bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of a Novel Prioritization Framework on Clinician-Led Oncology Drug Submissions
Authors: Keech J. , Beca J. , Eisen A. , Kennedy E. , Kim J. , Kouroukis C.T. , Darling G. , Ferguson S.E. , Finelli A. , Petrella T.M. , Perry J.R. , Chan K. , Gavura S.
Published: April 2019

Background: In Canada, requests for public reimbursement of cancer drugs are predominately initiated by pharmaceutical manufacturers. Clinician-led submissions provide a mechanism to initiate the drug funding process when industry does not submit a request for funding consideration. Although such requests are resource-intensive to produce, Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) has the capacity to facilitate clinician-led submissions. In 2014, CCO began developing a cancer drug prioritization framework that allocates resources to systematically address a growing number of clinician-identified funding gaps with clinician-led submissions. Methods: Cancer site–specific drug advisory committees established by CCO consist of health care practitioners whose roles include identifying and prioritizing funding gaps. The committees submit their identified gaps to a cross-cancer-site prioritization exercise in which the requests are ranked based on a set of guiding principles derived from health technology assessment. The requests are then sequentially allocated the resources needed to meet submission requirements. Whether the funding gap is of provincial or pan-Canadian relevance determines where the submission is filed for assessment. Results: Since its inception, the CCO framework has identified 17 funding gaps in 9 cancer sites. In 4 prioritizations, the framework supported 6 submissions. As of June 2018, the framework had contributed to the eventual funding of more than 9 new drug–indication pairs, with more awaiting funding consideration. Conclusions: The CCO prioritization framework has enabled clinicians to effectively and systematically identify, prioritize, and fill funding gaps not addressed by industry. Ultimately, the framework helps to ensure that patients can access evidence-informed and cost-effective therapies. The framework will continue to evolve as it encounters new challenges, including funding requests for rare indications.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor–Induced Hypomagnesemia: A Survey of Practice Patterns among Canadian Gastrointestinal Medical Oncologists
Authors: Thangarasa T. , Gotfrit J. , Goodwin R.A. , Tang P.A. , Clemons M. , Imbulgoda A. , Vickers M.M.
Published: April 2019

Background: The optimal management of hypomagnesemia (hMg) induced by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIS) for advanced colorectal cancer is unclear. We surveyed gastrointestinal medical oncologists in Canada to determine practice patterns for the management of EGFRI-induced hMg. Methods: Based on distribution lists from the Eastern Canadian Colorectal Cancer Consensus Conference and the Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference, medical oncologists were invited to participate in an online questionnaire between November 2013 and February 2014. Results: From the 104 eligible physicians, 40 responses were obtained (38.5%). Panitumumab was more commonly prescribed than cetuximab by 70% of respondents, with 25% prescribing cetuximab and panitumumab equally. Most respondents obtain a serum magnesium level before initiating a patient on an EGFRI (92.5%) and before every treatment (90%). Most use a reactive strategy for magnesium supplementation (90%) and, when using supplementation, favour intravenous (IV) alone (40%) or IV and oral (45%) dosing. Magnesium sulfate was used for IV replacement, and the most common oral strategies were magnesium oxide (36.4%) and magnesium rougier (18.2%). Under the reactive strategy, intervention occurred at hMg grade 1 (70.3%) or grade 2 (27%). Of the survey respondents, 45% felt that 1–5 of their patients have ever developed symptoms attributable to hMg, and 35% have had to interrupt EGFRI therapy because of this toxicity, most commonly at grade 3 (30%) or grade 4 (45%) hMg. The most important question about EGFRI-induced hMg was its relevance to clinical outcomes (45%) and its symptoms (37.5%). Conclusions: In Canada, various strategies are used in the management of EGFRI-induced hMg, including prophylactic and reactive approaches that incorporate IV, oral, or a combination of IV and oral supplementation. Clinicians are concerned about the effect of hMg on clinical outcomes and about the symptoms that patients experience as a result of this toxicity.
A Canadian Guideline on the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology
Authors: Yip S. , Christofides A. , Banerji S. , Downes M.R. , Izevbaye I. , Lo B. , MacMillan A. , McCuaig J. , Stockley T. , Yousef G.M. , Spatz A.
Published: April 2019

Rapid advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have created an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the molecular profile of tumours to more effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. Oncologists now have the option to order molecular tests that can guide treatment decisions. However, to date, most oncologists have received limited training in genomics, and they are now faced with the challenge of understanding how such tests and their interpretation align with patient management. Guidance on how to effectively use NGS technology is therefore needed to aid oncologists in applying the results of genomic tests. The Canadian guideline presented here describes best practices and unmet needs related to ngs-based testing for somatic variants in oncology, including clinical application, assay and sample selection, bioinformatics and interpretation of reports performed by laboratories, patient communication, and clinical trials.
New-Onset Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in a Child With Chronic Uveitis
Authors: Cooper Ashley M. , Obajolowo Tokunbo S. , Stahl Erin D.
Published: April 2019

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) has rarely been associated with uveitis. The authors report a case of new CRMO in a 15-year-old boy with HLA-B27 positive chronic anterior uveitis controlled with methotrexate. This case highlights a potential association between chronic uveitis and CRMO.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56:e38–e40.]
A Unique Development Road of Urban Public Libraries of China
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zou Wanfen , Qiu Xiangen
Published: April 2019

Since its debut seven years ago, Pudong Library of Shanghai has been committed to promoting reading and providing services that benefit that all. It provides new reading experiences, explores institutional building and communication platforms in public library circles, while intensifying efforts at team-building and cultivating library culture. Moreover, Pudong Library devotes itself to exploring, on a micro-level, restructuring practices and innovative developments of urban public libraries. In doing so Pudong Library constructs its own paradigm of library management. The exploration and practice of Pudong Library is a fresh case and vivid example for the development of urban public libraries in China.
A Comprehensive Survey on Privacy and Security Issues in Cloud Computing, Internet of Things and Cloud of Things
Authors: Sahmim Ep Guerbouj Syrine , Gharsellaoui Hamza , Bouamama Sadok
Published: April 2019

This journal article deals with the most important existing problems of security and privacy of the Cloud Computing (CC), Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud of Things (CoT) concepts especially confidentiality issues. With the evolution of ubiquitous computing, everything is connected everywhere, therefore these concepts have been widely studied in the literature. However, due to the systems complexity and the difficulty to control each access attempt, intrusions and vulnerabilities will be more recurrent. To tackle this issue, researchers have been focused on various approaches enforcing security and privacy. In the present article, risk factors and solutions regarding these technologies are reviewed then current and future trends are discussed.
Atti Sociali
Authors: Italiana Società Entomologica
Published: April 2019

Non disponibile
Body composition and venison quality of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds reared on grass, papilionaceous or mixed pasture paddocks
Authors: Nagy János , Szabó András , Donkó Tamás , Bokor Julianna , Romvári Róbert , Repa Imre , Horn Péter , Fébel Hedvig
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds (n=3×10) of identical initial body weight (BW, ca. 68 kg) were reared on a monocotyledonous grass (G group), on a grass–papilionaceous (GP group) or on pure papilionaceous pasture each of 2 ha (P group) for 219 d. At the end of the experiment carcass tissue composition was assessed by means of computer tomography, slaughter value and meat quality were characterized and tissue – longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), thigh and liver – samples were taken for fatty acid composition analysis. The primary aim was to assess nutrition-driven differences. Hinds of group P provided higher final BW (101 kg vs. 90 and 91.9 kg in groups G and GP, respectively) and higher BW gain (32.6 kg during the total period vs. 22.4 and 22.1 kg). The carcass weight exceeded those of the other groups significantly (68.8 kg vs. 59.3 and 63.2 kg), while there was no difference among groups in the perirenal fat weight and red color tone (a*) of the LTL. Groups G and P differed significantly in the LTL weight (highest in P), its dripping loss (lowest in G), lightness (L; highest in P) and yellow color tone (b*). In the thigh muscle, LTL and liver the highest proportion of fatty acid CLA9c11t was reached on the G pasture, and the same trend was true for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA , C22:6 n3) in the muscles. The n6 ∕ n3 fatty acid ratio was the highest on the P pasture in the liver and both muscles. The liver incorporated the highest proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) and converted it rather effectively to arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6), coupled with the lowest α-linolenic acid presence. In conclusion, concerning muscle mass production, group P proved to be the most advantageous pasture; meanwhile LTL meat quality factors (dripping loss, DHA proportion, pH, color) were more favorable on the G pasture.
Pocahontas Looks Back and Then Looks Elsewhere: The Entangled Gaze in Contemporary Indigenous Art
Authors: Siebert Monika
Published: April 2019

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, various genres of visual art in North America feature Indigenous subjects looking from the canvas or the screen at the viewers to interpellate them as implicated in the gaze framing the artwork. In this article, I provide an historical genealogy of this returned gaze, starting with Simon van de Passe's 1616 engraving, Matoaka als Lady Rebecca. I show how subsequent depictions of Pocahontas depart from the reciprocal gaze of Van de Passe's portrait and how contemporary art returns to this theme of the returned gaze, using Shelley Niro's video work The Shirt (2003) as an example. The Shirt deploys the returned gaze as an indictment of settler colonialism in North America yet frets that this kind of indictment becomes too easily co-opted as the familiar trope of the Indian complaint, its public circulation strengthening the multiculturalist credentials of North American democracies. So Niro frames The Shirt with two momentary gestures of willful looking away from the camera, to some unrepresented elsewhere, thus reconfiguring the entangled gaze of contemporary North American art. The looking elsewhere bypasses the scopic regime that endows the viewer with mastery while it reduces the Indigenous subject to the object of this masterful gaze. Further, it implies a political and social space of privacy and agency that does not have to be made transparent and accessible for the benefit of the settler viewer's enlightenment. The Shirt makes clear, however, that such an attempt is paradoxical: the looking elsewhere reconfigures the dominant gaze but remains entangled with it nevertheless.
Normative Analysis in the Communications Field: Why We Should Distinguish Communicative Means and Ends of Justice
Authors: Hänska Max
Published: April 2019

In the social sciences, we often face normative questions, not least because many areas of inquiry intersect with public policy. Understanding and explaining media and communications is one task, deciding how communication systems should be organized quite another, but normative analysis receives scant attention. This article explores normative analysis: what is involved in answering questions about justice and communication, about how sociopolitical and indeed communicative arrangements ought to be organized.
Modelling approaches for mixed forests dynamics prognosis. Research gaps and opportunities
Authors: Bravo Felipe , Fabrika Marek , Ammer Christian , Barreiro Susana , Bielak Kamil , Coll Lluis , Fonseca Teresa , Kangur Ahto , Löf Magnus , Merganičová Katarina , Pach Maciej , Pretzsch Hans , Stojanović Dejan , Schuler Laura , Peric Sanja , Rötzer Thomas , Del Río Miren , Dodan Martina , Bravo-Oviedo Andrés
Published: April 2019

Aim of study: Modelling of forest growth and dynamics has focused mainly on pure stands. Mixed-forest management lacks systematic procedures to forecast the impact of silvicultural actions. The main objective of the present work is to review current knowledge and forest model developments that can be applied to mixed forests.Material and methods: Primary research literature was reviewed to determine the state of the art for modelling tree species mixtures, focusing mainly on temperate forests.Main results: The essential principles for predicting stand growth in mixed forests were identified. Forest model applicability in mixtures was analysed. Input data, main model components, output and viewers were presented. Finally, model evaluation procedures and some of the main model platforms were described.Research highlights: Responses to environmental changes and management activities in mixed forests can differ from pure stands. For greater insight into mixed-forest dynamics and ecology, forest scientists and practitioners need new theoretical frameworks, different approaches and innovative solutions for sustainable forest management in the context of environmental and social changes.Keywords: dynamics, ecology, growth, yield, empirical, classification.
Faculty Members' Attitudes Towards Using Moodle at Palestine Technical Khadoorie (PTUK)
Authors: Salhab Reham A.
Published: April 2019

Digital education reshaped the teaching and learning processes in higher education worldwide. This studyinvestigates the attitudes of faculty members at Palestine Technical Khadoorie University (PTUK) towards usingModular Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (MOODLE). A questionnaire was designed to conduct thepresent study at PTUK. A convenient sample of 41participants from two different colleges, Applied Science andHumanities colleges contributed in this study. Findings revealed that faculty members at PTUK had positive attitudestowards Moodle. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference between faculty member attitudes with regard to no.of training sessions offered by PTUK.
Forensic Interviewing Techniques in Child Sexual Abuse Allegations: Implications for the South African Context
Authors: Rapholo Selelo Frank , Makhubele Jabulani Calvin
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to examine forensic interviewing techniques during child sexual abuse allegations using South African lenses. Forensic Social Work education and practice in South Africa is emerging as it has been adopted from the United States of America.  There are currently no guidelines for forensic social workers to inform the assessment of children who are alleged to be sexually abused which are in a South African context. For the protection of children, skillful forensic interviews must be conducted for perpetrators of child sexual abuse to be convicted. Forensic interviews help in eliciting accurate and complete report from the alleged child victim to determine if the child has been sexually abused and if so, by whom. The ecosystems theory is used to guide this paper. An extensive literature review was conducted to zoom into systems in South Africa which influence the effectiveness of the forensic interviewing techniques useful to facilitate the disclosure of sexual abuse amongst children.
The Impact of Electronic Tests on Students’ Performance Assessment
Authors: Alyahya Dalia , Almutairi Nada
Published: April 2019

This study has aimed to measure the effect of electronic tests on the academic achievements of middle school students in Arabic course. The sample has been divided into two groups; the experimental group and the non-experimental group after using the mixed experimental method. Statistical measurements had been used before, and after, the experiment for both groups; whereas, study tools were consisted of achievements test and focus group. The results have assured the existence of statistical differences between the experimental group and non-experimental group in the (language classification) category marks. The results have shown no statistical differences on the audio comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, handwriting skills, language style, grammatical function and writing expression categories marks, which give preferences to use the electronic test rather than the traditional (pen and paper) test. The study has concluded that teachers must be encouraged to perform continuous evaluation throughout the academic semester by applying electronic tests. They must emphasize on the importance of grounding rules and regulations to apply electronic tests in the educational institutions.
An Investigation of Prospective Social Studies Teachers’ Cognitive Structures Regarding Creative Drama
Authors: Ay Ebru , Tokcan Halil
Published: April 2019

The aim of this research is to reveal the prospective social studies teachers’ cognitive structures regarding creative drama through the Word Association Test (WAT). The study group of the research consists of 85 prospective social studies teachers, as the final year undergraduate students attending the course of drama at Faculty of Education in Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, in the spring term of the academic year 2015-2016. In the research, as data collection tool, Word Association Test was used. To the prospective teachers, WAT was implemented as pretest before the course of drama and as posttest after a 14-week-drama course. According to the findings obtained, the word which the prospective social studies teachers associated with the key concept creative drama at most was play in the pretest; however, it was improvisation in the posttest. Moreover, it is seen that the prospective teachers have associated the key concept creative drama with more words in the posttest, when compared to the case in the pretest, and some certain concepts incorrect in the pretest have been eliminated in the posttest. This situation shows that the prospective teachers have had a conceptual development regarding creative drama at the end of drama course; additionally, new and correct concepts have been acquired instead of the incorrect ones. Also, it can be stated that word association test is an effective technique in detecting misconceptions and prospective teachers’ conceptual development.
A Proposed Strategy for Managing Change in Value System and Knowledge Structure: A Case Study of Private University Students in Jordan
Authors: Rabee Ahmad Mohm’d
Published: April 2019

Every nation depends on its knowledge framework and value system in order to survive. For this reason, this study was focused on identifying a proposed strategy for managing the change in the value system and the knowledge structure of private university students in Jordan. Also, to point out the need for students to own their procedures, the sample consisted of a random sample of 279 faculty members. The results of the study showed that the highest areas of the use of faculty members in the field of educational procedures have an average of 3.25 with a class of Medium, and the students’ need for owning the measures of management changed significantly. The system of values and knowledge of the students in private universities in Jordan in the field of educational procedures have an average of 3.36. The study reached a proposed vision for building a strategy to manage the change in the value system and the knowledge structure of private university students in Jordan in an environment where students feel reassured and whereby tranquility affects their behavior, values, and attitudes.
Salinity-Induced Alterations in the Growth, Membranes and Osmolytes of Musa spp. cv. Caipira (AAA) During Micropropagation
Authors: Melo Yuri Lima , Trindade Isabele Aragão Gomes , Lopes Monique Cristina Simão , Dantas Cibelley Vanúcia Santana , Maia Josemir Moura , Macêdo Cristiane Elizabeth Costa de
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and exposure time to NaCl suitable for the micropropagation of banana, through the analysis of growth traits. Banana propagules were inoculated in MS medium with different concentrations of NaCl (0; 50; 75 and 100 mM) for 120 days (multiplication and rooting, 60 days each), with monthly subcultures. These propagules were measured for plant height, number of leaves, sprouting rate, average number of formed propagules, rooting rate, root length and survival rate. After 30 days, NaCl reduced sprouting rate at multiplication; the number of leaves, rooting rate and root length in rooting; and the height and propagules number in both phases. After 60 days, the NaCl affected the sprouting rate and propagules number in the multiplication; length of root in rooting; and the height and number of leaves in both phases. After 120 days, the reduction in the survival rate was proportional to the increase of NaCl in the medium. Thus, it is concluded that NaCl reduces most of the growth traits and the treatments with 75 and 100 mM NaCl affected multiplication and in vitro rooting more intensely.
Water Balance in a Tropical Eucalyptus plantations in the Doce River Basin, Eastern Brazil
Authors: Almeida A. Q. , Ribeiro A. , Leite F. P. , Souza R. , Gonzaga M. I. Silva , Santos W. A.
Published: April 2019

The rapid expansion of Eucalyptus plantations in Doce river basin, eastern Brazil, by changing the grassland and the natural surface cover in the savanna ecosystem, can potentially cause significant changes to water resources of the region. Especially for the higher amount of water transpired by the trees. The objective of this work was to model the water balance in an area cultivated with clonal E. grandis × urophylla in the Doce river basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Between October 2007 and September 2010, the water balance model estimated the daily variation of available soil water as a function of the water loss via evapotranspiration. Components of the evapotranspiration process were estimated by modifying the stomatal resistance of the Penman-Monteith equation. Evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), during the three years, were 3,467 mm and 3,439 mm, respectively. The evapotranspiration/precipitation ratio (ET/P) was of 1.01. Precipitation input was approximately balanced by water losses to evapotranspiration, without significant changes to water stored in soil and groundwater.
Substrates and Protected Environments in the Formation of Mouriri elliptica Mart Seedlings
Authors: Salles Josiane S. , Lima Alexandre H. F. de , Costa Edilson , Steiner Fábio , Silva Bruna L. B. da , Binotti Flávio F. da S. , Vieira Gustavo H. da C. , Souza Andreia F. G. O. de
Published: April 2019

The successful establishment of a forest restoration program depends of the seedling quality, and the choice of substrate and growing environment plays a significant role in the production of high-quality seedlings. A study was conducted to evaluate the production of croada seedlings (Mouriri elliptica Mart.) grown in thirteen substrate combinations and subjected to two production nurseries constructed with black shading screen (Sombrite®) and aluminized thermal-reflective screen (Aluminet®). The substrates were prepared from different proportions of bovine manure, soil, vermiculite, and sand. In each protected environment, the thirteen different substrate compositions were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates of the five seedlings each. Because there was no replication of the cultivation environments, the joint analysis was carried out, allowing the comparison of the environments in the factorial scheme 2 × 13 (two environments × thirteen substrates). Growth and quality of seedlings were measured at 188 days. Seedling production environment has no effect on the germination and emergence process of the seedlings, but the growth and quality of the seedlings can be improved when grown in the nursery with black shading screen. Substrates containing low proportion of bovine manure (from 10 to 30%) and high proportion of vermiculite (from 30 to 40%) resulted in high-quality croada seedlings.
Evaluation of Different Organic Fertilizers in the Sustainable Cultive of Coriander
Authors: Costa Rafael Santiago da , Oliveira Letícia Kenia Bessa de , Santos José Lucas Guedes dos , Amorim Aiala Vieira , Cá Jorge , Ribeiro Maria Clarete Cardoso , Mesquita Rosilene Oliveira , Braga Marilena de Melo
Published: April 2019

The excessive use of agrochemicals in agriculture has been causing irreversible environmental impacts, from this point of view, organic farming appears as an economically viable alternative to minimize these impacts. So, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different types organic fertilizers in the development and production of coriander harvested at different epochs. The experiment was conducted during the period from August to October 2016, in an area of the experimental farm of University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, consisting of five organic fertilizers and four harvesting epochs (28, 35, 42 and 49 days after planting-DAP) and five blocks. The variables stem diameter, plant height, root size, number of leaves, leaf length and productivity were evaluated. All the analyzed variables responded significantly by the F test, either for the qualitative factor, fertilizer sources, or the quantitative, epochs of evaluation. Regarding the cultivation epochs, when the first evaluation period (28 DAP) was compared with the last (49 DAP), it was verified that the variables presented linear responses over time, with increases of 34.4% for height , 29.5% for stem diameter, 37.07% for root length and 64.44% for production. In relation to the fertilizer sources, in general, the cattle manure provided a greater growth and production of the coriander plants, being therefore the most suitable for the cultivation.
Performance of Upland Rice Crop Depending on Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Levels
Authors: Reis Moisés S. , Alves Natalia B. , Castro Douglas G. , Botelho Flávia B. S. , Tomé Laís M. , Cornélio Aurinelza B. T.
Published: April 2019

The aim of the present study was to determine the dose of Nitrogen and plant spacing of BRSMG Caravera, a modern rice cultivar, in order to maximize grain yield and increase rice production in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The following characteristics were evaluated: grain yield (GY), percentage of filled grains (% F), 100 grains weight (100 GW) and plant height (H). It was used a 4 × 4 factorial design, with four row spacings (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) and four nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) totaling 16 treatments. The phenotypes were analyzed through the Scott-Knott mean test together with an analysis for significant interactions to identify the spacing and the N rates associated with the best trait averages. Differences in plant spacing were associated with significant differences in GY, % F and H, whereas different N rates were associated with significant differences of GY and H. When considering the interaction between plant spacing and N rates, significant differences could be identified for all traits, indicating that these factors should be considered together. The highest grain yield was achieved with spacing of 20 cm and N rate of 120 kg ha-1. The use of modern cultivars, the adequate spacing and N dose can significantly increase grain yield and competitiveness of upland rice cultivation, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Expression of Enzymes During the Germination of Seeds in Endangered Cerrado Species
Authors: Assis J. G. R. , Marques E. R. , Carvalho M. L. M. , Pires R. M. O. , Lopes C. A. , Pereira R. W.
Published: April 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymes expression during the seeds germination process of ever-lasting species Comanthera elegans and Comanthera bisulcata. For the evaluation of the seeds physiological potential, the germination test and index of germination speed were performed. The expression of enzymes esterase (EST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and endo-β-mannanase during the germination process were evaluated. The expression of these enzymes was evaluated in dried seeds, in the protrusion, in the emergence of the primal leaf, at the beginning of the formation of normal seedling and dormant seeds at the end of the germination process. To the extent that the germination process occurs in the species C. bisulcata and C. elegans there is greater expression of the enzyme CAT and lower of the enzyme EST. There is variation in the expression of the enzymes SOD, ADH and MDH in seeds of both species during the germination process. The enzyme endo-β-mannanase presents greater activity in seeds with radicle protrusion in the two studied species.
Management of Propagation Techniques of the Specie Croton lechleri Muell.Arg
Authors: Amaya Jorge Zamir Erazo , Yuyama Kaoru , Chagas Edvan Alves , Fernández Ismael Montero , Sakazaki Roberto Tadashi , Neto João Luiz Lopes Monteiro
Published: April 2019

With the aim of increasing the production of Croton lechleri Mull.Arg plants due to its attributes as a medicinal plant, the effect of different types of stakes and substrates as root promoters under intermittent nebulization conditions was evaluated. The work was conducted through a randomized complete block scheme adapting a factorial of 4 × 3, being the factors types of stakes (apical with leaves, apical without leaves, medium and basal) and substrates (sand, sand + Aserrin (1:1) and Aserrin (100%) at the rate of 10 stakes per repetition totaling 360 stakes throughout the experiment. The percentage of root (%), dead stakes (%), sprouted stakes (%), dead stake diameter was evaluated. (mm), shoot length (cm) and root length (cm) The Aserrin provided the highest number of dead stakes and the smallest number of shoots in the species, with apical stakes with leaves and the combination of sand + Aserrin as a substrate providing the highest percentage of roots formed, therefore these two factors influence the production of plants in the dragon blood species.
Pesticide Application Quality With Alternative Use of Water Sensitive Paper
Authors: Castoldi João Paulo Tomasini , Ganascini Diandra , Tokura Luciene Kazue , Sutil Eduardo Lange , Haupenthal Soni Willian , Villa Bruna de , Mendes Isaque Souza , Alovisi Alessandra Mayumi Tokura , Laureth Jessica Cristina Urbanski , Maggi Márcio Furlan
Published: April 2019

The water sensitive paper is commonly used in the uniformity and distribution ratings of the spray droplets pattern; however, this technology still has a high cost. In this way, the present work had as objective to evaluate the quality of deposition of spray drops in different types of papers sensitive to water. The test was carried out in a wind tunnel built inside the multi-sport gymnasium of the State University of West Paraná-campus of Cascavel-PR. A semi-automated nozzle transition prototype was used to perform the tests. The variables evaluated were number of diameters, dispersion, volumetric medium diameter (VMD), droplet density, cover and droplet volume. The treatments consisted of four different types of paper compared to the water sensitive paper (control), and two nozzles. Cardboard paper stood out among the others at the cost of approximately 1% of a water-sensitive paper slip. The water sensitive paper used in agriculture can be replaced by alternative papers more economically viable and easily found in the market.
Residual Effect of Gypsum and Phosphate Fertilization on the Second Corn Crop
Authors: Resende Héliton de Oliveira , Braz Magno Gonçalves , Smaniotto Alex Oliveira , Tempesta Izamara Fonseca , Costa Claudio Hideo Martins da , Cruz Simério Carlos Silva
Published: April 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of the gypsum when used with phosphate fertilization on the mineral nutrition, development and yield of second corn crop. The experiment was conducted at UFJ, with an experimental design consisting of 15 treatments established in randomized blocks in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with 4 replicates. The first factor corresponded to doses of gypsum (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1) and the second factor corresponded to doses of phosphorus (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1). 16 months after the application of the various doses and treatments of agricultural gypsum, the following components were evaluated: dry root mass, macro and micronutrient contents in the leaves, production components and grain yield. The residual effect (16 months) of gypsum did not increase efficiency of phosphate fertilization for second corn crop. Under water stress conditions, the yield of corn grains responds to the application of agricultural gypsum above that of the dose recommended by the formula NP = 5 × g kg-1 of clay, which for this research is 2.93 Mg ha-1 of gypsum. Phosphorus provides increases in corn grain yield only when 100% of the recommended dose is applied.
A 45-year-old man with unilateral optic disc edema and vision loss
Authors: Jastrzembski Benjamin G. , Torun Nurhan
Published: April 2019

A 45-year-old man was referred to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center for evaluation of decreased vision in his left eye of 1 month’s duration. He denied pain with eye movement and diplopia. His past medical history included photorefractive keratectomy in both eyes 2 years prior, rosacea, depression, and obesity. He had been seeing his eye doctor frequently for meibomianitis and dry eye syndrome.
Why Math?
Authors: Kinser-Traut Jennifer Y.
Published: April 2019

An entry-level high school algebra project increases student engagement as they explore reasons to learn mathematics.
Connecting Quadratics, Line Segments, Continued Fractions, and Matrices
Authors: Peralta Lee Melvin M.
Published: April 2019

One of the many benefits of teaching mathematics is having the opportunity to encounter unexpected mathematical connections while planning lessons or exploring ideas with students and colleagues. Consider the two problems in figure 1.
Resolve the cell formation problem in a set of three manufacturing cells
Authors: Almonacid Boris
Published: April 2019

The problem of cell formation is an NP-Hard problem, which consists of organising a group of machines and pieces in several cells. The machines are arranged in a fixed way inside the cells, and each machine has some manufacturing operation that applies in different pieces or parts. The idea of the problem is to be able to minimise the movements made by the pieces to reach the machines in the cells. For this problem, a data set has been organised using three manufacturing cells. Through the data set an experiment has been carried out that focuses on obtaining the best solution using a global search solution within 6 days for each instance. The experimental results have been able to obtain the general optimum value for a set of test instances.
Thalamocortical synapses in the cat visual system in vivo are weak and unreliable
Authors: Sedigh-Sarvestani Madineh , Palmer Larry A , Contreras Diego
Published: April 2019

The thalamocortical synapse of the visual system has been central to our understanding of sensory computations in the cortex. Although we have a fair understanding of the functional properties of the pre and post-synaptic populations, little is known about their synaptic properties, particularly in vivo. We used simultaneous recordings in LGN and V1 in cat in vivo to characterize the dynamic properties of thalamocortical synaptic transmission in monosynaptically connected LGN-V1 neurons. We found that thalamocortical synapses in vivo are unreliable, highly variable and exhibit short-term plasticity. Using biologically constrained models, we found that variable and unreliable synapses serve to increase cortical firing by means of increasing membrane fluctuations, similar to high conductance states. Thus, synaptic variability and unreliability, rather than acting as system noise, do serve a computational function. Our characterization of LGN-V1 synaptic properties constrains existing mathematical models, and mechanistic hypotheses, of a fundamental circuit in computational neuroscience.
Image content is more important than Bouma’s Law for scene metamers
Authors: Wallis Thomas SA , Funke Christina M , Ecker Alexander S , Gatys Leon A , Wichmann Felix A , Bethge Matthias
Published: April 2019

We subjectively perceive our visual field with high fidelity, yet peripheral distortions can go unnoticed and peripheral objects can be difficult to identify (crowding). Prior work showed that humans could not discriminate images synthesised to match the responses of a mid-level ventral visual stream model when information was averaged in receptive fields with a scaling of about half their retinal eccentricity. This result implicated ventral visual area V2, approximated ‘Bouma’s Law’ of crowding, and has subsequently been interpreted as a link between crowding zones, receptive field scaling, and our perceptual experience. However, this experiment never assessed natural images. We find that humans can easily discriminate real and model-generated images at V2 scaling, requiring scales at least as small as V1 receptive fields to generate metamers. We speculate that explaining why scenes look as they do may require incorporating segmentation and global organisational constraints in addition to local pooling.
Transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of hair cell regeneration in the mouse utricle and its potentiation by Atoh1
Authors: Jen Hsin-I , Hill Matthew C , Tao Litao , Sheng Kuanwei , Cao Wenjian , Zhang Hongyuan , Yu Haoze V , Llamas Juan , Zong Chenghang , Martin James F , Segil Neil , Groves Andrew K
Published: April 2019

The mammalian cochlea loses its ability to regenerate new hair cells prior to the onset of hearing. In contrast, the adult vestibular system can produce new hair cells in response to damage, or by reprogramming of supporting cells with the hair cell transcription factor Atoh1. We used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq to probe the transcriptional and epigenetic responses of utricle supporting cells to damage and Atoh1 transduction. We show that the regenerative response of the utricle correlates with a more accessible chromatin structure in utricle supporting cells compared to their cochlear counterparts. We also provide evidence that Atoh1 transduction of supporting cells is able to promote increased transcriptional accessibility of some hair cell genes. Our study offers a possible explanation for regenerative differences between sensory organs of the inner ear, but shows that additional factors to Atoh1 may be required for optimal reprogramming of hair cell fate.
A mathematical look at empathy
Authors: Masuda Naoki , Santos Francisco C
Published: April 2019

When an individual makes a judgement about the actions of another individual, taking the latter's viewpoint into consideration enhances cooperation in society at large.
Methodologies: Qualitative
Authors: Jankowski Nicholas W.
Published: April 2019

This entry reviews development of qualitative methodologies in media and journalism studies during three chronological periods of development: the early period (1920–1960), the middle years (1960–1990), and recent times (1990–present). Illustrations are given of empirical studies, noting characteristics and limitations. In the concluding remarks, suggestions are made for conducting qualitative research in an environment dominated by digital technologies and the Internet.
Methodologies: Quantitative
Authors: Moy Patricia , Neumann Rico
Published: April 2019

Quantitative methods allow scholars to systematically collect and analyze data, and their application to the field of journalism studies has fostered a deeper understanding of the substance and effects of journalism. At their core, quantitative methods fall under the intellectual rubric of the “scientific method,” which comprises a set of procedures guiding the process of designing research studies. This entry provides an overview of the three most commonly used quantitative methods: content analysis, survey research, and experiments.
Paradigm Repair
Authors: Koliska Michael , Steiner Linda
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of the conceptual roots, development, and scope of paradigm repair as a theoretical framework for journalism studies. Critical strategies and processes of paradigm repair are delineated on the basis of three decades of literature. Generally, paradigm repair describes the discursive practice of journalists reasserting and reestablishing the authority, validity, and credibility of professional journalism in times of a perceived professional or organizational crisis. The discursive repair work is often triggered by violations of journalistic practices or norms that have become public and pose a possible threat to institutional legitimacy. Paradigm repair theory proposes that journalists have a number of ways to restore professional legitimacy, including by identifying professional transgressions and/or transgressor(s), and separating them from the professional field. The result of successful paradigm repair work is to show that the journalistic institution is undamaged and fully operational.
Institutional Theory and Journalism
Authors: Ryfe David
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an introduction to institutional theory and its application to journalism studies. According to this theory, meso‐level variables such as norms, beliefs, values, practices, identities, which are called institutions, mediate the relationship between macrostructures such as the economy, politics, law, or journalism, and the micro‐level behavior of actors. This theory is long‐standing and first applied to news production in the late 1990s by Timothy Cook and Bartholomew Sparrow. It has since developed into a significant theory within journalism studies, offering an explanation for, among other things, why news institutions persist at a time of great disruption to the field, and why news institutions are similar across national contexts.
Media Market Research
Authors: George Lisa M.
Published: April 2019

This entry covers the economic approach to research on media markets, emphasizing areas relevant to markets for news and information. It first outlines the framework for economic research, distinguishing the economic approach from scholarship in other disciplines. The entry reviews the broad area of inquiry related to economic performance, covering the importance of costs, the role of new media institutions, and the consequences of advertiser finance. The entry then summarizes research on media effects, covering social impacts of media, media and finance, and political economy of media markets. The conclusion highlights emerging areas of research.
Journalists and Public Opinion
Authors: Petersen Thomas
Published: April 2019

Ever since the advent of the mass media, it has been assumed that journalists had a strong influence on the formation of public opinion. Media effects research indeed collected evidence for such an influence, though it is less direct than it had been conjectured, modified by factors like personal communication and selective perception. In communication research, there are two rivaling theoretical concepts of “public opinion.” But regardless of which concept is used, the media and journalists play a key role in any event. Given the media's central role in the formation of public opinion, journalists bear a significant social responsibility.
Journalists and Public Policy
Authors: van Aelst Peter
Published: April 2019

The research on the role of news media in covering and influencing public policy has developed considerably over the last decennia. First, this has provided insights in how and why political journalists cover public policy debates. Scholars have used the concept of news values to understand when policy debates on new legislation or budget cuts are newsworthy and when they are ignored. Second, our knowledge on the potential effects of this coverage on policymakers has grown. Political journalists can have an influence on the importance and definition of issues on the political agenda. In addition, the news media can play a role in linking all policy actors together or speeding up the policy process.
Audience Engagement
Authors: Broersma Marcel
Published: April 2019

Audience engagement (also, user engagement) refers to the cognitive, emotional, or affective experiences that users have with media content or brands. Contrary to passive exposure to news content, engagement denotes an active and intentional orientation toward what users read, view, or hear. The concept thus assumes that users are captivated by a brand, a news application, or media content. These psychological experiences would motivate them to use it longer and more intensively, and stimulate user loyalty, attentiveness, and thought formation. Moreover, engagement is presumed to result in users acting upon their experiences with media. It implies behavior, that is, what people do with news. This could result in them consuming more news, interacting with online content, buying certain products, or building upon the provided information to take political action in their personal life. Engagement therefore is a precondition for processes of meaning‐making, value creation, and connecting to public discourses.
Nonprofit News: An Exploration of a Changing Field
Authors: Konieczna Magda
Published: April 2019

News organizations operating as not‐for‐profits have long existed in the United States. At first, they worked in relative isolation from one another and mirrored in operations and output their commercial counterparts. As the economic crisis in journalism has grown more acute, these organizations have grown in number and changed in scope, working to make up for what the market cannot provide. Together they have formed the field of nonprofit news. The field is overseen by a professional body and the organizations in it have created a new set of norms and practices. This chapter begins by laying out the conceptual underpinnings for the field. It moves on to draw out key characteristics of its participants, explaining how they work, and describing the smaller but not insignificant group of them outside of the United States. It ends by exploring what the future may hold for nonprofit news.
Bias
Authors: Al‐Najjar Abeer
Published: April 2019

This entry clarifies the conceptual foundations of bias as a public, professional, and academic concern over media presentations of various political parties and ideological and social trends in a democratic society. Bias is conceptualized as a violation of the norms of impartial, balanced, and fair press that constitute a pillar of the democratic system. This entry articulates the various approaches to operationalize and measure news bias and critiques of these studies.