bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stirring‐Free Scalable Electrosynthesis Enabled by Alternating Current
Authors: Bortnikov Evgeniy O. , Smith Barbara S. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Semenov Sergey N.
Published: January 2023

Alternating current (AC) electrolysis is receiving increased interest as a versatile tool for mild and selective electrochemical transformations. This work demonstrates that AC can enable the concept of a stirring‐free electrochemical reactor where the periodic switch of electrode polarity, inherent to AC, provides uniform electrolysis across the whole volume of the reactor. Such design implies a straightforward approach for scaling up electrosynthesis. This was demonstrated on the range of electrochemical transformations performed in three different RVC‐packed reactors on up to a 50‐mmol scale. Redox‐neutral, oxidative, and reductive processes were successfully implemented using the suggested design and the applicable frequency ranges were further investigated for different types of reactions. The advantages of the AC‐enabled design – such as the absence of stirring and a maximized surface area of the electrodes – provide the possibility for its universal application both for small‐scale screening experimentation and large‐scale preparative electrosynthesis without significant optimization needed in between.
Synthesis of Homo‐Metallic Heavier Analogues of Cyclobutene and the Cyclobutadiene Dianion**
Authors: Zheng Xiongfei , Crumpton Agamemnon E. , Protchenko Andrey V. , Ellwanger Mathias A. , Heilmann Andreas , Aldridge Simon
Published: January 2023

The reduction of the boryl‐substituted SnII bromide {(HCDippN)2B}Sn(IPrMe)Br with 1.5 equivalents of potassium graphite leads to the generation of the cyclic tetratin tetraboryl system K2[Sn4{B(NDippCH)2}4], a homo‐metallic heavier analogue of the cyclobutadiene dianion. This system is non‐aromatic as determined by Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift Calculations (NICS(0)=−0.28, NICS(1)=−3.17), with the primary contributing resonance structures shown by Natural Resonance Theory (NRT) to involve a Sn=Sn double bond and 1,2‐localized negative charges. Abstraction of the K+ cations or oxidation leads to contraction or cleavage of the Sn4 unit, respectively, while protonation generates the neutral dihydride 1,2‐Sn4{B(NDippCH)2}4H2 (a heavier homologue of cyclobutene) in a manner consistent with the predicted charge distribution in the [Sn4{B(NDippCH)2}4]2− dianion.
Ferromagnetic Exchange Coupling in Ni(II) Complexes with a Coordinated Boron‐Oxamido Radical: A Result of Spin State Transition
Authors: Tang Shuxuan , Ruan Huapeng , Dong Xue , Zhao Yue , Wang Xinping
Published: January 2023

Comprehensive Summary

A Ni(II) coordination complex 1 with a novel boron‐oxamido radical ligand was synthesized and isolated. Reactions of 1 with N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐pyridinamine (DMAP) and 4,4’‐bpy resulted in 2 and 3, respectively, accompanied by the spin state transition from S = 1/2 to S = 3/2. Both 2 and 3 were isolated as stable crystals and characterized to feature an S = 3/2 spin state, with the S = 1 Ni(II) atoms ferromagnetically coupled with the ligand‐centred radicals, by SQUID measurement and EPR spectroscopy. Complex 3 represents the first example of one‐dimensional magnetic chain constructed by S = 3/2 Ni(II)‐radical units.
Neurodegeneration in a novel invertebrate model system: Failed microtubule‐mediated cell adhesion and unraveling of macroglia
Authors: Fabian‐Fine Ruth , Aiken Anna M. , Aug Julia R. , Boucher Jason D. , Butler Danielle C. , Clancy Liam J. , Clem Shaun A. , Crotty Samantha C. , Dalpe Abigail M. , Donzello‐Jewett Elizabeth J. , Galgay Taylor M. , Gillis Bonnie K. , Heinrich Brigid W. , Hines Kai R. , Kimmel Jordan E. , McGrath Joseph M. , Miles Marissa M. , Morey Jordyn A. , Ortiz Isaiah A. , Pham Kevin Q. , Quinn Liam C. , Radican Colin J. , Speidel Nolan T. , Thomas Bailey J. , Troisi Angela R. , Weiss Joshua L. , Wentzheimer Kayne V. , Weaver Adam L.
Published: January 2023

Neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of death in the United States, leading to irreversible disintegration of neurons. Despite intense international research efforts, cellular mechanisms that initiate neurodegeneration remain elusive, thus inhibiting the development of effective preventative and early onset medical treatment. To identify underlying cellular mechanisms that initiate neuron degeneration, it is critical to identify histological and cellular hallmarks that can be linked to underlying biochemical processes. Due to the poor tissue preservation of degenerating mammalian brain tissue, our knowledge regarding histopathological hallmarks of early to late degenerative stages is only fragmentary. Here, we introduce a novel model organism to study histological hallmarks of neurodegeneration, the spider Cupiennius salei. We utilized toluidine blue‐stained 0.9‐μm serial semithin and 50‐nm ultrathin sections of young and old spider nervous tissue. Our findings suggest that the initial stages of neurodegeneration in spiders may be triggered by (1) dissociation of neuron‐ and glia‐derived microtubules, and (2) the weakening of microtubule‐associated desmosomal junctions that lead to the unraveling of neuron‐insulating macroglia, compromising the structural integrity of affected neurons. The involvement of macroglia in the disposal of neuronal debris described here—although different in the proposed transport mechanisms—shows resemblance to the mammalian glymphatic system. We propose that this model system is highly suitable to investigate invertebrate neurodegenerative processes from early onset to scar formation and that this knowledge may be useful for the study of neurodegeneration in mammalian tissue.
Accessing the Primary Solid–Electrolyte Interphase on Lithium Metal: A Method for Low‐Concentration Compound Analysis
Authors: von Holtum Bastian , Kubot Maximilian , Peschel Christoph , Rodehorst Uta , Winter Martin , Nowak Sascha , Wiemers‐Meyer Simon
Published: January 2023

Despite large research efforts in the fields of lithium ion and lithium metal batteries, there are still unanswered questions. One of them is the formation of the solid−electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium‐metal‐anode‐based battery systems. Until now, a compound profile analysis of the SEI on lithium metal was challenging as the amounts of many compounds after simple contact of lithium metal and the electrolyte were too low for detection with analytical methods. This study presents a novel approach on unravelling the SEI compound profile through accumulation in the gas, liquid electrolyte, and solid phase. The method uses the intrinsic behavior of lithium metal to spontaneously react with the liquid electrolyte. In combination with complementary, state‐of‐the‐art analytical instrumentation and methods, this approach provides qualitative and quantitative results on all three phases revealing the vast variety of compounds formed in carbonate‐based electrolytes.
A comprehensive review of machine learning‐based methods in landslide susceptibility mapping
Authors: Liu Songlin , Wang Luqi , Zhang Wengang , He Yuwei , Pijush Samui
Published: January 2023

Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) has been widely used as an important reference for development and construction planning to mitigate the potential social‐eco impact caused by landslides. Originally, most of those maps were generated by the judgements of experts, which is time‐consuming and laborious, and whose accuracy is difficult to be quantified because of the subjective effects. With the development of machine learning algorithms and the methods of data collection, big data and artificial intelligence have now been popularized in this field, significantly improving mapping accuracy and efficiency. Various machine learning‐based methods, mainly including conventional machine learning, deep learning, and transfer learning have been applied and compared in LSM in different areas by previous researchers. Nevertheless, none of them can be effective in all cases. Although deep learning‐based methods were proven more accurate than conventional machine learning‐based methods in most data‐rich situations, the latter is sometimes more popularly used in LSM, as there is not that much data in this field to train a deep learning network perfectly. In a more rigorous situation when there is very limited data, transfer learning‐based approaches are applied by several researchers, which have contributed to improve the workability and the accuracy of LSM in data‐limited areas. Such technical explosion has promoted the application of landslide susceptibility maps, thus contributing to mitigating the social‐eco impact associated with landslides. This paper comprehensively reviews the whole process of generating landslide susceptibility maps based on machine learning methods, introduces and compares the commonly used machine learning methods, and discusses the topics for future research.
The influence of LPL S447X variants and obesity on lipid profile, oxidative stress, and the risk of T2DM: A case‐control study
Authors: Ahmed Gulshan Omar , Rahimi Zohreh , Kohsari Maryam , Shakiba Ebrahim
Published: January 2023

Aims

The present study aimed to investigate the association between lipoprotein lipase (LPL) S447X polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, lipid profile, and oxidative stress parameters in a population from the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

Method

We studied 250 adults (51% female and 49% male) aged 45–65 years in four groups, obese and normal body mass index (BMI) diabetic patients versus healthy normal BMI and obese individuals as controls. Lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed by colorimetric assay. The LPL S447X genotypes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results

We found that the obese diabetic group had higher levels of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and lower level of high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol than other groups. Obese diabetic patients had higher anthropometric indices than nonobese diabetic patients, obese and normal BMI controls. The levels of TG and total oxidative status (TOS) were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in normal BMI controls than in obese controls. Obese diabetic patients had a lower level of total antioxidant capacity than nondiabetic obese controls. The level of TOS was lower in nondiabetic controls compared to the patient groups. Obese diabetic patients had the highest TOS and malondialdehyde levels. The LPL SX genotype was associated with decreased the risk of T2DM by 79% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05–0.81, p = 0.03). Also, the presence of this genotype reduced the risk of obesity by 39% (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.07–4.90, p = 0.6). In all individuals, the presence of the SX genotype was associated with significantly lower levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS) and TOS.

Conclusion

We report the influence of obesity on lipid profile in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals and the effect of LPL SX genotype on decreased risk of T2DM and reduced levels of FBS and TOS.
Therapy with pembrolizumab in treatment‐naïve patients with nonmetastatic, mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer
Authors: Eefsen Rikke Løvendahl , Larsen Jim S. , Klarskov Louise L. , Altaf Rahim , Høgdall Estrid , Ingeholm Peter , Lykke Jakob , Nielsen Dorte L. , Pfeiffer Per , Poulsen Laurids Ø. , Qvortrup Camilla , Schou Jakob V. , Mau‐Sørensen Morten , Østerlind Kell , Jensen Benny V.
Published: January 2023

Therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is effective in patients with metastatic mismatch‐repair deficient (dMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC); however, data on treatment with neoadjuvant ICI in patients with locally advanced CRC are limited. From March 2019 to June 2020, five Danish oncological centers treated 10 patients with a treatment‐naïve dMMR CRC with preoperative pembrolizumab, 9 with a nonmetastatic, unresectable colon cancer and 1 with a locally advanced rectum cancer. All 10 patients were evaluated regularly at a multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting, and they all had a radical resection after a median of 8 cycles (range 2‐13) of pembrolizumab. A microscopic evaluation of the resected tumors revealed no remaining tumor cells in five patients, while five still had tumor cells present. The patients were given no additional therapy. No recurrences were reported after a median follow‐up of 26 months (range 23‐38.5 months). Biopsies from Danish patients with CRC are routinely screened for dMMR proteins. In 2017, data from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group showed that 19% (565/3000) of the patients with colon cancer and 1.5% (19/1279) of those with rectum cancer had an dMMR tumor. Among the patients with MMR determination, 26% (99/384) patients had a T4 dMMR colon cancer; thus, the 10 patients treated with neoadjuvant pembrolizumab comprised about 9% of the patients with a T4 dMMR colon cancer (9/99) and 5% of patients with dMMR rectal cancer (1/19). Therapy with pembrolizumab was feasible and effective. Larger prospective trials are needed to confirm our findings.
Convergence of public expenditures and revenues in EU28 during 2002–2019: Evidence from club‐clustering analysis before and after the European debt crisis
Authors: Anastasiou Athanasios , Apergis Nicholas , Zervoyianni Athina
Published: January 2023

This paper explores the convergence of public expenditures and revenues in the EU28 by applying the panel cluster convergence methodology to updated quarterly data for the period 2002–2019. In order to explore whether the recent debt crisis in EU has affected the harmonisation path, the paper, for the first time, considers both the whole period 2002–2019 and two equally‐sized sub‐periods, that is, 2002–2009 and 2012–2019, which correspond to pre‐and post‐debt‐crisis years. The issue is important for the debate on fiscal harmonisation in Europe, given that the EU's debt crisis has generated many asymmetries across the member states, whilst the design of effective public policies remains a key tool for achieving higher economic growth. Overall, our results provide evidence of divergence, especially for public expenditures since the European debt crisis, which suggests that in the future further efforts towards a stronger harmonisation path will be required by policymakers in EU member states.
Derivatization of graphene oxide nanosheets with tunable nitric oxide release for antibacterial biomaterials
Authors: Garren Mark , Ashcraft Morgan , Crowley Dagney , Brisbois Elizabeth J. , Handa Hitesh
Published: January 2023

Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are a promising class of carbon‐based materials suitable for application in the construction of medical devices. These materials have inherent antimicrobial properties based on sheet size, but these effects must be carefully traded off to maintain biocompatibility. Chemical modification of functional groups to the lattice structure of GO nanosheets enables unique opportunities to introduce new surface properties to bolster biological effects. Herein, we have developed nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing GO nanosheets via immobilization of S‐nitrosothiol (RSNO) moieties to GO nanosheets (GO‐[NH]x‐SNO). These novel RSNO‐based GO nanosheets were characterized for chemical functionality via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and colorimetric assays for functional group quantification. Stoichiometric control of the available RSNO groups functionalized onto the nanosheets was studied using chemiluminescence‐based NO detection methods, showing highly tunable NO release kinetics. Studies of electrical stimulation and subsequent electrochemical reduction of the nanosheets demonstrated further tunability of the NO release based on stimuli. Finally, nanosheets were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects, showing strong cytocompatibility with human fibroblasts in parallel to broad antibacterial and anti‐biofilm effects against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains. In summary, derivatized GO‐(NH)x‐SNO nanosheets were shown to have tunable NO release properties, enabling application‐specific tailoring for diverse biomedical applications such as antimicrobial coatings and composite fillers for stents, sensors, and other medical devices.
Nursing opinions on collaborating with residents in new and legacy OB/GYN programs
Authors: Swan Kimberly , Dziadkowiec Oliwier , Durbin Jeffery S. , Mosher Kelly , Wang Gloria Zhujun , Choi Ye Ji , Thrasher Susan M.
Published: January 2023

Collaboration among physicians and nurses is vital and has shown to lead to better patient care and improve outcomes. Our study surveyed two groups of Labor and Delivery nurses in two regionally similar community hospitals in midwestern United States: one group from a new Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) residency program (n = 49) and another from an established (legacy) OB/GYN residency program (n = 49). The survey asked nurses from the hospital with new and legacy residency program about preparedness for working with residents, perceptions of nurse‐resident‐patient relationships, collaboration and opinions about how resident physicians impact patient safety. Most nurses from the legacy residency program showed positive perceptions of collaboration with the residency and institutional support. In the new OB/GYN residency program, nurses were generally neutral and showed skepticism about collaboration with OB/GYN resident physicians and institutional support. Nurses from both hospitals felt similarly in their comfort escalating issues to administration and in their satisfaction with interprofessional collaboration within Labor and Delivery units. Providing nurses with opportunities to learn about the role of new medical residents in their patient care setting as well as intentional collaboration between nursing and residency program administration might result in more effective collaboration between physician residents and nursing staff.
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as Imaging Biomarker for Identifying IDH Mutation, 1p19q Codeletion, and MGMT Promoter Methylation Status in Patients With Glioma
Authors: Ma Xiaoxiao , Cheng Kun , Cheng Gang , Li Chenxi , Lyu Jinhao , Lan Yina , Duan Caohui , Bian Xiangbing , Zhang Jianning , Lou Xin
Published: January 2023

Background

Glioma genotypes are of importance for clinical decision‐making. This data can only be acquired through histopathological analysis based on resection or biopsy. Consequently, there is a need for alternative biomarkers that noninvasively provide reliable information for preoperatively identifying molecular characteristics.

Purpose

To investigate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as imaging biomarker for preoperatively identifying glioma genotypes based on the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects

One hundred and fifty‐nine patients (47.6 ± 14.4 years) diagnosed with WHO grade 2–4 glioma including 93 males and 66 females.

Field Strength/Sequence

A 3 T/spin echo echo planner imaging.

Assessment

The ADC measurements were assessed by two neuroradiologists (both with 6 years of experience). Three different lowest portions inside the tumors without overlap were manually drawn on the ADC maps as regions of interest (ROIs). The mean ADC value of the three ROIs was defined as the minimum ADC value (ADCmin). An ROI was placed in the contralateral normal appearing white matter (NAWM) to obtain the ADC value (ADCNAWM). The ADCmin to ADCNAWM ratio (ADCratio) was calculated. Genetics results were retrospectively recorded from pathologic and genetic test reports.

Statistical Tests

Two‐sample independent t‐tests, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient analysis were used. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐mutated glioma showed higher ADCmin and ADCratio than IDH wild‐type glioma. Among IDH‐mutated glioma, higher ADCmin and ADCratio were found in 1p19q intact glioma than in 1p19q codeletion glioma. ADC parameters enabled differentiation of IDH mutation status with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 and 0.86.

Data Conclusion

ADC has potential discriminative value for IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion status.

Evidence Level

3.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2.
Modeling and numerical analysis of volume array radiation pattern impact on2D‐DOAestimation accuracy considering arrays' aperture angle
Authors: Sharifi Mehdi , Rezaei Pejman
Published: January 2023

This paper tries to obtain the maximum estimation accuracy of 2‐dimensional Direction of Arrival (2D‐DOA) from the spatial signal resource in the angle approaching the horizon by using the volume arrays pattern synthesizing. For this purpose, the well‐known Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) and the algorithm Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) are used to investigate 2D‐DOA estimation accuracy. For accurate design of array structure, the antenna elements' radiation pattern have been considered based on the full‐wave simulations along with the mutual coupling and shadow effects. The results show that the volume array structure presented with 13 radiative elements and the two side angles of 30 and 45 degrees has a much better DOA estimation accuracy in all angles especially in angles close to the horizon, compared to the planar array with the same number of radiative elements. Also, at the angle ±90° from broadside the presented volume aperture provides a maximum gain of up to 15.4 dBi, which is much more than the produced gain of planar aperture under the same conditions.
An updated systematic review of esthetic grading tools in postmastectomy breast reconstruction
Authors: Stern Carrie , Kim Leslie N. , Plotsker Ethan , Boyce Lindsay , Dayan Joseph , Nelson Jonas A.
Published: January 2023

Background and Objectives

We ascertained whether a validated esthetic grading tool for breast reconstruction had been developed and widely adopted since the last published systematic review on the topic from 2015.

Methods

We performed a systematic review identifying all studies using a grading tool to assess breast reconstruction, using search terms associated with all types of breast surgery and outcomes research. Articles were assessed for patient number, validated scale use, assessor type and training, assessor blinding, assessment method, scoring system type, type and timing of reconstruction, and usage of corroborating scales.

Results

Of 2809 articles screened, 148 met the criteria. Only 3 used a validated tool, the Esthetic Items Scale. Most used study‐only tools (n = 111) or unvalidated tools (n = 28). The most used unvalidated tool was the Garbay/Lowery 5‐subscale rubric. Unanchored Likert scales were the most common subjective tool; two‐dimensional images were the most used medium. Surgeons, patients, and nurses were the most common assessors. Twenty percent of studies used corroborating scales.

Conclusions

In the absence of a validated esthetic grading tool for breast reconstruction, researchers continue to rely on unvalidated scales. The only validated scale available is used infrequently and only validated among physicians. A validated, reliable, simple grading tool with clinical and scholastic relevance is needed.
Facet joint degeneration—An initial procedure of the cervical spine degeneration
Authors: Shang Qiliang , Wang Dong , Wang Di , Peng Pandi , Wang Han , Jia Haoruo , Mao Jianxin , Gao Chu , Du Mu , He Xin , Ma Yachao , Zheng Chao , Yang Liu , Luo Zhuojing , Hu Xueyu
Published: January 2023

Objective

This study aims to emphasize the initiating role of facet joint (FJ) degeneration in the process of cervical spine degeneration induced by tangential load, and we further validate it in a novel cervical spine degeneration animal model.

Methods

The characteristics of cervical degeneration in patients of different ages were summarized through case collection. In the rat models, Hematoxylin–Eosin, Safranin O staining, and micro‐computed tomography were used to show the histopathological changes and bone fiber structure of FJ and the height of intervertebral disc (IVD) space. The ingrowth of nociceptive sensory nerve fibers was observed by immunofluorescence staining.

Results

FJ degeneration without IVDs degeneration was more common in people with cervical spondylosis in young patients. The obvious degeneration phenotypes of the FJs preceded the IVDs at the same cervical segment in our animal model. The SP+and CGRP+sensory nerve fibers were observed in the articular subchondral bone of degenerated FJs and porous endplates of degenerated IVDs.

Conclusion

The FJ degeneration may act as the major contributor to cervical spine degeneration in young people. The dysfunction of functional unit of spine, not a certain part of IVD tissue, results in the occurrence of cervical degeneration and neck pain.
U.S. mothers’ appraisals of the race‐related events of 2020: Implications for the course of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Authors: Printz Pereira Destiny , Dominguez Perez Sophia , Milan Stephanie
Published: January 2023

For parents of color, publicized racial violence can heighten concerns about their children's safety. The goal of this study was to test whether this form of race‐related stress exacerbates maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over a 4‐month period in families of color. Participants included 262 U.S. mothers with a lifetime mental health diagnosis (67.6% non‐Hispanic White, 15.6% African‐American/Black, 16.8% other family of color). Mothers completed online surveys and open‐ended questions, including appraisals of the meaning of the 2020 race‐related events (i.e., George Floyd's death, subsequent protests) in relation to their children's future. Open‐ended responses were quantified using LIWC15 text analysis for emotion word frequency and thematic coding for perceived implications. In ANCOVA, there were significant racial group differences in appraisals, ds = 0.09–0.57. The responses from mothers of Black children included fewer positive and more negative emotion words than mothers of White children; they also included more perceived negative implications than all other mothers but did not vary on perceived positive implications. In regression analyses, there were significant moderating effects of race/ethnicity in the association between appraisals and PTSD symptom course such that negative appraisals predicted a subsequent increase in PTSD symptoms only for mothers of Black children, βs = .26–.37. Variations in event appraisals were unrelated to PTSD symptom course for other mothers. These findings provide longitudinal support for the link between vicarious racism exposure and PTSD symptoms and highlight one potential form of racism‐related stress for parents of Black children.
Successful acclimation of marine diatoms Chaetoceros curvisetus/pseudocurvisetus to climate change
Authors: Vrana Ivna , Gašparović Blaženka , Geček Sunčana , Godrijan Jelena , Novak Tihana , Kazazić Snježana P. , Mlakar Marina , Kužat Nataša , Pfannkuchen Martin , Pfannkuchen Daniela Marić
Published: January 2023

Two main parameters that structure the marine ecosystem by affecting species distribution, abundance, community structure, timing of major life cycle events, and trophic state of the ecosystem are temperature and nutrient availability. Faced with climate change, eukaryotic plankton cope at multiple levels through physiological accommodation, adaptive evolution, shift in time and/or space of habitat, and/or community responses. Thirty‐two years of our phytoplankton research indicate that Chaetoceros curvisetus/pseudocurvisetus adjust to climate change more successfully than the majority of the accompanying phytoplankton taxa in the mesotrophic part of the NW Adriatic Sea, the Mediterranean. While the abundance of the entire accompanying phytoplankton community has decreased significantly since 2003 (the period of the northern Adriatic warming and oligotrophication) compared to the previous period (1986–2003), the abundance of C. curvisetus/pseudocurvisetus remained unchanged, while its contribution to the community increased significantly. Accommodation strategies include a change in the timing of high abundance and blooms in the surface layer and successful blooming in the deeper layers during warm months. Apart from the observed in situ accommodation, physiological acclimation to warming may involve changes in photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and cell biochemistry. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments with C. pseudocurvisetus to investigate how warming affects its biochemical response through the fatty acid remodeling of phospholipid classes. Long‐term field observations and short‐term laboratory experiments suggest that marine diatoms C. curvisetus/pseudocurvisetus are potential global winners with the ability to acclimate/adapt to climate change.
LAGOS‐US RESERVOIR: A database classifying conterminous U.S. lakes 4 ha and larger as natural lakes or reservoir lakes
Authors: Rodriguez Lauren K. , Polus Sam M. , Matuszak Danielle I. , Domka Marcella R. , Hanly Patrick J. , Wang Qi , Soranno Patricia A. , Cheruvelil Kendra S.
Published: January 2023

The LAGOS‐US RESERVOIR data module classifies all 137,465 lakes ≥ 4 ha in the conterminous U.S. into three categories using a machine learning predictive model based on visual interpretation of lake outlines and a lake shape classification rule. Natural Lakes (NLs) are defined as naturally formed, lacking large, flow‐altering structures; Reservoir Class A's (RSVR_A) are defined as lakes likely human‐made or human‐altered by a large water control structure; and Reservoir Class B's (RSVR_Bs) are lakes likely human‐made but are not connected to streams and have a shape rare in NLs. We trained machine learning models on 12,162 manually classified lakes to predict assignment as an NL or RSVR, then further classified RSVRs based on NHD Fcodes, isolation, and angularity. Our classification indicates that > 46% of lakes ≥ 4 ha in the conterminous U.S. are reservoir lakes. These data can be easily combined with other LAGOS‐US modules and U.S. national databases for the broad‐scale study of reservoir lakes and NLs.
Characterization of Electrospun Polysuccinimide‐Dopamine Conjugates and Effect on Cell Viability and Uptake
Authors: Tóth Krisztina , S. Nagy Krisztina , Güler Zeliha , Juhász Ákos György , Pállinger Éva , Varga Gábor , Sarac A. Sezai , Zrínyi Miklós , Jedlovszky‐Hajdú Angéla , Juriga Dávid
Published: January 2023

Biocompatible nanofibrous systems made by electrospinning have been studied widely for pharmaceutical applications since they have a high specific surface and the capability to make the entrapped drug molecule amorphous, which increases bioavailability. By covalently conjugating drugs onto polymers, the degradation of the drug as well as the fast clearance from the circulation can be avoided. Although covalent polymer–drug conjugates have a lot of advantages, there is a lack of research focusing on their nano‐formulation by electrospinning. In this study, polysuccinimide (PSI) based electrospun fibrous meshes conjugated with dopamine (DA) are prepared. Fiber diameter, mechanical properties, dissolution kinetics and membrane permeability are thoroughly investigated, as these are crucial for drug delivery and implantation. Dopamine release kinetics prove the prolonged release that influenced the viability and morphology of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and SH‐SY5Y cells. The presence of dopamine receptors on both cell types is also demonstrated and the uptake of the conjugates is measured. According to flow cytometry analysis, the conjugates are internalized by both cell types, which is influenced by the chemical structure and physical properties. In conclusion, electrospinning of PSI‐DA conjugates alters release kinetics, meanwhile, conjugated dopamine can play a key role in cellular uptake.
Ring‐Opening Oligomerization Mechanism of a Vanillin‐Furfurylamine‐Based Benzoxazine and a Mono‐Azomethine Derivative
Authors: Zhen Menglei , Wang Chang , Zhang Yizhe , An Hualiang , Xiao Jinchong , Wang Shuxiang , Liu Yanfang
Published: January 2023

Exploring the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) mechanism of benzoxazines is a fundamental issue in benzoxazine chemistry. Though some research papers on the topic have been reported, the ROP mechanism of mono‐benzoxazines is still elusive. The key point for mechanistic studies is to determine and characterize the structure and formation pathways of the products generated in ROP. In this paper, the ROP of a vanillin‐furfurylamine‐based benzoxazine and a mono‐azomethine derivative is studied with differential scanning calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, respectively. The results show that the products consist of a range of cationic species, zwitterions, fragments, and series of cyclic and linear oligomers of varying molecular sizes. It is proposed that both mono‐benzoxazines undergo thermally activated cationic ring‐opening oligomerization via zwitterion intermediates. Upon thermal induction, multi‐bond‐cleavage takes place to form various zwitterionic intermediates, which react with a monomer, a fragment, or a second zwitterion by several pathways to generate cyclic and linear oligomers.
A simple mathematical model of cyclic hypoxia and its impact on hypofractionated radiotherapy
Authors: Taylor Edward
Published: January 2023

Purpose

There is evidence that the population of cells that experience fluctuating oxygen levels (“acute,” or, “cyclic” hypoxia) are more radioresistant than chronically hypoxic ones and hence, this population may determine radiotherapy (RT) response, in particular for hypofractionated RT, where reoxygenation may not be as prominent. A considerable effort has been devoted to examining the impact of hypoxia on hypofractionated RT; however, much less attention has been paid to cyclic hypoxia specifically and the role its kinetics may play in determining the efficacy of these treatments. Here, a simple mathematical model of cyclic hypoxia and fractionation effects was worked out to quantify this.

Methods

Cancer clonogen survival fraction was estimated using the linear quadratic model, modified to account for oxygen enhancement effects. An analytic approximation for oxygen transport away from a random network of capillaries with fluctuating oxygen levels was used to model inter‐fraction tissue oxygen kinetics. The resulting survival fraction formula was used to derive an expression for the iso‐survival biologically effective dose (BED), BEDiso-SF. These were computed for some common extra‐cranial hypofractionated RT regimens.

Results

Using relevant literature parameter values, inter‐fraction fluctuations in oxygenation were found to result in an added 1–2 logs of clonogen survival fraction in going from five fractions to one for the same nominal BED (i.e., excluding the effects of oxygen levels on radiosensitivity). BEDiso-SF's for most ultra‐hypofractionated (five or fewer fractions) regimens in a given tumor site are similar in magnitude, suggesting iso‐efficacy for common fractionation schedules.

Conclusions

Although significant, the loss of cell‐killing with increasing hypofractionation is not nearly as large as previous estimates based on the assumption of complete reoxygenation between fractions. Most ultra‐hypofractionated regimens currently in place offer sufficiently high doses to counter this loss of cell killing, although care should be taken in implementing single‐fraction regimens.
The optimal design of repetitive controllers based on inverse frequency response
Authors: Panomruttanarug Benjamas
Published: January 2023

This article presents a complete design of non‐causal finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) compensators for repetitive control. The concept of repetitive controllers involves imitating the inverse frequency response of the feedback control system by minimizing the amplitude of error propagation from one period to the next in the frequency domain. The FIR compensator design has already been presented in our previous work. However, it was not complete since some parameters, such as the number of causal gains and total number of gains were still left open for the designers to select. This work provides a reasonable suggestion on how to choose parameters based on the steepest descent method. In addition, an IIR compensator is further developed based on the designed FIR design. The gains of the IIR compensator are adjusted by aiming to minimize the cost function using the steepest descent. As can be observed from the results, the IIR compensator developed from the FIR compensator cannot overcome the original FIR compensator since its learning performance is relatively slow and the extra gains added to the denominator increase memory usage when executing.
The impact of age and obesity on outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 in Denmark: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Andersen Anton Lund , Gribsholt Sigrid Bjerge , Pedersen Lars , Thomsen Reimar Wernich , Benfield Thomas Lars , Søgaard Ole , Nielsen Stig Lønberg , Omland Lars Haukali , Lindegaard Birgitte , Richelsen Bjørn , Bodilsen Jacob , Bruun Jens Meldgaard
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Obesity may alter the severity of infection with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Age may impact the association between body weight and severity of COVID‐19 in patients with obesity. The aim of the study was to examine the association between obesity and severity of infection in a Danish cohort hospitalized with COVID‐19 in the initial wave of the pandemic.

Patients and methods

Based on data from the nationwide, clinical database: COVID‐DK, risks of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and mortality were compared among patients with and without obesity. Interaction with age was examined and we used Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting regression for confounder adjustment.

Results

Among 524 patients, 142 (27%) were admitted to the ICU, 112 (21%) required IMV, and 109 (21%) died. Compared to COVID‐19 patients without obesity, patients with obesity displayed a non‐significant increased risk of ICU admission (Relative Risk [RR] 1.19, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.88; 1.60), IMV (RR 1.23, CI 0.86; 1.75) and mortality (RR 1.21, CI 0.84; 1.75). COVID‐19 patients with obesity, <60 years had highly increased risk of ICU admission (RR 1.92, CI 1.14; 3.24) and IMV (RR 1.95, CI 1.09; 3.49).

Conclusions

In hospitalized COVID‐19 patients, obesity conferred an approximately 20% increased risk for ICU admission, IMV, and death, although these relationships did not reach statistical significance. COVID‐19 patients with obesity and <60 years had an almost doubled risk of ICU admission and IMV.
Influence of the enzymatic and the chemical oxidative polymerization of trifluoromethyl‐substituted aromatic diamine on thermal and photophysical properties
Authors: Söyüt Hakan , Kolcu Feyza , Kaya İsmet , Yaşar Alper Ömer
Published: January 2023

Semi‐conductive polymers have been used in a few area applications such as coatings, accumulators, solar cells, rechargeable batteries, ion sensors, photoreceptors, light‐emitting diodes and electrochromic instruments. Poly(4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene‐1,2‐diamine)s of Poly(TFMBDA)‐O and Poly(TFMBDA)‐E were synthesized via chemical oxidative and enzymatic polymerization methods, respectively, using 4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene‐1,2‐diamine (TFMBDA) as monomer. FT‐IR, UV–vis and 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR instruments were utilized in order to confirm the structures of all compounds. The Mw values of the polymers and their PDI values were found to be between 5000–7000 Da and 1.045–1.115, respectively, from GPC measurements. The glass temperature of phenazine‐type structure of Poly(TFMBDA)‐O was higher compared to that of Poly(TFMBDA)‐E, which was composed of phenyl units linked with –NH bridges. As soon as Poly(TFMBDA)‐O and Poly(TFMBDA)‐E were excited by UV light, they had a quantum efficiency of 6.3% and 13.7%, respectively, in DMF for violet photoluminescence (PL) emission depending on photoluminescence measurement. SEM images revealed that Poly(TFMBDA)‐O consisted of approximately 1–2 μm of uniform micro‐spheres and a granular surface with different pore diameters. The enzymatic oxidation with HRP afforded Poly(TFMBDA)‐E micro‐rods of about 5–10 μm‐long shape in their SEM images.
Programmable photonics for coherent transceivers
Authors: González Ana , Theodoras Jim
Published: January 2023

The implementation of coherent systems in communications involves the post‐processing of the optical transmitted signal after photodetection due to the need to mitigate transmission impairments. This processing is currently performed in the electrical domain using a digital signal processing device (DSP), which increases latency, and costs in the form of power consumption and additional equipment. The use of programmable photonics in coherent systems opens the door to correcting the main transmission impairments in real‐time inside the photonic chip, allowing adaptive processing through time fluctuations.
Laser technologies for micro and nanofluidics systems
Authors: Picot‐Clémente Jérémy
Published: January 2023

Among the various micro and nanofabrication technologies, ultrafast laser processing is a promising tool for the fabrication of micro/nanofluidics due to its flexibility, versatility, high fabrication resolution and three‐dimensional fabrication capability. In this article, we review the progress made to date by companies working with ultrafast laser processing for the fabrication of micro and nanofluidics systems.
Laser‐based glass micromachining for integrated photonics
Authors: Ferrini Rolando
Published: January 2023

In the last ten years, laser‐based glass micromachining has become a mature technology, which is now out of the R&D labs and is finally deployed in industry as a scalable micro‐manufacturing process to produce innovative optics and photonics devices. Micro‐optics, integrated photonics, optical communication, innovative displays, photonic and quantum computing are among the fields that are looking at this potentially ground‐breaking technology for the precision manufacturing of disruptive miniaturized devices.
Thin films polarize
Authors: Sattler René
Published: January 2023

Exceptional applications require exceptional solutions. With today's expertise and technical possibilities, complex layer designs can be built on thin‐film polarizers to provide functions and applications that were previously not considered for these optics – for example as ‘luminosity boosters’ in projectors or as ‘efficiency boosters’ when generating frequency‐doubled laser beams.
Apoplexy in pituitary metastasis revealing a lung carcinoma
Authors: Maamri Kais , Hadj Taieb Mohamed Amine , Ghorbel Mohamed , Trifa Amine , Elkahla Ghassen , Darmoul Mehdi
Published: January 2023

Pituitary metastasis (PM) is an uncommon manifestation of systemic malignant tumours. It is the least common site of intracranial metastases. As PM has no clinical or radiological pathognomonic features, their diagnosis is challenging. Herein, we present a rare case of a PM unveiling lung cancer. A 60‐year‐old male with no medical history of malignancy was admitted with a sudden headache, retro‐orbital pain, and a severe loss of both eyes' visual acuity. After proper investigations and endoscopic resection of the sellar mass, the diagnosis was confirmed to be pituitary metastasis of lung carcinoma. PM can be the initial presentation of an otherwise unknown malignancy. Their diagnosis and management are complex and depend on many factors. Endoscopic surgical resection provides histopathological proof, helps with symptomatic relief, and improves the quality of life but has no effect on survival.
Dual‐mode robust model predictive control for the tracking control of nonholonomic mobile robot
Authors: Meng Huan , Zhang Jinhui , Li Sihang
Published: January 2023

In this article, a novel dual‐mode robust model predictive control (MPC) approach is proposed for solving the tracking control problem of nonholonomic mobile robot with additive bounded disturbance. To reduce the negative effects of disturbance, and drive the state of real system closer to the one of nominal system, a robust reference signal is introduced into the cost function of MPC. In order to reduce the computation burden caused by online optimization of MPC and further improve the tracking accuracy, a dual‐mode control strucuture consisting of the robust MPC and the local nonlinear robust control is developed, in which the local nonlinear robust control law is applied within a specified terminal region. Finally, simulation results on the nonholonomic mobile robot are presented to show the validity of the proposed control approach.
Vulnerability assessment of urban drainage network using relevance‐based centrality metrics
Authors: Simone Antonietta
Published: January 2023

The analysis of urban drainage networks (UDNs) is one of the most important topics in the study of water systems. The interest in strategies aimed at analyzing the impacts of sewer pipes failure on the urban drainage system operation is growing, and the need of developing methodologies aimed at vulnerability assessment and system management is increasingly important. To this purpose, the present work shows and discusses the use of complex network theory. In particular, the recently developed relevance‐based centrality metrics have been used to classify UDNs and to identify the most critical pipes. First, the relevance‐based degree is applied to the direct graph of the drainage network to classify the systems. Afterward, the relevance‐based edge betweenness is used for ranking the importance, that is, the criticality with respect to fluxes, for the pipes. The relevance‐based metrics assign importance to the network elements (pipes and nodes), considering both the intrinsic relevance of nodes and the network connectivity structure. Results provide useful information to support pipe maintenance programs to be prepared for malfunctioning events by means of a criticality analysis in advance.The relevance‐based metrics are presented by using the direct graph of a simple example network, and they are then applied both to a benchmark and a real urban drainage system to show the effectiveness even for real systems.
Research on Torque Ripple Optimization of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Based on Modular Poles
Authors: Chen Qiping , Xu Zhihui , Hu Yiming , Ding Junling , Xie Yinfei
Published: January 2023

Abstract in order to study the torque ripple of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle, the method of modular poles instead of single pole is adopted to reduce the torque ripple. The modular poles consist of three kinds of permanent magnets with different remanence and are arranged in a sinusoidal distribution. The pole arc length and position of each magnetic pole are calculated according to the cutting area of sinusoidal air gap flux density wave. By changing the cutting area of sinusoidal air gap flux density wave, the optimal pole arc coefficient of each permanent magnet was determined, and the magnet pole combination with the smallest torque ripple value is obtained. The results show that the sine degree of back electromotive force is improved obviously, the cogging torque is decreased greatly, and the motor with modular poles has obvious effect on torque ripple suppression. The torque of the motor with different kinds of magnetic pole combination is more stable than that of the motor with the same kind of magnetic pole combination. In this paper, the method of using modular poles instead of single pole to reduce torque ripple is of positive significance, which provides a reference for the subsequent performance optimization of electric vehicle motor. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.