bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Algebraic Conditions for Conformal Superintegrability in Arbitrary Dimension
Authors: Kress Jonathan , Schöbel Konrad , Vollmer Andreas
Published: March 2024

We consider second order (maximally) conformally superintegrable systems and explain how the definition of such a system on a (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold gives rise to a conformally invariant interpretation of superintegrability. Conformal equivalence in this context is a natural extension of the classical (linear) Stäckel transform, originating from the Maupertuis-Jacobi principle. We extend our recently developed algebraic geometric approach for the classification of second order superintegrable systems in arbitrarily high dimension to conformally superintegrable systems, which are presented via conformal scale choices of second order superintegrable systems defined within a conformal geometry. For superintegrable systems on constant curvature spaces, we find that the conformal scales of Stäckel equivalent systems arise from eigenfunctions of the Laplacian and that their equivalence is characterised by a conformal density of weight two. Our approach yields an algebraic equation that governs the classification under conformal equivalence for a prolific class of second order conformally superintegrable systems. This class contains all non-degenerate examples known to date, and is given by a simple algebraic constraint of degree two on a general harmonic cubic form. In this way the yet unsolved classification problem is put into the reach of algebraic geometry and geometric invariant theory. In particular, no obstruction exists in dimension three, and thus the known classification of conformally superintegrable systems is reobtained in the guise of an unrestricted univariate sextic. In higher dimensions, the obstruction is new and has never been revealed by traditional approaches.
Pre-proenkephalin 1 is Downregulated Under Unloading and is Involved in Osteoblast Biology
Authors: Puri Chiara , Dannenberg Charlotte , Ucci Argia , Ponzetti Marco , Pucci Elisa , Silvestri Luciana , Lau Patrick , Frings-Meuthen Petra , Heer Martina , Rucci Nadia , Teti Anna , Maurizi Antonio
Published: March 2024

Pre-proenkephalin 1 (Penk1) is a pro-neuropeptide that belongs to the typical opioid peptide’s family, having analgesic properties. We previously found Penk1 to be the most downregulated gene in a whole gene profiling analysis performed in osteoblasts subjected to microgravity as a model of mechanical unloading. In this work, Penk1 downregulation was confirmed in the bones of two in vivo models of mechanical unloading: tail-suspended and botulinum toxin A (botox)-injected mice. Consistently, in the sera from healthy volunteers subjected to bed rest, we observed an inverse correlation between PENK1 and bed rest duration. These results prompted us to investigate a role for this factor in bone. Penk1 was highly expressed in mouse bone, but its global deletion failed to impact bone metabolism in vivo. Indeed, Penk1 knock out (Penk1−/−) mice did not show an overt bone phenotype compared to the WT littermates. Conversely, in vitro Penk1 gene expression progressively increased during osteoblast differentiation and its transient silencing in mature osteoblasts by siRNAs upregulated the transcription of the Sost1 gene encoding sclerostin, and decreased Wnt3a and Col1a1 mRNAs, suggesting an altered osteoblast activity due to an impairment of the Wnt pathway. In line with this, osteoblasts treated with the Penk1 encoded peptide, Met-enkephalin, showed an increase of Osx and Col1a1 mRNAs and enhanced nodule mineralization. Interestingly, primary osteoblasts isolated from Penk1−/− mice showed lower metabolic activity, ALP activity, and nodule mineralization, as well as a lower number of CFU-F compared to osteoblasts isolated from WT mice, suggesting that, unlike the transient inhibition, the chronic Penk1 deletion affects both osteoblast differentiation and activity. Taken together, these results highlight a role for Penk1 in the regulation of the response of the bone to mechanical unloading, potentially acting on osteoblast differentiation and activity in a cell-autonomous manner.
A Second Fungal Outbreak in Castañar Cave, Spain, Discloses the Fragility of Subsurface Ecosystems
Authors: Martin-Pozas Tamara , Nováková Alena , Jurado Valme , Cuezva Soledad , Fernandez-Cortes Angel , Saiz-Jimenez Cesareo , Sanchez-Moral Sergio
Published: March 2024

Castañar is a cave with strict visitor control measures since it was open to public visits in 2003. However, in recent years, the cave suffered two fungal outbreaks, the first in 2008 and controlled by cleaning the contaminated sediments and subsequent closure of the cave until 2014. The cave was reopened but limited to a maximum of 450 visitors/year. Despite these restrictions on visit, the cave experienced a second outbreak in 2021, originating from the installation of a steel grating walkway, aiming at protecting the ground sediments from the visitors’ footsteps. Here, we conducted an analysis using Next-Generation Sequencing and culture-dependent techniques to investigate the fungal communities related to the second outbreak and compare with those present before the cave suffered the outbreak. The results show that the most abundant fungi involved in the 2021 outbreak were already detected in 2020, and even in 2008 and 2009, although the main species that originating both outbreaks were different, likely due to the different carbon sources introduced into the cave.
Incidence of complications and urinary incontinence following endoscopic enucleation of the prostate in men with a prostate volume of 80 ml and above: results from a multicenter, real-world experience of 2512 patients
Authors: Gauhar Vineet , Castellani Daniele , Herrmann Thomas R. W. , Gökce Mehmet Ilker , Fong Khi Yung , Gadzhiev Nariman , Malkhasyan Vigen , Pirola Giacomo Maria , Naselli Angelo , Mahajan Abhay , Maheshwari Pankaj Nandkishore , Biligere Sarvajit , Tursunkulov Azimdjon N. , Nasirov Furkat , Petov Vladislav , Dellabella Marco , Lim Ee Jean , Socarrás Moisés Rodríguez , Zawadzki Marek , Cormio Luigi , Busetto Gian Maria , Teoh Jeremy Yuen-Chun , Somani Bhaskar Kumar , Enikeev Dmitry , Sofer Mario , Gómez Sancha Fernando
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To evaluate complications and urinary incontinence (UI) after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) stratified by prostate volume (PV).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent EEP with different energy sources in 14 centers (January 2019–January 2023). Inclusion criteria: prostate volume ≥ 80 ml. Exclusion criteria: prostate cancer, previous prostate/urethral surgery, pelvic radiotherapy.

Primary outcome: complication rate. Secondary outcomes: incidence of and factors affecting postoperative UI. Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1: PV = 80–100 ml; Group 2 PV = 101–200 ml; Group 3 PV > 200 ml. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent predictors of overall incontinence.

Results

There were 486 patients in Group 1, 1830 in Group 2, and 196 in Group 3. The most commonly used energy was high-power Holmium laser followed by Thulium fiber laser in all groups. Enucleation, morcellation, and total surgical time were significantly longer in Group 2. There was no significant difference in overall 30-day complications and readmission rates. Incontinence incidence was similar (12.1% in Group 1 vs. 13.2% in Group 2 vs. 11.7% in Group 3, p = 0.72). The rate of stress and mixed incontinence was higher in Group 1. Multivariable regression analysis showed that age (OR 1.019 95% CI 1.003–1.035) was the only factor significantly associated with higher odds of incontinence.

Conclusions

PV has no influence on complication and UI rates following EEP. Age is risk factor of postoperative UI.
Implantation and reimplantation: epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis over the last 30 years
Authors: Ketterer M. C. , Shiraliyev K. , Arndt S. , Aschendorff A. , Beck R.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Due to the increasing number of cochlear implant (CI) recipients, growing indications, and the aging population, the reimplantation of CI recipients has become a focus of attention. The aim of this study is to examine the causes, timing, and postoperative speech understanding in a large cohort over the past 30 years.

Methods

A retrospective data analysis was conducted on over 4000 CI recipients and 214 reimplanted children and adults from 1993 to 2020. This involved collecting and comparing data on causes, manufacturer information, and demographic data. In addition, a comparison of speech understanding in Freiburg monosyllables and numbers before and after reimplantation was carried out.

Results

Children did not exhibit elevated rates of reimplantation. The overall reimplantation rate in the entire cohort was 5%. The CI overall survival rate after 10 years in the entire cohort was 95.2%. Device failure was the most common reason for reimplantation, with 48% occurring within the first 5 years after implantation. The second most common reason was medical complications, with the risk of reimplantation decreasing as more time passed since the initial implantation. There were no significant differences in Freiburg numbers and monosyllable comprehension before and after reimplantation, both in the overall cohort and in the subcohorts based on indications. Even a technical upgrade did not result in a significant improvement in speech understanding.

Discussion

There was no significant difference in the frequency of reimplantation based on patient age, especially when comparing children and adults. Device failure is by far the most common indication for reimplantation, with no significant difference in implant survival between manufacturers. Patients most often choose the same manufacturer for reimplantation. The likelihood of reimplantation decreases with increasing time since the initial implantation. The indication for reimplantation should be carefully considered, as on average, no improved speech understanding is achieved, regardless of the cause, even with a technical upgrade.
Deciphering the interplay between psychopathological symptoms, sensorimotor, cognitive and global functioning: a transdiagnostic network analysis
Authors: Fritze Stefan , Brandt Geva A. , Volkmer Sebastian , Daub Jonas , Krayem Maria , Kukovic Jacqueline , Schwarz Emanuel , Braun Urs , Northoff Georg , Wolf Robert Christian , Kubera Katharina M. , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Hirjak Dusan
Published: March 2024

Background

Understanding the relationship between psychopathology and major domains of human neurobehavioral functioning may identify new transdiagnostic treatment targets. However, studies examining the interrelationship between psychopathological symptoms, sensorimotor, cognitive, and global functioning in a transdiagnostic sample are lacking. We hypothesized a close relationship between sensorimotor and cognitive functioning in a transdiagnostic patient sample.

Methods

We applied network analysis and community detection methods to examine the interplay and centrality [expected influence (EI) and strength] between psychopathological symptoms, sensorimotor, cognitive, and global functioning in a transdiagnostic sample consisting of 174 schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and 38 mood disorder (MOD) patients. All patients (n = 212) were examined with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Heidelberg Neurological Soft Signs Scale (NSS), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and the Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia consisted of trail making test B (TMT-B), category fluency (CF) and digit symbol substitution test (DSST).

Results

NSS showed closer connections with TMT-B, CF, and DSST than with GAF and PANSS. DSST, PANSS general, and NSS motor coordination scores showed the highest EI. Sensory integration, DSST, and CF showed the highest strength.

Conclusions

The close connection between sensorimotor and cognitive impairment as well as the high centrality of sensorimotor symptoms suggests that both domains share aspects of SSD and MOD pathophysiology. But, because the majority of the study population was diagnosed with SSD, the question as to whether sensorimotor symptoms are really a transdiagnostic therapeutic target needs to be examined in future studies including more balanced diagnostic groups.
Pan-cancer analysis of DDIT4 identifying its prognostic value and function in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Li Fangmei , Miao Jiyu , Liu Rui , Zhang Ru , He Aili
Published: March 2024

Background

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy derived from the accumulation of abnormal proliferation of infantile leukocytes in the hematopoietic system. DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) acting as a negative regulator of rapamycin inhibitor is involved in various cellular functions. Many studies have suggested that DDIT4 plays a key role in tumorigenesis. However, the role of DDIT4 in AML has been poorly studied.

Method

In this study, we analyzed the expression of DDIT4 in AML patients using The Cancer Genome Atlas and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Chi-square test was used to assess the correlation between DDIT4 and clinical characters in AML patients. Loss-of-function experiments were implemented to investigate the role of DDIT4 in AML carcinogenesis. The R package was applied to evaluate the correlation between DDIT4 expression and immune cells.

Results

Results showed that the expression of DDIT4 was associated with Age, Cytogenetic risk, Cytogenetics and OS event. Moreover, high expression of DDIT4 led to a terrible prognosis. KEGG analysis showed that differently expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in the PI3-Akt signaling pathway. GSEA enrichment analysis displayed DEGs were correlated with apoptosis. Functional experiments presented that knocking down DDIT4 suppressed cell cycle transition/proliferation and facilitated apoptosis. In addition, DDIT4 is associated with immune infiltration.

Conclusion

Our research verified that DDIT4 can be used as a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for AML.
Year-round dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities in the roots and surrounding soils of Cryptomeria japonica
Authors: Djotan Akotchiffor Kevin Geoffroy , Matsushita Norihisa , Fukuda Kenji
Published: March 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live simultaneously inside and outside of host plant roots for a functional mycorrhizal symbiosis. Still, the year-round dynamics and relationships between soil properties and AMF communities of trees in forest ecosystems remain unclear. We collected paired root and soil samples of the same Cryptomeria japonica trees at two forest sites (five trees at each site) every 2 months over a year. Total DNA was extracted from roots and soil separately and soil physicochemical properties were measured. With Illumina’s next-generation amplicon sequencing targeting the small subunit of fungal ribosomal DNA, we clarified seasonal dynamics of soil properties and AMF communities. Soil pH and total phosphorus showed significant seasonality while total carbon, nitrogen, and C/N did not. Only pH was a good predictor of the composition and dynamics of the AMF community. The total AMF community (roots + soil) showed significant seasonality because of variation from May to September. Root and soil AMF communities were steady year-round, however, with similar species richness but contained significantly different AMF assemblages in any sampling month. Despite the weak seasonality in the communities, the top two dominant OTUs showed significant but different shifts between roots and soils across seasons with strong antagonistic relationships. In conclusion, few dominant AMF taxa are dynamically shifting between the roots and soils of C. japonica to respond to seasonal and phenological variations in their microhabitats. AMF inhabiting forest ecosystems may have high environmental plasticity to sustain a functional symbiosis regardless of seasonal variations that occur in the soil.
An insight into role of amino acids as antioxidants via NRF2 activation
Authors: Egbujor Melford C. , Olaniyan Olugbemi T. , Emeruwa Chigbundu N. , Saha Sarmistha , Saso Luciano , Tucci Paolo
Published: March 2024

Oxidative stress can affect the protein, lipids, and DNA of the cells and thus, play a crucial role in several pathophysiological conditions. It has already been established that oxidative stress has a close association with inflammation via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway. Amino acids are notably the building block of proteins and constitute the major class of nitrogen-containing natural products of medicinal importance. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to activate NRF2, a transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidant responses. Moreover, amino acids may act as synergistic antioxidants as part of our dietary supplementations. This has aroused research interest in the NRF2-inducing activity of amino acids. Interestingly, amino acids' activation of NRF2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway exerts therapeutic effects in several diseases. Therefore, the present review will discuss the relationship between different amino acids and activation of NRF2–KEAP1 signaling pathway pinning their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discussed amino acids formulations and their applications as therapeutics. This will broaden the prospect of the therapeutic applications of amino acids in a myriad of inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases. This will provide an insight for designing and developing new chemical entities as NRF2 activators.
ChatGPT as a CALL tool in language education: A study of hedonic motivation adoption models in English learning environments
Authors: Qu Kunyang , Wu Xuande
Published: March 2024

The advancement of information technologies has led to increased attention to AI chatbots as valuable tools for computer-assisted language learning (CALL), drawing the attention of both academic scholars and industry practitioners. However, there remains limited understanding regarding the adoption of AI chatbots, specifically within the context of the English language. To address this existing research gap and examine the perception and motivation of usage of ChatGPT, this research employed the hedonic motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) to examine the adoption of ChatGPT. Employing structural equation modelling (SEM), a comprehensive investigation was conducted using data sourced from 189 valid responses obtained through an online survey administered to Chinese international students who are currently enrolled in British universities. The findings reveal that the research model effectively elucidates the elements influencing the adoption of ChatGPT in English learning. Notably, boredom, joy, focused immersion, and control emerged as significant mediating factors pertaining to the link between perceived ease of use and behavioural intention. These findings offer meaningful perspectives for upcoming researchers and practitioners in English language teaching and learning, contributing to promoting innovation in this domain.
Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Rates in Patients with Heart Disease
Authors: Oben Ayamo G. , Blanchard Christina T , Robinson Ashton , Girling Isabel , Joly Joanna M. , Cribbs Marc , Tita Alan , Casey Brian , Sinkey Rachel
Published: March 2024

Objective

To evaluate racial disparities in breastfeeding rates in patients with heart disease.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort of pregnant patients with maternal cardiac disease managed by a Cardio-Obstetrics program. Patients self-identifying as Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW), who attended ≥ 1 prenatal visit at the Cardio-Obstetrics Program and delivered at the same hospital between March 2015 and June 2019 were included. The primary outcome was breastfeeding rate at discharge from the delivery-associated hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included breastfeeding intent on admission and breastfeeding rates at the postpartum visit among patients who initiated breastfeeding.

Results

138 pregnant patients with cardiac disease were included: 58 (42%) NHB and 80 (58%) NHW patients. Parity, marital status and insurance were statistically different between groups. NHB patients were more likely to have government insurance compared to NHW patients (77.6% vs. 40%; p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the intent to breastfeed upon admission for the delivery-associated hospitalization (74.2% NHB vs. NHW 91.3%; p = 0.01), but not at hospital discharge (84.5% NHB vs. 93.8% NHW; p = 0.08). However, breastfeeding rates were significantly lower among NHB patients at the postpartum visit among the entire cohort (38.2% in NHB vs. 61.1% in NHW women; p = 0.036) and among those who initiated breastfeeding (35.3% NHB vs. 61.1% NHW, p = 0.018).

Conclusions

Despite similar breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge, NHB patients with maternal cardiac disease were less likely to intend to breastfeed at admission and/or continue breastfeeding by the postpartum visits. Qualitative studies understanding these differences are crucial to improve breastfeeding rates, especially for NHB patients with maternal cardiac disease.
Vom Kartenlesen zur GPS-Navigation
Authors: van Mark A. , Hallstein T. , Wanke E. M. , Holzgreve F. , Fischer M. , Ohlendorf D.
Published: March 2024

Diese Übersichtsarbeit im Rahmen der Sozialmedizin beschreibt die historische Entwicklung von Hilfsrist und Anfahrt nach dem Absetzen eines Notrufs in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (BRD) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der aktuellen technischen Fortschritte. In der BRD zählen Polizei, Feuerwehr und Rettungsdienst zu den sog. Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben (BOS). Im Rettungsdienst werden Rettungsmittel – wie Noteinsatzfahrzeug (NEF), notarztbesetzter Rettungswagen (NAW), Rettungswagen (RTW), Rettungshubschrauber (RTH) oder in der Feuerwehr u. a. das Hilfeleistungslöschgruppenfahrzeug (HLF) – über eine Rettungsleitstelle alarmiert und müssen im Notfall in kürzester Zeit mittels Sonder- und Wegerechte den Weg zum Einsatzort mit möglichst kurzem Zeitaufwand finden. Auch mittels technischer Unterstützung, insbesondere durch GPS-Navigation (Global Positioning System), wird versucht, diesen Anforderungen Rechnung zu tragen.
Energetic analysis and economic viability of active atmospheric water generation technologies
Authors: Potyka Julius , Dalibard Antoine , Tovar Günter
Published: March 2024

Water scarcity is a growing global and systematic problem in regions with low groundwater availability. Atmospheric water generation (AWG) technologies are an innovative solution to the water shortage problem, as atmospheric water vapor is a readily available resource even in arid regions, with the drawback of high energy consumption. In this paper, the viability of AWG technologies on an energy and economic level is investigated by thermodynamic modeling of three main active AWG systems consisting of cooling condensation, adsorption and absorption processes. A location analysis model is developed to evaluate the performance based on representative weather data of temperature, pressure and relative humidity over a period of one year to account for seasonal shifts and daily variations in climatic conditions. The specific energy consumption kWh/kg, water production trend and total specific cost are calculated for each technology. Water production by seawater desalination at the nearest coastline and transportation to the site by tanker truck, as well as bottled water prices, are used as benchmarks to assess economic viability. The results show that active AWG systems can only be an economically viable alternative if the water consumption site is relatively far from the coast or other water-rich regions and low electricity costs are available (distance >600 km, electricity price <0.10 US$/kWh). Compared to bottled water, all AWG technologies are in a competitive price range. Absorption systems have an energy efficiency advantage over conventional cooling condensation and adsorption systems (cooling condensation: average 0.42 kWh/kg; absorption: average 0.38 kWh/kg; adsorption: average 1.16 kWh/kg), but require a higher degree of process and plant design development. However, because of the high fluctuation in water production, atmospheric water generation technologies should be considered as a complementary supply to conventional water sources.
A Methodology for the Preliminary Design of a High-Efficiency Multistage Plasma Thruster
Authors: Puca Nicola , Panelli Mario , Battista Francesco
Published: March 2024

Space electric propulsion represents a class of power-limited systems that utilize the interaction of electromagnetic fields with ionized inert gas propellants to generate thrust. This technology has emerged as a highly fuel-efficient and sustainable alternative to chemical propulsion systems, particularly for satellite constellations. However, the miniaturization potential of EP systems is impeded by certain limitations, necessitating the exploration of novel architectures. The high-efficiency multistage plasma thruster (HEMP-T) stands as a promising contender for stand-alone missions due to its employment of a cusped magnetic-field topology, which effectively mitigates plasma-wall interactions and enhances overall efficiency even at low thrust levels. Despite the growing interest in HEMP-Ts, there is a dearth of comprehensive and streamlined preliminary design procedures for these systems. Prior research has predominantly focused on extensive numerical analyses, neglecting the development of efficient and accessible design tools. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a novel preliminary design tool derived from integrating established analytical models available in the literature. The proposed design tool also incorporates an iterative procedure that refines geometric properties using a 2D magnetostatic solver. Through the application of this tool, a 4 mN HEMP thruster was analyzed. This finally exhibited a specific impulse of approximately 2000s and a good efficiency level of 23%. Also, the results obtained for a 10 mN application align closely with those achieved by other types of EP thrusters.
Impact of specific ion effects and electrostatic interactions on a polyelectrolyte-polyampholyte complex
Authors: Chituru Sunetra V. , Das Sougat , Majumdar Saptarshi
Published: March 2024

A complex overlay of interactions governs the conformations of polymers in solution. Among them, electrostatic interactions are the dominating factor for governing the dynamics of charged macromolecules. Salt ions further impact the conformations by inducing screening of the electrostatic interactions of the polymers. Polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes are two majorly used charged polymers for engineering hydrogels. These polymers form a complex when added together in a solution. This article emphasises the effect of salts on the polyelectrolyte-polyampholyte complex. The interactions have been analysed through the viscosity and diffusivity measurements. The in-depth analysis of the specific ion effect along with the viscous effect induced by the polymer has been carried out. It was concluded that the viscous effect tends to reverse the impact of salts on the electrostatic-dominated conformations of the polymers. The ‘Shear Dependent Generalised Intrinsic Viscosity’ (SDGIV) have been used to gain insights into the interactions between the polymers. Finally, the scaling of the viscosity with respect to the polymer concentration and the impact of the salts on the same has also been studied. It is concluded that the viscous effect of the polymers should also be considered for analysing the specific ion effects of the salts on the charged polymers.

Graphical Abstract
Analysis of large-scale fires in Makkah’s King Khaled Road tunnel using non-gray radiation models
Authors: Guedri Kamel , Alorabi Abdulrahman S. , Mandourah Talal S.
Published: March 2024

The present study validated a fire dynamic simulation approach for reducing costs and losses in tunnel fire tests. It analyzed various radiation models, including gray, non-gray, and non-gray sooting models. The central processing unit (CPU) run time of the last model was very long, and the model is of little value in practice. The non-gray model was found to be the most accurate and efficient. This model was used to study fire behavior in the King Khaled Road tunnel in Makkah. This was done because the tunnel is small, there aren't many ways to get out, and it's hard to get firefighting teams to a place like Makkah during the Hajj season when there are a lot of people. Results showed that gas temperature, radiation, CO and CO2 concentrations, and air velocity increased with heat release rate, oxygen concentration, and soot yield. The air velocity was overpredicted during the simulations, having consequences for most of the other quantities, and this led to a cooler gas temperature, higher oxygen levels, and lower CO and CO2 concentrations. In addition, it is established that gas temperature and radiation increased when the ambient temperature increased, and oxygen concentration and air velocity were mostly unaffected by changing ambient temperature.
Against Evidential Minimalism: Reply to Hofmann
Authors: Buckley Daniel
Published: March 2024

In this paper, I respond to Frank Hofmann's reply to my (2022) argument against “evidential minimalism” (EM). According to defenders of EM, there is a close connection between evidence and normative reasons for belief: evidence is either itself, or (under certain “minimal” conditions) gives rise to, a normative reason for belief. In my (2022), I argued against EM by showing that there are cases where: (i) S possesses strong evidence E for the truth of p at time t, (ii) all minimal conditions for the normativity of E are met at t, (iii) S doesn't believe p at t, yet (iv) S isn't criticizable on account of (i)–(iii) at t. I then appealed to a linking claim connecting criticizability with the existence of normative reasons for belief. Hofmann's reply invokes a distinction between two different kinds of epistemic criticism: a strong and a weak form. I will argue that Hofmann's distinction fails to save EM from my argument.
Should we ignore SARS-CoV-2 disease?
Authors: Nesteruk Igor
Published: March 2024

Current World Health Organization (WHO) reports claim a decline in COVID-19 testing and reporting of new infections. To discuss the consequences of ignoring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the endemic characteristics of the disease in 2023 with the ones estimated before using 2022 data sets are compared. The accumulated numbers of cases and deaths reported to the WHO by the 10 most infected countries and global figures were used to calculate the average daily numbers of cases DCC and deaths DDC per capita and case fatality rates (CFRs = DDC/DCC) for two periods in 2023. In some countries, the DDC values can be higher than the upper 2022 limit and exceed the seasonal influenza mortality. The increase in CFR in 2023 shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection is still dangerous. The numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths per capita in 2022 and 2023 do not demonstrate downward trends with the increase in the percentages of fully vaccinated people and boosters. The reasons may be both rapid mutations of the coronavirus, which reduced the effectiveness of vaccines and led to a large number of re-infections, and inappropriate management.
Norm Entrepreneurship in Digital Trade: The Singapore-led Wave of Digital Trade Agreements
Authors: Jones Emily , Kira Beatriz , Tavengerwei Rutendo
Published: March 2024

Rulemaking in digital trade is proceeding apace. Many preferential trade agreements contain dedicated e-commerce or digital trade chapters and some states have entered into stand-alone digital economy agreements. This article seeks to establish whether, and to what extent, normative change is occurring in digital trade agreements, the nature of any changes, and identify which states are acting as norm entrepreneurs. We employ a new method of legal coding, systematically comparing the nature and prescriptiveness of digital provisions in 12 trade agreements concluded between 2019 and 2023. We find evidence of substantial policy innovation, and identify Singapore as the key norm entrepreneur. A new wave of ‘Singapore-led’ agreements substantially expands the scope of digital trade, to cover areas such as digital identities, e-invoicing and e-payments, the governance of AI, and regulation of new digital technologies. Commitments are typically couched as soft rather than hard law, reflecting the nascent stages of rulemaking. Norm entrepreneurship on the part of Singapore and its allies reflects a desire to position themselves as ‘digital hubs’ in the global economy, spur rulemaking in areas where innovation is ahead of regulation, and promote digital interconnectivity at time of regulatory divergence and geopolitical rivalry.
Most Unusual Twin Pairs: A Look at Uterus Didelphys / Twin Research Reviews: Prenatal Aneuploidy Screening for Twin Pregnancies; Twin Conceptions by Same-Sex Male Couples; Legal Personality of Conjoined Twins; Twin Study of Cannabis Use / Human Interest and Importance: Being Taken for Twins Saved Sisters; Twin Children of Jailed Nobel Prize Winner; British ‘Biracial’ Twins; Triplets Born at Start of Russian Attack on Ukraine; Twins Born in Different Years
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: March 2024

A review of an unusual twin type—twins born to women with two uteri (uterus didelphys)—is presented. This review is followed by summaries of recent research and perspectives concerning prenatal aneuploidy screening for twin pregnancies, twin conceptions by same-sex male couples, legal personality of conjoined twins, and a twin study of cannabis use. Interesting information about twins that has appeared in the media is also presented, namely how being taken for twins saved a pair of sisters; twin children of a jailed Nobel Prize winner, British ‘biracial’ twins, triplets born at the start of Russia’s attack on Ukraine, and twins born in different years.
Prevalence and associated factors of stress fractures, menstrual dysfunction, and eating disorders in high school athletes
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroaki , Watanabe Masashi , Sakamaki-Sunaga Mikako , Morioka Yasunori , Sakai Kensuke , Sugita Masaaki
Published: March 2024

Abstract: Objective: Stress fractures (SF), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and eating disorders (ED) in young athletes are important issues. We conducted this study to determine the frequency of SF, MD, and ED experienced by high school track and field athletes in Japan and to understand the factors associated with them. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1199 high level high school track and field athletes (608 males and 591 females) who participated in a selective training camp held by the Japan Association of Athletics Federations. Results: Approximately one in four male and female athletes self-reported SF. Moreover, we identified the length of the practice time per week and the event (sprinting, middle-distance, jumping, and combined) as relevant factors. Approximately one in three female athletes self-reported MD history, with those participating in long-distance events experiencing it significantly more frequently than those participants in sprinting, throwing, and jumping events. Furthermore, we identified ED history and long-distance events as MD history-related factors. ED history was self-reported at low frequency without gender difference, and long-distance was significantly more frequently reported than sprinting and jumping. Conclusions: About a quarter of Japanese high school track and field athletes experience SF, and about a third of the females experience MD. The association of these with athletic events, training time, and ED should be considered.
Locating Hydrologically Unsustainable Areas for Supporting Ecological Restoration in China's Drylands
Authors: Fu Fengyu , Wang Shuai , Wu Xutong , Wei Fangli , Chen Peng , Grünzweig José M.
Published: March 2024

China has undertaken extensive ecological restoration (ER) projects since the late 1970s in drylands, dominating the greening of drylands. The greening, especially ER‐induced, can affect regional water availability and even cause hydrological unsustainability (i.e., lead to a negative shift in ecosystem water supply and demand balances). However, there is still limited research on accurately identifying the hydrologically unsustainable greening areas (GA) in China's drylands. Here, we developed an ecosystem water supply‐demand indicator, namely, the water self‐sufficiency (WSS), defined as the ratio of water availability to precipitation. Using remote sensing and multisource synthesis data sets combined with trend analysis and time series detection, we conducted a spatially explicit assessment of the hydrological sustainability risk of greening in China's drylands in the context of ER projects over the period 1987–2015. The results showed that 17.15% (6.36 × 104 km2) of the GA faced a negative shift in the WSS (indicating hydrological unsustainability), mainly in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Xinjiang provinces, driven by evapotranspiration. Moreover, 29.34% (1.09 × 105 km2) of the GA, whose area is roughly double that of hydrologically unsustainable GA, exhibited a potential water shortage with a significant WSS decline (−0.014 yr−1), concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces. The reliability of our findings was demonstrated through previous studies at the local scale and an analysis of soil moisture changes. Our findings offer precise grid‐scale identification of the hydrologically unsustainable GA, providing more specific spatial guidance for ER implementation and adaptation in China's drylands.
Pediatric perforated appendicitis diagnosis based on the C-reactive protein/prealbumin ratio
Authors: Long Junshan , Zhang Jing , Chen Gong , Su Xiaoxia , Qiu Baowei , Dong Qi
Published: March 2024

Pediatric perforated appendicitis, prone to multiple complications, necessitates identifying potential serum biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients under 16 with acute appendicitis, admitted to Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center from January 2019 to July 2023. The patients were categorized into perforated and non-perforated groups. Among the 313 included patients, 106 (33.87%, 95% CI 28.59–39.14%) developed perforation. The C-reactive protein to prealbumin ratio (CPA) showed a significant difference between the perforated and non-perforated groups [6.63 (2.9–13.02) vs. 0.7 (0.11–2.18), p < 0.001]. The AUC of CPA on the ROC curve was 0.691 (95% CI 0.513–0.869, p = 0.084) in patients under 4. In patients aged 4–9, the sensitivity of CPA > 3 predicting perforation was 76.2%, with a specificity of 81.6%, and an AUC of 0.816 (95% CI 0.747–0.886, p < 0.001). For patients aged 9–16, the sensitivity of CPA > 2.2 predicting perforation was 85%, with a specificity of 85.7%, and an AUC of 0.919 (95% CI 0.859–0.979, p < 0.001). CPA > 3 and CPA > 2.2 can predict perforated appendicitis in patients aged 4–9 and 9–16, respectively.
An evolutionary parsimonious approach to estimate daily reference evapotranspiration
Authors: Ruiz-Ortega F. Javier , Clemente Eddie , Martínez-Rebollar Alicia , Flores-Prieto J. Jassón
Published: March 2024

The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an essential component in hydrological and ecological processes. The objective of this research is to develop an explicit model to estimate ETo only using commonly measurable meteorological parameters such as relative humidity, air temperature, and wind speed, where the measurements corresponding to solar radiation are omitted. The model was generated using Genetic Programming (GP), evaluated, and validated with reference data ETo using FAO56-PM. This reference data was obtained from different climates (warm-temperate and arid-warm) and latitudes, acquired from CIMIS stations in the state of California, United States, and the El Porvenir station in the state of Coahuila, located in north-central Mexico. After applying the proposed methodology, a total of 3754 results were generated, demonstrating a significant improvement in the estimation of ETo compared to the Hargreaves–Samani model. A particularly noteworthy result revealed that our approach outperformed the Hargreaves–Samani model in the training phase by 27%, and in the testing phase by 16%, on average. In order to achieve a generalized model, a dataset encompassing meteorological stations in two different climates (warm-temperate and arid-warm) and various latitudes was utilized. The obtained outcome unveiled a highly effective model for estimating ETo in diverse climatic contexts, eliminating the need for local adjustments. This model significantly surpassed the Hargreaves–Samani model, exhibiting superior performance by 17% during the training phase and 18% during the testing phase. These results conclusively underscore the capability of our approach to provide more accurate and reliable ETo estimates. These results conclusively underscore the capability of our approach to provide more accurate and reliable ETo estimates. Finally, to validate the model, four different datasets with climates similar to those used for model creation (warm-temperate, warm-arid) and different latitudes were employed. The validation stage results clearly indicate the superiority of our reference evapotranspiration ETo11 model over the Hargreaves–Samani model by 51% in warm-temperate climates. For the dataset with arid-warm climate, our model continued to show satisfactory results, surpassing the Hargreaves–Samani model by 8%. GP emerges as an innovative and effective alternative for simplified model development. This approach introduces a novel paradigm that facilitates the efficient development of models, standing out for its simplicity and effectiveness in generating solutions.
Plasma renin as a novel prognostic biomarker of sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Chakradhar Anjali , Baron Rebecca M. , Vera Mayra Pinilla , Devarajan Prasad , Chawla Lakhmir , Hou Peter C.
Published: March 2024

Sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition in critical care medicine for which there is a substantial need for early prognostic biomarkers of outcome. The present study seeks to link plasma renin levels and 30-day mortality in sepsis-associated ARDS patients treated at our institution. The Registry of Critical Illness (RoCI) prospectively enrolled patients from the intensive care units (ICU) within a single academic medical center, and a convenience sample of patients with sepsis-associated ARDS was analyzed from this cohort. This study was approved by the Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Boards (IRB) as part of the RoCI, and all procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional board. From April 2012 to February 2019, a cohort of 32 adult sepsis-associated ARDS patients with 500 µL of plasma samples available on Day 0 and Day 3 of their ICU stay were enrolled. Renin levels were measured twice, on Day 0 and Day 3 via the direct renin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA EIA-525) by DRG diagnostics. Day 0 and Day 3 renin were statistically evaluated via logistic regression to predict 30-day mortality. Direct renin levels of 64 samples were assayed from 32 sepsis-associated ARDS patients (50% male; mean ± SD, 55 ± 13.8 years old). The 30-day hospital mortality rate was 59.4%. Patients who died within 30 days of admission were more likely to have an elevated Day 3 Renin (Odds ratio [OR] = 6, 95% CI 1.25–28.84) and have received vasopressors (OR = 13.33, 95% CI 1.43–123.95). Adjusting for vasopressor use as a proxy for septic shock status, patients with an Elevated Day 3 Renin had a 6.85 (95% CI 1.07–43.75) greater odds of death than those with Low-Normal Day 3 Renin. Patients with sustained Elevated Renin levels from Day 0 to Day 3 had the highest risk of death in a 30-day window. In this study, we found that renin may be a novel biomarker that has prognostic value for patients with sepsis-associated ARDS. Future studies evaluating renin levels in patients with sepsis-associated ARDS are needed to validate these findings.
Prevalence of depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino ethnic subgroups during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Elhabashy Maryam , Chiangong Jolyna , Villalobos Kevin , Montiel Ishino Francisco A. , Adzrago David , Williams Faustine
Published: March 2024

Hispanic/Latino populations experienced disproportionate exposure to depression risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. While aggregated data confirm the risks of depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino individuals, little research uses disaggregated data to investigate these risks based on ethnic subgroups. Using the “Understanding the Impact of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Social Distancing on Physical and Psychosocial (Mental) Health and Chronic Diseases” survey, which was distributed nationally between May 13, 2021, and January 9, 2022 (N = 5413), we estimated the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino ethnic subgroups during the pandemic. We performed descriptive analysis on a 116-item survey, which collected disaggregated data from Hispanic/Latino individuals aged ≥ 18 years (n = 1181). About one-third of the participants reported depressive symptoms (31.3%), with those who self-identified as other Hispanic/Latino/Spanish origin (40.2%) reporting the highest depressive symptom prevalence. Among participants who reported depression treatment before the pandemic, the highest reports of treatment were among Puerto Rican (81.8%) participants. More than one-third of participants receiving prior depression treatment (38.7%) reported treatment interference by the pandemic, mostly among Central American individuals (50.0%). This study highlights the need for integrating more disaggregated data into public health approaches which seek to target population subgroups and reduce racial/ethnic mental health disparities.
Exploring osteochondral damage patterns in acute patellar dislocation: insights into morphological associations and risk factors
Authors: Gao Yu , Wei Chunxiao , Yang Modi
Published: March 2024

Osteochondral damage (OD) is a significant outcome following acute patellar dislocation (APD), yet the factors contributing to its susceptibility remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between demographic characteristics, patellofemoral (PF) joint morphology, and the occurrence of OD. A retrospective analysis identified 74 patients with APD who underwent treatment in our unit between 2019 and 2022. All patients received MRI within a week of injury to assess OD, subsequently categorized according to the injury pattern. The Caton-Deschamps index (CDI), tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), sulcus angle (SA), patellar width (PW), patellar thickness (PT), and femoral condyle geometry were calculated from the MRI scans and compared between groups. The findings revealed that OD predominantly manifested in the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) region and the medial patella (MP) region. In our patient cohort, this study identified a significant association between sulcus angle and the incidence of OD in both MP and LFC regions. Additionally, a significant correlation was discerned between skeletal maturity and the incidence of OD in the LFC region within demographic characteristics.