bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution Characteristics of Trace Elements in Carboniferous–Permian Coal from the Western Margin of Ordos Basin: Emphasis on Their Complex Geological Genesis
Authors: Sun Yaofeng , Li Shaohu , Dong Xin , Chen Wenjing , Song Wei , Zhang Yinuo , Sun Kexin , Qin Guohong
Published: November 2024

The Carboniferous–Permian coal deposits in the western margin of the Ordos Basin are known for their unique geological characteristics and potential enrichment of trace elements; however, there have been limited studies on the complex geological genesis of these elements, hindering the development of effective strategies for mineral resource exploration in this region. This study aims to investigate the distribution characteristics of trace elements in Carboniferous–Permian coal from the western margin of Ordos Basin, focusing on their complex geological genesis using techniques such as optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show that the average maximum vitrinite reflectance values in the Helanshan coalfield, Zhuozishan coalfield, and Ningdong coalfield are 1.25%, 0.83%, and 0.69%, respectively. Compared with the world’s hard coals, Li and Ga in Carboniferous–Permian coal from the western margin of the Ordos Basin are mildly enriched (CC, concentration coefficients; 2 < CC < 5) or enriched (5 < CC < 10). On the basis of revealing the response of the geochemical characteristics of coal to the geological development of the basin, the composite genetic model of terrigenous clastic supply, fault structure, low-temperature hydrothermal fluid and coal metamorphism have been established in Carboniferous–Permian coal in the western margin of the Ordos Basin. In this complex genetic model, folds and faults are very well developed. Although the provenance may have provided sufficient detrital sources for the study area, frequent tectonic changes, denudation, or scour led to the loss of detrital supply, and the provenance did not ultimately cause the enrichment of elements in the study area. However, the widely developed fault structure provided channels for sulfur-containing hydrothermal fluids, and the increase in coal metamorphism resulted in the enrichment of trace elements in the Carboniferous–Permian coal in the western margin of the Ordos Basin.
Comment on Zhou et al. Adsorption Behaviors of Lanthanum (III) and Yttrium (III) Ions on Gibbsite. Minerals 2023, 13, 1530
Authors: Hosseini Monjezi Bahram , Lützenkirchen Johannes
Published: November 2024

We compare trends in experimental observations reported by Zhou et al. to relevant results from numerous previously published studies. Based on these comparisons, we question the reliability of the gibbsite titration data and consider the cation uptake curves to be incomplete and questionable as well. The adsorption edges in Zhou et al. are too flat compared to the typical adsorption edges reported in hundreds of studies. Finally, we are convinced that trends of cation adsorption with NaNO3 content not only disagree with relevant, previously published results, but are even opposite to trends expected with increasing ionic strength, whenever such effects are observed. Finally, we discuss other inconsistencies in the experimental data.
Research on the Adsorption Performance of Zeolites for Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Nie Xiaoqing , Xue Zhaoteng , Jiao Wenqian , Dong Jing , Liu Su , Mao Dongsen
Published: November 2024

The purification and removal of polar impurities in olefin feedstocks is crucial for downstream deep processing, and adsorption is the main method for deep purification of such impurities. This article takes dimethyl ether, a typical oxygen-containing compound impurity in MTOs, as a polar impurity molecule, and LTA and FAU topological zeolites as research objects. The influence of zeolite topology, morphology, skeleton silicon–aluminum (Si/Al) ratio, and ion type on the adsorption and removal of trace dimethyl ether was investigated by XRD, SEM, XRF, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption methods. The FAU topological zeolites show a better adsorption performance for dimethyl ether owing to their larger specific surface area and unobstructed pores compared with LTA zeolites. Among FAU topological zeolites, the NaX zeolite a with lower framework silica–alumina ratio has the highest adsorption capacity for dimethyl ether. Magnesium ion exchange on NaX zeolites (MgNaX) reduce the specific surface area and adsorption capacity of the NaX zeolite. However, after forming with alumina as a binder, the adsorption capacity of the MgNaX–Al2O3 adsorbent is about 13% higher than that of the NaX–Al2O3 adsorbent without Mg ion exchange. This may be due to the decomposition of residual organic Mg salts in the Mg ion exchange samples during high-temperature calcination, resulting in a larger specific surface area for the formed adsorbent. Further characterization of NH3–TPD and CO2–TPD shows that Mg ion exchange weakens the acid–base active sites on the adsorbent surface. The reduction in acid–base sites reduces the occurrence of side reactions such as polymerization and isomerization caused by the exothermic adsorption of olefins on adsorbents. Repeated adsorption data show that the formed adsorbent has excellent regeneration–adsorption performance.
Mortars in the Archaeological Site of Hierapolis of Phrygia (Denizli, Turkey) from Imperial to Byzantine Age
Authors: Franceschini Matteo Maria Niccolò , Calandra Sara , Vettori Silvia , Ismaelli Tommaso , Scardozzi Giuseppe , Caggia Maria Piera , Cantisani Emma
Published: November 2024

Hierapolis of Phrygia, an archaeological site in southwestern Turkey, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988. During archaeological campaigns, 71 mortar samples from public buildings were collected, dating from the Julio-Claudian to the Middle Byzantine period. The samples were analyzed using a multi-analytical approach including polarized optical microscopy (POM), digital image analysis (DIA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and SEM–EDS to trace the raw materials and understand the evolution of mortar composition and technology over time. During the Roman period, travertine and marble were commonly used in binder production, while marble dominated in the Byzantine period. The aggregates come mainly from sands of the Lycian Nappe and Menderes Massif, with carbonate and silicate rock fragments. Variations in composition, average size and circularity suggest changes in raw material sources in both Roman and Byzantine periods. Cocciopesto mortar was used in water-related structures from the Flavian to the Severan period, but, in the Byzantine period, it also appeared in non-hydraulic contexts. Straw became a common organic additive in Byzantine renders, marking a shift from the exclusively inorganic aggregates of Roman renders. This study illustrates the evolving construction technologies and material sources used throughout the city’s history.
In Situ Anodic Transition and Cathodic Contamination Affect the Overall Voltage of Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Liu Zheng , Liu Zhaoyu , Zan Lingxing , Sun Yu , Han Huizhen , Li Zhe , Wang Han , Cao Ting , Zhu Yao , Lv Haiyang , Liu Yuxuan , Liu Juzhe , Bo Xin
Published: November 2024

NiFe (oxy)hydroxide has been widely used as a benchmark anodic catalyst for oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) in alkaline water electrolysis devices; however, the energy saving actually takes contributions from both the anodic OER and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, we observe the catalytic promotion upon the in situ-derived NiFe (oxy)hydroxide from the NiFe alloy monolithic electrode and also point out that the coupled nickel cathode is contaminated, leading to the loss of HER activity and a reduction in overall efficiency. It is found that Ni2+ and Fe3+ cations are inevitably detached from the anode into the electrolyte and electrodeposited on the nickel cathode after the three-month industrial simulation. This research presents the significant enhancement of the oxygen evolution catalysis using an in situ aging process and emphasizes that the catalytic application should not only be isolated on the half reaction, but a reasonable coupled electrode match to get rid of the contamination from the electrolyte is also of great significance to sufficiently present the intrinsic catalytic yielding for the real application.
Marine Cyanobacteria: A Rich Source of Structurally Unique Anti-Infectives for Drug Development
Authors: Tan Lik Tong , Salleh Nurul Farhana
Published: November 2024

Marine cyanobacteria represent a promising yet underexplored source of novel natural products with potent biological activities. Historically, the focus has been on isolating cytotoxic compounds from marine cyanobacteria, but a substantial number of these photosynthetic microorganisms also produce diverse specialized molecules with significant anti-infective properties. Given the global pressing need for new anti-infective lead compounds, this review provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on anti-infective secondary metabolites derived from marine cyanobacteria. A majority of these molecules were isolated from free-living filamentous cyanobacteria, while several examples were derived from marine cyanobacterial symbionts. In addition, SAR studies and potent synthetic analogs based on selected molecules will be featured. With more than 200 molecules, this review presents their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and molluscicidal activities, with the chemical and biological information covered in the literature up to September 2024.
Characterization of HZO Films Fabricated by Co-Plasma Atomic Layer Deposition for Ferroelectric Memory Applications
Authors: Park Won-Ji , Kim Ha-Jung , Lee Joung-Ho , Kim Jong-Hwan , Uhm Sae-Hoon , Kim So-Won , Lee Hee-Chul
Published: November 2024

Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a common method for fabricating Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) ferroelectric thin films that can be performed using direct-plasma (DP) and remote-plasma (RP) methods. This study proposed co-plasma ALD (CPALD), where DPALD and RPALD are applied simultaneously. HZO films fabricated using this method showed wake-up-free polarization properties, no anti-ferroelectricity, and high fatigue endurance when DPALD and RPALD started simultaneously. To minimize defects in the film that could negatively affect the low polarization properties and fatigue endurance, the direct plasma power was reduced to 75 W. Thus, excellent fatigue endurance for at least 109 cycles was obtained under a high total remanent polarization of 47.3 μC/cm2 and an applied voltage of 2.5 V. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the mechanisms responsible for these properties. The HZO films fabricated by CPALD contained few lattice defects (such as nonstoichiometric hafnium, nonlattice oxygen, and residual carbon) and no paraelectric phase (m-phase). This was attributed to the low-carbon residuals in the film, as high-energy activated radicals were supplied by the adsorbed precursors during film formation. This facilitated a smooth transition to the o-phase during heat treatment, which possessed ferroelectric properties.
Micromechanics Modeling on Mechanical Properties in Mg Alloys with Bimodal Grain Size Distribution
Authors: Li Shaojie , Jin Jianfeng , Sun Hao , Wang Yongbo , Ren Yuping , Wang Mingtao , Qin Gaowu
Published: November 2024

Bimodal grain structure (BGS) Mg alloys containing a high fraction of fine grains (FGs) and a low fraction of coarse grains (CGs) show a good combination of strength and plasticity. Here, taking the ZK60 alloy as an example, the influences of CG size, volume fraction, and texture intensity on mechanical properties and the hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) effect were examined using the Mori–Tanaka mean-field method combined with strain gradient theory of plasticity. The results indicate that the overall mechanical properties decrease with an increase in CG size because the limited HDI effect cannot compensate for the strength and plasticity decrease derived from larger CGs. A higher aspect ratio of CG along the loading direction can weaken the HDI effect and subsequently reduce the overall mechanical properties. Optimal comprehensive mechanical properties can be achieved when the CG volume fraction is approximately 30%. Furthermore, an increasing basal texture intensity in CG results in higher yield strength and lower ultimate tensile strength, while the uniform elongation reaches a maximum value when ~60% of CGs possess hard orientations with Euler angles of (0~30°, 0°, 0°).
Cannabidiol Enhances Mitochondrial Metabolism and Antioxidant Defenses in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Bravo Iniguez Alejandro , Sun Qi , Cui Qiaorong , Du Min , Zhu Mei-Jun
Published: November 2024

Background: The reintroduction of hemp production has resulted in increased consumption of cannabidiol (CBD) products, particularly CBD oil, yet their effects on intestinal health are not fully understood. Proper mitochondrial function and antioxidant defenses are vital for maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)1α are key mediators of mitochondrial metabolism. Methods & Results: Using Caco-2 cells, we found that CBD oil promoted AMPK phosphorylation, upregulated differentiation markers, and enhanced PGC1α/SIRT3 mitochondrial signaling. CBD oil reduced reactive oxygen species production and increased antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, CBD oil also increased levels of citrate, malate, and succinate—key metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle—alongside upregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. Similarly, pure CBD induced metabolic and antioxidant signaling. Conclusions: CBD enhances mitochondrial metabolic activity and antioxidant defense in Caco-2 cells, making it a promising candidate for treating intestinal dysfunction.
Benefits of Camel Milk over Cow and Goat Milk for Infant and Adult Health in Fighting Chronic Diseases: A Review
Authors: Almasri Razan S. , Bedir Alaa S. , Ranneh Yazan K. , El-Tarabily Khaled A. , Al Raish Seham M.
Published: November 2024

The nutritional composition, antimicrobial properties, and health benefits of camel milk (CAM), cow milk (COM), and goat milk (GOM) have been extensively studied for their roles in managing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This review compares these milk types’ nutritional and therapeutic properties, emphasizing their applications in chronic disease management. CAM is rich in insulin-like proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that benefit glycemic control and cardiovascular health. It also exhibits potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, which are crucial for managing diabetes and reducing CVD risk factors. While COM and GOM provide essential nutrients, their impact on metabolic health differs. GOM is known for its digestibility and antihypertensive properties, whereas COM’s higher lactose content may be less suitable for diabetic patients. CAM’s unique nutritional profile offers distinct therapeutic benefits, particularly for diabetes and CVD management. Further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action and optimize its clinical application for chronic disease prevention and management.
Exogenous Nucleotides Mitigate Cardiac Aging in SAMP8 Mice by Modulating Energy Metabolism Through AMPK Pathway
Authors: Wu Yuxiao , Liu Rui , Wei Chan , Wang Xiujuan , Wu Xin , Li Yong , Xu Meihong
Published: November 2024

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the predominant cause of mortality, with aging being a significant risk factor. Nucleotides (NTs), essential for numerous biological functions, are particularly vital under conditions like aging, starvation, and nutrient deficiency. Although the antiaging benefits of exogenous NTs have been recognized in various systems, their cardiac-specific effects are not well understood. This study, therefore, investigated the impact of exogenous NTs on cardiac aging and delved into the potential mechanisms. Methods: Senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice were utilized, randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group (Control), a low-dose NTs group (NTs_L), and a high-dose NTs group (NTs_H). Meanwhile, senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice were set up as the SAMR1 group. Following a 9-month intervention, cardiac tissues were subjected to analysis. Results: The results showed that NTs improved the morphological structure of the cardiac tissue, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and mitigated inflammation. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the high-dose NT intervention improved cardiac tissue energy metabolism, potentially through activating the AMPK pathway, enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, and increased TFAM protein expression. Conclusions: Together, these results indicate that exogenous NTs exert beneficial effects on the cardiac tissues of SAMP8 mice, potentially mitigating the cardiac aging process.
Medication Errors in Psychiatric Hospitals: A Nationwide Real-World Evidence Study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alenzi Khalidah , Alsheikh Mona , Alsuhaibani Deemah , Alatawi Yasser , Alshammari Thamir
Published: November 2024

Background: Medication errors are among the most prevalent medical errors and result in significant morbidity and mortality. They pose a major threat to patient safety in psychiatric hospitals. However, the lack of a comprehensive investigation into the root causes of these errors restricts the development of effective corrective measures. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the types of errors, determine the stages of the medication use process, and identify factors associated with errors occurring among government psychiatric hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to June 2020. All medication error reports submitted to the Ministry of Health General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care database from 18 government psychiatric hospitals in Saudi Arabia were assessed. The database is de-identified and contains information on all medication errors, including patient demographics, medication information, error information, causes of errors, and reporter information. Medication use was categorized as ordering/prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. The present findings represent a descriptive analysis of the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.4. Result: A total of 23,355 medication error reports were reported to the database during the study period. Among Saudi Arabian cities, Riyadh (n = 8972, 38.4%) had the highest medication error reporting rate, followed by Taif (n = 3705, 15.9%) and Jeddah (n = 2621, 11.2%). Most reported errors were frequently made by physicians (n = 20,284, 86.9%) and were primarily detected by pharmacists (n = 20,974, 89.8%). Approximately half of them (n = 13,150, 56.3%) were classified as “Category B” that occurred, but they did not reach patients. Most medication errors were reported in adults (n = 22,589, 96.7%) and male patients (n = 16,393, 70.2%). Most error reports were detected at the prescription stage (n = 16,481; 70.6%) during the medication-use process. Work overload of the staff (n = 2911, 12.8%) and drug labeling, packaging, and nomenclature (n = 2826, 12.1%) were the most common contributing factors associated with the reported errors. Olanzapine (n = 1650, 7.1%), omeprazole (n = 1350, 5.8%), and quetiapine (n = 1273, 5.5%) were the most common medications associated with medication errors. Conclusions: Preventable medication errors are typical in psychiatric hospitals and may result in severe consequences. Increased efforts are needed to control and minimize prescribing errors and improve reporting in Saudi Arabia.
Injectable Photocrosslinked Hydrogel Dressing Encapsulating Quercetin-Loaded Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 for Skin Wound Healing
Authors: Chen Zhao , Zhe Man , Wu Wenting , Yu Peiyun , Xiao Yuzhen , Liu Hao , Liu Ming , Xiang Zhou , Xing Fei
Published: November 2024

Background: Wound management is a critical component of clinical practice. Promoting timely healing of wounds is essential for patient recovery. Traditional treatments have limited efficacy due to prolonged healing times, excessive inflammatory responses, and susceptibility to infection. Methods: In this research, we created an injectable hydrogel wound dressing formulated from gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) that encapsulates quercetin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Qu@ZIF-8) nanoparticles. Next, its ability to promote skin wound healing was validated through in vitro experiments and animal studies. Results: Research conducted both in vitro and in vivo indicated that this hydrogel dressing effectively mitigates inflammation, inhibits bacterial growth, and promotes angiogenesis and collagen synthesis, thus facilitating a safe and efficient healing process for wounds. Conclusions: This cutting-edge scaffold system provides a novel strategy for wound repair and demonstrates significant potential for clinical applications.
Drug Interaction-Informed Approaches to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management
Authors: Lee Kyeong-Ryoon , Gulnaz Aneela , Chae Yoon-Jee
Published: November 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex and chronic condition that requires the use of various pharmacological agents for its management. Despite advancements in IBD research, the multifaceted mechanisms involved continue to pose significant challenges for strategic prevention. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize safe and effective treatment strategies using the currently available pharmacological agents. Given that patients with IBD often require multiple medications due to combination therapy or other underlying conditions, a comprehensive understanding of drug interactions is essential for optimizing treatment regimens. In this review, we examined the pharmacological treatment options recommended in the current IBD management guidelines and provided a comprehensive analysis of the known pharmacokinetic interactions associated with these medications. In particular, this review includes recent research results for the impact of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) on the concentrations of biological agents used in IBD treatment. By leveraging detailed interaction data and employing personalized dosing strategies, healthcare providers can improve therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects, ultimately improving the quality of care for patients with IBD.
Towards Aptamer-Targeted Drug Delivery to Brain Tumors: The Synthesis of Ramified Conjugates of an EGFR-Specific Aptamer with MMAE on a Cathepsin B-Cleavable Linker
Authors: Brylev Vladimir A. , Ryabukhina Ekaterina V. , Nazarova Ekaterina V. , Samoylenkova Nadezhda S. , Gulyak Evgeny L. , Sapozhnikova Ksenia A. , Dzarieva Fatima M. , Ustinov Alexey V. , Pronin Igor N. , Usachev Dmitry Y. , Kopylov Alexey M. , Golovin Andrey V. , Pavlova Galina V. , Ryazantsev Dmitry Yu. , Korshun Vladimir A.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents is a well-established approach to cancer therapy. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) typically carry toxic payloads attached to a tumor-associated antigen-targeting IgG antibody via an enzyme-cleavable linker that releases the drug inside the cell. Aptamers are a promising alternative to antibodies in terms of antigen targeting; however, their polynucleotide nature and smaller size result in a completely different PK/PD profile compared to an IgG. This may prove advantageous: owing to their lower molecular weight, aptamer-drug conjugates may achieve better penetration of solid tumors compared to ADCs. Methods: On the way to therapeutic aptamer–drug conjugates, we aimed to develop a versatile and modular approach for the assembly of aptamer–enzymatically cleavable payload conjugates of various drug–aptamer ratios. We chose the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane protein often overexpressed in brain tumors, as the target antigen. We used the 46 mer EGFR-targeting DNA sequence GR-20, monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) on the cathepsin-cleavable ValCit-p-aminobenzylcarbamate linker as the payload, and pentaerythritol-based tetraazide as the branching point for the straightforward synthesis of aptamer–drug conjugates by means of a stepwise Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. Results: Branched aptamer conjugates of 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1 stoichiometry were synthesized and showed higher cytotoxic activity compared to a 1:1 conjugate, particularly on several glioma cell lines. Conclusions: This approach is convenient and potentially applicable to any aptamer sequence, as well as other payloads and cleavable linkers, thus paving the way for future development of aptamer–drug therapeutics by easily providing a range of branched conjugates for in vitro and in vivo testing.
FDA and EMA Oversight of Disruptive Science on Application of Finite Absorption Time (F.A.T.) Concept in Oral Drug Absorption: Time for Scientific and Regulatory Changes
Authors: Toulitsis Elias , Tsekouras Athanasios A. , Macheras Panos
Published: November 2024

Background: It has been demonstrated that the concept of infinite absorption time, associated with the absorption rate constant, which drives a drug’s gastrointestinal absorption rate, is not physiologically sound. The recent analysis of oral drug absorption data based on the finite absorption time (F.A.T.) concept and the relevant physiologically based finite-time pharmacokinetic (PBFTPK) models developed provided a better physiologically sound description of oral drug absorption. Methods: In this study, we re-analyzed, using PBFTPK models, seven data sets of ketoprofen, amplodipine, theophylline (three formulations), and two formulations (reference, test) from a levonorgestrel bioequivalence study. Equations for one-compartment-model drugs, for the estimation of fraction of dose absorbed or the bioavailable fraction exclusively from oral data, were developed. Results: In all cases, meaningful estimates for (i) the number of absorption stages, namely, one for ketoprofen and the levonorgestrel formulations, two for amlodipine, the immediate-release theophylline formulation, and the extended-release Theotrim formulation, and three for the extended-release Theodur formulation, (ii) the duration of each absorption stage and the corresponding drug input rate, and (iii) the total duration of drug absorption, which ranged from 0.75 h (ketoprofen) to 11.6 h for Theodur were derived. Estimates for the bioavailable fraction of ketoprofen and two theophylline formulations exhibiting one-compartment-model kinetics were derived. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the detailed characteristics of oral drug absorption. The use of PBFTPK models in drug absorption analysis can be leveraged as a computational framework to discontinue the perpetuation of the mathematical fallacy of classical pharmacokinetic analysis based on the absorption rate constant as well as in the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) studies and pharmacometrics. The present study is an additional piece of evidence for the scientific and regulatory changes required to be implemented by the regulatory agencies in the not-too-distant future.
Development and Characterization of Sodium Bicarbonate-Based Gel for Cytolytic Vaginosis
Authors: Gaspar Carlos , Agonia Ana Sofia , Felício Sara , Tomás Mariana , Esteves Diana , Palmeira-de-Oliveira Rita , Donders Gilbert G. G. , Martinez-de-Oliveira José , Palmeira-de-Oliveira Ana
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Cytolytic vaginosis or, classically, Doderlein’s cytolysis is characterized by significant growth of species of the Lactobacillus genus, which leads to high amounts of lactic acid in the vaginal environment. Lactobacillus crispatus has been proposed as a key pathogen in this clinical condition. The symptomatology of cytolytic vaginosis is commonly confused with that of vulvovaginal candidosis, leading to inadequate and ineffective azole therapies. Nevertheless, historically, the use of sodium bicarbonate intimate baths was an effective way to reduce the symptoms of cytolytic vaginosis. Methods: In this study, four HPMC gel prototypes were developed, containing sodium bicarbonate concentrations ranging from 4% to 7% (w/w). These gels were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, interference with lactobacilli adhering to cells, and cellular and tissue biocompatibility. Results: The gels presented pH values of around 9.0, and osmolality between 706 mOsm/kg (F4) and 1065 mOsm/kg (F7). The viscosity upon heating to physiologic temperature and dilution with simulated vaginal fluid was highly affected by the concentration of sodium bicarbonate. Gels with higher sodium bicarbonate concentrations (F6 and F7) were not shown to be stable in these conditions. All formulations exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against seven L. crispatus strains, with MIC values ranging from 6.25% to 25% (v/v) in terms of dilution. Additionally, the 4% (w/w) gel significantly interfered with the adhesion of L. crispatus to epithelial cells in competition and exclusion assays, reducing adhesion by more than 90% in relation to the control. Cytotoxicity tests on the Hec-1A, HeLa, and VK2/E6E7 cell lines indicated that the F4 and F5 gels demonstrated lower cytotoxicity levels compared to those with higher concentrations. Furthermore, ex vivo assays using porcine vaginal tissue confirmed that the 4% gel was non-toxic at a 25% (v/v) dilution. Conclusions: Based on these results, the 4% (w/w) sodium bicarbonate gel (F4) emerges as a promising therapeutic option for cytolytic vaginosis, offering effective bacterial interference, favourable physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility suitable for vaginal application.
Therapeutically Harnessing Tumor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Multiple Myeloma: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Xiao Shumei , Chen Lei , Chen Zhichao , Li Qiubai
Published: November 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal regulators for extensive intercellular crosstalk owing to capsuled diverse bioactive substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Recent studies have shown that tumor-derived EVs significantly influence the bone marrow microenvironment, contributing to the progression of multiple myeloma (MM). This highlights the robust potential of EVs as a promising avenue for developing more effective and precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MM. In this review, we briefly discuss the multifaceted roles of EVs in MM progression, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic value in MM management. Specifically, we focus on the latest research progress regarding the therapeutic potential of EVs for MM, particularly tumor cell-derived EVs, as we elaborate on three main aspects: (i) EVs as therapeutic targets, including the targeted inhibition of EV biogenesis and uptake, and the possibility of eliminating tumor-derived EVs; (ii) EVs as delivery nanovectors, where we discuss the latest anti-MM candidates and potential ways to optimize therapeutic efficiency; and (iii) engineered EVs as antitumor vaccines, focusing on the use of tumor cell-derived EVs in immunotherapy. Finally, we address the prospects and challenges of harnessing the therapeutic potential of EVs in clinical transformation.
Comprehensive Analysis of Optical Resonances and Sensing Performance in Metasurfaces of Silicon Nanogap Unit
Authors: Iwanaga Masanobu
Published: November 2024

Metasurfaces composed of silicon nanogap units have a variety of optical resonances, including bound states in the continuum (BIC). We show comprehensive numerical results on metasurfaces of Si-nanogap units, analyze the optical resonances, and clarify optically prominent resonances as well as symmetry-forbidding resonances that are the BIC, based on the numerical analyses of optical spectra and resonant electromagnetic field distributions. Introducing asymmetry in the unit cell, the BIC become optically allowed, being identified as magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, and magnetic quadrupole resonances. Moreover, the optical resonances are examined in terms of refractive index sensing performance. A pair of the resonances associated with electric field localization at the nanogap was found to be sensitive to the refractive index in contact with the metasurfaces. Consequently, the gap mode resonances are shown to be suitable for a wide range of refractive index sensing over 1.0–2.0.
Influence of Optical Fiber Parameters on the Speckle Pattern and Spectral Observation in Astronomy
Authors: Wang Anzhi , Wang Jiabin , Gan Zhaoxv , Yue Gang , Chen Xvdong , Yan Qi , Wang Shengjia , Yan Yunxiang , Geng Tao , Chen Shuang , Sun Weimin
Published: November 2024

Optical fibers serve as a bridge to transmit starlight into the spectrograph in fiber spectral surveys. Due to the interference between multiple modes supported within the fiber, a granular speckle pattern appears on the end of the fiber and leads to an uneven and random energy distribution in the spectrum. This effect is called mode noise, which reduces the accuracy of high-resolution spectral detection. This work investigates the influence of transmitted mode numbers on speckle patterns by using fibers with different core diameters and numerical apertures. A reciprocating mechanical scrambler is proposed for suppressing near-field speckles with negligible focal ratio degradation. We use centroid offset and radial power spectrum to quantitatively evaluate the characteristics of the speckles with and without scrambling. Experimental results show that more modes in a fiber with a larger core diameter reduce the centroid offset of the speckle and make the energy distribution more uniform. The mechanical mode scrambler significantly reduces the random centroid deviation caused by speckles, which is more obvious for large-core fibers. The standard deviation of centroid offset in 1000-cycle tests for the 160 µm core fiber is only 0.043 µm, which is one-tenth of that for the 16 µm core fiber. However, in solar spectrum measurement using these fibers, small-core fibers can more easily achieve higher spectral resolution and capture more spectral information. Therefore, large-core fibers are suitable for tasks requiring high accuracy, while fibers with a smaller core diameter should be applied for high-precision spectral measurement.
Species-Specific and Pollution-Induced Changes in Gene Expression and Metabolome of Closely Related Noccaea Species Under Natural Conditions
Authors: Bočaj Valentina , Pongrac Paula , Fischer Sina , Likar Matevž
Published: November 2024

Hyperaccumulators within the Noccaea genus possess many promising genetic and metabolic adaptations that could be potentially exploited to support phytoremediation efforts and/or crop improvement and biofortification. Although hyperaccumulation is very common in this genus, individual species display specific traits as they can accumulate different elements (e.g., zinc, cadmium, and/or nickel). Moreover, there appears to be some populational variability with natural selection increasing the metal tolerance in metallicolous populations. Therefore, employing robust methods, such as integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome, is crucial for uncovering pivotal candidate genes and pathways orchestrating the response to metal stress in Noccaea hyperaccumulators. Our study highlights several species-specific traits linked to the detoxification of metals and metal-induced oxidative stress in hyperaccumulating N. praecox when compared to a closely related model species, N. caerulescens, when grown in the field. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct differences between the three studied natural Noccaea populations. Notably, we observed several pathways frequently connected to metal stress, i.e., glutathione metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis, which were enriched. These differences were observed despite the relative evolutionary closeness of studied species, which emphasizes the importance of further expanding our knowledge on hyperaccumulators if we want to exploit their mechanisms for phytoremediation efforts or food quality improvements.
Quality Characteristics and Essential Oil Properties of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria Dried under Different Conditions
Authors: Xylia Panayiota , Chrysargyris Antonios , Tomou Ekaterina-Michaela , Goumenos Christos , Skaltsa Helen , Tzortzakis Nikolaos
Published: November 2024

The drying of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is one of the main preservation methods for these products that can prolong their shelf life, if performed properly. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different drying conditions (sun, shade, and oven drying at 42 °C) on the quality characteristics of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria; their essential oil (EO) yield; and their biological properties (antioxidant and antibacterial activities). According to the results of the current study, oven drying resulted in faster moisture loss for all investigated species and slightly darker products. For T. capitatus, sun drying resulted in higher EO carvacrol content, whereas EOs obtained from shade and oven drying (at 42 °C) presented high total phenolic content and great antimicrobial activity. For M. piperita, shade drying resulted in a higher EO yield and higher iso-menthone content, whilst the EO obtained from oven-dried mint plants presented great antibacterial activity against the investigated foodborne pathogens. S. cypria plants dried in an air-ventilated oven produced an EO rich in β-caryophyllene and α-pinene, which also presented great antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The findings of the current study indicate that traditional drying methods, such as sun and shade, can result in good-quality dried MAPs that can yield EOs with significant biological activities, along with minimum energy consumption and lower carbon dioxide production (lower environmental carbon footprint), as opposed to oven drying. However, the drying-process duration could be a limitation at the industrial scale.
A Deep Learning Model for Accurate Maize Disease Detection Based on State-Space Attention and Feature Fusion
Authors: Zhu Tong , Yan Fengyi , Lv Xinyang , Zhao Hanyi , Wang Zihang , Dong Keqin , Fu Zhengjie , Jia Ruihao , Lv Chunli
Published: November 2024

In improving agricultural yields and ensuring food security, precise detection of maize leaf diseases is of great importance. Traditional disease detection methods show limited performance in complex environments, making it challenging to meet the demands for precise detection in modern agriculture. This paper proposes a maize leaf disease detection model based on a state-space attention mechanism, aiming to effectively utilize the spatiotemporal characteristics of maize leaf diseases to achieve efficient and accurate detection. The model introduces a state-space attention mechanism combined with a multi-scale feature fusion module to capture the spatial distribution and dynamic development of maize diseases. In experimental comparisons, the proposed model demonstrates superior performance in the task of maize disease detection, achieving a precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score of 0.94. Compared with baseline models such as AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ResNet, EfficientNet, and ViT, the proposed method achieves a precision of 0.95, with the other metrics also reaching 0.94, showing significant improvement. Additionally, ablation experiments verify the impact of different attention mechanisms and loss functions on model performance. The standard self-attention model achieved a precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score of 0.74, 0.70, 0.72, and 0.72, respectively. The Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) showed a precision of 0.87, recall of 0.83, accuracy of 0.85, and F1 score of 0.85, while the state-space attention module achieved a precision of 0.95, with the other metrics also at 0.94. In terms of loss functions, cross-entropy loss showed a precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score of 0.69, 0.65, 0.67, and 0.67, respectively. Focal loss showed a precision of 0.83, recall of 0.80, accuracy of 0.81, and F1 score of 0.81. State-space loss demonstrated the best performance in these experiments, achieving a precision of 0.95, with recall, accuracy, and F1 score all at 0.94. These results indicate that the model based on the state-space attention mechanism achieves higher detection accuracy and better generalization ability in the task of maize leaf disease detection, effectively improving the accuracy and efficiency of disease recognition and providing strong technical support for the early diagnosis and management of maize diseases. Future work will focus on further optimizing the model’s spatiotemporal feature modeling capabilities and exploring multi-modal data fusion to enhance the model’s application in real agricultural scenarios.
Sustainable Wheat Cultivation in Sandy Soils: Impact of Organic and Biofertilizer Use on Soil Health and Crop Yield
Authors: El-Akhdar Ibrahim , Shabana Mahmoud M. A. , El-Khateeb Nagwa M. M. , Elhawat Nevien , Alshaal Tarek
Published: November 2024

Sandy soils are widespread globally and are increasingly utilized to meet the demands of a growing population and urbanization for food, fiber, energy, and other essential services. However, their poor water and nutrient retention makes crop cultivation challenging. This study evaluated the effects of integrating compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Azospirillum brasilense SWERI 111 and Azotobacter chroococcum OR512393) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Misr 1) grown in sandy soil under varying levels of recommended NPK (50%, 75%, and 100%) fertilization. Conducted over two growing seasons, the experiment aimed to assess soil health, nutrient uptake, microbial activity, and plant productivity in response to compost and PGPR treatments. The results demonstrated that combining compost and PGPR significantly improved soil chemical properties, such as reducing soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), while enhancing soil organic matter (SOM). Additionally, compost and PGPR improved soil nutrient content (N, P, K) and boosted the total bacterial and fungal counts. The combined treatment also increased urease and phosphatase enzyme activities, contributing to enhanced nutrient availability. Notably, plant productivity was enhanced with compost and PGPR, reflected by increased chlorophyll and reduced proline content, along with improved grain and straw yields. Overall, the results underscore the potential of compost and PGPR as effective, sustainable soil amendments to support wheat growth under varying NPK levels.
The Effect of Temperature and UV Manipulation on Anthocyanins, Flavonols, and Hydroxycinnamoyl-Tartrates in cv Nebbiolo Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: Wilson Alena , Ferrandino Alessandra , Giacosa Simone , Novello Vittorino , Guidoni Silvia
Published: November 2024

This research aimed to identify the effects of increased temperature and decreased ultraviolet (UV) exposure on berry characteristics and quality parameters of cv Nebbiolo, identifying the potential risks associated with climate change for the quality of grapes and the identity of Barolo wine. This two-year research (2022 and 2023) was performed in three vineyards, located at different elevations in La Morra (Piedmont, northwestern Italy), monitored from the beginning of veraison to harvest. A split-plot design was set up, applying a passive greenhouse amplifying temperature in the bunch zone (‘T’ = increased temperature; ‘C’ = control temperature) and UV-blocking plastics over individual bunches (‘1’ = full UV exposure; ‘0’ = UV-blocked). Berry weight, skin weight, and juice total soluble solids were measured. Grape skin anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid tartaric esters were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Both treatments negatively influenced the berry weight but not the skin weight; the increased T had a negative impact on the sugar per berry content. Limited UV and increased temperature negatively impacted total anthocyanins at harvest and on di-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Limited UV-depressed flavonol concentration and high temperature decreased their synthesis. Increased UV promoted cis-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid and decreased trans-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid. The results of this research are valuable for improving the quality production of Nebbiolo through understanding the impacts of increased temperature and alterations to UV exposure expected by climate change.
Pre-Grafting Exposure to Root-Promoting Compounds Improves Top-Grafting Performance of Citrus Trees
Authors: Xie Jiawei , Chen Zhihui , Lali Mohammad Naeem , Xiong Huaye , Wang Yuheng , Niu Runzheng , Zhao Jingkun , He Xinhua , Zhang Yueqiang , Shi Xiaojun , Rennenberg Heinz
Published: November 2024

Top grafting is an efficient and practical technique for the renewal and rejuvenation of citrus trees in old orchards. However, root death after top grafting restricts plant growth and canopy reconstruction. Thus, applications of rooting promotion substances before citrus top grafting may increase the amount and activity of roots, thereby enhancing top-grafted plant performance. To test this assumption, four rooting promotion substances, i.e., rooting promotion powder, biochar, organic fertilizer, and potassium fulvic acid, were applied before top grafting, and the effects on biometric and physiological parameters were analyzed after top grafting. The results showed that the application of all rooting promotion substances before top grafting has a positive effect on growth and mineral nutrient acquisition, as well as on foliar C and N assimilates and the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes of top-grafted plants. Rooting promotion powder and biochar had the best effect on top-grafted tree performance in the short term. In conclusion, pre-grafting root promotion reduced root damage, enhanced nutrient acquisition, and improved the physiological performance of top-grafted plants. Therefore, this approach can play a crucial role in accelerating canopy reconstruction in old citrus orchards and in improving citrus plant development.