bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Californian under‐age drunk driving laws: endogenous policy lags
Authors: Kuo Tzu‐Chun
Published: April 2011

When evaluating the effectiveness of a policy, most studies assume that the policy effect begins with the date of enactment. However, there often exists an endogenous policy lag, due to information acquisition and the cost of adjustment. Meanwhile, the policy impact may be a gradual implementation from one level to another, instead of a one‐time shift behavior. To account for these issues when evaluating the Californian under‐age drunk driving laws, this paper adopts two econometric techniques: the multiple structural change methodology and the smooth transition method. The methods detect two effective policy changes and also reveal the existence of policy lags. In addition, ignoring these lags leads to severely biased estimates of policy effects. A long transition period is identified for the first under‐age drunk driving policy, while an abrupt transition is found for the other. In summary, the paper shows that the two econometric techniques complement each other and will be useful for policy evaluation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of 2′‐hydroxyl sampling on the conformational properties of RNA: Update of the CHARMM all‐atom additive force field for RNA
Authors: Denning Elizabeth J. , Priyakumar U. Deva , Nilsson Lennart , Mackerell Alexander D.
Published: April 2011

Here, we present an update of the CHARMM27 all‐atom additive force field for nucleic acids that improves the treatment of RNA molecules. The original CHARMM27 force field parameters exhibit enhanced Watson‐Crick base pair opening which is not consistent with experiment, whereas analysis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show the 2′‐hydroxyl moiety to almost exclusively sample the O3′ orientation. Quantum mechanical (QM) studies of RNA related model compounds indicate the energy minimum associated with the O3′ orientation to be too favorable, consistent with the MD results. Optimization of the dihedral parameters dictating the energy of the 2′‐hydroxyl proton targeting the QM data yielded several parameter sets, which sample both the base and O3′ orientations of the 2′‐hydroxyl to varying degrees. Selection of the final dihedral parameters was based on reproduction of hydration behavior as related to a survey of crystallographic data and better agreement with experimental NMR J‐coupling values. Application of the model, designated CHARMM36, to a collection of canonical and noncanonical RNA molecules reveals overall improved agreement with a range of experimental observables as compared to CHARMM27. The results also indicate the sensitivity of the conformational heterogeneity of RNA to the orientation of the 2′‐hydroxyl moiety and support a model whereby the 2′‐hydroxyl can enhance the probability of conformational transitions in RNA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Use of an intracoronary Doppler guidewire for evaluation of coronary hemodynamics in the porcine model of acute hibernating myocardium during dobutamine stress tests
Authors: Li Dongye , Pan Defeng , Xia Yong , Xu Wu , Qian Wenhao
Published: April 2011

Purpose.

To determine the coronary hemodynamic characteristics of acute hibernating myocardium (AHM), evaluate the changes in coronary hemodynamics during dobutamine infusion, and investigate the mechanisms by which dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) detects AHM.

Methods.

The porcine model of acute hibernating myocardium was created in 10 animals, all of which underwent DSE with doses of 0–40 μg/kg/min. Myocardial segments abnormality was used as a DSE criterion for evaluating AHM. An intracoronary Doppler guidewire was used to measure the coronary hemodynamics; electrocardiography and systemic hemodynamics were recorded simultaneously. The ischemic regions of myocardium were reperfused, and all variables were recorded. Finally, the animals were euthanized and pathologic changes in the heart tissue were documented.

Results.

There was no myocardium necrosis. There were 55 myocardial segments with abnormal DSE responses after stenosis, among which 41 segments were judged as AHM because of a biphasic response. Average peak velocity (APV) and coronary flow velocity reserve were improved during DSE. Coronary and systemic hemodynamics were increased during dobutamine infusion. There were significant differences for APV at all evaluated doses and for heart rate blood pressure product at higher doses. The difference between APV resting values and the values for peak dosage (ΔAPV) correlated with the amount of AHM during DSE. Coronary volume blood flow and coronary flow velocity reserve decreased after stenosis.

Conclusions.

ΔAPV may reflect the number of hibernating segments. The relative imbalance between blood supply and oxygen consumption in regional myocardium may be one of the mechanisms by which DSE detects AHM. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011;
Radiographically occult fracture of the tibial epiphysis: Sonographic findings with CT correlation
Authors: Pearce Tim , Cobby M.
Published: April 2011

We report the case of a radiographically occult tibial fracture diagnosed sonographically and confirmed with CT. Ultrasound signs of cortical discontinuity and a three‐layered fluid accumulation in the deep infrapatellar bursa were demonstrated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
CMCD's lab draws on academics, automakers, and therapists to realize its own vision of excellence
Authors: Adams Jim , Graban Mark
Published: April 2011

Focused on transforming the laboratory at Children's Medical Center Dallas into a learning organization, the lab's leaders looked beyond benchmarking to develop a customized approach—measured against their own ideal state—to achieve operational excellence. By applying lean principles, systems thinking, and family system theory; improving the facility's physical layout; and, most important, redefining the role between supervisors and staff workers, the lab has cut its turnaround times, improved service to patients and physicians, and evolved into a work environment that fosters personal and professional development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topical embryonic stem cells enhance wound healing in diabetic rats
Authors: Lee Keun‐Bae , Choi Jin , Cho Seong‐Beom , Chung Jae‐Yoon , Moon Eun‐Sun , Kim Nack‐Sung , Han Ho‐Jae
Published: April 2011

The effects of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) on diabetic wound healing were investigated using an excisional skin wound model in 110 diabetes‐induced rats. We transplanted a clonal population of ESCs (5 × 106) by topical injection into full thickness skin wounds. Four study groups were used; nondiabetic rats as a control, non‐insulin controlled diabetic rats not treated with ESCs, insulin controlled diabetic rats not treated with ESCs, and insulin controlled diabetic rats treated with ESCs. Five rats in each experimental group were sacrificed on days 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 after wounding. Wounds images were acquired daily and wound sizes were calculated. We measured the mRNA levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibronectin levels in extracellular matrix, and assessed wound healing by assessing histological parameters of epidermal regeneration, granulation tissue thickness, and angiogenesis. In the ESC‐treated group, wound sizes were significantly smaller than in the insulin controlled diabetic group not treated with ESCs on days 5 and 10 (p < 0.05), and EGF and VEGF levels were markedly higher on days 5 and 10, fibronectin levels on day 5 after injection. All histological scores in the ESC‐treated group were significantly higher than those of the insulin controlled diabetic group on day 5 (p < 0.05). Our results shows that topical ESCs enhance diabetic wound healing during the early stage, and suggest that ESCs transplantation offers a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of diabetic wounds. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1554–1562, 2011
Nitrate patch prevents steroid‐related bone necrosis
Authors: Drescher Wolf , Beckmann Rainer , Kasch Richard , Pufe Melanie , Knobe Matthias , Kweider Nisreen , Hassenpflug Joachim , Tingart Markus , Pufe Thomas , Kadyrov Mahmed
Published: April 2011

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a common complication with disabling effect for young patients after high‐dose corticosteroid treatment. We could show that steroids have a vasoconstrictive effect on lateral epiphyseal arteries of the femoral head which could lead to ischemia and subsequent necrosis. In this study we investigated the preventive effect of a nitrate patch on steroid‐related bone necrosis in a rabbit model. New Zealand White rabbits (male; 3–4.5 kg bodyweight) were injected with 20 mg/kg bodyweight methylprednisolone (GC group; n = 6). Control animals (n = 6) were treated with phosphate‐buffered saline. A third group (GC + N; n = 6) additionally received a nitrate patch (0.675 mg/day). Four weeks after i.m. methylprednisolone injection the animals were sacrificed. For histology and immunohistochemistry, tissue samples were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, dewaxed, and stained with Ladewig. For quantification of empty lacunae, a histologic sign of FHN, histomorphometry was performed. Histomorphometry revealed a significant increase of empty lacunae in glucocorticoid‐treated animals compared to controls and GC + N‐treated animals. No significant difference in empty lacunae count was detected between the GC + N group and controls. HE staining revealed the different osteocyte amount in the GC versus GC and nitrate patch‐treated groups. This study demonstrates an increased number of empty osteocyte lacunae representing a pathologic feature of osteonecrosis, in the GC group. Less empty lacunae were counted in the GC animals after additional treatment with a nitrate patch. This finding suggests that nitrate co‐treatment has the potential to prevent steroid‐associated FHN. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1517–1520, 2011
A Simple Route to Rod‐Coil Block Copolymers of Oligo‐ and Polythiophenes with PMMA and Polystyrene
Authors: Antoun Tarek , Iraqi Ahmed , Kergoat Loïg , Miozzo Luciano , Yassar Abderrahim
Published: April 2011

A simple and efficient approach for the preparation of rod‐coil block copolymers comprising oligo‐ and polythiophenes blocks together with PMMA or PS blocks is described. The block copolymers were prepared using a two‐step procedure. α,ω‐dicarboxy‐terminated oligothiophenes and carboxy terminated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) were first prepared. These were then reacted with P4S10 in a second step to generate the α,ω‐thioester terminated oligothiophenes and poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s which were subsequently used in a one‐pot reaction as RAFT polymerization agents with methylmethacrylate and styrene. The di‐ and tri‐block copolymers hence obtained were fully characterized, both in solution and as thin films.

magnified image
Neuropsychological functioning in Parkinson's disease: Differential relationships with self‐reported sleep‐wake disturbances
Authors: Naismith Sharon L. , Terpening Zoë , Shine James M. , Lewis Simon J.G.
Published: April 2011

Background:

Sleep disturbance may represent a risk factor for the development of dementia in Parkinson's disease. However, prior studies exploring the association between specific sleep–wake disturbances and neuropsychological functions have been limited.

Methods:

In this study, 101 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were assessed neurologically, underwent neuropsychological testing, and completed self‐report questionnaires covering nocturnal disturbance, excessive daytime sleepiness, and symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

Results:

Univariate correlations revealed differential patterns of neuropsychological performance in relation to nocturnal sleep disturbance, excessive daytime sleepiness, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. After controlling for potential confounders, excessive daytime sleepiness remained a significant predictor of slowed processing speed, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder predicted working memory and verbal fluency performance. The relationships between nocturnal sleep disturbance and memory appeared to be mediated by education.

Conclusions:

These findings highlight the critical role that specific sleep–wake disturbances in Parkinson's disease might have on neuropsychological functioning, which may reflect common neural underpinnings. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Spiral phyllotaxis: The natural way to construct a 3D radial trajectory in MRI
Authors: Piccini Davide , Littmann Arne , Nielles‐Vallespin Sonia , Zenge Michael O.
Published: April 2011

While radial 3D acquisition has been discussed in cardiac MRI for its excellent results with radial undersampling, the self‐navigating properties of the trajectory need yet to be exploited. Hence, the radial trajectory has to be interleaved such that the first readout of every interleave starts at the top of the sphere, which represents the shell covering all readouts. If this is done sub‐optimally, the image quality might be degraded by eddy current effects, and advanced density compensation is needed. In this work, an innovative 3D radial trajectory based on a natural spiral phyllotaxis pattern is introduced, which features optimized interleaving properties: (1) overall uniform readout distribution is preserved, which facilitates simple density compensation, and (2) if the number of interleaves is a Fibonacci number, the interleaves self‐arrange such that eddy current effects are significantly reduced. These features were theoretically assessed in comparison with two variants of an interleaved Archimedean spiral pattern. Furthermore, the novel pattern was compared with one of the Archimedean spiral patterns, with identical density compensation, in phantom experiments. Navigator‐gated whole‐heart coronary imaging was performed in six healthy volunteers. High reduction of eddy current artifacts and overall improvement in image quality were achieved with the novel trajectory. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling and direct measurement of the density of states in GaAsN
Authors: Vaughan M. P. , Fahy S. , O'Reilly E. P. , Ivanova L. , Eisele H. , Dähne M.
Published: April 2011

The density of states for a GaAsN sample with a nitrogen concentration of x = 1.2% is determined experimentally via scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. These data are modelled using the linear combination of isolated nitrogen states (LCINS) model within a Greens function framework. Extrinsic thermal and modulation broadening effects due to the measurement process are also incorporated. Excellent agreement to the experimental data is obtained without arbitrary fitting parameters, providing confirmation of the influence of isolated N and N–N pair states on the conduction band dispersion of GaAsN.
Co-occurrence of anxiety and depression amongst older adults in low- and middle-income countries: findings from the 10/66 study
Authors: Prina A. M. , Ferri C. P. , Guerra M. , Brayne C. , Prince M.
Published: April 2011

Background

There is relative little information about the prevalence and risk factors of co-morbid anxiety and depression in later life. These disorders are often associated with worse response to treatment than either condition alone, and researching their epidemiology in diverse settings is vital to policy makers. We therefore investigated the co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive syndromes amongst older adults living in developing countries and measured the separate and joint effect of these two disorders on levels of associated disability.

Method

The 10/66 study carried out cross-cultural surveys of all residents aged 65 years or over (n=15021) in 11 sites in seven countries (People's Republic of China, India, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Mexico and Peru). Anxiety was measured by using the Geriatric Mental State Examination and the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy diagnostic system. Depression was assessed according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) and EURO-D criteria. Disability was measured by using the World Health Organization's Disablement Assessment Scale Version II. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to investigate the association of common mental disorders and disability.

Results

The prevalence of co-occurring anxiety and depression (with the exclusion of subthreshold disorders) ranged between 0.9% and 4.2% across sites. Gender, socio-economic status, urbanicity and physical co-morbidities were associated with the different co-morbid states. Having both disorders was linked to higher disability scores than having anxiety or depression alone.

Conclusions

Given the close association of co-morbid anxiety and depression with disability, new policies to improve prevention, recognition and treatment will be needed to adapt to ageing populations and their mental health needs.
On the distribution of orbits of geometrically finite hyperbolic groups on the boundary
Authors: LIM SEONHEE , OH HEE
Published: April 2011

We investigate the distribution of orbits of a non-elementary discrete hyperbolic subgroup Γ acting on ℍn and its geometric boundary ∂∞(ℍn). In particular, we show that if Γ admits a finite Bowen–Margulis–Sullivan measure (for instance, if Γ is geometrically finite), then every Γ-orbit in ∂∞(ℍn) is equidistributed with respect to the Patterson–Sullivan measure supported on the limit set Λ(Γ). The appendix by Maucourant is the extension of a part of his PhD thesis where he obtains the same result as a simple application of Roblin’s theorem. Our approach is via establishing the equidistribution of solvable flows on the unit tangent bundle of Γ∖ℍn, which is of independent interest.
There is no minimal action of ℤ2 on the plane
Authors: ROUX FRÉDÉRIC LE
Published: April 2011

We prove that there is no minimal action of ℤ2 by homeomorphisms on the plane. This may be seen as a generalization of Le Calvez–Yoccoz’s theorem: there exists no minimal homeomorphism of the infinite annulus.
Non-integrability of open billiard flows and Dolgopyat-type estimates
Authors: STOYANOV LUCHEZAR
Published: April 2011

We consider open billiard flows in ℝn and show that the standard symplectic form dα in ℝn satisfies a specific non-integrability condition over their non-wandering sets Λ. This allows one to use the main result in Stoyanov [Spectra of Ruelle transfer operators for Axiom A flows. Preprint, 2010, arXiv:0810.1126v4 [math.DS]] and obtain Dolgopyat-type estimates for the spectra of Ruelle transfer operators under simpler conditions. We also describe a class of open billiard flows in ℝn(n≥3) satisfying a certain pinching condition, which in turn implies that the (un)stable laminations over the non-wandering set are C1.
Daguerreotyping the National Soul: The Portraits of Southworth and Hawes, 1843–1860
Authors: Stauffer John
Published: April 2011

In 1837, two years before the nation began its exuberant love affair with daguerreotype portraits, Nathaniel Hawthorne made a prophetic observation about Americans' problematic obsession with “true” likenesses. In his story, “The Prophetic Pictures,” an unnamed, colonial Boston portrait painter portrayed not merely a man's features, “but his mind and heart.” The painter, as Walter Ludlow tells his fiancée Elinor, “catches the secret sentiments and passions, and throws them upon the canvas, like sunshine – or perhaps, in the portraits of dark-souled men, like a gleam of infernal fire. It is an awful gift.” Other colonists deemed the painter's gift “an offense against the Mosaic law, and even a presumptuous mockery of the Creator,” and still others considered him “a magician, or perhaps the famous Black Man, of old witch times, plotting mischief in a new guise.”
Writing for Faulkner, Writing for Herself: Estelle Oldham's Anticolonial Fiction
Authors: Sensibar Judith L.
Published: April 2011

Before estelle oldham married William Faulkner in June 1929, she had spent nearly eight years in the Pacific and Far East as a participant-observer in two American colonial cultures. In June 1918, her first marriage to the Mississippi lawyer and entrepreneur Cornell S. Franklin brought her as a new bride to what were then called the Hawaiian Territories. But despite his excellent Southern connections, the business community in the “Paradise of the East” had little room for a bright yet arrogant young man with no capital. Thus, in December 1921, Estelle Oldham Franklin, her husband, and their four-year-old daughter sailed for the more open markets in the International Settlement of Shanghai, then China's largest treaty port. Oldham hated Shanghai; she refused to continue playing the role of Southern Belle hostess she had assumed so willingly and graciously in Honolulu, and, like her husband and many other colonials, she had become an alcoholic. Summarizing her life in Shanghai, she once told her daughter, “I don't think I took a sober breath for three years.”
Introductory Note to “Star Spangled Banner Stuff,” by Estelle Oldham (Faulkner)
Authors: Sensibar Judith L.
Published: April 2011

On the 17th of november 1924, Estelle Oldham Franklin and her two young children made a sudden and unplanned departure from Shanghai on the T.K.K. Shinyo Maru. She was bound for Oxford, Mississippi. All evidence indicates that she had no intention of returning to her husband, Cornell. In her baggage, she carried longhand versions of a novel and the short stories that she had written during the past three years. Among these manuscripts was “Star Spangled Banner Stuff.” In the trans-Pacific mail to her was the announcement of William Faulkner's first book of poems, The Marble Faun, which he had ordered sent earlier that month.
Aliens in the Academy: A Paradisciplinary Discourse
Authors: Cowlishaw Bridget Roussell
Published: April 2011

In the last decades of the 20th century, authors touting academic credentials made their way into the public discourse on alien abduction. In the process, these academics have manufactured a rhetorical space in which to speak from professional expertise while at the same time enacting rhetorical conventions of contemporary public discourse in the United States that limit the validity ofexpertise. The authors accomplish this by appealing to the contemporary American taste fordemocraticdiscourse. Bydemocratic, I mean discourse that privileges knowledge derived from personal experience rather than from objective reasoning — a way of knowing that requires no credentials but the ability to render oneself a speaking subject.
Naturalism from Forest to Village in William Gilmore Simms's “The Arm-chair of Tustenuggee”
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: April 2011

William Gilmore Simms's “The Arm-chair of Tustenuggee: A Legend of the Catawba” (1840) frames the lives of colonial Catawba Indians in a naturalistic environment extending from the wild to the domestic; nonetheless, Simms also manages to incorporate elements of realism and romanticism in the tale to provide a blend of perspectives that complement one another. Perhaps most importantly in the context of 19th-century Native American literary studies, the story humanizes the native, providing a tale that realistically and humorously points out aspects of human conflict to which all people are susceptible. This work, among others by Simms dealing with the Native American that are discussed in this essay, effectively counters the generalization that colonial works invariably stereotype the native as noble savage.
On His Way
Authors: Robinson Greg
Published: April 2011

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was all but absent from public life between November 1920, when he was defeated as the Democratic candidate for vice president, and his successful campaign for governor of New York in fall 1928. Throughout most of this period (which one might call FDR's “wilderness years,” borrowing Martin Gilbert's term for Winston Churchill's hiatus from power), Roosevelt struggled to overcome the physical paralysis that resulted from an attack of polio in August 1921, as well as the boredom and depression that accompanied his enforced inactivity. He spent much of his time pursuing treatments for his crippled legs (a process that culminated in his purchase and development of Warm Springs, Georgia, as a treatment center), kept up what he could of his law practice and business interests, and planned with his chief advisor Louis Howe for an eventual return to political life. Meanwhile, to help keep the Roosevelt name in the public eye, Howe encouraged Eleanor Roosevelt to begin her independent career of public speaking and political activism.
Plucky Little Ladies and Stout-Hearted Chums: Serial Novels for Girls, 1900–1920
Authors: Smith Jane S.
Published: April 2011

The early years of the twentieth century saw the sudden flowering of a specialized form of juvenile literature, the serial novels written for and about adolescent girls. From 1900 to 1917, literally dozens of new series emerged to chronicle the adventures of teenage heroines at school, at play, at work, and in what was invariably called “The Great Outdoors.” Although they are not as well remembered as the contemporaneous sagas of boy idols like Frank Merriwell, Tom Swift, or the Rover Boys, the many-volumed adventures of Dorothy Dale, Billie Bradley, Ruth Fielding, Polly Pendleton, Aunt Jane's Nieces, and other all-American heroines that began to appear in the decades before World War I provide a fascinating record of the diverse interests and often contradictory attitudes and expectations attributed to the first generation of twentieth-century American women.
Abstract Expressionism: The Politics of Apolitical Painting
Authors: David  , Shapiro Cecile
Published: April 2011

For an understanding of why an art movement becomes dominant in any period it is necessary to look at some of the ideological and political views and social needs of its practitioners, its patrons, and even its critics. In many eras—say the medieval age or the Renaissance—artists and their patrons, power and ideology, were at one with each other. The artist was integrated with the established process of thought and government; the ideas of the artist and the needs of the patron were agreed upon by both. Personal caveats, when they existed, were rarely deliberately reflected in commissioned visual art—and scarcely any sculpture and painting came into being outside of direct commission. Art was made to order, as today's public buildings are still custom built for a specific purpose and to a prescribed plan. The goal to be achieved in a particular image destined for a known location—a fresco on the wall of a church, a portrait of a pope or potentate—was clearly defined, as was the technique, often by contract. Both the artist and the patron knew exactly the audience toward which the work of art was directed.
Mr. Hamilton from New York
Authors: Mitchell Broadus
Published: April 2011

Although he was regarded primarily as a nationalist, Alexander Hamilton was indeed a New Yorker. The trading post in his native Caribbean in which he clerked as a lad was an offshoot of New York merchant families, the Crugers and Kortrights. When his friends in St. Croix sent him to the continent for education they consigned him, as it were, to business patrons in New York. After attending King's College (Columbia), he was firmly identified with New York, city and state. His first choice was to attend the College of New Jersey (Princeton). His intellectual sponsor in St. Croix, Reverend Hugh Knox, was a Princeton graduate, as was Francis Barber, master of the academy in Elizabethtown where Alexander had his preparatory year. In Elizabethtown he was befriended by William Livingston and Elias Boudinot, and President John Witherspoon found him eligible for entrance to Princeton. But Hamilton's was the rare case in which the candidate imposed conditions: as he was older than other beginning students, would he be allowed to complete the course as rapidly as he could pass examinations, without respect to the conventional four-year program? The academic authorities regretfully said no, and Hamilton entered King's College on his own terms.
Hawthorne's Ritual Typology of the American Revolution
Authors: Shaw Peter
Published: April 2011

In the course of his career Nathaniel Hawthorne twice wrote the history of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century New England. He told the story for children in Grandfather's Chair (1841) and for adults in five related tales published between 1831 and 1838. These tales do not appear in chronological order among Hawthorne's collections, nor were they so written. But they are assigned prominent positions in the two volumes of Twice-Told Tales and in The Snow-Image and Other Tales. They contain a ritual history of protorevolutionary events in New England extending from the beginning of the settlement in Massachusetts Bay to the eve of the American Revolution. The key stories in this series and the events they deal with are “The May-Pole of Merry Mount,” concerning Governor Endicott's destruction of Thomas Morton's maypole in 1629; “Endicott and the Red Cross,” on Endicott's desecration of the British flag in protest at the appointment of a royal governor in 1634; “The Gray Champion,” on the people's defiance of tyrannous Governor Andros on the eve of his expulsion in 1689; “My Kinsman, Major Molineux,” introduced as an incident relating to mistreatment and expulsions of governors between 1689 and 1730; and “Howe's Masquerade,” on the expulsion of military governor General Howe, predicted at a masquerade ball given by him during the siege of Boston in 1775.
Domesticating the Nineteenth-Century American City
Authors: Wortman Marlene Stein
Published: April 2011

In 1916, Mary Beard, the historian and progressive activist, advanced the thesis that women shared an equal role with men in directing the great social forces that determined the quality of life in cities. In a compendium ofWoman's Work in Municipalities, she demonstrated that every action supported by women's clubs and groups, ranging from improved wages and working conditions to vice control, was a part of an effort to make the city a viable environment for carrying on family life. In describing the process that led women to take an active role in sanitation reform Mary Beard wrote:

Woman's historic function having been along the line of cleanliness, her instinct when she looks forth from her own clean windows is toward public cleanliness. Her indoor battle has been against the dirt that blew in from outside, against the dust and ashes of the streets, and the particles of germladen matter carried in from neglected refuse piles. Ultimately she begins to take an interest in that portion of municipal dusting and sweeping assigned to men; namely street cleaning.
Response to William A. Clebsch, “;America's ‘Mythique’ as Redeemer Nation”
Authors: Bercovitch Sacvan
Published: April 2011

Whether or not we can look forward to a humble America, William Clebsch has done a splendid job of subduing the American mythique. And has subdued it, appropriately, by dividing it into four parts, a strategy that not only improves upon Caesar but evokes the prophet Daniel. It's the right blend for the occasion: secular and spiritual progress entwined, empire wedded to apocalypse. Except, of course, that we end up in the realm of irony and common sense, a most un-American millennium. And isn't an un-American millennium, like a humble America, a contradiction in terms?
Hydraulics and Heroics: William James and Stephen Crane
Authors: Wasserstrom William
Published: April 2011

Unquestioning faith in an equilibrium of stasis: it is this flaw of temperament, this European fault of social and moral intelligence that separates European women from their American counterparts in nineteenth-century literature. Particularly in Henry James's fiction women of distinctively New World bearing, young women bred to combine stamina with delicacy of spirit, stubbornness with flexibility, reared to disavow perfectly held balances in favor of riskier angles of poise—James's exemplary women conduct their lives along lines of equilibrium more flowing than European, less stiff by far, lines and angles that parallel the mode and style and history of the society they embody, a society shaped at hazard and given to gamble. It is indeed in his masterwork, The Golden Bowl, a fatidic text anticipating which myth of order would shape American high style during the industrial age, that James devised a program intended to discredit stasis and extol movement without forswearing form. In descent as well as dissent from a Swedenborgian father, both Henry James and his brother William endorsed a creed of “vital equilibrium.” And this American ideology presupposed the existence or cultivation of a self galvanized by “balance/imbalance,” a dynamics of tension which provides a constant feature of motive in our classic literature.
The Organizational Interpretation of American History: A New Synthesis
Authors: Berkhofer Robert F.
Published: April 2011

The overall interpretation of American history has fallen upon hard times. Once upon a time, so the story of American historywriting goes, there existed a complete model of the United States' past that explained as it described the dynamics of American history over the centuries. Not only did the progressive or conflict school of historians assent to a paradigm of moral and methodological assumptions, but its practitioners also possessed a model of American society that was applicable to the whole of the United States' past as well as to its parts. The succeeding counterprogressive or consensus historians, by transmuting the realities of their predecessors into the realm of myth and paradox, questioned their easy correlation of class position and ideation, but they failed to develop an explicit model of the workings of American society that would describe let alone explain the dynamics of its history. New Left historians challenged the static nature as well as the moral judgments of consensus history by stressing, once again, the relationship of power and interests to cultural hegemony and the possibilities of social action from the masses, but the dynamics of conflict they reintroduced into American history too often failed to meet the new standards of rigorous explanation considered so important by the practitioners of the so-called new histories. The new economic, political, and social historians' insistence upon explicit methodology and the statistical analysis of correlation and variability destroys old models more than it advances new ones to explain parts of American history, let alone all of it. Thus, at this point in the history of American historiography, we have lost any overall approach to the framework of American history as we have gained sharper tools to achieve its testing and verification.
The Rebirth ofAllAmericans in the Great American Melting Pot: Notes Toward the Vindication of a Rejected Popular Symbol; or: An Ethnic Variety of a Religious Experience
Authors: Sollors Werner
Published: April 2011

When it comes to discussions about the term “melting pot” our minds seem to be made up. “The point about the melting pot…is that it did not happen,” Glazer and Moynihan conclude in their widely read study, significantly entitledBeyond the Melting Pot(1963). Michael Novak's book with the equally telling titleThe Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics(1972) agrees that the melting pot “did not exist,” although “meltingpot ideology” according to Novak “has dominated the social sciences for three decades.” Yet, as Philip Gleason has demonstrated, the term “melting-pot” has been met with rebuttals by conservatives and liberals alike, from the time it was popularized by Israel Zangwill's playThe Melting-Pot(1908) to the present. Poetic advocates and sociological opponents of the term, however, shared a certain vagueness in defining themeaningof “melting pot” while embellishing and elaborating the imagery. Attempts to interpret the image in strict social terms range from “Americanization of newcomers” to “constant change and regeneration of Americans through ethnic interaction and/or intermarriage.” Isaac Berkson, Edward Saveth, Milton Gordon, and Andrew Greeley have drawn up elaborate models that distinguish the melting pot “concept” from such alternatives as “Americanization,” “Anglo-Conformity,” “Federation of Nationalities,” or “Cultural Pluralism.” Of course, the meaning of the image has also changed historically from the idealistic concern with an American national identity at the time of the American Revolution to the different practical versions of the melting pot during the period of the New Immigration. Apparently, the opposition to the melting pot is at least as old as the notion itself, and includes such luminaries as Cotton Mather and Benjamin Franklin. In 1785, for example, three years after Crèvecoeur first evoked the melting imagery in defining an American national character, a pseudonymous “Celadon”'sThe Golden Age: or Future Glory of North-Americamapped out the future United States as a confederation of nation-states and specifically listed “Nigrania” and “Savagenia”—a black and an Indian state—in the Southwest as well as the establishment of “a French, a Spanish, a Dutch, an Irish, &c. yea, a Jewish state.”
Parson Hooper's Power of Blackness: Sin and Self in “The Minister's Black Veil”
Authors: Colacurcio Michael J.
Published: April 2011

Hawthorne's tale of the Reverend Mr. Hooper is, by all accounts, one of his most puzzling. And, almost as certainly, Hooper himself represents Hawthorne's most difficult “case” of Puritan conscience. The more famous problem of the motivation and moral intention of Goodman Brown appears, by comparison, easy—and even a little melodramatic.
Western Views in Eastern Parlors: The Contribution of the Stereograph Photographer to the Conquest of the West
Authors: Masteller Richard N.
Published: April 2011

If students of American Studies have seen fit to mention the stereograph at all in their discussions of the Victorian era, they have tended to treat it as a toy, intent on images of another sort or on data more arcane than the parlor images so popular in the last five decades of the nineteenth century. But the production and sales figures for stereographs, the frequent advertisements for them, and the discussions about them throughout the second half of the century in such photographic journals as The Philadelphia Photographer and in cultural organs ranging from Scientific American to the Atlantic Monthly to Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper suggest that they were more than a fad. Hermann Vogel, the internationally respected German professor of photochemistry and teacher of Alfred Stieglitz, echoed one merchandiser's slogan when he declared in 1883, “I think there is no parlor in America where there is not a stereoscope.” Students of American culture should carefully consider Vogel's remark; especially in view of its unusual distinction as both an image and an artifact, the stereograph functions as a valuable tool for illuminating and evaluating the tastes of a large cross-section of our population during and after the Civil War.
Charles Willson Peale's Expressive Design: The Artist in His Museum
Authors: Stein Roger B.
Published: April 2011

The relationship of any single work of art to its culture is always problematic. As the act of an individual artist faced with the task of creating something on the two-dimensional surface of a canvas with line, shape, and space, with form and color, a painting belongs to the biography of the artist and to the history and criticism of art, a possible subdivision of which is the history and criticism of the art of a particular culture. Cultural critics and historians of a more comprehensive sort will examine a work for the ways in which it “reflects,” “illustrates,” or “expresses” shared experiences, thoughts, and feelings of the culture, directly or in some mediated fashion. If art historians tend at times to underestimate the interrelation between a painting and other forms of cultural expression in their preoccupation with the specialness of the medium, its tradition and methodology, the cultural critics often run the risk of ignoring or flattening out the special language of pictorial expression in their avid search for interconnections. At one extreme, they seem to posit some hypostatized notion of a “culture” in which individual acts seem almost to be assumed as automatic illustrations rather than formative shapes. To fashion a more adequate critical approach requires thus that we draw upon the strengths of both approaches while avoiding their pitfalls.
Walkers in the Street: American Writers and the Modern City
Authors: Cowan Michael
Published: April 2011

Walking in the city is as old as cities themselves. Most of the world's urban inhabitants have usually gotten around on foot and, consequently, have mainly experienced their cities as pedestrians. What Constantinos Doxiadis notes of classical Greek cities has been true of most urban life until well into the industrial era: “Man was compelled to walk through a whole complex of buildings and live within them in order to achieve his end.” This end has traditionally included not merely physical mobility but also social and cultural goals; as one urban historian recently observed, traditional streets “tend to act both literally and metaphorically as exterior rooms in the city. They function as places as well as links.” The street is, as sociologist Robert Gutman suggests, “a social, a political, and a psychological fact. … No matter what the image of the street, it has always included a set of assumptions about who should own and control it, who would live on it and use it, the purposes for which it was built, and the activities appropriate to it.” Walking in the city has thus been from the start a complex human act, no less so in American cities than elsewhere.
Ethnography, Introspection, and Reflexive Culture Studies
Authors: Caughey John L.
Published: April 2011

In recent years American Studies scholars have shown a growing interest in combining social-science methods with humanistic concerns. One aspect of this development has been an increased interest in anthropological-style fieldwork or ethnography. “Ethnography” can be broadly defined as the “work of describing a culture,” but in anthropology it usually consists of an attempt to describe the existing culture of a particular group or institution through the use of firsthand participant observation in its social life and intensive in-depth interviews with individual members. Traditionally, anthropological fieldwork has also connoted description of “other cultures”—often non-Western tribal cultures. But the ethnographic approach has long been used to study modern Western society, and over the last fifteen years it has been widely used to study subcultures in contemporary America. During the same period it has come into increasing use in American Studies as well.
Signs of the Times
Authors: Bynack V. P.
Published: April 2011

The topic “Criticism, Biography, and Popular Culture” raises issues that epitomize current intellectual possibilities and problems. As Emerson said of his own time in “The American Scholar,” this is a moment when “the old and the new stand side by side and admit of being compared; when the energies of men are being searched by fear and hope.… This time, like all times, is a very good one, if we but know what to do with it.” If anyone's “energies” are being “searched by fear and hope” today, it's because we face a similar situation. The two preceding essays brought to bear in rapid succession two historically different models of how the world works. These models, which I will follow Fredric Jameson in calling the “organic” model of the nineteenth century and the “linguistic” model of the twentieth, imply two different versions of the character and status of language, two different versions of what literature is, two different versions of what the self is, and two different versions of what we could mean by saying that we use these things to study American “culture.”
Clifford Geertz and the Concept of Culture
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: April 2011

Clifford Geertz has observed that “anthropology is a science whose progress is marked less by a perfection of consensus than by a refinement of debate. What gets better is the precision with which we vex each other.” Geertz's observation on anthropology seems equally applicable to other disciplines interested in the study of culture, including history and American Studies. With this in mind, this essay is intended to contribute not to some “perfection of consensus” but, rather, to a “refinement of debate” by sharpening the ability of those in culture studies to vex each other more precisely. My focus of attention, as well as my major point of departure, is Clifford Geertz's Interpretation of Cultures, a book that is widely cited and that has had significant cross-disciplinary appeal.
Medical Therapies and the Body Politic
Authors: Banta Martha
Published: April 2011

“A good deal of our politics is physiological.” When Ralph Waldo Emerson made this remark in his characteristically emphatic way, he might have been merely alluding to the traditional notion that the physical body and political systems are related in some odd way. But that Emerson was saying this in America in 1851 has a significance that goes beyond his being a clever, bookish man with the habit of connecting dots across wide conceptual spaces.
Henry James and the Autobiographical Act
Authors: Eakin Paul John
Published: April 2011

Roy Pascal has observed that autobiography involves an interplay or collusion between the past and the present, that indeed its significance is more truly understood as the revelation of the present situation of the autobiographer than as the uncovering of his past. As readers of autobiography we ordinarily do need to be reminded of this obvious truth, even though Freud and his followers have shaken our faith in the ability of memory to provide reliable access to the contents of the past. When we settle into the theater of autobiography, what we are ready to believe—and what most autobiographers encourage us to expect—is that the play we witness is a historical one, a largely faithful and unmediated reconstruction of events that took place long ago; whereas in reality the play is that of the autobiographical act itself, in which the materials of the past are shaped by memory and imagination to serve the needs of present consciousness. This mediation of the past by the present governs the autobiographical enterprise, and it frequently supplies a frame for narrative in modern autobiography. In Henry James's autobiography this mediation is prominently displayed in the foreground of the text, and it is for this reason that James's narrative has seemed to me especially suited to an inquiry into the nature of the autobiographical act.
Death on the Ridge Road:Grant Wood and Modernization in the Midwest
Authors: Nash Anedith
Published: April 2011

“The automobile is treacherous, just as a cat is. It is tragically difficult to realize that it can become the deadliest missile, and can instantly turn … into a mad bull elephant.” So J. C. Furnas warned his readers in an article for the August 1935Reader's Digestentitled “… And Sudden Death.” Furnas's graphic description of the devastation on the highway in the wake of a crash was intended to terrify drivers into saner behavior behind the wheel. His words forced the reader to imagine the horror of accident scenes that “no artist working on a safety poster would dare depict … in full detail.”Reader's Digestprefaced the piece with a warning to the fainthearted.