bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baroque (the mid-16th to mid-18th centuries): Collisions of contrasts. Essay 1
Authors: Demchenko Aleksandr Ivanovich
Published: October 2024

The essay examines the art and culture of the Baroque era, which followed the Renaissance. This era spans the 17th century and parts of the 16th and 18th centuries. Its emergence was marked by a crisis in Renaissance humanism, a disillusionment with the ideals of the era, particularly the idea of a perfect human being, their harmonious existence, and their dominion over the world. First of all, the author focuses on the spiritualism inherent in the Baroque, which arose in opposition to the individualism of the Renaissance: the spirit is elevated above matter, which is reflected in the desire for repentance, the rejection of bodily pleasures, and a turning towards God. This part of the essay pays particular attention to key contrasts, antitheses characteristic of the era. For example, spiritualism was contrasted with the "bodily", earthly, sensual element, both of which could be represented in the works of the same artist. Another key antithesis of the era is the juxtaposition of refined-aristocratic and folkloric, lowly elements. One of the strongest contrasts characteristic of the Baroque period is the antithesis of tragedy and zest for life. Furthermore, the author addresses the styles of Rococo and Baroque. Particular attention is paid to Russian art of the period under study. The exploration of this topic will be continued in the next part of the essay.
Linguodidactic analysis of authentic video materials selected for Russian as a foreign language classes in universities
Authors: Spivakova Elena Michailovna
Published: October 2024

The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for practical-oriented linguodidactic analysis of video texts that will allow teachers of Russian as a foreign language to assess the difficulty level of authentic video materials for foreign audiences, their teaching and communicative potential, and to plan a lesson based on these findings. The article formulates the principles and defines the order of such an analysis for the first time, which makes the research novel. As a result, the author finds that linguodidactic analysis of video texts should be based on the principles of taking into account the individual characteristics of the addressee, ensuring the accessibility of the video text for the audience, identifying its teaching and communicative potential and its linguocultural orientation. The author proposes a sequential analysis of the verbal, nonverbal, and ideological-aesthetic components of the video text. The verbal component is described at the linguistic, speech, and linguocultural levels. The author illustrates the proposed methodology using the example of issue 182 of the TV magazine “Yeralash” titled “The Liar Meter”.
Experimental and search work on the implementation of organizational and pedagogical conditions for the development of the professional and pedagogical competence of a professional school teacher in the field of documentation management
Authors: Novoselova Anastasia Evgenievna
Published: October 2024

The study aims to develop and justify the effectiveness of the implementation of organizational and pedagogical conditions for professional school teachers in the field of documentation management. The paper examines the need for highly qualified specialist teachers in secondary vocational education and also talks about the development of organizational and pedagogical conditions through which we can develop the professional and pedagogical competence of professional school teachers in the field of documentation management. The scientific novelty of the research consists in substantiating the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the development of the professional and pedagogical competence of professional school teachers in the field of documentation management. As a result of the research, the effectiveness of the implementation of the developed organizational and pedagogical conditions has been experimentally proven, which positively influenced the development of the professional and pedagogical competence of professional school teachers in the field of documentation management.
Comparative aspect of the study of mythonyms in the Turkic ethnocultural space
Authors: Gilazova Guzaliya Sayfullovna
Published: October 2024

The paper presents a comparative aspect of the study of mythonyms in the Turkic ethnic space. The research aims to conduct a comprehensive exploration of the main lexico-semantic and ethnolinguistic features of mythonyms in the Turkic ethnocultural space in a comparative aspect. Mythonyms contribute to a deep awareness of the Turkic ethno-cultural space. The paper analyzes the semantics of mythonyms based on the material of folk traditional culture in the Turkish, Tatar, and Bashkir languages and identifies the characteristic features of these mythonyms. The scientific novelty lies in a comparative ethnolinguistic analysis of mythonyms, conducted using examples of mythological characters from Tatar, Bashkir, and Turkish cultures, which determines the conditioning of their specific functioning in small folklore genres. The research has established that the content of mythonyms represents significant concepts of the Turkic ethnocultural space. The results have shown that there are two directions in the study of mythonymy: ethnolinguistic and comparative. As a result of a comparative study, it has been proved that the Turkic religious and mythological system is characterized by the use of common mythonyms, which are actively used in folklore genres. It has been also found that mythonyms derived from Quranic characters are more frequently used in folk cultural images. Ethnolinguistic research has shown that the semantic potential of the mythonyms created on the basis of the names Muhammad, Suleiman, Khozyr associated with Islam reflect ethnocultural information about a certain ethnocultural environment. The functioning of mythonyms in small aphoristic genres (proverbs, sayings, and incantations) makes it possible to identify the types closest to their local variants within their own ethno-cultural space.
Modern transformation of the image of Baba Yaga
Authors: Sokolova Elena Michailovna
Published: October 2024

The research aims to demonstrate the transformation of Baba Yaga, one of the most popular fairytale characters, within the contemporary media landscape, through an analysis of fanfiction within the Russian fairytale fandom. Russian fairytales represent a part of the rapidly evolving mass culture. The study describes the change in external characteristics, including the loss or reinterpretation of traditional attributes (a bone leg, forest, a hut), the emergence of internal motivation, often emotional in nature, the particular role in the reinterpreted rite of passage, the predominance of the type of Baba Yaga as a giver, the partial or complete loss of the function as an intermediary between the world of the living and the world of the dead, and the change in the heroine’s name. The scientific novelty lies in conducting a first-ever comprehensive study of the image of Baba Yaga and a comparative analysis of the modern character with the traditional folklore image. The results of the research demonstrate how cultural and social realities, including the processes of “de-enchanting” and “enchanting” the world, influence the reinterpretation of mythological images, desacralizing them, leading to the loss of a number of functions, primarily negative ones, and a significant reinterpretation of those that remain. Moreover, modernization allows the inclusion of a complex folklore image into the world of conventional modernity.
Comprehensive model of the Chinese standard sentence taking into account data from the topic-oriented and generative approaches
Authors: Kalikova Anna Mikhailovna
Published: October 2024

The research aims to develop and describe a derivational model of the Chinese sentence taking into account the achievements of the topic-oriented approach. The paper applies the methodology for constructing dependency trees in the version of N. A. Slyusar using Chinese language data, which allows for drawing analogies with universal processes of generation and perception described within the framework of the predicational concept of language. Guided by the stated aim, the author of the paper resorts to description methods of generative grammars, which, using binary links to connect components into a single whole, provide an opportunity to present syntactic relations in the form of dependency syntax trees (configurational models in the version of N. A. Slyusar). The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the grammar of the Chinese sentence is explained for the first time from the position of the distribution of activation in its surface structure, which is related to the predicational division of the sentence. As a result of the research, it has been found that the formation of word order in the Chinese sentence is carried out in accordance with the expression of topic-comment grammatical relations (the term of C. Li and S. Thompson) between the elements of its binary structure, as well as the predetermined activation in the distribution of each of the syntactic components.
Dialectal phraseology of German dialects in the Altai (linguoculturological aspect)
Authors: Goncharyuk Natalia Leonidovna , Moskvina Tatiana Nikolajevna
Published: October 2024

The aim of the research is to identify the specific structural and semantic features of comparative phraseological units characterizing a person in the German dialects of the Altai region by examining their development in terms of semantic stability, variability, and susceptibility to the influence of the Russian language. The paper considers the main approaches to studying German dialectal phraseology in comparison with Standard German as a basis for identifying the common German phraseological stock in the dialect and phraseological units specific to the isolated German dialects. The focus is on the issues of structural and semantic variation due to the influence of the Russian language and Russian linguoculture. The scientific novelty of the research lies in exploring a fragmentarily studied phenomenon, introducing into scientific use relevant dialectal material collected during a dialectological expedition to the German National Region of the Altai Krai in 2024, which allows for expanding the range of dialectal studies and supplementing scientific knowledge about the linguoculturally conditioned specifics of phraseological units in German dialects. As a result, it has been proven that the phraseological corpus of German dialects is fairly stable in terms of its composition and semantics; it retains the basic phraseological units characteristic of the common German vocabulary, which testifies to the stability of these units. However, the dialectal phraseological system is susceptible to the influence of Russian linguoculture. At the same time, there is also variability in phraseological units in different groups of German dialects in the region. Phraseological units are considered from the perspective of dialectal linguoculturology, a specific branch in culturological research on language within German studies.
IDENTIFIKASI JENIS DAN KELIMPAHAN MIKROPLASTIK PADA SALURAN PENCERNAAN IKAN KEMBUNG (Rastrelliger brachysoma) DI TEMPAT PELELANGAN IKAN SELILI KOTA SAMARINDA, KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Herisem Heri , Moh. Mustakim  , Ghitarina
Published: October 2024

Mikroplastik yang berada dalam perairan dapat tertelan oleh biota perairan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui jenis, kelimpahan, pengaruh panjang ikan terhadap jumlah mikroplastik dan perbedaan jumlah jenis mikroplastik yang terdapat pada saluran pencernaan ikan kembung yang diperoleh di TPI Selili. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat 3 jenis mikroplastik yaitu fiber sebesar 106 partikel dengan kelimpahan sebesar 5,3 partikel/individu, film sebesar 35 partikel dengan kelimpahan 1,75 partikel/individu dan fragmen sebesar 18 partikel dengan kelimpahan 0,9 partikel/individu. Hasil uji regresi linier sederhana menunjukan pengaruh ukuran panjang ikan terhadap jumlah mikroplastik sebesar 0,1126 (sangat rendah) dan hubungannya sebesar 0,3356 (rendah). Hasil uji lanjut kruskal wallis menunjukan terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara fiber dengan film dan fiber dengan fragmen sedangkan untuk film dengan fragmen tidak berbeda secara nyata.
KANDUNGAN MIKROPLASTIK PADA SEDIMEN DI WILAYAH PESISIR PANTAI MONPERA KOTA BALIKPAPAN KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Putri Rina , Rafi’i Akhmad , Ghitarina
Published: October 2024

Sampah plastik merupakan jenis sampah yang tersebar paling banyak di perairan laut. Sampah telah menjadi masalah yang cukup mengkhawatirkan terutama di lingkungan laut. Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah pesisir pantai Monpera dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui jenis, kelimpahan dan perbedaan antar jenis mikroplastik pada sedimen. Penentuan titik sampling menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Garis transek dipasang sepanjang 100 m dibagi menjadi 5 lajur, dengan masing-masing lajur berjarak 20 m pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode random sampling. Komposisi mikroplastik terdiri dari jenis film dengan nilai presentase 62%, disusul fiber dengan 22% dan fragmen dengan 16%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sedimen yang teridentifikasi paling banyak adalah jenis film dengan total 54.140 partikel/kg/m2, fiber dengan total sebanyak 19.160 partikel/kg/m2 dan fragmen dengan total 14.240 partikel/kg/m2. Perbandingan kelimpahan antar jenis Mikroplastik terdapat perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan yaitu fragmen dan film dengan nilai sig p-value (0,037) < sig α (0,05).
JENIS DAN KELIMPAHAN MIKROPLASTIK PADA AIR DI PANTAI MANGGAR KOTA BALIKPAPAN, KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Fibriana Lisa
Published: October 2024

Marine debris is a major problem around the world. The most common type of marine debris is plastic waste. Plastic waste in the sea has various sizes, one of which is microplastic. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of microplastics in water at Manggar beach, analyze the abundance of microplastics in water at Manggar beach, and determine the comparison between types of microplastics in water at Manggar beach. Microplastic sampling was carried out in August 2022, at 1 station with a 100 meter transect line in Manggar beach waters using a plankton net with a mesh size of 0.18 µm. Destruction of organic matter from the sample using 30% H2O2 solution. The sample was then added with 0.05M FeSO4 solution. Identification of microplastics using olympus microscope microservice model CX21FS1 with 10x magnification. The results of the types of microplastics found in the research sampling locations are fragments, fibers and films. The highest abundance of microplastics was dominated by fragments (2,613.3 particles/L). The lowest microplastic abundance was the film type (538 particles/L). One-way anova test between microplastic types obtained a sig value of ρ0,000 < sig α0,05 which means H1 is accepted, indicating that there are significant differences between the types of film-fragment, fiber-film and fragment-fiber.
KANDUNGAN MIKROPLASTIK PADA SALURAN PENCERNAAN IKAN BARAKUDA (Sphyraena jello) YANG DIPEROLEH DI PERAIRAN PNGEMPANG KECAMATAN MUARA BADAK
Authors: Aritonang Cicilia Imelda , Rafi’i Akhmad , Ghitarina Ghitarina
Published: October 2024

Plastik merupakan bahan yang sulit terdegradasi. Partikel plastik yang berukuran < 5 mm disebut mikroplastik. Keberadaan mikroplastik pada biota dapat memberikan efek negatif pada manusia dan biota lainnya dalam rantai makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis dan kelimpahan serta menganalisis pengaruh ukuran panjang ikan Barakuda terhadap jumlah mikroplastik. Sampel ikan Barakuda diperoleh di Perairan Pangempang, Kecamatan Muara Badak sebanyak 10 ekor. Setiap sampel dicampurkan dengan KOH 22% sebagai penghancur bahan organic dan larutan H 2O2 30% sebanyak 5 ml. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat 2 jenis mikroplastik yaitu fiber sebesar 100 partikel dengan kelimpahan sebesar 10 partikel/ind dan film sebesar 41 partikel/ind. Hasil uji Regresi Linier Sederhana menunjukkan pengaruh ukuran panjang ikan Barakuda terhadap jumlah mikroplastik sebesar 0,0382 pengaruh rendah dan hubungannya sebesar 0,1955 yang berarti hubungan sangat rendah. Hasil uji One Way ANOVA menujukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan secara signifikan antara Fiber dengan Film p-value (0,002) < sig α (0,05).
Experimental features of the intense ultra-short electric pulses exposure on similar to biological media
Authors:   Kotelnikov IRE RAS, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Mokhovaya str., 11, b.7, Vdovin V.A. , Denisov R.A. ,   Kotelnikov IRE RAS, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Mokhovaya str., 11, b.7, S.A. Sapetskiy S.A. ,   Kotelnikov IRE RAS, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Mokhovaya str., 11, b.7, Cherepenin V.A. ,   Kotelnikov IRE RAS, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Mokhovaya str., 11, b.7
Published: October 2024

In this work we analyze properties of transient processes taking place during the non- thermal application of ultrashort electric pulses to several similar to biological objects. The high-voltage solid-state generator with a pulse duration of about 5 ns is used as the source of intense pulses. The equivalent circuit method is used to carry out transient processes’ analysis. Four variants of loads which were used in experiments with cancerous tumors are studied. It is shown that, depending on whether the structural capacitance is present, a unipolar input pulse on the load may either retain its form or be transformed into a bipolar one. The voltage amplitude may change by one or two orders of magnitude and the power and energy dissipation may also vary significantly.
Sustainable artificial intelligence-driven classroom assessment in higher institutions: Lessons from Estonia, China, the USA, and Australia for Nigeria
Authors: Ofem Usani Joseph , Chukwujama Ginika
Published: October 2024

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education presents unprecedented opportunities for enhancing teaching methodologies, assessment systems, and administrative efficiencies. As Nigerian higher education institutions consider integrating AI-driven assessments, this study explores the potential benefits, challenges, and strategic approaches necessary for successful implementation. Drawing from global case studies in Estonia, China, the USA, and Australia, we analyze how AI has been employed to personalize learning, streamline assessment processes, and enhance educational outcomes. The findings highlight not only the transformative potential of AI in education but also the significant challenges related to fairness, privacy, and security. The study proposes a comprehensive framework involving policy reform, infrastructure development, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and ethical considerations. By adopting these strategies, Nigerian higher education institutions can harness the benefits of AI to foster an inclusive, efficient, and innovative educational environment. This study offers insights into how AI can be strategically implemented to enhance educational systems in Nigeria, ensuring that they are sustainable, equitable, and aligned with global technological advancements.
Finite Element Analysis of Voided Reinforced Concrete Slabs Enhanced by GFRP Sheets under Monotonic and Repeated Loads
Authors: Mtashar Shahad H. , Al-Azzawi Adel A.
Published: October 2024

Six (1000*1000 mm2) slab specimens were cast and tested as two-way simply supported slabs previously (three under monotonic loading and three under repeated loading) are used in this research. The tested specimens consist of one solid slab and two voided slabs with the following variables (type of slab (solid and voided), presence of steel fibers (0% and 1%), and the presence of GFRP layers). This paper presents the results of tested slabs and the 3D-Nonlinear finite element (ABAQUS program) is proposed to verify the tested slabs under monotonic and repeated loading. The process of modeling the structure components of the tested slabs will be discussed in detail, including the creation of the parts, model material properties, surface interaction, loading method, boundary conditions, and meshing. Then, the experimental findings will be compared to the proposed FE models. A parametric study with new variables has been investigated that affect the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs and is not implemented in the experimental part of this study. These specimens are divided into two groups according to the nature of loading as in the experimental work. The created finite element models can accurately reflect the test results with an acceptable degree of difference in deflection and ultimate load by 10%. The crack patterns obtained using finite element models for the investigated specimens under monotonic and repeated loading are extremely similar to the crack patterns observed in the experimental work.
Variety Of Bhenga And Manu Ornaments At The Sa'o Traditional House Of Gurusina Traditional Village
Authors: Azizy Irfan Maulana , Wimansyah Yogasmara Binsar Putra , Sitinjak Zhalzhabela Nur’aini , Indrayana I Made Heri
Published: October 2024

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) has a rich culture and diverse traditions. Several ethnic sub-groups, including the Ngada-Lio ethnic sub-group, mark this diversity. This ethnic sub-group inhabits the Ngada Regency area, where traditional villages are scattered at several points. Traditional villages are places to preserve a culture that has been passed down from generation to generation, one of which is weti carvings. These carvings have a variety of figures, including Bhénga and Manu. The depiction of these two figures is like a buffalo horn and a chicken. In some traditional houses in Indonesia, there are also similar figures, namely in the Tongkonan Toraja traditional house and the Karo Batak traditional house. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The researcher chose this method to describe the figures of Bhéngaand Manu in detail and depth. This research began with observation and interviews, after which the research continued by analyzing the data using morphological, stylistic, and comparative analysis. The results of this study show that various ornamental figures of buffalo and chicken are depicted on the walls of the Sao traditional house because the two animals have a special closeness to the community. Besides that, the ornamental variety is carved on the wall of the traditional house as an addition to the aesthetic value of the traditional house.
Unearthing limestone fungal diversity: Description of seven novel species from Portugal
Authors: Paiva D.S. , Fernandes L. , Pereira E. , Mesquita N. , Tiago I. , Trovão J. , Portugal A.
Published: October 2024

Stone-built heritages are found worldwide, and despite stony surfaces being considered a stressful environment with challenging conditions to overcome, research has demonstrated that it can support diverse fungal communities, fostering a unique array of peculiar yet crucial species. These species exhibit a dual nature, being both foe and friend. While these fungi play a considerable role in the deterioration of cultural heritage, their mechanisms of adaptation to unfavourable environments hold great promise for biotechnology. Despite their importance, there is limited information available about these stone dwellers in Portugal. During an experimental survey aimed at isolating fungal species thriving in a deteriorated limestone funerary art piece at the Lemos Pantheon, a national monument located in Águeda, Portugal, several fungal specimens were isolated that could not be identified as any currently known species. Through morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, seven new species (Aspergillus albicolor sp. nov., Banksiophoma dissensa sp. nov., Knufia lusitanica sp. nov., Microascus lausatensis sp. nov., Neodevriesia saximollicula sp. nov., Paramicrodochium filiforme sp. nov. and Talaromyces benedictus sp. nov.) are here proposed, illustrated, and compared to closely related species. These newly discovered fungal taxa form distinct lineages independent of other previously described species and are classified into seven families across six orders within the phylum Ascomycota. This paper also provides additional evidence that stone heritages harbour a diverse range of new species, deserving additional focus in the future.
Email Spam Detection Using a Hybrid Approach of Feedforward Neural Network and Penguin Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Al-busultan Layth
Published: October 2024

The electronic communication of today is beset by unwanted junk messages. These are not just a nuisance; they waste our time and energy and clog up our inboxes, which are supposed to be, in many ways, our digital front doors. But how do we keep them from coming? Well, as today's article makes clear, the situation is hardly straightforward. There are various methods that can be used, both traditional and modern, and each has its own set of pros and cons. One method, however, stands out in today's article as one that we think might work well in practice, the good old-fashioned neural network.
The method's novelty derives from its use of neural networks, a type of machine learning, in conjunction with the POA. The POA is a powerful optimization algorithm that can perform very well when fine-tuning the weights and biases of a neural network. We therefore used the POA to optimize these two crucial components of our model and achieved a surprising level of accuracy—98.7%. This figure surpasses the next nearest competitor by 2% and demonstrates the efficacy of our method in spam detection while also highlighting the POA's potential in this field.
The overall proposed method pushes the spam-detection field forward, but it also demonstrates something even broader: the power of hybrid approaches in machine learning. Neural networks are great—but you have to train them properly, and the use of a particle swarm for that purpose is a neat idea. But in the end, a hybrid spam filter is still a spam filter, and this one does what it's supposed to do better than many rivaling methods.
Effects of Sound Immersion on Emotional Wellbeing and Homeostasis
Authors: Gentile Daniela , Geffen Rona , Atassi Nour , Farran Bashar M. , Fellas Nicolas , Oomen Paul
Published: October 2024

Music and sounds evoke a wide range of emotions and activate numerous psychological and physiological effects. Since emotions involve the autonomic nervous system (ANS) associated with the maintenance of homeostasis, they play an important role in supporting human wellbeing. The aim of the present study is to further validate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sound, emotions and homeostasis. To this end, the effects of spatial sound projection of two different singing bowls with fundamental frequencies at 73 Hz and 110 Hz were investigated by monitoring behavioural and emotional response in healthy subjects. Overall, we find that the spatial projection of singing bowl sounds elicits a highly significant increase in positive emotions. Exposure to both frequencies resulted in a significant improvement in emotional wellbeing and a significant reduction in negative emotions. We demonstrate frequencydependent effects indicating a shift in arousal, where 73 Hz elicits feeling more wide awake while 110 Hz elicits sleepiness. These results indicate that non-invasive interventions, such as sound immersion with singing bowls, are effective means in restoring and maintaining homeostasis and underline the need for further research on the effect of discrete frequencies on human psychology and physiology, opening new perspectives on potential treatment of various disorders and conditions.
Effect of STEM on Student Learning Outcomes and Gender Differences in Senior High School: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Fadillah Muhammad Aizri , Hirahmah Atifah , Puspita Sindy , Jannati Rindu Putri , Usmeldi
Published: October 2024

This study sought to analyze the impact of the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) approach on student learning outcomes and gender differences in senior high school. In this meta-analysis, the period for searching relevant articles was set between 2018 and 2023. The literature search was conducted through the Google Scholar database and assisted by the Publish or Perish (PoP) software program. A total of 827 papers were initially evaluated, with 14 articles meeting the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis from 24 studies. The analysis focused on the dimensions of learning outcomes, including knowledge, problem-solving, creativity, achievement, critical thinking, higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), science literacy, system thinking skills, self-efficacy, and cognitive. The results demonstrated that STEM education significantly enhanced student learning outcomes, with positive effects observed across both genders. However, the intensity of these effects differed between the two groups. This study offers valuable insights into the implementation of STEM in senior high schools. It also highlights the need for further research to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of STEM on various dimensions, including HOTS, science literacy, and cognitive abilities. It will deepen our understanding of the overall impact of STEM.
Navigating the Taxonomy of Large Language Models: A Comparative Exploration through Data Manipulation and Evaluation Techniques
Authors: Kasiviswanathan Sharadha
Published: October 2024

As the landscape of research on Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly evolves, understanding the taxonomy of these models becomes increasingly crucial for researchers. This study explores the automatic classification of survey papers related to LLMs, utilizing graph representation learning and various data manipulation techniques. By collecting and analyzing metadata from 144 literature reviews, we construct co-category graphs to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different classification paradigms, including pre-trained language models and graph neural networks. Our findings indicate that leveraging graph structures significantly enhances taxonomy classification performance compared to traditional language models. Additionally, we demonstrate the advantages of using weak labels generated from smaller models, revealing new insights into weak-to-strong generalization. This research not only contributes to the understanding of LLM taxonomy but also provides a framework for future explorations in the field, highlighting the importance of innovative evaluation methods in navigating the complexities of LLM research.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right temporoparietal junction and left angular gyrus does not alter sense of joint agency in musical rhythmic coordination task: A pilot study
Authors: Falahi Pirooz , Jahanian Najafabadi Amir , Kazemi Reza , Hatami Javad
Published: October 2024

The sense of agency (SoA) refers to the perception that one's actions are influential and that one assumes responsibility for their consequences. In coordinated joint actions, a sense of joint agency emerges, with interaction and cooperation being crucial for enhancing SoA. Prior research indicates that the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) is integral to monitoring social contexts of SoA, while the left angular gyrus (lAG) focuses on individual aspects of agency. This study examined the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on SoA and judgment of performance (JoP) in eighteen healthy young participants using a three-way crossover design that included inhibitory neurostimulation of the rTPJ, excitatory stimulation of the lAG, and a sham intervention on the Vertex. Participants completed musical tasks involving rhythmic coordination before and after neurostimulation, with self-reported scores for SoA and JoP collected via Likert scales, alongside performance metrics (action time error and number of errors) evaluated through software. While rTMS did not yield significant effects on SoA, JoP, or performance overall, notable correlations between these variables suggest that neurostimulation may influence the interrelations among them. These findings highlight the complexities of how neurostimulation impacts perceived agency and performance, warranting further exploration into their interconnected dynamics.Keywords: transcranial magnetic stimulation, right temporoparietal junction, left angular gyrus, sense of joint agency, musical rhythmic coordination, joint action
The Extended Mind in Young Children: Cost-dependent Trade-off Between External and Internal Memory
Authors: Liang Yibiao , Blaser Erik , Yi Jiaying , Sai Liyang , Kaldy Zsuzsa
Published: October 2024

Most work on working memory development has children remember a set of items as well as they can. However, this approach sidesteps the Extended Mind, the integration of external information with memory. Indeed, adults prefer to use external resources (lists, models) but will remember more as the ‘cost’ to access them increases. Here, in our Shopping Game, we investigated this trade-off in 5-8-year-olds. Using a touch-screen, children shopped in a virtual store. Their shopping list and the store were not visible simultaneously but could be toggled. We manipulated access cost by varying a delay (0 / 4 s) before the list’s reappearance. Across three preregistered experiments at two sites (US / China, N=141), a pattern emerged: when costlier, children revisited the list less often, studied it longer, and selected more correct items. Also, children recognized the costs, identifying the 0-delay condition as easier. Young children show a cost-dependent trade-off of external resource use versus working memory.
The influence of sport expertise on response and cognitive inhibition
Authors: Brimmell Jack , Lee Naomi , Spokes Matthew
Published: October 2024

Research suggests that sporting experts show better response inhibition. Less is known about how expert athletes use cognitive inhibition to ‘forget’ previous errors (termed expertise-induced-amnesia). Moreover, whether the relevance of sporting expertise is greater at high-pressure, compared to low-pressure is also unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine if sporting expertise predicted response inhibition (effectiveness and efficiency) and cognitive inhibition (error awareness) and the impact of pressure levels on these relationships. Forty-five participants completed a measure of sporting expertise and a modified Stop Signal Task under two pressure conditions (i.e., high- and low-pressure). Regression results suggested that expertise only significantly predicted response inhibition effectiveness and efficiency at high-pressure. Interestingly, error awareness at high- and low-pressure were independent of sporting expertise. Finally, change scores across pressure conditions were small and near zero for all participants, not just experts, suggesting that all individuals performed similarly across low- and high-pressure conditions. Sporting expertise appears to facilitate response inhibition at high-pressure but the exact methods in which experts ‘forget’ errors and maintain performance remains unknown (i.e., might not be cognitive inhibition).
Vocal pitch enables differential motor learning of speech segments
Authors: Karlin Robin , Tesch Emily , dinglanTang  , Zeng Yuyu , Niziolek Caroline A , Parrell Benjamin
Published: October 2024

Sensory feedback is crucial for maintaining accurate motor control. One process of movement correction is sensorimotor adaptation, or motor learning in response to perceived sensory errors. Recent studies have demonstrated that people can simultaneously adapt to opposing errors on a single movement (e.g., leftward and rightward errors on a reach) given some context that differentiates when each error occurs. In speech production, linguistic structure (e.g., the same vowel in different words) has been shown to provide sufficient context for adapting to opposing errors, but it is not clear whether this is restricted to the same effectors (i.e. lips, tongue, jaw in the oral cavity) or also includes movements of other effectors used in speech (i.e., the vocal folds in the larynx). While manual reaching studies have shown that contextual movements need not be produced with the same effector as the learning target, they have thus far only tested left-right effector pairs. We present the results of three simultaneous adaptation experiments in speech that examine whether laryngeal movements for pitch control can provide context for oral articulatory movements for vowels. In each experiment, the resonances that correlate with articulator position during vowels were perturbed in three different directions that were predictable given a pitch context. First, Mandarin speakers differentially adapted given pitch contexts that signaled differences in word meaning, suggesting that lexical uses of pitch provide context for vowels. Second, English speakers differentially adapted given different arbitrary pitch matching contexts on the word “head”, suggesting that even non-meaningful pitch movements provide context for vowels. Third, English speakers were unable to differentially adapt when simply listening to a contextual pitch, indicating that mere auditory input of pitch is insufficient. Together, these results indicate that sensorimotor context for learning can be provided by different effectors than the learning target.
Increasing Transparency of Computer Aided Detection Impairs Decision Making in Visual Search
Authors: Kunar Melina , Watson Derrick , Montana Giovanni
Published: October 2024

Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to changes in healthcare. Government and regulatory bodies have advocated the need for transparency in AI systems with recommendations to provide users with more details about AI accuracy and how AI systems work. However, increased transparency could lead to negative outcomes if humans become over-reliant on the technology. This study investigated how changes in AI transparency affected human decision making in a medical screening visual search task. Transparency was manipulated by either giving or withholding knowledge about the accuracy of an ‘AI system’. We tested performance in seven simulated lab mammography tasks, in which observers searched for a cancer which could be correctly or incorrectly flagged by Computer Aided Detection (CAD) ‘AI prompts’. Across tasks the CAD systems varied in accuracy. In the ‘Transparent’ conditions participants were told the accuracy of the CAD system, in the ‘Not Transparent’ they were not. The results showed that increasing CAD transparency impaired task performance producing an increase in false alarms, decreased sensitivity, an increase in Recall Rate and a decrease in Positive Predictive Value. Along with increasing investment in AI this research shows that it is important to investigate how transparency of AI systems affect human decision making. Increased transparency may lead to over-trust in AI systems, which can impact clinical outcomes.
The unity and diversity of executive functions across adulthood in a diverse Brazilian sample with varying educational attainment
Authors: Pompeia Sabine , Taporoski Tamara Pessanha , Segura Isis Angelica , Gomez Luz Marina , Cogo-Moreira Hugo , Horimoto Andrea , da Costa Pereira Alexandre , Vallada Homero , Negrão André Brooking
Published: October 2024

Executive functions (EFs) are a set of cognitive abilities associated with many social and clinical outcomes which are believed to be sensitive to culture, age and educational attainment. Yet, theoretical models of EF and tasks used to measure them were developed mainly for highly educated young adults from developed countries. Here we assessed EFs in a diverse cohort from a rural town in Brazil (Baependi Heart Study: N=1253; 753 females), in which age (18-88 year) and schooling (0-23 years) varied widely. Based on a popular theoretical model of EF (the unity diversity EF framework), which describes the pattern of inter-associations of three specific types of EFs (inhibitions, shifting and updating), we developed a short, nonautomated, open-access EF test battery adapted for use in samples with varying schooling and age that included EF indicators obtained from three tasks (Plus-Minus, Trail Making and Random Number Generation tasks). Using Confirmatory Factor Analyses we found a good fitting three-correlated factor solution confirming the fractionation and inter-association of the three EF domains that was invariant (except for one of eight indicators) to age, schooling and sex. More years of schooling was related to higher latent traits in all domains, older age to worse shifting and women scored lower in latent shifting and inhibition. We conclude that the unity-diversity EF framework can be determined across adulthood in diverse samples with tasks adapted for these populations, allowing the theory-oriented investigation of sociocultural and demographic factors that influence EFs.
Biosorption sudy of Cr (VI) from the aqueous solution using chemically modified biomass of a newly isolated edible mushroom waste
Authors: Gautam Khatri Gopal , Baskota Manish , Chand Anita , Bharati Samjhana , Paudel Dasu Ram
Published: October 2024

Despite some physiological role in human body, some metals, like hexavalent chromium, have no recognized biological benefit and are poisonous above tolerance limits. For the first time, a widely available Pleurotus sajor caju (fungus) biomass was studied for the Cr (VI) adsorption from an aqueous solution involving physisorption, and chemisorption. Using the batch adsorption method, sorption experiments were conducted, and sorption parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and starting metal ion concentration were studied. The sorbent material was shown to remove up to 91.67% of the Cr (VI) at a pH value of 2. It was discovered that the maximum adsorption (qmax) was 239.98 mg/g. The Freundlich model was adopted for the equilibrium adsorption isotherm for Cr (VI). The biosorption kinetics was ascertained by fitting pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models for the experimental data and the pseudo-second order model was found to better describe the data. The interaction of metal ions with the carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups present in biomass is primarily involved in metal ions uptake. This demonstrated the potential application of mushroom residues as a low-cost and promising bio-sorbent.
Evaluating and predicting losses from thunderbolt and fire events in Nepal: A regression analysis with moving averages approach
Authors: Adhikari Pitri Bhakta , Ghimere Rachana , Khanal Nabaraj
Published: October 2024

Nepal is prone to natural disasters, including thunderbolts and fires, due to its geographical location. However, the lack of awareness and preparedness has exacerbated the impact of these disasters, as evidenced by the current serious pandemic situation. Urgent attention is required in terms of financial, social, and technological development to effectively manage thunderbolt and fire incidents. This study examines the frequency and severity of thunderbolt and fire incidents in Nepal over the past 48 years, revealing a concerning trend of increasing losses and incidents. Despite this alarming situation, the issue remains largely overlooked. It is imperative for relevant agencies to take decisive actions to mitigate the losses caused by these disasters. Implementing awareness programs and ensuring preparedness are crucial steps towards reducing the impact of disasters and safeguarding communities from their devastating consequences.
Thermodynamic, structural and surface properties of Cu–Zr liquid alloy at different temperatures: A theoretical approach
Authors: Yadav Shashit Kumar , Yadav Deepak Rohita , Gohivar Ramesh Kumar , Mehta Upendra
Published: October 2024

Quasi-lattice model has been employed to study the thermodynamic and microscopic structural properties of Cu–Zr liquid alloy in the temperature range 1400-1700 K. The model fit parameters required for the purpose have been optimised using the available literature data of thermodynamic properties at the melting temperature of the system, 1400 K. These model parameters have been then computed at different temperatures assuming them to be linear temperature-dependent. The surface properties of the system have been computed using But- ler model at above mentioned temperatures.
Ethnobotanical knowledge transfer in Kumal community of Gorkha district
Authors: Bhatta Bed Sharma
Published: October 2024

221 plant species are documented. Out of total 221 plants species 92 species belong to herbs, 26 species belong to shrubs, 78 species belong to tree and only 25 species belong to climbers. Sources are received through the wild, cultivated, and purchased plants. Primary data was collected, using ethno-botanical tools like structured and open questionnaires with key informants, farmers, local healers, teachers, and students and field observation. Plants are categorized into medicinally important, food, fodder, timber and firewood, fruits and vegetables and religious. Among them only 88 plant species are medicinally important. Medicinally important plant species have been described along with their short description and local uses and use method. Recorded plant species are classified into 74 families. Students learn indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge from healers, parents, teachers and through self-practices. Local healers play significant role to transfer of indigenous knowledge to students, which is followed by parents, and self-practices. Teachers have fewer or no significant roles to transfer indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge to students.
Mengatasi Degradasi Moral Remaja dengan Pendidikan Tauhid dan Sosial dalam Al-Quran
Authors: Alif Hibatullah  , Muh. Fathoni Hasyim
Published: October 2024

Degradasi moral remaja seperti asusila, kekerasan, narkotika harus diselesaikan. Pendidikan aqidah sesuai Alquran menjadi solusinya. Metode penelitian ini kualitatif deskriptif, dengan kontekstualisasi Alquran. Dalam Alquran Nabi Ibrahim dan Nabi Ya’qub wasiat kepada keturunannya agar menyembah Allah dan mati sebagai muslim. Keturunannya menjawab akan menyembah Allah yang maha Esa. Dan Luqman yang berpesan kepada keturunannya agar menyembah Allah, amal ma’ruf, nahi munkar. Internalisasi pendidikan dimulai dilingkup keluarga, orang tua menjadi teladan. Menyampaikan pesan dengan ramah, rahmah dan istiqomah. Lingkungan sekolah memberikan materi aqidah disetiap pelajaran dengan metode bernyanyi, agar anak mudah memahami. Manusia adalah makhluk sosial, menghargai perbedaan dan saling tolong menolong. Dari Aqidah yang kuat, ketaatan seorang hamba kepada tuhannya akan menghindarkan dari perbuatan yang tidak bermoral. Dampak penelitian ini sebagai pedoman pendidik dan orang tua untuk mengkonseling remaja, pembahasan yang singkat dan mudah dipahami, sehingga bisa dilakukan oleh siapapun, dan mampu mengatasi masalah degradasi moral remaja.
Kata kunci: degradasi moral, remaja, petunjuk alquran