bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of antiretroviral drugs on the quality of semen
Authors: Lambert‐Niclot Sidonie , Poirot Catherine , Tubiana Roland , Houssaini Allal , Soulié Cathia , Dominguez Stéphanie , Schubert Benoit , Prades Marie , Bonmarchand Manuela , Calvez Vincent , Flandre Philippe , Peytavin Gilles , Marcelin Anne‐Geneviève
Published: June 2011

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to determine which antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are associated with changes in the characteristics of semen and the impact of these ARVs according to their score penetration into the male genital compartment. Data from 144 men infected with HIV‐1 enrolled in an Assisted Reproductive Technology program were analyzed retrospectively. A seminal penetration score of ARV was based on the available literature. The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test and chi‐square test were used. There was no difference on sperm parameters between NRTI, NNRTI, or PI regimen. In patients receiving NRTIs or PIs no differences were observed between antiretrovirals of these classes. However, in patients receiving NNRTIs, nevirapine (n = 22) was associated with a higher percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa (P < 0.0001) versus efavirenz (n = 38) as well as vitality (P = 0.0004). No relationship was observed between semen quality and the penetration score. NRTIs and PIs were not associated with any semen changes. Nevirapine was associated with a better quality of semen versus efavirenz. It would be of interest to validate, improve and test our penetration score in a prospective study. J. Med. Virol. 83:1391–1394, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of common and recently described respiratory viruses to annual hospitalizations in children in South Africa
Authors: Venter Marietjie , Lassaunière Ria , Kresfelder Tina Louise , Westerberg Yvette , Visser Adele
Published: June 2011

The contribution of viruses to lower respiratory tract disease in sub‐Saharan Africa where human immunodeficiency virus may exacerbate respiratory infections is not well defined. No data exist on some of these viruses for Southern Africa. Comprehensive molecular screening may define the role of these viruses as single and co‐infections in a population with a high HIV‐AIDS burden. To address this, children less than 5 years of age with respiratory infections from 3 public sector hospitals, Pretoria South Africa were screened for 14 respiratory viruses, by PCR over 2 years. Healthy control children from the same region were included. Rhinovirus was identified in 33% of patients, RSV (30.1%), PIV‐3 (7.8%), hBoV (6.1%), adenovirus (5.7%), hMPV (4.8%), influenza A (3.4%), coronavirus NL63 (2.1%), and OC43 (1.8%). PIV‐1, PIV‐2, CoV‐229E, ‐HKU1, and influenza B occurred in <1.5% of patients. Most cases with adenovirus, influenza A, hMPV, hBoV, coronaviruses, and WU virus occurred as co‐infections while RSV, PIV‐3, and rhinovirus were identified most frequently as the only respiratory pathogen. Rhinovirus but not RSV or PIV‐3 was also frequently identified in healthy controls. A higher HIV sero‐prevalence was noticed in patients with co‐infections although co‐infections were not associated with more severe disease. RSV, hPMV, PIV‐3, and influenza viruses had defined seasons while rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus infections occurred year round in this temporal region of sub‐Saharan Africa. J. Med. Virol. 83:1458–1468, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative evaluation of the seegene seeplex RV15 and real‐time PCR for respiratory virus detection
Authors: Bibby David F. , McElarney Iain , Breuer Judith , Clark Duncan A.
Published: June 2011

Respiratory virus infections contribute substantially both to hospitalizations of young children, and to morbidity in immunocompromised patients such as those with hematological malignancies. Their rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to patient management. To evaluate the prospective utility of Seeplex® DPO technology in respiratory virus diagnosis, a panel of 99 respiratory samples positive by real‐time RT‐PCR for one or more viruses was assayed by the Seegene Seeplex® RV12 system. As well as being able to detect all 10 viruses in the real‐time RT‐PCR system with the exception of enteroviruses, RV12 can also distinguish between the two subgroups of RSV and detect two subgroups of coronaviruses. Seven of the nine viruses in common with the RT‐PCR were detected reliably by RV12. Eleven samples RT‐PCR‐positive for Metapneumovirus and five samples positive for influenza B were not detected by RV12. Seegene developed a second‐generation system, RV15, which not only allowed detection of three additional viruses, but also addressed the potential problems with RV12 specificity. To address these concerns, 84 respiratory samples positive for a range of viruses by real‐time PCR were assayed with RV15. The results of this evaluation improved significantly upon those seen with RV12. The high throughput capabilities and potential lower technical requirements afforded by the Seeplex® system may offer an alternative to real‐time RT‐PCR systems. J. Med. Virol. 83:1469–1475, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aboriginal Taiwanese hepatitis B carriers have more favorable viral factors than Han Chinese carriers
Authors: Nien Hsiao‐Ching , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Kao Jia‐Horng , Chou Huei‐Chi , Su Chien‐Wen , Chen Chien‐Hung
Published: June 2011

Several viral factors are associated with disease progression in hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. Compared with Taiwanese Han Chinese, Taiwanese aborigines have a higher prevalence of chronic HBV infection and a higher standardized mortality rate of chronic liver diseases but a lower standardized mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether aboriginal Taiwanese HBV carriers have more favorable viral factors which reduce the risk for HCC than Han Chinese carriers. Blood samples from 3,488 HBV carriers (1,527 aborigines and 1,961 Han Chinese) were assayed for aminotransferases, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBV DNA, and HBV genotype. Aboriginal HBV carriers had a lower HBeAg‐positive rate (5.3% vs. 10.2%, P < 0.0001) and a lower viral load of HBV DNA > 2,000 IU/ml (27.4% vs. 36.7%, P < 0.0001) but a higher rate of alcohol consumption (40.0% vs. 19.3%, P < 0.0001) than Han Chinese carriers. The prevalence of HBV genotype B in aboriginal carriers (92.7%) was significantly higher than that in Han Chinese carriers (72.7%) in all age groups (P < 0.05). In addition, patients with rare genotype D infections were clustered in a township in southern Taiwan. In conclusion, aboriginal Taiwanese HBV carriers have more favorable viral factors than Han Chinese carriers, which may be partly responsible for the lower standardized mortality rate of HCC in Taiwanese aborigines. J. Med. Virol. 83:1326–1331, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral load of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in infected human tissues
Authors: Sirinonthanawech Naraporn , Uiprasertkul Mongkol , Suptawiwat Ornpreya , Auewarakul Prasert
Published: June 2011

The highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus is a virulent virus that causes an acute febrile respiratory disease with high mortality in humans. To gain a better insight of H5N1 viral distributions in infected human tissues, the levels of viral RNA were determined in the autopsy tissues from two patients who were infected with H5N1 virus by using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. In one patient who died on day 6 of the illness, the viral load in the lung was extremely high, whereas the levels of viral RNA in the other organs were more than 6 log lower. In the other patient who died on day 17 of the illness, the viral load was similar in the lung and other organs, and was comparable to the viral load in the extra‐pulmonary tissues of the first patient. These results suggested that while the H5N1 virus can cause disseminated infection in humans, the lung is still the major site of viral replication, and viral replication in the lung in the later stages may decrease as a result of the depletion of the available target cells. In addition, the mRNA levels of the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were found to be associated with the viral titers. J. Med. Virol. 83:1418–1423, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the PapilloCheck® assay with the digene HC2 HPV DNA assay for the detection of 13 high‐risk human papillomaviruses in cervical and anal scrapes
Authors: Didelot Marie‐Noelle , Boulle Nathalie , Damay Audrey , Costes Valérie , Segondy Michel
Published: June 2011

The PapilloCheck® assay was compared with the Digene HC2 HPV DNA assay for the detection of 13 high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) in 240 samples, including 181 cervical scrapes and 59 anal scrapes. Overall, 75 (30.5%) samples were positive by the Digene HC2 HPV DNA assay: 34 (18.8%) cervical scrapes and 41 (69.5%) anal scrapes. By considering only the 13 high‐risk HPV types detected by the Digene HC2 HPV DNA assay, 66 (27.5%) samples were positive by the PapilloCheck® assay: 27 (14.9%) cervical scrapes and 39 (66.1%) anal scrapes. Concordant results between the two assays were obtained for 225 (93.8%) samples with a Kappa coefficient value of 0.85, indicating an excellent agreement. By considering all the HPV types detectable by the PapilloCheck® assay, the overall prevalence of HPV was 34.2% (82/240): 21.0% (38/181) in cervical scrapes and 74.6% (44/59) in anal scrapes. Among the samples positive by the PapilloCheck® assay, a multiple HPV infection (2–9 HPV types) was identified in 43 of 82 (52.4%) samples, including 7 of 38 (18.4%) cervical samples, and 36 of 44 (81.8%) anal samples. The prevalence of high‐risk HPV, as determined by the PapilloCheck® assay, was 17.6% (36/205) in samples with normal cytology, 83.9% (26/31) in samples with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and 100% (4/4) in samples with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The results obtained indicate that the PapilloCheck® assay may be considered as a reliable screening test for HPV detection and typing. J. Med. Virol. 83:1377–1382, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating peptide counteracts hedgehog‐dependent motor neuron production in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures
Authors: Hirose Megumi , Niewiadomski Pawel , Tse Gary , Chi Gloria C. , Dong Hongmei , Lee Alice , Carpenter Ellen M. , Waschek James A.
Published: June 2011

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP; ADCYAP1) is a neuropeptide that regulates a wide array of functions within the brain and periphery. We and others have previously demonstrated that PACAP and its high‐affinity receptor PAC1 are expressed in the embryonic mouse neural tube, suggesting that PACAP plays a role in early brain development. Moreover, we previously showed that PACAP antagonizes the mitotic action of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in postnatal cerebellar granule precursors. In the present study, we demonstrate that PACAP completely blocked Shh‐dependent motor neuron generation from embryonic stem cell cultures and reduced mRNA levels of the Shh target gene Gli‐1 and several ventral spinal cord patterning genes. In vivo examination of motor neuron and other patterning markers in embryonic day 12.5 spinal cords of wild‐type and PACAP‐deficient mice by immunofluorescence, on the other hand, revealed no obvious alterations in expressions of Islet1/2, MNR2, Lim1/2, Nkx2.2, or Shh, although the Pax6‐positive area was slightly expanded in PACAP‐deficient spinal cord. Caspase‐3 staining revealed low, and similar, numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis in embryonic wild‐type vs. PACAP‐deficient spinal cords, whereas a slight but significant increase in number of mitotic cells was observed in PACAP‐deficient mice. Thus, although PACAP has a strong capacity to counteract Shh signaling and motor neuron production in vitro, corresponding patterning defects associated with PACAP loss may be obscured by compensatory mechanisms. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of NTera2/D1 cells as a model system for the investigation of cannabinoid function in human neurons and astrocytes
Authors: Goodfellow Catherine E. , Graham Scott E. , Dragunow Mike , Glass Michelle
Published: June 2011

The limited availability and potential to culture primary human brain cells means that there is still a need for cell lines that reliably model human neurons and glial cells. The human‐derived NTera2/D1 (NT2) cell line is a promising tool from which both neuronal (NT2N) and astrocytic (NT2A) cells can be derived in vitro. Here we have investigated the potential to use this cell model to investigate the endocannabinoid system in the CNS. Through immunocytochemical characterization with a range of neuronal and glial markers, we found that these cell lines differentiate into cells with immature neuronal and astrocytic phenotypes, respectively. By real‐time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and functional inhibition of cAMP accumulation, the cannabinoid 1 receptors were identified only on NT2N cells, consistent with high levels of expression of this receptor in neuronal cells of the CNS. No evidence of cannabinoid 2 receptor expression was found on any of the NT2 cell types. Both the precursors and the differentiated NT2N and NT2A cells demonstrated mRNA expression for the key enzymes involved in endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. This work establishes a cannabinergic phenotype in NT2N and NT2A cells, providing an alternative human derived renewable cell model for investigation of cannabinoid receptor function and endocannabinoid synthesis and metabolism in the CNS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions of environmental conditions and mechanical loads have influence on matrix turnover by nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Neidlinger‐Wilke Cornelia , Mietsch Antje , Rinkler Christina , Wilke Hans‐Joachim , Ignatius Anita , Urban Jill
Published: June 2011

Disc degeneration is associated with several changes in the physicochemical environment of intervertebral disc cells. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in the center of degenerated discs are exposed to decreased glucose supply, osmolarity, pH, and oxygen levels. To understand the complexity of these interactions on a cellular level, we designed standardized experiments in which we compared responses to these environmental factors under normal levels with those seen under two different degrees of disc degeneration. We hypothesized that these changes in environmental stimuli influence gene expression of matrix proteins and matrix degrading enzymes and alter their responses to cyclic hydrostatic pressure (HP). Our results suggest that a simulation of degenerative conditions influences the degradation of disc matrix through impairing matrix formation and accelerating matrix resorption via up‐ or down‐regulation of the respective target genes. The greatest effects were seen for decreases in glucose concentration and pH. Low oxygen had little influence. HP had little direct effect but appeared to counteract matrix degradation by reducing or inverting some of the adverse effects of other stimuli. For ongoing in vitro studies, interactions between mechanical stimuli and factors in the physicochemical environment should not be ignored as these could markedly influence results. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:112–121, 2012
Targeting of sebaceous glands by δ‐aminolevulinic acid‐based photodynamic therapy: An in vivo study
Authors: Kosaka Sachiko , Miyoshi Norio , Akilov Oleg E. , Hasan Tayyaba , Kawana Seiji
Published: June 2011

Background and Objectives

Wide application of ALA‐PDT for acne is limited due to relative strong side effects, such as pain and erythema. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for ALA‐PDT that would provide specific destruction of sebaceous glands at the lowest concentrations and shortest contact times of ALA.

Materials and Methods

The rhino (hrrhhrrh) murine model, an experimental acne model, was used in this study. A freshly prepared hydrophilic ALA hydrochloride ointment (2.5%, 5%, and 20%) was applied to the backs of 16‐week‐old male rhino mice. The fluorescence intensity (FI) of ALA‐induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA‐PpIX) on the skin was measured by spectrofluorometry. Skin samples were taken at 1, 2, and 4 hours after ALA application to determine the tissue distribution of ALA‐PpIX by fluorescence microscopy. Light irradiation was also performed with a broadband light source (600–1100 nm, 15 J/cm2, 60 mW/cm2) with subsequent histological examination 1 day after treatment.

Results

Prominent increases of ALA‐PpIX were observed 1 hour after application of 5% and 20% ALA, while no increase was observed with 2.5% ALA until 2 hours. A direct correlation was found between ALA concentration and ALA‐PpIX FI. While no fluorescence was detected 1 hour after application of 2.5% or 5% ALA, 20% ALA produced a strong fluorescence in the epidermis, utricle walls, and sebaceous glands. Histological evaluation showed no damage to skin treated with 2.5% ALA‐PDT incubated for 1 hour. Damage was still focused within the sebaceous glands with longer incubation times. Increased ALA concentrations resulted in more prominent damage to the epidermis and sebaceous glands, with deeper damage to the dermis when longer incubation times were used.

Conclusion

Focused damage of sebaceous glands can be achieved with ALA‐PDT when low concentrations of ALA (2.5–5.0%) and short incubation times (to 2 hours) were used. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:376–381, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A diagnostic system for articular cartilage using non‐destructive pulsed laser irradiation
Authors: Sato Masato , Ishihara Miya , Kikuchi Makoto , Mochida Joji
Published: June 2011

Background and Objectives

Osteoarthritis involves dysfunction caused by cartilage degeneration, but objective evaluation methodologies based on the original function of the articular cartilage remain unavailable. Evaluations for osteoarthritis are mostly based simply on patient symptoms or the degree of joint space narrowing on X‐ray images. Accurate measurement and quantitative evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of the cartilage is important, and the tissue properties of the original articular cartilage must be clarified to understand the pathological condition in detail and to correctly judge the efficacy of treatment. We have developed new methods to measure some essential properties of cartilage: a photoacoustic measurement method; and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.

Materials and Methods

A nanosecond‐pulsed laser, which is completely non‐destructive, is focused onto the target cartilage and induces a photoacoustic wave that will propagate with attenuation and is affected by the viscoelasticity of the surrounding cartilage. We also investigated whether pulsed laser irradiation and the measurement of excited autofluorescence allow real‐time, non‐invasive evaluation of tissue characteristics.

Results

The decay time, during which the amplitude of the photoacoustic wave is reduced by a factor of 1/e, represents the key numerical value used to characterize and evaluate the viscoelasticity and rheological behavior of the cartilage. Our findings show that time‐resolved laser‐induced autofluorescence spectroscopy (TR‐LIFS) is useful for evaluating tissue‐engineered cartilage.

Conclusions

Photoacoustic measurement and TR‐LIFS, predicated on the interactions between optics and living organs, is a suitable methodology for diagnosis during arthroscopy, allowing quantitative and multidirectional evaluation of the original function of the cartilage based on a variety of parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:421–432, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxazoline‐Based Antimicrobial Oligomers: Synthesis by CROP Using Supercritical CO2
Authors: Correia Vanessa G. , Bonifácio Vasco D.B. , Raje Vivek P. , Casimiro Teresa , Moutinho Guilhermina , da Silva Cláudia Lobato , Pinho Mariana G. , Aguiar‐Ricardo Ana
Published: June 2011

A method using supercritical CO2 to obtain biocompatible 2‐oxazoline‐based oligomers quaternized with different amines is described. The synthesized oligo(2‐oxazoline)s display partial carbamic‐acid insertion at one end. The syntheses of quaternary oligo(2‐bisoxazoline)s and linear oligoethylenimine hydrochlorides are reported. Oligo(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) and oligo(2‐bisoxazoline) quaternized with N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine are the most efficient biocidal agents showing fast killing rates against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Linear oligoethylenimine hydrochloride shows the lowest MIC values but higher killing times against both bacteria. Based on the antimicrobial activity studies, a cooperative action of carbamic acid with the ammonium end group is proposed.

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Random Copolymers with Pendant Cationic Mixed‐Ligand Terpyridine‐Based Iridium (III) Complexes: Synthesis and Application in Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Dumur Frédéric , Guillaneuf Yohann , Guerlin Audrey , Wantz Guillaume , Bertin Denis , Miomandre Fabien , Clavier Gilles , Gigmes Didier , Mayer Cédric R.
Published: June 2011

The synthesis of two random copolymers bearing pendant mixed‐ligand orthometallated terpyridine‐based cationic iridium (III) complexes, as well as their uses as single‐layered electrophosphorescent emitters in polymer light‐emitting diodes is described. Both solution‐processable iridium metallopolymers are prepared by copolymerization of styrene with a complex‐substituted styrene by nitroxide mediated polymerization. Results on devices based on metallopolymers used as dopant of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) or alone as single layers are presented.

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Functional imaging of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Boertien Tessel , Zrinzo Ludvic , Kahan Joshua , Jahanshahi Marjan , Hariz Marwan , Mancini Laura , Limousin Patricia , Foltynie Thomas
Published: June 2011

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an accepted treatment for the motor complications of Parkinson's disease. The therapeutic mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. Although the results of deep brain stimulation are similar to the results that can be obtained by lesional surgery, accumulating evidence from functional imaging and clinical neurophysiology suggests that the effects of subthalamic nucleus‐deep brain stimulation are not simply the result of inhibition of subthalamic nucleus activity. Positron emission tomography/single‐photon emission computed tomography has consistently demonstrated changes in cortical activation in response to subthalamic nucleus‐deep brain stimulation. However, the technique has limited spatial and temporal resolution, and therefore the changes in activity of subcortical projection sites of the subthalamic nucleus (such as the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and thalamus) are not as clear. Clarifying whether clinically relevant effects from subthalamic nucleus‐deep brain stimulation in humans are mediated through inhibition or excitation of orthodromic or antidromic pathways (or both) would contribute to our understanding of the precise mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation and may allow improvements in safety and efficacy of the technique. In this review we discuss the published evidence from functional imaging studies of patients with subthalamic nucleus‐deep brain stimulation to date, together with how these data inform the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Drug‐induced parkinsonism: A review of 17 years' experience in a regional pharmacovigilance center in France
Authors: Bondon‐Guitton Emmanuelle , Perez‐Lloret Santiago , Bagheri Haleh , Brefel Christine , Rascol Olivier , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2011

Besides antipsychotics, several drugs can induce parkinsonism. We review spontaneous notifications of drug‐induced or ‐worsened parkinsonism to a French regional pharmacovigilance center between 1993 and 2009. During these 17 years, 20,855 adverse drug reactions have been reported, including 155 (0.7%) cases of drug‐induced or ‐worsened parkinsonism. Most of the notifications have involved aged patients (48% between 60 and 79 years) and females (60%). “Seriousness” was found in 43.9% of cases. Worsening of parkinsonism occurred in 28 patients suffering from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Sixty‐nine percent of drug‐induced or ‐worsened parkinsonism cases were observed during the first 3 months after introduction of the “suspect” drug (involving mainly central dopaminergic antagonists). A second peak (20%) was found 12 months after drug introduction (mainly caused by calcium channel blockers). The most frequently reported parkinsonian symptom was rigidity (78.7%). The three cardinal symptoms were found in 37.4% of notifications. Evolution was favorable (after partial or complete withdrawal of suspect drug[s]) in 88.7% of cases. Among the 261 suspect drugs, most involved central dopaminergic antagonists (49%), followed by antidepressants (8%), calcium channel blockers (5%), peripheral dopaminergic antagonists (5%), and H1 antihistamines (5%). Cases with lithium, valproic acid, amiodarone, anticholinesterases, or trimetazidine were also found. Three notifications were the result of pharmacokinetic interactions. We found that drug‐induced or ‐worsened parkinsonism is an often “serious,” but reversible, adverse drug reaction. It occurred more frequently between 60 and 79 years. Rigidity was the most frequently reported symptom. Approximately 50% of drug‐induced or ‐worsened parkinsonism cases spontaneously reported were related to drugs other than antipsychotics. Drug‐induced or ‐worsened parkinsonism can also be explained by pharmacokinetic drug interactions. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
5‐HT radioligands for human brain imaging with PET and SPECT
Authors: Paterson Louise M. , Kornum Birgitte R. , Nutt David J. , Pike Victor W. , Knudsen Gitte M.
Published: June 2011

The serotonergic system plays a key modulatory role in the brain and is the target for many drug treatments for brain disorders either through reuptake blockade or via interactions at the 14 subtypes of 5‐HT receptors. This review provides the history and current status of radioligands used for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging of human brain serotonin (5‐HT) receptors, the 5‐HT transporter (SERT), and 5‐HT synthesis rate. Currently available radioligands for in vivo brain imaging of the 5‐HT system in humans include antagonists for the 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2A, and 5‐HT4 receptors, and for SERT. Here we describe the evolution of these radioligands, along with the attempts made to develop radioligands for additional serotonergic targets. We describe the properties needed for a radioligand to become successful and the main caveats. The success of a PET or SPECT radioligand can ultimately be assessed by its frequency of use, its utility in humans, and the number of research sites using it relative to its invention date, and so these aspects are also covered. In conclusion, the development of PET and SPECT radioligands to image serotonergic targets is of high interest, and successful evaluation in humans is leading to invaluable insight into normal and abnormal brain function, emphasizing the need for continued development of both SPECT and PET radioligands for human brain imaging. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved method for quantification of regional cardiac function in mice using phase‐contrast MRI
Authors: Dall'Armellina Erica , Jung Bernd A. , Lygate Craig A. , Neubauer Stefan , Markl Michael , Schneider Jürgen E.
Published: June 2011

Phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that allows for characterization of regional cardiac function and for measuring transmural myocardial velocities in human hearts with high temporal and spatial resolution. The application of this technique (also known as tissue phase mapping) to murine hearts has been very limited so far. The aim of our study was to implement and to optimize tissue phase mapping for a comprehensive assessment of murine transmural wall motion. Baseline values for regional motion patterns in mouse hearts, based on the clinically used American Heart Association's 17‐segment model, were established, and a detailed motion analysis of mouse heart for the entire cardiac cycle (including epicardial and endocardial motion patterns) is provided. Black‐blood contrast was found to be essential to obtain reproducible velocity encoding. Tissue phase mapping of the mouse heart permits the detailed assessment of regional myocardial velocities. While a proof‐of‐principle application in a murine ischemia–reperfusion model was performed, future studies are warranted to assess its potential for the investigation of systolic and diastolic functions in genetically and surgically manipulated mouse models of human heart disease. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical study of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve using ultrasonography
Authors: Le Corroller Thomas , Lagier Aude , Pirro Nicolas , Champsaur Pierre
Published: June 2011

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether ultrasonography allows precise assessment of the course and relations of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve.

Methods:

This work, initially undertaken in 5 cadavers, was followed by high‐resolution ultrasonographic study in 10 healthy volunteers. The location and relations of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve to the adjacent anatomical structures were analyzed. The course of the nerve was classified according to its relation to the sartorius muscle as posterior or penetrating.

Results:

The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve could be identified consistently along the majority of its course by ultrasonography. Useful landmarks for the detection of the nerve could be defined. Some anatomical variations were noted.

Conclusions:

The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve can be depicted by ultrasonography. Precise mapping of its anatomical course may have significant clinical applications. Muscle Nerve 44: 50–54, 2011
Palliative care services in families of males with duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Arias Rebeca , Andrews Jennifer , Pandya Shree , Pettit Kathleen , Trout Christina , Apkon Susan , Karwoski Jane , Cunniff Christopher , Matthews Dennis , Miller Timothy , Davis Melinda F. , Meaney F. John
Published: June 2011

Introduction: Palliative care services that address physical pain and emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual needs may benefit individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: The objective of this study was to describe the palliative care services that families of males with DMD report they receive. A questionnaire was administered to families of males with DMD born prior to January 1, 1982. Thirty‐four families responded. Results: Most families (85%) had never heard the term palliative care. Only attendant care and skilled nursing services showed much usage, with 44% and 50% indicating receipt of these services, respectively. Receipt of other services was reported less frequently: pastoral care (27%); respite care (18%); pain management (12%); and hospice care (6%). Only 8 respondents (25%) reported having any type of directive document in place. Conclusion: The data suggest a need for improved awareness of palliative care and related services among families of young men with DMD. Muscle Nerve 44: 93–101, 2011
Anti‐musk antibody myasthenia gravis: Clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts
Authors: Guptill Jeffrey T. , Sanders Donald B. , Evoli Amelia
Published: June 2011

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with autoantibodies to muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) represent a distinct subset of those with this disease. Treatment and outcomes data in these patients are limited and conflicting. Methods: We reviewed 110 MuSK‐MG patients from two large clinics in Italy and the USA. Results: Thirty‐nine to 49% of patients with generalized, acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR‐Ab)–negative MG had MuSK‐MG. Eighty‐five percent were female, with disease onset typically in the fourth decade. Ocular and/or bulbar symptoms were present at onset in 79% of those studied. Eighty‐five percent were MGFA class III or greater, and crisis occurred in 28%. Plasma exchange (PLEX) produced improvement in 93%, whereas only 61% improved after intravenous immunoglobulin. Long‐term outcomes were comparable to those of patients with AChR‐Ab–positive MG. Conclusions: MuSK‐MG has a marked female predominance with frequent oculobulbar weakness and crises. Many patients deteriorate rapidly early in the disease, and PLEX is usually the preferred treatment. Long‐term outcomes are similar to those of patients with AChR‐Ab+ MG. Muscle Nerve 44: 36–40, 2011
Accuracy of electromyography needle placement in cadavers: Non‐guided vs. ultrasound guided
Authors: Boon Andrea J. , Oney‐Marlow Theresa M. , Murthy Naveen S. , Harper Charles M. , McNamara Terrence R. , Smith Jay
Published: June 2011

Introduction:

Accuracy of needle electromyography is typically ensured by use of anatomical landmarks and auditory feedback related to voluntary activation of the targeted muscle; however, in certain clinical situations, landmarks may not be palpable, auditory feedback may be limited or not present, and targeting a specific muscle may be more critical. In such settings, image guidance might significantly enhance accuracy.

Methods:

Two electromyographers with different levels of experience examined 14 muscles in each of 4 fresh‐frozen cadaver lower limbs. Each muscle was tested a total of eight times; four fine wires were inserted without ultrasound (US) guidance and four were inserted under US guidance. Overall accuracy as well as accuracy rates for the individual electromyographers were calculated.

Results:

Non‐guided needle placement was significantly less accurate than US‐guided needle placement, particularly in the hands of less experienced electromyographers, supporting the use of real‐time US guidance in certain challenging situations in the electromyography laboratory. Muscle Nerve 44: 45–49, 2011
Vibration from a riveting hammer causes severe nerve damage in the rat tail model
Authors: Raju Sandya Govinda , Rogness Olaf , Persson Magnus , Bain James , Riley Danny
Published: June 2011

Introduction: Hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is an occupational neurodegenerative and vasospastic disorder in workers who use powered hand tools. Frequency weighting (ISO 5349) predicts little risk of injury for frequencies >500 HZ. Potentially damaging high frequencies abound in impact tool–generated shock waves. Methods: A rat tail impact vibration model was developed to deliver shock‐wave vibration from a riveting hammer to simulate bucking bar exposure. Rat tails were vibrated continuously for 12 min. Tail flick withdrawal times were determined for noxious heat. Nerve trunks and skin were processed for light and electron microscopy. Results: Immediately after vibration, the tails were hyperalgesic and had disrupted myelinated axons, fragmented nerve endings, and mast‐cell degranulation. By 4 days, the tails were hypoalgesic; nerve endings were lost in the skin. Conclusions: Shock‐wave vibration causes severe nerve damage. Frequency weighting seriously underestimates the risk of nerve injury with impact tools. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Prospective study of the impact on quality of life of cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion for neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Authors: Guillotreau Julien , Castel‐Lacanal Evelyne , Roumiguié Mathieu , Bordier Benoit , Doumerc Nicolas , De Boissezon Xavier , Malavaud Bernard , Marque Philippe , Rischmann Pascal , Gamé Xavier
Published: June 2011

Objectives

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction has a negative impact on the patient's quality of life (QoL). Cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion is a treatment option in patients in failure after conservative management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of ileal conduit urinary diversion on the QoL of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

Materials and Methods

From March 2004 to November 2010, 48 patients (36 women and 12 men with a mean age of 50.6 ± 11.8 years) treated by cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion for neurogenic bladder dysfunction, prospectively completed, before and after surgery, two self‐administered QoL questionnaires. Neurological diseases were multiple sclerosis in 38 cases, spinal cord injury in 7 cases, and other neurological disease in 3 cases. Cystectomy was performed by laparoscopy in all patients. QoL was measured by using two self‐administered questionnaires, one questionnaire specific for urinary disorders validated in neurological patients, Qualiveen®, and the generic SF36‐v2® questionnaire. Data were compared by Student's t test.

Results

Comparison of the Qualiveen® self‐administered questionnaire scores and indices before and after surgery showed that, after surgery, patients presented a significant reduction of limitations (0.57 ± 0.64 vs. 1.55 ± 1.35, P < 0.001), constraints (2.12 ± 0.83 vs. 2.64 ± 1.12, P = 0.046) scores and the SIUP index (1.29 ± 0.65 vs. 1.79 ± 0.95, P = 0.015). No significant change in SF36‐v2® scores was observed postoperatively.

Conclusions

Ileal conduit urinary diversion improves the urinary QoL of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction by decreasing limitations and constraints induced by urinary disorders, but has no impact on general QoL. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1503–1506, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
L2‐estimates for the DG IIPG‐0 scheme
Authors: de Dios Blanca Ayuso , Brezzi Franco , Havle Oto , Marini L. Donatella
Published: June 2011

We discuss the optimality in L2 of a variant of the Incomplete Discontinuous Galerkin Interior Penalty method (IIPG) for second order linear elliptic problems. We prove optimal estimate, in two and three dimensions, for the lowest order case under suitable regularity assumptions on the data and on the mesh. We also provide numerical evidence, in one dimension, of the necessity of the regularity assumptions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2012
Stability analysis for switched Hopfield neural networks with time delay
Authors: Lian Jie , Zhang Kai , Feng Zhi
Published: June 2011

This paper considers the asymptotic stability problem for switched Hopfield neural networks with time‐varying delay under the hysteretic switching rule. The single and multiple Lyapunov function methods are employed to design the hysteretic switching rule dependent on the current state and previous value of the switching signal. Sufficient conditions are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities to guarantee the stability of such a system. Two examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term complications in totally implantable venous access devices: Randomized study comparing subclavian and internal jugular vein puncture
Authors: Ribeiro Rodrigo C. , Abib Simone C. V. , Aguiar Alexandre S. , Schettini Sérgio T.
Published: June 2011

Background

This prospective randomized study evaluated complications related to long‐term totally implantable catheters in oncologic children and adolescents by comparing venopunction performed either in the jugular or subclavian vein.

Methods

A total of 83 catheters were implanted from January 2004 to April 2006 and followed‐up until March 2008. Patients were randomly allocated to the subclavian or jugular vein group. The endpoint was complications that led to catheter revision or catheter removal.

Results

Six patients were excluded, 43 had the catheter implanted in the subclavian and 34 in the jugular vein. Subclavian catheters were used for up to 12.6 months, while jugular catheters were kept in place for up to 14.8 months (P = 0.38). No statistical differences were found between the groups concerning age, sex, leukocyte count, platelet count, type of admission (in or outpatient), or previous chemotherapy regimens. When analyzed individually, long‐term complications did not present statistically significant differences either. Infection occurred in 20 and 11% (P = 0.44), while catheter embolism took place in 23 and 8% (P = 0.11) of patients with subclavian and jugular catheters, respectively. A statistical difference was seen in the total number of complications, which occurred in 48 and 23% (P = 0.02) of patients in the subclavian and in the jugular groups, respectively.

Conclusions

Catheters implanted by puncture in the subclavian vein were more prone to late complications than those implanted in the jugular vein. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 274–277. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fostering social–emotional resilience among Latino youth
Authors: Reyes Jazmin A. , Elias Maurice J.
Published: June 2011

National statistics reveal that Latino youth face significant challenges and engage in many risky behaviors that can hinder positive development and well‐being, such as attempted suicide, lifetime cocaine use, unprotected sex, and dropping out of school. However, these statistics obscure the fact that many Latino youth are developing well despite exposure to significant adversity. A critical question that lies before researchers, educators, and policy makers is how to improve the health, well‐being, and achievement of more Latino youth. This article considers conceptual issues related to resilience and culture, risk, and protective factors relevant to Latinos and the role schools play in promoting resilience. Special attention is paid to the building of child‐based resources, such as social–emotional competencies, and social system resources, such as a caring school climate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determining the source of house flies (Musca domestica) using stable isotope analysis
Authors: Heinrich Katharina , Weaver Robert J , Bell Howard A
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Intensive livestock units frequently produce flies in large numbers that, on migration, cause nuisance to the occupants of neighbouring dwellings. The resolution of such problems is often reliant on the unequivocal identification of the origin of the flies, particularly when several potential sources exist. This study evaluated stable isotope analysis as a method for differentiating adult houseflies (Musca domestica) on the basis of their dietary history so as to determine their likely source.

RESULTS: Flies were reared in the laboratory on several substrates, including chicken and cattle manure, laboratory diet and household vegetable waste. Different fly parts (wings, heads and legs) and whole flies were analysed immediately after eclosion and after 10 days. The δ13C and δ15N values for adults that had developed on each diet type were highly distinct. Both isotopic ratios altered markedly after maintaining the flies for 10 days on a diet of cane sugar solution.

CONCLUSIONS: Stable isotope analysis readily differentiated flies that had developed on a range of substrates. The technique, therefore, shows potential to be employed to determine the likely source of various nuisance insects, and to contribute to the abatement of such problems. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Bipolar resistance switching in chalcogenide materials
Authors: Pradel Annie , Frolet Nathalie , Ramonda Michel , Piarristeguy Andrea , Ribes Michel
Published: June 2011

The paper reports on an investigation of two chalcogenide films that both show bipolar resistance switching, i.e., Ag/Ge0.25Se0.75 and Ge2Sb3Te5. Changes occurring in the chalcogenide films during switching were analyzed by conductive‐atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM). All the findings in the first Ag/Ge0.25Se0.75 family are in agreement with the proposal of a migration of Ag from the electrode throughout the film, creating random conductive paths when a bias is applied and their rupture when the bias is reversed. Reversible bipolar resistance switching with bias in the range of few volts was clearly demonstrated in Ge2Sb3Te5 films, even though its nature is not so well understood. Clear enough is the fact that a primary and irreversible contraction of the film along with an increase in its conductivity occurred when a bias was applied to the film. It was related to a crystallization of the film. Further write/erase cycles induced resistance switching but no change in the contraction/expansion of the films. Our findings corroborated a mechanism where an amorphous Sb‐rich phase would exist in between Ge2Sb2Te5 crystallites. This would create conductive paths when a bias is applied, paths that would break when the polarity is reversed.
Capturing triplet emission in white organic light emitting devices
Authors: Singh Jai
Published: June 2011

The state‐of‐the art in the white organic light emitting devices (WOLEDs) is reviewed for further developments with a view to enhance the capture of triplet emission. In particular, applying the new exciton–spin–orbit–photon interaction operator as a perturbation, rates of spontaneous emission are calculated in a few phosphorescent materials and compared with experimental results. For iridium based phosphorescent materials the rates agree quite well with the experimental results.
Study of uniformity of high performance AlInN HEMT with ultra‐thin barrier
Authors: Gao Xiang , Gorka Daniel , Saunier Paul , Ketterson Andrew , Zhou Lin , Smith David J. , Guo Shiping
Published: June 2011

High performance AlInN/AlN HEMTs with Ga free barrier and sharp interface have been demonstrated with excellent control of sheet resistance and uniformity. As the total barrier thickness reduce to below 4 nm, the depletion of 2DEG channel start to accelerate, and consequently the sheet resistant uniformity degrades due to the difficulty in individual thickness uniformity control at this level. Significant better uniformity was achieved after improvement in AlN process. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Confocal Raman depth‐profile analysis of the electrical and structural properties in III‐nitride structures
Authors: Strelchuk V. V. , Bryksa V. P. , Avramenko K. A. , Valakh M. Ya. , Belyaev A. E. , Mazur Yu. I. , Ware M. E. , DeCuir E. A. , Salamo G. J.
Published: June 2011

Scanning confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to non‐destructively evaluate the structural and electronic properties of n+/n0/n+‐GaN Gunn‐diode structures. The depth profiles of the free carrier concentration and mobility were obtained from a line shape analysis of the ω–, ω+ coupled phonon‐plasmon modes. It was found that the intensity profiles of the Raman polar A1(LO) phonon mode depend on the thickness of the undoped n0 layer, while the intensity profiles of the nonpolar E2high mode were unaffected by the doping. The change in frequency and linewidth of E2high mode throughout the thickness of the GaN layers, however reveal structural inhomogeneity in the diode structures. The carrier concentration and mobility exhibit only slight variations with thickness with the largest variation being at the free surface of the device. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐resolved photoluminescence of Al‐rich AlGaN/AlN quantum wells under selective excitation
Authors: Iwata Yoshiya , Oto Takao , Kaneta Akio , Banal Ryan G. , Funato Mitsuru , Kawakami Yoichi
Published: June 2011

We performed time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements for high‐quality Al‐rich AlGaN/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) under selective excitation condition in order to investigate carrier recombination dynamics around the Mott transition. Fast and slow lifetime components (12 ps and 210 ps) were definitely observed under high excitation conditions at 5.5 K and were attributed to electron‐hole plasma and the exciton many‐body effect, respectively. It was found that the remarkable difference in the radiative lifetimes caused strongly excitation‐power dependent internal quantum efficiencies. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)