bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing Gender in Brazil: An Examination of the Motivations for Cultural Consonance
Authors: François Dengah H. J. , Falcão Ana , Henderson Nicole
Published: July 2022

Cultural consonance is both a theoretical and methodological approach that provides a means of locating an individual within a cultural space via their degree of adherence to a particular shared cultural norm or model. Yet, lacunae remain in the cultural consonance approach, namely, the mechanisms that motivate putting cultural knowledge into practice. Using the performance of gender roles in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, as a backdrop, this paper examines the roles of social network conformation (defined as the perceived adherence of one's social network with norms) and internalization of cultural norms (taken from Melford Spiro's theory of the same name) on cultural consonance. We show that the performance of cultural models is domain‐specific, with Brazilian men motivated by their social network, whereas women are motivated by their own internalized understandings of gender.

Resumo  Consonância cultural é ambos, uma teoria e uma abordagem metodológica, que fornece uma maneira de localizar um indivíduo dentro do espaço cultural por meio de seu grau de adesão a uma determinada norma ou modelo cultural compartilhado. Ainda permanecem lacunas na abordagem de consonância cultural, a saber, os mecanismos que motivam colocar o conhecimento cultural em prática. Usando o desempenho de papéis de gênero em Ribeirão Preto, Brasil como pano de fundo, esse trabalho examina a conformação dos papéis das redes sociais (definido como a aderência percebida da rede social de alguém com as normas), e internalização de normas culturais (retirada da teoria de Melford Spiro com mesmo nome) em consonância cultural. Nós mostramos que o desempenho de modelos culturais é específico de um domínio, com homens brasileiros motivados por suas redes sociais, enquanto as mulheres são motivadas por suas próprias compreensões internalizadas de gênero.
Evaluation of a subcutaneously implanted biodegradable matrix with and without cisplatin in horses
Authors: Marble G. P. , Sullins Ken E. , Powers Barbara K.
Published: July 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the biodegradability and platinum release profile of a calcium sulphate matrix (Matrix III) implanted subcutaneously in horses.

Study design

Matrix III with and without cisplatin was implanted subcutaneously in the cervical region of five horses with normal cervical skin.

Methods

Five 3‐mm beads of Matrix III alone and ten 3‐mm beads containing 7% cisplatin were implanted subcutaneously in the cervical region. Tissues were harvested every 7 days for 35 days. Biodegradability and histologic tissue reaction were determined. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine platinum concentration 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 mm from each implantation site. Plasma and distant skin biopsies were harvested every 7 days. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine differences between the 5 weeks and the five distances from the implant.

Results

Matrix III alone caused local inflammation that resolved early, and the implant had absorbed completely by 28 days leaving only focal fibrosis. Matrix III containing 7% cisplatin incited persistent histologically evident inflammation that appeared to be clinically insignificant. The implants had not been completely absorbed by 35 days. Platinum tissue concentration decreased with time after implantation and as distance from the implant increased. Therapeutic concentrations remained in the tissue at Day 35.

Conclusions

Matrix III with 7% cisplatin resulted in chemotherapeutic platinum concentrations sustained for 35 days.
Sac1 phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate phosphatase is a novel host cell factor regulating hepatitis B virus particles assembly and release
Authors: Popescu Mirela‐Andreea , Patriche David , Dobrica Mihaela‐Olivia , Pantazica Ana‐Maria , Flintoaca (Alexandru) Petruta‐Ramona , Rouillé Yves , Popescu Costin‐Ioan , Branza‐Nichita Norica
Published: July 2022

The life‐cycle of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus affecting the lives of more than 296 million chronicallyinfected people, is tightly dependent on the lipid metabolism of the host cell. Fatty acids and cholesterol are among the lipid factors with documented roles in regulating HBV replication and infection, respectively, but little is known about the phosphoinositide metabolism in these processes. In this study, we investigated the role of Sac1, a highly conserved phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate (PI4P) phosphatase, with essential functions in phospholipid metabolism, in HBV assembly, and release. PI4P is one of the most abundant cellular phosphoinositide with complex functions at the level of the secretory pathway. Owing to the highly specific phosphatase activity toward PI4P, Sac1 controls the levels and restricts the localization of this lipid particularly at the trans‐Golgi network, where it regulates sphingolipid synthesis, proteins sorting, and vesicles budding, by recruiting specific adaptor proteins. As a complete loss of Sac1 function compromises cell viability, in this work, we first developed and characterized several HBV replication‐permissive cellular models with a moderate, transient, or stable downregulation of Sac1 expression. Our results show that Sac1 depletion in hepatic cells results in increased levels and redistribution of intracellular PI4P pools and impaired trafficking of the HBV envelope proteins to the endosomal vesicular network. Importantly, virus envelopment and release from these cells are significantly inhibited, revealing novel roles for Sac1, as a key host cell factor regulating morphogenesis of a DNA virus.
Subtle sequence differences between two interacting σ54‐dependent regulators lead to different activation mechanisms
Authors: Pacheco‐Sánchez Daniel , Marín Patricia , Molina‐Fuentes Águeda , Marqués Silvia
Published: July 2022

In the strictly anaerobic nitrate reducing bacterium Aromatoleum anaerobium, degradation of 1,3‐dihydroxybenzene (1,3‐DHB, resorcinol) is controlled by two bacterial enhancer‐binding proteins (bEBPs), RedR1 and RedR2, which regulate the transcription of three σ54‐dependent promoters controlling expression of the pathway. RedR1 and RedR2 are identical over their length except for their N‐terminal tail which differ in sequence and length (six and eight residues, respectively), a single change in their N‐terminal domain (NTD), and nine non‐identical residues in their C‐terminal domain (CTD). Their NTD is composed of a GAF and a PAS domain connected by a linker helix. We show that each regulator is controlled by a different mechanism: whilst RedR1 responds to the classical NTD‐mediated negative regulation that is released by the presence of its effector, RedR2 activity is constitutive and controlled through interaction with BtdS, an integral membrane subunit of hydroxyhydroquinone dehydrogenase carrying out the second step in 1,3‐DHB degradation. BtdS sequesters the RedR2 regulator to the membrane through its NTD, where a four‐Ile track in the PAS domain, interrupted by a Thr in RedR1, and the N‐terminal tail are involved. The presence of 1,3‐DHB, which is metabolized to hydroxybenzoquinone, releases RedR2 from the membrane. Most bEBPs assemble into homohexamers to activate transcription; we show that hetero‐oligomer formation between RedR1 and RedR2 is favoured over homo‐oligomers. However, either an NTD‐truncated version of RedR1 or a full‐length RedR2 are capable of promoter activation on their own, suggesting they should assemble into homohexamers in vivo. We show that promoter DNA behaves as an allosteric effector through binding the CTD to control ΔNTD‐RedR1 multimerization and activity. Overall, the regulation of the 1,3‐DHB anaerobic degradation pathway can be described as a novel mode of bEBP activation and assembly.
Numerical and experimental investigation of mixed‐mode crack growth in aluminum alloys
Authors: Amato Daniele , Yarullin Rustam , Shlyannikov Valery , Citarella Roberto
Published: July 2022

Fatigue crack growth in Al 2024 and Al 7050 specimens was assessed experimentally and numerically. In the experimental investigation, various specimen configurations and loading conditions were used to achieve pure mode I, pure mode II, and mixed mode I/II, I/III, and I/II/III. Sample configurations were as follows: first, compact tension shear (CTS) specimen to reproduce pure mode‐I and pure initial mode‐II loading conditions; second, surface crack tension (SCT) specimen to analyze the behavior of semielliptical surface cracks in mode‐I and mixed‐mode conditions; and third, hollow cylindrical (HC) specimen with initial semielliptical surface crack to analyze fatigue crack growth under complex stress state. In the numerical study, finite element method (FEM) simulations were performed by means of FRANC3D and ABAQUS solver. The numerical predictions were validated with the experimental results. These predictions resulted to be accurate estimation of the crack growth across the broad range of the investigated loading conditions.
Crack initiation characteristics of brittle materials with I‐II mixed mode crack under uniaxial compression
Authors: Jin Li‐Zhu , Zhou Chang‐Yu , Yu Chen‐Yang , Pei Qi , Chang Le , He Xiao‐Hua
Published: July 2022

Considering T‐stress components under compression, the crack initiation characteristics of HT200 and PMMA under uniaxial compression have been investigated by theoretical analysis and experimental study for central cracked plate (CCP) and compact tension shear (CTS) specimens with I‐II mixed mode crack. Crack initiation angles of CCP and CTS specimens under compressive load were theoretical predicted according to modified maximum tangential stress (MMTS) criterion and modified maximum shear stress (MMSS) criterion. The influence of material parameters and specimen geometrical configurations on crack initiation characteristics was illustrated through experiments. It demonstrates that the modified fracture criterion considering T‐stress components is more consistent with experiments. Crack initiation angle is related to material properties. Limit load PL is controlled by KII under compression for CCP specimen, and PL of PMMA is less than that of HT200. The closure effect on CTS specimens is less significant than that on CCP specimens.
The complexity of ventral CA1 and its multiple functionalities
Authors: Hong Ilgang , Kaang Bong‐Kiun
Published: July 2022

The hippocampus is one of the most widely investigated brain regions with its massive contributions to multiple behaviours. Especially, the hippocampus is subdivided into the dorsal and ventral parts playing distinct roles. In this review, we will focus on the ventral hippocampus, especially the ventral CA1 (vCA1), whose role is being actively discovered. vCA1 is well known to be associated with emotion‐like behaviour, in both positive (reward) and negative (aversive) stimuli. How can this small region in volume mediate such variety of responses? This question will be answered with technologies up to date that have allowed us to study in‐depth the specific neural circuit and to map the complex connectivity.
An ecofeminist position in critical practice: Challenging corporate truth in the Anthropocene
Authors: Barthold Charles , Bevan David , Corvellec Hervé
Published: July 2022

Drawing on selected discourses of non‐essentialist ecofeminism, this article proposes and substantiates an ecofeminist position. This distinct position is shown to bring with it a capacity to challenge widely uncontested, corporate‐produced truths regarding the benefits and the legitimacy of certain commercial activities. Three historical cases inform the discussion: the fights led by Rachel Carson against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, by Erin Brockovich against hexavalent chromium, and by Vandana Shiva against genetically modified organisms. Distinguishing characteristics of this emblematically individual and critical activist practice include that it is aimed at fighting environmental degradations; it originates from outrage; it is sustained by dedication and courage; and it combines pedagogy, politics, and ethics. We show how this practice may be understood by reference to acknowledged ecofeminist tenets and in particular with the advocating of a holistic, respectful association with all forms of life on Earth. This is in stark contradistinction to dualist, corporate positions of self‐interested detachment from the environment, and a corresponding denial of the entanglement of the social and physical worlds. We show how such an ecofeminist position has been capable of disrupting both established corporate truths and the discursive power relationships attached to them; and how it engenders an imperative that corporations must confront and engage with the deliberate, anthropogenic consequences of their activities.
Low compliance to post‐screening recommendations in a family‐based Helicobacter pylori screening and treatment program: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Kong Qingzhou , Li Yueyue , Li Ruili , Li Zhiyuan , Zheng Xueting , Wang Zhi , Song Kun , Zhang Xia , Liu Jing , Han Zhongxue , Duan Miao , Ding Yuming , Zhang Wenlin , Lin Minjuan , Wang Juan , Wan Meng , Lin Boshen , Wang Shaotong , Zuo Xiuli , Li Yanqing
Published: July 2022

Background

Intra‐family transmission is an important Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection route. Family‐based screening and treatment of H. pylori is a promising strategy. However, limited data are available on patient compliance with post‐screening recommendations for such a strategy.

Materials and Methods

A prospective cohort study of families from six regions in Shandong, China, from July 2021 to February 2022 was conducted. Demographic characteristics, prior testing, and treatment for H. pylori, prior gastroscopy, symptoms, and family history were collected. Infection status of participants was determined using the 13C‐urea breath test. Infected participants were recommended to undergo eradication treatment, confirmation testing, and gastroscopy per expert consensus. Participants were monitored for 6 months to record recommendation compliance in a real‐world setting. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors influencing compliance with the recommendations.

Results

The study included 1173 individuals from 386 families with the overall infection rate of 36.7%. The recommendation compliance for eradication treatment, confirmation testing, and gastroscopy was 69.3% (271/391), 32.5% (88/271), and 6.1% (19/309), respectively. Factors that increased the risk of lower compliance were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.917, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.233–2.981), and living in a non‐urban area (OR, 1.954, 95% CI, 1.241–3.074), for treatment recommendations; having more than one infected family member (OR, 2.138, 95% CI, 1.237–3.698), and a lower family income (¥100,000–¥300,000 per year, OR, 7.247, 95% CI, 1.788–29.363; or <¥100,000 per year, OR, 7.294, 95% CI, 1.832–29.042), for confirmation testing recommendations; and being asymptomatic (OR, 3.009, 95% CI, 1.105–8.196), for gastroscopy recommendations.

Conclusions

Post‐screening recommendation compliance for this family‐based H. pylori screening and treatment program was unsatisfactory. Further studies focusing on pre‐screening education are warranted to improve compliance.
New Zealand endemic open‐habitat specialist, the Black‐fronted Tern (Chlidonias albostriatus), experienced population expansion during Pleistocene glaciation and recent decline
Authors: Schlesselmann Ann‐Kathrin V. , Cooper Jamie , Dussex Nicolas , Robertson Bruce C.
Published: July 2022

Understanding how climatic and environmental changes, as well as human activities, induce changes in the distribution and population size of avian species refines our ability to predict future impacts on threatened species. Using multilocus genetic data, we show that the population of a threatened New Zealand endemic open‐habitat specialist, the Black‐fronted Tern Chlidonias albostriatus – in contrast to forest specialists – expanded during the last glacial period. The population has decreased subsequently despite the availability of extensive open habitat after human arrival to New Zealand. We conclude that population changes for open habitat specialists such as Black‐fronted Terns in pre‐human New Zealand were habitat‐dependent, similar to Northern Hemisphere cold‐adapted species, whereas post‐human settlement populations were constrained by predators independent of habitat availability, similar to other island endemic species.
Guardians of the oral and nasopharyngeal galaxy: IgA and protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection*
Authors: Sheikh‐Mohamed Salma , Sanders Erin C. , Gommerman Jennifer L. , Tal Michal Caspi
Published: July 2022

In early 2020, a global emergency was upon us in the form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. While horrific in its health, social and economic devastation, one silver lining to this crisis has been a rapid mobilization of cross‐institute, and even cross‐country teams that shared common goals of learning as much as we could as quickly as possible about the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and how the immune system would respond to both the virus and COVID‐19 vaccines. Many of these teams were formed by women who quickly realized that the classical model of “publish first at all costs” was maladaptive for the circumstances and needed to be supplanted by a more collaborative solution‐focused approach. This review is an example of a collaboration that unfolded in separate countries, first Canada and the United States, and then also Israel. Not only did the collaboration allow us to cross‐validate our results using different hands/techniques/samples, but it also took advantage of different vaccine types and schedules that were rolled out in our respective home countries. The result of this collaboration was a new understanding of how mucosal immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection vs COVID‐19 vaccination can be measured using saliva as a biofluid, what types of vaccines are best able to induce (limited) mucosal immunity, and what are potential correlates of protection against breakthrough infection. In this review, we will share what we have learned about the mucosal immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and to COVID‐19 vaccines and provide a perspective on what may be required for next‐generation pan‐sarbecoronavirus vaccine approaches.
In the nexus of integrity and surveillance: Proctoring (re)considered
Authors: Khalil Mohammad , Prinsloo Paul , Slade Sharon
Published: July 2022

Background

The Covid‐19 pandemic disrupted higher education in many ways, such as the move to Emergency Remote Online Teaching and Learning (EROTL), often including a move to online assessments and examinations. With evidence of increased academic dishonesty in unproctored online assessment, institutions sought ways to ensure academic and institutional integrity and reputation. In doing this, many institutions selected and implemented online proctoring solutions.

Objectives

This article maps considerations of online proctoring solutions in the nexus between ensuring academic and institutional integrity and reputation, and addressing stakeholder concerns regarding invasive surveillance and the impacts on student privacy.

Methods

The study involved a PRISMA‐informed systematic review of three digital libraries, namely Clarivate's Web of Science, Elsevier's Scopus, and Springer's SpringerLink, for peer‐reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings. After screening, a final corpus of 27 articles was analysed.

Results and Conclusions

The findings include evidence that, in the midst of the Covid‐19 pandemic, higher education institutions were largely influenced by cost, usability and efficiency in choosing online proctoring solutions to ensure academic and institutional integrity. Student privacy was either considered in terms of data protection and transparency, or not at all. This article aims to provide valuable insight into the criteria used to select online proctoring solutions to ensure academic and institutional integrity in online examination environments. Student privacy appears not to have the consideration it warrants.
Polymethylmethacrylate Denture Base Layering as a New Approach for the Addition of Antifungal Agents
Authors: AlQahtani Ghaida M. , AlSuhail Haneen S. , Alqater Norah K. , AlTaisan Sarah A. , Akhtar Sultan , Khan Soban Q. , Gad Mohammed M.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To introduce a new technique, denture base layering, for the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and to investigate the effects of the layering technique on Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion and on surface roughness, hardness, translucency, and flexural strength.

Materials and methods

In total, 210 heat‐polymerized acrylic resin specimens were prepared as discs (15 × 2 mm) for testing C. albicans adhesion (n = 70) and surface roughness, hardness, and translucency (n = 70); and as acrylic plates (65 × 10 × 2.5 mm) for testing flexural strength (n = 70). Specimens were divided into 4 groups: control (n = 30), one‐layer (n = 60), double‐layer (n = 60), and dotted‐layer (n = 60) according to the packing and layering technique. Each group was divided according to the concentration of TiO2NPs 1% and 2.5% (n = 10). The control group comprised one layer of unmodified resin. The one‐layer group comprised one layer of a mixture of PMMA/TiO2NPs packed conventionally. The double‐layer group consisted of two different layers packed in two steps, as follows: unmodified resin first, followed by a continuous thin layer of the PMMA/TiO2NPs mixture. Similarly, the dotted‐layer group consisted of two different layers packed in two steps, as follows: unmodified resin first, followed by a thin layer of the PMMA/TiO2NPs. However, the second mixture was added in a dotted manner. The direct culture method for C. albicans adhesion before and after ultraviolet light activation, and surface roughness, hardness, translucency, and flexural strength were measured. An analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05).

Results

The addition of TiO2NPs reduced C. albicans adhesion (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between both concentrations within the same group before and after ultraviolet light activation (p > 0.05), except in the 1% dotted‐layer (p = 0.022). Surface roughness and hardness were not affected by the additions of different concentrations of TiO2NPs (p = 0.905) and (p = 0.059), respectively. Translucency was significantly reduced in all the groups (p < 0.001) except in the 1% dotted‐layer (p = 0.332). Flexural strength decreased as the TiO2NPs concentration increased, with the greatest reduction in strength observed in the one‐layer group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The double and dotted layering techniques were effective in reducing C. albicans adhesion, without affecting surface roughness, hardness, or flexural strength. However, translucency was reduced in all the groups, except the 1% dotted‐layer group.
The effects of biological control agents, potassium phosphite and calcium oxide on race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae of lettuce in closed soilless cultivation systems
Authors: Gilardi Giovanna , Vasileiadou Athina , Garibaldi Angelo , Gullino Maria Lodovica
Published: July 2022

Eighteen trials were carried out in a closed soilless system to evaluate the effectiveness of different strains of experimental non‐pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, commercial biocontrol agents (Streptomyces griseoviridis, Bacillus subtilis and Beauveria bassiana), as well as products based on calcium oxide (CaO) and potassium phosphite on race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the causal agent of the Fusarium wilt of lettuce. The treatments were applied to lettuce seedlings, which had been grown for 2 days in a peat medium before being artificially inoculated with the pathogen, and were repeated five times at 7‐day intervals. The experimental non‐pathogenic F. oxysporum MSA35 and FC3 strains provided a greater disease severity reduction (54%–83% efficacy) than the commercial B. subtilis (29%–31% efficacy), S. griseoviridis (22%–52% efficacy) and B. bassiana (39%–63% efficacy) formulations. The highest fresh weight value was provided by the non‐pathogenic F. oxysporum MSA35 and FC3 strains, thereby generally reflecting the observed disease reduction. Calcium oxide and potassium phosphite generally resulted in disease protection, but a great variability in efficacy was observed. The obtained results showed good possibilities for the non‐pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain against the pathogen in soilless systems.
Evaluation of presentation, treatment and outcome in hypertensive emergency in dogs and cats: 15 cases (2003‐2019)
Authors: Beeston D. , Jepson R. , Cortellini S.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Hypertensive emergency is well recognised in human medicine, yet there is limited veterinary evidence. This study aimed to determine the presentation, treatment and outcome in dogs and cats with hypertensive emergency.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective case series of dogs and cats with hypertensive emergency identified as follows: acute history with non‐invasive Doppler systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg and target organ damage including acute onset seizures, altered mentation with or without lateral recumbency or blindness. Data collected included signalment, history, physical examination and clinicopathological findings, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment and outcome.

Results

Seven dogs and eight cats were included presenting with seizures (n=9), blindness (n=4), altered mentation with (n=2) or without (n=2) lateral recumbency. Median age was 9 years (range 1 to 15) and duration of clinical signs before presentation was 1.5 days (range 1 to 15). Median systolic blood pressure on presentation was 230 mmHg (range 190 to 300). Amlodipine was the most common first‐line agent (n=10), followed by hydralazine (n=4) and hypertonic saline (n=1). Aetiology of hypertensive emergency was acute kidney injury (n=9), idiopathic hypertension (n=3), hyperthyroidism (n=1), lymphoma (n=1) and suspected cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (n=1). Five cats and three dogs survived to discharge with an overall survival of 53.3%.

Clinical Significance

Hypertensive emergencies had various presenting signs in this series. AKI was considered to be the cause of hypertension in the majority of patients. Further evaluation of treatment for hypertensive emergencies is warranted, considering almost half of the cases did not survive to discharge.
How much does sleep vary from night‐to‐night? A quantitative summary of intraindividual variability in sleep by age, gender, and racial/ethnic identity across eight‐pooled datasets
Authors: Messman Brett A. , Wiley Joshua F. , Yap Yang , Tung Yan Chi , Almeida Isamar M. , Dietch Jessica R. , Taylor Daniel J. , Slavish Danica C.
Published: July 2022

Habitual sleep duration and efficiency vary widely by age, gender, and racial/ethnic identity. Despite growing research on the importance of night‐to‐night, intraindividual variability (IIV) in sleep, few studies have examined demographic differences in sleep IIV. The present study describes typical sleep IIV overall and by demographics among healthy sleepers. Eight datasets of healthy sleepers (N = 2,404; 26,121 total days of sleep data) were synthesised to examine age, gender, and racial/ethnic identity differences in sleep IIV measured via diaries, actigraphy, and electroencephalography (EEG). Sleep IIV estimates included the intraindividual standard deviation (iSD), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and a validated Bayesian Variability Model (BVM). There was substantial IIV in sleep across measurement types (diary, actigraphy, EEG) for both sleep duration (iSD: 85.80 [diary], 77.41 [actigraphy], 67.04 [EEG] minutes; RMSSD: 118.91, 108.89, 91.93 minutes; CV: 19.19%, 19.11%, 18.57%; BVM: 60.60, 58.20, 48.60 minutes) and sleep efficiency (iSD: 5.18% [diary], 5.22% [actigraphy], 6.46% [EEG]; RMSSD: 7.01%, 7.08%, 8.44%; CV: 5.80%, 6.27%, 8.14%; BVM: 3.40%, 3.58%, 4.16%). Younger adults had more diary and actigraphy sleep duration IIV. Gender differences were inconsistent. White and non‐Hispanic/Latinx adults had less IIV in sleep duration and efficiency compared to racial/ethnic minority groups. Even among healthy sleepers, sleep varies widely from night‐to‐night. Like mean sleep, there also may be disparities in IIV in sleep by demographic characteristics. Study results help characterise normative values of sleep IIV in healthy sleepers.
A novel mutation of the CLCN1 gene in a cat with myotonia congenita: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Woelfel Christian , Meurs Kathryn , Friedenberg Steven , DeBruyne Nicole , Olby Natasha J.
Published: July 2022

Case Description

A 10‐month‐old castrated male domestic longhair cat was evaluated for increasing frequency of episodic limb rigidity.

Clinical Findings

The cat presented for falling over and lying recumbent with its limbs in extension for several seconds when startled or excited. Upon examination, the cat had hypertrophied musculature, episodes of facial spasm, and a short‐strided, stiff gait.

Diagnostics

Electromyography (EMG) identified spontaneous discharges that waxed and waned in amplitude and frequency, consistent with myotonic discharges. A high impact 8‐base pair (bp) deletion across the end of exon 3 and intron 3 of the chloride voltage‐gated channel 1 (CLCN1) gene was identified using whole genome sequencing.

Treatment and Outcome

Phenytoin treatment was initiated at 3 mg/kg po q24 h and resulted in long‐term improvement.

Clinical Relevance

This novel mutation within the CLCN1 gene is a cause of myotonia congenita in cats and we report for the first time its successful treatment.
Googling for a veterinary diagnosis: A replication study using Google as a diagnostic aid
Authors: Allen E. Carley , Alpi Kristine M. , Schaaf George W. , Marks Steven L.
Published: July 2022

Background

The purpose of this study was to replicate in the veterinary context a BMJ study using Google to assist in diagnosis of complex cases.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To assess percentage of diagnoses identified using Google as a diagnostic aid in veterinary medicine.

Animals

None; 13 cases in cats and 17 in dogs published in JAVMA.

Methods

Cross‐sectional survey of Google results from searches using keywords generated independently by a generalist and a specialist veterinarian who reviewed the published case history and diagnostic components while blind to the diagnosis. They offered diagnoses and generated up to 5 search strategies for each case. The top 30 Google results for each search were reviewed by the generalist to inform a final Google‐aided diagnosis. Both veterinarians' initial diagnoses and the Google‐aided diagnoses were compared with the published diagnoses.

Results

Google searching led to 52 diagnoses out of 60 possible. Twenty‐two (42%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 29%‐55%) Google‐aided diagnoses matched the JAVMA diagnosis. This accuracy rate does not differ significantly from 58% (n = 15/26, 95% CI 38%‐77%) identified in the BMJ study. Google‐aided results were not statistically different from those achieved unaided by each veterinarian (33%, 95% CI 16%‐50%).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Published information found searching Google using keywords related to complicated or unusual cases could assist veterinarians to reinforce their initial diagnosis or consider other differential diagnoses. Search strategies using words representing either signs or the preliminary diagnoses can yield results useful to confirming a correct diagnosis.
A Genus/Species Account of Scale‐Degree Qualia
Authors: BRUSCHI MICHAEL
Published: July 2022

Scale‐degree qualia are the fundamental building blocks of tonal cognition. Despite the recent flurry of scholarly activity surrounding their nature, certain conceptual entanglements persist. I argue that when scholars (and pedagogues) invoke the notion of scale degrees, they typically conflate two subcomponents of scale‐degree experience – which I call ‘generic scalar position’ and ‘specific modal character’ – and treat them as if they were one composite thing. In response, I propose an ordered‐triple notation for labelling scale degrees that insists on the representational separation of these two subcomponents, and I demonstrate through a series of analytical vignettes that conceiving of scale degrees in this manner can shed new light on a variety of common musical scenarios, from local tonicisations to large‐scale modulations to moments of tonal/modal ambiguity. This ordered‐triple notation is intentionally designed for a flexible domain of application, not just to European tonal music but also to Western popular music and more generally to any music in any of the seven diatonic modes.
When and how do we stop antifungal treatment for an invasive mould infection in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant recipients?
Authors: Roth Romain Samuel , Masouridi‐Levrat Stavroula , Giannotti Federica , Mamez Anne‐Claire , Morin Sarah , van Delden Christian , Chalandon Yves , Neofytos Dionysios
Published: July 2022

Background

Limited data exist to describe end‐of‐treatment (EOT) parameters of antifungal therapy for invasive mould infections (IMI).

Methods

In a 10‐year cohort of consecutive adult allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant recipients with proven/probable IMI, we describe treatment duration and patient profile at EOT.

Results

There were 61 patients with 66 proven/probable IMI identified: 47/66 (71%) invasive aspergillosis (IA), 11/66 (17%) mucormycosis, and 8/66 (12%) other‐IMI. Excluding 5 (8%) patients lost to follow‐up, treatment was prematurely discontinued due to death or palliative care in 29/56 (51.8%) patients. Antifungal treatment was completed in 27 (48.2%) patients, for a median duration of 280 days (IQR: 110, 809): 258 (IQR: 110, 1905) and 307.5 (99, 809) days in IA and non‐IA IMI, respectively. Treatment was continued after 90 and 180 days in 43/56 (76.8%) and 30/56 (53.6%) patients, respectively. At EOT, most patients were not neutropenic (ANC: 2.12 G/L, IQR: 0.04, 5.3), with CD4+ counts at 99 cells/μl (IQR: 0, 759) and immunoglobulins at 5.6 g/L (IQR: 2.3, 10.6). Most patients (16/27, 59.3%) were not receiving steroids at EOT, while 14/27 (53.9%) were on another type of immunosuppression. Amongst 15 patients with imaging at EOT, 12 (80%) had complete/partial radiologic response. Any chart documentation or an infectious disease consultation on treatment discontinuation was observed in 12/56 (21%) and 11/56 (20%) patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Long treatment courses are observed in patients with IMI, due to prolonged immunosuppression. Although immune reconstitution and radiological response were frequently observed at EOT, consistent documentation of treatment discontinuation based on well‐defined parameters is lacking.
Orthorexia nervosa is a concern in gastroenterology: A scoping review
Authors: Tuck Caroline J. , Sultan Nessmah , Tonkovic Matilda , Biesiekierski Jessica R.
Published: July 2022

There is concern that use of restrictive therapeutic diets, such as those used in disorders of the gut‐brain interaction (DGBI), may increase disordered eating. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Burton Murray et al. and Peters et al. both demonstrate a high prevalence of disordered eating in patients with gastrointestinal conditions, particularly those with DGBI. Given these findings, it is likely that orthorexia is common in this patient group, although this was not directly examined in these studies. Orthorexia nervosa is described as an obsessive and unsafe focus on eating foods perceived as healthy. This mini‐review therefore focuses on orthorexia by conducting a scoping review, as per the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, aimed to assess the prevalence of orthorexia, and associations between orthorexia and restrictive eating practices. While a wide range of orthorexia prevalence has been reported (0%–97%) across the 57 studies included, no studies assessed prevalence specifically in gastrointestinal conditions. Four of eight studies describing diseases associated with specific dietary patterns suggested that participants who followed a diet for “digestive issues” or “food intolerances” were at higher orthorexia risk. These results suggest that dietary modifications may be a factor contributing to orthorexia. Additionally, we provide a commentary on the clinical implications of the findings for gastrointestinal conditions including a clinical flow chart. Clinicians should consider if a restrictive diet is appropriate for individuals with DGBI and include screening for disordered eating prior to implementation of dietary modifications. Future prospective studies should evaluate orthorexia within this patient group.
Biogeographic history of a large clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the Russulaceae, in the Neotropics and adjacent regions
Authors: Hackel Jan , Henkel Terry W. , Moreau Pierre‐Arthur , De Crop Eske , Verbeken Annemieke , Sà Mariana , Buyck Bart , Neves Maria‐Alice , Vasco‐Palacios Aída , Wartchow Felipe , Schimann Heidy , Carriconde Fabian , Garnica Sigisfredo , Courtecuisse Régis , Gardes Monique , Manzi Sophie , Louisanna Eliane , Roy Mélanie
Published: July 2022

The biogeography of neotropical fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the origins and diversification of neotropical lineages in one of the largest clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the globally widespread family Russulaceae.

We inferred a supertree of 3285 operational taxonomic units, representing worldwide internal transcribed spacer sequences. We reconstructed biogeographic history and diversification and identified lineages in the Neotropics and adjacent Patagonia.

The ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have a tropical African origin. The oldest lineages in tropical South America, most with African sister groups, date to the mid‐Eocene, possibly coinciding with a boreotropical migration corridor. There were several transatlantic dispersal events from Africa more recently. Andean and Central American lineages mostly have north‐temperate origins and are associated with North Andean uplift and the general north–south biotic interchange across the Panama isthmus, respectively. Patagonian lineages have Australasian affinities. Diversification rates in tropical South America and other tropical areas are lower than in temperate areas.

Neotropical Russulaceae have multiple biogeographic origins since the mid‐Eocene involving dispersal and co‐migration. Discontinuous distributions of host plants may explain low diversification rates of tropical lowland ectomycorrhizal fungi. Deeply diverging neotropical fungal lineages need to be better documented.
Sucrose rather than GA transported by AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 supports pollen fitness at late anther development stages
Authors: Wang Jiang , Xue Xueyi , Zeng Houqing , Li Jiankun , Chen Li‐Qing
Published: July 2022

Both sugar and the hormone gibberellin (GA) are essential for anther‐enclosed pollen development and thus for plant productivity in flowering plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14, which are expressed in anthers and associated with seed yield, transport both sucrose and GA. However, it is still unclear which substrate transported by them directly affects anther development and seed yield.

Histochemical staining, cross‐sectioning and microscopy imaging techniques were used to investigate and interpret the phenotypes of the atsweet13;14 double mutant during anther development. Genetic complementation of atsweet13;14 using AtSWEET9, which transports sucrose but not GA, and the GA transporter AtNPF3.1, respectively, was conducted to test the substrate preference relevant to the biological process.

The loss of both AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 resulted in reduced pollen viability and therefore decreased pollen germination. AtSWEET9 fully rescued the defects in pollen viability and germination of atsweet13;14, whereas AtNPF3.1 failed to do so, indicating that AtSWEET13/14‐mediated sucrose rather than GA is essential for pollen fertility.

AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 function mainly at the anther wall during late anther development stages, and they probably are responsible for sucrose efflux into locules to support pollen development to maturation, which is vital for subsequent pollen viability and germination.
Testing the association of relative growth rate and adaptation to climate across natural ecotypes of Arabidopsis
Authors: Fletcher Leila R. , Scoffoni Christine , Farrell Colin , Buckley Thomas N. , Pellegrini Matteo , Sack Lawren
Published: July 2022

Ecophysiologists have reported a range of relationships, including intrinsic trade‐offs across and within species between plant relative growth rate in high resource conditions (RGR) vs adaptation to tolerate cold or arid climates, arising from trait‐based mechanisms. Few studies have considered ecotypes within a species, in which the lack of a trade‐off would contribute to a wide species range and resilience to climate change.

For 15 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana in a common garden we tested for associations between RGR vs adaptation to cold or dry native climates and assessed hypotheses for its mediation by 15 functional traits.

Ecotypes native to warmer, drier climates had higher leaf density, leaf mass per area, root mass fraction, nitrogen per leaf area and carbon isotope ratio, and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Relative growth rate was statistically independent of the climate of the ecotype native range and of individual functional traits.

The decoupling of RGR and cold or drought adaptation in Arabidopsis is consistent with multiple stress resistance and avoidance mechanisms for ecotypic climate adaptation and would contribute to the species’ wide geographic range and resilience as the climate changes.
Parasitic universes: Organisational and technological meddling in the social
Authors: Bailey Simon , Lenglet Marc , Lord Gemma , Pierides Dean , Tischer Daniel
Published: July 2022

Debates about technology theorising ‘the social’ solely ondyadicandfixed positionalterms fail to grasp important ways that new financial technologies participate in work organisations. As an alternative, we build on the work of Michel Serres to propose that these technologies already inhabittriadicandrelationalparasitic universes in which they introduce interruptions that do much more than mediate between degrees of technological and social determinism. To understand the forms of agency this affords, we analyse two contrasting studies of workplaces where financial technologies were introduced. In a UK non‐profit social care organisation, relations of care were fundamentally disrupted by disorderly, dysfunctional forms of agency, whereas in UK retail banking, management used disorder to strategically obscure their own agency. Technological innovation and ‘future of work’ narratives are shown to feed each other, in service to interests that benefit from the repurposing of technologies, people and organisations.
Advances in the observation and understanding of changes in sea level and tides
Authors: Woodworth Philip L.
Published: July 2022

Climate change, of which sea level change is one component, is seldom out of the news. This paper reviews developments in the measurement and understanding of changes in sea level and tides, focusing on the changes during the past century. The main aim has been to demonstrate how sea level and tidal science are now connected intimately with the fields of climate change and geodesy.
Computational study of ion permeation through claudin‐4 paracellular channels
Authors: Berselli Alessandro , Alberini Giulio , Benfenati Fabio , Maragliano Luca
Published: July 2022

Claudins (Cldns) form a large family of protein homologs that are essential for the assembly of paracellular tight junctions (TJs), where they form channels or barriers with tissue‐specific selectivity for permeants. In contrast to several family members whose physiological role has been identified, the function of claudin 4 (Cldn4) remains elusive, despite experimental evidence suggesting that it can form anion‐selective TJ channels in the renal epithelium. Computational approaches have recently been employed to elucidate the molecular basis of Cldns’ function, and hence could help in clarifying the role of Cldn4. In this work, we use structural modeling and all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations to transfer two previously introduced structural models of Cldn‐based paracellular complexes to Cldn4 to reproduce a paracellular anion channel. Free energy calculations for ionic transport through the pores allow us to establish the thermodynamic properties driving the ion‐selectivity of the structures. While one model shows a cavity permeable to chloride and repulsive to cations, the other forms barrier to the passage of all the major physiological ions. Furthermore, our results confirm the charge selectivity role of the residue Lys65 in the first extracellular loop of the protein, rationalizing Cldn4 control of paracellular permeability.
Defensive mutualists affect outcross pollen transfer and male fitness in their host plant
Authors: Villamil Nora , Boege Karina , Stone Graham N.
Published: July 2022

Ant guards can increase plant fitness by deterring herbivores, but they may also reduce it by interfering with pollination. While ant impacts on herbivory have been well‐studied, much less is known about their impacts on pollinators and associated consequences for plant pollination, particularly pollen transfer dynamics and outcrossing/selfing rates. We used field experiments to quantify the effect of ant guards on pollinator community composition, frequency and duration of flower visits, and cascading effects on outcrossing pollen transfer and pollen exports in Turnera velutina (Passifloraceae). Although ant patrolling did not affect pollinator community composition or visitation frequency, it decreased flower visit duration and the time pollinators spent foraging inside flowers. Such behavioural changes resulted in reduced pollen deposition on stigmas, decreased pollen exports (a proxy for male fitness) and significantly doubled outcross pollen transfer. This study contributes to our understanding of how non‐pollinator mutualists can shape plant reproductive processes. We discuss the downstream effects that variation in biotic defences, such as rewards for guarding ants, can have on plant pollen transfer patterns and fitness.

In conclusion, guarding ants influence pollen transfer patterns in Turnera velutina, increasing outcrossing in a self‐compatible species at the cost of male fitness. We show how non‐pollinators, such as defensive ant mutualists, can shape plant reproductive traits and discuss the consequences these interactions may have for plant mating systems.
Anesthetic considerations in Dravet syndrome
Authors: Macdonald‐Laurs Emma , Corlette Sebastian , Davidson Andrew , Howell Katherine B.
Published: July 2022

We describe a two‐year‐old boy with Dravet syndrome, a severe genetic epilepsy, who developed a generalized tonic–clonic seizure immediately following an intravenous bolus of lidocaine given for propofol pain amelioration during induction of anesthesia for emergency gastroscopy. Although lidocaine has not specifically been reported as potentiating seizures in Dravet syndrome, it is well‐established that sodium channel blockers can worsen seizures in this population.