bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonparametric Bayesian Prediction of Primary Users' Air Traffics in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Song Ju Bin , Han Zhu
Published: February 2015

In cognitive radio networks a secondary user needs to estimate the primary users' air traffic patterns so as to optimize its transmission strategy. In this chapter, the authors describe a nonparametric Bayesian method for identifying traffic applications, since the traffic applications have their own distinctive air traffic patterns. In the proposed algorithm, the collapsed Gibbs sampler is applied to cluster the air traffic applications using the infinite Gaussian mixture model over the feature space of the packet length, the packet inter-arrival time, and the variance of packet lengths. The authors analyze the effectiveness of their proposed technique by extensive simulation using the measured data obtained from the WiMax networks.
Risk Engine Design as a Key Security Enhancement to the Standard Architecture for Cognitive Radio
Authors: Abadie Andre , Bandara Damindra , Wijesekera Duminda
Published: February 2015

Even though security research in cognitive radio offers specific countermeasures to address known threats, there are a number of unknown conditions or influences that will shape its eventual realization once it reaches capability maturity. To attempt to secure against such unknowns, this chapter describes a risk engine that can incorporate a risk assessment cognition cycle. In various business sectors, risk management is the preferred mechanism to address unknown conditions and therefore offers promise in this context. The chapter describes how the risk engine can potentially address the vulnerabilities inherent to radio operation: in the sensing/perception of spectrum, in the cognition cycle, or in the device infrastructure. It highlights some well-defined threats, their associated countermeasures, and suggests conceptual approaches for a risk engine to intervene in those scenarios. Finally, a case study is introduced to demonstrate an example risk engine's ability to accurately assess particular risks in a given operational environment as well as potentially detect adversarial actions.
Hydraulic Monitoring and Well Control Event Detection Using Model Based Analysis
Authors: Todorov D. , Thonhauser G.
Published: February 2015

During the past decades the challenges involved in the petroleum exploration and production have dramatically increased. Extreme operating conditions such as highly deviated wells, deep water drilling or narrow pressure windows force the necessity for automatic and smart systems in order to successfully and safely accomplish all tasks. Solutions for such issues are provided by automatic monitoring and well control event detection systems which can significantly simplify the drilling process and unfold a new level of response time. The major challenge in hydraulic modeling is mainly due to the fact, that representing real conditions in a mathematical model is difficult to achieve. Careful parameter selection and required mathematical approximations is critical for the success of the model.

This paper presents a new approach, supporting the driller in monitoring the hydraulic system and in the recognition of well control events at an early stage such, that proper counteractions can be initiated before any damage occurs. In this respect, a hydraulic real-time monitor based on sensor data has been developed, using artificial neural networks to compute, recognize and predict abnormal events in the wellbore. Preceding the numerical simulation, a data reliability and quality routine is initiated which assures the best use of the provided source data.

The results of these advanced modeling techniques are presented to the driller, providing a detailed real time wellbore hydraulic overview including information on pump requirements, fracture and pore pressure limitations and hole cleaning requirements. Additionally the stand pipe pressure readings are overlaid on the calculated safe operating window, thus giving clear and accurate information of the hydraulic status in real time. The sufficient level of accuracy combined with a clear interface enables the driller to initiate immediate counteractions. In addition, the abnormal event recognition option contributes significantly to the drilling performance optimization.
DRUG THERAPY IN THE PROGRESSED CML PATIENT WITH MULTI-TKI FAILURE
Authors: Haznedaroglu Ibrahim C.
Published: February 2015

The aim of this paper is to outline pharmacotherapy of the ‘third-line management of CML’ (progressive disease course after sequential TKI drugs. Current management of CML with multi-TKI failure is reviewed. TKI (bosutinib, ponatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib) and non-TKI (omacetaxine mepussecinate, IFN or PEG-IFN) drugs are available. The literature search was made in PubMed with particular focus on the clinical trials, recommendations, guidelines and expert opinions, as well as international recommendations. Progressing CML disease with multi-TKI failure should be treated with alloSCT based on the availability of the donor and EBMT transplant risk scores. The TKI and non-TKI drugs shall be used to get best promising (hematological, cytogenetic, molecular) response. During the CP-CML phase of multi-TKI failure, 2nd generation TKIs (nilotinib or dasatinib) are used if they remained. Bosutinib and ponatinib (3rd generation TKIs) can be administered in triple-TKI failed (imatinib and nilotinib and dasatinib) patients. The presence of T315I mutation at any phase requires ponatinib or omacetaxine mepussecinate therapy before allografting. During the AP/BC-CML phase of multi-TKI failure, the most powerful TKI available (ponatinib or dasatinib if remained) together with chemotherapy should be given before alloSCT. Monitoring of CML disease and drug off-target risks (particularly vascular thrombotic events) are vital.
Successful management of pregnancy and hepatic toxicity in a CML female patient treated with nilotinib : a case report and a review
Authors: Santorsola Domenico , Abruzzese Elisabetta
Published: February 2015

We report a case of a young patient with HBV hepatopathy, diagnosed with CML in March 2006 and treated with imatinib 400mg/die as first line therapy with concomitant Lamivudine. Patient obtained a complete hematologic response (CHR) in 2 months, complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) in six months and major molecular response (MMR) at 24 months.  After three years of treatment she became imatinib intolerant and resistant.  In November 2009 patient started nilotinib 400mg/BID. Patient tolerated well the new molecule never experiencing hepatic impairment.  After switching to nilotinib she reached in 12 months transcript reduction more than 3 log (MMR).  Even if patient had been informed of the need of continuous therapy and to use effective methods of contraception during TKI treatment, in 2012 she decided to plan a pregnancy.  In August 2012 a MR4 was documented and treatment discontinued before starting pregnancy. She was observed throughout her pregnancy. The disease remained stable achieving an undetectable transcript level; she delivered a healthy boy in September 2013. Treatment with nilotinib was re-started three months after delivery and she is still in molecular remission (MR5). A complete discussion of the case and the available literature will be presented.
Health, Healthcare Access, and Use of Traditional Versus Modern Medicine in Remote Peruvian Amazon Communities: A Descriptive Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
Authors: Williamson Jonathan , Ramirez Ronald , Wingfield Tom
Published: February 2015

There is an urgent need for healthcare research, funding, and infrastructure in the Peruvian Amazon. We performed a descriptive study of health, health knowledge and practice, and healthcare access of 13 remote communities of the Manatí and Amazon Rivers in northeastern Peru. Eighty-five adults attending a medical boat service were interviewed to collect data on socioeconomic position, health, diagnosed illnesses, pain, healthcare access, and traditional versus modern medicine use. In this setting, poverty and gender inequality were prevalent, and healthcare access was limited by long distances to the health post and long waiting times. There was a high burden of reported pain (mainly head and musculoskeletal) and chronic non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension (19%). Nearly all participants felt that they did not completely understand their diagnosed illnesses and wanted to know more. Participants preferred modern over traditional medicine, predominantly because of mistrust or lack of belief in traditional medicine. Our findings provide novel evidence concerning transitional health beliefs, hidden pain, and chronic non-communicable disease prevalence in marginalized communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Healthcare provision was limited by a breach between health education, knowledge, and access. Additional participatory research with similar rural populations is required to inform regional healthcare policy and decision-making.
Investigating the frequency and trends in global above-cloud aerosol characteristics with CALIOP and OMI
Authors: Alfaro-Contreras R. , Zhang J. , Campbell J. R. , Reid J. S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Seven and a half years (June 2006–November 2013) of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol and cloud layer products are compared with collocated Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Aerosol Index (AI) data and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud products, to investigate variability in estimates of bi-annual and monthly above-cloud aerosol (ACA) events globally. The active- (CALIOP) and passive-based (OMI-MODIS) techniques have their advantages and caveats for ACA detection, and thus both are used to get a thorough and robust comparison of daytime cloudy-sky ACA distribution and climatology. For the first time, baseline above-cloud aerosol optical depth (ACAOD) and AI thresholds are derived and examined (AI = 1.0, ACAOD = 0.015) for each sensor. Both OMI-MODIS and CALIOP-based daytime spatial distributions of ACA events show similar patterns during both study periods (December–May) and (June–November). Divergence exists in some regions, however, such as Southeast Asia during June through November, where daytime cloudy-sky ACA frequencies of up to 10% are found from CALIOP yet are non-existent from the OMI-based method. Conversely, annual cloudy-sky ACA frequencies of 20–30% are reported over Northern Africa from the OMI-based method, yet are largely undetected by the CALIOP-based method. This is possibly due to a misclassification of thick dust plumes as clouds by the OMI-MODIS based method. An increasing trend of ~0.5% per year (since 2009) in global monthly cloudy-sky ACA daytime frequency of occurrence is found using the OMI-MODIS based method. Yet, CALIOP-based global daytime ACA frequencies exhibit a near-zero trend. Further analysis suggests that the OMI derived cloudy-sky ACA frequency trend may be affected by OMI row anomalies in later years. A few regions are found to have increasing trends of cloudy-sky ACA frequency, including the Middle-East and India. Regions with slightly negative cloudy-sky ACA frequency trends are found over South America and the Southern Oceans, while remaining regions in the study show a near-zero trend. Global and regional trends are not statistically significant, though, given relatively lacking sample sizes. A longer data record of ACA events is needed in order to establish a more significant trend of ACA frequency regionally and globally.
Ozone and NOx chemistry in the eastern US: evaluation of CMAQ/CB05 with satellite (OMI) data
Authors: Canty T. P. , Hembeck L. , Vinciguerra T. P. , Anderson D. C. , Goldberg D. L. , Carpenter S. F. , Allen D. J. , Loughner C. P. , Salawitch R. J. , Dickerson R. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Regulatory air quality models, such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ), are used by federal and state agencies to guide policy decisions that determine how to best achieve adherence with National Ambient Air Quality Standards for surface ozone. We use observations of ozone and its important precursor NO2 to test the representation of the photochemistry and emission of ozone precursors within CMAQ. Observations of tropospheric column NO2 from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), retrieved by two independent groups, show that the model overestimates urban NO2 and underestimates rural NO2 under all conditions examined for July and August 2011 in the US Northeast. The overestimate of the urban to rural ratio of tropospheric column NO2 for this baseline run of CMAQ (CB05 mechanism, mobile NOx emissions from the National Emissions Inventory; isoprene emissions from MEGAN v2.04) suggests this model may under estimate the importance of interstate transport of NOx. This CMAQ simulation leads to a considerable overestimate of the 2 month average of 8 h daily maximum surface ozone in the US Northeast, as well as an overestimate of 8 h ozone at AQS sites during days when the state of Maryland experienced NAAQS exceedances. We have implemented three changes within CMAQ motivated by OMI NO2 as well as aircraft observations obtained in July 2011 during the NASA DISCOVER-AQ campaign: (a) the modeled lifetime of organic nitrates within CB05 has been reduced by a factor of 10, (b) emissions of NOx from mobile sources has been reduced by a factor of 2, and (c) isoprene emissions have been reduced by using MEGAN v2.10 rather than v2.04. Compared to the baseline simulation, the CMAQ run using all three of these changes leads to a considerably better simulation of the ratio of urban to rural column NO2, better agreement with the 2 month average of daily 8 h maximum ozone in the US Northeast, fewer number of false positives of an ozone exceedance throughout the domain, as well as an unbiased simulation of surface ozone at ground based AQS sites in Maryland that experienced an ozone exceedance during July and August 2007. These modifications to CMAQ may provide a framework for use in studies focused on achieving future adherence to specific air quality standards for surface ozone by reducing emission of NOx from various anthropogenic sectors.
The relative importance of phytoplankton aggregates and zooplankton fecal pellets to carbon export: insights from free-drifting sediment trap deployments in naturally iron-fertilised waters near the Kerguelen Plateau
Authors: Laurenceau-Cornec E. C. , Trull T. W. , Davies D. M. , Bray S. G. , Doran J. , Planchon F. , Carlotti F. , Jouandet M.-P. , Cavagna A.-J. , Waite A. M. , Blain S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The first KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS1), conducted in the naturally iron-fertilised Kerguelen bloom, demonstrated that fecal material was the main pathway for exporting carbon to the deep ocean during summer (January–February 2005), suggesting a limited role of direct export via phytodetrital aggregates. The KEOPS2 project reinvestigated this issue during the spring bloom initiation (October–November 2011), when zooplankton communities may exert limited grazing pressure, and further explored the link between carbon flux, export efficiency and dominant sinking particles depending upon surface plankton community structure. Sinking particles were collected in polyacrylamide gel-filled and standard free-drifting sediment traps (PPS3/3), deployed at six stations between 100 and 400 m, to examine flux composition, particle origin and their size distributions. Results revealed an important contribution of phytodetrital aggregates (49 ± 10 and 45 ± 22% of the total number and volume of particles respectively, all stations and depths averaged). This high contribution dropped when converted to carbon content (30 ± 16% of total carbon, all stations and depths averaged), with cylindrical fecal pellets then representing the dominant fraction (56 ± 19%). At 100 and 200 m depth, iron- and biomass-enriched sites exhibited the highest carbon fluxes (maxima of 180 and 84 ± 27 mg C m-2 d-1, based on gel and PPS3/3 trap collection respectively), especially where large fecal pellets dominated over phytodetrital aggregates. Below these depths, carbon fluxes decreased (48 ± 21% decrease on average between 200 and 400 m), and mixed aggregates composed of phytodetritus and fecal matter dominated, suggesting an important role played by physical aggregation in deep carbon export. Export efficiencies determined from gels, PPS3/3 traps and 234Th disequilibria (200 m carbon flux/net primary productivity) were negatively correlated to net primary productivity with observed decreases from ~ 0.2 at low-iron sites to ~ 0.02 at high-iron sites. Varying phytoplankton communities and grazing pressure appear to explain this negative relationship. Our work emphasises the need to consider detailed plankton communities to accurately identify the controls on carbon export efficiency, which appear to include small spatio-temporal variations in ecosystem structure.
Climate dependent contrast in surface mass balance in East Antarctica over the past 216 kyr
Authors: Parrenin F. , Fujita S. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Kawamura K. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Motoyama H. , Saito F. , Severi M. , Stenni B. , Uemura R. , Wolff E.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Documenting past changes in the East Antarctic surface mass balance is important to improve ice core chronologies and to constrain the ice sheet contribution to global mean sea level. Here we reconstruct the past changes in the ratio of surface mass balance (SMB ratio) between the EPICA Dome C (EDC) and Dome Fuji (DF) East Antarctica ice core sites, based on a precise volcanic synchronisation of the two ice cores and on corrections for the vertical thinning of layers. During the past 216 000 years, this SMB ratio, denoted SMBEDC/SMBDF, varied between 0.7 and 1.1, decreasing during cold periods and increasing during warm periods. While past climatic changes have been depicted as homogeneous along the East Antarctic Plateau, our results reveal larger amplitudes of changes in SMB at EDC compared to DF, consistent with previous results showing larger amplitudes of changes in water stable isotopes and estimated surface temperature at EDC compared to DF. Within interglacial periods and during the last glacial inception (Marine Isotope Stages, MIS-5c and MIS-5d), the SMB ratio deviates by up to 30% from what is expected based on differences in water stable isotope records. Moreover, the SMB ratio is constant throughout the late parts of the current and last interglacial periods, despite contrasting isotopic trends. These SMB ratio changes not closely related to isotopic changes are one of the possible causes of the observed gaps between the ice core chronologies at DF and EDC. Such changes in SMB ratio may have been caused by (i) climatic processes related to changes in air mass trajectories and local climate, (ii) glaciological processes associated with relative elevation changes, or (iii) a combination of climatic and glaciological processes, such as the interaction between changes in accumulation and in the position of the domes. Our inferred SMB ratio history has important implications for ice sheet modeling (for which SMB is a boundary condition) or atmospheric modeling (our inferred SMB ratio could serve as a test).
A new mobile and portable scanning lidar for profiling the lower troposphere
Authors: Chiang C.-W. , Das S. K. , Chiang H.-W. , Nee J.-B. , Sun S.-H. , Chen S.-W. , Lin P.-H. , Chu J.-C. , Su C.-S. , Su L.-S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. An in-house developed mobile and portable three-dimensional scanning lidar system is discussed in this work. The system uses a stimulated Raman-scattering technique for the continuous observation of atmospheric aerosols, clouds and trace gases. This system has a fast scanning technique with a high-speed data acquisition, and permits the real-time measurement of atmospheric pollutants with the temporal resolution of 1 min. This scanning lidar system provides typical horizontal coverage of about 8–10 km while scanning; however, in zenith mode, good quality backscattered signals can be from 20 km, depending upon the laser power and sky conditions. This versatile lidar system has also overcome the drawbacks which are popular in the traditional scanning lidar systems such as complicated operation, overlap height between laser beam and telescope field of view In this system, the optical damage is reduced by using an integral coaxial transmitter and receiver. Some of the initial results obtained from the scanning lidar system are also presented. This study shows that boundary-layer structure and land–sea breeze circulation can be resolved from the developed scanning lidar system. The application of this lidar system to measure the pollutants over an industrial area is also discussed.
EFFECTS OF BIOPOLYMER KERATIN WASTE SOURCES IN XNBR COMPOUNDS
Authors: Prochoń MirosŁawa , Ntumba Yves Hervé Tshela
Published: February 2015

The properties of three prepared biopolymers were compared for use as fillers for XNBR: cattle hair keratin derived from tanning industry wastes, its hydrolysate, and the hydrolysate of bird feathers obtained from poultry wastes. The incorporation of the prepared biopolymers into XNBR elastomer results in new composites that have good strength parameters, ranging from 13 to 16 MPa, and that are resistant to thermal aging and the action of oils and fuels. An additional feature of these composites is their increased susceptibility to the action of microorganisms; consequently, they are more easily biodegradable.
Selective Ligandless Cloud Point Extraction of Palladium from Water and Dust Samples
Authors: Mohammadi Sayed Zia , Mohammadnezhad Mohsen
Published: February 2015

In this study, the phase-separation phenomenon ofnon-ionic surfactants was used for separation and preconcentration of Pd(II). The cloud point extraction(CPE) method is based on the formation of PdI2 which is then entrapped in the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114. Ethanol acidified with 0.5 M HNO3 was added to the surfactant-rich phase prior to its analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The main factors affecting CPE efficiency, such as sample solution pH, concentration of iodide ion and Triton X-114, equilibration temperature and time, were all investigated and optimized. At optimum conditions, a calibration curve was constructed for the determination of palladium according to the ligandless CPE procedure. Linearity was maintained between 1.0 to 500.0 ng/mL. The LOD based on three times the SD of the blank divided by the slope of analytical curve, (3Sb/m) was 0.3 ng/mL. Seven replicatedeterminations of a solution containing of 4.0 μg palladium gave a mean absorbance of 0.359 with RSD ±1.85%. The high efficiency of CPE to carry out the determination of palladium in complex matrixes was demonstrated. The proposed method has beenapplied to the determination of trace amounts of palladium in a platinum-iridium alloy, water, and dust samples, with satisfactory results.
Modified Screen-Printed Ion Selective Electrodes for Potentiometric Determination of Sodium Dodecylsulfate in Different Samples
Authors: Ali Tamer Awad , Mohamed Gehad G
Published: February 2015

Fabrication and general performance characteristics of novel screen-printed sensors for potentiometric determination of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) are described. The sensors are based on the use of ion-association complexes of SDS with cetylpyridinium chloride (electrode I) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (electrode II) as exchange sites in a screen-printed electrode matrix. Electrodes (I) and (II) show fast, stable, and near-Nernstian response for the mono-charge anion of SDS over the concentration range of1 × 10–2 – 5.8 × 10–7 and 1 × 10–2 – 6.3 × 10–7 mol/L at 25°C and the pH range of 2.0–9.0 and 2.0–8.0 with anionic slope of 57.32 ± 0.81 and 56.58 ± 0.65 mV/decade, respectively. Electrodes (I) and (II) have lower LODs of 5.8 × 10–7 and 6.3 × 10–7 mol/L and response times of about 8 and 13 s, respectively. Shelf life of5 months for both electrodes is adequate. Selectivity coefficients of SDS related to a number of interfering cations, and some inorganic compounds were investigated. There were negligible interferences causedby most of the investigated species. The direct determination of 0.10–13.50 mg of SDS by electrodes (I) and (II) shows average recoveries of 99.96 and 99.85%, and mean RSDs of 0.83 and 1.04%, respectively. In the present investigation, both electrodes were used successfully as end point indicators for determination of SDS in pure pharmaceutical preparations and real spiked water samples. The results obtained using the proposed sensors to determine SDS in solution compared favorably with those obtained by thestandard addition method.
Validated HPLC-Diode Array Detector Method for Simultaneous Evaluation of Six Quality Markers in Coffee
Authors: Gant Anastasia , Leyva Vanessa E , Gonzalez Ana E , Maruenda Helena
Published: February 2015

Nicotinic acid, N-methylpyridinium ion, and trigonelline are well studied nutritional biomarkers present in coffee, and they are indicators of thermal decomposition during roasting. However, no method is yet available for their simultaneousdetermination. This paper describes a rapid and validated HPLC-diode array detector method for the simultaneous quantitation of caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic acid, N-methylpyridinium ion,5-caffeoylquinic acid, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural that is applicable to three coffee matrixes: green, roasted, and instant. Baseline separation among all compounds was achieved in 30 min using a phenyl-hexyl RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size), 0.3% aqueous formic buffer (pH 2.4)–methanol mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a column temperature at 30°C. The method showed good linear correlation (r2 > 0.9985), precision (less than 3.9%), sensitivity (LOD = 0.023–0.237 μg/mL; LOQ = 0.069–0.711 μg/mL), and recovery (84–102%)for all compounds. This simplified method is amenable for a more complete routine evaluation of coffee in industry.
Heritable Variation and Competitive Selection as the Mechanism of Sociocultural Evolution
Authors: Runciman W. G.
Published: February 2015

This chapter examines how heritable variation and competitive selection promote sociocultural evolution, based on the application of Charles Darwin's ‘descent with modification’ to human behaviour. It first considers the extent to which sociocultural selection can be reduced to natural selection before explaining how cultural and natural selection, despite being different evolutionary forces, act simultaneously on human populations and their social behaviour. It then cites the practice of venality in France between 1467 and 1789 as a clear case of replication through social rather than cultural selection.
Learning from Culture
Authors: Plotkin Henry
Published: February 2015

This chapter examines some of the lessons that can be learned by social scientists from a naturalised science of culture. After considering whether culture is unique to humans, it discusses different kinds of cultural entities such as artefacts and how we should think about them. It then explores whether culture must be understood in terms of processes or mechanisms and evaluates the relative importance of individual development and evolution. Finally, it explores whether culture and cultural entities may be considered adaptations.
Evolutionary Theorising in Economics
Authors: Nelson Richard R.
Published: February 2015

This chapter deals with evolutionary theorising in economics, first by considering two quite different ways in which evolutionary arguments have entered economic discourse. In particular, it discusses the link between economic dynamics and evolutionary theory in biology, citing the views espoused by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations. It then examines the argument put forward by a number of economists that modern neoclassical economics and evolutionary theory in biology are basically the same thing. It also outlines the similarities and differences between several contemporary strands of evolutionary economic theorising. The chapter proposes an alternative kind of economic evolutionary theorising and how it fits with other bodies of evolutionary thought in the social sciences, and especially in terms of evolutionary epistemology. Finally, it outlines the way scholars outside of economics are embracing evolutionary economics by developing evolutionary theories of processes of economic, social, and cultural change in their own fields.
Excavating the Bible
Authors: Millar Fergus
Published: February 2015

This chapter examines the pronounced variations in the expression of biblical monotheism found in commentaries written in the Roman Near East during the fourth and fifth centuries. In particular, it looks at a number of biblical commentaries composed in four different languages and four different scripts; all offer interpretations of the account of the Creation in the first chapter of Genesis, accompanied by a remarkably free Jewish translation (Targum) into Aramaic of part of the same chapter. Five texts are analysed: the Jewish commentary, Midrash; its translation into Jewish Aramaic, Targum Neofiti; Ephrem's Commentary on Genesis; and the commentaries by Eusebius of Emesa and Jerome. These examples show the overwhelming importance of the Bible as a source of meaning, its currency in several different languages within the Near East, and the different traditions and methods of interpretation applied to it.
Anatolian Anthroponymy after Louis Robert … and Some Others
Authors: Claude Brixhe
Published: February 2015

Until the 1960s, two works of Johannes Sundwall were the unique repertories of the onomastics of Asia Minor. In 1963 appeared Noms indigènes de l’Asie Mineure gréco-romaine of Louis Robert, an indictment of the methods of Sundwall and invitation to rigorous philology, a turning point. For survivals from the second millennium, P.H.J. Houwink ten Cate, E. Laroche and L. Zgusta brought decisive complements. In the Roman period there occurs a ‘koinéfication’ of the name-stock of Asia Minor, with an overwhelming majority of Greek names and strong percentage of Latin. The only differences from region to region are the degree of resistance and the content of the indigenous element. Stress is laid on the need for a sociological and anthropological approach, which situates the name in society and so explains its origin and functioning: Hellenistic Pamphylia is taken as an example.
Names, Ethnicity and Acculturation in thePamphylian–Lycian Borderland
Authors: Mustafa Adak
Published: February 2015

Pre-Roman Pamphylia included not only the plain with cities like Side, Aspendos and Perge, but also the coast to the west of the Pamphylian Sea. In this borderland region Solymoi, Lycians and Greeks lived closely together for centuries. The small Aeolic and Doric cities founded in the mountainous western part of Pamphylia played an important mediating role in the lengthy Hellenisation process of the indigenous cities. Onomastically, the Rhodian colony Phaselis retained its Greek character throughout the classical and Hellenistic periods. In contrast, half of the persons known from Roman Phaselis bear indigenous Anatolian names. The historical break lies between 130 and 60 BC: the region was devastated by pirates. Around 80 BC the area came under the control of the mountain chief Zeniketes. His kingdom was destroyed during the Roman campaigns against the pirates. The Greek population dwindled during this chaotic situation. Thereafter the indigenous population in the mountains moved to Phaselis.
From Aphrodisias to Alexandria with Agroitas and Agreophon(via Hippoukome, Kalynda and Kaunos)
Authors: Riet van Bremen
Published: February 2015

The focus of this chapter is on names that are not epichoric in a linguistic sense (for they are Greek), but have been emphatically said to be ‘of a region’. The cultural implications and justifications of such a statement are investigated for two names: Agroitas and Agreophon, said to be characteristic of the ‘Caro-Lycian border region’ (Kaunos, Kalyndos and the Indos river). Multiple instances of both occur in a long list of names from Hippoukome, high up in the Indos valley. The underlying assumption is that both have associations with hunting and wild nature and have roots in the Anatolian ‘tuf religieux’: the timeless religious substructures of the Lycian–Pisidian interior. The article questions this picturesque and superficially persuasive association on linguistic, cultural and statistical grounds.
Second Thoughts on Second Names in Aphrodisias
Authors: Angelos Chaniotis
Published: February 2015

When Aphrodisian inscriptions contain long sequences of names in the genitive (e.g. Μ(άρκου) Αὐρ(ηλίου) Ζηνοβίου τετράκις τοῦ Ζηνοβίου τοῦ Ἀρτεμιδώρου Ἐπαφροδείτου) it is not clear to whom we should attribute the last name as a ‘second name’ (agnomen). A comprehensive study of the available material reveals the existence of a rule: the name of an individual (man or woman) is followed by the father’s name without article, then by the names of further ancestors (with article), and finally by the second name without article. Some names hitherto interpreted as patronymics are in fact second names. ‘Second names’ were common personal names transmitted within the same family by family tradition, and possibly commemorated ancestors.
Würde des Menschen: Restoring Human Dignity in Post-Nazi Germany
Authors: Goos Christoph
Published: February 2015

Historical considerations have so far played a rather subordinate role in the interpretation of Article 1 German Basic Law. This is unfortunate, because the records of the proceedings of the Parliamentary Council show clearly that the famous dictum on Würde des Menschen as a ‘non-interpreted thesis’ (Theodor Heuss) was neither meant to be a carte blanche for any arbitrary interpretation nor an evidence for the impossibility of all kinds of interpretation. The ‘mothers and fathers of the Basic Law’ discussed the meaning of the legal term Würde des Menschen intensely. They agreed that it was neither a more or less vague value assignment nor just the sum of the following basic rights but a real capacity of human beings that had been proven highly vulnerable during the Nazi regime: the inner freedom of man.
Socio-Economic Rights, Basic Needs, and Human Dignity: A Perspective from Law's Front Line
Authors: Gearty Conor
Published: February 2015

The quest for the articulation of human dignity within the confines of the law invariably involves consideration of what the relevant human rights law can be said to require in any given case. This often then leads to consideration of what can be plausibly described as the basic needs of the individual whose claim is before the court. The law does not generally supply the certainty of meaning that might have been expected from a discipline which is widely (and usually rightly) appreciated for its commitment to clarity and predictability. Human dignity remains an elusive concept in law, begging more questions of judges than it supplies. Seeking to flesh out in law a meaning for human dignity which can then be required of society raises important questions of competence and democratic legitimacy. The chapter concludes with some suggestions as to the appropriate role for the litigation process in the protection and promotion of human dignity.
Dignity, Person, and Imago Trinitatis
Authors: Hanvey James
Published: February 2015

This chapter argues that the Catholic tradition grounds the dignity of the human person in the imago Trinitatis. This produces important consequences for the way in which we understand ‘dignity’ which have not been fully recognized in the discussions about dignity. It explores central figures in the tradition (Augustine and Aquinas) and it indicates significant contemporary developments (Maritain, Wojtyla, Ratzinger, and La Cugna). It offers concluding reflections on the importance of a notion of dignity grounded in the ontology of the human person as a soteriological function for the transformation of persons and society.
Human Dignity and the Image of God
Authors: Soskice Janet
Published: February 2015

In press reports, Christian (and especially Roman Catholic) positions on issues of life and death are frequently presented as merely a matter of Catholics obeying orders from Rome. In fact these positions are grounded in central Christian teachings, especially Christian teaching about the human condition (Christian anthropology), and a tradition of care for the ill, elderly, the poor, the prisoner, and the dying. The chapter sketches the Christian teaching about the human being as in the image of God, its role in the development of hospices and hospitals, and also the distinctive Augustinian and Thomistic philosophy (made more broadly popular in recent years by work such as that of Macintyre on ‘virtue ethics’) which provides a metaphysical basis for both personal and political Catholic social teaching. It will consider the advantages of ‘imago dei’ over ‘sanctity of life’ as a guiding theological notion in end of life issues, especially in keeping to the fore the integral relations between precepts relating to the beginning and the end of life and other moral directives (feeding the poor, assisting the prisoners, aiding the widows).
The Vanishing Absolute and the Deconsecrated God: A Theological Reflection on Revelation, Law, and Human Dignity
Authors: Beattie Tina
Published: February 2015

Drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s idea of homo sacer and on the Catholic natural law tradition, Beattie explores the paradoxes and tensions inherent in the Christian understanding of divine justice and human laws. While natural law resists the pessimism of some Protestant theologies and their secularized postmodern derivatives, the doctrine of original sin means that all human laws are flawed in their quest to maintain justice through the imposition of order. Beattie argues that Christ is homo sacer in whom God is profaned, the human is made sacred, and the crucified body of the dehumanized other on the cross becomes the bearer of an absolute dignity outside the law.
In Defence of Human Dignity:Comments on Kant and Rosen
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: February 2015

This response to Michael Rosen addresses several of the objections that he raises: (1) The alleged neglect of dignity among contemporary philosophers. (2) The indeterminacy of the idea of dignity and consequently its liability to abuse. (3) The apparently disconnected strands of thought commonly associated with dignity, (4) The alleged inadequacy of Kant’s conception of human dignity for practical applications (e.g. vagueness and absolutism). The most important objection, however, concerns Kant’s basis for affirming the dignity of every human person. That is, (5) Kant’s apparent attempt to ground human dignity on the premise that there is in each person an awesome ‘transcendental kernel’ of a noumenal we-know-not-what. The problem is that this would mean that Kant derives his ethical belief from unsupportable, non-empirical metaphysics, but not even in his so-called ‘metaphysics of morals’ does Kant actually try to base morals on metaphysics (as traditionally conceived).
Dignity in a Legal Context: Dignity as an Absolute Right
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: February 2015

This chapter concentrates on dignity as a legal notion. Which difference does it make if a term like ‘dignity’ appears in a theological or a philosophical text or in a law? What happens when an existing idea of dignity is endowed with legal validity? The specific way of existence of a legal norm is its validity (Geltung). It requires compliance. Yet, while laws are formulated in general and abstract terms, the requirement for compliance arises in concrete situations. The gap between the abstract norm and the concrete case has to be bridged by interpretation. What are the guidelines for interpretation? Does the interpretation of a legal text differ from the interpretation of, say, a philosophical text? Is it possible to use philosophical or theological authorities to interpret a legal notion? In other words, can a legal decision be justified by non-legal considerations? The second part of the chapter concentrates on one legal problem peculiar to the notion of dignity. In some jurisdictions, Germany included, dignity is regarded as an absolute right. Absolute rights are extremely rare and raise a number of problems. Can the idea of an absolute right be consistently upheld in legal practice? What follows from the absolute character of a right for its scope? What follows for the definition of the value, good or interest that is protected by dignity? Can there be more than one absolute right in a given legal order? These problems are avoided in legal systems that treat dignity as a fundamental right like others. But does this pay sufficient attention to the reasons for which dignity claims a particularly prominent place in post World War II constitutionalism?
From Imago Dei to Mutual Recognition: The Evolution of the Concept of Human Dignity in the Light of the Defence of Religious Freedom
Authors: Dellavalle Sergio
Published: February 2015

Within the Western tradition the concept of human dignity is related to the idea of human beings as ‘imagines Dei’. Yet this connection does not guarantee any suitable basis for the principle of the defence of religious freedom. Therefore, modern rationalism developed an alternative proposal, centred on the notion of religious tolerance. This approach, however, proves to be as inadequate as the belief-based vision in order to provide for a convincing foundation of a concept of religious freedom understood not only as a ‘negative freedom’ but as an essential element of the self-realization of humans. To overcome the deficits of both approaches, a third understanding is explored in which the experience of faith is recognized as an essential enrichment of social life and ‘tolerance’ is substituted by ‘mutual recognition’, paving the way to a positive acknowledgement of difference.
Is Dignity Language Useful in Bioethical Discussion of Assisted Suicide and Abortion?
Authors: Jones David Albert
Published: February 2015

Dignity language is used on both sides of debates surrounding assisted suicide and abortion. This chapter asks, first, whether these current uses of dignity add anything to these debates that is not reducible to other concepts or principles, and, second, whether discussion of dignity can help create a practical consensus between positions which have hitherto been irreconcilable. In both contexts dignity may seem to add little to considerations of autonomy (‘dignity as liberty’) and respect for human life (‘dignity as life’). However, considering human dignity helps disclose both the emotional attraction of assisted suicide and a deeper ethical problem with this proposal. In relation to abortion, dignity may spark discussion around the edges of the policy debates, but without agreement as to the central question of the status of the ‘disputed other’, that is, the foetus or unborn child, the deeper disagreement will remain.
Andaman Islanders and Polar Eskimos:emergent ethnographic subjects c.1900
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten
Published: February 2015

In this lecture the focus is on A.R. Radcliffe-Brown’s ethnographic work, notably his fieldwork in the Andaman Islands in 1906–8. About the same time, the Danish ethnographer Knud Rasmussen studied the Polar Eskimos in North-West Greenland. While sharing a general quest for ethnographic description of little-known groups, they styled their fieldwork in different ways, saw colonialism in different terms, adhered to different knowledge traditions, and not least, worked in different natural environments. This resulted in very distinct portraits of ‘the natives’, which were to cast long shadows into the present, within which the history of first encounters is firmly embedded.
Commentary
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: February 2015

This commentary on Peter Dorey’s chapter sets Thatcherism’s distinctively English education policy in two broader contexts. Cultural conservatism and the introduction of quasi-markets are features of other west European school systems. English education, post-Thatcher, is marked out as different by the extent of marketization and the persistent intensity of its cultural politics. Looked at in a British context, the same kinds of contrast can be made: the school systems of all four nations of Britain may increasingly be shaped by neo-liberal policy formulae, but it is in England that such formulae are most potent.
Mapping The Thatcherite Legacy: The Human Geography of Social Inequality in Britain Since the 1970s
Authors: Dorling Danny
Published: February 2015

Thatcherism has shaped the early lives and subsequent careers of many social scientists in Britain. The human geography of the country can be said to be shaped by Thatcher’s legacy in much the same way as its physical geography still bears the scars of relatively recent glaciation. Thatcherism has transformed the social landscape but, unlike glaciation, its core processes continue to operate in Britain today. Glaciation left dramatic scenery, but was especially damaging to the soil and species in the North of England, Wales and Scotland where the glaciers gouged out great chunks of the ground and left an often far more infertile landscape than previously. This chapter shows how the same social process did not occur in many similar countries during (and after) the late 1970s, then discusses the implications of living in a country that has been so transformed in so short a time, when time is measured politically and space is seen socially.
Bars and medals
Authors: Marder Eve
Published: February 2015

There can only be one gold medal in each event at the Olympics. In science, on the other hand, as Eve Marder explains, it is more important to recognize excellence in its many different forms than it is to identify a winner.
Non-allelic gene conversion enables rapid evolutionary change at multiple regulatory sites encoded by transposable elements
Authors: Ellison Christopher E , Bachtrog Doris
Published: February 2015

Transposable elements (TEs) allow rewiring of regulatory networks, and the recent amplification of the ISX element dispersed 77 functional but suboptimal binding sites for the dosage compensation complex to a newly formed X chromosome in Drosophila. Here we identify two linked refining mutations within ISX that interact epistatically to increase binding affinity to the dosage compensation complex. Selection has increased the frequency of this derived haplotype in the population, which is fixed at 30% of ISX insertions and polymorphic among another 41%. Sharing of this haplotype indicates that high levels of gene conversion among ISX elements allow them to ‘crowd-source’ refining mutations, and a refining mutation that occurs at any single ISX element can spread in two dimensions: horizontally across insertion sites by non-allelic gene conversion, and vertically through the population by natural selection. These results describe a novel route by which fully functional regulatory elements can arise rapidly from TEs and implicate non-allelic gene conversion as having an important role in accelerating the evolutionary fine-tuning of regulatory networks.