bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating the transcriptomes that mediate the conversion of fibroblasts to various nervous system neural cell types
Authors: Khazaei Niusha , Rastegar‐Pouyani Shima , O'Toole Nicholas , Wee Ping , Mohammadnia Abdulshakour , Yaqubi Moein
Published: October 2017

Our understanding of the mechanism of cell fate transition during the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into various central nervous system (CNS) neural cell types has been limited by the lack of a comprehensive analysis on generated cells, independently and in comparison with other CNS neural cell types. Here, we applied an integrative approach on 18 independent high throughput expression data sets to gain insight into the regulation of the transcriptome during the conversion of fibroblasts into induced neural stem cells, induced neurons (iNs), induced astrocytes, and induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (iOPCs). We found common down‐regulated genes to be mostly related to fibroblast‐specific functions, and suggest their potential as markers for screening of the silencing of the fibroblast‐specific program. For example, Tagln was significantly down‐regulated across all considered data sets. In addition, we identified specific profiles of up‐regulated genes for each CNS neural cell types, which could be potential markers for maturation and efficiency screenings. Furthermore, we identified the main TFs involved in the regulation of the gene expression program during direct reprogramming. For example, in the generation of iNs from fibroblasts, the Rest TF was the main regulator of this reprogramming. In summary, our computational approach for meta‐analyzing independent expression data sets provides significant details regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the gene expression program, and also suggests potentially useful candidate genes for screening down‐regulation of fibroblast gene expression profile, maturation, and efficiency, as well as candidate TFs for increasing the efficiency of the reprogramming process.
Reduced dietary intake of micronutrients with antioxidant properties negatively impacts muscle health in aged mice
Authors: van Dijk Miriam , Dijk Francina J. , Hartog Anita , van Norren Klaske , Verlaan Sjors , van Helvoort Ardy , Jaspers Richard T. , Luiking Yvette
Published: October 2017

Background

Inadequate intake of micronutrients with antioxidant properties is common among older adults and has been associated with higher risk of frailty, adverse functional outcome, and impaired muscle health. However, a causal relationship is less well known. The aim was to determine in old mice the impact of reduced dietary intake of vitamins A/E/B6/B12/folate, selenium, and zinc on muscle mass, oxidative capacity, strength, and physical activity (PA) over time.

Methods

Twenty‐one‐month‐old male mice were fed either AIN‐93‐M (control) or a diet low in micronutrients with antioxidant properties (=LOWOX‐B: 50% of mouse recommended daily intake of vitamins A, E, B6, and B12, folate, selenium, and zinc) for 4 months. Muscle mass, grip strength, physical activity (PA), and general oxidative status were assessed. Moreover, muscle fatigue was measured of m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) during an ex vivo moderate exercise protocol. Effects on oxidative capacity [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity], muscle fibre type, number, and fibre cross‐sectional area (fCSA) were assessed on m. plantaris (PL) using histochemistry.

Results

After 2 months on the diet, bodyweight of LOWOX‐B mice was lower compared with control (P < 0.0001), mainly due to lower fat mass (P < 0.0001), without significant differences in food intake. After 4 months, oxidative status of LOWOX‐B mice was lower, demonstrated by decreased vitamin E plasma levels (P < 0.05) and increased liver malondialdehyde levels (P = 0.018). PA was lower in LOWOX‐B mice (P < 0.001 vs. control). Muscle mass was not affected, although PL‐fCSA was decreased (~16%; P = 0.028 vs. control). SDH activity and muscle fibre type distribution remained unaffected. In LOWOX‐B mice, EDL force production was decreased by 49.7% at lower stimulation frequencies (P = 0.038), and fatigue resistance was diminished (P = 0.023) compared with control.

Conclusions

Reduced dietary intake of vitamins A, E, B6, and B12, folate, selenium, and zinc resulted in a lower oxidative capacity and has major impact on muscle health as shown by decreased force production and PA, without effects on muscle mass. The reduced fCSA in combination with similar SDH activity per fibre might explain the reduced oxidative capacity resulting in the increased fatigue after exercise in LOWOX‐B mice.
Sonographic diagnosis of neuritis ossificans of the median nerve
Authors: Lee Ki Hyun , Jeong Yu Mi , Jeon Ji Young , Im Taeseong , Lee Sheen‐Woo , Park So Hyun , Kim Jeong Ho
Published: October 2017

We report the sonographic appearance of a rare case of neuritis ossificans of the median nerve at the wrist, which appeared as a hyperechoic lesion around the nerve. Diagnosis was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Testing feasibility of an accurate microscopic assessment of macrovesicular steatosis in liver allograft biopsies by smartphone add‐on lenses
Authors: Cesaretti Manuela , Poté Nicolas , Dondero Federica , Cauchy François , Schneck Anne Sophie , Soubrane Olivier , Paradis Valerie , Diaspro Alberto , Antonini Andrea
Published: October 2017

Light microscopy is an essential tool in histological examination of tissue samples. However, the required equipment for a correct and rapid diagnosis is sometimes unavailable. Smartphones and mobile phone networks are widespread, and could be used for diagnostic imaging and telemedicine. Macrovesicular steatosis (MS) is a major risk factor for liver graft failure, and is only assessable by microscopic examination of a frozen tissue section. The aim of this study was to compare the microscopic assessment of MS in liver allograft biopsies by a smartphone with eyepiece adaptor (BLIPS device) to standard light microscopy. Forty liver graft biopsies were evaluated in transmitted light, using an Iphone 5s and 4 different mini‐objective, add‐on lenses. A significant correlation was reported between the two different approaches for graft MS assessment (Spearman's correlation coefficient: rs = 0.946; p < .001). Smartphone with eyepiece adaptor had similar discriminatory power to identify MS in liver grafts than standard light microscopy. Based on these findings, a smartphone integrated with a low‐cost eyepiece adaptor can achieve adequate accuracy in the assessment of MS in liver graft, and could be used as an alternative to standard light microscope when unavailable.
Palyno‐morphological characteristics of gymnosperm flora of pakistan and its taxonomic implications with LM and SEM methods
Authors: Khan Raees , Ul Abidin Sheikh Zain , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Liu Jie , Amina Hafiza
Published: October 2017

The present study is intended to assess gymnosperms pollen flora of Pakistan using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for its taxonomic significance in identification of gymnosperms. Pollens of 35 gymnosperm species (12 genera and five families) were collected from its various distributional sites of gymnosperms in Pakistan. LM and SEM were used to investigate different palyno‐morphological characteristics. Five pollen types (i.e., Inaperturate, Monolete, Monoporate, Vesiculate‐bisaccate and Polyplicate) were observed. Six In equatorial view seven types of pollens were observed, in which ten species were sub‐angular, nine species were Traingular, six species were Perprolate, three species were Rhomboidal, three species were semi‐angular, two species were rectangular and two species were prolate. While five types of pollen were observed in polar view, in which ten species were Spheroidal, nine species were Angular, eight were Interlobate, six species were Circular, two species were Elliptic. Eighteen species has rugulate and 17 species has faveolate ornamentation. Eighteen species has verrucate and 17 have gemmate type sculpturing. The data was analysed through cluster analysis. The study showed that these palyno‐morphological features have significance value in classification and identification of gymnosperms. Based on these different palyno‐morphological features, a taxonomic key was proposed for the accurate and fast identifications of gymnosperms from Pakistan.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New 3,4‐Disubstituted Pyrroles and Pyrazoles
Authors: Simha Pulla Reddy , Ummadi Nagarjuna , Gudi Yamini , Venkatapuram Padmavathi , Adivireddy Padmaja
Published: October 2017

A variety of 3,4‐disubstituted pyrroles and pyrazoles were synthesized by the treatment of 1,3‐dipolar reagents viz., tosylmethyl isocyanide, and diazomethane to heteroaryl chalcones and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Among all the tested compounds, 14b and 15b displayed promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards particularly against Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger.
Patterns of chondrification and ossification in the skull of Graptemys pseudogeographica, the false map turtle (Emydidae)
Authors: Danielson Sharon C. , Sheil Christopher A.
Published: October 2017

Patterns of ossification and chondrification are well‐described for several species of turtles, but details of the chondrocranial anatomy are known for only a handful of species. Cleared and double‐stained embryos of Graptemys pseudogeographica were used to examine the fully formed chondrocranium and the formation, chondrification, and ossification of the cranium. The chondrocranium of G. pseudogeographica possesses an unusually large, irregularly shaped foramen epiphaniale that is joined with the fenestra olfactoria. As in other emydids, and many turtles generally, the taenia marginalis is present only as a small projection and the taenia medialis is lacking in mature stages of embryonic development. Ossification data for G. pseudogeographica are consistent with those of other Testudines in that the dentary and maxilla (dermal elements of the upper and lower jaws) ossify early, whereas the articular (an endochondral bone of the lower jaw) ossifies relatively late. Additionally, comparative ossification shows that the vomer is quite variable in its relative timing of ossification across Testudines.
Ontogenetic variation in the sensory structures on the pedipalps of cosmetid harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)
Authors: Townsend Victor R. , Enzmann Bruce P.
Published: October 2017

In arachnids, pedipalps are highly variable appendages that may be used in feeding, courtship, defense, and agonistic encounters. In cosmetid harvestmen, adults have pedipalps that feature flattened femora, spoon‐shaped tibiae, and robust tarsal claws. In contrast, the pedipalps of nymphs are elongate with cylindrical podomeres and are adorned with delicate pretarsi. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the distribution of cuticular structures (e.g., sensilla chaetica, pores) on the elements of the pedipalps of adults and nymphs of three species of cosmetid harvestmen. Our results indicate that there is considerable ontogenetic variation in the morphology of the trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus. The pretarsus of the nymph has a ventral patch of setae that is absent from the adult tarsal claw. We observed this structure on all three cosmetid species as well as on the pedipalps of an additional seven morphospecies of nymphs collected in Belize and Costa Rica. This structure may represent a previously unrecognized autapomorphy for Cosmetidae. Examinations of the pedipalps of antepenultimate nymphs of additional gonyleptoidean harvestmen representing the families Ampycidae, Cranaidae, Manaosbiidae, and Stygnidae revealed the occurrence of unusual, plumose tarsal setae, but no setal patches on the tarsal claw.
Relation between plasmonic tip emission and electromagnetic enhancement evidenced in tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Plathier J. , Merlen A. , Pignolet A. , Ruediger A.
Published: October 2017

We report tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements of single wall carbon nanotubes deposited on a barium titanate substrate. The tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy mappings demonstrate that the evolution of the gold tip enhanced luminescence is strongly correlated with the intensity of the Raman modes from the single wall carbon nanotubes and the substrate. As the tip emission is directly related to the plasmonic properties of the nanoantenna at the apex of the tip, it is possible to compare the frequency and intensity of each vibrational mode with the electromagnetic enhancement model. We find a very good agreement between all these parameters confirming the essential role of the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism in surface enhanced spectroscopy.
SERS investigation of neocuproine adsorption on silver: Influence of electrode potential on methyl groups
Authors: Solovyeva Elena V. , Rakhimbekova Assima , Lanchuk Yulia V. , Myund Liubov A. , Denisova Anna S.
Published: October 2017

Study of molecules adsorption on charged surfaces is important for biologically relevant substances where the potential at the interface such as living cell membrane is a significant parameter in the processes of their transportation or transmembrane penetration. In this work, a hybrid optical/electrochemical surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was applied to get new insight into the adsorption state and conformational equilibrium of neocuproine, which serves as a nucleic acid biosensor in clinical diagnostics and has biological activity towards several types of carcinoma. The density functional theory calculations performed for several rotational conformations and their anion radicals were used to determine the geometrical and energetic characteristics, to evaluate the rotational barrier, to obtain the vibrational assignment, and to consider the metal‐adsorbate charge transfer. The dependence of SERS spectra on surface potential is ascribed to a change of the rotational dynamics of methyl groups from hindered to almost free at potentials ≤−200 mV. It is demonstrated for the first time that SERS spectroscopy is capable to recognize the surface species, which differ in the methyl group internal rotation.
Electrothermal Actuator on Graphene Bilayer Film
Authors: Sang Wei , Zhao Liming , Tang Rong , Wu Yeping , Zhu Chunhua , Liu Jian
Published: October 2017

Electrodriven bilayer actuator is designed and fabricated by spin‐coating a reduced graphene oxide solution onto a polymer substrate. The bonded interface properties, electrical and thermal conductivities are characterized through scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The bilayer actuator exhibits fast and large bending response when a direct current voltage is applied to the graphene layer. Whereas it exhibits oscillation when an alternating current voltage is applied to the bilayer actuator. The effects of the layer structure and the electro‐operation methods on the bending motions are studied. Two new actuation modes are explored to broaden the applications of electrodriven bilayer actuator, which are achieved by the actuator structure design and the driven current control. Electrically responsive graphene bilayer soft actuator provides the potential applications in the fields of thin‐film electronics, sensors, and energy conversion.
Strict topologies on measure spaces
Authors: Samea H. , Fasahat E.
Published: October 2017

Let X be a measurable space, let be a family of measurable subsets of it, and let be a subspace of complex measures on X that is also closed under restrictions of measures. In this paper we introduce the ‐convergence topology and the ‐strict topology on . Among other results, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for Hausdorff‐ness and coincide‐ness of these topologies. Applications to Lebesgue spaces, and also examples in Hausdorff topological spaces and locally compact groups are given.
Zinc‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation Copolymerization of Aromatic Dialdehydes with Diphenylsilane
Authors: Li Chuanyang , Hua Xiufang , Mou Zehuai , Liu Xinli , Cui Dongmei
Published: October 2017

The hydrosilylation reaction of diphenylsilane and phthalaldehyde is catalyzed by heteroscorpionate zinc hydride complex LZnH (1, L = (MePz)2CP(Ph)2NPh, MePz = 3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl). Both terephthalaldehyde (tPAA) and isophthalaldehyde (iPAA) affords linear polymer; however, when PAA is used, a seven‐membered cyclic silyl ether is formed. These products are characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Other properties of polymers are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC)–multiangle laser‐light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry.
Fully automatic deformable registration of pretreatment MRI/CT for image‐guided prostate radiotherapy planning
Authors: Hamdan Iyas , Bert Julien , Rest Catherine Cheze Le , Tasu Jean Pierre , Boussion Nicolas , Valeri Antoine , Dardenne Guillaume , Visvikis Dimitris
Published: October 2017

Purpose

In prostate radiotherapy, dose distribution may be calculated on CT images, while the MRI can be used to enhance soft tissue visualization. Therefore, a registration between MR and CT images could improve the overall treatment planning process, by improving visualization with a demonstrated interobserver delineation variability when segmenting the prostate, which in turn can lead to a more precise planning. This registration must compensate for prostate deformations caused by changes in size and form between the acquisitions of both modalities.

Methods

We present a fully automatic MRI/CT nonrigid registration method for prostate radiotherapy treatment planning. The proposed registration methodology is a two‐step registration process involving both a rigid and a nonrigid registration step. The registration is constrained to volumes of interest in order to improve robustness and computational efficiency. The method is based on the maximization of the mutual information in combination with a deformation field parameterized by cubic B‐Splines.

Results

The proposed method was validated on eight clinical patient datasets. Quantitative evaluation, using Hausdorff distance between prostate volumes in both images, indicated that the overall registration errors is 1.6 ± 0.2 mm, with a maximum error of less than 2.3 mm, for all patient datasets considered in this study.

Conclusions

The proposed approach provides a promising solution for an effective and accurate prostate radiotherapy treatment planning since it satisfies the desired clinical accuracy.
On the equivalence of dynamic relaxation and the Newton‐Raphson method
Authors: Rombouts Jef , Lombaert Geert , De Laet Lars , Schevenels Mattias
Published: October 2017

Dynamic relaxation is an iterative method to solve nonlinear systems of equations, which is frequently used for form finding and analysis of structures that undergo large displacements. It is based on the solution of a fictitious dynamic problem where the vibrations of the structure are traced by means of a time integration scheme until a static equilibrium is reached. Fictitious values are used for the mass and damping parameters. Heuristic rules exist to determine these values in such a way that the time integration procedure converges rapidly without becoming unstable. Central to these heuristic rules is the assumption that the highest convergence rate is achieved when the ratio of the highest and lowest eigenfrequency of the structure is minimal. This short communication shows that all eigenfrequencies become identical when a fictitious mass matrix proportional to the stiffness matrix is used. If, in addition, specific values are used for the fictitious damping parameters and the time integration step, the dynamic relaxation method becomes completely equivalent to the Newton‐Raphson method. The Newton‐Raphson method can therefore be regarded as a specific form of dynamic relaxation. This insight may help to interpret and improve nonlinear solvers based on dynamic relaxation and/or the Newton‐Raphson method.
Treatment of polyacrylonitrile co‐polymer membrane by low temperature radio‐frequency nitrogen plasma
Authors: Pal Dipankar , Neogi Sudarsan , De Sirshendu
Published: October 2017

Radio frequency plasma discharge of nitrogen gas was employed for modification of the surface of polyacrylonitrile membranes. The enhancement of hydrophilicity of the plasma modified membrane was evaluated by measuring the contact angle. The influence of various plasma operating conditions, namely, power and exposure time on improvement of permeability and hydrophilicity of the membrane was investigated. Hydrophilicity of the plasma‐treated membranes was more at higher exposure time and power. Approximately 67% increase in permeability of the modified membrane was obtained, and it was retained up to 2 months. Hydrophilicity of the membrane surface was due to attachment of functional groups derived from nitrogen and oxygen.
Thin‐film composite membranes incorporated with large‐area graphene oxide sheets and adjustable surface charges
Authors: Yunessnia lehi Arash , Akbari Ahmad
Published: October 2017

In this research, composite membranes were prepared by cross‐linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) on amidoximated ultrafiltration membrane. During this procedure, it was taken advantage of large‐area graphene oxide sheets as graphitic nets in the active layer. These membranes were used to remove an industrial textile dye (Chrysophenine GX) from wastewater. Optimum condition for membrane preparation was 1.5% wt. of PVA, 1.5% wt. of GA, and 0.3% wt. of graphene oxide sheets. Permeation results showed that electrostatic charges on membrane surface have easily converted from positive into negative ones. Contact angle was significantly decreased (63.5° to 28.8°). Final nanofiltration membrane showed lowest fouling rate during removing the industrial direct dye (flux recovery ratio: 96.60%, reversible fouling ratio: 23.82%, and irreversible fouling ratio: 3.39%). Pore size of this membrane was <8 nm, and Chrysophenine GX was eliminated by 98.5% with water permeability of 12.23 L/m2.h.bar.
High‐concentration polybenzimidazole‐assisted exfoliation of boron nitride nanoflakes for polymer composites
Authors: Hu Kang , Yin Chuangen , Fan Jinchen , Min Yulin , Xu Qunjie
Published: October 2017

In this article, we present a facile method for fabricating high thermally conductive and high‐strength polybenzimidazole/boron nitride nanoflakes (BNNS) composites. In brief, based on the method of liquid‐phase exfoliation, the polybenzimidazole functionalized BNNS (f‐BNNS) were facile obtained by directly sonicating the bulk hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) flakes/dimethylsulfoxide dispersion in presence of polybenzimidazole. The yield concentration of exfoliated BNNS can facile reach a high concentration of ∼1.43 mg/mL after direct sonication of 10 h with assistance of polybenzimidazole. By means of solution casting, the obtained f‐BNNS/polybenzimidazole composite films shows higher thermally conductivity and mechanical property compared to that of hexagonal boron nitride/polybenzimidazole composites. With 20 wt% of f‐BNNS loading, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of f‐BNNS/polybenzimidazole composite film can reach ∼225.7 and 252.6 MPa. When the loading of f‐BNNS is 30 wt%, the thermal conductivity of f‐BNNS/polybenzimidazole composites is ∼8.58 W/mK, 27.68 times higher than that of pure polybenzimidazole. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:4285–4297, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Clustering of prevention behaviours in patients with high‐risk primary melanoma
Authors: Green Adèle C. , Hughes Maria Celia B. , von Schuckmann Lena A. , Khosrotehrani Kiarash , Smithers B. Mark
Published: October 2017

Objective

Because melanoma patients are at high risk of further disease, we aimed to study their melanoma prevention behaviours.

Methods

In a large cohort of patients newly diagnosed with high‐risk melanoma in Queensland, Australia, we assessed clustering of preventive behaviours using latent class analysis. We assessed associated factors with prevalence proportion ratios (PPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by Poisson regression and also if preventive behaviour was associated with better tumour prognosis at diagnosis.

Results

Among 789 primary melanoma patients (57% male; 21% with previous melanoma), we identified 4 different behaviour clusters: “no/ low prevention” (34% of cohort), “sun protection only” (25%), “skin checks only” (25%), and “sun protection and skin checks” (17%). Prevalence of clusters differed between males and females and also the component behaviours. Preventive behaviours were associated with having skin that burned and past cutaneous cancer, and for males, combined sun protective and skin checking behaviour was associated with higher education and non‐smoking. In patients with no past history of cutaneous cancer, males in the “skin checks only” cluster had significantly reduced chances of a thick (poor prognosis) melanoma (PPR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.68, 0.91) and females in the “sun protection and skin checks” cluster were significantly less likely to have an ulcerated melanoma (PPR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.74, 0.98) compared with the “no/ low prevention” cluster.

Conclusion

These findings allow tailoring of preventive advice to melanoma patients to reduce their risk of future primary and recurrent disease.
Understanding acceptability of and engagement with Web‐based interventions aiming to improve quality of life in cancer survivors: A synthesis of current research
Authors: Corbett Teresa , Singh Karmpaul , Payne Liz , Bradbury Katherine , Foster Claire , Watson Eila , Richardson Alison , Little Paul , Yardley Lucy
Published: October 2017

Objective

This review sought to summarize existing knowledge to inform the development of an online intervention that aims to improve quality of life after cancer treatment.

Methods

To inform our intervention, we searched for studies relating to Web‐based interventions designed to improve quality of life in adults who have completed primary treatment for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer (as these are 3 of the most common cancers and impact a large number of cancer survivors). We included a variety of study designs (qualitative research, feasibility/pilot trials, randomized trials, and process evaluations) and extracted all available information regarding intervention characteristics, experiences, and outcomes. Data were synthesized as textual (qualitative) data and analyzed by using thematic analysis.

Results

Fifty‐seven full text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 16 papers describing 9 interventions were analyzed. Our findings suggest that cancer survivors value interventions that offer content specific to their changing needs and are delivered at the right stage of the cancer trajectory. Social networking features do not always provide added benefit, and behavior change techniques need to be implemented carefully to avoid potential negative consequences for some users.

Conclusions

Future work should aim to identify appropriate strategies for promoting health behavior change, as well as the optimal stage of cancer survivorship to facilitate intervention delivery.

Clinical Implications

The development of Web‐based interventions for cancer survivors requires further exploration to better understand how interventions can be carefully designed to match this group's unique needs and capabilities. User involvement during development may help to ensure that interventions are accessible, perceived as useful, and appropriate for challenges faced at different stages of the cancer survivorship trajectory.
Investigations of Nanoscale Defects in Crystalline and Powder ZnSe Doped With Fe for Laser Application
Authors: Gavrishchuk Evgeny , Zykova Marina , Mozhevitina Elena , Avetisov Roman , Ikonnikov Vladimir , Savin Dmitry , Rodin Sergey , Firsov Konstantin , Kazantsev Sergey , Kononov Igor , Avetissov Igor
Published: October 2017

The theoretical and experimental analysis of the ternary system Zn‐Se‐Fe for obtaining new fundamental information on phase using X‐ray analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass‐spectrometry is carried out. New experimental data of isothermal annealing in the Zn‐Se‐Fe system at the temperatures 730, 814, 1073 K by X‐ray studies confirms the reliability of theoretical isothermal sections. The information on Fe solubility and concentrations of native point defects of atomic scale at bi‐ and monovariant conditions at 1073 and 1273 K have been carried out. Taking into account the new data on phase equilibria, it is possible to fabricate active ZnSe:Fe2+ elements to create an effective laser operating at the temperature of 300 K with 1.52 Joule emission energy with efficiency of ≈50% relative to the absorbed energy.
Chelidonine inhibits TNF‐α‐induced inflammation by suppressing the NF‐κB pathways in HCT116 cells
Authors: Zhang Zhi Hong , Mi Chunliu , Wang Ke Si , Wang Zhe , Li Ming Yue , Zuo Hong Xiang , Xu Guang Hua , Li Xuezheng , Piao Lian Xun , Ma Juan , Jin Xuejun
Published: October 2017

Nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) is a complex that regulates several hundreds of genes, including those involved in immunity and inflammation, survival, proliferation, and the negative feedback of NF‐κB signaling. Chelidonine, a major bioactive, isoquinoline alkaloid ingredient in Chelidonium majus, exhibits antiinflammatory pharmacological properties. However, its antiinflammatory molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, we explored the effect of chelidonine on TNF‐induced NF‐κB activation in HCT116 cells. We found chelidonine inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF‐κB alpha and nuclear translocation of RELA. Furthermore, by inhibiting the activation of NF‐κB, chelidonine downregulated target genes involved in inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Chelidonine also inhibited mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway activation by blocking c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 phosphorylation. These results suggest that chelidonine may be a potential therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases in which inhibition of NF‐κB activity plays an important role.
Combined imaging and molecular techniques for evaluating microbial function and composition: A review
Authors: Weisener Christopher G. , Reid Thomas
Published: October 2017

In most cases, microbial function will determine the direction and onset of specific metabolic pathways as defined by their favorable thermodynamic outcome. Thus, the degree of chemical alteration in contact with minerals and bacteria can be directly proportional to the biological activity. This activity can influence redox conditions both from a localized perspective and global scale. Under these conditions, microscale mechanisms become important, impacting both molecular diffusion and the distribution of substrates and products. Visualizing microorganisms in their natural environments is no simple task and requires analytical tools that can measure cell function and chemical speciation at the sub‐micrometer level. In the last decade, the scientific community has observed a rapid increase in development of advanced imaging methods (eg, high‐resolution secondary mass spectrometry [NanoSIMS]) and synchrotron‐based approaches such as scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM). Coupled to culture‐independent techniques (eg, next generation sequencing technologies), these combined approaches excel at exploring microbial/mineral and sediment dynamics leading to valuable insight into both structure and function of single cells and diverse microbial communities in engineered and natural environments. This review focuses on recent advances in high‐resolution imaging and molecular‐based tools used to characterize microbial communities and function within natural systems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercalating Ti2Nb14O39 Anode Materials for Fast‐Charging, High‐Capacity and Safe Lithium–Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Chunfu , Deng Shengjue , Kautz David J. , Xu Zhihao , Liu Tao , Li Jianbao , Wang Ning , Lin Feng
Published: October 2017

Ti–Nb–O binary oxide materials represent a family of promising intercalating anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. In additional to their excellent capacities (388–402 mAh g–1), these materials show excellent safety characteristics, such as an operating potential above the lithium plating voltage and minimal volume change. Herein, this study reports a new member in the Ti–Nb–O family, Ti2Nb14O39, as an advanced anode material. Ti2Nb14O39 porous spheres (Ti2Nb14O39‐S) exhibit a defective shear ReO3 crystal structure with a large unit cell volume and a large amount of cation vacancies (0.85% vs all cation sites). These morphological and structural characteristics allow for short electron/Li+‐ion transport length and fast Li+‐ion diffusivity. Consequently, the Ti2Nb14O39‐S material delivers significant pseudocapacitive behavior and excellent electrochemical performances, including high reversible capacity (326 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), high first‐cycle Coulombic efficiency (87.5%), safe working potential (1.67 V vs Li/Li+), outstanding rate capability (223 mAh g–1 at 40 C) and durable cycling stability (only 0.032% capacity loss per cycle over 200 cycles at 10 C). These impressive results clearly demonstrate that Ti2Nb14O39‐S can be a promising anode material for fast‐charging, high capacity, safe and stable lithium‐ion batteries.
Neuroprotective Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on Human Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Osborne Andrew , Sanderson Julie , Martin Keith R.
Published: October 2017

Optic neuropathies such as glaucoma occur when retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye are injured. Strong evidence suggests mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be a potential therapy to protect RGCs; however, little is known regarding their effect on the human retina. We, therefore, investigated if human MSCs (hMSCs), or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) as produced by hMSC, could delay RGC death in a human retinal explant model of optic nerve injury. Our results showed hMSCs and the secreted growth factor PDGF-AB could substantially reduce human RGC loss and apoptosis following axotomy. The neuroprotective pathways AKT, ERK, and STAT3 were activated in the retina shortly after treatments with labeling seen in the RGC layer. A dose dependent protective effect of PDGF-AB was observed in human retinal explants but protection was not as substantial as that achieved by culturing hMSCs on the retina surface which resulted in RGC cell counts similar to those immediately post dissection. These results demonstrate that hMSCs and PDGF have strong neuroprotective action on human RGCs and may offer a translatable, therapeutic strategy to reduce degenerative visual loss.
Twenty‐first‐century communicators: How registrars can reject ‘university idiolect’
Authors: Taylor Zachary W.
Published: October 2017

In general, those who work in higher education hold a bachelor's degree or higher, with most positions requiring a master's degree. Given the education levels of most people who work at colleges and universities, it is no surprise that complex, idiosyncratic terms such as bursar, unsubsidized, advanced‐standing credit, concurrent enrollment, prerequisite courses, and registrar have become institutionalized — almost natural — for higher education professionals to incorporate into their daily lexicon. Speaking in an elevated “university idiolect” and working in a higher education environment may numb some to the realities of the literacy levels of the United States population.
Drug nanocrystals for cancer therapy
Authors: Miao Xiaoqing , Yang Wuwei , Feng Tao , Lin Jing , Huang Peng
Published: October 2017

Drug nanocrystals (NCs) with fascinating physicochemical properties have attracted great attention in drug delivery. High drug‐loading efficiency, great structural stability, steady dissolution, and long circulation time are a few examples of these properties, which makes drug NCs an excellent formulation for efficient cancer therapy. In the last two decades, there are a lot of hydrophobic or lipophilic drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), camptothecin (CPT), thymectacin, busulfan, cyclosporin A, 2‐devinyl‐2‐(1‐hexyloxyethyl) pyropheophorbide (HPPH), and so on, which have been formulated into drug NCs for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in drug NCs‐based cancer treatment. So far, there are main three methods to synthesize drug NCs, including top‐down, bottom‐up, and combination methods. The characterization methods of drug NCs were also elaborated. Furthermore, the applications and mechanisms of drug NCs were introduced by their administration routes. At the end, we gave a brief conclusion and discussed the future perspectives of drug NCs in cancer therapy.

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Behead and live long or the tale of cathepsin L
Authors: Streubel Maria Karolin , Bischof Johannes , Weiss Richard , Duschl Jutta , Liedl Wolfgang , Wimmer Herbert , Breitenbach Michael , Weber Manuela , Geltinger Florian , Richter Klaus , Rinnerthaler Mark
Published: October 2017

In recent decades Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be one of the most valuable model organisms of aging research. Pathways such as autophagy or the effect of substances like resveratrol and spermidine that prolong the replicative as well as chronological lifespan of cells were described for the first time in S. cerevisiae. In this study we describe the establishment of an aging reporter that allows a reliable and relative quick screening of substances and genes that have an impact on the replicative lifespan. A cDNA library of the flatworm Dugesia tigrina that can be immortalized by beheading was screened using this aging reporter. Of all the flatworm genes, only one could be identified that significantly increased the replicative lifespan of S.cerevisiae. This gene is the cysteine protease cathepsin L that was sequenced for the first time in this study. We were able to show that this protease has the capability to degrade such proteins as the yeast Sup35 protein or the human α‐synuclein protein in yeast cells that are both capable of forming cytosolic toxic aggregates. The degradation of these proteins by cathepsin L prevents the formation of these unfolded protein aggregates and this seems to be responsible for the increase in replicative lifespan.
Inflammatory molecules and neurotrophic factors as biomarkers of neuropsychomotor development in preterm neonates: A Systematic Review
Authors: Magalhães Rafael C. , Pimenta Letícia P. , Barbosa Izabela G. , Moreira Janaina M. , de Barros João L.V.M. , Teixeira Antônio L. , Simões e Silva Ana C.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To provide a systematic review investigating the role of inflammatory molecules and neurotrophic factors as biomarkers of neuropsychomotor development in preterm neonates. Data Source: Databases including PubMed, BIREME, and Scopus were systematically searched. Observational studies, as well as transversal, and cohort studies using human subjects published from 1990 to September 2017 were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently identified eligible studies and analyzed their characteristics, quality, and accuracy in depth. Data synthesis: 11 eligible studies clearly investigated the association between peripheral inflammation and motor and/or cognitive development in preterm infants. However, the selected populations differed in relation to the events associated with prematurity and the risk factors to abnormal motor and/or cognitive development. These studies measured circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins, and growth factors. The most commonly analyzed proteins were IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL8/IL‐8, IGFBP‐1, and VEGF. In seven of the eligible studies, plasma levels of IL‐6 correlated with development delay. Two studies reported correlation between CXCL8/IL‐8 plasma levels with cognitive and motor delay. In one study, higher levels of MCP‐1/CCL2 were associated with better cognitive and motor outcome. Conclusion: There is preliminary evidence indicating that circulating inflammatory molecules are associated with motor and cognitive development in preterm neonates, even considering different populations.
“From a Vibrant City to a Warzone”: Shostakovich's 7th Symphony as a means to foster historical understanding through empathy
Authors: Pellegrino Anthony M. , d'Erizans Alex , Adragna Joseph L.
Published: October 2017

Scholars have long pointed to the power of music as a primary source in instruction for bringing past actors into sharper view and engender deeper connections with the past. By employing Dimitri Shostakovich's 7th Symphony, composed amidst the Nazi siege of Leningrad during the Second World War, we sought to explore, more precisely, the nature of how music, as a primary source, enhances the study of history among students. Through the formulation, execution, and assessment of a two-day lesson with students in five secondary history classes, three of which listened to the symphony and two of which did not, we found that the incorporation of the symphony resulted in students’ enhanced empathetic understanding of the past. Implications include details regarding profound opportunities for, as well as challenges to, cultivating historical empathy through the use of music as a primary source.
Individual variability in clinical effect and tolerability of opioid analgesics – Importance of drug interactions and pharmacogenetics
Authors: Solhaug Vigdis , Molden Espen
Published: October 2017

Background

As pain is often a comorbid condition, many patients use opioid analgesics in combination with several other drugs. This implies a generally increased risk of drug interactions, which along with inherent pharmacogenetic variability and other factors may cause differences in therapeutic response of opioids.

Aim

To provide an overview of interactions and pharmacogenetic variability of relevance for individual differences in effect and tolerability of opioid analgesics, which physicians and other healthcare professionals should be aware of in clinical practice.

Methods

The article was based on unsystematic searches in PubMed to identify literature highlighting the clinical impact of drug interactions and pharmacogenetics as sources of variable response of opioid analgesics.

Results

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism is an important process for both clinically relevant interactions and pharmacogenetic variability of several opioids. Concomitant use of CYP inhibitors (e.g. paroxetine, fluoxetine and bupropion) or inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin) could counteract the clinical effect or trigger side effects of analgesics in the same manner as genetically determined differences in CYP2D6-mediated metabolism of many opioids. Moreover, combination treatment with drugs that inhibit or induce P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), a blood-brain barrier efflux transporter, may alter the amount (‘dose’) of opioids distributed to the brain. At the pharmacodynamic level, it is crucial to be aware of the potential risk of interaction causing serotonergic syndrome when combining opioids and serotonergic drugs, in particular antidepressants inhibiting serotonin reuptake (SSRIs and SNRIs). Regarding pharmacogenetics at the receptor level of pain treatment, the knowledge is currently scarce, but an allelic variant of the μ1 opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene has been associated with higher dosage requirement to achieve analgesia.

Conclusions and implications

Drug interactions and pharmacogenetic differences may lead to therapeutic failure or serious side effects of opioid analgesics. Many interactions involve combinations with antidepressants and antiepileptics, which are highly relevant drugs in patients suffering from pain. To prevent unfavourable drug interactions it is important that clinicians pay close attention and use electronic drug interaction checkers when treatments are initiated or discontinued. For the management of issues related to pharmacogenetic differences, blood-based CYP genotyping is available as routine test at many laboratories, and provide a valuable tool for proper choice of drugs and doses for treatment of pain and other diseases.
The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter
Authors: Cohen Mark A.
Published: October 2017

This paper identifies the individual components of social harm associated with a hypothetical racially targeted police encounter. Individuals who believe they are being targeted by police because they are members of a racial minority may suffer from fear of physical harm and humiliation by the encounter itself. However, the very fact that individuals will be racially targeted for a police encounter also causes harm to other members of the minority group even if they are not directly subject to an unwarranted encounter. In addition to fear and anxiety over the risk of such an encounter, they will often undertake costly avoidance behaviors to reduce their risk, or to mitigate the risk of any harm if such an encounter occurs. In addition, other members of society who value a nondiscriminatory policing policy might be willing to pay to reduce such unwarranted police encounters, and hence suffer a loss from this policing policy. In addition to discussing possible methodologies for estimating these cost components, this paper raises several issues that must be resolved – such as how to deal with the difference between perceived and actual racially targeted police encounters.
An innovative short-stay health care model for treatment of uncomplicated vaso-occlusive crisis in adult sickle cell disease patients in Canada to reduce emergency department utilization
Authors: Binding Andrew , Ward Richard , Phua Chai , Naessens Veronique , O’Brien Tara , Bhatia Sacha , Baranek Hayley , Marani Husayn , Mukerji Geetha
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) with vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) often visit the emergency department (ED) for management of painful episodes. The primary objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the acceptability of a short-stay model for treatment of VOC in SCD outside of the ED in Toronto, Canada. Secondary objectives were to assess patient satisfaction of this model, barriers to its use and comparison of clinical outcomes to a historical control.

Methods

Adult SCD patients with symptoms of an uncomplicated VOC between October 2014 to July 2016 were managed according to best practice recommendations in a short-stay unit as an alternative to the local emergency room. Primary outcome of time to first analgesia, and secondary outcome of discharge rate were compared to a historical control at a local ED from 2009-2012. Satisfaction and barriers to use of the ambulatory care delivery model were assessed by patient survey.

Results

Twenty-one visits were recorded at the short-stay unit during the study period. Average time to first opiate dose was 23.5 minutes in the short-stay unit compared to 100.3 minutes in the ED (p<0.001). Discharge rate from the short-stay unit was 84.2%. Average patient satisfaction with this model of care was high (>4/5 on Likert scale) except for geographic accessibility (85% response rate, n=18).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated high patient satisfaction and acceptability of a short-stay model for treatment of uncomplicated VOC in adult SCD patients in Toronto, the first of its kind in Canada.