bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fracture in long bones stabilised by telescopic intramedullary rods in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Cho T.-J. , Kim J.-B. , Lee J. W. , Lee K. , Park M. S. , Yoo W. J. , Chung C. Y. , Choi I. H.
Published: April 2011

We investigated the fracture-free survival of long bones stabilised by a telescopic intramedullary rod (TIMR) in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta with respect to the remodelling status of fracture or osteotomy sites and TIMR regions, in order to identify risk factors for fracture. A total of 44 femora and 28 tibiae in 25 patients with a mean age of 5.0 years (1.9 to 10.5) at presentation were studied. There were six patients with Sillence type I, five with type III, 13 with type IV and one with type V osteogenesis imperfecta. All received bisphosphonate treatment at the same stage during the mean follow-up of 7.3 years (0.5 to 18.1). The fracture-free survival was estimated at 6.2 years (95% confidence interval 5.1 to 7.3) by Kaplan-Meier analysis. More than half the fracture or osteotomy sites remained in a less-remodelled state at the latest follow-up or time of fracture. Of the 33 fractures, 29 (87.9%) occurred in long bones containing a less-remodelled site, and these fractures were located at this site. The relative fracture risk at the rod tip was significantly greater than in any other TIMR region (p < 0.001), and this was higher in bone segments having a less-remodelled site.

This study shows a persistent fracture risk in TIMR-stabilised long bones, especially at less-remodelled fracture or osteotomy sites and at the rod tip.
Bessere Infrastrukturen für die geistes- und sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung. Der Wissenschaftsrat zieht Bilanz und fordert mehr Aufbauarbeit
Authors: Hohoff Ulrich
Published: April 2011

Der Beitrag diskutiert ein umfangreiches Gutachten des Wissenschaftsrates von 2011, das vorschlägt, für die geistes- und sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung in Deutschland neue Infrastrukturen aufzubauen. Es beschreibt vier Typen von Forschungsinfrastrukturen als Teil des Wissenschaftssystems, darunter die wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken als Teil von Informationsinfrastrukturen. Dabei gelten Bibliotheken als Grundversorgung der Forschung. Beim Aufbau der neuen Strukturen sollen die wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften Verantwortung übernehmen. Eine einheitliche Förderstrategie soll die Vielzahl der Förderprogramme ablösen. Für die Bibliotheksarbeit empfiehlt der Wissenschaftsrat, durch ein neues nationales Förderprogramm den Zugang zu Forschungsprimärdaten, zu digitalen Beständen und zu Digitalisaten von urheberrechtsfreien Drucken rasch voranzutreiben.
Bringing Endangered Species to the Classroom
Authors: Waller Pat
Published: April 2011

Is the topic of endangered species an add-on or enrichment content for your delivery of curriculum? As every teacher knows, it is easier to engage students if there is an interest. With the news reporting of climate change and its impact on living things, conservation of endangered species has become a familiar topic that can easily fit into many topics within the biology curriculum. This article provides background information, suggested curriculum approaches, and a list of resources to enhance your biology instruction. Examples from high school and college educators provide tested approaches to use in your classroom.
The oligomeric state of thyroid receptor regulates hormone binding kinetics
Authors: Cunha Lima Suzana T , Rodrigues Edson D
Published: April 2011

We previously reported that mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) surface that mediates dimer and heterodimer formation do not alter affinity for cognate hormone (triiodothyronine (T3)) yet dramatically enhance T3 association and dissociation rates. This study aimed to show that TR oligomeric state influences binding and dissociation kinetics. We performed binding assays using marked hormone (125I-T3) and TRs expressed and purified by different methods. We find that T3 associates with TRs with biphasic kinetics in solution; a rapid step (half-life ±0.1 h) followed by a slower second step (half-life ±5 h) and that purification of monomers suggests that biphasic kinetics are due to the presence of monomers and dimers in our preparations. In support of this idea, incubation of TR ligand binding domain monomers with corepressor peptide induces dimer formation and decreases association rates and T3 binds to, and dissociates from, a TRβ mutant that only forms dimers (TRβD355R) with slow single-phase kinetics. In addition, heterodimer formation with retinoid X receptors also influences ligand binding kinetics. Together, these results suggest that the dimer/heterodimer surface is allosterically coupled to the hormone binding pocket and that different interactions at this surface exert different effects on ligand binding that may be relevant for TR actions in the cell.
Simulation of Vacancy Cluster Formation and Binding Energies in Single Crystal Germanium
Authors: Spiewak Piotr , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof Jan , Vanhellemont Jan , Wabinski Piotr , Mlynarczyk Krzysztof , Romandic Igor
Published: April 2011

Results are presented of the simulation of the properties of vacancy clusters in single crystal germanium. Classical molecular dynamics calculations based on a Stillinger and Weber potential were used in a theoretical investigation of different growth patterns of vacancy clusters Vi. The formation and binding energies of vacancy clusters have been studied in the range 1 ≤ i ≤ 35. The energetically favourable growth mode and an estimate of the effective surface energy was determined for a vacancy clusters containing up to 35 vacancies
Eluding Metal Contamination in CMOS Front-End Fabrication by Nanocrystal Formation Process
Authors: Liu Zengtao , Lee Chungho , Pei Gen , Narayanan Venkat , Kan Edwin C.
Published: April 2011

A technique to form metal nanocrystals on silicon or thin SiO2 film by Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) of thin metal film is developed and integrated into standard CMOS processing to make EEPROM devices and improve metal-semiconductor contact resistance. I-V and C-V measurements are carried out on MOSFETs and MOS capacitors containing Au, Ag, Pt, and Si nanocrystals as floating gate for universal mobility and minority carrier lifetime extraction. Mobility around 300 cm2/V-sec and minority carrier lifetime within 0.02 ∼ 0.1 μsec are observed for all cases including the control samples that do not go through the metal nanocrystal formation process, which suggests that the substrate is virtually free from metal contamination. Using this technique, thicker metal film can potentially be achieved as well by stitching thin metal layers on top of the nanocrystals.
Poética da desaparição: os filmes de Jia Zhangke
Authors: Xudong Zhang
Published: April 2011

Os filmes de Jia Zhangke oferecem retratos das transformações sociais e econômicas ocorridas na China, do ponto de vista das ruas e à margem dos grandes centros. O artigo explora os temas do desaparecimento, demolição e deslocamento na obra do diretor chinês.
Prevalência de fissuras orais no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, entre 2000 e 2005
Authors: Figueirêdo Cristina Jordão R. , Vasconcelos Willyanne Kathia S. , Maciel Shirley Suely S. V. , Maciel Wamberto Vieira , Gondim Líbia Augusta M. , Tassitano Rafael Miranda
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos das fissuras orais em crianças nascidas entre 2000 e 2005 no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com dados obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde. Descreveu-se a faixa etária da mãe, o tipo de fissura, o tipo de parto, o peso ao nascer, o sexo, a etnia da criança e as regionais de saúde. RESULTADOS: Nesse período, o número de nascidos vivos no Estado foi de 318.667, dos quais 155 possuíam algum tipo de fissura de lábio e/ou palato, representando uma prevalência de 0,49 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos. Ao se avaliar a prevalência nas oito regionais de saúde, Grande Natal (0,51), João Câmara (0,81) e Santa Cruz (0,67) ficaram um pouco acima da média do Estado. Entretanto, existiram municípios com valores discrepantes dessa frequência, como o de Maxaranguape, com uma prevalência de 3,52 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos e Serra do Mel, com 2,52 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos. O tipo mais frequente foi fenda labial com envolvimento palatino, e o sexo masculino foi o mais atingido. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência das fissuras orofaciais foi baixa para o Estado. Destaca-se que alguns municípios merecem atenção devido à alta prevalência da malformação, havendo necessidade de estudos para compreender os potenciais riscos teratogênicos aos quais a mulher grávida pode estar exposta e que propiciam anomalias congênitas, tais como as fissuras labiopalatais.
História de vida de adolescentes autistas: contribuições para a Fonoaudiologia e a Pediatria
Authors: Bagarollo Maria Fernanda , Panhoca Ivone
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVO: Analisar os processos dialógicos de seis adolescentes autistas, durante terapia fonoaudiológica a respeito de suas histórias de vida, buscando subsídios para o pediatra e o fonoaudiólogo trabalharem com a família, a fim de impulsionar o desenvolvimento desses sujeitos. MÉTODOS: A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir da vídeogravação de duas sessões fonoaudiológicas com seis sujeitos diagnosticados como transtorno global do desenvolvimento, sendo três com transtorno autista e três com Asperger. As gravações foram transcritas e os dados, separados em eixos temáticos. As análises foram respaldadas na perspectiva qualitativa de pesquisa, sob a ótica da teoria histórico-cultural e o paradigma indiciário. RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se as seguintes categorias a partir da coleta dos dados: lazer, escolaridade, grupo social, fatos da infância, vivências da adolescência e interesses. Tais categorias elucidaram as experiências vivenciadas pelos sujeitos e o modo como eles significam o mundo e são significados pelos outros, permitindo elencar dificuldades vivenciadas por esses sujeitos e seus familiares. CONCLUSÕES: Os apontamentos dos sujeitos mostram a necessidade de orientações contínuas sobre os aspectos destacados nas categorias, desde o momento da descoberta do diagnóstico, proporcionando ao indivíduo uma participação social e um desenvolvimento linguístico-cognitivo mais efetivo. O pediatra e o fonoaudiólogo são os profissionais indicados para tais orientações, uma vez que são os primeiros a atender as crianças autistas e os que participam diretamente do momento da descoberta do diagnóstico, acompanhando os pacientes até a adolescência.
Avaliação da sinergia entre a engenharia de processos e o processo de pensamento da teoria das restrições
Authors: Lacerda Daniel Pacheco , Rodrigues Luis Henrique , Silva Alexandre Costa da
Published: April 2011

Este trabalho apresenta uma aplicação da utilização dos conceitos da engenharia de processos de negócios (EPN) e do processo de pensamento da Teoria das Restrições (PP-TR) para uma abordagem sistemática e sistêmica dos processos analisados. A EPN contribui como instrumento de ação nas organizações através da identificação e representação dos processos existentes. A modelagem dos processos constrói uma visão integrada e possibilita uma discussão e análise sistemática dos processos. O PP-TR é utilizado na análise crítica dos processos. Essa análise contribui para o entendimento e identificação das causas que sustentam as problemáticas existentes nos processos, proporcionando uma visão sistêmica do processo. Na pesquisa foram modelados processos de uma instituição de ensino superior (IES). Um processo foi analisado a partir da construção da Árvore da Realidade Atual (ARA). Em seguida aplicou-se a técnica da evaporação das nuvens para romper os pressupostos que mantinham os problemas identificados. Com base na ARA e na evaporação das nuvens os processos foram resenhados. Os resultados da abordagem forneceram: i) uma sistemática na análise dos processos; e ii) uma visão sistêmica da influência dos problemas encontrados nos processos entre si e no resultado da IES estudada.
Algumas perspectivas para análise da gestão da saúde no estado de São Paulo (Brasil)
Authors: Ermel Regina Célia , Bigio Fernanda Martins , Evangelista Aline Francine Raphael , Gomes Maria Fernanda Pereira , Fracolli Lislaine Aparecida
Published: April 2011

O presente estudo visa refletir sobre as reformas efetuadas na Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo (SES) ante as propostas teóricas de gestão. Realizou-se uma breve pesquisa bibliográfica, na base de dados Lilacs e Scielo. Selecionaram-se 22 fontes bibliográficas pertencentes ao período de 1993 a 2007. Os resultados mostraram que as principais tendências no que concerne à administração pública gerencial são representadas pela separação entre funções políticas e administrativas, distinção entre atividades exclusivas de estado das que podem ser realizadas por outros agentes, ênfase do controle dos procedimentos para controle dos produtos, atribuição clara de resultados, definição de formas de prestação de contas, governabilidade e governança. Concluiu-se que a redefinição e o direcionamento das diversas funções de gestão da SES possibilitaram a continuidade dos processos de descentralização com o intuito de que a cobertura das ações de saúde fosse ampliada diminuindo as desigualdades de atenção e promovendo a equidade nos processos de saúde através de uma gestão articulada entre o estado e os municípios.
Margot Jefferys: a voz britânica da sociologia médica
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: April 2011

Margot Jefferys (1916-1999) não foi apenas a pessoa que introduziu a sociologia médica na Grã-Bretanha; foi a pesquisadora e professora que durante trinta anos exerceu a mais profunda influência no ensino das ciências sociais em saúde, tanto na graduação como especialmente na pós-graduação, desde o início da sua carreira, em 1953, na London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Neste estudo, além de um panorama geral sobre os trabalhos de Jefferys, são destacados dois textos que se situam no campo que estamos pesquisando: a história da sociologia da saúde. O primeiro trata das relações entre a epidemiologia e a sociologia, publicado em 1991, e o segundo, publicado em 1996, é sobre o campo da sociologia médica. São tecidas considerações sobre o pensamento de Jefferys e as questões mais recentes do campo na Grã-Bretanha.
Temas médico-sociais e a intervenção em saúde: a violência contra mulheres no discurso dos profissionais
Authors: Kiss Lígia Bittencourt , Schraiber Lilia Blima
Published: April 2011

Estuda-se a violência contra mulheres como alvo dos cuidados em saúde. É parte de pesquisa em serviços públicos em São Paulo, envolvendo prevalência de casos entre usuárias de 15 a 49 anos; estudo de seus prontuários; descrição dos serviços, por sua observação; e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 50 de seus profissionais, acerca da rotina e do ideal de trabalho em saúde, percepções quanto à existência de casos, ofertas assistenciais ou seus obstáculos e representações sobre violência. Analisa-se o conteúdo das narrativas profissionais, usando-se os demais dados para caracterização de seus contextos assistenciais. Reiterando a literatura, violência foi quase sempre tida como problema relevante, mas fora dos escopos das intervenções profissionais. Relataram-se ações isoladas e em caráter pessoal. Medos e impotência profissional foram mencionados, mas nenhum aspecto positivo para eventual intervenção. Os profissionais mostraram parco conhecimento de serviços especializados de referência. Conclui-se que as dificuldades na aceitação de casos de violência deveriam ser trabalhadas em três dimensões: a estreita definição da competência profissional, excluindo a violência como objeto; a indefinição tecnológica do fazer profissional; e a ausência de apoios efetivos em seus serviços.
Prevalência e perfil dos usuários de tabaco de população adulta em cidade do Sul do Brasil (Joaçaba, SC)
Authors: Bortoluzzi Marcelo Carlos , Kehrig Ruth Terezinha , Loguercio Alessandro Dourado , Traebert Jefferson Luiz
Published: April 2011

O tabagismo tem sido apontado como uma epidemia, e a prevenção ao hábito é indicada como prioridade máxima para a saúde pública das nações. Este é um estudo do tipo observacional e transversal envolvendo uma amostra representativa da população adulta de município do sul do Brasil com o intuito de conhecer a prevalência do consumo do tabaco e o perfil do tabagista. A prevalência de fumantes foi de 17,3%, sendo que o sexo feminino representou 54,9% da amostra. Neste estudo, o tabagismo ocorreu predominantemente em pessoas com idade superior a 39 anos (p<0,001), com escolaridade de até oito anos de estudo (p<0,001), com índices de depressão verificados pelo Inventário de Beck para Depressão considerados como moderado ou grave (p=0,001) e com baixa renda familiar (p<0,029). O município apresenta alta prevalência de consumo de tabaco, que afeta, predominantemente, a população acima de 39 anos de idade, com menor renda e com menor escolaridade. Este estudo evidencia ainda uma associação entre depressão moderada a severa e o hábito do tabagismo.
Costo anual per cápita en primer nivel de atención por género
Authors: Villarreal-Ríos Enrique , Campos Esparza Maribel , Galicia Rodríguez Liliana , Martínez González Lidia , Vargas Daza Emma Rosa , Torres Labra Guadalupe , Patiño Vega Adolfo , Rivera Martínez María Teresa , Aparicio Rojas Raúl , Juárez Durán Martín
Published: April 2011

El objetivo de este artículo es estimar el costo per cápita anual por género en primer nivel de atención. MÉTODOS: estudio de costo realizado en Unidades de Medicina Familiar en México. La información correspondió al año 2004 y el estudio se dividió en perfil de uso y costo de la atención. PERFIL DE USO DE LO SERVICIOS: se estudiaron los registros clínicos de 1,585 pacientes adscritos a unidades de medicina familiar. El perfil de uso se definió mediante el promedio y los motivos de atención por departamento, género y grupo de edad. COSTO DE LA ATENCIÓN: estimado en dólares estadounidenses incluyó costo unitario fijo (departamentalización ajustada por productividad), el costo unitario variable (técnica de microcosteo), costo unitario por departamento y motivo de atención, y costo unitario por departamento, quinquenio y género. La esperanza de vida fue de 73 años para los hombres y 78 para las mujeres. Se identificaron tres escenarios. RESULTADOS: el costo anual per capita es superior en la mujer US $73.24 (IC 95% $11.38 - $197.49) que en el hombre $ 53.11 (IC 95% 2.51 - 207.71). CONCLUSIÓN: en primer nivel de atención el costo per cápita en las mujeres es mayor que en los hombres, información valiosa en el proceso de planeación de los servicios de salud.
Rendimento, composição química e atividade antilisterial de óleos essenciais de espécies de Cymbopogon
Authors: Oliveira M.M.M , Brugnera D.F , Cardoso M.G , Guimarães L.G.L , Piccoli R.H
Published: April 2011

Objetivou-se determinar o rendimento, a composição química e avaliar a atividade antilisterial dos óleos essenciais de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (capim-limão) e Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (capim-citronela), puros e em combinação. A obtenção dos óleos essenciais foi realizada a partir de folhas frescas, empregando-se a técnica de hidrodestilação e utilizando-se aparelho de Clevenger modificado. Os rendimentos foram calculados a partir da massa obtida na extração e da umidade do material vegetal. A análise qualitativa foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas e a avaliação dos teores dos constituintes químicos por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chamas. O efeito bacteriostático de diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais, puros e em combinação, foi determinado pela técnica de difusão em ágar. As concentrações mínimas inibitórias (CMIs) foram utilizadas na determinação do tempo de ação bactericida. O rendimento, em base seca, foi de 1,39% (v/p) para o óleo essencial de C. citratus e de 2,27% (v/p) para o óleo essencial de C. nardus. Geranial e neral foram os constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial de C. citratus, enquanto, para C. nardus, foram citronelal, geraniol e citronelol. A maioria das concentrações utilizadas mostrou-se efetiva contra Listeria monocytogenes e observaram-se efeitos bactericidas nas CMIs. Óleos essenciais de C. citratus e C. nardus, puros e em combinação, constituem novas alternativas de antibacterianos naturais a serem utilizados no controle de L. monocytogenes na indústria de alimentos.
Sub-registro da violência doméstica em adolescentes: a (in)visibilidade na demanda ambulatorial de um serviço de saúde no Recife-PE, Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Marluce Tavares de , Lima Maria Luiza Carvalho de , Barros Maria Dilma de Alencar , Paz Alcieros Martins , Barbosa Andréa Maria Ferreira , Leite Régia Maria Batista
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVOS: estimar o sub-registro da violência doméstica em um serviço de atenção a adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) no Recife/PE, Brasil, comparando as prevalências a partir dos prontuários clínicos e de busca ativa de casos no último ano e caracterizar a vítima e fatores de risco associados em eventos ocorridos na vida. MÉTODOS: corte transversal com 333 adolescentes atendidos entre fevereiro e maio de 2004, com questionário semi-estruturado contendo variáveis sobre situação e tipo de violência; idade, sexo, ocupação, escolaridade, religião, uso de drogas, estado civil, renda familiar e tipo da família. Para avaliar a associação foram utilizados testes de qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística através dos programas Epi-info 6.04 e SPSS. RESULTADOS: dos adolescentes entrevistados, 41,4% referiram violência, registrada em apenas 1,8% dos prontuários. Violência física e a psicológica/moral foi referida por 66,7%, cada e a sexual, por 17,7%. Umterço dos adolescentes referiu agressões repetidas, desde a infância (20%). Pai e padrasto apareceram como principais agressores nos dois sexos; seguidos pelo parceiro da adolescente. Os fatores associados foram: ausência de ocupação, baixa escolaridade e uso de drogas (p<0.05). CONCLUSÕES: embora a prevalência de violência nos adolescentes entrevistados seja alta, observou-se escasso registro nos prontuários clínicos, denotando sub-registro importante. Os fatores associados identificados refletem condições gerais de vida insatisfatórias.
Investigation and remediation of a storm-damaged Pacific port
Authors: Wallis Richard , Sandeford Paul
Published: April 2011

A new open cut mine was to be established in the Philippines in 2006, and an integral part of this operation was an onshore revetment and outloading wharf. Owing to the limited mine life of only 7 years, risks were accepted by the designers and the owners by designing for a lower return-period typhoon event, resulting in a code-compliant but reduced robustness revetment structure being installed. Not long after completion of the revetment and outloading wharf, two typhoons passed close by the site. The second one, in December 2006, was a ‘super typhoon’, causing extensive damage to the site as well as in many other areas. A site visit was arranged for the authors in late December 2006 to assess the damage and propose rectification and strengthening measures. It is important in designing structures for a limited design life that the risks associated with reducing the design return periods are recognised as being very real and the concept may lead to false economy. In this case, a little more expenditure in the construction of the revetment may have limited the damage from the typhoon to only minor, and saved considerably more in rebuilding costs.
The spalling mechanism of high-strength concrete under fire
Authors: Ko Jeongwon , Ryu Dongwoo , Noguchi Takafumi
Published: April 2011

The spalling properties of concrete were investigated in relation to surface moisture content. Changes in the microstructure of concrete, moisture transfer and internal pressure were also investigated from a microscopic aspect. Based on the results of the investigation, experimental research was conducted on the effects of heat and moisture transfer on spalling as well as the causes of vapour pressure (internal stress) surges and spalling. Spalling of high-strength concrete was found to be significantly affected by moisture transfer in the surface region of concrete and moisture transfer was found to be closely related to the temperature profiles resulting from the characteristics of pore structures, which are the main passages for moisture. It was also found that, in the high-strength (80 MPa) concrete used in this study, the probability of spalling and scale of damage could be reduced according to dryness in the surface region (0–30 mm depth).
Removing Sand from Putting Green Clipping Samples Substantially Reduces Clipping Weight Measurement Error
Authors: Kreuser William C. , Fish Matthew P. , Soldat Douglas J. , Bauer Sam
Published: April 2011

Accurate determination of turfgrass yield via clipping harvest can be problematic on closely mowed research putting greens because sand often contaminates samples. Scientists reporting putting green clipping yields rarely mention if or how sand was removed from clippings. The two objectives were: (i) evaluate the efficacy of three clipping cleaning methods (water decantation, forced air, and a vibrating pan method) and (ii) evaluate the effect of sand contamination on field data variability. All three clipping cleaning methods effectively removed coarse sand from the sample while only the vibrating pan method effectively removed the fine sand fraction. Turf clippings were collected from four different research putting greens, dried, weighed, cleaned, and reweighed to calculate percent sand and treatment variability. Debris mass ranged from 0.01 to 0.92 kg kg−1 (0.001–0.535 cm3 cm−3) and averaged 0.26 kg kg−1 sand with a standard deviation of 0.18 kg kg−1 Cleaning clippings reduced the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of all treatments (n = 104) by 0.92 g m−2 and 15%, respectively. Sand debris varied spatially across each green regardless of sand topdressing. Sand debris in golf putting green clipping samples constitutes a large enough percentage of total mass to justify its removal.
Response Surface Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Silver Sillago (Sillago sihama) with Low Bitter Taste
Authors: Hou Hu , Li Bafang
Published: April 2011

Eleven different commercial enzymes were used in this study, the MEAP (mixed enzymes for animal proteolysis) exhibited high nitrogen recovery, high degree of hydrolysis, and low bitter taste. In addition, at any DH, MEAP hydrolysates showed weakly bitter value. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the hydrolysis conditions and the model equations were proposed. NR= + 93.73 - 4.29X1 + 3.68X2 +1.61X3 + 0.21X1X2 + 0.85X1X3 - 0.60X2X3 - 6.06 X12 - 1.6X22 + 0.054X32; DH= + 18.53 - 2.56X1 + 2.36X2 + 1.29X3 + 0.43X1X2 - 1.87X1X3 + 0.84X2X3 - 3.22 X12 - 0.44X22 - 0.52X32, where X1, X2 and X3 are the coded variables for temperature, E/S and pH, respectively. NR and DH at optimum conditions (temperature 55°C, E/S 1.5 percent, pH 7.5) were 95.76 percent and 20.19 percent, respectively. SSPH had high solubility over a wide pH range. One percent and 10 percent SSPH showed the low viscosity and good fluidity. Compared with FAO/WHO suggested patterns for preschool child, the essential amino acid scores of SSPH were greater than 95, which exhibited high nutritional value.
The Use of an Inductive Coil System for the Description of Damages in Apple Tissue with Electrical Parameters
Authors: Euring Frank , Russ Winfried , Grupa Uwe
Published: April 2011

The main objective of this work was to determine if it is possible to distinguish between intact and destroyed apple tissue with an inductively working coil system. With conductive measurement, it is possible to measure the amount of destroyed cell in plant tissues. Destroyed cells in plant tissue can mean bad quality for the particular product. The advantage of the inductive measuring technique is the possibility to measure the complete product contactless and non-destructively during the production process. Hence, an inline measurement system could be developed.In order to destroy cells in apples, a freeze-thaw cycle was subjected to three different apples varieties (Braeburn, Jonagold and Idared). The changes of the electrical parameters were observed before and after the thermal treatment.It could be demonstrated that the inductive measuring leads to similar statements as conductive measuring methods. The electrical parameters showed mass dependent. Hence, the electrical parameters had to be normalized to the sample mass. The mass normalized voltage UB,normalized is well suited to describe the cell destruction. It could be shown that the cell destruction provides higher UB,normalized-values.
From DCOM interfaces to domain-specific modeling language: A case study on the sequencer
Authors: Kos Tomaz , Kosar Tomaz , Knez Jure , Mernik Marjan
Published: April 2011

Software development is a demanding process, since it involves different
parties to perform a desired task. The same case applies to the development
of measurement systems - measurement system producers often provide
interfaces to their products, after which the customers? programming
engineers use them to build software according to the instructions and
requirements of domain experts from the field of data acquisition. Until
recently, the customers of the measurement system DEWESoft were building
measuring applications, using prefabricated DCOM objects. However, a
significant amount of interaction between customers? programming engineers
and measurement system producers is necessary to use DCOM objects. Therefore,
a domain-specific modeling language has been developed to enable domain
experts to program or model their own measurement procedures without
interacting with programming engineers. In this paper, experiences gained
during the shift from using the DEWESoft product as a programming library to
domain-specific modeling language are provided together with the details of a
Sequencer, a domain-specific modeling language for the construction of
measurement procedures.
Facile and efficient conjugate additions of β-dicarbonyl compounds and nitroalkanes to 4-aryl-4-oxobut-2-enoates
Authors: Lv Xin , Zhang Yaohong , Zhou Liejin , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: April 2011

Facile and efficient conjugate additions of carbon nucleophiles, such as
?-dicarbonyl compounds and nitroalkanes, to 4-aryl-4-oxobut-2-enoates have
been achieved under simple base catalysis. A variety of multi-functional
?-keto esters could be conveniently obtained in good to excellent yields with
complete regioselectivity.
Glycemic Control, Complications, and Death in Older Diabetic Patients
Authors: Huang Elbert S. , Liu Jennifer Y. , Moffet Howard H. , John Priya M. , Karter Andrew J.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To identify the range of glycemic levels associated with the lowest rates of complications and mortality in older diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2004–2008) of 71,092 patients with type 2 diabetes, aged ≥60 years, enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We specified Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the relationships between baseline glycated hemoglobin (A1C) and subsequent outcomes (nonfatal complications [acute metabolic, microvascular, and cardiovascular events] and mortality).

RESULTS

The cohort (aged 71.0 ± 7.4 years [means ± SD]) had a mean A1C of 7.0 ± 1.2%. The risk of any nonfatal complication rose monotonically for levels of A1C >6.0% (e.g., adjusted hazard ratio 1.09 [95% CI 1.02–1.16] for A1C 6.0–6.9% and 1.86 [1.63–2.13] for A1C ≥11.0%). Mortality had a U-shaped relationship with A1C. Compared with the risk with A1C <6.0%, mortality risk was lower for A1C levels between 6.0 and 9.0% (e.g., 0.83 [0.76–0.90] for A1C 7.0–7.9%) and higher at A1C ≥11.0% (1.31 [1.09–1.57]). Risk of any end point (complication or death) became significantly higher at A1C ≥8.0%. Patterns generally were consistent across age-groups (60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years).

CONCLUSIONS

Observed relationships between A1C and combined end points support setting a target of A1C <8.0% for older patients, with the caution that A1Cs <6.0% were associated with increased mortality risk. Additional research is needed to evaluate the low A1C–mortality relationship, as well as protocols for individualizing diabetes care.
Thyroid hormonal axis regulates protein C anticoagulation pathway in rats
Authors: Negrev Negrin , Nyagolov Yuri , Stefanova Margarita , Stancheva Emiliya
Published: April 2011

Effects of the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis on some basic parameters of the activity of protein C anticoagulation pathway in rats are studied. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (0.06 mg/kg body mass), thyrotropin (1 IU/kg), triiodothyronine (T3) (0.08 mg/kg), thyroxine (T4) (0.08 mg/kg), administered subcutaneously for three consecutive days on four different groups of rats increased significantly activated protein C, free protein S and protein S activity, and reduced the soluble endothelial protein C receptor. Protein C antigen and total protein S were significantly elevated only by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone, but they were not affected by T3 and T4 treatment. The data indicate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is involved in the regulation of the protein C anticoagulation pathway in rats by activation of this system, suggesting a tendency of hypocoagulability.
Investigation of temperature characteristics of modern InAsP/InGaAsP multi-quantum-well TJ-VCSELs for optical fibre communication
Authors: Piskorski Ł. , Sarzała R. , Nakwaski W.
Published: April 2011

Continuous-wave (CW) performance of modern 1.3-μm InAsP/InGaAsP multi-quantum-well (MQW) tunnel-junction vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers (TJ-VCSELs) is investigated using our comprehensive self-consistent simulation model to suggest their optimal design for room and elevated temperatures. For increasing ambient temperatures, an increase in the VCSEL threshold current has happened to be mostly associated with the Auger recombination. Nevertheless, the InAsP/InGaAsP VCSELs have been found to exhibit encouraging thermal behaviour with the quite high value of maximal operating temperature of 350 K. It has been found that 5-μm devices seem to be the most optimal ones because they demonstrate both the room temperature (RT) threshold current equal to only 0.55 mA and maximum operating temperature equal to as much as 345 K. For these devices, the characteristic temperature T0 is equal to 92 K for 290–305 K, 51 K for 310–325 K and 29 K for 330–345 K. Therefore, the InAsP/InGaAsP VCSELs have been found to offer very promising performance both at room and elevated temperatures as sources of the carrier 1.3-μm wave in the fibre optical communication using silica fibres.
Marine algae of St Martin's Island, Bangladesh. XI. Red Algae (Rhodophyceae)
Authors: Aziz Abdul , Rahman Md Towhidur
Published: April 2011

Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg, Gelidiella tenera (J. Ag.) Schmitz, Halymenia floridana J. Ag., Liagora harveyiana Zeh and Polysiphonia harveyi Bailey of Rhodophyceae have been recorded and described for the first time from the St Martin’s Island, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.Key words: Seaweeds; Rhodophyceae; St. Martin's Island; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i2.7302 Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(2): 161-168, 2010 (December)
Chromosome and pollen morphology of the rare endemic Centaurae lycopifolia Boiss. & Kotschy
Authors: Gomurgen AN , Erkara I Potoglu , Altnozlu H
Published: April 2011

Chromosome and pollen morphology of Centaurea lycopifolia Boiss. & Kotschy were studied. The chromosome number is 2n = 34 with haploid karyotype formula 9m + 9sm. Metaphase chromosome length ranging from 6.16 to 2.23 μm and the total haploid chromosome length was 65, 85 μm. The light and scanning electron microscope investigations revealed spheroidal-subprolate, the amb triangular and tricolporatae pollens in the taxon. Exine ornamentation was tectatae and microechinate-scabrate. Key words: Centaurea lycopifolia; Chromosome; Pollen morphology; Endemic; Turkey DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i2.7484 Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(2): 223-228, 2010 (December)
Diospyros albiflora Alston (Enenaceae): A new angiospermic record for Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Mahbuba , Rahman Md Oliur , Begum Momtaz , Hassan Md Abul
Published: April 2011

Diospyros albiflora (Ebenaceae) is described and illustrated as a new angiospermic record for Bangladesh. Key words: Diospyros albiflora; Ebenaceae; New record; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i2.7489 Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(2): 248-251, 2010 (December)
A comparative study in aggression between adolescent boys and girls of tribal and non-tribal students in Chitagong Hill Tracts
Authors: Ahmed Rasel , Haque M Enanul
Published: April 2011

The present study was an effort to conduct an empirical investigation behaviour on aggression in adolescent boys and girls of tribal (i.e. Chakma) and non-tribal (i.e. Bengali) students in Chittagong Hill Tracts. A sample consisting of 360 respondents was selected from tribal (N = 160) and non-tribal (N = 160) subjects. Each group was equally divided into boys and girls. Each gender was then equally divided into early and late adolescents. Thus, the study used a 2×2×2 factorial design representing two races (Chakma/Bengali), two genders (boys/girls) and two stages of development (early adolescence/late adolescence). The Measure of Aggressive Behaviour (MAB) was administered on the sample for data collection. Regardless of gender and stage of development, tribal respondents were found to express significantly higher rates of aggression than non-tribal respondents. Again, regardless of race and stage of development, boys expressed significantly higher rates of aggression than girls. Similarly, regardless of race and gender, respondents at early adolescent stage expressed significantly higher rates of aggression than the respondents at late adolescent stage. Key words: Aggression; adolescence; race; sex; stages of development DOI: 10.3329/jles.v2i2.7502 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 2(2) 79-84, 2007
Impacts of Urban Transportation Mode Split on CO2 Emissions in Jinan, China
Authors: He Dongquan , Meng Fei , Wang Michael Q. , He Kebin
Published: April 2011

As the world’s largest developing country, China currently is undergoing rapid urbanization and motorization, which will result in far-reaching impacts on energy and the environment. According to estimates, energy use and carbon emissions in the transportation sector will comprise roughly 30% of total emissions by 2030. Since the late 1990s, transportation-related issues such as energy, consumption, and carbon emissions have become a policy focus in China. To date, most research and policies have centered on vehicle technologies that promote vehicle efficiency and reduced emissions. Limited research exists on the control of greenhouse gases through mode shifts in urban transportation—in particular, through the promotion of public transit. The purpose of this study is to establish a methodology to analyze carbon emissions from the urban transportation sector at the Chinese city level. By using Jinan, the capital of China’s Shandong Province, as an example, we have developed an analytical model to simulate energy consumption and carbon emissions based on the number of trips, the transportation mode split, and the trip distance. This model has enabled us to assess the impacts of the transportation mode split on energy consumption and carbon emissions. Furthermore, this paper reviews a set of methods for data collection, estimation, and processing for situations where statistical data are scarce in China. This paper also describes the simulation of three transportation system development scenarios. The results of this study illustrate that if no policy intervention is implemented for the transportation mode split (the business-as-usual (BAU) case), then emissions from Chinese urban transportation systems will quadruple by 2030. However, a dense, mixed land-use pattern, as well as transportation policies that encourage public transportation, would result in the elimination of 1.93 million tons of carbon emissions—approximately 50% of the BAU scenario emissions.
Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) Nanoparticles by Supercritical Antisolvent (SAS) Process
Authors: Zhao Xiuhua , Zu Yuangang , Jiang Ru , Wang Ying , Li Yong , Li Qingyong , Zhao Dongmei , Zu Baishi , Zhang Baoyou , Sun Zhiqiang , Zhang Xiaonan
Published: April 2011

The goal of the present work was to study the feasibility of 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) nanoparticle preparation using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation. The influences of various experimental factors on the mean particle size (MPS) of HCPT nanoparticles were investigated. The optimum micronization conditions are determined as follows: HCPT solution concentration 0.5 mg/mL, the flow rate ratio of CO2 and HCPT solution 19.55, precipitation temperature 35 °C and precipitation pressure 20 MPa. Under the optimum conditions, HCPT nanoparticles with a MPS of 180 ± 20.3 nm were obtained. Moreover, the HCPT nanoparticles obtained were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and Differential scanning calorimetry analyses. The physicochemical characterization results showed that the SAS process had not induced degradation of HCPT. Finally, the dissolution rates of HCPT nanoparticles were investigated and the results proved that there is a significant increase in dissolution rate compared to unprocessed HCPT.
Seasonal Variation of Bioactive Alkaloid Contents in Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde
Authors: Pěnčíková Kristýna , Urbanová Jana , Musil Pavel , Táborská Eva , Gregorová Jana
Published: April 2011

Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde belongs to the genus Macleaya, family Papaveraceae. Together with the better known and more frequently studied species M. cordata (Willd.) R. Br. it is a main source of quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids. Using HPLC we determined the content of eight isoquinoline alkaloids in the aerial and underground parts of 1-, 2-, 12- and 13-year old plants and followed their changes during the vegetative period. The dominant alkaloid of all samples collected in the end of this period was allocryptopine (3.8–13.6 mg/g for aerial parts, 24.2–48.9 mg/g for underground parts). Chelerythrine, sanguinarine and protopine were also present in both parts of the plant. Additionally, measurable concentrations of chelilutine (CL), chelirubine (CR), macarpine (MA) and sanguirubine (SR) were detected in underground parts. The most important finding was that contents of CR, CL, SR and MA in the 12- and 13-year old plant roots were significantly higher (approximately 3-fold for CR, 6-fold for CL, 5-fold for SR, and at least 14-fold for MA) than in 1- or 2-year old plants. The proportion of individual alkaloids in aerial and underground parts thus changed significantly during the vegetative period.
Proline-Catalysed Amination Reactions in Cyclic Carbonate Solvents
Authors: Beattie Christopher , North Michael , Villuendas Pedro
Published: April 2011

Propylene carbonate is shown to be an environmentally friendly and sustainable replacement for dichloromethane and acetonitrile in proline-catalysed a-hydrazinations of aldehydes and ketones. Enantioselectivities comparable to those obtained in conventional solvents or ionic liquids can be obtained, even when using a lower catalyst loading.
Antioxidant Compounds from Propolis Collected in Anhui, China
Authors: Yang Haisha , Dong Yuqiong , Du Huijing , Shi Haiming , Peng Yunhua , Li Xiaobo
Published: April 2011

The antioxidant activities of the chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extract fractions from propolis collected in Anhui, China were evaluated in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids, and showed the greatest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The antioxidant activity of twenty-two compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction was also evaluated using the above-mentioned three assays. The results indicated that phenolics contributed to the antioxidant activity of propolis collected in Anhui, China. Therefore, propolis collected in Anhui, China and its phenolics might be used as a natural antioxidant.
Le talent de l'acteur
Authors: Rousseau Vincent , Y. Haines III Victor , Saint-Onge Ève
Published: April 2011

Résumé Bon nombre d’organisations reposent sur un mode de gestion directive où les dirigeants prennent eux-mêmes les décisions et demandent aux employés d’agir en fonction de ces décisions. Cependant, dans le contexte actuel, de nombreuses organisations adoptent un mode de gestion participative qui se caractérise par un fonctionnement collégial où l’ensemble du personnel est impliqué dans le processus de prise de décision. Un mode de gestion basé sur la participation implique que les employés tiennent compte des enjeux d’affaires auxquels les organisations doivent faire face lorsqu’ils prennent des décisions. Cependant, les modèles de gestion participative n’intègrent pas explicitement cette exigence. Notre objectif consiste à proposer une conceptualisation de la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires et de son rôle dans la prise de décision. Ce concept peut se définir comme le degré auquel les employés prennent en considération les enjeux propres à leur organisation dans la prise de décision. Aussi, nous montrons que la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires se distingue conceptuellement de plusieurs concepts connexes dont notamment la conscience de la situation, la conscience de marque, l’habilitation psychologique et l’engagement organisationnel. Cette analyse comparative permet de dégager les particularités de la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires.
Le talent des leaders syndicaux
Authors: Beaujolin-Bellet Rachel , Grima François
Published: April 2011

Résumé Si les pratiques de suppressions d’emploi, prenant par exemple la forme de « plans de sauvegarde des emplois » se diffusent, leur mise en œuvre rencontre néanmoins des freins, leur annonce suscitant l’organisation d’actions de résistance par les salariés et leurs représentants. Les conflits d’opposition aux projets de restructurations accompagnées de suppressions d’emploi sont dans bien des cas très intenses. Dans ces contextes, et à l’appui notamment des travaux de Zoller et Fairhurst (2007) sur le « leadership de la résistance », nous considérons que les formes de résistance déployées à l’occasion de l’annonce de plans sociaux relèvent certes de formes collectives et ouvertes, mais reposent aussi sur des actions individuelles et cachées, qui viennent la soutenir et l’alimenter. A partir de l’analyse de contenu de 35 récits de vie menés auprès de leaders syndicaux ayant conduit des actions de résistance contre des plans sociaux, nous nous interrogeons sur le travail de leadership dans ces actions de résistance contre un plan social : Quels sont les enjeux et les dilemmes auxquels ces leaders sont confrontés ? Quelles natures de relations d’influence exercent-ils ? Quelles actions organisent-ils et comment les organisent-ils ? Pour cela, nous adoptons une approche du travail de leadership comme activité organisante (Hosking, 1991). La recherche met à jour une forte d’intensité d’interactions avec des acteurs internes et externes à l’organisation, et un travail du leader qui peut être caractérisé de distribué et en réseau.