bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paclitaxel-induced epithelial damage and ectopic MMP-13 expression promotes neurotoxicity in zebrafish
Authors: Lisse Thomas S. , Elias Leah J. , Pellegrini Adriana D. , Martin Paige B. , Spaulding Emily L. , Lopes Olivia , Brochu Elizabeth A. , Carter Erin V. , Waldron Ashley , Rieger Sandra
Published: March 2016

Significance

Paclitaxel is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. Although paclitaxel arrests tumor growth through stabilizing microtubules, it also causes variable peripheral neuropathy in patients. A lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms hinders therapeutic discovery, and commonly used mammalian models have not provided conclusive evidence about the etiology of this condition. To overcome this, we developed a larval zebrafish model that permits the analysis of paclitaxel neurotoxicity in living animals. This study identifies that keratinocyte damage and ectopic expression of matrix-metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) contributes to paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in zebrafish. We further show that inhibition of MMP-13 improves skin defects and prevents paclitaxel neurotoxicity. Thus, this study offers a previously unidentified avenue for potential therapeutic interventions.
DELAY OF GERMINATION1
(
DOG1
) regulates both seed dormancy and flowering time through microRNA pathways
Authors: Huo Heqiang , Wei Shouhui , Bradford Kent J.
Published: March 2016

Significance

Annual plants adapt to their environments by matching their life cycles, particularly seed germination and flowering, to the appropriate seasons. Although genetic evidence has suggested connections among genes regulating seed dormancy and flowering, specific mechanisms for such coordination are unknown. We report that a gene [
DELAY OF GERMINATION1
(
DOG1
)] involved in determining the depth of seed dormancy, and therefore the seasonal timing of germination, also influences the timing of flowering in
Arabidopsis
and lettuce. We further show that this gene acts through influencing the production of microRNAs that govern the progression of developmental phase transitions through the plant life cycle, providing a molecular genetic mechanism for the coordinate adaptation of seed dormancy and flowering phenotypes to environmental conditions.
Flight attendant identity construction in inflight incident reports
Authors: Clark Barbara
Published: March 2016

This article explores the discursive construction of a professional flight attendant (FA) identity (Bucholtz and Hall 2004) in a corpus of reports written by FAs and voluntarily submitted to a US government agency. The article argues that writing and submission of the reports by FAs can be seen as a performative act, which heightens aviation institutional ideologies whilst foregrounding safety-related practices. Moreover, the narratives make frequent use of the intersubjective relation of adequation and distinction (i.e., “us and them”) in their situated construction of identity, with FAs excluding pilots from discursive constructions of the inflight crew. This distancing of pilots is counter to the “team” ideology in commercial aviation upon which much flight safety is predicated.
The Phytophthora mating hormone α2 is an antagonist of the counterhormone α1
Authors: Zhang Li , Yajima Arata , Ojika Makoto
Published: March 2016

The crop destroyer Phytophthora uses mating hormones α1 and α2 to commence its sexual reproduction. The α1-induced sexual reproduction of the A2 mating type was unexpectedly found to be interfered with by the counterhormone α2 that the A2 type itself produces to induce the sexual reproduction of the A1 type. A plausible mechanism is proposed based on structure–activity relationships.
Report on supplementary comparison COOMET.PR-S3: refractive index
Authors: Vishnyakov G N , Fricke A , Parkhomenko N M , Hori Y , Pisani M
Published: March 2016

The Supplementary Comparison COOMET.PR-S3 was carried out to ensure the correctness and comparability of refractive index of solid transparent materials in visible spectral range measured by the participants of the comparison within the uncertainties claimed for their measuring facility. COOMET.PR-S3 was conducted within the Regional Metrology Organization (RMO) "Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions" known as COOMET, and has the RMO project number of 438/RU/08.

The Comparison was piloted by the All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI). Five NMIs from three RMOs (COOMET, EURAMET and APMP) participated in the comparison.

This report describes the measurement results of three prismatic samples made of different types of glass. Three participants, VNIIOFI, PTB and Ukrmetrteststandart have made measurements of the refractive index at the wavelengths of 480 nm, 509 nm, 546 nm, 589.3 nm, 644 nm, and three participants, VNIIOFI, INRiM and AIST at the wavelength of 632.8 nm.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
euergetism
Authors: Zuiderhoek Arjan
Published: April 2016

Euergetism is the modern scholarly term, derived from the ancient Greek euergetes (benefactor), to denote the phenomenon of elite gift-giving to cities (or to groups within them) in Greek and Roman societies. The term encompasses benefactions by Hellenistic kings and Roman emperors, but is mostly used to refer to the munificence of local civic elites. Recent scholarship stresses the transactional character of euergetism: benefactors donated or contributed to public buildings (including temples), festivals, and games, or they gave distributions of food or money or organized public banquets in exchange for publicly awarded honours: usually including an honorific inscription recording the benefaction and the accolades awarded to the donor in return, often accompanied by a statue of him or her. In Archaic and 5th-century bce Greece, cities mostly honoured foreign benefactors in this way, but from the 4th century bce onward, it became more and more normal for wealthy citizens to donate to their own city in exchange for public honours awarded by their fellow-citizens. Civic euergetism of this type became increasingly common in Greek cities during the Hellenistic period. Its greatest proliferation, however, was under Roman imperial rule during the 1st, 2nd and early 3rd centuries ce, when we have more inscriptions for benefactors in cities in both East and West than ever before. From the mid-3rd century ce onward, civic munificence starts to decline, though benefactions by the wealthy remain an aspect of late antique civic society.
Martial, Latin poet
Authors: Roman Luke
Published: April 2016

Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis, born c. 38–41 ce in Bilbilis, Spain, died c. 101–104) was a Latin poet who came to Rome around 64 ce. His early works were linked to specific occasions: the De Spectaculis, written for the inaugural games of the Colosseum in 80 ce, and the Xenia and Apophoreta (published c. 83–85 ce), associated with the celebration of the Saturnalia. Over the course of his subsequent career, Martial published twelve numbered books of epigrams. His version of epigram, which became canonical in later centuries, was the result of a highly distinctive series of interventions. Drawing on a range of Greek and Latin literary models, he imprinted onto epigram a constellation of recognizable traits: the set-up and punchline structure of epigrammatic wit, a materialist focus on quotidian realities, the forthright use of obscene language, and a relaxed mood of carnivalesque festivity. The genre of epigram, thus inflected and reconfigured, allowed Martial to position himself in relation to the canonical Augustan poets and define his poetic role under authoritarian emperors.
Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells strike back
Authors: Frigault Matthew J. , Maus Marcela V.
Published: March 2016

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered molecules designed to endow a polyclonal T-cell population with the ability to recognize tumor-associated surface antigens. In their simplest form, CARs comprise a targeting moiety in the form of a single-chain variable fragment from an antibody connected to various intracellular signaling domains allowing for T-cell activation. This powerful approach combines the specificity of an antibody with the cytotoxic ability of a T cell. There has been much excitement since early phase trials of CAR-T cells targeting CD19 expressed on B-cell malignancies demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inducing long-term, stable remissions in otherwise relapsed/refractory disease. Despite these successes, we have just begun to understand the intricacies of CAR biology with efforts underway to utilize this platform in the treatment of other, previously refractory malignancies. Challenges currently include identification of viable cancer targets, management strategies for potentially severe and irreversible toxicities and overcoming the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. This review will focus on basic CAR structure and function, previous success and new approaches aimed at the broader application of CAR-T-cell therapy.
Recipes no longer a piece of cake
Authors: Ryan Natalie S. , Rossor Martin N.
Published: March 2016

This case examines the clinical history, examination, and investigation findings of a patient with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). This neurodegenerative syndrome, which is most commonly due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is an important cause of young onset dementia which often provokes diagnostic uncertainty as the clinical presentation is dominated by visual impairments. The symptoms and signs of PCA are described and ways of approaching the clinical assessment, investigation, and management of patients with PCA are discussed. Tests to perform in a focused cognitive assessment are suggested which, together with detailed history-tak ing and appropriate investigation, may allow the PCA syndrome to be readily recognized.
A delayed diagnosis in delirium
Authors: Michael Benedict D. , Stoeter David J. , Manji Hadi
Published: March 2016

This case describes the presentation and initial investigation and management of a patient who is ultimately diagnosed to have encephalitis due the herpes simplex virus (HSV). This illustrates some of the challenges faced in identifying the key clinical features which should raise suspicion of HSV encephalitis and the important emergency investigations, highlighting the importance of a lumbar puncture (LP). The definition, epidemiology, and aetiologies of encephalitis are described, and the most sporadic common cause, HSV, is discussed in more detail. Specific learning points are presented regarding when neuroimaging is not required before a LP can be performed, when one can exclude HSV encephalitis, the utility of electroencephalography, and potential complications.
Writer’s cramp
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Edwards Mark J. , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: March 2016

An interesting presentation of idiopathic dystonia is described to exemplify diagnostic and management challenges in this intriguing neurological condition. The classification of dystonia has recently been revised and this new framework is presented in order to update clinicians with the relevant terminology. Investigation and treatment strategies for dystonia are succinctly summarized in tabular format for future easy reference.
Being moved to tears
Authors: Virgo Jonathan D. , Wong Sui , Plant Gordon T.
Published: March 2016

A This case describes carotid cavernous fistula. It is a rare, but important, potentially fatal condition that is often mismanaged. The case includes a case report that highlights well several of the commonly encountered diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The clinical tips and expert comments provide the reader with useful clinical pointers for diagnosis. Carotid cavernous fistula epidemiology and pathophysiology are reviewed in the learning points, together with diagnostic work-up and the therapeutic options.
A worsening acute psychosis
Authors: Vivekananda Umesh , Kullmann Dimitri M.
Published: March 2016

This chapter summarizes our increasing knowledge of the antibody-mediated encephalitides since the first diagnosis made in 1968. It focuses on anti-NMDA-receptor-mediated encephalitis (ANMDARE), and describes the diverse neurological manifestations that can be expected, its stereotypical progression, and the possible pathophysiological processes underlying the condition. It reviews recent ANMDARE case series including typical MRI, EEG, and CSF features seen on diagnostics, associated neoplasms to investigate, and a suggested pathway for treatment. It discusses other forms of antibody-mediated encephalitis, including paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, limbic encephalitis associated with voltage-gated potassium-channel antibodies, stiff person syndrome (SPS) and its variants, and more recently found causative antibodies to AMPA and GABA receptors.
Will I walk again, doctor?
Authors: Ajina Sara , Gall Angela
Published: March 2016

This case examines the rehabilitation of a young woman with a spinal cord injury, its potential complications and prognosis, and how best to approach its management. It explains how to perform the international neurological classification of spinal cord injuries, and reviews the physiological consequences of injury according to the spinal level. It also describes key points for early rehabilitation to ensure an adequate assessment of the extent of injury, and appropriate prophylaxis and monitoring for complications. It details how to manage some of the more common clinical aspects, including spasticity, neurogenic bladder, and autonomic dysreflexia, as well as less frequently encountered issues such as sexual and reproductive function. In addition, the case explores some of the important psychological and ethical issues that can arise in this condition, which may also be relevant to the broader management of chronic neurological disorders.
Constraining turbulence mixing strength in transitional discs with
planets using SPHERE and ALMA
Authors: de Juan Ovelar M. , Pinilla P. , Min M. , Dominik C. , Birnstiel T.
Published: March 2016

We investigate the effect that the turbulent mixing strength parameter αturb plays on near-infrared polarimetric and sub-millimetre interferometric imaging observations of transitional discs (TDs) with a gap carved by a planet. We generate synthetic observations of these objects with ALMA and VLT/SPHERE-ZIMPOL by combining hydrodynamical, dust evolution, radiative transfer and instrument models for values of $\mbox{$\alpha _{\rm {turb}}$}=[10^{-4}, 10^{-3}, 10^{-2}]$. We find that, through a combination of effects on the viscosity of the gas, the turbulent mixing and dust evolution processes, αturb strongly affects the morphology of the dust distribution that can be traced with these observations. We constrain the value of αturb to be within an order of magnitude of 10−3 in TD sources that show cavities in sub-mm continuum images while featuring continuous distribution of dust or smaller cavities in NIR-polarimetric images.
On the stellar halo metallicity profile of Milky Way-like galaxies in the Auriga simulations
Authors: Monachesi Antonela , Gómez Facundo A. , Grand Robert J. J. , Kauffmann Guinevere , Marinacci Federico , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker , Frenk Carlos S.
Published: March 2016

A recent observational study of haloes of nearby Milky Way-like galaxies shows that only half (four out of eight) of the current sample exhibits strong negative metallicity ([Fe/H]) gradients. This is at odds with predictions from hydrodynamical simulations where such gradients are ubiquitous. In this Letter, we use high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to study the [Fe/H] distribution of galactic haloes. We find that kinematically selected stellar haloes, including both in situ and accreted particles, have an oblate [Fe/H] distribution. Spherical [Fe/H] radial profiles show strong negative gradients within 100 kpc, in agreement with previous numerical results. However, the projected median [Fe/H] profiles along the galactic disc minor axis, typically obtained in observations, are significantly flatter. The median [Fe/H] values at a given radius are larger for the spherical profiles than for the minor axis profiles by as much as 0.4 dex within the inner 50 kpc. Similar results are obtained if only the accreted stellar component is considered indicating that the differences between spherical and minor axis profiles are not purely driven by heated disc star particles formed in situ. Our study highlights the importance of performing careful comparisons between models and observations of halo [Fe/H] distributions.
Discovery of a loose star cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Piatti Andrés E.
Published: March 2016

We present results for an up-to-date uncatalogued star cluster projected towards the Eastern side of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) outer disc. The new object was discovered from a search of loose star cluster in the Magellanic Clouds’ (MCs) outskirts using kernel density estimators on Washington CT1 deep images. Contrarily to what would be commonly expected, the star cluster resulted to be a young object (log(t yr−1) = 8.45) with a slightly subsolar metal content (Z = 0.013) and a total mass of 650 M⊙. Its core, half-mass and tidal radii also are within the frequent values of LMC star clusters. However, the new star cluster is placed at the Small Magellanic Cloud distance and at 11.3 kpc from the LMC centre. We speculate with the possibility that it was born in the inner body of the LMC and soon after expelled into the intergalactic space during the recent Milky Way/MCs interaction. Nevertheless, radial velocity and chemical abundance measurements are needed to further understand its origin, as well as extensive search for loose star clusters in order to constrain the effectiveness of star cluster scattering during galaxy interactions.
Nanotechnology development in China: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Qiu Jane
Published: March 2016

China has invested heavily in nanotechnology in the past decades. It's one of the key areas of focus in the medium and long-term scientific programmes between 2006 and 2020. In 2012, the country also launched a Strategic Pioneering Programme on nanotechnology, which has a budget of one billion yuan (US$152 million) over five years and is led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing. As a result of this long-term investment, China is now a major player in nanotechnology, ranking first worldwide in terms of the number of scientific papers and patents.

At the Sixth International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology—which was held in Beijing on 3–5 September, 2015—Chunli Bai, President of CAS and Editor-in-Chief of National Science Review (NSR), shared a platform with another five leading scientists, where they discussed recent progress of nanotechnology in China, the potential impact of nanoparticles on public health, as well as challenges and opportunities ahead.

Chunli Bai (Chair)

President of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing

Minghua Liu

An expert on nano materials and molecular assembly and Director of National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, in Beijing

Zhongfan Liu

An expert on nanochemistry and graphene at Peking University

Chen Wang

An expert on nanomicroscopy and nanomedicine and Deputy Director of National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, in Beijing

Peidong Yang

An expert on nanomaterials and their application in energy research at the University of California at Berkeley, USA

Yuliang Zhao

An expert on nanomedicine and nanosafety at National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, and Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of High Energy Physics
The demands and challenges of exascale computing: an interview with Zuoning Chen
Authors: Chen Wenguang
Published: March 2016

High-performance computing (HPC) is currently moving from the petaflops scale (1015 FLOPS) towards exascale (1018 FLOPS) computing. The leap up to exascale computing will not only be a milestone in the history of computer science, but will also bring the prospect of transformative progress in many areas, including energy, life sciences, materials chemistry and national security. Because of the vital roles played by supercomputers in science, engineering and national security, the global race to develop the first exascale supercomputer is intensifying. Since 2013, China Tianhe-2 has ranked as the fastest computer in the world. Questions now arise as to the demands and challenges to be faced in the path towards development of exascale computing capabilities, and with regard to China's prospects of continuing to have the world's leading supercomputer in the future. In an interview with NSR, Professor Zuoning Chen, senior engineer of the National Research Center of Parallel Computer Engineering and Technology and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, gives her insights into the most important issues in this field, including the technical challenges when designing and implementing exascale computers, fault tolerance issues, processor architectures, interconnect bandwidths, emerging technologies for the mitigation of memory problems and the challenges facing and advantages for China.
A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Paravertebral Block versus General Anesthesia Alone for Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Wolf Omer , Clemens Mark W. , Purugganan Ronaldo V. , Crosby Melissa A. , Kowalski Alicia M. , Kee Spencer S. , Liu Jun , Goravanchi Farzin
Published: March 2016

Background:

Paravertebral blocks have gained popularity because of ease of implementation and a shift toward ambulatory breast surgery procedures. Previous retrospective studies have reported potential benefits of paravertebral blocks, including decreased narcotic and antiemetic use.

Methods:

The authors conducted a prospective controlled trial of patients undergoing breast reconstruction over a 3-year period. The patients were randomized to either a study group of paravertebral blocks with general anesthesia or a control group of general anesthesia alone. Demographic and procedural data, in addition to data regarding pain and nausea patient-reported numeric scores and consumption of opioid and antiemetic medications, were recorded.

Results:

A total of 74 patients were enrolled to either the paravertebral block (n = 35) or the control group (n = 39). There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, procedure type, or cancer diagnosis between the two groups. Patients who received a paravertebral block required less opioid intraoperatively and postoperatively combined compared with patients who did not receive paravertebral blocks (109 versus 246 fentanyl equivalent units; p < 0.001), and reported significantly lower pain scores at 0 to 1 (3.0 versus 4.6; p = 0.02), 1 to 3 (2.0 versus 3.2; p = 0.01), and 3 to 6 (1.9 versus 2.7; p = 0.04) hours postoperatively. The study group also consumed less antiemetic medication (0.7 versus 2.1; p = 0.05).

Conclusions:

Incorporating paravertebral blocks carries considerable potential for improving pathways for breast cancer patients undergoing breast reconstruction—with minimal procedure-related morbidity. This is the first prospective study designed to assess paravertebral blocks in the setting of prosthetic breast reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, II.
Current Trends and Controversies in Breast Augmentation
Authors: Hidalgo David A. , Sinno Sammy
Published: March 2016

Background:

A survey was conducted to study current attitudes and common practices in breast augmentation.

Methods:

A 35-item electronic questionnaire was sent to the entire active American Society of Plastic Surgeons membership. It was divided into current controversies, new technologies, common practices, secondary procedures, and member demographics.

Results:

There were 1067 respondents. Fifty percent of surgeons never use anatomically shaped implants and another 42 percent do so less than half the time. Autologous fat is used infrequently as a primary technique but more often as a supplemental technique. Approximately 7 percent report a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Eighty-five percent do not use preoperative three-dimensional imaging. More than half of surgeons use acellular dermal matrix in secondary procedures. Approximately half do not use insertion funnels. Preoperative sizing with silicone implants, inframammary incisions, partial submuscular pockets, and smooth silicone implants larger than 300 cc are dominant practice preferences. Postoperative massage is still popular with over half of respondents. Just over half do not use pharmacologic agents for capsular contracture. Capsular contracture and size change were the most frequent reasons for reoperation. Capsular contracture is typically treated with anterior capsulectomy the first time, and either total capsulectomy or anterior capsulectomy with acellular dermal matrix use when recurrent. Almost half of respondents perform fewer than 50 breast augmentations yearly.

Conclusions:

There is an established most common approach to breast augmentation among respondents. Most surgeons are slow to embrace controversial practices and to adopt new technologies, although acellular dermal matrix use is becoming more popular. The 7 percent incidence of anaplastic large cell lymphoma was noteworthy.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Syndromes
Authors: Arnold Lesley M. , Choy Ernest , Clauw Daniel J. , Goldenberg Don L. , Harris Richard E. , Helfenstein Milton , Jensen Troels Staehelin , Noguchi Koichi , Silverman Stuart L. , Ushida Takahiro , Wang Guochun
Published: March 2016

This manuscript, developed by a group of chronic pain researchers and clinicians from around the world, aims to address the state of knowledge about fibromyalgia (FM) and identify ongoing challenges in the field of FM and other chronic pain syndromes that may be characterized by pain centralization/amplification/hypersensitivity. There have been many exciting developments in research studies of the pathophysiology and treatment of FM and related syndromes that have the potential to improve the recognition and management of patients with FM and other conditions with FM-like pain. However, much of the new information has not reached all clinicians, especially primary care clinicians, who have the greatest potential to use this new knowledge to positively impact their patients’ lives. Furthermore, there are persistent misconceptions about FM and a lack of consensus regarding the diagnosis and treatment of FM. This paper presents a framework for future global efforts to improve the understanding and treatment of FM and other associated chronic pain syndromes, disseminate research findings, identify ways to enhance advocacy for these patients, and improve global efforts to collaborate and reach consensus about key issues related to FM and chronic pain in general.
Improvement in Pain After Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Mancuso Carol A. , Reid M.C. , Duculan Roland , Girardi Federico P.
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

Improvement in pain is a major expectation of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.

Materials and Methods:

Among 422 patients, the goal of this prospective study was to measure 2-year postoperative pain and to determine whether this outcome varied according to patient and clinical characteristics, including amount of pain relief expected preoperatively. Before surgery patients completed valid questionnaires that addressed clinical characteristics and expectations for pain improvement. Two years after surgery patients reported how much pain improvement they actually received.

Results:

The mean age was 56 years old and 55% were men. Two years after surgery 11% of patients reported no improvement in pain, 28% reported a little to moderate improvement, 44% reported a lot of improvement, and 17% reported complete improvement. In multivariable analysis, patients reported less pain improvement if, before surgery, they expected greater pain improvement (odds ratio [OR] 1.4), had a positive screen for depression (OR 1.7), were having revision surgery (OR 1.6), had surgery at L4 or L5 (OR 2.5), had a degenerative diagnosis (OR 1.6), and if, after surgery, they had another surgery (OR 2.8) and greater back (OR 1.3) and leg (OR 1.1) pain (all variables P≤0.05).

Conclusions:

Pain is not uncommon after lumbar surgery and is associated with a network of clinical, surgical, and psychological variables. This study provides evidence that patients’ expectations about pain are an independent variable in this network. Because expectations are potentially modifiable this study supports addressing pain-related expectations with patients before surgery through discussions with surgeons and through formal preoperative patient education.
Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with local and systemic use of hormone therapy in peri- and postmenopausal women and in relation to type and route of administration
Authors: Bergendal Annica , Kieler Helle , Sundström Anders , Hirschberg Angelica Lindén , Kocoska-Maras Ljiljana
Published: March 2016

Objective:

The aim of the study was to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with systemic hormone therapy according to type and to route of administration and the risk of VTE associated with locally administered estrogen.

Methods:

In this case-control study, conducted in Sweden between 2003 and 2009, we included 838 cases of VTE and 891 controls with a mean age of 55 years. Controls were matched by age to the cases and randomly selected from the population. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs and adjusted for smoking, body mass index, and immobilization.

Results:

Current use of any hormone therapy was associated with an increased risk of VTE (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.34-2.20). For estrogen in combination with progestogen the OR was 2.85 (95% CI 2.08-3.90), and for estrogen only the OR was 1.31 (95% CI 0.78-2.21). In orally administered estrogen combined with progestogen, the OR was slightly, but not significantly, higher among users of medroxyprogesterone acetate (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.67-5.36) than among norethisterone acetate users (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.50-3.40). Transdermal estrogen combined with progestogen was not associated with VTE risk (crude and imprecise ORs ranging from 0.87 to 1.16). For local effect of estrogen, there was no association with VTE risk (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.43-1.10).

Conclusions:

The risk of VTE risk is higher in users of systemic combined estrogen–progestogen treatment than in users of estrogen only. Furthermore, the risk of VTE was lower for women who used local estrogen than among those using oral estrogen only. Transdermal estrogen only treatment and estrogen for local effect seem not to be related to an increased risk of VTE.
Evolution of Imaging in Breast Cancer
Authors: GARCIA EVELYN M. , CROWLEY JAMES , HAGAN CATHERINE , ATKINSON LISA L.
Published: March 2016

The following topics are discussed in this article. A historical review of the evolution of breast cancer imaging from thermography through digital breast tomosynthesis, molecular breast imaging, and advanced breast magnetic resonance imaging. Discussion of multiple clinical trials, their strengths, and weaknesses. Historical perspective on the Mammography Quality Standards Act and its relationship with development and implementation of the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS).
Actigraphically Measured Sleep-Wake Behavior After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Allan Alicia C. , Edmed Shannon L. , Sullivan Karen A. , Karlsson Lina J. E. , Lange Rael T. , Smith Simon S.
Published: March 2016

Objective:

To characterize and compare the sleep-wake behavior of individuals following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with that of noninjured healthy controls.

Setting:

Community.

Participants:

Fourteen participants with a recent mTBI (M
age = 28.07; SD = 10.45; n = 10 females) and 34 noninjured controls (M
age = 23.70; SD = 7.30; n = 31 females).

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Main Measures:

Battery of subjective sleep measures and 14 days of sleep-wake monitoring via actigraphy (objective measurement) and concurrent daily sleep diary.

Results:

Participants who had sustained an mTBI self-reported significantly higher sleep-related impairment, poorer nightly sleep quality, and more frequently met criteria for clinical insomnia, compared with controls (d = 0.76-1.11, large effects). The only significant between-group difference on objective sleep metrics occurred on sleep timing. On average, people with a recent history of mTBI fell asleep and woke approximately 1 hour earlier than did the controls (d = 0.62-0.92, medium to large effects).

Conclusion:

Participants with a history of mTBI had several subjective sleep complaints but relatively few objective sleep changes with the exception of earlier sleep timing. Future research is needed to understand the clinical significance of these findings and how these symptoms can be alleviated. Interventions addressing subjective sleep complaints (eg, cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia) should be tested in this population.
Impact of Early Follow-Up Intervention on Parent-Reported Postconcussion Pediatric Symptoms: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Mortenson Patricia , Singhal Ashutosh , Hengel Alexander R. , Purtzki Jacqueline
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of early intervention telephone counseling with parents in limiting postconcussion symptoms and impacts on children and youth.

Setting:

Recruitment occurred postdischarge from one pediatric emergency department.

Participants:

Sixty-six parents of children aged 5 to 16 years with a diagnosis of a concussion injury.

Design:

A pilot, randomized controlled study compared the efficacy of telephone counseling (reviewing symptom management and return to activity with parents at 1 week and 1 month postinjury) with usual care (no formalized follow-up).

Main Measures:

The Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory and the Family Burden of Injury Interview administered with parents by a blinded therapist at 3 months postinjury.

Results:

No significant difference between the groups at 3 months postinjury in postconcussion symptoms (P = .67) and family stress (P = .647).

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that the early counseling intervention strategy trialed herein may not be effective for children and youth who experience significant postconcussion symptoms. Further research is needed to determine whether more intensive and integrated care would better serve children.
Prognostic Markers for Poor Recovery After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: A Pilot Cohort Study
Authors: Kristman Vicki L. , Brison Robert J. , Bédard Michel , Reguly Paula , Chisholm Shelley
Published: March 2016

Objective:

To identify prognostic markers associated with poor recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in older adults.

Setting:

Three Ontario emergency departments.

Participants:

Forty-nine participants aged 65 years and older that visited an emergency department for MTBI.

Design:

Pilot prospective cohort study.

Main Measures:

Recovery from MTBI determined using the Rivermead Postconcussion symptom Questionnaire, the Glasgow Outcomes Scale—Extended, physical and mental health functioning (SF-12), and a single question on self-rated recovery assessed by telephone shortly after emergency department visit (baseline) and again 6 months later. Predictors were measured at baseline.

Results:

Markers potentially associated with poor recovery included reporting worse health 1 year before the injury, poor expectations for recovery, depression, and fatigue.

Conclusion:

Recovery after MTBI in older adults may be associated more with psychosocial than with biomedical or injury-related factors.
Does Co-Occurring Traumatic Brain Injury Affect VHA Outpatient Health Service Utilization and Associated Costs Among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? An Examination Based on VHA Administrative Data
Authors: Kehle-Forbes Shannon M. , Campbell Emily Hagel , Taylor Brent C. , Scholten Joel , Sayer Nina
Published: March 2016

Objective:

To examine whether a traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosis was associated with increased outpatient service utilization and associated costs among Iraq and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]/Operation New Dawn [OND]) War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who used Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) care in a 1-year period.

Setting:

N/A.

Participants:

OEF/OIF/OND veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD and/or TBI who utilized VHA services during fiscal year 2012 (N = 164 644).

Design:

Observational study using VHA administrative data.

Main Measures:

Outpatient VHA utilization (total and by category of care) and associated costs (total and by VA Health Economic Resource Center cost category).

Results:

Veterans in the comorbid PTSD/TBI group had significantly more total outpatient appointment than veterans with PTSD but no TBI. This pattern held for all categories of care except orthopedics. The comorbid TBI/PTSD group ($5769) incurred greater median outpatient healthcare costs than the PTSD ($3168) or TBI-alone ($2815) group.

Conclusions:

Co-occurring TBI increases the already high level of healthcare utilization by veterans with PTSD, suggesting that OEF/OIF/OND veterans with comorbid PTSD/TBI have complex and wide-ranging healthcare needs.
Cross-cultural validation of the Italian version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score
Authors: Grana Elisa , Verzellotti Simone , Grassi Federico A. , Ferriero Giorgio , Kristensen Morten T. , Cisari Carlo , Invernizzi Marco
Published: March 2016

Hip fractures are common in elderly patients, and walking impairment is a frequent complication. The Cumulated Ambulation Score (CAS) is a validated functional scale used to monitor easily three basic mobility activities in patients with hip fracture. The aim of this study was to translate, cross-cultural adapt, and validate the CAS in the Italian language (CAS-I). The translation was carried out according to recommended guidelines. The final version of the CAS-I was administered to 80 geriatric patients with hip fracture admitted to a Traumatology Unit, and allowed full weight-bearing after treatment with hemiarthroplasty. Two raters evaluated each patient 2 days after surgery and then after 3 months. Statistical methods included Cronbach’s α coefficient for the scale’s internal consistency; the total agreement; and the κ coefficient for the inter-rater reliability. The concurrent validity of the scale was determined by comparing the total CAS-I (0–6 points) with the Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living score (0–4 points). Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability of the CAS, evaluated with Cronbach’s α and κ, respectively, were above 0.84 and 0.94. The SE of measurement for the total CAS-I (0–6 points) 2 days and 3 months after surgery were 0.03 and 0.13 points, respectively. The CAS-I showed a significant correlation with the first four items of the Activities of Daily Living score scale (r≥0.85, P<0.001). This study confirms the validity of the CAS-I for patients with a hemiarthroplasty after hip fracture and provides additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the scale. We suggest that the official CAS-I version be used in other settings to evaluate the basic mobility in patients with hip fracture.
Transition Program to Promote Incoming Nursing Student Success in Higher Education
Authors: Latham Christine L. , Singh Harsimran , Lim Charmaine , Nguyen Emily , Tara Sherin
Published: March 2016

A new model for addressing first-generation and minority student issues when starting nursing school was implemented using an interactive, peer-developed, 2-day program to create a sense of community and relieve anxiety. The program focused on students’ needs, engagement, networking, first-hand experience with resources and methods to reduce cultural dissonance. Participation included critiquing modeling of proper clinical attire, meeting with peer mentors, and locating important campus resources. The program, conducted by minority students under the supervision and guidance of faculty mentors, received excellent evaluations.
The Diagnostic Role of SPINK1 in Differentiating Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Nonmalignant Lesions
Authors: Holah Nanis S. , El-Azab Dina S. , Aiad Hayam A.E.-S. , Sweed Dina M.M.
Published: March 2016

Background and Aim:

Distinction of small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from dysplastic nodules may be difficult. In addition, distinction of well-differentiated HCC (WD-HCC) from high-grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN) is also difficult in small needle biopsy. We aimed to study serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) immunohistochemical expression in HCC to differentiate it from nonmalignant lesions.

Methods:

This study included 179 specimens from the archival material of Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, between 2007 and 2014, divided as 93 HCC and 86 nonmalignant lesions. All cases were stained for SPINK1 antibody.

Results:

SPINK1 was expressed in 76.3% of HCC cases with a diagnostic accuracy of 79.3%.

There was a significant difference between focal nodular hyperplasia and WD-HCC cases regarding mean value of SPINK1 expression (P=0.015). In addition, there was low SPINK1 score in cirrhosis cases compared with WD-HCC. Moreover, there was a high significant difference between WD-HCC and HGDN regarding SPINK1 expression (P=0.001), with 83.3% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity.

Conclusions:

SPINK1 can be used to differentiate between a WD-HCC and a HGDN with high diagnostic validity.
Interleukin 18 -607 A/C Gene Polymorphism is Associated With Susceptibility to IgA Nephropathy in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Yang Bin , Feng Weihua , Li Yi , Shi Yunying , Cai Bei , Liao Yun , Zhang Junlong , Huang Zhuochun , Wang Lanlan
Published: March 2016

The association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; -607A/C) in the promoter region of the IL-18 gene with IL-18 promoter transcription activity and the level of IL-18 protein production has been observed repeatedly. However, the association between the IL-18-607A/C (rs1946518) promoter polymorphism and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in a Chinese Han population is still unclear. A total of 166 patients with renal biopsy-proven IgAN and 198 healthy controls were recruited for this study. The SNP was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction and the high-resolution melting method. Clinical characteristics and pathology grading of patients with IgAN were recorded at the time of the kidney biopsy. There was a significant difference in the distribution between the AA genotype and the AC/CC genotype [P=0.007, OR (95% CI)=1.885 (1.183-3.003)]. However, no significant differences were observed between the rs1946518 SNP and quantitative traits (all P>0.05) or different pathology grades (Lee’s grading system and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis according to the Oxford classification) (P=0.769 and P=0.7) of the patients. We first demonstrated that the AA genotype of the IL-18-607A/C was associated with an increased susceptibility to IgAN in this population.
Determining the Safety and Efficacy of Gluteal Augmentation: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Complications
Authors: Sinno Sammy , Chang Jessica B. , Brownstone Nicholas D. , Saadeh Pierre B. , Wall Simeon
Published: March 2016

Background:

Augmentation gluteoplasty has been performed more frequently in the past decade, with over 21,000 procedures performed in the past year alone. The most popular methods for buttock augmentation involve silicone prostheses and autologous fat grafting. A comparison of complications of these two techniques does not exist in our literature.

Methods:

The PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched through April of 2015 for studies that achieved buttock augmentation through the use of silicone implant placement or autologous lipoinjection. Complication outcomes of interest included wound dehiscence, infection, seroma, hematoma, asymmetry, and capsular contracture.

Results:

Forty-four articles met inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported complications in 2375 patients receiving silicone implants were wound dehiscence (9.6 percent), seroma (4.6 percent), infection (1.9 percent), and transient sciatic paresthesias (1.0 percent), with an overall complication rate of 21.6 percent (n = 512). The most commonly reported complications in 3567 patients receiving autologous fat injection were seroma (3.5 percent), undercorrection (2.2 percent), infection (2.0 percent), and pain or sciatalgia (1.7 percent), with an overall complication rate of 9.9 percent (n = 353). Patient satisfaction after surgery was assessed differently among studies and could not be compared quantitatively.

Conclusions:

Although gluteal augmentation was once reported to have complication rates as high as 38.1 percent, a systematic review of the two most popular techniques demonstrated substantially lower overall complication rates. The overall complication rate with autologous fat grafting (9.9 percent) is lower than that with silicone buttock implants (21.6 percent). A standardized method of measuring patient satisfaction is necessary to fully understand outcomes of these increasingly popular procedures.
Emergence of Secondary Trigger Sites after Primary Migraine Surgery
Authors: Punjabi Ayesha , Brown Matthew , Guyuron Bahman
Published: March 2016

Background:

Surgical decompression of a migraine headache may unmask headaches originating from secondary sites. A retrospective chart review investigated the incidence and characteristics of secondary trigger sites to identify clinical patterns that could aid in predicting and perhaps reducing postoperative migraines.

Methods:

One hundred eighty-five charts for migraine patients who underwent surgery at the senior author’s (B.G.) practice were reviewed. Sites from which migraine headaches initiated or occurred independently were considered primary. The sites that were not active at the time of preoperative evaluation but became active after surgery were considered secondary. Bivariate analysis was performed to characterize postoperative migraines.

Results:

Of 185 patients, 33 (17.8 percent) developed secondary migraine headache trigger sites. Of patients with primary site I (frontal) symptoms, 20.83 percent had site III (septonasal) symptoms unmasked after surgery (versus 7 percent for patients with other primary sites; p = 0.04). Of the patients with site II (temporal) migraines, 17.14 percent had secondary frontal symptoms (versus 5.68 percent; p = 0.04). Primary site II symptoms predicted postoperative site IV (occipital) symptoms (11.43 versus 1.1 percent; p = 0.008), and primary occipital symptoms predicted postoperative temporal symptoms (11.1 versus 2.33 percent; p = 0.04).

Conclusions:

The authors observed that 17.8 percent of patients develop postoperative migraine headache triggers that are not reported during the initial assessment. Knowledge of secondary migraine emergence patterns, and the presence of some preoperative symptoms, can aid in predicting the migraines that will arise from a new site postoperatively.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.