bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANIMAIS NÃO HUMANOS COMO SUJEITOS DE DIREITO: CONSIDERAÇÕES PROCESSUAIS
Authors: FERREIRA Ana Conceição Barbuda
Published: January 2019

Este   artigo   procurou   desenvolver-­se   no   contexto   das   discussões   acerca   do   Direito   Animal   objetivando   demonstrar   os   animais  não-­humanos  como  Sujeitos  de  Direito  e  as  implicações  desta   paradigmática   visão   no   âmbito   processual.   Embora   muitos   fatores   ainda   contribuam   para   a   preservação   e   identificação   do   animal   não   humano  como  aquele  desprovido  de  direitos,  tal  posição  vem  cedendo   lugar  e  em  acirrados  e  contínuos  debates  promove-­se  uma  necessária   constatação  com  intensa  demonstração  de  que  os  seus  interesses  não   se  subordinam  aos  dos  animais  humanos.  Contempla  o  art.  225,  caput,   da  Constituição  Federal  para  alicerçar  toda  a  maturidade  do  legislador   em   imprimir   no   sistema   normativo   nacional   parâmetros   novos   que   permeiam   a   relação   entre   homens   e   animais,   quais   não   podem   ser   afastados   pelo   aplicador   do   direito.   Elaborando   o   perfil   da   evolução   do   Direito   Animal   ao   longo   do   tempo   vem   alicerçar   fundamentos   para  a  questão  da  dignidade  dos  animais  constatando  que  possuindo   direitos  de  primeira  ordem  podem  servir-­se  dos  meios  processuais  a   proteção  e  tutela  dos  seus  interesses.   
AÇÃO CIVIL PÚBLICA - MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO DO RIO DE JANEIRO v PREFEITURA MUNICIPAL E IBAMA
Authors: NOGUEIRA JÚNIOR Alberto
Published: January 2019

AÇÃO  CIVIL  PÚBLICA  no.  2004.5101002758-­‐‑3 AUTOR:  MINISTÉRIO  PÚBLICO  FEDERAL PROC.:  ANAIVA  OBERST  CORDOVIL  E  OUTRO

RÉU:   INSTITUTO   BRASILEIRO   DO   MEIO   AMBIENTE   E   DOS   RECURSOS  NATURAIS  RENOVÁVEIS  –  IBAMA  e  MUNICÍPIO  DO   RIO  DE  JANEIRO 
O RECONHECIMENTO AOS CHIMPANZÉS DO DIREITODE UTILIZAR OS WRITS DO HABEAS CORPUS E DO DE HOMINA REPLEGIANDO
Authors: WISE Steven M.
Published: January 2019

Os   chimpanzés,   e   demais   animais   não-­humanos,   apesar   de   ainda   serem   considerados   por   muitos   como   meras   coisas   jurídicas,   vêem   sendo   cada   vez   mais   considerados   pelo   commom   law   como   sujeitos  de  direitos  básicos,  vez  que  a  moralidade  social  e  as  políticas   sociais   mudam,   e   a   experiência   humana   avança.   Até   um   passado   relativamente   recente,   um   escravo   africano   era   considerado   uma   coisa  sem  direitos;  no  dia  anterior,  um  vassalo  inglês;  hoje,  essa  coisa   pode  ser  um  feto  humano,  amanhã,  um  chimpanzé.  É  inegável  que  os   humanos   escravizam   os   chimpanzés   e   os   privam   de   sua   liberdade,   e   de  terem  reconhecido  o  uso  dos  writs do habeas corpus e do de homine replegiando.  A  flexibilidade  é  uma  característica  típica  da  estrutura  do   common law e  os  chimpanzés,  como  indivíduos,  estão  juridicamente   autorizados  a  usar  o habeas corpus  para  levar  aos  tribunais  seu  pedido   de  reconhecimento  de  liberdade  de  ir  e  vir.   
QUEM FICA COM OS GATOS…"VOCE OU EU?"ANÁLISE SOBRE A GUARDA E O DIREITO DE VISITA. QUESTÕES RELATIVAS AOS ANIMAIS DE ESTIMAÇÃO APÓS O DIVÓRCIO OU A SEPARAÇÃO
Authors: EITHNE Mills , AKERS Kreith
Published: January 2019

  O   presente   artigo   trata   da   questão   da   guarda   de   animais   domésticos  nos  processos  de  divórcio,  por  meio  de  dados  estatísticos   da  Austrália,  Canadá  e  Estados  Unidos,  ressaltando-­se  a  importância   de   conceder   ao   cônjuge   que   não   tem   a   custódia   do   animal   o   direito   de  visita  após  a  separação.  Destaca-­se  que  a  guarda  significa  o  dever   do   responsável   de   prover   diariamente   abrigo,   alimentação,   exercício   físico,   controle   da   saúde,   etc,   do   animal   de   estimação.   Este   não   deve   ser   considerado   como   um   bem   particular,   mas   sim   como   membro   da   família   e,   inclusive,   se   durante   qualquer   litígio   que   envolver   a   separação,   houver   motivos   razoáveis   para   pensar   que   o   interesse   do   animal  de  estimação  será  contrariado,  o  mesmo  deverá  ser  representado   legalmente   para   garantir   seus   direitos,   sendo   considerado   como   detentor  de  uma  personalidade  jurídica  qualificada. 
O MERCADO NEGRO DE ESPÉCIES SILVESTRES: A LUTA CONTRA O CRIME ORGANIZADO TRANSFORMANDO NO COMÉRCIO ILEGAL DE ANIMAIS SELVAGENS
Authors: ZIMMERMMAN Mara E.
Published: January 2019

O comércio de espécies silvestres ameaçadas de extinção tem
sido uma preocupação da comunidade global desde os primórdios da
legislação ambiental internacional. A Convenção sobre o Comércio
Internacional de Espécies Ameaçadas da Fauna e da Flora Selvagens
(CITES) é um tratado ambiental internacional que procura solucionar
o problema por meio de regulamentação do comércio internacional
de determinadas espécies. No entanto, a eficácia do tratado tem sido
grandemente prejudicada pelo comércio ilegal da vida selvagem, o
qual tem atraído a atenção de organizações criminosas, cujas participações
no comércio ajudaram a tornar o mercado negro de espécies
silvestres a segunda maior do mundo. Fornecer mecanismos de
aplicação mais rigorosa para a CITES, assim como para prevenção
das atividades dos grupos de crime organizado no comércio ilegal de
espécimes silvestres, tornou-se um foco primário para o Secretariado
da CITES. Esse artigo considera alguns dos mecanismos internacionais
necessários para atingir essas metas, incluindo a promulgação de legislação que visem especificamente do crime ambiental, definições
mais claras dos requisitos de culpabilidade, a aplicação de sanções
mais severas para os infratores das leis ambientais e acordos de extradição
entre os Estados. Este artigo também afirma que a Convenção
da ONU Contra o Crime Organizado Transnacional é atualmente o
melhor mecanismo para a aplicação internacional da CITES.
FIRST CASE TO CONSIDER THAT A CHIMPANZEE MIGHT BE A LEGAL PERSON TO COME BEFORE THE COURT UNDER A PETITION FOR HABEAS CORPUS
Authors: CRUZ Edmundo Lucio da
Published: January 2019

Opinion of the Court:
In favor of: Suica
Requested by: Heron Jose de Santana, Luciano Rocha Santana, Antonio
Ferreira Leal Filho, Tagore Trajano de Almeida Silva and others
Co-plaintiff authority: Thelmo Gavazza, Director of Biodiversity,
Environmental and Hydrological Resource Department
ESCUSA DE CONSCIÊNCIA E ALTERNATIVAS AO USO DE ANIMAIS NO CURSO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ - UFPA
Authors: SILVA Sara Elaine Lopes da , SANTOS Rodrigo Sousa dos
Published: January 2019

A escusa de consciência é garantia constitucional ao direito
de liberdade de pensamento, que pode ser instrumentalizada para
eximir alunos dos cursos de ciências biológicas em determinações que
infrinjam suas concepções morais e éticas quanto ao uso de animais
para fins didáticos. Além desse respaldo legal, as alternativas ao uso
de animais vêm se mostrando mais eficazes no ensino através de recursos
como vídeos, software ou modelos sintéticos. Portanto, neste
artigo, busca-se a exposição de vias legais e didáticas que possibilitem
aos discentes uma formação plena, mas com respeito aos animais.
A POSITIVAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS DA NATUREZA NA CONSTITUIÇÃO EQUATORIANA E SUA COMPATIBILIDADE COM AS PROPOSTAS DO MOVIMENTO DA ECOLOGIA PROFUNDA
Authors: Claudia GOUVEIA , TARANTO Isabela Couri , FREIRE Pedro Henrique de Souza Gomes , FONSECA Vinicius Da Silva
Published: January 2019

O presente trabalho investiga o grau de compatibilidade entre
as propostas da Ecologia Profunda, utilizando como base os oito
pontos da plataforma do movimento propostos por Arne Naess e George
Sessions, e a atribuição de direitos à natureza feita recentemente
pela atual Constituição do Equador, que chega mesmo a dedicar um
96 | Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal
capítulo inteiro à matéria. Dessa forma, espera-se proporcionar alguns
novos elementos que permitam o futuro aprofundamento do debate
acerca da possibilidade de se atribuir direitos à natureza, suas possíveis
fundamentações e a natureza desses mesmos direitos.
UM OLHAR SOBRE O DIREITO DOS ANIMAIS
Authors: ZIMMERMMAN Cirlene Luiza
Published: January 2019

O debate acerca da questão ambiental, perceptível em todo
mundo a partir da segunda metade do século XX, requer a assunção e
evolução do tema “direitos dos animais”, não apenas em oposição ao
dos “direitos dos homens”, mas num sentido de aproximação e visualização
de que há mais semelhanças do que diferenças nessa relação,
tendo em vista a origem biológica comum dos animais humanos e dos
não-humanos. A Constituição Federal de 1988, a princípio, garantiu o
meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado aos seres humanos, mas
admitiu que o equilíbrio somente será viável se houver um tratamento
igualitário e respeitoso entre as diversas formas de vida, cuja iniciativa
de concretização compete ao homem, tendo em vista o desequilíbrio
atualmente percebido ter sido causado por ele. A senciência é característica
comum aos animais humanos e não humanos e pressupõe
maior solidariedade e cuidado nas relações entre as diferentes formas
de vida que integram e complementam o meio ambiente.
CASES
Authors: FERREIRA Ana Conceição Barbuda Sanches Guimarães
Published: January 2019

Plaintiff – Ministério Público do Estado da Bahia, Associação Brasileira
terra verde viva e Associação célula mãe
Defendant – Portugal Produções Artísticas Ltda - “Circo Portugal”
Click Chemistry and Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles Formed in Surface Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Chen Yuan , Fan Hao , Galoppini Elena
Published: January 2019

The stepwise functionalization of surfaces with molecules or biomolecules is of increasing interest in the fields of electronics, sensing, catalysis, solar energy, and medicine. The bound molecules lend new properties and reactivity to surfaces of metals, carbon‐based materials, nanostructured metal oxides, and quantum dots. Click chemistry is, to date, the most successful and versatile method to immobilize molecules onto surfaces in a stepwise fashion. The click reactions require mild conditions, are highly (bio‐)orthogonal, regio‐ and stereo‐specific, use reagents that are compatible with many surfaces, do not produce by‐products that require separation procedures, and are concentration independent. Recent variations of click chemistry allow photopatterning with excellent control of the surface chemistry. This chapter examines the properties and scope of click reactions that lead to the formation of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles during the surface functionalization step. The focus is on nanostructured surfaces that were very difficult to functionalize prior to the development of click chemistry. The chapter ends with an outlook on areas that are still relatively underdeveloped: stronger contribution of theory for click at interfaces is needed, there are very few examples of reversible click methods, and the electronic properties of the nitrogen heterocycles that are formed during the click remain little explored.
N‐Oxides of Polyazoles and Polyazines
Authors: Politzer Peter , Murray Jane S.
Published: January 2019

The N‐oxide bond, which will be written as N→O, is formally coordinate covalent, with both electrons being provided by a covalently bonded nitrogen. A more realistic description is that the nitrogen lone pair is polarized toward the oxygen by the electric field of the latter. Our present focus is upon the N‐oxides of polyazoles and polyazines, particularly those having three or more linked (catenated) nitrogens. The N→O linkage is inductively electron withdrawing. In resonance delocalization, it is intrinsically a donor of electronic charge although this can be partially countered by electron‐donating substituents. A significant feature of the N→O linkage is that it can somewhat mitigate the destabilization associated with nitrogen catenation. This is discussed in terms of the molecular electrostatic potentials. N‐oxides of polyazoles and polyazines can be prepared by oxidizing the heterocyclic precursors; the sites can to some extent be predicted in terms of local ionization energies (or local polarizabilities), but other factors can also be involved. The current interest in N‐oxides as high explosives is briefly discussed.
Participatory Planning
Authors: Ducci Maria Elena
Published: January 2019

Participatory planning is a road open to regenerate and recover our cities and environments. Recognizing cities as living entities and acknowledging the importance of each of their parts – be it trees, buildings, water, businesses, or groups of people – for sustainability and resilience, participatory planning processes emerge as a unique tool to engage all stakeholders to collaborate in regeneration and in the definition of the future of their city. Through this process, the traditional antagonists of the urban scene can visualize how collaboration and agreements can generate a city more liveable and attractive, as much for businesses as for the people who experience and enjoy it every day. This approach allows us to discover the potentials of our city, our environment, and our people, and to think forward on how to develop and enhance the advantages of this living entity, reinvesting in the ecological systems that make every place unique.
Ecology and Cities
Authors: Vicens Jesús
Published: January 2019

Both the academic community and the general public accept that cities need to enter into dialogue with ecosystems services and natural resources in order to tackle the consequences of ecological crises and global warming. Sufficient tools are available to cities for them to transition into being sustainable societies. Urban planning, public transport, nonmotorized mobility, distributed generation with renewables, use of recycled water in local economies and in urban gardening – these are just some of the principal methods that many cities in the world use today. Without being anti economical, participatory processes, especially in low income cities with extreme poverty, and environmental justice around “common resources” and prosperity create diverse contexts for transforming cities. Degrowth of energy and materials is a necessary policy for securing a prosperous economy and a better quality of life. This involves living within the Earth's biocapacity, reducing our human footprint, and enabling social and cultural values to emerge.
Future of the Non‐Native English Speaker Teacher Movement
Authors: de Oliveira Luciana C.
Published: January 2019

The Non‐Native English Speaking Teachers (NNEST) movement has been continuously expanding over the past couple of decades, and raising awareness of those in the field of TESOL who have engaged in advocacy for and about issues of (in)equity, marginalization, privilege, and discrimination. The movement rests upon three standpoints: theoretical, practical, and professional. While it is important to recognize past achievements, and scrutinize the current state of the art of the movement, it is equally imperative to envisage its future trajectory. It is argued that the future directions of the NNEST movement (and related research) will include embracing a diversity of voices within the movement, wrestling with the nomenclature debate, promoting diversification of efforts, emphasizing the role of NSs/NESTs in the NNEST movement, and increasing collaboration and collaborative practices.
Parts of Speech
Authors: Haslam Mara
Published: January 2019

The parts of speech that are generally most helpful for English teaching are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and determiner. Each part of speech is best defined not by the meaning of the word in question but rather by the syntactic relationship of the word to other words in the sentence. Neuroscientific research provides a still incomplete understanding of the correlation between parts of speech and brain structure, but the organization of many grammar books by parts of speech reflects that learning about different parts of speech in English can be helpful for learners. Corpus linguistics provides further understanding of how parts of speech are used by allowing us to see patterns of use over many speakers and genres. This entry discusses each of the above‐mentioned parts of speech in detail with examples and points out which aspects of each part of speech in English can be difficult for English learners, while providing suggestions for pedagogical materials on these topics.
Fossilization
Authors: Finneran Rosette Bambino , Han ZhaoHong
Published: January 2019

Fossilizationrefers to the stagnation of second language learning in spite of propitious conditions. This entry traces the etymology of the construct from its introduction to the field of SLA to the present time. It begins with a discussion of fossilization as it was originally conceptualized by Larry Selinker in his seminal 1972 paper,Interlanguage, moves on to an overview of some early studies, most of which were attempts to identify putative causes of fossilization, continues with a contextualized synopsis of current research methods and findings, and concludes with a discussion of pedagogical implications.
CALL(Computer‐Assisted Language Learning) Specialists Preparation
Authors: Savas Perihan
Published: January 2019

Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has been a dynamic field of study for the last few decades. As technological tools become more common in the lives of language learners and teachers, integration of technology in language classes has also gained popularity. There have been many studies done on CALL and there are many effective CALL tools available online and offline. However, CALL implementations are not always based on training specific to CALL and CALL teacher training still remains mainly uncharted territory. Therefore, there is a need to prepare and recruit qualified CALL specialists who can assist different stakeholders such as teachers to make use of CALL in a consistent and coherent fashion. This entry presents the roles, attributes, and competencies of CALL specialists in relation to the scope and various frameworks of CALL. Different approaches, methods, and models for CALL specialist preparation programs are also suggested.
English Orthography and Reading
Authors: Miller Ryan T.
Published: January 2019

When learning to read, one of the most fundamental processes for learners is understanding relationships between printed text and spoken language. Orthography refers to the language‐specific variations in these relationships. As one of the deepest alphabetic orthographies, the orthography of English is highly irregular and inconsistent in the relationships between letters and sounds, with many instances of a single letter representing multiple sounds, single sounds being mapped onto multiple different letters, and combinations of letters representing single sounds. This entry discusses the orthography of English as well as variation in orthographies and writing systems of multiple languages, and how learners' prior literacy experiences can impact their early literacy skills in English as an additional language. It also offers a number of pedagogical suggestions for ESL and EFL teachers to keep in mind when teaching early literacy skills.
Integration with Other Language Skills
Authors: Anderson Neil J
Published: January 2019

This entry focuses on a proposal for a fully blended curriculum that allows for the explicit integration of the four macro language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) within a core course. In addition to the integrated core course, skills‐based courses are provided to give learners the opportunity to develop depth in micro skills through multiple practice opportunities. It is recommended that the decision to enact a fully blended curriculum be made at the program level rather than by individual language teachers.
Diagnostic Assessments
Authors: Cheng Lixia
Published: January 2019

Diagnostic assessments are characteristic of providing detailed feedback about the strengths and weaknesses—especially weaknesses—in learner performances to monitor learning, guide the evaluation of learner progress, and direct the learner to resources for future practice, in addition to informing instructional design and revision. While tailored diagnostic assessments are rare due to their narrow focus on specific language elements, a few issues need to be considered when retrofitting a diagnostic function to an existing assessment developed for other purposes. In the recent surge of interest in diagnostic assessments, researchers are called on to investigate more into the transitions from diagnosis to intervention; language educators are encouraged to achieve a balance in assessment procedures both inside and outside of the classroom and to try to complement the weakness‐based diagnostic information with the formative feedback on strengths provided by other assessments.
Analyzing and Understanding Interlanguage
Authors: Cervatiuc Andreea
Published: January 2019

Theinterlanguagetheory analyzes the temporary linguistic system that target language (TL) learners develop to express meanings in the TL. A major limitation of this theory is that it claims that only five percent of adult second language (L2) learners achieve full competence. Another limitation is that it compares bilingual speakers with monolingual ones. In spite of these limitations, understanding the cognitive processes of interlanguage:language transfer,transfer of training,strategies of L2 learning,communication strategies, andovergeneralization of L2 rules, as well as its characteristics:permeability,dynamic nature,systematicity,stability,mutual intelligibility,backsliding, andvariability, benefits L2 teachers and learners. Recent research challenges the monolingual bias in second language acquisition (SLA) and emphasizes that the interlanguage of most L2 learners is dynamic and not fossilized. There is no critical period for learning syntax, because some adult learners achieve full grammatical mastery of the TL if they receive appropriate grammatical instruction.
Linguistic Imperialism
Authors: Pervaiz Azhar , Khan Muhammad Kamal , PErveen Ayesha
Published: January 2019

Linguistic imperialismstarted as a concept in applied linguistics which initially emerged from a multilingual interaction where the focus has been explicitly onhowandwhya language dominates others in a particular multilingual context and in terms of a theoretical framework. As deeply rooted in the European legacy, the phenomenon has been viewed as an extension of cultural imperialism, and various modes of exploitation and discrimination have been attached to it, especially in the historical contexts of African and Asian colonialism. While focusing on the features of global education systems, scholars now connect linguistic imperialism with various political ideologies and create a broader spectrum of notions to explore linguistic imperialism. Thus, there is currently a paradigm shift changing the methodology of exploring linguistic imperialism and using it for creating awareness in favor of local languages and linguistic rights.
Teaching Vocabulary of Formal and Informal Language
Authors: Mitchell Connie
Published: January 2019

The query of how to teach vocabulary for both formal and informal language in a second language classroom leads us to different theories, approaches, and techniques. The dominant theories in the field recognize the difficulty students face when learning about vocabulary and trying to distinguish between formal and informal usage in a variety of settings. Another perspective focuses on the learning of a new language where one can sit in a classroom setting working through exercises via formal language learning or engage with a new language at home with family and friends via informal language learning. Presently, the literature leans more towards teaching vocabulary in context using the communicative approach which can allow for both formal and informal language learning to occur. This approach will help learners to grasp the different collocations of use in any setting. In turn, they will begin to use them appropriately. This entry discusses how to distinguish formal from informal vocabulary, difficulties students face when learning about formal and informal language usage, and provides recommendations for recognizing the patterns of both formal and informal language.
Neurolinguistic Accounts ofL2Learning and Teaching
Authors: Roehm Dietmar , Angelovska Tanja
Published: January 2019

Even though the field of neurolinguistics provides evidence for how second languages (L2s) are represented in learners' brains, only a limited number of attempts have been put forward with sound suggestions of how such findings can help improve effective L2 instruction. This entry will focus on current theoretical perspectives positing different roles for the declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memory systems in relation to the various instructional conditions. Further, it will focus on how these mediate the L2 neural representation. In addition, it will discuss how learner's individual differences may differently impact L2 learners' sensitivity to violations and how they are related to L2 learning and teaching. Finally, the entry will suggest directions for future research that should bridge the gap between neurosciences and language teaching.
Digital Environments and Motivation among YoungESLLearners
Authors: Smith Sara A.
Published: January 2019

Many ESL students are motivated by a desire to take part in the global community of English speakers and envision a future version of themselves skillfully using English, anideal L2 self. Research demonstrates associations between L2 motivation and achievement, however, many young adults lose motivation for classroom learning. Recent findings reinforce the impact of outside‐of‐class engagement on motivation for young learners. Students' daily lives increasingly involve digital engagement with English and these interactions likely influence motivation. The current entry first describes motivational factors relevant to language learning, then discusses the potential impacts of digital engagement. Next, the entry proposes a distinctdigital ideal L2 selfand argues that research and practice must consider the role of digital environments in desired L2 identities. Finally, the entry suggests directions for future research and ways that instructors can harness motivating features of digital environments by incorporating activities aligned with learners' outside‐of‐class interests.
Reconceptualizing Service‐Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Lypka Andrea Eniko
Published: January 2019

Given the shifting higher education landscape, academic institutions are increasingly embracing service‐learning (S‐L) as an effective pedagogical practice to improve academic and civic engagement and retention. Although supporters value the integration of service, instruction, and reflection, or S‐L, in the curriculum to deepen intercultural awareness, civic attitudes, and personal and social skill development while balancing community‐identified needs and academic objectives, poorly designed community–university initiatives can perpetuate inequality and stereotypes and weaken community ties and learning outcomes. This entry surveys literature to describe the characteristics, benefits, limitations, models, and best practices for community‐engaged inquiry and pedagogy. Infusing a participatory digital visual S‐L framework in the curriculum can counter the mainstream banking education model and deficit discourses about sociocultural, racial, and linguistic diversity by recognizing the community as a knowledge source and promoting belonging and social justice through multimodal resources and alternative worldviews.
Chemical Approaches to Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Catalysts
Authors: Liu Dong , Dai Liming , Lin Xuanni , Chen Jian‐Feng , Zhang Jian , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus , Zhu Xiang , Dai Sheng
Published: January 2019

Highly active and durable catalysts play a key role in clean energy technologies. However, the high cost, low reserves, and poor stability of noble‐metal‐based catalysts have hindered the large‐scale development of renewable energy. Owing to their low cost, earth abundance, high activity, and excellent stability, carbon‐based metal‐free catalysts (CMFCs) are promising alternatives to precious‐metal‐based catalysts. Although many synthetic methods based on solution, surface/interface, solid state, and noncovalent chemistries have been developed for producing numerous CMFCs with diverse structures and functionalities, there is still a lack of effective approaches to precisely control the structures of active sites. Therefore, novel chemical approaches are needed for the development of highly active and durable CMFCs that are capable of replacing precious‐metal catalysts for large‐scale applications. Herein, a comprehensive and critical review on chemical approaches to CMFCs is given by summarizing important advancements, current challenges, and future perspectives in this emerging field. Through such a critical review, our understanding of CMFCs and the associated synthetic processes will be significantly increased.
Reversible Aggregation and Dispersion of Particles at a Liquid–Liquid Interface Using Space Charge Injection
Authors: Jia Yankai , Huang Renjing , Lan Yang , Ren Yukun , Jiang Hongyuan , Lee Daeyeon
Published: January 2019

Colloids at water–oil interfaces can form ordered monolayers when surface charge–induced repulsion overcomes capillary attraction. Such particle monolayers play an important role in the stabilization of emulsions and also can serve as an exquisite model system to study fundamental physical phenomena. However, it is challenging to dynamically control the relative magnitudes of repulsion and attraction between the particles, especially with reversibility, to induce reversible aggregation and dispersion because forces that are relevant tend to be much greater than those induced by thermal fluctuation. Here, the authors show that reversible assembly, that is reversible aggregation and dispersion, can be induced by space charge injection from corona discharge. The authors find that space charge injection modulates the strength of charge‐induced repulsion. By injecting charges, it is possible to either induce aggregation of repulsion‐dominated colloids or dispersion of aggregated particles. Interfacial electrophoretic experiments show that the alteration of the repulsion is caused by the variation of the particle surface charge that results from charge injection. The authors also demonstrate that even particles that initially form aggregated clusters due to low surface charge can be induced to organize into a hexagonally ordered structure. This method can be a powerful tool for studying phenomena involving interface‐trapped particles.
3D‐Printed Silicone Soft Architectures with Programmed Magneto‐Capillary Reconfiguration
Authors: Roh Sangchul , Okello Lilian B. , Golbasi Nuran , Hankwitz Jameson P. , Liu Jessica A.‐C. , Tracy Joseph B. , Velev Orlin D.
Published: January 2019

Soft intelligent structures that are programmed to reshape and reconfigure under magnetic field can find applications such as in soft robotics and biomedical devices. Here, a new class of smart elastomeric architectures that undergo complex reconfiguration and shape change in applied magnetic fields, while floating on the surface of water, is reported. These magnetoactive soft actuators are fabricated by 3D printing with homocomposite silicone capillary ink. The ultrasoft actuators easily deform by the magnetic force exerted on carbonyl iron particles embedded in the silicone, as well as lateral capillary forces. The tensile and compressive moduli of the actuators are easily determined by their topological design through 3D printing. As a result, their responses can be engineered by the interplay of the intensity of the magnetic field gradient and the programmable moduli. 3D printing allows us to fabricate soft architectures with different actuation modes, such as isotropic/anisotropic contraction and multiple shape changes, as well as functional reconfiguration. Meshes that reconfigure in magnetic fields and respond to external stimuli by reshaping could serve as active tissue scaffolds for cell cultures and soft robots mimicking creatures that live on the surface of water.
A High‐Performances Flexible Temperature Sensor Composed of Polyethyleneimine/Reduced Graphene Oxide Bilayer for Real‐Time Monitoring
Authors: Liu Qingxia , Tai Huiling , Yuan Zhen , Zhou Yujiu , Su Yuanjie , Jiang Yadong
Published: January 2019

The temperature sensors are urgently required for real‐time temperature monitoring in healthcare, disease diagnosis, and other areas. In this work, a skin‐attachable flexible temperature sensor composed of polyethyleneimine/reduced graphene oxide bilayer is developed on polyimide substrate by a facile spray‐dipping process. The spectroscopy properties of sensing films are examined and analyzed in details and demonstrated the partial reduction of graphene oxide film. The prepared sensor exhibits high sensitivity (1.30% °C−1), linearity (R2 = 0.999), accuracy (0.1 °C), and durability (60 d) for temperature sensing between 25 and 45 °C, which can fully satisfy the requirements of real‐time and long‐term skin temperature monitoring. Additionally, the practical applications in monitoring human skin temperature, breathing rate, finer touch, blow, and water droplet are performed, revealing its great potential in e‐skin, disease diagnosis, healthcare, and other fields.
Holantarctic diversity varies widely among genetic loci within the gametophytically allotriploid peat moss Sphagnum × falcatulum
Authors: Karlin Eric F. , Smouse Peter E.
Published: January 2019

Premise of the Study

The traditional approach used in analyses of population genetic data for historical inference is to average across multiple marker loci, but averaging conflates the different evolutionary signals provided by stable vs. labile markers.

Methods

We used a battery of microsatellites with a wide range of mutation/substitution rates, grouping them into two sets (stable and hypervariable) to provide a more nuanced reconstruction of the population genetics and evolutionary history of the allotriploid peat moss Sphagnum × falcatulum across three disjunct regions.

Key Results

Shannon diversity translation analyses show that the relative apportionment of total within‐species allelic diversity (∆WS) within and among strata ranges widely, both between the two sets and within and among regions. The majority of diversity in the stable set was inherited directly from the ancestors of this genetically complex allopolyploid, but most of the diversity in the hypervariable set has developed post‐hybrid‐origin.

Conclusions

It is useful to group markers into sets having similar evolutionary lability, with each set being analyzed separately, particularly for allopolyploids. A methodology for determining how to group markers into such sets is presented, which can be applied to the requirements of other studies. Within‐individual allelic diversity (ΔWI) should be addressed in genetic studies on allopolyploids. Allotriploid haplotypes based on a set of nine highly stable microsatellites appear to serve as a clonal‐detection set for S. × falcatulum. An additive “allele‐metric” diversity approach is introduced, which facilitates a direct comparison of within‐ and among‐stratum diversity components at all levels of diversity.
Analytically Computable Symmetric Quantum Correlations
Authors: Zhang Li‐qiang , Yang Si‐ren , Yu Chang‐shui
Published: January 2019

One of the greatest challenges in developing the resource theory of a quantum feature is to establish an analytically computable quantifier, which directly limits the practicability of such quantifiers. Here, analytic quantifiers of both the symmetric quantum discord (SQD) and the symmetric measurement‐induced nonlocality (SMIN) in a bipartite system of qubits are studied on the basis of the quantum skew information. It is shown that the SMIN of any two‐qubit system and the SQD of bipartite “X”‐type states and block‐diagonal states can be analytically determined. In addition, the SQD and the SMIN are invariant with an attached quantum state. The validity of our analytical expressions is further illustrated numerically on the basis of several randomly generated density matrices.
The SI Unit Candela
Authors: Sperling Armin , Kück Stefan
Published: January 2019

The history of photometry, the measurement of light—and thus also the root of the basic unit for the luminous intensity, goes back to the seventeenth century. The theoretical foundations are provided by Johann H. Lambert in his treatise on photometry around 1760. With industrialization in the nineteenth century, there is an increasing demand for stable reference light sources for the measurement of light and for an reliable definition of the unit for light. But it is not until the middle of the twentieth century that the basic prerequisites had been created to use a common, internationally recognized unit, the Candela, as a measure of the visible light. The following article describes the basics and the boundary conditions that arise for the unit candela from the revision of the SI.
All‐Optical Transmission Modulation Due to Inelastic Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses in a Disordered Resonant Medium
Authors: Novitsky Denis V. , Shalin Alexander S.
Published: January 2019

Random resonant media being one of the possible realizations of disordered metamaterials open a room of opportunities for achieving new fundamental effects and designing advanced nanophotonic devices. Strongly nonlinear optical properties of such media attract ever increasing attention nowadays from both theoretical and experimental points of view. Hereinafter, the case of the photonic‐crystal‐like structure with a randomly varying light–matter coupling provided by the random density of quantum particles is considered. Using numerical solution of the Maxwell–Bloch equations, the effects of the pulse collisions in the medium are studied. It is shown that disorder enables the qualitative changes of the system's response for co‐propagating pulses, whereas this is not the case for the counter‐propagating ones. The scheme for an all‐optical transmission modulation due to the disorder‐induced inelasticity of collisions of co‐propagating pulses is proposed. The ability of precise tuning the modulation via the inter‐pulse distance and background refractive index adjustment is revealed. This novel approach for light control can be utilized for some high demand applications, such as modulation and switching of a pulsed radiation.
Halogenbedingte Oberflächenbindung steuert die selektive Alkanfunktionalisierung zu Olefinen
Authors: Zichittella Guido , Scharfe Matthias , Puértolas Begoña , Paunović Vladimir , Hemberger Patrick , Bodi Andras , Szentmiklósi László , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: January 2019

Die Produktzusammensetzung der direkten Alkanfunktionalisierung durch Oxychlorierung hängt stark von dem verwendeten Halogen ab. Wir zeigen, dass die überragende Olefinselektivität über Eisenphosphatkatalysatoren in Oxychlorierungen eine Konsequenz einer oberflächengebundenen Reaktion ist. Im Unterschied dazu folgt die Alkanaktivierung bei der Oxybromierung einer Radikalkettenreaktion in der Gasphase, wobei ein Gemisch aus Alkylbromid, Cracking‐ und Verbrennungsprodukten entsteht. Die Katalysatoroberflächenchlorierung und die Identifikation von Gasphasenradikalen werden unter Operando‐Bedingungen durch Einsatz verschiedener Methoden mit der katalytischen Leistung korreliert, der es erlaubt, kinetische Untersuchungen mit fortschrittlichen Charakterisierungstechniken, z. B. Prompt‐Gamma‐Aktivierungsanalyse und Photoelektronen‐Photoion‐Koinzidenzspektroskopie, zu vereinen. Die gleichzeitige Erklärung der Gasphasen‐ und Oberflächenanteile durch Dichtefunktionaltheorie zeigt, dass die molekularen Auswirkungen von Chlor entscheidend für die starken Selektivitätsunterschiede sind. Diese Ergebnisse liefern eine Strategie, die es ermöglicht, ein detailliertes mechanistisches Bild eines komplexen Reaktionsnetzwerks zu zeichnen.
A Light‐Activated Polymer Composite Enables On‐Demand Photocontrolled Motion: Transportation at the Liquid/Air Interface
Authors: Ma Shudeng , Li Xiao , Huang Shuai , Hu Jing , Yu Haifeng
Published: January 2019

Swimmers at liquid/air interfaces have drawn enormous attention because of their potential applications. Described herein is one novel light‐driven swimmer based on a bimorph composite structure of a photoresponsive liquid‐crystalline polymer network and a commercially available polyimide (Kapton). The motion of the swimmer can be controlled by photoirradiation. The bilayer‐structured film shows quickly photoinduced bending towards the Kapton side upon exposure to UV light, and recovers immediately after removal of light. When placed on a liquid surface, the swimmer propels itself continually though rhythmic beating the liquid like a dolphin moving forward with its tail fin. Besides, light‐powered rotation of the swimmer is successfully achieved by simply changing the length‐width ratio and the irradiation site, mimicking the function of a dolphin's pectoral fin. Combining the forward movement and rotation motion together, on‐demand directional control of the photo‐driven swimmer can be readily obtained at room temperature, showing promise for miniaturized units for transportation.
Synthesis of Plasmonic Group‐4 Nitride Nanocrystals by Solid‐State Metathesis
Authors: Karaballi Reem A. , Humagain Govinda , Fleischman Benjamin R. A. , Dasog Mita
Published: January 2019

Ceramic nanoparticles that exhibit a plasmonic response are promising next‐generation photonic materials. In this contribution, a solid‐state metathesis method has been reported for the synthesis of Group 4 nitride (TiN, ZrN, and HfN) nanocrystals. A high‐temperature (1000 °C) reaction between Group 4 metal oxide (TiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2) nanoparticles and magnesium nitride powder yielded nitride nanocrystals that were dispersible in water. A localized surface plasmonic resonance was observed in the near‐infrared region for TiN and in the visible region of light for ZrN and HfN nanocrystals. The frequency of the plasmon resonance was dependent on the refractive index of the solvent and the nanocrystal size.
Thermal decomposition kinetics of dynamically vulcanized polyamide 6–acrylonitrile butadiene rubber–halloysite nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Paran Seyed Mohammad Reza , Vahabi Henri , Jouyandeh Maryam , Ducos Franck , Formela Krzysztof , Saeb Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2019

Thermally stable thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites based on polyamide 6 (PA6), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were dynamically vulcanized, and their nonisothermal decomposition kinetics were examined. The Friedman, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Ozawa–Wall–Flynn (FWO), and modified Coats–Redfern (m‐CR) isoconversional models were used to obtain information about the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of PA6–NBR–HNTs in terms of the activation energy per partial mass loss monitored through thermogravimetric analyses performed at different heating rates. An erratic trend was due to the Friedman model, especially for systems having higher HNT loadings, whereas the KAS, FWO, and m‐CR models revealed very similar meaningful thermal decomposition kinetics. A relatively high activation energy corroborating a reliable thermal stability was obtained by the addition of HNTs to PA6–NBR, and the resistance against decomposition was higher for systems containing more HNT. This signified the role of the HNTs as thermal stability modifiers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47483.
Phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer‐grafted carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber for better processing with enhancing silica filler dispersion
Authors: Prabhavale Onkar , Mahata Denial , Nando Golok B.
Published: January 2019

Cardanol is a byproduct of cashew industry of semiforest origin. It is cheap and available in humongous amount and acts as a multifunctional additive in rubber compounds. It can be oligomerized with orthophosphoric acid to make phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer (PCP). Hence, cardanol has been chemically grafted on to the backbone chain of carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber (XSBR) by employing melt grafting technique in presence of peroxide initiator to include multifunctional properties. The PCP‐grafted XSBR (PCP‐g‐XSBR) was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐NMR techniques and optimize the grafting conditions such as percent of grafting and grafting efficiency by using Taguchi methodology. PCP‐g‐XSBR was compounded with silica filler for a comparative study in terms of processing behavior with XSBR. The cure characteristics such as the cure rate and the optimum cure time of the unfilled PCP‐g‐XSBR compounds were determined by oscillating disc rheometer. The thermal analysis of PCP‐g‐XSBR vulcanizate exhibits slightly better thermal stability as well as plasticization effect. Morphological behaviors also display the less cracked and filled fracture surfaces with better filler dispersion in PCP‐g‐XSBR vulcanizate. The mechanical properties of the compounded PCP‐g‐XSBR vulcanizates also improve compare to XSBR vulcanizates. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47528.
Isoselective Ring‐Opening Polymerization of rac‐Lactide Catalyzed by Sodium/potassium Tetradentate Aminobisphenolate Ion‐paired Complexes
Authors: Li Xinlei , Jia Zhaowei , Pan Xiaobo , Wu Jincai
Published: January 2019

Two sodium/potassium tetradentate aminobisphenolate ion‐paired complexes were synthesized and structurally characterized. These ion‐paired complexes are efficient catalysts for the ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide (rac‐LA) in the presence of 5 equivalents BnOH as an initiator and the side reaction of epimerization can be suppressed well at low temperatures. The polymerizations are controllable, affording polylactides with desirable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions; the highest molecular weight can reach 50.1 kg mol−1 in this system, and a best isoselectivity of Pm=0.82 was achieved. Such polymerizations have rarely been reported for isoselective sodium/potassium complexes without crown ether as an auxiliary ligand. The solid structures suggest that BnOH can be activated by an interaction with the anion of sodium/potassium complex via a hydrogen bond and that the monomer is activated by coordination to sodium/potassium ion.
Development of a novel LC–MS/MS method for detection and quantification of tramadol hydrochloride in presence of some mislabeled drugs: Application to counterfeit study
Authors: Abdel‐Megied Ahmed M. , Badr El‐din Khalid M.
Published: January 2019

Counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals has become a serious problem all over the world, particularly in developing countries. In the present work, a highly sensitive LC–MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of tramadol hydrochloride in the presence of some suspected mislabeled drugs such as alprazolam, diazepam, chlorpheniramine maleate, diphenylhydramine and paracetamol. The prepared samples were analyzed on an API 4000 mass spectrometer using an Eclipse C18 column (3.5 μm, 4.6 × 100 mm). The mobile phase consisting of 0.01% formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (60:20:20 v/v/v) was pumped with an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min−1. The detection was achieved on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The proposed method was successfully validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The calibration linear range for tramadol hydrochloride, alprazolam, diazepam, chlorpheniramine maleate, diphenylhydramine and paracetamol was 5–500 ng mL−1. The results revealed that the applied method is promising for the differentiation of genuine tramadol tablets from counterfeit ones without prior separation.