information from both text and hidden dialogue representations into the decoding process, thereby generating coherent questions. Experiments with conversational question generation and document-grounded dialogue response generation tasks indicate that the proposed model is superior to baseline models in terms of both standard metrics and human evaluations.
Surface-Modified Graphene Oxide/Lead Sulfide Hybrid Film-Forming Ink for High-Efficiency Bulk Nano-Heterojunction Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Yaohong , Wu Guohua , Ding Chao , Liu Feng , Liu Dong , Masuda Taizo , Yoshino Kenji , Hayase Shuzi , Wang Ruixiang , Shen Qing
Published: May 2020

Solution-processed colloidal quantum dot solar cells (CQDSCs) is a promising candidate for new generation solar cells. To obtain stable and high performance lead sulfide (PbS)-based CQDSCs, high carrier mobility and low non-radiative recombination center density in the PbS CQDs active layer are required. In order to effectively improve the carrier mobility in PbS CQDs layer of CQDSCs, butylamine (BTA)-modified graphene oxide (BTA@GO) is first utilized in PbS-PbX2 (X = I−, Br−) CQDs ink to deposit the active layer of CQDSCs through one-step spin-coating method. Such surface treatment of GO dramatically upholds the intrinsic superior hole transfer peculiarity of GO and attenuates the hydrophilicity of GO in order to allow for its good dispersibility in ink solvent. The introduction of BTA@GO in CQDs layer can build up a bulk nano-heterojunction architecture, which provides a smooth charge carrier transport channel in turn improves the carrier mobility and conductivity, extends the carriers lifetime and reduces the trap density of PbS-PbX2 CQDs film. Finally, the BTA@GO/PbS-PbX2 hybrid CQDs film-based relatively large-area (0.35 cm2) CQDSCs shows a champion power conversion efficiency of 11.7% which is increased by 23.1% compared with the control device.
Review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environment and nature conservation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Pratiwi Santi , Juerges Nataly
Published: May 2020

Renewable energy development is growing rapidly due to vast population growth and the limited availability of fossil fuels in Southeast Asia. Located in a tropical climate and within the Ring of Fire, this region has great potential for a transition toward renewable energy utilization. However, numerous studies have found that renewable energy development has a negative impact on the environment and nature conservation. This article presents a systematic literature review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environmental and nature conservation in Southeast Asia. Based on a review of 132 papers and reports, this article finds that the most reported negative impact of renewable energy development comes from hydropower, biofuel production, and geothermal power plants. Solar and wind power might also have a negative impact, albeit one less reported on than that of the other types of renewable energy. The impact was manifested in environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation, and wildlife extinction. Thus, renewable energy as a sustainable development priority faces some challenges. Government action in integrated policymaking will help minimize the impact of renewable energy development.
Molecular identification of Nectriaceae in infections of apple replant disease affected roots collected by Harris Uni-Core punching or laser microdissection
Authors: Popp C. , Wamhoff D. , Winkelmann T. , Maiss E. , Grunewaldt-Stöcker G.
Published: May 2020

Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects growth and yield of apple plants worldwide. Fungi belonging to the Nectriaceae have often been isolated from roots grown in replant soils and thus are proposed among others as one biotic cause of the disease complex. Microscopic analyses of ARD-affected roots revealed characteristic symptoms associated with fungal infection sites. Here, two extraction methods of such tissue sites were applied to directly identify an unknown fungus that forms typical cauliflower-like structures in diseased root cortex cells. Punching small tissue samples of about 0.5 mm3 volume with the Harris Uni-Core is a quick and easy method to harvest symptomatic material. Secondly, a laser microdissection (LMD) protocol for apple roots was established. This technique allows the extraction of defined cell or tissue fractions from thin cryo-sections. Tissue harvesting was followed by the identification of fungi via PCR amplification of two gene fragments and Sanger sequencing. For Harris samples, Chelex was used for DNA stabilization, while LMD samples were directly submitted to PCR. In Harris samples, mainly the Nectriaceae species Dactylonectria torresensis, Ilyonectria robusta and Rugonectria rugulosa were identified. In addition to these, in LMD samples Cylindrocladiella sp. and Ilyonectria europaea were detected. Thus, the intracellular CF structures contained different species of Nectriaceae in the ARD-affected cortex cells. These results contribute considerably to the etiology of the ARD. Both protocols offer the possibility to identify fungi from selected symptomatic small root sections by molecular tools avoiding isolation and subsequent axenic pure cultures of single fungal isolates.
SinoDuplex: An Improved Duplex Sequencing Approach to Detect Low-Frequency Variants in Plasma cfDNA Samples
Authors: Ren Yongzhe , Zhang Yang , Wang Dandan , Liu Fengying , Fu Ying , Xiang Shaohua , Su Li , Li Jiancheng , Dai Heng , Huang Bingding
Published: May 2020

Accurate detection of low frequency mutations from plasma cell-free DNA in blood using targeted next generation sequencing technology has shown promising benefits in clinical settings. Duplex sequencing technology is the most commonly used approach in liquid biopsies. Unique molecular identifiers are attached to each double-stranded DNA template, followed by production of low-error consensus sequences to detect low frequency variants. However, high sequencing costs have hindered application of this approach in clinical practice. Here, we have developed an improved duplex sequencing approach called SinoDuplex, which utilizes a pool of adapters containing pre-defined barcode sequences to generate far fewer barcode combinations than with random sequences, and implemented a novel computational analysis algorithm to generate duplex consensus sequences more precisely. SinoDuplex increased the output of duplex sequencing technology, making it more cost-effective. We evaluated our approach using reference standard samples and cell-free DNA samples from lung cancer patients. Our results showed that SinoDuplex has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting very low allele frequency mutations. The source code for SinoDuplex is freely available at https://github.com/SinOncology/sinoduplex.
Is routine dissection of central lymph node and radio-active iodine therapy, necessary for papillary thyroid carcinoma, T1-2 N0? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sieda Bassem , Tawfik Mohamed M. , Khatur Heba
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

prophylactic central neck dissection (pCND) is a subject of discussion for papillary thyroid carcinoma T1-2 N0, our study proves that pCND should be recommended as it is associated with less postoperative residual tumour with increasing recurrence-free survival.

Objective:

The primary endpoint is the recurrence free survival, study exclusively compares the outcome of surgical ablation with and without CND in PTC T1-2N0. Another endpoint is whether patients with residual disease, need to receive repeated radioactive iodine ablation or completion surgery.

Subject and method:

A Randomized controlled trial multi-centre study, assigned the patients into two arms, Group I was the control arm underwent total thyroidectomy only, whereas the other arm, included Total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to declare risk group for recurrence. Recurrence Free Survival was the main issue of the study and calculated as the time elapsed from the date of surgery to the date of relapse; patients with residual and uTg 0.2–2 ng/ml received radio-active iodine (RAI) therapy versus completion surgery.

Results:

Loco-regional recurrence cases were found more in male patients aged more than 45 years old. Size of the primary tumour and the extent of surgery was a significant factor for RFS, patients with PCND in group II, had lower loco-regional recurrence and longer RFS, mean RFS was 25 months with (95%CI) is (23.61–26.38 months). Recurrence was high in the controlled group 38.1%.

Conclusion:

N0 patients will benefit by total thyroidectomy and pCND. pCND is recommended to decreases the residual tumour, increase the RFS. Completion surgery versus RAI for postoperative recurrence needs more number of patients.

Highlights:
Reconstruction of Bennu Particle Events From Sparse Data
Authors: Pelgrift John Y. , Lessac‐Chenen Erik J. , Adam Coralie D. , Leonard Jason M. , Nelson Derek S. , McCarthy Leilah , Sahr Eric M. , Liounis Andrew , Moreau Michael , Bos Brent J. , Hergenrother Carl W. , Lauretta Dante S.
Published: May 2020

OSIRIS‐REx began observing particle ejection events shortly after entering orbit around near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu in January 2019. For some of these events, the only observations of the ejected particles come from the first two images taken immediately after the event by OSIRIS‐REx's NavCam 1 imager. Without three or more observations of each particle, traditional orbit determination is not possible. However, by assuming that the particles all ejected at the same time and location for a given event, and approximating that their velocities remained constant after ejection (a reasonable approximation for fast‐moving particles, i.e., with velocities on the order of 10 cm/s or greater, given Bennu's weak gravity), we show that it is possible to estimate the particles' states from only two observations each. We applied this newly developed technique to reconstruct the particle ejection events observed by the OSIRIS‐REx spacecraft during orbit about Bennu. Particles were estimated to have ejected with inertial velocities ranging from 7 cm/s to 3.3 m/s, leading to a variety of trajectory types. Most (>80%) of the analyzed events were estimated to have originated from midlatitude regions and to have occurred after noon (local solar time), between 12:44 and 18:52. Comparison with higher‐fidelity orbit determination solutions for the events with sufficient observations demonstrates the validity of our approach and also sheds light on its biases. Our technique offers the capacity to meaningfully constrain the properties of particle ejection events from limited data.
Subduction Dynamics and Mantle Pressure: 2. Towards a Global Understanding of Slab Dip and Upper Mantle Circulation
Authors: Holt Adam F. , Royden Leigh H.
Published: May 2020

We investigate the relationship between the global distribution of deep slab dips (at 250‐ to 300‐km depth) and pressure and circulation in the upper mantle. Using an analytic method to compute dynamic pressure in a 3‐D global upper mantle domain, and a force balance between slab dip, slab buoyancy, and pressure, we model dips for all major subduction zones. Overall, our models suggest that global‐scale mantle flow, as dictated by the shapes and velocities of Earth's plates and slabs, plays a fundamental role in creating the global pattern of slab dips. The dip trends of the South American and western Pacific subduction zones are controlled, in our models, by spatial variations in the dynamic pressure associated with flow. Our best fitting models produce global root mean square dip misfits of less than 10° for asthenospheric viscosities of 2.5–4.0 × 1020 Pas. This result is only obtained with a large flux of asthenosphere from upper to lower mantle at subduction boundaries, occurring on the overriding plate side of slabs, without which dips are significantly steeper than observed. This effect cannot be resolved by processes that affect only certain subduction systems and requires flux of asthenosphere into the lower mantle at subduction systems globally (or an alternative mechanism that produces more negative pressures on the overriding plate side of slabs). Upper mantle pressure fields that fit global slab dips yield negative dynamic pressure on the upper plate side of slabs, positive pressure on the subducting plate side, and an east‐to‐west pressure increase beneath the Pacific Plate.
Characterizing Ionospheric Effect on GNSS Radio Occultation Atmospheric Bending Angle
Authors: Li Mingzhe , Yue Xinan , Wan Weixing , Schreiner William S.
Published: May 2020

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) atmospheric radio occultation (RO) has been an active remote sensing method to explore the Earth's atmosphere recently. The RO products especially atmospheric bending angles have been widely used for climate study. However, the residual ionospheric error (RIE) still exists to a certain extent after the widely used linear combination in bending angle calculation. In this study, we analyzed both CHAMP and COSMIC data and did full 3‐D ray tracing to characterize RIE. It is found that the order of RIE is around ±0.1 μrad and has an obvious dependency on a variety of factors including altitude, latitude, local time, season, and solar activity level. The amplitude and complexity of RIE generally increase with altitude. It is closely related to the strength of the E layer and the asymmetry between LEO side and GNSS side. Along magnetic latitude direction, the RIE shows a pronounced feature of two peaks and three troughs. From both the simulated and observed RIE, we can identify clearly the ionospheric seasonal variation features, such as the semiannual variation, the equinox asymmetry and the annual anomaly. A spherical asymmetry factor was also defined to quantify the correlation between ionospheric spherical asymmetry degree and RIE. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of RIE, which could contribute to the correction of RIE in the future.
Characteristics of Small‐Scale Gravity Waves in the Arctic Winter Mesosphere
Authors: Li Jing , Li Tao , Wu Qian , Tang Yihuan , Wu Zhaopeng , Cui Jun
Published: May 2020

Observational data sets in the polar middle atmosphere are extremely valuable for understanding the polar dynamics and coupling between lower and middle atmosphere. Using the long‐term data sets observed with an OH all‐sky imager, a Fabry‐Perot Interferometer at Resolute Bay Observatory, Canada (74.7°N, 94.9°W), Microwave Limb Sounder and reanalysis data, we study the characteristics of small‐scale gravity waves (GWs) with the horizontal wavelength less than 20 km in the Arctic winter mesosphere during 2014–2016. Most GWs propagate nearly against the mesospheric and stratospheric winds, consistent with the wind filtering theory. A small amount (7 of 36 cases) of small‐scale GWs in large regions (area >1/2 of the whole image) propagate nearly westward with slower phase speeds, larger horizontal wavelengths, and longer periods than those in limited regions. We also find that multiple GWs with different propagating directions can sometimes occur simultaneously. This is likely due to different wave sources and/or the ducted region in the atmosphere. The observed small‐scale GWs may also likely be excited in the mesopause region, such as secondary wave generated by primary wave breaking or a result of baroclinic instability processed in the stratosphere and the interaction of planetary waves with the background winds. In addition, almost all of the small‐scale GWs occurred during the strong El Niño and anomalous quasi‐biennial oscillation events in 2015/2016 winter.
Simultaneous Observations of Poleward‐Moving Auroral Forms at the Equatorward and Poleward Boundaries of the Auroral Oval in Antarctica
Authors: Wu Yen‐Jung J. , Mende Stephen B. , Frey Harald U.
Published: May 2020

Poleward‐moving auroral form (PMAF) is a type of dayside auroral pattern. The distinguishing characteristic of a PMAF is its separation from the auroral oval and subsequent poleward motion. It has been reported and widely accepted that PMAFs occur more frequently during periods with dominant southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). However, most ground‐based optical observations were made near magnetic latitudes of 75°, close to the equatorward boundary of the dayside auroral oval; therefore, PMAFs occurring at the poleward boundary were likely missed easily. Using all‐sky images from two stations located on the similar magnetic meridian in Antarctica at 80° and 75° magnetic latitude, and taking solar wind data close to the magnetosphere by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft, we demonstrate that unlike the result from prior low‐latitude single‐station observations, the combined observations from both stations show an insignificant difference in the PMAF occurrence rate in the northward and southward IMF conditions and no clear sign suggesting that the southward IMF or southward turning of the IMF triggers PMAFs. With good agreements between PMAF occurrence rate and the intensity of the poleward drift, we suggest that PMAFs are more likely to be plasma patches torn away from the dayside auroral oval convecting antisunward and rather than direct foot points of reconnecting flux tubes.
Microphysical Properties of Generating Cells Over the Southern Ocean: Results From SOCRATES
Authors: Wang Yang , McFarquhar Greg M. , Rauber Robert M. , Zhao Chuanfeng , Wu Wei , Finlon Joseph A. , Stechman Daniel M. , Stith Jeffery , Jensen Jorgen B. , Schnaiter Martin , Järvinen Emma , Waitz Fritz , Vivekanandan Jothiram , Dixon Michael , Rainwater Bryan , Toohey Darin W.
Published: May 2020

The bulk microphysical properties and number distribution functions (N(D)) of supercooled liquid water (SLW) and ice inside and between ubiquitous generating cells (GCs) observed over the Southern Ocean (SO) during the Southern Ocean Clouds Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) measured by in situ cloud probes onboard the NCAR/NSF G‐V aircraft are compared. SLW was detected inside all GCs with an average liquid water content of 0.31 ± 0.19 g m−3, 11% larger than values between GCs. The N(D) of droplets (maximum dimension D < 50 μm) inside and between GCs had only slight differences. For ice particles, on the other hand, the mean concentration (median mass diameter) with D > 200 μm inside GCs was 2.0 ± 3.3 L−1 (323 ± 263 μm), 65% (37%) larger than values outside GCs. As D increases, the percentage differences became larger (up to ~500%). The more and larger ice particles inside GCs suggest the GC updrafts provide a favorable environment for particle growth by deposition and riming and that mixing processes are less efficient at redistributing larger particles. The horizontal scale of observed GCs ranged from 200 to 600 m with a mean of 395 ± 162 m, smaller than GC widths observed in previous studies. This study expands knowledge of the microphysical properties and processes acting in GCs over a wider range of conditions than previously available.
Neogene Basin Inversion and Recent Slip Rate Distribution of the Northern Termination of the Alhama de Murcia Fault (Eastern Betic Shear Zone, SE Spain)
Authors: Herrero‐Barbero Paula , Álvarez‐Gómez José A. , Martínez‐Díaz José J. , Klimowitz Juan
Published: May 2020

The Alhama de Murcia Fault is one of the main active structures of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (SE Spain), characterized by the presence, along its trace, of Neogene basins developed under early to late Miocene extensional tectonics. A dominant NNW‐SSE shortening direction is active from late Miocene driven by the present‐day plate convergence. We present the structural analysis of the northeastern section of this fault, where reliable estimations of slip rates were unknown due to the lack of geomorphological evidence of recent activity. The recent tectonic evolution and reactivation of the northeastern section are closely related to the Fortuna basin development and tectonic inversion. We approach the structural analysis through the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles, well data, fieldwork, and 3D geological modeling. We estimated a maximum long‐term slip rate of (0.32 +0.18/−0.13) mm/yr in the Librilla sector (last 4.8–7.6 Ma), based on cross‐section restorations and assuming current motion trends from GPS data. According to the results from the cross sections restored along the section and a vertical displacement analysis based on a 3D model, the slip rate distribution shows a decrease of activity toward the northeastern tip of the studied fault section. This supports a transference of deformation between the Alhama de Murcia Fault and the Carrascoy Fault, which seems to absorb part of the shortening during the Plio‐Quaternary, explaining the lower relief created by the activity of the northeastern section. The slip rates obtained have important implications in seismic hazard assessments and in the distribution of deformation along the region.
The Future of Sediment Transport and Streamflow Under a Changing Climate and the Implications for Long‐Term Resilience of the San Francisco Bay‐Delta
Authors: Stern Michelle A. , Flint Lorraine E. , Flint Alan L. , Knowles Noah , Wright Scott A.
Published: May 2020

Sedimentation and turbidity have effects on habitat suitability in the San Francisco Bay‐Delta (Bay‐Delta), concerning key species in the bay as well as the ability of the delta marshes to keep pace with sea level rise. A daily rainfall runoff and transport model of the Sacramento River Basin of northern California was developed to simulate streamflow and suspended sediment transport to the Bay‐Delta for the next century (water years, WY2010–2099). The model was calibrated to historical streamflow and sediment data and applied using 10 Global Climate Models with two representative concentration pathways (RCP) each for WY1980–2099 from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Results indicate average increases in peak streamflow of +58% and +66% for the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 ensembles, respectively, by mid‐century and +62 and +96% by end‐of‐century. Sediment loads increased by +39% and +69% by end‐of‐century. Suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) increased on average by +4.6% and +6.7% for RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively, by end‐of‐century. Individual scenario results varied, and statistically significant increasing trends of sediment loads to the Bay‐Delta were found for the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 ensembles and five individual scenarios. Increased suspended sediment loads may have negative effects such as contaminant transport but also have positive effects that help protect against sea level rise, increase turbidity and fish habitat, and sustain wetland habitats in the Bay‐Delta.
Mechanisms of Cold Region Hydrologic Change to Recent Wetting in a Northern Glaciated Landscape
Authors: Van Hoy Diane F. , Mahmood Taufique H. , Todhunter Paul E. , Jeannotte Tyson L.
Published: May 2020

The Northern Great Plains (NGP) experienced a transition from a long drought cycle to a deluge cycle in the late 1900s. Embedded within this long‐term transition were shorter‐term decadal‐scale dry and wet periods. A recent NGP drought (1999–2004) was followed in 2005 by a wet period that continues to present day. However, how surface hydrology in a northern glaciated landscape responds to increased precipitation is poorly understood and a physically based modeling framework is needed to clarify the underlying processes. This study utilizes a physically based hydrologic model to investigate the impacts of increased precipitation on the water budget by examining its partition into intermediate processes from 2004–2017 in the Mauvais Coulee Basin (MCB). The MCB model evaluations against snow observations (2016–2017) and outlet streamflow observations (2004–2017) imply strong model performance. Simulated snow exhibits high spatiotemporal variation due to variability in precipitation, snow redistribution from stubble fields to wooded areas, and snow accumulation in small depressions. Our modeling results identify two major phases (before and after 2011) exhibiting different hydrologic responses. The period before 2011 is dominated by streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET), while extreme ET dominance is observed after 2011. This switch is due to climatic conditions involving changes in the vapor density difference and depressional and subsurface storage by intermediate processes. A clear contrast in the prewinter soil moisture‐streamflow relationship between before and after 2011 is reported. Our findings help illuminate the important influences of increased precipitation upon the intermediate processes in controlling streamflow in a northern glaciated prairie landscape.
Using Ambient Noise Seismic Interferometry and Local and Teleseismic Earthquakes to Determine Crustal Thickness and Moho Structure of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico Margin
Authors: Thangraj J. S. , Quiros D. A. , Pulliam J.
Published: May 2020

The northwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico has undergone two episodes of continental rifting and collision and produced structural artifacts that are now buried under many kilometers of sediments, complicating investigations of the region. The deep sedimentary package precludes outcrops and points to a need for the application of seismic techniques, but low rates of seismicity in the region and sparse seismic monitoring limit the utility of traditional seismic methods. We therefore use diverse data to perform two‐dimensional seismic tomography across the dry land portion of the margin. Data are gleaned from teleseismic and regional earthquakes, postcritical SsPmp arrivals, and direct P wave energy identified with seismic interferometry that were recorded by a broadband, three‐component array and partially overlapping short‐period, vertical‐component array. The Pn and postcritical SsPmp phase help constrain the Moho discontinuity, which a previous receiver function study suggested was absent beneath the seaward portion of this transect. A high‐velocity body is observed in the crust at the same location as the Houston Magnetic Anomaly, possibly marking rocks from the Alleghenian continental assembly. The crust thins from NW to SE, indicating that extension occurred mostly to the south of the Ouachita orogeny. Our model indicates that the margin's sediment package reaches a maximum thickness of ~15 km at the coast and becomes unresolvably thin near the Llano Uplift.
Subduction Dynamics and Mantle Pressure: 1. An Analytical Framework Relating Subduction Geometry, Plate Motion, and Asthenospheric Pressure
Authors: Royden Leigh H. , Holt Adam F.
Published: May 2020

Recent work suggests that slab dip may be controlled by differences in dynamic pressure above and below the slab at mid‐asthenospheric depth, motivating exploration of how plate and slab motion are linked to dynamic pressure in the asthenosphere. This paper, the first of two companion papers, presents an analytical method for determining dynamic pressure and velocity in a thin asthenospheric channel, with linear viscosity, consistent with prescribed plate and slab kinematics. Slabs are explicitly incorporated as vertical barriers to asthenospheric flow. Dynamic pressure is expressed as sums of functions with two functional forms, Pedge and Pwall; the former generates discontinuities in velocity (but not pressure) at non‐slab boundaries, and the latter generates discontinuities in pressure (but not velocity) at boundaries with slabs. Application to simple rectangular plate systems demonstrates that asthenospheric velocities within about one trench length of slabs are insensitive to processes on the opposing side of the slab, that dynamic pressure scales linearly with trench length for a given plate aspect ratio and scales approximately linearly with the shortest plate dimension. Although dynamic pressure is quasisymmetrical across convergent plate boundaries that lack slabs, the presence of slabs creates discontinuity and asymmetry in dynamic pressure across subduction zones. When flux of asthenosphere into the lower mantle occurs adjacent to subducting slabs, dynamic pressure is decreased on the side of the slab where down‐flux occurs. This analytical method, applied to systems with multiple arbitrarily shaped plate boundaries, yields excellent results as benchmarked against 3‐D numerical solutions.
The Generation of Upward‐Propagating Whistler Mode Waves by Electron Beams in the Jovian Polar Regions
Authors: Elliott S. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Yoon P. H. , Kurth W. S. , Mauk B. H. , Ebert R. W. , Clark G. , Valek P. , Allegrini F. , Bolton S. J. , Menietti J. D. , Louarn P. , Sulaiman A. H.
Published: May 2020

Upward‐moving energetic electrons with energies of 1 MeV and above were observed over the entire Jovian polar region. The electrons were found to be associated with intense broadband whistler mode waves, similar to terrestrial whistler mode auroral hiss. Upward‐propagating whistler mode hiss at Earth is known to be generated by upward‐moving, magnetic field‐aligned electron beams (from electric field‐aligned potentials), by a beam‐plasma instability at the Landau resonance. Assuming this process at Jupiter, we present a linear stability analysis, showing the electron distribution functions (based on inverted‐V observations made by the Juno Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment, JADE‐E, instrument) are unstable. The polarization of the modeled waves is consistent with whistler mode hiss (right‐hand circularly polarized). From the results of the linear stability analysis, we find that the calculated growth rates are sufficient to produce the observed whistler mode waves.
Effect of Additional Magnetograph Observations From Different Lagrangian Points in Sun‐Earth System on Predicted Properties of Quasi‐Steady Solar Wind at 1 AU
Authors: Pevtsov A. A. , Petrie G. , MacNeice P. , Virtanen I. I.
Published: May 2020

Modeling the space weather conditions for a near‐Earth environment depends on a proper representation of magnetic fields on the Sun. There are discussions in the community with respect to the value of observations taken at several Lagrangian points (L1–L5) in the Sun‐Earth system. Observations from a single (e.g., Earth/L1) vantage point are insufficient to characterize rapid changes in magnetic field on the far side of the Sun. Nor can they represent well the magnetic fields near the solar poles. However, if the changes in sunspot activity were moderate, how well would our predictions of the solar wind based on a single viewing point work? How much improvement could we see by adding magnetograph observations from L5, L4, and even L3? Here, we present the results of our recent modeling, which shows the level of improvement in forecasting the properties of the solar wind at Earth made possible by using additional observations from different vantage points during a period of moderate evolution of sunspot activity. As an example, we also show the improvements to the solar wind forecast from adding a single observation of the southern polar area from out‐of‐ecliptic spacecraft at −30° heliographic latitude vantage point.
The Day‐Night Difference and Geomagnetic Activity Variation of Energetic Electron Fluxes in Region of South Atlantic Anomaly
Authors: Li L. Y. , Zhou S. P. , Wei S. H. , Yang J. Y. , Sauvaud J. A. , Berthelier J. J.
Published: May 2020

Utilizing the DEMETER observations at 670 km, we examined the day‐night difference of energetic electrons (100–800 keV) in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region and their dependence on geomagnetic activities in different seasons. Under geomagnetically quiet conditions, the fluxes of higher‐energy electrons (>200 keV) in the dusk and midnight (MLT ~ 19–24 hr) are usually larger than those in the morning (MLT ~ 8–12 hr) in the core region of the SAA (−50 ≤ λ ≤  − 20deg) during the northern and southern summers (21 March 2007 to 23 September 2007 and 23 September 2007 to 21 March 2008). The day‐night difference of energetic electrons in SAA region depends not only on the electron energy but also on the geomagnetic activity levels. Enhanced geomagnetic activities increase the energetic electrons in morning and hence weaken their day‐night difference in the SAA region.
Evaluation of Methods for Causal Discovery in Hydrometeorological Systems
Authors: Ombadi Mohammed , Nguyen Phu , Sorooshian Soroosh , Hsu Kuo‐lin
Published: May 2020

Understanding causal relations is of utmost importance in hydrology and climate research for systems identification, prediction, and understanding systems behavior in a changing climate. Traditionally, researchers in hydrometeorology attempted to study causal questions by conducting controlled experiments using numerical models. This approach, however, in most cases of interest provides uncertain results because the models are approximate representation of the natural system. An alternative approach that has recently drawn significant attention in several fields is to infer causal relations from purely observational data. It possesses several traits to its utility particularly in hydrometeorology due to the rapid accumulation of in situ and remotely sensed data records. The first objective of this study is to present a brief description of four causal discovery methods (Granger causality, Transfer Entropy, graph‐based algorithms, and Convergent Cross Mapping) with special emphasis on the assumptions on which they are built. Second, using synthetic data generated from a hydrological model, we assess their performance in retrieving causal information taking into account sensitivity to sample size and presence of noise. Last, we use causal analysis to examine and formulate hypotheses on causal drivers of evapotranspiration in a shrubland region during summer and winter seasons. An interpretation of the hypotheses based on canopy seasonal dynamics and evapotranspiration processes is presented. It is hoped that the results presented here can be useful in guiding researchers studying hydrometeorological systems as to which causal method is most appropriate to the characteristics of the system under study.
Electromembrane extraction of sodium dodecyl sulfate from highly concentrated solutions
Authors: Restan Magnus Saed , Skottvoll Frøydis Sved , Jensen Henrik , Pedersen-Bjergaard Stig
Published: May 2020

This fundamental work investigated the removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from highly concentrated samples by electromembrane extraction (EME).
Beneficial restacking of 2D nanomaterials for electrocatalysis: a case of MoS2 membranes
Authors: Qian Xingyue , Xie Ke , Guo Shiying , Liang Qinghua , Zhang Shengli , Xiong Zhiyuan , Zhan Hualin , Liu Congcong , Yang Xiaowei , Zhu Junwu , Li Dan
Published: May 2020

The tight stacking of 2D MoS2 nanosheets is demonstrated to be beneficial for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction activity, challenging the traditional views.
Exact matrix treatment of the statistical mechanics of adsorption of large aromatic molecules on graphene
Authors: Dunne Lawrence J. , Manos George
Published: May 2020

Theoretical adsorption isotherms show plateaus reflecting the types of conformer on the graphene surface. Both catechol and phenyl hydroquinone adsorption can be described by our interconvertible statistical mechanical monomer–dimer–trimer model.
Rapid identification of ultrathin amorphous damage on monocrystalline silicon surface
Authors: Wu Lei , Yu Bingjun , Zhang Pei , Feng Chengqiang , Chen Peng , Deng Liang , Gao Jian , Chen Siming , Jiang Shulan , Qian Linmao
Published: May 2020

Amorphous Si damage with a thickness of several nanometers and its spatial distributions can be rapidly identified by selective etching.
Characterization and possible function of an enigmatic reflector in the eye of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Schiffmann Nathan , Wormser Eyal Merary , Brumfeld Vlad , Addadi Yoseph , Pinkas Iddo , Yallapragada Venkata Jayasurya , Aflalo Eliahu D. , Sagi Amir , Palmer Benjamin A. , Weiner Steve , Addadi Lia
Published: May 2020

We characterize a reflector in the eye of the shrimp L. vannamei, which likely acts as a camouflage device to conceal the eye pigments in a largely transparent animal.
Structures, magnetic refrigeration and single molecule-magnet behavior of five rhombus-shaped tetranuclear Ln(iii)-based clusters
Authors: Wang Wen-Min , Huai Lei , Wang Xi-Wen , Jiang Kai-Jun , Shen Hai-Yun , Gao Hong-Ling , Fang Ming , Cui Jian-Zhong
Published: May 2020

The rhombus-shaped Gd4 cluster displays a magnetic refrigeration property, and the Dy4 cluster shows remarkable SMM behavior.
Super‐resolution image reconstruction of compressive 2D near‐field millimetre‐wave
Authors: Lyu Jue , Bi Dongjie , Li Xifeng , Xie Yongle , Xie Xuan
Published: May 2020

Compressive 2D near‐field millimetre‐wave (MMW) imaging is a compressed sensing‐based technique, which reconstructs an image from a few under‐sampled measurements. Although this technique can extremely improve imaging process efficiency, resolution of the reconstructed image is still limited by the scanning grid interval, which is always hard to be improved in practice due to hardware constraint. To reconstruct a higher resolution image from under‐sampled measurements, a compressive 2D near‐field MMW super‐resolution (SR) imaging model is established. Meanwhile, the corresponding algorithm, which is based on the primal‐dual framework, is also proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reconstruct the SR MMW image in superior performance.
Performance analysis of cooperative PDMA with AF relaying over Rayleigh fading channels
Authors: Zhang Xiurong , Kang Shaoli , Fu Xueqian , Tang Wanwei
Published: May 2020

This study investigates the performances of cooperative pattern division multiple access (PDMA) technology with a half‐duplex amplify‐and‐forward (AF) relaying over Rayleigh fading channels. To characterise the performances of the AF‐PDMA system, the closed‐form expressions of the exact outage probabilities, system throughput and diversity order are derived, respectively. The particle swarm optimisation algorithm based on penalty function is used to obtain the optimum power allocation coefficients by maximising the system throughput. By setting different values on the target data rate for users to analyse the AF‐PDMA system throughput performance, simulation results demonstrate the performance enhancement of the considered AF‐PDMA compared with orthogonal multiple access with AF relaying and PDMA with decode‐and‐forward relaying.
Lightweight group key distribution schemes based on pre‐shared pairwise keys
Authors: Harn Lein , Hsu Chingfang , Xia Zhe
Published: May 2020

In a secure communication, a one‐time session key is needed to be shared among all participants. Most well‐known key distribution schemes, such as Diffie–Hellman public‐key key distribution scheme invented in 1976 and quantum key distribution scheme invented in 1984 (also called the BB84 scheme), can only allow two users to share a key in conventional one‐to‐one communications. There are many research papers in the literature to propose group key distribution schemes for multiple participants in modern group communications. In this study, the authors propose lightweight group key distributions using pre‐shared pairwise keys. The authors first propose a three‐party group key distribution scheme. They then extend the basic three‐party scheme to establish a group key for a large size of group communications. The proposed generalised schemes can be based to any type of pairwise key distribution schemes, e.g. either quantum or non‐quantum. Moreover, both generalised multi‐party group key distribution schemes are lightweight. The main operations in the proposed schemes are key comparison between two or more than two keys (i.e. logic XOR operation) and the computation of key derivation functions.
Low‐cost hardware‐in‐the‐loop for real‐time simulation of electric machines and electric drive
Authors: Bastos Renan F. , Silva Fernando B. , Aguiar Cassius R. , Fuzato Guilherme , Machado Ricardo Q.
Published: May 2020

This study aims to present the discrete models and the methodology to implement real‐time simulations of electric machines using a low‐cost digital signal processor (DSP). The DC machine and the three‐phase induction machine are modelled in real‐time using a Texas Instruments DSP TMS28379D, where the discrete models are implemented using C language. A minimum time‐step of 1 µs can be achieved for the DC machine and 1.5 µs for the inductions machine in the experimental hardware. To validate the described models and show their precision, they are compared with commercial computational models from PSIM®. In addition, closed‐loop speed control strategies are applied to the real‐time DSP experimental models, showing perfect concordance with the machine theory. For the DC machine, a speed control strategy with an inner current control loop is applied and for the induction machine, a field‐oriented control for the speed control. The proposed real‐time simulation hardware has a great potential for low‐budget research and educational purposes since it can replace a real machine setup for a very low price, with great accuracy, variable parameters and free from risks, such as accidents or equipment damage. Furthermore, it uses cheap hardware with free software and a high‐level programing language.
Comparative study of concentrated flux synchronous motor and multi‐layer IPMSM for traction drives using non‐rare earth permanent magnet
Authors: Kim Kyu‐Seob , Lee Byeong‐Hwa
Published: May 2020

The rare earth permanent magnet (PM) is widely used for traction motors of hybrid and electric vehicles. These motors have more torque density compared to any other type of motors. However, these PMs have the problems of limited reserves, unstable supply, and high cost. For solving these problems, concentrated flux synchronous motor (CFSM) and multi‐layer interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), using ferrite PMs, are compared in this study. The CFSM and multi‐layer IPMSM are introduced and compared with regard to shape, size, electric parameter, and motor characteristics. In addition, two types of motors are fabricated and tested in order to verify their performance and feasibility. Finally, comparing the merits and demerits, the comparative motor types are estimated in this study.
Improvement of dual‐glucose sensor specificity for prosthetic vascular grafts based on a calibration scheme
Authors: Jang Heedon , Kim Seongmun , Ma Hyunggun , Patel Ramesh , Yang Seungboo , Jeong Jiyun , Seo Jongmo , Han Ki Jin , Bien Franklin
Published: May 2020

Glucose monitoring is an important clinical procedure, especially for dialysis patients who need consistent monitoring of their glucose levels. Currently, the most extensively used method for glucose monitoring involves pricking the finger and sampling a small amount of blood. Given that this procedure is inconvenient and can cause pain and potential infection, there is demand for the development of alternative glucose sensing methods. This study introduces a methodology for improved glucose sensor specificity based on a calibration scheme. One microwave and one capacitive glucose sensor were designed and placed on a prosthetic vascular graft. Each sensor yielded a finite variation in the measured glucose concentrations based on its capacity to sense permittivity changes in aqueous D‐glucose solutions. However, as blood components other than glucose—such as proteins, erythrocytes and haemoglobin—may affect the measurements, the authors also introduced a calibration scheme to adjust and calibrate each measurement to ensure accuracy. The measurement data yielded a maximum error of <7.33%. Based on these outcomes, the specificity of glucose monitoring in prosthetic vascular grafts is validated.
Artificial neural network models for radiowave propagation in tunnels
Authors: Seretis Aristeidis , Zhang Xingqi , Zeng Kun , Sarris Costas D.
Published: May 2020

The authors present a machine learning approach for the extraction of radiowave propagation models in tunnels. To that end, they discuss three challenges related to the application of machine learning to general wireless propagation problems: how to efficiently specify the input to the model, which learning method to use and what output functions to seek. The input that any propagation modelling tool (be it a ray‐tracer, a full‐wave method or a parabolic equation solver) uses, can be considered as visual, in the form of an image or a point cloud of the environment under consideration. Therefore, they propose an artificial neural network structure that generalises well to various geometries. The desired output can be values of the electromagnetic field components across the channel or just a path loss model. They apply these ideas to the case of arched tunnels for the first time. They consider cases where the geometric parameters of the tunnel, the position of the receiver and the frequency of operation are parts of a model trained by a vector parabolic equation solver. The model is evaluated using solver‐generated as well as measured data. The numerical results demonstrate that this approach combines computational efficiency with high accuracy.