bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compromised NMDA/Glutamate Receptor Expression in Dopaminergic Neurons Impairs Instrumental Learning, But Not Pavlovian Goal Tracking or Sign Tracking
Authors: James Alex S. , Pennington Zachary T. , Tran Phu , Jentsch James David
Published: May 2015

Two theories regarding the role for dopamine neurons in learning include the concepts that their activity serves as a (1) mechanism that confers incentive salience onto rewards and associated cues and/or (2) contingency teaching signal reflecting reward prediction error. While both theories are provocative, the causal role for dopamine cell activity in either mechanism remains controversial. In this study mice that either fully or partially lacked NMDARs in dopamine neurons exclusively, as well as appropriate controls, were evaluated for reward-related learning; this experimental design allowed for a test of the premise that NMDA/glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated mechanisms in dopamine neurons, including NMDA-dependent regulation of phasic discharge activity of these cells, modulate either the instrumental learning processes or the likelihood of pavlovian cues to become highly motivating incentive stimuli that directly attract behavior. Loss of NMDARs in dopamine neurons did not significantly affect baseline dopamine utilization in the striatum, novelty evoked locomotor behavior, or consumption of a freely available, palatable food solution. On the other hand, animals lacking NMDARs in dopamine cells exhibited a selective reduction in reinforced lever responses that emerged over the course of instrumental learning. Loss of receptor expression did not, however, influence the likelihood of an animal acquiring a pavlovian conditional response associated with attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues (sign tracking). These data support the view that reductions in NMDAR signaling in dopamine neurons affect instrumental reward-related learning but do not lend support to hypotheses that suggest that the behavioral significance of this signaling includes incentive salience attribution.
Stress-timed = word-based? Testing a hypothesis in prosodic typology
Authors: Schiering René , Bickel Balthasar , Hildebrandt Kristine A.
Published: May 2015

In recent research on cross-linguistic differences in linguistic rhythm, it has been hypothesized that the traditional dichotomy ‘stress-timed’ versus ‘syllable-timed’ might be recast with respect to which level of the Prosodic Hierarchy constitutes the most prominent domain for the organization of prosodic structure. In this paper, we test the prediction that ‘stress-timed’ languages are characterized by a dominance of the prosodic word against a typological sample of 58 languages. Although there is a slight cross-linguistic tendency in favor of the prediction, there is no statistical support for the proposed correlation. Since counterexamples include not only individual languages but also entire language families, we advocate a different view on prosodic word domain structure. The prosodic word profile of a given language is more reliably predicted by the family membership of that language than by universal correlations concerning its rhythm class membership. We substantiate this claim by a survey of Mon-Khmer’s family signature on prosodic word domain structure in Mon, where sound patterns target either the monosyllabic stem or the maximally inflected disyllabic word.
Typology of rhythm reconsidered: an SLA perspective
Authors: Ploquin Marie
Published: May 2015

This paper offers an analysis of various typologies of speech rhythm with a Second Language Acquisition (SLA) perspective. The notion of isochrony and the enduring stress- and syllable-time theory are shown to be perception-, rather than production-, related. Duration-centered statistical approaches are found to measure phonotactics rather than establish a functional typology. It is further argued that no existing rhythmic typology can be recognized as efficiently organizing data to enable grouping and comparison of languages, a highly coveted tool in SLA. The outline of an SLA relevant classification, taking into account phonological elements and phonetic processes, is sketched.
Sorbian numerals: A typological approach
Authors: Comrie Bernard
Published: May 2015

The Sorbian languages basically use a decimal (base 10) numeral system with multiplication and addition, although there are also traces of subtraction and, perhaps, division. Ordinal numerals are suppletive for ‘first’ and ‘second’ only. The order of elements under addition is basically descending, except that the units precede the tens. Numerals have both adjectival and nominal properties, with adjectival properties characterizing lower numerals, nominal properties higher numerals – the details are complex. Loanwords are found for higher rather than lower numerals. The data provide interesting confirmation of several proposed universals of numeral systems.
“Plan or Be Planned For”
Authors: Grossi Patrick
Published: May 2015

There are over 40,000 vacant lots and/or abandoned buildings in the City of Philadelphia. On May 31, 2014, Temple Contemporary held a funeral for one such building on the occasion of its demolition, the culmination of a yearlong public art/public history initiative made possible by The Pew Center for Arts & Heritage. Though this “funeral for a home” was funded primarily as an arts project, Temple Contemporary hired a public historian to serve as its project manager, and the resulting work provided a model for collaborative programming across multiple geographies and disciplines, and invites practitioners to think seriously about the racial dynamics and efforts toward engagement present in their work.
Playing House/Museum
Authors: Stone Lisa
Published: May 2015

What happens when a historic house museum is owned and operated by an art school, much of the work is done by students, and it is used as a stage for contemporary practices and experimentation? The Roger Brown Study Collection, an instructional resource of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), has operated as an “artists’ museum” for the SAIC community and the public since 1997. Our project has been to rewrite the rules of playing house/museum, to allow the histories of a nineteenth-century building and a twentieth-century artist to perform fully in the twenty-first century.
Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae, Phyllostomus hastatus and Pygoderma bilabiatum: first occurrence in the Brazilian coastal shrubland ecosystem
Authors: Oprea Monik , Mendes Poliana , Vieira Thiago B. , Pimenta Vinícius T. , Brito Daniel , Ditchfield Albert D.
Published: May 2015

None
Amphibia, Anura, Leiuperidae, Pleurodema thaul: latitudinal and altitudinal distribution extension in Chile
Authors: Correa Q. Claudio L. , Sallaberry A. Michel , González Benito A. , Soto Eduardo R. , Méndez T. Marco A.
Published: May 2015

None.
Reliability and Degradation Mechanisms in High Power Broad-Area InGaAs-AlGaAs Strained Quantum Well Lasers
Authors: Sin Yongkun , Presser Nathan , LaLumondiere Stephen , Brodie Miles , Lingley Zachary , Ives Neil , Foran Brendan , Lotshaw William , Moss Steven C.
Published: May 2015

Reliability and degradation processes in broad-area InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well (QW) lasers are under intensive investigation because these lasers are the key components for fiber lasers and amplifiers that have found both industrial and military applications in recent years. Unlike single-mode lasers that were developed for high reliability telecom applications, broad-area lasers were mainly targeted for applications that require less stringent reliability of the lasers until recently. Especially, the lack of field reliability data is a concern for satellite communication systems where high reliability is required of lasers for long-term duration. For our present study, we addressed this concern by performing long-term life-tests of broad-area InGaAs-AlGaAs strained QW lasers and also by studying mechanisms that are responsible for catastrophic degradation of the lasers.
VO2(B)/Graphene Forest for High-Rate Li-Ion Battery
Authors: Ren Guofeng , Fan Zhaoyang
Published: May 2015

2D nanomaterials, when assembled into an ordered macrostructure, will present many great opportunities, including for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). We report densely-packed vertically-aligned VO2(B) nanobelts (NBs)-based forest structure synthesized on edge-oriented graphene (EOG) network. Using a EOG/Ni foam as a 3D scaffold, aligned VO2(B) NBs can be further synthesized into a folded 3D forest structure to construct a freestanding electrode for LIBs. Electrochemical studies found that such a freestanding VO2(B)/EOG electrode, which combines the unique merits of 2D VO2(B) NBs and 2D graphene sheets, has excellent charge-discharge rate performance. A discharge capacity of 178 mAh g-1 at a rate of 59 C and 100 mAh g-1 at 300 C was measured. A good charge-discharge cycling stability under a high current density was also demonstrated. The results indicate VO2(B)/EOG forest based freestanding electrode is very promising for developing high-rate LIBs.
Isaac on Jewish and Christian Altars: Polemic and Exegesis in Rashi and the Glossa Ordinaria, by Devorah Schoenfeld
Authors: Jeffrey David Lyle
Published: May 2015

Isaac on Jewish and Christian Altars: Polemic and Exegesis in Rashi and the Glossa Ordinaria, by Devorah Schoenfeld. Fordham University Press, 2012. 240pp. Hb., $55.00. ISBN-13: 9780823243495.
Valores organizacionales y responsabilidad social en las universidades públicas binacionales
Authors: Inés Kammerer David Martha , Murgas Téllez Benjamín , Najera Polo Federico
Published: May 2015

El estudio tuvo como propósito formular lineamientos estratégicos que permitieran la optimización de los valores organizacionales y responsabilidad social puesta de manifiesto en las universidades públicas binacionales. Con una investigación descriptiva propositiva y un diseño no experimental, transaccional. La población estuvo conformada por cuatro autoridades y 80 estudiantes de las Universidades La Guajira, en Colombia y del Zulia, en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Fueron utilizados dos cuestionarios, con cinco alternativas de respuestas. Como resultado se generan lineamientos estratégicos para asumir los valores organizacionales teniendo como horizonte la responsabilidad social. Concluyéndose que para lograr un mayor posicionamiento, confianza y credibilidad, ante sus diferentes grupos de interés, las universidades deben poner en práctica los lineamientos formulados.
Estados Unidos: ¿un aliado por el cambio democrático? Las relaciones España- EE.UU. durante el Franquismo
Authors: Sodo Rocco
Published: May 2015

El término de la guerra civil en España había confirmado la dictadura como forma de Gobierno. A partir de este momento el país vivió una larga temporada de aislamiento internacional, causa sobre todo de la política de cierre actuada por Franco.Sin embargo, España mantuvo una serie de relaciones con otros países, sobre todo con EE.UU. Unos lazos que, a la muerte del dictador en 1975, se desvelaron de fundamental importancia en la óptica de legitimar el proceso democrático que se realizó durante la que se ha dado a llamar Transición a la democracia.Este artículo muestra los primeros resultados de nuestro estudio, recopilando las etapas de mayor importancia en las relaciones entre los dos países, con un enfoque particular a la Transición, periodo durante el cual EE.UU. se desveló cómo el ‘amigo’, testigo de los cambios que maduraron en seno a la sociedad española.
La comprensión temprana de representaciones pictóricas. Una lectura desde la obra de Ángel Rivière
Authors: Mareovich Florencia
Published: May 2015

El desarrollo de la comprensión de representaciones pictóricas es un largo camino que los niños transitan durante sus primeros años de vida. En este recorrido, los niños adquieren nuevas habilidades acompañados por sus figuras de crianza. Ángel Rivière resalta la importancia de la experiencia social para el desarrollo cognitivo infantil, sin dejar de lado el sustento biológico que lo hace posible. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo articular conceptos introducidos por Ángel Rivière con hallazgos de investigaciones recientes y elaboraciones teóricas en torno al desarrollo de la comprensión de imágenes. Con este fin, en este artículo se analiza la desarrollo de las funciones mentales y el concepto de suspensión semiótica desarrollados por el autor.
Obstáculos de la mujer en el acceso a cargos de dirección y liderazgo: incidencia de los planteles educativos
Authors: Moncayo Orjuela Bibiana Carolina , Villalba Gómez Carlos Eduardo
Published: May 2015

El presente artículo explora la cuestión de los constructos de género promovidos en las instituciones educativas y la incidencia de estas sobre el desarrollo de estilos de liderazgo en el ejercicio profesional de sus egresadas. Con este fin, se hizo una pesquisa en bibliografía especializada, así como se indagó sobre los procesos enseñanza-aprendizaje impartidos por instituciones educativas, en su relación con la formación en liderazgo y el papel en la transmisión de patrones de género. Los resultados de la revisión indican una incidencia significativa de parte de las instituciones de educación formal referente a los estereotipos de género, que conducen a que los actores que intervienen en las organizaciones, tanto hombres como mujeres, consientan y asimilen unas diferenciaciones asimétricas de género.
El poder blando en la globalización: algunos aspectos de la comunicación en el sistema internacional
Authors: Palomo Garrido Aleksandro
Published: May 2015

Se abordan algunos aspectos esenciales sobre las comunicaciones que afectan el funcionamiento del sistema internacional en la globalización. Se analizan las fuentes de donde emana el ejercicio del “poder blando” en el ámbito global. Entre dichas fuentes se encontrarían el surgimiento de una cultura global y el control de los flujos de comunicación y la información por parte de los actores más importantes del sistema internacional. Por tanto, se indaga en las causas del auge de las comunicaciones y sus consecuencias más importantes para el funcionamiento del sistema internacional
Neopunitivismo y control social. Reflexiones sobre la represión selectiva de la política populista
Authors: Traverssa Ramiro
Published: May 2015

Análisis crítico de las reformas penales inflacionarias planteadas por el discurso neopunitivista de la política con fines electoralistas, masificado irresponsablemente por los medios de comunicación y que pretende utilizar al derecho penal como un arma política de control social en todas las relaciones y conflictos humanos, flexibilizando los principios fundamentales de fragmentariedad, subsidiariedad y ultima ratio. Además, en una interesante contraposición con la realidad represiva descrita, se plantean dos novedosas excepciones: medidas alternativas a la pena de prisión del anteproyecto del nuevo Código Penal argentino, y una decisión judicial de declarar inconstitucional el mínimo legal previsto para un delito por la insignificancia en la afectación al bien jurídico tutelado.
Monitoring and evaluating astronomy outreach programmes: Challenges and solutions
Authors: Chapman Sarah , Catala Laure , Mauduit Jean-Christophe , Govender Kevin , Louw-Potgieter Joha
Published: May 2015

A number of tools exist to guide the monitoring and evaluation of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and outreach programmes. Fewer tools exist for evaluating astronomy outreach programmes. In this paper we try to overcome this limitation by presenting a monitoring and evaluation framework developed for the International Astronomical Union’s Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD). The mandate of the OAD is to stimulate sustainable development at an international level and to expand astronomy education and outreach globally. The broad assumptions of this programme are that astronomy has the potential to contribute to human development by means of the transferable nature of its science discoveries, as well as its potential to activate feelings of wonderment, inspiration and awareness of the universe. As a result, the programme potentially embodies a far broader mix of outcomes than conventionally considered in STEM evaluation approaches. Towards this aim, we operationalise our monitoring and evaluation approach by first outlining programme theories for three key OAD programmes: a programme for universities and research, another one for schools, and one for public outreach. We then identify outcomes, indicators and measures for each one of these programmes. We conclude with suggestions for evaluating the global impact of astronomy for development.
Spatial soil information in South Africa: Situational analysis, limitations and challenges
Authors: Paterson Garry , Turner Dave , Wiese Liesl , Van Zijl George , Clarke Cathy , Van Tol Johan
Published: May 2015

Soil information is vital for a range of purposes; however, soils vary greatly over short distances, making accurate soil data difficult to obtain. Soil surveys were first carried out in the 1920s, and the first national soil map was produced in 1940. Several regional studies were done in the 1960s, with the national Land Type Survey completed in 2002. Subsequently, the transfer of soil data to digital format has allowed a wide range of interpretations, but many data are still not freely available as they are held by a number of different bodies. The need for soil data is rapidly expanding to a range of fields, including health, food security, hydrological modelling and climate change. Fortunately, advances have been made in fields such as digital soil mapping, which enables the soil surveyors to address the need. The South African Soil Science fraternity will have to adapt to the changing environment in order to comply with the growing demands for data. At a recent Soil Information Workshop, soil scientists from government, academia and industry met to concentrate efforts in meeting the current and future soil data needs. The priorities identified included: interdisciplinary collaboration; expansion of the current national soil database with advanced data acquisition, manipulation, interpretation and countrywide dissemination facilities; and policy and human capital development in newly emerging soil science and environmental fields. It is hoped that soil information can play a critical role in the establishment of a national Natural Agricultural Information System.
Peculiaridades de la pequeña empresa familiar ante la responsabilidad social empresarial: un análisis exploratorio en la Comunidad de Madrid=Peculiarities of the small family firm on business social responsibility: an exploratory analysis in the Madrid
Authors: López-Cózar Navarro Cristina
Published: May 2015

Las empresas familiares presentan ciertas peculiaridades que pueden considerarse puntos fuertes en la implantación de políticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), como tener una sólida cultura empresarial, basada en unos valores compartidos, una orientación a largo plazo y una especial relación con la comunidad local. No obstante, hay otros aspectos que pueden resultar debilidades, como la escasa descentralización en la toma de decisiones o el nepotismo. Pese a que existen numerosos trabajos en la literatura académica sobre RSE, son muy escasos los estudios que analizan el caso concreto de la pequeña empresa familiar. Dada la importancia de este tipo de empresas en la mayoría de las economías, se pretende contribuir a cubrir esta laguna; por tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar aquellos aspectos propios de las pequeñas empresas familiares de primera generación que pueden dificultar o favorecer la adopción de un comportamiento socialmente responsable.

Family businesses have certain peculiarities that can be considered strengths in their attitude towards Business Social Responsibility (BSR), like having a solid business culture with shared values, a long-term orientation and a special feeling towards the local community. Nonetheless, there are other aspects that can be considered as weaknesses, including nepotism or centralized decision making. Despite the large body of academic literature on BSR, there are not many studies that are only focused on the particular case of small family businesses. Given the importance of family businesses in most economies, this paper will contribute to fill this gap in the literature. The aim of this study is to determine the specific aspects of the small first-generation family business that may hinder or facilitate the adoption of responsible behavior.
Evolución de la eficiencia técnica de la ganadería española en el marco de la Política Agraria Común (PAC) (1993-2005) = Evolution of the technical efficiency of Spanish livestock farming under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (1993 to 2005)
Authors: Hidalgo González Cristina , Rodríguez Fernández María Pilar
Published: May 2015

Este artículo tiene como objetivo medir la eficiencia técnica de las Orientaciones Técnico Económicas ganaderas a partir de la información de la Red Contable Agraria Nacional para el período 1993-2005 y realizar un análisis comparativo entre las ramas ganaderas en función de sus niveles de eficiencia. El marco metodológico para medir la eficiencia será la función frontera estocástica propuesta por Battese y Coelli (1992), y la forma funcional elegida para su estimación es una Cobb-Douglas, la base de datos está constituida por un panel de 6 variables, 13 años y 11 orientaciones ganaderas. Los resultados de las estimaciones, indican que a lo largo del periodo los niveles de Eficiencia han disminuido y, del conjunto de orientaciones, son las ramas Bovinas las que presentan menores índices y tasas de variación mientras que las granívoras son las que obtienen los mejores resultados debido a su proceso de integración productiva.

The aim of this paper was to measure the technical efficiency of various sub-sectors of livestock farming in Spain on the basis of information released by the Spanish National Agricultural Accounting Network for the period 1993 to 2005, in order to perform a comparative analysis of these various sub-sectors and to attempt to determine the factors which affected their efficiency. The methodological framework for measuring the efficiency was the stochastic frontier function suggested by Battese and Coelli (1992) and the form chosen for it estimation was a Cobb-Douglas production function. The data base was composed with six variables, thirteen different accounting years and eleven types of livestock farming. The results of estimation indicate that, over the period considered, the efficiency levels decreased. The bovine sub-sector had the worst levels and growth rates, whilst the grain-fed sub-sector had the best results, probably because it is the most integrated.
Teorías económicas de los mercaderes ingleses de la Restauración: destrucción, reconstrucción y análisis de su legado textual = English Restoration merchants' economic theories: deconstructing, reconstructing and analyzing their textual legacy
Authors: Lanero Fernández Juan
Published: May 2015

En el pensamiento económico, lo mismo que sucede en los logros científicos, nadie es un ser aislado e independiente. De ahí que la inmensa mayoría de los autores se inspiren en las obras de sus antecesores para la creación de las suyas. Los descubrimientos de una generación exponen la experiencia y el conocimiento de la precedente. En este estudio nos centramos en el legado textual de Sir Josiah Child.

Child fue una figura destacada de su tiempo: hombre acaudalado, gobernador de la East India Company, testigo de excepción de las políticas gubernamentales y una figura controvertida de la escena política de finales del siglo XVII inglés. Podemos considerarlo un economista práctico. Con sus escritos podemos conocer muchos aspectos del escenario político que los produjo. Comparándolo con otros autores contemporáneos podemos conocer los factores que condujeron, con frecuencia de manera compleja, a la formulación de una ciencia económica.
Este artículo presenta nuestro análisis de la carrera y de los textos de Child con el fin de poder identificar las fuentes de las teorías childeanas. Su Brief Observations Concerning Trade, and Interest of Money se convirtió en un clásico temprano de la literatura económica. Nuestro objeto es trocear este texto. Con mucha frecuencia, la destrucción es el prólogo necesario de la reconstrucción, objetivo último y principal de la deconstrucción del texto de este mercader-economista.

In economic thought, no less than in scientific achievement, no man is an isolated being, and most writers lean heavily on their predecessors' writings in producing "new" works. The discoveries of one generation compound the experience and knowledge of those who have gone before. In the present study we are focusing on Sir Josiah Child's legacy.Child was a leading figure of his time: a wealthy man, governor of the East India Company, expert witness in the formulation of governmental policies, and a controversial figure in the political scene of the late seventeenth century in England. He can be considered as a "practical economist". From his writings we can learn much about the economic scene which produced them. By contrasting him with some others of his contemporaries we can learn something about the factors which led, in such complex ways, to the formulation of an economic science.
This paper consists of our analysis of Child’s writings and career trying to trace the sources of Child’s "theories". His Brief Observations Concerning Trade, and Interest of Money became an early classic of economic literature. Our target is putting this text into parts. Most of the times, destruction is a necessary prologue to reconstruction. The latter is our main purpose deconstructing Child's text.
Individuos centrales como protagonistas del proceso de innovación: un estudio con blogs españoles relacionados con alimentación = Central individuals as leading actors in the innovation process: a case study with Spanish food-related weblogs
Authors: Sahelices Pinto César
Published: May 2015

En el momento actual, el sector agroalimentario español atraviesa una de sus etapas más inciertas. Mientras el consumo extradoméstico se desploma, el doméstico se ralentiza por la búsqueda de fórmulas más racionales que resulten en un menor gasto. Las exportaciones, la válvula de escape, crecen a ritmos nunca antes vistos abriéndose paso en escenarios internacionales especialmente regulados. Como consecuencia de este entorno, el esfuerzo dirigido hacia la innovación se convierte en ineludible para las compañías del sector. Ante este hecho, el mismo consumidor se perfila como un recurso muy importante para la obtención de información acerca de nuevas ideas y necesidades no satisfechas que, gracias a Internet y a la Web 2.0, se encuentra ahora más que nunca al alcance de la empresa. Este trabajo de investigación aborda el estudio de una de estas redes sociales online, basado en el examen del comportamiento innovador de los individuos que las forman y en la identificación de aquéllos que socialmente destacan sobre los demás. El documento finaliza con una reflexión y justificación globales e indica además ciertos aspectos de utilidad para el mundo empresarial y sendas líneas de investigación futura.

The Spanish food sector experiences at the present an especially uncertain conjunction. Whereas the extra-domestic consumption collapses, the domestic consumption slows down. Moreover, consumers look for more rational options at lower costs. In contrast, exports grow at really high rates in particularly regulated international scenarios. As a result of this scene, innovation efforts are unavoidable for food companies. In view of this, the very consumer, who is now easily reachable on the Internet and Web 2.0, represents a valuable resource for obtaining information about new ideas and uncovered needs. This research paper, working with one of these online social networks, presents an examination of the innovative behavior of individuals who conform them and identifies those who are more socially prominent when compared to the rest. Finally, the study concludes indicating aspects of general concern as well as some brief pieces of advice for practitioners and possible future lines of research
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: A Review on Class-I Specific Inhibition
Authors: Behera Jagannath , Jayaprakash Venkatesan , Sinha Barij Nayan
Published: May 2015

Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) is an established and validated target for the treatment of cancer. It has been attempted to present a comprehensive review on the inhibitors for Class-I Histone Deacetylase enzyme family, reported during the period from 2002 to 2012. This review has summarized the inhibitors, based on their specificity towards different isoforms within this class. Further various recent United State (US) patents and the HDAC inhibitors, used singly or in combination undergoing clinical trial as anticancer agents have been reviewed. Three such inhibitors SAHA, Romidepsin and Belinostat have already been approved by the US-FDA for the treatment of cancer.
An Analysis of Background Factors Influencing Selection of Residency Facility for Dental Students in Universities Located in Rural Areas in Japan
Authors: H Kono , H Sasahara , S Furukawa , N Taguchi
Published: May 2015

Background:In Japan, since 2006, participation in a 1-year residency programme by all dentists who have passed the National Board Dental Examination has been mandatory. Therefore, a ‘matching system’ has become necessary for dental students in their final year to decide their desired residency facility, but the rate of matching in dental schools located in rural areas is still low.Aim :The principal aim of this study was to elucidate the background factors influencing the selection of residency facilities by dental students in rural areas to facilitate the training of dentists working in local communities.Methods :Using the matching results from 554 final-year students of Kagoshima University Faculty of Dentistry from 2005 to 2013, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed on the background factors of the subjects.Results :Concerning the selection of the residency facility, it was verified that there were strong background factors for subjects to select residency facilities in their hometown, but compared with subjects from other regions, those from Kinki and Kanto regions did not select residency facilities in their hometown. Compared with males, a significantly higher number of females selected residency facilities in their hometown. A significantly higher number of subjects who repeated a school year selected the residency facility of their alma mater.Conclusion :In dental schools of national universities located in provinces, the establishment of a quota system for students from the region, where possible, is one of the most effective steps for securing future dental trainees.
Brouwer Invariance of Domain Theorem
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: May 2015

In this article we focus on a special case of the Brouwer invariance of domain theorem. Let us A, B be a subsets of εn, and f : A → B be a homeomorphic. We prove that, if A is closed then f transform the boundary of A to the boundary of B; and if B is closed then f transform the interior of A to the interior of B. These two cases are sufficient to prove the topological invariance of dimension, which is used to prove basic properties of the n-dimensional manifolds, and also to prove basic properties of the boundary and the interior of manifolds, e.g. the boundary of an n-dimension manifold with boundary is an (n − 1)-dimension manifold. This article is based on [18]; [21] and [20] can also serve as reference books.
Double Series and Sums
Authors: Endou Noboru
Published: May 2015

In this paper the author constructs several properties for double series and its convergence. The notions of convergence of double sequence have already been introduced in our previous paper [18]. In section 1 we introduce double series and their convergence. Then we show the relationship between Pringsheim-type convergence and iterated convergence. In section 2 we study double series having non-negative terms. As a result, we have equality of three type sums of non-negative double sequence. In section 3 we show that if a non-negative sequence is summable, then the sequence of rearrangement of terms is summable and it has the same sums. In the last section two basic relations between double sequences and matrices are introduced.
Topological Interpretation of Rough Sets
Authors: Grabowski Adam
Published: May 2015

Rough sets, developed by Pawlak, are an important model of incomplete or partially known information. In this article, which is essentially a continuation of [11], we characterize rough sets in terms of topological closure and interior, as the approximations have the properties of the Kuratowski operators. We decided to merge topological spaces with tolerance approximation spaces. As a testbed for our developed approach, we restated the results of Isomichi [13] (formalized in Mizar in [14]) and about fourteen sets of Kuratowski [17] (encoded with the help of Mizar adjectives and clusters’ registrations in [1]) in terms of rough approximations. The upper bounds which were 14 and 7 in the original paper of Kuratowski, in our case are six and three, respectively.

It turns out that within the classification given by Isomichi, 1st class subsets are precisely crisp sets, 2nd class subsets are proper rough sets, and there are no 3rd class subsets in topological spaces generated by approximations. Also the important results about these spaces is that they are extremally disconnected [15], hence lattices of their domains are Boolean.

Furthermore, we develop the theory of abstract spaces equipped with maps possessing characteristic properties of rough approximations which enables us to freely use the notions from the theory of rough sets and topological spaces formalized in the Mizar Mathematical Library [10].
A New Ethical Challenge for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)/Ethics Committees (ECs) in the Assessment of Pediatric Clinical Trials
Authors: Rose Klaus , Kummer Hans
Published: May 2015

Both the US and EU have introduced pediatric pharmaceutical legislation to facilitate clinical trials in children and development of better medicines for children. The first concerns were published in 2014 that the European Medicines Agency (EMA)’s Pediatric Committee (PDCO) may be over-enthusiastic and has compelled questionable pediatric clinical trials from pharmaceutical companies. Numerous clinical trials are mandated in rare conditions for which not enough patients exist for even one trial. Furthermore, where these trials are mandated in adolescent patients, the legal age limit of the 18th birthday is confused with a medical age limit and can result in separate clinical trials in adolescent patients that neither make medical nor scientific sense nor will ever recruit enough patients for a meaningful outcome. To confirm our concerns we searched the registry clinicaltrials.gov and found examples for PDCO-triggered unethical trials. We conclude that such trials should not be accepted by institutional review boards (IRBs)/ethics committees (ECs) and that clinical trials resulting from negotiations with EMA’s PDCO need extra careful scrutiny by IRBs/ECs in order to prevent unethical studies and damage to pediatric research and unnecessary risks to pediatric patients.
Improved Performance of Electrical Transmission Tower Structure Using Connected Foundation in Soft Ground
Authors: Kyung Doohyun , Choi Youngho , Jeong Sangseom , Lee Junhwan
Published: May 2015

A connected foundation is an effective foundation type that can improve the structural performance of electrical transmission towers in soft ground as a resilient energy supply system with improved stability. In the present study, the performance of a connected foundation for transmission towers was investigated, focusing on the effect of connection beam properties and soil conditions. For this purpose, a finite element analysis was performed for various foundation and soil conditions. In order to validate the finite element analysis, the calculated results were compared with measured results obtained from field load tests. The use of connection beams was more effective for uplift foundations that usually control the design of transmission tower foundations. For the effect of soil condition, the use of connected foundation is more effective in soft clays with lower undrained shear strength (su). Smaller amounts of differential settlement were observed in all soil conditions for both unconnected and connected foundations when a bearing rock layer was present. When the foundation was not reinforced by connection beams, the values of lateral load capacity of tower structure (Hu) were similar for both with- and without-rock layers. It was confirmed that introducing haunch-shaped connection beams is effective for increasing connection beam stability.
Synergistic and Antagonistic Action of Phytochrome (Phy) A and PhyB during Seedling De-Etiolation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Su Liang , Hou Pei , Song Meifang , Zheng Xu , Guo Lin , Xiao Yang , Yan Lei , Li Wanchen , Yang Jianping
Published: May 2015

It has been reported that Arabidopsis phytochrome (phy) A and phyB are crucial photoreceptors that display synergistic and antagonistic action during seedling de-etiolation in multiple light signaling pathways. However, the functional relationship between phyA and phyB is not fully understood under different kinds of light and in response to different intensities of such light. In this work, we compared hypocotyl elongation of the phyA-211 phyB-9 double mutant with the wild type, the phyA-211 and phyB-9 single mutants under different intensities of far-red (FR), red (R), blue (B) and white (W) light. We confirmed that phyA and phyB synergistically promote seedling de-etiolation in B-, B plus R-, W- and high R-light conditions. The correlation of endogenous ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) protein levels with the trend of hypocotyl elongation of all lines indicate that both phyA and phyB promote seedling photomorphogenesis in a synergistic manner in high-irradiance white light. Gene expression analyses of RBCS members and HY5 suggest that phyB and phyA act antagonistically on seedling development under FR light.
Chelation-Assisted Substrate-Controlled Asymmetric Lithiation-Allylboration of Chiral Carbamate 1,2,4-Butanetriol Acetonide
Authors: Mahmood Adeem , Alkhathlan Hamad , Parvez Saima , Khan Merajuddin , Shahzad Sohail
Published: May 2015

The lithiation of 2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl diisopropylcarbamate (1) is achieved freely by sec-butyllithium in diethylether with high lk-diastereoselectivity: the bicyclic chelate complexes 3a and 3b are reacted with electrophiles to form optically active precursors 4a and 4b with >95% diastereoselectivity. In addition, tertiary diamines can undergo an external complexation in contest with the internal oxygen ligand, leading to improved stereoselectivities. The further reactions of lithiated carbamates with trans alkenyl-9-BBN derivatives after 1,2 metallate rearrangements, gave the key intermediate α-substituted allylic boranes 7. Subsequent allylboration of aldehydes gave (Z)-anti-homoallylic alcohols 8 in good yield and excellent d.r.
Reactivity of Aryl Halides for Reductive Dehalogenation in (Sea)water Using Polymer-Supported Terpyridine Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Suzuka Toshimasa , Sueyoshi Hiromu , Maehara Shohei , Ogasawara Hiroaki
Published: May 2015

A polymer-supported terpyridine palladium complex was prepared. The complex was found to promote hydrodechlorination of aryl chlorides with potassium formate in seawater. Generally, reductive cleavage of aryl chlorides using transition metal catalysts is more difficult than that of aryl bromides and iodides (reactivity: I > Br > Cl); however, the results obtained did not follow the general trend. Therefore, we investigated the reaction inhibition agents and found a method to remove these inhibitors. The polymeric catalysts showed high catalytic activity and high reusability for transfer reduction in seawater.
Development of a High Resolution BRDF/Albedo Product by Fusing Airborne CASI Reflectance with MODIS Daily Reflectance in the Oasis Area of the Heihe River Basin, China
Authors: You Dongqin , Wen Jianguang , Xiao Qing , Liu Qiang , Liu Qinhuo , Tang Yong , Dou Baocheng , Peng Jingjing
Published: May 2015

A land-cover-based linear BRDF (bi-directional reflectance distribution function) unmixing (LLBU) algorithm based on the kernel-driven model is proposed to combine the compact airborne spectrographic imager (CASI) reflectance with the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily reflectance product to derive the BRDF/albedo of the two sensors simultaneously in the foci experimental area (FEA) of the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER), which was carried out in the Heihe River basin, China. For each land cover type, an archetypal BRDF, which characterizes the shape of its anisotropic reflectance, is extracted by linearly unmixing from the MODIS reflectance with the assistance of a high-resolution classification map. The isotropic coefficients accounting for the differences within a class are derived from the CASI reflectance. The BRDF is finally determined by the archetypal BRDF and the corresponding isotropic coefficients. Direct comparisons of the cropland archetypal BRDF and CASI albedo with in situ measurements show good agreement. An indirect validation which compares retrieved BRDF/albedo with that of the MCD43A1 standard product issued by NASA and aggregated CASI albedo also suggests reasonable reliability. LLBU has potential to retrieve the high spatial resolution BRDF/albedo product for airborne and spaceborne sensors which have inadequate angular samplings. In addition, it can shorten the timescale for coarse spatial resolution product like MODIS.
Peculiarities of the Third Natural Frequency Vibrations of a Cantilever for the Improvement of Energy Harvesting
Authors: Ostasevicius Vytautas , Janusas Giedrius , Milasauskaite Ieva , Zilys Mindaugas , Kizauskiene Laura
Published: May 2015

This paper focuses on several aspects extending the dynamical efficiency of a cantilever beam vibrating in the third mode. A few ways of producing this mode stimulation, namely vibro-impact or forced excitation, as well as its application for energy harvesting devices are proposed. The paper presents numerical and experimental analyses of novel structural dynamics effects along with an optimal configuration of the cantilever beam. The peculiarities of a cantilever beam vibrating in the third mode are related to the significant increase of the level of deformations capable of extracting significant additional amounts of energy compared to the conventional harvester vibrating in the first mode. Two types of a piezoelectric vibrating energy harvester (PVEH) prototype are analysed in this paper: the first one without electrode segmentation, while the second is segmented using electrode segmentation at the strain nodes of the third vibration mode to achieve effective operation at the third resonant frequency. The results of this research revealed that the voltage generated by any segment of the segmented PVEH prototype excited at the third resonant frequency demonstrated a 3.4–4.8-fold increase in comparison with the non-segmented prototype. Simultaneously, the efficiency of the energy harvester prototype also increased at lower resonant frequencies from 16% to 90%. The insights presented in the paper may serve for the development and fabrication of advanced piezoelectric energy harvesters which would be able to generate a considerably increased amount of electrical energy independently of the frequency of kinematical excitation.
The Water Footprint of Agriculture in Duero River Basin
Authors: De Miguel Ángel , Kallache Malaak , García-Calvo Eloy
Published: May 2015

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the green, blue and grey water footprint (WF) of crops in the Duero river basin. For this purpose CWUModel was developed. CWUModel is able to estimate the green and blue water consumed by crops and the water needed to assimilate the nitrogen leaching resulting from fertilizer application. The total WF of crops in the Spanish Duero river basin was simulated as 9473 Mm3/year (59% green, 20% blue and 21% grey). Cultivation of crops in rain-fed lands is responsible for 5548 Mm3/year of the WF (86% green and 14% grey), whereas the irrigated WF accounts for 3924 Mm3/year (20% green, 47% blue and 33% grey). Barley is the crop with the highest WF, with almost 37% of the total WF for the crops simulated for the basin, followed by wheat (17%). Although maize makes up 16% of the total WF of the basin, the blue and grey components comprise the 36% of the total blue and grey WF in the basin. The relevance of green water goes beyond the rain-fed production, to the extent that in long-cycle irrigated cereals it accounts for over 40% of the total water consumed. Nonetheless, blue water is a key component in agriculture, both for production and economically. The sustainability assessment shows that the current blue water consumption of crops causes a significant or severe water stress level in 2–5 months of the year. The anticipated expansion of irrigation in the coming years could hamper water management, despite the Duero being a relatively humid basin.
Vulnerability Analysis of Urban Rail Transit Networks: A Case Study of Shanghai, China
Authors: Sun Daniel , Zhao Yuhan , Lu Qing-Chang
Published: May 2015

Rail transit is developing rapidly in major cities of China and has become a key component of urban transport. Nevertheless, the security and reliability in operation are significant issues that cannot be neglected. In this paper, the network and station vulnerabilities of the urban rail transit system were analyzed based on complex network and graph theories. A vulnerability evaluation model was proposed by accounting metro interchange and passenger flow and further validated by a case study of Shanghai Metro with full-scale network and real-world traffic data. It is identified that the urban rail transit network is rather robust to random attacks, but is vulnerable to the largest degree node-based attacks and the highest betweenness node-based attacks. Metro stations with a large node degree are more important in maintaining the network size, while stations with a high node betweenness are critical to network efficiency and origin-destination (OD) connectivity. The most crucial stations in maintaining network serviceability do not necessarily have the highest passenger throughput or the largest structural connectivity. A comprehensive evaluation model as proposed is therefore essential to assess station vulnerability, so that attention can be placed on appropriate nodes within the metro system. The findings of this research are of both theoretical and practical significance for urban rail transit network design and performance evaluation.
Attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity effects in graphene-based waveguides
Authors: Lima Almir Wirth , Mota João Cesar Moura , Sombra Antonio Sergio Bezerra
Published: May 2015

We simulated and analyzed in detail the behavior of ultrashort optical pulses, which are typically used in telecommunications, propagating through graphene-based nanoribbon waveguides. In this work, we showed the changes that occur in the Gaussian and hyperbolic secant input pulses due to the attenuation, high-order dispersive effects and nonlinear effects. We concluded that it is possible to control the shape of the output pulses with the value of the input signal power and the chemical potential of the graphene nanoribbon. We believe that the obtained results will be highly relevant since they can be applied to other nanophotonic devices, for example, filters, modulators, antennas, switches and other devices.