bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A process-based typology of hydrological drought
Authors: Van Loon A. F. , Van Lanen H. A. J.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Hydrological drought events have very different causes and effects. Classifying these events into distinct types can be useful for both science and management. We propose a classification of hydrological drought types that is based on the governing drought propagation processes. In this classification six hydrological drought types are distinguished, i.e. (i) classical rainfall deficit drought, (ii) rain-to-snow-season drought, (iii) wet-to-dry-season drought, (iv) cold snow season drought, (v) warm snow season drought, and (vi) composite drought. The processes underlying these drought types are a result of the interplay of temperature and precipitation at catchment scale in different seasons. As a test case, about 125 groundwater droughts and about 210 discharge droughts in five contrasting headwater catchments in Europe have been classified. The most common drought type in all catchments is the classical rainfall deficit drought (almost 50% of all events), but in the selected catchments these are mostly minor events. If only the five most severe drought events of each catchment are considered, a shift towards more rain-to-snow-season droughts, warm snow season droughts, and composite droughts is found. The occurrence of hydrological drought types is determined by climate and catchment characteristics. The typology is transferable to other catchments, incl. outside Europe, because it is generic and based upon processes that occur around the world. A general framework is proposed to identify drought type occurrence in relation to climate and catchment characteristics.
Failure of infrastructure embankments induced by flooding and seepage: a neglected source of hazard
Authors: Polemio M. , Lollino P.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The risk of failure of transportation embankments due to seepage induced by temporary and occasional impoundments taking place on the upstream side as a consequence of exceptional rainfalls is frequently underestimated. These failure events result from a combination of three main factors, i.e. the flooding event, the hydraulic weakness and the geotechnical weakness of the embankment. Based on the case study of a railway embankment in Southern Italy that collapsed in 2005 due to an upstream impoundment that occurred after few hours of a very intense rainfall, the paper describes a methodological approach aimed at assessing hazard of failure of transportation embankments induced by flooding and seepage. In particular, according to hydrological, hydraulic and geotechnical studies performed to define the factors affecting the process of the embankment failure, three subsequent activities are proposed: the historical analysis of flood damages at the watershed scale; and the assessment of the upstream peak impoundment based on hydrological analysis and the embankment stability analysis, these latter to be carried out at the site specific scale. The approach here proposed is planned to be further validated and improved by means of the application to other case studies, characterised by different contexts and embankment structures.
An artificial neural network technique for downscaling GCM outputs to RCM spatial scale
Authors: Chadwick R. , Coppola E. , Giorgi F.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach is used to downscale ECHAM5 GCM temperature (T) and rainfall (R) fields to RegCM3 regional model scale over Europe. The main inputs to the neural network were the ECHAM5 fields and topography, and RegCM3 topography. An ANN trained for the period 1960–1980 was able to recreate the RegCM3 1981–2000 mean T and R fields with reasonable accuracy. The ANN showed an improvement over a simple lapse-rate correction method for T, although the ANN R field did not capture all the fine-scale detail of the RCM field. An ANN trained over a smaller area of Southern Europe was able to capture this detail with more precision. The ANN was unable to accurately recreate the RCM climate change (CC) signal between 1981–2000 and 2081–2100, and it is suggested that this is because the relationship between the GCM fields, RCM fields and topography is not constant with time and changing climate. An ANN trained with three ten-year "time-slices" was able to better reproduce the RCM CC signal, particularly for the full European domain. This approach shows encouraging results but will need further refinement before becoming a viable supplement to dynamical regional climate modelling of temperature and rainfall.
Comparison of Three Intraoperative Patient Warming Systems
Authors: Franklin Michelle A. , Rochat Mark C. , Payton Mark E. , Broaddus Kristyn D. , Bartels Kenneth E.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of three patient warming devices (i.e., circulating water blanket, forced-air, and warming panels) used either alone or in combination on patients undergoing surgeries lasting >60 min. In total, 238 dogs were included and divided into either the celiotomy or nonceliotomy group. Dogs in each group were further divided into one of three subgroups. Dogs in subgroup 1 (n=39) were placed on a circulating water blanket with a forced-air warming blanket placed over the trunk. Subgroup 2 dogs (n=40) were placed on a forced-air warming blanket only. Subgroup 3 dogs (n=40) were placed on warming panels. Significant temperature drops occurred from time of induction (38.1°C±0.64°C) to the start of surgical procedures (36.7°C±0.95°C). Although body temperature was maintained once the warming units were started in all groups, there were significant differences in temperatures for the type of surgical procedures (i.e., celiotomies versus nonceliotomies) performed over time except for subgroup 3. The warming panels and forced-air devices were equally effective in preserving body temperature in anesthetized patients.
Comparison of the Neuromuscular Profile of the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle and the Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle as Measured by Electromyography
Authors: Sugi Yasuyuki , Nitahara Keiichi , Higa Kazuo , Kusumoto Go , Shono Shinjiro
Published: December 2011

Lower limb muscles recover faster than upper limb muscles following administration of nondepolarizing neuromuscular relaxants until the train-of-four ratio (TOFR) reached 0.7. However, no study has been conducted to evaluate the recovery time of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle (FHBM), up to a TOFR of 0.9, which indicates satisfactory recovery of neuromuscular blockade. The aim of this study was to determine electromyographically the relationship between the TOFRs of the FHBM and the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDIM), following 0.1 mg/kg of vecuronium. Eighteen patients were enrolled in this study. Electromyography of the FDIM and the FHBM was monitored. Onset times and recovery times to TOFRs of 0.7 and 0.9 of both muscles after administration of vecuronium were measured. The onset time in the FDIM was not different from that in the FHBM ( = 0.10). Recovery time to TOFR 0.7 was significantly faster in the FHBM than in the FDIM ( < 0.013). There was no significant difference in the meantime to reach TOFR 0.9 between the FDIM and the FHBM ( = 0.11). There is no clinical importance in the difference of neuromuscular recovery between the FHBM and the FDIM after TOFR reached 0.9 following administration of vecuronium.
Theoretical Study of Effect of the Number of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline Units in Novel “Parallel Connection” Chromophores on Its Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Zhang Chao-Zhi , Cao Hui , Guo Zhao-Bing
Published: December 2011

Design of “parallel connection” chromophores could give a way of acquiring effective chromophores. The semiempirical method ZINDO was employed to study relationship between static first hyperpolarizabilities of “parallel connection” chromophores and the number of parallel nonconjugated N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline (DMNA) units in the chromophore. The results show that the chromophore containing three parallel non-conjugated DMNA units exhibits the highest static first hyperpolarizability, which is 1.8 times that of chromophore DMNA. However, static first hyperpolarizabilities of the chromophores containing four or five DMNA units are very small. The absorption maximum wavelength (λmax) of “parallel connection” chromophores is remarkably shorter (34.9 nm–38.1 nm) than that of 1DMNA. Therefore, the “parallel connection” chromophore containing three DMNA units would be an effective chromophore with a large first hyperpolarizability and a good optical transparency. It could give a useful suggestion for designing effective chromophores containing parallel non-conjugated D-π-A units.
An Approach to Visualize the Deformation of the Intermediate Filament Cytoskeleton in Response to Locally Applied Forces
Authors: Wang Jiashan , Pelling Andrew E.
Published: December 2011

The intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton plays an important role in integrating biomechanical pathways associated with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Vimentin is a type III IF protein commonly found in fibroblast cells and plays a role in transmitting forces through the cytoskeleton. Employing simultaneous laser scanning confocal and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we developed a methodology to quantify the deformation of the GFP-vimentin-labeled IF cytoskeleton as a function of time in response to force application by the AFM. Over short times (seconds), IFs deformed rapidly and transmitted force throughout the entire cell in a highly complex and anisotropic fashion. After several minutes, mechanically induced displacements of IFs resemble basal movements. In well-adhered cells the deformation of IFs is highly anisotropic as they tend to deform away from the longitudinal axis of the cell. This study demonstrates that simultaneous AFM and LSCM can be employed to track the deformation and dissipation of force through the IF cytoskeleton.
Systematic controllability analysis for chemical processes
Authors: Yuan Zhihong , Zhang Nan , Chen Bingzhen , Zhao Jinsong
Published: December 2011

Modern chemical industrial processes are becoming more and more integrated and consist of multiple interconnected nonlinear process units. These strong interactions profoundly complicate a system's inherent properties and further alter the plant‐wide process dynamics. This may lead to a poor control performance and cause plant‐wide operability problems. To ensure entire processes run robustly and safely, with considerable profitability, it is crucial to recognize the inherent characteristics that can jeopardize controllability and process behavior at the early design stage. With a focus on inherently safer designs, from a plant‐wide perspective, a systematic method for chemical processes controllability analysis is addressed in this study. In the proposed framework, based on open‐loop stability/instability and minimum/nonminimum‐phase behavior, the entire operating zone of the process can be categorized into distinct subregions with different inherent properties. Variations in the inherent characteristics of a plant‐wide process with the operation and design conditions, over the feasible operation region, can be probed and analyzed. An attempt of this framework is made to illustrate how to clarify the roots of the poor controllability that arise in the design and operation of a large scale chemical process, and the results can provide guidance for both deciding the optimal operation conditions and selecting the most suitable control structure. Singularity theory is also applied in the framework to improve the computational efficiency. The framework is illustrated with two case studies. One involves a reactor‐external heat exchanger network and the other a more complex plant‐wide process, comprising a reactor, an extractor, and a distillation column. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3096–3109, 2012
Breakup dynamics of slender bubbles in non‐newtonian fluids in microfluidic flow‐focusing devices
Authors: Fu Taotao , Ma Youguang , Funfschilling Denis , Zhu Chunying , Li Huai Z.
Published: December 2011

This study aims to investigate the breakup of slender bubbles in non‐Newtonian fluids in microfluidic flow‐focusing devices using a high‐speed camera and a microparticle image velocimetry (micro‐PIV) system. Experiments were conducted in 400‐ and 600‐μm square microchannels. The variation of the minimum width of gaseous thread with the remaining time before pinch‐off could be scaled as a power‐law relationship with an exponent less than 1/3, obtained for the pinch‐off of bubbles in Newtonian fluids. The velocity field and spatial viscosity distribution in the liquid phase around the gaseous thread were determined by micro‐PIV to understand the bubble breakup mechanism. A scaling law was proposed to describe the size of bubbles generated in these non‐Newtonian fluids at microscale. The results revealed that the rheological properties of the continuous phase affect significantly the bubble breakup in such microdevices. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J,, 2012
Poly(ester)s and poly(amide)s with fluorene and diphenyl‐silane units in the main chain: Effects of iodine doping on the structure and electrical conductivity
Authors: Henríquez Carmen M. González , Tagle Luis H. , Terraza Claudio A. , González Andrés Barriga , Cabrera A. L. , Volkmann Ulrich G.
Published: December 2011

Intramolecular charge transfer interaction between the electron donor and electro acceptor units within the polymeric structure and its optoelectronic properties were studied. The monomer, 9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐dicarboxylic acid, was prepared from 9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐dicarbonitrile using CuCN/N,N‐dimethylformamide followed by the decomposition of the complex with FeCl3x6H2O in HCl and KOH/H2O. The formation of two new classes of polymers was reported at different reaction times. The poly(ester) (PEF) was synthesized by the reaction of the diacid monomer with bis(4‐hydroxiphenyl)diphenylsilane using tosyl chloride/pyridine/dimethylformamide system as condensing agent. Alternatively, the poly(amide) (PAF) was synthesized by the direct polycondensation of the diacid monomer and bis(4‐aminophenyl)diphenylsilane in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidine solution containing dissolved calcium chloride. The resulting new polymers were obtained in good yields and were characterized by FTIR, NMR (1H, 13C, and 29Si), ESI, Raman, UV (optical gap) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The thermal properties were characterized by DSC and TGA. The electrical conductivity of the polymers was measured before and after exposure to iodine vapor, utilizing films of different thickness. Ellipsometric studies were used for the determination of the film thickness. Morphological differentiation was carried out by SEM‐EDX analysis. Oxidation of the polymer films of low thickness decreased their conductivities, mainly due to the small structural changes. For a polymeric sample with a higher thickness, the doping process slightly increased the conductivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Structure and properties of graft copolymer of starch and resorcinol synthesized using HRP
Authors: Lv Shenghua , Gong Rui , Yan Xiaoliang , Hou Mingming , Zhang Guoyun
Published: December 2011

A modified starch tannage was synthesized by radical copolymerization of degraded starch and resorcinol (RC) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2 as an initiator. The effects of the degradation degree, system pH value, reaction temperature on the copolymerization, and tanning properties of the graft copolymer used in leather processing were investigated. The application results showed that the graft copolymer has excellent tanning properties. The shrinkage temperature (Ts) of the tanned leather reached 85.4°C, and the thickness increment ratio of the retanned leather was 23.1%. The tanning effects were significantly improved with RC modification compared with the graft copolymer of starch and vinyl monomers. The results indicated that the graft copolymer of starch and RC may be a replacement for toxic chrome and aldehyde tannage. The structure of the graft copolymer was characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, GPC, and UV. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Toughening of epoxy resins by modified m‐phenylene diamine having soft ether chain
Authors: Lou Chunhua , Xianzhi Kong , Jianxin Wang , Liqun Ma
Published: December 2011

A new soften curing agent for toughening epoxy resins was synthesized by m‐phenylene diamine modified with epoxypropyl butyl ether. The curing processes of epoxy resin/modified m‐phenylene diamine were traced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), then kinetic parameters, ΔE and n, were deduced. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the longer the reaction time was, the smaller the absorption peaks of epoxy group were. The results of the mechanical properties demonstrated that the impact property of the epoxy resin cured by modified m‐phenylene diamine at the moderate temperature was better than that of cured by unmodified one because of the introduction of soft ether chain. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
From Nonlinear to Fuzzy Approaches in Trajectory Tracking Control of Wheeled Mobile Robots
Authors: Keighobadi Jafar , Menhaj Mohammad B.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, two knowledge based controllers are proposed to overcome the difficulties of a computed torque nonlinear controller (NC) in perfect trajectory tracking of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (WMRs). First, the effects of different dynamic models developed in angular and Cartesian coordinate systems are fully examined on the persistent excitation condition and consequently on the trajectory tracking performance of WMRs. Using the dynamic model coordinated in the Cartesian frame as the base of the NC results in perfect compensation of large position off‐tracks and unbiased estimation of the plant's unknown parameters. However, using the WMR's dynamic model with rotation angles of driving wheels as the base of nonlinear and fuzzy controllers leads to accurate orientation tracking. Through replacing the proportional and differential terms of the NC by fuzzy functions, a fuzzy nonlinear controller (FNC) is generated. Due to the complicated dynamics of the WMR in which the center of mass does not coincide with the center of rotation, the expert knowledge of fuzzy controllers is extracted considering the rotation angles and rates of driving wheels as input variables. Fuzzy tuning of the NC results in a superior tracking performance against measurement noises, though the control torques are decreased and smoothed significantly. Second, a complete fuzzy controller (FC) is generated to make perfect tracking of the WMR's position and orientation. The local stability analysis of fuzzy controllers is examined considering the corresponding analytical structures as nonlinear controllers. The superior performances of the proposed fuzzy controllers compared to those of the NCs are evaluated through simulations.
Maternal exposure to magnetic fields from high‐voltage power lines and the risk of birth defects
Authors: Malagoli Carlotta , Crespi Catherine M. , Rodolfi Rossella , Signorelli Carlo , Poli Maurizio , Zanichelli Paolo , Fabbi Sara , Teggi Sergio , Garavelli Livia , Astolfi Gianni , Calzolari Elisa , Lucenti Carlo , Vinceti Marco
Published: December 2011

The issue of adverse human health effects due to exposure to electromagnetic fields is still unclear, and congenital anomalies are among the outcomes that have been inconsistently associated with such exposure. We conducted a population‐based, case–control study to examine the risk of congenital anomalies associated with maternal exposure to magnetic fields (MF) from high‐voltage power lines during pregnancy in a community in northern Italy. We identified 228 cases of congenital malformations diagnosed in live births, stillbirths, and induced abortions among women living in the municipality of Reggio Emilia during the period 1998–2006, and a reference group of healthy newborns was matched for year of birth, maternal age, and hospital of birth. We identified maternal residence during early pregnancy and used Geographic Information System to determine whether the residences were within geocoded corridors with MF ≥0.1 µT near high‐voltage power lines, then calculated the relative risk (RR) of congenital anomalies associated with maternal exposure. One case and 5 control mothers were classified as exposed, and the RR associated with MF ≥0.1 µT was 0.2 (95% CI: 0.0–2.0) after adjusting for maternal education. While small or moderate effects may have gone undetected due to low statistical power, the results of this study overall do not provide support for major effects of a teratogenic risk due to exposure to MF during early pregnancy. Bioelectromagnetics 33:405–409, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trauma alarmins as activators of damage-induced inflammation
Authors: Manson J , Thiemermann C , Brohi K
Published: December 2011

Background

A systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is frequently observed after traumatic injury. The response is sterile and the activating stimulus is tissue damage. Endogenous molecules, called alarmins, are reputed to be released by injured tissues but the precise identity of these mediators is unclear. This review summarizes current preclinical and clinical evidence for trauma alarmins and their role in innate immune activation.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review of putative alarmins in tissue damage after traumatic injury was conducted.

Results

The presence of SIRS at admission is an independent predictor of mortality after trauma. The primary initiators of the human immune response are unclear. Several endogenous substances display alarmin characteristics in vitro. Preclinical studies demonstrate that blockade of certain endogenous substances can reduce adverse clinical sequelae after traumatic injury. Human evidence for trauma alarmins is extremely limited.

Conclusion

The magnitude of acute inflammation is predictive of outcome after trauma, suggesting that an early opportunity for immune modulation may exist. An understanding of the mechanisms of innate immune activation following trauma may lead to new therapeutic agents and improved patient survival.
Translational barriers and opportunities for emergency preservation and resuscitation in severe injuries
Authors: Alam H B
Published: December 2011

Background

Hypothermia is commonly used for organ and tissue preservation in multiple clinical settings, but its role in the management of injured patients remains controversial. There is no doubt that temperature modulation is a powerful tool, and hypothermia has been shown to protect cells during ischaemia and reperfusion, decrease organ damage and improve survival. Yet hypothermia is a double-edged sword: unless carefully managed, its induction can be associated with a number of complications.

Methods

A literature review was performed to include important papers that address the impact of hypothermia on key biological processes, and explore the potential therapeutic role of hypothermia in trauma/haemorrhage models.

Results

No clinical studies have been conducted to test the therapeutic benefits of hypothermia in injured patients. However, numerous well designed animal studies support this concept. Despite excellent preclinical data, there are several potential barriers to translating hypothermia into clinical practice.

Conclusion

Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising life-saving strategy. Appropriate patient selection requires a thorough understanding of how temperature modulation affects various biological mechanisms.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of immediate total-body computed tomography compared with selective radiological imaging of injured patients
Authors: Sierink J C , Saltzherr T P , Reitsma J B , Van Delden O M , Luitse J S K , Goslings J C
Published: December 2011

Background

The aim of this review was to assess the value of immediate total-body computed tomography (CT) during the primary survey of injured patients compared with conventional radiographic imaging supplemented with selective CT.

Methods

A systematic search of the literature was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. Reports were eligible if they contained original data comparing immediate total-body CT with conventional imaging supplemented with selective CT in injured patients. The main outcomes of interest were overall mortality and time in the emergency room (ER).

Results

Four studies were included describing a total of 5470 patients; one study provided 4621 patients (84·5 per cent). All four studies were non-randomized cohort studies with retrospective data collection. Mortality was reported in three studies. Absolute mortality rates differed substantially between studies, but within studies mortality rates were comparable between immediate total-body CT and conventional imaging strategies (pooled odds ratio 0·91, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·79 to 1·05). Time in the ER was described in three studies, and in two was significantly shorter in patients who underwent immediate total-body CT: 70 versus 104 min (P = 0·025) and 47 versus 82 min (P < 0·001) respectively.

Conclusion

This review showed differences in time in the ER in favour of immediate total-body CT during the primary trauma survey compared with conventional radiographic imaging supplemented with selective CT. There were no differences in mortality. The substantial reduction in time in the ER is a promising feature of immediate total-body CT but well designed and larger randomized studies are needed to see how this will translate into clinical outcomes.
Emerging treatment strategies for trauma-induced coagulopathy
Authors: Sorensen B , Fries D
Published: December 2011

Background

Trauma-induced coagulopathy has a multifactorial aetiology. Coagulopathy is related to blood loss including consumption of clotting factors and platelets and haemodilution. Additionally hyperfibrinolysis, hypothermia, acidosis and metabolic changes affect the coagulation system.

Methods

This is a review of pathophysiology and new treatment strategies for trauma-induced coagulopathy.

Results

Paradigms are actively changing and there is still a shortage of data. The aim of any haemostatic therapy is to control bleeding and minimize blood loss and transfusion requirements. Transfusion of allogeneic blood products as well as trauma-induced coagulopathy cause increased morbidity and mortality. Current opinion is based on present studies and results from small case series, combined with findings from experimental studies in animals, in vitro studies and expert opinions, as opposed to large, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. A summary of new and emerging strategies, including medical infusion and blood products, to beneficially manipulate the coagulation system in the critically injured patient is suggested.

Conclusion

Future treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy may be based on systemic antifibrinolytics, local haemostatics and individualized point-of-care-guided rational use of coagulation factor concentrates such as fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate, recombinant factor VIIa and factor XIII. The authors speculate that timely and rational use of coagulation factor concentrates will be more efficacious and safer than ratio-driven use of transfusion packages of allogeneic blood products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Orthorhombic R5Au2Te2 (R: Lu, Ho, Dy, Y). Electronic Structure of the Binary Parent Valence Compound Eu5As4.
Authors: Chai Ping , Corbett John D.
Published: December 2011

The compounds Ln5Au2Te2 (Ln: Lu, Ho, Dy, Y) are synthesized by arc melting of Ln, Au, and Ln2Te3 followed by annealing at 1200 °C for one week (90, 60, 70, and 75% yield for Ln: Lu, Ho, Dy, and Y, resp.).
ChemInform Abstract: Transport and Optical Properties of Heavily Hole‐Doped Semiconductors BaCu2Se2 and BaCu2Te2.
Authors: McGuire Michael A. , May Andrew F. , Singh David J. , Du Mao‐Hua , Jellison Gerald E.
Published: December 2011

The title compounds are characterized by powder XRD, electrical resistivity, Hall effect, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity measurements, transmission and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and DFT electronic structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: A Keggin‐Type Polyoxotungstate‐Coordinated Diplatinum(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of the cis‐Platinum(II) Moieties in Dimethylsulfoxide and Water.
Authors: Kato Masao , Kato Chika Nozaki
Published: December 2011

(Me4N)3 [PW11O39{cis‐Pt (NH3)2}2]·10H2O is precipitated from an aqueous solution containing K7[PW11O39], cis‐Pt(NH3)2Cl2, and Me4NBr (25 °C, 24 h, 23% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Hydrovinylation via Asymmetric Counteranion‐Directed Ruthenium Catalysis.
Authors: Jiang Gaoxi , List Benjamin
Published: December 2011

The first examples on the use of a ruthenium complex and a chiral silver salt as a catalytic system for an asymmetric hydrovinylation reaction are given.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for the Chemoselective Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Boron Triisopropoxide, B(OiPr)3: Comparison with Boron Triethoxide, B(OEt)3.
Authors: Uysal Burcu , Oksal Birsen S.
Published: December 2011

Alcohols (II) and (IV) are synthesized by Meerwein—Ponndorf—Verley reduction of corresponding aldehydes or ketones, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Amino Sulfide Building Blocks from Acyclic Chiral Amino Allylsilanes.
Authors: Reginato Gianna , Pezzati Bernardo , Ienco Andrea , Manca Gabriele , Rossin Andrea , Mordini Alessandro
Published: December 2011

Treatment of (E)‐allylsilanes of type (I) with the sulfenyl chloride (II) allows an efficient and highly stereoselective access to β‐amino sulfides like (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Benzyl Acetates with Allylsilanes.
Authors: Onodera Gen , Yamamoto Eriko , Tonegawa Shota , Iezumi Makoto , Takeuchi Ryo
Published: December 2011

Primary, secondary and tertiary benzyl acetates can be used for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoro‐Substituted Ketones from Nitriles Using Acidic and Basic Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Raja Erum K. , Klumpp Douglas A.
Published: December 2011

Super acid promoted Houben—Hoesch reaction of fluorinated aliphatic nitriles with arenes offers a convenient route to the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Reductive Amination—Hydrogenolysis: A One‐Pot Synthesis of Challenging Chiral Primary Amines.
Authors: Nugent Thomas C. , Negru Daniela E. , El‐Shazly Mohamed , Hu Dan , Sadiq Abdul , Bibi Ahtaram , Umar M. Naveed
Published: December 2011

A chromatography‐free synthesis of chiral primary amines via a one‐pot reaction (imine formation, imine reduction, and hydrogenolysis of the auxiliary) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Reaction of α‐Alkoxyphosphonium Salts with Grignard Reagents under an O2 Atmosphere.
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi , Goto Akihiro , Otake Kazuki , Kubo Ozora , Sawama Yoshinari , Maegawa Tomohiro
Published: December 2011

The title reaction affords alcohols in moderate to high yields following a novel radical pathway as indicated by the results of isotopic labeling experiments.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated Trifluoromethoxylation of Aryl Stannanes and Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Huang Chenghong , Liang Theresa , Harada Shinji , Lee Eunsung , Ritter Tobias
Published: December 2011

Aryl trifluoromethyl ethers are prepared by reaction of title tin or boron compounds with (Me2N)3S+CF3—O‐, generated in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkynylalanes with Benzylic and Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Biradar Deepak B. , Gau Han‐Mou
Published: December 2011

The alkynylalanes (II) are prepared by deprotonation of the respective acetylenes with butyl lithium and subsequent addition of diethyl aluminum chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Carbocyclic Ring of Indoles Using Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Yoshida Kazuhiro , Hayashi Kazushi , Yanagisawa Akira
Published: December 2011

The new selective method to prepare various functionalized indoles can also be applied to synthesize carbazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Entry to Spirofurooxindoles Involving Tandem Dearomatization of Furan Ring and Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: Yin Biao‐Lin , Lai Jin‐Qinag , Zhang Ze‐Ren , Jiang Huan‐Feng
Published: December 2011

The key step involves an intramolecular Friedel—Crafts reaction of the tethered electron‐rich anilide with the oxocarbenium derived from the furan ring.
ChemInform Abstract: InCl3‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 1‐Aminocarbazoles.
Authors: Facoetti Diego , Abbiati Giorgio , Dell'Acqua Monica , Rossi Elisabetta
Published: December 2011

A small library is prepared by three‐component reaction of propargylic alcohols with cyclic amines and 2‐acetylindole.
ChemInform Abstract: Columnar Liquid Crystalline Bis‐N‐annulated Quaterrylenes
Authors: Li Yan , Hao Linxiao , Fu Hongbing , Pisula Wojciech , Feng Xinliang , Wang Zhaohui
Published: December 2011

synthesis and structure
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Lactam Synthon Interceded Diastereoselective Synthesis of Novel Thioxo‐imidazolines: A Convenient Access to Functionally Decorated 4,5‐Dihydroimidazoles.
Authors: Singh Pardeep , Mehra Vishu , Anand Amit , Kumar Vipan , Mahajan Mohinder P.
Published: December 2011

Target compounds (V)/(VI) are prepared by NaOMe‐mediated amidolysis of lactam (I) followed by Staudinger reaction and treatment with carbon disulfide.
ChemInform Abstract: Strain‐Promoted Cycloadditions of Cyclic Nitrones with Cyclooctynes for Labeling Human Cancer Cells.
Authors: McKay Craig S. , Blake Jessie A. , Cheng Jenny , Danielson Dana C. , Pezacki John Paul
Published: December 2011

Cyclic nitrones react readily with cyclooctyne (II) to afford isoxazoline adducts in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel 2‐Cyclopropylimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Noolvi Malleshappa N. , Patel Harun M. , Singh Navjot , Gadad Andanappa K. , Cameotra Swaranjit Singh , Badiger Arvind
Published: December 2011

Among all the compounds, synthesized compound (VIb) is found to be the most active candidate with a degree of selectivity toward Leukemic cancer cell line.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Ionic Liquid Mediated Synthesis (FILMS) of Dihydrothiophenes and Tacrine Derivatives.
Authors: Kumar Atul , Gupta Garima , Srivastava Suman
Published: December 2011

The diastereoselective synthesis of the title compounds (IV), (VI), (VIII), and (IX) is presented in a reusable ionic liquid which exhibits organocatalytic as well as medium engineering capability.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Saturated Fused Pyrimidine Derivatives via a Flexible N‐Vinyl Tertiary Enamide Synthesis.
Authors: Estrada Anthony A. , Lyssikatos Joseph P. , St‐Jean Frederic , Bergeron Philippe
Published: December 2011

Protection by the ‐Pmb group is crucial for a successful transformation which needs neither microwave irradiation nor reflux conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Preparation of Functionalized (E)‐Vinylsilanes from Aldehydes.
Authors: Lim Diane S. W. , Anderson Edward A.
Published: December 2011

Starting from mesityl aldehyde (VIII), the (Z)‐isomer is mainly formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron(III) Chloride/Diorganyl Diselenides‐Promoted Regioselective Cyclization of Alkynyl Aryl Ketones: Synthesis of 3‐Organoselenyl Chromenones under Ambient Atmosphere.
Authors: Godoi Benhur , Speranca Adriane , Bruning Cesar A. , Back Davi F. , Menezes Paulo Henrique , Nogueira Cristina W. , Zeni Gilson
Published: December 2011

An economic and eco‐friendly protocol for the synthesis of organoselenyl chromenones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: (—)‐Hydroxylindestrenolide, a New Sesquiterpenoid from a Gorgonian Coral Menella sp. (Plexauridae).
Authors: Sung Ping‐Jyun , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

Title compound (I), an enantiomer of the known sesquiterpenoid (+)‐hydroxylindestrenolide, is isolated from the gorgonian coral identified as Menella sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Propargyl/Methyl Furanosides as Potential Glycosyl Donors.
Authors: Vidadala Srinivara Rao , Gayatri Gaddamannugu , Sastry G. Narahari , Hotha Srinivas
Published: December 2011

Propargyl as well as methyl furanosides smoothly undergo Au(III)‐catalyzed transglycosylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Methylimidazolium Chloride‐Catalyzed Pyrophosphate Formation: Application to the Synthesis of Lipid I and NDP‐Sugar Donors.
Authors: Tsukamoto Hirokazu , Kahne Daniel
Published: December 2011

The coupling reaction between monophosphate and activated phosphorous‐nitrogen intermediates such as phosphorimidazolide (I) and phosphoromorpholidate is effectively catalyzed by N‐methylimidazolium chloride to form biologically important unsymmetrical pyrophosphate diesters.
ChemInform Abstract: Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Nelumbo nucifera.
Authors: Itoh Atsuko , Saitoh Tomomi , Tani Kaori , Uchigaki Misaki , Sugimoto Yumi , Yamada Jun , Nakajima Hiroshi , Ohshiro Hideo , Sun Schujian , Tanahashi Takao
Published: December 2011

From the embryos of the seeds of Nelumbo nucifera, three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, nelumboferine (I) and atropisomers nelumborines A and B [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate‐Promoted Reductive 2′‐O‐Arylmethylation of Ribonucleoside Derivatives.
Authors: Uchiyama Naoki , Ogata Toshihiko , Oka Natsuhisa , Wada Takeshi
Published: December 2011

Reaction conditions are optimized for the title reaction of ribonucleoside derivatives (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Electrogenerated Reduced Forms of [α‐SiW12O40]4‐ as Both Reductants and Stabilizing Agents.
Authors: Zhang Jie , Ting Boon Ping , Koh Yan Tong , Ying Jackie Y.
Published: December 2011

Reduced forms of [α‐SiW12O40]4‐ are produced by controlled potential bulk electrolysis with little or no supporting electrolyte.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Application of Iron‐Containing Mesoporous Molecular Sieves for Peroxide Oxidation of Pollutants: Effect of Iron Environment on Textural, Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Timofeeva M. N. , Mel'gunov M. S.
Published: December 2011

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Micro‐tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated from Hollow Fibers
Authors: Droushiotis N. , Doraswami U. , Kelsall G. H. , Li K.
Published: December 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Perret Florent , Parrot‐Lopez Helene
Published: December 2011

Review: 184 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound: A Versatile Tool in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Pandya Pratik , Banerjee Saurabh K. , Tiwari Ravi , Chabra Gurmeet
Published: December 2011

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designer Ligands: The Search for Metal Ion Selectivity
Authors: Kaye Perry T.
Published: December 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Polymer Supports for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Wellings Don
Published: December 2011

Review: 2 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Grandisol, the Sexual Attracting Insect Pheromone
Authors: Kwak Young‐Shin , Jeong Byeong‐Seon
Published: December 2011

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphonium Salts and P‐Ylides
Authors: Odinets Irina L.
Published: December 2011

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Furan Derivatives
Authors: Verma Anupam , Pandeya S. N. , Sinha Shweta
Published: December 2011

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis: Acylation Catalysts
Authors: Larionov Evgeny , Zipse Hendrik
Published: December 2011

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Ionic Liquid Catalysis.
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Zhang Shiguo , Deng Youquan
Published: December 2011

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of B‐Norsteroidal 6‐Ketones and Their Relatives
Authors: Uyanik Cavit , Hanson James R.
Published: December 2011

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Study of Novel π‐Electron Materials Containing Boron, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus as Key Main Group Elements
Authors: Yamamguchi Shigehiro , Fukazawa Aiko
Published: December 2011

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of Biomass‐Derived Platform Molecules: From High Added‐Value Chemicals to Fuels via Aqueous‐Phase Processing
Authors: Serrano‐Ruiz Juan Carlos , Luque Rafael , Sepulveda‐Escribano Antonio
Published: December 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Employing Homoenolates Generated by NHC Catalysis in Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions: State of the Art
Authors: Nair Vijay , Menon Rajeev S. , Biju Akkattu T. , Sinu C. R. , Paul Rony Rajan , Jose Anu , Sreekumar Vellalath
Published: December 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods for Investigating G‐Quadruplex DNA/Ligand Interactions
Authors: Murat Pierre , Singh Yashveer , Defrancq Eric
Published: December 2011

Review: 58 refs.
Characterisation of the mixing of non‐newtonian fluids with a scaba 6SRGT impeller through ert and CFD
Authors: Pakzad Leila , Ein‐Mozaffari Farhad , Upreti Simant R. , Lohi Ali
Published: December 2011

An attempt has been made to study the mixing of yield‐pseudoplastic fluids with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller using electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The ERT system with four sensor planes, each containing 16 equispaced stainless steel electrodes, was used to measure the mixing time. The multiple reference frames (MRF) technique and the modified Herschel–Bulkley model were applied to simulate the impeller rotation and the rheological behaviour of the non‐Newtonian fluids, respectively. To validate the model, the CFD results for the power consumption were compared to the experimental data. The validated model was then employed to obtain further information regarding the averaged impeller shear rate, impeller circulation, and pumping capacities. The CFD and ERT data were utilised to investigate the effect of the impeller power, fluid rheology, and impeller size on the mixing time. The mixing time results obtained in this study were in good agreement with those reported in the literature. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Improved Synthesis of 1,3‐Diaryl‐2‐propen‐1‐one Oxime in the Presence of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate
Authors: Xu Xiaoya , Li Jitai , Du Chao , Song Yali
Published: December 2011

Synthesis of 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐propen‐1‐one oxime via the condensation of 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐propen‐1‐one with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulfate was carried out in refluxing EtOH for 2–4 h in 83%–93% yields. The significant features of the present procedure include higher yield, shorter reaction time, reduced molar ratio of hydroxylamine hydrochloride to substrate, compared to the reported literature method.
FeCl3‐ and GaCl3‐Catalyzed Dehydrative Coupling Reaction of Chromone‐Derived Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Alcohols with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Wu Chen , Zeng Hao , Liu Zhe , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Chen Yongjun
Published: December 2011

FeCl3‐ and GaCl3‐catalyzed dehydrative coupling reactions of chromone‐derived Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) alcohols with terminal alkynes were developed. The reactions provided exclusively α‐regioselective and acetylene‐substituted products in good yields.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Thienopyrazine‐cored Dendrimer for Non‐Doped Organic Red Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Qing , Li Jiuyan , Duan Yongheng , Gao Zhanxian , Liu Di
Published: December 2011

A new thieno‐[3,4‐b]‐pyrazine‐cored dendrimer with polyphenyls dendrons (D2TP) was designed and synthesized for application as red emitter in non‐doped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The bulky dendritic arms enable this molecule to possess significant molecular weight and good solubility in common organic solvents. As a result, D2TP is suitable for solution processing methods such as spin coating to make thin films and devices. In addition, these large dendrons provide site‐isolation effect on the planar emissive core to prevent fluorescence quenching or intermolecular interaction. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of D2TP were investigated in its dilute solutions. D2TP was used as non‐doped emitter to fabricate OLEDs by spin coating method and saturated red electroluminescence was obtained.
Resource analyses for parallel and distributed coordination
Authors: Trinder P. W. , Cole M. I. , Hammond K. , Loidl H‐W. , Michaelson G. J.
Published: December 2011

Predicting the resources that are consumed by a program component is crucial for many parallel or distributed systems. In this context, the main resources of interest are execution time, space and communication/synchronisation costs. There has recently been significant progress in resource analysis technology, notably in type‐based analyses and abstract interpretation. At the same time, parallel and distributed computing are becoming increasingly important.

This paper synthesises progress in both areas to survey the state‐of‐the‐art in resource analysis for parallel and distributed computing. We articulate a general model of resource analysis and describe parallel/distributed resource analysis together with the relationship to sequential analysis. We use three parallel or distributed resource analyses as examples and provide a critical evaluation of the analyses. We investigate why the chosen analysis is effective for each application and identify general principles governing why the resource analysis is effective. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fordlândia: Corporate Citizenship or Corporate Colonialism
Authors: Barkemeyer Ralf , Figge Frank
Published: December 2011

This case focuses on the social dimension of a large‐scale plantation project of Ford Motors Company in Brazil. With its Fordlândia plantation, Henry Ford aimed to trigger an industrial revolution in the Amazon basin just like he had done in the United States two decades earlier. However, upon arrival, the company encountered unforeseen challenges linked to the attempted export of the Ford way of thinking and doing business – that had worked so well at home in Michigan – into the remote and underdeveloped Amazon basin. Yet, when failure became clear, the company decided to buy a new stretch of land nearby with the intent of reconsidering its way of doing business at the plantation. At its new operations, the company needed to better balance the trade‐off between its own core values and those of its local workforce. The case is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate management courses as well as a wider audience. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.