bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five Punishments and Beyond
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 discusses the intellectual foundations of Chinese law and justice, such as the notions of Heaven, the Mandate of Heaven, Heaven-human interactions, and yin and yang as two primal forces constituting the underlying dynamics of the cosmos and human society. It traces the evolution of penal codes from the Qin dynasty to the Qing dynasty, showing how morality, governance, social order, justice, and wrongdoing were defined and how conceptions of criminal offenses and their punishments evolved. It makes clear that the imperial law and justice were designed to uphold the imperial system and the patriarchal family system as a coherent political-social-moral universe, which was underpinned by the notion of balance between yin and yang and was corresponding to “Heavenly reason.”
Introduction
Authors: Regnerus Mark
Published: August 2020

Marriage has receded dramatically in much of the West; given their historical and theological esteem for matrimony, are Christians faring any better? Not by much. Christian marriage, too, appears to be experiencing a recession. How do modern Christians around the world look for a mate within a religious faith that esteems marriage but a world that increasingly yawns at it? Some of the challenges facing them are mathematical—more women than men in congregations—while others are ideological, such as the penchant for keeping one’s options open. Economic and career expectations counsel delay. Do Christians wait on marriage? Not as long as the irreligious: being active in church predicts marrying earlier in most countries. Over time, this gap in marriage between the more religious and the less religious adds up. The future of marriage is becoming more religious, not less.
Men and Women
Authors: Regnerus Mark
Published: August 2020

Men’s earnings have become less important as a predictor of marriage rates in a world where women are thriving educationally and economically. Standards have risen. There are wide and high expectations for material well-being in marriage. Christians respond to these trends by exhibiting sex role flexibility in marriage—and often dual incomes—but they are not gender revolutionaries about marriage. Their behavior reveals no interest in overhauling longstanding sex role expectations. At its core, marriage is a relationship of interdependence. Insofar as spouses become functionally similar, marriage becomes less necessary and should become less popular—as is occurring today. Marriage rates are shrinking because of increasing disinterest in what marriage actually is. Marriage will never disappear, however, and its four key expectations—fidelity, totality, permanence, and children—are not social constructions. Public relations campaigns can win ballot initiatives and judges can alter marriage laws, but they cannot ignite new interest in marriage.
Introduction
Authors: Maloy Rebecca
Published: August 2020

Provides an introduction to the book’s central objectives, to the Old Hispanic rite, and to the Visigothic cultural program. The book argues that much of the Old Hispanic chant was created as part of an intellectual and cultural project initiated by Iberian bishops in the late sixth and seventh centuries. A central part of this project was the education of clergy, and through this, the formation of a Nicene Christian society. Chant was a central part of this endeavor. The chapter examines primary sources related to the history of the Old Hispanic liturgy and chant, such as the church councils and the works of Isidore of Seville, and traces, in summary form, the later developments of the tradition. The author also provides an overview of each chapter’s central argument.
The Iconography of Divinity: El
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

The literary portrayals of El worship must be complemented by a look at the aesthetically physical. Was El imagined in the form of an enthroned, benevolent patriarch or a majestic bull or even a solid block of stone? Chapter Five situates the iconography of El within a comparative study of ancient Israel’s neighbors, especially the robust El religion of Late Bronze Age Syria (Ugarit). Methodologically, the chapter examines the misuse of comparative iconography prior to articulating criteria for determining whether a material object represents the divine. The numerous cults of standing stones or masseboth (known elsewhere as betyls or “houses of El”) attested archaeologically throughout Iron Age Israel’s history are discussed including at the key sites of Shechem, the so-called “Bull Site,” Hazor, Arad, Tel Dan and Khirbet Ataruz. Possible theriomorphic representations of El (especially as a lion and bull) in text and material culture are also discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

Chapter Eleven briefly articulates the contents of the core chapters. The volume was intentional in restricting its treatment of divinity to El and Yahweh—with minimal coverage of female divinity, the plurality of divinity and the preternatural (angelic and demonic)—for pragmatic reasons. These topics, especially Levantine goddesses, deserve full scale treatments. To illustrate this (as an apology), Chapter Eleven has a lengthy excursus detailing what a full treatment of just a single goddess (ʿAštart = Astarte) would entail using the same parameters espoused in the current volume (e.g. text, iconography, ancient Near Eastern comparanda).
The volume concludes with comments about how humans (modern and ancient alike) privilege certain divine attributes in their conceptualizations of divinity. Yet overall, ancient Israel’s wedded traditions argue that God cannot be reduced to a single attribute, a single explanation. God’s traits do not sit in isolation from one another. They are holistic and integrated.
Social Protection under Authoritarianism
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Why would authoritarian leaders expand social welfare provision in the absence of democratization? What are the distributive features and implications of social welfare expansion in an authoritarian country? How do authoritarian leaders design and enforce social welfare expansion in a decentralized multilevel governance setting? This book identifies the trade-off authoritarian leaders face in social welfare provision: effectively balancing coverage and benefits between elites and masses in order to maximize the regime’s survival prospects. Using government documents, field interviews, survey data, and government statistics about Chinese social health insurance, this book reveals that the Chinese authoritarian leaders attempt to manage the distributive trade-off by a “stratified expansion” strategy, establishing an expansive yet stratified social health insurance system to perpetuate a particularly privileged program for the elites while building an essentially modest health provision for the masses. In China’s decentralized multilevel governance setting, the stratified expansion of social health insurance is implemented by local leaders who confront various fiscal and social constraints in vastly different local circumstances. As a result, there is great regional variation in the expansion of social health insurance, in addition to the benefit stratification across social strata. The dynamics of central-local interaction in enforcing the stratified expansion of social health insurance stands at the core of the politics of health reform in China during the first decade of the 2000s. This book demonstrates that the strategic balance between elites and masses in benefit distribution is delicate in authoritarian and decentralized multilevel governance settings.
Why Maps Matter
Authors: Leuenberger Christine , Schnell Izhak
Published: August 2020

Maps—whether they are on paper or online—have become ubiquitous. While maps used to be the purview of a trained cadre of experts and came about with the rise of the nation-state, mapping practices have increasingly become democratized. Now everyone with mapping software and an internet connection can engage in map-based activism and put forth particular geopolitical visions. Maps produced in a conflict region like Israel/Palestine exemplify how various top-down and bottom-up mapping practices speak to how maps can become part of map wars over how to present a territory and its boundaries. Israel/Palestine’s map wars also exemplify how visual rhetoric can become a powerful tool in the war of maps. In order to trace the social history of mapping practices in Israel/Palestine we use various theoretical tools drawn from Science and Technology Studies, sociology, and geography and we draw on archival material, in-depth interviews, and ethnographies to trace the historical significance of maps in Israel/Palestine.
Constructing Israel’s Borders
Authors: Leuenberger Christine , Schnell Izhak
Published: August 2020

Border Studies scholars have increasingly focused attention on borders as sites of investigation. Borders are particularly significant in the case of Israel/Palestine, as many of these boundaries are contested. The mapping of Israel’s borders are where top-down mappings by colonial powers or clueless politicians intersect with complex regional realities. The history of border-making between Israel and Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and the West Bank all speak to what makes for “good” borders and better neighbors. The infamous Green Line exemplifies how a thoughtless delineation of the boundary by a bad map-reader with a thick pencil can reverberate across time and space for decades. Generally, delineations without regard for local conditions only fuel disputes over territory and can, in conjunction with ineffective national and bi-nation policies, negatively impact cross-border regions, economic development, and social interconnectivity across the border region. With many of Israel’s boundaries in flux over the years, the Survey of Israel tends to emphasize not only the temporary status of boundaries but also favors the representation of Israeli territorial claims. The stories of Israel’s many boundaries reveal that there is no technocratic solution to boundary-making. Instead, stable boundaries were based on delineating them with the local in mind, bi-national negotiations between policymakers and politicians, and bi-national teams of surveyors and experts for whom science could become a tool for establishing trust and engage in better diplomacy.
Texas vs. California
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

Texas and California are the leaders of red and blue America. As the nation has polarized, its most populous and economically powerful states have taken charge of the opposing camps. These states now advance sharply contrasting political and policy agendas and view themselves as competitors for control of the nation’s future. This book provides a detailed account of the rivalry’s emergence, present state, and possible future. First, it explores why, despite their many similarities, the two states have become so deeply divided. The explanations focus on critical differences in the state’s origins as well as in their later demographic, economic, cultural, and political development. Second, the book analyzes how the two states have translated their competing visions into policy. It describes how Texas and California have constructed opposing, comprehensive policy models—one conservative, the other progressive. It describes how these models operate and how they have produced widely different outputs in a range of domestic policy areas. In separate chapters, the book highlights the states’ contrasting policies in five areas: tax, labor, energy and environment, poverty, and social issues. It also shows how Texas and California have led the red and blue state blocs in seeking to influence federal policy in these and other areas. Finally, the book assesses the two models’ strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential futures, providing a balanced analysis of their competing visions.
Labor
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

The Texas and California models have polarized over labor policy. Texas has been a national leader in promoting a free-market approach to the employer-employee relationship. Texans were early supporters of the “open shop” and advanced this policy by coining and promoting the term “right to work.” In addition, Texas has restricted public sector unionization and has dismissed most other elements of the labor agenda. By comparison, California is one of the nation’s most union-friendly states and the most assertive in regulating the workplace. California has been a leader in recognizing the right of groups to unionize and strike and in enacting workplace regulations that exceed federal minimums. For example, the state was among the first to adopt a $15 minimum wage. California also provides its public sector workers comparatively generous pay, pensions, and benefits. The chapter concludes by presenting basic trade-offs of the two models.
Income and Poverty Gaps between Han and Ethnic Minorities in Rural China
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , Lyu Lidan
Published: August 2020

This chapter uses the CHIP 2002 and 2013 rural data to investigate incomes and poverty among ethnic minorities who live outside of China’s five ethnic autonomous regions. Although the incomes of these rural minorities remained below those of the Han majority, the income gap narrowed during this period. A decomposition analysis finds that the income gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities was mainly due to household characteristics and residence location rather than due to ethnicity. From 2002 and 2013 absolute poverty declined and relative poverty increased for both the Han and the ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the minority-Han poverty gap narrowed. Regression analysis suggests that the poverty gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities was mainly because the ethnic minorities lived in less-developed regions. After controlling for region, research revealed that poverty among the Han was more serious than that among the ethnic minorities. The findings also reveal the importance of education for ethnic minorities.
The Effects of the Minimum-Wage Policy on the Wage Distribution in Urban China
Authors: Ma Xinxin , Li Shi
Published: August 2020

Using the CHIP survey data, this study analyzes the effects of the minimum wage (MW) policy on wage distribution in urban China from 1993 to 2013. Several major conclusions emerge. Ordinary least squares and quantile regression model estimates show that the MW affected both the average wage and the wages of the low-wage groups during 1993–1995, 1998–2002, and 2007–2013, with the greatest effect during the 1993–1995 period. Neumark, Schweitzer, and Wascher model estimates indicate that the change in the MW level affected changes in the wage level for low-wage groups during 1993–1995 and 1998–2002, with the greatest effect during the 1993–1995 period. A difference-in-differences model indicates that even when heterogeneity problems are addressed, the MW considerably affected the wage levels of low-wage groups during all three periods. All of the estimation results reveal the presence of a spillover effect in 1993–1995 but not in 1998–2002 or 2007–2013.
Parallel and Related Trends
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Inductive development of the concept of violence against women in politics largely proceeded from an activist and practitioner space focused on the global South. Chapter 3 identifies incidents of political sexism and misogyny in other regions that helped propel recognition of violence against women in politics as a global phenomenon. It summarizes debates involving politically active women in other regions—including the global North—showing that this problem affects women across a range of different countries. One of these was the #MeToo movement that swept around the world in late 2017, which drew attention to sexual harassment within political institutions and highlighted that gender-based violence was not restricted to election-related events. The chapter goes on to show that these episodes have largely been folded into the work done by practitioners in the violence against women in politics field, helping to strengthen its recognition as a universal phenomenon.
Rational Attitudes toward Risks
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

Rationality requires aversions to risks, considering them in isolation, but permits attractions to risks, taken as means to attainment of goals. It specifies the strength of an intrinsic aversion to a risk in the sense of a chance of a bad event, but leaves open the strength of an intrinsic aversion to a risk in the sense of an act’s exposure to chance. Principles of consistency and proportionality govern attitudes to risks and attitudes to prospects, taken as chances for good events. Rationality prohibits being more intrinsically averse to losses than attracted to gains of equal magnitude, provided that losses and gains are assessed using their intrinsic utility assignments. However, it permits attitudes to risks to change as risks move into the past. Requirements concerning attitudes to risks and prospects ground evaluation of acts using their expected utilities.
Combinations of Acts
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

Combining acts combines their risks. Their risks are not additive, either using their sizes or their intrinsic utilities. This creates the possibility of hedging, that is, adopting a risk to lower overall risk. Evaluation of combinations of acts that produce risks depends on whether the acts are simultaneous or in a sequence. Rationality evaluates a set of simultaneous acts as one act, given an ideal agent’s awareness of performing all together and at will. It evaluates a sequence of acts by evaluating its components one by one; their rationality suffices for the sequence’s rationality. This method of evaluation contrasts with evaluation of a sequence by comparing its utility to the utilities of rival sequences. Rationality does not evaluate sequences using utility maximization, even when the sequences bring neither unanticipated information nor changes in goals, because sequences are not options in the sense of being performable at will.
Rolling Back Idealizations
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

Common principles of rationality adopt idealizations that a normative model makes explicit. A standard method of generalizing the model is to relax an idealization and revise principles of rationality to accommodate the change. Three idealizations to relax are: (1) cost-free reflection (2) certainty of the contents of propositions entertained, and (3) utility assignments that are stable throughout a choice. This chapter sketches ways of relaxing these idealizations. It shows how deliberations using beliefs and desires may approximate results of deliberations using probabilities and utilities. It generalizes probability and utility assignments for uncertainty about the content of a proposition by relativizing the assignments to a way of understanding the proposition. Finally, it presents principles of choice for decision problems with unstable utility assignments to acts.
Coda
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat
Published: August 2020

The preceding chapters have explored the histories of Chinese Buddhist migration, settlement, integration, and networks in the twentieth century. As noted in the introduction, there are two main themes to this study. The first concerns the attempt to write a connected history of Buddhist communities in China and Southeast Asia. The other explores the role of Chinese diasporic monks in the making of Buddhist modernism in the Malay Archipelagic states of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. This concluding chapter weaves together the threads of each theme and offers some directions for future research.
“Our Demand Has Been and It Remains—Unconditional Surrender!”
Authors: Gallicchio Marc
Published: August 2020

This chapter begins the story of this book on the island of Okinawa, Japan, beginning at dawn on April 1, 1945. This point in time sparked the largest concentrated naval bombardment ever to cover a landing. The chapter charts the dramatic pace of events that followed during that month and beyond. What happened in Okinawa resulted in a change in leadership in Tokyo, which convinced diplomats in the United States that Japan was signaling its intent to end the war. However, the chapter argues, they were mistaken. With the Americans firmly on Okinawa and a new prime minister leading the country, Japan had reached a turning point yet was refusing to turn. Instead, the country continued its fatal path toward the end. The military continued to urge the people to endure sacrifice until they were, hopefully, to be rescued. However, as we now know, this was the beginning of the end.
“Popular Opinion Can Offer No Useful Contribution”
Authors: Gallicchio Marc
Published: August 2020

This chapter begins a month after the previous chapter, on July, 6, 1945, as President Truman, Admiral Leahy, and Secretary of State James Byrnes departed Washington by train, and then by cruiser USS Augusta, heading for Antwerp, Belgium. The formalization for Japanese surrender was finally to begin. American hatred of the Japanese emperor was balanced by a more generalized desire on the part of most Americans to return to peacetime pursuits. Americans were looking past the surrender of Japan and thinking about life after the war. However, the chapter argues, it wasn’t going to be as cut and dried as that. The chapter provides evidence for the subtleties that existed in the debate in political circles.
Drives
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The third chapter continues the account of the bodily valuing Nietzsche attributes to all living things. It makes this valuing more concrete by developing the primary way it occurs—in our drives. These are the principal explainers in Nietzsche’s psychology; he offers this “drive psychology” in opposition to our prevailing “agent psychology.” Our drives are the ways we press ahead toward goals, with the underlying aim of power or growth. We value, often unconsciously, in the signs by which these drives steer. Each of us consists of many such drives, synthesized by relations of command and obedience. This drive-synthesis gives each body a system of values: the web of signs it aims toward or away from. The chapter examines how Nietzsche thinks we have access to these largely unconscious drives, how they interact with one another, and what practical lessons he draws (i.e., what new relation to our drives he recommends).
Affects
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The fourth chapter completes the account of bodily valuing by treating its second dimension: how we value in our “affects.” In these we feel the world’s impacts upon us and evaluate, in this feeling, how they strengthen or weaken us. Here we value not by steering toward goods (as in our drives), but reactively and retrospectively. These feelings serve as signs in a different way: as signs of how we have been growing—or declining. This backward turn in our affects opens up a great problem for Nietzsche, here called his “problem of the past.” We humans are unhealthily preoccupied with our past, as he argues in his critiques of memory, history, ressentiment, and guilt. Our affectivity also raises the problem of suffering, whose felt judgment against life Schopenhauer uses to ground pessimism—a conclusion that Nietzsche denies and reverses: we are to embrace life even in its tragic aspect.
Human
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The fifth chapter turns to Nietzsche’s analysis of the distinctively “human” values that our species has superimposed upon bodily values. It treats the innovation that most made us human: what we call our “agency.” Our conceptions of ourselves as subjects and agents are largely mistaken, but the very thinking of ourselves in these ways makes a key difference. Nietzsche here develops a naturalistic alternative to Kant’s transcendental arguments: positing ourselves as agents is not a possibility-condition but a life-condition. We examine his account of the genealogy and functions of this self-conception. It makes us able to use a new kind of value-sign, which we steer by consciously. This human valuing also presumes that its values should be “true”—should be grounded in reasons and not just in what we happen to want. This demand gives humans truth as a kind of meta-value competing with the deeper bodily value of power.
Introduction
Authors: Bose Shibani
Published: August 2020

This chapter sets the stage for the narrative which ensues by delineating the ecological importance of megafauna, and underlining the importance of the period chosen for study. It is also a historiographical sketch of the ways in which studies on animals have been approached. This is followed by an elucidation of the sources used by the study to reconstruct the histories of these mega mammals. These include multiple prisms ranging from faunal remains retrieved from archaeological sites, visual depictions in the form of rock paintings, seals, and terracottas to the formidable corpus of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and classical Western accounts.
Trunk Calls in Antiquity
Authors: Bose Shibani
Published: August 2020

Scattered across the texts of early India are glimpses embodying diverse facets of human interactions with elephants. Chapter 5, thus, carves out a narrative of the fortunes of the animal within religious and secular traditions separated in time and space. The animal is known for the dexterity of its trunk as well as the phenomenon of musth. Also interspersed are images of the pachyderm in its benevolent as well as malevolent forms. Its might and grandeur is recognized, and so is its destructive potential, suggesting that the elephant is perhaps the best exemplar of a relationship fraught with harmony as well as discord.
Introduction
Authors: Sanyal Usha
Published: August 2020

The ‘Introduction’ sets out the framework for this comparative study of different kinds of religious education for South Asian Muslim women. The study is divided into two parts. The term adab encapsulates what the madrasa is trying to achieve. Adab is a classical term often translated as ‘etiquette’ in English, though it carries a complex resonance of meanings that go much deeper. In part 2, in contrast, I use the term da‘wa to characterize Al-Huda. The Arabic term Da‘wa (also referred to as tabligh, from balagha, discourse) means ‘call’ or ‘invitation’. Today’s da‘wa movements are no longer confined to preachers’ sermons during weekly Friday prayers, but have become a popular phenomenon with wide reach through the use of the Internet and other media sources. These two Arabic terms frame my discussion of the two case studies in the book. The ‘Introduction’ also examines what unites the two ethnographies, which seem at first sight to be so different as to share no common ground.
Jami‘a Nur al-Shari‘at, a Barelwi Girls’ Madrasa in Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Sanyal Usha
Published: August 2020

This chapter introduces the first of my two case studies. It discusses the location and history of Shahjahanpur (and Farrukhabad district) in west UP and the personal history of Sayyid Sahib, the founder of the madrasa. Employing Winkelmann’s concept of ‘core families’, it lays out the web of connections, both familial and Sufi-based, between the leading male administrators of the madrasa. Since the Sufi connections go back to Ahmad Raza Khan’s younger son, Mustafa Raza Khan (d. 1981), the chapter also discusses the contemporary genealogical history and politics of Ahmad Raza Khan’s descendants, in what is a very polarized and politicized environment in Bareilly today. I employ the concept of adab to understand the overall ethos of the madrasa as well as generational and gendered relationships, and the tension between different sources of authority such as age versus knowledge.
Al-Huda International
Authors: Sanyal Usha
Published: August 2020

Chapter 6 begins a new section, one which emphasizes daw‘a rather than adab. Against the backdrop of Pakistani politics in the 1990s when Al-Huda International was founded by Farhat Hashmi and Idrees Zubair, it shows how online classes are organized and run at its North American site in Mississauga, Canada. It takes the reader into the online classroom of the Al-Huda Qur’an class in which I was a student from 2009 to 2013. What is distinctive about Al-Huda? What prompts adult women to sign up for its demanding course of study? I argue that online students’ mastery of Arabic and intensive study of Islamic history and theology simultaneously gives them voice and a sense of empowerment, thereby challenging both traditional Islamic authority structures and Western representations of Muslim women.
Student Narratives
Authors: Sanyal Usha
Published: August 2020

In Chapter 9 I focus on the students of Al-Huda classes, both onsite and online. Most of the students who spoke to me were young adults—some married with children, some college students, and some professionals. Whether living in North America, Europe, or South Asia, they were drawn to Al-Huda for a variety of reasons, and all of them reported deriving strength from deepening their engagement with the Qur’an. Bilingual in English and a South Asian language, they were educated middle-class women discovering the Qur’an through Al-Huda classes. All of them had chosen to live a more orthoprax lifestyle in accordance with what they learned in the Al-Huda classes. But in order to succeed, I argue, they had to get their families’ support. They had to do da‘wa. In this chapter, I examine their life stories in light of the concepts of ‘precarity’ and gendered Islamophobia as articulated by Attiya Ahmad and Jasmin Zine, respectively.
The Naga Ethnic Movement for a Separate Homeland
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

This book offers a compelling ground-based narrative of the Naga armed ethnic movement ongoing since 1918 for a separate independent homeland in Northeast India. Based on my nearly nine years of studying the conflict and my extensive fieldwork in the area, I offer a gripping and unique narrative of how the Naga armed conflict has affected lives on a daily basis. The book offer stories from people who have thought about the conflict, being born into it, taken part in it, or have been directly or indirectly affected by it. It includes glimpses about their love for their land, the poignant mix of identity, politics, emotions, culture as well as the very real inter-ethnic differences that fuel the conflict. The book explains how the Naga population perceives their meeting point with the institutions of the Indian state in the midst of a conflict zone, especially the army and the paramilitary. It documents what it feels like to live in a conflict zone and the restrains and/or constrains that it cultivates in people, especially those young. I write for the reader, stories of immense courage and conviction that I have encountered as I travelled through the Northeast in the last nine years as well as from decades spent, growing up in Haflong, Assam. These stories are poignant yet joyful, sometimes melancholy, sometimes full of aspirations for the future. These complex stories, when woven together, offers a captivating narrative to get a better grasp of life in these Naga-inhabited areas of India and Burma.
Phizo
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

The second chapter deals with the life of A.Z. Phizo, the charismatic leader of the Naga National Council (NNC). It details his entry into the conflict, his role during the fight against British rule in Naga-inhabited areas as well as his role in the formation of the Naga National Council. The chapter provides a glimpse of his motivations as well as life trajectory as a rebel leader including his successes and disappointments. It was Phizo who created the conditions and narrative for the subsequent Naga movement for a separate homeland and was instrumental in conducting a plebiscite in Naga areas in 1951. The chapter highlights his role as the father of the Naga movement.
Biruni
Authors: Malagaris George
Published: August 2020

This book places Biruni in his historical and cultural context within the long-term history of medieval Eurasia. It outlines the course of Biruni’s life, clarifying key questions about his associations, travels, and patrons. Following an overview of Biruni’s chief interests, it details his major works to illustrate the breadth of Biruni’s output and his intellectual approach, especially his attention to language, esteem for knowledge, and commitment to objective truth. An account of his institutional context and relationships elucidates his friendships and rivalries, notably with Avicenna. The book also shows how varied paths of transmission affected the legacy of Biruni and its reception in global scientific and literary traditions. Finally, a timeline, list of key works, and detailed bibliographic essay will guide readers into further study of Biruni and his thought. This comprehensive overview of Biruni is based on the Arabic and Persian primary sources in the original languages using the best editions. The author has consulted scholarship in French, German, and Russian to draw conclusions and present up-to-date bibliographic references in a manner accessible to specialists and the general reader alike.
The Islamic East a millennium ago: Biruni’s world
Authors: Malagaris George
Published: August 2020

Biruni constantly investigated his complex world in its natural and historical aspects. He perceived his homeland of Khwarazm in the manner of a modern physical geographer while simultaneously maintaining awareness of its underlying cultural currents and far-flung connections with distant lands. He appreciated that the notion of a region depended on cultural and political factors; indeed, the modern usage of the terms Central Asia, Middle East, and South Asia implies a multiplicity of histories, as he doubtlessly would have understood. Biruni himself frequently commented on its significance and persistently sought to interpret its underlying tendencies throughout his writing. Whether he touched on the topics of ancient Iran, late antique Hellenism, or early medieval Islam, Biruni added to the knowledge of his contemporaries, and the survival of his works has augmented our own.
Sin in the New Testament
Authors: Siker Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

This book examines what the different New Testament writings have to say about sin within the broader historical and theological contexts of first-century Christianity. These contexts include both the immediate world of Judaism out of which early Christianity emerged, as well as the larger Greco-Roman world into which Christianity quickly spread as an increasingly Gentile religious movement. The Jewish sacrificial system associated with the Jerusalem Temple was important for dealing with human sin, and early Christians appropriated the language and imagery of sacrifice in describing the salvific importance of the death and resurrection of Jesus. Greco-Roman understandings of sin as error or ignorance played an important role in the spreading of the Christian message to the Gentile world. The book details the distinctive portraits of sin in each of the canonical Gospels in relation to the life and ministry of Jesus. Beyond the Gospels the book develops how the letters of Paul and other early Christian writers address the reality of sin, again primarily in relation to the revelatory ministry of Jesus.
Sin in Luke-Acts
Authors: Siker Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

Luke presents more stories than Mark or Matthew regarding Jesus’s interaction with sinners, whether tax collectors, a woman of the city, or the parable of the prodigal son. In each instance, Luke’s Jesus is concerned to extend God’s merciful forgiveness to sinners. Forgiveness of sin is a prominent themes throughout Luke’s Gospel, coming to a climax with Jesus on the cross forgiving the people for what they are doing to him, as well as assuring a sinful thief that he will be with Jesus in paradise. This motif of forgiveness of sin continues in the Acts of the Apostles through the preaching of Peter and Paul, whose message is one of repentance and forgiveness in the name of Jesus.
Oklahoma!
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: August 2020

Oklahoma! premiered on Broadway on 31 March 1943 under the auspices of the Theatre Guild, and today it is performed more frequently than any other Rodgers and Hammerstein musical. When this book was first published in 2007, it offered the first fully documented history of the making of the show based on archival materials, manuscripts, journalism, and other sources. The present revised edition draws still further on newly uncovered sources to provide an even clearer account of a work that many have claimed fundamentally changed Broadway musical theater. It is filled with rich and fascinating details about the play on which Oklahoma! was based (Lynn Riggs’s Green Grow the Lilacs); on what encouraged Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Guild to bring Rodgers and Hammerstein together for their first collaboration; on how Rouben Mamoulian and Agnes de Mille became the director and choreographer; on the drafts and revisions that led the show toward its final shape; and on the rehearsals and tryouts that brought it to fruition. It also examines the lofty aspirations and the mythmaking that surrounded Oklahoma! from its very inception, and demonstrates just what made it part of its times.
From Stage to Screen
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: August 2020

Oklahoma! was a surprising success on Broadway, and although the Theatre Guild considered other possible creative teams for new musicals, the now-sealed Rodgers and Hammerstein partnership proved hard to resist. A touring company was in place by late summer 1943, and Oklahoma! traveled internationally after the end of World War II (not least, to London’s West End in 1947); meanwhile, the Guild needed to replace cast members leaving one or other productions of the show. In 1953, Rodgers and Hammerstein bought the Guild’s rights to all three of the shows they had done under its auspices (including Carousel and Allegro). In part, this was to maximize their profits from intended film versions. The 1955 film of Oklahoma! took advantage of the new Todd-AO wide-screen process and location shooting to produce a vivid rendition of the show that, however, also needed to be followed, or resisted, in subsequent stage versions.
Introduction
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

Although a twenty-first-century bump in high-profile musical television programming like Glee and The Sound of Music Live! brought television’s relationship to the musical back into the popular cultural consciousness, the Hollywood and Broadway musical had always been part of the American television landscape. This chapter sets up this relationship and creates a road map for the seven-chapter exploration of the small screen’s romance with a foundational American art form. It further contextualizes the work within a broader view of popular music, early forms of musical platform convergence (e.g. Broadway with sheet music sales, radio, and motion pictures), existing scholarship, and the challenges of conducting such a historical study when copies of the primary focus of the research—the programming itself—no longer exist or never existed in re-viewable form.
Small-Screen Singalongs
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

As the television industry struggled to establish its identity in the late 1940s, it looked across town to Broadway and Tin Pan Alley and embraced the deep-rooted, highly lucrative, popular musical and its music as sources of inspiration. It turned to the familiar sounds of Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, Rodgers and Hammerstein, and Leonard Bernstein—music which fueled Broadway ticket sales and the recording industry. Focusing specifically on commercial television’s first decade, 1944–1955, this chapter explores how network programming sought to absorb both the sweeping popularity and cultural legitimacy of the musical genre and Broadway stage in pursuit of much-needed viewers and a more established cultural image or cachet. Further, it explores how visuals were transported from Broadway houses to small screens and how the first glimpses of Broadway on television would emerge as the medium set the stage for decades of small-screen singalongs.
Sequins and Songs on the Small Screen
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

By the late sixties, television was America’s medium and, just as it had with stage and film musicals in the decades prior, it embraced the increasingly legitimized musical style of Vegas. Whether through Mitzi Gaynor’s string of television specials; the repackaging of Sonny and Cher’s Vegas shtick, glitz, and musical tributes; or The Carol Burnett Show’s Bob Mackie–clad musical extravaganzas, Vegas/Broadway hybrids filled the small screen. This fusion of old-school and, to a lesser degree, contemporary musicals with the popularized pizzazz and glamour of Vegas brought the television musical comfortably in line with the cheeky sexiness of 1970s network programming. Highlighting the ongoing symbiosis among various musical platforms, this chapter explores the rise of a hybridized Broadway-Vegas style on television, or what the author terms “BroadVegas,” in the context of changing generic norms across stages and screens, heightened inter-network competition and branding, and emergent visual, generic, and promotional styles.
GLEEks of the Week, Stage Tube, and #racheldoesstuff
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the rise and digital marketing of a spate of musical series between 2009 and 2019. It explores the specific methods used to address audiences of Fox’s Glee, NBC’s Smash, ABC’s Galavant, and The CW’s Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and how the shows’ industry-driven online footprints project both the television industry’s embrace of Web 2.0 techniques and varying methods of hailing fans of the Broadway musical. In various ways, these series blend techniques of Broadway and television fandoms and parlay theatrical language and stars into marketing tools, while acknowledging the contemporary power of online stardom in the cultivation of contemporary media texts. Whether through network websites, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, or via interactive gif-creators and contests, these four musical series hung their hopes on the promise of fan interactivity.
The Hills Are Alive with Live-ness (or Not)
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

Struggling broadcast networks sought to gain big ratings from a now fragmented, ever-fickle, and platform-ambivalent viewing audience by attempting to use a bit of nostalgia and celebration of liveness to temporally woo back audiences hungry for multi-platform viewing and time-shifting. NBC and Fox sought to resuscitate the live television musical with new productions of iconic shows like The Sound of Music, Peter Pan, The Wiz, Grease, and Hairspray. The years 2013 through 2018 looked like a crash course in designing these millennial musical live events, as the two networks repeatedly shifted their live musical presentation. Clear negotiations of liveness, viewership, and shooting/staging style emerged through the specials’ contested relationships with theatre itself. Through an exploration of the networks’ perception of the millennial cachet of Broadway and shifting choices in performance style and digital promotion, this chapter explores the rise and plateau of the early twenty-first century’s revival of televised live musicals.
Conclusion
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

This final entry draws together some larger conclusions from the previous seven chapters, specifically addressing the complexity of the relationship between the various performance platforms and locales discussed in the book. As well, it poses some suggestions for future historical work regarding the relationship between television and the musical and looks ahead at the ever-rising level of convergence and audience participation possible in an increasingly networked world. It nods to an emergent trend in showing recordings of Broadway shows in movie theatres, the launch of Broadway HD, and the role the Internet plays in distributing licensed, bootlegged, and fan-created musical texts. It notes that the book is in no way comprehensive but seeks to illuminate the string of moving parts involved in the musical’s forays into television and ultimately looks forward at what might still be coming down the pike.
Visual and Multimodal Communication
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

Successful communication requires optimal relevance to a target audience. Relevance theory (RT) provides an excellent model based on this insight, but the impact of the theory has until now been restricted due to an almost exclusive focus on spoken face-to-face communication. Visual and Multimodal Communication: Applying the Relevance Principle is the first book to systematically demonstrate how RT can fulfill its promise to develop into an inclusive theory of communication. In this book, Charles Forceville refines and adapts RT’s original claims to show its applicability to static visuals and multimodal discourses in popular culture genres. Using colorful examples, he explains how RT can be expanded and adapted to accommodate mass-communicative visual and visual-plus-verbal messages. Forceville addresses issues such as the difference between drawing prospective addressees’ attention to a message and persuading them to accept it; the thorny continuum from implicit to explicit information; and the role of genre. Case studies of pictograms, advertisements, cartoons, and comics provide contemporary and accessible examples of the importance of genre and of how the RT model can be connected to other approaches. By expanding the application of relevance theory to include mass-communicative messages, Visual and Multimodal Communication reintroduces a central framework of cognitive linguistics and pragmatics to a new audience and paves the way for an inclusive theory of communication.
How We Got into Harmonic Tonality, and How to Get Out
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

Since Alexandre Choron and François-Joseph Fétis coined the term tonalité, the nature and history of the Western “common practice” tonal style has vexed music theorists and historians. This chapter argues for a pluralistic approach to studying tonality’s history, and advocates a model that centers rhythm, meter, phrase structure, and form rather than pitch content. Refocusing our attention on parameters that regulate pitch content, rather than pitch content itself, can help us to separate the emergence of tonality in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries from incremental changes in background scale commonly described as modes and keys. Instead, we might consider how regulatory parameters create expectation: strategicallydeployed dominant arrivals prepare and predict eventual tonic returns.