bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF THE SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF TRICHOSIROCALUS HORRIDUS (PANZER) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN VIRGINIA BETWEEN 1981–83 and 1979
Authors: Kok L. T. , Mays W. T.
Published: September 2017

Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a ceutorhynchine weevil introduced for control of Carduus thistle, is well established in Virginia. Its preferred host, Carduus thoermeri Weinmann (musk thistle), was collected from two sites with large populations of the weevil. Sampling was carried out over a 20-month period between 1981 and 1983. Whole plants were dug up and returned to the laboratory for dissection to determine the seasonal occurrence of T. horridus. The results were compared with those of an earlier study in Virginia which was based on non-destructive sampling soon after the weevil became established. In the current study all immature stages were detected at least 1–3 months earlier in the fall than previously reported, and the adult stage was found on the host plant from September through July. Detection of the different life stages of T. horridus for longer durations was also the result of larger established populations of the weevil at the sampling sites. Other new findings include the discovery that T. horridus overwinters in the egg, larval, and adult stages, that the overwintering site for the adult is decaying organic matter and the soil surface in the vicinity of the rosettes, and that viable eggs are found in non-photosynthetic as well as green leaves. The large proportion of eggs found in the rachis of nonphotosynthetic leaves suggests that sampling for eggs based on green leaves only can be misleading.
NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TRANSMISSION BY MICROPLITIS CROCEIPES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ADULT FEMALES REARED IN INFECTED HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE1,2
Authors: Young S. Y. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) transmission by Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] that emerged from HNPV-infected Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae was investigated in the laboratory and in single plant cage tests on field grown soybean. In the laboratory a small percentage of the M croceipes adults (13.3%) from infected larvae transmitted Heliothis HNPV. The mortality from HNPV in larvae exposed as late second instars to female parasitoids was 20.0%. In a single plant cage test on soybean conducted in the field, however, the percentage of mortality from HNPV in larvae did not differ significantly from that in the control group. When larvae were caged with females that had been artificially contaminated with HNPV up to 79.2% of the H. virescens larvae died of HNPV.
OCCURRENCE OF BLISTER BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) IN GEORGIA ALFALFA
Authors: Buntin G. David
Published: September 2017

Poisoning of livestock, particularly horses, has been associated with the consumption of alfalfa contaminated with dead blister beetles. Alfalfa fields in north and central Georgia were surveyed during 1987 and 1988 to determine which species infest the crop and assess the risk of each species for contaminating hay. Epicauta vittata (F.), Epicauta pestifera Werner and Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeGeer) were collected both years. Epicauta pestifera was most abundant in 1987, but E. pennsylvanica was most abundant in 1988. Epicauta vittata occurred in low numbers from mid-June through September. Densities of E. pestifera and E. pennsylvanica peaked on 25 August and about 22 September, respectively, in both years. Blister beetle densities were poorly correlated with grasshopper densities. Epicauta vittata was considered to pose the greatest risk of contaminating alfalfa hay in Georgia because of its previous association with livestock poisonings and its tendency to form aggregations in the field. Except for one specimen, no blister beetles were collected before 15 June and after 25 October. Therefore, cuttings harvested between these dates are at greatest risk of being contaminated by blister beetles.
INCIDENCE OF BACILLUS POPILLIAE IN DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES OF FLORIDA SUGARCANE GRUBS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Cherry R. H. , Boucias D. G.
Published: September 2017

All life stages of Cyclocephala parallela Casey and Ligyrus subtropicus Blatchley were collected from commercial sugarcane fields in southern Florida from May, 1985 to May, 1988. These specimens were examined using phase contrast microscopy for the presence of the milky disease bacteria, Bacillus popilliae Dutky. In addition, field soil temperatures were measured, and the survival of milky grubs under simulated field temperatures was determined in a laboratoiy. Bacillus popilliae was not detected in the eggs or pupae of either grub species. The bacterium was found in 0.2% and 0.3% of adults in C. parallela and L. subtropicus respectively. The highest incidence of B. popilliae in both species was observed in the larval stage being 6.1% and 1.9% in C. parallela and L. subtropicus respectively. Survival data showed that B. popilliae was not limited in its development in infected third instar grubs by soil temperatures at any time during the year in Florida sugarcane fields.
INFLUENCE OF INSECTICIDES - CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS COMBINATIONS ON PUPAL WEIGHT AND FECUNDITY OF TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Mohamed Abdul K. , Yang Jen-Rong , Nelson Fred R. S.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the response of healthy and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) infected Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae to LD50 of methomyl and methyl parathion. Methomyl-CPV combination adversely affected pupal weight and fecundity of the female. The effect of this interaction was synergistic. Exposure of CPV infected larvae to LD50 of methomyl resulted in a mean female pupal weight of 243 mg and a fecundity of 382 per female moth. These values were significantly lower than those of all other treatments. In contrast methyl parathion-CPV combinations did not result in a significant reduction in pupal weight as compared to the control. Adult emergence and egg hatch were not affected.
CHECKLIST OF NORTH AMERICAN NUT-INFESTING INSECTS AND HOST PLANTS
Authors: Williams Charles E.
Published: September 2017

Data on the biology and host plant relations of nut-infesting insects are widely scattered in the scientific literature. A checklist of North American nut-infesting insects and host plants is presented to provide a central source of information on this insect group. Organized alphabetically by insect taxa, the checklist contains 102 species of insects and 82 host plants. Nomenclature of listed insects and host plants follows current revisions and checklists.
THE OCCURRENCE OF SPIROCHETES IN IXODID TICKS IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Levine Jay F. , Apperson Charles S. , Nicholson William L.
Published: September 2017

Ticks were collected at 6 sites in North Carolina identified as the location of tick contact by Lyme disease patients, and at 6 sites located in counties where cases had been diagnosed. Specimens were screened for evidence of spirochete infection; fewer than 1% of the specimens collected harbored spirochetes. Indirect fluorescence antibody testing, with a species-specific monoclonal antibody, confirmed that one Ixodes scapularis Say collected at the residence of a Lyme disease patient was infected with Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Hyde, Schmid, and Brenner. Two specimens (Amblyomma americanum (L.) and I. scapularis) screened by a direct fluorescence antibody test with polyclonal antisera were infected with Borrelia. Spirochetes other than B. burgdorferi were found in A. americanum. No spirochetes were observed in Dermacentor variabilis (Say) or I. brunneus (Koch).
Toxicity of Slide Dip Application of Five Insecticides to Apple Aphid and Spirea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)2
Authors: Hogmire H. W. , Brown M. W. , Crim V. L.
Published: September 2017

A slide-dip bioassay using laboratory colonies revealed that apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, was more susceptible to esfenvalerate and methomyl, but less susceptible to azinphosmethyl than spirea aphid, A. spiraecola Patch. Susceptibility to endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was not significantly different between the two species. For A. pomi, order of insecticide toxicity was esfenvalerate > methomyl > endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > azinphosmethyl. For A. spiraecola, order of toxicity was esfenvalerate > methomyl > azinphosmethyl > chlorpyrifos > endosulfan. Knowledge of which species was present in a given apple orchard and the selective use of insecticides could result in more efficient aphid control while reducing toxicity to predators used in IPM programs.
Oral Toxicity of Barium Metaborate to the Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Grace J. Kenneth
Published: September 2017

The oral toxicity of barium metaborate monohydrate (Busan 11-Ml) to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) was evaluated in no-choice assays by feeding termite workers for 15 and 30 days on filter papers treated with concentrations of 500–40,000 ppm (weight/weight). In the 15 day assay, 30,000 ppm resulted in 92 ± 17% termite mortality and a concomitant 86% reduction in paper consumption. Feeding for 30 days on 1,500 ppm resulted in 100% mortality. Reduced paper consumption was associated with termite mortality, and feeding on low concentrations did not differ from that on control papers. Concentrations ≥ 20,000 ppm provided protection from termite feeding, while concentrations ≤ 5,000 ppm may be applicable in developing baits for subterranean termite control.
Three New Species of Eriophyid Mites from Georgia Coastal Islands (Acari: Eriophyoidea)
Authors: Boczek Jan , Davis Robert
Published: September 2017

Three new species of eriophyid mites - Platyphytoptus warkus from Pinus elliottii Engelm. (Pinaceae), Apodiptacus liquidambarus from liquidambar styraciflua L. (Hamamelidaceae) and Diptiloplatus pulaski from Rhus glabra L. (Anacardiaceae) - are described. All species were collected from the coastal barrier islands near Savannah, GA, U.S.A.
Antibodies to Antigens of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Sera of Infested Sheep: A Serological Technique for the Detection of Screwworm Myiasis
Authors: Thomas Donald B. , Pruett John H.
Published: September 2017

Antibodies to screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), antigens are found in serum of previously infested host sheep and for at least one month after infestation. ELISA provides a serological technique for detecting previous exposure to screwworm in noninfested hosts. The technique is adaptable to a field situation and has potential as a method for screening noninfested hosts for indirectly estimating infestation rates.
Effects of Moisture Content and Initial Insect Density on Ability of Rusty Grain Beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) To Infest Whole Corn2
Authors: Throne James E.
Published: September 2017

Rusty grain beetle (RGB), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), progeny production on undamaged corn kernels (Zea mays L.) and on artificially damaged kernels was investigated at varying moisture contents and initial insect densities. Only three adult progeny were produced on undamaged kernels in both tests. The number of adult progeny produced on damaged kernels increased as moisture content increased from 11.3 to 14.8%, but was still low. Initial insect densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, or 40 RGB on ten kernels of corn did not affect the low number of progeny produced on damaged kernels. These results indicate that even though a high proportion of stored corn contains breaks in the seed coat, growth of RGB populations would be slow if the corn is otherwise intact and is stored at or below 14.8% moisture content.
Biological Notes on the Mealybug Dysmicoccus obesus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on Loblolly Pine in Southern Arkansas
Authors: Thompson L. C. , Colvin R. J.
Published: September 2017

Dysmicoccus obesus (Lobdell) was first found in Arkansas in 1983 living in crevices, under bark scales of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.). Most mealybugs (77%) were found on the bole between 0–90 cm of the ground, and they showed slight preferences for the northern and southern bole exposures. Crematogaster ants were observed tending the mealybugs. Three broods per year were detected, with adults produced in May, July and September. Dysmicoccus obesus probably overwinter off the tree as immatures. Cytogenetic observations showed D. obesus was sexual and the sex ratio of eggs was 1:1. Males were never found. Mean fecundity was 300 ± 15 (SE). The documented occurrence of D. obesus from 10 southern and southeastern states suggests its distribution is probably throughout the range of its loblolly pine host. Records from Maryland indicate the mealybug also feeds on Virginia pine (P. virginiana Mill.).
Dose Response of the Cowpea Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) From Different Regions of Georgia to Some Currently Used Pyrethroid Insecticides
Authors: N'Guessan K F. , Chalfant R. B.
Published: September 2017

Adults of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, obtained from infested peas in Attapulgus (SW), Midville (Central) and Tifton (So. Central), GA; were treated topically in the laboratory, with es-fenvalerate, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and permethrin in 1988 to establish base-line data for the documentation of potential insecticidal resistance. A preliminary test was conducted in 1987, using permethrin, es-fenvalerate, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin and cyhalothrin on insects from Tifton. The log dose probit analysis indicated that in 1987 cyhalothrin was the most toxic of the materials tested. The 1988 test showed that es-fenvalerate was less toxic than the others and was also less toxic in Tifton, where pyrethroid insecticides have been used more extensively, than in Midville and Attapulgus.
Deterrency of Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Feeding by Free Phenolic Acids
Authors: Fischer Daniel C. , Kogan Marcos , Paxton Jack
Published: September 2017

We investigated the role of simple phenolic acid precursors of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, as free compounds, in food selection by the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, a pest of soybean, Glycine max Merrill, and other legumes. An aerosol spray method was developed to apply compounds in a uniform and reproducible manner to leaf surfaces of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., a preferred host. Twenty-three compounds were tested in dual choice preference tests. Included were benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, simple phenolic acids (hydroxylated benzoic and cinnamic acids), and their methoxylated analogs. Six compounds were found to cause rejection of leaves. All of these were hydroxylated acids with the hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxylic acid group on the benzene ring. Two of these six (gentisic acid and salicylic acid) are reportedly produced in soybean leaves.
Influence of Temperature on the Ovipositional Biology of the Redbanded Leafroller and Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Rock G. C. , Stinner R. E.
Published: September 2017

Effects of constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C on the preoviposition period and the effects of a constant 25°C on oviposition, fecundity, and longevity of the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were investigated. Oviposition did not occur at 35°C for either species and only the redbanded leafroller oviposited at 10°C. The threshold for oviposition for RBLR was calculated to be 8.7°C with 29.4 DD necessary for oviposition, while the oviposition threshold for TABM was calculated to be 10.5°C with 33.5 DD needed for oviposition. The mean oviposition periods for the two species did not differ; however, tufted apple bud moth longevity was significantly greater at 25°C. Fecundity was greater for the tufted apple bud moth (301 eggs/female) than for the redbanded leafroller (221 eggs/female).
Factors Affecting Efficacy of Pitfall Traps For Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)2
Authors: Morrill Wendell L. , Lester Donald G. , Wrona Alan E.
Published: September 2017

Numbers of trapped beetles in the field and a laboratory arena increased with pitfall trap size. Size and configuration of guides affected catch size. Beetles which moved rapidly were more likely to be captured. Non-captures resulted when beetles turned away from traps or pulled out of the trap cones. Plant debris in traps reduced catch size.
Cyhexatin Resistance and Enhancement with Calcium Chloride in Washington State Populations of Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Pome Fruit
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M.
Published: September 2017

The enhancement of calcium salts, primarily calcium chloride, to the efficacy of cyhexatin in Washington populations of twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, McDaniel spider mite (MSM), Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor and European red mite (ERM), Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was evaluated in the laboratory and in commercial apple orchards. Laboratory techniques used to test the 50WP, 5F and technical 85% cyhexatin were the slide-dip, leaf disk and leaf spray bioassays. Bioassay responses by various spider mite populations to cyhexatin and calcium salts indicated that the leaf spray method was most appropriate on apple foliage and that calcium chloride increased cyhexatin 50WP toxicity 6-fold for ERM and 31-fold for TSSM. The toxicity of formetanate 92SP, propargite 30WP, dicofol 1.6EC and fenbutatinoxide 4L was not increased by combining with CaCl2. Under field conditions, efficacy trials with ERM and MSM to cyhexatin and cyhexatin + CaCl2 indicated that differences between treatment means were significant, but less effective than were predicted from laboratory bioassays. Inconsistent field control was apparently associated with respective adjuvant/cyhexatin concentrations, tetranychid population susceptibility and physical variables inherently associated with orchard management practices.
Multicellular Rearing Methods for the Beet Armyworm, Soybean Looper, and Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hartley G. G.
Published: September 2017

Methods used for rearing Heliothis spp. larvae in a multicellular container were modified for rearing beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), soybean looper (SBL), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner). Polyester-cotton cloth used for Heliothis oviposition was unsatisfactory for BAW, SBL, and VBC. A polyester-cotton cloth with a dimpled surface was discovered which was suitable for all three species. Beet armyworm eggs were removed from the oviposition cloth and disinfected with sodium hypochlorite. This procedure could not be used for SBL or VBC as it resulted in significant reduction in egg hatch. New methods were developed for placing BAW, SBL, and VBC eggs into a multicellular container. A separator and high volume blower used to harvest Heliothis pupae was also used to harvest BAW and VBC pupae. SBL pupae, because of webbing spun by the larvae prior to pupation, could not be harvested in this manner. A pupal harvest method was developed for SBL. A phosphoric-propionic acid mix incorporated into the larval diet controlled contaminants. These procedures have been used since 1986 at Stoneville and more than ¾ million pupae and 100 million eggs were reared in 1987 and 1988.
Feeding Activity of Carabid Beetles and Spiders on Gypsy Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) at High-density Prey Populations2
Authors: DuDevoir Deborah S. , Reeves R. Marcel
Published: September 2017

Pitfall traps and tree bands were used to collect arthropods at two sites in southeastern New Hampshire during the 1982–83 outbreak of gypsy moth. Pitfall traps caught more individuals (74% of total) than tree bands. Carabid beetles (59%) and spiders (22%) were the dominant groups. Twenty-two genera and 48 species of carabid beetles and 31 genera and 43 species of spiders were collected. Spiders had more species and a larger proportion (38%) collected under tree bands than did carabid beetles (12%).

Guts of all individuals were tested for presence of gypsy moth proteins using ELISA. Fourteen genera and 26 species of carabid beetles tested positive with the highest percent (50%) recorded for Calosoma frigidum Kirby. Twenty-eight genera and 31 species of spiders tested positive with the highest percent (57%) recorded for Haplodrassus bicornis (Emerton). Positive test results were generally higher in tree band collections for species in either group. Positive tests may have been overestimated in the carabid beetles through carrion feeding, and in the spiders because of the extended period required to digest meals.
Population Distribution of Flower Thrips and the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Nectarines and their Relative Association with Injury to Fruit in the Southeastern United States2
Authors: Yonce C. E. , Beshear R. J. , Payne J. A. , Horton D. L.
Published: September 2017

Thrips populations and injury attributed to thrips feeding on fruit surfaces was monitored in unsprayed middle Georgia nectarines during 1986 – 1988. The flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and the soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach), were the most abundant thrips species recovered from the orchard. Their relative abundance changed each year. The western flower thrips particularly appears to be most damaging in causing russeting on fruit surfaces. Silvering injury was caused by either or both of the flower thrips and coincided with peak populations of adults at or near final fruit swell. Soybean thrips caused little or no injury to fruit. None of the above mentioned flower thrips species were recovered from various weed and grass species in and near the nectarine orchard during two years of overwintering studies.
Autoradiographic Detection of Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Eggs in Soil Environments
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , All J. N.
Published: September 2017

A nondestructive method of detecting lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), eggs in soil is outlined. Fourth instar larvae were fed a diet containing radioactive phosphorus (4 μ Ci/g), and eggs laid by females that emerged from these larvae contained sufficient radioactivity to expose X-ray film. Fecundity, oviposition rates, and longevity were similar for 32P-labeled adult females and unlabeled adult females. In greenhouse tests using corn planted in simulations of conventional tillage and no-tillage conditions, eggs were autoradiographically detected in soil and on plant tissue.
Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Selected Cool-Season Leguminous Cover Crops
Authors: Bugg Robert L. , Wäckers Felix L. , Brunson Kathryn E , Phatak Sharad C. , Dutcher James D.
Published: September 2017

Replicated field trials indicated that tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae) attained relatively-high densities on hybrid vetches, Vicia sativa L. X V. cordata Wulf cv ‘Cahaba White’ and ‘Vantage’, lower densities on crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L. cv ‘Dixie,’ and particularly-low densities on subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. cv ‘Mt. Barker’. Densities of TPB were also relatively low on an additional 10 types of subterranean clover, including 7 cultivars representing T. subterraneum, 1 cultivar of T. brachycalycinum Katznelson and Morley, and 3 of T. yanninicum Katznelson and Morley. Field longevity trials indicated that late-instar and adult TPB lived longer when caged on crimson clover than on hybrid vetch, which in turn supported better survival than did subterranean clover. When adult TPB were caged on hybrid vetch or subterranean clover with or without floral and fruiting structures, there was no evidence that the presence of these structures prolonged TPB survival on either crop. In laboratory choice tests with flowering and fruiting shoots of three cover crops, TPB preferred crimson clover over hybrid vetch, which in turn was more attractive than subterranean clover. When shoots were presented after reproductive structures had been excised, there was no statistically-significant preference by TPB.
Intravernal Changes in the Level of Parasitization of the Southern Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), by the Feather-Legged Fly (Diptera: Tachinidae): Host Sex, Mating Status, and Body Size as Correlated Factors
Authors: McLain Denson Kelly , Marsh Nancy Brannen , Lopez Jerome Rene , Drawdy Jonathan Allen
Published: September 2017

In 1989, the number of eggs of the parasitoid, Trichopoda pennipes (F.), on the cuticle of southern green stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.), increased throughout the spring for the cohort emerging from overwintering diapause. Initially, the size of N. viridula males was positively correlated with the number of parasitoid eggs and probability of mating. By late spring, mating status was not influenced by size and the relationship between size and number of parasitoid eggs was much reduced. This may reflect a loss of viability for larger, more parasitized males resulting in a concomitant reduction in attractiveness to potential mates and parasitoids. The proportion of males in the cohort dropped significantly and coincidentally with increased levels of parasitization. Throughout the spring, females were parasitized much less than males. The risk of parasitization for females derived primarily from their association with males during courtship and/or copulation.
Early and Late-Season Insecticide Applications in Seed Alfalfa: Impact on Pest Species and Yield2
Authors: Schaber B. D. , Charnetski W. A. , Entz T.
Published: September 2017

Alfalfa is grown for seed on approximately 9,500 ha in Alberta, Canada. Pest insects, such as Lygus spp. and the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), (Heteroptera: Miridae) can reduce seed yield if they are not controlled. However, little is known of the damage caused by these pest insects during late seed formation and development. Field studies were conducted during 1983 and 1986 to determine the effect of early- and late-season applications of the insecticides trichlorfon and phosmet alone and combined on Lygus spp., alfalfa plant bug and seed yield of alfalfa. Effects were dependent on the time of application, year, and insect species. Lygus spp. densities for late-season trichlorfon treatments were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the control. Trichlorfon and phosmet had no effect on densities of alfalfa plant bugs in 1983, but some late-season trichlorfon treatments did reduce plant bug densities in 1986. Seed yields in plots receiving late-season trichlorfon were generally greater than in the control in both years.
Effects of Constant Photoperiods and Temperatures on the Hibernating Life Stages of the San Jose Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in North Carolina
Authors: Rock George C. , McClain David C.
Published: September 2017

The black cap phase of the first instar nymph accounted for about 85% of the hibernating life stages of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Comstock), in a North Carolina apple orchard and this status persisted with little change during the coldest winter months. Small numbers of all other life stages also hibernated. Development and survival of scale insects, which were field collected from November to February and placed under long and short daylengths at constant 20°C, did not appear to be affected by daylength. This information, plus evidence that diapause was not induced by long and short daylengths at constant 15 and 20°C, indicates that San Jose scale hibernates in a nondiapause state of dormancy and the dormancy is temperature dependent.
A Review of the Scientific Literature on the Biology and Distribution of the Genus Phyllophaga (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Forschler Brian T. , Gardner Wayne A.
Published: September 2017

A review of the scientific literature on the biology and management of Phyllophaga (Harris) in the southeastern United States indicates that at least 91 species of the genus occur in the region. Adults reportedly defoliate host plants including pines, pecans, other hardwoods, and various row crops. The immatures reside in the soil feeding within the root zone inflicting damage to pasture and turf grasses, new plantings of trees, and row crops. Economic thresholds do not exist for most crops attacked. Cultural and insecticidal tactics are generally recommended for control, but often are not economical or effective. Alternate management strategies (i.e., natural enemies, host plant resistance) have not been extensively investigated. In addition, surveys of occurrence and distribution are incomplete, out-of-date, or nonexistent for many of the southeastern states. Distribution maps and adult flight period data for selected species were compiled from available survey information.
Probable Tritonymphal Sexual Dimorphism in Alycus roseus (Bimichaeliidae: Acariformes: Acari)
Authors: Kethley J.
Published: September 2017

Grandjean's 1942, 1943, observations on the presence of eugenital setae in nymphs of three species of Bimichaelia are reviewed. New data are presented on the presence of eugenital setae in tritonymphs of Alycus roseus Koch. In A. roseus, it is suggested that male-forming tritonymphs possess two pairs of eugenital setae, and female-forming tritonymphs lack eugenital setae. The presence of eugenital setae in nymphs of species of Bimichaeliidae is hypothesized to represent an ontogenetic acceleration, a derived condition.
Rusty Grain Beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) Oviposition in Cracked and Whole Corn2
Authors: Throne James E.
Published: September 2017

Number of eggs laid by individual female rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), during a 72-h period was determined on cracked and whole corn at 75% RH and 30°C. More eggs were laid on finely cracked corn (11.2 eggs/female/72 h) = medium cracked corn (9.6) > coarsely cracked corn (3.9) > whole, slit kernels (1.2) = whole, undamaged kernels (0.4). The results indicate that the greater number of progeny produced on cracked corn, as compared to whole corn, reported in an earlier study must have been, at least partly, due to the greater number of eggs laid on cracked corn.
Efficiency and Longevity of Two Commercial Sex Pheromone Lures for Indianmeal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Mullen M. A. , Highland H. A. , Arthur F. H.
Published: September 2017

Two commercially available sex pheromone lures, a rubber septum and a controlled release membrane, that were impregnated with (Z,E)-9-12-tetradecadien-1-yl-acetate, were tested for efficiency and longevity in capturing released Indianmeal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), in a large warehouse. When both species were released simultaneously, traps baited with both types of lures captured 19–20% of the Indiandmeal moths but captured less than 1% of the almond moths. The lures remained attractive for over 40 wks.
Development of Fusarium Crown-rot in Alfalfa Stressed by Multiple Defoliations by the Yellowstriped Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Lee J. W. , Quisenberry S. S. , Colyer P. D.
Published: September 2017

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants (var ‘Florida 77’ and ‘Cimarron’) were injected with Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., and stressed for four consecutive harvests by yellowstriped armyworms, Spodoptera ornithogalli (Gueneé), under greenhouse conditions. No significant interactions existed between insect defoliation and inoculation with F. oxysporum. Insect defoliation alone had significant effects on dry matter yield, stem height, and maturity, but forage quality, root weight, and root carbohydrate levels were not significantly affected. In vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) concentration in Cimarron was the only forage parameter affected by F. oxysporum.
Evidence for a Novel Insecticidally Active Exotoxin Produced By the HD 116 Strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni
Authors: Argauer Robert J. , Cantwell George E. , Cantelo William W.
Published: September 2017

Liquid chromatographic and bioassay data provide evidence for a novel exotoxin produced by the HD 116 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni. The exotoxin from HD 116 differs from the well known beta-exotoxin produced by the HD 59 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis. Chromatograms of aliquots of filtered fermentation broth taken before and after inoculation with the organisms HD 116 and HD 59 were compared. Based on retention times of the obtained peaks, chromatographic fractions were obtained and activity against first instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was determined. Fractions based upon similar retention times that were active from var. morrisoni were not active from var. thuringiensis and vice versa. Our conclusion that the new exotoxin may be a diphosphate analog of thuringiensin is based on a comparison of relative retention times among several adenine nucleotides. We have tentatively named this new extracellular exotoxin sigma-exotoxin.
Relationship Between Weed Communities in Corn and Infestation and Damage by the Stalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Pavuk Daniel M. , Stinner Benjamin R.
Published: September 2017

During 1988 and 1989, the relationship between different weed communities in corn plantings and infestation of and damage to corn by the stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was studied in Ohio. The four treatments were corn without weeds, corn principally with broadleaf weeds, corn principally with grasses, and corn with a mixture of both weed types. In 1988, there were no significant differences between treatments with broadleaf weeds and treatments without broadleaf weeds, and between treatments with grassy weeds and treatments without grassy weeds, in terms of number of larvae per corn plant and number of corn plants damaged. Low populations of P. nebris in corn during 1988 may have been associated with severe drought which caused low larval survival. There were significantly more larvae per corn plant and a significantly greater percentage of corn plants damaged in plantings containing broadleaf weeds than in corn plantings without broadleaf weeds in 1989. The results of this study show that the presence of broadleaf weeds in corn fields may lead to increased infestation of corn by stalk borer larvae.
Influence of Three Types of Borders on Field Evaluation of Insecticides for Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Control in Seedling Corn2
Authors: Mullinix B. G. , Young J. R. , Ware G. O.
Published: September 2017

The performance of insecticides when applied against the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larvae in whorl stage corn was studied in relation to larval movement within and between test plots. The effectiveness of individual treatments varied in accordance with their toxicity to FAW. The degree of FAW suppression was critically influenced by the type of adjacent treatment (Exp 1). Side-by-side experimental plots with no borders gave results that made better performing insecticides look worse than they were, while poorer performers looked better. Plots having fallow (tillage only), untreated, and insecticide-treated borders (Exp 2) contained 21, 14, and 9% dead plants, respectively, from FAW feeding. Methomyl and monocrotophos gave the greatest control of FAW larvae, while trichlorfon and carbaryl were the least effective insecticides. Permethrin gave poor control with one application but improved with multiple applications to equal the effect of the methomyl standard after three applications. Azinphosmethyl gave slightly better control of FAW larvae than did carbaryl or trichlorfon but was not as effective as methomyl. Reinfestation of whorl stage corn by FAW larvae occurred with all treatments and border types. The greatest reinfestation occurred after the first of three weekly applications. Studies suggested that border types, adjacent treatments, and cumulative effect of multiple applications are factors that critically influence the performance of insecticides applied to FAW larvae in small field plots.
Effectiveness of the Insect Growth Regulator Pyriproxyfen Against the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Banks W. A. , Lofgren C. S.
Published: September 2017

The juvenoid pyriproxyfen (2-[l-Methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine caused 80–85% reductions in the colony size index of laboratory colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, within four weeks after treatment. All treated colonies continued to decline in size and died within 6–7 months after treatment. Corn grit-soybean oil baits contianing pyriproxyfen were as effective in four field tests as Logic, a JH-based bait widely used for fire ant control. The baits were slightly more effective in spring-summer than in fall, producing population index reductions of 91–97% and 72–88% respectively at 13 weeks after treatment.
An Entomogenous Nematode Steinernema carpocapsae is Compatible with Potting Media Environments Created by Horticultural Practices
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. , Latimer Joyce G.
Published: September 2017

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different potting media and horticultural practices on the infectivity of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Bioassays were conducted with S. carpocapsae added to potting media containing Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae. Potting media tested were aged pine bark, new pine bark, peat moss, aged cow manure, and a peat/vermiculite soilless medium (Pro-Gro 200). The horticultural practices tested were potting media pH level, fertilization, salt level, and application of plant growth regulators. The plant growth regulators ancymidol, paclobutrazol, chlormequat, and daminozide were each applied as a medium drench. The LC50s of the nematodes against G. mellonella, in potting media with different horticultural practices, were all between 0.50 and 2.06 with no significant difference in infectivity. Nematodes could be used for insect control with no negative effects under these growing conditions.
Influence of Panicle Maturity on Infestation of Grain Sorghum by Corn Earworm and Sorghum Webworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Georgia
Authors: Chamberlin J. R. , All J. N.
Published: September 2017

The influence of panicle maturity on oviposition by the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and sorghum webworm, Celama sorghiella (Riley), was investigated on grain sorghum in Georgia during 1986 and 1987. Stage of panicle development, density of corn earworm and sorghum webworm, and egg parasitism by Trichogramma spp. were recorded at 2–3 day intervals in three field tests. Sorghum webworm and corn earworm began oviposition as panicles emerged from the boot. Oviposition peaked 4–8 days later, near the time panicles began anthesis, but then declined quite rapidly. Oviposition by sorghum webworm ceased approximately 10–12 days after panicle emergence began. Corn earworm oviposition continued at low levels until sampling was terminated 14 - 17 days after panicles began emgergence. Rainfall appeared to mediate effects of panicle maturity on oviposition. Corresponding peaks in larval density were not observed for corn earworm or sorghum webworm, possibly because of heavy parasitism by Trichogramma spp. A paired comparison procedure was used to determine preference of small, medium, and large corn earworm larvae for panicles of different maturity. Early instars preferred newly flowered panicles and concentrated feeding on pollen filled anthers. Late instars preferred panicles in the soft-hard dough stages, while intermediate instars exhibited no significant preference. These data suggest that corn earworm oviposition is concentrated at anthesis because pollen enhances larval development and survival.
Damage to Tomato Fruit by The Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Salguero Navas V. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Olson S. M. , Beshear R. J.
Published: September 2017

Cosmetic fruit damage on tomato recently has resulted in downgrading and cullout of freshmarket fruit in the southeastern U.S. The damage consists of small indentations that are sometimes surrounded by a light-colored halo; it began at the same time that western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), populations moved into the geographical area. In addition to F. occidentalis, populations of other Frankliniella spp. commonly inhabit tomato flowers in the region. An understanding of the cause of the damage and its association with Frankliniella spp. is necessary to implement management programs. The objectives were to determine if thrips species inhabiting tomato flowers cause the newly observed cosmetic damage, and to determine the relationship between number of scars per fruit and thrips densities on tomato flowers and small fruit. Results showed that damage was caused by oviposition of female F. occidentalis inhabiting either flowers or small fruit. Other Frankliniella species were not found to cause cosmetic fruit damage. The relationship between the number of scars per tomato fruit and density per flower of F. occidentalis was evaluated by using regression. The relationship was quadratic, although the amount of variation explained by the model was very low (r2 = 0.07). Our research revealed that management efforts should focus on reducing populations of female F. occidentalis to nondamaging levels.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Sampled from Treeholes and Proximate Artificial Containers in Central Missouri
Authors: Debboun Mustapha , Hall Robert D.
Published: September 2017

The immatures of eight mosquito species in six genera were collected from treeholes and artificial containers at three sites in central Missouri from May - October, 1986 - 1988. The species most frequently collected was Aedes triseriatus (Say), followed in descending order by Anopheles barberi (Coquillett), Orthopodomyia signifera (Coquillett), Aedes hendersoni (Cockerell), Culex restuans Theobald, Culex territans Walker, Psorophora ferox (Humboldt), and Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Dyar & Knab). Larvae of Ps. ferox collected from a basal white oak treehole were the first record of this species from this habitat. Larvae of Cx. restuans and Cx. territans were collected only from artificial containers and not from treeholes. Aedes triseriatus was opportunistic with respect to tree species inhabited, with distributions roughly paralleling the relative abundance of available treeholes. Artificial containers, even when enriched with leaf litter, did not constitute an adequate mimic for treeholes when sampling Ae. triseriatus immatures.
Seasonal Occurrence and Abundance of Lepidopterous Pests and Associated Parasitoids on Collards in the Northwestern United States
Authors: Biever K. D. , Chauvin R. L. , Reed G. L. , Wilson R. C.
Published: September 2017

The three key lepidopterous pests of cruciferous crops, Artogeia rapae (L.), Plutella xylostella (L.), and Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) were monitored throughout the growing season at several locations in Washington and Oregon in 1986 and 1987 on collard plants. Populations of these pests differed markedly from location to location and between years. Artogeia rapae was the most abundant, P. xylostella was next in abundance, and T. ni the least abundant and on many dates it was not observed. Seven species of parasitoids were recovered and rates of parasitization varied significantly over time and among locations. Diadegma insulare (Cresson) was the most abundant parasitoid of P. xylostella. It parasitized up to 100% (range 0–100) and accounted for 74–100% of the total parasitization. Cotesia rubecula Marshall was the dominant species attacking A. rapae in Washington (0–50% parasitization) and accounted for 32–100% of the total parasitization. The only parasitoid species recovered from T. ni was Voria ruralis (Fallen) which parasitized from 0–14% of the larvae.
Movement of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus into Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larval Populations on Soybean by Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae) Nymphs
Authors: Young S. Y. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

Nabis roseipennis Reuter nymphs that preyed on larvae of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) infected velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), excreted the virus (AgNPV) for several days thereafter. Based on bioassays, fifth instar and second instar nymphs excreted 84.7 × 105 and 9.7 × 105 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per nymph, respectively. The AgNPV-contaminated nymphs effectively disseminated the virus via the feces over soybean plants where it served as inoculum to initiate disease in larval populations of A. gemmatalis caged in the field. Larval mortality from AgNPV ranged from 11.4 to 48.5% over treatments in two tests. Larval mortality in treatments where the source of virus inoculum was AgNPV-contaminated fifth instar nymphs was similar to that in treatments where the source of viral inoculum was diseased larvae. Larval mortality resulting from AgNPV dissemination by the nymphs was usually higher in treatments containing fifth instar nymphs than in those with second instar nymphs. Dissemination of NPV by fifth instar nymphs was higher in mixed-age than in uniformed-age A. gemmatalis larval populations. This was not the case with the smaller second instar nymphs.
The Effect of Temperature on Survival and Development of First Instar Monellia caryella, Monelliopsis pecanis, and Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Tedders W. L. , Reilly C. C. , Wood B. W.
Published: September 2017

First instar nymphs of Monellia caryella (Fitch), Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell, and Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis), were exposed to temperatures of 25, 30, 35, and 40° C for up to 9 days. Test aphids were observed for growth, maturity, natality and mortality at each temperature. For three species mortality was low at 25° C but development was slowed; at 30° C mortality increased slightly but development and natality was optimum; at 35° C mortality was greatly increased and maturity was not attained; at 40° C first instar aphids did not survive beyond one day. In further testing with hourly observations at 40° C, M. caryella had 100% mortality after 6 h-exposure, M. pecanis had 100% mortality after 9 h, and M. caryaefoliae survived for 11 h and was the most tolerant of 40° C.
The Influence of Self-Marking With Fluorescent Powders on Adult Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Cook Stephen P. , Hain Fred P.
Published: September 2017

Under laboratory conditions, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) adults became self-marked with fluorescent powders upon emergence from treated logs. The technique provided a reliable procedure for marking adult bark beetles without having to handle them. When the powder remained dry, nearly all of the emerged beetles were marked. However, the percentage of marked beetles decreased dramatically following simulated rain events. Once marked, the mark remains intact on beetles stored dry or in ethylene glycol or ethanol (95%). Marking did decrease the adult life span of both D. frontalis and I. grandicollis, but had no significant effect on flight initiation by either species or semiochemical perception by I. grandicollis. No semiochemical tests were conducted with D. frontalis. If beetles are recaptured shortly following emergence and self-marking, the technique should be useful for examining scolytid dispersal in the field.