bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Next New Gospel
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Neither will the Lord God suffer that the Gentiles shall forever remain in that awful state of blindness, which thou beholdest they are in, because of the plain and most precious parts of the gospel of the Lamb which have been kept back by that abominable church, whose formation thou hast seen.
The Dynamics of Islamic Identity in North America
Authors: Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck
Published: November 2023

The immigration of Muslims to Europe and North America during this century has ushered in a new era in the relationship between Islam and the West, conditioned in part by the Muslim experience of “the West” in the form of European colonialism until mid-century and “American neo-colonialism” since the 1950s. As a result the dynamic between the two is seen by Muslims as being that between conqueror and conquered, powerful and powerless, dominant and weak. This has also influenced the ways in which Muslims have formed questions of identity as they strive to negotiate a secure place for themselves and their children in Western societies.
Striking a Balance: Islamic Legal Discourse on Muslim Minorities
Authors: Fadl Khaled Abou El
Published: November 2023

Muslims in America, though a growing and increasingly diverse community, are nonetheless still a small minority living in an ostensibly Christian country. One of the most vexing questions for Muslims, particularly those who consider themselves religious or “practicing,” is how to live as persons of faith in a challenging and sometimes hostile environment. Muslim beliefs are generally not understood in the United States, and Muslim practices are not supported by the social, professional, and economic structures of American society.
Muslim Women in Canada: Their Role and Status as Revealed in the Hijab Controversy
Authors: Shakeri Esmail
Published: November 2023

In Canada, both within the Muslim community and between Muslims and the rest of society, the role and status of Muslim women is being debated. The growth of the Muslim population in the last two decades and continued immigration have brought a heightened sense of their “minority status” among Muslims, and raised many questions concerning religious values and expression. Muslims, particularly women, want to keep their religious identity, while adopting the other aspects of the host culture such as language, educational system, employment patterns, and civic life. For them integration means acceptance by the larger Canadian society of their separate identity, including their distinctive religious practices, patterns of family relationship, and mother tongues.
African-American Muslims and the Question of Identity: Between Traditional Islam, African Heritage, and the American Way
Authors: Nuruddin Yusuf
Published: November 2023

Ali Marzrui, in his 1986 televised PBS series, “The Africans,” argued that Africans are the cultural heirs to a “triple heritage,” consisting of (1) Africanity or traditional indigenous culture, (2) Islamic culture, and (3) Western culture. This triple cultural heritage, according to Mazrui, is at the center of all of the African continent’s contemporary conflicts and predicaments.1 I intend to argue here that African-American Muslims are also heir to this “triple heritage,” but that vastly different historical circumstances between continental Africans and Africans in the diaspora (i.e., in the Americas) have resulted in entirely distinct patterns of interplay among these three cultural factors. In other words, the patterns of enculturation (socialization within the indigenous culture) and acculturation (adaptation to non-indigenous cultures) are vastly different in the African diaspora from what they are on the African continent, even though the basic cultural factors are similar, if not identical. Nevertheless, this “triple heritage” lies at the center of all of the African-American Muslim community’s contemporary conflicts and predicaments, in much the same way that the “triple heritage” is at the center of Africa’s conflicts.
Economic Security and Muslim Identity: A Study of the Immigrant Community in Durham, North Carolina
Authors: Goldwasser Elise
Published: November 2023

The purpose of a study of Muslim immigrants in Durham, North Carolina, conducted over two years was to determine the reasons behind the decision to immigrate and see if those reasons had any correlation with the religious identity and practices of the immigrants involved. The study compared the experience of middle-class immigrants to those with little or no economic security. The findings were that the more prosperous ones were intent on retaining their Muslim way of life, while the poor were trying to transform themselves to fit into an American mold; both groups, however, adopted some aspect of the host culture and rejected others.
Approaches to Mosque Design in North America
Authors: Khalidi Omar
Published: November 2023

In North America, unlike long-established Muslim societies, a majority of mosques are buildings originally constructed for other purposes—abandoned churches, Masonic lodges, fire stations, funeral homes, theaters, warehouses, and shops. A survey conducted in 1992–95 showed that of the nearly one thousand mosques and Islamic centers in the United States, fewer than one hundred were designed as mosques. Here, however, we will be concerned only with those structures specifically designed and erected as mosques and their relationship to the subject of identity.
“For I Could Not Find The Syllables” The Education and Training of Early Christian Scribes
Authors: Haines-Eitzen Kim
Published: November 2023

The previous two chapters were concerned with the broad contours of scribes’ identities and status in the Graeco-Roman world. We saw that scribes in this period defy scholarly attempts to categorize scribes and to generalize about a “scribal class”; while scribes are concentrated in the slave and lower classes, they are also found in higher classes. Their tasks are not easily defined or classified, since many scribes - especially private scribes - seem to have often been multifunctional, crossing the lines of administrative and literary work with some frequency. This chapter continues the discussion of scribal identities and functions by looking closely at the education and training of scribes. Throughout, I will use the terms “education” and “training,” respectively, to designate a general course of schooling (i.e., that may have taken place in a “public” school or a private context) in contrast to a particular technical component designed to teach scribes a specialty. In the case of the copyists of early Christian literature, I will further give attention to evidence that may indicate that the scribes had a specifically Christian “education” (to the extent that they were acquainted with other Christian texts or may have been aware of liturgical or catechetical rites). What emerges from the literary and papyrological evidence corroborates the multifarious portrait in the previous chapters: the degree of education and training among scribes of this period varies from the illiterate to the well-educated, from the poorly trained copyist6 to the experienced calligrapher.
The Sacred and the Secular
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

A falcon swoops and pinions a dove in midair. There are divine energies here, and mythic thinking marks them with its distinctive fusion of natural with magical powers. Not that mythmakers fail to see distinctions. Myths can make the keenest discriminations.1 But mythic discourse does not so willingly dis­ solve the aura cast by its sacralizing gaze. It savors the extraordinariness of the extraordinary. By cycles of ritual, story, dance, poem, and song, cultures retell and seek to relive those moments that so trap the gaze or arrest the mind-to mime the bear or deer or monkey, become the god that animates the game, paint the walls with torsos and evocations of the animal energies discovered in the field.
Being and Knowing
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

Being in Arabic is kawn. Given the verbal force typical in Arabic nouns derived from verbs, the word develops the connotations of ‘becoming,’ in Plato’s sense of coming to be, genesis. It is used to render that term in Aristotle’s phrase ‘coming to be and passing away.’ Its Aristotelian opposite is faslid, corruption, again with verbal force, meaning rotting, wasting, decomposing. Thus Bashshar ibn Burd, the eighth-century poet of Basra, wrote: “Wa kullu shay’in li-kawnihi sababun” “Each thing must have a cause of its becoming.”‘ ‘Abd al-Jabbar, with studied deference to Arabic usage, similarly understands being dynamically: “The word ens is too to static to use it as a translation for kli’in; the Arabic verb klin expresses both the beginning and the continuation of what we call ‘to be.’ ... According to ‘Abd al-Jabbar this word when used without further determination means ‘beginning.”‘2 Jai}.
Partnering with Mennonites in Northern Ireland
Authors: Campbell Joseph
Published: November 2023

Meeting Mennonites Was For Me an oasis in the dry and barren desert. A Presbyterian from birth and elder in my local congregation, this “new” denomination came into my frame of reference in casual conversation in 1980 with a colleague who was working with youth on urban justice issues in England. He had visited the London Mennonite Centre and counted among his friends Alan and Eleanor Kreider. He spoke of a quality of community life, worship where justice and peace issues were not on the edge but central, and a people who took Jesus’ call to peacemakers as a serious call for today. To say I was interested would be an understatement. I read John Howard Yoder’s Politics of Jesus (1972), and I knew then I had to learn more about this church.

At that point in my life, I was youth director of the Belfast YMCA, at that time a mainly Protestant and evangelical youth organization. I was responsible for running a social education and recreation program for several hundred youth in the sixteen to twenty-five age group, mostly from low-income inner city backgrounds, with a healthy mix of male and female, Catholic and Protestant. Young people with regular jobs were the exception, as the youth often came from neighborhoods where over 70 percent of the people were on welfare. Few experiences in my life had prepared me for the hopeless injustice faced by those youth. I understood in stark terms the connection between social deprivation and political violence. Many of the young people I worked with had lives outside the YMCA in the junior ranks of paramilitary organizations on both sides of our divided society.
The “Bottom-Up” Alternative in Somali Peacebuilding
Authors: Bergey Bonnie
Published: November 2023

The Small Plane Headed Right into the city of Mogadishu. With the very blue Indian Ocean to the right of the plane and the white, arabesque buildings set among sparse thorny trees and bougainvillea to the left, the plane landed on the edge of the earth. When the door opened, I felt my first blast of the heavy, wet heat that was nearly always a part of Mogadishu’s presence. Then began the tight hold on my documents and the attempt to stay calm and unhurried in the midst of seeming chaos—pushing and shoving as if my fellow travelers could not contain the joy and enthusiasm of being home again. Not knowing what would happen, or whether I was capable of doing the work I was assigned to do, I also entered Somalia enthusiastically.

I had agreed to teach English in Mogadishu for three years with Eastern Mennonite Missions. For four months in 1990, I taught English and studied the Somali language, as the Somali state quickly tumbled further into uncertainty. Little did I know that my teaching days would be so short-lived and that I would spend most of my time working at peacebuilding with and among the Somali people. Five months after my arrival, the Siad Barre regime fell.
The Religious Component of Mennonite Peacemaking and Its Global Implications
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

In Order to Understand The Religious foundations and unique character of Mennonite peacemaking, it is necessary to explore briefly the origins of the community and how this affects the nature of their peace work. But first, a word is in order about the definition of terms. Conflict resolution has the implication for some of a type of mediation or intervention, usually in the form of a dialogue workshop or some alternative arrangement to the courts, all within a fairly limited span of time. I mean conflict resolution in its broadest sense: the varied approaches to understanding and intervening in intractable conflicts. I also use it to refer to the entire field of conflict analysis and practice as a professional endeavor. In a Mennonite context, however, it is important to add the terms conflict transformation, peacemaking, and peace-building, which all mean something more far reaching. These are difficult to define briefly, and in a certain way, their definition is the subject of this entire volume. For purposes of this chapter, I use these terms to describe a Mennonite commitment to the creation of deep relationships over time that, with proper care, lead both oneself and those with whom one is engaged in the direction of a profound transformation of conflictual and unjust human relationships. I use these three terms interchangeably, although certain Mennonite theorists do not.
Matters of the Heart
Authors: Gilman James E
Published: November 2023

When a woman of ill repute heard that Jesus was a guest in the house of a Pharisee, she went to the house with a vial of ointment, entered, and “weeping,... began to wet his feet with her tears, and wiped them with the hair of her head, and kissed his feet and anointed them with the ointment. Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw it, he said to himself, ‘If this man were a pro’phet, he would have known who and what sort of woman this is who is touching him, for she is a sinner’” (Luke 7:31-50).
Reenfranchising the Heart
Authors: Gilman James E
Published: November 2023

NEWS THEPROPHET Nathan delivers to King David is not especially good. A wealthy subject of the kingdom, in order to entertain a sojourner, has taken a lamb from the flock of a poor man. King David’s feeling of anger is immediate and intense, a feeling initiated by the fact that an injustice was done, anger anyone hearing the story would probably feel. Moreover, David seems to know immediately what punishment his spiritual community will require of the man.
Love as a Christian Virtue
Authors: Gilman James E
Published: November 2023

THE NEWS Is UNEXPECTED. “Go, sell what you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me”(Matthew 19:21). Only minutes before he was filled with confidence, certain that in keeping all of God’s commandments life eternal was assured. Now this news from Jesus, that his faith is misguided and his confidence unfounded. “Sell all, follow me?” Must Christian love be so passionate, so intimately personal, so sacrificial? Very often “we deceive ourselves about love,” says Nussbaum, “about who; and how; and whether.”
Dictionary of Nature Myths
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

This engaging reference work explores our age-old desire to interpret and control natural phenomena. Without the benefit of science, our ancestors sought to explain forces--such as wind, clouds, earthquakes, and stars--in a manner they believed to be inexorably connected to the will of the gods. Mythology afforded them the means to make sense of the world’s seemingly senseless aspects. The Dictionary of Nature Myths is a unique addition to the mythological literature. It pulls information from a variety of disciplines including archaeology, anthropology, religious studies, astronomy, meteorology, and geology. The book’s main subject areas concern natural forces, gods and goddesses of natural forces, terms relating to the myths of natural forces, and broad geographical areas. Within these categories Tamra Andrews groups stories from cultures around the globe, tales of an animated universe moved by supernatural power. Her volume is comprehensive and fully cross-referenced, and it contains a lengthy bibliography and an innovative guide to primary sources. Readers young and old will delight in reading about ABSU, a freshwater ocean that the Mesopotamians believed flowed beneath the earth; about IX CHEL, the Mayan moon and water goddess who controlled floods and rainbows; and about YGGDRASIL, the huge evergreen ash tree of Norse mythology that marked the center of the world. These entries and hundreds more will enchant and inform as they show how and why people from all ages and all cultures found power and magic in the natural world.
E
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

Earth is the foundation of human existence, the womb that gives life and the tomb that receives the dead. Many individual gods and goddesses qualified as earth deities, and these spirits empowered trees and mountains, protected crops, and ensured the fertility of the land. But almost every ancient culture deified the earth itself as a single animating power-a power that represented the cycle of life and death and the process of cosmic renewal.
F
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

Feng Po was the Chinese wind god, called the Wind Earl or Count of the Wind. The ancient Chinese perceived wind as the breath or the soul of life, so they equipped Feng Po with tremendous powers. He proved his power when as a minister on earth he walked from place to place with enormous speed. He was thus deified after death as Lord of the Wind and became an official in the Ministry of Thunder. From thenceforth, he took his orders directly from the thunder god.
H
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

Hail has always posed a threat to creatures and crops exposed to the open land. Hail could devastate farmers’ fields in seconds, and early agriculturists knew all too well of its strength. When hailstorms ravage the earth, some people even today consider them a show of the Great Spirit’s wrath. The destruction upsets the balance of nature, and people find themselves humbled and at the mercy of nature’s powers.
K
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

In Pueblo Indian society, the Kachinas were mythical ancestors who became the spirits of rain and of rainclouds. The Pueblos are agricultural people, so they depend on the annual return of the rain to plant their corn. In a sense then, the Kachinas are the spirits, too, of corn. Corn is their gift to the people. When they leave their spirit homes on the San Francisco peaks at the winter solstice, they enter the bodies of costumed dancers and stay until midsummer, bringing rain and fertility to the land.
U
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

Ukko was a god of thunder, clouds, and rain, widely worshipped by the Finns and the most commonly evoked deity in the Finnish epic poem the Kalevala. Ukko replaced the earlier Finnish sky god Jumala as Supreme Deity and assumed a role similar to the Scandinavian Thor. Ukko, too, carried a hammer or, in some areas, a rainbow bow and a lightning arrow. With these weapons, he drove away evil spirits by sending thunder and lightning down to earth.
Developing Insight or “Wisdom: The Four Stations of Mincifulness
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan
Published: November 2023

In the Buddhist siittas and treatises, the various methods for “stopping;’ or stilling, the mind are presented as preparatory techniques which are intended to remove gross emotional obscurations, and to help beginning practitioners concentrate their scattered minds and develop samadhi power. As methods of meditation, they are not really designed to foster liberative insight (prajfia) and enlightenment per se, although it is possible that individuals with unusually keen karmic roots may awaken quickly on the basis of these practices.
Gone To Texas
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

In Gone to Texas, historian Randolph Campbell ranges from the first arrival of humans in the Panhandle some 10,000 years ago to the dawn of the twenty-first century, offering an interpretive account of the land, the successive waves of people who have gone to Texas, and the conflicts that have made Texas as much a metaphor as a place. Campbell presents the epic tales of Texas history in a new light, offering revisionist history in the best sense--broadening and deepening the traditional story, without ignoring the heroes of the past. The scope of the book is impressive. It ranges from the archeological record of early Native Americans to the rise of the oil industry and ultimately the modernization of Texas. Campbell provides swift-moving accounts of the Mexican revolution against Spain, the arrival of settlers from the United States, and the lasting Spanish legacy (from place names to cattle ranching to civil law). The author also paints a rich portrait of the Anglo-Texan revolution, with its larger-than-life leaders and epic battles, the fascinating decade of the Republic of Texas, and annexation by the United States. In his account of the Civil War and Reconstruction, he examines developments both in local politics and society and in the nation at large (from the debate over secession to the role of Texas troops in the Confederate army to the impact of postwar civil rights laws). Late nineteenth-century Texas is presented as part of both the Old West and the New South. The story continues with an analysis of the impact of the Populist and Progressive movements and then looks at the prosperity decade of the 1920s and the economic disaster of the Great Depression. Campbell's last chapters show how World War II brought economic recovery and touched off spectacular growth that, with only a few downturns, continues until today. Lucid, engaging, deftly written, Gone to Texas offers a fresh understanding of why Texas continues to be seen as a state unlike any other, a place that distills the essence of what it means to be an American.
Introduction
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

Though the problems faced by the Christian minority are for many Egyptians a taboo subject, there can be no doubt that the condition of the Copts steadily deteriorated, during the second half of the twentieth century, as Egypt was ineluctably drawn to the Islamic orbit. The Coptic Orthodox Church took upon itself the role of bolstering the battered self-image of Egyptian Christians as well as of equipping them with the values and skills that would enable them to succeed economically despite discrimination. That the church has been able to assume this challenge as well as to confront the danger posed by the resurgence of Islamic militancy, in the 1970s, is attributable to a reform movement known as the “Sunday School Movement.” This book is about a generation of Egyptian Christians, the “Sunday School generation,” part of the new urban middle class that surfaced in the 1940s and early 50s, with a reform project to reconstitute Coptic culture as well as to reinvigorate their community by upgrading its educational and socioeconomic level. They found in the church the main outlet for their reforming zeal and proceeded to use it as a safe haven, outside the reach of the Muslim state, from which to launch their project.
Roots and Branches: Nazir Jayid versus Saad Aziz
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

Although the disappointment in the unfulfilled promise of equality made in the name of democracy gave it further impetus, the movement of church reform, known as the Sunday School Movement arose earlier, at the beginning of the twentieth century. The chief catalyst for change then was not Islamic militancy but the threat posed by western missionaries, particularly the enterprising Protestants, to the national Church of Egypt, the Egyptian-Orthodox Church. The latter was fiercely proud of its heritage and desirous of protecting itself from foreign inroads. While the Protestants were the most active group of missionaries in Egypt in the nineteenth century-by 1878 the American Presbyterian church alone had opened thirty-five schools-they were not the first ones on the scene. That place belongs to the Catholics: the Franciscans arrived in the eighteenth century.
Haraka wa Barakah: Arsanios, a Model Bishop
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

While Bishop Samuel’s idea of church-administered socio-economic programs, as opposed to a mere meting out of alms, was in itself a revolutionary idea for the Orthodox Church, it has by now been superseded by the realization that opening up literacy classes, family planning units, women’s centers, and vocational schools, in an ad hoc fashion in response to arising needs, is not enough. There should be an overall plan for the development of the dioceses, with institutions to ensure the continuity of projects beyond the lifetime of the sponsoring bishop. Investments must be made in profitable enterprises that will generate local funds for welfare programs. And training institutes must be created for church-servants, some of whom will have to specialize in the writing of project proposals for submission to western foundations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)-a know-how that is vital for small dioceses, which do not have a stratum of rich professionals, merchants, and businesspeople to provide funding for major development projects.
The Recruitment of Bishops
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

The reason for the rapid spread of developmental programs throughout the dioceses is not just that modem times have brought about a considerable expansion of the bishops’ social consciences, but also, that the downtrodden Egyptian masses are far more vociferous in their demands today than they were before the 1952 revolution. They have been fed a lot of unfilled promises almost daily, on television and in the newspapers. Thus the church experiences, in much the same way as the state does, a crisis generated by the inability of living standards to catch up with rising expectations. In the case of the Christians, these demands are pressed upon the church, not the state, from which, as second class citizens, they have come to expect very little. In most dioceses, the relationship between individual and church is not just pastoral but resembles a citizen-state relationship. Even though his relationship to his church does not carry with it the same element of compulsion as does the state-citizen counterpart, the demands made by a Copt on his church are similar. He expects it to not only cater to his spiritual needs but also to help him with educational, occupational, housing, and medical problems.
Toward the Empowerment of Women?
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

In talking about opening the church to lay participation, one cannot fail to address the issue of female participation. For a place is being made for women in the service of the church, albeit grudgingly, but not as yet for women’s voices in church affairs. We have seen earlier that the Sunday School Movement reached its apogee in the ‘40s and early ‘50s, a period of the twentieth century marked by the breakdown of traditional controls and by a questioning of the hierarchic status and corporate privileges of the ruling class in Egypt. This phenomenon culminated in the 1952 revolution. The newly educated, pious youths who were caught up in the rebellious mood that swept over the country had, in joining the voluntary associations of the saintly, turned their backs on traditional relationships. There are countless stories about the angry confrontations between the fathers of novices, who wished to wrench their sons away from the monasteries before it was too late, and their abbots. Most of the parents frowned on their sons’ single-minded pursuit of the Godly, which they had reason to fear would lead to a monastic vocation.
The Ecumenical Olympics—The Games in the Roman Era
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F
Published: November 2023

During their history of over a millennium, Olympia and the Olympics underwent a series of dynamic transformations, particularly during the period of Roman ‘imperial’ hegemony in the Eastern Mediterranean. The changes, most notably the general accommodation of Roman interests and the wider geographic spectrum of participants, in part evidence the vitality of the festival. The Olympic metamorphosis also Illustrates. a fortiori, how athletic institutions in general reflected and influenced their contemporary society. As we shall see In subsequent chapters, even lesser. local festivals adopted and adapted athletics to serve the Interests of the time and place. for example, in the initiation of Its young citizens and In the fostering of communal values. Just as those from Rome and the far reaches of the Roman Empire could participate In the Olympics and be assimilated into the unique complex of Greek athletic values. so too the girls’ Herala Games at Olympia or the Games for Eros at Thespiae could offer to women or men of many cities a festival experience where common goals were forged. Athletic phenomena were, in short, the signifiers, the media for transmitting messages of collective importance and for retlecting the social contexts of their times.
Drama, Desire, and Death in Athletic Performance
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F
Published: November 2023

Philostratus recounts the following myth of origin for the ancient Olympic “stade” or single-length footrace:

The stade race was founded in the following way. When the Eleans were offering sacrifice as Is required, the offerings were laid on the altar, but fire was not yet applied to it. The runners went one-stadium length from the altar, in front of which a priest stood with a torch, acting as umpire, The winner then lit the sacrifice, and departed from there as Olympic victor. (Gymn, 5)

However historically suspect Phllostratus’ Information may be, as we noted In chapter 1, it is not likely that the aetiological tale is a total fabrication, Some, perhaps most, ancient Greeks believed that this was the origin of the simplest footrace at Olympia—it is the only such explanation that has survived, The story has importance, then, at least as evidence of folk beliefs about the footrace, and it implies direct associations between athletic success and ritual actions.
Effortless Action
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: November 2023

This book presents a systematic account of the role of the personal spiritual ideal of wu-wei--literally "no doing," but better rendered as "effortless action"--in early Chinese thought. Edward Slingerland's analysis shows that wu-wei represents the most general of a set of conceptual metaphors having to do with a state of effortless ease and unself-consciousness. This concept of effortlessness, he contends, serves as a common ideal for both Daoist and Confucian thinkers. He also argues that this concept contains within itself a conceptual tension that motivates the development of early Chinese thought: the so-called "paradox of wu-wei," or the question of how one can consciously "try not to try." Methodologically, this book represents a preliminary attempt to apply the contemporary theory of conceptual metaphor to the study of early Chinese thought. Although the focus is upon early China, both the subject matter and methodology have wider implications. The subject of wu-wei is relevant to anyone interested in later East Asian religious thought or in the so-called "virtue-ethics" tradition in the West. Moreover, the technique of conceptual metaphor analysis--along with the principle of "embodied realism" upon which it is based--provides an exciting new theoretical framework and methodological tool for the study of comparative thought, comparative religion, intellectual history, and even the humanities in general. Part of the purpose of this work is thus to help introduce scholars in the humanities and social sciences to this methodology, and provide an example of how it may be applied to a particular sub-field.
Introduction
Authors: Crouch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

It has been more than twenty-five years since feminist activists coined the term “sexual harassment.”It has been more than twenty years since a federal court first recognized sexual harassment as actionable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Today, approximately 40 percent of workplace discrimination lawsuits involve allegations of sexual harassment, and U.S. companies are buying “sexual harassment insurance” to protect themselves. Yet, many of the central questions about the concept of sexual harassment remain unsettled.
Legal Issues
Authors: Crouch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I shall address several issues in sexual harassment law that are controversial and that help to explain some of the controversy surrounding sexual harassment in general. The issues, to be addressed consecu-tively, are (1) whether sexual harassment should be considered sex discrimination under Title VII, (2) whether the so-called reasonable woman standard should be adopted (3) whether same-sex harassment is sex discrimination, and (4) whether other forms of harassment should be conceptualized in the same way as sexual harassment.
Jump Start
Authors: Wolf Robert
Published: November 2023

For years, Robert Wolf traveled around the Midwest and the South teaching small town folk, farmers, and homeless individuals to write about their lives through poems, essays and fiction. Through his own small publishing company, Free River Press, Wolf published these stories of the forgotten parts of America. In 1999, Oxford published an anthology of his students' works in a volume entitled American Mosaic: Poetry and Prose by Everyday Folk. Now, we have Jump Start--a concise guide that offers Wolf's writing techniques from his Free River Press workshops across the country. Rooted in the oral tradition, Wolf's methods include storytelling, visualization, spontaneous prose composition, and sketching. Useful for both the individual and groups as well as for beginning or practiced writers, his concrete techniques are flexible enough to be applied towards any form (poetry, composition, non-fiction, plays, etc.). With the inclusion of writing samples from past workshop participants, Wolf's main emphasis is that people from all walks of life, even with no previous background in writing, may produce meaningful and memorable work.
Prologue
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

In 1770, on the eve of the American Revolution, African American slavery was legal and almost unquestioned throughout the New World. The ghastly slave trade from Africa was still expanding and for many decades had beenshipping five Africans across the Atlantic for every European immigrant to the Americas. An imaginary “hemispheric traveler” would have seen black slaves in every colony from Canada and New England all the way south to Spanish Peru and Chile. In the incomparably rich colonies of the Caribbean, they often constituted population majorities of 90 percent or more. But in 1888, one hundred and eighteen years later, when Brazil finally freed all its slaves, the institution had been outlawed throughout the Western Hemisphere.
The Amistad Test of Law and Justice
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

ALTHOUGH THE STORY of the Cuban ship La Amistad was long ignored in American history textbooks and standard works on slavery and antislavery, it received enormous publicity in 1997 as a result of Steven Spielberg’s some-what inaccurate but powerful film, Amistad. I have chosen to begin with this historical narrative because it presents a concrete test of American law and justice and also dramatically illustrates the multinational character of the Atlantic Slave System. Indeed, if the American courts had reached a different decision, one can well imagine England imposing a naval blockade on Cuba and even a war exploding between Britain and the United States and perhaps Spain. The Amistad case involved American politics, the judiciary, and foreign relations at the highest levels. It also epitomized slavery’s deepest contradictions, both legal and philosophical.
The Ancient Foundations of Modern Slavery
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

To Give Some Idea Of the difficulty and complexity of finding a workable definition of slavery, I will begin by considering two examples of prouder bondage: the first from Neo-Babylonia in the sixth century before the Common Era (B.C.E.); the second from the Tupinamba, an aboriginal tribe living along the coast of Brazil from the Amazon south at the time of the first European contact.
The Origins of Antiblack Racism in the New World
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

The word “racism” was apparently not used in America until 1936, but the reality to which the word refers loomed like a fatal and contagious disease in the eyes of free African Americans one hundred years earlier. For black abolitionists like Theodore S. Wright, such racial prejudice was the central evil to be overcome, even more than slavery. A Presbyterian minister in New York City, a graduate of Princeton Seminary, and a founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, Wright was physically assaulted by a Southern student when he visited his alma mater in September 1836. The attacker who seized and kicked him yelled, “Out with the nigger—out with the nigger.”
The Atlantic Slave System: Brazil and the Caribbean
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

In the mid-to-late 1500s the Portuguese gradually transferred the system of sugar plantations worked by slaves from their Atlantic islands such as Madeira, São Tomé, and Principe to northeastern Brazil. The plantation system involved everything from long-term capital investment and the African slave trade to the technology and economic organization for cultivating and harvesting sugarcane and then manufacturing sugar and eventually molasses and rum. It was largely because of the expanding international market for sugar, molasses, syrup, and rum that regions south of what became the United States imported some 95 percent of the African slaves brought to the New World. During the first decades of the sixteenth century the small Portuguese settlements in Brazil exported little more than brazilwood, parrots, and monkeys, at a time when the Portuguese islands of São Tomé and Madeira produced much of Europe’s sugar, which was still a rare luxury and traditional medication.But Portugal became increasingly alarmed by French and British gestures toward founding settlements in Brazil, and in the 1530s and 1540s Portuguese expeditions attempted to chase off foreign ships and then succeeded in establishing sugar plantations or engenhos in northeastern Brazil. By the late 1500s sugar mills had multiplied, African slaves were replacing forced Indian labor, and Brazil was producing more sugar than the Atlantic islands combined with regions like the Algarve, in southern Portugal. These developments represented the first stage of the unforeseen and unprecedented expansion of economic and cultural boundaries initiated by New World slavery.
Slavery in Colonial North America
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

Although histories of slavery in North America have usually begun with the famous sale in 1619 of twenty “negars” by a Dutch ship captain to some English settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, we now know that some blacks had arrived in Jamestown even earlier and that African slaves had appeared in Spanish Florida as early as the 1560s. Even more telling, by the mid-1600s, when the sugar revolution was beginning to transform the important English colony of Barbados, the Dutch in New Netherland, which was to become England’s New York in 1664, were far more dependent on black slave labor than were the English in Virginia and Maryland! Racial slavery became embedded in the Americas in diverse and unpredictable ways.
The Problem of Slavery in the American Revolution
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

Much as slavery in the United States was part of a larger Atlantic Slave System, so America’s War of Independence was an outgrowth of Europe’s Seven Years’ War—from 1756 to 1763—and also a precursor or harbinger of the French and Haitian revolutions and of the subsequent Latin American wars for independence from Spain. Those foreign upheavals, really beginning with British and French fighting on the American frontier in 1755, had tremendous political, ideological, and territorial consequences for the future United States.
For the Love of Truth?
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: November 2023

Rational beings pursue and value truth (the true, along with the good and the beautiful). Intellectual conduct is to be judged, accordingly, by how well it aids our pursuit of that ideal. What does this mean, and is it true?
Epistemic Motivation
Authors: Fairweather Abrol
Published: November 2023

A growing number of epistemologists use the language of virtue and vice to elucidate the concept of knowledge, an approach now known as Virtue Epistemology (VE).1 VE shifts the focus of epistemic theorizing away from the analysis of familiar concepts like epistemic justification, warrant, and knowledge and toward the concept of intellectual virtue. Some VE theorists make this move in order to eliminate troublesome concepts like justification and even knowledge itself, while others use intellectual virtue as a means of illuminating these concepts.2 These are eliminativist and non-eliminativist variants of VE respectively. In either case, specifying the conditions under which a person possesses intellectual virtue, and when doxastic activity is appropriately connected to such a state, is the fundamental task for a VE theorist. The definitions of justification, warrant, and knowledge come later, if at all.
Epistemic Virtue and Justified Belief
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

A major presupposition of ethics is that our moral lives can be conducted well or poorly. Our intellectual lives—our questioning and judging, our reflection and inference, our criticism and responses to criticism—can also be conducted well or poorly. We value moral virtues as features of character that govern our overall behavior; but there are also intellectual virtues, such as openmindedness and rigor, that may govern much of our cognitive behavior. Vittue ethics has always been an important theoretical approach in moral philosophy and, in the past few decades, has received renewed attention; it should be no surprise that virtue epistemology has also been explored and developed in recent years.1 Virtue epistemology is interesting and important in its own right, but there is also value in comparing it with virtue ethics. Does it have a similar range of resources and problems? And are there important points still to be learned from the right kind of comparison? I think the answer is “yes” in both cases, and my main effort here is to make some comparisons and bring out some difficulties for virtue epistemology in at least some of its forms. I’ll start with the concepts of (non-intellectual) virtue and of action from it, proceed to the concepts of epistemic virtue and of belief from it, and then explore some major connections between epistemic virtue and, on the other side, justified belief and knowledge. The last section will consider the extent to which the concept of epistemic virtue provides a basis for understanding justification and knowledge independently of a more particularistic, or at any rate non-trait-based, approach.
Virtues and Rules in Epistemology
Authors: Greco John
Published: November 2023

Virtue theories in ethics are often presented as an alten;1ative to deontological theories such as Kant’s. One important issue here concerns the existence of moral rules and their relation to moral action. Specifically, it is commonly claimed that it is an advantage of virtue theories that they do not commit us to moral rules. The reason this is an advantage, it is argued, is that it is unclear whether such rules play any important role in our moral lives.1 In this essay I want to argue in a similar way with respect to theories of epistemic evaluation. That is, I want to argue that virtue theories in epistemology hold an advantage over deontological theories in epistemology, and precisely because the former need not understand epistemic justification in terms of epistemic rules or norms.
Epistemic Obligation and the Possibility of Internalism
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: November 2023

She shouldn’t have believed him:’ “You shouldn’t believe everything you read:’ “He should have known better:’ This way of talking about belief is altogether common. When people say this sort of thing, it seems, they quite often say things that are true. But this talk of epistemic obligation can seem quite puzzling, and it is puzzling in a way that talk of obligations to act is not. If I can’t be heard in the back of the room when I’m presenting a paper at a conference, then I may be criticized for not having spoken louder: I should have spoken louder, it will be said, and rightly so. I am criticizable here, it seems, because I could have spoken louder but didn’t; how loud I speak is subject to my voluntary control. But as William Alston1 and Alvin Plantinga2 have pointed out, believing surely seems different here. I don’t have voluntary control over my beliefs. Although I can simply decide to speak louder, I can’t simply decide to believe or disbelieve. Alston and Plantinga draw the obvious conclusion: talk of epistemic obligation—what they call the deontological conception of justification—is thereby undermined.
Leveraging Technology: Corning and the Lessons of Strategic Partnerships
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

By 1930 the Houghtons had established two core strategies designed to ensure the long-term success of their company. The first, a decision made at the turn of the century, was not to enter the high-volume areas of glass manufacture-flat glass and containers. These markets were already dominated by very large companies (e.g., Pittsburgh Plate Glass), and Corning’s intimate dealings with its electrical company customers had clearly demonstrated the futility of going head-to-head with such larger enterprises. The second strategic decision was to rely on a consistently funded research effort for finding and exploiting new product areas. The wisdom of this second decision had also, by this time, been proven.
The End of the "American Century" Wrestling with Diversification and Control
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

“In the next decade we must find a better way to use what we have, our total resources. At the moment we appear to be using only part of that system.” This comment could have struck an audience filled with hardcharging young executives at Corning’s 1968 management conference as a mere course correction, one in a sequence of gradual strategic realigments that had issued from Amory HoughtonJr.’s office during the 1960s. But it was far more than that. The comment augured a significant reappraisal of the company’s strategy, a response to the intensifying challenge of meeting a 10 percent annual growth target while adhering to a research driven strategy during a period of economic transition.
The Ancient Discovery of a Forgery: Serapion and the Gospel of Peter
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Ancient Christians knew of far more Gospels than the four that eventually came to be included in the New Testament. Most of them have been lost to us in all but name. Some are quoted sporadically by early church writers who opposed them. A few have been discovered in modern times. We can assume, and in many cases we know, that the Christians who read, preserved, and cherished these other Gospels understood them to be sacred texts. The Christians who rejected them argued that they were heretical (promoting false teachings) and, in many instances, forged.