bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft Switching Technique in Bidirectional Dc-Dc Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Sharan Bibhuti , Malik Ashish
Published: October 2022

The voltage at halfway should be equal for optimum voltage gain and energy transfer in order to achieve gentle switching in the bidirectional converter. Both from the side of high voltage to the side of low voltage. But,It is challenging to charge the battery during soft switching. Due to the same voltage level but a larger charging current in the middle. The battery split that is feasible for grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode of operation when a vehicle's battery splits in two equal voltage part by using relay or breaker circuit configuration. [The forward converter is based on buck topology, the flyback converter is based on buck-boost topology, and both full-bridge and half-bridge converters can be formed from buck and boost topologies. In addition, converter types can be divided into using transformer cores . A net DC current flows in the forward and flyback topologies.
Distinct Fibers for Concrete Usage: Review
Authors: Singh Prakash , Serawat Arun
Published: October 2022

The "Infrastructure/Construction Sector" has recently emerged as a significant driver of the country’s rapid development. It is general knowledge that "Concrete Building" is the most effective and durable construction method owing to the fact that it can be retrofitted and recover strength. As a result, many investigations into concrete and its constituent parts have been conducted in order to add value. Concrete, a common building material, is made by mixing a range of ingredients with varying properties and structures to make a paste, which is then allowed to cure for a defined period of time before taking on the shape that is known as hardened concrete. With the increased utilization of valuable waste in eco-friendly concrete creation, environmental pollution has been reduced, while the strength and durability of the resulting material have been improved. Pozzolana and fiber waste have been the subject of several studies throughout the years. There has been a review in this publication of all previous research on reinforced fiber concrete. Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a term used to describe concrete that has been reinforced with fibers of varying properties and orientations. Justification is given in the study for the addition of fibers such as natural fiber, metallic fiber and organic fiber into concrete mix.
Dry Drilling of CFRP With a Ti-AIN Nano-Coated Drill Bit Has a Major Impact on Machine Parameters and Hole Quality
Authors: Pratap Singh Dhirendra
Published: October 2022

CFRP (Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers) has a high strength-to-weight ratio, resists corrosion, and is durable. High strength and hardness make machining difficult. Also consider the cutting tool. This experimental analysis the influence of machining on Hand-laid CFRP plates. In this case, the parameters Speed, Feed, and Cutting Tool were used to monitor a CNC drilling machine. Both a TiAlN nano coating and an uncoated 14mm High-Speed Steel (HSS) drill bit are used. Titanium-aluminum-nitride-coated HSS tools enhanced hole quality. Six various thicknesses of CFRP plates are drilled to observe hole entry and exit quality. There is no pushout delamination, when a double-coated HSS tool is used, ensuring the same hole quality at both entry and exit. DOE optimizes observations (DOE). Taguchi Analysis for six different thicknesses show a drill bit with a titanium-aluminum-nitride double coating produces the perfect drill hole quality on CFRP metal.
An Investigation of the Thermal Individuality of Complex Polymers by The Use of Micro Filled Erbium Oxide
Authors: Dwivedi Shailendra , Saxena Shashank
Published: October 2022

This article describes a study that focuses on the individuality of compound polymeric constituents. The present study includes a material description, experimental results, and test results for the physical, mechanical, and microstructure of "Epoxy" and "polypropylene" composites containing erbium oxide particles of micron-sized dimensions. Based on these findings, a mathematical connection has been developed to approximate the effective thermal conduction of polymer compounds by uniform distribution of micro-sized particle fillers. Erbium oxide-filled polymer has been correlated using numerical analysis and experiments. Erbium content is influenced by the thermal properties of glass transition temperature (Tg) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of "EPOXY" and "POLYPROPYLENE" compounds, and this report details the experiment.
Analyses of Existing and Prospective Technologies for 5G Wireless Communication
Authors: kumar Tiwari Nitendra , Pratap Singh Bhanu
Published: October 2022

In the planning process, wireless network has a considerable influence on the sharing of information through open space or Wi-Fi. In this article, we'll describe wireless technology, but we'll also try to focus on a few of the most recent research discoveries. A cable connection seems to be more reliable than a wireless one, according to the results of a comparison of the two. Wireless connections, on the other hand, are easy to obtain and set up. Also included was an in-depth overview of wireless communication advancements. By raising the generation, it has been found that the technology's speed is also improved, which is a beneficial thing. As the amount of data on a device increases, so does the amount of power it uses. They also looked at a number of recent technical developments that will benefit wireless technology.
Concurrent Feeding of AC/DC Loads Using Enhanced Topology
Authors: Kumar Tiwari Nitendra , Pratap Singh Bhanu
Published: October 2022

In this study, a novel hybrid converter topology is shown that can simultaneously supply both DC and AC loads in a single phase. The controlled single switch of the step-up converter can be replaced with a VSI bridge network to create this architecture. This study examines the use of a single step-up (boost) stage architecture to support hybrid loads. This new hybrid converter topology requires fewer switches than the conventional approach. The suggested architecture will improve dependability since it has a built-in feature called shoot through at the VSI stage. The regulated PWM technique is being assessed and modified to acquire the right duty cycle in order to study the behaviour of the BDHC topology. Simulink has been used to construct the integration of a solar panel and a dc battery as a dc input source, and it has been tested to make sure the BDHC architecture is functioning properly. Multiple Simulink models were compared for various duty cycles in order to study the output nature of various sorts of loads.
IoT Systems with Low-Power SRAM Memory Architecture
Authors: Kumar Pandey Neeraj
Published: October 2022

A quantitative and yield analysis was made and tested on a single-bit cache memory design using a range of resistor values and various sense amplifier types, such as the voltage mode differential sense amplifier (VMDSA). In a single-bit cache memory design, the voltage mode differential sense amplifier uses the least power. The low power consumption and long access times of this SRAM will be very advantageous for the Internet of Things (IoT).
Modeling of Self Tuned Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative Controller
Authors: Kumar Srivastava Arunesh
Published: October 2022

As the number of connections and the complexity of the manipulator system rose, it became more difficult for the control engineers to manage such a manipulator system, requiring the employment of a separate control system to govern the manipulator's position and velocity. Using different mathematical equations, this work investigates a self-tuned fuzzy PID (STFPID) controller that is capable of following trajectories and suppressing noise. A dynamic model for a two-link stiff robotic manipulator has been built in Simulink and used to drive the plant, and the STFPID controller is being used to do so. Genetic Algorithm is being used to tune the controller and we are using IAE (integral absolute errors) as an objective function in order to obtain the least amount of error and we have determined that STFPID has the least value of error as compared to the other three controllers. A fuzzy logic controller's ability to manage uncertainty is facilitated by its ability to climb in time quickly and to minimize overshoot.
The Architecture of Memory for Core Processors
Authors: Aggarwal Amit , Kansal Sanket
Published: October 2022

The effectiveness and storage capacity of single-bit cache memory have been investigated. Write driver circuit, random access memory cell, and current mode detector make up the single-bit cache. Using various strategies, such as power-saving components like current mode sensing amplifiers and static random access memory cells, memory systems with just one bit of cache can use less power. To save power, substitute a forced stack and a current mode detecting amplifier for a single-bit cache.
DC Voltage Balancing Technique for CMI-Based STATCOM: A Generic Control Approach
Authors: Yadav Rasiyawan , Lata Preet
Published: October 2022

This article provides a generic technique for per phase DC bus voltage balancing that might be used in a CMI based STATCOM. The STATCOM system parameter model and the conventional control technique are examined first. A per phase DC bus voltage balancing mechanism is detailed using a dq/abc park transformation and the loop-gain shaped control design technique. This approach aims to maintain a constant DC bus voltage. The dc capacitor may be controlled globally by a proportional resonant controller. A controller that rejects disturbances may be used to regulate clustered loads. By facing a number of challenging tasks at the point of aggregate generally, including balancing the DC voltage and accounting for reactive power. If these problems can be handled, the system’s supremacy could be increased. This article describes the general control arrangement in order to increase the system’s reliability. This system may accomplish reactive power compensation and dc link voltage balancing by using the nine-level cascade multilevel inverter as STATCOM. One particular topic has been emphasised repeatedly throughout the text.
Dynamical Behaviour of CMI Based STATCOM
Authors: Agrawal Abhay , Soni Sanjay
Published: October 2022

Cascade multilevel inverters (CMI) are superior to other multilevel inverter configurations in STATCOM applications owing to their distinguishing features, such as structural flexibility and control design feasibility in the service of lower device losses and high value of AC output voltage waveform quality. Voltage output stabilization and power factor correction at the point of common connection are two challenging difficulties that might lead to the system’s dominance. In this work, the overall control architecture for the system is presented, provides information on how the 9-level CMI may be utilised as STATCOM to carry out dc link voltage balancing and reactive power compensation. The superiority of the system under varying loads and fault circumstances has been confirmed by computer modelling.
Beamformer in Huge MIMO-IDMA Downlink Systems Based on MMSE
Authors: Solanki Tarun , Singh Rajpoot Krishan Pal
Published: October 2022

Today Massive multiple-input multiple-output is a promising technology because of the savings in both spectrum and energy costs that may be achieved by relatively simple signal processing. Recently, however, it has been shown that using code domains NOMA in mMIMO may enhance the SE performance in an overloaded situation where the number of UEs is greater than the number of antennas, leading to a worse error rate performance. Interleaved divisional multiple access (IDMA) has also received considerable interest as a potential NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) standard for the coding domain. This research makes two distinct proposals: first, an exceed the permissible inputs and generates a report (MIMO) and IDMA network infrastructure is jointly offered, in which transmitters on the base station serve users concurrently in the same frequency range. The numbers of both and are rather huge. Second, for a large MIMO-IDMA system with downstream communication restraints, it is proposed to use a beamformer based on the minimal mean square error (MMSE) to battle propagation loss and the influence of multiple access interfering (MAI). Performance of the suggested system using MMSE beamforming has been analysed by plotting the bit error rate (BER) against the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), based on simulation results.
A Review: Software Piracy Perception, Regulation and Consumer Perspective in Global world
Authors: Kumar Dwivedi Sandeep
Published: October 2022

Today’s technology marketplaces are quickly getting concerned about cybercrime and copyright. Software piracy is simply the unlawful copying and use of technology in any manner not expressly authorized by the owner of the designer’s personal interests, who may be a person, company, or even other entity, as stipulated in the applicable purchase agreement (license). Illegal downloading has grown to be a major worry for many technology organizations as a result of advancements in software design and the Internet. Software theft carries with it incredibly severe consequences for technology companies. Agreements with illegally obtained technology bring in a lot of revenue for pirates. Even though this is commonly the situation, end users and customers do not see it as a critical element since they feel that it is not a severe issue for others. Because of these factors, computer crime has become a significant problem, made even more so by the fast pace of software creation and the abundance of programs on the Internet. This article studied and determined the ratio of pirated software.
Using Power Reduction Techniques, a Comparison of Differential and Latch Type Sense Amplifier Circuits
Authors: Kumar Tiwari Dharmendra , Kumar Verma Narendra , Singh Kirar Jitendra
Published: October 2022

Researchers have investigated several different sense amplifiers’ yield and other quantitative features. Amplification is required for various power-saving methods, including the sleep transistor, the sleep stack, the sleepy keeper, and others. This study aims to evaluate how much energy is consumed by the many different sense amplifier topologies. Simulations have shown that adopting a sleep transistor approach can significantly reduce the amount of power lost even while operating at 1.2V.
Comparative Analysis of Different Controllers for Tracking of Manipulator
Authors: Kumar Neeraj
Published: October 2022

Engineers have struggled to control robots since the 1950s, when the PID controller was first used to regulate complex systems. Since its release, this controller has been a top pick among manufacturers due to its low price and ease of assembly. For nonlinear systems, fuzzy logic controllers have been used by researchers and scientists to overcome the drawbacks of PID. However, as time goes on, new controlling techniques develop that are more powerful in terms of control than the previous ones. Complex, nonlinear, and dynamically ununderstood systems need neuro logic controllers, which, when paired with standard controls, comprise the neuro PID controller or neuro Fuzzy PID controller. This paper takes a comprehensive look at the many control systems utilised in the functioning of robotic manipulators, from the first controllers to the present.
Single-Bit Architecture Cache Memory Design Analysis
Authors: Srivastava Abhishek , Saxena Shashank , Sikarwar Tarun
Published: October 2022

This work includes the design of voltage and current difference latches and low-power cache memory for a single-bit processor core architecture. To save power, the single-bit cache memory uses voltage differential sensing amplifiers.
Energy Management And Control Strategies For Parallel Hybrid Eleсtriс Vehiсle
Authors: Dwivedi Shailendra , Dave Yash
Published: October 2022

For the parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the various control strategies for energy management are illustrated with the implementation of fuzzy logic. The controller is designed and simulated in two modes for the economy and fuel optimisation. In order to manage the energy in HEV with three separate energy sources—batteries, Fuel cell and a supercapacitor system, —this article intends to create a fuzzy logic controller. By considering a complete system, the operating efficiency of the components need to be optimized. the control strategy implementation will be performed by the forward-facing approach. The fuel economy is optimised by maximising the operating efficiency in this strategy while other strategies does not have this extra aspect. The ability controller for parallel hybrid vehicles is mentioned in this research to enhance fuel economy. Although the earlier installed power controllers optimise operation, they do not fully utilise the capabilities. Hybrid vehicles can be equipped with a variety of power and energy sources such as batteries, internal combustion engines , fuel cell systems, supercapacitor systems or flywheel systems.
Geopolymer Concrete Materials: An Overview of Their Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Singh Prakash , Agrawal Amit
Published: October 2022

Environmental contamination has emerged as a big issue in our society. When it comes to global pollution, carbon dioxide has a huge role to play. Traditional building methods rely on the use of cement, which produces a significant quantity of CO2. Consequently, a new substance called geopolymer concrete was developed and is now widely utilised in construction as a means of repurposing industrial waste and decreasing CO2 emissions. Many research have used different curing temperatures and materials such as flyash, GGBS, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, and superplasticizers and admixtures such as polyproplene and jute fibres. As a result, we can determine the best quantity of material, the best approach, and the best strength that can be produced from the research by evaluating this information.
C-Dump Converter employed with Switched Reluctance Motor
Authors: Verma Toran , Agarwal Shivani
Published: October 2022

Switched reluctance motors are among the finest competitors to induction motors. It is a well-liked choice because of its durability, brevity, straightforward design, and superior torque to mass ratio. This page talks about the C-dump converter's design. The C-Dump converter makes it possible for the phase winding to be rapidly demagnetized and magnetized, which prevents the motor from being used in the generating state. Currents in the stator winding of a switching reluctance motor have a direct impact on the torque generated. A large negative voltage must be offered in order to quickly stop the current while it is working in the demagnetizing phase. This paper analyzes the C-dump converter's design. The C-Dump converter makes it possible for the phase winding to be rapidly demagnetized and magnetized, which prevents the motor from being used in the generating state. Switched reluctance motors demonstrate a variety of converter topologies for adjusting speed, power, and operation. Additionally, it frequently makes use of the energy that has accumulated in the phase winding and can be returned to the source. Some modified C-Dump converter topologies can utilize this stored energy to bypass the motor's next phase winding.
Efficiency Improvement of PV Panel Using Nanofluids
Authors: Laxmaiah M. , Konidena Anuradha
Published: October 2022

Operating temperature is the main variable impacting the PV panel's efficiency. When light rays hit the PV pane plate, a specific region of this spectrum is converted into electrical power, while the remainder of the spectrum increases the temperature of the cell. The temperature of the cell rises by about 75 to 80 percent of the light that strikes the screen. The cell temperature has been lowered by using a variety of approaches. The use of various nanofluids to cool PV panels by circulating inside the tubes fastened to the panel's back is highlighted in this research. The numerical model for nanofluid heat transfer was used to simulate the outcomes for the temperature of the PV Panel as a result of using various nanofluids. Water, Al2O3, CuO, TiO2, and ethylene glycol are the nanofluids used to lower the temperature.
Strateji, Program ve Politika Bağlamında Üniversitelerin Kültürlerarası Entegrasyon Çabalarının İncelenmesi
Authors: Dündar Zeliha
Published: October 2022

In this study, it is aimed to examine the internationalization efforts of higher education in the context of strategy, program and policy. In addition to the concepts related to the internationalization efforts of university institutions, there are many resources and data in the literature in terms of approaches related to internationalization. Here, it would be appropriate to address the initiatives aimed at internationalization efforts in higher education by looking at the characteristics that distinguish approaches from concepts. While the concepts of internationalization in the context of strategy, program and policy are used to indicate the characteristics contained in reality, the approach methods focus on applications and are placed in this framework. As much as universities differ, their values, priorities and justifications also differ at the same rate. Key Words: Higher Education, Internationalization, Strategy, Program, Policy
Simulating optical processes: Monte Carlo photon tracing method
Authors: Sherniyozov A.A. , Payziyev Sh.D.
Published: October 2022

In search of high accuracy and convenient implementation, computational optics uses several modeling techniques such as Maxwell’s equations-based methods, ray-tracing method, Fourier optics methods and many others. Each with its advantages, disadvantages, and applicability caveats. In this paper, we describe Monte Carlo photon tracing as a simulation technique for computational optics. The validity of the main assumptions in the simulation method is demonstrated with examples, and limitations of method’s applicability are discussed.
Структурныe, морфологические и электрофизические свойства пленок Sb2Se3, полученныx при различных температурах источника селена
Authors: Разыков Т.М. , Кучкаров К.М. , Эргашев Б.А. , Олимов А. , Йулдошов Р.Т.
Published: October 2022

Методом химического молекулярно-пучкового осаждения (ХМПО) получены пленки Sb2Se3 из отдельных источников бинарного соединения Sb2Se3 и элемента Se при температуре подложки 500°С. На рентгенограммах наблюдаются основные сильные пики (221), (211) и вторичные слабые пики (020), (120) и (310), которые заметно изменяются при изменении температуры Se. При температуре источника селена 430°С на поверхности пленок Sb2Se3 можно наблюдать крупные зерна размером более 4 мкм, кроме того, появляются стержнеобразные зерна Sb2Se3 . Получено, что пленки Sb2Se3 Se-дефицитны при температуре источника селена 350°C, при дальнейшем увеличении температуры приближаются к стехиометрическому составу. Показано, что близкие к стехиометрическому составу пленки Sb2Se3 с отношением Sb/Se 0.68 получаются при температуре источника селена 430°С. Удельные электропроводности пленок Sb2Se3 колеблются впределах σ=9×10−5 −6×10−4 (Ом·см)−1 в зависимости от технологического режима.
Структура и свойства облученного электронами ZnS
Authors: Ташметов М.Ю. , Мадаминов Б.Н. , Исматов Н.Б. , Халлоков Ф.К.
Published: October 2022

Кристалл ZnS облучали электронами с энергией 2 МэВ и флюенсами от 0.5×1017 электрон/см2 до 1.5×1017 электрон/см2 . Исходная структура ZnS соответствует кубической фазе (пр.гр. F-43m), которая является стабильной при облучении флюенсами электронов до 1.5×1017 электрон/см2 . С увеличением флюенса электронов до 1.5×1017 электрон/см2 наблюдается рост размера кристаллитов с 19.9 нм до 23.1 нм, уменьшение плотности дислокаций с 2.53×1011 cм−2 до 1.87×1011 cм−2 и изменение микронапряжения с 7.11×10−3 до 6.10×10−3. Установлено уменьшение ширины запрещенной зоны монокристалла ZnS при облучении электронами, что связано с ростом размера кристаллитов и изменением параметра решетки. Микротвердость монокристалла ZnS увеличилась на 8% за счет роста размера нанокристаллитов в результате электронного облучения.
Получение эпитаксиальных кремниевых структур для солнечных элементов с применением оборотных технологий
Authors: Абдурахманов Б.М. , Адилов М.М. , Кучканов Ш.К. , Ашуров Х.Б. , Исмайлов Б.К.
Published: October 2022

Показана целесообразность применения в процессах газофазного получения эпитаксиальных структур кремния для солнечных элементов оборотных технологий, ранее хорошо зарекомендовавших себя в хлоридном производстве кремния-сырца, что привело к значительному удешевлению материала и соответственно «солнечного электричества». Приведены математические модели операций газового травления, наращивания эпитаксиальных слоёв и опорных слоёв поликристаллического кремния, применимые на любом типе технологического ростового оборудования, при обеспечении заданных значений линейной скорости парогазовой смеси в зоне осаждения, а также избыточных давлений в испарителе с тетрахлоридом кремния и в реакторе, зависящих от расхода пропускаемой парогазовой смеси. Обсуждаются преимущества газофазной эпитаксии в сочетании с оборотными технологиями и перспективы ее применения в производстве солнечных элементов на подложках из мультикремния и преобразователей с повышенной чувствительностью в ИК области солнечного спектра
О последовательной генерации третьей гармоники в кристаллах с неоднородной доменной структурой
Authors: Сабиров О.И. , Сапаев У.К.
Published: October 2022

Численным методом исследована последовательная генерация 3-ей гармоники в квадратичных нелинейно оптических кристаллах с неоднородной доменной структурой. Рассмотрен случай, когда толщины доменов апериодического кристалла принимают значения d1 либо d2, где d1 и d2 равны когерентной длине взаимодействий 2ω=ω+ω и 3ω=2ω+ω соответственно. Показано, что генерацию 3-ей гармоники можно эффективно реализовать при любых значениях длины волны основной гармоники. Для этого развит алгоритм, работающий на основе метода Монте-Карло.
A Comparative Study of the Performance of Solid AFO Vis-À-Vis Dynamic AFO in Hemiplegic Patients
Authors: Monalisha Dash Priyadarsini , Tiwari Manoj Kumar , P. Prabhu Deepak
Published: October 2022

Background and purpose: Ankle foot orthosis (AFO) has been used for hemiplegic patients for several eras to provide plantarflexion resistance during the stance phase of the gait and prevent the toe dragging in the swing phase of the gait cycle. The biomechanical efficacy of these devices positively affects hemiplegic patients, but there is a lack of clinical evidence in the Indian population regarding prescription criteria. This study compared the functional efficacy of solid AFO and dynamic AFO to provide a biomechanically sound prescription of an AFO for hemiplegic patients.
Methodology: Within the limits of inclusion criteria mentioned in the research protocol, ten patients were fitted and trained with solid Ankle Foot Orthosis (SAFO) and Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis (DAFO) with a specific period gap. The 30-meter walkway test measured temporospatial parameters and energy expenditure by calculating the physiological cost index (PCI) and analyzed it by Student T-Test.
Results: In this study, all the temporospatial parameters with the dynamic AFO provided increased spatiotemporal gait parameters than the solid AFO. Energy expenditure was also high in solid AFO rather than dynamic AFO.
Conclusion: This study helped in prescribing a biomechanically sound orthotic management which will help to arrest the growth of the deformity and reduce the number of patients requiring invasive treatment methods. The hemiplegic population primarily benefited from the DAFO because it provides more stability, less energy consumption, and a near-to-normal gait pattern compared to SAFO.

Key words: Hemiplegic patient, solid Ankle Foot Orthosis (SAFO), dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis (DAFO), Temporospatial Parameters, Physiologic Cost Index (PCI)
Lower Limb Orthotics: An Overview
Authors: Tiwari Manoj Kumar , Tiwari Dr. Nutan
Published: October 2022

Lower limb orthoses are used to assist gait, reduce pain, decrease weight bearing control movement, control movement and minimize progression of the deformity skills and assist ambulatory patients in achieving near-to-normal gait patterns in walking. Assistive devices can be advised with lower limb orthoses to help the patients ambulate more efficiently.
Orthotic management should be specific to the disorders. The placement of orthotic joints should approximate anatomical joints. Most orthoses utilize a three-point force system to ensure proper positioning of the lower limb within the orthoses.
Based on a comprehensive history and physical examination, a clear understanding of the patient’s disease process is the foundation for concluding an appropriate prescription. An effective prescription for orthotic treatment summarizes the medical issues related to the patients, details the biomechanical functions desired, and specifies critical technical attributes of the desired orthosis.
No single material is a panacea, despite publicity for exotic materials. The selection of an appropriate material for a specific orthosis requires understanding the fundamental principles of engineering mechanics and materials, improving mechanical properties by heat treatment, and similar means, design, and structure. Sound clinical judgment, combined with consciousness fitting and adjustment of well-designed orthoses, remains the hallmark of orthotic treatment. International standards for terminology should be used to describe orthoses to ensure clarity and precision in prescriptions.
Two auxiliary functions minimize the physical strain of walking: shock absorption and energy conservation. An optimum orthosis should be a replica of a mechanical system that can store these functions. This article overviews lower limb orthoses in classification, design, and construction and their biomechanical implications in usage in patients.

Key words: Orthotics, Lower Limb Orthoses, orthosis, patients, functions, walking, prescription.
Potential of Vatadi Varga from Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and Its Role in Trouncing SARS-CoV-19 - A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Rao Dr Ramya , V Dr Naveen , Pradeep Dr Seema
Published: October 2022

The coronavirus disease 19 (SARS CoV-19) pandemic is a unique and unprecedented in several aspects and has challenged the health care systems across the globe. The Covid pandemic has turned the world’s attention to the immune system, the body’s defence force against disease-causing bacteria, viruses and other organisms that we touch, ingest and inhale. Ayurveda has a specific approach towards treatment. According to Ayurveda, the disease should be treated as early as possible. The same concept applies to diseases of infection origin as the prevention of spread of infection is a critical step in the treatment of infectious diseases. The drugs of Vataadi Varga of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu were reviewed for Jwarahara, Kaasahara, Shwaasahara, Pratishyaayahara, Rasayana, Krimighna, Vishagna Karmas and recent pharmacological activities related to Covid-19. Botanical Name, Family and Rasapanchaka of all the dravyas were noted and tabulated. Among Forty-three dravyas mentioned in Vataadi Varga of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, one Dravya was found to have Jwarahara, four Dravyas have Kaasahara action, two Dravyas Shwaasahara, none of them had Pratishyaayahara action, ten Dravyas have Krimighna action, fifteen Dravyas have Vishagna action and two Dravyas have been told to possess Rasayana activity individually or in permutation and combination.

Key words: SARS Cov-19, Nighantu, Vishagna, Krimighna, Kaasa.
Study on the Comparative Assessment of Motor Engine Oil Viscosities in Ijebuland, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Akpomon Daniel Olanrewaju , Adeyera Aisha Boluwatife , Adebanjo Ahmed
Published: October 2022

This study importance is to determine the relation of motor engine oil with changes in temperature and its effects on fuel system. Although other factors that affect viscosity of motor engine oil are mentioned, we have dwelt more on the factor of temperature, and we have taken into consideration that the temperature can be affected both by the environment and the engine system. This is a localized study of the monograde, multigrade and local oil of Ijebu-ode, Ago-Iwoye and environs.
In this study we have adopted the “Falling ball” method. Temperature readings were done by thermometers and timing was done using a stopwatch. The oils were placed in graduated cylinders and balls were dropped in the cylinder. This was done three times at 20°C, 0°C, and 70°C. The different variables that were used to solve for viscosity are density, volume, and velocity.
Results shows that as the temperature increases to higher degree, the change in the kinematic viscosity becomes very small especially for local oils A, B and C. These oils have been most used for generators and motorcycles, this research further shows that this is in fact a reason for high rate of malfunction of motor engines in these areas as Nigeria is already a hot region. The SAE 20W-50 was found to be most adjustable to temperature. The implication of this study is to give an informed opinion on the use of proper motor oil as indicated by manufacturer with regards to temperature and confirm the integrity of monograde, multigrade and local oils in Ijebu-Ode, Ago-Iwoye and Environs.

Keywords: Viscosity, Motor Engine, Oil, SAE, Monograde, Multigrade, Ijebu
Analysis of the Family Hope Program for Community Welfare in Rambai Village, STM Hilir District
Authors: Ramadhan Anggia , Rangkuty Dewi Mahrani , Efendi Bakhtiar
Published: October 2022

This study aims to find out that the Family Hope Program (PKH) provides conditional assistance to vulnerable households or people registered in the processing of aggregated data for the poor, regulated by the Center for Social Welfare Data and Information and designated as beneficiary households. The people in the village of Rambai, STM Hilir sub-district are people who live in highland areas, where most of the highland people have a livelihood as farmers. "Here, the author chooses Rambai Village, STM Hilir District, because most of the people in this village are low-income and far from prosperous. The variables in this study are Assistance for Children aged 6-21 years who have not completed compulsory education, Assistance for the Elderly (elderly, over 60 years), and Assistance for Disabilities. The method in this study uses descriptive statistical tests using SPSS 24. The results of this study conclude that the Family Hope Program (PKH) can help the community in Rambai Village, STM Hilir District, to improve community welfare.

Keywords: Community Family Program (PKH), Public welfare, Rambai Village STM Hilir District
SINUS NODE DISEASE IN A YOUNG FEMALE WITH CARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE
Authors: Olalekan E. O. , Iseko I. I. , Edafe A. E. , Awofisoye I. O. , Anya O. C
Published: October 2022

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is characterized by disease of the sinus node and/or contiguous atrial tissue resulting in the generation of heart rate that is not commensurate with the physiologic need of the body due to various causes. SND is an ailment commonly found in the advanced age group, with a mean age of 68 years, and is rarely found in the young. Making a diagnosis requires the presence of symptoms to coincide with the abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) findings, and the symptoms of SND are non-specific. There is a limited report of this condition in the young, and available reports show that most cases of SND occur in the young and children with underlying heart defects and mostly in males. The report describes an unusual presentation of ‘sinus node disease’ in a young Caucasian female with no underlying cardiac abnormalities that presented with syncope and sinus bradycardia. A 36-year-old Caucasian female presented to our facility with complaints of recurrent episodes of a brief period of loss of consciousness associated with intermittent palpitations and no background cardiovascular disease. Rest 12-lead ECG showed bradycardia, while a 24-hour Holter ECG showed periods of bradycardia, ‘supraventricular tachycardia’, and tachycardia- bradycardia occurring with symptoms. A diagnosis of SND was made and a permanent pacemaker was offered, but she and her spouse opted to have the procedure done in her home country. ‘Sinus node disease’ through an ailment of the aged can be found in the young without underlying cardiac defects and can be suspected in people with unexplained syncope.
LEADERSHIP FAILURE AND INSECURITY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF THE IPOB PHENOMENON IN SOUTH EAST GEOPOLITICAL ZONE, 2020-2022
Authors: Udo D. O.
Published: October 2022

Success or failure of any society relies upon in large part the mannerism of its management. The result of poor leadership in Nigeria is embodied as poor governance manifested in consistent political crisis and insecurity, poverty of the extreme order among the citizens, unscrupulous corruption, and a high rate of unemployment indices, for this reason, the thrust of this paper is on leadership failure and insecurity in the southeastern part of Nigeria: a study of the IPOB phenomenon. Data have been accrued through the use of a documentary approach and analyzed through the content material evaluation approach. The study become anchored on interventionist theory. The paper discovered that the state of violence in Nigeria’s southeast and the government’s incapability to efficiently defend existence and assets are taking a toll on nearly all elements of existence, which includes socio-monetary improvement. The violence additionally negatively influences the livelihoods of citizens, who ply their alternate in the informal casual economy. The activities of the IPOB secessionist group also affected Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states by killing policemen, burning and looting police stations, and killing various innocent citizens in these states.  The study in this manner prescribes amongst others that state governments have to work on a zonal framework to articulate and pursue a sturdy improvement blueprint for the region. This has to consist of centered empowerment programmes designed for unemployed youths to limit their vulnerability to recruitment through separatist and crook groups.
Discourse Markers in an Online Community of Buhînën People
Authors: Pontillas Marlon , Rañada Francis Roi
Published: October 2022

One of the language communication challenges is how it works as speakers use it. Some words may not change their semantic meaning, but when it is meant to say on speaker’s intention, it impacts the context; these particles are discourse markers. It has been used in everyday interaction, face-to-face communication, writing, and an online environment. This compels the researcher to investigate further the occurrences of the discourse markers in Buhînën People in an online community. This study centralized how discourse markers maintain their status of cohesion and interpersonal in computer-mediated communication. This qualitative study was based on Gustilo and Palacio’s (2016) study on discourse particles. Discourse markers were categorized into two: textual and relational categories. The corpus of 2,000 Facebook posts, primarily texts, was the data collected from the most numbered population on the Facebook online group of Buhînëns. Then, the survey was conducted to gather data about the pragmatic relation of relational discourse markers. The data revealed that the most hits were the discourse marker ‘na’ for the textual category, whereas ‘po’ for the relational category. It also revealed that more textual discourse markers were found. The functions proved the idea of metalingual function (Maschler & Schiffrin, 2015), as it has many functions in both categories, including the micro-function of relational discourse markers. Furthermore, the study also answered the importance of the discourse markers in pragmatics and computer-mediated communication, through which they served both their primary roles as structural and interpersonal.
Performance Examination of Concentric Tube Spiral Coil Heat Exchanger for Heat Transfer Analysis
Authors: Giri Abhinav , Chandra Sharma Shashi
Published: October 2022

Hot fluid passes through the inner tube and cold fluid flows through the outer tube in an experimental study of a Concentric Tube Spiral Coil Heat Exchanger conducted in a Counter Current method. The temperature data was recorded while the flow rates in the inner tube and Annulus were altered five times each. To get total heat transfer coefficients as well as heat transfer coefficients for the inner tube and annulus, the Wilson Plot method is utilised. The Nusselt Number gained from the experiment was compared to the Nusselt Number obtained through the development of a mathematical model using Regression Analysis. The inner Nusselt Number was linked to Dean Number, while the Annulus Nusselt Number was linked to Modified Dean Number and a new Dimensionless Number called "M Number." The experimental data was well-fitting with the Theoretical one. The hydrodynamics (pressure drop) and heat transfer properties of the concentric tube spiral coil heat exchanger were also examined.
Suggestive Measure Travel time and Congestion under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions
Authors: Mushtaq Khanday Munazil
Published: October 2022

Movement in non-rural areas effects well-being as well as traffic of that area. Greater the congested activity, worse will be the traffic impacts. These traffic impacts can be minimized by movement diminishment, or by moving more passengers from personal to alternate methods of transport with less negative effects for which a comprehensive traffic study needs to be done. In the present study, Phagwara, area of Jalandhar has been taken for such analysis. These studies can be used to control traffic jams on roads due to increment in vehicles. The study can also be used for saving time at intersections. Travel time data is an important parameter of many Intelligent Transportation Systems/Frameworks (ITS) applications. Quantity of vehicles in India has been increasing enormously resulting in blockage and pollution of urban areas during peak periods. If we can control congestion to a certain limit, things like pollution will also get minimized and there will be less accident rate due to less delay to the road users. This all is possible only when we are able to shift more passengers from their personal vehicles to public transport/ vehicles by providing them better comfort and good services. We can also provide latest technologies to the public vehicles so that the passenger gets attracted to these facilities. For achieving the goal, Advanced Public Transportation System/ Frameworks (APTS) plays a great role. ITS applications should be added to the movement circumstances in India so as to reduce the effects caused by traffic congestion. India is a developing country and has low economy rate so this is not possible for any developing country to implement in each and every city. Our main aim is to find out the traveller/ Passenger Car Unit (PCU) for many types of vehicles in non-homogeneous situations. The study shows that the traffic volume increasing enormously with non-homogeneous traffic on the roadway of Six-Laned Two-way traffic. The relation between volume of traffic and speed of vehicles represents third- and fourth-degree curve.
Relevance intraoperative diagnosis of fibrous pseudotumor para testicular: Challenge for sparing testis
Authors:   Department of Pathology, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Soukaina Elaouni , Salma Jebli ,   Department of Pathology, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Samia Sassi ,   Department of Pathology, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco.
Published: October 2022

A paratesticular fibrous pseudotumor is a relatively rare benign disease. Preoperatively diagnosing a fibrous pseudotumor is challenging because distinguishing these masses from malignant tumors on the basis of clinical and radiological findings is difficult to see impossible. We present a case of a 34-year-old man who presented with a 2-year history of right testicular swelling and was advised right radical orchidectomy by another surgeon. Physical examination revealed a painless palpable solitary mass in the right scrotum; Testicular tumor markers were all negative, and ultrasound scan showed a relatively hypoechoic lesion closely associated with the right testis and suspicious for neoplastic process. The patient underwent a testicular sparing surgery. An intraoperative frozen section biopsy confirmed the lesion to be benign and this was reported on permanent section to be fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica albuginea. Testicular-sparing surgery combined with frozen section assessment is primarily used for treating paratesticular fibrous pseudotumors.
A sign of love from the thyroid
Authors:   Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon., Naous Elie , Smayra Tarek ,   Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon., Achkar Angela ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon., Medlej Rita ,   Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Published: October 2022

A 41-year-old woman presented to our office, around valentine’s day, complaining of cervical discomfort. On physical examination, a midline cervical mass was identified. A cervical ultrasonography (Figure 1a and 1b) showed a heart shaped hypoechogenic colloidal cyst (3.4 X 3.5 X 3.5 cm) in her left thyroid lobe containing a hyperechogenic heart shaped colloidal aggregation. A fine needle aspiration was performed, and 21 ml of colloidal liquid was removed. The patient’s symptoms resolved soon after the procedure.
Robotic adrenalectomy for adrenal pseudocyst: Case report and review of literature
Authors:   Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA., F Lambreton , S Samreen ,   Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA., A Perez ,   Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA., JP Walker ,   Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA.
Published: October 2022

Adrenal cysts are uncommon lesions that are usually benign, with an incidence of 0.06-0.18%. Pseudocysts are the second most common type of adrenal cyst. We present the case of a 57-year-old female whose CT scan of the abdomen incidentally revealed a 7.2 cm right adrenal tumor with peripheral calcifications. Due to its large size and unusual CT findings, resection was indicated.
Diabetes management in spinal surgery
Authors:   Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA., Lucke-Wold Brandon ,   Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
Published: October 2022

Diabetes mellitus can lead to long-standing complications in multiple arenas. An area that is often overlooked is implications for major surgery. Spinal decompression and fusions have unique challenges in the diabetic patient. In this review, we briefly highlight the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus prior to examining implications for spinal surgery. We focus on the wound healing process, surgical infection risk, and delayed fusion. The paper then transitions to a focus on early diagnostics as well as pre-operative glucose control. Finally, we highlight important management strategies post operatively, continued necessity of monitoring, and emerging treatment and diagnostic approaches. This paper will serve as a key clinical guide that clinicians can utilize for diagnostic, management, and follow-up planning. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Spine surgery; Management considerations; Diagnostics.