bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Variable Boundary Conditions On the Accuracy of Limited Area Numerical Forecasts
Authors: Hamilton J. E. M.
Published: July 2010

We present the results of an extensive parallel run experiment to determine the effect of variable boundary conditions on the accuracy of forecasts produced by the limited area primitive equation model of the Irish Meteorological Service. the boundary values were extracted from ECMWF forecasts starting from an earlier analysis time (sometimes 12 hours earlier and sometimes 24 hours earlier). the experiment was run for a total of 247 cases (covering the period July 1985 to January 1986). the results show that the use of variable boundary values improves the 24‐hour forecast over the full area of the chart but has only a negligible (but positive) impact over the central section of the forecast area.
Interpretation of Satellite Imagery of A Rapidly Deepening Cyclone
Authors: Young M. V. , Monk G. A. , Browning K. A.
Published: July 2010

Model output and observational data are used to interpret, in detail, satellite images of a distinctive cloud system several hundred kilometres long which was observed before and during rapid cyclonic development that occurred over England. Conceptual models are forwarded which account for the structure of the major cloud areas and upper‐level moisture fields (as observed by water vapour imagery) immediately prior to and following the onset of vigorous cyclogenesis.

The cloud system corresponded to what R. B. Weldon refers to as a baroclinic leaf cloud and was characterized by ‘ana’ cold frontal ascent. the baroclinic leaf lay within an area of enhanced ascent ahead of a major upper‐level trough. A jet streak which originated upstream, propagated rapidly around the base of the upper trough. A tongue of dry air centred on the left flank of this jet streak lay immediately upstream of the leaf cloud and had a major influence on its subsequent development. This intrusion of dry air was well represented by the Meteorological Office fine mesh model, which showed it as a pronounced tongue of recently descended air with high potential vorticity, which originated in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Rapid cyclogenesis occurred as the dry intrusion overran low‐level air of high θw within a warm conveyor belt at the southern tip of the leaf cloud. Interaction of the dry intrusion and baroclinic leaf cloud is shown to be particularly important in accounting for the detailed distribution of weather. It also suggests a way of pinpointing the location and timing of vigorous cyclogenesis.
Radar Observations and Modelling of Warm Rain Initiation
Authors: Caylor I. J. , Illingworth A. J.
Published: July 2010

Differential radar reflectivity data are presented which indicate that some initial echoes of convective clouds arise from a small number of very large raindrops; these raindrops may be supercooled. Typically raindrop concentrations are three orders of magnitude lower than the average Marshall‐Palmer drop size distribution found in mature clouds. an explanation of these observations in terms of the sweep‐out of cloud droplets by a low concentration of ultra‐giant nuclei of radii between 30 and 100 μm is offered. A simple model of this process, initiated using the average background levels of these nuclei, gives good agreement with the radar data. the model is not critically dependent upon the choice of collection efficiencies of the nuclei for the cloud droplets nor on the precise form of the ultra‐giant nucleus spectrum. the ultra‐giant nuclei seem capable of explaining the appearance of the raindrops without invoking complex mixing processes within clouds or appealing to the stochastic nature of the collisions between cloud droplets.
Modelling Sulphate Deposition Onto Hills By Washout and Turbulence
Authors: Hill T. A. , Jones A. , Choularton T. W.
Published: July 2010

It has recently been shown from model predictions and measurements at Great Dun Fell, that the variation of sulphate deposition with altitude associated with rainfall is much larger than had previously been thought. In this paper the model of deposition by the seeder‐feeder mechanism is extended to cover a wider range of atmospheric conditions and hill sizes and the results are compared with a model of turbulent deposition. It is shown that turbulent deposition rates are a factor of about 5 to 10 less than by the seeder‐feeder mechanism. the patterns of both types of deposition are strongly affected by atmospheric stability and wind speed. the model of deposition by washout of a hill cap cloud by rain predicts that for a steep hill, characteristic length 2 km, the maximum rainfall and sulphate deposition rates are downstream of the hill summit. In this case, the raindrop trajectory through the highest liquid water content region is short, but the condensation rate is large due to strong updraughts. Hence the greatest effect is the wind‐drift of the raindrops and consequently the rainfall and deposition maxima are displaced downstream. On a longer hill, about 10 km in length, cloud water is not so rapidly resupplied due to reduced updraught. the rainfall rate in the region of the summit is greater than for a steep hill because the region of high water content is large in horizontal extent and the effects of wind‐drift are small. As a result, the maximum rainfall and deposition rates occur somewhat upstream of the hill summit, depending on atmospheric stability. the generation of sulphate by the oxidation of sulphur dioxide within cloud can greatly influence the deposition patterns due to both turbulence and washout. If 1 p.p.b.v. of H2O2 is assumed present in the atmosphere prior to cloud formation (a summer concentration) with a higher concentration of SO2, then the sulphate loading within the cloud will rise by several μgm−3 and deposition will increase commensurately. the other main oxidant, ozone, may also contribute significantly to sulphate production. In this case, however, there are no limitations on its availability to inhibit sulphate generation; instead it is found that there is a rapid decrease in the rate of reaction below about pH 4.5. Its effectiveness is therefore strongly dependent on the buffering capacity of the cloud droplet system.
Experiments On Tropical Circulation With A Simple Moist Model
Authors: Davey M. K. , Gill A. E.
Published: July 2010

A simple model of the circulation of the tropical atmosphere is constructed where the circulation is determined entirely by the sea surface temperature (s.s.t.) pattern, or rather by a forcing field which is closely related to s.s.t. It is an equatorial beta‐plane model with an assumed simple baroclinic vertical structure. the moisture and precipitation fields are allowed to evolve freely so there are feedbacks between the latent heating, which contributes to driving the motion, and the low‐level velocity field which produces the moisture convergence required to generate precipitation.

Experiments with idealized Pacific s.s.t. distributions produce qualitatively realistic precipitation patterns for January (a patch in the west Pacific over the equator) and July (a zonal strip north of the equator).

Analytic solutions for zonally symmetric flow are given to illustrate the basic dynamics and to study the parameter dependence of the precipitation. an analysis of zonal variations shows that a good simplifying approximation for this component is to neglect Rayleigh friction while retaining Newtonian cooling.

The effect of changing the zonal contrast in the prescribed forcing is to gradually alter the circulation from Hadley‐like to Walker‐like. the model suggests that along the equator a relatively small contrast is needed to break a zonal band of precipitation.
Variational Assimilation of Meteorological Observations With the Adjoint Vorticity Equation. Ii: Numerical Results
Authors: Courtier Philippe , Talagrand Olivier
Published: July 2010

The adjoint variational approach to data assimilation described in the first part of this paper is used, with the same vorticity equation model, to assimilate northern hemisphere radiosonde observations of wind and geopotential distributed over a 24‐hour period.

Except over the eastern Pacific Ocean, where no observations are available, the variational assimilation reconstructs all structures of the flow resolvable by the model to an accuracy of about 30 m for geopotential heights and 8 m s−1for wind vectors. A particular structure, the Aleutian depression, is reconstructed even though it was not covered by the available observations.

The assimilation produces unrealistic small‐scale noise which can be reduced by adding an appropriate smoothing term to the distance function minimized in the variational process. Detailed study of the minimization strongly suggests that the distance function varies quadratically with respect to the model's initial conditions. This implies that the tangent linear equation of the model suffices to describe the 24‐hour evolution of the forecast error.
Dynamics of a ‘bomb‐like’ deepening secondary cyclone from airborne doppler radar
Authors: Lemaǐtre Y. , Protat A. , Scialom G.
Published: July 2010

During the second field phase of the COAST (Coastal Observations and Simulations with Topography) experiment, an extremely deep secondary cyclone was sampled over the open Pacific Ocean by an airborne Doppler radar. This secondary low led a few hours later to strong damage from central California to Washington as it moved northward along the western US coast. the present paper gives mesoscale dynamical insight into this deep secondary low. It reveals a warm‐seclusion situation, with the colder airflow that cyclonically encircles the low centre in quasi gradient‐wind‐balance state. A conceptual representation of the mesoscale airflow circulation in the low centre area is given. This study also validates new analysis methods developed to access three‐dimensional dynamical fields at mesoscale from airborne Doppler radar measurements within secondary cyclones. These methods will be used intensively to process airborne radar data gathered during the field phase of the FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment) project so as to scrutinize multiscale processes involved in secondary cyclogenesis over the Atlantic.
The impact of Greenland on cyclone evolution in the North Atlantic
Authors: Kristjánsson J. E. , Mcinnes H.
Published: July 2010

In order to understand better the role of Greenland's orography in determining the position and strength of the Icelandic low, we have carried out a number of experiments using a numerical weather prediction model. In those experiments, Greenland's orography was modified, and the impact on cyclone developments over the North Atlantic was investigated. We have focused on one fairly characteristic winter case from January 1995, but another one from January 1993 gave qualitatively similar results.

We have found evidence that the deepening of baroclinic cyclones near Iceland is hampered by the presence of Greenland's orography. This has been shown to be related to the inability of cold air from the north to cross over Greenland, leading to a distortion of the thermal field associated with the disturbance and a halting of the progression of the cold front. In the January 1995 case, a characteristic secondary cyclone forming between Greenland and Iceland was shown to be entirely orographic, in that it was absent in runs where Greenland's orography was removed. the results are considered in the context of recent theoretical studies of flow splitting in stratified flow impinging on high mountains.
Stochastic representation of model uncertainties in the ECMWF ensemble prediction system
Authors: Buizza R. , Milleer M. , Palmer T. N.
Published: July 2010

A stochastic representation of random error associated with parametrized physical processes (‘stochastic physics’) is described, and its impact in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System (ECMWF EPS) is discussed. Model random errors associated with physical parametrizations are simulated by multiplying the total parametrized tendencies by a random number sampled from a uniform distribution between 0.5 and 1.5. A number of diagnostics are described and a choice of parameters is made. It is shown how the scheme increases the spread of the ensemble, and improves the skill of the probabilistic prediction of weather parameters such as precipitation. A choice of stochastic parameters is made for operational implementation. the scheme was implemented successfully in the operational ECMWF EPS on 21 October 1998.
Tropical‐wide teleconnection and oscillation. II: The enso‐monsoon system
Authors: Miykoda K. , Navarra A , Ward M. N.
Published: July 2010

Two teleconnection indices, discussed in Part I, i.e. the Tropical‐wide Oscillation Index (TOI) and the Walker circulation Index (WAI), are applied to the analysis of the ENSO‐monsoon (El Niño Southern Oscillation‐Asian monsoons) system. the first hypothesis presented in Part I was that the TOI for July‐August‐September (JAS) is closely related to the Indian summer monsoon index as well as the Southern Oscillation Index. As a result, the TOI represents the lead‐lag characteristics of the tropical circulation variability over the eastern hemisphere (45°E‐170°E) and simultaneously its interaction with the ENSO over the equatorial Pacific. the second hypothesis was that there are two types of connection between the ENSO and Asian monsoons: type I with distinct connection in space and time, and type II without connection. the WAI provides a measure for this connection. This idea is supported by comparisons of observed and model teleconnection structures in Part I.

Part II investigates these relations further. Time‐lag correlations are calculated between the key indices and atmospheric variables over the equatorial Indo‐Pacific Oceans. If type II years, derived by the WAI, are removed from the 34‐year time series, correlations between the TOI and these variables increase appreciably, now showing clearly the biennial character. the analysis identifies a sequence of events involving biennial oscillation of the ENSO‐monsoon system from approximately JAS(‐1) to JAS(O), followed by intensification of the ENSO from JAS(O) to November‐December‐January(+1). the ENSO‐monsoon oscillation system is not sinusoidal but skewed.

To show the geographical patterns associated with the above sequence of events, planar maps are presented of the lag correlation between the observed TOI(JAS) and (i) vertical velocity at the 500hPa level, (ii) precipitation, (iii) sea surface temperature (SST), and (iv) atmospheric sea level pressure. Distinct geographical distributions of the ENSO‐monsoon oscillation emerge in both the observations and model data. One pattern is characterized by a horseshoe shape over the Pacific, which is generally symmetric around the equator, but with geographical differences depending on location in the lag sequence. the other pattern is a see‐saw shape, primarily a standing oscillation located in the eastern South Pacific and the Indian Oceans, resembling the sea‐level‐pressure pattern found by Trenberth and Shea. Applying the lead‐lag relationship, it is demonstrated that the SST over the central Pacific four months ahead can be projected, based on the TOI(JAS). Conversely, the intensity of the Indian monsoon rainfall for non‐type II years can be projected 15 months ahead by the SST over the eastern Pacific Ocean. This indicates that the ENSO‐monsoon oscillation system is quasi‐periodic, as opposed to irregular, with a two‐year cycle; this is clearly revealed with the removal of type II years.
Radiative forcing and climate sensitivity: The ozone experience
Authors: Christiansen Bo
Published: July 2010

The climatic impact of ozone perturbations is studied with a general‐circulation model by considering both the radiative forcing at the tropopause and the change in the near‐surface temperature. In particular, we focus on the vertical sensitivity by imposing the perturbations in different vertical layers. the simulations are done in perpetual‐January mode and with climatological sea ice. the main part of the analysis is focused on global‐mean values and in particular on the surface energy budget. Moderate sensitivities related to weak positive feedbacks are found when the perturbation is applied to the troposphere or the lower stratosphere, while larger sensitivities are found for perturbations in the higher stratosphere. This difference in the feedbacks is argued to be related to the vertical partitioning of the radiative forcing determined by the relative strengths of the long‐wave and short‐wave forcings. While the larger part of the short‐wave forcing, which dominates for ozone perturbations in the higher stratosphere, penetrates to the surface, the long‐wave forcing is predominantly deposited in the free troposphere. When the model is forced at the surface, latent‐heat flux effectively transports energy to the free troposphere restoring the lapse rate to its unperturbed value. Conversely, when the forcing is located in the free troposphere transport to the surface is limited. For the experiments under consideration the radiative forcing and the climate sensitivity are found to be robust and only slightly sensitive to the definition of the tropopause. As a measure of climate change the forcing adjusted for thermal changes in the stratosphere is superior to both the instantaneous forcing and to the forcing obtained after dynamical changes in the stratosphere.
Four‐dimensional variational assimilation of special sensor microwave/imager total column water vapour in the ECMWF model
Authors: Gérard É. , Saunders R. W.
Published: July 2010

Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) radiances have been used to infer a total column water‐vapour amount using a one‐dimensional variational retrieval in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecast model. These retrievals are then assimilated using the operational, four‐dimensional variational (4DVar) analysis at ECMWF. the impact of assimilating the total column water vapour on the ECMWF analyses and forecasts is assessed. the primary impact is on the model analysed humidity fields in the tropics and southern hemisphere where 2 to 4% more water vapour is included in the lower troposphere. the addition of moisture in the model also has an impact on the meridional circulation. No impact is seen in the mean extratropical forecast performance but a case study is presented of the improved forecast of low‐pressure systems in the Southern Ocean, when SSM/I data are used in 4DVar.
North atlantic oscillatiodannular mode: Two paradigms—one phenomenon
Authors: Wallace John M.
Published: July 2010

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), as defined in the studies of Sir Gilbert Walker ca. 1930, and the zonal‐index cycle, as elaborated by investigators at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology some twenty years later, are different interpretations of the same entity, whose time variations are well represented by the leading principal component of the northern hemisphere sea‐level pressure field. The NAO paradigm envisions this phenomenon as involving a unique teleconnection pattern in the Atlantic sector that varies on interannual and longer time‐scales in association with large‐scale atmosphere‐ocean interaction. In contrast, the zonal‐index‐cycle paradigm posits the existence of independent, fundamentally zonally symmetric (or ‘annular’) modes of variability in the northern and southern hemispheres, both of which fluctuate on intraseasonal as well as interannual time‐scales. Spontaneous interactions between the zonally symmetric flow and the eddies are viewed as being largely responsible for the variability of the annular modes at the higher frequencies, and a variety of different mechanisms including, but by no means limited to, atmosphere‐ocean interaction are viewed as potentially capable of forcing them at the lower frequencies. The NAO and ‘annular mode’ paradigms offer contradictory interpretations of the causal linkages that are responsible for the observed correlations between North Atlantic climate variability and variations in a diverse array of zonally averaged quantities. They suggest different research agendas and they evoke quite different images in the popular press. It is argued that the two paradigms cannot be equally valid and that it is in the interests of the community to come to a consensus as to which of them is more appropriate. Rules of evidence are proposed as a basis for making that decision.
A gcss model intercomparison for a tropical squall line observed during toga‐coare. I: Cloud‐resolving models
Authors: Redelsperger J.‐L. , Brown P. R. A. , Guichard F. , How C. , Kawasima M. , Lang S. , Montmerle T. , Nakamura K. , Saito K. , Seman C. , Tao W. K. , Donner L. J.
Published: July 2010

Results from eight cloud‐resolving models are compared for the first time for the case of an oceanic tropical squall line observed during the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment. There is broad agreement between all the models in describing the overall structure and propagation of the squall line and some quantitative agreement in the evolution of rainfall. There is also a more qualitative agreement between the models in describing the vertical structure of the apparent heat and moisture sources.

The three‐dimensional (3D) experiments with an active ice phase and open lateral boundary conditions along the direction of the system propagation show good agreement for all parameters. The comparison of 3D simulated fields with those obtained from two different analyses of airborne Doppler radar data indicates that the 3D models are able to simulate the dynamical structure of the squall line, including the observed double‐peaked updraughts. However, the second updraught peak at around 10 km in height is obtained only when the ice phase is represented. The 2D simulations with an ice‐phase parametrization also exhibit this structure, although with a larger temporal variability.

In the 3D simulations, the evolution of the mean wind profile is in the sense of decreasing the shear, but the 2D simulations are unable to reproduce this behaviour.
A GCSS model intercomparison for a tropical squall line observed during toga‐coare. II: Intercomparison of single‐column models and a cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Bechtold P. , Redelsperger J.‐L. , Beau I. , Blackburn M. , Brinkop S. , Grandper J.‐Y. , Grant A. , Gregory D. , Guichard F. , How C. , Ioannidou E.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents single‐column model (SCM) simulations of a tropical squall‐line case observed during the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment of the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Programme. This case‐study was part of an international model intercomparison project organized by Working Group 4 ‘Precipitating Convective Cloud Systems’ of the GEWEX (Global Energy and Water‐cycle Experiment) Cloud System Study.

Eight SCM groups using different deep‐convection parametrizations participated in this project. The SCMs were forced by temperature and moisture tendencies that had been computed from a reference cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulation using open boundary conditions. The comparison of the SCM results with the reference CRM simulation provided insight into the ability of current convection and cloud schemes to represent organized convection. The CRM results enabled a detailed evaluation of the SCMs in terms of the thermodynamic structure and the convective mass flux of the system, the latter being closely related to the surface convective precipitation. It is shown that the SCMs could reproduce reasonably well the time evolution of the surface convective and stratiform precipitation, the convective mass flux, and the thermodynamic structure of the squall‐line system. The thermodynamic structure simulated by the SCMs depended on how the models partitioned the precipitation between convective and stratiform. However, structural differences persisted in the thermodynamic profiles simulated by the SCMs and the CRM. These differences could be attributed to the fact that the total mass flux used to compute the SCM forcing differed from the convective mass flux. The SCMs could not adequately represent these organized mesoscale circulations and the microphysicallradiative forcing associated with the stratiform region. This issue is generally known as the ‘scale‐interaction’ problem that can only be properly addressed in fully three‐dimensional simulations.

Sensitivity simulations run by several groups showed that the time evolution of the surface convective precipitation was considerably smoothed when the convective closure was based on convective available potential energy instead of moisture convergence. Finally, additional SCM simulations without using a convection parametrization indicated that the impact of a convection parametrization in forced SCM runs was more visible in the moisture profiles than in the temperature profiles because convective transport was particularly important in the moisture budget.
The second compare exercise: A model intercomparison using a case of a typical mesoscale orographic flow, the pyrex iop3
Authors: Georgelin Marc , Bougeault Philippe , Black Thomas , Brzovic Nedjlejka , Buzzi Andrea , Calvo Javier , Cassé Vincent , Desgagné Michel , El‐Khatib Ryad , Geleyn Jean‐Francois , Holt Teddy , Hong Song‐You , Kato Teruyuki , Katzfey Jack , Kurihara Kazuo , Lacroix Bruno , Lalaurette Francois , Lemaitre Yvon , Mailhot Jocelyn , Majewski Detlev , Malguzzi Pietro , Masson Valery , McGregor John , Minguzzi Enrico , Paccagnella Tiziana , Wilson Clne
Published: July 2010

Fifteen models have been evaluated for their ability to simulate the various phenomena of a mesoscale orographic flow sampled during the Pyrénées experiment (PYREX). A pure forecast exercise has been conducted and model performances were assessed using numerous observations. for additional experiments were also performed in order to discriminate between small‐scale errors and large‐scale induced errors, and to discuss an optimal specification of model terrain height and roughness for use with envelope orography and effective roughness length parametrizations.

The comparison results reveal systematic errors for all the models: the local winds are too weak, the mountain‐wave amplitude is too large and the lee vortices are poorly represented. Since forcing by analyses did not correct the errors, they can be therefore mainly attributed to the model representation of orography. The blocking created by the model topography at low level is under‐represented and the model topography does not sufficiently slow the flow.

A positive consequence of the effective roughness length parametrization is to reduce the mountain‐wave amplitude. Negligible benefit occurs from the use of an envelope orography parametrization. Although it favours the appearance of the lee vortices, the latter appear too early, the local winds remain too weak, and the mountain‐wave amplitude is enhanced. The comparison of the computed pressure drag with the observed one is reasonably good for most of the models but the pressure drag is found to be more correlated to the lee vorticity than to the mountain wave.
The impact of a physically based microphysical scheme on the climate simulation of the meteorological office unified model
Authors: Wilson Damian
Published: July 2010

The predictions of two, large‐scale precipitation schemes for a general‐circulation model are compared within a development version of the Meteorological Office's climate model. One scheme contains a prognostic ice content and a representation of mixed‐phase microphysical processes, whereas the second scheme is a diagnostic scheme where condensate is partitioned into liquid and ice as a function of temperature. Results show that, although the overall near‐surface conditions are similar, significant differences occur in the structure of clouds predicted by the two schemes. The total precipitation rate is similar, but the microphysical scheme has less convective activity than the temperature‐partition scheme, because of the different subgrid nature of the schemes. Layer‐cloud amounts are changed due to both changes in condensate and changes in its diagnosis. More ice is predicted by the microphysical scheme, mainly as a result of reduced fall speeds of ice particles. This shows the need for global measurement methods of ice‐water content to be developed.
Density currents in two‐layer shear flows
Authors: Xue Ming
Published: July 2010

An earlier two‐fluid model of an idealized densitycurrent in low‐level shear is extended to include variable upper‐level shear. Far‐field solutions are determined, based on the conservation of mass, momentum and vorticity, and the conservation of Bernoulli function (energy) along streamlines for inviscid flows. It is found that the upper‐level and low‐level shears play similar roles in controlling the depth of steady‐state density‐currents. In most cases, large positive upper‐level shear supports a deeper density‐current and steeper front, and therefore a stronger updraught. It is also found that when the low‐level shear is weak and upper‐level shear occupies about half the domain depth, larger positive shear can result in a shallower rather than a deeper density‐current. This behaviour was not found for either constant shear flow or flows with only low‐level shear. The behaviour is understood by examining the flow structure and flow‐force components as a function of the upper‐level shear, Furthermore, by allowing the upper‐level shear to vary, an overturning flow is permitted ahead of the density current. This was not possible in the earlier model in which the upper‐level flow was assumed to be constant. The present extension allows us to draw closer analogues between the model solutions and the circulation patterns found in typical squalllines in sheared environments.

Time‐dependent numerical experiments are conducted for a range of upper‐ and low‐level shears. The depth and the propagation speed of simulated density‐currents are found to agree very well with predictions by the idealized theoretical model. This verifies the validity of the theoretical model. In addition, numerical experiments with identically zero low‐level shear but differing upper‐level shears suggest that the deeper shear is as important as the low‐level shear in determining the uprightness of the upward branch of inflow. In fact, the presence of positive low‐level inflow shear may not be essential. Such results are also supported by the theoretical model, and may have important implications for our understanding of squall‐line dynamics.
Total‐ozone imaging over north america with GOES‐8 infrared measurements
Authors: Orsolini Y. J. , Karcher F.
Published: July 2010

Infrared observations from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES‐8) are used to provide high‐resolution synoptic maps of total ozone over North America for 23/24 February 1996. The infrared retrievals are validated with total ozone measured by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment instrument. In the GOES‐derived total‐ozone maps, one can identify fine‐scale structures. A prominent one is a slow‐moving, slender filament with a typical contrast of 30 Dobson units, stretching across North America along the 40°N latitude circle. A high‐resolution ozone simulation using European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts winds for this period also displays total‐ozone filaments characterized by high contrasts. There are more filamentary structures in the model.
Temperature changes over short distances as shown by records in the Edinburgh district
Authors: Spence M. T.
Published: July 2010

Temperature records for six meteorological stations in and around Edinburgh are examined and some of the differences in the records are discussed in relation to topographical and other features of the locality. It is found that, in summer, a t the time of maximum temperature, the vertical gradient of temperature in a valley might average some four times the dry adiabatic “lapse‐rate.” Rather big temperature differences are also found between the coast and a valley some four miles inland. The bearing of trees and hedges on the results is considered.
Some characteristics of the mean annual circulation over the British Isles
Authors: Goldie A. H. R.
Published: July 2010

The westerly component of the mean annual drift of air over the northern part of the British Isles has, during the last 30 years, attained maxima at intervals mostly of four years. Using this element as an index for classifying the years, the writer sets out the special features which in 1,arious corresponding years have affected weather, temperature, rainfall, sunshine and gales in the British Isles.

It is shown that years in which the westerly component of air drift reached a maximum have been characterised on the average by warmer and drier conditions and their summers individually by sunnier conditions than other years of the series; years preceding a maximum (so far as the available statistics enable the point to be explored) appear mostly to have been characterised by a high duration of winds of gale force and by a maximum “latitude‐exchange” of air.

Attention is called to the fact that Lockyer, over 30 years ago. noted the existence of a 3–8 year period in atmosphere pressure in India, Australasia and South America, and that more recently Elton, from biological researches and Kershaw from consideration of sunshine data, have remarked on the probability of a climatic factor with a period of about four years.
Effect of CH···O hydrogen bond length on the geometric and spectroscopic features of the peptide unit of proteins
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: July 2010

A formamide molecule is allowed to form a CH···O H‐bond with a glycine dipeptide in both its C5 and C7 internal conformations. As this intermolecular H‐bond is elongated, the contraction of the CH covalent bond is monitored, as is its vibrational stretching frequency and intensity, along with NMR chemical shifts of the atoms involved in the H‐bond. The degree of shortening of the CH bond becomes progressively smaller as the proton acceptor is moved further away, as does the blue shift of the CH stretching frequency, and the chemical shift of the bridging proton. These changes are monotonic and regular enough that experimental evaluation of CH bond length or blue shift or proton NMR chemical shift may be used to accurately predict the energetics of the H‐bond for any particular geometry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
A comparison of avian communities and habitat characteristics in floodplain forests associated with valley plugs and unchannelized streams
Authors: Pierce Aaron R. , King Sammy L.
Published: July 2010

Channelization of streams associated with floodplain forested wetlands has occurred extensively throughout the world and specifically in the southeastern United States. Channelization of fluvial systems alters the hydrologic and sedimentation processes that sustain these systems. In western Tennessee, channelization and past land‐use practices have caused drastic geomorphic and hydrologic changes, resulting in altered habitat conditions that may affect avian communities. The objective of this study was to determine if there were differences in avian communities utilizing floodplain forests along unchannelized streams compared to channelized streams with valley plugs, areas where sediment has completely filled the channel. During point count surveys, 58 bird species were observed at unchannelized sites and 60 species were observed at valley plug sites. Species associated with baldcypress‐tupelo (Taxodium‐Nyssa) swamps (e.g. Great Egret (Ardea albus) and Black‐crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)) and mature hardwood forests with open midstories (e.g. Eastern Wood‐Pewee (Contopus virens), Yellow‐throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons), Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) and Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)) were either only found at unchannelized sites or were more abundant at unchannelized sites. Conversely, species associated with open and early successional habitats (e.g. Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) and Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea)) were either only found at valley plug sites or were more abundant at valley plug sites. Results of habitat modelling suggest that the habitat characteristics of floodplain forests at unchannelized sites are more suitable for Neotropical migrant bird species of conservation concern in the region than at valley plug sites. This study, in combination with previous research, demonstrates the ecological impacts of valley plugs span across abiotic and biotic processes and tropic levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular Imaging with a Graphene‐Based Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Peng Cheng , Hu Wenbing , Zhou Yuntao , Fan Chunhai , Huang Qing
Published: July 2010

Graphene is an increasingly important nanomaterial that has shown great promise in the area of nanotechnology. In this study, fluorescein‐functionalized graphene oxide (GO) is synthesized via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) bridge and its application in intracellular imaging is explored. GO is an oxide form of graphene that provides an ideal platform to prepare graphene‐based functional nanomaterials via chemical modification. The PEG bridge was introduced to prevent GO‐induced quenching of conjugated fluorescein. The fluorescein–PEG–GO conjugate thus prepared exhibits excellent pH‐tunable fluorescent properties and, more significantly, can be efficiently taken up by cells and serve as a fluorescent nanoprobe for intracellular imaging.
From thinking too little to thinking too much: a continuum of decision making
Authors: Ariely Dan , Norton Michael I.
Published: July 2010

Due to the sheer number and variety of decisions that people make in their everyday lives—from choosing yogurts to choosing religions to choosing spouses—research in judgment and decision making has taken many forms. We suggest, however, that much of this research has been conducted under two broad rubrics: The study of thinking too little (as with the literature on heuristics and biases), and the study of thinking too much (as with the literature on decision analysis). In this review, we focus on the different types of decision errors that result from both modes of thought. For thinking too little, we discuss research exploring the ways in which habits can lead people to make suboptimal decisions; for thinking too much, we discuss research documenting the ways in which careful consideration of attributes, and careful consideration of options, can do the same. We end by suggesting that decision makers may do well, when making any decision, to consider whether they are facing a ‘thinking too much’ or ‘thinking too little’ problem and adjust accordingly. WIREs Cogn Sci 2011 2 39–46 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.90

This article is categorized under:

Economics > Individual Decision-Making

Psychology > Attention

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Who do you think you Are? An Examination of how Systems Thinking Can Help Social Marketing Support New Identities and More Sustainable Living Patterns
Authors: Conroy Denise M. , Allen Will
Published: July 2010

In an effort to respond to the challenges faced by the environment and society, a plethora of social marketing campaigns have been launched to encourage the adoption of sustainable living patterns. We argue that the majority of these campaigns appeal to existing, self-interested or materialistic values that may lead to limited behaviour change. All too often these campaigns leave fundamental systematic environmental challenges unchanged, and may even undermine any considerations that people have around the change direction. We suggest that changing behaviour is ultimately about helping society and individuals reframing their identity. A systems theory approach, which acknowledges society as a complex adaptive system, is suggested as providing a useful framework for social marketing campaigns in supporting new identities and increasing sustained behavioural change.
Sex differences in experimental and clinical pain sensitivity for patients with shoulder pain
Authors: Kindlerl Lindsay L. , Valencial Carolina , Fillingiml Roger B. , Georgel Steven Z.
Published: July 2010

Previous research demonstrates that men and women differ in the way that they perceive and process pain. Much of this work has been done in healthy adults with a lack of consensus in clinical pain populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate how men and women with shoulder pain differ in their experience of experimental and clinical pain and whether psychological processes differentially affect these responses. Fifty‐nine consecutive subjects (24 women, 35 men) seeking operative treatment for shoulder pain were enrolled in this study. Subjects completed self report questionnaires to assess clinical pain, catastrophizing, anxiety and depression and underwent a series of experimental pain tests consisting of pressure pain, thermal pain (threshold and tolerance), and thermal temporal summation. Results indicated that women experienced greater clinical pain and enhanced sensitivity to pressure pain. Age did not affect the observed sex differences. There were no sex differences in psychological association with experimental and clinical pain in this cohort. The relationship between clinical and experimental pressure pain was stronger in women as compared to men. These findings offer insight into the interactions between biological and psychosocial influences of pain and how these interactions vary by sex.
Bibliometric reflections on the history of consumer research
Authors: Baumgartner Hans
Published: July 2010

This article analyzes citation data for over 7000 articles published in the Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Journal of Consumer Research between 1936 and the end of 2009 to address five questions relating to the history of consumer research: What types of articles have been influential in consumer research? Does consumer research have sleeping beauties and shooting stars? How do consumer researchers achieve impact? Has consumer research become more or less influential over time? And finally, how much do older articles inform current consumer research?'
Polymerase chain reaction survey of feline haemoplasma infections in Greece
Authors: Maher Iona E. , Tasker Séverine , Polizopoulou Zoe , Dasopoulou Anastasia , Egan Kathy , Helps Christopher R. , Papasouliotis Kostas
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to use real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to determine the prevalence of three haemoplasma species in cats from Greece and to evaluate possible associations between haemoplasma infection and age, gender, feline immunodeficiency virus/feline leukaemia virus (FIV/FeLV) status and packed cell volume (PCV). Ninety-seven cats (24 ill anaemic, 55 ill non-anaemic, 18 healthy non-anaemic) were included in the study. Twenty cats (20.6%) were haemoplasma positive; seven cats were infected only with Mycoplasma haemofelis, 10 were infected only with ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ and three were co-infected with M haemofelis and ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’. ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ was not detected. Haemoplasma infection was associated with older age ( P=0.019). M haemofelis infection tended to be more common in anaemic cats ( P=0.058). No association between gender and haemoplasma infection, or haemoplasma relative copy number and PCV, was detected. Retroviral infection rates were very low with only one FeLV proviral positive cat found.
Strategic Studies and World Order
Authors: Klein Bradley S.
Published: July 2010

In this 1994 book Bradley Klein draws upon debates in international relations theory to raise important questions about the nature of strategic studies. He argues that post-modern critiques of realism and neorealism open up opportunities for new ways of thinking about nuclear deterrence. In clear and uncluttered language, he explores the links between modernity, state-building and strategic violence, and argues that American foreign policy, and NATO, undertook a set of dynamic political practices intended to make and remake world order in the image of Western identity. Klein warns against too facile a celebration of the end of the Cold War, concluding that it is even more imperative today to appreciate the scope and power of the Western strategic project. The book will be of interest to students of international relations theory, strategic studies, peace studies, and US foreign policy.
The Behavior of Chemical Elements in Stars
Authors: Jaschek Carlos , Jaschek Mercedes
Published: July 2010

Despite more than one century of observational stellar spectroscopy, the resulting data is not available in an easily accessible format. The necessity of such basic information is greater than ever, because new wavelength regions (ultraviolet, infrared) are now accessible and modern receivers can only analyse short stretches of spectra, so that a careful pre-selection of strategic elements is mandatory. This book presents a summary of our knowledge of the behaviour of all chemical elements identified in stars, based on observations rather than on their interpretations. Whenever possible the behaviour is described quantitatively, with the help of equivalent widths in different types of stars, or different ionization stages, for both absorption and emission features. It will provide an authoritative reference book for the astrophysical community.
Embryonic development and fecundity of the squat lobster Munida gregaria (Decapoda: Galatheidae) in northern Patagonia
Authors: Dellatorre Fernando Gaspar , González-Pisani Ximena
Published: July 2010

In this study, fecundity of Munida gregaria in northern Patagonia was analysed in relation to size and compared with other studies in different sites along its latitudinal distribution. Also, morphological changes in embryos reared in the laboratory, and the chronology of its appearance were observed. Fecundity (total number of eggs in a clutch) was strongly correlated to size (carapace length in mm) (R = 0.638) and the regression equation fitted by least squares was Log(F) = −1.37 + 3.85 · log(CL). Size specific fecundity was higher than in southern locations along Patagonia. Recently extruded eggs are smaller than in southern Patagonia measuring an average of 530 μm in diameter and 0.043 mm3 in volume. When ready to hatch, those measures increased by 30% and 50% respectively. Complete embryonic development lasted an average of 27.9 days at fixed temperature of 11°C. Five development stages were defined based on morphological changes: (1) from fertilization to the appearance of embryonic primordium (2–3.5 days); (2) embryonic tissues occupying less than half of the egg perimeter in lateral view (7–10 days); (3) embryonic tissues without pigments and occupying more than half of the egg perimeter in lateral view (5–8 days); (4) embryos with reddish eye pigments and chromatophores (4–6 days); and (5) ocular globe completely pigmented (3–4 days).