bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological Aspects of Sport Training and Performance
Authors: Hoffman Jay
Published: April 2020

Physiological Aspects of Sport Training and Performance, Second Edition, updates and expands on the popular first edition, providing an in-depth discussion of physiological adaptation to exercise. Students will learn the importance of an evidence-based approach in prescribing exercise, while sports medicine professionals and health care providers will appreciate using the text as a primary reference on conditioning and performance of athletes. A range of topics are covered, including environmental influences on performance, hydration status, sport nutrition, sport supplements, and performance-enhancing drugs. The book is focused on physiological adaptation to exercise with a goal of providing practical applications to facilitate exercise prescriptions for a variety of athletes.

Physiological Aspects of Sport Training and Performance, Second Edition, is organized into five parts. The first part examines physiological adaptation and the effects of various modes of training on biochemical, hormonal, muscular, cardiovascular, neural, and immunological adaptations. The second part covers principles of exercise training and prescription. The third part discusses nutrition, hydration status, sport supplementation, and performance-enhancing drugs. The fourth part focuses on environmental factors and their influence on sport performance. The fifth and final part is focused on how certain medical and health conditions influence sport performance.

Updates in this second edition focus on cutting-edge knowledge in sport science and sports medicine, including the latest information on physiological adaptations to exercise; current trends for training for power, speed, and agility; eye-opening discussions on sport supplementation and performance-enhancing drugs; data on training with medical conditions such as diabetes and exercise-induced bronchospasm; and groundbreaking information on training in heat and cold and at altitude. In addition, new chapters offer a practical approach to the yearly training program and sudden death in sport.

This online edition of the text includes access to videos of over 40 drills being performed in their entirety, including a dynamic warm-up routine video features 10 warm-up exercises.
Leisure Program Planning and Delivery
Authors: Russell Ruth V. , Jamieson Lynn M.
Published: April 2020

Leisure Program Planning and Delivery will guide your students in

—employing a comprehensive three-step plan for successful program planning, implementing, and evaluating;

—learning the essentials of successful recreation programming theory through real-world case studies and examples; and

—building a professional programming portfolio through completion of class assignments.

Leisure Program Planning and Delivery will prepare recreation students for 21st-century programming. The book provides a comprehensive three-step plan for successful programming of services, program leadership, and understanding operational management of program systems in recreation and leisure service organizations. The scope of the book makes it practical either for preparing students and new professionals or for retooling your recreation program for today’s challenges.

Grounded in contemporary professional practice and real-world applications, the book provides a systematic plan for students to learn the essentials of successful recreation programming, with examples of a variety of activities in community, outdoor, sport, cultural arts, and tourism sectors of the field. A companion Web site provides support for recreation professors with sample course syllabi, chapter review questions, PowerPoint presentations, and a test bank.

Each chapter of Leisure Program Planning and Delivery includes the following student-friendly features:

—Learning objectives

—An opening vignette with a real-world example tied to the theme of the chapter

—Photographs, tables, and figures

—Examples of specific chapter programming concepts taken from actual programming for outdoor, sport, tourism, cultural arts, and community recreation organizations

—A continuing case study highlighting the City of Westerville, Ohio, Parks and Recreation Department, a 2001 and 2007 Gold Medal Awardee

—A chapter summary keyed to the learning objectives

—A glossary of key terms

Throughout the text, the City of Westerville, Ohio, Parks and Recreation Department—a 2001 and 2007 Gold Medal Awardee—serves as a case study. The case illustrates how program concepts and practices apply in the real world of recreation programming.

Leisure Program Planning and Delivery is the foundational text to prepare students and practicing professionals for situations they will encounter on the job. As a reference, the book contains the essentials of programming and offers cutting-edge programming techniques, support tools, and forms that will help professionals meet challenges in leisure programming, making it a text that students will keep long after their course work is completed.
Career Development in Recreation, Parks, and Tourism
Authors: Kauffman Robert B.
Published: April 2020

Career Development in Recreation, Parks, and Tourism: A Positioning Approach outlines a step-by-step plan for career development based on the technique of positioning. In contrast to traditional job search methods, the positioning approach shows you how to increase your chances of securing your preferred job by placing yourself close to the person with whom you want to work, the place or organization where you want to work, or the position that fulfills your career goals. Using the positioning approach, author Robert B. Kauffman has guided students through internship into the profession and beyond.

Based on contemporary research and literature, Career Development in Recreation, Parks, and Tourism: A Positioning Approach prepares students for the next step in their preprofessional and professional careers. This resource offers expert advice and tested techniques to help students do the following:

Decide on the job they want and begin to proactively seek out opportunities in that area. Determine the knowledge, skills, abilities, and experiences (KSAEs) required to get the job they want and start developing those KSAEs. Use professional networking to meet people in the field and advance their career goals. Gather information on the field, the organizations they want to work for, and the positions they're interested in so they can better show where they fit in the organizations and why they should be hired. Engage in one-on-one interviews with the people in charge of hiring at the target organizations. Prepare for interviews and develop the tools they'll need during the job search, including resumes, cover letters, portfolios, and business cards.

The book includes individual and group exercises to help students better understand each step in the positioning approach, as well as sample resumes, letters, and e-mails. It also features stories from students and professionals who describe how they used the positioning approach to reach their career goals. Throughout the text, the author provides examples, tools, and tips from his years of experience helping students use the positioning strategy. He also offers techniques for succeeding in more traditional job searches, including preparing for the formal job interview.

Jump-start your current career or learn how your coursework and field experiences can open doors to your career goals. Whether you're just beginning a course of study or just entering the profession, Career Development in Recreation, Parks, and Tourism: A Positioning Approach will help you develop the skills and tools to get the job you want.
Performance Nutrition
Authors: Austin Krista , Seebohar Bob
Published: April 2020

Optimize training, enhance recovery, and improve performance with Performance Nutrition: Applying the Science of Nutrient Timing. Based on the most current research in nutrient timing, Performance Nutrition blends theory with applied content and real-life examples to help nutritionists, athletes, and coaches design nutrition plans based on each athlete’s individual needs and the specific demands of the sport.

While other texts may provide a brief discussion of nutrient timing as a tool for improving sport performance, Performance Nutrition: Applying the Science of Nutrient Timing focuses solely on this newly developing facet of sport nutrition. Distinguished authors Krista Austin (a physiologist and nutritionist) and Bob Seebohar (a sport dietitian and USA Triathlon elite coach) share their extensive practical experience with athletes at all levels from recreational through professional. They provide specific nutrient timing recommendations for a wide range of sport types, including endurance, strength and power, combative (weight classified), and team sports.

In particular, you will learn information on using nutrient timing theory to counteract altitude, heat and humidity, cold exposure, and air pollution. A chapter devoted to competition-day guidelines will help you keep your athletes hydrated, energized, and ready to perform. Plus, nutritional timelines, highlighted in special callout boxes and placed at the edge of the page for quick reference, offer visual plans of what athletes should eat in the hours leading up to and during competition. Practical and user friendly, this text also includes “In Practice” application exercises, mini-case studies, and four extended case studies to assist in translating the information to your own practice.

Incorporating nutrient ingestion timing into your athlete’s training program can promote enhanced recovery, create positive training adaptations, improve body composition, support immunity, and ultimately enhance performance. With Performance Nutrition: Applying the Science of Nutrient Timing, you will gain the foundational knowledge and practical techniques to develop individualized nutrition programs to improve training, performance, and recovery.
The influence of typhoons on atmospheric composition deduced from IAGOS measurements over Taipei
Authors: Roux Frank , Clark Hannah , Wang Kuo-Ying , Rohs Susanne , Sauvage Bastien , Nédélec Philippe
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The research infrastructure IAGOS (In-Service Aircraft
for a Global Observing System) equips commercial aircraft with instruments
to monitor the composition of the atmosphere during flights around the
world. In this article, we use data from two China Airlines aircraft based
in Taipei (Taiwan) which provided daily measurements of ozone, carbon
monoxide and water vapour throughout the summer of 2016. We present time
series, from the surface to the upper troposphere, of ozone, carbon monoxide
and relative humidity near Taipei, focusing on periods influenced by the
passage of typhoons. We examine landing and take-off profiles in the
vicinity of tropical cyclones using ERA-5 reanalyses to elucidate the
origin of the anomalies in the vertical distribution of these chemical
species. Results indicate a high ozone content in the upper- to middle-troposphere
track of the storms. The high ozone mixing ratios are generally
correlated with potential vorticity and anti-correlated with relative
humidity, suggesting stratospheric origin. These results suggest that
tropical cyclones participate in transporting air from the stratosphere to
troposphere and that such transport could be a regular feature of typhoons.
After the typhoons passed Taiwan, the tropospheric column was filled with
substantially lower ozone mixing ratios due to the rapid uplift of marine
boundary layer air. At the same time, the relative humidity increased, and
carbon monoxide mixing ratios fell. Locally, therefore, the passage of
typhoons has a positive effect on air quality at the surface, cleansing the
atmosphere and reducing the mixing ratios of pollutants such as CO and O3.
Using ship-borne observations of methane isotopic ratio in the Arctic Ocean to understand methane sources in the Arctic
Authors: Berchet Antoine , Pison Isabelle , Crill Patrick M. , Thornton Brett , Bousquet Philippe , Thonat Thibaud , Hocking Thomas , Thanwerdas Joël , Paris Jean-Daniel , Saunois Marielle
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Characterizing methane sources in the Arctic remains challenging due to the remoteness, heterogeneity and variety of such emissions. In
situ campaigns provide valuable datasets to reduce these uncertainties. Here we analyse data from the summer 2014 SWERUS-C3 campaign in the
eastern Arctic Ocean, off the shore of Siberia and Alaska. Total concentrations of methane, as well as relative concentrations of 12CH4 and
13CH4, were measured continuously during this campaign for 35 d in July and August. Using a chemistry-transport model, we link
observed concentrations and isotopic ratios to regional emissions and hemispheric transport structures. A simple inversion system helped constrain
source signatures from wetlands in Siberia and Alaska, and oceanic sources, as well as the isotopic composition of lower-stratosphere air masses.
The variation in the signature of lower-stratosphere air masses, due to strongly fractionating chemical reactions in the stratosphere, was suggested
to explain a large share of the observed variability in isotopic ratios. These results point towards necessary efforts to better simulate large-scale
transport and chemistry patterns to make relevant use of isotopic data in remote areas. It is also found that constant and homogeneous source
signatures for each type of emission in a given region (mostly wetlands and oil and gas industry in our case at high latitudes) are not compatible
with the strong synoptic isotopic signal observed in the Arctic. A regional gradient in source signatures is highlighted between Siberian and
Alaskan wetlands, the latter having lighter signatures (more depleted in 13C). Finally, our results suggest that marine emissions of
methane from Arctic continental-shelf sources are dominated by thermogenic-origin methane, with a secondary biogenic source as well.
Towards the connection between snow microphysics and melting layer: Insights from multi-frequency and dual-polarization radar observations during BAECC
Authors: Li Haoran , Tiira Jussi , von Lerber Annakaisa , Moisseev Dmitri
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In stratiform rainfall, the melting layer is often visible in radar observations as an enhanced reflectivity band, the so-called bright band. Despite the ongoing debate on the exact microphysical processes taking place in the melting layer and on how they translate into radar measurements, both model simulations and observations indicate that the radar-measured melting layer properties are influenced by snow microphysical processes that take place above it. There is still, however, a lack of comprehensive observations to link the two. To advance our knowledge of precipitation formation in ice clouds and provide an additional constraint on the retrieval of ice cloud microphysical properties, we have investigated this link. This study is divided into two parts. Firstly, surface-based snowfall measurements are used to devise a method for classifying rimed and unrimed snow from X- and Ka-band Doppler radar observations. In the second part, this classification is used in combination with multi-frequency and dual-polarization radar observations to investigate the impact of precipitation intensity, aggregation, riming, and dendritic growth on melting layer properties. The radar-observed melting layer characteristics show strong dependence on precipitation intensity as well as detectable differences between unrimed and rimed snow. This study is based on the data collected during the Biogenic Aerosols – Effects on Clouds and Climate (BAECC) experiment, that took place in 2014 in Hyytiala, Finland.
Towards objective identification and tracking of convective outflow boundaries in next-generation geostationary satellite imagery
Authors: Apke Jason M. , Hilburn Kyle A. , Miller Steven D. , Peterson David A.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Sudden wind direction and speed shifts from outflow boundaries (OFBs)
associated with deep convection significantly affect weather in the lower
troposphere. Specific OFB impacts include rapid variation in wildfire spread
rate and direction, the formation of convection, aviation hazards, and
degradation of visibility and air quality due to mineral dust aerosol
lofting. Despite their recognized importance to operational weather
forecasters, OFB characterization (location, timing, intensity, etc.) in
numerical models remains challenging. Thus, there remains a need for
objective OFB identification algorithms to assist decision support services.
With two operational next-generation geostationary satellites now providing
coverage over North America, high-temporal- and high-spatial-resolution satellite
imagery provides a unique resource for OFB identification. A system is
conceptualized here designed around the new capabilities to objectively
derive dense mesoscale motion flow fields in the Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellite 16 (GOES-16) imagery via optical flow. OFBs are
identified here by isolating linear features in satellite imagery and
backtracking them using optical flow to determine if they originated from a
deep convection source. This “objective OFB identification” is tested with
a case study of an OFB-triggered dust storm over southern Arizona. The
results highlight the importance of motion discontinuity preservation,
revealing that standard optical flow algorithms used with previous studies
underestimate wind speeds when background pixels are included in the
computation with cloud targets. The primary source of false alarms is
the incorrect identification of line-like features in the initial satellite
imagery. Future improvements to this process are described to ultimately
provide a fully automated OFB identification algorithm.
An instrument for in situ measurement of total ozone reactivity
Authors: Sommariva Roberto , Kramer Louisa J. , Crilley Leigh R. , Alam Mohammed S. , Bloss William J.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We present an instrument for the measurement of total ozone
reactivity – the reciprocal of the chemical lifetime of ozone
(O3) – in the troposphere. The Total Ozone Reactivity
System (TORS) was developed with the objective to study the role of
biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) as chemical sinks of
tropospheric ozone. The instrument was extensively characterized and
tested in the laboratory using individual BVOCs and small plants
(lemon thyme, Thymus citriodorus) in a Teflon bag and proved
able to measure reactivities corresponding to >4.5×10-5
s−1 (at 5 min averaging time), with an estimated total
uncertainty of ∼32%. Such reactivities correspond to >20 ppb of α-pinene or >150 ppb of isoprene in
isolation – larger than typical ambient levels but observable in
environmental chamber and enclosure experiments as well as in
BVOC-rich environments. The functionality of TORS was demonstrated
in quasi-ambient conditions with a deployment in a horticultural
glasshouse containing a range of aromatic plants. The measurements
of total ozone reactivity made in the glasshouse showed a clear
diurnal pattern, following the emissions of BVOCs, and are consistent
with mixing ratios of tens of parts per billion of monoterpenes and several
parts per billion of sesquiterpenes.
A compact Incoherent Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption
Spectrometer (IBBCEAS) for trace detection of nitrogen oxides,
iodine oxide and glyoxal at sub-ppb levels for field application
Authors: Barbero Albane , Blouzon Camille , Savarino Joël , Caillon Nicolas , Dommergue Aurélien , Grilli Roberto
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We present a compact, affordable and robust instrument based on Incoherent Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) for simultaneous detection of NOx, IO, CHOCHO and O3 in the 400–475 nm wavelength region. The instrument relies on the injection of a high-power LED source in a high-finesse cavity (F ∼ 36,100), with the trans- mission signal be detected by a compact spectrometer based on a high-order diffraction grating and a CCD camera. A minimum detectable absorption of 1.8 × 10−10 cm−1 was achieved within ∼ 22 minutes of total acquisition, corresponding to a figure of merit of 7.5 × 10−11 cm−1 Hz−1/2 per spectral element. Due to the multiplexing broadband feature of the setup, multi-species detection can be performed with simultaneous detection of NO2, IO, CHOCHO, and O3 achieving ultimate detection limits of 9, 0.3, 8 ppt and 40 ppb (1σ) within 22 min of measurement, respectively (half of the time spent on the acquisition of the reference spectrum in absence of absorber, and the other half on the absorption spectrum). The implementation on the inlet gas line of a compact ozone generator based on electrolysis of water allows the measurement of NOx (NO + NO2) and therefore an indirect detection of NO with detection limits for NOx and NO of 12 and 21 ppt (1σ), respectively. The device has been designed to fit in a 19′′, 3U rack-mount case, weights 15 kg and has a total electrical power consumption
Warming enhances carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from Red Sea seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) sediments
Authors: Burkholz Celina , Garcias-Bonet Neus , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Seagrass meadows are autotrophic ecosystems acting as carbon
sinks, but they have also been shown to be sources of carbon dioxide
(CO2) and methane (CH4). Seagrasses can be negatively affected by
increasing seawater temperatures, but the effects of warming on CO2 and
CH4 fluxes in seagrass meadows have not yet been reported. Here, we
examine the effect of two disturbances on air–seawater fluxes of CO2
and CH4 in Red Sea Halophila stipulacea communities compared to adjacent unvegetated
sediments using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. We first characterized
CO2 and CH4 fluxes in vegetated and adjacent unvegetated
sediments, and then experimentally examined their response, along with that
of the carbon (C) isotopic signature of CO2 and CH4, to gradual warming
from 25 ∘C (winter seawater temperature) to 37 ∘C, 2 ∘C above current maximum temperature. In addition, we assessed
the response to prolonged darkness, thereby providing insights into the
possible role of suppressing plant photosynthesis in supporting CO2 and
CH4 fluxes. We detected 6-fold-higher CO2 fluxes in vegetated
compared to bare sediments, as well as 10- to 100-fold-higher CH4
fluxes. Warming led to an increase in net CO2 and CH4 fluxes,
reaching average fluxes of 10 422.18 ± 2570.12 µmol CO2 m−2 d−1 and 88.11±15.19 µmol CH4 m−2 d−1, while CO2 and CH4 fluxes decreased over time in
sediments maintained at 25 ∘C. Prolonged darkness led to an
increase in CO2 fluxes but a decrease in CH4 fluxes in vegetated
sediments. These results add to previous research identifying Red Sea
seagrass meadows as a significant source of CH4, while also indicating
that sublethal warming may lead to increased emissions of greenhouse gases
from seagrass meadows, providing a feedback mechanism that may contribute to
further enhancing global warming.
Microstructure and composition of marine aggregates as co-determinants for vertical particulate organic carbon transfer in the global ocean
Authors: Maerz Joeran , Six Katharina D. , Stemmler Irene , Ahmerkamp Soeren , Ilyina Tatiana
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Marine aggregates are the vector for biogenically bound carbon and nutrients from the euphotic zone to the interior of the oceans. To improve the representation of this biological carbon pump in the global biogeochemical HAMburg Ocean Carbon Cycle (HAMOCC) model, we implemented a novel Microstructure, Multiscale, Mechanistic, Marine Aggregates in the Global Ocean (M4AGO) sinking scheme. M4AGO explicitly represents the size, microstructure, heterogeneous composition, density and porosity of aggregates and ties ballasting mineral and particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes together. Additionally, we incorporated temperature-dependent remineralization of POC. We compare M4AGO with the standard HAMOCC version, where POC fluxes follow a Martin curve approach with (i) linearly increasing sinking velocity with depth and (ii) temperature-independent remineralization. Minerals descend separately with a constant speed. In contrast to the standard HAMOCC, M4AGO reproduces the latitudinal pattern of POC transfer efficiency, as recently constrained by Weber et al. (2016). High latitudes show transfer efficiencies of ≈0.25±0.04, and the subtropical gyres show lower values of about 0.10±0.03. In addition to temperature as a driving factor for remineralization, diatom frustule size co-determines POC fluxes in silicifier-dominated ocean regions, while calcium carbonate enhances the aggregate excess density and thus sinking velocity in subtropical gyres. Prescribing rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in stand-alone runs (without climate feedback), M4AGO alters the regional ocean atmosphere CO2 fluxes compared to the standard model. M4AGO exhibits higher CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean compared to the standard run, while in subtropical gyres, less CO2 is taken up. Overall, the global oceanic CO2 uptake remains the same. With the explicit representation of measurable aggregate properties, M4AGO can serve as a test bed for evaluating the impact of aggregate-associated processes on global biogeochemical cycles and, in particular, on the biological carbon pump.
The stable carbon isotope signature of methane produced by saprotrophic fungi
Authors: Schroll Moritz , Keppler Frank , Greule Markus , Eckhardt Christian , Zorn Holger , Lenhart Katharina
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is the most abundant organic compound in the atmosphere with emissions from many biotic and abiotic sources. Recent studies have shown that CH4 production occurs under aerobic conditions in eukaryotes such as plants, animals, algae and saprotrophic fungi. Saprotrophic fungi play an important role in nutrient recycling in terrestrial ecosystems by their ability to decompose plant litter. Even though the CH4 production by saprotrophic fungi has been reported, so far, no data for stable carbon isotope values of the emitted CH4 (δ13C-CH4 values) is available. In this study we measured the δ13C values of CH4 and carbon dioxide (δ13C-CO2 values) emitted by the two saprotrophic fungi Pleurotus sapidus and Laetiporus sulphureus cultivated on three different substrates pine wood, grass and corn, reflecting both C3 and C4 plants with distinguished bulk δ13C values. Applying keeling plots, we found that the δ13C source values of CH4 emitted from fungi cover a wide range from −40 mUr to −69 mUr depending on the growth substrate and fungal species. Whilst little apparent carbon isotopic fractionation (in the range of −0.3 mUr to 4.6 mUr) was calculated for δ13C values of CO2 released from P. sapidus and L. sulphureus relative to the bulk δ13C values of the growth substrates, much larger carbon isotopic fractionations (ranging from −22 mUr to −42 mUr) were observed for the formation of CH4. Whilst the two fungal species showed similar δ13CH4 source values when grown on pine wood, δ13CH4 source values differed substantially between the two fungal species when grown on grass or corn. We found that δ13CH4 source values emitted by saprotrophic fungi are highly dependent on the fungal species and the metabolized substrate. They cover a broad range of δ13CH4 values and overlap with values reported for methanogenic archaea, thermogenic degradation of organic matter and other eukaryotes.
The Half-order Energy Balance Equation, Part 2:The inhomogeneous HEBE and 2D energy balance models
Authors: Lovejoy Shaun
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In part I, we considered the zero-dimensional heat equation showing quite generally that conductive – radiative surface boundary conditions lead to half-ordered derivative relationships between surface heat fluxes and temperatures: the Half-ordered Energy balance Equation (HEBE). The real Earth – even when averaged in time over the weather scales (up to ≈ 10 days) – is highly heterogeneous, in this part II, we thus extend our treatment to the horizontal direction. We first consider a homogeneous Earth but with spatially varying forcing. Using Laplace and Fourier techniques, we derive the Generalized HEBE (the GHEBE) based on half-ordered space-time operators. We analytically solve the homogeneous GHEBE, and show how these operators can be given precise interpretations. We then consider the full inhomogeneous problem with horizontally varying diffusivities, thermal capacities, climate sensitivities and forcings. For this we use Babenko's operator method which generalizes Laplace and Fourier methods. By expanding the inhomogeneous space-time operator at both high and low frequencies, we derive 2-D energy balance equations that can be used for macroweather forecasting, climate projections and for studying the approach to new (thermodynamic equilibrium) climate states when the forcings are all increased and held constant.
Historic photographs of glaciers and glacial landforms from the Ralph Stockman Tarr collection at Cornell University
Authors: Elliott Julie , Pritchard Matthew E.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Historic photographs are useful for documenting glacier, environmental, and
landscape change, and we have digitized a collection of about 1949 images
collected during an 1896 expedition to Greenland and trips to Alaska in
1905, 1906, 1909, and 1911, led by Ralph Stockman Tarr and his students at
Cornell University. These images are openly available in the public domain
through Cornell University Library (http://digital.library.cornell.edu/collections/tarr, last access: 15 March 2020; Tarr and Cornell University Library, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7298/X4M61H5R). The primary research targets of these
expeditions were glaciers (there are about 990 photographs of at least 58
named glaciers), but there are also photographs of people, villages, and
geomorphological features, including glacial features in the formally
glaciated regions of New York state. Some of the glaciers featured in the
photographs have retreated significantly in the last century or even
completely vanished. The images document terminus positions and ice
elevations for many of the glaciers and some glaciers have photographs from
multiple viewpoints that may be suitable for ice volume estimation through
photogrammetric methods. While some of these photographs have been used in
publications in the early 20th century, most of the images are only now
widely available for the first time. The digitized collection also includes
about 300 lantern slides made from the expedition photographs and other
related images and used in classes and public presentations for decades. The
archive is searchable by a variety of terms including title, landform type,
glacier name, location, and date. The images are of scientific interest for
understanding glacier and ecological change; of public policy interest for
documenting climate change; of historic and anthropological interest as
local people, settlements, and gold-rush era paraphernalia are featured in
the images; and of technological interest as the photographic techniques
used were cutting edge for their time.
On the calculation of normalized viscous–plastic sea ice stresses
Authors: Lemieux Jean-François , Dupont Frédéric
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Calculating and plotting the normalized states of stress for viscous–plastic sea ice models is a common diagnostic for evaluating the numerical convergence and the physical consistency of a numerical solution. Researchers, however, usually do not explain how they calculate the normalized stresses. Here, we argue that care must be taken when calculating and plotting the normalized states of stress. A physically consistent and numerically converged solution should exhibit normalized stresses that are inside (viscous) or on (plastic) the normalized yield curve. To do so, two possible mistakes need to be avoided. First, when using an implicit solver, normalized stresses should be computed from viscous coefficients and replacement pressure calculated using the previous numerical iterate and the strain rates at the numerator calculated from the latest iterate. Calculating the stresses only from the latest iterate falsely indicates that the solution has numerically converged. Second, for both implicit and explicit (i.e., the EVP) solvers, the stresses should be normalized by the ice strength and not by the replacement pressure. Using the latter, normalized states of stress only lie on the yield curve (i.e., falsely indicating there are no viscous states of stress).
Geostatistical inverse modeling with very large datasets: an example from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite
Authors: Miller Scot M. , Saibaba Arvind K. , Trudeau Michael E. , Mountain Marikate E. , Andrews Arlyn E.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Geostatistical inverse modeling (GIM) has become a common approach to estimating greenhouse gas fluxes at the Earth's surface using atmospheric observations. GIMs are unique relative to other commonly used approaches because they do not require a single emissions inventory or a bottom–up model to serve as an initial guess of the fluxes. Instead, a modeler can incorporate a wide range of environmental, economic, and/or land use data to estimate the fluxes. Traditionally, GIMs have been paired with in situ observations that number in the thousands or tens of thousands. However, the number of available atmospheric greenhouse gas observations has been increasing enormously as the number of satellites, airborne measurement campaigns, and in situ monitoring stations continues to increase. This era of prolific greenhouse gas observations presents computational and statistical challenges for inverse modeling frameworks that have traditionally been paired with a limited number of in situ monitoring sites. In this article, we discuss the challenges of estimating greenhouse gas fluxes using large atmospheric datasets with a particular focus on GIMs. We subsequently discuss several strategies for estimating the fluxes and quantifying uncertainties, strategies that are adapted from hydrology, applied math, or other academic fields and are compatible with a wide variety of atmospheric models. We further evaluate the accuracy and computational burden of each strategy using a synthetic CO2 case study based upon NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite. Specifically, we simultaneously estimate a full year of 3-hourly CO2 fluxes across North America in one case study – a total of 9.4×106 unknown fluxes using 9.9×104 synthetic observations. The strategies discussed here provide accurate estimates of CO2 fluxes that are comparable to fluxes calculated directly or analytically. We are also able to approximate posterior uncertainties in the fluxes, but these approximations are, typically, an over- or underestimate depending upon the strategy employed and the degree of approximation required to make the calculations manageable.
Mineral dust modelling with MADE3 in EMAC v2.54
Authors: Beer Christof G. , Hendricks Johannes , Righi Mattia , Heinold Bernd , Tegen Ina , Groß Silke , Sauer Daniel , Walser Adrian , Weinzierl Bernadett
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Mineral dust particles play an important role in the climate system, by e.g. interacting with solar and terrestrial radiation or facilitating the formation of cloud droplets. Additionally, dust particles can act as very efficient ice nuclei in cirrus clouds. Many Global Chemistry Climate Models (GCCMs) use prescribed monthly mean mineral dust emissions representative of a specific year, based on a climatology. It was hypothesized that using dust emission climatologies may lead to misrepresentations of strong dust burst episodes, resulting in a negative bias of model dust concentrations compared to observations for these episodes. Here, we apply the aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, third generation) as part of the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model. We employ two different representations of mineral dust for our model simulations: i) a prescribed monthly-mean climatology of dust emissions representative of the year 2000; ii) an online dust parametrization which calculates wind-driven mineral dust emissions at every model time-step. We evaluate model results for these two dust representations by comparison with observations of aerosol optical depth from ground-based station data. The model results show a better agreement with the observations for strong dust burst events when using the online dust representation compared to the prescribed dust emissions setup. Furthermore, we analyse the effect of increasing the vertical and horizontal model resolution on mineral dust properties in our model. The model is evaluated against airborne in situ measurements performed during the SALTRACE mineral dust campaign (Saharan Aerosol Long-range Transport and Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Experiment, June/July 2013), i.e. observations of dust transported from the Sahara to the Caribbean. Results show that an increased horizontal and vertical model resolution is able to better represent the spatial distribution of airborne mineral dust, especially in the upper troposphere (above 400 hPa). Additionally, we analyse the effect of varying assumptions for the size distribution of emitted dust. The results of this study will help to identify the model setup best suited for future studies and to further improve the representation of mineral dust particles in EMAC-MADE3.
Waveguidability of idealized midlatitude jets and the limitations of ray tracing theory
Authors: Wirth Volkmar
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Ray paths of stationary Rossby waves emanating from a local midlatitude source are usually refracted equatorward. However, this general tendency for equatorward propagation is mitigated by the presence of a midlatitude jet that acts as a zonal waveguide. This opens up the possibility of circum-global teleconnections and quasi-resonance, which suggests that the ability to guide a wave in the zonal direction is an important jet property. This paper investigates waveguidability of idealized midlatitude jets in a barotropic model on the sphere. A forced-dissipative model configuration with a local source for Rossby waves is used in order to quantify waveguidability by diagnosing the latitudinal distribution of waviness in a longitudinal sector far downstream of the forcing. Systematic sensitivity experiments show that waveguidability increases smoothly with increasing jet amplitude and with decreasing jet width. This result is contrasted with the predictions from two idealized theoretical concepts based on (1) ray tracing as derived from Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) theory and (2) a sharp jet with a zonally oriented front of potential vorticity. The existence of two so-called turning latitudes, which is the key diagnostic for a zonal waveguide according to ray tracing theory, turns out to be a poor predictor for the dependence of waveguidability on jet amplitude and jet width obtained in the numerical simulations. By contrast, the meridional gradient of potential vorticity correlates fairly well with the diagnosed waveguidability. The poor predictions from ray tracing are not surprising, because the underlying WKB assumptions are not satisfied in the current context. The failure of WKB is traced back to the properties of the underlying equations, and a heuristic argument is presented to elucidate the potential of the potential vorticity (PV) gradient to act as a proxy for waveguidability.
Re-design of an upwind rotor for a downwind configuration: design changes and cost evaluation
Authors: Wanke Gesine , Bergami Leonardo , Zahle Frederik , Verelst David Robert
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Within this work, an existing model of a Suzlon S111 2.1 MW turbine is used to estimate potential cost savings when the conventional upwind rotor concept is changed into a downwind rotor concept. A design framework is used to get realistic design updates for the upwind conﬁguration as well as two design updates for the downwind conﬁguration, including a pure material cost-out on the rotor blades and a new planform design. A full design load basis according to the standard has been used to evaluate the impact of the redesigns on the loads. A detailed cost model with load scaling is used to estimate the impact of the design changes on the turbine costs and the cost of energy. It is shown that generally lower blade mass can be achieved with the downwind conﬁgurations of up to 5 % less than the upwind redesign. Compared to an upwind baseline, the upwind redesign shows an estimated cost of energy reduction of 2.3 % where the downwind designs achieve a maximum reduction of 1.3 %.
Análise gramatical de etiquetas em sites colaborativos: estudo de caso Flickr
Authors: Noronha Guilherme Francis , Moreira Manoel Palhares
Published: April 2020

A grande produção de documentos na internet já é realidade. Grande parte deles são disponibilizados pelos mesmos usuários que os consomem. A classificação em massa de documentos por especialistas da informação tornou-se impossível. Para tentar resolver esse problema surge as etiquetas sociais em sistemas colaborativos. Os usuários seriam responsáveis por classificarem seus próprios documentos.
Os usuários, em sua grande maioria, não dispõem de conhecimentos suficientes para indexação e recuperação correta de documentos. Surge então o problema de documentos que são indexados erroneamente pelos usuários. Estudos tentam avaliar a utilidade dos sistemas colaborativos e se os usuários possuem consciência da importância da classificação correta de documentos.
Esse trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um estudo de caso da rede colaborativa Flickr. Foram analisados padrões de etiquetas tais como análise de gênero e número, uso de termos compostos, repetição e ausência de etiquetas nos documentos. Por meio dessa análise foram traçados padrões de comportamento dos usuários e como eles fazem uso etiquetas. Usou se os padrões do NISO para análise de etiquetas e as classificações de Cañada para análise de usuários.
Os resultados encontrados mostram que, apesar de houverem problemas no sistema colaborativo, tanto nas etiquetas quanto nos usuários, eles ainda funcionam como sistemas de indexação e recuperação de informação de documentos produzidos pelos próprios usuários.
Changes in prevalence and perception of complementary and alternative medicine use in Korean inflammatory bowel disease patients: results of an 8-year follow-up survey
Authors: Lee Sun-Ho , Chang Kiju , Seo Ki Seok , Cho Yun Kyung , Song Eun Mi , Hwang Sung Wook , Yang Dong-Hoon , Ye Byong Duk , Byeon Jeong-Sik , Myung Seung-Jae , Yang Suk-Kyun , Park Sang Hyoung
Published: April 2020

Background/Aims: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a global phenomenon, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. We aimed to assess the change in prevalence and patterns of CAM use, and attitudes towards CAM over an 8-year time interval (2006 vs. 2014) among IBD patients in Korea.Methods: A total of 221 IBD patients (CD=142, UC=79) were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding CAM at two time points: at enrollment (2006) and 8 years later (2014/2015).Results: The proportion of patients ever using CAM increased significantly from 60.2% in 2006 to 79.6% in 2014 (P<0.001), while the proportion of current CAM users increased slightly (35.7% to 38.0%, P=0.635); 21.7% used CAM consistently at both time points. The proportion of patients who felt CAM was less effective (P<0.001) and more expensive (P=0.04) than conventional treatments increased over time. Also, the proportion among ever CAM users who perceived a positive effect from CAM significantly decreased in 2014 compared to 2006 (P=0.004). Higher education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.10), prior side effects to conventional therapies (aOR, 2.23), and prior use of corticosteroids (aOR, 2.51) were associated with CAM use. Interestingly, use of CAM before IBD diagnosis (aOR, 2.73) was significantly associated with consistent CAM use.Conclusions: Although the attitudes toward CAM have become less favorable, the majority of IBD patients have experienced CAM with an overall increase of current CAM users over time. Moreover, more than half of current CAM users used CAM consistently over time.
Mastitis pathogens and somatic cell count in ewes milk
Authors: Tvarožková Kristí­na , Tančin Vladimí­r , Uhrinčať Michal , Hleba Lukáš , Mačuhová Lucia
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of pathogens in selected group of ewes and the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and the presence of pathogens. The experiment was carried out on a dairy farm, where predominantly breed was a Tsigai. Sampling was carried out in monthly intervals as part of the milk recording test day from February to July 2019. A total of 303 ewes were included in the survey, during the milk recording test day. The ewes with SCC ≥1000 × 103 cells.mL-1 were selected for further sampling at half udder level. Based on SCC the ewes were divided into five groups: <200 ×103; ≥200 <400 × 103; ≥400 <600 × 103; ≥600 <1000 × 103; ≥1000 × 103 cells.mL-1. The first group of SCC contained 33.9% of milk samples, the second 14.1% of samples, the third 5.7% of samples, the fourth 6.2% and the fifth 40.1% of samples. The most common pathogens were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). The most frequent CNS was Staphylococcus (S.) simulans (24.4%). S. aureus was identified in 5.3% of bacteriological positive samples. Almost 70% of ewes with bacteriological positive samples were repeated identified the presence of pathogens during tested period. SCC ≥500 × 103 cells.mL-1  were detected in 92.5% bacteriological positive milk samples. The presence of pathogens increased SCC in milk (p <0.001) as compared to samples free of pathogens. In conclusion, the SCC ≥500 × 103 cells.mL-1 could be important for detection of subclinical mastitis at half udder level in dairy ewes.