bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decriminalising and legalising medical assistance in dying
Authors: Van Niekerk J P , Cluver P , Hertzog E , Kruger M , Moodley K , Myers J , Ncayiyana Dan , Snyman J
Published: March 2024

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Effects of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of β -Type Titanium Alloys
Authors: Yılmazer Hakan , İlgazi Muhammed Enes
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of severe cold-rolled β-type Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) alloys under systematic solution heat treatments (ST) at 1063 K for durations ranging from 5 to 60 minutes. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of TNTZ alloys under varying solution heat treatment durations, offering a foundational understanding for optimizing their application in engineering contexts. Microstructural analysis reveals that both solution-treated (ST) and cold-rolled (CR) samples exhibit a predominant single body-centered cubic (BCC) β phase, while cold-rolled and solution-treated (CST-Q) samples display a combination of β and martensite orthorhombic α'' phases. ST samples demonstrate equiaxed grains with an average diameter of ~72 μm, albeit with limited clarity. In contrast, CST-Q samples treated for over 10 minutes exhibit finer equiaxed grains within the 7-14 μm range. Hardness values increase with prolonged solution heat treatment, reaching approximately ~183 HV for ST and ~234 HV for CR. Moreover, hardness continues to rise with increasing treatment duration, reaching ~204 HV for CST10Q, ~229 HV for CST30Q, and ~242 HV for CST60Q. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation, vary across samples. ST shows values of ~710 MPa, ~610 MPa, and ~25%, CR with ~1305 MPa, ~395 MPa, and ~17.5%, CST5Q with ~1042 MPa, ~440 MPa, and 17.5%, CST10Q with ~1010 MPa, ~650 MPa, and 21%, and CST60Q with ~930 MPa, ~660 MPa, and ~21%. Fracture surfaces of all samples exhibit dimple structures and microvoid nucleation, indicative of ductile failure.
A sensing method based on InSb grating coupled terahertz surface plasmon polariton resonance
Authors: Chen Yi-Cheng , Zhang Cheng-Long , Zhang Li-Chao , Qi Zhi-Mei ,   State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   School of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Published: March 2024

A grating-coupled terahertz (THz) surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonant biochemical sensing structure is designed with simulation, which can be easily prepared by etching a submillimeter grating on the surface of indium antimonide (InSb) substrate. The simulation results based on the phase matching equation show that when the TM-polarized broadband terahertz collimated beam is incident on the InSb grating at a 30° angle, the low-frequency SPP and high-frequency SPP with opposite propagation directions can be simultaneously excited by the –1st and +1st order diffraction beams of the grating, respectively. Since the low-frequency SPP is easy to accurately measure with a commercial THz time-domain spectroscopy devices, the dependence of the resonance characteristics and sensing characteristics of low-frequency SPP on the grating structure parameters is systematically simulated in this paper. The simulation results show that the refractive-index sensitivity of the InSb grating-coupled THz-SPP resonant sensor chip decreases with the increase of the grating period, and is 1.05 THz/RIU at a grating period of 120 μm and an incident angle of 30°. Under these conditions, the sensor chip cannot make a detectable response to the monolayer adsorption of biomolecules, because the evanescent field penetration depth of the low-frequency SPP is much greater than the biomolecular size, resulting in insufficient field-biomolecular interaction at the surface. In order to detect biomolecules, a sensitivity enhancement method based on porous thin films is proposed and analyzed with simulation. The porous films enable not only to enrich biomolecules, but also to extend the interaction between THz-SPP and biomolecules from the molecular size to the entire film thickness, thereby improving the sensitivity of the sensor to biomolecular adsorption. Taking tyrosine adsorption as an example, the simulation results show that when the InSb grating is covered with a porous polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film with a thickness of 120 μm and a porosity of 0.4, the sensor sensitivity to tyrosine adsorption is 0.39 THz/unit volume fraction.
Gastro-Colo-Cutaneous Fistula Occurring After Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Procedure
Authors: Joung Juyung , Baek Jeeyeon , Kang Sun Hyung , Moon Hee Seok , Sung Jae Kyu , Yun Hwan Jung
Published: March 2024

An 82-year-old man diagnosed with supraglottic cancer sought a consultation for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement. Preoperative chest radiography (posterior-anterior [PA] view) revealed no abnormalities, and PEG tube placement was performed using the “pull” method. Chest radiography (PA view) performed 3 days postoperatively showed free air that was not observed immediately after PEG tube placement; therefore, the patient was diagnosed with pneumoperitoneum. Abdominal computed tomography confirmed that the PEG tube was appropriately positioned within the stomach; however, the colon was observed between the abdominal wall and stomach, which indicated that the PEG tube had passed through the colon. Review of preoperative chest radiographs (PA views) confirmed that the colon was visualized in the area wherein usually stomach gas should have been observed. The patient was diagnosed with a gastro-colo-cutaneous fistula that occurred postoperatively, following a procedure that was performed without confirmation of anatomical variations. The PEG tube was removed surgically, and we performed percutaneous gastrostomy.
Endoscopic Treatment and Prevention of Acute Variceal Hemorrhage
Authors: Kim Youngdae
Published: March 2024

Gastroesophageal varices occur in more than half of patients with cirrhosis and the incidence increases as liver function worsens. Although the mortality rate for acute variceal bleeding has decreased with the development of variceal endoscopic hemostasis and administration of vasoactive drugs and prophylactic antibiotics, it still reaches 20%. Therefore, surveillance of variceal occurrence and the prevention of their bleeding is very important in patients with cirrhosis. In patients with liver cirrhosis accompanied by portal hypertension, esophagogastroduodenoscopy should be performed to diagnose varices and stratify their bleeding risk. The interval of endoscopic surveillance is adjusted according to variceal condition and cirrhosis severity. If varices are diagnosed, primary prophylaxis (e.g., non-selective beta-blockers or endoscopic prophylaxis) is required to prevent variceal bleeding. Appropriate treatment, including timely endoscopic hemostasis, should be performed in patients with acute variceal bleeding, and secondary prophylaxis is required to prevent rebleeding. Endoscopic variceal ligation is the recommended endoscopic treatment for acute esophageal variceal bleeding; endoscopic variceal obstruction is usually recommended in patients with gastric varices. To prevent bleeding, endoscopic surveillance should be performed at regular intervals until the varices have been eradicated, and endoscopic followup should be performed periodically even after their disappearance. In this review, we investigate the role of endoscopy in the treatment and management of gastroesophageal varices.
Endoscopic Treatments in Perforation or Fistula in Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Lim Sun Gyo
Published: March 2024

Perforations or fistulas in the gastrointestinal tract constitute serious emergencies and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Such lesions, occurring in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, may arise from noniatrogenic causes (e.g., peptic ulcers, corrosive insults, trauma, malignant tumors) and iatrogenic causes (e.g., endoscopic procedures and surgeries). A prompt diagnosis and an appropriate management strategy are crucial for early recovery before secondary complications occur that may be induced by infection and/or chemical damage from gastric acid or bile. Various endoscopy-based treatment modalities have been developed and play pivotal roles in the management of upper gastrointestinal perforations and fistulas. Through-the-scope clips, self-expanding metallic stents, over-the-scope clips, endoscopic suturing devices, and endoscopic vacuum therapy have significantly improved the success rates associated with treating these types of lesions. However, choosing the optimal modalities that lead to good patient prognoses depends on the lesion characteristics, such as its size, duration, location, and surrounding tissue condition. Thus, gastrointestinal endoscopists have to regularly master and incorporate new endoscopy-based treatment approaches for these complicated conditions.
Estudio sobre certificación de repositorios
Authors: Arnes Jennifer , Hernández Morales Irene , Jara Merino Gabriela , Rivera Cornejo Marcela , Valeria Chandía Yanina
Published: March 2024

Este estudio se enmarca en el contexto de desarrollo del proyecto: Construcción de roadmap de ecosistema digital para la ciencia abierta, enmarcado en el macro proyecto: Construyendo las bases para la ciencia abierta en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Durante el proceso de revisión bibliográfica sobre ecosistema de ciencia abierta fue posible detectar una recomendación no tecnológica como es la certificación de Repositorios Institucionales, este proceso es reconocido por su exhaustividad en la revisión y validación de las capacidades no solo funcionales sino también de gobernanza inherentes a la gestión de un Repositorio. Uno de los objetivos que persigue la certificación es cumplir con el criterio de “confiabilidad” en consonancia con la comunidad de usuarios y los organismos financiadores. La abundante documentación existente en temas de certificación recomienda para las instituciones principiantes en este tema "la autoevaluación" ya que este es una instancia enriquecedora para la institución al estudiar internamente sus capacidades en cuanto entorno organizacional y la gestión de tecnologías y metadatos. De esta manera, permite detectar fortalezas y debilidades que se pueden corregir/actualizar antes de comenzar la etapa de certificación formal.
Evolving Access Control Paradigms: A Comprehensive Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Security Risks and System Assurance in Cyber Engineering
Authors: Mayeke Nanyeneke Ravana , Arigbabu Aisha Temitope , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji , Okunleye Olalekan Jamiu , Adigwe Chinasa Susan
Published: March 2024

This study evaluates the effectiveness of traditional access control paradigms—Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Policy-Based Access Control (PBAC), and Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)—against ransomware threats in critical infrastructures and examines the potential benefits of integrating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Utilizing a quantitative research design, the investigation collected data from 383 cybersecurity professionals across various sectors through a systematically structured questionnaire. The questionnaire, which demonstrated excellent internal consistency with a reliability score of 0.81, featured Likert scale questions aimed at assessing perceptions and experiences concerning the efficacy of different access control models in combating ransomware. Employing multiple regression analysis, the study explored the relationship between access control paradigms and their capability to mitigate ransomware risks, while also considering the impact of cybersecurity awareness among employees. The findings indicate that traditional access control methods are less effective against the dynamic nature of ransomware attacks, primarily due to their static configurations. In contrast, the integration of ML and AI into access control systems significantly enhances their adaptability and effectiveness in detecting and preventing ransomware incidents. Additionally, the study highlights the crucial role of cybersecurity awareness and training among employees in fortifying critical infrastructures against cyber threats. The adoption of a layered security strategy, incorporating advanced technological solutions and comprehensive cybersecurity practices, was found to markedly improve the resilience of critical infrastructures against ransomware attacks. Based on these insights, the study recommends the embrace of ML and AI technologies in access control systems, the prioritization of cybersecurity training for all organizational members, and the implementation of a multifaceted security approach to better defend against the evolving threat of ransomware. These strategies are essential for safeguarding the continuity and reliability of essential services in an increasingly digital and interconnected world.
Production and Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Physico-chemical Properties of Biochar from Various Feed Stock Sources
Authors: Kanagasuppurathinam C. , Coumaravel K. , Bagavathiammal U. , Saravanane P. , Selvaraj S.
Published: March 2024

Biochar was derived from a range of biomass materials and its physical and physicochemical characteristics were assessed. Due to the pyrolysis of various biomass products, such as grass, cotton stalks, coconut husk, coconut shell, paddy straw, rice husk, Eichhornia, sugarcane bagasse, and neem wood in the pyrolysis unit. The biochars' characteristics were extremely diverse. Prosopis is superior to other biochars in terms of pore space, pH, EC, CEC, organic C, total N, Mg, available nutrients, and carbon fractions, as evidenced by the large amount of biochar that was recovered from it.

Prosopis wood biochar, which can function as a soil enhancer and improve the physical properties of the soil, is superior than cotton stalk biochar and drymatter biomass biochars. It can also increase nutrient availability and retention. Given its higher recovery and diffusion, Prosopis' resource can be used. As a result of the substantial differences between the various biomass, characterizing biochar made from each one is necessary before mass producing it for agricultural application.
Influence of Prevailing Weather Parameters on Population of Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Tomato in Western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Singh Reetesh Pratap , Singh Rajendra , Singh Bhupendra , Singh Dhruv , Kant Chandra , Shanker Ravi
Published: March 2024

A field experiment was conducted for two years (2021-22 and 2022-23) at Crop Research Center, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, to ascertain the influence of various meteorological parameters on population fluctuations of Helicoverpa armigera on tomato. The peak period of occurrence of this insect was observed in 20th standard week (fourth week of May, 2022). The maximum population of this insect was recorded as 4.73 larvae/plant. Larval population of fruit borer had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.593*) and minimum temperature (r=0.551*). Larval population of fruit borer had significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity (r=-0.598*) and evening relative humidity (r=-0.531*). Non-signification positive correlation was observed with the rainfall and larval population (r=0.052NS). The peak period of occurrence of this insect was observed in 23rd standard week (second week of June, 2023). The maximum population of this insect was recorded as 3.80 larvae/plant. Larval population of fruit borer had highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.693**) and minimum temperature (r=0.635**).
Effect of the Physiological Parameters of Different Age Group Workers on Hoe Weeder
Authors: Patel Naveendra Kumar , Beg Asif
Published: March 2024

Research was done on the influence of physiological characteristics of different age groups on the hoe weeder at an agriculture working field (10 x 10 m2). Physiological indicators such as heart rate, oxygen consumption rate, and energy expenditure rate of workers of various ages (21–24, 25-28, 29–32, and 33–36 years) were measured while working on a hoe weeder in an agricultural field. Age-related increases in heart rate, oxygen consumption, and energy expenditure were seen among agricultural laborers in a 10 × 10 m2 field. The heart rate, oxygen consumption rate, and energy expenditure rate of those aged 21 to 24 were found to be the lowest while working on a hoe or weeder in an agricultural field. The physiological characteristics of the age group operator of 33–36 years were determined to be the same.
Individual and developmental differences in eyewitness recall and suggestibility in children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Henry Lucy A. , Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: August 2006

This study examined two key issues: (1) whether there were developmental improvements in eyewitness memory performance for children with intellectual disabilities (ID); and (2) whether standardised measures of cognitive ability and suggestibility would relate to eyewitness recall and suggestibility. Children with ID and age‐matched controls (ages 8/9 and 12 years) watched a video of a crime and were asked a range of open‐ended and specific questions about the event in a subsequent interview. Free recall increased between the two age levels for children with and without ID, but at a faster rate for those without ID. For other question types, differences in performance between children with and without ID were far more marked than age differences. Standardised measures of interrogative suggestibility (Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, GSS), verbal IQ, non‐verbal IQ, mental age and speed of information processing were related to eyewitness performance. In particular, higher eyewitness recall scores (free recall, non‐leading specific questions) were related to higher scores on the standardised GSS free recall measure; and higher eyewitness suggestibility scores were related to higher scores on the standardised GSS suggestibility measures. Mental age was a better predictor of performance on a range of eyewitness memory question types than verbal or non‐verbal IQ; and speed of information processing showed some relationships with eyewitness performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing and combining retrieval practice and the keyword mnemonic for foreign vocabulary learning
Authors: Fritz Catherine O. , Morris Peter E. , Acton Mandy , Voelkel Anna R. , Etkind Ruth
Published: August 2006

Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of retrieval practice, the keyword mnemonic and rote rehearsal for learning foreign language vocabulary. Both mnemonic methods produced similar recall and were superior to rote rehearsal. In Experiment 2, participants learned German vocabulary using keywords, retrieval practice or their own method. Retrieval practice and keyword‐based recall were similar and superior to self‐directed study. In Experiment 3, participants studied using keywords, retrieval practice, a combination or an elaboration strategy. Criterion testing occurred immediately and after a week. For receptive learning, retrieval practice and keywords were equally beneficial but for productive learning, retrieval practice was more effective. Combining strategies produced mixed results with significant benefits only for receptive learning in the delayed test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does impulsivity relate to perceived dependence on and actual use of the mobile phone?
Authors: Billieux Joël , Van der Linden Martial , d'Acremont Mathieu , Ceschi Grazia , Zermatten Ariane
Published: August 2006

Several authors have studied the risks arising from the growth in mobile phone use (e.g. large debts incurred by young people, banned or dangerous use of cellular phones). The aim of this study is to analyse whether impulsivity, which has often been related to various forms of addictive behaviours, is associated with massive use of and dependence on the mobile phone. In this study, 108 female undergraduate psychology students were screened using a questionnaire evaluating actual use of and perceived dependence on the mobile phone, and with the French adaptation of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. This scale identifies four distinct components associated with impulsive behaviour: Urgency, lack of Premeditation, lack of Perseverance, and Sensation Seeking. The results showed that a relationship can be established between the use of and perceived dependence on the cellular phone and two facets of impulsivity: Urgency and lack of Perseverance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Effects of pre‐trial publicity and jury deliberation on juror bias and source memory errors
Authors: Ruva Christine , McEvoy Cathy , Bryant Judith Becker
Published: August 2006

Effects of Pre‐Trial Publicity and Jury Deliberation on Juror Bias and Source Memory Errors. By Christine Ruva, Cathy McEvoy and Judith Becker Bryant.

The above article (DOI:10.1002/acp.1254) was published online in Early View on 21 June 2006. An error has subsequently been identified in this article.

The mediation analyses for the critical SM errors mistakenly reported that the Sobel test z was not significant when in fact it was, Sobel test z = 2.17 (1982). Therefore, critical SM errors were found to mediate the effect of PTP on guilt ratings suggesting that these errors may be a mechanism through which PTP imparts its biasing effects on juror decision making.
Solution‐Processed Organic Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Hadipour A. , de Boer B. , Wildeman J. , Kooistra F. B. , Hummelen J. C. , Turbiez M. G. R. , Wienk M. M. , Janssen R. A. J. , Blom P. W. M.
Published: August 2006

A solution‐processed polymer tandem cell fabricated by stacking two single cells in series is demonstrated. The two bulk‐heterojunction subcells have complementary absorption maxima at λmax ∼ 850 nm and λmax ∼ 550 nm, respectively. A composite middle electrode is applied that serves both as a charge‐recombination center and as a protecting layer for the first cell during spin‐coating of the second cell. The subcells are electronically coupled in series, which leads to a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.4 V, equal to the sum of each subcell. The layer thickness of the first (bottom) cell is tuned to maximize the optical absorption of the second (top) cell. The performance of the tandem cell is presently limited by the relatively low photocurrent generation in the small‐bandgap polymer of the top cell. The combination of our tandem architecture with more efficient small‐bandgap materials will enable the realization of highly efficient organic solar cells in the near future.
Conformational Restriction in Novel NAN‐190 and MP3022 Analogs and Their 5‐HT1A Receptor Activity
Authors: Paluchowska Maria H. , Bugno Ryszard , Charakchieva‐Minol Sijka , Bojarski Andrzej J. , Tatarczyńska Ewa , Chojnacka‐Wójcik Ewa
Published: August 2006

The newly synthesized analogs of NAN‐190 containing m‐Cl and m‐CF3 substituents in the arylpiperazine moiety and their conformationally restricted counterparts showed a very high 5‐HT1A receptor affinity. In the LLR test, the flexible compounds 4a and 5a displayed features of a partial agonist and agonist, respectively. The conformational restriction in the tested structures caused alternations in the observed in vivo effects; compounds 4b and 5b were classified as an inactive agent and an antagonist of postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptors, respectively. Rigidification of MP3022 and its 5,6‐dimethyl analog structures resulted in cis and trans stereoisomers 6b–9b with a 1‐ and 2‐substituted benzotriazole moiety. In both series, in vitro experiments showed that the cis configurations of the compounds were better tolerated by 5‐HT1A receptor sites than the trans ones. The conformational analysis revealed various spatial regions that can be explored by terminal benzotriazole fragments in those structures. Like the previously described cis‐6b, the new ligand cis‐7b, displayed features of a postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptor agonist, whereas cis‐8b was characterized as a partial agonist of those receptor sites. It was suggested that the nonlinear geometry of the above agents has significant influence on the postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptor stimulation.
Chromium(III) Complexes of D‐Glucosaminic Acid and their Effect on Decreasing Blood Sugar in Vivo
Authors: Ou Sheng‐Ju , Chen Guang , Lin Zhi‐Hua , Bai Zhi‐Ping , Duan Chun‐Ying , Mao Cai‐Ping
Published: August 2006

Two chromium(III) complexes of glucosaminic acid were synthesized by neutralization and exchange reaction. The formation of 1 : 1 and 2 : 3 (Cr : glucosaminate) complexes was confirmed by elemental analyses and spectroscopic studies. The effect of the complexes on decreasing blood sugar was investigated on type‐2 diabetes model rats induced by tetraoxypyrimidine. The results indicated that the effect on decreasing blood sugar was comparable to that of picolinate chromium complex (Cr(pic)3) currently used world wide.
Electrospun scaffold tailored for tissue‐specific extracellular matrix
Authors: Teo Wee‐Eong , He Wei , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: August 2006

The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex structure that is built to meet the specific requirements of the tissue and organ. Primarily consisting of nanometer diameter fibrils, ECM may contain other vital substances such as proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan and various minerals. Current research in tissue engineering involves trying to replicate the ECM such that it provides the environment for tissue regeneration. Electrospinning is a versatile process that results in nanofibers by applying a high voltage to electrically charge a liquid. A variety of polymers and other substances have been incorporated into the artificial nanofibrous scaffold. Surface modification and cross‐linking of the nanofibers are some ways to improve the biocompatibility and stability of the scaffold. Electrospun scaffolds with oriented nanofibers and other assemblies can be constructed by modifying the electrospinning setup. Using electrospinning, researchers are able to specifically tailor the electrospun scaffold to meet the requirements of the tissue that they seek to regenerate. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that electrospun scaffolds hold great potential for tissue engineering applications.
Nano‐dispensing by electrospray for biotechnology
Authors: Kuil Maxim E. , Abrahams Jan Pieter , Marijnissen Jan C. M.
Published: August 2006

Liquid transport of minute amounts of biomaterials is of paramount importance in many biotechnological applications. One of the challenges is the transport of viscous liquids without heating. Electro hydro dynamic atomization or electrospray is a viable method for the controlled transport of nanoliter volume of viscous liquids as shown for PEG400. Experimental results and the design of a novel spraying configuration, which can be incorporated in an optical microscope, are reported.
Piezoelectric ink jet processing of materials for medicaland biological applications
Authors: Sumerel Jan , Lewis John , Doraiswamy Andy , Deravi Leila F. , Sewell Sarah L. , Gerdon Aren E. , Wright David W. , Narayan Roger J.
Published: August 2006

Many advanced medical and biological devices require microscale patterning of cells, proteins, and other biological materials. This article describes the use of piezoelectric ink jet processing in the fabrication of biosensors, cell‐based assays, and other microscale medical devices. A microelectromechanical system‐based piezoelectric transducer was used to develop uniform fluid flow through nozzles and to prepare well‐defined microscale patterns of proteins, monofunctional acrylate ester, sinapinic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and DNA scaffolds on relevant substrates. Our results demonstrate that piezoelectric ink jet deposition is a powerful non‐contact, non‐destructive additive process for developing biosensors, cell culture systems, and other devices for medical and biological applications.
Cell deposition system based on laser guidance
Authors: Pirlo Russell K. , Dean Delphine M. D. , Knapp Daniel R. , Gao Bruce Z.
Published: August 2006

We have designed a laser cell deposition system that employs the phenomenon of laser guidance to place single cells at specific points in a variety of in vitro environments. Here, we describe the components of the system: the laser optics, the deposition chamber, the microinjection cell feeding system and our custom system control software application. We discuss the requirements and challenges involved in laser guidance of cells and how our present system overcomes these challenges. We demonstrate that the patterning system is accurate within one micrometer by repeatedly depositing polymer microspheres and measuring their position. We demonstrate its ability to create highly defined living patterns of cells by creating a defined pattern of neurons with neurite extensions displaying normal function. We found that the positional accuracy of our system is smaller than the variations in cell size and pattern disruptions that occur from normal cell movement during substrate adhesion. The laser cell deposition system is a potentially useful tool that can be used to achieve site‐ and time‐specific placement of an individual cell in a cell culture for the systematic investigation of cell‐cell and cell‐extracellular matrix interactions.
Bio‐electrosprays: The next generation of electrified jets
Authors: Jayasinghe Suwan N. , Townsend‐Nicholson Andrea
Published: August 2006

Biological electrosprays are rapidly becoming a robust means by which to engineer living organisms for applications ranging from tissue repair to developmental biology. We previously reported the ability to electrospray living organisms without compromising their viability, but found it challenging to achieve stability in the jetting of these organisms as a result of the chemical properties of the living cellular suspensions. Jet stability is required for the generation of a near‐mono distribution of droplets, which is necessary for the development of electrospray technology as a “drop and place” biotechnique. Recently, we determined the conditions needed to achieve jet stability and were able to generate droplets with a near‐mono distribution (<50 μm). In this communication, we elucidate the relationship between jet behaviour and droplet size under stable jetting conditions, with a view to further reducing the droplet size to deposit a single living cell within a droplet. We believe that this level of resolution will make electrospray jetting superior amongst the jet‐based biotechnologies presently being developed for the engineering of biological architectures comprised of living cells.
Localization of motoneurons that extend axons through the ventral rami of cervical nerves to innervate the trapezius muscle: A study using fluorescent dyes and 3D reconstruction method
Authors: Yan Jun , Aizawa Yukio , Hitomi Jiro
Published: August 2006

It has been suggested that in addition to motor axons, which extend directly into the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), ventral rami‐associated motor fibers of cervical nerves also innervate the trapezius muscle. Using fluorescent dye labeling and 3D reconstruction in adult rats, this study clarifies the localization of motoneurons, which extend axons either directly through the SAN or through the ventral rami of cervical nerves to innervate the trapezius. DiI or DiI and DiO were used to label the ventral rami of cervical nerves entering the SAN, as well as branches of the SAN. We show that motoneurons whose axons pass through the ventral rami of cervical nerves and then enter the SAN, and those extending axons directly through the SAN are distributed within the same area. The neurons that extend axons through the SAN had a greater diameter than those axons that pass through the cervical nerves en route to the trapezius muscle. In addition, the axons that ultimately extend through the SAN exit the spinal cord dorsolaterally, while those that pass through the cervical nerves extend out the spinal cord through the ventral roots. We presume that the neurons that extend axons through the SAN are mainly α‐motoneurons and that those projecting axons through the cervical nerves to the trapezius are mainly γ‐motoneurons. Taken together, these results could explain why patients in whom the SAN was used to treat brachial plexus injury retain some control of the trapezius muscle. Clin. Anat. 20:41–47, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
False tendons: An endoscopic cadaveric approach
Authors: Loukas Marios , Louis Robert G. , Black Brandie , Pham Dianne , Fudalej Martin , Sharkees Michael
Published: August 2006

False tendons (FTs) have been extensively described and recognized by gross anatomic studies. However, in the clinical setting the recognition of FTs is limited to the use of echocardiography. We examined 200 formalin fixed adult hearts, with gross dissections. In addition, 90 of these specimens were also examined with ultrasonographic and endoscopic techniques. Gross examination was able to identify FTs in 128 (62%) specimens. The total number of FTs observed, was 248 and was classified into five types according to their location. In Type I (92, 37.1%) the FT was located between the posteromedial papillary muscle and the ventricular septum. In Type II (55, 22.1%) the FT was located between the two papillary muscles. Type III (41, 16.5%) was classified as an FT between the anterolateral papillary muscle and the ventricular septum. The FT in Type IV (31, 12.5%) was observed to connect between the ventricular septum and the free wall and lastly in Type V (29, 11.6%) the FTs were found to be weblike with three or more points of insertion. When using all three techniques (n = 90), gross dissection and endoscopy were able to identify FTs in 62.2% of specimens while echocardiographic imaging was only able to identify FTs in 27.7% of specimens. Of the 114 FTs detected grossly and endoscopically, echocardiography was only able to identify 46 (40.3%). Therefore, the overall sensitivity of echocardiography for detecting left ventricular FTs was only 40.3%, compared to 100% for endoscopy. Based upon the ability or lack thereof of echocardiography to detect certain topographical patterns, we have created a small series of subtypes for the FTs. Histologically, in 30% of the FTs, conduction tissue fiber was observed to be present, which may implicate them in the appearance of arrhythmias. Clin. Anat. 20:163–169, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence and ossification of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet: A radiographic study in an Arab population
Authors: Dharap A.S. , Al‐Hashimi H. , Kassab S. , Abu‐Hijleh M.F.
Published: August 2006

The incidence and ossification of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet were studied in 922 radiographs (400 hands and 522 feet) in an Arab population from Bahrain, 5–83 years of age and consisting of 549 adults (393 men and 156 women) and 373 children (286 boys and 97 girls). All radiographs of the hand and foot in the adult population showed two sesamoid bones in the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and in the hallucal metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, respectively. Only 2.3% and 1.5% of hands showed sesamoids at the MCP joints of the middle and ring fingers respectively compared to a reported incidence of 7.1% for each digit in Caucasians. The incidence of sesamoids in the MTP joints of third and fourth toes (0.6% each) and inferior to the hallucal interphalangeal joint (3.1%) is probably the lowest reported so far in the literature. In the hands, ossification commenced first in the thumb sesamoids, at the age of 10 years in females and 11 years in males and was completed by the age of 13 and 14 years, respectively. In the feet, ossification began first in the hallucal sesamoids at the age of 8 years in females and 9 years in males and was completed by the age of 10 years in both sexes. The incidence and ossification of sesamoids in the hands and feet in the Arab population from Bahrain seem to differ considerably from reports in other populations. The clinical significance of our findings is discussed. Clin. Anat. 20:416–423, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic compartments of the foot: A 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Reach John S. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Felmlee Joel P. , Stanley David W. , Alcorn J. Michael , Turner Norman S. , Carmichael Stephen W.
Published: August 2006

There is neither consensus on the number nor agreement on the location of the anatomic compartments of the foot. This project utilized high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify foot compartments. The purpose of this study was to devise a new system using 3‐Tesla (3T) MRI that assessed the number and location of these compartments. Six feet from healthy volunteers were imaged. From these, 10 compartments were described: (1) medial, (2) calcaneal, (3) lateral, (4) central superficial, (5) central deep (adductor), (6–9) interossei, and (10) skin. The 3T MRI and foot/ankle coil allowed us to assess the number and location of foot compartments. Clin. Anat. 20:201–208, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cadaveric findings of persistent fetal trigeminal arteries
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: August 2006

Persistence of fetal intracranial arteries is rare. We review this anatomical literature regarding the persistence of the trigeminal artery and discuss the findings in two cadaveric cases both found to harbor this vessel. This anomaly should be considered by the clinician and anatomist who view imaging of the skull base. Additionally, the relationships between such an artery and other structures within the cavernous sinus should be understood by the neurosurgeon who operates in this region, e.g., transsphenoidal approaches to the skull base. Clin. Anat. 20:367–370, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Differential Protein Assembly on Micropatterned Surfaces with Tailored Molecular and Surface Multivalency (ChemBioChem 9/2006)
Authors: Valiokas Ramūnas , Klenkar Goran , Tinazli Ali , Tampé Robert , Liedberg Bo , Piehler Jacob
Published: August 2006

The cover picture shows surface‐plasmon images of a chelator density array on a gold surface, which was employed for differential protein assembly. These arrays were generated by piezo‐dispensing ethanolic thiol solutions into a hydrophobic grid obtained by microcontact printing of an eicosane thiol. By mixing an oligo(ethylene glycol)‐terminated matrix thiol with different concentrations of mono‐ and bivalent chelator thiols, the density of the chelator group was varied in different array elements. The combination of different molecular multivalencies with density‐dependent surface multivalencies yielded differential binding affinities of histidine‐tagged proteins to different array elements. Thus, selective elution with a competitor was achieved from array elements with low binding affinity, which could be subsequently refilled with a different protein. This strategy opens new perspectives for dissection and assembly of multiple protein complexes combined with real‐time, unlabeled detection. Further details can be found in the article by J. Piehler et al. on p. 1325 ff.
CMV: The unitary analogue of Jacobi matrices
Authors: Killip Rowan , Nenciu Irina
Published: August 2006

We discuss a number of properties of CMV matrices, by which we mean the class of unitary matrices studied recently by Cantero, Moral, and Velázquez. We argue that they play an equivalent role among unitary matrices to that of Jacobi matrices among all Hermitian matrices. In particular, we describe the analogues of well‐known properties of Jacobi matrices: foliation by co‐adjoint orbits, a natural symplectic structure, algorithmic reduction to this shape, Lax representation for an integrable lattice system (Ablowitz‐Ladik), and the relation to orthogonal polynomials. As offshoots of our analysis, we will construct action/angle variables for the finite Ablowitz‐Ladik hierarchy and describe the long‐time behavior of this system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear stability and instability of relativistic Vlasov‐Maxwell systems
Authors: Lin Zhiwu , Strauss Walter
Published: August 2006

We prove the nonlinear stability or instability of certain periodic equilibria of the 1½D relativistic Vlasov‐Maxwell system. In particular, for a purely magnetic equilibrium with vanishing electric field, we prove its nonlinear stability under a sharp criterion by extending the usual Casimir‐energy method in several new ways. For a general electromagnetic equilibrium we prove that nonlinear instability follows from linear instability. The nonlinear instability is macroscopic, involving only the L1‐norms of the electromagnetic fields. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of joint EMS and group certification: a Swedish case study
Authors: Zobel Thomas
Published: August 2006

Small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are collectively responsible for a significant portion of the total environmental burden worldwide. A common tool used by SMEs to improve their environmental performance is the environmental management system (EMS), which has the disadvantage that it has been developed with larger organizations in mind. A common approach used by Swedish SMEs to facilitate the implementation of an EMS is joint EMS and group certification. This paper evaluates this approach by means of a case study. It is found that the approach is effective for small and micro‐sized companies in achieving ISO 14001 certification as fast and cost effectively as possible. A few short cuts including joint environmental policy and objectives and insufficient environmental organization are however threatening to undermine the trustworthiness of the approach. Notwithstanding these flaws, however, it must be concluded that the joint EMS approach is a good alternative for small and micro‐sized companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B activity regulates larval growth rate and germline development in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yu Xiang , Vought Valarie E. , Conradt Barbara , Maine Eleanor M.
Published: August 2006

In C. elegans, a population of proliferating germ cells is maintained via GLP‐1/Notch signaling; in the absence of GLP‐1 signaling, germ cells prematurely enter meiosis and differentiate. We previously identified ego (enhancer of glp‐1) genes that promote germline proliferation and interact genetically with the GLP‐1 signaling pathway. Here, we report that iffb‐1 (initiation factor five B) is an ego gene. iffb‐1 encodes the sole C. elegans isoform of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B, a protein essential for translation. We have used RNA interference and a deletion mutation to determine the developmental consequences of reduced iffb‐1 activity. Our data indicate that maternal iffb‐1 gene expression is sufficient for embryogenesis, and zygotic iffb‐1 expression is required for development beyond late L1/early L2 stage. Partial reduction in iffb‐1 expression delays larval development and can severely disrupt proliferation and differentiation of germ cells. We hypothesize that germline development is particularly sensitive to iffb‐1 expression level. genesis 44:412–418, 2006. © Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Stereochemical Aspects of 2,6‐Disubstituted Perhydroazulenes – Core Units for a New Class of Liquid Crystalline Materials
Authors: Hussain Zakir , Hopf Henning , Pohl Ludwig , Oeser Thomas , Fischer Axel K. , Jones Peter G.
Published: August 2006

A novel approach for the synthesis of cis/trans‐fused perhydroazulenes 13–19 is reported. The stereochemistry of the derivatives of carbene addition products 9a–c/20–22, of the 2,6‐disubstituted perhydroazulenes 12a–c/23–25, and that of compounds 26–27 has been studied by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The hydrogenation of the tropylidene to the perhydroazulene skeleton under various conditions is described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A New Synthetic Approach to Novel Spiro‐β‐lactams
Authors: Bhalla Aman , Venugopalan Paloth , Bari Shamsher S.
Published: August 2006

An operationally simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of novel spiro‐β‐lactams is described. The key reaction is a halogen‐mediated intrasulfenyl cyclization of a cis‐3‐benzylthio‐3‐(prop‐2‐ynyloxy/‐enyloxy)‐β‐lactam procured through a Lewis acid‐mediated C‐3‐alkylation of the trans‐3‐benzylthio‐3‐chloro‐β‐lactam carbocation equivalent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reactions of Dry Arenediazonium o‐Benzenedisulfonimides with Triorganoindium Compounds
Authors: Barbero Margherita , Cadamuro Silvano , Dughera Stefano , Giaveno Cinzia
Published: August 2006

The reaction between various arenediazonium o‐benzenedisulfonimides and triorganoindium compounds is described. Depending on the reaction conditions, it is possible to obtain biaryls (16 examples, average yield of 79 %) or diaryldiazenes (18 examples, average yield of 81 %). o‐Benzenedisulfonimide can be recovered and reused to prepare additional arenediazonium o‐benzenedisulfonimides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Recent Developments in the Syntheses of the Epothilones and Related Analogues (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 18/2006)
Authors: Watkins E. Blake , Chittiboyina Amar G. , Avery Mitchell A.
Published: August 2006

The cover picture shows a representative collection of some of the more potent, naturally occurring epothilones and their synthetic analogues. Several of these are currently in clinical trials. Colored ribbons are routinely used to bring attention to a particular disease and the ongoing search for a cure, especially cancer. The ribbon shown is white, depicting no particular cancer, but rather cancers in general. Details are presented in the Microreview by E. B. Watkins, A. G. Chittiboyina, and M. A. Avery on p. 4071 ff.
Selective Determination of Quercetin Using Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Electrodes
Authors: Xu Guang‐Ri , Kim Sunghyun
Published: August 2006

Electrochemical detection of quercetin has been carried out on glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes and Nafion (GC/Nafion‐CNT). GC/Nafion‐CNT electrodes did not show passivation effect that occurs on the unmodified electrodes and displayed better stability and reproducibility. Quercetin oxidation was most favorable in acidic conditions and current gradually decreased as the solution pH increased. No oxidation was observed when two OH groups in a catechol moiety were fully deprotonated. These electrodes enabled selective determination of quercetin in the presence of interfering species such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, glucose, and catechol in large excess. Quantification of quercetin in a yellow onion has been made and favorably compared with reported values. Good selectivity and high sensitivity obtained by Osteryoung sSquare‐wave voltammetry can open new possibilities of direct quercetin determination in vegetables with a minimal sample treatment.