bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Watch Your Basket ‐ to Determine CEO Compensation
Authors: Galpin Neal , Jung Hae Won (Henny) , Moore Lyndon , Volkova Ekaterina
Published: July 2018

CEOs (chief executive officers) are paid more if they outperform other firms in their blockholders’ portfolios. For every percentage point by which their own firm's return exceeds the return of the largest blockholder's basket of investments in a year, their compensation increases by over $9,800. Once we benchmark to this portfolio, industry returns and own firm returns are of little importance. When the firm is a larger portion of the blockholder's portfolio and when the blockholder is experienced, the reward for outperforming the blockholder's portfolio is greater. Our results are robust to alternate industry classifications and definitions of blockholders.
No deaths in the desert: predicted responses of an arid‐adapted bee and its two nesting trees suggest resilience in the face of warming climates
Authors: Silva Daniel Paiva , Dew Rebecca M. , Vilela Bruno , Stevens Mark I. , Schwarz Michael P.
Published: July 2018

Species distribution modelling (SDM) has been applied to multiple bee species to examine how they may respond to future climate change. Those studies indicate a variety of likely responses to a warming climate. No SDM approaches, however, have been undertaken for arid‐adapted bees, despite their enormous diversity in xeric habitats.

We applied SDM to an arid‐zone allodapine bee, Exoneurella tridentata Houston, 1976 (Apidae: Allodapini), and the two tree species it depends on for nesting substrate, Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S.T. Reynolds (Sapindaceae) and Acacia papyrocarpa Benth. (Fabaceae).

Because of the complete dependency of this bee on these trees, there is the possibility that its vulnerability to climate change may be greater than for bee species that have broader nesting niches, such as ground or non‐specific cavity nesting. Using a variety of future climate scenarios, both optimistic and pessimistic, and also the bee's nest plant species as predictor variables of its distribution in some modelling runs, we find that both tree species and E. tridentata are likely to be resilient to future climates.

Our findings suggest that for Australian arid‐zone bees, at least vulnerability to future climate change may be very different than that for tropical or temperate taxa.
Investigating the impact of young consumers’ religiosity on digital piracy
Authors: Arli Denni , Tjiptono Fandy , Casidy Riza , Phau Ian
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the current study is to explore the influence of young consumers’ religiosity on their attitude and intention towards digital piracy. Despite continuous efforts from the government and industries, global digital piracy is still on the rise with developing countries leading the way of the most pirated nations. Interestingly, religiosity is also highest in developing countries which is the focal aim of this study. Using a sample from Indonesia (n = 576), the largest Muslim population in the world, the present study found that religiosity significantly influences consumers’ attitude towards digital piracy, where consumers who are less religious are more receptive towards digital piracy. The results of this study will have important implications to religious leaders, software and music industry and public policymakers operating in developing countries.
Technological change and employment in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico: Which workers are most affected?
Authors: ARIZA John , RAYMOND BARA Josep Lluís
Published: July 2018

This article adopts a task‐based approach to analyse employment patterns in terms of skill distribution and occupations in the urban labour markets of Brazil, Colombia and Mexico during 2002–15. The results suggest that employment fell strongly for some medium‐skilled occupations, and increased slightly for both low‐skilled and high‐skilled occupations. Decomposition results suggest that the decreasing share of employment of secretaries and stenographers is fully explained by changes within industries (routinization hypothesis), whereas the decrease in machinery operation and handicraft jobs is mainly explained by changes between industries. By socio‐demographic group, technological changes negatively affected women but benefited younger workers and those with higher educational attainment.
The terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway directly affects the biosynthesis of alarm pheromone in the aphid
Authors: Sun Z.‐J. , Li Z.‐X.
Published: July 2018

The terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway is responsible for the synthesis of different backbones for terpenoids; (E)‐β‐farnesene (EβF), a sesquiterpene, is the major component of aphid alarm pheromone. Our previous studies eliminated the possibility of host plants and endosymbionts as the sources of EβF, and we thus speculate that the terpenoid pathway might affect the biosynthesis of EβF in aphids. First, the transcriptional responses of four genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) and decaprenyl diphosphate synthase in the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii to simulated stimulation were analysed using quantitative real‐time PCR, showing an immediate decrease in the transcript abundances of the four genes. Next, RNA‐interference‐mediated gene knockdown was performed, indicating that fpps knockdown caused a significant cost in terms of body size and fecundity. Finally, an association analysis of gene knockdown with the amount of EβF was conducted, revealing that the concentration of EβF per milligram of aphid was drastically decreased in response to fpps knockdown, whereas ggpps knockdown significantly raised the concentration of EβF. Our data support a peculiar mode of biosynthesis and storage of the aphid alarm pheromone that relies directly on the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway in the aphid.
Arterial stiffness in elderly patients with normotension and hypertension in Brazil
Authors: de Mendonça Guilherme Silva , de Souza Denis Fabiano , de Alvarenga Cunha Brunelli Ana Cláudia , de Oliveira Peres Cristina Ila , Freitas Ercilhana Gonçalves Batista , Lacerda Gabriela Nolasco , Dorneles Michelle Caixeta , Peixoto Aldo José , Ferreira‐Filho Sebastião Rodrigues
Published: July 2018

Data on arterial stiffness in older populations, according to blood pressure (BP) levels, are scarce in Brazil. The objective of this study was to establish reference values for core measures of arterial stiffness, including carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cf‐PWV) and aortic augmentation index (AIx), in a cohort of older individuals with normotension (NT) and hypertension. Cross‐sectional analysis was performed with applanation tonometry data from 1192 patients aged 60 years or older. The authors classified patients according to their BP levels as having NT, controlled hypertension (CH), and uncontrolled hypertension (UH). The cf‐PWV values were 9.11 ± 0.16 m/s (NT), 9.12 ± 0.18 m/s (CH), and 9.42 ± 2.2 m/s (UH) (P < 0.005; UH vs NT and CH). The AIx was 33.3% for the entire cohort and similar across all groups. The cf‐PWV increased with age but reached a ceiling at 75 years. Compared with men, women had a higher AIx but similar cf‐PWV levels. In conclusion, the markers of arterial stiffness were similar among individuals with NT/CH and higher among individuals with UH.
Molecular tracing confirms that infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus follows the smolt from hatchery to grow‐out farm
Authors: Kristoffersen Anja B. , Devold Magnus , Aspehaug Vidar , Gjelstenli Ove , Breck Olav , Bang Jensen Britt
Published: July 2018

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is an important restraint to production of salmonids in aquaculture globally. In order to implement efficacious mitigation strategies for control of this disease, it is important to understand infection routes under current production systems. IPN virus has been shown to be transmitted vertically in Rainbow trout, from broodstock to fingerlings in hatcheries, and there is circumstantial evidence suggesting that vertical transmission can also occur in Atlantic salmon, in addition to horizontal transmission between grow‐out fish in farms. In this study, we show that the smolt carries infection with IPN from hatchery to the marine farm. We do this by comparing sequences from fish groups taken both in hatcheries and on corresponding marine grow‐out farms. We use statistical analysis to prove that sequences obtained from the same fish group in both hatchery and marine farm are more similar than sequences obtained from random fish groups on hatcheries and marine farms.
Monetary Policy and Investment Dynamics: Evidence from Disaggregate Data
Authors: GIVENS GREGORY E. , REED ROBERT R.
Published: July 2018

We use data on the components of private fixed investment (PFI) to estimate industry‐level responses of real investment and capital prices to unanticipated monetary policy. The response functions derive from a restricted large‐scale vector autoregression. Results point to significant cross‐sector heterogeneity in PFI prices and quantities, which we interpret as evidence of asymmetry in the transmission mechanism. For assets belonging to the equipment category of fixed investment, we find that quantities rather than prices absorb most of the fallout from a policy innovation. By contrast, price effects tend to be higher and output effects lower for nonresidential structures.
Mothers’ experiences learning and performing infant massage—A qualitative study
Authors: Midtsund Astrid , Litland Astrid , Hjälmhult Esther
Published: July 2018

Aims and objective

To explore the experience of learning infant massage among mothers who are having insecurity and stress in their transition to motherhood.

Background

Secure attachment is essential for healthy infant development. An interaction with the caregiver, characterised by sensitivity, engagement and adequate responding, is necessary for the development of attachment. However, transition to parenting can be a major challenge and create insecurity and stress for some mothers. This can interfere with mother's attachment and sensitivity to the baby's cues, which in turn can affect the mother–infant interaction. Mothers who struggled postpartum were invited to participate in a group called Mamma Mia, a programme where mothers learn infant massage as targeted measure for improving interaction between the mother and baby. To date, there is limited knowledge how mothers receiving this group programme experience infant massage.

Design and method

A qualitative and explorative approach was used, based on interviews with 12 mothers who had participated in Mamma Mia group facilitated by public health nurses at Well Child Clinics in Norway. We used qualitative content analysis with manifest and latent content to analyse the transcripts.

Result

One main theme emerged: “A relief with an opportunity for emotional and physical connection with the baby” and four categories were identified to highlight the mothers’ experiences through (a) appreciating the structure, (b) providing self‐esteem and self‐confidence, (c) connecting with the baby and (d) discovering the baby's presence.

Conclusions

Mothers in this study in Norway enjoyed the experience of learning infant massage and felt closer to their babies as a result.

Relevance to clinical practice

Training of health professionals to provide infant massage to mothers in a Mamma Mia group or similar groups can be a low cost and efficient intervention in primary care.
Beyond fall risk assessment: A case–control study in an Urban Medical Center
Authors: Domingue Scott , Morelock Skip , Walsh Judith , Newcomb Patricia , Russe Christine , Nava Alexander , Jones Ashley , John Jessy R.
Published: July 2018

Aims and objectives

To examine the characteristics of patients that fell and compare them with patients that did not fall and to seek differences between the two groups that might help better predict falls in future patients.

Background

It has been estimated that between 700,000 and one million inpatient falls occur yearly in hospitals in the United States, which results in an increase in healthcare costs of over $19 billion dollars per year.

Design

This was a case–control study employing a retrospective analysis of inpatient electronic health records. It includes records from 160 patients who experienced a fall after the implementation of the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool, and 160 records of patient with similar fall risk scores that did not fall.

Methods

All fall and nonfall patient data for the database were obtained by one research team member, while systematic random selection of nonfall patient records was performed by three research team members as described below. Each patient was assigned a unique study code number which was entered into the research database. The final sample size was 302 patients.

Results

Patients who did not receive lorazepam within 12 hr of the fall risk assessment were less likely to fall than patients who did receive lorazepam. A statistical relationship was also found between toileting at the time of the fall and age.

Conclusions

Better stratification of patient populations combined with astute nursing awareness may result in a further reduction in falls.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results indicate that the nursing assessment with respect to falls is critical to identifying fall‐prone individuals who may score as a low‐to‐moderate fall risk. In addition, the administration of lorazepam should cue the nurse that fall precautions be implemented regardless of scored risk.
Does the Translucency of Novel Monolithic CAD/CAM Materials Affect Resin Cement Polymerization with Different Curing Modes?
Authors: Caprak Yagmur Ozer , Turkoglu Pinar , Akgungor Gokhan
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The translucency of CAD/CAM blocks influences the polymerization efficiency of resin cement used underneath. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the translucency parameters (TPs) of current monolithic CAD/CAM blocks on the microhardness of light‐cured or dual‐cured resin cement.

Materials and Methods

100 specimens were prepared from five types of CAD/CAM blocks (Mark II, Suprinity, Enamic, e.max, Ultimate), and their TP values were measured by spectrophotometry; 100 resin cement specimens (Duolink) were cured underneath five ceramic specimen groups by indirect LED light for 40 seconds with dual‐cure (with catalyst) and light‐cure (without catalyst) polymerization modes. Control group resin cement specimens (n = 20) were cured with both polymerization modes by direct LED light without any ceramic disc, making 120 resin cement specimens in total. The specimens were then stored in a dry environment for 24 hours before measurement of the polymerization depth with a digital micrometer. Vickers hardness measurements were performed at different resin cement sections. The results were statistically analyzed with 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐way ANOVA, Student's t‐test and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05).

Results

The highest TP values occurred for Suprinity and Ultimate, whereas the lowest TP value occurred for Enamic (p < 0.01). The depth of cure and Vickers hardness values changed proportionally with TP value. In all specimens, dual polymerization provided higher depth of cure and Vickers hardness values than those obtained using light polymerization (p < 0.01). In all specimens except Enamic, the hardness value differences between the sections were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). In Enamic, the hardness values for both polymerization types decreased significantly in the deeper sections (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Lower depth of cure was observed as the amount of transmitted light decreased in the investigated materials. In clinical practice, light‐cured resin cements may result in inadequate polymerization for ceramic materials with lower TP values. Zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate and nanoceramic resins may be reliable restorative materials for a restoration with both optimal esthetics and sufficient mechanical strength resulting from proper polymerization.
Antimicrobial prescribing for children in primary care
Authors: Yan Jennifer , Hawes Lesley , Turner Lyle , Mazza Danielle , Pearce Christopher , Buttery Jim
Published: July 2018

Aim

To describe the patterns of antimicrobial prescribing in general practice for children aged ≤18 years.

Methods

This is a review of routinely collected patient data extracted from computerised medical records from 39 general practices in eastern metropolitan Melbourne over a 5‐year period, 2010–2014. Main outcome measures: Proportion of paediatric consultations resulting in antibiotic prescription, type and frequency of antibiotics prescribed, antibiotic prescribing stratified by age, reason for indication and inter‐practice variation.

Results

There were 744 883 consultations for 89 983 individual paediatric patients and 85 913 prescriptions for antibiotics during the study period. Of these antibiotic prescriptions, 75 410 were associated with a consultation, and 10 503 (12.2% of all prescriptions) had no associated consultation in the data. On average, one in five individual children was prescribed an antibiotic each year. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were cephalexin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, phenoxymethylpenicillin and roxithromycin. Less than 3% of all prescriptions were for amoxycillin. Prescribing of cefaclor and roxithromycin decreased, although cefaclor remained the third most common antibiotic choice for general practitioners. Peaks in prescribing were noted over winter months. Reason for prescription was not recorded for 82% of prescriptions. The frequency of antibiotic prescription per consultation varied substantially (2.1–19.7%) between general practitioner clinics. Overall, antibiotic prescribing decreased by 2.3% over the 5‐year period.

Conclusions

This study provides a focused examination of antibiotic prescribing practices for children in Australian general practice. More information is required to better understand specific prescribing practices in children, including the low frequency of amoxycillin prescription and ongoing prescription of cefaclor.
Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology, nutrition and microbial community changes in sheep and goats: A review
Authors: Min Byeng Ryel , Solaiman Sandra
Published: July 2018

Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology, nutrition and microbial community in sheep and goats are discussed in the context of differences due to feed intake, digestibility, utilization of nutrients and microbial community. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of the potential benefits of tannin‐containing diets for sheep and goats and specie differences in their response to tannins. It is well established that moderate level of tannins in the diet (3%–4% tannins DM) can precipitate with soluble proteins and increase protein supply to the sheep, but comparative aspects of tannin‐containing diets in sheep and goats on animal performance, digestive physiology, rumen microbial changes and potential benefits to sustainable animal production by those compounds have received little attention. In addition, developing plant‐based tannin‐containing diets for control of rumen microbiota and rumen fermentation (e.g., methane gas) would be expected to have a greater impact on the ruminant health, productivity and emission of greenhouse gasses. The positive impacts of the plant tannin compounds mainly depend on their influence on the gut microbiome diversity and ability to generate fermentation end products (short‐chain fatty acids) that have diverse biological roles. Diets which contain optimal levels of tannins have potential benefits for sustainability of small ruminant production systems. However, there is a need for an improved understanding of the utilization of tannin‐containing forages to improve their management. This implies investigations of animal responses to tannin‐containing forages or browse species and, in particular, a better understanding of the interactions that can arise between sheep and goats on digestion, DMD, rumen fermentation and microbial community changes. This knowledge could help to improve current feeding systems in terms of efficiency of feed use and environmental impacts (reduce methane gas production) and thus contribute to the development of a sustainable sheep and goat production.
Envisioning an Improved Continuum of Special Education Services for Students with Learning Disabilities: Considering Intervention Intensity
Authors: Lemons Christopher J. , Vaughn Sharon , Wexler Jade , Kearns Devin M. , Sinclair Anne C.
Published: July 2018

In Endrew F. v Douglas County School District RE‐1, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the requirement that schools provide special education services designed to confer educational benefit that is more than de minimis. Endrew offers an opportunity for the special education community to consider whether students with learning disabilities have access to a full continuum of services, including individualized, data‐driven, and intensive interventions. We examine predominant models of service delivery, highlight concerns that these are insufficient, and envision an improved continuum of services better aligned with the raised expectations of Endrew. We also highlight important barriers that need to be addressed before an improved continuum can be implemented in many schools in the United States.
Foley's Threshold View of Belief and The Safety Condition on Knowledge
Authors: Shaffer Michael J.
Published: July 2018

This paper introduces a new argument against Richard Foley's threshold view of belief. Foley's view is based on the Lockean Thesis (LT) and the Rational Threshold Thesis (RTT). The former thesis is the claim that it is epistemically rational to believe a proposition if and only if it is epistemically rational to have a degree of confidence in that proposition sufficient for belief. The latter thesis is the claim that it is epistemically rational to believe a proposition if and only if it is epistemically rational to have a degree of confidence in that proposition that meets or exceeds a specified threshold. The argument introduced here shows that the views derived from the joint endorsement of the LT and the RTT violate the safety condition on knowledge in way that threatens the LT and/or the RTT.
Other‐Centric Reasoning
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: July 2018

This article considers question‐begging's opposite fallacy. Instead of relying on my beliefs for my premises when I should be using my adversary's beliefs, I rely on my adversary's beliefs when I should rely on my own. Just as question‐begging emerges from egocentrism, its opposite emerges from other‐centrism. Stepping into the other person's shoes is an effective strategy for understanding him. But you must return to your own shoes when forming your beliefs. Evidence is agent centered. Other‐centric reasoning is most striking when both parties partake simultaneously. We are then treated to the spectacle of each side using the other's premises to establish its conclusion. These remarkable debates arise regularly when there is open disagreement about whether a right‐conferring relationship has ended. Those who contend the relationship is abrogated will be tempted to stand on the rights persistently credited to them by their adversary.
Impartial Morality and Practical Deliberation as First‐Personal
Authors: Taylor Craig
Published: July 2018

Bernard Williams questioned whether impartial morality “can allow for the importance of individual character and personal relations in moral experience.” Underlying his position is a distinction between factual and practical deliberation. While factual deliberation is about the world and brings in a standpoint that is impartial, practical deliberation is, he claims, radically first‐personal; it “involves an I that [is] intimately the I of my desires.” While it may be thought that Williams's claim implies an unpalatable Humean subjectivism, the present article argues that this does not follow: That first‐person practical deliberation is directed both by the “I of my desires” and by the world. Drawing on Peter Winch's argument against the universalizability of moral judgments and D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover, the article argues that practical deliberations involve discovering value in the world, but that what is revealed about the world depends constitutively on the first‐person deliberations and decisions of particular agents.
Stances and Epistemology: Values, Pragmatics, and Rationality
Authors: Boucher Sandy
Published: July 2018

Bas van Fraassen has argued that many philosophical positions should be understood as stances rather than factual beliefs. This paper discusses the vexed question of whether and how such stances can be rationally justified. It argues that stances may be justified pragmatically, in terms of both their epistemic fruits and their coherence with our values, both epistemic and non‐epistemic. It also examines van Fraassen's version of epistemological voluntarism, which has received considerable attention of late, and shows that it provides a theoretical framework, and approach to epistemology, within which the pragmatic and value‐based forms of justification appropriate to stance choice find a natural home.
Gastric residual volume measurement in the intensive care unit: an international survey reporting nursing practice
Authors: Ozen Nurten , Blot Stijn , Ozen Volkan , Arikan Donmez Ayse , Gurun Pınar , Cinar Fatma Ilknur , Labeau Sonia
Published: July 2018

Background

Gastric residual volume measurement is routinely used to evaluate the feeding tolerance and gastro‐oesophageal reflux in patients receiving enteral feeding therapy in the intensive care unit. However, little supportive evidence for this intervention is available as the usefulness of gastric residual volume measurements in patients receiving enteral feeding therapy in the intensive care is controversial.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the practice of intensive care unit nurses related to gastric residual volume measurement in patients receiving enteral nutrition.

Methods

A survey was conducted among a sample of intensive care unit nurses (n = 832) from four hospitals in Turkey (n = 182) and attendees of the Annual Congress of the Flemish Society for Critical Care Nurses in Flanders, Belgium (n = 650). The survey instrument was developed by the researchers based on the related literature.

Results

A total of 480 nurses completed the questionnaire (response rate = 73%). Gastric residual volume is measured by 98·0% of respondents, with wide variations in the frequency of measuring. A 50–200 mL gastric residual volume is considered problematic by 45·5% (n = 183) of the participants, and only 18·4% (n = 81) reported their practice to be based on a current guideline. Strikingly, more experienced intensive care unit nurses appear to perform gastric residual volume measurements more commonly than their less experienced colleagues (p = 0·004), while the practice is more often reported to be performed in Belgium than in Turkey (p < 0·001).

Conclusion

Gastric residual volume management could be improved by applying current evidence to daily nursing practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Our results show that increased awareness of these guidelines by nurses is needed to reduce inefficient use of working time and resources, streamline clinical practices and improve patient outcomes. Current gastric residual volume measurement guidelines and up‐to‐date, relevant training should be provided to nurses.
Intradiscal Methylene Blue Injection for Discogenic Low Back Pain: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Guo Xiaohui , Ding WenYuan , Liu LanZe , Yang SiDong
Published: July 2018

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of intradiscal methylene blue (MB) injection on discogenic low back pain (DLBP).

Methods

We conducted an electronic search of the PubMed, Ovid, Ovid MEDLINE and Embase databases using the search terms “low back pain” and “methylene blue”; the search was limited to English language articles from database inception to October 2017. In addition, the reference lists of all included studies were manually searched. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the studies, extracted data from the included studies, and analyzed the data.

Results

Five studies were included. The results of the meta‐analysis indicated that the effects of intradiscal MB injection between preoperation and postoperation on DLBP were statistically significant based on the 3‐month visual analog scale (VAS) or numeric rating scale (NRS) (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 3.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.46 to 4.76; P < 0.05) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (WMD = 24.64, 95% CI: 12.07 to 37.21, P < 0.05), the 6‐month VAS or NRS (WMD = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.20 to 4.71; P < 0.05) and ODI (WMD = 23.21, 95% CI: 12.89 to 33.53, P < 0.05), and the 12‐month VAS or NRS (WMD = 3.19; 95% CI: 0.99 to 5.40; P < 0.05) and ODI (standard mean difference = 29.51, 95% CI: 20.60 to 38.42, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Intradiscal MB injection can reduce pain severity and improve the ODI score in individuals with discogenic low back pain. Although intradiscal MB injection seems to be a safe and effective treatment for discogenic low back pain, the clinical benefits for patients with discogenic low back pain need to be further appraised in larger samples and more in‐depth studies.
Resources outside of the state: Governing the ocean and beyond
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: July 2018

A number of hugely valuable natural resources fall outside of the borders of any nation state. We can legitimately expect political theory to make a contribution to thinking through questions about the future of these extraterritorial resources. However, the debate on the proper allocation of rights over these resources remains relatively embryonic. This paper will bring together what have often been rather scattered discussions of rights over extraterritorial resources. It will first sketch some early modern contributions to thinking through rights over the ocean. It then discusses the guidance available within more contemporary contributions to debates on resources beyond the state. Finally, it concludes by emphasising the key questions with which future work on this topic must engage.
Decline in lung function is associated with elevated lipoprotein (a) in individuals without clinically apparent disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lee Jonghoo , Park Hye Kyeong , Kwon Min‐Jung , Song Jae‐Uk
Published: July 2018

Background and objective

Reduced lung function and high lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels are both recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have investigated the association between serum Lp(a) and lung function in the general population. We evaluated the association between reduced lung function and high Lp(a) levels in healthy individuals without known medical disease diagnoses.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study on 64 082 Korean health screening examinees (33 049 males, 38 ± 7 years) who underwent a health examination in 2015.

Results

The median Lp(a) level was 12 (6–25)mg/dL. The prevalence of high Lp(a) (defined as >30 mg/dL) was 19.5%. Subjects with a high Lp(a) had both lower values of measured forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC; L) than those with a low Lp(a) (P < 0.001). However, FEV1/FVC ratio was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.112). Comparison of the second, third and fourth measured FVC (L) quartiles with that of the lowest quartile (1Q) group (reference) on regression analysis revealed adjusted odd ratios (OR) for a high Lp(a) of 0.928 (95% CI: 0.876–0.982), 0.860 (0.808–0.916) and 0.895 (0.839–0.954), respectively (P for trend < 0.001). In addition, adjusted OR for high Lp(a) compared with reference was 0.894 (0.844–0.947), 0.857 (0.806–0.912) and 0.882 (0.8727–0.940) across the measured FEV1 (L) quartiles in increasing order (P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusion

High Lp(a) levels were associated with reduced lung function in this cross‐sectional population study. Longitudinal follow‐up studies will be required to validate our findings.
Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: Prevalence and Association with Distal and Proximal Factors in Spanish University Students
Authors: Blasco Maria Jesús , Vilagut Gemma , Almenara José , Roca Miquel , Piqueras José Antonio , Gabilondo Andrea , Lagares Carolina , Soto‐Sanz Victoria , Alayo Itxaso , Forero Carlos G. , Echeburúa Enrique , Gili Margalida , Cebrià Ana Isabel , Bruffaerts Ronny , Auerbach Randy P. , Nock Matthew K. , Kessler Ronald C. , Alonso Jordi ,   the UNIVERSAL study group
Published: July 2018

Objective

We report on the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in Spanish university students and their risk and protective factors (distal/proximal; individual/environmental).

Methods

First‐year university students completed an online survey including Self‐Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) items, the screening version of the Columbia‐Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS) along with adversities and positive relationships during childhood/adolescence, recent stressful experiences, and lifetime mental disorders. Nested logistic regression models were estimated and areas under the curve (AUC) compared.

Results

A total of 2,118 students completed the survey (mean age = 18.8 [SD = 1.4] years; 55.4% female). Twelve‐month prevalence of suicide ideation (SI) was 9.9%, plans, 5.6%, and attempts, 0.6%. Risk factors of 12‐month SI were as follows: parental psychopathology (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.5); sexual assault (OR = 5.6, 95% CI 1.4–22.1); lifetime mood disorder (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 3.5–7.7); and lifetime anxiety disorder (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.5). Childhood positive relationships protected from SI were as follows: peers/others (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9 for the second highest tertile) and family (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.7 for the highest tertile). AUC of the final model was 0.82 (SE = 0.015).

Conclusion

Our results indicate a high prevalence of SI among Spanish university students and identify protective and risk factors from a comprehensive conceptual model.
Do magnet and charter schools exacerbate or ameliorate inequality?
Authors: Riel Virginia , Parcel Toby L. , Mickelson Roslyn Arlin , Smith Stephen Samuel
Published: July 2018

School choice typically refers to opportunities to enroll youth in public and/or private educational alternatives to traditional neighborhood public schools. While these options continue to grow in the United States under the umbrella of school choice, magnet and charter schools are the most common forms of public school choice. In this article, we review the development of school choice and the differing historical and philosophical origins of magnet and charter schools. We then summarize what we know about the extent to which these public choice options exacerbate or ameliorate two forms of inequality—academic achievement and school segregation by race and class. Research suggests that magnet schools often encourage racial and class diversity, while charters contribute to racial and socioeconomic isolation. While low‐income minority students may benefit academically from attending magnet schools, it is unclear whether charter schools have any effect on achievement when comparing charter school students to their counterparts in traditional public school. We expect that continued growth of magnet schools will likely promote school diversity both within and between districts, though some types of magnets may also inadvertently promote segregation. However, expansion of the charter school sector will heighten school segregation and exacerbate racial and socioeconomic isolation.
How Does Immigration Affect Suicide? An Analysis of U.S. Metropolitan Areas*
Authors: Krivo Lauren J. , Phillips Julie A.
Published: July 2018

Objective

Limited research investigates the relationship between levels of immigration, a source of societal integration and regulation, and U.S. suicide rates. We examine the aggregate immigration–suicide link during the 2008–2010 period, in light of the 30‐year high in suicide rates and concern about deleterious effects of immigration on the well‐being of American society.

Methods

We use data on 250 U.S. metropolitan areas and ordinary least squares regression to examine the association between immigration and suicide for 2008–2010.

Results

Net of controls, recent immigration, is linked to lower suicide levels for the native‐born population but has no association with foreign‐born suicide rates. High levels of immigration are most protective for native‐born suicide under favorable economic conditions.

Conclusions

Immigration is not a threat to societal health in terms of higher suicide rates. Future research should consider the mechanisms through which beneficial effects of immigration on suicide rates operate.
The Research on the Current Situation of Inheritance of the Folk Dancing “Gun Long Lian Xiang” From the Perspective of “Intangible Cultural Heritage”
Authors: Xinhe Tian
Published: July 2018

“Gun Long Lian Xiang” is a popular kind of dancing in Enshi, Hubei. In recent years, the local government in Enshi has taken amounts of measures on promoting the protection, inheritance and development of this “intangible cultural heritage” program. In order to have a better understanding on the current situation of the inheritance of “Gun Long Lian Xiang”, the measures of in-depth interview and field survey are taken in this thesis. The author has made an interview with the “Gun Long Lian Xiang” inheritors of two generations, local people and staff in Cultural Center and Style Bureau and also collected a lot of materials in the form of video and literal data to make analysis. According to the research, “Gun Long Lian Xiang” has a sound dissemination effect in Enshi. It has become a way with the square dancing as the main carrier, which much enriched local people’s life. But meanwhile, there still exist some problems on the inheritance of “Gun Long Lian Xiang”, such as poor education for inheritors, tough living condition for folk artists, incomplete protection system and so on. Based on it, this thesis puts forward with some constructive suggestions.
The Beginning of the End of the Climate Drama
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik
Published: July 2018

Climate and Earth scientists have launched the new theory of abrupt climate change, which entails a most real threat to human survival. They clarify Hawking irreversibility by multiple so-called tipping points. The COP21 project seems bound for coordination failure. And country resilience will not suffice against the consequences of abruot climate change, involving inter alia much sea level rise and constantly increasing heat for decades as well as hurricanes and forest fires.
A Theory on the Onset of Acoustic Resonance in a Multistage Compressor
Authors: Liu Xiaohua , Willeke Tobias , Herbst Florian , Yang Jun , Seume Joerg
Published: July 2018

A novel theoretical model of the internal flow field in multistage axial compressors based on an eigenvalue approach is developed, in order to predict the onset of acoustic resonance in aircraft engines. Using an example high-speed four-stage compressor, it is shown that one of the resultant frequencies is in excellent agreement with the experimental data in terms of acoustic resonance. On the basis of the computed natural frequency of the whole compression system and the measured spanwise distribution of static pressure, the location of the acoustic excitation source can be found in the third stage. Unsteady flow simulations of the full annulus of this stage reveal two criteria for acoustic excitation at the rotor-blade tip, reversed flow near the suction surface and flow impingement on the pressure surface. Additionally, a fast Fourier transform of the unsteady pressure field at the upper rotor-blade span verifies the existence of the computed unstable frequency of the oscillating tip leakage flow. Using this novel theory, which combines a theoretical calculation of flow-instability frequency of the global system with the computational simulation of a single stage, the onset mechanism and location of the excitation source of acoustic resonance in multistage turbomachinery can be explained at acceptable computational cost.
In situ voltage-application system for active voltage contrast imaging in helium ion microscope
Authors: Sakai Chikako , Ishida Nobuyuki , Nagano Shoko , Onishi Keiko , Fujita Daisuke
Published: July 2018

In this study, the authors present a new method for electrical potential observation in which helium ion microscope (HIM) observations can be performed while applying a selected voltage (up to approximately +5 V) to a sample. The in situ voltage-application system is operated in a high vacuum HIM chamber and consists of a transfer rod, tilt joint, x-, y-, and z-axis mechanisms, and two probes at the end of the transfer rod. The new system was used to acquire a secondary electron (SE) images of the cross-sectional surfaces of a multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) with voltages (from 0.5 to 5 V) applied to the internal electrodes of the MLCC. The active voltage contrast corresponding to the electrical potential in the SE images could be observed when the applied voltage was less than or equal to 1.5 V. This technique enables any voltage to be applied to the samples from outside the chamber and can be used to measure the nanometer-scale electrical potential distribution of Li-ion rechargeable batteries, solar cells, etc.
Rheological characterization of long-chain branched poly(lactide) prepared by reactive extrusion in the presence of allylic and acrylic coagents
Authors: Tiwary Praphulla , Kontopoulou Marianna
Published: July 2018

Reactive extrusion of poly(lactide) (PLA) is implemented to introduce branching, through grafting of multifunctional coagents in the presence of free-radicals. Two types of coagents, allylic and acrylate-based, are compared by analyzing the melt-state linear viscoelastic properties, in combination with triple detection size-exclusion chromatography. The coagent-modified PLA compounds exhibit substantially higher zero shear viscosity, pronounced shear thinning, and higher activation energies for flow when compared to the neat linear PLA. The accompanying increases in the molar mass, broadening of the dispersity, and appearance of high molar mass tails are attributed to the presence of branched architectures. The pronounced deviations from the linear Mark–Houwink plot suggest that long-chain branched structures are generated through the combination of the trifunctional coagents with the PLA macroradicals. The allylic coagent, triallyl mesate (TAM) is substantially more effective in introducing branched structures at low concentrations. On the other hand, the highly reactive acrylate-based coagents are prone to oligomerization in the presence of peroxide resulting in a separate phase, leading to reduced branch density compared to TAM.
Quantifying Physical Demands in the National Basketball Association—Challenges Around Developing Best-Practice Models for Athlete Care and Performance
Authors: McLean Blake D. , Strack Donald , Russell Jennifer , Coutts Aaron J.
Published: July 2018

The National Basketball Association (NBA) has an extremely demanding competition schedule, requiring its athletes to compete in 82 regular-season games over a 6-mo period (∼3.4 games/wk). Despite the demanding schedule and high value of athletes, there is little public information on the specific game and training demands required to compete in the NBA. Although provisions in the NBA collective-bargaining agreement allow for research designed to improve player health and broaden medical knowledge, such information is sparse in the available literature. In relation to the physical demands of the NBA, the current lack of information likely results from multiple factors including limited understanding of (basketball-related) emerging technologies, impact of specific league rules, and steps taken to protect players in the age of Big Data. This article explores current limitations in describing specific game/training demands in the NBA and provides perspectives on how some of these challenges may be overcome. The authors propose that future collaborations between league entities, NBA clubs, commercial partners, and outside research institutions will enhance understanding of the physical demands in the NBA (and other health- and performance-related areas). More detailed understanding of physical demands (games, practices, and travel) and other health-related areas can augment player-centered decision making, leading to enhanced player care, increased availability, and improved physical performance.
Exploring the Neurophysiological Effects of Self-Controlled Practice in Motor Skill Learning
Authors: Leiker Amber M. , Pathania Anupriya , Miller Matthew W. , Lohse Keith R.
Published: July 2018

Considerable research has been devoted to understanding how intrinsic motivation can augment the learning of motor skills. Many manipulations targeting intrinsic motivation have led to improved learning, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are not known. Replicating a previous study, we manipulated intrinsic motivation by giving one group self-control over the difficulty of practice, while a control group was yoked to that schedule. We collected measures of intrinsic motivation, engagement, and physiological measures related to dopamine (spontaneous eye-blink rate; sEBR) and approach motivation (frontal alpha asymmetry; FAS) to understand mechanisms underlying learning effects. Although the effect of self-control was not significant in the current experiment, the overall result was statistically significant when combined with the results of our previous study. Overall, there is evidence for a benefit of self-control during practice, but the true effect-size is smaller than initially estimated. Furthermore, even though self-control led to increased intrinsic motivation in the current experiment, individual differences in motivation were not correlated with learning. Similarly, neither sEBR nor FAS were related to learning. Taking a cumulative view, these data suggest that self-control of practice is beneficial to both learning and motivation, but increased motivation does not appear to directly cause improved learning.
Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy Improves Perceived Disability Associated With Dizziness Postconcussion
Authors: Nagib Steven , Linens Shelley W.
Published: July 2018

Clinical Scenario:Every year, millions of people suffer a concussion. A significant portion of these people experience symptoms lasting longer than 10 days and are diagnosed with postconcussion syndrome. Dizziness is the second most reported symptom associated with a concussion and may be a predictor of prolonged recovery. Clinicians are beginning to incorporate vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) in their postconcussion treatment plan, in order to address the dysfunctional inner ear structures that could be causing this dizziness.Focused Clinical Question:Can VRT help postconcussion syndrome patients experiencing prolonged dizziness by improving their perceived disability?Summary of Key Findings:Three studies were included: 1 randomized control trial, 1 retrospective chart review, and 1 exploratory study. The randomized control trial compared cervical spine therapy alone to cervical spine therapy in conjunction with VRT to obtain medical clearance for sport. The chart review explored VRT as a treatment for reducing dizziness and improving balance and gait dysfunction. The exploratory study implemented VRT in conjunction with light aerobic exercise to improve perceived disability associated with dizziness postconcussion. All 3 studies found statistically significant decreases (improvements) in Dizziness Handicap Index scores.Clinical Bottom Line:There is preliminary evidence suggesting that VRT can improve perceived disability in patients with postconcussion syndrome experiencing prolonged dizziness. There is a decrease (improvement) in Dizziness Handicap Index scores across all 3 studies. VRT is a relatively safe treatment option, with no adverse reactions or case reports.Strength of Recommendation:There is level 2 and level 3 evidence supporting the use of VRT to treat patients suffering from dizziness postconcussion.