bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The generalization of new behaviours and maintenance of programme contingencies in a chronic locked ward
Authors: Broome Annabel K. , Weaver Susan M.
Published: July 2011

The paper presents the results of a behavioural programme designed to increase social interaction and activity in the locked ward of a psychiatric hospital. The intervention used a method of information feedback to staff to encourage them to make informed choices of targets and methods of change. The rationale was that this would enhance generalization and programme maintenance. Evidence is presented to show the extent of change obtained after 6 months.
Psychopathology and shamanism in rural Mexico: A case study of spirit possession
Authors: Cramer Marc
Published: July 2011

The so‐called mystical possession of Juan Jose Fong, a socially marginal Chinese‐Mexican of hysterical personality is directly related to the subject's psychological conflicts and emotional complexes and familial and social standing within the immediate cultural context. The subject is seen as suffering from conflicting emotions and cognitions centering around guilt, inferiority and non‐acceptance by his peer group. The personification of his personal problems in the motif of spirit possessions enables the subject to maintain a measure of self‐esteem, social status and personality integration.
Philosophical problems in psychology and psychiatry
Authors: Bebbington P. E.
Published: July 2011

In 1879 by putting a taboo upon anything other than experimentation, psychology lost its independence from philosophical speculation at the very moment it declared it ‐ for it lumbered itself with a speculative philosophy which, though long since outmoded, has remained unchanged through remaining unexamined (Shotter, 1975, p. 40).

Labouring the difference between science and the humanities has long been a fashion, and has become a bore (Popper, 1972, p. 185).
Assessing feelings reported by depressives in research investigations
Authors: Shapiro M. B.
Published: July 2011

This paper evaluates four propositions as part of a long‐term investigation of already published data. The aim of the investigation is to see whether there might be self‐reported feelings uniquely related to clinical depression. The propositions are: (i) indices of strength of association are a necessary addition to conventional tests of significance; (ii) the degree of complexity of scales used to rate feelings is quantifiable and can throw light upon research findings; (iii) the form and content of the communication of feelings can largely account for important discrepancies in research findings; and (iv) feelings expressed referentially are weakly associated with clinical depression. The re‐examination of a set of already published data produced a confirmation of propositions (i) and (ii) and partial but constructive negations of propositions (iii) and (iv).
The making of a Munchausen
Authors: Wimberley Terry
Published: July 2011

The author presents a developmental case history of a Munchausen patient in an effort to understand the evolution of the behavioural patterns associated with the syndrome. The case history documents a pattern of behaviour characterized by: frequent hospitalizations for diffuse ailments, beginning in infancy and persisting into adulthood; inadequate acquisition of appropriate social values and behaviours within the context of the nuclear family; persistent difficulties in adjusting to the demands of school, as expressed in poor academic performance, delinquent behaviour, and poor peer relationships; conflicted social role behaviour regarding work performance, criminal behaviour, and increased abuse of health care services; eventual severance of family ties and the adoption of a ‘hobo’ life‐style which utilizes hospitals for social support and personal definition. This case is compared with a similar study, recently published, and the affinities between the developmental histories and diagnostic criteria descriptive of ‘antisocial personality disorder’ are emphasized.
Sexual dysfunction and hysteria
Authors: Roy Alec
Published: July 2011

In a matched controlled study, there was no more sexual dysfunction amongst female psychiatric patients with hysterical neurosis than amongst those with depressive neurosis.
The doctor' husband
Authors: Parker Gordon , Jones Roslyn
Published: July 2011

A study of 162 females, actively employed as medical practitioners, was conducted to examine perceived characteristics of their husbands and to determine whether such attributes might relate to the women's commitment to and satisfaction with medical practice. A questionnaire assessing personality characteristics of such husbands was produced by a factor analytic technique, and the final measure is tabled. Eighteen items loaded clearly on one of three factors measuring perceptions of general support by husbands, levels of type A characteristics within the husbands, and the degree to which husbands were against their wives' medical career. Factor‐specific scores on those dimensions were examined against other variables, and associations were found linking scale scores with variables in the female practitioners including age, type of medical practice, hours of employment, and satisfaction with medical practice. Husbands who were medical graduates were scored higher on type A characteristics and fathered more children than the other husbands.
Some considerations on the clinic treatment of children of divorce
Authors: Reder Peter , Eve Betty
Published: July 2011

A case is presented involving counselling for a divorced mother and psychotherapy for her child. Review of the literature suggests that the suitability of a Child Guidance Clinic intervention when parents are divorced can depend on the age of the child, the nature of the parents' relationship and the timing of the referral. During the divorce crisis, children can be helped by a brief, individual intervention. After this period, family therapy ‐ if possible to include the non‐custodial parent ‐ may help clarify issues relevant to the parents and remove the burden of symptom‐carrier from the child. Long‐term, individual psychotherapy for the child is crucially dependent on a sufficiently ‘containing’ setting and on parents who genuinely desire change. Our own experience has been that the clinic workers must always remain aware of the legal issues ‐ i.e. which parent has custody, care and control ‐ as this will determine who has the right to accept a treatment offer for the child.
From denial to self‐awareness: A 20 years' study of a case of childhood delinquency evolving into adult neurosis
Authors: Limentani A.
Published: July 2011

This is a study of the evolution of delinquency into adult neurosis in a girl whose analytic psychotherapy began in pre‐puberty. With some interruptions the treatment was extended over nearly 20 years. The antisocial tendency, which was serious enough to lead to appearances in juvenile courts, continued until late adolescence when the first signs of a fully fledged neurosis made their appearance. The psychodynamics of the case are followed through from the overwhelming use of denial, splitting and omnipotence, as seen in most cases of delinquency, to the development of a sufficient degree of insight linked with self‐awareness. Considerable difficulties were experienced in view of the severity of the psychopathology and the limitations of the psychotherapy as only once‐a‐week sessions could be offered to the patient. Although the therapeutic result was short of a full recovery, the therapy provided the patient and the therapist with the opportunity of gaining a fair understanding of the origins and nature of the delinquency as well as of the later neurotic features.
The psychotherapy of a subnormal patient
Authors: Symington Neville
Published: July 2011

This paper is a resumé of the treatment of a man, aged 33 at the beginning of treatment, whose IQ was said to be 59. I had reason to believe that it was higher than this.

The account covers a period of two years, during which time I saw him regularly once a week. At the end of two years, he told me he did not wish to come any more. I do not know whether the treatment was a success or a failure. My purpose in presenting this treatment is to stimulate further discussion on this subject, challenge the assumption that psychotherapy requires a normal or above‐normal IQ to be successful, and to investigate the aetiology of mental retardation. This two‐year period of treatment was extremely enlightening and opened many avenues of thought which are presented here only in the most embryonic form. So I start with the background to the case and some of the reasons why I decided to take him into treatment, then a summary of the course of the treatment and finally a discussion of some theoretical issues of psychological interest.
Attachment theory: Its relevance to the therapeutic alliance
Authors: Mackie Alastair J.
Published: July 2011

Bowlby' concept of attachment is seen to be relevant to that part of the therapist‐patient relationship in analytic psychotherapy which enables the patient to remain in, and work in, the relationship despite his transference feelings, viz. the therapeutic alliance. The concept of attachment is felt to bring together under a common framework two aspects of the therapeutic relationship upon which many writers have individually commented, viz. that the interpretation is not the sole therapeutic factor and that there is a resemblance between the therapist‐patient relationship and the mother‐child relationship. Finally, the concept of attachment is seen to supplement that of dependence in the patient‐therapist relationship, and by doing so to emphasize the importance of the human relationship therein.
Some observations on the meaning of confabulation
Authors: Whitlock F. A.
Published: July 2011

Confabulation is poorly defined and understood, judging by accounts in some psychiatric textbooks. Many authors appear to consider confabulation as a purposive act on the part of the patient designed to fill in memory gaps by fabricating false statements to spare himself embarrassment and to deceive the interviewer. Clinical observation shows that the confabulating patient is almost wholly unaware of his memory defect and that his statements are derived from an accessible store of memories dating from before the onset of his illness. The basic problem is the patient' inability to remember that he cannot remember. Consequently it is incorrect to assume any active intention on his part other than a simple wish to provide information in response to questions.
In the eye of the beholder: Social and personal characteristics of teenagers and their impressions of themselves and fat and slim people
Authors: Worsley A.
Published: July 2011

Fifty‐nine female and 79 male secondary students rated six stimulus figures (self, ideal self, fat young man/woman, slim young man/woman) on 28 personal rating scales. They also completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Each of the stimulus‐figure data sets was factor analysed and the factor scores were related to role, personality, and perceived weight status by means of correlational and discriminant function analyses.

The results showed that the perceivers' sex, ethnicity and perceived weight status were related to their perceptions of the stimulus figures. These relationships included interactions between sex and ethnicity in their effects on reported views of ideal self and fat young woman (FYW). Daughters of European migrants reported more independent and stronger self‐aspirations than did their peers, and sons of European migrants saw FYW more positively than did the other subjects.

The observed relationship between females' perceived weight status and their self‐concepts suggest that body image may be of greater importance for girls than for boys of this age.

Extraversion and neuroticism differed according to sex in their relationships with the subjects' perceptions of the FYW figure.

These and other findings indicate that the presence or absence of obesity has relevance for social and psychological processes as well as for medical issues.
Changes in the hostility of schizophrenic patients during treatment
Authors: Tsiantis J. , Blackburn I. M. , Lyketsos G. C.
Published: July 2011

Hostility towards self and others often precipitates admission to hospital of the schizophrenic patient. A follow‐up study of 24 newly admitted schizophrenic patients during eight weeks of treatment indicated high intropunitiveness and extra‐punitiveness at admission which decreased concurently with psychopathology. The larger change was in intro‐punitiveness, resulting in an increase in the original predominance of extra‐punitiveness. The various measures of hostility were not predictive of response to treatment at eight weeks. Comparisons between the schizophrenic group and a group of depressed patients indicated significant differences in the expression of hostility. At admission the schizophrenic patients are less intro‐punitive and more extra‐punitive than the depressed patients, these differences disappearing after eight weeks of treatment. This finding tends to support the psychodynamic view of projective and introjective mechanisms in these two illness groups.
Disease concepts and the logic of classes*
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: July 2011

Four different disease concepts are examined. In pre‐scientific times, diseases were regarded as independent entities outside and inside the body of patients. This view is still alive in such expressions as ‘disease carrier’ and similar idioms. Sydenham' disease entity was akin to a Platonic ‘idea’ namely as ‘species’, ‘substantial form’ or ‘essence’ which had a singular independent existence in some metaphysical realm. Therefore, the talk at the time was that a patient suffered from, say, ‘the’ pox. Virchow's disease entities were semi‐independent parasitic parts in the bodies of different patients. Therefore, patients were said to suffer from, say, ‘a’ pneumonia. In modern times diseases are no longer regarded as independent or semi‐independent entities. They are merely attribute complexes in patients. As such, they require no grammatical article. Patients are said to suffer from, say, pneumonia.

The different views of disease concepts are finally examined within a framework provided by the modern logic of classes. The pre‐scientific and Virchowian disease entities are members in a class ‘extension’. Sydenham's disease entity corresponds to a class entity abstracted from class members. Modern diseases are attributes listed in the class ‘intension’. The different disease concepts thus have different logical implications.
On the process and practice of psychotherapy: Some reflections
Authors: Power Roger N.
Published: July 2011

Recent research in psychotherapy has emphasized its scientific and technological status. It is argued that the ‘doing to’ functions in therapy omit essential considerations of intentionality and meaning. The contrasting terms of ‘image’ and ‘plan’ are used to demonstrate the role of the construct system or assumptive world in therapeutic change. The problematic nature of change is considered and some fundamental ‘deep structural’ commitments in therapy are proposed.
Units of observation and perspectives on the psychoanalytic process
Authors: Bachrach Henry , Curtis Homer , Escoll Philip , Graff Harold , Huxster Howard , Ottenberg Perry , Pulver Sydney
Published: July 2011

Over the past quarter century, brief segments of tape‐recorded psychotherapy have become the most widely employed unit for the empirical investigation of the psychotherapeutic process. Our aim was to see how judgements based upon brief segments of tape‐recorded psychoanalysis corresponded with judgements based upon the hours from which they were taken. Seven experienced psychoanalysts independently made clinical and quantitative judgements about 29 treatment‐related variables on 24 five‐minute segments excerpted from psychoanalytic sessions and on the 12 whole sessions from which they were taken. It was found that judgements about the major dimensions of the therapeutic relationship, i.e. transference, based upon segments did not correlate with judgements based upon entire sessions. Judgements based upon segments were less reliable and tended to isolate one participant from another. Judgements based upon sessions were more reliable and captured the basic dimensions of the treatment process, particularly as related to the transference and therapeutic relationship. These findings confirm the results of the only other reported study (Mintz & Luborsky, 1971) in which such comparisons were made and suggest that brief segments cannot be naively substituted for entire sessions for the study of the psychotherapeutic process.
In‐patient community meetings: Problems and purposes
Authors: Kisch Jeremy , Kroll Jerome , Gross Rudy , Carey Kathleen
Published: July 2011

The role of the in‐patient community meeting is discussed in relation to the general difficulty of attributing specific effectiveness to any type of therapeutic activity on an in‐patient service. Close scrutiny of such units demonstrates that staff and patients are composed of several heterogeneous subgroups, not all of whom share common attitudes and values or benefit from similar activities. Within this framework the major problems as well as functions of the community meeting are discussed. Specific questions which await investigation with clinical research are elaborated.
Does invalidation produce loose construing?
Authors: Lawlor M. , Cochran L.
Published: July 2011

This study tested Bannister's (1963) serial invalidation hypothesis that repeated invalidation of a person's judgements loosens conceptual organization. That is, a person's constructs or dimensions of judgement will become more weakly and inconsistently related. Using a variant of Kelly's (1955) repertory grid methodology, thirty university students rated three sets of eight career roles on sixteen constructs. During the ratings of the second set, subjects received both evaluative commentary from the experimenter and objective evidence in the form of fake ratings. Both types of feedback were either invalidating or validating of subjects' judgements on the first eight constructs. The main finding was that invalidation loosened conceptual organization, but only for subjects who initially manifested strong relations among constructs. Subjects who began with weaker construct relations were not significantly affected by type of feedback.
The lateralization of symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Taylor Pamela , Fleminger J. J.
Published: July 2011

An awareness of symptoms being lateralized was established in almost half of a series of 60 acutely ill schizophrenics and is reported in a further series of 16 patients with this disorder. Case illustrations are given. The symptoms most commonly showing this phenomenon were hypochondriacal delusions and hallucinations, usually of an auditory kind. Possible mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are discussed. Some evidence was found for a difference between the sexes in the direction of lateralization of symptoms.
Individual differences in life‐style response to coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Ramshaw Jayne E. , Stanley Gordon
Published: July 2011

Fifty‐three patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery 12 to 27 months previously were given four standard personality questionnaires and asked to write about the main effects the operation had on their life‐styles. These responses were then content analysed. Although hierarchical grouping analysis indicated that the responses could best be classified into four groups, only three distinct response profiles emerged. The first group described mainly adverse consequences of surgery; the other three groups described the effects of surgery as beneficial. Personality test data suggested that individual personality and coping style considerably influence a patient's perception of surgical outcome, and that this perception is largely independent of cardiac symptoms.
The young Jewish revivalist: A therapist's dilemma
Authors: Mester Roberto , Klein Hillel
Published: July 2011

This article presents and discusses: (a) some of the diagnostic and psychotherapeutic problems which emerged when dealing with extremely religious Jewish young men; and (b) conscious ethical questions and unperceived counter‐transference reactions to religion and religious patients which may overburden the therapist's helping capacity, thereby curtailing the beneficial extent of his intervention.

The setting of the therapeutic process is an open intensive care unit. The possible implications and effects of carrying out institutional therapy with this particular kind of patient are also analysed.
Recent advances in the analysis of a repertory grid
Authors: Shaw Mildred L. G. , Gaines Brian R.
Published: July 2011

This paper extends a previous survey of techniques for the analysis of repertory grids. It compares principal component analysis, Q‐analysis, FOCUS and a new logical technique ENTAIL on some examples, and discusses the similarities and differences in the results.
Level of ego development and psychotherapy outcome in phobic patients
Authors: Rock Martin H. , Goldberger Leo
Published: July 2011

Forty male and 86 female phobic outpatients were randomly assigned to three treatment conditions (behaviour therapy with Imipramine; behaviour therapy with placebo; and supportive therapy with Imipramine) and seen in therapy for a 26‐week period. They were initially assessed for level of ego development on Loevinger's Sentence Completion measure and evaluated for initial level of pathology and therapy outcome. A stepwise multiple regression analysis, performed separately for the female and male groups, yielded results as follows: (1) patients at the preconformist level improved significantly less than the patients at the other levels; (2) an interaction between the use of medication and level of ego development was also found, with postconformist patients reporting the least benefit from the drug. These findings were significant only for the female patients.
A large group in a district general hospital
Authors: Stein George , Patwa Vinod K. , Chu May , Casale Jean
Published: July 2011

This article describes a large group in a district general hospital serving a defined catchment area. Fifteen consecutive meetings were studied and three types of meeting were observed; manic meetings, depressed meetings and, thirdly, more balanced meetings not dominated by any powerful affect. The main topics discussed in the meetings included depression, illness, anxieties about treatment or recurrence, doctors, bereavement, loneliness, religion, and death, the more medical subjects possibly reflecting the medical orientation of the treatment programme. The principal themes in this meeting differ from those described in therapeutic communities, when themes of violence, rejection, sexuality and dependence conflicts figure more prominently. In the setting of the district general hospital, the character of the meeting appeared to be largely determined by the composition of the ward at the time, and patients with affective disorders, by virtue of their powerful moods, often assumed a dominant role.
Borderline states: Prognosis and psychotherapy
Authors: Holm1 Kari , Hundevadt Egil
Published: July 2011

In the authors' opinion the borderline concept covers a group of patients difficult to define and to delineate but nevertheless a group different from the conventional diagnostic groups of neurosis and psychosis.

During work with a follow‐up study of borderline patients it occurred to the authors that the classification of Grinker et al., which makes it possible to divide borderline patients into four groups, can fruitfully be combined with the object relation theory of ‘the English school’ of psychoanalysis. A patient's belonging to one of Grinker's groups is shown to be informative as to how this patient has ‘solved’ what Fairbairn calls ‘the schizoid dilemma’. The conceptual framework thus set up is useful in planning the treatment of borderline patients: each subgroup of borderline patients as described by the authors can be given its own indications and contra‐indications as far as working alliance and treatment plan are concerned.
The attitudes of psychiatrists to deliberate self‐poisoning: Comparison with physicians and nurses
Authors: Hawton Keith , Marsack Pamela , Fagg Joan
Published: July 2011

The attitudes of junior psychiatrists to deliberate self‐poisoning were assessed on the basis of their answers to a series of questions concerning four case vignettes. They spontaneously indicated goals for the behaviour in only a minority of cases. Emphasis should be placed on identifying instrumental aspects of overdoses during training in the assessment of self‐poisoning patients. The psychiatrists attributed similar reasons for the cases as did physicians and nurses who were previously investigated using the same method. However, compared with the physicians, the psychiatrists showed more sympathetic attitudes to the patients and their behaviour, and a greater willingness to help them. The psychiatrists and nurses were similar in this respect. The findings are discussed in the light of recent innovations in the management of self‐poisoning patients in general hospitals.
Dyad grid dilemmas in patients and control subjects
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: July 2011

A standard dyad grid was given to a series of patients and controls. Normative values for selected construct correlations are given, and the differences in respect of some grid measures between patients and controls are reported and described. The clinical features of grid‐identified dilemmas are illustrated by three case histories.
Therapeutic paradox – the patient culture and the formal treatment programme in a therapeutic community
Authors: Bloor M. J.
Published: July 2011

Data collected by participant observation in a day hospital are used to examine the complex relationship between informal patient interaction and the formal group therapy programme of this therapeutic community. It was evident that staff might view apparently similar informal patient activities in quite different lights, as either complementary or as detrimental to the work of the formal groups. This apparent inconsistency in staff prescriptions was turned to a therapeutic purpose. Staff would point out to patients the ‘paradox’ of the constant inconsistency of prescriptions for behaviour in daily life: parallels were drawn with the contingent and defeasible prescriptions to which patients were subject in most spheres of human activity. In learning to cope with incipiently contradictory prescriptions inside the day hospital it was felt that patients might learn to cope with incipiently contradictory prescriptions in their relationships outside the day hospital.
Psychoanalysis as a human science: Critique and reformulation
Authors: Fielding R. G. , Llewelyn S. P.
Published: July 2011

This paper continues the debate opened by Will (1980), concerning the scientific status of psychoanalysis. A critique is made of Will's paper, on the grounds that it misrepresents the scientific method, and fails to consider appropriate criteria for evaluating psychoanalysis. A defence of Popper, and the importance of prediction as a tool in structuring understanding, is sketched out, and an alternative view of the scientific process which can more adequately encompass the enterprise of psychoanalysis is suggested.
Imposed termination of psychotherapy and its relation to death and mourning*
Authors: Parsons Michael
Published: July 2011

For the psychotherapist unilaterally to impose a termination date to therapy is a manoeuvre not often discussed; but with some patients it may be the only way of forcing critical issues into the open. The patient's position is then analogous to that of a bereaved mourner or someone with a terminal illness, and a sequence of responses can be observed identical to that which occurs in those cases. A detailed clinical example illustrates this. There appears to be a specific developmental task common to all such situations which is called forth by them. Subjecting a patient to this is a drastic measure; the therapist's difficulty in deciding whether to do so is considered in relation to transference and counter‐transference.
Accounting for oneself: Meanings of self‐descriptions and inconsistencies in self‐descriptions
Authors: Honess Terry
Published: July 2011

Changes in one man's evaluations and expectations of himself are explored using new interview procedures, based on the implication grid, that readily reveal inconsistencies in an individual's view of him or herself. The process of negotiating inconsistencies with the individual concerned resulted in considerable clarification, and some redefinition of his self‐concept. Analysis of his protocol demonstrated the viability of ‘accounting for self’ in terms of ‘enabling conditions’ (after Harré & Secord) and individually determined ‘worth’ (after Taylor).
Parental representations and affective symptoms: Examination for an hereditary link
Authors: Parker Gordon
Published: July 2011

Parental characteristics of low care and overprotection have been linked with several grades of depression and anxiety in studies of clinical and non‐clinical groups. The possibility that such associations could be spurious ones, brought about by an hereditary influence, was examined in a non‐clinical group of adoptees (n = 109). If an hereditary influence accounted for previous findings no associations between such parental characteristics and higher levels of trait depression and anxiety would be expected. Instead associations were found to be as strong as those in the earlier studies, providing further indirect support for the possibility of a causal process linking such parental representations with the expression of certain affective disturbances in adulthood.
Psychological correlates of solvent abuse
Authors: Woolfson Richard C.
Published: July 2011

The present study looked at some of the psychological factors of children who habitually sniff glue. A control group of non‐glue‐sniffing delinquent boys was compared with an experimental group of glue‐sniffing boys. The comparison was across a number of personality variables, using the HSPQ, and the two groups were matched in terms of age, social class and intelligence. A significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of one HSPQ primary factor (factor F) and one HSPQ secondary factor (factor QI).
The changeling myth and the pre‐psychology of parenting
Authors: Muir Roy
Published: July 2011

Most European cultures, especially in rural areas, and until recently, routinely used ritual magic procedures to protect new‐born children and their mothers from fairies, demons, and other supernatural beings. There seemed general recognition that this was a hazardous period for mother and child even if the dangers were seen as external, rather than internal (Hastings, 1910; Krappe, 1930).

In this paper, several of these legends will be recounted, which illustrate a number of recurring themes which are of considerable interest to the student of human development. It is proposed that the changeling legend explained, by attribution to supernatural forces, such pathological developmental problems as early failure of attachment, rejection, projective and identificatory problems, and of course, the developmental process in which many of these issues are subsumed, the separation‐individuation process (Mahler et al., 1975).

A case is presented which illustrates important elements of the legend and an attempt is made to show how the legends may be understood in the light of developmental theory.
Fear of dentistry
Authors: Wardle Jane
Published: July 2011

Patients attending the primary care department of a London dental hospital and a suburban general practice were interviewed to explore their experience of and reasons for anxiety about dental treatment. Results showed that anxiety was at a high level, particularly concerning certain treatment procedures. The most common reason given for fear was anticipated pain, and this was borne out by a comparison between anxiety and expected pain for a number of dental procedures. The possibility of mitigating dental fear by procedures which focus on minimizing pain expectations and pain experience is discussed.
Experimental investigations of the relations between mood and intrusive unwanted cognitions
Authors: Sutherland G. , Newman B. , Rachman S.
Published: July 2011

Two experiments were carried out in order to test the hypothesis that unwanted intrusive thoughts are difficult to remove during dysphoria. In the first experiment, 32 people who experienced unwanted thoughts were induced to feel happy or sad, and then asked to remove selected intrusive or neutral thoughts. The hypothesis was supported, but as the mood‐induction procedure was felt to be unsatisfactory, a second study was undertaken. The substitution of a musical mood‐induction procedure for the Veiten card procedure produced superior results, and the hypothesis that intrusive unwanted thoughts are difficult to remove during dysphoria was supported once more.
Psychological treatment of binge eating and self‐induced vomiting
Authors: Long Clive G. , Cordle Christine J.
Published: July 2011

The literature on an eating disorder characterized by binging with vomiting and/or purging behaviour is reviewed. An individualized therapeutic approach using behavioural techniques with cognitive modelling and dietary education is advocated and supported by case illustrations.
Obsessional phenomena and the development of imaginative competence
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: July 2011

Obsessional phenomena are discussed in the light of anxieties arising around the ages 8–12. Three cases of the disappearance of obsessional symptoms are then described. In one a remarkable sequence of dreams preceded recovery; in another it was the establishment of a secure therapeutic bond; in the third it was falling in love. The capacity securely to differentiate between fantasy and reality is seen as an essential developmental element in the recovery from obsessionality.
Progressive relaxation, EMG biofeedback and biofeedback placebo in the treatment of sleep‐onset insomnia
Authors: Nicassio Perry M. , Boylan Marlene B. , McCabe Thomas G.
Published: July 2011

This paper describes a study in which progressive relaxation, EMG frontalis biofeedback, and a biofeedback placebo manipulation were compared in the treatment of severe insomnia with 40 chronically sleep‐disturbed adult patients. Progressive relaxation and EMG biofeedback led to significant reductions in both reported sleep‐onset latency and depressive symptomatology. However, when compared individually with the biofeedback placebo group, neither progressive relaxation nor EMG biofeedback emerged as significantly more effective on the sleep‐onset latency measure. The clinical improvement in the biofeedback placebo group suggests that expectancies related to the ability to relax may contribute to the therapeutic effectiveness of relaxation strategies, even with chronic, severely disturbed insomniacs. Improvement in sleep‐onset latency was not significantly related to reductions in frontalis EMG activity either within or between groups, a finding which raises questions concerning the clinical role and importance of physiological relaxation in the treatment of sleep‐onset disturbance.
Some marital and child‐rearing characteristics of early mother‐bereaved women
Authors: Birtchnell John , Kennard John
Published: July 2011

A sample of 160 female, psychiatric patients from North‐east Scotland whose mothers died before they were aged 11 was compared with 80 non‐bereaved, female, psychiatric patients, matched by decade of birth, from the same area. Six subgroups of the bereaved patients classified according to the events which followed the bereavement were also examined. In addition, samples of 44 and 27 women from the Chichester general population, whose mothers died before age 11 and from 11 to 19 respectively, were paired by age, parental social class and age at death of father, with Chichester women who were not mother‐bereaved.

Comparisons were made in respect of age at marriage, relative age of subject and marital partner, quality and fate of marriage, delay between marriage and birth of first child, total number of children, and ability to cope with the birth and subsequent child‐rearing. The early bereaved women showed a tendency to marry younger men but otherwise their marriages were no different from those of the controls. The early bereaved had more difficulties with child‐rearing, particularly when their children reached adolescence. Surprisingly, the findings for the six subgroups were not appreciably different from those of the total bereaved patients.
A validation of the Defence Mechanism Inventory
Authors: Cooper C. , Kline P.
Published: July 2011

The Defence Mechanism Inventory (Gleser & Ihilevich, 1969) was validated by examining the 16PF profiles of each group of defenders. These were found to correspond closely to profiles hypothesized on the basis of Freudian theory, and thus suggest that the test may be valid. The ipsative scoring system was thought to limit the clinical usefulness of the five scales and to hinder statistical analyses, and the development of a rating form of the questionnaire was recommended.
Body image: A selective review of existing measurement techniques
Authors: McCrea Celia W. , Summerfield Angela B. , Rosen Bernard
Published: July 2011

A selective review of studies concerning body image is presented to illustrate the diversity of approaches which have been adopted. Equivocal definitions of the concept of body image and the difficulties inherent in its measurement are examined and the most popular measurement techniques are described and criticized.
A study of some psychological factors in depressed and non‐depressed subjects in a Kenyan setting
Authors: Ndetei David M. , Vadher Atul
Published: July 2011

Thirty Kenyan patients (15 consecutive first‐ever referrals to the out‐patient clinic and 15 consecutive first‐ever admissions) of black African origin on chemotherapy for clinical depression (uncomplicated by organic or other psychotic illness) in Nairobi and 40 non‐psychiatrically disturbed controls (controlled for race, sex and age) living in and around Nairobi were included in this study. Information was obtained from each subject using a structured questionnaire. It was found that in the consecutive first‐ever admissions or referrals females were overrepresented in the patient group and that lack of regular income and being first born were associated with the depressed group as compared with the non‐depressed group. These observations are discussed in the light of their socio‐cultural context and compared with related observations in Western settings.
The prediction of change in repertory grids
Authors: Emerson Eric
Published: July 2011

Several predictions relating to differential element and construct stability in repertory grids over time were investigated. Test‐retest data indicated significantly greater construct stability for high intensity or ‘constellatory’ constructs over a seven‐month period. Consistency of element ratings was also significantly greater for high intensity (constellatory) constructs, but only for certain elements. Evidence is also reported indicating that the dimension of cognitive complexity may also serve as a moderator of the above relationships.
Construct relationships, psychological disorder and therapeutic change
Authors: Winter David A.
Published: July 2011

The problem of interpretation of construct relationships of abnormal content is considered in the context of the use of the repertory grid to assess therapeutic outcome in neurotics. With a view to providing a rationale for such interpretation, examples are presented of construct relationships indicative of psychopathology, and of predicted changes in them during therapy. Implications for the planning and evaluation of therapy are discussed, and the importance of exploring the personal meaning of the patient's complaints is emphasized.
Secondary therapist variables operating in short‐term insight‐oriented, and behaviour therapy
Authors: Cross Darryl G. , Sheehan Peter W.
Published: July 2011

Three therapists from a short‐term insight orientation and three practising behaviour therapy each provided treatment to five clients over a three‐month course of therapy. Measurement of therapists' attitudes was taken at the beginning of treatment, at the mid‐point, and at the conclusion of therapy, and tapped the therapist's attitude towards the suitability of the treatment administered, the patient's attitude toward the therapist (as perceived by the therapist), the type of patient and problem presented, and attraction to and liking for the patient. Pre‐post‐outcome measurement was also undertaken on a range of selected criteria. Results showed that behaviour therapists both believed more in the efficacy of their treatment throughout the course of therapy, and perceived their clients to be more positively disposed towards them than did insight‐oriented therapists. Data highlight the role played by such secondary factors as these therapist variables, and emphasize the potential error in attributing therapeutic effects solely to traditional primary variables defined in terms of the treatment techniques or procedures being utilized.
Literalism, perspectivism, chaotic fragmentalism and psychotherapy techniques
Authors: Leitner L. M.
Published: July 2011

Literalism and chaotic fragmentalism have been advanced as two concepts to explain psychopathology while perspectivism has been used to explain psychological health (Landfield, 1980a). It is hypothesized that, to the extent that they are therapeutic, all therapies move clients toward perspectivism and away from literalism and chaotic fragmentalism. Eight major schools of psychotherapy are discussed in terms of the principles of technique which enable them to change literalism and chaotic fragmentalism. The advantages of a unifying theory permitting diversity of techniques are discussed in relation to the ability of the clinician to be flexible yet not confused. Further, the unifying concepts of literalism, perspectivism, and chaotic fragmentalism are used to understand systematically the strengths and weaknesses of many therapeutic techniques. Finally, the implications of the differences in therapeutic techniques for changing different types of literalisms are discussed.
Content analysis of verbal behaviour in psychotherapy research: A comparison between two methods
Authors: Lolas F. , Mergenthaler E. , von Rad M.
Published: July 2011

Verbal behaviour of a mixed patient population during psychotherapeutic interviews was analysed for affective content by means of two content analytic techniques, the Gottschalk‐Gleser method and the ‘anxiety topics dictionary’ developed at the University of Ulm. Both methods share basic theoretical assumptions regarding affect definition and strive for pragmatic relevance in their meaning categories. They differ with respect to the analysis program they employ, the main difference being the coding unit and the extent to which they take into account contextual information. Correlational data presented shows a significant positive relationship between scores for shame and separation anxiety from both methods. A somewhat weaker correlation was found for guilt anxiety. These results suggest a formal similarity between these constructs as operationalized by both methods and call for further research on the comparability of meaning categories in studies of verbal behaviour.
The psychopathology of hallucinations—A methodological analysis
Authors: Lothane Zvi
Published: July 2011

The time‐hallowed description of hallucinations as sensory perceptions without an object is both a fallacy and a misreading of Esquirol's original definition. Central to a redefinition of hallucinations is the conception of the hallucinator as the author of his hallucinations, homologous to the dreamer, the author of his dreams. Hallucinations are viewed as a sui generis mental activity which can be described phenomenologically, psychologically, dynamically, psychodynamically, emotionally, logically, nosologically, and interpersonally.
The theory of transitional phenomena and its application to the psychotherapy of the borderline patient
Authors: Macaskill Norman D.
Published: July 2011

Winnicott's theory of transitional phenomena is outlined and the various meanings of the term transitional phenomena are indicated. The psychotherapeutic applications of his theory to the treatment of borderline patients, particularly the implications for the functions, language and timing of verbal interventions are then explored. Finally, his ideas are briefly compared with those of other therapists currently influential in the theory and therapy of borderline patients.
A preparatory interview for the neophyte group therapist
Authors: Bloch Sidney , Knox Jean
Published: July 2011

On the premiss that an important aim of the initial phase of supervision of the neophyte group psychotherapist is to convert a new and threatening situation into an old and familiar one, the function of a preparatory interview—whose focus was the therapist's set of expectations about his impending experience of leading a group—was examined. The findings of a series of 26 interviews point to the need for a systematic controlled study to test the effects of a preparatory interview of the trainee therapist on group process and leadership behaviour.
An attempt to validate the psychoticism scale of the Brief Symptom Inventory
Authors: Wood William D.
Published: July 2011

This study attempted to validate the psychoticism scale of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) by comparing 31 schizophrenic patients with 98 non‐schizophrenic patients. Unexpectedly, the schizophrenics did not exceed the non‐schizophrenics on the psychoticism symptom dimension. None of a variety of controls and comparisons provided a basis for dismissing the finding. A rationale was introduced explaining why any attempt to match symptoms with the diagnosis of schizophrenia can at best meet with only qualified success.
Psychological stress and infertility. Part 1: Psychophysiological reaction patterns
Authors: Brand Handré J. , Roos Simon S. , van der Merwe Abraham B.
Published: July 2011

The relationship between emotional stress and infertility was investigated in a study of 59 infertile female patients. Comparisons were made between a functional group (n = 22), an organic group (n = 32) and a fertile group (n = 5). No significant differences in basal pulse volume, heart rate, skin resistance and muscle tension were found. The normal group showed significantly higher heart rate reactivity to sound stimulation than the functional group. It was concluded that the functional group (contrary to expectations) did not show increased tension and lability in smooth and skeletal musculature.
A comparison of the attitudes of young anorexia nervosa patients and non‐patients with those of their mothers
Authors: Hall Anne , Brown L. B.
Published: July 2011

Attitudes towards ‘sickness’, ‘arguments’, ‘tension’, ‘social isolation’, ‘thinness’, ‘growing up’ and ‘grown up’ were investigated in 20 young female anorexia nervosa patients and their mothers, and in 32 volunteer non‐patient schoolgirls and their mothers. A computer‐generated semantic differential questionnaire was completed by each daughter and her mother, first for herself and then as she thought the other person would have answered it. The majority of significant differences occurred between the anorexic daughters and their mothers as a group, and the non‐patient daughters and mothers as a group. The anorexia nervosa group rated ‘sickness’, ‘arguments' and ‘tension’ more favourably than did the non‐patients, while the patients rated ‘thinness' and ‘social isolation’ less favourably than did the non‐patient group. Neither group of mothers and daughters consistently misjudged each other.