bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microcyclus ulei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microcyclus ulei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Restricted to
Hevea
spp. Recorded on:
H. brasiliensis
(Para rubber tree),
H. benthamiana, H. guianensis
and
H. spruceana
. DISEASE: South American leaf blight of Para rubber. Greyish, powdery conidial lesions on the leaves followed by the stromatic stage 3-6 weeks later. Infection of very young leaves, up to 6-10 days old, leads to leaf fall, branch dieback and death of well grown trees. Symptoms typically on leaves but also on green stems, petioles, inflorescence, flowers and young fruit. One of the most destructive diseases of rubber and a factor limiting the development of a natural rubber industry in America. It prevented attempts to establish the crop in America in the 1930's and 1940's (35: 716). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to tropical South and Central America, including the Sao Paulo area of Brazil and Trinidad (CMI Map 27, ed. 4, 1967). Endemic on wild species of
Hevea
in the Amazon valley, Guiana, Madre de Dios and Matto Grosso regions of South America. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne conidia which have a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon maximum and minima at night and early morning. Conidia can be spread on the surface of water droplets. Ascospores presumably also air-borne but their role in the epidemiology is unknown (46, 1089f; 48, 270e).
Monilia roreri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Monilia roreri
[Moniliophthora roreri]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Theobroma cacao
and also reported on
T. gileri, T. bicolor
and
Herrania ballaensis
(13: 360). DISEASES: Watery pod rot of cacao dusing destruction of the fruit. Heavy losses (up to 65% of total crop) have been reported from South America, especially Colombia and Ecuador (15: 561; 24: 272; 30: 145; 33: 593). As the fruit approaches maturity necrotic streaks appear internally and the mucilage and seed tissue become watery. The fruit ripens prematurely, becoming at first blotchy in colour and then necrotic. Sporulation then begins on the outer surface forming a pulverulent mass, sometimes over most of the surface. This is at first white with a darker centre, then becomes creamy and almost brown. If the fruit is cut across, conidia will form on the infected cut surface within a few hours. The vegetative parts of the tree are not attacked GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to parts of the north west of South America and Panama (CMI Map 13, ed. 2, 1952; 36: 178). Possibly endemic on wild
Theobroma gileri
in the forests of N.W. Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-dispersed conidia (35: 359); infection through damage by insects has been suggested (37: 221). No sexual state is known.
Phomopsis obscurans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis obscurans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Fragaria chiloensis, Fragaria chiloensis
var.
ananassa, F. vesca, F. virginiana
. DISEASE: Leaf blight of strawberry. Forming reddish-purple, almost circular lesions on older leaves and calyces which become elliptical or V-shaped when formed along veins, with the central portion drying out and turning brown. Delayed development of symptoms may lead to difficulties in distinguishing lesions in the field from those of leaf spot (
Mycosphaerella fragariae
(Tul.) Lind.) and leaf scorch (
Diplocarpon earliana
(Ellis & Everh.) Wolf). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Mauritius, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Zambia); Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, U.S.S.R.); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Tonga); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen overwinters as viable pycnidia in lesions on the old leaves which remain attached to the plant. Primary infection may occur early in the season by rain-splashed conidia.
Pseudomonas oryzicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas oryzicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
. Khu (43, 1019) reports that it also attacks more than 30 other species of wild and cultivated
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Bacterial browning, brown spot, or brusone of rice. Greyish-green diffuse areas appear on the sheaths of the panicle; they turn brown, then reddish-brown, black and finally dry up and die. Panicles become infected as they emerge, while stems, seeds and, exceptionally, the leaves may be infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Hungary, E. and N.E. China (43, 736), and Japan (44, 2139; the name in the penultimate line of this abstract should be
P. oryzicola
). TRANSMISSION: No detailed information. Klement states that wet, windy weather favours spread, suggesting transmission in rain splashes.
Alternaria cucumerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria cucumerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cucumber and melon (watermelon, musk melon, cantaloupe). Symptoms begin as yellow-brown flecks, 0.5 mm diam., on the upper surface of usually the crown leaves. They have a light green halo and gradually enlarge, becoming coalescent, with concentric ringing more commonly on the upper surface. Death of the leaves can be followed by lesions, several cm diam., forming on ripe fruit. These become covered with a dark, olive-green, conidial mass; they may be sunken and also show the concentric zonation. Infection of fruit in the field may be aggravated by exposure to sunlight (10: 431). Infection of stems or petioles does not occur. The pathogen can also cause decay in transit and storage, especially of melons and squash. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Arabia, Australia, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, England, France, Japan, Kenya, Libya, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Rumania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Thailand, Trinidad, U.S.A., Venezuela, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Seed may become contaminated with conidia. Survival from season to season is probably through mycelium in host debris. No air dispersal studies have been reported.
Erysiphe cruciferarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Purnell T. J. , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erysiphe cruciferarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chiefly on members of the
Cruciferae
but also reported on
Papaveraceae
(Junell, 1961). DISEASE: Powdery mildew of swedes and tumips. The first signs of mildew consist of small patches of a thin white mycelium arising at various places on the leaf, often appearing first on the under surface. These soon merge forming larger areas of mycelium. The leaves of the swede,
B. napus
, may support heavy mildew growth for many weeks before they become chlorotic and die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia. The method of ovewintering is uncertain but myelium may be able to survive on winter
Brassica
spp. in the form of 'subinfections' (Searle, 1919).
Microsphaera grossulariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microsphaera grossulariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ribes grossularia
. Also on
R. americanum, R. alpinum, R. atropurpureum, R. cercum, R. nigrum, R. purpureum, R. rotundifolium, R. rubrum, R. sanguineum, Sambucus canadensis, S. racemosa
and
S. racemosa
var.
pubescens
. DISEASE: European gooseberry mildew. GEOGRAPHICAL DIStRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovacia, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Jugoslavia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and U.S.S.R); Asia (Japan); Australasia (New Zealand); America.
Myrothecium roridum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Fitton M. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Myrothecium roridum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous. On
Antirrhinum, Coffea, Cucurbitaceae, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Gardenia, Gloxinia, Gossypium, Hibiscus esculentus, Hypocyrta, Lycopersicon esculentum, Molucella, Sesamum indicum, Solanum melongena, Trifolium pratense, Vigna unguiculata, Vinca, Viola
. DISEASE: Commonly causing necrotic lesions or shot holes on leaves but can also occur on petioles, stems and fruit. Small, sometimes water-soaked, lesions increase to about 2.5 cm diam. ; they may be zonate and coalesce, defoliating the plant. On many hosts infection is most serious under nursery or glasshouse contitions. Infection leads to stem lesions, dieback of the crown and decay at soil level; this may resemble typical damping-off symptoms. Stem cankers have been reported on cotton and sunken lesions on the fruit of cantaloupe. On tomato fruit a firm, black rot develops, with a sharply delimited border between healthy and diseased tissue; the rotted part can be removed readily in one piece (25: 345; 35: 19; 36: 528; 41: 199; 44: 1586, 3367; 49: 503). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 458, ed. 1, 1969); possibly more serious in warmer regions. TRANSMISSION: Probably a common soil saprophyte, with the capacity to become actively parasitic under conditions not yet clearly definable. Infection of cotton bolls and carpel walls is reported (43, 3382b). Seed of
C. psoraloides
when inoculated gave only 16% germination compared with 93% for the uninoculated seed.
Verticillium theobromae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium theobromae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Musa
; less frequently on
Bambusa, Heliconia bihai
and
H. brasiliensis
. DISEASE: 'Cigar end' of banana. On fruit
in situ
, necrosis begins at the pistillate end, the skin becoming folded and shrunk; the dead floral parts tend to become persistent. The powdery, greyish conidia form on the shrivelled black end of the fruit giving rise to the appearance from which the disease gets its name (11: 312). The fungus is also one of the members of a pathogenic complex which cause a rot of the crowns in the shipment of boxed bananas (42: 622; 45, 160, 2482). The internal rot on the fruit in the field is a dry one in contrast to the wet rot of
Trachysphaera fructigena
(CMI Descript. 229).
Verticillium theobromae
may also be associated with black pitting and spotting of the fruit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics (CMI Map 146, ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported, presumably air-dispersed. The fungus is a common inhabitant on plant debris in banana fields.
Verticillium tricorpus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium tricorpus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
. Also reported on
Antirrhinum
. DISEASE: Wilt of tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, especially in the south; India TRANSMISSION: Little appreciable spread by root contact between infected plants (Isaac, 1953).
Puccinia antirrhini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia antirrhini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Antirrhinum majus, Antirrhinum
spp. and
Cordylanthus
spp. DISEASE: Rust of antirrhinum. On leaves, calyces and capsules, destroying ovaries, reducing seed production and often killing the host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Canary Islands, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, United Arab Republic; Asia (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, U.S.S.R.), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Faroe Islands, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Rep. of Ireland, Italy, Madeira, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia), North America (Bermuda, Canada, U.S.A.); Central America (Guatemala). (CMI Map 40, ed. 4, 1965.) TRANSMISSION: Probably seed-borne (Noble & Richardson, 1968) but this remains to be definitely established. Earwigs (
Forficula auricularid
) prefer to eat rust pustules of
Antirrhinum
rather than healthy host material but spores in the faeces are non-viable (43, 2624).
Septoria passerinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria passerinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Hordeum brachyantherum, Hordeum distichon, Hordeum jubatum, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum vulgare, Hystrix patula, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, L. temulentum, Poa pratensis
and
Sitanion hystrix
. DISEASE: Speckled leaf blotch of barley. Forming linear lesions with indefinite margins on leaves with very small, dark brown pycnidia embedded in tissues developing on straw-coloured blotches and causing defoliation, low yields and formation of light kernels. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Libya); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Rumania, Spain, U.K.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen overwinters as mycelium or as pycnidia in crop residues, producing macrospores and microspores the following summer. High humidity (>93% R.H.) is required for the release of spores which are formed abundantly on infected material after rain. Spores may be spread by insects or splashing raindrops (44, 1528; 46, 106; 40: 530). Dissemination of the pathogen on barley straw residues has also been attributed to the use of combine harvester-threshers in Western Canada (35: 418) and to high winds in Minnesota, U.S.A. (40: 530).
Ustilago avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Arrhenatherum, Avena, Hordeum
. Also on
Trisetum flavescens
on inoculation (44, 3328). DISEASE: Loose smut of oats, tall oat grass and barley. Characterized by abortion of the panicles which remain stunted, erect, compact, with the transformation of the ovary and glumes into a dark greenish-brown powdery spore mass. Seedlings may show necrotic lesions developing on the coleoptile and first leaf and may die at an early stage (15: 346). Lesions may also develop on the blade of the flag leaf producing spore masses (15: 358). Symptoms vary according to the pathogenic race and host cv. Sterile white spikelets known as 'blast' have been experimentally produced in glasshouse inoculations under low light intensity (45, 1362). Abnormally dwarfed oats have been induced by inoculation with the F1 generation of a smut hybrid
U. avenae
×
U. hordei
(45, 428). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide (CMI Map 238, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne spores from smutted panicles which emerge shortly before healthy panicles begin to flower. Spores lodge within and on open flower parts which serve as infection courts. Max. dispersal occurs when there is an increase in wind accompanying rain (47, 143). Seedborne spores lodged between the caryopsis and the glumes (37: 717; 17: 309; 15: 790) and resting mycelium produced from spores which germinate at anthmis in the outer part of the seed enable the pathogen to over-winter and develop in seedlings in the following spring (12: 431; 19: 83).
Uredo ficina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uredo ficina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ficus
spp., including
Ficus aurea, Ficus brevifolia, Ficus ibapohy, Ficus involuta, Ficus laevigata, padifolia
,
Ficus radula
; some of which yield edible fruit or useful timber. Apparently not recorded on
Ficus carica
(fig). DISEASE: Rust of
Ficus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: America (Brazil, Guatemala, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, USA (Florida and Mich.)).
Puccinia cynodontis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia cynodontis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of
Plantago
. Uredial and telial stages on species of
Cynodon
, particularly
C. dactylon
. DISEASE: Leaf rust of Bermuda grass (
Cynodon dactylon
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia and Zambia. Americas: Argentina, Barbados, Bermuda, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rieo, Salvador, Trinidad, USA (South) and Venezuela. Asia: Cambodia, Ceylon, China, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and USSR. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Papua & New Guinea. Europe: Cyprus, France, Malta and Rumania. TRANSMISSION: No studies appear to have been reported. Since the aecial stage has not been found in USA the urediospores presumably survive during the dormant periods of the tdial host.
Gloeocercospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gloeocercospora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
; besides the main host it has been reported from
Agrostis canina
(bent grass),
Agrostis palustris, Agrostis tenuis, Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum glaucum, Pennisetum purpureum, Pennisetum typhoides, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum halapensis, Sorghum sudanense, Vetiveria zizanioides, Zea mays
. DISEASE: Zonate leaf spot was first reported from
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
in 1943 from Louisiana; on turf grasses it is known as copper spot. On sorghum the initial lesions are red-brown, water-soaked and sometimes with a narrow, pale green halo. The lesions enlarge, become dark-red (on some vars. dark brown) and elongate parallel to the veins. Possibly by coalescence, semi-circular, irregular lesions (several cm diam.) are formed. Smaller spots have a light brown centre surrounded by a reddish border, but larger ones may have alternate light and dark zones, and the whole leaf can be covered. Often younger, red lesions are so numerous as to form red blotches. The pinkish, gelatinous, conidial fructifications (over the stomata) are easily visible. Spherical sclerotia (0.1-0.2 mm diam.) form within the tissue, in a somewhat linear fashion. On bent grass small, irregular, copper tinted spots become coalescent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical Africa, also in south west USA, parts of C. & S. America, India, Japan and N.E. Australia, (CMI Map 339, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne in crop residue and also seed-borne (29: 556). Infected seed may have caused an outbreak in Venezuela (29: 97).
Khuskia oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Khuskia oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, especially on monocotyledons and particularly on
Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays
and
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Causes cob and stalk rot of maize (11: 711; 12: 20; 13: 299, 571; 43, 3205; 44, 2123) and on sorghum as stem and grain infection (43, 727); it is common on banana debris in the western hemisphere and can cause discolouration in rice irain. On maize, symptoms develop towards maturity mostly on the shanks, husks and ears but also on the stems and stalks, where blackish, shallow lesions can occur. Ears may snap off at harvest; the cob becomes shredded and rotten through disintegration of the parenchyma, sparse mycelium and sporulation develop in the furrows between kernels and on the seed itself. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, principally as a member of the saprophytic flora on plant debris in warmer areas. TRANSMISSION: Infection of seed reduces its quality rather than causing the fungus to be really seed-borne. A diurnal periodicity has been reported for
Nigrospora sphaerica
and K.
oryzae
, with a peak at 0800-1000 hr, in the tropics (35: 383; 41: 242). Violent spore discharge, a rare phenomenon in the hyphomycetes, has been described for
N
.
sphaerica
(31: 56).
Elsinoe canavaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Elsinoe canavaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Canavalia gladiata
and
C. ensiformis
. DISEASE: Scab of sword and jack beans. Leaf lesions circular or oblong, light brown, darker at the margin, up to 2 cm long and 6 mm wide, forming shot-holes. Stem lesions numerous, circular elliptical or occasionally elongated up to 2 cm long, cinnamon brown and enveloping half the shoot circumference. The larger pod lesions, up to 3 mm diam., are circular, generally flat but sometimes raised or depressed. Galls occur due to an increase in size and number of cells of the spongy parenchyma. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: After the original description, based on Indonesian material from Java,
E. canavaliae
has only been reported from Ceylon, Philippines, Singapore, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On French, runner and broad beans,
Phaseolus aborigineus, P. acutifolius, P. aurecus, P. lunatus
var.
macrocarpus, P. mungo, P. radiatus
, cowpea,
Dolichos biflorus, Lablab niger
and occasionally on other
Leguminosae
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod anthracnose. Lesions on stems and pods more clearly defined than those on leaves, grey or brown, slightly sunken with raised dark brown or reddish edge, frequently bearing conspicuous light salmon pink spore masses. All vegetative parts, except pulvini, are susceptible during early stages of development; invasion of the tap root of a young plant can lead to death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed, present in almost all areas where beans are grown (I.M.I. Map 177, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Overwinters in seed and on buried infected crop residues. Survives for at least 2 yr on seed (32: 114) and is capable of withstanding temperatures of-15°C to -20°C for a limited period (6: 322). Dispersal within the crop by water, air currents and contact; no extensive growth in soil has been reported.
Colletotrichum capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, Aristolochia, Cicer
, cotton, Eggplant, jute, tomato, turmeric and many others from a wide range of families. DISEASE: Dieback, stem break, anthracnose, leaf spot, seedling blight, fruit rot (dieback of young fruits and ripe rot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, America and Australasia; has been recorded occasionally in Southern Europe. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne; persists in decayed fruits and other plant debris from which conidia are dispersed locally by water and air currents. No extensive growth in soil reported.
Phomopsis theae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis theae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Collar and branch canker of tea. The symptoms are visible at a distance and appear at first as a yellowing and browning of part or the whole of a bush. The gradual killing of the bark around the infection site produces canker in the course of time. The disease was formerly attributed to
Leptothyrium theae
Petch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (India, Ceylon) TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersal of conidia from infected tissues.
Diaporthe phaseolorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diaporthe phaseolorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus, Phaseolus lunatus, Ipomoea, Glycine, Allium, Arachis, Capsicum, Hibiscus esculentus, Lupinus, Lespedeza, Strophostyles
and
Vigna
. DISEASE: Stem canker, pod and stem blight of soyabean (
Glycine max
) and other legumes; dry rot of sweet potato (
Ipomoea batatas
); and pod blight of Lima bean (
Phaseolus lunatus
). The most serious diseases are those on soyabean. Infected seedlings may be weak and stunted. In older plants lesions form on the petiole and stem, where they may become girdling cankers (characteristically red-brown in
Diaporthe phaseolorum
var.
caulivora
in the early stages). Infected seed is discoloured and reduced in size. In the field perithecia predominate in var.
caulivora
and pycnidia likewise in var.
sojae
. On Lima bean leaf lesions are up to 3 cm diam. with concentrically arranged pycnidia. Shot-holing may occur and infection of young pods leads to destruction of the seed. In sweet potato, tubers shrink and become mummified in storage; dry rot and necrosis of sprouts occur in the plant bed; pycnidia form on tubers and sprouts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in the form frequently referred to as var.
sojae
. Reported from: Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, USA; var.
batatisis
is probably more widespread than has been reported (New Zealand, USA, Zaire Republic); var.
phaseolorum
has been reported from Cuba, Bermuda, South Africa, Tanzania, USA. The severest form of the disease (var.
caulivora
) appears to be restricted to N. America (CMI Map 360, ed. 1, 1958). TRANSMISSION: Through seed, tubers, crop debris and probably soil (34: 425; 42: 352, 353, 425; 44, 2003). Viable in soyabean seed for 2 yr.
Drechslera heveae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera heveae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea brasiliensis
. DISEASE: Bird's eye spot of rubber (
Hevea brasiliensis
). Symptoms are most conspicuous on the leaves (varying with leaf age at the time of infection) but also occur on green stems. On very young leaves the dark brown spots coalesce and sporulate heavily; there is leaf distortion and shedding. The upper part of a defoliated stem becomes swollen. On older leaves the initially chlorotic spots develop a straw-coloured, papery centre with a distinct, red-brown to black margin (up to 3-4 mm diam.) and a chlorotic halo; shot-holes form. Conidia may be conspicuous on the under surface of the leaf in the centre of the lesion. Petioles develop dark, elongated flecks. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in S.E. Asia, central and W. Africa, and central and S. America where rubber is grown (CMI Map 270, ed. 3, 1972). TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed.
Alternaria radicina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria radicina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Daucus carota, Apium graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Pastinaca sativa, Anethum graveolens
. DISEASE: Black rot of carrot (
Daucus carota
); also attacks celery (
Apium graveolens
), parsley (
Petroselinum crispum
), parsnip (
Pastinaca sativa
) and dill (
Anethum graveolens
) (15: 275; 30: 140). Causes pre- emergence and post-emergence damping-off; primary lesions of older plants begin at the base of the petiole from where a dark, usually shallow, lesion spreads into the crown and sides of the root. Secondary lesions develop below ground and are often coincident with cracks and splits. A dry, mealy rot may develop in storage. Necrotic lesions occur on the inflorescence and occasionally on the older leaves but the leaf blight is probably not as severe as that caused by
A. dauci
(Kuhn) Groves & Skolko. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria), Americas (Argentina, Canada, USA), Asia (India, Israel, Japan), Australia and Europe (Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Rumania, Sweden, USSR). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne and soil-borne (12: 72; 22: 339; 26: 405; 44, 948; 46, 1160); persists in the soil for up to 6 yr (47, 3299i; 49, 3555d).
Cladosporium cucumerinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium cucumerinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis sativus, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita pepo
. DISEASE: Scab of Cucurbits, especially cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
), muskmelon and cantaloupe (
C. melo
), and pumpkin, squash and marrow (
Cucurbita pepo
). Symptoms are most severe on the young fruit where deeply sunken lesions are formed, up to 1 cm diam. and with a gummy exudate. On older fruit infection is restricted by the host reaction and results in the formation of brown, cork-like scabs. Foliage infection (necrotic, water-soaked spots sometimes with a gummy exudate) is not very destructive. Sporulation on the leaf tends to be sparse. At favourable temperature the apical shoots of young plants are killed back. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in N. America and Europe; also in parts of Africa, S. and E. Asia, Panama and Trinidad. The disease has not been reported from Australasia or S. America (CMI Map 310, ed. 2, 1968). Additional records not mapped are Israel and Lebanon. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air dispersed conidia, and the pathogen survives between crops on host debris. Although seed treatment has been recommended (34: 341; 44, 311)
C. cucumerinum
is probably rarely seed-borne (47, 3058).
Hypoxylon mediterraneum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon mediterraneum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks and branches of deciduous trees, particularly
Quercus suber
, usually following injury, but also occurring on
Castanea, Eucalyptus, Fagus sylvatica, Malus, Platanus hybrida, Platanus orientalis, Populus tremuloides, Quercus alba, Quercus ilex, Quercus imbricaria, Quercus lusitanica, Quercus palustris, Quercus pyrenaica
and
Shorea robusta
. DISEASES: Cause of 'charcoal disease' of
Quercus suber
, attacking trees of all ages, affecting the base of the trunk, large and small branches, but not the roots. Reaches epidemic proportions in Morocco (31: 409), Algeria and Tunisia (32: 458). Dark exudations with a strong tannin odour appear soon after infection, the bark then ruptures to disclose the carbonaceous stroma which destroys and lies in the place of the phloem (Barbosa, 1958). Trees are most susceptible when in poor condition, e.g. on poor soil, or when damaged by drought or fire. Cause of a disease of sal (
Shorea robusta
) in India (Bakshi, 1963). The disease is less severe on other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, China, Fiji, France, Germany (Rhine), India, Italy, Morocco, New Zealand, North America, Philippines, Portugal, Samoa, Tasmania, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Penetrates the living tissues by wind-borne conidia and possibly ascospores entering through wounds.
Corynebacterium rathayi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium rathayi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dactylis glomerata
; also naturally on
Cynodon dactylon
(4, 336) and
Secale cereale
(6, 663). By artificial inoculation using nematodes as vectors on
Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. dicoccum
and
T. pyramidale
(Sabet, 1954). DISEASE: Yellow slime disease of cocksfoot (orchard grass). Yellow bacterial slime covers upper parts of plants, especially the inflorescences. Such parts often become dwarfed and distorted and inflorescences may fail to emerge from sheaths, which are firmly stuck together by slime. Vessels and parenchyma are invaded by bacteria. Very similar diseases have been reported on other grasses as caused by different species. These include
Corynebacterium tritici
(CMI Descript. 377),
C. agropyri
on
Agropyron smithii, C. iranicum
on wheat, and
Bacillus mucilaginosus koeleriae
on
Koeleria glauca
. The first is often reported and of wide distribution, but the others have been reported only once or very few times each. It is possible that all belong to one species, perhaps a variable one, or one with different
formae speciales
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N.W. Europe, N. America, New Zealand (CMI Map 156, ed. 2, 1966). Also recently reported from Japan (51, 1579). TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen occurs in slime on seed from partially infected inflorescences. Wet periods in May and June evidently favour the spread of the disease in Denmark, where it has been observed that the percentage of infected seed is maximum in years following two successive years in which May and June were wet (Skou, 1965). The aetiology is not fully known. The only records of successful artificial inoculation into
Dactylis glomerata
are those of Dowson & D'Oliveira (14, 514), who used bacterial slime inoculated with a scalpel into leaf sheaths at the bases of young, vigorously growing shoots; Severin & Docea (50, 1047y) used cultures, but unfortunately give few details. Other workers have reported no success with either pure cultures or with slime. The nematode
Anguina tritici
, which transmits the closely related
C. tritici
on wheat, has been shown by Sabet (1954) to carry
C. rathayi
into wheat and cause an identical disease, but this nematode does not go to
Dactylis
. Sabet therefore suggested that an unknown nematode vector may be involved in transmitting
C. rathayi
. Absence of the necessary vector may explain the frequent failure of inoculations. Direct plant to plant transmission seems very unlikely.
Xanthomonas vasculorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas vasculorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
. Also found naturally infecting
Zea mays, Dictyosperma album, Thysanolaena maxima, Roystonea regia
and
Areca catechu
. In addition to these, infection has beer; obtained after artificial inoculation on
Bambusa vulgaris, Brachiaria mutica, Cocos nucifera, Coix lachyrma-jobi, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum halepense, S. verticilliflorum
, 20: 381,
S. vulgare, S. vulgare
var.
sudanense, Sorghum
spp. (18, 710; 20, 381; 43, 218). DISEASE: Gumming disease or gummosis of sugarcane. On leaves, yellowish chlorotic stripes occur. These may be the only symptoms on the more resistant varieties. On other varieties they may become spotted with brownish spots that become necrotic with age. The necrosis may involve large areas of leaf. The vascular tissue of the stem becomes darkened and contains bacterial slime. In very susceptible varieties the yellow slime may also form below the terminal bud and sometimes interferes with the development of the top of the plant. The tops often die and the terminal bud decays. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Recently reported in the following countries: Africa: Ghana, Madeira, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, Rhodesia, South Africa; North America: Mexico; Central & South America: Puerto Rico, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Far East: New Guinea; Hughes (34, 487) considers that the pathogen may not be present in New Guinea (CMI Map 3, ed. 5, 1971). The disease has been observed in the past in 25 or more countries where sugarcane is grown (48, 3137k; 50, 915y). In some it is claimed to have been eradicated and in others it has not been seen for many years. It may be that the local conditions and use of resistant varieties have combined to eradicate the pathogen. TRANSMISSION: Introduction into new areas and countries is by planting diseased setts or cuttings. Healthy setts may be infected from diseased ones during planting by means of the cutting knife. Agricultural tools, workers, vehicles, animals and even insects may carry inoculum from field to field. The most rapid and important local spread, however, is from plant to plant by wind-driven rain. Fresh wounds are needed for entry of the pathogen, but these are available, especially in windy weather, as a result of leaves rubbing together. The saw-tooth edges of the leaves cause many tiny abrasions (North, 1935; Hughes, 1961).
Gibberella zeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibberella zeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, maize, barley, carnations and other ornamentals; also reported infecting
Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium
and
Solanum
DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence and post-emergence blight, root and foot rot, brown rot, culm decay, head or kernel blight (scab or ear scab) of wheat, maize, barley and other cereals. Leaf and flower rot of carnations and other ornamentals. Also reported infecting species of
Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium
and
Solanum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on maize and rice in the tropics. Wheat, oats, barley and rye in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: By planting infected or infested seeds or by planting in infested soil. Secondary infection occurs widely by water droplets under moist conditions or by ascospore discharge.
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, barley, oats, rye. Also occurs on many wild and cultivated grasses, including
Aegilops, Agropogon, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Bromus, Dactylis, Festuca, Koeleria, Lolium
and
Poa
spp. DISEASE: Causes eyespot of cereals. Typically the disease is characterized by a pale oval spot with a brown margin on the basal leaf sheaths and culm of cereal tillers at or just above ground level, but such symptoms maybe obscure on some cereals, e.g. oats. Black, stromatic pustules are often present within the centre of the lesion and stems may be ridged, kinked, frayed or otherwise distorted at the diseased zone. The grey mycelium of
P. herpotrichoides
can often be seen in the internal cavity of straws when they are split open. Random lodging ('straggling') of diseased crops occurs as diseased straws topple over before harvest; storm lodging is also more severe. Eyespot symptoms also include a culm or foot rot which can result in post emergence death of young seedlings or tillers; shrivelled grain and partially empty ears (whiteheads) can also occur on maturing crops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Europe; also occurs in some areas of N. America, Africa and Australia and in New Zealand (CMI Map 74, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Survival of the fungus between crops occurs on infected plant debris, particularly old stubble. Conidia are produced abundantly on this in wet autumn and spring weather and infect the leaf sheaths of young winter cereals. Direct mycelial infection can also occur. The fungus can survive long periods in the soil in infected crop debris and can infect susceptible crops planted at intervals of several years. Secondary weed hosts also act as a source of the fungus but are not as important as old stubble (49, 2426). During moist, cool springs secondary infection within a crop can occur by conidia dispersed from diseased plants.
Pyrenophora teres
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora teres
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily barley, but also occurs sporadically on wheat, oats and many other
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Causes net blotch of barley. Primary infection occurs from seed-borne inoculum and produces lesions on the first leaves, which are at first pale but develop into dark spots or streaks later. Secondary infection on older leaves produces pale brown blotches, in which is a network of dark brown lines; these may later coalesce to form irregular leaf stripes. Lesions also occur on the floral bracts. On other hosts the reticulate pattern of the lesions is usually absent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide; occurs in most barley-producing countries (CMI Map 364, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: The disease can be seed-borne as mycelium or conidia, but can also over-winter on crop debris. Perithecia are common on old barley stubble in the spring and ascosporic inoculum can produce much infection (49, 116). Secondary infection by air-borne conidia occurs throughout the growing season.
Sphaerostilbe repens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaerostilbe repens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Persea americana, Theobroma cacao, Citrus
spp.,
Coffea
spp.,
Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Hevea brasiliensis, Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Violet, red or stinking root rot of many woody hosts in the tropics, including avocado pear, cacao, coffee, mango, papaw, rubber and tea. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: W. and Central Africa, S.E. Asia, Central America and W. Indies, and also Bermuda, Colombia, Fiji, Guyana, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua-New Guinea (CMI Map 288, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Soil and water-borne.
Selenophoma donacis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waller J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Selenophoma donacis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Agropyron, Arundo, Avena, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus, Hordeum, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum pratense, Phragmites, Secale, Stipa
and
Triticum
, and many cultivated and wild grasses. DISEASE: Causes halo spot of grasses and cereals. Pale oval spots, with a brown or purplish margin, are produced towards the tips and edges of leaves. The centre becomes greyish and is usually studded with rows of small, dark pycnidia. Lesions may coalesce and destroy large areas of leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America, northern Europe, Scandinavia. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are exuded in mucilaginous threads from pycnidia in wet weather and are water-borne. The fungus can also be transmitted on seed.
Venturia carpophila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia carpophila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: apricot, plum, peach and almond. DISEASE: Freckle, black spot, peach scab or black scab of peach; on fruits, leaves and sometimes other parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (CMI Map 198, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersal of spores from infected plant parts.