bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Interaction of Thermal Membrane and Thermal Bending Stress in Shakedown Analysis
Authors: Reinhardt Wolf
Published: July 2009

When the primary plus secondary stress range exceeds 3 Sm, the current ASME Code rules on simplified elastic-plastic analysis impose two separate requirements to evaluate the potential for ratcheting. The range of primary plus secondary stress excluding thermal bending must be less than 3 Sm, and the thermal stress must satisfy the Bree criterion for thermal stress ratchet. It has been shown previously that this method can be unconservative, i.e. predict shakedown when elastic-plastic analysis shows ratcheting. This paper clarifies the interaction between thermal membrane and bending stress in the presence of a primary membrane stress. An analytical model is used to derive the closed-form ratchet boundary for combined uniform loading of this type. The impact of having stress gradients along the wall that are typical for discontinuities is studied numerically. Simple modifications of the current Code methods are suggested that would achieve a clearer and better-justified set of rules.
Relationship Between Weibull Parameter and Fracture Toughness of Structural Steels
Authors: Handa Tsunehisa , Mimura Hiroshi , Ohata Mitsuru , Minami Fumiyoshi
Published: July 2009

The brittle fracture assessment for structural components excluding an excessive conservatism should be conducted under the concept of fitness-for-service assessment. One of the factors that lead to such a conservative estimation of brittle fracture performance is no consideration of plastic constraint loss in structural components compared to the fracture toughness test specimen. The Weibull stress criterion is expected to correct the CTOD (Crack Tip Opening Displacement) fracture toughness of materials to the critical CTOD for structural components of concern through the same level of Weibull stress, which take into account not only the difference in plastic constraint but also volume of fracture process zone between toughness test specimen and structural components. On the basis of the Weibull stress criterion, the fracture driving force, that is the Weibull stress, is dependent on the Weibull shape parameter m. Furthermore, such dependency is influenced by both the plastic constraint level and the volume of fracture process zone for specimens of interest. The different m-value would result in the different correction ratio of the fracture toughness to the critical CTOD for structural components. Accordingly, the parameter m should be estimated for the appropriate fracture performance evaluation in consideration of constraint loss correction. In this paper, a simple method for estimating the Weibull shape parameter m were introduced. That is the effort to address the factors to affect the m-value in terms of strength class and toughness level of materials based on the data from literatures, which is for efficient and rational estimation of m-value without any experimental and numerical works.
Mechanical Behavior of Rotational Screw Thread Loosening in Bolted Joints Under Repeated Temperature Changes
Authors: Sawa Toshiyuki , Ishimura Mitsutoshi , Shoji Yasumasa , Fukuba Yusuke
Published: July 2009

Bolted joints have been used in mechanical structures. However, loosening accidents sometimes happen under several types of loadings. Recently, some studies have been conducted on the screw thread loosening in bolted joints. It is verified that bolted joints are loosened when transverse repeated loadings are applied. A lot of parts for preventing the loosening in the joints have been proposed. Among these parts, eccentric nut is especially expected to be the solution for preventing the loosening. Some studies on no rotational loosening in bolted joints under thermal changes have also conducted. However, few studies on rotational screw thread loosening in bolted joints have conducted. In our previous study, mechanism of rotational screw thread loosening in bolted joint under repeated temperature changes was examined. However, the difference in the loosening mechanism between the FEM results and the experimental results was substantial. In this study, the effect of the incline at the bearing surfaces was taken into consideration on the loosening. In addition, the loosening in the bolted joint with the eccentric nut under repeated temperature changes was examined using finite element method (FEM) calculations. Discussion is made on the mechanism and a solution of rotational screw thread loosening in the bolted joints under the repeated temperature changes. The results show that a reduction in axial bolt force was increased when the incline at the bearing surfaces was taken into consideration and the eccentric nut was shown for preventing the bolt loosening.
Revision of Proximity Rules for Subsurface Transforming to Surface Flaws for Class 2 Ferritic Vessels
Authors: Hasegawa Kunio , Miyazaki Katsumasa , Cipolla Russell C.
Published: July 2009

There is a rule in Acceptance Standards of Class 1 and 2 ferritic vessels in the ASME B&PV Code Section XI describing how subsurface flaws sufficiently near a component surface are to be transformed to surface flaws. This is the flaw-to-surface proximity rule for the subsurface flaws. If the subsurface flaw is located sufficiently close to the component surface, the subsurface flaw may not be acceptable to the standard, but may become acceptable after transforming it to a surface flaw following the current flaw proximity rules. There is considered to be a problem with the flaw proximity and transformation rules, and the region of the acceptance standards where this occurs is referred in this paper as a “discontinuity” in the subsurface-to-surface flaw transformation rule in the current Acceptance Standard for Class 1 and 2 ferritic vessels. Authors had developed a solution for the discontinuity region and proposed the proximity rule for Class 1 vessels at the ASME PVP 2007 conference. The revised Acceptance Standards will be issued in the 2008 Addenda of ASME Code Section XI. However, Acceptance Standards for Class 2 vessels still contain this discontinuity of the proximity rule. In addition, allowable depths in the Acceptance Standards for Class 2 ferritic vessels are too large for thin wall thickness vessels. After the discussion at the ASME Code Working Group on Flaw Evaluation, the proposed proximity rule and allowable flaw depths were revised. This paper describes the revision of new flaw-to-surface proximity rule to minimizing the change of description to the current allowable subsurface flaws of the Class 2 ferritic vessels for the Acceptance Standards.
Effect of Coating Thickness on the Friction Coefficients and Torque-Tension Relationship in Threaded Fasteners
Authors: Zaki Amro M. , Nassar Sayed A.
Published: July 2009

This paper experimentally investigates the effect of coating thickness on the thread, bearing friction coefficients and torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners. The torque-tension relationship is highly sensitive frictional changes. Two different coating thicknesses are investigated using two bolt sizes; realtime test data is collected for two ranges of bolt tension. The experimental set up collects real-time data on the tightening torque, bolt tension, and the corresponding reaction torque. Test data is used for calculating the thread and bearing friction coefficients, as well as the overall torque-tension relationship for two different coating thicknesses. The study would provide an insight into the variation of the torque-tension relationship which is a key factor that significantly affect the reliability and safety of bolted assemblies in many mechanical and structural applications.
The History and Future of NDE in the Management of Nuclear Power Plant Materials Degradation
Authors: Doctor S. R.
Published: July 2009

The author has spent more than 25 years conducting engineering and research studies to quantify the performance of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in nuclear power plant (NPP) applications and identifying improvements to codes and standards for NDE to manage materials degradation. This paper will review this fundamental NDE engineering/research work and then look to the future on how NDE can be optimized for proactively managing materials degradation in NPP components.
Technical Basis for Revisions to Section XI Appendix C for Alloy 600/82/182/132 Flaw Evaluation in Both PWR and BWR Environments
Authors: Bamford Warren , Cipolla Russell , Rudland David , De Boo Guy
Published: July 2009

This paper provides the technical basis for a revision to the flaw evaluation guidelines of Section XI, to cover Alloy 600 base metal and Alloy 182, 82, and 132 welds, for both PWR and BWR environments. Included are guidelines for residual stress determination, allowable flaw size calculation, and both fatigue and stress corrosion cracking predictions.
Self-Healing Bilayer Lipid Membranes Formed Over Synthetic Substrates
Authors: Creasy M. Austin , Leo Donald J.
Published: July 2009

Biological systems demonstrate autonomous healing of damage and are an inspiration for developing self-healing materials. Our recent experimental study has demonstrated that a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM), also called a black lipid membrane, has the ability to self-heal after mechanical failure. These molecules have a unique property that they spontaneously self assembly into organized structures in an aqueous medium. The BLM forms an impervious barrier to ions and fluid between two volumes and strength of the barrier is dependent on the pressure and electrical field applied to the membrane. A BLM formed over an aperture on a silicon substrate is shown to self-heal for 5 pressurization failure cycles.
Real-Time Hybrid Testing of a Steel-Structure Equipped With Large-Scale Magneto-Rheological Dampers Applying Semi-Active Control Algorithms
Authors: Park Eunchurn , Lee Sung-Kyung , Lee Heon-Jae , Moon Seok-Joon , Jung Hyung-Jo , Moon Byoung-Wook , Min Kyung-Won
Published: July 2009

This study introduces the quantitative evaluation of the seismic performance of a building structure equipped with MR dampers by using real-time hybrid testing method (RT-HYTEM). A real-scaled 5-story building is used as the numerical substructure, and MR dampers corresponding to an experimental substructure is physically tested by using UTM. First, the force required to drive the displacement of the story, at which the MR damper is located, is measured from the load cell attached to UTM. Then, the measured force is returned to a control computer to calculate the response of the numerical substructure. Finally, the experimental substructure is excited by UTM with the calculated response of the numerical substructure. The RT-HYTEM implemented in this study is validated for that the real-time hybrid testing results obtained by application of sinusoidal and earthquake excitations and the corresponding analytical results obtained by using the Bouc-Wen model as the control force of the MR damper respect to input currents were in good agreement. Furthermore, semi-active control algorithms were applied to the MR damper. The comparison results of experimental and numerical responses demonstrated that using RT-HYTEM was more reasonable in semi-active devices such as MR dampers having strong nonlinearity.
Nonlinear Vibrations of a Circular Spinning Disk With a Transverse Load
Authors: Yang Xiao-Li , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we analyze the transverse nonlinear vibration of a rotating flexible disk with a periodically varying rotating speed, subjected to a rotating point force. Based on a small-stretch, moderate-rotation flexible disk theory of the Nowinski and the von Karman type field equations, the nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived for the rotating flexible disk, which are coupled equations among the radial, tangential and transverse displacements. According to the Galerkin approach, a four-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system governing the weakly split resonant modes are derived. The resonant case considered here is 1:1:2:2 internal resonance and a critical speed resonance. The primary parametric resonance for the first-order sin and cos modes and the fundamental parametric resonance for the second-order sin and cos modes are also considered. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain a set of eight-dimensional nonlinear averaged equations. Based on the averaged equations, the stabilities of the steady state nonlinear responses are analyzed. Using numerical simulations, the influence of different parameters on the nonlinear vibrations of the spinning disk is detected. It is concluded that there exist complicated nonlinear behaviors including multi-pulse type chaotic motions, periodic and period-n motions for the spinning disk with a varying rotating speed. It is also found that among all parameters the damping and excitation have important influence on the nonlinear responses of the spinning disk with a varying rotating speed.
Actuating Traveling Surface Waves in Elastic Media
Authors: Seigler T. M.
Published: July 2009

Recent developments from the field of fluid dynamics suggest that it is possible to significantly alter the flow characteristics using very small deformations of the boundary wall. In particular, it is believed that transverse forcing disrupts the generation and evolution of near wall instabilities located within the viscous and buffer layers. A physical realization of this flow control method requires active surfaces capable of producing prescribed surface motion. The condition of specifying surface motion falls under the dynamical control theory of program constraints, in which motion is only partly specified. For an elastic material, the basic problem is to find the material properties and external forcing required to produce the specified motion. We discuss the basic nature of this problem and present approaches to its solution.
Motile Cilia of Human Airway Epithelia Are Chemosensory
Authors: Shah Alok S. , Ben-Shahar Yehuda , Moninger Thomas O. , Kline Joel N. , Welsh Michael J.
Published: July 2009

Beat It

Primary cilia are specialized organelles that serve important sensory functions in many different tissues and cells, and defects in their structure and function underlie a variety of genetic diseases. In contrast to primary cilia, motile cilia serve a mechanical function. For example, the cilia on airway epithelia remove inhaled material from the lung.

Shah
et al.

(p.
1131
, published online 23 July; see the cover; see the Perspective by

Kinnamon and Reynolds

) now show that these classic motile cilia are also chemosensory. The motile cilia on airway epithelia contain bitter-taste receptors and their associated signaling machinery. Moreover, application of bitter substances triggers an elevation of intracellular Ca
2+
levels and increases cilia beat frequency. Thus, in airway epithelia, bitter-taste receptors may be able to detect noxious substances entering the airways and initiate an autonomous defensive mechanism designed to accelerate elimination of the offending compound.
Cytostatic tetrazole–butenolide conjugates: linking tetrazole and butenolide rings via stille coupling and biological activity of the target substances
Authors: Balšánek Vojtěch , Tichotová Lucie , Kuneš Jiří , Špulák Marcel , Pour Milan , Votruba Ivan , Buchta Vladimír
Published: July 2009

A series of tetrazoles linked to the butenolide core via benzene rings were prepared by the Stille coupling reaction of α-(tributylstannyl)butenolides and 5-(alkylsulfanyl)-1-(4-iodophenyl)tetrazoles, and the compounds were tested for antifungal and cytostatic activity. Interesting antifungal activities against the filamentous strainAbsidia corymbifera, and cytostatic activities against leukemic cells HL-60 and CCRF-CEM were found. The cytostatic activity requires the presence of both the butenolide ring and the alkylsulfanyl group bound to tetrazole ring. In addition, the feasibility of Pd-coupling reactions with 5-iodotetrazoles was evaluated.
Prospective assessment of patient directed outpatient communication from a patient and general practitioner perspective
Authors: Mahadavan L , Bird N J , Chadwick M , Daniels I R
Published: July 2009

Background

Following the NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, patients should automatically be offered copies of correspondence between NHS clinicians. All patients in this centre increasingly receive a copy of correspondence between the hospital clinicians and general practitioners (GPs). However, we challenged this further by providing patients with a letter written directly to them and sending a copy of this correspondence to the GP.

Methods

125 patients were requested to complete a 22 item questionnaire to assess the satisfaction of the clinic letter and appointment between May and June 2007. We sent 234 GPs, who refer patients to the Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, two samples of the new style clinic letters and a 9 item structured questionnaire to assess their satisfaction with these clinic letters.

Results

The study had a 90% response rate from patients and 61% from GPs, respectively. Patients felt the clinic letters accurately reflected their clinic appointment, with 94% of patients either satisfied or highly satisfied with the clinic letters. Overall 75% of patients preferred to receive patient directed letters to receiving a copy of the GP letter. However, only 79% of GPs felt patients should routinely receive a clinic letter.

Conclusions

The majority of patients were satisfied with this new style of clinic letters and expect to receive them in the future. The high satisfaction rates could be attributed to the simple and clear language used in the letters. However, the views of patients have not been reflected by GPs, with 20% of GPs preferring to receive a personally directed letter.
EFFICIENT DUAL SIGNAL OUTPUT FROM A Nd:YVO4 LASER-PUMPED PPMgLN OPO
Authors: JI F. , LU R. S. , LI B. S. , ZHANG B. G. , YAO J. Q.
Published: July 2009

We report an efficient dual signal wave intracavity optical parametric oscillator (IOPO) inside a diode-end-pumped acousto-optically Q-switched Nd : YVO 4 laser. The nonlinear crystal in the IOPO is periodically poled MgO -doped lithium niobate ( PPMgLN ) with a phase-reversed grating. In the experiment, dual signal waves at 1475.1 nm and 1489.8 nm are achieved at a crystal temperature of 40°C. At an incident diode pump power of 6.1 W and a Q-switch repetition rate of 19 kHz, an average dual signal output power of 0.66 W is achieved, leading to a conversion efficiency of 10.8%. During half an hour, the instability of the dual signal waves is less than 1.5% (rms).
SOFT AGGREGATION IN FLEXIBLE DATABASES QUERYING BASED ON THE VECTOR p-NORM
Authors: BORDOGNA GLORIA , PSAILA GIUSEPPE
Published: July 2009

In this paper a model of soft aggregation of preferences in flexible database querying is proposed, based on the vector p-norm operator. The model allows aggregating conditions with distinct importance by modeling both veto and favour semantics of the conditions. We outline how the semantics of the compound query varies for increasing values of the parameter p, when the selection conditions are ANDed and ORed.
Glucagon-like peptide-2 modulates neurally evoked mucosal chloride secretion in guinea pig small intestine in vitro
Authors: Baldassano Sara , Liu Sumei , Qu Mei-Hu , Mulè Flavia , Wood Jackie D.
Published: July 2009

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an important neuroendocrine peptide in intestinal physiology. It influences digestion, absorption, epithelial growth, motility, and blood flow. We studied involvement of GLP-2 in intestinal mucosal secretory behavior. Submucosal-mucosal preparations from guinea pig ileum were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of short-circuit current ( Isc) as a surrogate for chloride secretion. GLP-2 action on neuronal release of acetylcholine was determined with ELISA. Enteric neuronal expression of the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) was studied with immunohistochemical methods. Application of GLP-2 (0.1–100 nM) to the serosal or mucosal side of the preparations evoked no change in baseline Iscand did not alter transepithelial ionic conductance. Transmural electrical field stimulation (EFS) evoked characteristic biphasic increases in Isc, with an initially rapid rising phase followed by a sustained phase. Application of GLP-2 reduced the EFS-evoked biphasic responses in a concentration-dependent manner. The GLP-2R antagonist GLP-2-(3-33) significantly reversed suppression of the EFS-evoked responses by GLP-2. Tetrodotoxin, scopolamine, and hexamethonium, but not vasoactive intestinal peptide type 1 receptor (VPAC1) antagonist abolished or reduced to near zero the EFS-evoked responses. GLP-2 suppressed EFS-evoked acetylcholine release as measured by ELISA. Pretreatment with GLP-2-(3-33) offset this action of GLP-2. In the submucosal plexus, GLP-2R immunoreactivity (-IR) was expressed in choline acetyltransferase-IR neurons, somatostatin-IR neurons, neuropeptide Y-IR neurons, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-IR neurons. We conclude that submucosal neurons in the guinea pig ileum express GLP-2R. Activation of GLP-2R decreases neuronally evoked epithelial chloride secretion by suppressing acetylcholine release from secretomotor neurons.
The Impact of Pedigree Structure on Heritability Estimates
Authors: Ekstrøm Claus Thorn
Published: July 2009

Heritability measures the familial aggregation of a disease or trait and a non-zero heritability suggests that a genetic component may be present. Reliable heritability estimates are necessary in the planning phase of a linkage or genetic association study but often these estimates are obtained from other studies where the composition of pedigrees may be different from the study that is prepared. The impact of pedigree structure on precision and accuracy of heritability estimates is examined for data and models both with and without dominance effects. Analytical and simulation results find that for purely additive genetic effects all but the simplest pedigree structures provide the same information about the heritability of a quantitative trait. In the presence of dominance effects there is a substantial difference in the precision obtained by different pedigree structures.
An Association between Residual Renal Function and Depression Symptoms in Haemodialysis Patients
Authors: Chilcot Joseph , Wellsted David , Vilar Enric , Farrington Ken
Published: July 2009

Background: The loss of residual renal function (RRF) and subsequent urine volume among haemodialysis (HD) patients may influence affect. Although RRF has been associated with improved patient outcome, its relationship with depression symptomatology is unknown. Methods: 106 HD patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The BDI is a depression symptom screening tool, with a score of ≥16 indicating possible clinical depression. Clinical parameters, including RRF (urea clearance, KRU [ml/min]) and interdialytic urine volume, were averaged over the 3-month pre-assessment including the month of the BDI assessment. Results: BDI scores correlated negatively with KRU and interdialytic urine volume. Patients with a KRU <1 had significantly higher BDI scores compared to those with a KRU ≥1. In logistic regression, KRU significantly predicted a BDI score ≥16, after controlling for a range of clinical parameters including urea, dialysis vintage and treatment time. A history of depressive illness was the only other predictive factor. Conclusion: We have demonstrated an association between RRF and depression symptoms in HD patients. The perception of loss associated with low RRF and urine volume may increase depressive vulnerability. Longitudinal assessment is required in order to validate this finding and to determine causality.
Selective versus Universal Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: An Evaluation of Naylor’s Model
Authors: Minsart Anne-Frédérique , Lescrainier Jean-Paul , Vokaer Alain
Published: July 2009

Aim: Selective screening for gestational diabetes is still a subject of debate. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a selective screening strategy for diagnosing gestational diabetes in our setting. This strategy rests on a scoring system that assigns women to different risk categories according to the presence of risk factors such as overweight, older age and ethnicity. Methods: We compared the rate of diagnosed gestational diabetes according to universal screening and selective screening between two periods of time. Results: The selective screening strategy allowed only 15% of women to avoid screening and was associated with a 50% decrease in diagnosed gestational diabetes. Conclusion: The two-threshold approach did not detect similar proportions of women with gestational diabetes compared with universal screening. Half the cases were missed and most women still needed to be screened.
Adipose Tissue Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer Patients versus Healthy Control Women from Crete
Authors: Mamalakis G. , Hatzis C. , de Bree E. , Sanidas E. , Tsiftsis D.D. , Askoxylakis J. , Daskalakis M. , Tsibinos G. , Kafatos A.
Published: July 2009

Background: Few studies have implemented biomarkers of fatty acid intake in relation to breast cancer. Aims: To examine possible differences in adipose tissue fatty acid composition between breast cancer patients and healthy control women. The relationship between tumor promotion and adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis was also investigated. Methods: The study was conducted at the University of Crete. Subjects included 94 women with clinically diagnosed cancer of the breast and 131 healthy control women. Histological tumor grading and breast cancer staging were assessed. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography in gluteal adipose tissue. Results: Conditional logistic regression analysis controlling for potential confounders indicated that elevated adipose monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid are associated with reduced odds of breast cancer [OR (T2 vs. T1) 0.15; 95% CI 0.03–0.64, and OR (T2 vs. T1) 0.18; 95% CI 0.04–0.71, respectively]. Adipose myristic acid was associated with an increase in breast cancer risk [OR (T3 vs. T1) 5.66; 95% CI 1.3–23.9]. Conclusions: Adipose oleic acid is inversely related, whereas adipose myristic acid is positively related to breast cancer risk. These relations could be mediated by Her-2/neu and FAS oncogenes.
Clinical Predictors of Severe Cetuximab-Induced Rash: Observations from 933 Patients Enrolled in North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study N0147
Authors: Jatoi Aminah , Green Erin M. , Rowland, Jr. Kendrith M. , Sargent Daniel J. , Alberts Steven R.
Published: July 2009

Objective: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors can result in a severe rash in 5–10% of patients and can detract from quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify clinical predictors of severe rash in the hope of utilizing such factors in the design of future rash palliative and prevention trials. Methods: 933 cetuximab-treated patients enrolled on N0147, an adjuvant chemotherapy trial for colon cancer, were evaluated for clinical risk factors of severe rash. Results: Within this cohort, 50 patients (5%) developed a severe rash (grade 3). More men compared to women developed such a rash: 34 (7%) versus 16 (3%) (multivariate odds ratio = 2.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.14–3.88; p = 0.017). A greater number of younger patients (<70 years of age) also developed a rash: 48 (6%) versus 2 (1%) (multivariate odds ratio = 0.21; 95% confidence interval: 0.05–0.88; p = 0.032). Race and performance score were not predictive. Conclusion: Men and younger patients are at greater risk for a severe cetuximab-induced rash although overall the risk is low. These observations are particularly important in designing future rash prevention and palliation trials.
Inability of UV-Irradiated Lymphocytes to Stimulate Allogeneic Cells in Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: Lindahl-Kiessling K. , Säfwenberg J.
Published: July 2009

Cells exposed to UV light are not able to induce DNA synthesis in allogeneic cells. HL-A typing before and after irradiation gives identical results. It is suggested that active cell metabolism and not only disparity of cell surface antigens is necessary to provoke the mixed leucocyte culture reaction.
The Recovery of Immune Responsiveness after Treatment with Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Marbrook J. , Baguley B.C.
Published: July 2009

The immune response in mice towards SRBC was suppressed with cyclophosphamide. The recovery from the suppressed state was examined in whole animals and in primary spleen cell cultures. A near-normal peak response in the number of haemolysin-forming cells was elicited when mice were challenged with antigen 4 days after an injection of cyclophosphamide. However, cell transfer and in vitro experiments demonstrated that spleens did not recover their normal competence even after 30 days. These two rates of recovery may be regarded as distinct phases in repopulation and the implications of these findings are discussed in terms of cell populations.
Antibody-Induced Lysis of Thyroglobulin-Coated Chicken Erythrocytes by Lymphocytes of Non-Immunized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Wasserman J. , Packalén T. , Perlmann P.
Published: July 2009

Chicken erythrocytes, labelled with 51Cr and coated with thyroglobulin, were pretreated with heat inactivated serum from guinea pigs immunized with thyroglobulin in complete Freund’s adjuvant. When incubated with purified spleen or peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal guinea pigs, the red cells were lysed, as assessed by isotope release. Presence of non-lymphocytic cells enhanced the initial rate of the reaction. The cytotoxic reaction was inhibited by pretreatment of the effector cells with antimycin A or with concanavalin A, respectively. The activity of the sera was mediated by a γ2antibody.
Investigation of Cutaneous Histamine Sensitivity in Children with Pertussis
Authors: Pieroni R.E. , Stevens D.L. , Stojanović A. , Levine L.
Published: July 2009

Enhanced sensitivity to histamine of children with pertussis has been the basis for speculation regarding similarities of receptor sites among the limited species of mammals said to be hypersensitive, and regarding the desirability of eliminating histamine-sensitizing factor from conventional pertussis vaccines. However, significantly enhanced sensitivity to i.e. injected histamine could not be demonstrated in a group of 6 children with pertussis compared to 4 controls.
Studies on the Localization of Hapten in Guinea Pigs Fed Picryl Chloride
Authors: Silverman A.S. , Pomeranz J.R.
Published: July 2009

Immunization with components of the upper gastrointestinal tract, stomach and small intestine, obtained at intervals up to 12 h from picryl chloride fed guinea pigs, commonly results in sensitization of the recipients to the hapten. This suggests that ingested picryl chloride localizes in the upper intestinal tract.
Properties of Antibodies Produced in Rabbits to Human Myelin and Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Whittingham S. , Bencina B. , Carnegie P.R. , McPherson T.A.
Published: July 2009

The patterns of reactivity of antisera raised in rabbits to human myelin and to the basic protein of human myelin were studied by immunofluorescence, using frozen sections from autologous as well as heterologous central nervous system (CNS) and smears of myelin and a synaptosomal membrane fraction of CNS. Whole myelin induced antibodies which reacted with myelinated areas in frozen sections of the CNS in a homogeneous pattern, and with smears of myelin and the synaptosomal membrane fraction; this activity was absorbed from serum by myelin, by the water-insoluble fraction of myelin, but not by the basic protein of myelin. The basic protein of myelin induced antibodies which reacted with myelinated areas in the CNS in a finely speckled pattern, and with smears of myelin and the synaptosomal membrane fraction; this activity was absorbed from serum by myelin, by myelin basic protein and partly by histones. This evidence of cross-reactivity in immunofluorescence tests between the myelin basic protein and histones was corroborated by partial competitive inhibition between histone and the myelin basic protein in the radioimmunoassay for antibody to basic protein. An antigen similar to myelin basic protein is present in the synaptosomal membrane fraction of CNS and hence synaptosomes are potential reactive sites for the pathogenic immune response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Stimulation of Histamine-Forming Capacity by Antigen in Sensitized Human Leucocytes
Authors: Assem E.S.K. , Schild H.O. , Vickers Margaret R.
Published: July 2009

(1) Three types of experiments showed that histamine is formed during the reaction of antigen (D. pteronyssinus) with leucocytes of allergic human subjects: (a) total histamine of leucocytes (extracted + released) was increased; (b) histamine-forming capacity (HFC) of leucocytes was stimulated by antigen in vitro; (c) HFC of leucocytes was stimulated by injecting antigen in vivo. (2) Stimulation of HFC of leucocytes by antigen may provide a new and sensitive (though cumbersome) in vitro test of allergy.
Ultrastructural Localisation of Antigen in Plasma Cells
Authors: Miller H.R.P. , Avrameas S.
Published: July 2009

Following a second injection of horse-radish peroxidase (HPO) or E. coli alkaline phosphatase into the hind foot pads of immune mice, the medullae of the popliteal lymph nodes were examined for plasma cells containing antigen. Small numbers of plasma cells containing HPO were observed 8, 18 and 42 h after injection, but not at 3 and 5 days. The antigen was located in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of large mature-looking plasma cells. It is suggested that HPO antigen is taken up by plasma cells which are already producing specific antibodies. No alkaline phosphatase antigen was detected in plasma cells, the possible reasons for this are discussed.
Inhibition of 19S- and 7S-Antibody-Formation by Adoptively Transferred Heterologous and Homologous Immunized Cells
Authors: Baenkler H.W. , Scheiffarth F. , Mahlberg H.J.
Published: July 2009

This work was designed to show whether heterologous and homologous sensitized cells are as efficient in suppressing 19S- and 7S-antibody-formation as are isologous sensitized cells. Spleen cells sensitized against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were collected from guinea pigs, rats and mice of the inbred strains AKR and C57B1. Those cells were transferred to AKR mice one day before sensitization against SRBC. Ten days thereafter spleen cells producing local hemolysis in gel were counted. Controls were AKR mice to which the same number of cells producing antibodies against human red blood cells (HRBC) had been transferred one day before sensitization against SRBC, as well as AKR mice to which the same number of normal cells had been transferred. Another group of AKR mice has not been sensitized after transfer of antibody-producing cells. After transfer of sensitized spleen cells an extreme depression of 19S- and 7S-antibody-formation was found. This effect was demonstrated with cells of the different species. Transfer of spleen cells sensitized against HRBC, as well as of normal spleen cells, caused no significant influence on the primary immune response against SRBC. After transfer of isologous sensitized cells, the background increased. The results show that transfer of heterologous and homologous sensitized cells suppresses antibody formation as efficiently as transfer of sensitized isologous cells.
Paradoxical Cellular and Serologic Responses following Antigenic Competition
Authors: Merchant B. , Liacopoulos P.
Published: July 2009

The present study compared the immune response to a test antigen, sheep erythrocytes, in hemocyanin treated versus control mice. Mice were assayed for each of four response parameters: plaque-forming cells, rosette-forming cells, serum 50% hemolysins, and serum hemagglutinins. Experimental mice received several daily 100 mg doses of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin prior to test challenge with sheep erythrocytes. The mice subjected to this profound form of antigenic competition, produced plaque-forming cells in response to the sheep erythrocyte test antigen which were unexpectedly much more numerous than in control mice. Serum 50% hemolysin titers for hemocyanin-treated mice were consistently feeble, however, compared to those of corresponding control mice. Accordingly, the plaque-forming cells of experimental mice produced either less antibody per cell or an antibody of inferior hemolytic efficiency. Alternatively, a combination of these effects could have been operative in order to produce the paradox of very low 50% hemolysin levels in experimental mice with clearly elevated splenic plaque-forming cell responses.
Antibody Response to Phytohaemagglutinin in Rats
Authors: Pacheco-Rupil Beatriz , Yantorno C. , Galmarini Mirian
Published: July 2009

The significance of the blastomitogenic activity of PHA-P on the humoral immune response against its own antigemc determinants was studied. It has been demonstrated that a mixture of periodated pH 4.5-PHA and heated-PHA is devoid of blastomitogenic activity, whereas the main antigenic features of untreated PHA are still present. This preparation called defective-PHA was used as reference. 24 AxC rats were separated into three experimental groups, injected with PHA, defective-PHA and 0.15 m NaCl, respectively. Sera obtained at 21 days after the initial injection were tested by haemagglutination. It has been demonstrated that both PHA and defective-PHA elicited comparable responses, comprising mostly 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies. Additional experiments proved close immunogenic similarities between PHA and defective-PHA. It is concluded that the blastomitogenic properties of PHA do not depress the antibody response against its own antigenic determinants.
A Comparative Clinical Evaluation of Hepatitis-Associated Antigen Detection
Authors: Tripodi D. , Redeker A. , McKee A.P. , Chachowski R. , Pollack W.
Published: July 2009

A new counter-immunoelectrophoretic test has been developed for the detection of hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) which does not require wicks, buffers, or a complicated power supply. This test was compared to a gel diffusion procedure using concentrated serum and extended incubation on a panel of sera. An overall agreement of approximately 94% was obtained between the two techniques. Approximately 37% of the patients with clinically diagnosed hepatitis had demonstrable antigen.
Immunochemical and Biological Determination of Reagins
Authors: Foucard T.
Published: July 2009

The concentration of allergen-specific IgE-antibodies in the sera from 47 patients with hypersensitivity to horse dandruff, birch or timothy pollen was estimated with the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The biological effect of the reagins in these sera was studied with the chopped human lung test (CHLT) regarding their ability to sensitize lung tissue passively. A highly significant correlation was obtained between the results of RAST and the serum end dilutions in CHLT for all allergens used. Because of this and the great capacity of RAST this method seems to be very suitable for studies on reagin-mediated allergies. In both in vitro methods used, an interference of other serum constituents sometimes resulted in falsely low values but this error seemed to be overcome by testing diluted sera.
Ontogenetic Studies on Lymphoid Cell Traffic in the Chicken
Authors: Hemmingsson E.J.
Published: July 2009

Chick embryos were injected with tritiated thymidine into the parenchyma of the bursa of Fabricius on the 18th day of incubation. Control animals were injected subcutaneously. Autoradiographic examination of sections from different organs showed a transport of labelled cells from the bursa of Fabricius to the thymus and the spleen 24 as well as 48 h after labelling. These migrants were all large pyronine-positive lymphoid cells. The localization of the bursa-derived cells in the thymus was determined. Twenty-four hours after labelling, the majority of these cells was found in the thymic medulla, while 48 h after labelling, the distribution had changed and a large portion was found in the cortico-medullary junction and in the cortex. This is most probably due to a selective loss of such cells from the thymic medulla between 24 and 48 h, either by division or by emigration to other organs. No cell migration could be demonstrated from the bursa of Fabricius to the intestine in general, to the region of the caecal tonsils, or to the bone marrow.
Release of Intracellular Constituents from Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Exposed to Soluble and Insoluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Taichman N.S. , Pruzanski W. , Ranadive N.S.
Published: July 2009

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) obtained from peritoneal exudates of unimmunized rabbits consistently released several intracellular constituents into the suspending medium when incubated with equivalence precipitates, which were prepared with rabbit antiserum to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Identical concentrations (AbN) of soluble immune complexes in antigen excess were neither as potent nor as predictable in triggering these phenomena. Precipitates prepared from antisera at 4 weeks after immunization were slightly more potent than those prepared from 6, 8 or 10-week antisera. On the other hand, soluble complexes prepared from 10-week antisera proved more potent than those derived from antisera of earlier bleedings. When PMNL were harvested from rabbits immunized with BSA and then exposed to immune complexes containing autologous antibodies, the ‘immune’ PMNL appeared to be less responsive to these stimuli when compared to PMNL obtained from unimmunized animals.
In vivo Stimulation of Peripheral Lymphocytes to Proliferation after Oral Challenge of Children Allergic to Foods
Authors: May C.D. , Alberto R.
Published: July 2009

During culture of peripheral lymphocytes of children suspected of allergy to foods, the lymphocytes of 6 children were found on more than one occasion to exhibit exceptionally active proliferation without in vitro addition of food protein to the culture, that is in the control culture. For reasons given this was not considered artifactual. The phenomenon was observed only after oral challenge with a suspected food, and never in children sensitive to inhalant allergens alone. Exceptionally active proliferation of the lymphocytes without addition of antigen in vitro suggests that antigenic stimulation of circulating sensitized lymphocytes occurred in vivo. This is credible in children allergic to foods, as antigenic substances may be absorbed from the gut during digestion of food. Analogous examples of in vivo stimulation of sensitized peripheral lymphocytes are reported in the literature.
Distribution of Immunoglobulin Determinants and Antigen Receptors on the Surface of Rabbit Lymphoid Cells as Shown by Peroxidase-Labelled Antibody and Cell Rosetting Techniques
Authors: Kent S.P. , Ferrarini M. , Coombs R.R.A. , Hockaday A.H.
Published: July 2009

(1) Lymphoid cells of rabbits have been rosetted by the mixed antiglobulin reaction and simultaneously stained for inimunoglobulin (Ig), using horse-radish peroxidase-labelled anti-IgG and prepared for electron-microscopic examination. The vast majority of rosetting cells (95%) were lymphocytes, and essentially all the lymphocytes which rosetted had membrane-staining for Ig. (2) Lymph-node cells from immunized rabbits rosetting via specific receptors with red cells carrying antigen were likewise stained for Ig and prepared for electron microscopy. The vast majority of rosetting cells were lymphocytes and lymphoblasts (except in one rabbit, where 15% Of the cells were macrophages). Virtually all rosetting lymphoid cells were shown to have Ig membrane determinants, suggesting that receptors on all rosetting cells are structured with Ig. (3) Reconstructions of rosetted lymphocytes were made from serial electron micrographs to show the distribution of both surface Ig determinants and receptors. From these reconstructions, the distribution of Ig determinants was shown to be irregular. The sites of receptor combination with RBC almost invariably stained for Ig determinants. This correlation is consistent with the Ig nature of antigen receptors.
Relationships of HL-A Antigens to Human Species-Specific Antigens
Authors: Kano K. , Andres G.A. , Hsu K.C. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

The association of HL-A antigens with human species-specific antigens has been investigated by means of mixed agglutination tests and immuno-electron microscopy. Cultures of an established human cell line HEp-2 and man-mouse hybrid cells which contain HL-A antigens and the species antigens were used. The cell cultures were at first sensitized with a corresponding anti-HL-A serum and then incubated with a rabbit antiserum to human species antigens. The HL-A antibodies previously bound to the cell cultures became undemonstrable by the mixed agglutination test designed to detect human antibodies. Such effect was not produced by antisera to antigens specific for species other than man. In a reverse experiment, the same cultures were sensitized by rabbit antibodies to human species antigens and then incubated with the anti-HL-A sera. This did not affect the mixed agglutination test detecting binding of rabbit IgG antibodies. These results would indicate that HL-A antigens are present in close proximity to some but not all human species antigens. They may reflect polymorphism of one or a few proteins constituting species-specific antigens of cell surface. In accordance with these results, electron microscopic studies using ferritin-conjugated anti-human and anti-rabbit IgG sera showed that the HL-A antigens are scattered in scarce patches and the species antigens are densely distributed all over the plasma membrane.
Basement Membrane Antigens Combining with Antisera to Human Glomerular Basement Membrane and Lymphocytes
Authors: Hawking Mary , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

Sheep antisera to human glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were used for serological analysis of extracts of collagenase digests (ECD) of GBM and other human tissues. Absorption of antisera with lyophilized normal human serum and ECD of liver resulted in reagents which combined only with ECD of tissues rich in basement membranes. Up to four precipitation lines were detected in reactions with ECD of GBM, placenta and lung. One Of the antigenic components shared by GBM and placenta withstood heating at 100 °C and was ethanol-insoluble. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of an antigenic component which was limited to GBM. Antibodies to antigens characteristic for basement membranes were demonstrate in some anti-human lymphocyte sera (ALS) by means of gel precipitation and tanned cell hemagglutination tests. Application of these procedures for predicting the possible nephrotoxic activity of ALS appears feasible.
The Action of Purified Phospholipase B in Inflammation and Immunity
Authors: Modolell M. , Munder P.G.
Published: July 2009

The anti-inflammatory action of the lysolecithin degrading enzyme PLB was tested. For this purpose PLB was highly purified from Penicillium notatum. The purified enzyme showed anti-inflammatory activity in two different tests using Al (OH)3 and bentonite as inflammatory agents. There was also some immunosuppressive action by PLB, when adjuvants were used for the induction of an immune response against BSA.
Distribution of Immunoglobulins in Palatine and Pharyngeal Tonsils
Authors: Ishikawa T. , Wicher K. , Arbesman C.E.
Published: July 2009

The distribution of immunoglobulin-forming cells and immunoglobulin deposits in 49 palatine and 48 pharyngeal tonsils of children was examined by immunoflourescent technique. IgG was found in cells scattered throughout the tissues. IgA was localized in the columnar epithelium cells, basement membrane and in the cells close to the basement membrane. IgM-containing cells did not show preferential localization and were scattered throughout the tissues. IgD cells were concentrated in the mantle zone surrounding the germinal centers. IgE-containing cells were seen rarely and they were scattered throughout the tonsils. The most common immunoglobulins in the germinal centers were IgG, A and M. Only a few IgD and one IgE germinal center were observed in the tonsils.