bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Studies in the Apocynaceous Genus Aspidosperma Mart. and Zucc. Aspidosperma Album (Vahl) R. Ben. and Aspidosperma Megalocarpon Muell. Arg
Authors: Banerjee J N , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

The alkaloids of the barks of Aspidosperma album and Aspidosperma megalocarpon non-specifically antagonise the actions of acetylcholine, histamine and barium. An in vitro anti-amœbic action has been shown. There is no evidence of reversal of the pressor effects of adrenaline. The A. album alkaloids potentiate the pressor response to adrenaline in the spinal cat.
The Preparation of Two Bis-Diazo Dyes for Intravenous Injection
Authors: Grainger H S , Carr Thelma , Somers G F
Published: April 2011

Aqueous solutions of vital red and trypan red can be sterilised by autoclaving for 30 minutes at 10 lb. without a change in colour or an increase in toxicity. Solutions should be clarified by filtration through a No. 5/3 sintered glass filter or by centrifuging. Loss of dye can occur through incomplete solution or by adsorption to the glass filter. The concentration of the dye in the final solution should be determined colorimetrically and suitably adjusted prior to autoclaving in the final containers.
A Comparison of the Bronchodilator Activities of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: A Proposed Procedure for the Biological Assay of Adrenaline Solutions Containing Noradrenaline
Authors: Lu F C , Allmark M G
Published: April 2011

For the study of the comparative bronchodilator activities of adrenaline, noradrenaline and aminophylline a method has been described using the tracheal chain of guinea-pigs. The method has been found to yield data suitable for proper statistical treatment. The results from assays on different solutions of the same substance have been found to be accurate as well as precise. On the other hand, the ratios of the bronchodilator activities of different substances, while being precise, vary significantly in different experiments; the possible mechanism responsible for such differences have been discussed. The mean of the estimates from a group of assays, however, appears to give a fairly reliable result. The mean bronchodilator activity of noradrenaline in terms of adrenaline has been found to be from 5·0 to 10·3 per cent, in the different groups of these experiments, and that of aminophylline has been found to be 0·054 per cent. The method described herein, used in conjunction with the blood pressure method, seems to be suitable for the assay of adrenaline solutions containing 10 or 20 per cent, of noradrenaline.
On the Metabolism of Some Aromatic Nitrocompounds by Different Species of Animal; Part I. Some Factors Influencing the Elimination of 4: 6 dinitro-o-cresol from the Blood of the Rat
Authors: King E , Harvey D G
Published: April 2011

Elimination rates of dinitro-o-cresol from the blood of hooded rats have been determined under normal and abnormal (high environmental temperature, metabolic depressant) conditions. The effects of varying the methods of administration and of obtaining the blood have also been studied. Seventeen values of b ranged from — 0·010 to — 0·022. Elimination rates are faster when dinitro-o-cresol is administered by intraperitoneal injection than by mouth or by inhalation of an ærosol, and when blood is obtained by cardiopuncture rather than by tail bleeding. Sudden application of high environmental temperatures to animals poisoned by dinitro-o-cresol caused a slight slowing of the elimination rate. Acclimatisation for 7 days under the same conditions resulted in a faster elimination rate.
Chronic Toxicity of Bread Additives to Rats
Authors: Graham W Donald , Teed H , Grice H C
Published: April 2011

Bread containing 50 times the normal concentration of chlorine dioxide, propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole, polyoxyethylene (8) monostearate, or sodium propionate as 75 per cent, of the diet for 1 year did not harmfully affect growth or mortality of rats. The high concentrations of polyoxyethylene (8) monostearate, sodium propionate, antioxidants and chlorine dioxide had no detectable effect on organ weights or on histopathology of the tissues. No evidence was obtained that the simultaneous presence of high concentrations of more than one potential toxicant in the diet led to any synergistic action.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a Drug Retardant: Part III. Effect on Sodium p-Aminosalicylate
Authors: Graham W Donald , Teed H
Published: April 2011

Polyvinylpyrrolidone at 40 per cent, concentration in the injected material effectively lowered the maximum blood level of p-aminosalicylate when the drugs were given together intravenously to rabbits or intraperitoneally to rats. 2. The duration of retention in the blood stream of significant amounts of the intravenously injected p-aminosalicylate was not influenced by polyvinylpyrrolidone. When the combined drugs were given intraperitoneally appreciable blood levels persisted longer in the presence of 20 or 40 per cent, of polyvinylpyrrolidone.
A Specific Method for the Determination of Morphine
Authors: Pride R R A , Stern E S
Published: April 2011

The iodic acid-ammonium-carbonate-nickel salt reaction has been adapted for the routine spectrophotometric determination of morphine; the method is sensitive down to about 0·005 per cent, of morphine in solution and 0·03 per cent, of morphine can be determined with an accuracy within ± 2 per cent. Of the bases occurring with morphine in nature only pseudo-morphine interfered weakly and the method has been used for the rapid determination of morphine in opium and poppy capsule. The factors affecting the formation of the green complex are briefly discussed.
The Routine Determination of the Antacid Efficiency of Aluminium Hydroxide Gels
Authors: Clemow P R , Lowry J W
Published: April 2011

In vitro methods for assessing the therapeutic value of antacids have been discussed in relation to the routine evaluation of aluminium hydroxide gels. Experiments based on these tests and the conclusions drawn from the discussion have been carried out with a view to establishing a suitable routine test. A form of test has been given in detail and limits have been suggested.
On the Metabolism of Some Aromatic Nitrocompounds by Different Species of Animal: Part II. The Elimination of Various Nitro-Compounds from the Blood of Different Species of Animal
Authors: Lawford D J , King E , Harvey D G
Published: April 2011

Four aromatic nitro-compounds have been studied, and it has been found that they are eliminated from 4 species of laboratory animals in the following descending order of speed: p-nitrophenol > 2:4:dinitrophenol > 2:4-dinitro-α-naphthol > 4:6-dinitro-o-cresol. In the 4 species of animals employed the eliminating efficiency in descending order of speed is mouse > rabbit > guinea-pig > rat. A few experiments on West African monkeys reveals that the elimination rates of the 4 substances are of the same order as for the rat. A comparison of the ratios of the LD50 values and of the elimination rates indicates that the LD50 values are much closer numerically than are the elimination rates. The latter exhibit some divergence.
An in vivo Method for the Assay of Heparin
Authors: Jorpes J Erik , Blombäck Margareta , Blombäck Birger
Published: April 2011

The anticoagulant activity of heparin has been assayed in sheep, by giving small consecutive doses intravenously at intervals of 4 hours, and determining the coagulation time 4 minutes after injection. A curve is plotted, using doses of a standard heparin varying in strength by 10 to 20 per cent. This is followed by 1 or 2 injections of the unknown heparin in suitable doses. The figures found agree, with a margin of a few per cent., with the theoretical ones. The fresh whole-blood method, using ox blood in vitro, is found to give figures identical with those obtained with the in vivo method. The unreliability of the methods using artificial systems with citrated plasma or salted whole blood, including the U.S.P. XIV method, is discussed. An in vivo method is devised as a reference technique in assaying heparin.
Alkaloid Biogenesis: Part III. The Production of Biosynthetic Radioactive Hyoscine and Meteloidine
Authors: Evans W C , Partridge M W
Published: April 2011

The production of biosynthetic radioactive hyoscine and meteloidine in Datura ferox after injection of glycine-2-14C is described. The major part of the radioactive carbon is concentrated in the tropane residues.
On the Maintenance of Sterility in Eye-Drops
Authors: Klein M , Millwood E G , Walther W W
Published: April 2011

Conclusion and Summary

A number of substances were tested against Ps. pyocyanea (Ps. œruginosa) and their bactericidal concentration determined.

The quaternary ammonium compounds, although bactericidal, are not recommended because of their effect on the cornea.

The mercurial compounds:—thiomersalate 0·005 per cent, and phenylmercuric acetate and nitrate 0·005 per cent., are safe, and are recommended for eserine and sodium fluorescein, which are the most liable to pyocyanea contamination, also for methylcellulose eye-drops, which are liable to contamination by moulds. These compounds are not only powerful bactericides but are also fungicides. Chlorbutol in saturated solution (about 0·8 per cent.) is safe and recommended, but owing to the fact that the solution cannot be heated without detriment to the preservative its use needs great care. Chlorcresol 0·1 per cent, is safe, but in that concentration it causes smarting, and 0·03 per cent, kills pyocyanea within 24 hours. The p-hydroxybenzoates in 0·1 per cent, solution are reliable for most of the eye-drops used except fluorescein. Phenylethyl alcohol is safe in 0·5 per cent, concentration but much quicker in its action at 0·6 per cent., and further clinical trials are needed with this promising preservative.

For cortisone eye-drops 0·9 per cent, of benzyl alcohol, the one used in the original solution, is recommended.

Eye-drops used in hospital wards, outpatient departments and factory medical rooms, should be prepared with bactericidal preservatives, but for eye-drops used by individual patients, a bacteriostatic agent may be permissible. However, for reasons of safety and to make it as foolproof as possible a uniform procedure using a bactericidal preservative is recommended.

Up to now the National Formulary has recommended the use of bacteriostatic agents only. In view of the increasing incidence of eye infections reported by different authorities from many parts of the world, more stringent standards seem desirable.
The Stability of Injection of Succinylcholine Chloride
Authors: Earles M P , Foster G E , Hardstone Beryl L , Stewart G A
Published: April 2011

An iodimetric method for estimating the extent of hydrolysis of succinylcholine occurring in injection of succinylcholine chloride has been developed. The method has been employed to study the stability of injection of succinylcholine chloride when stored at room temperature and at 37° C. After a year's storage almost complete hydrolysis occurred at 37° C. and about 20 per cent, hydrolysis at room temperature. The iodimetric results have been confirmed by chromatographic and biological tests. 5 It is suggested that each batch of injection of succinylcholine chloride should be labelled with a date up to which it might be expected to retain satisfactory potency. A suitable statement is recommended for purposes of labelling.
The Active Constituents of Raspberry Leaves
Authors: Beckett A H , Belthle F W , Fell K R , Lockett M F
Published: April 2011

A method for the preparation of active extracts from raspberry leaves is described. Aqueous extracts have been shown to contain a number of active constituents including a smooth muscle stimulant, an anticholinesterase, and a “spasmolytic.” The method of separation of the active constituents is described; their pharmacological actions are reported.
The Emulsifying Properties of Polyethyleneglycol Ethers of Cetostearyl Alcohol
Authors: Hadgraft J W
Published: April 2011

A preliminary survey of the pharmaceutical uses of a series of polyethyleneglycol ethers of cetostearyl alcohol has been made. When used alone, the lower members of the series (2 or 4 ethylene oxide units) are more effective than the higher members in emulsifying both liquid paraffin and arachis oil. In combination with cetostearyl alcohol, the ethers produce satisfactory non-ionic emulsifying waxes and the variation in emulsifying power is then less marked. Non-ionic emulsifying waxes prepared from the members containing 6 or 10 ethylene oxide units were equally effective in emulsifying 70 per cent, of liquid paraffin or arachis oil. 5 The compatibility of a non-ionic emulsifying ointment containing cetomacrogol 1000 with a range of dermatological medicaments has been determined. 6 Evidence has been produced to suggest the formation of addition compounds between phenolic substances and the ethylene oxide derivatives. 7 A water-soluble ointment base suitable for chloramphenicol is suggested.
The Bactericidal Action of Volatile Substances: Part I. Disinfection of Powders Containing Spores, by Means of Gaseous Formaldehyde
Authors: Bullock Kenneth , Rawlins E A
Published: April 2011

An apparatus has been described which utilises streaming gases for the disinfection of powders. An examination has been made of the results obtained. The factors affecting the disinfection by formaldehyde of powders containing spores of B. subtilis have been examined. It has been shown that under the fairly wide range of conditions used the death-rate is a function of the amount of formaldehyde permeating the powders in unit time rather than of concentration of the disinfectant in the vapour phase. The role of moisture in disinfection by formaldehyde has been investigated and discussed. Practical applications of the method have been discussed.
A Method for Studying Percutaneous Absorption in the Rat
Authors: Hadgraft J W , Somers G F
Published: April 2011

A method is described for comparing the absorption of eserine from ointment bases. It is based on the potentiating action of eserine on the red tear response of the rat to acetylcholine. Absorption of eserine base was better from lard, arachis oil and castor oil than from white soft paraffin.
The Application of Infra-Red Spectroscopy to Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Garratt D C , Marshall P G
Published: April 2011

A general outline of infra-red techniques is presented for the purpose of indicating the potential range of applications in the routine examination of pharmaceutical materials. Examples of qualitative investigations include the identification of compounds, the observation of impurities and spectra-structure correlations. Quantitative analyses of single compounds and of multi-component mixtures are described which are impossible, more difficult or time-consuming to perform by chemical or other physical methods. Advantages of the analytical techniques described are the ease of sample preparation, the straightforward nature of extraction procedures, and the fundamental fact that every organic compound has its own specific infra-red spectrum.
The Photometric Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and of Certain Amines by Compound Formation with Indicators
Authors: Ballard C W , Isaacs J , Scott P G W
Published: April 2011

Published methods for the determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by (a) titration with anionic surface-active agents, and (b) measuring the change in colour intensity produced in an indicator in aqueous solution, have been found inapplicable to compounds of molecular weight lower than that of cetrimide. The indicator extraction method has been studied in some detail and the results of variations of conditions and the effects produced by interfering substances described and discussed. A general indicator extraction method is proposed which is applicable to all quaternary compounds except those of very low molecular weight.
Demineralised Water for Pharmaceutical Purposes
Authors: Saunders L
Published: April 2011

Demineralised water, prepared from tap-water by treatment with mixed anion and cation exchange resins, has been examined by means of the tests of the British Pharmacopœia for distilled water. It has also been subjected to a more detailed analysis. The results show that providing a correct demineralising technique is used and that only water of specific resistance greater than 1 megohm cm., is collected, the purity of the product is at least equal to that of distilled water, B.P. It is suggested that the monograph on distilled water in the British Pharmacopœia should be amended so that demineralised water of suitable purity can be included within it.
The Stability of Penicillin in Sugar-Coated Tablets
Authors: Ashby F W , Muggleton P W , Taylor F , Woodard W A
Published: April 2011

Figures have been presented to show the stability for 3 months at 38° C. and at room temperature (18° to 24° C.) for 2 years of penicillin tablets sugar-coated by conventional pan methods. Such sugar-coated penicillin tablets have been shown to withstand a relative humidity of 75 per cent, at 25° C. for at least 2 months. The results presented show that conventional sugar-coating does not interfere with the in vivo absorption of the penicillin from the tablets.
British Pharmaceutical Conference Aberdeen, 1955
Authors: Todd Chairman: J P
Published: April 2011

Dr. Seibert: “I started to work with the pyrogen back in 1923 and I can really say that I have never found any more difficult work than the work with pyrogen. In fact, I used to call it my little blue devil because it was there and wasn't there. I was impressed with the elusiveness of it, and the fact that it might be everywhere. It appears in all your flasks, all your water and in everything you work with. I am wary of the possibility of contaminating what I am working with, with a pyrogen. I have to wash all my glassware with freshly distilled water, make all my chemical reagents up with freshly distilled water, and I have to use special filters in order to eliminate the pyrogen.

Pyrogens exist in very small concentration and give such a tremendous reaction. I am so much impressed with all this work that is being done, but I wonder, has it been done that carefully? Are some of these pictures that you get mixtures, due partly to what you are giving but also due to contaminants?”

Proceedings Research Conference on Activities of Bacterial Pyrogens at the University of Pennsylvania March 2, 1951, S. 58.
The Anticoagulant Activity and Toxicity of Laminarin Sulphate K
Authors: Adams S S , Thorpe Hazel M
Published: April 2011

Four samples of sulphated laminarin, with differing degrees of sulphation, and two samples of fucoidin were examined for anticoagulant activity. Laminarin sulphate K, with 1·83 sulphate groups per glucose unit, showed anticoagulant activity about a third as potent as heparin. It did not cause agglutination of rabbit platelets either in vivo or in vitro, but it proved fatal to rabbits when given intravenously twice daily for periods of seven to twelve days, at a dose approximately three times the clinical dose. It was extremely toxic to guinea pigs in single small intravenous doses and produced the “anaphylactoid” phenomenon associated with some other toxic synthetic anticoagulants. Laminarin sulphate K was too toxic to justify clinical trials.
The Assay of Histamine, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Adrenaline, and Noradrenaline, on the Blood Pressure of the Fowl
Authors: Natoff I L , Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, 1 μg./kg. depress, and (–)-adrenaline and (±)-noradrenaline 0·5 μg./kg. raise, the blood pressure of fowls under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. With each compound the response in mm. Hg is linearly related to log dose. The responses have been used satisfactorily for the assay of these compounds.
Toxicological Hazards of Mercurial Paints
Authors: Goldberg A A , Shapero M
Published: April 2011

The toxicological hazards of ingestion of mercury by absorption through the skin from mercurial ointments and through the lungs from mercury laden air are reviewed. Mice living for 6 months in cages painted with antifungal mercurial paints show no significant Hg levels in the kidneys, liver, lung or spleen. From this it is inferred that no toxic hazard to humans working in rooms treated with these mercurial paints should result. Using the literature figure of 100 μg. Hg/c.m. of air as the upper safe limit for continuous exposure of man for 8 hours per day and assuming that 25 per cent of the inhaled mercury is absorbed it has been deduced that the maximum safe continuous peroral intake of mercury is 1·3 μg./kg./day. This figure should assist in deciding the maximum permissible amount of mercury salts in food and drinking water. Guinea pigs have been given 150 times this dose daily for 6 months and found to remain in perfect health. The hazard arising from the possibility of contamination of foodstuffs by flaking of an antifungal mercurial paint is thought to be negligible.
The Synthesis of Certain BisISOQuinoline Derivatives Structurally Related to Emetine
Authors: Amin M R , Linnell W H , Sharp L K
Published: April 2011

α ω-Bis(3:4-dihydro-6:7-dimethoxy-1 - isoquinolyl) - propane, - butane, and −2- methylpropane have been prepared, the latter for the first time and the structures confirmed by comparing the ultra-violet light spectrophotometric measurements with those for ethyl γ-(3:4-dihydro-6:7-dimethoxy-1-iso-quinolyl) butyrate. The prepared compounds have been hydrogenated to give the corresponding tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives and the structures confirmed by spectrophotometric measurements and by comparison of the pKa values with those of the corresponding dihydrocompounds. The tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives are of comparable basic strength with emetine. Biological results are not yet available. An alternative route to the necessary amides required as intermediates for the above has been found to yield amides free from the unwanted cyclic imides, but the yields are not as good as by the other route. The use of a potassium bisulphate sodium sulphate mixture for ring-closing the amides has been found to yield cyclic imides instead of the required isoquinoline derivatives.
A Simple Method for the Production of High Titre Penicillinase
Authors: Pollock M R
Published: April 2011

The culture filtrates of certain penicillinase-constitutive mutant strains of B. cereus, grown overnight in casein hydrolysate and citrate, can serve, without further treatment, as a source of stable, high-titre penicillinase suitable for inactivation of penicillin in sterility tests, blood cultures, etc.
The Stepwise Alkoxylation of Phenyl Phosphorodichloridate
Authors: Mathieson D W , Russell D W
Published: April 2011

The reaction of phenylphosphorodichloridate (P.P.D.C.) with various alcohols in the presence of a tertiary base has been studied. With equimolar proportions of the P.P.D.C. and the requisite alcohol in light petroleum, the following compounds have been obtained: phenyl n-undecyl, phenyl n-butyl and phenyl methyl hydrogen phosphates. When two molar proportions of the alcohol in acetonitrile are added to P.P.D.C., phenyl bis-n-undecyl, phenyl bis-n-butyl and phenyl bis-n-amyl phosphates may be isolated. By hydrogenolysis (of the phenyl group diundecyl, dibutyl, and dimethyl hydrogen phosphates result.
Morphine Antagonism
Authors: Shaw F H , Gershon S , Bentley G A
Published: April 2011

A series of compounds which antagonise the depressant activity of morphine in dogs is described. The most active compounds are the previously described 2:4-diamino-5-phenylthiazole and tetrahydro-5-aminoacridine. A mixture of both substances is more active than either alone. Certain antihistamine drugs display antimorphine activity.
Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives
Authors: Davies R E M , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

The effects of temperature and of the presence of acid and alkali on the viscosity of aqueous dispersions of methyl-, methylethyl- and sodium carboxymethylcellulose have been studied. Irreversible viscosity decreases may occur on heating dispersions of all three. The magnitude of the decrease varied with the temperature and time of heating, and with the viscosity grade and type of derivative. The efflux time reductions caused by heat in the presence of acid were greater than in neutral or alkaline dispersions. Viscosity changes may also occur in unheated dispersions in the presence of acid and alkali. The magnitude of the changes was related to the pH value of the dispersion, the time of storage and the nature of the derivative. There were no significant pH changes in the dispersions either on heating or after storage.
Analysis of Promazine and Chlorpromazine in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Milne J B , Chatten L G
Published: April 2011

The titration of promazine and chlorpromazine in acetone as the hydrochlorides or free bases has been applied to the assay of pharmaceutical products. The gravimetric procedure of Blazek and Stejskal has been used to verify the results.
Pharmacology of (±)-, (+)- and (–)-2:2-Diphenyl-3-Methyl-4-Morpholino-Butyrylpyrrolidine
Authors: de Jongh D K , van Proosdij-Hartzema E G
Published: April 2011

(±)-2:2-Diphenyl-3-methyl-4-morpholino-butyrylpyrrolidine (R610) is a more active analgesic agent in mice, rats and guinea pigs than morphine. The analgesic activity is due to the (+)-isomer (R875). The (–)-isomer (R898) is nearly inactive. R610 lowers the body temperature to below control levels in immobilised rats, inhibits the respiration in unnarcotised rats, lowers the blood pressure in unnarcotised rats with experimental renal hypertension, and causes mydriasis in mice. It also augments the action of barbiturates in mice. In all these respects the (+)-isomer is the active compound of the racemic mixture. The (–)-isomer is almost as toxic as the (+)-isomer, which has a broader therapeutic margin than the (±)-form. The dosage-toxicity relation of highly active analgesic agents in mice and rats is irregular especially in the lower dosage range.
The Pharmacognosy of the Aspidosperma Barks of British Guiana
Authors: Kulkarni J D , Rowson J M , Trease G E
Published: April 2011

Three samples of barks of each of the two species Aspidosperma megalocarpon Muell. Arg. and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schlecht. have been examined histologically. The arrangement of tissues, cell structure and cell contents in each bark are accurately described and illustrated. The diagnostic characters by which the two barks may be identified and distinguished from each other are tabulated. Those characters by which the bark of A. megalocarpon differs from those of A. album, A. excelsum and A. ulei are also discussed.
The Vitamin B12 Potency of Pharmaceutical (Including Dietetic) Products Estimated by the Ochromonas Method
Authors: Wokesz F , Woollam M H
Published: April 2011

The vitamin B12 potencies of a number of pharmaceutical products were estimated microbiologically using Ochromonas malhamensis. The low B12 contents found in 9 samples of dried milk, compared with the contents of fresh milk samples, indicated losses during normal drying processes. Rather smaller losses occurred during vacuum drying. In 12 samples of infants' and children's foods the vitamin B12 contents ranged from nil to 21 mμg./g., excluding one sample fortified with the vitamin. Storage experiments indicated no significant loss of vitamin B12 in dried milk, in foods based on dried milk or in non-allergenic foods based on modified cows' milk or on malt and soya fortified with the vitamin. There was, however, a marked and rapid loss of the vitamin in products which also contained ascorbic acid. This could be prevented by stabilisation of the vitamin with gelatin. Storage experiments on capsules and tablets containing vitamin B12 and ascorbic acid did not detect losses of vitamin B12 during normal storage in this country. There were marked losses of the vitamin in two brands of capsules, but not in one brand of tablets, during a year's storage in the tropics. These all contained ascorbic acid.
The Preparation and Antifungal Activity of Some Salicylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Coates L V , Drain D J , Kerridge K A , Macrae F June , Tattersall K
Published: April 2011

A series of 2-alkoxy derivatives of benzamide, halogenated benzamides, 3-naphthamide, and N-substituted benzamides has been prepared and tested in vitro as potential antifungal agents. 2-n-Amyloxybenzamide, the most active of the derivatives studied, is a slow-acting fungicide of greater fungistatic potency than undecylenic acid, N-n-butyl-3-phenyl-salicylamide, salicylanilide, Nystatin, phenylmercuric acetate, sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate and 8-hydroxyquinoline.
The Resistances of Vegetative Bacteria to Moist Heat
Authors: Wills B A
Published: April 2011

Washed suspensions of Escherichia coli required much shorter exposure to heating at 57° for sterilisation than unwashed suspensions, the greater resistance of which was due to materials carried over from the culture medium. The heat resistances of washed suspensions resuspended in solutions of electrolytes differed from those in non-electrolytes. The mode of protection is discussed in terms of the charge and permeability of the bacterial surface. Varying methods of culture and periods of growth markedly affected the heat resistances of washed suspensions. Aeration, exclusion of air, presence or absence of carbon dioxide and the surface moisture of solid media all influenced the heat resistance. Washed suspensions of E. coli, on storage, retained heat resistance poorly, in contrast to retention of viability and resistance to bactericides and bacteriostats.

Killing of bacteria by moist heat causes leakage from the cells of substances which will support growth of unexposed E. coli, but which will not support growth of survivors. Growth is also supported by killed cells themselves as distinct from substances leaking from the cells.
Pharmacological Properties of Hydrallazine, Dihydrallazine and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

Hydrallazine and dihydrallazine cause adrenaline reversal and antagonise the pressor effects of noradrenaline on the cat blood pressure. Both hydrallazine and dihydrallazine antagonise vasoconstriction caused by adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or barium chloride in isolated perfused preparations of the rat hind quarters or rabbit ear. In isolated aortic strips antagonism is shown to the constrictor action of adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine but not to barium chloride. Marked antagonism to 5-hydroxytryptamine is shown only on the perfused rat hind quarters or rabbit ear. Antagonism to pressor reflexes is of moderate potency or is absent. Applied locally to the carotid sinuses of the cat, hydrallazine causes a rise of blood pressure. Hydrallazine and dihydrallazine have mainly a peripheral site of action involving an effect upon the contractile elements of the blood vessel walls. 3-Phenyl-6-hydrazino-pyridazine HCl, 1-hydrazinoisoquinoline HCl and 3:6-dihydrazino-pyridazine nitrate appear to have similar properties to hydrallazine and dihydrallazine.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of αβ-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones With Girard-T Reagent
Authors: Stenlake J B , Williams W D
Published: April 2011

Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of citral, cinnamaldehyde and carvone in essential oils using Girard-T reagent are described. The results are compared with those obtained by the hydroxylamine hydrochloride method.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of αβ-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with Girard-T Reagent
Authors: Stenlake J B , Williams W D
Published: April 2011

A rapid spectrophotometric method is suggested for the determination of ethisterone and of methyltestosterone in tablets by reaction with Girard-T reagent.
Some Effects of Increasing Stillhead Surface Area on Liquid Entrainment During Distillation
Authors: Train David , Velasquez-Guerrero Bayardo
Published: April 2011

The effect on the amount of entrainment passing during distillation when the surface area of a stillhead is increased has been investigated. The conditions suitable for supporting a liquid film on such a surface and which favour flooding at high flow rates have been observed.
Alpha- and Beta-Prodine Type Compounds: Configurational Studies
Authors: Beckett A H , Casy A F , Kirk G , Walker J
Published: April 2011

The addition of various lithium aryl compounds to 1:3-dimethyl-4-piperidone is investigated. Those stereoisomers present as the major proportion of the respective stereoisomeric mixtures are shown to have similar infra-red absorption characteristics which are different from those exhibited by those isomers formed in minor amount. The stereochemistry of addition to 6-membered alicyclic and heterocyclic ketones is discussed; on the basis of these discussions, and the rates of hydrolysis of appropriate esters, the above isomers formed in major amount are allocated the trans (Me/Ar) configuration. The analgesic activities in mice of various stereoisomeric amino-alcohols and esters are given.
The Inactivation of Pyrogens by Gamma Radiation
Authors: Whittet T D , Hutchinson W P
Published: April 2011

Gamma irradiation in a dose of 5·0 times 106 rad reduced the pyrogenicity of London tap water but 10·0 times 106 rad was required for it to pass the B.P. test, 20 times 106 rad reduced the pyrogenicity of a pyrogen from S. abortus equi but 25 times 106 rad was required before it passed the B.P. test.
The Oxidation of Solubilised and Emulsified Oils
Authors: Carless J E , Nixon J R
Published: April 2011

The solubility of benzaldehyde in solutions of potassium laurate and cetomacrogol, has been measured at 20°. Oxidation rates of emulsified and solubilised benzaldehyde have been observed manometrically at 25°. The effect of concentration of surface-active agent on the oxidation rate of benzaldehyde has been studied. Emulsified benzaldehyde oxidised at a greater rate than solubilised benzaldehyde. Emulsified benzaldehyde was more susceptible to the action of copper catalysts than was solubilised benzaldehyde. Possible reaction mechanisms and loci of reaction are discussed.
The Non-Aqueous Titration of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Allen J , Geddes E T
Published: April 2011

The published methods for the titration of very weak acids are reviewed and the choice of a suitable solvent, electrode system and titrant discussed. Ethylenediamine as a solvent is rejected for routine purposes because it is toxic and unpleasant in use. Dimethylformamide is a suitable solvent for phenolic substances and gives a titration curve with a step at the end point of at least 75 mV. This is nearly the bottom limit of practicability, using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in benzene and methanol as titrant. The electrode system preferred for its reliability is a glass indicator electrode and a saturated calomel half cell, slightly modified, as reference electrode.
A Comparative Examination of Some Samples of Digitoxin
Authors: Sellwood E H B
Published: April 2011

Twelve samples of digitoxin have been examined. Little difference was found between them by physical constants or by colorimetric assays using sodium picrate or xanthydrol. Three samples were more potent biologically than the others but the difference is not a simple function of the gitoxin content which ranged from a few per cent to more than 20 per cent.
THE MECHANISM OF HISTAMINE LIBERATION
Authors: Uvnäs Börje
Published: April 2011

Theories have to be modified from time to time as fresh experimental data emerge. Recent years have brought new observations as to the localisation and the chemical binding of histamine in the tissues. Synthetic and biologically occurring histamine liberators constitute a new group of more or less specific substances and compounds, the histamine releasing properties of which were, until only a few years ago, completely unknown. The data available today necessitate reconsideration of the validity of existing theories on the mechanism of histamine liberation.
MORPHINE AND HISTAMINE RELEASE
Authors: Gershon S , Shaw F H
Published: April 2011

A wide range of drugs exert analeptic action in dogs treated with morphine; cyclizine, diphenhydramine, chlorcyclizine, Avil, tripelennamine and succinic acid. Benactyzine and Pacatal are without effect. Histamine and an antihistaminase (isoniazid) exert some alerting action in a morphine-treated dog. Morphine induces the signs of histamine release in some dogs. Histamine itself reproduces some of the side effects of morphine. Histamine-treated dogs appear to be analgesic. Rabbits and dogs, behaved similary but cats were different and variable when given antihistamine drugs after morphine. Some of the side actions of morphine are mediated by histamine release.
THE DIETHYLAMINOETHOXYETHYL ESTER OF DIETHYL-PHENYLACETIC ACID. A NEW ANTITUSSIVE AGENT
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The preparation is described of some dialkylaminoethoxyethyl esters (X) of diethylphenylacetic acid and of some corresponding esters of l-phenylcycfopentane-l-carboxylic acid and 4-phenyltetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid. These were required for biological study which revealed that the diethylaminoethoxyethyl ester (X; R = R' = Et) of diethylphenylacetic acid (Oxeladin) was the most potent antitussive agent of the present series.
ANALGESIC AND OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 1-Δ3-PIPERIDEINO-3-O-TOLOXY PROPAN-2-OL HYDROCHLORIDE (TOLPRONINE)
Authors: David A , Leith-Ross Fiona , Vallance D K
Published: April 2011

1-Δ3-Piperideino-3-o-toloxypropan-2-ol hydrochloride, Tolpronine, possesses marked analgesic activity, being approximately 20 times as active as metamizolum subcutaneously and approximately 11 times as active orally. The induction time after subcutaneous injection is shorter than with metamizolum and the duration similar. Excessively large amounts constipate normal mice; a weak spasmolytic effect is seen in the isolated guinea pig ileum and rabbit duodenum. The jejunum of the anaesthetised cat shows a spasmogenic effect. Chronic administration to rats and rabbits caused a reduction in the growth rate of rats.
ANALGESICS. PART III. SALICYLAMIDE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of some derivatives of 3-(o-aminocarbonylphenoxy)-propan-1:2-diol, 1-aryloxy-3-(o-aminocarbonylphenoxy)-propan-2-ol and NN'- bis - (3-o-aminocarbonylphenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-piperazine is described.
ANALGESICS. PART IV. SOME 3-ARYLOXY-1-Δ3-PIPERIDEINOPROPAN-2-OL DERIVATIVES
Authors: Beasley Y M , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of some 3-aryloxy-1-Δ3-piperideinopropan-2-ol derivatives and related types is described. Their biological study has led to the selection of 1-Δ3-piperideino-3-o-toloxypropan-2-ol hydrochloride, Tolpronine, for fuller evaluation as an analgesic agent.
THE PHARMACOGNOSY OF THE ASPIDOSPERMA BARKS OF BRITISH GUIANA: Part VI. The Microscopy of the Bark ofAspidosperma oblongum A.DC. and Summary of Parts I-VI
Authors: Kulkarni J D , Rowson J M , Trease G E
Published: April 2011

In Parts I to V of this series of papers the barks of five species of Aspidosperma have been described and illustrated. The present paper deals with the anatomy of a sixth bark, Aspidosperma oblongum A.DC, summarises the results of all six papers and provides keys for the identification of the six barks either in the whole state or in powder.
A COMPARATIVE IN VITRO EVALUATION OF A NEW BISMUTH SALT BISMUTH ALUMINATE
Authors: Bateson Peter R
Published: April 2011

Antacids commonly used to treat peptic ulcer are compared for their ability to neutralise acid and inactivate pepsin. On this basis a new bismuth salt, bismuth aluminate is compared with ten other commonly employed substances and found to be the most effective agent. All preparations are grouped according to their antacid and antipeptic properties.
ESTIMATION OF DIGOXIN AND DIGITOXIN IN DIGITALIS LANATA
Authors: Tantivatana P , Wright S E
Published: April 2011

Digoxin and digitoxin present in extracts of dried leaves of Digitalis lanata have been estimated colorimetrically with xanthydrol after paper chromatographic separation on formamide-impregnated paper, using methyl isobutyl ketone-isopropyl ether-formamide as developing solvent. The method is reasonably rapid, both glycosides may be estimated on the same Chromatograph, and it may be used for the analysis of crystalline glycosides.
THE INFLUENCE OF β-TETRAHYDRONAPHTHYLAMINE AND A DERIVATIVE ON THE CENTRAL EFFECTS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, RESERPINE AND IPRONIAZID
Authors: Pennefather Jocelyn N , Thorp R H
Published: April 2011

N-Methyl-N-propyl-β-tetrahydromphthylamine, a specific antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the isolated rat uterus preparation, fails to inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine potentiation of the hypnotic action of hexobarbitone in mice. The potentiating actions of reserpine and iproniazid are likewise unaffected. The action of β-tetrahydronaphthylamine as an antagonist of the potentiating action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice has been confirmed, and it has also been shown to be an effective antagonist of the sleep prolonging effects of reserpine. β-Tetrahydronaphthylamine also shows a partial antagonism to iproniazid potentiation of hexobarbitone hypnosis. These results provide an example of the lack of parallelism between the central and smooth muscle actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists.
A NOTE ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIUM ON THE TOXICITY OF ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Nir-Grosfeld I , Peczenik O , Weissenberg A
Published: April 2011

The strain of mice used has been found to affect the results when testing antibiotics for freedom for undue toxicity. The results confirm those of Maffii and colleagues in some instances, but not in others, being related to the strain of mice used. No protective action was seen with cortisone.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CHOLINE ESTERS ON THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE CAT
Authors: Butterworth K R , Mann Monica
Published: April 2011

A comparison has been made between the abilities of various choline esters to cause a release of catechol amines from the adrenal gland of the atropinised cat, anaesthetised with chloralose. It was found that repeated intravenous doses of acetylcholine, carbamylcholine or benzoylcholine, but not acetyl- β-methylcholine, caused the liberation of similar proportions of adrenaline and of noradrenaline. This was irrespective of the overall degree of depletion of the glands, which ranged from 7ṁ1 per cent to 86ṁ5 per cent. Acetylcholine and benzoyl-choline were more effective than carbamylcholine in causing a release of amines.
FUNGAL GROWTH IN SYRUP OF TOLU
Authors: Wills B A
Published: April 2011

A sample of Syrup of Tolu showing fungal growth had a distinct odour resembling toluene and yielded colonies of a species of Penicillium on subculture. The isolated organisms were grown on media containing sub-inhibitory concentrations of either benzoic or cinnamic acids as sole carbon source, and in the presence of cinnamic acid the toluenelike odour was apparent. Cultures of P. nigricans and of five recently isolated species or strains within species of Penicillium behaved similarly. Attempts to characterise the product with the toluene-like odour failed because of the presence of interfering substances. Samples of tolu syrups prepared with different sucrose contents, and adjusted to different pH values, were inoculated with the isolated fungus: preparations adjusted to pH 4ṁ0–4ṁ2 appeared to support growth irrespective of sucrose concentrations within limits of 50–67 per cent w/w, provided the inoculum was large.
ANTAGONISM TO THE ACTIONS OF HYDRALLAZINE, RESERPINE, POTASSIUM CYANIDE, SODIUM AZIDE AND ANOXIA ON ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

Many intermediates of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism give protection against the hydrallazine depression of acetylcholine, (-)-adrenaline, (-)-noradrenaline, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contractions of spirally cut strips of horse carotid arteries. Strips made anoxic behave in a manner similar to hydrallazine-treated strips. Inhibition of drug-induced contractions by potassium cyanide, iodoacetate and azide was of a different character from that caused by hydrallazine and anoxia. Few intermediates gave significant protection. Hydrallazine probably exerts its effect by a non-specific depression of metabolism rather than upon specific receptors. Reserpine depression of drug-induced contractions in artery strips was so persistent that experiments using intermediary metabolites could not be made.
THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALARIA
Authors: Crowther A F
Published: April 2011

Man is concerned with only four well-authenticated species, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale, of some 140 known species, of the protozoon Plasmodium which, transmitted by the female anopheline mosquito, are the cause of malaria. There is a high degree of specificity in host-parasite relationships for, with the exception of Plasmodium vivax which can produce a mild parasitaemia in chimpanzees1, none of the human parasites has yet been transmitted to other animals.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALOIDS IN RAUWOLFIA CAFFRA SOND. AND RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Court W E , Evans W C , Trease G E
Published: April 2011

In its content of reserpine, Rauwolfia caffra root-bark compares favourably with other species. The highest proportion of reserpine is found in the inner phloem whereas the ajmaline group of alkaloids, except for their absence in the cork, are more evenly distributed. The alkaloid content of thin bark exceeds that of thick bark and is very low in the wood of stem and root.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LYSOLECITHIN AND ITS SOLS: Part I.—Solubilities, Surface and Interfacial Tensions
Authors: Robinson N , Saunders L
Published: April 2011

The solubilities of lysolecithin in water and some organic solvents have been determined and the effect of lysolecithin at air-water and chloroform-water interfaces examined. The results indicate that lysolecithin has marked surface-active properties and that a critical micelle concentration occurs in the aqueous sols in the range 1 to 2 times 10−3 per cent weight/volume. The effects of acid, alkali and mono- and di-valent cations on the lowering of the interfacial tensions was found to be small. Lysolecithin had little or no lowering effect on the surface tensions of ethanol and chloroform.
THE QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION OF PAPAVERINE FROM NARCOTINE IN MIXTURES
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee , Farmilo C G
Published: April 2011

A method for the quantitative separation of papaverine from narcotine in mixtures by using ammonium reinckate is described, and also its application to the determination of these alkaloids in opium. The identity and purity of these alkaloids isolated from opium is shown by means of ultra-violet, visible and infra-red spectrophotometry. The complete extraction of these alkaloids from the triturate of opium by chloroform was demonstrated by paper chromatography. The regeneration of pure papaverine from the reineckate complex is also described.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF CHLORINATED BISPHENOL ANTIBACTERIALS: Part I. Metal Chelates of Hexachlorophene and Thiobisdichlorphenol
Authors: Adams J B
Published: April 2011

2:2′-Thiobis(4:6-dichlorphenol) has been found to chelate with Fe++, Fe+++, Cu++, Mn++ and Co++ as shown by colorimetric, Potentiometrie and analytical data. Crystalline copper, iron and cobalt chelates of thiobisdichlorphenol have been isolated and their structures determined. Hexachlorophene chelates with Fe++, Fe+++ and Cu++ as demonstrated by Potentiometrie titrations in the presence and absence of metals. But stable crystalline chelates could not be isolated. The suggestion is made that the structure activity relationship in the bisphenol group of antibacterials is connected with the ability of the molecule to chelate with certain metals.