bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Priority of Definition and the Socratic Elenchus
Authors: Benson Hugh G
Published: November 2023

I am indebted to a number of people for their valuable comments and criticisms of earlier versions of this paper. I would especially like to thank Michael Hand, Joseph Mendola, Alexander Mourelatos, Gregory Vlastos, Roslyn Weiss, Nicholas White, Paul Woodruff, and the anonymous referee of this journal.
William Whewell: Omniscientist
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2023

There was virtually no area in early nineteenth-century science in which William Whewell failed to make suggestions, comments, experiments, measurements, linguistic improvements, and (always dear to Whewell’s heart) critiques of the work of others. This indefatigable industry, breadth of interest, and inventiveness of mind, although highly admirable, unfortunately sets a problem for one, such as myself, who would presume to write on Whewell’s science—the whole of Whewell’s science—in a short span. But, such is the aim of this essay.
Convergence: Metaphysical Pleasure Versus Physical Constraint
Authors: Wilson David B
Published: November 2023

Whewell insisted that physics and metaphysics must be combined. Not merely an inferior stage of understanding that mankind progressed through on the way to true physics, ‘the metaphysical is a necessary part of the inductive movement’. Successful physicists were characterized ‘not by having no metaphysics in their heads, but by having good metaphysics while their adversaries had bad; and by binding their metaphysics to their physics, instead of keeping the two asunder’.
Nature and Judgment
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

If we try to paint normative life as a part of nature, crucial parts keep looking off shape. Reasons in the picture look not quite like genuine reasons. Meanings are hardly recognizable. For reasons and for meanings both, naturalistic depiction seems wrong, or if somehow it can be got to work, artistry is needed. We have reason to do various things, or so we think, but if we try to brush that fact into a picture of nature, we risk a botched likeness; bald descriptions do not straight off yield reasons. The normative things we say have meaning, but how can we include these meanings, and others too, in a picture of nature? The job may not be impossible, but it will require invention.
Analyses Broached
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

We appraise a wide variety of human attributes as rational or irrational. Not only can a person act rationally or irrationally, but he can believe rationally or irrationally, and he can be angry or grateful or envious rationally or irrationally. It is irrational, say, to be angry at the messenger who brings bad tidings, but rational to be angry at the miscreant who deliberately wrongs one. At least this is what we tend to think in the normal course of life. If the word ‘rational’ seems overly learned here, substitutes come with a more homely flavor: It “doesn’t make sense” to be angry at the person who brings bad news he had no part in making. The anger “isn’t warranted”. You “shouldn’t be grateful” to someone who benefited you only inadvertently in seeking his own gain.
Moral Emotions
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

In my analysis of moral judgments, I spoke of guilt and resentment: a person is to blame for something if it would make sense for him to feel guilty for having done it and for others to resent him for having done it. ‘Resent’, though, is not the right word: it suggests feeling harmed or offended, whereas the moral feeling can be impartial. ‘Indignation’, ‘outrage’, or ‘moral condemnation’ might name the feeling, but they suggest full-fledged moral judgment. We need an emotion that can be felt even by a person who thinks it makes no sense to feel that way.
Moral System
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

Narrowly moral inquiry is only one kind of normative inquiry. Some say we should do without it, and live together on the basis not of moral norms but of norms of other kinds. In the last chapter I championed morality: I spoke from a point of view we develop together, and found virtue in meshed norms for guilt, anger, and action. I then confronted Sym the private ruminator.
Plato’s Later Platonism
Authors: Charlton William
Published: November 2023

Quine defines Platonism as the doctrine that there are abstract objects, that ‘abstract entities have being independently of the mind’. As typical abstract objects he offers us ‘classes, attributes, properties, numbers, relations and functions’, and he equates holding that ‘there are’ entities of a specified kind with admitting them as values of bound variables.
Transcendental Arguments: Objections
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: November 2023

While the ‘official’ history of transcendental arguments goes back to Kant (though a case can be made for putting much earlier anti sceptical strategies in this form), there was little critical discussion of them as such, independently of general considerations of Kant’s epistemology and metaphysics as a whole, until Strawson brought these arguments into prominence in the late 1950s and 1960s. with the publication of Individuals and his sympathetic reconstruction of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in The Bound} of Sense. These works stimulated not only responses to Strawson’s own position, but at the same time Jed to fruitful rereadings of Wittgenstein (amongst others) as also addressing issues in these terms. It is a curious fact, however, that while transcendental arguments have since been used in the work of some of the most prominent contemporary philosophers (such as Davidson, Putnam, and Searle), in the literature about such arguments the attitude adopted is genera11y critical and defensive. the consensus being that Strawson raised hopes in the battle with scepticism that are really unfulfilled, a verdict now apparently accepted by Strawson hjmself. Just as the contemporary infatuation with transcendental arguments can largely be traced back to the work of a specific individual. so too can the contemporary disi11usionment. For, though others may have helped to turn the tide, the central objections to these arguments are voiced in or stem out of Barry Stroud’s 1968 article on this topic.
The Problem of Causality
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, I have presented and defended a use for transcendental arguments that allies them to a phenomenological response to normativist justificatory scepticism, as attempting to show that the sceptic’s position is based on an impossibly limited conception of our perceptual content. Transcendental arguments of this sort are therefore experience-directed, in so far as they set out to demonstrate that this rich perceptual content is a necessary condition for the kind of mental life the sceptic takes as his starting-point: in this way, it is shown that we are entitled to believe much more about the world than the sceptic is prepared to allow, once the extent to which we appear to have experience of that world is established. In this chapter I wish to consider a somewhat different approach, which takes a belief-directed rather than experience-directed form, using transcendental arguments to show that the picture we have of the world rests on particular beliefs that we take for granted in constructing that picture, and that (the transcendental claim is) this picture would be impossible for us to construct without them. To this extent, the approach to be considered shares Strawson’s recent view that transcendental arguments can be used as a way of ‘investigating the connections between the major structural elements of our conceptual scheme’. in order to show that ‘one type of exercise of conceptual capacity is a necessary condition of another’.
The Privately Appointed Receiver and the Enforcement of Security Interests: Anomaly or Superior Solution?
Authors: Ziegel* Jacob S
Published: November 2023

A distinctive feature of the British system for the enforcement of security interests in property, real and personal, is the use of privately appointed receivers.1 The institution of the privately appointed receiver has been copied in many other common law jurisdictions, including Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, but not in the United States. Significantly the privately appointed receiver is not even referred to in Article 9 of the American Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)2 although in other respects Article 9 is widely regarded as a model of its kind for the design of a modern, comprehensive, and rational system of chattel security law.
Welchen Sinn hat die Suche nach Strukturen hinter Texten?
Authors: Ritschl Dietrich
Published: November 2023

Es geht in der folgenden Untersuchung um das ‘Vorher’ eines (biblischen) Textes. Sobaid man nach dem ‘Vorher’ und dem ‘Nachher’ eines Textes fragt, gelangt man in die Problem- stellung, die vor einigen Jahren Anlaß gab zur bekannten Auseinandersetzung zwischen Professor Barr und Brevard Childs über die historisch-kritische Methode und über das Kanonkonzept. Diese Diskussion soli hier nicht weiter- geführt werden und ich möchte mich nicht erneut dazu äußern. Jedoch besteht eine Parallele zwischen der damaligen Gesprächslage und der hier skizzierten These, nämlich die Vorstellung, man könne das ‘Vorher’ und das ‘Nachher’ eines Textes sozusagen auf einer Zeitlinie sehen, wobei der Text dann in der Mitte steht. Das ist freilich eine ‘Außenperspektive’, die eine Innen- oder eine ‘Röhren-’ perspektive beschreiben will.
Translation and Emendation
Authors: Albrektson Bertil
Published: November 2023

‘It is a main concern of both scholarship and theology that the Bible should be soundly and adequately interpreted.’ These words are found on the first page of James Barr’s first book, and it is a motto that is indeed relevant to all branches of biblical scholarship. It is applicable not least to the important task of translating the Bible: a sound and adequate interpretation must be based on solid and scholarly philology and exegesis.
The Social Basis of Morality and Religion in Ancient Israel
Authors: Knight Douglas a.
Published: November 2023

The Hebrew Bible depicts the God/human relationship and God-consciousness as fundamental and natural characteristics of life in this world. God is portrayed as the creator and sustainer of the world, the elector and saviour of the Israelites, the establisher and enforcer of religious and moral norms, and the guarantor of the future. In such a scheme, religious practices and religious beliefs belong properly to the very nature of things. The biblical tradition also pictures humans as perpetual God-seekers—if not of YHWH then of other deities. YHWH, furthermore, is believed to enter into contact with humans, whether directly or indirectly, and God’s absence at points when help is needed provokes severe national or individual distress. The world was designed to be orderly and harmonious, and both God and humans are expected to act in a fashion that upholds this order. Thus the Hebrew Bible itself advocates a system in which the moral ‘ought’ is derived from God, religion is essentially prior to morality, and religion is moral in nature.
Newton and the Bible
Authors: Wiles Maurice
Published: November 2023

To salute one’s former colleague as Professor of Hebrew with an essay on Sir Isaac Newton might seem a somewhat quixotic choice. But to see it as such is to underestimate the range of James Barr’s interests and expertise. Indeed, as the essay will reveal, one aspect of its argument was first brought to my attention by a lecture of James Barr himself.
Prophecy and Interpretation
Authors: Sawyer John F A
Published: November 2023

We have frequently had occasion to comment on the timelessness of biblical prophecy, its forward-looking dimension, and the role of prophetic legends in later Jewish and Christian tradition. Elijah became the solver of Talmudic puzzles (see p. 78). The suffering servant in Isaiah 53 came to be identified with Christ. The ox and the ass at the beginning of the book of Isaiah appear on our Christmas cards. It is the nature of prophetic literature and indeed of the Bible as a whole that this phenomenon be given some emphasis if we are not to leave the texts in the dusty context of the ancient Near East, surrounded by uncertainties and probabilities. What Isaiah actually meant when he first uttered the words of the Immanuel prophecy (7: 14) will always remain a matter of probabilities. It will also be largely a matter of historical interest. But how his words were understood by Christians down the ages can be established with a fair degree of certainty and objectivity and, what is more, can readily be shown to have had the deepest possible influence on Christian theology and Church history ever since. The fact is that later interpretations of the Prophets, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim, right down to the present day, have gone far beyond the biblical sources themselves, looking for hidden meanings and allusions and devising ingenious methods of exegesis relating the texts to their own experience and bringing them alive in their own day. It is this dimension of biblical prophecy that we shall be examining in the final chapter.
The Structure of the Work
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

By the time of the completion of Books 1-3, which were separately published (5. 26) ,2 Augustine had already planned the overall structure and scope of the work, although there is no clear indication that he knew at that stage how long the work would be. The phrase ‘magnum opus et arduum’ (r. pref.) refers to the magnitude of the task which he has undertaken, rather than to the length of the proposed work. But even if Augustine does not, at the outset, know how long the work is going to be, the preface to Book 1 introduces fundamental motifs and articulates important subdivisions of the work.3 The long opening period is rich in concentrated references to the themes to come.
The Place of the City of God m Augustine’s Writings
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

The City of God, like other major works of Augustine-such as the De Trinitate (begun in 399 and concluded in the years 422-6) and De Genesi ad Litteram (written between 401 and 414)-took shape over several years. In common with the other works just mentioned, it explores central themes of Augustine’s thought. Thus Books 11-14 of the City of God give Augustine’s culminating account of the opening chapters of Genesis: it is not as broad an exegesis as that found in De Genesi ad Litteram (itself the continuation of two earlier Genesis commentaries by Augustiner), but it demonstrates, because of his repeated concentration on certain thematic clusters, that Augustine’s ideas continued to develop.
Neo-Classical and Romantic
Authors: Badawi M M
Published: November 2023

From ancient times the power of the word, as best exemplified in poetry, has been proverbial among the Arabs. In the tribal society of pre-Islamic Arabia the emergence of a poet, we are told by one often-quoted authority, was regarded by the members of a tribe as a momentous and joyful happening, for through his eloquence the tribe’s honour would be defended, its enemies vilified, and its heroic deeds blazoned throughout the land. Under Islam the poet’s social and political status may have suffered, but the importance of his work remained undiminished. The early Arabs used to describe poetry as ‘the register of the Arabs’, implying that it was in their poetry that the salient events of their history, their battles of long ago, their values, and their mores were consecrated and preserved. Equally, every Muslim Arab ruler of note, almost until modern times, made sure that his court attracted distinguished poets who, in their panegyrical odes, would celebrate his achievements and render his name immortal.
Other Arab Writers and Further Developments in the Short Story
Authors: Badawi M M
Published: November 2023

Outside Egypt the novel of literary merit was slow to appear. In the Lebanon, which witnessed the very first experiments in the novelistic genre, it is not until 1939 with the publication of al-Raghīf (The Loaf) by Tawfiq Yūusuf ‘Awwād (1911–89) that we find a novel of more than historical significance. However interesting in other ways works such as Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān’s romantic Al-Ajni a il-Mutakassira (The Broken Win, s, 1912) or even Mārtūn ‘Abbūd’s patriotic and revolutionary al-Amīr al-Ahmār (The Red Prince, 1948–53) which has plenty of external action, but little or no characterization, they cannot be seriously considered as novels.
Introduction
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: November 2023

Most bedouin of Sinai and the Negev are the descendants of tribesmen that came from the Arabian peninsula at various times between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. Until the mid-twentieth century they lived, like their Arabian ancestors, in tents in the desert, where they raised livestock and migrated in search of pasture and water. They were organized in tribal confederations, which assured them access to grazing grounds and wells; and, for security while migrating in remote stretches of the desert, they formed groups of close kin to avenge violations of person, property, and honour.
Poems of Con1munication
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: November 2023

Illiterate cultures abound in rhymes which aid the memory in important specific areas of life, such as economics, law, and religion, as well as in everyday living. It is also not surprising to find rhymes in poems composed as missives, such as those in the present section, sent from one bedouin to another to threaten, complain, pacify, cajole, request, impart information, or share an emotion. Firstly, it is easy for an illiterate messenger from this society to remember the lines of a rhymed poem; he has heard rhymes all his life. Moreover, a bedouin message often contains more than bare information. It may convey certain subtleties and allusions (often the bulk of a composition) which can be more easily expressed in a poem than in a direct prose address.
Poen1s of Instruction
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: November 2023

It seems anomalous to speak of bedouin poems of instruction. In bedouin, as in other nomadic and pre-literate cultures, a poem with aphorisms on a variety of subjects would be too formal and systematic a method of instruction. Bedouin children or adults learn things in connection with a practical matter of immediate interest or else inadvertently as they listen to other people discussing a particular subject. Many shepherds and shepherdesses, for example, can identify by name as many as three hundred varieties of plants, grasses, flowers, and shrubs that grow in their own area of habitation or migration.
Evil And Theistic Explanation
Authors: Prevost Robert
Published: November 2023

I Have noted the existing confusion over the nature of theistic explanation. This confusion results in part from the problem presented by the justification of religious belief. Often it appears to be taken for granted that religious beliefs, for example, that God exists or that salvation is mediated exclusively through Jesus, are incapable of justification. Beliefs of this type, it is claimed, cannot be proved. They are matters for faith, not reason, and, therefore, are objects of commitment, not rational assessment.
Causality, Meaning, And The Concept Of God
Authors: Prevost Robert
Published: November 2023

Theism, as a world hypothesis, attempts to make sense of the universe. It remains now to be seen how theism accomplishes that task. In this chapter I shall examine some of the features of theism which facilitate this integrative function. The central concept of the theistic world hypothesis is that God is a person. By considering God to be a person, we bring together in theism two integrating ideas: causality and purposiveness.
Butler as a Christian Apologist
Authors: Mitchell Basil
Published: November 2023

To ask the question is to assume that some useful answer might be forthcoming. But this assumption is open to two major objections, one more radical than the other. The first, more radical, objection is that any attempt to answer the question overlooks the enormous chasm that lies between his thoughtworld and our own, brought about in the first instance by the Romantic movement and then by that complex of attitudes which we may call modernity. The eighteenth century, it may be said, was the last period in European history when educated men could seriously believe that the truth about things could be arrived at by a process of reason or, indeed, that there could in any objective sense be a truth about things. Butler was a child of his time, a time which is now from us infinitely remote. Between him and us there has developed, not least among Christian theologians, a suspicion of all large-scale explanations, except perhaps in the realm of natural science, and a reluctance to claim knowledge of the transcendent. Hence the distinction which Butler received from Locke and, further back, from Aquinas between natural and revealed religion has little appeal either to those who attack Christianity or to those who defend it.
The Psalms and their Inscriptions
Authors: Heine Ronald E
Published: November 2023

The Book of Psalms has had a prominent position in the Church from its beginning. The New Testament quotes it more than any other book of the Old Testament.’ When Christians began writing commentaries on Old Testament scripture, the Psalms was one of the books most frequently so treated. Hippolytus may have produced the first Christian commentary on the psalms in the early third century. Origen’s commentary on the first twenty-five psalms may have been the first treatise that he composed (AD 222-5).4 He devoted three commentaries to the Book of Psalms over the period of his life.5 Subsequent commentaries on the Book of Psalms were extremely numerous.
Analysis and Summary of the Structure and Contents of the Treatise
Authors: Heine Ronald E
Published: November 2023

Gregory begins by acknowledging that the commentary has been written at someone’s request, and stating that the investigation seeks the meaning in the inscriptions that can lead one to virtue again notes that the historical order of the events differs from the order of the psalms. The encounter between David and Saul in the cave, he asserts, 'is described after many events which it had preceded' (u. 224). This is a slight misrepresentation.
The Structure of the Psalter and the Stages of the Spiritual Life
Authors: Heine Ronald E
Published: November 2023

M.-J. Rondeau has noted the absence in this treatise of the themes of the divine darkness and the epectasis, i.e. the theme of continually straining forward towards God which Gregory derived from Philippians 3: 13. The fact that these themes are characteristic of Gregory’s mature spiritual thought suggests to her that this treatise was one of Gregory’s earlier writings. I am in agreement that this is one of Gregory’s earlier treatises, and note in addition that Gregory’s doctrine of the infinity of God, the correlate of the epectasis doctrine, is barely mentioned in the treatise (1. 59). In this section I shall set forth what Gregory says about the stages of the spiritual life in the treatise on the Psalms, note how the teaching here differs from that in his two famous later treatises on the same subject, the De vita Moysis and the In canticum canticorum, and suggest a reason for the differences.
Reformation Interaction: (2) Martin Bucer
Authors: James Frank A
Published: November 2023

Vermigli not only read two works by Zwingli, but also two works by the Strasbourg reformer, Martin Bucer (1491–1551). When reading Bucer’s commentaries on the Psalms and the Gospels, Vermigli could not have imagined that in a few years he would be teaching alongside Bucer in Strasbourg. In fact, Vermigli twice served as a colleague of Bucer, in Strasbourg (1542–;7) and in England (1549–51). This decade-long friendship and collaboration forms the central basis for the claim that Bucer exercised a major theological influence on Vermigli. Following this line of thought, it has further been suggested that Vermigli’s doctrine of predestination was derived principally from Martin Bucer. Hasting Eells followed Charles Schmidt in postulating Bucerian influence.
Summary and Concluding Discussion
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

The theoretical debate on the origins of the organizational and institutional differences between Britain and Sweden raises two sets of issues: the respective roles of the labour movement and the employers in shaping organizational and institutional development; and the significance of the economic, political, and ideological contexts within which this development took place.
Old Laws and New Religions
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

‘Discrimination’ is a word that, in recent decades, has acquired distinctly pejorative connotations, and modern societies, at least in the West, have made laws to prohibit discrimination in various departments of social life. It might be supposed, particularly in light of recurrent international expression at the very highest political levels that even in matters of religion, formal discrimination had finally become a thing of the past. If men have the right, as these international tribunals proclaim, freely to believe, practise, and teach whatever religion that each of them chooses, it may well be supposed that complete religious equality has been attained. Citizens may claim equal rights regardless of their religion, and different religions are said to be equal before the law with respect to the facilities that they may enjoy and the rights that they may exercise.
Introduction
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

The appearance of police officers openly and routinely carrying sub-machine-guns at international airports, or clad in protective clothing and carrying shields as they battle with rioters and violent pickets, has led to widespread public concern and anxiety. It seems that the traditional commitment of an unarmed police to the principle of ‘minimum force’ is threatened. It is feared that the British police may be abandoning their policy of ‘policing by consent’ in favour of an alien style of policing based upon coercion.
The People for the Job?
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

In the quarter of a century since Harry Roberts and his associates gunned down the three unarmed detectives in Shepherds Bush, police use of firearms has been transformed. Many officers now receive special training and are authorized to carry guns; there are special squads and departments, some of whose members are permanently armed.
Expansion Since Robbins
Authors: Halsey A H
Published: November 2023

THE Robbins Report heralded further expansion in British higher education. Ideas about development, as we reviewed them in Chapter 2, and the evolving hierarchy as we traced it from its Oxbridge apex in Chapter 3, are windows through which the Report appears in historical perspective. In the following period from 1963 to 1990 expansion continued in such a way as to obliterate Robbins as a numerical landmark. Absolute numbers of students in the higher education system rose every year. In 1962 the total number of full-time students was 119,000. By 1988/9, including part-timers in universities, the Open University, the polytechnics, and other colleges offering advanced courses, it was 964,000.
Towards Unitary Higher Education
Authors: Halsey A H
Published: November 2023

A HURRIED declaration of post-binary higher education policy came out of the clamour of the hustings. Its scope and shape are yet to be clarified. Meanwhile, universities and polytechnics may still be thought of conventionally as the ancient and the modern in British higher education. How far these common conceptions represent historical realities can be debated. But such has been the pace of change that a unitary system is now officially in place. The immediate question in 1991 was the timing of the announcement of formal integration. It came in May. Under the aegis of the 1988 Education Reform Act, the UGC had given way to the UFC and the National Advisory Board (NAB) to the PCFC. These two short-lived funding bodies were in close interchange, though their constituents were still divided fundamentally over entitlements to research funding. The new higher-education funding councils for England, Scotland, and Wales will be the forum for a difficult allocation problem. The two sectors have been in a state of chronic reorganization virtually since 1970, when thirty polytechnics were formed and catapulted into rapid growth. Two sectors, it should be noted, was in any case a simplification of a complex arrangement of different colleges and universities. And integration oversimplified the position in Scotland where (as Scottish respondents are quick to remind one) the whole educational system is different and the Central Institutions were not strictly classifiable as polytechnics. The polytechnics had escaped the financial control of their founding local authorities and many of them had openly sought recognition as universities, in effect following the path of the Colleges of Advanced Technology which were born out of the Robbins Report and took their place in the university sector after 1966.
The Collegiate Alternative: The Case Of Oxford1
Authors: Halsey A H
Published: November 2023

IF we follow Max Weber we learn that classes are formed out of distinct market and work situations. The market position of academics in many countries, including Britain, has been increasingly defined since the end of the First World War by the power of the State as a monopsonistic employer. This does not mean, as for example in modern Germany, that dons have been official civil servants. Nor does it mean that work situations have been directly dictated by a central minister acting as the agent of government. Such developments were a threat largely unheeded until the 1970s. Threat has begun to approach reality only in the past decade with new legislation curtailing tenure. Over a longer period restriction on the proportion of senior posts in universities has reflected State financial interests and was a point of chronic conflict between the UGC, the CVCP, and the AUT from after the Second World War. The third component of class formation—autonomy of working conditions—is, however, different. Without it the still longer-run tendency towards proletarianization is accelerated, and the process is possible under State management as much as free market conditions because, as Weber insisted, the bureaucratic form of organization facilitates if it does not positively require it. It is this fundamental aspect of academic work that we consider in this chapter.
The Durkheimian Dilemma
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

To the extent that societies may be thought of as systems, they are surely distinguished by their peculiar need for solidarity and their occasional liablity to schism. And because consensus is the unique constitutive property of societies, as opposed to other kinds of systems, it is primarily as the study of the causes of solidarity and schism that sociology (as opposed to the hundred and one sociologies of this, that, and the other) has its raison d’etre as an autonomous discipline. More than anyone else, Durkheim is the founder of the subject in this sense, the incomparable theoretician of the bases of social order. The ideas he fashioned for this purpose have the power and simplicity of extraordinary intuition; and it is no exaggeration to say that, where contemporary social theory is not a refinement and revision of Durkheim’s ideas, any rival interpretation of social order and social conflict that wishes to be taken at all seriously must address itself to his formulation and solution of this problem. But, since the insights of Durkheim’s theory are profound, its deficiencies are also in every sense outstanding and equally worthy of note. This chapter introduces one of them. It is an important, enlightening flaw which also faults the neo-Durkheimian school of normative functionalism.
The Problem of Disorder
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

This chapter will not attempt to summarize arguments that have been presented so far in the book. It is hoped that the conclusions of each particular line of argument have been stated clearly enough to make this task unnecessary. What might be useful, however, is a brief review of the basic thesis of the Durkheimian ‘problem of disorder’. This problem, which is also traceable in the work of the neo-Durkheimian school of normative functionalism, has two main sources. The first is to be found in the analytically residual nature of those aspects of society which Durkheim often refers to under the general rubric of the ‘utilitarian’.
Indoctrination
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

The foregoing survey of the three kinds of explanations entering into the theory of proletarian revolution shows that, while they comprise a very versatile set of arguments not easily capable of empirical disproof, all have the same basic flaw. This is to be found in the assumption that, through their powers of reason, workers will be quick to learn from their experience of capitalist production relations that their ends can only be realized by the abolition of these relations. Moreover, the fact that material and moral impoverishment, and self-education through collective action and class struggle, have not led to proletarian revolution in the most advanced capitalist societies has long since suggested, and not least to many Marxist theoreticians, that the assumption of proletarian reason is faulty.
The Experience of RENEW in the Parishes
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret
Published: November 2023

At the end of Chapter 4 we had arrived at the point where the RENEW programme was about to start at the beginning of Season 1. All the preparations had been made and the programme was launched with a Mass concelebrated by Bishop Patrick and his priests in the soccer stadium of Southlands Athletic. At the end of Season 1 a diocesan evaluation exercise was undertaken. In the previous chapter we showed that its results were systematically biased in favour of the positive outcomes of the programme and that many of the criticisms expressed about the programme in the diocese tended to be discounted. We also offered an analysis of a very large amount of soft data which we collected from a wide variety of different sources and levels in the diocese during the first two sea sons of RENEW.
Conceptions of Social Work
Authors: Cheetham Juliet
Published: November 2023

For the last twenty years the story of social work and the personal social service with which it is inextricably linked has been one of extraordinary contrasts. These two quotations seem to come from two different worlds: one full of optimism and aspiration, grand and at times grandiose design; the other somewhat weary from experience, more cautious, more precise, requiring words to be linked to resources and action. Both reports express visions of policies developed independently and seemingly ignorant of sociological knowledge and enquiry.
Government against Poverty in the European Community
Authors: Room Graham
Published: November 2023

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, A. H. Halsey devoted a great deal of his attention to the American and British antipoverty programmes which had been launched under the auspices of Democratic and Labour Governments respectively. He was active in the development of the British Community Development Project (COP) and he was national director of EPA, the Educational Priority Area initiative, both of which built consciously on their American forerunners (Halsey 1972).
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel
Published: November 2023

THE Japanese lay Buddhist organization Sōka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) is today one of the world’s most rapidly expanding religious movements. Members are to be found in virtually every country in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia, in most Asian countries, and in several parts of Africa.
Global Migrants: An Introduction
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

Dabbing his eyes with a handkerchief as he moves from person to person, Abdullah Meer of Talukpur village, Nobiganj, and Stepney Green, London, bids his family goodbye. After a three-month visit to his natal home, he is returning to his British council flat, his restaurant business, and his wife and children. It is an event which he has experienced many times in a life punctuated by arrivals and departures. Each time he returns to Talukpur, both he and the village have changed. Today, half the homesteads are built of stone rather than mud and thatch, and a motor-bike rather than a rickshaw will carry him over the dirt track towards the tarmacked road three miles away.
Journeys
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

To open a chapter on overseas migration with a song about spiritual journeying might seem a trifle odd. But whilst travelling in search of waged employment is at one obvious level different from the search for religious enlightenment or purification, at another the two journeys share similar elements, for both are essentially concerned with transformation, with changing oneself from one state to another. This chapter deals primarily with the history of migration from Sylhet. But combined with being an account of changing labour markets, immigration law, and so forth, it also concerns the individual journeys made by thousands of Sylhetis.
Brides and Grooms
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

There is no formal marriage season in Talukpur, but the vast majority of weddings take place in the dry season, when the monsoon waters recede and the village becomes more accessible. Over these winter months minibuses full of wedding guests can be seen jolting along the village paths or across the dry fields. Sometimes one can see a bride being taken to her new household on the path across the fields, the wedding party walking alongside a covered rickshaw or, more traditionally, a covered sedan chair for carrying brides. Increasingly, they travel by car.
The Union Relative Wage Gap
Authors: Main Brian G M
Published: November 2023

The ability of a trade union to influence the wages of its members has long been a subject of interest to social scientists. Initially the focus was on whether or not a trade union could exert any appreciable influence at all, but gradually with the development of theory and the accumulation of empirical evidence, attention switched to a discussion of what is sometimes called the trade union mark-up on wages. The empirical magnitude of this effect has an important bearing on certain explanations of Britain’s current high level of unemployment and on recent government policy towards trade unions.
The Cultural and Historical Setting
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

East New Britain Province is best known in economic and political anthropology as the home of the Tolai, whose ‘primitive capitalism’ (T. S. Epstein 1968) has brought them academic fame and whose successful manipulation of Western resources and institutions has made their region a political and economic powerhouse in Papua New Guinea (see especially A. L. Epstein 1969, 1978; Salisbury 1970; Neumann 1992). Yet the Tolai occupy only a small area of the province, albeit the choicest region from the viewpoint of commercial exploitation (largely due to the rich volcanic soil, flat topography, and mercantile opportunities afforded by the natural harbour at Rabaul). The mountainous area of rainforest covering the rest of the province is sparsely populated by a variety of other groups, whose languages contrast very starkly with the Melanesian vernacular of the Tolai.
The Pomio Kivung Movement
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

To recapitulate, the Pomio Kivung is a large-scale, centralized move ment among the Pomio-Baining peoples of East New Britain in Papua New Guinea.1 On one level it is concerned with the acquisition of Western technology through the performance of ritual and a Christian-syncretic vision of eternal ‘heaven on earth’. In these respects it forms part of a tradition of millenarian and ‘cargo cult’ activity in the Pomio and Baining regions. But the movement also pursues political goals by parliamentary and other secular means. The founder of the movement, Michael Koriam Urekit (generally known as ‘Koriam’), held continuous office in the House of Assembly (national parliament) at Port Moresby from 1964 until his death in 1978. But in the eyes of his followers, Koriam was more than a worldly politician: he was an embodiment of God (Trompf 1990a: 65; Tovalele 1977: 124), whose spirit resided among the ancestors. Koriam’s associate, Bernard Balatape (known as ‘Bernard’), and subsequently his successor Kolman Kintape Molu (known as ‘Kolman’), were likewise deified and considered to reside at a spiritual level in the world of the ancestors. In this chapter, I seek to provide a general introduction to the ideas, rituals, political structure, scale, and external relations of the Pomio Kivung movement.
Routinization
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter I outlined the institutional system operating more or less uniformly in all Pomio Kivung communities, including Dadul. Each community in the movement performs a similar set of rituals, informed by a common body of doctrines, disseminated from a central seat of authority at Malmal in the Pomio region. A striking feature of these community institutions is that they are highly routinized, being reproduced primarily in daily and twice-weekly repetitions. This emphasis on repetitive or routinized activity is connected to the ways in which ideas are codified and religious experience is cultivated. The style of codification and cultural transmission is related in turn to the scale and structure of the mainstream Pomio Kivung movement.
Introduction: The Historical Origins of Companyism: From Westernization to Indigenization*
Authors: Junji Banno
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s bubble economy, social scientists in Japan and elsewhere showed great interest in ‘Japanese-style management’ and ‘Japanese-style administration’. Although the bubble has burst, this interest persists. Now, however, instead of praise, the formerly admired patterns are subject to criticism.
Industrial Relations and the Union Movement*
Authors: Hirokuni Tabata
Published: November 2023

It is a truism that Japan’s labour–management relations are highly cooperative. This cooperation is widely believed to be rooted in particular features such as culture and employment practices such as lifetime employment and enterprise unionism. It is, however, a historical product rather than an intrinsic feature of Japanese society.
Economic Co-operation in Place of Historical Remorse: Japanese Post-War Settlements with China, Russia, and Korea in the Context of the Cold War*
Authors: Haruki Wada
Published: November 2023

On 2 September 1948, at the end of a three-week visit to Japan, Chang Jun, a former prime minister of the Republic of China, made an appeal to the Japanese public.1 He welcomed the fact that Japan was following the GHQ’s directives to establish a new order based on democratic principles. However Chang Jun warned that ‘while it is a simple task to bring about revolutionary changes to tangible systems and laws, intangible morals and psyches are not easily altered’. He concluded that ‘Japan needs to undergo an moral revolu¬ tion (shiso kakumei) and to build a new national psyche’. Chang Jun urged the Japanese public to reflect deeply on the mistakes of the pre-war period and the results of those mistakes while bringing about moral and psychological changes to the nation.
Introduction
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

This book should not be considered in isolation; it is conceived as one item in a whole cluster of new writing in the field.1 Together these publications represent an important undertaking: namely the reconsideration of European religion as the twentieth century gives way to the twenty-first. Such rethinking reflects a variety of factors. It is a response, first of all, to a rapidly changing European context, whether economic, social, or political; a context which remains as unpredictable as it is forceful, and in which the religious factor can operate in a bewildering variety of ways. Secondly, this series of publications forms part of a continuing reappraisal of the place of religion in the modern world, a discussion developed in some detail in Chapter 2. More specifically it calls into question at least some aspects of the process known as secularization, notably the assumption that secularization is a necessary part of modernization and that as the world modernized it would-all other things being equal-be likely to secularize.
Vicarious Memory 1: The Churches
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

THERE can be no doubt that the institutional churches of Europe play a considerably reduced role at the turn of the third millennium if this is compared with their counterparts at almost any point in European history. The churches are no longer able to command the active allegiance of anything but a small minority of European people (though passive allegiance remains high); nor are they able to direct the decision-making of European populations.
Alternative Memories 1: Pluralism and the Law
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

THE idea of increasing religious diversity in modern Europe has already been introduced in previous chapters—in the initial overview of the religious situation in Europe in Chapter 1 and in the brief discussion of demographic change at the beginning of Chapter 4. These were paragraphs which stressed that the presence of religious minorities in post-war Europe is largely, though not wholly, explicable in terms of economic change, and more particularly by the demand for additional supplies of labour in the expanding economies of the 1950s and 1960s. Outline facts and figures were presented; so, too, some information about the provenance and social composition of the other-faith groups present in different European societies.
Alternative Memories 2: Religious Innovations
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

THIS chapter, like the last, deals with alternative memories, but begins from a different position. It is concerned with the nature and forms of religious innovation that have emerged within the mainstream tradition, rather than documenting the existence of alternatives outside this. The process of innovation forms an important part of the discussion. New forms of religious life seldom present themselves spontaneously; they emerge out of older ones and in dialogue with them. Nor do they occur in a vacuum, but are related to wider processes of economic and social change. Indeed an obvious inspiration for innovation lies in shifting perceptions about the modern world and the place of religion within this, a point that will be discussed in some detail. The forms of innovation which occur are, moreover, infinitely varied.
Conclusion: The Memory Mutates
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

Terms chapter reintroduces the framework of the book as a whole. In order to do this, the concept of memory itself becomes the central theme, with the sub-headings taken in the main from the titles of the previous chapters. In addition to these, however, a number of new ideas are also introduced; the concept of memory is pushed to its logical conclusions to reveal the full potential of this way of working. In so doing it becomes quite clear that there could have been significantly more substantive chapters in the book as a whole—what has been written so far is by no means an exhaustive analysis.