bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Media and the Surge of Political Outsiders: Explaining the Success of Political Challengers in the United States, Germany, and China
Authors: Jungherr Andreas , Schroeder Ralph , Stier Sebastian
Published: September 2019

There has been a recent surge of political actors and groups challenging the legitimacy of established political institutions and mass media. We argue that this wave is no accident; rather, it is driven by digital media. Digital media allow outside challengers to route around social institutions that structure political discourse, such as parties and legacy media, which have previously held a monopoly on political coordination and information distribution. Digital media have weakened the power of these institutions, allowing outsiders to maintain extreme positions that formerly would have been filtered out or suppressed by institutions structuring political discourse. In this article, we explicate mechanisms linking digital media to the rise of outsiders by discussing the successes of a diverse set of challengers fighting for attention and representation in the different political contexts of the United States, Germany, and China. We thus provide a novel explanation that systematically accounts for the political consequences of digital media.
Immigration, Ethnicity, and Neighborhood Violence: Considering Both Concentration and Diversity Effects
Authors: Sydes Michelle
Published: September 2019

Immigrant ethnicity remains a largely understudied aspect of the immigration–crime nexus. Instead, most research to date relies on a single measure of immigrant concentration—most commonly the percent foreign born, the percent recently arrived or the percent Latino/Hispanic. In doing so, studies fail to account for the potential heterogeneity within the immigrant population. This study provides a comprehensive examination of immigrant ethnicity by disaggregating the immigrant population by language and religious affiliation. Drawing on three waves of census data and 9 years of official recorded crime data, this study explores the impact of both immigrant concentration and diversity on violent crime across 882 neighborhoods located in two Australian cities. The results demonstrate that growth in the immigrant population—regardless of the language or religion group under consideration—does not lead to more violent crime within a neighborhood. Further, no language or religion group concentration is associated with more violent crime once the sociostructural and environmental features of neighborhoods are considered. Indeed, the growth and concentration of some ethnic groups are linked to less violent crime. However, both linguistically and religiously diverse neighborhoods encounter more violent crime.
Functional ageing in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: the impact of frailty on adverse health outcomes
Authors: Guler Sabina A. , Kwan Joanne M. , Leung Janice M. , Khalil Nasreen , Wilcox Pearce G. , Ryerson Christopher J.
Published: September 2019

Background

Accelerated biological and functional ageing is common in fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD); however, their impact on adverse health outcomes has not been evaluated in this population.

Methods

Patients were prospectively recruited from a specialised ILD clinic. Functional ageing was determined by frailty index and biological age by measurement of absolute telomere length (aTL) from patients' peripheral blood leukocytes. Adverse health outcomes included health-related quality of life (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire), number and length of respiratory and non-respiratory hospitalisations, medication tolerability and time to death or lung transplantation. Multivariable models were used to determine the risks and rates of adverse health outcomes associated with the frailty index and aTL.

Results

540 patients with fibrotic ILD, including 100 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), provided 749 frailty index assessments, with 189 patients providing blood samples. The frailty index was strongly associated with quality of life, rate of hospitalisation, time to hospital discharge and mortality, including adjustment for age, sex, disease severity and IPF diagnosis. Mortality prognostication was improved by the addition of the frailty index to commonly used clinical parameters and previously validated composite indices. Conversely, aTL was not associated with most adverse health outcomes. The effect of chronological age on outcomes was mediated primarily by the frailty index, and to a lesser extent by aTL.

Conclusions

Functional ageing is associated with adverse health outcomes in patients with fibrotic ILD, indicating the need for consideration of the individual functional age into clinical decision-making.
Reducing the incidence of predictors of cardio-metabolic disease and dysglycaemia with lifestyle modification in at-risk persons – results of further analyses of DIABRISK-SL in those below 18 years of age
Authors: Fountoulakis Nikolaos , Wijesuriya Mahen , Gnudi Luigi , Gulliford Martin , Karalliedde Janaka
Published: September 2019

Background

We have previously demonstrated in the DIABRISK-SL trial that a trimonthly pragmatic lifestyle modification (P-LSM), as compared to a 12-monthly LSM advice (C-LSM), significantly reduced the primary composite endpoint of predictors of cardio-metabolic disease (new onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glycaemia and markers of cardio-renal disease) in urban participants aged below 40 years with risk factors for T2DM.

Main text

We now report results of post hoc analyses for those aged below 18 (n = 1725) in three age groups, specifically of 6–10 years (P-LSM n = 77, C-LSM n = 59), 10–14 years (P-LSM n = 534, C-LSM n = 556) and 14–18 years (P-LSM n = 239, C-LSM n = 260). There was no effect of P-LSM on the primary endpoint in participants aged below 10 years. Participants aged 10–14 years in the P-LSM intervention as compared to C-LSM had a lower incidence of the primary combined endpoint (87 vs. 106 cases; incident rate ratio (IRR) = 0.85, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.72–1.01; P = 0.07), driven mainly by the lower incidence of new onset hypertension (24 vs. 37 cases; IRR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.49–0.91; P = 0.012). Participants aged 14–18 years in the P-LSM intervention had a lower incidence of the composite endpoint (36 vs. 54 cases; IRR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.57–0.94; P = 0.015) as well as a lower incidence of IGT (12 vs. 21 cases; IRR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.39–0.92; P = 0.02), new onset hypertension (6 vs. 15 cases; IRR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.25–0.76; P = 0.004), and new onset dysglycaemia (composite of new T2DM, IGT and impaired fasting glycaemia) (30 vs. 46 cases; IRR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.56–0.97; P = 0.03) compared to those assigned to the C-LSM intervention. Limitations of the analyses are the post hoc approach and the small number of events in each group. There were no differences in retention between the two groups.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that, in young South Asians aged between 10 and 18 years at risk of T2DM, a pragmatic lifestyle modification programme may reduce the incidence of predictors of T2DM and hypertension. There is a need for further studies in younger populations to evaluate the impact and feasibility of interventions to reduce the burden of T2DM and associated cardio-metabolic risk.

Please see related article: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-017-0905-6
Refractive outcomes among glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract extraction with and without Kahook Dual Blade goniotomy
Authors: Sieck Erin G. , Capitena Young Cara E. , Epstein Rebecca S. , SooHoo Jeffrey R. , Pantcheva Mina B. , Patnaik Jennifer L. , Lynch Anne M. , Kahook Malik Y. , Seibold Leonard K.
Published: September 2019

Background

Glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification alone have a higher rate of refractive surprise compared to patients without glaucoma. This risk is further increased with combined filtering procedures. Indeed, there are few and conflicting reports on the effect of combined phacoemulsification and micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). Here, we look at refractive outcomes of glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification with and without Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) goniotomy.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of 385 glaucomatous eyes of 281 patients, which underwent either phacoemulsification alone (n = 309) or phacoemulsification with KDB goniotomy (n = 76, phaco-KDB) at the University of Colorado. The main outcome was refractive surprise defined as the difference in target and postoperative refraction spherical equivalent greater than ±0.5 Diopter (D).

Results

Refractive surprise greater than ±0.5 D occurred in 26.3% of eyes in the phaco-KDB group and 36.2% in the phacoemulsification group (p = 0.11). Refractive surprise greater than ±1.0 D occurred in 6.6% for the phaco-KDB group and 9.7% for the phacoemulsification group (p = 0.08). There was no significant difference in risk of refractive surprise when pre-operative IOP, axial length, keratometry or performance of KDB goniotomy were assessed in univariate analyses.

Conclusion

There was no difference between refractive outcomes of glaucomatous patients undergoing phacoemulsification with or without KDB goniotomy.
Psychological screening of adults and young people following the Manchester Arena incident
Authors: French Paul , Barrett Alan , Allsopp Kate , Williams Richard , Brewin Chris R. , Hind Daniel , Sutton Rebecca , Stancombe John , Chitsabesan Prathiba
Published: September 2019

Background

Terrorist attacks have increased globally since the late 1990s with clear evidence of psychological distress across both adults and children and young people (CYP). After the Manchester Arena terrorist attack, the Resilience Hub was established to identify people in need of psychological and psychosocial support.

Aims

To examine the severity of symptoms and impact of the programme.

Method

The hub offers outreach, screening, clinical telephone triage and facilitation to access evidenced treatments. People were screened for trauma, depression, generalised anxiety and functioning who registered at 3, 6 and 9 months post-incident. Baseline scores were compared between screening groups (first screen at 3, 6 or 9 months) in each cohort (adult, CYP), and within groups to compare scores at 9 months.

Results

There were significant differences in adults' baseline scores across screening groups on trauma, depression, anxiety and functioning. There were significant differences in the baseline scores of CYP across screening groups on trauma, depression, generalised anxiety and separation anxiety. Paired samples t-tests demonstrated significant differences between baseline and follow-up scores on all measures for adults in the 3-month screening group, and only depression and functioning measures for adults in the 6-month screening group. Data about CYP in the 3-month screening group, demonstrated significant differences between baseline and follow-up scores on trauma, generalised anxiety and separation anxiety.

Conclusions

These findings suggest people who register earlier are less symptomatic and demonstrate greater improvement across a range of psychological measures. Further longitudinal research is necessary to understand changes over time.

Declaration of interest

None.
By Force of Power
Authors: Péteri György
Published: September 2019

Patron-client relations were a ubiquitous feature of cultural and academic life under the state socialist social order, as were networks crisscrossing the borderlines between the domains of political power and scholarship. Awareness of and due attention to such relations and networks, this article argues, is a sine qua non of any reliable history of economics in the communist era. Pioneering projects, publications presenting innovative new approaches, individual careers yielding significant works of domestic and international acclaim were as much dependent on the support and protection of the politically powerful as on genuine talent and diligence. State socialism was not the kind of social order that would typically enable a spectacular scholarly development just “by force of thought.” The article focuses on the story of one particularly important patron in Hungary over the field of economics, a true communist grand seigneur: István Friss. It shows how his contribution has been systematically neglected, suppressed by both the historical and the memoir literature, and it presents archival evidence highlighting the vital importance of Friss’s patronage for the work and careers of such leading economists as András Bródy and, particularly, János Kornai.
A Not-So-Nuevo Past: Latina Histories in the US South
Authors: McNamara Sarah
Published: September 2019

This essay blends the biographies of three Latinas — Luisa Capetillo, Luisa Moreno, and Viridiana Martínez — who combated social and economic injustice in the US South. By uniting the lives of these women, who lived during distinct eras and never physically met, this piece illustrates that neither the history nor the presence of Latinas/os is new to the region and that many of the challenges present-day activists face are similar to the injustices Latinas and Latinos fought in the early twentieth century. It argues that to fully understand the region, including its complicated histories of race, gender, and politics, scholars must join the narratives of Latinas/os who immigrated to southern states during earlier eras with the stories of recent arrivals.
History of economic doctrines
Authors: Ковнир Владимир , Kovnir Vladimir , Погребинская Вера , Pogryebinskaya Vyera , Чурзина Ирина , Churzina Irina
Published: September 2019

The manual is a detailed sketch of the development of economic science, which includes the characteristics of the main works, the basic concepts, trends, directions and schools of economic thought, characterizing the development of economic science. The main theorists and developers of the leading scientific fields, as well as Nobel prize laureates in Economics are presented in separate personal essays.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of educational institutions of higher education studying in the areas of training 38.03.01 "Economics"; 38.03.02" Management"; 38.03.04" State and municipal management"; 38.03.03" personnel Management"; for teachers of Economics, students of business schools, for self-studying Economics, interested in the history of economic science.
Association of sedentary behavior with overweight and abdominal obesity in older adults
Authors: Resende Talita Inácio Martins , Meneguci Joilson , Sasaki Jeffer Eidi , Santos Álvaro da Silva , Damião Renata
Published: September 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the association of sedentary behavior with overweight and abdominal obesity in older adults. This was a cross-sectional study with older men and women residing in the municipalities of the Regional Health Superintendency of Uberaba, Minas Gerais. Sedentary behavior was assessed according to the time spent sitting on a weekday and a weekend day. Body mass, height and waist circumference were measured. Excess weight was determined by means of body mass index, while abdominal obesity by waist circumference. Poisson regression analyzes with robust variance were used to examine the association of sedentary behavior with overweight and abdominal obesity. The total sample consisted of 3223 older people (61.3% women), with a mean age of 70 ± 7.26 years. There was no association between quartiles of sedentary behavior and overweight (2nd quartile: PR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.94–1.05; 3rd quartile: PR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.93–1.07; 4th quartile: PR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.00–1.13) and abdominal obesity (2nd quartile: PR = 1.04; 95%CI: 1.00–1.08; 3rd quartile: PR = 1.03; 95%CI: 0.98–1.08; 4th quartile: PR = 0.98; 95%CI: 0.94–1.03) when analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic, health perception and behavioral variables. The sedentary behavior was not associated with overweight and abdominal obesity in the elderly.
Virtual clinic follow-up of hip and knee joint replacement patients
Authors: Batten Timothy J , Fieraru Gabriel , Williams Helen , Wingham Jenny , Findlay Iain , Williams Daniel H
Published: September 2019

The Royal Cornwall Hospital virtual clinic service was implemented to follow up hip and knee joint replacement patients in line with national guidelines. In total, 300 patients were followed up via a virtual clinic during the first 11 months, and another 520 patients, who were already undergoing conventional face-to-face follow-up, were recruited to the new service for future follow up after consenting and registering with a web-based system for collecting patient reported outcome measures. There were high levels of patient satisfaction: patients found it effective, quick and easy. However, they missed the personal interaction, which occurs during face-to-face appointments. Only 21% of slots were filled and use of the service varied by surgical teams from 6–54%. Further improvements are planned to fulfil a potential productivity gain that converts two face-to-face appointments into five virtual clinic appointments. Following implementation, our local Clinical Commissioning Group awarded a Commissioning for Quality and Innovation grant of £216 000 to sustain the service beyond its first year.
A Change of Climate
Authors: Hanley Jane
Published: September 2019

Jane Hanley asks if it is time to consider the way in which health visitors and colleagues respond to the ever-increasing menace of climate change
Bedouin Culture in the Bible
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: September 2019

Bedouin culture, the culture of desert-dwelling nomads, has existed for 4,500 years, including the era when the texts of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, were composed. It is thus a good context for understanding much of the Bible’s often ambivalent content regarding economics, material culture, social values, social organization, legal practices, religious behavior, and oral traditions. The abundant and varied Bedouin materials in this book constitute a cultural document that supplements materials learned from other cultures of the Ancient Near East about the Bible. The plenitude of Bedouin materials in the Hebrew Bible, the common logic between Bedouin and biblical experiences, and the ancient proximity of Bedouin to what the Bible cites as Israelite abodes, ensure that the origin of almost all the biblical references presented in this book stemmed from Bedouin rather than other ancient cultures. This book, in detailing the profusion of Bedouin culture in the Bible, goes far toward establishing that the ancient Israelites did have a nomadic background, as they are portrayed. Through the prism of Bedouin culture we also gain fresh insights into our customary perspectives on prominent aspects of Judaism and their biblical origins, such as the Israelite god Yahweh (enunciated in Judaism as “Adonai”), the attribute of this god as unseen, the original significance of circumcision, the eating of unleavened bread during Passover, the dwelling in thatched booths during the Feast of Tabernacles, and the Jewish prohibitions against eating pork and other forbidden foods.
Bedouin and Israelites in the Desert
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: September 2019

This chapter confirms the veracity of the biblical portrayal of the Israelites as nomads in the deserts and semi-arid areas of Canaan by examining the climatic conditions in these areas and comparing how both pre-modern Bedouin and the depicted early Israelites adjusted to them in their economic life. The low level of rainfall, its yearly irregularity, its monthly inconsistency, and its spotty, geographical dispersion, account for the fact that pre-modern Bedouin as well as the depicted ancient Israelites lived mainly as raisers of livestock rather than as farmers, each with the same type of water-preserving animals and the need to migrate with them from one spot of pasture to another. Similarities in the management of flocks by both communities are detailed, as are their common attempts at agriculture when conditions allowed.
Introduction
Authors: Bilston Sarah
Published: September 2019

Jokes about dull, identikit suburbs sound modern, but they are as old as the suburbs themselves. My introduction discusses the origins of the stereotype and sketches a counter narrative, of the suburbs as places of new beginnings for residents leaving the countryside in search of economic opportunities.
Paul’s Letters: Temple Imagery as Religious Identity
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines Paul's analogy of the Christian community as a Temple, and his referring to Christ as a sacrifice. Most scholars simply take it for granted that for Paul, the Church is the new Temple and that belief in Christ takes the place of the sacrificial cult in the Jerusalem Temple. Recently, however, there has been growing recognition of a more positive approach to the Temple cult in Paul's letters. According to this trend of thought, Paul does not aim to set apart his addressees from the Temple cult, and his use of the cultic metaphors is constructive. Some also argue that Paul uses cultic language because it offers a common idiom for Jews and Gentiles, since Paul's cultic language is not distinctively Jewish. He uses Temple imagery to illustrate God's acceptance of Jews and Gentiles alike—a sense of belonging to God.
The Book of Revelation: The Alternative Temple
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the Book of Revelation. The Book of Revelation to John is exceptional within the New Testament not only because of its genre and rich imagery, but also because it introduces a unique approach to the Temple. On the one hand, it portrays an alternative heavenly Temple, while on the other it argues that in the eschatological age, the New Jerusalem will lack a Temple altogether. The author's use of the genre of an apocalypse, not a gospel or letter, provides him with the opportunity to introduce radical approaches to the Temple. In the Book of Revelation, the secrets of the heavenly Temple and its impact on the earthly world are revealed, thus reflecting the author's conventions about the meaning of the Temple cult.
The Politics of Empire at the Accession of George III
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This book challenges the scholarly consensus that British India and the Second Empire were founded in “a fit of absence of mind.” The book instead argues that the origins of the Raj and the largest empire of the modern world were rooted in political conflicts and movements in Britain. It was British conservatives who shaped the Second Empire into one of conquest and dominion, emphasizing the extraction of resources and the subjugation of colonial populations. The book shows how the East India Company was transformed from a corporation into an imperial power in the service of British political forces opposed to the rising radicalism of the period. The Company's dominion in Bengal, where it raised territorial revenue and maintained a large army, was an autocratic bulwark of Britain's established order. The book offers an important new understanding of the era and its global ramifications.
Conscience and Liberty
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

The Berkeley lecture on Conscience and Liberty was given by Shklar as a talk to faculty and students in 1990. This was almost two years before she delivered the lectures on political obligation to her students at Harvard. This lecture offers a condensed version of the lectures and links them to Shklar’s own political-theoretical development at this moment in time.
Weizsäcker and Bonhoeffer
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

In this chapter Shklar discusses the moral dilemmas and the difficult choices that people face when confronted with making decisions under extreme circumstances. The two cases discussed are that of Ernst von Weizsäcker, who worked for the German Foreign Office under the Nazis but kept largely quiet, believing that his obligation was to the regime, and that of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a radical Protestant theologian who became part of the resistance against Hitler.
Honor and Richard II
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

This chapter is a continuation of the argument about divided loyalties begun in the previous chapter. Using Shakespeare’s Richard II, Shklar discusses the problem of conflicting roles and loyalties and links it to the concept of the political-theological concept and doctrine of the king’s “two bodies.” She locates Richard II as embodying a key moment in the transformation of the idea of divine kingship.
Hobbes and Modern Contract Theory
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

In these chapters Shklar takes the reader through the various aspects of early modern and modern contract theories of government. She looks into Hobbes’s fear of protracted civil war and what could be done about it discusses Locke’s response to Hobbes, and Hume’s, Rousseau’s and Kant’s theories of what consent means and what this implies for loyalty and obedience.
The Bonds of Exile
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

Exile marks a boundary in relation to obligation and loyalty. While in classical times exile sometimes served democratic aims and purposes, as Shklar illustrates with reference to the practices of ostracism, in modern times exile and its conditions are very differently conceived. The author demonstrates the varieties and complications of modern exile by drawing on a number of modern cases, such as the Dreyfus affair, the case of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, the treatment of Jews in World War II, and Willy Brandt and the possibilities of resistance against the Nazi regime.
Sex, Scandal, and the Shadow of the Roshi
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

Through a focus on the Zen sex scandals, this chapter redirects attention to practice communities to provide a more nuanced consideration of intersections between American Buddhism and psychotherapy. The scandals provide a useful focus for a number of reasons. First, they reveal under what particular conditions psychotherapy has been incorporated into certain Zen communities. Second, they show which psychotherapeutic discourses have become dominant and the specific ways they have been adopted. Third, they illustrate how the introduction of psychotherapy has been legitimated within a wider Buddhist hermeneutic, which has produced new Buddhist discourses, practices, authorities, organizational structures, and even soteriological models.
Critical, Collective, and Contextual Turns
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

The March 2016 cover of the Lion's Roar featured seven teachers of color and seven white teachers, seven females and seven males, gathered together under the title “The New Face of Buddhism.” Given that this edition represented a significant step forward in promoting diversity and advocating for the sociopolitical deployment of American Buddhist practice, it is not surprising that one of the first responses to it was a critique. More surprising, however, was that this critique was directed at the magazine's continuation of rather than challenge to Buddhist modernism. This chapter considers “insider” critiques of meditation-based Buddhism, an emphasis on collective forms of practice, and an illumination and interrogation of the sociocultural contexts of American Buddhist lineages. It focuses on the appearance of these sensibilities across communities with strong online platforms as well as the lively Buddhist blogosphere.
Itch, Clap, Pox
Authors: Gallagher Noelle
Published: September 2019

In eighteenth-century Britain, venereal disease was everywhere and nowhere: while physicians and commentators believed the condition to be widespread, it remained shrouded in secrecy, and was often represented using slang, symbolism, and wordplay. This book explores the cultural significance of the “clap” (gonorrhea), the “pox” (syphilis), and the “itch” (genital scabies) for the development of eighteenth-century British literature and art. As a condition both represented through metaphors and used as a metaphor, venereal disease provided a vehicle for the discussion of cultural anxieties about gender, race, commerce, and immigration. The book highlights four key concepts associated with venereal disease, demonstrating how infection's symbolic potency was enhanced by its links to elite masculinity, prostitution, foreignness, and facial deformities. Casting light where the sun rarely shines, this study will fascinate anyone interested in the history of literature, art, medicine, and sexuality.
Innovative Recent Perspectives
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers Salo Baron's writings on Jewish history. Recent historians have come to reject the supernaturally grounded assumption of unending Jewish suffering during the supposed third exile; many of them have also distanced themselves from the modern and naturalistic continuations of this sense of interminable Jewish suffering. The first major challenge to the received wisdom came in 1928 from Salo Baron, newly arrived in the United States from his native Europe. In an essay titled “Ghetto and Emancipation: Shall We Revisit the Traditional View?” he undertook a fairly limited assault on traditional Jewish thinking about exilic pain. Focusing on the French Revolution and the beginnings of the process of emancipation of Western Jewry, Baron examined the centuries immediately preceding the revolution and the immediate post-Emancipation period. He argued that the former was nowhere near so horrific as usually projected and that the latter was nowhere near so idyllic.
Why Run? Party Leadership Ambitions in the House of Representatives
Authors: Green Matthew N. , Harris Douglas B.
Published: September 2019

Drawing upon interviews with current and former members of Congress and congressional staff, plus existing research on political ambition, this chapter offers some tentative answers to the question of why certain lawmakers decide to be candidates for a party leadership post. Following the lead of political scientist Jennifer Lawless, it frames the discussion in terms of two kinds of ambition: nascent ambition, or the general “interest in seeking elective office,” and expressive ambition, “the act of entering a specific race at a particular time”. It shows that these two kinds of ambition ultimately determine who among all of its members leads the House, as well as the degree of stability and conflict that exists within both political parties.
Introduction
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the water paradox. Water is essential to life and freshwater on this planet has always been limited. This would suggest that, if water is the most valuable commodity for humans and it is growing scarcer because of its increasing use, then humans ought to be taking care of its main source—freshwater ecosystems. Instead, for thousands and thousands of years, humankind's approach to managing water supplies has been just the opposite. Unfortunately, the consequence of humankind's action and neglect is that the principal source of water—freshwater ecosystems—is under increased pressure and even destruction from both human impacts and environmental change. Indeed, according to the World Economic Forum's annual report Global Risk 2016, over the next decade the biggest threat to the planet will be a global water crisis. A global water crisis will have a number of economic and social implications.
A Global Crisis in Water Management
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the social and economic implications of rising global water use and scarcity. In the near future, many countries, regions, and populations may face rising costs of exploiting additional water resources that could constrain growth as well as make it increasingly difficult to meet the needs of those poor populations and countries that face chronic water insecurity. If unchecked, water scarcity could increase the likelihood of civil unrest and conflicts. There is also a risk of disputes over the management of transboundary water sources and “water grabbing” acquisitions. Yet this crisis could be avoided. Inadequate policies, governance, and institutions, coupled with incorrect market signals and insufficient innovations to improve efficiency, underlie most chronic water problems.
Reforming Governance and Institutions
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies the reform of water institutions and governance. Reforming governance and institutions to meet the challenge of growing water scarcity and competing demands is at the heart of the solution to the water paradox. Water governance consists of the processes and institutions by which decisions that affect water are made. Institutions are the informal and formal rules, arising from well-established social arrangements and structures, which provide incentives and determine outcomes in both individual and collective decisions related to water development, allocation, use, and management. Important influences on water governance include legal and social institutions that protect property rights, enforce contracts, and encourage collective action for the physical and organizational infrastructure needed to manage the resource. Thus, water institutions and governance are the bedrock upon which water management is built. If the foundation of governance and institutions is strong, then good water management ensues; if it is weak, then management will collapse.
The First Global Environmental Problem
Authors: Holleman Hannah
Published: September 2019

This chapter challenges typical interpretations of the Dust Bowl and puts the disaster into a global frame, linking the past to the present. In so doing, the common roots of contemporary and past developments and struggles are revealed. The Dust Bowl was one spectacular instance of a global problem of soil erosion associated with capitalist colonial expansion. While the official interpretation suggests that agriculture suited for a humid region was imported to an arid region, precipitating the crisis, contemporaneous accounts illustrate how much larger the crisis was, tied up with specific social and economic developments that imposed new socio-ecological relations upon peoples of the world and upon the land irrespective of local climatic conditions. Ultimately, the common denominators across the world—from North to South America, Australia to Africa, and Southeast to East Asia—were not climate and geography, but capitalism and colonialism.
No Empires, No Dust Bowls: Toward a Deeper Ecological Solidarity
Authors: Holleman Hannah
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter argues that the imperial origins of modern mainstream environmentalism resulted in a segregated environmental movement worldwide, and led to a stark divide between what activists and scholars refer to as “the environmentalism of the rich” and “the environmentalism of the poor.” Political and economic elites have an outsized influence and control over government and international environmental agencies. Indeed, mainstream environmental organizations are supported by, and dependent upon, the patronage of the wealthy, which impacts their priorities and strategies. The Dust Bowl did not arise because there was a lack of awareness of the issue or the technical means to address it. Like dust-bowlification today, the ultimate source of the crisis was social, not technological, thus requiring massive social change to address.
The History of the Future in Colonial Mexico
Authors: O'Hara Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

Going against the grain of most existing scholarship, this book explores the archives of colonial Mexico to uncover a history of “futuremaking.” While historians and historical anthropologists of Latin America have long focused on historical memory, this book rejects this approach and its assumptions about time experience. Ranging widely across economic, political, and cultural practices, the book reveals how colonial subjects used the resources of tradition and Catholicism to craft new futures.
Promises
Authors: O'Hara Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the realm of politics and collective motivation at the violent end of the colonial era. Sparked by a crisis in the Spanish monarchy in 1808 and the rebellion led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1810, more than a decade of uncertainty and violent conflict would lead to Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821. Through a reading of political rhetoric during this era, the chapter explores the use of biblical references and interpretation as a way of navigating the uncertainty of the present. For royalist preachers, this often meant emotional appeals to their flocks and a call for them to defend traditional forms of authority and hierarchy. Yet these tools of tradition, especially biblical typology, were also used most forcefully by supporters of new visions of political community, including the most radical leaders of the insurgency. Even during the collapse of the colonial order, futuremaking included a strong element of tradition.
Migration regimes and border controls: the crisis in Europe
Authors: Clayton Sue , Willis Katie
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the diversity of migration regimes with reference to unaccompanied child migrants to reveal how they are forced to navigate complex legal systems, and the regulatory frameworks that are supposed to provide them with support and protection, but which all too often fail to deliver. The first section examines the role of scale in the development and implementation of migration regulations for unaccompanied youth. The chapter then considers border practices and the effects of off-shoring to process migrants applying for asylum, or as an attempt to reduce immigration. The chapter then focuses on the case of unaccompanied minors who came to Calais as part of their intended journey to the UK. The chapter argues that laws which are supposed to protect unaccompanied young people are not implemented in full, and that young people are not able to access the support which would enable them to benefit from these laws.
‘Durable solutions’ when turning 18
Authors: Williams Lucy
Published: September 2019

The chapter considers the life options open to unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have sought asylum alone and have reached the legal definition of adulthood in their country of residence. In such situations, most young people will have a limited range of opportunities open to them. The chapter considers how the UNHCR’s ‘durable solutions’ and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child have been understood in relation to young asylum seekers and refugees, and the often uncomfortable classification of children within political asylum frameworks. It reviews how social workers and other advocates have approached the difficult business of preparing young people for a range of uncertain futures, and includes evidence from young people themselves. The chapter concludes with a section on best practice, recognising the agency of young people and emphasising the ongoing obligations of professionals and informal advocates to young people who have been through the care system.
Transgender ageing: community resistance and well-being in the life course
Authors: Fabbre Vanessa , Siverskog Anna
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the intersections of gender, sexuality and age through transgender aging. Using empirical work from both Swedish and U.S. contexts, it examines how heteronormative expectations for human lives are challenged by the identities, lived experiences and life choices of older transgender adults. Further, the chapter draws upon life course and queer perspectives to analyse the role of community-level organizing and resistance as pathways to wellness in later life for transgender people
Narratives and varieties of everyday transnationalism
Authors: Favell Adrian , Jensen Janne Solgaard , Reimer David
Published: September 2019

The chapter introduces the cross-national comparative material offered by the qualitative interviews conducted in the EUMEAN survey. Building on Juan Díez Medrano’s study (2003) of how Europe is framed differently by Germans, Spanish and British, the chapter focuses on the discussions about mobility and cross-border experiences of residents of the five West European countries in EUCROSS (i.e., also adding Denmark and Italy in comparative terms). Taking the confident identities of Danes in Europe as its reference point, it contrasts the less experienced but sometimes more idealist points of view of Spanish and Italians, with the more doubtful voices of Germans and British. Tensions in their cross-border relations also surface, particularly between the privileged North-West of the continent and the South.
Eat
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

The first chapter, Eat, focuses on the importance of diet, showing how the basic need to eat can become a defining feature of our lives, whether we are calculating carbohydrates, seeking the nutrition that our bodies need, or controlling their shape and size. Through eating, the processes and practices that create routines, rules, cures, and rituals of care become visible, and the ways in which the body is reconfigured by its material needs become apparent. As a significant form of managing illness eating is a way of caring for the body, but it is one that creates conflict, turning eating into a duty and a reward. Ava has rheumatoid arthritis. In her search for a magic bullet to cure her of her daily aches and pains, she has consulted nutritionists, bought supplements, subscribed to diet and nutrition email lists, and read countless magazines, books and websites. Disciplined eating forms part of Ava’s strategy for health, and routines structured around food provide a sense of security and control, revealing significant dedication to caring for the body.
Sleep
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

The third chapter, Sleep, looks at how the demands of our working and social lives can conflict with the demands of our body, and at how illness redefines our lives through the need to sleep. While rest is sometimes the best cure for illness, sleep clashes with social expectations, destroys routines, and causes conflicts. The need to sleep is perhaps the most delicate revelation of the body’s vulnerability, and bodies that need to sleep more simply do not fit in with the demands of modern life. As such, they present themselves as things that demand care, that are frail and difficult to manage. Aiden has rheumatoid arthritis and rest is a better cure than any drug, but with a modern life in London it is the hardest thing to come by. Sometimes his body screams for sleep to rest and rejuvenate, evidencing the conflict between how Aiden wants to live and what his body needs.
Religion, health care, and Africa
Authors: Lloyd Robert B. , Haussman Melissa , James Patrick
Published: September 2019

It is estimated that populations in Africa are afflicted with 24% of the global load of disease with only 13% of the population. This chapter provides theoretical suggestions for studying why this is so. Among these theories are area studies, Africa studies and the World Health Organization’s Social Determinants of Health Framework, which relates social inequality to the study of political and health-providing institutions. The chapter lays out the book’s three case studies and our look at the role of national and international health and secular ngo’s in helping to remedy gendered health inequalities. It lays out the MDG framework of 2000, to be discussed in succeeding chapters.
Oral histories and lacemaking as strategies for resilience in women’s craft groups
Authors: Sznajder Anna , Kosmala Katarzyna
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines an ethnographic study of a women's lacemaking network in Poland. It confirms the value of craft work as both a creative and social activity and as contributing to the participants' resilience. Older people choosing to practise arts and crafts resulted in enhanced personal expression and self-esteem. Indeed, lace making as part of a group strengthened social connectivity, increased confidence, and improved the group's perception of their social status. Moreover, sharing stories while making craft allows for memories and experiences of the past to be intertwined and simultaneously performed in the present. This project led towards reflection upon the ways in which craft making can be combined with oral history, constructing the space for formulation of new discourses of ageing. Regional identities, enriched by the history of objects, practices, and places, allow people to locate themselves in the context of narratives about craft making.
Pride and Shame in Child and Family Social Work
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2019

This book reports on the first study into the role of pride and shame in social work practice. The concepts of pride, shame, guilt, humiliation, and embarrassment are outlined and analysed, providing a new framework for understanding and researching these emotions in professional practice. It is argued that these emotions are inherently part of practice, influencing what social workers do and how they do it. Such emotions are considered in the context of wider institutional processes that construct ideal forms of practice, which are then used to evaluate social workers’ actions and praise, shame, or humiliate them accordingly. The threat of shame, and promise of praise, influence most social workers to enact or conform to the standard, thereby regulating their practice. These emotions can, therefore, be considered to be strategically used as a mechanism of control by constructing contextually specific boundaries for shameful and praiseworthy behaviour that are policed within the organisation. While some social workers feel proud to act in such a manner in some contexts, often resulting in a difficult experience for the parents, many social workers feel constrained, believing they are no longer doing social work. Indeed, some social workers feel ashamed or guilty of what they are doing and seek to resist these attempts at control through acts of compromising, concealing, and influencing. This book provides a new theory for pride and shame in organisations and specifically outlines a theory for the role pride and shame play in leadership, management, and individual social work practice.
Education and Race from Empire to Brexit
Authors: Tomlinson Sally
Published: September 2019

Covering the period from the height of Empire to Brexit and beyond, this book shows how the vote to leave the European Union increased hostilities towards racial and ethnic minorities and migrants. Concentrating on the education system it asks whether populist views that there should be a British identity, or a Scottish, Welsh or Irish one largely excluding minorities, or whether arguments based on human rights, equality and economic needs will prevail. It covers events in politics and education that have left most white British people ignorant of Empire, the often-brutal processes of decolonisation and the arrival of migrants from post-colonial and European countries. It discusses policies and practices in education, race, religion and migration that have left schools and universities largely failing to engage with a multicultural and multiracial society