bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wallace and the Great Ice Age
Authors: Tinkler Keith
Published: November 2023

We can say without the chance of a serious argument that geology was the preeminent natural science of the first half of the nineteenth century, and that its primary achievement in that century was the elucidation of the geological column. This enterprise was fraught with difficulty because of the spatial fragmentation of rock exposures or “outcrops,” and because of the frequently contorted and dislocated nature of the primary evidence.
Cultural Context, 1870–1907
Authors: Fichman Martin
Published: November 2023

The successive Vaccination Acts were passed by means of allegations which were wholly untrue and promises which have all been unfulfilled. They stand alone in modern legislation as a gross interference with personal liberty and the sanctity of the home; while as an attempt to cheat outraged nature and to avoid a zymotic disease without getting rid of the foul conditions that produce or propagate it, the practice of vaccination is utterly opposed to the whole teaching of sanitary science, and is one of those terrible blunders which, in their far-reaching evil consequences, are worse than the greatest of crimes (S726 1898b, 315).
Wallace, Spiritualism, and Beyond: “Change,” or “No Change”?
Authors: Smith Charles H
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 18 the reader received a short introduction to elements of what I have termed the “no change of mind” model of Alfred Russel Wallace’s evolving thought on the place of humankind in the evolutionary process. It was there pointed out, obliquely, that most previous writers had unjustifiably assumed: (1) as of 1858 Wallace thought human evolution was a function of the same basic causal influences as had effected plant and animal change, and (2) that even after that date his position on the necessary utility of adaptations had remained similar to his earliest thoughts on the matter.
Competition and Innovation Investment Management
Authors: Clark Gordon L
Published: November 2023

While this issue is much debated, understanding the imperatives driving pension fund investment, especially in relation to the nature of investment strategies and products, requires a better appreciation of the financial services industry and, in particular, the investment management industry. There have been, of course, many studies of money management and mutual funds. However most address competitive inter-fund financial flows, rather than the production of investment management services. It is a remarkable industry on a number of counts. Most obviously, it is highly concentrated.
Interpreting Joint Environmental Policy-making: Between Deregulation and Political Modernization
Authors: Liefferink Duncan , Andersen Mikael Skou , Enevoldsen Martin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, an interpretative theoretical framework for understanding and analysing the emergence, shape, and functioning of JEP in different politico-institutional contexts will be developed. We will start by presenting two specific, partly competing, and partly complementary theoretical explanations for the emergence of JEP: deregulation and political modernization.
The Political and Institutional Setting
Authors: Lauber Volkmar
Published: November 2023

This chapter compares the basic institutional and political settings for JEP in Austria, Denmark, and The Netherlands, the three countries covered by this book. Despite considerable similarities they show variations with regard to key aspects. Five such aspects or dimensions are singled out: basic institutions, political parties and government, the legacy of the past in shaping policy styles, the role of business and environmental groups, and finally governance in the area of the environment. In the final section, a comparison is made to work out those features which are most relevant for JEP. The chapter should thus help to place the emergence and functioning of JEP in the various national and cultural contexts which give it specific meaning.
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Authors: Enevoldsen Martin
Published: November 2023

The practical and financial obstacles to carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution abatement with the help of filter technologies imply the necessity of developing cleaner technology solutions. Because of the great uncertainty surrounding not only such technological solutions but also the eventual consequences of greenhouse gases on the world’s climate, the CO2 pollution problem poses a formidable challenge to political governance. Given the premise that production must continue to grow, the only viable solutions are, on the one hand, innovations leading to more energy-efficient technologies and, on the other hand, conversion to low-carbon energy sources or renewables. But the public authorities are not in a good position to dictate to industrial enterprises the use of specific energy technologies. Centrally imposed solutions are very unlikely to be efficient.
Using Manifesto Estimates to Validate Computerized Analyses
Authors: Bara Judith
Published: November 2023

Since the inception of the MRG in the late nineteen seventies, many scholars have taken advantage of the vast repository of data, which has been produced by the continuous review and updating of the material. At the same time, content analysis as a general method of enquiry for researchers has become increasingly popular and has been harnessed to serve the needs of projects as diverse as identifying a ‘New Labour’ vocabulary (Fairclough 2000) to aiding research in nursing studies (Wilde Kelly and Sine 1990) or historiography (Sedelow and Sedelow 1978). In addition to the greater usage of content analytic tools, the method has become progressively more quantitative in orientation. Indeed, it may be seen as a useful technique for bridging the gap between the qualitative and quantitative traditions in research, a process that has given greater rigour to scientific analysis and enriched scholarly collaboration and debate.
Arboriculture and Horticulture
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

An estimated one-third of the cultivated species in Mesoamerica at the time of conquest were trees, a claim that is probably applicable to all of Middle America (PaJerm 1967: 42). The importance of arboricultural and horticultural species throughout Midd]e America is witnessed by the large number of vegetables (e.g., chilies, tomatoes) and arboreal and non-arboreal fruit, condiment, fiber, and ornamental species domesticated and grown. This importance long predates the eve of conquest (Turner and Miksicek 1984) and its impacts can still be found in the array of economic trees and shrubs found in some forests and in the variety characteristic of Middle American household gardens (Gomez-Pompa, Salvador Flores, and Sosa 1987).
E
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

economic rent Payments made to obtain the use of a resource above what would be (or should be) required to obtain the use of that resource (that is, its value in a competitive market, or its ‘opportunity cost ’-its value by an alternative user). In principle, a state of perfect competition would also be one in which no rents are made by any resource (natural or human). Rents can sometimes be equivalent to profits, but need not be, if the next best use of a resource already includes some profit. The term is conventionally associated with David Ricardo (1772-1823), though Ricardo himself attributed the concept to Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834).
H
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

Hale, Robert L. Robert Lee Hale (1884-1969) was a American legal realist and progressive economist, who, though perhaps less well known than contemporaries such as Karl Llewellyn or Jerome Frank, has had a continuing influence on later critical theorists. His attacks on laissezfaire economics, in such articles as ‘Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-coercive State ‘ (Political Science Quarterly (1923)), made him a favourite among the later critical legal theorists. Hale ’s argument for the pervasive presence of coercion even in market transactions was the ground for later critical legal studies attacks on ‘the public-private distinction ’.
I
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

ideal speech situation A concept connected with the work of German philosopher Jurgen Habermas (1929-), and his ‘theory of communicative action ’, under which morality, values, and government structures are to be developed through free and uncoerced public deliberation and debate. See communicative rationality, theory of identity politics Usually a pejorative term used by critics of political or intellectual movements that are organized around an identifiable group of persons, though the term can sometimes be found used in a more neutral way. The group around which the movement is organized is usually a racial or ethnic group that considers itself oppressed within and by the larger society.
K
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

Kaldor-Hicks analysis A form of analysis that was developed within economics, as an alternative or supplement to Pareto analysis. Under Pareto analysis, the change from one state of affairs to another was Pareto superior if at least one person preferred the second state of affairs and everyone else was at worse indifferent, no one preferring the original state of affairs. In the real world, there will be few actions that lead to Pareto superior situations, as usually some will be made worse off by any action significant enough to leave others better off. The Kaldor Hicks analysis (named after the Cambridge economists J. R. [John Richard] Hicks (1904-89) and Nicholas Kaldor (1908-86)) tries to find an analysis that could allow comparison in situations where some are better off while others are worse off, without having to make significant interpersonal comparisons (e.g. that Ns gain is worth more than B ’s loss).
O
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

objectivity The distinction between objective and subjective judgements frequently turns on whether the judgements relate to an external object, or only to people ’s perceptions of or beliefs about the object. In a looser sense, the terms are sometimes used to refer to a level of agreement (a judgement is objective in this sense if everyone, or all competent participants, agree on it, while judgements that evoke ineradicable disagreement are subjective), without concern for the metaphysical or epistemological grounds of that agreement or disagreement.
Q
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

quasi-rent A term from economic analysis and law and economics that indicates the value of a good above its next best available use. This concept can be applied to objects (a certain stack of wood may be worth 10 more when used to construct furniture compared to the next best use, as firewood), and even to personal choices (how much happier is Lisa married to Rob than she would be unmarried, or married to her second choice, Bill?). The conventional distinction between ‘quasi-rents ’ and ‘conventional rents ‘ is that quasi-rents refer to temporary situ¬ations the time during which resources are unresponsive to a change in price.
T
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

teleology The study of things according to the end-points or objectives towards which objects are moving. Teleological explanations were prominent in the work of Aristotle, and they are common in religious and metaphysical views of the world, but they are rare in modern secular philosophy. The relevance of this concept for legal philosophy is that teleological explanations are arguably common to the various approaches to morality and law that go under the rubric ‘natural law theory ’. Some natural law theories build moral systems from human nature, sometimes phrased in terms of the ideal towards which human beings naturally strive.
Introduction
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

Closed swimming pools and cinemas; calipers; an iron lung; a withered limb; too often a premature death—the enduring images of poliomyelitis each summer for generations of parents in the first half of the twentieth century as the disease spread with increasing severity around the world (Pl. 1.1). The year 1979 saw the greatest achievement of twentieth-century public health medicine, the global eradication of smallpox. A generation later, at the start of the new millennium, the world is about to witness the global eradication of wild-virus poliomyelitis.
Islands
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

The geographical foci of Chapters 6–8 have been the great continental land- masses of the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. We now turn our attention to a different stage for the geographical occurrence of poliomyelitis between 1921 and 1955—islands. There is a general interest in islands as natural laboratories for the study of epidemiological processes (Cliff et al., 1981, 2000), and island-based investigations have played an especially prominent role in studies of poliomyelitis.
Vaccination in the Rest of the World
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

The reduction in poliomyelitis activity described for the United States in Chapter 10 was repeated in many countries of the developed world in the third quarter of the twentieth century. Beginning with the first vaccination campaigns in the latter half of the 1950s, continuous mass administration of poliovirus vaccines led, by the mid-1970s, to near-zero levels of poliomyelitis being recorded in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and many states of Europe. But elsewhere, in poorer countries that lacked either the resources or the capacity to implement systematic mass vaccination campaigns, poliomyelitis was increasingly recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality (Pl. 11.1).
The Deserts of North America
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The North American deserts occupy much of the western USA and northern Mexico between 44°N and 22°N (Fig. 2.la). They extend southwards from central and eastern Oregon, embracing nearly all of Nevada and Utah, into south-western Wyoming and western Colorado, reaching westwards in southern California to the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and the San Bernadina and Cuyamaca mountains. From southern Utah the dry zone extends into Arizona, and on into the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico. The Sonoran Desert of California extends into Baja California and to the eastern side of the Gulf of California. A good reference handbook to the deserts of North America is provided by Bender (1982).
The Developing Corpus of Literary Translation
Authors: Wheatley Edward
Published: November 2023

Analysing the body of writings translated into English from the beginnings of the written language to the inception of printing in Europe presents unique challenges. Numerous translated texts from the Middle Ages, especially those written by translators working outside centres of cultural and scholarly power, survive only in single copies, and each of these works that has come down to us bespeaks the disappearance of many others like it.
Subjects of Translation
Authors: Lawton David
Published: November 2023

Sacred Scripture is ceaselessly mutable, in its physical forms, and in the conceptions readers have of the singularity or multiplicity of the books that compose it and the ways in which they should be read. The Bible as we most commonly experience it today, as a single portable volume with its books in a fixed order, and with chapter divisions, was the invention of Paris workshops in the 1220s and 1230s, and addressed the need of the new evangelical orders, especially Domini- cans, for an individual source of authority, reference, and preaching material.
Print Culture, 1550–1700
Authors: Gillespie Raymond
Published: November 2023

Between 1550 and 1700 Ireland underwent a series of mutations that would transform it from a fragmented polity into a recognizably modern state. The composition of the governing elite was modified, the distribution of resources within the country was changed radically, and the rules under which the economy operated became more commercialized. The social rules as established by law were fundamentally altered by the adoption of English common law at the expense of the older brehon law, or hybrid practices. The spread of print was part of, and reflected, the political and social transformation of early modern Ireland.¹ The expansion of a print culture, in turn, was underpinned by a shift in the balance between oral and written elements in the regulation of local societies. From the early sixteenth century, changes in political relationships at local level led to the committing to writing of matters that previously had been the subject of oral agreements in a largely non-literate culture.
Political Parties and their Publics
Authors: Dalton Russell J , McAllister Ian , Wattenberg Martin
Published: November 2023

One of the most important measures of the nature of party-based democracy is public attachment to political parties-what is known as party identification. In a recent essay on the state of political parties in America, John Coleman (1996) argues that the key question of partisan politics is whether parties are able to mobilize and integrate the mass public into the democratic process. Parties should not be measured by their organizational activities alone-although these are important measures of party-based politics-but also by the goals of this activity.
Environmental Planning: Introducing the Discourse Approach
Authors: Rydin Yvonne
Published: November 2023

A popular adage of the late nineteenth century in the developed world was that ‘where there’s muck, there’s brass’. Economic activity and wealth creation was associated with dirt and pollution. This was true of the factories, mines, and quarries as well as the cities where growing numbers of people lived. Human waste was another aspect of this ‘muck’. And with human waste came disease and public health hazards. The response to this was the first era of environ mental planning, focused on regulating industrial pollution and managing residential environments to remove human waste through sewerage systems and improve the circulation of fresh air. While a decline in public disease episodes provided some evidence of the success of such planning, problems of ill health among urban residents and environmental pollution persisted into the twentieth century.
Discourses, Communication, and Discursive Strategies: An Institutionalist Framework
Authors: Rydin Yvonne
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has highlighted two very different dominant perspectives on the analysis of discourse within the environmental policy process. Social constructivist and Foucauldian approaches suggest a deconstruction of environmental discourses to identify their impact in terms of knowledge claims and power relations. More actor-centred approaches highlight the role that purposive action can play, and the Habermasian framework suggests a normative project for democracy in which communication through discursive acts could lead to mutual understanding, consensus, and greater legitimacy. None of these approaches was seen as ideal for analysing contemporary practice of environmental planning and specifying the role that language actually plays.
Rationalizing the Environmental Policy Process
Authors: Rydin Yvonne
Published: November 2023

It has been emphasized that deliberative processes need a discursive context, a ‘discursive net’. Creating a practical version of communicative rationality that is actively used within the policy process would provide this. In effect, what is required is a justification for a specific policy approach or a legitimation of such a policy approach in terms of communicative rationality. Policy approaches are continuously justified, either explicitly or implicitly. The search for legitimation is an inherent part of the policy process. In contemporary society, such legitimation takes the form of the demonstration of rationality. The reasons for this will be explored and a distinction drawn between procedural and substantive rationality. In this chapter, the focus will be on procedural rationality, the norm of a rational policy process. The next chapter will con sider the major substantive rationalities, comparing communicative rationality with scientific and economic rationalities.
הל & his two Sons Satan & Adam
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

Some time in 1815 an obscure artist and engraver came to the Royal Academy’s antique school for the purpose of drawing from a cast of the Laocoön group (Fig. 8), in preparation for an engraving he had been commissioned to make. Henry Fuseli, Professor of Painting and Keeper, recognized an old friend. ‘Why! Mr Blake,’ he said, ‘you a student! You ought to teach us!’
‘Thou readst black where I read white’: The Bible
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

‘The Old & New Testaments are the Great Code of Art’, Blake wrote in הל & his two Sons, and his lifelong engagement with the Bible culminated in several works, poetic and pictorial, during his late years. These comprise the manuscript poem The Everlasting Gospel; Blake’s last illuminated book, The Ghost of Abel; the great engraved Illustrations of The Book of Job, seven pencil drawings for the apocryphal Book of Enoch (which Blake would nevertheless have regarded as a product of the Poetic Genius); an illustrated manuscript of the first four chapters of Genesis; and comments on a new translation of the Lord’s Prayer, along with his own version.
Opposing Europe ?
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks , Taggart Paul
Published: November 2023

The project of European integration now spans Europe, but in becoming bigger and broader the European Union has brought on itself significant criticism. As the EU becomes deeper, wider, and more ambitious, so opposition and scepticism become more prominent for citizens and more problematic for elites. Concerns about a ‘democratic deficit’ and the distance between European elites and publics have come to be a common feature of European politics. As a consequence Euroscepticism has become a part of the terrain of conflict between political parties across Europe. Opposing Europe? provides the first comprehensive review of party-based Euroscepticism across the breadth of contemporary Europe, and the first in-depth comparative academic study of Euroscepticism. This, the first of two volumes, is made up of chapters that map, describe, and analyse Euroscepticism in the party systems of a range of countries and the European Parliament. Each is written to a common frame of reference that differentiates ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ Euroscepticism. The volume looks across Europe and includes EU member states and candidate and non-member states in order to draw out comparative lessons that relate to the nature of political parties, party systems, and the domestic politics of European integration. Opposing Europe? is a groundbreaking, ‘state of the art’ book that provides a definitive review of a key issue in European politics. It is also one of the few attempts to integrate the fields of EU studies with both West European and East European studies in order to draw lessons about the way in which the EU interacts with domestic politics in both member and non-member states. Examining the way that parties position themselves and compete on the European issue provides powerful lessons for the trajectory of the European integration project more generally and on the prospects for the emergence of a European political system and polity.
Resolving power
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Resolving power is the key factor in both astronomy and microscopy. It is not just a question of making the images big enough to see, but rather of being able to resolve one interesting feature from its near neighbours. A blurred image cannot be improved simply by making it larger. It is the quality of the telescope or microscope lenses that determines the all-important resolving power or resolution. Magnetic resonance has the same obsession with high resolving power.
Functional imaging of the brain
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Historically, our knowledge about the structure of the brain and the function of its various regions was largely obtained by autopsy after the death of patients who had suffered a stroke or who had sustained brain damage as a result of an accident. Of course animal experiments have provided many important insights into brain structure and function, but human behaviour and human capabilities in language, abstract thinking, mathematics, etc. cannot be studied in animals. For human beings, magnetic resonance has provided one of the first truly non invasive methods for exploring the brain.3.Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (fMRI) aims to pinpoint those regions of the brain that ‘light up’ as a consequence of some physical or mental stimulus-often visual, auditory, or tactile.
Chinabound
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

I n 1930 Peter Quennell discovered during a visit to Peking—perhaps largely in comparison with the discomfortingly rigid year he had just spent in Tokyo—that ‘mysteriously but unmistakably, ‘ ‘one can breathe ‘ ‘, and China remains oddly sympathetic . . . ‘1 Seventeen years later, the Empsons felt much the same easeful spirit still in place. Notwithstanding, after years of occupation and neglect, the fabric of Peiping, or ‘Northern Peace ‘ (as it had been called since 1938, when Nanking was designated the capital city—from October 1949 it would again be Peking, or ‘Northern Capital ‘), looked worn and war-torn, a mixture of downtrodden imperial
Sounding the South: Kenyon College, Summer 1948
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

According to John Crowe Ransom, the small town and the English visitor seemed in the beginning ‘hopelessly alien ‘ to each other. ‘Empson . . . kept his guard up for weeks, but at last it broke down. He was admired and venerated . . . ‘ Empson seemed to be unaware that he cut a strange Wgure as he wandered round the green and beautifully arboreal campus with its grey buildings. His perceived peculiarities included the fact that he sported a resplendent bush of weird black beard and talked to himself as he chainsmoked through a long cigarette holder. One student would recall, ‘He was the most detached, impartial person I have ever seen
The Anti-Christian: Milton ’s God
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

In terms of Empson ‘s critical career as a whole, therefore, his early pages on ‘The SacriWce ‘ and on ‘The Windhover ‘ were to prove cardinal texts; dating from 1930, they seeded the catechizing writings of the post-war years, culminating in Milton ‘s God. Nonetheless, at the time when he wrote about ‘The SacriWce ‘ and ‘The Windhover ‘ his analyses seemed less perWdious than accepted good sense. By his reckoning, the damage was done to ‘traditional ‘ critical readings such as his own by the reactionary forces of the Christian religion, with T. S. Eliot as its literary high priest. In 1932 Eliot had put out a revisionist essay including the unsupported assertion, ‘Donne was, I insist, no sceptic ‘; and in quick order other critics glibly bowed to the new wisdom.
Plato’s Later Political Theory
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

The mood in Plato’s late political works has dimmed. Fiery ideals burn less bright; his view of man’s nature has fallen; his faith in radical reform has given way to more modest hopes. Though we cannot be certain exactly what caused this shift, it is natural to place considerable weight on Plato’s remarkable political experiences in Sicily. The influence of Sicily will be seen repeatedly in this and the following chapters. An additional factor that must be taken into account is changes in Plato’s metaphysical ideas.
The ‘Second-Best’ State
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

The Laws of course was Plato’s last work, left unfinished at his death. According to ancient tradition, it was edited posthumously by Plato’s student Phillip of Opus, who also wrote the Epinomis in order to complete various matters Plato left incomplete. The Laws is an old man’s work. In addition to Plato’s increased experience of human affairs, in many ways it shows a mood of tiredness and resignation. The aged Plato has turned his back on the world to face the heavens. Human life seems to him a paltry thing, no more than amusement for the gods (803c). His faith in man’s power and dignity, in man’s ability to know, has waned. The implication for political theory is an ideal state that approaches theocracy.
Conclusion: The Way Forwar?
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

Over the past fifteen years, international organizations have embarked on a bold experiment in promoting ideals of liberal multiculturalism and in formulating international norms of minority rights, but this experiment is facing an uncertain future. There are multiple instabilities in the way IOs have framed their discourses and norms, which inhibit their effective diffusion and implementation. Moreover, the initial sense of urgency about this issue has largely faded, and questions of minority rights have dropped down the list of international priorities. Without renewed attention and commitment, the likely outcome is a gradual retreat from the more progressive dimensions of this experiment.
The Count Continues: Stockpiles
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

The year 2004 saw powerful states struggling with unrestrained small arms proliferation. In Iraq and Afghanistan, in particular, armed individuals and groups continue to present a great obstacle to human security, coalition forces, and reconstruction efforts. Yet elsewhere, with far less firepower and attracting far less public attention, governments and civil society have quietly pressed on with a number of initiatives to address civilian small arms possession and armed violence. The aspect of small arms stockpiles most prominent in 2004 was internationally sponsored disarmament. Efforts in Afghanistan, Cote d’Ivoire, Haiti, Iraq, Liberia, and Sudan attracted the most attention, but many more were tried or debated. At the domestic level, 2004 also represented a turning point in a number of states’ efforts to control armed violence through enhanced domestic controls. All of these initiatives have hinted at strong national and international will to further the small arms control agenda.
Sourcing The Tools Of War: Small Arms Supplies To Conflict Zones
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

International illicit arms transfers to conflict and war zones often display features characteristic of newsworthy stories.1 They tend to involve shady, greedy dealers and financiers with Hollywood-type lifestyles; suspicious means of transport, with airplane registrations being changed mid-flight and jets sometimes touching down on tarmac in the middle of the jungle; and disturbingly ruthless recipients. Some cases embroil politicians and other public figures. No wonder, then, that the media are particularly eager to cover this aspect of the small arms problem. Given the intense political debates about whether to supply arms and ammunition to areas of conflict, researchers and analysts also devote substantial attention to this issue. The dynamics at work here are complex: states are pitted against religious and human rights groups; exporter states confront states that refuse to authorize particular deals; peace activists denounce gun manufacturers; and so on.
Violent Exchanges: The Use Of Small Arms In Conflict
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

Throughout history, people engaged in armed conflict have employed many tools of violence, from rocks and sticks to rifles and guided missiles. These armaments have been used to kill, wound, and destroy physical infrastructure, but not with equal effect. What factors affect people’s choice of weaponry and targets? Many variables have a bearing on how small arms and light weapons are used, both within an armed conflict zone and within ostensibly peaceful societies. The answer to the question, therefore, may be as complex as the causes of violent conflict itself. Past studies have highlighted various dynamics, including: the development of gun cultures (Khakee and Florquin, 2003); the presence or absence of social and legal codes to control the use of weapons (Miller, 2003); ‘arms racing’ among rival groups (Cook and Ludwig, 2003); and links between violence and masculine identity (Cukier, Kooistra, and Anto, 2002).
Risk and Intimate Relationships
Authors: Lewis Jane , Sarre Sophie
Published: November 2023

Interrelated changes in the labour market and in family formation have resulted in what many have termed ‘new’ social risks for those in intimate relationships (e.g. Bonoli 2004). The traditional, married, male breadwinner family was long believed to offer protection against risk, particularly for women and children. Normative prescriptions as to the gendered contributions men and women were expected to make to families in respect of earning and caring were clearly understood and were underpinned by social welfare provision and family law.
Social and Public Policy: Reflexive Individualization and Regulatory Governance
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: November 2023

Welfare states are currently undergoing rapid change as part of the broader social shifts associated with the transition from a modernity structured around neo-Keynesian nation state capitalism towards a more globalized, post-Fordist, and individualized future. The developments in the UK associated with the emergence of New Labour and of a third way social policy are at the forefront of these shifts, and this chapter focuses particularly on this country.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: November 2023

In July 1962, the English poet and critic Philip Hobsbaum arrived in Belfast to take up a position as a lecturer in English at Queen’s University. During the next four years, he sought out local writers whom he felt possessed literary promise and invited them to weekly writing workshops which he conducted in his home. Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley, and James Simmons attended regularly during the first three years; Derek Mahon came once.At the time of the first workshop, none of these men had published a book. By the end of the decade, they were among the foremost Irish poets of their generation. The various phrases critics and readers use to denote these poets—the Ulster Movement, the Honest Ulsterman School, the Belfast Group, the Mutual Admiration Society of Northern Poets—reflect the vague but underlying sense that they constitute a school.
The Belfast Group
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: November 2023

In 1960, literary life in Belfast had begun to stagnate. Although Sam Hanna Bell, Michael McLaverty, and Roy McFadden were still living and writing in the city, John Hewitt was away in Coventry and the Ulster literary magazine Rann had folded. When looking back, several Northern Irish poets remembered these years as particularly bleak. James Simmons, an English lecturer in Coleraine, was at the time living in Portrush and performing his songs in the local bars. As an aspiring poet, he felt isolated in his provincial surroundings: ‘You can’t believe the loneliness of someone beginning to write, say, in Portrush when I was writing, or Derry, and there’s no one to talk to, no one who’ll listen or understand.’ Longley would have empathized. In 1964, he moved back to Belfast in order to be closer to Edna, who had been appointed as an English lecturer at Queen’s. He began teaching Classics at Inst, though he longed to spend more time writing. With Mahon in Canada, and Boland and Kennelly across the border in Dublin, there was little opportunity for lively poetic exchange. Yet one man would soon breathe air into literary Belfast’s sagging sails.
Renaissance
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: November 2023

According to Longley, the mid-sixties marked ‘a turning point’ for the poets of Belfast.¹ This was a time of political optimism, when, as Heaney put it, ‘a Catholic might believe in shades of grey’.Terence O’Neill’s overtures to the Nationalist community encouraged many, including Heaney, to believe in a more equitable future. He wrote in 1968: O’Neill was asking for better relations between the two communities, hoping to promote a gradual healing of the sectarian sores in the politics of Ulster.
Realism, tragedy, and the anti-Pelagian imagination in international political thought
Authors: Rengger Nicholas
Published: November 2023

For much of the 1990s, realism in IR scholarship was possessed of a kind of intellectual split personality. The dominant forms of realism in the academy, essentially versions of the structural or neorealism associated with Kenneth Waltz, were—as many of their rivals were—dominated by a methodological stance that one of those rivals, Robert Keohane, quite accurately charactaerized as ‘rationalist’2—an of shoot of liberal progressivism in the academy, even if the conclusions in the context of neorealism were certainly not that.
Morgenthau now: Neoconservatism, national greatness, and realism
Authors: Williams Michael C
Published: November 2023

Why should contemporary theories of IR be interested in Hans Morgenthau? This is no simple question. To intellectual historians, the answer often lies in Morgenthau’s central role in the development of realism and its place in the evolution of IR as a field of study. To some contemporary realists, Morgenthau articulated principles of power politics that continue to provide enduring insights into world politics, even if they seem frequently to feel that the foundations on which he based his theory need to be replaced.
Introduction: ‘She finds the words’
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

Why’s personal library, as anyone might expect, contains a r number of items that are ‘his’ in two senses: books he wrote as well as those he owned. Quite a few of the books by WBY in his library are actual property of his wife. Some of her volumes are sprinkled with editorial annotations from the ongoing processes of republishing and correcting his poetry and prose, tasks that undertook for many years before and, more controversially, after her husband’s death. Her name is written in his handwriting in a number of the flyleaves, sometimes with injunctions to himself: ‘George Yeats her book not to be taken by me.
‘To give you new images’: Published Results
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

GY affected the texts that bear her husband’s name profoundly and variously. The pages that follow examine some of the professional literary results of the collaboration— that is to say, effects of the script and other documents that appear in WBY’s published works Even so, the emphasis will not fall exclusively on specific words or ideas in poems, plays, and prose that belong to GY and can be separated distinctly from the parts written by her husband. Such an approach tends to separate the two co-writers into neater subjective categories than I am inclined to believe represents them accurately.
Demon the Medium
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

Just as much may be gained from meditation on WBY’s motto in the Order of the Golden Dawn, Demon Est Deus Inversus, as can be learned from tracing the permutations of GY’s Nemo Sciat. On a verbal level, the four-word phrase Demon Est Deus Inversus overturns the expected hierarchy of the binary Deus and Demon in two ways: first, it flattens out the distinctions between the two terms, which after all sound all the more similar when joined by the simple verb Est. Second, with the arrival of the word Inversus, in its critical final position, movement is generated, as well as the undercutting of that levelling and static form of to be.
D-Optimum Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

In this section we list a variety of results for D- and G-optimum designs. In 11.2 an illustration is given of the use of the variance function in the iterative construction of a D-optimum design. The following section returns to the example of the desorption of carbon monoxide with which the book opened. A comparison is made of the design generating the data of Table 1.1 with several of the D- and DS-optimum designs derived in succeeding chapters. The last two sections of the chapter discuss D-optimum designs which might be useful in practice, particularly for second-order models. But, to begin, we consider some definitions and general properties of D-optimum designs.
Justice and Reparations
Authors: Greiff Pablo de
Published: November 2023

While a great deal of attention has been paid to what countries that have undergone transitions to democracy have attempted to do by way of prosecutions, much less attention has been paid to these countries’ attempts at reparations. Clearly, both kinds of efforts, the prosecutorial and the reparative, can be considered elements of justice, but the latter has not received sufficient systematic attention. Surprisingly, this is true despite the fact that most of the recent transitional processes have at least given some consideration to programs of reparations that seek to make up, in some way, for the harms endured by some members or sectors of society.1
Countering the Wrongs of the Past: The Role of Compensation1
Authors: Satz Debra
Published: November 2023

Demands for repair can sound in different registers. Think of a mundane case of harm, concerning harm to one person’s property, occurring in the present. If A intentionally damages B’s car, B can ask A: to provide monetary compensation; to restore (if possible) her car to its undamaged state; to apologize or perhaps even to make a public acknowledgment of his responsibility. B can seek to have A prosecuted under law for his acts, seek mediation, or attempt to settle things on her own without third-party involvement. What Basks of A can reflect what B cares about, what she thinks she is likely to receive, or what she thinks she is owed. Different individuals in the same circumstances as B might ask for and accept different measures of repair. And different individuals in the same circumstances as A might respond to these demands in different ways.
Here Be Dragons
Authors: McCarthy Dennis
Published: November 2023

Why do we find polar bears only in the Arctic and penguins only in the Antarctic? Why do oceanic islands often have many types of birds but no large native mammals? As Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace travelled across distant lands studying the wildlife they both noticed that the distribution of plants and animals formed striking patterns - patterns that held strong clues to the past of the planet. The study of the spatial distribution of living things is known as biogeography. It is a field that could be said to have begun with Darwin and Wallace. In this lively book, Denis McCarthy tells the story of biogeography, from the 19th century to its growth into a major field of interdisciplinary research in the present day. It is a story that encompasses two great, insightful theories that were to provide the explanations to the strange patterns of life across the world - evolution, and plate tectonics. We find animals and plants where we do because, over time, the continents have moved, separating and coalescing in a long, slow dance; because sea levels have risen, cutting off one bit of land from another, and fallen, creating land bridges; because new and barren volcanic islands have risen up from the sea; and because animals and plants vary greatly in their ability to travel, and separation has caused the formation of new species. The story of biogeography is the story of how life has responded and has in turn altered the ever changing Earth. It is a narrative that includes many fascinating tales - of pygmy mammoths and elephant birds; of changing landscapes; of radical ideas by bold young scientists first dismissed and later, with vastly growing evidence, widely accepted. The story is not yet done: there are still questions to be answered and biogeography is a lively area of research and debate. But our view of the planet has been changed profoundly by biogeography and its related fields: the emerging understanding is of a deeply interconnected system in which life and physical forces interact dynamically in space and time.
Modelling Longevity Dynamics for Pensions and Annuity Business
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria
Published: November 2023

Mortality improvements, uncertainty in future mortality trends and the relevant impact on life annuities and pension plans constitute important topics in the field of actuarial mathematics and life insurance techniques. In particular, actuarial calculations concerning pensions, life annuities and other living benefits (provided, for example, by long-term care insurance products and whole life sickness covers) are based on survival probabilities which necessarily extend over a long time horizon. In order to avoid underestimation of the related liabilities, the insurance company (or the pension plan) must adopt an appropriate forecast of future mortality. Great attention is currently being devoted to the management of life annuity portfolios, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view, because of the growing importance of annuity benefits paid by private pension schemes. In particular, the progressive shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension schemes has increased the interest in life annuities with a guaranteed annual amount. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed description of methods for projecting mortality, and an extensive introduction to some important issues concerning longevity risk in the area of life annuities and pension benefits. It relies on research work carried out by the authors, as well as on a wide teaching experience and in CPD (Continuing Professional Development) initiatives. The following topics are dealt with: life annuities in the framework of post-retirement income strategies; the basic mortality model; recent mortality trends that have been experienced; general features of projection models; discussion of stochastic projection models, with numerical illustrations; measuring and managing longevity risk.
Mortality trends during the 20th century
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria
Published: November 2023

Life expectancy at birth among early humans was likely to be between 20 and 30 years as testified by evidence that has been glaned from tombstones inscriptions, genealogical records, and skeletal remains. Around 1750, the first national population data began being collected in the Nordic countries. At that time, life expectancy at birth was around 35–40 years in the more developed countries. It then rose to about 40–45 by the mid-1800s. Rapid improvements began at the end of the 19th century, so that, by the middle of the 20th century it was approximately 60–65 years. By the beginning of the 21st century, life expectancy at birth has reached about 70 years. The average life span has thus, roughly tripled over the course of human history. Much of this increase has happened in the past 150 years: the 20th century has been characterized by a huge increase in average longevity compared to all of the previous centuries. Broadly speaking, the average life span increased by 25 years in the 10,000 years before 1850. Another 25-year increase took place between 1850 and 2000. And there is no evidence that improvements in longevity are tending to slow down.
Forecasting mortality: An introduction
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims at describing various methods proposed by actuaries and demographers for projecting mortality. Many of these have been actually used in the actuarial context, in particular for pricing and reserving in relation to life annuity products and pensions, and in the demographic field, mainly for population projections.