bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distinctive characteristics of foreign language teachers
Authors: Borg Simon
Published: November 2005

This paper aims to extend our understanding of what it means to be a language teacher by examining ways in which language teachers are seen to be different to teachers of other subjects. Language teachers’ distinctiveness was defined by over 200 practising and prospective language teachers from a range of contexts, and the analysis also included the opinions of specialists in mathematics, history, science and chemistry on the extent to which characteristics claimed to be distinctive of language teachers applied to these other subjects. The findings of the study suggest that language teachers are seen to be distinctive in terms of the nature of the subject, the content of teaching, the teaching methodology, teacher-learner relationships, and contrasts between native and non-native speakers. The study also raises methodological and conceptual issues of relevance to further research into this area. Key amongst these are the need to define language teachers’ distinctive characteristics with reference to specific contexts rather than globally, the importance of comparisons between insider views on such distinctiveness and those from outside language teaching, and the value of comparative studies of actual classroom practices of language teaching and other subjects.
Subjunctive wereand indicative was: a corpus analysis for English language teachers and textbook writers
Authors: Lee Jackie
Published: November 2005

This paper illustrates how corpus research can inform language teachers and textbook writers about contemporary usage. This study provides evidence from various corpora, including a collection of language practice books and textbooks, and electronic databases that contain contemporary language data on how English is actually used. The data found in the electronic databases suggest that prescriptive teaching about the incorrectness of indicative was for hypothetical meaning in some contemporary English teaching books used in Hong Kong is not well founded. On the other hand, the data also reveal that subjunctive were is not dying and persists in writing, particularly in some idiomatic expressions.
Stiffness, Ductility, and Energy Dissipation of RC Elements under Cyclic Shear
Authors: Hsu Thomas T. C. , Mansour Mohamad Y.
Published: November 2005

A new Cyclic Softened Membrane Model (CSMM) was recently developed to predict the stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation of reinforced concrete (RC) elements subjected to reversed cyclic shear. Using the nonlinear finite element analysis, we can integrate these responses of elements to predict the behavior of a whole structure, such as a low-rise shear wall, subjected to earthquake action. This study of CSMM summarizes systematically the effects of the two primary variables: the steel bar angle with respect to the direction of the applied principal stresses and the steel percentage. The results clearly show that RC structures under cyclic shear stresses could be designed to be very ductile, have large stiffness, and possess high energy-dissipation capacities (just like flexural-dominated elements), if the steel bars are properly oriented in the directions of principal stresses and if the steel percentages are kept within certain limits.
Macrospatial Correlation Model of Seismic Ground Motions
Authors: Wang Min , Takada Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2005

It is very important to estimate a macrospatial correlation of seismic ground motion intensities for earthquake damage predictions, building portfolio analyses etc., whereby damage in different locations has to be taken into account simultaneously. This study focuses on spatial correlation of the residual value between an observed and a predicted ground motion intensity, which is estimated by an empirical mean attenuation relationship. The residual value is modeled in such a way that the joint probability density function (PDF) of seismic ground-motion intensity can be characterized by the spatial correlation model as well as an empirical mean attenuation relationship, assuming that it constitutes a homogeneous two-dimensional stochastic field. Using the dense observation data of earthquakes that occurred in Japan and Taiwan in recent years, the macrospatial correlation model is proposed and the assumption of homogeneity is verified in this paper.
Potential Losses in a Repeat of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake
Authors: Wong Ivan , Bouabid Jawhar , Graf William , Huyck Charles , Porush Allan , Silva Walter , Siegel Timothy , Bureau Gilles , Eguchi Ronald , Knight John
Published: November 2005

A comprehensive earthquake loss assessment for the state of South Carolina using HAZUS was performed considering four different earthquake scenarios: a moment magnitude ( M) 7.3 “1886 Charleston-like” earthquake, M 6.3 and M 5.3 events also from the Charleston seismic source, and an M 5.0 earthquake in Columbia. Primary objectives of this study were (1) to generate credible earthquake losses to provide a baseline for coordination, capability development, training, and strategic planning for the South Carolina Emergency Management Division, and (2) to raise public awareness of the significant earthquake risk in the state. Ground shaking, liquefaction, and earthquake-induced landsliding hazards were characterized using region-specific inputs on seismic source, path, and site effects, and ground motion numerical modeling. Default inventory data on buildings and facilities in HAZUS were either substantially enhanced or replaced. Losses were estimated using a high resolution 2- km×2- km grid rather than the census tract approach used in HAZUS. The results of the loss assessment indicate that a future repeat of the 1886 earthquake would be catastrophic, resulting in possibly 900 deaths, more than 44,000 injuries, and a total economic loss of $20 billion in South Carolina alone. Schools, hospitals, fire stations, ordinary buildings, and bridges will suffer significant damage due to the general lack of seismic design in the state. Lesser damage and losses will be sustained in the other earthquake scenarios although even the smallest event could result in significant losses.
Sloshing Loads in Liquid-Storage Tanks with Insufficient Freeboard
Authors: Malhotra Praveen K.
Published: November 2005

Seismic ground motions excite long-period sloshing response in liquid-storage tanks. A minimum freeboard is needed to prevent the sloshing waves from impacting the roof of tanks. Since freeboard results in unused storage capacity, many tanks are not provided with the sufficient freeboard. As a result, sloshing waves impact the roof, generating additional forces on the roof and tank wall. This article presents a simple method of estimating these forces.
Role of Higher-“Mode” Pushover Analyses in Seismic Analysis of Buildings
Authors: Goel Rakesh K. , Chopra Anil K.
Published: November 2005

The role of higher-“mode” pushover analyses in seismic analysis of buildings is examined in this paper. It is demonstrated that the higher-“mode” pushover curves reveal plastic hinge mechanisms that are not detected by the first-“mode” or other FEMA-356 force distributions, but these purely local mechanisms are not likely to develop during realistic ground motions in an otherwise regular building without a soft and/or weak story. Furthermore, the conditions necessary for “reversal” of a higher-“mode” pushover curve are examined. It is shown that “reversal” in a higher-“mode” pushover curve occurs after formation of a mechanism if the resultant force above the bottom of the mechanism is in the direction that moves the roof in a direction opposite to that prior to formation of the mechanism. Such “reversal” can occur only in higher-“mode” pushover analyses but not in the pushover analyses for the first-“mode” or other FEMA-356 force distributions. However, the “reversal” in higher-“mode” pushover curves was found to be very rare in several recent investigations that examined behavior of many moment-resisting frame buildings. Included are guidelines for implementing the Modal Pushover Analysis for buildings that display “reversal” in a higher-“mode” pushover curve.
Coordinating NEHRP Post-Earthquake Investigations—Exercising the Plan
Authors: Holzer Thomas L. , Scawthorn Charles , Rojahn Christopher
Published: November 2005

Three exercises of The Plan to Coordinate NEHRP Post-Earthquake Investigations were developed and implemented in late 2003 and early 2004 in order to test the Plan itself via realistic scenarios, and for the NEHRP agencies to learn how to coordinate post-earthquake investigations. The exercises were selected to cover a range of seismic activity and consequences, and were based on scenario events: (1) a Hayward Fault Mw 7 event without foreshocks; (2) a New Madrid seismic zone Mw 7 event with foreshocks, and (3) a Puerto Rico Mw 8 subduction event on the Puerto Rican Trench accompanied by a tsunami affecting the eastern seaboard of the United States. Each exercise consisted of a four-hour telephone conference call with a Web-based electronic link and post-exercise evaluations fed back to participants. Evaluation of the exercises found the Plan to be adequate, with implementation of the Plan by the NEHRP agencies improving with each exercise. Based on the exercises, recommendations were provided that a Plan coordinator should be designated within USGS, an annual exercise of the Plan should be conducted in different regions of the United States, a permanent NEHRP electronic link should be created, and coordination of post-earthquake data collection, preservation, archiving, and dissemination should be greatly improved.
The Effects of Earthquake Measurement Concepts and Magnitude Anchoring on Individuals’ Perceptions of Earthquake Risk
Authors: Celsi Richard , Wolfinbarger Mary , Wald David
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this research is to explore earthquake risk perceptions in California. Specifically, we examine the risk beliefs, feelings, and experiences of lay, professional, and expert individuals to explore how risk is perceived and how risk perceptions are formed relative to earthquakes. Our results indicate that individuals tend to perceptually underestimate the degree that earthquake (EQ) events may affect them. This occurs in large part because individuals’ personal felt experience of EQ events are generally overestimated relative to experienced magnitudes. An important finding is that individuals engage in a process of “cognitive anchoring” of their felt EQ experience towards the reported earthquake magnitude size. The anchoring effect is moderated by the degree that individuals comprehend EQ magnitude measurement and EQ attenuation. Overall, the results of this research provide us with a deeper understanding of EQ risk perceptions, especially as they relate to individuals’ understanding of EQ measurement and attenuation concepts.
Effect of Frame-Restoring Force Characteristics on the Pounding Response of Multiple-Frame Bridges
Authors: Muthukumar Susendar , DesRoches Reginald
Published: November 2005

This study examines the effect of column hysteretic behavior on the impact response of adjacent frames in multiple-frame bridges. A simplified planar analytical bridge model is developed including inelastic frame action, nonlinear hinge behavior, and abutment effects. Pounding is simulated using a stereomechanical approach. The frame hysteretic models considered include the elasto-plastic and bilinear (traditional), Q-Hyst (stiffness-degrading), and pivot hysteresis (strength-degrading) models. Analytical studies conducted on adjacent bridge frames reveal that the traditional models underestimate the stiff frame displacement amplification due to pounding, and overestimate the flexible frame displacement amplification, when compared with other hysteretic models. A stiffness-degrading model is recommended to accurately estimate the pounding response of bridge frames subjected to far-field ground motion. The use of a strength-degrading model increases the stiff frame displacement amplification by 125% when compared to the stiffness-degrading model for highly out-of-phase frames, and is recommended in the presence of near-field ground motions.
Precarious Rock Evidence for Seismic Shaking during and Prior to the 1992 ML 5.6 Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, Earthquake
Authors: Brune James N. , Smith Kenneth D. , Zeng Yuehua
Published: November 2005

The 29 June 1992 Richter local magnitude ( ML) 5.6 Little Skull Mountain earthquake, 20 km southeast of Yucca Mountain, caused rockfalls on steep slopes of Little Skull Mountain, while some semi-precarious rocks remained in place. The observation that ground motion was sufficient to cause rockfalls and yet leave semi-precarious rocks untoppled offers both upper- and lower-bound estimates of the history of ground motion at Little Skull Mountain. A ground-motion synthesis code, used in Yucca Mountain probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), was applied to assess the spatial distribution of peak ground acceleration around Little Skull Mountain with respect to the surface attenuation and evidence for ground shaking during the earthquake. Instrumental records for the earthquake, rockfalls, remaining precarious rocks, intensity values estimated from damage to local facilities, and scaling of ground motions based on a recent ML 4.4 Little Skull Mountain aftershock were compared with model predictions. Predicted peak accelerations based on a kappa value of ∼20 ms (used in the Yucca Mountain PSHA) are too high to be consistent with this evidence of ground shaking. This suggests some ground-motion predictions conducted for the Yucca Mountain PSHA may need to be re-examined, and may be too conservative.
Antagonistic Functions of Tetradecanoyl Phorbol Acetate-Inducible-Sequence 11b and HuR in the Hormonal Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Stability by Adrenocorticotropin
Authors: Cherradi Nadia , Lejczak Cyrille , Desroches-Castan Agnes , Feige Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2005

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and a potent angiogenic factor, is up-regulated by a variety of factors including hypoxia, growth factors, and hormones. In the adrenal cortex, regulation of VEGF expression by the pituitary hormone ACTH ensures the maintenance of the organ vasculature. We have previously shown that ACTH evokes a rapid and transient increase in VEGF mRNA levels in primary adrenocortical cells through transcription-independent mechanisms. We further demonstrated that the zinc finger RNA-binding protein Tis11b (tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-inducible-sequence 11b) destabilizes VEGF mRNA through its 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) and that Tis11b is involved in the decay phase of ACTH-induced VEGF mRNA expression. In the present study, we attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying ACTH-elicited increase in VEGF mRNA levels in adrenocortical cells. We show that ACTH triggers an increase in the levels of the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR in the cytoplasm and a concomitant decrease in the levels of HuR in the nucleus. This process is accompanied by an increased association of HuR with the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein pp32, indicating that ACTH induces HuR translocation from the nuclear to the cytoplasmic compartment. Leptomycin B, a specific inhibitor of CRM1-dependent nuclear export of pp32, significantly reduced ACTH-induced VEGF mRNA levels. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated depletion of HuR in adrenocortical cells abrogated ACTH-induced VEGF mRNA expression. Finally, we show that Tis11b and HuR exert antagonistic effects on VEGF 3′-UTR in vitro. Although both proteins could bind simultaneously on VEGF 3′-UTR, Tis11b markedly decreases HuR-binding to this RNA sequence. Altogether, these results suggest that the RNA-stabilizing protein HuR is instrumental to ACTH-induced expression of VEGF mRNA and that the nuclear export of HuR is a rate-limiting step in this process. HuR appears to transiently stabilize VEGF transcripts after ACTH stimulation of adrenocortical cells, and Tis11b appears to subsequently trigger their degradation.
Preparation of Poly(9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl) Consisting of a Chiral C2-Symmetrical Monomeric Unit and Optical Properties of the Polymer
Authors: Iijima Takayuki , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: November 2005

Poly(9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl) consisting of chiral 9,10-dihydro-9,10-bis(tributylsilyloxy)phenanthrene-2,7-diyl units has been prepared. Film of the polymer showed a very large circular dichroism with a peak value of −6 deg/μm at 411 nm.
Deprotonation of Aryl Methanedithioate by Lithium Amides: Formation of Lithium Arylthio(thioxo)methanide Having Unique Reactivity
Authors: Mogi Kaori , Takenaka Keiko , Okazaki Renji
Published: November 2005

Deprotonation of aryl methanedithioate 5 bearing a bowl-type bulky subsituent with lithium tetramethylpiperidide at low temperature gave organolithium species 9 which was in equilibrium with a dimeric species 10; 9 extruded C=S at higher temperatures, thus representing a new, convenient source of C=S.
Stereoselective Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions between Various Chiral Alkyl Aryl Carbinols and Triethyl Methanetricarboxylate by Oxidation–Reduction Condensation Using Alkyl Diphenylphosphinites
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Nagata Yuzo , Ikegai Kazuhiro
Published: November 2005

Oxidation–reduction condensation reactions between alkyl diphenylphosphinites derived from chiral alkyl aryl carbinols and triethyl methanetricarboxylate proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding condensation products in good yields with inversion of stereochemistries.
Electrochemical Lithium Ion Doping and Undoping Behavior of Carbyne-like Carbon Film Electrode
Authors: Shiraishi Soshi , Kobayashi Teruhiko , Oya Asao
Published: November 2005

Carbyne is one of the allotropes of sp-carbon with a one-dimensional chain, but its physicochemical properties have not yet been clarified. We produced a carbyne-like carbon (carbon containing sp bond) electrode by electrochemical reduction in an organic electrolyte (1.0 mol dm−3 LiClO4/propylene carbonate) using a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) film electrode coated with a thin gold layer. The Li+ ion can be doped/undoped in the carbyne-like carbon film by electrochemical reduction/oxidation. The stoichiometry of the electrochemically reduced PTFE is estimated to be CLi0.48·2LiF which corresponds to a lithium ion battery negative electrode with ≈1100 mAh g−1 (of carbon) capacity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe–Ni/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhu Guo-Xing , Sun Hui-Qun , Wei Xian-Wen , Zhou Ju-Hong , Tang Ye-Cang , Zhang Dong-Qin
Published: November 2005

Spherical Fe–Ni/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites with diameters of 80 and 150 nm prepared on a mild condition using hydrazine as reducing agent are typical soft magnets. We anticipate that this method will lead to extensive study of the chemistry and physics of alloys/polymer spheres, which might find important applications in catalysis and magnetic storage devices.
Development of a Biosensor for the Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Using Faradic Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Qiang , Chai Ya-Qin , Yuan Ruo , Wang Na , Li Xue-Lian
Published: November 2005

A direct and simple method has been proposed to immobilize carcinoembryonic antibody (anti-CEA) on the surface of nanogold-modified glassy carbon electrode. Colloidal Au was electrodeposited onto the surface of pretreated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as immobilization matrix to amplify response signal, then anti-CEA was absorbed on nanogold by amino group and physical absorption. The impedance change occurred on the sensor surface due to the specific immuno-interaction was utilized to determine carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Tests revealed significant change in the electron-transfer resistance (Ret) to various concentration of CEA in Fe(CN)63−/4− probe solution. The assay also demonstrates that the immunoelectrode exhibits a high level of sensitivity and satisfied response range.
Modular Approach toward Supramolecular Functional Assemblies: Remote Control of Fluorescence
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Kato Yayoi , Sasahara Tachiki , Iwasaki Kosyo , Yasuda Akane
Published: November 2005

A supramolecular Zn-porphyrin–free-base porphyrin dyad, in which efficient energy transfer occurs, was constructed. The energy-transfer process can be switched on and off by replacing an axial ligand on the Zn-porphyrin, making it possible to remotely control fluorescence from the free-base porphyrin. An implication to logic gates is discussed.
Facile Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Cavities in Spin-coated TiO2 Nanofilms
Authors: Yang Do-Hyeon , Lee Seung-Woo , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: November 2005

Molecularly imprinted TiO2 nanofilms were prepared by spin coating, and the influence of template/matrix precursor ratio was examined. The imprinted films including 10 to 40 times matrix precursor, Ti(O-nBu)4, provided efficient and selective binding as compared to those of low matrix precursor ratios. The highest binding and selectivity were observed by a TiO2 film imprinted with 5 mM AzoCO2H and 100 mM Ti(O-nBu)4, with template selectivities of 1.6 and 2.1 against 2-AnCO2H- and 9-AnCO2H-imprinted films, respectively.
Mobilities of Charge Carriers in Dendrite and Linear Oligogermanes by Flash Photolysis Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity Technique
Authors: Seki Shu , Acharya Anjali , Koizumi Yoshiko , Saeki Akinori , Tagawa Seiichi , Mochida Kunio
Published: November 2005

The photoconductive properties of a series of oligogermanes with dendrite or linear skeleton have been studied by flash photolysis time-resolved conductivity (FP-TRMC) technique. The values of mobility (Σμ) and photocarrier generation yield (φ) have been discussed as a function of C60 concentration. The φΣμ values in the order of 10−4 to 10−3 cm2/Vs were observed for the oligogermanes upon exposure to 532, 355, and 193 nm light. The intrinsic value of mobility in the derivatives was also estimated without contribution from the additives, suggesting the presence of a highly conducting path along the Ge backbones of not only linear oligogermanes but also hyper-branched germanium dendrites.
A New Anti-diabetic Zn(II)–Hinokitiol (β-Thujaplicin) Complex with Zn(O4) Coordination Mode
Authors: Yamane Mizuki , Adachi Yusuke , Yoshikawa Yutaka , Sakurai Hiromu
Published: November 2005

Insulin-mimetic and anti-diabetic activities of bis(hinokitiolato)Zn(II) complex, Zn(hkt)2, with Zn(O4) coordination mode were evaluated. This complex was found to have the highest insulinomimetic activity among the Zn(II) complexes reported previously. In addition, the complex improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance.
Synthesis and Carrier-transporting Properties of 5,10-Dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-10,10-diphenyl-1,9-diazasilanthrene
Authors: Ono Katsuhiko , Wakida Mayuko , Saito Katsuhiro , Suto Michitaka , Matsushita Yosuke , Naka Shigeki , Okada Hiroyuki , Onnagawa Hiroyoshi
Published: November 2005

The title compound was synthesized and investigated as an electron-transporting and hole-blocking material for an organic electroluminescent (EL) device. EL efficiency of the phosphorescent device indicated a good performance of the hole-blocking ability of the compound. The maximum external quantum efficiency was recorded as 14.9% at a low current density of 0.03 mA cm−2.
Synthesis and Characterization of Environmentally Benign Nontoxic Pigments: RE2Mo2O9 (RE = La or Pr)
Authors: George Giable , George Gisha , Rao Padala Prabhakar , Reddy Mundlapudi Lakshmipathi
Published: November 2005

New inorganic pigments based on rare earth molybdenum mixed oxides: RE2Mo2O9 (RE = La or Pr) have been synthesized with a goal of preparing environmentally secure colorants. Characterizations using XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy, and CIE 1976 color coordinates assessment reveals the formation of compounds displaying colors: white for La2Mo2O9 and yellow-green for Pr2Mo2O9. The prepared pigments consisting of nontoxic elements and further found to be thermally and chemically stable.
Conformational changes involved in initiation of minus-strand synthesis of a virus-associated RNA
Authors: ZHANG GUOHUA , ZHANG JIUCHUN , GEORGE ANNA T. , BAUMSTARK TILMAN , SIMON ANNE E.
Published: November 2005

Synthesis of wild-type levels of turnip crinkle virus (TCV)-associated satC complementary strands by purified, recombinant TCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in vitro was previously determined to require 3′ end pairing to the large symmetrical internal loop of a phylogenetically conserved hairpin (H5) located upstream from the hairpin core promoter. However, wild-type satC transcripts, which fold into a single detectable conformation in vitro as determined by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis, do not contain either the phylogenetically inferred H5 structure or the 3′ end/H5 interaction. This implies that conformational changes are required to produce the phylogenetically inferred H5 structure for its pairing with the 3′ end, which takes place subsequent to the initial conformation assumed by the RNA and prior to transcription initiation. The DR region, located 140 nucleotides upstream from the 3′ end and previously determined to be important for transcription in vitro and replication in vivo, is proposed to have a role in the conformational switch, since stabilizing the phylogenetically inferred H5 structure decreases the negative effects of a DR mutation in vivo. In addition, high levels of aberrant transcription correlate with a specific conformational change in the Pr while maintaining the same conformation of the 3′ terminus. These results suggest that a series of events that promote conformational changes is needed to expose the 3′ terminus to the RdRp for accurate synthesis of wild-type levels of complementary strands in vitro.
Managing Strategic Contradictions: A Top Management Model for Managing Innovation Streams
Authors: Smith Wendy K. , Tushman Michael L.
Published: November 2005

Sustained organizational performance depends on top management teams effectively exploring and exploiting. These strategic agendas are, however, associated with contradictory organizational architectures. Using the literature on paradox, contradictions, and conflict, we develop a model of managing strategic contradictions that is associated with paradoxical cognition—senior leaders and/or their teams (a) articulating a paradoxical frame, (b) differentiating between the strategy and architecture for the existing product and those for innovation, and (c) integrating between those strategies and architectures. We further argue that the locus of paradox in top management teams resides either with the senior leader or with the entire team. We identify a set of top management team conditions that facilitates a team’s ability to engage in paradoxical cognitive processes.
Identities, Genres, and Organizational Forms
Authors: Hsu Greta , Hannan Michael T.
Published: November 2005

In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis within organizational ecology on identity as a fundamental basis for the conceptualization and identification of organizational forms. This paper highlights the benefits of an identity-based conceptualization of organizational forms and outlines an identity-based agenda for organizational ecology. We begin by discussing fundamental properties of organizational identity, drawing extensively from the formal-theoretical conceptualization proposed by Pólos et al. (2002). We then build on this foundation by proposing a number of systematic ways in which forms can be specified and differentiated in terms of identity. We also address the challenge of measuring forms by discussing various approaches researchers may use to assess the beliefs contemporaneous audiences hold regarding organizational identities. This paper concludes with a discussion of research questions revolving around three issues core to an ecological approach to organizations: (1) the emergence of identities, (2) the persistence of identities, and (3) the strategic trade-offs among different types of identities.
Organizational Science and the NSF: Funding for Mutual Benefit
Authors: Jelinek Mariann , Griffith Terri L.
Published: November 2005

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the primary federal agency funding nonmedical research in the United States. However, relatively few organizational researchers consider approaching the agency, despite the funds it has available. It is easy to understand why: The agency has a reputation for preferring “hard science” and quantitative approaches, and there is no obvious home for organizational studies in the agency. NSF programs appear to recognize psychological and small-group research on the one hand, and sociological research on the other, with little emphasis on organizations. There are, however, several programs that have funded research on organizations, or relevant to organizations. Additionally, the NSF regularly solicits advice and direction from researchers on new directions for focus and attention.

We argue that organization researchers should indeed approach NSF with robust research proposals. We provide suggestions for finding an appropriate application “home” within NSF. We also discuss the process of proposal preparation, offering suggestions on how to prepare a persuasive proposal, with comments on how the review process works. Finally, we close with a clarion call for organization researchers to help NSF understand the importance of organizations, and thus of organization research, to the whole array of the agency’s other research interests—to the effective practice of science; to organizing human activity, including economic and educational activity; and to management and governance of human activities in general. As such, we argue, NSF has a stake in organizational research—and organizational researchers have a stake in NSF.
Global Gene Expression Profiling: A Complement to Conventional Histopathologic Analysis of Neoplasia
Authors: Nambiar P. R. , Boutin S. R. , Raja R. , Rosenberg D. W.
Published: November 2005

Transcriptional profiling of entire tumors has yielded considerable insight into the molecular mechanisms of heterogeneous cell populations within different types of neoplasms. The data thus acquired can be further refined by microdissection methods that enable the analyses of subpopulations of neoplastic cells. Separation of the various components of a neoplasm (i.e., stromal cells, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels) has been problematic, primarily because of a paucity of tools for accurate microdissection. The advent of laser capture microdissection combined with powerful tools of linear amplification of RNA and high-throughput microarray-based assays have allowed the transcriptional mapping of intricate and highly complex networks within pure populations of neoplastic cells. With this approach, specific “molecular signatures” can be assigned to tumors of distinct or even similar histomorphology, thereby aiding the desired objective of pattern recognition, tumor classification, and prognostication. This review highlights the potential benefits of global gene expression profiling of tumor cells as a complement to conventional histopathologic analyses.
Neuroanatomical Phenotyping in the Mouse: The Dopaminergic System
Authors: Zeiss C. J.
Published: November 2005

Voluntary movement in animals is modulated by a number of subcortical systems. One of these resides in the basal nuclei and their associated projections and utilizes dopamine as a neurotransmitter. Apart from regulating movement, the dopaminergic axis is also involved in the control of goal-oriented behavior, cognition, and mood. Disorders of this system result in common human neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, as well contributing to a host of behavioral conditions, such as schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and addiction. Many individual mouse models of human dopaminergic dysfunction have been described in varying degrees of detail. However, when evaluating this region of the brain, the veterinary pathologist is confronted by a paucity of information summarizing the comparative aspects of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the central dopaminergic system. In this review, a systematic approach to anatomic phenotyping of the central dopaminergic system in the mouse is described and illustrated using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Differences between murine neuroanatomy and comparable regions of the nonhuman primate brain are highlighted. Although the mouse is the focus of this review, conditions in domestic animals characterized by lesions within the basal nuclei and its projections are also briefly described. Murine behavioral and motor tests that accompany abnormalities of specific anatomic regions of the dopaminergic axis are summarized. Finally, we review mouse models of Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, as well as those genetically altered mice that elucidate aspects of dopamine metabolism and receptor function.
Aberrant p53 Expression in Feline Vaccine-associated Sarcomas and Correlation with Prognosis
Authors: Hershey A. E. , Dubielzig R. R. , Padilla M. L. , Helfand S. C.
Published: November 2005

Eighty spontaneously occurring feline vaccine-associated sarcomas (VAS) were evaluated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Sixty-five of 80 VAS (81%) exhibited positive immunoreactivity with Mab240, a murine monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes mutated p53. Only 44 of 81 tumors (55%) were positive with rabbit polyclonal antibody CM-1. CM-1 often yielded nonspecific staining of nonneoplastic tissues. Nonspecific staining was greatly reduced or absent with Mab240. Cytoplasmic staining for p53 was a consistent pattern of VAS, occurring in 44% of tumors evaluated. Cats with tumors that exhibited cytoplasmic p53 had significantly shorter time to tumor recurrence compared to those cats with tumors that exhibited nuclear p53 staining ( P = 0.0284), but no significant difference in survival outcome was observed. Immunohistochemical detection of p53 offers a prognostic tool for VAS, and, because abnormal p53 expression appears to be a common feature of feline VAS, molecular targeting of mutant p53, may offer a promising new therapeutic opportunity for this cancer.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Salivary Gland in Two Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Munday J. S. , Richey L. J. , Brown C. A. , Rodriguez N. A. , Kiupel M.
Published: November 2005

Two Syrian hamsters developed marked swelling of the ventral neck. Histologic examination of both masses revealed that the submaxillary salivary glands were effaced by large numbers of neoplastic plasma cells. In one hamster, neoplastic cells had infiltrated the adjacent lymph node. The neoplastic cells expressed CD79a antigen and were negative for CD3, lambda, and kappa light chains. Ultrastructural features of neoplastic cells in the salivary gland of one hamster included abundant cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles, and peripherally displaced nuclei that contained marginated heterochromatin, consistent with plasma cells. Salivary gland plasmacytomas are extremely rare in humans and have not previously been reported in nonhuman species. The occurrence of such neoplasms in two hamsters suggests that this species may be predisposed to developing tumors of this type.
Canine Carcinosarcomas in the Head
Authors: Sánchez J. , Buendía A. J. , Vilafranca M. , Velarde R. , Altimara J. , Martínez C. M. , Navarro J. A.
Published: November 2005

Four cases of neoplasms in the heads of old dogs were studied. All the dogs showed both carcinomatous and sarcomatous malignant components in an admixed growing pattern. Histologic analysis of the tumors showed that the carcinomatous cells resembled squamous cell carcinoma in all dogs except one, where an adenoid arrangement of the neoplastic cells was also observed. The sarcomatous component showed osteoid matrix produced by pleomorphic poorly differentiated cells, which is regarded as a typical feature of osteosarcomas. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the components were positive only for cytokeratin (carcinomatous component) or vimentin (sarcomatous component). This observation led us to classify the neoplasms as true carcinosarcomas, thus providing evidence of a new preferential location for this unusual tumor in dog.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor in the Spinal Cord of a Brahman Crossbred Calf
Authors: Berrocal A. , Montgomery D. L. , Mackie J. T. , Storts R. W.
Published: November 2005

A variety of embryonal tumors of the central nervous system, typically malignant and occurring in young individuals, are recognized in humans and animals. This report describes an invasive subdural but predominantly extramedullary primitive neuroectodermal tumor developing at the lumbosacral junction in a 6-month-old Brahman crossbred calf. The tumor was composed of spindloid embryonal cells organized in interlacing fascicles. The cells had oval to elongate or round hyperchromic nuclei, single to double nucleoli, and scant discernible cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical staining for neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and S-100 protein and formation of pseudorosettes suggested neuronal and possibly ependymal differentiation.
Bacterial Meningoencephalitis and Ventriculitis Due to Migrating Plant Foreign Bodies in Three Dogs
Authors: Dennis M. M. , Pearce L. K. , Norrdin R. W. , Ehrhart E. J.
Published: November 2005

Regional suppurative meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis of variable chronicity was diagnosed in three young dogs residing in Colorado. Grass awns were grossly identified in the right occipital cortex of one dog and in the right lateral ventricle of another. Intralesional plant material was microscopically evident in the dura mater overlying the right occipital cortex of the third dog. One grass awn was identified as a floret of Hordeum jabatum. In each case, aerobic culture of brain tissue identified multiple isolates of bacteria. The dogs presented with clinically variable, rapidly progressive neurologic dysfunction, including tetraplegia, depressed mentation, and episodic extensor rigidity, ataxia, circling, stupor, vocalization, and head-pressing. Encephalitis due to bacteria introduced from migrating plant foreign material is a potential sequela of intranasal, periocular, or pharyngeal foreign bodies.
Second Passage of Sheep Scrapie and Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy (TME) Agents in Raccoons (Procyon lotor)
Authors: Hamir A. N. , Kunkle R. A. , Miller J. M. , Richt J. A.
Published: November 2005

To determine the transmissibility and pathogenicity of sheep scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agents derived from raccoons (first passage), raccoon kits were inoculated intracerebrally with either TME (one source) or scrapie (two sources—each in separate groups of raccoons). Two uninoculated raccoon kits served as controls. All animals in the TME-inoculated group developed clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction and were euthanatized between postinoculation month (PIM) 6 and 8. Raccoons in the two scrapie-inoculated groups manifested similar clinical signs of disease, but such signs were observed much later and the animals were euthanized between PIM 12 and 18. Necropsy revealed no gross lesions in any of the raccoons. Spongiform encephalopathy was observed by use of light microscopy, and the presence of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) was detected by use of immunohistochemical (IHC) and Western blot analytic techniques. Results of IHC analysis indicated a distinct pattern of anatomic distribution of PrPres in the TME- and scrapie-inoculated raccoons. These findings confirm that TME and sheep scrapie are experimentally transmissible to raccoons and that the incubation periods and IHC distribution for both agents are distinct. Therefore, it may be possible to use raccoons for differentiating unknown transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents. Further studies, with regard to the incubation period and the pattern of PrPres deposition by use of IHC analysis in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and for other isolates of scrapie, chronic wasting disease, and TME in raccoons are needed before the model can be further characterized for differentiation of TSE agents.
Characterization of a New Certified Reference Material for Human Cardiac Troponin I
Authors: Bunk David M , Welch Michael J
Published: November 2005

Background: To address the continuing need for the standardization of clinical human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays, NIST, with the assistance of the AACC/IFCC Cardiac Troponin I Standardization Committee, has developed a new certified reference material, Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2921: Human Cardiac Troponin Complex.

Methods: The concentration of cTnI in SRM 2921 was determined through a combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet detection and amino acid analysis. Characterization of the intact troponin subunits was accomplished through reversed-phase LC coupled with mass spectrometry. Posttranslational modifications to the cTnI in SRM 2921 were investigated by combining proteolytic digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, reference concentration values for cTnT and cTnC were also determined.

Results: The concentration of human cTnI in SRM 2921 is 31.2 (1.4) mg/L (where 1.4 mg/L is the uncertainty at a 95% level of confidence), as certified through a method that provides traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Reference concentration values of the cTnT and cTnC subunits were determined to be 36.9 (3.8) mg/L and 24.2 (1.3) mg/L, respectively.

Conclusions: This first cTnI reference material should provide SI traceability to clinical cTnI assays once commutability has been validated, and could assist in the international harmonization of cTnI assays as a tool for understanding the underlying causes of interassay variability.
A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Program for Managing Social Anxiety After Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Hodgson Janet , McDonald Skye , Tate Robyn , Gertler Paul
Published: November 2005

Despite the prevalence of psychiatric illness in people with acquired brain injury (ABI), there are very few empirically validated studies examining the efficacy of treatments targeting commonly occurring disorders such as depression and anxiety. Using a randomised controlled trial, this study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive behavioural intervention specifically designed for managing social anxiety following ABI. Twelve brain-injured participants were screened, randomly allocated to either treatment group (TG) or a wait list group (WLG), and proceeded through to the final stages of therapy. The TG received between 9 and 14 hourly, individual sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy. Repeated measures analyses revealed significant improvements in general anxiety, depression and a transient mood measure, tension-anxiety, for the TG when compared to the WLG at posttreatment. These treatment gains were maintained at one-month follow-up. Although in the predicted direction, postintervention improvements in social anxiety and self-esteem for the TG were not significant in comparison with the WLG. This study lends support to the small body of literature highlighting the potential of cognitive behavioural interventions for managing the psychological problems that serve as a barrier to rehabilitation following ABI.
Exploring Time of Day Effects on Mini-Mental State Examination Performance in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Associated Cognitive Decline
Authors: Brown Michelle A. , Newson Margaret , Haworth Judy , Wilcock Gordon K.
Published: November 2005

Neuropsychological assessment plays a prominent role in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other cognitive impairments. Increasingly, neuropsychological test results are also used to guide clinicians in the prescription of anti-dementia medication. There is evidence to suggest that the cognitive ability of an individual with AD may vary over the course of a day. If time of day can influence an individual's performance on cognitive tests, then it could potentially affect his or her diagnosis and eligibility for treatment. This study set out to explore the effect of time of day on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) performance in individuals with AD and Age-Associated Cognitive Decline (AACD). No significant effect of time of day (TOD) on Folstein MMSE performance was found. However, some interesting results were highlighted and future research suggested. Overall, the study does not provide evidence that time of day needs to be considered when interpreting the result of a short cognitive screening test.
How Do You Know Whether Your Patient Is Getting Better (or Worse)? A User's Guide
Authors: Perdices Michael
Published: November 2005

It is important to know when improvement or deterioration in cognitive function occurs. Until fairly recently neuropsychologists have made these judgments clinically, with little resort to empirical methods. In addition to the issue of whether a change in performance is reliable, there is also the consideration of whether it is clinically significant. This article briefly discusses these concepts, reviews the most common methods for determining reliability in change in test scores, considers their use in the broader clinical context, and illustrates their application with reference to an actual database.
Metaxas: a dictator of compromise
Authors: Papastratis Procopis
Published: November 2005

This article examines the development of Ioannis Metaxas’s politics from his first appointment as an army officer in a provincial garrison to the establishment of his authoritarian regime in Athens. The source material that enables us to follow the development of his ideology
consists of his Personal Diary and his regime’s draft constitution, all of which were published posthumously. Whilst in exile on Corsica in 1917, Metaxas began writing his thoughts on the political and military events of the time, although he avoided publishing anything that even
remotely referred to the regime he would have liked to create. This reluctance by Metaxas to proclaim his authoritarian ideas must be attributed to his gradual realization that the regime lacked a solid power base upon which support for these ideas could be grounded. During a self-imposed
exile in Italy, Metaxas unsuccessfully attempted to meet Mussolini. It must have been painful for him to watch Mussolini’s rise while he himself longed to return to Greece. Upon his eventual return to Greece, he immersed himself fully in day-to-day politics. The abortive Venizelist coup
of 1935 was the catalyst for a series of political developments that saw Metaxas rise to power one year later. The resort to dictatorship was caused by the inability of the bourgeoisie to provide solutions to existing political problems. Metaxas’s regime had a certain ideological affinity
with both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and attempted to imitate aspects of their methods whilst establishing a police state and cultivating a personality cult that was centred on Metaxas.