bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing satellite- to ground-based automated and manual cloud coverage observations – a case study
Authors: Werkmeister A. , Lockhoff M. , Schrempf M. , Tohsing K. , Liley B. , Seckmeyer G.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. In this case study we compare cloud fractional cover measured by radiometers on polar satellites (AVHRR) and on one geostationary satellite (SEVIRI) to ground-based manual (SYNOP) and automated observations by a cloud camera (Hemispherical Sky Imager, HSI). These observations took place in Hannover, Germany, and in Lauder, New Zealand, over time frames of 3 and 2 months, respectively. Daily mean comparisons between satellite derivations and the ground-based HSI found the deviation to be 6 ± 14% for AVHRR and 8 ± 16% for SEVIRI, which can be considered satisfactory. AVHRR's instantaneous differences are smaller (2 ± 22%) than instantaneous SEVIRI cloud fraction estimates (8 ± 29%) when compared to HSI due to resolution and scenery effect issues. All spaceborne observations show a very good skill in detecting completely overcast skies (cloud cover ≥ 6 oktas) with probabilities between 92 and 94% and false alarm rates between 21 and 29% for AVHRR and SEVIRI in Hannover, Germany. In the case of a clear sky (cloud cover lower than 3 oktas) we find good skill with detection probabilities between 72 and 76%. We find poor skill, however, whenever broken clouds occur (probability of detection is 32% for AVHRR and 12% for SEVIRI in Hannover, Germany). In order to better understand these discrepancies we analyze the influence of algorithm features on the satellite-based data. We find that the differences between SEVIRI and HSI cloud fractional cover (CFC) decrease (from a bias of 8 to almost 0%) with decreasing number of spatially averaged pixels and decreasing index which determines the cloud coverage in each "cloud-contaminated" pixel of the binary map. We conclude that window size and index need to be adjusted in order to improve instantaneous SEVIRI and AVHRR estimates. Due to its automated operation and its spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, we recommend as well that more automated ground-based instruments in the form of cloud cameras should be installed as they cover larger areas of the sky than other automated ground-based instruments. These cameras could be an essential supplement to SYNOP observation as they cover the same spectral wavelengths as the human eye.
The GOME-type Total Ozone Essential Climate Variable (GTO-ECV) data record from the ESA Climate Change Initiative
Authors: Coldewey-Egbers M. , Loyola D. G. , Koukouli M. , Balis D. , Lambert J.-C. , Verhoelst T. , Granville J. , van Roozendael M. , Lerot C. , Spurr R. , Frith S. M. , Zehner C.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We present the new GOME-type Total Ozone Essential Climate Variable (GTO-ECV) data record which has been created within the framework of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI). Total ozone column observations – based on the GOME-type Direct Fitting version 3 algorithm – from GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment), SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY), and GOME-2 have been combined into one homogeneous time series, thereby taking advantage of the high inter-sensor consistency. The data record spans the 15-year period from March 1996 to June 2011 and it contains global monthly mean total ozone columns on a 1° × 1° grid. Geophysical ground-based validation using Brewer, Dobson, and UV-visible instruments has shown that the GTO-ECV level 3 data record is of the same high quality as the equivalent individual level 2 data products that constitute it. Both absolute agreement and long-term stability are excellent with respect to the ground-based data, for almost all latitudes apart from a few outliers which are mostly due to sampling differences between the level 2 and level 3 data. We conclude that the GTO-ECV data record is valuable for a variety of climate applications such as the long-term monitoring of the past evolution of the ozone layer, trend analysis and the evaluation of Chemistry–Climate Model simulations.
Cloud and aerosol classification for 2 1/2 years of MAX-DOAS observations in Wuxi (China) and comparison to independent data sets
Authors: Wang Y. , Penning de Vries M. , Xie P. H. , Beirle S. , Dörner S. , Remmers J. , Li A. , Wagner T.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Multi-Axis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of trace gases can be strongly influenced by clouds and aerosols. Thus it is important to identify clouds and characterise their properties. In a recent study Wagner et al. (2014) developed a cloud classification scheme based on the MAX-DOAS measurements themselves with which different "sky conditions" (e.g. clear sky, continuous clouds, broken clouds) can be distinguished. Here we apply this scheme to long term MAX-DOAS measurements from 2011 to 2013 in Wuxi, China (31.57° N, 120.31° E). The original algorithm has been modified, in particular in order to account for smaller solar zenith angles (SZA). Instrumental degradation is accounted for to avoid artificial trends of the cloud classification. We compared the results of the MAX-DOAS cloud classification scheme to several independent measurements: aerosol optical depth from a nearby AERONET station and from MODIS, visibility derived from a visibility meter; and various cloud parameters from different satellite instruments (MODIS, OMI, and GOME-2). The most important findings from these comparisons are: (1) most cases characterized as clear sky with low or high aerosol load were associated with the respective AOD ranges obtained by AERONET and MODIS, (2) the observed dependences of MAX-DOAS results on cloud optical thickness and effective cloud fraction from satellite indicate that the cloud classification scheme is sensitive to cloud (optical) properties, (3) separation of cloudy scenes by cloud pressure shows that the MAX-DOAS cloud classification scheme is also capable of detecting high clouds, (4) some clear sky conditions, especially with high aerosol load, classified from MAX-DOAS observations corresponding to the optically thin and low clouds derived by satellite observations probably indicate that the satellite cloud products contain valuable information on aerosols.
Extremely intense (SML ≤–2500 nT) substorms: isolated events that are externally triggered?
Authors: Tsurutani B. T. , Hajra R. , Echer E. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We examine particularly intense substorms (SML ≤–2500 nT), hereafter called "supersubstorms" or SSS events, to identify their nature and their magnetic storm dependences. It is found that these intense substorms are typically isolated events and are only loosely related to magnetic storms. SSS events can occur during super (Dst ≤–250 nT) and intense (−100 nT ≥ Dst >–250) magnetic storms. SSS events can also occur during nonstorm (Dst ≥–50 nT) intervals. SSSs are important because the strongest ionospheric currents will flow during these events, potentially causing power outages on Earth. Several SSS examples are shown. SSS events appear to be externally triggered by small regions of very high density (~30 to 50 cm−3) solar wind plasma parcels (PPs) impinging upon the magnetosphere. Precursor southward interplanetary magnetic fields are detected prior to the PPs hitting the magnetosphere. Our hypothesis is that these southward fields input energy into the magnetosphere/magnetotail and the PPs trigger the release of the stored energy.
Local nutrient regimes determine site-specific environmental triggers of cyanobacterial and microcystin variability in urban lakes
Authors: Sinang S. C. , Reichwaldt E. S. , Ghadouani A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in urban lakes present serious health hazards to humans and animals and require effective management strategies. Managing such blooms requires a sufficient understanding of the controlling environmental factors. A range of them has been proposed in the literature as potential triggers for cyanobacterial biomass development and cyanotoxin (e.g. microcystin) production in freshwater systems. However, the environmental triggers of cyanobacteria and microcystin variability remain a subject of debate due to contrasting findings. This issue has raised the question of whether the relevance of environmental triggers may depend on site-specific combinations of environmental factors. In this study, we investigated the site-specificity of environmental triggers for cyanobacterial bloom and microcystin dynamics in three urban lakes in Western Australia. Our study suggests that cyanobacterial biomass, cyanobacterial dominance and cyanobacterial microcystin content variability were significantly correlated to phosphorus and iron concentrations. However, the correlations were different between lakes, thus suggesting a site-specific effect of these environmental factors. The discrepancies in the correlations could be explained by differences in local nutrient concentration. For instance, we found no correlation between cyanobacterial fraction and total phosphorous (TP) in the lake with the highest TP concentration, while correlations were significant and negative in the other two lakes. In addition, our study indicates that the difference of the correlation between total iron (TFe) and the cyanobacterial fraction between lakes might have been a consequence of differences in the cyanobacterial community structure, specifically the presence or absence of nitrogen-fixing species. In conclusion, our study suggests that identification of significant environmental factors under site-specific conditions is an important strategy to enhance successful outcomes in cyanobacterial bloom control measures.
Earthquake source parameters which display first digit phenomenon
Authors: Toledo P. A. , Riquelme S. R. , Campos J. A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We study main parameters of earthquakes from the perspective of the first digit phenomenon: the nonuniform probability of the lower first digit different from zero compared to the higher ones. We found that source parameters like coseismic slip distributions at the fault and coseismic inland displacements show first digit anomaly. We also found the tsunami runups measured after the earthquake to display the phenomenon. Other parameters found to obey first digit anomaly are related to the aftershocks: we show that seismic moment liberation and seismic waiting times also display an anomaly. We explain this finding by invoking a self-organized criticality frame. We show that critically organized automata show the first digit signature and we interpret this as a possible explanation of the behavior of the studied parameters of the Tohoku earthquake.
The RADMED monitoring program: towards an ecosystem approach
Authors: López-Jurado J. L. , Balbín R. , Amengual B. , Aparicio-González A. , Fernández de Puelles M. L. , García-Martínez M. C. , Gazá M. , Jansá J. , Morillas-Kieffer A. , Moyá F. , Santiago R. , Serra M. , Vargas-Yáñez M. , Vicente L.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. In the Western Mediterranean, the IEO-RADMED monitoring program is already conducting many of the evaluations required under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MFSD) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. The different aspects of the ecosystem that are regularly sampled under this monitoring program are the physical environment and the chemical and biological variables of the water column, together with the planktonic communities, biomass and structure. Moreover, determinations of some anthropogenic stressors on the marine environment, as contaminants and microplastics, are under develop. Data are managed and stored at the IEO Data Center that works under the SeaDataNet infrastructure and are also stored under the IBAMar database. In combination with remote sensing data they are used to address open questions on the ecosystem in the Western Mediterranean sea.
Calibration of hydrological models using TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimetry observations
Authors: Sun W. , Song H. , Cheng T. , Yu J.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. This paper describes an approach for calibrating hydrological models using satellite radar altimetric observations of river water level at the basin outlet, aiming at providing a new direction for solving the calibration problem in ungauged basins where streamflow observations are unavailable. The methodology is illustrated by a case study in the Upper Mississippi basin. The water level data are derived from the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite. The Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method is employed for model calibration and uncertainty analysis. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of averaged simulated streamflow by behavioural parameter sets is 64.50%. And the uncertainty bounds of the ensemble simulation embrace about 65% of daily streamflow. These results indicate that the hydrological model has been calibrated effectively. At the same time, comparison with traditional calibration using streamflow data illustrates that the proposed method is only valuable for applications in ungauged basins.
A new empirical model for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of low permeability media
Authors: Qi S. , Wen Z. , Lu C. , Shu L. , Shao J. , Huang Y. , Zhang S. , Huang Y.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Hydraulic conductivity (K) is one of the significant soil characteristics in terms of flow movement and solute transport. It has been recognized that K is statistically related to the grain-size distribution. Numerous models have been developed to reveal the relationship between K and the grain-size distribution of soil, but most of these are inappropriate for fine-grained media. Therefore, a new empirical model for estimating K of low permeability media was proposed in this study. In total, the values of K of 30 soil samples collected in the Jiangning District of Nanjing were measured using the single-ring infiltrometer method. The new model was developed using the percentages of sand, silt and clay-sized particles, and the first and the second rank moment of the grain-size through the moment method as predictor variables. Multivariate nonlinear regression analysis yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.75, indicating that this empirical model seems to provide a new approach for the indirect determination of hydraulic conductivity of low permeability media.
GéoSAS: A modular and interoperable Open Source Spatial Data Infrastructure for research
Authors: Bera R. , Squividant H. , Le Henaff G. , Pichelin P. , Ruiz L. , Launay J. , Vanhouteghem J. , Aurousseau P. , Cudennec C.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. To-date, the commonest way to deal with geographical information and processes still appears to consume local resources, i.e. locally stored data processed on a local desktop or server. The maturity and subsequent growing use of OGC standards to exchange data on the World Wide Web, enhanced in Europe by the INSPIRE Directive, is bound to change the way people (and among them research scientists, especially in environmental sciences) make use of, and manage, spatial data. A clever use of OGC standards can help scientists to better store, share and use data, in particular for modelling. We propose a framework for online processing by making an intensive use of OGC standards. We illustrate it using the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) GéoSAS which is the SDI set up for researchers’ needs in our department. It is based on the existing open source, modular and interoperable Spatial Data Architecture geOrchestra.
Experimental study on the electrical conductivity of quartz andesite at high temperature and high pressure: evidence of grain boundary transport
Authors: Hui K. S. , Zhang H. , Li H. P. , Dai L. D. , Hu H. Y. , Jiang J. J. , Sun W. Q.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. In this study, the grain boundary conductivity of quartz andesite was in situ measured under conditions of 0.5–2.0 GPa and 723–973 K using a YJ-3000t multi-anvil press and Solartron-1260 Impedance/Gain-phase Analyzer. Experimental results indicate that grain interior transport controls the higher frequencies (102–106 Hz), whereas the grain boundary process dominates the lower frequencies (10−1–102 Hz). At a given pressure and temperature range, the relationship between log σ and 1/T conforms to an Arrhenius relation. As temperature increased, both of the grain boundary and grain interior conductivities of quartz andesite increased. Under increasing pressure, however, both of the grain boundary and grain interior conductivities of the sample decreased. By the virtue of the dependence of grain boundary conductivity on pressure, the activation enthalpy and the activation volume were calculated at 0.77–1.03 eV and 5.29 ± 1.94 cm3 mol−1, respectively. Furthermore, the small polaron conduction mechanism between the ferrous and ferric ion is also discussed.
The GAMDAM glacier inventory: a quality-controlled inventory of Asian glaciers
Authors: Nuimura T. , Sakai A. , Taniguchi K. , Nagai H. , Lamsal D. , Tsutaki S. , Kozawa A. , Hoshina Y. , Takenaka S. , Omiya S. , Tsunematsu K. , Tshering P. , Fujita K.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We present a new glacier inventory for high-mountain Asia named "Glacier Area Mapping for Discharge from the Asian Mountains" (GAMDAM). Glacier outlines were delineated manually using 356 Landsat ETM+ scenes in 226 path-row sets from the period 1999–2003, in conjunction with a digital elevation model (DEM) and high-resolution Google EarthTM imagery. Geolocations are largely consistent between the Landsat imagery and DEM due to systematic radiometric and geometric corrections made by the United States Geological Survey. We performed repeated delineation tests and peer review of glacier outlines in order to maintain the consistency and quality of the inventory. Our GAMDAM glacier inventory (GGI) includes 87 084 glaciers covering a total area of 91 263 ± 13 689 km2 throughout high-mountain Asia. In the Hindu Kush–Himalaya range, the total glacier area in our inventory is 93% that of the ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development) inventory. Discrepancies between the two regional data sets are due mainly to the effects of glacier shading. In contrast, our inventory represents significantly less surface area (−24%) than the recent global Randolph Glacier Inventory, version 4.0 (RGI), which includes 119 863 ± 9201 km2 for the entirety of high Asian mountains. Likely causes of this disparity include headwall definition, effects of exclusion of shaded glacier areas, glacier recession since the 1970s, and inclusion of seasonal snow cover in the source data of the RGI, although it is difficult to evaluate such effects quantitatively. Further rigorous peer review of GGI will both improve the quality of glacier inventory in high-mountain Asia and provide new opportunities to study Asian glaciers.
Climate regime of Asian glaciers revealed by GAMDAM glacier inventory
Authors: Sakai A. , Nuimura T. , Fujita K. , Takenaka S. , Nagai H. , Lamsal D.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Among meteorological elements, precipitation has a large spatial variability and less observation, particularly in high-mountain Asia, although precipitation in mountains is an important parameter for hydrological circulation. We estimated precipitation contributing to glacier mass at the median elevation of glaciers, which is presumed to be at equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) such that mass balance is zero at that elevation, by tuning adjustment parameters of precipitation. We also made comparisons between the median elevation of glaciers, including the effect of drifting snow and avalanche, and eliminated those local effects. Then, we could obtain the median elevation of glaciers depending only on climate to estimate glacier surface precipitation. The calculated precipitation contributing to glacier mass can elucidate that glaciers in arid high-mountain Asia receive less precipitation, while much precipitation makes a greater contribution to glacier mass in the Hindu Kush, the Himalayas, and the Hengduan Shan due to not only direct precipitation amount but also avalanche nourishment. We classified glaciers in high-mountain Asia into summer-accumulation type and winter-accumulation type using the summer-accumulation ratio and confirmed that summer-accumulation-type glaciers have a higher sensitivity than winter-accumulation-type glaciers.
Climatic signals from 76 shallow firn cores in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Altnau S. , Schlosser E. , Isaksson E. , Divine D.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The spatial and temporal distribution of surface mass balance (SMB) and δ18O were investigated in the first comprehensive study of a set of 76 firn cores retrieved by various expeditions during the past 3 decades in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The large number of cores was used to calculate stacked records of SMB and δ18O, which considerably increased the signal-to-noise ratio compared to earlier studies and facilitated the detection of climatic signals. Considerable differences between cores from the interior plateau and the coastal cores were found. The δ18O of both the plateau and the ice shelf cores exhibit a slight positive trend over the second half of the 20th century. In the corresponding period, the SMB has a negative trend in the ice shelf cores, but increases on the plateau. Comparison with meteorological data from Neumayer Station revealed that for the ice shelf regions, atmospheric dynamic effects are more important than thermodynamics while on the plateau; the temporal variations of SMB and δ18O occur mostly in parallel, and thus can be explained by thermodynamic effects. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has exhibited a positive trend since the mid-1960s, which is assumed to lead to a cooling of East Antarctica. This is not confirmed by the firn core data in our data set. Changes in the atmospheric circulation that result in a changed seasonal distribution of precipitation/accumulation could partly explain the observed features in the ice shelf cores.
Busca, acesso e disseminação da informação científica de cientistas, cientistas sociais e humanistas
Authors: Lima Leite Fernando César
Published: May 2015

Apresenta resultados de estudo sobre características das atividades de busca, acesso e uso da informação, assim como hábitos de disseminação de pesquisadores de institutos de pesquisa. Do ponto de vista metodológico, é um estudo de abordagem mista que adotou a estratégia de triangulação concomitante. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de questionários, realização de entrevistas e lista de verificação e, em seguida, submetidos à análise estatística e de texto. O universo da pesquisa foi constituído dos pesquisadores vinculados às unidades de pesquisa do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e a base amostral foram os pesquisadores do Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) e do Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins (MAST). Entre outros aspectos, os resultados revelaram que, resguardadas suas diferenças disciplinares, as atividades de busca, acesso e comunicação da informação científica, independentemente da área, ocorrem preponderantemente em ambiente digital; hábitos de comunicação são estimulados por motivações comuns a físicos e a cientistas sociais e humanistas; compartilhar o conhecimento e busca por visibilidade constituem os principais motivos para a disseminação de resultados de pesquisa; físicos estão naturalmente inseridos no contexto do acesso aberto à informação científica.
Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress In Vivo
Authors: Fernandes Daniela Canuto , Alves Aline Medeiros , Castro Gabriela Salim Ferreira , Jordao Junior Alceu Afonso , Naves Maria Margareth Veloso
Published: May 2015

This study evaluated the effect of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) almond, an edible seed native from Brazilian Savanna, and Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K.) on serum lipid profile and hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats fed high-fat diets. Four groups of eight young adult male Wistar rats were treated for nine weeks with one of the following diets: high-fat diets - 0.1% colic acid + 1% cholesterol + 5% lard + 15% of lipid from lard, baru almond or Brazil nut - and reference diet (7% soybean oil). Groups fed with baru almond and Brazil nut showed lower serum contents of total cholesterol and triacylglycerols than those of lard group. Baru almond group also showed higher HDL-c concentration than those of Brazil nut and lard groups, similar to that of reference group. Lipid peroxidation (through total malondialdehyde) was lower and vitamin E content was higher in the livers of the animals treated with baru almond and Brazil nut than those of lard group. These results indicate that the Brazilian native oilseeds, especially baru almond, have great potential for dietary use in dyslipidemia prevention and control.
Unidirectional splitting and uniting of rays in the cambium of Platanus accompanying the formation of interlocked grain in wood
Authors: Krawczyszyn J.
Published: May 2015

Developmental changes in the cambium producing interlocked grain wood of Platanus, were determined by an analysis of successive late xylem layers (TLX) at the borders of the annual rings. Intensive splitting and uniting of rays were observed. These occured by intrusion of fusiform cells into the rays and by loss of the fusiform initials which formed the strands separating the rays, respectively. Uniting of rays was unidirectional within the large areas of cambium (domain), so was the splitting, too. There were domains of Z and S-type. Orientation of splitting and uniting of rays at a particular locality of the cambium was reversed at irregular time intervals. It appears that the reason for these reversals was slow movement of domain pattern. The occurrence of alternating Z and S domains brought about the alternation of the grain inclination from right to left and back again in the interlocked-grained wood.
Doświadczenia nad kiełkowaniem ziaren pyłkowych na zalążkach kilku przedstawicieli z rodziny Caryophyllaceae i Cruciferae w warunkach hodowli in vitro [Pollen grains germination on ovules of some species of the Caryophyllaceae and Cruciferae families in the in vitro culture]
Authors: Guzowska I.
Published: May 2015

The ovules of several species of the Caryophyllaceae and Cruciferae families were pollinated in the in vitro culture. Stigmas of the same species were pollinated in natural conditions. Pollen grains used for pollinating belonged to: 1) the same species; 2) different species of the same family; 3) different species of the Caryophyllaceae and Cruciferae families. The results are illustrated in tables.
Methodical basis for Map of Potential Natural Vegetation of Poland
Authors: Faliński Janusz B.
Published: May 2015

The guiding principles, the method of field record and method of preparation of the map and the legend are discussad. The experienoc concerning the draft sheet just publishad and its expected importance to the science and practice are considered. Differentiation of the vegetation of Poland is presented by the surface method in a final scale l : M, with a later posible mutation to l : 500 000.
Development of new plants from leaves and roots of Atropa belladonna L. in the in vitro culture
Authors: Zenkteler M. A.
Published: May 2015

Isolated leaves, leaf fragments and fragmented roots of Atropa balladanna were grown in vitro in order to study their morphogenetic potentials. In the presence of 'kinetin and IAA, a great number of shoot buds arose from the leaves and roots. In those cases when cut leaves were implanted a callus arose from the leaves which subsequently gave rise to many buds. In the absence of kinetin and IAA buds were not formed. In the presence of IAA only numerous roots arose from the cut ends of the leafe stalk and from .the fragmented root.
A comparison between the effect of gibberellin and 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) on some biochemical processes in bean plants. IV. Effect on the content of the inhibitor of absicisic acid properties
Authors: Michniewicz M. , Galoch E.
Published: May 2015

In shoots and in roots of bean seedlings the inhibitor of ABA-like properties was stated. Its level in shoots was increased by CCC and decreased in roots by GA3 treatment. Both -substances had neither synergistic nor antagonistic or additive effects on the level of LABA-like inhibitor. The effect of GA3 and CCC on the level of inhibitor was independent of the infuence of these substances on the growth processes. It has been concluded that the mode of action of GA and CCC in processes regulating the level of abscisic acid in plants is different for each of these substances.
Organization of the root apical meristem in Linum usitatissimum L. grown at 25°C and 7°C
Authors: Kadej A. , Stobiecka H. , Kadej F.
Published: May 2015

In the first days of intensive growth of the Linum usitatissimum root, the central part of the apical meristem exhibits usually a 4-tier organization. When growth ceases reorganization of the cell arrangement occurs. It starts by periclinal division of the subprotodermal initials, whose derivatives are forming the secondary columella in the central part of the root cap.
The influence of gibberellin on the level of nucleic acids and other phosphate fractions in maize seedlings
Authors: Masłowski P. , Gniot-Sulżycka J. , Rześniowiecka G.
Published: May 2015

Treatment of maize seedes with GA3 increased the content of water, the phosphate acid soluble fraction, the phospholipid fraction and the low molecular weight r-RNA, s-RNA, DNA-RNA fractions in 5-days-old seedlings. On the other hand, the contents of RNA and DNA in such seedlings decreased.
Resin acids as the potential growth-affecting component of pine oleoresin
Authors: Wodzicki T. J. , Grodek Alina B. , Zajączkowska S.
Published: May 2015

The nonvolatile fraction of the oleoresin of Pinus sihestris L. was found to contain substances which inhibit growth of wheat ceoleoptile and oat mesocotyl sections in standard bioassays. The inhibition is mainly confined to the fraction of resin acids. Among the seven authentic resin acids tested, the effects of dehydroabietic and abietic acids were most sifgnificant. Palustric, pimaric and isopimaric acids were not effective in the wheat coleoptile section straight growth test. None of the substances, in the amounts tested, except for extremely high concentration, exerted an inhibitory effect on natural or IAA-induced elongation of pine hypocotyl sections. Neither was an inhibitory effect discovered in the microbiological test with the Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. The results obtained with pine hypocotyl sections, allow the conclusion that resin acids interfering with the results of standard bioassays are probably not effective as inhibitory factors in the regulation of pine tissue growth.
The effects of calcium to magnesium ratio on the increments of dry weight and protein content in tomatoes
Authors: Buczek J. , Leonowicz-Babiak K.
Published: May 2015

A change in the ratio of Ca: Mg ions in the medium or soil from optimum (3:1) to disfavourable values (3:30) causes dwarfing of tomatoes, a decrease of dry weight increment and of protein content. Total-N and protein-N also decrease, whereas the amount of soluble-N increases. It is suggested that the low ratio of Ca:Mg in the medium or soil affects nitrogen metabolism causing a restriction of protein synthesis.
Hamowanie syntezy chlorofilu i RNA w izolowanych liścieniach ogórka przez N-hydroksymocznik [Inhibition of chlorophyll and RNA synthesis by N-hydroxyurea in detached cucumber cotyledons]
Authors: Rennert A. , Knypl J. S.
Published: May 2015

N-hydroxyurea (HU) at the concentration of 5 x 10-4 M decreased the content of chlorophyll in detached cucumber cotyledons; at this concentration it has no inhibitory effect on growth. Benzylaminopurine, gibberelic acid and KCl partially reversed the inhibitory effect of HU on chlorophyll synthesis. HU stimulated yellowing of barley first leaf sections. The compound had little effect on leucine-14C incorporation to protein, and markedly inhibited uracil-14C incorporation in to RNA of the greening cucumber cotyledons. It is suggested that the inhibition of RNA and chlorophyll synthesis in HU-treated cucumber cotyledons follows the HU-dependent inhibition of DNA replication.
General and peculiar features of vascular organization and development in shoots of Bougainvillaea glabra Choisy (Nyctaginaceae)
Authors: Puławska Z.
Published: May 2015

In the present study developmental relations between peripheral meristematic cylinder and vascular bundles of the young parts of the shoots and the relations between these bundles from the young elongating parts and those formed during secondary thickening has been elucidated. The suggestion is advanced that the limited lateral extension of bundles is an important developmental feature of the vascular system of Bougainvillaea glabra Choisy. The organization of the vascular system in thick fast growing sprouts and in the thin slow growing lateral shoots are described. It is shown that the quantitative differences in vascular organization, between both types of shoots are the manifestation of a close morphological harmonistation of the entire shoot, and particularly of its entire vascular system.
An easily operated apparatus to register the amount of the aqueous solution absorbed by a plant root system
Authors: Czerski Jerzy
Published: May 2015

An easily operated apparatus was constructed (figs. 1,2) allowing to register the amount of the aqueous solution absorbed by a planet root system. The device allows for simultaneous registering of the solution absorption by two plants. The recording of a definite volume of the absorbed solution can be controlled within wide limits. Experiments (figs. 3,4) confirmed the efficiency of the apparatus.
Activity and localization of some hydrolytic enzymes during the development of Iris pseudoacorus endosperm
Authors: Gabara B. , Konopska L. , Olszewska M. J.
Published: May 2015

The changes in the activity of some hydrolytic enzymes during the development of Iris pseudoacorus endosperm were investigated using biochemical and cytochemical methods. In the early stages of development the chalazal pole shows a greater enzymatic activity than the micropylar pole. These differences decline as the seeds mature, and the activity of the studied enzymes becomes lower as the endosperm develops. Considerable activity of ß-galactosidase has been observed at the time of deposition of storage hemi-celluloses in the cell walls of the endosperm. Activity of the cytochemically datectable -hydrolases is localised in granules up to 2μ in diameter. Cytochemical observations in the electron microscope indicate that the activity of acid phosphatase is associated with spherosomes.
Dynamics of gibberellin-like substances in the development of buds, newly formed shoots and adventitious roots of willow cuttings(Salix viminalis L.)
Authors: Michniewicz M. , Kriesel K.
Published: May 2015

It was stated that adventitious roots as well as shoots formed from the buds of willow cuttings contained two GA-like substances. One of them was different in roots and in shoots. The amount of Ga-like substance in roots was much higher than in shoots. The level of these substances increased very intensively in roots while in shoots rather slightly and only in the earlier stages of their growth. The results of later experiments and of others presented here shown that adventitious roots of willow cuttings are the sites of gibberellin biosynthesis. Possible explanation of existing of different gibberellins in roots and in shoots is also discussed.
Callus induction and growth of tissue cultures derived from cucumber plant organs of four different sex types
Authors: Maciejewska-Potapczykowa W. , Rennert A. , Milewska E.
Published: May 2015

In order to determine the concentration ranges of IAA and kinetin required for callus induction and subsequent callus growth, stem pieces and floral buds from plants of four various sex types of Cucumis sativus L. were grown in the in vitro culture. Requirements for phytohormones depend upon the kind of organ and the sex line. Tissues of male and monoecious lines were more sensitive to IAA deficiency, whereas male and hermaphrodite ones to kinetin deficiency. This tendency has been observed to occur for nearly 18 months.
Biochemical investigations on endosperm development in Iris pseudoacorus L.
Authors: Konopska L.
Published: May 2015

In the successive development phases the nitrogen and protein fractions were determined and ion exchanger chromatography of globulins was performed on DEAE cellulose in the endosperm of the chalasal and micropylar poles of Iris pseudoacorus seeds. The phosphorus fraction were also analysed and RNA was separated by means of electrophoresis on coloured agar gel. Wide quantitative differences were found in the content of the compounds investigated between the two poles and the successive development phases.
Cyto-embryological studies on Astragalus glycyphyllos L. from the areas of northern and central Poland
Authors: Bijok K. , Adamkiewicz E. , Góral Z.
Published: May 2015

The present paper reports karyolagical investigations on Astragalus glycyphyllos L. from sites in Poland, including development of pollen, embryo sac, process of fecundation, development of embryo and endosperm. These plaints have been examined by various authors, from the karyological aspect, but not from the area of Poland. As regards embryology, this species 'has so far not been studied.
Mutation of florets and inflorescences in Melilotus sp.
Authors: Jaranowski J. K.
Published: May 2015

A mutant of melilot (Melilotus sp.) consisting in the formation of altared florets and inflorescences is analysed and described. The genetic background and inheritance of the changed characters are discussed.
Downward movement of the domain pattern in Aesculus cambium producing wavy-grained xylem
Authors: Pyszyński W.
Published: May 2015

Cambium producing wavy xylem in Aesculus is characterised by a domain structure, that is “right” (Z) and “left” (S) areas of orientation of morphogenic processes occur in it. The domain pattern in the form of transversely running stripes of Z and S type moves down the trunk at a rate of 0.2 mm per year or 0.1 mm per 1 mm of produced xylem. The domain pattern finds its reflection in the wavy arrangement of the xylem cells, and the shift of domains is manifested din the oblique course of the undulations an the radial-split face of the xylem.
The parenchymo-vascular cambium and its derivative tissues in stems and roots of Bougainvillaea glabra Choisy (Nyctaginaceae)
Authors: Puławska Z.
Published: May 2015

In the shoots and roots of Bougainmllaea, the parenchymo-vascular cambium produces thinwalled secondary parenchyma to one side and the secondary vascular bundles embedded in the "conjunctive tissue" to the other. Periclinal division of a single cambial cell in one radial row brings about periclinal divisions of the adjacent cells of the neighbouring rows. Anticlinal division of a single cambial cell at one level, on the other hand, causes anticlinal. divisions of the adjacent cells of the overlying and underlying tiers.
Comparison of the duration of the cell cycle in successive generation of synchronously dividing antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. as measured with 3H thymidine
Authors: Godlewska M. , Olszewska M. J.
Published: May 2015

Duration of the cell cycle in synchronously dividing cells of successive generation of antheridial filaments in Chara vulgaris L. was estimated on-the basis of labeling with 3H thymidine. Duration of the cell cycle is proportional to the volume of cells and with their decreasing in the consequence1 of consecutive divisions, the cell cycle becomes shorter. In the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-cell generations the length of the S period remains constant, so the duration of the G2 period is gradually reduced.
Heterogeneity of the acid phosphatase and ribonuclease from protocorms of the orchids Cymbidium Sw. and changes occurring after treatment with streptomycin
Authors: Morawiecka B. , Kubicz A. , Kukułczanka K. , Koch A. , Markefka E.
Published: May 2015

The molecular forms of the acid phosphatase and RNase in protocorms of Cymbidium Sw. were studied by disc electrophoresis. The effect of streptomycin added to the culture medium on both enzymes was investigated. Significant changes in enzyme activity and electrophoretic patterns occured after addition of streptomycin at the beginning of culture growth. This indicates that the enzymes are affected by streptomycin in early stages of development of the protocorms.
Results of research on pollen fall-out in the atmospheric ground layer
Authors: Tyczyńska Stefania
Published: May 2015

The paper covers results of observations on the distribution of tree and herbaseous plants' pollen in the lower atmospheric layer at various heights in the three-year period 1966-1968. On the basis of the material obtained a calendar of pollen appearance was prepared.
Ultrastructure of the elementary fibril in extended and condensed chromatin and in metaphase chromosomes
Authors: Olszewska M. J.
Published: May 2015

The chromatin Ultrastructure of nuclei in ultrathin sections of root meristem in Cucurbita pepo - the species poor in DNA, and in Haemanthus katharinae - rich in DNA was compared. Four combinations of fixation and embedding were used: 1) OsO4 (pH 7.2), methacrylates; 2) OsO4 (pH 7.2), Epon; 3) OsO4 (pH 6.8), Epon; 4) glutaraldehyde (pH 7.2-7.4) with OsO4 postfixation, Epon embedding. Most suitable was OsO4 fixation (pH 7.2) and embedding in Epon because of the smallest dispersion of dimensions of chromatin fibrils and good visibility of their substructure. Fibrils of condensed chromatin, components of chromocenters (heterochromatin) in Cucurbita pepo, bands of chromonemata visible in the light microscope and metaphase chromosomes in Haemanthus katharinae showed a diameter of about 11.5 nm after OsO4 fixation, or 14-19 nm after glutaraldehyde. Fibrils of extended chromatin (euchromatin) in Cucurbita pepo are thinner, their diameter is about 10 nm after OsO4 fixation and Epon embedding, and about 14.5 nm after glutaraldehyde. There are no visible differences in the width of elementary fibrils after OsO4 fixation and embedding in methacrylates. In both species the fibrils of extended chromatin are built up of one coiled deoxyribonucleohistone (DNH) thread about 2.3 nm in diameter, while the fibrils of condensed chromatin consist of two DNH threads, each about 3 nm in diameter. The diameter of DNH threads is determined neither by the fixative nor by the way of embedding; they are less visible in the material embedded in methacrylates. The results obtained show that the structure of chromatin fibrils depends on the kind of chromatin, but not on DNA content. In Haemanthus katharinae, the species rich in DNA, the greater amount of chromatin appears in condensed form.
Double fertilization in Helianthus
Authors: Telżyńska J. , Telżyński H.
Published: May 2015

After controlled pollination of Helianthus annuus L. florets, the whole course of fertilization is described and documented on 24 microphotos. The timing of events is evaluated. The average cell cycle in the proembryo is 2 hours and the nuclear cycle in endosperm - 60 minutes.Plasmoptysis is suggested as the mechanism of pollen tube opening in the synergid. The structure of the thread-like sperm nucleus is interpreted as an end to end union of chromosomes, and the morphological changes of the sperm nuclei are explained as folding and coiling, based on a spiralization mechanism of chromosomes. Cytochemical observations indicating ribosome formation in the course of the nuclear cycles in the endosperm are described. The mechanisms accelerating nuclear cycles in the endosperm are discussed.
Variability of the Polish species of the genus Riccardia (Hepaticae, Aneuraceae). I. Herbarium material
Authors: Mendelak M.
Published: May 2015

Population samples of three species: Riccardia palmata, R. latifrons and R. chamedryfolia from 184 stations were biometrically examined. The high intraspecific variability and the existence of intermediate forms were confirmed.
Investigations into rhizosphere microflora. VII. Effect of seed bacterization on root region microflora
Authors: Srivastava V. B. , Mishra R. R.
Published: May 2015

The effects of bacterization of Triticum aestivum L. and Hordeum vulgare L,, with Azotobacter chroococcum was studied. The changes in the bacterial population during vegetative period are described. Also the positive effect of bacterization of seeds on growth and health of the plants was observed.
The action spectrum in chloroplast translocation in multilayer leaf cells
Authors: Lechowski Zbigniew
Published: May 2015

By measurement of light transmittance through a leaf as criterion of chloroplast translocation, the action spectrum of Ajuga reptans was established. In the spectrum obtained, a correction was introduced for leaf autoabsorption calculated on the basis of the Beer-Lambert law. The action spectrum has two maxima: at λ= 375 nm and λ= 481 nm. The range above 502 nm has no significant effect on chloroplast translocation. Comparison with other objects examined demonstrated that in multilayer leaf cells riboflavin seems also to be a photoreceptor active in this process.
Anatomical studies on the development of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng wood
Authors: Hejnowicz Alina
Published: May 2015

Variability of anatomical characters within a 15 year old stem is presented by the method of contour lines, where against a schematic longitudinal section of a stem points corresponding to the same values for a character are joined by lines, similarly as altitudes in cartography. The method permits prediction of future trends in character changes. It was thus established that tracheid dimensions and diameter of bordered pits in early wood tracheids increase with age of tree and do not reach maximal values before the 15th year. The annual ring width and the height of the rays attain maximal values before the 15th year while the dimensions of ray cells and the percentage of late wood reach almost constant values during the first year or two.
Gas exchange and organic matter production of Scots pine (Pinus sihestris L.) seedlings grown in water culture with ammonium or nitrate form of nitrogen
Authors: Zajączkowska J.
Published: May 2015

he reaction of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) seedlings to ammonium and nitrate form of nitrogen was investigated. Rates of photosynthesis and respiration, content of chlorophylls, and accumulation of organic substance were determined in 12 and 18 weeks old plants. The results have shown, that the forms of nitrogen does affect the amount of accumulated organic substance as well as its distribution in particular organs.
Physiological and biochemical effects of morphactin IT 3233 on callus and tumour tissues of Nicotiana tabacum L. cultured in vitro. II. Protein synthesis and respiratory activity
Authors: Chirek Z.
Published: May 2015

It was found that the inhibition of callus tissue growth in Nicotiana tabacum L. cultured in vitro by the application of morphactin IT 3233 is associated with a rise of the protein level in spite of a 50 per cent depression of its synthesis. Respiratory activity of these tissues is also lowered. Tumour tissues, on the other hand, show only light changes in the parameters studied. It would seem that morphactin depresses a metabolic activity in the callus tissues, and probably causes deposition of a, large quantity of metabolically inactive proteins.