bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binary fractions and a whole unit 'measure of value' in the seal-texts of the Indus civilization
Authors: Chandra
Published: July 2018

Short sequences of symbols on tiny stone seals, miniature tablets and assorted media are the only evidence of writing in the Indus Civilization (flourished ca. 2600--1900 BCE). About five thousand specimens bearing such brief 'texts' have been cataloged so far, and despite nearly a hundred years of study, the texts cannot be read. This study proposes based on a consilience of evidences that a small number of symbols that occur prominently at the beginning of several texts in the corpus are pictorial expressions of binary fractions from the 'one-sixteenth' to the 'half', a 'whole' unit, and an 'equivalence' indicator whose form may have emerged from the same cognitive basis as the modern mathematical symbol for 'equality'. The correspondence of the fractions to the system of tiny weights in binary ratios found in the Indus archaeological record suggests the 'fractions' were not used in a mathematical sense, but were representations of small quantities of objects of value such as precious metal that likely functioned as measures of economic 'worth'. Parallels from contemporaneous Egypt and Mesopotamia, as well as specific Indus texts investigated in this study, suggest that the texts which begin with these symbols encoded 'worth equivalences', in which the worth of commodities of trade and articles of value were expressed against a standard measure of value. The use of such standardized expressions of economic worth over a vast geographical area offers concrete evidence of a high degree of economic integration among the different regions of the Indus Civilization.
Do women get fewer votes? No.
Authors: Sevi Semra , Arel-Bundock Vincent , Blais André
Published: July 2018

We study data on the gender of over 21,000 unique candidates in all Canadian federal elections since 1921, when the first women ran for seats in Parliament. This large dataset allows us to compute precise estimates of the difference in the electoral fortunes of men and women candidates. When accounting for party effects and time trends, we find that the difference between the vote shares of men and women is substantively negligible (±0.5 percentage point). This gender gap was larger in the 1920s (±2.5 percentage points), but it is now statistically indistinguishable from zero. Our results have important normative implications: Political parties should recruit and promote more women candidates, because they remain under-represented in Canadian politics, and because they do not suffer from a substantial electoral penalty.
How technology consultants assess the graphene and 3D printing hype
Authors: Alvial Palavicino Carla , Konrad Kornelia
Published: July 2018

The hype-cycle is a phenomenon that is recurrently observed and spoken about in the context of emerging technologies. It is characterized by a wave of over-enthusiasm followed by a phase of disappointment, when promises are not met, and a later stage characterized by stabilization and maturity of the technology. A specific type of intermediary actor that has grown in relevance in recent years, known as technology consultants, plays an important role in assessing, deploying and making the “hype” visiblewithin an innovation community. In this paper I study how technology consultants assess “the hype” for the case of two emerging technologies: graphene and 3D printing. Wedescribe three different forms in which the hype is assessed: via technical expertise, as a social dynamic, and through social interaction. Each of these forms is a different way ofarranging technologies, expectations, and actors, attributing different forms of agency to the innovation process. These three forms of “the hype” coexist as part of the activities oftechnology consultants and are used in different contexts. They allow consultants to maneuver and find a niche for their services in different contexts, while at the same timecontributing to the co-production of an emergent field.
SIKAP PENUMPANG GARUDA INDONESIA TERHADAP TRAY-SET GREEN PRODUCT
Authors: Yasaningthias Ghita
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the attitude toward the behavior (ATB) of using the tray set green product to the intention of using the tray-set green product, to analyze the relationship between the subjective norms (SN) to the intention of using the tray-set green product, to analyze the relationship between the perceived behavioral control (PBC) to the intention of using the tray-set green product, to analyze the consumers’ attitudes toward the preferences of the desired attributes of the tray-set green product and to formulate the managerial implications which can be applied by PT Garuda Indonesia.  The data collection was conducted in July – August 2012. Data was collected from 200 respondents who had used the services of PT Garuda Indonesia. Descriptive, Konjoint, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationship between ATB, SN and PBC to the interest of using tray-set green product. The result of the study indicated that the attitude Toward Behavior, Subjective norms, perceive behavioral control had significant value to the interest. The attributive preferences desired from the tray-set green product are stronger materials, eco-friendly packaging and interesting shapes. The result of this study recommended that to improve the marketing mix strategies to enhance the passengers’ interest in using tray-set green product.
“It’s Over”: Reflexivity in Don McKellar’s Last Night
Authors: Weiss Allan , Black Nicole
Published: July 2018

Résumé : Le film Last Night (Minuit) du cinéaste canadien Don McKellar est une œuvre de science fiction apocalyptique dont la création répond à un afflux de films-catastrophes hollywoodiens à grand déploiement comme Independence Day (Le jour de l’indépendance). McKellar n’explique jamais le pourquoi ou le comment de la disparition du monde ; il s’intéresse plutôt à la façon dont les gens font face à la situation dans le quotidien, à leur propre manière, en se livrant à leurs rituels personnels dans l’appréhension d’un anéantissement imminent. En se concentrant sur l’individuel et le contingent, et en rejetant toute forme de grand récit apocalyptique, le film propose une apocalypse postmoderne. L’une des principales techniques postmodernes qui y sont employées est la réflexivité ; les références au caractère du film à titre de film sont omniprésentes dans Last Night, bien que les allusions soient relativement subtiles. Une étude attentive de la distribution, du dialogue et de l’imagerie du film révèle que ce avec quoi les personnages sont forcés de composer n’est pas une apocalypse naturelle, surnaturelle ou d’origine humaine, mais une apocalypse textuelle. En d’autres termes, l’unique issue certaine et définissable qui menace les personnages est celle de la fin du film lui-même.
Mendongeng:
Authors: Uniawati Uniawati
Published: July 2018

Kurangnya apresiasi anak terhadap sebuah karya sastra disebabkan oleh minimnya pengetahuan anak terhadap sastra. Anak jarang dikenalkan dengan karya-karya sastra sehingga membentangkan jarak antara anak dengan sastra. Tulisan ini sebagai bentuk pemikiran bagaimana menumbuhkan rasa kepedulian anak terhadap sastra melalui cerita-cerita dongeng sehingga anak akan mencintai dan lebih apresiatif terhadap sastra dan karya sastra. Orang tua sebagai pihak yang memegang andil utama pembentukan kepribadian anak dapat berperan lebih aktif dengan memberikan cerita-cerita dongeng yang selaras kebutuhan anak. Melalui dongeng, anak dapat diajarkan untuk mengenal lebih dekat sastra, menikmati, dan merasakan manfaatnya. Dongeng tidak saja memberikan hiburan pada anak, tetapi juga memberikan pendidikan yang jauh lebih luas pada anak tentang moral, etika,  dan budi pekerti luhur tanpa perlu merasa digurui dan diceramahi.
Analisis kesalahan Diksi dan Kalimat dalam Surat Dinas pada Kantor Wali Kota Makassar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: B. M. Asri
Published: July 2018

Aspek kebahasaan dalam surat dinas merupakan suatu hal yang sangat vital. Hal itu memungkinkan kerena melalui bahasa, informasi-informasi penting antarkedinasan dapat tercapai dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, bahasa dalam surat dinas perlu ditata sedemikian rupa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analitis dengan teknik dokumentasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan bentuk kesalahan diksi dan kalimat dalam surat dinas di Kantor Wali Kota Makassar. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan adalah ditemukan tiga belas kesalahan berbahasa, yang terbagi atas enam bentuk kesalahan diksi dan tujuh bentuk kesalahan kalimat.
Kepribadian Tokoh Utama dalam Novel "Nyanyian Batanghari" Karya Harry B. Kori’un
Authors: Prahasita Naratungga Indit
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan kepribadian tokoh utama dalam novel Nyanyian Batanghari (NB) karya Harry B. Kori’un (HBK). Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut adalah psikologi sastra yang ditekankan pada teori psikoanalisis Sigmund Freud. Penelitian difokuskan pada watak tokoh utama dengan bantuan teori struktural tentang penokohan, sedangkan untuk mendeskripsikan kepribadian tokoh utama digunakan teori psikoanalisis. Freud membagi struktur kepribadian manusia terdiri atas tiga komponen yang disebut id, ego, dan superego. Karakter yang terdapat dalam tokoh utama adalah pendendam, pemberani, keras kepala, terpercaya, putus asa, suka menolong, dan rasa menyesal. Kepribadian tokoh utama dalam novel NB karya HBK didominasi oleh watak yang dipengaruhi oleh tatanan id. Dominasi id dalam kepribadian tokoh utama menyebabkan kepribadiannya berdasarkan prinsip kenikmatan (pleasure principle) sehingga individu tersebut dalam bertingkah laku cenderung tanpa perhitungkan dan ditujukan hanya kepada pencapaian kesenangan. Hal tersebut yang menyebabkan kepribadian tokoh utama cenderung idealistis dan emosional.
Pronomina Persona dalam Bahasa Muna
Authors: Fatinah Siti
Published: July 2018

Bahasa Muna (BM) memiliki bentuk pronomina persona yang berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa daerah lain di Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk pronomina persona dalam BM. Untuk memperoleh data digunakan metode simak, cakap, dan intropeksi. Data yang ada dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode padan intralingual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk pronomina persona dalam BM ada dua. Pertama, pronomina persona yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai morfem bebas, yang terdiri atas 3, yaitu (a) pronomina persona I (inodi/ indodi/idi ‘saya’; intaidi ‘kita berdua’; dan intaidi: mu ‘kita semua’);(b) pronomina persona II (ihintu ‘kamu’ atau ‘engkau’ dan ihintuumu atau ihintoomu ‘kamu sekalian’); (c)pronomina persona III (anoa ‘ia’ atau ‘dia’ dan andoa ‘mereka’). Kedua, pronomina persona yang dibubuhkanpada bentuk dasar verba, adjektiva, dan nomina sebagai morfem terikat. Pronomina ini ada ... yaitu (a) ae-, a-, ao-, -ku, dan -kanau yang berarti ‘saya’; (b) dae-, da-, dao-, da-e, dan -nto yang berarti ‘kita berdua’; (c) tae-, tao-, ta-, ta- ... -e, -mani, dan -kasami yang berarti ‘kami’; (d) omo-, ome-, o-, -gho, o-... -e, dan -mu yang berarti ‘kamu’ atau ‘engkau’; (e) omo- ... -mu, ome- ... -mu, o- ... -e:mu, -gho:mu, dan -omu yang berarti‘kalian semua’; (f) nae-, ne-, -no, -ane, dan no- ... -e yang berarti ‘ia/dia’; (g) dae-, do-, de-, -nda, -ndo, dando- ... -e yang berarti ‘mereka’. Pronomina persona yang berupa morfem terikat itu dibubuhkan pada bentuk dasar verba, adjektiva, dan nomina seperti prefiks, sufiks, dan simulfiks.
Kajian Aspek Tematik pada Novel "Saman" Karya Ayu Utami dan Novel "Nayla" Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu
Authors: Sa'diyah Umiatun
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh deskripsi secara keseluruhan kecenderungan tema dan tingkatan temayang ada dalam novel Saman karya Ayu Utami dan novel Nayla karya Djenar Maesa Ayu. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil analisis tema penelitian ini, dimaksudkan dapat memberikan wawasan baru bahwa kedua novel ini tidak hanya membahas masalah eksploitasi seksual saja, tetapi juga mengungkapkan permasalahan lain yang lebih kompleks. Kesimpulannya secara kuantitas kemunculan peristiwa, kategori tingkatan tema yang utama dalam kedua novel ini adalah tema tingkat sosial.
Membayangkan Indonesia dari Novel-Novel Antaretnis dan Antaragama Periode 1920-an Hingga 1970-an
Authors: Rahariyoso Dwi
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini menguraikan persoalan perkawinan antaretnis dan antaragama yang terdapat dalam novel Indonesia periode 1920-an hingga 1970-an. Pengelompokan kategori novel berdasarkan genre yang terdapat dalam novel-novel yang mempunyai kapasitas dalam membahas tema perkawinan antaretnis dan antaragama. Melalui genre yang dimunculkan dalam novel, pola dan bentuk struktur penceritaan bisa dicermati secara saksama. Kategori antaretnis dan antaragama dalam novel periode 1920-an hingga 1970-an mengindikasikan bahwa kesadaran tentang multikulturalisme, pluralitas, dan kebangsaan sebagai sebuah gagasan penting bagi jati diri bangsa Indonesia. Semangat kebangsaan yang penuh kebhinekaan telah menjadi isu sentral yang dikembangkan oleh pengarang pada periode tersebut melalui kisah-kisah percintaan (roman) kaum muda dalam novel Indonesia modern.
Kesalahan Bahasa dalam Naskah Dinas Satuan kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kota Ternate
Authors: Noormala Noormala
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesalahan bahasa dalam naskah dinas pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kota Ternate. kesalahan bahasa difokuskan pada kesalahan-kesalahan yang terjadi pada bagian-bagian surat. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif, yakni memaparkan hasil penggunaan bahasa Indonesia. Penggumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen kartu data. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik baca dan teknik catat. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan bahasa ditemukan pada bagian-bagian naskah dinas, yakni kepala surat, tanggal surat, nomor surat, lampiran, perihal surat, alamat, isi, pengirim surat, dan tembusan.
Peran Pikiran Bawah Sadar (Subconscious Mind) dalam Proses Menulis dan Pembelajaran Naratif
Authors: Zainurrahman Zainurrahman
Published: July 2018

Pikiran bawah sadar manusia adalah pikiran yang kaya akan motivasi, kreatifitas, dan emosi. Seandainya setiap orang mampu mengaksesnya, maka setiap orang dapat memanfaatkan kekayaan pikiran bawah sadar dalam berbagai kebutuhan dan tujuan, tidak terkecuali tujuan pendidikan dan pembelajaran. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang melibatkan aktivitas akses pikiran bawah sadar adalah hypnoteaching. Hypnoteaching melibatkan 5 unsur kompleks, yakni quantum teaching learning, power teaching, neuro-linguistic programming, accelarated learning, dan hypnosis. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tanpa penguasaan salah satu dari kelima unsur ini maka model pembelajaran tersebut tidak maksimal. Di antara kelima unsur ini, pelibatan aktivitas pikiran bawah sadar terletak pada unsur terakhir, yakni hipnosis. dalam pembelajaran atau proses menulis naratif, pikiran bawah sadar memainkan peranan yang sangat penting. Salah satu fungsi yang diperankan oleh pikiran bawah sadar dalam menulis naratif adalah menggali informasi atau data yang tersimpan di dalamnya kemudian menampilkannya dalam bentuk visual (mental image) dan memberikan peluang pada kita untuk berkreasi dengan informasi-informasi tersebut, menyusunnya menjadi sebuah cerita atau naratif. Tulisan ini akan menampilkan bagaimana hipnosis murni (bukan hypnoteaching) dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran atau proses penulisan naratif.
Vokal Bahasa Togutil Language
Authors: Taha Mujahid
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk vokal dalam bahasa Togutil (BT). Metode yang dipakai adalah metode kualitatif. Objek dari penelitian ini adalah kosakata yang mengandung unsur fonem vokal. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah data primer, artinya data lisan yang dituturkan langsung oleh penutur asli BT di Desa Dodaga, Dusun Tukur-Tukur, dan Dusun Titipa, Kecamatan Wasile Timur, Kabupaten Halmahera Timur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan delapan jenis vokal, yaitu /a/, /æ/, /i/ ,/ɛ/, /e/, /u/, /o/, dan /ɔ.
Otentisitas Komunikator dan Motivasi Menulis Mahasiswa di Media Sosial
Authors: Zainurrahman Zainurrahman
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memahami hal-hal yang memicu motivasi menulis mahasiswa di media sosial, yang oleh suatu proyek (writing matrix) disebut otentisitas komunikator yang menyediakan interaksi tekstual yang otentik. Frekuensi aktivitas menulis mahasiswa di media sosial merupakan suatu fenomena yang mengagumkan jika dibandingkan dengan aktivitas menulis mereka di ruang-ruang kelas. Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif ini menggunakan angket sebagai instrumen pengumpulan data, yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori emosi, motivasi, dan media pembelajaran terkomputerisasi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa otentisitas komunikator bukanlah pemicu utama motivasi menulis mahasiswa di media-media sosial, melainkan nilai dan makna yang diberikan oleh mahasiswa terhadap media-media sosial itu sendiri. Fitur, kemudahan, kepuasan emosional, merupakan pemicu-pemicu utama yang terjaring dalam data penelitian ini. Signifikansi akademik dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peluang bagi para pengasuh mata kuliah menulis (writing) untuk meningkatkan motivasi menulis mahasiswa mereka di ruang-ruang kelas atau dalam konteks akademik lainnya.
Fonologi Isolek Non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai
Authors: Ibrahim Marwia Hi.
Published: July 2018

Penduduk di bagian selatan Pulau Morotai menuturkan isolek yang mirip dengan bahasa Galela, dan sebagian lainnya di bagian utara pulau ini berbahasa Tobelo, di samping itu Desa Pilowo dan Waringin berbahasa Gorap, sebagian kecil lainnya berbahasa Sangir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan (1) deskripsi fonologi isolek non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai. (2) Proses morfofonemik isolek non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai. Terdapat tiga desa yang dijadikan titik pengamatan, yaitu Desa Daeo di kecamatan Morotai Selatan, Desa Sangowo dan Desa Mira di kecamatan Morotai Timur. Setiap titik pengamatan terdiri atas tiga informan. Penjaringan data kebahasaan digunakan Daftar Swadesh. Penyediaan data digunakan metode cakap dan metode simak beserta teknik-tekniknya, seperti teknik cakap semuka, teknik catat dan teknik rekam, juga teknik sadap. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode padan intralingual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) isolek non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai memiliki lima bunyi vokal: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, dan /u/; 15 bunyi diftong /ia/, /ao/, /uo/, /ou/, /eo/, /ae/, /oi/, /au/, /io/, /oa/, /ue/, /iu/, /ai/, /ui/, dan /ua/; dan 21 bunyi konsonan: /p/, /t/, /k/, /Ɂ/, /b/, /ʤ/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /r/, /f/,/s/, /j/, /h/, /ʧ/, /l/, /w/, /y/. (2) Proses morfofonemik pada isolek non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai terjadi karena adanya proses afiksasi.
Interferensi dalam Cerpen Siswa SMP Negeri 2 Merbau Mataram Kabupaten Lampung Selatan
Authors: Rahayu Ratih
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini berupaya melihat interferensi yang muncul dalam cerpen-cerpen yang ditulis oleh siswa-siswi SMP Negeri 2 Merbau Mataram, Lampung Selatan. Permasalahan yang diteliti adalah interferensi apa sajakah yang muncul dan faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan terjadinya interferensi dalam cerpen-cerpen siswa tersebut. Pemakaian bahasa Indonesia dalam cerpen siswa-siswi SMP Negeri 2 Merbau Mataram ternyata diwarnai oleh interferensi dari bahasa asing (Inggris), bahasa gaul, dan bahasa daerah. Interferensi tersebut terjadi pada tataran morfologi, tataran leksikal, dan tataran sintaksis. Dari 40 cerpen yang diteliti ternyata ada 35 cerpen yang mengandung unsur interferensi. Hanya ada lima cerpen yang tidak diwarnai unsur interferensi. Apabila dipersentasekan secara keseluruhan ternyata cerpen siswa yang mengandung interferensi ada 87,5% dan yang tidak mengandung interferensi ada 12,5%. Interferensi yang terjadi disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu kedwibahasaan siswa, kebosanan, prestise, menghindari kekakuan, kosakata tersebut lebih singkat atau lebih pendek daripada padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia, serta kosakata tersebut belum ada padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia
Esensi Bahasa dalam Kajian Struktural
Authors: Gay Masayu
Published: July 2018

Tulisan ini merupakan hasil kajian konseptual para linguis yang disadur dari berbagai referensi dan dielaborasi. Kajian dibatasi pada struktural dan tidak sesudahnya, dan  menggunakan kajian pustaka. Ulasan konsep pemikiran dilakukan secara deskriptif. Bermula dari Saussure, bahasa sebagai bentuk, meliputi tiga hal (1) bentuk-isi, yakni klasifikasi mengenai pikiran dan benda-benda/objek, (2) bentuk-ekpresi, yakni terkait pengelompokan yang bersifat abstrak atau bayangan bunyi-bunyi dan bentuk bahasa. (3) isi-ekpresi, merupakan pembentukan dari keduanya. Bentuk-isi pada dikotomi ini, baik pada tataran epistemologinya maupun aksiologinya. Hjemslev menggambarkan bentuk-isi sebagai faktor dari tanda yang umum untuk bahasa yang berbeda: bentuk-isi dilihat sebagai tipe 'makna' yang bisa dijadikan dasar untuk membandingkan tanda berbeda dalam bahasa yang berbeda. Bentuk-isi didefinisikan hanya kaitannya dengan fungsi tanda, seperti isi-ekspresi. Bentuk-isi adalah bentuk yang bersamaan dengan bentuk-ekspresi, dan merupakan unit yang berfungsi sebagai tanda dalam bahasa. Dari sudut pandang maksud, bentuk konten bersifat arbitrer. Hjemslev  mengembangkan konsep hubungan tanda dan pananda. Bloomfield berangkat dari pandangan behaviorisme, sehingga ujaran manusia dapat dijelaskan dengan kondisi-kondisi eksternalnya dengan mechanism. Hakikat bahasa sebagai bentuk-ekpresi terlihat sangat radikal. Bloomfield membangun bahasa yang bersifat empirisme di atas substansi. Hakikat bahasa merupakan realitas struktur empiris sebagai sarana
Relasi Kekerabatan Bahasa Banjar dan Bahasa Bali: Tinjauan Lingusitik Histroris Kompratif
Authors: Jahdiah Jahdiah
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian linguistik historis komparatif yang membahas hubungan kekerabatan dua  bahasa yang  ada di Kalimantan Selatan, yaitu bahasa Bali dan bahasa Banjar. Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini 1) kosakata bahasa Banjar dan Bali yang sama berupa retensi, 2) kosakata bahasa Banjar dan Bali  yang berupa inovasi fonolis, 3) relasi kekerabatan bahasa Banjar dan Bali berdasarkan perhitungan leksikostatistik 4) korespondensi  konsonan dan vocal, dan 5) variasi konsonan dan vokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kekerabatan bahasa Banjar dan bahasa Bali. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik wawancara dengan mengisi kuisioner sebanyak 200 kosakata dasar Swades. Dari 200 kosakata dasar Swades tersebut diklasifikasikan kata-kata yang berkerabat dengan yang tidak berkerabat.  Teori yang digunakan sebagai acuan penelitian ini  teori linguistik historis komparatif. Untuk menentukan dan membuktikan bahasa-bahasa tersebut memiliki hubungan kekerabatan, dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan, yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dan pendekatan kualitatif. Dalam pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan metode leksikostatistik, sedangkan dalam pendekatan kualitatif digunakan metode perbandingan.  Hasil  penelitian menunjukan bahwa kekerabatan bahasa Banjar dan bahasa Bali berada ditingkat rumput bahasa. Hal ini dibuktikan berdasarkan perhitungan  kekerabatan sebesar 24,5%. Skala ini dibuktikan dengan oleh adanya persamaan dan kemiripan yang terdapat dalam kedua bahasa tersebut berupa 21 kosakata yang sama, 29 kosakata bahasa Banjar dan Bali yang memiliki kemiripan. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulan bahwa bahasa Banjar dan bahasa Bali dua bahasa yang mempunyai kekerabatan  yang erat.
Gaya Bahasa Perumpamaan dalam Novel Cinta di dalam Gelas Karya Andrea Hirata
Authors: Yulianto Agus
Published: July 2018

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah bentuk-bentuk gaya bahasa perumpamaan yang terdapat dalam novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas serta makna yang dikandungnya. Dengan demikian masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah bentuk-bentuk gaya bahasa perempumaan yang terdapat dalam novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas serta apa makna yang dikandungnya.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik catat, klasifikasi dan analisis.Selain itu, metode analisis konten juga digunakan untuk menelaah isi teks untuk mengetahui penggambaran pemakaian gaya bahasa perumpamaan dalam novel. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa gaya bahasa perumpamaan yang dipakai pengarang meliputi pemakaian kata seperti, bak, macam, dan ibarat.
Welfare Problems in Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep that Persist Even Though Scientific Research Clearly Shows How to Prevent Them
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: July 2018

Poor production and handling practices continue to persist that are both detrimental to animal welfare and financially burdensome. These practices continue to persist for three reasons: (1) a segmented marketing chain where a producer is not held financially accountable for losses; (2) failure to measure and assess chronic painful problems such as lame livestock; and (3) repeating old mistakes, such as housing fattening cattle for long periods of time on bare concrete. Two examples of the first type of losses are bruises caused by poor handling and sick cattle at feedlots caused by failure to vaccinate and precondition weaned calves at the farm of origin. In some segmented marketing systems, there is no economic incentive to vaccinate. When the animals get sick, the responsibility gets passed to the next person. Buyers of meat products can reduce these “passed on” losses by source verification. The first step to reducing problems, such as lame livestock, is to measure the percentage of lame animals and work with the producers to reduce them. Also, transportation payments should be changed and contracts should be based on the condition of the animals at delivery.
Rheology of Asphalt Binder Modified with 5W30 Viscosity Grade Waste Engine Oil
Authors: Shoukat Touqeer , Yoo Pyeong Jun
Published: July 2018

The pavement structure tends to shrink under low temperature conditions and cracks will appear upon crossing threshold binder stiffness. Decreasing the binder viscosity at such low temperatures, by introducing additional oil fraction (aromatics and saturates) in asphalt colloidal systems, may result in improved resistance to thermal cracking. A single multi-grade engine oil (5W30) was used in this study to analyze the rheological properties imparted to binders. Rotational Viscosity (RV) test revealed that after Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) aging, fresh oil and waste oil have a similar effect on decreasing the viscosity of binder and construction temperatures, reducing them by 5~8 °C. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test results showed an abrupt increase of carbonyl concertation when fresh engine oil was used for rejuvenation while waste engine oil was less susceptible to oxidative aging. Dynamic analysis of modified binders proved that engine oil has better thermal cracking resistance but relaxation ability of binders and rutting resistance was impaired. Filtered waste engine oil resulted in a 35% decrement in the stiffness of binder compared to virgin asphalt after short term aging but upper Performance Grade (PG) was compromised by 1~3 °C with 2.5% oil inclusion. Unfiltered waste engine oil proved to have the least overall performance compared to fresh and filtered waste engine oil.
Certain Notions of Energy in Single-Valued Neutrosophic Graphs
Authors: Naz Sumera , Akram Muhammad , Smarandache Florentin
Published: July 2018

A single-valued neutrosophic set is an instance of a neutrosophic set, which provides us an additional possibility to represent uncertainty, imprecise, incomplete and inconsistent information existing in real situations. In this research study, we present concepts of energy, Laplacian energy and signless Laplacian energy in single-valued neutrosophic graphs (SVNGs), describe some of their properties and develop relationship among them. We also consider practical examples to illustrate the applicability of the our proposed concepts.
The Role of Specific Chemokines in the Amelioration of Colitis by Appendicitis and Appendectomy
Authors: Cheluvappa Rajkumar , Thomas Dennis G. , Selvendran Selwyn
Published: July 2018

The appendix contains abundant lymphoid tissue and is constantly exposed to gut flora. When completed at a young age, appendicitis followed by appendectomy (AA) prevents or significantly ameliorates Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) in later life. Inflammatory bowel disease comprises Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Our murine AA model is the only existing experimental model of AA. In our unique model, AA performed in the most proximal colon limits colitis pathology in the most distal colon by curbing T-helper 17 cell activity, diminishing autophagy, modulating interferon activity-associated molecules, and suppressing endothelin vaso-activity-mediated immunopathology. In the research presented in this paper, we have examined the role of chemokines in colitis pathology with our murine AA model. Chemokines are a family of small cytokines with four conserved cysteine residues. Chemokines induce chemotaxis in adjacent cells with corresponding receptors. All 40 known chemokine genes and 24 chemokine receptor genes were examined for gene expression levels in distal colons three days post-AA and 28 days post-AA. At 28 days post-AA, the chemokine gene CCL5 was significantly upregulated. Furthermore, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed upregulation of seven CCL5-associated gene-sets 28 days post-AA in contrast to just one gene-set downregulated at the same time-point. The chemokine gene CXCL11 was significantly upregulated three days post-AA and 28 days post-AA. Evaluation using GSEA showed upregulation of six CXCL11-associated gene sets but no downregulation of any gene set. At 28 days post-AA, CCL17 gene expression was significantly downregulated. There was no expression of any chemokine receptor gene three days post-AA, but CCR10 was the only chemokine receptor gene that displayed differential gene expression (upregulation) 28 days post-AA. No CCR10-associated gene set was upregulated in GSEA in contrast to one downregulated gene set. Our analysis resulted in identifying three new therapeutic targets towards ameliorating colitis: CCL5, CXCL11, and CCL17. While CCL5 and CXCL11 are good therapeutic chemokine candidates to be exogenously administered, CCL17 is a good candidate chemokine to competitively inhibit or limit colitis pathology.
Adverse Outcome Prediction of Iron Deficiency in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Zeller Tanja , Waldeyer Christoph , Ojeda Francisco , Schnabel Renate B. , Schäfer Sarina , Altay Alev , Lackner Karl J. , Anker Stefan D. , Westermann Dirk , Blankenberg Stefan , Karakas Mahir
Published: July 2018

Acute myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. While iron deficient heart failure patients are at increased risk of future cardiovascular events and see improvement with intravenous supplementation, the clinical relevance of iron deficiency in acute coronary syndrome remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of iron deficiency in the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Levels of ferritin, iron, and transferrin were measured at baseline in 836 patients with ACS. A total of 29.1% was categorized as iron deficient. The prevalence of iron deficiency was clearly higher in women (42.8%), and in patients with anemia (42.5%). During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 111 subjects (13.3%) experienced non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular mortality as combined endpoint. Iron deficiency strongly predicted non-fatal MI and cardiovascular mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.26; p = 0.037) adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, smoking status, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, body-mass-index (BMI) This association remained significant (HR 1.73 (95% CI 1.07–2.81; p = 0.026)) after an additional adjustment for surrogates of cardiac function and heart failure severity (N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP), for the size of myocardial necrosis (troponin), and for anemia (hemoglobin). Survival analyses for cardiovascular mortality and MI provided further evidence for the prognostic relevance of iron deficiency (HR 1.50 (95% CI 1.02–2.20)). Our data showed that iron deficiency is strongly associated with adverse outcome in acute coronary syndrome.
Information Guided Exploration of Scalar Values and Isocontours in Ensemble Datasets
Authors: Hazarika Subhashis , Biswas Ayan , Dutta Soumya , Shen Han-Wei
Published: July 2018

Uncertainty of scalar values in an ensemble dataset is often represented by the collection of their corresponding isocontours. Various techniques such as contour-boxplot, contour variability plot, glyphs and probabilistic marching-cubes have been proposed to analyze and visualize ensemble isocontours. All these techniques assume that a scalar value of interest is already known to the user. Not much work has been done in guiding users to select the scalar values for such uncertainty analysis. Moreover, analyzing and visualizing a large collection of ensemble isocontours for a selected scalar value has its own challenges. Interpreting the visualizations of such large collections of isocontours is also a difficult task. In this work, we propose a new information-theoretic approach towards addressing these issues. Using specific information measures that estimate the predictability and surprise of specific scalar values, we evaluate the overall uncertainty associated with all the scalar values in an ensemble system. This helps the scientist to understand the effects of uncertainty on different data features. To understand in finer details the contribution of individual members towards the uncertainty of the ensemble isocontours of a selected scalar value, we propose a conditional entropy based algorithm to quantify the individual contributions. This can help simplify analysis and visualization for systems with more members by identifying the members contributing the most towards overall uncertainty. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by applying it on real-world datasets from material sciences, weather forecasting and ocean simulation experiments.
Random k-Body Ensembles for Chaos and Thermalization in Isolated Systems
Authors: Kota Venkata Krishna Brahmam , Chavda Narendra D.
Published: July 2018

Embedded ensembles or random matrix ensembles generated by k-body interactions acting in many-particle spaces are now well established to be paradigmatic models for many-body chaos and thermalization in isolated finite quantum (fermion or boson) systems. In this article, briefly discussed are (i) various embedded ensembles with Lie algebraic symmetries for fermion and boson systems and their extensions (for Majorana fermions, with point group symmetries etc.); (ii) results generated by these ensembles for various aspects of chaos, thermalization and statistical relaxation, including the role of q-hermite polynomials in k-body ensembles; and (iii) analyses of numerical and experimental data for level fluctuations for trapped boson systems and results for statistical relaxation and decoherence in these systems with close relations to results from embedded ensembles.
Learning Opportunities in Biology Teacher Education Contribute to Understanding of Nature of Science
Authors: Bruckermann Till , Ochsen Fridtjof , Mahler Daniela
Published: July 2018

In order to educate scientifically literate children, teachers are required to include nature of science (NOS) in their classroom practice. However, as biology teachers’ own understanding of NOS is limited, promoting an initial understanding of NOS in teacher education is crucial. The aim of this study is to elucidate the importance of the first phase of teacher education for biology teachers’ understanding of NOS. More precisely, the study aims to examine the relationship between institutional determinants (e.g., the type of teacher education programme) and learning opportunities for pre-service biology teachers’ understanding of NOS. Pre-service biology teachers (N = 232) participated in a cross-sectional testing. The corresponding descriptions of N = 649 modules of biology teacher education from 20 German universities were analysed. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied to relate the institutional determinants and the individual amount of learning opportunities to pre-service biology teachers’ understanding of NOS. Results reveal that both institutional determinants as well as the amount of learning opportunities are related to pre-service biology teachers’ understanding of NOS. This indicates that teacher education at university represents an important phase for biology teachers’ understanding of NOS. The results are discussed in terms of consequences for further research and teacher education.
The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends
Authors: Salmeron-Manzano Esther , Manzano-Agugliaro Francisco
Published: July 2018

The bicycle has gone from being an old-fashioned recreational product to a less polluting means of transport and a compact, ultra-light personal mobility tool. This is how electrical bicycles will be used as the pillar that could support individual public transport in large cities worldwide. The objective of this manuscript is to detect how worldwide research on the electric bicycle is being developed, and, especially, around which scientific domains is it clustered, to finally identify the main trends in the field. This study has been carried out based on the Scopus database, where all the publications related to the topic of the electric bicycle have been analyzed up to the year 2017. ¨Therefore, research on the global research trends of this topic was conducted. Its evolution over time shows that since 2008 the growth of publications is much higher than in the previous period. The main countries are China and the USA, and it can be inferred that there are two major trend countries with high environmental awareness, which also have a large population and that the electric bicycle is a suitable and sustainable form of transport. Among the main scientific fields, engineering leads in research. The keyword analysis shows that the central theme is electric, then battery and motor stand out. A community detection was applied to detect the six main clusters of this research, largely dedicated to the following topics: Transportation–Environment, Electrical Engineering, Safety, Batteries, Sporting Goods–Urban Planning, and Mechanical Engineering. This manuscript shows that global research trends about the electric bicycle are increasing, and that it should be considered a means of sustainable urban transport and will therefore contribute to energy saving and sustainable energy.
Load Estimation of Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Lee Sang , Churchfield Matthew , Driscoll Frederick , Sirnivas Senu , Jonkman Jason , Moriarty Patrick , Skaare Bjόrn , Nielsen Finn Gunnar , Byklum Erik
Published: July 2018

The influence of 3 MW Hywind-II wind turbine wakes from an upstream offshore floating wind turbine on a downstream turbine with a separation distance of seven rotor diameters was studied for a site in the Gulf of Maine. The turbines and the platforms were subjected to atmospheric boundary layer flows. Various sensitivity studies on fatigue loads with respect to the positions of the downstream turbine were performed and validated with a large-eddy simulation tool. In particular, the effect of various lateral positions of the downstream turbine relative to the upstream turbine were considered using time-series turbine wake data generated from the large-eddy simulation tool which served as an input to an aero-elastic wind turbine model to assess the loads. The load response from the rotor, tower, and the floating platform for the downstream turbine were sensitive to the lateral offset positions where turbines that were partially exposed to upstream turbine wakes yielded significant increases in the cyclic load range. For the given set of lateral positions for the downstream turbine, the largest damage equivalent load occurred when the turbine was one rotor diameter to the left of the centerline, when looking upstream, which is the position of the turbine fully exposed to upstream turbine wake. On the other hand, the fatigue load on the downstream turbine placed on the right side of the position fully exposed to the upstream turbine wake, yielded lower stress due to the non-symmetric shape of the turbine wake. The configuration associated with the largest damage equivalent loads was further investigated in a large-eddy simulation, modeling both the upstream and downstream turbines. It was found that the energy spectra at the blade rotational frequency were a magnitude order higher for the downstream turbine, especially for surge, heave, pitch, and yaw motion of the platform. The increase of the damage equivalent load for the flapwise blade root moment was 45% compared to the upstream turbine, which can potentially reduce the turbine service life time.
Unit Commitment of a Power System Including Battery Swap Stations Under a Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Lv Mengxuan , Lou Suhua , Wu Yaowu , Miao Miao
Published: July 2018

Battery swap stations (BSSs) are of great importance as an energy supplement for electric vehicles (EVs). The batteries in these stations not only charge instantaneous energy from the grid (G2B) but also discharge stored energy to the grid (B2G). This bidirectional energy consuming scheme provides more flexibility to the grid operation options, and henceforth, may bring in new challenges to the systems as well. In the meanwhile, the carbon trading mechanisms for the low-carbon economy can also have impacts on the generation scheduling of the power system. Therefore, a unit commitment (UC) model of the power system with BSSs in the low-carbon economic background is proposed to coordinate the G2B/B2G process of BSSs. Our model weighted the carbon dioxide emission in the cost function and tightened the constraint set with BSSs limits and the carbon trading mechanism. Case studies on a 10-unit test system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Uncertainty Analysis of Weather Forecast Data for Cooling Load Forecasting Based on the Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Zhao Jing , Duan Yaoqi , Liu Xiaojuan
Published: July 2018

Recently, the cooling load forecasting for the short-term has received increasing attention in the field of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), which is conducive to the HVAC system operation control. The load forecasting based on weather forecast data is an effective approach. The meteorological parameters are used as the key inputs of the prediction model, of which the accuracy has a great influence on the prediction loads. Obviously, there are errors between the weather forecast data and the actual weather data, but most of the existing studies ignored this issue. In order to deal with the uncertainty of weather forecast data scientifically, this paper proposes an effective approach based on the Monte Carlo Method (MCM) to process weather forecast data by using the 24-h-ahead Support Vector Machine (SVM) model for load prediction as an example. The data-preprocessing method based on MCM makes the forecasting results closer to the actual load than those without process, which reduces the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of load prediction from 11.54% to 10.92%. Furthermore, through sensitivity analysis, it was found that among the selected weather parameters, the factor that had the greatest impact on the prediction results was the 1-h-ahead temperature T(h–1) at the prediction moment.
CO2 Price Volatility Effects on Optimal Power System Portfolios
Authors: Mari Carlo
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates the effects of CO2 price volatility on optimal power system portfolios and on CO2 emissions assessment. In a stochastic setting in which three sources of uncertainty are considered, namely fossil fuels (gas and coal) and CO2 prices, we discuss a unifying scheme for quantifying the impact of integrated environmental and renewable energy policies on the power system. We will show that the effects produced by a given environmental policy scheme strongly depend on the configuration of the power system, i.e., on the composition of the generating sources in the power system portfolio. In the empirical analysis performed on U.S. technical and cost data, we found that a non-volatile carbon tax scheme can produce significant effects on the power system portfolio selection problem in the presence of a carbon-free dispatchable source, like nuclear power, but it may have a negligible impact if the (non-renewable) dispatchable part of the power system portfolio is fully composed by fossil fuel, gas and coal, sources. On the other side, generating CO2 price volatility market-oriented mechanisms can produce relevant effects on both power system configurations. Although the empirical analysis is performed on U.S. data, the proposed methodology is general and can be used as a quantitative support by policy makers in their attempts to reconcile environmental and economic issues.
Electrical Power Supply of Remote Maritime Areas: A Review of Hybrid Systems Based on Marine Renewable Energies
Authors: Roy Anthony , Auger François , Dupriez-Robin Florian , Bourguet Salvy , Tran Quoc Tuan
Published: July 2018

Ocean energy holds out great potential for supplying remote maritime areas with their energy requirements, where the grid size is often small and unconnected to a continental grid. Thanks to their high maturity and competitive price, solar and wind energies are currently the most used to provide electrical energy. However, their intermittency and variability limit the power supply reliability. To solve this drawback, storage systems and Diesel generators are often used. Otherwise, among all marine renewable energies, tidal and wave energies are reaching an interesting technical level of maturity. The better predictability of these sources makes them more reliable than other alternatives. Thus, combining different renewable energy sources would reduce the intermittency and variability of the total production and so diminish the storage and genset requirements. To foster marine energy integration and new multisource system development, an up-to-date review of projects already carried out in this field is proposed. This article first presents the main characteristics of the different sources which can provide electrical energy in remote maritime areas: solar, wind, tidal, and wave energies. Then, a review of multi-source systems based on marine energies is presented, concerning not only industrial projects but also concepts and research work. Finally, the main advantages and limits are discussed.