bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Especificidade da atividade mioelétrica no agachamento excêntrico declinado em 25º e no agachamento padrão com diferentes sobrecargas
Authors: Leporace Gustavo , Pereira Glauber R. , Carmo Roberto C.R. , Silva André C. , Cabral Rozineli P. , Silva Filho Nilson , Pasqualini Hérica E.C. , Batista Luiz Alberto
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: O objetivo neste estudo foi comparar a atividade mioelétrica entre o agachamento unilateral declinado e o agachamento unilateral em superfície plana, no deslocamento vertical de duas diferentes quantidades de massa. PARTICIPANTES: Um grupo de oito sujeitos treinados recreacionalmente sem sinais e sintomas de lesões nas extremidades inferiores. PROCEDIMENTOS: Em dias separados, os sujeitos realizaram dois tipos distintos de agachamento unilateral na fase descendente, diferenciados em função da direção da base de sustentação, sendo uma horizontal e outra inclinada a 25°. Os dois tipos de agachamento foram realizados com dois valores de carga, com o peso do próprio corpo e com sobrecarga representativa de 15 repetições máximas (15RM). MENSURAÇÕES: As atividades mioelétricas do reto femoral, vasto lateral, posteriores de coxa mediais (semimembranoso e semitendinoso) e gastrocnêmio medial foram mensuradas nas quatro situações de teste. RESULTADOS: O grupamento muscular quadríceps mostrou-se sensível à magnitude do ângulo de inclinação da plataforma, manifestando maior atividade no agachamento declinado, e não apresentou aumentos na ativação muscular como resposta ao aumento da carga. Os músculos mediais posteriores da coxa e o gastrocnêmio medial não se mostraram sensíveis à angulação da plataforma nem ao aumento da sobrecarga. Apesar das taxas de co-contração não serem semelhantes entre as quatro situações testadas, as diferenças entre elas não se mostraram estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados confirmaram a maior ativação do quadríceps gerada no agachamento declinado em comparação ao agachamento realizado em superfície plana, sugerindo que esse exercício pode constituir uma alternativa para programas de reabilitação da tendinopatia patelar. Apesar de não termos encontrado diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação à co-contração muscular, os achados sugerem que esse exercício deve ser utilizado com cautela, já que o sinergismo muscular entre os músculos testados mostrou-se alterado em decorrência de modificações no status direcional da superfície de apoio, o que pode comprometer a especificidade da exercitação em relação a atividades específicas, como as esportivas, nomeadamente quanto ao aspecto coordenação.
Avaliação da concentração de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado em tabagistas com DPOC
Authors: Chatkin Gustavo , Chatkin José Miguel , Aued Gabriel , Petersen Guilherme Oliveira , Jeremias Edna Thais , Thiesen Flávia Valladão
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Medir os níveis de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado (COex) em tabagistas com e sem DPOC. MÉTODOS: Tabagistas frequentadores dos ambulatórios do Hospital São Lucas em Porto Alegre (RS) entre setembro de 2007 e março de 2009 foram convidados a participar do estudo. Os participantes responderam a um questionário com características demográficas e epidemiológicas e realizaram espirometria, medição de cotinina urinária e de COex. Os participantes foram agrupados conforme a presença de DPOC. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 294 tabagistas, 174 (59,18%) diagnosticados com DPOC. Todos os participantes apresentavam níveis de cotinina urinária > 50 ng/mL. Os fumantes com DPOC apresentaram medianas significativamente superiores as do grupo sem DPOC para as variáveis idade e maços-ano (p < 0,001 e p = 0,026, respectivamente). Não houve diferença significativa nas demais variáveis. Quando ajustados para sexo, início do tabagismo, cigarros/dia e cotinina urinária, os valores médios de COex foram mais altos no grupo DPOC que no grupo sem DPOC, mas sem significância estatística (17,8 ± 0,6 ppm e 16,6 ± 0,7 ppm, respectivamente; p = 0,200). As diferenças permaneceram não significativas quando o método de base logarítmica foi usado. Uma ampla dispersão dos valores de COex foi encontrada quando os participantes foram classificados conforme os valores de VEF1 (r = -0,06; p = 0,53) ou o sistema de classificação de Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (r = 0,08; p = 0,34). As proporções de resultados falso-negativos para tabagismo foram de 18,4% e 6,7%, respectivamente, nos grupos com e sem DPOC (p = 0,007). CONCLUÕES: Esse estudo mostrou que os valores de COex não apresentaram diferenças significativas em fumantes com ou sem DPOC. Desse modo, parece não haver nenhuma restrição relevante para a sua aplicabilidade em fumantes com DPOC.
Tabagismo em idosos internados em instituições de longa permanência
Authors: Carvalho Anderson Albuquerque de , Gomes Lucy , Loureiro Altair Macedo Lahud
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de tabagismo entre idosos internados em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPIs) e verificar a associação do grau de dependência nicotínica com variáveis sociodemográficas, vínculo afetivo, motivação para cessação e depressão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional, incluindo 573 idosos com idade > 60 anos, internados em 13 ILPIs no Distrito Federal. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: tipo de ILPI, gênero, idade, escolaridade, renda mensal, estado civil, condição previdenciária, vínculo afetivo, motivação para a cessação, depressão provável e o grau de dependência nicotínica. Para a obtenção dos dados, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de Qualidade de Vida de Flanagan, Miniexame do Estado Mental, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, teste de Richmond e Teste de Fagerström para Dependência de Nicotina. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral de fumantes na amostra (573 indivíduos) foi de 23,0%. Dos 132 fumantes, havia 81 homens (24,9%) e 35 mulheres (20,1%). Foram incluídos no estudo 116 fumantes, dos quais 70 (60,3%) apresentavam depressão provável. Houve significativas associações entre o grau de dependência nicotínica e as seguintes variáveis: escolaridade, renda mensal, vínculo afetivo, motivação para a cessação e depressão provável. Não houve associações significativas entre a dependência de nicotina e as seguintes variáveis: tipo de ILPI, gênero, idade, condição previdenciária e estado civil. CONCLUSÕES: Nos idosos institucionalizados em ILPIs no Distrito Federal, constatamos uma elevada prevalência de tabagismo, havendo entre eles baixa motivação para a cessação tabágica.
Monitoramento epidemiológico da tuberculose em um hospital geral universitário
Authors: Gonçalves Berenice das Dores , Cavalini Luciana Tricai , Valente Joaquim Gonçalves
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Descrever o monitoramento epidemiológico da exposição à tuberculose realizado em ambiente hospitalar e analisar o perfil da doença em um hospital geral universitário. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo dos casos diagnosticados de tuberculose no período entre 2000 e 2006, com a determinação de indicadores de morbidade e mortalidade, que foram comparados a população geral de pacientes atendidos no hospital e com o total de funcionários do hospital que desenvolveram tuberculose ativa. RESULTADOS: Foram atendidos 763 pacientes com tuberculose ativa (média, 109 pacientes/ano), sendo 481 (63,1%) do sexo masculino. A faixa etária mais atingida foi a de 30 a 59 anos. As formas clínicas pulmonares e extrapulmonares exclusivas foram predominantes. Entretanto, entre os pacientes internados, as formas pulmonares associadas às extrapulmonares e as formas pulmonares não bacilíferas exclusivas foram mais frequentes. A presença de comorbidades foi mais prevalente entre os pacientes internados e entre os que evoluíram para óbito. Apenas 52,8% dos casos atendidos no hospital foram notificados. Os indicadores hospitalares gerais demonstraram maior tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade entre os pacientes com tuberculose. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência e prevalência indicam um alto risco de exposição à tuberculose no hospital no período estudado. Os indicadores propostos apresentam um potencial de padronização dos procedimentos de monitoramento da tuberculose hospitalar, e o perfil epidemiológico aqui descrito poderá contribuir para um melhor entendimento da situação da doença no país.
Citoesqueleto e mecanotransdução na fisiopatologia da lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador
Authors: Taniguchi Leandro Utino , Caldini Elia Garcia , Velasco Irineu Tadeu , Negri Elnara Márcia
Published: July 2010

A ventilação mecânica é uma terapia importante, mas pode resultar em complicações. Uma das mais relevantes é a lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador. Devido à hiperdistensão alveolar, o pulmão inicia um processo inflamatório, com infiltrado neutrofílico, formação de membrana hialina, fibrogênese e prejuízo de troca gasosa. Nesse processo, a mecanotransdução da hiperdistensão celular é mediada através do citoesqueleto da célula e de suas interações com a matriz extracelular e com as células vizinhas, de modo que o estímulo mecânico da ventilação se traduz em sinalização bioquímica intracelular, desencadeando ativação endotelial, permeabilidade vascular pulmonar, quimiotaxia leucocitária, produção de citocinas e, possivelmente, lesão de órgãos à distância. Estudos clínicos demonstram essa relação entre distensão pulmonar e mortalidade em pacientes com lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador. Entretanto, apesar de o citoesqueleto ter um papel fundamental na patogênese da lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador, a literatura carece de estudos utilizando modelos in vivo sobre as alterações do citoesqueleto e de suas proteínas associadas durante esse processo patológico.
Celularidade do líquido de LBA em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis e com doenças pulmonares
Authors: Picinin Isabela Furtado de Mendonça , Camargos Paulo Augusto Moreira , Marguet Christophe
Published: July 2010

Este estudo teve como objetivo rever a literatura existente sobre a celularidade do LBA em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis, bem como sobre sua utilização como método propedêutico e de acompanhamento nas afecções pulmonares neste grupo etário. Para tanto, utilizamos o banco de dados médico Medline com a seleção de artigos publicados entre 1989 e 2009 utilizando os seguintes descritores MeSH com operadores boolianos: bronchoalveolar lavage AND cytology OR cell AND child. Em crianças saudáveis, a celularidade é composta por macrófagos alveolares (> 80%), linfócitos (cerca de 10%), neutrófilos (cerca de 2%) e eosinófilos (< 1%). O perfil celular sofre alterações de acordo com a doença estudada. Ocorre uma elevação no número de neutrófilos em sibilantes, especialmente os não atópicos, bem como em indivíduos com quadros infecciosos e inflamatórios pulmonares, incluindo fibrose cística e doenças intersticiais pulmonares. Os eosinófilos se elevam em crianças/adolescentes com asma e podem atingir níveis acentuados na aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica e nas síndromes hipereosinofílicas. A elevação dos linfócitos pode ocorrer em um grupo heterogêneo de doenças. Conclui-se que a celularidade do líquido de LBA, juntamente com dados clínicos e de imagem, tem se mostrado um instrumento essencial de investigação de diversas afecções pulmonares. O LBA possui uma grande utilidade clínica e é menos invasivo que a biópsia pulmonar transbrônquica e a céu aberto. Estudos sobre a celularidade normal do líquido de LBA utilizando-se protocolos internacionalmente padronizados e em diversas faixas etárias para a verificação de valores de referência são necessários para a interpretação mais acurada de resultados em crianças e adolescentes com pneumopatias.
Tumor glômico endobrônquico com atelectasia de lobo superior direito
Authors: Azevedo-Pereira Artur Eugênio de , Rigueiro Moacyr Pezati , Abrão Fernando Conrado
Published: July 2010

Tumores glômicos são raras neoplasias benignas de tecidos moles. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 32 anos de idade que apresentava atelectasia em lobo superior direito devido a um tumor endobrônquico. O paciente foi submetido a lobectomia superior direita e broncoplastia em cunha. O diagnóstico patológico foi de tumor glômico endobrônquico. Até onde sabemos, essa apresentação com atelectasia em lobo superior direito nunca foi relatada. O tumor glômico deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões endobrônquicas que causam atelectasia lobar.
Mechanical behaviour of unsaturated kaolin (with isotropic and anisotropic stress history). Part 2: performance under shear loading
Authors: SIVAKUMAR V. , SIVAKUMAR R. , BOYD J. , MACKINNON P.
Published: July 2010

Validation of a framework for unsaturated soil behaviour has frequently resulted in disagreement with basic propositions. A primary reason for this disparity is considered to be attributable to the anisotropic properties of the soil specimens tested as a result of preparation using one-dimensional compaction. As part of the work presented, comparison is made between tests on samples of unsaturated kaolin prepared at identical specific volumes and specific water volumes using isotropic compression and one-dimensional compression. The suctions in the samples were reduced to predefined values by wetting under low isotropic loading in a triaxial cell. The samples were then taken through various stress paths to failure, defined as the critical state strength, while the suctions were held constant. Stress path tests were also performed on samples without reducing the suction to predefined values. In the latter, constant water mass tests, the suctions were allowed to vary and were measured using a psychrometer. The results of the tests at critical state are compared with the propositions of Wheeler and Sivakumar. The shear strengths of samples with isotropic previous history are shown to be significantly greater than those of samples with one-dimensional stress history when plotted against the mean net stress. The normal compression lines, critical state lines and yield characteristics are also shown to be significantly influenced by the previous stress history and are shown to be different for isotropically and one-dimensionally prepared samples.
Geotechnical properties of sediment subjected to ultrasound
Authors: Meriggi R. , Del Fabbro M.
Published: July 2010

The paper reports the comparison of the results of laboratory tests conducted on reconstituted samples of high-plasticity lagoon sediment before and after ultrasonic treatment. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic treatment on the compressibility and velocity of sedimentation and consolidation. The improvement of these geotechnical characteristics may lead to the storage of a greater volume of dredged material in the confined disposal facilities. Tests in a sedimentation column were performed in salt water to investigate the influence of ultrasonic treatment on the occurrence of two different sedimentation processes: zone settling and compression settling. The zone settling velocity of sediment subject to ultrasonic treatment was six times slower than that of natural soils and a significant variation of grain size of the particles was noted. The mechanical effect of sonication produced a reduction in coarse particles, with enrichment of the silty fraction. Different methods of consolidation testing were conducted on reconstituted samples of sediment treated with ultrasound: oedometer with standard loading sequence, with small stress increments and with constant rate of strain. Comparison of the results confirms an appreciable increase in the compression index and a reduction in the permeability of sonicated samples.
Stabilisation of clayey soils with industrial by-products: part A
Authors: Wilkinson A. , Haque A. , Kodikara J.
Published: July 2010

Hydrated lime, activated fly ash and activated slag have been used to stabilise a number of soils collected from a range of locations across Australia. This paper explores the reaction mechanics of soils and industrial by-products in the role of stabilisation. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry analyses on stabilised soils were carried out after various curing periods. Based on the extensive study of the microstructural and mineralogical developments, it was found that the soil microstructure undergoes dramatic changes during the modification and stabilisation processes. The different stabilising agents were also shown to have influenced the nature and form of developing microstructural elements. The slag particles were subjected to significant surficial transformation, whereas fly ash relied exclusively on through-solution mechanisms, and was comparatively inert under the prevalent conditions. The presence of organic matter in soils was found to interfere with the nucleation and growth of cementitious phases causing slow gain in strength properties. Finally, these results were used to elucidate the development of the geotechnical properties of the stabilised soils in an accompanying paper by the authors (part B).
Stigma and Liver Disease
Authors: Sogolow Ellen D. , Lasker Judith N. , Sharim Rebecca R. , Weinrieb Robert M. , Sass David A.
Published: July 2010

This study explores stigma experienced by women with the autoimmune liver disease Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Liver disease is commonly stigmatized due to an association with alcoholism and drug abuse, and persons with PBC may be subjected to stigma even though there is no etiological connection to substance use. Women with PBC (25 waiting list, 75 posttransplant), recruited through an online organization and two transplant centers, completed a survey regarding demographic, biomedical, psychological, and social contributors to overall quality of life (QOL). Two measures of stigma were analyzed in relation to the other variables and QOL. Open-ended questions concerned stigmatizing experiences and participants' reactions to them. Almost one in five reported experiencing stigmatizing behaviors from others, in particular from medical professionals, that resulted in hurt and anger. Higher stigma scores were associated with diminished mental and social dimensions of QOL as well as with greater uncertainty about illness, more symptoms from the disease and medication effects. Depression, fatigue, and age (younger) were key predictors of stigma. Those experiencing stigma should receive support and access to counseling. The knowledge and sensitivity of the public and medical professionals regarding the damage inflicted by stigmatizing any disease should be addressed through professional continuing education programs and public campaigns by organizations that support people with chronic liver disease.
Cancer Mortality, State Mean Elevations, and other Selected Predictors
Authors: Hart John , Hyun Seunggeun
Published: July 2010

This ecological inquiry compares cancer mortality rates in the U.S. to the predictor of natural background radiation (via land elevation means) along with eight other predictors thought to be associated with cancer mortality. Age-adjusted cancer mortality in 2006 was compared to the predictors of mean land elevation, percent of smokers, educational attainment, percent of population without health insurance, income, obesity, health perception, physical activity, and diet. Among the six predictors considered appropriate for multiple linear regression, three were found to be statistically significant; from strongest to weakest, these three were: smoking, land elevation, and educational attainment. The predictors of smoking and educational attainment have long been considered associated with cancer mortality. The finding that the predictor of land elevation / natural background radiation is inversely related to cancer mortality is another piece of evidence supporting the theory of radiation hormesis. In this study, land elevation / natural background radiation ranked second in predictive strength regarding cancer mortality, behind smoking and ahead of educational attainment. Since this is an ecological inquiry, no causal inferences can be made.
Coulometric-potentiometric determination of autoprotolysis constant and relative acidity scale of water
Authors: Dzudovic Radmila , Jaksic Ljiljana
Published: July 2010

The autoprotolysis constant and relative acidity scale of water were determined by applying the coulometric-potentiometric method and a hydrogen/palladium (H2/Pd) generator anode. In the described procedure for the evaluation of autoprotolysis constant, a strong base generated coulometrically at the platinum cathode in situ in the electrolytic cell, in presence of sodium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte, is titrated with hydrogen ions obtained by the anodic oxidation of hydrogen dissolved in palladium electrode. The titration was carried out with a glass-SCE electrode pair at 25.0?0.1?C. The value obtained pKw = 13.91 ? 0.06 is in agreement with literature data. The range of acidity scale of water is determined from the difference between the halfneutralization potentials of electrogenerated perchloric acid and that of sodium hydroxide in a sodium perchlorate medium. The halfneutralization potentials were measured using both a glass-SCE and a (H2/Pd)ind-SCE electrode pairs. A wider range of relative acidity scale of water was obtained with the glass-SCE electrode pair.
Vitamin D Levels and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Joergensen Christel , Gall Mari-Anne , Schmedes Anne , Tarnow Lise , Parving Hans-Henrik , Rossing Peter
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate vitamin D as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and risk of progression to micro- or macroalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a longitudinal observational follow-up study, 289 type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (n = 172), microalbuminuria (n = 73), and macroalbuminuria (n = 44) at baseline were followed for a median (range) of 15.0 (0.2–23) years. Mean ± SD age was 54 ± 9 years. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry on baseline samples. Severe vitamin D deficiency was defined as the lower 10th percentile (<13.9 nmol/l).

RESULTS

Median (range) vitamin D level was 35.7 (5–136.7) nmol/l. Vitamin D levels were not associated with age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), or A1C at baseline, but low levels were weakly associated with elevated systolic blood pressure (R = 0.13, P = 0.03). During follow-up, 196 (68%) patients died. All-cause mortality was increased in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency (hazard ratio 1.96 [95% CI 1.29–2.98]). The association persisted after adjustment for UAER, A1C, diabetes duration, and conventional cardiovascular risk factors (2.03 [1.31–3.13]). Severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (1.95 [1.11–3.44]), and the association persisted after adjustment (1.90 [1.15–3.10]). Severe vitamin D deficiency at baseline did not predict progression to micro- or macroalbuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS

In type 2 diabetic patients, severe vitamin D deficiency predicts increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of UAER and conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Whether vitamin D substitution improves prognosis remains to be investigated.
Hypersensitivity to Pollen of Olea Europea in Patients with Pollen Allergy in Zadar County, Croatia
Authors: Skitarelić Nataša , Mazzi Antun , Skitarelić Neven , Mišulić Joško , Vuletić Ana
Published: July 2010

Učestalost senzibilizacije na pelud masline u bolesnika s peludnom alergijom na području Zadra

Preosjetljivost na pelud masline važan je uzrok peludnih alergija u mediteranskim zemljama. Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi učestalost preosjetljivosti na pelud masline među bolesnicima s peludnom alergijom u Zadru i Zadarskoj županiji. Dobivene rezultate usporedili smo s ranijim ispitivanjem preosjetljivosti na pelud masline u Dalmaciji.

Ukupno je obrađen 671 ispitanik s preosjetljivosti na peludne alergene. Od toga broja 61 % ispitanika bilo je muškog spola, a 39 % je bilo ženskog spola. Od ukupno ispitanih 53.5 % činila su djeca u dobi od 4 do 14 godina, a preostalih 46.5 % bili su odrasli u dobi od 15 do 59 godina života. Svim ispitanicima uzeta je detaljna obiteljska i osobna anamneza, napravljen klinički pregled te učinjeno kožno prick-testiranje i enzimatsko-imunološki UniCAP-test za određivanje specifičnih IgE-protutijela. Statistička obrada podataka učinjena je χ2-testom.

Preosjetljivost na pelud masline dokazana je u 8.8 % bolesnika s peludnom alergijom. Najveći broj bolesnika s preosjetljivosti na pelud masline boluje od alergijskog rinitisa, 58 % bolesnika. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u broju bolesnika između dvije ispitivane sredine, gradske i seoske. Samo 3 % bolesnika stanovnici su otoka.

Preosjetljivost na pelud masline u našem ispitivanju najniža je u odnosu na ispitivanja provedena u drugim mediteranskim zemljama. Najčešće se očituje kliničkom slikom alergijskog rinitisa, a statistički je značajno češća u gradskoj sredini. Usporedba preosjetljivosti na pelud masline tijekom dvaju ispitivanih razdoblja u našoj zemlji nije pokazala porast broja bolesnika s preosjetljivosti na pelud masline.
Prevalence of Smoking and Other Smoking-Related Behaviours Among Students Aged 13 to 15 Years in Montenegro: Results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey of 2008
Authors: Ljaljević Agima , Zvrko Elvir , Mugoša Boban , Matijević Snežana , Andjelić Jasmina
Published: July 2010

Prevalence of Smoking and Other Smoking-Related Behaviours Among Students Aged 13 to 15 Years in Montenegro: Results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey of 2008

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is an international study that provides data on youth tobacco use for development of tobacco control programs. It is a school-based survey that uses a standardised methodology for sampling, core questionnaire items, training protocol, field procedures, and data management.

This article reports the findings from a GYTS conducted in Montenegro in 2008, which included 5723 adolescents. More than 30 % of students aged 13 to 15 tried smoking, 5.1 % smoked cigarettes, and 3.6 % of students used tobacco products other than cigarettes. Four in 10 ever smokers started to smoke before the age of 10. More than half the students reported secondary smoke exposure at home. Almost all (96.5 %) current smokers bought cigarettes in a store. Two in 10 students owned an artifact with a cigarette or tobacco brand logo on it.

The GYTS study has shown that there is an urgent need to introduce effective child-oriented smoking prevention programmes in early elementary school classes. These should be accompanied by public awareness campaigns on smoke-free homes.
Toxicological Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Noxious Agents in Modern Warfare and Terorrism
Authors: Vučemilović Ante
Published: July 2010

Toksikološke posljedice oružja za masovno uništavanje i noksa u suvremenom ratovanju i terorizmu

Oružja za masovno uništavanje najbolji su primjer uporabe civilizacijskih tehnoloških dostignuća u štetne svrhe i protiv ljudske civilizacije. Unatoč nastojanjima oko kontrole i smanjenja njihove količine, rizik zbog samoga postojanja pa čak i širenja zahtijeva da se o njihovoj uporabi i dalje vodi računa i da se povećaju obrambene mjere - nuklearno-biološko-kemijske obrane (NBKO).

Osim suvremenog vojnika koji je u vojnim i mirovnim operacijama diljem svijeta izložen raznim noksama kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla, nezaštićeno i uglavnom slabo educirano civilno stanovništvo može biti izloženo terorističkim napadima.

Oružja za masovno uništavanje i nokse kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla uzrokuju razne toksikološke posljedice, a bez obzira na njihovo podrijetlo, imaju zajednički nazivnik djelovanja - poremećaj fiziološkog stanja u organizmu. Poremećaji proizašli nakon izlaganja tim noksama nerijetko se teško determiniraju, dijagnosticiraju i liječe.

U ovome su radu s biomedicinskog aspekta obrađene važnije nokse kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla na temelju odabranih primjera iz terorizma i suvremenog ratovanja: polonij-210, osiromašeni uran, salmonela, bedrenica (antraks), genetički modificirane bakterije, polimerno predivo "paučina" i bojni otrovi sarin i iperit.
Growth Inhibition of Aspergillus Ochraceus ZMPBF 318 and Penicillium Expansum ZMPBF 565 by Four Essential Oils
Authors: Čvek Domagoj , Markov Ksenija , Frece Jadranka , Dragičević Tibela , Majica Matea , Delaš Frane
Published: July 2010

Growth Inhibition of Aspergillus Ochraceus ZMPBF 318 and Penicillium Expansum ZMPBF 565 by Four Essential Oils

Fungi produce a large variety of extracellular proteins, organic acids, and other metabolites and can adapt to several environmental conditions. Mycotoxin-producing moulds of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are common food contaminants. One of the natural ways to protect food from mould contamination is to use essential oils. In this study, we evaluated the effect of essential oils of cinnamon, lavender, rosemary, and sage at 1 % (v/v) concentration in yeast media inoculated with spores (final concentration 106 mL-1 media) of Aspergillus ochraceus ZMPBF 318 and Penicillium expansum ZMPBF 565, alone or in combination, on fungal biomass. Cinnamon showed the best inhibitory effect (100 %). Lavender oil best inhibited the growth of Aspergillus ochraceus (nearly 100 %), and was less successful with Penicillium expansum (having dropped to 57 % on day 28). With cultivation time the inhibitory effect of sage and rosemary oil grew for Aspergillus ochraceus and dropped for Penicillium expansum.

These results suggest that fungi can be controlled with essential oils, especially with cinnamon oil.
Very true on CBA fuzzy logic
Authors: Botur Michal , Švrček Filip
Published: July 2010

CBA logic was introduced as a non-associative generalization of the Łukasiewicz many-valued propositional logic. Its algebraic semantic is just the variety of commutative basic algebras. Petr Hájek introduced vt-operators as models for the “very true” connective on fuzzy logics. The aim of the paper is to show possibilities of using vt-operators on commutative basic algebras, especially we show that CBA logic endowed with very true connective is still fuzzy.
Relatively uniform convergences in archimedean lattice ordered groups
Authors: Jakubík Ján , Černák Štefan
Published: July 2010

For an archimedean lattice ordered group G let G
d and G∧ be the divisible hull or the Dedekind completion of G, respectively. Put G
d∧ = X. Then X is a vector lattice. In the present paper we deal with the relations between the relatively uniform convergence on X and the relatively uniform convergence on G. We also consider the relations between the o-convergence and the relatively uniform convergence on G. For any nonempty class τ of lattice ordered groups we introduce the notion of τ-radical class; we apply this notion by investigating relative uniform convergences.
On absolute summability for double triangle matrices
Authors: Savaş Ekrem , Şevli Hamdullah
Published: July 2010

A lower triangular infinite matrix is called a triangle if there are no zeros on the principal diagonal. The main result of this paper gives a minimal set of sufficient conditions for a double triangle T to be a bounded operator on ; i.e., T ∈ B () for the sequence space defined below. As special summability methods T we consider weighted mean and double Cesàro, (C, 1, 1), methods. As a corollary we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a double triangle T to be a bounded operator on the space of double sequences of bounded variation.
Body size and reproductive traits of Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda), a recent colonizer of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Janas Urszula , Mańkucka Anna
Published: July 2010

Body size and reproductive traits of Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda), a recent colonizer of the Baltic Sea

Palaemon elegans is a species of prawn new (since 2000) to the southern Baltic. The aim of this study was to find out whether there are differences in the sizes of individuals and in the reproductive traits of P. elegans inhabiting different areas of the southern Baltic Sea and to compare the data obtained with existing data for populations from other coastal areas. The present study was carried out in the summers of 2005 and 2007 in three areas differing in their hydrological conditions (primarily in salinity): Puck Bay (PB), the Vistula Delta (VD) and the Vistula Lagoon (VL), Poland. The maximum body lengths of these prawns (females = 60 mm, males = 41 mm), and body masses (1201 mg and 533 mg respectively) found in the southern Baltic were less than those reported from many other parts of the geographical range of this species. The increase in body mass with length was the smallest in the prawns inhabiting VL, and the maximum lengths they grew to were also shorter (females - 52 mm and males - 39 mm) than in PB. The numbers of eggs carried by P. elegans in the southern Baltic were smaller than those found in females in its native regions. Differences were also found in the numbers and sizes of eggs between prawns inhabiting different locations in the southern Baltic. It was concluded that the low salinity of the southern Baltic Sea (even below 7 PSU), while not preventing this prawn from reproducing, caused a shift to the production of fewer but larger eggs. The reproductive strategy that Baltic populations of P. elegans has adopted is one of the factors responsible for its very rapid and large-scale colonization of the southern Baltic Sea.
Trophic interactions between preadult and adult Pomatoschistus minutus and Pomatoschistus microps and young Platichthys flesus occurring in inshore waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic)
Authors: Złoch Ilona , Sapota Mariusz
Published: July 2010

Trophic interactions between preadult and adult Pomatoschistus minutus and Pomatoschistus microps and young Platichthys flesus occurring in inshore waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic)

We intended to estimate if shallow inshore waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk can be considered important feeding grounds for the fishes under investigation. We also examined whether competition for food exists between the investigated fishes which co-exist. The study was carried out at Sopot and Chałupy stations from summer 2001 to autumn 2003. The results showed the high importance of Neomysis integer, which exclusively lives in coastal waters, in the diet of all three investigated fish species. It indicates that they utilize this zone as a feeding ground. The obtained dataset also led to the conclusion that fish trophic niches overlap by about 40%.
Asymmetry in certain morphological characters of the carangid species Decapterus russelli, collected from the Lemah coastal area, on the northern part of Oman Sea
Authors: Jawad Laith , Al-Mamry Juma , Al-Kharusi Ahlam , Al-Habsi Soad
Published: July 2010

Asymmetry in certain morphological characters of the carangid species Decapterus russelli, collected from the Lemah coastal area, on the northern part of Oman Sea

Asymmetry analysis has been carried out for some bilateral characters of Decapterus russelli (Family: Carangidae) collected from Oman Sea. The results showed that postorbital length demonstrated the highest incidence of asymmetry among the characters studied. The lowest asymmetry value was for the number of pectoral fin rays. An increasing trend in the asymmetry value with fish length is also obtained for preorbital length, number of pectoral fins and number of lateral line scutes. A similar trend is also evident in the postorbital length and eye lens diameter of individuals with body sizes <160 mm. The possible causes of asymmetry in this species are herein discussed in relation to different pollutants and their presence in the area.
Dissolved organic matter transformation in the hyporheic zone of a small lowland river
Authors: Zieliński Piotr , Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk Elżbieta
Published: July 2010

Dissolved organic matter transformation in the hyporheic zone of a small lowland river

The objective of this study was to examine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) changes in porewaters that occur over a small scale (cm) in the hyporheic zone (HZ) of a lowland stream in the Knyszynska Forest in northeast Poland. Hyporheic zone porewaters were sampled at different depths of 10, 30, 50, 70 cm at two study sites with different sediment material. The results showed significant differences in DOC concentrations between the upper and lower stream HZ. The current results indicate that small lowland sediments provide both a source and a sink of DOC for stream water, depending on the river course. The higher DOC level observed in the hyporheic zone suggests that porewater can be an autonomic site of biogeochemical changes of dissolved organic matter, which is very clear in the SUVA fluctuations.
Heavy metal contamination of waters in reservoirs in an urban agglomeration
Authors: Szpakowska Barbara , Karlik Bogdan , Krzesiński Włodzimierz , Goliński Piotr , Szczęsna Magdalena , Mleczek Mirosław
Published: July 2010

Heavy metal contamination of waters in reservoirs in an urban agglomeration

The aim of the study was to estimate the degree of heavy metal pollution in water reservoirs in the city of Poznań as well as that in supply and outlet waters. The experimental data were compared with the results of mathematical analyses based on mathematical equations of linear regression that were derived. No considerable discrepancies were noted for zinc, cadmium, or copper in the 2004-2005 period.

The metal concentrations in the analyzed water reservoirs were affected by the neighboring agglomeration and land development in the catchment area. The lowest concentrations of analyzed metals in inflowing waters ranged from 0.013 μg dm-3 for cadmium to 454 μg dm-3 for zinc. The application of simple mathematical models may considerably facilitate forecasting adverse changes that occur in aquatic ecosystems.
The Geo-Demographic Dimension of Romanian Rural Space
Authors: Staşac Marcu , Albu Ioana , Stupariu Marius
Published: July 2010

The Geo-Demographic Dimension of Romanian Rural Space

Knowing, researching into and developing the rural space are activities of utmost importance for a country, both by the dimension of the rural space, expressed by the surface as such, and by the dimension of the demographic component (of the rural population). Referring to Romanian rural space, this is dominant, representing almost 94% of Romania's total surface (93.7%). In what concerns the demographic component (population), as it is known, this confers a particular dynamics to the rural space, generating a series of quantitative and qualitative aspects. At present the share of the rural population reaches 47% out of the total of Romania's population. Generally speaking, we can assert that the village and generally the Romanian village remains further on the main propeller of life. Thus the share of the rural population, besides the whole range of socio-demographic indicators, which can outline the degree of stability or instability of the rural space, as well as other basic indicators, such as the share of the rural population occupied in productive activities, socio-cultural services, tourism activities, etc., enhance the importance of the rural life from one country or another, reason for which the development of the rural space remains a problem of a national and international level. Consequently, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has raised the issue of the rural space at the level of European and Community policy.
Dynamics of National Composition of Vilnius Population in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century
Authors: Stanaitis Saulius , Česnavičius Darius
Published: July 2010

Dynamics of National Composition of Vilnius Population in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century

The article presents changes of national composition of Vilnius population in the 2nd half of the 20th century. The changes of Vilnius population are analyzed with respect to nationality, including the smallest territorial administrative units of Vilnius. The growth of the city population was associated with an intensive allround city development. Based on the data of the censuses of 1989 and 2001, the article focuses on the dynamics of national composition, which took place after the restoration of independence. The analysis encompasses not only the intensity of dynamics of different nationalities but also the portion of national minorities residing in Vilnius (Poles and Russians in particular) on a country scale.
The Electorate in Poland's Large and Medium-Sized cities and Towns and its Influence on the Results of the 2007 Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Matykowski Roman
Published: July 2010

The Electorate in Poland's Large and Medium-Sized cities and Towns and its Influence on the Results of the 2007 Parliamentary Elections

Urbanization is regarded among the most significant factors affecting election-related behaviour in Poland. In order to identify the importance of Poland's municipal electorate, a procedure of reverse elimination was applied to the electorates of successive largest cities in Poland, followed by a structure of supporting the strongest political parties at each stage of the cities' rank elimination. Whenever each successive elimination is followed by dwindling support for a given party, this party is referred to as pro-metropolitan.
Bulgarian Urban Settlements in the Early 21st Century
Authors: Ilieva Margarita , Iliev Iliya
Published: July 2010

Bulgarian Urban Settlements in the Early 21st Century

The article presents the main changes in Bulgarian urban settlements during the last two decades and the present-day situation and processes of their development. A pronounced tendency towards a decrease in the urban population in Bulgaria can be observed in this period, which is closely related to the continuing drop in the total number of the country's population. A comparison with earlier periods shows that there is a greater concentration of population in the cities and middle-sized towns. The processes of transformation in Bulgarian urban settlements are similar to those in the other Central and East-European countries in transition. The economic transformations and the changes in the urban economy affected the urban territorial structure. The last two decades have witnessed considerable changes in the spatial pattern of the complex systems links established between the settlements as well as between the settlements, gravitating to the cities or agglomerations. The regional policy, which has been implemented for the past two decades, aims to consolidate the importance of Bulgarian urban settlements (over 20 thousand inhabitants) and agglomerations in regional development.
Functional Standartization of Rural Areas of Dolnośląskie Voivodeship
Authors: Hełdak Maria
Published: July 2010

Functional Standartization of Rural Areas of Dolnośląskie Voivodeship

In the article the actual functions of rural or urban-rural communes in Dolnośląskie voivodeship (Lower Silesia) in 1996 and 2005 were indicated by applying three criteria of delimitation: structure of economy, the level of industrialisation and the level of tourism infrastructure. The research revealed that in 1996 most communes were classified as the type dominated by agriculture and at the same time they were underdeveloped with regards to tourism and were, almost totally, lacking in industry - as many as 48 out of 126 of analysed communes. In 2005 in Dolnośląskie voivodeship industrial communes prevailed which were also dominated by agriculture - altogether 47 communes in the region.
Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development
Authors: Domański Bolesław , Gwosdz Krzysztof
Published: July 2010

Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development

The aim of the paper is to outline demand-driven multiplier mechanisms, the theory behind them, and applicable quantification methods (aggregate models and incremental methods). The authors discuss a number of key problems related to multiplier effects as fundamental mechanisms of local and regional development. The study of the magnitude, industry structure, spatial distribution, and key determinants of those effects can help understand growth mechanisms in local and regional economies and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages associated with new, e.g. foreign, investment. Furthermore, the results of earlier empirical studies of the magnitude, spatial distribution and determinants of multiplier effects are presented together with the outcomes of the authors' own study.
Landed Property of Churches and Denominational Associations in Poland
Authors: Głębocki Benicjusz
Published: July 2010

Landed Property of Churches and Denominational Associations in Poland

Historical factors are presented that have determined landed property belonging to churches and denominational associations in Poland. The article then moves to post-war times to discuss the size and structure of church property resources in 1950, before its appropriation by the State in 1952, and after its restoration to the ecclesiastical owners following the systemic transformation of 1989. The form and ways of recovery of church property are discussed, as well as its present size, structure and distribution.
Ethnobotanical classification and plant nomenclature system of high altitude agro-pastoralists in Dolpo, Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Suresh K , Aumeeruddy-Thomas Yildiz
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the findings of ethnobotanical research conducted in Tibetan community of agro-pastoralists in Dolpo, northwest Nepal. We assessed vernacular classification and plant nomenclature system with a particular focus on medicinal plants. We aimed to encompass the interpretation of semantic categories, as well as observing directly how people relate to plants in all material and symbolic aspects of their life. The methodology used consisted of village-level group meetings, indoor semi-structured interviews, in situ open interviews and resource mapping. The results showed that a substantial body of knowledge concerning ethno-medical practices and ethno-systematics remain intact in the study area. The Dolpo agro-pastoralists and particularly local amchi (specialists trained in the Tibetan medical system) name and classify the plant world based on morphological, ecological and organoleptic criteria producing a system of hierarchical classification. The richness and complexity of the botanical nomenclature reflect their profound knowledge obtained both from Tibetan materia medica and through direct field experience about the use and management of plant resources. The knowledge of amchi, in particular, is highly linked to the context of social interaction and practices. The study reveals that the use of knowledge and perception of local resource users is valuable for developing management guidelines for medicinal plants in our case and for overall conservation approaches. Key-words: Amchi; ethnobotany; ethnoecology; medicinal plants; Tibetan medicine; vernacular classification.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2912 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 56-68