bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retinol and α-Tocopherol in the Breast Milk of Women after a High-Risk Pregnancy
Authors: Sámano Reyna , Martínez-Rojano Hugo , Hernández Rosa , Ramírez Cristina , Flores Quijano María , Espíndola-Polis José , Veruete Daniela
Published: January 2017

Background: There is scant information about whether, after a high-risk pregnancy, breast milk provides enough vitamins for assuring satisfactory bodily reserves in newborns. Objective: To comparatively evaluate, in women with high-risk and normal pregnancy, the concentration of retinol and α-tocopherol in breast milk. Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was evaluated with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Informed consent was signed by 95 mothers with a high-risk pregnancy and 32 mothers with a normal pregnancy. From the mothers with a high-risk pregnancy were obtained: 23 samples of colostrum, 24 of transitional milk, and 48 of mature milk. From the normal pregnancy group, 32 mature milk samples were collected. Pregestational Body Mass Index (BMI) and the gestational weight gain were noted. Models of logistic regression were constructed to identify the variables related to a low concentration of either retinol or α-tocopherol in breast milk. Results: The concentration of retinol and α-tocopherol in mature milk was 60 (interquartile range (IQR), 41–90) and 276 (103–450) μg/dL, respectively, for the high-risk pregnancy group, and 76 (65–91) and 673 (454–866) µg/dL, respectively, for the normal pregnancy group (p = 0.001). The concentration of retinol and α-tocopherol was similar in the subgroups of mothers with different disorders during gestation. A clear correlation was found between a greater pregestational weight and a lower concentration of retinol (Rho = –0.280, p = 0.006), and between α-tocopherol and retinol in all cases (Rho = 0.463, p = 0.001). Among women having a high-risk pregnancy, those delivering prematurely rather than carrying their pregnancy to term had a reduced concentration of retinol (54 (37–78) vs. 70 (49–106) µg/dL; p = 0.002) and a tendency to a lower concentration of α-tocopherol in breast milk (185 (75–410) vs. 339 (160–500) µg/dL; p = 0.053). Compared to mothers with a normal pregnancy, those with a high-risk pregnancy (whether carried to term or ending in preterm delivery) exhibited a reduced concentration of retinol in mature milk (p = 0.003), as well as a tendency to a lower concentration of α-tocopherol (p = 0.054). Conclusion: Even though the women in the high-risk pregnancy group showed a deficiency of vitamins A and E in their breast milk, the unique biological benefits of this milk justify the promotion of breast feeding as the optimal method of nourishing neonates and infants. In these cases, it should be recommended that the woman increase her consumption of certain nutrients during pregnancy. Additionally, after childbirth mothers should consider the use of supplements to produce milk of adequate quality and thus meet the needs of the baby and prevent any deficiency in micronutrients.
Inadequacy of Body Weight-Based Recommendations for Individual Protein Intake—Lessons from Body Composition Analysis
Authors: Geisler Corinna , Prado Carla , Müller Manfred
Published: January 2017

Current body weight-based protein recommendations are ignoring the large variability in body composition, particularly lean mass (LM), which drives protein requirements. We explored and highlighted the inter-individual variability of weight versus body composition-adjusted protein intakes by secondary analysis in three cohorts of (1) 574 healthy adults (mean ± SD age: 41.4 ± 15.2 years); (2) 403 cirrhotic patients (age: 44.7 ± 12.3 years) and (3) 547 patients with lung cancer (age: 61.3 ± 8.2 years). LM was assessed using different devices (magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computer tomography, total body potassium and bioelectrical impedance), body weight-based protein intake, its ratio (per kg LM) and mean protein requirement were calculated. Variability in protein intake in all cohorts ranged from 0.83 to 1.77 g protein per kg LM per day using (theoretical protein intake of 60 g protein per day). Calculated mean protein requirement was 1.63 g protein per kg LM per day; consequently, 95.3% of healthy subjects, 100% of cirrhotic and 97.4% of cancer patients would present with a low protein intake per kg LM. Weight-adjusted recommendations are inadequate to address the LM specific differences in protein needs of healthy subjects or clinical populations. Absolute protein intake seems to be more relevant compared to the relative proportion of protein, which in turn changes with different energy needs.
The Influence of Biochemical Modification on the Properties of Adhesive Compounds
Authors: Rudawska Anna , Haniecka Izabela , Jaszek Magdalena , Osińska-Jaroszuk Monika
Published: January 2017

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochemical modification of epoxy adhesive compounds on the mechanical properties of a cured adhesive exposed to various climatic factors. The epoxy adhesive was modified by lyophilized fungal metabolites and prepared by three methods. Additionally, the adhesive compound specimens were seasoned for two months at a temperature of 50 °C and 50% humidity in a climate test chamber, Espec SH 661. The tensile strength tests of the adhesive compounds were performed using a Zwick/Roell Z150 testing machine in compliance with the DIN EN ISO 527-1 standard. The examination of the adhesive specimens was performed using two microscopes: a LEO 912AB transmission electron microscope equipped with Quantax 200 for EDS X-ray spectroscopy and a Zeiss 510 META confocal microscope coupled to an AxioVert 200M. The experiments involved the use of a CT Skyscan 1172 tomograph. The results revealed that some mechanical properties of the modified adhesives were significantly affected by both the method of preparation of the adhesive compound and the content of the modifying agent. In addition, it was found that seasoning of the modified adhesives does not lead to a decrease in some of their mechanical properties.
An Improved Estimation of Regional Fractional Woody/Herbaceous Cover Using Combined Satellite Data and High-Quality Training Samples
Authors: Liu Xu , Liu Hongyan , Qiu Shuang , Wu Xiuchen , Tian Yuhong , Hao Qian
Published: January 2017

Mapping vegetation cover is critical for understanding and monitoring ecosystem functions in semi-arid biomes. As existing estimates tend to underestimate the woody cover in areas with dry deciduous shrubland and woodland, we present an approach to improve the regional estimation of woody and herbaceous fractional cover in the East Asia steppe. This developed approach uses Random Forest models by combining multiple remote sensing data—training samples derived from high-resolution image in a tailored spatial sampling and model inputs composed of specific metrics from MODIS sensor and ancillary variables including topographic, bioclimatic, and land surface information. We emphasize that effective spatial sampling, high-quality classification, and adequate geospatial information are important prerequisites of establishing appropriate model inputs and achieving high-quality training samples. This study suggests that the optimal models improve estimation accuracy (NMSE 0.47 for woody and 0.64 for herbaceous plants) and show a consistent agreement with field observations. Compared with existing woody estimate product, the proposed woody cover estimation can delineate regions with subshrubs and shrubs, showing an improved capability of capturing spatialized detail of vegetation signals. This approach can be applicable over sizable semi-arid areas such as temperate steppes, savannas, and prairies.
CMOS Electrochemical Instrumentation for Biosensor Microsystems: A Review
Authors: Li Haitao , Liu Xiaowen , Li Lin , Mu Xiaoyi , Genov Roman , Mason Andrew
Published: January 2017

Modern biosensors play a critical role in healthcare and have a quickly growing commercial market. Compared to traditional optical-based sensing, electrochemical biosensors are attractive due to superior performance in response time, cost, complexity and potential for miniaturization. To address the shortcomings of traditional benchtop electrochemical instruments, in recent years, many complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) instrumentation circuits have been reported for electrochemical biosensors. This paper provides a review and analysis of CMOS electrochemical instrumentation circuits. First, important concepts in electrochemical sensing are presented from an instrumentation point of view. Then, electrochemical instrumentation circuits are organized into functional classes, and reported CMOS circuits are reviewed and analyzed to illuminate design options and performance tradeoffs. Finally, recent trends and challenges toward on-CMOS sensor integration that could enable highly miniaturized electrochemical biosensor microsystems are discussed. The information in the paper can guide next generation electrochemical sensor design.
Evaluating the More Suitable ISM Frequency Band for IoT-Based Smart Grids: A Quantitative Study of 915 MHz vs. 2400 MHz
Authors: Sandoval Ruben , Garcia-Sanchez Antonio-Javier , Garcia-Sanchez Felipe , Garcia-Haro Joan
Published: January 2017

IoT has begun to be employed pervasively in industrial environments and critical infrastructures thanks to its positive impact on performance and efficiency. Among these environments, the Smart Grid (SG) excels as the perfect host for this technology, mainly due to its potential to become the motor of the rest of electrically-dependent infrastructures. To make this SG-oriented IoT cost-effective, most deployments employ unlicensed ISM bands, specifically the 2400 MHz one, due to its extended communication bandwidth in comparison with lower bands. This band has been extensively used for years by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), from which the IoT technologically inherits. However, this work questions and evaluates the suitability of such a “default” communication band in SG environments, compared with the 915 MHz ISM band. A comprehensive quantitative comparison of these bands has been accomplished in terms of: power consumption, average network delay, and packet reception rate. To allow such a study, a dual-band propagation model specifically designed for the SG has been derived, tested, and incorporated into the well-known TOSSIM simulator. Simulation results reveal that only in the absence of other 2400 MHz interfering devices (such as WiFi or Bluetooth) or in small networks, is the 2400 MHz band the best option. In any other case, SG-oriented IoT quantitatively perform better if operating in the 915 MHz band.
A 3D Faraday Shield for Interdigitated Dielectrometry Sensors and Its Effect on Capacitance
Authors: Risos Alex , Long Nicholas , Hunze Arvid , Gouws Gideon
Published: January 2017

Interdigitated dielectrometry sensors (IDS) are capacitive sensors investigated to precisely measure the relative permittivity ( ϵ r ) of insulating liquids. Such liquids used in the power industry exhibit a change in ϵ r as they degrade. The IDS ability to measure ϵ r in-situ can potentially reduce maintenance, increase grid stability and improve safety. Noise from external electric field sources is a prominent issue with IDS. This paper investigates the novelty of applying a Faraday cage onto an IDS as a 3D shield to reduce this noise. This alters the spatially distributed electric field of an IDS affecting its sensing properties. Therefore, dependency of the sensor’s signal with the distance to a shield above the IDS electrodes has been investigated experimentally and theoretically via a Green’s function calculation and FEM. A criteria of the shield’s distance s = s 0 has been defined as the distance which gives a capacitance for the IDS equal to 1 − e − 2 = 86.5 % of its unshielded value. Theoretical calculations using a simplified geometry gave a constant value for s 0 / λ = 1.65, where λ is the IDS wavelength. In the experiment, values for s 0 were found to be lower than predicted as from theory and the ratio s 0 / λ variable. This was analyzed in detail and it was found to be resulting from the specific spatial structure of the IDS. A subsequent measurement of a common insulating liquid with a nearby noise source demonstrates a considerable reduction in the standard deviation of the relative permittivity from σ unshielded = ± 9.5% to σ shielded = ± 0.6%. The presented findings enhance our understanding of IDS in respect to the influence of a Faraday shield on the capacitance, parasitic capacitances of the IDS and external noise impact on the measurement of ϵ r .
A Truthful Incentive Mechanism for Online Recruitment in Mobile Crowd Sensing System
Authors: Chen Xiao , Liu Min , Zhou Yaqin , Li Zhongcheng , Chen Shuang , He Xiangnan
Published: January 2017

We investigate emerging mobile crowd sensing (MCS) systems, in which new cloud-based platforms sequentially allocate homogenous sensing jobs to dynamically-arriving users with uncertain service qualities. Given that human beings are selfish in nature, it is crucial yet challenging to design an efficient and truthful incentive mechanism to encourage users to participate. To address the challenge, we propose a novel truthful online auction mechanism that can efficiently learn to make irreversible online decisions on winner selections for new MCS systems without requiring previous knowledge of users. Moreover, we theoretically prove that our incentive possesses truthfulness, individual rationality and computational efficiency. Extensive simulation results under both real and synthetic traces demonstrate that our incentive mechanism can reduce the payment of the platform, increase the utility of the platform and social welfare.
Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods for Leaf Area Index Retrieval from Time-Series MODIS Reflectance Data
Authors: Wang Tongtong , Xiao Zhiqiang , Liu Zhigang
Published: January 2017

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important biophysical parameter and the retrieval of LAI from remote sensing data is the only feasible method for generating LAI products at regional and global scales. However, most LAI retrieval methods use satellite observations at a specific time to retrieve LAI. Because of the impacts of clouds and aerosols, the LAI products generated by these methods are spatially incomplete and temporally discontinuous, and thus they cannot meet the needs of practical applications. To generate high-quality LAI products, four machine learning algorithms, including back-propagation neutral network (BPNN), radial basis function networks (RBFNs), general regression neutral networks (GRNNs), and multi-output support vector regression (MSVR) are proposed to retrieve LAI from time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance data in this study and performance of these machine learning algorithms is evaluated. The results demonstrated that GRNNs, RBFNs, and MSVR exhibited low sensitivity to training sample size, whereas BPNN had high sensitivity. The four algorithms performed slightly better with red, near infrared (NIR), and short wave infrared (SWIR) bands than red and NIR bands, and the results were significantly better than those obtained using single band reflectance data (red or NIR). Regardless of band composition, GRNNs performed better than the other three methods. Among the four algorithms, BPNN required the least training time, whereas MSVR needed the most for any sample size.
Satellite Jitter Estimation and Validation Using Parallax Images
Authors: Pan Jun , Che Chengbang , Zhu Ying , Wang Mi
Published: January 2017

Satellite jitter (SJ) is an important error source that affects the geometric accuracy of high resolution satellite imagery. In this paper, the quantitative relationship between the jitter displacement (image displacement caused by SJ) and relative registration error obtained from parallax images is deduced to be theoretical in detail, and the jitter displacement estimation model is built to estimate the jitter displacement. Then, a simulation experiment is carried out to validate the feasibility of using the built jitter displacement estimation model to estimate the jitter displacement. Finally, experiments with real images in DengFeng (China) including multispectral images of Ziyuan-3 (ZY-3) satellite and high resolution (HR) images of Ziyuan1-02C (ZY1-02C) satellite are used to validate the effectiveness of utilizing the built jitter displacement estimation model to do the jitter estimation. High accuracy ground reference data are further used to evaluate the accuracy of the estimation. Experimental results show that the average estimated error for jitter displacement of ZY-3 is 2.96% and 0.11% in amplitude and frequency respectively, and the estimated error for jitter displacement of ZY1-02C is 8.46% and 0.35% in amplitude and frequency, respectively.
Interaction between DNA and Drugs Having Protonable Basic Groups: Characterization through Affinity Constants, Drug Release Kinetics, and Conformational Changes
Authors: Alarcón Liliana , Baena Yolima , Manzo Rubén
Published: January 2017

This paper reports the in vitro characterization of the interaction between the phosphate groups of DNA and the protonated species of drugs with basic groups through the determination of the affinity constants, the reversibility of the interaction, and the effect on the secondary structure of the macromolecule. Affinity constants of the counterionic condensation DNA–drug were in the order of 106. The negative electrokinetic potential of DNA decreased with the increase of the proportion of loading drugs. The drugs were slowly released from the DNA–drug complexes and had release kinetics consistent with the high degree of counterionic condensation. The circular dichroism profile of DNA was not modified by complexation with atenolol, lidocaine, or timolol, but was significantly altered by the more lipophilic drugs benzydamine and propranolol, revealing modifications in the secondary structure of the DNA. The in vitro characterization of such interactions provides a physicochemical basis that would contribute to identify the effects of this kind of drugs in cellular cultures, as well as side effects observed under their clinical use. Moreover, this methodology could also be projected to the fields of intracellular DNA transfection and the use of DNA as a carrier of active drugs.
Cover Crops as an Agroecological Practice on Organic Vegetable Farms in Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Silva Erin , Moore Virginia
Published: January 2017

Global agricultural and food systems face the challenge of feeding a growing world population in the face of finite and diminishing resources. To guide the redesign of agricultural systems, farmers and policymakers are increasingly turning to agroecology. Organic agriculture has historically integrated agroecological practices within its regulatory framework; however, questions remain as to the extent to which organic farmers are maintaining and expanding agroecological practices. In this paper, we will address convergences and divergences of agroecological and organic practices. Using cover cropping as a model agroecological practice, we conduct a preliminary assessment on the degree to which organic vegetable farms in Wisconsin, USA are integrating agroecological concepts into their farm management, drawing upon the results of a 2013 cover cropping practice survey. The survey data demonstrates varying degrees of complexity and diversity in cover cropping practices, potentially illustrating the desire of organic farmers to promote a high degree of agroecosystem services. Farmers’ integration of cover crop diversity and complexity was not correlated to farm size or revenue. These results offer preliminary evidence that Wisconsin’s organic vegetable farmers are integrating agroecological practices on their farms, even as growth in the organic market continues to occur.
Gravitational Lensing of Rays through the Levitating Atmospheres of Compact Objects
Authors: Rogers Adam
Published: January 2017

Electromagnetic rays travel on curved paths under the influence of gravity. When a dispersive optical medium is included, these trajectories are frequency-dependent. In this work we consider the behaviour of rays when a spherically symmetric, luminous compact object described by the Schwarzschild metric is surrounded by an optically thin shell of plasma supported by radiation pressure. Such levitating atmospheres occupy a position of stable radial equilibrium, where radiative flux and gravitational effects are balanced. Using general relativity and an inhomogeneous plasma we find the existence of a stable circular orbit within the atmospheric shell for low-frequency rays. We explore families of bound orbits that exist between the shell and the compact object, and identify sets of novel periodic orbits. Finally, we examine conditions necessary for the trapping and escape of low-frequency radiation.
Hydrologic Simulation of a Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Cropping System in an Irrigation District of the Lower Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Liu Lei , Ma Jianqin , Luo Yi , He Chansheng , Liu Tiegang
Published: January 2017

Conflicts between water supply and water demand are intensifying in irrigation districts along the Lower Yellow River due to climate change and human activities. To ensure both adequate food supply and water resource sustainability in China, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the water balance and water use of agro-ecosystems in an irrigation district of the lower Yellow River Basin, China. Simulated average annual irrigation requirements decreased from 1969 to 2010. Irrigation requirements during the winter wheat season decreased owing to reduced reference evapotranspiration and increased precipitation. Annual evapotranspiration (ET) increased with increasing irrigation volume, and differences among irrigation scenarios were mainly due to ET of winter wheat. Water deficit typically occurred during winter wheat seasons with less precipitation. Field seepage and surface runoff tended to occur in years with high precipitation, particularly during the summer maize season under full irrigation and scheduled irrigation scenarios. Frequent and heavy irrigation did not always lead to high water use efficiency. To cope with limited water resources in this region, it is necessary to properly irrigate crops based on soil water content and take full advantage of precipitation and surface runoff during the summer maize season.
Categorical Forecast of Precipitation Anomaly Using the Standardized Precipitation Index SPI
Authors: Łabędzki Leszek
Published: January 2017

In the paper, the verification of forecasts of precipitation conditions measured by the standardized precipitation index (SPI) is presented. For the verification of categorical forecasts, a contingency table was used. Standard verification measures were used for the SPI value forecast. The 30-day SPI, moved every 10 days by 10 days, was calculated in 2013–2015 from April to September on the basis of precipitation data from 35 meteorological stations in Poland. Predictions of the 30-day SPI were created in which precipitation was forecasted for the next 10 days (the SPI 10-day forecast) and 20 days (the SPI 20-day forecast). For both the 10 and 20 days, the forecasts were skewed towards drier categories at the expense of wet categories. There was a good agreement between observed and 10-day forecast categories of precipitation. Less agreement is obtained for 20-day forecasts—these forecasts evidently “over-dry” the assessment of precipitation anomalies. The 10-day SPI value forecast accuracy is very good or good depending on the performance measure, whereas accuracy of the 20-day forecast is unsatisfactory. Both for the SPI categorical and the SPI value forecast, the 10-day SPI forecast is trustworthy and the 20-day forecast should be accepted with reservation and used with caution.
Fish Welfare in Aquaponic Systems: Its Relation to Water Quality with an Emphasis on Feed and Faeces—A Review
Authors: Yavuzcan Yildiz Hijran , Robaina Lidia , Pirhonen Juhani , Mente Elena , Domínguez David , Parisi Giuliana
Published: January 2017

Aquaponics is the combination of aquaculture (fish) and hydroponic cultivation of plants. This review examines fish welfare in relation to rearing water quality, fish feed and fish waste and faeces to develop a sustainable aquaponic system where the co-cultured organisms, fish, bacteria in biofilters and plants, should be considered holistically in all aquaponics operations. Water quality parameters are the primary environmental consideration for optimizing aquaponic production and for directly impacting fish welfare/health issues and plant needs. In aquaponic systems, the uptake of nutrients should be maximised for the healthy production of the plant biomass but without neglecting the best welfare conditions for the fish in terms of water quality. Measures to reduce the risks of the introduction or spread of diseases or infection and to increase biosecurity in aquaponics are also important. In addition, the possible impacts of allelochemicals, i.e., chemicals released by the plants, should be taken into account. Moreover, the effect of diet digestibility, faeces particle size and settling ratio on water quality should be carefully considered. As available information is very limited, research should be undertaken to better elucidate the relationship between appropriate levels of minerals needed by plants, and fish metabolism, health and welfare. It remains to be investigated whether and to what extent the concentrations of suspended solids that can be found in aquaponic systems can compromise the health of fish. Water quality, which directly affects fish health and well-being, is the key factor to be considered in all aquaponic systems.
Use of Bathymetric and LiDAR Data in Generating Digital Elevation Model over the Lower Athabasca River Watershed in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Chowdhury Ehsan , Hassan Quazi , Achari Gopal , Gupta Anil
Published: January 2017

The lower Athabasca River watershed is one of the most important regions for Alberta and elsewhere due to fact that it counts for the third largest oil reserve in the world. In order to support the oil and gas extraction, Athabasca River provides most of the required water supply. Thus, it is critical to understand the characteristics of the river and its watershed in order to develop sustainable water management strategies. Here, our main objective was to develop a digital elevation model (DEM) over the lower Athabasca River watershed including the main river channel of Athabasca River (i.e., approximately 128 km from Fort McMurray to Firebag River confluence). In this study, the primary data were obtained from the Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency. Those were: (i) Geoswath bathymetry at 5–10 m spatial resolution; (ii) point cloud LiDAR data; and (iii) river cross-section survey data. Here, we applied spatial interpolation methods like inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) to generate the bathymetric surface at 5 m × 5 m spatial resolution using the Geoswath bathymetry data points. We artificially created data gaps in 24 sections each in the range of 100 to 400 m along the river and further investigated the performance of the methods based on statistical analysis. We observed that the DEM generated using the both IDW and OK methods were quite similar, i.e., r2, relative error, and root mean square error were approximately 0.99, 0.002, and 0.104 m, respectively. We also evaluated the performance of both methods over individual sections of interest; and overall deviation was found to be within ±2.0 m while approximately 96.5% of the data fell within ±0.25 m. Finally, we combined the Geoswath-derived DEM and LiDAR-derived DEM in generating the final DEM over the lower Athabasca River watershed at 5 m × 5 m resolution.
Development of SSR markers by 454 sequencing in the endemic species Gentianella praecox subsp. bohemica (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Šurinová Mária , Brabec Jiří , Münzbergová Zuzana
Published: January 2017

Premise of the study:

Polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and used to genotype individuals of Gentianella praecox subsp. bohemica (Gentianaceae), a highly protected taxon in Europe, to study the genetic structure of the remaining populations.

Methods and Results:

Thirty‐eight primer pairs were successfully amplified; of these, 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using a 454 sequencing approach and used to genotype 180 individuals of G. praecox subsp. bohemica from six populations. Allelic richness ranged between one and nine alleles per locus. We detected a high frequency of polyploid individuals (77.8%). The highest average percentage of heterozygous genotypes was identified for samples from the Hroby population (75.5%). All loci can also be amplified in the congeneric species G. praecox subsp. praecox, G. amarella subsp. amarella, and G. obtusifolia subsp. sturmiana.

Conclusions:

These markers will provide knowledge on patterns of gene flow and population genetic structure, which is necessary for current protection actions and for effective conservation of this species in the future.
Diastereoselective anodic hetero- and homo-coupling of menthol-, 8-methylmenthol- and 8-phenylmenthol-2-alkylmalonates
Authors: Letzel Matthias C , Schäfer Hans J , Fröhlich Roland
Published: January 2017

Diastereoselective radical coupling was achieved with chiral auxiliaries. The radicals were generated by anodic decarboxylation of five malonic acid derivatives. These were prepared from benzyl malonates and four menthol auxiliaries. Coelectrolyses with 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid in methanol at platinum electrodes in an undivided cell afforded hetero-coupling products in 22–69% yield with a diastereoselectivity ranging from 5 to 65% de. Electrolyses without a coacid led to diastereomeric homo-coupling products in 21–50% yield with ratios of diastereomers being 1.17:2.00:0.81 to 7.03:2.00. The stereochemistry of the new stereogenic centers was confirmed by X-ray structure analysis and 13C NMR data.
Causal necessity and sufficiency in implicativity
Authors: Nadathur Prerna
Published: January 2017

Karttunen's (1971) implicative verbs are notable for generating inferences over their complements. English "manage to X", for instance, entails the truth of X: the entailment reverses with matrix negation and seems tied to the elusive presuppositional contribution of the implicative predicate (Coleman 1975).  Building on Baglini & Francez (2015), and drawing on insights provided by implicative data from Finnish, I propose an account of the implicative class which links the lexical presuppositional content of an implicative verb to inferences over the truth-value of its complement via a model of causal necessity and sufficiency between contextually-salient variables (Schulz 2011).  The proposal also provides a natural explanation for the commonalities between "manage" and weaker one-way implicatives like Finnish "jaksaa"(=have.strength), which only entail under one matrix polarity.
Expletive agreement, evidentiality, and modality in Logooli
Authors: Gluckman John , Bowler Margit
Published: January 2017

We discuss and analyze two subject agreement markers in Logooli (Bantu,Kenya). We show that e- (class 9 subject agreement) and ga- (class 6 subjectagreement) give rise to a variety of apparently evidential or modal meanings whenthey occur in constructions translated with "expletive" subjects. We propose atreatment of the Logooli data following Matthewson, et al. (2007)'s and Rullmann,et al. (2008)'s choice function analysis of modality and evidentiality in St'át'imcets,and extend their original proposal to account for novel data in Logooli. We showthat these two morphemes occur only with verbs that introduce modal bases, andpropose that they differ from one another in the size of the subset of possible worldsthat their associated choice functions select from the modal base. This in turn resultsin different interpretations based on the size of the subset of worlds that they select,the speaker's ordering source, and the modal base provided by the verb.
ZFIRE: SIMILAR STELLAR GROWTH IN Hα-EMITTING CLUSTER AND FIELD GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2
Authors: Tran Kim-Vy H. , Alcorn Leo Y. , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Nanayakkara Themiya , Straatman Caroline , Yuan Tiantian , Cowley Michael , Davé Romeel , Glazebrook Karl , Kewley Lisa J. , Labbé Ivo , Martizzi Davidé , Papovich Casey , Quadri Ryan , Spitler Lee R. , Tomczak Adam
Published: January 2017

We compare galaxy scaling relations as a function of environment at

with our ZFIRE survey12
where we have measured Hα fluxes for 90 star-forming galaxies selected from a mass-limited (

) sample based on ZFOURGE.13
The cluster galaxies (37) are part of a confirmed system at z = 2.095 and the field galaxies (53) are at

all are in the COSMOS legacy field. There is no statistical difference between Hα-emitting cluster and field populations when comparing their star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass (

), galaxy size (

), SFR surface density (Σ(

)), and stellar age distributions. The only difference is that at fixed stellar mass, the Hα-emitting cluster galaxies are

(

) ∼ 0.1 larger than in the field. Approximately 19% of the Hα emitters in the cluster and 26% in the field are IR-luminous (

> 2 × 1011

). Because the luminous IR galaxies in our combined sample are ∼5 times more massive than the low-IR galaxies, their radii are ∼70% larger. To track stellar growth, we separate galaxies into those that lie above, on, or below the Hα star-forming main sequence (SFMS) using ΔSFR(

) = ±0.2 dex. Galaxies above the SFMS (starbursts) tend to have higher Hα SFR surface densities and younger light-weighted stellar ages than galaxies below the SFMS. Our results indicate that starbursts (+SFMS) in the cluster and field at

are growing their stellar cores. Lastly, we compare to the (SFR–

) relation from Rhapsody-G cluster simulations and find that the predicted slope is nominally consistent with the observations. However, the predicted cluster SFRs tend to be too low by a factor of ∼2, which seems to be a common problem for simulations across environment.
UNRAVELLING THE COMPONENTS OF A MULTI-THERMAL CORONAL LOOP USING MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SEISMOLOGY
Authors: Prasad S. Krishna , Jess D. B. , Klimchuk J. A. , Banerjee D.
Published: January 2017

Coronal loops, constituting the basic building blocks of the active Sun, serve as primary targets to help understand the mechanisms responsible for maintaining multi-million Kelvin temperatures in the solar and stellar coronae. Despite significant advances in observations and theory, our knowledge on the fundamental properties of these structures is limited. Here, we present unprecedented observations of accelerating slow magnetoacoustic waves along a coronal loop that show differential propagation speeds in two distinct temperature channels, revealing the multi-stranded and multithermal nature of the loop. Utilizing the observed speeds and employing nonlinear force-free magnetic field extrapolations, we derive the actual temperature variation along the loop in both channels, and thus are able to resolve two individual components of the multithermal loop for the first time. The obtained positive temperature gradients indicate uniform heating along the loop, rather than isolated footpoint heating.
THE 2015 DECAY OF THE BLACK HOLE X-RAY BINARY V404 CYGNI: ROBUST DISK-JET COUPLING AND A SHARP TRANSITION INTO QUIESCENCE
Authors: Plotkin R. M. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Gallo E. , Jonker P. G. , Homan J. , Tomsick J. A. , Kaaret P. , Russell D. M. , Heinz S. , Hodges-Kluck E. J. , Markoff S. , Sivakoff G. R. , Altamirano D. , Neilsen J.
Published: January 2017

We present simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni at the end of its 2015 outburst. From 2015 July 11–August 5, we monitored V404 Cygni with Chandra, Swift, and NuSTAR in the X-ray, and with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array in the radio, spanning a range of luminosities that were poorly covered during its previous outburst in 1989 (our 2015 campaign covers

). During our 2015 campaign, the X-ray spectrum evolved rapidly from a hard photon index of

(at

) to a softer

(at

). We argue that V404 Cygni reaching

marks the beginning of the quiescent spectral state, which occurs at a factor of ≈3–4 higher X-ray luminosity than the average pre-outburst luminosity of

. V404 Cygni falls along the same radio/X-ray luminosity correlation that it followed during its previous outburst in 1989, implying a robust disk-jet coupling. We exclude the possibility that a synchrotron-cooled jet dominates the X-ray emission in quiescence, leaving synchrotron self-Compton from either a hot accretion flow or from a radiatively cooled jet as the most likely sources of X-ray radiation, and/or particle acceleration along the jet becoming less efficient in quiescence. Finally, we present the first indications of correlated radio and X-ray variability on minute timescales in quiescence, tentatively measuring the radio emission to lag the X-ray by

minute, suggestive of X-ray variations propagating down a jet with a length of <3.0 au.
THE EINSTEIN@HOME GAMMA-RAY PULSAR SURVEY. I. SEARCH METHODS, SENSITIVITY, AND DISCOVERY OF NEW YOUNG GAMMA-RAY PULSARS
Authors: Clark C. J. , Wu J. , Pletsch H. J. , Guillemot L. , Allen B. , Aulbert C. , Beer C. , Bock O. , Cuéllar A. , Eggenstein H. B. , Fehrmann H. , Kramer M. , Machenschalk B. , Nieder L.
Published: January 2017

We report on the results of a recent blind search survey for gamma-ray pulsars in Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) data being carried out on the distributed volunteer computing system, Einstein@Home. The survey has searched for pulsations in 118 unidentified pulsar-like sources, requiring about 10,000 years of CPU core time. In total, this survey has resulted in the discovery of 17 new gamma-ray pulsars, of which 13 are newly reported in this work, and an accompanying paper. These pulsars are all young, isolated pulsars with characteristic ages between 12 kyr and 2 Myr, and spin-down powers between 1034 and 4 × 1036 erg s−1. Two of these are the slowest spinning gamma-ray pulsars yet known. One pulsar experienced a very large glitch

during the Fermi mission. In this, the first of two associated papers, we describe the search scheme used in this survey, and estimate the sensitivity of our search to pulsations in unidentified Fermi-LAT sources. One such estimate results in an upper limit of 57% for the fraction of pulsed emission from the gamma-ray source associated with the Cas A supernova remnant, constraining the pulsed gamma-ray photon flux that can be produced by the neutron star at its center. We also present the results of precise timing analyses for each of the newly detected pulsars.
Building multi-target commitment through work-integrated learning : The roles of proactive socialization behaviours and organizational socialization domains
Authors: Pennaforte Antoine , Drysdale Maureen , Pretti T. Judene
Published: January 2017

Cette recherche teste la relation entre les comportements proactifs de socialisation de 2905 nouveaux-entrants et deux conséquences – les domaines de socialisation et l’implication multi- cibles – dans le contexte particulier de contrats courts en formation-emploi. Les résultats basés sur des régressions multiples soutiennent les relations directes entre les comportements de socialisation et deux domaines de socialisation et l’implication multi-cibles. De plus, les domaines de socialisation médiatisent la relation entre comportements de socialisation et implication envers l’équipe et le travail. Les résultats indiquent que même sous contrats courts, les individus se socialisent dans plusieurs domaines et développent de multiples chemins pour tisser des liens avec des cibles organisationnelles. Des recommandations pour de futures recherches et pour les praticiens sont avancées.
One generation may hide another : Generation Y or new socialization tactics ? Past and Present at ERDF
Authors: Jeannerod-Dumouchel Nathalie
Published: January 2017

Cet article est une contribution empirique aux cadres théoriques récemment développés par Joshi et al. (2010, 2011) pour étudier les générations dans les organisations. Les auteurs avancent que les effets générationnels sont contingents aux organisations, et que les générations peuvent aussi exister à un niveau organisationnel, bien qu’elles soient habituellement considérées à un niveau sociétal. Etudiant la situation d’ERDF (Distributeur d’électricité en France) qui fait face à un renouvellement générationnel massif, nous cherchons à répondre à deux questions de recherche : (1) pouvons-nous identifier empiriquement des générations organisationnelles  ? Et si oui, (2) qu’apporte cette identification à la compréhension des défis générationnels dans les organisations ? Pour cela, nous combinons les modèles conceptuels de Joshi et al. (2010, 2011) sur les générations et les tactiques de socialisation organisationnelles de Van Maanen & Schein (1979) dans l’étude de cas d’ERDF. Nos résultats montrent qu’un glissement dans le temps des tactiques de socialisation de l’institutionnalisation vers l’individualisation peut être relié à un nouvel équilibre entre les identités générationnelles des nouveaux entrants dans l’entreprise. De là, nous sommes en capacité d’identifier des générations organisationnelles coexistant au sein d’ERDF, et nous suggérons que ce diagnostic générationnel plus précis conduit à des interprétations alternatives aux stéréotypes générationnels, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives à l’action managériale.
The Council Recommendation on validation of non-formal and informal learning: implications for mobility
Authors: Villalba Ernesto
Published: January 2017

La validation des acquis de l’apprentissage non formel et informel prend de plus en plus d’importance dans le domaine de la politique européenne. L’   article montre que la Recommandation du Conseil de l’Union européenne de 2012 marque une nouvelle étape dans le champ politique de la validation. L’   article analyse la Recommandation sur la validation des acquis de l’apprentissage non formel et informel en regard de son utilité pour soutenir la validation des expériences acquises dans le cadre d’une mobilité. Il en aborde les principes afin de s’assurer que les dispositions prévues sont ciblées vers la mobilité et permettent d’en saisir les expériences.
International quality mobility: validation of the intercultural experience in terms of soft skills and enhanced employability
Authors: Antonietta Confalonieri Maria , Avezzù Caterina , Miano Simona , Veronese Veronica
Published: January 2017

Depuis maintenant dix ans, le programme Erasmus est devenu l’une des politiques les plus populaires de l’UE. Pendant cette période, à l’attention portée sur le nombre d’étudiants partis en mobilité s’est ajouté un intérêt particulier aux questions liées à la qualité de la mobilité Erasmus. La qualité de la mobilité peut être identifiée en termes de : 1) qualité académique de la période d’étude à l’   étranger par rapport aux crédits acquis et reconnus, aux diplômes, et aux résultats de l’apprentissage formel ; 2) acquisition de compétences linguistiques ; 3) acquisition de compétences pertinentes pour l’employabilité ; 4) qualité et densité des rencontres interculturelles envisagées comme des opportunités d’« européaniser » l’identité et les projets de vie des étudiants mobiles. Le projet E-QUA a pour but de contribuer à développer des outils d’évaluation et de promotion de la qualité des mobilités Erasmus en suivant les 4 critères mentionnés ci-dessus. Une attention particulière a été portée sur des aspects de la mobilité relatifs à l’impact des études à l’   étranger sur les compétences interculturelles et l’employabilité. Les principaux résultats de ce projet ont été le Quality Hosting Framework et le Patent of Quality Hosting Mobility . E-QUA (www.equa-project.eu) est un projet de trois ans (2012-2015) financé avec le soutien de la Commission européenne. Les partenaires du projet E-QUA sont l’université de Pavie en Italie, coordinateur du projet ; le réseau des universités européennes (EucA), Belgique ; la conférence des collèges universitaires (CCUM), Italie ; le Conseil des universités espagnoles (CCM), Espagne ; l’Institut andaloue de technologie (IAT), Espagne ; l’université technologique de Varsovie (WUT), Pologne.
Skills for here or to take away? Outcomes of academic mobility for expatriate researchers
Authors: Siemers Olga
Published: January 2017

Cet article examine les résultats de la mobilité académique de chercheurs expatriés dans le domaine des sciences sociales, en se concentrant sur le développement des compé­tences. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une analyse de données textuelles issues de 20 entretiens semi-directifs et d’une analyse descriptive de 297 réponses de chercheurs expatriés détenant un doctorat en sciences sociales effectué à l’   étranger et ayant participé à l’   étude. Cet article permet d’élargir les connaissances sur le sujet en apportant les preuves que des compétences transférables peuvent être développées lors d’une mobilité acadé­mique, et en expliquant comment la mobilité aboutit au développement des compétences.
Raymond Aron et le Tiers-monde
Authors: Martuccelli Danilo
Published: January 2017

Raymond Aron n’a jamais vraiment consacré explicitement une étude au Tiers-monde, cependant son œuvre ne cesse d’y faire référence. Cette thématique est ainsi à la fois un fil conducteur pour comprendre les grands axes de son œuvre mais aussi un ensemble de réflexions historiques significatives sur l’avatar du Tiers-monde au cours de la seconde moitié du xx e  siècle. Aron aborde le Tiers-monde à partir de quatre grandes préoccupations : (1) la démocratie et le totalitarisme ; (2) la société industrielle et le développement ; (3) les relations internationales et interétatiques ; (4) la question de l’histoire et du déterminisme probabiliste. Dans chacune de ces perspectives, il propose une interprétation avant tout politique du Tiers-monde.
Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016
Authors: Berthiller F. , Brera C. , Iha M.H. , Krska R. , Lattanzio V.M.T. , MacDonald S. , Malone R.J. , Maragos C. , Solfrizzo M. , Stranska-Zachariasova M. , Stroka J. , Tittlemier S.A.
Published: January 2017

This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins,Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
Student Rates of Outside Preparation before Class Discussion of New Course Topics
Authors: Francis Clare A.
Published: January 2017

The case study in this chapter explores the author's experience in flipping introduction of new course topics from in-class lectures to students' coverage outside the classroom. The author shares related techniques and an analysis of student access rates to materials on new course topics. The case takes an initial step to answer one question often posed by instructors concerned about the flipped classroom approach: Is it reasonable to expect students to access course content on new topics before an instructor-led introduction lecture? The materials reviewed were online narrated PowerPoint slides accessed prior to the initial class discussion on new topics. Data reviewed by the author shows an average access rate of 91% for 149 students in a junior-level business course. Limitations of the analysis and future instructional plans are discussed.