bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As Literaturas Africanas em Tempos Pós-Utópicos
Authors: Lima reis Eliana Lourenço
Published: July 2015

Décadas depois do processo de descolonização, os escritores africanos contemporâneos procuram fazer uma crítica aos rumos tomados pelas novas nações e oferecer respostas para o fim das utopias revolucionárias. Em A montanha da água lilás, Pepetela rememora o passado recente de Angola em forma de fábula para criticar os erros cometidos e reiterar sua confiança no sonho socialista remodelado.
Etnicidade e Mídia
Authors: Francisco Dalmir
Published: July 2015

Este artigo é uma versão do primeiro capítulo de minha pesquisa Imprensa e racismo no Brasil no qual aceitei o desafio de tratar do mote etnicidade e mídia. Nele, analiso o tratamento dado ao negro pela mídia impressa, que o apresenta como um ser silenciado e invisível.
Remanescentes Culturais Africanos no Brasil
Authors: Queiroz Sônia
Published: July 2015

Panorama dos estudos sobre o negro no Brasil, do ponto de vista da cultura e das línguas, destacando-se as publicações, iniciadas somente ao final do século XIX. Abordam-se também
os congressos, que se realizaram principalmente na década de
1930, e os centros de estudos africanistas que se formaram
em algumas universidades brasileiras a partir da segunda
metade do século XX. Observa-se a precariedade dos estudos
lingüísticos nesse campo, os quais, em sua maioria, se
ocuparam da influência das línguas africanas no português
brasileiro. Quanto aos núcleos de resistência cultural afronegra
ainda remanescentes no Brasil, com raras exceções, só
a partir do final do século XX vêm merecendo a atenção de
nossos pesquisadores, paralelamente à valorização da
diversidade étnica e cultural na formulação de leis e na implementação de políticas públicas no País.
O Rosto do Amor
Authors: Andrade Paulo
Published: July 2015

Sabemos que o rosto é um grande ícone da identidade, portanto o estabelecimento de seus traços corresponde, em maior ou menor grau, à configuração tanto de uma subjetividade quanto dos vínculos de pertencimento desse sujeito a uma cultura, uma comunidade. Se a literatura é um modo de cunhar – ou mesmo inventar – esse rosto, há, contudo, obras que, como a de Marguerite Duras, parecem trabalhar num movimento diverso, fazendo o rosto emergir como outro, impedindo a cristalização de sua identidade, atravessando-a constantemente com o estrangeiro, o desconhecimento, o amor à diferença como possibilidade de criação.
Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Don Delillo's Falling Man
Authors: Hashim Hazim Adnan , Babaee Ruzbeh
Published: July 2015

This article looks at 9/11 trauma and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Don DeLillo’s Falling Man. This asserts that 9/11 has brought about not only political, social, economic and cultural consequences but also caused victims on the personal level. This paper demonstrates how Keith, the protagonist of the novel, has been affected by 9/11. In other words, this article examines Keith’s traumatic experience of witnessing his close friend’s death, the falling man, and escaping his own impending death in the north tower and how these horrible scenes affect Keith’s perception of self. Eventually, this article concludes that DeLillo's Falling Man presents the reality of what the survivors have experienced during and after the attacks, and the complication of trauma and PTSD that turns their world topsy-turvy.
Moderating Effect of Brand Awareness on Country of Origion and Brand Equity: A Study of DG- Khan & Jampur Consumer’s
Authors: Iqbal Sajid
Published: July 2015

The current study aims to investigate the relationship between country of origin and brand equity by incorporating moderating factor as brand awareness. The data is collected from consumers markets by using questionnaire. Thus, the study revealed significant relationship among country of origin and brand equity. Thus, brand awareness as moderator is also found significant between country of origin and brand equity.
The Relationship between Organizational Values and Propensity to Export in Industrial Town of Sanandaj (No.2)
Authors: Nasser Shojaei Abdel , Ahmad Fadakar
Published: July 2015

This research investigates the relationship between organizational values and propensity. In the manufacturing Firms of Sanandaj the statistical population includes (No.2). Among these 1142 Cases were Chosen in this research, due to the nature of the research subject and Statistical population. Random Stratified Sampling was used and, based on Cochran formula 287 cases completed the questionnaire the research is descriptive correlational data was gathered by a verified questionnaire which a-Chronbach in the questionnaire included organizational value variable (a=/082).and in the questionnaire , the export propensity was /0 84 the regression analysis result show the control variable (export propensity), is affected at, first , from the variable of the values related to the quality and the consumers. This variable determine 30% of the variance of expert propensity among the studied population then , the control is affected variable from external social value variable this variable determine 29% of the export propensity variance among the studied population then , the control variable from external social value variable this variable determine 29% of the export propensity variance among the studied population. The third effective variable on export propensity is economic – Supportive Values Variables. This variable determined %27 of the export propensity variance among the studied population.
A Newly Found Edition of "Forty Positions" by Abu Said Abu Al-Khair
Authors: Kamaladdini Seied Mohammad Bagher
Published: July 2015

Abu Said Abu al-Khair (357_440H.) is one of the greatest mystics of Islam whose published works, the "Secrets of monotheism in positions of Sheikh Abu Said Abu al-Khair" and "expressions and words of Abu Said Abu al-Khair" are considered as the most important mystical sources. Secrets of monothsiem is a valuable book that gives us clear information about mystical character of Abu Said Abu al-Khair. Many scholars have been able to extract clear and informative points from this book for their research, have about Abu Said Abu al-Khair's way of life. ALso "expressions and words of Abu Said Abu al-Khair" is an important book that contributed to the greater understanding of emotions and moods of Abu Said Abu al-Khair.But what has long been common among experts is that Abu Said Abu al-Khair has had another work called "positions" that has existed and is gone. Although some Persian language and literature researchers including Professor Shafi'i Kadkani have carefully examined and presented many copies of this work some of which have been published, but still there is a lot more to "positions". In this paper which has been written in a descriptive and analytical method with research approach firts we study works that have introduced this book and then a rare manuscript of this valuable work will be introduced. This version starts with praising of God and then discusses forty mystical positions like nothingness, remorse, repentance, devotion, battle, etc.
Character Analysis of Maggie in George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss
Authors: Soofastaei Elaheh , Mirenayat Sayyed Ali
Published: July 2015

George Eliot (1819-1880), famous British Victorian novelist, has illustrated many great fictions that one of them is The Mill on the Floss in which Maggie Tulliver, as the key character, lives in a family in which she has been discriminated against by her family members and even other people in the society because of the blackness of her eyes and hair, and her dark skin. People know her as an evil girl because of the blackness that she owns. But oppositely, Maggie tries to change their negative views to her by being kind and having good behavior. This paper has an analytic review on this character in this novel to explore her personality, behavior, and responsibility and the reactions of her family and other characters to Maggie.
Avaliação da composição físico-química de polpas de frutas comercializadas em cinco cidades do Alto Sertão paraibano
Authors: Lima Thamirys L. S. , Cavalcante Cecylyana L. , Sousa Diógenes G. de , Silva Pedro H. de A. e , Andrade Sobrinho Luiz Gualberto
Published: July 2015

O crescimento da indústria de frutas tem se baseado, em grande parte, à produção de polpas de frutas congeladas, a qual surge como uma alternativa de baixo custo para viabilizar a oferta de frutos nos períodos de safra e entressafra. O desenvolvimento desse mercado é resultado da produção de polpas congeladas por micro e pequenas empresas, muitas vezes implantadas com o intuito de melhorar a renda familiar de pequenos produtores rurais. A polpa de fruta comercializada deve apresentar características físicas, químicas e sensoriais similares da fruta in natura, bem como apresentar-se microbiológica mente segura e ainda deve atender aos padrões exigidos pela legislação brasileira vigente. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar parâmetros físico-químicos (umidade, cinzas, acidez titulável, pH, sólidos solúveis em °Brix, determinação da relação SS/AT, açúcares redutores e ácido ascórbico) em quinze polpas de frutas de diferentes sabores comercializadas em cinco cidades do sertão paraibano. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa mostraram que 70% das polpas de frutas analisadas encontram-se de acordo com a legislação brasileira vigente.
High potential for iron reduction in upland soils
Authors: Yang Wendy H. , Liptzin Daniel
Published: July 2015

Changes in the redox state of iron (Fe) can be coupled to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen, and phosphorus, and thus regulate soil C, ecosystem nutrient availability, and greenhouse gas production. However, its importance broadly in non‐flooded upland terrestrial ecosystems is unknown. We measured Fe reduction in soil samples from an annual grassland, a drained peatland, and a humid tropical forest. We incubated soil slurries in an anoxic glovebox for 5.5 days and added sodium acetate daily at rates up to 0.4 mg C·(g soil)−1·d−1. Soil moisture, poorly crystalline Fe oxide concentrations, and Fe(II) concentrations differed among study sites in the following order: annual grassland < drained peatland < tropical forest (P < 0.001 for all characteristics). All of the soil samples demonstrated high Fe reduction potential with maximum rates over the course of the incubation averaging 1706 ± 66, 2016 ± 12, and 2973 ± 115 μg Fe·(g soil)−1·d−1 (mean ± SE) for the tropical forest, annual grassland, and drained peatland, respectively. Our results suggest that upland soils from diverse ecosystems have the potential to exhibit high short‐term rates of Fe reduction that may play an important role in driving soil biogeochemical processes during periods of anaerobiosis.
Geomorphology controls the trophic base of stream food webs in a boreal watershed
Authors: Smits Adrianne P. , Schindler Daniel E. , Brett Michael T.
Published: July 2015

Physical attributes of rivers control the quantity and quality of energy sources available to consumers, but it remains untested whether geomorphic conditions of whole watersheds affect the assimilation of different resources by stream organisms. We compared the fatty acid (FA) compositions of two invertebrate taxa (caddisflies, mayflies) collected from 16 streams in southwest Alaska, USA, to assess how assimilation of terrestrial organic matter (OM) and algae varied across a landscape gradient in watershed features. We found relatively higher assimilation of algae in high‐gradient streams compared with low‐gradient streams, and the opposite pattern for assimilation of terrestrial OM and microbes. The strength of these patterns was more pronounced for caddisflies than mayflies. Invertebrates from low‐gradient watersheds had FA markers unique to methane‐oxidizing bacteria and sulfate‐reducing microbes, indicating a contribution of anaerobic pathways to primary consumers. Diversity of FA composition was highest in watersheds of intermediate slopes that contain both significant terrestrial inputs as well as high algal biomass. By controlling the accumulation rate and processing of terrestrial OM, watershed features influence the energetic base of food webs in boreal streams.
On the Modelling of Vertical Permeability Barriers in Single-Well Simulation Models;a Hybrid Approach
Authors: Haldorsen H. H.
Published: July 2015

This paper presents stochastic descriptive schemes for explicit and implicit modelling of vertical permeability barriers in single-well simulation studies. The drainage volume of the well to be simulated is first partitioned into two regions; one explicit region (termed explicit because actual barriers such as shales of varying sizes are placed within the grid) and one implicit region (termed implicit because the effects of the discontinuous shales are averaged into an effective vertical permeability). Secondly, the shales are converted into vertical transmissibility modifiers and included in the data input stream along with the effective vertical permeabilities calculated for the implicit regions.

The paper describes in detail procedures which: -Generate lateral dimensions of shales observed in a well (shale shape and length/width statistics supplied by geologists, shale positions in wells and thicknesses of shales in wells from cores and logs).-Maintain the sand/shale sequence observed in the well.-Generate additional shales in the defined explicit shale region around the well until an overall desired vertical shale density (number of shales/vertical foot) is achieved. The placement of these shales which are not "hit" by the well-bore is subject to conditioning and constraints.-Make all shales "conform" to a pre-set areal and vertical grid system.-Plot out pictures of the resulting shale descriptions.-Estimate an effective large-scale vertical permeability for use in large grid-blocks far away from the well (in the implicit region).-Convert shales into subdomains over which the vertical transmissibility between model layers K and K+1 is modified (written out to tape for direct inclusion in simulator data input stream).

The methodology developed is illustrated by applying it to a North Sea reservoir with a thin oil column sandwiched between a gas cap and an active aquifer. In this reservoir, trustworthy predictions of oil, gas and water production rates through time are of fundamental importance. In fact, the field development decision may be swayed one way or the other depending on how long the gas and water production may be suppressed (aided by shales) for a reasonably high (and sustainable) oil production rate.
Uses and Limitations of a Drillstring Tension and Torque Model To Monitor Hole Conditions
Authors: Brett J. F. , Beckett A. D. , Holt C. A. , Smith D. L.
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the results of the application of a Tension-Torque model to directional wells drilled worldwide. The final inclination of the wells ranged from 25° to 70°, and the Tension-Torque model was effectively used in these cases to aid in planning the directional program prior to spud, monitor the wells while drilling, or to postanalyze some particular drilling problem. The examples presented are representative of the situations to which the Tension-Torque model can be routinely applied.

These examples show that the model can effectively aid the well planner in selecting the best well path, drillstring designs, casing program, and mud system prior to spud. A second set of examples shows how real time monitoring of drilling conditions, combined with model use, can develop a baseline so that deviations from expected behavior can be analyzed and explained. Appropriate action can then be taken to remedy problems before they became serious. A final set of examples is presented to show how a Tension-Torque model can be effectively used to determine the actual cause of a particular drilling problem after a well is completed. Experience gained from postanalysis of problems in this manner can be used to improve later operations.

The chief technical contributions of this paper are to compare field data with model predictions for a wide range of different inclinations, to show how torque and drag models can be used to monitor hole conditions in real time, as well as demonstrate that the tool can be used to improve the planning and postanalysis of drilling operations.
Swelling of Oil-Base Drilling Fluids Due to Dissolved Gas
Authors: O'Bryan P. L. , Bourgoyne A. T.
Published: July 2015

A major problem associated with the use of oil-base drilling fluids is the increased difficulty of detecting gas which enters the borehole and dissolves in the drilling fluid. Previous authors have made computer-simulated comparisons between a water-base and an oil-base drilling fluid for one specific field example. However, a method is needed that will permit field personnel to quickly estimate the amount of dissolved gas that can be associated with an observed pit gain for the field conditions present. In this paper, a method is presented for estimating the swelling of oil-based drilling fluids due to dissolved gas. The method can be applied both (1) when the gas is fully miscible with the drilling fluid, and downhole mixing is limited and (2) when gas initally contacts the drilling fluid in volumes above the solution gas-mud ratio, and mixing is enhanced by the initial developement of gas bubbles.

Experimental PVT data were used to verify the calculation method presented for a range of compositions, temperatures, and pressures. The method was also verified by experiments in a 6000-foot test well.

Examples are presented showing typical computed values for swelling volumes at various depths, mud densities, and gas concentrations. Pit gain comparisons are made with water-base drilling fluids for a wide range of conditions. These examples illustrate situations in which it is difficulty to detect a gas kick in an oil-base drilling fluid.

In addition to determining the amount of the dissolved gas present in a given field situation, the method can also be used to determine the sensitivity requirements of kick-detection equipment for any specified hole geometry. The method applies to both surface and subsurface kick-detection equipment.
Acoustic Directional Surveying Instrument
Authors: Treherne D. M. , Harper P. G. , Su D.
Published: July 2015

A new type of acoustic detector capable of determining the direction of a noise source has been developed. Wire-line operation of this tool has been successfully carried out at bore-hole pressures greater than 70 bar. With granite transmission, directional detection of 1° – 2° accuracy, and at ranges up to 200 metres have been achieved. Detectable acoustic sources include drill-bit noise and pulses, such as sparking tool.

The sensing element of this device is a symmetric resonator whose flexural vibrational modes are readily excited by an external acoustic source. The physical principle is that the nodal angles are pinned to the acoustic propagation direction, this determining the noise direction relative to the device. The vibration pattern is measured and processed to provide such directional data. The total sensing system is encapsulated in oil which serves to receive and communicate acoustic signals.

This paper presents experimental results relating to various environments, and assesses the potential for bore-hole logging and well blow-out location.
A New Calcium-Tolerant Polymer Helps To Improve Drilling Mud Performance and Reduce Costs
Authors: Ujma K-H. W. , Plank J. P.
Published: July 2015

Zechstein wells in Germany require water based drilling fluids with filtration control additives which are (1) extremely salt and hardness tolerant as the Calcium/Magnesium content in the mud filtrate may run up to 140,000 ppm and (2) which function in the temperature range up to at least 350°F (177°C). Use of a new sulphonated polymer filled a gap in existing fluid loss additives for high salt and high hardness environments and resulted in improved mud performance and cost savings. Major benefits cane from a synergism of the novel polymer with starch and cellulosic materials like e.g. CMC or PAC. Minor additions of the new polymer yield an average gain in thermal stability of 50°F (25°C) for starch and CMC or PAC, resp. Field experience with a combination of starch and the novel fluid loss polymer indicate a completely Calcium/Magnesium tolerant, up to 290°F (143°C) stable and inexpensive mud system. Thermal stabilization of CMC/PAC through combination with the novel polymer also was successfully field proven.
Mutual Solubility of Salts in Drilling and Completion Fluids
Authors: Kemp N. P.
Published: July 2015

Described below are models for predicting crystallization temperatures of pure- and mixed-salt brines which can be used to calculate the solubility behavior of salt-containing fluids. The model predictions are compared to published mixing tables for heavy brine completion fluids and to crystallization temperatures measured in our laboratory. Examples are given of how the models have been used to formulate brine muds and to predict how much additional salt could be added to a produced brine mud to increase mud density without having excess solids.
Flow of Drilling Fluids Through Eccentric Annuli
Authors: Luo Y. , Peden J. M.
Published: July 2015

The eccentric annular flow of power-law and Bingham plastic fluids is analysed in this paper using a new method in which an eccentric annulus is represented by infinite concentric annuli with variable outer, radii. For the case of power-law fluids, analytical solutions of the shear stress and velocity profiles have been obtained which are valid over the entire eccentric annulus. For Bingham plastic fluids, the profiles have been obtained at the minimum and maximum dimension positions of the eccentric annulus, which are considered to be the important positions for the analysis of cuttings transport in an inclined eccentric drilling annulus.

The results show that the local velocity and shear stress have greater magnitude in the enlarged region of an eccentric annulus than in the reduced region. In addition, like the case of concentric annular flow, the present analysis indicates that the profiles of the velocity and the magnitude of the shear stress in an eccentric annulus are not symmetric in the radial direction. Previous studies gave either unrealistic symmetric profiles or very complicated solutions.

Based on the above analysis, the effect of the eccentricity of a drilling annulus on cuttings transport is evaluated. The results of this analysis will aid in the design of drilling programmes, particularly for deviated wells, to ensure efficient transport of drilled cuttings.
Application of Pretreatment, Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation for Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Maize Silage
Authors: Nikolajeva Vizma , Neibergs Miks , Valucka Sintija , Dimanta Ilze , Kleperis Janis
Published: July 2015

Bacteria produce hydrogen during anaerobic dark digestion of carbon rich natural resources including renewable cellulosic materials. The purpose of this work was to study the impact of maize silage pretreatment with Trichoderma fungi, bioaugmentation with defined bacterial inocula and/ or biostimulation with humic acids and an additional inorganic nitrogen source on the fermentative hydrogen production in laboratory batch assay. Experiments were carried out with and without Trichoderma asperellum pretreated silage. The selected bacterial inocula consisted of Clostridium, Enterobacter and Tissierella species, with or without Bacillus mycoides. Headspace gas composition, the amount of dry particulate matter, chemical oxygen demand and concentration of volatile fatty acids in liquid were determined. Bacterial communities were studied with fluorescence in situ hibridization. The predominant cultivable microbial species were isolated and identified. The study demonstrated a significant increase of hydrogen production from maize silage by indigenous bacteria after pretreatment with Trichoderma in comparison with silage untreated with Trichoderma. From tested factors, pretreatment, biostimulation with additional nutrients (ammonium nitrate and/ or humic acids) and bioaugmentation with defined bacterial inocula, pretreatment demonstrated significant improvement of hydrogen production from maize silage. Thereby, aerobic treatment with Trichoderma could be recommended for the pretreatment of silage for the purpose of fermentative production of hydrogen.
Spread of Enterococcal Surface Protein in Antibiotic Resistant Entero-coccus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Kafil Hossein Samadi , Mobarez Ashraf Mohabati
Published: July 2015

Enterococci rank among leading cause of nosocomial bacteremia and urinary tract infection in hospital and community acquired infections. Several traits that may contribute to enhanced virulence have been identified in Enterococci. Extracellular surface protein (Esp) is a virulence factor that contributes in biofilm formation and resistance to environmental stresses. In this study we aimed to determine occurrence ofespinE. faeciumandE. faecalisisolates isolated from urinary tract infections and to investigate whether there is any correlation between presence ofespand antibiotic resistance. One hundred and sixty six isolates were collected from patients with UTI and after identification by biochemical and PCR, antibiotic resistances were examined. The presence ofespwas investigated by primer-specific PCR. 43.3% of isolates identified asE. faeciumand 56.7% asE. faecalis. Theespgene was found in 76.1% ofE. faeciumisolates and 77.9% ofE. faecalisisolate. There were significant correlation betweenesppositiveE. faeciumand resistance to Vancomycin (p<0.01), also inE.faecaliswe found correlation betweenesppositive and resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01 respectively). Occurrence ofespin our isolates from urinary tract infection was high that indicates importance of this gene in urinary tract infections and shows importance of ability to forming biofilm and hydrophobicity of surface of Enterococci for causing urinary infection by Enterococci. Also, our finding showed significant correlation between resistance to antibiotics and presence ofespin Enterococci.
US Nephrology Workforce Crisis: Our Specialty Must Stay Modern and Relevant
Authors: Phelan P.J
Published: July 2015

Interest in nephrology as a career choice for physicians in the United States continues to decline, particularly among US medical graduates. Reasons for this are multi-factorial and include nephrology being perceived as difficult, arduous and un-inspiring with poor career prospects. This short paper discusses some aspects of Nephrology that need to be adjusted to attract bright enthusiastic physicians who can move the specialty forward.
The Effect of Low Molecular Weight Heparins on Fracture Healing
Authors: Kapetanakis Stylianos , Nastoulis Evangelos , Demesticha Theano , Demetriou Thespis
Published: July 2015

Venous Thromboembolism is a serious complication in the trauma patient. The most commonly studied and used anticoagulant treatment in prophylaxis of thrombosis is heparin. The prolonged use of unfractionated heparin has been connected with increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Low molecular-weight-heparins (LMWHs) have been the golden rule in antithrombotic therapy during the previous two decades as a way to overcome the major drawbacks of unfractioned heparin. However there are few studies reporting the effects of LMWHs on bone repair after fractures. This review presents the studies about the effects of LMWHs on bone biology (bone cells and bone metabolism) and underlying the mechanisms by which LMWHs may impair fracture healing process. The authors’ research based on literature concluded that there are no facts and statistics for the role of LMWHs on fracture healing process in humans and the main body of evidence of their role comes fromin vitroand animal studies. Further large clinical studies designed to compare different types of LMWHs, in different dosages and in different patient or animal models are needed for exploring the effects of LMWHs on fracture healing process.
Assesment of forest products market potential as a basis for forest sector development in the Jablanica District
Authors: Keca Ljiljana , Mitrovic Marija , Marceta Milica , Keca Nenad , Pupovac Ljubomir
Published: July 2015

One of the main tasks of marketing research is the assessment of market
potential. The aim of this research was to analyze the dynamics of selling
and buying of wood and nonwood forest products (NWFPs) within the analyzed
enterprises in the Jablanica District. The purpose of this research was to
examine the possibilities for the development of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) directed towards a sustainable use of forest products in
the area of the Jablanica District. The subject of this research is:
purchased and placed quantities in the analyzed enterprises, as well as the
prices that were realized for the products, with special emphasis on
commercially important mushrooms. The research was conducted in the territory
of Jablanica and it included five enterprises engaged in the purchasing,
processing and sale of NWFPs and the Forest Estate (FE) ?Forest? Leskovac.
The purchase of raw forest fruits and herbs had a growing trend (+ 17.8%) in
the 2006-2013 period. The average annual growth rate (AAGR) of sales was 3.4%
for medicinal plants and 30.6% for mushrooms. The AAGR of NWFPs export was +
32.6%. The placement of beech wood assortments (K class) recorded a purchase
AAGR of app. + 12.7%. In 2013, it was found that the NWFPs with the highest
market value were: blueberry, dried boletus and chanterelle. In 2013, their
total gross revenue in the domestic market amounted to 82.3 million RSD,
whereas the total gross revenue of the analyzed beech wood assortments was 87
million RSD.
Micropropagation of Achillea millefolium L. on half-strength ms medium and direct rooting and acclimatization of microshoots in hydroponic culture
Authors: Markovic Marija , Skocajic Dragana , Grbic Mihailo , Djukic Matilda , Obratov-Petkovic Dragica , Djunisijevic-Bojovic Danijela , Borovica Milica
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of micropropagation of
the medicinal plant A. millefolium on half-strength MS medium and ex vitro
rooting and acclimatization of the obtained microshoots in hydroculture in
order to establish an efficient production method. Two explant types were
used: basal and terminal cuttings, and better results were achieved when
terminal cuttings were used. The development of shoots in the multiplication
phase was successful with a regeneration percentage of 100%. Ex vitro rooting
in a modified Hoagland nutrient solution was successful (83%), but the
percentage of in vitro rooting on half-strength MS medium without hormones
was higher (95%). However, bearing in mind that mass production of A.
millefolium is more efficient when the phase of in vitro rooting is excluded,
this method could be recommended for commercial propagation of this medicinal
plant. It is necessary to conduct additional research in order to optimize
the composition, EC and pH value of the hydroponic nutrient solution.
The nekhoroshev theorem and long-term stabilities in the solar system
Authors: Guzzo M.
Published: July 2015

The Nekhoroshev theorem has been often indicated in the last decades as the
reference theorem for explaining the dynamics of several systems which are
stable in the long-term. The Solar System dynamics provides a wide range of
possible and useful applications. In fact, despite the complicated models
which are used to numerically integrate realistic Solar System dynamics as
accurately as possible, when the integrated solutions are chaotic the
reliability of the numerical integrations is limited, and a theoretical
long-term stability analysis is required. After the first formulation of
Nekhoroshev?s theorem in 1977, many theoretical improvements have been
achieved. On the one hand, alternative proofs of the theorem itself led to
consistent improvements of the stability estimates; on the other hand, the
extensions which were necessary to apply the theorem to the systems of
interest for Solar System Dynamics, in particular concerning the removal of
degeneracies and the implementation of computer assisted proofs, have been
developed. In this review paper we discuss some of the motivations and the
results which have made Nekhoroshev?s theorem a reference stability result
for many applications in the Solar System dynamics.
Factors influencing fertility preference of a developing country during demographic transition: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Rabbi Ahbab Mohammad Fazle
Published: July 2015

Fertility preferences indicate the extent of intended control over reproductive outcomes, and are therefore vital components in the analysis of individual fertility behavior and aggregate fertility trends of a country. Despite extensive research, dissimilarities remain regarding the prior stated fertility preferences and subsequent fertility behavior, especially in case of developing countries like Bangladesh; where third stage of demographic transition begun as a result of continuous assessment. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differentials of fertility preference as well as the possible timing of the next parity progression of those Bangladeshi couples having positive intentions for more children. BDHS-2007 data is used to estimate a series of discrete time event history models of fertility preference and possible timing for next parity progression considering the dynamic nature of fertility preferences, and controlling for changing reproductive life cycle factors and socioeconomic background predictors of fertility. Findings suggest that though death of last child plays a vital role; there is a complex structure of the decision-making around fertility along with gender preference, abortions, couples educational level, mothers participation in labor force. Although socio-economic classes dont have significant influence on fertility preference, mothers age plays vital role on fertility preference and desired waiting time in Bangladesh.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.4(2) 2014: 23-30
Professor T A Chowdhury, Bangladesh
Authors: Editor The
Published: July 2015

South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2014; 4(2): 59
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Expanding Horizons for Clostridium difficile Infections and Beyond
Authors: Borody Thomas , Peattie Debra , Mitchell Scott
Published: July 2015

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) methodology has been progressively refined over the past several years. The procedure has an extensive track record of success curing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with remarkably few adverse effects. It achieves similar levels of success whether the CDI occurs in the young or elderly, previously normal or profoundly ill patients, or those with CDI in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). While using FMT to treat CDI, however, we learned that using the procedure in other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as IBD without CDI, generally fails to effect cure. To improve results in treating other non-CDI diseases, innovatively designed Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) will be required to address questions about mechanisms operating within particular diseases. Availability of orally deliverable FMT products, such as capsules containing lyophilised fecal microbiota, will simplify CDI treatment and open the door to convenient, prolonged FMT delivery to the GI tract and will likely deliver improved results in both CDI and non-CDI diseases.
Influence of Climate and Economic Variables on the Aggregated Supply of a Wild Edible Fungi (Lactarius deliciosus)
Authors: Alfranca Oscar , Voces Roberto , Diaz-Balteiro Luis
Published: July 2015

A mycological supply function of wild edible fungi is determined by a set of forest and economic variables, among which climate variables stand out. Focusing on wild mushroom picking with commercial value (Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray) as an example, the main objective of this paper is to obtain empirical evidence about the impact of meteorological and economic variables on the mushroom supply. A multidisciplinary vector error correction (VEC) model for mushroom supply is estimated. Coefficients for the Error Correction Term (ECT) are all significant, at the 0.01 significance level, both in the model for prices and for collected mushrooms. The value of the ECT coefficient in the equation for prices is −0.086 (t-value: −9.321), and for the collected mushroom equation is 0.499 (t-value: 3.913). The impact of precipitation on price changes is −0.104 (t-value: −1.66), and the impact of temperature on mushroom harvest picking is 0.605 (t-value: 3.07). We find that including climate factors to explain mushroom supply considerably strengthens the explanatory power of the model, and in some cases greatly changes the results.
Geologic History of Eocene Stonerose Fossil Beds, Republic, Washington, USA
Authors: Mustoe George
Published: July 2015

Eocene lakebed sediments at Stonerose Interpretive Center in Republic, Washington, USA are one of the most important Cenozoic fossil sites in North America, having gained international attention because of the abundance and diversity of plant, insect, and fish fossils. This report describes the first detailed geologic investigation of this unusual lagerstätten. Strata are gradationally divided into three units: Siliceous shale that originated as diatomite, overlain by laminated mudstone, which is in turn overlain by massive beds of lithic sandstone. The sedimentary sequence records topographic and hydrologic changes that caused a deep lake to become progressively filled with volcaniclastic detritus from earlier volcanic episodes. The location of the ancient lake within an active graben suggests that displacements along the boundary faults were the most likely trigger for changes in depositional processes.
Increased Long-Term Mortality among Black CABG Patients Receiving Preoperative Inotropic Agents
Authors: Efird Jimmy , Griffin William , Sarpong Daniel , Davies Stephen , Vann Iulia , Koutlas Nathaniel , Anderson Ethan , Crane Patricia , Landrine Hope , Kindell Linda , Iqbal Zahra , Ferguson T. , Chitwood W. , Kypson Alan
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study was to examine racial differences in long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), stratified by preoperative use of inotropic agents. Black and white patients who required preoperative inotropic support prior to undergoing CABG procedures between 1992 and 2011 were compared. Mortality probabilities were computed using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using a Cox regression model. A total of 15,765 patients underwent CABG, of whom 211 received preoperative inotropic agents within 48 hours of surgery. Long-term mortality differed by race (black versus white) among preoperative inotropic category (inotropes: adjusted HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.009–2.4; no inotropes: adjusted HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.08–1.2; Pinteraction < 0.0001). Our study identified an independent preoperative risk-factor for long-term mortality among blacks receiving CABG. This outcome provides information that may be useful for surgeons, primary care providers, and their patients.
The AhR Ligand, TCDD, Regulates Androgen Receptor Activity Differently in Androgen-Sensitive versus Castration-Resistant Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Ghotbaddini Maryam , Powell Joann
Published: July 2015

The reported biological effects of TCDD include induction of drug metabolizing enzymes, wasting syndrome and tumor promotion. TCDD elicits most of its effects through binding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). TCDD induced degradation of AhR has been widely reported and requires ubiquitination of the protein. The rapid depletion of AhR following TCDD activation serves as a mechanism to modulate AhR mediated gene induction. In addition to inducing AhR degradation, TCDD has been reported to induce degradation of hormone receptors. The studies reported here, evaluate the effect of TCDD exposure on androgen receptor (AR) expression and activity in androgen-sensitive LNCaP and castration-resistant C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Our results show that TCDD exposure does not induce AhR or AR degradation in C4-2 cells. However, both AhR and AR are degraded in LNCaP cells following TCDD exposure. In addition, TCDD enhances AR phosphorylation and induces expression of AR responsive genes in LNCaP cells. Our data reveals that TCDD effect on AR expression and activity differs in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cell models.
Saxitoxin Modulates Immunological Parameters and Gene Transcription in Mytilus chilensis Hemocytes
Authors: Astuya Allisson , Carrera Crisleri , Ulloa Viviana , Aballay Ambbar , Núñez-Acuña Gustavo , Hégaret Hélène , Gallardo-Escárate Cristian
Published: July 2015

Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin produced by dinoflagellates in diverse species, such as Alexandrium spp., and it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans after the ingestion of contaminated shellfish. Recent studies have suggested that the immune functions of bivalves could be affected by harmful algae and/or by their toxins. Herein, hemocytes are the main effector cells of the immune cellular response. In this study, we evaluated the response of hemocytes from the mussel Mytilus chilensis to STX exposure in a primary culture. Cell cultures were characterized according to size and complexity, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated using a dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Finally, phagocytic activity was measured using both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy assays. Additionally, gene transcription of candidate genes was evaluated by qPCR assays. The results evidenced that exposures to different concentrations of STX (1–100 nM) for 24 h did not affect cell viability, as determined by an MTT assay. However, when hemocytes were exposed for 4 or 16 h to STX (1–100 nM), there was a modulation of phagocytic activity and ROS production. Moreover, hemocytes exposed to 100 nM of STX for 4 or 16 h showed a significant increase in transcript levels of genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), mitochondrial enzymes (COI, COIII, CYTB, ATP6, ND1) and ion channels (K+, Ca2+). Meanwhile, C-type lectin and toll-like receptor genes revealed a bi-phase transcriptional response after 16 and 24–48 h of exposure to STX. These results suggest that STX can negatively affect the immunocompetence of M. chilensis hemocytes, which were capable of responding to STX exposure in vitro by increasing the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes.
Transient Photocurrent Response of Plasmon-Enhanced Polymer Solar Cells with Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Fang Yi , Hou Yanbing , Hu Yufeng , Teng Feng
Published: July 2015

In this work, the transient photocurrent of the plasmon-enhanced polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is investigated. Two kinds of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) enhanced devices were fabricated by doping the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) into the anode buffer layer and inserting Au NPs between the anode buffer layer and the active layer. We probed the dynamics of the turn-on and turn-off responses to 400 μs square-pulse optical excitation from the 380 nm and 520 nm light-emitting diodes (LED) driven by an electric pulse generator. The transient photocurrent curves of devices with Au NPs at different positions and under different excitation wavelength are compared and analyzed. The charge trapping/detrapping processes that occurred at the interface of Au NPs and the active layer were observed; these exhibit an overshoot in the initial fast rise of photocurrent response. Our results show that the incorporating position of Au NPs is an important key factor to influence the transient photocurrent behaviors.
Retromer-Mediated Trafficking of Transmembrane Receptors and Transporters
Authors: Klinger Stine , Siupka Piotr , Nielsen Morten
Published: July 2015

Transport between the endoplasmatic reticulum, the Golgi-network, the endo-lysosomal system and the cell surface can be categorized as anterograde or retrograde, describing traffic that goes forward or backward, respectively. Traffic going from the plasma membrane to endosomes and lysosomes or the trans-Golgi network (TGN) constitutes the major retrograde transport routes. Several transmembrane proteins undergo retrograde transport as part of a recycling mechanism that contributes to reutilization and maintenance of a steady-state protein localization. In addition, some receptors are hijacked by exotoxins and used for entry and intracellular transport. The physiological relevance of retrograde transport cannot be overstated. Retrograde trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein determines the distribution between organelles, and hence the possibility of cleavage by γ-secretase. Right balancing of the pathways is critical for protection against Alzheimer’s disease. During embryonic development, retrograde transport of Wntless to the TGN is essential for the following release of Wnt from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpression of Wntless has been linked to oncogenesis. Here, we review relevant aspects of the retrograde trafficking of mammalian transmembrane receptors and transporters, with focus on the retromer-mediated transport between endosomes and the TGN.
Modifying Choroidal Neovascularization Development with a Nutritional Supplement in Mice
Authors: Ivanescu Alina , Fernández-Robredo Patricia , Heras-Mulero Henar , Sádaba-Echarri Luis , García-García Laura , Fernández-García Vanessa , Moreno-Orduna Maite , Redondo-Exposito Aitor , Recalde Sergio , García-Layana Alfredo
Published: July 2015

We examined the effect of nutritional supplements (modified Age Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS)-II formulation containing vitamins, minerals, lutein, resveratrol, and omega-3 fatty acids) on choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Supplements were administered alone and combined with intravitreal anti-VEGF in an early-CNV (diode laser-induced) murine model. Sixty mice were evenly divided into group V (oral vehicle, intravitreal saline), group S (oral supplement, intravitreal saline), group V + aVEGF (oral vehicle, intravitreal anti-VEGF), and group S + aVEGF (oral supplement, intravitreal anti-VEGF). Vehicle and nutritional supplements were administered daily for 38 days beginning 10 days before laser. Intravitreal injections were administered 48 h after laser. Fluorescein angiography (FA) and flat-mount CD31 staining evaluated leakage and CNV lesion area. Expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, and NLRP3 were evaluated with RT-PCR, zymography, and western-blot. Leakage, CNV size, VEGF gene and protein expression were lower in groups V + aVEGF, S + aVEGF, and S than in V (all p < 0.05). Additionally, MMP-9 gene expression differed between groups S + aVEGF and V (p < 0.05) and MMP-9 activity was lower in S + aVEGF than in V and S (both p < 0.01). Levels of MMP-2 and NLRP3 were not significantly different between groups. Nutritional supplements either alone or combined with anti-VEGF may mitigate CNV development and inhibit retinal disease involving VEGF overexpression and CNV.