bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death in Technological Time: Locating the End of Meaningful Life
Authors: Lock Margaret
Published: November 2004

This article demonstrates how debate about technologically manipulated death is elaborated in radically different forms in the scientifically sophisticated spaces of Japan and North America. Using recent historical materials and contemporary medical, philosophical, and media publications, I argue that the institutionalization and legitimization of “brain death” as the end of life in North America have been justified by a dominant discourse in which it is asserted that if certain measurable criteria are fulfilled, an individual can be declared scientifically dead. In Japan, by contrast, death is interpreted primarily as a social and not an individual event, and efforts to scientifically define the end of life as a measurable point in time are rejected outright by the majority, including many clinicians. The margins between nature and culture are debated in both cultural spaces, but assigned different moral status in the respective dominant discourses.
“How's the Baby Doing?” Struggling with Narratives of Progress in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Layne Linda L.
Published: November 2004

In this at once biographical and autobiographical piece (cf. Shapiro 1988), I describe the processes of “knowledge‐making” of one neonatal intensive care parent. In particular, I investigate the ways that narratives of linear progress informed my efforts to understand my son's condition and future prospects, that is, to engage in lay prognostication. In examining and comparing the three metaphors most commonly used to describe my son's changing condition—roller coaster, graduation, and course—I explore how the discrepancy between narratives of linear progress and the complex and volatile condition of many premature and/or critically ill babies is discursively managed in a neonatal intensive care unit.
The Denman Collection of Southwestern Art
Authors: Eaton Linda B.
Published: November 2004

Tryntje Van Ness Seymour 1989 When the Rainbow Touches Down. Phoenix: The Heard Museum, distributed through the University of Washington Press, Seattle. 394 pp., 137 color plates, 57 black and white illus., maps, glossary, bibliography, appendixes, index, $50 (paper).
The Death of Authentic Primitive Art and Other Tales of Progress
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: November 2004

The Death of Authentic Primitive Art and Other Tales of Progress. Shelly Errington. Berkeley. University of California Press. I99.S. xxvri. 309 pp.
Social Cartography: Mapping Ways of Seeing Social and Educational Change
Authors: Brady Ivan
Published: November 2004

Social Cartography: Mapping Ways of Seeing Social and Educational Change. Edited by Rolland G. Paulston. New York: Garland. Xvi. 458 pp., 1996
Imagining Social Landscapes
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay
Published: November 2004

Doon School Chronicles. film by David MacDougall. Distributed by Center for Media and Independent Learning, University of California, 2000 Center Street, Berkeley. CA 94704. 143 minutes.
Ductal Lavage and Risk Assessment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Arun Banu
Published: November 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

List the risk factors for breast cancer. Explain the rationale using ductal lavage in the risk assessment of breast cancer. Describe breast cancer risk reduction options.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Following recent advances in breast cancer chemoprevention, much emphasis has been placed on risk assessment to evaluate whether women at increased risk for developing breast cancer should proceed with breast cancer risk reduction strategies. The currently available risk-reduction approaches include screening, chemoprevention, and preventive surgeries. Breast cancer arises from the epithelial linings of the ductal system, and it is believed that hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia represent early changes in the breast carcinogenesis process. The ductal lavage procedure offers a minimally invasive method to obtain breast epithelial cells from the ductal system for cytopathologic analysis to provide individualized risk assessment. This paper reviews breast cancer risk factors, with an emphasis on cytological atypia and the role of ductal lavage in breast cancer risk assessment.
The Role of PET Scan in Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Schrevens Liesbet , Lorent Natalie , Dooms Christophe , Vansteenkiste Johan
Published: November 2004

Positron emission tomography (PET) is now an important cancer imaging tool, both for diagnosis and staging, as well as offering prognostic information based on response. This report attempts to comprehensively review the value of PET in the locoregional and distant staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), illustrate the potential effects on patient management, and give a short overview of newer applications. PET sets the gold standard in the evaluation of an indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule or mass, where PET has proven to be significantly more accurate than computed tomography (CT) in the distinction between benign and malignant lesions. In the evaluation of metastatic spread to locoregional lymph nodes, PET is significantly more accurate than CT, so that invasive surgical staging may be omitted in many patients with negative mediastinal PET images. In patients with positive mediastinal PET mages, invasive surgical staging remains mandatory because of the possibility of false-positive findings due to inflammatory nodes or granulomatous disorders. In the search for metastatic spread, PET is a useful adjunct to conventional imaging. This may be due to the finding of unexpected metastatic lesions or due to exclusion of malignancy in lesions that are equivocal on standard imaging. However, at this time, PET does not replace conventional imaging. Large-scale randomized studies are currently examining whether PET staging will actually improve the appearance of lung cancer outcome.
Cancer as Metaphor
Authors: Penson Richard T. , Schapira Lidia , Daniels Kristy J. , Chabner Bruce A. , Lynch Thomas J.
Published: November 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe aspects of metaphor in oncology, especially the military metaphor.Explain how the humanities have framed the military metaphor in medicine.Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the use of metaphor in the patient-caregiver relationship.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center at MGH. The Schwartz Center is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery, which provides hope to the patient and support to caregivers and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members.

Metaphors illuminate complex issues and can paint a thousand words. However, fundamental to individual and collective expression, they are also capable of creating or perpetuating stereotypes, and stigma. In oncology, the military metaphor is perhaps the most prominent, with the high profile of the “War on Cancer,” and the imperative for patients to have a fighting spirit. Balancing the instinct to fight with words of healing and acceptance remains a challenge. The history of the military metaphor and how the humanities have illuminated cancer as a metaphor are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of this metaphor are discussed, as well as the use of other metaphors in the psychosocial dynamic of care.
Modeling selenium bioaccumulation through arthropod food webs in San Francisco Bay, California, USA
Authors: Schlekat Christian E , Purkerson David G , Luoma Samuel N
Published: November 2004

Trophic transfer is the main process by which upper trophic level wildlife are exposed to selenium. Transfers through lower levels of a predator's food web thus can be instrumental in determining the threat of selenium in an ecosystem. Little is known about Se transfer through pelagic, zooplankton-based food webs in San Francisco Bay ([SFB], CA, USA), which serve as an energy source for important predators such as striped bass. A dynamic multipathway bioaccumulation model was used to model Se transfer from phytoplankton to pelagic copepods to carnivorous mysids (Neomysis mercedis). Uptake rates of dissolved Se, depuration rates, and assimilation efficiencies (AE) for the model were determined for copepods and mysids in the laboratory. Small (73-250 μm) and large (250-500 μm) herbivorous zooplankton collected from SFB (Oithona/Limnoithona and Acartia sp.) assimilated Se with similar efficiencies (41-52%) from phytoplankton. Mysids assimilated 73% of Se from small herbivorous zooplankton; Se AE was significantly lower (61%) than larger herbivorous zooplankton. Selenium depuration rates were high for both zooplankton and mysids (12-25% d−1), especially compared to bivalves (2-3% d−1). The model predicted steady state Se concentrations in mysids similar to those observed in the field. The predicted concentration range (1.5-5.4 μg g−1) was lower than concentrations of 4.5 to 24 μg g−1 observed in bivalves from the bay. Differences in efflux between mysids and bivalves were the best explanation for the differences in uptake. The results suggest that the risk of selenium toxicity to predators feeding on N. mercedis would be less than the risk to predators feeding on bivalves. Management of selenium contamination should include food webs analyses to focus on the most important exposure pathways identified for a given watershed.
Protein Databases on the Internet
Authors: Xu Dong , Xu Ying
Published: November 2004

Protein databases have become a crucial part of modern biology. Huge amounts of data for protein structures, functions, and particularly sequences are being generated. Searching databases is often the first step in the study of a new protein. Comparison between proteins and between protein families in databases provides information about the relationship between proteins within a genome or across different species, and hence offers much more information than can be obtained by studying only an isolated protein. In addition, secondary databases derived from experimental databases are also widely available. These databases reorganize and annotate the data or provide predictions. The use of multiple databases often helps researchers understand the structure and function of proteins. Although some protein databases are widely known, they are far from being fully utilized in the protein science community. This unit provides a starting point for readers to explore the potential of protein databases on the Internet.
Detection of Histone H2AX Phosphorylation on Ser‐139 as an Indicator of DNA Damage (DNA Double‐Strand Breaks)
Authors: Huang Xuan , Halicka H. Dorota , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: November 2004

This unit describes immunocytochemical detection of phosphorylated histone H2AX for revealing the presence of DNA double‐strand breaks. Double‐strand breaks indicate DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation or by treatment with antitumor drugs such as DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. However, double‐strand breaks can also be intrinsic, occurring in healthy, nontreated cells for a variety of reasons, and are generated in the course of DNA fragmentation in apoptotic cells. The unit presents strategies to distinguish radiation‐ or drug‐induced breaks from those intrinsically formed in untreated cells or associated with apoptosis. The protocol describes the immunocytochemical detection of histone H2AX phosphorylated on Ser‐139 combined with measurement of DNA content to identify cells that have DNA double‐strand breaks and to concurrently assess their cell cycle phase. The detection is based on indirect immunofluorescence using a FITC‐labeled secondary antibody, and DNA is counterstained with propidium iodide (PI). Cellular RNA, which may be stained by PI, is removed with RNase A.
A novel syndrome resembling Desbuquois dysplasia
Authors: Al Kaissi Ali , Nessib N. , Ghachem M.B. , Hammou A. , Guiddana N. , Kozlowski K.
Published: November 2004

We report on three Tunisian siblings with a rare assortment of clinical and radiographic abnormalities closely resembling Desbuquois dysplasia. However, the siblings have had normal facies, normal hands, and were mentally normal. There were severe musculo‐skeletal distinguishing features such as joint stiffness, severe kyphoscoliosis, and multiple large joint dislocations. Moreover, the patients had an additional remarkable radiographic feature not reported in Desbequois dysplasia—multiple carpal ossification centers. The diagnosis of Desbuquois dysplasia is more difficult in older children and adults as the characteristic facial features of early childhood may recede, and the metaphyseal growth plates obliterate. This condition of these patients represents a novel Desbuquois‐like syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COL11A2 mutation associated with autosomal recessive Weissenbacher–Zweymuller syndrome: Molecular and clinical overlap with otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED)
Authors: Harel Tamar , Rabinowitz Ronen , Hendler Netta , Galil Aharon , Flusser Hagit , Chemke Juan , Gradstein Libe , Lifshitz Tova , Ofir Rivka , Elbedour Khalil , Birk Ohad S.
Published: November 2004

Autosomal recessive Weissenbacher–Zweymuller syndrome (WZS) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by rhizomelic dwarfism and severe hearing loss. Mutations in the COL11A2 gene have been implicated in causing the autosomal dominant form of this syndrome as well as non‐ocular Stickler syndrome and the autosomal recessive syndrome otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED). In a consanguineous Bedouin tribe living in Southern Israel, five individuals affected by autosomal recessive WZS were available for genetic analysis. Homozygosity of a mutation in the COL11A2 gene was found in all affected individuals. This finding lends molecular support to the clinical notion that autosomal recessive WZS and OSMED are a single entity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beneficial effect of erythropoietin on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Li Weiping , Maeda Yasuhiro , Yuan Rui Rong , Elkabes Stella , Cook Stuart , Dowling Peter
Published: November 2004

We have known for a long time that erythropoietin signaling plays a key role in bone marrow erythrocyte proliferation. However, recent studies have indicated that erythropoietin also may have protective effects on the nervous system. This unexpected role remains incompletely characterized. To investigate the potential neuroprotective role of erythropoietin in the central nervous system, we assessed its effects on a well‐characterized autoimmune demyelinating model of multiple sclerosis–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the mouse. We found that erythropoietin administered intravenously for 14 days after the onset of symptoms reduced both disease severity and duration of maximum impairment at dose levels as low as 50U/kg (p < 0.001). We assessed the neuropathology of diseased spinal cords and found that erythropoietin‐treated EAE animals had reduced axonal damage, inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination, and diminished blood–brain barrier leakage when compared with saline‐treated EAE controls. Moreover, the pronounced upregulation of spinal cord major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression found in saline‐treated EAE was significantly reduced in erythropoietin‐treated animals, a finding we replicated in vitro, using microglial cultures. The notion that short‐term erythropoietin therapy might be of clinical benefit in human autoimmune demyelinating diseases needs investigation. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 767‒777
Hypoperfusion without stroke alters motor activation in the opposite hemisphere
Authors: Krakauer John W. , Radoeva Petya D. , Zarahn Eric , Wydra Jennifer , Lazar Ronald M. , Hirsch Joy , Marshall Randolph S.
Published: November 2004

To specifically investigate the effect that large‐vessel disease may have on cortical reorganization, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study patients with unilateral hemispheric hypoperfusion and impaired vasomotor reactivity from critical internal carotid or middle cerebral artery disease but without stroke. We hypothesized that when these patients used the hand contralateral to the hypoperfused hemisphere they would show unique activation in motor‐related areas of the normally perfused hemisphere, that is, ipsilateral activation. We found that normal performance of two motor tasks was associated with increased ipsilateral hemispheric activation in the patients compared with age‐matched controls. In addition, although task difficulty had an effect on ipsilateral activation, the increased ipsilateral activation seen in patients was not dependent on task difficulty. Our findings demonstrate that hemodynamic compromise alone is sufficient to cause atypical ipsilateral activation. This activation may serve to maintain normal motor performance. Ann Neurol 2004
Verbal selective learning after traumatic brain injury in children
Authors: Hanten Gerri , Chapman Sandra B. , Gamino Jacquelyn F. , Zhang Lifang , Benton Shelley Black , Stallings‐Roberson Garland , Hunter Jill V. , Levin Harvey S.
Published: November 2004

Selective learning (SL), the ability to select items to learn from among other items, engages cognitive control, which is purportedly mediated by the frontal cortex and its circuitry. Using incentive‐based auditory word recall and expository discourse tasks, we studied the efficiency of SL in children ages 6 to 16 years who had sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) at least 1 year earlier. We hypothesized that SL would be compromised by severe TBI. Results indicated that children with severe TBI performed significantly worse than age‐matched typically developing children on word‐ and discourse‐level measures of SL efficiency with no significant group differences in number of items recalled from auditory word lists or declarative facts. We conclude that severe TBI disrupts incentive‐based cognitive control processes, possibly due to involvement of frontal neural networks. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 847–853
AD lesions and infarcts in demented and non‐demented Japanese‐American men
Authors: Petrovitch Helen , Ross G. Webster , Steinhorn Sandra C. , Abbott Robert D. , Markesbery William , Davis Daron , Nelson James , Hardman John , Masaki Kamal , Vogt Margaret R. , Launer Lenore , White Lon R.
Published: November 2004

Neocortical neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are hallmark neuropathological lesions of dementia. Concomitant cerebrovascular lesions increase dementia severity in patients meeting neuropathological criteria for Alzheimer's disease and contribute to cognitive impairment in persons with mild entorhinal Alzheimer lesions. This study investigates whether individuals with sparse neocortical neuritic plaques experience increased odds of crossing the threshold to clinical dementia when they have coexistent cerebrovascular lesions. Dementia examinations were given to 3,734 men during the 1991–1993 Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study examination and to 2,603 men during the 1994–1996 examination. Lesion quantification was done without clinical data. Among 333 autopsied men, 120 had dementia, 115 had marginal results, and 98 had normal cognition. In men with neurofibrillary tangles, dementia frequency increased with increasing neuritic plaque density, and increased further in the presence of cerebrovascular lesions. The association was strongest in men with sparse neuritic plaques (1–3/mm2) where dementia frequency more than doubled with coexistent cerebrovascular lesions (45 vs 20%). Among all dementia cases, 24% were linked to cerebrovascular lesions. Findings suggest cerebrovascular lesions are associated with a marked excess of dementia in cases with low neuritic plaque frequency. Prevention of cerebrovascular lesions may be critically important in preserving late‐life cognitive function. Ann Neurol 2005
High tumor necrosis factor‐α in levels in cerebrospinal fluid of cobalamin‐deficient patients
Authors: Scalabrino Giuseppe , Carpo Marinella , Bamonti Fabrizia , Pizzinelli Simona , D'Avino Carla , Bresolin Nereo , Meucci Giuseppe , Martinelli Vittorio , Comi Gian Carlo , Peracchi Maddalena
Published: November 2004

We studied 14 patients with neurological manifestations of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) and 40 control patients not cobalamin (Cbl)‐deficient. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of Cbl deficiency (Cbl and total homocysteine [tHCYS] levels) and the CSF levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were measured. Significantly higher levels of tHCYS and TNF‐α, and significantly lower levels of Cbl and EGF were found in the SCD patients. In human CSF, as in human serum and the rat central nervous system, decreased Cbl concentrations are concomitant with an increase in TNF‐α and a decrease in EGF‐levels. Ann Neurol 2004;56:886–890

An Erratum has been published for this article in Ann Neurol 57: 304, 2005.
Selective loss of regulatory T cells in thymomas
Authors: Ströbel Philipp , Rosenwald Andreas , Beyersdorf Niklas , Kerkau Thomas , Elert Olaf , Murumägi Astrid , Sillanpää Niko , Peterson Pärt , Hummel Vera , Rieckmann Peter , Burek Christof , Schalke Berthold , Nix Wilfred , Kiefer Reinhard , Müller‐Hermelink Hans Konrad , Marx Alexander
Published: November 2004

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the prime autoimmune manifestation of thymomas. We investigated the generation of T cells with a regulatory phenotype (TR) in thymomas with and without associated MG. In patients with MG(+) thymomas, maturation and export of TR cells but not of other T‐cell subsets was significantly reduced. We conclude that imbalance between effector and regulatory T cells in thymomas may be involved in modulation of onset and/or severity of MG. Ann Neurol 2004;56:901–904
Discrete Metal‐Based Catalysts for the Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides: Discovery, Reactivity, Optimization, and Mechanism
Authors: Coates Geoffrey W. , Moore David R.
Published: November 2004

Most synthetic polymers are made from petroleum feedstocks. Given the non‐renewable nature of these materials, there is increasing interest in developing routes to polymeric materials from renewable resources. In addition, there is a growing demand for biodegradable polymeric materials. Polycarbonates made from CO2 and epoxides have the potential to meet these goals. Since the discovery of catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides in the late 1960's by Inoue, a significant amount of research has been directed toward the development of catalysts of improved activity and selectivity. Reviewed here are well‐defined catalysts for epoxide–CO2 copolymerization and related reactions.
Cover Picture: A Molybdenum Crown Cluster Forms Discrete Inorganic–Organic Nanocomposites with Metalloporphyrins (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46/2004)
Authors: Tsuda Akihiko , Hirahara Eri , Kim Yeong‐Sang , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Kawai Tomoji , Aida Takuzo
Published: November 2004

A generous host describes the fully inorganic doughnut‐shaped polyoxometalate crown cluster illustrated in the cover picture which has a 2.3‐nm‐wide and 1.3‐nm‐deep nanoscopic cavity and serves as a novel host for three metalloporphyrin molecules that contain 3‐ or 4‐aminophenyl groups. A. Tsuda, T. Kawai, T. Aida, and co‐workers describe in their Communication on page 6327 ff. how this new organic/inorganic hybrid complex forms through multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions.
Arsenic uptake by the Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesie)
Authors: Haug Corinne M. , Reimer Kenneth J. , Cullen William R.
Published: November 2004

The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesie) growing in an arsenic‐rich gold‐bearing region contains elevated arsenic concentrations in new‐growth stems (374 ppm dry weight (dw)) and needles (257 ppm dw). Speciation of methanol–water extracts by using high‐performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry show that arsenite is the major species in needles but arsenate is more dominant in stems. Only traces of methylarsenicals are present. Arsenic concentrations in other tree species growing in the region are generally much lower; dimethylarsinate was extracted from a spruce cone. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of organotin compounds in NaCl aqueous solution: interaction of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐organotin(IV) cations with nucleotide 5′ monophosphates
Authors: De Stefano Concetta , Gianguzza Antonio , Giuffrè Ottavia , Piazzese Daniela , Orecchio Santino , Sammartano Silvio
Published: November 2004

Formation constants for complex species of mono‐, di‐ tri‐alkyltin(IV) cations with some nucleotide 5′‐monophosphates (AMP, UMP, IMP GMP) are reported, at T = 25 °C at I = 0.16 mol l−1 (NaCl). The investigation was performed in the light of speciation of organometallic compounds in natural fluids in the presence of nucleotides whose biological importance is well recognized. The simple mixed hydrolytic complex species formed in all the systems investigated in the pH range 3–9 are (L = nucleotide; M = organotin cation Rx Sn(4−x)+, with x = 1 to 3): ML+, ML(OH)0 ML(OH)2− for the system CH3Sn3+–L (L = AMP, IMP, UMP); ML0 ML(OH)− for the system (C2H5)2Sn2+–L (L = AMP, IMP, UMP); ML−, ML(OH)2−, MLH0 M2L(OH)− for the system (C2H5)3Sn+–L (L = AMP); ML, ML(OH)2− M2L0 for the system (C2H5)3Sn+–L (L = IMP, UMP). As expected, owing to the strong tendency of organotin(IV) cations to hydrolysis in aqueous solution, the main species formed in the pH range of interest of natural fluids are the mixed hydrolytic ones. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties and biodegradability of crosslinked soy protein isolate/waterborne polyurethane composites
Authors: Wang Niangui , Zhang Lina , Gu Jiaming
Published: November 2004

With anionic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) as a plasticizer and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as a crosslinker, we successfully prepared crosslinked soy protein isolate (SPI) plastics. Anionic WPU was mixed with SPI and EGDE in an aqueous dispersion at room temperature. The mixed aqueous dispersion was cast and cured, and the obtained material was pickled and hot‐pressed to produce the crosslinked SPI/WPU sheets. The resulting sheets containing about 60 wt % SPI were characterized with infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing, and biodegradation testing of the sheets was performed in a mineral salt medium containing microorganisms. The results revealed that the crosslinked SPI/WPU plastics with EGDE concentrations of 2–4 wt % possessed high miscibility, good mechanical properties, and water resistivity. In addition, the crosslinked sheets could be biodegraded, and the half‐life of the biodegradation for a sheet crosslinked with 3 wt % EGDE was calculated to be less than 1 month. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 465–473, 2005
Effect of selected boroorganic compounds on thermal and heat properties of rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams
Authors: Czupryński Bogusław , Liszkowska Joanna , Paciorek‐Sadowska Joanna
Published: November 2004

The effect of selected borates [i.e., tri(hydroxypropyl) borate (BTHP), tri[(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propoxy)propyl] borate (BTClHPP), and tri[(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propoxy)‐1‐methylethyl] borate (BTClHPME)] on the heat and thermal properties of the rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams was investigated. Increasing amounts of BTHP and BTClHPP in the foam composition, from 0.1 to 0.4 of chemical equivalent, caused increases in the softening point, the temperature of the first decrement of foam mass, the extrapolated temperature of the main decrement of the foam mass, and temperature of the highest rate of the mass decrement. In the case when BTClHPME was added to the foam compositions, the softening point decreased but temperatures characterizing their thermal resistance were higher compared to that of standard foam. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 400–403, 2005
Hyperauthorship: A postmodern perversion or evidence of a structural shift in scholarly communication practices?
Authors: Cronin Blaise
Published: November 2004

Classical assumptions about the nature and ethical entailments of authorship (the standard model) are being challenged by developments in scientific collaboration and multiple authorship. In the biomedical research community, multiple authorship has increased to such an extent that the trustworthiness of the scientific communication system has been called into question. Documented abuses, such as honorific authorship, have serious implications in terms of the acknowledgment of authority, allocation of credit, and assigning of accountability. Within the biomedical world it has been proposed that authors be replaced by lists of contributors (the radical model), whose specific inputs to a given study would be recorded unambiguously. The wider implications of the ‘hyperauthorship’ phenomenon for scholarly publication are considered.
User preferences in the classification of electronic bookmarks: Implications for a shared system
Authors: Gottlieb Lisa , Dilevko Juris
Published: November 2004

Using the financial industry as a context, the following study seeks to address the issue of the classification of electronic bookmarks in a multi‐user system by investigating what factors influence how individuals develop categories for bookmarks and how they choose to classify bookmarks within those organizational categories. An experiment was conducted in which a sample of 15 participants was asked to bookmark and to categorize 60 web sites within Internet Browser folders of their own creation. Based on the data collected during this first component of the study, individual, customized questionnaires were composed for each participant. Whereas some of the questions within these surveys focused on particular classificatory decisions regarding specific bookmarks, others looked at how the participant defined, utilized, and structured the category folders that comprised his or her classification system. The results presented in this paper focus on issues investigated in Kwasnik's (Journal of Documentation, 1991, 47, 389–398) study of the factors that inform how individuals organize their personal, paper‐based documents in office environments. Whereas classificatory attributes culled from questionnaire responses nominally resembled those identified by Kwasnik, it was found that a number of these factors assumed distinctive definitions in the electronic environment. The present study suggests that the application of individual instances of classificatory attributes and the distinction between Content and Context Attributes emphasized by Kwasnik play a minimal role in the development of a multi‐user classification system for bookmarks.
Chinese document indexing based on a new partitioned signature file: Model and evaluation
Authors: Lam Wai , Wong Kam‐Fai , Wong Chi‐Yin
Published: November 2004

In this article we investigate the use of signature files in Chinese information retrieval system and propose a new partitioning method for Chinese signature file based on the characteristic of Chinese words. Our partitioning method, called Partitioned Signature File for Chinese (PSFC), offers faster search efficiency than the traditional single signature file approach. We devise a general scheme for controlling the trade‐off between the false drop and storage overhead while maintaining the search space reduction in PSFC. An analytical study is presented to support the claims of our method. We also propose two new hashing methods for Chinese signature files so that the signature file will be more suitable for dynamic environment while the retrieval performance is maintained. Furthermore, we have implemented PSFC and the new hashing methods, and we evaluated them using a large‐scale real‐world Chinese document corpus, namely, the TREC‐5 (Text REtrieval Conference) Chinese collection. The experimental results confirm the features of PSFC and demonstrate its superiority over the traditional single signature file method.
Quality control of Harpagophytum procumbens and its related phytopharmaceutical products by means of NIR‐FT‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Baranska M. , Schulz H. , Siuda R. , Strehle M. A. , Rösch P. , Popp J. , Joubert E. , Manley M.
Published: November 2004

NIR‐FT‐Raman spectroscopy was used for identification and quantification of harpagoside in secondary roots of Harpagophytum procumbens as well as in related phytopharmaceutical products, e.g., ethanolic extracts and tablets. Applied Raman mappings reveal the spatial distribution of this valuable iridoid glycoside within the different samples. The same technique can be used for quality control purposes beginning from the plant to its final products. Based on the obtained spectral data and reference HPLC values of harpagoside, a reliable multivariate calibration model was developed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
O‐acylation of hydroxyproline residues: Effect on peptide‐bond isomerization and collagen stability
Authors: Jenkins Cara L. , McCloskey Alexander I. , Guzei Ilia A. , Eberhardt Eric S. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: November 2004

In collagen, strands of the sequence XaaYaaGly form a triple‐helical structure. The Yaa residue is often (2S,4R)‐4‐hydroxyproline (Hyp). The inductive effect of the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues greatly increases collagen stability. Here, electron withdrawal by the hydroxyl group in Hyp and its 4S diastereomer (hyp) is increased by the addition of an acetyl group or trifluoroacetyl group. The crystalline structures of AcHyp[C(O)CH3]OMe and Achyp[C(O)CH3]OMe are similar to those of AcHypOMe and AcProOMe, respectively. The O‐acylation of AcHypOMe and AchypOMe increases the 13C chemical shift of its Cγ atom: AcHyp[C(O)CF3]OMe ≅ Achyp[C(O)CF3]OMe > AcHyp[C(O)CH3]OMe ≅ Achyp[C(O)CH3]OMe ≥ AcHypOMe ≅ AchypOMe. This increased inductive effect is not apparent in the thermodynamics or kinetics of amide bond isomerization. Despite apparently unfavorable steric interactions, (ProHypGly)10, which is O‐acylated with 10 acetyl groups, forms a triple helix that has intermediate stability: (ProHypGly)10 > {ProHyp[C(O)CH3]Gly}10 ≫ (ProProGly)10. Thus, the benefit to collagen stability endowed by the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues is largely retained by an acetoxyl group. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
Biphenol‐Based Phosphoramidite Ligands for the Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Diethylzinc.
Authors: Alexakis Alexandre , Polet Damien , Rosset Stephane , March Sebastien
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Synthesis of Spiro 1,3‐Dithiin and Spiro 1,3‐Thiazine Derivatives under Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) Conditions.
Authors: El‐Saghier Ahmed M. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylation of Alkenes: Ethylaluminum Sesquichloride‐Mediated Hydro‐Alkyl Additions with Alkyl Chloroformates and Di‐tert‐butylpyrocarbonate.
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Metzger Juergen O.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diradical‐Promoted (n + 2 ‐ 1) Ring Expansion: An Efficient Reaction for the Synthesis of Macrocyclic Ketones.
Authors: Ruedi Georg , Oberli Matthias A. , Nagel Matthias , Hansen Hans‐Juergen
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Primary 1‐(Aryl)alkylamines by Nucleophilic 1,2‐Addition of Organolithium Reagents to Hydroxyoxime Ethers and Application to Asymmetric Synthesis of G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Atobe Masakazu , Yamazaki Naoki , Kibayashi Chihiro
Published: November 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Carboalkoxylation of Alkenyl Indoles.
Authors: Liu Cong , Widenhoefer Ross A.
Published: November 2004

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Double Michael Addition of Azoles to Methyl Propiolate: A Straightforward Entry to Ligands with Two Heterocyclic Rings.
Authors: Diez‐Barra Enrique , Guerra Javier , Hornillos Valentin , Merino Sonia , Tejeda Juan
Published: November 2004

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Investigations of α‐Siloxy—Epoxide Ring Expansions Forming 1‐Azaspirocyclic Ketones.
Authors: Dake Gregory R. , Fenster Michael D. B. , Fleury Melissa , Patrick Brian O.
Published: November 2004

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Novel Aspects of the Reaction of 3‐(Benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐imino‐coumarins with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Gorobets N. Yu. , Abakumov V. V. , Borisov A. V. , Nikitchenko V. M.
Published: November 2004

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Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Baylis—Hillman Acetate Adducts with Bis(pinacolato)diboron: An Efficient Route to Functionalized Allyl Borates.
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Venkataiah Bollu , Dong Gang
Published: November 2004

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A Convenient Synthesis of (S)‐O‐Benzyl‐N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐β‐tyrosine.
Authors: Andruszkiewicz R. , Treder A.
Published: November 2004

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New Ruthenium‐Based Protocol for Cleavage of Terminal Olefins to Primary Alcohols: Improved Synthesis of a Bicyclic Nucleoside.
Authors: Sharma Pawan K. , Nielsen Poul
Published: November 2004

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Three Novel Cantharidin‐Related Compounds from the Chinese Blister Beetle, Mylabris phalerata Pall.
Authors: Nakatani Takafumi , Konishi Tomoyuki , Miyahara Kazumoto , Noda Naoki
Published: November 2004

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One‐Step Synthesis of Shelled PbS Nanoparticles in a Layered Double Hydroxide Matrix.
Authors: Lukashin Alexey V. , Eliseev Andrei A. , Zhuravleva Natalya G. , Vertegel Alexey A. , Tretyakov Yuri D. , Lebedev Oleg I. , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: November 2004

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Hydrothermally Stable and Catalytically Active Ordered Mesoporous Materials Assembled from Preformed Zeolite Nanoclusters
Authors: Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: November 2004

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Cyclization Reactions of Dianions in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Langer Peter , Freiberg Walter
Published: November 2004

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Small Peptides as Ligands for Catalytic Asymmetric Alkylations of Olefins. Rational Design of Catalysts or of Searches that Lead to Them?
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H. , Hird Alexander W. , Kacprzynski Monica A.
Published: November 2004

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Catalytic Hydrogen‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling of Enones and Carbonyl Compounds: Aldol Condensation by Hydrogenation
Authors: Jang Hye‐Young , Krische Michael J.
Published: November 2004

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Microbial Arene Oxidations
Authors: Johnson Roy A.
Published: November 2004

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed ROM, RCM and CM of Enynes
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: November 2004

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Supramolecular Systems: Self‐Assembly
Authors: Yeh R. M. , Davis A. V. , Raymond K. N.
Published: November 2004

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Organization of hypocretin/orexin efferents to locus coeruleus and basal forebrain arousal‐related structures
Authors: España Rodrigo A. , Reis Kate M. , Valentino Rita J. , Berridge Craig W.
Published: November 2004

Hypocretin/orexin neurons give rise to an extensive projection system, portions of which innervate multiple regions associated with the regulation of behavioral state. These regions include the locus coeruleus, medial septal area, medial preoptic area, and substantia innominata. Evidence indicates that hypocretin modulates behavioral state via actions within each of these terminal fields. To understand better the circuitry underlying hypocretin‐dependent modulation of behavioral state, the present study characterized the degree to which there exists: 1) lateralization of hypocretin efferents to basal forebrain and brainstem arousal‐related regions, 2) topographic organization of basal forebrain‐ and brainstem‐projecting hypocretin neurons, and 3) collateralization of individual hypocretin neurons to these arousal‐related terminal fields. These studies utilized combined immunohistochemical identification of hypocretin neurons with single or double retrograde tracing from the locus coeruleus, medial preoptic area, medial septal area, and substantia innominata. Results indicate that approximately 80% of hypocretin efferents to basal forebrain regions project ipsilaterally, whereas projections to the locus coeruleus are more bilateral (65%). There was a slight preference for basal forebrain‐projecting hypocretin neurons to be distributed within the medial half of the hypocretin cell group. In contrast, hypocretin neurons projecting to the locus coeruleus were located primarily within the dorsal half of the hypocretin cell group. Finally, a large proportion of hypocretin neurons appear to project simultaneously to at least two of the examined terminal fields. These latter observations suggest coordinated actions of hypocretin across multiple arousal‐related regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:160–178, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary conservation of the egr‐1 immediate‐early gene response in a teleost
Authors: Burmeister Sabrina S. , Fernald Russell D.
Published: November 2004

Immediate‐early gene expression is a key part of a neuron's response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and, as a result, localization of immediate‐early gene expression can be a useful marker for neural activity. We characterized the immediate‐early gene egr‐1 (also called zif268, NGFI‐A, krox‐24, ZENK) in the teleost Astatotilapia (Haplochromis) burtoni. We compared the A. burtoni egr‐1 predicted protein sequence to that of other vertebrates, characterized its gene expression time course, and localized its induced expression throughout the brain. The A. burtoni egr‐1 predicted protein shared putative functional domains with egr‐1 of other vertebrates and shared 81% sequence similarity with zebrafish and 66% with mouse. We identified distinct mammalian and teleost inserts rich in serine residues within one activation domain, suggesting convergent responses to selection pressures to increase the number of serine residues in this region. Functionally, we found that A. burtoni egr‐1 gene expression peaked near 30 minutes after pharmacological stimulation and thereby displayed the transient expression above basal levels characteristic of egr‐1 expression in birds and mammals. Finally, we observed distinct patterns of egr‐1 gene induction in the brain by natural and pharmacological stimuli. Unstimulated males had very low expression levels of egr‐1, whereas males stimulated by their normal environment showed higher levels of expression specific to particular brain regions. Males injected with a glutamate receptor agonist also had region‐specific induction of egr‐1 expression. We conclude that the egr‐1 immediate‐early gene response is evolutionarily conserved and will, therefore, be useful for identifying functional neural responses in nontraditional model species. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:220–232, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotype of cerebellar glutamatergic neurons is altered in stargazer mutant mice lacking brain‐derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression
Authors: Richardson Christine A. , Leitch Beulah
Published: November 2004

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) influences neuronal survival, differentiation, and maturation. More recently, its role in synapse formation and plasticity has also emerged. In the cerebellum of the spontaneous recessive mutant mouse stargazer (stg) there is a specific and pronounced deficit in BDNF mRNA expression. BDNF protein levels in the cerebellum as a whole are reduced by 70%, while in the granule cells (GCs) there is a selective and near total reduction in BDNF mRNA expression. Recently, we published data demonstrating that inhibitory neurons in the cerebella of stgs have significantly reduced levels (∼50%) of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and fewer, smaller inhibitory synapses compared to wildtype (WT) controls. Our current investigations indicate that the stargazer mutation has an even more pronounced effect on the phenotype of glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellum. There is a profound decrease in the levels of glutamate‐immunoreactivity (up to 77%) in stg compared to WT controls. The distribution profile of presynaptic vesicles is also markedly different: stgs have proportionally fewer docked vesicles and fewer vesicles located adjacent to the active zone ready to dock than WTs. Furthermore, the thickness of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at mossy fiber‐granule cell (MF‐GC) and parallel fiber‐Purkinje cell (PF‐PC) synapses is severely reduced (up to 33% less than WT controls). The number and length of excitatory synapses, however, appear to be relatively unchanged. It is possible that at least some of theses changes in phenotype are directly attributable to the lack of BDNF in the cerebellum of the stg mutant. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:145–159, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the nature and concentration of substrates in aqueous solutions on the solubility of aroma compounds
Authors: Covarrubias‐Cervantes Marco , Bongard Sébastien , Champion Dominique , Voilley Andrée
Published: November 2004

The solubility of nine aroma compounds (acetone, 2‐butanone, 2‐hexanone, 2‐octanone, ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, n‐hexanal, and n‐hexanol) in both water and various aqueous solutions was measured at 25 °C using the mutual solubility method. The aqueous solutions consisted of sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol 200, or maltodextrins at different concentrations. Aroma solubility in water decreased with increased hydrophobicity. For aroma molecules which have the same number of carbon atoms in their structure, aqueous solubility decreased as follows: aldehyde > methyl ketone > alcohol > ethyl ester. When using a group contribution method, the estimated solubility of ethyl esters and methyl ketones in water was, respectively, underestimated and overestimated. Compared to water, the solubility of the volatile molecules in aqueous solutions was higher in the aqueous polyols solutions than in the carbohydrate solutions, although solubility decreased as substrate concentration increased. Aqueous solutions properties, such as water activity, also inﬂuenced aroma compound solubility. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.