bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) BY FUNGUS ISOLATED FROM LANDFILL SOIL
Authors: Dharshni S Jeeva , M Kanchana
Published: July 2021

A low density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the hazardous polymers accelerates land and water pollution. Standardizing the protocol for degradation of plastics in an aesthetic approach is a big task. Low density polyethylene polymer can be degraded by microbial enzymes by means of cutting down the molecular chains. Two fungal strains Aspergillus fumigus and Xylaria sp. were showing high degradable activity through the determination of pH variation and carbon di oxide estimation. Aspergillus fumigus and Xylaria sp shows pH variation in the culture media containing LDPE strips after 30 days and was recorded as 6.5 to 8.4 and 6.5 to 7.7 respectively. The efficacy of polyethylene degradation was confirmed further by CO2 estimation of culture filtrate and was recorded as 1.460 g/l in Aspergillus fumigus and 1.350 g/l in Xylaria sp. Surface erosion and the formation of pits and cavities on the surface of the LDPE strips were also observed using Scanning Electron Microscope and significant disappearance in carbonyl peak with respect to the control band absorbance (2361.61 cm-1) and increase or decrease in peak intensity with respect to control indicates structural changes in chemical bond due to degradation process.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE INVENTORY OF THE BRYOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE TAFOUGHALT MASSIF, NORTH-EAST MOROCCO
Authors: Achoual Khalid , Dabghi Aomar , Dahmani Jamila , Belahbib Nadia
Published: July 2021

Knowledge of the diversity of the bryophytic flora of the Tafoughalt massif in north- eastern Morocco is insufficient and poorly known. The present study is the first bryological work on this massif. The bryophytic exploitation, which lasted three years (2015-2017) during periods favourable for sampling, revealed the existence of 30 bryophyte taxa, 27 of which belong to the Mosses and 3 to the Hepatica, divided respectively into 21 genders and 10 families (90%) then 3 genders and 3 families (10%). The most represented families are the Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae and Bryaceae. The most species rich genera are Bryum and Tortula. Four species are the most abundant in this massif, including three mosses and one liverwort:Grimmia decipiens, Orthotrichum rupestre, Pleurochaete squarrosa and Targionia hypophylla. We report the presence of two species new to the bryophytic flora of Morocco. These are Amblystegium serpens and Oxyrrhynchium speciosum. These two species are very rare in our study site according to the ecological significance index (ESI). There are five species newly observed in the region. The majority of taxa (more than 90% taxa) are saxicolous and/or terracolous.
Análisis comparativo regional entre las cooperativas cafetaleras de México y Costa Rica
Authors: Olguín Pérez Alfredo Martín , Rosales Roldán Luis Enrique
Published: July 2021

El objetivo del artículo es analizar y comparar, la génesis, estructura y devenir de las cooperativas cafetaleras de las regiones de Huatusco, Veracruz, México y Coto Brus, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, en términos de su peculiar contexto histórico y la acción colectiva que los llevaría a formalizarse en cooperativas, su relación con los organismos públicos y el nivel de desarrollo e identidad cooperativa que alcanzaron en la segunda década del siglo XXI. El estudio es histórico y comparativo, ya que sirve de modelo para comprender las complejas interrelaciones que se dan entre el Estado, las corporaciones y las cooperativas en América Latina. Se llevó a cabo mediante la revisión documental y práctica a través del trabajo de campo, observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas. En México prevalece un cooperativismo clientelar con excepciones relevantes hacia la autenticidad; aunque con bajos niveles de desarrollo, se logra llegar al consumidor nacional e internacional. Mientras, en Costa Rica se localizan solamente cooperativas auténticas con un mayor nivel de desarrollo local y concertación social, aunque enfrentan el reto de elevar su grado de autonomía y disminuir la relación de dependencia semiclientelar que mantienen con el Estado.
HUBUNGAN KETERAMPILAN BIDAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PARTISIPASI IBU MENGIKUTI KELAS IBU HAMIL DI PUSKESMAS SAITNIHUTA
Authors: Debora Saja
Published: July 2021

Kelas ibu hamil merupakan sarana untuk belajar bersama tentang kesehatan bagi ibu hamil, dalam bentuk tatap muka dalam kelompok yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan ibu-ibu mengenai kehamilan, persalinan, nifas, KB pasca persalinan, pencegahan komplikasi, perawatan bayi baru lahir dan aktifitas fisik/senam ibu hamil.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Hubungan Keterampilan Bidan Tentang Bina Suasana dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi Ibu Mengikuti Kelas Ibu Hamil.
Jenis penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Analitik dan menggunakan metode cross sectional. Populasi sebanyak 126 responden dan pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan Aksidental Sampling dan Purposive Sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 responden. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, kemudian diolah dengan uji chi-square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95 % (α = 0,05).
Penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan Keterampilan Bidan (df=4, diperoleh x2 Hitung (27,240) > x2 Tabel (9,49)), Predisposing Factor (Pengetahuan Bidan) (df=4, diperoleh x2 Hitung (16,364) > x2 Tabel (9,49)), Reinforcing Factor (Sikap Bidan) (df=4, diperoleh x2 Hitung (25,378) > x2 Tabel (9,49)), tidak ada hubungan Enabling Factor (Media) (df=4, diperoleh x2 Hitung (2,162) < x2 Tabel (9,49)).
Kepada Tenaga Kesehatan (Bidan) untuk lebih banyak mengikuti pelatihan tentang kelas ibu hamil supaya ibu hamil lebih tertarik untuk mengikutinya demi Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak. Kepada ibu hamil agar selalu mengikuti kelas ibu hamil bukan hanya tuntutan tetapi sebagai kewajiban.
HUBUNGAN KONSUMSI MAKAN TINGGI ZAT BESI DENGAN ANEMIA PADA IBU HAMIL DI PUSKESMAS TUKKA
Authors: Nainggolan Tina
Published: July 2021

Angka kematian ibu yang tinggi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di indonesia. Penyebab dari kematian ibu tersebut karena perdarahan yang disebabkan oleh anemia selama kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Konsumsi Makan Tinggi Zat Besi Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tukka Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah Tahun 2019. Jenis penelitian ini dengan menggunkan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional,. Penelitian dilaksanakan di PuskesmasTukka Kabipaten Tapanuli Tengah. Subjek penelitian adalah semua ibu hamil yang mempunyai usia kehamilan 8 minggu – 24 minggu di PuskesmasTukka Kabipaten Tapanuli Tengah sebanyak 57 orang. Data dikumpul melalui kuesioner. Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara univariat, bivariat,  dengan uji chi square. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu hamil yang mengalami anemia sebanyak 37 (64,9%) sedangkan ibu hamil yang tidak mengalami anemia sebanyak 20 (35,1%). Hal ini menunjukkan hampir setengah dari semua ibu hamil menderita anemia. Hasil uji statistika didapatkan nilai P-value sebesar 0,000 (>0,05). Secara statisk adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara kurang mengkonsumsi asupan zat besi dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di puskesmas tukka kabupaten tapanuli tengah  tahun 2019. Puskesmas sebagai tempat pelayanan kesehatan terdekat dengan masyarakat perlu memberikan informasi pentingnya konsumsi makanan tinggi zat besi pada ibu hamil melalui kegiatan posyandu, ANC, kelas ibu hamil maupun kegiatan promosi kesehatan rutin dilaksanakan.
Automation of testing methods for building structural maps
Authors: Ekimenko A. V.
Published: July 2021

The article considers the possibility of automation of one of the stages of seismic data interpretation – horizons depth prediction. All possible methods for a given model are clearly represented in the form of a graph. The prediction of depths reflecting horizons by various methods is implemented in Wolfram Mathematica. The efficiency of automation is shown in the synthetic example.
Underwater storage of liquid hydrocarbons in arctic conditions
Authors: Beskhizhko Y. V. , Beskhizhko V. V. , Ermakov A. I.
Published: July 2021

The existing and prospective methods of storage of liquid hydrocarbons for offshore hydrocarbon deposits development both in the Russian Federation and abroad are considered. The conducted analysis showed extremely limited use of separately located underwater storage facilities and very significant advantages when using them as part of subsea hydrocarbon production systems. The real feasibility of them for the Russian Federation is presented.
LA TECNOLOGÍA: IMPACTO EN EL PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA-APRENDIZAJE SINCRÓNICO Y ASINCRÓNICO DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES PÚBLICAS DE MANABÍ
Authors: Palma Avellan Ana Manuela , Loor Chávez Temístocles Deodato , Salazar Olives Gladys Germania , Hernández Soria Lizeth Elisa
Published: July 2021

Planetariamente las consecuencias de la pandemia han sido catastróficas, sacudiendo los sistemas de las naciones (económico, sanitario, social, productivo, laboral, educativo, etc.); a nivel de Ecuador la educación superior ha tenido que caminar hacia una improvisada conversión de lo presencial a lo virtual, develando fuertes debilidades en las universidades públicas, propias del apuro como de la inacción por parte de sus gestores, donde el estado tiene su corresponsabilidad. Si bien muchas ya se encaminaban hacia un modelo de educación digital (sobre todo las privadas), en las estatales el proceso ha sido muy lento, por lo que docentes y alumnos no logran adaptarse a este nuevo esquema, con notorias carencias en la “inmersión sincrónica”. Sin embargo, también es una etapa de oportunidades para dinamizar los modelos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con pedagogías diferentes al esquema tradicional, en una práctica que advierte la necesidad de invertir en la formación en línea o teleeducación. La investigación se centra en las IES públicas de Manabí, conociendo de los propios actores las implicaciones positivas y negativas de estos cambios emergentes, como parte de los hallazgos. El objetivo del estudio fue “establecer en qué medida la tecnología impacta en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje sincrónico y asincrónico de las universidades públicas de Manabí”. Se aplicó el “método deductivo indirecto”, con soporte en varias tipologías investigativas, así como una encuesta en escala de Likert, cuyos resultados fueron procesados en el programa SPSS Statistics 25, para efectuar las pruebas de hipótesis, a través del coeficiente de correlación p (Rho) de Spearman.
Atmospheric observations consistent with reported decline in the UK's methane emissions, 2013–2020
Authors: Lunt Mark , Manning Alistair , Allen Grant , Arnold Tim , Bauguitte Stéphane , Boesch Hartmut , Ganesan Anita , Grant Aoife , Helfter Carole , Nemitz Eiko , O'Doherty Simon , Palmer Paul , Pitt Joseph , Rennick Chris , Say Daniel , Stanley Kieran , Stavert Ann , Young Dickon , Rigby Matt
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric measurements can be used as a tool to evaluate national greenhouse gas inventories through inverse modelling. Using eight years of continuous methane (CH4) concentration data, this work assesses the United Kingdom's (UK) CH4 emissions over the period 2013–2020. Using two different inversion methods, we find mean emissions of 2.10 ± 0.09 Tg yr−1 and 2.12 ± 0.26 Tg yr−1 between 2013–2020, and an overall trend of −0.05 ± 0.01 Tg yr−2 and −0.06 ± 0.04 Tg yr−2, a 2–3 % decrease each year. This compares with the mean emissions of 2.23 Tg yr−1 and trend of −0.03 Tg yr−2 (1 % annual decrease) reported in the UK's 2021 inventory between 2013–2019. We examine how sensitive these estimates are to various components of the inversion set-up, such as the measurement network configuration, the prior emissions estimate, the inversion method, and the atmospheric transport model used. We find the decreasing trend to be due primarily to a reduction of emissions from England, which accounts for 70 % of the UK CH4 emissions. Comparisons during 2015 demonstrate consistency when different atmospheric transport models are used to map the relationship between sources and atmospheric observations at the aggregation level of the UK. The posterior annual national means and negative trend are found to be consistent across changes in network configuration. We show, using only two monitoring sites, the same conclusions on mean UK emissions and negative trend would be reached as using the full six-site network, albeit with larger posterior uncertainties. However, emissions estimates from Scotland fail to converge on the same posterior under different inversion setups, highlighting a shortcoming of the current observation network in monitoring all of the UK. Although CH4 emissions in 2020 are estimated to have declined relative to previous years, this decrease is in line with the longer-term emissions trend, and is not necessarily a response to national lockdowns.
Extreme Metrics and Large Ensembles
Authors: Tebaldi Claudia , Dorheim Kalyn , Wehner Michael , Leung Ruby
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We consider the problem of estimating the ensemble sizes required to characterize the forced component and the internal variability of a range of extreme metrics. While we exploit existing large ensembles contributed to the CLIVAR Large Ensemble Project, our perspective is that of a modeling center wanting to estimate a-priori such sizes on the basis of an existing small ensemble (we use five members here). We therefore ask if such small-size ensemble is sufficient to estimate the population variance in a way accurate enough to apply a well established formula that quantifies the expected error as a function of n (the ensemble size). We find that indeed we can anticipate errors in the estimation of the forced component for temperature and precipitation extreme metrics as a function of n by applying the population variance derived by five members in the formula. For a range of spatial and temporal scales, forcing levels (we use RCP8.5 simulations), and both models considered here as our proof of concept, CESM1-CAM5 and CanESM2, it appears that an ensemble size of 20 or 25 members can provide estimates of the forced component for the extreme metrics considered that remain within small absolute and percentage errors. Additional members beyond 20 or 25 add only marginal precision to the estimate, which remains true when extreme value analysis is used. We then ask about the ensemble size required to estimate the ensemble variance (a measure of internal variability) along the length of the simulation, and – importantly – about the ensemble size required to detect significant changes in such variance along the simulation with increased external forcings. When an F-test is applied to the ratio of the variances in question, one estimated on the basis of only 5 or 10 ensemble members, one estimated using the full ensemble (up to 50 members in our study) we do not obtain significant results even when the analysis is conducted at the grid-point scale. While we recognize that there will always exist applications and metric definitions requiring larger statistical power and therefore ensemble sizes, our results suggest that for a wide range of analysis targets and scales an effective estimate of both forced component and internal variability can be achieved with sizes below 30 members. This invites consideration of the possibility of exploring additional sources of uncertainty, like physics parameter settings, when designing ensemble simulations.
The WGLC global gridded lightning climatology and time series
Authors: Kaplan Jed O. , Lau Katie Hong-Kiu
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Lightning is an important atmospheric phenomenon and has wide-ranging
influence on the Earth system, but few long-term observational datasets of
lightning occurrence and distribution are currently freely available. Here, we
analyze global lightning activity over the second decade of the
21st century using a new global, high-resolution gridded
time series and climatology of lightning stroke density based on raw data from
the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). While the total number of
strokes detected increases from 2010–2014, an adjustment for detection
efficiency reduces this artificial trend. The global distribution of lightning
shows the well-known pattern of greatest density over the three tropical
terrestrial regions of the Americas, Africa, and the Maritime Continent, but
we also noticed substantial temporal variability over the 11 years of record,
with more lightning in the tropics from 2012–2015 and increasing lightning in
the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere from 2016–2020. Although the
total number of strokes detected globally was constant, mean stroke power
decreases significantly from a peak in 2013 to the lowest levels on record in
2020. Evaluation with independent observational networks shows that while the
WWLLN does not capture peak seasonal lightning densities, it does represent
the majority of powerful lightning strokes. The resulting gridded lightning
dataset (Kaplan and Lau, 2021a, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4774528)
is freely available and will be useful for a range of studies in climate,
Earth system, and natural hazards research, including direct use as input data
to models and as evaluation data for independent simulations of lightning
occurrence.
Reactive nitrogen fluxes over peatland and forest ecosystems using micrometeorological measurement techniques
Authors: Brümmer Christian , Rüffer Jeremy J. , Delorme Jean-Pierre , Wintjen Pascal , Schrader Frederik , Beudert Burkhard , Schaap Martijn , Ammann Christof
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Interactions of reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds between the atmosphere and the earth's surface play a key role in atmospheric chemistry and in understanding nutrient cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. While continuous observations of inert greenhouse gases through micrometeorological flux measurements have become a common procedure, information about temporal dynamics and longer-term budgets of Nr compounds is still extremely limited. Within the framework of the research projects NITROSPHERE and FORESTFLUX, field campaigns were carried out to investigate the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of selected Nr compounds over different land surfaces. The aim of the campaigns was to test and establish novel measurement techniques in eddy-covariance setups for continuous determination of surface fluxes of ammonia (NH3) and total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) using two different analytical devices. While high-frequency measurements of NH3 were conducted with a quantum cascade laser (QCL) absorption spectrometer, a custom-built converter called Total Reactive Atmospheric Nitrogen Converter (TRANC) connected and operated upstream of a chemiluminescence detector (CLD) was used for the measurement of ∑Nr. As high-resolution data of Nr surface-atmosphere exchange are still scarce, but highly desired for testing and validating local inferential and larger scale models, we provide access to campaign data including concentrations, fluxes, and ancillary measurements of meteorological parameters. Campaigns (n = 4) were carried out in natural (forest) and semi-natural (peatland) ecosystem types. The published datasets stress the importance of recent advancements in laser spectrometry and help improve our understanding of the temporal variability of surface-atmosphere exchange in different ecosystems, thereby providing validation opportunities for inferential models simulating the exchange of reactive nitrogen. The dataset has been placed in the Zenodo repository (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4513854; Brümmer et al., 2021) and contains individual data files for each campaign.
Grid-independent high-resolution dust emissions (v1.0) for chemical transport models: application to GEOS-Chem (12.5.0)
Authors: Meng Jun , Martin Randall V. , Ginoux Paul , Hammer Melanie , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Ridley David A. , van Donkelaar Aaron
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The nonlinear dependence of the dust saltation process on wind speed poses a challenge for models of varying resolutions. This challenge is of
particular relevance for the next generation of chemical transport models with nimble capability for multiple resolutions. We develop and apply a
method to harmonize dust emissions across simulations of different resolutions by generating offline grid-independent dust emissions driven by
native high-resolution meteorological fields. We implement into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model a high-resolution dust source function to
generate updated offline dust emissions. These updated offline dust emissions based on high-resolution meteorological fields strengthen dust
emissions over relatively weak dust source regions, such as in southern South America, southern Africa and the southwestern United
States. Identification of an appropriate dust emission strength is facilitated by the resolution independence of offline emissions. We find that the
performance of simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) versus measurements from the AERONET network and satellite remote sensing improves
significantly when using the updated offline dust emissions with the total global annual dust emission strength of 2000 Tg yr−1 rather
than the standard online emissions in GEOS-Chem. The updated simulation also better represents in situ measurements from a global climatology. The
offline high-resolution dust emissions are easily implemented in chemical transport models. The source code and global offline high-resolution dust
emission inventory are publicly available.
Geogenic organic carbon in terrestrial sediments and its contribution to total soil carbon
Authors: Kalks Fabian , Noren Gabriel , Mueller Carsten W. , Helfrich Mirjam , Rethemeyer Janet , Don Axel
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Geogenic organic carbon (GOC) from sedimentary rocks is an overlooked
fraction in soils that has not yet been quantified but influences the
composition, age, and stability of total organic carbon (OC) in soils. In
this context, GOC is the OC in bedrock deposited during sedimentation. The
contribution of GOC to total soil OC may vary, depending on the type of
bedrock. However, no studies have been carried out to investigate the
contribution of GOC derived from different terrestrial sedimentary rocks to
soil OC contents. In order to fill this knowledge gap, 10 m long sediment cores from three
sites recovered from Pleistocene loess, Miocene sand, and Triassic Red
Sandstone were analysed at 1 m depth intervals, and the amount of GOC was
calculated based on 14C measurements. The 14C ages of bulk
sedimentary OC revealed that OC is comprised of both biogenic and geogenic
components. The biogenic component relates to OC that entered the sediments
from plant sources since soil development started. Assuming an average age
for this biogenic component ranging from 1000–4000 years BP (before present), we calculated
average amounts of GOC in the sediments starting at 1.5 m depth, based on
measured 14C ages. The median amount of GOC in the sediments was then
taken, and its proportion of soil mass (g GOC per kg−1 fine soil) was
calculated in the soil profile. All the sediments contained considerable
amounts of GOC (median amounts of 0.10 g kg−1 in Miocene sand, 0.27 g kg−1 in Pleistocene loess, and 0.17 g kg−1 in Red Sandstone) compared with subsoil OC contents (between 0.53 and 15.21 g kg−1). Long-term incubation experiments revealed that the GOC appeared comparatively stable against biodegradation. Its possible contribution to subsoil OC stocks (0.3–1.5 m depth) ranged from 1 % to 26 % in soil developed in the Miocene sand, from 16 % to 21 % in the loess soil, and from 6 % to 36 % at the Red Sandstone site. Thus, GOC with no detectable 14C content influenced the 14C ages of subsoil OC and may partly explain the strong increase in 14C ages observed in many subsoils. This could be particularly important in young soils on terrestrial sediments with comparatively low amounts of OC, where GOC can make a large contribution to total OC stocks.
Predicting the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stock in Swedish forests using a group of covariates and site-specific data
Authors: Hounkpatin Kpade O. L. , Stendahl Johan , Lundblad Mattias , Karltun Erik
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The status of the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock at any position in the landscape is subject to a complex interplay of soil state factors operating at different scales and
regulating multiple processes resulting either in soils acting as a net sink or net source of carbon. Forest landscapes are characterized by high spatial variability, and key drivers of SOC stock might be specific for sub-areas compared to those influencing the whole landscape. Consequently, separately calibrating models for sub-areas (local models) that collectively cover a target area can result in different prediction accuracy and SOC stock drivers compared to a single model (global model) that covers the whole area. The goal of this study was therefore to (1) assess how global and local models differ in predicting the humus layer, mineral soil, and total SOC stock in Swedish forests and (2) identify the key factors for SOC stock prediction and their scale of influence. We used the Swedish National Forest Soil Inventory (NFSI) database and a
digital soil mapping approach to evaluate the prediction performance using
random forest models calibrated locally for the northern, central, and
southern Sweden (local models) and for the whole of Sweden (global model).
Models were built by considering (1) only site characteristics which are
recorded on the plot during the NFSI, (2) the group of covariates (remote sensing, historical land use data, etc.) and (3) both site characteristics and group of covariates consisting mostly of remote sensing data. Local models were generally more effective for predicting SOC stock after
testing on independent validation data. Using the group of covariates
together with NFSI data indicated that such covariates have limited
predictive strength but that site-specific covariates from the NFSI showed
better explanatory strength for SOC stocks. The most important covariates
that influence the humus layer, mineral soil (0–50 cm), and total SOC
stock were related to the site-characteristic covariates and include the
soil moisture class, vegetation type, soil type, and soil texture. This study showed that local calibration has the potential to improve prediction
accuracy, which will vary depending on the type of available covariates.
Microstructure, Micro-inclusions and Mineralogy along the EGRIP ice core – Part 2: Implications for paleo-mineralogy
Authors: Stoll Nicolas , Hörhold Maria , Erhardt Tobias , Eichler Jan , Jensen Camilla , Weikusat Ilka
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Impurities in polar ice do not only allow the reconstruction of past atmospheric aerosol concentration, but also in- fluence the physical properties of the ice. However, the mineralogy and location of impurities in ice and the involved processes are poorly understood. We use Continuous Flow Analysis to derive the dust particle concentration and optical microscopy and Cryo-Raman spectroscopy to systematically locate and analyse the mineralogy of micro-inclusions in situ inside eleven solid ice samples from the upper 1340 m of the East Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. Micro-inclusions are more variable in min- eralogy than previously observed and are mainly composed of mineral dust (quartz, mica and feldspar) and sulphates (mainly gypsum). Inclusions of the same composition tend to cluster, but clustering frequency and mineralogy changes considerably with depth. A variety of sulphates dominate the upper 900 m while gypsum is the only sulphate in deeper samples, which however contain more mineral dust, nitrates and dolomite. The analysed part of the core can thus be divided into two depth regimes of different mineralogy, and to a lesser degree of spatial distribution, which could originate from different chemical reactions in the ice or large-scale changes of ice cover in NE-Greenland during the Mid-Holocene. The complexity of impurity mineralogy on the metre- and centimetre-scale in polar ice is still underestimated and new methodological approaches are necessary to establish a comprehensive understanding of the role of impurities.
The pot, the vase and the kettle: ‘Show not tell’ and the role of visual art
Authors: Owen Christine
Published: July 2021

In this paper I investigate relationships between word-images in fiction and visual images in photography, film and multi-media in order to contribute to knowledge in relation to using ‘show not tell’ in creative writing. The immediate impetus for the inquiry is pedagogy in terms of my desire to understand the complex role of visual art in teaching ‘show not tell’ in creative writing workshops. As such, the inquiry concludes with an overview of a university-level creative writing workshop using visual art. While it is perhaps self-evident that visual art and fiction directly and indirectly influence each other, and that all representations are shaped by similar cultural shifts and expectations, less work has been done to show the relationships between different visual art forms and assumptions made about the portrayal of the real in fiction. The article is exploratory in nature and shows that, influenced by different art forms, the desire to ‘show not tell’ has been connected by writers and critics to the need in various periods to prove social injustice, to depict abstract, internal states, and to provide a sense of mortality, materiality and embodiment in response to modern life.
Aproximación al concepto de observatorio editorial: recomendaciones para su creación
Authors: Colmenares Moreno Wilson Enrique
Published: July 2021

El concepto de ‘observatorio’ se ha interpretado y utilizado de diferentes maneras. Su conceptualización es reducida y no se tiene una caracterización, lo que afecta la percepción y la credibilidad que proyecta como instrumento. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una aproximación al concepto de observatorio editorial que permite determinar algunas de sus principales características y, sobre esa base, proponer recomendaciones para su creación. Se diseñó una metodología de investigación documental de alcance exploratorio y descriptivo. Se buscaron y recopilaron 66 fuentes bibliográficas; de ellas, se codificaron 25 mediante el software atlas.ti 8. Para ello, se crearon tres redes semánticas agrupando 146 códigos, con el fin de responder a las preguntas ¿qué es un observatorio?, ¿qué hace? y ¿para qué lo hace? Así, se construyeron 20 categorías para caracterizar los sitios web de tres observatorios editoriales existentes. Como resultado, se encontró que un observatorio se concibe, mayoritariamente, como un ‘espacio’ o ‘lugar; y que sus principales acciones se relacionan con ‘analizar’ y ‘evaluar’ la ‘toma de decisiones’ y el ‘seguimiento a las políticas’. La caracterización realizada a través de los sitios web evidenció las tensiones, las dificultades y las incertidumbres que existen entre la conceptualización y la implementación de los observatorios editoriales analizados. Asimismo, la presente investigación contribuye con la generación de conocimiento para que se puedan fortalecer, diseñar o implementar observatorios editoriales, los cuales no deben competir o replicar esfuerzos; su identidad está llamada a brindarle un valor más alto a la información para fortalecer la producción de nuevo conocimiento.
Tiempo de cambio en la Biblioteca Nacional: las reformas de 1967 a 1974
Authors: Camiño López Candela M.
Published: July 2021

Entre los años de 1967 y 1974, la Biblioteca Nacional de España vio terminadas las obras de reforma de su edificio gracias al esfuerzo conjunto de su directiva y la Dirección General de Archivos y Bibliotecas, apoyados en el II Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Los cambios trajeron mejoras en los servicios técnicos y públicos, convirtiendo a la Biblioteca en una institución más moderna y eficaz. Todo ello, mientras las actividades diarias, culturales y la atención al público seguían su curso.
Propuesta de definición de la Archivística desde un análisis bibliográfico y contextual
Authors: Jaramillo Orlanda , Betancur María Cristina
Published: July 2021

Este trabajo presenta el proceso de investigación que condujo a la presentación de un concepto de Archivística que atienda los contextos actuales permeados por las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, la producción documental en diferentes soportes y el reconocimiento de diversos productores documentales: la Archivística como disciplina científica forma parte de las ciencias de la información. Se ocupa de las interacciones entre los documentos, los archivos, los contextos de producción y los usuarios mediante el uso de técnicas, principios y métodos propios de la gestión documental, con el fin de garantizar tanto los derechos como la gobernanza y la transparencia; así como la identidad y la memoria de la sociedad.
Unemployment and Monetary Policy Dynamics in Pakistan: Evidence from Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Ali Hina , Ali Muhammad Zeeshan , Nosheen Farhana , Din Afifa Sadar Ud
Published: July 2021

This study examined the impact of monetary policy on unemployment in Pakistan. The time-series data for 1977 to 2019 was taken and the ARDL technique is used for estimation. Unemployment was used as a dependent variable along with other control variables while the money supply was the core independent variable of the research. It was concluded that money related arrangement not just contributes to observing past patterns and additionally future projections of superficial factors of real factors also. The outcomes show that there is a critical and negative connection between spending Deficit and unemployment. The gross domestic product development rate is decidedly identified with unemployment. Populace development rate is adversely identified with unemployment. The consumer price index is contrarily identified with unemployment.
Impact of Taxation on Foreign Direct Investment: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Shafiq Muhammad Nouman , Hua Liu , Bhatti Muhammad Azhar , Gillani Seemab
Published: July 2021

Foreign direct investment plays a vital role in promoting economic growth, especially for developing economies. It causes improvement in the different sectors such as education, healthcare, manufacturing industries, and creates more jobs. The speed of FDI inflows has been increasing in Pakistan each year. In order to attract more FDI, many countries try to reframe their tax policies by introducing different tax incentives such as tax holidays, investment allowances, exemptions, deductions etc. The purpose of the present paper is to find the implication of taxation in the decision of FDI inflows in Pakistan. Time series data is used spanning over 1985 to 2020. The data was obtained from two sources: the “World Development Indicator” (WDI) and “Economic Survey of Pakistan”. “Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag” (ARDL) and “Error Correction Model” (ECM) techniques are used for empirical analysis. The study concludes that low taxes motivate foreign investors' investment contribution and the long-run relationship between taxes and FDI in Pakistan. Other control variables, including GDP growth, trade openness and exchange rate, positively impact FDI. It is suggested that decision-makers should direct policies to reduce the taxes to welcome FDI in Pakistan. In this regard, the government needs to reconsider its priorities while making policies favouring FDI.
Preliminary results of rigid fixation (locking plate/screw) after triple pelvic osteotomy without a hip spica cast: A modified fixation method in 21 patients
Authors: Kamacı Saygın , Kaymakoğlu Mehmet , Ramazanov Rafik , Cemalettin Aksoy Mehmet , Yılmaz Güney
Published: July 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate whether rigid fixation after triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) utilizing a 3.5-mm locking plate and screws without hip spica cast can provide enough stability and prevent correction loss in pediatric patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD).

Patients and methods: A total of 21 hips of 21 pediatric patients (9 males, 12 females; mean age: 9.3±2.0 years; range, 6 to 14 years) who underwent rigid fixation with locking plate/screws after TPO for DDH and LCPD between June 2015 and October 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative, immediate postoperative, and six-month follow-up anteroposterior radiographs were compared for the Wiberg’s center-edge angle (CE), Sharp angle, acetabular coverage of the femoral head (ACFH), and center-head distance discrepancy (CHDD). The patient demographics, surgery time, perioperative complications were evaluated.

Results: Underlying diagnosis were DDH in 14 patients and LCPD in seven patients. In patients with DDH, postoperative evaluation showed significant increase in the mean CE angle (5.6±16.1° vs. 30.5±9.3°, respectively) and ACFH (46.4±16.8% vs. 84.5±12.1%, respectively), and a significant decrease in the mean Sharp angle (55.3±6.2° vs. 35.6±7.8°, respectively) and CHDD (14.6±10.7% vs. 6.2±5.6%, respectively). The final follow-up revealed that there was no correction loss in these parameters. In the patients with LCPD, postoperative evaluation showed a significant increase in the mean CE (20.1±11.1° vs. 38.3±9.6°, respectively) and ACFH (62.9±18% vs. 91.4±10.1%, respectively), and a significant decrease in the mean Sharp angle (46±3.6° vs. 25.2±5.5°, respectively). The final follow-up revealed that there was no correction loss in radiological parameters. No perioperative complications were noted.

Conclusion: Our study results suggest that rigid fixation construct with a 3.5-mm locking plate and screws without hip spica cast can provide adequate stability to allow early mobilization following TPO in children without any loss of correction, until bony healing at the osteotomy sites.
Surgical treatment of anterior sternoclavicular dislocation associated with midshaft clavicle fracture: A case report
Authors: Reuter Philippe , Chen Kenneth , Klestil Thomas , Stotter Christoph
Published: July 2021

A combination of an anterior sternoclavicular (SC) joint dislocation with a midshaft clavicle fracture is an extremely rare injury. If left untreated, it can lead to severely impaired function of the shoulder with a high risk for complications. A 45-year-old male patient presented with pain and impaired range of motion (ROM) in the left shoulder after a mountain bike crash. Radiographs and a computed tomography scan showed an anterior dislocation of the left SC joint and an ipsilateral midshaft fracture of the clavicle. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the clavicle combined with SC joint stabilization using transosseous sutures was performed. Postoperatively, a shoulder-arm bandage was applied with passive motion starting on the first postoperative day. During follow-up, the patient showed an improved clinical function and could return to work after three weeks. Radiographs at eight weeks showed fracture healing without any signs of recurrent SC dislocation. At the final follow-up at 12 weeks, the patient returned to his pre-injury activity level and recreational sports. Despite minimal redislocation in the SC joint, the Constant-Murley Score showed a continuous improvement with 93%, compared to the contralateral side. In conclusion, surgical treatment of anterior SC joint dislocation with a midshaft clavicle fracture can restore shoulder function with no surgery-associated complications.
Orthopedics and 3D technology in Turkey: A preliminary report
Authors: Ertürk Cemil , Ayyıldız Simel , Erdöl Cevdet
Published: July 2021

Objectives: In this study, we present the use of case specific three- dimensional (3D) printed plastic models and custom-made acetabular implants in orthopedic surgery.

Materials and methods: Between March 2018 and September 2020, surgeries were simulated using plastic models manufactured by 3D printers on the two patients with pilon fractures. Also, custom-made acetabular implants were used on two patients with an acetabular bone defect for the revision of total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Results: More comfortable surgeries were experienced in pilon fractures using preoperative plastic models. Similarly, during the follow-up period, the patients that applied custom-made acetabular implants showed a fixed and well-positioning in radiographic examination. These patients did not experience any surgical complications and achieved an excellent recovery.

Conclusion: Preoperative surgical simulation with 3D printed models can increase the comfort of fracture surgeries. Also, custom-made 3D printed acetabular implants can perform an important task in patients treated with revision THA surgery due to severe acetabular defects.
Effects of different vardenafil doses on bone healing in a rat fracture model
Authors: Atcı Tolgahan , Alagöz Ender , Yaprak Saraç Elif , Özbay Hakan , Fatih Daşcı Mustafa , Acar Abdurrahman , Karabulut Derya , Akif Güleç Mehmet
Published: July 2021

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the radiological, biomechanical, histopathological, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical effects of different doses of vardenafil on fracture healing.

Materials and methods: Fifty-one rats were divided into three groups. Group V5 was given 5 mg/kg/day of vardenafil; Group V10 was given 10 mg/kg/day of vardenafil; and the control group was given the same volume of saline. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on Day 14 (early period) and the remaining rats were sacrificed on Day 42 (late period). Callus/femoral volume and bone mineral density were measured using micro- computed tomography. Five femurs from each group in the late period were examined by biomechanical tests. In addition to the histopathological and histomorphometric evaluations, immunohistochemical analyses were performed to examine the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transforming growth factor-3 (TGF-β3), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) proteins.

Results: Both doses of vardenafil increased primary bone volume and maximal bone fracture strength in late period, compared to the control group (p^lt;0.05). Histological healing scores of vardenafil groups were significantly higher in early period (p<0.001). While cartilaginous callus/total callus ratio in early period was higher, callus diameter/femoral diameter ratio in late period was lower in vardenafil groups (p<0.01). The NF-κB immunopositivity in V10 group decreased in early period, compared to control group (p<0.001). The TGF-β3 and iNOS immunopositivity increased in both V5 and V10 groups, compared to the control group in early period, but returned to normal in late period.

Conclusion: During the first period of fracture healing process in which vasodilation is mostly required with increasing inflammation, vardenafil has ameliorating effects on the bone union and supports fracture healing.
InSafeLOCK® humeral nailing for humeral nonunions: Clinical and radiological results
Authors: Polat Oktay , Toy Serdar , Kibar Birkan
Published: July 2021

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the clinical and functional results of patients treated with InSafeLOCK® humeral nail and iliac crest autograft for humeral nonunion.

Patients and methods: A total of 15 patients (11 males, 4 females; mean age: 52.1±15.3 years; range, 31 to 78 years) who were followed conservatively for humeral fractures and operated with the InSafeLOCK® humeral nail and iliac bone graft in our center between June 2018 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Data including demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, operative data, and pre- and postoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Constant-Murley Scores (CMS) were recorded.

Results: The mean time from injury to nonunion treatment was 10.9±1.6 months. Five patients had atrophic, eight patients had oligotrophic, and two patients had hypertrophic nonunion. Preoperatively, the mean DASH was 37.7±9.1, the mean CMS was 69.7±6.3, and the mean VAS was 3.8±0.7. In all patients, union was achieved. The mean operation time was 59.0±16.2 min. The mean postoperative DASH score was 16.1±8.7, CMS 87.4±3.4, and VAS score 0.8±0.7. Regarding the shoulder joint, the mean abduction was 164.7±11.3 degrees, the mean internal rotation was 82.0±6.8 degrees, the mean external rotation was 81.3±8.3 degrees, and the mean flexion was 162.0±12.1 degrees. During follow-up, complications such as vascular-nerve injury, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, screw migration or loosening, implant failure, and loss of reduction did not occur in any of our patients.

Conclusion: Considering the satisfactory functional and radiological results, the InSafeLOCK® humeral nail can be used safely in humeral nonunions.
RETRACTION: Open reduction internal fixation versus minimally invasive percutaneous fixation for calcaneus fractures: Mid-term outcomes and social consequences
Authors: Emre Fahri , Çağlar Ceyhun , Kaya Özgür
Published: July 2021

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the mid-term clinical, functional, radiological, and socioeconomic outcomes of calcaneus fractures treated with open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF) versus minimally invasive percutaneous fixation (MIPF).

Patients and methods: A total of 48 patients (34 males, 14 females; mean age: 44.05 years; range, 19 to 64 years) who underwent either ORIF or MIPF for calcaneus fractures between January 2010 and January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as the ORIF group (n=36) and MIPF group (n=12). The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Maryland Foot Score (MFS), and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores were assessed for the clinical assessment. The mean duration of operation, mean length of hospitalization, pedobarographic gait analysis, the incidence of contralateral knee pain, increased shoe size, and change of profession due to significant heel pain were also evaluated. The Böhler’s angle, Gissane angle, and calcaneal varus were measured for radiological assessment.

Results: There was a significant difference in the mean operation time (p=0.001) and length of hospitalization (p=0.001) between the two groups. There was no significant difference between the pre- and postoperative third-year Böhler’s and Gissane angles (p=0.05, p=0.07, p=0.09, respectively). There were no significant differences between the postoperative first-, second-, and third-year AOFAS, MFS, and SF-36 scores (p=0.57, p=0.55 p=0.85, p=0.64, p=0.21, p=0.51, p=0.20, p=0.15, p=0.22, respectively). Thirteen patients in the ORIF group and five patients in the MIPF group changed their job due to significant heel pain. The increased shoe size was correlated with the residual calcaneal varus (p=0.001).

Conclusion: Both methods have pros and cons in the treatment of calcaneal fractures. Although MIPF is more advantageous in terms of operation duration and length of hospitalization, more favorable radiological results can be obtained with ORIF. Calcaneal varus should be corrected to prevent the increased shoe size and contralateral knee pain.
BIBLIOMETRIA EM PERSPECTIVA: DAS PESQUISAS INTERDISCIPLINARES AOS RECURSOS DIGITAIS
Authors: Barcelos da Silva Cristiana , Machado de Oliveira Fábio , Peralva Menezes Vasconcellos Rackel
Published: July 2021

Editorial
Aplicar el concepto del agrupamiento (chunking) en el tenis
Authors: Roetert E. Paul , Woods Ronald B , Knudson Duane , Brown Scott W
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es comentar cómo se relacionan las tres etapas aceptadas e investigadas del aprendizaje motriz y el concepto de agrupar mentalmente la información para la adquisición y aceleración del proceso de aprendizaje en el tenis. Se hace referencia también a las etapas de aprendizaje, al rol de jugar versus practicar tenis, y a la interacción entre la biomecánica y el aprendizaje motriz. Se proporcionan consejos específicos de entrenamiento.