bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling rainfall interception loss in forest restoration trials in Panama
Authors: Carlyle‐Moses Darryl E. , Park Andrew D. , Cameron Jessie Lee
Published: May 2010

A modified Liu analytical model of rainfall interception (Ic) by tree canopies was evaluated using rainfall, throughfall and stemflow data collected from forest restoration trials in the Republic of Panama. The model uses an introduced approach to estimating the water storage capacities of tree boles, which has a more realistic physical basis than earlier iterations of the Liu model. Study species (Acacia mangium, Gliricidia sepium, Guazuma ulmifolia, Ochroma pyramidale, and Pachira quinata) were selected on the basis of differing leaf size and crown characteristics. Significant interspecific differences in both observed and simulated cumulative interception loss were found, with A. mangium intercepting more rainfall than other species. Errors between calculated and modelled cumulative Ic ranged from + 6·3% to + 30·5%, with modelled Ic always being the larger term. During‐event evaporation rates from the study trees were positively related to tree height, crown area, and basal diameter. Crown area and the storage capacity of tree boles were negatively correlated. The results of a sensitivity analysis suggested that the modified model was most sensitive to variations in during‐event evaporation rate. The implications of the model's sensitivity to during‐event evaporation and the importance of this mechanism of interception loss are discussed, while suggestions are provided that may lead to further improvements to the analytical model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of stream channels on distributions of Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa in the Mojave Desert, CA, USA: patterns, mechanisms and effects of stream redistribution
Authors: Schwinning S. , Sandquist D. R. , Miller D. M. , Bedford D. R. , Phillips S. L. , Belnap J.
Published: May 2010

Drainage channels are among the most conspicuous surficial features of deserts, but little quantitative analysis of their influence on plant distributions is available. We analysed the effects of desert stream channels (‘washes’) on Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa density and cover on an alluvial piedmont in the Mojave Desert, based on a spatial analysis of transect data encompassing a total length of 2775 m surveyed in 5 cm increments. Significant deviations from average transect properties were identified by bootstrapping. Predictably, shrub cover and density were much reduced inside washes, and elevated above average levels adjacent to washes. Average Larrea and Ambrosia cover and density peaked 1·2–1·6 m and 0·5–1·0 m from wash edges, respectively. We compared wash effects in runon‐depleted (−R) sections, where washes had been cut off from runon and were presumably inactive, with those in runon‐supplemented (+R) sections downslope from railroad culverts to help identify mechanisms responsible for the facilitative effect of washes on adjacent shrubs. Shrub cover and density near washes peaked in both + R and − R sections, suggesting that improved water infiltration and storage alone can cause a facilitative effect on adjacent shrubs. However, washes of < 2 m width in + R sections had larger than average effects on peak cover, suggesting that plants also benefit from occasional resource supplementation. The data suggest that channel networks significantly contribute to structuring plant communities in the Mojave Desert and their disruption has notable effects on geomorphic and ecological processes far beyond the original disturbance sites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of cellulose filters as a standardized material for measuring litter breakdown in headwater streams
Authors: Fritz Ken M. , Fulton Stephanie , Johnson Brent R. , Barton Chris D. , Jack Jeff D. , Word David A. , Burke Roger A.
Published: May 2010

The decay rate of cellulose filters and associated chemical and biological characteristics were compared with those of white oak (Quercus alba) leaves to determine whether cellulose filters could be a suitable standardized material for assessing deciduous leaf breakdown in headwater streams. The comparison was done across reaches draining mixed deciduous forest and post‐coal mining catchments, in natural and constructed channels, and ranged in flow duration from ephemeral to perennial. Decay rates of leaves and filters were predicted to differ at a given site, but the decay rates and associated characteristics of leaf and filter litterbags would be positively related. Filter decay rates did not differ across channel type or flow permanence class. Oak leaves decayed ca 2·5× faster than cellulose filters and there was no relationship between decay rates (R2 = 0·02). Ergosterol concentration, total invertebrate density, shredder density, total invertebrate biomass and taxa richness were significantly higher in oak litterbags than in filter litterbags across four sampling dates over 306 days. The biomass of invertebrate shredders colonizing litterbags did not differ between the substrate types. The C:N content was higher for filters than for oak leaves, but the mean difference between substrates decreased by ∼10‐fold over the 306‐day study. In contrast, mean differences in ergosterol concentration between substrates increased threefold over the study. Although characteristics associated with filter litterbags were positively related to those of oak leaf litterbags, most relationships had low explanatory power (R2⩽0·3); however, stronger relationships existed for total invertebrate density, shredder density and taxa richness (R2 = 0·78). Although a standardized material would be useful for incorporating litter breakdown in stream assessments, because of the strong differences in decay rate and associated characteristics, we cannot recommend cellulose filters as a suitable substrate to represent the natural breakdown of leaf material. Published in 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The ecohydrology of roots in rocks
Authors: Schwinning Susanne
Published: May 2010

Large portions of the world are characterized by shallow soil underlain by weathered bedrock or cemented soil horizons. The implications of this substrate condition for ecohydrological processes have not been systematically explored, but misrepresentation in models could have profound consequences for climate prediction and global vegetation modelling. An issue of particular uncertainty is the characterization of water storage for these regions. A limited number of case studies have shown that plant water uptake is not restricted to shallow soils but can involve uptake from rock layers below. The mechanisms governing root–rock interactions are only beginning to be investigated. Research is needed to further characterize the dynamics of water recharge and depletion in weathered bedrock, to develop a better understanding of plant adaptations and rooting patterns required for effective use of bedrock‐stored water, and to explore consequences for below‐ground competition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐vinylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic Acid: A New Heteroscorpionate Building Block for Copolymers that Mimic the 2‐His‐1‐carboxylate Facial Triad
Authors: Türkoglu Gazi , Pubill Ulldemolins Cristina , Müller Rainer , Hübner Eike , Heinemann Frank W. , Wolf Marion , Burzlaff Nicolai
Published: May 2010

The new N,N,O ligand bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐vinylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid (Hbdmvpza) (4) suitable for copolymerisation was synthesised in a multi‐step synthesis starting from bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (1). The κ3‐N,N,O facial coordination behaviour of 4 was verified by synthesis and characterisation of the tricarbonyl compounds [Mn(bdmvpza)(CO)3] (5) and [Re(bdmvpza)(CO)3] (6), the ruthenium bisphosphane complex [Ru(bdmvpza)Cl(PPh3)2] (7), as well as the complex [Cu(bdmvpza)2] (8). Copolymerisation of 4 with methyl methacrylate (MMA) or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) led to solid phases P1a, P1b and P2 with different amounts of incorporated ligand 4. Furthermore, a homopolymer H1 of ligand 4 was successfully synthesised. Copolymer‐bound manganese and rhenium tricarbonyl complexes P1a‐Mn, P1a‐Re, P2‐Mn and P2‐Re have been obtained by reaction of P1a and P2 with the metal precursors [MnBr(CO)5] and [ReBr(CO)5], respectively. The κ3‐N,N,O coordination of the manganese and rhenium centres was verified by IR spectroscopy and the amount of incorporated metal complex was determined by AAS or ICP‐AES measurements. Treatment of the deprotonated copolymer P1a or P2 with copper(II) or iron(II) led to polymers P1a‐Cu, P1a‐Fe and P2‐Fe. A bathochromic shift in the UV spectrum of P1a‐Cu compared to the absorption maximum of the homogeneous complex 8 by 64 nm indicates copper centres with one ligand moiety bound only. AAS analysis of P1a‐Fe and P2‐Fe show that up to 64 % of the ligand sites can be accessed withiron(II). Furthermore, two 2‐oxocarboxylato complexes [Ru(bdmvpza)(BF)(PPh3)] (9) (BF = benzoylformato) and [Ru(bdmvpza)(NOG)(PPh3)] (10) (NOG = N‐oxalylglycine) have been synthesised that mimic the shape of the active sites of 2‐oxoglutarate dependent iron oxygenases. The successful copolymerisation of 9 and 10 with EGDMA was proven by UV spectroscopy.
NIR Bioimaging: Development of Liposome‐Encapsulated, Rare‐Earth‐Doped Y2O3 Nanoparticles as Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Soga Kohei , Tokuzen Kimikazu , Tsuji Kosuke , Yamano Tomoyoshi , Hyodo Hiroshi , Kishimoto Hidehiro
Published: May 2010

Near‐infrared (NIR) bioimaging is attracting a lot of attention due to the absence of strong scattering and color fading of the phosphors, which can provide long‐term and deep imaging. For fluorescence bioimaging (FBI) in the NIR region, rare‐earth‐doped ceramic nanoparticles can be one of the best candidates. For the delivery of the ceramic particles to the biological imaging target, liposome‐encapsulating the ceramic phosphor is proposed. Liposome‐encapsulated, Er‐doped Y2O3 nanoparticles were prepared as fluorescent probes for NIR bioimaging. Their surface was modified with PEG, biotin, anionic, and cationic agents. The dispersion, surface charge, and specific interactions of the surface‐modified liposomes were characterized. Microscopic and macroscopic NIR bioimages were demonstrated by injecting the liposome‐encapsulated, Er‐doped Y2O3 nanoparticles into the body of a mouse through the blood vessels. The NIRfluorescence images of the mouse organs are presented.
Ureaphosphanes as Hybrid, Anionic or Supramolecular Bidentate Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Meeuwissen Jurjen , Detz Remko , Sandee Albertus J. , de Bruin Bas , Siegler Maxime A. , Spek Anthony L. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: May 2010

We report the coordination behavior of ureaphosphane ligand 1‐[2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ethyl]‐3‐phenylurea (L1) towards different rhodium precursor complexes. Depending on the nature of the anion and the ligand/metal ratio, L1 acts either as a hybrid P,O‐coordinating chelate, as an anionic P,N‐coordinating chelate or as a supramolecular (hydrogen‐bonded) bidentate ligand. The different types of complexes were investigated in the asymmetric hydrogenation of three olefinic substrates using ureaphosphanes L2 and L3, which are chiral analogues of L1. For methyl 2‐acetamidoacrylate (S1) and dimethyl itaconate (S2) the neutral complex [Rh(L2‐κ2P,N)(cod)], containing an anionic P,N‐coordinating ureaphosphane ligand, provided the best enantioselectivity (69.2 and 24.3 %, respectively). For N‐(3,4‐dihydro‐2‐naphthalenyl)acetamide (S3) the best enantioselectivity was obtained with the cationic complex [Rh(L3‐κ2P,O)(nbd)]BF4, containing a hybrid P,O‐coordinating ureaphosphane ligand (86.1 %).
Palladium Chemistry with Stanna‐closo‐dodecaborate and Isocyanides
Authors: Hornung Martin , Wesemann Lars
Published: May 2010

The substitution equilibrium between isocyanides and stanna‐closo‐dodecaborate with palladium(II) was investigated. The mixed substituted products of type [(RNC)2Pd(SnB11H11)2]2– and [(RNC)Pd(SnB11H11)3]4– were characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Isocyanide insertion into palladium–carbon bonds was also found. The zwitterionic complexes isolated from the reaction of [(P′2)Pd(Me)(SnB11H11)]– (P′2 = dppe, dppp, dppf) with isocyanides were characterized.
Comparative analysis of triacylglycerols from Olea europaea L. fruits using HPLC and MALDI‐TOFMS
Authors: Sakouhi Faouzi , Absalon Christelle , Kallel Habib , Boukhchina Sadok
Published: May 2010

MALDI‐TOFMS and HPLC are two analytical methods that were used to characterize triacylglycerols (TAG) of the Meski, Sayali, and Picholine Tunisian olive varieties. The HPLC chromatograms of the oils showed the presence of 15 TAG species, among which triolein (OOO) was the most abundant (21–48%). In the Sayali cultivar, OOO was the predominant TAG species followed by POO and LOO. However, the minor TAG molecules were represented by LnLO and LnLP. MALDI mass spectra produced sodiated ([M + Na]+) and potassiated ([M + K]+) TAG molecules; only the major TAG were potassiated [OOO + K] ([OOO + K]+, [POO + K]+, and [LOO + K]+). In contrast to the HPLC chromatograms, the MALDI mass spectra showed 13 peaks of TAG. The major peak was detected at m/z 907, which corresponds to OOO with an Na+ adduct. The results from both HPLC and MALDI techniques predict the fatty acid composition and their percentages for each olive variety.

Practical applications: TAG are the main components in vegetable oils. These biomolecules determine the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of the oils. The nutritional benefits of TAG are related to DAG (moderate plasma lipid level) and esterified FA, which are intermediate biosynthetic molecules of TAG. TAG analysis is necessary to discriminate between oils of different origin, since some oils have similar FA profiles. Olive products, oils, and table olives, are the main diet sources of TAG in the Mediterranean countries. In this work, chromatographic and spectrometric methods were used for TAG analysis and characterization of Tunisian olive varieties.
Copper‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling of Organoindium Reagents with Nitrogen‐Containing Aromatic Heterocycles
Authors: Beveridge Ramsay E. , Black Daniel A. , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: May 2010

A mild, copper‐catalyzed coupling of organoindium reagents with nitrogen‐containing aromatic heterocycles and chloroformates is described. This reaction proceeds with a range of organoindium reagents, yielding predominately or exclusively the 1,4‐addition products with pyridine. In addition, a range of other nitrogen‐containing heterocycles can be employed in this reaction (e.g. benzoxazole, benzothiazole, phthalazine). As an illustration of the utility of this reaction, this heterocycle functionalization is coupled with a subsequent oxidation to achieve the one‐pot synthesis of functionalized pyridine and benzothiazole derivatives.
How social experience is related to children's intergroup attitudes
Authors: McGlothlin Heidi , Killen Melanie
Published: May 2010

Intergroup attitudes were assessed in 7 and 10 years old European American and African American children from ethnically heterogeneous schools and in 7 and 10 years old European American children from ethnically homogeneous schools in order to test hypotheses about racial biases and judgments regarding cross‐race peer interactions (N = 302). Using an Ambiguous Situations Task, the findings revealed that European American children attending homogeneous schools displayed racial bias in their interpretations of ambiguous situations as well as in their evaluations of cross‐race friendship. Bias was not found, however, in the interpretations and evaluations of European American or African American children from heterogeneous schools. This study is the first to empirically demonstrate significant and direct relationships between intergroup contact in the school environment and children's intergroup biases as well as judgments about the potential for cross‐race friendships. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intergroup bias in children: Development and persistence
Authors: Files James Sean , Casey Christopher M. , Oleson Kathryn C.
Published: May 2010

Using a longitudinal approach, we examined intergroup bias based on randomly assigned novel groups in fourth‐ and fifth‐grade children (roughly 9–11 years old) involved in an afterschool program. We investigated not only the development of intergroup bias but also its persistence over multiple weeks. Our intergroup bias measure assessed children's evaluations of group members uninvolved in the program to determine if intergroup bias could be applied beyond the immediate context. We found that children's intergroup bias toward group members outside their program developed when they were first segregated into classrooms based on their novel groupings and persisted over multiple weeks, adding to our understanding of the impact of categorization on the development and persistence of children's intergroup biases. We consider our findings both in terms of how categorization influences the development of intergroup bias and ways to use re‐ and cross‐categorization to defeat children's intergroup biases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priorities in social categories
Authors: Kinzler Katherine D. , Shutts Kristin , Correll Joshua
Published: May 2010

In this paper we review evidence from social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology to raise a common question: Are there priorities in how humans categorize their social world? Are some social groupings more prominent in childhood, and more resilient in adulthood than others? We review and compare evidence from each field, with a particular emphasis on exploring the relative robustness of gender, race, age, and language as social categories. We highlight the value of developmental approaches for characterizing the origins and nature of social categories in adults, and provide suggestions for how collaborative research from social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology could inform our understanding of potential priorities in social categorization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to control ethnic intergroup bias in childhood
Authors: FitzRoy Sarah , Rutland Adam
Published: May 2010

The aim of this research was to identify what factors deter explicit intergroup bias in childhood. Two studies were conducted to examine what facilitates the control of ethnic bias amongst 6–9‐year‐old majority children. In both studies in‐group accountability was either low (i.e., only accountable to experimenter) or high (i.e., also accountable to classmates and teachers). Study 1 (n = 287) found that only 8–9‐year‐old with low social emotions reduced their bias with increased accountability. Study 2 (n = 236) showed children with low “Theory of Social Mind” (ToSM: Abrams, Rutland, Ferrell, & Pelletier, 2009), who perceived an anti‐prejudice in‐group norm, decreased their bias when accountability increased. In both studies children high in social emotion and ToSM showed low bias irrespective of accountability. Together these studies make a novel contribution by showing for the first time affective and social‐cognitive factors that influence how children learn to control explicit bias. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosorption of lead by E. coli strains expressingVitreoscilla hemoglobin: Isotherm modeling with two‐and three‐parameter models
Authors: Aljundi Isam H. , Khleifat Khaled M.
Published: May 2010

Biosorption is presented as an alternative choice to traditional physicochemical means for removing toxic metals from groundwater and wastewaters. Removal of lead (Pb) from solutions was studied using Escherichia coli (parental) and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb)‐expressing E. coli (transformed) cells. Pb biosorption was increased in bacterial hemoglobin‐expressing E. coli cells grown in Luria broth B containing different concentrations of Pb2+. The maximum Pb2+ biosorption of transformed and parental cells was determined to be 612 and 370 μg Pb/g biomass, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Pb2+ on the parental strain was determined at 10 ppm. However, in transformed cells, Pb2+ was lethal at 100 ppm. The optimum aeration required for the transformed cells was lower than that for the parental strain on a growth yield basis. A linear correlation was established between the biosorption and uptake amounts. The biosorption process was analyzed using two‐parameter (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin) and three‐parameter models (Sips, Redlich–Peterson, Toth). The chi‐square test was used to compare these models. It was demonstrated that the three‐parameter model is better in describing biosorption equilibria a, white the Sips equation showed the best description for both types of cells.
Possible roles of excess tryptophan metabolites in cancer
Authors: Chung King‐Thom , Gadupudi Gopi S.
Published: May 2010

Tryptophan is metabolized through serotonin, indole, and kynurenine (KN) pathways. Uptake of an excess amount of tryptophan accompanied with vitamin B6 deficiency may result in the accumulation of higher concentrations of metabolites mainly from the KN pathways in the bladder. These metabolites could interact with nitrite to become mutagenic nitrosamines. They could be a promoter in the initiator–promoter model of carcinogenesis. They produced bladder cancer when implanted in the bladder. They also interact with transition metals copper or iron to form reactive radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some metabolites, 3‐hydroxy‐anthranilic acid, were autooxidized to mutagenic cinnabarinic and anthranilyl radical intermediates. These radical intermediates could also be ligands that interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) to metabolize contaminated carcinogens. When tryptophan is exposed to either visible or UV light, a photoproduct of 6‐formylindolo[3,2b]‐carbazole is formed, which has a very high affinity for the AhR that plays a role in carcinogenesis. This review gives an insight into various mechanisms through which tryptophan metabolites cause carcinogenesis. It could be concluded that tryptophan metabolites play a complementary role in promoting carcinogenesis along with carcinogens like aflatoxin, CCl4, 2‐acetylaminofluorene, 4‐aminobiphenyl, 2‐naphthylamine, orN‐[4‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)−2‐thiazolyl] formamide. The underlying mechanisms could be their autoxidation, exposure to either visible or UV light, interaction with nitrite or transition metals to form reactive intermediates, serving as ligands to interact with an AhR that is known to play a role in carcinogenesis through induction of XMEs. Further research is warranted.Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 52:81–104, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using sediment travel distance to estimate medium‐term erosion rates: a 16‐year record
Authors: Parsons Anthony John , Wainwright John , Fukuwara Tomomi , Onda Yuichi
Published: May 2010

Fine grained (80 µm) magnetite was introduced onto a semi‐arid grassland hillslope in 1992, as part of a set of rainfall‐simulation experiments. Using measurements of magnetic susceptibility, the median distance travelled by these magnetite grains during subsequent natural runoff events in the 16‐year period up to 2008 was estimated. Coupling this estimate to direct measurements of sediment flux obtained during the rainfall‐simulation experiments has enabled estimation of the erosion rate over this period. The estimated average erosion rate of between 2·61 × 10−2 and 4·36 × 10−2 kg m−1 year−1, is equivalent to a rate of ground lowering between 0·020 and 0·033 mm year−1. This estimate is consistent with (in the sense of being less than) an estimate of total sediment detachment over the same period. The rate of erosion measured using this travel‐distance approach is an order of magnitude less that obtained from a study based on 137Cs in a nearby catchment, and compatible with the longevity of continents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead distributions and risks in New Orleans following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Authors: Abel Michael T. , Cobb George P. , Presley Steven M. , Ray Gary L. , Rainwater Thomas R. , Austin Galen P. , Cox Stephen B. , Anderson Todd A. , Leftwich Blair D. , Kendall Ronald J. , Suedel Burton C.
Published: May 2010

During the last four years, significant effort has been devoted to understanding the effects that Hurricanes Katrina and Rita had on contaminant distribution and redistribution in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, and the surrounding Gulf Coast area. Elevated concentrations were found for inorganic contaminants (including As, Fe, Pb, and V), several organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and volatiles) and high concentration of bioaerosols, particularly Aeromonas and Vibrio. Data from different research groups confirm that some contaminant concentrations are elevated, that existing concentrations are similar to historical data, and that contaminants such as Pb and As may pose human health risks. Two data sets have been compiled in this article to serve as the foundation for preliminary risk assessments within greater New Orleans. Research from the present study suggests that children in highly contaminated areas of New Orleans may experience Pb exposure from soil ranging from 1.37 µg/d to 102 µg/d. These data are critical in the evaluation of children's health. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1429–1437. © 2010 SETAC
Use of bioassays and sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to assess toxicity at coastal sites impacted by Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Weston James , Warren Crystal , Chaudhary Amit , Emerson Beth , Argote Kate , Khan Shabana , Willett Kristine L.
Published: May 2010

The goal of the present study was twofold: to rapidly assess the potential environmental toxicological response following the storm surge and flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina along the Gulf Coast of Mississippi, USA, in August 2005, and to establish post-Katrina baseline toxicological profiles for three environmental matrices (water, suspended sediments, and sediments) within the intertidal zone. Sediment and water samples were collected monthly from September 2005 to 2006 from 10 sites along the Gulf Coast from Gulfport, Mississippi, to Mobile Bay, Alabama. Water samples and suspended sediment matrices were extracted, assayed, and toxic equivalent values calculated for compounds with estrogenic potential, using the yeast estrogen screen, and CYP1A induction potential, using the H4IIE rat hepatoma ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surface sediments. It was hypothesized that the more heavily storm impacted sites, those closest to Katrina's path and time of landfall (e.g., Gulfport, September–October 2005), would elicit higher bioassay responses and PAH concentrations compared to those further east or approximately a year post-Katrina (e.g., Mobile Bay, August– September 2006). Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents decreased along spatial and temporal storm intensity gradients, but estrogenic compounds and sediment PAHs did not. Estrogen equivalents (∼1 ng/L) from water and suspended sediment samples occurred primarily in samples collected within a few months post-Katrina. Site-averaged surface sediment total PAHs varied significantly between sites and were higher than the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's probable effects level at the Gulfport Marina and Back Biloxi Bay, Mississippi, sites. Results from the present study suggest that CYP1A inducing compounds elicited a short-term bioassay response in the water matrix shortly (within weeks) after Katrina's passing but were quickly reduced. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1409–1418. © 2010 SETAC
Sediment quality in near coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico: Influence of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Macauley John M. , Smith Lisa M. , Harwell Linda C. , Benson William H.
Published: May 2010

The results of the present study represent a synoptic analysis of sediment quality in coastal waters of Lake Pontchartrain and Mississippi Sound two months after the landfall of Hurricane Katrina. Posthurricane conditions were compared to prehurricane (2000–2004) conditions, for sediment quality data. There were no exceedances of effects range median (ERM) sediment quality guideline values for chemical contaminants in any of the sediment samples collected from the Lake Pontchartrain or the Mississippi Sound study areas following the hurricane. Lower threshold effects range low (ERL) values were exceeded for As, Cd, and Ni at several stations in both survey areas, similar to levels of contamination observed prior to the hurricane. The comparison of sediment quality indicators before and after the hurricane suggests considerable stability of these systems with respect to short-term ecological impacts. Although other studies have shown storm-related changes could be detected (e.g., effects on benthic communities associated with shifts in salinity), there were no indications of widespread sediment contamination. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1403–1408. © 2010 SETAC
Environmental factors affecting the levels of legacy pesticides in the airshed of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, USA
Authors: Goel Anubha , McConnell Laura L. , Torrents Alba , Kuang Zhihua , Hapeman Cathleen J. , Meritt Donald W. , Alexander Stephanie T. , Scudlark Joseph R. , Scarborough Robert
Published: May 2010

Organochlorine insecticides and their degradation products contribute to toxicity in Chesapeake Bay, USA, sediments and affect the reproductive health of avian species in the region; however, little is known of atmospheric sources or temporal trends in concentrations of these chemicals. Weekly air (n = 265) and daily rain samples (n = 494) were collected over 2000 to 2003 from three locations in the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Pesticides were consistently present in the gas phase with infrequent detection in the particle phase. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and cis- and trans-chlordane were detected most frequently (95–100%), and cis- and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and 1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene (4,4′-DDE) were also detected frequently. The highest mean air concentrations were for dieldrin (60–84 pg/m3), γ-HCH (37–83 pg/m3), and 4,4′-DDE (16–80 pg/m3). Multiple regression analyses of air concentrations with temperature and wind conditions using modified Clausius-Clapeyron equations explained only 30 to 60% of the variability in concentration for most chemicals. Comparison of the air concentrations and enthalpy of air–surface exchange values at the three sites indicate sources of chlordanes and α-HCH sources are primarily from long-range transport. However, examination of chlordane isomer ratios indicates some local and regional contributions, and γ-HCH, 4,4′-DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane also have local or regional sources, possibly from contaminated soils. Median rain sample volumes of 1 to 3 L led to infrequent detections in rain; however, average measured concentrations were 2 to 10 times higher than in the Great Lakes. Dissipation half-lives in air were well below 10 years for all chemicals and below published values for the Great Lakes except dieldrin, which did not decline during the sample period. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1893–1906. © 2010 SETAC
Toxic hazard and chemical analysis of leachates from furfurylated wood
Authors: Pilgård Annica , Treu Andreas , van Zeeland Albert N.T. , Gosselink Richard J.A. , Westin Mats
Published: May 2010

The furfurylation process is an extensively investigated wood modification process. Furfuryl alcohol molecules penetrate into the wood cell wall and polymerize in situ. This results in a permanent swelling of the wood cell walls. It is unclear whether or not chemical bonds exist between the furfuryl alcohol polymer and the wood. In the present study, five different wood species were used, both hardwoods and softwoods. They were treated with three different furfurylation procedures and leached according to three different leaching methods. The present study shows that, in general, the leachates from furfurylated wood have low toxicity. It also shows that the choice of leaching method is decisive for the outcome of the toxicity results. Earlier studies have shown that leachates from wood treated with furfuryl alcohol prepolymers have higher toxicity to Vibrio fischeri than leachates from wood treated with furfuryl alcohol monomers. This is probably attributable to differences in leaching of chemical compounds. The present study shows that this difference in the toxicity most likely cannot be attributed to maleic acid, furan, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, or 2-furoic acid. However, the difference might be caused by the two substances 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-furandimethanol. The present study found no difference in the amount of leached furfuryl alcohol between leachates from furfurylated softwood and furfurylated hardwood species. Earlier studies have indicated differences in grafting of furfuryl alcohol to lignin. However, nothing was found in the present study that could support this. The leachates of furfurylated wood still need to be investigated further to identify the chemical differences between wood furfurylated with furfuryl alcohol monomers and furfuryl alcohol prepolymers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1918–1924. © 2010 SETAC
Hepatic gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to different hydrocarbon mixtures
Authors: Hook Sharon E. , Lampi Mark A. , Febbo Eric J. , Ward Jeff A. , Parkerton Thomas F.
Published: May 2010

Traditional biomarkers for hydrocarbon exposure are not induced by all petroleum substances. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to a crude oil and different refined oils would generate a common hydrocarbon-specific response in gene expression profiles that could be used as generic biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of either kerosene, gas oil, heavy fuel oil, or crude oil for 96 h. Tissue was collected for RNA extraction and microarray analysis. Exposure to each WAF resulted in a different list of differentially regulated genes, with few genes in common across treatments. Exposure to crude oil WAF changed the expression of genes including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with known roles in detoxification pathways. These gene expression profiles were compared to others from previous experiments that used a diverse suite of toxicants. Clustering algorithms successfully identified gene expression profiles resulting from hydrocarbon exposure. These preliminary analyses highlight the difficulties of using single genes as diagnostic of petroleum hydrocarbon exposures. Further work is needed to determine if multivariate transcriptomic-based biomarkers may be a more effective tool than single gene studies for exposure monitoring of different oils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2034–2043. © 2010 SETAC
Environmental impact of insecticides applied on biotech soybean crops in relation to the distance from aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Di Marzio Walter D. , Sáenz María E. , Alberdi José L. , Fortunato Nicolás , Cappello Verónica , Montivero Clarisa , Ambrini Gabriela
Published: May 2010

Aquatic environments located in areas cultivated with biotech soybean were studied. Water and sediment samples were analyzed for insecticides, acute toxicity, genotoxicity, detoxification biomarkers, and fish diversity. Samples were taken in the core area of soybean cultivation in Argentina; all measures were related to the distance between the crops and the streams sampled. Endosulfan (α + β) concentrations as high as 553.33 µg/kg were found in sediments from environments located at 0.15 m from treated fields. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) gene expression in fish showed the highest correlation with the environmental concentration of endosulfan. These biomarkers and mortality of amphipods significantly correlated with the concentration of endosulfan in water and sediment, which correlates inversely with the distance between the crop and streams. The differences with respective controls disappear at distances greater than 5 m. The fish diversity was significantly lower from distances between the margin of the stream and soybean crops, not exceeding 2 m. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1907–1917. © 2010 SETAC
Toxicity of short-term copper exposure to early life stages of red sea bream,Pagrus major
Authors: Cao Liang , Huang Wei , Liu Jinhu , Ye Zhenjiang , Dou Shuozeng
Published: May 2010

Acute (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 mg Cu/L) and chronic (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 mg Cu/L) toxicity tests of Cu with embryonic and larval red sea bream, Pagrus major, were carried out to investigate their biological responses to Cu exposure in static water at 18 ± 1°C (dissolved organic carbon, 1.8 ± 0.65 mg C/L; hardness, 6,183 ± 360 mg CaCO3/L; salinity, 33 ± 1‰). The 24- and 48-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) values of Cu for embryos were 0.23 and 0.15 mg/L, whereas the 48-, 72-, and 96-h LC50 values for larvae were 0.52, 0.19, and 0.13 mg/L, respectively, suggesting that embryos were more sensitive to Cu toxicity than larvae. Copper exposures at ≥0.06 mg concentrations caused low hatching success, a delay in the time to hatching of embryos, and reductions in the growth and yolk absorption of the larvae, whereas high mortality and morphological malformations occurred in the embryos and larvae at ≥0.08 mg/L concentrations. Copper concentration did not significantly affect the heart rate of the embryos, but it significantly decreased the heart rate of the newly hatched larvae when the Cu concentration was ≥0.08 mg/L, suggesting that Cu at high concentrations could induce heartbeat disturbances in red sea bream more easily at the larval stage than at the embryonic stage. Hatching success, time to hatching, growth rate, morphological abnormality, yolk absorption, and heart rate were Cu concentration-dependent and could be effective endpoints for evaluating Cu toxicity to the early life stages of red sea bream in nature. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2044–2052. © 2010 SETAC
Tetracycline sorption to coal and soil humic acids: An examination of humic structural heterogeneity
Authors: Sun Huiyu , Shi Xin , Mao Jingdong , Zhu Dongqiang
Published: May 2010

The sorption properties of tetracycline were compared between a coal humic acid (CHA) and a soil humic acid (SHA) under various solution chemistry conditions. Structural characteristics of the two humic acids were quantified in detail by elemental analysis, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), acid-base titration, and Zeta potential measurement. The CHA consists primarily of poly(methylene)-rich aliphatics with more aromatic CO and higher negative surface charge, while SHA is mainly composed of young material residues of lignin, carbohydrates and peptides, and oxidized charcoal. At pH 5 the sorption affinities of tetracycline to SHA and CHA were very close, but remarkably stronger than that to functionality-free model polymeric sorbents (polyethylene and polystyrene). Meanwhile, despite the much lower hydrophobicity, tetracycline displayed stronger sorption to the humic acids than nonpolar, nonionic 1,3,5-trichlorobezene. It is thus concluded that specific complexation (Hbonding and cation exchange) with the humic functionality overwhelmed hydrophobic effect in sorption when tetracycline was dominated by the zwitterion. Furthermore, modifying solution chemistry conditions (pH, ionic strength of NaCl and CaCl2, and the presence of Zn2+) generally caused more prominent effects on tetracycline sorption to CHA than to SHA, which was attributed to the higher surface charge of CHA. Results of this research demonstrate the importance of the structural nature of humic acids in antibiotic sorption. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1934–1942. © 2010 SETAC
Evaluation of sorbent amendments for in situ remediation of metal-contaminated sediments
Authors: Kwon Seokjoon , Thomas Jeff , Reed Brian E. , Levine Laura , Magar Victor S. , Farrar Daniel , Bridges Todd S. , Ghosh Upal
Published: May 2010

The present study evaluated sorbent amendments for in situ remediation of sediments contaminated with two divalent metals. A literature review screening was performed to identify low-cost natural mineral-based metal sorbents and high-performance commercial sorbents that were carried forward into laboratory experiments. Aqueous phase metal sorptivity of the selected sorbents was evaluated because dissolved metals in sediment porewater constitute an important route of exposure to benthic organisms. Based on pH-edge sorption test results, natural sorbents were eliminated due to inferior performance. The potential as in situ sediment amendment was explored by comparing the sorption properties of the engineered amendments in freshwater and saltwater (10 PPT salinity estuarine water) matrices. Self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports with thiols (Thiol-SAMMS™) and a titanosilicate mineral (ATS™) demonstrated the highest sorption capacity for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively. Sequential extraction tests conducted after mixing engineered sorbents with contaminated sediment demonstrated transfer of metal contaminants from a weakly bound state to a more strongly bound state. Biouptake of Cd in a freshwater oligochaete was reduced by 98% after 5-d contact of sediment with 4% Thiol-SAMMS and sorbed Cd was not bioavailable. While treatment with ATS reduced the small easily extractable portion of Pb in the sediment, the change in biouptake of Pb was not significant because most of the native lead was strongly bound. The selected sorbents added to sediments at a dose of 5% were mostly nontoxic to a range of sensitive freshwater and estuarine benthic organisms. Metal sorbent amendments in conjunction with activated carbon have the potential to simultaneously reduce metal and hydrophobic contaminant bioavailability in sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1883–1892. © 2010 SETAC
Sensitivity of early life stages of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) to acute and chronic toxicity of lead, cadmium, and zinc in water
Authors: Wang Ning , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Ivey Christopher D. , Hardesty Douglas K. , May Thomas W. , Augspurger Tom , Roberts Andy D. , van Genderen Eric , Barnhart M. Chris
Published: May 2010

Toxicity of lead, cadmium, or zinc to early life stages of freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea; Neosho mucket, L. rafinesqueana) was evaluated in 48-h exposures with mussel larvae (glochidia), in 96-h exposures with newly transformed (5-d-old) and two- or six-month-old juvenile mussels, or in 28-d exposures with two- or four-month-old mussels in reconstituted soft water. The 24-h median effect concentrations (EC50s) for fatmucket glochidia (>299 µg Pb/L, >227 µg Cd/L, 2,685 µg Zn/L) and 96-h EC50s for two- or six-month-old fatmucket (>426 µg Pb/L, 199 µg Cd/L, 1,700 µg Zn/L) were much higher than 96-h EC50s for newly transformed fatmucket (142 and 298 µg Pb/L, 16 µg Cd/L, 151 and 175 µg Zn/L) and Neosho mucket (188 µg Pb/L, 20 µg Cd/L, 145 µg Zn/L). Chronic values for fatmucket were 10 µg Pb/L, 6.0 µg Cd/L, and 63 and 68 µg Zn/L. When mussel data from the present study and the literature were included in updated databases for deriving U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria, mussel genus mean acute values were in the lower percentiles of the sensitivity distribution of all freshwater species for Pb (the 26th percentile), Cd (the 15th to 29th percentile), or Zn (the 12th to 21st percentile). The mussel (Lampsilis) genus mean chronic value was the lowest value ever reported for Pb (the 9th percentile) but was near the middle of the sensitivity distribution for Cd (the 61st percentile) or Zn (the 44th percentile). These results indicate that mussels were relatively sensitive to the acute toxicity of these three metals and to the chronic toxicity of Pb, but were moderately sensitive to the chronic toxicity of Cd or Zn compared to other freshwater species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2053–2063. © 2010 SETAC
Retention-release characteristics of triclocarban and triclosan in biosolids, soils, and biosolids-amended soils
Authors: Agyin-Birikorang Sampson , Miller Matt , O'Connor George A.
Published: May 2010

Transport models that incorporate retention/release characteristics of organic compounds in soils and sediments typically assume that organic-carbon normalized partition coefficients (KOC) apply to all solid matrices and that the partitioning process is completely reversible. Partition coefficients (Kd) (from which the KOC was calculated), and retention/release characteristics of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in biosolids, soils, and biosolids-amended soils were determined. Four soils of different physicochemical properties amended with biosolids at 10 g/kg, together with unamended soils, and several biosolids were separately spiked with either [14C]TCC or [14C]TCS for the various determinations. The hysteresis coefficient values of the two compounds were consistently <1 in all three solid matrices, suggesting strong hysteresis. Multiple desorption steps (24 h each) over several days revealed incomplete desorption of the two compounds from all three solid matrices. The Kd values determined in biosolids (log Kd 3.34 ± 0.13 for TCC and 3.76 ± 0.39 for TCS) were greater than those determined in soils (log Kd 1.71 ± 0.09 for TCC and 2.25 ± 0.26 for TCS) and biosolids-amended soils (log Kd1.90 ± 0.16 for TCC and 2.31 ± 0.19 for TCS), however, the KOC values of all three solid matrices were similar (log KOC of 3.82 ± 0.16 for TCC and 4.26 ± 0.31 for TCS). Thus, it was concluded that a single or a narrow range of KOC values for TCC and TCS may be appropriate to describe retention of the compounds in soils and sediments. However, models that assume complete reversibility of the retention/release processes of the compounds in soils and sediments may not adequately describe the retention/release characteristics of the compounds in soils and sediments, especially when the chemicals are biosolids borne. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1925–1933. © 2010 SETAC
Steroid determination in fish plasma using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Bykova Liliya , Archer-Hartmann Stephanie A. , Holland Lisa A. , Iwanowicz Luke R. , Blazer Vicki S.
Published: May 2010

A capillary separation method that incorporates pH-mediated stacking is employed for the simultaneous determination of circulating steroid hormones in plasma from Perca flavescens (yellow perch) collected from natural aquatic environments. The method can be applied to separate eight steroid standards: progesterone, 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, estrone, 11-ketotestosterone, ethynyl estradiol, and 17β-estradiol. Based on screening of plasma, the performance of the analytical method was determined for 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and 17β-estradiol. The within-day reproducibility in migration time for these four steroids in aqueous samples was ≤2%. Steroid quantification was accomplished using a calibration curve obtained with external standards. Plasma samples from fish collected from the Choptank and Severn Rivers, Maryland, USA, stored for up to one year were extracted with ethyl acetate and then further processed with anion exchange and hydrophobic solid phase extraction cartridges. The recovery of testosterone and 17β-estradiol from yellow perch plasma was 84 and 85%, respectively. Endogenous levels of testosterone ranged from 0.9 to 44 ng/ml, and when detected 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one ranged from 5 to 34 ng/ml. The reported values for testosterone correlated well with the immunoassay technique. Endogenous concentrations of 17β-estradiol were ≤1.7 ng/ml. 11-Ketotestosterone was not quantified because of a suspected interferant. Higher levels of 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were found in male and female fish in which 17β-estradiol was not detected. Monitoring multiple steroids can provide insight into hormonal fluctuations in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1950–1956. © 2010 SETAC