bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Classic and Snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition on the Three Dimensional Wall Jet Flow Field
Authors: Hosseinali Mahdi , Wilkins Stephen , Namgyal Lhendup , Hall Joseph
Published: June 2016

In this paper, classic Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) on a polar coordinate and snapshot POD on a Cartesian grid will be applied separately in the near field of a turbulent wall jet. Three-component stereoscopic PIV measurements are performed in the transverse plane of a wall jet formed using a round contoured nozzle with a Reynolds number of 250,000. Eigenfunctions and energy distributions of the two methods are compared. Reconstructions using same number of modes and same content of energy have been compared. The effect of grid resolution on the energy content of the classic method has also been studied.
Analysis of Turbulent Flow Past Bar-Racks
Authors: Paul Samuel S. , Adaramola Muyiwa S.
Published: June 2016

A numerical investigation is conducted for turbulent flow around trash-racks models using a commercial CFD code, CFX-11. The computations were performed using two standard two-equation turbulence models (the k–ε with a scalable wall-function and the k–ω models). The results show that the mean velocities are reasonably well predicted by both models. However, at higher approach velocity and blockage ratio, the turbulence models, over-predicted the minimum pressure head.
Shear Driven Rivulet Dynamics on Surfaces With Various Wettabilities
Authors: Moghtadernejad Sara , Jadidi Mehdi , Esmail Nabil , Dolatabadi Ali
Published: June 2016

Ice formation leads to significant decrease of aircraft performance and possible disasters. When rain droplets accumulate on aircraft wings, they form narrow films of water known as rivulets. Due to air shear effects, rivulets generate runback flow on the airfoil, enhancing ice formation. In this paper we report the results of an experimental study of the dynamics of narrow water films i.e. rivulets under the effect of various air shear speeds and different surface morphologies ranging from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. Understanding the dynamics of rivulets is necessary in solving the ice formation problems on airfoils.
Aerodynamic Devices for Formula Student Race Cars
Authors: Epple Philipp , Essler Tobias , Bloch Gerhard , Below Viktor , Gast Stefan
Published: June 2016

Formula Student race cars are getting more competitive and hence enhancements of the car aerodynamics, although the top speeds are not exceeding 140 km/h, are getting more important in order to have a competitive race car. Therefore aerodynamic packages consisting of several aerodynamic devices are being developed. Especially the front and rear inverted airfoils or wings have a major influence on the dynamic behaviour of the car. These wings are designed in order to develop a maximum down force at still acceptable drag. The Reynolds number is about 5×105. However, most of the airfoils and corresponding available airfoil data were developed for Reynolds numbers of the order of 3×106<Re<8×106. The lift coefficient of an airfoil is basically determined by its camber, the distance of the maximum camber from the leading edge, thickness and the shape of the airfoil, as well as by the angle of attack. The NACA 4 digit series of airfoils allows controlling these parameters exactly. Therefore a study was performed analyzing over 500 different NACA 4 digit airfoils configurations systematically by variation of these parameters and studying its impact on the lift and drag coefficients at Reynolds numbers of 5×105. Based on these airfoils the aerodynamic design process is described. Full car CFD simulations with ANSYS CFX of the race car with and without aerodynamic package are shown and compared. Detailed quantitative analysis of the forces on the wings and the whole car are presented without and with the aerodynamic package.
Numerical Modeling of Aerated Cavitation Using a Penalization Approach for Air Bubble Modeling Coupled to Homogeneous Equilibrium Model
Authors: Tomov Petar , Khelladi Sofiane , Sarraf Christophe , Bakir Farid
Published: June 2016

Cavitation is a well-known physical phenomena occurring in various technical applications. It appears when the pressure of the liquid drops below the saturation pressure. Coupling aeration in a cavitating flow is a recent technique to control the overall effect of the cavitation. It is achieved by introducing air bubbles into the flow. In order to reveal and explore the behaviour of air gas in the vicinity of the cavitation region, the paper is oriented towards the physics of the colliding vapor phase bubbles and cavitating regions. The re-entrant jet may influence the dynamics of the bubbles as well as the frequency of cavitation separation. Therefore, a two-way coupling between the fluid flow and the introduced vapor is of capital importance. By penalizing the strain rate tensor in the Homogeneous Mixture Model, the two-way coupling has been achieved. The contact-handling algorithm is based on the projections of the velocity fields of the injected particles over the velocity field of the fluid flow. At each time step the gradient of the distance between the bubbles, is kept non-negative as a guarantee of the physical non overlapping. The bubbles’ collisions are considered as inelastic. The differential equations system is composed of the Navier-Stokes equations, implemented with the Homogeneous Mixture Model. A high-order Finite Volume (FV) solver based on Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximations is used. The code uses a SLAU-type Riemann solver for the accurate calculation of the low Mach numbers. The computational domain is a symmetrical 2D venturi duct with an 18°–8° convergent/divergent angles respectively.
Airflow Distribution in the Longitudinal Plan of a Boeing 767 Mockup Cabin
Authors: Shehadi Maher , Hosni Mohammad , Jones Byron W.
Published: June 2016

The Bureau of Transportation Statistics [5] indicates that the number of passengers using commercial aircrafts has doubled over the last two decades reaching to approximately 813 million passengers in 2012. Biological and chemical incidents have been detected on flights such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and H1N1 (swine flu). Chemical incidents that were reported can be related to smoke and fumes detected inside passengers’ cabins. The smoke and fumes are thought to be a result of oil pyrolysis inside the jet propulsion engines of the aircraft that can leak into the passengers’ fresh air supply duct system. Such odors, fumes, viruses, and bacteria can result in serious health hazards. Consequently, considerable research have been and continues to be conducted to understand fluid dynamics characteristics of airborne gaseous and particulate transport and their distribution inside passenger cabins to develop means for detecting, controlling, and removing such contaminants from cabins.

The objective of the present study was to understand the airflow distribution and gaseous transport phenomena inside a mockup aircraft cabin. A testing chamber that mimics a Boeing 767 passenger cabin was used for this study. The mockup cabin includes 11 rows in the longitudinal direction with each row consisting of 7 seats. The mockup cabin seats, the air supply duct, and linear diffusers are original parts from a salvaged Boeing 767 aircraft. Each seat in the cabin is occupied by an inflatable manikin which was instrumented with a 10 m long wire heater element to generate approximately 100 Watts of distributing heat, representing heat load from a sedentary human being.

Smoke visualizing technique was used to visualize the airflow inside the cabin. Tracer gas, composed mainly of carbon-dioxide, was then used to track the airflow distribution inside the cabin. Carbon dioxide was released in several locations inside the cabin and was then sampled at various locations throughout the mockup cabin. Results showed that the flow inside the cabin was chaotic and difficult to quantify. However, using visualized smoke in conjunction with quantitative results from sampling the tracer gas showed that there exist several swirling and circulations inside the cabin. Two clockwise, large size, circulations dominated over the front and middle sections of the cabin. Each circulation controlled the flow over approximately four consecutive rows in the longitudinal direction and over the entire cross section. The results from the aft section of the cabin were less definitive. The west-back side was controlled by a clockwise directed circulation having the same longitudinal strength as in the front and middle sections, but dominated over half the width of the cabin cross section. On the other side, the east-back region was rather controlled by smaller circulations flowing in the counter clockwise direction.
A rheological evaluation of steady shear magnetorheological flow behavior using three-parameter viscoplastic models
Authors: Cvek Martin , Mrlik Miroslav , Pavlinek Vladimir
Published: June 2016

Knowledge of the complicated flow characteristics of magnetorheological (MR) suspensions is necessary for simulations, calculations in engineering processes, or designing new devices utilizing these systems. In this study, we employed three constitutive equations (three-parameter models) for an evaluation of steady shear behavior of MR suspensions. The predictive/fitting capabilities of the Robertson–Stiff (R–S) model were compared with the commonly used Herschel–Bulkley (as a reference) and the Mizrahi–Berk models. The appropriateness of the models was examined using rheological data for diluted as well as concentrated MR systems. The effect of magnetic field strength on model fitting capabilities was also investigated. The suitability of the individual models was evaluated by observing correlation coefficient, sum of square errors, and root mean square errors. A statistical analysis demonstrated that the best fitting capabilities were exhibited by the R–S model, while others provided less accurate fits with the experimental data. Therefore, shear stresses and the yield stress predicted according to the R–S equation can be considered as the most accurate under defined conditions in comparison with the Herschel–Bulkley and the Mizrahi–Berk model predictions. We also showed that the consistency index obtained from the R–S model increased with increasing magnetic field and particle concentration, which physically reflected more rigid internal structures generated in MR suspensions upon an external magnetic field. This behavior was indistinguishable when other models were applied.
In situ measurement of the rheological properties and agglomeration on cementitious pastes
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Yim Hong Jae , Ferron Raissa Douglas
Published: June 2016

Various factors influence the rheology of cementitious pastes, with the most important being the mixing protocol, mixture proportions, and mixture composition. This study investigated the influence of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, on the rheological behavior of cementitious pastes. In tandem with the rheological measurements, fresh state microstructural measurements were conducted using three different techniques: A coupled stroboscope-rheometer, a coupled laser backscattering-rheometer, and a conventional laser diffraction technique. Laser diffraction and the coupled stroboscope-rheometer were not good measures of the in situ state of flocculation of a sample. Rather, only the laser backscattering technique allowed for in situ measurement on a highly concentrated suspension (cementitious paste). Using the coupled laser backscattering-rheometer technique, a link between the particle system and rheological behavior was determined through a modeling approach that takes into account agglomeration properties. A higher degree of agglomeration was seen in the ordinary Portland cement paste than pastes containing the slag and this was related to the degree of capillary pressure in the paste systems.
Shot in Black and White: Visualized Framing in ESPN’s The Body Issue
Authors: Cranmer Gregory A. , Lancaster Alexander L. , Harris Tina M.
Published: June 2016

The disparity in framing in sport media based on athlete race has historically garnered extensive attention. In the past, the media promoted historical stereotypes of Black athletes that emphasized their physical prowess and diminished their intellectual capacity. However, recent research provides evidence that these traditional frames are changing and that recent media coverage is more racially equitable or even contradicts old patterns. Advancing this critique further, the current study examined novel visual frames (i.e., the emphasis of athleticism, sporting context, and sexualization) of White and Black athletes in ESPN’s The Body Issue. The findings contradict historical patterns of representations of Black athletes through the identification of a shift in the framing patterns for Black male athletes, whereas Black female athletes still face frames that portray them in a stereotypical manner. This study recognizes these tensions while successfully illustrating the importance of examining the intersections of difference for revealing and confronting the unique portrayals of Black female athletes.
Neuropsychological Benefits of Neuro-Exergaming for Older Adults: A Pilot Study of an Interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES)
Authors: Anderson-Hanley Cay , Maloney Molly , Barcelos Nicole , Striegnitz Kristina , Kramer Arthur
Published: June 2016

Dementia cases are on the rise and researchers seek innovative ways to prevent or ameliorate cognitive impairment in later life. Some research has reported that combining mental and physical exercise may benefit cognition more than either alone. This randomized pilot trial examined the feasibility and cognitive benefit for older adults (n = 30) of a single bout of neuro-exergaming (physical activity with cognitive training) using an interactive physical and cognitive exercise system (iPACES), compared with that of exergaming or neurogaming alone. Intent-to-treat and sensitivity analyses were conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA, controlling for age, sex, and education. A significant interaction effect was found for executive function (Color Trails 2), with a significant improvement in the neuro-exergaming condition. Results demonstrate feasibility for older adults to use a novel and theoretically-derived neuro-exergame, and also provide promising new evidence that neuro-exergaming can yield greater cognitive benefit than either of its component parts.
Comparing a Yoga Class with a Resistance Exercise Class: Effects on Body Satisfaction and Social Physique Anxiety in University Women
Authors: Gammage Kimberley L. , Drouin Breanne , Lamarche Larkin
Published: June 2016

Purpose:

The current study compared a single yoga group exercise class and a resistance group exercise class for their effects on state body satisfaction and social physique anxiety in women.

Methods:

A pretest-posttest design was used. Participants (N = 46) completed both a resistance exercise class and yoga class in a counterbalanced order. Measures of body satisfaction and social physique anxiety were completed immediately before and after each class.

Results:

A 2 (time) × 2 (class type) repeatedmeasures multiple analysis of variance showed a significant overall Time × Class Type interaction (F2,44 = 5.69, P < .01, η p2 = .21). There was a significant increase in body satisfaction after the yoga class. After both classes, there was a significant decrease in social physique anxiety, but the magnitude of the change was larger after the yoga class than after the resistance class.

Conclusions:

Both types of exercise class were associated with improvements in body image, but there were greater improvements after the yoga class. This study provided evidence of the positive effects of yoga for reducing state social physique anxiety and increasing state body satisfaction, adding to correlational evidence suggesting that yoga is particularly beneficial for improving body image-related outcomes in women.
Different Amounts of Physical Activity Measured by Pedometer and the Associations With Health Outcomes in Adults
Authors: Mantovani Alessandra Madia , Duncan Scott , Codogno Jamile Sanches , Lima Manoel Carlos Spiguel , Fernandes Rômulo Araújo
Published: June 2016

Background:

Physical activity level is an important tool to identify individuals predisposed to developing chronic diseases, which represent a major concern worldwide.

Objective:

To identify correlates of daily step counts measured using pedometers, as well as analyze the associations between health outcomes and 3 different amounts of daily physical activity.

Methods:

The sample comprised 278 participants (126 men and 153 women) with a mean age of 46.51 ± 9.02 years. Physical activity was assessed using pedometers for 7 consecutive days, and 3 amounts of daily physical activity were considered: ≥10,000 steps/day, ≥7500 steps/day, and <5000 steps/day. Sleep quality was assessed through a questionnaire, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body fat. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were also collected.

Results:

The percentages of adults achieving at least 10,000 and 7500 steps/day on a minimum of 5 days of the evaluated week were 12.9% and 30.9%, respectively. Adults who reached ≥7500 steps/day had a lower likelihood of being obese (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17–0.85) and reporting worse sleep quality (OR = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.34–0.99). Adults who reached <5000 steps/day had a higher likelihood of reporting worse sleep quality (OR = 2.11, 95% CI, 1.17–3.82).

Conclusion:

Physical activity in adulthood, as measured by pedometer, constituted a behavior related to lower adiposity and better sleep quality.
A Complete Street Intervention for Walking to Transit, Nontransit Walking, and Bicycling: A Quasi-Experimental Demonstration of Increased Use
Authors: Brown Barbara B. , Smith Ken R. , Tharp Doug , Werner Carol M. , Tribby Calvin P. , Miller Harvey J. , Jensen Wyatt
Published: June 2016

Background:

Complete streets require evaluation to determine if they encourage active transportation.

Methods:

Data were collected before and after a street intervention provided new light rail, bike lanes, and better sidewalks in Salt Lake City, Utah. Residents living near (<800 m) and far (≥801 to 2000 m) from the street were compared, with sensitivity tests for alternative definitions of near (<600 and <1000 m). Dependent variables were accelerometer/global positioning system (GPS) measures of transit trips, nontransit walking trips, and biking trips that included the complete street corridor.

Results:

Active travel trips for Near-Time 2 residents, the group hypothesized to be the most active, were compared with the other 3 groups (Near-Time 1, Far-Time 1, and Far-Time 2), net of control variables. Near-Time 2 residents were more likely to engage in complete street transit walking trips (35%, adjusted) and nontransit walking trips (50%) than the other 3 groups (24% to 25% and 13% to 36%, respectively). Bicycling was less prevalent, with only 1 of 3 contrasts significant (10% of Near-Time 2 residents had complete street bicycle trips compared with 5% of Far-Time 1 residents).

Conclusions:

Living near the complete street intervention supported more pedestrian use and possibly bicycling, suggesting complete streets are also public health interventions.
Science Signaling
Podcast for 21 June 2016: Nanoparticles to treat type 1 diabetes
Authors: Quintana Francisco J. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: June 2016

Nanoparticles that promote immune tolerance improve symptoms of type 1 diabetes in mice.
Papers of note in
Science
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: June 2016

This week’s articles report on the importance of the complement cascade and inflammasomes in T cells and highlight the roles of NAD
+
in metabolism and aging.
Active forgetfulness
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: June 2016

To make room for new memories, the scaffolding protein Scribble orchestrates a “forgetting signalosome” to suppress old memories in flies.
Characterizing responses to CFTR-modulating drugs using rectal organoids derived from subjects with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Dekkers Johanna F. , Berkers Gitte , Kruisselbrink Evelien , Vonk Annelotte , de Jonge Hugo R. , Janssens Hettie M. , Bronsveld Inez , van de Graaf Eduard A. , Nieuwenhuis Edward E. S. , Houwen Roderick H. J. , Vleggaar Frank P. , Escher Johanna C. , de Rijke Yolanda B. , Majoor Christof J. , Heijerman Harry G. M. , de Winter–de Groot Karin M. , Clevers Hans , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Beekman Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2016

Rectal organoids from subjects with cystic fibrosis can be used to assess responses to drugs that modulate CFTR.
Electromechanical cardioplasty using a wrapped elasto-conductive epicardial mesh
Authors: Park Jinkyung , Choi Suji , Janardhan Ajit H. , Lee Se-Yeon , Raut Samarth , Soares Joao , Shin Kwangsoo , Yang Shixuan , Lee Chungkeun , Kang Ki-Woon , Cho Hye Rim , Kim Seok Joo , Seo Pilseon , Hyun Wonji , Jung Sungmook , Lee Hye-Jeong , Lee Nohyun , Choi Seung Hong , Sacks Michael , Lu Nanshu , Josephson Mark E. , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae-Hyeong , Hwang Hye Jin
Published: June 2016

A mesh made of a conductive nanowire composite can be wrapped around the heart to improve hemodynamics in experimental heart failure in rodents.
Fire extinguishers turn down the gain on pain
Authors: Bhakta Nirav R.
Published: June 2016

Disruption of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in microglia diminishes opioid-induced hyperalgesia in chronic neuropathic pain.
Targeting the cancer cells that just won’t go away
Authors: Wood Kris C.
Published: June 2016

A selective inhibitor of KDM5 family lysine demethylases targets drug-tolerant persister cells.
High Concentrations of Measles Neutralizing Antibodies and High-Avidity Measles IgG Accurately Identify Measles Reinfection Cases
Authors: Sowers Sun B. , Rota Jennifer S. , Hickman Carole J. , Mercader Sara , Redd Susan , McNall Rebecca J. , Williams Nobia , McGrew Marcia , Walls M. Laura , Rota Paul A. , Bellini William J.
Published: June 2016

In the United States, approximately 9% of the measles cases reported from 2012 to 2014 occurred in vaccinated individuals. Laboratory confirmation of measles in vaccinated individuals is challenging since IgM assays can give inconclusive results. Although a positive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay result from an appropriately timed specimen can provide confirmation, negative results may not rule out a highly suspicious case. Detection of high-avidity measles IgG in serum samples provides laboratory evidence of a past immunologic response to measles from natural infection or immunization. High concentrations of measles neutralizing antibody have been observed by plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays among confirmed measles cases with high-avidity IgG, referred to here as reinfection cases (RICs). In this study, we evaluated the utility of measuring levels of measles neutralizing antibody to distinguish RICs from noncases by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Single and paired serum samples with high-avidity measles IgG from suspected measles cases submitted to the CDC for routine surveillance were used for the analysis. The RICs were confirmed by a 4-fold rise in PRN titer or by RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, while the noncases were negative by both assays. Discrimination accuracy was high with serum samples collected ≥3 days after rash onset (area under the curve, 0.953; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.854 to 0.993). Measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml identified RICs with 90% sensitivity (95% CI, 74 to 98%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 82 to 100%). Therefore, when serological or RT-qPCR results are unavailable or inconclusive, suspected measles cases with high-avidity measles IgG can be confirmed as RICs by measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml.
Function of Succinoglycan Polysaccharide in Sinorhizobium meliloti Host Plant Invasion Depends on Succinylation, Not Molecular Weight
Authors: Mendis Hajeewaka C. , Madzima Thelma F. , Queiroux Clothilde , Jones Kathryn M.
Published: June 2016

The acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont
Sinorhizobium meliloti
1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant
Medicago truncatula
and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
S. meliloti
mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs.
S. meliloti
exoH mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large quantities of succinoglycan. Succinoglycan produced by
exoH
mutants is refractory to cleavage by the glycanases encoded by
exoK
and
exsH
, and thus succinoglycan produced by
exoH
mutants is made only in the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form. One interpretation of the symbiotic defect of
exoH
mutants is that the low-molecular-weight (LMW) form of succinoglycan is required for infection thread formation. However, our data demonstrate that production of the HMW form of succinoglycan by
S. meliloti
1021 is sufficient for invasion of the host
M. truncatula
and that the LMW form is not required. Here, we show that
S. meliloti
strains deficient in the
exoK
- and
exsH-
encoded glycanases invade
M. truncatula
and form a productive symbiosis, although they do this with somewhat less efficiency than the wild type. We have also characterized the polysaccharides produced by these double glycanase mutants and determined that they consist of only HMW succinoglycan and no detectable LMW succinoglycan. This demonstrates that LMW succinoglycan is not required for host invasion. These results suggest succinoglycan function is not dependent upon the presence of a small, readily diffusible form.

IMPORTANCE
Sinorhizobium meliloti
is a bacterium that forms a beneficial symbiosis with legume host plants.
S. meliloti
and other rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a nutrient source for the host plant. To establish the symbiosis, rhizobia must invade plant roots, supplying the proper signals to prevent a plant immune response during invasion. A polysaccharide, succinoglycan, produced by
S. meliloti
is required for successful invasion. Here, we show that the critical feature of succinoglycan that allows infection to proceed is the attachment of a “succinyl” chemical group and that the chain length of succinoglycan is much less important for its function. We also show that none of the short-chain versions of succinoglycan is produced in the absence of two chain-cleaving enzymes.
Degradation of the Plant Defense Signal Salicylic Acid Protects Ralstonia solanacearum from Toxicity and Enhances Virulence on Tobacco
Authors: Lowe-Power Tiffany M. , Jacobs Jonathan M. , Ailloud Florent , Fochs Brianna , Prior Philippe , Allen Caitilyn
Published: June 2016

Plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum
. SA can also inhibit microbial growth. Most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous
R. solanacearum
species complex can degrade SA via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate.
R. solanacearum
strain GMI1000 expresses this SA degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. Transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory SA levels induced expression of the SA degradation pathway, toxin efflux pumps, and some general stress responses. Interestingly, SA treatment repressed expression of virulence factors, including the type III secretion system, suggesting that this pathogen may suppress virulence functions when stressed. A GMI1000 mutant lacking SA degradation activity was much more susceptible to SA toxicity but retained the wild-type colonization ability and virulence on tomato. This may be because SA is less important than gentisic acid in tomato defense signaling. However, another host, tobacco, responds strongly to SA. To test the hypothesis that SA degradation contributes to virulence on tobacco, we measured the effect of adding this pathway to the tobacco-pathogenic
R. solanacearum
strain K60, which lacks SA degradation genes. Ectopic addition of the GMI1000 SA degradation locus, including adjacent genes encoding two porins and a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, significantly increased the virulence of strain K60 on tobacco. Together, these results suggest that
R. solanacearum
degrades plant SA to protect itself from inhibitory levels of this compound and also to enhance its virulence on plant hosts like tobacco that use SA as a defense signal molecule.

IMPORTANCE
Plant pathogens such as the bacterial wilt agent
Ralstonia solanacearum
threaten food and economic security by causing significant losses for small- and large-scale growers of tomato, tobacco, banana, potato, and ornamentals. Like most plants, these crop hosts use salicylic acid (SA) both indirectly as a signal to activate defenses and directly as an antimicrobial chemical. We found that SA inhibits growth of
R. solanacearum
and induces a general stress response that includes repression of multiple bacterial wilt virulence factors. The ability to degrade SA reduces the pathogen’s sensitivity to SA toxicity and increases its virulence on tobacco.
A case of uncomplicated urinary myiasis in a healthy female
Authors: McCoy Olugbemisola Oredein , Rabley Andrew , Prasad Michaella M , Rovner Eric S
Published: June 2016

Myiasis is the infestation of a mammal by fly larvae which thrive by feeding on, and occupying the host. Largely a problem in livestock, human infestations in rural tropical areas of the globe are not uncommon. Myiasis may involve the skin, eyes, nasal passages, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Cases of urinary myiasis are rare in the USA; however, it may occur in immunocompromised hosts, those with previous urologic instrumentation or those with poor socioeconomic status. We present a case of successful outpatient treatment of urinary myiasis in an immunocompetent female without prior urological history.
Congenital lobar emphysema: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges
Authors: Mulvany James Jackson , Weatherall Andrew , Charlton Amanda , Selvadurai Hiran
Published: June 2016

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), a rare condition that usually presents in the neonatal period, can be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the treating clinician. If unrecognised, it is a significant risk at the time of anaesthetic induction. We describe a case of CLE in a 3-month-old boy who was initially treated for suspected aspiration pneumonia at the referring hospital. We highlight the importance of careful consideration of common childhood respiratory illness as well as pneumothorax in the differential diagnosis, and the significance of appropriate preoperative anaesthetic management. We also emphasise the importance of acknowledging a mother's concerns when taking a paediatric history.
Case of relentless chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Chan Onyee , Chen Hao , Krishnadasan Ravitharan , Anwer Faiz
Published: June 2016

Initial treatment of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia is straightforward in today's era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, managing refractory cases remain a major challenge due to the multiple factors that can influence decision-making, including medication tolerance, disease burden, mutation status, comorbidities, availability of donor, and fitness for an ablative conditioning. We report a male patient presenting with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia who was treated with 5 different tyrosine kinase inhibitors either due to intolerance and/or failed response. He subsequently received 2 haploidentical haematopoietic stem cells transplants before achieving complete remission. This case highlights various treatment options, need for vigilant disease monitoring, and the possibility of complete positive response even after many lines of therapy failure.
Physical activity prescription: a critical opportunity to address a modifiable risk factor for the prevention and management of chronic disease: a position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine
Authors: Thornton Jane S , Frémont Pierre , Khan Karim , Poirier Paul , Fowles Jonathon , Wells Greg D , Frankovich Renata J
Published: June 2016

Non-communicable disease is a leading threat to global health. Physical inactivity is a large contributor to this problem; in fact, the WHO ranks it as the fourth leading risk factor for overall morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Canada, at least 4 of 5 adults do not meet the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines of 150 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week. Physicians play an important role in the dissemination of physical activity (PA) recommendations to a broad segment of the population, as over 80% of Canadians visit their doctors every year and prefer to get health information directly from them. Unfortunately, most physicians do not regularly assess or prescribe PA as part of routine care, and even when discussed, few provide specific recommendations. PA prescription has the potential to be an important therapeutic agent for all ages in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of chronic disease. Sport and exercise medicine (SEM) physicians are particularly well suited for this role and should collaborate with their primary care colleagues for optimal patient care. The purpose of this Canadian Academy and Sport and Exercise Medicine position statement is to provide an evidence-based, best practices summary to better equip SEM and primary care physicians to prescribe PA and exercise, specifically for the prevention and management of non-communicable disease. This will be achieved by addressing common questions and perceived barriers in the field.

Author noteThis position statement has been endorsed by the following nine sport medicine societies: Australasian College of Sports and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP), American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM), British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine (BASEM), European College of Sport & Exercise Physicians (ECOSEP), Norsk forening for idrettsmedisin og fysisk aktivite (NIMF), South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin/Swiss Society of Sports Medicine (SGSM/SSSM), Sport Doctors Australia (SDrA), Swedish Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine (SFAIM), and CASEM.
Impact of sex and age on the performance of FINDRISC: the HUNT Study in Norway
Authors: Jølle Anne , Midthjell Kristian , Holmen Jostein , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Carlsen Sven M , Shaw Jonathan , Åsvold Bjørn O
Published: June 2016

Objective

The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is recommended as a screening tool for diabetes risk. However, there is a lack of well-powered studies examining the performance of FINDRISC by sex and age. We aim to estimate, by sex and age, the prevalence of elevated FINDRISC and positive predictive value (PPV) of FINDRISC for identifying impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) in a general Norwegian population.

Research design and methods

We estimated the prevalence of elevated FINDRISC (≥15) among 47 694 adults in the third survey of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3, 2006–08). Among 2559 participants who participated in oral glucose tolerance testing, we estimated the PPV of elevated FINDRISC for identifying unknown prevalent diabetes and other forms of IGM.

Results

The prevalence of elevated FINDRISC was 12.1% in women, 9.6% in men, and increased from 1.5% at age 20–39 to 25.1% at age 70–79 years. The PPVs of elevated FINDRISC were 9.8% for diabetes, 16.9% for impaired glucose tolerance, 8.2% for impaired fasting glucose, and 34.9% for any form of IGM. The PPV for IGM was lower in women (31.2%) than in men (40.4%), and increased from 19.1% at age 20–39 to 55.5% at age ≥80 years.

Conclusions

FINDRISC identified more women than men as high-risk individuals for diabetes. FINDRISC had a high PPV for detecting prevalent IGM, and the PPV was higher in men than in women and in the older individuals. Our data indicate that the impact of sex and age on diabetes risk is not fully captured by FINDRISC, and that refinements to it might improve diabetes prediction.
A landscape analysis of universal health coverage for mothers and children in South Asia
Authors: Scammell Katy , Noble Douglas J , Rasanathan Kumanan , O'Connell Thomas , Ahmed Aishath Shahula , Begkoyian Genevieve , Goldner Tania , Jayatissa Renuka , Kuppens Lianne , Raaijmakers Hendrikus , Simbeye Isabel Vashti , Varkey Sherin , Chopra Mickey
Published: June 2016

The United Nations made universal health coverage (UHC) a key health goal in 2012 and it is one of the Sustainable Development Goals' targets. This analysis focuses on UHC for mothers and children in the 8 countries of South Asia. A high level overview of coverage of selected maternal, newborn and child health services, equity, quality of care and financial risk protection is presented. Common barriers countries face in achieving UHC are discussed and solutions explored. In countries of South Asia, except Bhutan and Maldives, between 42% and 67% of spending on health comes from out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and government expenditure does not align with political aspirations. Even where reported coverage of services is good, quality of care is often low and the poorest fare worst. There are strong examples of ongoing successes in countries such as Bhutan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Related to this success are factors such as lower OOPE and higher spending on health. To make progress in achieving UHC, financial and non-financial barriers to accessing and receiving high-quality healthcare need to be reduced, the amount of investment in essential health services needs to be increased and allocation of resources must disproportionately benefit the poorest.
The end of medical confidentiality? Patients, physicians and the state in history
Authors: Rieder Philip , Louis-Courvoisier Micheline , Huber Philippe
Published: June 2016

Medical confidentiality has come under attack in the public sphere. In recent disasters both journalists and politicians have questioned medical confidentiality and claimed that in specific contexts physicians should be compelled to communicate data on their patients’ health. The murders of innocent individuals by a suicidal pilot and a Swiss convicted criminal have generated polemical debates on the topic. In this article, historical data on medical confidentiality is used to show that medical practices of secrecy were regularly attacked in the past, and that the nature of medical confidentiality evolved through time depending on physicians’ values and judgements. Our demonstration is based on three moments in history. First, at the end of the 16th century, lay authorities put pressure on physicians to disclose the names of patients suffering from syphilis. Second, in the 18th century, physicians faced constant demands for information about patients’ health from relatives and friends. Third, employers and insurance companies in the 20th century requested medical data on sick employees. In these three different situations, history reveals that the concept of medical confidentiality was plastic, modelled in the first instance to defend well-to-do patients, in the second instance it was adapted to accommodate the physician's social role and, finally, to defend universal values and public health. Medical secrecy was, and is today, a medical and societal norm that is shaped collectively. Any change in its definition and enforcement was and should be the result of negotiations with all social actors concerned.
Proton-pump inhibitor therapy and vitamin B12 status in an inpatient hospital setting
Authors: Hartman Brenda , Donnelly-VanderLoo Mary , Watson Tiffany , O’Connor Colleen , Madill Janet
Published: June 2016

The risk for impaired vitamin B12 status increases with age, as does the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Long-term use of PPIs is associated with several nutritional deficiencies including B12. Currently, there are no recommendations for B12 screening among patients taking PPIs. Data were abstracted on B12 concentrations, B12-containing supplement use, medications, and select hematological values from a retrospective chart review of 658 adults, 391 with serum B12 concentrations, admitted to 6 different medical units at 2 regional hospitals in Southwestern Ontario between 2010 and 2012. We found no difference between PPI users and nonusers and serum B12 concentrations (404 ± 224 vs 369 ± 213 pmol/L; P = 0.0690). This may be due to use of B12 containing multivitamins in 41% of PPI users. Regression modelling found that aging increases the odds of having an impaired B12 status (<220 pmol/L) by 1.4 times and those using B12 supplements are almost 4 times more likely to have an impaired status. Mean corpuscular volume was not related to B12 status. In this population, older PPI users are more likely to be using multivitamins, which may delay nutritional deficiencies. However, the lower B12 concentrations of PPI users taking only B12 supplements is a concern and requires further research. Finally, physicians need to be aware that mean corpuscular volume is no longer recommended as an effective biomarker for B12 screening and updated screening protocols need to be used to reduce the possibility of adverse neurological effects from impaired B12 status.
Development of cyclicp–ycurves for laterally loaded pile based on T-bar penetration tests in clay
Authors: Wang Teng , Liu Wenlong
Published: June 2016

Offshore pile foundations are always subjected to cyclic lateral loads, which can result in the remolding and softening of the surrounding seabed soil. Cyclic T-bar penetrometer testing provides a rapid and effective method for assessing the remolded shear strength. It is widely believed that the soil strength degrades with the accumulation of plastic strain, but the strain cannot be measured. Numerical analysis described in this paper shows that the accumulated plastic displacement of the T-bar in a cyclic range of two diameters is approximately equal to its accumulated displacement. By using T-bar test data, a cyclic degradation model based on the accumulated (plastic) displacement is developed to describe the soil strength degradation at a given depth. Furthermore, an improved p–y curve model based on the cyclic degradation model is proposed to estimate the lateral response of pile under cyclic loads. The improved p–y curve model was embedded into the OpenSees program to investigate the cyclic lateral responses of soil elements and the pile. A case study was conducted to verify the improved p–y curve model by comparing it with published centrifuge experiment data. Results indicate that the improved p–y curve model based on T-bar test data is highly precise and practicable.
Theoretical study on the structure–property relationship of D–A–π–A-type dye-sensitized solar cells: π-bridge and the side alkyl chain
Authors: Zhu Kai-Li , Liu Le-yan , Geng Zhi-Yuan
Published: June 2016

Two series of dyes have been designed and theoretically characterized through density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory to systematically explore the structure–property relationship of dyes with D–A–π–A architecture and the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells, particularly the influence of the π-bridge, including its alkyl side chain, adding additional conjugate spacer, displacement, and separation of π-bridge. Key parameters associated with the short-circuit current density Jsc and open-circuit photovoltage Voc were characterized and analyzed in detail. All of the analysis results manifest that dye H1 should be the best candidate to fabricate dye-sensitized solar cells owing to the best optical absorption property (a broad absorption band from 300 to 900 nm for adsorbed dye) and other outstanding parameters.
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) growth and condition along a winter thermal gradient in temperate streams
Authors: French W.E. , Vondracek B. , Ferrington L.C. , Finlay J.C. , Dieterman D.J.
Published: June 2016

Winter harshness and the degree to which it can impact stream-dwelling salmonid populations has received considerable attention from fisheries biologists, although some debate exists regarding the importance of winter severity for local populations. Groundwater input may buffer stream water temperature and benefit fish in buffered versus unbuffered streams. Overwinter growth and condition of individual brown trout were measured in 24 groundwater-dominated streams, and the relations between winter growth and condition to stream thermal regime (quantified by regressions of air and water temperature) and diet quality (amount and caloric density of prey) were examined in a subset of 16 streams. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) growth rate (mg·g−1·day−1) was positive overwinter in 18 of 24 streams, and there was no significant change in condition between early and late winter. Juvenile fish grew faster than adults, but there was no significant difference in condition between adults and juveniles. Thermal regime positively influenced winter growth for both adults and juveniles, likely mediated through moderation of water temperature by groundwater, whereas diet had no significant effect on growth.
Assessing the role of natural disturbance and forest management on dead wood dynamics in mixed-species stands of central Maine, USA
Authors: Puhlick Joshua J. , Weiskittel Aaron R. , Fraver Shawn , Russell Matthew B. , Kenefic Laura S.
Published: June 2016

Dead wood pools are strongly influenced by natural disturbance events, stand development processes, and forest management activities. However, the relative importance of these influences can vary over time. In this study, we evaluate the role of these factors on dead wood biomass pools across several forest management alternatives after 60 years of treatment on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in central Maine, USA. After accounting for variation in site quality, we found significant differences in observed downed coarse woody material (CWM; ≥7.6 cm small-end diameter) and standing dead wood biomass among selection, shelterwood, and commercial clear-cut treatments. Overall, total dead wood biomass was positively correlated with live tree biomass and was negatively correlated with the average wood density of nonharvest mortality. We also developed an index of cumulative harvest severity, which can be used to evaluate forest attributes when multiple harvests have occurred within the same stand over time. Findings of this study highlight the dynamic roles of forest management, stand development, and site quality in influencing dead wood biomass pools at the stand level and underscore the potential for various outcomes from the same forest management treatment applied at different times in contrasting stands.
Influence of N atom number and form on the photodynamic activities of zinc phthalocyanines
Authors: Jin Wei W. , Wang Yue , Wang Ao , Zhou Lin , Lin Yun , Wei Shao H.
Published: June 2016

Amino group modified phthalocyanines (Pcs) and their derivatives have attracted great attention in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) because of their satisfied anticancer activity. The existence of N atoms in these Pcs is very important because they not only provide water solubility of Pcs, but also greatly affect their PDT activity. To clear the influence of N atoms number on PDT activity of amino group modified Pcs and their derivatives, in this manuscript, two series of amine modified Pcs with different N atom number and their water soluble derivatives, hydrochloride and quaternizing derivatives were synthesized. Their photochemical and photobiology properties were studied and compared. The results indicated that with increasing the number on N atom, the reactive oxygen species (ROSs) generation ability, cancer cell uptaken ability and photoinduced anticancer activity were all increased in these ZnPcs.