bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking to Law
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 looks to law to explore the normative foundations of the modern state’s power over immigration. It examines where the US Supreme Court located the authority of the US government’s power over immigration. In a series of cases in the late nineteenth century, the court declared the federal government’s immigration power to be “inherent in sovereignty,” a doctrine that has come to be known as the plenary power doctrine. The court drew on the work of the influential law of nations theorist Emer de Vattel to establish the federal government’s virtually absolute power over immigration. The chapter examines the court’s reasoning, as well as Vattel’s Law of Nations, to explore the connection between sovereignty and immigration control. It argues that these judicial opinions provide little more than assertions of state sovereignty and rest on morally reprehensible views about the racial inferiority of Asian migrants. We must look elsewhere for normative guidance.
The Claims of Family
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 8 examines family-based immigration, which makes up a large share of the regular admissions for permanent residence in many democratic countries. F`amily-based immigration schemes have come under criticism for crowding out other kinds of migration such as high-skilled immigration. The chapter explores some important normative questions about family-based immigration. Why should states privilege family relationships in designing immigration policy? Which relationships have counted as family, and which relationships should count? The chapter defends family-based immigration and argues for moving beyond the traditional model of the family to include more pluralistic conceptions of family, including nonfamilial relationships of care.
Trump’s “Strategy” and the Counterstrategy of Resistance
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju
Published: October 2018

This chapter sketches President Donald Trump’s strategy of impulse and instinct and the counterstrategy of transnational legal process, which seeks to effectuate norm internalization into domestic legal systems through interaction–interpretation–internalization (the outside strategy) and engage–translate–leverage (the inside strategy). The outside and inside strategies work together in a complementary way to create an approach called “international law as smart power,” a better alternative to Trump’s counterproductive approach of disengage–black hole–no leverage. The counterstrategy functions like a game of “rope-a-dope,” whereby other players in the process can resist Trump’s initiatives, absorb punishment, parry where possible, and strategically counterpunch when Trump gets exhausted. In playing this game, law, policy, and politics impose separate but interrelated constraints on presidential overreaching.
Introduction
Authors: Dwan David
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers Orwell’s merits as a political thinker. It shows how his politics can only be understood by examining them in context—alongside contemporary debates about the importance of realism and the drawbacks of moralism in political life. The consistency and power of his views also need to be tested against a broader backdrop of political thought. Orwell was not a systematic thinker and he was famously hostile to intellectuals and theorists; yet the problems he encountered in politics had an irreducible conceptual element. Orwell’s contradictions express his own limitations, but they also expose the limits of justice itself. For justice, it would seem, is many-headed and services different—even incompatible—ends. Orwell’s writings express this conflict, producing a very agonized form of idealism.
Self-Harming and Prison Pain
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

This chapter develops the links between coping and painful emotions in prison, by looking at self-injury practices as one particularly problematic form of coping that is both common among women prisoners, and increasingly more prominent in English prisons overall. This last substantive chapter of the book uses self-injury as a case study through which to explore an application of the book’s main arguments, findings, and implications, examining the participants’ explanations of why they self-injured during and after custody. In doing so, it advocates for an embodied perspective to the study of emotions, identity, and survival in prison, and challenges the prison’s rehabilitative potential.
Conclusion
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

The conclusion of the book draws together a summary of the study’s arguments and findings, and reaffirms its invitation for a more affective, bodily aware, and theoretically richer sociology of prison life.
The Intertextual Network of Proverbs and the Subjective Nature of Genre
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

Despite the undeniable importance of the concept of wisdom to Proverbs, reading the book as Wisdom Literature creates similar problems as it does for Job and Ecclesiastes. The book’s interpretation profits from better appreciating its complexity, perhaps more so because the obviousness of its Wisdom classification has previously discouraged attempts to do so. The groupings before Wisdom, such as Sifrei Emet and Poetry, provide forgotten nuances. The book’s widespread inclusion in a Solomonic collection invites comparison with the account of that king’s reign in 1 Kings 1–11. The variegated presentation of wisdom in that account associates the concept with political, legal, cultic, and prophetic texts. This intersection of potential genre groupings in 1 Kings 1–11 is also evident in Proverbs. Genres, such as Wisdom, are not “real” and should not restrict the insights from other textual comparisons.
Virginia Woolf and the Limits of Feminine Hospitality
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: October 2018

Woolf scholars have been at the forefront of bringing economic and especially Keynesian perspectives to bear on modernist literature. This chapter makes the case instead for a sociological approach. Whereas Keynes promoted a separation of egoism and altruism, Marcel Mauss called for a “new morality” that would be a mixture of egoism and altruism. For her part, Woolf, too, conceptualized the modern mind as a mix of contradictory feelings both in her nonfiction and in Mrs. Dalloway, published the same year as Mauss’s The Gift. Drawing historical and conceptual connections between the novel’s representation of feminine consciousness and Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structural re-reading of Mauss, the chapter argues that, in Mrs. Dalloway, everyday metropolitan experience is an experience of gift exchange and, more specifically, of hospitality—of being at once open and closed to the thought of other people in ways that are shaped by gender, class, and nationality.
War and Captivity
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between war and captivity in the seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Ottoman Empire, emphasizing the scale of cross-border enslavement and the customary and Islamic legal rules governing who could be enslaved, and when. The chapter approaches these rules by examining the the extent of Ottoman sovereignty, illustrating differences between the status of Ottoman Muslims, Ottoman non-Muslims, tributary states, non-Ottoman Muslims, Christian states with peace treaties or commercial treaties (Capitulations), and enemy states. Using the 1735–39 Russo–Ottoman War as a case study, it explores how Ottoman forces used raids and open warfare to enslave both military and civilian enemies. The chapter then more briefly reviews these same questions for the Ottomans’ Russian rivals, and for European states. This chapter, along with Chapter 2, lays out the status quo before the sweeping eighteenth-century changes charted in the rest of the book.
From the Law of Ransom to the Law of Release
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter charts the “Law of Release,” a new system of rules that replaced the Law of Ransom. These rules were based on treaties signed from 1739 onward, but also on a variety of lesser agreements and unwritten understandings and the Islamic legal tradition. They were renewed frequently, and structured captivity as late as the 1850s. This chapter will explore the basic structures of the Law of Release—how captives were found, released, and sent home, and how slaveowners were convinced, coerced, or compensated to cooperate. I argue that while release was initially limited to Istanbul, and to the most visible captives, it extended both into elite households, and outward along the Ottoman corridors of power. This process tested the limits of the Ottoman state, forcing the state to cooperate with Russian officials for the benefit of both. They did so in the face of resistance from captors.
Prisoners of War
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter turns from captivity after wars, to captivity during wars. It argues that in the 1768 and 1787 Wars, the Ottoman state created a “prisoner of war” system by taking captured enemy combatants—soldiers and sailors—into its own custody, rather than allowing soldiers to sell them. They were no longer valued primarily for labor, ransom, or sale. Indeed, at times the Porte even saw them as a burden. The Ottoman state may have undertaken this initiative in order to make the Law of Release easier to implement: if it held those captives about whom Russian diplomats were the most concerned—captured combatants—in its own hands, diplomatic tensions might be lowered. This chapter traces, in turn, the creation of the prisoner-of-war system, its basic structure, its limitation to the Ottoman state’s corridors of power, and European observers’ recognition of it.
Conclusion
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter sums up the arguments of the book, after a brief discussion of how Ottoman captivity during the First World War continued earlier legacies. It assesses the book’s lessons for our view of international law, of the Ottoman Empire, and of slavery. Law, it argues, was never absent from the story of Ottoman captivity; the question was which rules were seen as binding, by which individuals or institutions, how they interpreted them, what their sources were, and how they were enforced. The Ottoman law of captivity was a contingent product of its context, but nonetheless converged with practices in Europe. Thus we might look for changes in the eighteenth century, often seen as a period of stagnation or undifferentiated transformation. We also see active Ottoman state agency, in conversation with its own subjects’ claims, in shaping the international rules by which the empire was bound and foreshadowing later political developments.
Sovereignty for Animals?
Authors: Cochrane Alasdair
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 considers whether, within the proposed sentientist global political order, some groups of wild animals ought to be granted their own political communities. Indeed, Donaldson and Kymlicka have claimed that wild animals ought to be recognized as having sovereignty over their territories. This chapter evaluates this claim and concludes that the best way of protecting the basic rights of wild animals is not through granting them sovereignty, but through recognizing them as equal members of mixed human–animal communities. It then addresses a potential problem with regarding wild animals as equal members of our political communities: that it leads to our having positive duties of assistance to wild animals, requiring us to ‘police nature’. The chapter argues that while we do in fact have positive duties of assistance to wild animals, these do not require or permit immediate massive interventions by humans into nature.
Counter-Conceivability Again
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: October 2018

This chapter is concerned with the epistemology of metaphysical possibility implicit in the famous argument against physicalism about the mental outlined in the third lecture of Saul Kripke’s Naming and Necessity. Kripke’s argument presupposes that conceivability remains the best possible indicator of possibility, even where it is metaphysical possibilities, rather than conceptual possibilities, that are concerned. The chapter argues that this principle is good only when the concepts which frame the relevant imaginative exercise are adequate to the essential nature of the items for which a putative possibility is being entertained. The result is that metaphysical impossibilities may, in certain circumstances, be perfectly lucidly conceivable; and hence that the conceivability of pain’s coming apart from any particular supposed physical identification of it is no indication of a genuine possibility for pain unless the phenomenal concept of pain is adequate to the nature of pain—which physicalism denies.
Introduction
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

The Introduction provides the necessary scholarly and historical context for the five main chapters. Generally speaking, religiously conservative Irish Presbyterians have not received the attention that their numbers and social prominence warrant. This puts Irish history at odds with wider trends. The analysis offered in this book draws upon the upsurge of scholarly interest in evangelical Protestantism to recover the theological thought of conservative Presbyterians. It shows that conservatism did not have to involve a dismissal of the modern and a retreat into anti-intellectualism and fundamentalism. It proceeds on the basis that scholars ought to take seriously the self-confessed religious motivations of believers rather than immediately jumping to explain them away by reference to other factors considered to be of more significance. Presbyterian writers had logical reasons for being conservative that owed much to their Irish experience but to which their conservatism cannot be entirely reduced.
Conclusion
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

A distinctive Irish experience of ministerial education and the commitment of Presbyterians in Ireland to the Union with Great Britain shaped a conservative response to modern criticism. There were a small number of ‘believing critics’ who sought accommodation with aspects of modern criticism, though they maintained their evangelical identity and there was no sustained opposition to them before 1914. Conservatism was also a product of transatlantic evangelicalism, and the significance of this tradition contributed to the exoneration of the ‘modernist’ Davey in 1927. All involved in the trial placed great emphasis on personal religious experience, though they understood experience in different ways. It is suggested that by the end of the century the confessional element in Irish Presbyterianism had been subsumed by non-denominational evangelical religion, the religious equivalent of the submergence of a distinctive Presbyterian politics into a general unionism.
Unthinking Thought
Authors: Simpson James
Published: October 2018

Since the scholarly recovery of Middle English romance, one pronounced judgement is that the genre fails to think. This judgement underestimates the peculiar quality of romance ‘thought’. Like the author’s the Marxist account understands romance ‘thought’ to be a refusal of explicit thought. The author differs from the Marxists in not seeking to expose this refusal of thought as an example of mesmerizing ideology. Instead, the chapter presents romance non-thought as an especially subtle form of cybernetic (in the etymological sense of ‘self-governing’) reformism. This kind of thought requires a holiday from explicit, rational thought, and from thinking too explicitly about shame. Such ‘thought’ instead operates by disabling thought; it requires ‘unthinking’. Romance (un)thinking seeks not to deceive or mesmerize, but rather recognizes that some profound issues, and particularly shame, are better not thought about explicitly. The example used is the popular romance Sir Degaré.
Marie de France, the Psalms, and the Construction of Romance Authorship
Authors: Rector Geoff
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the influence of the Psalms on the development of vernacular authorial roles in the twelfth century. It argues that authors of courtly romances, in the period of the genre’s emergence, drew upon the Psalms and the figure of David to sanction a new authorial office. In particular, it argues that Marie de France, in both the General Prologue and the lais themselves, looks to the Psalms for notions of lament, remembrance, obscurity, and restoration that frame both her authorial persona and the purposes of her genre. In ‘Yonec’ in particular, we see a heroine’s lament that is carefully modelled on the lament Psalms but also reproduces the duties of authorship and genre that Marie claims for herself in the Prologue. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the Psalms, working through ‘neighbouring’ or ‘contrafactive’ rather than familial relationships, definitely shaped romance as a genre.
Music by Tristan
Authors: Otter Monika
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers the interplay between medieval Tristan romances and Tristan songs, music closely associated with the romances and indeed attributed to the character Tristan himself. In particular, the chapter looks at Marie de France’s lai ‘Chevrefoil’, and the anonymous thirteenth-century lai ‘Kievrefuel’, which is quite distinct from Marie’s narrative poem but evokes it in some particulars. The multiple relationships between different Tristan poems and Tristan tunes, intertwined and mutually evoking each other, allows us to ‘think [of] Romance’ as a larger, modular experience, a cultural game that can transcend an individual text and generate potentially limitless further texts. It also suggests a twelfth-century way of ‘thinking [with] Romance’ in a playful, creative way that both erases and accentuates the fictionality of the romance world and its characters.
Democratization and Geography
Authors: Corbett Jack , Veenendaal Wouter
Published: October 2018

Chapter 6 problematizes the conflicting arguments that proximity to democratic neighbours and islandness strongly affect democratic development. First, even though small states are extremely susceptible to external and regional influences, the argument that democracy is caused by demonstration effects does not fit (partially) authoritarian small states in ‘democratic’ Europe (i.e. Liechtenstein and Monaco), but also not the fully democratic small states in ‘undemocratic’ Africa (i.e. Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe). Second, while most small states are islands, insularity can pose formidable obstructions to democratic performance, especially in remote archipelagic states such as Comoros, Kiribati, Maldives, FSM, Marshall Islands, and Seychelles. Relations between islands united in one political unit are often strongly antagonistic, posing a threat to political stability and democracy. We conclude that the ways elites frame external influence is the key factor, with the discourse of vulnerability acting as a powerful means of obtaining internal acquiescence.
Poincaré’s Mathematical Creations in Search of the ‘True Relations of Things’
Authors: Doran Connemara
Published: October 2018

How did the vast corpus of mathematical innovation of Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) engage the rationale, and impact the fate, of the notion of the ether in physics? Poincaré sought the ‘true relations’ that adhere in the phenomena—relations that persist irrespective of the choice of a metric geometry and a change in physical theory. This chapter traces how Poincaré embedded utterly new geometries and topological intuitions at the heart of pure mathematics, mathematical physics and philosophy. It demonstrates that Poincaré had no ownership of the physicists’ ether concept and that he viewed the ether as neither necessary nor necessarily a hindrance for further advance. Poincaré attended to the profound and subtle needs regarding space and time within physics by creating profound and subtle mathematics to capture the ‘true relations’, of spacetime. Poincaré thereby rendered the physicists’ ether superfluous while also creating mathematical structures for gravitational and quantum phenomena.
Hutton’s Childhood
Authors: Whyman Susan E.
Published: October 2018

A newly discovered autobiographical manuscript is used to reconstruct Hutton’s early life in Derby and Nottingham. Of the data in his ‘Memorandums from Memory all Trifles and, of Ancient Date’, 70 per cent was not included in his published Life. This chapter analyses the people, places, and subjects found in this manuscript. Hutton’s earliest memories reveal his hardships as a child labourer in a Derby silk mill and an apprentice stockinger in Nottingham. We observe the strategies he used to find a pathway out of poverty, and the details of his self-education. The importance of family relationships, social networks, and urban marketplaces were common factors shared by entrepreneurs in the Industrial Revolution. How Hutton prepared to become a bookseller is also revealed.
Divinity Inhabits the Social
Authors: Seeman Don
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that theologians and anthropologists should consider themselves natural (if sometimes conflictual) conversation partners because “divinity inhabits the social,” which means that neither field can avoid dealing with central themes theorized by the other. From a phenomenological anthropology viewpoint, theological languages contribute to new and more adequate accounts of lived experience. Based on women’s accounts of divine blessing at an Atlanta homeless shelter, this essay maintains that a continuum exists between academic theology and vernacular religion roughly analogous to the one between biomedical and vernacular accounts of suffering. Theologically engaged anthropology should emulate the analytic program of medical anthropology in probing the relation between these. Ways must also be found to broaden the kinds of expert knowledge that count as theology, especially in non-Christian traditions. The goal should be a theoretically robust program that contributes to more than just the anthropology of religion.
Letters, Diplomacy, and the Roman Conquest of Greece
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: October 2018

The chapter explores the ways in which the generic expectations of the letter differ from those of the decree, insofar as letters tend to contain discursive explanations of, or background to, the requests or decisions that they convey: the sender of a letter will not simply send instructions but will attempt to enable the recipient to understand why those instructions are being given, or at least to put them into a broader context. More specifically, Osborne argues that the Roman adoption of the convention, established by Hellenistic kings, that they would respond to cities’ embassies by writing letters, led to particular expectations about the Roman political community and about the ways in which authority was constituted at Rome—an important factor in shaping the peculiar and unhappy dynamic of the Roman intervention in the Greek world in the early second century BCE.
Conversing with the Absent, Corresponding with the Dead
Authors: Edwards Catharine
Published: October 2018

The chapter focuses on the genre’s potential, widely recognized by ancient practitioners and theorists alike, to cultivate friendship among individuals who for one reason or other are prevented from interacting face to face. Edwards shows how Seneca co-opts this particular aspect of the genre’s ideology, not least to further his educational programme and his self-conscious aspiration to a broad and enduring readership. Specifically, she argues that Seneca posits important parallels between the relationship amongst absent friends on the one hand and the relationship of philosophically minded students to earlier thinkers and practitioners of philosophy on the other, as both invite (indeed require) dialogic interactions mediated by writing and reading. This conversation with the dead in turn anticipates the mode of interaction between Seneca and future generations (including contemporary audiences).
Vector Fields
Authors: Rajeev S. G.
Published: October 2018

The velocity of a fluid at each point of space-time is a vector field (or flow). It is best to think of it in terms of the effect of fluid flow on some scalar field. A vector field is thus a first order partial differential operator, called the material derivative in fluid mechanics. The path of a speck of dust carried along (advected) by the fluid is the integral curve of the velocity field. Even simple vector fields can have quite complicated integral curves: a manifestation of chaos. Of special interest are incompressible (with zero divergence) and irrotational (with zero curl) flows. A fixed point of a vector field is a point at which it vanishes. The derivative of a vector field at a fixed point is a matrix (the Jacobi matrix) whose spectrum is independent of the choice of coordinates.
Ideal Fluid Flows
Authors: Rajeev S. G.
Published: October 2018

Some solutions of Euler’s equations are found here. The simplest are the steady flows: water flowing out of a tank at a constant rate, the Venturi and Pitot tubes. Another is the static solution of a self-gravitating fluid of variable density (e.g., a star). If the total mass is too large, such a star can collapse (Chandrasekhar limit). If the flow is both irrotational and incompressible, it must satisfy Laplace’s equation. Complex analysismethods can be used to solve for the flow past a cylinder or inside a disk with a stirrer. Joukowski used conformal transformations on the cylinder to find the lift of the wing of an airplane, in the limit of zero viscosity. Waves on the surface of a fluid are studied as another example. The speed of these waves is derived as a function of their wavelength and the depth of the fluid.
Epidemics on networks
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the spread of diseases over contact networks between individuals and the methods used to model this process. The chapter begins with an introduction to the classic models of mathematical epidemiology, including the SI model, the SIR model, and the SIS model. Models for coinfection and competition between diseases are also discussed, as well as “complex contagion” models used to represent the spread of information. The remainder of the chapter deals with the behavior of these models on networks, where the behavior of spreading diseases depends strongly on network structure. It is shown that the SIR model maps to a bond percolation process on networks, allowing us to solve for static properties such as the total number of individuals infected in a disease outbreak. The case of the configuration model is developed in detail and the calculations are extended to competing diseases, coinfection, and complex contagion. Time-dependent behavior of diseases on networks is also studied using various differential equation approximations, including pair approximations and degree-based approximations.
Wealth Inequality
Authors: Morelli Salvatore , Nolan Brian , Van Kerm Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter brings wealth into the picture, again in a comparative perspective, to bring out key features of recent trends and their implications for the prosperity and prospects of ordinary families. Data on the distribution of wealth has been improving in recent years, and new data are exploited here to examine patterns of wealth holding across the income distribution. In doing so, particular attention is paid to the extent and nature of wealth held by middle and lower income working-age families, and how this differs from those higher up the distribution. The chapter also looks at inequality in the distribution of wealth compared with income, and whether wealth inequality has widened as income inequality has grown.
Introduction
Authors: Glazov M. M.
Published: October 2018

Creation, detection, and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom of electrons and nuclei, phenomena of spin relaxation, decoherence and dephasing, and processes of spin transfer between different subsystems are among the most important problems studied in semiconductor spintronics. These effects are most pronounced in systems with localized charge carriers, such as semiconductor quantum dots. This chapter contains the motivation behind and a brief review of the material presented in the book. It also clarifies the logic of the presentation in further chapters. Chapter 1 may be helpful to readers willing to find appropriate material without going through the whole book, as it contains a concise overview of the other chapters.
Interaction of Spins with Light
Authors: Glazov M. M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents the details of the optical manipulation of electron spin states. It also addresses manifestations of the electron and nuclear spin dynamics in optical response of semiconductor nanostructures via spin-Faraday and -Kerr effects. Coupling of spins with light provides the most efficient method of nonmagnetic spin manipulation. The main aim of this chapter is to provide the theoretical grounds for optical spin injection, ultrafast spin control, and readout of spin states by means of circularly and linearly polarized light pulses. The Faraday and Kerr effects induced by the electron and nuclear spin polarization are analyzed both by means of a macroscopic, semi-phenomenological approach and by using the microscopic quantum mechanical model. Theoretical analysis is supported by experimental data.
Epilogue
Authors: Porter Patrick
Published: October 2018

The Epilogue offers two speeches to leave the matter for readers to judge. First, there is the televised address Prime Minister Tony Blair gave on the eve of war, outlining the logic of his position and asking for support. And there is an alternative address that a British premier could had given, against military action, setting out an alternative logic of restraint. It draws on arguments and warnings made and neglected at the time, and developed in this book.
Introduction
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This chapter firstly introduces the broad theoretical background within which the research carried out in this book is situated. The theoretical aim of this book is to develop a theory of the syntax of events, which is based on the constructivist approach, in particular Borer’s (2005a,b, 2013) Exo-Skeletal (XS) model—part of the broader framework of generative grammar. The empirical scope of this book includes Chinese and English resultatives, applicative constructions, non-canonical object constructions and motion event constructions in Chinese, and the satellite/verb-framed typology. Both synchronic variation and diachronic change are studied. The organization of this book is also outlined.
Theoretical foundations
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

Adopting the constructivist approach, especially building on Borer’s (2005a, b, 2013a) XS Model, two theoretical elements in the theory of the syntax of events are put forward. The first element concerns the specific constraints on the interaction between conceptual meaning and syntactic derivation. The content of the predicate will be integrated into the interpretation derived from the syntax via a set of Integration Conditions, according to which, the interpretation derived from syntax licenses the legitimacy of the predicate content. The second theoretical assumption is the addition of the DivP to the event phrase (EP) structure. A verbal feature is in nature an [iDiv] feature, which is equivalent to the interpretable feature provided by the classifier in the nominal domain. The stative/dynamic interpretation of an event is tied to the value of the [iDiv] feature, which further explains the grammatical distinction between two types of homogeneous predicates.
Ted Berrigan’s Stanzaic Spaces
Authors: Shamma Yasmine
Published: October 2018

After suggesting (and agreeing) that Berrigan led the Second Generation New York School, this chapter treats the actual forms of Berrigan’s poems, focusing on his sonnets to show that these poets interpret poems as spaces in which to recreate rooms. Berrigan, perhaps more obviously than any other New York School poet, took deliberate steps towards integrating aspects of traditional poetic verse form: Where John Donne encouraged: “We’ll build in sonnets pretty rooms,” Berrigan retorts (repeated throughout his Sonnets): “Is there room in the room that you room in?” riddling the form with domestic, urban and aesthetic complications. Berrigan explained to an interviewer: “I always thought of each one of my poems, like the sonnets, as being a room. And before that, I used to think of each stanza as being a room.” Accordingly, this chapter examines Berrigan’s stanzas as rooms, arguing that this responsive poetic form functions organically.
Joe Brainard’s Collaged Spaces
Authors: Shamma Yasmine
Published: October 2018

Brainard was not only an illustrator and friend to many New York School poets, he was also an avid letter writer, collage artist, miniature artist, cartoonist, and serious poet. How is contemporary poetry involved in an overlooked dialogue with collage art? This chapter suggests a general tendency towards assembly across the disciplines of text and image which govern both first- and second-generation New York School aesthetics. This chapter showcases how Brainard’s work instigates and propels the collaged poetry of The New York Schools from the real and influential side-lines of their poems? This examination of Brainard’s work argues that though his work sat in the margins of New York School poetry, it informingly lined, bound, and shaped the spatial poetics of this avant-garde American school.
Composition and Division
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the question of what Leibniz means by “actual parts”. Most interpreters have taken them to be the monads, but this contradicts Leibniz’s claims that his simple substances are not parts of bodies. It is shown that Leibniz takes these parts to be the discrete, extended parts into which bodies are divided by their internal motions, in contrast to the potential parts of an undivided continuum. These actual parts are not composed of substances, in contrast to physical monadologies like Wolff’s. Since each such part is a body that is further divided, bodies are all pluralities, not unities, and consequently not substances. Likewise substances cannot be material, otherwise they would be extended, and therefore pluralities, not unities.
Aggregation, Body, and Substance
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores Leibniz’s claim that bodies are aggregates of substances, substances they are said to presuppose, and why Leibniz calls them phenomena. It is argued that bodies are phenomenal in two senses: as pluralities their unity is not substantial, but depends on perception of relations among their constituents; and as ever-changing aggregates, they are phenomenal in a Platonic sense. Substances are corporeal in that monads are always embodied, although the monad (or what is substantial) is immaterial. The sense in which bodies are supposed to result from substances is given a formal explication using concepts and notation from Leibniz’s logical writings. It is argued that they are constituted of, but not composed from monads; these are unities that are partless and not further resolvable, and thus simple.
Representation in Cognitive Science
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

The representational theory of mind (RTM) has given us the powerful insight that thinking consists of the processing of mental representations. Behaviour is the result of these cognitive processes and makes sense in the light of their contents. There is no widely accepted account of how representations get their content – of the metaphysics of representational content. That question, usually asked about representations at the personal level like beliefs and conscious states, is equally pressing for the subpersonal representations that pervade our best explanatory theories in cognitive science. This book argues that well-understood naturalistic resources can be combined to provide an account of subpersonal representational content. It shows how contents arise in a series of detailed case studies in cognitive science. The account is pluralistic, allowing that content is constituted differently in different cases. Building on insights from previous theories, especially teleosemantics, the accounts combine an appeal to correlational information and structural correspondence with an expanded notion of etiological function, which captures the kinds of stabilizing processes that give rise to content. The accounts support a distinction between descriptive and directive content. They also allow us to see how representational explanation gets its distinctive explanatory purchase.
Introduction
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

The Introduction discusses the distinction between policy-oriented and scholarly research in the context of policing and police research. It argues that the two are inextricably inter-related in the field of police research, drawing on a notable and controversial example of public order policing in the UK.
The Experience of Training and its Aftermath
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 evaluates the effectiveness of police training pedagogy in training recruits to carry out Community Policing, and likewise its effectiveness in preparing recruits for the police role in managing conflict situations. It provides a conceptual discussion of the process of police learning drawing on interactionist and micro-sociological perspectives on interpersonal communication. The chapter then moves on to discuss the process of socialization into the police career, drawing on a stage model from anticipatory socialization through provisional membership, early service and the seasoned police practitioner. The chapter closes by looking at premature resignation (‘wastage’), particularly during the training period, and at differential attainment in advancement in the police career, with a focus on females and ethnic minorities.
Does Training Produce Professional Policing?
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

The chapter uses contemporary policing problems and challenges to evaluate how well training prepares recruits, auxiliaries, detectives, and managers for the police role. It reviews patterns of police corruption, misconduct and complaints against officers and considers whether, and how well, training helps police forces counter such problems. It also notes instances of positive responses to failures of service delivery. The discussion moves on to examine the challenge that diversity poses for the police, both at a cultural level and in respect of the specific experience of female officers, ethnic minority officers, and officers with alternative sexual orientations. The lessons of sickness, stress and injury on duty are considered in relation to how effectively training and supervision helps counter these. A discussion of public confidence and trust is used to address the concept of police legitimacy and to place it in relation to the acquisition of professional competence.
The New Policing Landscape
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

Through a spatial analogy Chapter 7 examines the ‘topography’ of the contemporary police landscape. It traces the development of the ‘police professional body’ in the UK in the form of the College of Policing, and along the way it considers the effects of policies of austerity imposed on policing as a result of the international crisis in investment and retail banking and consequent recession. It considers the adequacy of training in helping police officers to negotiate the new terrain, and assesses the promise, and drawbacks, of a fuller engagement of police training with higher education, including the aspiration to move to a graduate force. The chapter, and book, closes with a discussion of what constitutes a professional practice of policing in the contemporary context, and how the police organization might proceed in order to achieve such a practice.
“Beguyled in Tryfles”
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 3 attends to Donne’s understudied prose paradoxes and problems. Arthur Marotti has suggested that these once popular works “had a political dimension that would not have been missed,” but scholars have struggled to trace specific topical and satiric references. This chapter explores two early seventeenth-century manuscripts containing many of these works, discovered at the Derbyshire Record Office. These artifacts, compiled and copied in parts by Inns-of-Court man Thomas Gell, supply new evidence that modifies our understanding of the contemporary reputation, canon, and texts of Donne’s prose. This chapter contends that reading Donne’s prose alongside the manuscripts’ other contents—extracts from a treatise by Francis Bacon and the only extant copies of two speeches from the 1597–8 Inns-of-Court holiday revels—suggests that Gell read Donne’s texts as topical satire. This investigation intimates that Gell interpreted Donne’s “Pox” problem as satire on Sir Robert Cecil.
Uncertainty, Ignorance, Surprise—The Endless Frontier
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Some things happen by chance. Chance has diverse interpretations, but probability theory is relevant if there is some regularity of events. Probability also has limitations, especially when considering very rare events that we can only vaguely imagine. There are endless unknown possibilities, and the totality of rare events is massive. Hence it is hard to estimate probabilities of events that are individually rare but collectively not so rare. The rareness illusion is the impression of rareness arising from ignorance of the unknown. The rareness illusion results from our inability to assess probabilities of rare events. Non-probabilistic Knightian uncertainty extends our understanding of the unknown, and Shackle–Popper indeterminism provides a logical foundation. We illustrate these ideas by discussing the vagueness of human language, the impossibility of one unified theory of uncertainty, and the paradox that science is possible because science could someday come to an end.
Landscape Protection and EU Law
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 7 provides a critical overview of landscape protection in EU law. It begins by briefly outlining the impact of EU agricultural policy on European landscapes. It then moves on to ascertain the extent to which the cultural heritage dimension to landscape protection is considered within EU policy, before analysing EU environmental law, particularly environmental impact assessment directives, which include consideration of cultural heritage and the landscape. While the ELC provides for public participation, EU law requires member states to legislate not only for public participation but also for access to justice and broader standing requirements in environmental matters. The implications of this for landscape protection are explored, and some concluding observations are drawn on the role of the EU in landscape governance more broadly.
Conclusions
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

The final chapter of this book advances four main conclusions on the role of international law in landscape protection. These relate to state obligations regarding landscape protection, the influence of the World Heritage Convention and the European Landscape Convention, the substantive and procedural nature of landscape rights, and the role of EU law. It is argued that, although state practice is lagging behind the normative developments made in the field of international landscape protection, landscape has contributed positively to the corpus of international cultural heritage law and indeed has emerged as a nascent field of international law in its own right.
The Politics of Objects
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 offers different models and parameters of female agency. Iliadic and Odyssean women are differentiated in terms of their roles in war- and peacetime respectively, and the ways in which Andromache and Helen weave are used as case studies for ‘normal’ and ‘exceptional’ female characters. The chapter engages closely with these exceptional women, bringing together Helen and Penelope in terms of their liminal position in society and the elevated agency that allows. Drawing on feminist literature on female communicative channels and the potentially liberating power of technology, this chapter then presents the ‘politics of objects’: the creation and distribution of textiles through which supposedly ‘commodified’ characters create their own kind of commerce, and their own way of communicating.
Virgil’s Tomb in Scholarly and Popular Culture
Authors: Hendrix Harald
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on the ‘rediscovery’ of Virgil’s tomb in the Renaissance, exploring its position in the cultures of scholarship, travel, and leisure. Clusters of poets’ graves sprang up around the so-called ‘tomb of Virgil’ in Piedigrotta near Naples, re-establishing it as a site of literary succession and inspiration; the tomb played a central role in the construction of Neapolitan urban identity and was a popular site for early modern travel and leisure, a role it still retains today. Generations of visitors to the tomb have felt a strong personal connection to the poet, a connection they have chosen to mark by leaving graffiti or notes at the tomb, by taking away laurel leaves, and by reciting and producing poetry at the site.
Poetry, Politics, and the Body in Rimbaud
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

Bodies abound in Rimbaud’s poetry in a way that is nearly unprecedented in the nineteenth-century poetic canon: lazy, creative, rule-breaking bodies, queer bodies, marginalized and impoverished bodies, revolting and revolutionary, historical bodies. The question that this book seeks to answer is: what does this sheer, corporeal density mean for reading Rimbaud? What kind of sense are we to make of this omnipresence of the body in the Rimbaldian corpus from the earliest poems celebrating the simple delight of running away from wherever one is and stretching one’s legs out under a table, to the ultimate flight away from poetry itself? In response, it argues that the body appears—often literally—as a kind of gap, breach, or aperture through which Rimbaud’s poems enter into contact with history and a larger body of other texts. Simply put, the body is privileged “lyrical material” for Rimbaud: a figure for human beings in their exposed, finite creatureliness and in their unpredictable agency and interconnectedness. Its presence in the early work allows us not only to contemplate what a strange, sensuous thing it is to be embodied, to be both singular and part of a collective, it also allows the poet to diagnose, and the reader to perceive, a set of seemingly intractable, real socio-economic, political, and symbolic problems. Rimbaud’s bodies are, in other words, utopian bodies: sites where the historical and the lyrical, the ideal and the material, do not so much cancel each other out as become caught up in one another.
(Diagnostic) Impoverished Bodies
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

Rimbaud’s “Impoverished Bodies” ask us to grapple with a core question: “what does poverty tell us about the body, and what does it do to its relations to other bodies?” Here, we scrutinize the representation of marginalized and impoverished figures in the nineteenth-century poetic and political imaginary (Marx, Hegel, Thiers, Hugo, Mallarmé, Coppée, Baudelaire) and show how the problem of poverty draws our attention to the root exposure, vulnerability, and sociality of the body. Paying particular attention to a surprisingly important poem in the Rimbaldian corpus, “Les Effarés,” we find Rimbaud prevailing upon laughter as a form of ideological critique, as a way of contesting dominant discourses on poverty which mask an inhuman indifference to human suffering behind the self-congratulatory appearances of bourgeois humanism.