bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of intrapsychic factors, coping styles, and spirituality of patients affected by tumors
Authors: Vespa Anna , Jacobsen Paul B. , Spazzafumo Liana , Balducci Lodovico
Published: March 2010

Background: In this study, we consider spirituality in terms of interpersonal, transpersonal, and intrapsychic processes. The goal of this study is to establish whether a spiritual perspective is correlated with more effective coping skills and intrapsychic processes.

Methodology: Patients: Lung (n = 88, n. (age 62.8±10.1)) and large bowel cancer (n = 56; age (age 60.1±11.4)) (all stages).

Tests: SASB Questionnaire by L.S. Benjamin—intrapsychic processes; Scale of Coping Styles by A. Jalowiech; Brief Measure of Spirituality (BMMS); Spiritual Well Being Index by T. Daaleman and B. Bruce.

Results: There is a significant correlation among inner spirituality (IS) (Cronbach's α = 0.692), spiritual coping (SC) (Cronbach's α = 0.935) (described total variability—BMMS) and Spiritual Well Being (SWB) (Cronbach's α = 0.759). (Significant correlation among the three scales, Cronbach's α = 0.676.)

The patients with high spirituality are more prone to develop their potentialities and capacities. They (with IS and SC) have more effective coping mechanisms with stressful situations (SASB Cl 3: Self‐supporting and appreciate and IS = p<0.002; and SC = p<0.001. They care for themselves by developing their own capacities and potentialities—SASB Cl 5: Self‐control and IS p = 0.033; and SC p = 0.037. The profile of patients with lower intrinsic spirituality and SC scores suggest ineffective coping with high risk of depression, self‐neglect both in the physical and emotional dimensions, and of self‐abuse (SASB Cl 8: Self‐criticism and IS p = 0.033; SC p = 0.044).

Conclusion: The presence of a spiritual dimension may be a marker of patients with a good adaptation to cancer treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors in infancy and childhood related to reduced lung function in asthmatic children: A birth cohort study (BAMSE)
Authors: Hallberg Jenny , Anderson Martin , Wickman Magnus , Svartengren Magnus
Published: March 2010

Changes in lung function due to childhood asthma have been reported to occur before school age, and to persist throughout life. The aim was to assess the relationship between aspects of lung function and asthma over time in 4,089 children participating in the large population‐based birth cohort BAMSE. Questionnaires were administered at 1, 2, 4, and 8 years of age. At 4 and 8 years, children were invited to a clinical examination, in which 2,965 and 2,630 children participated, respectively. The examinations included blood sampling for evaluation of sensitization to airway allergens (n = 2,053), peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements at 4 and 8 years (n = 1,957), and forced expiratory flows (n = 2,455) at 8 years. Asthma onset before the age of 4 years, but no thereafter, was at 8 years associated with impaired spirometric flows. This was seen irrespective of symptom presence after the age of 4. Reduced PEF growth between the age of 4 and 8 was seen only for the group of children with early onset transient asthma, while an association between sensitization and lung function was only seen in the late‐onset asthma group. In conclusion, school children with asthma have reductions of spirometric flows when categorized as persistent or transient early onset asthma, even if this latter group of children is completely symptom‐free at school age. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:341–348. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory impedance and response to salbutamol in asthmatic Vietnamese children
Authors: Vu Lan T.T. , Demoulin Bruno , Nguyen Mai T.H. , Nguyen Yen T. , Marchal François
Published: March 2010

There is a high incidence of pediatric asthma in Vietnam, but little lung function data are available. The aim of the study was to compare respiratory resistance (Rrs), reactance (Xrs), and responses to salbutamol between asthmatic and healthy primary school children in Hanoi. Because respiratory mechanics vary along the breathing cycle, measurements were assessed separately in inspiration (Rrsi, Xrsi) and expiration (Rrse, Xrse).

Inpatients with doctor‐diagnosed asthma were measured 2–3 days following admission using the forced oscillation technique (FOT) at a single frequency (8 Hz). Z‐scores and responses to salbutamol were compared between 102 asthmatics and 98 controls, and accuracy of group classification by FOT parameters was assessed by Youden index, an indicator to the proportion of subjects correctly classified in each group.

In asthmatics versus controls, Rrsi—but not Rrse—was significantly larger and both Xrsi and Xrse were significantly more negative (P < 0.01). Both Rrs and Xrs responses to salbutamol were significantly larger in asthmatics than controls (P < 0.001). Youden indexes indicated response to salbutamol generally had better diagnostic values than Z‐scores and was best discriminative first with Rrsi, then with Xrse.

It is concluded that different FOT characteristics may be described in asthmatic and healthy Vietnamese children. The diagnostic value of each parameter depends upon the breathing cycle. Most useful in practice probably is the response to salbutamol measured by Rrsi. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:380–386. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olive oil during pregnancy is associated with reduced wheezing during the first year of life of the offspring
Authors: Castro‐Rodriguez Jose A. , Garcia‐Marcos Luis , Sanchez‐Solis Manuel , Pérez‐Fernández Virginia , Martinez‐Torres Antonela , Mallol Javier
Published: March 2010

Objective

To test the hypothesis that consuming Mediterranean diet and using olive oil for cooking/dressing salads during pregnancy might be associated with less wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life.

Methods

A study was conducted in 1,409 infants (mean age, 16.6 ± 2.5 months) attending healthy infant clinics in Spain. Dietary data of mothers' intake during pregnancy was collected by means of a parental food frequency questionnaire. Demographic information and data on wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life were also recorded. Infants were stratified according to any wheezing (42.2%) during the first year of life.

Results

In the univariate analysis, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and using olive oil for cooking/dressing salads during pregnancy were both significantly associated with less wheezing during the first year of life. However, after multivariate analysis, only olive oil consumption during pregnancy remained associated with less wheezing in the studied period (aOR = 0.57 [95% CI = 0.4–0.9]); whereas male gender (1.8 [1.4–2.3]), day care attendance (2.15 [1.5–3.1]), maternal asthma (2.16 [1.3–3.6]), maternal smoking during pregnancy (1.83 [1.3–2.2]), infant eczema (1.95 [1.3–2.9]), and mould stains on the household walls (1.72 [1.2–2.5]) remained associated with wheezing.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a protective effect (primary prevention) of olive oil use during pregnancy on wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:395–402. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring the Weibull shape parameter by control charts for the sample range
Authors: Pascual Francis , Zhang Huifang
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we propose control charts for monitoring changes in the Weibull shape parameter β. These charts are based on the range of a random sample from the smallest extreme value distribution. The control chart limits depend only on the sample size, the desired stable average run length (ARL), and the stable value of β. We derive control limits for both one‐ and two‐sided control charts. They are unbiased with respect to the ARL. We discuss sample size requirements if the stable value of βis estimated from past data. The proposed method is applied to data on the breaking strengths of carbon fibers. We recommend one‐sided charts for detecting specific changes in βbecause they are expected to signal out‐of‐control sooner than the two‐sided charts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainability and organizational activities – three approaches
Authors: Wikström Per‐Arne
Published: March 2010

This paper explores the tensions exhibited within the use of sustainability in relation to organizational activities such as strategic management and measurement of performance. Three different sustainability approaches are identified. It is argued that these approaches are based on different standpoints, which may result in misunderstandings and ambiguity. For this reason it is suggested to differentiate between business for sustainability, sustainable organization and sustainable business. Recognition of different organizational standpoints and approaches to sustainability is one step towards more comprehensive studies on sustainability in relation to organizational issues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Regulation of subthalamic neuron activity by endocannabinoids
Authors: Morera‐Herreras Teresa , Ruiz‐Ortega Jose Angel , Taupignon Anne , Baufreton Jérôme , Manuel Ivan , Rodriguez‐Puertas Rafael , Ugedo Luisa
Published: March 2010

High levels of anandamide are located in the basal ganglia. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is considered to be an important modulator of basal ganglia output. The present study aims at characterizing the modulation of the electrical activity of STN neurons by exogenous anandamide or endocannabinoids. Single‐unit extracellular recordings in anesthetized rats and patch‐clamp techniques in rat brain slices containing the STN were performed. Immunohistochemical assays were used. In vivo, anandamide administration produced two opposite effects (inhibition or stimulation) on STN neuron firing rates, depending of the precise location of the neuron within the nucleus. These effects were enhanced by prior inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase with URB597, but not by the inhibitor of carrier‐mediated anandamide transport AM404. Rimonabant, a specific CB1receptor antagonist, also produced inhibition or stimulation of STN neuron activity when administered alone or after anandamide. These effects seem to be mediated by indirect mechanisms since: (1) STN neuron activity is not modified by the cannabinoid agonist Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) in vitro; (2) no depolarization‐induced suppression of inhibition phenomena were observed; and (3) CB1receptor immunolabeling was not detected in the STN, but was abundant in areas which project efferents to this nucleus. Moreover, chemical lesion of the globus pallidus abolished the stimulatory effect of anandamide and microinfusion of anandamide into the prefrontal cortex led to inhibition of STN neuron activity. The present results show that endocannabinoids exert a tonic control on STN activity via receptors located outside the nucleus. These findings may contribute to enhance our understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system in motor control. Synapse 64:682–698, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α2‐Adrenergic drugs modulate the binding of [18F]fallypride to dopamine D2/3 receptors in striatum of living mouse
Authors: Rominger Axel , Mille Erik , Böning Guido , Wängler Björn , Josef Gildehaus Franz , Arszol Cornelia , Bartenstein Peter , Cumming Paul
Published: March 2010

Aim. To test for α2 adrenergic modulation of dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in striatum of living mice using the high‐affinity ligand [18F]fallypride and microPET. Methods. Groups of anesthetized mice were pretreated with saline, the α2‐agonist clonidine (1 mg/kg), and the α2‐antagonists RX821002 (1 mg/kg) and yohimbine (1 mg/kg). Dynamic microPET recordings lasting 120 min were then initiated upon i.v. tracer injection of [18F]fallypride. Parametric maps of [18F]fallypride binding potential (BPND) were calculated using the Logan method, with cerebellum serving as the reference region. Results. Mean striatal [18F]fallypride BPND was 10.6 ± 1.7 in the saline control animals, 8.9 ± 1.7 (−16%; P < 0.05) in the RX821002 group, 8.3 ± 2.6 (−22%; P < 0.05) in the yohimbine group and 10.3 ± 2.2 (n.s.) in the clonidine group. Conclusions. These findings are consistent with a tonic inhibition of dopamine release by α2 adrenergic receptors, such that α2 blockade increased the competition from endogenous dopamine at D2/3 receptors, thus reducing the [18F]fallypride BPND by about 20%. Absent effects of clonidine suggest a ceiling effect in the tonic inhibition of dopamine release. This in vivo PET evidence for α2/dopaminergic interaction may be relevant to putative actions of atypical antipsychotic medications via adrenergic receptors. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic characteristics of squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix
Authors: Epstein E. , Di Legge A. , MÅsbäck A. , Lindqvist P. G. , Kannisto P. , Testa A. C.
Published: March 2010

Objective

The objective of this study was to describe the sonographic characteristics of squamous cell cancer (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) of the cervix using transvaginal ultrasound.

Methods

Women with early stage cervical cancer undergoing transvaginal ultrasound examination before surgery were prospectively included. The sonographic characteristics were assessed with regard to tumor morphology, vascularization, size, extension and location. Histological assessment of tumor subtype, size, growth pattern, extension and location was performed. Both sonographic and histological assessments were carried out according to a standardized protocol.

Results

Fifty‐five women were recruited. Ten were excluded because no tumor was seen on ultrasound examination and five were excluded because radical surgery was aborted as a result of positive lymph nodes, detected using the sentinel node technique. Among the remaining 40 women, 20 had AC and 20 had SCC. At pathological examination, 34 women had tumors confined to the cervix, three had parametrial invasion and three had vaginal invasion. Hypoechogenicity was associated with SCC in 73% (11/15) of the women, while isoechogenicity indicated AC in 68% (13/19) of the women (P = 0.03). Mixed echogenicity (n = 4) showed a non‐significant association with larger tumor volume (P = 0.23). Hyperechogenicity was found in two women, both of whom had the less malignant villoglandular AC. Color Doppler signals were found in all cases of AC and in 90% (18/20) of cases of SCC, compared with most normal cervical tissue in which virtually no detectable vascularization was found.

Conclusion

We found that the sonographic appearance of SCC and AC differs. This knowledge should be useful in the clinical evaluation of cervical tumors. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The After‐School Needs and Resources of a Low‐Income Urban Community: Surveying Youth and Parents for Community Change
Authors: Cornelli Sanderson Rebecca , Richards Maryse H.
Published: March 2010

Using a collaborative research approach, this project describes a partnership between community residents and university researchers to develop a comprehensive survey of the after‐school needs of a low‐income urban community in a large Midwestern city. Surveying parents and children was considered particularly important because the current literature on after‐school does not include much input from them, the key stakeholders in programming. By surveying pre‐ and young adolescent youth (N = 416) and parents (N = 225) in the community, information was gathered to document the need for after‐school programming, tap program preferences, and uncover barriers to participation and enrollment. Survey findings revealed significant differences between youth and parent perspectives. Disagreements between youth and parent survey responses suggest that after‐school programs in the community should offer a balance of academic, recreational, and social activities, as well as a tutoring or homework component. Further, in order to increase participation and attendance rates, community after‐school programs need to address the following barriers to participation: safety, transportation, family responsibilities (e.g., care for siblings, household chores), and access to information about available programs. These findings guided the planning of future after‐school programs. The survey results and comparisons between youth and parent data will be presented.
Gaucher disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of bone complications and their response to treatment
Authors: Piran Siavash , Amato Dominick
Published: March 2010

Type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease, which is often managed by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). The bone response to ERT is usually slower than visceral and hematological responses. There is uncertainty as to whether an increase in the dosage of ERT has a beneficial effect. The aim of our study was to determine whether or not there is sufficient evidence to make a definitive statement about the effects of ERT and substrate reduction therapy (SRT) on bone marrow infiltration and bone mineral density (BMD) in GD1. We conducted a systematic review of all studies examining the effects of ERT and SRT on bony complications of GD1 published before July 2008. The studies were identified by a computerized search with use of Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR), and bibliographies of papers subsequently retrieved from the search. Three hundred studies were grouped according to whether they deal with the natural history of GD1 or therapeutic issues, and 17 studies were included in the review. The results from our systematic review suggest that further investigations, such as better analysis of the Gaucher Registry, are needed on the effects of ERT and SRT on bony complications of GD1. Studies on the effects of the newly identified velaglucerase and the plant‐derived glucocerebrosidase on bony complications of GD1 are also needed.
Expression of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex associated with neuropathic pain
Authors: Ortega‐Legaspi J. Manuel , León‐Olea Martha , de Gortari Patricia , Amaya María Isabel , Coffeen Ulises , Simón‐Arceo Karina , Pellicer Francisco
Published: March 2010

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and muscarinic receptors modulate pain. This study investigates changes in the expression of muscarinic‐1 and −2 receptors (M1R, M2R) in rats’ ACC (cg1‐rostral‐ and cg2‐caudal) using a model of neuropathic pain by denervation, measured as autotomy score (AS) for 8 days. Changes were analysed with painful stimuli and with scopolamine into the ACC prior to this scheme. We used reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunofluorescence to determine M1R and M2R's mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Animals were divided in low, medium and high AS groups. Cg1 showed decreased mRNA levels for both M1R and M2R in the low AS group, as opposed to an increased expression in the medium and high AS groups. Both receptors correlated positively with AS in these groups. In the scopolamine‐treated animals there was an increase in mRNA levels for both receptors in cg1, whereas in cg2, mRNA levels of M1R decreased in all the AS and scopolamine groups. The increased M2R mRNA in cg2 correlated with AS in the low, medium and high AS groups whereas all the scopolamine groups showed an increase. Immunoreactivity of the M2R in cg1 decreased in the medium AS group in comparison to controls but scopolamine treatment produced an increase in the medium scopolamine AS group compared to the medium AS group. The M1R in cg1 and both receptors in cg2 showed no immunoreactivity changes. These results highlight the role of the M2R in cg1 related to the degree of autotomy.
Detection of Non-Nucleic Acid Targets with an Unmodified Aptamer and a Fluorogenic Competitor
Authors: Li Na
Published: March 2010

Aptamers are oligonucleotides that can bind to various non-nucleic acid targets, ranging from proteins to small molecules, with a specificity and an affinity comparable with those of antibodies. Most aptamer-based detection strategies require modification on the aptamer, which could lead to a significant loss in its affinity and specificity to the target. Here, we report a generic strategy to design aptamer-based optical probes. An unmodified aptamer specific to the target and a fluorogenic competitor complementary to the aptamer are used for target recognition and signal generation, respectively. The competitor is a hairpin oligonucleotide with a fluorophore attached on one end and a quencher attached on the other. When no target is present, the competitor binds to the aptamer. However, when the target is introduced, the competitor will be displaced from the aptamer by the target, thus resulting in a target-specific decrease in fluorescence signal. Successful application of this strategy to different types of targets (small molecules and proteins) and different types of aptamers (DNA and RNA) has been demonstrated. Furthermore, a thermodynamics-based prediction model was established to further rationalize the optimization process. Because of its rapidness and simplicity, this aptamer-based detection strategy holds great promise in high-throughput applications.
Therapeutic selective neck dissection outcomes
Authors: Shepard Peter M. , Olson Jordan , Harari Paul M. , Leverson Glen , Hartig Gregory K.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of selective neck dissection in patients with nodal metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

A chart review was performed on 156 subjects with clinically positive regional nodal metastases managed initially with surgery, including neck dissection. Sixty‐nine subjects underwent selective neck dissection (less than 5 levels), and the majority received postoperative radiotherapy (80%). Primary outcomes included Kaplan‐Meier three‐year ipsilateral regional control and five‐year overall survival. Cox proportional univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine those factors associated with outcome.

Results

There were two ipsilateral regional recurrences among those undergoing selective neck dissection, yielding a regional control rate of 95.9 percent. Among those undergoing comprehensive neck dissection, nine ipsilateral regional recurrences occurred, yielding a control rate of 86.0 percent (P= 0.053). No selective neck dissection recurrences occurred in a preserved level. Selective neck dissection, as compared to comprehensive neck dissection, was not adversely associated with regional recurrence, survival, or distant metastasis, even after adjusting for possible confounders (hazard ratio 0.21,P= 0.055).

Conclusion

These results demonstrate high rates of regional disease control (96%) following selective neck dissection and radiotherapy in patients with positive neck node metastases. In this population, performing selective neck dissection with adjuvant radiotherapy for the majority of patients is supported as an effective treatment approach.
French National Elections: Democratic Disequilibrium and the 2007 Forecasts
Authors: Bélanger Éric , Lewis-Beck Michael S.
Published: March 2010

Abstract.The outcome of the 2007 elections in France raises a number of questions about the current state of democracy in that country. To put these elections into perspective, we examine the evolution of the French party system and electorate throughout the Fifth Republic. We look first at the pattern of party electoral movement over time. Then we evaluate the partisan cycle with respect to certain equilibrium conditions, namely stability, competition, and democratic rule. Based on these patterns, we arrive at a classification of French national elections using the Michigan school's theoretical framework. A key conclusion is that, in general, these Fifth Republic elections are in disequilibrium and often fail to express the majority partisan will. The 2007 results, which represent a return of the traditional right, are examined against the Iowa forecasting model, to see if they depart from these troubling conclusions.

Résumé.Les résultats des élections de 2007 en France soulèvent une série de questions à propos de l'état de la démocratie dans ce pays. Afin de mettre ces élections en perspective, nous examinons l'évolution du système partisan et des inclinaisons idéologiques de l'électorat français sous la Cinquième République. Nous nous attardons d'abord au mouvement dans le temps des appuis partisans. Nous évaluons ensuite l'équilibre du cycle partisan en France sur la base de certaines conditions, à savoir la stabilité, la compétition et la gouverne démocratique. Cet exercice permet d'en arriver à une classification des élections nationales françaises inspirée du cadre théorique de l'école de Michigan. La conclusion principale de cette analyse est qu'en général, ces élections attestent d'un déséquilibre, car le plus souvent, elles n'expriment pas la volonté majoritaire de l'électorat. Les élections de 2007, marquées par un retour en force de la droite, sont enfin analysées à la lumière du modèle de prévision électorale dit «de l'Iowa» afin de vérifier si elles s'inscrivent ou non dans cette dynamique de déséquilibre.
La condition moderne selon Marcel Gauchet
Authors: Lessard Jean-François
Published: March 2010

Marcel Gauchet: L'avènement de la démocratie. Tome 1—La révolution moderne et Tome 2—La crise du libéralisme. Gallimard, Paris, 2007, Tome 1, 224 pages, Tome 2, 320 pages
Bilan des réformes électorales au Canada : Quelle place pour les femmes?
Authors: Tremblay Manon
Published: March 2010

Résumé.Ce texte examine les différents projets de réforme électorale proposés depuis le tournant du millénaire dans les provinces canadiennes et au Nunavut, et ce, avec le souci de mettre au jour la place qu'ils aménagèrent à l'objectif d'accentuer la féminisation des assemblées législatives. L'idée maîtresse qui l'inspire veut que les propositions réformatrices aient réservé une importance le plus souvent nulle, bien que parfois accessoire, mais jamais centrale, à cette question. Pourtant, le Québec, et surtout le territoire du Nunavut, se démarquent par l'attention qu'ils portèrent au problème de l'effacement des femmes de la scène politique et leurs propositions de réforme ont offert des réponses plus à même de le solutionner.

Abstract.This essay examines the different electoral reform projects proposed since the turn of the millennium in Canadian provinces and the territory of Nunavut, in order to reveal what accommodation they have made to the objective of increasing the feminization of legislative assemblies. My guiding idea is that most reform proposals have given no, or sometimes peripheral, emphasis to this question but have never made it a central issue. However, Quebec and, even more, Nunavut stand out for the attention that they have paid to the absence of women from the political scene, and their reform proposals have included responses that might offer a solution.
Multilayer shallow water equations with complete Coriolis force. Part 1. Derivation on a non-traditional beta-plane
Authors: STEWART ANDREW L. , DELLAR PAUL J.
Published: March 2010

We derive equations to describe the flow of multiple superposed layers of inviscid, incompressible fluids with constant densities over prescribed topography in a rotating frame. Motivated by geophysical applications, these equations incorporate the complete Coriolis force. We do not make the widely used ‘traditional approximation’ that omits the contribution to the Coriolis force from the locally horizontal part of the rotation vector. Our derivation is performed by averaging the governing Euler equations over each layer, and from two different forms of Hamilton's variational principle that differ in their treatment of the coupling between layers. The coupling may be included implicitly through the map from Lagrangian particle labels to particle coordinates, or explicitly by adding terms representing the work done on each layer by the pressure exerted by the layers above. The latter approach requires additional terms in the Lagrangian, but extends more easily to many layers. We show that our equations obey the expected conservation laws for energy, momentum and potential vorticity. The conserved momentum and potential vorticity are modified by non-traditional effects. The vertical component of the rotation vector that appears in the potential vorticity for each layer under the traditional approximation is replaced by the component perpendicular to the layer's midsurface. The momentum includes an additional contribution that reflects changes in angular momentum caused by changes in a fluid element's distance from the rotation axis as it is displaced vertically. Again, this effect is absent in the traditional approximation.
Experimental investigation of the structure of large- and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow
Authors: BAILEY SEAN C. C. , SMITS ALEXANDER J.
Published: March 2010

Multi-point velocity measurements have been performed in turbulent pipe flow at ReD = 1.5 × 105 and combined with cross-spectral and proper orthogonal decomposition analysis to elucidate information on the structure of the large- and very-large-scale motions in the outer layer of wall-bounded flows. The results indicate that in the outer layer the large-scale motions (LSM) may be composed of detached eddies with a wide range of azimuthal scales, whereas in the logarithmic layer they are attached. The very-large-scale motions (VLSM) have large radial scales, are concentrated around a single azimuthal mode and make a smaller angle with the wall compared to the LSM. The results support a hypothesis that only the detached LSM in the outer layer align to form the VLSM.
A Musician's Diary
Authors: Stokowski Leopold , Barbirolli John , Szigeti Joseph
Published: March 2010

A recent distinguished visitor to our Regent Street office was Leopold Stokowski, who, in the course of a European tour, conducted concerts in Stockholm and Paris with outstanding success. Formerly permanent conductor at Philadelphia, Stokowski now spends much of his time in Hollywood.
Bartók's Third Period
Authors: Blom Eric
Published: March 2010

The temptation to divide the work of great composers into three periods has assailed many critics, Lenz having done it so plausibly with Beethoven's music. Lenz, of course, should have been a warning rather than a model, and would have been if his mere plausibility had been a little more obvious. As it was, his system commended itself in Beethoven's case because in a rough and ready way it worked well enough; and it has done so in the case of many a later composer, if only because it saved many a later critic a deal of trouble.
New Britten Scores
Authors: Evans Edwin
Published: March 2010

Although Benjamin Britten is incontestably the best known English composer of his generation he is young enough for a few lines of biographical introduction to be not yet superfluous. He was born at Lowestoft, November 22nd, 1913. He began composing at an early age, and has rescued some of the material of these youthful efforts in a “Simple Symphony” for strings. While attending Gresham's School at Holt, Norfolk, he had lessons at holiday time from Frank Bridge for composition and Harold Samuel for the piano. From 1930 to 1933 he studied at the Royal College of Music, where his teachers were John Ireland for composition and Arthur Benjamin for the piano. The first of his works to attract general attention were the choral variations, A Boy was Born (1932), and a Phantasy Quartet for oboe and strings which was performed at the Florence (1934) Festival of the International Society for Contemporary Music.
The Boosey & Hawkes Concerts
Authors: E.C.
Published: March 2010

The first of the Boosey & Hawkes concerts was given at Wigmore Hall in October 1941, when the war situation looked gloomy indeed. The programme included songs by de Falla, Szymanowski and Rawsthorne; Debussy's Trio for flute, viola and harp; a Honegger Quartet, and two quite new works: Vaughan Williams' Household Music for string quartet and Bernard Stevens' Theme and Variations for piano. Altogether a rather doubtful venture, one might well have thought. Yet, as it transpired, the artists appeared pleased to be playing something new, the audience was large and manifestly enthusiastic, and the event, widely reported, was described in The Times as “the most interesting programme presented in London since the outbreak of war.” There could be little doubt, then, that the organizing committee had after all gauged the needs of an important section of the London musical public, and that they would be justified in proceeding with other concerts based on the same policy.
Race Purity in Music
Authors: Bartók Béla
Published: March 2010

There is much talk these days, mostly for political reasons, about the purity and impurity of the human race, the usual implication being that purity of race should be preserved, even by means of prohibitive laws. Those who champion this or that issue of the question have probably studied the subject thoroughly (at least, they should have done so) spending many years examining the available published material or gathering data by personal investigation. Not having done that, perhaps I cannot support either side, may even lack the right to do so. But I have spent many years studying a phenomenon of human life considered more or less important by some dreamers commonly called students of folk music. This manifestation is the spontaneous music of the lower classes, peasants especially. In the present period of controversy over racial problems, it may be timely to examine the question: Is racial impurity favourable to folk (i.e., peasant music) or not? (I apply the word racial here to the music itself, and not to the individuals creating, preserving or performing the music.)
Aspects of Aaron Copland's Music
Authors: Berger Arthur V.
Published: March 2010

Contemporary æsthetic theory is inevitably becoming involved in half-truths. There is a constant bifurcation of concepts, with one aspect often emerging as a unique value while the other is eliminated. Thus, many insist that music achieves its loftiest aims by suppressing form and concentrating on feeling. Within the category of feeling it is further insisted that only the loftiest feelings are admissible into the loftiest music. Or there are those who deny feeling; and those, like Satie and Weill who, legitimately fed up with the nineteenth-century ‘sérieux a tout prix,’ have gone to the other extreme of music with only the most ignoble content.
The Future of Music in Education
Authors: Wiseman Herbert
Published: March 2010

It is inevitable that the passing of the Education Act, 1944, and the production of the Norwood report on ‘Curriculum and Examinations in Secondary Schools’ and the McNair report on ‘Teachers and Youth Leaders’ should raise the question as to the position which music is to occupy in schools of the post-war period to which we are all so eagerly looking forward.
Music from the Films
Authors: Clifford Hubert
Published: March 2010

‘Macbeth’ and ‘Julius Caesar’ were chosen by the British Council as the first two Shakespeare plays from which to film scenes for export. The overseas audiences for whom such ‘shorts’ are intended are mainly those who have no opportunity of seeing a stage version of the plays, but who, through their studies of the English language, may be familiar with them. Henry Cass is the director, and the incidental music is by Benjamin Frankel. As might be expected, the filming of scenes from Shakespeare does not provide many musical opportunities for the composer, but those which presented themselves were met with imagination and technical deftness. Frankel recently showed his mettle in a string quartet produced by the London Contemporary Music Centre, a work of considerable emotional power and concentrated expression. As his reputation to date has been achieved principally as an orchestrator for the theatre, it was interesting to see what this composer would do with these two films. The result is striking, particularly in the title preludes and postludes where the music has free play. Frankel's scores combine freshness and originality with an easy and assured command of the orchestral medium.
Some Linguistic Observations
Authors: Bartók Béla
Published: March 2010

Russian music is getting more and more popular nowadays: works of hitherto unknown Russian composers emerge each season and are performed at our concerts beside the older standard works. The works themselves are, or at least should be, of course, the thing that matters most in this connection, and not the names or personalities of the authors. Many of us enjoy the sight of old cathedrals, and find delight in pictures or poems of anonymous painters and poets without bothering to know who the architects or authors were. One wonders if it would not be preferable—though not to some of the professional critics—to have musical works performed without indicating the names of their composers. However this may be, the general usage requires the mentioning of the composer, and this for many reasons. As long as this usage is observed, it is perhaps no pedantry to insist upon a correct and consistent spelling of the composers' names. While this requirement is pretty well satisfied in general, this is by no means the case with the names of Russian composers. Let us quote some examples.
American Diary
Authors: Hawkes Ralph
Published: March 2010

With the end of the war the already existing boom in music in the United States has grown still larger. Opera, ballet, symphony concerts, recitals, radio music, and now even musical films are attracting audiences on a scale hitherto unknown. ‘Sold Out’ is a commonplace at the auditoriums, and fees for artists are higher than ever. Such is the season 1945–46. It may be attributed to various causes: relief from war anxiety, returning soldiers, the influence of radio. All of these are important factors, but increased spending power is perhaps the biggest. The public have money to spend—savings, perhaps—and although much of it is going into light entertainment, there is also a remarkable flow in the direction of serious music.
Non-expansive directions for ℤ2 actions
Authors: HOCHMAN MICHAEL
Published: March 2010

We show that any direction in the plane occurs as the unique non-expansive direction of a ℤ2 action, answering a question of Boyle and Lind. In the case of rational directions, the subaction obtained is non-trivial. We also establish that a cellular automaton acting on a subshift can have zero Lyapunov exponents and at the same time act sensitively; and, more generally, for any positive real θ there is a cellular automaton acting on an appropriate subshift with λ+=−λ−=θ.
Recent benthic foraminiferal distribution and related environmental factors in Ezcurra Inlet, King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Rodrigues André Rosch , Maluf João Carlos Cattini , Braga Elisabete de Santis , Eichler Beatriz Beck
Published: March 2010

This investigation attempts to determine which environmental parameters of the bottom water and sediment control recent foraminifera fauna at Ezcurra Inlet (King George Island, Antarctica), using data collected during four summers (2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05 and 2006/07). The study revealed that Ezcurra Inlet contain typical Antarctic foraminifera fauna with three distinct assemblages and few differences in environmental parameters. The species Bolivina pseudopunctata, Fursenkoina fusiformis, Portatrochammina antarctica, and Adercotryma glomerata were abundant in the samples. An elevated abundance, richness and diversity were common at the entrance of the inlet at depths greater than 55 m, where the inlet was characterized by low temperatures and muddy sand. In the inner part of the inlet (depth 30–55 m), richness and diversity were low and the most significant species were Cassidulinoides parkerianus, C. porrectus, and Psammosphaera fusca. Shallow waters showed low values of richness and abundance and high temperatures coupled with coarser sediment. In areas with high suspended matter concentrations and pH values associated with low salinity the most representative species were Hippocrepinella hirudinea and Hemisphaerammina bradyi.
Does heat stress provoke the loss of a continuous layer of cortical granules beneath the plasma membrane during oocyte maturation?
Authors: Andreu-Vázquez C. , López-Gatius F. , García-Ispierto I. , Maya-Soriano M.J. , Hunter R.H.F. , López-Béjar M.
Published: March 2010

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of heat stress on bovine oocyte maturation. Both nuclear stage and distribution of cortical granules (CG) were simultaneously evaluated in each oocyte. Oocyte overmaturation under standard conditions of culture was also evaluated. For this purpose, logistic regression procedures were used to evaluate possible effects of factors such as heat stress, overmaturation, replicate, CG distribution and metaphase II (MII) morphology on oocyte maturation. Based on the odds ratio, oocytes on heat stressed (HSO) and overmaturated (OMO) oocyte group were, respectively, 14.5 and 5.4 times more likely to show anomalous MII morphology than those matured under control conditions (CO). The likelihood for an oocyte of showing the CG distribution pattern IV (aging oocyte) was 6.3 and 9.3 times higher for HSO and OMO groups, respectively, than for the CO group. The risk of undergoing anomalous oocyte maturation, considering both nuclear stage and distribution of CG was 17.1 and 18 times greater in oocytes cultured in HSO and OMO groups, respectively, than those in the CO group. In conclusion, heat stress proved to be valuable in aging oocytes. Heat stress advanced age for nuclear and cytoplasmic processes in a similar form to that of oocyte overmaturation.
Rewriting the orthography of SMS messages
Authors: YVON FRANÇOIS
Published: March 2010

Electronic written texts used in computer-mediated interactions (emails, blogs, chats, and the like) contain significant deviations from the norm of the language. This paper presents the detail of a system aiming at normalizing the orthography of French SMS messages: after discussing the linguistic peculiarities of these messages and possible approaches to their automatic normalization, we present, compare, and evaluate various instanciations of a normalization device based on weighted finite-state transducers. These experiments show that using an intermediate phonemic representation and training, our system outperforms an alternative normalization system based on phrase-based statistical machine translation techniques.
Long-termversusshort-term memory deficits for faces in temporal lobe and generalized epilepsy patients
Authors: HÖTTING KIRSTEN , KATZ-BILETZKY TALL , MALINA THOMAS , LINDENAU MATTHIAS , BENGNER THOMAS
Published: March 2010

It is still an open question whether short-term and long-term memory are two anatomically dissociable memory systems working in parallel or whether they are represented by neural circuits within similar cortical areas. Epilepsy may be used as a model to study these memory processes. We hypothesized that a double dissociation of short-term and long-term memory exists in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Immediate and 24-hour face recognition was tested in 10 TLE patients, 9 IGE patients, and 10 healthy controls. TLE patients’ immediate recognition was unimpaired, but their memory scores were reduced as compared to healthy controls after 24 hours. In IGE patients, memory was already reduced during immediate recognition. These results are in line with the idea that short-term memory is a transient trace that requires consolidation supported by the medial temporal lobe to change into a more stable status of long-term memory. (JINS, 2010,16, 574–578.)
Prolonged, 24-h Delayed Peripheral Inflammation Increases Short- and Long-Term Functional Impairment and Histopathological Damage after Focal Ischemia in the Rat
Authors: Langdon Kristopher D , MacLellan Crystal L , Corbett Dale
Published: March 2010

The incidence of infection among stroke patients is alarmingly high and both acute and delayed infections increase morbidity and mortality. Experimental studies support the acute clinical data, but little attention has focused on delayed systemic infections. Here, we investigated the effects of prolonged systemic inflammation either before or 24-h after ischemia. Systemic inflammation was induced by injecting rats with three separate doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 μg/kg, i.p.) with core temperature monitoring for 48-h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Lipopolysaccharide injected before MCAo increased injury by ∼30%, whereas delayed injection increased injury by ∼85% (30-day survival). Proinflammatory cytokines assessed repeatedly for 72 h were significantly and persistently elevated with inflammation. This was accompanied by increases in microglia/macrophage and infiltrating leukocyte numbers in delayed LPS-treated animals. Behavioral assessments at 7 and 30 days revealed ∼15% deficit in hindlimb function in animals treated with LPS 24-h after ischemia. Clearly, delayed and prolonged postischemic systemic inflammation has devastating effects on stroke outcome, in the absence of a prolonged febrile response. These findings, together with corroborative clinical data, emphasize the importance of early intervention to counteract the deleterious consequences of stroke-associated inflammation and infection.
New models of neoplastic progression in Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Pavlov Kirill , Maley Carlo C.
Published: March 2010

Research in Barrett's oesophagus, and neoplastic progression to OAC (oesophageal adenocarcinoma), is hobbled by the lack of good pre-clinical models that capture the evolutionary dynamics of Barrett's cell populations. Current models trade off tractability for realism. Computational models are perhaps the most tractable and can be used both to interpret data and to develop intuitions and hypotheses for neoplastic progression. Tissue culture models include squamous cell lines, Barrett's oesophagus cell lines and OAC cell lines, although it was recognized recently that BIC-1, SEG-1 and TE-7 are not true OAC cell lines. Some of the unrealistic aspects of the micro-environment in two-dimensional tissue culture may be overcome with the development of three-dimensional organotypic cultures of Barrett's oesophagus. The most realistic, but least tractable, model is a canine surgical model that generates reflux and leads to an intestinal metaplasia. Alternatively, rat surgical models have gained popularity and should be tested for the common genetic features of Barrett's oesophagus neoplastic progression in humans including loss of CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) and TP53 (tumour protein 53), generation of aneuploidy and realistic levels of genetic diversity. This last feature will be important for studying the effects of cancer-prevention interventions. In order to study the dynamics of progression and the effects of an experimental intervention, there is a need to follow animals longitudinally, with periodic endoscopic biopsies. This is now possible and represents an exciting opportunity for the future.