bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National study of chronic disease self‐management: 6‐month and 12‐month findings among cancer survivors and non‐cancer survivors
Authors: Salvatore Alicia L. , Ahn SangNam , Jiang Luohua , Lorig Kate , Ory Marcia G.
Published: April 2015

Objective

This study examined the applicability of the Stanford Chronic Disease Self‐Management Program (CDSMP) for cancer survivors and compared outcomes among cancer survivors and participants with other chronic diseases (non‐cancer survivors).

Methods

Participants were older adults (n = 1170) enrolled in the National Study of CDSMP. Detailed information about physical and psychosocial health status and health and healthcare behaviors was collected from participants (n = 116 cancer survivors and n = 1054 non‐cancer survivors) via self‐report before CDSMP participation and at 6‐month and 12‐month follow‐ups. Linear and generalized linear mixed models were used to assess baseline‐to‐6‐month and baseline‐to‐12‐month changes.

Results

Among cancer survivors, general health, depression, and sleep significantly improved from baseline to 6 months. These significant changes were sustained at 12 months. Communication with physician, medication compliance, pain, days in poor physical health, days in poor mental health, and days kept from usual activities and physical activity also improved significantly from baseline to 12 months. Among non‐cancer survivors, all outcomes except medication compliance and stress improved significantly from baseline to 6 months. At 12 months, medication compliance also improved significantly.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that participation in CDSMP, an evidence‐based chronic disease self‐management intervention not specifically tailored for cancer survivorship, may significantly improve physical and psychosocial health status and key health and healthcare behaviors among cancer survivors. Additional research is needed to elucidate cancer survivors' unique needs and examine the benefits of tailored versions of CDSMP. Nevertheless, CDSMP, available at scale nationally and internationally, is a promising intervention for cancer survivors and should be considered a valuable component of survivorship care. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the Heat and Kinetics of Nitration of 1,2,4‐Triazol‐5‐one (TO)
Authors: Trzciński Waldemar A. , Szala Mateusz , Rejmer Wojciech
Published: April 2015

The heat effects of the nitration and dissolution processes of 1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (TO) in acidic environments were measured by differential reaction calorimetry. The kinetics of nitration of TO in a 200‐mL reactor were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Temperature changes were measured in a 10‐L batch reactor during the TO nitration. A model of kinetics for the synthesis of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO) was proposed and it was used to simulate the phenomena occurring in the calorimeter and in the reactors. The experimental data were compared with modeling results and parameters of the Arrhenius equation for synthesis of NTO with selected nitration mixtures were determined.
Elasticity of Crystalline Molecular Explosives
Authors: Hooks Daniel E. , Ramos Kyle J. , Bolme C. A. , Cawkwell Marc J.
Published: April 2015

Crystalline molecular explosives are key components of engineered explosive formulations. In precision applications a high degree of consistency and predictability is desired under a range of conditions to a variety of stimuli. Prediction of behaviors from mechanical response and failure to detonation initiation and detonation performance of the material is linked to accurate knowledge of the material structure and first stage of deformation: elasticity. The elastic response of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), including aspects of material and measurement variability, and computational methods are described in detail. Experimental determinations of elastic tensors are compared, and an evaluation of sources of error is presented. Computed elastic constants are also compared for these materials and for triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), for which there are no measurements.
Impact of water‐rinse treatment on Cu2ZnSnS4 studied by X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis
Authors: Toyama Toshihiko , Konishi Takafumi , Tsuji Ryotaro , Maenishi Ryuichiro , Arata Akiko , Yudate Shinji , Shirakata Sho
Published: April 2015

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin‐film solar cells are considered promising for terawatt‐scale production. It has been established that in the fabrication process of CZTS thin‐film solar cells, a water‐rinse treatment for the CZTS surface yields a great improvement in conversion efficiency. We studied the mechanism of the water‐rinse treatment on an aged crystalline‐CZTS sample, using the X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) technique, which is highly sensitive for oxidation states of sulfur. The sulfur K‐edge XANES spectra revealed a dramatic change at around 2480 eV after a 3‐min water‐rinse treatment. By comparison with the spectra of reference samples, we posit the removal of surface sulfate cations as a possible source for this behavior. From further comparison with the spectrum of a thin‐film sample, we discuss the use of this short 3‐min treatment time in actual device‐fabrication procedures. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation and photoluminescence properties of Mn‐doped deep red emitting phosphor under blue to near ultraviolet excitations
Authors: Kawakita Shoma , Kominami Hiroko , Hara Kazuhiko
Published: April 2015

Preparation method and photoluminescence properties of Mg2(Ti0.99‐x ‐y, Gex, Siy)O4:Mn phosphor for white LED was studied. The obtained powders showed deep red emission around 670 nm under blue light excitation. The PL intensity depended on the ratio of IV atoms, and PL spectra depended on the IV atom consisted in the phosphors. It was found that the ternary or multinary compounds showed higher luminescence. It indicates that the properties of Mg2(Ti0.99‐x, Gex)O4:Mn might much improve by preparation of completed alloy. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anti‐Salmonella Activity of Volatile Compounds of Vietnam Coriander
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Chavasiri Warinthorn , Kubo Isao
Published: April 2015

Essential oil derived from the fresh leaves of Polygonum odoratum Lour was tested for their effects on a foodborne bacterium Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis ATCC 35640 using a broth dilution method. This essential oil showed a significant antibacterial activity against S. choleraesuis at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. Twenty‐five volatile compounds were characterized from this essential oil by GC‐MS, and aldehyde compounds were found abundant and accounted for more than three‐fourths of the essential oil. Among the compounds characterized, dodecanal (C12) was the most abundant (55.5%), followed by decanal (C10) (11.6%). Both alkanals were effective against S. choleraesuis with the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 100 µg/mL. The most potent antibacterial activity against this bacterium was found with two minor compounds, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) and 2E‐dodecenal, both with each MBC of 6.25 µg/mL. Their primary antibacterial action against S. choleraesuis provably comes from their ability to function as nonionic surface‐active agents (surfactants), disrupting the native function of integral membrane proteins nonspecifically. Thus, the antibacterial activity is mediated by biophysical processes. In the case of 2E‐alkenals, a biochemical mechanism is also somewhat involved, depending on their alkyl chain length. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inconsistent treatment estimates from mis‐specified logistic regression analyses of randomized trials
Authors: Matthews J. N. S. , Badi N. H.
Published: April 2015

When the difference between treatments in a clinical trial is estimated by a difference in means, then it is well known that randomization ensures unbiassed estimation, even if no account is taken of important baseline covariates. However, when the treatment effect is assessed by other summaries, for example by an odds ratio if the outcome is binary, then bias can arise if some covariates are omitted, regardless of the use of randomization for treatment allocation or the size of the trial. We present accurate closed‐form approximations for this asymptotic bias when important normally distributed covariates are omitted from a logistic regression. We compare this approximation with ones in the literature and derive more convenient forms for some of these existing results. The expressions give insight into the form of the bias, which simulations show is usable for distributions other than the normal. The key result applies even when there are additional binary covariates in the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Female Sexual Health Training for Oncology Providers: New Applications
Authors: Wang Lynn Y. , Pierdomenico Annette , Lefkowitz Abbe , Brandt Rachael
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Sexual health care remains an unmet need for women with cancer. Many barriers are described, such as provider discomfort and lack of training; however, there is little evidence-based guidance regarding how to effectively address these obstacles.

Aim

This pilot study was performed to determine whether brief, targeted sexual health training for oncology providers results in improved provider comfort level and frequency of addressing female cancer-related sexual issues.

Methods

A brief (30–45 minute), targeted sexual health training program focused on improving comfort level, knowledge and communication skills when addressing breast cancer–related sexual issues was developed by the primary author. Using a pretest-posttest format, this educational program was provided to oncology providers (physicians and nurses/other allied health) from a suburban health-care system. Surveys based on 5-point Likert scales were provided before and 3–6 month post training.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary endpoints were changes in mean Likert scores for provider comfort level and self-reported frequency of addressing sexual issues. A secondary endpoint was change in mean Likert scores for perception of access to sexual health resources/referrals.

Results

Eligible respondents included 8 oncologists, 4 surgeons, and 62 nurses/other allied health. For total respondents, comparison of mean Likert scores for survey 1 (n = 71) and survey 2 (n = 36) demonstrated statistically significant increases for all parameters queried, including provider comfort level with bringing up (Pre mean Likert score = 3.4, Post = 4.3, P < 0.0001) and coordinating care (Pre = 3.5, Post = 4.6, P < 0.0001), and frequency of addressing sexual issues for both diagnosis/treatment and surveillance phase (Pre = 2.4, Post = 3.3, P ≤ 0.0052).

Conclusion

Brief, targeted sexual health training for oncology providers positively correlated with improved provider comfort level and frequency of addressing female cancer-related sexual issues.
Leveraging foreign institutional logic in the adoption of stock option pay amongJapanese firms
Authors: Geng Xuesong , Yoshikawa Toru , Colpan Asli M.
Published: April 2015

Research summary:We investigate whyJapanese firms have adopted executive stock option pay, which was developed with shareholder‐oriented institutional logic that was inconsistent withJapanese stakeholder‐oriented institutional logic. We argue thatJapanese managers have self‐serving incentives to leverage stock ownership of foreign investors and their associated institutional logic to legitimize the adoption of stock option pay. Our empirical analyses with a large sample ofJapanese firms between 1997 and 2007 show that when managers have elite education, high pay inequality with ordinary employees, and when firms experience poor sales growth, foreign ownership is more likely associated with the adoption of stock option pay. The study shows the active role of managers in facilitating the diffusion of a new governance practice embodying new institutional logic.

Managerial summary:Why haveJapanese firms adopted stock option pay for executives? Inconsistent withJapanese stakeholder‐oriented tradition in corporate governance, such pay has been believed to prioritize managerial attention to the interests of shareholders over those of other stakeholders. However, to the extent that shareholders' interests are legitimate in theJapanese context, executives who have self‐serving incentives to adopt such pay can leverage the need to look after shareholders' interest in their firms to legitimize their decisions. In a large sample ofJapanese firms, we find that foreign ownership (representing shareholders' interests) is more likely to be associated with the adoption of stock option pay when managers are motivated to receive such pay, such as when they have elite education, high pay inequality with ordinary employees, or poor sales growth. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman Imaging from Microscopy to Nanoscopy, and to Macroscopy
Authors: Zheng Xiaoshan , Zong Cheng , Xu Mengxi , Wang Xiang , Ren Bin
Published: April 2015

Raman spectroscopy can not only provide intrinsic fingerprint information about a sample, but also utilize the merits of the narrow bandwidth and low background of Raman spectra, offering itself as a promising multiplex analytical technique. Raman microscopy has become particularly attractive recently because it has demonstrated itself as an important imaging technique for various samples, from biological samples and chemical systems to industrially important silicon‐based wafers. In this Concept article, some of the most recent advances in Raman imaging techniques are critically reviewed, and the advantages and problems associated with the current techniques are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on its future directions, from both the technical and application sides.
SIMD compression and the intersection of sorted integers
Authors: Lemire Daniel , Boytsov Leonid , Kurz Nathan
Published: April 2015

Sorted lists of integers are commonly used in inverted indexes and database systems. They are often compressed in memory. We can use the single‐instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instructions available in common processors to boost the speed of integer compression schemes. Our S4‐BP128‐D4 scheme uses as little as 0.7 CPU cycles per decoded 32‐bit integer while still providing state‐of‐the‐art compression. However, if the subsequent processing of the integers is slow, the effort spent on optimizing decompression speed can be wasted. To show that it does not have to be so, we (1) vectorize and optimize the intersection of posting lists; (2) introduce the SIMD GALLOPING algorithm. We exploit the fact that one SIMD instruction can compare four pairs of 32‐bit integers at once. We experiment with two Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) text collections, GOV2 and ClueWeb09 (category B), using logs from the TREC million‐query track. We show that using only the SIMD instructions ubiquitous in all modern CPUs, our techniques for conjunctive queries can double the speed of a state‐of‐the‐art approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitors Preserve Vision in an AMD-Like Model
Authors: Tsai Yuchun , Lu Bin , Bakondi Benjamin , Girman Sergey , Sahabian Anais , Sareen Dhruv , Svendsen Clive N. , Wang Shaomei
Published: April 2015

Pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are currently being tested for cell replacement in late-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, preserving vision at early-stages may also be possible. Here, we demonstrate that transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iNPCs) limits disease progression in the Royal College of Surgeons rat, a preclinical model of AMD. Grafted-iNPCs survived, remained undifferentiated, and distributed extensively in a laminar fashion in the subretinal space. Retinal pathology resulting from the accumulation of undigested photoreceptor outer segments (POS) was significantly reduced in iNPC-injected rats compared with controls. Phagosomes within grafted-iNPCs contained POS, suggesting that iNPCs had compensated for defective POS phagocytosis by host-RPE. The iNPC-treated eyes contained six to eight rows of photoreceptor nuclei that spanned up to 5 mm in length in transverse retinal sections, compared with only one row of photoreceptors in controls. iNPC treatment fully preserved visual acuity measured by optokinetic response. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that retina with the best iNPC-protected areas were 140-fold more sensitive to light stimulation than equivalent areas of contralateral eyes. The results described here support the therapeutic utility of iNPCs as autologous grafts for early-stage of AMD. Stem Cells  2015;33:2537–2549
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Thermal and Explosive Properties of [Cd(SCZ)3(H2O)](PA)2·3H2O (SCZ = Semicarbazide, PA = Picrate)
Authors: Tong Wen‐Chao , Zhang Rui , Xue Lin‐Jun , Xu Rui , Zhang Li‐Nong , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Yang Li
Published: April 2015

The heptacoordinate transition metal coordination compound [Cd(SCZ)3(H2O)](PA)2·3H2O (1) with the ligand semicarbazide (SCZ) and the counteranion picrate (PA) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The Cd2+ ion is heptacoordinated by three SCZ groups and a water molecule. SCZ presents typical bidentate coordination modes. The thermal decomposition mechanism of 1 was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which revealed that complex 1 exhibits three small endothermic and two large exothermic processes. The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were calculated by the Kissinger's method and Ozawa‐Doyle's method, respectively. The heat of combustion was measured by oxygen bomb calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation, the critical temperature of thermal explosion, the entropy of activation (ΔS≠), the enthalpy of activation (ΔH≠), and the free energy of activation (ΔG≠) were also calculated. Sensitivity tests revealed that 1 is insensitive to mechanical stimuli.
Phenylene‐bridged β‐Ketoiminate Dilanthanide Aryloxides: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity for Addition of Amines to Carbodiimides
Authors: Hong Yubiao , Zheng Yu , Xue Mingqiang , Yao Yingming , Zhang Yong , Shen Qi
Published: April 2015

The synthesis and reactivity of a series of bimetallic lanthanide aryloxides stabilized by a p‐phenylene‐bridged bis(β‐ketoiminate) ligand is presented. The reaction of 1,4‐diaminobenzene with acetylacetone in a 1:2.5 molar ratio in absolute ethanol gave the compound 1,4‐bis(4‐imino‐2‐pentanone)benzene (1) (LH2) in high yield. Compound 1 reacted with (ArO)3Ln(THF)2 (ArO = 2,6‐tBu2‐4‐MeC6H2O, THF = tetrahydrofuran) in a 1:2 molar ratio in THF, after workup, to give the corresponding dilanthanide aryloxides L[Ln(OAr)2(THF)]2 [Ln = Yb (2), Y (3), Sm (4), Nd (5), La (6)] in high isolated yields. Compound 1 and complexes 2–6 were fully characterized, including X‐ray crystal structure analyses for complexes 2, 3, 5, and 6. Complexes 2–6 can be used as efficient pre‐catalysts for catalytic addition of amines to carbodiimides, and the ionic radii of the central metal atoms have a significant effect on the catalytic activity with the increasing sequence of La (6) < Nd (5) ≈ Sm (4) < Y (3) ≈ Yb (2). The catalytic addition reaction with 2 showed a good scope of substrates including primary and secondary amines.
Charge Ordering in Cobalt Oxides: Impact on Structure, Magnetic and Transport Properties
Authors: Raveau Bernard , Seikh Md. Motin
Published: April 2015

This review shows the great impact of charge ordering upon the magnetic and transport properties of mixed valent Co4+/Co3+ and Co3+/Co2+ cobalt oxides. The relationships between charge ordering and physical properties are described for three structural families: the ordered oxygen deficient perovskites and the Ruddlesden and Popper (RP) derivative La1.5Sr0.5CoO4, the layered NaxCoO2 series and the “114” CaBaCo4O7 oxide.
On Mono(dithiocarbamato)‐silver(I), AgS2CNH2
Authors: Teske Christoph Ludwig , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

The title compound AgS2CNR2 was prepared from an aqueous alcoholic solution by reaction of dicyanoargentate [Ag(CN)2]– with excess ammoniumdithiocarbamate. It crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I$\bar{4}$2d (No. 122) with a = 7.9898(4) and c = 12.1072(7) Å, V = 772.89(7) Å3, Z = 8. The crystal structure comprises a 3D tetrahedral network of distorted AgS4 units connected via all vertices thus forming the β‐cristobalite structure type. The dithiocarbaramate ligands extend into the hollow space of the framework. Thermal decomposition starts above 125 °C and proceeds with a complex reaction to give finally Ag2S (acanthite).
Crystal Structures of Hydrazinium(II) Salts of [SbF6]– and [Sb2F11]–
Authors: Mazej Zoran , Goreshnik Evgeny A.
Published: April 2015

N2H6(Sb2F11)2 was synthesized by the reaction of N2H6F2 with excess of SbF5 in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (aHF). It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ (No. 2) with a = 6.6467(3) Å, b = 8.3039(4) Å, c = 8.3600(5) Å, α = 76.394(5) o, β = 70.161(5) o, γ = 70.797(5) o, V = 405.90(4) Å3 at 150 K, Z = 2. When it is redissolved in aHF, it solvolysis with the release of SbF5 yielding N2H6(SbF6)2 which crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group (No. 15) with a = 7.3805(3) Å, b = 12.3248(5) Å, c = 10.4992(4) Å, β = 92.218(4) o, V = 954.33(7) Å3 at 150 K, and Z = 8. No other phases were observed in crystallization products when different molar ratios of N2H6F2/SbF5 (1:1,2:3,1:3) in aHF were used as starting materials.
Regional trends in the use of short‐acting and long‐acting contraception accessed through the private and public sectors
Authors: Ugaz Jorge I. , Chatterji Minki , Gribble James N. , Mitchell Susan
Published: April 2015

Objective

To examine trends in the source of modern contraception (public versus private sector); method choice (long‐acting or permanent methods versus short‐acting methods); and method and source combined.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted using data collected by national Demographic and Health Surveys and Reproductive Health Surveys during the period 1992–2012. The dataset included 18 low‐income countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa, 10 from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and 8 from Asia.

Results

A substantial proportion—between 40% and 49%—of modern contraceptive users relied on the private sector in Asia and LAC in the last 20 years, yet the proportion has been smaller in Sub‐Saharan Africa, between 27% and 30%. Increased use of short‐acting methods from both public and private sectors has driven the rise in contraceptive prevalence in Asia and LAC. Similarly, increased contraceptive prevalence in Sub‐Saharan Africa reflected the increased use of short‐acting methods obtained mainly through the public sector, with only limited use of long‐acting or permanent methods through the private sector.

Conclusion

The private sector has played a key role in the increase of modern CPR and the provision of modern contraceptives around the world, providing almost half of them in low‐income countries. Yet, such increase was driven primarily by a more substantial role in the provision of short‐acting methods than long acting and permanent methods.
When perfectionism leads to imperfect consumer choices: The role of dichotomous thinking
Authors: He Xin
Published: April 2015

In four studies, this research investigates the role of perfectionism in consumer decision making and demonstrates that perfectionists often make inferior decisions when facing difficult tasks. Although perfectionists outperform those with low need for perfection at medium levels of decision difficulty, their advantages disappear at high levels of decision difficulty. Driven by dichotomous thinking, perfectionists give up on the task when they realize that a perfect outcome is no longer possible and make inferior decisions. Paradoxically, when given the opportunity to select their own task, perfectionists sometimes avoid tasks over which they have comparative advantage but prefer tasks of high complexity, without realizing the effect of dichotomous thinking on subsequent choices.
Palynological reconstruction of environmental changes in coastal wetlands of the Florida Everglades since the mid-Holocene
Authors: Yao Qiang , Liu Kam-biu , Platt William J. , Rivera-Monroy Victor H.
Published: April 2015

Palynological, loss-on-ignition, and X-ray fluorescence data from a 5.25 m sediment core from a mangrove forest at the mouth of the Shark River Estuary in the southwestern Everglades National Park, Florida were used to reconstruct changes occurring in coastal wetlands since the mid-Holocene. This multi-proxy record contains the longest paleoecological history to date in the southwestern Everglades. The Shark River Estuary basin was formed ~ 5700 cal yr BP in response to increasing precipitation. Initial wetlands were frequently-burned short-hydroperiod prairies, which transitioned into long-hydroperiod prairies with sloughs in which peat deposits began to accumulate continuously about 5250 cal yr BP. Our data suggest that mangrove communities started to appear after ~ 3800 cal yr BP; declines in the abundance of charcoal suggested gradual replacement of fire-dominated wetlands by mangrove forest over the following 2650 yr. By ~ 1150 cal yr BP, a dense Rhizophora mangle dominated mangrove forest had formed at the mouth of the Shark River. The mangrove-dominated coastal ecosystem here was established at least 2000 yr later than has been previously estimated.
Constructing a Child Protection Policy to Support a Safeguarding Children Culture in Organisations and Institutions
Authors: Tucci Joe , Mitchell Janise , Holmes Deb , Hemsworth Craig , Hemsworth Leonie
Published: April 2015

Thousands of hours of evidence of trauma, pain and culpability presented to the current Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse have left no doubt that organisations have always been and continue to be responsible for enacting a culture that ensures that their own staff and volunteers do not harm, abuse or exploit children who are involved directly or indirectly with the activities or services provided by the organisation. In the past 6 years, through its Safeguarding Children Accreditation Program, the Australian Childhood Foundation has worked with more than 100 organisations nationally and internationally to strengthen their capacity to protect children and young people. Our experience has highlighted that substantial confusion exists about how to construct a child protection policy that frames the expectations and responsibilities of individuals who work, volunteer or use the services/activities of an organisation. In this paper, the authors offer a blueprint for considering the critical elements of a child protection policy that organisations can use to evaluate and possibly reconfigure or formulate their own. The paper outlines the function of the child protection policy in an organisation; the principles for constructing the policy; and an example of content for a child protection policy. The authors conclude that, if constructed with heart and sensitivity, a child protection policy can shape and define the very narrative about what the organisation stands for in relation to the safety of children and the responsibilities of adults to fulfilling the rights of children and young people more broadly.
Addressing the Multidimensional Impact of Child Poverty: A Model Programme in Pasay City, Philippines
Authors: Frederico Margarita , Muncy Steven , Hernandez Valdimir , Cabbigat Efrenlito
Published: April 2015

Living in poverty has lifelong consequences for children. In response to the obvious needs of highly vulnerable, impoverished children and youth in its neighbourhood, Community and Family Services International (CFSI) commenced the Park Avenue Initiative (PAI) which was aimed at addressing the impact of poverty through promoting and testing community-based initiatives in child protection, youth development, and opportunity-creation. Building upon research into the reproductive health (RH) practices of young people in the area, the PAI was expanded to include a new programme addressing RH and the high risk sexual behaviours engaged in by many youth. This article critically examines how poverty is impacting on children. It presents the PAI RH approach as an example of a programme which addresses many of the multiple risks poverty presents for children. The PAI RH programme takes a holistic perspective to address the co-morbidity of poverty risk factors. The programme works with children, their families and the community. The article concludes that programmes need to take an integrated approach to address the multidimensions of poverty and engage with children and their families in actions which are aimed at building individual resilience and strengthening communities.
From Where to Where – Running Away from Care
Authors: Jackson Annette
Published: April 2015

This opinion piece draws on the literature regarding absconding from care and its links with child sexual exploitation and trauma. The author draws on her experience in the child protection, out-of-home care and therapeutic services to raise some questions and suggest some themes about how the system responds when young people run away from what is purportedly safe to what is palpably unsafe. The article concludes with a brief description of trauma-informed practice and suggests that this concept is a useful contribution in our response to helping young people no longer needing to run.
‘Help, not punishment’: Moving on from physical punishment of children
Authors: Porzig-Drummond Renata
Published: April 2015

Although the physical punishment of children is overall an ineffective disciplining strategy, has adverse long-term psychological effects, and carries the risk of physical punishment escalating into child abuse, parental physical punishment is lawful in all Australian states and territories within the bounds of lawful correction or reasonable chastisement. What is considered to be reasonable is open to considerable interpretation, which further increases the risk of physical harm to children. Physical punishment of children also contravenes the United NationsConvention on the Rights of the Child, which Australia has ratified. Although more effective disciplining strategies, such as cognitive-behavioural parenting strategies, are available and have been advocated by professional organisations, the vast majority of Australian parents condone parental physical punishment of children and are opposed to its prohibition. Predictors for this stance include perceived social norms, the belief that physically punishing children is an effective disciplining strategy and a parent's right, a perceived absence of alternative parenting strategies, and fear of prosecution if physical punishment were to be banned. Countries that have phased out the physical punishment of children have demonstrated that, to encourage a shift in parental attitudes and behaviours, public awareness about the detrimental effects of physical punishment and the effectiveness of alternative disciplining strategies needs to be raised. Additionally, parents require support through free and convenient access to evidence-based parenting programmes that promote alternative disciplining strategies; and the defence of lawful correction needs to be repealed, with the aim of setting a new standard, as well as education rather than prosecution.
Editorial
Authors: Lehmann Jennifer
Published: April 2015

Welcome to the year of 2015. This year celebrates the 40th year of Children Australia's publication, quite an achievement when one thinks of the difficulties in establishing and maintaining a journal – and the many changes that have taken place over that time in the way of technical production and the processes of publication. This year we welcome a number of new international Editorial Consultants from the UK, Norway, Ireland and the USA, and, of course, welcome back our readers and supporters of the journal. I trust you had a safe and peaceful Christmas and New Year, though this is often such a brief interlude that it is easily forgotten amid the busyness of the return to work. For 2015, we plan to have a June Special Issue, and apologise to those of you who expected this current issue to contain the plenary addresses to the International Conference on Innovation in Therapeutic Approaches with Children, Young People and Families. We are hoping that trauma-related papers from the Conference, titled Childhood trauma – understanding the basis for change and recovery, will be published in June.
“She's just like me”: The Role of the Mentor with Vulnerable Mothers and their Infants
Authors: Mitchell Gaye , Absler Deborah , Humphreys Cathy
Published: April 2015

Mentoring Mums, a community-based pilot program, exemplifies a model of volunteer home visiting to vulnerable and socially isolated new mothers and their at-risk infants. An evaluation of the program found that positive changes for both mothers and their babies had been achieved, providing the rationale for exploration of elements that made the mentoring role effective. This article undertakes this exploration through the research question: What do mothers, mentors and workers contribute to the conceptualisation of the mentor role with vulnerable mothers and their infants? The article argues that the program's effectiveness resided in a mentor role that shared primary values of befriending and neighbourliness, rather than in mentors enacting a quasi-professional role. Conceptualisation of the mentor role is based in theory and practice, seeing mentors as straddling the formal world of service intervention and the informal world of kith and kin. It presents ‘befriending’ as part of building substitute networks around very isolated new mothers. The very significant problems experienced by these vulnerable mothers made necessary parallel involvement of a professional volunteer coordinator and ongoing case management. Mentoring did not replace professional involvement, but rather was distinguished as providing something different, but much needed for vulnerable new mothers and their babies.
ON THE KNOWABILITY OF EPISTEMIC CONTEXTUALISM: A REPLY TO M. MONTMINY AND W. SKOLITS
Authors: Freitag Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

It has been frequently suggested that epistemic contextualists violate the knowledge norm of assertion; by its own lights contextualism cannot be known and hence not be knowingly stated. I have defended contextualists against this objection by showing that it rests on a misunderstanding of their commitments (Freitag 2011, 2012, 2013b). In M. Montminy's and W. Skolits' recent contribution to this journal (2014), their criticism of my solution forms the background against which the authors develop their own. The present reply ventures to demonstrate that their objections are ineffective, since they rest on a confusion of two different ways in which contextualism is unknowable. The precise nature of the original problem will be clarified and my solution briefly restated.
Internally heated convection beneath a poor conductor
Authors: Goluskin David
Published: April 2015

We consider convection in an internally heated (IH) layer of fluid that is bounded below by a perfect insulator and above by a poor conductor. The poorly conducting boundary is modelled by a fixed heat flux. Using solely analytical methods, we find linear and energy stability thresholds for the static state, and we construct a lower bound on the mean temperature that applies to all flows. The linear stability analysis yields a Rayleigh number above which the static state is linearly unstable ($R_{L}$), and the energy analysis yields a Rayleigh number below which it is globally stable ($R_{E}$). For various boundary conditions on the velocity, exact expressions for$R_{L}$and$R_{E}$are found using long-wavelength asymptotics. Each$R_{E}$is strictly smaller than the corresponding$R_{L}$but is within 1 %. The lower bound on the mean temperature is proven for no-slip velocity boundary conditions using the background method. The bound guarantees that the mean temperature of the fluid, relative to that of the top boundary, grows with the heating rate ($H$) no slower than$H^{2/3}$.
Destabilization of a stratified shear layer by ambient turbulence
Authors: Li Lin , Smyth W. D. , Thorpe S. A.
Published: April 2015

A small eddy viscosity or mass diffusivity that varies with height has been found to have unexpected effects on the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability of a stably stratified shear layer near the neutral stability boundary. In particular, varying viscosity can increase the growth rate of the instability in contrast to the effect of uniform viscosity. Here, these results are extended to parameter ranges relevant in many geophysical and engineering contexts. We find that linearization of the viscous terms based on the assumption of weak viscosity/diffusivity is valid for non-dimensional values (inverse Reynolds number) up to ${\sim}10^{-2}$. Decreasing the Richardson number far below its critical value $1/4$ can change, or even reverse, the effects of eddy viscosity and diffusivity. A primary goal is to explain the unexpected destabilization by viscosity. Varying viscosity affects vorticity (and other fluid properties) in a manner identical to advection with an advecting velocity equal to minus the gradient of viscosity. Destabilization occurs when this viscous ‘advection’ reinforces the vorticity distribution of a growing mode.
Thermal effect on large-aspect-ratio Couette–Taylor system: numerical simulations
Authors: Kang Changwoo , Yang Kyung-Soo , Mutabazi Innocent
Published: April 2015

We have performed numerical simulations of the flow in a large-aspect-ratio Couette–Taylor system with rotating inner cylinder and with a radial temperature gradient. The aspect ratio was chosen in such a way that the base state is in the conduction regime. Away from the endplates, the base flow is a superposition of an azimuthal flow induced by rotation and an axial flow (large convective cell) induced by the temperature gradient. For a fixed rotation rate of the inner cylinder in the subcritical laminar regime, the increase of the temperature difference imposed on the annulus destabilizes the convective cell to give rise to co-rotating vortices as primary instability modes and to counter-rotating vortices as secondary instability modes. The space–time properties of these vortices have been computed, together with the momentum and heat transfer coefficients. The temperature gradient enhances the momentum and heat transfer in the flow independently of its sign.
Inverse Problems of Mei Symmetry for Nonholonomic Systems with Variable Mass
Authors: Huang W.-L. , Cai J.-L.
Published: April 2015

The inverse problem of the Mei symmetry for nonholonomic systems with variable mass is studied. Firstly, the authors discuss the Mei symmetry of the holonomic system opposite to a nonholonomic system. Secondly, weak and strong Mei symmetries of a nonholonomic system are concluded through restriction equations and additional restriction equations. Thirdly, the relevant conserved quantity is deduced by means of the structure equation for the gauge function. Fourthly, the inverse problem of the Mei symmetry is obtained by the Noether symmetry. Finally, the paper offers an example to illustrate the application of the research result.
Morphological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the spirurid nematode Stegophorus macronectes (Johnston & Mawson, 1942)
Authors: Vidal V. , Ortiz J. , Diaz J.I. , Zafrilla B. , Bonete M.J. , Ruiz De Ybañez M.R. , Palacios M.J. , Benzal J. , Valera F. , De La Cruz C. , Motas M. , Bautista V. , Machordom A. , Barbosa A.
Published: April 2015

Stegophorus macronectes (Johnston & Mawson, 1942) is a gastrointestinal parasite found in Antarctic seabirds. The original description of the species, which was based only on females, is poor and fragmented with some unclear diagnostic characters. This study provides new morphometric and molecular data on this previously poorly described parasite. Nuclear rDNA sequences (18S, 5.8S, 28S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions) were isolated from S. macronectes specimens collected from the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica Forster on Deception Island, Antarctica. Using 18S rDNA sequences, phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference) of the order Spirurida were performed to determine the phylogenetic location of this species. Primer pairs of the ITS regions were designed for genus-level identification of specimens, regardless of their cycle, as an alternative to coprological methods. The utility of this molecular method for identification of morphologically altered specimens is also discussed.
The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language
Authors: Christiansen Morten H. , Chater Nick
Published: April 2015

Memory is fleeting. New material rapidly obliterates previous material. How, then, can the brain deal successfully with the continual deluge of linguistic input? We argue that, to deal with this “Now-or-Never” bottleneck, the brain must compress and recode linguistic input as rapidly as possible. This observation has strong implications for the nature of language processing: (1) the language system must “eagerly” recode and compress linguistic input; (2) as the bottleneck recurs at each new representational level, the language system must build a multilevel linguistic representation; and (3) the language system must deploy all available information predictively to ensure that local linguistic ambiguities are dealt with “Right-First-Time”; once the original input is lost, there is no way for the language system to recover. This is “Chunk-and-Pass” processing. Similarly, language learning must also occur in the here and now, which implies that language acquisition is learning to process, rather than inducing, a grammar. Moreover, this perspective provides a cognitive foundation for grammaticalization and other aspects of language change. Chunk-and-Pass processing also helps explain a variety of core properties of language, including its multilevel representational structure and duality of patterning. This approach promises to create a direct relationship between psycholinguistics and linguistic theory. More generally, we outline a framework within which to integrate often disconnected inquiries into language processing, language acquisition, and language change and evolution.
A longitudinal analysis of sentence interpretation in bilingual children
Authors: PHAM GIANG , EBERT KERRY DANAHY
Published: April 2015

This longitudinal study used sentence interpretation tasks to consider growth in language processing among school-aged children learning Vietnamese and English. Thirty-two children participated yearly over three time points. Children were asked to identify the agent of sentences that manipulated linguistic cues relevant to Vietnamese (animacy) and English (word order). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine change in cue use over time as well as the relation between cue use and proficiency in each language. Findings include exclusive reliance on word order by the end point, nearly identical group-level cue-use patterns across languages with individual variation, and positive relationships between language proficiency and cue use. Findings are discussed within the unified competition model (MacWhinney, 2004) and the literature on sequential bilingualism.
Clique-based semantic kernel with application to semantic relatedness
Authors: JADIDINEJAD A. H. , MAHMOUDI F. , MEYBODI M. R.
Published: April 2015

The emergence of knowledge repositories in a variety of domains provides a valuable opportunity for semantic interpretation of high dimensional datasets. Previous researches investigate the use of concept instead of word as a core semantic feature for incorporating semantic knowledge from an ontology into the representation model of documents. On the other hand, in machine learning and information retrieval, data objects are represented as a flat feature vector. The inconsistency between the structural nature of the knowledge repositories and the flat representation of features in machine learning leads researchers to neglect the structure of the knowledge base and leverage concepts as isolated semantic features, which is known as bag-of-concepts. Although, using concepts has some advantages over words, by neglecting the relation between concepts, the problem of vocabulary mismatch remains in force. In this paper, a novel semantic kernel is proposed which is capable of incorporating the relatedness between conceptual features. This kernel leverages clique theory to map data objects to a novel feature space wherein complex data objects will be comparable. The proposed kernel is relevant to all applications which have a prior knowledge about the relatedness between features. We concentrate on representing text documents and words using Wikipedia and WordNet, respectively. The experimental results over a set of benchmark datasets have revealed that the proposed kernel significantly improves the representation of both words and texts in the application of semantic relatedness.
Do supermarkets contribute to the obesity pandemic in developing countries?
Authors: Kimenju Simon C , Rischke Ramona , Klasen Stephan , Qaim Matin
Published: April 2015

Objective

Many developing countries are undergoing a nutrition transition with rising rates of overweight and obesity. This nutrition transition coincides with a rapid expansion of supermarkets. The objective of the present research is to study whether supermarkets directly contribute to overweight and other changes in nutritional status.

Design

This research builds on cross-sectional observational data. Household- and individual-level data were collected in Kenya using a quasi-experimental survey design. Instrumental variable regressions were employed to analyse the impact of supermarket purchase on nutritional status. Causal chain models were estimated to examine pathways through which supermarkets affect nutrition.

Setting

Small towns in Central Province of Kenya with and without supermarkets.

Subjects

A total of 615 adults and 216 children and adolescents.

Results

Controlling for other factors, buying in a supermarket is associated with a significantly higher BMI (P=0·018) and a higher probability of overweight (P=0·057) among adults. This effect is not observed for children and adolescents. Instead, buying in a supermarket seems to reduce child undernutrition measured by height-for-age Z-score (P=0·017). Impacts of supermarkets depend on many factors including people’s initial nutritional status. For both adults and children, the nutrition effects occur through higher food energy consumption and changes in dietary composition.

Conclusions

Supermarkets and their food sales strategies contribute to changing food consumption habits and nutritional outcomes. Yet the types of outcomes differ by age cohort and initial nutritional status. Simple conclusions on whether supermarkets are good or bad for nutrition and public health are not justified.