bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A revision of the Loranthaceae of Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Barlow BA
Published: December 2005

The Australian Loranthaceae (sens str.) comprise 10 genera, 62 species, 13 subspecies,
and 4 varieties. Of these, 6 genera, 55 species, and all of the infraspecific taxa
are endemic. The New Zealand Loranthaceae comprise 5 genera, all endemic, and 6
species. Muellerina celastroides is doubtfully common to Australia and New Zealand
and the above endemism figures are based on the assumption that the species is not
present in New Zealand.
Five species are described as new, viz. Amylotheca subumbellata, Amyema biniflorum,
Amyema herbertianum, Amyema quaternifolium, and Diplatia tomentosa. Four
subspecies are described as new, viz. Amyema congener subsp. rotundifolium, Amyema
conspicuum subsp. obscurinerve, Amyema linophyllum subsp. orientale, and Amyema
maidenii subsp. angustifolium. There are 14 new combinations, viz. Decaisnina biangulata
(W. V. Fitzger.), Decaisnina brittenii (Blakely), Decaisnina hollrungii (Schum.), Decaisnina
petiolata (Barlow), Decaisnina signata subsp. cardiophylla (Domin), Amyema
gibberulurn var. tatei (Blakely), Amyema mackayense subsp. cycnei-sinus (Blakely),
Amyema miraculosum subsp, boormanii (Blakely), Amyema pendulum subsp. longifolium
(Hook.), Amyema quandang var. bancroftii (Blakely), Amyema sanguineum var. pulcher
(Ewart), Amyema villiflorum (Domin), Amyema villiforum subsp. tomentellum (Blakely),
and Dendrophthoe acacioides var. longifolium (Specht).
New chromosome numbers are recorded for six species.
Dry matter and nutrient content of a subtropical semiarid forest of Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. (Brigalow)
Authors: Moore AW , Russell JS , Coaldrake JE
Published: December 2005

Measurements on a 1/10-acre sample of brigalow forest indicated a total biomass of 293x 103 kg/ha, 46% of which consisted of dead materiai, either on the ground or standing. The presence of large amounts of dead material is attributed to the semiarid climate, which results in low decomposition rates, hardness of the wood, absence of termite activity above ground, and lack of running fires. Moisture percentages were low, varying from 4-6% for dead material to 65% for living leaves plus twigs. Amounts of elements immobilized in the biomass were 1600, 38, 300, 100, 2230, and 180 kg/ha for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium respectively. Brigalow showed high nitrogen/phosphorus and calcium/potassium ratios compared with lucerne and grasses grown on a similar cleared area. No differences in sodium and calcium concentrations were found in different components of brigalow, but the canopy showed higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium than the trunks, with branches and roots intermediate. In addition the canopies of larger trees showed higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than those of smaller trees. The uneven spatial distribution of living trees associated with the gilgai topography resulted in large sampling errors. The dead material and roots, being more uniformly distributed, showed lower errors. Subsampling techniques used for obtaining samples for chemical analyses were adequate, as standard errors for nutrient concentration determinations were generally lower than those for dry matter determinations.
Relationship in annual spceies of Medicago. III. The complex M. littoralis Rhode-M. truncatula Gaertn
Authors: Simon JP , Millington AJ
Published: December 2005

A programme of interspecific hybridization, involving species from subsections
Pachyspirae, Leptospirae, and Rotatae of section Spirocarpos, resulted in only one
successful combination out of the 20 attempted.
Viable hybrids were obtained with ease in crosses between different accessions
of M. littoralis and M. truncatula. The morphology, fertility, and cytological behaviour
of interspecific hybrids involving seven strains of M. truncatula and three strains of
M. littoralis was compared with intraspecific hybrids of each species. With the
exception of those with N.2829, which was differentiated from the other strains by one
chromosome translocation, intraspecific hybrids of M. truncatula were fully fertile.
Considerable pollen sterility and reduced seed set were observed in intraspecific
crosses of M. littoralis, but there was no evidence of chromosomal rearrangements.
The morphology of the hybrids between M. littoralis and M. truncatula was
intermediate between the parents. Chlorophyll deficiency in seedlings and adult plants,
dwarfism, and other morphological irregularities were observed in F2 plants. In some
FT1s failure of pairing, multivalent formation at metaphase I, and other irregularities
at meiosis indicated chromosome rearrangements. Up to three independent
translocations and one inversion in the hybrid combinations and pronounced
sterility were observed in both FT1s and FT2s. The pollen sterility of the hybrids could
be explained in several instances by structural differences, but these do not account
completely for the results obtained.
Inheritance studies of three possible strain markers indicated simple monohybrid
segregation in most intraspecific crosses, but in the interspecific and partially fertile
intraspecific crosses, ratios were disturbed and phenotypes abnormal.
The agronomic implications of these studies are discussed.
Lime chlorosis and other factors affecting the distribution of Eucalyptus on coastal sands in Southern Australia
Authors: Parsons RF , Specht RL
Published: December 2005

In southern Australia, deep calcareous and deep siliceous sands each carry a distinctive assemblage of eucalypts. Three of these species with contrasting edaphic ranges were investigated: Eucalyptus baxteri, which is widespread on acidic soils and is never found on highly alkaline soils like the calcareous sands; E. incrassata, which is widespread on acidic and neutral soils, occurs occasionally on some highly alkaline soils, but is also absent from calcareous beach sands; and E. diversifolia, which is found on both acidic and highly alkaline soils and is widespread on calcareous beach sands. All three species occur on siliceous sands, with E. baxteri in wetter areas than the other two species. Comparative pot experiments in which typical calcareous and siliceous sands were used showed that: (1) E. baxteri is stunted by severe lime chlorosis when grown on calcareous sand, while the other two species are not affected. (2) E. baxteri markedly outyields the other two species on siliceous sands. It is suggested that E. baxteri is absent from calcareous sands because it is physiologically intolerant of highly alkaline soils, and that E. baxteri replaces the other two species on the wetter siliceous sands because its faster growth rate enables it to outcompete them when rainfall is adequate. However, the slower growth rates of E. diversifolia and E. incrassata will be accompanied by slower rates of water use and this may give them an advantage over E. baxteri on drier siliceous sands. The wide edaphic range of E. diversifolia is considered to be the outcome of the wide physiological tolerance of individual plants rather than of intraspecific differentiation.
The Perianth and the Taxonomic affinities of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell
Authors: Pryor LD , Johnson LAS , Whitecross MI , McGillivray DJ
Published: December 2005

External examination and microscopic sections of developing flower buds in
E. cloeziana show the presence in very young stages of an outer (calycine) perianth
whorl of four free sepals. In older buds no trace of this outer whorl can be detected
and its minute scars are quite obscure. Thus the contention that E. cloeziana has
only a single (corolline) operculum is refuted, and its suggested significance as a
linking form between the Eudesmieae (with free persistent sepals) and the Renantherae
(with an apparently single operculum) must be reassessed. Possible interpretations of
the flower buds in the Renantherae are discussed.
Morphological and ontogenetic studies in palms. V. Early ontogeny and vascular architecture of the leaf of Rhapis flabelliformis
Authors: Periasamy K
Published: December 2005

The leaf primordium of Rhapis flabelliformis arises as a crescent-shaped structure
on one side of the shoot apex. Apical growth of the primordium ceases after the initiation
of a transversely oriented lamina wing on the adaxial face of its apex. Plications are
initiated in the submarginal region of the lamina wing by a characteristic growth modification
of its meristem, during which no splitting of any sort is involved. The tissues
adaxial and abaxial to the place of initiation of the lamina wing develop respectively into
prominent adaxial and abaxial crests.
Very early in its development, the palmate lamina becomes segmented into five
or fewer strips by means of constrictions extending longitudinally. These constrictions
have rather precise locations, arising in the tissue between the ridges rather than in that
along them. The segments remain connected by a very reduced and slender rein until
the leaf emerges.
The dorsal median strand running to the first-formed abaxial ridge of the plications
is the first to differentiate. Three series of strands then arise at different transverse
levels -middle, outer, and inner -in the petiole as well as the sheathing base.
Those situated in the petiole and petiolar part of the sheathing base supply the lamina.
The inner strands of both the petiolar and sacking parts of the sheath give rise to a
unique vascular skeleton of the ventral sacking. In addition to interweaving of the strands
as warps and wefts along the median ventral line, the vasculature of the sacking is
reinforced by a very regularly arranged inner series of strands.
Pasture patterns and associated soil water in partially cleared woodland
Authors: Story R
Published: December 2005

Aerial photographs of parts of the Hunter Valley show many of the trees in the centre of a circle which is paler than the surroundings. The circles have been investigated through the aerial photographs and in the field, and appear to be related to the influence of tree roots upon the grasses in certain soils in regions of fairly low rainfall. No evidence of competition for soil water could be established in the relationship.
Life history of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) O. Kuntze
Authors: Prakash N
Published: December 2005

Accessory flowers arise from the surface of inferior ovaries in 25 % of the flowers
of Tetragonia, suggesting an axial nature of the inferior ovary. The ovary is six to
nine-loculed, with a single pendulous ovule in each locule.
The anther is tetrasporangiate. The innermost layer of the four-layered wall
constitutes a secretory tapetum with multinucleate cells. Cytokinesis in microspore
mother cells is simultaneous and results in tetrahedral or decussate tetrads. The pollen
grains are shed at the three-celled stage.
The ovules are bitegminal, crassinucellar, and anacampylotropus. The funiculus
is long and bears an obturator of glandular cells. The inner integument forms the
micropyle and forms a collar at the distal end. A nucellar cap is present. The nucellus
persists in the seed as perisperm.
The archesporium is multicelled, although only a single cell develops. Following
meiosis the megaspore mother cell gives rise to a linear row of three or four megaspores,
of which only the chalaza1 functions to form an embryo sac of the Polygonum type.
The endosperm is of the Nuclear type and eventually assumes a horseshoe shape.
Cell formation is restricted to the micropylar region, the rest remaining nuclear until
consumed by the embryo.
The embryogeny is of the Solanad type, and the mature embryo is curved and
dicotyledonous.
Morphology and ontogeny of the foliar venation of Calophylum inophyllum L
Authors: Ramji MV
Published: December 2005

The midrib (principal member of the vein system of the leaf) differentiates during
apical growth of the leaf primordium. Marginal, and then secondary, veins are next
formed. Secondary veins are of two sorts, namely normal and canal secondaries,
which alternate with one another. They extend from midrib to marginal veins and
run parallel to each other though some variation occurs. Procambial histogenesis of
marginal, secondary, and tertiary veins and of vein endings is described. Mention is
made of relevance of this work to the phylogeny of leaf venation.
The productivity and nitrogen economy of artificial ecosystems comprising various comninations of perennial legumes and coniferous tree species
Authors: Richards BN , Bevege DI
Published: December 2005

The effect of the perennial legumes Lotononis bainesii, Desmodium uncinatum, and
Phaseolus atropurpureus on the growth of the indigenous conifers Araucaria cunninghamii
and Agathis robusta and the exotic pines Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, P. taeda, and
P. caribaea var. hondurensis was tested over a 5 year period on a lateritic podzolic soil.
The legumes grew vigorously but under the dense canopy of the exotic pines began to
decline in the third season. They depressed the yield of the exotic pines but stimulated
that of the native conifers. They greatly increased the nitrogen content of the standing
crop (vegetation plus litter) of native conifers, but had little or no effect on the nitrogen
content of exotic pines.
No change in soil nitrogen status was detected below a depth of 4 in., but the
amount of total nitrogen in the 0-4 in. horizon was increased by Phaseolus and
Desmodium, as was the nitrogen content of the whole soil-plant system. These increases
occurred mainly in association with the native conifers, since the exotic pines shaded the
legumes and reduced their effectiveness.
The marked stimulation of the native conifers by the leguminous cover crops
confirms previous findings that nitrogen is the primary limiting nutrient for these trees
on lateritic podzolic soils in the coastal lowlands of southern Queensland. Exotic pines
did not benefit from the presence of legumes, yet produced dry matter yields of
5-6 tons/acre/year. There is evidence of substantial accretion of nitrogen, amounting to
20-45 lb/acre/year, to ecosystems dominated by Pinus spp., even in the absence of
legumes; most of this extra nitrogen was contained in the trees.
A numerical contribution to the classification of the Poaceae
Authors: Clifford HT , Goodall DW
Published: December 2005

A numerical classification was prepared for a widely representative sample of
72 grass genera with the use of 52 attributes. An index of similarity was employed
which accorded the attributes weights inversely proportional to their frequency in the
population studied; clusters were formed such that all the similarities between genera
within a cluster exceeded a specified significance level. At each stage of the clustering
process tests of significance for homogeneity were imposed.
The analysis grouped the genera into three large and two small clusters, with
an unclassified residue of 15 genera. All but five of these 15 genera showed evident
affinities with one of the clusters. In decreasing order of size the clusters comprised
the panicoid, pooid, bambusoid, and oryzoid grasses, with a further cluster composed
of Lecomtella, Lygeum, Nardus, and Spartina. The five genera seemingly distinct from
any clusters were Coleanthus, Diarrhena, Hubbardia, Uniola, and Micraira.
Apomixis and abnormal anther development in Calotis lappulacea Benth. (Compositae)
Authors: Davis GL
Published: December 2005

A comparative study was made of material collected from four localities in New
South Wales and Queensland and a number of embryological aberrations were found
to be common to all districts.
During microsporogenesis, certain tapetal cells not only failed to contribute to
the tapetal periplasmodium but, after increasing in size, they separated from the anther
wall and resembled one-, two-, or four-nucleate embryo sacs developing among the
microspores. In one anther a structure was present which was very similar to a fully
differentiated embryo sac. Although the pollen grains of some anthers contained male
gametes, most anthers dehisced when the pollen was two-celled and some shrivelled
soon after meiosis.
Megasporogenesis was followed by the formation of linear tetrads of megaspores,
but embryo sac formation was the result of somatic apospory and C. lappulacea appears
to be an obligate apomict. The enlarging somatic cell usually invades the nucellar lobe
and replaces the megaspores but one or more such celis commonly develop also in the
chalaza, and up to eight embryo sacs were found in one ovule. Enlargement of a chalazal
embryo sac sometimes resulted in penetration of the ovular epidermis and its invasion
of the loculus as a haustorium-like structure. Extrusion of a developing embryo sac
through the micropyle was common.
Embryogeny is of the Asterad type, but vertical division of the terminal cell ca
was delayed until after the basal cell cb had given rise to superposed cells m and ci.
Polyembryony was common but only one embryo in each ovule reached maturity.
Endosperm formation was independent of embryogeny but unless it was initiated before
the globular stage of the embryo, the embryo sac collapsed and the embryo degenerated.
Cell grouping and primary wall generations in the cambial zone, xylem, and phloem in Pinus
Authors: Mahmood A
Published: December 2005

The use of the term cambium, or equivalent terms, in modern literature is
discussed. The term cambial zone adopted in this paper includes the cambial initial
and the dividing and enlarging cells. The tissue mother cell produced at each division
of the initial produces a group of four cells in xylem or two cells in phloem.
Theoretical constructs have been made for xylem and phloem production by
associating the concepts that xylem and phloem are produced in alternate series of
initial divisions and that a new primary wall is deposited around each daughter
protoplast at each cell division.
Correlations are derived from the theoretical constructs for the thickness of
primary wall layers lying in the tangential direction and of those lying in the radial
direction at progressive histological levels. Deductions from theoretical constructs are
made when the initial is producing xylem, when it changes its polarity from xylem to
phloem production, and when the reverse change occurs.
Most of the theoretical deductions are supported by photographic evidence.
The chief point of this study is the demonstration of generations (multiplicity) of
primary parental walls.
The term intercellular material proposed in this paper includes the cell plate
plus any remnants of ancestral primary walls between the current primary walls
surrounding the adjacent protoplasts. This term is still applicable to cells where
secondary wall deposition is taking place or has been completed.
Ontogeny of cambium and Phloem in the Epicotyl of Pisum sativum
Authors: Zee S
Published: December 2005

The pattern of distribution and differentiation of the primary phloem, the
cambium, and the secondary phloem, and the exact pattern of division of the initial cell
and its derivatives have been studied in the epicotyl of pea plants by using electron
microscopy.
Three divisional patterns of the initial cell, in giving rise to the phloem cells,
are recognized. The initial cell first divides periclinally to give rise to a transitional
cell. This transitional cell then divides further (periclinally and/or anticlinally) to
give rise to three sequences of phloem derivatives: (1) phloem parenchyma cells, (2) a
companion cell and a sieve cell, and (3) a companion cell, a sieve cell, and a phloem
parenchyma cell. The derived cells can all easily be distinguished from each other either
by their position in the vascular bundle at low magnification or by the different types of
plastids present in them.
The general pattern of differentiation of the cytoplasm and the formation of the
sieve plate and the sieve pores of the sieve element are essentially similar in the primary
and the secondary phloem. However, the sieve element of the secondary phloem, unlike
that of the primary phloem, possesses in its cytoplasm three kinds of inclusion bodies -
an amorphous form, a "crystalline" form, and a tubular form; these are described
and their nature discussed.
Development of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of some Caryophyllaceae
Authors: Inamdar JA
Published: December 2005

The development and structure of diacytic (caryophyllaceous) stomata in
vegetative and floral organs of five species of the family Caryophyllaceae has been
investigated. The mature stomata are diacytic or anomocytic and rarely with a single
subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of diacytic stomata is of the meso-perigenous type. The
development of anomocytic stomata is of the perigenous type and that of stomata with
a single subsidiary cell is mesogenous.
Phyllotaxis in Eucalyptus socialis F. Muell and E. oleosa F.Muell
Authors: Brooker MIH
Published: December 2005

The occurrence of unusual phyllotaxis in seedlings of E. oleosa led to a comparative
study being made between these and seedlings of E. socialis.
The seedling leaves of E. socialis were found to remain opposite and decussate for
approximately 10 pairs, after which the basic decussate arrangement underwent a
gradual modification to produce the apparent alternate phyllotaxis that characterizes
mature trees of most Eucalyptus species. In contrast, the seedlings of E. oleosa produced
two to seven pairs of opposite and decussate leaves. The disposition of the next few
leaves usually fitted no pattern that could be readily determined, but there was an
organization of the subsequent leaves at successive pairs of nodes into a spiral. A few
specimens reverted to a decussate arrangement during the period of study. The final
arrangement of the mature leaves of both forms was "alternate", but the difference
in the arrangement of the seedling leaves provided a useful marker for the separation
of the two taxa.
Seedlings which exhibited triphylly and tetraphylly were also examined.
Anatomical examinations of seedling apices were made to observe the order of
formation of leaf primordia of both spiral and decussate forms.
Effect of substrate salinity on growth and on submicroscopic structure of leaf cells of Atriplex halimus L
Authors: Blumenthal-Goldschmidt S , Poljakoff-Mayber A
Published: December 2005

For optimal growth Atriplex halimus requires slight salinization of the growth
substrate. It tolerates higher salt concentrations, but concentrations above 14 atm
retard growth. At 9-14 atm, changes in the submicroscopic structure of leaf cells occur,
viz. swelling of chloroplasts and mitochondria, appearance of numerous large lipid
droplets, swelling of the nuclear membranes, extensive vacuolization, and distortion
of the tonoplast with formation of numerous myelin bodies. There is no fundamental
difference between the changes induced by chloride and sulphate types of salinity,
although plants grown under sulphate salinity are much poorer in appearance. It is
not yet possible to correlate structural changes with gross physiological phenomena.
More direct investigations on the functions of the salt-affected organelles are needed.
Influence analysis in vegetation
Authors: Lange RT
Published: December 2005

Species incidence data from Mount Rescue National Park heath, South
Australia, were analysed by a single-classification technique, and then according
to an alternative strategy, which classifies samples in terms separately of independent
nodes of interactions resultant in them, as consequences of influences. This strategy
expresses the degrees of interaction in a node, as between two poles, and hence
classifies vegetation samples into linear gradients.
This advantage is developed by constructing, for each influence (independent
node of interactions), lines on a map which demarcate areas where the outcome or
consequence of the influence is the same (isotel map). These maps are similar in
appearance to contour or isohyet maps, and depict the disposition, directions, and
strengths of an influence. The identity of each influence may then be sought directly
by determining what varies over the area as do the isotels.
This strategy is relevant in plant ecology to the analysis of species incidence
data by contingency tables, and is so discussed, together with comments on its
broader implications.
Estimating productivity and apparent photosynthesis from differences in consecutive measurements of total living plant parts of an Australian heathland
Authors: Jones R
Published: December 2005

Estimates of productivity and apparent photosynthesis in a typical Australian
heathland were obtained by harvesting monthly over a period of 2 years. Net productivity
was small (400 g m-2 year-1 or less) while the rate of apparent photosynthesis
was considerable (about 6000 g m-2 year-1), representing a photosynthetic efficiency
around 5 %.
Below-ground production exceeded production above ground 6-10 times. Root
biomass was of the order of 6500 g m-2. Death and consumption of roots was large, and
most of the products of community photosynthesis were diverted below ground to
replace an annual root loss of some 5500 g m-2.
Community growth was a reflection of the behaviour of the dominant, Leptospermum
myrsinoides. Standing biomass above ground was sensitive to the activity of this
species, which produces new shoots from spring to autumn in relation to available soil
water. The annual occurrence of extensive leaf abscission and high mortality of roots
is correlated with high temperatures, low humidity, and depleted soil moisture.
Seasonal growth of field layer plants in two stands of Mallee vegetation
Authors: Holland PG
Published: December 2005

Changes in the aerial biomass of annual and perennial plants in the field layers of two stands in the mallee vegetation were followed from spring 1964 until spring 1966, and it is shown that these plants reach their maximum aerial biomass in the late spring and early summer respectively at, or before, the time when the shrubs and mallee eucalypts begin their new season's shoot growth. Studies of some Australian grasses and shrubs reveal that their shoot growth rhythms are "out of phase with the present climate", but the results reported here suggest that the various plants in mallee vegetation may conform to more than one growth rhythm.
The pathogenicity of Diplodia pinea to Pinus radiata D. Don
Authors: Marks GC , Minko G
Published: December 2005

In the Pinus radiata stands of north-eastern Victoria the symptom "dead top"
is common and consistently associated with the fungus Diplodia pinea. In order to
resolve the pathogenic status of D. pinea, its association with disease symptoms has
been studied by histological examination and tissue isolations following greenhouse
and field inoculations.
Malformations were associated with infection by D. pinea and although the
amount of tissue killed was small, the defect induced was considerable. Damage to
the leader caused the greatest loss in wood quality.
The fungus attacked the pith very readily after gaining access to this tissue through
injuries and via needle or cone traces. In the pith, the fungus spread slowly downwards
and was protected from changes in the external environment. Injection of D. pinea
spores into the pith resulted in a very high percentage of infection, and caused the
malformations and other symptoms associated with attack by this fungus in the field.
Histological studies showed that the fungus spread rapidly in the pith tissues, causing
alterations in cambial function which produced traumatic resin canals, parenchymatous
cells, and compression wood.
Field trials showed that fast-growing trees were more severely affected than
slower-growing ones, and the latter recovered more quickly. The fungus persisted
in the infected tissues for up to 400 days.
Senecio lautus complex in Australia. V. Taxonomic interpretations
Authors: Ali SI
Published: December 2005

Isolation mechanisms and the basis for taxonomic recognition in the Senecio
lautus complex are discussed. Recognition is accorded to the following four Australian
subspecies in this complex: alpinus Ali, dissectifolius Ali, maritimus Ali, and lanceolatus
(Benth.) Ali. The synonymy and the geographical distribution of these taxa and the
related forms are discussed in detail.
The structure of the cell wall in lignifield collenchyma of Eryngium sp. (Umbelliferae)
Authors: Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

In Eryngium vesiculosum and E. rostratum, the leaf collenchyma is characterized
by the development of a lignified secondary wall in the final stages of cell differentiation.
The collenchyma wall is rich in pectic substances which are distributed uniformly. In
the outer limiting region of the collenchyma wall the microfibril orientation is random
and this structure is considered to be the wall formed at cell division. The collenchyma
wall consists of six to eight layers in which the microfibrils are alternately transversely
and longitudinally oriented. Each layer consists of a number of lamellae of microfibrils.
In the secondary lignified wall the cellulose microfibrils are arranged helically, the
direction of their orientation making an angle of 40-45° to the cell axis.
Excised leaf segments showed greatest elongation in solutions of glucose and
3-indoleacetic acid, when the collenchyma walls were thin, and no elongation occurred
in segments in which secondary wall formation had commenced. In radial sections
layers of transversely oriented microfibrils could not be seen distant from the lumen
although discontinuities in wall texture were apparent. Layers of transversely oriented
microfibrils could be seen adjacent to the lumen. It is suggested that reorientation of
layers of initially transversely oriented microfibrils takes place during elongation of the
cells.
Studies on the Monimiaceae. I. Floral morphology and gametophyte development of Hedycarya arborea J.R. et.G. Forst. (subfamily Monimioideae)
Authors: Sampson FB
Published: December 2005

Inflorescences, flowers, and floral vascularization of the New Zealand endemic species Hedycarya arborea are described. Varying carpel vasculature suggests derivation of the uniovulate condition in Hedycarya from ancestors having multiovulate carpels with ovules in two rows, Floral ontogeny is described and it is noted that the terminal stigmatic region of the carpel develops from a solid terminal meristem, in contrast to many woody Ranales in which the stigma consists of crests surrounding the carpel cleft. The stigmatic surface is a mass of globose projections, apparently serving as pollen traps. No comparable type of stigma has previously been reported in the woody Ranales. The microsporangium has a typically thickened endothecium and a tapetum of the secretory type with tapetal cells becoming binucleate during the first meiotic division of pollen mother cells. Pollen mother cell division is of the successive type with cytokinesis by centrifugally extending cell plates. The generative cell is cut off towards the distal face of the microspore. The pollen, in permanent tetrads, is shed in the two-celled condition. Ovules are bitegmic, crassinucellate, and anatropous with a Polygonum type of embryo sac development. Some comparisons are made with the Australian species Hedycarya angustifolia.
Studies on the Monimiaceae. III. Gametophyte development of Laurelia novae-zelandiae A. Cunn. (subfamily Atherospermoideae)
Authors: Sampson FB
Published: December 2005

Floral ontogeny and gametophyte development of the New Zealand endemic
species Laurelia novae-zelandiae is described. The microsporangium has three to five
wall layers inside the epidermis, including a typically thickened endothecium and a
tapetum of the secretory type in which the cells become binucleate during the first
meiotic division of pollen mother cells. Cytokinesis of pollen mother cells is of an
unusual type in which centrifugal cell plates do not develop until the end of meiosis 11.
The generative cell of the pollen grain is cut off against what represents a radial wall of
the grain with reference to the tetrad stage. Pollen is two- or three-celled when shed.
Ovules are bitegmic, crassinucellate, and anatropous with a Polygonum type of
embryo sac development.
Fine structure of the differentiating sieve elements of Vicia faba
Authors: Zee S
Published: December 2005

The fine structure of the sieve elements of the primary phloem of the epicotyl of Vicia faba is described. The cytoplasm of the young sieve element contains four distinct forms of "slime" body: amorphous, crystalline, tubular (each tubule measuring about 140 Å in diameter), and short fibrillar (each fibril measuring about 350 Å in diameter). At the very early stages of differentiation, polysome helices are prevalent often in close association with the amorphous but not the other forms of "slime" bodies. At the early stages of development of the sieve element the tubular form of "slime" is closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests their possible origin. The plastids of the sieve element lack a well-developed internal membrane system but contain two characteristic types of inclusion bodies, starch granules and crystalloids identical to those revorted for the secondarv vhloem of the root of Pisum sativum. Mitochondria - remain apparently unchanged throughout sieve element development. Microtubules are present during the early stages of sieve element development but become scarce at later stages. Dictyosomes, coated vesicles, ribosomes, polysomes, and nucleus disappear as the sieve element matures. The fine structure of the sieve plate pore initial is complex. It consists of an outer electron-dense ring ("desmotubule") which encloses a central dark core. The developmental pattern of the sieve plate pore has been traced from the very young to the mature stages.
The genetic basis of unisexuality in Isotoma fluviatilis
Authors: Mccomb JA
Published: December 2005

I.fluviatilis occurs in diploid hermaphrodite, tetraploid hermaphrodite, and diploid
dioecious populations. Studies of seed production and germination showed significant
but incomplete genetic barriers between the various sex and ploid forms. Male and
female sterility are controlled by recessive genes which appear to be linked with a recessive
sublethal. Interaction between the sex-determining genes results in plants genotypically
neuter being phenotypically male. The plants used in the crosses were shown
to be heterozygous for at least some of the sex-determining genes and for genes controlling
several phenotypic characters not associated with the sex system. Extensive
gene hybridity, and consequently heterosis as a component of the genetic system of the
species, was also suggested by the observation that the percentage seed germination and
seedling survival fell with increased inbreeding. It is concluded that the diploid hermaphrodite,
tetraploid hermaphrodite, and diploid dioecious races should be treated as
separate subspecies and the female plants from the gynodioecious population as a form
of the species.
Structure and association in the Mulga (Acacia aneura) lands of south-western Queensland
Authors: Burrows WH , Beale IF
Published: December 2005

Results of a detailed botanical survey in two mulga (Acacia aneura) areas of semiarid
south-western Queensland are presented. Two 20 mile belt transects permanently
identified for future relocation were used to record woody vegetation. The results for
each of the study areas are interpreted by means of association analysis. Several site
groups were recognized, in which increasing elevation from the flats to the ridges seems
to be the main factor consistent with community changes.
The density of seedling and young mulga is considered inadequate for future
drought reserves at one site. No large species groups exist on either site, and both areas
represent small mosaics. It is suggested that microtopography is an important determinant
of species distribution in the sites studied.
Recent and fossil epiphyllous fungi of the Manginula-Shortensis group
Authors: Lange RT
Published: December 2005

Attention is directed to Shortensis (Dilcher, 1965) described from fossils as the
perfect state of Manginula. Manginula is a genus of epiphyllous fungus described in
1918, apparently not reported since, and in need of revision. A new species of Manginula
has been detected from present day vegetation and the material used to reinterpret the
original generic description of the perfect state. The distinction between Shortensis and
Manginula is invalidated. Two new fossil species of Manginula are described from a lens
in the Eocene South Maslin Sands, South Australia, and the implications of their
occurrence are discussed.
Factors affecting vegetative growth and the production of perithecia in culture by Ophiobolus graminis. I. Variations in media and age of mycelium
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

Perithecia were readily produced in culture on a suitable solid medium under
certain conditions of light and temperature, once vegetative growth was established.
Investigations into the carbon and nitrogen requirements for both vegetative
growth and fruiting showed that, whereas vegetative growth increased with increasing
carbon supplies up to10%, reproduction occurred only within a restricted range of carbon
and nitrogen concentrations. No perithecia were produced on a starvation
medium.
Factors involved in fruiting included concentration of nutrients and the balance
between them; both were important. A suitable fruiting medium required a minimum
carbon concentration of 3000 p.p.m., supplied as 0.75 % glucose or fructose, and an
optimum carbon concentration of 6000 p.p.m. supplied as 1.5 % glucose or fructose.
The maximum number of perithecia was produced on a medium containing 1%
glucose and 0.2 % asparagine (400 p.p.m. nitrogen), which had a carbonlnitrogen ratio
of 11.8. A higher than optimum nitrogen concentration was partially offset by increasing
the carbon concentration, that is by keeping the carbonlnitrogen ratio approximately
constant. The actual concentrations inhibiting and promoting fruiting of the fungus
were influenced by the balance between carbon and nitrogen supplies.
High concentrations of carbon and nitrogen increased vegetative growth but
decreased the number of perithecia. There was no sudden inhibition of perithecia with
increased carbon concentrations, but at 10% glucose (40,000 p.p.m. carbon) vegetative
growth and pigmentation were maximal but few or no perithecia developed.
No evidence was obtained that perithecial production was influenced by ageing
of the mycelium, the presence of staling factors, or exhaustion of food supplies.
Factors affecting vegetative growth and the production of perithecia in culture by Ophiobolus graminis. II. Variations in light and temperature
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

Sixty-one isolates of O. graminis were shown to be obligate photosporulators.
Fertile perithecia developed only when the cultures were exposed to light of between 65
and 360 f.c., with a maximum at 200 f.c. The temperature range for the production of
fertile perithecia was between 13 and 24°c, with the optimum at 20°.
Studies on the interaction of light and temperature showed that when cultures
received sufficient light, temperature controlled perithecial numbers.
Light most effective in photosporulation was of wavelengths between 390 and
450 mμ. Red light neither inhibited nor stimulated reproduction. At least 12 hr of
illumination was required, and perithecial numbers per unit area increased with increasing
light period until the cultures dried out.
Embryology of Isotoma petraea
Authors: Beltran IC
Published: December 2005

Ovule development, embryo sac formation, and embryogeny of I. Petraea
are described. The ovules are anatropous, unitegmic, and tenuinucellar. Meiosis in
the megaspore mother cell is regular and the chromosomes with terminalized chiasmata
form ring bivalents at metaphase 1. The Polygonum type embryo sac, Scutellaria type
endosperm development, and Solanad embryo formation correspond with development
patterns in other members of the Lobeliaceae.
Gynodioecism in Danthonia archboldii
Authors: Connor HE
Published: December 2005

Danthonia archboldii, a high altitude New Guinea endemic, is gynodioecious. In
natural populations hermaphrodites and females occur in approximately equal proportions.
In floral morphology D. archboldii is similar to New Zealand species of
Cortaderia and South American C. pilosa.
Root grafting in Radiata pine stands in the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: Wood JP , Bachelard EP
Published: December 2005

Root grafting, as indicated by the number of living stumps in thinned stands,
is widespread in radiata pine stands in the Australian Capital Territory. Grafting begins
when the stands are about 10 years old and increases rapidly to at least 25 years. That
live stumps are connected to live trees by root grafts was shown by excavation.
Neither initial spacing of trees nor thinning influenced the incidence of root
grafting but shallow soils appeared to inhibit it.
The radioisotope 86Rb and the dye acid fuchsin were used to demonstrate movement
of materials through root grafts from living stumps to living trees; this occurred at
rates of 5-25 cm per hour. No movement in the opposite direction nor from live tree
to live tree was detected. No evidence was obtained of living stumps affecting the growth
of associated trees.
Techniques for grafting seedling roots, and preliminary experiments on the movement
of substances through such grafts, are described.
Light intensity and the growth of Eucalyptus seedlings. II. The effect of cuticular waxes on light absorption in leaves of Eucalyptus species
Authors: Cameron RJ
Published: December 2005

In the species of Eucalyptus investigated, differences in reflection characteristics
caused by the amount and orientation of waxes on the leaf cuticle resulted in variation
in the capability of leaves to absorb light in the waveband 400-700 nm. When the waxes
occur as clustered rods or tubes, as in E. pulverulenta and in juvenile and intermediate
leaves of E. bicostata, the leaves have a glaucous appearance. The glaucescence is removed
when the leaves are wiped with cotton wool. Wiped leaves absorb a greater
proportion of incident light than leaves with wax intact and, consequently, have higher
rates of apparent photosynthesis at light fluxes below those required for light-saturated
photosynthesis.
The optical characteristics of leaves of seedlings of E. fastigata and E. bicostata
are not measurably affected when the intensity of the light climate in which they are
growing is varied, but the temperature of the environment affects the reflectance of
glaucous juvenile leaves of E. bicostata.
An electron microscope study of the intracellular hyphae of some smut fungi (Ustilaginales)
Authors: Fullerton RA
Published: December 2005

A number of species of systemic smut fungi have been examined. Hyphae occupy inter- and intracellular positions in the host tissues. Intracellular hyphae resemble haustoria in many respects. Host plasmalemmae are invaginated by invading hyphae, and encapsulations are formed. Material of similar appearance to the host cell wall is deposited within encapsulations and many hyphae are eventually completely ensheathed. A possible mechanism for sheath formation is suggested.
The life history of Punctaria latifolia Greville (Phaeophyta) in Southern Australia
Authors: Clayton MN , Ducker SC
Published: December 2005

A "direct" life history is described for P. latifolia from Victoria (southern
Australia). Unispores are formed without meiosis and grow into a generation of plants
identical with the parent. Their development resembles that of the plurispores.
Vessel wall structure: an investigation using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Scurfield G , Silva SR , Ingle HD
Published: December 2005

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine the architecture of the
internal (lumen) surfaces, and the pits in the walls, of the tracheary elements of 22
species distributed amongst the Gnetaceae and 16 angiosperm families. With the
possible exception of Gymnocladus, the vessels of species with vestured pits also have
warted internal surfaces; the vessels of Fagus and the tracheids of Bubbia have nonvestured
pits, but warted internal surfaces; the vessels of Liquidambar, Ulmus, Daphniphyllum,
and Helichrysum have non-vestured pits and non-warted internal surfaces.
The classification of species with vestured pits on the basis of vesture morphology
is considered. So, too, is the relationship between warts and vestures. The latter are
regarded as fused or conglomerate warts covered by the denatured remains of cell
membranes, the whole probably incorporating products of cell senescence and death.
The occurrence of vestured pits in the vessels of Gnetum links the genus with the
angiosperms. Their occurrence in fibres of Alstonia and Gonystylus contradicts the belief
that vesture formation is linked with a conducting function of cells.
The classification of dicotyledons: A study of the upper levels of the hierarchy
Authors: Young DJ , Watson L
Published: December 2005

Data on 83 attributes were compiled for a sample of 543 genera of dicotyledons.
Computational analyses and subsequent consideration suggest that a useful distinction
can be made between crassinucellate (mainly apetalous and polypetalous) and tenuinucellate
(mainly sympetalous) genera. The crassinucellate series incorporates rather
distinct caryophylloid and magnolioid assemblages, the former corresponding to a
large extent with the Caryophyllidae of recent taxonomic schemes, the latter being a
greatly extended version of the Magnoliidae. No evidence is found to support the
Rosidae or Dilleniidae as taxonomic groupings. The tenuinucellate series seems to
include two previously unrecognized major groups, here called acanthoids and
asclepioids, plus Compositae and Umbelliferae as outliers. The large orders Rosales,
Umbellales, and Myrtales may well be taxonomically unsound.
The shortage and general inaccessibility of truly comparative data constitutes a
serious difficulty in considering major taxonomic problems; in general these demand
better information than seems currently obtainable if reliable results are to be obtained.
Relationships between Tree Cover and Grass Dominance in a Grazed Temperate Stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea) Open-Forest
Authors: Gibbs Lisa , Reid Nick , Whalley R. D. B.
Published: December 2005

Dominance of herbaceous species was examined in relation to tree cover in
lightly grazed stringybark Eucalyptus laevopinea
open-forest recovering from ringbarking and logging on the Northern Tablelands
of New South Wales (NSW). The dominant herb was recorded in 121 quadrats (0.25
m2) in 24 plots (10 × 10) stratified by tree cover
(beneath trees, away from trees, and amongst small sapling stands).
Aristida ramosa dominated the grassy understorey in
interspaces, whereas Microlaena stipoides was the most
frequent dominant beneath and near tree cover.
Poa sieberiana was also more abundant beneath trees.
Dominance varied in sapling stands between these three species, suggesting
that tree invasion triggers herbaceous succession away from
A. ramosa towards M. stipoides and
P. sieberiana. It is suggested that year-long green,
shade-tolerant grasses such as M. stipoides are better
suited to the shaded, fertile, frost-protected environment beneath mature tree
canopies, and deep-rooted, summer-active grasses such as
A. ramosa are favoured away from the canopies and root
zones of trees.