bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fluid and Elastic Nature of Nucleated Cells: Implications from the Cellular Backscatter Response
Authors: Baddour Ralph E. , Kolios Michael C.
Published: July 2021

In a previous experiment [Baddouret al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am.117(2), 934–943 (2005)] it was shown that it is possible to deduce the ultra-sound backscatter transfer function from single, subresolution cells in vitro, across a broad, continuous range of frequencies. Additional measurements have been performed at high frequencies (10 – 65 MHz) on cells with different relative nucleus sizes. It was found that for cells with a nucleus to cell volume ratio of 0.50, the backscatter response was better modeled as an elastic sphere. For the cells in which the ratio was 0.33, the backscatter showed good agreement with the theoretical solution for a fluid sphere.
Mereotopology for product modeling
Authors: Salustri Filippo A.
Published: July 2021

Mereotopology is the branch of logic that treats the qualitative formalisation of parthood and connection relations between entities. Although it has apparently not yet found use in spatial reasoning for designed product modelling, the author proposes that it is well suited to the task. This paper introduces mereotopology and discusses some of the principles guiding the development of design mereotopology (DMT), a logic being developed by the author for product modelling. Typical MT logics cannot be applied directly to engineering applications because they assume a "common sense" approach, whereas design requires a more strict "engineering sense." DMT can provide a framework for improved understanding of product modelling knowledge and will lead to better computer-based aids to manipulate that knowledge.
One philosopher’s bug can be another’s feature: reply to Almeida’s “Multiverse and Divine Creation”
Authors: Kraay Klaas
Published: July 2021

Michael Almeida once told me that he thought we were just a couple of hours of conversation away from reaching deep agreement about some important topics in the philosophy of religion pertaining to God, multiverses, and modality. This paper represents my attempt to move this conversation forward and to seek this common ground. Specifically, I respond to Almeida’s paper entitled “The Multiverse and Divine Creation”. In the first four sections, I record my disagreement with him concerning some smaller matters. In Section 5, I try to persuade him that what he considers a ‘bug’ in the theistic multiverse is actually a feature—and a desirable one at that. In Section 6, I close by identifying some points at which our views seem to converge.
Struggling to Preserve Home Language: The Experiences of Latino Students and Families in the Canadian School System
Authors: Pacini-Ketchabaw Veronica , Bernhard Judith K. , Freire Marlinda
Published: July 2021

Latinos in Canada are receiving attention because of frequent poor
performance in school. This phenomenon turns out to be connected
to a number of basic problems that can only be understood through
investigation of institutional processes with routine operations
that may disadvantage certain minorities. This paper presents and
discusses part of the data collected in a larger research project on
Latino families and Canadian schools. Bilingual Latina researchers
used participant observation and action research techniques to
report on the home language practices of 45 Latino families and how
the school’s routine processes influenced those practices. Findings
include the following: (a) parents saw Spanish maintenance as a
way to foster family unity, Latino identity, and professional
advancement; (b) the strong assimilative pressures experienced by
parents often resulted in their doubting the desirability of openly
speaking Spanish at home; (c) because the children were losing their
home language rapidly, the parents used a number of strategies; and
(d) there are several things that parents would like to see happen
that would enable them to maintain Spanish. Our findings indicate
the necessity for schools to proactively recognize and build on the
family’s cultural capital, including their home language.
Taking action on violence through research, policy, and practice
Authors: Hyman Ilene , Vahabi Mandana , Bailey Annette , Patel Sejal , Guruge Sepali , Wilson-Mitchell Karline , Wong Josephine Pui-Hing
Published: July 2021

Background
Violence is a critical public health problem associated with compromised health and social suffering that are preventable. The Centre for Global Health and Health Equity organized a forum in 2014 to identify: (1) priority issues related to violence affecting different population groups in Canada, and (2) strategies to take action on priority issues to reduce violence-related health inequities in Canada. In this paper, we present findings from the roundtable discussions held at the Forum, offer insights on the socio-political implications of these findings, and provide recommendations for action to reduce violence through research, policy and practice.

Methods
Over 60 academic researchers, health and social service agency staff, community advocates and graduate students attended the daylong Forum, which included presentations on structural violence, community violence, gender-based violence, and violence against marginalized groups. Detailed notes taken at the roundtables were analyzed by the first author using a thematic analysis technique.

Findings
The thematic analysis identified four thematic areas: 1) structural violence perpetuates interpersonal violence - the historical, social, political and economic marginalization that contributes to personal and community violence. 2) social norms of gender-based violence—the role of dominant social norms in perpetuating the practice of violence, especially towards women, children and older adults; 3) violence prevention and mitigation programs—the need for policy and programming to address violence at the individual/interpersonal, community, and societal levels; and 4) research gaps—the need for comprehensive research evidence made up of systematic reviews, community-based intervention and evaluation of implementation research to identify effective programming to address violence.

Conclusions
The proceedings from the Global Health and Health Equity Forum underscored the importance of recognizing violence as a public health issue that requires immediate and meaningful communal and structural investment to break its historic cycles. Based on our thematic analysis and literature review, four recommendations are offered: (1) Support and adopt policies to prevent or reduce structural violence; (2) Adopt multi-pronged strategies to transform dominant social norms associated with violence; (3) Establish standards and ensure adequate funding for violence prevention programs and services; and (4) Fund higher level ecological research on violence prevention and mitigation.
Modal analysis of spindles while accounting for system decay and its application to machine tool chatter prevention
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Mohammad , Gaber Omar
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates the vibrational characteristics of a machining spindle over its life span. The experimental investigation was carried out using tap testing, where the fundamental frequencies of the spindle system were recorded for different spindle categories, namely, ‘production’ and ‘prove-out’ spindles. Focussing on production spindles, the system ageing translated through a reduction in the system’s natural frequency is modelled as changes in the bearings’ stiffness. The experimentally evaluated natural frequencies were then used to calculate the equivalent bearings’ stiffness within the spindle by means of a calibrated dynamic stiffness method (CDSM) at various stages of spindle’s life. A comparison between the stability lobes generated for two different instances in time, in a full slotting cuts process, shows that over the life span of a spindle, the stability lobes would shift sufficiently to cause chatter after initially being stable. Therefore, as the spindle ages, the presented methodology can be exploited to predict the updated machining parameters necessary to avoid unstable chatter conditions.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6979-4
A review of mathematical models of influenza A infections within a host or cell culture: lessons learned and challenges ahead
Authors: Beauchemin Catherine A. A. , Handel Andreas
Published: July 2021

Most mathematical models used to study the dynamics of influenza A have thus far focused on the between-host population level, with the aim to inform public health decisions regarding issues such as drug and social distancing intervention strategies, antiviral stockpiling or vaccine distribution. Here, we investigate mathematical modeling of influenza infection spread at a different scale; namely that occurring within an individual host or a cell culture. We review the models that have been developed in the last decades and discuss their contributions to our understanding of the dynamics of influenza infections. We review kinetic parameters (e.g., viral clearance rate, lifespan of infected cells) and values obtained through fitting mathematical models, and contrast them with values obtained directly from experiments. We explore the symbiotic role of mathematical models and experimental assays in improving our quantitative understanding of influenza infection dynamics. We also discuss the challenges in developing better, more comprehensive models for the course of influenza infections within a host or cell culture. Finally, we explain the contributions of such modeling efforts to important public health issues, and suggest future modeling studies that can help to address additional questions relevant to public health.
Hyperphosphorylation of Intrinsically Disordered Tau Protein Induces an Amyloidogenic Shift in Its Conformational Ensemble
Authors: Sljoka Adnan , Zhu Shaolong , Shala Agnesa , Bezginov Alexandr , Audette Gerald , Wilson Derek J.
Published: July 2021

Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) whose primary physiological role is to stabilize microtubules in neuronal axons at all stages of development. In Alzheimer's and other tauopathies, tau forms intracellular insoluble amyloid aggregates known as neurofibrillary tangles, a process that appears in many cases to be preceded by hyperphosphorylation of tau monomers. Understanding the shift in conformational bias induced by hyperphosphorylation is key to elucidating the structural factors that drive tau pathology, however, as an IDP, tau is not amenable to conventional structural characterization. In this work, we employ a straightforward technique based on Time-Resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TRESI-MS) and Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange (HDX) to provide a detailed picture of residual structure in tau, and the shifts in conformational bias induced by hyperphosphorylation. By comparing the native and hyperphosphorylated ensembles, we are able to define specific conformational biases that can easily be rationalized as enhancing amyloidogenic propensity. Representative structures for the native and hyperphosphorylated tau ensembles were generated by refinement of a broad sample of conformations generated by low-computational complexity modeling, based on agreement with the TRESI-HDX profiles.
Influence of the pressure-dependent resonance frequency on the bifurcation structure and backscattered pressure of ultrasound contrast agents: A numerical investigation
Authors: Sojahrood Amin Jafari , Falou Omar , Earl Robert , Karshafian Raffi , Kolios Michael
Published: July 2021

The bifurcation structure of the oscillations of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) was studied as a function of the driving pressure for excitation frequencies that were determined using the UCAs pressure-dependent resonances (fs)(fs). It was shown that when excited by the (fs)(fs), the UCA can undergo a saddle-node bifurcation (SNB) to higher amplitude oscillations. The driving pressure at which the SNB occurs is controllable and depends on the (fs)(fs) magnitude. Utilizing the appropriate (fs)(fs), the scattering cross section of the UCAs can significantly be enhanced (e.g., ∼∼ninefold) while at the same time avoiding potential UCA destruction (by limiting the radial expansion ratio <<2). This offers significant advantages for optimizing UCA-mediated imaging and therapeutic ultrasound applications.
Using GIS towards the Characterization and Soil Mapping of the Caia Irrigation Perimeter
Authors: Nunes José Rato , Loures Luís , Lopez-Piñeiro António , Loures Ana , de Noronha Vaz Eric
Published: July 2021

The Caia Irrigation Perimeter is an irrigation infrastructure implemented in 1968. As is often the case, the original soil map of this region (dated from 1961) does not have the detail needed to characterize a relatively small-sized zone, where intensive agricultural practices take place. Using FAO methodology and with the main goal of establishing a larger-scale soil map, adequate for the demands of a modern and intensive agriculture, we gathered the geological characterization of the study area and information about the topography, climate, and vegetation of the region. Using ArcGIS software, we overlapped this information and established a pre-map of soil resources. Based on this pre-map, we defined a set of detailed itineraries in the field, evenly distributed, in which soil samples were collected. In those distinct soil units, we opened several soil profiles, from which we selected 26 to analyze in the present study, since they characterized the existing diversity in terms of soil type and soil properties. Based on the work of verification, correction, and reinterpretation of the preliminary soil map, we reached a final soil map for the Caia Irrigation Perimeter, which is characterized by enormous heterogeneity, typical of Mediterranean soils, containing 23 distinct cartographic units, the most representative being the Distric Fluvisols with inclusions of Luvisols Distric occupying 29.9% of the total study area, and Calcisols Luvic with inclusions of Luvisols endoleptic with 11.9% of the total area. Considering the obtained information on soil properties; ArcGIS was used to develop a map in which it was possible to ascertain the impact of the continuous practice of irrigation in this area. This allows us to put forward relevant conclusions on the need to access and monitor specific Mediterranean soils in order to mitigate the environmental impact of irrigation practices.
On Effect Assessment in Work Environment Interventions – A Literature Overview and Methodological Reflection
Authors: Neumann Patrick , Eklund Jörgen , Hansson Bo , Lindbeck Lars
Published: July 2021

This paper addresses a number of issues for work environment intervention (WEI) researchers in light of the mixed results reported in the literature. If researchers emphasise study quality over intervention quality, reviews that exclude case studies with high quality and multifactorial interventions may be vulnerable to ‘quality criteria selection bias’. Learning from ‘failed’ interventions is inhibited by both publication bias and reporting lengths that limit information on relevant contextual and implementation factors. The authors argue for the need to develop evaluation approaches consistent with the complexity of multifactorial WEIs that: a) are owned by and aimed at the whole organisation; and b) include intervention in early design stages where potential impact is highest. Context variety, complexity and instability in and around organisations suggest that attention might usefully shift from generalisable ‘proof of effectiveness’ to a more nuanced identification of intervention elements and the situations in which they are more likely to work as intended.
Evaluation of a Web-based tailored intervention (TAVIE en santé) to support people living with HIV in the adoption of health promoting behaviours: an online randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Côté José , Cossette Sylvie , Ramirez-Garcia Pilar , De Pokomandy Alexandra , Worthington Catherine , Gagnon Marie-Pierre , Auger Patricia , Boudreau François , Miranda Joyal , Guéhéneuc Yann-Gaël , Tremblay Cécile
Published: July 2021

Background
Long-term use of antiretroviral therapy, normal aging, and presence of certain risk factors are associated with metabolic disorders that predispose persons living with HIV to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The emergence and progression of these disorders can be prevented by adopting healthy behaviours. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, the Web-based tailored intervention TAVIE en santé was developed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of TAVIE en santé in order to support people living with HIV in the adoption of health promoting behaviours.

Methods/Design
An online randomized controlled trial with parallel-groups will be conducted across Canada. To participate in this study, people living with HIV must be: ≥ 18 years, able to read/understand French or English, have access to the Internet. A convenience sample of 750 participants will be randomly assigned either to an experimental group (TAVIE en santé, n = 375) or to a control group (websites, n = 375) (1:1 allocation ratio). The TAVIE en santé intervention is composed of seven interactive computer sessions, lasting between 5 and 10 min. The sessions, hosted by a virtual nurse, aim to develop and strengthen skills required for behaviour change. The control group will receive a validated list of five predetermined conventional health-related Websites. The adoption of health behaviour (smoking cessation or physical activity or healthy eating) is the principal outcome. Cognitions (intention, attitude, perceived behavioral control) are the secondary outcomes. Health indicators will also be assessed. All outcomes will be measured with a self-administered online questionnaire and collected three times: at baseline, 3 and 6 months after. The principal analyses will focus on differences between the two trial groups using Intention-to-Treat analysis.

Discussion
This study will yield new results about the efficacy of Web-based tailored health behaviours change interventions in the context of chronic disease. The TAVIE en santé intervention could constitute an accessible complementary service in support of existing specialized services to support people living with HIV adopt health behaviors.
Wake-model effects on induced drag prediction of staggered boxwings
Authors: Schirra Julian , Bissonnette William , Bramesfeld Götz
Published: July 2021

For staggered boxwings the predictions of induced drag that rely on common potential-flow methods can be of limited accuracy. For example, linear, freestream-fixed wake models cannot resolve effects related to wake deflection and roll-up, which can have significant affects on the induced drag projection of these systems. The present work investigates the principle impact of wake modelling on the accuracy of induced drag prediction of boxwings with stagger. The study compares induced drag predictions of a higher-order potential-flow method that uses fixed and relaxed-wake models, and of an Euler-flow method. Positive-staggered systems at positive angles of attack are found to be particularly prone to higher-order wake effects due to vertical contraction of wakes trajectories, which results in smaller effective height-to-span ratios than compared with negative stagger and thus closer interactions between trailing wakes and lifting surfaces. Therefore, when trying to predict induced drag of positive staggered boxwings, only a potential-flow method with a fully relaxed-wake model will provide the high-degree of accuracy that rivals that of an Euler method while being computationally significantly more efficient.

Keywords: wake-model; boxwing; induced drag; potential-flow theory
The Effect of Time Pressure on Risky Financial Decisions from Description and Decisions from Experience
Authors: Wegier Pete , Spaniol Julia
Published: July 2021

Time pressure has been found to impact decision making in various ways, but studies on the effects time pressure in risky financial gambles have been largely limited to description-based decision tasks and to the gain domain. We present two experiments that investigated the effect of time pressure on decisions from description and decisions from experience, across both gain and loss domains. In description-based choice, time pressure decreased risk seeking for losses, whereas for gains there was a trend in the opposite direction. In experience-based choice, no impact of time pressure was observed on risk-taking, suggesting that time constraints may not alter attitudes towards risk when outcomes are learned through experience.
Inhibitory Effect of Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Beck Jennifer , Cantin Danny , Djeddi Djamal , Carrière Vincent , Samson Nathalie , Nault Stéphanie , Jia Wan  Lu , Praud Jean-Paul
Published: July 2021

Non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation can lead to esophageal insufflations and in turn to gastric distension. The fact that the latter induces transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter implies that it may increase gastroesophageal refluxes. We previously reported that nasal Pressure Support Ventilation (nPSV), contrary to nasal Neurally-Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (nNAVA), triggers active inspiratory laryngeal closure. This suggests that esophageal insufflations are more frequent in nPSV than in nNAVA. The objectives of the present study were to test the hypotheses that: i) gastroesophageal refluxes are increased during nPSV compared to both control condition and nNAVA; ii) esophageal insufflations occur more frequently during nPSV than nNAVA. Polysomnographic recordings and esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance pHmetry were performed in nine chronically instrumented newborn lambs to study gastroesophageal refluxes, esophageal insufflations, states of alertness, laryngeal closure and respiration. Recordings were repeated without sedation in control condition, nPSV (15/4 cmH2O) and nNAVA (~ 15/4 cmH2O). The number of gastroesophageal refluxes recorded over six hours, expressed as median (interquartile range), decreased during both nPSV (1 (0, 3)) and nNAVA [1 (0, 3)] compared to control condition (5 (3, 10)), (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the esophageal insufflation index did not differ between nPSV (40 (11, 61) h-1) and nNAVA (10 (9, 56) h-1) (p = 0.8). In conclusion, nPSV and nNAVA similarly inhibit gastroesophageal refluxes in healthy newborn lambs at pressures that do not lead to gastric distension. In addition, the occurrence of esophageal insufflations is not significantly different between nPSV and nNAVA. The strong inhibitory effect of nIPPV on gastroesophageal refluxes appears identical to that reported with nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
Alcohol dependence treatment in the EU: A literature search and expert consultation about the availability and use of guidelines in all EU countries plus Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Rehm Maximilien X. , Alho Hannu , Allamani Allaman , Aubin Henri-Jean , Bühringer Gerhard , Daeppen Jean-Bernard , Frick Ulrich , Gual Antoni , Heather Nick
Published: July 2021

A literature search and expert consultation about the availability and use of guidelines in all EU countries plus Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(2), 53-67. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.89 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.89)
Aim: To describe guidelines and common practices for alcohol dependence treatment in Europe.

Design: Systematic and qualitative review; for each country, guidelines were identified via systematic literature research, followed by interviews with treatment experts.

Setting: European Union (EU) countries plus Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland.

Participants: Experts in alcohol dependence treatments and treatment systems.

Measure: Semi-structured questionnaire for interviews.

Findings: While fewer than half of EU countries have formal national guidelines for alcohol dependence treatment, a majority of these countries have guidelines by professional organizations such as psychiatric or neuropsychopharmacologic societies, and several are currently developing such guidelines. Abstinence is the usual treatment goal, but the majority of countries accept reduction of drinking as an intermediate or secondary goal, in practice even more than in the guidelines. Psychotherapy, mainly cognitive-behavioral approaches, motivational interviewing, and family therapy, is the most common treatment for relapse prevention, in part accompanied by pharmacotherapy (disulfiram, acamprosate and naltrexone being used most often).

Conclusions: There are differences in treatment for alcohol dependence in Europe. The introduction of reduction of drinking as one treatment goal may attract more patients.

Keywords

alcohol dependence, treatment, abstinence, reduced drinking, pharmacotherapy
Key Issues in Slow Fashion: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
Authors: Štefko Róbert , Steffek Vladimira
Published: July 2021

The study seeks to explore and synthesize current issues in Slow Fashion and discuss potential future directions of the industry. While there are multiple definitions of the term, Slow Fashion typically describes long-lasting, locally manufactured clothing, primarily made from sustainably sourced fair-trade fabrics. It affords latitude to individual style, fosters education about clothing and emphasizes durability. While several challenges regarding the implementation of Slow Fashion principles in current society remain, the study offers an overview of the current state, and presents a fashion matrix-based framework for outlining the position of the Slow Fashion movement within industry-specific fashion segments and uses the matrix to present current knowledge and review future challenges. The support of networks serves as an indispensable tool for Slow Fashion designers, keeping them abreast of the competition.
Turbo codes for multi-hop wireless sensor networks with decode-and-forward mechanism
Authors: Abughalieh Nashat , Steenhaut Kris , Nowé Ann , Anpalagan Alagan
Published: July 2021

Wireless channels are prone to many impairments, such as noise and fading. Weak channels between the nodes in
the wireless sensor network (WSN) can cause reception of erroneous packets. Retransmission mechanisms are mainly mused to tackle the problem of erroneous reception in WSN communication protocols. Weak channels can cause high number of retransmissions in order to deliver a packet correctly, which will consume high energy of both the transmitting and the receiving nodes. Error correcting codes (ECCs) can be used to reduce number of retransmissions, but most ECCs have complex decoding algorithms, which leads to high processing energy consumption at the receiving nodes in the WSN. In this paper, we present a low power consumption decode-and-forward approach for the multi-hop WSNs; a serial concatenation convolutional codes (SCCC) encoder is implemented at the source node while the complex iterative decoding algorithm is shifted to the sink (base station). The intermediate nodes run a Viterbi decoding algorithm to decode only the inner code of the SCCC encoder. We investigate the effect of changing constraint length of both the inner and the outer codes and the effect of changing encoding block size. We show that most packets can be decoded at the base station at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) channels with the penalty of small energy loss in decoding the packet at the nodes in the network.
Alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and related mortality in Italy in 2004: effects of treatment-based interventions on alcohol dependence
Authors: Shield Kevin D. , Rehm Jürgen , Gmel Gerrit , Rehm Maximilien X. , Allamani Allaman
Published: July 2021

Background
The tradition of consuming alcohol has long been a part of Italian culture and is responsible for a large health burden. This burden may be reduced with effective interventions, one of the more important of which is treatment for Alcohol Dependence (AD). The aim of this article is to estimate the burden of disease in Italy attributable to alcohol consumption, heavy alcohol consumption, and AD. An additional aim of this paper is to examine the effects of increasing the coverage of treatment for AD on the alcohol-attributable burden of disease.

Methods
Alcohol-attributable deaths and the effects of treatments for AD were estimated using alcohol-attributable fractions and simulations. Deaths, potential years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability adjusted life years lost were obtained for 2004 for Italy and for the European Union from the Global Burden of Disease study. Alcohol consumption data were obtained from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health. The prevalences of current drinkers, former drinkers, and lifetime abstainers were obtained from the GENder Alcohol and Culture International Study. The prevalence of AD was obtained from the World Mental Health Survey. Alcohol relative risks were obtained from various meta-analyses.

Results
5,320 deaths (1,530 female deaths; 3,790 male deaths) or 5.9% of all deaths (4.9% of all female deaths; 6.3% of all male deaths) of people 15 to 64 years of age were estimated to be alcohol-attributable. Of these deaths, 74.5% (61.3% for females; 79.8% for males) were attributable to heavy drinking, and 26.9% (25.6% for females; 27.5% for males) were attributable to AD. Increasing pharmacological AD treatment coverage to 40% would result in an estimated reduction of 3.3% (50 deaths/year) of all female and 7.6% (287 deaths/year) of all male alcohol-attributable deaths.

Conclusions
Alcohol was responsible for a large proportion of the burden of disease in Italy in 2004. Increasing treatment coverage for AD in Italy could reduce that country’s alcohol-attributable burden of disease.
Rapidly-Dissolving silver-containing bioactive glasses for cariostatic applications
Authors: Rodríguez Omar , Alhalawani Adel M.F. , Arshad Saad , Towler Mark R.
Published: July 2021

A novel bioactive glass series containing incremental amounts of silver oxide was synthesized, ground down, and subsequently incorporated into a dentifrice for the purpose of reducing the incidence of dental caries and lesion formation. Three glasses were synthesized using the melt quench route: Si-Control (70SiO2–12CaO–3P2O5–15Na2O, mol %), Si-02 and Si-05, where 0.2 and 0.5 mol % Ag2O were substituted, respectively, for SiO2 in Si-Control. The glasses were then ground, sieved, characterized, and dissolved in Tris buffer solution (pH = 7.30) for 6, 12, and 24 h, with the pH of the resultant solution being recorded and the ions that were released into solution quantified. Samples of each glass were subsequently embedded into a non-fluoridated, commercially available toothpaste which was then used to brush resin-mounted lamb molars which, up to the point of testing, had been stored in a 1.0 M HCl solution. Knoop microhardness measurements of the molars were recorded before and after brushing to determine the presence of remineralization on the surface of the teeth (surface hardness loss of 37%, 35%, and 34% for Si-Control, Si-02 and Si-05, respectively, after 24 h). Four oral cavity bacterial strains were isolated through swabs of the inner cheek, gums, and teeth surfaces of three volunteers, and placed on agar discs. Of each glass, 0.5 g was placed onto the discs, and the resultant inhibition zones were measured after 6, 12, and 24 h. Si-05 performed better than Si-02 on two strains after 24 h, while exhibiting similar behavior for the remaining two strains after 24 h; the largest inhibition zone measured was 2.8 mm, for Si-05 after 12 h. Si-Control exhibited no antibacterial effect at any time point, providing evidence for the role of silver oxide as the antibacterial component of these glasses.
Just who do Canadian journalists think they are? Political role conceptions in global and historical perspective
Authors: Rollwagen Heather , Shapiro Ivor , Bonin-Labelle Geneviève , Fitzgerald Lindsay , Tremblay Lauriane
Published: July 2021

In view of the robust link often inferred between autonomous journalism and the strength of a society's democratic institutions, and against the background of current challenges to journalists' traditional roles as purveyors of timely and independent information, we interviewed 352 Canadian journalists about their social and political roles and the influences on their news choices. Comparison of their responses against an international dataset (N=27,567) suggests that Canadian journalists place greater value on detached monitorial roles and claim relative autonomy from commercial and other influences on their work. Further, in comparing these findings to an influential panel study from 1999 to 2003, we conclude that the Canadian journalists' “credo," focused on neutral reporting and oriented more to perceived public interest than to business or audience interests, remains surprisingly intact despite contemporary pressures on news forms and business models. This professed neutrality is mitigated by a desire to promote diversity and tolerance.
Effect of Patellar Thickness on Knee Flexion in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Biomechanical and Experimental Study
Authors: Backstein David , Abolghasemian Mansour , Samiezadeh Saeid , Sternheim Amir , Bougherara Habiba , Barnes C. Lowry
Published: July 2021

A biomechanical computer-based model was developed to simulate the influence of patellar thickness on passive knee flexion after arthroplasty. Using the computer model of a single-radius, PCL-sacrificing knee prosthesis, a range of patella-implant composite thicknesses was simulated. The biomechanical model was then replicated using two cadaveric knees. A patellar-thickness range of 15mm was applied to each of the knees. Knee flexion was found to decrease exponentially with increased patellar thickness in both the biomechanical and experimental studies. Importantly, this flexion loss followed an exponential pattern with higher patellar thicknesses in both studies. In order to avoid adverse biomechanical and functional consequences, it is recommended to restore patellar thickness to that of the native knee during total knee arthroplasty.
Role models and teachers: medical students perception of teaching-learning methods in clinical settings, a qualitative study from Sri Lanka.
Authors: Jayasuriya-Illesinghe Vathsala , Nazeer Ishra , Athauda Lathika , Perera Jennifer
Published: July 2021

Background

Medical education research in general, and those focusing on clinical settings in particular, have been a low priority in South Asia. This explorative study from 3 medical schools in Sri Lanka, a South Asian country, describes undergraduate medical students’ experiences during their final year clinical training with the aim of understanding the teaching-learning experiences.

Methods

Using qualitative methods we conducted an exploratory study. Twenty eight graduates from 3 medical schools participated in individual interviews. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis method.

Results

Emergent themes revealed 2 types of teaching-learning experiences, role modeling, and purposive teaching. In role modelling, students were expected to observe teachers while they conduct their clinical work, however, this method failed to create positive learning experiences. The clinical teachers who predominantly used this method appeared to be ‘figurative’ role models and were not perceived as modelling professional behaviors. In contrast, purposeful teaching allowed dedicated time for teacher-student interactions and teachers who created these learning experiences were more likely to be seen as ‘true’ role models. Students’ responses and reciprocations to these interactions were influenced by their perception of teachers’ behaviors, attitudes, and the type of teaching-learning situations created for them.

Conclusions

Making a distinction between role modeling and purposeful teaching is important for students in clinical training settings. Clinical teachers’ awareness of their own manifest professional characterizes, attitudes, and behaviors, could help create better teaching-learning experiences. Moreover, broader systemic reforms are needed to address the prevailing culture of teaching by humiliation and subordination.
Multifunctional barrier coating systems created by multilayer curtain coating
Authors: VENTRESCA DON , WELSCH GREG
Published: July 2021

Functional coatings are applied to paper and paperboard substrates to provide resistance, or a barrier, against media such as oil and grease (OGR), water, water vapor as measured by moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), and oxygen, for applications such as food packaging, food service, and other non-food packaging. Typical functional barrier coatings can be created by applying a solid coating or extruded film, a solvent based-coating, or a water-based coating to the paper substrate using various means of coating applicators.
This paper focuses on water-based barrier coatings (WBBC) for OGR, water, MVTR, and oxygen barriers. The main goal was to create coated systems that can achieve more than one barrier property using multilayer curtain coating (MLCC). Curtain coating has emerged as the premier low-impact application method for coated paper and paperboard.
This paper provides examples using MLCC to create coating structures that provide multiple barrier properties in a single coating step. Barrier polymer systems studied include styrene butadiene, styrene acrylate, vinyl acrylic, and natural materials, as well as proprietary additives where required to give desired performance. The paper also shows how the specific coating layers can be optimized to produce the desired property profile, without concern for blocking, as the addition of a non-blocking top layer can be applied in the MLCC structure as well. Experiments on base sheet types also shows the importance of applying the multilayer structure on a pre-coated surface in order to improve coating thickness consistency and potentially allow for the reduction of more expensive layer components.
The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 1: The predictive nature of packing models on coating properties
Authors: GLOR ETHAN , EINSLA BRIAN , ROPER JOHN , YANG JIAN , GINZBURG VALERIY
Published: July 2021

Hollow sphere pigments (HSPs) are widely used at low levels in coated paper to increase coating bulk and to provide gloss to the final sheet. However, HSPs also provide an ideal system through which one can examine the effect of pigment size and particle packing within a coating due to their unimodal and tunable particle sizes. The work presented in Part 1 and Part 2 of this study will discuss the use of blends of traditional inorganic pigments and HSPs in coating formulations across a variety of applications for improved coating strength. Part 1 of this study focuses on the theory of bimodal spherical packing and demonstrates the predictive nature of packing models on the properties of coating systems containing HSPs of two different sizes. This study also examines conditions where the model fails by examining the effect of particle size on coating strength in sytems like thermal paper basecoats where the non-HSP component has a broad particle size distribution, and how these surprising trends can be used to generate better-than-expected thermal printing performance in systems with low HSP/clay ratios. Part 2 of this study focuses on the incorporation of HSPs of different particle sizes into paperboard formulations to affect coating strength and opacity.
The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 2: Optimization in paperboard formulations for opacity and strength
Authors: EINSLA BRIAN , GLOR ETHAN , ROPER JOHN , LEITINGER JEFF , NICHOLAS NICK , WOODFIN SAMANTHA
Published: July 2021

This report aims to summarize the efforts in testing the properties of coatings for paperboard utilizing hollow sphere pigments (HSPs). HSPs are known to effectively scatter light and replace titanium dioxide (TiO2) in architectural coating formulations. The effect of the particle size and void fraction was evaluated, along with many coating parameters, including level of addition, binder chemistry, and blends of two HSPs. The small HSPs that have optimized voids for scattering light showed equivalent strength to the TiO2-containing control. The strength data was surprising, particularly the improvement in strength for coatings containing large particle size HSPs. Because of this increase in strength, four parts of binder could be removed, which allowed for higher brightness while not compromising other properties, including hot melt glueability. These trends held true using different binder chemistries (styrene acrylic, vinyl acrylic, and styrene butadiene). Upon refining the formulations further, blends of two HSPs showed further benefit.
Continuous tannin extraction by use of screw reactor
Authors: KUOSA MARKKU , HEIKKINEN ANTTI , TIRRI TAPIO , PULKKINEN LASSE
Published: July 2021

A pilot-size screw reactor (extraction unit) was used for tannin extraction of spruce. Yield of the same magnitude or better was obtained when comparing a screw reactor with batch reactors. A longer presoaking time in water seemed to be better than a short one for obtaining higher yield. A higher yield is obtained with lower dry-water ratio, which suggests that the internal diffusion in bark does not determine mass transfer as much as is the case without presoaking of bark. The higher dry-water ratio decreased the yield. The prior soaking of the bark also minimized the mechanical reactor feeding problems (clogging). The benefits of a screw reactor likely are that run time changes for different process conditions are flexible; it simplifies design and construction of an industrial unit for tannin production; and it saves space because of the need for fewer and smaller intermediate storage tanks.
Mechanical modification of softwood pulp fibers using a novel lightweight vertical bar plate
Authors: GU HO-GYUNG , MIN BYUNG-GUL , LEE JI-YOUNG , PARK SEE-HAN , LEE MIN-SEOK , LEE CHANG-YOUNG , KIM CHUL-HWAN
Published: July 2021

Refiner plates made using sand casting have a draft angle, which results in a trapezoidal bar shape. These trapezoidal bar plates have a limited throughput compared to the vertical bar plates, and eventually the edges of the bars become dull, resulting in longer time to reach the target freeness and shorter service life. The new light-weight refiner plate with a bar insertion method into a plate base was developed by selecting an aluminium-based alloy as the plate base material and a stainless steel alloy with high wear resistance as the bar material. The light-weight plate with sharp bar edges was very effective in reducing refining energy by reaching the target freeness faster than the sand-cast bar plate. Finally, the lightweight sharp bar plate, which weighed only about half the weight of the cast bar plate, was expected to significantly contribute to easy replacement, improved paper quality, and larger throughput without excessive loss of fiber length.
PERANCANGAN MESIN PENGAYAK DAUN KERING BAHAN BAKU PUPUK ORGANIK DI CV. GLOBAL BUMI PUTRA DENGAN PENDEKATAN METODE PAHL AND BEITZ
Authors: Hadi Putra Yuan Ridho , Suryadi Akmal
Published: July 2021

In the current condition of more advanced technology, all activities will be easy with the emergence of various new tools that have more usability than the basic capabilities of the previous tools.  The more sophisticated the tool, the lighter the work done during the production process.  CV. Global Bumi Putra, one of the organic fertilizer factories in the city of Jember, is still carrying out the sieving process in a traditional way.  To increase the yield of dry leaf organic fertilizer, a dry leaf sieving machine was made.  The method used to design this machine is the Pahl and Beitz method.  There are 4 design stages in this method, namely planning and explaining tasks, designing product concepts, designing product forms, and the final phase of detailed design.  From the results of the design using the Pahl and Beitz method, the design of the dry leaf sieving machine with the machine frame uses iron material, in the form of a cube for the outside.  AC motor drive with electrical energy sources, transmission using belts and pulleys.  Minimum machine design with size P = 2 m, W = 1.5 m, T = 2 m.  The sieve on the machine is tubular, the size of the sieve net is 4 cm.  The average yield of 2 sacks of chopped leaves using a manual sieve was 5.36 kg in 10.31 minutes.  Meanwhile, from the test results of the sieving machine that was made, the average sieve yield of 2 chopped leaf sacks was 5.92 kg in 03.49 minutes.
A EDUCAÇÃO ENQUANTO UM PROJETO CONTRA-HEGEMÔNICO DOS MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS: A EXPERIÊNCIA DO MST NO SUDESTE PARAENSE
Authors: Miranda Rogério Rego
Published: July 2021

Um dos pilares do projeto contra-hegemônico do MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra) se assenta na educação, que não pode ser confundida como um processo formal, restrito ao âmbito da escola. Nem mesmo a escola pode ser restrita a um espaço de repasse de informações disciplinares. Ao contrário, a educação compreende à um dos meios de emancipação dos sujeitos, por isso a necessidade de “ocupar as escolas” nos assentamentos e acampamentos. Nesse trabalho propomo-nos a analisar como esses espaços formativos são disputados territorialmente pelo MST a partir de uma proposta de construção de um projeto contra-hegemônico que, embora seja construído no sudeste paraense, se encontra articulado a outras escalas geográficas de luta camponesa. Para esse fim, realizamos trabalho de campo em nove assentamos entre 2014 e 2017, momento em que fizemos entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação sistemática e analise documental.