bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper‐Catalyzed β‐Iodovinylation of Carbamates: Expedient Access to Highly Functionalized Vinyl‐Carbamates
Authors: Ricard Simon , Gagnon Alexandre , Daoust Benoit
Published: May 2018

A general and efficient method for the synthesis of β‐iodovinyl carbamates via copper‐catalyzed β‐iodovinylation of acyclic carbamates is described. This method uses readily available (E)‐1,2‐vinyl diiodides and regioselectively affords the corresponding β‐iodovinyl carbamates in good yields with complete stereocontrol of the alkene. Further functionalization of these versatile products leads to a wide diversity of β‐functionalized vinyl‐carbamates in good to excellent yields.
Efficient Use of a Polyamine Carboxylate Ligand to Probe the Extent of Incorporation of Stereochemically Active Bi3+ in ThO2
Authors: Kumari Promila , Pokhriyal Meenakshi , Uma Sitharaman , Nagarajan Rajamani
Published: May 2018

Realizing the advantages of atomic level mixing, high homogeneity precise stoichiometric control and low processing temperatures, co‐precipitation route employing the polyamine carboxylate, ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) has been followed to determine the extent of dissolution of bismuth in ThO2 adopting fluorite structure. While the precursors containing varying amounts of Th4+ and Bi3+ were X‐ray amorphous, calcining them at 800 °C for 6 h yielded crystalline oxides with fluorite structure till Th0.40Bi0.60O2‐δ. This was supported by Raman spectral measurements in which defect band due to oxygen vacancies was present at around 590 cm−1 in addition to the band due to fluorite at around 460 cm−1. An increasing trend of cubic lattice constant with progressive substitution of bismuth in ThO2 was observed. The direct band gap was found to decrease with increase in bismuth content and was lying in the range of 2.54‐3.62 eV. Porous morphology of the samples was evident in their scanning electron microscopic images and they were macro porous as determined from surface area analysis measurements. Th0.50Bi0.50O2‐δ was found to efficiently catalyze the reduction of some nitroaromatics for nearly six cycles.
Toxicological Profiling of Highly Purified Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Lengths in the Rodent Lung and Escherichia Coli
Authors: Wang Xiang , Lee Jae‐Hyeok , Li Ruibin , Liao Yu‐Pei , Kang Joohoon , Chang Chong Hyun , Guiney Linda M. , Mirshafiee Vahid , Li Linjiang , Lu Jianqin , Xia Tian , Hersam Mark C. , Nel André E.
Published: May 2018

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit a number of physicochemical properties that contribute to adverse biological outcomes. However, it is difficult to define the independent contribution of individual properties without purified materials. A library of highly purified single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of different lengths is prepared from the same base material by density gradient ultracentrifugation, designated as short (318 nm), medium (789 nm), and long (1215 nm) SWCNTs. In vitro screening shows length‐dependent interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) production, in order of long > medium > short. However, there are no differences in transforming growth factor‐β1 production in BEAS‐2B cells. Oropharyngeal aspiration shows that all the SWCNTs induce profibrogenic effects in mouse lung at 21 d postexposure, but there are no differences between tube lengths. In contrast, these SWCNTs demonstrate length‐dependent antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, with the long SWCNT exerting stronger effects than the medium or short tubes. These effects are reduced by Pluronic F108 coating or supplementing with glucose. The data show length‐dependent effects on proinflammatory response in macrophage cell line and antibacterial effects, but not on collagen deposition in the lung. These data demonstrate that over the length scale tested, the biological response to highly purified SWCNTs is dependent on the complexity of the nano/bio interface.
Femtosecond‐Laser Direct Writing of Metallic Micro/Nanostructures: From Fabrication Strategies to Future Applications
Authors: Ma Zhuo‐Chen , Zhang Yong‐Lai , Han Bing , Chen Qi‐Dai , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: May 2018

The past decade has seen growing research interest in developing novel fabrication methodologies for metallic micro/nanostructures toward the rational design and integration of 0D to 3D metallic configurations. Among the various fabrication techniques, femtosecond‐laser direct writing has emerged as a prominent approach to reach this goal and greatly facilitates the development of metallic micro/nanostructure‐enabled applications. Here, a series of femtosecond‐laser‐mediated fabrication strategies, including the two‐photon reduction of metal ions, template‐assisted metal coating and metal filling, photodynamic assembly of metal nanoparticles, and selective nanoparticle sintering, are summarized. Additionally, abundant applications in microelectronics, metamaterials, near‐field optics, microfluidics, micromechanics, and microsensors are introduced in detail. Current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also discussed.
Superabsorbing Metasurfaces with Hybrid Ag–Au Nanostructures for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensing of Drugs and Chemicals
Authors: Gao Jun , Zhang Nan , Ji Dengxin , Song Haomin , Liu Youhai , Zhou Lyu , Sun Zhi , Jornet Josep M. , Thompson Alexis C. , Collins R. Lorraine , Song Yun , Jiang Suhua , Gan Qiaoqiang
Published: May 2018

Reliability, shelf time, and uniformity are major challenges for most metallic nanostructures for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Due to the randomness of the localized field supported by silver and gold nanopatterns in conventional structures, the quantitative analysis of the target in the practical application of SERS sensing is a challenge. Here, a superabsorbing metasurface with hybrid Ag–Au nanostructures is proposed. A two‐step process of deposition plus subsequent thermal annealing is developed to shrink the gap among the metallic nanoparticles with no top‐down lithography technology involved. Because of the light trapping strategy enabled by the hybrid Ag–Au metasurface structure, the excitation laser energy can be localized at the edges of the nanoparticles more efficiently, resulting in enhanced sensing resolution. Intriguingly, because more hot spots are excited over a given area with higher density of small nanoparticles, the spatial distribution of the localized field is more uniform, resulting in superior performance for potential quantitative sensing of drugs (i.e., cocaine) and chemicals (i.e., molecules with thiol groups in this report). Furthermore, the final coating of the second Au nanoparticle layer improves the reliability of the chip, which is demonstrated effective after 12 month shelf time in an ambient storage environment.
Middle Triassic (Anisian, Bithynian) gastropods from North Dobrogea (Romania) and their significance for gastropod recovery from the end‐Permian mass extinction event
Authors: Nützel Alexander , Kaim Andrzej , Grădinaru Eugen
Published: May 2018

A new early middle Anisian (Bithynian) gastropod fauna is described from the Mahmudia quarry in North Dobrogea, Romania. At least 22 species are reported, nearly all of them from Tubiphytes‐limestones which represent a microbial buildup. Twenty species from Tubiphytes‐buildup limestones are characterized, ten of which in open nomenclature due to insufficient preservation. One genus (Murchisonietta gen. nov) and ten species are described as new. The new species are Euryalox applanatus, Rasatomaria multistriata, Sisenna inaequistriata, Worthenia (Worthenia) dobrogeana, Worthenia (Humiliworthenia) microstriata, Worthenia (Humiliworthenia) anisica, Marmolatella iordanae, Ladinaticella simionescui, Murchisonietta acuta and Coelostylina micropunctata. The present fauna is one of the most diverse Anisian gastropod faunas known to date and sheds light on the pattern of ongoing recovery from the end‐Permian mass extinction event. It is dominated by Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda and Pleurotomariida both in abundance and number of species. Diversity of Pleurotomariida strongly exceeds that of any known Early Triassic gastropod fauna and suggest a pronounced rebound of this group. High‐spired smooth caenogastropods (Omphaloptycha and Polygyrina) are relatively abundant but for the most part not enough well preserved for species identification. The present gastropod fauna is part of a diverse invertebrate fauna probably comprising more than 50 species with gastropods being the most diverse followed by bivalves and brachiopods. They were microbial‐buildup dwellers while metazoan frame‐builders, especially corals, were still absent as consequence of the end‐Permian mass extinction event. The Mahmudia fauna suggests that metazoan reefs recovered more slowly than benthic faunas.
Advanced performance assessment methods for high‐strength bolts in ring‐flange connections
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Eichstädt Rasmus , Stang Andre
Published: May 2018

Dedicated to Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jörg Lange on the occasion of his 60th birthday

Fortschrittliche Bewertungsmethoden für hochfeste Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen. HV‐Schraubengarnituren mit sehr großen Durchmessern in Ringflanschen von Windenergieanlagen sind hohen statischen und zyklischen Lasten mit sehr hohen Lastwechselzahlen ausgesetzt. Ihre Trag‐ und Ermüdungsfestigkeit sind entscheidend für die strukturelle Integrität der Tragstrukturen. Neben experimentellen Untersuchungen der HV‐Garnituren bieten analytische und numerische Bewertungsmethoden die Möglichkeit das strukturelle Verhalten im Detail zu bewerten und die Entwicklung von geeigneten Bemessungsverfahren und Designlösungen zu unterstützen. In diesem Beitrag wird, basierend auf der Monte‐Carlo‐Simulation, eine probabilistische Bewertung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von HV‐Schraubengarnituren in Ringflanschen durchgeführt. Dabei wird die Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit berechnet und der Einfluss der streuenden Parameter auf die Zuverlässigkeit untersucht. Anschließend wird ein analytisches Verfahren zu Berechnung der Ermüdung von Schrauben mit großen Abmessungen basierend auf dem Kerbdehnungskonzept vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse von zwei unterschiedlichen Methoden zur Bestimmung der zyklischen Grundwerkstoffeigenschaften werden verglichen. Die Berechnungen werden anhand von Ermüdungsversuchen an HV‐Schraubengarnituren validiert und hinsichtlich der Bewertung des lokalen Beanspruchungszustands, des Schädigung‐Parameters und der Sensitivität gegenüber Werkstoffeingangsparametern diskutiert und erläutert.
Fatigue of welded joints described by elastic‐plastic fracture mechanics
Authors: Ngoula Desiré Tchoffo , Beier Heinz Thomas , Vormwald Michael
Published: May 2018

Dedicated to Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jörg Lange on the occasion of his 60th birthday

Schwingfestigkeit von Schweißverbindungen beschrieben mit Hilfe der elastisch‐plastischen Bruchmechanik. Die Schwingfestigkeit von Schweißverbindungen wird unter Verwendung des effektiven zyklischen J‐Integrals als risstreibende Kraft berechnet. Plastizitätsinduzierte Rissschließeffekte werden dabei berücksichtigt. Hierzu werden ebene und räumliche, mit rissartigen Imperfektionen versehene, Finite‐Elemente‐Modelle erstellt. Die Simulation des Ermüdungsrisswachstums erfolgt unter Anwendung des Node‐Release‐Verfahrens mit dem kommerziellen FE‐Programm ABAQUS. Zur Berechnung der Lebensdauer wurde das effektive zyklische J‐Integral in eine Relation ähnlich der Rissfortschrittsgleichung nach Paris eingesetzt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Algorithmus geschrieben, um die risstreibende Kraft für verschiedene lebensdauerrelevante Risslängen zu bestimmen. Die damit berechneten Lebensdauern für technischen Anriss wurden mit experimentellen Daten verglichen: Berechnete und experimentell bestimmte Lebensdauern stimmten gut überein.
Multifunktionale Geschäftshäuser in Stahl‐ und Verbundbauweise
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Eisele Johann , Otto Jens , Hüttig Lukas , Trautmann Benjamin , Harzdorf Anne , Weller Cornell
Published: May 2018

Herrn Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jörg Lange zur Vollendung seines 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet

Der Teil 2 zu „Multifunktionale Geschäftshäuser in Stahl‐ und Verbundbauweise” ist eine Fortsetzung des im Heft 4 des STAHLBAU veröffentlichen Beitrags [1]. Dort wurden die Grundlagen zur Bewertung der Ökologie und Ökonomie, zur Objektplanung und Konstruktion multifunktionaler Geschossbauten erläutert und Parameterstudien zu Deckensystemen vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt von Teil 2 liegt in der Planung und Bewertung von Geschossbauten in verschiedenen Variabilitätsgraden am Beispiel von Referenzgebäuden. Mit der Zuordnung „gering”, „mittel” und „hoch” wird die Anpassungsfähigkeit dieser Gebäude an Folgenutzungen differenziert. Im Rahmen der Objektplanung werden die Nutzungsszenarien beschrieben und Entwurfskriterien für die Grundrissgestaltung und Erschließung, die Wahl der lichten Geschosshöhen und Nutzlasten erläutert. Zudem wird auf Fassadensysteme und ihre Anschlussmöglichkeiten für Innenwände eingegangen. In Verbindung mit der Konstruktion der Referenzgebäude werden die Baustoffmassen, der Primärenergiebedarf und die Kosten der ausgewählten Deckensysteme und Stützen gegenübergestellt. Die Auswirkungen der Systemwahl in Bezug auf die Konstruktions‐ und Geschosshöhen werden im Zusammenhang mit den Fassaden und deren Bilanzierung beleuchtet. Zudem werden der Einfluss der Gebäudemassen, Nutz‐ und Ausbaulasten auf die Dimensionierung von Flach‐ und Tiefgründungen bei unterschiedlichen Baugrundverhältnissen untersucht. Darauf folgt die Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse der Referenzgebäude und der Sensitivität der Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die Streuung ausgewählter Eingangsgrößen, wie z. B. der Rohbaukosten und des Restwertes der Gebäude nach einem festgelegten Zeitraum. Abschließend erfolgt eine Zusammenstellung wesentlicher Untersuchungsergebnisse und Empfehlungen für die Planung und Bewertung multifunktionaler Geschäftshäuser. Beide Teile bilden eine Zusammenfassung des Forschungsprojektes AIF/FOSTA P1118, das durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert wurde.
Die Flugsteighalle für den Neubau des Flughafens Tempelhof
Authors: Schleusner Arno
Published: May 2018

Faksimile aus „Der Stahlbau 11 (1938), H. 12, S. 89–94”
Microstructural and multiphysics study of alkali‐silica reaction in Portland cement concrete
Authors: Pan Tongyan , Chen Chi , Yu Qifeng
Published: May 2018

Alkali‐silica reaction (ASR) of Portland cement concrete involves complex chemophysical processes in the matrix of hardened concrete which could significantly shorten concrete life. A clear understanding of the ASR processes is needed to effectively control the ASR‐related problems as the vast majority of concrete used today is made of Portland cement and local aggregate materials that are often susceptible to ASR. Within this background, this work presents a numerical model to investigate ASR based on the three‐dimensional microstructure of heterogeneous concrete reconstructed using X‐ray computed‐tomography images. Finite element method was used to analyze the kinetics of ASR and the ensuing expansion of alkali‐silicate gel, based on a weak‐form governing equation that was solved using linear interpolation. The numerical results were validated using published experimental data on ASR. The validated FEM model can be useful for studying, evaluating, and predicting generic ASR‐related problems in concrete structures.
Currying Omnipotence
Authors: Tedder Andrew , Badia Guillermo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2018

Beall and Cotnoir (2017) argue that theists may accept the claim that God’s omnipotence is fully unrestricted if they also adopt a suitable nonclassical logic. Their primary focus is on the infamous Stone problem (i.e., whether God can create a stone too heavy for God to lift). We show how unrestricted omnipotence generates Curry-like paradoxes. The upshot is that Beall and Cotnoir only provide a solution to one version of the Stone problem, but that unrestricted omnipotence generates other problems which they do not adequately address.
The internationalization of African firms: Opportunities, challenges, and risks
Authors: Boso Nathaniel , Adeleye Ifedapo , Ibeh Kevin , Chizema Amon
Published: May 2018

There has been a marked increase in the internationalization activities of African firms over the last two decades or so, resulting in the emergence of regional challenger firms that are aggressively competing with foreign multinationals in terrains historically dominated by the latter. However, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited, as empirical research examining the nature of internationalization of African firms is scarce, and research directly investigating drivers, outcomes, and boundary conditions of the internationalization of African firms is lacking. The goal of this special issue, therefore, is to contribute to the scholarly understanding of the increasingly prevalent internationalization of African firms. This guest editorial provides a summary of the six articles in this special issue, and highlights three broad thematic issues: internationalization opportunities for African firms (accelerated private‐sector development and regional integration, and ability to overcome institutional voids); internationalization challenges (global competitiveness challenges, limited management and cross‐cultural capabilities, and overcoming the liability of Africanness); and internationalization risks (losing focus on home markets and over‐internationalization).
Kampo extract goshuyuto for prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation associated with migraine attack
Authors: Kato Toru , Kato Shiro , Sakuma Masashi , Toyoda Shigeru , Inoue Teruo
Published: May 2018

Case

Not only non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) but also triptans, called a ‘magic bullet’ against migraine attacks, increase the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). Additionally, the migraine attack itself may induce AF. A 66‐year‐old man visited hospital, complaining of palpitation after taking NSAIDs containing acetaminophen, ethenzamide and caffeine for a migraine attack. When pilsicainide hydrochloride hydrate was given, the AF was restored to sinus rhythm in 2 h.

Outcome

Goshuyuto, a kampo formula used for headache, consists of four constituent drugs: Zizyphus fructus, Evodia fructus, Ginseng radix and Zingiber rhizome; these four crude drugs may induce multiple interactions. After taking goshuyuto combined with sodium valproate, no further migraine occurred for 3 months and no AF was observed.

Conclusion

The kampo extract goshuyuto may be an option to prevent paroxysmal AF associated with migraine attack.
Human–bear conflict in Alaska: 1880–2015
Authors: Smith Tom S. , Herrero Stephen
Published: May 2018

We present an analysis of human–bear (Ursus spp.) conflicts that occurred in Alaska, USA, from 1880 to 2015. We collected 682 human–bear conflicts, consisting of 61,226 data entries, from various sources available to us. We found that human–bear attacks are rare events, averaging 2.6/year across the study period, though increasing to 7.6/year in the current decade. Grizzly bears (U. arctos) dominated conflicts (88%), followed by black bears (U. americanus; 11%), and lastly polar bears (U. maritimus; 1%). Although grizzly bear family groups are often involved in conflicts (32% of all attacks), single grizzlies are involved more than any other cohort (45%). Human–bear conflicts occurred during every month of the year and the majority occurred during daytime when people were most active (82%). Human group size was a significant factor in bear conflicts: the larger the group (≥2 persons), the less likely to be involved in a confrontation. Habitat visibility also contributed to conflict, the poorer the visibility the more likely bears were to engage with people, presumably because of an inability to detect them until very close. When domestic dogs intervened in attacks, they terminated them nearly half of the time (47.5%). However, in 12.5% of cases, dogs appeared to have initiated the conflict. When involved, rescuers terminated maulings in 90.3% of cases, but were themselves mauled 9.7% of the time. We offer these, and other, insights derived from this work that will inform wildlife biologists’ bear safety training and public outreach. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Children and the Elderly: Wealth Inequality Among America’s Dependents
Authors: Gibson-Davis Christina M. , Percheski Christine
Published: May 2018

Life cycle theory predicts that elderly households have higher levels of wealth than households with children, but these wealth gaps are likely dynamic, responding to changes in labor market conditions, patterns of debt accumulation, and the overall economic context. Using Survey of Consumer Finances data from 1989 through 2013, we compare wealth levels between and within the two groups that make up America’s dependents: the elderly and child households (households with a resident child aged 18 or younger). Over the observed period, the absolute wealth gap between elderly and child households in the United States increased substantially, and diverging trends in wealth accumulation exacerbated preexisting between-group disparities. Widening gaps were particularly pronounced among the least-wealthy elderly and child households. Differential demographic change in marital status and racial composition by subgroup do not explain the widening gap. We also find increasing wealth inequality within child households and the rise of a “parental 1 %.” During a time of overall economic growth, the elderly have been able to maintain or increase their wealth, whereas many of the least-wealthy child households saw precipitous declines. Our findings suggest that many child households may lack sufficient assets to promote the successful flourishing of the next generation.
Empirical typology of adolescent personality organization
Authors: Biberdzic Marko , Ensink Karin , Normandin Lina , Clarkin John F.
Published: May 2018

The concept of personality organization (PO) is central to current psychodynamic understanding of normal personality development as well as the development of personality disorders (PDs). However, individual differences in PO have primarily been studied in adult populations, and it remains unclear whether the clinical indicators of normal, neurotic and borderline PO manifest differently during adolescence. This study aimed to address the gaps in current knowledge regarding the potentially different manifestation of pathological PO in adolescence. In addition, we wanted to further establish the validity of the adolescent version of the Inventory of Personality Organization, by identifying cut‐off points for each of the main dimensions of Normal, Neurotic, and Borderline PO. Participants included 430 adolescents (M = 16 years old) from the community. Cluster analysis identified three levels of PO corresponding to Normal, Neurotic, and Borderline PO. Cut‐ off points between the different POs were successfully established using ROC curve analyses.
How public health policy can be informed by neuroscience
Authors: WOLF ANDREW B. , FELSEN GIDON
Published: May 2018

Many public policies are designed to counteract commonly made decisions that result in poor health. These policies have primarily been informed by the behavioural economics of decision making. Underappreciated in this conversation has been the perspective from neuroscience, despite its recent success – and the likelihood of future progress – in advancing our understanding of the neural basis for health-related decisions. Using tobacco control as an example, we provide a concise overview of how public health policies can and should be informed by neuroscience. We propose that such input can improve policies by increasing their effectiveness, improving screening efficiency and informing relevant ethical considerations. Finally, we recognise limitations and highlight roles that key stakeholders can play in incorporating neuroscientific evidence for the benefit of public policy.
Charge nurse facilitated clinical debriefing in the emergency department
Authors: Rose Stuart , Cheng Adam
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the development and implementation of the INFO (immediate,notfor personal assessment,fastfacilitated feedback, andopportunityto ask questions) clinical debriefing process. INFO enabled charge nurses to facilitate a group debriefing after critical events across three adult emergency departments (EDs) in Calgary, Alberta. Prior to implementation at our institutions, ED critical event debriefing was a highly variable event. Post-implementation, INFO critical event debriefings have become part of our ED culture, take place regularly in our EDs (254 documented debriefings between March 2016 and September 2017), with recommendations arising from these debriefings being introduced into clinical practice. The INFO clinical debriefing process addresses two significant barriers to regular ED clinical debriefing: a lack of trained facilitators and the focus on physician-led debriefings. Our experience shows that a nurse-facilitated debriefing is feasible, can be successfully implemented in diverse EDs, and can be performed by relatively inexperienced debriefers. A structured approach means that debriefings are more likely to take place and become a routine part of improving team management of high stakes or unexpected clinical events.
The Archival Afterlives of Prison Officers in Idi Amin’s Uganda: Writing Social Histories of the Postcolonial State
Authors: Bruce-Lockhart Katherine
Published: May 2018

Africans historians have recently paid more attention to postcolonial archives, trying to locate these elusive collections as well as thinking more critically about how to use them. Uganda, in particular, has been an important site for reconsidering the role of postcolonial archives in historical research. Using the archives of Uganda Prisons Service as a case study, this article explores how official records can illuminate the social histories of public servants and the postcolonial state. Along with surveying the state of Uganda’s official archives – particularly those of the Uganda Prisons Service – it explores how these documents provide insight into the everyday experiences and concerns of prison officers after independence. Beyond its bureaucratic functions, paperwork served as a site in which officers could negotiate their responsibilities and relationships. Through the archives of the Uganda Prisons Service, we learn about the social worlds of prison officers within and beyond the prison walls, thus better understanding their experience of public service beyond narratives of corruption and brutality. Ultimately, this article demonstrates the ways in which official archives can be used to study the postcolonial state from a social history perspective.
High Prevalence and Frequent Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Ribotype 002 Among Nursing Home Residents in Hong Kong
Authors: Luk Shik , Ho Alex Yat Man , Chan Eliza Hoi Ying , Tsang Iris Hoi Ling , Ng Tak Keung , To Wing Kin , Choi Kin Wing , Wong Andrew Tin Yau
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

To determine the incidence and risk factors associated withClostridium difficilecolonization among residents of nursing homes and to identify the ribotypes of circulatingC. difficilestrains.

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study with a follow-up duration of 22 months.

SETTING

Nursing homes.

PARTICIPANTS

Of the 375 residents in 8 nursing homes, 300 residents (80.0%) participated in the study. A further prospective study of 4 nursing homes involving 141 residents with a minimum of 90 days of follow-up was also performed.

METHODS

Baseline and 90-day stool cultures were obtained; additional stool cultures were obtained for residents who had been discharged from hospitals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping andslpAtyping were performed for allC. difficilestrains isolated.

RESULTS

ToxigenicC. difficilewas isolated in 30 residents (10%) at baseline, and 9 residents (7.3%) had acquired toxigenicC. difficilein the nursing homes. The presence of nasogastric tube was an independent risk factor (adjusted odds ratio, 8.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–62.53;P=.034) forC. difficilecolonization. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of median carriage duration was 13 weeks. TheC. difficileribotypes most commonly identified were 002 (40.8%), 014 (16.9%), 029 (9.9%), and 053 (8.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

The high incidence ofC. difficilecolonization and the overrepresentation ofC. difficileribotype 002 confirmed the contribution of nursing home residents toC. difficiletransmission across the continuum of care. An infection control program is needed in long-term care.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;782–787
Effect of compressive loading on first-year sea-ice permeability
Authors: RENSHAW CARL E. , MARCHENKO ALEKSEY , SCHULSON ERLAND M. , KARULIN EVGENY
Published: May 2018

The permeability of sea ice can strongly affect the dissipation of wave energy into the ice pack. Sea-ice permeability is known to be impacted by the brine volume fraction and the blockage of flow pathways by the freezing of infiltrating lower salinity water. Here we investigate another process impacting sea-ice permeability, namely, inelastic deformation. We report the results of a first-of-its-kind field-scale deformation experiment to investigate the impact of compressive loading on sea-ice permeability. We observed that deformation decreased permeability by four orders of magnitude or more in some locations, while elsewhere permeability was unaffected or possibly increased. We show that the observed changes in permeability are consistent with expected changes in stress state and, as a result, in the mechanisms of deformation.
The Fréchet Schwartz Algebra of Uniformly Convergent Dirichlet Series
Authors: Bonet José
Published: May 2018

The algebra of all Dirichlet series that are uniformly convergent in the half-plane of complex numbers with positive real part is investigated. When it is endowed with its natural locally convex topology, it is a non-nuclear Fréchet Schwartz space with basis. Moreover, it is a locally multiplicative algebra but not aQ-algebra. Composition operators on this space are also studied.
A Dispositional Theory of Reputation Costs
Authors: Brutger Ryan , Kertzer Joshua D.
Published: May 2018

Politicians frequently turn to reputational arguments to bolster support for their proposed foreign policies. Yet despite the prevailing belief that domestic audiences care about reputation, there is very little direct evidence that publics care about reputation costs, and very little understanding of how. We propose a dispositional theory of reputation costs in which citizens facing ill-defined strategic situations turn to their core predispositions about foreign affairs in order to weigh competing reputational dimensions. Employing a diverse array of methodological tools—from vignette-based survey experiments to automated text analysis—we show that the mass public has a “taste” for reputation, but understands it in fundamentally different ways, with hawks concerned about the negative reputational consequences of inconsistency, and doves equally concerned with the negative reputational consequences of belligerence and interventionism. In illustrating how reputation costs are in our heads, our findings offer both good and bad news for theories of reputation in IR.
Self-excitation in a helical liquid metal flow: the Riga dynamo experiments
Authors: Gailitis A. , Gerbeth G. , Gundrum Th. , Lielausis O. , Lipsbergs G. , Platacis E. , Stefani F.
Published: May 2018

The homogeneous dynamo effect is at the root of magnetic field generation in cosmic bodies, including planets, stars and galaxies. While the underlying theory had increasingly flourished since the middle of the 20th century, hydromagnetic dynamos were not realized in the laboratory until 1999. On 11 November 1999, this situation changed with the first observation of a kinematic dynamo in the Riga experiment. Since that time, a series of experimental campaigns has provided a wealth of data on the kinematic and the saturated regime. This paper is intended to give a comprehensive survey about these experiments, to summarize their main results and to compare them with numerical simulations.
Neighborhood alcohol outlet density and genetic influences on alcohol use: evidence for gene–environment interaction
Authors: Slutske Wendy S. , Deutsch Arielle R. , Piasecki Thomas M.
Published: May 2018

Background

Genetic influences on alcohol involvement are likely to vary as a function of the ‘alcohol environment,’ given that exposure to alcohol is a necessary precondition for genetic risk to be expressed. However, few gene–environment interaction studies of alcohol involvement have focused on characteristics of the community-level alcohol environment. The goal of this study was to examine whether living in a community with more alcohol outlets would facilitate the expression of the genetic propensity to drink in a genetically-informed national survey of United States young adults.

Methods

The participants were 2434 18–26-year-old twin, full-, and half-sibling pairs from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Participants completed in-home interviews in which alcohol use was assessed. Alcohol outlet densities were extracted from state-level liquor license databases aggregated at the census tract level to derive the density of outlets.

Results

There was evidence that the estimates of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use varied as a function of the density of alcohol outlets in the community. For example, the heritability of the frequency of alcohol use for those residing in a neighborhood with ten or more outlets was 74% (95% confidence limits = 55–94%), compared with 16% (95% confidence limits = 0–34%) for those in a neighborhood with zero outlets. This moderating effect of alcohol outlet density was not explained by the state of residence, population density, or neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics.

Conclusions

The results suggest that living in a neighborhood with many alcohol outlets may be especially high-risk for those individuals who are genetically predisposed to frequently drink.
The late Heidegger and a post-theistic understanding of religion
Authors: GUTSCHMIDT RICO
Published: May 2018

This article explores Heidegger's later philosophy with regard to the problem of a philosophical interpretation of religious language. In what follows, I will draw upon the work of Wittgenstein and refer to the cosmological argument to read Heidegger in terms of a post-theistic understanding of religious language that avoids the shortcomings of both theistic realism and non-cognitivism. At the same time, I am proposing a new interpretation of Heidegger's later philosophy against this background. I will show that, in spite of its hermeticism, Heidegger's later philosophy has a specific relevance to philosophy of religion that still needs to be explored.
Sliding mode control of a shape memory alloy actuated active flexible needle
Authors: Maria Joseph Felix Orlando , Podder Tarun
Published: May 2018

In medical interventional procedures such as brachytherapy, biopsy and radio-frequency ablation, precise tracking through the preplanned desired trajectory is very essential. This important requirement is critical due to two major reasons: anatomical obstacle avoidance and accurate targeting for avoiding undesired radioactive dose exposure or damage to neighboring tissue and critical organs. Therefore, a precise control of the needling device in the unstructured environment in the presence of external disturbance is required to achieve accurate target reaching in clinical applications. In this paper, a shape memory alloy actuated active flexible needle controlled by an adaptive sliding mode controller is presented. The trajectory tracking performance of the needle is tested while having its actual movement in an artificial tissue phantom by giving various input reference trajectories such as multi-step and sinusoidal. Performance of the adaptive sliding mode controller is compared with that of the proportional, integral and derivative controller and is proved to be the effective method in the presence of the external disturbances.
COMMENTING ON PINDAR,OLYMPIAN2: THE EMMENID GENEALOGIES
Authors: Tibiletti Antonio
Published: May 2018

The article examines the two different genealogies of the Emmenids reported by the scholia on Pindar'sOlympian2: scholl. 16c ~ 70f Dr. connect Theron to the Labdacids Thersander and Polynices via Thera (the ‘Therean’ genealogy), whereas 82d Dr. links him with Eteocles via Rhodes (the ‘Rhodian’ genealogy). Modern interpretations associate the former with theEpinician, the latter with theEncomium to Theron. By contrast, it is argued that the ‘Therean’ genealogy originated from an ancient mistaken interpretation of the role of Thersander inOl.2.43–7: a careful reading of that passage and of relevant testimonia shows that Pindar endorsed the ‘Rhodian’ version in both poems, thus showing a unanimous tradition.
Breaking with Austrian Consociationalism: How the Rise of Rightwing Populism and Party Competition Have Changed Austria's Islam Politics
Authors: Hafez Farid , Heinisch Reinhard
Published: May 2018

This paper seeks to explain Austria's Islam-related politics by first suggesting that it can be best understood in terms of neo-institutionalist path-dependency and consociationalist policy-making. This is due to the fact that Austria gave Islam full legal recognition in 1912. Important institutional patterns and policies grew out of this law in the Second Republic, whose persistence we want to examine. The Islamic Religious Community constituted itself under public law as a neo-corporatist interest group for Muslims in Austria in 1979. More recently, the government's approach toward Islam has shifted. This change can be best accounted for by party competition in which the far-right Freedom Party of Austria has sought to monopolize this issue. Consequently, this paper explores the contradictions between, on the one hand, the long-established principle of state neutrality and evenhandedness when dealing with various legally recognized religious communities and, on the other hand, discriminatory Islam-related politics.
EM simulation assisted parameter extraction for transferred-substrate InP HBT modeling
Authors: Johansen Tom K. , Doerner Ralf , Weimann Nils , Hossain Maruf , Krozer Viktor , Heinrich Wolfgang
Published: May 2018

In this paper, an electromagnetic (EM) simulation assisted parameter extraction procedure is demonstrated for accurate modeling of down-scaled transferred-substrate InP HBTs. The external parasitic network associated with via transitions and device electrodes is carefully extracted from calibrated three-dimensional EM simulations up to 325 GHz. Following an on-wafer multi-line Through-Reflect-Line calibration procedure, the external parasitic network is de-embedded from the transistor measurements and the active device parameters are extracted in a reliable way. The small-signal model structure augmented with the distributed parasitic network provides accurate small-signal prediction up to 220 GHz.
Vegetation Control and Soil Moisture Depletion Related to Herbicide Treatments on Forest Plantations in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Cole Elizabeth , Lindsay Amanda , Newton Michael , Bailey John D.
Published: May 2018

Reforestation in the Inland Northwest, including northeastern Oregon, USA, is often limited by a dry climate and soil moisture availability during the summer months. Reduction of competing vegetative cover in forest plantations is a common method for retaining available soil moisture. Several spring and summer site preparation (applied prior to planting) herbicide treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing competing cover, thus retaining soil moisture, on three sites in northeastern Oregon. Results varied by site, year, and season of application. In general, sulfometuron (0.14 kg ai ha–1 alone and in various mixtures), imazapyr (0.42 ae kg ha–1), and hexazinone (1.68 kg ai ha–1) resulted in 3 to 17% cover of forbs and grasses in the first-year when applied in spring. Sulfometuron+glyphosate (2.2 kg ha–1) consistently reduced grasses and forbs for the first year when applied in summer, but forbs recovered in the second year on two of three sites. Aminopyralid (0.12 kg ae ha–1)+sulfometuron applied in summer also led to comparable control of forb cover. In the second year after treatment, forb cover in treated plots was similar to levels in nontreated plots, and some species of forbs had increased relative to nontreated plots. Imazapyr (0.21 and 0.42 kg ha–1) at either rate, spring or summer 2007, or at lower rate (0.14 kg ha–1) with glyphosate in summer, provided the best control of shrubs, of which snowberry was the dominant species. Total vegetative cover was similar across all treatments seven and eight years after application, and differences in vegetation were related to site rather than treatment. In the first year after treatment, rates of soil moisture depletion in the 0- to 23-cm depth were correlated with vegetative cover, particularly late season soil moisture, suggesting increased water availability for tree seedling growth.
Estuaries as Sources and Sinks of N2O Across a Land Use Gradient in Subtropical Australia
Authors: Wells Naomi S. , Maher Damien T. , Erler Dirk V. , Hipsey Matthew , Rosentreter Judith A. , Eyre Bradley D.
Published: May 2018

Intensifying agricultural production and coastal urbanization are increasing nitrogen (N) loads to estuaries, potentially increasing emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Here we present a first assessment of how changes in land use intensity affect estuarine N2O fluxes. We measured N2O concentrations over marine‐freshwater transects in the wet and dry seasons in eight subtropical estuaries selected for differences in land use intensity. Daily estuary N loads ranged from 0.5 ± 0.4 kg N km−2 d−1 (minimally impacted) to 51 ± 30 kg N km−2 d−1 (highly impacted), corresponding to higher concentrations of all inorganic N species (nitrate, ammonium, and N2O) in the highly impacted estuaries. Net N2O fluxes from the eight estuaries ranged from −20 μg N2O‐N m−2 d−1 (sink) to +300 μg N2O‐N m−2 d−1 (source). However, neither N concentrations nor N loads explained the variations in N2O fluxes. Instead, seasonal differences in freshwater flushing times increased either N2O uptake (minimally impacted systems) or N2O efflux (moderately impacted systems) relative to N load. The lack of relationship between freshwater flushing times (kinetics) and N2O fluxes from the highly impacted estuaries, combined with evidence for both low carbon quality and phosphorous limitation in those systems, suggests that N2O emissions from highly impacted estuaries were controlled by stoichiometry rather than kinetics. This study shows that estuaries can shift from net sinks to sources of N2O as land use intensity increases but that the magnitude of this switch cannot be predicted based on N loads alone.

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Impacts of Magnetosheath High‐Speed Jets on the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Measured by Optical Imaging and Satellite Observations
Authors: Wang Boyi , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Hietala Heli , Lyons Larry , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Plaschke Ferdinand , Ebihara Yusuke , Weatherwax Allan
Published: May 2018

Magnetosheath high‐speed jets (HSJs) are dayside upstream transient disturbances with enhanced flow velocity and dynamic pressure. They are associated with significant magnetopause perturbations, ultralow frequency waves in the dayside magnetosphere, and localized flow enhancements in the ionosphere. However, whether HSJs have corresponding dayside aurora signatures is still an open question. If auroral signatures are found, 2‐D structure and evolution of HSJ effects on the magnetosphere can be imaged in a much higher precision than possible by other means. In this study, eight HSJ events are identified by the THEMIS satellites located within ±1 MLT of the center of the field‐of‐view of the South Pole station all‐sky imager. In all of those cases, the HSJs are observed to have a nearly one‐to‐one relationship with individual localized discrete/diffuse auroral brightenings. The azimuthal size of HSJ‐related diffuse aurora signatures is ~800 km at 230‐km altitude in the ionosphere and ~3.7 Re in the magnetosphere, which is slightly larger but of the order of the cross‐sectional diameter of HSJs (~1 Re). Furthermore, most of those aurora signatures have azimuthal motion, whose magnitude and direction agree with magnetosheath background flows. This study for the first time shows high‐resolution, two‐dimensional observations of localized structure and fast propagation of precipitation due to magnetosheath HSJs. We conclude that magnetosheath HSJs can have substantial impacts on the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system, causing localized magnetospheric compression and aurora brightening, in a similar manner to responses during interplanetary shocks except with a smaller scale size.
Combined Contribution of Solar Illumination, Solar Activity, and Convection to Ion Upflow Above the Polar Cap
Authors: Ma Yu‐Zhang , Zhang Qing‐He , Xing Zan‐Yang , Jayachandran P. T. , Moen J. , Heelis Roderick A. , Wang Yong
Published: May 2018

By analyzing a five‐year period (2010–2014) of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) plasma data, we investigated ion upflow occurrence, speed, density, and flux above the polar cap in the northern hemisphere under different solar zenith angle (SZA), solar activity (F10.7), and convection speed. Higher upflow occurrence rates in the dawn sector are associated with regions of higher convection speed, while higher upflow flux in the dusk sector is associated with higher density. The upflow occurrence increases with convection speed and solar activity but decreases with SZA. Upflow occurrence is the lowest when the SZA > 100° and the convection speeds are low. While, the upflow velocity and flux show a clear seasonal dependence with higher speed in the winter and higher flux in the summer during low convection conditions. However, they are detected for the first time to be both higher in summer during high convection conditions. These results suggest that ion upflow in the polar cap is controlled by the combination of convection, solar activity, and solar illumination.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty of a Long‐Term, High‐Resolution, Global, Terrestrial Sensible Heat Flux Data Set
Authors: Siemann Amanda L. , Chaney Nathaniel , Wood Eric F.
Published: May 2018

Sensible heat flux directly influences local and regional climate and can be estimated using remotely sensed satellite observations. Although significant efforts have been made to estimate sensitivity and uncertainty in energy flux estimates at the local and regional scales using both models and algorithms compatible with remotely sensed satellite data, few studies quantify the sensitivity or uncertainty at the global scale, enabling a global comparison among uncertainty drivers. This study uses the 10 percentile change from the mean value in the empirical cumulative distribution function for the distribution of each input data set to calculate the sensitivity of the unconstrained, terrestrial sensible heat flux to change in the input data sets and uses this sensitivity in a first‐order analysis of the uncertainty in the sensible heat flux. The largest sensitivities to the Zilitinkevich empirical constant (Czil) are in the Amazon, northern Australia, and the plains of North America, while the sensitivity of the sensible heat flux to the temperature gradient is largest in dry regions of shorter vegetation. The Czil contributes most to the uncertainty of over 50–100 W/m2 in the Amazon and Indonesia, while the temperature gradient contributes most to the uncertainty elsewhere, producing an overall global average uncertainty of 24.8 W/m2. Future work should reduce the uncertainties in the temperature gradient and the Czil to reduce the uncertainty in sensible heat flux estimates.