bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic farming and the challenges of migration in the mountains of Uttarakhand
Authors: Agarwal Neeraj , Chamoli Abhay , Tariyal Amit , Gupta Shiv Kumar
Published: January 2025

Agricultural practices in rural Uttarakhand are undergoing significant changes due to widespread migration from mountainous regions. Farmers remaining in these areas face increased workloads, greater family responsibilities, and challenges to their livelihoods. Despite being known for organic produce, the state's agricultural sector now relies heavily on a small number of farmers. Based on the survey of 255 farmers in six villages of Pauri district, the present research explores the issues hindering sustainable organic farming. Using multiple regression analysis, the results show that improved access to resources, infrastructure, and mental health support, alongside rural development policies, could mitigate the negative effects of migration. Additionally, strengthening community-based farming initiatives may empower farmers to maintain organic production, benefiting the economy and preserving the environment. The study offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and community leaders to design interventions that enhance farmers'
livelihoods and promote sustainable organic farming in the region.
Effect Of Hall Currents on Free Convection and Mass Transfer in MHD Flow of a Dusty
Viscoelastic Liquid (Walters Liquid Model - B)
Authors: Singh Dharmvir
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the influence of Hall currents on free convection and mass transfer in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a dusty viscoelastic liquid, specifically modeled using Walters-B fluid. The flow is considered between two vertical, heated, porous plates, with a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the direction of fluid motion. The effects of various parameters—such as the Hall parameter (m), Hartmann number (M), and porosity parameter (K)—on the velocities of both the liquid and dust particles are explored. Additionally, the behavior of skin friction for both phases is examined. Numerical results are presented through graphs and tables, demonstrating the impact of these physical parameters on the overall dynamics of the system, including heat and mass transfer processes. This analysis provides valuable insights into the behavior of viscoelastic fluids under combined magnetic and convective influences, which have practical applications in engineering and industrial processes.
Yoga Ethics: A Unique Means of Sustainability and Environmental Protection
Authors: Chauhan Ishan , Nagar Lakshmikant , Rawat Anuja , Betal Chintaharan
Published: January 2025

During the last few decades, random exploitation of natural resources has tremendously demolished the balance of ecology and the environment. The materialistic attitude of humans is a primary factor in disrupting the ecological and environmental balance. This problem poses a significant threat to human health, happiness, harmony, and the existence of other living creatures. Despite numerous preventive efforts, environmental conditions remain unchanged. The key to environmental protection and sustainability lies within human mindset, attitude, and
behaviour. Only the yoga ethics (Yama and Niyama) and spiritual attitudes of individuals may bring the expected results. When an individual practices yoga ethics in day-to-day life, one develops ethical consciousness within oneself leading to behave harmoniously with all the animate and inanimate objects of this world. An individual can realize that every being, even a stone, is a part of nature, derived from a unified consciousness. Therefore, they are not meant for violence and destruction but for mutual respect and reverence. This type of attitudinal change and behavioural modifications within oneself may bring forth the ecological consciousness which paves the way for ecology and environmental protection.
Status and Role of Cooperatives in Self-Help Group Bank Linkage Programme in Uttarakhand
Authors: Naithani Vivek , Kandari Prashant , Pant Omeen , Rukmani Rukmani
Published: January 2025

Access to finance is a necessary prerequisite for poverty alleviation and sustainable development among rural poor and marginalized sections. Micro credit is one of the tools for serving this purpose and thus SHG- Bank linkage programme (SHG-BLP) which was initiated in 1992 has become the largest micro finance programme in the world with 1.19 crore SHGs having the deposits of over 47240 crores. Uttarakhand with primarily a hilly state with agrarian economy has progressed much in the field of linking SHGs with institutional banking system which serves dual purpose of financial inclusion and poverty reduction. This paper focuses on the status of SHG-BLP in Uttarakhand and compares it with the national averages to understand the scope and scale of the programme. While commercial banks are the leaders in generating savings from SHGs, cooperative banks excel in disbursing the loans which again proves the need of cooperative institutions. Paper also reviews the growth of savings, bank loan, outstanding and NPAs of SHGs over the period of time
Phytoconstituents enhancing learning and cognition by targeting the gut-brain axis
Authors: Singh Ayushi , Mohapatra Lucy , Mishra Deepak , Maurya Rahul Kumar , Palei Narahari Narayan , Tripathi Alok Shiomurti
Published: January 2025

The gut-brain axis, a sophisticated network of communication that links the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, plays a critical part in preserving cognitive function and overall mental health. A recent study has brought to light the ability of phytoconstituents bioactive substances derived from plants to modify this axis and improve cognitive function. These organic substances are present in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and other plant-based foods and work through different pathways to produce their effects, such as those of antioxidants, neuroprotectants, and anti-inflammatory agents. Phytoconstituents provide a promising natural strategy to promote brain health and mitigate cognitive decline by boosting the generation of beneficial metabolites, lowering systemic inflammation, and altering the gut microbiota composition. This review highlights the potential of some phytoconstituents to enhance cognitive processes by examining our current understanding of how they affect the gutbrain axis.
Generalization Of Micro-Open Set And An Application In Healthcare
Authors: Gupta Mridul Kumar , Tyagi Shivangi
Published: January 2025

This study proposes a novel category of micro-semi-open set within a micro-topological space, referred to as micro- (briefly ) open set. This set lies between micro- -open set, and micro-semi-open set. Additionally, we developed a soft set model of micro topology to facilitate its application in healthcare. By minimizing attributes in an information system, this method improves efficiency, and supports better decision-making in healthcare. A comparison with the soft set representation of nano-topology is also provided.
Variation of CRI with Solar Wind Speed for Solar Cycles 23
Authors: Bhoj Chandrasekhar , Prasad Lalan
Published: January 2025

In this research paper we investigated the relationship between Cosmic ray intensity (CRI) with Solar wind speeds for our study we choose two types of Solar Winds i.e. Slow speed solar winds and High speed solar winds for Solar Cycle 23. As we Know Solar wind is one of the most important parameters which can Modulate CRI. From our study we found that CRI varies inversely with both Slow speed solar winds (SSSWs) and High speed solar wind (HSSWs) also we investigated that the correlation coefficient between HSSWs and CRI is
comparatively high than that of SSSWs so based on that we can conclude that HSSWs are the prominent parameter to modulation The Cosmic Ray Intensity.
F -version Of Ciric Quasi-Contractions And Generalization Of Sehgal’s Result
Authors: Gangwar Amit , Kumar Abhay
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we answer two open problems regarding fixed points for the -version of Ciric quasicontractions and the generalization of Sehgal's result raised by Fabino et al. associated with the mapping .
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Water Extract of Origanum vulgare and its
Characterization
Authors: Karki Gunjan , Bisht Balam Singh , Khati Pramod Singh , Vishwakarma Mahesh Chandra , Durgapal Pradeep
Published: January 2025

The green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles has gained significant attention due to its environmentally friendly approach. This study focuses on the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare (oregano) as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The use of plant extracts in nanoparticle
synthesis offers advantages such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and the elimination of toxic chemicals. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD),
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their size, structure, and morphology. The results demonstrated that the ZnO nanoparticles were crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the average particle size ranged from
50 to 70 nm. The findings underscore the potential of Origanum vulgare for the eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO NPs, which could have applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and environmental remediation.
The Application of Wavelet Transform Based Data compression in Different Type of
Images
Authors: Goyal Vidhi , Chaudhary Ashish , Saxena Richa , Singh Vinod Kumar , Verma Rashmi , Bhatt S.C. , Uniyal Manish
Published: January 2025

Wavelet transform base data compression technique plays a vital role in digital image processing. One of the most powerful and useful technique of digital image processing is image compression, which makes the image files smaller. In this study, we have discussed the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) compression technique on different type of images. There are number of wavelets available in DWT family. All the wavelets of DWT family are not appropriate for the compression of different type of images. In present study, we have reviewed the type of wavelets of DWT family used for the compression of different type of images.
Organic Agriculture in Uttarakhand: Progress, Potential, and Policy Perspectives
Authors: Singh Sukesh , Gupta J.P.
Published: January 2025

Organic agriculture has emerged as a solution to global concerns over food security, environmental degradation, and climate change, with Uttarakhand playing a key role in India’s organic farming landscape. The state currently boasts 2.26 lakh hectares of certified organic land, comprising 40% of its total agricultural area, and engages 4.80 lakh farmers in organic practices. Various government initiatives, including Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), and the Namami Gange Project, have significantly boosted organic farming. Training programs and support from the Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board and the Department of Agriculture further promote the sector. In a pioneering move, the government enacted the Uttarakhand Organic Agriculture Act 2019, making it the first Indian state to introduce such legislation. Currently, 10 development blocks are fully organic, with plans to expand statewide. However, achieving this ambitious goal requires enhanced financial support, better marketing, and more robust research efforts.
The Impact of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Pollution on Respiratory Health in Eleme and Port-Harcourt Local Government Areas of Rivers State from 2015-2019
Authors: Tamuno-owunari Perri, , Briggs Nimi Ngo , Ebhuoma Osadolor , Ebhuoma Ese
Published: January 2025

Inspired by the noticeable presence of soot in the environment, particularly in the Port Harcourt metropolis, this study sought to examine the correlation between particulate matter (PM2.5) levels and the prevalence of respiratory diseases in the Port Harcourt and Eleme Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study period spanned from 2016 to 2019, with data on respiratory tract infections (RTIs) obtained from the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital and the General Hospital Ogale, while data were PM2.5 are remotely sensed. The RTI and PM2.5 data were analysed using ANOVA and Spearman’s rank correlation statistics. The research findings revealed significant variations in PM2.5 concentrations across the study areas. During the study period, PM2.5 levels consistently exceeded the World Health Organization’s (WHO) annual permissible threshold of 10 µg/m³, thereby exacerbating cases of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The epidemiological profile of RTIs identified four primary diseases: Asthma, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The results showed a marked difference in PM2.5 concentrations between the two LGAs. The mean monthly variation from 2016 to 2019 indicated that Port Harcourt recorded a January level of 47.27 µg/m³, while Eleme recorded 47.16 µg/m³. The lowest mean values for both locations occurred in September and October, highlighting a significant seasonal influence on PM2.5 concentration. Both PM2.5 levels and the incidence of RTIs increased steadily in the study areas from 2016 to 2019. This research underscores the need for regulatory authorities to rigorously monitor the operations of companies potentially contributing to atmospheric pollution, provide clear guidance for compliance, and enforce strict sanctions and substantial fines for violations of established environmental standards to mitigate air pollution.
Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage rates in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Öztürk Hakkı , Özsoy Metin
Published: January 2025

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the rates of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in patients undergoing hemodialysis and the susceptibilities to mupirocin and fusidic acid in patients with nasal carriage of S.aureus.
Methods: A total of 165 hemodialysis patients, 55 (33.3%) females and 109 (66.03%) males, were included in the study. Nasal swab samples obtained from the patients were inoculated on mannitol-salt agar (Beslab, Turkey) medium. The media were incubated in an oven at 37 °C for 72 hours. Methicillin resistance was determined on Mueller-Hinton agar medium with cefoxitin disk (Bioanalyse, Turkey) and mupirocin and fusidic acid susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion method with the discs of these antibiotics (Bioanalyse, Turkey).
Results: S. aureus nasal carriage was detected in a total of 14 (8.48%) patients, 9 (5.45%) of whom had methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) nasal carriage and 5 (3.03%) had methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage. Of a total of 5 MRSA strains, 1 was resistant to mupirocin and 1 was resistant to fusidic acid. Of a total of 9 MSSA strains, 2 were resistant to mupirocin and 2 were resistant to fusidic acid. It was determined that mupirocin and fusidic acid resistance was higher in MSSA strains.
Conclusion: In our study, the rate of S. aureus nasal carriage in hemodialysis patients was found to be low. In addition, the resistance rates of MSSA strains to mupirocin and fusidic acid, which are topical antibiotics that can be used in the eradication of S.aureus nasal carriage, were higher than the resistance rates of MRSA strains to mupirocin and fusidic acid. We think that planning the eradication of nasal carriage in dialysis patients according to mupirocin and fusidic acid susceptibility results will increase the eradication success.
Assessing the informational quality of TikTok videos on refractive surgery: a comparative study
Authors: Reyhan Ali Hakim , Berhuni Mustafa , Mutaf Çağrı , Uzun İrfan , Eryavuz Mehmet
Published: January 2025

Aims: Evaluate the quality and reliability of TikTok videos on refractive surgery (LASIK, PRK, SMILE), comparing content from healthcare professionals and patients, and assess TikTok's role in disseminating ophthalmological information.
Methods: Analyzed 200 TikTok videos (98 by physicians, 102 by patients) using DISCERN, JAMA, and Global Quality Score (GQS). Recorded and compared view count, likes, comments, and video length. Examined correlations between these metrics and quality scores.
Results: Mean DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores for all videos were 44 ± 13.2, 2.27 ± 0.94, and 2.86 ± 1.22, indicating moderate quality. Physician-uploaded videos scored higher on all measures. Strong positive correlation between video length and quality scores. Strong negative correlation between engagement metrics (views, likes, comments) and DISCERN scores. Physician videos had higher view counts, longer durations, and more comments, while patient videos received more likes.
Conclusion: TikTok videos on refractive surgery generally show moderate quality and reliability. Content from healthcare professionals is superior in quality and informativeness. However, higher engagement does not equate to better information quality. These findings underscore the necessity for patients to critically evaluate social media content when seeking information on refractive surgery. Larger, comprehensive studies are needed for more definitive insights. The results guide patients in making informed decisions and help healthcare professionals develop effective social media strategies for disseminating accurate ophthalmological information.
Relationship between the use of an intrauterine device and ASC-US
Authors: Esercan Alev , Civelek Merve , Demir İsmail , Ay Haldız Gizem , Eser Özyürek Şefik
Published: January 2025

Aims: Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers and has poor outcomes. Although it is more easily detected through cervical cancer screening programs, studies on the interpretation of precancerous lesions and their future consequences are among the controversial issues in literature. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) is a category of cervical epithelial cell abnormalities described by the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology. It refers to abnormal cytologic changes that suggest the squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) but are qualitatively and quantitatively less than those of a definitive SIL diagnosis. Only some studies about intrauterine devices (IUDs), a frequently used family planning method, and causality with ASC-US have been found in the literature. Although it is known that ASC-US may be caused by inflammation, it is not clear whether an IUD can cause it. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ASC-US in women who used or did not use IUDs and to determine the risk factors associated with IUD use.
Methods: Pregnant and lactating women, women with malignancies, hormonal intrauterine devices, vaginal infections, and patients whose cervical screening data were unavailable or diagnosis of inflammation were excluded. Cervical cancer screening results of ASC-US and normal cytologic results were included in the study.
Results: At our gynecological oncology reference center, cervical cancer screening (smear + human papillomavirus [HPV] ) was performed on 6452 patients between 2021 and 2022, and the smear result was interpreted as ASC-US in 306 (4.7%) of these patients. In patients without IUDs, the percentage of patients with negative ASC-US cytology was significantly greater (p:0.002) than that in patients with IUDs. The odds ratio was 1.75, as IUD-positive patients had a 1.75-fold risk of having positive ASC-US results.
Conclusion: IUDs cause inflammation, which results in ASC-US. In addition to preventing ASC-US formation, this risk can be reduced by 1.75 times by not using an IUD. Even if an IUD is used, the results of colposcopic examinations do not extend beyond the findings of inflammation.
An Analysis of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners’ Problems in Speaking Skills Based on Their Perception at Senior High School
Authors: Malik Emylia , Rohmatillah Rohmatillah , Rahmawati Istiqomah Nur
Published: January 2025

This study examines the factors contributing to speaking difficulties among EFL secondary school learners and offers teachers insights for effectively addressing these challenges. The study aims to augment pedagogical techniques to enhance speaking proficiency results. The study utilized a descriptive qualitative methodology, with 30 class XI students chosen to reflect varied experiences and viewpoints. Data has been collected via open-ended surveys and interviews, using thematic analysis to discern patterns and recurring themes. The results indicate that lacking confidence, restricted vocabulary, and an unsupportive classroom atmosphere substantially impede students' speaking skills. Furthermore, students identified the fear of errors and peer evaluation as significant obstacles. The research emphasizes effective measures for enhancement, including participation in English clubs, consistent practice, and cultivating a supportive teaching environment. These findings underscore the significance of customized instructional strategies and inclusive practices that foster an optimal learning environment. This research highlights the essential function of educators in enabling students to surmount speaking difficulties, enhance self-assurance, and improve communication abilities. By tackling these challenges, EFL learners can cultivate the proficiency required to excel in academic and practical environments.
Diseño de materiales tecnopedagógicos promovidos por la abstracción relacional analógica en docentes de Física
Authors: Augusto Salica Marcelo , Olguín Valeria
Published: January 2025

Este estudio aborda la integración de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la enseñanza de las ciencias, especialmente en la Física, centrándose en la comprensión del conocimiento tecnológico-pedagógico del contenido (technological-pedagogical content knowledge [TPCK]) a través del concepto de affordance. Utilizando el pensamiento analógico, se crean esquemas relacionales abstractos que actúen como mediadores en el diseño de materiales tecnopedagógicos. El enfoque interdisciplinario del estudio combina la didáctica de las ciencias naturales, la tecnología y la psicología cognitiva para enriquecer la formación de futuros profesores (hombres y mujeres). Metodológicamente, el estudio se basa en un enfoque cualitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo. Se realizaron estudios de casos teóricos con tres estudiantes del profesorado en Física, seleccionados debido a la baja matrícula y su disposición a participar. Esta selección permite observar cómo futuros profesores integran las TIC en la enseñanza de manera significativa. El proceso condujo al desarrollo de un esquema relacional abstracto que sirve como fundamento para crear materiales tecnopedagógicos estructurados y coherentes. Estos materiales tienen como objetivo facilitar la comprensión y aplicación de las TIC en la enseñanza, proporcionando una guía clara y organizada para los docentes en formación. Este estudio resalta cómo la creación de análogos relacionales, dentro de un contexto de formación didáctica-cognitiva, facilita una codificación semántica profunda sobre la relación entre educación y tecnología. La integración adecuada de estas disciplinas no solo mejora la preparación de los futuros profesores, sino que también fomenta la innovación en la enseñanza de la Física en la era digital.
Análisis sobre el uso de las herramientas de inteligencia artificial interactiva en el entorno universitario
Authors: Castro-López Adrián , Cervero Antonio , Álvarez-Blanco Lucía
Published: January 2025

Las herramientas tecnológicas basadas en inteligencia artificial han sido un gran avance en cuanto a generación de conocimiento, pero también han supuesto dificultades para el sistema educativo. En este contexto, el presente estudio trata de determinar los factores que influyen en el uso de herramientas de inteligencia artificial interactivas por parte de estudiantes universitarios (hombres y mujeres), analizando su influencia en el rendimiento académico. Para ello, se ha diseñado un cuestionario ad hoc al que ha respondido una muestra de 306 estudiantes universitarios, realizándose análisis descriptivos, de fiabilidad y validez discriminante de las escalas y de regresión aparentemente no relacionada. Los resultados muestran que cuatro factores influyen en el uso de herramientas de inteligencia artificial interactivas (expectativas de rendimiento, motivación hedónica, valor del precio y hábito) y que el uso de dichas herramientas conlleva un peor rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Ello podría deberse a una planificación pedagógica deficiente o al libre uso de estas herramientas realizado por los alumnos.
Factors Influencing the Intensity of Adopting Rice Farm Innovations Among Smallholder Rice Farmers in the West Kano Irrigation Scheme, Kenya
Authors: Chelal Hillary , Mutai Benjamin , Gitau Raphael , Kimurto Paul , Mugambi Anthony , Cheboi Andrew
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to identify the determinants influencing the intensity of adoption of farm innovations among smallholder rice farmers in the West-Kano Irrigation Scheme amid the rising demand for rice in Kenya, which significantly outpaces local production. Despite the introduction of various innovations, adoption rates and influencing factors remain scarcely explored. Data were collected from 116 smallholder rice farmers using a standardised questionnaire. The Standard Poisson Model was employed for data analysis due to its suitability in handling count data, specifically the number of innovations adopted by farmers. This model helped identify key factors influencing innovation uptake. Findings reveal that several factors significantly impact adoption of farm innovations, including number of household income contributors, the proportion of land used for farming, decision-maker's farming experience, land ownership, and access to transportation and infrastructure. Notably, 98 per cent of farmers used improved seeds, 38 per cent adopted the line transplant method, and 97 per cent implemented pest management practices. Additionally, 47 per cent used the urea deep placement method and all participants engaged in some form of mechanised farming. The study concludes that understanding these factors can optimise policies aimed at enhancing rice productivity and commercialisation. Recommendations include employing the use of demonstration farms, collaborating with key rice value-chain actors, and building capacity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform policy formulation and strategic interventions that support the adoption of agricultural innovations, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and growth of the rice sector in Kenya.
Presentación
Authors: ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos
Published: January 2025

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 40, No. 443-444, 1985: 623-624.
Julio-septiembre
Authors: Cruz Alfaro Ernesto
Published: January 2025

No abstract available.
 
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 40, No. 443-444, 1985: 713-729.
El diálogo ; Partidos políticos ; Secuestros de los alcaldes y la hija del presidente ; Derechos humanos ; Economía nacional ; Comunicado de Cartagena
Authors: ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos
Published: January 2025

No abstract available.
 
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 40, No. 443-444, 1985: 743-769.
Lights, Cameras, Interventions
Authors: Davis Katrinell M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter details what transpired after independent researchers confirmed the citizens’ worries regarding the city’s water quality. By outlining the areas of Flint that were disproportionately affected and how preexisting, unevenly distributed environmental issues throughout Flint made water conditions worse for residents, it goes above and beyond previous research by several orders of magnitude. In this chapter, Davis describes the significance of Miguel Del Toro, an EPA employee, and how his tenacity in alerting the water authorities to the lead concern changed the course of events. Davis also addresses the significance of Dr. Marc Edwards, a civil engineer from Virginia Tech, testing the water in Flint and how that sparked a citywide water sample effort. Davis addresses additional variables that contributed to the lack of progress with the water in addition to the studies. Davis talks about the DEQ’s attempts to minimize the situation as well as the city’s lack of response to residents’ complaints about rising water rates. Additionally, she talks about how Flint routinely manipulated the 1991 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) and how pre-flushing the water prior to testing distorted the results to make the issue appear less serious. Davis also talked about the ways that Flint’s racial and socioeconomic problems hampered the Water Crisis’s advancement.
The Blame Game
Authors: Davis Katrinell M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter chronicles efforts by residents to hold public officials responsible for the water source switch accountable for their actions. It documents attempts made by attorneys to secure the trust of Flint residents and the hurdles they confronted when facing off with various defendants in criminal and civil courts. The conflicts and divisions that exist between the general public and pro-water activists are also covered in this chapter. Davis explores the conflicting responses from the public following then-President Barack Obama’s visit to Flint, Michigan. Davis also talks on the breakdown in the relationship between Dr. Marc Edwards, a civil engineer at Virginia Tech, and activists like Melissa Mays and Paul Schwartz.
Crisis as a Daily Grind
Authors: Davis Katrinell M.
Published: January 2025

The initial years of Flint’s pipeline replacement project are covered in Chapter 8. It details how the repair efforts were delayed by disputes between the city and the state, as well as between local officials and contractors replacing the water supply. Davis explores the ways in which Flint’s “FAST Start” initiative and AECOM Engineering contributed to the water catastrophe,. Davis also looks into the regions that were excavated and the way the city disregarded the pipelines that required excavation. Lastly, this chapter pinpoints the neighborhood-level elements that adversely affect water quality in addition to lead-tainted pipelines.
Introduction
Authors: Greene Christina
Published: January 2025

The Introduction underlines that this is not a biography of Joan Little. It provides a brief overview of Little’s 1974-75 rape-murder case; her escape from the Beaufort County, N.C. jail following the sexual assault and her lethal struggle with jailer Clarence Alligood; and the emergence of the local and national Free Joan Little campaigns. It gestures toward Little’s earlier experiences in the criminal legal system and her felony theft trial prior to the rape-murder trial; her escape from Raleigh Women’s Prison after her acquittal in the rape-murder trial; and her capture and extradition battle in New York City. The Introduction also outlines the book’s central themes including a more expansive definition of political prisoners and political engagement; a more nuanced understanding of the various streams of 1960s-1980s women’s liberation, including Black feminism; the impact of Little’s rape-murder trial on women’s anti-rape organizing and carceral politics then and now, especially among Black and other women of color who found new outlets for organizing and protest; how centering African American women, especially in the South, and their long, capacious history of activism, challenges the popular notion that they remained absent from the feminist and anti-rape movements of the period.
She Won’t No Joan of Arc
Authors: Greene Christina
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides a biographical sketch of Joan Little’s early life and childhood growing up in rural, segregated, and largely poor Beaufort County in eastern N.C. in the 1950s and 1960s. It provides the first in-depth account of her earlier encounters with law enforcement as a teen, including her 1968 placement in the Dobbs Training School for juveniles; her 1974 felony-theft conviction and the failed appeal of her conviction by attorneys Jerry Paul and Karen Galloway (Bethea-Sheilds). The chapter considers Little’s experiences within the larger context of race and the treatment of juveniles by local and state law enforcement in this period; her alleged local “bad-girl” reputation, even among local civil rights leaders like Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader Golden Frinks; and the historic racially-charged stereotypes regarding Black women’s sexuality.
Power to the Ice Pick
Authors: Greene Christina
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the Free Joan Little Campaign; how her attorneys and supporters crafted a legal defense; raised a huge defense fund; and built broad-based, grassroots, national and international support for Joan Little’s impending rape-murder trial. Nationally-recognized African Americans such as Angela Davis, Corretta Scott King, Florynce Kennedy, Ralph Abernathy, Julian Bond, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, Dick Gregory, and others, rallied behind Little. The National Organization for Women, the Black Panther Party, the Third World Women’s Alliance, the National Black Feminist Organization, the Southern Poverty Law Center, United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, and the Center for Constitutional Rights lent support. Financial support also came from local groups and individuals across the country, from singers and radio stations, and from abroad. Prisoner newsletters, mainstream media, the Black press, and feminist newspapers publicized her case, while opponents denounced Joan Little in letters to trial judge Hamilton Hobgood.
There Must Not Be Another Attica
Authors: Greene Christina
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on the establishment of the North Carolina Correctional Center for Women (NCCCW) or Women’s Prison; prisoner advocacy efforts by the Black women’s group, Action for Forgotten Women; the 1975 NCCCW strike by female prisoners, including Marie Hill who had drawn national attention; the violent response by prison officials; Joan Little’s public support of the strikers while she was out on bail from Women’s Prison awaiting her rape-murder trial; the response to the strike by the N.C. Legislature; and Black revolutionary Assata Shakur’s endorsement of the strike from her jail cell at New York’s notorious Rikers Island Prison.
So Now I Take My Stand
Authors: Greene Christina
Published: January 2025

This chapter analyzes Joan Little’s largely unpublished prison writings and sketches composed while she was incarcerated at the North Carolina Correctional Center for Women (NCCCW); and her contemporaneous interviews with various media outlets. The analysis challenges assessments from scholars and from both Little’s supporters and detractors who dismissed her as simply a common street criminal with little or no political consciousness. It reveals the influence of Assata Shakur on Little’s writing; and showcases Little’s knowledge of U.S. foreign policy and current events (e.g. Vietnam War, Watergate); African American history; and several contemporaneous lethal police shootings of Black teens.
What Chou Mean We, White Girl?
Authors: Greene Christina
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the difficulties of creating a multi-racial, cross-class, feminist anti-rape movement, despite the diverse array of supporters behind the Free Joan Little Campaign and other self-defense trials of women of color. It highlights white Southerner, Anne Braden, a staunch anti-racist and social justice activist for over half a century and a major leader in the Free Joan Little Campaign; her efforts to educate Southern white women in particular, including feminist anti-rape activists, about racism and the dangers of carceral solutions to sexual violence; and her critique of Susan Brownmiller’s pathbreaking 1975 book on the history of rape, Against Our Will. The chapter explores the anti-racist activism of Southern white women, especially LGBTQ feminists, including Mab Segrest, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and the Triangle Area Lesbian Feminists; anti-racist white allies outside the South; the Willie Sanders case; Santa Cruz Women Against Rape; Feminist Alliance Against Rape; and multi-racial, anti-rape coalitions.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Janiece
Published: January 2025

On a now notorious 11 September in 1857, a white Latter-day Saint militia massacred 120 Arkansan emigrants. News of the massacre traveled first to California and the across the United States. This tale of Mormon sin and its prosecution, legal and popular, was reported on across the country and beyond. This book tells the story of how that story was told and enduring themes of savagery, repudiated civilization, relinquished manhood, and despotic theocracy. Quickly the attention on the massacre and prosecution was more concerned with convicting a minority religion, the Mormon people, rather than the individual perpetrators of the horrific crime. This book follows the tale of the massacre as it is told over time.
The Indians Went Hunting
Authors: Lee Wayne E.
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how Native Americans sustained long-distance military expeditions, both over land and over water. Campaign logistics were closely tied to the nature of their societies and their normal patterns of subsistence. In some ways the campaign was simply a more intense extension of the seasonal winter hunting trip. It relied on the same communications and portage infrastructure: canoes, long-distance paths, pack-porterage, and eventually pack horses, combined with hunting on the move. Strategically these systems in combination provided very long reach, but when the raiding force arrived at its target, it was by then at the end of a tenuous logistical tether. Once in or near enemy territory, behaviors shifted to suit wartime conditions: stop building fires; stop using guns; cache food for use during a sudden retreat; set up hunting camps as both rendezvous point and food cache, and so on. Tactically, they would go into battle carrying almost nothing but their weapons, and then flee precipitously after either a successful or an unsuccessful raid, perhaps traveling several days with virtually no food, until arriving at a cache or rendezvous. Ultimately, understanding the specifics of Native American campaign logistics will contribute to assessing the political function of war in Native polities.
If You Want to Live Like an American, Act Like One
Authors: Shepherd Lauren Lassabe
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes efforts by Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) to make college conservatives appear to represent a student silent majority. It explores conservative backlash to anti-war demonstrations and support for war industry and military recruitment, to demonstrate how the student Right’s independent attempts to organize on campus were initially disjointed and inefficient. Movement leaders’ instructions to organize broadly around anticommunism and America First economics helped groups like YAF reach new constituencies. This chapter further covers conservative students’ appropriation of New Left slogans and symbols and discusses how plausible deniability under the guise of college humor helped conceal their white supremacy. It details how the Right strategically captured moderate College Republican clubs and student government associations, as well as evangelical student organizations.
High Bias
Authors: Masters Marc
Published: January 2025

The cassette tape was revolutionary. Cheap, portable, and reusable, this small plastic rectangle changed music history. Make your own tapes! Trade them with friends! Tape over the ones you don't like! The cassette tape upended pop culture, creating movements and uniting communities. This entertaining book charts the journey of the cassette from its invention in the early 1960s to its Walkman-led domination in the 1980s to decline at the birth of compact discs to resurgence among independent music makers. Scorned by the record industry for "killing music," the cassette tape rippled through scenes corporations couldn't control. For so many, tapes meant freedom—to create, to invent, to connect. Marc Masters introduces readers to the tape artists who thrive underground; concert tapers who trade bootlegs; mixtape makers who send messages with cassettes; tape hunters who rescue forgotten sounds; and today's labels, which reject streaming and sell music on cassette. Their stories celebrate the cassette tape as dangerous, vital, and radical.
Chapter Two
Authors: Masters Marc
Published: January 2025

In many places outside of mainstream spotlights, the cassette tape helped launch musical movements. Offering a quick way to make, capture, circulate, and share new sounds, the cassette was a crucial conduit for entire scenes, genres, and movements. In 1970s New York, hip-hop was birthed by DJs making breakbeats at live parties, and people quickly started taping those performances and passing them around, accelerating the growth of the genre. The same kind of thing happened with go-go in Washington DC, where tapes became the way to grow a community of musicians. Heavy metal spread through tapes traded in the mail via ads in the back of metal fanzines. Indie rock and lo-fi music capitalized on 4-track recording to distribute songs and albums outside of traditional channels. None of these movements would’ve grown so fast, or perhaps even existed at all, without cassette tapes.
Chapter Three
Authors: Masters Marc
Published: January 2025

In the 1980s, the affordability and convenience of the cassette tape ignited a global community of home-taping artists. Inspired by–and participating in–the mail art movement, this far-flung network held a seemingly endless web of interpersonal connections, collaborations, and affiliations made primarily through the postal service. Its participants were linked not by a regional scene, or a developing sound, or a musical movement. They connected through the cassette itself, with which they made and exchanged their own self-propelled, self-controlled art, blurring categories and dodging commercial pressures. They often traded sounds, reworked each other’s art, and compiled international collections of work. Individual points of view abounded, and the range of creative personalities seemed infinite. Some of these prolific home tapers went beyond using the cassette to release music and transformed it into an instrument in its own right.
Chapter Four
Authors: Masters Marc
Published: January 2025

Amateur recordings of live music have happened since Edison invented the phonograph. But the introduction of the cassette tape made it a lot easier. Unlike with expensive, complicated, bulky reel-to-reel gear, you didn’t have to be rich to buy a cassette recorder, you didn’t have to be a professional to operate one, and you could hide smaller ones under your seat or inside your clothes, reducing your chance of being caught. There was another bonus: just as cassette tapes offered an easy way to record shows, they also provided the chance to immediately hear and share those recordings. All of this spawned communities of recorders and traders around many genres and artists, most famously the Grateful Dead, whose decision to allow fans to tape and trade their live shows is responsible for creating one of the most devoted and communal fan bases in the history of rock and roll. We meet some of those devout tapers, as well as others who obsessively record, collect, and trade live music by Bob Dylan, Sun Ra, Phish, and many other artists.
Epistolary Becomings: Archival Traces and Diffractive Readings
Authors: Tamboukou Maria
Published: January 2025

In this paper, I offer the concept of diffraction as both a methodological approach and an epistemological lens. This dual move has guided my archival research, encompassing various types of archival documents, and has shaped my reading, understanding, and analysis of letters by European women mathematicians, who lived and worked in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The discussion draws on a Leverhulme-funded research project of writing a feminist genealogy of automathographies, tracing the process of becoming a woman mathematician, philosopher, and scientist. I argue that analogue, digitised, and photographed letters should be regarded as distinct types of archival documents, each positioning the researcher in unique, but entangled ways relative to their sources and data. Furthermore, recognizing the interweaving of personal and scientific elements in the correspondence of women mathematicians is crucial for understanding the formation of the female self in the realms of gender, science, and mathematics.
Researching Documentary Heritage. Letters of Lithuanian Partisans
Authors: Vaitkevičius Vykintas
Published: January 2025

The article discusses letters written by the participants of the Lithuanian anti-Soviet armed resistance to their family members, loved ones, comrades-in-arms, contact persons, supporters, as well as provocateurs and Soviet collaborators. This is the first attempt at covering this unique part of the documentary heritage of the partisan war, which has survived in the archives hidden by the partisans themselves, files from the state security agency and the criminal ones, and by the families of the fighters’ relatives, and has not been researched so far.Using the method of content analysis, the author of the article examines over 400 letters written by the partisans under wartime conditions, presenting in more detail letters of farewell, concern, longing and love, news or agreements. He uses two examples to show the exceptional value of the partisan letters as historical sources. Special attention is given to the communication networks and contact persons who made the partisan mail service operational and correspondence possible. It is concluded that partisan letters in Lithuanian history and culture are war letters, or war correspondence, imbued with pain caused by separation of the freedom fighters from their families and the loved ones, as well as their concern for the living conditions and fate of the latter. However, these letters also express their determination to fight, hatred for the enemy, and love of the homeland. Although the content of many partisan letters is businesslike, they often openly reveal or imply the fragile existential situation of the freedom fighters.
Does not Choose Writings or Letters – They Just Happen. On Publication of Balys Sruoga’ Letters from Stutthof
Authors: Šmitienė Giedrė , Markevičienė Neringa
Published: January 2025

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Love and Method. Lessons and Example of Arendtian Tradition
Authors: Jonutytė Jurga
Published: January 2025

Maria Tamboukou, Epistolary Narratives of Love, Gender and Agonistic Politics. An Arendtian Approach, London, New York: Routledge, 2024, 182 p., ISBN 978-1032208428
OKO TUZLE UČESTALA BUNA, NA USTANAK DIGLA SE KOMUNA“ UZROCI I POSLJEDICE
HUSINSKE BUNE 1920. GODINE
Authors: Jezernik Božidar
Published: January 2025

O Husinskoj buni, jednoj od „naj- značajnijih klasnih bitaka u staroj Jugoslaviji“, naveliko se rasprav- ljalo, posebno nakon 1945. go- dine, kada je klasna borba postala zvanični historijski okvir historio- grafskog diskursa. Međutim, up- rkos opsežnoj socijalističkoj his- toriografiji o Husinskom ustanku i Obznani, mnoga ključna pitanja ostala su bez odgovora sve do raspada Jugoslavije 1991. godine. Između 1945. i 1991. godine his- toričari su u velikoj mjeri preob likovali prošlost kako bi je uskla- dili s političkim narativom KPJ. Međutim, zbog promjene fokusa na druge teme, nakon 1991. go- dine Husinska buna je višema nje zaboravljena. Tek 2012. go- dine Omer Hamzić je utvrdio da je, za razliku od drugih štrajkova, u Husinu igrala važnu ulogu Narod- na garda, koju su naoružale srp- ske vlasti, uz srpsku policiju i vojs- ku, tako dodajući etničke dimenzije klasnoj borbi ustanka.
Ključne riječi: Husinska buna, Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, legalnost, legitimnost, Narodna garda, Obznana,parlamentarna demokracija, socijalistička historiografija, štrajk
rudara u Sloveniji i Bosni 1920,velikosrpska ideologija