bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN GROWING RABBIT
Authors: Ojebiyi O. O. , Lasisi A. K. , Fatoki H. O. , Olatokun T. B.
Published: December 2024

Antioxidants, known for their ability to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, have been extensively studied for their health benefits in various species; however, there is a notable paucity of iinformation regarding their specific effects and use in growing rabbits. Thirty (30) growing crossbred (Hyla X Black giant) rabbits were used to study the effect of natural antioxidant on their growth performance and nutrient digestibility. The rabbit were weighed and distributed into three (3) treatments of ten (10) rabbits each, with each rabbit serving as a replicate in a Completely Randomized Design Experiment, which lasted nine weeks. The test ingredients were Orego-stim (1ml to 4litres of water) and Oregoplus (1ml to 5litres of water). Treatment one was the control with zero inclusion of the test ingredient while orego-stim and oregoplus were administered orally to Treatments 2 and 3 respectively. The data collected on performance characteristics and nutrient digestibility were analyzed using one way analysis of variance. Results shows that Treatment 3 had higher (p<0.05) final weight (2781.32g), daily weight gain (21.87g) and lower feed:gain (4.80) compare to other treatments. The crude fibre digestibility in Treatment 2 (52.33%) and 3 (55.99%) are similar but both are significantly higher than T1 (42.87%). The Crude protein digestibility was comparable across the treatments. It may be concluded that compared, Oregoplus® improve weight gain and feed conversion ratio therefore, supplementation of Oregoplus® as feed additives in growing rabbit diet is very useful considering its direct impact on overall performance of rabbit.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS, CAKES AND HULLS OBTAINED FROM PUMPKIN SEEDS (CUCURBITA MAXIMA) AND ROSELLE SEEDS (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA)
Authors: Sudik S. D. , Odetola O. , Olusegun O. B.
Published: December 2024

In the search for alternative feed sources, some seed cakes are treated with enzymes or are cooked, fermented, roasted or bleached without any effect on reducing feed costs. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of seeds, cakes and hulls obtained from pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita maxima) and roselle seeds (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Pumpkin and Roselle seeds were collected, roasted until lightly golden brown, shelled and then ground with a hammer mill. The ground pastes were then pressed to extract the oil. The residue was heated to harden it and extract more oil. The residue was described as pumpkin seed cake (PSC) and roselle seed cake (RSC). Chemical analyzes were performed on whole seeds, PSC, RSC and hulls. The results showed that in both pumpkin and roselle, the fat content was higher in the whole seed. The protein content was higher in the cakes, while the crude fiber content was higher in the hulls. It can be concluded that as the protein content of the cake increases, the proportion of cake in the diet will be higher than that of whole seeds.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF BROILER STARTER CHICKS FED VARYING LEVELS OF ORANGE PEEL EXTRACT AS MINERAL SUPPLEMENT
Authors: Bello S. , Dabai A. S. , Aminu M. S.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of the administration of orange peel extracts on growth and economic benefits of starter broiler birds in drinking water as mineral supplement. A total of one hundred and thirty five (135) broiler starter birds were randomly allotted into five treatments groups namely: T0 (OPP 0g), T1 (OPP 5g), T2 (OPP 10g), T3 (OPP 15g) and T4 (OPP 20g). Each treatment was replicated thrice with nine (9) birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Growth parameters measured were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality. The cost per kilogram, cost of feed consumed, cost of feed per Kg weight gain and total revenue were evaluated. Results showed that final body weight, body weight gain and daily feed intake were significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds on OPP 10g followed by birds fed OPP 15g then than those of on OPP 20g which were not significantly different from the control. The feed conversion ratio was improved in birds fed OPP 15g. In conclusion, administering of OPP in drinking water improved performance of broiler starter at 15, 10, and 5g than birds fed without peel extracts. Economy of production indicated that cost of feed consumed and cost per kilogram weight gain reduced for broiler starter birds fed OPP compared to those fed control diet.
ROASTING OF BLACK SEED (NIGELLA SATIVA) AND AFRICAN NUTMEG (MONODORA MYRISTICA) NEGATIVELY AFFECT PERFORMANCE OF ARBOR ACRES BROILER STARTERS
Authors: Idowu A. O. , Ojebiyi O. O. , Ademola S. G. , Adekanla A. A. , Omotayo B. M. , Orukotan B. M.
Published: December 2024

Elimination of synthetic antibiotics in animal nutrition has been a global interest. Medicinal plants are relatively cheap and could be considered as alternatives. Nigella sativa (black seed) and Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) are examples and roasting was used to minimize the inherent antinutrients in these plants. Therefore, this study investigated effects of two herbal feed additives in roasted form (black seed and African nutmeg) as growth promoters for broiler starters. A total of 160 one-day old Arbor Acre strain of broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 5 treatments consisting of four replicates with eight birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. The treatments were T1 - control (given antibiotics), T2 - 0.5% black seed (BS), T3 - 0.5% African nutmeg (AN), T4 - 0.25% BS + 0.25% AN and T5 - 0.5% BS + 0.5% AN. Birds in T2 to T5 were not given antibiotics. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Data were collected on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical parameters which were subjected to ANOVA using SPSS version-21. The roasting of black seed and African nutmeg had detrimental effect (P < 0.05) effect on growth performance. However, broiler starters in control had the highest final weight (1027.81g), daily weight gain (35.68g) with the best feed-to-gain ratio (1.32). Starters in T2 had the highest RBC (2.43×106/µL) and WBC (145.00×103/µL). Haematological and serum biochemical parameters were within the normal ranges. It was concluded that roasting black seed and African nutmeg had depressing effect on performance of Arbor Acres broilers.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF CINNAMON, GINGER AND MORINGA POWDER BASED DIETS ON ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF BREAST MEAT OF BROILERS
Authors: Daramola O. T. , Arire E. O.
Published: December 2024

This study was aimed at assessing the effects of cinnamon powder (CP), ginger powder (GP) and moringa leaf meal (MLM) dietary supplementation on antioxidant activities of breast meat of broilers. A basal diet divided into four portions, designated as diet 1 (control) and diets 2, 3and 4 supplemented with 0.2% cinnamon, 0.2% ginger root and 0.2% moringa leaf meal, respectively. Ninety-six 1 day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the four experimental diets (24 birds/diet), 6 birds per replicate using a Completely Randomized Design. At the end of the day 56 , 100g of the broiler meat were excised from the breast meat for determination of antioxidant activities on breast meat of broiler as affected by phytogenic supplements. The glutathione peroxidase concentration were significantly (P<0.05) higher in breast meat from birds fed diets containing the phytogenic supplements compared to control diet. The lipid peroxidase activities in the meat from birds fed diets 2 and 4 were (P>0.05) similar but higher (P<0.05) than those birds on diet 3. In conclusion, phytogenic supplementations increased the glutathione peroxidase concentration and reduced lipid peroxidation of breast meat of broilers.
HAEMATOLOGY AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FINISHER BROILERS FED VARYING LEVELS OF CASSAVA PEEL MEAL ENRICHED WITH ENZYME AND METHIONINE
Authors: Eboh S. , Aribido S. O. , Olukwu I. S.
Published: December 2024

Poultry feeding with most non-conventional feedstuffs, high dietary fibre is associated with negative connotation in relation to voluntary and nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of cassava peel with enzymes and methionine improve broilers performance. Haematological indices and carcass characteristics of broilers fed varied level of cassava peel meal (CPM) enriched with methionine and enzyme was studied. A total of 96 broiler chickens were used in the research work. The birds were randomly allotted to four experimental treatments, each having four replicates of eight birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four experimental diets were compounded to include cassava peel meal at 0, 15, 30, and 45% maize replacement in diets designated as T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Haematological indices and carcass characteristics parameters of broilers fed were determined. Significant variations were observed in the haematological indices of white blood cells (WBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and neutrophils, with values ranges from 228.14 to 239.31 x109/L, 31.87 to 33.50g/dL, 2.33 to 2.88% respectively. However, no significant variations were observed for the values obtained with birds fed diets 1, 2, and 3. A similar trend in observed values was obtained for carcass characteristics. No significant variation was observed in the birds fed diets 1, 2, and 3 for live weight, bled weight, eviscerated weight, and dressing percentage. Also, no toxic effect of CPM was observed from the viscerals at all levels of inclusion used in this experiment. Therefore, CPM replacement of maize at a 30% replacement level be encouraged.
EFFICACY OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA EXTRACT IN IMPROVING QUALITY INDICES OF LAYING HENS
Authors: Essien C. A. , Sam I. M. , Okon U. M.
Published: December 2024

A study spanning twelve weeks aimed to assess the efficacy of Xylopia aethiopica extract on the egg quality indices of laying hens. The study utilized a total of 120 laying hens, six weeks in lay. Xylopia aethiopica extract was separately diluted in 4 liters of water at varying levels: 0 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, and 300 ml. The laying hens were divided into four groups, each comprising 30 birds, in a completely randomized design. Each group was subdivided into three replicates, each consisting of 10 birds. Result on the external egg qualities of the laying hens indicated significant (p<0.05) differences on egg weight, shell thickness, shell weight, and egg breaking strength compared to the control. The group administered with 300 ml of Xylopia aethiopica extract recorded the highest significant values (P<0.05) across these four parameters. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the internal egg qualities evaluated. It could be concluded that the administration of Xylopia aethiopica extract to laying hens enhances egg weight, shell thickness shell weight, and egg breaking strength of the birds.
EFFECT OF SEX ON SOME LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS REARED UNDER SEMI-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A TROPICAL
Authors: AKPORHUARHO P. O. , Okpara O.
Published: December 2024

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of sex on linear body measurements in West African Dwarf (WAD) goat in Nigeria, using 14 WAD goat, which comprised of 7 males and 7 females. The parameters measured include body weight, distance between the eyes, ear length, ear width, and tail length. Data was collected on weekly basis for four 4 months. The results showed that body weights and other body measurements had no significant (P>0.05) difference in both sexes of the WAD goats. although tail length and body weight of the female goats have higher values than that of the males. Correlation coefficients among body measurements were positive and significant. Thus, as body measurement increase, the rate of growth also increases.
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF DRY GUINEA HEN WEED LEAF (PETIVERIA ALLIACEA) ON PERFORMANCEOF GROWING PIGS
Authors: Mafimidiwo A. N. , Williams G. A. , Obadimu A. O. , Oluloro A. O.
Published: December 2024

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing growing pig diets with graded levels dry leaves of Guinea Hen Weed (GHW) (Petiveria alliacea). Thirty-six unsexed (Large white X Landrace) pigs of about 23-24kg body weight were randomly allotted on weight equalization basis into four dietary treatments. Each treatment has nine pigs and each treatment has three replicates of three pigs each. The pigs were fed for ten weeks with four formulated diets in which GHW was incorporated at 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%. The growth performance parameters were measured after a week of stabilization and were statistically analyzed in a completely randomized design. The significant difference was separated using Duncan multiple range test at 99.5% level of significance. The result revealed an increased final weight, weekly weight, daily weight gain and better feed conversion ratio on the pigs fed with diet supplemented with 0.5% GHW. However, pigs fed the 0% GHW supplemented diet has the highest feed intake while the 0.75% and 1.0% GHW supplemented diets have the least feed consumption and lowest daily weight gain too. The experiment concluded the 0.5% Petiveria alliacea is the best level of Guinea hen weed leaf incorporation in grower pigs’ diet for optimum performance.
ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE INDICES OF BROILER CHICKENS FED GRADED LEVELS OF TETRAPLEURA TETRAPTERA EXTRACTS
Authors: Ayeni A. O. , Adegbenro M. , Obameso O. O. , Anawoye F. D. , Faroomo O. O. , Onikanni E. A. , Agbede J. O. , Osho I. B.
Published: December 2024

The poultry industry constantly seeks alternative and sustainable feed additives to improve broiler chicken growth performance. Tetraptera tetrapleura, a West African plant, possesses bioactive compounds with potential growth promoting properties. The growth response of broiler chickens to diet containing the ethanolic extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera at varying levels of 0%, 0.2% and 0.3% was assessed. Ninety six (96) unsexed Abor Acre broilers were randomly distributed to the three treatment groups (32 chicks per group) with four replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group received a control diet with the respective levels of Tetrapleura tetraptera up to six weeks. The results revealed that all parameters showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in the starter phase. However, the results obtained for final weight and weight gain showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the finisher phase. The highest average weight gain value (1.61kg) was recorded for birds fed the control group diet, this was followed by D2 (1.33kg) and D3 (1.32kg). The broiler chickens fed control diet (D1) performed better in both phases. Hence it could be concluded that Tetrapleura tetraptera extract inclusion did not significantly affect the growth performance of broiler chicken at the tested levels in the current study, this highlights the need for further research with lesser dosage application to fully understand the plants potential.
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND INTERNAL ORGAN WEIGHTS OF BROILER CHICKENS OFFERED ADDITIVES PRODUCED FROM ASPILIA AFRICANA LEAF EXTRACTS
Authors: Obasi I. U. , Azodo L. N. , Ogbuewu I. P. , Okoli I. C. , Etuk E. B.
Published: December 2024

The effect of additives produced from Aspilia africana leaves using different extraction methods on the seventh day gastrointestinal tract components and internal organ weightof broiler chicken was studied. Fresh Aspilia africana leaves were washed in water, shade dried for 48 hours and thereafter, macerated. Extraction of Aspilia africanaleaveswas performed using six methods; water decoction, methanol, and ethanol extraction, followed by microwave assisted repeats of the three-extraction media. The additive production was completed by the addition of sodium benzoate as preservative and Aspartame® as sweetener to each extract. They were labeled Aspilia africana water decoct (AAWD); Aspilia africana microwave assisted water decoct (AMWD); Aspilia africana ethanol extract (AAEE); Aspilia africana microwave assisted ethanol extract (AMEE); Aspilia africana methanol extract (AAME); Aspilia africana microwave assisted methanol extract (AMME). One hundred and sixty eight 1-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 7 groups of 24 chicks each. Each group was replicated 4 times resulting to 6 chicks per replicate in a 2 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design experiment. The seven additives (treatments) were randomly assigned to the groups as follows: T1 (control- no additive), T2 (AAWD), T3 (AMWD), T4 (AAEE), T5 (AAEE), T6 (AAME) and T7 (AMME). Each replicate in the experimental group received 2ml of the additive per litre of drinking water daily. Seventh day gastrointestinal tract and internal organ weight results showed that chicks on AAWD additive recorded similar (p>0.05) weight of cropand liver compared with others, and significantly (p<0.05) higher weight of gizzard and large intestine. However, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in crop weight between the chicks in control and those on additives from other extraction media and method. It is probable that older birds might exhibit marked differences in their response to the additives.
EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF GARLIC, SYNBIOTIC, ORGANIC ACIDIFIER AND SYNTHETIC ANTIBIOTICS ON CARCASS AND CAECAL MICROBIAL LOAD OF FUNAAB ALPHA CHICKENS
Authors: Opowoye I.O. , Adewole F.A. , Omotoso E. A. , Olanipekun O. E. , Egbeyale L. T.
Published: December 2024

This study was carried out to determine effect of garlic, synbiotic, organic acidifier and synthetic antibiotics on carcass characteristics and caecal microbial load of FUNAAB-Alpha chickens. One hundred and fifty day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 5 treatments of 3 replicates with 10 chicks and laid out in a Completely Randomized Design. Treatments consisted of birds on Treatment 1 (T0 - no additives), Treatment 2 (Tg - garlic at 3g/1kg feed), Treatment 3 (Ts - synbiotic at 2g/1kg feed), Treatment 4 (Toa - organic acidifier at 3g/2kg feed), Treatment 5 (Ta - antibiotics at 0.5g/1kg feed). Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Birds on Ta showed significantly (p<0.05) increased plucked weight, eviscerated weight and dressed weight percentages similar to same parameters in birds on Ts and Tc. Weights for head, back, breast, gizzard, lungs, small intestine were also significantly (p<0.05) increased. Neck and caecum weights were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in birds on Ta. Birds on Ts showed significantly (p<0.05) increased weight for neck and it was same for kidney and caecum weights of birds on Tg. Streptococcus faecalis for birds fed Toa and Salmonella spp for birds fed Tg was significantly (p<0.05) lowered in their caecum. In conclusion, for FUNAAB-Alpha chickens, synbiotic improved carcass yield similar to antibiotic inclusion in diet; synbiotic and organic acidifier improved breast muscle similar to antibiotic inclusion in diet; additive inclusion lowered Streptococcus faecalis and Salmonella spp. population in the caecum.
EFFECT OF MAIZE REPLACED WITH BAKERY WASTE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC OF PRODUCTION OF MEAT TYPE RABBIT
Authors: Ayoola M. A. , Amaechi C. I. , Dada O. A.
Published: December 2024

The unconventional feed sources play a key role in reducing cost of feed by replacing the proportion of conventional feed ingredients. Thus this study was carried out to evaluate effect of maize replaced with bakery waste on growth performance and economic of production of meat type rabbit. Thirty weaned mixed breed rabbits aged between 5-6 weeks were used. The rabbits were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups with three replicates and two rabbits per replicate in the ratio of 1:1 (1 male and 1 female) in a completely randomised design (CRD). The bakery wastes were sundried to reduce the moisture content and incorporated at 0%. 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels of inclusion to replace maize in the experimental diets and designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively excluding treatment one (T1). After 35 days feeding trial, data collected on feed intake, weight gain, price/kg feed and price/kg rabbit were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Growth performance of rabbits showed no significant (P >0, 05) difference across the treatment groups. However, highest total feed intake was recorded in T4 (50%) inclusion level as 2.11kg and lowest was observed in T5 (100%) inclusion level as 1.95kg. Feed cost per kg were significant similar (P >0.05) in T2 (₦871.91), T3 (₦831.00) and T4 (₦785.22) but were significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 (₦470.55) and T5 (₦488.60). The trial showed that bakery waste can be used at 75% level of inclusion in the rabbit diets without causing any threat to the animals’ performance.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FOR ACCESSION OF THREE CULTIVAR OF Lablab purpureus LEAVES.
Authors: ALALADE J. A. , AKINLADE J. A. , FAJEMISIN A. N. , ADEBISI I. A.
Published: December 2024

The leaves of three cultivars of Lablab purpurcus (TIn-43, T In-49 and TIn-5 1) were evaluated for their Proximate and mineral composition in a randomized complete block design experiment. The results showed that the leaves had significantly higher (P<0.05) crude protein (16.97%), crude fat (27.35%), ash (9.95%) and Ether extract (5.09%). Also same trend results were observed on mineral contents for Phosphorus (0.37%P), Calcium (0.26%Ca), Magnesium (0.29%Mg) and Iron (192.60mg/kg Fe). The study concluded that the leaves of three accession of Lablab purpureus leaves had generally higher nutritional quality on both proximate and minerals contents. Keywords: Proximate contents, Lablab purpureus leaves.
COMPARISON OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL QUALITIES OF EGGS FROM FOUR SPECIES OF POULTRY MARKETED IN SAMARU ZARIA, NIGERIA
Authors: Kabir M. , Ukeonye U. K. , Adamu H. Y. , Umar U. A. , Badmus K. A.
Published: December 2024

The objective of this study was to compare the proximate composition, internal and external qualities of eggs from four species of poultry (exotic chicken: ISA brown, local chicken: normal feathered, guinea fowl and quail), marketed in Samaru Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 240 eggs (60 for each specie) was purchased within the Samaru environment in Zaria, Nigeria. Data collected was subjected to one way analysis of variance procedure of SAS. Results showed that for most of the internal egg quality traits studied, exotic chicken had the highest value followed by guinea fowl and local chicken. The albumen pH ranged from 7.84 (for quail egg) to 8.35 (for guinea fowl egg), which is within normal pH range of 7.5 to 8.5 reported in literature. For external egg quality traits, the results showed that, there was significant difference (P<0.05) for most of the tested parameters. The exotic chicken egg is significantly (P0.05) heavier (56.116g) than others. This translates to other related traits as egg length and egg diameter, which were significantly higher in eggs from the exotic chicken as compared to eggs from other poultry species. However, eggs from guinea fowl had the highest value for egg shell thickness (0.414mm) and egg shell weight (7.116g) compared to eggs from other poultry species. This means guinea fowl eggs may have advantage over eggs from other poultry species to withstand cracks and breakages during handling and transportation.
VOLUNTARY DRY INTAKE OF PANICUM MAXIMUM AND FOUR BROWSE SPECIES BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
Authors: AYO-ENWEREM M. C. , OKORO E. J. , NWOKOCHA V. O.
Published: December 2024

Fifteen WAD goats aged between 7-9 months obtained from smallholder goat farmers were used for the voluntary feed intake study. The goats were placed on four browse species with Panicum maximum as the control diet. The treatments were: Tl, Panicum maximum, T2: Antocleis tavogelli, T3: Aspillia africana, T4: Microdesmis puberula and T5: Pterocarpus santolinoides. Maize offal served as the basal diet. The goats were randomly assigned to the treatment diets between 1000h and 1800h daily while maize offal was offered at 1300h. Data were collected on voluntary feed dry matter intake, body weight gain and dry matter digestibility. Samples of test diets were dried for dry matter determination, proximate and cell wall composition. The study lasted for 70 days with 14-d adjustment and 56-d data collection periods. Results showed goats placed on M. puberula recorded the highest values (P<0.05) of forage dry matter intake (830.2gd-l) and total dry matter. Intake (981.7g&l) while goats on A. vogelli were least in both forage dry matter intake (253.6gd-l ) and total dry matter intake (382.9gd-l) and basal diet intake (129.5gd-l). Goats on A. Africana consumed more of the basal diet (188.3gd-1) digested more (97.1%) and gain more weight. (0.93g). Chemical composition showed browses are richer in crude protein than grasses. Browse plats can be useful supplements to low quality basal diet.
EFFECT OF SEASON ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF LAMBS
Authors: IYIOLA-TUNJI A. O. , AKPA G. N. , NWAGU B. I. , ADEYINKA L. A. , OJO O. A. , BUBA W.
Published: December 2024

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of season on haematological profiles of lambs in Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria. Blood samples (5ml) were collected from 76 lambs from the mixed flock of Balami, Uda, Yankasa sheep and their crosses through the jugular vein. The data obtained were analysed using General Linear Model procedure of SAS (SAS, 2004). Season had no effect (P>0.05) on all erythrocyte indices of lambs except mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). Early dry season recorded higher MCV and MCH value than early wet season. The values for MCV were 28.51+0.50 fl and 27.74±0.40 fl for early dry and wet season, respectively while 9.34±0.21 pg and 8.22±0.16 pg were obtained respectively for MCH during early dry and wet season. Season affected (P<0.05) all the leucocyte indices except monocytes. Early wet season recorded higher values (18.0110.37 x10'/litre) for white blood cells (WBC) counts than early dry season (11.68+0.4 x10'/litre).Effect of season on haematological profile of lambs from the studied population is more prominent on increased leukocyte counts during early wet season. It is therefore recommended that farmers should practice disease prevention protocols such as anti-helminthic drenching and deworming regularly, especially during raining season.
INVESTIGATION OF SOME MORPHOMETRIC, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR BODY WEIGHT IMPROVEMENT IN MARSHALL STRAIN OF BROILERS
Authors: MUSA A. A. , AKPANACHI A. M. , OLUTUNMOGUN A. K. , ADEDIBU L. I. , OYIBO A.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted using a total of 160 day old unsexed broilers chicks, with the aim of investigating the relationship between some morphometric and blood profile in order to identify markers capable of improving body weight. The effects of sex on morphometric trait were also investigated. The birds were reared on deep litter, and fed starter and finisher mash at starter and finisher phases, respectively. Data were collected on some morphometric traits, haematological and biochemical parameters. The results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) effect of sex on body weight, breast girth and tibia length at four weeks of age. However, significant (P<0.05) sex effect was observed on body weight and tibia length at 8 weeks of age which was probably due to the principle of sexual dimorphism. Relationship between blood profile and some morphometric traits with body weight showed that there was no significant relationship except breast girth which was highly significant (P<0.01) with a correlation coefficient of 0.703. Therefore, highly polymorphic DNA-based techniques such as single nucleotide polymorphisms are advocated to develop reliable markers for improving body weight of broilers.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOME BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL VARIANTS WITH PRODUCTIVITY PERFOMANCE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT
Authors: OGAH D. M. , OGUNGBEMIRO G. T.
Published: December 2024

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of albumin, transferrin, haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrases phenotypes on a production trait (birth type) in west African dwarf goat population reared under free range extensive management system in south western Nigeria. Twenty one west African dwarf does with recorded birth types were considered for the work. Blood samples were collected from seven does each with records of single, twin and triplet kids birth respectively. The birth types were analyzed according to the genotypes or phenotypes of the polymorph systems (haemoglobin, transferrin, albumin and carbonic anhydrase) of does. Result of electrophoresis show that three phenotypes (AA, AB and BB) were obtained from all the four proteins. Homozygosity in haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase tend to align with single birth producing. The need for further study that will involve more number of goats covering larger areas, use of DNA markers and their relationship with economic traits as well as performance study for detailed understanding of breed characteristics, conservation and genetic improvement of WAD goats is required. The goat breeding field can benefit by the contribution of biochemical-genetic markers to optimize the selection criteria with a view to increasing the reproduction capacity of this species.
EFFECT OF AGE AND BODY WEIGHT ON CONFORMATION TRAITS IN KANO BROWN DOES AT SMALL HOLDER SYSTEM
Authors: SULEIMAN L. O. , BABANGIDA I. , DANKOLI Z. A.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to determine the effect of age and body weight on conformation traits in Kano brown does as well as to determine the relationship between the conformation traits and body weight using 110 Kano Brown Does at three age groups (9-12, 13-24 and 25-36 months). The body weight was taken and recorded in kilogram. The conformation traits used for the study were heart girth (HG), body depth (BD), withers height (WH), body length (BL), stature (ST), rump width (RW) and chest width (CW). These conformation traits were measured with flexible tape in centimeters. The experimental result showed that age significantly (P<0.01) influenced heart girth, body depth, stature and height at withers. However body length rump width and chest width had no significant influenced on age. All the body conformation traits except body length, rump width and chest width increased with increase in age. Body weight significantly (P<0.01) influenced all the conformation traits evaluated except that chest width had no significant (P>001; P>0.05) influenced on the body weight. The correlation coefficient obtained for the measured traits were positive and significant. Based on the result obtained from this study it's recommended that age and body weight should be taken in to consideration for selection and breeding in Kano Brown does.
EFFECTS OF MELATONIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGG SHELL AND INTERNAL EGG QUALITY IN LAYING HENS DURING THE HOT- DRY SEASON
Authors: ABIMBOLA A. A. , SINKALU V. O. , AYO J. O. , ORUNMUYI M.
Published: December 2024

Poor egg shell quality and poor internal egg quality as a result of heat stress are detrimental to poultry egg industry. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of melatonin administration on egg shell properties and some internal egg quality traits of laying hens during the hot-dry season in the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. Birds were divided into 2 groups of melatonin-treated (0.5 mg/kg) and control. Egg, shell, egg content, albumin and yolk weights were examined. Total egg weight, egg content weight, albumin weight and yolk weight in both groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Conversely, the egg shell weight was significantly greater in the control group than in hens treated with melatonin (P<0.001). In conclusion, melatonin supplementation may, be better-suited in birds raised for meat rather than in those for egg production.
EFFECTS OF MELATONIN ADMINISTRATION ON MORTALITY AND ECONOMICS OF BROILER CHICKENS EXPOSED TO CONTINUOUS LIGHTING AND HEAT STRESS
Authors: AYO J. O. , SINKALU V. O.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to determine the impact of continuous lighting and heat stress on the mortality and economics of broiler chickens, administered with melatonin during the hot-dry season. Broiler chicks were assigned randomly into three groups, comprising 100 chicks each. Group I was raised under natural photoperiod of 12-h light and 12-h darkness, without melatonin supplementation. Group II was kept under 24-h continuous lighting, without melatonin administration. Group III was raised under 24-h continuous lighting, with melatonin supplementation at 0.5 mg/kg per os, via drinking water. Melatonin was administered once daily for 42 consecutive days at 17:00 h. The weekly mean temperature-humidity index recorded inside the poultry house was lowest at week 4 of the study, with the value of 48.60 ± 0.08 "C; but highest at week 1, with the value of 53.48 ± 0.97 °C (P<0.0001). Groups I, II and III had overall mortality of 5, 6 and 1 %, respectively. The highest profit value of 667:55 was obtained in group III broiler chickens, administered with melatonin. In conclusion, oral administration of melatonin may enhance adaptation to heat stress and productivity of broiler chickens in the tropical zones of the world.
CARCASS AND ORGAN TRAITS OF TWO BROILER CHICKEN STRAINS FED DIETARY CITRUS SINENSIS PEEL-BASED DIETS
Authors: Olateju I. S. , Adesina S. A. , Aro S. O.
Published: December 2024

One hundred- and ninety-two-day-old chicks, comprising 96 Abor acres and 96 Cobb 500 breed, were randomly distributed across four different diets with inclusion levels of dried Citrus sinensis peel (DCSP) at 0, 2.50, 5.00, and 7.50% used to substitute wheat offal in the diet. Each treatment group was replicated three times, consist eight birds each in a 2 x 4 factorial design. Carcass and organ parameters were assessed. The highest live, slaughter, and eviscerated weight (2518.33±115.75g, 2379.33±108.81g, 91.20±1.82g respectively) was observed in the control group followed by birds fed with 2.50% DCSP. Although the highest drumstick mean weight was observed among birds fed with 2.50% DCSP, it was statistically similar to the values recorded among the control group. For carcass cuts- thigh, back, neck, wing, and head, the control group had the highest weight while the least weight was observed among birds fed a diet containing 7.50% DCSP. No breed effect was recorded and the interactive effects were also non-significant (P>0.05). The relative organ weight of the broiler chickens observed was significantly affected (P<0.05) except for the pancreas and lungs. The weight of the heart (11.78±0.94g), liver (50.72±2.83g), gizzard (54.72±0.37g), proventriculus (10.08±0.48g), and spleen (2.38±0.12g) was highest among the control birds and the least value was also recorded among birds fed with Diet D. Strain did not affect (P>0.05) organs weight except for the heart and proventriculus. Likewise, interaction effects were non-significant (P>0.05). Hence, DCSP can only be utilized at a 2.50% inclusion level for optimal muscle growth, carcass, and organ outcomes.
EFFECT OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS FRESH LEAF INFUSION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Agbalaya K. K. , Onigemo M. A. , Asafa A. R. , Agbaye P. F. , Oso Y. A. A. , Ibraheem R. O. , Sulaimon I. O.
Published: December 2024

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Phyllanthus amarus fresh leaf infusion on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. A total of 66-day-old broiler chickens were allotted to two experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Chicks in Treatment 1 (T1) were served water without Phyllanthus amarus leaf, while those in Treatment 2 (T2) were administered 10g of fresh Phyllanthus amarus leaf in one litre of drinking water for 42 days of the experiment. Data obtained included weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and carcass characteristics of the broiler chicken. Results obtained revealed that Phyllanthus amarus fresh leaf infusion at 1% had no significant influence on the growth performance broiler birds. Live (1675.00), slaughtered (1625.00) and carcass (1210.00) weights were significantly higher for birds on T1 compared to T2 (1495.00, 1355.00, and 1040.00, respectively). The dressing percentage ranged between 72.24 (T1) and 74.02 (T2). Thigh weight was significantly higher (11.37) in birds on T1 compared to T2 (9.72) while other primal cuts were not significantly influenced. Internal and External offal were significantly influenced by Phyllanthus amarus fresh leaf infusion except for gizzard and proventriculus, then liver and bile. Hence, it is concluded that fresh Phyllanthus amarus leaf infusion at 1% did not affect the growth performance of broiler chicken, except for the carcass characteristics with better dressing percentage and offal.
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND VILLI MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIET CONTAINING CLOVE (SYZIGIUM AROMATICUM)
Authors: Yunana Y. L. , Olugbemi T. S. , Onimisi P. A. , Bawa G. S. , Salihu E. A. , Tanko S. Y. , Saleh I.
Published: December 2024

Poultry industry continually explores alternative feed additives to enhance the overall performance and health of broiler chickens. Clove (Syzigium aromaticum), a well-known spice, has gained attention for its potential benefits in animal nutrition. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate clove (Syzygium aromaticum) as an alternative for synthetic antibiotic growth promoters. A total of 300 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted to five dietary treatments replicated thrice with 20 chicks in a completely randomized design. Clove was included in the diet at 0, 100, 200 and 300g while oxytetracycline was used as positive control. Data were collected on carcass characteristics and villi morphometric traits. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant differences amongst treatment means were compared using Tukey procedures. Result obtained showed that clove inclusion at 300g/100kg diets of broiler chickens significantly increased carcass percentages of prime cuts (back, breast and drumstick). Similarly, clove (Syzigium aromaticum) inclusion in diets of broiler chickens at 300 g/100kg diet resulted in improved villi area (46184.56 µm2) and villi perimeter (924.12 µm) against those fed with 0 g/100kg diet with values of 31547.25 µm2 and 760.79 µm for villi area and perimeter, respectively. Clove inclusion at 300g/100kg diet are recommended to farmers and feed manufacturers for improved carcass traits and villi morphology.
EFFECTS OF PYRIDOXINE ON MOTILITY, IN VITRO CAPACITATION AND IN VITRO ACROSOME REACTION OF GOAT BUCK SPERMATOZOA DURING CRYOPRESERVATION
Authors: DARAMOLA J. O. , ADEKUNLE E. O. , OKE O. E. , WILLIAMS T. J. , IYASERE O. S. , JAMES I. J. , OYEWUSI I. K. , OYEWUSI J. A.
Published: December 2024

The effect of semen extender supplemented with pyridoxine on motility, in vitro capacitation and in vitro acrosome reaction of buck spermatozoa were studied. Tris-based extenders supplemented with 0, 4, 6 and 8mM of pyridoxine were diluted with pooled semen samples obtained from West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks. Sperm motility was assessed following cryopreservation, and capacitation and in vitro acrosome reaction were induced in vitro. The results showed higher (P<0.05) spermatozoa motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction in extenders supplemented with pyridoxine compared to the control. The improvement in motility was best (P< 0.05) at 6mM of alone or combined with vitamin C, E and melatonin respectively supplementation. Extender supplemented with 4mM had higher spermatozoa that underwent induced acrosome reaction and more spermatozoa cryopreserved with 4mM and 6mM underwent induced capacitation (P< 0.05). The findings revealed that spermatozoa motility, in vitro capacitation and in vitro acrosome reaction improved with pyridoxine supplementation.
EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM PHYSICAL RESTRAINT ON RECTAL TEMPERATURE AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF THE AFRICAN GIANT RAT (Cricetomys gambianus, WATERHOUSE) IN ZARIA
Authors: DZENDA T. , PER F. M.
Published: December 2024

Study was carried out on 28 African giant rats (AGRS) of both sexes, with the aim of determining the effect of short-term physical restraint on rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR). The results showed graded increases (P < 0.01) in RT of 0.13°C, 0.18°C and 0.28°C, after 1 minute, 3 minutes and 5 minutes of restraint, respectively. The RR showed no difference before and after the restraint. There was no sex difference (P > 0.05) in the responses. In conclusion, short-term physical restraint caused time- dependent graded increases in RT, which may confound thermoregulatory studies that involve restraint of AGRS.
EFFECT OF L-CARNOSINE ON DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MID-GESTATION YANKASA EWES DURING THE HOT-DRY SEASON
Authors: YAQUB L. S. , AYO J. O. , KAWU M. U. , REKWOT P. I. , DZENDA T. , HABIBU B. , ADAMA I. F.
Published: December 2024

The study was designed to determine diurnal variation in physiologic parameters of mid-gestation Yankasa ewes, and the effects of L-carnosine administration during the hot-dry season. Thirty Yankasa ewes were divided into three groups: Group I ewes were pregnant and administered daily with L-carnosine, Group II were pregnant and Group III non-pregnant. Group I was administered with L-carnosine at 100 mg/kg dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water for one week. Group II and III were administered 10 ml distilled water for the same period. Physiologic parameters of rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were taken bihourly on days 3 and 7 of L- carnosine administration, from 06:00 hour - 19:00 hour. The dry-bulb (DBT) and wet-bulb (WBT) readings were recorded concurrently with aid of hygrometer at the experimental site. Values of RT and RR obtained in the morning (07:00 h-11:00 h) were lower (P 0.001) than those obtained in the afternoon (12:00 h-19:00 h). The RT and HR values obtained were within the normal range for sheep, but RR was above the normal range throughout the study period, indicating that the ewes adopted increasec RR in dissipating body heat. Carnosine administration had insignificant effect on physiological parameters, except for slight insignificant decreased in RR, RT and increased HR in L- carnosine administered group. The HR was higher in the pregnant group relative to the non-pregnant group, while the RR was significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative to non-pregnant at 11:00 h. The DBT significantly (P 0.001) correlated with RT in all the groups. The RR in non-pregnant group correlated more (r = 0.8982; r = 0.8176; P 0.01) with DBT than the pregnant group (r=0.8176; P 0.05). In conclusion, carnosine did not exert effect on physiologic parameters, but physiological status significantly influenced the RR in Yankasa ewes.
RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS TO VARYING LEVELS OF DIETARY BENZOIC ACID
Authors: Ani A. O. , Okafor P. C. , Osita C. O. , Oyeagu C. E. , Akuru E. A. , Ogwuegbu M. C. , Edeh H. O. , Ugwu C. M.
Published: December 2024

An eight-week study was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler birds to varying levels of dietary benzoic acid. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) day-old unsexed “Arbor acre” strain broiler chicks were randomly assigned into five treatment groups. Each treatment group contained 24 birds replicated three times with eight birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were designated as follows: Treatment 1,0g benzoic acid; Treatment 2, 2.5g benzoic acid per kg of feed; Treatment 3, 5.0g benzoic acid per kg of feed; Treatment 4, 7.5g benzoic acid per kg of feed and Treatment 5, 10g benzoic acid per kg of feed. Parameters assessed include final body weight (FBW), total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG), total feed intake (TFI), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The results showed significant (p<0.05) differences among treatments in FBW, TWG, DWG, TFI, DFI and FCR values. The FBW, TWG and DWG values increased significantly (p<0.05) as the levels of benzoic acid in the diet increased from 0g to 7.5g. Birds fed diet containing 5g of benzoic acid per kg of diet (treatment3) had the highest (p<0.05) FBW, TWG and DWG values (3380.71g, 3341.50g and 59.67g, respectively) but these values were similar to the FBW, TWG and DWG values (3236.98g, 3197.27g and 57.09g, respectively) recorded for birds in treatment2 (2.5g of benzoic acid per kg of diet). Birds fed diets containing 2.5g, 5g and 7.5g of benzoic acid had better efficiency of feed utilization as shown by their FCR values (1.89, 1.86 and 1.92, respectively) as compared to the FCR value(2.15) for birds fed the control diet. It was concluded that up to 7.5g of benzoic acid can be included in the diet of broiler birds for optimum growth performance without any deleterious effect on birds.
EVALUATION OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) AS A POTENT NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT FOR POULTRY
Authors: Awobona E. O. , Akande K. E. , Ijaiya A. T.
Published: December 2024

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has attracted attention due to its potent antioxidant activities standing out among other spices. Turmeric powder is bright yellow and aromatic derived from the rhizome of the plant. It is widely used due to their positive effects on the growth and health of poultry, probably as a result of their immune-stimulatory properties. In this study the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of turmeric using ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a free radical. It was observed from the results obtained that the DPPH free radical scavenging ability of turmeric was in the range of 27.23% to 60.23%. The antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid (the standard antioxidant) used in the experiment was 98.65%. It was revealed from the results that the inhibition activity of turmeric against the free radical increased with an increase in the level of the concentration of its extract from 0.2mg/ml to 1.0mg/ml. The implication of this showed that the effect of turmeric extract was dose-dependent. The values obtained for IC50 for the turmeric and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) were 0.717 and 0.320 respectively. Turmeric has the potential to serve as a natural substitute for synthetic antioxidant additives in poultry production.
NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF WEANER RABBITS FED DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED DELONIX REGIA (FLAMBOYANT) SEED MEAL
Authors: Evans E. I. , Sam I. M. , Eyoh G. D. , Ukpanah U. A.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to assess the nutrient digestiblity of mix-bred rabbits to diets containing differently processed Delonix regia seed meal (DRSM). Processed forms of Delonix regia seeds were; fermentation, boiling and toasting and their proximate composition were determined. Thirty-two (32) matured rabbits comprising of 16 Bucks and 16 Does of six to seven months of age with average weight of 1,460±0.02 procured from reputable farms in Akwa Ibom State were divided into four treatment groups with eight replicate each and alloted to four (4) dietary treatments. The Delonix regia seed meal were included at 0, 15, 15 and 15% untreated, fermented, boiled and toasted in diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The study lasted for 12 weeks. All data collected in the course of the experiment were statistically analyzed using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Duncan's new multiple range test, was used for mean separation. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in Proximate Composition and Nutrient Digestibility parameters measured across dietary treatments with respect to Moisture, Ash, Crude fibre, Ether Extract, Crude protein, Dry Matter and NFE. The study revealed that inclusion level of Toasted Delonix regia seed meal (TDRSM) at 15% brought about a positive result in terms of nutrient utilization of rabbits. It was recommended that Delonix regia seed meal should be toasted before it is included in diets meant for rabbits.