bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Demyelinating Disease: Endogenous Factors Influencing Demyelinating Disease Caused by Mouse Hepatitis Virus in Rats and Mice
Authors: Sorensen O. , Dugre R. , Percy D. , Dales S.
Published: January 2020

Intracerebral inoculation of JHM virus (JHMV), the neuropathic strain of mouse hepatitis virus, into Wistar Furth, Wistar Lewis, and Fischer 344 rats at various ages indicated that Wistar Furth rats are more susceptible to the virus than are the other strains. Fischer 344 and Wistar Lewis rats were more resistant to inoculation at 2 and 5 days of age and completely resistant by 10 days of age. In contrast, Wistar Furth rats which were very susceptible at both 2 and 5 days of age remained susceptible until 21 days of age. Intracerebral challenge of an F1 cross between Wistar Furth and Wistar Lewis rats at 10 days of age indicated that resistance to JHMV infection is dominant. Cyclophosphamide treatment 28 days after intracerebral inoculation exacerbated an inapparent infection, leading to paralysis in eight of nine and death in six of nine Wistar Furth test rats. In such immunosuppressed animals, grey- and white-matter lesions were noted throughout the central nervous system, in contrast to the purely demyelinating lesions noted previously. Since rats, unlike mice, were not susceptible to disease after intracerebral injection with the serorelated viscerotropic strain MHV-3, we wished to extend our understanding of the neurological disease process elicited by the two viruses in rodents. For this reason, various mouse strains, including some with recognized immunodeficiencies, were challenged by different routes of inoculation. Intraperitoneal infection of nude and beige mice with JHMV indicated that lack of natural killer cell functions does not markedly enhance the susceptibility to virus, whereas T-cell activity appears to be essential for resisting infection. JHMV and MHV-3 replication in peritoneal macrophages from highly resistant A/J mice was reduced in comparison with that noted in macrophages from susceptible C57BL6/J mice. An initial intraperitoneal inoculation of JHMV was able to protect C57BL6/J mice against fatal intracerebral challenge within 3 days, whereas A/J mice remained susceptible beyond day 3. The protective effect did not appear to result from increased levels of circulating interferon, preceded elevation in serum JHMV-neutralizing antibody titers, and persisted for at least several weeks after intraperitoneal inoculation. Based on the combined studies described here and on previous work by us and others, it appears that the factors influencing the outcome of coronavirus disease in rodents are age at inoculation, route of challenge, genetic constitution of the virus and host, and competence of the immune system, particularly cellular immunity involving T-cells.
Protective effect of glucan against visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters
Authors: Cook J A , Holbrook T W , Dougherty W J
Published: January 2020

The effect of pre- or posttreatment with glucan, a reticuloendothelial stimulant, on the course of Leishmania donovani infection was assessed in highly susceptible hamsters. Intravenous administration of glucan before or after L. donovani infection significantly suppressed proliferation of amastigote-stage parasites in liver and spleen. Glucan-activated peritoneal macrophages in vitro also significantly reduced multiplication of the intracellular parasite. Ultrastructural studies revealed a well-defined hepatic granulomatous response to glucan, with hypertrophic Kupffer cells and reduced numbers of intracellular parasites compared to the control group. In additional studies, groups of hamsters were immunized by intravenous injections of glucan with Formalin-killed promastigote-stage L. donovani cells and challenged 60 days after the last immunizing injection. This treatment regimen significantly prolonged the mean survival time of those hamsters which died after infection, relative to untreated control groups. Hamsters stimulated with the glucan-killed promastigote preparation also exhibited significant reductions in splenic amastigotes on days 10 and 21 postinfection compared with all other control groups, but on day 35, splenic amastigotes did not differ significantly from those of control animals. Our composite observations provide evidence for glucan-enhanced nonspecific resistance of hamsters to visceral leishmaniasis.
Comparative role of complement in pneumococcal and staphylococcal pneumonia
Authors: Coonrod J D , Yoneda K
Published: January 2020

To evaluate the role of complement in pneumococcal and staphylococcal pneumonia, we decomplemented rats with cobra venom factor and inoculated them intratracheally with Staphylococcus aureus or type 25 pneumococci. S. aureus produced a patchy bronchopneumonia in normal Sprague-Dawley or Lewis rats, and decomplementation did not increase the severity of staphylococcal infection in either rat strain as judged by quantitative cultures of the lungs and blood at 6, 24, and 48 h after inoculation. In contrast, decomplementation markedly increased the severity of pneumonia caused by type 25 pneumococci in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats. In Sprague-Dawley rats, decomplementation significantly increased the number of bacteria in the lungs at 3, 6, and 24 h of infection. Bacteremia developed early in decomplemented Sprague-Dawley rats, but the higher pulmonary bacterial counts did not appear to be caused by bacteremic seeding of the lungs. Decomplemented Sprague-Dawley rats inoculated intravenously with pneumococci failed to develop the very high levels of bacteria in the lungs that were observed when the rats were inoculated intratracheally. Moreover, decomplemented Lewis rats inoculated intratracheally with pneumococci developed significantly increased numbers of pneumococci in the lungs early in infection (3 and 6 h) when they had no detectable bacteremia. These data indicate that in murine models complement plays a major protective role against type 25 pneumococci in the lung, whereas complement is not important to host defense in staphylococcal pneumonia.
Different pig phenotypes affect adherence of Escherichia coli to jejunal brush borders by K88ab, K88ac, or K88ad antigen
Authors: Bijlsma I G , de Nijs A , van der Meer C , Frik J F
Published: January 2020

At least five different porcine phenotypes were distinguished with the three serological variants of the K88 antigen in the brush border adhesion test. Pigs of one phenotype (A) are susceptible to adherence of all three variants, pigs of three phenotypes are susceptible to only two (B and C) or one (D) of the K88 variants, and pigs of one phenotype (E) are entirely resistant to adhesion of K88 antigen did not interfere with the adhesion of K88ab- or K88ac-positive Escherichia coli, whereas in most cases K88ab and K88ac antigen completely blocked the adhesion of K88ad-positive E. coli. Likewise, K88ab antigen blocked the adhesion of K88ac-producing E. coli to both type A and type B brush borders, and vice versa.
K antigen and serum sensitivity of rough Escherichia coli
Authors: Opal S , Cross A , Gemski P
Published: January 2020

We prepared bacterial hybrids which express both K1 and K27 antigens and examined the relative contributions of these capsules to serum resistance. Escherichia coli Hfr strain F639 (rough, K27+, serum sensitive) was conjugated with E. coli recipient strain E412 (rough, K1+, His- Trp- Strr, serum resistant). Transconjugants which inherited both the his and trp linked genes for K27 antigen synthesis were analyzed. These hybrids retained and expressed the K1 antigen since the K1 locus is nonallelic with K27 gene loci. Hybrid strains which express both K1 and K27 antigens exhibit serum resistance, but not at the level of the K1+ parental strain. An isogenic K1 derivative of a hybrid which expressed only K27 antigen was serum sensitive (greater than 99% kill, 60 min). These findings indicate that the presence of the K1 capsular antigen can protect some rough strains of E. coli from serum bactericidal activity, whereas K27 and perhaps other K antigens fail to provide such a protective effect.
Measurement of bacterial cell wall in tissues by solid-phase radioimmunoassay: correlation of distribution and persistence with experimental arthritis in rats
Authors: Eisenberg R , Fox A , Greenblatt J J , Anderle S K , Cromartie W J , Schwab J H
Published: January 2020

We have developed sensitive and specific solid-phase radioimmunoassays to quantitate the distribution and persistence of bacterial antigen in rats developing arthritis in response to a single injection of streptococcal cell wall material. Three separate assays were specific for either the A polysaccharide (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine), A-variant polysaccharide (polyrhamnose), or peptidoglycan (D-ala-D-ala) moieties of the streptococcal cell wall. Antigen was detected in all tissues surveyed, although the greatest amount was in the liver and spleen. By using three fractions of cell wall separated by size, we have shown that the development of arthritis correlates with the degree of cell wall deposited and persisting in the joints. Further statistical analyses suggested differences in metabolism by different tissues and differential metabolism of different antigenic epitopes in some cases.
Neutralization of bacteria- and endotoxin-induced hypotension by lipoprotein-free human serum
Authors: Abdelnoor A M , Harvie N R , Johnson A G
Published: January 2020

Normal human serum and a fraction rich in lipoprotein, Cohn fraction IV1, have been shown in previous studies to detoxify native endotoxin by decreasing lethality for mice, fever in rabbits, and by the alteration of the characteristic endotoxin-anti-endotoxin precipitin pattern in gels. These studies are extended herein and document the ability of normal human serum and fraction IV1 to neutralize the induction of hypotension in rabbits by viable gram-negative bacilli. Further fractionation of serum, using an ultracentrifugal flotation method for producing lipoprotein-free human serum and purified high-density lipoproteins, revealed the lipoprotein-free fraction to be capable of inhibiting endotoxin hypotensive activity and to alter diffusion of endotoxin in gels. On the other hand, the purified high-density lipoproteins failed to negate either activity.
Use of monoclonal antibodies for analysis of antibody-dependent immunity to ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection
Authors: Rector J T , Lausch R N , Oakes J E
Published: January 2020

Monoclonal antibodies specific for the five major glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were tested for their capacity to mediate immunity to ocular HSV-1 infection. The specificity of the immunoglobulin made by each monoclone was determined by immunoprecipitation of [14C]glucosamine-labeled polypeptides from detergent-solubilized HSV-1-infected cells. Of the five monoclonal antibodies studied, two immunoprecipitated glycoproteins gA/B, one immunoprecipitated glycoprotein gC, one immunoprecipitated glycoprotein gD, and one immunoprecipitated glycoprotein gE. All five were effective in passively transferring immunity to mice when they were given 4 to 24 h after HSV-1 infection on an abraded cornea. Four of the monoclonal antibodies were also evaluated for their capacity to neutralize HSV-1 and to promote complement-mediated cell lysis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. It was found that none of these in vitro assays correlated with the protective activity of the antibodies in vivo. In fact, one of the monoclonal antibodies was unreactive in all three immunological reactions, even though it was highly effective in promoting recovery from HSV-1 induced ocular disease in vivo. The results suggest that antibodies can interact in vivo with virus-specific glycoproteins gA/B, gC, gD, and gE to initiate recovery from HSV-1-induced ocular disease, and that the therapeutic effectiveness of a specific monoclonal antibody does not correlate with its immunological reactivity in vitro.
Amelioration by muramyl dipeptide of the effect of induced hyperferremia upon Klebsiella infection in mice
Authors: Brewer R J , Galland R B , Polk H C
Published: January 2020

Induced hyperferremia enhanced local Klebsiella infection, with and without a surgical suture as a test foreign body. Both bacterial proliferation and death occurred often in mice treated with ferric ammonium citrate. Muramyl dipeptide significantly protected animals from local bacterial growth, death, and, to some extent, bacteremia.
Intracage ammonia promotes growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis in the respiratory tract of rats
Authors: Schoeb T R , Davidson M K , Lindsey J R
Published: January 2020

Ammonia (NH3) from soiled cage bedding is known to enhance the progression and severity of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats. To test the hypothesis that NH3 directly or indirectly enhances the growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis in vivo, pathogen-free F344 rats were inoculated intranasally with 1 x 10(4) to 4 x 10(4) or 4 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) colony-forming units of M. pulmonis and exposed to less than or equal to 1.5 or 76 microgram of NH3 per liter (less than or equal to 2 or 100 ppm, respectively). Nasal passages, larynges, tracheas, and lungs from rats killed at intervals up to 28 days after inoculation were quantitatively cultured. Growth of M. pulmonis was much greater in NH3-exposed rats than in controls, particularly in those inoculated with the lower dose. Increases in M. pulmonis populations were more rapid in proximal airways than in distal airways. Serum immunoglobulin G and M antibody responses to M. pulmonis as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were greater in NH3-exposed rats. In other experiments, the nasal passages absorbed virtually all NH3 when the rats were exposed to less than 380 micrograms of NH3 per liter (500 ppm), indicating that NH3 induced increases in the numbers of organisms in the distal respiratory tract, probably by a secondary, rather than a direct, effect. Also, NH3 exposure did not inhibit pulmonary antibacterial activity as measured by clearance of radiolabeled Staphylococcus epidermidis. The growth of M. pulmonis in vitro was inhibited by 1 mM NH4+ added to the medium as NH4OH but not by NH4+ concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, or 0.01 mM, suggesting that NH3 increases growth indirectly through effects on the host.
Cytotoxic Effector Cells from Infectious Mononucleosis Patients in the Acute Phase Do Not Specifically Kill Epstein-Barr Virus Genome-Carrying Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Patel Pravin C. , Dorval Guérin , Menezes José
Published: January 2020

We describe a study in which we investigated the cytotoxic activities of thymusderived (T) lymphocytes and natural killer cells against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome-carrying lymphoid cell lines. Purified subpopulations of lymphocytes from eight patients with infectious mononucleosis and six healthy normal EBV-seropositive donors were tested. Enriched T-cells were obtained by passing purified whole blood lymphocyte preparations through human immunoglobulin-anti-immunoglobulin-coated glass bead columns. The cytolytic activity of effector cells was determined by the ability of these cells to lyse human target cells that were internally labeled with
51
Cr. These targets included cells from both EBV genome-carrying and EBV genome-negative lymphoid lines derived from malignant tumors, as well as from lymphocytes transformed in vitro by EBV, and were chosen to represent a wide spectrum of EBV-associated membrane antigens. We found that cytotoxic T-cells from patients with infectious mononucleosis showed no EBV-related specific cell killing per se, although a trend for increased killing of cell lines derived from spontaneous in vivo growing tumors, EBV genome carrying or not, was noted; however, this trend was not observed with cell lines derived from cord blood lymphocytes after EBV infection in vitro. In addition, our data suggest that natural killer cells may play an important role in controlling EBV infection in patients with infectious mononucleosis in the acute phase of the disease, particularly since T-cells (obtained after removal on immunoglobulin-anti-immunoglobulin columns of natural killer cells presumably bearing Fc receptors) were less efficient killers than whole blood lymphocytes; furthermore, lysis by whole blood lymphocytes was also greatest against cell lines derived from malignant tumors (as opposed to in vitro EBV-transformed cord blood lymphoid lines), irrespective of whether these targets were EBV genome positive or negative.
Isolation and Characterization of
Streptococcus mutans
Mutants with Altered Cellular Morphology or Chain Length
Authors: Murchison Hettie , Larrimore Sylvia , Hull Sheila , Curtiss Roy
Published: January 2020

A nitrosoguanidine-induced mutant, designated UAB90, of
Streptococcus mutans
PS14 (serotype c) strain UAB62, was identified on the basis of its unique colony morphology and isolated on brain heart infusion agar. Other mutants displaying similar colony morphologies on brain heart infusion agar were isolated after ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis of UAB62 and
S. mutans
6715 (serotype g) strains UAB61 and UAB66, and these were found to exhibit abnormalities in cell morphology, chain length, or both. All mutants were examined further for (i) adherence and aggregation after overnight growth in medium containing sucrose, (ii) growth and aggregation in brain heart infusion broth and medium containing glucose, (iii) aggregation of nongrowing cells in the presence of 2 mg of sucrose per ml or 200 μg of dextran per ml, (iv) dextranase activity, and (v) ease of cell lysis. Mutants isolated included several with long chains of enlarged cocci, and two of these strains, UAB261 and UAB433, along with UAB90, were more susceptible to cell lysis than were their parents. UAB261, isolated from UAB62, maintained other parental characteristics, whereas UAB433, isolated from UAB66, lost its ability to aggregate in the presence of either sucrose or dextran. The “fragile” mutant UAB90 was particularly useful in the isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA for early gene cloning experiments by our laboratory. Two other cell morphology mutants, UAB272 from UAB66 and UAB289 from UAB61, did not lyse better than their parents, but both lacked measurable dextranase activity. A final mutant, UAB276 from UAB66, displayed only increased chain length without apparent cell morphology variations. Chains produced by this mutant were up to 10 times longer than those produced by UAB66. UAB276 lysed slightly less well than its parent but retained all other wild-type characteristics examined.
New fimbrial hemagglutinin in Serratia species
Authors: Adegbola R A , Old D C
Published: January 2020

Strains of Serratia marcescens, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marinorubra, and Serratia plymuthica produced one or more of the following hemagglutinins (HAs): mannose-sensitive HA and mannose-resistant K-HA (MR/K-HA) and P-HA (MR/P-HA) (J. P. Duguid and D. C. Old, in E. H. Beachey (ed.), Bacterial adherence, vol. 6., p. 185-217, 1980). Most strains (82%) were multiply hemagglutinating. The properties of the three HAs are described. Each HA was associated with a distinct type of fimbria: mannose-sensitive HA with type 1 fimbriae. MR/K-HA with type 3 fimbriae, and MR/P-HA with a new type of thin fimbriae provisionally called MR/P fimbriae. This is the first report of the production of MR/P-HA and MR/P fimbriae by Serratia species. The range of Serratia HAs, which may reflect in vivo colonization potential, is more complex than previously reported.
Mitogenic activity in human embryonic fibroblasts early after infection by human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Takehara N , Ryoke K , Kurimura T
Published: January 2020

We have characterized the nonspecific lymphocyte stimulation by extracts of human cytomegalovirus-infected human embryonic fibroblasts. Cell extracts prepared at 5 h postinfection (early extract) and 72 h postinfection (late extract) were both highly mitogenic in lymphocyte preparations from adult blood, cord blood, and rabbit blood. Maximum stimulation of the lymphocytes was observed on day 3 after the addition of early or late extract under optimal conditions. Early extract stimulated both the E-rosetting and the EAC-rosetting subpopulations of human lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity appeared before 5 h postinfection and was fairly stable at 30 degrees C for 5 h.
Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from animals and humans
Authors: Manninen K I , Prescott J F , Dohoo I R
Published: January 2020

Fourteen isolates of Campylobacter jejuni of different serotypes and one Campylobacter coli isolate, from various human and animal sources, were tested for potential pathogenic mechanisms. Enterotoxin production was not detected in the infant mouse test or by calf and piglet ligated intestinal loop studies. Isolates were not invasive by the Sereny test. All isolates associated with and penetrated HeLa cells, although both actions occurred generally in a minor way under the conditions of our study. The C. coli isolate showed extensive HeLa cell association, but three other C. coli isolated tested did not. None of the 15 isolates produced diarrhea or death in 3-day-old chickens inoculated orally and observed for 3 days, nor did they consistently produce diarrhea and death in 9- to 10-day-old infant mice over a 3-day period after oral inoculation. Diarrheal disease and mortality were not observed when 3-day-old gnotobiotic chickens were infected with one of five isolates and observed over a 2-week period.
Mouse genes influence antiviral action of interferon in vivo
Authors: Dandoy F , De Maeyer-Guignard J , Bailey D , De Maeyer E
Published: January 2020

BALB/c mice are more sensitive to the antiviral effect of interferon than C57BL/6 mice, as demonstrated by experiments involving protection against lethal infection with encephalomyocarditis virus. This greater sensitivity of the BALB/c genotype to interferon action is in accord with previous observations that the bone marrow-derived erythroid precursors and macrophages of BALB/c mice are more sensitive to the anti-proliferative action of interferon than those of C57BL/6 mice. An analysis of the loci involved in the modulation of the activity of interferon against encephalomyocarditis virus infection was carried out in (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 progeny and in six recombinant inbred lines originally derived from a BALB/c x C57BL/6 cross. The antiviral effect of exogenous interferon in the F1 progeny was comparable to the effect in BALB/c mice, indicating dominance of the greater sensitivity to interferon action. The results obtained with the six recombinant inbred lines suggested a multifactorial influence. In vitro, interferon pretreatment of encephalomyocarditis virus-infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 fibroblast cultures did not reveal a difference in sensitivity between the two mouse genotypes. This finding demonstrates that it is not always possible to extrapolate from in vitro to in vivo when sensitivity to interferon action is studied.
Monoclonal antibodies that protect in vivo against Plasmodium chabaudi recognize a 250,000-dalton parasite polypeptide
Authors: Boyle D B , Newbold C I , Smith C C , Brown K N
Published: January 2020

Twenty monoclonal antibodies have been prepared to the erythrocytes from CBA/Ca mice infected with the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi. By immunofluorescence, 15 of these antibodies recognized parasite antigens expressed only during the development of mature trophozoites to schizonts and merozoites, 2 recognized parasite antigens that were expressed throughout most of the intraerythrocytic cycle, and 3 recognized the membranes of all infected and uninfected erythrocytes. By immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled, parasitized erythrocytes, parasite antigens recognized by all of the antiparasite antibodies were characterized. Eleven precipitated a 250,000-dalton parasite polypeptide which was synthesized and expressed late in the intraerythrocytic cell cycle and which appeared to be the major coat protein of the merozoites. In passive protection experiments, transfer of hyperimmune serum before infection with the parasite resulted in a delay in the rise of parasitemia, reduction in peak parasitemias, and a delay in the clearance of the parasitemia. Two monoclonal antibodies to the 250,000-dalton polypeptide had a similar but not as marked effect on parasitemia when given as a single dose before infection. When mixed and administered throughout the course of infection, their effects were greater. They had no influence on the course of Plasmodium berghei KSP11 parasitemia. Monoclonal antibodies to other parasite antigens and normal erythrocyte antigens failed to have a significant and reproducible effect on P. chabaudi parasitemia. The results suggest that this 250,000-dalton malaria parasite antigen may be important in the induction and expression of antibody-mediated immunity to malaria.
Intrathecal synthesis of virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Arnadottir T , Reunanen M , Salmi A
Published: January 2020

A follow-up study on the intrathecal synthesis of viral antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients was made on 28 patients over a period of about 2 years. Serial serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were assayed for antibodies against measles, rubella, parainfluenza type 2, respiratory syncytial, mumps, influenza A, influenza B, adeno, and herpes simplex viruses by employing a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay technique. All patients had local antibody synthesis against one or more of the antigens studied. Rubella and measles virus antibodies were found with the highest frequency and were synthesized at the highest rate. Simultaneous intrathecal antibody synthesis against the greater number of the viruses studied was associated with higher local immunoglobulin G synthesis. A good overall correspondence in the fluctuations of the different viral antibodies synthesized intrathecally was usually found. Sometimes the changes in intrathecal antibody levels correlated well with the changes in immunoglobulin G index and sometimes not. These fluctuations could not be correlated with the clinical course of the disease. The results of this study suggest that the viral antibodies studied are not relevant to the etiology or the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
Occurrence and frequency of coronavirus infections in humans as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Macnaughton M R
Published: January 2020

The occurrence of human coronavirus (HCV) infections was analyzed by using sequential sera taken between 1976 and 1981 from adults working in the London area. Antibody rises to HCV 229E and HCV OC43 group viruses were measured in serum samples from these subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HCV infections were found throughout the year, although most occurred during two periods, from June through September and from December through February. There were no marked seasonal differences in either the range of antibody rises obtained or in the HCV groups to which these antibody rises were directed. However, there were more HCV antibody rises during the summer than in the winter. The antibody duration varied considerably, but had a mean of 3.5 months. Finally, the frequency of HCV infection per person was calculated to be 1 per 7.8 months.
Rabbit intestinal glycoprotein receptor for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin lacking affinity for cholera toxin
Authors: Holmgren J , Fredman P , Lindblad M , Svennerholm A M , Svennerholm L
Published: January 2020

The receptors for cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) in rabbit small intestinal epithelium were characterized and compared. (i) In vivo studies in ligated intestinal loops showed that whereas LT B subunits could block the fluid secretogenic action of purified LT as well as cholera toxin, cholera toxin B subunits did not inhibit the LT response even when tested in a concentration 100-fold higher than one which gave complete blocking of cholera toxin action. (ii) In vitro studies indicated that isolated intestinal epithelial cells or brush-border membranes could bind about 10-fold more of E. coli LT than of cholera toxin. (iii) All binding sites for cholera toxin in duodenal, jejunal, or ileal mucosal cells or brush-border membranes were extracted by chloroform-methanol-water (4:8:3), which removed lipids quantitatively but did not extract glycoproteins. The extracted cholera toxin binding sites were to greater than 95% recovered in a monosialoganglioside fraction; quantitatively these sites closely corresponded to the concentration of chromatographically identified mucosal GM1 ganglioside (1 nmol of cholera toxin was bound per 1 to 2 nmol of GM1). In contrast, a substantial fraction of mucosal binding sites for E. coli LT remained in the delipidized tissue residue, and these sites had properties consistent with a glycoprotein nature. Thus, whereas cholera toxin appeared to bind highly selectively to GM1 ganglioside receptor sites of rabbit small intestine, E. coli LT bound both to GM1 ganglioside and to a main glycoprotein receptor for which cholera toxin lacks affinity.
H-2 linkage control of resistance to subcutaneous infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Curtis J , Adu H O , Turk J L
Published: January 2020

The H-2 linkage of the gene or genes controlling resistance to subcutaneous infection with 10(7) Mycobacterium lepraemurium organisms was investigated by using H-2 congenic strains on BALB and B10 backgrounds. Resistance was assessed by counting the organisms present at the infection site in the footpad and in the draining (right popliteal) lymph node 20 weeks after infection. When mice of BALB and B10 backgrounds with the same H-2 haplotype were compared, the BALB mice were always more susceptible. However, BALB/K (H-2k) mice were more susceptible than BALB/B (H-2b) mice, and BALB/B mice were more susceptible than BALB/c (H-2d) mice. There was no detectable difference in the resistance of B10.D2/n (H-2d) mice and B10 (H-2b) mice, but B10.BR (H-2k) mice were more susceptible than mice of the other two B10 strains. BALB/K was the only strain in which a high proportion of mice showed significant dissemination of organisms to the liver and spleen.
Suppression of unprimed T and B cells in antibody responses by irradiation-resistant and plastic-adherent suppressor cells in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice
Authors: Suzuki Y , Kobayashi A
Published: January 2020

In the acute phase of Toxoplasma infection, the function of both helper T and B cells was suppressed in primary antibody responses to dinitrophenol (DNP)-conjugated protein antigens. During the course of infection, the suppressive effect on T cells seems to continue longer than that on B cells, since suppression in responses to sheep erythrocytes, a T-dependent antigen, persisted longer than those to DNP-Ficoll, a T-independent antigen. Plastic-adherent cells from the spleens of Toxoplasma-infected and X-irradiated (400 rads) mice had strong suppressor activity in primary anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody responses of normal mouse spleen cells in vitro. These data suggest that the activation of irradiation-resistant and plastic-adherent suppressor cells causes the suppression of both T and B cells in Toxoplasma-infected mice.
Prospective Immunological Assessment of Arthritis Induced by Rubella Vaccine
Authors: Tingle Aubrey J. , Yang Theresa , Allen Marilyn , Kettyls G. Donald , Larke R. P. Bryce , Schulzer Michael
Published: January 2020

A prospective study was carried out to correlate the development of joint symptoms after rubella immunization with pre- and post-immunization rubella-specific immunological responses. Arthralgia or arthritis or both occurred in 10 of 37 adult female volunteers at a mean time of 17.0 days after immunization with the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine. All individuals studied before immunization were seronegative for rubella by either the hemagglutination inhibition or the single radial hemolysis technique. In contrast, rubella enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or lymphoproliferative responses or both were positive in 27 of 37 (73%) individuals tested before receiving the vaccine. Rubella enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays carried out before immunization were positive at high levels (mean E = 0.536) in four individuals who developed recurrent episodes of arthritis after administration of the vaccine while remaining at low levels preimmunization in subjects who developed transient arthralgia (E = 0.238) or no joint manifestations at all (E = 0.288). These data provide preliminary evidence suggesting that rubella vaccine-associated arthritis may occur as a consequence of secondary, rather than primary, infection with rubella virus and that the presence of circulating, nonneutralizing rubella antibody may enhance the development or severity (or both) of the associated postinfection joint manifestations. Assessment of rubella hemagglutination inhibition, hemagglutination inhibition (immunoglobulin M), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serological responses at 6 weeks and 6 months post-immunization revealed no significant differences between patients who developed and those who did not develop joint manifestations. Rubella lymphoproliferative responses were elevated at 6 weeks post-immunization in the group developing arthralgia or arthritis or both, with no difference between the groups observed at 6 months post-immunization.
Preferential immune response to virion surface glycoproteins by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats
Authors: Johnson G C , Barbet A F , Klevjer-Anderson P , McGuire T C
Published: January 2020

Six months after inoculation with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, the serum and synovial fluid of virus-infected goats had antibodies to [35S]methionine-labeled viral proteins with apparent molecular weights of 125,000, 90,000, 28,000, and 15,000. The 125,000-, 90,000-, and 15,000-molecular-weight methionine-labeled proteins were identified as virion surface glycoproteins by lactoperoxidase iodination and galactose oxidase-boro[3H]hydride reduction labeling techniques. Radioimmunoassay antibody titers to purified p28, the most abundant viral structural protein, averaged 1:182 in synovial fluid and 1:67 in serum 6 months after inoculation. High dilutions of serum and synovial fluid reacted with gp90 and gp125 electroblotted onto nitrocellulose paper from polyacrylamide gels. Anti-gp90 activity was detected at dilutions with an immunoglobulin G content of 0.02 to 11 micrograms, whereas antibody to p28, when detectable on Western blots, was present in samples with an immunoglobulin G content of 0.1 to 2 mg, representing 100- to 1,000-fold-greater titers of antibody to the surface glycoprotein. Synovial fluids often contained more anti-gp90 antibody than did sera. Immunoprecipitation of lactoperoxidase-iodinated virus confirmed the presence of high antibody titers to the two virion surface glycoproteins. Because antiviral gp90 and gp125 antibody is abundant in the synovial fluid of infected goats, it probably contributes to the high immunoglobulin G1 concentrations seen at this site 6 months after caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection.
Role of T-lymphocytes in production of antibody to antigens of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and other Rickettsia species
Authors: Jerrells T R , Eisemann C S
Published: January 2020

The requirement of thymus-dependent lymphocytes for antibody production to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia akari, Rickettsia conorii, and Rickettsia typhi was investigated by comparing antibody production in athymic (nu/nu) or thymus-bearing BALB/c mice. Athymic BALB/c mice produced antibody after infection with R. akari, R. conorii, and R. typhi as measured by indirect fluorescent antibody titration or radioimmunoassay. Antibody production in these mice was a great or greater than in the thymus-bearing mice and demonstrated similar kinetics. In contrast, athymic BALB/c mice infected either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with the Gilliam strain of R. tsutsugamushi failed to produce demonstrable antibody. The requirement of thymus-dependent lymphocytes for antibody production to R. tsutsugamushi was further suggested by the demonstration of antibody production after transfer of immune thymus-dependent lymphocytes to athymic mice and the demonstration of R. tsutsugamushi-specific T helper cells in immune thymus-bearing mice. The antibody produced in athymic mice after infection with R. akari, R. conorii, and R. typhi was predominantly immunoglobulin M, based on isotype-specific radioimmunoassays and sucrose gradient fractionation. Furthermore, the antibody produced by athymic mice in response to R. akari infection reacted with a carbohydrate-containing outer membrane component.
Successful colonization and immunization of adult rabbits by oral inoculation with Vibrio cholerae O1
Authors: Cray W C , Tokunaga E , Pierce N F
Published: January 2020

Adult rabbits were inoculated orally (or duodenally) with virulent Vibrio cholerae O1. Jejunal colonization occurred only when hypoperistalsis was induced at the time of inoculation by tincture of opium given intraperitoneally (or by temporary ileal obstruction). For oral inoculation, prior neutralization of gastric acid was also required. Inoculation with 10(9) V. cholerae caused jejunal colonization for 1 to 2 days and ileal colonization for 5 to 6 days. The extent of small bowel colonization 18 h after oral inoculation was related to inoculum size but also reflected limited multiplication of small inoculum sizes and net death, clearance of large inoculum sizes, or both. Serious diarrhea occurred only in rabbits fed large inoculum sizes, i.e., 10(10) V. cholerae, and then rarely. Rabbits colonized once with 10(10) V. cholerae became highly resistant to recolonization with either the same or opposite serotype. After 18 weeks, these rabbits were still partially protected, whereas twice-colonized rabbits were highly protected. Protection against recolonization appeared to be due, at least partly, to interference with the adherence of V. cholerae to the bowel mucosa, thus allowing rapid removal of V. cholerae when peristalsis resumed. Prior colonization also protected against cholera-like diarrhea in rabbits challenged by the removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea technique, the 50% effective dose for severe or lethal diarrhea being increased more than 100-fold, and probably more than 10,000-fold, for challenge with either the homologous or heterologous serotype of V. cholerae. The described rabbit model appears well suited for the study of immunity evoked by enteric colonization with V. cholerae O1.
Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from naturally infected African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)
Authors: Wilcke B W , Newcomer C E , Anver M R , Simmons J L , Nace G W
Published: January 2020

An inclusion-forming agent was isolated from the livers of commercially raised African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) involved in an epizootic of high morbidity and mortality. Original isolation was made in McCoy cells. This agent was identified as Chlamydia psittaci based on the formation of typical intracytoplasmic inclusions which developed within 48 h, were not stained by iodine, and were resistant to sulfadiazine. The isolate from one particular frog (designated as strain 178) was further studied and found to be lethal for 7-day-old embryonated chicken eggs after intra-yolk sac inoculation. This strain was demonstrated not to be pathogenic for mice when inoculated intraperitoneally. The cell culture isolate of C. psittaci was transmitted to uninfected X. laevis, causing disease and death.
Pronounced production of polyclonal immunoglobulin G1 in the synovial fluid of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection
Authors: Johnson G C , Adams D S , McGuire T C
Published: January 2020

Infection of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, a lentivirus, resulted in arthritis characterized by the production of intrasynovial immunoglobulin G1 concentrations that were 2 to 5.3 times the serum concentrations in the inoculated carpi at 6 months postinoculation. The intrasynovial immunoglobulin was polyclonal, and its presence was accompanied by increased albumin leakage into the joints. Synovial fluid immunoglobulin levels fluctuated temporally but remained elevated compared with medium-inoculated controls for 38 months after infection. Elevated immunoglobulin G1 concentrations correlated with focal sublumenal plasmacytic infiltrates in the synovia of inoculated carpi at 5 months postinoculation. Inflammation in the uninoculated joints of infected goats was also accompanied by increased intrasynovial immunoglobulin G1 levels. Antibody to systemically administered antigens was a greater proportion of the immunoglobulin population in sera than in synovial fluids of infected goats, suggesting that antibody production to local antigens was responsible for increased intrasynovial immunoglobulin G1 levels.
Inactivation of hepatitis B virus and non-A, non-B hepatitis by chloroform
Authors: Feinstone S M , Mihalik K B , Kamimura T , Alter H J , London W T , Purcell R H
Published: January 2020

To determine whether a non-A, non-B hepatitis agent contained essential lipids, we extracted with chloroform a dilution of human plasma that contained approximately 10(4) chimpanzee infectious doses of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus and then tested for infectivity in chimpanzees. In addition, we treated a serum containing hepatitis B virus in the same way. Both of these samples were also sham extracted as controls. Known chloroform-sensitive and chloroform-resistant viruses were added directly to the hepatitis-containing serum or plasma as internal controls or to fetal calf serum as external controls and were assayed for infectivity in vitro after chloroform extraction or sham extraction. All infectivity of the diluted plasma that contained at least 10(4) chimpanzee infective doses of non-A, non-B hepatitis agent and all infectivity of the serum that contained 10(3.5) chimpanzee infective doses of hepatitis B virus were destroyed by chloroform. The chloroform-sensitive control viruses were completely inactivated, but the chloroform-resistant control viruses lost less than 0.5 log10 of infectivity. Sham-extracted non-A, non-B hepatitis agent-containing plasma was shown to maintain its infectivity in chimpanzees that had initially been inoculated with the chloroform-extracted plasma. Thus, both hepatitis type B and non-A, non-B hepatitis appear to be caused by viruses that can be inactivated by a lipid solvent.
Action of different gamma interferons on mouse leukemic cells resistant to alpha and beta interferons
Authors: Besançon F , Wietzerbin J , Stefanos S , Wietzerbin J , Falcoff E
Published: January 2020

Phytohemagglutinin-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was reported to act on mouse leukemic L1210 R cells resistant to IFN-alpha and -beta. Results reported here show that these cells are also sensitive to various preparations of murine IFN-gamma derived from different sources and purified to different degrees and that lymphokines present in the preparations are not involved in the antiviral effect of IFN. In addition, IFN-gamma preparation increases concanavalin A binding to L1210 S and L1210 R cells indicating that the sensitivity of L1210 R cells to IFN-gamma is not limited to its antiviral effect.
C2 toxicity in extract of Clostridium botulinum type C spores
Authors: Yamakawa K , Nishida S , Nakamura S
Published: January 2020

Toxic protein(s) neutralized with anti-C2 toxic serum was extracted from Clostridium botulinum type C spores treated with an alkaline mercaptoethanol solution. C2 toxicity in the spores was located in the spore coat fraction and was more heat stable than that found in culture fluid.
Changes in serum C-reactive protein during complicated and uncomplicated measles virus infections
Authors: Griffin D E , Hirsch R L , Johnson R T , De Soriano I L , Roedenbeck S , Vaisberg A
Published: January 2020

Serum C-reactive protein levels become elevated coincident with the onset of the rash in patients with measles. Serum C-reactive protein elevations are prolonged in measles complicated by pneumonia and may show a second elevation in measles complicated by encephalitis.
Antibody responses to virion polypeptides in gnotobiotic dogs infected with canine distemper virus
Authors: Miele J A , Krakowka S
Published: January 2020

A radioimmunoprecipitation-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique was applied to sera from canine distemper virus-infected dogs. Sera from fatally infected dogs precipitated only the nucleoprotein, the matrix protein, and trace amounts of fusion glycoprotein. Sera from normal convalescent dogs precipitated all five major polypeptides. In contrast, sera from persistently infected dogs were characterized by a modest overall response compared with sera from convalescent dogs and by no or little response to the matrix and phosphorylated proteins until 5 to 7 weeks after infection.
Comparative pathogenicity of four strains of Aleutian disease virus for pastel and sapphire mink
Authors: Hadlow W J , Race R E , Kennedy R C
Published: January 2020

Information was sought on the comparative pathogenicity of four North American strains (isolates) of Aleutian disease virus for royal pastel (a non-Aleutian genotype) and sapphire (an Aleutian genotype) mink. The four strains (Utah-1, Ontario [Canada], Montana, and Pullman [Washington]), all of mink origin, were inoculated intraperitoneally and intranasally in serial 10-fold dilutions. As indicated by the appearance of specific antibody (counterimmunoelectrophoresis test), all strains readily infected both color phases of mink, and all strains were equally pathogenic for sapphire mink. Not all strains, however, regularly caused Aleutian disease in pastel mink. Infection of pastel mink with the Utah-1 strain invariably led to fatal disease. Infection with the Ontario strain caused fatal disease nearly as often. The Pullman strain, by contrast, almost never caused disease in infected pastel mink. The pathogenicity of the Montana strain for this color phase was between these extremes. These findings emphasize the need to distinguish between infection and disease when mink are exposed to Aleutian disease virus. The distinction has important implications for understanding the natural history of Aleutian disease virus infection in ranch mink.
Impaired lung defenses against Staphylococcus aureus in mice with hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement
Authors: Cerquetti M C , Sordelli D O , Ortegon R A , Bellanti J A
Published: January 2020

Mice of the C5-deficient DBA/2J and B10.D2/oSnJ inbred strains were aerosolized with Staphylococcus aureus, and the pulmonary clearance of bacteria was determined 4 h later. Both C5-deficient strains had a significantly decreased lung clearance of S. aureus compared with their genetically closest C5-sufficient relatives, DBA/1J and B10.D2/nSnJ strains, respectively. Serum hemolytic activity and pulmonary clearance of S. aureus were also investigated in F1 and F2 progenies (DBA/1J X DBA/2J and DBA/2J X B10.D2/oSnJ). Serum hemolytic activity was present in all F1 (DBA/1J X DBA/2J) mice, and their pulmonary clearance of S. aureus was no different from that of the C5-sufficient parents (DBA/1J). The absence of serum hemolytic activity (absence of C5) in all mice from F1 and F2 (DBA/2J X B10.D2/oSnJ) and 20% of the F2 (DBA/1J X DBA/2J) was related to a decreased lung clearance of S. aureus. These results are consistent with an autosomal recessive pattern of heredity for the murine abnormality in pulmonary clearance of S. aureus.