bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of chemically distinct sites of human serum albumin by polyoxometalate: A hybrid QM/MM (ONIOM) study
Authors: Jayasinghe‐Arachchige Vindi M. , Hu Qiaoyu , Sharma Gaurav , Paul Thomas J. , Lundberg Marcus , Quinonero David , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , Prabhakar Rajeev
Published: September 2018

In this study, mechanisms of hydrolysis of all four chemically diverse cleavage sites of human serum albumin (HSA) by [Zr(OH)(PW11O39)]4− (ZrK) have been investigated using the hybrid two‐layer QM/MM (ONIOM) method. These reactions have been proposed to occur through the following two mechanisms: internal attack (IA) and water assisted (WA). In both mechanisms, the cleavage of the peptide bond in the Cys392‐Glu393 site of HSA is predicted to occur in the rate‐limiting step of the mechanism. With the barrier of 27.5 kcal/mol for the hydrolysis of this site, the IA mechanism is found to be energetically more favorable than the WA mechanism (barrier = 31.6 kcal/mol). The energetics for the IA mechanism are in line with the experimentally measured values for the cleavage of a wide range of dipeptides. These calculations also suggest an energetic preference (Cys392‐Glu393, Ala257‐Asp258, Lys313‐Asp314, and Arg114‐Leu115) for the hydrolysis of all four sites of HSA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Basolateral presence of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor ‐α and secretions from adipocytes and macrophages reduce intestinal sugar transport
Authors: Castilla‐Madrigal Rosa , Gil‐Iturbe Eva , Sáinz Neira , Moreno‐Aliaga María J. , Lostao María Pilar
Published: September 2018

We have previously demonstrated in Caco‐2 cells that tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) inhibits sugar uptake, acting from the apical membrane, by decreasing the expression of the Na+‐glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in the brush border membrane. The goal was to investigate the hypothesis that TNF‐α from abdominal adipose tissue (adipocytes and macrophages) would decrease sugar and amino acid transport acting from the basolateral membrane of the enterocytes. TNF‐α placed in the basal compartment of Caco‐2 cells decreased α‐methyl‐
d‐glucose (αMG) and glutamine uptake. The apical medium derived from these Caco‐2 cells apically placed in another set of cells, also reduced sugar and glutamine transport. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated upregulation of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and MCP1 expression in Caco‐2 cells exposed to basal TNF‐α. Similarly, αMG uptake was inhibited after Caco‐2 cells were incubated, in the basal compartment, with medium from visceral human mesenchymal stem cells‐derived adipocytes of overweight individuals. The apical medium collected from those Caco‐2 cells, and placed in the upper side of other set of cells, also decreased sugar uptake. Basal presence of medium derived from lipopolysaccharide‐activated macrophages and nonactivated macrophages decreased αMG uptake as well. Diet‐induced obese mice showed an increase in the visceral adipose tissue surrounding the intestine. In this physiological condition, there was a reduction on αMG uptake in jejunal everted rings.

Altogether, these results suggest that basolateral TNF‐α, which can be produced by adipocytes and macrophages during obesity, would be able to activate TNF‐α and other proinflammatory proteins expression in the small intestine and diminish intestinal sugar and amino acids transport.
Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 modulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by regulating miR‐23a‐3p/SMC1A in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Zhao Chen , Wang Shanshan , Zhao Yang , Du Feng , Wang Weiyao , Lv Peng , Qi Ling
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the function of the NEAT1/miR‐23a‐3p/SMC1A axis in cell proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Microarray analysis was used to screen differentially expressed lncRNAs/miRNAs/mRNAs in primary AML cells. The expression of nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), miR‐23a‐3p, and structural maintenance of chromosome 1 alpha (SMC1A) in primary AML cells and THP‐1 cells were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). A Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay was used to analyze proliferation. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual‐luciferase assays were performed to determine the correlation between miR‐23a‐3p and NEAT1 or SMC1A. The qRT‐PCR illustrated that NEAT1 and SMC1A expression was decreased but that miR‐23a‐3p expression was increased in primary AML cells and THP‐1 cells compared with that in normal cells. The RIP assay and dual‐luciferase assay revealed the targeting relationship between miR‐23a‐3p and NEAT1 or SMC1A. The CCK‐8 assay showed that the overexpression of NEAT1 and SMC1A or repression of miR‐23a‐3p inhibited cell proliferation. Flow cytometry showed that the upregulation of NEAT1 and SMC1A or repression of miR‐23a‐3p promoted apoptosis and affected the cell cycle. NEAT1 repressed the expression of miR‐23a‐3p, and therefore promoted SMC1A, which in turn suppressed myeloid leukemia cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis.
Developmental Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Authors: van den Anker John , Reed Michael D. , Allegaert Karel , Kearns Gregory L.
Published: September 2018

Effective drug therapy to optimally influence disease requires an understanding of a drug's pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenomic interrelationships. In pediatrics, age is a continuum that can and does add variability in drug disposition and effect. This article addresses the many important factors that influence drug disposition and effect relative to age. What is known about the influence of maturation on the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and drug receptor dynamics are outlined. Our state of understanding of many of these factors remains in flux, however, and only with additional study will we be able to better anticipate and model drug‐response relationships across the age continuum. Being able to continuously improve our care of the ill pediatric patient while simultaneously being able to accurately determine the utility of new drugs and chemical entities in this population requires our enhanced understanding of these disposition characteristics.
Light sheet microscopy with high spatial resolution based on polarized structured illumination beam modulated by the phase mask
Authors: Nhu Levan , Wang Xiaona , Liu Yong , Kuang Cuifang , Liu Xu
Published: September 2018

In this article, we present a method to improve axial resolution and expand the field of view of conventional light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) by phase modulation of the illumination beam. We added a bisected annular binary phase mask on the illumination path to modulate the radially polarized beam. The central spot of the modulated point spread function is narrower than that of Gaussian focus, although the sidelobe energy is increased. Then, a diffraction grating is used to produce multiple copies of this illumination pattern, and these pattern copies form the light sheet. By matching the numerical apertures of illumination lens and detection lens, the sidelobes on the detection axis can be suppressed in the captured data, although they do still contribute to photobleaching and phototoxicity in the sample. The simulation results show that the proposed method effectively reduces the thickness of the light sheet by 1.3 times, and increase the length of the light sheet by two times compared with conventional LSFM.
Projected changes in drought across the wheat belt of southeastern Australia using a downscaled climate ensemble
Authors: Feng Puyu , Liu De Li , Wang Bin , Waters Cathy , Zhang Mingxi , Yu Qiang
Published: September 2018

Drought is viewed as a naturally recurring phenomenon in many Australian agricultural systems. Identifying regional changes in frequency and severity of drought induced by climate change is required to develop regionally specific adaptation strategies. In this study, we provided a first look at the impacts of climate change on 21st century drought characteristics over the New South Wales wheat belt of southeastern Australia. These impacts were assessed from an ensemble of 28 statistical downscaled global climate models under representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5). A modified relative standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (rSPEI) at the seasonal scale (3 months) was used to analyse temporal and spatial changes in drought. Results indicated that there was a tendency towards more frequent and severe winter–spring droughts over the study area. Moreover, winter–spring drought prone areas were expected to expand from west to east. Until the end of the 21st century, more than half the wheat belt would be vulnerable to winter–spring drought. The combined effects of reduced precipitation and increased temperature during future winter and spring seasons were the main reasons causing these changes of drought. In addition, summer and autumn droughts would have both slight temporal and spatial changes across the study region. This study also revealed that traditionally dry areas would likely experience an increased frequency of drought compared to wetter areas when subjected to a same increase in temperature or decrease in precipitation. Furthermore, the western part of the wheat belt might be unsuitable for winter crops in the future, or at least exposed to an increased risk of variable yield and would require a gradual transformation which might include summer crops or pastures. Investments in cropping land should be focused on the east part of the wheat belt to achieve more consistent financial returns.
Extended duration infusion temperatures in the tropics: 2 (EDITT2)
Authors: Perks Stephen J. , Robinson Niechole , Pain Tilley , Franklin Richard
Published: September 2018

Background

Stability data tested at 25°C may not be suitable for use in the tropics in the home intravenous infusions (Home‐IV) setting. A 24‐h solution temperature profile is needed to investigate medication stability in this setting.

Aim

This study investigated and mapped the solution temperature within the Baxter LV10 elastomeric infusor device in a tropical environment over a 24‐h period.

Methods

Volunteer patients from Home‐IV clinics in two tropical Australian cities wore elastomeric infusor devices for 24 h over the summer months. Temperature devices were inserted into the solution to directly log solution temperature.

Results

Solution temperature was >25°C 79.8% of the time. Mean time to inflection (temperature stops rising and begins fluctuating) was 9.4 h (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6–10.2), with a maximum inflection point of 14.5 h. The mean (95% CI) temperature at inflection and after inflection was 30.6°C (29.8–31.5) and 29.5°C (29.3–29.6), respectively; the 90th percentile temperature after inflection was 32.5°C. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference of 3.1°C between air‐conditioned and non‐air‐conditioned data (F1,28 = 13.06, p = 0.001). The 90th percentile temperature after inflection for non‐air‐conditioned data was 33.1°C.

Conclusions

Stability studies performed at 25°C are inappropriate for tropical regions. Possible factors contributing to the higher temperatures include body and ambient room temperature. We recommend that medications are tested in 24‐h elastomeric infusor devices in three steps: (1) refrigerated for up to 7 days; (2) steady increase from refrigerated to 34°C over 9 h; and (3) maintained at 34°C for the remaining 15 h. This more accurately reflects the temperature profile experienced in warmer climates. Furthermore, Home‐IV patients should be encouraged to remain in an air‐conditioned environment, or at least indoors, over the summer months to decrease the potential for antibiotic degradation.
Effect of the neonatal early onset sepsis calculator on pharmacy‐prepared empirical antibiotics
Authors: Lebedevs Tamara , Sajogo Monica
Published: September 2018

Background

The Kaiser Permanente early onset sepsis (EOS) calculator was introduced in 2016 for infants who were born at ≥35 weeks gestation or more (≥35GA) at a principal referral and specialist hospital for women and newborns in Western Australia to reduce unnecessary antibiotic administration in healthy neonates.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the EOS calculator on antibiotic orders aseptically prepared by the pharmacy.

Methods

The study retrospectively compared pharmacy data over two periods, before (2015) and after (2016) implementation.

Results

After implementation, the number of gentamicin prefilled syringes (PFS) distributed decreased by 41.6% (1466 doses). In addition, the number of ≥35GA neonates receiving benzylpenicillin PFS decreased by 33.9% (222 neonates), and the overall rate (number of neonates receiving a benzylpenicillin PFS/occupied bed days) decreased from 2.24% to 1.48% (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The introduction of the EOS calculator has reduced the empirical antibiotic use in ≥35GA neonates at the King Edward Memorial Hospital.
Linseed oil as a model system for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of degradation products in artworks
Authors: Gomez Manuel , Reggio Daniela , Lazzari Massimo
Published: September 2018

Early evidence of materials decay can provide diagnostic insights to conservators and scientists enhancing the overall knowledge on art materials. Limited knowledge is available on the long‐term behavior of synthetic and natural polymers used in art. This research poses the foundations for studies on organic materials suffering from autoxidation processes, using nondestructive surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of commonly present low molecular weight degradation products. Such products are here considered molecular markers for diagnostic investigations, and SERS allows detection limits never reached before. 3D aluminum (Al)‐coated SERS substrates are optimized for in situ sampling of artifacts, testing different reference materials, sampling strategies, and instrumental conditions. Linseed oil is an organic material widely used in art, which degradation mechanisms are well‐known. Considering that many polymeric compounds follow similar degradation pathways, linseed oil seemed an excellent model material for a wider research on SERS for polymers degradation in artworks.
Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Awad Fathi , Wichmann Christina , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of Raman spectroscopy for characterization of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) with methylene blue (MB) to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Results showed that APDT with MB (0.5, 1.5, and 3 μM) revealed significant reduction in the viability of the microorganism. Raman spectra from the treated microorganism seem to be affected by APDT compared with their respective controls, and the highest effect was observed when MB used at 3 μM. The results obtained in this study showed that APDT can have an effect on Raman spectra of bacteria.
Three‐Dimensional Printed Cardiac Models for Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Instruction
Authors: Ochoa Sebastian , Segal Jonathan , Garcia Noah , Fischer Ernest A.
Published: September 2018

Background

Focused cardiac ultrasonography (FCU) is an increasingly integral component of routine medical training and practice. While various instructional methods have been described, few attempts have been made to incorporate a physical 3‐dimensional (3D) instructional aid.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine if a 3D printed heart model workshop for FCU instruction leads to equivalent structure recognition and scanning ability compared to traditional didactic FCU instruction.

Intervention

Twenty first‐year medical students with no point‐of‐care ultrasonography experience were randomly assigned to a traditional lecture (n = 10) or a 3D printed heart model workshop (n = 10). Written examinations at 0 and 3 months as well as image acquisition at 3 months were compared.

Results

The median scores from the initial written structure identification in the traditional and 3D heart groups were 74% and 90%, respectively (P = 0.7). The second written exam at 3 months yielded median scores of 56% and 58% in the traditional and 3D heart groups, respectively (P = 0.8). The average scores on the image acquisition practical at 3 months were 3.3 of 5 and 2.7 of 5 (P = 0.1) in the traditional and 3D heart groups, respectively.

Conclusions

Utilizing 3D heart models in an FCU workshop format results in similar skill acquisition and knowledge retention as traditional didactics. The 3D heart models are relatively inexpensive, portable, and reusable, enabling learners to practice repeatedly and at flexible intervals. The reduction in ongoing expenses and the ability to teach large groups may decrease training costs as well as the need for local faculty expertise.
Animal welfare, social license, and wildlife use industries
Authors: Hampton Jordan O. , Teh‐White Katherine
Published: September 2018

Many wildlife use industries are facing criticism from animal welfare groups. In some recent cases, opposition to contentious practices (e.g., kangaroo [Macropus spp.] harvesting) has achieved widespread community support and industries have lost market access or regulatory approval. The concept of social license to operate has become an important focus for many natural resource management fields, but there is ostensibly less awareness of its role in animal industries. To regard this contemporary threat to traditional wildlife management as more than inexplicable requires some delving into social sciences. We use the example of the declining harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) harvest in Canada to illustrate how poorly addressed animal welfare concerns can erode social license and decimate even ecologically sustainable wildlife use enterprises. We argue that other consumptive wildlife use industries, such as North American fur harvesting and kangaroo harvesting in Australia are at risk of loss of social license if animal welfare concerns are not addressed proactively and effectively. When faced with opposition from animal advocacy groups, many wildlife use industries have traditionally been reactive and have been reluctant to engage with stakeholders who possess seemingly irreconcilable differences. Instead, industries have often resorted to secrecy or deception, or have steadfastly defended their current approaches while attacking their critics. We suggest that a more effective approach would be for industries to proactively engage with stakeholders, establish a shared vision for how their industry should operate, and support this vision by transparently monitoring animal welfare outcomes. Proactive management of community expectations surrounding animal welfare is essential for the maintenance of social license for wildlife use enterprises. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Greater sage‐grouse vital rates after wildfire
Authors: Foster Lee J. , Dugger Katie M. , Hagen Christian A. , Budeau David A.
Published: September 2018

Greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have been subject to long‐term and continuing declines in population and habitat since European settlement of western North America. Increased wildfire activity constitutes a primary threat to the species in western portions of their range, with documented declines in wildfire‐affected populations. Following a 187,000‐ha wildfire in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada, USA, we used global positioning system (GPS) telemetry to monitor nest initiation, nest survival, nesting habitat, and adult survival of female sage‐grouse during 2013 and 2014. We used known‐fate models in Program MARK to estimate daily nest survival and monthly adult survival in relation to temporal patterns, physiological characteristics of females, and habitat and land‐cover characteristics. We assessed habitat characteristics using geographic information system (GIS)‐derived measures of post‐fire habitat condition and land cover. Nest initiation rate following the fire was comparable to that observed in unaltered habitat. We observed nesting rates of 90% and 100% during 2013 and 2014, respectively, and renesting rates of 23% and 57% during the same years. Daily nest survival was consistently low in comparison to rates observed in concurrent studies in the region, for first nests during both years, and for second nests during 2013, but survival markedly increased for second nests during 2014. Sage‐grouse generally did not leave the fire perimeter to nest, with 64% and 73% of nests located in the fire boundary during 2013 and 2014, respectively. Approximately 27% of nests were located in burned habitat during 2013, and 20% of nests in 2014 were located in burned habitat. Adult survival varied by month, and although patterns of monthly survival were similar between years, monthly survival rates were significantly reduced from the beginning of the study through the end of the first post‐fire growing season. Our results indicate that sage‐grouse continue to use fire‐affected habitat in the years immediately following wildfire and sage‐grouse experienced lower nest survival and adult female survival than other populations during the same period. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Higher Complication Rates in Self‐Inflicted Gunshot Wounds After Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer
Authors: Sokoya Mofiyinfolu , Vincent Aurora G. , Joshi Rohan , Kadakia Sameep , Kohlert Scott , Lee Thomas S. , Saman Masoud , Ducic Yadranko
Published: September 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

Microvascular free tissue transfer is often employed to reconstruct significant facial defects from ballistic injuries. Herein, we present our comparison of complications between self‐inflicted and non–self‐inflicted gunshot wounds after microvascular free tissue transfer.

Study Design

Retrospective case review.

Methods

Approval was obtained from the JPS institutional review board. We performed a retrospective review of cases of ballistic facial injuries between October 1997 and September 2017 that underwent vascularized free tissue transfer for reconstruction. Comparisons were made between self‐inflicted and non–self‐inflicted gunshot wounds after microvascular free tissue transfer. The χ2 test was used for all comparisons. P value and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported.

Results

There were 73 patients requiring free flap reconstruction after gunshot wounds to the face during the study period. There was a statistically significant difference in the rates of nonunion between self‐inflicted and non–self‐inflicted wounds (P = .02, 95% CI: 0.9 to 35.8) There were also no significant differences in flap failure (P = .10, 95% CI: −2.8 to 24.2), plate exposure (P = .28, 95% CI: −6.7 to 33.0), wound infection (P = .40, 95% CI: −8.9 to 31.2), scar contracture (P = .60, 95% CI: −8.1 to 25.1), and fistula formation (P = .13, 95% CI: −2.8 to 28.8) between patients with self‐inflicted and those with non–self‐inflicted wounds. Overall, complication rates were significantly higher in the self‐inflicted group compared to the non–self‐inflicted group (P < .0001, 95% CI: 32.6 to 68.6).

Conclusions

Patients with self‐inflicted injuries had more complications postoperatively than those with non–self‐inflicted injuries. This is likely helpful in surgical planning and patient counseling.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 129:837–840, 2019
Hybrid Synthetic‐Biological Hydrogel System for Adipose Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Li Shue , Poche John Nicholas , Liu Yiming , Scherr Thomas , McCann Jacob , Forghani Anoosha , Smoak Mollie , Muir Mitchell , Berntsen Lisa , Chen Cong , Ravnic Dino J. , Gimble Jeffrey , Hayes Daniel J.
Published: September 2018

Hydrogels are promising scaffolds for adipose tissue regeneration. Currently, the incorporation of bioactive molecules in hydrogel system is used, which can increase the cell proliferation rate or improve adipogenic differentiation performance of stromal stem cells but often suffers from high expense or cytotoxicity because of light/thermal curing used for polymerization. In this study, decellularized adipose tissue is incorporated, at varying concentrations, with a thiol‐acrylate fraction that is then polymerized to produce hydrogels via a Michael addition reaction. The results reveal that the major component of isolated adipose‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) is Collagen I. Mechanical properties of ECM polyethylene glycol (PEG) are not negatively affected by the incorporation of ECM. Additionally, human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) are encapsulated in ECM PEG hydrogel with ECM concentrations varying from 0% to 1%. The results indicate that hASCs maintained the highest viability and proliferation rate in 1% ECM PEG hydrogel with most lipids formation when cultured in adipogenic conditions. Furthermore, more adipose regeneration is observed in 1% ECM group with in vivo study by Day 14 compared to other ECM PEG hydrogels with lower ECM content. Taken together, these findings suggest the ECM PEG hydrogel is a promising substitute for adipose tissue regeneration applications.
Space and time inversions of stochastic processes and Kelvin transform
Authors: Alili L. , Chaumont L. , Graczyk P. , Żak T.
Published: September 2018

Let X be a standard Markov process. We prove that a space inversion property of X implies the existence of a Kelvin transform of X‐harmonic, excessive and operator‐harmonic functions and that the inversion property is inherited by Doob h‐transforms. We determine new classes of processes having space inversion properties amongst transient processes satisfying the time inversion property. For these processes, some explicit inversions, which are often not the spherical ones, and excessive functions are given explicitly. We treat in details the examples of free scaled power Bessel processes, non‐colliding Bessel particles, Wishart processes, Gaussian Ensemble and Dyson Brownian Motion.
Effects of Added Physical Cross‐Linkers on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Networks
Authors: Furuya Tsutomu , Yamamoto Keita , Koga Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2018

The effects of added physical cross‐linkers on the mechanical properties of polymer networks are studied by a computer simulation and a theoretical calculation. The physical cross‐linkers are modeled with small attractive particles and are adsorbed on the networks. The particle adsorption on the networks serves as sacrificial bonds and enhances the mechanical strength and the extensibility of the networks. The subchains of the networks change the conformation from collapsed states to expanded states with increasing particle content. This conformational change leads the non‐monotonic behavior of the mechanical properties of the networks. If the deformation rate is less than the inverse of the lifetime of the adsorption, the stress shows a relaxation with the conformational change of the subchains and the restructuring of inter‐subchain physical bonds via particle adsorption. In contrast, if the deformation rate is fast, the networks are deformed before the structural change, and show higher mechanical strengths.
Levodopa‐Induced Neuropathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Romagnolo Alberto , Merola Aristide , Artusi Carlo Alberto , Rizzone Mario Giorgio , Zibetti Maurizio , Lopiano Leonardo
Published: September 2018

Background

Clinical, neurophysiological, and pathological evidence suggest an association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and peripheral neuropathy (PNP), with a possible causative role of levodopa metabolic products, such as homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting cases of PNP inl‐dopa‐treated PD patients indexed in PubMed between January 1990 and March 2018.

Results

We identified 38 articles reporting cases of PNP in PD patients treated with orall‐dopa or withl‐dopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion (LCIG). Prevalence of PNP was 30.2% in the former group and 42.1% in the latter. Orall‐dopa was mostly associated with slowly progressive PNP, whereas LCIG showed an acute or subacute onset in 35.7% of cases. In both groups, there was an association between PNP and higherl‐dopa doses, as well as with the following biochemical alterations: increased homocysteine; reduced vitamin B12; increased methylmalonic acid; and reduced vitamin B6. A skin biopsy was performed in 181 patients, showing signs of small fibers neuropathy in 169 (93.4%). Positive, yet preliminary, results were observed in patients receiving periodic vitamin supplementation.

Conclusions

Over one third of PD patients in treatment withl‐dopa may develop PNP, with a significantly higher prevalence of acute and subacute forms in those receiving LCIG. Pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, but possibly related to a complex interplay between peripheral neurodegenerative processes andl‐dopa neurotoxic metabolites. Prospective, randomized, clinical trials are required to identify factors associated with the onset and progression of PD‐associated PNP and clarify the protective role of B‐group vitamin supplementation.
Electromagnetic tracking in image‐guided laparoscopic surgery: Comparison with optical tracking and feasibility study of a combined laparoscope and laparoscopic ultrasound system
Authors: Xiao Guofang , Bonmati Ester , Thompson Stephen , Evans Joe , Hipwell John , Nikitichev Daniil , Gurusamy Kurinchi , Ourselin Sébastien , Hawkes David J. , Davidson Brian , Clarkson Matthew J.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

In image‐guided laparoscopy, optical tracking is commonly employed, but electromagnetic (EM) systems have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we provide a thorough comparison of EM and optical tracking systems for use in image‐guided laparoscopic surgery and a feasibility study of a combined, EM‐tracked laparoscope and laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) image guidance system.

Methods

We first assess the tracking accuracy of a laparoscope with two optical trackers tracking retroreflective markers mounted on the shaft and an EM tracker with the sensor embedded at the proximal end, using a standard evaluation plate. We then use a stylus to test the precision of position measurement and accuracy of distance measurement of the trackers. Finally, we assess the accuracy of an image guidance system comprised of an EM‐tracked laparoscope and an EM‐tracked LUS probe.

Results

In the experiment using a standard evaluation plate, the two optical trackers show less jitter in position and orientation measurement than the EM tracker. Also, the optical trackers demonstrate better consistency of orientation measurement within the test volume. However, their accuracy of measuring relative positions decreases significantly with longer distances whereas the EM tracker's performance is stable; at 50 mm distance, the RMS errors for the two optical trackers are 0.210 and 0.233 mm, respectively, and it is 0.214 mm for the EM tracker; at 250 mm distance, the RMS errors for the two optical trackers become 1.031 and 1.178 mm, respectively, while it is 0.367 mm for the EM tracker. In the experiment using the stylus, the two optical trackers have RMS errors of 1.278 and 1.555 mm in localizing the stylus tip, and it is 1.117 mm for the EM tracker. Our prototype of a combined, EM‐tracked laparoscope and LUS system using representative calibration methods showed a RMS point localization error of 3.0 mm for the laparoscope and 1.3 mm for the LUS probe, the lager error of the former being predominantly due to the triangulation error when using a narrow‐baseline stereo laparoscope.

Conclusions

The errors incurred by optical trackers, due to the lever‐arm effect and variation in tracking accuracy in the depth direction, would make EM‐tracked solutions preferable if the EM sensor is placed at the proximal end of the laparoscope.
Application of the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) item parameters for Anxiety and Depression in the Netherlands
Authors: van Bebber Jan , Flens Gerard , Wigman Johanna T.W. , de Beurs Edwin , Sytema Sjoerd , Wunderink Lex , Meijer Rob R.
Published: September 2018

Objectives

The Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Health Organization has compiled and calibrated item banks for various domains in the United States, and these item banks have been translated into Dutch language.

Methods

The item banks for Anxiety and Depression have been administered in two samples, one drawn from the Dutch general and one drawn from the Dutch clinical population. The aim of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of the official PROMIS item parameters for these item banks that have been estimated based on data collected in the United States for use in the Netherlands. For both domains, we determined the fit of U.S. item parameters, the effect on individual domain scores and levels, the effect on correlations with full item bank totals, and the effect on classification accuracies of adaptive test scores for diagnoses of anxiety and mood disorders.

Results

The results showed that especially in the clinical population sample, fit appeared to be problematic for many items. However, simulations revealed that both sets of item parameters (official PROMIS vs. unique Dutch) perform nearly equally well in practice.

Conclusion

We tentatively conclude that the official PROMIS item parameters can be used for scaling respondents in the Netherlands.
COL6A3‐derived endotrophin links reciprocal interactions among hepatic cells in the pathology of chronic liver disease
Authors: Lee Changhu , Kim Min , Lee Jun Ho , Oh Jiyoung , Shin Hyun‐Hee , Lee Sang Min , Scherer Philipp E , Kwon Hyug Moo , Choi Jang Hyun , Park Jiyoung
Published: September 2018

Extracellular matrix dysregulation is associated with chronic liver disease. CollagenVI‐alpha3 chain (COL6A3) is a biomarker for hepatic fibrosis and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its function in liver pathology remains unknown. High levels of COL6A3 and its cleaved product, endotrophin (ETP) in tumor‐neighboring regions are strongly associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Here, we report that the high levels of ETP in injured hepatocytes induce JNK‐dependent hepatocyte apoptosis and activate nonparenchymal cells to lead further activation of hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Nevertheless ETP per se showed limited phenotypic changes in normal liver tissues. Furthermore, inhibition of ETP activity by utilizing neutralizing antibodies efficiently suppressed the pathological consequences in chronic liver diseases. Our results implicate ETP mechanistically as a crucial mediator in reciprocal interactions among various hepatic cell populations in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease, and it could be a promising therapeutic target particularly in individuals with high local levels of COL6A3. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interlaminar fracture toughness, adhesion and mechanical properties of MWCNT–glass fiber fabric composites: Effect of MWCNT aspect ratios
Authors: Zeng Shaohua , Duan Pengpeng , Shen Mingxia , Lu Xiaolin , Xue Yijiao , Yang Lu
Published: September 2018

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with various aspect ratios were first designed onto the glass fiber fabric (Gf), for the purpose of fabricating a series of MWCNT–glass fiber fabric (MGf) composites with controllable interlaminar fracture toughness, adhesion and mechanical properties. The dispersal ability of MWCNT on the Gf surface was closely related to its aspect ratios, which may greatly affect the toughness and strength of epoxy‐based composites. An interesting result showed that the interlaminar fracture toughness of MGf composites with MWCNT aspect ratios of ~667 to ~1333 was significantly improved. Under an optimal MWCNT aspect ratio (~1333), the interlaminar shear, tensile and flexural strength of the MGf composite were raised by 43.8, 38.2, and 34.2%, respectively, and its dynamic mechanical properties had a similar rule, as compared with neat Gf composite. Almost all the MGf composites with MWCNT exhibited some ductile fracture behavior whether in tensile or flexural tests. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1329–E1337, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
New nanocomposites based on polyamide containing imine groups reinforced with functionalized polyethyleneimine‐modified ZnO nanoparticles; fabrication, characterization and lead ion adsorption studies
Authors: Hajibeygi Mohsen , Fardi Mahdi , Shabanian Meisam
Published: September 2018

New polyamide (PA)/ZnO nanocomposites were prepared using polyethyleneimine (PEI) surface‐modified ZnO nanoparticles (PSMZ) by solution mixing method. PSMZ was prepared via imine linkages between PEI and silane‐amine functionalized ZnO nanoparticles. Multifunctional PA containing imine groups was synthesized by direct polycondensation reaction and used as a polymer matrix. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy results showed that the ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the PA matrix. The UV–Vis spectra of the nanocomposites exhibited reduction in absorption intensities due to high interactions between functional groups of PSMZ and PA. The thermogravimetric analysis results exhibited that the temperature at 10 mass% loss (T10) increased from 314 to 352°C for PA nanocomposite containing 6 mass% of PSMZ, as well as enhancement of char residue compared with the neat PA. Also, the synthesized PA and corresponding nanocomposites were used as effective adsorbent for the lead ions removal from aqueous solution, which the results showed up to 100% removal efficiency. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2602–2616, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Changes in renal function with long‐term exposure to antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected adults in Asia
Authors: Joshi Kedar , Boettiger David , Kerr Stephen , Nishijima Takeshi , Van Nguyen Kinh , Ly Penh Sun , Lee Man Po , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Wong Wingwai , Kantipong Pacharee , Cuong Do Duy , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Choi Jun Yong , Zhang Fujie , Chaiwarith Romanee , Ng Oon Tek , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Sim Benedict Lim Heng , Merati Tuti Parwati , Yunihastuti Evy , Ditangco Rossana , Ross Jeremy , Pujari Sanjay
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Renal disease is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, there is limited information on the incidence and risk factors associated with renal dysfunction among this population in Asia.

Methods

We used data from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database. Patients were included if they started antiretroviral therapy during or after 2003, had a serum creatinine measurement at antiretroviral therapy initiation (baseline), and had at least 2 follow‐up creatinine measurements taken ≥3 months apart. Patients with a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were excluded. Chronic kidney disease was defined as 2 consecutive eGFR values ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 taken ≥3 months apart. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify factors associated with eGFR change. Competing risk regression adjusted for study site, age and sex, and cumulative incidence plots were used to evaluate factors associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Results

Of 2547 patients eligible for this analysis, tenofovir was being used by 703 (27.6%) at baseline. Tenofovir use, high baseline eGFR, advanced HIV disease stage, and low nadir CD4 were associated with a decrease in eGFR during follow‐up. Chronic kidney disease occurred at a rate of 3.4 per 1000 patient/years. Factors associated with CKD were tenofovir use, old age, low baseline eGFR, low nadir CD4, and protease inhibitor use.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need to enhance renal monitoring and management capacity among at‐risk groups in Asia and improve access to less nephrotoxic antiretrovirals.
Novel cellulose nanofibers/barium titanate nanoparticles nanocomposites and their electrical properties
Authors: Hassan Mohammad L. , Ali Ashraf F. , Salama Aliaa H. , Abdel‐Karim Amal M.
Published: September 2018

Green nanocomposite films from cellulose nanofibers/barium titanate (CNF/BT) with high homogeneity were successfully prepared by doping different ratio of BT nanoparticles (2.5 to 25 wt%) into CNF. Scanning electron microscope images showed homogenous distribution of BT in the CNF matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed good thermal stability of the prepared nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the tetragonality of BT grains was retained in the composite samples. Addition of BT nanoparticles to CNF resulted in decreasing the tensile strength properties of the films. The dielectric properties were analyzed in detail with respect to frequency ranged from 0.1 Hz to 5 MHz, temperature ranged from 289 to 373 K, and BT loading. The high k values of the CNF/BT films were attributed to spontaneous polarization of BT particles. The dielectric constant of the nanocomposites increased by addition of BT nanoparticles up to 5 wt% and decreased afterwards. Hopping ionic conduction was proved as a conduction mechanism of the prepared nanocomposites. The activation energy of the conduction ranged from 0.4 to 0.08 eV. Moreover, the values of activation energy decreased as the doping level of BT nanoparticles increased.
Proteome Profiling by Label‐Free Mass Spectrometry Reveals Differentiated Response of Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 to Sublethal Concentrations of Bile Acids
Authors: Masanta Wycliffe O. , Zautner Andreas E. , Lugert Raimond , Bohne Wolfgang , Gross Uwe , Leha Andreas , Dakna Mohammed , Lenz Christof
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Bile acids are crucial components of the intestinal antimicrobial defense and represent a significant stress factor for enteric pathogens. Adaptation processes of Campylobacter jejuni to this hostile environment are analyzed in this study by a proteomic approach.

Experimental design

Proteome profiling by label‐free mass spectrometry (SWATH‐MS) has been used to characterize the adaptation of C. jejuni to sublethal concentrations of seven bile acids.

Results

The bile acids with the lowest inhibitory concentration (IC50), deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid, induce the most significant proteome changes. Overall a downregulation of all basic biosynthetic pathways and a general decrease in the transcription machinery are found. Concurrently, an induction of factors involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species, protein folding, and bile acid exporting efflux pumps is detected. Exposure to deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid results in an increased expression of components of the more energy‐efficient aerobic respiration pathway, while the anaerobic branches of the electron transport chain are down‐expressed.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The results show that C. jejuni has a differentiated system of adaptation to bile acid stresses. The findings enhance the understanding of the pathogenesis of campylobacteriosis, especially for survival of C. jejuni in the human intestine, and may provide clues to future medical treatment.
Steric hindrance controls pyridine nucleotide specificity of a flavin‐dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase
Authors: Ball Jacob , Reis Renata A. G. , Agniswamy Johnson , Weber Irene T. , Gadda Giovanni
Published: September 2018

The crystal structure of the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase PA1024 has been solved in complex with NAD+ to 2.2 Å resolution. The nicotinamide C4 is 3.6 Å from the FMN N5 atom, with a suitable orientation for facile hydride transfer. NAD+ binds in a folded conformation at the interface of the TIM‐barrel domain and the extended domain of the enzyme. Comparison of the enzyme‐NAD+ structure with that of the ligand‐free enzyme revealed a different conformation of a short loop (75–86) that is part of the NAD+‐binding pocket. P78, P82, and P84 provide internal rigidity to the loop, whereas Q80 serves as an active site latch that secures the NAD+ within the binding pocket. An interrupted helix consisting of two α‐helices connected by a small three‐residue loop binds the pyrophosphate moiety of NAD+. The adenine moiety of NAD+ appears to π–π stack with Y261. Steric constraints between the adenosine ribose of NAD+, P78, and Q80, control the strict specificity of the enzyme for NADH. Charged residues do not play a role in the specificity of PA1024 for the NADH substrate.
Elaboration, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Nanoparticles of High Purity Using Molten Salts Technique
Authors: Mouhib Yassine , Belaiche Mohammed , Briche Samir
Published: September 2018

Ferrite nanoparticles of basic composition Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 are synthesized for the first time through molten salt method using Fe1.61O3, Ni0.47(OH)2, and Zn0.98O as non‐standard Moroccan raw materials. The effect of various parameters such as annealing temperature and time on crystalline structure of Ni–Zn ferrite has been investigated. The TGA analysis shows the thermal behavior of the reagents mixture. The X‐ray diffraction pattern confirmed the single phase, high crystalline and cubic structure with Fd3m space group, and average crystallite size of 29 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR) shows two fundamental absorption bands (v1 and v2) that are attributed to the stretching vibration of tetrahedral and octahedral sites, observed in spinel structure, in the wave number range of 400–600 cm−1. Particle size are evaluated by using transmission electron microscopy and proved that they have a cubical shape. EDS result confirms the purity of the Ni–Zn nanoferrite powder. Magnetic measurements reveal a weak ferrimagnetic behavior at low temperature and superparamagnetism at high temperature.
Higher‐energy collision‐induced dissociation for the quantification by liquid chromatography/tandem ion trap mass spectrometry of nitric oxide metabolites coming from S‐nitroso‐glutathione in an in vitro model of the intestinal barrier
Authors: Yu Haiyan , Bonetti Justine , Gaucher Caroline , Fries Isabelle , Vernex‐Loset Lionel , Leroy Pierre , Chaimbault Patrick
Published: September 2018

Rationale

The potency of S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) as a nitric oxide (NO) donor to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been highlighted in numerous studies. In order to study its bioavailability after oral administration, which represents the most convenient route for the chronic treatment of CVDs, it is essential to develop an analytical method permitting (i) the simultaneous measurement of GSNO metabolites, i.e. nitrite, S‐nitrosothiols (RSNOs) and nitrate and (ii) to distinguish them from other sources (endogenous synthesis and diet).

Methods

Exogenous GSNO was labeled with 15N, and the GS15NO metabolites after conversion into the nitrite ion were derivatized with 2,3‐diaminonaphthalene. The resulting 2,3‐naphthotriazole was quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ITMS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring mode after Higher‐energy Collision‐induced Dissociation (HCD). Finally, the validated method was applied to an in vitro model of the intestinal barrier (monolayer of Caco‐2 cells) to study GS15NO intestinal permeability.

Results

A LC/ITMS/MS method based on an original transition (m/z 171 to 156) for sodium 15N‐nitrite, GS15NO and sodium 15N‐nitrate measurements was validated, with recoveries of 100.8 ± 3.8, 98.0 ± 2.7 and 104.1 ± 3.3%, respectively. Intra‐ and inter‐day variabilities were below 13.4 and 12.6%, and the limit of quantification reached 5 nM (signal over blank = 4). The permeability of labeled GS15NO (10–100 μM) was evaluated by calculating its apparent permeability coefficient (Papp).

Conclusions

A quantitative LC/ITMS/MS method using HCD was developed for the first time to selectively monitor GS15NO metabolites. The assay allowed evaluation of GS15NO intestinal permeability and situated this drug candidate within the middle permeability class according to FDA guidelines. In addition, the present method has opened the perspective of a more fundamental work aiming at studying the fragmentation mechanism leading to the ion at m/z 156 in HCD tandem mass spectrometry in the presence of acetonitrile.