bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gambling Disorder: An Overview with Emphasis on Psychological Treatments
Authors: Miano Pamela W.
Published: August 2019

Gambling disorder is also referred to as “The Hidden Addiction’’. Gambling is defined simply as wagering for money and was previously thought to be an adult disorder. Recent studies show that it is twice as rampant in adolescents as it is in adults. The prevalence of gambling at Kisii University Eldoret campus student population in Kenya has been shown to be high and about 60% of students have gambled at least once while attending this University. Gambling Disorder has been found to exist with other mental health disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, Substance Use Disorders, etc. This comorbidity further complicates its treatment.
In Kenya examples of sports betting and lotteries which act as strong lures for gambling are Mcheza, Sports pesa, Lotto, Bet yetu, Pambazuka e.t.c. These promise great financial rewards. The three subtypes of gambling identified by Blaszczynski and Nower are the behaviourally conditioned, the emotionally vulnerable and the biologically vulnerable. Five motives have also been proposed for the same.[j1]
Treatment of this disorder involves pharmacological and psychological treatments. This paper reviews the available literature on the psychological treatments for Gambling Disorder. Some of the effective psychological treatments for Gambling Disorder include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Solution Focused Therapy, Group therapy, Self Help treatment and Harm reduction.
Importance of Employee Motivation in Workplace
Authors: Christy Julia
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Why do organization engage with an employee at work? Why do organization want the employees to work towards a common goal? The answer to these questions lies in motivation. Motivation is the key feature that drive employees to work hard and to devote more time. It is also known as the same force that encourages organizations to engage with their employees to attain a common organizational and employee goal. Employee engagement is a new construct to businesses, management, and human resources to adopt in an organizational setting. This report was based on the current organization that employed with - WSM– focused on the results of the previous Engagement Survey. The objective of the survey was to identify the employees’ workplace engagement through motivational theory and a necessary to promote their drive towards job satisfaction.
Purpose: This study explored the relationship between job dissatisfaction and employee engagement in organizational settings. The study had been divided into two parts:
The first part was to analyze the job satisfaction/dissatisfaction between two departments which had turnover issues in the previous year (the following departments has been identified based on the turnover issue from the previous year):
Report 1: WSM Finance, Report 2: WSM Vessel Accounting
The second part was to compare with another department which is Report 3: WSM Global Procurement Services - known for their high motivational level and the turnover rate was extremely low. The intention was to analyze what factors they have used to identify organizational issues within their department.
The analysis was to identify the cause of job dissatisfaction and lack of motivation by assessing the work stressors through the WSM Engagement Survey results.
Conclusion: The study had found concerns in the area of Working Conditions which was derived from the lack of motivation. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has a strong positive impact on employee engagement. Based on the results, excellent Leadership was required to maintain the motivation level and stronger employee engagement.
КОРПУС ЛИНГВИСТИКАСИНИНГ АСОСИЙ ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ
Authors: Ataboev Nozimjon
Published: August 2019

Мақола замонавий тилшуносликнинг корпус лингвистикаси ва компьютер лингвистикаси соҳалари ўртасидаги мавжуд фарқларни аниқлашга бағишланган. Ушбу фанларнинг бир-бирига боғлиқ бўлмаган мустақил соҳалар эканлиги кўрсатилган. Келтирилган фараз ва фикр-мулоҳазалар хорижий адабиётлар асосида тадқиқ этилган ҳамда хулосалар берилган. Соҳалар ўртасидаги ўзаро фарқли жиҳатларга аниқ мезонлар асосида белгилаб кўрсатилган.

В статье рассматривается выяснение различий между сферами корпусной лингвистики и компьютерной лингвистикой в современной науке. Утверждается, что оба направления независимы друг от друга. Эти гипотезы и мнения были в значительной степени исследованы в зарубежной литературе. Различия между названными направлениями были уточнены в соответствии с конкретными критериями.

The article deals with the clarification of the differences between the spheres of corpus
linguistics and computer linguistics in the modern linguistics. It is stated that both of the sciences are independent from one another. These hypotheses and opinions have been largely investigated by foreign scholars and the final conclusions have been made. Differences between the fields have been clarified according to specific criteria.
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНАЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ КАК БАЗОВЫЙ МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОНСТРУКТ
В СИСТЕМЕ ЛИНГВОКОГНИТИВНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
Authors: Dzhusupov Nursultan
Published: August 2019

В статье концептуальная интеграция рассматривается в качестве ключевого методологического конструкта в системе лингвокогнитивных исследований. Концептуальная интеграция определяет ментальный процесс конструирования значения, особенности образного мышления, специфику репрезентации структур знания и вербализации концептуальных смыслов. Теория концептуальной интеграции расширяет масштабы модели концептуальной метафоры, основанной на отображении двух концептуальных доменов, и в результате обеспечивает возможность более полного и детального объяснения семантики сложных по структуре и содержанию метафорических конструкций.

Мақолада концептуал интеграция лингвокнитив изланишлар тизимидаги асосий методологик конструкт сифатида ўрганилмоқда. Концептуал интеграция маъно ясалишнинг ментал жараёнини, ижодий фикрлашнинг хусусиятларини, билим структураларнинг репрезентацияси ва концептуал маъноларнинг вербализациясини аниқлайди. Концептуал интеграция назарияси икки доменга асосланган концептуал метафора модели миқиёсини кенгайтиради ва натижада тузилиши ва таркиби бўйича мураккаб метафорик конструкцияларни тўлиқ ва тўғри тушунтуришга янги имкониятлар беради.

The article reviews the conceptual integration as a basic methodological construct in
cognitive linguistics research. Conceptual integration determines the mental operation of meaning construction, reflects the specificity of figurative thinking and representation of knowledge structures, as well as conceptual senses. Conceptual Integration/Blending Theory expands the scope of two-domain model of conceptual metaphor and provides a more detailed explanation of complex metaphorical constructions (expressions).
КРИТЕРИИ ОТБОРА ГЕНДЕРНО МАРКИРОВАННЫХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ И УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Authors: Nasrullaeva Nafisa
Published: August 2019

Статья посвящается исследованию критериев отбора гендерно маркированных фразеологических единиц из общего количества английских и узбекских фразеологизмов. С целью отбора и классификации гендерно маркированных фразеологизмов английского и узбекского языков предложены: опирающийся на использование личных местоимений грамматический, проявляющийся в употреблении суффиксов морфологический, основанный на использовании имён собственных и нарицательных лексический и связанный со словарным значением семантический критерии. Теоретическая сторона статьи подтверждается многочисленными примерами английских и узбекских гендерно маркированных фразеологических единиц.

Мақола инглиз ва ўзбек тилларидаги фразеологик бирликларнинг умумий сонидан гендер белгили фразеологик бирликларни ажратиб олиш учун белгиланган мезонлар тадқиқига бағишланган. Инглиз ва ўзбек тиллари фразеологик тизимидаги гендер кўрсаткичли бирликларни танлаб олиш ва таснифлаш учун шахс олмошлари фаоллашувига асосланган грамматик, суффиксларни қўллашда намоён бўладиган морфологик, атоқли ва турдош отларни қўллашида таяниладиган лексик ва луғавий маънога нисбатан фарқланувчи семантик мезонлар тавсия этилган. Мақоладаги назарий фикрлар инглиз ва ўзбек тилларидаги бир қанча гендер белгили фразеологик бирликлар мисолида асослаб берилган.

The article is devoted to criteria of selecting genderly marked phraseological units from the general number of English and Uzbek phraseologisms. In order to select and classify English and Uzbek genderly marked phraseological units the following criteria have been proposed: grammatical due to usage of personal pronouns, morphological that is vivid in suffixes, basing on the choice of proper and common nouns lexical and dependent on dictionary meaning semantic criteria. Theoretical part of the article is proved by numerous examples of English and Uzbek genderly marked phraseological units.
МЕДИАТИВ ЖУРНАЛИСТИКА ВА УНИНГ ЭКОЛОГИК НИЗОЛАРНИ БАРТАРАФ ЭТИШДАГИ ЎРНИ
Authors: Kosimova Nargis
Published: August 2019

Мақолада медиатив журналистика асослари, тамойиллари, функциялари, журналист-медиаторга қўйиладиган талаблар, оммавий ахборот воситаларида норасмий медиаторлар фаолияти кўриб чиқилиб, медиатив журналистика экологик муаммоларни ёритиш ва ечимини топишда, ахборий жанжалларни бошқаришнинг энг яхши усули эканлиги қайд этилади.

В статье анализируются основы медиативной журналистики, ее принципы, функции, требования, предъявляемые к журналисту как медиатору, рассматривается деятельность неформальных медиаторов в средствах массовой информации, а также отмечается, что медиативная журналистика – самый лучший способ управления информационными конфликтами, освещения и решения экологических проблем.

The article analyzes the basics of media journalism, its principles, functions, requirements for a journalist as a mediator, examines the activities of informal mediators in the media, also notes that media journalism is the best way to manage information conflicts, lighting and solving environmental problems.
АЛИШЕР НАВОИЙ ИЖОДИ ЭРОН ОЛИМЛАРИ НИГОҲИДА
Authors: Izzatullaev Parviz
Published: August 2019

Ушбу мақолада эронлик навоийшунослар, шу жумладан, Доктор Ҳусайн Муҳаммадзода Садиқнинг Навоий ҳаёти ва ижодига бағишланган тадқиқотлари кўриб чиқилган. Олимнинг Алишер Навоий асарларини нашрга тайёрлаш ва форсий тилга таржима қилиб, Эрон китобхонларига етказишда амалга оширган ишлари кўрсатилган. “Муҳокамат ул-луғатайн” асарини нашрга тайёрлаш, “Мезон ул-авзон”ни форсий тилга таржима қилиш ҳамда туркий-форсий тиллардаги “Санглох” луғатини нашр эттириш ва таржима қилишдаги хизматлари таъкидланган.

В статье рассматриваются исследования иранских ученых, в том числе профессора, доктора Хусайна Мухаммадзаде Садика, посвященные жизни и творчеству Алишера Навои. Автор показывает заслуги Хусайна Мухаммадзаде Садика в подготовке к публикации произведения «Мухокамат ул-лугатайн» («Суждение о двух языках») и переводе трактата об арузе – «Мезон ул-авзон» Алишера Навои на персидский язык. Отдельно отмечается перевод и публикация тюркско-персидского словаря «Санглох».

The article describes Dr. Hossein Mohammadzade Sadigh, an Iranian researcher on
navoistudies, and his researches of exploring the life and activity of Navoi, his prepared works for publication or translated into Persian, including the publication of the work “Muhakamat ul-Lughatayn”, his translation of the work “Meson ul-Avzon” into Persian, his published Turkic- Persian dictionary “Sanglakh” and his focus on his translations.
“ШАМОЛ ОРТИДАН ЮГУРИБ” РОМАНИДА БОЛАЛИК ПЕРСПЕКТИВАСИ
Authors: Ruzmatova Dilnoza
Published: August 2019

Афғонистонда туғилган америкалик ёзувчи Холид Ҳусайнийнинг “Шамол ортидан югуриб” романи бош мавзуси – болалар ва болаликдир. Ёзувчи мазкур муаммони перспектив, яъни ҳақиқатда қандай кўринса, худди шундай тасвирлаган. Асардаги воқеалар, асосан, бош қаҳрамонларнинг болалик даврларида содир бўлади ва ёзувчи Афғонистон ҳақидаги ҳақиқатларни болалар нигоҳи билан тасвирлашни мақсад қилиб олади.

Дети и детство – главная тема в романе американского писателя афганского происхождения Халеда Хоссейни «Бегущий за ветром», и он перспективно изобразил эту проблему именно так, как она существует в реальной жизни. События в произведении произошли в период детства главных героев, так как автор хотел показать реальность об Афганистане глазами детей.

Children and childhood are the main themes in “The Kite Runner” by Afghan born American writer Khaled Hosseini and he perspectively depicted this problem namely as it is shown in real life. The events in the story occurred in childhood period of the main characters as the author wanted to display the reality on Afghanistan through the eyes of the children.
Building Up Solar-wind-like 3D Uniform-intensity Magnetic Fields
Authors: Valentini Francesco , Malara Francesco , Sorriso-Valvo Luca , Bruno Roberto , Primavera Leonardo
Published: August 2019

A numerical model representing a 3D turbulent constant-magnitude magnetic field
B
is described. Assuming a form for two components of the vector potential, the third component is calculated such as to obtain a uniform intensity for
B
. Singular surfaces are always present in the solution, in the form of rotational discontinuities. Using a spectrum for derivatives of the given vector potential components that satisfies the critical-balance condition, an anisotropic spectrum for
B
is obtained, with a prevalence of perpendicular wavevectors k
⊥ and a Kolmogorov power-law range with respect to k
⊥. These features make the model suitable to represent magnetic turbulence in solar wind fast-speed streams.
Most Black Holes Are Born Very Slowly Rotating
Authors: Fuller Jim , Ma Linhao
Published: August 2019

The age of gravitational-wave astronomy has begun, and black hole (BH) mergers detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) are providing novel constraints on massive star evolution. A major uncertainty in stellar theory is the angular momentum (AM) transport within the star that determines its core rotation rate and the resulting BH’s spin. Internal rotation rates of low-mass stars measured from asteroseismology prove that AM transport is efficient, suggesting that massive stellar cores may rotate slower than prior expectations. We investigate AM transport via the magnetic Tayler instability, which can largely explain the rotation rates of low-mass stars and white dwarfs. Implementing an updated AM transport prescription into models of high-mass stars, we compute the spins of their BH remnants. We predict that BHs born from single stars rotate very slowly, with a ∼ 10−2, regardless of initial rotation rate, possibly explaining the low χ
eff of most BH binaries detected by LIGO thus far. A limited set of binary models suggests slow rotation for many binary scenarios as well, although homogeneous evolution and tidal spin-up of post-common-envelope helium stars can create moderate or high BH spins. We make predictions for the values of χ
eff in future LIGO events, and we discuss implications for engine-powered transients.
A literature review of scholarly communications metadata
Authors: Gregg Will , Erdmann Christopher , Paglione Laura , Schneider Juliane , Dean Clare
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this literature review is to identify the challenges, opportunities, and gaps in knowledge with regard to the use of metadata in scholarly communications. This paper compiles and interprets literature in sections based on the professional groups, or stakeholders, within scholarly communications metadata: researchers, funders, publishers, librarians, service providers, and data curators. It then ends with a 'bird's eye view' of the metadata supply chain which presents the network of relationships and interdependencies between stakeholders. This paper seeks to lay the groundwork for new approaches to present problems in scholarly communications metadata.
Costs of quality in construction: can these be reduced through implementation of ISO 9000 ?
Authors: Gunawardena N. D. , Wickremarachchi M. M. P. , Nismy R. M.
Published: August 2019

This paper presents the results of two studies carried out to identify costs of quality and causes of poor quality in construction. There are three types of costs of quality: prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs. The failure costs are usually regarded as avoidable and. if minimised through preventive measures, they could lead to substantial reduction in construction costs. The significant causes of non-conformances or poor quality that contribute to failure costs include: low quality of materials; lack of skilled labour; incompetent subcontractors; lack of commitment and capability of site staff; incorrect construction methods; and lack of site supervision. The paper describes how five sub-requirements of the ISO 9001:2000 standard can minimise the effects of these six causes in order to reduce costs of quality.
Food quality influences density-dependent fitness, but not always density-dependent habitat selection, in red flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Halliday William D. , Bourque Caroline , Blouin-Demers Gabriel
Published: August 2019

Density-dependent habitat selection models inherently rely on the negative relationship between population density and mean fitness in different habitats. Habitats differing in quality, such as different food sources or habitat structure, can have different strengths of density-dependent relationships, which can then affect patterns of density dependence in habitat selection. We tested the hypothesis that density dependence in fitness dictates the patterns in density-dependent habitat selection: individuals should prefer higher-quality habitat over lower-quality habitat. We used controlled experiments with red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)) to measure density dependence of fitness and to examine density-dependent habitat selection by beetles in wheat (Triticum Linnaeus (Poaceae)), corn (Zea mays Linnaeus (Poaceae)), and soy (Glycine max (Linnaeus) Merrill (Fabaceae)) flour habitats. Despite large differences in fitness between habitats (fitness was the highest in wheat flour, lower in corn flour, and zero in soy flour), beetles showed only weak preference for wheat over corn flour and for corn over soy flour, but showed strong preference for wheat over soy flour. These preferences were the strongest at low density. This study gives insight into the relationship between habitat quality and density-dependent habitat selection in flour beetles.
Editorial
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Experiments on the elasticity of the vocal cords
Authors: Damsté P. H. , Wieneke G. H.
Published: August 2019

Regulation of vocal pitch occurs by changes in the length and tension of the vocal folds. Because the Young's modulus of the vocal cord ligament could be a factor which determines the difference between male and female voices, this was made an object of research. No differences could be shown. Some of the problems and the limited accuracy of these experiments are reviewed.
Today and tomorrow in the education of the deaf
Authors: Silverman S. Richard
Published: August 2019

The need to base programmes for young deaf children on an understanding of the composite of their capacities is stressed. A number of these capacities, among many, are cited in regard to sensory input and language acquisition and pertinent questions associated with them are raised.
Functional dysacusis: The utilization of EEG activity in the determination of hearing threshold level, a case report
Authors: Hay I.
Published: August 2019

A case of functional dysacusis was subjected to routine as well as electric response testing. Test results were unreliable and electrical cortical responses to stimuli delivered to the right ear were so poor that the results could not be utilized. A marked difference between the raw EEG tracings was observed when stimuli were switched between left to right ears. This fact was eventually used to determine the hearing threshold level of the right ear.
Probing comprehension of WH questions in an echolalic child
Authors: Panagos John M.
Published: August 2019

Comprehension of What, Where and When Wh questions was evaluated in a four-and-one-half year old echolalic boy who displayed in therapy and at home equivocal response to various question forms. Deficits of comprehension were traced to an inadequately developed deep structure (particularly adverbials) rather than to limited knowledge of Wh transformations. Delayed development of semantic rules, as in the case of time distinctions, may block acquisition of those syntactic rules dependent upon them.
Pitch in esophageal speech
Authors: Lanham L. W. , Kerr W. A.
Published: August 2019

Most reports on pitch in esophageal speech emphasize that it is low-pitched with a measured fundamental frequency rarely higher than 100 cps. Our investigations show, however, that much esophageal 'phonation' lacks periodicity and, therefore, a fundamental frequency (i.e. pitch in the accepted sense). An auditory impression of pitch modulation can, nevertheless, be created by physical properties other than a varying harmonic structure. Our sample includes a rare case of truly high-pitched esophageal phonation with a fundamental frequency in the upper limit of the voice an octave higher than the highest reported in the literature. High-pitched phonation apparently requires a vibratory source in a 'mode' different from that of low-pitched phonation and should therefore be distinguished from it in discussing pitch in esophageal voice.
Impedance measurements in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease
Authors: Lloyd Linda
Published: August 2019

Meniere's disease is discussed in terms of diagnostic difficulties, histological findings and treatments pointing to the use of impedance techniques with this condition. Ten subjects were given a questionnaire, regarding the symptoms experienced at the time of testing and impedance measures were conducted. Acoustic impedance values were higher in 80% of the affected ears when compared to the unaffected ears. Four of these values were more than double those in the unaffected ears and three were above normal limits. Therefore, increased endolymphatic pressure appears to be reflected in the test results. It is felt that impedance techniques should be.included in the test battery for the diagnosis of Meniere's disease.
Language of the English-speaking Coloured child
Authors: Milstein Rosanna
Published: August 2019

The language deficient - language different controversy in the language of the Coloured child was investigated while at the same time examining Coloured English. The Ss comprised 20 nine-year old English speaking Coloured children, 9 boys and 11 girls. Language samples were obtained through direct questioning according to Halliday's language functions. From these samples, the non-standard language structures used by a significant number of the Ss were isolated, and examined. It was established that the Ss had competence for all these structures except that of relative sentences. Possible reasons for this were postulated. A sub-aim of the study was to compare the ratings of Coloured teachers and a group of speech therapists and university students of non-standard sentences used by the Ss. Based on the findings, several implications for speech therapy were discussed.
A filtered speech test for an aging population
Authors: Klein Hanna
Published: August 2019

A filtered speech test was presented to sixty males and females above the age of sixty years. Thirty of these subjects had complained of, and demonstrated clinically, a high frequency hearing loss for pure-tones. Thirty subjects, who had never complained of a hearing loss, but who nevertheless were found to have mild-to-moderate high frequency hearing losses, were included as a control in the study. The ability to discriminate among phonetically-balanced words where certain frequencies had been filtered out deteriorated with age, although those subjects in the control group performed better than those in the experimental group. However both groups showed poorer ability to discriminate with the right ear, than with the left, or with both ears. The results seemed to indicate a particular retrocochlear involvement in an aging population.
Laryngeal trauma: A diagnostic case study
Authors: Schneider Loren B. , Traill Anthony , Wolk Lesley
Published: August 2019

This study investigates the physiological mechanism responsible for reappearance of phonation in an aphonic subject with traumatic laryngeal damage. The battery of procedures involved spectrography, laryngographic analysis, fiberoptic laryngoscopy, tomography, lateral xerography and cinefluorography. Results show that the subject's abnormal laryngeal anatomy facilitated a novel adductory mechanism for vocal fold vibration involving a type of sphincteric constriction between the arytenoid cartilages and the epiglottis. The value of a battery of diagnostic measures is highlighted.
The verbal and nonverbal communicative abilities of pre-adolescent stutterers
Authors: Bucher Monica , Bortz Melissa , Anderson Denise
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate and describe some aspects of the verbal and nonverbal communicative competence of six pre-adolescent stutterers. A communication inventory was used to assess competence in relation to four communication functions and two contexts. The sample obtained was transcribed and analyzed in terms of nonverbal and verbal behaviors, including morpheme length paralinguistic features. The results indicated that the subjects were, on average, incompetent in all areas of communication. Correlations were made to stuttering frequency and attitudes to stuttering and sensitivity to communication. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications are discussed.
Die keuring van eerstejaarstudente in die Department Spraakheelkunde en Oudiologie (Universiteit van Pretoria)
Authors: Uys Isabel C. , Alant Erna
Published: August 2019

Die artikel  handel oor die keuring van logopedika-studente aan die Universiteit van Pretoria en beskryf die kompleksiteit van hierdie prosedure. Die huidige  benadering poog om studente te selekteer wat die kursus suksesvol kan voltooi, met die aanname dat 'n toegewyde student wel deur die regte supervisie gelei kan word  tot 'n volwaardige terapeut. Gerekenariseerde data illustreer sekere verbande tussen studenteprestasies in die finale jaar en inisiële keuringtellings. Hierdie inligting word geïnterpreteer in terme van die tekortkominge sowel as sterk punte van so 'n benadering.
The profile of communicative appropriateness: A clinical tool for the assessment of pragmatics
Authors: Penn Claire
Published: August 2019

The Profile of Communicative Appropriateness — a newly developed profile for the characterisation of pragmatics is described. The theoretical background to this profile is covered as well as its main components. Its application to a group of eighteen aphasic patients is outlined, results suggesting that patient groupings on the profile could be predicted in terms of severity but not in terms of type of aphasia. Explanations for this finding are discussed and the potential utility of this profile is suggested.
The application of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) to non-mainstream children
Authors: Alant Erna , Beukes S. M.
Published: August 2019

This article focuses on the difficulties involved in diagnosing the communications of non-mainstream speakers within a South African context. Various alternatives are discussed whereby tests can be made more relevant to this population. The revised version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test is applied to a group of Afrikaans-dialect speaking Coloured children in order to determine the merits if standardizing the test for population. The test results are correlated with the accuracy scores on a story. The findings indicate the feasibility if the standardization of the PPVT-R for this population.
Assessment of speech intelligibility in five South-Eastern Bantu languages: Critical considerations
Authors: Jacobson Marlene C. , Traill Anthony
Published: August 2019

This paper examines criteria underlying the development of tasks and materials for the measurements of speech intelligibility in five South-Eastern Bantu languages. The chief considerations include utterance length, word familiarity and structure, and phonetic balance. It is established that the foundation research necessary for devising materials in South-Eastern Bantu languages on the same basis as those of English has not yet been conducted. Salient properties of the relevant African languages include multilingualism, dialectal variation, vocabulary differences between rural and urban speakers of the same language, borrowed words, the simple vowel systems, the fairly elaborate consonant systems, prosodic features, certail syllable structure characteristics, and noun morphology. A rationale for the use of two measures of intelligibility is presented, while the need to adapt many criteria characterising English materials is demonstrated.
Signed lexical items in an Afrikaans oral residential school for the deaf
Authors: Warren Sonya , Meyer Santie , Tesner Herman E.C.
Published: August 2019

The signs for 15 lexical items were video recorded and analysed for 40 congenitally deaf subjects (hearing loss greater than 91 dB in the best ear) from an Afrikaans oral residential school for the deaf. A uniform and relatively arbitrary sign system was found to be in usage within the school. Comparing these signs with the signs used in an English oral residential school for the deaf, it became apparent that only certain signs for lexical items were similar. Furthermore, a marked difference between the signs for lexical items used by the deaf in the Afrikaans residential school and the "standard South African signs" were found.
The use of signs and the coding of prefix markers by teachers at a school for deaf
Authors: Aron Myrtle L. , Lewis Robyn E. , Willemse Judy L.
Published: August 2019

The use of aspects of an artificially devised manual code in a black school for the deaf was examined. The encoding of prefixes, bound with the noun class system, in Tswana as used by seven teachers was studied as well as the consistency of the teachers to code lexical items. Results indicated the absence of signed prefix markers, inconsistency in signing lexical items and much variability among teachers in the signs used. The educational and research implications are discussed.
The case for cognitive neuropsychological remediation
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Herdan Sharon
Published: August 2019

Developments in the field of cognitive neuropsychology have recently begun to have an impact on therapeutic approaches to aphasia. Increasingly, clinicians have started adopting theoretical models of normal cognitive processing for the assessment and rehabilitation of individuals with acquired language deficits. This study describes and evaluates a single case, tested and treated within this framework. The subject, a surface dysgraphic, was assessed in detail pre-therapy and a deficit in lexical processing was diagnosed. Treatment designed to stimulate the lexical route of writing was undertaken and post-therapy evaluation was conducted. The results revealed a significant improvement in the writing of both regular and irregular treated words with generalisation to certain untreated words. Such improvement was shown to be a direct consequence of the intervention procedure. Therapeutic findings strengthen the basis of cognitive processing models which, in turn, provide a streamlined clinical framework for the practitioner.
Die invloed van sekere kontekstuele faktore op die ouditief waarneembare foute by verbale apraksie
Authors: Van der Merwe A. , Uys I. C. , Loots J. M. , Grimbeek R. J.
Published: August 2019

Die rol van kontekstuele faktore by verbale apraksie is belangrik omdat dit implikasies inhou vir die interpretasie van simptome, die aard van die afwyking en vir verdere navorsing. Die invloed van die kontekstuele faktore, klankstruktuur en artikulasie-eienskappe op die ouditief waarneembare simptome van vier persone met verworwe verbale apraksie en een persoon met verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie is nagegaan. Die effek van sistematiese variasie in die klankstruktuur en artikulasie-eienskappe van onsineenhede op die tipe en aantal foute in die spraak van die verbaal apraktiese sprekers is bepaal. Daar is bevind dat afwykings in temporale vloei, klankdistorsie en afwykings in prosodie in hierdie volgorde die hoogste frekwensie van voorkoms vertoon ongeag die klankstruktuur of artikulasieeienskappe van die uiting. Daar is wel 'n toename in klankvervangings, weglatings en byvoegings namate die moeilikheidsgraad van 'n uiting toeneem. Dit wil voorkom asof die simptome van verbale apraksie op grond van konteks-sensitiwiteit verdeel kan word in kernsimptome en geassosieerde simptome.
Geskrewe en gesproke Afrikaanse sintaktiese vermoëns van hardhorende kinders
Authors: Slabber Enid , Hugo René , Louw Brenda
Published: August 2019

Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om 'n moontlike verband tussen ekspressiewe geskrewe en gesproke sintaktiese vermoëns van gehoorgestremdes te ondersoek. Vyf Afrikaanssprekende gehoorgestremde proefpersone is gebruik. In die evaluering van sintaktiese vermoens is daar gekyk na die gebruik van 7 sinstrukture asook na woordvolgorde. Uit die resultate blyk dit dat meer komplekse sinstrukture tydens die proefpersone se gesproke as geskrewe taal voorgekom het. Die persentasie korrekte sinstrukture wat gebruik is, is egter groter in geskrewe as in gesproke taal, alhoewel die persentasie nogtans betreklik laag is. Meer woordvolgordefoute is tydens geskrewe as gesproke taal gemaak. In die gebruik van die geëvalueerde sinstrukture het daar egter meer woordvolgordefoute in gesproke as geskrewe taal voorgekom. Die gevolgtrekking is bereik dat daar wel 'n verband tussen die gehoorgestremde proefpersone se geskrewe en gesproke sintaktiese taalvermoëns is, maar heelwat verskille het ook voorgekom. Navorsing op hierdie gebied lê egter nog braak, en die huidige studie kan as vertrekpunt dien vir verdere navorsing.
Otitis media and language performance in learning disabilities
Authors: Maritz N. G. , Uys I. C. , Louw B.
Published: August 2019

This study was designed to determine the influence of otitis media on the language performance of learning-disabled children and non-learning-disabled children.Four experimental groups were used, viz: learning-disabled children, divided into those with and without a history of recurrent otitis media and average academic achievers again divided into those with and without a history of recurrent otitis media. The language performance of each experimental group was determined using the Clinical Evaluation and Language Function (Wiig and Semel, 1980).The results indicate that recurrent otitis media impaired the receptive and expressive language performance of the subjects used in this study. The impairment of receptive language was greater than for expressive language. Implications for diagnosis, treatment and further research are discussed.
Die voorkoms en aard van gehoorprobleme en middeloorpatologieë by 'n groep Swart stedelike kinders in Graad 1
Authors: Nel Mirna , Odendaal Willem , Hurter Marina , Meyer Santie , Van der Merwe Anita
Published: August 2019

Die doel van die studie was om die aard en prevalensie van middeloordisfunksie by graad I stedelike Swart kinders te bepaal. 146 kinders uit 'n primere skool het 'n oor-, neus- en keelondersoek, suiwertoon- en immittansiemetings ondergaan. 92,8% van die ore was beide otologies en oudiologies normaal. Die prevalensie van middeloorpatologie was 7,2%. Die algemeenste middeloorpatologie was sereuse otitis media. Uit die 292 ore het 18 ore met sereuse otitis media, 2 met 'n retraksie van die timpaniese membraan en slegs 1 met 'n perforasie voorgekom.
Word-finding strategies in closed head injured adults
Authors: Kleiman Juleen , Bucke Lesley
Published: August 2019

Word-finding difficulties are a common and prominent language deficit following closed head injury. The word-finding difficulties of three closed head injured patients were investigated within the framework of compensatory strategies using Teicher's Taxonomy of Word-Finding Strategies (Teicher, 1986). The word-finding difficulties were evaluated during procedural discourse and two confrontation naming conditions. Each subject's communicative competence and language ability was determined. Results indicated that all subjects employed a wide range of strategies, particularly during confrontation naming, but with differential effectiveness. A relationship was noted between the strategy's effectiveness and the subject's pragmatic ability. The results are discussed in the light of the existing literature on head injury. The theoretical and clinical implications are considered.
Messages of goodwill to Prof. M.L. Aron
Authors: Wolk Lesley , Uys Isabel , Norman Marcelle , Kagan Aura , Lewsen Brenda J. , Klein Hanna , Fredman Marion , Behrmann Marlene , Jacobson Marlene C. , Kaplan Danielle , Wahlhaus Margaret M.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
The development of a framework for assessing developing conversational skills
Authors: Rumble Susan , Malan Karen
Published: August 2019

A framework for investigating the development of conversational skills in children, comprising the areas of the topic control, repair of communication breakdown and linguistic cohesion, was devised. This was undertaken by a process of collating information from some existing pragmatic profiles and the development literature. The framework was them modified inductively to accommodate features of the data obtained from 12 normally developing English-speaking children in the age groups three, four and five years. A number of age-related trends emerged that were supported by the developmental literature. This study emphasizes the need for the development of more refined pragmatic assessment procedures which will aid the collection of normative data presently lacking.
Language abilities of 18-month-old Zulu speakers
Authors: Bortz Melissa A.
Published: August 2019

The receptive, expressive and pragmatic language abilities of 18-month-old Zulu speakers were assessed in order to obtain preliminary norms. Twenty-five participants of the Birth to Ten cohort study were investigated using parents reports, mother-child and tester-child interactions. Data was transcribed and analysed using nonparametric statistics. Results demonstrated that receptively subjects understood two-part instructions. Expressively, the mean lexicon was 4.12 words and mean length utterance 0.65. Pragmatically, subjects were functioning on a nonverbal level and exhibited culture-spesific items. The results provided information which could enable speech, language and hearing therapists to engage in primary and secondary prevention. An appropriate test battery for these children discussed.
Ouerleiding by ouers van swarts babas met 'n gesplete lip en verhemelte
Authors: Campbell Corrieta , Louw Brenda
Published: August 2019

Daar is aanduidings dat die ouers van gesplete-lip-en-verhemeltebabas dikwels behoeftes toon aan meer inligting omtrent hul baba geboortedefek as wat aan hulle verskaf word. In Suid-Afrika  bestaan daar egter nog 'n leemte in die literatuur omtrent die ouers van 'n swart baba met 'n gesplete lip en verhemelte. In hierdie studie is daar eerstens 'n bepaling gedoen van die ouers van swart gesplete-lip-en-verhemeltebabas se unieke behoeftes en tweedens is daar, op grond van die verkreë resultate, 'n inligtingstuk vir hierdie teikengroep saamgestel. Op grond van die resultate verkry met behulp van die vyftien proefpersone wat aan  hierdie studie deelgeneem het, is daar  eerstens bevind dat die ouers van swart gesplete-lip-en-verhemeltebabas in Suid-Afrika eenderssoortige behoeftes as ouers van babas met dieselfde aangebore gebrek wêreldwyd vertoon. Tweedens is daar bevind dat die inligtingstuk wat as deel vat as deel van die studie saam gestel is, 'n positiewe bydrae gelewer het tot die ouerleiding wat met die proefpersone in die studie uitgevoer is. Die resultate hou dus ook belangrike terapeutiese implikasies in.
The provision of speech, language and hearing services in a rural district of South Africa
Authors: McKenzie Judith A.
Published: August 2019

In this paper the delivery of a speech, language and hearing therapy (SLHT) service in a rural area is discussed. In the light of the need to relate the delivery of this service to principles of primary health care (PHC) and community based rehabilitation (CBR), a brief theoretical background is given. Obstacles to service delivery are then presented, followed by a description of some attempts to implement principles of PHC and CBR. The author concludes that many challenges need to be faced in providing SLHT services that will benefit the majority of the population of South Africa.
Assessing Knowledge and Compliance of Patient Identification Methods in a Specialized Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abu Mostafa Fadwa , Saadallah Amal , El Barazi Hadi , Alghammas Hanan
Published: August 2019

Background: Patient misidentification prevails in daily practice and remains a critical issue in health care. Being knowledgeable about how to accurately identify patients and comply with identification processes is critical, particularly in countries where patients have similar names. A study was undertaken to examine the knowledge levels of and compliance with the patient safety goals and policies and procedures of the clinical and nonclinical staff. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey and an observational audit design were used at a specialist and research hospital in the Saudi Arabia to assess knowledge levels and compliance rates of appropriate patient identification methods. Results: The majority of healthcare providers (n = 350, 87.1%) and almost half of non-healthcare providers (n = 186, 47.8%) reported high levels of knowledge of patient identification standards, including the need to use two patient identifiers. However, audit results revealed that health-care providers used two identifiers in only 33 observations (18%), with the majority (147 observations, 82%) of health-care providers checking the patient's name only and not his/her medical record number. Conclusion: The results highlight the need for further attention to improper identification of patients, including understanding the causes and ways to enhance the translation of patient identification standard into practice.
Non-price effects of mergers
Authors: Wantoch Peter , Ferrari Riccardo , Bamford Joel , Duarte Maria João
Published: August 2019

The Competition and Markets Authority (‘CMA’) assesses both the price and the non-price effects of mergers. The relative importance of each depends on the process of rivalry between the merging firms and their competitors. Dynamic non-price effects, for instance on innovation, are potentially important, as the CMA found in the ICE/Trayport merger, which was prohibited. Non-price parameters such as quality, range and service are also important and are considered in particular when mergers occur in markets where price competition is limited, for example public services such as hospitals and regulated markets such as pharmacies.
The non-conservative distribution pattern of organic matter in Rajang, a tropical river with peatland in its estuary
Authors: Zhu Zhuoyi , Oakes Joanne , Eyre Bradley , Hao Youyou , Sia Edwin Sien Aun , Jiang Shan , Müller Moritz , Zhang Jing
Published: August 2019

Abstract. South-east Asian peatland-draining rivers have attracted much attention due to their high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) yield and high CO2 emissions under anthropogenic activities. In August 2016, we carried out a field investigation of the Rajang river and estuary, a tropical system located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The Rajang has peatland in its estuary while the river basin is covered by tropical rainforest. DOC δ13C in the Rajang ranged from −28.7 ‰ to −20.1 ‰ and a U-shaped trend from river to estuary was identified. For particulate organic carbon (POC), the δ13C ranged between −29.4 ‰ to −31.1 ‰ in the river and a clear increasing trend towards more δ13C -enriched with higher salinity existed in the estuary. In the estuary, there was a linear conservative dilution pattern for dissolved organic matter composition (as quantified by D/L amino acids enantiomers) plotted against DOC δ13C, whereas when plotted against salinity dissolved D/L amino acids enantiomers values were higher than the theoretical dilution value. Together, these data indicate that the addition of DOC in estuary (by peatland) not only increased the DOC concentration, but also altered its composition, by adding more bio-degraded, 13C-depleted organic matter into the bulk dissolved organic matter. Alteration of organic matter composition (adding of more degraded subpart) was also apparent for the particulate phase, but patterns were less clear. The Rajang was characterized by DOC / DON ratios of 50 in the river section, with loss of DON in the estuary increased the ratio to 140, suggesting the unbalanced export pattern for organic carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Under anthropogenic activities, further assessment of organic carbon to nitrogen ratio is needed.
Distribution and behaviour of dissolved selenium in tropical peatland-draining rivers and estuaries of Malaysia
Authors: Chang Yan , Müller Moritz , Wu Ying , Jiang Shan , Cao Wan wan , Qu Jian guo , Ren Jing ling , Wang Xiaona , Rao En ming , Wang Xiao lu , Mujahid Aazani , Muhamad Mohd Fakharuddin , Sia Sien Aun Edwin , Jang Faddrine Holt Ajon , Zhang Jing
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for many organisms. Despite its importance, our current knowledge of the biogeochemical cycling of dissolved Se in tropical estuaries is limited, especially in Southeast Asia. To gain insights into Se cycling in tropical peat-draining rivers and estuaries, samples were collected from the Rajang, Maludam, Sebuyau, Simunjan, Sematan, Samunsam, and Lunda rivers and estuaries in western Sarawak, Malaysia, in March and September 2017 and analysed for various forms of Se (dissolved inorganic and organic). Mean total dissolved Se (TDSe), dissolved inorganic Se (DISe), and dissolved organic Se concentrations (DOSe) were 2.2 nmol L−1 (range: 0.7 to 5.7 nmol L−1), 0.18 nmol L−1 (range: less than the detection limit to 0.47 nmol L−1), and 2.0 nmol L−1 (range: 0.42 to 5.7 nmol L−1), respectively. In acidic, low-oxygen, organic-rich blackwater (peatland-draining) rivers, the concentrations of DISe were extremely low, whereas those of DOSe were high. In rivers and estuaries that drained peatland, DOSe / TDSe ratios ranged from 0.67 to 0.99, showing that DOSe dominated. The positive relationship between DISe and salinity and the negative relationship between DOSe and salinity indicate marine and terrestrial origins of DISe and DOSe, respectively. The positive correlations of DOSe with the humification index and humic-like chromophoric dissolved organic matter components in freshwater river reaches suggest that peat soils are probably the main source of DOSe. Discharges of water enriched with DOSe fractions associated with peatland-derived high-molecular-weight, high-aromaticity dissolved organic matter discharged from estuaries may promote productivity in the adjoining oligotrophic coastal waters. The results of this study suggest that the impacts of Se discharges on coastal ecosystems should be evaluated in the future.