bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The exchange-free technique: A novel technique for enhancing surpass flow diverter placement
Authors: Ocal Osman , Arat Anıl
Published: September 2020

Background: Following flow diverter placement, approximately 20% of intracranial aneurysms remain as residual aneurysms at 1 year. Device malapposition is a cause of residual aneurysms after flow diversion. We present a new and straightforward technique (exchange-free technique [EFT]) to enhance apposition of the surpass flow diverter (SFD), the only over-the-wire flow diverter currently available. Materials and Methods: We deployed laser-cut mini stents through the inner deployment catheter of the SFD. This maneuver was performed simply by withdrawing the micro-guidewire from its lumen and replacing it with a mini-stent (stents deliverable through microcatheters with inner diameter of 0.0165 inches), without a need to re-cross the deployed SFD or an exchange maneuver. All aneurysms in which this technique was utilized were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-eight patients (20 females) with 30 treated aneurysms were identified. The mean aneurysm diameter was 10.2 ± 6.6 mm. Technical success rate was 96.6% (29/30 aneurysms). There was no mortality or permanent morbidity related to the procedures. Except for the patient treated for an iatrogenic, surgery-related internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm who died secondary to consequences of multiple surgeries, no cases of mortality or permanent morbidity were noted. Complete aneurysm occlusion rates were 78.2%, 82.1%, and 95.2% at 0–3, 3–6, and 9–12 months, respectively. None of the patients were re-treated. Conclusion: EFT is a simple and fast technique which was not associated with adverse effects in our series. The higher aneurysm obliteration rate obtained with EFT is probably the result of better wall apposition of the SFD.
Protocol-based early decompressive craniectomy in a resource-constrained environment: A tertiary care hospital experience
Authors: Pattankar Sanjeev , Misra Basant
Published: September 2020

Objectives: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an emergency life-saving procedure used to treat refractory intracranial hypertension (RICH). The authors aim to analyze their experience with protocol-based early DC (<24 h) in RICH cases diagnosed based on clinical and radiological evidence, without preoperative intracranial pressure monitoring done over 10 years. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study which includes 58 consecutive patients who underwent protocol-based early DC by the senior author at a single institution between 2007 and 2017. Background variables and outcome in the form of Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended (GOS-E) at 6 months and 1 year were analyzed. Results: Fourteen patients had traumatic brain injury (TBI), 17 had intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), 14 had malignant cerebral infarcts (MCI), and the reminder 13 patients had other causes. At 6 months, the mortality rate was 22.4%. Good recovery, moderate disability, and severe disability were seen in 13.8%, 17.2%, and 43.1% of patients, respectively. Two patients were in vegetative state. The cutoff for favorable/unfavorable outcome was defined as GOS-E 4–8/1–3. By this application, 63.8% of patients had favorable outcome at 6 months. The favorable outcome in patients of TBI, ICH, and MCI was 57.1%, 58.8%, and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusions: DC helps in obtaining a favorable outcome in selected patients with a defined pathology. The diagnosis of RICH based on clinical and radiological parameters, and protocol-based early DC, is reasonably justified as the way forward for resource-constrained environments. The risk of vegetative state is small.
Traumatic brain injury in Mumbai: A survey of providers along the care continuum
Authors: Gupta Saksham , Khajanchi Monty , Solomon Harris , Raykar Nakul , Alkire Blake , Roy Nobhojit , Park Kee , Kumar Vineet
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant burden of a global disease, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as India. Efforts to curb the impact of TBI require an appreciation of local factors related to this disease and its treatment. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were administered to paramedics, anesthesiologists, general surgeons, and neurosurgeons in locations throughout Mumbai from April to May 2018. A thematic analysis with an iterative coding was used to analyze the data. The primary objective was to identify provider-perceived themes related to TBI care in Mumbai. Results: A total of 50 participants were interviewed, including 17 paramedics, 15 anesthesiologists, 9 general surgeons, and 9 neurosurgeons who were involved in caring for TBI patients. The majority of physicians interviewed discussed their experiences in public sector hospitals (82%), while 12% discussed private sector hospitals and 6% discussed both. Four major themes emerged: Workforce, equipment, financing care, and the family and public role. These themes were often discussed in the context of their effects on increasing or decreasing complications and delays. Participants developed adaptations when managing shortcomings in these thematic areas. These adaptations included teamwork during workforce shortages and resource allocation when equipment was limited among others. Conclusions: Workforce, equipment, financing care, and the family and public role were identified as major themes in the care for TBI in Mumbai. These thematic elements provide a framework to evaluate and improve care along the care spectrum for TBI. Similar frameworks should be adapted to local contexts in urbanizing cities in LMICs.
Asymptomatic brain abscess following decompressive craniotomy for stroke – A report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Kutty Raja , Sreemathyamma Sunilkumar , Sivanandapanicker Jyothish , Vijayan Abhishek , Asher Prasanth , Peethambaran Anilkumar
Published: September 2020

Stroke is a significant health problem in both developed and developing nations. The treatment strategies of stroke differ among various centers depending on the available expertise. Nevertheless, stroke contributes to a major economic burden for patients and health institutions. The recovery period after stroke is a critical period wherein various complications can develop in survivors. Among these multiple complications, the formation of brain abscess in the infarcted brain tissue is rare and less well described in the literature. Fever or signs of raised intracranial pressure are the usual manifestation of poststroke brain abscess. We present two unique cases of large brain abscess in patients who survived a malignant stroke. Both the patients were recuperating well after decompressive craniectomy for stroke without any signs of intracranial infection or raised intracranial pressure. Both the patients underwent open drainage of brain abscess, followed by delayed cranioplasty. There are only a few cases of brain abscess reported in the literature in patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for stroke.
Association between serum levels of interleukin-6 on pain and disability in lumbar disc herniation surgery
Authors: Haddadi Kaveh , Abediankenari Saeed , Alipour Abbas , Ghazvini Hamid , Jafarpour Hamed , Asadian Leila , Ketabchi Seid
Published: September 2020

Context: Many inflammatory cytokines are also elevated in degenerated or herniated intervertebral discs. Among biomarkers, interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an essential role in the inflammatory process of disc herniation. Some studies have suggested that an increase in serum IL-6 levels occurs in sustained radicular pain. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between changes in IL-6 serum level and pain and disability index in patients with radicular pain in acute herniated lumbar disc before and after lumbar disc surgery. Settings and Design: This is a descriptive-analytic prospective study to examine the association between IL-6 serum levels on pain and disability before and after the surgery in patients admitted with acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs from 2015 to 2018 in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Subjects and Methods: The blood level of IL-6, the severity of pain based on visual analog score, and disability based on the Oswestry disability index were measured before and 3 months after surgery. Statistical Analysis Used: All data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the study. Seventeen patients were male. The mean age was 39.53 ± 8.89 years. IL-6 concentration, 4.36 and 1.16 pg/ml were determined as cutoff before and after the surgery. Conclusions: The acceptable sensitivity and specificity of IL were obtained in this study. Our findings revealed that IL-6 could be used as a biomarker for predicting postoperative pain relief and disability improvement.
Cisplatin-related cerebral infarction in carcinoma of the external auditory canal
Authors: Kadowaki Makoto , Kamio Yoshinobu , Hiramatsu Hisaya , Namba Hiroki
Published: September 2020

Background: Despite the known association between cisplatin and vascular toxicity, the mechanism of cisplatin-associated cerebral infarction, a relatively rare complication, remains unclear. We describe an investigation of potential biomarkers that could facilitate the early detection of this complication in a relevant case. Case Description: A 59-year-old male diagnosed with stage III carcinoma of the external auditory canal underwent cisplatin chemotherapy. Seven days after the last dose, he presented with a disturbance of consciousness due to basilar artery occlusion, which was associated with chemotherapy administration. The patient recovered consciousness after thrombectomy. Interestingly, an increase in serum von Willebrand factor (vWf) activity was observed. The vWf activity level gradually normalized 5 months after cisplatin administration. Conclusions: Endothelial injuries could be responsible for cisplatin-associated cerebral infarction. Moreover, a cisplatin-induced cerebral infarction increase in serum vWf activity, which indicates endothelial injury, suggests that this molecule might be a useful biomarker for predicting cisplatin-associated cerebral infarction.
EC-IC Bypass; Our experience of cerebral revascularization with intraoperative Dual-Image Video Angiography (Diva)
Authors: Joshi Girish , Yamada Yasuhiro , Thavara Binoy , Tanaka Riki , Miyatini Kyosuke , Nakao Kazutaka , Kawase Tsukasa , Takizava Katsumi , Kato Yoko
Published: September 2020

Background: Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) arterial bypass has been used in the treatment of various cerebrovascular ischemic disease due to atherosclerosis or Moyamoya disease, skull base tumors encasing large IC artery or complex IC aneurysms. Aim: The aim is to analyze surgical technique (EC-IC bypass) and its outcome with intraoperative use of dual image video angiography (DIVA) and Doppler ultrasound. Materials and Methods: We studied in this article a series of 23 patients operated in Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University, for which a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was done for steno-occlusive disease, giant IC aneurysm or Moyamoya disease. The study was conducted between 2018 and 2020. We used dual-image video angiography (DIVA) and Doppler ultrasound to assess the luminal patency of anastomosis during the procedure. Results: In this study, three patients presented with Moyamoya disease, 4 had aneurysm, whereas 16 patients presented with the vascular steno-occlusive disease. The patients were divided into three categories (steno-occlusive disease, Moyamoya, and flow replacement for giant aneurysm). Dual image video angiography, along with intraoperative Doppler, helped us in the assessment of luminal patency of the anastomosis. Conclusion: Hemodynamic recovery after cerebrovascular bypass brings about a better outcome in ischemic stroke. The result of surgery improves with proper selection of patients with hemodynamic impairment (in Stage 2). With various modalities such as intraoperative Doppler, DIVA (Dual-image Video Angiography) and improved surgical techniques may aid in the reduction of complications and improve clinical outcome.
Effects of Single Bout and Short Term Aerobic Exercise on C-Reactive Protein in Type-2 Diabetes Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ezema C. I. , Nweke M. C. , Amarachukwu C. N. , Obiekwe C. , Okafor C. I. , Esom I. E. A. , Ukwuoma M. K.
Published: September 2020

Type-2 diabetes is a leading risk for cardiovascular diseases and events due to ease of develop­ment of atherosclerosis in people with type-diabetes. Chronic inflammation is a major driver of atherosclerosis in type-2 diabetes and it has been linked to elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level. The objective of this study was to determine whether CRP is amenable to aerobic exercise. A total of 40 adults diagnosed with type-2 diabetes patients were sampled randomly, and later, conveniently allocated into exercise and control groups. All the subjects were on the diabetes exchange diet as recommended by their Dieticians. Results show that the glucose level of the subjects of this study was fairly under control ((glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) = 0.80±0.11% for each of the group)). A weak negative correlation was found between ex­ercise-induced reductions in CRP and HbA1c (r = -0.345; p = 0.029). Significant (p < 0.05) difference in CRP was found between study and control groups following single bout (30 min) aerobic exercise, however, no significant (p > 0.05) difference in CRP was found between study and control groups after 8-weeks. Single bout or short-term aerobic exercises does not reduce CRP in people with fairly controlled type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Socio-Economic Instance of Ethnic Group in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Dhaka City
Authors: Beg Tahrima Haque , Khan Sunjida , Afrina Taskin , Hossain Md Shakib , Zayed Nurul Mohammad
Published: September 2020

In Bangladesh, an ethnic community such as barber, cobbler, washerman, porter become victims of severe discrimination despite the constitutional declaration that protects citizen's equal rights regardless of their race, caste, religion. This study focuses on various minor and untouchable groups in our society. Due to various reasons like lack of education, extreme poverty, lack of proper healthy atmosphere, etc. they could not organize themselves to establish their rights. Consequently, they remain in the darkness of the community. They also remain out of development efforts, untouchable and downtrodden. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from 12th February to 27th February 2020 in different areas in the capital city. The purpose of the study is to determine the lifestyle, family background, education level, and socioeconomic impact to access credit among these groups of people.
Transitioning from Face-to-Face to Remote Learning: Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions of using Zoom during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Serhan Derar
Published: September 2020

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the middle of the spring 2020 semester, many universities were forced to move from face-to-face (FTF) in-classroom to remote instruction. Many institutions used Zoom as their delivery platform.  The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ attitudes towards the use of Zoom in remote learning, and their perceptions of its effects on their learning and engagement in comparison to FTF learning. Thirty-one university students participated in this study. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert-type survey. The results indicated that students had a negative attitude toward the use of Zoom and perceived it as having a negative effect on their learning experience and their motivation to learn. Students listed flexibility as a main advantage to using Zoom for learning.
Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae) na microbacia do rio Água Fria, Pedra Branca do Amapari, Amapá, Brasil
Authors: Facundes Alessandra Dos Santos , Rodrigues Plúcia Franciane Ataíde , Brito Adriano Castro de , Guimarães Elsie Franklin , Pereira Luciano Araujo
Published: September 2020

Este trabalho trata das espécies de Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae) ocorrentes na microbacia do rio Água Fria, Pedra Branca do Amapari, estado do Amapá. O estudo envolveu a análise morfológica dos táxons coletados na região e tombados no Herbário Amapaense, além de observações de campo, bem como consulta aos portais virtuais dos herbários nacionais. São apresentadas descrições, distribuição geográfica e uma chave para facilitar a identificação das espécies. Foram registrados cinco táxons: Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr. var. glabella; P. pellucida (L.) Kunth; P. pilicaulis C. DC.; P. rotundifolia (L.) Kunth e P. serpens (Sw.) Loudon. P. rotundifolia é citada pela primeira vez para o estado do Amapá.
Decoding Corona Conscience: Analysis from the Lense of Power Posture, Vedic Philosophy and Hindu Civilization with Reference to Nepal
Authors: Dahal; PhD Atindra
Published: September 2020

Background: The world, though completely unwillingly, has been surfing with the most severely heart-rending and probably the highest form of suffering of the century called CoronaVirus (COVID-19). On very outset, this paper tries to trace a few remarkable messages that the world has to infallibly and flawlessly deduce, decode and assimilate over Corona from non-pharmaceutical, non-medical and non-military vantage points. It tries unfolding the grandeur of ‘Vedic philosophy and Hindu civilization based rural life practice’ in mitigating such pandemic-induced health hazards. It even assesses pros and cons of Corona in Nepal. Method: This paper has adopted doctrinal and archival methodology. Researcher’s argument is derived through the paradigm of interpretation, analogy, by juxtaposing situations, and taking references of perceptions and views expressed by various scholars, duly cited with acknowledgment. A variety of relevant and recently published works i.e. major books, pertinent articles, and frequently viewed and cited sources found in Google Scholar, SCOPUS, MedLine, academia.edu are cited considering the gravity and validity of needed content. Their insight and intuition are used to support as premise while reasoning arguments.Result: Eventually, following propositions are drawn that: pandemic is a recurring evil; it has seriously challenged the existing notion of world power strength; it has justified that behaviors based on Vedic philosophy and Hindu civilizations are prone and proficient to prevent such infections. Besides, Corona can herald both positive and negative outcomes to Nepal, ahead. Conclusion: This paper recommends that now all concerned authorities should delve and devise on preventing such plagues and pandemics through modifications on living manner (being aligned with Vedic Philosophy and Hindu Civilization) than being overhyped on medicines/vaccines. Power should be understood in a new way; Nepal ought not to be much pessimist in light of economic future.
BDI Funds Allocation Through Kotaku Towards The Development of Pasar Lama Kelurahan Banjarmasin Tengah Viewed from The Impact and Islamic Economy
Authors: S. Purnamasari
Published: September 2020

Islam sees economic development as the growth of human maturity, where the material progress that is currently inevitable and that must be supported by the strength of spiritual maturity so that prosperity is achieved. Benefit can be achieved when what emerges from a process is benefit and blessing. However, not everything that is beneficial can provide a blessing. The impact of the allocation of BDI KOTAKU funds on the economic development of Pasar Lama Kelurahan, Banjarmasin Tengah in 2017 was well utilized by the allocation of its use and could improve the economy and welfare of the citizens. However, when viewed from the perspective of Islamic economics, this is not enough even optimal in terms of funding because it is still not optimal use of existing and owned resources, it still depends on external sources / foreign debt which incidentally is interest-based so that there is an impact on funding dependency and make the nation's next generation dependent to the West, bearing the burden of debt and interest on its loans. This is what is called in the Islamic Economy with a useful concept but not a blessing / does not give blessing because of the interest / ribawi system. Thus the economic approach to the development of Sharia is needed to focus on development instruments that are compatible with religion / sharia and culture / local wisdom (local wisdom) so that existing resources can be utilized properly and benefits can be realized.
Make Internationalism Great Again: The AIB in an Age of Populist Nationalism
Authors: Kobrin Stephen J.
Published: September 2020

Is globalization – an open an integrated international economy – an aberration or the norm?  The first wave ended with WWI and then the Great Depression and the second is faltering with the Great Recession and the rise of populist nationalism. This essay asks whether it is possible to find a balance between global integration and national independence that provides the benefits of the former while allowing a satisfactory degree of national control, and whether a viable international system based on the rule of law can be constructed given the great diversity of national political and economic systems in the world today.
Global Value Chains and Economic Diplomacy
Authors: Van Assche Ari , Warin Thierry
Published: September 2020

Economic diplomacy scholarship should pay close attention to new trends in international business. Traditional economic diplomacy theories have been built on the premise that firms predominantly go abroad to reach foreign consumers, an increasingly antiquated way of thinking. Nowadays, many firms also use international business to develop more efficient production processes, diminish supply chain risks and enhance access to foreign knowledge. We discuss how incorporating global value chain concepts into economic diplomacy frameworks leads to the development of more effective economic diplomacy strategies.
Corporate Governance in Latin America: Towards Shareholder Democracy
Authors: Aguilera Ruth V. , Crespí-Cladera Rafel , de Castro Luiz Ricardo Kabbach
Published: September 2020

Dual-class shares entrench majority shareholders and reduce the ability of minority shareholders to oversee management decisions. This article describes the presence of dual-class shares in Latin American public listed firms and its implications to corporate governance. Using a sample of 621 firms across five Latin American economies, we show that the presence of dual-class shares is widely spread in this region relative to European and American firms. Considering that the effects of dual-class shares on firms’ value is still inconclusive, policymakers may encourage alternative safeguard mechanisms for minority shareholders other than the ownership structure.
The Importance of Institutional Knowledge for Expats Working in Latin America
Authors: Friel Daniel
Published: September 2020

This article contends that the training of expats should include explanations of how critical institutions shape the ability of multinational corporations to transfer best practices to their foreign subsidiaries.  It illustrates the importance of this topic by examining why an Argentine company failed in Brazil because it did not understand how critical differences between labor laws and supplier relations between this country and Argentina.  By contrast, the French company was successful in Brazil and Argentina because it understood how it had to adapt its lean production program to the particularities of industrial and employee relations in these countries.
The Intersection of National Cultural Values and Organizational Cultures of Silence and Voice, and the Moderating Effect of Leadership
Authors: Bogosian Rob
Published: September 2020

Much has been written separately about national cultural norms and organizational cultures of voice and silence but these two subjects have not been explored together. This article discusses two national cultural dimensions: (1) Power Distance and (2) Individualism/Collectivism and two organizational cultural phenomena: (1) Cultures of Voice and (2) Cultures of Silence. The article discusses the dynamics of organizational cultures of silence and voice and the relationship between power distance and individualism/collectivism and the moderating effect of leadership practices on the relationship between the two national culture dimensions and silence and voice in organizations.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Rottig Daniel , Mezias John
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces the special issue of AIB Insights focusing on Central and Eastern Europe, which was developed in cooperation with the AIB-CEE chapter. The issue includes “Examining the Contextual Richness of Central and Eastern Europe” by Andreja Jaklič, Matevz Rasković, and Arnold Schuh; “Benefits of Broadening the Analysis of International Competitiveness: The Case of CEE Countries” by Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski; “OFDI and IFDI Policies Adopted by CEE Countries after the Great Recession of 2007-2010” by Marta Götz; and “Do Foreign Subsidiaries Improve Host Country Competitiveness? Insights from Hungary” by Attila Chikán, Erzsébet Czakó, Péter Juhász, and László Reszegi.
Benefits of Broadening the Analysis of International Competitiveness: The Case of CEE Countries
Authors: Kowalski Arkadiusz Michał
Published: September 2020

The objective of the article is to evaluate selected dimensions of international competitiveness of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries. When it comes to income competitiveness, there have been persistent income gaps between CEE countries and the EU average, but they are progressively diminishing. Income convergence in Europe was accompanied by increasing (faster than EU average) share of CEE exports of goods and services in GDP, indicating a growing trade competitiveness. Progressive internationalization of CEE countries was also manifested by augmenting flows of inward FDI, and dynamically growing (however still relatively small) outward FDI, proving the Investment Development Path hypothesis.
Do Foreign Subsidiaries Improve Host Country Competitiveness? Insights from Hungary
Authors: Czakó Erzsébet , Juhász Péter , Chikán Attila , Reszegi László
Published: September 2020

A classification is provided on competitiveness investigations to make match with IB research, and a firm-level research is presented to probe it. Findings on a sample of 4000 manufacturing firms from Hungary, show that several layers of duality exist parallelly in the economy. One finding is that for the locally owned entities export intensity is the main driver for their performance differences, and foreign subsidiaries can be separated by their relative wage level to the industry average. It suggests that competitiveness policy needs to be adjusted accordingly to promote both economic performance and economic convergence effectively.
Are You a" Truly International" Scholar?
Authors: Delios Andrew
Published: September 2020

As a community, the scholars in the International Business field conduct research on phenomena associated with business conducted across borders and in multiple countries. But as individuals engaged in the study of international business, how many of our community are actively engaged in living a life that is international? By our own actions and activities, do we personally encounter and learn from engaging with new countries and new markets? Would doing so benefit our ability to identify and address critical research questions? This article addresses these issues and questions as it calls for International Business scholars to become more international.
Race-to-the-Top Strategy Paradigm
Authors: Ruelas-Gossi Alejandro
Published: September 2020

Alejandro Ruelas-Gossi, questions the widely accepted paradigm which suggests that emerging countries ought to integrate themselves into global value chains primarily through activities focused on cost reduction, exploitation of natural resources, and low-value added services. This paradigm has led to a race-to-the-bottom among many emerging countries and widened the gap between the developed and developing world. Instead, Alejandro Ruelas-Gossi proposes a race-to-the-top paradigm that is based on the sophistication, or value enhancement, of resources that are distinctively present across regions around the globe and illustrates this new paradigm based on examples from the Basque Country (Spain), Chile, and New Zealand.
Three Essays on Corruption, Government Transparency and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Loewenthal Neli Kouneva
Published: September 2020

The big question of this dissertation summary is: “How does firm-specific technology disruptiveness affect the relationship between country-level corruption distance, host government transparency, and MNE’s decision to expand in an emerging market?” The objective is to offer insight on how MNEs and government can collaboratively achieve greater progress on curbing corruption and on stimulating economic progress and sustainability in emerging markets.
Managing Complex Multinational Enterprises: Internal Network Structure and Expatriation Strategies
Authors: Lee Jong Min
Published: September 2020

This thesis investigates expatriate staffing strategies in the multinational enterprise (MNE) at both subsidiary and aggregate MNE levels. This research focuses on the role of subsidiary portfolio characteristics that reflect the extent to which overseas subsidiaries are spatially, horizontally, and hierarchically differentiated. Based on the differentiated network view of the MNE, this research argues that the degrees of internal differentiation in the subsidiary portfolio determine the level of managerial complexity faced by headquarters and hence affect expatriate staffing decisions in their subsidiaries. By highlighting the role of subsidiary portfolio characteristics, this thesis provides important new insights into MNE management.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on Making AIB and Our Field of IB More Legitimate and Relevant
Authors: Rottig Daniel , Mezias John
Published: September 2020

This editorial introduces a special AIB Insights issue on making IB more relevant. The issue includes “How to Regain Legitimacy and Relevance in a New Era for International Business: If Not Us, Who?” by Jean Boddewyn, Daniel Rottig; “The Declining Relevance and Legitimacy of IB Scholarship in a World That Really Needs It” by Simon Collinson; “Plus Ça Change, Plus C’est La Même Chose? Or, That Was Then, This Is Now!” by Mary Ann Von Glinow; “Phenomenon-Based Research in International Business: Making IB Relevant Again” by Jonathan Doh; and “Global Value Chains, Emerging Markets, and IB Education” by Robert Grosse.
The Declining Relevance and Legitimacy of IB Scholarship in a World That Really Needs It
Authors: Collinson Simon
Published: September 2020

Unprecedented real-world challenges add a new level of urgency to our scholarly mission to engage in relevant research. Yet, we are not significantly influencing the debates that are shaping our world. This is despite the latent power of international business studies to contribute significantly to better policy and practice through its frameworks, empirical methods and analytical rigour. This article outlines three related constraints on our ability to add value to the societies we belong to: (1) the incentive structures we are embedded in, (2) the declining relevance of what we know, and (3) our legitimacy amongst important stakeholders.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on The LEAD Research Project
Authors: Mezias John , Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces the AIB Insights special issue focusing on the LEAD Research Project. This issue includes “The Emic-Etic-Emic Research Cycle” by Betty Jane Punnett and colleagues; “The Team Process: Insights from the LEAD Experience” by Vincent Bagire and Betty Jane Punnett; “Attributes of Leadership Effectiveness in West Africa” by Cynthia A. Bulley and colleagues; “Attributes of Leadership Effectiveness in East Africa” by Bella L. Galperin and colleagues; “Views on Effective Leadership from Insiders and Outsiders” by Terri Lituchy and colleagues; and “LEAD Mexico: Insights from Insider and Outsider Interviews” by Terri Lituchy and colleagues.
Attributes of Leadership Effectiveness in East Africa
Authors: Galperin Bella L. , Melyoki Lemayon L. , Senaji Thomas A. , Mukanzi Clive M. , Michaud James
Published: September 2020

This article summarizes the findings from the LEAD research project in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, which suggest both similarities and differences in the perceptions of leadership effectiveness. Participants from the three countries describe effective leaders as people who are visionary, goal-oriented, and results-oriented. Further, the tribe/language, sense of community, and traditions are important cultural dispositions in all the three East African countries. The study can assist managers and academicians to better understand how leadership effectiveness is perceived by East Africans and help managers to better prepare to succeed in their leadership roles.
Creating Shared Value by Combatting Corruption
Authors: Nichols Philip M.
Published: September 2020

The Creating Shared Value strategy recognizes the embeddedness of a business firm within the social context. Enriching society therefore improves a firm’s productivity and increases opportunities for profit and growth. Corruption seriously damages the social context in which business firms operate, particularly in developing and emerging economies. Business firms, therefore, should work to reduce corruption and thus enhance their own productivity and growth. Research on successful implementation of Creating Shared Value strategies suggests methods for overcoming the most serious difficulties to implementing such strategies, including implementation in emerging economies.
Introduction to the 2016 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award.
Authors: Phene Anupama
Published: September 2020

This article discusses the 2016 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB dissertation award. It documents the nature and geographic dispersion of the submissions and the selection process utilized to identify finalists and the winner of the award. The finalist dissertations reflect a broad set of topics related to corporate social responsibility, language strategy, connectivity of peripheral economies and exploration of the role of headquarters in the multinational firm. Posing the right questions, anchoring these questions in theoretical foundations while pursuing cutting edge empirical techniques allows doctoral students to craft a dissertation that is a strong aspirant for the award.
Heterogeneous Implementation of CSR in an MNE: The Role of Subsidiaries’ Institutional Contexts and Behaviors
Authors: Jacqueminet Anne
Published: September 2020

My dissertation studies what makes an MNE’s subsidiaries implement practices that are consistent with the policy designed by the headquarters. Given the increasing normative pressures for CSR, managing conformity in that domain is of strategic importance. My work relies on a unique set of data (surveys, archival data, interviews) collected in one MNE over three years. The findings show that intra-MNE conformity results not only from diverse pressures exerted on subsidiaries, but also from the subsidiaries’ level of attention to demands, their internalization of the Group policy and the characteristics and institutionalization levels of the practices.
Language Strategies in Multinational Corporations: A Cross-Sector Study of Financial Service Companies and Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Sanden Guro R.
Published: September 2020

Situated at the intersection of sociolinguistics and international business and management studies, this article focuses on language management in two different industry sectors, namely the financial service sector and the manufacturing sector. Employing a multiple case study design consisting of two matched pair cases, the study examines the means by which language is managed, i.e. language management tools, in two financial service companies and two manufacturing companies. The study contributes to existing literature by capturing the effect of industry sectors on corporate language management – a level of analysis which has largely been overlooked in previous research.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on Is Your “IB” Research Truly “International”?
Authors: Rottig Daniel , Mezias John
Published: September 2020

This editorial introduction to the special issue of AIB Insights focuses on the issue theme: Is Your “IB” Research Truly “International”? The issue includes “Is Your “IB” Research Truly “International”?” by Jean J. Boddewyn; “Russian Foreign Trade under a New Wave of Political Pressure: A Glance from the Inside” by Andrey Mikhailitchenko and Sanjay Varshney; “Tax Avoidance by Multinational Companies: Methods, Policies, and Ethics” by Farok J. Contractor; “Irish-Dutch Sandwiches, Corporate Inversions, and Arm’s Length Transactions: International Tax for IB Courses” by James Nebus; and “Effective Use of Business Simulation Games in International Business Courses” by Tim Rogmans.
International Trade and Investment Agreements: Sovereignty at Bay in the 21st Century?
Authors: Meyer Klaus , Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

The rules of the game for international business are increasingly set in bilateral and multilateral treaties between nation states. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, this regulatory framework has evolved to facilitate international business, and thus to enable economic globalization. Yet, many treaties have been controversial as citizens do not appreciate their merits relative to their associated restrictions, and governments increasingly realize the costs and risks of the related loss of sovereignty. Concerned citizens resent shifts in bargaining power caused by new treaties, which are feared to limit citizens’ ability to determine their own destiny.
Why Do Countries Commit to ISDS for Disputes with Foreign Investors?
Authors: Jandhyala Srividya
Published: September 2020

To resolve disputes with host governments, foreign investors are increasingly turning to investor-state dispute settlement. Yet, host government commitment to this system constrains their policy space and may cede aspects of sovereign immunity. This paper explores three potential explanations for why so many governments have signed treaty clauses that could hurt them: attracting FDI, unintended policy, and de-politicization of disputes.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on Reshoring
Authors: Littrell Romie Frederick , Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces the AIB Insights special issue focused on Reshoring. The issue includes “From Offshoring to Rightshoring: Focus on the Backshoring Phenomenon” by Lydia Bals, Anika Daum, and Wendy Tate; “Returning from Offshore: What Do We Know?” by Filippo Albertoni, Stefano Elia, Luciano Fratocchi, and Lucia Piscitello; and “Offshore Sourcing and Reshoring: The Impact of Governance on Cost and Incentives” by Taghreed K. A. Hikmet and Peter Enderwick.
International Business and the Post-2015 Agenda
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Maria Alejandra
Published: September 2020

Business objectives and public expectations have often been antagonist concepts. In order to meet the 2030 agenda, we need capital markets for sustainable development that channel investment for development projects are needed. The participation of  business in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals would involve new and innovative forms of partnerships and alliances; national and international policy support; changing business mind-sets and identifying and prioritizing working business frame- works for sustainable development (such as establishing good governance systems, fostering a positive attitude towards technological and science-based solutions and providing incentives for infrastructure investment agreements, amongst many others).
Short-Term Faculty-Led Study Abroad Programs-Lessons from the CEU Business School New York City Program
Authors: Mulloth Bala , Horwitch Mel , Newton Erin
Published: September 2020

This article discusses employers’ demands for an increase in learning activities outside of the classroom, and beyond the school’s home city. It uses the example of a short-term abroad, faculty-led study program in New York City that provides students with an immersive experience in the center of modern and innovative management practices and entrepreneurial initiatives. The article outlines the program and provides insights, lessons learned and recommendations for the future design of such programs.
Internships Abroad: A Career Booster for German Students
Authors: Cromm Pascal , Kadow Karin
Published: September 2020

This article identifies the current requirement of companies in Germany for young graduates to possess a sound theoretical knowledge related to their degree program, soft skills, and broad foreign language skills. Solid practical experiences are also a “must”. In the German higher education system, the acquisition of practical experience is firmly anchored in study and examination regulations as far as “universities of applied sciences” are concerned. Compared to traditional universities, universities of applied sciences focus more on applied research, cooperate very closely with industry, and actually provide the German labor market with almost 60% of engineering and business graduates.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on the 2014 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award
Authors: Littrell Romie Frederick , Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces the AIB Insights special issue dedicated to the 2014 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award. The issue includes “Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2014 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award” by Peter Buckley, “AIB Dissertation Awards: The Early Years (1968-1985)” by John D. Daniels and José R. de la Torre, as well as dissertation overviews by the award nominees Marcus M. Larsen, Snehal Suyash Awate, Miguel Matos Torres, Lars Matysiak, and Surender Munjal.
Informed Consent for Cross-Cultural Classroom Exercises: Teaching Tool or Wishful Thinking?
Authors: Herst David E. L.
Published: September 2020

This article examines the problem of consent from a human resources and legal perspective. It considers whether norms about informed consent followed for medical procedures and research projects in the United States can be adapted to intercultural training. It does so using five issues raised in the medical and research ethics literatures: voluntarism, capacity, disclosure, understanding, decision.
Chinese Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Dynamics, New Synergies
Authors: Jackson Terence , Louw Lynette , Zhao Shuming , Boojihawon Roshan , Fang Tony
Published: September 2020

Recently, focus on China in the world looks more closely at Chinese MNCs. However, the key role that China now plays in Africa has largely gone unstudied. It is necessary to begin any analysis of Chinese management and organizations in Africa by attempting to understand China’s motives being there without assuming it has the same motivations as the West. Also, more studies are needed to get the knowledge about what happens when Chinese firms go abroad, what Chinese firms take to Africa, and the synergies between Chinese management philosophies and practices and their African partners, staffs and communities.
Internationalization and Performance of Emerging Market Firms: Institutional Embeddedness in Advanced Economies
Authors: Akbari Hamid
Published: September 2020

This article provides a summative overview of the author’s doctoral dissertation, which suggests that tapping into the benefits of superior institutional environments may be a primary driver of international acquisitions. The results of this study indicate that emerging market (EM) firms that become embedded in advanced economies experience negative performance effects in the short run but realize positive performance outcomes in the long run. Contrary to the intuitively-appealing prediction of the theory of incremental internationalization, the results suggest that EM firms realize greater performance benefits when they expand to more institutionally-distant advanced economies.
Replicating and Extending Cross-National Value Studies: Rewards and Pitfalls–An Example Middle East Studies
Authors: Hofstede Geert
Published: September 2020

This article continues the discussion of methodology issues in cross-cultural research from AIB Insights issue 4 of 2012. It specifically addresses the failure to employ matched samples in comparative, cross-cultural studies, based on a Middle Eastern context, and so illustrates how to properly examine cultural differences in the region.
Commercial Diplomacy and International Business: Inseparable Twins?
Authors: Ruël Huub J.M. , Lee Donna , Visser Robin
Published: September 2020

This article discusses the relationships between government and business, relating commercial diplomacy and international business success. It calls for more research on commercial diplomacy by international business scholars. It presents a short description of what commercial diplomacy is and most importantly, how, from an international business point of view, research should be undertaken in terms of business-government communication as well as the organization and value creation process of commercial diplomacy.
Returning from Offshore: What Do We Know?
Authors: Albertoni Filippo , Elia Stefano , Fratocchi Luciano , Piscitello Lucia
Published: September 2020

After decades of offshoring, involving production activities and business functions, some service and manufacturing companies have started to bring back their activities to their home country. We refer to this phenomenon by the term reshoring. We illustrate empirical evidence relying on two different datasets (“Uni-CLUB MoRe reshoring”; “Offshoring Research Network project”) which guarantee the largest geographical coverage of the phenomenon. Our data exhibits 501 reshoring cases of manufacturing activities (especially in fashion and electronics industries) from emerging to advanced (e.g. U.S. and Germany) countries mainly due to cost reasons; conversely, the back-reshoring of business functions is still a limited phenomenon.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on the 2018 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award
Authors: Rottig Daniel , Mezias John
Published: September 2020

This issue of AIB Insights focuses on the 2018 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award. It includes “Firm’s Economic Reliance to National Markets and the Corporate Provision of Public Goods: Evidence from Corporate Disaster Philanthropy” by Luis Ballesteros; “Country Familiarity: Three Essays on Entrepreneur Foreign Market Selection” by Daniel Clark; “What Drives Tax Avoidance Strategies Adopted by US MNEs: Understanding the Heterogeneity of Approaches to Corporate Tax Planning in US Multinational Enterprises” by Maggie Cooper; “Institutional Voids, Investment Purposes, and Foreign Subsidiaries of Multinational Enterprises” by Yamlaksira Getachew; and “Essays on Nonmarket Strategy” by Jin Hyung Kim.