bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timing in drug absorption and disposition: The past, present, and future of chronopharmacokinetics
Authors: Bicker Joana , Alves Gilberto , Falcão Amílcar , Fortuna Ana
Published: February 2020

The importance of drug dosing time in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity is receiving increasing attention from the scientific community. In spite of mounting evidence that circadian oscillations affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), there remain many unanswered questions in this field and, occasionally, conflicting experimental results. Such data arise not only from translational difficulties caused by interspecies differences but also from variability in study design and a lack of understanding of how the circadian clock affects physiological factors that strongly influence ADME, namely, the expression and activity of drug transporters. Hence, the main goal of this review is to provide an updated analysis of the role of the circadian rhythm in drug absorption, distribution across blood–tissue barriers, metabolism in hepatic and extra‐hepatic tissues, and hepatobiliary and renal excretion. It is expected that the research suggestions proposed here will contribute to a tissue‐targeted and time‐targeted pharmacotherapy.
Expression of long noncoding RNAs in cancer‐associated fibroblasts linked to patient survival in ovarian cancer
Authors: Colvin Emily K. , Howell Viive M. , Mok Samuel C. , Samimi Goli , Vafaee Fatemeh
Published: February 2020

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment and are responsible for producing the desmoplastic reaction that is a poor prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in cancer. However, very little is known about the role of lncRNAs in the tumor microenvironment. We aimed to identify lncRNAs expressed in ovarian CAFs that were associated with patient survival and used computational approaches to predict their function. Increased expression of 9 lncRNAs and decreased expression of 1 lncRNA in ovarian CAFs were found to be associated with poorer overall survival. A “guilt‐by‐association” approach was used to predict the function of these lncRNAs. In particular, MIR155HG was predicted to play a role in immune response. Further investigation revealed high MIR155HG expression to be associated with higher infiltrates of immune cell subsets. In conclusion, these data indicate expression on several lncRNAs in CAFs are associated with patient survival and are likely to play an important role in regulating CAF function.
Youth access clinics in Gippsland: Barriers and enablers to service accessibility in rural settings
Authors: Dolan Erin , Allott Kelly , Proposch Amanda , Hamilton Matthew , Killackey Eóin
Published: February 2020

Aim

Approximately 15 years ago, four youth access clinics (YACs) were established in the Gippsland region to improve mental and general healthcare for young people living in the region. The aim of the study was to examine the barriers and enablers for young people accessing the YACs in Gippsland.

Methods

Using qualitative methodology, nine female YAC staff members and seven youth YAC consumers were interviewed. Thematic analysis was utilized to identify important and consistent themes in the data derived through the consultation process.

Results

Barriers under four themes were identified: environmental (eg, limited transport); service (ie, limited opening hours); client (eg, parent permission) and staff (ie, retention of staff). Enablers were identified as environmental (ie, high social proximity), service (eg, funding), client (ie, awareness of service) and staff (eg, champion staff).

Conclusion

The success of new rural service models will likely depend on learning from what has already worked in some of the many small communities in this region. Beyond learning, further success and uptake of new service offerings will be enhanced through understanding community needs, obtaining community support and enhancing high social proximity.
Evolutionary temperature compensation of carbon fixation in marine phytoplankton
Authors: Barton Samuel , Jenkins James , Buckling Angus , Schaum C.-Elisa , Smirnoff Nicholas , Raven John A. , Yvon‐Durocher Gabriel
Published: February 2020

The efficiency of carbon sequestration by the biological pump could decline in the coming decades because respiration tends to increase more with temperature than photosynthesis. Despite these differences in the short‐term temperature sensitivities of photosynthesis and respiration, it remains unknown whether the long‐term impacts of global warming on metabolic rates of phytoplankton can be modulated by evolutionary adaptation. We found that respiration was consistently more temperature dependent than photosynthesis across 18 diverse marine phytoplankton, resulting in universal declines in the rate of carbon fixation with short‐term increases in temperature. Long‐term experimental evolution under high temperature reversed the short‐term stimulation of metabolic rates, resulting in increased rates of carbon fixation. Our findings suggest that thermal adaptation may therefore have an ameliorating impact on the efficiency of phytoplankton as primary mediators of the biological carbon pump.
Rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke in patients with cancer: a subgroup analysis of the NAVIGATE ESUS randomized trial
Authors: Martinez‐Majander N. , Ntaios G. , Liu Y. Y. , Ylikotila P. , Joensuu H. , Saarinen J. , Perera K. S. , Marti‐Fabregas J. , Chamorro A. , Rudilosso S. , Prats‐Sanchez L. , Berkowitz S. D. , Mundl H. , Themeles E. , Tiainen M. , Demchuk A. , Kasner S. E. , Hart R. G , Tatlisumak T. ,   the NAVIGATE ESUS investigators
Published: February 2020

Background and purpose

Cancer is a frequent finding in ischaemic stroke patients. The frequency of cancer amongst participants in the NAVIGATE ESUS randomized trial and the distribution of outcome events during treatment with aspirin and rivaroxaban were investigated.

Methods

Trial participation required a recent embolic stroke of undetermined source. Patients’ history of cancer was recorded at the time of study entry. During a mean follow‐up of 11 months, the effects of aspirin and rivaroxaban treatment on recurrent ischaemic stroke, major bleeding and all‐cause mortality were compared between patients with cancer and patients without cancer.

Results

Amongst 7213 randomized patients, 543 (7.5%) had cancer. Of all patients, 3609 were randomized to rivaroxaban [254 (7.0%) with cancer] and 3604 patients to aspirin [289 (8.0%) with cancer]. The annual rate of recurrent ischaemic stroke was 4.5% in non‐cancer patients in the rivaroxaban arm and 4.6% in the aspirin arm [hazard ratio (HR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–1.24]. In cancer patients, the rate of recurrent ischaemic stroke was 7.7% in the rivaroxaban arm and 5.4% in the aspirin arm (HR 1.43, 95% CI 0.71–2.87). Amongst cancer patients, the annual rate of major bleeds was non‐significantly higher for rivaroxaban than aspirin (2.9% vs. 1.1%; HR 2.57, 95% CI 0.67–9.96; P for interaction 0.95). All‐cause mortality was similar in both groups.

Conclusions

Our exploratory analyses show that patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source and a history of cancer had similar rates of recurrent ischaemic strokes and all‐cause mortality during aspirin and rivaroxaban treatments and that aspirin appeared safer than rivaroxaban in cancer patients regarding major bleeds. www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02313909).
Clinical spectrum of BICD2 mutations
Authors: Frasquet M. , Camacho A. , Vílchez R. , Argente‐Escrig H. , Millet E. , Vázquez‐Costa J. F. , Silla R. , Sánchez‐Monteagudo A. , Vílchez J. J. , Espinós C. , Lupo V. , Sevilla T.
Published: February 2020

Background and purpose

Mutations in the BICD2 gene cause autosomal dominant lower extremity‐predominant spinal muscular atrophy 2A (SMALED2A), a condition that is associated with a specific pattern of thigh and calf muscle involvement when studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients may present minor clinical sensory impairment, but objective sensory involvement has yet to be demonstrated.

Methods

We collected clinical data from 11 patients from five different families carrying mutations in BICD2. Genetic diagnosis was achieved using gene panel testing and skin biopsies were taken from two patients to study the epidermal nerve fiber density.

Results

In the studied patients, three new pathogenic mutations were detected as well as the already defined pathogenic p.Ser107Leu mutation. The most frequent clinical picture was characterized by lower‐limb weakness in combination with foot deformities. One patient manifested clinical and electrophysiological sensory impairment, and the epidermal nerve fiber density study of another patient revealed the existence of a small‐fiber neuropathy. Muscle MRI showed a common pattern of fat deposition including selective involvement of gluteus medius and minimus at the pelvic level, the anterior compartment of the thigh and the posterior compartment of the calf, with only mild or no involvement of the intrinsic foot muscles.

Conclusions

We report three new pathogenic mutations in the BICD2 gene. Muscle MRI confirms the existence of a selective pattern of thigh and leg muscle involvement in SMALED2A, providing additional information regarding pelvic and foot muscles. Moreover, our results raise the possibility of sensory involvement in the disease.
Traits and depth: What do hydroids tell us about morphology and life‐history strategies in the deep sea?
Authors: Fernandez Marina Oliveira , Collins Allen G. , Gittenberger Arjan , Roy Kaustuv , Marques Antonio Carlos
Published: February 2020

Aim

Traits affect the survival and reproduction of individuals in different habitat conditions, ultimately altering their distributions. In the oceans, changes in environmental conditions with bathymetry may influence the occurrence of specific traits. Therefore, characterizing trait variation with depth can illuminate drivers related to the distribution of diversity of forms, functions, and life histories. We aimed to investigate patterns of variation in the diversified life histories and morphologies of hydroids with depth, integrating these patterns with the natural history of the group and ecological principles of the deep sea.

Location

Atlantic Ocean and adjacent polar seas, from 50 to 5,330 m deep.

Time period

Present day.

Major taxa studied

Hydrozoa.

Methods

Analyses were based on 14 traits collected for a total of 4,668 specimens of hydroids, belonging to 438 species. Records were divided into 12 depth strata for comparisons. We evaluated: how each trait varies with depth; whether variation in some traits is affected by the presence of other traits; how traits covary; and similarities in trait compositions among depth strata.

Results

Traits of hydroids vary with depth, with more pronounced differences for regions deeper than 1,000 m. Hydroids are generally smaller, infertile, solitary, meroplanktonic, and devoid of protective structures with increasing depth. The relationship, however, is not always linear. Also, some covariation and correlation between traits was evident. For example, depth may affect size differently according to the presence of specific traits such as structures protecting against predation. The lower proportion of fertile specimens recorded in the deep sea suggests that chances for genetic recombination are reduced in deep‐sea populations, ultimately leading to a slower rate of evolution.

Main conclusions

We identified novel trends in hydroid trait variation with depth by combining observations on morphology, ecology, and life history, clarifying selection pressures on hydroids in the deep sea.
The copulatory apparatus of the marine gastropod Haminella solitaria (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea) and its phylogenetic relevance
Authors: Lobo‐da‐Cunha Alexandre , Alves Ângela , Oliveira Elsa , Wranik Wolfgang , Malaquias Manuel António E.
Published: February 2020

The hermaphroditic marine snail species Haminella solitaria was formerly included in the genus Haminoea, but it was recently assigned to the genus Haminella. The copulatory apparatus in H. solitaria was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy to obtain additional information about this apparatus in cephalaspidean gastropods and to evaluate the taxonomic relevance of its morphofunctional features in the framework of a new phylogenetic tree of the family Haminoeidae. The copulatory apparatus in H. solitaria consisted of the atrium with a muscular wall and papilla, a seminal duct, and a single‐lobed prostate. Epithelial and subepithelial secretory cells were detected in the proximal and middle region of the atrium wall, and a third type of secretory cell occurred in the distal region of the muscular papilla. The seminal duct was lined by ciliated cells and its muscular wall included some vacuolar cells. The prostate in H. solitaria consisted of lateral pouches surrounding a large central lumen that was filled with spermatozoa. A single type of secretory cell intermingled with ciliated cells formed the epithelium of the prostate. A histological comparison between the copulatory apparatus in H. solitaria and Haminoea navicula revealed substantial differences that support the placement of these two species in different genera, as established by recent molecular studies.
Dysfunction of Tregs contributes to FGR pathogenesis via regulating Smads signalling pathway
Authors: Xu Yunzhao , Su Min , Wang Ziheng , Liu Qinqin , Xu Xiangyu , Gu Shuting , Pan Weidong , Ge Wenliang
Published: February 2020

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is ranked number two of most common complication of abnormal pregnancy worldwide. The pathogenesis of FGR is complicated due to multiple aetiologies and the exact mechanism for FGR development is currently unknown. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are proven to play central roles in the maintenance of normal pregnancy. Peripheral blood samples of 102 pregnant human were collected analysed using flow cytometry to identify Tregs. We found that reduced Tregs and down‐regulation of Foxp3 were observed in peripheral blood of FGR patients. In FGR mouse model, we have found that Tregs were not only reduced in spleen but also in placenta. In vitro, Foxp3 and its transcription regulatory signalling molecules, including P‐Smad2, P‐Smad3 and Smad4, were diminished as well. Inhibition on Foxp3 expression was partially reversed by overexpression of Smad2 and Smad4. In FGR patients, Western blot results revealed that Foxp3, P‐Smad2, P‐Smad3 and Smad4 expression was inhibited in placenta. Our preliminary result suggests that maternal‐foetal immune tolerance mediated by Tregs plays an essential role in the development of FGR. The inhibited expression of Foxp3 and down‐regulated Smad2/Smad3/Smad4 signalling pathway were involved in the FGR pathogenesis. Targeting maternal‐foetal immune tolerance through Tregs might represent a novel therapeutic option for FGR.
In vitro compatibility of Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC 74040 with copper fungicides
Authors: Celar Franci A. , Kos Katarina
Published: February 2020

Copper fungicides and mycoinsecticides based on entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria spp. are the most common pesticides used in organic crop production systems. The in vitro effects of the copper fungicides copper oxide, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, dicopper chloride trihydroxide and tribasic copper sulphate were investigated for mycelial growth, sporulation and conidial germination of the ATCC 74040 commercial strain of Beauveria bassiana. Mycelial growth was evaluated on potato dextrose agar plates with 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 0% of the recommended application rates of each fungicide at 15 and 25°C. Sporulation and conidial germination were determined at the recommended field doses of each fungicide at 25°C. All copper fungicides had fungistatic or fungicidal effects on B. bassiana that varied according to the dose. Only in two cases, copper oxide at 15°C and copper hydroxide at 25°C, at the lowest concentration of 6.5%, was mycelial growth not statistically significantly inhibited. Inhibition of mycelial growth depended both on the fungicide and its concentration, and partly on temperature. Both sporulation and conidial germination of B. bassiana were significantly inhibited by all fungicides. All fungicides inhibited the sporulation in a similar way (99.8%–100%). With the exception of copper oxychloride (inhibition, 13.6%), the other fungicides showed high detrimental effects on conidial germination (inhibition, 91.7%–100%). The fungus was strongly affected by some fungicides even at the lowest doses. The biological index used for the B. bassiana with copper fungicides ranged from 0.6 (copper sulphate) to 18.1 (copper oxychloride). Therefore, the tested fungicides were classified into the upper half of the highly toxic (T) category and are considered incompatible with the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana strain ATCC 74040 under in vivo experimental conditions. These results need to be further verified in vitro under both greenhouse and open‐field conditions.
Body condition scoring (BCS) in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and comparison to pre‐existing body condition index (BCI) for snakes
Authors: Gimmel Angela , Öfner Sabine , Liesegang Annette
Published: February 2020

In the veterinary profession, the body condition score (BCS) plays an important role in the assessment of patients. It is a subjective, tactile method of evaluating body fat and muscle mass and is used in numerous species. Recognizing obesity (or the contrary, emaciation) is important for veterinarians treating reptiles and could be facilitated by a BCS. An existing form of body condition assessment already used is the body condition index (BCI), where the residuals from a regression of body mass on body length are calculated. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide practitioners with a BCS system for corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and to test it against the BCI. A total of 22 corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), stationed at the “Auffangstation für Reptilien” in Munich (reptile rescue centre, RRC), were subject of this study. Each had the following measurements taken: body weight (BW), snout–tail tip length (STL), snout–vent length (SVL) and circumference in the middle (C). Manual palpation of spine, area between vertebral spinous and transverse process, ribs and neck of each snake was performed by three veterinarians and assigned to specific scores by each examiner. A BCS (mean of examiners’ scores) was given to each snake according to manual palpation. The BCS system was chosen to be out of 5 in 0.5‐point steps with 2.5 considered as ideal BCS. In the studied snakes, the BCS ranged from 1.5 to 3.5, with a median of 2.5. The median BW was 309 g (75–967 g), the median STL was 123 cm (79–153 cm), the median SVL was 104 cm (73–133 cm) and the median C was 7.5 cm (4.3–11 cm). BCS and BCI were positively correlated. A BCS includes a manual palpation of the animal and thus gives the examiner additional information to the objectively measured/calculated index.
Refining the Supported Decision Making Inventory
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Rifenbark Graham G. , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Dean Evan E. , Killeen Mary B. , Karsevar Judith
Published: February 2020

This paper reports the steps taken to refine the pilot version of the supported decision making inventory (SDMI), a new tool designed to support planning teams implementing supported decision making with people with disabilities. Data were collected on the pilot version of the SDMI with 152 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their supporters and systematic analyses were undertaken to identify the best subset of items on the pilot version of the SDMI. Analyses were also undertaken to examine the impact of contextual factors on scores on the refined tool. The reduced set of items (n = 29) adequately represented the three theoretical domains assessed on the scale: (1) personal factors, (2) environmental demands, and (3) the supports needed to engage in decision‐making. With the reduced set of items, age, gender, and having multiple disability labels did not influence scores. Those that had a legal guardian scored lower in experiences with decision making but higher in supports needed for implementing a decision. Additionally, those that were in competitive, integrated employment identified having more experiences with decision‐making and scored lower on supports needed for making a decision. Implications for research, policy, and practice are described.
Interface of Internalized Homophobia and Community Connectedness on Frequency of Doctor's Visits for Rural and Urban MSM in Oklahoma
Authors: Currin Joseph M. , Giano Zachary , Hubach Randolph D.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Men who have sex with men (MSM) face persistent risk of stigma, with past studies showing unequal treatments of MSM in health care settings. Contextual factors, such as internalized homophobia and connectedness to one's community, have shown to serve as a barrier or facilitator (respectively) with regard to MSM's decisions to seek preventative treatment. These studies, however, predominately feature urban populations, with less consideration given to rural MSM. The current study comparatively investigates these contextual factors between rural and urban MSM to detect differences in the frequency of doctor's visits.

Methods

A 2‐by‐2 (rural/urban × doctor visit yes/no) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to investigate if significant differences and/or interactions existed for internalized homophobia and community connectedness.

Findings

Results show a significant interaction between rurality and doctor's visits in our sample of predominantly white, self‐identified gay men. Higher levels of internalized homophobia and lower levels of community connectedness were seen in rural individuals who had visited a doctor in the past 12 months and in urban individuals who had not seen a doctor in the past 12 months.

Conclusions

Study findings have implications for future public health research and for health promotion interventions, practices, and policies for MSM in rural areas. Social exclusion reinforces the invisibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations, particularly in rural areas. Stigma and marginalization of MSM promote structural barriers inhibiting care. Our results give evidentiary support for programs which inform the work of clinicians on mechanisms to create LGBT‐inclusive practice settings.
EpIG‐DB: A database of vascular epiphyte assemblages in the Neotropics
Authors: Mendieta‐Leiva Glenda , Ramos Flavio N. , Elias João P. C. , Zotz Gerhard , Acuña‐Tarazona Margoth , Alvim Francine Seehaber , Barbosa Daniel E. F. , Basílio Geicilaine A. , Batke Sven P. , Benavides Ana María , Blum Christopher T. , Boelter Carlos R. , Brancalion Pedro H. S. , Carmona María Judith , Carvalho Luciana P. , de la Rosa‐Manzano Edilia , Einzmann Helena J. R. , Fernández Manuel , Furtado Samyra G. , de Gasper André L. , Guzmán‐Jacob Valeria , Hietz Peter , Irume Mariana V. , Jiménez‐López Derio Antonio , Kessler Michael , Kreft Holger , Krömer Thorsten , Machado Giesta Maria O. , Martínez‐Meléndez Nayely , Martins Pedro Luiz S. S. , Mello Rodrigo de Macêdo , Mendes Alex F. , Menini Neto Luiz , Mortara Sara R. , Nardy Camila , Oliveira Rodolfo de Paula , A. Pereira Ana Clara , Pillaca Luis , Quaresma Adriano C. , Rodríguez Quiel Calixto , Soto Medina Edier , Taylor Amanda , Vega Michael S. , Wagner Katrin , Werneck Márcio S. , Werner Florian A. , Wolf Jan H. D. , Zartman Charles E. , Zuleta Daniel , Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja
Published: February 2020

Vascular epiphytes are a diverse and conspicuous component of biodiversity in tropical and subtropical forests. Yet, the patterns and drivers of epiphyte assemblages are poorly studied in comparison with soil‐rooted plants. Current knowledge about diversity patterns of epiphytes mainly stems from local studies or floristic inventories, but this information has not yet been integrated to allow a better understanding of large‐scale distribution patterns. EpIG‐DB, the first database on epiphyte assemblages at the continental scale, resulted from an exhaustive compilation of published and unpublished inventory data from the Neotropics. The current version of EpIG‐DB consists of 463,196 individual epiphytes from 3,005 species, which were collected from a total of 18,148 relevés (host trees and ‘understory’ plots). EpIG‐DB reports the occurrence of ‘true’ epiphytes, hemiepiphytes and nomadic vines, including information on their cover, abundance, frequency and biomass. Most records (97%) correspond to sampled host trees, 76% of them aggregated in forest plots. The data is stored in a TURBOVEG database using the most up‐to‐date checklist of vascular epiphytes. A total of 18 additional fields were created for the standardization of associated data commonly used in epiphyte ecology (e.g. by considering different sampling methods). EpIG‐DB currently covers six major biomes across the whole latitudinal range of epiphytes in the Neotropics but welcomes data globally. This novel database provides, for the first time, unique biodiversity data on epiphytes for the Neotropics and unified guidelines for future collection of epiphyte data. EpIG‐DB will allow exploration of new ways to study the community ecology and biogeography of vascular epiphytes.
2019_nCoV/SARS-CoV-2: rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses
Authors: Wassenaar T.M. , Zou Y.
Published: February 2020

The current outbreak of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus, 2019_nCoV (now named SARS-CoV-2), illustrated difficulties in identifying a novel coronavirus and its natural host, as the coding sequences of various Betacoronavirus species can be highly diverse. By means of whole-genome sequence comparisons, we demonstrate that the noncoding flanks of the viral genome can be used to correctly separate the recognized four betacoronavirus subspecies. The conservation would be sufficient to define target sequences that could, in theory, classify novel virus species into their subspecies. Only 253 upstream noncoding sequences of Sarbecovirus are sufficient to identify genetic similarities between species of this subgenus. Furthermore, it was investigated which bat species have commercial value in China, and would thus likely be handled for trading purposes. A number of coronavirus genomes have been published that were obtained from such bat species. These bats are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, and their handling poses a potential risk to cause zoonotic coronavirus epidemics.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The noncoding upstream and downstream flanks of coronavirus genomes allow for rapid classification of novel Betacoronavirus species and correct identification of genetic relationships. Although bats are the likely natural host of 2019_nCoV, the exact bat species that serves as the natural host of the virus remains as yet unknown. Chinese bat species with commercial value were identified as natural reservoirs of coronaviruses and are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Since their trading provides a potential risk for spreading zoonoses, a change in these practices is highly recommended.
Analogous wheat root rhizosphere microbial successions in field and greenhouse trials in the presence of biocontrol agents Paenibacillus peoriae SP9 and Streptomyces fulvissimus FU14
Authors: Araujo Ricardo , Dunlap Christopher , Franco Christopher M.M.
Published: February 2020

Two Pythium‐infested soils were used to compare the wheat root and rhizosphere soil microbial communities from plants grown in the field or in greenhouse trials and their stability in the presence of biocontrol agents. Bacteria showed the highest diversity at early stages of wheat growth in both field and greenhouse trials, while fungal diversity increased later on, at 12 weeks of the crop cycle. The microbial communities were stable in roots and rhizosphere samples across both soil types used in this study. Such stability was also observed irrespective of the cultivation system (field or greenhouse) or addition of biocontrol coatings to wheat seeds to control Pythium disease (in this study soil infected with Pythium sp. clade F was tested). In greenhouse plant roots, Archaeorhizomyces, Debaryomyces, Delftia, and unclassified Pseudeurotiaceae were significantly reduced when compared to plant roots obtained from the field trials. Some operational taxonomic units (OTUs) represented genetic determinants clearly transmitted vertically by seed endophytes (specific OTUs were found in plant roots) and the plant microbiota was enriched over time by OTUs from the rhizosphere soil. This study provided key information regarding the microbial communities associated with wheat roots and rhizosphere soils at different stages of plant growth and the role that Paenibacillus and Streptomyces strains play as biocontrol agents in supporting plant growth in infested soils.
Intolerance of uncertainty and threat generalization: A replication and extension
Authors: Bauer Elizabeth A. , MacNamara Annmarie , Sandre Aislinn , Lonsdorf Tina B. , Weinberg Anna , Morriss Jayne , van Reekum Carien M.
Published: February 2020

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic risk factor for internalizing disorders. Prior work has found that IU may be associated with either increased reactivity to threat or, alternatively, with decreased differential responding between threat and nonthreat/safety cues (i.e., threat generalization). For example, work by Morriss, Macdonald, & van Reekum  (2016) found that higher IU was associated with increased threat generalization during acquisition (using skin conductance response (SCR)), as well as less differentiation between acquisition and extinction (using subjective uneasiness ratings). Here, three labs attempted direct and conceptual replications of Morriss, Macdonald, et al. (2016). Results showed that the direct replication failed, despite being conducted at the same lab site as the original study; moreover, in contrast to Morriss, Macdonald, et al. (2016), the direct replication found that higher IU was associated with greater SCR discrimination between threat and safety cues (across acquisition and extinction), as well as greater differences in uneasiness ratings between acquisition and extinction. Nonetheless, in the conceptual replications, higher IU was associated with greater threat generalization, as well as less discrimination between acquisition and extinction, as measured using SCR. Higher IU was also associated with larger late positive potentials to threat versus safety cues during extinction—results that mirror those observed by Morriss, Macdonald, et al. (2016) using SCR. Results are discussed with regards to the challenge involved in defining a successful replication attempt, the benefits of collaborative replication and the use and reliability of multiple measures.
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Post‐Earthquake Ignition Probabilities Considering Inter‐Earthquake Heterogeneity
Authors: Himoto Keisuke
Published: February 2020

Post‐earthquake fires are high‐consequence events with extensive damage potential. They are also low‐frequency events, so their nature remains underinvestigated. One difficulty in modeling post‐earthquake ignition probabilities is reducing the model uncertainty attributed to the scarce source data. The data scarcity problem has been resolved by pooling the data indiscriminately collected from multiple earthquakes. However, this approach neglects the inter‐earthquake heterogeneity in the regional and seasonal characteristics, which is indispensable for risk assessment of future post‐earthquake fires. Thus, the present study analyzes the post‐earthquake ignition probabilities of five major earthquakes in Japan from 1995 to 2016 (1995 Kobe, 2003 Tokachi‐oki, 2004 Niigata–Chuetsu, 2011 Tohoku, and 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes) by a hierarchical Bayesian approach. As the ignition causes of earthquakes share a certain commonality, common prior distributions were assigned to the parameters, and samples were drawn from the target posterior distribution of the parameters by a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The results of the hierarchical model were comparatively analyzed with those of pooled and independent models. Although the pooled and hierarchical models were both robust in comparison with the independent model, the pooled model underestimated the ignition probabilities of earthquakes with few data samples. Among the tested models, the hierarchical model was least affected by the source‐to‐source variability in the data. The heterogeneity of post‐earthquake ignitions with different regional and seasonal characteristics has long been desired in the modeling of post‐earthquake ignition probabilities but has not been properly considered in the existing approaches. The presented hierarchical Bayesian approach provides a systematic and rational framework to effectively cope with this problem, which consequently enhances the statistical reliability and stability of estimating post‐earthquake ignition probabilities.
Isoparametric B-Spline Elements for Immersed Boundary Explicit Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Menon Shashank , Kumar Ashok V.
Published: February 2020

Explicit dynamic analysis has proven to be advantageous when simulating shock and impact loading, and very small time-scale events. In this article, the feasibility of using a background mesh of B-spline elements for immersed boundary explicit dynamic simulation is studied. In this approach, the geometry is immersed in a background mesh consisting of uniform regular shaped elements to avoid mesh generation difficulties. The boundary conditions are applied using the step boundary method, which uses the equations of the boundaries to construct trial functions that satisfy the essential boundary conditions. An isoparametric formulation is presented for quadratic and cubic B-spline elements and their shape functions are derived from the classical recursive definition of B-splines. The effectiveness of mass diagonalization for B-spline elements is also explored. This approach is validated using several examples by comparing with modal superposition solutions as well as past work using traditional finite element analysis (FEA) and analytical solutions when available.
Image Morphology-Based Path Generation for High-Speed Pocketing
Authors: Xiang Bingfei , Li Yingguang , Xu Ke , Yang Mengyuan
Published: February 2020

Pocket milling has long been a popular means for machining pocket features in structural parts and skins in the aviation industry. Recent advanced milling technologies pose new challenges for pocket milling path which existing contour-parallel path generation schemes cannot overcome. For high-speed machining, pocket milling path is desired to be smooth and with no tool retractions during the process, while the path stepover should be kept within a prescribed range to achieve relatively constant cutting load. These geometric constraints are also vital in the application of aircraft skin mirror milling in order to guarantee a correct and consistent thickness signal reception for real-time adjustment of the process. Traditional path optimization based on local modification can only meet a few of these constraints while others are being violated. Therefore, we propose a novel contour-parallel path generation scheme that respects all these process constraints by utilizing the idea of image morphology. The two-step scheme first generates an initial path by propagating from the rectified medial curve of the pocket shape. The initial path is then treated as a binary image being iteratively deformed and projected back into the pocket region via quadratic optimization. Experimental results show that our developed scheme can generate a smooth, tool retraction free and stepover-guaranteed path for various shapes of pocket.
Panel measurement method for the determination of scattering coefficients and edge diffraction in an open water tank
Authors: Roux Laetitia , Pouille Monique , Audoly Christian , Hladky Anne-Christine
Published: February 2020

Material effective properties of composite media or their acoustic performance are often required to be experimentally determined or verified. For underwater applications, systems can be characterized in an open water tank in which a conventional measurement configuration consists of the panel, an acoustic source, and two hydrophones, one on either side of the panel. However, panel measurements may be greatly complicated by waves diffracted by the panel edges. The three-point method is a technique that decomposes total pressure into contributions of the incident, reflected, transmitted, and edge-diffracted pressures. These contributions are determined using measurements at three positions. Reflection and transmission coefficients can then be obtained by removing the contribution of the edge-diffracted waves. The three-point method is applied to an aluminum reference panel for which the experimental scattering coefficients are in very good agreement with those of an infinite panel. The validity limits of the method are also studied. Finally, a pressure mapping shows that the three-point method leads to an accurate determination of the reflection and transmission coefficients for different positions despite strong variations of the edge-diffracted pressure.
Sport Ecology: Conceptualizing an Emerging Subdiscipline Within Sport Management
Authors: McCullough Brian P. , Orr Madeleine , Kellison Timothy
Published: February 2020

The relationship between sport and the natural environment is bidirectional and critical to the production of sport products, events, and experiences. Researchers have studied sport and the natural environment within the various subdisciplines of sport management. However, given the changing climate and mounting public concern for the environment, there is pressure to reconsider the relevance and significance of the natural environment, which is taken for granted in managerial contexts. Reflecting the importance of the natural environment, the robustness of the current literature, and the potential for the future, we propose a new subdiscipline of sport management called sport ecology. Thus, we proposed, in this paper, a definition for sport ecology, (re)introduced key concepts related to this subdiscipline (e.g., sustainability, green), and highlighted the leading research that serves as the foundation for sport ecology. We concluded with a discussion on the ways sport ecology can inform—and be informed by—other subdisciplines of sport management.
Stakeholders’ Perspectives on the Effects of a PEP Grant on a District-Wide CSPAP
Authors: Abel-Berei Catherine P. , Goc Karp Grace , Fennell Marcis , Drake Elisa , Olsen Simon
Published: February 2020

A Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP) can help children be physically active for 60 min/day. Physical Education for Progress grants provided opportunities to improve physical education and physical activity programming. Purpose: This study explored stakeholders’ perspectives on the effects of a Physical Education for Progress grant on a district-wide CSPAP. Method: Stakeholders included physical educators (n = 10; K–12), administrators (n = 6), and one superintendent. Individual, semistructured interviews were used to examine how the grant affected stakeholders’ perspectives of the CSPAP. Results: The grant affected the CSPAP by providing (a) opportunities for professional development, (b) opportunities to establish a K–12 curriculum map, and (c) access to equipment and resources. Discussion: Framed in social ecological theory, intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and community levels were influenced by the grant. Interactions between levels enabled changes in all CSPAP components, especially quality PE. Conclusion: A Physical Education for Progress grant is a successful mechanism to enhance a district-wide CSPAP.
Eggshell geochemistry reveals ancestral metabolic thermoregulation in Dinosauria
Authors: Dawson Robin R. , Field Daniel J. , Hull Pincelli M. , Zelenitsky Darla K. , Therrien François , Affek Hagit P.
Published: February 2020

All major groups of Mesozoic dinosaurs exhibited metabolically mediated thermoregulation based on clumped isotopes in eggshells.
Translating preclinical models to humans
Authors: Brubaker Douglas K. , Lauffenburger Douglas A.
Published: February 2020

Computational models for cross-species translation could improve drug development
Sediment dynamics across gravel-sand transitions: Implications for river stability and floodplain recycling
Authors: Dingle Elizabeth H. , Sinclair Hugh D. , Venditti Jeremy G. , Attal Mikaël , Kinnaird Tim C. , Creed Maggie , Quick Laura , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Gautam Dilip
Published: February 2020

The gravel-sand transition (GST) is commonly observed along rivers. It is characterized by an abrupt reduction in median grain size, from gravel- to sand-size sediment, and by a shift in sand transport mode from wash load–dominated to suspended bed material load. We documented changes in channel stability, suspended sediment concentration, flux, and grain size across the GST of the Karnali River, Nepal. Upstream of the GST, gravel-bed channels are stable over hundred- to thousand-year time scales. Downstream, floodplain sediment is reworked by lateral bank erosion, particularly during monsoon discharges. Suspended sediment concentration, grain size, and flux reveal counterintuitive increases downstream of the GST. The results demonstrate a dramatic change in channel dynamics across the GST, from relatively fixed, steep gravel-bed rivers with infrequent avulsion to lower-gradient, relatively mobile sand-bed channels. The increase in sediment concentration and near-bed suspended grain size may be caused by enhanced channel mobility, which facilitates exchange between bed and bank material. These results bring new constraints on channel stability at mountain fronts and indicate that temporally and spatially limited sediment flux measurements downstream of GSTs are more indicative of flow stage and floodplain recycling than of continental-scale sediment flux and denudation rate estimates.
Tsunami and tephra deposits record interactions between past eruptive activity and landslides at Stromboli volcano, Italy
Authors: Pistolesi Marco , Bertagnini Antonella , Di Roberto Alessio , Ripepe Maurizio , Rosi Mauro
Published: February 2020

Devastation associated with tsunamis is well known on the global scale. Flank collapse at volcanic islands is among the mechanisms triggering tsunamis, but very few examples document interaction between landslides and volcanic activity. The study of three well-preserved medieval tsunami deposits recently discovered along the coast of Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) enabled a detailed characterization of the tsunami sequences intercalated with volcaniclastic deposits and primary tephra and allowed reconstruction of the likely sequence of volcanic events. In one case, a violent explosion possibly preceded the tsunami, whereas in the youngest event, the lateral collapse of the volcano flank triggered a tsunami wave that was rapidly followed by sustained explosive magmatic activity and ensuing prolonged ash venting. The hypothesized tsunami-triggering dynamics suggests a close link between volcanic activity and flank collapse, further confirming that the persistent activity at Stromboli makes the volcano particularly susceptible to tsunami generation.
Opportunistic penicilliosis infection causing intestinal obstruction in people living with HIV complicating antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Philip Sridhar Rajeevan , Coelho Victor Vijay , Roopavathana Beulah , Chase Suchita
Published: February 2020

We report a retroviral positive patient who presented to us with recurrent skin lesions along with intermittent, colicky periumbilical abdominal pain associated with non-projectile, postprandial vomiting. Contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of abdomen and pelvis was suggestive of proximal jejunal obstruction. Double balloon enteroscopy done which showed extensive deep ulceration with surrounding nodular surface and friable mucosa at 60 cm from pylorus with luminal narrowing. The biopsy from this region as well as the skin lesion on the forehead grewTalaromyces marneffei. She was initially treated with liposomal amphotericin B for 2 weeks following which she received itraconazole for 3 weeks for disseminated talaromycosis infection. She had already been started on antiretroviral therapy (ART) 1 year back however her cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts did not show any improvement. Proximal bowel obstruction leading to poor nutritional status compounded with ineffective ART therapy due to suboptimal absorption, dictated the staged management of her condition. Feeding jejunostomy was done with a plan to offer her resection and anastomosis of affected jejunal segment, should she require one, after optimising her nutritional and immunological status.
Case report of a 66-year-old woman with atypical takotsubo syndrome and concomitant coronary artery disease
Authors: Niederseer David , Ghadri Jelena Rima , Manka Robert , Templin Christian
Published: February 2020

Takotsubo syndrome is increasingly recognised worldwide. As both, takotsubo syndrome and acute myocardial infarction can present with similar findings, including chest pain, elevated troponin and creatine kinase, it is often difficult to differentiate these conditions. Here, we present a challenging case that illustrates (1) difficulties to diagnose takotsubo syndrome in the presence of a significant coronary artery stenosis; (2) how takotsubo syndrome could be misdiagnosed as acute coronary syndrome if diagnostic workup does not include echocardiography or left ventriculography; (3) the importance of cardiac MRI which can contribute to the diagnosis of takotsubo syndrome.
Resolution of grade IV hypertensive retinopathy in an adult with pheochromocytoma: post-tumor resection
Authors: Banerjee Aparajita , Nayak Bhagabat , Verma Gargi , Parija Sucheta
Published: February 2020

A 64-year-old hypertensive woman presented with complaints of a painless, progressive decrease in vision, headache, dizziness for the last month. She was a known case of diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy. On examination, best-corrected visual acuity was 6/12 in the right eye and 6/18 in the left eye. The fundus examination in both eyes revealed features of grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. Systemic examination revealed the raised blood pressure of 200/110 mm Hg. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made on the basis of increased urinary norepinephrine (892.8 mg/dL) and mass in the left adrenal gland (measuring 31×28 mm) at contrast-enhanced CT. Medical management to control hypertension was done and ultimately, she underwent left laparoscopic adrenalectomy. After 10 months of surgery, the patient was asymptomatic, blood pressure was within normal limit and her vision improved to 6/6 in both the eyes. The retinal features of hypertensive retinopathy had completely disappeared.
Primary pulmonary glomus tumour: a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Singh Vikram , Kumar Vikas , Singh Harkant , Kakkar Nandita
Published: February 2020

Glomus tumour is uncommon benign tumour, which derives from the glomus cells present around arteriovenous anastomosis. These tumours are found most commonly in the deep dermis of the extremities. Primary pulmonary glomus tumour is extremely rare and often misdiagnosed. Knowledge about the existence of glomus tumour in the lung, its classic histomorphology and judicious use of immunohistochemistry can help us in clinching the correct diagnosis.