bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilisierung von hochoxidierten Upconversion‐Nanopartikeln mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen
Authors: Möller Nadja , Rühling Andreas , Lamping Sebastian , Hellwig Tim , Fallnich Carsten , Ravoo Bart Jan , Glorius Frank
Published: March 2017

Die Stabilisierung von hochoxidierten Nanopartikeln mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen wird beschrieben. Solche Nanopartikel repräsentieren eine wichtige Untergruppe im Feld der Nanopartikel. Sie stellen andere Anforderungen an geeignete Liganden als elementare Metallnanopartikel. Durch die N‐heterocyclischen Carbene stabilisierte NaYF4:Yb,Tm‐Upconversion‐Nanopartikel wurden mittels einer Ligandenaustauschreaktion ausgehend von einer wohldefinierten Vorstufe synthetisiert. Dieses neue photoaktive Material wurde umfassend charakterisiert und in der Aktivierung von photoresponsiven Molekülen durch Nahinfrarot‐Licht (980 nm) mit niedriger Intensität angewendet.
Application of Methyl Bisphosphine‐Ligated Palladium Complexes for Low Pressure N‐11C‐Acetylation of Peptides
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Nordeman Patrik , Christoffersen Heidi F. , Audrain Hélène , Antoni Gunnar , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: March 2017

A mild and effective method is described for 11C‐labeling of peptides selectively at the N‐terminal nitrogen or at internal lysine positions. The presented method relies on the use of specific biphosphine palladium–methyl complexes and their high reactivity towards amino‐carbonylation of amine groups in the presence [11C]carbon monoxide. The protocol facilitates the production of native N‐11C‐acetylated peptides, without any structural modifications and has been applied to a selection of bioactive peptides.
Synthesis of random and block copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate by RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations mediated by a fluorinated xanthate
Authors: Huang Zhihui , Pan Pengju , Bao Yongzhong
Published: March 2017

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer miniemulsion (co)polymerizations of vinyl acetate (VAc) and vinyl chloride (VC) are conducted in the presence of a fluorinated xthanate (X1). VAc miniemulsion polymerization can be well controlled by X1, and PVAc with small polydispersity index (PDI, <1.20) are obtained. X1 also shows well mediative effect to VC‐VAc miniemulsion copolymerization, while the PDI of VC‐VAc copolymer is greater than that of PVAc since a chain transfer rate to VC is greater than that to VAc. PVAc‐b‐PVC copolymers are synthesized by VC miniemulsion polymerizations mediated by X1‐terminated PVAc. PDIs of PVAc‐b‐PVC copolymers are greater than that of PVAc and VC‐VAc random copolymers with close monomer compositions, and increase with the increase of VC conversion. This is caused by the increased chain transfer to monomer and the formation of monomer‐rich and polymer‐rich phases during the VC polymerization stage. As‐prepared PVAc‐b‐PVC copolymers exhibit a micro‐phase separated morphology. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45074.
Cold‐water coral Madrepora oculata in the eastern Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean): Historical and recent findings
Authors: Fanelli Emanuela , Delbono Ivana , Ivaldi Roberta , Pratellesi Marta , Cocito Silvia , Peirano Andrea
Published: March 2017

Cold‐water coral (CWC) ecosystems are long‐lived, slow‐growing and fragile, which makes them especially vulnerable to physical damage. In recent decades, CWCs have been severely threatened by fisheries, hydrocarbon extraction, pollution and other human activities.

In the Mediterranean Sea, some investigations have been carried out on CWC ecosystems, mostly focused on their distributions within the central and eastern basins.

Historical reports and fishermen's maps for the eastern Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) from the 1960s document the occurrence of extensive banks of living CWC, mostly Madrepora oculata, between depths of 200 and 500 m.

In 2013/2014, multibeam, side scan sonar (SSS) and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys were carried out in that area, specifically in the Levante Canyon, to assess the occurrence, distribution and conservation status of CWC.

The SSS and ROV showed numerous trawl tracks and small (10 cm high), dead, buried colonies at 300–500 m. Deeper, between 525 and 575 m, dense populations of living, 1 m high colonies of Madrepora oculata were found on the flanks of Levante Canyon. The deep sites showed colonies overturned or entangled by long‐line fishing activities.

The discovery of new CWC banks not yet heavily damaged by fishing activities, suggests that urgent measures for conservation should be taken in the Mediterranean and worldwide. The present limitation of trawl‐fishing to above 1000 m depth, established by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) in 2005, seems to be ineffective, since CWCs are mostly located at less than 1000 m depth in the Ligurian Sea. A network of high‐seas/deep‐sea marine protected areas (MPAs) would favour a better strategy for protecting substantial areas of CWCs.
Synthesis of a Silyl Cobalt Hydride and Its Catalytic Performance in Kumada Coupling Reactions
Authors: Xu Shilu , Zhang Peng , Li Xiaoyan , Xue Benjing , Sun Hongjian , Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter
Published: March 2017

Four silyl [P,Si]‐chelate cobalt complexes (2–5) have been synthesized through the chelate‐assisted Si−H activation of bidentate preligand ortho‐HSi(Me)2(PPh2)C6H4 (1) with CoMe(PMe3)4 and CoCl(PMe3)3. The silyl CoI complex, Co(PMe3)3(1‐Si(Me)2‐2‐(PPh2)C6H4) (2), was synthesized by Si−H activation of 1 with CoMe(PMe3)4 or by combining complex 5 with MeLi and PMe3. Complex 2 was treated with CH3I or EtBr, generating the silyl CoII products CoI(PMe3)2(1‐Si(Me)2‐2‐(PPh2)C6H4) (3) and CoBr(PMe3)2(1‐Si(Me)2‐2‐(PPh2)C6H4) (4). The silyl CoIII hydride, CoHCl(PMe3)2(1‐Si(Me)2‐2‐(PPh2)C6H4) (5), was obtained by the reaction of complex 1 with CoCl(PMe3)3. The catalytic performance of complex 5 was explored for Kumada coupling reactions, showing good to excellent catalytic efficiency with 2 mol % catalyst loading for the reactions of aryl chlorides or aryl bromides with Grignard reagents. It is noteworthy that the synthesis of 5 as a chelate complex is easier than that of previously reported [PSiP]‐pincer cobalt hydride. With similar catalytic efficiency for Kumada reactions, the catalyst loading (2 %) of 5 was lower than that (5 %) of [PSiP]‐pincer cobalt hydride.
eROSITA on SRG
Authors: Predehl P.
Published: March 2017

eROSITA (extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) is the core instrument on the Russian–German Spectrum‐Roentgen‐Gamma (SRG) mission, which is currently scheduled for launch in late 2017. eROSITA will perform a deep survey of the entire X‐ray sky. In the soft band (0.5–2 keV), it will be about 30 times more sensitive than ROSAT, while in the hard band (2–8 keV) it will provide the first ever true imaging survey of the sky. The design driving science is the detection of large samples of galaxy clusters up to redshifts z > 1 in order to study the large‐scale structure in the universe and test cosmological models including dark energy. In addition, eROSITA is expected to yield a sample of a few million active galactic nuclei, including obscured objects, revolutionizing our view of the evolution of supermassive black holes. The survey will also provide new insights into a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, including X‐ray binaries, active stars, and diffuse emission within the galaxy. The eROSITA flight model has passed calibration and integration and is currently (September 2016) in end‐to‐end testing just prior to its shipment to Russia.
Binocular rivalry in children on the autism spectrum
Authors: Karaminis Themelis , Lunghi Claudia , Neil Louise , Burr David , Pellicano Elizabeth
Published: March 2017

When different images are presented to the eyes, the brain is faced with ambiguity, causing perceptual bistability: visual perception continuously alternates between the monocular images, a phenomenon called binocular rivalry. Many models of rivalry suggest that its temporal dynamics depend on mutual inhibition among neurons representing competing images. These models predict that rivalry should be different in autism, which has been proposed to present an atypical ratio of excitation and inhibition [the E/I imbalance hypothesis; Rubenstein & Merzenich, 2003]. In line with this prediction, some recent studies have provided evidence for atypical binocular rivalry dynamics in autistic adults. In this study, we examined if these findings generalize to autistic children. We developed a child‐friendly binocular rivalry paradigm, which included two types of stimuli, low‐ and high‐complexity, and compared rivalry dynamics in groups of autistic and age‐ and intellectual ability‐matched typical children. Unexpectedly, the two groups of children presented the same number of perceptual transitions and the same mean phase durations (times perceiving one of the two stimuli). Yet autistic children reported mixed percepts for a shorter proportion of time (a difference which was in the opposite direction to previous adult studies), while elevated autistic symptomatology was associated with shorter mixed perception periods. Rivalry in the two groups was affected similarly by stimulus type, and consistent with previous findings. Our results suggest that rivalry dynamics are differentially affected in adults and developing autistic children and could be accounted for by hierarchical models of binocular rivalry, including both inhibition and top‐down influences. Autism Res 2017. ©2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research Autism Res 2017, 10: 1096–1106. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Essential Oils of Myrtaceae Species Growing Wild in Tunisia: Chemical Variability and Antifungal Activity Against Biscogniauxia mediterranea, the Causative Agent of Charcoal Canker
Authors: Yangui Islem , Zouaoui Boutiti Meriem , Boussaid Mohamed , Messaoud Chokri
Published: March 2017

The chemical composition of five Eucalyptus species and five Myrtus communis L. populations was investigated using GC/MS and GC‐FID. For Eucalyptus essential oils, 32 compounds, representing 88.56 – 96.83% of the total oil according to species, were identified. The main compounds were 1,8‐cineole, α‐pinene, p‐cymene, γ‐gurjunene, α‐aromadendrene, and β‐phellandrene. For Myrtle essential oils, 26 compounds, representing 93.13 – 98.91% of the total oil were identified. α‐Pinene, 1,8‐cineole, linalool, and myrtenyl acetate were found to be the major compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed chemical differentiation between Eucalyptus species and between Myrtle populations. Biscogniauxia mediterranea, the causative agent of charcoal canker, was identified according to its morphological and molecular characteristics. Essential oils of the investigated Eucalyptus species and Myrtle populations were tested for their antifungal capacity against this fungus. The antifungal activity varied according to the essential oil composition. Biscogniauxia mediterranea exhibited powerful resistance to some essential oils including them of Eucalyptus lehmannii and Eucalyptus sideroxylon but it was very sensitive to Eucalyptus camaldulensis oil (IC50 = 3.83 mg/ml) and M. communis oil from Zaghouan (IC50 = 1 mg/ml). This sensitivity was found to be correlated to some essential oil compounds such as p‐cymene, carvacrol, cuminaldehyde, and linalool.
The Profile and Dynamics of RNA Modifications in Animals
Authors: van Delft Pieter , Akay Alper , Huber Sabrina M. , Bueschl Christoph , Rudolph Konrad L. M. , Di Domenico Tomás , Schuhmacher Rainer , Miska Eric A. , Balasubramanian Shankar
Published: March 2017

More than a hundred distinct modified nucleosides have been identified in RNA, but little is known about their distribution across different organisms, their dynamic nature and their response to cellular and environmental stress. Mass‐spectrometry‐based methods have been at the forefront of identifying and quantifying modified nucleosides. However, they often require synthetic reference standards, which do not exist in the case of many modified nucleosides, and this therefore impedes their analysis. Here we use a metabolic labelling approach to achieve rapid generation of bio‐isotopologues of the complete Caenorhabditis elegans transcriptome and its modifications and use them as reference standards to characterise the RNA modification profile in this multicellular organism through an untargeted liquid‐chromatography tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS) approach. We furthermore show that several of these RNA modifications have a dynamic response to environmental stress and that, in particular, changes in the tRNA wobble base modification 5‐methoxycarbonylmethyl‐2‐thiouridine (mcm5s2U) lead to codon‐biased gene‐expression changes in starved animals.
Von Insekten, Chrysanthemen und Menschen
Authors: Roth Klaus , Vaupel Elisabeth
Published: March 2017

Getrocknete, pulverisierte Blütenköpfchen zweier Chrysanthemenarten (syn. Pyrethrum) enthalten Insektizide mit nahezu perfektem Toxizitätsprofil: Hochtoxisch für Insekten und nicht‐toxisch für Säugetiere. Die chemischen Strukturen dieser Pyrethrine erwiesen sich als sehr komplex und es erforderte einige Jahrzehnte intensiver Forschungsanstrengungen bis man Abkömmlinge (Pyrethroide) herstellen konnte, die einfacher zugänglich, stabiler und immer noch wirksam waren. Heute stehen eine ganze Anzahl von Pyrethroiden für verschiedene Anwendungen in unseren Häusern, Gärten und in der Agrarwirtschaft zur Verfügung. Überraschenderweise ist der Naturstoff allerdings immer noch auf dem Markt und in vielen Haushaltsprodukten unersetzlich. Wie so oft ist die Natur ein großartiger, in diesem speziellen Fall sogar ein unübertroffener Chemiker.
Trends and outcomes of infective endocarditis in patients on dialysis
Authors: Bhatia Nirmanmoh , Agrawal Sahil , Garg Aakash , Mohananey Divyanshu , Sharma Abhishek , Agarwal Manyoo , Garg Lohit , Agrawal Nikhil , Singh Amitoj , Nanda Sudip , Shirani Jamshid
Published: March 2017

Dialysis patients are at high risk for infective endocarditis (IE); however, no large contemporary data exist on this issue. We examined outcomes of 44 816 patients with IE on dialysis and 202 547 patients with IE not on dialysis from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2006 thorough 2011. Dialysis patients were younger (59 ± 15 years vs 62 ± 18 years) and more likely to be female (47% vs 40%) and African‐American (47% vs 40%; all P < 0.001). Hospitalizations for IE in the dialysis group increased from 175 to 222 per 10 000 patients (P
trend = 0.04). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism isolated in both dialysis (61%) and nondialysis (45%) groups. IE due to S aureus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.73‐1.84), non‐aureus staphylococcus (aOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.64‐1.80), and fungi (aOR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.12‐1.78) were more likely in the dialysis group, whereas infection due to gram‐negative bacteria (aOR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81‐0.89), streptococci (aOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.36‐0.39), and enterococci (aOR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.74‐0.82) were less likely (all P < 0.001). Dialysis patients had higher in‐hospital mortality (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI: 2.04‐2.21), lower likelihood of valve‐replacement surgery (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76‐0.86), and higher incidence of stroke (aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.12; all P < 0.001). We demonstrate rising incidence of IE‐related hospitalizations in dialysis patients, highlight significant differences in baseline comorbidities and microbiology of IE compared with the general population, and validate the association of long‐term dialysis with worse in‐hospital outcomes.
Variation in the use of advanced imaging at the time of breast cancer diagnosis in a statewide registry
Authors: Henry N. Lynn , Braun Thomas M. , Breslin Tara M. , Gorski David H. , Silver Samuel M. , Griggs Jennifer J.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Although national guidelines do not recommend extent of disease imaging for patients with newly diagnosed early stage breast cancer given that the harm outweighs the benefits, high rates of testing have been documented. The 2012 Choosing Wisely guidelines specifically addressed this issue. We examined the change over time in imaging use across a statewide collaborative, as well as the reasons for performing imaging and the impact on cost of care.

METHODS

Clinicopathologic data and use of advanced imaging tests (positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and bone scan) were abstracted from the medical records of patients treated at 25 participating sites in the Michigan Breast Oncology Quality Initiative (MiBOQI). For patients diagnosed in 2014 and 2015, reasons for testing were abstracted from the medical record.

RESULTS

Of the 34,078 patients diagnosed with stage 0‐II breast cancer between 2008 and 2015 in MiBOQI, 6853 (20.1%) underwent testing with at least 1 imaging modality in the 90 days after diagnosis. There was considerable variability in rates of testing across the 25 sites for all stages of disease. Between 2008 and 2015, testing decreased over time for patients with stage 0‐IIA disease (all P < .001) and remained stable for stage IIB disease (P = .10). This decrease in testing over time resulted in a cost savings, especially for patients with stage I disease.

CONCLUSION

Use of advanced imaging at the time of diagnosis decreased over time in a large statewide collaborative. Additional interventions are warranted to further reduce rates of unnecessary imaging to improve quality of care for patients with breast cancer. Cancer 2017;123:2975–83. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
The related neuronal endosomal proteins NEEP21 (Nsg1) and P19 (Nsg2) have divergent expression profiles in vivo
Authors: Barford Kelly , Yap Chan Choo , Dwyer Noelle D. , Winckler Bettina
Published: March 2017

Endosomal maturation and transport constitutes a complex trafficking system present in all cell types. Neurons have adapted their endosomal system to meet their unique and complex needs. These adaptations include repurposing existing proteins to diversify endocytosis and trafficking, as well as preferential expression of certain regulators more highly in neurons than other cell types. These neuronal regulators include the family of Neuron‐Specific Gene family members (Nsg), NEEP21 (Nsg1), and P19 (Nsg2). NEEP21/Nsg1 plays a role in the trafficking of multiple receptors, including the cell adhesion molecule L1/NgCAM, the neurotransmitter receptor GluA2, and β‐APP. Recently, we showed that NEEP2/Nsg1 and P19/Nsg2 are not expressed in all neuronal cell types in vitro. However, it is not known where and when NEEP21/Nsg1 and P19/Nsg2 are expressed in vivo, and whether both proteins are always coexpressed. Here, we show that NEEP21/Nsg1 and P19/Nsg2 are present in both overlapping and distinct cell populations in the hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum during development. NEEP21/Nsg1 and P19/Nsg2 levels are highest during embryonic development, and expression persists in the juvenile mouse brain. In particular, a subset of layer V cortical neurons retains relatively high expression of both NEEP21/Nsg1 and P19/Nsg2 at postnatal day 16 as well as in the CA1‐3 regions of the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, NEEP21/Nsg1 expression becomes largely restricted to Purkinje neurons in adulthood whereas P19/Nsg2 expression strikingly disappears from the cerebellum with age. This divergent and restricted expression likely reflects differential needs for this class of trafficking regulators in different neurons during different stages of maturation.
Glucose‐Triggered Insulin Release from Fe3+‐Cross‐linked Alginate Hydrogel: Experimental Study and Theoretical Modeling
Authors: Scheja Sabrina , Domanskyi Sergii , Gamella Maria , Wormwood Kelly L. , Darie Costel C. , Poghossian Arshak , Schöning Michael J. , Melman Artem , Privman Vladimir , Katz Evgeny
Published: March 2017

We study the mechanisms involved in the release, triggered by the application of glucose, of insulin entrapped in Fe3+‐cross‐linked alginate hydrogel particles further stabilized with a polyelectrolyte. Platelet‐shaped alginate particles are synthesized containing enzyme glucose oxidase conjugated with silica nanoparticles, which are also entrapped in the hydrogel. Glucose diffuses in from solution, and production of hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by the enzyme within the hydrogel. We argue that, specifically for the Fe3+‐cross‐linked systems, the produced hydrogen peroxide is further converted to free radicals via a Fenton‐type reaction catalyzed by the iron cations. The activity of free radicals, as well as the reduction of Fe3+by the enzyme, and other mechanisms contribute to the decrease in density of the hydrogel. As a result, while the particles remain intact, void sizes increase and release of insulin ensues and is followed experimentally. A theoretical description of the involved processes is proposed and utilized to fit the data. It is then used to study the long‐time properties of the release process that offers a model for designing new drug‐release systems.
Functioning of Circuits Connecting Thalamus and Cortex
Authors: Sherman S. Murray
Published: March 2017

Glutamatergic pathways in thalamus and cortex are divided into two distinct classes: driver, which carries the main information between cells, and modulator, which modifies how driver inputs function. Identifying driver inputs helps to reveal functional computational circuits, and one set of such circuits identified by this approach are cortico‐thalamo‐cortical (or transthalamic corticocortical) circuits. This, in turn, leads to the conclusion that there are two types of thalamic relay: first order nuclei (such as the lateral geniculate nucleus) that relay driver input from a subcortical source (i.e., retina), and higher order nuclei (such as the pulvinar) which are involved in these transthalamic pathways by relaying driver input from layer 5 of one cortical area to another. This thalamic division is also seen in other sensory pathways and beyond these so that most of thalamus by volume consists of higher‐order relays. Many, and perhaps all, direct driver connections between cortical areas are paralleled by an indirect cortico‐thalamo‐cortical (transthalamic) driver route involving higher order thalamic relays. Such thalamic relays represent a heretofore unappreciated role in cortical functioning, and this assessment challenges and extends conventional views regarding both the role of thalamus and mechanisms of corticocortical communication. Finally, many and perhaps the vast majority of driver inputs relayed through thalamus arrive via branching axons, with extrathalamic targets often being subcortical motor centers. This raises the possibility that inputs relayed by thalamus to cortex also serve as efference copies, and this may represent an important feature of information relayed up the cortical hierarchy via transthalamic circuits. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol7:713‐739, 2017.
Prevalence of eating disorders and picking/nibbling in elderly women
Authors: Conceição Eva M. , Gomes Fabiana V. S. , Vaz Ana R. , Pinto‐Bastos Ana , Machado Paulo P. P.
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the point prevalence of eating disorders and picking/nibbling in elderly women.

Methods

This was a two‐stage epidemiological study that assessed 342 women aged 65–94 years old. In Stage 1, the following screening measures were used to identify possible cases: the Mini‐Mental State Examination, to screen and exclude patients with cognitive impairment; Weight Concerns Scale; SCOFF (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) Questionnaire; Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire—dietary restraint subscale; and three questions to screen for picking/nibbling and night eating syndrome. Women selected for Stage 2 (n = 118) were interviewed using the diagnostic items of the Eating Disorder Examination.

Results

According to the DSM‐5, the prevalence of all eating disorders was 3.25% (1.83–5.7, 95% C.I.). Prevalence of binge‐eating disorder was 1.68% (0.82–3.82, 95% C.I.), of other specified feeding or eating disorders was 1.48% (0.63–3.42, 95% C.I.), and of bulimia nervosa 0.3% (.05–1.7, 95% C.I.)]. Binge‐eating episodes were reported by 5.62% of women. No cases of anorexia nervosa or night eating syndrome were identified. The prevalence of picking/nibbling was 18.9%. Picking/nibbling was associated with increased body mass index (t(322) = −3.28, p < .001) and binge‐eating episodes (χ2(1) = 5.65, p < .017).

Discussion

Prevalence rates of eating disorders on elderly Portuguese women were comparable to those found on young women. Our data support the literature that suggests that binge‐eating disorder is particularly prevalent in older adults. Picking/nibbling was the most prevalent eating behavior and we provide further evidence for its association with weight and disordered eating.
Predicting aquatic invasion in Adirondack lakes: a spatial analysis of lake and landscape characteristics
Authors: Shaker Richard R. , Yakubov Artur D. , Nick Stephanie M. , Vennie‐Vollrath Erin , Ehlinger Timothy J. , Wayne Forsythe K.
Published: March 2017

Invasive species continue to pose major challenges for managing coupled human–environmental systems. Predictive tools are essential to maximize invasion monitoring and conservation efforts in regions reliant on abundant freshwater resources to sustain economic welfare, social equity, and ecological services. Past studies have revealed biotic and abiotic heterogeneity, along with human activity, can account for much of the spatial variability of aquatic invaders; however, improvements remain. This study was created to (1) examine the distribution of aquatic invasive species richness (AISR) across 126 lakes in the Adirondack Region of New York; (2) develop and compare global and local models between lake and landscape characteristics and AISR; and (3) use geographically weighted regression (GWR) to evaluate non‐stationarity of local relationships, and assess its use for prioritizing lakes at risk to invasion. The evaluation index, AISR, was calculated by summing the following potential aquatic invaders for each lake: Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea), Brittle Naiad (Najas minor), Curly‐leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus), Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), European Frog‐bit (Hydrocharis morsus‐ranae), Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana), Spiny Waterflea (Bythotrephes longimanus), Variable‐leaf Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum), Water Chestnut (Trapa natans), Yellow Floating Heart (Nymphoides peltata), and Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). The Getis‐Ord Gi* statistic displayed significant spatial hot and cold spots of AISR across Adirondack lakes. Spearman's rank (ρ) correlation coefficient test (rs) revealed urban land cover composition, lake elevation, relative patch richness, and abundance of game fish were the strongest predictors of aquatic invasion. Five multiple regression global Poisson and GWR models were made, with GWR fitting AISR very well (R2 = 76–83%). Local pseudo‐t‐statistics of key explanatory variables were mapped and related to AISR, confirming the importance of GWR for understanding spatial relationships of invasion. The top 20 lakes at risk to future invasion were identified and ranked by summing the five GWR predictive estimates. The results inform that inexpensive and publicly accessible lake and landscape data, typically available from digital repositories within local environmental agencies, can be used to develop predictions of aquatic invasion with remarkable agreement. Ultimately, this transferable modeling approach can improve monitoring and management strategies for slowing the spread of invading species.
An applied framework to assess exploitation and guide management of coral‐reef fisheries
Authors: Houk Peter , Tilfas Ronny , Luckymis Marston , Nedlic Osamu , Ned Bruno , Cuetos‐Bueno Javier , McLean Matthew
Published: March 2017

Coral‐reef fisheries pose a problem for traditional forms of management because stock assessments and demographic data are limited in diverse systems. We used catch records coupled with fisher interviews to derive hierarchical indicators of fishery status by (1) characterizing catch‐and‐effort trends with respect to environmental factors, (2) assessing the degree to which biomass‐and‐abundance distributions were coupled across trophic levels, and (3) identifying key characteristics of species‐based landings that were sensitive to fishing pressure and linked with management guidance. Using data across one year from a representative Pacific Island fishery, we show that catch and effort were constrained by environments, as both were disproportionally highest during favorable new moon phases in spring, but more effort was required to catch fewer fish later in the year, and the size of target species declined. The magnitude of constrained catch success provided an initial indication of status that could be compared spatially and temporally. Second, biomass‐and‐abundance distributions were examined within dominant fish families. Large‐bodied species contributed most to biomass in low trophic positions, but small‐bodied counterparts were more abundant, following expected observations from systems with less human influence. However, biomass‐and‐abundance distributions became coupled for invertivores and predators, as small species and individuals were most represented. The shape and fit of regressions between asymptotic lengths and proportional landings identified drivers of coupled distributions. Polynomial fits highlighted that smaller‐bodied species were main components of the fishery, while linear fits suggested that larger‐bodied species were still dominant, and tolerant of current fishing pressure. Last, two indicators were used to identify management objectives for target fishes, skewness of size distributions and proportional contributions to landings. Significantly skewed size distributions existed for most target fishes, suggesting high density dependence and recruitment, and the potential for size‐based polices to achieve desirable fishery objectives. Meanwhile, the diminished and constrained contribution of many large species indicated their vulnerability despite non‐significant shifts in size. Catch quotas, gear limitations, or temporary restrictions may be more appropriate for sustaining these species. A framework is synthesized to interact with stakeholders and consider holistic management approaches for multispecies coral‐reef fisheries.
Comparison of fatty acid profiles of dried and raw by‐products from cultured and wild fishes
Authors: Rincón‐Cervera Miguel Ángel , Villarreal‐Rubio María Beatriz , Valenzuela Rodrigo , Valenzuela Alfonso
Published: March 2017

Fish by‐products may become alternative sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, due to the high enzymatic activity in these biological tissues, special care must be taken to prevent lipid oxidation and hydrolysis. In this work, several by‐products from Chilean fishes (farmed salmon and wild red cusk‐eel and yellowtail kingfish) were dried at 105°C for 3 h to remove water and inactivate enzymes. The effect of temperature on EPA and DHA levels was assessed by comparing fatty acid profiles of raw and dried by‐products. Drying at 105°C for 3 h was considered an adequate process to obtain dried powders from fish by‐products with appreciable amounts of EPA and DHA, even though EPA and DHA values showed a certain decrease after drying. Several methodologies involving food‐grade solvents were checked to evaluate their suitability for lipid extraction from dried by‐products, being Soxhlet extraction with n‐hexane identified as the most suitable process in terms of extraction yield and EPA/DHA values. Cholesterol amount was also studied, being the highest and lowest amounts found in liver and viscera from farmed salmon, respectively.

Practical applications: In fish processing plants, raw by‐products are collected after fish evisceration, and they can be transported to oil extraction facilities, although their lipids may be easily degraded unless special precautions are taken to preserve such biomass. Raw fish by‐products must be subjected to water removal and enzyme inactivation to prevent lipid degradation and hydrolysis, and it is desirable that such actions are carried out in the processing plants themselves to ensure the maximum oil quality. Drying at 105°C for a short time (3 h) was assayed in this work because of its simplicity, low cost, scalability, and feasibility to be installed in fish processing plants. Soxhlet procedure with n‐hexane is effective to extract lipids containing EPA and DHA from dried by‐products for nutritional or nutraceutical purposes. Because of water removal, lipid extraction efficiency from dried by‐products is enhanced and less solvent is needed, which is economically and environmentally desirable.

Raw by‐products from cultured and wild fishes are dried at 105°C for 3 h and fatty acid profiles are compared between raw and dried by‐products to assess the potential decreasing effect of temperature on the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA. Different lipid extractions using solvents are also compared to check their influence on fatty acid profiles. Additionally, cholesterol amount is quantified in the lipid fraction extracted from dried fish by‐products.
International regulatory requirements for genotoxicity testing for pharmaceuticals used in human medicine, and their impurities and metabolites
Authors: Galloway Sheila M.
Published: March 2017

The process of developing international (ICH) guidelines is described, and the main guidelines reviewed are the ICH S2(R1) guideline that includes the genotoxicity test battery for human pharmaceuticals, and the ICH M7 guideline for assessing and limiting potentially mutagenic impurities and degradation products in drugs. Key aspects of the guidelines are reviewed in the context of drug development, for example the incorporation of genotoxicity assessment into non‐clinical toxicity studies, and ways to develop and assess weight of evidence. In both guidelines, the existence of “thresholds” or non‐linear dose responses for genotoxicity plays a part in the strategies. Differences in ICH S2(R1) protocol recommendations from OECD guidelines are highlighted and rationales explained. The use of genotoxicity data during clinical development and in assessment of carcinogenic potential is also described. There are no international guidelines on assessment of potentially genotoxic metabolites, but some approaches to safety assessment are discussed for these. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:296–324, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiscale Reactor Network Simulation of an Entrained Flow Biomass Gasifier: Model Description and Validation
Authors: Andersson Jim , Umeki Kentaro , Furusjö Erik , Kirtania Kawnish , Weiland Fredrik
Published: March 2017

This paper describes the development of a multiscale equivalent reactor network model for pressurized entrained flow biomass gasification to quantify the effect of operational parameters on the gasification process, including carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency, and syngas methane content. The model, implemented in the commercial software Aspen Plus, includes chemical kinetics as well as heat and mass transfer. Characteristic aspects of the model are the multiscale effect caused by the combination of transport phenomena at particle scale during heating, pyrolysis, and char burnout, as well as the effect of macroscopic gas flow, including gas recirculation. A validation using experimental data from a pilot‐scale process shows that the model can provide accurate estimations of carbon conversion, concentrations of main syngas components, and cold gas efficiency over a wide range of oxygen‐to‐biomass ratios and reactor loads. The syngas methane content was most difficult to estimate accurately owing to the unavailability of accurate kinetic parameters for steam methane reforming.
Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, China, 1986–2013
Authors: Du Heqiang , Wang Tao , Xue Xian
Published: March 2017

Climate and land‐use changes could strongly affect wind erosion and in turn cause a series of environmental problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess potential wind erosion rate (PWER) response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River (NIMRYR), China. The watershed of NIMRYR suffers from serious wind erosion hazards, and over recent decades, wind erosion intensity and distribution has changed, following climate and land‐use changes. To understand these processes in the NIMRYR watershed, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modelling System (IWEMS) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) were used to calculate the PWER under different climate conditions and land‐use scenarios, and to assess the influences of climate and land‐use changes on the PWER. The results show the PWER in the whole watershed had a significant declining trend from 1986 to 2013. The results of the relationship among PWER, climate change, and land‐use changes showed that climate change was the dominant control on the PWER change in this watershed. Compared to the period 1986–1995, the average PWER decreased 23.32% and 64.98% as a result of climate change in the periods 1996–2005 and 2006–2013, respectively. In contrast with climate change, the effects of land‐use changes on the average PWER were much lower, and represented a change in PWER of less than 3.3% across the whole watershed. The study method we used could provide some valuable reference for wind erosion modelling, and the research results should help climate and land‐use researchers to develop strategies to reduce wind erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate‐invariant area–slope relations in channel heads initiated by surface runoff
Authors: Garrett Krista K. , Wohl Ellen E.
Published: March 2017

We use a dataset of 38 field‐mapped channel heads from a semi‐arid environment in western Colorado to examine relationships between contributing drainage area (A) and local hillslope gradient (θ) in relation to dominant process of initiation (surface runoff versus subsurface flow). Channel heads resulting primarily from subsurface flow have significantly greater values of A, longer basin lengths, and shallower local gradients than channel heads resulting primarily from surface runoff. We also compare the data from western Colorado to six analogous datasets from more humid regions in other portions of the United States and in southeast Australia. Comparison of the confidence intervals for the exponent values of A–θ regression lines reveals that the confidence intervals for the exponent of western Colorado channel heads with both surface and subsurface flow overlap with the confidence intervals for the exponent of all other datasets. This suggests that A–θ relationships do not differ significantly between diverse geographic locations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and forecasting realized volatility in German–Austrian continuous intraday electricity prices
Authors: Ciarreta Aitor , Muniain Peru , Zarraga Ainhoa
Published: March 2017

This paper uses high‐frequency continuous intraday electricity price data from the EPEX market to estimate and forecast realized volatility. Three different jump tests are used to break down the variation into jump and continuous components using quadratic variation theory. Several heterogeneous autoregressive models are then estimated for the logarithmic and standard deviation transformations. Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) structures are included in the error terms of the models when evidence of conditional heteroskedasticity is found. Model selection is based on various out‐of‐sample criteria. Results show that decomposition of realized volatility is important for forecasting and that the decision whether to include GARCH‐type innovations might depend on the transformation selected. Finally, results are sensitive to the jump test used in the case of the standard deviation transformation.
Functional neuroanatomical associations of working memory in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kobylecki Christopher , Haense Cathleen , Harris Jennifer M. , Stopford Cheryl L. , Segobin Shailendra H. , Jones Matthew , Richardson Anna M.T. , Gerhard Alexander , Anton‐Rodriguez José , Thompson Jennifer C. , Herholz Karl , Snowden Julie S.
Published: March 2017

Objective

To characterize metabolic correlates of working memory impairment in clinically defined subtypes of early‐onset Alzheimer's disease.

Background

Established models of working memory suggest a key role for frontal lobe function, yet the association in Alzheimer's disease between working memory impairment and visuospatial and language symptoms suggests that temporoparietal neocortical dysfunction may be responsible.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients with predominantly early‐onset Alzheimer's disease were clinically classified into groups with predominantly amnestic, multidomain or visual deficits. Patients underwent neuropsychological evaluation focused on the domains of episodic and working memory, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging and brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography data were analysed by using a region‐of‐interest approach.

Results

Patients with multidomain and visual presentations performed more poorly on tests of working memory compared with amnestic Alzheimer's disease. Working memory performance correlated with glucose metabolism in left‐sided temporoparietal, but not frontal neocortex. Carriers of the apolipoprotein E4 gene showed poorer episodic memory and better working memory performance compared with noncarriers.

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis that working memory changes in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease are related to temporoparietal rather than frontal hypometabolism and show dissociation from episodic memory performance. They further support the concept of subtypes of Alzheimer's disease with distinct cognitive profiles due to prominent neocortical dysfunction early in the disease course. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facts, values, and journalism
Authors: Gilbert Susan
Published: March 2017

At a time of fake news, hacks, leaks, and unverified reports, many people are unsure whom to believe. How can we communicate in ways that make individuals question their assumptions and learn? My colleagues at The Hastings Center and many journalists and scientists are grappling with this question and have, independently, reached the same first step: recognize that facts can't be fully understood without probing their connection to values. “Explaining the basics is important, of course, but we also need to diversify our approach to the coverage of science—particularly as it intersects with the matrix of cultural, religious, social, and political values of our readers,” said an article in Undark, an online magazine of science journalism. An editorial in Nature called for scientists to engage directly with citizens in debates over climate change and genome editing, noting that “the ethical issues can be critically dependent on the science, for example, in understanding where the boundaries between non‐heritable and heritable genome modifications might be.”

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Space for the Prisoner's Point of View
Authors: Haupt Laura
Published: March 2017

The lead article in this issue discusses a potentially free metaphorical space—that of decision‐making—within the confines, tangible and intangible, of life in jail or prison. By interviewing prisoner‐participants from six clinical studies, Paul Christopher and colleagues sought to find out how these men and women would answer open‐ended questions about their decision to enroll in the research. What the interviewers heard was that none saw themselves as having been inappropriately pressured to do so. In fact, a significant percentage of the prisoners described being dissuaded from participating in the studies. The authors therefore advise that unfair exploitation poses the more relevant research risk to contemporary prisoners in the United States than does coercion, and they encourage investigations into whether prisoners are unfairly restricted or discouraged from joining clinical studies.

Although Keramet Reiter makes no reference to etymology in her commentary responding to the article, her argument suggests that the roots of “coerce”—the Latin for “shut up” or “enclose”—remain relevant. Reiter argues that, under current conditions, the people shut up in prisons in the United States cannot make an unfettered choice to join a clinical trial.
Enrolling in Clinical Research While Incarcerated: What Influences Participants’ Decisions?
Authors: Christopher Paul P. , Garcia‐Sampson Lorena G. , Stein Michael , Johnson Jennifer , Rich Josiah , Lidz Charles
Published: March 2017

As a 2006 Institute of Medicine report highlights, surprisingly little empirical attention has been paid to how prisoners arrive at decisions to participate in modern research. With our study, we aimed to fill this gap by identifying a more comprehensive range of factors as reported by prisoners themselves during semistructured interviews. Our participants described a diverse range of motives, both favoring and opposing their eventual decision to join. Many are well‐recognized considerations among nonincarcerated clinical research participants, including a desire for various forms of personal benefit, altruism, and concern about study risks and inconveniences. However, a number of influences seem unique to prisoners. Participants did not report that they were not coerced into enrolling, and they have even been under pressure not to enroll. However, many sought to enroll in order to obtain access to better health care, raising a concern about whether they were unfairly exploited.
Toward an Ethically Sensitive Implementation of Noninvasive Prenatal Screening in the Global Context
Authors: Mozersky Jessica , Ravitsky Vardit , Rapp Rayna , Michie Marsha , Chandrasekharan Subhashini , Allyse Megan
Published: March 2017

Noninvasive prenatal screening using cell‐free DNA, which analyzes placental DNA circulating in maternal blood to provide information about fetal chromosomal disorders early in pregnancy and without risk to the fetus, has been hailed as a potential “paradigm shift” in prenatal genetic screening. Commercial provision of cell‐free DNA screening has contributed to a rapid expansion of the tests included in the screening panels. The tests can include screening for sex chromosome anomalies, rare subchromosomal microdeletions and aneuploidies, and most recently, the entire fetal genome.

The benefits of this screening tool are generally framed, by both providers and commercial laboratories, as enhancing reproductive autonomy and choice by providing an earlier, simpler, and more accurate screening while potentially reducing the need for invasive follow‐up testing. The majority of the literature has explored these issues empirically or conceptually from a European or North American vantage point, one that assumes normative priorities such as individual reproductive autonomy and the clinical availability of maternal health care or prenatal screening programs within which cell‐free DNA screening is offered. While its implementation has raised both challenges and opportunities, very little is known about real‐world experiences and the implications of the rapid introduction of cell‐free DNA screening outside of North America and Europe, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. To begin addressing this gap in knowledge, we organized a four‐day international workshop to explore the ethical, legal, social, economic, clinical, and practical implications of the global expansion of cell‐free DNA screening. We describe eight key insights that arose from the workshop.