bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric studies of nucleophilic carbenes derived from pyrazolium and indazolium carboxylates
Authors: Schmidt Andreas , Habeck Tobias , Merkel Lars , Mäkinen Marko , Vainiotalo Pirjo
Published: July 2005

Pyrazolium‐3‐carboxylate and indazolium‐3‐carboxylate, which belong to the class of pseudo‐cross‐conjugated mesomeric betaines and which represent the electronically relevant partial structures of the betaine alkaloid Nigellicin, were examined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. These compounds decarboxylate to pyrazol‐3‐ylidene and indazol‐3‐ylidene. The formation of adducts of these new nucleophilic carbenes under the measurement conditions was examined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry for the direct analysis of enzymatically digested kappa‐ iota‐ and hybrid iota/nu‐carrageenans
Authors: Antonopoulos Aristotelis , Hardouin Julie , Favetta Patrick , Helbert William , Delmas Agnès F. , Lafosse Michel
Published: July 2005

Enzymatically digested oligosaccharides of kappa‐, iota‐ and hybrid iota/nu‐carrageenans were analysed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in the negative‐ion mode. nor‐Harmane was used as matrix. Depending on the stock concentration and the laser intensity applied, the oligosaccharides exhibited losses of sulphate units (neutralised by the Na+ ion, and thus non‐stable), leaving the primary backbone structure in most cases with only the deprotonated sulphate groups (carrying the negative charge, stable). This meant that kappa‐ and iota‐oligosaccharides could not be easily distinguished from one another since they share the same primary backbone structure. However, for the hybrid iota/nu‐oligosaccharides the primary backbone structure could be identified since the nu‐carrageenan repeating unit differs from that of the kappa/iota‐carrageenan unit. For all types of oligosaccharides, the results indicated cleavage of an anhydrogalactose unit from the non‐reducing end. Specifically, for the hybrid oligosaccharides of iota/nu‐carrageenans, this type of fragmentation means that the nu‐carrageenan unit is not positioned on the non‐reducing end of the hybrid oligosaccharides. Dehydration reactions, and exchange reactions of Na+ with K+ and Ca2+, were also observed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative quantification of erythropoietin receptor‐dependent phosphoproteins using in‐gel 18O‐labeling and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Körbel Sandra , Schümann Michael , Bittorf Thomas , Krause Eberhard
Published: July 2005

On examining different proteomics approache for the investigation of structure‐function relationships of erythropoietin (EPO) receptor signaling, it was found that two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry procedures are clearly limited in their ability to detect low‐expressed signaling proteins. Instead it was found that a strategy involving anti‐phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation, one‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (1DE), and capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) provides the sensitivity required for identification of signaling proteins. In the present work the immunoprecipitation/1DE/LC/MS approach was combined with an in‐gel 18O‐labeling technique to analyze EPO receptor‐dependent proteins. Identification and relative quantification of more than 180 EPO receptor‐dependent proteins were achieved directly based on the in‐gel 18O‐labeling approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem mass spectrometry of deprotonated iodothyronines
Authors: Couldwell Alison M. , Thomas Michael C. , Mitchell Todd W. , Hulbert Anthony J. , Blanksby Stephen J.
Published: July 2005

In order to assist with the development of more selective and sensitive methods for thyroid hormone analysis the [M–H]− anions of the iodothyronines T4, T3, rT3, (3,5)‐T2 and the non‐iodinated thyronine (T0) have been generated by negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectra of these ions were recorded on a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer and show a strong analogy with the fragmentation pathways of the parent compound, tyrosine. All iodothyronines also show significant abundances of the iodide anion in their tandem mass spectra, which represents an attractive target for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis, given that iodothyronines are the only iodine bearing endogenous molecules. Characteristic fragments are observed at m/z 359.7 and 604.5 for rT3 but are absent in the spectrum of T3, thus differentiating the two positional isomers. The striking difference in the fragmentation patterns of these regioisomeric species is attributed to the increased acidity of the phenol moiety in rT3 compared with T3. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of rabeprazole in human plasma
Authors: Huang Jinchang , Xu Yu , Gao Shu , Rui Lei , Guo Qingxiang
Published: July 2005

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method, employing electrospray ionization, has been developed and validated to quantify rabeprazole in human plasma using omeprazole as the internal standard. The method was validated to demonstrate the specificity, lower limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision of measurements. Selected reaction monitoring was specific for rabeprazole and omeprazole (the internal standard, IS); no endogenous materials interfered with the analysis of rabeprazole and IS from blank plasma. The assay was linear over the concentration range 0.2–200 ng/mL using a 2 µL aliquot of plasma. The correlation coefficients for the calibration curves ranged from 0.9988–0.9994. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision, calculated from quality control samples, were less than 6.65%. A mixture of methanol and water (50:50) was used as the isocratic mobile phase, with 0.1% of formic acid in water, that did not affect the stability of rabeprazole or IS. A simple sample preparation method of protein precipitation with methanol was chosen. The method was employed in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of 20 mg rabeprazole to 24 healthy volunteers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Webs of significance: the work of Geoffrey Vickers
Authors: Checkland Peter
Published: July 2005

This paper is a personal account by Peter Checkland of his correspondence with Geoffrey Vickers in the years before Vickers' death and the discussions they had about the relationship between systems ideas and real‐world experience. Professor Checkland demonstrates how the model he created of the appreciative process reflects those discussions, and how it may be used as a basis for making sense of the world we live in. He provides numerous examples to demonstrate the way in which the model may be applied in very different situations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrative research as appreciative system
Authors: Winder Nick
Published: July 2005

This paper develops an appreciative method for the management and regulation of integrative research. It distinguishes product from process and emphasizes the value of processes. In human systems, historical events (states) sometimes change the balance of probabilities so that processes are never the same again. Many historical events are manifest as changing beliefs that lead to new behaviours. This irreversible change (innovation) often begins with an increase in the epistemic openness or appreciative setting of communities. As knowledge is exploited, however, appreciative settings become fixed; beliefs are ‘locked‐in’ or reified and recognizable epistemic communities form. Integrative research (i) involves two or more epistemic communities, often with mutually irreconcilable beliefs and (ii) requires small, well‐managed, ephemeral groups and sympathetic regulation. Institutional constraints are explored with reference to national and supranational research agencies and their practices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human systems and global governance
Authors: Whitman Jim
Published: July 2005

Many of the trends identified by Geoffrey Vickers are now clearly visible in the intensification of globalizing dynamics, yet the implications of these developments for human security and sustainability have still not been grasped adequately. The most pertinent and extensive literature in the social sciences concerning political and organizational arrangements at the highest levels of human organization is the study of global governance. However, the many themes and perspectives that comprise this literature tend toward sectoral speciality, or intra‐community theoretical debates. If we are to engage Geoffrey Vickers' insightful and now pressing range of questions, global governance theorists might do best to ask, ‘What would an adequate global governance be the governance of?’ Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to appreciate learning systems for environmental decision making: a ‘work‐in‐progress’ perspective
Authors: Blackmore Christine
Published: July 2005

This paper explains how and why the author engaged with the work of Sir Geoffrey Vickers and found it highly relevant to researching learning systems for environmental decision making at the start of the twenty‐first century. Key areas of Vickers' work reviewed are his ethical concerns that relate to what we refer to today as ecological sustainability, his insights into systems thinking, his concept of an appreciative system and his distinctions concerning learning. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is reversing the decline of Asian elephants in North American zoos possible? An individual‐based modeling approach
Authors: Faust Lisa J. , Thompson Steven D. , Earnhardt Joanne M.
Published: July 2005

Demographic models are important tools for assessing population status, diagnosing potential causes of population decline, and comparing management strategies that might change population trajectory. The population of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) maintained in North American zoos has been declining for the past decade, and Wiese ([2000] Zoo. Biol. 19:299–309) predicted a continued decline in the population using an age‐based matrix model. We developed an individual‐based model to further explore the demographic issues of the population. Our model allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the prospects for slowing or reversing the decline given the potential management strategies of improving reproduction, reducing infant mortality, altering birth sex ratio, and recruiting additional individuals from outside the population. Our simulations showed that if current demographic trends continued, the population would continue to decline at 2%/year. It was possible to create sustainable simulations, but these required a large increase in the annual number of births produced. Increasing reproduction was the most effective strategy to slow the decline, whereas other management strategies had the most impact when combined with increases in reproduction. Almost all simulations resulted in large changes in population structure, with increases in the male population and decreases in the female population. Given the population's demographic issues, it will be difficult to either increase the population substantially or sustain it at its current size. Zoo Biol 25:201–218, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PARTICIPATORY PLANT BREEDING IS BETTER DESCRIBED AS HIGHLY CLIENT-ORIENTED PLANT BREEDING. I. FOUR INDICATORS OF CLIENT-ORIENTATION IN PLANT BREEDING
Authors: WITCOMBE J. R. , JOSHI K. D. , GYAWALI S. , MUSA A. M. , JOHANSEN C. , VIRK D. S. , STHAPIT B. R.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we attempt to remove the dichotomy created by distinguishing between participatory and non-participatory breeding programmes by using the degree of client orientation as the basis for an analysis. Although all breeding programmes are implicitly client-oriented, we examine how participatory approaches explicitly increase the extent of client orientation. We briefly review the history of participatory plant breeding (PPB) and analyse the participatory techniques used at different stages of the breeding programme. In common with several other authors, we find that farmer involvement in selecting in the segregating generations may not be an essential component of PPB. However, in some circumstances such collaboration is required and is the subject of a second paper in this series. The purpose of all the techniques used in PPB programmes is to better meet the needs of clients. Thus, breeding programmes can be differentiated by their extent of client-orientation removing the dichotomy involved with the term participatory. We discuss four techniques in the suite of techniques that have been employed by PPB: identifying the target market or clients; using germplasm that can best meet the needs of target clients; matching the environments of the target clients; and product testing in the target market with target clients. Most attention is paid to the last of these four that is often referred to as participatory varietal selection (PVS) and how it is done varies with circumstances. Rice varieties from a client-oriented breeding programme in Nepal were tested in mother and baby trials in Bangladesh. The rapid acceptance of these varieties by farmers illustrates the power of the participatory trials system and the success of a highly client-oriented breeding approach.
TOPCROSS HYBRIDS AS AN ENTRY INTO COMMERCIAL SEED PRODUCTION OF PEARL MILLET IN EASTERN AFRICA
Authors: BIDINGER F. R. , RAJ A. G. BHASKER , ABRAHA NEGUSSE , ALI ADAM MOHAMED , OBILANA A. B. , JONES R. B.
Published: July 2005

Pearl millet topcross hybrids (inbred male-sterile seed parent × open-pollinated variety restorer) based on locally adapted varieties and publicly available seed parents provide an ideal entry point into the commercial hybrid seed business, which can stimulate commercial investment by prospective seed producers. To demonstrate this potential, fifteen topcross hybrids made with the widely adapted variety ICMV 221 were evaluated in Eritrea, Sudan and Kenya for overall field performance, and in India for mechanisms of expression of heterosis and for terminal drought tolerance. Across all evaluation environments, the mean yield heterosis was 8%, with a range of −1% to +19%; six hybrids had a statistically significant, positive across-environment yield heterosis (ranging from +11% to +19%). Significant grain yield heterosis in rainy season environments was a consequence of heterosis in both biomass and harvest index, but not necessarily in any specific yield component. Positive grain yield heterosis under terminal drought stress, a common occurrence in millet-growing environments, was related to positive heterosis for grain size. These results are discussed in terms of their support for topcross hybrids as an entry point for prospective millet seed producers, and a scheme presented for the rapid creation, evaluation and marketing of locally adapted topcross hybrids.
To Judge Leviathan: Sovereign Credit Ratings, National Law, and the World Economy
Authors: BRUNER CHRISTOPHER M. , ABDELAL RAWI
Published: July 2005

Recent decades have witnessed the remarkable rise of a kind of market authority almost as centralized as the state itself – two credit rating agencies, Moody's and Standard & Poor's. These agencies derive their influence from two sources. The first is the information content of their ratings. The second is both more profound and vastly more problematic: Ratings are incorporated into financial regulations in the United States and around the world. In this article we clarify the role of credit rating agencies in global capital markets, describe the host of problems that arise when their ratings are given the force of law, and outline the alternatives to the public policy dilemmas created when ratings receive a public imprimatur. We conclude that agencies designated for regulatory purposes should be required to provide more nuanced ratings exposing their perceptual and ideological underpinnings (especially for sovereigns), and facilitating consideration of alternatives to ratings-dependent regulation.
Nationalism, Public Policy, and Institutional Development: Social Security in Belgium
Authors: BÉLAND DANIEL , LECOURS ANDRÉ
Published: July 2005

The relationship between nationalism and public policy remains largely unexplored. Focusing on the link between sub-state nationalism and social policy, this article formulates three main arguments. The first is that social policy is likely to factor into processes of identity- and nation-building spearheaded by sub-state nationalism, and that nationalist movements typically trigger pressures for the decentralization of social policy. The second is that recognizing the importance of this connection should not lead to hasty conclusions about the impact of societal and institutional pressures on public policy. Nationalism is not only a societal force; it is also a political construction that reflects broad institutional legacies. The third is that the historical sequence of nationalism and policy development may create institutional forces preventing the congruence between policies and ethno-linguistic boundaries, in spite of pressures emanating from nationalist movements. The analysis of Social Security politics in contemporary Belgium provides ground to these claims.
THE MUSICAL AUTOGRAPHS OF ADÉMAR DE CHABANNES (989–1034)
Authors: Grier James
Published: July 2005

Late in the year 1028, Adémar de Chabannes embarked on an ambitious and audacious project to create a new liturgy for the Feast of Saint Martial that would venerate its honoree as an apostle. It is difficult to exaggerate the monstrous nature of the venture and the claim it supported. The historical Martial was well known from the works of Gregory of Tours, the sixth-century historian, as a third-century Roman missionary to Aquitaine and first bishop of Limoges. There his burial place became an important pilgrimage destination and the eventual site of a Benedictine monastery founded in Martial's memory. Adémar, with the full support of the abbot, Odolric, and monks of the abbey of Saint-Martial, and Bishop Jordan of Limoges, sought to transform the historical Martial into a first-century Jew, younger cousin of Simon Peter, an intimate of Jesus himself, whom he served at the Last Supper, Saint Peter's personal delegate to Gaul, and a saint of apostolic rank.
RETHINKING THE SIENA CHOIRBOOK: A NEW DATE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS MUSICAL CONTENTS
Authors: Dickey Timothy J.
Published: July 2005

A 1481 date for the manuscript Siena, Biblioteca Comunale degli Intronati, MS K. 1. 2 (hereafter Si), which contains almost ninety pieces of late fifteenth-century liturgical polyphony including works of Obrecht, Isaac and Mouton, has rested uneasily upon an argument from Sienese copying records. A fresh codicological analysis of this important source, including evidence of matching ‘twin’ watermark pairs in datable Tuscan archival documents, has yielded a new date and a new narrative for its compilation. The main corpus, in fact, is decades later than the fragmentary appendix containing works of Dufay and Josquin. The redating presented here has manifold implications for some of the most important composers of the late fifteenth century, and for peninsular patterns of musical transmission. A secure early date for the appendix copy of Josquin's Missa L'ami baudichon, for instance, enables a reassessment of that piece's transmission to sources as far away as Poland and Bohemia in the light of recent discoveries in Josquin's biography. My new date for Josquin's mass also confirms a case of Josquin emulation within another, anonymous mass in Si. The new dating further enables a reassessment of ModE M.1.13's authority as a source for one of Johannes Martini's masses, and the identification of a heretofore unknown local Sienese composer. Finally, the new narrative for the Siena choirbook may reveal Florence as a link in the transmission of repertory from Milan and Ferrara to Siena.
Brussels French une fois: Transfer-induced innovation or system-internal development?
Authors: TREFFERS-DALLER JEANINE
Published: July 2005

In language contact studies, specific features of the contact languages are often seen to be the result of transfer (interference), but it remains difficult to disentangle the role of intra-systemic and inter-systemic factors. We propose to unravel these factors in the analysis of a feature of Brussels French which many researchers attribute to transfer from (Brussels) Dutch: the adverbial use of une fois. We compare the use of this particle in Brussels French with its occurrence in corpora of other varieties of French, including several that have not been influenced by a Germanic substrate or adstrate. A detailed analysis of the frequency of occurrence, the functions and the distribution of the particle over different syntactic positions shows that some uses of une fois can be traced back to sixteenth-century French, but that there is also ample evidence for overt and covert transfer (Mougeon and Beniak, 1991) from Brussels Dutch.
Intergenerational pattern of interference and internally-motivated changes in Cajun French
Authors: DUBOIS SYLVIE , NOETZEL SIBYLLE
Published: July 2005

We examine the variable use of locative prepositions in Cajun French, adding two dimensions to existing studies: real-time evidence, adding a diachronic descriptive perspective, and a methodological tool, measuring the degree of exposure to French (MDI). The goal of this paper is to determine the origins and the directions of language change within the system of locative prepositions. The majority of the interviews are taken from the Cajun French/English corpus, conducted by Dubois in 1997. Our results indicate that the restricted speakers use an array of innovative forms in all locative categories. Systemic and extralinguistic evidence show that some of these forms represent interference-induced innovations, while others are internally-motivated innovations stimulated in an indirect way by language contact. A model of change emerges where the older restricted speakers introduce changes that are gradually adopted by the following generations, regardless of the extent to which their linguistic ability in Cajun French is diminished.
Wortformgedächtnis als intuitive Statistik in Sprachen mit unterschiedlicher Konsistenz
Authors: Jacobs Arthur M. , Graf Ralf
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die Ergebnisse einer Reihe von sprachvergleichenden experimentellen Studien zur Funktionsweise des Wortformgedächtnisses werden vor dem Hintergrund nonlinearer dynamischer Computermodelle der visuellen Worterkennung zusammengefasst. Insgesamt stützen diese Befunde die allgemeine Hypothese, dass das Wortformgedächtnis sich sensibel an die statistischen Regelmäßigkeiten des Schriftsprachsystems anpasst. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, dass nicht die (binäre) Regelmäßigkeit einer Schriftsprache, sondern ihre graduelle Konsistenz die Worterkennungsleistung mitbestimmt.
The Influence of Temporal Order Information in General Event Knowledge on Language Comprehension
Authors: van der Meer Elke , Krüger Frank , Nuthmann Antje
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The coding of chronological order of real-life events, that is, “time’s arrow” in general event knowledge and its access in language comprehension was investigated with two relatedness judgment tasks. The temporal orientation (chronological or reverse) and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; 200/250 ms or 1,000 ms) between preinformation and target were manipulated. The first experiment examined highly familiar sequences of events (e.g., lighting-burning-extinguishing) with the same strength of temporal relatedness for preceding and succeeding events. The second experiment investigated individual events. The results show that time’s arrow is not restricted to sequences of events, but is also embedded in the mental representation of individual events. The preferred temporal orientation in favor of future time is not only coded by a higher association strength between mental event representations, but also by expectancy based selection processes. The results support Barsalou’s model of perceptual symbol systems ( 1999 ).
Alignment und Aushandlung im Dialog
Authors: Rickheit Gert
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Im Dialog sind zwei unterschiedliche Koordinationsarten zu beobachten, nämlich das explizite Aushandeln und das implizite Alignment, das keiner bewussten Steuerung oder Kontrolle unterliegt. In jüngster Zeit ist der Alignment-Begriff - angeregt durch die Studie von Pickering und Garrod (2004) - verstärkt in der Psycholinguistik diskutiert worden. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass zwar das Phänomen bereits früher in der Psycholinguistik partiell von Bühler (1934) , Hörmann (1976) und Herrmann (1982 , 1985 ) beschrieben worden ist, dass aber erst durch die derzeitige Diskussion die Tragweite von Alignmentprozessen erkannt wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, im Rahmen dieser Diskussion einige Forschungsperspektiven aufzuzeigen.
Die Repräsentation generisch maskuliner Personenbezeichnungen
Authors: Irmen Lisa , Linner Ute
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, Forschungsergebnisse zur Repräsentation generisch maskuliner Personenbezeichnungen im Deutschen in einen theoretischen Rahmen zu integrieren. Die Befunde stimmen darin überein, dass generische Maskulina zu einer geringeren gedanklichen Einbeziehung von Frauen als von Männern führen. Sie beruhen allerdings auf unterschiedlichen Prozeduren und Stimulusvariationen, so dass die beteiligten kognitiven Prozesse nicht ohne weiteres vergleichbar sind. Die Annahme, dass beim Lesen des Stimulusmaterials ein Situationsmodell gebildet wird und zudem geschlechtsbezogene Gedächtnisinhalte durch einen ungerichteten Resonanzprozess aktiviert werden, erlaubt die Bestimmung einer gemeinsamen kognitiven Basis aller Studien. Ursachen geschlechtsbezogener Resonanzprozesse werden auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Ergebnisse benannt und ihre Auswirkungen auf Situationsmodelle diskutiert. Auf der Basis des Entwickelten sind generelle Aussagen über die Auswirkungen geschlechtsbezogener Informationen beim Sprachverstehen möglich. Es ergeben sich zudem praktische Implikationen für die Realisierung einer geschlechtergerechten Sprache.
Zur Entwicklung von Entscheidungsregeln in der Psychotherapie
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Tholen Sven , Kosfelder Joachim , Grawe Klaus , Schulte Dietmar
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Das Monitoring von Psychotherapieverläufen, d.h. die wiederholte Messung der durch die psychotherapeutische Behandlung bewirkten Veränderungen beim einzelnen Patienten und der Vergleich mit statistisch vorhergesagten Veränderungen, kann die Entscheidungsprozeduren hinsichtlich des therapeutischen Vorgehens, gerade in etablierten Wissenschaftler-Praktiker-Netzwerken, maßgeblich unterstützen. Die vorliegende Arbeit adaptiert eine bereits in der Lawinenforschung etablierte Strategie zur Vorhersagen auf der Basis ähnlicher Gruppen, um ein enstprechendes differenzielles Vorhersagesystem für psychotherapeutische Behandlungsverläufe zu entwickeln. Methode und Ergebnisse: Die Studie basiert auf insgesamt 618 Patientinnen und Patienten mit breitem Diagnosespektrum, welche entweder mit einem kombiniert bewältigungs- und klärungsorientierten (n = 356) oder einem rein bewältigungsorientierten Vorgehen (n = 262) behandelt wurden. Bei diesem Vorgehen wurden die Patienten in einem ersten Schritt in homogene Subgruppen eingeteilt, um in einem zweiten Schritt mit Hilfe von Wachstumsanalysen ihren Psychotherapieverlauf vorherzusagen und mit dem tatsächlichen Verlauf vergleichen zu können. Die Validität der statistischen Vorhersagemodelle für die einzelnen Patienten und Behandlungsmodalitäten wurde mit einer sequenzanalytischen Verfahren überprüft. Schlussfolgerungen: Mögliche Anwendungen und Implikationen für die klinische Praxis, welche sowohl mehr Informationen über die Patienten zur Verfügung stellen als auch damit klinische Entscheidungsprozesse verbessern können, werden diskutiert. Momentane Grenzen des Ansatzes sowie notwendige weitere Forschungsaspekte werden aufgezeigt.
Messung der Therapieerwartung und Therapieevaluation von Patienten (PATHEV)
Authors: Schulte Dietmar
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Beschrieben wird die Entwicklung eines Fragebogens für Psychotherapie-Patienten zur Beurteilung ihrer Therapie. Solche Einschätzungen sind in der Effektivitätsforschung zur Beurteilung der Glaubwürdigkeit von Kontrollgruppen eingesetzt worden, erhoben allerdings lediglich durch Einzelitems. Der auf der Basis von zwei Forschungsfragebögen zusammengestellte PATHEV hat drei Subskalen (Hauptkomponentenanalyse mit schiefwinkliger Rotation, N = 581 Patienten): Hoffnung auf Besserung, Furcht vor Veränderung und Passung. Die Testgüte der Skalen ist gut. In drei Untersuchungen zur Konstruktvalidität erweisen sich die Skalen als theoriekonform; sie erlauben eine Prognose von 13% bzw. 16% der Varianz des Therapieerfolgs.
Kognitiv-behaviorale und behaviorale Interventionen der Sozialen Phobie im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Kremberg Ellen , Mitte Kristin
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In der Therapie der Sozialen Phobie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen werden verstärkt (kognitiv-)behaviorale Interventionsmethoden eingesetzt. Fragestellung: Es wurde ein Überblick zur Wirksamkeit dieser Verfahren sowie ein erster meta-analytischer Ausblick gegeben. Methode: Die Bestandsaufnahme ergab lediglich neun Psychotherapiestudien. Die Integration der bisherigen Ergebnisse erfolgte mittels einer Meta-Analyse unter Nutzung eines Random Effects-Modells. Ergebnisse: Trotz der geringen Anzahl einfließender Primäruntersuchungen waren deutliche Belege hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit (kognitiv-)behavioraler Therapieverfahren zu finden. Die zeitliche Stabilität der Ergebnisse wurde bestätigt. Aussagen zu spezifischen Wirksamkeitsunterschieden behavioraler und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapien sowie zur Bedeutsamkeit der Elterninvolvierung waren jedoch auf Grund bisheriger Befunde nicht möglich. Schlussfolgerung: Die betrachteten Verfahren scheinen als Interventionsmaßnahmen für die Soziale Phobie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen sehr gut geeignet zu sein. Weitere Untersuchungen sind jedoch notwendig.
MEDIASCOPE - Ein System zur Inhalts- und Formalanalyse medialer Angebote
Authors: Schwab Frank , Unz Dagmar C. , Winterhoff-Spurk Peter
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Zur Inhalts- und Formalanalyse audiovisueller Angebote wurde das Auswertungssystem MEDIASCOPE-AV entwickelt. Da audiovisuelle Medien die Realität nicht eins zu eins abbilden, sondern diese narrativ und kameradramaturgisch aufbereiten, werden bei der Analyse mit MEDIASCOPE-AV vor allem die formalen Gestaltungsmerkmale, insbesondere die Kamerahandlung, berücksichtigt. Die formalen Kategorien sind weitgehend genre-übergreifend festgelegt. Die inhaltlichen Kategorien dienen zur Beschreibung der Situation, sie werden je nach Fragestellung und zu analysierendem Genre konkret festgelegt, sind in ihrer Auflösung aber an die formalen Kategorien angepasst. Das System weist insgesamt eine zufrieden stellende Interrater-Reliabilität auf.
Bestehen parasoziale Beziehungen zu Politikern?
Authors: Maier Jens Hendrik
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag erschließt die Konzepte PSI/PSB (parasoziale Interaktion/parasoziale Beziehung) für die politische Kommunikationsforschung und erarbeitet eine Möglichkeit, die sozio-emotionalen Dimensionen medialer Politikkommunikation zu untersuchen. Eine kritische Integration der bisherigen Arbeiten zu diesen Konzepten und die Darstellung aktueller politischer Kommunikationspraxis verdeutlichen die Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts PSB. Die Befragung von 118 Proband/inn/en mittels der Repertory Grid Technik zeigt, dass Menschen subjektiv relevante Beziehungen zu Spitzenpolitikern unterhalten und wie diese im Beziehungsraum der Proband/inn/en lokalisiert sind. Die Studie macht einen Methodenvorschlag jenseits der PSI-Skala und überwindet verschiedene Defizite der bisherigen Forschung. So werden auch negativ besetzte Personae untersucht, die Beschränkung auf ein Einzelmedium aufgehoben und die komparative Betrachtung realer und medialer Beziehungen ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse befürworten eine enge Kooperation zwischen sozialpsychologischer Beziehungsforschung und Medienpsychologie und bringen weitere Fortschritte für die jüngeren Bemühungen um die konzeptionelle Weiterentwicklung des Forschungsfelds PSI/PSB.
Evidence for the resonator of inertial Alfvén waves in the cusp topside ionosphere
Authors: Hirano Yumi , Fukunishi Hiroshi , Kataoka Ryuho , Hasunuma Tomoyuki , Nagatsuma Tsutomu , Miyake Wataru , Matsuoka Ayako
Published: July 2005

Using Akebono satellite observations, we have examined the excitation mechanism of large‐amplitude, electric and magnetic field variations in the vicinity of the cusp topside ionosphere. Three typical cusp events in the altitude range of ∼2000 km, ∼4000 km, and ∼7500 km are investigated in detail. The phase‐frequency relationship obtained from a wavelet analysis is compared with the theoretical one given by the Lysak 1991 model for each event to find the evidence for the existence of ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR). Also, the ratios of electric field to magnetic field variations are compared with theoretical values of inertial Alfvén waves to identify the existence of inertial Alfvén waves. The obtained results demonstrate the clear signature of the coexistence of IAR and inertial Alfvén waves in extended altitude range of the cusp topside ionosphere.
First observations of SBAS/WAAS scintillations: Using collocated scintillation measurements and all‐sky images to study equatorial plasma bubbles
Authors: Ledvina B. M. , Makela J. J.
Published: July 2005

The first observations of amplitude scintillations on a Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS) satellite signal are presented. The scintillations occurred on the signal transmitted by a Wide Area Augmentation Satellite (WAAS) on 8–9 September 2004 from 2250–0045 LT. The GPS receiver that measured the scintillations is located on Haleakala, Hawaii (geomagnetic: 21.3°N, 271.4°E). With a maximum S4 = 0.35, corresponding to a peak‐to‐peak SNR variation of 8 dB, the scintillations are relatively weak, which is to be expected for a site poleward of the equatorial anomaly during declining solar conditions. Using a collocated all‐sky imager, features of the irregularity structuring in the equatorial plasma bubbles are resolved. The satellite signals scintillate when the ray path intersects the three main bubbles. The scintillation intensity tends to peak near the walls, and decreases slightly in the interior of the bubbles. In this case, the bubbles' leading (east) walls contain smaller‐scale‐size irregularities than the trailing (west) walls.
Storm‐time field‐aligned currents on the nightside inferred from ground‐based magnetic data at midlatitudes: Relationships with the interplanetary magnetic field and substorms
Authors: Nakano S. , Iyemori T.
Published: July 2005

On the basis of analysis of east‐west geomagnetic disturbance fields at midlatitudes, we investigated the characteristics of temporal variations of field‐aligned currents on the nightside during geomagnetic storms. The results indicate that upward field‐aligned currents develop on the nightside, especially in the postmidnight, when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is directed southward. This suggests that the upward field‐aligned currents are principally associated with the convection electric field. It is also found that the upward field‐aligned currents in the postmidnight can be intensified at substorm expansion, while they principally depend on the southward component of the IMF. The intensification of the upward currents is regarded as a different physical process from the formation of a substorm current wedge at a substorm expansion. We discuss some possible effects of the IMF and substorms on the generation of the upward currents on the nightside, especially in the postmidnight.
Snowball Earth: A thin‐ice solution with flowing sea glaciers
Authors: Pollard David , Kasting James F.
Published: July 2005

The late Neoproterozoic era, ∼600–800 Myr ago, was marked by at least two intervals of widespread cold that left glacial deposits at low paleolatitudes. Both “Snowball” solutions with global ice cover and “Slushball” solutions with ice‐free tropical oceans have been proposed to explain the paleomagnetic data. The Snowball model is best able to explain the auxiliary geological evidence, particularly the existence of cap carbonates, but it implies drastic survival pressure on the photosynthetic biota if the ice cover was everywhere thick enough to prevent sunlight from reaching the underlying ocean. A “thin ice” solution that avoids this problem has been proposed but is thought to be inconsistent with realistic optical properties of sea ice and with the equatorward flow of sea glaciers. Here we use a coupled energy‐balance climate/sea‐glacier model to argue that these apparent difficulties can be overcome and that thin tropical ice may have prevailed during these remarkable glacial episodes. We also suggest that (1) some processes beyond the scope of zonal mean energy‐balance models may significantly affect the solutions and (2) thin ice could have prevailed on low‐latitude seas (or large lakes) protected from large‐scale sea‐glacier flow by surrounding land even if most of the Earth was in a “hard Snowball” state.
Effect of potential vorticity on flow rate through a gap
Authors: Whitehead J. A.
Published: July 2005

Mathematical solutions for constant potential vorticity critically controlled flow through ocean passages are complicated and not available in simple form. Therefore, to provide formulas for numerical circulation and ocean climate models, two simple formulas for volume flux are developed here. They are fitted to numerical values of the critical flux for constant potential vorticity flow over a flat bottom through a constriction. The two formulas of increasing complexity agree with the numerical values to better than 6% and 1.4%. These flux values are up to 24% less than the values of flux from zero potential vorticity formulas presently applied to ocean passages. The most precise new formula is used to predict flux magnitude through nine ocean passages that have current meter measurements. The size of the revisions compared to zero potential vorticity predictions is a few percent in the direction of better agreement. For further improvement between prediction and observation, other factors such as realistic bottom topography, friction, mixing, waves, and eddies must be included.
Direct measurements of ocean surface velocity from space: Interpretation and validation
Authors: Chapron Bertrand , Collard Fabrice , Ardhuin Fabrice
Published: July 2005

The median Doppler shift of radar echoes is analyzed in measurements by ENVISAT's Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) over the ocean. This Doppler centroid differs from a predicted signal based on the predicted motion of the satellite and Earth. This anomaly, converted to a surface Doppler velocity UD, appears to be of geophysical origin. Two wide‐swath images over the Gulf Stream around Cape Hatteras suggest that UD contains high‐resolution information on surface currents, while on a global scale, UD is found to vary with the wind speed in the range direction. A simple quantitative forward model is proposed, based on a practical two‐scale decomposition of the surface geometry and kinematics. The model represents the effect of the wind through the wave spectrum, and gives UD ≈ γU10∥ + Uc∥, with U10∥ and Uc∥ as the 10 m wind speed and quasi‐Eulerian current in the line of sight of the radar projected on the sea surface, respectively, and γ as a coefficient function of the wind speed, wave development, and radar geometry. It is found that for an incidence angle of 23°, γ ≈ 0.3 for moderate winds and fully developed seas. This model is validated with a global data set of ASAR Wave Mode observations, with colocated model winds, acquired over the global ocean during the years 2003 and 2004. The Doppler signal therefore provides the signed parameter UD that can be used to reduce the wind direction ambiguity in the inversion of high‐resolution wind fields from SAR imagery. A qualitative validation of current effects is shown for the English Channel where tidal currents dominate. Thus it should be possible to combine this previously ignored geophysical Doppler signal with traditional information on sea surface roughness, in order to provide very high resolution wind and current fields.
Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform (MAQSIP): Initial applications and performance for tropospheric ozone and particulate matter
Authors: Mathur Rohit , Shankar Uma , Hanna Adel F. , Odman M. Talat , McHenry John N. , Coats Carlie J. , Alapaty Kiran , Xiu Aijun , Arunachalam Saravanan , Olerud Donald T. , Byun Daewon W. , Schere Kenneth L. , Binkowski Francis S. , Ching Jason K. S. , Dennis Robin L. , Pierce Thomas E. , Pleim Jonathan E. , Roselle Shawn J. , Young Jeffrey O.
Published: July 2005

The performance of the Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform (MAQSIP) in simulating the regional distributions of tropospheric ozone and particulate matter (PM) is evaluated through comparisons of model results from three‐dimensional simulations against available surface and aircraft measurements. These applications indicate that the model captures the dynamic range of observations and the spatial trends represented in measurements. Some discrepancies also exist, however, and they are discussed in the context of model formulation, input data specification and assumptions, and variability and bias in measurements. The daily normalized bias (within ±20%) and normalized gross errors (<25%) for predicted surface level O3 over an entire summer season are within the suggested performance criteria for management evaluation studies and are comparable to, if not smaller than, those reported previously for other regional O3 models. Comparisons of modeled PM composition with speciated fine particle concentration measurements show that the model is able to capture the spatial variability in fine PM mass as well as in the inorganic component fractions. Both measurements and model results show that in the summertime in the eastern U.S., SO42− is a relatively large component of fine PM mass; in contrast, NO3− is a significant fraction in the western U.S. in the wintertime case studied. The ability of the model to simulate the observed visibility indices (extinction coefficient and deciview) are evaluated through comparisons of model estimates using both a detailed Mie theory‐based calculation (based on predicted aerosol size and number distributions) and an empirical mass reconstruction algorithm. Both modeled and observed data show that among the various aerosol components, in the eastern U.S. SO42− contributes the largest fraction to the aerosol extinction (35–85%), while organic mass contributes up to 20–25%. In contrast, in the western U.S., SO42− and NO3− have comparable contributions (20–50%) to the observed aerosol extinction. Comparisons with limited observational aircraft data, however, show moderate to poor correlation with measurements in the free troposphere. While these discrepancies can be attributed in part to model initialization and lateral boundary conditions specification, there is a need for further evaluation of the representation of boundary layer‐free troposphere exchange mechanisms as well as the chemical mechanisms currently used in the model for representing chemistry in the free troposphere.
Modification of air standard composition by diffusive and surface processes
Authors: Langenfelds R. L. , van der Schoot M. V. , Francey R. J. , Steele L. P. , Schmidt M. , Mukai H.
Published: July 2005

We present experimental evidence of modification of O2/N2, Ar/N2, 29N2/28N2, 34O2/32O2 ratios and CO2 mole fraction in dry air standards resulting from gas handling. Correlated variations among high precision measurements of multiple molecular pair ratios show diffusive fractionation to be the main modifying process. This mechanism can account for much of the previously unexplained CO2 instability commonly observed in air standards used by the atmospheric CO2 measurement community. Identification of the effects of diffusive fractionation helps to isolate effects of other processes such as surface adsorption, which is also implicated as a cause of CO2 modification in some applications. These findings have direct implications for the preparation and maintenance of O2/N2/Ar and CO2 calibration standards and are relevant to other atmospheric measurement activities that involve gas handling.
Orbitally paced paleoproductivity variations in the Timor Sea and Indonesian Throughflow variability during the last 460 kyr
Authors: Holbourn Ann , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Kawamura Hiroshi , Jian Zhimin , Grootes Piet , Erlenkeuser Helmut , Xu Jian
Published: July 2005

A high‐resolution (∼1–2 kyr) multiproxy record from the Timor Sea in the easternmost Indian Ocean (International Marine Global Change (IMAGES) Program Core MD01‐2378, latitude 13°04.95′S, longitude 121°47.27′E, 1783 m water depth) closely tracks changes in intermediate water ventilation and paleoproductivity over the last 460 kyr within one of the main outflow passages of the Indonesian Throughflow. Spectral analysis of five different flux‐based productivity proxies indicates spectral power concentrated in the 100 kyr (glacial‐interglacial) and the 23 kyr and 19 kyr (precessional) periods. Paleoproductivity maxima lead ice volume (benthic δ18O) maxima by 20° to 40° (∼1300 to 2600 years) at the precession band. The spectral differences in tropical paleoproductivity records from the Pacific and Indian oceans suggest that local processes (wind and circulation patterns driven by insolation) are dominant in driving productivity rather than large‐scale tropical features. In the Timor Sea, productivity fluctuations over the last 460 kyr were strongly influenced by monsoonal wind patterns offshore NW Australia (23 and 19 kyr) and were also modulated by sea level–related variations in the intensity of the Indonesian Throughflow (100 kyr).
The global plasma environment of Titan as observed by Cassini Plasma Spectrometer during the first two close encounters with Titan
Authors: Szego K. , Bebesi Z. , Erdos G. , Foldy L. , Crary F. , McComas D. J. , Young D. T. , Bolton S. , Coates A. J. , Rymer A. M. , Hartle R. E. , Sittler E. C. , Reisenfeld D. , Bethelier J. J. , Johnson R. E. , Smith H. T. , Hill T. W. , Vilppola J. , Steinberg J. , Andre N.
Published: July 2005

The Cassini spacecraft flew by Titan on October 26, 2004 and December 13, 2004. In both cases it entered the ionosphere of Titan, allowing exploration of its plasma environment. Using observations from the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) and the Cassini magnetometer along the inbound legs of both flybys, we examine Titan's global plasma environment. On both occasions CAPS detected plasma populations distinct from those of the Kronian magnetosphere at about 1–1.5 Saturn radii from the moon. Closer to Titan CAPS observed drifting ion ring distributions originating from Titan and, in addition, a corotating flow that was significantly decelerated around the moon due to mass loading. Near the moon, but above the ionosphere, very cold plasma was dominant. We also compare the CAPS data to those of Voyager 1.
Observed property changes in eastern South Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Fukasawa Masao , Uchida Hiroshi , Kawano Takeshi , Kaneko Ikuo , Fuenzalida Rosalino
Published: July 2005

We compared potential temperature and salinity of Antarctic Intermediate Water along 32°30′S, from the coast of Chile to the central South Pacific Ocean between 2003 and 1992, based on two vertically and horizontally high resolution repeat‐sections each being 6795 km long. The temperature of Antarctic Intermediate Water, considering the entire body of the Water Mass along the section, increased by 0.048°C, and salinity by 0.002. The increase in salinity could be explained by a slight shift in the evaporation/precipitation balance of the South Pacific Ocean.