bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanodots with Nearly Unity Fluorescent Efficiency Realized via Localized Excitons
Authors: Lou Qing , Ni Qingchao , Niu Chunyao , Wei Jianyong , Zhang Zhuangfei , Shen Weixia , Shen Chenglong , Qin Chaochao , Zheng Guangsong , Liu Kaikai , Zang Jinhao , Dong Lin , Shan Chong‐Xin
Published: August 2022

Carbon nanodots (CDs) have emerged as an alternative option for traditional nanocrystals due to their excellent optical properties and low toxicity. Nevertheless, high emission efficiency is a long‐lasting pursuit for CDs. Herein, CDs with near‐unity emission efficiency are prepared via atomic condensation of doped pyrrolic nitrogen, which can highly localize the excited states thus lead to the formation of bound excitons and the symmetry break of the π–electron conjugation. The short radiative lifetimes (<8 ns) and diffusion lengths (<50 nm) of the CDs imply that excitons can be efficiently localized by radiative recombination centers for a defect‐insensitive emission of CDs. By incorporating the CDs into polystyrene, flexible light‐converting films with a high solid‐state quantum efficiency of 84% and good resistance to water, heating, and UV light are obtained. With the CD–polymer films as light conversion layers, CD‐based white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) with a luminous efficiency of 140 lm W−1 and a flat‐panel illumination system with lighting sizes of more than 100 cm2 are achieved, matching state‐of‐the‐art nanocrystal‐based LEDs. These results pave the way toward carbon‐based luminescent materials for solid‐state lighting technology.
Rational Nanomedicine Design Enhances Clinically Physical Treatment‐Inspired or Combined Immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Qiaoqiao , Zhang Wei , Jiao Rong , Lv Zheng , Lin Xia , Xiao Yunping , Zhang Kun
Published: August 2022

Independent of tumor type and non‐invasive or minimally‐invasive feature, current physical treatments including ultrasound therapy, microwave ablation (MWA), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are widely used as the local treatment methods in clinics for directly killing tumors and activating systematic immune responses. However, the activated immune responses are inadequate and incompetent for tumor recession, and the incomplete thermal ablation even aggravates the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), resulting in the intractable tumor recurrence and metastasis. Intriguingly, nanomedicine provides a powerful platform as they can elevate energy utilization efficiency and augment oncolytic effects for mitigating ITM and potentiating the systematic immune responses. Especially after combining with clinical immunotherapy, the anti‐tumor killing effect by activating or enhancing the human anti‐tumor immune system is reached, enabling the effective prevention against tumor recurrence and metastasis. This review systematically introduces the cutting‐edge progress and direction of nanobiotechnologies and their corresponding nanomaterials. Moreover, the enhanced physical treatment efficiency against tumor progression, relapse, and metastasis via activating or potentiating the autologous immunity or combining with exogenous immunotherapeutic agents is exemplified, and their rationales are analyzed. This review offers general guidance or directions to enhance clinical physical treatment from the perspectives of immunity activation or magnification.
A High‐Energy Long‐Cycling Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Battery Operating at High Temperatures
Authors: Wang Sheng , Xu Ke , Song Hucheng , Zhu Ting , Yu Zhiqian , Song Xiaopan , Li Dongke , Yu Linwei , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji
Published: August 2022

High‐energy rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries, especially solid‐state lithium metal batteries, are increasingly required to operate at elevated temperatures in addition to pursuing operation at low temperatures. However, the notorious chemical and electrochemical reactions at the interface between the Li‐anode and solid state electrolyte (SSE) make these batteries lose almost all of their capacity and power at elevated temperatures. Here, a safe and long‐cycle‐life solid‐state Li–CO2 battery operating at elevated temperatures by constructing a stable and high ionic conductive molten salts interface (MSI) is reported. The MSI can effectively improve the interface contact and suppress interface reactions and the thermal runaway between Li‐anode and Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5P3O12 (LAGP)‐electrolyte even at high temperatures, thus enabling an ultra‐low interface impedance (≈15 Ω) and discharge/charge overpotential (≈15 mV) for high temperature symmetric battery. In addition, the MSI‐coated LAGP‐electrolyte shows an ultra‐flat and continuous surface that enables a homogeneous Li tripping/plating during cycles. As a result, the Li symmetric battery shows superior cycling stability over 600 h at 0.1 mA cm−2 at 150 °C. The assembled solid‐state Li–CO2 battery using Ru catalysts shows outstanding cycle stability over 980 cycles at 150 °C, with a capacity limitation of 500 mAhg–1 at 500 mA g−1.
Molten Salts Etching Route Driven Universal Construction of MXene/Transition Metal Sulfides Heterostructures with Interfacial Electronic Coupling for Superior Sodium Storage
Authors: Huang Pengfei , Ying Hangjun , Zhang Shunlong , Zhang Zhao , Han Wei‐Qiang
Published: August 2022

The MXene‐based heterostructures have recently attracted great interest as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Nonetheless, the complicated and harsh preparation process impedes their further commercialization. Herein, a novel, safe, low‐destructive, and universal strategy for rationally fabricating Ti3C2Tx MXene/transition metal sulfides (MSy) heterostructures is presented via Lewis acidic molten salts etching and subsequent in situ sulfurization treatment. Benefiting from the interfacial electronic coupling between highly conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene (Tx = O and Cl) and MSy (M = Fe, Co and Ni), the heterostructures possess remarkably improved electronic conductivity, promoted Na+ migration kinetics, and robust architectures. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the Ti3C2Tx/FeS2 heterostructure demonstrates outstanding rate performance (456.6 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long‐term cyclic stability (474.9 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 5 A g−1) when serving as SIB anodes. Impressively, a sodium‐ion full battery with Ti3C2Tx/FeS2 anode delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 431.6 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 3 A g−1. Moreover, the dual sodium storage behavior of Ti3C2Tx/FeS2 heterostructure and underlying mechanism toward exceptional electrochemical performance are revealed by comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations. Based on the full utilization of molten salt etching products, the present work offers new insight into the fabrication of MXene‐based heterostructures.
Kinetics‐Boosted Effect Enabled by Zwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolyte for Highly Reversible Zinc Anode in Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Wentao , Guo Fengjiao , Mi Hongyu , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Ji Chenchen , Yang Congcong , Qiu Jieshan
Published: August 2022

Despite impressive merits of complementary charge‐storage mechanisms for aqueous Zn‐ion hybrid micro‐supercapacitors (ZHMSCs), it remains a challenge to solve dendrite and parasitic reactions issues of Zn anodes. Herein, a kinetics‐boosted strategy of Zn2+ transport and desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ is proposed by engineering zwitterionic P(AM‐co‐SBMA) hydrogel electrolyte (PASHE) for highly reversible Zn plating/stripping. Mechanically robust and chemically anchored PASHE features zwitterionic groups for constructing ion migration channels and immobilizing water molecules, which accelerates Zn2+ migration for an ultrahigh transfer number (0.84) and alleviates water‐related parasitic reactions. Theoretical calculations combined with experimental results reveal that sulfobetaine sulfonate anions endow PASHE with improved desolvation kinetics and the ability to coordinate Zn2+ flux and electric field distributions at the electrolyte–electrode interface. Thus, Zn anodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performance involving high average coulombic efficiency of 99.4% in Zn|PASHE|Cu cell as well as high cumulative capacity of 2000 mAh cm−2 (20 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2) and depth of discharge of 80.9% (20 mA cm−2, 10 mAh cm−2) in Zn|PASHE|Zn cells. Furthermore, ZHMSCs based on PASHE deliver excellent flexibility and cyclability for energy‐storage applications. This work provides useful insights on hydrogel electrolyte engineering for developing high‐performance Zn anodes and derived energy‐storage devices.
Early impacts of establishing an integrated organic crop–livestock rotation: Nitrate and phosphorus in subsoil water
Authors: Chhetri Arjun , Anthony Ellyn , Andries Kenneth , Lucas Shawn
Published: August 2022

Integrated crop–livestock rotations enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services, but more information is needed on potential nutrient pollution from these systems. We evaluated nitrate and phosphorus in subsoil water (1‐m depth) from the first 2 yr of a 5‐yr organic crop rotation that incorporated goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) on pasture. The rotation consisted of the following yearly phases: (a) corn (Zea maysL.), (b) soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], (c) pasture Year 1, (d) pasture Year 2, and (e) pasture Year 3 (not reported). Each yearly phase was represented every year of the study. Reference plots in continuous perennial pasture without animals and continuous corn–soybean were also included. Significantly greater nitrate concentrations were observed under cropped plots compared with pasture plots, whereas phosphorus concentrations were significantly greater under pasture plots. Differences were most pronounced at the end of the growing season. For example, in November 2019, cropped plots averaged 13.9 mg nitrate L–1and 0.28 mg phosphorus L–1compared with 2.4 mg nitrate L–1and 0.62 mg phosphorus L–1under pasture. Goats had no impact on nitrate or phosphorus in subsoil water. Year‐round plant nutrient uptake by established root systems may have contributed to lower nitrate under pasture plots. Phosphorus leaching may have occurred via preferential macropore flow and was likely influenced by high native soil phosphorus concentrations. In cropped plots, tillage may have influenced nitrate concentrations through mineralization of nitrogen associated with soil organic matter, while also disrupting macropore channels and thus reducing phosphorus transport to subsoil water.
Copper‐mediated Intermolecular C−H aminohalogenation of Indoles at Room Temperature
Authors: Lu Yuanhui , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Xiao Xiaoyu , Huang Ninghua , Dou Yadong , Liu Chenrui , Wei Wanxing , Zhang Zhuan , Liang Taoyuan
Published: August 2022

An efficient intermolecular C−H aminohalogenation of indoles with azoles and NXS (X = F, Cl, Br, I) has been developed. This mild protocol provides a straightforward entry to structurally valuable 2‐azolyl‐3‐halogenated indoles in one single operation. In addition, this attractive route for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized indoles is of great significance due to the product's versatile reactivity for further transformations.
Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of suspension stabilizer for low‐density cement slurry for cementing
Authors: Feng Qian , Jia Fangjun , Peng Zhigang , Zheng Yong
Published: August 2022

A low‐density cement slurry system is commonly used in low‐pressure and leakage‐prone cementing. However, the suspension stability of the system is more difficult to control because of the addition of lightning material. Especially under the condition of large temperature differences, the relative motion between solid particles with large density differences increases, which will aggravate the instability of the slurry and affect the cementing quality. Therefore, to effectively control the suspension stability of the low‐density cementing slurry system, the suspension stabilizer PAND was synthesized by free radical solution polymerization withN‐vinyl caprolactam (NVCL); 2‐acrylamide‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS),N, N‐dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) as monomers. The effect of PAND on the stability of low‐density cement slurry under a large temperature difference (40 ~ 120°C) was evaluated. The results showed that under 40 ~ 120°C, adding 0.8% PAND can control the water separation of the cement slurry to 0; the density difference between the upper and lower parts of the cement stone column after curing is less than 0.01 g/cm3. The mechanical properties of cement stone are improved, which shows that it has a good suspension stability effect on low‐density cement slurry systems. The analysis of UV spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that PAND formed an intermolecular hydrophobic association network structure with the increase in temperature, which could maintain the viscosity of the solution system, thus playing an influential suspension stability role.
The effects of beaver impoundments on montane stream fish communities
Authors: Fritz Samuel F. , Gangloff Michael M.
Published: August 2022

North American beavers (Castor canadensis) are ecosystem engineers that create novel habitats in stream ecosystems. Although driven to the edge of extinction by historical over‐exploitation, beavers are recolonizing much of their former range. In the Southern Appalachian Mountains beavers alter habitats occupied by diverse fish communities across a mosaic of changing forest cover and management priorities.

Fishes were sampled from nine streams with active beaver ponds and from seven streams with inactive ponds in the Southern Appalachians during summer 2019. The status of beaver ponds was among the most important factors affecting fish communities; however, both active and inactive beaver ponds affected fish community structure, α‐diversity, and local contributions to β‐diversity (LCBD).

Fish α‐diversity was lower in reaches from streams with active ponds and the magnitude of this reduction was dependent on the position relative to a pond. However, both active and abandoned beaver ponds and pond tail races had higher LCBD values compared with free‐flowing reaches. Arcsin‐transformed forest cover did not improve the model fit for any dependent variables. Indicator species analysis found that two species had an association with active beaver ponds, whereas eight species were associated with inactive beaver ponds or free‐flowing reaches.

The effects of beaver impoundments on fish communities in Appalachian streams are dependent on the pond activity level and spatial context. Although diversity and species richness may be reduced in individual habitats, beaver ponds contribute to higher biodiversity at a regional spatial scale. An increased understanding of beaver effects on Southern Appalachian fish communities will enable stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the management of sensitive or economically important fishes. Mitigating conflicts between sensitive resources and these ecosystem engineers will become an increasingly important management concern as beaver populations recover in the Southern Appalachians.
Synthesis of monolayer 2D MoS2 quantum dots and nanomesh films by inorganic molecular chemical vapor deposition for quantum confinement effect control
Authors: Ahn Chaehyeon , Lim Hyunseob
Published: August 2022

Bandgap engineering is an important prerequisite for various applications of two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD). A reduction in the dimension from 2D has been one of the methods to control the electronic structure, by which a quantum confinement effect in the additional axis(es) can result in the widening of band structures. A vapor‐phase process for synthesizing monolayer MoS2 nanomesh film or MoS2 quantum dot is developed based on the inorganic molecular chemical vapor deposition. The vapor‐phase process can control MoS2 coverage by adjusting growth times. Therefore, the formation of nanostructures can be confirmed based on the growth time. The quantum confinement effect in monolayer MoS2 nanomesh films and MoS2 quantum dots is also confirmed via spectroscopic investigations, which induce a blue shift, indicating bandgap widening. Consequently, this approach can be used to synthesize lower‐dimensional TMD materials for bandgap engineering, which is an essential process in optical or optoelectrical applications.
The metabolic adaptation of the adult offspring after maternal high‐dosed folic acid supplementation based on the proteomics and metabolomics in rats
Authors: Kong Xiangju , Yan Qingna , Niu Yucun , Liu Liyan
Published: August 2022

The onset of complex diseases at a later stage of life has been linked with maternal folic acid (FA) ingestion. However, little is known regarding the underlying molecular fingerprints of the offspring. We integrated proteomics–metabolomics profiles and analyzed the influence of maternal FA supplementation on the metabolism of adult offspring rats. Twenty pregnant female rats were randomly assigned to a FA supplementation (FolS group, 10 mg/kg FA) or control group (2 mg/kg FA respectively). Such an omics approach revealed that the dopaminergic synapse pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle and neural development‐related metabolites such as glutamic acid and γ‐aminobutyric acid were significantly up‐regulated in the FolS group, whereas pyruvic acid, oxalic acid and adipic acid were reduced. Maternal FA supplementation can cause alterations of metabolites and protein in the offspring rats.
PLEK2 promotes cancer stemness and tumorigenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via the c‐Myc‐mediated positive feedback loop
Authors: Zhao Xinyuan , Shu Dalong , Sun Wenjuan , Si Shanshan , Ran Wei , Guo Bing , Cui Li
Published: August 2022

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies worldwide and is characterized by unfavorable prognosis, high lymph node metastasis and early recurrence. However, the molecular events regulating HNSCC tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. Therefore, uncovering the underlying mechanisms is urgently needed to identify novel and promising therapeutic targets for HNSCC. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of pleckstrin‐2 (PLEK2) in regulating HNSCC tumorigenesis.

Methods

The expression pattern of PLEK2 and its clinical significance in HNSCC were determined by analyzing publicly assessable datasets and our own independent HNSCC cohort. In vitro and in vivo experiments, including cell proliferation, colony formation, Matrigel invasion, tumor sphere formation, ALDEFLUOR, Western blotting assays and xenograft mouse models, were used to investigate the role of PLEK2 in regulating the malignant behaviors of HNSCC cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms for the tumor‐promoting role of PLEK2 were elucidated using co‐immunoprecipitation, cycloheximide chase analysis, ubiquitination assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter assays and rescue experiments.

Results

The expression levels of PLEK2 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in HNSCC tissues, and PLEK2 overexpression was strongly associated with poor overall survival and therapeutic resistance. Additionally, PLEK2 was important for maintaining the proliferation, invasion, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness and tumorigenesis of HNSCC cells and could alter the cellular metabolism of the cancer cells. Mechanistically, PLEK2 interacted with c‐Myc and reduced the association of F‐box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) with c‐Myc, thereby avoiding ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome‐mediated degradation of c‐Myc. Moreover, the c‐Myc signaling activated by PLEK2 was important for sustaining the aggressive malignant phenotypes and tumorigenesis of HNSCC cells. c‐Myc also directly bounded to the PLEK2 promoter and activated its transcription, forming a positive feedback loop.

Conclusions

Collectively, these findings uncover a previously unknown molecular basis of PLEK2‐enhanced c‐Myc signaling in HNSCC, suggesting that PLEK2 may represent a promising therapeutic target for treating HNSCC.
Nanoarchitectonics with Positionally Isomeric Coumarin Carbamates: Structure‐Gelation Study, F− Recognition, Dye Removal and Excellent Oil‐Spill Recovery
Authors: Raza Rameez , Baildya Nabajyoti , Ghosh Kumaresh
Published: August 2022

Coumarin carbamates with cholesteryl group 1 and 2 have been designed, synthesized and characterized. The isomeric compounds show different gelation behaviors in organic solvents such as toluene and CH3CN. Rheological studies reveal the different viscoelastic properties of the gels. Gels of the isomers differ in morphology. While an intertwined fibre‐like structure is noted for the toluene gel of 1, rod like fibres are observed for toluene gel of 2. The positional alteration of carbamate group around coumarin changes the polarity of the isomers and hence influences the packing of molecules to establish different 3D networks for gel formation as explained by DFT study. Gels of the isomers show multiple applications with different attributes. Toluene gel of 1 is found to be F−‐responsive and undergoes gel‐to‐sol phase transition due to the disruption of intermolecular hydrogen bonding through deprotonation. Under the condition, toluene gel of 2 is anion stable. Compound 1 also shows measurable interaction with F− over other anions in CH3CN as interpreted by UV‐vis and emission spectral changes. Based on phase‐selective gelation (PSG) property, both 1 and 2 is deployed to remove cationic dye from water. Further, only gelator 2 is useful for oil spill recovery, whereas isomer 1 is not suitable in this regard.
Tuning the Emission Behaviour of Halogenated Bridged Ethers in Solution, as Solids and as Aggregates by Chalcogen Substitution
Authors: Dubbert Justin , Valtolina Marco , Huber Alexander , Scherz Tim D. , Wölper Christoph , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Filiba Ofer , Sen Saumik , Schapiro Igor , Rizzo Fabio , Voskuhl Jens
Published: August 2022

In this contribution, we describe a set of three chlorinated bridged ethers with varying numbers of sulfur and oxygen atoms. The substitution leads to highly emissive compounds with tunable photophysical properties in relationship to their state of aggregation, i. e. in solution, as aggregates and in the solid state. Additionally, an in‐depth X‐ray diffractometric analysis supported by a Hirshfeld study of non‐covalent interactions and quantum chemical simulations was carried out. As the outcome, it was found that the content of sulfur in the compounds regulates the tuning of emission in solution as well as in the aggregated states as a consequence of their variation of planarity.
Maternal and zygotic ZFP57 regulate coronary vascular formation and myocardium maturation in mouse embryo
Authors: Zhao Junzheng , Zhao Jingjie
Published: August 2022

Background

Genomic and epigenomic dynamics both play critical roles during embryogenesis. Zfp57 maintains genomic imprinting with both maternal and zygotic functions. In our previous study, we found that maternal and zygotic Zfp57 modulate NOTCH signaling during cardiac development. In this study, we investigated Zfp57 mutants from E11.5 to E13.5 to delineate its function during cardiac development.

Results

Here, we describe novel roles of maternal and zygotic Zfp57 during cardiovascular system development. We found that maternal and zygotic Zfp57 was required for coronary vascular development. Maternal and zygotic loss of Zfp57 perturbed the sprouting of the sinus venosus‐derived endothelial cells and led to underdeveloped coronary vasculature, meanwhile, there was an ectopic overproduction of blood islands over the ventricles. Furthermore, loss of Zfp57 and failed vasculature disturbed myocardium maturation. Loss of maternal and zygotic Zfp57 resulted in hyper trabeculation and failed myocardium compaction. Zfp57 zygotic mutant (M+Z−) hearts displayed noncompaction cardiomyopathy at E18.5.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that maternal and zygotic ZFP57 are essential for coronary vascular formation and myocardium maturation in mice. Our research provides evidence for the role of genomic imprinting during embryogenesis.
Parsing spatial and temporal variation in stream ecosystem functioning
Authors: Mancuso Jasmine , Messick Emily , Tiegs Scott D.
Published: August 2022

The decomposition of organic matter is a fundamental ecosystem‐level process that governs nutrient cycling, fuels ecosystems, and impacts our global climate. Despite the central importance of this process for ecosystems across the planet, little is known about how the capacity of ecosystems to decompose organic matter—that is, their decomposition potential—varies across time and space. Closing this gap is needed to provide baseline information on the dynamics of ecosystems, for tracking anthropogenic impacts, and for development of practical and efficient sampling procedures. For nine consecutive years during the months of July–August, we deployed an identical organic‐matter decomposition assay in the same 26 temperate deciduous‐forest streams (234 stream‐years total) to evaluate the interannual and among‐stream variation in the decomposition of organic matter. Decomposition rates (as k values) ranged widely across all stream‐years (mean = 0.026, SD = 0.018, range = 0.0020–0.094). Interestingly, among‐stream variation, expressed on a per‐stream basis, was more than three times greater than interannual variation (expressed on a per year basis), explaining 75% and 22% of the overall variation in our dataset, respectively. Removing the effects of temperature by adjusting decomposition rates for degree days did not substantially impact this pattern (stream: 80% of variation, year: 17% of variation). Surprisingly, despite large differences in temperature among streams, temperature explained little variation in decomposition rates, pointing to the importance of other factors. When compared to the decomposition rates from stream sites across the planet, the rates presented here spanned 27.3% of this range, highlighting the diversity of decomposition rates that can be found in a relatively compact geographic area. From the perspective of using organic‐matter decomposition as a bioassessment tool, this variation could limit the sensitivity of decomposition‐based assays to human impacts, although study designs could be utilized to ameliorate this problem (e.g., those that stratify by geology). The results and dataset presented here are a needed step toward a more complete understanding of how ecosystem processes vary across time and space.
Two quality and stability indicating imaged CIEF methods for mRNA vaccines
Authors: Krebs Finja , Burger Udo , Dörks Susanne , Kramer Markus , Wätzig Hermann
Published: August 2022

Two imaged capillary isoelectric focusing methods were developed to provide insight into the quality and stability of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, specifically, mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). A variety of stressed and lipid composition‐modified samples were measured and detected by their UV absorption. The results were supported by the data of an encapsulation assay and particle sizing. One method, using 9 M urea as an additive, shows two broad and jagged peaks in which the peak shape offers detailed information. The summed peak area of both peaks showed RSDs from 2% to 8% when one batch was measured in triplicate and apparently depends on the size of the LNPs. In the second method, a combination of 5.5 M urea and 2 M N‐ethylurea was used. This method is characterized by a high repeatability of the isoelectric point (pI, <0.5%). The repeatable peak area (RSD of 2%–7%) correlates linearly with the mRNA content, which also applies to the first method, and added stress is evident by the change in pI and peak area. Furthermore, experiments with the addition of a fluorescent dye were performed (fluorescence detection), which tremendously increased the sensitivity of the methods. Both methods can be used to characterize the stability of mRNA‐loaded LNPs, for example, when investigating various storage times at different temperatures and freeze–thaw cycles, as well as the ability of the methods to distinguish lipid compositions and measure batch‐to‐batch variability.
Semitransparent Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Ye Ting , Christoph Jan , Liu Jiale , Yang Ying , Zhang Wenhao , Tan Hairen , Mei Anyi , Rong Yaoguang , Hu Yue , Han Hongwei
Published: August 2022

The boosting efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has evoked the interest in applying them in tandem structures, especially perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, the tandem solar cells still face concerns about stability, upscaling, and cost‐effectiveness on the path to commercialization. Herein, an innovative tandem architecture based on the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells is proposed. By investigating the effects of indium tin oxide (ITO) particle size, annealing temperature, and dispersant on the performance of ITO mesoporous films, screen‐printable mesoscopic ITO electrode with an electron mobility of 7.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an average visible transmittance of over 80% is successfully obtained. The screen‐printed mesoporous titania, zirconia, and ITO are used as a scaffold and a semitransparent PSC with a champion power conversion efficiency of 9.38% is fabricated infiltrated with perovskites. Further, a perovskite/silicon tandem device which can remain stable for >720 h is demonstrated, highlighting the potential of screen‐printed inorganic scaffold structure in tandem photovoltaic technique.
Challenges for low middle‐income people with epilepsy during the COVID‐19 pandemic:Lessons learnt, call for action
Authors: Shah Urvashi , Rajeshree Shivani , Ravat Parthvi , Kalika Mayuri , Mehta Saloni , Sapre Antara , Ravat Sangeeta H.
Published: August 2022

Objective

The COVID‐19 pandemic impacted the care of people with epilepsy (PWE). Several online surveys were conducted but there is limited data regarding the impact on low‐income PWE from lower‐middle income countries (LMICs) who have no access or ability to answer online surveys. The purpose of this interview was to understand the challenges faced by low‐income PWE during the lockdown phase of the pandemic.

Method

PWE visiting the epilepsy specialty outpatient department of a tertiary referral government hospital to avail of subsidized services were interviewed. In the interview, they discussed challenges in obtaining medical care, the impact on wellbeing, employment, and vaccination status during the lockdown phase of the pandemic.

Results

Out of the 214 PWE interviewed, 20.6% had increased seizure frequency, 28.9% did not have access to medication mainly due to travel restrictions, 30.5% reported lack of availability of medication and 50% were not able to afford the medication mainly due to loss of income. 51% were unable to have follow‐up consultations. 36% reported worsening of mood and some reported impact on other aspects of wellbeing. The impact on wellbeing was significantly associated with an increase in seizure frequency (P < .05). The study revealed hesitation related to vaccines in the majority and expectations of financial support by the government and assistance for procuring medication. There was a lack of awareness about telemedicine services and the same was not adequately offered by government hospitals.

Significance

The study underscores the need to learn lessons from the challenging experiences of low‐income PWE and create an action plan for the future to address the issues of lack of affordability of medical care and access to telemedicine. It is critical that the care of the marginalized, underrepresented PWE from lower‐middle income countries is not neglected during a pandemic.
A machine learning investigation into the temporal dynamics of physical activity‐mediated emotional regulation in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls
Authors: Lekkas Damien , Gyorda Joseph A. , Jacobson Nicholas C.
Published: August 2022

Objective

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is commonly experienced alongside difficulties of emotion regulation (ER). Previous works identified physical activity (PA) as a mechanism for AN sufferers to achieve desired affective states, with evidence towards mitigation of negative affect. However, temporal associations of PA with specific emotional state outcomes are unknown.

Method

Using lag‐ensemble machine learning and feature importance analyses, 888 affect‐based ecological momentary assessments across N = 75 adolescents with AN (N = 44) and healthy controls (N = 31) were analysed to explore significance of past PA, measured through passively collected wrist‐worn actigraphy, with subsequent self‐report momentary affect change across 9 affect constructs.

Results

Among AN adolescents, later lags (≥2.5 h) were important in predicting change across negative emotions (hostility, sadness, fear, guilt). AN‐specific model performance on held‐out test data revealed the holistic “negative affect” construct as significantly predictable. Only joviality and self‐assurance, both positively‐valenced constructs, were significantly predictable among healthy‐control‐specific models.

Discussion

Results recapitulated previous findings regarding the importance of PA in negative ER for AN individuals. Moreover, PA was found to play a uniquely prominent role in predicting negative affect 4.5–6 h later among AN adolescents. Future research into the PA‐ER dynamic will benefit from targeting specific negative emotions across greater temporal scales.
Simulation and optimization of the waste heat recovery system of the ship power system based on the heat current method
Authors: Wei Zhi‐guo , Qiu Zhi‐qiang , Xiao Qi , Shao Wei
Published: August 2022

Waste heat recovery technique is of great importance to improve the coefficient and reduce the emission of greenhouse gas for ship power system. This paper builds the model of a waste heat recovery system of single pressure Rankine cycle with heat current method. Combining with the thermo‐electrical analogy method, the global heat current model of waste heat recovery system is obtained, which indicates the direction of heat flow, the distribution of thermal resistance and the relationship of temperatures. Applying the law of Kirchhoff builds a mathematical model of a system with no intermediate nodes temperatures. Considering the variation of physical property and distribution of thermal resistance in phase change heat exchanger, a double nested iteration solving algorithm is proposed. The results show that the heat transfer rates of economizer, superheater evaporator, condenser, and steam receivers are 9.1, 70.42, 143.89, 19.03, 171.98, and 17.28 kW, respectively. With the objective of maximum output of turbine, applying the genetic algorithm obtains the optimal mass flow rate of cycle water, which is 0.53 kg/s and improves the output of turbine from 53.25 to 147.45 kW. Discussions on the optimization model show that decreasing extraction ratio and increasing the mass flow rates of air discharge of compressor will increase the output work of turbine. Both the optimal mass flow rate of cycle water and maximum output work decrease rapidly at first and then change little while the circulation ratio increases. Particularly, the relative variations of mass flow rate and output work are less than 2% while the circulation ratio is larger than 4.
A tug of war of forecasting the US stock market volatility: Oil futures overnight versus intraday information
Authors: Ma Feng , Wahab M. I. M. , Chevallier Julien , Li Ziyang
Published: August 2022

This study is the first to examine the impacts of overnight and intraday oil futures cross‐market information on predicting the US stock market volatility the high‐frequency data. In‐sample estimations present that high overnight oil futures RV can lead to high RV of the S&P 500. Moreover, negative overnight returns are more powerful than positive components, implying the existence of the leverage effect. From statistical and economic perspectives, out‐of‐sample results indicate that the decompositions of overnight oil futures and intraday RVs, based on signed intraday returns, can significantly increase the models' predictive ability. Finally, when considering the US stock market overnight effect, the decompositions are still useful to predict volatility, especially during high US stock market fluctuations and high and low EPU states.
Geochemistry, geochronology and fluid inclusion studies of the Dongji epithermal gold deposit in Fujian province, south‐east China
Authors: Huang Liang‐Liang , Fan Hong‐Rui , Ma Feng‐Shan , Liu Ri‐Fu , Wang Hui‐Sheng , Zheng Guang‐Shi , Zhang Zhi‐Cheng
Published: August 2022

The Dongji epithermal Au deposit formed in the Early Cretaceous is located in the Dongkeng volcanic Basin of the South China Block. The orebodies of the deposit are mainly hosted in the Jurassic volcanic–subvolcanic rocks. Here, detailed zircon U–Pb geochronology, major‐trace elements, and fluid inclusion data of the Dongji deposit are reported. At least two epochs of magmatic activity were identified at Dongji, including the Late Jurassic rhyolitic crystal tuff lava (165.3 ± 1.8 Ma to 162.8 ± 2.6 Ma) and quartz porphyry (156.0 ± 1.9 Ma), and the Early Cretaceous dacitic crystal tuff lava (108.4 ± 5.7 Ma) and purplish‐red crystal tuff lava (98.1 ± 0.8 Ma). The Late Jurassic volcanic–subvolcanic rocks are characterized by high SiO2content, enriched LILE  (large ion lithophile element) elements, depleted HFSE (high field strength element) elements, and obvious P, Ti and Eu anomalies. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the volcanic–subvolcanic rocks were generated by partial melting of the lower crust and controlled by fractional crystallization of Ti‐bearing phases, apatite, and plagioclase. In comparison, the Early Cretaceous volcanic–subvolcanic rocks are characterized by high K contents, and arc‐like signatures (e.g., enriched Rb, Th, K, and depleted Nb, Ta, Ti), indicating a partial melting of crust–mantle interaction under an extensional tectonic setting. The ore‐bearing dacitic crystal tuff lava and the caprock of purplish‐red tuff lava constrain the timing of gold mineralization in the range of 108–98 Ma. The Au mineralization at Dongji is divided into the early stage of quartz‐pyrite association and the late main mineralization stage of quartz‐polymetallic sulfide association. The fluid inclusion microthermometry results show that the ore‐forming fluids at the early mineralization are characterized by enrichment of liquid‐rich two‐phase inclusions and CO2‐bearing aqueous inclusions. The fluids with moderate homogenization temperatures (292–382°C) and low salinities (5.4–10.0 wt% NaClequiv) were possibly exsolved from magmatic rocks. Nevertheless, fluid inclusions in the late‐stage contain liquid‐rich two‐phase inclusions and pure liquid phase inclusions. The homogenization temperatures (222–309°C) and salinities (2.4–8.3 wt% NaClequiv) of the late‐stage fluid inclusions are relatively lower than those of the early stage, probably indicating a fluid mixing of magmatic and meteoric fluids. Based on the above, we propose that fluid mixing is the key factor facilitating Au precipitation in the Dongji deposit, probably applicable to other Au deposits in the Dongkeng volcanic Basin.
Delirium in older COVID‐19 patients: Evaluating risk factors and outcomes
Authors: Kroon Bart , Beishuizen Sara J. E. , van Rensen Inge H. T. , Barten Dennis G. , Mehagnoul‐Schipper Jannet J. , van der Bol Jessica M. , Ellerbroek Jacobien L. J. , Festen Jan , van de Glind Esther M. M. , Hempenius Liesbeth , van der Jagt Mathieu , Jansen Steffy W. M. , van der Linden Carolien J. M. , Mooijaart Simon P. , van Munster Barbara C. , Oosterwijk Leanne L. E. , Smit Lisa , Urlings‐Strop Louise C. , Willems Hanna C. , Mattace‐Raso Francesco U. S. , Polinder‐Bos Harmke A.
Published: August 2022

Objectives

A high incidence of delirium has been reported in older patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). We aimed to identify determinants of delirium, including the Clinical Frailty Scale, in hospitalized older patients with COVID‐19. Furthermore, we aimed to study the association of delirium independent of frailty with in‐hospital outcomes in older COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

This study was performed within the framework of the multi‐center COVID‐OLD cohort study and included patients aged ≥60 years who were admitted to the general ward because of COVID‐19 in the Netherlands between February and May 2020. Data were collected on demographics, co‐morbidity, disease severity, and geriatric parameters. Prevalence of delirium during hospital admission was recorded based on delirium screening using the Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOSS) which was scored three times daily. A DOSS score ≥3 was followed by a delirium assessment by the ward physician In‐hospital outcomes included length of stay, discharge destination, and mortality.

Results

A total of 412 patients were included (median age 76, 58% male). Delirium was present in 82 patients. In multivariable analysis, previous episode of delirium (Odds ratio [OR] 8.9 [95% CI 2.3–33.6] p = 0.001), and pre‐existent memory problems (OR 7.6 [95% CI 3.1–22.5] p < 0.001) were associated with increased delirium risk. Clinical Frailty Scale was associated with increased delirium risk (OR 1.63 [95%CI 1.40–1.90] p < 0.001) in univariable analysis, but not in multivariable analysis. Patients who developed delirium had a shorter symptom duration and lower levels of C‐reactive protein upon presentation, whereas vital parameters did not differ. Patients who developed a delirium had a longer hospital stay and were more often discharged to a nursing home. Delirium was associated with mortality (OR 2.84 [95% CI1.71–4.72] p < 0.001), but not in multivariable analyses.

Conclusions

A previous delirium and pre‐existent memory problems were associated with delirium risk in COVID‐19. Delirium was not an independent predictor of mortality after adjustment for frailty.
Benefits of tailored hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients with cirrhosis on cancer‐specific and overall mortality: A modeling approach
Authors: Ningarhari Massih , Mourad Abbas , Delacôte Claire , Ntandja Wandji Line‐Carolle , Lassailly Guillaume , Louvet Alexandre , Dharancy Sébastien , Mathurin Philippe , Deuffic‐Burban Sylvie
Published: August 2022

To validate cancer screening programs, experts recommend estimating effects on case fatality rates (CFRs) and cancer‐specific mortality. This study evaluates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening in patients with cirrhosis for those outcomes using a modeling approach. We designed a Markov model to assess 10‐year HCC‐CFR, HCC‐related, and overall mortality per 100,000 screened patients with compensated cirrhosis. The model evaluates different HCC surveillance intervals (none, annual [12 months], semiannual [6 months], or quarterly [3 months]) and imaging modalities (ultrasound [US] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) in various annual incidences (0.2%, 0.4%, or 1.5%). Compared to no surveillance, 6‐month US reduced the 10‐year HCC‐CFR from 77% to 46%. With annual incidences of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 1.5%, the model predicted 281, 565, and 2059 fewer HCC‐related deaths, respectively, and 187, 374, and 1356 fewer total deaths per 100,000 screened patients, respectively. Combining alpha‐fetoprotein screening to 6‐month US led to 32, 63, and 230 fewer HCC‐related deaths per 100,000 screened patients for annual incidences of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. Compared to 6‐month US, 3‐month US reduced cancer‐related mortality by 14%, predicting 61, 123, and 446 fewer HCC‐related deaths per 100,000 screened patients with annual incidences of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. Compared to 6‐month US, 6‐month MRI (−17%) and 12‐month MRI (−6%) reduced HCC‐related mortality. Compared to 6‐month US, overall mortality reductions ranged from −0.1% to −1.3% when using 3‐month US or MRI. A US surveillance interval of 6 months improves HCC‐related and overall mortality compared to no surveillance. A shorter US interval or using MRI could reduce HCC‐CFR and HCC‐related mortality, with a modest effect on overall mortality.
Exploring heterogeneity of national health insurance scheme enrolment among persons in the informal sector
Authors: Sekyi Samuel , Domanban Paul B. , Agbenyo Fauster
Published: August 2022

The Ghanaian government began implementing the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2005, anchored on the universal health coverage principle. However, informal sector workers contribute to the low enrolment into the scheme. This paper examines the factors that influence enrolment status in Ghana's NHIS among individuals in the informal sector. The study employed the fixed‐effects logit model, using the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey datasets. The findings revealed that gender, age, education, marital status, household size, physical activity, income, savings and subjective social welfare determine enrolment decisions of persons in the informal sector. Drivers of NHIS enrolment for male and female household heads were secondary education and household size. Heterogeneously, age, Junior High School education, married, physical activity, subjective social welfare and savings influenced only male‐headed households' enrolment status. The study shows differences in enrolment status among rural and urban residents, as age, education, marital status, household size, and physical activity influenced rural residents, while for urban inhabitants', savings determined their NHIS enrolment decisions. However, gender, obesity, income and subjective social welfare predicted enrolment decisions for rural and urban residents. Finally, two variables, gender (male) and physical activity predicted the NHIS enrolment decision among the poor, whereas subjective social welfare and savings influenced the wealthiest enrolment decisions. For Ghana to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of universal health coverage, the study recommends enhanced public education on NHIS benefits among informal workers to promote enrolment.
Hydrologic connectivity and source heterogeneity control concentration–discharge relationships
Authors: Knapp Julia L. A. , Li Li , Musolff Andreas
Published: August 2022

Changes in streamwater chemistry have frequently been used to understand the storage and release of water and solutes at the catchment scale. Streamwater chemistry typically varies in space and time, depending on sources, mobilization mechanisms, and pathways of water and solutes. However, less is known about the role of lateral hydrologic connectivity and how it may influence streamwater chemistry and solute export patterns under different wetness conditions. This study analyses long‐term low‐frequency data from four UK catchments using antecedent catchment wetness as proxy for lateral hydrologic connectivity. We demonstrate that solute mobilization mechanisms can vary depending on catchment wetness, as different catchment areas become hydrologically connected to or disconnected from streams. We show that flow and streamwater chemistry are mostly decoupled under dry conditions, leading to stronger impacts of the heterogeneity in solute sources on mobilization patterns during dry conditions compared to wet conditions. Our results demonstrate that the lateral and vertical distributions of solutes need to be integrated and considered together with the temporally variable hydrologic connectivity of these lateral areas to the stream when assessing streamwater chemistry. This combined analysis thus enables inferences regarding the lateral distribution of solutes throughout the catchment; it also indicates that a better understanding of the relationship between lateral hydrologic connectivity and the lateral and vertical distributions of solute concentrations can help to identify particularly vulnerable points in the catchment and their potential polluting effects on streams.