bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of codling moth, cydia pomonella (L) (Tortricidae), in the Australian Capital Territory.
Authors: Geier PW
Published: June 2005

Under natural conditions in the Australian Capital Territory, the codling moth can multiply each year virtually to the limit of its supply of larval food, i.e. fruits. The circumstances which permit this are analysed and discussed.
It was found that codling moth and its environment are best considered together as a life-system which tends to ensure a constant utilization of resources by minimizing changes in the numbers of the moth following variations in the availability of critical requisites.
In the A.C.T., where climate and weather conditions approach the optimum for codling moth and the influence of natural enemies is negligible, the requisites which limit the abundance of the species are larval food and cocoon shelter. Intraspecific competition for those requisites is the mechanism which adjusts the number of codling moth to the supply of those requisites. Competition for cocoon shelter minimizes the effects of differences in crop size on codling moth abundance. Competition for fruit space minimizes the effects of differences between initial infestation levels in crops. Competition for the two requisites maintains the insect at the highest level of density which the intrinsic favourableness of the environment and the behavioural characteristics of the species will permit.
The present findings are used to evaluate the conceptual models of population dynamics proposed by Nicholson and by Andrewartha and Birch.
Embryonic and larval development and segment formation in Ibla quadrivalivis Cuv. (Cirripedia).
Authors: Anderson DT
Published: June 2005

Embryonic development in I. quadrivalvis follows the typical cirripede pattern
except for modifications of cleavage and of development of the gut, associated with a
large yolky egg. The nauplius is free-swimming but lecithotrophic. It does not grow,
and moults irregularly. The development of cypris features begins precociously and
the second half of naupliar life is demersal. The cypris stage is unmodified. Settling was
not observed.
The maxillary segments develop as a delayed continuation of the naupliar segmental
sequence, the thoracic segments from a growth zone of seven ectoteloblasts and
eight mesoteloblasts. Each row of eight cells budded from the mesoteloblasts develops
into the paired somites of a segment. The midgut develops independently of the
yolk cells.
In cirripedes, increased yolk results in modification of cleavage and gut development
but otherwise has little influence on embryonic development. Larval modifications
associated with lecithotrophy promote direct development of the cypris but do
not include modification of the cypris. Irregularity of moulting is associated with lack
of larval growth. Relative brood sizes suggest that increased yolk in cirripedes offers
advantages in larval survival.
Post-naupliar segment formation in cirripedes resembles in detail that of
Malacostraca, indicating a possible phylogenetic affinity between Malacostraca and
Maxillopoda which can be tested by further studies on segment formation in non-
Malacostraca.
The winter mortality of eggs of Chortoicetes terminifera (Walk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) during the outbreak of 1955.
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: June 2005

Migratory swarms of Chortoicetes terminifera established egg beds in New South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria during the autumn of 1955. Samples of eggs were taken from a number of districts in New South Wales and Victoria during the winter and the mortality rate was determined.
Scelio fulgidus was the only parasite present but it was very widespread with a median percentage parasitization of 5%. Mortality from other causes had a median of 39%. Winter rainfall during 1955 was considerably above average and in some situations waterlogging of the soil in which the eggs were laid may have been one of the factors affecting survival. Low temperature seems more likely to have been the factor of importance at the higher altitudes in north-eastern Victoria where hatching was particularly poor.
Movements of Australian flying foxes (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera).
Authors: Nelson JE
Published: June 2005

Evidence is presented to show that the coastal species Pteropus poliocephalus and
P. gouldi congregate in large camps from early until late summer. In these large summer
camps the young are born and raised, the sexes become associated, and conception
occurs. The numbers within these camps are influenced by the availability of blossom
in the surrounding area.
The adults are normally dispersed during the winter while the immature form
winter camps. These camps contain a larger percentage of adults in those winters in
which blossom is more abundant.
The inland species P. scapulatus forms large camps in early summer but the young
are born in autumn when the population is dispersed. Since the food supply of P.
scapulatus is less dependable and undergoes greater fluctuations than that of the coastal
species, P. scapulatus is more nomadic than P. poliocephalus and P. gouldi.
The abundance of red kangaroos, Megaleia rufa (Desmarest), in central Australia.
Authors: Newsome AE
Published: June 2005

Aerial surveys using stratified random sampling were used to estimate the
numbers of red kangaroos, Megaleia rufa (Desmarest), on about 4000 square miles
of central Australia, once during drought, and again 6 months later after good rains
had fallen. Sampling involved varying width of transects along their lengths to
suit viewing conditions over various types of vegetation. The method of statistical
analysis is provided.
The number of kangaroos on an area depended on the availability of green
herbage and shady trees. During the drought, kangaroos congregated near open
plains and watercourses where green grass (Eragrostis setifolia and Astrebla pectinata)
persisted; they reached densities of eight-nine per square mile. After the rains,
they dispersed into the surrounding woodlands where green herbage was temporarily
abundant. There were never many kangaroos on spinifex tracts which have few shady
trees. The kangaroos' nomadism is thus linked with their search for food and shelter.
The tendency for kangaroos to cluster was highly correlated with their density on
an area.
The total numbers of kangaroos on 2642 square miles of the study area changed
from 3927 during the drought to 4914 after the rain, probably as a result of immigration.
The environment of kangaroos is ameliorated by cattle cropping the long dry
grass of the open plains, causing it to sprout green shoots. Large areas where kangaroos
can find food during drought have thus been provided for them.
Studies on the water economy of some Australian frogs.
Authors: Warburg MR
Published: June 2005

The rate of evaporative water loss of several species of frog found in Australia
and their ability to survive at high temperatures were studied at various temperatures
in both dry and in humid air, and at constant vapour pressure deficit.
The species studied were: Bufonidae, Bufo marinus (L.); Leptodactylidae,
Crinia signifera Girard, Pseudophryne bibroni Gunther, Limnodynastes tasmaniensis
Gunther, L. dorsalis (Gray), L. ornatus (Gray), Neobatrachus pictus Peters, N. centralis
(Parker); Hylidae, Hyla ewingi (Dumeril & Bibron) and H. rubella Gray.
To a certain extent, the trend for increased adaptation to terrestrial conditions
follows the trend for reduced water loss. The rate of water uptake after dehydration
is greatest in the burrowing frogs inhabiting arid and semi-arid regions.
Survival at high temperatures in dry air was found to be a good criterion for
judging the degree of adaptation of these frogs to life in arid regions.
The influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the body temperature and water loss from two Australian lizards, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray) (Scincidae) and Amphibolurus barbatus cuvier (Agamidae)
Authors: Warburg.M.R .
Published: June 2005

Tiliqua rugosa and Amphibolurus barbatus are capable of living in arid habitats;
they display modified behaviour and corresponding physiological adaptations. The
activity pattern of T. rugosa changes during the year with activity restricted during
midsummer to short periods in the early morning and late afternoon. The body temperature
of T. rugosa under natural conditions indicates that 41�C is the highest temperature
tolerated naturally. In the controlled temperature cabinet a lizard of this species
survived for 2 hr at a body temperature of 41.7�C, whilst the lethal temperature was
45.5�C. For A. barbatus the lethal temperature was 46.0�C, and one specimen survived
for 2 hr at 43.5�C. The thermoregulation temperature (T.T.) of T. rugosa as calculated
from field data was 37.5�C; above this temperature the body temperature of this lizard
was below that of the air. Temperature regulation in this species was also studied in the
laboratory under controlled conditions. Water loss by evaporation was remarkably
low in both lizards even when compared with better adapted, desert lizards. The rate of
water loss is directly related to temperature and inversely related to humidity. T. rugosa
loses most water during the first period of exposure (about 2 hr) to temperatures between
30-37.5�C, whilst A. barbatus loses water more slowly. At high temperatures (i.e. over
40�C) the rate of water loss decreases. Even in areas where no surface water is available
T. rugosa appears to survive because its varied diet supplies adequate water. It is unlikely
that food is a limiting factor in its distribution.
The ecology of Lymnaea tomentosa (Pfeiffer 1855) in South Australia.
Authors: Lynch JJ
Published: June 2005

The distribution of Lymnaea tomentosa, the intermediate host of Fasciola
hepatica Linnaeus, in Australia is described and studies of its ecology in two separate
areas represented by (1) streams, associated springs and swamps, and (2) the unique
habitats along the margins of the Murray lakes, are reported.
The relative density of snail populations in both of these areas was recorded
over 4 yr and the fluctuations in population were shown to be related to factors
controlling the presence of water in the habitat, water temperature, and the occurrence
of a native predatory fly (Dichaetophora biroi Kertesz). Although the fly larvae can
wipe out snail populations, the particular circumstances existing in South Australia
suggest that this native species is unlikely to be a useful biological control agent.
However, the practical importance of flies as predators on snails in irrigation areas
should not be discarded.
A theory of phasmatid outbreak release.
Authors: Readshaw JL
Published: June 2005

The paper attempts to explain the causes of phasmatid outbreaks in a theory of
outbreak release which is based on direct observations of the phasmatid Didymuria
violescens (Leach) and a subjective analysis of several outstanding features associated
with the history, distribution, and development of phasmatid outbreaks in the highlands
of south-eastern Australia. The outbreaks of D. violescens are largely confined to
mountain forests in southern New South Wales and Victoria where a 2-yr generation
period predominates and a 2-yr cycling of population prevails with peaks and troughs
of hatching, and hence "peak" and "off" years of phasmatid abundance, in alternate
years. Birds greatly limit the survival rate of D. violescens during off-years but are
ineffective during peak years because of their limited total response to increase in
numbers of the prey.
The theory implies that D. violescens has two systems of control: one at low
density when increase is limited largely by egg parasites or birds or both; and another
at high density when increase is ultimately prevented by intraspecific competition for
food. The theory postulates that very cool summer weather conditions may occasionally
disrupt the low-density system of control and thereby initiate outbreak release either
directly in some situations or indirectly in others.
The fate of isotope-labelled uterine spermatozoa in the mouse post coitum
Authors: Reid BL
Published: June 2005

Isotopically labelled sperm was used to investigate the fate of the uterine sperm residue not used in the process of fertilization of the mouse. Portion of the sperm present in the uterus exhibiting a copulation plug was removed and replaced by intrauterine injection of sperm labelled either specifically by tritiated thymidine or non-specifically by exposure to a tritium source. The latter label was found more suitable for tracer use although the results with both methods were qualitatively similar.
Seventeen hours after injection label was present in sperm in the lumen, in debris associated with polymorphonuclear granulocytes and monocytes in the lumen, in the epithelial and subepithelial coats of the mucosa and in phagocytic cells of the lower abdominal lymph nodes and spleen. The density of labelling was greatest in the sperm itself then fell away sharply and uniformly in the other sites.
Label was present at this time in sperm spilled into the peritoneal cavity via the needle track. Associated with this spillage, label was seen in peritoneal polymorpho- nuclear granulocytes and macrophages, in macrophages of the uterine wall, and in phagocytic cells of the lymph nodes and spleen. The density of labelling was greatest in the sperm itself but the density decline in these other sites was less than in these same sites resulting from sperm retained wholly in the uterine lumen.
Labelled sperm was present in all experiments in the vaginal lumen.
The relation between the density of labelling and the degree of degradation of the sperm products is discussed and it is reasoned that the female cells are exposed to less degraded sperm products as a result of entry via the peritoneal cavity than entry via the uterine mucosa. This route may be thereby more effective as an antigenic stimulant.
Comparative morphology of spermatozoa from five marsupial families.
Authors: Hughes RL
Published: June 2005

The spermatozoa of 18 marsupial species derived from five families have been
examined and of these only the spermatozoon of the bandicoot Perameles nasuta
has previously been described adequately.
The spermatozoon morphology within the families Macropodidae, Dasyuridae,
Phascolarctidae, and Peramelidae was relatively homogeneous. A distinctive
morphology occured between these families. Within the family Phalangeridae
spermatozoa were morphologically diverse, however, as a group they were relatively
separate from those of the other families studied.
The spermatozoa of the Phascolarctidae (koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, and
wombat, Phascolomis mitchelli) have a unique, somewhat rat-like morphology which
clearly separates them from those of the other marsupial sperm studied. This finding
is of considerable taxonomic interest as most authorities consider the koala to be more
closely related to the phalangerid marsupials than to the wombat.
Some features in the morphology of Lomis hirta (lamarck) (Crustacea: Decapoda) and a discussion of its systematic position and phylogeny.
Authors: Pilgrim RLC
Published: June 2005

The external morphology of Lomis hirta is re-examined. It is shown that there
are several major errors in the published descriptions, all of which omit the presence
of large sixth pleopods (uropods) in the female. The abdomen and its appendages
are redescribed in both sexes, and it is considered that Lomis properly constitutes a
separate family, Lomisidae, within the Paguridea but that it is a very early offshoot from
the base of this group. It is closest to Mixtopagurus (Pylochelidae) and differs from
this genus mainly in those features associated with carcinization. The diagnosis of the
group Paguridea must be amended to include Lomis.
Studies on the ectoparasites of seals and penguins. 2. The ecology of the louse Antarctophthirus ogmorhini enderlein on the weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli lesson.
Authors: Murray MD , Smith MSR , Soucek Z
Published: June 2005

The Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, which lives around the shores of
Antarctica, is infested with the blood-sucking louse Antarctophthirus ogmorhini.
Infestations spread solely from female seals to their pups by the transference of adult
lice, and are frequent and heaviest on yearling and immature seals but are less frequent
and lightest on mature seals. Few mature bulls are infested.
Lice are usually restricted to the tail, ankle, hip, and hind flipper, but the margins
of the anal and penile orifices of males may be infested, and occasionally the axilla of
the fore flipper. The skin temperature of these sites of infestation varies with the
thermoregulatory requirements of the seal, thus providing more opportunities than
elsewhere on the body for lice to reproduce when the seal is ashore, and to feed when
the seal is at sea. The number of lice is largely determined by the behaviour of the
Weddell seal, and numbers are greatest on those age groups which haul out of the sea
most frequently throughout the year.
The principal physiological adaptation of A. ogmorhini for survival on the
Weddell seal is the ability to become active and to reproduce at 5-15�C. Eggs can
develop and hatch at constant temperatures as low as 0-4�C.
On the morphology of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi) Cobb (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in sheep and cattle.
Authors: Tod E
Published: June 2005

The spicules and paravulval structures were examined in samples of Haemonchus
contortus recovered from British sheep and African cattle, and were compared statistically
with data published by other workers in Australia and the United States of America.
The samples from sheep resembled those found in the northern states of U.S.A.,
and were different in these characters from the Australian populations of Haemonchus
contortus.
Although the samples from cattle showed larger spicules and a higher percentage
of females with a knob-like vulvar flap than those in sheep, all were significantly different
from the Australian Haemonchus placei.
It was concluded that although there is a world-wide tendency for populations
of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and cattle to evolve into separate strains, intermediate
forms exist which form a link between these strains.
A comparison of the numbers and distribution of aphid species flying over Eastern Australia in two successive years.
Authors: Hughes RD , Carver M , Casimir M , O'loughlin GT , Martyn EJ
Published: June 2005

The results of the two year's operations, using Moericke aphid traps at 12 sites in eastern Australia, are compared. The basic stability of the aphid fauna flying in successive years is established in terms of primary effects of geographical distribution and seasonal phenology in association with climate. The causes of variability of the magnitude and timing of flights of aphids are discussed in terms of properties of species and of local variations in the weather pattern.
There appears to be a latitudinal pattern of areas where aphid catches were highly consistent and of areas where consistency was low. A study of the consistency of occurrence of individual species in the two years, shows that the numbers of some species appear inherently more stable than of others.
A large overall effect in the collecting performance of the traps seems to be traceable to a climatic difference between the two years.
The anatomy and physiology of the morabine grasshoppers I. Digestive and reproductive systems
Authors: Blackith RE , Blackith R.M.
Published: June 2005

The grasshoppers of the subfamily Morabinae (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae)
differ substantially from the better-known Acrididae in their internal anatomy.
Two additional sets of diverticula are present on the gut. One set, of taxonomic
interest in that some species have 12 diverticula whereas others have 18, issues from
the midgut. Another set of six diverticula issues from the ileum and is brightly
coloured according to the nature of the food in the gut. The gastric caeca, which in
Acrididae have posterior and anterior segments, lack the posterior segment in
morabines.
The proventriculus differs in structure from the acridid type, having a cardiac
valve of two flaps without V-shaped sclerotizations. The pyloric sphincter, however,
has 12 V-shaped sclerotizations which are absent in acridids.
The male accessory glands are long and generally unconvoluted. They can
be classified according to appearance and function into eight distinct types. The female
spermatheca is uniformly shaped throughout the Morabinae studied, but is relatively
large compared with the spermatheca of acridids, and in morabines is larger
than the few known spermathecae of other Eumastacidae. The number of ovarioles
in each ovary is small (2-10, according to the species), and the tracheation of the
internal reproductive system in both sexes differs considerably from the arrangement
found in Acrididae.
Nematode parasites of free-living rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in eastern Australia
Authors: Dunsmore JD
Published: June 2005

(1) Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder, 1800) in wild rabbits in Australia
has been studied by more or less regular sampling of rabbit populations in four
climatically different areas of eastern Australia.
(2) In a semi-arid locality in north-western New South Wales, T. retortaeformis
is rarely found; in a subtropical area of south-central Queensland it was found only
in small numbers and many rabbits were apparently free of infection. In an area of
the Riverina district of New South Wales most rabbits were infected but parasite
numbers were rarely high. The highest levels of infection were recorded at a site in
a subalpine area of New South Wales.
(3) It was possible to build up a detailed picture of the dynamics of T. retortaeformis
in rabbits throughout their lives at Snowy Plains, the subalpine site, in which
breeding of rabbits is limited to a relatively few months each year. During their
first 6-8 months of life (prior to their first breeding season) male and female rabbits
carry moderate numbers of T. retortaeformis with the males carrying somewhat more
parasites than the females. During the breeding season T. retortaeformis numbers
in female rabbits increase very markedly (about tenfold) while numbers in male
rabbits are decreasing to a low level (their lowest during the year). Following breeding,
worm numbers in female rabbits drop quite rapidly while those in males increase
to a similarly moderate level. Apparently a similar cycle of events occurs during
each 12 months of a rabbit's life.
(4) At Urana, in the Riverina plain region the cycle of events described above
for Snowy Plains could not be seen, although T. retortaeformis was found in moderate
numbers. This may have been due to infrequent sampling, lack of a defined rabbit
breeding season, or some other factor.
Physiological differences between races of Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) (Orthoptera : Gryllidae) related to a proposed genetic approach to control
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: June 2005

A method of population control for a diapausing race of Teleogryllus commodus,
based on the introduction of a non-diapausing population, is postulated. One factor
that could influence the degree of probability of success of the method is the susceptibility
of eggs of the northern tropical race to winter temperatures when exposed to the
temperate climate of the south. Tests were conducted which showed that eggs of the
tropical race were more vulnerable to low temperature and had a higher threshold
of development. Hybrid eggs appear to be intermediate in their ability to survive low
temperature.
A comparison of the diapausing characteristics of races from widely separated
localities in Australia confirmed the non-diapausing characteristic of northern
Queensland races; all others showed the ability to enter diapause but varied in the
proportion of eggs in which diapause was averted by exposure to high temperature.
A method of rearing crickets, suitable for the production of large numbers for
field release, is described.
Observations on the life history of the scorpion Urodacus abruptus (Scorpionidae), and the analysis of its home sites
Authors: Smith GT
Published: June 2005

The life history of the scorpion was worked out for a discrete population on
Black Mountain near Canberra, A.C.T. The biology was unusual because of an
unexpected longevity and a highly imbalanced adult sex ratio. A clear selection of
favoured home sites was demonstrated, but it was also shown that availability of food
limited the population before all potential home sites were occupied. A mechanism of
numerical stabilization dependent on the regulation of recruitment is discussed.
A taxonomic study of Australian Aphidoidea (Homoptera)
Authors: Eastop VF
Published: June 2005

Keys are given for the determination of the families, subfamilies, genera, and
the 119 species of aphids known from Australia. The keys are supplemented by 192
figures. The genera of Australian aphids are described in detail and a reference to a
recent revision of the genus and to a detailed description of each species is given where
possible. A summary of the known host plant range and geographical distribution of
each species is given. A few references to recent economic literature are given for those
species regarded as pests.
Nematode parasites of free-living rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in eastern Australia III. Variations in the numbers of Passalurus ambiguus (Rudolphi)
Authors: Dunsmore JD
Published: June 2005

Numbers of Passalurus ambiguus occurring in each of four geographically and climatically widely separated regions of Australia were studied by regular sampling over 1-3 yr; P. ambiguus was present in varying numbers and incidence in each site.
At Snowy Plains, a subalpine site in south-eastern New South Wales, P. ambiguus was present in large numbers and showed a regular cycle of changes in numbers during each of 3 years. The main feature was a peak in numbers of Passalurus during mid-winter, followed, in males, by a gradual fall to a trough in late autumn. In females a second peak in numbers occurred during the breeding period when, for a period of up to several months, the geometric mean count of Passalurus was up to 1000 times greater in females than in male rabbits. This was followed by a drop in numbers until autumn when males and females had similar low numbers of Passalurus.
At Urana in the riverine plains of southern New South Wales and at Tero Creek in semi-arid far north-west New South Wales numbers of Passalurus remained low and no definite annual changes were apparent. At Mitchell in subtropical south-central Queensland the numbers of Passalurus also remained low for most of the year but a sharp rise during the spring months suggested that a regular annual pattern might be detectable by more prolonged study.
Ecological characteristics of the eucalypt-defoliating chrysomelid Paropsis atomaria Ol.
Authors: Carne PB
Published: June 2005

This paper reports part of a study of the llfe system of Paropsis atomaria Ol.,
and deals with the intrinsic properties of the species, e.g. its behaviour, host preferences,
reproductive capacity, rate of growth, diapause phenomena, and distribution. The
studies reported were made in plantations of eucalypts in the Australian Capital
Territory where two generations of the insect are completed annually.
Adults which emerge in autumn were found to enter a form of reproductive
diapause in response to shortening day-length, and to hibernate in the litter and soil
beneath their host trees. In spring and summer, eggs are laid in batches on young shoots,
their distribution conforming to that of a negative binomial. The larvae are highly
gregarious in all four instars. Their rate of growth and their final weight are influenced,
respectively, by temperature and by intrinsic qualities of the foliage upon which they feed.
Pupation occurs in the soil beneath the trees.
The fecundity of adult females was found to be a function of their size, this in
turn being determined by the level of larval nutrition. The average female can mature
more than 600 eggs. Although the adults appear competent to fly for considerable
distances, the females tend to oviposit on the first suitable tree they encounter following
emergence from the soil or litter.
Polymorphism in fossil Velacumantus australis (Gastropoda : Potamididae)
Authors: Ewers WH
Published: June 2005

The snail Velacumantus australis occurs in banded and unbanded forms. An
examination of fossil and living material from a shell spit at Wallaga Lake shows that
the frequency of the white-banded form varied between 2.11 and 4.47% during the last
2500 yr. Such minor fluctuation is consistent with the hypothesis that these two forms
are maintained as a selectively balanced polymorphism. Predatory gastropods may kill
more unbanded than banded juvenile snails.
A revision of the subfamily Leptoconopinae Noe (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in Australia
Authors: Smee L
Published: June 2005

The historical background and status of the subfamily Leptoconopinae Noe is
discussed, the known Australasian species of Leptoconopinae reviewed and a further
12 species (nine Leptoconops (Leptoconops) Skuse and three Styloconops Kieffer) are
described. Males are included for six of the Leptoconops and three of the Styloconops.
The female genitalia of Leptoconops (Leptoconops) are used as a definitive specific
character; this is supported by the male genitalia, when males are present.
The spider fauna (Araneida) of deciduous orchards in the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: Dondale CD
Published: June 2005

A total of 38 species of spiders were collected as suspected predators of the light
brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.), in the Australian Capital Territory.
In all, 16 of these are re-described, and three are described as new species, while seven
new synonyms are proposed: Theridiidae; Achaearanea veruculata (Urquhart).
Araneidae Arachnura feredayi (Koch); Cyclosa fuliginata (Koch), comb. nov. ; Araneus
transmarinus (Keyserling) = A. viridis (Keyserling), syn, nov. = A. thyridotus (Thorell),
syn. nov.; Araneus heroine (Koch) = A. annulatus (Keyserling), syn. nov.; Araneus
psittacinus (Keyserling); Araneus ginninderranus, sp. nov.; Phonognatha graeffei
(Keyserling) ; Phonognatha melania (Koch), comb. nov. ; Gasteracantha minax Thorell.
Tetragnathidae; Tetragnatha quadridens, sp. nov. Clubionidae; Chiracanthium gracile
Koch; Chiracanthium mordax Koch = C. diversum Koch, syn. nov. = C. gilvum Koch,
syn. nov. ; Clubiona canberrana, sp. nov. Thomisidae; Diaea cruentata (Koch), comb.
nov. = D. elegans Koch, syn. nov.; Diaea pilula (Koch) = Xysticus daemeli Koch,
syn. nov.; Diaea inornata (Koch), comb. nov. Amaurobiidae; Badumna inornata
(Koch); Ixeuticus candidus (Koch). The genus Singotypa Simon, 1894 is proposed as a
junior synonym of Phonognatha Simon, 1894.
A new genus of gall-forming megastigmine torymidae (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

A new genus and three new species of megastigmine Torymidae are described and their diagnostic characters illustrated. The species form galls on species of Hakea in eastern Australia.
A hymenopterous primary parasite of morabine grasshoppers
Authors: Blackith RE
Published: June 2005

The grasshoppers of the subfamily Morabinae (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae)
are infested by a braconid wasp, the first record of a hymenopterous primary parasite,
other than egg parasites, of any grasshopper or locust. The braconid is a distinctive
new species of euphorine and is described, with notes on its distribution and life
history. Other parasites are briefly noted.
The freshwater crayfish of Western Australia (Decapoda : Parastacidae)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

A new genus, allied to Engaeus, is erected for three small burrowing species from the south-west coastal zone and the number of recognized species of Cherax is increased from three to eight.
Marine serpulidae (Annelida : Polychaeta) of eastern Queensland and New South Wales
Authors: Straughan D
Published: June 2005

Excluding the Spirorbidae, 41 species of marine serpulids were found, including two new genera and 14 new species. Of the remainder, one genus and eight species are recorded for the first time from Australia. Type specimens and representatives of other species collected have been deposited in the Australian Museum, Sydney.
Cytogenetics of the viatica group morabine grasshoppers. I. The coastal species
Authors: White MJD , Blackith RE , Blackith RM , Cheney J
Published: June 2005

The viatica group (Acridoidea : Eumastacidae : Morabinae) includes about
eight presumptive species of grasshoppers. The group as a whole is distributed from
the west coast of the Eyre Peninsula and the Flinders Ranges in South Australia
through parts of western New South Wales and the mallee country of north-western
Victoria. One species (viatica) extends throughout coastal Victoria as far east as the
Bairnsdale area and also occurs in Tasmania. The present paper deals with the
cytogenetics of what we call the "coastal" forms. Certain other inland members of
the group which occur in the mallee country, in the Flinders Ranges, and in western
New South Wales will be dealt with in a later paper.
The primitive karyotype of the group has 2nB = 19, there being separate
"A" and "B" acrocentric chromosomes, a "CD" metacentric and six pairs of smaller
autosomes. The primitive sex chromosome mechanism was of the XO type, but three
separate X-autosome fusions have occurred in the phylogeny of the group, giving
rise to XY (B) races of originally XO (B) species. In two of these the neo-XY mechanisms
have arisen through the usual process of centric fusion between an acrocentric
X and an autosome; in the third case, however, the fusion was a tandem one, and
the XY bivalent is consequently unique for orthopteroid insects in that it is postreductional,
the X and Y segments separating at the second anaphase rather than
at the first one. In addition to X-autosome fusions, a centric fusion between two
autosomes is present in two taxa of the viatica group. In one of these a local race
is homozygous for a translocation between the two largest chromosomes. A number
of small pericentric inversions have reached fixation in certain populations, races
and species.
Hybrids between many of the species and races have been reared in the
laboratory. Hybrid progenies consisted of males and females in approximately
equal numbers and development of the gonads in both sexes was normal. The
meiosis of the hybrids provides evidence as to the course of evolution of the group.
It is concluded that the "coastal" species and races have been derived from an
ancestral species, "proto-viatica" as a result of a number of chromosomal re-arrangements
which have spread out from their points of origin, giving rise to the present-day
mosaic pattern of geographic distribution. This type of speciation is discussed in
relation to the well-known "allopatric" and "sympatric" models.
The use of sterile males to control populations of Queensland fruit fly Dracus tryoni (Frogg) (Diptera : Tephritidae) II. Field experiments in New South Wales
Authors: Andrewartha H.G. , Monro J , Richardson NL
Published: June 2005

In the field trials of sterile males against the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni,
irradiated pupae of this species were distributed in three towns of western New South
Wales in the period September 1962 to March 1965. All these towns and a number of
others which served as controls had a previous history of heavy infestation by Dacus
tryoni. The success of this method was estimated by comparing the rate of infestation
of ripe fruit in treated and untreated towns.
The first sign of success came in Manilla in spring (October) 1963 when 51.0%
of the eggs deposited in loquats were estimated to be infertile compared with 6.7% in
three control towns. However, our production of pupae at this stage was too low to
maintain control in Manilla in the summers of 1962-63 and 1963-64. From late April
1963 to late March 1964 most of our production was released in the town of Warren. With
a total release in this period of 5.7 x 106 pupae we achieved infestation rates of 2-8%
in the summer fruit between early December 1963 and late March 1964, compared with
infestation rates of 8-75% in three control towns during the same period. Towards
the end of March 1964 the infestation rates began to rise in Warren apparently owing
to the immigration of inseminated females along the Macquarie River. An infestation
rate of 20% was reached in Warren in April 1964.
Between early December 1964 and late March 1965 the rates of infestation in
Warren were even more depressed, reaching values of 0 - 7.5% compared with 10-57%
in the new control town of Baradine. The total number of pupae released within the
town between August 1964 and March 1965 was 12.57 x l06. However, immigrants
again brought the infestation up to 10% in April 1965 even though an additional 2.67 x
l06 pupae had been distributed along the river for 6 km on either side of the town.
In the same period (summer 1964-65) Dacus tryoni was eradicated from Trangie
where its numbers had been brought down by trapping out the males with a male lure
(Bateman 1966). No infestation was found from October 1964 to April 1965 after the
release of 5.33 x l06 pupae between late August 1964 and late March 1965.
The rate of infestation in the control town of Gilgandra which had also been
treated with cue-lure in the previous summer rose from 0% on October 21, 1964 to
16.2% by April 23,1965.
The method could be used to suppress incipient outbreaks of Dacus tryoni in southeastern
Australia and even for the eradication of established populations where these
are isolated and can be brought low by other means.
Inter-racial mating of a non-diapausing and a diapausing race of Teleogryllus commodus (Walk.) (Orthoptera : Gryllidae)
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: June 2005

In relation to a proposed genetic approach to the control of the field cricket, an
experiment was conducted in which females of a diapausing race of Teleogryllus
commodus were held in laboratory cultures with males of the same race and those of a
non-diapausing race. Competitive conditions were created by the presence of a surplus
of total males and, for each race, by varied ratios of the males of the two races.
Inter-racial mating occurred between the non-diapausing race of males and the
diapausing race of females even when a high ratio of the diapausing race of males was
present, but nevertheless some evidence of intra-racial preference was demonstrated.
In a further experiment to determine whether this was due to stridulation, the
males were prevented from stridulating by clipping their tegmina. In this experiment
there was no evidence of intra-racial preference.
Revision of some Carybdeidae (Scuphozoa : Cubomedusae) including a description of the jellyfish responsible for the 'Irukandji syndrome'
Authors: Southcott RV
Published: June 2005

The medusa responsible for the "Irukandji syndrome" or "type A stinging" to
bathers in northern Australian waters is described, as Carukia barnesi, gen. et sp. nov.,
from the original specimen captured by J. H. Barnes (proven experimentally as causing
the syndrome) and one other specimen.
The family Carybdeidae of the Cubomedusae is briefly reviewed, and revised in
the light of the present study of the structure of Carukia barnesi and its comparison
with other Cubomedusae. The family Carybdeidae is left with the five genera Carukia,
gen. nov., Carybdea Peron & Lesueur, 1809, Manokia, gen. nov. (type species Carybdea
stiasnyi Bigelow, 1938), Tamoya Muller, 1859, and Tripedalia Conant, 1897. Carukia
is distinguished from the others by the absence of gastric phacellae.
Carukia barnesi may be identified in the preserved state by its reasonably
compact build combined with the absence of gastric phacellae, and (among Indo-
Pacific Cubomedusae) by its warty exumbrella, particularly by the presence of a
prominent wart externally over the centre of the velarial canals. Description of the
nematocysts of Carukia barnesi is included, and some histological details of tentacle,
gonad and other structures. The term "tumitele" is proposed for a class of nematocyst
seen in the Carybdeidae. This is a microbasic rhopaloid in which the basis or butt
enlarges only in its middle, and not at its proximal end (stenotele), or distally (eurytele).
The formal name carukiosis is proposed in place of "Irukandji syndrome" or
"type A stinging", based on the generic name Carukia.
The structure of the Spiracles of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus
Authors: Hinton HE
Published: June 2005

The structures of the nymphal and adult spiracles of the tick, Boophilus
microplus, have been examined by means of serial sections and a stereoscan electron
microscope. Contrary to the views of recent writers, the functional openings of
the spiracle have been found to be holes or aeropyles in the peripheral part of the
spiracular plate of the adult tick. The ostium of previous writers is shown to be the
ecdysial tube, which is present only in the spiracles of adult ixodid ticks. After the
nymphal-adult ecdysis, the ecdysial tube is closed. There is thus no ostium in this
stage, as has been claimed by previous writers who supposed that the chief or only
route for gas exchanges between the atrium of the spiracle and the ambient air was
through the so-called ostium. The ecdysial process of the spiracles of ticks is shown
to be basically similar to the ecdysial process of the spiracles of certain insects such
as scarabaeid larvae and the larvae of some Diptera-Cyclorrhapha.
The ecology of Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola). I. Processes influencing numbers in pastures in Western Australia
Authors: Wallace MMH
Published: June 2005

The changes in numbers of Sminthurus viridis (Collembola: Sminthuridae) in pastures in Western Australia were studied for 9 years on one site and for shorter periods on other sites.
Five factors affecting numbers are described: (1) weather, (2) soil type (3) botanical composition of the pasture, (4) predation by Bdellodes lapidaria (Acarina: Bdellidae), and (5) eating of dead bodies by newly hatched nymphs.
Weather is generally favourable for the active stages during autumn, winter, and spring. In the summer, the species is maintained by aestivating eggs. Dry periods during the winter months sometimes cause high mortalities. Soils containing a high silt-plus-clay content support higher numbers due mainly to increased oviposition. Flea densities increase more rapidly where there is a high proportion of broad-leaved plants, such as clover and capeweed in the pasture. Grassy areas are not favoured. Predation by B. lapidaria effectively reduces numbers. The presence of more than 20 B. lapidaria per square metre early in the winter prevents any outbreak of fleas later in the season. Bdellodes lapidaria numbers increase in response to an increase in flea numbers. An irregular predator-prey cycle is set up in this way.
Density-induced mortality, resulting from the newly hatched nymphs eating the bodies of recently dead fleas, plays a dominant role at high densities. This process operates continuously though at decreased intensity at lower densities. When newly hatched nymphs feed upon dead nymphs and adults they ingest materials which cause early death. Sometimes this may lead to a dramatic collapse of the population. Fleas from high-density populations usually contain large quantities of uric acid in their "fat-bodies". It is suggested that death of the mature fleas at high densities is hastened through the storage of excessive amounts of waste material. Death of the young nymphs feeding upon the dead bodies may be brought about by the ingestion of these waste materials, although this has yet to be proven.
A survey of the scutacarid (Acari : Tarsonemini) fauna of Australia
Authors: Mahunka S
Published: June 2005

Scutacarid mites collected in Australia by Dr. G. F. Bornemissza and Dr. R. V.
Southcott were studied. Of the 23 species examined, 20 were found to be new to
science, three species are already known from Europe and one of these (Imparipes
hystricinus) also from Africa and South America. Keys for the identification of the
Australian species are given.
A numerical taxonomy of Orthopteroid insects
Authors: Blackith RE , Blackith RM
Published: June 2005

Two numerical taxonomic methods, including one that incorporates phylogenetic ideas and one which has a strictly phenetic approach, were applied to the evaluation of the affinities of the orthopteroid orders of insects. These methods were adapted to the special problems which arise when higher taxa are being compared. A total of 92 characters covering most of the internal and external anatomy served as the basis for the calculations, which indicated that similar diagrams of affinities were obtained, whether or not phylogenetic ideas were incorporated into the analysis. The stability of the pattern of affinities was such that repeating the analysis with a random sample of 30 characters instead of the full set of 92 entrained only trivial differences. Although the characters used in this study were qualitative, the extent to which existing multi- variate theory can be used in evaluating the results is stressed.
Australian orthopteroids were mainly used for this experiment. A close relationship between the Australian Morabinae and the South American Proscopiidae was found. This group seems to have split off at an early stage from the stem of the Caelifera, which is distinct from the stem bearing the Ensifera. Another fairly close relationship revealed was that between the Phasmatodea and the Dermaptera. Attempts to reveal inconsistencies in the currently accepted taxonomic groupings suggested that the distinction between blattids and mantids within the Dictyoptera is of less than subordinal rank. The essential homogeneity of the orthopteroid orders is shown by the fact that even the most disparate groups share almost half the 92 characters.
Revision of the genus Brachyhesma Michener (Apoidea : Colletidae)
Authors: Exley EM
Published: June 2005

The genus Brachyhesma Michener, 1965, is revised. Seventeen species are recognized
including the following 11 species described as new: B. bitrichopedalis, B. cavagnari,
B. healesvillensis, B. josephinae, B. macdonaldensis, B. rossi, B, barrowensis, B. dedari,
B. longicornis, B. renneri, B. wyndhami.
All species have been redescribed. B. dichaeta Michener is considered a synonym
of B. hypoxantha (Rayment) and B. colorata (Rayment) a synonym of B. sulphurella
(Cockerell). B. (Microhesma) hypoxantha is transferred to the subgenus Brachyhesma
Michener, and B. (Brachyhesma) microxantha (Cockerell) to the subgenus Microhesma
Michener. B. macdonaldensis has been made the type of a new subgenus, Brachyhesma
(Henicohesma).
Australian Blattidae (Blattodea) VIII.The Platyzosteris group; subgenus melanozosteria Stal
Authors: Mackerras MJ
Published: June 2005

Thirty-four species belonging to the subgenus Melanozosteria Stal are redescribed
and figured, together with descriptions of 18 new species, namely: aculeata, atra,
ayrensis, baldwinspenceri, barrominensis, capitolina, exigua, flavofusca, hermannsburgensis,
insulae, lentiginosa, minima, minor, montana, obesa, occidentalis, perpolita, and popeae.
A review of the tribe Rutiliini (Diptera : Tachinidae) I. Genera other than Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy and Formosia Gurtin-Meneville
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

The present paper forms the first part of a review of the large tribe Rutiliini
(Tachinidae) in Australia, in which country most of its members occur. This part deals
with all but the large genera Rutilia and Formosia, which are to form the subject of a
second part. Forty-seven species, in seven genera are reviewed; of these, two genera
and 16 species are new. Keys are given to all genera of the tribe and to species treated
in this part, and the history, general systematics, bionomics, and distribution of the
tribe are briefly reviewed.
The Tipulidae (Diptera) of Australia II The genus Clytocosmus Skuse
Authors: Dobrotworsky NV
Published: June 2005

The six species of the endemic Australian genus Clytocosmus (including C.
alexanderi, sp. nov.) are described and figured and keys to males and females are
provided. An account is given of their biology and distribution. The egg and larval
stages of C. edwardsi Alex. are described and the pupa of C. helmsi Skuse is figured.