bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of sulfonated poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing carboxyl groups for proton‐exchange membrane materials
Authors: Chen Lan , Pu Zejun , Long Ya , Tang Hailong , Liu Xiaobo
Published: December 2013

A series of sulfonated poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing carboxyl groups were synthesized via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction from phenolphthalein, hydroquinone sulfonic acid potassium salt, and 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile in N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) with K2CO3 as a catalyst. The synthesized copolymers had good solubility in common polar organic solvents and could be easily processed into membranes from solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide, NMP, N,N′‐dimethyl acetylamide, and dimethylformamide. Typical membranes in acid form were gained, and the chemical structures of these membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The thermal properties, fluorescence properties, water uptake, ion‐exchange capacity, and proton conductivities of these copolymers were also investigated. The results indicate that they had high glass‐transition temperatures in the range 151–187°C and good thermal stability, with the 10 wt% loss temperatures ranging from 330 to 351°C under nitrogen. The copolymers showed characteristic unimodal ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption and fluorescence emission, and the UV–vis absorption, fluorescence excitation, and emission peaks of the copolymers were obvious. Moreover, the copolymer membranes showed good water uptake and proton conductivities at room temperature and 55% relative humidity because of the introduction of both sulfonic acid groups and carboxyl groups into the copolymers, whose contents were in ranges 18.45–67.86 and 3.4 × 10−4 to 3.0 × 10−3 s/cm, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40213.
Effects of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid on Embryo‐Fetal Development in Rats
Authors: Kim Sung‐Hwan , Lee In‐Chul , Baek Hyung‐Seon , No Kyeong‐Woo , Shin Dong‐Ho , Moon Changjong , Kim Sung‐Ho , Park Seung‐Chun , Kim Jong‐Choon
Published: December 2013

After the outbreak of acute renal failure associated with melamine‐contaminated pet food, melamine and melamine‐related compounds have become of great interest from a toxicologic perspective. We investigated the potential effects of melamine in combination with cyanuric acid (M + CA, 1:1) on pregnant dams and embryo‐fetal development in rats. M + CA was orally administered to pregnant rats from gestational days 6 through 19 at doses of 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day of both melamine and cyanuric acid. Maternal toxicity of rats administered 30 mg/kg/day M + CA was manifested as increased incidences of clinical signs and death; gross pathologic findings; higher blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; lower body weight gain and food intake; decreased thymus weight; and increased heart, lung, and kidney weights. Histopathological examinations revealed an increase in the incidence of congestion, tubular necrosis/degeneration, crystals, casts, mineralization, inflammatory cells in tubules, tubular dilation, and atrophy of glomeruli in maternal kidneys, whereas fetal kidneys did not show any histopathological changes. Developmental toxicity included a decrease in fetal (28%) and placental weights and a delay in fetal ossification (n = 7). Increased incidence of gross and histopathological changes in the maternal kidney was also found in the middle dose group (n = 12). No treatment‐related maternal or developmental effects were observed in the low dose group (n = 12). Under these experimental conditions, M + CA is embryotoxic at an overt maternotoxic dose in rats and the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level of M + CA is considered to be 3 mg/kg/day for pregnant dams and 10 mg/kg/day for embryo‐fetal development.
The Effect on Rat Embryonic Heart Rate of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ Channel Blockers, and the Human Teratogen Phenytoin, Changes with Gestational Age
Authors: Nilsson Mats F. , Ritchie Helen , Webster William S.
Published: December 2013

In this study, we compared the effects of four ion channel blockers on rat embryonic heart function during the organogenic period from gestational day (GD) 10 to 15, to determine the changes in dependence on ion channels during rat cardiac development. Rat embryos in culture were exposed to either the human ether‐á‐go‐go‐related gene potassium channel blocker, dofetilide (400 nM); the sodium channel blocker, lidocaine (250 μM); the L‐type calcium channel blocker, nifedipine (1.8 μM); or the multichannel blocker, phenytoin (200 μM). Lidocaine slowed the heart rate (HR) with the effect becoming more severe with increasing GD. Dofetilide slowed the embryonic HR and caused arrhythmias with the most severe effect on GD 11 to 13. Nifedipine primarily caused a negative inotropic effect except on GD 10 when it stopped the heart in most embryos. Phenytoin stopped the heart of most GD 10 to 12 embryos while on GD 13 to 15 phenytoin slowed the heart. The results demonstrate that as the rat heart develops during the organogenic period its functional dependence on ion channels changes markedly. These changes are important for understanding drug effects on the embryo during pregnancy and the methodology used provides a simple procedure for assessing drug effects on the developing heart.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying blood vessel lumen formation
Authors: Charpentier Marta S. , Conlon Frank L.
Published: December 2013

The establishment of a functional vascular system requires multiple complex steps throughout embryogenesis, from endothelial cell (EC) specification to vascular patterning into venous and arterial hierarchies. Following the initial assembly of ECs into a network of cord‐like structures, vascular expansion and remodeling occur rapidly through morphogenetic events including vessel sprouting, fusion, and pruning. In addition, vascular morphogenesis encompasses the process of lumen formation, critical for the transformation of cords into perfusable vascular tubes. Studies in mouse, zebrafish, frog, and human endothelial cells have begun to outline the cellular and molecular requirements underlying lumen formation. Although the lumen can be generated through diverse mechanisms, the coordinated participation of multiple conserved molecules including transcription factors, small GTPases, and adhesion and polarity proteins remains a fundamental principle, leading us closer to a more thorough understanding of this complex event.
Guilty but mentally ill: An alternative verdict
Authors: Blunt Lynn W. , Stock Harley V.
Published: December 2013

Despite opposition from professional groups such as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Bar Association, “Guilty But Mentally Ill” (GBMI) statutes now exist in at least 12 states and are being considered in others. This paper reviews the development of the GBMI alternative to the insanity defense from a historical perspective, focusing especially on the reasons for its development in Michigan, the first state to pass GBMI legislation over 9 years ago. Using the Michigan experience, the GBMI statute is reviewed in terms of its perceived purpose and its success in accomplishing that purpose. Then recommendations for future changes are made.
Premenstrual syndrome
Authors: Abplanalp Judith M.
Published: December 2013

This paper is an overview of research on premenstrual syndrome (PMS), focusing on the key topics of definition of the syndrome and the relationship of PMS to psychiatric illness. The etiology and treatment of PMS is discussed. Medical‐legal implications of PMS are also reviewed with attention directed to the few studies and court cases relating PMS to the concept of diminished criminal responsibility. Researchers are beginning to make some progress with respect to criteria for the diagnosis of PMS. Much work remains concerning the questions of the relationship of PMS to psychiatric disorders and whether PMS should be considered as one syndrome or many.
Emotional distress in tort law
Authors: Twiford J. Rainer
Published: December 2013

Although judges and legislators increasingly provide compensation for claims of emotional injury, laws have evolved in an arbitrary and inflexible fashion. A number of judicial barriers to these claims have been developed and applied in ways that unfairly prevent compensation. Likewise, frivolous claims are occasionally granted. Judicial and legislative approaches to this problem should involve enough flexibility to accommodate the facts peculiar to each case. A flexible approach is also responsive to the rapid developments that are occurring in the behavioral and medical sciences which are often consulted in solving disputes involving claims for emotional distress.
Psycholegal standards and the role of psychological assessment in personal injury litigation
Authors: Weissman Herbert N.
Published: December 2013

Conceptual and procedural aspects of the forensic practitioner's role in personal injury litigation are identified relative to the provision of evaluative, consultative, and court‐related services. A model is presented for comprehensive clinical and psychodiagnostic assessment consistent with concepts of legal relevance and probative value. The model facilitates rendering psycholegal formulations and opinions regarding compensatory damages when retained to examine mental and emotional elements entered as causes of action in tort.

The differential contribution of state and trait level conditions, and of proximate, pre‐existing, and coexisting factors to the causal nexus of impairment is considered in this context toward establishing preincident baseline functioning and making pre‐post comparisons. Approaches toward delineating the range and severity of impairments that are related to the instant event, and separating these from nonproximate factors and from the dynamics of primary and secondary gain, are considered.
Neuropsychological evaluation in the assessment of personal injury
Authors: Wasyliw Orest E. , Golden Charles J.
Published: December 2013

Neuropsychological evaluation offers unique potentials in the assessment of personal injury claims. Strengths and limitations of major approaches to testing are reviewed, and special attention is given to applications in the particular forensic areas of head injury, toxic environments, physical disease, and malpractice. The varieties of cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal damages which may occur with brain injury are described. Suggestions are provided for forensically appropriate neuropsychological assessment, as well as guidelines offered for discerning inappropriate practices. Issues of neurological malingering, credentialing of the expert, and forensic roles of the neuropsychologist in rehabilitation are discussed.
Congressional review of national problems in drug abuse and its control
Authors: Kurke Martin I.
Published: December 2013

The addition of a psychologist to its staff provided the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control with an opportunity to add survey technology to its traditional oversight information gathering armamentarium. Surveys of state and local drug abuse program managers, law enforcement and prosecutorial officials, state attorneys general, and members of congress itself provided the Select Committee with information that supplemented that obtained by hearings and congressionally sponsored conferences. Answers to different questions in the different surveys were in general agreement with each other and with information obtained through hearings, providing a rough measure of the reliability and utility of the technique for oversight purposes. Survey results were incorporated in committee reports and are credited with providing information necessary to sustain the Select Committee's recommendations for drug abuse and control to the Congress.
Narcotics and crime: An analysis of existing evidence for a causal relationship
Authors: Speckart George , Anglin M. Douglas
Published: December 2013

The research literature investigating criminality and narcotics addiction is reviewed for evidence concerning the nature of their etiologic relationship. An emphasis is placed upon empirical investigations published after 1960 and upon existing literature reviews of this field. Citing various approaches and paradigms utilized by prior researchers, an attempt is made to converge qualitatively distinct lines of research to a common conclusion. It is shown that (1) pre‐ and post‐addiction studies show increases in property crime contiguous with the onset of addiction; (2) first arrest generally precedes narcotics addiction; (3) pre‐ and during treatment studies, as well as during and post‐treatment studies, show relative decreases in property crimes during methadone maintenance; and (4) property crime increases monotonically with level, or intensity, of narcotics use throughout the addiction career when analyzed in aggregate form. It is concluded that, although a substantial number of addicts are criminally involved prior to addiction, addiction is a criminogenic agent in contemporary American society and that narcotics use levels are the most direct and plausible explanation for the high aggregate levels of property crime exhibited by research subjects when addicted. In addition, prescriptions for future research methodologies are discussed.
Health and legal issues in undercover narcotics investigations: Misrepresented evidence
Authors: Girodo Michel
Published: December 2013

This paper outlines some types of psychological disturbances found to occur in narcotics agents who use undercover investigative methods. Research results and other clinical findings dismiss popular notions of multiple personalities as a mental injury caused by prolonged role played pseudoidentities. Coping strategies for dealing with certain paranoid reactions are seen as potential sources of contamination in the gathering of evidence of criminal activity. Issues related to questions of health versus operative talents in selecting for personal suitability for undercover work are presented.
Clinical dimensions of adult sexual abuse of children
Authors: Conte Jon R.
Published: December 2013

This article identifies some of the more commonly held traditional clinical concepts employed by community based mental health professionals in work with adults who sexually abuse children. The manuscript suggests why these concepts appear to be not helpful to therapists in community settings. These traditional concepts include the idea that all offenders may be thought of as either fixated or regressed, incest or pedophilic, or that there is a typical offender profile of adults who have sex with children. The article suggests that a more useful way to think about adults who sexually abuse children is to think of them in terms of a number of clinical dimensions, characteristics of the problem of adults' sexual use of children. These dimensions include denial, sexual arousal, sexual fantasies, cognitive distortions, social skills deficits, and other problems. The manuscript discusses the empirical support for each of these dimensions as an important aspect of adult sexual use of children.
Organic treatments for the male sexual offender
Authors: Bradford John M. W.
Published: December 2013

There are three significant organic treatments for the sexual offender: antiandrogen or other hormonal agents; surgical castration; and stereotaxic neurosurgery. All are interrelated, and an understanding of the complex neurohormonal actions of the androgens is fundamental to their application. The relationship between the three treatments is dependent on the complex interactions between higher central nervous system functions and neuroendocrine mechanisms mediated via the hypothalmic‐pituitary axis, the testes, and their various feedback mechanisms. This paper discusses all three treatments, including a detailed description of background material and related studies, as well as the appropriate use of the treatments in the various types of male sexual offenders.
Father‐daughter incest: An overview
Authors: deChesnay Mary
Published: December 2013

The problem of father‐daughter incest is discussed from the perspectives of the offender, mother, victim, and family. The literature is reviewed for areas of consensus and disagreement. Conclusions describe the state of the art of current knowledge and suggest areas for research and theory development.
Structure‐Dependent Binding of Arylimidamides to the DNA Minor Groove
Authors: Chai Yun , Munde Manoj , Kumar Arvind , Mickelson Leah , Lin Sen , Campbell Nancy H. , Banerjee Moloy , Akay Senol , Liu Zongying , Farahat Abdelbasset A. , Nhili Raja , Depauw Sabine , David‐Cordonnier Marie‐Hélène , Neidle Stephen , Wilson W. David , Boykin David W.
Published: December 2013

Heterocyclic diamidines are strong DNA minor‐groove binders and have excellent antiparasitic activity. To extend the biological activity of these compounds, a series of arylimidamides (AIAs) analogues, which have better uptake properties in Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruizi than diamidines, was prepared. The binding of the AIAs to DNA was investigated by Tm, fluorescence displacement titration, circular dichroism, DNase I footprinting, biosensor surface plasmon resonance, X‐ray crystallography and molecular modeling. These compounds form 1:1 complexes with AT sequences in the DNA minor groove, and the binding strength varies with substituent size, charge and polarity. These substituent‐dependent structure and properties provide a SAR that can be used to estimate K values for binding to DNA in this series. The structural results and molecular modeling studies provide an explanation for the differences in binding affinities for AIAs.
Lewis Acid Assisted Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Lübbe Christa , Dumrath Andreas , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Kadyrov Renat
Published: December 2013

The combination of a ruthenium–arene complex, a noncoordinating salt, and a Lewis acid facilitates access to a highly active and selective in situ metathesis catalyst. The catalyst is formed from an inexpensive ruthenium precursor and olefins are used as the substrates. RCM=Ring‐closing metathesis, acac=acetylacetonate.
The “True” Affinities of Metal Cations to p‐Sulfonatocalix[4]arene: A Thermodynamic Study at Neutral pH Reveals a Pitfall Due to Salt Effects in Microcalorimetry
Authors: Francisco Vitor , Piñeiro Angel , Nau Werner M. , García‐Río Luis
Published: December 2013

A microcalorimetric study on the inclusion of monovalent and divalent metal cations by p‐sulfonatocalix[4]arene was performed. The thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of alkali metal cations and Ag+ were obtained for the first time at neutral pH. The Na+ cation is routinely present as counterion of the calixarene in neutral aqueous solution, and this must be taken into account in the determination of the thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of Na+ and the other cations by considering a sequential or a competitive binding scheme. The ΔH° and ΔS° values show that the inclusion process is entropically driven, although an influence of the temperature on the complexation reaction indicates that the enthalpic term is also an important contributor. The results also reveal that enthalpy/entropy compensation balances the gain in one contribution against a corresponding loss in the other. The obtained thermodynamic data are in contrast to the results from previous microcalorimetric studies, which showed binding constants that were orders of magnitude smaller and complexations, which were in part enthalpically driven but which neglected the influence of the alkali metal counterions.
Gold‐Catalyzed [2+2+1] Cycloaddition of 1,6‐Diyne Carbonates and Esters with Aldehydes to 4‐(Cyclohexa‐1,3‐dienyl)‐1,3‐dioxolanes
Authors: Rao Weidong , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: December 2013

A synthetic method to stereoselectively prepare 4‐(cyclohexa‐1,3‐dienyl)‐1,3‐dioxolanes in good to excellent yields by gold(I)‐catalyzed [2+2+1] cycloaddition of 1,6‐diyne carbonates and esters with aldehydes is described. The cascade process involves 1,2‐acyloxy migration followed by cyclopropenation and cycloreversion. This leads to an unprecedented [2+2+1] cycloaddition of the resulting alkenylgold carbenoid species, examples of which are extremely rare, with two aldehyde molecules at catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol %. The usefulness of this cycloisomerization chemistry was further demonstrated by the transformation of one example to the corresponding phenol.
Baseline prostate inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy: Results from the REDUCE study
Authors: Moreira Daniel M. , Nickel J. Curtis , Gerber Leah , Muller Roberto L. , Andriole Gerald L. , Castro‐Santamaria Ramiro , Freedland Stephen J.
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

The current study was performed to evaluate whether baseline acute and chronic prostate inflammation among men with an initial negative biopsy for prostate cancer (PCa) increased the risk of subsequent PCa detection in a clinical trial with systematic biopsies.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed of 6238 men aged 50 years to 75 years with prostate‐specific antigen levels between 2.5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL and a prior negative biopsy in the REduction by DUtasteride of PCa Events study who completed a 2‐year biopsy. PCa, acute prostate inflammation, and chronic prostate inflammation were assessed by central review. The association between inflammation in baseline prostate biopsies and positive 2‐year and 4‐year repeat biopsies was evaluated with the chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis adjusting for baseline covariates.

RESULTS

Acute and chronic inflammation and both were detected in 46 baseline biopsies (1%), 3931 baseline biopsies (63%), and 892 baseline biopsies (14%), respectively. Acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with each other (P < .001). Acute inflammation at baseline biopsy was associated with younger age, lower prostate‐specific antigen levels, and a smaller prostate (all P < .01), whereas chronic inflammation was associated with older age and larger prostate glands (all P < 0.01). At the 2‐year biopsy, the prevalence of PCa was 14% (N = 900 patients). On univariable and multivariable analysis, both acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with a lower PCa risk (acute univariable: odds ratio [OR], 0.65 [P < .001] and multivariable: OR, 0.75 [P = .012] and chronic univariable: OR, 0.61 [P < .001] and multivariable: OR, 0.65 [P < .001]). At the time of 4‐year biopsy, only acute inflammation was found to be associated with a lower PCa risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Baseline acute and chronic inflammation were both found to be independently associated with a lower PCa risk. From a clinical standpoint, inflammation in negative biopsies for PCa may lower the risk of subsequent PCa detection. Cancer 2014;120:190–196. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
A subset of thalamocortical projections to the retrosplenial cortex possesses two vesicular glutamate transporter isoforms, VGluT1 and VGluT2, in axon terminals and somata
Authors: Oda Satoko , Funato Hiromasa , Sato Fumi , Adachi‐Akahane Satomi , Ito Masanori , Takase Kenkichi , Kuroda Masaru
Published: December 2013

Vesicular glutamate transporter isoforms, VGluT1–VGluT3, accumulate glutamate into synaptic vesicles and are considered to be important molecules in glutamatergic transmission. Among them, VGluT2 mRNA is expressed predominantly throughout the dorsal thalamus, whereas VGluT1 mRNA is expressed in a few thalamic nuclei. In the thalamic nuclei that project to the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), VGluT1 mRNA is expressed strongly in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD), is expressed moderately in the anteroventral and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, and is not expressed in the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. Thus, it has been strongly suggested that a subset of thalamocortical projections to RSC possesses both VGluT1 and VGluT2. In this study, double‐labeled neuronal somata showing both VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunolabelings were found exclusively in the ventral region of AD (vAD). Many double‐labeled axon terminals were also found in two major targets of vAD, the rostral part of the reticular thalamic nucleus and layers Ia and III–IV of the retrosplenial granular b cortex (RSGb). Some were also found in layer Ia of the retrosplenial granular a cortex (RSGa). These axon terminals contain significant amounts of both VGluTs. Because the subset of thalamocortical projections to RSC has a unique molecular basis in the glutamatergic transmission system, it might play an important role in the higher cognitive functions processed in the RSC. Furthermore, double‐labeled axon terminals of a different type were distributed in RSGb and RSGa. Because they are small and the immunoreactivity of VGluT2 is significantly weaker than that of VGluT1, they seemed to be a subset of corticocortical terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2089–2106, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflectance versus transmittance: The effects of light scattering on red colorants (carmine, amazonian red annatto, and peruvian cochinilla rojo and rosada) in biological, textile, and museum science
Authors: Swatland H. J.
Published: December 2013

Spectra were strongly influenced by the way they were measured but, in general, carmine, cochinilla rojo and rosada, and red annatto all had strong transmittance and reflectance of red light (>640 nm), and strong absorbance of green light (520–560 nm). Spectra for carmine and cochinilla rosada both had secondary peaks for transmittance and reflectance (around 420 and 450 nm for stains, respectively), whereas secondary peaks were not found for cochinilla rojo and red annatto. Both cochinilla rosada and rojo stained skeletal myofibers, but only cochinilla rojo withstood alcohol dehydration and mounting as a general stain for paraffin sections. Carmine was ideal for enhancing the appearance of pork because its spectrum was similar to that of myoglobin, thus increasing the absorbance of green light without producing unnatural colors like cochinilla rosada and rojo. Cochinilla rojo dyed alpaca wool orange, and cochinilla rosada dyed wool pink. The scale of the measurement (micro‐ vs. macroscopic) and the type of measurement (transmittance vs. reflectance) were of minor importance in colorimetry, whereas a major effect was detected for light scattering in the sample. A ratio indicative of scattering (400/700 nm) was strongly correlated with chromaticity coordinate x, r = −0.86, P < 0.001, n = 18. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 599–606, 2014
Deutschland baut darauf – Nachhaltigkeit von Ein‐ und Zweifamilienhäusern aus Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Pohl Sebastian
Published: December 2013

Der Bau‐ und Immobilienwirtschaft kommt für eine nachhaltige gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung eine Schlüsselrolle zu. In diesem Kontext haben Wohngebäude aufgrund ihres großen Anteils am Gebäudebestand eine besondere Bedeutung. Im Rahmen einer ganzheitlichen lebenszyklusorientierten Untersuchung wurde am Institut für Massivbau der TU Darmstadt analysiert, welche Nachhaltigkeitsqualität kleinen Wohngebäuden aus Mauerwerk – als der marktbestimmenden Bauweise – attestiert werden kann. Der Beitrag stellt wichtige Ergebnisse bezüglich der Nachhaltigkeit von Ein‐und Zweifamilienhäusern vor und ist die verkürzte Fassung eines Beitrags der Autoren im Praxishandbuch Mauerwerksbau aktuell 2014 [1].

Germany relies on – sustainability of masonry residential buildings. The construction and real estate industry plays a key role for a sustainable social and economic development. Due to their large share in the building stock, residential buildings have an extraordinary importance. Thus, the Institut für Massivbau at Technische Universität Darmstadt analysed by doing a holistic, life‐cycle orientated examination, what Ievel of sustainability quality small residential buildings made of masonry have. This paper presents key findings concerning the sustainability of single and two‐family houses of masonry and is an abbreviated version of the authors‘ article in “Mauerwerksbau aktuell 2014“.
Innovative massive Wandsysteme – eine Herleitung möglicher Szenarien
Authors: Knaack Ulrich
Published: December 2013

Für die Herleitung möglicher Szenarien einer zukünftigen Entwicklung massiver Konstruktionen werden deren Entwicklungslinien anhand der einzelnen Materialien Lehm/Ziegel sowie Beton/Leichtbeton/Porenbeton und Kalksandstein erläutert. Ziel ist es, die Entwicklung anhand der funktionalen Verbesserungen zu erkennen und daraus mögliche und notwendige Innovationen für massive Wandsysteme abzuleiten.

Developments of massive wall constructions – possible scenarios. In order to generate possible scenarios about future developments of massive constructions, this paper explains the developmental paths on the basis of the individual materials clay/brick as well as concrete/lightweight concrete/aerated concrete and sand‐lime brick. The goal is to recognise the development on the basis of the functional improvement and to derive possible and necessary future developments.
Glasfaserbewehrter Porenbeton – ein neuer Baustoff mit Zukunfts‐Potenzial
Authors: Matthes Sascha Djamal , Groß Martin , Hübner Liesa , Ryssel Julia , Mai Franziska , Hessenkemper Heiko
Published: December 2013

Die Kombination von Tragfähigkeit und geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit machen Porenbeton zu einem Baustoff mit großem Potenzial. Durch eine gezielte Glasbewehrung soll ein entscheidender Nachteil des Baustoffs – die geringe Zugfestigkeit – überwunden werden. Dazu wurden sowohl neue Glasfasersysteme entwickelt als auch die Auswirkung der Bewehrung grundlegend untersucht.

Glass fibre reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) – A building material with great potential for the future. The combination of a high bearing strength and low heat conductivity shows the high potential of this building material for the future. A specific glass fibre reinforcement should resolve an important disadvantage of AAC – the low tensile strength. Therefor both new glass fibre systems were developed and the impact of the reinforcement was investigated fundamentally.
Identification of initially appearing glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain
Authors: Moly Pricila Khan , Ikenaga Takanori , Kamihagi Chihiro , Islam A.F.M. Tariqul , Hatta Kohei
Published: December 2013

Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Here, we report the initial development of glycine‐immunoreactive (Gly‐ir) neurons and fibers in zebrafish. The earliest Gly‐ir cells were found in the hindbrain and rostral spinal cord by 20 h post‐fertilization (hpf). Gly‐ir cells in rhombomeres 5 and 6 that also expressed glycine transporter 2 (glyt2) mRNA were highly stereotyped; they were bilaterally located and their axons ran across the midline and gradually turned caudally, joining the medial longitudinal fascicles in the spinal cord by 24 hpf. Gly‐ir neurons in rhombomere 5 were uniquely identified, since there was one per hemisegment, whereas the number of Gly‐ir neurons in rhombomere 6 were variable from one to three per hemisegment. Labeling of these neurons by single‐cell electroporation and tracing them until the larval stage revealed that they became MiD2cm and MiD3cm, respectively. The retrograde labeling of reticulo‐spinal neurons in Tg(glyt2:gfp) larva, which express GFP in Gly‐ir cells, and a genetic mosaic analysis with glyt2:gfp DNA construct also supported this notion. Gly‐ir cells were also distributed widely in the anterior brain by 27 hpf, whereas glyt2 was hardly expressed. Double staining with anti‐glycine and anti‐GABA antibodies demonstrated distinct distributions of Gly‐ir and GABA‐ir cells, as well as the presence of doubly immunoreactive cells in the brain and placodes. These results provide evidence of identifiable glycinergic (Gly‐ir/glyt2‐positive) neurons in vertebrate embryos, and they can be used in further studies of the neurons' development and function at the single‐cell level. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 616–632, 2014
Proton and Electron Transfer to a Polymer‐Supported Nitrido Molybdenum(VI) Complex
Authors: Wünsche von Leupoldt Anica , Förster Christoph , Fiedler Tobias J. , Bings Nicolas H. , Heinze Katja
Published: December 2013

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Katja Heinze at Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany. The cover image shows the reactive imido molybdenum(V) intermediate that has been obtained by protonation followed by reduction of the nitrido molybdenum(VI) precursor anchored to a polymeric environment.
Two‐Component Hydrogels Formed by Cyclodextrins and Dicationic Imidazolium Salts
Authors: Rizzo Carla , D'Anna Francesca , Marullo Salvatore , Vitale Paola , Noto Renato
Published: December 2013

In the framework of our recent interest in studying the gelling behaviour of imidazolium salts, we took into account the possibility of obtaining two‐component hydrogels by combining cyclodextrins and dicationic imidazolium salts. In particular, we used diimidazolium salts differing in the alkyl chain length and in the size, shape, and coordination ability of the anion, namely the 3,3′‐di‐n‐decyl‐ and 3,3′‐di‐n‐dodecyl‐1,1′‐(1,4‐phenylenedimethylene)diimidazolium dibromide, and 3,3′‐di‐n‐dodecyl‐1,1′‐(1,4‐phenylenedimethylene)diimidazolium ditetrafluoroborate and dihexafluorophosphate. As far as cyclodextrins are concerned, to gain information on the effects of different sized cyclic oligosaccharides, we used both α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins. The interaction between the organic salts and the oligosaccharides was investigated by using polarimetry, competitive fluorescence measurements, and 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. In the case of gel formation, properties of the obtained soft materials were studied by determining their thermodynamic stability, analyzing their optical properties by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy, and studying their morphology by using scanning electron microscopy. The gelation process was studied by resonance light scattering measurements and this approach has allowed us to gather information on the size of the aggregates characterizing the gel phases. Finally, the soft materials were also investigated with respect to their ability to self‐repair after the action of external stimuli, such as magnetic stirring or ultrasound irradiation. Taken together, the data collected demonstrate that the properties of these two‐component gels can be controlled by changing the nature of the cyclodextrin, the salts, or, more simply, by changing the host/guest ratio.
On the assessment of the management priority of sediment source areas in a debris‐flow catchment
Authors: D'Agostino Vincenzo , Bertoldi Gabriele
Published: December 2013

In many Alpine catchments the monitoring and hazard mitigation of debris‐flow events require enormous economic and social resources. To confront these problems, a subjective estimation of the most hazardous zones of the basin could be useful in the best, sustainable planning of protective measures. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed that develops a Management Priority Index (MPI) to rank sediment source areas by their quantitative capability to deliver debris‐flow volumes to a point of interest within the catchment. The MPI sets the intervention priority based on a combination of three sub‐indicators: a susceptibility indicator evaluating the overall catchment predisposition to generate debris flow, a triggering indicator and a volume budget indicator assessing the rate of deliverable volume to a selected outlet. MPI was applied to the basin of the Rio Gadria catchment (Venosta Valley, Bolzano, Italy), an alpine basin with an unlimited sediment supply that is characterized by multiple, very active, shallow landslides and bare soil zones. The proposed ranking method was successfully verified using post‐event surveys and through evidence from consolidation check dams built over many years in the basin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐Grain Luminescence Dating of Sediment Surrounding a Possible Late Pleistocene Artifact from the Wenas Creek Mammoth Site, Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Lubinski Patrick M. , Feathers James , Lillquist Karl
Published: December 2013

Excavations at the Wenas Creek Mammoth Site yielded mammoth, bison, and two possible artifacts in a single colluvial stratum, with radiocarbon bone dates ∼17 ka. Eight infrared‐stimulated luminescence (IRSL) samples were collected to establish general ages of site strata, returning multi‐grain estimates consistent with stratigraphic integrity and the radiocarbon dates. Four additional IRSL samples were collected to estimate the depositional age of one artifact found in place. These produced a pooled total of 94 single‐grain estimates from near the artifact, 80% averaging 16.8 ± 0.9 ka, and 20% averaging 5.1 ± 0.5 ka. These results could be interpreted to demonstrate pre‐Clovis age artifact deposition consistent with the bone dates, or a mid to late Holocene intrusion into older deposits, possibly by bioturbation. The single‐grain IRSL dates do not provide proof of pre‐Clovis presence beyond reasonable doubt at this site, but do show that this technique is valuable in assessing the stratigraphic integrity needed for any such claim.
Teaching Graduate Career Classes: A National Survey of Career Instructors
Authors: Osborn Debra S. , Dames Levette S.
Published: December 2013

Ninety‐one instructors reported their attitudes toward teaching a master's‐level career development course. The participants represented counseling programs in 41 states. The areas of focus included the theories taught, activities and assignments used, course evaluation processes, and advice the participants would offer to other instructors. Implications for counselor education and directions for future research are also discussed.
Preparation of an autologous heart valve with a stent (stent‐biovalve) using the stent eversion method
Authors: Mizuno Takeshi , Takewa Yoshiaki , Sumikura Hirohito , Ohnuma Kentaro , Moriwaki Takeshi , Yamanami Masashi , Oie Tomonori , Tatsumi Eisuke , Uechi Masami , Nakayama Yasuhide
Published: December 2013

We designed a novel method for constructing an autologous heart valve with a stent, called a stent‐biovalve. In constructing completely autologous heart valves, named biovalves, which used in‐body tissue architecture technology, tissues for leaflets were formed via ingrowths into narrow apertures in the preparation molds, frequently leading to delayed or incomplete biovalve preparation. In this technique, self‐expandable nitinol stents after everting were mounted on an acrylic column‐shaped part and partially covered with an acrylic cylinder‐shaped part with three slits. This assembled mold was placed into subcutaneous abdominal pouches in beagles or goats for 4 weeks. Upon removing the acrylic parts after harvesting and trimming of capsulated tissues, a tubular hollow structure with three pocket‐flaps of membranous tissue rigidly fixed to the stent's outer surface was obtained. Then, the stent was turned inside out to the original form, thus moving the pocket‐flaps from outside to the inside. Stent‐biovalves with a sufficient coaptation area were thus obtained with little tissue damage in all cases. The valve opened smoothly, and high aperture ratio was noted. This novel technique was thus highly effective in constructing a robust, completely autologous stent‐biovalve with adequate valve function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1038–1045, 2014.
EXPLORING THE VALIDITY AND PREDICTIVE POWER OF AN EXTENDED VOLUNTEER FUNCTIONS INVENTORY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF EPISODIC SKILLED VOLUNTEERING BY RETIREES
Authors: Brayley Nadine , Obst Patricia , White Katherine M. , Lewis Ioni M. , Warburton Jeni , Spencer Nancy M.
Published: December 2013

The current study examined the structure of the volunteer functions inventory within a sample of older individuals (N = 187). The career items were replaced with items examining the concept of continuity of work, a potentially more useful and relevant concept for this population. Factor analysis supported a four factor solution, with values, social and continuity emerging as single factors and enhancement and protective items loading together on a single factor. Understanding items did not load highly on any factor. The values and continuity functions were the only dimensions to emerge as predictors of intention to volunteer. This research has important implications for understanding the motivation of older adults to engage in contemporary volunteering settings.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A COMMUNITY‐BASED CRISIS INTERVENTION PROGRAM FOR PEOPLE BEREAVED BY SUICIDE
Authors: Visser Victoria S. , Comans Tracy A. , Scuffham Paul A.
Published: December 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a suicide bereavement support service in reducing adverse health and social outcomes for people bereaved by suicide. Retrospective cross‐sectional design, comparing clients of the service with a control group of bereaved people who had not had contact with the program. Participants were assessed on quality of life, psychological distress, suicidality, health care usage, and productivity. Clients have significantly lower levels of suicidality. There was a trend to higher quality of life and lower psychological distress. Clients had slightly higher productivity and lower health care service usage than the control group, although these differences were not statistically significant. This article demonstrates that an intervention program for people bereaved by suicide can be effective at reducing suicidality and may have a positive effect on other health and social outcomes.
DOES NEIGHBORHOOD COLLECTIVE EFFICACY FOR FAMILIES CHANGE OVER TIME? THE BOSTON NEIGHBORHOOD SURVEY
Authors: Schmidt Nicole M. , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J. , Ehntholt Amy , Almeida Joanna , Nguyen Quynh C. , Molnar Beth E. , Azrael Deborah , Osypuk Theresa L.
Published: December 2013

There is an increased interest in how neighborhood social processes, such as collective efficacy, may protect mental health. Yet little is known about how stable these neighborhood processes are over time, or how to change them to influence other downstream factors. We used a population‐based, repeat cross‐sectional study of adults (n = 5135) to assess stability of collective efficacy for families in 38 Boston neighborhoods across 4 years (2006, 2008, 2010; the Boston Neighborhood Survey). We test temporal stability of collective efficacy for families across and within neighborhoods using 2‐level random effects linear regression, fixed effects linear regression, t tests, and Wilcoxon‐signed rank tests. Across the different methods, neighborhood collective efficacy for families remained stable across 4 years, after adjustment for neighborhood composition. If neighborhood collective efficacy is measured within 4 years of the exposure period of interest, assuming temporal stability may be valid.
UNDERSTANDING THE EXPERIENCE OF MENTOR FAMILIES IN THERAPEUTIC YOUTH MENTORING
Authors: Weiler Lindsey M. , Zimmerman Toni S. , Haddock Shelley , Krafchick Jennifer
Published: December 2013

The fragility of youth‐adult mentoring relationships requires innovative program components to support and sustain these relationships and enhance participant outcomes. The current study presents and explores the experience of a unique mentoring program component known as Mentor Families, in which three to four pairs of mentors and mentees engage in structured activities together. Grounded theory methods were utilized to explore the experiences of mentors (n = 212) and mentees (n = 87) involved in Mentor Families within a mentoring program for adolescents at risk for delinquency. Findings from the current study reveal that Mentor Families provides a place (a) for mentors to receive support and supervision, (b) for mentors and mentees to belong, and (c) for mentees to grow and learn. These findings suggest that Mentor Families warrants further investigation as to how they may positively affect mentoring relationships and programs.
THE ROLE OF SENSE OF COMMUNITY AND CONFLICT IN PREDICTING CONGREGATIONAL BELONGING
Authors: Mammana‐Lupo Vincent , Todd Nathan R. , Houston Jaclyn D.
Published: December 2013

This investigation extends research on religious congregations by examining how a sense of community and congregational conflict predict a sense of belonging to one's religious congregation. Based on a national random sample of 86,863 individuals nested in 424 congregations, we used multilevel logistic regression to test individual, congregational, and cross‐level interactive effects. Findings revealed that sense of community dimensions of membership, influence, and emotional connections positively predicted belonging at the individual level, whereas fulfillment of spiritual needs positively predicted belonging at both individual and congregational levels. Conflict also predicted belonging; however, conflict negatively predicted belonging at the individual level and positively predicted belonging at the congregational level. Congregational conflict also moderated two associations between (a) belonging and influence and (b) belonging and emotional connection such that associations were stronger and more positive in the presence of greater conflict. Implications for future research and partnership with religious congregations also are discussed.
Expedient Synthesis of Novel Ferrocenyl Spiropyrrolidines Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Kathiravan S. , Raghunathan R.
Published: December 2013

The synthesis of novel ferrocenyl spiropyrrolidines through the cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated by a decarboxylative route from sarcosine and diketones with the dipolarophile, Knoevenagel adduct of ferrocene carbaldehyde is described. The regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts were confirmed by X‐ray analysis of one of the synthesized cycloadducts.
Hospital‐wide survey of the adequacy in the number of vascular catheters and catheter lumens
Authors: Fernández‐Ruiz Mario , Carretero Alberto , Díaz David , Fuentes Cristina , González José Ignacio , García‐Reyne Ana , Aguado José María , López‐Medrano Francisco
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

Removal of unnecessary catheters has been proposed as an important measure to reduce catheter‐related morbidity. Nevertheless, there is scarce information about the potential magnitude of such intervention.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was aimed at analyzing the appropriateness of use of vascular catheters and catheter lumens in the inpatient setting.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional survey.

SETTING

The entire population of adult inpatients admitted to a 1368‐bed tertiary‐care hospital in a single day.

MEASUREMENTS

We used a set of preestablished criteria to evaluate the appropriateness of use of vascular catheters and catheter lumens according to the number and administration regimen of intravenous drugs.

RESULTS

Out of 834 patients, 575 (68.9%) had ≥1 vascular catheters in place on the day of the survey. The type and distribution of the 703 surveyed catheters were peripheral venous catheter, 80.6%; central venous catheter, 15.8%; and arterial catheter, 3.6%. We found an overall mean of 2.06 ± 0.82 lumens per catheter, with significant differences between intensive care units and conventional wards (P < 0.0001). Based on our criteria, 126 out of 575 patients (21.9%) had an inappropriate number of catheters (medical wards, 20.0%; surgical wards, 23.9%; intensive care units, 26.3%), and 631 out of 14248 nonarterial catheter lumens (43.6%) were considered unnecessary.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant room exists for improving the adequacy of the number of vascular catheters and catheter lumens as a potentially useful tool for decreasing the incidence of catheter‐related bloodstream infection. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:35–41. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine