bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRECISIONPOP: a multi-scale monitoring system for poplar plantations integrating field, aerial and satellite remote sensing
Authors: Chianucci Francesco , Giannetti Francesca , Tattoni Clara , Puletti Nicola , Giorcelli Achille , Bisaglia Carlo , Romano Elio , Brambilla Massimo , Chiarabaglio Piermario , Gennaro Massimo , d'Amico Giovanni , Francini Saverio , Mattioli Walter , Coaloa Domenico , Corona Piermaria , Chirici Gherardo
Published: March 2022

Poplar (Populus spp.) plantations are globally widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, and provide a wide range of benefits and products, including timber, carbon sequestration and phytoremediation. Because of poplar specific features (fast growth, short rotation) the information needs require frequent updates, which exceed the traditional scope of National Forest Inventories, implying the need for ad-hoc monitoring solutions.

Here we presented a regional-level multi-scale monitoring system developed for poplar plantations, which is based on the integration of different remotely-sensed informations at different spatial scales, developed in Lombardy (Northern Italy) region. The system is based on three levels of information: 1) At plot scale, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to develop non-destructive tree stem volume allometries in calibration sites; the produced allometries were then used to estimate plot-level stand parameters from field inventory; additional canopy structure attributes were derived using field digital cover photography. 2) At farm level, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors were used to upscale results obtained from field data. 3) Finally, both field and unmanned aerial estimates were used to calibrate a regional-scale supervised continuous monitoring system based on multispectral Sentinel-2 imagery, which was implemented and updated in a Google Earth Engine platform.

The combined use of multi-scale information allowed an effective management and monitoring of poplar plantations. From a top-down perspective, the continuous satellite monitoring system allowed the detection of early warning poplar stress, which are suitable for variable rate irrigation and fertilizing scheduling. From a bottom-up perspective, the spatially explicit nature of TLS measurements allows better integration with remotely sensed data, enabling a multiscale assessment of poplar plantation structure with different levels of detail, enhancing conventional tree inventories, and supporting effective management strategies. Finally, use of UAV is key in poplar plantations as their spatial resolution is suited for calibrating metrics from coarser remotely-sensed products, reducing or avoiding the need of ground measurements, with a significant reduction of time and costs.
Quantifying heavy metal concentrations throughout drainage basins from river sediment mixing
Authors: Eschenfelder Jonas , Lipp Alex , Roberts Gareth
Published: March 2022

The concentration of elements in river sediments play a fundamental role in determining the ‘health’ of rivers. They also contain important information about provenance and geomorphic processes (e.g. mixing). For instance, concentrated heavy metals, such as lead, copper and chromium, can identify foci of polluting industry and stressed ecosystems.  Attempts to monitor pollution in river sediments and to generate geological baselines are thwarted by the lack of available measurements of sediment geochemistry in higher-order, downstream, river channels. We address that issue by developing forward and inverse methodologies to predict the composition of river sediments throughout drainage basins from small inventories of geochemical measurements (tens of samples). A case study, centered on the River Clyde near Glasgow, Scotland, shows that conservative downstream mixing generates robust and continuous estimates of element concentrations in river sediments. Predicted geochemistry and independent observations match well for elements that have diverse concentrations in source regions (e.g. magnesium). Anthropogenic enrichment of heavy metals along large rivers, compared to geologic baselines generated by mixing ‘clean’ source regions, correspond to the Glasgow city area and old mining regions. Continuous predictions of river chemistry are used to identify river reaches where heavy metal concentrations exceed toxic threshold levels. 
Geochemical analysis of REE minerals and their relation with the Colombian emerald belts
Authors: Betancur Acevedo Camilo Andrés , Ramirez Juya Valeria , Garcia Toloza Javier , Angarita Luis
Published: March 2022

The Colombian emerald deposits are confined in both flanks of the eastern Cordillera. Those deposits are referred to as; the eastern emerald belt (EEB) and the western emerald belt (WEB). The formation conditions of the Colombian emeralds are unique in the world considering the differences in the host rock and the hydrothermal fluids. They are hosted in sedimentary rocks with a significant amount of Cr, V, and organic matter. Besides, the fluids are not linked with a magmatic source. Indeed, they are the result of basinal fluids combined with brines. Two main processes define the typical mineralization: albitization and carbonatization influencing the major crystalization of minerals like calcite, dolomite, quartz, albite, pyrite, emerald, and minor minerals as fluorite, apatite, rutile, tourmaline, and zircon.
We observed three trace minerals not typical in emerald mineralization. Those are two phosphates (Monazite and Xenotime) and a fluoro-carbonate (Parisite). To them, we make petrographic analysis to identify their paragenetic relation in the sequence, and with the use of an Electron Probe Microanalyzer in 93 samples (50 Monazites, 36 Parisites, and 7 Xenotimes), we suggest formation condition features. Those minerals determine different moments in the mineralization process. Before the mineralization, monazite crystallized in the host rock, displaying euhedral crystals with wedge shapes not correlated to detrital formation. Latter, the first stage of mineralization takes place on the rock-vein contact. Where the albitization plays an important role and the xenotime crystallized in a tabular-elongated habit. This stage is proceeding for a carbonatization phase, it is usually linked with the emerald production and the crystallization of parisite, which exhibits a subhedral shape determined by a double pyramid like a pseudo-rhombohedral habit.
The hydrothermal fluids originated from the salt diapirism in the processes of albitization and carbonatization leached and released the REE elements from the oldest part of the basin. Besides, each mineral is linked with different hydrothermal pulses, and paragenesis implying an evolution in pressure and temperature conditions.
A multi-proxy approach to understand the monsoon driven changes in the eastern Arabian Sea during the Holocene
Authors: Majumder Jeet , Gupta Anil , Panigrahi Mruganka
Published: March 2022

Multiproxy records of benthic foraminifera, pteropods, and total organic carbon (TOC) of sediment samples from Core SK291/GC17 (water depth 182 meter), eastern Arabian Sea, indicate changes in monsoonal conditions and associated oceanographic variabilities during ~13000 to 3400 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP). During ~8000 cal yr BP, decreased abundance of pteropod Limacina trochiformis as well as the lower value of TOC, might be a proxy for a dry phase of monsoon. The interval from ~7800 to 6400 cal yr BP can be characterized by favorable bottom water conditions, as suggested by higher value of number of species (S), Information Function (H) and alpha index (α) of the benthic foraminiferal assemblage. The middle Holocene (~6200 to 4200 cal yr BP) interval is marked by a significant increase in the number of epipelagic pteropods caused by higher surface productivity and decreasing abundance of mesopelagic pteropods caused by the shoaling and intensification of the OMZ. The oxic group of benthic foraminifera decreased drastically while dysoxic group of benthic foraminifera increased during this interval, due to the intensified OMZ. After ~4200 cal yr BP, the oxic assemblage of benthic foraminifera and pteropods, coincide with a pronounced arid phase (4.2 ka event) in the Indian subcontinent. The oxic assemblage of benthic foraminifera shows high frequency cycles centered at 692, 440 and 358 yr driven by solar variability; while Uvigerina peregrina, a benthic foraminifer sensitive to OMZ variability, shows high frequency cycles of 403 and 745 yr.
Impact of post-depositional transformation on sedimentary rocks and implications for paleoenvironmental studies: Evidence from  Mesoproterozoic (1.1 Ga) sediments from the Taoudeni basin, Mauritania
Authors: Ghnahalla Mohamed , El Albani Abderrazak , Abd Elmola Ahmed , M. Bankole Olabode , Fontaine Claude , W. Lyons Timothy , Tu Chenyi , Sabar Mohamed Salem , Trentesaux Alain , Meunier Alain
Published: March 2022

Understanding and reconstruction of the paleo-condition dynamics linked to biological evolution in Earth history remain a big challenge because a majority of the ancient rocks have been affected by secondary modification processes, including tectonic, metamorphic, and hydrothermal activities. This study examines the influence of magmatic intrusion on sediment composition and paleo-environmental reconstruction from two drill cores (S1 and S2) drilled into the shallow-marine Mesoproterozoic (~1.1 Ga) El Mreiti Group of northeast Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania. Petrographic and mineralogical data show that the S1 drill core, intruded by dolerite sill, consists of a series of metamorphic minerals, including pyroxene, graphite, pyrrhotite, garnet, zeolite, talc, and saponite in sediments within the contact aureoles of the dolerite sill, indicating the influence of contact metamorphism and associated hydrothermal activities. The dominance of low-temperature minerals and the absence of metamorphic minerals in the S2 drill core sediments demonstrate that they are largely preserved and were only affected by high-grade diagenetic modifications. The anomalous enrichments of the Fe and redox-sensitive trace elements (RSTEs) in sediments within the vicinity of the dolerite sill coincide with increasing pyrrhotite contents, suggesting the transfer and remobilization of the RSTEs via thermal decomposition of pyrite to pyrrhotite during metamorphism and hydrothermal processes at elevated temperatures. This is supported by the absence of hematite, low Th/U ratios, and increasing Eu anomaly values in the dolerite sill and contact aureoles. This study reinforces the importance of screening and assessment of samples for post-depositional alteration effects before being used for the reconstruction of paleo-redox conditions in modern and ancient sedimentary rocks.
Assessment of brittleness and hydrocarbon potential of deep Permian shales in Krishna Godavari Basin, India
Authors: Kala Shubhangi , Devaraju Javaregowda , Rasheed Mohammed Abdul
Published: March 2022

The Permian-aged Kommugudem Formation has been identified as a potential candidate in the prospective Krishna Godavari basin for future shale gas exploration. Brittleness and hydrocarbon potential based on geochemical and mineralogical evidence is characterized from the conventional cores in the study area. According to petrographic, SEM, and XRD analysis, the shale is primarily composed of quartz, clays (kaolinite, chlorite and illite), siderite, muscovite, pyrite, and feldspar. The Mineralogical Brittleness Index (MBI) ranges from 60 to 80 percent, suggesting that the Kommugudem shale is a likely good fracking candidate. Natural microfractures in Formation can increase hydraulic fracturing performance by acting as hydrocarbon migration conduits and hydrocarbon storage sites. The low chemical maturity index of Kommugudem samples indicates an abundance of detrital minerals formed near provenance without significant recycling. Due to the insoluble nature and diagenetic immobility, the Nb and Th enrichment identified in Kommugudem samples further supports a possible detrital source of the quartz. Clay-sized microquartz cement seen in a few samples may bind silt-sized detrital quartz and promote brittleness. The development of recrystallized microquartz cement is also caused by the illitization of smectite clay, as evidenced by XRD data revealing the presence of illite. The mineralogical brittleness index does not take into account the mineral texture or the kind of clay mineral related. As a result, such computations must be used with caution. Kommugudem Formation is composed of Type III kerogen in admixture with Types II-III, with high TOC and Tmax predicting substantial organic matter concentration in the dry and wet gas windows. RockEval and FTIR examinations revealed that two wells had good hydrocarbon generation potential for oil and gas sources, while the other wells had comparatively lesser hydrocarbon potential. Brittleness appears to be substantially reliant on lithological heterogeneity, according to the proposed assessment. The examined area possesses lithological variability, and the Kommugudem shale shows compositional similarities to brittle sections of the Barnett and Marcellus shale plays. According to the integrated characterization, shale has high organic content and is brittle in nature. This comprehension is critical if the shale is to be considered for further investigation.
Potential of remote sensing data to analyze the effect of drought on wheat yields in the Mediterranean region: study area Kairouan Tunisia and Lleida Spain
Authors: Khlif Manel , Chahbi Bellakanji Aicha , Escorihuela Maria José , Stefan Vivien-Georgiana , Lili Chabaane Zohra
Published: March 2022

With climate change, mainly drought, the situation of water stress in most Mediterranean countries is worsening with the high demand for agricultural water and the scarcity of water resources. Forecasts have found that more than 33 countries, including Tunisia and Spain, will face extremely high water stress by 2040, threatening agriculture and food security. In this study, we analyze the potential of different drought indices to identify drought periods for two regions with different climates: Kairouan in Tunisia, and Lleida in Spain, and we identify the indices that give more accuracy for cereal yield prediction.

To achieve the objectives of this study, satellite data was used: MODIS (NDVI and LST) and SMOS. Spatial resolution enhancement algorithms have been applied, such as DISaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change (DISPATCh), to improve the spatial resolution of SMOS from 40 km to 1 km. In this study, we focus on two principal parameters to identify agricultural drought: Soil Moisture Anomaly Index (SMAI) calculated from soil moisture DISPATCh data, which gives an idea of the soil water status and Vegetation Anomaly Index (VAI) derived from MOD13Q1, which reflects the vegetative activity. 

Over the past 10 years, from the 2010/2011 agricultural year to 2019/2020, we have identified dry periods of agricultural drought based on VAI and SMAI. The results show that SMAI can detect more dry periods in space and time than VAI. For the study area in Tunisia, the strongest correlation obtained between wheat yield and SMAI is in November (R = 0.71). This result highlights the importance of water during this period. The correlation between wheat yield and SMAI decreased slightly in January (R=0.55), February (R=0.57), and March (R=0.63). However, the vegetation cover started to appear in January. A stronger, but later, correlation with VAI in March (R=0.63). For the second study area in Spain, Lleida, the correlation between drought index and yield anomaly of wheat and barley was studied separately. For barley, the increase in the correlation between grain yield and VAI started in February (R= 0.71), March (R=0.73), and then April where it reached its maximum (R=0.87). A more important correlation is noted in March with the SMAI which is about 0.8. Similarly, for wheat, the best correlation between yield and SMAI is recorded in March (R= 0.88) and with a slightly less important correlation with VAI of the order of 0.51 in March.

In conclusion, this study shows the interest in improving the spatial resolution of soil moisture to better study agricultural drought and its effect on cereal yield.
A Tale of Two Rivers: Comparing erosion rates from two sides of the South African landscape 
Authors: Khosa Rivoningo , Tooth Stephen , Mbele Vela , Pickering Robyn
Published: March 2022

Many classical models of landscape evolution in South Africa have previously relied on large-scale, predominantly qualitative, field observations. In recent decades, however, the development of the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) has allowed for greater use of cosmogenic nuclide analyses in landscape evolution studies to quantify rates of denudation and establish timescales of landscape development. In South Africa, various field areas and isotopes have been studied to understand the development of the landscape on Quaternary and longer timescales. The aim of our study is to use a cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) to investigate the development of geographically separate parts of the South African landscape, and so contribute towards the growing database of landscape evolution rates across southern Africa. Samples of granitic bedrock have been collected along the Olifants River (local/original names: Lepelle, Obalule or iBhalule) in the Kruger National Park in the subtropical east and are being compared to samples of similar composition from the Orange River (local/original names: Gariep, Senqu,) near the Augrabies Falls National Park in the arid west. Both rivers have similar multi-channel morphologies (e.g. mixed bedrock-alluvial anabranching).  A comparison of erosion rates along these otherwise similar rivers at opposite sides of the country will enable an investigation of the effects of climatic differences on erosion rates. Results will allow us to test previous, largely qualitative hypotheses of landscape evolution using state-of-the-art cosmogenic nuclide data analysed at the African continent’s only AMS facility.
Platinum-group element geochemistry and whole-rock systematics of mafic-ultramafic rocks from the Indo-Myanmar Orogenic Belt Ophiolites, NE India: Implications on mantle processes and tectonic settings
Authors: Chaubey Monika , Singh A. Krishnakanta
Published: March 2022

The Platinum Group Element (PGE) systematics and whole-rock geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the ophiolites of Indo-Myanmar Orogenic Belt, northeast India were studied to comprehend their source characteristics and the fractionation behavior of PGE during magmatic evolution. Geochemical studies of mafic rocks reflect Mid-Oceanic Ridge (MOR) Basalt  to Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) affinities while ultramafic rocks have both MOR and Supra Subduction Zone (SSZ) setting signatures. The basaltic rocks show flat REE patterns and slightly depleted LREE [(La/Sm)N = 0.97-1.01], showing MOR-type basalt whereas gabbro shows enriched LREE [(La/Sm)N = 2.85-4.24; (Sm/Yb)N = 2.50-2.88], and characterized by OIB-type mafic rock. Conversely,  pyroxenites exhibit depleted LREE (LaN/SmN = 0.54-1.16) but flat MREE (SmN/YbN = 2.78–4.02) reflect spoon-shaped pattern, whereas harzburgite and dunite show U shaped [(LREE and HREE enrichment (La/Sm)N= 2.55-3.61, (Tb/Yb)N = 0.51-0.86, respectively] REE patterns which indicate formation in a forearc environment. The PGE contents in gabbro (ΣPGE =8.8-16.0 ppb) and basalt (ΣPGE =5.6-15.3 ppb) are lower than PGE abundances of harzburgite (ΣPGE =125.6-142.8ppb), dunite (ΣPGE =248-360 ppb) and pyroxenites (ΣPGE = 159.7-1156.8 ppb). The rocks show strongly enriched PPGEs over the IPGEs which indicates co-precipitation with early sulfide fractionation. In all samples (except pyroxenite) pronounced Rh and Pd enhancements relative to Pt suggest its removal during fractional crystallization. Pyroxenites mark the transition from sulfide-undersaturation displayed by harzburgite and dunite to sulfide-saturation displayed by basalt and gabbro. It is, therefore, substantiated that PGE distribution in mafic and ultramafic rocks of Indo-Mayanmar Ophiolites was controlled by sulphide saturation in parental magma and have not only been affected by partial melting processes but also affected by crystal fractionation process during their generation in diverse tectonic environments such as MOR, OIB (plume-type), and SSZ.
Coevolution and Prediction of Coupled Human-Water Systems: A Synthesis of Change in Hydrology and Society 
Authors: Tian Fuqiang , Haeffner Melissa , Kreibich Heidi , Mukherji Aditi , Wei Jing , Sivapalan Murugesu , Blöschl Günter
Published: March 2022

There has been increasing recognition that the global water crisis is due to lack of understanding of wider economic and socio-cultural perspectives, resulted from the intended and/or unintended consequences of co-evolution of coupled human-water systems. In light of such recognition, Panta Rhei Initiative (2013-2022) was proposed to focus on changes in both hydrology and society. Approaching end of this decade, this study present the synthesis of knowledge gained in our understanding of coevolution and prediction of coupled human-water systems. Content include five parts: (I) Motivation and Overview, (II) Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Approaches, (III) Synthesis of Work Done and Understanding Gained in Specific Application Areas, (IV) Panta Rhei Case Studies, (V) Grand Synthesis and Recommendations.
Termite mounds in Cambodian paddy fields. Are they always kept for improving soil quality?
Authors: Muon Ratha , Lai Chenda , Bureau-Point Eve , Chassagne François , Wieringa Frank , Berger Jacques , Sok Kimchhin , Audibert Martine , Podwojewski Pascal , Marchand Sebastien , Ann Vannak , Jouquet Pascal
Published: March 2022

Abstract

The utilization of termite mounds for the improvement of soil fertility is a worldwide practice and usually explained by the specific properties of this biogenic material. In Cambodia, farmers also use termite mound soils as amendments with the aim to improve the fertility of paddy fields. The first objective of this study was, therefore, to describe the physical and chemical properties of this material and, consequently, to determine its potential for improving soil fertility. A second objective was to consider farmer’s perception and to quantify the diversity of services provided by termite mounds. We confirmed the specific soil properties of termite mounds but showed that their positive influence on soil chemical fertility and water retention are only significant in very sandy soil (>80% sand) while they remain limited in less sandy soil (~40 and 60% of sand). However, termite mounds are considered useful by farmers independently of the soil condition, mostly because this soil material is considered to positively increase soil fertility but also because they host a specific biodiversity which can be used for medicinal purposes or because consumed, then increasing population livelihood. Our work shows the discrepancy between the perception of farmers and the real impact of termite mounds on soil fertility as well as the diversity of services delivered by biodiversity in paddy fields. 
On Relation Between EIT Waves Phenomena with Other Solar Phenomena
Authors: Verma Virendra
Published: March 2022

In the present paper, we have studied the relationship between the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) waves phenomena with solar flares, coronal holes, solar winds, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) events. The EIT/ SOHO instrument recorded 176 EIT events during the above period (March 25, 1997-June 17, 1998) and the EIT waves list was published by Thompson & Myers (2009). After temporal matching of EIT wave events with CMEs phenomena, we find that corresponding to 58 EIT wave events, no CMEs events were recorded and thus we excluded 58 EIT wave events from the present study. Out of 176 EIT wave events, only 106 are accompanied by CMEs phenomena. The correlation study of the speed of EIT wave events and CMEs events of 106  events shows poor correlation r= 0.32, indicating that the EIT waves and CMEs events do not have a common mechanism of origin, and also indicate that some other factor is working in the formation of  CMEs from EIT waves. Further, We have also matched the spatial matching EIT wave sources as indicated by Thomson & Myers (2009) with CHs and flares and found that CMEs appear to be associated with EIT wave phenomena and CHs.  Earlier Verma & Pande (1989), Verma (1998) indicated that the CMEs may have been produced by some mechanism, in which the mass ejected by solar flares or active prominences, gets connected with the open magnetic lines of CHs (source of high-speed solar wind streams) and moves along them to appear as CMEs. Most recently Verma & Mittal (2019)  proposed a  methodology to understand the origin of CMEs through magnetic reconnection of   CHs open magnetic field and solar flares.  In the present paper, we proposed a scenario/ 2-dimensional model, in which the origin of CMEs through reconnection of EIT waves and solar winds coming from the CHs and also found that the calculated CMEs velocity after reconnection of EIT waves and solar winds coming from the CHs are in very close to the observed CMEs linear velocity. We also calculated the value of the correlation coefficient between the observed linear velocity of CME events and the calculated value of CMEs velocity after reconnection and found the value as r=0.884. The value of correlation as r=0.884 is excellent and supports the proposed methodology.  Finally, we have also discussed the relationship of EIT wave phenomena with other solar phenomena, in the present scenario of solar heliophysics phenomena.

 

 

References:

Thompson, B. J. & Myers, D. C. (2009) APJS, 183, 225.
Verma, V. K. & Pande, M. C. (1989) Proc. IAU Colloq. 104 Solar and Stellar Flares (Poster Papers), Stanford University, Stanford, USA, p.239.
Verma, V. K.(1998) Journal of Geophysical Indian Union, 2, 65.
Verma, V. K. & Mittal, N.(2019) Astronomy Letters, 45, 164-176.
Seasonal and long-term variability of the characteristics surface frontal zones of the Barents and Kara seas
Authors: Konik Aleksandr , Zimin Aleksey
Published: March 2022

One of the most important phenomena in the Arctic seas, in which all cascades of the scale of variability of oceanological processes are observed, are climatic and seasonal frontal zones. However, despite the climate changes noted by many researchers, so far, the ideas about the long-term dynamics and characteristics of the surface layer in the frontal zones in the Arctic region are fragmentary.

In our work, we considered seasonal and long-term variability of the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), the River Plumes Frontal Zone (RPFZ) and the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) in the Barents and Kara Seas. The authors evaluated their relationship with eddies structures and atmospheric oscillations. We used satellite data of temperature, salinity and sea level for the period from 2002 to 2020, which we processed using cluster analysis. To isolate the manifestations of eddies structures on the surface, we used radar images of the Envisat ASAR and Sentinel-1A/B. To analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the frontal zones and atmospheric oscillations, we used correlation analysis.

We have shown that the intensity of interannual and seasonal estimates of the SST gradient and the area of the PFZ and RPFZ in the first decade was an order of magnitude higher than in the period from 2011 to 2020. We observe the opposite pattern for the characteristics of the MIZ – in the second decade, the magnitude of the estimates of the SST gradient and area increases. We observe the maximum number of eddies structures in PFZ and RPFZ against the background of a general weakening of the SST gradients. We assume that this is due to the development of intense baroclinic instability in the frontal zones. In our opinion, the intensity of winter meridional transport over Northern Europe affects the growth of summer SST gradients and a decrease in the area of the PFZ and a decrease in SST in the RPFZ. The magnitude of the winter Arctic zonal transfer may increase the characteristics of SST in the RPFZ region. The value of the average seasonal gradient of the SST of the climatic surface PFZ is lower than that of the seasonal RPFZ and MIZ.

The analysis of frontal zone and eddies in this work was supported by RFBR grant 20-35-90053.
Influence of brittle deformation on the permeability of granite: assessing the geothermal potential of crustal fault zones
Authors: Carbillet Lucille , Heap Michael J. , Duwiquet Hugo , Griffiths Luke , Guillou-Frottier Laurent , Baud Patrick , Violay Marie
Published: March 2022

Economically viable geothermal systems rely on the efficiency of fluid circulation and heat transfer. Permeable fault zones are therefore excellent candidates for geothermal exploitation. In crustal fault zones, hot fluids from depths that correspond to the brittle-ductile transition are brought to the surface via crustal-scale permeable fault zones and may therefore constitute a new kind of geothermal system. To assess their geothermal potential, we measured the permeability of reservoir rock during deformation to large strains (up to an axial strain of about 0.1) in the brittle regime - fault formation and sliding on the fault - by performing triaxial experiments on samples of well-characterised Lanhélin granite (France). Prior to deformation, samples were thermally-stressed to 700°C to ensure that their permeability was sufficiently high to measure on reasonable laboratory timescales. All experiments were conducted on water-saturated samples under drained conditions, at a constant pore pressure of 10 MPa and confining pressures of 20, 40, and 60 MPa (corresponding to a maximum depth of about 2 km), and at room temperature. Our data show that permeability decreases by about an order of magnitude prior to macroscopic shear failure. This decrease can be attributed to the closure of pre-existing microcracks which outweigh the formation of new microcracks during loading up to the peak stress. As the macroscopic shear fracture is formed, sample permeability increases by about a factor of two. The permeability of the sample remains almost constant during sliding on the fracture to large strains (corresponding to a fault displacement of ~7 mm), suggesting that the permeability of the fracture does not fall below the permeability of the host-rock. The permeability of the sample at the frictional sliding stress is lower at higher confining pressure (by about an order of magnitude between 20 and 60 MPa) but, overall, the evolution of sample permeability as a function of strain is qualitatively similar for confining pressures of 20−60 MPa. These experimental results will serve to inform numerical modelling designed to explore the influence of macroscopic fractures on fluid flow within a fractured geothermal reservoir.
Nature can be disruptive, so can technology: ITU/WMO/UNEP Focus Group on AI for Natural Disaster Management
Authors: Kuglitsch Monique
Published: March 2022

The ITU/WMO/UNEP Focus Group on AI for Natural Disaster Management (FG-AI4NDM) explores the potential of AI to support the monitoring and detection, forecasting, and communication of natural disasters. Building on the presentation at EGU2021, we will show how detailed analysis of real-life use cases by an interdisciplinary, multistakeholder, and international community of experts is leading to the development of three technical reports (dedicated to best practices in data collection and handling, AI-based algorithms, and AI-based communications technologies, respectively), a roadmap of ongoing pre-standardization and standardization activities in this domain, a glossary of relevant terms and definitions, and educational materials to support capacity building. It is hoped that these deliverables will form the foundation of internationally recognized standards.
Future climatic suitability of permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia
Authors: Fewster Richard , Morris Paul , Ivanovic Ruza , Swindles Graeme , Peregon Anna , Smith Chris
Published: March 2022

Human-induced climate change during the 21st century is expected to thaw large expanses of permafrost peatlands - one of Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon stores. Whilst frozen, peatland carbon fluxes are inhibited by cold temperatures, but emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are expected to substantially increase post-thaw. Peatland permafrost is often characterised by the presence of frost mounds, termed palsas/peat plateaus, or by ice-wedge polygons in more northerly regions. The spatio-temporal dynamics of future permafrost peatland thaw remain highly uncertain due to incomplete mapping of their modern distribution, the insulating properties of organic soils, and the variation in model projections of future climate.

Here, we present simulations of the modern and future climate envelopes of permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia. We collated > 2,000 site observations from across the northern hemisphere to quantify the modern distributions of palsas/peat plateaus and polygon mires. We fitted novel climate envelope models by relating landform distributions to modern climate data. We forced our climate envelope models with decadal projections of future climate under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios from 2020–2090, taken from an ensemble of 12 general circulation models included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). We then combined our simulations with recent soil organic carbon maps to estimate the total peat carbon stocks that may be at risk from future losses of suitable climate space.

Our simulations indicate that permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia will soon surpass a climatic tipping point under scenarios of moderate-to-high warming (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). We show that permafrost peatlands in Fennoscandia currently exist under warmer, wetter climates than those in Western Siberia. Our projections suggest that Fennoscandia will no longer be climatically suitable for peatland permafrost by 2040. Projected climate space losses by 2100 under these scenarios would affect peatlands containing 37.0–39.5 Gt carbon in Europe and Western Siberia (equivalent to twice the amount of carbon stored in European forests). Under a scenario with strong climate change mitigation (SSP1-2.6), our analyses show that permafrost peatlands storing 13.9 Gt carbon in the northernmost parts of Western Siberia would remain climatically supported by the 2090s. These results indicate that the rate and extent of 21st century permafrost peatland thaw will be determined by near-future socioeconomic developments.
Short and oral antimicrobial therapy for diabetic foot infection: a narrative review of current knowledge
Authors: Maurer Steven M. , Hepp Zehra S. , McCallin Shawna , Waibel Felix W. A. , Romero Federico C. , Zorman Yılmaz , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Uçkay İlker
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Diabetic foot infection is a frequent complication in long-standing
diabetes mellitus. For antimicrobial therapy of this infection, both the
optimal duration and the route of administration are often based more on
expert opinion than on published evidence. We reviewed the scientific
literature, specifically seeking prospective trials, and aimed at addressing
two clinical issues: (1) shortening the currently recommended antibiotic
duration and (2) using oral (rather than parenteral) therapy, especially
after the patient has undergone debridement and revascularization. We also
reviewed some older key articles that are critical to our understanding of the
treatment of these infections, particularly with respect to diabetic foot osteomyelitis.
Our conclusion is that the maximum duration of antibiotic therapy for
osteomyelitis should be no more than to 4–6 weeks and might even be shorter
in selected cases. In the future, in addition to conducting randomized trials and propagating national and international guidance, we should also explore
innovative strategies, such as intraosseous antibiotic agents and
bacteriophages.
EFFECTS OF VEGETATION PERIOD CLIMATIC FACTORS ON SCOTS PINE INCREMENT FOR THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION AND THE WHITE SEA COAST
Authors:   Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, KUHTA A. E. , MAKSIMOVA O. V. ,   Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology,   National University of Science and Technology
Published: March 2022

The response of the indexed series of linear increments of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L., 1753 (class Pinopsida , order Pinales , family Pinaceae ) to the current and preceding growing season precipitation in different biotopes of the Kerzhenskii state nature biosphere reserve and Polar Circle reserve is analyzed. For both reserves, a higher (but more stable in magnitude) variability of the increments as compared to wet and dry biotopes over the period of long-term observations is shown for fresh habitats. The results indicate availability of moisture resources in fresh biotopes in both reserves at the stages of renewal bud formation in the previous growing season and internode growth in the current year. Both for wet and dry habitats of the Kerzhenskii reserve, a positive correlation between the increments and total precipitation during the phenophase of internode growth and renewal bud formation is found. The climatic signal obtained in these types of the Kerzhenskii reserve habitats indicates that the lack of moisture is a limiting factor for the pine growth at the key stages of crown development...
TRENDS IN THE VARIABILITY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF WATER IN THE LOWER VOLGA TRIBUTARIES UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Authors:   Hydrochemical Institute, RESHETNYAK O. S. ,   Southern Federal University, KOSMENKO L. S. ,   Hydrochemical Institute, DANILENKO A. O. ,   Hydrochemical Institute
Published: March 2022

The regional features of transformation in the chemical composition of water in the Lower Volga tributaries and its main trends under anthropogenic impact and climatic variations are presented. Most trends for the principle ions (sulfates, carbonates, calcium and magnesium ions) are increasing, which may be a consequence of ongoing climate change. Moderate decreasing trends prevail in the concentrations of nutrients and organic substances in water. It was found that the trends in metal concentrations are multidirectional. All revealed statistically significant trends for iron and copper compounds are decreasing, and those for manganese are increasing. Based on the analysis of the identified trends in the chemical composition, the river ecosystems of the Lower Volga tributaries are classified into two categories: stable (“healthy”) and transformed (“transitioning”).
The experience of specialized medical care by vascular surgeons in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Chernyad’yev S. A. , Pogosian V. A. , Fadin B. V.
Published: March 2022

Introduction. The aim of the study was to analyze the provision of specialized medical care by vascular surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic on the example of the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the activities of vascular surgeons of Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 in 2020 was conducted. In addition, an assessment was given of the organization of measures aimed at reducing nosocomial infection and the spread of a new coronavirus infection.

Results. The number of outpatient visits to a vascular surgeon in 2020 decreased by about 10%, and the number of hospitalizations to the vascular surgery department decreased by more than a third compared to previous years. But in 2020, the number of consultations of a vascular surgeon with the use of telemedicine technologies increased almost 2 times. In the vast majority of cases, patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm underwent endovascular prosthetics, which significantly reduced the time spent in the hospital and minimized the risks of nosocomial infection with COVID-19. The preoperative preparation included: computed tomography of the lungs and determination of coronavirus RNA (SARS-CoV-2) by PCR. In addition, on the day of hospitalization, it was mandatory to conduct: thorough collection of an epidemiological history and characteristic complaints, thermometry. Also, in order to prevent the spread of a new coronavirus infection, isolators for temporary stay of patients with suspected COVID-19 were organized in the emergency room and hospital departments.

Conclusions. All organizational measures at the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 have made it possible to minimize the risk of nosocomial infection and the spread of COVID-19, thereby ensuring continuous work on the provision of planned and emergency specialized medical care.
Enzyme immunoassay of interleukin content in tumor supernatants in patients with multiple uterine myoma
Authors: Marinkin I. O. , Solyanikov D. A. , Volchek A. V. , Mikhailova E. S. , Piven L. A. , Aidagulova S. V.
Published: March 2022

Introduction. Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor in women, which is accompanied by the life quality decrease and infertility. Despite numerous studies, the etiology of uterine myoma is still unknown.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a mixture of polyclonal activators on the interleukin production by dominant myomatous and myometrial tissue samples under treating by ulipristal acetate (UA), a selective modulator of progesterone receptors.

Materials and methods. Surgical material of 35 reproductiveaged women with multiple uterine myoma (1st group – without hormone therapy, 2nd group – after UA) was studied using enzyme immunoassay analysis. After determining of cytokine production, being spontaneous and stimulated by polyclonal activators phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and lipopolysaccharide, the cytokine production stimulation index (SIPA) was calculated, followed by statistical analysis.

Results. In patients of the 1st group the SIPA of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in the myomatous nodes and myometrium did not differ; at the same time, SIPA of IL-18 and 17-OH-progesterone were statistically higher in the myometrium samples than in the nodes (p < 0.05). In patients of the 2nd group, who have been treated by UA before myomectomy, there was a significantly higher SIPA of the IL-6 (p < 0.001) and IL-10 (p = 0.002) in the myometrium samples, compared with the dominant nodes. When comparing the nodes and myometrium between two groups, it was revealed that, compared with the 1st group, in patients using UA in the supernatants of myomatous nodes, out of 5 studied markers, the SIPA of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-6 was down-regulated (p = 0.013). In the myometrial supernatants in the 2nd group, there were a higher SIPA of anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p < 0.001), as well as the lower levels of pro-inflammatory IL-18 (p < 0.001).

Discussion. The results of study demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of UA on the cellular elements of the dominant myomatous nodes and perifocal myometrium, and also confirm the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids.

Conclusion. Polyclonal activators during in vitro incubation, had multidirectional effects on the production of some interleukins and the content of the progesterone metabolite in the tissue of the dominant myomatous node and perifocal myometrium.
Analisis Efisiensi Saluran Distribusi dengan Rumus Efisiensi Distribusi (Studi pada Pabrik Tahu Duta Malang)
Authors: Adi Anas Firman
Published: March 2022

Industri pangan di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan. Berkembangnya industri pangan ini akan menciptakan tingginya persaingan antar perusahaan, sehingga diperlukannya strategi pemasaran yang baik. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi berhasilnya strategi pemasaran yaitu saluran distribusi. Saluran distribusi adalah serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh suatu organisasi untuk menyalurkan barang atau jasa hingga sampai kepada konsumen akhir. Pada Pabrik Tahu Duta Malang saluran distribusi yang digunakan yaitu saluran distribusi langsung dan saluran distribusi tidak langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi saluran distribusi manakah yang lebih efisien dengan menggunakan rumus efisiensi distribusi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dengan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil analisis yang didapat dari data November 2020 sampai April 2021 diketahui bahwa saluran distribusi langsung lebih efisien karena memiliki nilai persentase yang lebih kecil dibandingkan saluran distribusi tidak langsung.
THE IMPACT OF MONEY SUPPLY ON INFLATION IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Nasir Rakia , Waheed Rozina , Nasir Wajiha
Published: March 2022

This study examines the relationship between inflation, Money supply, interest rate and unemployment in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1987 to 2019. Inflation is used as the dependent variable and money supply (M2), unemployment and interest rate as the independent variable. Discount rate is used as the proxy of the interest rate. The results of ADF unit root test shows that variables have different order of integration. The study used ARDL cointegration approach to test the long run and short run for the existence among the variables. The results found that there is long run as well as short run relationship among the variables.
THE HIDDEN CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDREN OF INCARCERATED MOTHERS: GROSS INFLUENCES UPON EDUCATION AND MENTAL HEALTH – A VOICE OF ATTENTION
Authors: Khalid Mirza Anum , Bashir Khan Muhammad , Yousaf Sandhu Naveed
Published: March 2022

In this article the reader’s will able to read opinion and context regarding children of female prisoners in the prison and outside the prison regarding education with or mental health, which taken as the hidden consequences of the circumstances. The emphasis lies into the fact that a voice of gross attention with loud should be given by the civil society and social activists. This study encompasses the key issues regarding the children within jail or outside the jail of incarcerated mothers; the survey has been made for these children for opinion and condition analysis for the impact upon their lives of incarcerated mothers. The situation of these children is the ignorance is the blessing. Our concerns are vital that this vice of attention should be taken by all and sundry.
EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN
Authors: Waheed Rozina , David Farrah
Published: March 2022

This study aims to analyze the impact of different deriving forces like trade balance, capital, inflation rate, exchange rate and government fiscal measures on economic growth of Pakistan during the period 1977 to 2019. The empirical results are tested through ARDL co-integration method which indicates that capital, inflation rate, exchange rate and tax revenues have significant long term and short term relationship with economic growth.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON THE BIODIVERISTY OF CORYLUS GENUS
Authors:   University of Craiova,, GONŢA SUNĂ LEONTINA- MONICA
Published: March 2022

Climate changes have a huge impact on the ecosystems biodiversity changing the relationship among species, which react individually. In Romania, hazelnut (Corylus genus) is a vulnerable species due to its high genetical vulnerability, which require special attention. Thus, recently has been recorded an increased demand for turkish hazelnut for its ecological and economical importance. It has a rapid growth rate, large root system and high tolerance to biotic and abiotic constrainers (pest and diseases, low temperatures, etc.). Moreover it has pharmaceutical benefits, while his fruits has a high oil content. The climate changes induce changes in the species diversity in specific areas and let the door open for new species as an adaptability pattern
THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION OF FERTILIZATION WITH MACROELEMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ESTABLISHED IN ARABLE LAND
Authors:   Payment and Intervention Agency for Agriculture, GOŞEA VÎLCOMEANU MIHAELA ADELINA , COTIGĂ CONSTANTIN ,   University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy
Published: March 2022

In the complex of measures for the establishment, maintenance and use of temporary (seeded) grassland, fertilization is a major factor in achieving large, good quality, constant and for as long as possible.