bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Monetary Union reform preferences of French and German parliamentarians
Authors: Blesse Sebastian , Boyer Pierre C , Heinemann Friedrich , Janeba Eckhard , Raj Anasuya
Published: March 2019

We analyze data from an author-conducted survey of members of the French and German parliaments on European Monetary Union reform preferences. We consider three potential drivers of preferences: nationality, ideology, and personal characteristics. For European Monetary Union policies like Eurobonds, the Fiscal Compact, and the European Central Bank asset purchase program we find a robust difference between parliamentarians of both countries if they belong to the same party family and controlling for individual characteristics. Based on our estimates, however, we predict agreement between German left-wingers and French conservatives even for ideological differences that are smaller than the current difference between the left and the right European party families. Our findings suggest that deeply-rooted national differences do not impose a prohibitive obstacle to a German-French parliamentary consensus on European Monetary Union policies.
Parametric study of pilot-ignited direct-injection natural gas combustion in an optically accessible heavy-duty engine
Authors: Rochussen Jeremy , McTaggart-Cowan Gordon , Kirchen Patrick
Published: March 2019

Natural gas is an attractive fuel for internal combustion engines in light of its potential for reduced greenhouse gas and particulate emissions, and significant reserves. To facilitate natural gas use in compression ignition engines, pilot-ignited direct-injection natural gas combustion uses a small pilot injection of diesel to ignite a more significant direct injection of natural gas. Compared to modern diesel combustion, this strategy is a promising technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions while retaining diesel-like efficiency without a significant CH4 emission penalty. To further develop this technology, investigation of in-cylinder combustion processes is needed to identify the primary fuel conversion processes. The objective of this work was to provide a framework of conceptual understanding by identifying key processes in a typical pilot-ignited direct-injection natural gas combustion event and characterizing their sensitivity to fuel injection parameters. A parametric sweep of injection pressure, natural gas injection duration, and relative timing of the diesel pilot and natural gas injections was performed in an optically accessible 2 L single-cylinder engine. Combined heat release rate and OH*-chemiluminescence reaction zone analysis was used to demarcate the transition from ignition reactions to primary natural gas heat release. Five distinct combustion processes were identified: (1) pilot auto-ignition; (2) natural gas ignition; (3) rapid, distributed partially premixed natural gas combustion; (4) non-premixed combustion; and (5) late-cycle oxidation. While natural gas ignition was found to be insensitive to injection pressure, it was strongly affected by the time between pilot and natural gas injections. Reducing the relative injection timing from +8° to −6° resulted in the primary natural gas heat release transitioning from non-premixed, to distributed partially premixed, to stratified premixed flame propagation as a result of increasing natural gas premixing. The presented measurements and analysis serve to refine an initial conceptual model of the combustion process and lay the groundwork for future, more focused studies of pilot-ignited, direct-injection natural gas combustion.
Development of an Occupational Risk Assessment Tool for Laboratory Animal Facilities
Authors: Clayton April M. , Hayes James , Lathrop George W. , Powell Nathaniel
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

Laboratory animal facilities aim to provide excellence in animal care and welfare and support scientific research. Critical to these goals is to ensure a safe work environment for personnel comprising veterinary and animal care, laboratory research, and maintenance staff.

Objective:

Thus, performing occupational risk assessments allows for evaluation of risks from identified hazards associated with a variety of tasks ongoing in laboratory animal facilities.

Methods:

Herein, we present the development of an occupational risk assessment tool purposed to capture the dynamics of work performed in laboratory animal facilities, calculate and prioritize identified risks associated with procedures and processes, and inform and evaluate risk mitigations.

Results:

We also discuss a risk assessment for refining sharps use in nonhuman primate husbandry and care to demonstrate the utility of this tool to improve occupational safety in our animal facility.

Conclusion:

This tool and framework evolve into a holistic occupational risk management system that identifies, evaluates, and mitigates occupational risks; determines risk acceptability; consistently ensures communication and consultation with frontline personnel, stakeholders, senior leadership, and subject matter experts in biosafety, science, and animal care and welfare; and continuously strives to improve and enhance the operations of laboratory animal facilities.
Efficient path planning for multiple transportation robots under various loading conditions
Authors: Bae Jungyun , Chung Woojin
Published: March 2019

The article proposes a new path planning method for a multi-robot system for transportation with various loading conditions. For a given system, one needs to distribute given pickup and delivery jobs to the robots and find a path for each robot while minimizing the sum of travel costs. The system has multiple robots with different payloads. Each job has a different required minimum payload, and as a result, job distribution in this situation must take into account the difference in payload capacities of robots. By reflecting job handling restrictions and job accomplishment costs in travel costs, the problem is formulated as a multiple heterogeneous asymmetric Hamiltonian path problem and a primal-dual based heuristic is developed to solve the problem. The heuristic produces a feasible solution in relatively short amount of time and verified by the implementation results.
Heart failure
Authors: Spacie Robin , Duffell James M , Jones Megan
Published: March 2019

Heart failure is a progressive condition that is increasing in prevalence. Clinical findings, together with natriuretic peptide measurement and echocardiography, underpin diagnosis. Drugs can improve the prognosis (ACE-inhibitor, beta blockers) and ameliorate symptoms (diuretics). Non-pharmacological treatment includes exercise therapy, smoking cessation and nutritional care. Heart failure has a poor prognosis and early palliative input is recommended.
Jasomontanone, a Novel Bicyclic Sesquiterpene from the Leaves of Jasonia montana
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed A.
Published: March 2019

A novel rearranged eudesmane sesquiterpene with a new 5/7 membered bicyclic-ring-system, jasomontanone, was isolated from Jasonia montana. Its structure was determined as (3a R*, 6 R*, 8a R)-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-propan-2-yl)-8a-methyl-octahydrazulen-4(5 H)-one by analysis of spectroscopic data (IR, HR-MS, 1H and 13C NMR), including 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY), chemical transformation, and biogenetic consideration.
Clarification of the Saponin Composition of Ranunculus ficaria Tubers
Authors: Marston Andrew , Cabo Martine , Lubrano Christian , Robin Jean-Renaud , Fromageot Claude , Hostettmann Kurt
Published: March 2019

Six known saponins, glycosides of hederagenin and oleanolic acid, have been isolated from the tubers of Ranunculus ficaria L. (Ranunculaceae). Their separation included the use of centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Structure determination was achieved on the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectral studies. This is the first report of these triterpene glycosides from R. ficaria.
Hederacine A and Hederacine B from Glechoma hederaceae Inhibit the Growth of Colorectal Cancer Cells in vitro
Authors: Kumarasamy Yashodharan , Nahar Lutfun , Kong-Thu-lin Paul , Jaspars Marcel , Sarker Satyajit D.
Published: March 2019

The cytotoxic activity of the tropane alkaloids, hederacine A (1) and hederacine B (2), previously isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Glechoma hederaceae, was assessed by the MTT cytotoxicity assay using colon cancer cell line (CaCo-2). The IC50 values for 1 and 2 were found to be 86.6 and 301.0 μM, respectively.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Lasiocephalus longipenicillatus (Senecio longipenicillatus)
Authors: Rondón María , Araque María , Morales Antonio , Gualtieri María , Rojas Janne , Veres Katalin , Máthé Imre
Published: March 2019

The analysis of the essential oil of Lasiocephalus longipenicillatus by GC-MS, yielded α-pinene (48.3%), α-humulene (15.8%) and germacrene-D (15.5%) as major constituents. The essential oil showed a strong antibacterial activity against important human pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Resin of Protium heptaphyllum
Authors: Bandeira P. N. , Fonseca A. M. , Costa S. M. O. , Lins M. U. D. S. , Pessoa O. D. L. , Monte F. J. Q. , Nogueira N. A. P. , Lemos T. L. G.
Published: March 2019

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the fresh resin of Protium heptaphyllum was analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents were: α-pinene (10.5%), α-phellandrene (16.7%), limonene (16.9%), and terpinolene (28.5%). The essential oil was tested in vitro for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The results showed a moderate antimicrobial, but significant antioxidant activity. These results suggested that this essential oil is beneficial to human health, having the potential to be used for medical purposes and to be utilized as anti-bacterial additives to skin cosmetics.
Two New C18-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum Piepunense
Authors: Cai Le , Chen Dong-Lin , Wang Feng-Peng
Published: March 2019

Two new C18-diterpenoid alkaloids, piepunendines A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the roots of Aconitum piepunense. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data (1H and 13C NMR, 2D NMR, HR ESIMS). Piepunendine B is the first naturally occurring C18-diterpenoid alkaloid having the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethoxy group at C-8.
The Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Teucrium Stocksianum Subsp. Stocksianum Leaf from Oman
Authors: Hisham Abdulkhader , Pathare Nirmal , Al-Saidi Salim
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. subsp. stocksianum leaf grown in Oman was analyzed by GC-MS. Forty seven components amounting to 76.1% of the total oil were identified. The major constituents were α-cadinol (7.6%), β-selinene (6.4%), trans-verbenol (5.9%), caryophyllene oxide (5.7%), α-phellandren-8-ol (5.0%), verbenone (5.0%) and δ-cadinene (5.1%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested against a panel of seventeen bacterial and six fungal strains by the disc diffusion method. The oil inhibited the growth of all test organisms at various levels; however, it showed significant inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, as well as yeasts. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined.
Chemical Constituents and Effect of Topical Application of Oleum Hyperici on Skin Sensitivity to Simulated Sun Exposure
Authors: Miraldi Elisabetta , Biagi Marco , Giachetti Daniela
Published: March 2019

Hypericum perforatum is one of the oldest and most experimentally and clinically studied herbal drugs. In this work, using HPLC/MS/MS, we investigated the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of the flowering tops of Oleum Hyperici, an ancient remedy obtained following the methodology reported in Deutsche Arzneibuch 6 (DAB). The chemical composition of Oleum Hyperici was very different from that of the crude drug, in which two new phloroglucinols were identified for the first time. The main components responsible for the activity (hyperforin and its derivatives, hypericin and its derivatives) were not found in the oil extract. The sun protection factor (SPF) for Oleum Hyperici was demonstrated to be low.
Bioproduction of Diosgenin in Callus Cultures of Balanites aegyptiaca: Effect of Growth Regulators, Explants and Somatic Embryogenesis
Authors: Chapagain Bishnu P. , Saharan Vinod , Pelah Dan , Yadav Ram C. , Wiesman Zeev
Published: March 2019

This study describes the effects of plant growth regulators, explants, and somatic embryogenesis on in vitro production of the steroidal sapogenin, diosgenin, in callus cultures of the Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.(desert date). Root, shoot, hypocotyl, and epicotyl callus culture of B. aegyptiaca, were raised on MS basal media supplemented with various combinations of either 2,4-D and NAA alone, or with BAP. The diosgenin content (on a dry weight basis) was found to be highest when calli were cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D alone and/or in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP. However, the callus growth was highest in media supplemented with 2.5 or 3.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. MS basal media supplemented with 2,4-D 2.5 mg l−1 alone and in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP induced pre-embryogenic callus formation on root cultures. When these pre-embryogenic callus cultures were used to establish cell suspension cultures, two growth densities were obtained in embryogenic suspension cultures, inducing clusters of somatic embryos at various stages of development. The maximum number of somatic embryos were obtained at the fifth week on the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. However, the diosgenin content in these somatic cells was found to be lower compared to the explant calluses. This study revealed that production of diosgenin in callus cultures of B. aegyptiaca is possible, but the amount is significantly affected by the growth regulators, type of explants, and somatic embryogenesis.
AFLP Analysis for Genetic Diversity in Capsicum Annuum and Related Species
Authors: Thul Sanjog T. , Shasany Ajit K. , Darokar Mahendra P. , Khanuja Suman P. S.
Published: March 2019

Intra- and inter-specific genetic variation analysis was conducted using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiling in Capsicum accessions in the germplasms collected from different geographical locations in India. A total of 24 accessions were investigated belonging to six species, namely C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinence, C. eximium, C. frutescens and C. luteum. Average similarity within the 15 accessions of C. annuum was highest (100%) between accessions CIMAP/CA45 and CIMAP/CA49 obtained from IISR, Kerala and 43% among the species CIMAP/CC1 and CIMAP/CB2. In this analysis, accessions were clustered more pronouncedly according to their geographical locations than to their taxonomic labels. A great degree of intermixing of present day domesticated chillies is evident from the present study.
Two New Sarasinosides from the Sponge Melophlus Sarasinorum
Authors: Santalova Elena A. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Berdyshev Dmitrii V. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: March 2019

Two new 30-norlanostane-type oligoglycosides (6, 7) along with five known sarasinosides A1 (1), A2 (2), A3 (3), M (4), L (5) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the Australian sponge Melophlus sarasinorum. The skeleton of new sarasinoside A4 (6) possesses a rare 8α,9α-oxido-8,9-seco-moiety. Sarasinoside A5 (7) proved to be a 9-deoxy-congener of the previously described sarasinoside L (5). Compounds 1–7 have identical pentasaccharide chains and differ in the aglycone portions. The structures have been elucidated on the basis of NMR, MALDI-TOF MS and GC analyses.
Guyonianin A and B, Two Polyester Diterpenes from Algerian Euphorbia guyoniana
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed A. , Gherraf Noureddine , El-Bassuony Ashraf A. , Rhouati Salah , Gad Mahmoud H. , Ohta Shinji , Hirata Toshifumi
Published: March 2019

The dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Euphorbia guyoniana afforded two new polyester diterpenes, named guyonianin A and B, a rare class of bicyclic diterpenes. Their structures were established by high-field NMR spectroscopic methods, including DEPT, COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC.
Guaianolides from the Aerial Parts of Centaurea Hololeuca
Authors: Rosselli Sergio , Maggio Antonella Maria , Raccuglia Rosa Angela , Simmonds Monique S. J. , Arnold Nelly A. , Bruno Maurizio
Published: March 2019

Seven guaianolides were isolated from the acetone extract of the aerial parts of Centaurea hololeuca Boiss. The antifeedant activity of the natural compounds (1–7) and of four chloro derivatives (8–11), synthesized from repin (1) and janerin (3) were tested against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Cebellin J (6) and chlorojanerin (11) showed significant antifeedant activity at 100 ppm, whereas at this concentration cebellin G (4) and 15-deschloro-15-hydroxychlorojanerin (7) stimulated feeding. Cebellin G (4) stimulated larvae of S. littoralis to feed at low concentration, but deterred feeding at high concentrations. The addition of chlorine to repin (1) resulted in an increase in antifeedant activity.
Hydroperoxysterols from the Brazilian Brown Seaweeds Dictyopteris justii and Spatoglossum schroederi (Dictyotales): A Defensive Strategy against Herbivory
Authors: Teixeira V. L. , Barbosa J. P. , Rocha F. D. , Kaplan M. A. C. , Houghton P. J. , Pereira R. C.
Published: March 2019

Extracts of the Brazilian brown seaweeds Dictyopteris justii and Spatoglossum schroederi showed the presence of a cytotoxic mixture of 24R- and 24S-epimers of 24-hydroperoxy-24-vinylcholesterol (1). The derivation of 1 from fucosterol is proposed. Laboratory experiments assessed the anti-herbivory properties against the crab, Pachygrapsus transversus, of the crude extract and the epimers of 1 found in D. justii. The crude extract did not inhibit feeding, but the mixture of 1 epimers had a significant inhibitory effect. We propose that these unusual sterol compounds cannot be easily converted to assimilable compounds by this crustacean, thus acting as a defensive strategy for the seaweed against herbivory.
An Alternative Approach for the Detection of Ethephon (2-Chlorethylphosphonic acid) Residues in Apples
Authors: Kröpfl Dietmar , Schweiger Klaus , Wagner Franz Siegfried , Prettner Elke
Published: March 2019

A rapid and simple GC/MS method to detect ethephon residues in apples is introduced using an internal standard and direct extraction of the analytes from the matrix at low pH with ethyl acetate. A one step derivatization procedure has been established using N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoracetamide (MTBSTFA) prior to GC/MS analysis performed in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Optimization of the derivatization and GC- parameters led to good method performance and measurement precision. Recovery experiments showed recovery rates ranging from 80.8 to 95.5% in the concentration range were investigated. The presented method provides significant improvements in laboratory safety, sample throughput and instrumentation cost compared with other methods to detect ethephon residues in apples.
Novel Metabolites from the Stem Bark of Brombya sp. Nova (Gap Creek) (Rutaceae)
Authors: Halstead Clynton W. , Forster Paul I. , Waterman Peter G.
Published: March 2019

Two piperonyl derivatives, seven coumarins and two furoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from the aerial parts of a new species of Brombya [Brombya sp. nov. (Gap Creek) (Rutaceae)]. Three of the compounds were new natural metabolites; 7-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)octene-2-one (7,8-dehydromoskachen D), the coumarin 6-(1ξ,2ξ,3-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, and the furoquinoline alkaloid 4,5,6,7-tetramethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline (5,6,7-trimethoxydictamnine). The secondary metabolites isolated in this study are typical of the Rutaceae, contrasting with earlier studies on the only other species of Brombya, B. platynema, which yielded only brombyins, for which 7,8-dehydromoskachen D is a possible precursor.
New Clerodane and Halimane Diterpenes from the Leaves and Woody Stems of Casearia grayi (Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae)
Authors: Mosaddik Ashik , Forster Paul I. , Booth Ron , Waterman Peter G.
Published: March 2019

The leaves and woody stems of Casearia grayi (Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae) have yielded several known flavone glycosides and a number of clerodane and halimane diterpenes, which were characterized mainly by analysis of NMR spectra. New compounds were identified as (rel)-2(R)-hydroxy-18(S),19(R)-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-4(S),5(S),8(S),9(S),10(R)-clerodan-13(16),14-dien-6-one (1), (rel)-2(R),18(S),19(R)-triacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-4(S),5(S),8(S),9(S),10(R)-clerodan-13(16),14-dien-6-one (4), (rel)-2(R)-hydroxy-18(S),19(R)-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-4(S),5(S),8(S),9(S),10(R)-clerodan-12(E),14-dien-6-one (7), (rel)-18(S),19(R)-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-2(R)-hydroxy-4(S),5(R),8(S),9(S),10(R)-clerodan-12(E),14-diene (8), and 16-hydroxy-halima-5(10),13(E)-dien-15-oic acid (9).
A Phytochemical Investigation of Nectandra membranacea from Monteverde, Costa Rica
Authors: Wu Xiujun , Vogler Bernhard , Haber William A. , Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

Bioactivity screening of Nectandra membranacea from Monteverde, Costa Rica, revealed that the crude bark extract has in-vitro cytotoxic activity against the Hep G2 and MDA-MB-231 human tumor cell lines, as well as antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and the yeast Candida albicans. Phytochemical investigation of the bark extract has yielded three eudesmane sesquiterpenes, ilicic acid, costic acid, and 3-isocostic acid. These three sesquiterpenes have been isolated from the Lauraceae family for the first time. All the structures have been confirmed using NMR spectroscopic and MS techniques. The leaf essential oil of N. membranacea has been obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical components have been identified by GC-MS techniques. The oil is dominated by terpenoid hydrocarbons.
Bioactive Sesquiterpene Lactones from Eupatorium Kiirunense
Authors: Shen Ya-Ching , Lo Kuang-Liang , Kuo Yao Haur , Khalil Ashraf Taha
Published: March 2019

Four new sesquiterpene lactones, two heliangolides, one eudesmanolide and one germacranolide, were isolated by chromatographic fractionation of an acetone extract of Eupatorium kiirunense and named eupakirunsins F, G H and I (1–4). They were identified as 8β-(3-hydroxy-2-methylen-butanoyloxy)-1β,10α-epoxy-3α-hydroxy-6βH,7αH-heliang-4Z,11(13)-dien-6,12-olide (1), 8β-tigloyloxy-1β,10α-epoxy-3β,15-dihydroxy-6βH,7αH-heliang-4Z,11(13)-dien-6,12-olide (2), 8β-tigloyloxy-1 β,3β-dihydroxy-6βH,7αH-eudesman-4(15),11(13)-dien-6,12-olide (3) and 8βtigloyloxy-3βhydroxy-1β,10β-epoxy-14-oxo-6βH,7αH-germacra-4E,11(13)-dien-6,12-olide (4). The structures and the relative configurations of the new metabolites were elucidated through extensive spectral analysis and by comparison with known spectral data. Among the isolated compounds, 1 and 3 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against WiDr and MCF-7 human tumor cell lines.
Prenylated 2-Arylbenzofurans from Two Species of Artocarpus
Authors: Syah Yana M. , Hakim Euis H. , Makmur Lukman , Kurdi Valentina A. , Ghisalberti Emilio L. , Aimi Norio , Achmad Sjamsul A.
Published: March 2019

Two prenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, artoindonesianins A-1 and B-1, have been isolated from Artocarpus champeden and A. altilis, respectively, along with the known flavones cyclocommunol and cycloartocarpin, and a known stilbene, artoindonesianin F. The structures of these compounds were determined based on spectroscopic evidence. The chemotaxonomic significance of the presence of 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives in Artocarpus is briefly discussed.
A Sesquiterpene, Clerodane Diterpenes and a Furanone from the Roots of Casearia Multinervosa (Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae)
Authors: Mosaddik Ashik , Waterman Peter G.
Published: March 2019

The roots of Casearia multinervosa (Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae) have yielded the new compounds 10ε-acetoxyhumula-3,7-diene (1), (rel)-(2S,5S,6S,8R,9R,10S)-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-clero-3,13(16),14-trien-4,5-dial (2), (rel)-(2R,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R)-6-methoxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-clero-3,13(16),14-trien-4,5-dial (3), (rel) (2S,5S,6S,8R,9R,10S, 18R,19S)-18-acetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-19-methoxyclero-3,13(16),14-triene (4), and 3ε-(hexadec-11-enyl)-4ε-hydroxy-5-methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran-2-one (5).
Triterpenoids, Including One with Smooth Muscle Relaxant Activity, from Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) Leaves
Authors: Vera Janne Rojas , Dacke Christopher G. , Patel Asmita V. , Blunden Gerald
Published: March 2019

A methanol extract of Rubus idaeus leaves was fractionated by column chromatography and the eluted samples were tested for their ability to relax transmurally stimulated Guinea pig ileum preparations in vitro. Two distinct bands of activity were detected. From band one sitosterol and eight triterpenoids were characterized, but only olean-18-ene-1β, 2α, 3α-triol demonstrated smooth muscle relaxant activity. This compound is, to the best of our knowledge, novel, as are olean-12-ene-3β, 29-diol and urs-12-ene-3β, 30-diol.
Pycnanthus Angolensis (Welw) Excell: Volatile Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Simic Anica , Kroepfl Dietmar , Simic Nebojsa , Ogunwande Isiaka A.
Published: March 2019

The volatile oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Exell., (African nutmeg), Myristicaceae, have been investigated by GC and GC-MS. The main components of the bark oil are α-bergamotene (25.1%), terpinen-4-ol (16.6%), α-terpineol (15.6%) and trans-β-bergamotene (12.9%). Only two compounds, spathulenol (82.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (14.0%), could be identified in the leaf oil. In addition, the volatile oils displayed promising antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial and fungal species.
Alkaloids and Coumarins from Ruta Species
Authors: Ulubelen Ayhan , Öztürk Mehmet
Published: March 2019

Although there are a number of Ruta species in the world, R. graveolens L., R. chalepensis L., R. montana (L.) L., R. angustifolia Pers. and R. pinnata L. fil. are the most studied. However, the first two of them have been the most extensively investigated for their chemical constituents and biological activities. They are used for their anthelmintic, diuretic, emmenagogue, and aphrodisiac properties. In dermatology, they are used against psoriasis and vitiligo, and as mycosis fungicides. In many countries, the plant extracts have been used as birth control agents.
Steroidal Glycoalkaloids: Isolation, Structure, Analysis, and Biosynthesis
Authors: Ghisalberti Emilio L.
Published: March 2019

In recent years, the steroidal glycoalkaloids have emerged as an important class of bioactive compounds. Their occurrence in a number of foods and their diverse biological activities has encouraged the development of more efficient procedures for their isolation, purification and analysis, and more sensitive methods of detection and structure determination. This review is mainly concerned with new approaches for the characterization of these metabolites. The formation of artifacts of isolation and purification is discussed. The limited information on their biosynthesis is summarized.
Two Novel Natural Flavonoids from Primula palinuri
Authors: Iinuma Munekazu , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Oyama Masayoshi , Wollenweber Eckhard
Published: March 2019

The farinose exudate produced by Primula palinuri was found to consist of 12 flavones at least. Two of them are novel natural compounds, 2′-hydroxy-2-methoxychalcone and 8,2′,5′-trihydroxyflavone 5′-benzoate. The structure was determined by analysis of MS and 2D NMR spectral data and spectral comparison with the known compounds.
Comparative Analysis of Over-the-Counter Tablet Preparations of Isoflavones Extracted from Soy Available in Portugal
Authors: Campos Maria G. , Paranhos António H. , Matos Miguel P. , Câmara Maria T. , Cunha Margarida M. , Pinto Paula R.O. , Silvestre Armando J.D. , Amado Francisco M. L. , Neto Carlos P.
Published: March 2019

The results of a survey of 28 over-the-counter tablet preparations of isoflavones extracted from soy and 2 with black cohosh that are available in Portuguese pharmacies are presented. All were remedies for hot flushes and post-menopause related problems. Their isoflavone content was analysed by HPLC/DAD and LC/MS-MS. The results show that the isoflavonoids in soy extracts sold by the pharmaceutical companies in Portugal are mainly daidzin, glycitin and genistin.
Biological Activities of Limonoids, Catechins, Procyanidins and Extracts from Xylocarpus granatum
Authors: Wangensteen Helle , Duong Gia M. , Alamgir Mahiuddin , Sarder Mokadez , Samuelsen Anne B. , Malterud Karl E.
Published: March 2019

Procyanidins and catechins were found in high amounts in the methanol extract of the bark of the mangrove tree Xylocarpus granatum. The procyanidins showed a consistent structural pattern with catechin as the starter and epicatechin as the extender units. Four limonoids with a tetranortriterpenoid structure, previously identified in X. granatum, were isolated as well. Catechins, procyanidins, limonoids and plant extracts were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibiting effects. Catechins and procyanidins demonstrated high activity, and the procyanidin of the pentamer type was found to be most potent (IC50; DPPH: 3.3 ± 0.3 μM, 15-LO: 9 ± 1 μM). Extracts were also found to have antibacterial activity.
The Lasthenia Californica Story: It Started with Flavonoids
Authors: Bohm Bruce A. , Rajakaruna Nishanta
Published: March 2019

Our laboratory's study of Lasthenia (Asteraceae) began with an examination of flavonoid profiles of all species of the genus. The finding of two distinct flavonoid races within the L. californica complex led us to investigate environmental factors that might have been responsible for selection of these particular forms. Data were gathered on soil chemistry, allozyme variation, breeding biology, the effect of water stress on plant growth, and ion uptake physiology. In conjunction with workers at other institutions, DNA studies were undertaken to determine evolutionary relationships between the two races. These studies led to the recognition that racial differences had arisen in parallel in two phylogenetically independent lineages. These results are discussed in terms of the evolution of edaphic (soil type) races, and the possible usefulness of the system as a model for future studies of parallel speciation in plants.
Distribution of Surface Flavonoids in Bulgarian Plants
Authors: Nikolova M. , Ivancheva S.
Published: March 2019

The review describes the distribution of surface flavonoids in Bulgarian plants. More than 100 species of Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Geraniaceae and other families have been checked for external flavonoid aglycones. The flavonoid profiles of Asteraceae species are composed of a wide array of flavones and flavonols, mainly based upon 6-substituted derivatives. Flavone aglycones are predominant in the exudates of Lamiaceae species. Apigenin, luteolin and their derivatives were most commonly found in the studied species of Scropulariaceae and Lamiaceae. It has been shown that species of Geraniaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Solanaceae contain flavonoids of the flavonol class as surface constituents. Surface distributed flavonoids appear to have been well studied and useful for chemotaxonomy. If there is not too much infraspecific variation, flavonoid profiles can be used as taxonomic characters to distinguish species. Correlations between external flavonoid formation and local environment are apparent.
Variation in Artemisinin and Flavonoid Content in Different Extracts of Artemisia annua L
Authors: Bilia Anna Rita , Gabriele Caterina , Bergonzi Maria Camilla , de Malgalhaes Pedro Melillo , Vincieri Franco Francesco
Published: March 2019

Artemisia annua L. is a promising and potent antimalarial drug. This activity has been ascribed to its content of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is stage specific and very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium species and which has low toxicity. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of artemisinin is enhanced by the flavonoids of the extract, as recently proposed by the authors. Different extracts (tinctures, infusions and decoctions), obtained from a cultivar selected by the University of Campinas (0.52% artemisinin), were analyzed in order to prove the selectivity of the solvents to obtain high yields of both artemisinin and flavonoids. Tinctures 40 and 60% v/v showed a greater power of extraction in comparison with infusions and decoctions. The best performance was obtained using 60% v/v tincture. The extraction efficiency for artemisinin was 40% and for flavonoids was 29.5%. Among aqueous extracts, the best results were obtained by preparing an infusion with boiling water, left to cool for 15 minutes before filtration. The extraction efficiency for artemisinin was 57.5% and for flavonoids was 8.2%. If leaves are boiled for several minutes the artemisinin concentration is decreased, probably due to the heat instability of this constituent. Also microwave could represent a valid alternative method to extract the phytocomplex, the extraction efficiency for artemisinin was 41.0% and that for flavonoids was 7.7%.
Leishmanicidal Activity of Artemisinin, Deoxoartemisinin, Artemether and Arteether
Authors: Lezama-Dávila Claudio M. , Satoskar Abhay R. , Úc-Encalada Mirna , Isaac-Márquez Ricardo , Isaac-Márquez Angélica P.
Published: March 2019

In this work we studied the in vitro toxicity of artemisinin and its chemical derivatives deoxoartemisinin, artemether and arteether against stationary phase promastigotes of Leishmania (L) mexicana. Results presented in this work include dramatic changes in parasite morphology when they were cultured in the presence of these chemicals. These changes were accompanied by the parasite's lost of mobility and eventual death after four days of culturing. We also observed that parasite growth was much more effectively reduced in cultures carried out in the presence of either artemisinin or its semi-synthetic derivatives than the reference drug N-methyl meglumine (Glucantime™, Rhone Poulenc, France). The compounds tested in this work were not toxic to Hela cells cultured in vitro. This is the first report describing the promising potential use of Qinghaosu (artemisinin) and related chemical analogues to treat L (L) mexicana infections.
A Bioactive Diterpene from Entada Abyssinica
Authors: Tchinda Alembert T. , Fuendjiep Victorine , Mekonnen Yalemtsehay , Ngo Bernadette B. , Dagne Ermias
Published: March 2019

Three clerodane diterpenoids, 8S-kolavic acid 18-methyl ester (1), 8S-kolavic acid 15-methyl ester (2) and 8S-kolavenol (3) were isolated from the acetone extract of the stem bark of Entada abyssinica along with trans-communic acid (4) and 1-octacosanol. Their structures were established mainly based on 1D (1H, 13C and DEPT) and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR experiments. Compound 1, described here for the first time, showed strong antimicrobial and moderate antileishmanial activities.
Abruptoside A, A Novel Glycolipid from the Kenyan Soft Coral Sinularia Abrupta
Authors: Shmul Guy , Benayahu Yehuda , Kashman Yoel
Published: March 2019

Two homologue glycolipids, abruptosides A and B were isolated from the Kenyan soft coral Sinularia abrupta. Their structures are composed of a tetrasubstituted diarabinosyl carbohydrate carrying two acetates, a 3-hydroxybutanoate and a 4Z-dodec-4-en-1-ol or 4Z-tridec-4-en-1-ol group. The structures were determined by MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of Hypericin via Emodin Anthrone Derived from a Two-fold Diels-Alder Reaction of 1,4-Benzoquinone
Authors: Motoyoshiya Jiro , Masue Yusuke , Nishi Yoshinori , Aoyama Hiromu
Published: March 2019

The six-step synthesis of hypericin by the regioselective two-fold Diels-Alder reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone first with (1-methoxy-3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyloxy)trimethylsilane leading to 7-methyljuglone, and next with (1,3-dimethoxybuta-1,3-dienyloxy)trimethylsilane, to give emodin and its O-methylated derivative. The reduction of both compounds with tin(II) chloride in acidic media was accompanied by acid hydrolysis that produced emodin anthrone, whose oxidative dimerization with iron (III) chloride hydrate gave the bianthrone in high yield. The oxidation of the bianthrone in the presence of N-ethyldiisopropylamine gave protohypericin, which was converted into hypericin upon irradiation.
AFLP-based Detection of Adulterants in Crude Drug Preparations of the ‘Safed Musli’ Complex
Authors: Misra Amita , Shasany Ajit K , Shukla Ashutosh K. , Sundaresan V , Jain Seetal P , Bagchi Guru D. , Singh Janardan , Khanuja Suman P.S.
Published: March 2019

Safed Musli is an important aphrodisiac herb, which forms an essential ingredient of the preparation of more than one hundred Ayurvedic formulations. It has been found to be an ideal aphrodisiac, with none of the negative side effects associated with the chemical-based products. Various plants belonging to the genera Chlorophytum and Asparagus have been in use as aphrodisiacs under the common name of ‘Safed Musli’ because of their white tuberous roots. An AFLP based experiment was carried out to differentiate the members of the ‘Safed Musli’ complex and resolve the authentication problem prevailing in the herbal drug market.
Steroidal Saponins from the Seeds of Trigonella Hamosa L
Authors: Hamed Arafa I.
Published: March 2019

Two new furostane saponins named hamoside A and B were isolated from the 80% ethanolic extract of the defatted seeds of Trigonella hamosa L. On the basis of chemical evidence and spectral analysis (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and positive ion MS), hamoside A (1) was established as (22ξ)-2α, 3β, 26-triol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-xylopyranoside-furost-5-ene, and hamoside B (2) as (22ξ)-2α, 3β, 26-triol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-xylopyranoside-furost-5-ene.
Photodynamic Action and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Excited Metabolites of Dalbergia Sissoides and Their Ability to Cleave DNA
Authors: Yesumarian Yesuthangam , Krishnamoorthy Mothilal Kommiya , Ramasamy Gandhidasan , Ramachandran Murugesan
Published: March 2019

The photodynamic properties of two quinones, 4-methoxydalbergione (DS1) and sissoidenone (DS2), and a coumarin, dalbergin {6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenylcoumarin, (DS3)}, have been studied. Photogeneration of singlet oxygen (1O2) was monitored by both optical and EPR methods. Based on RNO bleaching, relative to Rose Bengal (RB), the singlet oxygen generating efficiencies of DS1, DS2, and DS3 were determined as 0.10, 0.051 and 0.041, respectively. Using the SOD inhibitable cytochrome c reduction assay, the photogeneration of superoxide anion (O2-•) was monitored. The formation of O2-• was enhanced in the presence of electron donors such as EDTA, DETAPAC and NADH. Photolysis of DS1 and DS3 in DMSO in the presence of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) generated a twelve line EPR spectrum characteristic of an O2-• adduct. In the photosensitization of the DS series, both Type I and Type II paths were involved. The quantum mechanically calculated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies of DS1 and DS2 were correlated with the experimental redox potential. Photoinduced DNA scission by DS1, DS2, and DS3 confirms the generation of O2-• from these metabolites.
GC and GC/MS Analysis of the Essential Oil of Salvia hierosolymitana Boiss. Growing Wild in Lebanon
Authors: Formisano Carmen , Senatore Felice , Arnold Nelly Apostolides , Piozzi Franco , Rosselli Sergio
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Salvia hierosolymitana Boiss. (Lamiaceae), growing wild in Lebanon, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Ninety-two compounds, representing 92.7% of the oil, were identified. The major components were hexadecanoic acid (15.5%), phytol (5.4%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (4.6%), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (4.5%) and 4-vinylguaiacol (4.4%).
Rare Flavones from the Glandular Leaf Exudate of the Oxlip, Primula Elatior L
Authors: Budzianowski Jaromir , Wollenweber Eckhard
Published: March 2019

5,6,2′,3′,6′-Pentamethoxyflavone (1), together with 3′,5′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone (2), 2′-methoxyflavone, 3′-methoxyflavone, 3′,4′-dimethoxyflavone, 2′,5′-methoxyflavone, 3′-hydroxy-4′,5′-dimethoxyflavone, 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone, and 3′-hydroxy-4′,5′-methylenedioxyflavone were found in the leaf exudate of the oxlip, Primula elatior (Primulaceae). The structures of flavones 1 and 2 were substantiated by 2D NMR spectroscopy.
A Novel Dimeric Melampolide and Further Terpenoids from Smallanthus sonchifolius (Asteraceae) and the Inhibition of the Transcription Factor NF-κB
Authors: Schorr Karin , Merfort Irmgard , Da Costa Fernando B.
Published: March 2019

A novel dimeric melampolide was isolated from the leaf rinse extract of Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson (Asteraceae), an Andean medicinal plant popularly known as yacón. Dimeric sesquiterpene lactones are rare in Asteraceae, especially melampolides. In addition, eight known melampolides and a new ester derivative were also isolated. All compounds were detected in glandular trichomes collected from the leaves and were analysed by HPLC. The anti-inflammatory properties of uvedalin, a known melampolide isolated in this study, were assessed in vitro by analyzing its effect on the DNA binding of the transcription factor NF-κB. These results were compared to those previously reported for the closely related melampolide enhydrin. Our data demonstrated that NF-κB DNA binding was inhibited in leukaemia and macrophage cells at an uvedalin concentration of 2.5 and 5 μM, respectively.
Synthesis of Sapintoxin D and N-Methylanthranilate-Based Fluorescent Bioprobes
Authors: Mainieri Francesco , Pagani Alberto , Ech-Chahad Abdellah , Appendino Giovanni
Published: March 2019

Unprotected N-methylanthranilic acid (1a) could be directly coupled with alcohols under Steglich esterification conditions, paving the way to a straightforward synthesis of sapintoxin D (2a) and a series of fluorescent bioprobes for drug targets of current biomedical relevance (PKC, TRPM8, SERCA).
The Triterpene Constituents of the Root Bark of a Hybrid between Morus alba L. and M. rotundiloba Koidz. and its Antityrosinase Activities
Authors: Pianwijanpong Nisakarn , Pongpan Narongchai , Suntornsuk Leena , Luanratana Omboon
Published: March 2019

Mulberry plants have various traditional uses in Thailand, China, Korea and Vietnam. Recently, the root bark of Morus alba L. is used as whitening ingredient in various skin preparations. This paper describes the isolation of two triterpenes from the root bark of a 5 years old hybrid between M. alba L. and M. rotundiloba Koidz., a mulberry sericulture NM60 which is widely grown in Thailand for tea and silk industries. Pentacyclic triterpenes, α-amyrin acetate and betulinic acid, were isolated and identified, their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The antityrosinase activities were tested having the IC50 values of 1.57 mM and 0.50 mM respectively. A validated HPLC technique for betulinic acid was also reported. Linear regression analysis of betulinic acid fell within the range of 61.25-409.15 μg/mL with a linear coefficient of 0.9992. The percentage of recovery is in accordance with that specified by the USP. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 14.7 and 61.25 μg/mL, respectively. The analysis of the crude methanolic extract revealed 0.14% w/w betulinic acid in the root bark. These findings promote the use of the root bark extract of Thai mulberry hybrid in whitening cosmetics using betulinic acid as a marker and promote further study for the development of antimelanoma agent.
Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activities of Two Seed Oil Samples of Cucurbita pepo L. and Their Fatty Acid Analysis
Authors: Sener Bilge , Orhan Ilkay , Ozcelik Berrin , Kartal Murat , Aslan Sinem , Ozbilen Gamze
Published: March 2019

Pumpkin seeds are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the active constituents have been reported to be the sterols and fatty acids. In this study, the oils extracted from the two seed samples of pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo L. ssp. pepo) growing in Turkey were analyzed for their fatty acid contents. Fatty acids were determined by capillary gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) equipped with a flame ionization detector. The results showed that both samples, which had very similar fatty acid compositions, were quite rich in linoleic acid (43.3 and 43.8%), followed by oleic (36.8 and 35.8%), palmitic (11.9 and 10.9), and stearic acids (6.7 and 7.6%). Saponification, esterification, iodine, peroxide, acidification indexes, and unsaponifiable matter of the oils were also calculated. In addition, the two oil samples were tested for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Both of the oils displayed the same activity profile, having a good antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinobacter baumannii (16 μg/mL), potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans (8 μg/mL), as well as a moderate antiviral effect towards Parainfluenza virus type-3 (16–8 μg/mL).
Structure and Conformation of a New Longipinene Diester from Stevia nepetifolia
Authors: Romero-Montiel Laura , Torres-Valencia J. Martín , álvarez-García Rocío , Román-Marín Luisa U. , Hernández-Hernández Juan D. , Cerda-García-Rojas Carlos M. , Joseph-Nathan Pedro
Published: March 2019

The roots of Stevia nepetifolia afforded the new longipinene derivative (4 R,5 S,7 S,8 S,9 S,10 R,11 R,2' S,2″ S)-(+)-7,8-di-(α-methylbutyryloxy)-9-hydroxylongipin-2-en-1-one (1), together with the known 7-angeloyloxy-8-(α-methylbutyryloxy)-9-hydroxylongipin-2-en-1-one (2), 7,8-diangeloyloxy-9-hydroxylongipin-2-en-1-one (3), valeranone, 2,3-epoxybisabol-10-en-1-one, γ-cadinene and α-cadinol. The new substance was fully characterized by 1D- and 2D- NMR spectroscopy, molecular modelling, and by partial synthesis using ( S)-(+)-α-methylbutyric acid.
Chemical Investigations of a Deep Water Marine-Derived Fungus: Simple Amino Acid Derivatives from an Arthrinium sp
Authors: Gautschi Jeffrey T. , Tenney Karen , Compton Jennifer , Crews Phillip
Published: March 2019

The saltwater culture of an Arthrinium sp. derived from a marine sediment collected at −550 meters was a source of tyrosol (1) and a new compound, tyrosol carbamate (2). This is only the third report of novel secondary metabolites discovered from the saltwater culture of a deep-water marine-derived fungus.
13α–Hydroxylucilactaene and Other Metabolites of an Endophytic Strain of Fusarium acuminatum
Authors: Bashyal Bharat P. , Faeth Stanley H. , Gunatilaka A. A. Leslie
Published: March 2019

A liquid fermentation culture of Fusarium acuminatum, endophytic in the root of Larrea tritentata, afforded a new furanopyrrolidone, 13α–hydroxylucilactaene (1), together with four known metabolites, NG–391 (2), NG–393 (3), enniatin A (4), and enniatin B (5). The structure and relative stereochemistry of 1 was established by extensive NMR spectral analysis and the known compounds 2 – 5 were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of five human cancer cell lines [NCI–H460 (non-small cell lung), MCF–7 (breast), SF–268 (CNS glioma), MIA Pa Ca–2 (pancreatic carcinoma), PC-3M (metastatic prostate cancer)] and normal human fibroblast (WI–38) cells, and only enniatins A (4) and B (5) were shown to have significant cytotoxic activity.