bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Mining for the Internet of Things
Authors: Khare Akhil Rajendra , Shrivasta Pallavi
Published: August 2017

The Internet of Things concept arises from the need to manage, automate, and explore all devices, instruments and sensors in the world. In order to make wise decisions both for people and for the things in IoT, data mining technologies are integrated with IoT technologies for decision making support and system optimization. Data mining involves discovering novel, interesting, and potentially useful patterns from data and applying algorithms to the extraction of hidden information. Data mining is classified into three different views: knowledge view, technique view, and application view. The challenges in the data mining algorithms for IoT are discussed and a suggested big data mining system is proposed.
Can LTE-A Support Real-Time Smart Meter Traffic in the Smart Grid?
Authors: Yaacoub Elias
Published: August 2017

The chapter investigates the scheduling load added on a long-term evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTEA) network when automatic meter reading (AMR) in advanced metering infrastructures (AMI) is performed using internet of things (IoT) deployments of smart meters in the smart grid. First, radio resource management algorithms to perform dynamic scheduling of the meter transmissions are proposed and shown to allow the accommodation of a large number of smart meters within a limited coverage area. Then, potential techniques for reducing the signaling load between the meters and base stations are proposed and analyzed. Afterwards, advanced concepts from LTE-A, namely carrier aggregation (CA) and relay stations (RSs) are investigated in conjunction with the proposed algorithms in order to accommodate a larger number of smart meters without disturbing cellular communications.
Reflective Teaching Methodology in Pre-Service Education
Authors: Alakawi Kholood Moustafa
Published: August 2017

The aim of the present chapter is to gain a deep understanding of how to teach and consequently improve new practices. As teaching becomes a lifelong learning process, teachers' inability to improve their teaching practices is considered an evidence of their incompetence. This vicious circle should be broken. The present chapter solves this problem relying on the reflective teaching methodology highlighting its importance, levels, and models of reflection ending with their pedagogical implications. Moreover, it suggests practical reflective teaching instruments to help student teachers enrolled in educational programs to detect their own teaching performances' strengths and weaknesses. In addition, it sketches carefully a Reflective Training Guide with its specific detailed hierarchical structures that can be adopted by TEFL professors in the pre- service Education Programs. Thus, teaching is not practiced haphazardly but practiced cautiously in an artistic way. The present chapter is an exploration in the field of reflective teaching methodology in pre-service education programs.
Teachers' Reflective Practice in Lifelong Learning Programs
Authors: Jensen Annie Aarup , Thomassen Anja Overgaard
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores teachers' reflective practice in lifelong learning programs based on a qualitative study of five teachers representing three part-time Master's programs. The theoretical framework for analysis of the interview data is Ellström's (1996) model for categorizing levels of action, knowledge and learning, activity theory (Engeström, 1987) and expansive learning (Engeström & Sannino, 2010). The results show a divergence between what the teachers perceive as the Master students' learning goals and the teachers' goals and objectives. This is highlighted through the teachers' experience with the students' understandings of the theories they are introduced to and how they apply them in relation to their practice context. The insights and the issues raised by the study are relevant for teachers in Higher Education.
Action Research as a Tool for Reflection in Teacher Education
Authors: Öcal Seçil Dayioğlu
Published: August 2017

Education is context-specific and requires knowledge of the dynamics, participants, and aspects of this particular context. Indeed, it cannot be considered out of its own organization, culture and the environment around. Action research as a tool is so relevant for novice and pre-service teachers since it can help them find their own way and refine their teaching skills. In fact, it is a mindset for all teachers as they can be more reflective practitioners, thoughtful, and willing to examine themselves in the context of their own classroom and school settings (Phillips & Carr, 2010). This chapter attempts to identify the linkage between action research and reflection and how this can foster teachers' development in Turkey. This is through describing a case study in a professional development program which aims to find out about the novice teachers' reflections on the conducted action research as a professional development activity.
Educational Expectations of Refugee Mothers for Their Children
Authors: Erçetin Şefika Şule , Kubilay Sevda
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study is to determine refugee mothers' educational expectations for their children. It is a qualitative research designed with phenomenological approach, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Twenty volunteer mothers coming from Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan were participated in the study. An interview form, including open-ended questions, was used as a data collection tool. The data was collected by face to face meetings with each participant. Content analysis was applied to the data gathered. Findings indicate that the refugee mothers' expectations from the schools are guidance and counseling services for refugee students, more social activities at schools, more intensive Maths and language courses, effective communication and interaction between students, parents and schools. Most of the refugee mothers would like to settle down in a more developed country and they don't want their children continue their education in Turkey.
Vocational and Technical Education Policies and Practices for Syrian Students in Turkey
Authors: Yılmaz Pınar Mardin
Published: August 2017

In the process that started with the Syrian crisis in 2011, Turkey welcomed Syrian citizens who had to leave the country. Turkey has begun to develop policies which respond to the needs of the Syrian migrants in different areas, with a different approach to the process, with increasing confusion and threats in Syria, which they see temporarily before. One of these areas is the need for education. In this study, the policies and practices of vocational and technical education will be analyzed, together with the general education policy for Syrian citizens called international protection in Turkey. For this reason, policy documents and policies have been analyzed in detail. Especially, it has benefit from the the data and studies of the Prime Ministry Disaster & Emergency Management Authority, which has undertaken the coordination of citizens of Syria in Turkey. In addition, the studies conducted by public institutions and foundations and non-governmental organizations are also mentioned.
An Overview of RIAs Development Tools
Authors: Alor-Hernández Giner , Rosales-Morales Viviana Yarel , Colombo-Mendoza Luis Omar
Published: August 2017

Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) development has traditionally been addressed using framework-based development approaches (i.e., using application frameworks), which usually comprise tools such as Standard Development Kits (SDKs), class libraries, and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs). Nevertheless, another development approach that relies on Model-Driven Development (MDD) methodologies and tools has recently emerged as a result of the academic and commercial effort for alleviating the lack of development methodologies and support tools especially designed for the development of RIAs. In this chapter, a new classification of RIAs development approaches is proposed by introducing a third category: Rapid Application Development (RAD) approaches. Thereby, the chapter reviews not only IDEs for frameworks-based RIA development; it also addresses other support tools for MDD and RAD such as code generation tools. Additionally, the features, scope, and limitations of the analyzed tools are discussed by means of a series of usage scenarios addressing the RIAs implementation.
Enhancing the Browser-Side Context-Aware Sanitization of Suspicious HTML5 Code for Halting the DOM-Based XSS Vulnerabilities in Cloud
Authors: Gupta B. B. , Gupta Shashank , Chaudhary Pooja
Published: August 2017

This article presents a cloud-based framework that thwarts the DOM-based XSS vulnerabilities caused due to the injection of advanced HTML5 attack vectors in the HTML5 web applications. Initially, the framework collects the key modules of web application, extracts the suspicious HTML5 strings from the latent injection points and performs the clustering on such strings based on their level of similarity. Further, it detects the injection of malicious HTML5 code in the script nodes of DOM tree by detecting the variation in the HTML5 code embedded in the HTTP response generated. Any variation observed will simply indicate the injection of suspicious script code. The prototype of our framework was developed in Java and installed in the virtual machines of cloud environment on the Google Chrome extension. The experimental evaluation of our framework was performed on the platform of real world HTML5 web applications deployed in the cloud platform.
A Generic Architectural Model Approach for Efficient Utilization of Patterns
Authors: Markkula Jouni , Mazhelis Oleksiy
Published: August 2017

A software pattern describes the core of the solution to a problem that tends to (re-)occur in a particular environment. Such patterns are commonly used as a means to facilitate the creation of an architectural design satisfying the desired quality goals. In this chapter, the practical challenges of efficient usage of patterns in domain-specific software development are presented. The specific domain considered here is the mobile domain, for which is given a sample collection of potentially useful patterns. After that, a novel generic architectural model approach for organizing patterns is presented. In this approach, the identification of relevant patterns is considered as the process of reducing the set of candidate patterns by domain-implied constraints. These constraints can be incorporated in a domain-specific generic architectural model that reflects the commonalities in the solutions of the particular domain. This approach has been validated with a real company application development case.
An Invariant-Based Approach for Detecting Attacks Against Data in Web Applications
Authors: Ludinard Romaric , Totel Éric , Tronel Frédéric , Nicomette Vincent , Kaâniche Mohamed , Alata Éric , Akrout Rim , Bachy Yann
Published: August 2017

RRABIDS (Ruby on Rails Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection System) is an application level intrusion detection system (IDS) for applications implemented with the Ruby on Rails framework. The goal of this intrusion detection system is to detect attacks against data in the context of web applications. This anomaly based IDS focuses on the modelling of the normal application profile using invariants. These invariants are discovered during a learning phase. Then, they are used to instrument the web application at source code level, so that a deviation from the normal profile can be detected at run-time. This paper illustrates on simple examples how the approach detects well-known categories of web attacks that involve a state violation of the application, such as SQL injections. Finally, an assessment phase is performed to evaluate the accuracy of the detection provided by the proposed approach.
Leveraging Web 2.0 for Online Learning
Authors: Lal Prerna
Published: August 2017

The emergence of the Internet and Web 2.0 has introduced enormous opportunities for a rising generation of tech-savvy young adults, students, and life-long learners. This chapter examines the various Web 2.0 tools, such as blogs, wikis, RSS (Real Simple Syndication), podcasts, mashups, and social networks, that can help make the online learning environment more interactive and interesting. The chapter provides an overview on the role of Web 2.0-based tools and technologies in providing a comprehensive structure for interactions and interconnections between three key components of a learning environment: the learner, the teacher, and the interface. Furthermore, the chapter explores how these tools can be used in exchanging knowledge, aggregating content, and collaborating with peers in online learning environments.
Web Service Evaluation Using Probabilistic Models
Authors: Zimeras S.
Published: August 2017

Information system users, administrators, and designers are all interested in performance evaluation since their goal is to obtain or provide the highest performance at the lowest cost. This goal has resulted in continuing evolution of higher performance and lower cost systems leading to today's proliferation of workstations and personal computers, many of which have better performance than earlier supercomputers. As the variety of Web services applications (Websites) increases, it gets more important to have a set of evaluation criteria that should evaluate the performance of their effectiveness. Based on those criteria, the quality of the services that the Web applications are providing could be analysed. This work represents software metrics that could (or need) be used to quantify the quality of the information that the Web services are providing. These measures could be useful to understand problematic frameworks during the implementation of the Websites and could lead to solutions preventing those problems.
Web Application Vulnerabilities and Their Countermeasures
Authors: Balasubramanian Kannan
Published: August 2017

The obvious risks to a security breach are that unauthorized individuals: 1) can gain access to restricted information and 2) may be able to escalate their privileges in order to compromise the application and the entire application environment. The areas that can be compromised include user and system administration accounts. In this chapter we identify the major classes of web application vulnerabilities, gives some examples of actual vulnerabilities found in real-life web application audits, and describes some countermeasures for those vulnerabilities. The classes are: 1) authentication 2) session management 3) access control 4) input validation 5) redirects and forwards 6) injection flaws 7) unauthorized view of data 8) error handling 9) cross-site scripting 10) security misconfigurations and 10) denial of service.
Mobile Health Applications Assisting Patients With Chronic Diseases
Authors: Iltchev Petre , Śliwczyński Andrzej , Szynkiewicz Potr , Marczak Michał
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes the role of m-health applications supporting patients with chronic diseases (based on examples from asthma care). The purpose of the chapter is to describe the mobile health application development cycle. The chapter begins with a presentation of asthma as a chronic disease and its prevalence and costs for society, as a determinant of the role and place of m-health applications in chronic disease management. Subsequent sections analyze trends in the development of health care, information systems, and health care payment systems as components of the environment for the implementation of m-health applications. The chapter focuses on prerequisites for the introduction of this type of solutions, presents existing applications, and discusses how to define the key functionalities and benefits for patients, payers, and doctors. The financing cycle, barriers to implementation, and future trends are also addressed.
Web 2.0 Mash-Up System for Real Time Data Visualisation and Analysis Using OSS
Authors: Khan Wajid , Hussain Fiaz , Prakash Edmond C.
Published: August 2017

The arrival of E-commerce systems has contributed a lot to the economy and also played a vital role in collecting a huge amount of transactional data in the form of online orders and web enquiries, with such a huge volume of data it is getting difficult day by day to analyse business and consumer behaviour. There is a greater need for business analytical tools to help decision makers understand data properly - and understanding data will lead to amazing things such as hidden trends, effective resource utilisation, decision making ability and understanding business and its core values.
Success in the Web 2.0 Ecosystem
Authors: Wahi Ashok Kumar , Misra Rajnish Kumar
Published: August 2017

As Web 2.0 based systems and applications get adopted by organizations, it is imperative that they bring along both benefits and challenges. As users and beneficiaries of the new means of communication, all of us need to be sensitive to the different factors that could and do affect the success of major Web 2.0 applications and initiatives. This study tries to explore the determinants of success in converting a traditional business organization into an Enterprise 2.0 through defining the “external variables” in the Technology Acceptance Model of Davis (1989). This was done using a survey questionnaire in a wide variety of Indian business organizations. It attempts to verify the relationship of success in the Web 2.0 world with the awareness of IT tools and data analysis capabilities present in the organization, the approach taken by the organization and the departments that take the lead in the implementation of Web 2.0 initiatives. The paper concludes with suggestions and implications for organizations.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Entertainment Mobile Applications in Iran
Authors: Baghbaniyazdi Sina , Ekhlassi Amir , Sakhdari Kamal
Published: August 2017

While previous research on application adoption has partly advanced our understanding of factors affecting the adoption of mobile applications, less attention has been given to the whole process of application development, from idea characteristics to the supportive activities after launch. In particular, less is known about these factors in the context of developing countries, where mobile applications are gaining increasing popularity. In this vein, this paper, adopting a grounded theory approach, aims to identify factors influencing the adoption of entertainment mobile application from the developer's points of view focusing on different phases of application development in the novel context of Iran. The authors' in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts in mobile application development firms indicate 15 factors classified within four categories based on the application development process, entailing idea characteristics, design, marketing communications and supportive activities. The implications of these findings provides valuable insight into why some mobile applications are more successful than others.
Strategies for Luxury Fashion Brands' Targeting the Young Audience
Authors: Moreno-Gavara Carmen , Jiménez-Zarco Ana
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse luxury fashion brands' interactions with consumers, especially on social media. In this sense, we firstly propose a hypothesis relative to how luxury fashion brands can use celebrities (in general, and particularly music and TV idols) and social media to influence on young consumer behaviour. Lately, we try to response this question through a case study based on one of the most South Korean luxury fashion brands. Using members of social media has been a constant in brand strategy. Especially when targeting the young audience. They big consumers and fans of music and audio-visual entertainment products, show a high level of loyalty. This leads them to copy the behaviour and consumption of the same products and brands of their idols. They are big users of social media and the Internet, where they express their feelings, experiences and opinions about their music idols as well as the brands and products they use. This being the case, technology offers empowerment to young people. This allows them not only access to more information but allows the possibility to create their own new content. Thus both roles are important regarding branding. We can use the example of how Korean luxury fashion brands and how they use young music idols to establish a strong emotional relationship with their consumers. They do this by increasing their participation and involvement with their brands in social networks.
Mastering Fashion Supply Chain Management and New Product Development in the Digital Age
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: August 2017

This chapter indicates the perspectives on retailing and Supply Chain Management (SCM); trends and issues with fast fashion industry; the overview of Fashion Supply Chain Management (FSCM); fashion retail supply chains and fashion sales forecasting; fashion retail supply chains and sustainability; the overview of New Product Development (NPD); NPD process, social media, and digital environments; NPD, ecological marketing, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); NPD performance and supplier-buyer relationship; and the importance of NPD collaboration. In addition to the traditional functions of logistics management in fashion companies, which include inventory management and transportation management, FSCM places a strong emphasis on both collaboration and partnership among various channel members along with the fashion retail supply chains. With the advance of the Internet and social media, NPD strategy provides a beneficial framework for creating the new products and improving the product performance, product cost, and quality of the existing products.
Deep Hole Machining with a Small Diameter Drill and Ultrasonic Vibration
Authors: Masu Yuta , Fukao Tomohito , Yasuki Taiga , Hagino Masahiro , Inoue Takashi
Published: August 2017

The method of imparting ultrasonic vibration to the cutting tool is known to improve the shape accuracy and finished surface roughness. However, a uniform evaluation of this function in drilling has not been achieved, and the cutting process cannot be checked from the outside. The aim of this study is to investigate the cutting characteristics in deep hole drilling when an ultrasonic vibrator on the table of a machining center provides vibration with a frequency of 20 kHz to the work piece. The ultrasonic vibrations in this system reach the maximum amplitude in the center of the work material. We evaluated the change in finished surface roughness between the section where drilling starts to the point of maximum amplitude with ultrasonic vibration. The main cutting conditions are as follows: cutting speed (V) 12.6 (mm/min); feed rate (s) 30, 60 (mm/rev); depth of cut (t) = 32 (mm); work material, tool steel; cutting tool material, HSS; point angle (σ) 118 (°); and drill diameter (φ) 4 (mm). Lubricant powder was also added to clarify the cutting effect, and compared the condition in which there was no ultrasonic vibration. The results showed that surface roughness at the point of maximum amplitude was better than that with no vibration.
Difference of Feed Marks in Cutting Fluids when Turning Stainless Steel
Authors: Kitamura Tomohiko , Tanaka Ryutaro , Yamane Yasuo , Sekiya Katsuhiko , Yamada Keiji
Published: August 2017

In this study, the difference of finished surface roughness and feed mark shape in lubricity of the cutting fluids were investigated in turning SUS440C. In the cutting speed of 20m/min, the oil having excellent oiliness caused the smallest finished surface roughness among the tested cutting fluids at the feed rate of 0.1mm/rev, while, the oil having high extreme pressure property was best at the feed rate of 0.2mm/rev. The feed marks were hardly recognized at any conditions. In the cutting speed more than 20m/min, the finished surface roughness in any lubricant conditions showed almost the same or slightly larger compared with that in dry conditions. The feed marks were recognized, and the transcription of cutting edges shape under wet conditions trended to be the same or worse than dry conditions.
Influence of Nozzle Jet Flushing on Wire Breakage in 1st-Cut Wire EDM from Start Hole
Authors: Kawata Akiyoshi , Okada Akira , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Kurihara Haruya
Published: August 2017

In wire EDM process, it is important to smoothly exclude debris and bubbles generated in the working gap for keeping stable performance. Much debris stagnation in the gap would cause frequent occurrence of discharge concentration and secondary discharge, which results in unstable machining performance, such as frequent wire breakage, low removal rate, and low shape accuracy. Therefore, a jet flushing of working fluid using upper and lower jet nozzles has been conventionally applied for excluding the debris and bubbles from the machined kerf. Nevertheless, it is well known that the wire often breaks when the machined kerf length is a few mm from the start hole in 1st-cut wire EDM. The influence of machined kerf length on the flow field, the debris exclusion, and the wire behavier caused with hydrodyanamic force by the jet flushing should be made clear.In this study, variations of flow field in the kerf, the debris accumulation state and the wire deflection caused jet flushing with machined length were analytically investigated by CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and structural analysis when 1st-cut wire EDM was done from a small start hole. Moreover, the effects of machined kerf length on the wire deflection and wire breakage were discussed. Wire breakage frequency experiments showed that wire tended to frequently break at a certain machined kerf length, where the wire deflection rapidly increased and the debris particle residence time in the gap became long.
Relationship between Cutting Heat and Tool Edge Temperature in End Milling of Titanium Alloy
Authors: Araki Yosuke , Tanaka Ryutaro , Kojima Yuto , Sekiya Katsuhiko , Yamada Keiji , Koseki Shuho
Published: August 2017

In this study, tool edge temperature was measured by a two-color pyrometer with an optional fiber. During one revolution of spindle, the tool edge passes over the fine hole at workpiece after cutting workpiece. An optical fiber inserted into the fine hole transmits infrared ray radiated from tool edge to two detectors with different spectral sensitivities. One peak signal from each detector can be obtained by each spindle revolution. The tool edge temperature can be calculated by taking the ratio of outputs from these two detectors. The relation between cutting heat calculated from cutting force and tool edge temperature was discussed. The tool edge temperature at the same cutting heat could be compared. The wet cutting condition caused lower tool edge temperature than the others at the same cutting heat. MQL and dry showed almost same tool edge temperature. The dispersion of tool edge temperature in wet cutting is wider than that in dry cutting and MQL cutting.
Micro Milling on Thin Wire
Authors: Serizawa Masaki , Matsumura Takashi
Published: August 2017

Micro milling is discussed to fabricate micro-scale structures on titanium alloy thin wires. A machine tool was developed to conduct the milling operations with improving the clamping stiffness. A 0.3 mm diameter wire inserted into polyurethane tubes was clamped on an R-shaped groove on the machine table. The cutting tests were conducted with or without the polyurethane tube support. The machining shapes, the surface finishes and the cutting forces were measured to verify the effect of the polyurethane tube and machine table clamping system on stability in the cutting process. The groove direction is out of the feed direction of the end mill without the polyurethane tube support. The micro grooves are machined properly with a fine surface in the feed direction with the support. The cutting forces change periodically with the cutting thickness and the rotation of the cutter in milling. Non-symmetric grooves are also machined with the developed clamping system.
Study on Tool Wear In-Process Estimation for Ball End Mill Using Rotation Control Air Turbine Spindle
Authors: Okamoto Yusuke , Yazawa Takanori , Kato Tomonori , Nishida Kazuya , Moriyama Shinya , Maeda Yukio , Otsubo Tatsuki
Published: August 2017

This paper introduces a method for in-process tool wear estimation of an air turbine spindle, which is equipped with a rotation control system for ultra-precision milling. Previous investigations revealed that the pressure of the compressed air for supply that is used to control the rotational speed and tool wear at the time when steady wear occurs, maintains a linear relationship when processing SKD61 steel. In addition, the extent to which the supply pressure changed was reduced after chipping occurred. Therefore, the possibility exists that the tool wear can be estimated by obtaining the supply pressure during processing. The purpose of this paper is to propose the evaluation of an in-process tool wear estimation method, and to evaluate its validity. An estimation method is necessary as this would allow the amount of tool wear to be estimated and abnormal wear of occurrence to be detected. Because of the linear relationship between the air pressure and the amount of tool wear, the latter can be estimated by plotting the approximately linear relationship of the tool wear as a function of the air pressure. The proposed estimation method for processing the results obtained for SKD61, is capable of estimating the relative error of the measured value within 0.2 against the estimated value at the time. Furthermore, the occurrence of abnormal wear is determined from the amount of change in the supply pressure. Thus, SKD11 steel was processed for the proposed estimation method to verify whether it is valid for cutting high hardness steel. As a result, for SKD11 the estimation method produced estimation results similar to those obtained for SKD61. Therefore, the suggested estimation method is likely to be effective for high-hardness steel cutting.
O movimento dos sem-teto em Florianópolis: mudanças no perfil dos atores e práticas (1990 – 2013)
Authors: Canella Francisco
Published: August 2017

Este artigo analisa as recentes ocupações urbanas  da região  da Grande Florianópolis (SC), identificadas como movimentos de luta pela moradia e/ou dos sem teto, tendo por foco a Ocupação Contestado, que  demarca a retomada de lutas  organizadas  pela acesso a terra urbana. Tendo como hipótese a  ideia de que  as recentes ocupações compõem um novo ciclo de lutas, comparável ao que ocorreu na região nos anos de 1990, os autores buscam analisar  os dois contextos,  tendo por eixo alguns pontos em comum, entre os quais  as características socioeconômicas das pessoas e famílias que aderiram às ocupações, sua relação com processos migratórios recentes, o papel dos mediadores e o significado político da emergência destes atores no contexto político da cidade.
Design em paralaxe: uma discussão sobre a coexistência de diferentes abordagens do design na contemporaneidade
Authors: Wielewicki Patrícia Feronha , Roda Rui Miguel Ferreira
Published: August 2017

Com base na polêmica obra Design and Crime: and other diatribes, de Hal Foster, que aponta o design como um instrumento de modulação cultural e agente promotor de consumo, este trabalho estabelece um debate entre teóricos do campo do design e de outras áreas do saber buscando discutir o “crime do design” sugerido pelo autor. Por meio de revisão de literatura, são abordados os temas: identidade, valor e função no design; e propõe-se o ‘design em paralaxe’ como um conceito capaz de contribuir para a reflexão sobre as recorrentes caracterizações estereotipadas do design. As conclusões apontam para a necessidade de aprofundamento da reflexão sobre a posição do design frente ao cenário complexo e paradoxal da contemporaneidade, e sinalizam a coexistência de diferentes abordagens do design, assumido neste trabalho como um campo de atuação multifacetado com contornos pouco nítidos.
Regional effects of atmospheric aerosols on temperature: an evaluation of an ensemble of online coupled models
Authors: Baró Rocío , Palacios-Peña Laura , Baklanov Alexander , Balzarini Alessandra , Brunner Dominik , Forkel Renate , Hirtl Marcus , Honzak Luka , Pérez Juan Luis , Pirovano Guido , San José Roberto , Schröder Wolfram , Werhahn Johannes , Wolke Ralf , Žabkar Rahela , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The climate effect of atmospheric aerosols is associated with their influence on the radiative budget of the Earth due to the direct aerosol–radiation interactions (ARIs) and indirect effects, resulting from aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions (ACIs). Online coupled meteorology–chemistry models permit the description of these effects on the basis of simulated atmospheric aerosol concentrations, although there is still some uncertainty associated with the use of these models. Thus, the objective of this work is to assess whether the inclusion of atmospheric aerosol radiative feedbacks of an ensemble of online coupled models improves the simulation results for maximum, mean and minimum temperature at 2 m over Europe. The evaluated models outputs originate from EuMetChem COST Action ES1004 simulations for Europe, differing in the inclusion (or omission) of ARI and ACI in the various models. The cases studies cover two important atmospheric aerosol episodes over Europe in the year 2010: (i) a heat wave event and a forest fire episode (July–August 2010) and (ii) a more humid episode including a Saharan desert dust outbreak in October 2010. The simulation results are evaluated against observational data from the E-OBS gridded database. The results indicate that, although there is only a slight improvement in the bias of the simulation results when including the radiative feedbacks, the spatiotemporal variability and correlation coefficients are improved for the cases under study when atmospheric aerosol radiative effects are included.
Downwind evolution of the volatility and mixing state of near-road
aerosols near a US interstate highway
Authors: Saha Provat Kumar , Khlystov Andrey , Grieshop Andrew Patrick
Published: August 2017

Abstract. We present spatial measurements of particle volatility and mixing state at a site near a North Carolina interstate highway (I-40) applying several heating (thermodenuder; TD) experimental approaches. Measurements were conducted in summer 2015 and winter 2016 in a roadside trailer (10 m from road edge) and during downwind transects at different distances from the highway under favorable wind conditions using a mobile platform. Results show that the relative abundance of semi-volatile species (SVOCs) in ultrafine particles decreases with downwind distance, consistent with the dilution and mixing of traffic-sourced particles with background air and evaporation of semi-volatile species during downwind transport. An evaporation kinetics model was used to derive particle volatility distributions by fitting TD data. While the TD-derived distribution apportions about 20–30 % of particle mass as semi-volatile (SVOCs; effective saturation concentration, C* ≥ 1µm−3) at 10 m from road edge, approximately 10 % of particle mass is attributed to SVOCs at 220 m, showing that the particle-phase semi-volatile fraction decreases with downwind distance. The relative abundance of semi-volatile material in the particle-phase increased during winter. Downwind spatial gradients of the less-volatile particle fraction (that remaining after heating at 180 °C) was strongly correlated with black carbon (BC). BC size distribution and mixing state measured using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) at the roadside trailer showed that a large fraction (70–80 %) of BC particles were externally-mixed. Heating experiments with a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (V-TDMA) also showed that the non-volatile fraction in roadside aerosols are mostly externally mixed. V-TDMA measurements at different distances downwind from the highway indicate that mixing state of roadside aerosols does not change significantly (e.g., BC mostly remains externally mixed) within a few hundred meters from the highway. A preliminary analysis indicates that a super-position of volatility distributions measured in laboratory vehicle tests and of ``background'' aerosol can be used to represent the observed partitioning of near-road particles. The results from this study highlight that exposures and impacts of BC and semi-volatile organics containing particles in a near-road microenvironment may differ across seasons and under changing ambient conditions.
Intercomparison of atmospheric water vapour measurements at a Canadian High Arctic site
Authors: Weaver Dan , Strong Kimberly , Schneider Matthias , Rowe Penny M. , Sioris Chris , Walker Kaley A. , Mariani Zen , Uttal Taneil , McElroy C. Thomas , Vömel Holger , Spassiani Alessio , Drummond James R.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Water vapour is a critical component of the Earth system. Techniques to acquire and improve measurements of atmospheric water vapour and its isotopes are under active development. This work presents a detailed intercomparison of water vapour total column measurements taken between 2006 and 2014 at a Canadian High Arctic research site (Eureka, Nunavut). Instruments include radiosondes, sun photometers, a microwave radiometer, and emission and solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Close agreement is observed between all combination of datasets, with mean differences  ≤  1.0 kg m−2 and correlation coefficients  ≥  0.98. The one exception in the observed high correlation is the comparison between the microwave radiometer and a radiosonde product, which had a correlation coefficient of 0.92.A variety of biases affecting Eureka instruments are revealed and discussed. A subset of Eureka radiosonde measurements was processed by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) for this study. Comparisons reveal a small dry bias in the standard radiosonde measurement water vapour total columns of approximately 4 %. A recently produced solar absorption FTIR spectrometer dataset resulting from the MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) retrieval technique is shown to offer accurate measurements of water vapour total columns (e.g. average agreement within −5.2 % of GRUAN and −6.5 % of a co-located emission FTIR spectrometer). However, comparisons show a small wet bias of approximately 6 % at the high-latitude Eureka site. In addition, a new dataset derived from Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) measurements is shown to provide accurate water vapour measurements (e.g. average agreement was within 4 % of GRUAN), which usefully enables measurements to be taken during day and night (especially valuable during polar night).
Hybridizing Bayesian and variational data assimilation for robust
high-resolution hydrologic forecasting
Authors: Hernández Felipe , Liang Xu
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The success of real-time estimation and forecasting applications based on geophysical models has been possible thanks to the two main frameworks for the determination of the models’ initial conditions: Bayesian data assimilation and variational data assimilation. However, while there have been efforts to unify these two paradigms, existing attempts struggle to fully leverage the advantages of both in order to face the challenges posed by modern high-resolution models – mainly related to model indeterminacy and steep computational requirements. In this article we introduce a hybrid algorithm called OPTIMISTS (Optimized PareTo Inverse Modeling through Integrated STochastic Search) which is targeted at non-linear high-resolution problems and that brings together ideas from particle filters, 4-dimensional variational methods, evolutionary Pareto optimization, and kernel density estimation in a unique way. Streamflow forecasting experiments were conducted to test which specific parameterizations of OPTIMISTS led to higher predictive accuracy. The experiments analysed two watersheds, one with a low resolution using the VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model and one with a high-resolution using the DHSVM (Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model). By selecting kernel-based non-parametric sampling, non-sequential evaluation of candidate particles, and through the multi-objective minimization of departures from the streamflow observations and from the background states, OPTIMISTS was shown to outperform a particle filter and a 4D variational method. Moreover, the experiments demonstrated that OPTIMISTS scales well in high-resolution cases without imposing a significant computational overhead and that it was successful in mitigating the harmful effects of overfitting. With these combined advantages, the algorithm shows the potential to increase the accuracy and efficiency of operational prediction systems for the improved management of natural resources.
Incorporating modelled subglacial hydrology into inversions for basal drag
Authors: Koziol Conrad P. , Arnold Neil
Published: August 2017

Abstract. A key challenge in modelling coupled ice flow – subglacial hydrology is initializing the state and parameters of the system. We address this problem by presenting a workflow for initializing these values at the start of a summer melt season. The workflow depends on running a subglacial hydrology model for the winter season, when the system is not forced by meltwater inputs, and ice velocities can be assumed constant. Key parameters of the winter run of the subglacial hydrology model are determined from an initial inversion for basal drag using a linear sliding law. The state of the subglacial hydrology model at the end of winter is incorporated into an inversion of basal drag using a non-linear sliding law which is a function of water pressure. We demonstrate this procedure in the Russell Glacier Area, and compare the output of the linear sliding law with two non-linear sliding laws. Additionally, we compare the winter output of a recent subglacial hydrology model to radar observations, and find that the modelled state of the subglacial hydrology system at the end of winter is in line with summer rather than winter observations.
Principles of Inter-Societal Dynamics
Authors: Turner Jonathan H.
Published: August 2017

World-system dynamics are re-conceptualized as inter-societal systems with some de-emphasis on the notions of core, periphery, and semi-periphery.  This tri-part division has been useful in forcing sociology to rethink macro-level sociological analysis and in establishing the importance of considering inter-societal systems as a fundamental unit of human social organization, but this Weberian-like ideal type is constraining theoretical analysis. Moreover, core, periphery, and semi-periphery are not consistently found across a broad range of inter-societal systems, beginning with those among hunting and gathering societies and moving to the current capitalist inter-societal system. Furthermore, the often-implied view that the current geo-economic global system has replaced geo-political systems is overdrawn because geo-economics and geo-politics constantly intersect and interact in all inter-societal systems. Some illustrative general models are drawn for geo-political systems, while abstract principles for geo-political and geo-economic inter-societal relations are articulated.  The goal of the paper, then, is to move current world-system analysis back, in a sense, to earlier conceptualizations of geo-economics and geo-politics and empire formations that have always existed among human populations and that now drive the dynamics of the globe today. In this analysis, the seminal work of Christopher Chase-Dunn is referenced as a source of inspiration for this small, but important, shift in analysis and modes of theorizing.
IN SEARCH OF THE THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS-MIND-ENCEPHALON-BODY-ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM: WHAT THE PHYSICS HAS TO SAY ABOUT THE BASIC CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD?
Authors: Almada Leonardo Ferreira
Published: August 2017

O presente texto é o primeiro de uma sequência destinada à consecução de um projeto que proponho empreender ao longo de duas partes interconectadas, posto que independentes. A partir do propósito que elegi para desenvolver sua primeira parte, qual seja, demarcar os pilares sobre os quais me alicerço para subsidiar o tratamento que ofereço aos múltiplos problemas suscitados pelas relações de interação e de integração entre consciência, mente, encéfalo, corpo e ambiente, busco, neste primeiro texto desta primeira parte, delinear o que se sabe da constituição física do mundo à luz das melhores teorias disponíveis da física, especialmente do modelo padrão de física das partículas. Ao longo do texto, busco demonstrar que, a despeito de suas limitações e lacunas, o modelo padrão é suficiente para meus propósitos iniciais, ainda que a força gravitacional só possa ser incorporada por meio de revisões e ampliações deste modelo. O desenvolvimento dos argumentos deste texto abre espaço para o meu próximo passo, a saber, sustentar que as teses básicas do emergentismo (monismo físico, determinação sincrônica e propriedades sistêmicas e emergentes) oferecem o melhor material disponível para a investigação do ‘espaço’ ocupado pela consciência no mundo natural para além das limitações do fisicalismo redutivo.
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as Prognostic Indicator for Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer
Authors: Gao Guo-Dong , Sun Bo , Wang Xian-Bin , Wang Shi-Meng
Published: August 2017

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with overall survival (OS) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients.

Method

Records of patients with diagnosed ESCC were reviewed. Leukocyte counts and patients' characteristics were extracted from their clinical records to calculate NLR. Correlation between NLR and baseline characteristics with overall survival (OS) was then analyzed using Cox regression. The patients were then separated into higher and lower NLR groups according to median NLR. OS was further compared between the 2 groups.

Results

A total of 1281 patients were included in the study. Cox regression analysis showed a significant correlation of NLR with OS of ESCC patients. The median pretreatment NLR was identified as 2.86. Higher NLR was associated with worse prognosis in terms of OS.

Conclusions

Pretreatment NLR is independently associated with OS of ESCC patients. Therefore, NLR may be used as a predictive indicator for pretreatment evaluation and adjustment of treatment regimen.
Unsung heroes and multiple practices
Authors: Skjølsvold Tomas Moe
Published: August 2017

This is the editorial introduction for NJSTS vol 5, no. 1