bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FILLING AND EMPTYING OF THE GALL BLADDER
Authors: Copher Glover H. , Kodama Shuichi , Graham Evarts A.
Published: June 2004

As a result of the control of the flow of bile into the duodenum largely by tonus and movements of the duodenum, bile intermittently enters the gall bladder where it is concentrated and undergoes other changes. The gall bladder empties itself of its content through the cystic duct (1) by the washing out of its contents by bile from the liver, (2) by the elasticity or contractile mechanism of its walls, and (3) by variations of intraabdominal pressure due to respiratory movements, contiguous organs, etc. A fourth manner of emptying of the gall bladder is by absorption of a portion of its content through its walls. The gall bladder is never entirely empty but tends to come to a state of partial collapse, when its contents are under minimum pressure. We have been unable to demonstrate rhythmic contractions of the gall bladder due to its musculature. If they are present they may aid but they are not essential for its emptying or filling. Experimentally, in the dog, a rubber bag which was substituted for the gall bladder functioned in a manner very similar to that of the normal gall bladder as shown by cholecystographic studies. The concentrating function, however, was absent.
RELATION BETWEEN ORGAN WEIGHTS AND OBSCURE LESIONS IN APPARENTLY NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

A study of organ weights was made on a group of 295 normal rabbits for the purpose of determining whether any relation could be detected between the weights of organs and the extent and activity of the lesions found post mortem.

The results obtained seemed to indicate that disease, even in its mildest form, is capable of affecting the weights of organs that are not directly involved by the disease process and that the effect produced bears a relation to both the extent and the activity of the lesions present. There was also some evidence that the converse might be true; namely, that the occurrence and subsequent course of disease may be influenced in some measure by the state of organ balance and the ability of the animal organism to adjust itself to meet the demands of disease-producing agencies.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the oxidation and reduction of the hemotoxin of the Welch bacillus. The oxidation of the lysin results in the loss of its hemolytic activity. The "inactive" oxidation product of the Welch lysin may be reversed to the "active" lysin by treatment with biological or chemical reducing agents. The lysin, both in its reduced and oxidized form, is irreversibly inactivated by the same heat treatment. The pH of the system is an important factor in the oxidation of the lysin, the process proceeding much more rapidly at a pH above 7.0.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

A preliminary study was made of the rate of formation of tetanolysis and of the effect of glucose upon the lysin production. The heat lability of tetanolysin was next compared with that of the lysins of other bacteria. Finally the methods used to estimate the relative amounts of "active" hemoglobin and its "inactive" derivatives in deteriorated solutions of blood pigments were applied to the differentiation of the various derivatives of "active" tetanolysin present in deteriorated culture fluids.
THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF THE TISSUES OF THE DOG AFTER EXPERIMENTAL GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Comparative observations are reported on the chloride content of the blood, liver, and muscle of the dog after obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

After obstruction of the pylorus there is a marked fall in the chloride content of the liver, and a slight fall in the muscle.

Similar changes are observed after obstruction of the jejunum. With obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach no change was observed.
AUTOPLASTIC THYMUS TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

1. Regeneration of a thymus transplant is characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the reticulum cells, leading to the formation of small and large atypical Hassall bodies during the early stages.

2. Regeneration is usually complete by the 3rd week, when the newly formed lobules show differentiation into cortical and medullary zones, and typical Hassall bodies appear.

3. Typical Hassall's corpuscles are also derived from the reticulum epithelial cells.

4. These corpuscles have no function, being aggregates of spent reticulum cells.

5. The thymus reticulum cells are actively phagocytic, and react rapidly when noxious influences are exerted on the gland.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS INDUCED IN RABBITS WITH THE ENDOTOXIC PRINCIPLE OF STREPTOCOCCUS SCARLATINÆ
Authors: Duval Charles W. , Hibbard R. J.
Published: June 2004

1. Broth-grown cultures, cultures from blood agar slants and culture filtrates (Berkefeld N or V) of H. Streptococcus scarlatinæ are without appreciable effect upon the rabbit, no matter how large the dose or by what route introduced.

2. The active toxic principle of H. Streptococcus scarlatinæ for rabbits is intimately associated with the protein of the bacterial cell, and is not given off in the artificial medium during the growth activity of the organism, indicating, therefore, its endotoxic character.

3. The endotoxin is readily obtained from the viable scarlatinal cultures through the medium of the peritoneal cavity of the rabbit immunized against the homologous strain (Pfeiffer phenomenon). The toxic substance thus obtained we have termed a lysate.

4. The rabbit is highly susceptible to the in vivo prepared lysate of Streptococcus scarlatinæ, at least from the cultures we have employed. The degree of the toxic effect upon the rabbit depends upon the size of the dose and the route through which it is introduced. The specific effects range from mild to severe and fatal forms of toxemia as indicated by high fever, leucocytosis, paralysis and acute hemorrhagic glomerular nephritis.

5. The experimentally induced nephritic lesions are analogous in kind and variety to those of acute scarlatinal nephritis in man, including the "epithelial crescent" formation, hyaline thrombi of glomerular capillaries, hemorrhage into capsular space and necrosis of capillary tufts.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E.
Published: June 2004

Syphilitic rabbits inoculated intratesticularly and treated with arsphenamine before the 69th day of the disease, when reinoculated with the same strain of treponemata and in a manner identical with that of the first inoculation) are capable of responding to the infection in at least five different ways. In addition to exhibiting a local lesion at the site of reinoculation, accompanied by dissemination of the virus, they may show no local lesion at all but present evidence of dissemination of the virus together with the development of a positive Wassermann reaction. In some instances the virus may be recovered from the reinoculation site although no local lesion is produced there and no dissemination of the virus can be shown to take place. An occasional animal treated before the 69th day of the disease remains completely refractory to a second infection.

When treatment is postponed to 6 months or more after the original inoculation, reinfection carried out by intratesticular injection is almost always impossible and such animals appear to be entirely refractory. However, if rabbits treated late are reinoculated with the homologous strain by depositing the virus upon a granulating wound on the back, successful reinfections can be accomplished in at least 50 per cent of the test animals. The resistance which develops in rabbits in the course of syphilitic infection is, then, not absolute but relative.

It is pointed out that these results cast discredit upon the validity of the reinoculation method as a test of cure in syphilitic infection. It is also suggested upon the basis of these experiments, that the subsequent occurrence of a positive Wassermann reaction in patients with early syphilis in whom the Wassermann reaction has become negative under treatment may not always represent a relapse in the the disease but possibly in some instances a new infection without clinical signs.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen C. M.
Published: June 2004

Data from 645 normal rabbits were used as the basis of an investigation of the relation existing between body and organ weights. Actual and relative weights were correlated with both gross and net body weight.

The results obtained varied with different classes of organs but it was found that, in general, there was an agreement between the form and degree of the correlation shown and the structural and functional properties of the organs concerned.
EXPERIMENTAL HIGH JEJUNOSTOMY IN THE DOG, WITH BLOOD CHEMICAL STUDIES
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of high jejunostomy upon the life and chemical changes of the blood of dogs is here reported.

2. Sodium chloride solution administered in sufficient quantity after high jejunostomy prolongs the life of dogs.

3. Such experimental findings as these warrant a careful cinical study of the effects of high jejunostomy so frequently used in the treatment of acute intestinal obstruction.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Drury D. R. , Beattie W. W.
Published: June 2004

The changes in blood reaction caused by the injection into a vein of a weak solution of hydrochloric acid are accompanied by extravascular changes of similar magnitude within the subcutaneous tissue. Under the conditions of prolonged general anesthesia with ether or urethane the circulation to this tissue is so interfered with that an "outlying acidosis" may develop in addition to the acidosis immediately consequent on the blood state. Even under the best of circumstances the extravascular acidosis induced with hydrochloric acid affects not merely the tissue fluid but the reaction of the tissue itself.

Rabbits in which a widespread extravascular acidosis has been produced, together with a blood acidosis as severe as is compatible with life, remain in good condition during the relatively long period over which this state of affairs persists. There is at no time any sign of capillary dilatation, though the vessels are bathed in relatively add fluid, and none of shock. No edema develops in the acidotic tissues, and the animals void large amounts of urine. The tissue acidosis lessens pari passu with that of the blood.
A METHOD FOR REPEATEDLY SAMPLING THE BLOOD OF THE PORTAL VEIN IN HEALTHY ANIMALS
Authors: Blankenhorn M. A.
Published: June 2004

A method is described for repeatedly sampling the blood of the portal vein in healthy animals. The method has been employed in thirteen dogs with success in eight.
VIBRIOS FROM CALVES AND THEIR SEROLOGICAL RELATION TO VIBRIO FETUS
Authors: Smith Theobald , Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

The calf vibrios thus far studied include one strain serologically distinct from the fetal strains. The others are closely related to the fetal strains though not identical with them. The pathogenic characters of the calf vibrios, either as possible descendents of Vibrio fetus, or as independent factors in the production of enteritis have not been demonstrated.
LOCAL IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL ERYSIPELAS
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Bliss Eleanor A.
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded show that the skin involved in the zone of inflammation produced by the endodermal injection of virulent living erysipelas streptococci into rabbits becomes, after the lesion has healed, partially but not completely resistant to subsequent infection with the homologous organism. In the majority of experiments the lesion resulting from the first endodermal injection spread downward, i.e., ventrally, to the site of needle puncture forming an oval or elongated inflammatory zone. Subsequent injections of the same strain into the skin beyond and ventral to the apparent edge of the lesion showed that these areas in the supposed direction of the lymph flow likewise became resistant but not quite to the same degree as in the inflammatory area. The contiguous areas above, behind, and in front of the healed lesion exhibited only a very mild degree of resistance. The other side of the rabbit where no previous injections had been made reacted as did the normal skin.

Repeated injections on the same side bring about diminishing local reaction until there is almost no lesion following the injection of the standard skin dose. Thus there is a gradual spread of skin resistance on the inoculated side, whereas the non-injected side of the rabbit reacts normally. Finally, however, after many injections over relatively long periods the non-injected side becomes resistant, but at this time, there is evidence of general humoral immunity as shown by the presence of agglutinins and antitoxin in the blood. The local resistance is apparently not entirely specific, for the areas with the previous lesion and ventral to it become more resistant to another strain of beta hemolytic streptococcus, though in less degree, and to a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus to a still less degree. The most plausible explanation of the spread of the local immunity ventrally is that the streptococci follow the lymph channels. Indeed, in human erysipelas, the organisms are recovered by cutipuncture as far as 3 cm. beyond the advancing edge of the lesion where there is no gross evidence of inflammation. This aspect of local immunity will be considered in subsequent publications.

The skin of the rabbit involved in the inflammatory reaction following the endodermal injection of living streptococci becomes resistant to subsequent injection of the homologous strain and of other strains of erysipelas streptococci which are not immunologically identical.

The local immune areas are resistant but not to the same degree to a strain of hemolytic streptococci isolated from follicular tonsillitis and to a virulent Staphylococcus aureus.

The areas contiguous to the local lesion but outside the apparent boundary of inflammation become more resistant to subsequent injection. But the regions ventral to those areas become more resistant than those dorsal, anterior, or posterior to the inflammatory zone.

The skin on the non-injected side of the rabbit becomes resistant pari passu with the development of humoral immunity.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Smith David T.
Published: June 2004

These observations have brought out three facts which may be stated briefly as follows.

1. An acute respiratory epidemic was incited by mucoid strains of Bact. lepisepticum of moderate and uniform virulence.

2. The epidemic was brought about not by an alteration in the virulence of the prevailing strains of Bact. lepisepticum but by a sudden distribution of virulent organisms among a susceptible population hitherto unexposed.

3. Individuals in this population showed different degrees of resistance to the infecting bacillus; some died from pneumonia and septicemia, while others localized the infection to the nasal passages.

The significance of these facts has been discussed at length elsewhere (4).
STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT FIXATION IN TUBERCULOSIS. III
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

The prolonged extraction of the tubercle bacillus with boiling ethyl alcohol, followed by one or more reprecipitations by chilling the hot alcoholic solution, easily yields a preparation very active as antigen in the complement fixation reaction.

This preparation gives a precipitation reaction with high dilution of the normal blood serum of a number of species.

The precipitation reaction presents as a peculiar feature a very long pro-zone and is further dependent on a preceding heat treatment of the serum for its demonstration.

Occurring as a reaction of normal serum, the reaction is apparently not influenced by immunization sufficient to develop moderate specific complement fixation reactions.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: June 2004

When filtrates of lysed cultures (bacteriophage) are subjected to prolonged dialysis under osmotic pressure against water, the presence of the lytic agent can be detected outside the membrane only during the first few days. The residue remaining inside the membrane contains the bulk of the original lytic agent, and yet it is no longer capable of diffusing into the outer solution.

The interruption of diffusion is shown not to be due to any alteration in the permeability of the membrane. Moreover, the residue fails to diffuse through a fresh membrane of similar permeability, while the dialyzed portion of the phage passes quantitatively through a new membrane. When ultrafiltration under pressure was substituted for dialysis, the residue on the filter could be washed repeatedly with water without giving off into the filtrate any more active agent. However, if broth was substituted for water, a renewed diffusion of the active agent resulted.

These results are interpreted as indicating that the colloidal particles present in the lytic filtrates (and apparently endowed with properties of bacteriophage) do not represent autonomous units of the active agent, but merely serve as a vehicle on which the agent is adsorbed. The vary in size within limits wide enough to permit fractionation by means of ultrafiltration. When the coarser particles retained by the ultrafilter are washed with broth, some of the active agent is detached from its coarse vehicle particles. The agent, now more highly dispersed, is capable of passing the filter which held it back previously.

Preparation of a simple ultrafilter used in these experiments is given in detail.
BACTERIOPHAGE ISOLATED FROM THE COMMON HOUSE FLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA)
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. Bacteriophage active against four species of bacteria was found in a salt solution extract of house flies.

2. A growth-inhibiting principle, not bacteriophage, active against four other species of bacteria was found to be present in the same extract.

3. An attempt to secure streptococcus bacteriophage by feeding to flies a streptococcus susceptible to the inhibitor but not to the bacteriophage of this filtrate was unsuccessful, indicating that the two activities are quite unrelated.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III)
Authors: Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

The observations recorded in this paper on the infectivity of Type III pneumococci for rabbits may be summarized as follows:

1. Of eleven strains of Type III isolated from human sources, ten were found to possess low virulence for rabbits. This was true despite the fact that all the strains tested possessed large capsules and a high degree of virulence for mice.

2. One strain of Type III pneumococcus was rendered highly virulent for rabbits. Since it possessed no other biological property demonstrably different from the other strains, its virulence must reside in some additional property.

3. An initial decrease in the number of circulating organisms following the injection of virulent bacteria is a well known occurrence, and it was observed in rabbits injected with the rabbit virulent strain of Type III. However, the extent of the reduction was in inverse proportion to the degree of virulence of the strain; a fact which makes mechanical explanations of the phenomenon insufficient.

4. The bacteremia produced in rabbits by Type III pneumococci, avirulent for this species, runs a characteristic course. It differs from that produced by non-encapsulated R forms of pneumococci although in both instances survival of the infected animal ensues. This is evidence that the mechanism of resistance against encapsulated and non-encapsulated pneumococci is not identical.

5. Phagocytosis of Type III pneumococci by circulating rabbit leucocytes was not demonstrable by a vital stain technique, whereas under the same conditions the ingestion of non-encapsulated R forms occurred. This is further evidence that the process whereby non-encapsulated pneumococci are disposed of, is insufficient to explain the natural resistance of rabbits to infection with encapsulated Type III pneumococci.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L.
Published: June 2004

The methods previously employed in the study of hemotoxins have been applied in the present investigation to the oxidation and reduction of the bacteriolytic substance of Pneumococcus. It is shown that the bacteriolytic agent, previously inactivated by oxidation, can be "reactivated" by treatment with bacterial reducing agents. Evidence is presented that this "reactivation" represents the reduction of inactive, reversible oxidation products to the original active substance.

The bacteriolytic agent is an integral constituent of the pneumococcus cell, which can be separated from the hemotoxin by absorption with red blood cells in the cold.
LOCAL PROGRESSION WITH SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE BONE MARROW OF RABBITS, CORRELATED WITH A TRANSITORY ANEMIA AND LEUCOPENIA AFTER INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Sabin Florence R.
Published: June 2004

In this series of rabbits it was found that the rabbits dying during the 1st month after an injection of I or 2 mg. of bovine tubercle bacilli show the same conditions: extreme tuberculosis of the lungs, acute splenic tumor with tuberculosis, involvement of the lymph glands, an occasional small tubercle in the liver and extensive tuberculosis of the bone marrow. The peripheral blood has shown a sharp fall in the platelet count, an anemia and a fall in the granulocytic strain of white cells, and these changes have been correlated with the condition of the bone marrow. There has also been a rise in monocytes and a fall in lymphocytes, to a reversal of the normal ratio.

When the rabbits have survived the first acute phase of the disease longer than 3 to 4 weeks, there have been signs in the peripheral blood of a recovery of the bone marrow; the first indication of this has been an increase in platelets, then a rise in hemoglobin followed in 1 or 2 days by a rise in red cells and later a return of the three strains of granulocytes. The bone marrow has shown a rapid spontaneous disintegration of the epithelioid cells correlated with the appearance of increased evidence of acid-fast debris in clasmatocytes, especially clear in those that lie along the vessels.

The animals that have survived into the 3rd month have all shown a hyperplastic phase of the healing marrow, both the red cells and all types of the granulocytes appearing in the peripheral blood in numbers above the normal. The epithelioid cells originally containing many bacilli all disappear from the marrow and the only sign left, possibly suggestive of the tuberculosis, is the acid-fast granules in the clasmatocytes. Finally, the marrow becomes entirely normal, giving the normal number of red cells and granulocytes to the blood. Thus, bone marrow in the rabbit has become involved in every instance with the injection of massive doses of viable bacilli. The findings at autopsy in those animals followed during the early reaction to infection confirm this directly and, since the curves of the cells in the peripheral blood of the more chronic animals were the same during the early stages of the disease as in those that died, the same conclusion seems justified from indirect inference for them. The method of healing has been a rapid disintegration of the epithelioid cells without caseation. The bone marrow heals itself entirely regardless of the progress of the disease elsewhere, so that one sees the remarkable condition of an animal recovering from the anemia and leucopenia while dying of tuberculosis elsewhere. The spleen also shows a tendency toward spontaneous healing. In the animals that have lived beyond 100 days there has been some gradual lessening of the diffuse distribution and extent of pulmonary lesions with the development of cavitation together with a marked involvement of the kidneys and lesions in the eyes.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III)
Authors: Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. Immunization of rabbits with Type III pneumococci is effective in producing active immunity against infection with a virulent strain of the homologous organism.

2. Immunization of rabbits with Type I or II pneumococci, and with R forms derived from any of the fixed types, is equally effective in producing active immunity against Type III infection.

3. Immunization of rabbits with nucleoprotein or with desoxycholate solutions of heterologous pneumococci, under the experimental conditions described, appears to be ineffective in producing active immunity against Type III infection.
NATURE OF THE TOXIC MOIETY OF STREPTOCOCCUS SCARLATINÆ
Authors: Duval Charles W. , Hibbard R. J.
Published: June 2004

The cutaneous reaction demonstrates that the culture lysate of Streptococcus scarlatinæ is approximately ten time more potent in its toxic effect than is the culture filtrate since repeated and carefully controlled human skin tests show that 0.1 cc. of a 1:2000 dilution of lysate reacts equally as well as a similar dose of a 1:250 dilution of culture filtrate (Dick's standard skin unit).

Animal tests and the human intradermal reaction clearly reveal that the toxic principle of culture filtrate (Dick's toxin) and culture lysate (Duval-Hibbard endotoxin) are of the same nature) namely intracellular derivatives of the streptococcal cell.

The in vivo prepared lysate affords a more potent antigen for the production of an antiendotoxic serum than the living, killed or culture filtrate of Streptococcus scarlatinæ.

The inoculations into dogs of culture filtrate and of the "washed coccal bodies" yield strikingly different results. In those that receive filtrate no toxic effect is produced while in the ones injected with the washed coccal bodies a severe and often fatal toxemia results.

The dog is highly susceptible to infection with Streptococcus scarlatinæ and also readily affected by injections of the in vivo prepared lysate. Toxic effects are produced almost immediately following the intravenous injection of lysate and death usually occurs in 24 to 48 hours from an acute hemorrhagic nephritis. Daily urinary examination shows a high percentage of albumin, large numbers of fine granular casts and quantities of macroscopic blood. A study of the kidney sections reveals an extensive glomerulonephritis.

The work reported constitutes further evidence in support of our original contention that the poisonous substance of the scarlatinal streptococcus is derived from the bacterial cell set free through the dissolution of the germ plasm. The liberation of the poison in vitro occurs as the natural result of autolysis while in vivo it is produced through specific action of bacteriolysin.
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W.
Published: June 2004

1. Fatal Type I pneumococcal meningitis may be produced in rabbits by intracisternal injection of pneumococci.

2. When organisms are of high virulence, the rabbit does not tend to localize them in the meninges, but an early septicemic process results. Death is septicemic rather than meningeal.

3. In such instances very little cellular reaction occurs in the meninges.

4. Active or passive immunization previous to intracisternal infection inhibits partially the septicemia and permits the development of reactional processes in the meninges.

5. The immunization likewise retards the meningeal disease, but multiplicity of factors prevents us from stating precisely to what this retardation is due. It is not correlated with the presence of agglutinins in the spinal fluid at the time of infection.

6. The rapidity of production of meningitis is influenced by the phase of growth of the culture used, and likewise by the growth activity of that culture.

7. To some extent in the partially immune rabbit the meningeal spaces constitute a relatively non-immune reservoir, constantly feeding the blood stream and breaking down systemic resistance.

8. Intrathecal serum treatment causes rapid agglutination and phagocytosis of pneumococci, and has very rarely, possibly, resulted in cure. Essentially no phagocytosis occurs in the absence of immune serum.

9. Phagocyted pneumococci stained supravitally take up the neutral red stain and are therefore probably injured.

10. The treatment employed subsequent to infection only slightly prolongs life in the majority of cases. It does retard septicemia.

11. The treatment improves the cellular reactional processes in the meninges.

12. A study of the pathology of rabbit pneumococcal meningitis shows that the location of pneumococci precludes complete contact with serum introduced intrathecally, and that these locations provide isolated foci, from which organisms may reinfect the meningeal spaces as rapidly as they are removed by lavage or antibody injections.

13. In recovered rabbits postmeningeal symptoms, weakness, ataxia, nystagmus, and paralyses arise.

14. In our opinion there is some objective evidence of benefit of serum therapy. The rabbit is too susceptible, however, and conditions too artificial to admit of definite conclusions.

15. Rough Type I pneumococci introduced in large quantity cisternally may kill and may be recovered 24 hours after infection, from spinal fluids. In a series of eleven passages, no reversion to smooth type occurred. In all animals injected with rough forms, transient bacteremia resulted.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Christie Ronald V. , Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

The principles governing the passage of high frequency currents through various conductors have been discussed and exemplified in experiments done on both non-living and living bodies.

In Part I it was shown: (1) That the current takes the path of least electrical resistance rather than the shortest path; (2) that maximal heating occurs at the point of greatest concentration of the lines of current flow. In a homogeneous medium with parallel electrodes maximal heat production occurs in those portions of the medium adjoining the electrodes and the heat gradient is from without inward. Under these circumstances maximal heating never occurs at the center. In discussing the localization of heat not only the electrical resistance and current concentration, but also the cooling effect, must be considered.

In experiments on the dog's cadaver no evidence of the so called "skin effect" could be demonstrated. This is in contradistinction to the findings of Bettman and Crohn, but the discrepancy is explained on the basis of what we believe to be a technical error in their work. The finding of no "skin effect" is in agreement with the conclusions of Dowse and Iredell, based on both experimental and theoretical considerations.

In Part II three types of experiments were performed on the anesthetized dog. The conclusions to be derived from them are these: (1) The heat gradient of the body is reversed during diathermy and heating occurs from without inward; (2) deep heating during diathermy is greater than that which results from the application of local heat to the skin; (3) the lung can be heated by diathermy in spite of simultaneous cooling of the chest wall.

These experiments we regard as satisfactory evidence of the passage of the current through the interior of the body.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ROUGH PNEUMOCOCCI IN VIVO
Authors: Paul John R.
Published: June 2004

In a survey of about forty rough methemoglobin-producing colonies in sputum cultures from a series of individuals suffering from respiratory infections, twelve bile-soluble strains of suspected R pneumococci have been isolated for study. Two of these twelve strains have shown both autolysis in saline solution and serological reactions characteristic of R pneumococci.

The findings offer evidence that R pneumococci may occasionally occur in human sputum. Their significance as regards the epidemiology of pneumococcus infections and of host response is alluded to.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Johnson Walter R.
Published: June 2004

As the result of these modifications, many of which in themselves may appear trifling, the course of events in the extracorporeal loop is greatly affected. White thrombi, it is true, are laid down in from 10 to 20 minutes, but the formation of fibrin sufficient to cause obstruction is prevented for 3 hours or more. Thus, the observations in normal animals tend to approach those described in Paper III, after the use of anticoagulants such as heparin and hirudine. The new technic offers certain advantages in the study of the details of the early stages of thrombosis.
ALTERATIONS IN THE CALCIUM LEVEL OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
Authors: Hess Alfred F. , Berg Benjamin N. , Sherman Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

A marked rise and disturbance in equilibrium of the calcium in the blood was brought about by section of the spinal cord in the upper dorsal segment. This reaction, however, was not constant.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY FROM EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Woo Shutai T. , Cheer Sheo Nan , King Li Pin
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the blood of cats and rabbits during experimental pneumococcus infection with a view to ascertaining the relationship of acquired immune properties to the mechanism of recovery. Observations were directed chiefly towards the detection of pneumococcidal promoting substances, but the other manifestations of anti-pneumococcus reaction were studied as well. It was found constantly that the serum of animals recovering from infection possessed the power to promote the destruction of highly virulent pneumococci in rabbit serum-leucocyte mixtures which mixtures of themselves have no growth inhibitory action. Furthermore, the presence of this serum immunity was associated with a marked increase in acquired resistance to the pneumococcus. In cats which were studied in the most detail the pneumococcidal promoting power of the serum as well as the opsonic, agglutinative, and mouse protective activities became demonstrable at the time of recovery and their appearance in the serum always marked the termination of blood invasion. These immune reactions were found to be type-specific. The animals which succumbed failed to develop detectable serum immune properties and showed persistent blood invasion. The degree of leucocytosis did not appear to bear any constant relation to the outcome of the disease. The significance of these findings is discussed.
EFFECT OF LIVER AND PITUITARY DIGESTS ON THE PROLIFERATION OF SARCOMATOUS FIBROBLASTS OF THE RAT
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. A media containing all the essential constituents for the cultivation in vitro of sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat has been prepared by digesting calf liver and also the anterior lobe of the pituitary body with pepsin.

2. The nutritive action of the pituitary digests is not altered by thorough extraction with ether.

3. After a pure strain of sarcomatous fibroblasts had been cultivated for 3 months in a liver digest, its proliferative activity was as great as at the beginning of the experiment. The same was true of the colonies cultivated for 1 month in a digest of pituitary gland. The increase in the volume of the colonies which takes place in the digests is about as great as that produced by chick embryo juice.

4. Normal chicken fibroblasts also proliferate in both digests, but they undergo fatty degeneration after a more or less prolonged period of cultivation.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEINATE-INDUCED LEUCOPENIC AND LEUCOCYTIC STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RELATIVE RÔLES OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND BONE MARROW
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Zerfas Leon G. , Warren Sylvia , Ames Olivia
Published: June 2004

The leucopenia induced by sodium nucleinate has been followed by repeated counts made simultaneously from the blood of a peripheral vein and from the internal organs, combined with a study of histological sections of the same organs taken with the counts. Measurements with the oncometer of changes in volume of the spleen have been correlated with the leucopenia and the leucocytosis following sodium nucleinate. It has thus been determined that the leucopenia is not the result of a vasomotor phenomenon, or of a change in blood volume, nor is it secondary to a retention of the white cells in the capillaries of lung or liver; it is due to the accumulation of neutrophilic leucocytes in the parenchyma of the spleen. That the spleen is solely responsible for the temporary depression of white cells in the general circulation under these conditions has been shown by splenectomy. In splenectomized rabbits no leucopenia developed, but instead a leucocytosis due to a direct action on the bone marrow.

A profound change occurs in the distribution of the cells in the circulation at the moment of death. The liver, within a minute of the cessation of the circulation, shows a three- to fourfold increase in the number of white cells per c.mm., the differential count remaining unchanged. Thus estimations of the physiological distribution and redistribution of cells in the living state may be made only with the circulation unimpaired.

The injection into normal rabbits of adenine and guanine nucleotides, split products of nucleic acid, gave immediate leucocytosis of bone marrow origin similar to that observed with the more complex molecule when the spleen was eliminated.

The response of the bone marrow to chemotactic stimuli, such as those have used, may be reflected in the general circulation, through an absolute increase of young neutrophilic leucocytes, within a period of less than 1 hour. Within this brief period there takes place maturation from Myelocyte C and metamyelocyte into the early motile leucocyte, and the delivery of these just matured cells into the circulation. The response to one injection of nucleinate or nucleotide may persist into the 3rd and 4th days with a gradual depletion of the normal reserve of Myelocytes C in the bone marrow.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON AN EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED SARCOMA OF THE CHICKEN
Authors: Sturm Ernest , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

Numerous attempts have been made by us to separate from the cells of a tar sarcoma of the chicken (Chicken Tumor 9) a causative agent for the growth. Experiments with filtrates and desiccates injected as such or in combinations with embryonic tissues have all failed to give positive results. So too have injections of filtrates and desiccates into developing chick embryos failed to yield a response. The results confirm those of previous work with the tumor in this laboratory. The growth would appear to differ in a fundamental respect from all tumors of the fowl previously studied.
IS THERE AN IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORSE SERUM AND HORSE DANDER?
Authors: Forster George F.
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been submitted of the existence of a common antigenic substance in horse dander and horse serum. This evidence has been derived from three lines of study:

(a) Cross-precipitation tests involving (1) the titration of antisera against horse serum with saline extract of horse dander and (2) titration of antisera against horse dander with normal horse serum.

(b) Cross-anaphylactic tests by the uterine strip method of Dale.

(c) Cross-anaphylactic tests in living guinea pigs by the usual shock method.

It seems likely from the work here described that the common antigen is present in small proportion in horse dander. Its concentration in horse serum is not indicated by the results obtained.
UDDER INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCI OF THE SCARLET FEVER TYPE
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The clinical and bacteriological findings in two cows the udders of which became infected under natural conditions with hemolytic streptococci of the scarlet fever type are discussed. One of the cows was found in a herd supplying raw milk to a small town where a milkborne outbreak of scarlet fever had occurred a short time before. When small numbers of the streptococcus obtained from this case were injected into the udder of a normal cow severe mastitis accompanied by a well marked general reaction resulted. Evidence leads to the conclusion that a severe attack of mastitis due to this organism in one quarter does not sufficiently immunize the other quarters to protect them completely since the streptococcus can be readily implanted in them. The secondary infections were much milder than the original process.
AGGLUTINATION BY PRECIPITIN
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

The fact is shown that collodion particles sensitized with various proteins adsorb sufficient protein to agglutinate in the presence of precipitin specific for the adsorbed protein. The amount of adsorption, judged by agglutination, is not dependent on the concentration of the sensitizing protein beyond a certain maximum. The agglutination resulting from the addition of immune serum to particles sensitized with protein is immunologically specific.

Particles exposed to a number of antigenic substances in succession are agglutinated by all of the appropriate antisera.

Particles exposed to immune serum and subsequently washed fail to agglutinate in the presence of antigen although some of the protein constituents of the immune serum are fixed upon them and its antibody content diminishes.
THE RELATION OF THE CAPSULAR SUBSTANCE OF B. COLI TO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The relation between a strain of B. coli and its mutant with reference to the production of agglutinins and protective antibodies may be expressed by the statement that the original strain when injected into cows develops antibodies both towards itself and the mutant whereas the mutant produces them only towards itself. The results point to the capsular substance as the material carrying virulence or, expressed somewhat differently, the factor which protects the microorganism in the host.
VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH ROSENOW'S AND PETTIT'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERA
Authors: Stewart Fred W. , Haselbauer Peter
Published: June 2004

1. The Rosenow antistreptococcic poliomyelitis serum concentrated or unconcentrated does not neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis as tested in monkeys.

2. The Pettit antipoliomyelitis horse serum neutralizes the virus only occasionally.

3. "Immune" sheep sera prepared according to the method of Pettit have not neutralized virus even when the normal sera of the same animal have given neutralization.

4. The reason for such chance neutralizations is obscure and should not be confused with the constant virus-neutralizing action of both human and monkey convalescent sera.

5. Experimental evidence affords no basis for the use of either the Rosenow or the Pettit serum in the therapy of poliomyelitis.
STUDIES OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM
Authors: Bauer Walter , Aub Joseph C. , Albright Fuller
Published: June 2004

1. Bone trabeculae are easily depleted by the prolonged administration of parathormone, long continued negative calcium balance and growth.

2. A long continued high calcium diet results in a rapid accumulation of the trabeculae.

3. Alizarin red, as has previously been shown in the literature, is deposited in newly formed bone. Its use has made clear that easily mobilizable calcium is not deposited in the shafts of adult animals, but in the trabeculae of bone.

4. The bone trabeculae therefore serve as the storehouse of readily available calcium.

5. The shafts have a slow progressive exchange of inorganic salts and are not influenced except in the case of unusual body demands.

6. It is suggested that the absence of trabeculae in premature infants and their depletion at the end of 4 months in a normal baby might well be an etiological factor in rickets.

7. In our observations, parathormone administration to growing or adult cats has been without effect.

8. Daily injections of parathormone in growing rats results in an increased number of trabeculae and smaller bones.
BLOOD REGENERATION IN SEVERE ANEMIA
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

A liver extract No. 343, N.N.R. known to be fully potent in pernicious anemia shows but 10 to 20 per cent of the potency of whole liver feeding in severe continuous secondary anemia due to bleeding in dogs. There are wide individual variations which are not noted with whole liver feeding.

Supplementing this liver extract with whole bile does not modify the reaction.

Supplementing this liver extract with liver ash or apricot ash shows the sum of the two expected feeding reactions.

When we supplement this liver extract with small amounts of whole liver (50 to 100 gm.) we may observe hemoglobin and red cell production in excess of the sum of the expected separate reactions. Whether the liver extract increases the potency of the whole liver feeding or vice versa, it suggests similar possibilities in various human secondary anemias.

Liver and kidney fractions of varied types deserve much study to ascertain their effect upon widely divergent types of human anemias.
STUDIES OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE
Authors: Ehrich Wilhelm
Published: June 2004

1. On subcutaneous infection of rabbits with staphylococci of low virulence there appears at the place of injection first a hemorrhagicpurulent inflammation and later a localized purulence. In the regional lymph nodes there is lymphatic hyperplasia, and in the blood a lymphocytosis.

2. In the regional lymph nodes there is first a regressive change of Flemming's secondary nodules and of transition forms. Then follows lymphatic hyperplasia, starting apparently from solid secondary nodules and progressing by way of pseudo-secondary nodules to a diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia. The increase of lymphocytes in the blood parallels this development.

3. Only after the highest point of the lymphocytosis has been reached or passed do we find the first Flemming's secondary nodules, which thereafter increase in number and size while the number of lymphocytes in the blood falls, and reach their maximum development when the number of lymphocytes in the blood is again normal. Therefore, the original conception of Flemming that the site of formation of the lymphocytes of the blood is in Flemming's secondary nodules, cannot be accepted.

4. The lymphocytes of the blood originate in the pseudo-secondary nodules as in embryonic life. The mother cells of the lymphocytes would appear to be Marchand's proliferating endothelial (reticular) cells.
OUTLYING ACIDOSIS DUE TO FUNCTIONAL ISCHEMIA
Authors: Rous Peyton , Drury Douglas R.
Published: June 2004

In various functional conditions involving peripheral vasoconstriction a more or less widespread change toward acidity takes place within certain tissues. The change is frequently independent of any in the blood. Indeed the blood can become more alkaline while the tissue acidosis is developing.

When the blood volume is diminished abruptly but not too greatly, by hemorrhage or by anhydremia, the acidosis which develops in the superficial connective tissue and in the skeletal muscles is patchy in distribution, being limited to areas of local ischemia themselves the result of a compensatory vasoconstriction which affects certain regions only. There is a second type of patchy ischemia (and of acidosis) which occurs under circumstances of moderate depletion and is referable to local pressure differences that are so slight as to be ineffective under normal circumstances. A generalized acidosis throughout the superficial tissue develops when depletion is extreme. All these are outlying acidoses, since they lie without the influence of the blood. In the viscera no such acidoses have been found.