bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NON-NEGATIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR FACE RECOGNITION
Authors: WANG YUAN , JIA YUNDE , HU CHANGBO , TURK MATTHEW
Published: July 2005

Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a part-based image representation method which adds a non-negativity constraint to matrix factorization. NMF is compatible with the intuitive notion of combining parts to form a whole face. In this paper, we propose a framework of face recognition by adding NMF constraint and classifier constraints to matrix factorization to get both intuitive features and good recognition results. Based on the framework, we present two novel subspace methods: Fisher Non-negative Matrix Factorization (FNMF) and PCA Non-negative Matrix Factorization (PNMF). FNMF adds both the non-negative constraint and the Fisher constraint to matrix factorization. The Fisher constraint maximizes the between-class scatter and minimizes the within-class scatter of face samples. Subsequently, FNMF improves the capability of face recognition. PNMF adds the non-negative constraint and characteristics of PCA, such as maximizing the variance of output coordinates, orthogonal bases, etc. to matrix factorization. Therefore, we can get intuitive features and desirable PCA characteristics. Our experiments show that FNMF and PNMF achieve better face recognition performance than NMF and Local NMF.
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR LINEAR FRACTIONAL STABLE NOISE PROCESS
Authors: YE ZHIPIN , DANG CHUANGYIN
Published: July 2005

Over the past few years, scaling phenomena involving self-similarity and heavy-tailed distributions have attracted the interest of various researchers in telecommunications and networks. In this paper, we study the linear fractional stable noise (LFSN) which exhibits both long-range dependence and heavy tails property. LFSN can be represented as a linear process with weight coefficients and α-stable random variables. The coefficients of the linear process are determined by a kernel function and depend on five parameters. This paper focuses on estimating two unknown parameters a and b. Based on minimizing square errors, several methods for estimating these two parameters are presented. Detailed tables and graphs have been included in extensive simulations which show the methods are good estimates.
CLASSIFICATION OF NEW LINEARLY INDEPENDENT TRANSFORMS OVER GF(3)
Authors: FALKOWSKI BOGDAN J. , FU CHENG
Published: July 2005

New classes of ternary linearly independent transforms as the bases of ternary polynomial expansions over GF(3) are introduced here. Recursive equations defining the linearly independent transforms and their corresponding butterfly diagrams are shown. Various properties and relations between the introduced classes of new transforms are discussed. Computational costs to calculate linearly independent transforms over GF(3) and applications of the corresponding polynomial expansions in ternary logic design are also presented.
A GENERIC MODEL FOR VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED SECOND-ORDER RC SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
Authors: ELWAKIL A. S.
Published: July 2005

A generic model for second-order RC sinusoidal oscillators is derived. The model is based on treating an oscillator as a second-order passive network, with an arbitrary unknown structure, terminated at one port by a linear voltage-controlled negative resistor. A modified model which takes into account the fundamentally nonlinear characteristics of the negative resistor is also derived.
EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS IN SEARCH SPACE REDUCTION USED IN A FAST EDGE-BASED STEREO MATCHING
Authors: MOALLEM PAYMAN , FAEZ KARIM
Published: July 2005

Reduction of search region in stereo correspondence can increase performances of the matching process, in the context of execution time and accuracy. For an edge-based stereo matching, we establish relationships between the search space and the parameters like relative displacement of edges, disparity under consideration, image resolution, CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) dimension and focal length of the stereo system. Then, we propose a novel matching strategy for the edge-based stereo. Afterward, we develop a fast edge-based stereo algorithm with combination of the obtained matching strategy and a multiresolution technique using Haar wavelet. Considering the conventional multiresolution technique using Haar wavelet, the execution times of our proposed method are decreased between 26% to 47% in the feature matching stage. Moreover, the execution time of the overall algorithms (including feature extraction and feature matching) is decreased between 15% to 20%. Theoretical investigation and experimental results show that our algorithm has a very good performance; therefore this new algorithm is very suitable for fast edge-based stereo applications like stereo robot vision.
LMI-BASED ANALYSIS FOR CONTINUOUS-DISCRETE LINEAR SHIFT-INVARIANT nD SYSTEMS
Authors: BOCHNIAK JACEK , GALKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF
Published: July 2005

In this paper, we describe the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) approach to the analysis and the synthesis of continuous-discrete linear shift-invariant multidimensional systems presented in the Roesser form. We consider stability, stability margins, robust stability, stabilization and stabilization to the prescribed stability margins and robust stabilization. An example is included as illustrations of the obtained results.
GENEWEBEX: GENE ANNOTATION WEB EXTRACTION, AGGREGATION, AND UPDATING FROM WEB-INTERFACED BIOMOLECULAR DATABANKS
Authors: MASSEROLI MARCO , STELLA ANDREA , ALCALAY MYRIAM , PINCIROLI FRANCESCO
Published: July 2005

Numerous genomic annotations are currently stored in different Web-accessible databanks that scientists need to mine with user-defined queries and in a batch mode to orderly integrate the diverse extracted data in suitable user-customizable working environments. Unfortunately, to date, most accessible databanks can be interrogated only for a single gene or protein at a time and generally the data retrieved are available in HTML page format only. We developed GeneWebEx to effectively mine data of interest in different HTML pages of Web-interfaced databanks, and organize extracted data for further analyses. GeneWebEx utilizes user-defined templates to identify data to extract, and aggregates and structures them in a database designed to allocate the various extractions from distinct biomolecular databanks. Moreover, a template-based module enables automatic updating of extracted data. Validations performed on GeneWebEx allowed us to efficiently gather relevant annotations from various sources, and comprehensively query them to highlight significant biological characteristics.
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: XIE FEI , SHEU PHILLIP C.-Y. , LANDER ARTHUR , CRISTINI VITTORIO
Published: July 2005

In general biologists are not accustomed to formulating biological problems in the precise mathematical terms that are required to solve the problems analytically or numerically. Although many computational tools for systems biology have been developed recently, our observations indicate that many of these tools are powerful only in the hands of those who know a lot about how to use them. For most biologists, the tools have a protracted learning curve and unfriendly user interface that often diminish their likelihood of being used.

Our long-term goal is to build a knowledge system that allows biologists to synthesize complex biological systems via natural language interactions, and the system is able to generate the corresponding mathematical descriptions so that the often cumbersome communication process between biologists and mathematicians/engineers in formulating complex biological problems in mathematic terms can be performed more easily.

To focus, the first goal in this research is to build a knowledge system prototype that focuses on transport related biological problems that occur from the cellular to tissue level. We address specifically two inter-related problems: (1) Provision of an intelligent system that is capable of automatically synthesizing smaller components into more complex systems; Provision of a user-friendly and natural language interface.
A FAST PROTEIN STRUCTURE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM USING IMAGE-BASED DISTANCE MATRICES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL INDEX
Authors: CHI PIN-HAO , SCOTT GRANT , SHYU CHI-REN
Published: July 2005

Indexing protein tertiary structures has been shown to provide a scalable solution for structure-to-structure comparisons in large protein structure retrieval systems. To conduct similarity searches against 53,356 polypeptide chains in a database with real-time responses, two critical issues must be addressed, information extraction and suitable indexing. In this paper, we apply computer vision techniques to extract the predominant information encoded in each 2D distance matrix, generated from 3D coordinates of protein chains. Distance matrices are capable of representing specific protein structural topologies, and similar proteins will generate similar matrices. Once meaningful features are extracted from distance images, an advanced indexing structure, Entropy Balanced Statistical (EBS) k-d tree, can be utilized to index the multidimensional data. With a limited amount of training data from domain experts, namely structural classification of a subset of available protein chains, we apply various techniques in the pattern recognition field to determine clusters of proteins in the multi-dimensional feature space. Our system is able to recall search results in a ranked order from the protein database in seconds, exhibiting a reasonably high degree of precision.
GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE AND NON-SELF-SIMILARITY IN THE L–T RELATION
Authors: DEL POPOLO ANTONINO , ERCAN N. , HIOTELIS N.
Published: July 2005

We derive the luminosity–temperature relation for clusters of galaxies by means of a modification of the self-similar model to take account of angular momentum acquisition by protostructures and of an external pressure term in the virial theorem. We show that the above effect leads, in X-rays, to a luminosity–temperature relation that scales as L ∝ T5, at scale of groups, flattening to L ∝ T3 for rich clusters and converging to L ∝ T2 at higher temperatures. The fundamental result of the model is that gravitational collapse, which takes account of angular momentum acquisition, can explain the non-self-similarity in the L–T relation, in disagreement with the largely accepted assumption that heating/cooling processes and similar are fundamental in the originating the non-self-similar behavior (shaping) of the L–T relation.
POWER LAW INFLATION AND THE COSMIC NO HAIR THEOREM IN BRANE WORLD
Authors: PAUL B. C. , BEESHAM A.
Published: July 2005

The Cosmic no hair theorem is studied in anisotropic Bianchi brane models which admit power law inflation with a scalar field. We note that all Bianchi models except Bianchi type IX transit to an inflationary regime and the anisotropy washes out at a later epoch. It is found that in the brane world, the anisotropic universe approaches the isotropic phase via inflation much faster than that in the general theory of relativity. The modification in the Einstein field equations on the brane is helpful for a quick transition to an isotropic era from the anisotropic brane. We note a case where the curvature term in the field equation initially drives power law inflation on the isotropic brane which is however not permitted without the brane framework.
ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS IN SUPERCONDUCTORS IN STATIONARY GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
Authors: AHMEDOV B. J. , KAGRAMANOVA V. G.
Published: July 2005

The general relativistic modifications to the resistive state in superconductors of second type in the presence of a stationary gravitational field are studied. Some superconducting devices that can measure the gravitational field by its red-shift effect on the frequency of radiation are suggested. It has been shown that by varying the orientation of a superconductor with respect to the earth gravitational field, a corresponding varying contribution to AC Josephson frequency would be added by gravity. A magnetic flux (being proportional to angular velocity of rotation Ω) through a rotating hollow superconducting cylinder with the radial gradient of temperature ∇rT is theoretically predicted. The magnetic flux is assumed to be produced by the azimuthal current arising from Coriolis force effect on radial thermoelectric current. Finally the magnetic flux through the superconducting ring with radial heat flow located at the equatorial plane interior of the rotating neutron star is calculated. In particular it has been shown that nonvanishing magnetic flux will be generated due to the general relativistic effect of dragging of inertial frames on the thermoelectric current.
COVARIANT ANALYSIS OF NEWTONIAN MULTI-FLUID MODELS FOR NEUTRON STARS II: STRESS–ENERGY TENSORS AND VIRIAL THEOREMS
Authors: CARTER BRANDON , CHAMEL NICOLAS
Published: July 2005

The 4-dimensionally covariant approach to multiconstituent Newtonian fluid dynamics presented in the preceding paper of this series is developed by construction of the relevant 4-dimensional stress–energy tensor whose conservation in the non-dissipative variational case is shown to be interpretable as a Noether identity of the Milne spacetime structure. The formalism is illustrated by the application to homogeneously expanding cosmological models, for which appropriately generalized local Bernoulli constants are constructed. Another application is to the Iordanski type generalization of the Joukowski formula for the Magnus force on a vortex. Finally, at a global level, a new (formally simpler but more generally applicable) version of the "virial theorem" is obtained for multiconstituent — neutron or other — fluid star models as a special case within an extensive category of formulae whereby the time evolution of variously weighted mass moment integrals is determined by corresponding space integrals of stress tensor components, with the implication that all such stress integrals must vanish for any stationary equilibrium configuration.
COVARIANT ANALYSIS OF NEWTONIAN MULTI-FLUID MODELS FOR NEUTRON STARS III: TRANSVECTIVE, VISCOUS, AND SUPERFLUID DRAG DISSIPATION
Authors: CARTER BRANDON , CHAMEL NICOLAS
Published: July 2005

As a follow up to papers dealing firstly with a convective variational formulation in a Milne–Cartan framework for non-dissipative multi-fluid models, and secondly with various ensuing stress energy conservation laws and generalized virial theorems, this work continues a series showing how analytical procedures developed in the context of General Relativity can be usefully adapted for implementation in a purely Newtonian framework where they provide physical insights that are not so easy to obtain by the traditional approach based on a 3+1 space time decomposition. The present paper describes the 4-dimensionally covariant treatment of various dissipative mechanisms, including viscosity in non-superfluid constituents, superfluid vortex drag, ordinary resistivity (mutual friction) between relatively moving non-superfluid constituents, and the transvective dissipation that occurs when matter is transformed from one constituent to another due to chemical disequilibrium such as may be produced by meridional circulation in neutron stars. The corresponding non-dissipative limit cases of vortex pinning, convection and chemical equilibrium are also considered.
CLOSED INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE MODELS IN BRANE WORLD COSMOLOGY
Authors: DEL CAMPO SERGIO , HERRERA RAMÓN , SAAVEDRA JOEL
Published: July 2005

In this article we study closed inflationary universe models proposed by Linde in a brane world cosmological context. In this scenario we determine and characterize the existence of a closed universe, in presence of one self-interacting scalar field with an inflationary stage. We have found that our model, which takes into account a Brane World Cosmology, is less restrictive than the one that uses standard Einstein's General Relativity cosmology.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE COATINGS PRODUCED BY LASER CLADDING OF Ti-6Al-4V WITH GRAPHITE AND SILICON MIXED POWDERS
Authors: TIAN Y. S. , CHEN C. Z. , WANG D. Y. , HUO Q. H. , LEI T. Q.
Published: July 2005

Composite coatings are fabricated by laser cladding of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with graphite and silicon mixed powders. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicate that the coatings mainly consist of pre-eutectic TiC and eutectic Ti 5 Si 3 compounds. Test results show that the coatings exhibit a higher microhardness and a lower friction coefficient compared with the as-received sample. EPMA micrographs show that the compounds' morphology in the top zone of the coatings is different from that in the transitional zone.
RAPIDLY CONVERGENT SERIES FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DISSIMILAR PLANE PARALLEL DOUBLE-LAYER (y0 > 0 > yd ≥ -y0)
Authors: ZHANG SHIMIN
Published: July 2005

Several rapidly-convergent series for the computation of the interaction energy between dissimilar plane parallel double layers (y0 > 0 > yd ≥ -y0) are derived by expanding the interaction energy in the power series of ω0[ω0 < tanh (y0/64)]. The series terms required to obtain the interaction energy with six significant figures do not exceed 1 when the dimensionless surface potential of colloid particles y0 is less than or equal to 2.00000 × 10. The results of Devereux and de Bruyn are discovered to be incorrect when the integration constant C and absolute value of the surface potential is larger or the integration constant C is smaller.
RAMAN SCATTERING STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PULSED LASER DEPOSITED AMORPHOUS CARBON NITRIDE THIN FILMS
Authors: RUSOP M. , SOGA T. , JIMBO T.
Published: July 2005

Raman scattering analysis revealed that the structure of carbon (C) films prepared by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature is predominantly amorphous and the structure of amorphous C nitride ( a-CN x) films can be changed with varying substrate temperatures (ST) from 20 to 500°C. The deposited a-CN x films are composed of C–N , C≡N and C–O bonded materials and the C–N and C≡N bonds are increased with ST. We have found no other obvious peaks that can be distinguished in the range of 900 to 2300 cm-1 in which several peaks always appear in a-CN x films. The spectra were deconvoluted into Raman D and G peaks and the structural parameters were determined. The upward shifts of Raman G peak towards 1592 cm-1 show evidence of a progressive formation of crystallites in a-CN x films upon increase of ST, while the upward shifts of Raman D peak towards 1397 cm-1 have been related to the decrease of bond-angle disorder and sp 3 tetrahedral bonding in its structure. Raman FWHM and I D /I G also indicate that N incorporation with increase of ST caused an increase in the number and/or size of graphitic domains in the a-CN x films.
GRAIN SIZE IN CASTING AND WROUGHT Al-ALLOYS BY POSITRON LIFETIME TECHNIQUE
Authors: ABDEL-RAHMAN M. A. , ABDEL-LATIF R. M. , ABDALLAH M. S. , BADAWI EMAD A.
Published: July 2005

Positron behavior at grain boundaries is characterized by their bulk diffusibility D, their bulk free lifetime τf and their trapped lifetime τt(τt > τf). AlSi 11.35 Mg 0.23, AlSi 10.9 Mg 0.17 Sr 0.06, 7075 and 2024 alloys have been homogenized at 673 K for 12 hours. The mean lifetime, as (indirectly) measured at various strains (degrees of deformation), show a good fitting with a FORTRAN program. τf and τt for the above materials are shown as: (187.3 ± 0.10, 229.7 ± 0.10), (198.0 ± 0.10, 230.3 ± 0.10), (205.4 ± 0.05, 213.4 ± 0.06) and (197.1 ± 0.55, 215.2 ± 0.57) Ps respectively. The mean lifetime was found to vary exponentially with the degree of deformation.
WEAR AND OXIDATION RESISTANCE COATINGS FABRICATED ON Ti-6Al-4V BY LASER SURFACE ALLOYING TECHNIQUE
Authors: TIAN Y. S. , CHEN C. Z. , WANG D. Y. , HUO Q. H. , LEI T. Q.
Published: July 2005

Composite coatings are produced by laser surface alloying of Ti-6Al-4V with B+Ti and B+Ni+Ti mixed powders. Test results show that the coatings have high hardness, excellent wear and oxidation resistance compared with the as-received sample. In addition, the samples alloyed with B+Ni+Ti have better wear and oxidation resistance than that alloyed with B+Ti .
BINDING ENERGY OF HYDROGEN TO MIXED AND SCREW DISLOCATION
Authors: GESARI S. B. , IRIGOYEN B. L. , JUAN A.
Published: July 2005

We have studied the effect of hydrogen on the cohesion of two types of dislocation in bcc iron at an atomistic level, using the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) method. The most stable positions for one hydrogen at each dislocation core were determined. It was found that the total energy of the cluster decreases when the hydrogen is located at the core. This effect is higher in a mixed dislocation in accordance with the experimental data. The computed results show that hydrogen is a strong embrittler and that a decrease in the Fe–Fe overlap population plays a dominant role in the decohesion of the crystal structure.
PREPARATION AND PHOTOVOLTAIC PROPERTIES OF Ag2O/Si ISOTYPE HETEROJUNCTION
Authors: ISMAIL RAID A. , YAHYA KHALID Z. , ABDULRAZAQ OMAR A.
Published: July 2005

Highly (101)-oriented p-Ag 2 O thin film with high electrical resistivity was grown by rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) on clean monocrystalline p-type Si without any post-deposition annealing. From optical transmittance and absorptance data, the direct optical band gap was found to be 1.46 eV. The electrical and photovoltaic properties of Ag 2 O/Si isotype heterojunction were examined in the absence of any buffer layer. Ideality factor of heterojunction was found to be 3.9. Photoresponce result revealed that there are two peaks located at 750 nm and 900 nm.
Fat digestion is required for suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide secretion by intraduodenal lipid
Authors: Feinle-Bisset Christine , Patterson Michael , Ghatei Mohammad A. , Bloom Stephen R. , Horowitz Michael
Published: July 2005

Stimulation of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion by fat is mediated by the products of fat digestion. Ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) appear to play an important role in appetite regulation, and their release is modulated by food ingestion, including fat. It is unknown whether fat digestion is a prerequisite for their suppression (ghrelin) or release (PYY, PP). Moreover, it is not known whether small intestinal exposure to fat is sufficient to suppress ghrelin secretion. Our study aimed to resolve these issues. Sixteen healthy young males received, on two separate occasions, 120-min intraduodenal infusions of a long-chain triglyceride emulsion (2.8 kcal/min) 1) without (condition FAT) or 2) with (FAT-THL) 120 mg of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL, lipase inhibitor), followed by a standard buffet-style meal. Blood samples for ghrelin, PYY, and PP were taken throughout. FAT infusion was associated with a marked, and progressive, suppression of plasma ghrelin from t = 60 min ( P < 0.001) and stimulation of PYY from t = 30 min ( P < 0.01). FAT infusion also stimulated plasma PP (P ≤ 0.01), and the release was immediate. FAT-THL completely abolished the FAT-induced changes in ghrelin, PYY, and PP. In response to the meal, plasma ghrelin was further suppressed, and PYY and PP stimulated, during both FAT and FAT-THL infusions. In conclusion, in healthy humans, 1) the presence of fat in the small intestine suppresses ghrelin secretion, and 2) fat-induced suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of PYY and PP is dependent on fat digestion.
Disruption of renal peritubular blood flow in lipopolysaccharide-induced renal failure: role of nitric oxide and caspases
Authors: Tiwari Manish M. , Brock Robert W. , Megyesi Judit K. , Kaushal Gur P. , Mayeux Philip R.
Published: July 2005

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a frequent and serious complication of endotoxemia caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and contributes significantly to mortality. The present studies were undertaken to examine the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and caspase activation on renal peritubular blood flow and apoptosis in a murine model of LPS-induced ARF. Male C57BL/6 mice treated with LPS ( Escherichia coli) at a dose of 10 mg/kg developed ARF at 18 h. Renal failure was associated with a significant decrease in peritubular capillary perfusion. Vessels with no flow increased from 7 ± 3% in the saline group to 30 ± 4% in the LPS group ( P < 0.01). Both the inducible NO synthase inhibitor l- N6-1-iminoethyl-lysine (l-NIL) and the nonselective caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD) prevented renal failure and reversed perfusion deficits. Renal failure was also associated with an increase in renal caspase-3 activity and an increase in renal apoptosis. Both l-NIL and Z-VAD prevented these changes. LPS caused an increase in NO production that was blocked by l-NIL but not by Z-VAD. Taken together, these data suggest NO-mediated activation of renal caspases and the resulting disruption in peritubular blood flow are an important mechanism of LPS-induced ARF.
Temporal and spatial transcriptional programs in murine kidney development
Authors: Challen G. , Gardiner B. , Caruana G. , Kostoulias X. , Martinez G. , Crowe M. , Taylor D. F. , Bertram J. , Little M. , Grimmond S. M.
Published: July 2005

We have performed a systematic temporal and spatial expression profiling of the developing mouse kidney using Compugen long-oligonucleotide microarrays. The activity of 18,000 genes was monitored at 24-h intervals from 10.5-day-postcoitum (dpc) metanephric mesenchyme (MM) through to neonatal kidney, and a cohort of 3,600 dynamically expressed genes was identified. Early metanephric development was further surveyed by directly comparing RNA from 10.5 vs. 11.5 vs. 13.5dpc kidneys. These data showed high concordance with the previously published dynamic profile of rat kidney development (Stuart RO, Bush KT, and Nigam SK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 5649–5654, 2001) and our own temporal data. Cluster analyses were used to identify gene ontological terms, functional annotations, and pathways associated with temporal expression profiles. Genetic network analysis was also used to identify biological networks that have maximal transcriptional activity during early metanephric development, highlighting the involvement of proliferation and differentiation. Differential gene expression was validated using whole mount and section in situ hybridization of staged embryonic kidneys. Two spatial profiling experiments were also undertaken. MM (10.5dpc) was compared with adjacent intermediate mesenchyme to further define metanephric commitment. To define the genes involved in branching and in the induction of nephrogenesis, expression profiling was performed on ureteric bud (GFP+) FACS sorted from HoxB7-GFP transgenic mice at 15.5dpc vs. the GFP− mesenchymal derivatives. Comparisons between temporal and spatial data enhanced the ability to predict function for genes and networks. This study provides the most comprehensive temporal and spatial survey of kidney development to date, and the compilation of these transcriptional surveys provides important insights into metanephric development that can now be functionally tested.
Antihistamines in Dermatology
Authors: Greaves Malcolm W
Published: July 2005

Along with antibiotics, antihistamines are the most widely used systemic drugs in dermatology. This is attributable to the major role played by histamine in common diseases such as urticaria and atopic eczema. Of the currently recognised four subtypes of G protein-coupled histamine receptors, only the H1 and H2 subtypes have been positively identified in human skin. Traditionally believed to be competitive antagonists of histamine, H1 and H2 antihistamines are now considered to behave as inverse agonists. By consensus, H1 antihistamines are classified as ‘first generation’ (associated with troublesome side-effects including somnolence, anti-adrenergic and atropine-like actions) and ‘second-generation’ compounds (in which these side-effects are reduced or absent). The main indications for H1 antihistamines in skin are suppression of pruritus in urticaria and atopic eczema, both of which are associated with increased mast cell numbers and tissue histamine levels. However the evidence basis for use in atopic eczema is ambiguous and controversial, even though these drugs are widely used in practice. Currently, significant side-effects are mainly confined to the first-generation compounds and are especially troublesome in the elderly. Psychomotor impairment may persist throughout the day following administration. Anti-cholinergic and anti-α-adrenergic blockade and cardiotoxicity (torsade de pointes) may also occur with first-generation antihistamines. Two early low-sedation second-generation antihistamines caused arrhythmias in a small number of patients but these compounds have now been withdrawn. Generally, the second-generation H1 antihistamines are well tolerated.
Acebutolol-Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Fenniche S. , Dhaoui A. , Ben Ammar F. , Benmously R. , Marrak H. , Mokhtar I.
Published: July 2005

Beta-blocking medications are rarely associated with drug-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome and have never been incriminated as a cause of subacute lupus erythematosus (SCLE). We present herein the first case of SCLE induced by acebutolol. A 57-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of a cutaneous eruption of the photoexposed areas. One month ago, the patient had started a treatment with oral acebutolol to cure a hypertension of 1-year evolution. Physical examination revealed erythematous scaly annular plaques, involving the face, arms and trunk. Immunologic serology findings revealed a positive titer of antinuclear antibodies up to 1/1,280 with positivity of antihistone and Ro/SSA antibodies. Acebutolol was stopped, and the lesions cleared completely 4 months later. Literature data, along with our case, suggest a link between acebutolol therapy and the onset of a lupus syndrome. Although this is the first report of acebutolol-induced SCLE, we should be aware of this occurrence, and avoidance of acebutolol is recommended in patients with stigmata of lupus erythematosus
The UV Erythema Test as a Model to Investigate the Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Topical Preparations – Reevaluation and Optimization of the Method
Authors: Jocher A. , Kessler S. , Hornstein S. , Schulte Mönting J. , Schempp C.M.
Published: July 2005

Background: The ultraviolet (UV) erythema test is one of the most frequently used methods to investigate the anti-inflammatory potency of topical dermatological preparations in vivo. Methods: The following questions were addressed in four separate studies with healthy persons (skin types 2 and 3): (1) the optimal localization was determined by comparing light scales on the back, buttocks and volar forearms; (2) the optimal UV-B dose was determined by comparing the 1-fold, 1.5-fold and 2-fold minimal erythema doses (MEDs); (3) hydrocortisone and prednicarbate were evaluated as positive controls, and a sample size calculation was performed, and (4) betamethasone valerate and pimecrolimus were tested as further positive controls in the optimized study model. Results: The back proved to be the best localization for the UV erythema test. It showed a good correlation between the light scale and the test areas. The 1.5-fold MED was the best irradiation dose. In contrast to prednicarbate and betamethasone valerate, hydrocortisone was a rather weak positive control. However, when the sample size was ≧40 subjects, significant results were also obtained with hydrocortisone. Pimecrolimus was not effective in the UV erythema test. Conclusions: The UV erythema test should be performed on the back with at least 40 subjects using the 1.5-fold MED. It may be useful to include a potent corticosteroid, such as prednicarbate or betamethasone valerate, in addition to hydrocortisone. The UV erythema test seems to be suitable only for substances with corticosteroid-like effects, since in this test model the calcineurin inhibitor pimecrolimus was not effective.
FK506 (Tacrolimus) Inhibition of Intracellular Production and Enhancement of Interleukin 1α through Glucocorticoid Application to Chemically Treated Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Horiuchi Y. , Bae S.-J. , Katayama I.
Published: July 2005

Purpose: Production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 1α, which is stored in keratinocytes (KCs) and is multifunctional, may be enhanced by glucocorticoids. A study was made to confirm whether immunosuppressants such as the macrocyclic lactone FK506 (tacrolimus) possibly serve to modulate glucocorticoid- stimulated IL-1α production from chemically treated KCs. Methods: Usingcultured human KCs, the effects of FK506 on the production of IL-1α treated with chemicals (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, TNBS) plus hydrocortisone were analyzed by ELISA and mRNA expression of IL-1α using RT-PCR. Results: Intracellular IL-1α in TNBS-treated human KCs was increased with a low concentration of 10–10M of hydrocortisone. Further FK506 application inhibited significantly this increased production.The mRNA expression of IL-1α at various concentrations of chemicals was not remarkably different. Conclusions: FK506may control the increase in IL-1α with glucocorticoid in KCs, suggesting FK506 to suppress harmful effects of glucocorticoids such as steroid rosacea.
Gender Difference of in vivo Skin Surface pH in the Axilla and the Effect of a Standardized Washing Procedure with Tap Water
Authors: Williams Stefanie , Davids Miriam , Reuther Tilmann , Kraus Doris , Kerscher Martina
Published: July 2005

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the axillary skin surface pH and explore potential gender-related differences together with the influence of a washing procedure in healthy subjects. After a run-in period, the skin surface pH was measured in vivo in 10 men and 10 women under standardized conditions in three distinct locations of each axilla (at baseline and up to 6 h after washing). Potential interfering influences were thoroughly excluded. Our study revealed a statistically significant difference in axillary skin surface pH between men and women with more acidic values in females (p ≤ 0.001). The baseline axillary pH before washing was 6.58 ± 0.63 (right) and 6.67 ± 0.65 (left) in men compared to 5.8 ± 0.53 (right) and 5.94 ± 0.62 (left) in women. The difference between the right and left armpit was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in any group. After standardized washing procedures with pure tap water, the mean axillary pH decreased significantly in women at all measurement times [lowest value 60 min after washing: 5.51 ± 0.7 (right) and 5.64 ± 0.7 (left)], while it slightly increased in men [highest value 240 min after washing: 6.7 ± 0.59 (right) and 6.78 ± 0.69 (left)]. In summary, there is a gender difference in axillary skin surface pH. Washing with water further increased the difference between male and female pH values.
Is Increasing Urinary Albumin a Better Marker for Microvascular than for Macrovascular Complication of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus?
Authors: Herrera-Pombo Jose L. , Aguilar-Diosdado Manuel , Hawkins Federico , Campos Maria M. , Moreno Alberto , Garcia-Hernandez Alberto , Castro Elda , García-Doncel Lourdes G. , Serraclara Alicia , Sánchez-Malo Carolina , Escobar-Jiménez Fernando
Published: July 2005

Aims: The aims of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and associated cardiovascular risk factors and vascular diabetes complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We studied 975 patients in a cross-sectional design from 1998 to 2000. Frequency of micro- and macroalbuminuria, and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors and vascular DM complications, were examined. Results: Prevalence of increased UAE was 28.5% (18.3% micro- and 10.2% macroalbuminuria). Body mass index (BMI) (only females) and hemoglobin (Hb)A1c significantly correlated with macroalbuminuria (p = 0.034, p = 0.027, respectively), while high blood pressure (diastolic) was associated with microalbuminuria (p = 0.008). Diabetes duration, high systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly correlated with both micro- and macroalbuminuria. Increased UAE was associated with neuropathy (relative risk (RR) 2.12, confidence interval (CI) 1.07–4.19), retinopathy (RR 2.19, CI 1.76–2.74) and hypertension (RR 2.91, CI 1.77–4.78), but not with cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol and peripheral vascular disease. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, a significant association of albuminuria was found with diabetes duration (odds ratio (OR) 1.59, CI 0.98–2.58; p < 0062), hypertension (OR 3.42, CI 2.22–5.27; p < 0.0001), low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.78, CI 1.31–2.43; p < 0.0003), current smoking status (OR 2.19, CI 1.32–3.64; p < 0.0024), and increased serum creatinine (OR 11.16, CI 5.7–21.7; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Prevalence of increased UAE was similar to that described in other geographically close populations. The stronger association found with microvascular diabetes complications suggests that increased UAE is a better predictor for renal damage than for cardiovascular disease in this type 2 DM population.
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Rational Mode of Component Images for Left Ventricular Volume Quantitation
Authors: Nixdorff Uwe , Feddersen Isa , Voigt Jens-Uwe , Flachskampf Frank A.
Published: July 2005

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) improves the accuracy of left ventricle (LV) volumetry compared with the two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) approach because geometric assumptions in the algorithms may be eliminated. The relationship between accuracy of mode (short- versus long-axis planimetry) and the number of component images versus time required for analysis remains to be determined. Sixteen latex models simulating heterogeneously distorted (aneurysmatic) human LVs (56–303 ml; mean 182 ± 82 ml) were scanned from an ‘apical’ position (simultaneous 2DE and 3DE). For 3DE volumetry, the slice thickness was varied for the short (C-scan) and long axes (B-scan) in 5-mm steps between 1 and 25 mm. The mean differences (true-echocardiographic volumes) were 16.5 ± 44.3 ml in the 2DE approach (95% confidence intervals –27.8 to +60.8) and 0.6 ± 4.0 ml (short axis; 95% confidence intervals –3.4 to +4.6) as well as 2.1 ± 9.9 ml (long axis; 95% confidence intervals –7.8 to +12.0) in the 3DE approach (in both cases, the slice thickness was 1 mm). Above a slice thickness of 15 mm, the 95% confidence intervals increased steeply; in the short versus long axes, these were –6.5 to +8.5 versus –7.0 to +10.6 at 15 mm and –10.1 to +15.7 versus –11.3 to +10.9 at 20 mm. The intra-observer variance differed significantly (p < 0.001) only above 15 mm (short axis). Time required for analysis derived by measuring short-axis slice thicknesses of 1, 15, and 25 mm was 58 ± 16, 7 ± 2 and 3 ± 1 min, respectively. The most rational component image analysis for 3DE volumetry in the in vitro model uses short-axis slices with a thickness of 15 mm.
A Critical Appraisal of the Phenomenon of Aspirin Resistance
Authors: Svenstrup Poulsen Tina , Risom Kristensen Søren , Atar Dan , Mickley Hans
Published: July 2005

Aspirin is the mainstay antiplatelet treatment in patients with high risk of cardiovascular atherothrombotic events, and its beneficial effect is documented in several clinical trials. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of aspirin has been questioned by the emergence of the concept of ‘aspirin resistance’ (AR). This phenomenon, although lacking a precise definition, covers the fact that some patients do not exhibit the expected platelet inhibition by use of various techniques for measuring platelet function. In this critical review, we evaluate the methods used for measuring AR. We will discuss the available data regarding the prevalence and the clinical importance of the phenomenon. Finally, the potential mechanisms underlying AR are considered.
A Prospective Open-Label Randomised Trial of Quinapril and/or Amlodipine in Progressive Non-Diabetic Renal Failure
Authors: MacGregor Mark S. , Deighan Christopher J. , Rodger R.Stuart C. , Boulton-Jones J.Michael
Published: July 2005

Background: Treatment of hypertension slows the progression of non-diabetic nephropathies, but the optimal regimen is unknown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are more effective than β-blockers, but their merits relative to calcium channel blockers are less clear. Methods: 73 hypertensive patients with progressive non-diabetic nephropathies were prospectively randomised to open-label quinapril (Q, n = 28), amlodipine (A, n = 28) or both drugs (Q&A, n = 17). Therapy was increased to achieve a diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg. Patients were followed for 4 years or until death. The primary outcome was the combined endpoint of doubling serum creatinine, starting renal replacement therapy or death. Results: There was no significant difference in the primary outcome, or in the change of glomerular filtration rate. Blood pressure was equally controlled throughout the study period. 29 (40%) patients were withdrawn from the allocated therapy (Q 39%, A 36%, Q&A 47%). Because of the large crossover between trial arms, the data were re-analysed per protocol. The effect on preventing the need for renal replacement therapy then approached significance between the groups (p = 0.089) and the combined quinapril-containing groups were less likely than the amlodipine group to achieve the primary endpoint (p = 0.038), or the individual endpoints of renal replacement therapy (p = 0.030) or doubling creatinine (p = 0.051). Conclusions: Quinapril is more effective than amlodipine at reducing the incidence of dialysis in patients with progressive renal failure, but only if they can tolerate the drug. The tolerability of these drugs in patients with advanced renal failure is poor.
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Inhibits the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Konishi Naomi , Miki Chikao , Yoshida Toshimichi , Tanaka Koji , Toiyama Yuji , Kusunoki Masato
Published: July 2005

Objective: Interleukin (IL)-1 is known to act as a tumor growth factor by inducing angiogenic factors. We examined the significance of IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA) for inducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in colorectal cancers. Methods: We investigated the expression of VEGF induced by IL-1β in five colon cancer cell lines and the possible involvement of IL-1 RA. We also measured the tissue concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1 RA and VEGF by ELISA in 65 colorectal cancer patients. Results: IL-1β induced VEGF secretion with a 19-fold increase in Caco-2 cells. A significant increase in VEGF secretion was also observed in SW480 and WiDr cells. IL-1 RA inhibited IL-1β-induced VEGF secretion by 87%. Our data from the clinically obtained specimens showed that the IL-1 RA/IL-1β ratio is significantly lower in cancer tissue. Regarding the clinicopathological parameters, the IL-1 RA/IL-1β ratio was significantly lower in patients with vessel involvement than in those without involvement, and IL-1 RA/IL-1β ratio was negatively correlated with the VEGF protein level in colorectal tumors. Conclusions: Our data suggest that IL-1β induces VEGF expression and IL-1 RA acts as the competitive inhibitor, and that the IL-1 RA/IL-1β ratio is significant for VEGF expression in the microenvironment of colorectal cancer tissue. We conclude that IL-1β induces VEGF secretion in a certain population of colorectal cancer patients, and that IL-1 RA is the potential therapeutic agent for antiangiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer patients.
Dendritic Cells Transduced with Tumor-Associated Antigen Gene Elicit Potent Therapeutic Antitumor Immunity: Comparison with Immunodominant Peptide-Pulsed DCs
Authors: Nakamura Masaki , Iwahashi Makoto , Nakamori Mikihito , Ueda Kentaro , Ojima Toshiyasu , Naka Teiji , Ishida Koichiro , Yamaue Hiroki
Published: July 2005

Several studies have shown that vaccine therapy using dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with specific tumor antigen peptides can effectively induce antitumor immunity. Peptide-pulsed DC therapy is reported to be effective against melanoma, while it is still not sufficient to show the antitumor therapeutic effect against epithelial solid tumors such as gastrointestinal malignancies. Recently, it has been reported that vaccine therapy using DCs transduced with a surrogate tumor antigen gene can elicit a potent therapeutic antitumor immunity. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of vaccine therapy using DCs transduced with the natural tumor antigen in comparison with peptide-pulsed DCs. DCs derived from murine bone marrow were adenovirally transduced with murine endogenous tumor antigen gp70 gene, which is expressed in CT26 cells, or DCs were pulsed with the immunodominant peptide AH-1 derived from gp70. We compared these two cancer vaccines in terms of induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, CD4+ T cell response against tumor cells, migratory capacity of DCs and therapeutic immunity in vivo. The cytotoxic activity of splenocytes against CT26 and Meth-A pulsed with AH-1 in mice immunized with gp70 gene-transduced DCs was higher than that with AH-1-pulsed DCs. CD4+ T cells induced from mice immunized with gp70 gene-transduced DCs produced higher levels of IFN-γ by stimulation with CT26 than those from mice immunized with AH-1-pulsed DCs (p < 0.0001), and it was suggested that DCs transduced with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) gene induced tumor-specific CD4+ T cells, and those CD4+ T cells played a critical role in the priming phase of the CD8+ T cell response for the induction of CD8+ CTL. Furthermore, DCs adenovirally transduced with TAA gene showed an enhancement of expression of CC chemokine receptor 7 and improved the migratory capacity to draining lymph nodes. In subcutaneous models, the vaccination using gp70 gene-transduced DCs provided a remarkably higher therapeutic efficacy than that using AH-1-pulsed DCs. These results suggested that vaccine therapy using DCs adenovirally transduced with TAA gene can elicit potent antitumor immunity, and may be useful for clinical application.
Phase II Study of Docetaxel and Capecitabine in Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kim Jong Gwang , Sohn Sang Kyun , Kim Dong Hwan , Baek Jin Ho , Sung Woo Jin , Park Jin Young , Kim Tae Bong , Jung Ho Young , Yu Wansik , Lee Kyu Bo
Published: July 2005

Objectives: A phase II study was conducted to evaluate the response rate and safety of a combination regimen of docetaxel plus capecitabine in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Patients and Methods: Patients with previously untreated metastatic or recurrent measurable gastric cancer received i.v. docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and oral capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2 twice daily from day 1 to 14 every 3-week cycle. Results: Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the current study. Of these, 30 patients were assessable for efficacy and 31 assessable for toxicity. One complete response and 13 partial responses were confirmed, giving an overall response rate of 43.8% (95% CI; 25.6–61.9%). The median time to progression and median overall survival for all patients was 5.07 months and 8.4 months, respectively. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 3 patients (9.7%) and febrile neutropenia was observed in 2 patients (6.3%). Grade 1/2 nausea was observed in 45.2% of patients. Grade 2–3 hand-foot syndrome occurred in 4 patients (12.9%). Conclusions: The combination of docetaxel and capectabine was found to be well tolerated and effective in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Accordingly, this regimen can be regarded as an important first-line treatment option for advanced gastric cancer.
Evolution of Neuromodulation
Authors: Gildenberg Philip L.
Published: July 2005

Neuromodulation, as defined as the use of electrical stimulation by implanted stimulators to treat various neurological conditions, has developed gradually from long experience with electrical stimulation of the nervous system. Indications are still evolving, and the field is advancing at an ever increasing rate.