bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does the Balance of Excitation and Inhibition Shift during Epileptogenesis?
Authors: Dudek F. Edward , Staley Kevin J.
Published: May 2007

Cell Domain-Dependent Changes in the Glutamatergic and GABAergic Drives during Epileptogenesis in the Rat CA1 Region El-Hassar L, Milh M, Wendling F, Ferrand N, Esclapez M, Bernard C. J Physiol 2007;578(Pt 1):193–211. An increased ratio of the glutamatergic drive to the overall glutamatergic/GABAergic drive characterizes the chronic stage of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but it is unclear whether this modification is present during the latent period that often precedes the epileptic stage. Using the pilocarpine model of TLE in rats, we report that this ratio is decreased in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells during the early phase of the latent period (3–5 days postpilocarpine). It is, however, increased during the late phase of the latent period (7–10 days postpilocarpine), via cell domain-dependent alterations in synaptic current properties, concomitant with the occurrence of interictal-like activity in vivo. During the late latent period, the glutamatergic drive was increased in somata via an enhancement in EPSC decay time constant and in dendrites via an increase in EPSC frequency and amplitude. The GABAergic drive remained unchanged in the soma but was decreased in dendrites, since the drop off in IPSC frequency was more marked than the increase in IPSC kinetics. Theoretical considerations suggest that these modifications are sufficient to produce interictal-like activity. In epileptic animals, the ratio of the glutamatergic drive to the overall synaptic drive was not further modified, despite additional changes in synaptic current frequency and kinetics. These results show that the global changes to more glutamatergic and less GABAergic activities in the CA1 region precede the chronic stage of epilepsy, possibly facilitating the occurrence and/or the propagation of interictal activity.
Prolonged hemostatic ability of polyethylene glycol–modified polymerized albumin particles carrying fibrinogen γ‐chain dodecapeptide
Authors: Okamura Yosuke , Fujie Toshinori , Maruyama Hitomi , Handa Makoto , Ikeda Yasuo , Takeoka Shinji
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND: Second‐generation platelet (PLT) substitutes for treatment of bleeding were studied and the focus was on a dodecapeptide, HHLGGAKQAGDV (H12), which is a fibrinogen γ‐chain carboxy‐terminal sequence (γ 400‐411) and exists only in a fibrinogen domain.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: H12 was conjugated to the surface of polymerized albumin particles (polyAlb) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to produce biocompatible particles (H12‐PEG‐polyAlb) that had prolonged blood circulation t½ and were more stable in vitro and in vivo compared with H12‐polyAlb (not modified with PEG). H12‐PEG‐polyAlb was administered intravenously into thrombocytopenic rats and the t½ of the particles and the tail bleeding time were measured to evaluate the prolongation in the hemostatic effect.

RESULTS: H12‐PEG‐polyAlb particles modified with PEG prolonged the t½ and maintained specific binding ability to activated PLTs. The particles dose dependently shortened the tail bleeding time of thrombocytopenic rats 6 hours after injection.

CONCLUSION: H12‐PEG‐polyAlb may be a suitable candidate for treatment of bleeding into thrombocytopenic patients as an alternative to PLT concentrate transfusion.
Non‐Contact Three‐Dimensional Mapping and Ablation of Swallowing‐Induced Atrial Tachyarrhythmias: Two Case Reports
Authors: TADA HIROSHI , KASENO KENICHI , NAITO SHIGETO , OSHIMA SHIGERU
Published: May 2007

We describe two cases of swallowing‐induced tachyarrhythmias that were cured by radiofrequency ablation (RFCA) using a non‐contact mapping system (NCMS). In both patients, tachyarrhythmias occurred during swallowing solids and liquids, and mapping and ablation of the arrhythmia using the NCMS was attempted during swallowing a rice ball. During a premature atrial contraction shortly after the swallow, the earliest endocardial breakthrough occurred at the right superior pulmonary vein (PV) ostium in Case 1 and at the left superior PV ostium and postero‐inferior right atrium in Case 2. Guided by the NCMS catheter navigation system, the ablation catheter was easily and precisely positioned at a site where the earliest endocardial breakthrough occurred. RFCA at that site resulted in success and no recurrence or complications occurred during the follow‐up in either patient.
Reference Values Describing the Normal Mitral Valve and the Position of the Papillary Muscles
Authors: Nordblom Petrus , Bech‐Hanssen Odd
Published: May 2007

In patients with functional mitral regurgitation (MR), the principal mechanisms are insufficient coaptation due to dilatation of the mitral annulus (MA), global ventricular dysfunction with tethering of leaflets, or restricted leaflet motion with incorrect apposition due to regional ventricular dysfunction and displacement of the papillary muscles (PMs). These different entities often coexist and for this reason, knowledge of the normal reference values describing the shape and size of the MA and the position of the PMs is essential. In the present study, we describe the MA dimensions and the position of the PMs in a group of normal individuals (n = 38, 60% women, age [mean ± SD] 51 ± 9 years and BSA 1.83 ± 0.16 m2) investigated with transthoracic echocardiography. The anteroposterior dimension (AP) of the ellipse‐shaped MA was measured in a parasternal long axis, while the distance from the posteromedial (PoM) to the anterolateral (AL) commissure was measured in a parasternal short axis (CC). The annular area was calculated assuming elliptic geometry. The MA shape was described by the ratios AP/CC and AP/length of the anterior leaflet. The PMs' position was described by the following distances: (a) from the MA to the tip of the PoM and AL, PMs measured in a modified two‐chamber view where both PMs could be identified, (b) the interpapillary distance, and (c) the tethering distance from the tip of the PM to the contralateral MA. These data on the normal mitral valve morphology should provide useful information when assessing the underlying mechanism of functional MR.
Robust Alternatives to the F‐Test in Mixed Linear Models Based on MM‐Estimates
Authors: Copt Samuel , Heritier Stephane
Published: May 2007

Summary Mixed linear models are commonly used to analyze data in many settings. These models are generally fitted by means of (restricted) maximum likelihood techniques relying heavily on normality. The sensitivity of the resulting estimators and related tests to this underlying assumption has been identified as a weakness that can even lead to wrong interpretations. Very recently a highly robust estimator based on a scale estimate, that is, an S‐estimator, has been proposed for general mixed linear models. It has the advantage of being easy to compute and allows the computation of a robust score test. However, this proposal cannot be used to define a likelihood ratio type test that is certainly the most direct route to robustify an F‐test. As the latter is usually a key tool of hypothesis testing in mixed linear models, we propose two new robust estimators that allow the desired extension. They also lead to resistant Wald‐type tests useful for testing contrasts and covariate effects. We study their properties theoretically and by means of simulations. The analysis of a real data set illustrates the advantage of the new approach in the presence of outlying observations.
Predicting Satisfaction and Outcome Acceptance with Advisory Committee Meetings: The Role of Procedural Justice1
Authors: McComas Katherine , Tuite Leah Simone , Waks Leah , Sherman Linda Ann
Published: May 2007

Research on procedural justice shows that when people view procedures as fair, they are more satisfied with the process and accepting of the outcomes. The group value model, in particular, argues that people care about procedural justice because it communicates whether those in charge are neutral, trustworthy, and respectful of people's rights. This study tested the group value model using survey data from people attending U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory committee meetings. The results confirmed a strong role for procedural justice, even when controlling for procedural knowledge, tolerance for potential conflicts of interest among committee members, and respondents' stakes in the outcomes.

[T]o seem to be just to the disappointed participant, to retain his allegiance, this must surely be one of the more difficult tests that a decision‐making system can undergo (Thibaut & Walker, 1975, p. 68).
“Don't Ask, Don't Tell”: The Influence of Stigma Concealing and Perceived Threat on Perceivers' Reactions to a Gay Target
Authors: Oswald Debra L.
Published: May 2007

This research examined reactions to a gay target who was either concealing or not concealing his sexual orientation under conditions of threat (HIV‐positive) or no threat (healthy). When the target concealed his sexual orientation, participants were more willing to interact socially with him, but rated him as having more negative characteristics than when he was open about his sexual orientation. Participants rated a threatening target more negatively on a thermometer evaluation, perceived him to be more immoral, had more negative affective reactions, and desired more social distance than when the target was nonthreatening. The results are integrated with previous theoretical discussions and are considered in terms of the conflicting motivations of perceivers and targets.
Personality Correlates with Frequency of Being Targeted for Unexpected Advances by Strangers1
Authors: Sakaguchi Kikue , Hasegawa Toshikazu
Published: May 2007

Female Japanese students answered questionnaires about personality (Sociosexual Orientation Inventory and the Big Five) and the frequency of having been targeted for unexpected advances by strangers. Women who reported having been frequently targeted for being “picked up” with sexual intentions had unrestricted sociosexuality (r = .38, p < .0001; n = 145) and had personalities that suggested unrestricted sociosexuality (extraversion and openness). The frequency of being targeted for inappropriate touching was not associated consistently with personality traits. Women who reported having been frequently targeted for nonsexual advances were likely to rate themselves high in agreeableness. The ecological significance of the ability to choose a stranger with whom to interact, based on person perceptions through brief observation, is discussed.
Social Cognitive Reactions to Considering Participation in Weight‐Management Interventions
Authors: Strachan Shaelyn M. , Brawley Lawrence R.
Published: May 2007

This study investigated social cognitive reactions and individual‐difference factors associated with selecting a traditional diet intervention (TDI) and a nondiet (NDI) intervention. Participants read balanced descriptions of typical TDI and NDI interventions, and subsequently completed a questionnaire assessing selection of intervention, self‐efficacy (SE), and outcome expectations (OE) for each approach; body image (BI); and demographics. MANOVA procedures revealed that selection of intervention moderated ratings of SE and OE for each intervention. In addition, MANOVA procedures revealed a 3‐way interaction between intervention selection, intervention rating, and weight status. A MANOVA also revealed that selection groups differed on the overweight preoccupation subscale of the BI measure. Social cognitions and aspects of body image may provide useful information about readiness for weight‐management approaches.
Carrying Weight for the World: Influence of Weight Descriptors on Judgments of Large‐Sized Women
Authors: Smith Christine A. , Schmoll Karissa , Konik Julie , Oberlander Shawna
Published: May 2007

Studies have used a variety of terms, often interchangeably, to describe large‐sized people. Using stigma theory as a framework, we presented participants with a personal advertisement in which the advertiser described herself, including her physical size. We manipulated the weight descriptor by including a negative, positive, or objective descriptor, or no descriptor as a control. Participants were 238 undergraduate students who rated the advertiser on 7 semantic differentials. Negative descriptors tended to generate the most negative evaluations, while positive descriptors tended to alleviate some of the stigma associated with being large‐sized. However, control targets with no weight descriptor were viewed the most positively. Implications of this study are wide ranging, including applications for research, theory, and clinical practice.
The Relationship Between Uncertainty and Desire for Feedback: A Test of Competing Hypotheses1
Authors: Anseel Frederik , Lievens Filip
Published: May 2007

The relationship between uncertainty and desire for feedback was investigated in 2 studies. Results of Study 1 showed support for a curvilinear relationship. People were interested in feedback at high and low levels of uncertainty, as opposed to moderate levels of uncertainty, indicating the activation of both uncertainty reduction and self‐verification motives. In Study 2, the curvilinear relationship with uncertainty was replicated for indirect feedback‐seeking behavior. In contrast, we found a negative relationship between direct feedback seeking and uncertainty, moderated by certainty orientation. People seemed more motivated by self‐verification vs. uncertainty reduction strivings, depending on their certainty orientation. These findings suggest that the relationship between uncertainty and desire for feedback is less simple than previously thought.
Social Support in Cardiac Rehabilitation Exercise Maintenance: Associations with Self‐Efficacy and Health‐Related Quality of Life1
Authors: Woodgate Jennifer , Brawley Lawrence R. , Shields Christopher A.
Published: May 2007

This study examined whether cardiac rehabilitation (CR) maintenance exercise participants who were high and moderate in social support (SS) differed in their types of self‐efficacy and health‐related quality of life, and whether SS was related to self‐efficacy. Measures of SS, self‐efficacy (i.e., walking, scheduling, in‐class efficacy), and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) were administered to 64 CR maintenance exercise participants. A one‐way, between‐groups MANOVA was significant (p < .01), indicating that CR participants higher in SS reported significantly greater self‐efficacy and physical HRQL than did their moderate counterparts. In addition, social support predicted significant variance in task self‐efficacy. The findings suggest that differential perceptions of SS are related to differences in walking, in‐class and scheduling self‐efficacy, and the physical component of HRQL among CR exercise maintainers.
Examining and Predicting Under‐the‐Table Payments for Health Care in Albania: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Burak Lydia J. , Vian Taryn
Published: May 2007

The World Bank and the Albanian Ministry of Health report that the majority of Albanian citizens make illegal, under‐the‐table payments for health care. Qualitative studies have identified some factors associated with these informal payments, but the problem has not been systematically examined using established theoretical models. The purpose of this study was to examine and predict under‐the‐table payments using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Self‐administered surveys were completed by 222 Albanian citizens. The constructs of the theory explained 34% of the variance in intentions to make under‐the‐table payments, with attitude toward the behavior making the strongest contribution. Using the TPB to examine the practice of making under‐the‐table payments has indicated specific areas that can be targeted by policy interventions.
A New Measure of Anti‐Arab Prejudice: Reliability and Validity Evidence
Authors: Echebarria‐Echabe Agustín , Guede Emilia Fernández
Published: May 2007

Two studies were conducted to provide reliability and validity support for a new anti‐Arab prejudice scale. The scale was designed to fit to the European context and showed very satisfactory reliability. Moreover, both studies provided convergent validity support. Anti‐Arab prejudice was correlated with authoritarianism, anti‐Semitism, and conservatism. The correlation between the new scale and an adapted version of McConahay's (1986) Modern Racism scale was very strong. Furthermore, the second study provided predictive validity support. Scores in the new scale explained 20% of the variance in an ulterior actual behavior (to return a signed form supporting an association aimed to defend European values and culture against Islamization).
An Integrative Model of the Impact of Exposure to Idealized Female Images on Adolescent Girls’ Body Satisfaction1
Authors: Durkin Sarah J. , Paxton Susan J. , Sorbello Manuela
Published: May 2007

This research examined a model describing the interrelationships between individual characteristics and the extent of change in body dissatisfaction following exposure to idealized female images. Three samples of middle adolescent girls (2 Australian, n = 118, and n = 63; 1 Italian, n = 88) completed self‐report assessments. Several days later, they viewed idealized female images, and body satisfaction was assessed immediately prior to and following exposure. Across all 3 samples, structural equation modeling supported a model in which body comparison tendency mediated the role of psychological functioning and internalization of the thin ideal on changes in body satisfaction following image exposure. Internalization of the thin ideal partially mediated the path between psychological functioning and body comparison tendency.
Gender Differences in Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Perceived Personal Discrimination
Authors: Dambrun Michaël
Published: May 2007

Why is women's mental health inferior to that of men? This study hypothesized that women's mental health is not as good as men's because women perceive more personal discrimination. It was confirmed that women obtained higher scores than did men on a subjective scale of psychological distress. Additionally, women perceived greater personal and group discrimination than did men. Perceived personal discrimination proved to be the more robust predictor of psychological distress. This was evident when results of a mediation analysis revealed that gender differences in subjective distress were mediated by the measure of perceived personal discrimination, but not by the measure of group discrimination.
Why Odd Pricing?1
Authors: Boyes William J. , Lynch Allen K. , Mounts Wm. Stewart
Published: May 2007

The practice of setting prices a few pennies or a few dollars below an even (whole) number is referred to as odd pricing. Most attempts to explain odd pricing use an argument that, in part, draws on varying degrees of consumer irrationality. In this note, a justification for odd pricing is provided that assumes rational and informed consumers and businesses. Empirical evidence is offered in support of this view.
Welfare impacts of import controls on Botswana's horticulture
Authors: Seleka Tebogo B.
Published: May 2007

Botswana has, for the past two decades, used import controls (permits) to regulate horticultural imports, and thereby promote economic diversification through import substitution. This article estimates import demand equations to capture the impact of import controls on horticultural imports (oranges, potatoes, and onions) into Botswana, using data for 1974 to 2001. Parameter estimates are used to compute nominal protection rates (NPRs) and welfare effects. Model‐generated NPRs are estimated at 191%, 75%, and 109% for oranges, potatoes, and onions, respectively. Imports of oranges, potatoes, and onions declined by 32%, 29%, and 35%, respectively, due to the implementation of import controls. Over time consumer losses and quota rents rose while producer gains declined. Net social losses also increased, implying that import controls became increasingly burdensome. It is argued that import controls have not been very effective in promoting import substitution. The study is important for the trade liberalization debate in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), where import permits and other nontariff barriers are pervasive, have proliferated, and are a major hindrance to intraregional trade.
Characteristics and hedonic pricing of differentiated beef demands
Authors: Hahn William F. , Mathews Kenneth H.
Published: May 2007

We estimate a CBS system model of U.S. derived demand for meat. We use this model (1) to examine relationships between three quality categories of beef and three other meats and (2) to simulate how taste shifts have affected demands for meats over time. We extend previous studies by disaggregating wholesale beef production into three quality categories: (1) USDA Choice grade or higher, (2) USDA Select or lower, and (3) cow and bull beef. Innovative features of our empirical model include a breakout of ‘table cuts’ into Choice and Select and the use of a hedonic characterization of the two breakouts to value “Choice‐ness” and “beef‐ness.” Our model demonstrates important shifts in separate demands for Choice and Select beef. We show that, separately, the demand for Choice‐grade beef declined in the 1980s and 1990s and the demand for Select beef increased, a departure from the relatively stable demand characterizations of more aggregated measures of combined Choice and Select beef.
Src family kinases and lipid mediators in control of allergic inflammation
Authors: Rivera Juan , Olivera Ana
Published: May 2007

Summary:  The Src family kinases Fyn and Lyn are important modulators of the molecular events initiated by engagement of the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI). These kinases control many of the early signaling events and initiate the production of several lipid metabolites that have an important role in regulating mast cell responses. The intracellular level of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)‐trisphosphate (PIP3), which is produced by phosphatidylinositol 3‐OH kinase, plays an important role in determining the extent of a mast cells response to a stimulus. Enhanced levels lead to a hyperdegranulating phenotype (as seen in SHIP‐1−/− and Lyn−/− mast cells), whereas decreased levels cause hypodegranulation (as seen in Fyn−/− mast cells). Downregulation of mast cell phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosone 10 expression, a phosphatase that reduces cellular levels of PIP3, caused constitutive cytokine production, demonstrating that this response is particularly sensitive to PIP3 levels. Lyn and Fyn are also intimately linked to other lipid kinases, like sphingosine kinases (SphK). By producing sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), SphKs contribute to mast cell chemotaxis and degranulation. In vivo studies now reveal that circulating S1P as well as that found within the mast cell is important in determining mast cell responsiveness. These studies demonstrate the connection between Src protein tyrosine kinases and lipid second messengers that control mast cell function and allergic responses.
Acute appendicitis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: D'Agostino Jennifer , Isaza Ramiro , Fingland Roger , Hoskinson James , Ragsdale John
Published: May 2007

Background  A 7‐year old, female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) developed acute abdominal pain and anorexia. An irregular, mineral opacity was identified in the caudal right quadrant of the abdomen on radiographs and computed tomography scan, which appeared to be in the region of the cecal appendage.

Results and conclusions  A diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made based on clinical signs, abnormal haematology findings, and consultation with a human radiologist. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and the cecal appendage was removed. On histologic examination, the mucosal epithelium contained eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. The inflammation extended through the tunica muscularis to the serosal surface and adjacent mesentery. The histologic findings were consistent with acute appendicitis in humans. The chimpanzee recovered well from surgery with immediate improvement in clinical signs and no post‐operative complications.
Markers of cartilage and bone matrix metabolism differ between the sera of macaque and squirrel monkeys
Authors: Kramer P. , Simkin P. , Newell‐Morris L. , Wener M.
Published: May 2007

Background  Nonhuman primates develop the characteristic lesions of osteoarthritis, making them attractive biomedical models for the study of environmental factors, such as diet, which may influence the progress of the condition.

Methods and materials  We used ELISA assays of potential markers of osteoarthritis which were developed for use in humans to see if we could determined the presence of immunoreactivity in two nonhuman primate genera–Macaca (macaque monkeys) and Saimiri (squirrel monkeys).

Results  Inter‐generic differences were significant for most markers. Three markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, hyaluronin and YKL‐40) were outside the human range and two markers (laminin and C2C) did not yield useful results because they were off‐scale high.

Conclusion  Our results indicate that most of the ELISA assays designed for use with human serum can be used in nonhuman primates. The highly significant differences we observed between the sera of Macaca and Saimiri, suggest that further examination is warranted.
Rab18 Inhibits Secretory Activity in Neuroendocrine Cells by Interacting with Secretory Granules
Authors: Vazquez‐Martinez Rafael , Cruz‐Garcia David , Duran‐Prado Mario , Peinado Juan R. , Castaño Justo P. , Malagon Maria M.
Published: May 2007

Rab proteins comprise a complex family of small GTPases involved in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking and reorganization. In this study, we identified Rab18 as a new inhibitory player of the secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells. In adrenal chromaffin PC12 cells and pituitary AtT20 cells, Rab18 is located at the cytosol but associates with a subpopulation of secretory granules after stimulation of the regulated secretory pathway, strongly suggesting that induction of secretion provokes Rab18 activation and recruitment to these organelles. In support of this, a dominant‐inactive Rab18 mutant was found to distribute diffusely in the cytosol, whereas a dominant‐active Rab18 mutant was predominantly associated to secretory granules. Furthermore, interaction of Rab18 with secretory granules was associated to an inhibition in the secretory activity of PC12 and AtT20 cells in response to stimulatory challenges. Association of Rab18 with secretory granules was also observed by immunoelectron microscopy in normal, non‐tumoral endocrine cells (pituitary melanotropes), wherein Rab18 protein content is inversely correlated to the level of secretory activity of cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that, in neuroendocrine cells, Rab18 acts as a negative regulator of secretory activity, likely by impairing secretory granule transport.
Rab27b Regulates Mast Cell Granule Dynamics and Secretion
Authors: Mizuno Kouichi , Tolmachova Tanya , Ushakov Dmitry S. , Romao Maryse , Åbrink Magnus , Ferenczi Michael A. , Raposo Graça , Seabra Miguel C.
Published: May 2007

The Rab GTPase family regulates membrane domain organization and vesicular transport pathways. Recent studies indicate that one member of the family, Rab27a, regulates transport of lysosome‐related organelles in specialized cells, such as melanosomes and lytic granules. Very little is known about the related isoform, Rab27b. Here we used genetically modified mice to study the involvement of the Rab27 proteins in mast cells, which play key roles in allergic responses. Both Rab27a and Rab27b isoforms are expressed in bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMC) and localize to secretory granules. Nevertheless, secretory defects as measured by β‐hexosaminidase release in vitroand passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivowere found only in Rab27b and double Rab27 knockout (KO) mice. Immunofluorescence studies suggest that a subset of Rab27b and double Rab27‐deficient BMMCs exhibit mild clustering of granules. Quantitative analysis of live‐cell time‐lapse imaging revealed that BMMCs derived from double Rab27 KO mice showed almost 10‐fold increase in granules exhibiting fast movement (>1.5 μm/s), which could be disrupted by nocodazole. These results suggest that Rab27 proteins, particularly Rab27b, play a crucial role in mast cell degranulation and that their action regulates the transition from microtubule to actin‐based motility.
Expression of secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor in the submandibular glands of AIDS patients
Authors: Rocha LA , Vargas PA , Silva LFF , Leon JE , Santos AB , Hiemstra PS , Mauad T
Published: May 2007

Objective:  Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI) is an endogenous proteinase inhibitor present in mucosal secretions. It also displays antimicrobial activity including anti‐human immunodeficiency virus activity. This protease inhibitor is also expressed in submandibular glands (SMG), but there are few data on its expression in AIDS patients with infectious conditions.

Methods:  We analyzed the expression of SLPI using immunohistochemistry in submandibular gland samples of 36 AIDS patients [10 with normal histology, 10 with chronic nonspecific sialadenitis, eight with mycobacteriosis, and eight with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection] and 10 HIV‐negative controls. The proteinase inhibitor was quantified using image analysis and expressed as % of positively stained area.

Results:  There was a higher expression of SLPI in AIDS patients with CMV infection (% of stained area, mean ± SD: 37.37 ± 14.45) when compared with all other groups (P = 0.009). There were no significant differences between control subjects (22.70 ± 9.42%) and AIDS patients without histologic alterations (18.10 ± 7.58%), with chronic nonspecific sialadenitis (17.13 ± 5.36%), or mycobacterial infection (21.09 ± 4.66%).

Conclusion:  Cytomegalovirus infection increases SLPI expression in the SMG of AIDS patients. Our results reveal new insights into the pathogenic association between HIV and CMV in AIDS patients.
Inhibitory effects of isoleucine and antagonism of the other branched‐chain amino acids on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes in batch cultures and rumen simulating fermenters (Rusitec)
Authors: KAJIKAWA Hiroshi , TAJIMA Kiyoshi , MITSUMORI Makoto , TAKENAKA Akio
Published: May 2007

The inhibitory effect of isoleucine (Ile) and antagonistic effect of leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) against the inhibition by Ile were investigated using simple batch and semicontinuous cultures of mixed ruminal microbes under feeding conditions using ordinary feed (timothy hay and corn grain). In the batch culture experiment, supplementation with Ile inhibited digestion and fermentation at 8–24 h of incubation as the concentration of Ile increased up to 5 mmol/L, but these inhibitions diminished at 48 h. The inhibition caused by Ile was mitigated by the addition of Leu and Val. In a semi‐continuous culture experiment using Rusitec, digestion and fermentation of the diet was suppressed by the administration of 1 and 5 mmol/L of Ile. The daily yield of microbial‐N was also reduced by Ile, but the density of the protozoa was not. The presence of Leu and Val alleviated the inhibition by Ile. These results suggest that the dietary inclusion of Ile possibly represses the bacterial growth, feed digestion and fermentation in the rumen in ordinary feeding situations by feedback inhibition, which could be diminished in the presence of other branched‐chain amino acids. The influences of the passage and level of supplementation on inhibition by amino acids are discussed.
Changes in molecular species composition of triacylglycerol in subcutaneous fat from beef cattle during fattening
Authors: SUZUKI Sayoko , ISHIKAWA Shin‐ichi , ARIHARA Keizo , ITOH Makoto
Published: May 2007

The composition of the molecular species of triacylglycerols (TG) in subcutaneous fat biopsied from Japanese Black steers was studied during the fattening period. An analysis of the fatty acid (FA) composition of the TG showed that palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were the major FA, together accounting for over 80% of the total FA. The concentrations of C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0 decreased between 10 and 30 months of age, while those of C16:1 c9 and C18:1 c9 increased during the fattening period. The major molecular species among more than 40 compounds were palmitoyl‐dioleoyl‐glycerol (POO) and dipalmitoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (PPO). POO showed the highest concentration during the fattening period. The levels of palmitoyl‐oleoyl‐linoleoyl glycerol and some tentatively identified molecular species increased during the fattening period, while the levels of tripalmitoyl, dipalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐glycerol, palmitoyl‐distearoyl and palmitoyl‐stearoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol decreased with growth. A comparison of the experimental values of TG molecular species with theoretical values derived from the experimental FA contents showed that the FA distribution in TG was non‐random. TG synthesis favors the formation of TG molecular species containing at least one C16 FA, rather than three C18 FA.
Formal Pasts and Formal Possibilities in Victorian Studies
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: May 2007

This essay tells a story about the complex and sometimes fraught relationship between Victorian studies and literary formalism. After the New Critics had thrown Victorian literature into disrepute for its formalist failures, socio‐political approaches to literature reclaimed the Victorians – but often by discarding form. This essay shows how recent criticism has begun to bring formalist approaches to historical and political concerns in exciting new ways, and it traces four dynamic trends in Victorian formalist criticism: form as ideology, form as a manifestation of socio‐political relations, form as a self‐conscious, deliberate mode of political engagement, and social institutions as forms.
Testosterone Regulates RhoA/Rho-Kinase Signaling in Two Distinct Animal Models of Chemical Diabetes
Authors: Vignozzi Linda , Morelli Annamaria , Filippi Sandra , Ambrosini Stefano , Mancina Rosa , Luconi Michaela , Mungai Sara , Vannelli Gabriella Barbara , Zhang Xin-Hua , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario
Published: May 2007

Introduction

The contractile RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is upregulated in penile tissue in animal models of experimental diabetes and has been proposed to contribute to diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

To investigate the effect of testosterone (T) on the RhoA/ROCK signaling in diabetes.

Methods

We used two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes (alloxan-induced in the rabbit and streptozotocin-induced in the rat) with or not T supplementation.

Main Outcome Measures

The effect of diabetes and T supplementation on RhoA/ROCK signaling was evaluated as responsiveness to the selective ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 either by “in vitro” contractility study (diabetic rabbit) or “in vivo” as erectile response elicited by intracavernous injections (diabetic rats). RhoA/ROCK gene and protein expression were also analyzed.

Results

In both models, hypogonadism was observed, characterized by reduced T plasma level and androgen-dependent accessory glands atrophy. Diabetic animals showed a significant increase in responsiveness to increasing concentrations of Y-27632. T substitution (30 mg/kg, weekly) completely prevented hypogonadism and diabetes-induced penile hypersensitivity to Y-27632. To test whether this effect was due to a T-dependent regulation of RhoA/ROCK gene expression, we measured RhoA/ROCK mRNA. Both isoforms of ROCK (ROCK1/ROCK2) were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in rat penile samples. We found that ROCK1 mRNA was significantly increased (P <0.05) in penile tissues from diabetic animals and maintained at the control values by T, as also confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR in rabbit. Conversely, RhoA and ROCK2 mRNA expression was not influenced either by diabetic condition or by T administration. Accordingly, ROCK1 protein expression, as evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis, was increased in penile samples from diabetic animals and normalized by T.

Conclusion

Our data further support the hypothesis that the overexpression of RhoA/ROCK signaling contributes to diabetes-related ED. Moreover, treating hypogonadism in course of diabetes may maintain erectile function also by normalizing RhoA/ROCK pathway upregulation.
A Three-Dimensional Theoretical Model of the Relationship Between Cavernosal Expandability and Percent Cavernosal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Luo Haibiao , Goldstein Irwin , Udelson Daniel
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Percent corporal smooth muscle content, a traditional predictor of corporal veno-occlusive function, is invasive and clinically assessed by histomorphometric analyses of erectile tissue biopsies. Cavernosal “expandability” which may be a more physiologically relevant parameter is a measure of work performed to achieve penile erection, and as a consequence, an indicator of the ability to approach maximum penile volume at low intracavernosal pressure.

Aim

To demonstrate that cavernosal “expandability” determined by noninvasive methodology can replace the determination of percent smooth muscle. To predict Young's modulus for the corpora cavernosa in rabbits and, this by inference, in humans; the latter facilitates the comparison of resistance to penile expansion presented by the tunica vs. cavernosal tissue.

Main Outcome Measure

A refined three-dimensional formula for cavernosal expandability, defined as the negative reciprocal of the cavernosal bulk modulus in the semierect state, was derived as a function of percent corporal smooth muscle content, using principles of engineering mechanics of materials. The model included Young's modulus, E, for the corpora cavernosa as an unknown parameter.

Methods

Volume-pressure data obtained from three groups of New Zealand white rabbits: (i) control group (N=7); (ii) hypercholesterolemic group (N=5) on 0.5%; (iii) atherosclerotic group (N=8), was plotted, and compared with the model.

Results

Data points of mean cavernosal expandability (0.012–0.017 (mm Hg)−1) vs. percent trabecular smooth muscle content (33.9–45.4%) for the three groups of rabbits were analyzed. The revised model formula was fitted to the existing rabbit experimental data points producing a value of Young's modulus equal to 0.01 (MPa).

Conclusion

Rabbit cavernosal expandability can predict percent smooth muscle content. Cavernosal Young's modulus can be predicted. Further clinical research efforts to provide human data are needed.
Overactive Bladder and Women's Sexual Health: What is the Impact?
Authors: Coyne Karin S. , Margolis Mary Kay , Jumadilova Zhanna , Bavendam Tamara , Mueller Elizabeth , Rogers Rebecca
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Overactive bladder (OAB) is quite prevalent and significantly affects health-related quality of life and daily functioning.

Aim

The impact of OAB on sexual health is currently not known. This qualitative study was conducted to gain a thorough understanding of OAB's impact.

Methods

Sexually active women with continent or incontinent OAB were recruited from urology and urogynecology clinics. Six focus groups of women (three continent and three incontinent) were conducted to assess the sexual health of women with OAB. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively.

Main Outcome Measures

Qualitative data, Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire—Female, Overactive Bladder Questionnaire.

Results

Thirty-four women (11 continent; 23 incontinent) participated; mean age was 48.4 years; 76% were white, 67% postmenopausal, and 88% in a long-term relationship. Continent women reported more frequent sexual activity than incontinent women; 91% reported intercourse ≥1–3 times per month vs. 50% of incontinent women. Half of the incontinent women reported a reduction in sexual desire related to OAB, aging, and menopause. Over half of continent women experienced pain with intercourse, and the majority complained of having to interrupt intercourse to void. Although not all incontinent women reported incontinence during intercourse, the majority were embarrassed by their incontinence and OAB with resulting loss of self-image. Both continent and incontinent women reported difficulty achieving orgasm because of pain, fear of incontinence, or anxiety related to intercourse. Approximately a third of the women would not initiate discussion of sexual issues with their physicians, but all women expressed concern about the impact of OAB on their sexual life.

Conclusion

Overactive bladder with or without incontinence negatively affects women's sexual health, reducing sexual desire and ability to achieve orgasm. Given the impact of OAB on sexual health, sexual health should be routinely assessed by clinicians and addressed by researchers.
Electrophysiologic Activity of the Tunica Albuginea and Corpora Cavernosa: Possible Role of Tunica Albuginea in the Erectile Mechanism
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , Shafik Asmail I. , El Sibai Olfat , Shafik Ali A.
Published: May 2007

Introduction

It is claimed that the tunica albuginea (TA) shares in the erectile mechanism by compressing the emissary veins passing through it. However, the TA does not contain smooth muscle fibers.

Aim

We investigated the hypothesis that TA lacks a contractile activity on the emissary veins passing through it.

Methods

Fourteen healthy male volunteers (mean age 35.2 ± 4.3 years) were studied. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the TA and corpora cavernosa (CC) was individually recorded in the flaccid and erectile phases by EMG needle electrodes. Recording was performed in the upper, middle, and lower third of the TA and CC on one and then on the contralateral side.

Main Outcome Measures

The TA lacks a contractile activity on the emissary veins passing through it.

Results

The EMG of the CC in the flaccid phase recorded regular slow waves and random action potentials. The wave variables in the erectile phase exhibited a significant decrease (P <0.01) compared with the variables in the flaccid phase of the same subject. The TA EMG showed no electric waves in the flaccid or erectile phases. These recordings were similar from the upper-, middle-, and lower-third of the penis, and were reproducible from the contralateral CC.

Conclusion

Electric waves were recorded from the CC in the flaccid phase; wave variables decreased at erection. In contrast, the TA showed no electric waves in the flaccid or erectile phases. It appears that the TA acts as a CC covering sheet which expands passively at erection, and shares in compressing the subtunical venular plexus between it and the tumescent CC.
Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome as a Cause of Sexual Pain in Women: A Diagnosis to Consider
Authors: Whitmore Kristene , Siegel Judy Fried , Kellogg-Spadt Susan
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Sexual pain, or dyspareunia, is a common symptom among women. Dyspareunia presents in many ways, and arises from a range of causes. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is one potential cause that may frequently be overlooked by clinicians. Interstitial cystitis is increasingly recognized as more common than was once thought. However, it can be difficult to identify, as the symptoms of IC/PBS (urinary urgency and frequency, dyspareunia, nocturia, and pelvic pain) overlap with other urogynecologic conditions.

Aim

This article will review the association between dyspareunia and IC/PBS, and will provide an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of IC/PBS in women with sexual pain.

Methods and Main Outcome Measures

Review of the medical literature and expert medical opinion.

Results

Many women with IC/PBS experience dyspareunia, often in conjunction with chronic pelvic pain. When IC/PBS is suspected, there are simple measures to aid in the diagnosis of this condition, and treatments are readily available.

Conclusion

When a woman presents with the symptoms of urinary urgency and frequency, dyspareunia, nocturia, and/or pelvic pain, IC/PBS should be part of the diagnostic evaluation.
Androgen Deficiency and Abnormal Penile Duplex Parameters in Obese Men with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Zohdy Wael , Kamal Emad Eldien , Ibrahim Yasser
Published: May 2007

Introduction

The clinical identification of metabolic syndrome is based on measures of abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and glucose intolerance. However, the impact of hypogonadism associated with obesity on penile hemodynamics is not well investigated.

Aim

In this retrospective study, we sought to evaluate the effect of obesity on serum total testosterone (TT) level and penile duplex parameters in men with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods

Our participants (N=158) were evaluated for erectile function using an abridged, five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function-5. Determination of body mass index (BMI) was performed. Measurements of TT, fasting lipid profile, and blood sugar were conducted. Penile hemodynamics was assessed using intracavernosal injection and penile duplex study.

Main Outcome Measures

Bivariate associations among BMI and serum testosterone, blood pressure, and lipid profile, as well as penile duplex parameters. We compared all clinical, laboratory, and penile duplex parameters between lean men (BMI<25) and overweight and obese men (BMI ≥ 25).

Results

The participants' age ranged between 20 and 56 years. A significant negative correlation between BMI and TT was detected (r =−0.431, P =0.0001). Hypogonadism was identified in 54/158 (34.2%) of men with ED. The incidence of hypogonadism varied from as low as 1/18 (5.6%) in lean men to as high as 18/36 (50%) to 21/35 (60%) in morbid and severe obesity, respectively. Vasculogenic ED was detected in 32/54 (59.3%) men with BMI ≥ 25, compared with 5/18 (27.8%) in lean men (P =0.029). In order to study the effect of obesity on erectile function, cases with other risk factors were excluded. Of 67 men suffering from ED with no other risk factor(s) apart from obesity, vasculogenic ED was detected in 32/54 (59.3%) men with BMI ≥ 25, compared with 3/13 (23.1%) in lean men (P =0.029).

Conclusion

Obesity is associated with lower TT and disturbances of penile hemodynamics. It is an independent clinical factor for vasculogenic ED.