bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggiornamento and Dialogue: Some Ambiguity from Gaudium et Spes
Authors: Briola Luke
Published: September 2021

At the heart of ecclesial mission, and thus of theology, is a diligent reading, discernment, and elevation of the signs of the times in the light of Jesus Christ. Such was the imperative of the Second Vatican Council’s Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, Gaudium et spes, that has today been freshly received in the papacy of Francis. Precisely in order to attentively listen to those yearnings of the world, the word of the Council and arguably of Francis’s entire pontificate has been dialogue. Meanwhile, alongside excitement and hope, confusion and controversy continues to surround the legacy of the Council and the assessment of Pope Francis. The most recent Synod on the Family has demonstrated as much. This paper suggests that one of the issues-under-the-issues is the precise meaning of “dialogue,” an ambiguity that can be traced back to Gaudium et spes itself. After considering the positions of Joseph Ratzinger and Edward Schillebeeckx vis-à-vis Gaudium et spes, this paper suggests that, in actuality, two conceptions of dialogue are present in the church’s pastoral constitution. This conciliar ambiguity regarding the precise meaning of dialogue between church and world—whether a bold one-sided kerygmatic proclamation of the Gospel sine glossa or a more reciprocal two-sided mutual learning—is undoubtedly one source of confusion in any discussion of ecclesial mission today and thus merits our further attention. This paper briefly proposes that three fundamental theological questions offer some aid to resolve this key tension in Gaudium et spes: the role of eschatology in the church’s life; the relationship of nature and grace; and where, what, and who the church is. To continue to receive the Council’s teaching on dialogue is essential—the church’s missionary mandate from Christ depends on it.
Violence and Community: Collective and Cultural Trauma in Black America
Authors: Yu Michael
Published: September 2021

The relationship between law enforcement and predominantly black communities has been characterized by mistrust, violence, and victimization. Recently, this issue has entered into the national conversation, sparked by the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Sandra Bland, Samuel Dubose, Tamir Rice, Laquan McDonald, and countless other black individuals. The present paper presents the experience of black communities in the United States as an experience of collective and communal trauma. First, collective trauma is conceptualized and distinguished from individual trauma writ large from a sociological perspective with Ignacio Martin Baró and Jeffrey Alexander. Communal trauma is a phenomenon that is different than individual trauma because of its social and communal implications. Next, the experience of black communities in light of consistent patterns of police violence is named as collective trauma. Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow will be used, as well as Atlantic correspondent Ta-Nehisi Coates. The final section proposes a pastoral response to the communal trauma of Black communities, divided into two parts. The first is a look inwards towards organized Christianity’s complicity in the terrorism of Black communities and the benefits that are gained from their subjugation, and the second looks outwards, proposing a stance of solidarity, courage, and righteous indignation that actively works towards the liberation of marginalized communities.
Aesthetics of Text: Creative and Transfigurative Langue (in Theory)
Authors: Rugg Stephen P.
Published: September 2021

Theory remains a dirty word in Biblical Studies; deconstruction often is received with glazed glances of irrelevance or outright rejection. I propose to offer a philosophically relevant and theologically potent reading of Genesis 1:1 based on the trivium disciplines of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. This reading will echo the Transfiguration of Jesus in the synoptic Gospels. The weight of interpretation will focus on the use of the Hebrew direct object marker (אֵת) as a visual symbol of langue (roughly, language); אֵת is composed of the first (aleph) and last (tav) consonants, allowing for it to be a merism for the alphabet and a symbol of language. The rhetorical disarticulation of grammar allows for a transformative reading of a biblical description of creation: “At the beginning [of time] God created langue, the heavens and the earth with langue.” The combination of time and langue establishes parole (speech), which becomes instantiated in the speech-act of the Divine through the breath/spirit of God: “Let there be light,” etc. The text, and indeed its very letters, becomes the locus for an aesthetic reflection that offers theological relevance to all linguistic arts. The “ever excelling” bubbling of language transforms human creativity into a divine imitation and transfigures the world in its wake. We can insist that the grammatical reading of the Genesis text remains, as does the logical presentation of creatio ex nihilo. But, informed by Roman Jakobson and Paul de Man, rhetoric offers the opportunity to break open the text, revealing potential meaning in both the visualization of symbolic form and in the openness of the text to transcendence. The rhetorical wounding allows the text to become an open mouth (Derrida), ever speaking and evading the enclosure of grammar and logic.
Kierkegaard in the Garden: The Interiority of God's Wonder and Praise
Authors: Moon Catherine
Published: September 2021

Is there an interior aesthetic? Can each and every human being turn inward and behold a beauty and nobility that leads them to the face of God? Or are aesthetics a purely outward manifestation of the beauty and order that points to the ultimate Creator? In this essay, I plan to expound on how God in all His grace and love might have made himself known in His essence to the whole of humanity in the most intimate way not simply by the more objective, sterile mode of reason, but by the subjective passionate mode of beauty. First, I will look at Genesis 1:10 in the Greek of the Septuagint, “καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλόν” as a manner of demonstrating that God marveled at Creation, before he created the first human being. He took the time to perceive its beauty and nobility. Through this I plan to look at the relationship between wonder and beauty and how the interplay of those two yields truth. When God saw that His Creation was good was that an interior aesthetic of His own or a mediation of Himself? To sort this out, I plan to look at Soren Kierkegaard in his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to show that interiority and the subjective do possess and partake in the kind of possession that allows one not only to see God or His attributes, but enables one to abide in Him through the Spirit.
Resurrection and Death From Rabbinic Understandings to the Theology of Edward Schillebeeckx
Authors: Zhai Yujia
Published: September 2021

My paper will explore the understanding of death and resurrection in Judaism through the selections from biblical and rabbinic corpus and reflect on its relevance to Catholic theology on the same subject matter. The diverse, unsystematic, and contextual characters of Jewish remarks on death and resurrection suggest that these remarks are rooted in the more fundamental concern regarding covenantal relationship and ethical living. Resurrection is mostly presented as an extended reflection of Jewish concern for the justice and righteousness in this world, following the traditional Jewish hermeneutical principle “kal vahomer.” Death, likewise, is understood as indicative of the condition of the living world as well as contributive to the development of Jewish religious traditions and identities. Thus, in Judaism, death is neither completely negative nor utterly overshadowed by the sure hope of resurrection. In some significant ways, the Jewish understanding of death and resurrection correspond to 20th century catholic theological reflections. Edward Schillebeeckx, for example, suggests that belief in resurrection does not argue away the realty of death but rather let death be death. As a free gift of God to those who trust, resurrection makes sense of human death, rather than simply declaring it powerless or inconsequential. Thus, Schillebeeckx asserts that it is important to focus not just on Jesus's final resurrection but also on Jesus’ entire life which led up to his death. Jesus’ death itself is an invitation to the participation of Jesus’ entire life, and is therefore also a hermeneutical opening for the development of Christian religious traditions and identities. In conclusion, though Jesus’ death and resurrection are unprecedented and unparalleled revelations, they should not supersede a Jewish understanding of death and resurrection or render them primitive. Rather, death and resurrection are a signature component of the common root of Christianity and Judaism.
“Judging Shepherd of Thy Sheep”: Christ and the Role of Mercy in the Dies Irae
Authors: Monaco John A.
Published: September 2021

The 13th century Latin hymn, Dies Irae, is one of the better-known Roman Catholic liturgical sequences, famous for its seemingly-dark portrayal of the Day of Judgment (“Day of Wrath”). Once a staple element of the Requiem Mass, this text has now been relegated to relative obscurity, finding life only in concert halls, where grandiose musical settings of Mozart’s & Verdi’s “Requiem Mass” are performed. In its absence, the Dies Irae is now synonymous with a bleak, medieval theology fixated on death and judgement. However, upon deeper examination, it seems that the “Day of Wrath” can also be read as a “Day of Mercy.” Sorrow for past transgressions and preoccupation with eternal hell constitute only one element of the hymn. Far from being focused on sin and death, the Dies Irae also establishes the vital connection between Christ’s mercy for sinners and the mercy each Christian is called to share with one another. This is seen through the numerous Scriptural allusions which fill the hymn, including those referencing that ‘final day’, when Christ is said to “judge the living and the dead.” In pleading to be on the right side during the separation between the metaphorical “sheep and goats,” the author acknowledges the significance of Christ and His command to love the “least of these” on the Day of Judgement (Matthew 25:40). The Dies Irae contains both a call for mercy and a call to mercy, the latter of which distinguishes itself as the litmus test of salvation.
Interior Reconciliation: Adopting a Posture of Peace
Authors: Campbell Kieran
Published: September 2021

Peacemaking is always complex. Too often this complexity proves so burdensome that those involved find themselves paralyzed, unable to locate an appropriate starting point for the process of reconciliation. This essay proposes that “interior reconciliation”— in which individuals address and engage the interior dissonances that expose them as both sinful and graced—provides a helpful first step in the process of “exterior reconciliation” between individuals, communities, and nations. Efforts of reconciliation, which are in every case complicated, remain unsustainable if the individuals involved are not able to reconcile themselves with themselves as such. I suggest three important movements—declaration (acknowledging sinfulness and gracefulness as realities of the human experience), detection (continually locating the presence of sin and grace), and disposal (surrendering sinfulness and offering gracefulness to God)—which, in the company of the Spirit, provide what I hope will be a useful and realistic framework for the journey of interior reconciliation.
Eucharistic Reconciliation: Reconciling Broken Selves by Consuming Christ’s Broken Body
Authors: Heeder Megan
Published: September 2021

The Eucharist, the healing Body of Christ, is a major source of grace paramount to the process of reconciliation. Paradoxically, for those who suffer from eating disorders, a prime source of grace is found in the Eucharist, a broken Body whose effects are imparted through eating. Exploring the reconciliation of one who struggles with eating disorders to herself, others (the Church) and the divine via the Eucharist’s grace is a largely unexplored area rife with hope. Eucharistic grace has the potential to bear great fruit in the process of recovery, reminding the person who she is, that for which she is created, the depth of Christ’s love, and her communal belonging. These graces respond to areas psychology identifies as problematic for those with eating disorders; recovery requires a reconciliation back to the self and others, especially the body of the Church, and carries implications for the Church’s vocation of love.
Classroom Space and Creative Student Engagement: A Focus on the Sri Lankan Drama Classroom
Authors: Irugalbandara Ayomi , English Rebecca , Campbell Marilyn
Published: September 2021

Effective drama teaching and learning needs physical space: space for performance, expression, interaction and exploration. However, the Sri Lankan classroom environment remains largely unexplored in terms of investigating the relationship between the physical classroom environment
and the teaching and learning of drama when process drama is the method of instruction. This article is based on the findings of a non-randomised control group intervention study, which involved forty classroom observations in secondary schools in Sri Lanka. The observations showed that students
who were able to use the school’s open-air theatre for the entire intervention period engaged in far more collaborative, energetic, performative and creative behaviours than other classes who were in a confined classroom space with desks and chairs crammed closely together. Implications
for the teaching of drama by different methods are discussed in the Sri Lankan context.
Plague and Literature in Western Europe, from Giovanni Boccaccio to Albert Camus
Authors: Ha Sha
Published: September 2021

In medieval times the plague hit Europe between 1330 and 1350. The Italian novelist Giovanni Boccaccio, one of the exponents of the cultural movement of Humanism, in the introduction (proem) of his “Decameron” described the devastating effects of the ‘black plague’ on the inhabitants of the city of Florence. The pestilence returned to Western Europe in several waves, between the 16th and 17th centuries. William Shakespeare in “Romeo and Juliet” and other tragedies, and Ben Jonson in “The Alchemist” made several references to the plague, but they did not offer any realistic description of that infective disease. Some decennials later Daniel Defoe, in his “A Journal of the Plague Year” (1719), gave a detailed report about the ‘Great Plague’ which hit England in 1660, based on documents of the epoch. In more recent times, Thomas S. Eliot, composing his poem “The Waste Land” was undoubtedly influenced by the spreading of another infective disease, the so-called “Spanish flu”, which affected him and his wife in December 1918. Some decennials later, the French writer and philosopher Albert Camus, in his novel “The Plague”, symbolized with a plague epidemic the war which devastated Europe, North Africa and the Far East from 1937 to 1945, extolling a death toll of over 50 million victims. Those literary works offered a sort of solace to the lovers of literature. To recall them is the purpose of the present paper, in these years afflicted by the spreading of the Covid-19 Pandemic.
Disrupting Hegemony, Anticipating the Future: A Nietzschean Reading of God Dies by the Nile and Purple Hibiscus
Authors: Asempasah Rogers , Aba Sam Christabel
Published: September 2021

El-Saadawi’s God Dies by the Nile and Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus have been widely and independently explored from varied perspectives. Such liberated critique is however surprising since the two texts can be found to have ethical and political confluence – the motif of the death of God. Drawing on the notion of travelling theory, this paper argues that the death of El-Saadawi’s and Adichie’s protagonists is a contestation and a disruption of the norm and a signification of the novels anticipatory sensibilities. The paper also examines how the different textual utilization of the motif of the death of God contributes to our understanding of the circulation of motifs in literary production and contextual interpretations. The paper makes a significant contribution to the scholarship on El-Saadawi and Adichie.
City Literature in Abdu al-Aziz al-Makkali’s Poetry
Authors: Alwaqaa Mujahid Ahmed Mohammed
Published: September 2021

World literature teems with the portrayal of famous cities throughout the world. This kind of literature is unanimously known as city literature. It does not merely describe and portray places, objects, and landscapes for their own sake, it, however, gives readers a revisionist perspective to look afresh and introspectively into self, history, and culture. This paper aims to shed light on a city that witnessed great changes throughout its history. It is called Sana’a, the capital of Yemen, and it is one of such world-famous and ancient cities about which interesting and rich literature has been written. Sana’a has been immortalized in the prose and poetry of local and international prolific and intelligent writers such as Abdu al-Aziz al-Makkali, a famous contemporary Yemeni poet. Sana’a is magnificently portrayed in different exotic images in al-Makkali’s collection of poetry entitled Book of Sana’a. The poet engages in a kind of dialogue with the city in a personal experience and unique particularity, but in the process, this particularity becomes cosmopolitan. Each poem is located in a particular space which gives the poet and reader alike a sense of the place, history, and culture, and an intense feeling of wider identification and empathy. Sana’a is anthropomorphically portrayed as a beautiful woman, sad woman, beloved lady, spirit, and city of heaven. It is fantastically depicted as a unique piece of artifact molded and designed by the hands of God. So, this piece of research attempts to analyze social and political imports and the different images of the city employed by al-Makkali in his poetic work: Book of Sana’a. As a theoretical framework, the paper adopts both historical theory of criticism as well as the formalist theory, so the analysis is focused on both context and text of the selected poems.
Strategies in Solving Equivalent-related Problems in Translation: Implications to Cross-cultural Understanding
Authors: Rosa Rusdi Noor
Published: September 2021

Any translation practice is intended to produce a text which is equivalent in meaning with its source text. However, to arrive at such equivalence is not an easy task due to a number of differences between the source language and the target language. Therefore, finding the right equivalence is a problem often encountered by translators, especially student translators. Suggested by such problem, a study on equivalence problems and possible strategies to solve the problems is obviously necessary. This article aims at finding out the problems of equivalence encountered and the strategies to solve such problems applied by student translators in translating a historical recount text. This is a descriptive study taking 10 student translators as the participants who were asked to translate a historical recount text from English into bahasa Indonesia. The data were collected using Translog that recorded all the translation process done by the student translators. The results of the study were: (i) the student translators encountered five equivalence problems while translating a historical recount text from English into bahasa Indonesia; and (ii) to solve such problems, they applied six strategies (naturalization, borrowing, description, deletion, addition and generalization). The findings imply that the problems were motivated by the student translators’ lack of cultural understanding of the source language.
Selected Soft Computing Algorithms for Job Shop Problem (JSP)
Authors: Titilayo Adedeji Oluyinka , Modupe Alade Oluwaseun , Oyeladun Makinde Bukola , Taye E OYELEYE
Published: September 2021

Job Shop Problem (JSP) is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research in which jobs are assigned to resources at particular times. Each operation has a specific machine that it needs to be processed on and only one operation in a job can be processed at a given time. This problem is one of the best known combinatorial optimization problems. The aim of this project is to adapt Bat, Bee, Firefly, and Flower pollination algorithms, implement and evaluate the developed algorithms for solving Job Shop Problem.
Job Satisfaction and Favorable Outcome on Teachers’ Work Performance: The Noblest Profession
Authors: Mallillin Leovigildo Lito D.
Published: September 2021

The study aims to identify the job satisfaction and favorable outcome on teachers’ work performance as the noblest profession in terms of appreciation and recognition of work, relationships with colleagues, relationships with superiors, learning career development, promotion, wages, salaries, benefits, and interest in the job.

Mixed method research design is employed in the study which focuses on both quantitative and qualitative combined research approaches in identifying the data collection, viewpoints, analysis, techniques, and inferences for the purpose of broad in-depth corroboration and understanding. Purposive sampling is employed and utilized in the study and is also known as subjective, selective, and judgmental sampling. The study comprised thirty (30) respondents only.

Results show that most of the respondents like their job and enjoy their teaching profession and favorable outcome on teachers’ work performance because it is their oath to mold and to shape the learning process of students. This resulted in job satisfaction among them and reveals teaching as the noblest profession and show that respondents don't feel their efforts are rewarded, though they enjoy working with their colleagues and co-teachers, respondents like their superiors because they are competent in their work, and there is a limited chance of promotion due to many requirements. Likewise, the respondents show that the benefits they received are good in the organization. However, it shows that there are many rules and procedures that make it difficult among the respondents where sometimes the rules and procedures are not clear among the respondents.   

Findings show that there is a significant correlation between job satisfaction and favorable outcome on teachers’ work performance as the noblest profession as observed by the respondents.
Moving from Face to Face to Virtual Learning Using Blackboard: Faculty and Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Ghazawi Eman , Gouda Enas , Al-Sagheer Amira Salem
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic led to the suspension of all institutional educational activities in Saudi Arabia, resulting in an abrupt move from traditional face-to-face learning to online learning. This study investigates how online learning using Blackboard in medical colleges is changing the learning methods after COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. It seeks to explore the faculty and students' perceptions regarding the move and the effectiveness of online learning through the e-learning platform “Blackboard” at Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences (FCMS). A quantitative study was conducted to a sample of 419 participants, comprising faculty staff members and students. The selection criteria were students from first year to the final year in their second semester using online learning. They answered the questionnaires online through the Blackboard, and all information was collected for analysis and interpretation. The results indicated challenges experienced, time management, and preferences. Most faculty and students in medical colleges preferred online learning through Blackboard as it presents the future of medical education. However, online learning through Blackboard should be monitored and continuously evaluated to eliminate the current challenges and ensure effectiveness in the teaching and learning processes.  This study recognizes the importance of technology in enhancing teaching and learning in medical education curricula.
Macrozoobenthos Community Structure in Mangrove Forest Ecotourism Area Karangsong Indramayu Regency, West Java
Authors: Tono Putri Regina Prihatiningrum Tien , Hamdani Herman , Yustiati Ayi , Herawati Heti
Published: September 2021

This research aims to analyze the diversity of macrozoobenthos species and density in mangrove ecotourism waters Karangsong Indramayu Regency West Java. The research was conducted in West Java starting from January 2021 to March 2021. This research method uses primary data in the form of physical and chemical data to measure the density, diversity and uniformity of macrozoobenthos. Data retrieval technique uses Purposive Sampling in the determination of 3 stations and 4 repetitions. The results of the research found 15 species of Makrozoobenthos that live in mangrove ecosystems namely Telescopium telescopium, Balanus perforates, Clypeomorus zonata, Cassidula aurisfelis, Cypraea leucogaster, Gyrineum natator, Polinices powisianus, Perna viridis, Placuna placenta, Tellina sp, Gari sp, Meretrix meretrix, Dossinia sp, Saccostrea cucullate and Anadara transversa. The density of macrozoobenthos ranges from 294 – 548 ind/m2. The diversity index of macrozoobenthos at stations 2 and 3 is in the medium category with a value of 2.44 and 2.822 and the diversity at station 1 is in the high category with a value of 3.10. Uniformity values range from 0.84 – 0.891 with a high category. The relationship of Water Quality with Makrozoobentos has an R2 value of 90% water quality can affect the life of macrozoobenthos and as much as 10% is influenced by other factors.
Torsion of the Ovary in Infancy, a Rare Emergency; A Case Report
Authors: Radi Abdelilah , Ouassou Karima Larbi , Hassani Amal , Abilkassem Rachid , Agadr Aomar , Zerhouni Hicham
Published: September 2021

Torsion of the ovary is a rare condition whose diagnosis remains difficult given the non-specificity of the clinical picture as well as the difficulty of clinical evaluation, especially in young girls. It is a surgical emergency because it involves the vital prognosis by the hemorrhagic risk, and functional prognosis by the risk of infertility. The clinical picture is dominated by acute abdominal pain. Our work reports the case of a 2-year-old girl in whom the diagnosis of ovarian torsion was made in front of an atypical clinical picture. Laparoscopy is the method of choice for making a positive diagnosis and performing a conservative procedure as described in this work.
Blood Culture and Widal Test as Diagnostic Tools for Enteric Fever with Antibiogram in a Tertiary Care Centre at Dhaka in Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Sushmita , Ahmed Iftikhar , Saha Provash Chandra , Uddin Bhuiyan Mohammad Mahtab , Ahmed Mejbah Uddin , Yusuf Md. Abdullah
Published: September 2021

Background: Enteric fever still exists as one of the major public health issue occurring in our country. Antimicrobials are the mainstays of treatment of typhoid fever. Due to rapidly growing antibiotic resistance, Salmonella spp. is required to be periodically tested for susceptibility patterns. This will also enable planning of rational use of antibiotics.

Objective: To observe the diagnostic accuracy of enteric fever by blood culture and Widal test in a tertiary care center, at Savar, Dhaka; Bangladesh. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of this study will guide to modify recent changes in the trends of antimicrobial use at the local level.

Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 2194 febrile patients with clinically suspected enteric fever cases at a Tertiary Care Outdoor Centre from January 2017 to March 2020. Blood culture was performed to isolate S. typhi and S. paratyphi. Widal tests were done for the determination of antibody titer. An antibody titer of ≥1:80 for anti TO and anti TH were taken as a cut off value to indicate recent infection of typhoid fever. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using modified disk diffusion (Kirby–Bauer) technique.

Results: Out of 111 Salmonella isolates, 74 (5%) were S. typhi and 37 (25%) were S. paratyphi A.  Total 697 samples were positive for Widal test. A large number of isolates showed resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as nalidixic acid (94.6%), chloramphenicol (87.3%), amoxicillin (76.6%), cephradine (53.1%), azithromycin (46.8) etc. Resistance to cefixime and cefipime, ceftriaxone tended to increase than past. Imipenem, moxifloxacin and cefuroxime are escalating resistance which is alarming.

Conclusion: Blood culture is the most reliable among the diagnostic methods but it needs 5 to 7 days for delivery of final report. This delay leads to late diagnosis as well as provision of irrational usage of antibiotics. It is concluded that widal test would remain relevant as a diagnostic tool for enteric fever, which is more convenient, cheaper and faster than the other molecular tests. Our study revealed the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolates will be recommended for addressing the drug resistance.
State of Art Survey for Fault Tolerance Feasibility in Distributed Systems
Authors: Hussein Arshad A. , AL-zebari Adel , Omar Naaman , Merceedi Karwan Jameel , Ahmed Abdulraheem Jamil , Salim Nareen O. M. , Hasan Sheren Sadiq , Kak Shakir Fattah , Ibrahim Ibrahim Mahmood , Yasin Hajar Maseeh , Salih Azar Abid
Published: September 2021

The use of technology has grown dramatically, and computer systems are now interconnected via various communication mediums. The use of distributed systems (DS) in our daily activities has only gotten better with data distributions. This is due to the fact that distributed systems allow nodes to arrange and share their resources across linked systems or devices, allowing humans to be integrated with geographically spread computer capacity. Due to multiple system failures at multiple failure points, distributed systems may result in a lack of service availability. to avoid multiple system failures at multiple failure points by using fault tolerance (FT) techniques in distributed systems to ensure replication, high redundancy, and high availability of distributed services. In this paper shows ease fault tolerance systems, its requirements, and explain about distributed system. Also, discuss distributed system architecture; furthermore, explain used techniques of fault tolerance, in additional that review some recent literature on fault tolerance in distributed systems and finally, discuss and compare the fault tolerance literature.
Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Toxicological Study of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Aerva javanica Roots
Authors: Waqas Mohammed , Sharma Peeyush Kumar , Asif Mohammad , Yadav Sandeep , Kala Chandra
Published: September 2021

Aim: The study is aimed at determining the characters of roots of Aerva javanica (A.javanica) assessing acute oral toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of roots of Aerva javanica.

Place and Duration of Study: the physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation was carried out at Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Acute Oral Toxicity was studied at Bilwal Medchem and Research Laboratory, Jaipur Rajasthan. The duration of study June 2021 – July 2021

Methodology: The pharmacognostical characters were evaluated in terms of organoleptic property, physico-chemical parameters, and preliminary phytochemical investigation. The acute oral toxicity was determined using the 423, OECD guideline for testing of chemical, acute toxic class method.

Results: The physico-chemical analysis revealed total ash; water soluble ash and, acid insoluble ash to be 6.36 ± 0.26%, 0.79 ±0.23 % and, 1.23 ± 0.34%. The water, alcohol and petroleum ether soluble extractive values were found to be 17.88± 3.54 %, 15.58 ± 1.13% and, 0.3 ± 0.13 %. The percentage yield of hydroalcoholic extract of root of A.javanica was found to be 24%. The phytochemical screening of hydroalcoholic extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, proteins, and fixed oil.  The acute oral toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of root of A.javanica revealed that the extract was found to be safe till 2000 mg/kg BW.

Conclusion: The results of the present study will furnish data helpful in the correct identification and authentication of roots of A.javanica. The extractive value shed light on the most suitable solvent to be chosen to obtain extract rich in phytoconstituents. The physicochemical screening furnished data on important phytoconstituents present in the hydroalcoholic extract which could be helpful in isolation and purification of desired phytoconstituents.  Acute oral toxicity study revealed that the extract is safe till 2000 mg/kg BW which could be helpful in selection of dose for future pharmacological activities.
Birds in Wetland Ecosystems of Ayodhya District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Yashmita-Ulman .
Published: September 2021

This study was carried out in the wetlands across Ayodhya District, Uttar Pradesh using fixed radius point counts, to understand the diversity and distribution of birds in these ecosystems. A total of 102 bird species belonging to 35 families and 12 orders were recorded from the study area. Amongst the order, Passeriformes (24 and 12) had the maximum number of species and families. The highest number of species recorded were Carnivores (44 species, 43%). A total of 61 bird species (60%) were resident, 41 bird species (40%) were winter visitors and ten species were in the threatened category of IUCN Red List (2021) which highlights the conservation value of wetland ecosystems in Ayodhya District, Uttar Pradesh.
Unregistered Food Premises Hygiene Management in Urban City Ampang Selangor
Authors: Mohamed Khairil Anuar , Sakawi Zaini , Hussain Mohd Yusof
Published: September 2021

Rapid development in Ampang, Selangor area has a  impact on the environment. The increase in the number of immigrants from outside with food operators from neighbouring countries demands dynamic and quality food premise management. A total of 145  unregistered food premises were detected to operate without food hygiene monitoring by the Local Council and District Health Department in the study area. The quality of food presented to customers is plays an important role in curbing the spread of epidemics such as food poisoning, diarrhea, leptospirosis, salmonellosis and other foodborne illnesses. The analysis result of Pearson Coleration showed that all the variables between knowledge had a significant relationship with the attitude of the food operator (p <0.05). The findings showed a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.310, p <0.05). The results showed that the presence of unlicensed food premises would damage the scenery 71.9 percent and destroy the aesthetic value of the city 28.1 percent. The development speed should be in line with the hygiene of food premises, especially in the rapidly developing township.
A Review Pyrolysis: Different Agricultural Residues and Their Bio-Char Characteristics
Authors: Makavana J. M. , Sarsavadia P. N. , Chauhan P. M. , Dulawat M. S. , Dobariya U. D. , Yadav R.
Published: September 2021

Due to the large availability of biomass resources, India has great potential for the production of biochar. Different types of thermochemical even biological processes have been adopted to convert biomass into value‐added products. Among those processes, pyrolysis is more convenient since it has several advantages of storing, transportation, and flexibility in solicitation such as turbines, combustion appliances, boilers, engines, etc. Fig. 1 Overview of the pyrolytic product.  Illustrates different types of the existing biomass conversion process with their respective output. The study was undertaken to investigate the properties of various agricultural residues. Until recently, the use of BC (biochar) in agriculture was mainly focused on the application of BC as a soil amendment. However, there are opportunities to investigate in this wide field of study, as there are plenty of potential relationships between various parameters, such as (but not limited to) BC(biochar) feedstock material, dose, and its characteristics, type of soil, plant species, and target elements/compounds of the treatment. Other related aspects that were investigated are BC‐enhanced composting processes and obtaining the BC via pyrolysis of agricultural waste.
Effect of Hormones on Yield and Economics of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under Southern Telangana Agro-Climatic Conditions
Authors: Harshitha Ganta , Rao Ch. Bharat Bhushan , Prakash T. Ram , Hussain S. A.
Published: September 2021

An experiment was carried out at student farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, in sandy loam soils during rabi 2020 to study the effect of hormones on growth and yield of mustard under Southern Telangana Agro-climatic conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments. The treatments comprised were: T1-Control (RDF 60:40:40 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1), T2 (RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm at flowering), T3 (RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm at pod development), T4 (RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm at flowering and pod development), T5 (RDF + foliar spray of humic acid @ 1.5% at flowering), T6 (RDF + foliar spray of humic acid @ 1.5% at pod development), T7 (RDF + foliar spray of humic acid @ 1.5% at flowering and pod development), T8 (RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm fb humic acid @ 1.5% with 2 days interval at flowering), T9 (RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm fb humic acid @ 1.5% with 2 days interval at pod development) and T10 (RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm fb humic acid @ 1.5% with 2 days interval at flowering and pod development). Results indicated that, application of RDF + foliar spray of GA3 @ 45 ppm fb humic acid @ 1.5% with 2 days interval at flowering and pod development (T10) and application only at flowering (T8) gave the similar and higher yields and economic returns. As the cost of cultivation of T10 was higher than T8, BC ratio was higher for T8.
Chyavanprash: A Multimodal Approach to COVID-19 Management
Authors: Venkataraman N. Deepak , Sundaram R. Meenakshi , Somanathan S. S. , Prabhu T. Purushoth , Rama K. P. , Priya S. Jeya Shanmuga
Published: September 2021

The word Chyavanprash (CP) comprises of ‘Chyawan’ and ‘Prasha’. Chyavan represents ‘degenerative change’ and Prasha symbolises a drug. Enhancement of immunity and longevity of life were the main reasons for which CP was consumed since ancient times. CP has about 50 herbs, spices and minerals along with a range of pharmacological activities on almost all organ systems of the human body.

COVID-19 actually means coronavirus disease 2019. COVID-19 targets and affects multiple organs like lungs, heart, kidney etc, thus increasing the mortality and morbidity rates. The medication cost and side effects have made the allopathic system of medicine the least sought after. The rapid spread rate of the infection has urged mankind to look at alternative remedies to fight the novel coronavirus.

AYUSH is a government organisation under the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy which aims to promote indigenous alternative medicine systems in India. AYUSH recommends various measures to fight the novel coronavirus infection.

Chyavanprash is one such important formulation proposed by the AYUSH for COVID-19. The purpose of our review is to highlight the constituents and pharmacological activities of CP in the prophylaxis, manage and treatment of COVID-19 by collecting and compiling the published research on COVID-19. The review also focuses on understanding the mechanism behind the multimodal activity of CP. References relevant to our topic were screened based on relevance to our topic.
Pulmonary Complication in Severe Malaria
Authors: Siagian Forman Erwin
Published: September 2021

Malaria is a potentially fatal disease caused by Plasmodium spp. Transmission occurs via the bite of female mosquito, Anopheles spp. Epidemiologically, global number of malaria patient are located in Southeast Asia and Africa. Until nowadays, millions of people still living in endemic area, with children and pregnant women are among the most vulnerable group in the population.  Although there have been many advances in treatment and management, but the potential for harm remains; one of the example is lung involvement in patients with severe malaria. This paper aim to discuss briefly about lung derangement in the severe malaria and the inflammatory response related to the lung dysfunction. The severity of pulmonary impairment due to complications of malaria is determined not only by the initiation of antimalarial treatment but also by the hosts associated immune response.
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Cropland at Different Doses of Composts in Southern Togo
Authors: Mawussi Gbénonchi , Adden Ayi K. , Tchaniley Larounga , Sanda Komla
Published: September 2021

The objective of this study was to assess the carbon sequestration potential of cropland amended at different doses of solid household waste compost. Field experiments were conducted during four cropping seasons alternating maize and tomato. Soil samples were collected on experimental plots in 20 cm depth for soil organic carbon content determination using wet oxidation method while bulk density was measured by the core method (volumetric cylinder method) with undisturbed soil samples taken in 0 - 20 cm with steel cylinder of 100 cm3. Carbon sequestration potential varied with carbon content, bulk density and soil depth. The results shown that amount of carbon sequestered under maize cultivation (0.035±0.03 to 0.191±0.03 t C ha-1) was higher than those recorded under tomato growing areas (0.016±0.03 to 0.164±0.02 t C ha-1). Carbon sequestration rates ranged from 0.105±0.01 to 0.573±0.01 t C ha-1 yr-1 under maize cultivation and from 0.048±0.02 to 0.492±0.03 t C ha-1 yr-1 under tomato growing. It is able to conclude that household waste compost application contributes to increase carbon accumulation in soil.
Characteristics of Microorganisms Associated with Crude Oil Impacted Surface Water Body in Bodo/Bonny River, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbonna David N. , Kpormon Lucky B. , Origbe Matthew E.
Published: September 2021

The contamination of water is a serious environmental problem as it adversely affects the human health and the biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. The organisms that inhabit the water space use oxygen for metabolic activities and the blocking of the water surface of the river by total petroleum hydrocarbons tend to reduce the dissolved oxygen available within the system thereby making the survival of aquatic life difficult particularly the non-hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological characteristics of water samples from Bodo/Bonny River impacted by crude oil spill. Water and dead fish samples were collected from four stations while the fifth sample was collected from a link fish pond which served as control.  Microbiological analysis of samples collected was analysed accordingly using standard analytical methods.  Bacterial isolates from the sampling stations show that Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sp, Escherichia coli, Vibrio sp, Salmonella sp, Bacillus sp, Klebsiella sp, Actinomycetes, Clostridium, Listeria sp, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas sp and fungal isolates namely,  Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus, Mucor sp and Candida sp were identified. Percentage occurrence of both isolates show that E. coli 15%, Vibrio species 13%, Pseudomonas 12%, Klebsiella 12% and Shigella 9% while Aspergillus niger had 37.18%, while Mucor had 25.64%, Penicillium sp 11.38%, Aspergillus flavus 11.38% and Candida sp 10.26%.Microorganisms isolated from the river water that survived the harsh influences associated with oil spill from this study shows that most of the microorganisms could be genetically cloned as hydrocarbon utilizing organisms for cleanup of oil contaminated environments because of their existence and sustenance to mankind.
Bioethanol Production and Proximate Compostion of Waste Potatoes
Authors: Saidu I. , Danjuma A. M. , Wakkala A.
Published: September 2021

Bioethanol can be produced from biological matter through processing of food wastes or crops meant for bioethanol production. This study used potato wastes from food vendors in Sokoto, Nigeria as a cheap and renewable carbon source for fermentation of ethanol. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to optimize the growth parameters and hydrolysis of potato wastes of the ethanol fermentation aimed at achieving maximum production of bioethanol. Following the analysis, results indicated that, a combination of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% of H2SO4 at 121˚C for 20 min in an autoclave can yield complete hydrolysis of all starch contents of potato wastes. The average proximate composition of the potato wastes showed 13.94%,1.42%, 1.72%,1.38%,0.43% and 81.11% of Moisture, Ash, Fat, Crude protein, Fiber and Carbohydrate contents respectively. Positive confirmation of reducing sugars and bioethanol was achieved by using benedicts and Jones’ reagents respectively, Quantitative Test for reducing sugars indicated 124.9 mg/gm, 88.6 mg/gm, 61.45 mg/gm, 53.22 mg/gm, 47.23 mg/gm for 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.0%,2.5% and 3% concentrations respectively.
Access to Pipe-Born Water Evaluation in Akwanga Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Chunwate B. T. , Madaki Ruth Benbella , Kabiru Mohammed D.
Published: September 2021

Water is an essential element of the natural resource of the earth that sustains all living creatures on the planet, it`s fundamental importance can never be overemphasized. This study evaluates access to pipe-born water in Akwanga Local Government Area, Nasarawa State. The study identifies the sources of household water supply and identifies the presence of pipelines facilities in each household, to determine if the quantity of pipe water supply meets demands, also assesses the effects of the quantity of water supply on the socioeconomic activity of householders. This study adopted a survey research design. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered to households. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the respondents. Five wards were selected within the study area, while 60 copies of questionnaires were distributed in each of the selected wards. Data were analyzed and presented using a descriptive form of statistics. The study revealed that most of the pipelines meant for the supply of water were old and inefficient. Therefore, no significant coverage (60%) of pipeline facilities in the study area. Pipe-borne water supply in the study area is not sufficient to meet the demands of the residents due to irregularity in the flow of water; 4.2% of these taps run every day, 8.8% of these taps run once a week, 11.7% of these taps run once in 3 days, 18.4% of these taps run once a year, 22.2% of these run once a month, while 37.7% water used for cooking, washing, drinking and sanitary purposes were mostly sourced from alternative sources that are energy and time consuming and costly to obtain. The average water consumed per person per day in the study area was 37.76 litres which are below the minimum absolute daily water needed 50 litres per person per day as stated by UNDP. Consequently, pipe-borne water supply in the study area does not have any significant impact on the socio-economic activities of residents as people still spent the better part of their time sourcing for water. This study, therefore, recommends that there should be constant monitoring of population growth rate and repairs of damaged pipes and taps in the study area.