bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of beverage policy in childcare in California (632.2)
Authors: Ritchie Lorrene , Sharma Sushma , Gildengorin Ginny , Yoshida Sallie , Braff‐Guajardo Ellen , Crawford Patricia
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The 2012 California Healthy Beverages in Childcare law was designed to improve beverages in all licensed childcare in the state.This study's aim was to evalute the impact of the law on beverages served to 2‐5 year old children in childcare. We hypothesized that beverages would improve as measured by more sites making drinking water available and serving only low/nonfat milk, and fewer sites serving sugary drinks and serving 100% juice more than once daily. Methods: We randomly selected licensed childcare sites from official state registers and administered surveys to independent cross‐sectional samples in 2008 and 2012. Responses (~400 per survey) were compared using chi‐square, logistic regression, or analysis of variance. Results: We found significant improvement after vs. before the law: more sites made water available indoors for self‐serve (77% vs 69%, p=.032) and served water with meals/snacks (47% vs 28%, p=.008); fewer sites served 100% juice more than once daily (20% vs 27%, p=.038) and served whole milk (9% vs 22%, p=.006). In 2012, 60% of sites were aware of a beverage law and 23% were fully compliant. Conclusions: This study is the first to show a positive impact on beverages served in childcare after the introduction of healthy beverage policy. Additional efforts are needed, however, to promote beverage policy and encourage greater compliance.

Grant Funding Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Effects of the 2102 USDA meal pattern requirements on the service of beans & peas (pulse crops) in school lunch programs (632.5)
Authors: Rueda Janice
Published: June 2021

Beginning with the 2012‐13 school year, the USDA instituted new meal pattern requirements for districts participating in the National School Lunch Program. One new requirement was the service of at least one 0.5 cup serving of “beans and peas” (pulse crops) per week. Pulse crops, which include dry beans, dry peas, lentils and chickpeas, are excellent sources of dietary fiber and rich in protein, micronutrients and phytochemicals. Despite their low cost and healthful attributes, pulse crops are not widely used in school meal programs. While it was expected that the new requirement would increase the service of pulse crops by NSLP‐participating districts, this has not been the case. Here, an analysis of procurement data from school year 2011‐2012 (pre‐) and 2012‐2013 (post‐implementation) from school districts of different sizes (>40,000, 20‐39,999 and <20,000 students) and regions of the country (midwest and west) will be presented that illustrate the changes in service of pulse crops resulting from implementation of the new meal requirements.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the American Pulse Association
The pulse school food pilot initiative: using pulse crops to increase nutrition and economics in school food service (632.6)
Authors: Rueda Janice
Published: June 2021

Pulse crops, which include dry beans, dry peas, lentils and chickpeas, are nutrient dense foods rich in fiber, protein, iron, potassium and phytonutrients. Consumption of pulses is associated with increased satiety and reduced risk of chronic diseases, yet these low‐cost foods are not widely consumed among school‐aged children. Racial and socio‐economic disparities exist in obesity prevalence among children. Further, school districts with higher proportions of students eligible for free or reduced priced meals as part of the USDA National School Lunch Program are more likely to use “heat & serve ready” foods rather than scratch cooking in an effort to reduce program costs. The Pulse School Food Pilot Initiative, included in the Nutrition Title of the Farm Bill, aims to provide pulse‐based foods to school districts with highest proportions of students eligible for free or reduced priced meals. It also aims to evaluate both students' acceptability of the foods as well as the changes in nutritional profiles of meals when pulses are included. A description of the program and proposed implementation details will be presented.
When a dietary supplement product name says “energy”, what’s in the bottle? (634.1)
Authors: Saldanha L , Dwyer J , Bailen R , Andrews K , Bailey R , Betz J , Burt V , Chang F , Costello R , Emenaker N , Gahche J , Harnly J , Hardy C , Pehrsson P
Published: June 2021

Caffeine in energy products is currently a focus of concern. However, not all energy products are caffeinated.

Objective: To profile dietary ingredients (DI) in DS sold as energy products.

Methods: We used the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) to identify DS with “energy” in the product name and compile their composition. We categorized the DI using the LanguaL® DS Thesaurus.

Results: 157 DS in DSLD had “energy” in the product name; 126 in non‐liquid (mainly pills) and 31 in liquid (serving size >1 fl oz) form. Of the non‐liquid forms 52 of 126 (41%) declared caffeine on the label and 43 of 52 (83%) provided the amount of caffeine. Of the liquid forms 30 of the 31 (97%) and 9 of the 30 (30%) respectively did so. The table below provides the % content of other DI of interest in energy products surveyed.

Vitamins
Botanicals
L‐Carnitine
Glucuronolactone/Glucuronic Acid
Taurine

Non‐liquid
62%
86
16
0
13

Liquid
81
42
10
55
65

Conclusions: Few products report amounts of non‐Daily Value (DV) nutrients on the label, e.g., taurine, glucuronolactone (or glucuronic acid), and L‐carnitine. Labeling amounts of these DI is optional if a component of a blend. Thus, estimating exposure to these DI from the label information is not possible. Specialized databases for non‐DV, DI of interest are needed from manufacturers, publications and/or analyzed data.

Grant Funding Source: Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH
The accuracy of reported caffeine content in energy drinks and energy shots (634.5)
Authors: Attipoe Selasi , Singley Patrick , Deuster Patricia
Published: June 2021

Background: The use of energy beverages is increasing in the general population and among military personnel. Although energy beverages contain a variety of ingredients, the main active ingredient is typically caffeine. Previous studies have reported discrepancies in the caffeine content of energy drink and dietary supplement labels and the actual amount of caffeine in the products. The possibility for intoxication/overdose is a concern if the caffeine content indicated on energy beverage labels deviates significantly from what the beverage actually contains.

Objective: Examine the accuracy of caffeine content listed on the labels of various energy drinks and energy shots.

Methods: Nine top‐selling energy drinks and five energy shots were chosen by using information from various sources. Three of each the 14 products were purchased and analyzed by an independent laboratory for caffeine content. Values from the laboratory reports were compared to the caffeine amount listed on the label.

Results: Of the 14 products tested, three listed caffeine as ingredient but did not quantify it on their facts panel and two listed caffeine as part of a proprietary blend. The remaining nine products had caffeine amounts within 15% of amount indicated on the label, except one product, which was significantly lower.

Conclusion: Although the caffeine content in the energy drinks and shots examined in this study were not accurately reflected on the labels, 64% were within acceptable ranges.

Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by the Center Alliance for Dietary Supplement Research, NB91FD.
Fiber supplementation influences the phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the adult human intestinal microbiome (637.1)
Authors: Holscher Hannah , Caporaso J. , Brulc Jennifer , Swanson Kelly
Published: June 2021

The impact of diet on the composition and functional capacity of the human gastrointestinal microbiome remains under‐investigated. We aimed to determine the impact of polydextrose (PDX) and soluble corn fiber (SCF) on the fecal microbiome using shotgun sequencing. Healthy adult males (n=21) were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial. Subjects consumed 3 treatments (snack bars) containing either no supplemental fiber (NFC), PDX (21 g/d), or SCF (21 g/d) for 21 days. Three fecal samples were collected on days 16‐21 of each period; DNA was extracted, followed by shotgun 454 pyrosequencing and analysis using QIIME. UniFrac‐based PCoA demonstrated shifts in the phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the microbiome of subjects consuming fibers compared to controls. Consumption of PDX and SCF resulted in significant (p<0.001) changes in microbial populations at several taxonomic levels, including a shift in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Functional categories affected by fiber supplementation were associated with carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism; metabolism of cofactors and vitamins; mineral and organic ion transport systems; and DNA metabolism. These novel findings demonstrate that fiber supplementation impacts both the phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the fecal microbiome in adult humans.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN
Breastfeeding, infant gut microbiota, and early childhood overweight (637.4)
Authors: Azad Meghan , Konya Theodore , Guttman David , Field Catherine , Sears Malcolm , Becker Allan , Scott James , Kozyrskyj Anita
Published: June 2021

RATIONALE: Breastfeeding may be protective against obesity, but existing evidence is inconsistent. The gut microbiota, which itself is shaped by breastfeeding and other early‐life exposures, may also contribute to the development of obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding is protective against early childhood overweight, and to explore related associations with the gut microbiota.

METHODS: The study involved 346 full term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) national birth cohort. Mothers reported breastfeeding by standardized questionnaire, and child overweight was defined by weight‐for‐length z‐score (WFLz) according to World Health Organization standards. In a subset of 158 infants, the gut microbiota was characterized by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples collected at 3 months.

RESULTS: Breastfeeding rates (any breastfeeding) were 81%, 73%, and 46% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. By 12 months, 16% of children were at risk for overweight (> 85th percentile WFLz). After adjusting for birth mode and maternal overweight, breastfeeding >6 months was associated with a significantly lower risk of child overweight (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.18‐0.68). Gut microbiota composition and diversity were strongly influenced by breastfeeding (p<0.01 by permutational multivariate ANOVA), and were also associated with child overweight: breastfeeding promoted lower diversity and decreased abundance of Clostridiales (both p<0.01), characteristics which subsequently predicted a reduced risk of overweight (both p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that breastfeeding beyond 6 months protects against early childhood overweight, possibly by modifying the gut microbiota. These findings are relevant to infant nutrition‐based obesity prevention strategies. Future research will incorporate extended microbiota analyses, detailed nutrition assessments, and longitudinal measures of obesity throughout childhood.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Candian Institutes of Health Research and AllerGen NCE.
Intestinal microbiota of preterm infants differ between sites and over time: a comparison of two large neonatal intensive care units (637.8)
Authors: Taft Diana , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Schibler Kurt , Yu Zhuoteng , Newburg David , Ward Doyle , Morrow Ardythe
Published: June 2021

Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) differ in their rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis. Intestinal microbiota are implicated in these diseases, but the microbiota of different NICUs have not been compared. To address this, we included 90 infants <29 weeks gestational age with stool samples collected during week 2 of life who survived free of NEC and sepsis. Infants were enrolled at either Good Samaritan Hospital (GSH) in Cincinnati or University of Alabama Birmingham Medical Center (UAB) in 2010‐2011. The 16s rRNA gene in DNA from stool samples was sequenced with universal primers by Illumina MiSeq. Resulting operational taxonomic unit tables were analyzed for differences between hospitals by year and delivery mode using linear discriminant analysis effect size algorithm (p<0.05). A major shift occurred in the microbiota of UAB infants between 2010 and 2011 with a significant increase in Firmicutes in 2011 ‐ coinciding with a hospital move. At GSH, only minor shifts in microbiota occurred by year. Microbiota differed between the NICUs, with significantly more phylum Bacteroidetes present at UAB in 2011; other differences depended upon delivery mode and year. We conclude that colonizing microbiota differ by NICU and over time. Multi‐site, longitudinal studies of preterm microbiota are needed to assess the impact of intestinal microbiota on conditions affecting preterm infants.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIAID contract no. HHSN272200900018C; NICHD R01 HD059140; and NIEHS T32 ES010957
Characterization of the Loucy cell line as a model for human peripheral γδ T cells (638.5)
Authors: Dai Xiaoshuang , Stanilka Joy , Percival Susan
Published: June 2021

As unique innate‐like lymphocytes, γδ T cells make up a small proportion of circulating T cells. Up to now, there is no widely accepted cell line model for human γδ T cell. Our aim was to investigate whether Loucy cell line shares similarities with γδ T cells derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). First, 95% of Loucy cells express the unique γδ T cell receptor (TCR). Second, most Loucy cells were double negative for CD4 and CD8, like most peripheral γδ T cells. Third, Loucy cells express TLR2, like peripheral γδ T cells. At the functional level, Loucy cells proliferated in response to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a known phosphoantigen for γδ T cell proliferation. Activated Loucy cells express CD69 on cell surface, similar to γδ T cells in activated mixed PBMC cultures. Unlike peripheral γδ T cells, Loucy cell did not express NKG2D. TCR Vδ gene usage in Loucy cells is mainly Vδ3 and to a lesser extent Vδ1, while Vδ2Vγ9 T cells dominate in blood. In addition, 95% of Loucy cells were CD45RO+ (memory), whereas γδ T cells in PBMC were 45% CD45RO+ and 52% CD45RA+ (naive). The only cytokine detected from PHA‐L‐stimulated Loucy cells was TGF‐β, whereas peripheral γδ T cells produce many more cytokines. These results suggest that Loucy cells have many characteristics similar to γδ T cells in PBMC, and this cell line, for some aspects of γδ T cell function, may be useful as an in vitro model for human γδ T cells.

Grant Funding Source: Funded in part by UF AES
Intestinal parasite infection may not be associated with body fat and obesity in school‐age Mexican children: interim analysis results (639.12)
Authors: Zavala Gerardo , García Olga , Campos Ponce Maiza , Caamaño María , Ronquillo Dolores , Martínez Guadalupe , Rosado Jorge
Published: June 2021

Intestinal parasites, virus and bacterial infections have shown to be positively associated with obesity and adiposity in vitro and in animal models, but conclusive evidence of this relationship in humans is lacking. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to determine if intestinal parasites influence adiposity and obesity in a population that have a high prevalence of both parasitic infection and obesity. Until now, a total of 101 school‐age children (8 ± 1.5 years) of a total of 300 children from a rural area in Querétaro, Mexico, have been evaluated. Anthropometry (weight, height, waist circumference) and body composition by DXA were measured in all children. A stool sample was analyzed by kato katz. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 17.5% and 11.7%, respectively. Protozoa infection was present in 45.7% of the children and 11.2% were infected with helminthes: 9.1% with Ascaris lumbricoides, 1.5% with Hookworm, 1.5% with Hymenolepis nana. Preliminary analysis show no relationship between intestinal parasites and body fat percent, body fat content or BMI‐for‐age in this population.
Cocaine use increases oxidative stress (mitochondria‐specific 8‐oxo‐hydroxy‐guanosine (8‐oxo‐dg) and oxidized glutathione) in HIV infection: mechanism of hepatic fibrogenesis (639.9)
Authors: Campa Adriana , Sherman Kenneth , Greer Pedro , Stewart Tiffanie , Martinez Sabrina , Fleetwood Christina , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Dizon Kimberly , Li Yinghui , Baum Marianna
Published: June 2021

Objective: Cocaine is hepatotoxic in animal models. We examined the effect of cocaine on oxidative stress as one of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis.

Methods: With consent we followed 266 HIV+ adults from the MASH cohort for one year using urine toxicology, questionnaires on cocaine and alcohol use. Fib‐4, CD4 cell count, viral load, mitochondrial 8‐oxo‐DG and glutathione were obtained.

Results: Cocaine was used by 29% of the cohort and 85.2% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Mean age was 47.2 years, 64% were male, and 70.3% African American. Cocaine users had lower ART use (78% vs. 88%, P=0.05), higher viral load (2.76±1.28 vs.2.38±1.1 log10 copies/mL, P=0.0196) and lower BMI (26.4±5.6 vs. 28±5.1 kg/m2, P=0.026) than non‐users. Over one year, using Mixed Models, cocaine users had faster liver fibrosis progression using FIB‐4 (OR=2.52, 95%CI 1.15, 5.54, P=0.021), increased 8‐oxo‐DG (β=0.051, SE=0.02, P=0.047) and oxidized glutathione (β=2.18, SE=1.08, P=0.044), adjusting for gender, age, ART, CD4 count, BMI and alcohol.

Conclusions: Cocaine use increases oxidative stress independent of alcohol, ART and CD4 count, linking cocaine use with the mechanisms for liver fibrosis.

Funded by: NIDA and NIAAA
Type of snack influences body composition and glycemia in overweight humans (640.1)
Authors: Clayton Zachary , Fusco Elizabeth , Kass Lisa , Carpenter Jennifer , Hooshmand Shirin , Hong Mee Young , Kern Mark
Published: June 2021

The effect of different snack foods on fat mass/distribution, glucose and insulin were assessed. Thirty‐five adult men and women (age: 36.5 + 11.4, BMI: 32.8 + 7.1 kg/m2) consumed a whole food (dried plums) or refined (low‐fat muffins) snack twice daily for eight weeks. Test foods provided 100 kcal per feeding and were similar in macronutrients but differed in fiber and other food constituents. Body composition and fat distribution were assessed at zero and eight weeks via bioelectrical impedance analysis, air displacement plethysmography, and dual x‐ray absorptiometry, which were used to estimate total fat mass via a four‐compartment model. Blood was collected at baseline and eight weeks and analyzed for glucose and insulin. Fat mass and android:gynoid fat distribution tended to be lower in the dried plum intervention, (p=.06 and.08, respectively), while no effects on total body weight were detected. Glucose was elevated (p<.05) during the muffin trial with no difference observed for the dried plum trial. No difference was observed for fasting insulin within or between groups. Results demonstrate that dried plums may be advantageous at promoting positive alterations in body composition and glycemia.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the California Dried Plum Board
Effect of exercise on body composition and cholesterol in adult Nigerian females (640.11)
Authors: Onimawo Ignatius , Ekwe Cordelia
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The emergence of obesity and overweight is becoming a problem of great concerns particularly among women knowing that non‐communicable diseases have been linked to these conditions.

Objectives: The study was designed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on body composition and cholesterol.

Methods: Subjects were selected on voluntary basis and only those who were either obese or overweight were selected. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ambrose Alli University Ethical Committee on human studies. There were three groups in the cross ‐sectional study namely the exercising group (Tc), twice exercising group (Tt) and non exercising groups (C). On the whole 21 (twenty one) participated in the Tc and Tt, while 46 (forty six) participated in the non‐exercising group (C). The three studies took place simultaneously and cover a period of 2 (two) months. The first study was on body composition and body cholesterol. Anthropometric method was employed alongside the measurement of skin fold thickness. Skin fold thickness was measured at triceps, biceps, sub scapular, abdominal and supraillac sites. Waist hip measurement, body weight and height were also measured.

Results: Exercise during the period did not significantly reduce the body weight of the subjects but body fat decreased. When compared with the C group the Tc and Tt groups had reductions in LDL cholesterol due to the aerobic exercise they were involved in. The triglycerides levels were not reduced by exercise but rather showed significant increases (81.44+47.6mg/dl vs 97.52+92mg/dl for Tc and 98.38+43mg/dl for Tt). Also exercise contributed significantly to increase in HDL cholesterol particularly for the Tt group compared to C‐group (which is the control group).

Conclusion: The results of this study reaffirm that regular exercise is beneficial to the reduction of LDL thus improve health.
A study of the impact of pre‐pregnancy body mass index and dietary intakes during pregnancy on gestational weight gain (640.4)
Authors: Park Eunyoung , Ha Gyungho , Joung Hyojee
Published: June 2021

Pre‐pregnancy Body Mass Index(ppBMI) and dietary intakes have been reported as major determinants for gestational weight gain(GWG), however the associations were not elucidated among Korean pregnant women. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of ppBMI and dietary intakes during pregnancy on GWG. The 260 pregnant women with singleton were recruited from the woman's hospital from 2009 to 2011. The subjects were classified as three groups: underweight group(ppUW, BMI<18.5), normal weight group(ppNW, 18.5≦BMI<25) and overweight group(ppOW, BMI≧25). Mean GWG of ppUW, ppNW, and ppOW was 30.6±2.8kg, 32.0±3.3kg, and 32.8±4.1kg, respectively. As a results of this study, GWG was negatively associated with ppBMI (β=‐0.2744, p=0.0015), and positively associated with gestational age (β=0.6730, p=0.0015), as well as iron(β=3.3544, p=0.0198) and carbohydrate intake(β=3.3227, p=0.0262). This indicates that the ppBMI and dietary intakes especially iron and carbohydrate might be major determinants of GWG among Korean pregnant women.
Effects of a popular 2‐week weight‐loss program on body weight and waist circumference: a meta‐analysis of intervention trials (640.7)
Authors: Miller Paige , Perez Vanessa
Published: June 2021

Relatively faster initial weight loss may improve long‐term weight reduction and maintenance by enhancing participant motivation, thus adherence to a longer‐term plan and overall healthier lifestyle. The objective of this meta‐analysis was to examine the effects of a popular, short‐term, kick‐start program on body weight and waist circumference in ten trials conducted across seven countries. This portion‐controlled, 2‐week program recommends replacement of two meals per day with ready‐to‐eat cereal or waffles, incorporation of portion‐controlled snacks, fruits, or vegetables into snacking occasions, and consumption of one sensible meal per day to help participants either begin a weight loss program or attain short‐term weight loss for their ongoing weight maintenance efforts. Random effects meta‐analyses found that body weight and waist circumference were statistically significantly decreased in the within‐group analyses (differences from baseline to trial end) and the between‐group analyses (intervention vs. control, where applicable). Overall, successful short‐term weight loss was achieved, showing that a simple and convenient program that restricts energy intake with calorie‐controlled meals and snacks can result in reduced total daily calorie intake over the course of participation.
High blood pressure in overweight and obese adolescents (641.18)
Authors: Koebnick Corinna , Black Mary Helen , Wu Jun , Martinez Mayra , Smith Ning , Kuizon Beatriz , Cuan David , Young Deborah , Lawrence Jean , Jacobsen Steven
Published: June 2021

General screening for high blood pressure in asymptomatic adolescents remains controversial. A reasonable strategy is to screen those who are high risk. The present study aimed to identify optimal body mass index (BMI) thresholds as a marker for high‐risk youth to predict hypertension prevalence. In a cross‐sectional study, adolescents aged 12‐17 years (n=139,073) enrolled in an integrated prepaid health plan in 2007‐2009 were classified according to their BMI and hypertension status. BMI and blood pressure were obtained from electronic medical records. In overweight, and moderately and extremely obese adolescents, the prevalence of hypertension was 2.1%, 4.1% and 9.6%, respectively, compared to 0.8% in normal weight adolescents. The prevalence ratios (95% CIs) of hypertension adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity for normal weight, overweight, moderate obesity and extreme obesity were 1.00 (Reference), 2.68 (2.39‐3.00), 5.29(4.76‐5.87), and 12.44 (11.27‐13.74), respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was best predicted by a BMI‐for‐age 蠅94th percentile. Our results suggest that a rational approach to screening might be to target overweight and obese adolescents.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH‐NIDDK
Metabolic syndrome parameters and hypercholesterolemia are correlated with elevated liver enzymes (641.19)
Authors: Missimer Amanda , Ebron Kolin , Chun Ock , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

Twenty‐seven individuals (8 men and 21 women) aged 40‐75 years with metabolic syndrome (MetS) were recruited to evaluate whether plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), markers of liver function would be elevated in this population and whether these enzymes could be associated with specific parameters of MetS. The mean values for this population were within normal ranges for both enzymes: ALT, 28.5 ± 11.3 U/L and AST, 30.6 ± 10.1 U/L, respectively. However, 7 individuals presented AST concentrations > 35 U/L, the reference value. In addition to having MetS, 19 volunteers had plasma LDL Cholesterol (LDL‐C)>120 mg/dL. Strong positive correlations were found between liver enzymes and LDL‐C (ALT: r = 0.627 and AST: r = 0.657, P< 0.001). All individuals in the highest tertile for AST were also characterized by having 3 distinct parameters of MetS: high fasting glucose, increased blood pressure and high waist circumference. These preliminary results suggest that individuals having high LDL‐C and MetS characteristics associated with central adiposity, hyperglycemia and hypertension may be at risk for liver dysfunction.
Relationship between waist‐height index and body adiposity index with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with obesity (641.5)
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Alvarez‐Roman Yussani , Fonseca‐Reyes Salvador , Stein Katja , Troyo‐Sanroman Rogelio , Aguirre‐Salas Liuba
Published: June 2021

Objective. To evaluate the association of waist‐height index (WHI) and the body adiposity index (BAI) with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in children and adolescents with obesity. Methods. Cross‐sectional study in 40 subjects with obesity (BMI 蠅 2.0 SD). Body weight, height, waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC), blood pressure, serum glucose and insulin (HOMA), total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerideswere measured. WHI (WC/ height) and BAI (HC/height1.5 ‐18) were calculated. Body composition was assessed by DEXA. Simple correlation between CVRF and anthropometric measures were performed. Mean values of biochemical and anthropometric variables were compared between subjects with WHI> vs <0.6 with the Student t test. The protocol was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee.

Results. Mean age 11.8 ± 1.8 years. Mean values of BMI (2.95 ± 0.8 SD), WHI (0.63 ± 0.07) and BAI (35.8 ± 5.7%). The WHI showed positive and better correlation than BAI with the percentage of body fat by DEXA (r = 0.81 vs 0.75; P <0.001) and abdominal fat (r = 0.79 vs 0.54; P <0.001). Mean values of insulin, HOMA, weight, WC, HC and BMI were higher in subjects with WHI> 0.6 (p <0.05); whereas HDL was borderline (p = 0.06).Conclusions. In children and adolescents with obesity the WHI is better than the BAI to identify subjects with abdominal adiposity and CVRF; the WHI cutoff of 0.6 is suitable to identify subjects with cardiovascular risk.
The resolution of elevated liver enzymes with elimination of sugar‐sweetened beverages independent of weight loss (641.6)
Authors: Khandalavala Birgit , Nirmalraj Maya , Geske Jenenne
Published: June 2021

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly prevalent and detected in 70% of metabolic syndrome patients. Consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) contributes to increased ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. A similar association with a worldwide increase of diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease is reported.

SSB contribute to low satiety resulting in increased energy intake. They are a primary source of added sugar consumption globally. Regular soft drinks cause fat to collect in the liver increasing lipogenesis, and diet soft drinks have the potential to raise insulin resistance and inflammation.

A retrospective case series of 17 patients from a suburban primary care clinic setting was conducted. During routine examinations, weight and BMI were recorded of patients who had metabolic syndrome with elevated liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). All patients were noted to be consuming varying amounts of SSB and were specifically instructed to abstain completely. Follow up was scheduled within the month and varied between 1 and 5 months. Reversal of elevated liver enzymes was recorded even in 7 patients without weight loss (Figure 1).

Targeting SSB consumption is highly effective and needs to be a priority not only in the clinical setting but as a global health initiative.

Figure 1

Descriptive Statistics

N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation

weight_loss
17
‐20.0
4.0
‐5.588
6.5078

BMI
17
25.0
51.0
35.471
7.4843

Age
17
28.0
63.0
44.588
11.2698

time
17
1.0
5.0
1.971
1.1246

ChangeAST
17
‐67.0
‐3.0
‐20.000
17.6918

ChangeALT
17
‐163.0
7.0
‐31.647
37.7524

Valid N (listwise)
17

WtLossCat

Frequency
Percent

Valid
No Change in Weight
6
35.3

Lost Weight
10
58.8

Gained Weight
1
5.9

Total
17
100.0
Association between ABCA1 R230C polymorphism and biochemical parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome (641.7)
Authors: Castaño‐Jameson Marisol , Guevara Martha , Flores Adriana , Medina Isabel , Ayala Brenda , Aguilar Miriam , Orozco Ximena , Jimenez Edith , Vazquez Natalia , Vazquez Natalia , Ordaz Guillermo , Tovar Armando , Torres Nimbe
Published: June 2021

It has been demonstrated that almost 20% of the Mexican population has the presence ABCA1 R230C polymorphism that is associated with obesity and low HDL concentration. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of the R230C polymorphism in the ABCA1 gene and the biochemical parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome. We studied 700 Mexican subjects (139 men, 561 women). The number of participants with MS was 270, from this 60 subjects (22%) had the R230 C polymorphism. Interestingly, subjects with MS and the R230C showed lower serum HDL‐C concentration than tthose with the R230R (p>0.0001). Thus, the presence of this polymorphism increase the susceptibility to have low HDL cholesterol, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Medix (to NT) and , CONACYT 181685 (to MG)
Quercetin‐rich onion peel extract of anti‐obesity in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet (642.11)
Authors: Bae Cho‐Rong , Moon Yeon‐jeong , Jung Kevin , Oh Suk‐Heung , Cha Youn‐Soo
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the antiobesity effects of quercetin‐rich onion peel extract in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice aged 4 weeks were divided into 6 groups; ND (normal diet control), HD (high fat diet control 60% fat kcal), OPE‐L (High fat diet & Low dose Quercetin‐rich Onion peel extract), OPE‐H (High fat diet & High dose Quercetin‐rich Onion peel extract), QL (High fat diet & Low dose Quercetin), QH (High fat diet & High dose Quercetin). The amount of quercetin used in QL dose and QH dose was equivalent to the quercetin content in OPE‐L and OPE‐H doses respectively. The experiment was carried out for 14 weeks. The OPE‐L and OPE‐H groups has significantly decreased body weight gain, epididymal fat pad and gastrointestinal fat pad weights and liver TG, TC levels compared to the HD group, QL and QH groups. These results were supported by real time PCR analysis for mRNA expression of enzymes (SREBP‐1, PPARγ, PPARα, ACC, CPT1) related to lipid metabolism. These results indicate that quercetin‐rich onion peel extract might have an antiobesity effect on high fat diet‐ induced obese mice. (This work was supported by “Food Functionality Evaluation program” under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and partly Korea Food Research Institute)
Effects of nopales intake on cardiometabolic disease risk factors among moderately hypercholesterolemic adults (642.4)
Authors: Pereira Pignotti Giselle , Hook Ginger , Ghan Emily , Vega‐López Sonia
Published: June 2021

Nopales (prickly pear cactus pads) are commonly regarded as a medicinal plant for glycemic and cholesterol control. The efficacy of a 2‐wk intervention with 2 cups/d of nopales or cucumber (control) on lipoprotein profile, fasting glucose (FG) and insulin was assessed in a randomized crossover trial among 16 adults (5 male; 46±14 y; BMI=31.4±5.7 kg/m2) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (LDL‐C=137±21 mg/dL), but otherwise healthy. There were no significant differences in energy intake between cucumber and nopales phases (1657±610 kcal vs.1645±508 kcal, respectively). There were no differences in macronutrient intake (data not shown), although soluble fiber tended to be greater in the nopales phase (6.6±1.6 g) than the cucumber phase (5.8±1.9 g; p=0.097). No significant differences were observed for total cholesterol (201±32 mg/dL vs. 197±27 mg/dL; p=0.227), LDL‐C (137±29 mg/dL vs. 132±20 mg/dL; p=0.358), HDL‐C (46±16 mg/dL vs. 44±15 mg/dL; p=0.351), triglycerides (173±108 mg/dL vs.190±117 mg/dL; p=0.210), glucose (99±8 mg/dL vs. 98±11 mg/dL; p=0.193), or insulin (21±10 mg/dL vs. 20±9 mg/dL; p=0.380) between cucumber and nopales phases, respectively. LDL peak diameter and cholesterol distribution in LDL and HDL subfractions were not different between phases (data not shown). These data does not support the purported benefits of nopales at doses of 2 cups/d for 2‐wk on markers of cardiometabolic risk.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Arizona Board of Regents and ASU Graduate Research Support Program
Effects of restraint and contrast ultrasound imaging on Hsp70 expression in cholesterol‐fed rabbit aorta (643.11)
Authors: Smith Brendon , Miller Rita , O'Brien William , Erdman John
Published: June 2021

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging (US) is enhanced by the use of circulating microbubble contrast agents (UCAs), but the interactions between US, UCAs, and vascular tissue are not well understood. We hypothesized that US with UCA would stress the vascular tissue and increase levels of Hsp70, a cellular stress protein. Male New Zealand White rabbits (n=32) were fed a standard chow diet (n=4) or a 1% cholesterol, 10% fat and 0.11% magnesium diet (n=28). At 21 days, 24 rabbits on cholesterol diet were either exposed to US (3.2 MHz f/3 transducer, 2.1 MPa, Mechanical Index=1.17, 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 1.6 µs pulse duration, 2 min exposure duration at 4 sites) using the UCA Definity (1x concentration, 1 mL/min) or sham exposed using a saline control (n=12 per group). Four rabbits on cholesterol diet and the four on chow diet served as cage controls, and were not exposed to ultrasound or restrained for blood sample collection. Animals were euthanized 24 hours after exposure and aortas quickly isolated and snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen. Aorta lysates from the area of US exposure were analyzed for Hsp70 protein level by Western blot. Blood plasma was analyzed for cholesterol and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial function. Plasma total cholesterol levels increased to an average of 705 mg/dL. Restraint (p<0.001 by ANOVA), but not US with UCA or cholesterol feeding, significantly increased Hsp70.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH R37EB002641 and the Beckman Institute Graduate Fellowship
Amino‐acid seric profiles in obese and normal women with normal non‐complicated pregnancies (643.9)
Authors: Ceballos‐Angeles Armida , Pruneda‐Padilla Yunuen , Ibarra‐González Isabel , Vela‐Amieva Marcela , Vadillo‐Ortega Felipe , Vadillo‐Ortega Felipe , Palacios‐González Berenice
Published: June 2021

During normal pregnancy, metabolic change occurs leading to weight gain and insulin resistance. Obesity has been considered a metabolic disruptor that harms evolution of pregnancy, however few information is available to understand the mechanisms of damage of obesity in pregnancy. We decided to study amino acid profiles of obese women in order to obtain preliminary information comparing normal weight women along pregnancy. Women were selected according to pregestational BMI and two groups were analyzed: 1. BMI 蠄 24.9 (NWP) and 2. BMI 蠅30(OP).

Results. Alanine concentrations were significantly higher in the second trimester and there was a significant increase in the gluconeogenic and ketogenic amino acid concentrations in OP group. Glucose concentration was significantly higher and there was an inverse correlation between leucine and valine with glucose concentrations in the OP group. A progressive decrease in the seric urea concentrations in the OP group was found. In conclusion, high levels of serum glucose in the OP group may be associated to increase channeling of aminoacids to gluconeogenesis derived from the reduction of oxidative degradation of these compounds. However, these striking changes related to the presence of increased adiposity coexisted with a normal pregnancy. A better knowledge of the limits of this metabolic plasticity may aid to identify specific changes associated to abnormal evolution of pregnancy.
Vitamin A status and body composition in Mexican lactating women from rural and urban areas using the stable isotope “dose to the mother” technique (645.11)
Authors: Lopez‐Teros Veronica , Limón‐Miró Ana Teresa , Villegas‐Valle Rosa Consuelo , Antúnez‐Román Lesley Evelyn , Tortoledo‐Ortiz Orlando , Astiazaran‐Garcia Humberto , Valencia Mauro
Published: June 2021

Objective: To assess the association between breast milk vitamin A (VA) concentration and body composition in lactating Mexican women from rural and urban areas. Methods: Milk production was assessed with the dose to the mother method (DTM), briefly deuterated water is administered to the mother and the appearance of the isotope is measured in the breastfed child’s and mother’s saliva; deuterium enrichment (stable isotope) is analyzed by FTIR, and additional to breast milk production we can also assess the mother’s body composition. Breast milk (BM) retinol was determined by HPLC and the cutoff to define VA deficiency was 1.05 µmol/L. Results: Subjects were 27 and 32 women from urban and rural areas of northwest Mexico, respectively. 53% of women had VA deficiency, and prevalence was similar for both areas (P=0.735). BM retinol concentration was lower for the rural area (P=0.038). When using WHO cutoff points for body fat percentage for non‐lactating women, 63 % and 56% of the study subjects had increased body fat. There was a tendency in reduction of BM Retinol when body fat increases (r= ‐ 0.251; P=0.055). Conclusion: Increase in body fat has a negative impact on BM retinol concentration of lactating women from rural and urban areas of northwest Mexico.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Universidad de Sonora
Supplementation of astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, improved metabolic and inflammatory abnormalities associated with obesity in diet‐induced obese mice (645.8)
Authors: Kim Bohkyung , Ku Chai Siah , Pham Tho , Yang Yue , Wegner Casey , Park Young‐Ki , Lee Ji‐Young
Published: June 2021

We previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, exerted hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine protective effects of ASTX against obesity‐associated metabolic and inflammatory abnormalities. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat/high sucrose control (35% fat, 35% sucrose by wt), or ASTX diet (0.03% ASTX by wt) for 30 wk. ASTX‐fed mice showed lower plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, and alanine aminotransferase than control. ASTX tended to decrease mRNA of lipogenic and fibrogenic genes in the liver, and significantly increased genes for fatty acid ‐oxidation and mitochondria biogenesis in muscle. Epididymal fat pad weights were not significantly different between groups. However, the expression of F4/80, a macrophage marker, was significantly lower in the epididymal fat pad of ASTX mice, and markedly less macrophage infiltration in ASTX group was confirmed by histological analysis. Ex vivo analysis of splenocytes isolated from mice on a study diet showed that tumor necrosis factor α mRNA was significantly reduced upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation in ASTX mouse splenocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that ASTX supplementation prevents obesity‐associated metabolic dysfunctions and inflammation possibly by improving capacity of muscle in handling excess energy. (Funded by USDA AFRI 2012‐67018‐19290)
Effects of cayenne pepper on hepatic gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in DSS treated rats fed an atherogenic diet (647.20)
Authors: Bloem Kyrié , Hong Mee Young
Published: June 2021

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in America. It is critical to understand the benefits of supplementing the diet with functional foods that may help in reducing risk factors for developing the disease. We have previously shown that a cayenne pepper diet improves the lipid profile in atherogenic diet fed rats and decreased C‐reactive protein level. The goal of this study is to determine the underlying mechanism of cayenne pepper on alteration of lipid profile and inflammation in DSS treated rats fed an atherogenic diet by analysis of hepatic gene expression using quantitative real time PCR. Forty male weanling (21 days old) Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided evenly into four groups (10/group, total N=40) in a 2 (diet) x 2 (treatment) factorial design using an atherogenic diet with or without cayenne pepper (2.9%) for 30 days, and with or without 3% Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) inflammation inducing agent for 24 hours. Cayenne pepper‐fed rats had significantly down regulated fatty acid synthase (P=0.042), HMG CoA reductase (P=0.047), SREBP1 (P=0.045), SREBP2 (P=0.043), and RelA (P=0.035). Transcription of LDL‐receptor was significantly lower (P=0.017) in the cayenne pepper‐fed rats not treated with DSS. These findings demonstrate the use of cayenne pepper to beneficially augment gene expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation and reduce the risk factors for CVD.

Supported by SDSU UGP and NUTR 302L class.
Naturally occurring inhibitors against the formation of advanced glycation endproducts and Maillard reaction products in Korean food and health (647.29)
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Won , Hong Chung‐Oui , Nam Mi‐Hyun , Oh Jun‐Gu , Chun Su‐Hyun , Yang Jae‐Eon , Seol Hye‐Min
Published: June 2021

We have screened natural plants against formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), and selected yellow myrobalan (Terminalia chebula), Asiatic plantain (Plantago asiatica L.) and seaweed fulvescenes (Capsosiphon fulvescens). T. chebula, native to India and Southeast Asia, has been used for antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Hepatoprotective chebulic acid (CA) was isolated from T. chebula extract (TCE). The adhesion of THP‐1 monocytic cell adhesion to HUVEC with AGEs was reduced by the treatments of TCE or CA suggesting an effect for alleviating diabetic complications. In addition, the EtOAc‐soluble portion of TCE showed reduced the levels of blood glucose and serum lipids, and decreased the AGEs distribution in testis seminiferous tubules of rats. P. asiatica, is used as a folk medicine in Asian countries. From its extract, plantamajoside was isolated, and its glycation inhibitory activities were higher. In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel design, the human data showed reductions of plasma free fatty acid levels, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein levels and DNA damage in lymphocytes with high‐dose Asiatic plantain. Pheophorbide a (PhA) from C. fulvescens demonstrated significant activities of glycation inhibition, monocyte adhesive inhibition and down regulation of AGEs‐stimulated cytokines related to inflammation of the endothelium.Also, models of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were applied to experimental batch‐type simulator models imitating human intestinal conditions, and affected the growth of gut commensal bacteria, particularly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, whose levels increased significantly. There was a corresponding shift in the bacterial metabolites with increased level of lactate and decreased level of butyric acid with MRPs suggesting a health‐promoting effect in humans. In addition, MRPs showed immune‐modulating effects contribute to host immune defense through enhancing innate immune activity.
The effect of defecate function in constipation by a 8‐week supplementation of Prunus mume fruit extract: a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (647.30)
Authors: Jung Eun Soo , Ha Ki Chan , Choi Eun Kyung , Jung Su Young , Na Ju Ryun , Lee Dong Wook , Kim Young Gon , Kim Sun Oh , Chae Soo Wan
Published: June 2021

In our previous study, Prunus Mume Fruit Extract (PMFE) has laxative effects in animal model induced constipation by a low‐fibre diet. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with PMFE could improve defecate function in human subjects with constipation.

We conducted a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Patients consumed PMFE (7.2 g) or a placebo before consumption of a meal every morning and evening for 8 weeks. The effects of PMFE on colon transit time (CTT) and defecation function by questionnaire were evaluated in 28 patients and compared with the placebo group (n=29).

Among CTT, no significant differences in right CTT, left CTT were observed between the two groups. However, a significant decrease rectosigmoid CTT and total CTT was observed in the PMFE group. Moreover, PMFE decreased abdominal pain during defecation and significant and increase refreshing feeling after evacuation compared with compared with the placebo group at the end of the study. No adverse effects were reported in any of the patients.

Based on the results of this study, PMFE supplementation improved defecate function in human subjects with constipation. 2