bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Effects of Repetitive Anaesthesia Administration on the Brain Tissues and Cognitive Functions of Rats with Experimental Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Eryilmaz Nuray Camgoz , Arslan Mustafa , Kucuk Aysegul , Tuna Ayca Tas , Guney Sevin , Kaplanoglu Gulnur Take , Kavutcu Mustafa
Published: August 2024

Introduction: We evaluated the effects of repeated ketamine, propofol, and ketamine + propofol administration on cognitive functions and brain tissue of elderly rat models with streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and Methods: Thirty elderly male Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups: control (Group C), Alzheimer’s (Group A), Alzheimer’s + ketamine (Group AK), Alzheimer’s + propofol (Group AP), and Alzheimer’s + propofol + ketamine (Group APK). Alzheimer’s disease was induced in Groups A, AK, AP, and APK via intracerebroventricular streptozotocin. Four weeks after surgery, ketamine, propofol, and ketamine + propofol were administered intraperitoneally for 3 days to Groups AK, AP, and APK, respectively. The radial arm maze test (RAMT) was performed in the initial, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks after surgery and daily following anaesthesia. Blood and brain tissue samples were obtained. Results: The RAMT results of Groups A, AK, AP, and APK decreased compared to Group C 2 weeks after Alzheimer’s disease onset. Compared to Group A, the RAMT results increased in Groups AK and APK after the first anaesthesia, and in Group AP after the second anaesthesia. Brain tissue paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and catalase (CAT) activities were low, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level was high in Group A compared to Group C. TBARS levels of Groups AP and APK were lower than Group A, while CAT activity was higher. PON-1 activity was higher in Groups AK, AP, and APK than in Group A. Histopathological changes decreased in Groups AP and AK. A decrease in p53 was found in Group C compared to Group A. Ketamine and propofol were found to be effective at Bcl-2 immunoexpression, but a decrease in Caspase-3 was observed in Group APK. GFAP immunoexpression increased in Group A compared to Group C and in Group AP compared to Group AK. Conclusions: Repetitive anaesthesia application was found to positively affect cognitive functions. This was supported by histopathological and biochemical markers.
Creolizing as an Antidote to the Allures of Parochialism
Authors: Gordon Jane Anna
Published: August 2024

This article begins with critical discussion of why parochialism is so alluring, suggesting that we need to understand its tenacious seductions if we really aim to displace, uproot, or transcend it. Arguing that parochialism as a value is not primarily a question of ignorance, but an antipathetic orientation toward incompleteness, interdependency, and entanglement, it then turns briefly to explaining what is meant by creolizing theory. The article closes by offering creolizing’s central insights as a potential antidote to parochialism since they begin with the observation that for any lifeways to meaningfully continue, especially those to which we are most attached, they must be constantly resituated, refashioned, and made new. It ends with a brief meditation on ways to manage anxieties unleashed with radical uncertainty, affirming the depth of the challenges of turning from idolatry.
Software-Defined-Networking-Based One-versus-Rest Strategy for Detecting and Mitigating Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks in Smart Home Internet of Things Devices
Authors: Karmous Neder , Aoueileyine Mohamed Ould-Elhassen , Abdelkader Manel , Romdhani Lamia , Youssef Neji
Published: August 2024

The number of connected devices or Internet of Things (IoT) devices has rapidly increased. According to the latest available statistics, in 2023, there were approximately 17.2 billion connected IoT devices; this is expected to reach 25.4 billion IoT devices by 2030 and grow year over year for the foreseeable future. IoT devices share, collect, and exchange data via the internet, wireless networks, or other networks with one another. IoT interconnection technology improves and facilitates people’s lives but, at the same time, poses a real threat to their security. Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are considered the most common and threatening attacks that strike IoT devices’ security. These are considered to be an increasing trend, and it will be a major challenge to reduce risk, especially in the future. In this context, this paper presents an improved framework (SDN-ML-IoT) that works as an Intrusion and Prevention Detection System (IDPS) that could help to detect DDoS attacks with more efficiency and mitigate them in real time. This SDN-ML-IoT uses a Machine Learning (ML) method in a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environment in order to protect smart home IoT devices from DDoS attacks. We employed an ML method based on Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Naive Bayes (NB) with a One-versus-Rest (OvR) strategy and then compared our work to other related works. Based on the performance metrics, such as confusion matrix, training time, prediction time, accuracy, and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), it was established that SDN-ML-IoT, when applied to RF, outperforms other ML algorithms, as well as similar approaches related to our work. It had an impressive accuracy of 99.99%, and it could mitigate DDoS attacks in less than 3 s. We conducted a comparative analysis of various models and algorithms used in the related works. The results indicated that our proposed approach outperforms others, showcasing its effectiveness in both detecting and mitigating DDoS attacks within SDNs. Based on these promising results, we have opted to deploy SDN-ML-IoT within the SDN. This implementation ensures the safeguarding of IoT devices in smart homes against DDoS attacks within the network traffic.
Graphene-Based Tunable Polarization Conversion Metasurface for Array Antenna Radar Cross-Section Reduction
Authors: Zhang Yang’an , Li Yuxi , Li Yao , Yuan Xueguang , Yan Xin , Zhang Xia
Published: August 2024

A graphene-based tunable polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) was designed and analyzed for the purpose of reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of array antennas. The metasurface comprises periodic shuttle-shaped metal patches, square-patterned graphene, and inclined grating-patterned graphene. By adjusting the Fermi energy levels of the upper (μ1) and lower (μ2) graphene layers, different states were achieved. In State 1, with μ1 = 0 eV and μ2 = 0.5 eV, the polarization conversion ratio (PCR) exceeded 0.9 in the bandwidths of 1.65–2.19 THz and 2.29–2.45 THz. In State 2, with μ1 = μ2 = 0.5 eV, the PCR was greater than 0.9 in the 1.23–1.85 THz and 2.24–2.60 THz bands. In State 3, with μ1 = μ2 = 1 eV, the PCR exceeded 0.9 in the 2.56–2.75 THz and 3.73–4.05 THz bands. By integrating the PCM with the array antenna, tunable RCS reduction was obtained without affecting the basic radiation functionality of the antenna. In State 1, RCS reduction was greater than 10 dB in the 1.60–2.43 THz and 3.63–3.72 THz frequency ranges. In State 2, the RCS reduction exceeded 10 dB in the 2.07–2.53 THz, 2.78–2.98 THz, and 3.70–3.81 THz bands. In State 3, RCS reduction was greater than 10 dB in the 1.32–1.43 THz, 2.51–2.76 THz, and 3.76–4.13 THz frequency ranges. This polarization conversion metasurface shows significant potential for applications in switchable and tunable antenna RCS reduction.
The Tunable Parameters of Graphene-Based Biosensors
Authors: Tene Talia , Svozilík Jiří , Colcha Dennys , Cevallos Yesenia , Vinueza-Naranjo Paola Gabriela , Vacacela Gomez Cristian , Bellucci Stefano
Published: August 2024

Graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have emerged as a promising technology for the highly sensitive and accurate detection of biomolecules. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of graphene-based SPR biosensors, focusing on configurations with single and bimetallic metallic layers. In this study, we investigated the impact of various metallic substrates, including gold and silver, and the number of graphene layers on key performance metrics: sensitivity of detection, detection accuracy, and quality factor. Our findings reveal that configurations with graphene first supported on gold exhibit superior performance, with sensitivity of detection enhancements up to 30% for ten graphene layers. In contrast, silver-supported configurations, while demonstrating high sensitivity, face challenges in maintaining detection accuracy. Additionally, reducing the thickness of metallic layers by 30% optimizes light coupling and enhances sensor performance. These insights highlight the significant potential of graphene-based SPR biosensors in achieving high sensitivity of detection and reliability, paving the way for their application in diverse biosensing technologies. Our findings pretend to motivate future research focusing on optimizing metallic layer thickness, improving the stability of silver-supported configurations, and experimentally validating the theoretical findings to further advance the development of high-performance SPR biosensors.
Improved YOLOv8 Algorithm for Water Surface Object Detection
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhao Hong
Published: August 2024

To address the issues of decreased detection accuracy, false detections, and missed detections caused by scale differences between near and distant targets and environmental factors (such as lighting and water waves) in surface target detection tasks for uncrewed vessels, the YOLOv8-MSS algorithm is proposed to be used to optimize the detection of water surface targets. By adding a small target detection head, the model becomes more sensitive and accurate in recognizing small targets. To reduce noise interference caused by complex water surface environments during the downsampling process in the backbone network, C2f_MLCA is used to enhance the robustness and stability of the model. The lightweight model SENetV2 is employed in the neck component to improve the model’s performance in detecting small targets and its anti-interference capability. The SIoU loss function enhances detection accuracy and bounding box regression precision through shape awareness and geometric information integration. Experiments on the publicly available dataset FloW-Img show that the improved algorithm achieves an mAP@0.5 of 87.9% and an mAP@0.5:0.95 of 47.6%, which are improvements of 5% and 2.6%, respectively, compared to the original model.
Energy-Oriented Hybrid Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Platoons
Authors: Li Shibo , Chu Liang , Fu Pengyu , Pu Shilin , Wang Yilin , Li Jinwei , Guo Zhiqi
Published: August 2024

Given the complex powertrain of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and diversified vehicle platooning synergy constraints, a control strategy that simultaneously considers inter-vehicle synergy control and energy economy is one of the key technologies to improve transportation efficiency and release the energy-saving potential of platooning vehicles. In this paper, an energy-oriented hybrid cooperative adaptive cruise control (eHCACC) strategy is proposed for an FCEV platoon, aiming to enhance energy-saving potential while ensuring stable car-following performance. The eHCACC employs a hybrid cooperative control architecture, consisting of a top-level centralized controller (TCC) and bottom-level distributed controllers (BDCs). The TCC integrates an eco-driving CACC (eCACC) strategy based on the minimum principle and random forest, which generates optimal reference velocity datasets by aligning the comprehensive control objectives of the platoon and addressing the car-following performance and economic efficiency of the platoon. Concurrently, to further unleash energy-saving potential, the BDCs utilize the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) to determine optimal powertrain control inputs by combining the reference datasets with detailed optimization information and system states of the powertrain components. A series of simulation evaluations highlight the improved car-following stability and energy efficiency of the FCEV platoon.
Development and Evaluation of Ferrite Core Inductively Coupled Plasma Radio Frequency Ion Source for High-Current Ion Implanters in Semiconductor Applications
Authors: Hwang Jong-Jin , Sim Hyo-Jun , Moon Seung-Jae
Published: August 2024

This study presents the development of a ferrite core inductively coupled plasma (ICP) radio frequency (RF) ion source designed to improve the lifetime of ion sources in commercial ion implanters. Unlike existing DC methods, this novel approach aims to enhance the performance and lifetime of the ion source. We constructed a high-vacuum evaluation chamber to thoroughly examine RF ion source characteristics using a Langmuir probe. Comparative experiments assessed the extraction current of two upgraded ferrite core RF ion sources in a commercial ion implanter setting. Additionally, we tested the plasma lifetime of the ICP source and took temperature measurements of various components to verify the operational stability and efficiency of the innovative design. This study confirmed that the ICP RF ion source operated effectively under a high vacuum of 10−5 torr and in a high-voltage environment of 30 kV. We observed that the extraction current increased linearly with RF power. We also confirmed that BF3 gas, which presents challenging conditions, was stably ionized in the ICP RF ion sources.
Leveraging Edge Computing for Video Data Streaming in UAV-Based Emergency Response Systems
Authors: Sarkar Mekhla , Sahoo Prasan Kumar
Published: August 2024

The rapid advancement of technology has greatly expanded the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in wireless communication and edge computing domains. The primary objective of UAVs is the seamless transfer of video data streams to emergency responders. However, live video data streaming is inherently latency dependent, wherein the value of the video frames diminishes with any delay in the stream. This becomes particularly critical during emergencies, where live video streaming provides vital information about the current conditions. Edge computing seeks to address this latency issue in live video streaming by bringing computing resources closer to users. Nonetheless, the mobile nature of UAVs necessitates additional trajectory supervision alongside the management of computation and networking resources. Consequently, efficient system optimization is required to maximize the overall effectiveness of the collaborative system with limited UAV resources. This study explores a scenario where multiple UAVs collaborate with end users and edge servers to establish an emergency response system. The proposed idea takes a comprehensive approach by considering the entire emergency response system from the incident site to video distribution at the user level. It includes an adaptive resource management strategy, leveraging deep reinforcement learning by simultaneously addressing video streaming latency, UAV and user mobility factors, and varied bandwidth resources.
A Compact Wearable Textile Antenna for NB-IoT and ISM Band Patient Tracking Applications
Authors: Sharma Deepti , Tiwari Rakesh N. , Kumar Sachin , Sharma Satyendra , Matekovits Ladislau
Published: August 2024

This paper proposes a novel multi-band textile monopole antenna for patient tracking applications. The designed antenna has compact footprints (0.13λ02) and works in the narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) 1.8 GHz, radio frequency identification (RFID), and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The impedance bandwidths and gain of the antenna at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 310 MHz, 960 MHz, and 1140 MHz; 3.7 dBi, 5.3 dBi, and 9.6 dBi, respectively. Also, the antenna’s behavior is checked on different body parts of the human body in various bending scenarios. As per the evaluated link budget, the designed antenna can easily communicate up to 100 m of distance. The specific absorption rate values of the designed antenna are also within acceptable limits as per the (FCC/ICNIRP) standards at the reported frequency bands. Unlike traditional rigid antennas, the proposed textile antenna is non-intrusive, enhancing user safety and comfort. The denim material makes it comfortable for extended wear, reducing the risk of skin irritation. It can also withstand regular wear and tear, including stretching and bending. The presented denim-based antenna can be seamlessly integrated into clothing and accessories, making it less obtrusive and more aesthetically pleasing.
AI-Driven Prediction of Compressive Strength in Self-Compacting Concrete: Enhancing Sustainability through Ultrasonic Measurements
Authors: Benaicha Mouhcine
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the compressive strength of self-compacting concrete (SCC) through ultrasonic measurements, thereby contributing to sustainable construction practices. By leveraging advancements in computational techniques, specifically artificial neural networks (ANNs), we developed highly accurate predictive models to forecast the compressive strength of SCC based on ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements. Our findings demonstrate a clear correlation between higher UPV readings and improved concrete quality, despite the general trend of decreased compressive strength with increased air-entraining admixture (AEA) concentrations. The ANN models show exceptional effectiveness in predicting compressive strength, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99 between predicted and actual values, providing a robust tool for optimizing SCC mix designs and ensuring quality control. This AI-driven approach enhances sustainability by improving material efficiency and significantly reducing the need for traditional destructive testing methods, thus offering a rapid, reliable, and non-destructive alternative for assessing concrete properties.
Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination Rates on Carbon Emissions Using LightGBM Model: Evidence from the EU Region
Authors: Yue Xinran , Li Yan
Published: August 2024

COVID-19 vaccination status has become a significant factor influencing carbon emissions in recent years. This paper explores the relationship between vaccination programs and CO2 emissions to provide scientific support for future emergency management. The study utilizes daily carbon emissions data and daily vaccination program data from six sectors within the European Union. It compares the accuracy of various machine learning models by incorporating 11 economic control variables. Additionally, it quantitatively decomposes the contribution of each variable to carbon emissions during the pandemic using SHAP values. The findings indicate that the LightGBM model predicts carbon emissions much more accurately than other models. Furthermore, COVID-19-related variables, such as daily vaccination volumes and cumulative vaccination totals, are identified as significant factors affecting carbon emissions.
Misinterpretation of Thermodynamic Parameters Evaluated from Activation Energy and Preexponential Factor Determined in Thermal Analysis Experiments
Authors: Vyazovkin Sergey
Published: August 2024

Thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are used broadly to study the kinetics of thermally stimulated processes such as thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) or thermal polymerization. These studies typically yield the activation energy (E) and preexponential factor (A). The resulting experimental values of E and A are oftentimes used to determine the so-called “thermodynamic parameters”, i.e., the enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Attention is called to the persistent and mistaken trend to interpret the resulting quantities as the thermodynamic parameters of the conversion of reactants to products. In fact, these quantities are specific to the conversion of reactants to the activated complex and, as such, provide no insights into the thermodynamics of the conversion of reactants to products. The basics of the activated complex (transition state) theory are provided to explain the meaning of the equations used for evaluating the thermodynamic parameters from the experimental values of E and A. Typical examples of misinterpretation are highlighted and discussed briefly. The applicability of the theory to the systems studied by the thermal analysis kinetics is also discussed.
Urban Outmigration and Student Mobility towards Rural Schools: Are We in an Early Stage of Rural Revival?
Authors: Núñez Carmen Gloria , Salinas-Silva Víctor , Cáceres-Serrano Pablo , González-Niculcar Bryan
Published: August 2024

Rural education is a strategic sector for rural revival projects. The presence and state of rural schools is an indicator on the sustainability of rural communities in its economic, social, and ecosystemic interactions. This study explores the Chilean case as it shows a movement in student mobility towards rural schools. Based on new data from the Ministry of Education, the study shows that primary school students indicate a shift in tutors and families’ preferences for rural schools, as rural schools’ enrolment has increased by 1% in the 2015–2020 period. In the context of a market-based education system, the data indicate a process in which rural systems are seen as viable alternatives for families. There is a clear landmark in rural mobility during the pandemic years; however, the study concludes that there is no indication of a catalyst for migration different from previous years or signs of rural revival yet. We suggest that further studies should be conducted to map how this trend may be replicating in different countries and geographies, as well as to ponder its implications for rural communities and its capacity to harbor urban out-migration.
Addressing climate change: Insights from New Zealand’s insurance companies
Authors:   , Mendoza Mary Gay
Published: August 2024

Climate change triggers extreme weather events globally, challenging the insurance industry’s climate risk management efforts. In New Zealand, the insurance sector is on the brink of financial instability due to the recent upswing in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. As these risks escalate, insurers must urgently address these challenges by reducing their exposure, devising new strategies, and implementing new business models to secure a climate-resilient and sustainable future. This exploratory research delves into the response of the New Zealand insurance industry to these challenges, examining and evaluating their adoption of climate-related risk strategies by using primary and secondary data content analysis. The primary data included 16 interviews with agents, employees, experts, and policyholders. The secondary data included annual and sustainability reports published by New Zealand insurance companies in the last three years (2021-2023). This research utilises the three dimensions of the Dynamic Capability Framework: Sensing, Seizing and Transforming capabilities as the guiding framework for the content analysis. The three themes were renamed to suit this research: Future-focused Risk Assessment and Sensing, Sustainable Innovation and Seizing Opportunities, and Strengthening Adaptability through Transformational Change. A comparative analysis of the primary and secondary data findings enabled redefinition and re-conceptualisation of codes and themes, improving the findings' trustworthiness. The findings unravelled the motivators, such as financial losses, reputational risks, operational perils, and compliance with regulations, compelling insurance companies to have effective climate risk management plans. There are also challenges that insurers face while mitigating climate change, which include data limitations and regulatory ambiguity, yet opportunities for innovation and market differentiation emerge. In addition, findings also revealed differences between local and multinational companies’ implementation of climate strategies and practices. Local companies are focused on how they can respond to their customers now, while multinational companies are focused on their long-term approach. Overall, the findings address the three research questions regarding New Zealand insurance companies' responses to climate change, highlighting their proactive strategies and adaptation measures in a dynamic environment. This research contributes significantly to the literature, shedding light on how New Zealand insurance companies respond to climate change. It underscores the strategic approach of adopting a Dynamic Capability Framework to gain a competitive edge while navigating the complexities of climate change. It strengthens the alignment of New Zealand insurance companies’ climate-mitigating practices, demonstrating their ability to create favourable business impacts in the face of climate change challenges.
A Rocking-chair Rechargeable Seawater Battery
Authors: Wu Jialong , Zheng Yongshuo , Zhang Pengfei , Rao Xiaoshuang , Zhang Zhenyu , Wu Jin-Ming , Wen Wei
Published: August 2024

Seawater batteries are attracting continuous attention because seawater as an electrolyte is inexhaustible, eco-friendly, and free of charge. However, the rechargeable seawater batteries developed nowadays show poor reversibility and short cycle life, due to the very limited electrode materials and complicated yet inappropriate working mechanism. Here, we propose a rechargeable seawater battery that works through a rocking-chair mechanism encountered in commercial lithium ion batteries, enabled by intercalation-type inorganic electrode materials of open-framework-type cathode and Na-ion conducting membrane-type anode. The rechargeable seawater battery achieves a high specific energy of 80.0 Wh/kg at 1,226.9 W/kg and a high specific power of 7,495.0 W/kg at 23.7 Wh/kg. Additionally, it exhibits excellent cycling stability, retaining 66.3% of its capacity over 1,000 cycles. This work represents a promising avenue for developing sustainable aqueous batteries with low costs.
The Association of Hyperlipidemia at Late Pregnancy With Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Azizi Kutenaei Maryam , Shakeri Firoozeh , Eini Fatemeh , Shakeri Nahid , Salehi Ensieh
Published: August 2024

Background: There is evidence that hyperlipidemia during early pregnancy is linked to adverse consequences for expecting mothers and newborns. This study assessed how hyperlipidemia in the third trimester affected outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 116 pregnant women with GDM.Maternal serum lipids were measured in the first and third trimesters of gestation. The participants were split into two groups: pregnant women with GDM and hyperlipidemia as the hyperlipidemia group (n=58) and pregnant women with only GDM as the non-hyperlipidemia group (n=58). The association between dyslipidemia and maternal and neonatal outcomes was evaluated. Results: Significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding maternal serum lipids at late gestation, body mass index (BMI), mean neonatal weight, preeclampsia, fetal macrosomia, and cesarean section. Maternal dyslipidemia was significantly related to increased odds of cesarean section (OR=2.622, CI:1.170-5.876, P=0.019) and preeclampsia (OR=4.452, CI:1.719-11.530, P=0.002). Newborns in the hyperlipidemia group had lower 1-minute Apgar scores than those in the non-hyperlipidemia group (P<0.001). Moreover, the risk of fetal macrosomia was 5.833 times higher in the hyperlipidemia group than in the non-hyperlipidemia group (OR=5.833, CI: 1.576-21.586, P=0.008). Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia at late gestation is related to complications and unfavorable maternal and neonatal outcomes. The evaluation of lipid profiles before and during pregnancy is needed to diagnose and manage maternal and neonatal complications, especially in high-risk populations like women with GDM.
Rapid Response to Gauze Strip Soaked in Triamcinolone, Neomycin, and Nystatin in Acute Otitis Externa
Authors: Askari Mehdi , Behboodi Elaheh , Zoghi Ghazal
Published: August 2024

Background: Acute otitis externa (AOE) is a common condition with multiple available treatments. This study aimed to compare gauze strips soaked in triamcinolone, neomycin, and nystatin with conventional eardrops for the treatment of AOE. Methods: This experimental study included patients with AOE referred to the Otolaryngology Clinic of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran, 2014-2015. Based on their signs and symptoms, patients were divided into two clinical groups of mild to moderate and moderate to severe AOE. Patients treated with polymyxin B, neomycin, and hydrocortisone (polymyxin NH), or ciprofloxacin plus betamethasone eardrops were regarded as controls (conventional eardrops), and those whose ear canal had been filled with a gauze strip soaked in triamcinolone, neomycin, and nystatin (triamcinolone NN) were regarded as cases. Results: A total of 76 ears were included in this study (36 and 40 cases with mild to moderate and moderate to severe AOE, respectively). After 24 hours, in both clinical groups with mild to moderate and moderate to severe AOE, response to treatment with triamcinolone NN-soaked gauze strips was significantly higher than conventional eardrops (94.4% vs. 11.1%, P<0.001 and 80% vs. 10%, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with mild to severe AOE appear to rapidly respond to gauze strips soaked in triamcinolone, neomycin, and nystatin.
The effect of high-intensity interval training and quercetin nanoliposome consumption on angiogenesis indexes in the heart tissue of myocardial infarction rats
Authors: Zaheri Abdehvand Samira , Jalali Dehkordi Khosro , Taghian Farzaneh
Published: August 2024

Background: Myocardial infarction is the death of the heart muscle tissue that causes tissue damage and inflammation. Quercetin consumption and interval training can probably prevent the progression of this condition in the active parts of the myocardium by activating angiogenesis pathways and stimulating hypoxia factor-1a (HIF-1a) at the onset of infarction. Objectives: This study investigates the effect of high-intensity interval training and quercetin nanoliposome consumption on angiogenesis indexes in the heart tissue of myocardial infarction rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male rats weighing 250 ± 20 g were randomly divided into five groups including: 1) myocardial infarction + training, 2) myocardial infarction + supplement, 3) myocardial infarction + training + supplement, 4) healthy control, and 5) myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was induced by subcutaneous injection of soprenaline hydrochloride at a dose of 80 mg / kg. Groups 2 and 3 received quercetin daily at a dose of 0.25 mg / kg body weight by gavage. Groups 1 and 3 performed 5 sessions of training protocol per week for 8 weeks. The Smirnov-Kolmogorov, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to analyze the data and the alpha level less than 0.05 was considered as a significant level. Results: Interval training and quercetin supplementation had a significant effect on increasing VEGF and HIF-1a gene expression (P=0.0009). Conclusion: The combined effect of interval training and quercetin consumption may prevent the progression of myocardial infarction by activating angiogenesis factors VEGF and HIF-1a in the early stages, and may play an effective role in preventing this disease.
A Review of the Mechanism of Action and Role of Bradykinin in Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms
Authors: Jandaghi Ali , Arab Firouzaei Maryam
Published: August 2024

Over a year has passed since the diagnosis of the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case in Wuhan, China. After that, this disease spread worldwide and infected people with a spectrum of symptoms, the most important and fatal of which are respiratory symptoms. Kinins, particularly bradykinin, are responsible for many respiratory functions, including vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and regulating permeability in vessels and lung tissue. The present study aims to review the bradykinin synthesis and degradation process, its mechanism of action, and its contribution to pulmonary function. Also, we investigate the role of bradykinin in treating and reducing the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Results indicate that engagement of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a factor contributing to vasomotion and vascular permeability, as a result of virus entrance and its failure to inactivate des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK) along with infiltration of proinflammatory cytokines, leads to increased vascular permeability and pulmonary edema. Consequently, inhibition of DABK synthesis or activity through blockade of the type 2 bradykinin receptors can help manage pulmonary edema.
Investigating the Relationship Between Spiritual Health and Emotional Intelligence With Attitude Toward Smoking Among Nursing Students
Authors: Ghelich Pour Soleyman , Jafari Khabaz Fariba , Taklif Mohammad Hossein , Tehranineshat Banafsheh
Published: August 2024

Background: Young individuals, such as students, are threatened by the use of tobacco products. Emotional intelligence and religiosity are protective factors against risky behaviors, such as smoking. This study investigates the relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual health on nursing students’ attitudes toward smoking. Materials and Methods: This correlational-descriptive study was conducted for three months with the available sampling method on all qualified undergraduate nursing students in 2022. A total of 283 nursing students willing to participate in the study completed the questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression in the SPSS software, version 21. Results: The Mean±SD age of the students was 22.74±3.26 years. There was a positive and significant relationship between spiritual well-being and attitude toward smoking (r=0.35, P<0.001) and also between emotional intelligence and attitude toward smoking (r=0.26, P<0.001). The data from multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that among the demographic information (spiritual well-being and emotional intelligence), spiritual well-being contributed more to explaining the attitude toward smoking (β=0.52, P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the attitude toward tobacco is related to various factors, such as age, history of smoking, having an addicted friend, emotional intelligence, and spiritual well-being. Accordingly, by holding educational workshops, university officials can play an effective role in strengthening and developing the components of spiritual well-being and emotional intelligence to prevent students from smoking.
Factors Related to Hookah Smoking Among the Iranian Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sadeghi Reza , Gerayllo Sakineh , Khanjani Narges , Hanna Fahad , Yoshany Nooshin
Published: August 2024

Background: Hookah smoking has become prevalent, especially among the Iranian population. Knowing the associated factors is essential in designing preventive interventions. This systematic review was conducted to consolidate the factors linked to hookah smoking in the Iranian people. Materials and Methods: This study searched 3 Iranian databases—Magiran, SID, and IranMedex—for articles in Persian and 4 international databases—Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, for articles in English. The search spanned from April 23, 2023, using the keywords "waterpipe," "hookah," "goza," "shisha," "hubble bubble," "narghile or smoking," and "predictive factors or predictors." This review followed the PRISMA (the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) framework. Results: The review included 16 studies (7 English papers and 8 Persian articles). Based on these studies, positive attitudes towards hookah smoking, subjective norms, self-efficacy, perceived threat, socializing with friends, passing leisure time, entertainment, unemployment, pleasant feeling, reducing anxiety and fatigue, and easy access to hookah were related to hookah smoking. Conclusion: The synthesized evidence from this systematic review highlights the influence of social, cultural, and contextual factors, such as unemployment, anxiety, fatigue, and easy access, on hookah smoking in Iran. Incorporating the above factors in designing and implementing public health interventions might effectively deter hookah use among Iranians.
An Overview of Nicotine Vaccines
Authors: Raoofi Amir , Mojadadi Mohammad-Shafi
Published: August 2024

Nicotine constitutes the main addictive component of tobacco products. Unfortunately, this compound accounts for millions of deaths and diseases worldwide. Nicotine addiction is a complex phenomenon with multiple biological, psychological, and social factors. One of the challenges in treating nicotine addiction relates to its high rate of relapse, often triggered by exposure to nicotine or smoking cues. Nicotine vaccines, a novel immunological approach, serve to prevent or reduce nicotine addiction. They induce the production of antibodies that bind to nicotine and block its entry into the brain. Nicotine vaccines have shown promising results in preclinical studies but have failed to demonstrate sufficient efficacy and safety in human trials. Several factors may contribute to the limited success of nicotine vaccines: Different antibody responses, genetic and environmental factors, the complexity of nicotine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the heterogeneity of smoking behavior and motivation. This study reviews the rationale, mechanism, development, preclinical studies, and clinical trials of nicotine vaccines, as well as the challenges and future directions of this research field. We believe future research should focus on improving the design and delivery of nicotine vaccines, identifying biomarkers and predictors of antibody responses and treatment outcomes, exploring the combination of nicotine vaccines with other pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and evaluating nicotine vaccines’ long-term effects and cost-effectiveness.
Investigating the Effects of Tax on Cigarette Smoking: Evidence From 58 Countries
Authors: Ansari Samani Habib , Mohebbi Hassan
Published: August 2024

Background: One of the most essential requirements for economic and political development and stability is considering the health of the society. Annually, about 13% of people worldwide die because of smoking (use of tobacco). Tax is a price tool to reduce tobacco use; however, the effectiveness of tax on smoking may vary according to the socio-economic status of different societies. This study investigates the effects of four components of absolute price (AP), affordability change (AC), tax share (Sh), and tax structure (St) on the percentage of smokers at a global level. Materials and Methods: This investigates the data provided by the Tobacconomics team, including four components on tobacco use. A total of 58 countries were selected and analyzed based on data availability. Since data for some countries was not available for some years, 2018 (most of the data for this year is available) was considered the reviewed year. Cross-sectional data have been used to estimate the model. This study uses the ordinary least squares regression for the model. Results: The results showed that AP and tax did not affect the percentage of smokers in the sample countries; however, St had a negative impact on smoking, while AC had a positive and significant effect on the number of smokers. Also, smoking increased due to increasing poverty. As a result, the price alone did not affect the percentage of smokers, but the relative and AC became important in smoking. In addition, St affected smoking more than tax. Conclusion: The estimation results of the model showed that Sh had no significant effect on the percentage of smokers. Meanwhile, Sh had no reducing impact on the percentage of smokers. In addition, increasing Sh can lead to an increase in cigarette smuggling. The results showed that tax alone cannot be a factor in reducing smoking; however, a suitable St can be considered an essential factor in reducing smoking. Hence, countries should focus more on the structure of the tax system than on the tax rate or revenue.
Natural Radioactivity of Tobacco and Its Role in Cancer Development
Authors: Haghparast Mohammad , Darvish Leili
Published: August 2024

Background: Tobacco use has remained a significant public health challenge worldwide due to its strong association with various cancers. One of the little-known factors contributing to tobacco-related cancers is the presence of naturally occurring radioactive substances in tobacco leaves. These naturally occurring radionuclides, such as radium-226, actinium-228, bismuth-214, and radium-228, originate from soil and fertilizers used in tobacco growing. Materials and Methods: In this review study, articles were collected from Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines using keywords: "natural radioactivity," "tobacco," "cancer development," "cigarette," "smoking," "cancer," "carcinogenesis," "radioresistance," and "radiotherapy." Articles were searched without a time limit. The inclusion criteria were articles written in English and having full-text availability. Results: The studies demonstrate a strong correlation between smoking and side effects of cancer treatment. These effects are not limited to specific cancer types but have been observed across various malignancies and therapies. Conclusion: The carcinogenic mechanism of tobacco is very diverse and complex, involving both chemical and radiobiological factors. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop sensitive methods to identify signature carcinogens in tobacco, facilitating effective and targeted epidemiological studies.
The Prevalence, Effective Factors, and Nicotine Dependence Among Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Zarei Mahdi , Asheghi Milad , Abbasi Amin , Baradaran Binazir Maryam
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Cigarette smoking, quite common among medical students, may downgrade their academic performance. Additionally, initiation of smoking at an early age can increase the likelihood of developing nicotine addiction. This study aims to identify the contributing factors to smoking prevalence and nicotine dependence among medical students in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data after obtaining participants’ consent and receiving the code of ethics. A checklist was used to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the information was entered into SPSS software and analyzed. Results: Out of the 334 individuals who participated in the research, 150(44.9%) were male, and 58(17.4%) were smokers. Significant correlations were observed between smoking, gender, and educational level. The level of nicotine dependence was categorized as very low in 10 individuals (3%), low in 8(2.4%), moderate in 15(4.5%), high in 16(4.8%), and very high in 9(2.7%). Significant relationships were found between nicotine dependence in medical students and their gender and educational level. Conclusion: There is a relatively high rate of cigarette smoking among medical students, strongly associated with male gender and educational level. As a result, collaborative planning across departments seems necessary to implement preventative, advisory, and therapeutic measures at the societal and university levels.
Smoking E-cigarettes and Seizures: A Review Study
Authors: Rahimi Fatemeh , Massoudifar Ali , Rahimi Roya , Eshaghi Sani Hadi
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also known as "e-cigarettes" or "vape," are battery-powered devices made to help smokers quit. Due to their flavors and being less harmful than conventional cigarettes, they have become popular among adolescents and youth. However, the adverse effects of e-cigarettes should also be considered. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking e-cigarettes and experiencing episodes of seizure. Materials and Methods: This review is based on research studies found in PubMed, Scholar, Elsevier, and Scopus databases with "electronic nicotine delivery systems"[Mesh] AND "seizures"[Mesh] as keywords. Among the available research, 15 articles were selected as sources for this writing. Results: Seizures resulting from the high electrical activity of the brain can be considered a consequence of nicotine toxicity. Inhalation of nicotine increases nicotine levels in plasma. Subsequently, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in different body parts. These areas include brain parts associated with seizures and neuronal excitability, where these receptors are highly expressed, and their activation can also lead to seizures. Conclusion: Although the long-term side effects of e-cigarettes are not fully understood, acute health problems, especially seizures, are now a matter of concern. Seizures might happen possibly due to nicotine toxicity, but the causal relationship between using e-cigarettes and seizures is not yet established and needs more information.
A Narrative Review on Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Asadi Sara , Babaei Maryam , Fathalipour Mohammad , Moradi Omid
Published: August 2024

Nicotine addiction and smoking are chronic conditions that increase the risk of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Hence, it is highly recommended for all nicotine addicts to quit smoking. Pharmacotherapy along with psychotherapy is important in helping people quit smoking. Several medications, such as nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion are used for this purpose. Different delivery systems for nicotine replacement therapy are available, such as transdermal patches, gums, lozenges, and sublingual tablets. Bupropion and varenicline are widely used as therapeutic options in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. In this paper, we have reviewed the clinical use of pharmacotherapeutic options available to aid smoking cessation in patients.
Pengaruh Stimulasi Janin dan Inisiasi Menyusui Dini terhadap Bonding Attachment
Authors: Apriani Arista , Rohmatika Dheny , Andhikatias Yunia Renny , Maretta Megayana Yessy , Wijayanti Wijayanti
Published: August 2024

Fetal stimulation and early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) have great benefits for the baby's development. This study aims to examine the effect of fetal stimulation and IMD on attachment bonding. This research used a quasi-experimental design, posttest only control design. The experimental group consisted of carrying out fetal stimulation by pregnant women and IMD, while the control group consisted of IMD. Post test to measure bonding attachment. Research location at PMB Wiwik Sumarni, Wonogiri, Central Java in November 2022 – April 2023. Purposive sampling technique with 15 per group. Respondents: Pregnant women with gestational age > 24 weeks were normal and were observed until the IMD process. The result of the independent t-test is significant with a p value of 0.002 (<0.05), the experimental group's posttest score have a lower mean value of 21.60 compared to the control group of 32.67, both groups are in the strong attachment bonding category. ANACOVA results of fetal stimulation and IMD have an attachment bonding score 7 points lower than the control group (b = -7; 95% CI; -13 to -1; p < 0.001). Adjusted R2 = 48.1%. In conclusion, there is an influence of fetal stimulation and IMD on bonding attachment.