bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visceral Tissue Vascularization: An Adaptive Response to High Temperature
Authors: Rawson Robert O. , Hardy James D. , Vasko Kent A.
Published: October 2006

Electrical heat sources implanted in the abdominal cavities of sheep were heated to give initial temperatures of 42° and 45°C at the surfaces of the heaters. During 18 days of constant heating, a vascularized connective-tissue envelope encapsulated the heat sources, and the temperatures at the surfaces of the heaters declined 0.8° and 1.8°C, respectively. The degree of vascularization and the magnitude of the decrease in the surface temperature appeared to be related to the proximity of the tissue's initial temperature to 45°C, a temperature ordinarily considered detrimental to cell structure. The vascularization thus appears to be adaptive.
Freshwater Peat on the Continental Shelf
Authors: Emery K. O. , Wigley R. L. , Bartlett Alexandra S. , Rubin Meyer , Barghoorn E. S.
Published: October 2006

Freshwater peats from the continental shelf off northeastern United States contain the same general pollen sequence as peats from ponds that are above sea level and that are of comparable radiocarbon ages. These peats indicate that during glacial times of low sea level terrestrial vegetation covered the region that is now the continental shelf in an unbroken extension from the adjacent land areas to the north and west.
Neurons in Paradoxical Sleep and Motivated Behavior
Authors: Mink Walter D. , Best Phillip J. , Olds James
Published: October 2006

Single-cell recordings were taken with electrodes permanently implanted in unrestrained rats during normal sleep, paradoxical sleep, quiet awake, and highly motivated awake periods. In most areas, neuronal activity increased when normal sleep changed to paradoxical sleep. The hypothalamus showed a significantly greater increase than most other areas. The hippocampus differed strikingly from all other areas by showing a decrement in all cases. The average firing rates in paradoxical sleep exceeded those of the quiet awake state as well as those of normal sleep. Comparison of paradoxical sleep with motivated behavior illustrated that changes in brain activity during paradoxical sleep were related to anatomically specifiable groupings, but no such differentiation appeared in motivated behavior.
Flux Density of Cassiopeia-A at 3.0 Megacycles per Second
Authors: Parthasarathy R.
Published: October 2006

The flux density of Cassiopeia-A was measured at 3.0 megacycles per second by an interferometer alternately responding to the power in the ordinary and extraordinary modes. The flux indicates attenuation in the path between the source and the solar system by the ionized hydrogen clouds.
Myxovirus-Like Structures in a Case of Human Chronic Polymyositis
Authors: Chou Shi-ming
Published: October 2006

Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic aggregates of filaments with tubular structures and transverse striations occurred in muscle tissues biopsied from a patient with chronic polymyositis. The filamentous tubules bear a close resemblance to the incomplete form of myxovirus in which the envelope is missing. Three biopsies from the same patient, taken during a period of 1½ years, all revealed these structures. This finding provides presumptive evidence that a chronic persistent viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic polymyositis.
Cis
-
Trans
Isomerism in Naphthoquinones: Interconversion and Participation in Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: Gutnick D. L. , Dunphy P. J. , Sakamoto H. , Phillips P. G. , Brodie A. F.
Published: October 2006

Synthetic phylloquinone was resolved into
cis
and
trans
isomers by thin-layer chromatography. The two isomers had identical ultraviolet spectra characteristic of vitamin K
1
and were differentiated by nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy on the basis of the displacement of the peak corresponding to the olefinic methyl group in the naphthoquinone side chain. Studies on the restoration of electron transport coupled to phosphorylation in irradiated preparations of
Mycobacterium phlei
showed that only the
trans
isomer was active with substrates linked to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. The purified
trans
phylloquinone was enzymatically converted to the
cis
isomer. Under similar conditions,
cis
vitamin K
1
gave rise to the
trans
-naphthoquinone. The natural naphthoquinone of
M. phlei
vitamin MK
9
(II-H) was similarly resolved into
cis
and
trans
isomers.
Gibberellin Delays Ripening of Tomatoes
Authors: Dostal H. C. , Leopold A. C.
Published: October 2006

Treatment with gibberellic acid, at concentrations as low as 10
-7
M
, of intact tomato fruits, or of pieces in tissue culture, markedly retarded ripening in terms of development of redness. Ethylene stimulations of color development were prevented by treatment with gibberellic acid, but ethylene stimulations of respiration were not. Gibberellin can delay the progress of some components of the ripening of fruit, preventing some of the changes triggered by ethylene.
Renin-Like Enzyme in the Adrenal Gland
Authors: Ryan James W.
Published: October 2006

The rabbit adrenal gland contains an enzyme which reacts with renin substrate to form a vasopressor polypeptide, probably angiotensin I. In view of the strong effects of angiotensin on secretion of aldosterone and catecholamine, this finding suggests that there may be an intra-adrenal mechanism for the control of adrenal secretions.
Efficiency of the First Component of Complement (C′1) in the Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: October 2006

With the use of the first component of guinea pig complement (C'1) labeled in vivo with
14
C-amino acids, we have obtained evidence that, under the conditions required for the assay of C'1, each molecule of C'1 capable of interaction with cell surface antigen-antibody complexes is capable of initiating the reaction sequence that leads to lysis of the cell.
Major Steps in Vertebrate Evolution
Authors: Romer Alfred Sherwood
Published: October 2006

We have come to the end of our story—a long one, covering some half a billion years, it appears. A modern man or other higher vertebrate has traveled far from the simply built insensate type of creature seen in his ultimate metazoan ancestor among the pterobranchs. The course of this evolutionary progression is far from direct and simple, as some might believe to be the case; it is a trail with many twists and turns. Nor is there the slightest reason to attempt a teleological interpretation; there is no trace of design and direction toward an obvious goal. Quite in contrast, it seems clear in many stages of the series that the changes which have taken place are immediately beneficial ones, strongly subject to selection. Obvious, too, is the fact that special environmental factors, biological and physical, have added unexpected quirks to the story. The development of a motile "tadpole" larva at an early chordate stage led to a sharp shift in an evolutionary sequence which otherwise might have simply ended in a sedate filtering form of tunicate type. The development of plant life on the continents opened up to motile chordates a new environment into which few invertebrates could enter and in which the chordates flourished to progress to the vertebrate level. The need for armor as defense against eurypterid enemies appears to have initiated the development of bony skeletal structures, without which the higher vertebrates could never have developed. The widespread late Paleozoic condition of seasonal drought favored progressive developments which, with the attainment of a reptilian stage, had the happy accidental result of the vertebrate conquest of the land, a conquest aided by the emergence of the insects as a basic food supply. The long period of dinosaur dominance seems to have been responsible for the sharpened wits which made the mammalian descendants of the therapsids competent for terrestrial dominance when the reign of the ruling reptiles ended. The arboreal life of primates was finally abandoned by man, but tree-dwelling had endowed his ancestors with advances in brain, eyes, and hands that were highly advantageous when this relatively feeble creature descended to the ground. It has been a long and tortuous journey; but every stage of it shows its effects in the structures and functions of such an end product as ourselves (Fig. 4).
Aluminum-26 and Beryllium-10 in Greenland Ice
Authors: McCorkell R. , Fireman E. L. , Langway C. C.
Published: October 2006

Activities of beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 dissolved in 200-year-old Greenland ice were found to be 18.4 (+ 8.4, - 4.8) × 10
-6
and 3.2 ± 0.9 × 10
-7
disintegration per minute per liter, respectively. From these values and the precipitation rate (30 milliliters of water per square centimeter per year), the production rates of these isotopes are calculated to be 3.6 (+ 1.6, - 0.9) × 10
-2
and 1.7 ± 0.5 × 10
-4
atom per second ⋅ square centimeter. These rates agree with the rates calculated for the production of these isotopes by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Probably all the Al
26
in the ice is accounted for by such atmospheric production; however, an upper limit for the influx of cosmic dust bearing aluminum-26 is calculated at 3.2 × 10
5
tons per year for Earth. Only upper limits could be found for Al
26
and Be
10
in the undissolved particulate matter in the ice; their addition to the activities in the dissolved material leaves our conclusions unchanged.
The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective
Authors: Knoll Andrew H.
Published: October 2006

Molecular phylogenies of eukaryotic organisms imply patterns of biological and environmental history that can be tested against the geological record. As predicted by sequence comparisons, Precambrian rocks show evidence of episodic increases in biological diversity and atmospheric oxygen concentrations. Nonetheless, complete integration of the two records remains elusive and may require that the earliest macroscopic organisms be recognized as extinct experiments in eukaryotic multicellularity.
Cryptic Moths: Effects on Background Selections of Painting the Circumocular Scales
Authors: Sargent T. D.
Published: October 2006

A dark moth (
Catocala antinympha
) and a light moth (
Campaea perlata
) rested on appropriate backgrounds in an experimental apparatus allowing a choice between black and white backgrounds. The selections remained unchanged when the circumocular scales of the moths were painted either black or white. These results suggest that selections of background by cryptic moths, with respect to background reflectance, are genetically fixed. Background selections by melanic forms in various species are interpreted in the light of this conclusion.
Trehalose Regulation of Glucose-6-Phosphate Hydrolysis in Blowfly Extracts
Authors: Friedman Stanley
Published: October 2006

The presence of trehalose enhances the rate of glucose-6-phosphate hydrolysis in extracts of fat body and other tissues of adult
Phormia regina
Meigen. The activation appears to be specific, and increasing the concentration of trehalose changes both
V
max
and
K
m
for glucose-6-phosphate. There is, however, no easily recognizable phosphotransferase in the extract.
Cell Lysis: Another Function of the Coat Protein of the Bacteriophage f2
Authors: Zinder Norton D. , Lyons Linda Brody
Published: October 2006

Evidence is presented that the coat protein of bacteriophage f2 causes the lysis of infected
Escherichia coli
. To lyse bacteria, the coat protein produced must be of the quality to produce phage particles, although it need not be produced in amounts sufficient to give a large yield of particles. Mutants that are blocked in coat-protein synthesis, or that direct the synthesis of an imperfect coat protein, do not lyse their host bacteria. In addition to its obvious structural role and its postulated regulatory role, another, perhaps enzymatic, role has been found for the coat protein of the phage f2
Oxygen Consumption of Red and White Muscles from Tuna Fishes
Authors: Gordon Malcolm S.
Published: October 2006

Metabolic rates of unstimulated, minced preparations of red and white muscles from two species of Pacific tuna fishes (
Katsuwonus pelamis
and
Thunnus obesus
) were determined from respirometric measurements of oxygen consumption. Ratios of mean metabolic rates for red muscles to those of white muscles averaged 6.2 at five temperatures over the range of 5° to 35°C. Temperature coefficients (

Q
10

's) for mean metabolic rates for both types of muscle were between 1.0 and 1.2 over the entire temperature range. Metabolic rates of tuna red muscles were equal to those of preparations of mixed red and white muscle from the white rat at 25° and 35°C, and were higher than the mammalian rates at lower temperatures.
Urban Haze: The Extent of Automotive Contribution
Authors: Buchan W. E. , Charlson R. J.
Published: October 2006

Observation of the correlation between nitrogen oxides and the extinction coefficient of atmospheric air suggests that the automobile exhaust aerosol (nonphotochemical) may be important to visibility in cities.
Topographic and Geologic Aspects of a Far-Side Lunar Crater
Authors: Hixon S. B.
Published: October 2006

Important details resolved by Lunar Orbiter photographs have revealed some volcanic aspects in the topography of a crater on the far side of Moon, about 70 kilometers south of Tsiolkovsky.
Interferon: Production by Chick Erythrocytes Activated by Cell Fusion
Authors: Guggenheim Mary A. , Friedman Robert M. , Rabson Alan S.
Published: October 2006

In the presence of Sendai virus inactivated with ultraviolet light, nucleated chick erythrocytes can be fused with several types of human cells to form heterokaryons. Although chick erythrocytes alone cannot be stimulated by Sendai virus to produce interferon, fusion with a human cell (AH-1) which itself may produce human interferon results in heterokaryons in which the erythrocyte genome is activated and chick interferon is produced. When nucleated chick erythrocytes are fused with another type of human cell (HeLa clone S-3) which does not produce human interferon when stimulated, no chick interferon is detectable, despite morphologic changes suggestive of activation of the erythrocyte nuclei.
Anhydrous Uric Acid: Nature and Occurrence of a New Form in Urinary Calculi
Authors: Shirley Robin , Sutor D. June
Published: October 2006

A second form of anhydrous uric acid has been found in urinary calculi; it is probably derived as an artifact from uric acid dihydrate during storage. It has been prepared in the laboratory by desiccation of uric acid dihydrate. Mixtures of these two substances sometimes give x-ray powder patterns that resemble that of xanthine on weak photographs, but are distinguishable by their infrared spectra.
Carbon Tetrachloride: Plastic Properties
Authors: Towle Laird C.
Published: October 2006

The shear strength of solid carbon tetrachloride was measured from 187° to 247°K. A 25-percent discontinuity was observed at the solid-solid transition, at about 225°K. This transition exhibited a distinct hysteresis. The shear strength of both the high- and low-temperature forms increased very rapidly as the temperature was lowered. There was no evidence of a rhombohedral high-temperature phase.
Nerve Growth Factor of Very High Yield and Specific Activity
Authors: Schenkein Isaac , Levy Milton , Bueker Elmer D. , Tokarsky Edward
Published: October 2006

Nerve growth factor has been isolated from submaxillary glands of mature male mice at specific activities about a million times, and in yields of biological activity ten million times, greater than best previous results. The major improvement in the isolation is related to the separation of a highly active tosylarginine methyl esterase present in cruder preparations. The new nerve growth factor may be an entity different from the older one, although no gross differences in the qualitative aspects of their actions are apparent on superficial examination of chick ganglia influenced by them. The neurites which develop from a ganglion in the presence of nerve growth factor are of nearly equal length. The amount of nerve growth factor determines the number of neurites but not the extent of individual development. The amount of the new nerve growth factor which evokes the appearance of a hundred neurites from a single ganglion appears to be about ten molecules. Since each neurite seems to arise from a different neuron each molecule of nerve growth factor must affect several cells. This result can be rationalized by a catalytic mechanism or by indirect action of nerve growth factor through a hypothetical cell which produces a neurite evocator on contact with the molecule of nerve growth factor.
Somatic Reduction in Cycads
Authors: Storey William B.
Published: October 2006

Recurrent somatic reduction is a normal ontogenetic process in apogeotropic roots of cycads, which develop into dichotomously branching coralloid masses. The reduced cells make up part of a ring of differentiated cortical tissue lying midway between the pericycle and the epidermis; they serve as fillers among the large cells and become charged with slime. The differentiated tissue is colonized by a species of blue-green algae.
Paradoxical Sleep: Effect of Low Partial Pressures of Atmospheric Oxygen
Authors: Huertas Jorge , McMillin Janice K.
Published: October 2006

When cats are subjected to an atmosphere of 100 percent oxygen at a sufficiently low pressure, their sleeping patterns are changed: paradoxical sleep disappears and drowsiness increases. This change appears when the pressure decreases to a level close to that at which the hemoglobin begins to dissociate. Return of a cat to a normal atmosphere produces a rebound: the cat spends more time in paradoxical sleep than it did during the base-line period. This finding suggests that a mechanism, closely related to the metabolism of oxygen in the brain, must play an important role in the production of paradoxical sleep. Yet the increase in paradoxical sleep after decompression indicates that still other mechanisms must merge to produce paradoxical sleep.
DDT Residues and Declining Reproduction in the Bermuda Petrel
Authors: Wurster Charles F. , Wingate David B.
Published: October 2006

Residues of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane] averaging 6.44 parts per million in eggs and chicks of the carnivorous Bermuda petrel indicate widespread contamination of an oceanic food chain that is remote from applications of DDT. Reproduction by the petrel has declined during the last 10 years at the annual rate of 3.25 percent; if the decline continues, reproduction will fail completely by 1978. Concentrations of residues are similar to those in certain terrestrial carnivorous birds whose productivity is also declining. Various considerations implicate contamination by insecticides as a probable major cause of the decline.
Respiratory Inhibition in
Chlorella
Produced by "Purified" Polyethylene Glycol 1540
Authors: Greenway H. , Hiller R. G. , Flowers T.
Published: October 2006

Polyethylene glycol 1540, added to culture solution in amounts sufficient to reduce the water potential to -10 atmospheres, inhibited respiration in
Chlorella
much more than mannitol solutions at -10 atmospheres. This occurred despite the purification of the polyethylene glycol by passage through exchange columns. The toxic properties, which developed some time after purification, increased with time of storage of solutions of polyethylene glycol 1540 at room temperature.
Metabolism of 3,4-Dichloropropionanifide in Plants: The Metabolic Fate of the 3,4-Dichloroaniline Moiety
Authors: Still Gerald G.
Published: October 2006

Studies to elucidate the fate of 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) in rice (
Oryza sativa
L. var. Nato) plants have shown that the propanil molecule is cleaved and the propionic acid moiety metabolized. To ascertain the fate of the 3,4-dichloroaniline moiety of propanil, rice plants were exposed to propanil in liquid culture. The roots and shoots of treated rice plants were extracted and quantitatively assayed for four aniline-containing metabolites. One of the four metabolites proved to be 3,4-dichloroaniline, while the remaining three metabolites contained complexed 3,4-dichloroaniline.
N
-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-glucosylamine was identified as one of the complexes. A time-course study of the four metabolites indicated the appearance of the 3,4-dichloroaniline-containing metabolites within 6 hours. After 14 days of treatment, the complexed aniline metabolites amounted to only 10 percent of the total propanil administered to the rice plants.
Vocalization of Naive Captive Dolphins in Small Groups
Authors: Caldwell Melba C. , Caldwell David K.
Published: October 2006

Pure-tone whistles (2403) by four individual dolphins (
Delphinus delphis bairdi
) were analyzed for duration and the elapse of time before either response by another animal or a repeat whistle by the same animal. Only five major types of whistle emissions were recorded, all stereotyped and each characteristic of the animal emitting it. Only one of the four animals emitted two different whistles, one of which was rare and both of which were stereotyped. A pure-tone chirp and pulsed sounds are discussed. We found no evidence of a dolphin "language," but we present evidence of social response to acoustic signals.
Pesticides: Transatlantic Movements in the Northeast Trades
Authors: Risebrough R. W. , Huggett R. J. , Griffin J. J. , Goldberg E. D.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in airborne dust carried by the trade winds from the European-African land areas to Barbados range from less than 1 to 164 parts per billion. The lower limit of the average content of 1 cubic meter of air is 7.8 × 10-
14
gram. The contributions of river-borne and atmospherically transported pesticides to parts of the marine environment are calculated approximately and compared. The amounts of pesticides contributed to the tropical Atlantic by the trade winds appear to be comparable to those carried to the sea by major river systems.
Functional Congruence: An Index of Neural Homogeneity and a New Measure of Brain Activity
Authors: Fox Stephen S. , Norman Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Extremely high correlation between the probability that a single cell will fire and the amplitude of microelectrode electroencephalogram was established in on-line, real-time computer experiments. Such congruence between spike and wave shows orderly biological variation under sensory control. Congruence, as a measure of brain activity, provides an immediate estimate of regional neural homogeneity of function of cell populations in brain.
Proton Magnetic Resonance of Transfer RNA
Authors: Smith Ian C. P. , Yamane Tetsuo , Shulman R. G.
Published: October 2006

The temperature dependence of the areas under the proton magnetic resonance spectra of unfractionated yeast transfer RNA in 1.0 molar NaCl is a consequence of salt-induced aggregation and does not constitute a monitor of the melting of secondary molecular structure. Such melting can be observed by following the widths of the resonances in the various regions of the spectra. Peaks attributable to dihydrouracil and the methyl groups of the methylated bases are detected in the spectra of unfractionated transfer RNA and alanine transfer RNA.
Calcergy Inhibited by Calciphylactic Challengers
Authors: Selye Hans , Somogyi Árpád , Mécs Irene
Published: October 2006

The subcutaneous calcification effected in the rat at sites directly treated with calcergens, such as lead acetate, CeCl
3
, CaCl
2
, and KMnO
4
, is inhibited by simultaneous local application of various calciphylactic challengers, but not by many other compounds.
Creatine Kinase and Aldolase in Serum: Abnormality Common to Acute Psychoses
Authors: Meltzer Herbert
Published: October 2006

Activity of creatine kinase and aldolase in serum increased in 14 of 16 patients with recent onset of a psychotic reaction, and in five of six patients treated with psychotomimetic drugs. There was either no increase of these enzymes or a slight increase in severely agitated (or depressed) non-psychotic hospitalized patients and chronic psychotic patients. The increase of the enzymes preceded the onset of the acute psychotic symptoms in at least three cases, was highest during the first 2 weeks of a psychotic episode, and sometimes recurred throughout the illness, particularly at times of stress. The creatine kinase in the serum is primarily of the muscle type.
DDT Reduces Photosynthesis by Marine Phytoplankton
Authors: Wurster Charles F.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane] as low as a few parts per billion in water reduced photosynthesis in laboratory cultures of four species of coastal and oceanic phytoplankton representing four major classes of algae, and in a natural phytoplankton community from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Toxicity to diatoms increased as cell concentration decreased. This inhibition may be of ecological importance.
Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes in the BB Rat by Intrathymic Islet Transplantation at Birth
Authors: Posselt Andrew M. , Barker Clyde F. , Friedman Amy L. , Naji Ali
Published: October 2006

Spontaneous diabetes in the BioBreeding (BB) rat, like human type I diabetes, results from the destruction of pancreatic islets by autoreactive T lymphocytes recognizing β cell-specific antigens. T cell tolerance is in part mediated by interactions of maturing thymocytes with antigens expressed in the thymic microenvironment; islets were therefore implanted into the thymus of neonatal diabetes-prone BB rats to determine whether exposure of T cell precursors to β cell antigens could influence the development of diabetes. This treatment completely prevented diabetes and insulitis in the native pancreas. The effect may be the result of specific modulation of diabetogenic T cells maturing in an islet-bearing thymus.
Salt Transport in
Valonia
: Inhibition of Potassium Uptake by Small Hydrostatic Pressures
Authors: Gutknecht John
Published: October 2006

Internally perfused cells of the marine alga
Valonia
actively transport potassium from external seawater into the cell vacuole. This active uptake of potassium is reduced by restoring the normal turgor pressure of 1 atmosphere by means of a mercury manometer attached to the internal perfusion system. This inhibition of salt uptake by a small hydrostatic pressure suggests that
Valonia
and other walled cells may regulate their turgor pressures by adjusting their rates of salt uptake.
Terminals of Single Ia Fibers: Distribution within a Pool of 300 Homonymous Motor Neurons
Authors: Mendell Lorne M. , Henneman Elwood
Published: October 2006

The excitatory postsynaptic potentials produced in motoneurons by impulses in single afferent fibers (Ia) have been recorded with the aid of an averaging computer. These responses were used to map the distribution of the terminals of single fibers within the pool of 300 motoneurons of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Twelve Ia fibers were studied in separate experiments. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials were found in 94 percent of the 77 motoneurons investigated. This finding indicates that each of the 300 motoneurons must receive afferent fibers from almost all of the spindles of the muscle it innervates.
Orthomolecular Psychiatry
Authors: Pauling Linus
Published: October 2006

The functioning of the brain is affected by the molecular concentrations of many substances that are normally present in the brain. The optimum concentrations of these substances for a person may differ greatly from the concentrations provided by his normal diet and genetic machinery. Biochemical and genetic arguments support the idea that orthomolecular therapy, the provision for the individual person of the optimum concentrations of important normal constituents of the brain, may be the preferred treatment for many mentally ill patients. Mental symptoms of avitaminosis sometimes are observed long before any physical symptoms appear. It is likely that the brain is more sensitive to changes in concentration of vital substances than are other organs and tissues. Moreover, there is the possibility that for some persons the cerebrospinal concentration of a vital substance may be grossly low at the same time that the concentration in the blood and lymph is essentially normal. A physiological abnormality such as decreased permeability of the blood-brain barrier for the vital substance or increased rate of metabolism of the substance in the brain may lead to a cerebral deficiency and to a mental disease. Diseases of this sort may be called localized cerebral deficiency diseases. It is suggested that the genes responsible for abnormalities (deficiencies) in the concentration of vital substances in the brain may be responsible for increased penetrance of the postulated gene for schizophrenia, and that the so-called gene for schizophrenia may itself be a gene that leads to a localized cerebral deficiency in one or more vital substances.
Mass of Vesta
Authors: Hertz Hans G.
Published: October 2006

The asteroid 197 (Arete) approaches asteroid 4 (Vesta) within 0.04 astronomical unit once every 18 years. It may therefore be possible to determine the mass of Vesta from observations of Arete. From 72 observations a value of (1.20 ± 0.08) × 10
-10
solar mass was derived, the indicated uncertainty being a probable error.
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone: Activity in Thermal Polymers of Alpha-Amino Acids
Authors: Fox Sidney W. , Wang Ching-Tso
Published: October 2006

Thermal polymers of arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan have melanocyte-stimulating activity. The fact that similar polymers lack such activity indicates that the effect is related to the specific amino acid residues. The active polymers are discussed as a model of an evolutionary precursor of contemporary melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
Education for Management and Technology in the 1970's
Authors: Johnson Howard W.
Published: October 2006

In summary, then, let me restate my conviction that the most critical needs of management in the next decade will be met by the identification and cultivation of the innovative, creative, adaptable individual who sets as his goal the translation of technology for society's needs. He will require a command of the growing body of managerial knowledge. He will need a continual refreshment of that knowledge through contact with the university as he seeks to deal with a world in change. If his firm is to encourage and use his creative capacity, it will be careful about his entry into the organization and his movement up the ladder, stressing only the values that count, that are pivotal, and taking care not to drive him into rebellion or conformity. The firm will be inventive about ways to give him opportunities to test his ideas. It will experiment with organizational forms which promote creativity. It will encourage adventure and accept risk. And in its success, it will be serving the needs of our societies in ways that will make our greatest hopes for technology a full and human reality.
Hydride Complexes
Authors: Chatt Joseph
Published: October 2006

Hydride complexes of transition metals were virtually unknown 12 years ago, but they have now been found to lie at the root of many interesting catalytic chemical reactions, some of which were used in industry even before the unique properties of hydride complexes, which formed their basis, had been realized.

This article surveys the history, preparations, important properties, and reactions of hydride complexes, surveys their part in important catalytic industrial processes, and speculates about their possible role in the biological fixation of nitrogen.
Pulse Structure of Four Pulsars
Authors: Drake F. D. , Craft H. D.
Published: October 2006

The pulse structure of the four known pulsars is given. The pulse is about 38 milliseconds for the two pulsars of longest period, and within the pulsewidth three subpulses typically appear. The pulsar of next longest period typically radiates two pulses separated about 23 milliseconds in time. The one short-period pulsar emits single pulses of constant shape. The first subpulses of all pulsars have nearly the same shape. The shape of the first subpulse agrees well with the pulse shape expected from a radio-emitting sphere which is excited by a spherically expanding disturbance, and in which the radio emission, once excited, decays exponentially.
Agent of Disease Contracted from Green Monkeys
Authors: Kissling Robert E. , Robinson Roslyn Q. , Murphy Frederick A. , Whitfield Sylvia G.
Published: October 2006

An infectious agent obtained from patients who became ill after exposure to tissues of African green monkeys is viral in character. By electron microscopy, the agent appeared cylindrical, 90 to 100 nanometers in diameter, and 130 to 2600 nanometers in length. Cross-striations at 5-nanometer intervals and a core diameter of 45 nanometers were observed. The agent was completely resistant to the effects of the metabolic inhibitor 5-bromodeoxyuridine, which may mean that RNA is the genetic material. It was sensitive to ether and relatively sensitive to destruction by heat.
Generalized Gangliosidosis: Beta-Galactosidase Deficiency
Authors: Okada Shintaro , O'Brien John S.
Published: October 2006

A profound deficiency (10- to 30-fold) of β-galactosidase activity was found in tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, and brain) from two patients with generalized gangliosidosis; this deficiency is demonstrated as a failure to cleave both
p
-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside and ganglioside GM
1
labeled with C
14
in the terminal galactose. We believe that this enzymic defect is responsible for the accumulation of ganglioside GM
1
and is the fundamental enzyme defect in generalized gangliosidosis.
Kinetics of Protein Synthesis in Enucleate Frog Oocytes
Authors: Ecker R. E. , Smith L. D. , Subtelny S.
Published: October 2006

Kinetics of protein synthesis were measured in oocytes of
Rana pipiens
enucleated at various times during and following pituitary-induced maturation. These enucleated oocytes were capable of the same rate of protein synthesis as nucleated controls, even when rates were measured many hours after enucleation.
Toxoplasma gondii
and Cytomegalovirus: Mixed Infection by a Parasite and a Virus
Authors: Gelderman Albert H. , Grimley Philip M. , Lunde Milford N. , Rabson Alan S.
Published: October 2006

Human fibroblasts infected in vitro with cytomegalovirus are relatively resistant to infection by
Toxoplasma gondii
during the first 4 days of virus infection. After 5 days, however, the cytomegalovirus-infected cells become susceptible to the parasites. The toxoplasmas replicate in paracentral rosettes surrounded by host cell mitochondria. This growth configuration differs from that seen in human fibroblasts infected in vitro with toxoplasma only but resembles the pattern seen in doubly infected cells found in human necropsy tissue.
Optomotor Responses to Monocular Stimulation: Relation to Visual System Organization
Authors: Tauber Edward S. , Atkin Adam
Published: October 2006

Results of tests on 4 mammalian, 19 reptilian, and 17 avian species confirmed the prediction that lack of optomotor response to monocular optokinetic stimulation in one of the two horizontal directions would correlate with afoveate retinal organization, whereas consistent optomotor responses to monocular stimulation in either horizontal direction would correlate with foveate organization.
Rat Mammary Gland Differentiation in vitro in the Absence of Steroids
Authors: Dilley William G. , Nandi Satyabrata
Published: October 2006

Mammary glands from several strains of immature female rats will form small lobules of alveoli when cultured in chemically defined media lacking steroid hormones but containing insulin and prolactin. The degree of lobulo-alveolar differentiation is increased if estradiol, progesterone, and aldosterone are also included in the culture media.
Precambrian Marine Environment and the Development of Life
Authors: Weyl Peter K.
Published: October 2006

The tropical thermocline must have existed since the ocean's depth exceeded 300 meters. The density gradient in this layer concentrated organic aggregates formed abiologically near the surface of the sea, and the low rates of diffusion across this layer permitted the accumulation of oxygen once the layer was populated by blue-green algae; thus the evolution of eukaryotes became possible within the layer. Because of rapid mixing over the shelves, the eukaryotes were restricted initially to the thermocline over deep water. The shelves could not be permanently inhabited by organisms requiring respiration until the oxygen level of the atmosphere was adequate. At this stage, the swimming Metazoa of the thermocline could adapt to a benthic environment on the shelves by developing exoskeletons.
Lymphocytes: Circulation Altered by Trypsin
Authors: Woodruff Judith , Gesner Bertram M.
Published: October 2006

Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes altered by trypsin in vitro do not circulate normally. At early intervals after transfusion of lymphocytes labeled with chromium-51 selective accumulation of radioactivity in the lymph nodes is abolished, while uptake in the spleen is not reduced. Later, the cells appear to "home" to lymph nodes and recirculate to the lymph.
Cellular Localization of Leucine-Binding Protein from
Escherichia coli
Authors: Nakane Paul K. , Nichoalds George E. , Oxender Dale L.
Published: October 2006

Rabbit antibody against leucine-binding protein isolated from
Escherichia coli
K-12 has been prepared. This antibody has been used in conjunction with enzyme-labeled antibody to allow an immunocytochemical localization of leucine-binding protein in the
Escherichia coli
cell. This protein appears to be present only in the cell envelope and not in the cytoplasm.
Conformation and Activity of Chymotrypsin: The
p
H-Dependent, Substrate-Induced Proton Uptake
Authors: McConn James , Ku Edmond , Odell Catherine , Czerlinski George , Hess George P.
Published: October 2006

Hydrogen ion uptake by chymotrypsin during reversible binding of specific substrate is shown to be due to an ionizing group of the enzyme with a
pK
(apparent) ∼9 in the free enzyme. This
pK
(apparent) is shifted to a higher value in the enzyme-substrate complexes. Previous results indicating an equilibrium, controlled by this ionizing group, between active and inactive conformational forms of chymotrypsin are confirmed.
A System for Preparing and Distributing Large Volumes
Authors: Reasor Harry S. , Lenhoff Howard M.
Published: October 2006

A system for preparing and distributing 100 liters of distilled-deionized water per day is described. Novel features are an overflow regulator, a "barometer" tube (permitting secondary reservoirs), and a pressure-controlled shutoff valve.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Cotton: Some Anomalous Fluctuations
Authors: Troughton J. H. , Cowan I. R.
Published: October 2006

Anomalous depressions in carbon dioxide exchange were observed in cotton leaves that were exhibiting oscillations in transpiration under controlled conditions of environment. The depressions occurred only when leaf temperature exceeded 37.5°C and when the leaf diffusive resistance was minimum. Stomatal control of the supply of carbon dioxide to the leaf does not seem to be implicated in the effect.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Spongiform Encephalopathy): Transmission to the Chimpanzee
Authors: Gibbs C. J. , Gajdusek D. C. , Asher D. M. , Alpers M. P. , Beck Elizabeth , Daniel P. M. , Matthews W. B.
Published: October 2006

Biopsy material taken from the brain of a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with status spongiosus induced a similar fatal encephalopathy in a chimpanzee 13 months after inoculation.
Meteoroid Hazard near Moon
Authors: Gurtler C. A. , Grew Gary W.
Published: October 2006

The meteoroid experiments by five Lunar Orbiters have provided direct measurements in the near-lunar environment of the rate of penetration of 0.025-millimeter beryllium copper by meteoroids. Each experiment used 20 pressurized-cell detectors having a total effective exposed area of 0.186 square meter. The spacecraft carrying the cells were in both equatorial and polar orbits; altitudes ranged between 30 and 6200 kilometers. Data collected continuously for 17 months indicate that the rate of penetration in the lunar environment is approximately half the rate in the near-Earth environment as measured by detectors of the same type aboard Explorers 16 and 23.
Desmosine Biosynthesis: Nature of Inhibition by D-Penicillamine
Authors: Pinnell S. R. , Martin G. R. , Miller E. J.
Published: October 2006

Administration of D-penicillamine and lathyrogens such as β-amino-propionitrile to animals markedly alters connective tissue by preventing the normal cross-linkage of elastin and collagen. It had been shown that β-aminopropionitrile blocks the cross-linkage of elastin and collagen by preventing the initial step in cross-linkage: the conversion of lysine in peptide linkage to α-amino adipic-δ-semialdehyde. We show that penicillamine acts after the initial step, causing the accumulation of an elastin rich in α-amino adipic-δ-semialdehyde.
Sensors Monitor Tensions in Transpiration Streams of Trees
Authors: Spomer G. G.
Published: October 2006

Resistance of implanted sensors fluctuated predictably with uptakes and loss of water by plants, and correlated positively with coincidental measurements of leaf-water potential when transpiration was minimized. Preliminary results indicate that transmission of change in tension may be almost instantaneous, regardless of transpirational flow rates. Rates of relaxation of tension were very rapid after precipitation, but only after water had percolated to root surfaces.
Bends: Detection of Circulating Gas Emboli with External Sensor
Authors: Gillis Murlin F. , Karagianes Manuel T. , Peterson Palmer L.
Published: October 2006

Circulating gas emboli associated with rapid decompression are detectable in superficial vessels of animals by the use of an ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter transducer which is applied externally.
Zona Pellucida Dissolution Enzymes of the Rabbit Sperm Head
Authors: Stambaugh Richard , Buckley Jean
Published: October 2006

Enzymes which dissolve the zona pellucida have been extracted from the rabbit sperm head and characterized as having the enzymic properties of hyaluronidase and trypsin. Their combined actions produce a rapid and complete dissolution of the zona pellucida, but the vitellus and its membrane are unaffected by prolonged exposure to this enzyme complex. Inhibition of the proteolytic component with lima bean or soybean inhibitors of trypsin prevents dissolution of the zona pellucida by the extract.
Iron-Manganese Nodules from Nares Abyssal Plain: Geochemistry and Mineralogy
Authors: Smith R. E. , Gassaway J. D. , Giles H. N.
Published: October 2006

Three nodules from a core taken north of Puerto Rico are composed chiefly of an x-ray amorphous, hydrated, iron-manganese oxide, with secondary goethite, and minor detrital silicates incorporated during growth of the nodules. No primary manganese mineral is apparent. The nodules are enriched in iron and depleted in manganese relative to Atlantic Ocean averages. The formation of these nodules appears to have been contemporary with sedimentation and related to volcanic activity.
Beryllium-7 in Ocean Water
Authors: Silker W. B. , Robertson D. E. , Rieck H. G. , Perkins R. W. , Prospero J. M.
Published: October 2006

Concentration of the radio nuclide beryllium-7, produced by cosmic rays, was measured in waters collected from both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This short-lived nuclide is well suited as a tracer for interactions at the air-sea interface and for the measurement of rapid mixing processes in the surface layer of the ocean.
Neutron Activation for Distinguishing Cascade Range Pyroclastics
Authors: Theisen Arthur A. , Borchardt Glenn A. , Harward Moyle E. , Schmitt Roman A.
Published: October 2006

Neutron activation of glassy separates of volcanic ash resulted in 21 nuclides measurable with instrumental techniques. The relative activities of most of the nuclides distinguish samples from Mount Mazama, Newberry Crater, and Glacier Peak. The usefulness of the technique was assessed by comparing the values for known sources with those from fine ash of uncertain origin. The data strongly suggest Mount Mazama as the source.
Sulfadiazine-Resistant Group A
Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Alexander C. E. , Sanborn W. R. , Cherriere G. , Crocker W. H. , Ewald P. E. , Kay C. R.
Published: October 2006

A meningitis epidemic due to Group A meningococci was unusual in that most of the strains isolated from patients were generally resistant to sulfadiazine. This is the first report of sulfonamide resistance in an epidemic strain of
Neisseria meningitidis
Group A.
Cross-Correlation and Cross-Spectral Methods for Drift Velocity Measurements
Authors: Morgan M. Granger , Bowles Kenneth L.
Published: October 2006

Cross-correlation and cross-spectral methods are used in a laboratory modeling experiment to compute the drift velocity of a structure which undergoes internal rearrangement as it drifts in a uniform direction. Emphasis is placed on the problems of making such measurements in remote probing experiments, particularly in the study of irregularities in the solar wind plasma by radio star scintillation techniques, where the number of observing sites is limited to two or three.
Mycoplasma Inhibition of Phytohemagglutinin Stimulation of Lymphocytes
Authors: Spitler Lynn , Cochrum Kent , Fudenberg H. Hugh
Published: October 2006

Goat lymphocytes were cultured in vitro with phytohemagglutinin and nonviable mycoplasmas. Addition of the mycoplasmas, even as late as 45 hours after adding phytohemagglutinin, completely inhibited the increase in synthesis of DNA and RNA normally induced in lymphocytes by the mitogen. The suppression of synthesis did not result from killing of the cells by the mycoplasmas, combination of the organisms with phytohemagglutinin, or competition for combining sites on the cell surface, which indicates that some other mechanism of inhibition was operative. A similar depression of response to phytohemagglutinin in lymphocytes in culture has been observed in human diseases associated with an immune defect. The present demonstration that at least certain mycoplasmas can profoundly affect lymphocyte function in vitro suggests that thay may alter the immune response in vivo.
Calcium Supply to Plant Roots
Authors: Wilkinson H. F. , Loneragan J. F. , Quirk J. P.
Published: October 2006

Direct observations of the calcium-45 distribution around the roots of plants growing in soil showed a pattern in direct contrast to that predicted from calculations based on the calcium concentration of the soil solution, transpiration rates, and plant calcium content. Whereas calcium-45 accumulation at the root surface was predicted, depletion was observed. It is suggested that preferential water movement in larger pores may decrease the expected solution calcium accumulation at the root surface. However, autoradiographs may give no indication of soil solution concentration depletion or accumulation because of the relatively high level on the colloid surface. The nature and extent of the depletion indicates how profoundly the plant root alters its immediate environment in the soil.
Determination of Lateral Pharyngeal Wall Motion during Connected Speech by Use of Pulsed Ultrasound
Authors: Kelsey C. A. , Ewanowski S. J. , Hixon T. J. , Minifie F. D.
Published: October 2006

Variations in the position of a point on the lateral pharyngeal wall relative to the external neck wall can be monitored by time-motion display of pulsed ultrasound. Such a portrayal is used to evaluate the lateral pharyngeal wall motion in normal and pathologic speakers during connected discourse.