bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Militant research against‐and‐beyond itself: critical perspectives from the university and Occupy London
Authors: Halvorsen Sam
Published: September 2015

This paper examines the increasingly popular approach of militant research and argues for the need to conceptualise it as a contradictory approach that exists against‐and‐beyond any form it takes. It understands militant research as a committed and intense process of internal reflection from within particular struggle(s) that seeks to map out and discuss underlying antagonisms while pushing the movement forward. Based on the author's experiences of doing militant research with Occupy London from both inside the university and through the Occupy Research Collective created outside, it argues that there are no ideal sites for doing militant research. It explores the opportunities of doing militant research within the university, pointing towards the potential for subverting the resources available, and highlights the barriers, in particular with relation to ethics. The Occupy Research Collective (ORC) is then examined as an alternative space for doing militant research. In turn, a number of limitations of ORC are noted, including both its lack of resources and tendency to (re)create a form of doing militant research detached from broader struggles. While recent work has highlighted the need for militant research to operate antagonistically to the neoliberal university, and there have been calls to create new institutions outside it, this paper extends previous arguments by emphasising the need to criticise all forms of militant research in order to push struggles forward. It draws on John Holloway's widely referenced ‘in‐against‐and‐beyond’ dialectical approach to emphasise the inevitable challenges of institutionalising militant research, no matter where this takes place. It concludes by suggesting that militant research should not shy away from embracing critiques of particular struggles and that further theoretical work needs to be done in terms of developing a more open and relational understanding of militancy.
Individualising the future: the emotional geographies of neoliberal governance in young people's aspirations
Authors: Pimlott‐Wilson Helena
Published: September 2015

In response to record levels of youth worklessness and socio‐economic inequalities, the UK Coalition Government has sought to scale back public spending through welfare cuts, emphasising self‐reliance for financial provision. Education, as a tool for both personal progression and national economic competitiveness, has risen up the political agenda, as the Government champions an ‘aspiration nation’ that rewards ‘hard‐working’ people. Young people are increasingly tasked with looking toward the future, taking responsibility and ‘raising’ their aspirations in order to contribute through economic production as active citizen‐workers. The power to achieve is placed firmly at the feet of individuals; yet broader inequalities that characterise the contemporary climate and powerfully shape the life chances of young people are overlooked. This paper explores the hopes and expectations of young people living in the north west of England as they think about their own future school‐to‐employment ambitions. The paper reflects on the structural changes that have occurred within the local economy over the last generation before examining how the task of responding to changing labour market conditions is internalised by the young people, with ‘success’ (or lack thereof) framed as an individual enterprise. Young people are negotiating a set of contradictory beliefs. They acknowledge their own responsibility as future adult citizens while also reflecting on the role of government in addressing inequalities, as contemporary economic restructuring and fiscal policies are reducing opportunities. The paper makes visible the emotional burdens young people anticipate as they endeavour to achieve a successful future in the context of economic uncertainty and an individualising political milieu of aspiration.
Association between family factors and children's oral health behaviors – a cross‐sectional comparative study of permanent resident and migrant children in large cities in China
Authors: Ji Ying , Zhang Yan , Wang Yanling , Chang Chun
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To examine the association of family factors on oral health behaviors of children and compare them between permanent residents and migrant children.

Methods

A total of 3015 children in grades 4, 5, and 6 from 16 elementary schools and their parents in Beijing and Guangzhou, China, were selected through multistage stratified cluster random sampling. Questionnaires constructed for this study were self‐completed by children and parents to collect information on children's oral health behaviors (COHB), parents’ modeling behaviors (PMB), parents’ direct controlling behaviors (PDCB), parents’ indirect controlling behaviors (PICB), parents’ oral health knowledge and attitudes (POHKA), and children's oral health knowledge and attitudes (COHKA). Correlation analysis and path analysis were used to explore the correlation between COHB and PMB, as well as the effects of family factors [socioeconomic status (SES), PMB, PDCB, PICB, and POHKA on COHB].

Results

Considering all participants, the rates of behavioral similarities of parents and children were 63.8–86.1%, all showing statistical significance. For family factors included, PMB, SES, PICB, and POHKA demonstrated positive relationships with COHB with standardized coefficients of 0.200, 0.122, 0.040, and 0.059 in residents and 0.160, 0.121, 0.090, and 0.041 in migrants, respectively. Family SES was associated with COHB directly and indirectly to a similar degree. In migrants, the relationship between COHKA and COHB was greater than that between PMB and COHB. COHB scores were higher in younger children. In residents, the relationship between PMB and COHB was greater than that between COHKA and COHB. COHB scores were slightly higher in older children indirectly influenced by increases in COHKA.

Conclusions

Parents’ behaviors shared relatively high similarities with COHB and family factors were associated with COHB greatly. The relationship between PMB and COHB was less than that between COHKA and COHB in migrants. The association between family factors and COHB in disadvantaged populations should be considered when designing children's health education programs.
Global patterns of mainland and insular pollination networks
Authors: Traveset Anna , Tur Cristina , Trøjelsgaard Kristian , Heleno Ruben , Castro‐Urgal Rocío , Olesen Jens M.
Published: September 2015

Aim

Interaction networks are being increasingly used to evaluate macroecological patterns. We explored a global dataset to identify differences in the structure of pollination networks from islands (of oceanic and continental origin) and mainlands. For oceanic islands, we further evaluated the effects of key island traits on network structural parameters.

Location

Fifty‐two quantitative plant–pollinator networks from continental islands (n = 23), oceanic islands (n = 18) and mainlands (n = 11) located world‐wide.

Methods

The effect of geographical origin upon network structure was explored by means of generalized mixed models, accounting for biogeographical region, sampling intensity, latitude and network size. For oceanic island networks, the influence of area, age, elevation and isolation was also evaluated.

Results

The structure of pollination networks was fairly consistent between mainland and continental islands and only a few differences were noted. Oceanic island networks, however, were smaller and topologically simplified, showing a lower interaction diversity, and higher plant niche overlap than mainland and continental island networks. Isolation and elevational range of oceanic islands influenced the total number of species and interactions. Networks from higher‐elevation oceanic islands were less nested and those located towards the equator exhibited higher interaction richness. Island area showed no significant effect on any of the network metrics studied here.

Main conclusions

Pollination networks appear structurally similar regardless of their geographical origin. However, networks from continental islands are more similar to their mainland counterparts than to those from oceanic islands, probably due to the geological nature of continental islands, which are fragments of the mainland to which they were once connected. Oceanic island networks are the least species‐ and link‐rich, and exhibit the lowest interaction diversity and the highest plant niche overlap, possibly due to lower pollinator richness. The most isolated and low‐elevation islands show the simplest networks, and are thus probably the most vulnerable to pollination disruptions.
Procedural Headache Medicine in Neurology Residency Training: A Survey of US Program Directors
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Robertson Carrie E. , Ailani Jessica , Levin Morris , Friedman Deborah I. , Dodick David W.
Published: September 2015

Objective

To survey neurology residency program directors (PDs) on trainee exposure, supervision, and credentialing in procedures widely utilized in headache medicine.

Background

Clinic‐based procedures have assumed a prominent role in headache therapy. Headache fellows obtain procedural competence, but reliance on fellowship‐trained neurologists cannot match the population eligible for treatments. The inclusion of educational modules and mechanisms for credentialing trainees pursuing procedural competence in residency curricula at individual programs is not known.

Methods

A web‐based survey of US neurology residency PDs was designed by the American Headache Society (AHS) procedural special interest section in collaboration with AHS and American Academy of Neurology's Headache and Facial Pain section leadership. The survey addressed exposure, training, and credentialing in: (1) onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) injections, (2) extracranial peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs), and (3) trigger point injections (TPIs).

Results

Fifty‐five PDs (42.6%) completed the survey. Compared to noncompleters, survey completers were more likely to feature headache fellowships at their institutions (38.2% vs 10.8%, P=0.0002). High exposure (onabotA=90.9%, PNBs=80.0%, TPIs=70.9%) usually featured hands‐on patient instruction (66.2%) and lectures (55.7%). Supervised performance rates were high (onabotA=65.5%, PNBs=60.0%, TPIs=52.7%), usually in continuity clinic (60.0%) or headache elective (50.9%). Headache specialists (69.1%) or general neurology (32.7%) faculty most commonly trained residents. Formal credentialing was uncommon (16.4‐18.2%), mostly by documenting supervised procedures (25.5%). Only 27.3% of programs permitted trainees to perform procedures independently. Most PDs felt procedural exposure (80.0‐90.9%) and competence (50.9‐56.4%) by all trainees was important.

Conclusions

Resident exposure to procedures for headache is high, but credentialing mechanisms, while desired by most PDs, are not generally in place. Implementation of a credentialing process may ensure trainees enter practice with the ability to perform procedures safely and effectively.
Modified Corneosurfametry as a new accelerated high‐throughput ex vivo methodology for predicting cleanser effects towards human skin
Authors: Liu M. , Mollica L. , Regan J. , Hawkins S. , McGuiness H. , Vetro K. , Garczarek U. , Shi S. , Vasudevan V. , Ananthapadmanabhan K. P.
Published: September 2015

Background

Corneosurfametry (CSM) was originally developed as a tool to predict irritation potential of cleansers. In this method, surface skin stripped using cyanoacrylate is contacted with surfactants/products, rinsed and stained with toluidine blue and basic fuschin dyes. The intensity of staining increases with increases in irritation potential of surfactant. Our objective was to modify the CSM technique to achieve better control of the tape stripping process. Another objective was to correlate the modified CSM (MCSM) with a traditional in‐vivo forearm controlled application test (FCAT) for mildness and to explore its utility to assess the state of corneum after a clinical test.

Methods

Surface skin cells were tape stripped from forearms of volunteers with D‐Squame Adhesive Discs. Discs were treated with a 10% solution of the product in a 96‐plate well for 10 min, rinsed, dried and treated with basic fuschin‐toluidine blue dye solution, rinsed and dried again. Forearm Controlled Application Test (FCAT) was based on a published protocol. Tape strips obtained after product treatment were also analyzed by the MCSM procedure without additional product treatment.

Results

Mildness/barrier damage assessed from in‐vivo FCAT showed a similar ranking to the MCSM results. MCSM, TEWL and Erythema analysis of between‐treatment differences showed a good correlation indicating that barrier damage seen in in‐vivo studies can be predicted from ex‐vivo MCSM studies. MCSM analysis of tape strips after the FCAT study showed that the damage decreased with increase in tape strip number. A moisturizing body wash (MBW) with mild surfactants showed the least damage in all layers. In contrast, harsh dish washing liquid showed significantly higher damage down to several layers. Another MBW with petrolatum in a harsher base showed damage almost similar to that of the harsh dish washing liquid in the surface layers. Thus, the MCSM was able to show underlying damage which would have been normally masked by the deposited petrolatum.

Conclusion

The MCSM assay was shown to be a valuable tool for accelerated high throughput evaluation of mildness of surfactants and fully formulated products. MCSM can also be used to assess the state of the corneum after a product treatment.
Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group
Authors: Raj N. , Voegeli R. , Rawlings A. V. , Gibbons S. , Munday M. R. , Summers B. , Lane M. E.
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

Objectives

Quantification of stratum corneum (SC) protein levels from tape strippings is frequently used to investigate skin conditions, to correct for amounts of SC protein removed in SC biomarker studies and to determine distribution of topically applied ingredients. In recent years, a rapid and convenient method for SC protein quantification from tape strippings has become available using infrared densitometry (IRD). However, standard curves have only been generated for Caucasian forearm and shoulder SC and have been assumed to be correct not only for facial SC but also for SC samples of other ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of IRD for SC protein measurement is valid for other body sites such as the cheek and for measuring SC protein content of darkly pigmented skin types.

Methods

Ten Caucasian and ten Black African female subjects with self‐assessed normal skin participated in the study. Tape strippings were collected from two different body sites (forearm and cheek). First from the tape strippings, the SC optical absorption was determined densitometrically. This obtained absorption (%) was compared with absolute SC protein extracted from the same tapes using a colorimetric microbicinchoninic acid (μBCA) assay.

Results

Higher amounts of SC protein were removed from the forearm compared with the cheek (P < 0.01). The absolute SC protein concentration quantified by μBCA assay and the absorption of SC proteins by IRD followed a similar profile. There was no significant difference found between the two ethnicities in SC protein (P > 0.05). The overall coefficient of determination (R2) shows a good fit to the regression line between the two methods in both sites (forearm = 0.82, cheek = 0.77). Also, both ethnicities showed good correlation (R2 ≥ 0.69, P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Facial SC is morphologically distinct from the forearm, as demonstrated by the differences in amounts of SC removed. Although the data distribution in different subject groups varied, the regression was always quite similar between the two body sites and both ethnic groups. Also, the correlations were similar to previously published data on other body sites. The resultant calibration curves can be used as a rapid indirect protein assessment of tape strippings from the cheek.
Mineral oil and synthetic hydrocarbons in cosmetic lip products
Authors: Niederer M. , Stebler T. , Grob K.
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

Objective

Lipsticks and lip care products may contain saturated hydrocarbons which either stem from mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) or are synthetic, that is polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH). Some of these hydrocarbons are strongly accumulated and form granulomas in human tissues, which prompted Cosmetics Europe (former Colipa) to issue a recommendation for their use in lip care and oral products. From 2012 to 2014, MOSH+POSH were determined in 175 cosmetic lip products taken from the Swiss market in order to estimate their contribution to human exposure.

Methods

Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and POSH were extracted and analysed by GC with FID. Areas were integrated as a total as well as by mass ranges with cuts at n‐C25 and n‐C34 to characterize the molecular mass distribution.

Results

About 68% of the products contained at least 5% MOSH+POSH (total concentration). For regular users, these products would be major contributors to their MOSH+POSH exposure. About 31% of the products contained more than 32% MOSH+POSH. Their regular usage would amount in an estimated MOSH+POSH exposure exceeding the highest estimated dietary exposure. The majority of the products contained hydrocarbons with a molecular mass range which was not in line with the recommendations of Cosmetics Europe.

Conclusions

Taking into account that material applied to the lips largely ends up being ingested, MOSH and POSH levels should be reduced in the majority of cosmetic lip products. As the extensive evaluation of the data available on MOSH (EFSA J., 10, 2012, 2704) did not enable the specification of limits considered as safe, the present level of dietary exposure and its evaluation as ‘of potential concern’ provide the relevant bench mark, which means that lip products should contain clearly less than 5% MOSH+POSH.
Double brooding and offspring desertion in the barn owl Tyto alba
Authors: Béziers Paul , Roulin Alexandre
Published: September 2015

Many bird species produce two annual broods during a single breeding season. However, not all individuals reproduce twice in the same year suggesting that double brooding is condition‐dependent. In contrast to most raptors and owls, the barn owl Tyto alba produces two annual clutches in most worldwide distributed populations. Nevertheless, the determinants of double brooding are still poorly studied. We performed such a study in a Swiss barn owl population monitored between 1990 and 2014. The annual frequency of double brooding varied from 0 to 14% for males and 0 to 59% for females. The likelihood of double brooding was higher when individuals initiated their first clutch early rather than late in the season and when males had few rather than many offspring at the first nest. Despite the reproductive benefits of double brooding (single‐ and double‐brooded individuals produced 3.97 ± 0.11 and 7.07 ± 0.24 fledglings, respectively), double brooding appears to be traded off against offspring quality because at the first nest double‐brooded males produced poorer quality offspring than single‐brooded males. This might explain why females desert their first mate to produce a second brood with another male without jeopardizing reproductive success at the first nest. Furthermore, the reproductive cycle being very long in the barn owl (120 d from start of laying to offspring independence), selection may have favoured behaviours that accelerate the initiation of a second annual brood. Accordingly, half of the double‐brooded females abandoned their young offspring to look for a new partner in order to initiate the second breeding attempt, 9.48 d earlier than when producing the second brood with the same partner. We conclude that male and female barn owls adopt different reproductive strategies. Females have more opportunities to reproduce twice in a single season than males because mothers are not strictly required during the entire rearing period in contrast to fathers. A high proportion of male floaters may also encourage females to desert their first brood to re‐nest with a new male who is free of parental care duties.
Diversity of Trypanosomatids in Cockroaches and the Description ofHerpetomonas tarakanasp. n.
Authors: Yurchenko Vyacheslav , Kostygov Alexei , Havlová Jolana , Grybchuk‐Ieremenko Anastasiia , Ševčíková Tereza , Lukeš Julius , Ševčík Jan , Votýpka Jan
Published: September 2015

In this study, we surveyed six species of cockroaches, two synanthropic (i.e. ecologically associated with humans) and four wild, for intestinal trypanosomatid infections. Only the wild cockroach species were found to be infected, with flagellates of the genusHerpetomonas. Two distinct genotypes were documented, one of which was described as a new species,Herpetomonas tarakanasp. n. We also propose a revision of the genusHerpetomonasand creation of a new subfamily, Phytomonadinae, to includeHerpetomonas,Phytomonas, and a newly described genusLafontellan. gen. (type speciesLafontella mariadeaneicomb. n.), which can be distinguished from others by morphological and molecular traits.
Effects of exogenous melatonin and photoperiod on sexual maturation in pullets
Authors: Chen H. , Di K.‐Q. , Hao E.‐Y. , Ye M. , Zha Q.‐C. , Li L.‐H. , Bai K. , Huang R.‐L.
Published: September 2015

Hy‐Line Gray commercial pullets were maintained under 8‐h photoperiods, 16‐h photoperiods and 16‐h photoperiods supplemented with a diet containing 20 or 200 mg/kg melatonin (MEL) to investigate the role of MEL in sexual development. A total of 256 Hy‐Line Gray commercial pullets were placed, four birds to a cage, in four similar light‐proof rooms (8‐h photoperiod) at 6 weeks of age. At 70 day, three rooms containing a total of 192 birds were transferred to a 16‐h photoperiod, whereas 64 birds were maintained under the 8‐h photoperiod. Diets containing MEL at 20 and 200 mg/kg were fed to birds in two of the rooms under 16‐h photoperiods. Birds maintained under an 8‐h photoperiod matured 11.25 day later than those maintained under a 16‐h photoperiod (p < 0.05). The group of birds receiving 20 mg/kg MEL matured 1.19 day later than those maintained under the 16‐h photoperiod and 10.06 day earlier than those maintained under the 8‐h photoperiod. The group of birds receiving 200 mg/kg MEL matured 3.13 day later than those maintained under a 16‐h photoperiod and 8.12 day earlier than those maintained under an 8‐h photoperiod. The average body weight of birds maintained under the 8‐h photoperiod was greater than that of birds maintained under the 16‐h photoperiod (p < 0.05) and was similar between the different MEL groups. The abdominal fat weight was lower in 16L:8D group compared with 8L:16D group (p < 0.05). The concentrations of follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestrogen and insulin did not differ significantly among the groups. The melatonin concentration in 200 mg/kg melatonin group was higher than that observed in the other groups; however, this concentration did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). These data suggest that the birds did not perceive the final 8‐h photoperiod as being part of the night when they were given the MEL diets; continuously high plasma MEL was not observed in birds that responded as if they were in constant darkness. However, the later maturity of the groups administered MEL diets compared with the groups maintained under a constant 16‐h photoperiod clearly indicated that MEL has some influence on the sexual maturity of pullets.
Standardization of Penile Plethysmography Testing in Assessment of Problematic Sexual Interests
Authors: Murphy Lisa , Ranger Rebekah , Paul Fedoroff J. , Stewart Hannah , Gregg Dwyer R. , Burke William
Published: September 2015

Penile plethysmography (PPG) is an objective measure of sexual arousal for men, commonly used to assess sexual arousal to both abnormal (i.e., paraphilic) and normal stimuli. While PPG has become a standard measure in the assessment and treatment of male sex offenders and men with paraphilic interests in both Canada and the United States, there is a lack of standardization of stimulus sets and interpretation of results between sites. The current article critically reviews the current state of the art while highlighting clinical and research efforts that may be undertaken in an attempt to reduce issues arising from lack of standardization across sites. Types and themes of stimulus sets, assessment apparatuses, laboratory preparation, and testing procedures are discussed. The continued development of standardized testing protocol and procedures across multiple international sites continues to be encouraged to promote unified PPG administration and interpretation, thus further enhancing the practical utility of the measurements and decreasing inter-rater discrepancies and error.
The management and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: what has changed in 20 years?
Authors: Yim Sun Young , Seo Yeon Seok , Jung Chang Ho , Kim Tae Hyung , Lee Jae Min , Kim Eun Sun , Keum Bora , Jong Young Kul , An Hyunggin , Kim Ji Hoon , Yim Hyung Joon , Kim Dong Sik , Jeen Yoon Tae , Yeon Jong Eun , Lee Hong Sik , Chun Hoon Jai , Byun Kwan Soo , Um Soon Ho , Kim Chang Duck , Ryu Ho Sang
Published: September 2015

Background & aims

There has been remarkable progress in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during the last several decades, but its effect on the prognosis of HCC patient needs clarification. We analysed the changes that affected prognosis of HCC patients diagnosed over two different eras.

Methods

A retrospective study of 1318 patients diagnosed with HCC from 1986 to 2012 was conducted. Analysis was done according to two cohorts, cohort 1 (patients diagnosed with HCC from 1986 to 1992) and cohort 2 (patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2012).

Results

Hepatitis B virus was the most common cause of liver disease for both cohorts (66.2% and 66.0%). The proportion of patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A was significantly lower in cohort 1 than in cohort 2 (14.4% vs. 39.5%, P < 0.001). The proportions of patients diagnosed during surveillance and general health check‐up were significantly higher in cohort 2 than in cohort 1 (28.6% vs. 10.6% and 26.3% vs. 7.9%, respectively) while those diagnosed during symptomatic evaluation was significantly higher in cohort 1 than in cohort 2 (45.1 vs. 81.4%, P < 0.001). Surgical resection rate was similar between the two cohorts (26.1% vs 26%) while the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization rate which was the highest in cohort 1 (40.6%) was overtaken by radiofrequency ablation in cohort 2 (55%) at BCLC stage 0/A. Median survival duration in cohort 2 was significantly longer than cohort 1 (65.0 vs. 7.9 months, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Implementation of national cancer surveillance and the advancement of treatment modalities have likely led to early detection of HCC and improvements in prognosis over the last 20 years.
Against the Grain: Therapeutic Judging in a Traditional Family Court
Authors: Lens Vicki
Published: September 2015

The last several decades have seen a proliferation of specialized courts, including within the family court system, that deviate from the adversarial model, and that rely on therapeutic jurisprudence and other problem-solving techniques. Whether and how traditional family courts can incorporate the best practices of these specialized courts is a largely understudied area. Drawing from ethnographic observations of a traditional urban family court, this study finds that some judges are able to transform nontherapeutic courtrooms into therapeutic ones despite obstacles. These “against the grain” actors, who act contrary to the institution's dominant norms and practices, demonstrate how therapeutic jurisprudence and other problem-solving techniques can be utilized in traditional courtrooms.
Congressional Attacks on the Supreme Court: A Mechanism to Maintain,
Build, and Consolidate
Authors: Bridge Dave , Nichols Curt
Published: September 2015

Reexamination and reinterpretation of the “mature” (1955–1984) New Deal
era of congressional attacks on the Supreme Court reveals a new hypothesis:
that Court‐curbing efforts played a previously unrecognized role in party
system development. Court rulings that create inter‐ and intraparty tension
provide opportunities for various actors to attack the Court in an effort to
solidify their faction's standing within national coalitional politics.
Congressional attackers can use Court‐curbing resolutions and amendments in
efforts to help them maintain coalitional cohesion, build a new majority, or
consolidate previous victories. Thus, we might see legislative‐judicial
relations as an unrecognized “site” of political development, where
coalitional change is opposed and wrought.
Recurrence: A Neglected Aspect of the Sraffian Critique of Marginalism
Authors: Opocher Arrigo , Steedman Ian
Published: September 2015

The significance of ‘reswitching’—that great symbolic issue of the Cambridge capital debates—has sometimes been denied on the ground of a low probability. This article investigates the industry‐level return, in different equilibria, of the use of one or more (or all) inputs. Such phenomena, which we call ‘recurrence’, are generically far more probable than the return of a whole economy‐level technique and can be triggered, not only by a change in the interest rate, but also by a change in relative primary input prices. Since recurrence alone, without reswitching, is damaging to standard marginalist conceptions, one should not attribute too much importance to any low ‘probability of reswitching’.
Objects Possessed, Drawn, Touched, Identified, and Sold: Effective Material Culture Exercises for the Anthropology Classroom
Authors: Causey Andrew
Published: September 2015

Teaching the anthropology of material culture to non‐majors at an arts college requires a flexible pedagogy and a creative approach. In this article, I discuss some of the specific challenges of effectively engaging arts majors who often arrive at the classroom interested only in fulfilling their general education requirements. I identify five approaches to the anthropological study of objects (object as personal identity, object as “thing in the world,” object as skilled manufacture, object as cultural artifact, and object as commodity) followed by descriptions of course projects that are adaptable to many undergraduate teaching situations. In discussing the projects, I describe how to get the most out of each exercise, with notes on how to avoid common problems. The article's aim is to encourage educators to develop and embrace innovative object‐centered approaches when teaching non‐majors. [material culture, objects, pedagogy, praxis‐based projects]
This Exhibition is about now: Tasmanian Aboriginality at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
Authors: Berk Christopher
Published: September 2015

This article focuses on the design and execution of two exhibits about Tasmanian Aboriginality at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. The first is a Tasmanian Aboriginal group exhibit from 1931, which was heavily informed by ideologies of Tasmanian primitivity and extinction. The second is 2008's tayenebe, a celebration of the resurgence of fiber work among Tasmanian Aboriginal women. In each instance, the Tasmanian Aboriginal people are on display, but the level of community control and subtext is notably different. This article builds on discussions of cultural revitalization and reclamation by showing the process and how it is depicted for public consumption. [cultural revitalization, representation, indigeneity, Tasmania, Australia]
Blood vessels expressing CD90 in human and rat brain tumors
Authors: Inoue Akihiro , Tanaka Junya , Takahashi Hisaaki , Kohno Shohei , Ohue Shiro , Umakoshi Akihiro , Gotoh Katsuhiro , Ohnishi Takanori
Published: September 2015

Blood vessels in brain tumors, particularly glioblastomas, have been shown to express CD90. CD90+ cells in and around blood vessels in cancers including brain tumors have been identified as endothelial cells, cancer stem cells, fibroblasts or pericytes. In this study, we aimed to determine the nature or type(s) of cells that express CD90 in human brain tumors as well as an experimental rat glioma model by double immunofluorescence staining. The majority of CD90+ cells in human glioblastoma tissue expressed CD31, CD34 and von Willebrand factor, suggesting that they were endothelial cells. Vasculatures in a metastatic brain tumor and meningioma also expressed CD90. CD90+ cells often formed glomeruloid structures, typical of angiogenesis in malignant tumors, not only in glioblastoma but also in metastatic tumors. Some cells in the middle and outer layers of the vasculatures expressed CD90. Similar results were obtained in the rat glioma model. There were cells expressing both α‐smooth muscle actin and CD90 in the middle layer of blood vessels, indicating that smooth muscle cells and/or pericytes may express CD90. CD90+ vasculatures were surrounded by tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Thus, in addition to endothelial cells, some other types of cells, such as smooth muscle cells, pericytes and fibroblasts constituting the vasculature walls in brain tumors expressed CD90. Because CD90 has been shown to interact with integrins expressed by circulating monocytes, CD90 might be involved in angiogenesis through recruitment and functional regulation of TAMs in tumors. CD90+ vasculatures may also interact with tumor cells through interactions with integrins. Because CD90 was not expressed by vasculatures in normal brain tissue, it might be a possible therapeutic target to suppress angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Variation in trait trade‐offs allows differentiation among predefined plant functional types: implications for predictive ecology
Authors: Verheijen Lieneke M. , Aerts Rien , Bönisch Gerhard , Kattge Jens , Van Bodegom Peter M.
Published: September 2015

Plant functional types (PFTs) aggregate the variety of plant species into a small number of functionally different classes. We examined to what extent plant traits, which reflect species’ functional adaptations, can capture functional differences between predefinedPFTs and which traits optimally describe these differences.

We applied Gaussian kernel density estimation to determine probability density functions for individualPFTs in ann‐dimensional trait space and compared predictedPFTs with observedPFTs. All possible combinations of 1–6 traits from a database with 18 different traits (total of 18 287 species) were tested.

A variety of trait sets had approximately similar performance, and 4–5 traits were sufficient to classify up to 85% of the species intoPFTs correctly, whereas this was 80% for a bioclimatically defined treePFTclassification. Well‐performing trait sets included combinations of correlated traits that are considered functionally redundant within a single plant strategy.

This analysis quantitatively demonstrates how structural differences betweenPFTs are reflected in functional differences described by particular traits. Differentiation betweenPFTs is possible despite large overlap in plant strategies and traits, showing thatPFTs are differently positioned in multidimensional trait space. This study therefore provides the foundation for important applications for predictive ecology.
Linking structure and functionality in mutualistic networks: do core frugivores disperse more seeds than peripheral species?
Authors: Ruggera Román A. , Blendinger Pedro G. , Gomez M. Daniela , Marshak Charlie
Published: September 2015

Seed dispersal networks are often organized in nested structures in a way that a few core species can disproportionally affect the remaining species in a network, in both the ecological and evolutionary sense. Yet, the relative importance of core and peripheral species has not been properly tested in seed dispersal network studies. We determined core species from 10 local seed dispersal networks composed by fleshy‐fruited plants and frugivorous birds. Each of those local quantitative networks was characterized with a core quality value, a core score for each species and a threshold value between core and peripheral species. From a total of 52 bird and 69 plant species that interacted in the study area, only 8 and 15, respectively, were identified as core. Each local network had a core that comprised a small number of birds and plants, always lower than 30% of the interacting species. There was no difference in the quantitative component of seed dispersal effectiveness (QC) provided by the frugivorous bird assemblage to plant functional groups clustered according to their growth form and fruit characteristics. Core birds dispersed seeds from each of these plant functional groups with a higher QC than peripheral species. Thus, we empirically demonstrate for the first time that seed dispersal networks at a regional scale have a small core set of fruit‐eating birds, upon which heavily rely most fleshy‐fruited plants for their seed removal. Hence, the activity of just a few core frugivores could deeply impact the demography of an entire assemblage of fleshy‐fruited plants.
Variation in seed dispersal effectiveness: the redundancy of consequences in diversified tropical frugivore assemblages
Authors: Rother Débora C. , Pizo Marco A. , Jordano Pedro
Published: September 2015

Plant–frugivore mutualistic assemblages frequently combine multiple, complementary or not (i.e. redundant), distinct effects of animal species. To a large extent, the outcomes of these interactions crucially depend on the delayed consequences of frugivore effectiveness on plant recruitment. We evaluated seed dispersal effectiveness for three plant species in a Brazilian Atlantic forest with a marked habitat heterogeneity defined by bamboo and non‐bamboo patches. Twenty one, 23 and 14 bird species ate fruits ofEuterpe edulis, Sloanea guianensisandVirola bicuhybatrees, respectively. For bothEuterpeandVirola, visitation rate was the variable contributing for most variance across frugivore species in the quantitative component of effectiveness (QC, which depends on the combined effects of interaction frequency and per‐interaction effect), while the number of fruits manipulated/visit had the greatest contribution inSloanea. By combining observational data and experimental seed addition forEuterpewe tested for consistent functional patterns among species in the frugivore assemblage, extending beyond the fruit removal stage. Rankings of QC acrossEuterpefrugivores remained consistent with their relative contributions to fruit removal and, importantly, with their contributions to seedling establishment. Yet, QC of effectiveness acrossEuterpefrugivores were more homogeneous at the fruit removal and dispersal stages (contribution to seed dispersal) than for the delayed, dissemination and post‐dispersal effects on recruitment. High complementarity of diversified frugivore assemblages may increase through added variance in their delayed effects related to qualitative components of effectiveness. Our results underscore the importance of assessing how dispersal services provided by mutualistic frugivores play complementary, rather than redundant, roles in seed dispersal within heterogeneous landscapes. Such ecological outcomes highlight the value of combining observational and experimental field designs to assess functional diversity patterns of tropical frugivore assemblages and delayed effects of their interactions with plants.
Plasmablastic lymphoma of the maxillary sinus; a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ryan P. , Patel N. , Cullingham P.
Published: September 2015

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive variant of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It is a recently described variant of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurs almost exclusively in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in the post‐transplant setting and in other immunosuppressive states. Only a handful of cases have been reported in the literature affecting immunocompetent patients. We present a rare case of PBL arising in the maxillary sinus in an immunocompetent, HIV‐negative patient. The malignancy first presented in general dental practice as painless tooth mobility.
Stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit are regulated by high speed gene expression in angiosperms
Authors: McAdam Scott A. M. , Sussmilch Frances C. , Brodribb Timothy J.
Published: September 2015

Plants dynamically regulate water use by the movement of stomata on the surface of leaves. Stomatal responses to changes in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) are the principal regulator of daytime transpiration and water use efficiency in land plants. In angiosperms, stomatal responses to VPD appear to be regulated by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), yet the origin of this ABA is controversial. After a 20 min exposure of plants, from three diverse angiosperm species, to a doubling in VPD, stomata closed, foliar ABA levels increased and the expression of the gene encoding the key, rate‐limiting carotenoid cleavage enzyme (9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, NCED) in the ABA biosynthetic pathway was significantly up‐regulated. The NCED gene was the only gene in the ABA biosynthetic pathway to be up‐regulated over the short time scale corresponding to the response of stomata. The closure of stomata and rapid increase in foliar ABA levels could not be explained by the release of ABA from internal stores in the leaf or the hydrolysis of the conjugate ABA‐glucose ester. These results implicate an extremely rapid de novo biosynthesis of ABA, mediated by a single gene, as the means by which angiosperm stomata respond to natural changes in VPD.
Driving forces of soil organic matter change inJiangsuProvince ofChina
Authors: Zhao M.‐S. , Zhang G.‐L. , Wu Y.‐J. , Li D.‐C. , Zhao Y.‐G.
Published: September 2015

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key property determining soil functions and a major form of carbon stored in soil. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability ofSOMand the driving forces responsible for spatial and temporal changes is important to assess regional soil quality and carbon sequestration potential and, particularly, to establish better practices for land use and management. We evaluated the spatio‐temporal change inSOMcontent from 1979–1982 to 2006 and its driving forces in Jiangsu Province, East China, using geostatistics. The results showed that meanSOM content increased from 16.60 ± 8.50 to 18.31 ± 8.32 g/kg over a 26‐yr period. The maps ofSOMgenerated by ordinary kriging represented the increasing trend from north to south across the province in the two periods. The level ofSOMin 1979–1982 affected the pattern of change: theSOMincreasing in areas initially with a small content while decreasing in areas having a large content. The map ofSOMchange showed that the rate of increase decreased from north to south within the province. Increased fertilizer application promoted crop production with more residual biomass being retained in the soil, which resulted in increasedSOMcontent. Land use changes to paddy, upland or forest improvedSOMcontent, whereas abandoning land reducedSOMcontent.
Diversity as Asset
Authors: Bender Andrea , Beller Sieghard , Nersessian Nancy J.
Published: September 2015

We begin our commentary by summarizing the commonalities and differences in cognitive phenomena across cultures, as found by the seven papers of this topic. We then assess the commonalities and differences in how our various authors have approached the study of cognitive diversity, and speculate on the need for, and potential of, cross‐disciplinary collaboration.
Retinol dehydrogenase 8 and ATP‐binding cassette transporter 4 modulate dark adaptation of M‐cones in mammalian retina
Authors: Kolesnikov Alexander V. , Maeda Akiko , Tang Peter H. , Imanishi Yoshikazu , Palczewski Krzysztof , Kefalov Vladimir J.
Published: September 2015

Key points

This study explores the molecular mechanisms that regulate the recycling of chromophore required for pigment regeneration in mammalian cones.

We report that two chromophore binding proteins, retinol dehydrogenase 8 (RDH8) and photoreceptor‐specific ATP‐binding cassette transporter (ABCA4) accelerate the dark adaptation of cones, first, directly, by facilitating the processing of chromophore in cones, and second, indirectly, by accelerating the turnover of chromophore in rods, which is then recycled and delivered to both rods and cones.

Preventing competition with the rods by knocking out rhodopsin accelerated cone dark adaptation, demonstrating the interplay between rod and cone pigment regeneration driven by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

This novel interdependence of rod and cone pigment regeneration should be considered when developing therapies targeting the recycling of chromophore for rods, and evaluating residual cone function should be a critical test for such regimens targeting the RPE.

Rapid recycling of visual chromophore and regeneration of the visual pigment are critical for the continuous function of mammalian cone photoreceptors in daylight vision. However, the molecular mechanisms modulating the supply of visual chromophore to cones have remained unclear. Here we explored the roles of two chromophore‐binding proteins, retinol dehydrogenase 8 (RDH8) and photoreceptor‐specific ATP‐binding cassette transporter 4 (ABCA4), in dark adaptation of mammalian cones. We report that young adult RDH8/ABCA4‐deficient mice have normal M‐cone morphology but reduced visual acuity and photoresponse amplitudes. Notably, the deletion of RDH8 and ABCA4 suppressed the dark adaptation of M‐cones driven by both the intraretinal visual cycle and the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) visual cycle. This delay can be caused by two separate mechanisms: direct involvement of RDH8 and ABCA4 in cone chromophore processing, and an indirect effect from the delayed recycling of chromophore by the RPE due to its slow release from RDH8/ABCA4‐deficient rods. Intriguingly, our data suggest that RDH8 could also contribute to the oxidation of cis‐retinoids in cones, a key reaction of the retina visual cycle. Finally, we dissected the roles of rod photoreceptors and RPE for dark adaptation of M‐cones. We found that rods suppress, whereas RPE promotes, cone dark adaptation. Thus, therapeutic approaches targeting the RPE visual cycle could have adverse effects on the function of cones, making the evaluation of residual cone function a critical test for regimens targeting the RPE.
Wavelet Transform to Index Road Vehicle Vibration Mixed Mode Signals
Authors: Lepine Julien , Rouillard Vincent , Sek Michael
Published: September 2015

Goods and products transported by road are subjected to vehicle vibration which, without proper protective packaging, can suffer damage. To reduce shipment costs, protection has to be optimised to limit product damage occurrence while keeping packaging weight and size to a minimum. Optimisation is realized by simulating the vibration of transport vehicles. To achieve an accurate simulation, each vehicle vibration mode has to be modelled. These include: the nonstationary random vibration induced by road roughness and speed variations, the transient vibration created by road surface aberrations and the harmonic vibration created by the vehicle engine and drive train. Identifying and indexing these mixed-modes within complex road vehicle vibration signals is essential to define the severity and occurrence of the different modes in order to develop an accurate model. This paper shows that indexing can be performed using the orthogonal wavelet transform such as Daubechies 10. Assuming that each mode is preponderant in different analysis scales, the wavelet coefficients can be used to perform the indexing. This allows more sensitive mode detection and a more precise time indexing thanks to the multi-resolution nature of the wavelet transform compared to other time-frequency analysis methods.