bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A time‐sequential multi‐projector autostereoscopic display
Authors: Dodgson N. A. , Moore J. R. , Lang S. R. , Martin G. , Canepa P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We describe a new 28‐view 25‐in. autostereoscopic display that combines both time‐sequential and multi‐projector technology. It is constructed from four time‐sequential subsystems, which abut behind a single ferroelectric liquid‐crystal shutter. The display has a resolution of 512 × 384 pixels in 24‐bit color. It allows multiple viewers to simultaneously view stereoscopic images without the need for special glasses or headgear.
Thin‐film micromirror array (TMA) for large information‐display systems
Authors: Kim Sang‐Gook , Hwang Kyu‐Ho
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The thin‐film micromirror array (TMA) is a new reflective‐type spatial light modulator fabricated with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Micromachined thin‐film piezoelectric actuators are used to control the tilt angle of each micromirror, which defines the gray scale of the matching screen pixel. A working projector prototype of 5400 true ANSI lumens was presented at Asian Display '98 with three VGA‐format TMAchips and a 1‐kW xenon lamp. The prototype showed a light‐transmitting efficiency of 22%. An XGA‐format TMA was developed for commercial purposes. The size of each micromirror of the XGA‐format TMA is reduced to half the size of the micromirror of a VGA‐format TMA. Efforts have been made to maintain the light‐transmitting efficiency of the XGA TMA projector over 21%, as well as to improve the uniformity.
An area‐ratio gray‐scale method to achieve image uniformity in TFT‐LEPDs
Authors: Kimura M. , Maeda H. , Matsueda Y. , Kobayashi H. , Miyashita S. , Shimoda T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— An area‐ratio gray‐scale method (ARG) has been developed for low‐temperature‐polysilicon thin‐film‐transistor‐driven light‐emitting‐polymer displays (LTPS TFT‐LEPDs). A pixel consists of plural sub‐pixels, which are controlled to be in either an on‐state or off‐state. The gray scale is acquired by selecting the number of the on‐state sub‐pixels, that is, the ratio of the light‐emitting area. One advantage of the ARG is to improve image uniformity. In the on‐state, since TFT resistance is negligible, the current is determined by the LEP diode resistance. Therefore, the TFT characteristic deviation has no effect on the current. Moreover, the dimensions of each sub‐pixel are the same, and the shapes of the sub‐pixel are circular in order to improve their uniformity. As a result, the image becomes uniform. Another advantage of the ARG is to achieve digital operation, which makes interfacing easy. A digital‐analog converter (DAC) automatically exists in the sub‐pixel and the naked eye.
Monte Carlo calculation of CRT screen efficiency
Authors: Gläser H. , Bechtel H. , Busse F.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The influence of phosphor grain size on overall CRT screen efficiency has been studied by Monte Carlo calculation of the energy absorption and the photon propagation in the phosphor screen. To calculate the energy absorption, the phosphor layer is modeled as a randomly packed layer of spheres with defined size distribution and screen weight. The absorbed energy in the phosphor grains is obtained from cross sections of the physical processes involved. The optical efficiency is calculated taking into account the scattering and absorption probability of the photons within the phosphor screen. The optimal screen efficiency which can be obtained for CRT screens with constant phosphor powder efficacy and aluminum reflectivity increases with increasing median grain size of the phosphor powder. Depending on the actual anode voltage applied, the CRT screen efficiency increases for a 32‐kV anode voltage by 15%, going from 3‐ to 8‐μm median grain size of the phosphor powder. Larger grains at this anode voltage do not further increase the efficiency. Grain‐size distribution has no noticeable influence on screen efficiency.
Characterization of micro‐cell discharge in AC‐PDPs by spatio‐temporal optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshioka Toshihiro , Tessier Laurent , Okigawa Akifumi , Toki Kaoru
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed highly resolved spatio‐temporal optical emission spectroscopy to investigate the discharge characteristics of coplanar type ac plasma‐display panels (AC‐PDPs). Spatio‐temporal emission profiles were measured for relevant lines of atomic He, Ne, Xe, and ionic Xe in He‐Xe and Ne‐Xe systems with various Xe concentrations and total gas pressures. The surface‐discharge behavior in coplanar PDPs has been clarified.
Discharge striations on a coplanar AC‐PDP
Authors: Cho Guangsup , Choi Eun‐Ha , Seo Yoonho , Kim Young‐Guon , Joh Dai‐Geun , Ko Jae‐Jun , Lee Choon‐Woo , Kim Dae‐Il , Joo Young‐Dae , Han Jung‐Gwan , Kim Min‐Chul , Kim June‐Dong
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Observations suggest that the discharge striations in a coplanar AC‐PDP are related to the ion wall‐charge waves generated by the self‐sustained perturbations during the force‐balancing between the ion and the electron wall charge accumulated on the dielectric layer over the electrodes.
Data‐pulse‐voltage reduction of AC‐PDPs by using metastable‐particle priming
Authors: Ishii M. , Takeda Y. , Shiga T. , Igarashi K. , Mikoshiba S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— It is shown that space charges dominate the build‐up of an address discharge when it is preceded by a priming discharge in less than 32 μsec. When the separation of these discharges (cease period) exceeds 32 μsec, the space charges diffuse away and the metastable particles start playing the role of priming. The priming effect of the metastable particles is not too strong, which is desirable for adopting a data‐pulse‐voltage reduction technique for PDPs. By choosing the length of the cease period to be between 32 and 80 μsec in the Address‐While‐Display drive scheme, the data pulse voltage was reduced to 20 V. This leads to a considerable cost reduction of data driver ICs.
A field‐emitter‐array cathode‐ray tube (FEA‐CRT)
Authors: Konuma K. , Okada Y. , Okamoto A. , Tomihari Y. , Miyano S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—High‐resolution bright CRT monitors with Spindt‐type field‐emitter arrays (FEA‐CRTs) as electron guns have been realized for the first time. The FEA chip consists of 868 electron sources arranged within an emitter circle 50 μm in diameter and a vertical current limiter (VECTL) which protects the FEA chips from damage caused by an arc electric discharge. The FEA‐CRT has a minimum electron beam diameter of 0.84 mm at 18 kV and 100 μA.
Emission stability of FEA microtips
Authors: Nakane H. , Yamane K. , Muto Y. , Miyamoto N. , Adachi H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The stability and uniformity of the emission current of FEAs are important parameters in determining their viability for display applications. The electron emission from an FEA was magnified by using an emission microscope, and the stability of the individual microtips was increased. The number of observable microtips increased when the total emission current of the FEA was considered, and it approached 90%. Some of the microtips showed unstable emission and the number of such unstable microtips increased when the total emission current was increased. Gas molecules adsorbed locally on the top of the tip were moved by ion bombardment, for which the emission current should be varied.
New oxide phosphors for FEDs: Ruddlesden—Popper phases synthesized with IIIB‐group elements
Authors: Yamamoto Haijme , Okamoto Shinji , Mitsumine Satoe
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A red‐emitting phosphor, SrTiO3:Pr3+, for low‐voltage‐type FEDs and VFDs was developed by Futaba Corporation in 1996. The addition of Al or Ga is essential in the preparation of this phosphor because it improves the luminescence efficiency dramatically. For this impurity effect, Futaba Corporation proposed a charge‐compensation mechanism, which was supported by a recent observation of emission lines due to Al3+‐Pr3+ pairs. In addition, it was found that Al also works as a scavenger of planar defects, presumably SrO thin layers interleaved in the SrTiO3 lattice, by forming strontium aluminates. The latter mechanism suggests the possibility that a similar impurity effect can be found in materials with crystal structures, including alkaline‐earth oxide layers (Ruddlesden‐Popper phases).
Eu2+‐doped barium thioaluminate EL devices prepared by two‐target pulsed‐electron‐beam evaporation
Authors: Kawanishi Mitsuhiro , Miura Noboru , Matumoto Hironaga , Nakano Ryotaro
Published: January 2005

Abstract— New blue‐emitting thin‐film‐electroluminescent (TFEL) devices that satisfy the requirements for full‐color TFEL displays were developed. Eu2+‐doped BaAl2S4 thin films were used for the emission layer. BaAl2S4:Eu thin films were prepared by two‐target pulsed‐electron‐beam evaporation suitable for the deposition of multinary compounds that have difficulty in obtaining stoichiometoric thin films. The EL spectrum only had a peak at around 470 nm. The Commission Interantionale de l'Eclairge (CIE) color coordinates were x = 0.12 and y = 0.10. The luminance level from a 50‐Hz pulses voltage was 65 cd/m2.
An optical design for reflective color STN‐LCDs
Authors: Komura S. , Kuwabara K. , Itou O. , Abe M. , Funahata K. , Kondo K. , Hoshino N. , Iwakabe Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

In reflective color STN‐LCDs, it is necessary to achieve achromatic representation in single‐polarizer STN‐LCD modes. We propose an optimization method for the optical components of single‐polarizer STN‐LCD modes in order to achieve achromatic representation. By applying this method, it is shown that a contrast ratio of more than 20 can be achieved in the normally black (NB) mode. Furthermore, we prove that the normally white (NW) mode can be realized as well as an NB mode which is usually used in current reflective color STN‐LCDs. Comparing the viewing‐angle characteristics of the NW and NB modes, it was found that those of the NW mode are better than those of the NB mode. Particularly, high reflectance can be realized even at larger viewing angles in the NW mode.
Gray‐scale addressing method by multi‐order paraunitary/orthogonal building blocks
Authors: Yeung Steve , Lee James , Lam Berry , Ng Jonathan , Tsoi Ivan
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new driving scheme for liquid‐crystal displays has been proposed, which uses paraunitary matrices as the diagonal building blocks. The new driving scheme has the advantages of lower hardware complexity than the well‐known MLA. In this paper, a new method is proposed for the implementation of gray scale in the recently proposed paraunitary driving scheme and the MLA. The method is based on multi‐order paraunitary/orthogonal building blocks, which strikes a balance between frame size and number of voltage levels.
Low‐leakage off‐angle in E‐polarizers
Authors: Lazarev Pavel I. , Paukshto Michael V.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— New thin‐film polarizers have been developed for use in optical applications. The polarization technology is based upon liquid‐crystalline material built from dichroic dyes that can be deposited on virtually any substrate. Theoretical calculations and experimental results on viewing‐angle characterization of conventional O‐type polarizers and new E‐type polarizers are presented. At large viewing angles, the E‐type polarizers demonstrate lower light leakage, higher contrast ratio, and higher efficiency. Spectral performance depends on the composition of the dye mixture that is used to produce the polarizer coating. The new polarizers exhibit enhanced viewing angle and more design flexibility, providing new opportunities for the liquid‐crystal‐display industry.
A 15‐in. XGA thresholdless antiferroelectric LCD addressed by TFTs and using the quasi‐dc driving method
Authors: Hasegawa Ray , Fujiwara Hisao , Nagata Hiroyuki , Hara Yujiro , Saishu Tatsuo , Fukushima Rieko , Akiyama Masahiko , Okumura Haruhiko , Takatoh Kohki
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A 15‐in. TFT‐LCD with XGA resolution using thresholdless antiferroelectric liquid crystal (TLAF) has been developed. TLAF materials show V‐shaped switching and enable display of analog gray scale, wide viewing angle, and fast response. However, in the case that high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs using materials with large spontaneous polarization such as TLAF were driven by the conventional method, alternating current (ac) driving, the obtained contrast ratio was limited because of a sharp decline of holding voltage due to the growth of a depolarization field. In order to enhance the contrast ratio, a novel driving method referred to as quasi‐dc driving was proposed. In the quasi‐dc driving, the polarity of the applied voltage to liquid crystals inverts at certain intervals of several seconds. Moreover, the applied voltage and the charging time at the time of polarity inversion are increased more than the intended signals. By this method, the 15‐in. TFT‐LCD using TLAF with high contrast ratio (more than 100:1) and wide viewing angle was realized.
The feasibility of dynamic color separation: data from a 20V display prototype
Authors: Washburn Clayton A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This article provides performance requirements and measurement data on dynamic‐color‐separation (DCS) displays. Implementation for a 20V prototype is described. Measurement on its electron gun and phosphor screen provides a benchmark by which requirements for the full range of color CRT displays may be extrapolated. The advantages of DCS are summarized.
Multibeam and multipanel displays: Some perceptual effects of scan architecture
Authors: Lindholm Julie Mapes
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Scan architectures involving multiple beams or panels provide a means of increasing display resolution. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of such a scan may differ appreciably from the sampling lattice of standard input devices. If there are discrepancies between the scan pattern used to display a sequence of spatial images and the sampling lattice used to create that sequence, the space‐time display image may not be an accurate reconstruction of the original image. To illustrate the types of error that can occur, this paper presents an analysis of the form and motion distortions that result when a standard, progressive scan is used to display computer‐generated constant‐velocity motion sequences. A summary of pertinent psychophysical research indicates why these distortions are rarely detectable and provides a basis for estimating the perceptual salience of distortions created by combinations of sampling lattices and scan patterns. Finally, an analysis of several possible parallel‐ scan architectures indicates that some will introduce relatively large temporal delays between updates of spatially adjacent areas and thereby seriously distort computer‐generated images.
How to shop on the Web without seeing red
Authors: Hunt Robert W. G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Using the World Wide Web to order goods and services is a rapidly increasing activity. Experience with mail‐order catalogs has shown that failure of goods to match the catalog color is a major category of complaint. Ordering colored goods on the Web poses even greater challenges. Useful devices to standardize cathode‐ray tubes, and other self‐luminous displays, are available, but these only address the problem of display set‐up. Other relevant problems include the effects of changes in the level of luminance, lack of color constancy of goods with changes in illuminant color, departures from a set of color‐matching functions of the spectral sensitivities of acquisition devices, observer metamerism, the effect of the surround on the appearance of the display, and limitations in the gamut and in the resolution of typical displays. The extent to which these factors are likely to be important is discussed, and ways in which some of their effects might be mitigated are considered.
Effect of scribe‐wheel dimensions on the cutting of AMLCD glass substrate
Authors: Ono Toshihiko , Tanaka Kohichi
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The scribe‐and‐break method for glass cutting is widely used to separate individual liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) panels from a larger motherglass substrate cell. Optimum glass‐scribing conditions including scribe‐wheel dimensions, scribing load, scribing speed, etc., have been determined based on practical manufacturing experience. However, there has been no systematic study to determine the scribing conditions necessary to avoid stray breakage. In this paper, the influence of the scribe‐wheel angle and diameter upon the scribing and breaking of an active‐matrix liquid‐crystal‐display (AMLCD) glass substrate, Corning Code1737F glass, was experimentally investigated for the case of simple single‐glass‐sheet separation. It was determined that an equation including the factors of scribe‐wheel tip angle and diameter can be used to predict median crack depth as a function of scribe load. It was further found that the breaking force of the scribed sheet was strongly influenced by the residual stress created during scribing. A wheel having a 130° tip angle and 4‐mm diameter demonstrated the best results for sheet separation in terms of the lowest breaking force without lateral crack propagation. In addition, increasing the time interval between scribing and separating was found to result in an increase in the breaking force required to separate the glass substrate.
Current manufacturing technologies for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kim Chi‐Woo , Jeong Chang‐Oh , Song Jean‐Ho , Kim Hyung‐Guel
Published: January 2005

Abstract— TFT‐LCD panels for notebook‐PC applications requires a thin and light form factor, low power consumption, and good display quality, whereas the desktop monitor has different requirements such as large panel size, wide viewing angle, high resolution, brightness, etc. However, for the fifth‐generation of mass production, current panel technologies have to improve in order to cope with these requirements. In this article, various approaches to the manufacturing technologies of next‐generation TFT‐LCDs are discussed.
Requirements for large‐sized high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Ueki T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A 22‐in. prototype TFT‐LCD with a resolution of 200 pixels per inch and wide‐viewing‐angle capability has been developed and its requirements in terms of screen quality and technology will be discussed. An in‐plane‐switching mode with dual‐domain structure, post‐spacers, and high‐resolution process were implemented to achieve superior front‐of‐screen quality. And, also, in order to improve reliability and productivity, we developed a new injection method for liquid crystals which enabled us to eliminate injection holes.
ITO dry‐etching mechanism and its application in the fabrication of LCDs
Authors: Takei H. , Yasui Y. , Mizuno K. , Sakio S. , Ishibashi S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Based on HI gas‐plasma etching (high‐density plasma‐assisted RIE), the activation energy for an ITO dry‐etching reaction was obtained. The value was calculated 35–40 kJ/mol for 20 sec from the reaction starting time. The reaction dead time is characteristic of the ITO dry‐etching process, but the reaction is relatively simple. Therefore, ITO dry‐etching technology, based on HI gas plasma, is useful in the the fabrication of LCDs, and was used in a recently developed Multi‐Coaxial‐Plasma‐Source (MCPS) dry etcher.
Mercury‐free 18‐in. flat fluorescent lamp with good uniformity
Authors: Kwak M. G. , Han J. I.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed an 18‐in. 287 × 359‐mm mercury‐free flat fluorescent lamp (FFL) having a new structure that utilizes dielectric barrier discharge and contains pure xenon gas. The electro‐optical characteristics have been analyzed. The surface luminance of the lamp having a diffuser sheet is 5600 cd/m2 and the luminance uniformity is 92% at an applied voltage of 1050 Vrms and an applied frequency of 20 kHz in the form of a sine wave.
Current and future technology of low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Oana Yasuhisa
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The state of the art of large‐area low‐temperature TFT‐LCDs will be reported in this paper. High‐performance poly‐Si TFTs are expected to realize various applications such as system display where various signal‐processing functions are added to the display. In the past few years, low‐temperature poly‐Si thin‐film‐transistor (LTPS TFT) technology has made great progress, especially in the areas of excimer laser annealing (ELA) of high‐quality poly‐Si film, ion doping for large‐area doping, and high‐quality gate SiO2 film formation by using the low‐temperature PE‐CVD method. Also, technology trends and possible applications, such as a system displays, will be discussed.
Very‐high‐brightness diodes for passive‐matrix display applications
Authors: Burroughes Jeremy Henley , Cina Salvatore , Towns Carl Robert , Heeks Karl
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The development of a high‐brightness low‐voltage yellow‐light‐emitting polymer system suitable for use in low‐cost passive‐matrix displays will be reported. Average device efficiencies of 16 lm/W at 100 and 1000 cd/m2 are achieved at 2.1 and 2.4 V, respectively. A luminance level of 100,000 cd/m2 is achieved at 5.5 V.
LCoS microdisplay throughput measurements
Authors: Aastuen David J. W. , Bruzzone Charles L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We propose a straightforward method to measure the absolute throughput of an LCoS microdisplay. The method requires two measurements. The first measurement is of the lumens delivered from a testbed, which includes the microdisplay under test, with a folded light path. The second measurement is of the lumens delivered by the unfolded testbed with the microdisplay removed. This second measurement is used to normalize the first to obtain a fractional transmission that a designer can use to make a meaningful prediction of the system brightness of a LCoS‐based projection system.
Microdisplay wafer‐flatness metrology by optical interferometry
Authors: Walker Christopher M. , Handschy Mark
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We report a microdisplay wafer‐flatness metrology technique based on digital high‐pass filtering of topography data obtained from a commercial optical interferometer. This technique discriminates against both wafer‐scale bow/warp and pixel‐scale roughness to reveal die‐scale flatness variations that are the most relevant to microdisplay gap uniformity. We report flatness measurements of a variety of live and test silicon wafers supporting VLSI microdisplay circuitry, and show how these measurements correlate with the performance of liquid‐crystal microdisplays assembled from similar wafers. The technique is sensitive to cross‐die flatness variations as small as 25 nm in the presence of wafer bow of tens of microns. The wafer flatness variations that make the greatest contribution to liquid‐crystal cell‐gap non‐uniformity arise from interactions between the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process and the VLSI circuit layout. Our metrology technique can help the VLSI designer optimize microdisplay layout, and provides an objective flatness specification for wafers purchased from third‐party foundries.
Technology trends of high‐pressure mercury short‐arc lamps for projection systems
Authors: Dirks Joachim
Published: January 2005

Abstract—We will discuss the advantages and limitations of ac and dc lamp technology for microdisplay‐based projection systems. The performance of the lamp in terms of brilliance and thermal robustness together with the potential lamp lifetime for ac and dc lamps will be discussed. ac and dc lamp designs will be evaluated to judge their potential for future improvements in terms of usable projector lumens.
Improved gray‐scale monochrome and color AMEL displays using analog pixel
Authors: Nguyen Tin , Koyama Richard , Larsson Terrance , Ping Kumnith , Tuenge Richard T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Active‐matrix electroluminescent (AMEL) microdisplays have been known for their numerous beneficial characteristics such as low weight, compactness, high brightness, and high contrast ratio. Beside these desirable characteristics, some of their drawbacks include difficulty in obtaining a high number of gray‐scale levels or a large number of colors, and interface‐electronics complexity. To address these drawbacks, AMEL displays using an analog addressing architecture have been developed. Utilizing this new driving scheme, 256 monochrome levels or 16 million colors are obtainable. Gray shade is proportional to an analog voltage stored on the hold node of each pixel. For color displays, each pixel is comprised of red, green, and blue subpixels arranged in vertical stripes, and can be sized independently to achieve the appropriate white balance. With the integration of control‐signal circuit blocks on the same substrate as the microdisplay, the number of input control signals is minimized and the display can be driven with very simple interface electronics. This results in low overall system cost, compact electronic packaging, and low power consumption. To accommodate most optical orientations, the display has built‐in modes to flip the image both vertically and horizontally. Additionally, the display supports multiple interlace addressing modes.
New projection tubes using spherical phosphors and an electron gun having an impregnated cathode
Authors: Hattori H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Today, demand for flat and large displays are increasing dramatically. One of the solutions is a projection CRT system, which has significant advantages of low cost and high picture quality.1 We have newly developed projection tubes that combine spherical phosphors and a new electron gun that uses an impregnated cathode, resulting in a 40% improvement in resolution as well as a 5% increase in brightness compared with conventional tubes. The new projection tubes are suitable for high‐resolution displays for DTV and HDTV applications.
Luminous efficacy evaluation of XeI excimer for ACPDP
Authors: Hatanaka H. , Kim Y. M. , Lee W. T. , Lee Y. J. , Kim G. Y. , Park H. B. , Hong J. H. , Im S. J. , Kim J. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We demonstrate for the first time a luminous efficacy of a XeI excimer PDP comparable to that of a conventional Xe/Ne‐mixture PDP using 6‐in. ACPDPs. For the conventional PDP as a reference, a mixture of Xe: Ne = 4:96(%) with a total gas pressure of 60.0 kPa (450 torr) was used. For the XeI PDP, Ne‐buffered mixtures with the same total gas pressure were tried, and a mixture of I2:Xe: Ne = 0.02:7.1:92.88 (%) showed an efficacy as high as that of the conventional Xe PDP.
Space and time evolution of the plasma in a PDP cell: Comparisons between simulations and experiments
Authors: Ganter R. , Callegari Th. , Boeuf J. P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We have used a macroscopic discharge cell to study the space and time evolution of the plasma in geometry similar to real matrix and coplanar PDP cells with a scaling factor of around 100 (dimensions 100 times larger, pressure 100 times smaller, i.e., 1‐cm gap length, 5‐torr pressure). Discharges in pure neon and in a xenon‐neon mixture with 10% xenon have been investigated. The measurements have been compared with results from a two‐dimensional fluid model of the discharge.
PDP picture‐quality enhancement based on human‐visual‐system relevant features
Authors: Weitbruch S. , Zwing R. , Correa C.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The success of a new display technology such as plasma is strongly related to the final picture quality assessed by the customer's eyes. The human visual system (HVS) characteristics enable the definition of new cost‐efficient methods to significantly reduce the visibility of all plasma‐specific artifacts. Simple optimized encoding methods based on the luminance perception will be presented as well as more‐complicated algorithms based on motion perception.
Liquid‐crystal mixtures having tolane substances for field‐sequential‐color TN‐LCDs
Authors: Ichinose H. , Nakajima S. , Sugiyama Y. , Numata H. , Naemura S. , Manabe A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Novel liquid‐crystal (LC) mixtures featuring high optical anisotropy Δn) and small rotational viscosity (γ1) were developed for field‐sequential‐color TN‐LCD applications. The dynamic behavior of the TN cells in a narrow‐gap range was studied and new tolane LC substances were introduced. The newly developed LC mixtures, having a narrow‐gap cell, enable a TN‐LCD to switch fast enough to be applied to field‐sequential‐color displays not only at a room temperature but also at low temperatures. It was also confirmed that the voltage‐holding ratio (VHR) is sufficiently high in field‐sequential addressing conditions and, therefore, the LC mixtures can be used in active‐matrix LCDs. For practical use, a storage test of the TN cells under light irradiation was performed to evaluate their voltage‐holding property. It was also confirmed that their high VHR can be maintained for over 10,000 hours under practical conditions.
The impact of structure distortion on the processing of AMLCDs on plastic substrates
Authors: Polach S. , Lueder E.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

One of the major challenges during the processing of AMLCDs on plastic substrates is to guarantee the structure stability of the substrate. For the addressing of the active matrix, a‐Si:H‐TFTs are used. The a‐Si:H layer is deposited by using PECVD at substrate temperatures between 150 and 250°C, whereas the photolithographic steps for structuring the layers are usually carried out at room temperature. Because the thermal expansion of the plastic substrate is roughly 10 times higher than the expansion of the PECVD layer, there is a high strain in the foil and in the layer after the substrate is cooled down to room temperature again. We have carried out an analytical and experimental investigation on the occurring film stress and the resulting structure distortion during the processing of AMLCDs on plastic substrates. We established design rules minimizing distortion and stress and built the first TN display with 12,288 pixels addressed by a‐Si:H TFTs on a PES substrate.
A 400‐dpi reflective storage ferroelectric liquid‐crystal display for highly readable, low‐power mobile display applications
Authors: Ulrich D. C. , Henley B. , Tombling C. , Tillin M. D. , Smith D. , Dodgson N.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Mobile products require longer battery lifetimes and increased information content from the display. A ferroelectric liquid‐crystal reflective storage mode was demonstrated. This display only needs updating when the image changes, resulting in ultra‐low power consumption. Passive‐matrix addressing allows for high‐resolution text to be displayed.
Viewing‐angle characterization of reflective‐type liquid‐crystal displays by using an ellipsoidal mirror and a two‐dimensional CCD camera
Authors: Kawaguchi Akira , Tsujio Michio , Hamada Tetsuo , Funato Masayoshi , Yoda Yuji , Oka Koichi
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new photometry to perform the viewing‐angle characterization for reflective‐type LCDs has been developed. The optics consists of a rotating ellipsoidal mirror and a 2‐D CCD camera. The information obtained by this photometry includes the viewing‐angle characteristics of reflectance, contrast ratio, and chromaticity coordinates, which are comparable to gonioscopic photometry in terms of accuracy. Both the illuminating polar angle and azimuth angle can be scanned. The measurement time for this method is as short as that for conoscopic photometry when using a 2‐D CCD camera. An instrument equipped with light‐polarizing devices is already available. If analytic software was available, viewing‐angle characterization could be determined by a polarization analysis.
Ecotoxicological properties of liquid‐crystal compounds
Authors: Simon‐Hettich B. , Broschard T. H. , Becker W. , Takeuchi H. , Saito H. , Ohnishi H. , Takatsu H. , Naemura S. , Kobayashi K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

To obtain information on the ecotoxicological properties of liquid‐crystal (LC) compounds, the aquatic toxicity of selected LCs was investigated. Therefore, ten single LCs and one LC mixture were tested for their toxicity to the two standard organisms, daphnia (immobilization) and algae (growth inhibition). Water solubilities and detection limits were determined in the test media. Up to the limit of water solubility, the LCs as well as the LC mixture did not cause any adverse effects to the tested organisms.
Color management of reflective‐type LCDs in terms of adaptation of the human visual system to light‐source variation
Authors: Yoshida Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Yoichi , Hijikigawa Masaya
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We have investigated the color management, in terms of the color adoption property of the human visual system, of a reflective‐type TFT‐LCD (R‐LCD). Since the R‐LCD depends on ambient light as the light source, it is expected that the colorimetric color on the R‐LCD must be changed if the source of the ambient light is changed. However, due to the adaptation property of the human visual system, the eye does not perceive colorimetrically corrected colors as the same color even for an R‐LCD. In this research, first, we conducted a subjective experiment to obtain the RGB code value that is required in order to display a corresponding color on the R‐LCD under varying ambient‐light conditions. The result of the experiment shows that the corresponding color of the experimental results was reasonably approximated by the color obtained by using the von Kries model. Secondly, we proposed a color‐compensating mechanism that is described as a cascaded simple 3 × 3 linear matrix. Actual colors displayed are adjusted according to the ambient light. The evaluation of the picture quality of the R‐LCD showed that the proposed model is effective.
L‐1: Late‐News Paper: Conformable‐Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (C‐PDLC) Displays With Indefinitely Captured Form
Authors: Gorkhali S. P. , Cairns D. R. , Esmailzadeh S. , Vedrine J. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a conformable‐polymer dispersed liquid crystal (C‐PDLC) by processing a PDLC material between conducting indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates above the glass transition temperature of the PET. After first fabricating a PDLC between ITO/PET substrates at room temperature, the display is then molded to conform to a particular template, heated above the glass transition temperature, and then allowed to cool back to room temperature where it is then released from its template. Using this process the PDLC display remains indefinitely conformed while retaining its optical functionality. We present a comprehensive study on the optical performance of these conformable displays, the processing steps necessary for fabrication, and the issues associated with the conducting substrate technology processed above the glass transition temperature.
9.2: High‐Luminance Electroluminescence from {(Y2O3)1−x‐(Geo2)x} Phosphor Thin Film
Authors: Minami Tadatsugu , Kobayashi Youhei , Miyata Toshihiro , Suzuki Shingo
Published: January 2005

High‐luminance yellow emissions were obtained in TFEL devices using newly developed {(Y2O3)1−X‐(GeO2)X}: Mn phosphor thin films prepared with a composition (X) of 0 to 0.92. Luminances of 7440 and 7700 cd/m2 were obtained in TFEL devices using a Y2O3: Mn and a {(Y2O3)0.6‐(GeO2)0.4}: Mn thin film, respectively: driving voltage at 1 kHz.
L‐5: Late‐News Paper: Single‐substrate LCDs Produced by Photo‐enforced Stratification
Authors: Penterman Roel , Klink Stephen I. , de Koning Henk , Nisato Giovanni , Broer Dirk J.
Published: January 2005

A new technique to produce polymer covered liquid crystal layers on a single substrate, called photo‐enforced stratification, allows cost‐effective production of ultra‐thin LCDs. The two‐step photopolymerisation‐induced phase separation of a liquid crystal and a polymer precursor can be performed on a variety of substrates and provides freedom in display design.
L‐6: An Improved Analog AMEL Microdisplay
Authors: Tuenge R. , Larsson T. , Nguyen T. , den Boer W.
Published: January 2005

Color active matrix electroluminescent (AMEL) microdisplays with analog pixel design have demonstrated high brightness, low power consumption and over 256 gray levels per primary color. A new driving scheme for the analog pixel has been developed which eliminates luminance intensity variations and noise due to electronic coupling on the display. A new color pixel design has been implemented which produces a more saturated blue color and a higher white color temperature.
L‐7: Late‐News Paper: The Design and Development of a Pilot Line for the Manufacturing Validation of LEP Display Technologies
Authors: Yallup Kevin
Published: January 2005

Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) has set up a pilot line to develop advanced technology, manufacturing processes and infrastructure for Light Emitting Polymer (LEP) displays. A combination of careful planning and design has resulted in a flexible technology development facility that can demonstrate the manufacture of a wide range of LEP display devices and products and continue to implement new technologies that are required to realize future display markets.
34.2: Optical Components Directly Molded on the LCD Glass Substrate
Authors: Yamada F. , Ono S. , Taira Y.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe the new process which we developed to mold precision optical components directly on a glass substrate of LCD using precision mastering by diamond cutting technique and photopolymer (2P) molding technique. We succeeded to mold a lens array on an LCD glass substrate with precise alignment to sub pixels of TFT array within six micrometer throughout the 13‐inch diagonal display area.
34.4: New Alignment Film Drying Process for Large and Thin Glass Substrates: Molecular Behavior in the Drying Process
Authors: Nakano Keiko , Inoue Takashi , Imayama Hirotaka , Takemoto Issei
Published: January 2005

A new alignment film drying process has been developed based on hot air blow system. The system offers more stable and efficient drying process on larger and thinner glass substrates. The alignment film performance is highly affected by drying speed which defines surface polymer molecular conformation due to solvent concentration gradient at the surface. The optimum process has been established by detailed molecular behavior analyses related to solvent evaporation sequence and thin organic alignment film evolution.
35.1: Invited Paper: A 50‐in. Diagonal Plasma Display Panel with High Luminous Efficiency and High Display Quality
Authors: Sato Yoichi , Amemiya Kimio , Saegusa Nobuhiko , Uchidoi Masataka
Published: January 2005

Higher Xe content gas has been applied to an improved cell design using “T”‐shaped electrode and deep WAFFLE rib. Newly developed 50‐in. diagonal wide/XGA panels have a luminous efficacy, a panel luminance and a panel full screen white luminance of 1.8 lm/W, 900 cd/m2 and 200 cd/m2 respectively. The power consumption of the new 50‐in. display monitor is 348W. The image qualities, other than luminance, have been also improved by “smooth CREAR” driving method and “pure” color filter. The driving method reproduces 768 gray levels and the gradation on low luminance region is as smooth as 4000‐step gray levels. Color gamut reproducing full NTSC area and a bright‐room contrast ratio of 120:1 under ambient illumination on the screen of 150 lx have been obtained by the color filter. After all the newly developed plasma displays (PDPs here after) show high display quality and the total display performance of them, as a large‐screen TV, excels that of any other display device.
35.2: Development and Characteristics of a 25‐in. XGA PDP Using LTCC‐M Technology
Authors: Mun J. D. , Kim I. T. , Cho C. R. , Hwang K. T. , Moon S. J. , Boo K. H. , Moon G. J. , Lee S. H. , Kwon Y. H. , Kim M. S. , Koo B. J. , Han J. K. , Kong S. S. , Kim J. D.
Published: January 2005

25″ XGA (165 μm pitch) PDP panel was developed using LTCC‐M (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic on Metal) technology. Simulations of optimum barrier height and gas composition for maximum power efficiency was carried out and the gas composition was determined to be 71 % He‐25 % Ne‐4 % Xe (in vol %) for the LTCC‐M PDP panel. Some packaging issues including vacuum compatibility of LTCC‐M panel are addressed and the LTCC‐M panel properties are described.
35.3: Noise‐free Plasma Display Panels for Consumer Use
Authors: Shibata Masayuki , Fujinaga Akihiro , Ishizuka Kazunori , Iwasaki Kazuhide , Kanae Tatsutoshi , Kawanami Yoshimi , Kosaka Tadayoshi , Masuda Takeo , Sawa Masahiro
Published: January 2005

The generation mechanism of the buzzing noise coming from PDPs and a method to reduce the noise are discussed. The cause of the noise is vibration in the panels. The front and rear glass plates compose a beam as a result of projections at barrier rib ends. The projections are created during sand blasting and firing. The forms of the barrier ribs were optimized with computer simulations, reducing the heights of the projections to about one‐third. The amplitude of the vibration is proportional to the square of the drive voltage. Minimizing the voltage difference between the front and rear plate electrodes is an effective way to decrease the buzzing noise level.
35.4: New Approach for Wall Display with Fine Plasma Tube Array Technology
Authors: Shinoda Tsutae , Ishimoto Manabu , Yamada Hitoshi , Tokai Akira , Awamoto Kenji
Published: January 2005

A wall‐sized emissive full‐color display with fine plasma tubes using three electrodes is proposed. Each tube has an internal MgO overcoat and a phosphor layer. The experimental display was fabricated and the results will be presented. This method will realize a display with a flexible screen shape and an expandable screen size.
36.4: A 5‐in. CRT for High Luminance and High Resolution Projection Display
Authors: Cheng Jianbo , Wang Qiong‐Hua , Lin Zulun
Published: January 2005

We have developed 5‐in. projection CRTs using multi‐crystal material MgAl2O4 as the phosphor screen substrate. An experimental 50‐in. rear‐projection TV incorporating the projection tubes achieved more than 1600 TV lines of horizontal resolution and 1800 lumens of brightness.
37.2: Polymer Light‐emitting Diode Displays Driven by Integrated NanoBlock IC Drivers
Authors: Shi Yijian , Bernkopf Jan , Herrmann Scott , Hermanns Anno , Choquette Diane
Published: January 2005

We report on new display architecture of polymer light‐emitting diode (PLED) displays. In this new approach, the pixel drivers, called NanoBlock™ (NB) ICs, are uniformly distributed (embedded) within the display backplane by application of Alien's Fluidic Self Assembly (FSA™) process. Each NanoBlock IC is driving the nearest eight pixels in a direct drive mode. These displays exhibit linear gray scale control, good emission uniformity and respectable efficiency.
37.3: High Performance 2.2″ QCIF Full Color AMOLED Display based on Electrophosphorescence
Authors: Ju S. H. , Yu S. H. , Kwon J. H. , Kim H. D. , Kim B. H. , Kim S. C. , Chung H. K. , Weaver M. S. , Lu M. H. , Kwong R. C. , Hack M. , Brown J. J.
Published: January 2005

Full color 2.2‐inch Quarter Common Intermediate Format (QCIF) organic EL displays were developed using phosphorescent materials and low temperature poly‐Si (LTPS) technology. These displays exhibited a world record efficiency of 11cd/A at an optimized white CIE coordinate of (0.31, 0.32) with an OLED operating voltage of 6V. The current pixel structure for the 2.2‐inch display allows about 32% aperture ratios and a white peak luminance of over 300cd/m2.
9.4: Self‐Aligned Phosphor Patterning Techniques for Inorganic EL Displays
Authors: Seale D. , Rodrigues L. , Werner C. , Irvine D.
Published: January 2005

Techniques have been developed for patterning a variety of phosphor systems for inorganic EL displays. Negative resist systems are used to prevent exposure of sensitive sulfide‐based phosphors to water. This results in patterned phosphor brightnesses that are comparable to unpatterned panels. Also, the process is partially self‐aligning, thus reducing the number of patterning steps required.
38.2: Azodye Aligning Layers for Liquid Crystal Cells
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir , Prudnikova Elena , Kozenkov Vladimir , Ling Zhihua , Kwok Hoi Sing , Akiyama Hidenari , Kawara Tatsuo , Takada Hirokazu , Takatsu Haruyoshi
Published: January 2005

The photo‐induced alignment of liquid crystal onto a photochemical stable azo dye film is studied for the liquid crystal display (LCD) applications. The photo‐aligning of azo dye takes place due to the pure reorientation of the molecular absorption oscillators perpendicular to the UV‐light polarization. The order parameters S= −0.4 (80% of the maximum absolute value Sm= −0.5) was measured at the wavelength of 372 nm from the polarized absorption spectra. The temperature stable pretilt angle of 5.3° was obtained by a two‐step exposure of azo‐ dye film using normally incident polarized light followed by oblique non‐polarized light. The azimuthal anchoring energy of the photo‐aligned substrate was Aɛ> 10−4 J/m2, which is of the same magnitude as the anchoring of the rubbed PI layer. VHR value of the photo‐aligned LC cell was also found to be very high (98–99%) at room temperature and more than 95% at T=80°C. The thermal stability of the photo‐aligned azo‐dye layers is sufficiently high, while UV‐stability has to be improved e.g. by polymerization. The bright perspectives for the new LCD aligning technology are envisaged.
39.1: Electron Emission from Self ‐Aligned Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Microcathodes
Authors: Milne W. I. , Teo K. B. K. , Chhowalla M. , Legagneux P. , Pirio G. , Pribat D.
Published: January 2005

The overall aim of this work is to produce arrays of field emitting microguns, based on carbon nanotubes, which can be utilised in the manufacture of large area field emitting displays, parallel e‐beam lithography systems and electron sources for high frequency amplifiers. This paper will describe the work carried out to produce patterned arrays of aligned Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) using a dc plasma technique and a Ni catalyst. The self aligned process to produce gated arrays of nanotubes/fibres will also be described and details of the field emission behaviour of the different arrays of MWCNTS will be presented.
40.1: Invited Paper: The Dual Coplanar Electrode Mercury Free Flat Fluorescent Lamp
Authors: Park H. B. , Kim K. Y. , Hong J. H. , Lee Y. J. , Hatanaka H. , Kim Y. M. , Im S. J.
Published: January 2005

The authors introduce a dual coplanar electrode flat fluorescent lamp, which is basically the sum of two coplanar electrode lamps, one having the electrodes on the front plate and the other on the bottom plate. It has the same level of discharge stability as that in a usual coplanar lamp. And the results also indicate that the brightness and luminous efficacy improve largely for a dual coplanar lamp compared to a coplanar lamp because there is less diffusion loss for the dual coplanar lamp.
40.5L: Late‐News Paper: 18.1‐inch XGA TFT‐LCD with Wide Color Reproduction using High Power LED‐Backlighting
Authors: Ohtsuki Hideyo , Nakanishi Kunifumi , Mori Akihiro , Sakai Seiji , Yachi Shigeru , Timmers Wim
Published: January 2005

We develop 18.1‐inch XGA TFT‐LCD using high power Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as light sources for backlighting. By matching the transmissive spectra of color‐filter to LEDs radiation, the higher brightness and the wider color reproduction of 95%‐NTSC are achieved on the front‐of‐screen.
41.1: Invited Paper: Higher Output, More Compact UHP Lamp Systems
Authors: Moench Holger , Ritz Arnd
Published: January 2005

The optical performance of short arc projection lamps can be improved dramatically: A dichroic coating on one half of the UHP burner is applied to focus all light into one hemisphere. This allows for extremely compact reflector systems and an improvement by 20–30% in light collection.