bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification of auditory signals from a combine harvester based on Mel-frequency Cepstral coefficients and machine learning.
Authors:   Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6 Canada., Thomas Gabriel , Simundsson Avery ,   Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6 Canada, Mann Danny ,   Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6 Canada, Balocco Simone ,   Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, Gran Via 585, Barcelona, Spain
Published: November 2022

As agricultural machinery moves into the digital era, significant developments in available technology will likely make autonomous farm vehicles more feasible, affordable, and desirable. One of the challenges of effective autonomous vehicle control specific to agriculture is the ability of the vehicle to interpret and adapt to constantly changing conditions. Auditory information is a primary indicator of changing conditions to an in-cab operator, particularly in situations such as detecting mechanical overload in a combine. This paper explores the potential for auditory information to be used in autonomous vehicle control. The sound was recorded at a sampling rate of 48 kHz near the straw chopper of a combine for three different operating modes during the same harvest day. Samples from each clip were segmented and analyzed to extract 31 audio features. Six different feature selection methods ranked the importance of each of the 31 features to identify the features that lead to accurate classification with a minimal number of calculations. These six rankings were assessed by Fagin’s algorithm to yield two features (both mel-frequency cepstral coefficients). Twenty-five distinct machine learning classification methods were evaluated using these two features. Three of these classification methods reached 100% accuracy, and 9 classifiers exceeded an individual success rate of more than 99% using those same features. These feature extraction and classification steps took less than 1 s, assuring that such a classification system could be implemented in real-time.
Comparison of iCOR and Rayleigh atmospheric correction methods on Sentinel-3 OLCI images for a shallow eutrophic reservoir
Authors: Katsoulis-Dimitriou Stefanos , Lefkaditis Marios , Barmpagiannakos Sotirios , Kormas Konstantinos A. , Kyparissis Aris
Published: November 2022

Remote sensing of inland waters is challenging, but also important, due to the need to monitor the ever-increasing harmful algal blooms (HABs), which have serious effects on water quality. The Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) of the Sentinel-3 satellites program is capable of providing images for the monitoring of such waters. Atmospheric correction is a necessary process in order to retrieve the desired surface-leaving radiance signal and several atmospheric correction methods have been developed through the years. However, many of these correction methods require programming language skills, or function as commercial software plugins, limiting their possibility of use by end users. Accordingly, in this study, the free SNAP software provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) was used to evaluate the possible differences between a partial atmospheric correction method accounting for Rayleigh scattering and a full atmospheric correction method (iCOR), applied on Sentinel-3 OLCI images of a shallow, highly eutrophic water reservoir. For the complete evaluation of the two methods, in addition to the comparison of the band reflectance values, chlorophyll (CHL) and cyanobacteria (CI) indices were also calculated and their values were intercompared. The results showed, that although the absolute values between the two correction methods did not coincide, there was a very good correlation between the two methods for both bands’ reflectance (r > 0.73) and the CHL and CI indices values (r > 0.95). Therefore, since iCOR correction image processing time is 25 times longer than Rayleigh correction, it is proposed that the Rayleigh partial correction method may be alternatively used for seasonal water monitoring, especially in cases of long time-series, enhancing time and resources use efficiency. Further comparisons of the two methods in other inland water bodies and evaluation with in situ chlorophyll and cyanobacteria measurements will enhance the applicability of the methodology.
Meat Quality of Noiler Chicken as Influenced by Dietary Natural Antioxidants Supplementations
Authors: Akinwumi A. O. , Oshodi O. A. , Atanda R. A. , Ogunsola O. M. , Ayoola S. J. , Ajani R. A. , Odeleye B. D.
Published: November 2022

Some food spices and herbs with antioxidant properties have been identified as phyto-additives, of which roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), black pepper (Piper nigrum L), and green tea (Camellia sinesis) are important. This study aimed to assess the effect of natural antioxidants and its inclusion levels on performance and meat quality of Noiler chickens. A total of 270 one-day-old noiler chickens were distributed into nine groups, with 3 replicates of 10 birds per replicate. They were fed with basal diet (control 0 g/kg), basal diet + roselle, black pepper, green tea and combine (roselle + black pepper + green tea) at 0.5 g/kg and 1.0g /kg respectively. At the end of twelve (12) weeks, nine birds per treatments were sacrificed, scalded manually and dissected; blood samples were collected for heamatology and serum parameters. Data were also collected on carcass characteristics, primal cuts, internal organ, physical properties, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and organoleptic properties. Data generated were subjected to Analysis of variance using the General Linear Model for factorial within a completely randomized design. The natural antioxidants significantly (p<0.05) influence the carcass characteristics, primal cut and internal organs of the birds. Birds fed green tea had significantly (P<0.05) low cooking loss when compared with treatment groups. There was no significance difference (P>0.05) in WBC, RBC, Hb and Haematocrit of the experimental birds. The serum parameters were also not significantly influenced (P<0.05). The CHO of the birds fed control, roselle and black pepper were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to birds in other treatments. The birds fed diets with green tea and roselle had significantly (P<0.05) low HDL and birds fed black pepper had reduced level of LDL and MDA when compared to other treatments. Chicken meat from roselle and combine fed chickens has the most accepted flavour with inclusion level at 1.0g/kg compare to other dietary treatment. Meat from all the dietary treatment was generally accepted by the taste panellist. It therefore, means that natural antioxidants most importantly black pepper inclusion in noiler chicken’s feed improved the carcass characteristics and had no deleterious effect and should be included in their feed at 1.0g/kg.
Death and End-of-Life Care in Emergency Departments in the US
Authors: Elmer Jonathan , Mikati Nancy , Arnold Robert M. , Wallace David J. , Callaway Clifton W.
Published: November 2022

Importance

There are more than 140 million annual visits to emergency departments (EDs) in the US. The role of EDs in providing care at or near the end of life is not well characterized.

Objective

To determine the frequency of death in the ED or within 1 month of an ED visit in an all-age, all-payer national database.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The retrospective cohort study used patient-level data from the nationally representative Optum clinical electronic health record data set for 2010 to 2020. Data were analyzed from January to March 2022.

Exposures

Age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and year of ED encounter.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was death in the ED, overall and stratified by age, CCI, or year. A key secondary outcome was death within 1 month of an ED encounter. We extrapolated to make national estimates using US Census and Nationwide Emergency Department Sample data.

Results

Among a total of 104 113 518 individual patients with 96 239 939 ED encounters, 205 372 ED deaths were identified in Optum, for whom median (IQR) age was 72 (53 to >80) years, 114 582 (55.8%) were male, and 152 672 (74.3%) were White. ED death affected 0.20% of overall patients and accounted for 0.21% of ED encounters. An additional 603 273 patients died within 1 month of an ED encounter. Extrapolated nationally, ED deaths accounted for 11.3% of total deaths from 2010 to 2019, and 33.2% of all decedents nationally visited the ED within 1 month of their death. The proportion of total national deaths occurring in the ED decreased by 0.27% annually (P for trend = .003) but the proportion who died within 1 month of an ED visit increased by 1.2% annually (P for trend < .001). Compared with all ED encounters, patients with visits resulting in death were older, more likely to be White, male, and not Hispanic, and had higher CCI. Among ED encounters for patients aged older than 80 years, nearly 1 in 12 died within 1 month.

Conclusions and Relevance

This retrospective cohort study found deaths during or shortly after ED care were common, especially among patients who are older and with chronic comorbidities. EDs must identify patients for whom end-of-life care is necessary or preferred and be equipped to deliver this care excellently.
mitoSomatic: a tool for accurate identification of mitochondrial DNA somatic mutations without paired controls
Authors: Guo Wenjie , Liu Yang , Su Liping , Guo Shanshan , Xie Fanfan , Ji Xiaoying , Zhou Kaixiang , Guo Xu , Gu Xiwen , Xing Jinliang
Published: November 2022

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) somatic mutations play important roles in the initiation and progression of cancer. Although next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of paired tumor and control samples has become a common practice to identify tumor‐specific mtDNA mutations, the unique nature of mtDNA and NGS‐associated sequencing bias could cause false‐positive/‐negative somatic mutation calling. Additionally, there are clinical scenarios where matched control tissues are unavailable for comparison. Therefore, a novel approach for accurately identifying somatic mtDNA variants is greatly needed, particularly in the absence of matched controls. In this study, the ground truth mtDNA variants orthogonally validated by triple‐paired tumor, adjacent nontumor, and blood samples were used to develop mitoSomatic, a random forest‐based machine learning tool. We demonstrated that mitoSomatic achieved area under the curve (AUC) values over 0.99 for identifying somatic mtDNA variants without paired control in three tumor types. In addition, mitoSomatic was also applicable in nontumor tissues such as adjacent nontumor and blood samples, suggesting the flexibility of mitoSomatic's classification capability. Furthermore, analysis of triple‐paired samples identified a small group of variants with uncertain somatic/germline origin, whereas application of mitoSomatic significantly facilitated the prediction of their possible source. Finally, a control‐free evaluation of the public pan‐cancer NGS dataset with mitoSomatic revealed a substantial number of variants that were probably misclassified by conventional tumor‐control comparison, further emphasizing the usefulness of mitoSomatic in application. Taken together, our study demonstrates that mitoSomatic is valuable for accurately identifying somatic mtDNA variants in mtDNA NGS data without paired controls, applicable for both tumor and nontumor tissues.
Information loss, contextual information, and distinctiveness influence how well novice analysts discriminate fingerprints
Authors: Marcon Zabecki Jessica , Quigley‐McBride Adele , Meissner Christian A.
Published: November 2022

Across two experimental studies, we investigated the role of information loss, contextual information, and distinctive features of fingerprints on novice's ability to judge whether two fingerprints came from the same source. Distinctive fingerprints resulted in more accurate decisions. Information loss diminished performance on the comparison task, likely due to the loss of distinctive features. When people received contextual information from a fingerprint matching software (Automated Fingerprint Identification System or AFIS) suggesting that the two fingerprints were from the same source, they were less accurate and more biased to render a “same source” decision. These findings suggest that analysts should evaluate the characteristics of a fingerprint prior to engaging in a comparison task, and that fingerprints lacking information, particularly distinctive characteristics, should be more cautiously evaluated.
Biomimicking Leaf‐Vein Engraved Soft and Elastic Membrane Promotes Vascular Reconstruction
Authors: Fang Jinghan , Liu Huaqian , Qiao Wei , Xu Tianpeng , Yang Yuhe , Xie Huizhi , Lam Chun‐Hei , Yeung Kelvin W. K. , Zhao Xin
Published: November 2022

Hierarchical vasculature reconstruction is fundamental for tissue regeneration. The regeneration of functional vascular network requires a proper directional guidance, especially in case of large‐size defects. To provide the “running track” for vasculature, a leaf‐vein mimetic membrane using soft and elastic poly(lactide‐co‐propylene glycol‐co‐lactide) dimethacrylate is developed. Engraved with an interconnected and perfusable leaf‐vein micropattern, the membrane can guide human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to form vasculature in vitro. In particular, the “running track” upregulates the angiogenesis‐related gene expression and promotes the HUVECs to differentiate into tip cells and stalk cells via tuning vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signaling transduction. As a proof of concept, its revascularization capability using a rat calvarial defect model in vivo is evaluated. The in vivo results demonstrate that the leaf‐vein engraved membrane accelerates the formation and maturation of vasculature, leading to a hierarchical blood vessel network. With the superior pro‐vasculature property, it is believed that the leaf‐vein engraved membrane is not only an ideal candidate for the reconstruction of calvarial vasculature but also a promising solution for more complicated vasculature reconstruction, such as muscle, skin, and heart.
Size Effect on X‐ray Scintillation Performance for Perovskite Nanocrystals Revealed by Mathematical Model
Authors: Zhu Weiguo , Gao Ruikun , Li Ruizi , Wang Haoyang , Zhang Hongjian , Chen Qiushui , Zhu Jixin , Liu Xiaowang
Published: November 2022

Nanoscintillators (nanocrystals with X‐ray scintillation performance) lay a fundamental for their practical application in high‐resolution and low‐dose medical examination due to their excellent photoelectric properties. The optical properties and scintillation performance of nanocrystals (NCs) can be significantly affected by adjusting their size. However, the mechanism of the size effect of NCs on optical properties and X‐ray scintillation performance has not been revealed. Here, a mathematical model and experimental results are combined to demonstrate the impact of the size of NCs on their scintillation performance. The results show that the surface area and volume of NCs exhibit a positive and negative impact on the change rate of the bandgap, respectively. This model further verifies that the photoluminescence quantum yield of NCs decreases with the decrease of their size, and their light yield is remarkably affected by the size of NCs. Overall, this work provides some enlightenment for researchers to design NCs with the appropriate size for their applications in high‐performance X‐ray scintillation.
Phase‐Transition‐Triggered Optical Switching for Multistage Information Encryption/Decryption
Authors: Xu Mengda , Qiu Xiaxin , Liang Shumin , Huang Wei , Zhang Lidong
Published: November 2022

It remains challenging to enable the optical switching for safety‐improved information encryption/decryption on a gel platform. Herein, a water swelling‐induced optical‐switching strategy is reported that can achieve multistage information encryption/decryption on an organohydrogel surface. Cationic moieties of methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MPTAC) and hydrophobic fluorophores of (2‐(4‐vinylphenyl) ethene‐1,1,2‐triyl) tribenzene (TPE) are copolymerized into hydrophilic polyacrylamide network. The cationic moieties are capable of increasing the water swelling ability of the network, and the fluorophores endow the network with weak blue fluorescence. Upon low swelling with water (swelling ratio in weight < 50), hydrophobic fluorophores of TPE aggregate to enhance the fluorescence under ultraviolet light. This process is accompanied with the phase transition of organohydrogel into a non‐transparent state. After being saturated with water, the fluorescence disappears and the organohydrogel returns to the transparent state. Such water swelling‐induced optical switching can be used for multistage information encryption/decryption with improved safety. Various information patterns are created on the surface of organohydrogel by laser cutting to demonstrate the complex information encryption/decryption processes. This strategy not only provides a meaningful inspiration for information encryption/decryption but also enables an optical‐switching platform for potential anti‐counterfeiting and displaying.
Engineering Energy‐Responsive Magnetic Nanomaterials to Improve the Efficacy of Dendritic Cell‐Based Immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Chen , Yan Bin , Wen Nana , Li Wenqi , Wang Jing , Li Hugang , Wang Siyao , Shi Kejian , Liu Xiaoli
Published: November 2022

Effective diagnosis and treatment of cancer is still a great challenge to modern medicine. The advent of immunotherapy is revolutionizing the field of cancer research while drug toxicity and low responsive rates have become the most serious concerns in current treatment regimes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the strongest antigen‐presenting immune cells and play an important role in the initiation and regulation of the immune response. They can engulf a variety of foreign substances, including cell lysates and nucleic acids, and present antigens to activate the immune system. Some nanomaterials in vitro activation systems for DCs provide new ideas for immune‐related therapies for tumors. Among these, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gradually become a major focus of basic scientific research and clinical treatment due to their advantages of good biocompatibility, low toxic side effects, and high ability to respond to external stimulus. The emergence of MNPs provides a novel, safe, and effective way to enhance the anti‐tumor immune response. In this review, the application of MNPs as platform materials combined with DC immunotherapy is discussed, with the intention of providing a reference for future disease immunotherapy.
Canola rotation effects on soil water and subsequent wheat in the Pacific Northwest USA
Authors: Schillinger William F. , Paulitz Timothy C. , Hansen Jeremy C.
Published: November 2022

Farmers in Mediterranean climate regions are increasingly growing canola (Brassica napus L.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐based systems to break soil‐borne pathogen disease cycles, control weeds, and enhance crop marketing opportunities. A 6‐year rainfed cropping systems experiment was conducted near Ritzville, Washington USA from 2015 to 2021. The objective was to compare performance of winter and spring canola, winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) (WT), and winter wheat (WW) and measure their effects on soil water dynamics and subsequent performance of spring wheat (SW). Overwinter soil water gain in canola stubble was significantly reduced compared to water gain in WT and WW stubble. The more winter precipitation, the greater the differences in soil water among treatments in early spring. There was a trend in all years for diminished overwinter soil water gain in canola stubble. Averaged over years, grain yield of SW was 1940, 2340, and 2210 kg/ha grown on canola, WT, and WW stubble, respectively (p = 0.045). Coefficients of determination from regression analysis conducted each year showed a high correlation between water content in the 180 cm profile in early spring and SW grain yield, except in one year of extreme drought. This paper provides a first report in a Mediterranean climate region of decline in wheat grain yield after canola versus after a cereal crops, primarily due to reduced overwinter soil water storage.
Evolution in the clinic: Maladaptive units and “minor anomalies”
Authors: Carey John C. , Opitz John M.
Published: November 2022

It is here argued that the application of the term “minor anomalies” is often imprecise and likely outdated. In the past, the designation was used indiscriminately to refer to a great variety of unrelated morphogenetic phenomena. Also, the term does not discriminate between mildqualitativedefects of development (mild malformations) andquantitativevariants of normal structure. The human face was formed by natural and sexual selection. Morphological and morphogenetic analyses have shown that the human face with its skin, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, glands, and lymphatics is a complex structure made up of progeny of ectoderm and mesoderm. Holoprosencephaly demonstrates graphically how these embryonic derivatives fit together sequentially. These derivatives are theadaptive unitsof the human organism, the result of stringent evolutionary forces uniting essential function to a minimum of structure. Before an “unusual” facial appearance is diagnosed as “abnormal”, phenotype analysis is required to determine if there is afamily resemblanceor if it is apleiotropicstructure. The facial structures of chimps and humans arehomologousby virtue of descent from a common ancestor (Darwin, 1859). Differences in the appearance of these species reflect adaptive divergence over some 6–7 million years of evolution while retaining over 98–99% genetic identity. Both species may develop Down syndrome, evidence of similarly retained developmental plasticity. It has occurred to us that Dobzhansky's axiom (“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”) applies not only to genetics, but to all of medicine.
Bifunctional Europium for Operando Catalyst Thermometry in an Exothermic Chemical Reaction
Authors: Terlingen Bas J. P. , Arens Tjom , van Swieten Thomas P. , Rabouw Freddy T. , Prins P. Tim , de Beer Michiel M. , Meijerink Andries , Ahr Mathieu P. , Hutter Eline M. , van Lare Coert E. J. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: November 2022

Often the reactor or the reaction medium temperature is reported in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, even though it could vary significantly from the reactive catalyst temperature. The influence of the catalyst temperature on the catalytic performance and vice versa is therefore not always accurately known. We here apply EuOCl as both solid catalyst and thermometer, allowing for operando temperature determination. The interplay between reaction conditions and the catalyst temperature dynamics is studied. A maximum temperature difference between the catalyst and oven of +16 °C was observed due to the exothermicity of the methane oxychlorination reaction. Heat dissipation by radiation appears dominating compared to convection in this set‐up, explaining the observed uniform catalyst bed temperature. Application of operando catalyst thermometry could provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of catalyst performances and allow for safer process operation in chemical industries.
Heterogeneous Electrospinning Nanofiber Membranes with pH‐regulated Ion Gating for Tunable Osmotic Power Harvesting
Authors: Ling Haoyang , Xin Weiwen , Qian Yongchao , He Xiaofeng , Yang Linsen , Chen Weipeng , Wu Yadong , Du Huaqing , Liu Yang , Kong Xiang‐Yu , Jiang Lei , Wen Liping
Published: November 2022

Biological ion channels existing in organisms are critical for many biological processes. Inspired by biological ion channels, the heterogeneous electrospinning nanofiber membranes (HENM) with functional ion channels are constructed by electrospinning technology. The HENM successfully realizes ion‐gating effects, which can be used for tunable energy conversions. Introduction of pyridine and carboxylic acid groups into the HENM plays an important role in generating unique and stable ion transport behaviors, in which gates become alternative states of open and close, responding to symmetric/asymmetric pH stimulations. Then we used the HENM to convert osmotic energy into electric energy which reach a maximum value up to 12.34 W m−2 and the output power density of HENM‐based system could be regulated by ion‐gating effects. The properties of the HENM provide widespread potentials in application of smart nanofluidic devices, energy conversion, and water treatment.
In Situ Enzyme Immobilization by Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Sicard Clémence
Published: November 2022

Enzyme immobilization is a widely reported method to favor the applicability of enzymes by enhancing their stability and re‐usability. Among the various existing solid supports and immobilization strategies, the in situ encapsulation of enzymes within crystalline porous matrices is a powerful tool to design biohybrids with a stable and protected catalytic activity. However, to date, only a few metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have been reported. Excitingly, for the first time, Y. Chen and co‐workers expanded the in situ bio‐encapsulation to a new class of crystalline porous materials, namely covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The enzyme@COF materials not only exhibited high enzyme loading with minimal leaching, high catalytic activity and selectivity, chemical and long‐term stability and recyclability but could also be scaled up to a few grams. Undoubtedly, this work opens new striking opportunities for enzymatic immobilization and will stimulate new research on COF‐based matrices.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Double Hydrosilylation of Arylacetylenes
Authors: Cheng Zhaoyang , Li Minghua , Zhang Xu‐Yang , Sun Yue , Yu Qing‐Lei , Zhang Xing‐Hong , Lu Zhan
Published: November 2022

Double hydrosilylation of alkynes represents a straightforward method to synthesize bis(silane)s, yet it is challenging if α‐substituted vinylsilanes act as the intermediates. Here, a cobalt‐catalyzed regiodivergent double hydrosilylation of arylacetylenes is reported for the first time involving this challenge, accessing both vicinal and geminal bis(silane)s with exclusive regioselectivity. Various novel bis(silane)s containing Si−H bonds can be easily obtained. The gram‐scale reactions could be performed smoothly. Preliminarily mechanistic studies demonstrated that the reactions were initiated by cobalt‐catalyzed α‐hydrosilylation of alkynes, followed by cobalt‐catalyzed β‐hydrosilylation of the α‐vinylsilanes to deliver vicinal bis(silane)s, or hydride‐catalyzed α‐hydrosilylation to give geminal ones. Notably, these bis(silane)s can be used for the synthesis of high‐refractive‐index polymers (nd up to 1.83), demonstrating great potential utility in optical materials.
Multilayered Ceramic Membrane with Ion Conducting Thin Layer Induced by Interface Reaction for Stable Hydrogen Production
Authors: He Guanghu , Lan Qianqian , Liu Mengke , Wu Guixuan , Dunin‐Borkowski Rafal E. , Jiang Heqing
Published: November 2022

Conventional methods for fabricating multilayered ceramic membranes with ion conducting dense thin layers are often cumbersome, costly, and limited by poor adhesion between layers. Inspired by the architectural structure of the rooted grasses in soil, here, we report an interface‐reaction‐induced reassembly approach for the direct fabrication of Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ (CGO) thin layers rooted in the parent multilayered ceramic membranes by only one firing step. The CGO dense layers are very thin, and adhered strongly to the parent support layer, ensuring low ionic transport resistance and structural integrity of the multilayered membranes. When using as an oxygen permeable membrane for upgrading fossil‐fuel‐derived hydrogen, it shows very long durability in harsh conditions containing H2O, CH4, H2, CO2 and H2S. Furthermore, our approach is highly scalable and applicable to a wide variety of ion conducting thin layers, including Y0.08Zr0.92O2−δ, Ce0.9Sm0.1O2−δ and Ce0.9Pr0.1O2−δ.
Imine Directed Cp*RhIII‐Catalyzed N−H Functionalization and Annulation with Amino Amides, Aldehydes, and Diazo Compounds
Authors: Zoll Adam J. , Molas Jenna C. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: November 2022

A multicomponent annulation that proceeds by imine directed Cp*RhIII‐catalyzed N−H functionalization is disclosed. The transformation affords piperazinones displaying a range of functionality and is the first example of transition metal‐catalyzed multicomponent N−H functionalization. A broad range of readily available α‐amino amides, including those derived from glycine, α‐substituted, and α,α‐disubstituted amino acids, were effective inputs and enabled the incorporation of a variety of amino acid side chains with minimal racemization. Branched and unbranched alkyl aldehydes and various stabilized diazo compounds were also efficient reactants. The piperazinone products were further modified through efficient transformations. Mechanistic studies, including X‐ray crystallographic characterization of a catalytically competent five‐membered rhodacycle with imine and amide nitrogen chelation, provide support for the proposed mechanism.
Fluorine‐Directed Automated Mannoside Assembly
Authors: Teschers Charlotte S. , Gilmour Ryan
Published: November 2022

Automated glycan assembly (AGA) on solid support has become invaluable in reconciling the biological importance of complex carbohydrates with the persistent challenges associated with reproducible synthesis. Whilst AGA platforms have transformed the construction of many natural sugars, validation in the construction of well‐defined (site‐selectively modified) glycomimetics is in its infancy. Motivated by the importance of fluorination in drug discovery, the biomedical prominence of 2‐fluoro sugars and the remarkable selectivities observed in fluorine‐directed glycosylation, fluorine‐directed automated glycan assembly (FDAGA) is disclosed. This strategy leverages the fluorine atom for stereocontrolled glycosylation on solid support, thereby eliminating the reliance on O‐based directing groups. The logical design of C2‐fluorinated mannose building blocks, and their application in the fully (α‐)stereocontrolled automated assembly of linear and branched fluorinated oligomannosides, is disclosed. This operationally simple strategy can be integrated into existing AGA and post‐AGA protocols to augment the scope of programmed carbohydrate synthesis.
Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on shape‐memory properties of side‐chain crystalline hydrogel via micellar copolymerization
Authors: Chen Xi , Wang Shuaiyin , Yu Bowen , Li Jihui , Liu Lingzhi , Lu Ying , Xu Wenyuan , Liu Yongxin
Published: November 2022

A chemical shape‐memory hydrogel containing crystalline structure is prepared via micellar copolymerization of hydrophilic monomer acrylamide (AM) and hydrophobic monomer octadecyl acrylate (C18) in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The influence of SDS on the shape‐memory behavior of hydrogel investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Temperature‐dependent X‐ray indicate that the melting and crystallization peaks derived from the thermal properties of C18 units is different from peaks corresponding to the pure SDS. In addition, the microstructure evolution information of hydrogels dose not change upon heating process, regardless of the presence or absence of SDS. Therefore, only the hydrophobic associations formed by C18 blocks play a decisive role in the shape memory function of hydrogel system. The difference between the transition process (from temporary shape to permanent shape) of hydrogel with and without SDS at different temperature is because that the hydrophobic region of side chain crystallization of SDS‐free hydrogel may escape the restriction of SDS and become more sensitive to temperature, they can preferentially return to their initial shape under the same time and temperature than SDS‐containing gels. Whether SDS exists only affect the speed of shape memory behavior, but not the microstructure evolution of hydrogel system.
Endosymbiotic ratchet accelerates divergence after organelle origin
Authors: Bhattacharya Debashish , Etten Julia Van , Benites L. Felipe , Stephens Timothy G.
Published: November 2022

We hypothesize that as one of the most consequential events in evolution, primary endosymbiosis accelerates lineage divergence, a process we refer to as the endosymbiotic ratchet. Our proposal is supported by recent work on the photosynthetic amoeba, Paulinella, that underwent primary plastid endosymbiosis about 124 Mya. This amoeba model allows us to explore the early impacts of photosynthetic organelle (plastid) origin on the host lineage. The current data point to a central role for effective population size (Ne) in accelerating divergence post‐endosymbiosis due to limits to dispersal and reproductive isolation that reduce Ne, leading to local adaptation. We posit that isolated populations exploit different strategies and behaviors and assort themselves in non‐overlapping niches to minimize competition during the early, rapid evolutionary phase of organelle integration. The endosymbiotic ratchet provides a general framework for interpreting post‐endosymbiosis lineage evolution that is driven by disruptive selection and demographic and population shifts. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/gYXrFM6Zz6Q
LC–MS/MS determination of HY072808, a novel candidate for treating atopic dermatitis, and its active metabolite: Application to a first‐in‐human pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wu Jingying , Zheng Liang , Zhang Qian , Zhang Qin , Qin Huiling , Zhou Renpeng , Chu Zhaoxing , He Guangwei , Wang Ling , Hu Wei
Published: November 2022

HY072808 is a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor currently under clinical development to treat atopic dermatitis. The first step is to address the pharmacokinetics and safety after topical administration of HY072808 ointments in healthy humans. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to determine plasma HY072808 and its active metabolite, ZZ24, in tiny amounts. The plasma samples were prepared using a simple liquid–liquid extraction method. Liquid chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution. The MS/MS quantification was performed in positive ion mode via multiple reaction monitoring. The method showed satisfactory linearity from 10 to 4,000 pg/ml for HY072808 and ZZ24. There was no significant interference from blank plasma. The method was validated for accuracy and precision, matrix effect and extraction recovery, dilution integrity, injection carryover and stability according to the related guidelines of the regulatory authorities. The HY072808 and ZZ24 concentrations in human plasma from a clinical trial were determined using this method. In conclusion, the validated method was robust and could be utilized to support the clinical development of HY072808.
A Novel Coenzyme A Analogue in the Anaerobic, Sulfate‐Reducing, Marine Bacterium Desulfobacula toluolica Tol2T
Authors: Bruns Stefan , Cakić Nevenka , Mitschke Nico , Kopke Bernd Johann , Rabus Ralf , Wilkes Heinz
Published: November 2022

Coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters are formed during anabolic and catabolic reactions in every organism. Degradation pathways of growth‐supporting substrates in bacteria can be predicted by differential proteogenomic studies. Direct detection of proposed metabolites such as CoA thioesters by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry can confirm the reaction sequence and demonstrate the activity of these degradation pathways. In the metabolomes of the anaerobic sulfate‐reducing bacterium Desulfobacula toluolica Tol2T grown with different substrates various CoA thioesters, derived from amino acid, fatty acid or alcohol metabolism, have been detected. Additionally, the cell extracts of this bacterium revealed a number of CoA analogues with molecular masses increased by 1 dalton. By comparing the chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of synthetic reference standards with those of compounds detected in cell extracts of D. toluolica Tol2T and by performing co‐injection experiments, these analogues were identified as inosino‐CoAs. These CoA thioesters contain inosine instead of adenosine as the nucleoside. To the best of our knowledge, this finding represents the first detection of naturally occurring inosino‐CoA analogues.
Multifocal periapical cemental dysplasia in periodontal Ehlers–Danlos syndrome combined with leukoencephalopathy in the mutation of c.890G > a, G297D [pEDS]
Authors: Nilius Manfred , Nilius Minou Helene , Müller Charlotte , Lauer Guenter , Berit Koch , Marcus Kohlhaas
Published: November 2022

Periodontal Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (pEDS) is a rare disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in complement 1 subunit genes C1R and C1S. To date, 148 cases have been described in the literature.We describe a case of a suspected de novo‐mutation of pEDS with generalized Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD) and cerebral leukoencephalopathy.
OMIP‐086: Full spectrum flow cytometry for high‐dimensional immunophenotyping of mouse innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Mincham Kyle T. , Snelgrove Robert J.
Published: November 2022

This 25‐parameter, 22‐color full spectrum flow cytometry panel was designed and optimized for the comprehensive enumeration and functional characterization of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets in mouse tissues. The panel presented here allows the discrimination of ILC progenitors (ILCP), ILC1, ILC2, NCR+ ILC3, NCR− ILC3, CCR6+ lymphoid tissue‐inducer (LTi)‐like ILC3 and mature natural killer (NK) cell populations. Further characterization of ILC and NK cell functional profiles in response to stimulation is provided by the inclusion of subset‐specific cytokine markers, and proliferation markers. Development and optimization of this panel was performed on freshly isolated cells from adult BALB/c lungs and small intestine lamina propria, and ex vivo stimulation with phorbol 12‐myrisate 13‐acetate, ionomycin, and pro‐ILC activating cytokines.
Chemical composition and trophic status of urban lakes of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Murmansk)
Authors: Postevaya Marina , Dauvalter Vladimir , Slukovskii Zakhar , Kudryavtseva Lyubov
Published: November 2022

The chemical composition and seasonal dynamics of the water in Murmansk urban lakes (Murmansk region, Russia) under the anthropogenic load of varying intensity was analysed. The studies were conducted in the period from 2018 to 2020. The chemical composition of the water in the studied lakes differed significantly from that of the lakes located in the background territories of the region. High values of pH and mineralization, increased concentrations of major ions and elevated content of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were recorded in the surface waters. The nutrient concentrations were subject to noticeable seasonal fluctuations, mainly due to their consumption by phytoplankton, as well as to the changes in the ratios of surface and underground runoff. Lake Ledovoe (the central part of Murmansk) was the most polluted among the studied lakes, and Lake Bolshoe (used for drinking supply of the city) was the least polluted. Assessing the trophic status of the Murmansk lakes showed that the studied lakes are mostly mesotrophic, except for Lake Bolshoe (oligotrophic) and Lake Ledovoe (hypertrophic). In most of the lakes, phosphorus was the limiting factor for the growth and development of phytoplankton. The data obtained can be useful for understanding the fundamental processes of water composition transformation in the urbanized territories of the Arctic regions of the world and for making managerial (practical) decisions to create a comfortable urban environment in the North of Russia.
The “fruit and whole‐grain” pattern is associated with a low prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia among middle and older‐aged Korean adults: Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2018 data
Authors: Park SoHyun , Chung Sangwon , Kim Seong‐Ah , Shin Sangah
Published: November 2022

Hypertriglyceridemia is a well‐known risk factor of various chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine dietary patterns and explore the relationship between dietary patterns and hypertriglyceridemia in the Korean adult population. We utilized a cross‐sectional and nationally representative survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2018 database. From 47,217 subjects who participated in the survey between 2013 and 2018, only subjects over 40 years old were included. Subjects lacking 24‐h recall data and data on hypertriglyceridemia and body mass index, and who had implausible energy intake were excluded. A total of 19,806 participants' data were analyzed. Dietary data were based on 24‐h recall data, and dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Triglyceride levels greater than 200 mg/dl were considered hypertriglyceridemia, according to the Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis. Three dietary patterns— “oil and fats & seasoning”, “soybean paste and vegetable”, and “fruit and whole‐grain”— explained 7.9%, 6.3%, and 5.8% of variation in food intake, respectively. Comparing the lowest and highest dietary pattern score groups after adjusting for potential confounders revealed an inverse relationship between “fruit and whole‐grain” dietary pattern and hypertriglyceridemia in men (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.82, p for trend <.0001); which was only marginal in women (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.58–1.07, p for trend: .628). A diet containing high proportions of fruit and whole‐grain may have preventive effects on hypertriglyceridemia in middle and older aged Korean adults.
Provenance and sedimentation age of the Proterozoic clastic succession of the Garhwal‐Kumaon Lesser Himalaya, NW‐India: Clues from U–Pb zircon and Sr–Nd isotopes
Authors: Negi Manju , Saha Subhojit , Ghosh Sumit K. , Rai Santosh K.
Published: November 2022

The paper presents data on the U–Pb chronology of detrital zircon grains and radiogenic isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr, ɛNd) from the Proterozoic clastic successions of the Garhwal‐Kumaon Lesser Himalaya representing the extended northern Indian cratonic margin, NW India. The Proterozoic Lesser Himalayan Basin in Garhwal‐Kumaon Himalaya is divided into two sectors, namely, Inner Lesser Himalaya (ILH) and Outer Lesser Himalaya (OLH) by a tectonic boundary, namely the Tons Thrust (TT). Age distribution from inner and outer sectors of the Lesser Himalaya shows that the U–Pb chronology of most of these zircons provides Palaeoproterozoic (between 1.6 and 1.8 Ga) to Neoproterozoic (800 Ma) ages. The age data suggest sedimentation of the Rautgara Formation (Damtha Group) of ILH continued till the Neoproterozoic (~850 Ma), which was earlier regarded as ≤1.6 Ga. Tracking the detrital U–Pb zircon ages in the near adjacent cratonic parts point towards Aravalli Orogen as the major source region. Whole‐rock ƐNd(0) values for ILH rocks range from −37.6 to −14.6 and for OLH it ranges from −19.6 to −6.7. More negative ƐNd values along with dominance of Neoarchean‐Palaeoproterozoic ages in ILH indicates supply from more evolved protolith or recycled sources and less negative ƐNd values with major Neoproterozic zircon ages from OLH supports for less evolved source rock. The change from more negative ƐNd to less negative ƐNd values progressively upward the stratigraphy can be due to a shift in source with time. Both U–Pb zircon and ƐNd supports for a continuous sedimentation model, rule out the presence of ~500 Ma unconformity within the LH and argues for separate evolution of the Lesser Himalayan Basin on the trailing edge of the extended north Indian craton in “Columbia” configuration.
Guide to in‐field assessment of the painful equine eye
Authors: de Oliveira Chez , Dixon Sam
Published: November 2022

Background: Using simple equipment and a systematic approach, it is possible to perform a thorough ocular equine examination in the field. Good‐quality images and videos can be obtained on most smartphones and can prove invaluable both for monitoring the progress of ocular disease, or when seeking referral or advice from an ophthalmologist. Even in cases where referral is not an option, a significant amount can be achieved in the field by the first‐opinion practitioner.

Aim of the article: This article sets out a logical and systematic approach to the ocular examination, and outlines how to interpret the examination findings in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and instigate an initial treatment plan.
Genetic tools to dissect functions of long noncoding RNAs
Authors: Nawrocka Anna , Andric Vedrana , Shkumatava Alena
Published: November 2022

LncRNAs represent an abundant group of noncoding transcripts, some of which carry out important regulatory functions. To survey the biological and molecular roles of lncRNAs, reliable strategies for their genetic inactivation are required. Several lncRNA features make them challenging to target by genome editing. First, lncRNA loci often span large genomic distances. As such, full or partial deletion alleles are not always easy to generate and interpret as they might affect DNA regulatory elements. Second, in contrast to proteins, lncRNA transcripts are usually resistant to the minimally invasive approach of point substitutions. Third, lncRNA sequences exhibit rapid evolutionary turnover, impeding prediction and targeting of the specific functional sequence elements. Nonetheless, advances in genome editing and comparative genomics have expanded the repertoire of genetic strategies to dissect lncRNA functions in model organisms and cell lines. In this review, we discuss several approaches that have been used to generate lncRNA mutant alleles, focusing on vertebrate lncRNAs. We also briefly highlight comparative genomics approaches to identify conserved lncRNA sequence motifs, which represent attractive target sequences to abrogate lncRNA functions and to pinpoint functional contributions of these elements.
Characterizing single extracellular vesicles by droplet barcode sequencing for protein analysis
Authors: Banijamali Mahsan , Höjer Pontus , Nagy Abel , Hååg Petra , Gomero Elizabeth Paz , Stiller Christiane , Kaminskyy Vitaliy O. , Ekman Simon , Lewensohn Rolf , Karlström Amelie Eriksson , Viktorsson Kristina , Ahmadian Afshin
Published: November 2022

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have in recent years evolved as a source of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic follow up. sEV samples derived from multicellular organisms exhibit a high heterogeneous repertoire of vesicles which current methods based on ensemble measurements cannot capture. In this work we present droplet barcode sequencing for protein analysis (DBS‐Pro) to profile surface proteins on individual sEVs, facilitating identification of sEV‐subtypes within and between samples. The method allows for analysis of multiple proteins through use of DNA barcoded affinity reagents and sequencing as readout. High throughput single vesicle profiling is enabled through compartmentalization of individual sEVs in emulsion droplets followed by droplet barcoding through PCR. In this proof‐of‐concept study we demonstrate that DBS‐Pro allows for analysis of single sEVs, with a mixing rate below 2%. A total of over 120,000 individual sEVs obtained from a NSCLC cell line and from malignant pleural effusion (MPE) fluid of NSCLC patients have been analyzed based on their surface proteins. We also show that the method enables single vesicle surface protein profiling and by extension characterization of sEV‐subtypes, which is essential to identify the cellular origin of vesicles in heterogenous samples.