bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical Brain Activation During Simple & Complex Levels of Processing in Adult ADHD
Authors: Sigi Hale T. , Bookheimer Susan , McGough James J. , Phillips Joseph M. , McCracken James T.
Published: June 2007

Objective: Executive dysfunction in ADHD is well supported. However, recent studies suggest that more fundamental impairments may be contributing. We assessed brain function in adults with ADHD during simple and complex forms of processing. Method: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging with forward and backward digit spans to investigate number repetitions and complex working memory function. If pathology is limited to higher cognitive operations, group differences should be confined to the backward condition. Results: During the forward digit span, ADHD participants exhibited greater activation of LH linguistic processing areas and increased activation of right frontal and parietal cortices. During the backward digit span, they exhibited greater activation of LH linguistic processing areas and failed to activate bilateral parietal regions important for the complex executive operations. Conclusion: Abnormal brain function among adult ADHD participants was not limited to complex executive functions. Abnormal processing of numeric stimuli was indicated during both simple and complex cognitive operations. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007;11(2) 125-140)
Inhibitory Control of Proactive Interference in Adults With ADHD
Authors: White Holly A.
Published: June 2007

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor inhibition of prepotent responses and deficits in distractor inhibition, but relatively few studies have addressed inhibitory control of proactive interference (PI) in individuals with ADHD. Thus, the goal of the present study was to evaluate resistance to spatial and verbal PI in adults with ADHD. Method: Adults with ADHD ( n = 32) and adults without ADHD ( n = 32) performed a spatial inhibition of return (IOR) task and a semantic IOR task. Results: Adults with and without ADHD showed effective spatial IOR. On the semantic IOR task, adults without ADHD showed semantic inhibition, whereas adults with ADHD showed semantic facilitation (positive priming) instead. Conclusion: Adults with ADHD may have domain-specific deficits in resistance to proactive interference. Research has theoretical and clinical implications for adults with ADHD. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2007;11(2)141-149)
An Analysis of Patient Adherence to Treatment During a 1-Year, Open-label Study of OROS® Methylphenidate in Children With ADHD
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. , Biederman Joseph , Zimmerman Brenda
Published: June 2007

Objective: Treatment adherence is an important aspect of ADHD symptom management, but there are many factors that may influence adherence. Method: This analysis assessed adherence to OROS methylphenidate during a 1-year, open-label study in children. Adherence was defined as the number of days medication was taken divided by the number of days in the study and determined to be high if ≥75%. Possible clinical and demographic factors associated with adherence, including use of planned medication breaks, were assessed. Results: Mean adherence was 86.4%. It was 91.6% for the subgroup of patients who reported not taking planned medication breaks ( n = 252) and 77.7% for the subgroup taking planned medication breaks ( n = 155). Overall, 75% of patients showed high adherence. Older age, low starting dose, minority ethnic status, and fewer ADHD symptoms were associated with low adherence. Conclusion: Various factors were found to be associated with low adherence, and the results of this analysis provide guidance to physicians seeking to identify those patients with ADHD most likely not be adherent to stimulant therapy (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(2) 157-166)
Sibling Relationships Among Children With ADHD
Authors: Mikami Amori Yee , Pfiffner Linda J.
Published: June 2007

Objective: This study investigated the quality of sibling relationships among children with ADHD relative to those without ADHD. Additional analyses examined whether externalizing and internalizing problems comorbid with ADHD affected sibling relationships. Method: Participants were 77 children with ADHD and 14 nonproblem control children. Sibling relationships were assessed via three informants: mother report, self-report, and sibling report. Results: In analyses utilizing hierarchical linear modeling to combine data from the three informants, children with ADHD showed increased conflict in sibling relationships, relative to nonproblem children. Comorbid externalizing problems were associated with less warmth/ closeness and increased conflict in the sibling relationship and largely accounted for the finding that children with ADHD showed greater sibling relationship problems. Comorbid internalizing problems were associated with less warmth/closeness in the sibling relationship. Conclusion: It is recommended that sibling relationships be incorporated into theories of social impairment in ADHD. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008;11(4) 482-492)
Early Grade Repetition and Inattention Associated With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Coudé François X. , Mignot Claire , Lyonnet Stanislas , Munnich Arnold
Published: June 2007

Objective: The authors analyze the occurrence of grade repetition and inattention in children diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Method: The participant group consisted of 310 patients with NF1 and a control group of 242 individuals. The number of grade repetitions for each participant during his or her time in elementary, middle, and high school was noted and the inattention score was calculated from the Barkley's ADHD Clinic Parent Interview form. Results: Fifty-three percent of NF1 patients versus 25% of the controls had increased grade repetition, P2 (1) = 27.41, p < .0001, and 67% of NF1 patients versus 14% of controls were found to be inattentive, 2 (1) = 27.41, p < .0001. Repetition mainly affected kindergarten and first-grade levels and the inattention score significantly correlated with grade repetition prevalence in NF1 patients ( r2 = .7429, p < .0004). Conclusion: Grade repetition is a frequent complication in NF1 and correlates with inattention in individuals with this disease. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(2) 101-105)
CBCL Clinical Scales Discriminate ADHD Youth With Structured-Interview Derived Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Authors: Biederman Joseph , Ball Sarah W. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Kaiser Roselinde , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To evaluate the association between the clinical scales of the child behavior checklist (CBCL) and the comorbid diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in a large sample of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: The sample consisted of 101 girls and 106 boys ages 6 to17 with ADHD. Conditional probability analysis was used to examine the correspondence between CBCL Clinical Scales with the structured-interview derived diagnosis of ODD. Results: Conditional probability analysis showed that the CBCL Aggression Scale best predicted a structured-interview derived diagnosis of ODD in boys and girls with ADHD. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the CBCL Aggression Scale could serve as a rapid and cost-effective screening instrument to help identify cases likely to meet clinical criteria for ODD in the context of ADHD (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(1) 76-82)
The Expression of Adult ADHD Symptoms in Daily Life
Authors: Knouse Laura E. , Mitchell John T. , Brown Leslie H. , Silvia Paul J. , Kane Michael J. , Myin-Germeys Inez , Kwapil Thomas R.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To use experience sampling method (ESM) to examine the impact of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms on emotional well-being, activities and distress, cognitive impairment, and social functioning assessed in the daily lives of young adults. The impact of subjective appraisals on their experiences is also examined. Method: Participants ( n = 206) complete up to 56 in-the-moment assessments of mood and current activities using Personal Digital Assistants for 1 week. Results: Multilevel modeling techniques reveal that ADHD inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms differentially relate to daily experiences. Higher inattentive symptoms are associated with indices of general distress, including less positive and more negative mood as well as more concentration problems. Higher hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are associated with reduced sensitivity to contextual factors in perceptions of situations. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate predictive validity for adult self-report of ADHD symptoms in a general population sample and suggest future research directions using ESM. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(6) 652-663)
A Comparative Study of Performance in the Conners' Continuous Performance Test Between Brazilian and North American Children
Authors: Miranda Mônica Carolina , Elaine Girão Sinnes  , Pompéia Sabine , Francisco Amodeo Bueno Orlando
Published: June 2007

Objective: The present study investigated the performance of Brazilian children in the Continuous Performance Test, CPT-II, and compared results to those of the norms obtained in the United States. Method: The U.S. norms were compared to those of a Brazilian sample composed of 6- to 11-year-olds separated into 4 age-groups (half boys) that represented the socioeconomic class distribution of São Paulo City. The children were prescreened for attention deficit disorders (ADHD). Results: Age and gender effects in the Brazilian sample were similar to those previously described. However, the Brazilian sample showed better performance in almost all measures in all age-groups compared to that of the United States. Conclusion: It is discussed that differences between samples probably reflect lack of ADHD screening of the U.S. children. More studies are necessary to determine if the CPT-II is a cross-cultural test with participants from different samples matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic status screened for ADHD. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(5) 588-598)
Effects of a Preschool Staff Intervention on Children's Sun Protection: Outcomes of Sun Protection Is Fun!
Authors: Gritz Ellen R. , Tripp Mary K. , James Aimee S. , Harrist Ronald B. , Mueller Nancy H. , Chamberlain Robert M. , Parcel Guy S.
Published: June 2007

The preschool is an important yet understudied setting for sun-protection interventions. This study evaluates the effects of Sun Protection is Fun! (SPF) on preschool staff behavioral and psychosocial outcomes related to protecting children from sun exposure. Twenty preschools participated in a 2-year, group-randomized trial to evaluate SPF, a behavioral intervention grounded in social cognitive theory and designed to be more extensive than previous preschool sun-protection interventions. The staff intervention included training, a video, newsletters, a curriculum, and sunscreen. Cross-sectional samples of staff completed surveys at baseline ( N= 245), a 12month intervention assessment ( N = 192), and a 24-month intervention assessment ( N = 225). At the 12-month and 24-month assessments, significant behavioral effects were seen for use of sunscreen, protective clothing, and shade. Knowledge, self-efficacy, and norms were among the psychosocial variables most affected by the intervention. This study demonstrates that the SPF intervention is effective in improving staff outcomes related to children's sun protection.
A Brief, Low-Cost, Theory-Based Intervention to Promote Dual Method Use by Black and Latina Female Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Roye Carol , Perlmutter Silverman Paula , Krauss Beatrice
Published: June 2007

HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects young women of color. Young women who use hormonal contraception are less likely to use condoms. Brief, inexpensive HIV-prevention interventions are needed for high-volume clinics. This study was a randomized clinical trial of two interventions: (a) a video made for this study and (b) an adaptation of Project RESPECT counseling. Four hundred Black and Latina teenage women completed a questionnaire about their sexual behaviors and were randomly assigned to (a) see the video, (b) get counseling, (c) see the video and get counseling, or (d) receive usual care. At 3-month follow-up, those who saw the video and received counseling were 2.5 times more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse with their main partner than teens in the usual care group. These differences did not persist at 12-month follow-up. This suggests that a brief intervention can positively affect condom use in the short term.
Prevalence of Substance Use and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescents From Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States
Authors: McMorris Barbara J. , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Toumbourou John W. , Catalano Richard F. , Patton George C.
Published: June 2007

This article compares prevalence estimates of substance use and delinquent behavior in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia, two states chosen for their different policy environments around problem behavior. Few comparisons of international differences on rates of multiple problem behavior exist, and most are based on methods that are not matched, raising the question of whether findings are based on methodological differences rather than actual rate differences. The International Youth Development Study used standardized methods to recruit and administer an adaptation of the Communities That Care Youth Survey to representative state samples of fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade students in each state. Rates of delinquent behavior were generally comparable. However, striking differences in substance use were noted, with Victoria students reporting higher rates of alcohol use, alcohol misuse, smoking, and inhalant use, whereas Washington State students reported higher rates of marijuana use. Implications for conducting international comparisons are discussed.
“You Must Do the Test to Know Your Status”: Attitudes to HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing for Adolescents Among South African Youth and Parents
Authors: MacPhail Catherine Lorne , Pettifor Audrey , Coates Tom , Rees Helen
Published: June 2007

Reduced HIV risk behavior and increased use of care and support services have been demonstrated among adults accessing HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). The impact of VCT on adolescents is, however, not known. Focus group discussions were held with adolescents and parents in two South African townships to establish the perceptions of and needs for VCT among young people. Ecological theory informed the analysis. Adolescents had limited experience of VCT, were afraid of knowing their HIV status, and felt that testing was only for symptomatic individuals. Youth felt that they would disclose their HIV status to family members who they felt would be most supportive. Youth were afraid of stigma and discrimination; rarely referring to the community as a source of support. Discussions highlighted the inappropriateness of clinical facilities for youth VCT. We conclude with recommendations for youth-friendly VCT services.
Using a Naturalistic Ecological Approach to Examine the Factors Influencing Youth Physical Activity Across Grades 7 to 12
Authors: Humbert M. Louise , Chad Karen E. , Bruner Mark W. , Spink Kevin S. , Muhajarine Nazeem , Anderson Kristal D. , Girolami Tammy M. , Odnokon Patrick , Gryba Catherine R.
Published: June 2007

High levels of inactivity in youth have led researchers and practitioners to focus on identifying the factors that influence physical activity behaviors in young people. The present study employed a qualitative ecological framework to examine the intrapersonal, social, and environmental factors influencing youth physical activity. In grade-specific focus group settings, 160 youth in grades 7 through 12 (aged 12 to 18) were asked how they would increase the physical activity levels of youth their age. Participants identified eight factors that they felt should be addressed in programs and interventions designed to increase the physical activity behaviors of youth. These factors included the importance of fun, having the time to be physically active, the benefits of activity, being active with friends, the role of adults, and the importance of being able to access facilities in their neighborhood.
Knowledge of the Effects of Indoor Air Quality on Health Among Women in Jordan
Authors: Madanat Hala , Barnes Michael D. , Cole Eugene C.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To assess the extent of knowledge about symptoms relating to respiratory illnesses and home environments among a random sample of 200 urban Jordanian women. Method: This customized, validated, cross-sectional questionnaire evaluated the knowledge of these women about the association between the indoor environment and health, the presence or absence of indoor discomforts, symptoms of respiratory illnesses, and behaviors related to the home environment such as cleaning practices. Results: Results showed an alarming rate of smoking in the homes; the extent of knowledge was moderate but higher among those exhibiting symptoms and those with children. Cleaning practices associated with healthy home environments were reported at a high rate but seemed to be based on cultural influences. Conclusions: This type of information is crucial to the formation of health education programs and policy recommendations for pollutant source and exposure reductions in homes in the Middle East and other developing countries.
Promoting Environmental Justice Through Community-Based Participatory Research: The Role of Community and Partnership Capacity
Authors: Minkler Meredith , Vásquez Victoria Breckwich , Tajik Mansoureh , Petersen Dana
Published: June 2007

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) increasingly is being used to study and address environmental justice. This article presents the results of a cross-site case study of four CBPR partnerships in the United States that researched environmental health problems and worked to educate legislators and promote relevant public policy. The authors focus on community and partnership capacity within and across sites, using as a theoretical framework Goodman and his colleagues' dimensions of community capacity, as these were tailored to environmental health by Freudenberg, and as further modified to include partnership capacity within a systems perspective. The four CBPR partnerships examined were situated in NewYork, California, Oklahoma, and North Carolina and were part of a larger national study. Case study contexts and characteristics, policy-related outcomes, and findings related to community and partnership capacity are presented, with implications drawn for other CBPR partnerships with a policy focus.
Development and Evaluation of a Theory-Based Physical Activity Guidebook for Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Vallance Jeffrey K. , Courneya Kerry S. , Taylor Lorian M. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Mackey John R.
Published: June 2007

This study's objective was to develop and evaluate the suitability and appropriateness of a theory-based physical activity (PA) guidebook for breast cancer survivors. Guidebook content was constructed based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) using salient exercise beliefs identified by breast cancer survivors in previous research. Expert judges completed the Maine Area Health Education Center's 18-item attribute checklist for evaluating written health information. Judges indicated that the PA guidebook achieved desirable attributes for the suitability and appropriateness of the guidebook. A subset of TPB expert judges completed items designed to determine the degree of match between the guidebook content and the respective TPB components. Mean item-content relevance ratings indicated at least a “very good match” between the PA guidebook content and the keyed TPB domains. Theoretically based PA information may be an effective strategy for increasing PA in breast cancer survivors at the population level.
Measurement of Behavioral Objectives for Weight Management
Authors: Nothwehr Faryle , Dennis Leslie , Haotong Wu
Published: June 2007

Measurement of specific behaviors involved in weight management is essential to understanding the behavior change process. This study presents measures of common behavioral objectives for weight management interventions. The relationships between these measures and conventional outcomes of weight management are described. Data are from a survey of 407 adults in the rural Midwest ages 23 to 88. Analyses involved bivariate and multivariate statistical tests. Relationships were stronger when limited to diet or physical activity outcomes as opposed to body mass index or waist circumference. Diet-related strategies were more strongly correlated with diet-related outcomes than physical activity-related outcomes and vice versa. Measures of social interactions and self-monitoring for both diet and physical activity were consistently related to outcomes. The measures show promise as reliable and valid indicators of behavior that could be useful in the evaluation of interventions. Intervention studies are needed to further characterize their value and sensitivity to change over time.
HIV/AIDS Misconceptions Among Latinos: Findings From a Population-Based Survey of California Adults
Authors: Ritieni Assunta , Moskowitz Joel , Tholandi Maya
Published: June 2007

Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS among Latino adults ( N = 454) in California were examined using data from a population-based telephone survey conducted in 2000. Common misconceptions concerning modes of HIV transmission included transmission via mosquito or animal bite (64.1%), public facilities (48.3%), or kissing someone on the cheek (24.8%). A composite misconceptions score was constructed. Correlations between the composite measure and other HIV/AIDS-related beliefs were examined. Latinos with a higher level of misconceptions were more likely to report higher self-perceived risk of HIV infection, and discomfort with infected individuals in a school and in a food setting. Results from multiple linear regression analysis indicated that individuals 45 years and older, those who were interviewed in Spanish, and those with lower education or income levels had a higher degree of misconceptions. The results suggest the need for targeted education efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS misconceptions among Latino adults in California.
Achieving a “Broad View of Health”
Authors: Aronson Robert E. , Norton Barbara L. , Kegler Michelle C.
Published: June 2007

Promoting a “broad view of health” is an important objective of the healthy cities movement, including recognition of the powerful role that social relations and living conditions play in the health of community members. This article presents a quantitative approach to assessing consensus and change in ideas about health determinants among local coalition members. A ranking of five determinants of health in the form of paired comparisons was included in a survey of coalition members of 20 local healthy communities projects in California. Findings revealed conflicting views among members in the planning year, with some respondents emphasizing the role of social factors and living conditions and others emphasizing the role of health care and lifestyle decisions. Data collected at the end of the funded intervention showed movement toward a broader view of health, with greater consensus on this view in select communities.
Do the Transtheoretical Processes of Change Predict Transitions in Stages of Change for Fruit Intake?
Authors: De Vet Emely , De Nooijer Jascha , De Vries Nanne K. , Brug Johannes
Published: June 2007

In a longitudinal study, it is examined whether the transtheoretical processes of change do predict stage transitions in fruit intake. A random sample of an existing Internet research panel resulted in a cohort of 735 adults, who were examined three times with electronic questionnaires assessing stages of change, processes of change, and fruit intake. Cross-sectional differences were found for the processes of change between precontemplation and all further stages. Experiential as well as behavioral processes increased from precontemplation to action with similar patterns. Both experiential and behavioral processes predicted forward transition out of precontemplation and forward transition into action, whereas only behavioral processes predicted forward transition out of contemplation. The results indicate that the transtheoretical processes of change predict stage transitions for fruit intake, but that the pattern of relevant processes for fruit intake is not as straightforward as outlined by the transtheoretical model of behavior change.
Neighborhood-Level Factors and Youth Violence: Giving Voice to the Perceptions of Prominent Neighborhood Individuals
Authors: Yonas Michael A. , O'Campo Patricia , Burke Jessica G. , Gielen Andrea C.
Published: June 2007

Youth violence is a significant public health problem. Although the relationship between neighborhood-level factors and urban youth violence is recognized, the specific mechanisms of this relationship are often unclear. Prominent neighborhood individuals were identified within four select low-income urban neighborhoods in Baltimore City. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore these individuals' perceptions of the relationship between social and structural neighborhood-level factors and urban youth violence. Employment opportunities, local businesses, trash management, vacant housing, and street lighting were perceived as important neighborhood factors influencing young people's experiences. The relationship between these neighborhood characteristics and the local illicit drug market and youth violence is highlighted. Results provide an enhanced understanding of the importance of using a participatory-based research approach and the mechanisms of the relationship between neighborhood-level factors and youth violence. Both are critical components in designing and implementing multilevel youth violence prevention efforts.
Perceptions of Health Promotion and Cancer Prevention Among Adults in Working-Class Occupations and Neighborhoods
Authors: Goldman Roberta E. , Barbeau Elizabeth , Hunt Mary Kay , Acevedo-Garcia Dolores , Emmons Karen M. , Gagne Joshua , Sorensen Glorian
Published: June 2007

A social-contextual approach to cancer prevention among participants associated with the working class may result in behavior-change messages that are more relevant to them and contribute to a reduction in health disparities among classes. This article reports findings from a qualitative study of adults in working-class occupations and/or living in predominantly working-class neighborhoods that was designed to explore the circumstances influencing perceptions of health promotion, disease prevention, and cancer-risk reduction. Participants made only a weak connection between cancer prevention and general health-promotion behaviors. Results suggest that the complexity of communicating cancer-prevention messages with this audience may be compounded by their unfamiliarity with cancer prevention and their lack of recognition that certain behaviors may reduce cancer risk. Therefore, developing messages that consider the social context of participants' lives and link cancer prevention with health promotion, while maintaining cancer prevention as a distinct subcategory, may prove to be an effective education strategy.
Reimbursement as a Legitimizing Strategy for Health Education
Authors: Noland Dodd Virginia J. , Ying Li
Published: June 2007

The health education profession has made significant advances throughout the past few decades. However, health education is still described as an emerging profession. This article suggests strategies to move health education from its status as an emerging profession into that of an acknowledged profession. The authors assert that actively seeking direct third-party reimbursement will advance health education's emergence as a profession as well as increase its legitimacy in the eyes of other professions. The benefits of direct third-party reimbursement, experiences of the nursing profession's pursuit of direct third-party reimbursement, and the current status of health education are discussed. The article concludes by offering strategies for pursuing direct third-party reimbursement.
Lessons Learned From Developing a Tailored Print Intervention: A Guide for Practitioners and Researchers New to Tailoring
Authors: Halder Arada K. , Tiro Jasmin A. , Glassman Bernard , Rakowski William , Fernandez Maria E. , Perez Catherine A. , Vernon Sally W.
Published: June 2007

Although some “how-to” guides have been written on tailored messaging, we found no reports on lessons learned from the process of developing a tailored intervention. Such lessons may be useful for practitioners and researchers who are new to tailored intervention development. The authors describe lessons gleaned from the process of developing a repeat mammography tailored print intervention. Lessons learned include the following: Selection of determinants appropriate for tailoring should be based on a theoretic framework and refined through assessment of the target population; researchers should anticipate threats to fidelity of intervention delivery because of incomplete or illogical survey data; fingerprinting enables assessment of intervention dose and how it relates to effectiveness of the tailored intervention; and a systematic process for conducting a systems test is needed to check for inconsistencies and errors before final tailored letter production. These lessons are discussed in the context of challenges and possible solutions for tailored health communication.
The Effectiveness of a Multimedia Program to Prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Authors: LaChausse Robert G.
Published: June 2007

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) continues to be the leading preventable cause of mental retardation in the United States. Because abstaining from alcohol prior to and throughout pregnancy is the only way to prevent FAS, some prevention programs try to target women before they become pregnant. The Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Teaching and Research Awareness Campaign (FASTRAC) is a multimedia, peer-delivered educational presentation designed to reduce the incidence of FAS. Results from an ethnically diverse sample of high school students indicate that the program increased participants' knowledge regarding FAS but had no significant effect on participants' attitudes, beliefs about the dangers of FAS or intention to use alcohol during pregnancy. The FASTRAC program failed partly because of its didactic approach and the lack of health education principles that have been shown to be effective in changing other substance use behaviors. Suggestions for improving FAS prevention education programs are offered.
The Evolution of an Evaluation: A Case Study Using the Tribal Participatory Research Model
Authors: Richmond Lucinda S. , Peterson Donna J. , Betts Sherry C.
Published: June 2007

This article presents a case study of how the evaluation design for a dating violence prevention and/or youth development program for American Indian youth in Arizona evolved throughout the project. Particular attention is given to how the evaluation design was guided by the tribal participatory research model. A brief rationale for the project is presented along with literature on culturally competent evaluation and research with American Indians. A description of the project and the unique communities in which it was implemented is provided. The focus of the article is the process of how the evaluation plan changed and how various factors influenced this process (e.g., feedback from community stakeholders, conversations with funder, results of process evaluation, suggestions from literature, the authors' experience working in American Indian communities). The authors conclude with lessons learned for others to consider as they develop working relationships and evaluation plans in similar communities.
Getting to Social Action: The Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES!) Project
Authors: Wilson Nance , Minkler Meredith , Dasho Stefan , Wallerstein Nina , Martin Anna C.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the social action component of the Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES!) project funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through its community-based prevention research (CBPR) initiative. YES! is designed to promote problem-solving skills, social action, and civic participation among underserved elementary and middle school youth. The after-school program focuses on identifying and building youths' capacities and strengths as a means of ultimately decreasing rates of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and other risky behaviors. The article discusses the conceptual models of risk and intervention and factors contributing to successful social action work, including group dynamics, intragroup leadership, facilitator skills, and school-community contexts. Attention is focused on how the nature of the projects themselves played a key role in determining the likelihood of experiencing success. Implications and recommendations for other youth-focused empowerment education projects are discussed, including the effective use of Photovoice in such projects.
Development of a Planning and Evaluation Methodology for Assessing the Contribution of Theory to a Diabetes Prevention Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Helitzer Deborah , Bobo Peterson Arlana , Thompson Janice , Fluder Shannon
Published: June 2007

The benefits of utilizing and measuring application of theory for behavior change programs are numerous, including the emergence of new theories and theoretically bound strategies. Despite recent attempts to make theory use more salient, there remains a dearth of practical frameworks for the development and evaluation of theory-based programs. Without literature documenting how theories have been specifically applied to interventions and their evaluation, health educators may not be well prepared to utilize theory for the design, implementation, or as a focus of the evaluation. Using a case study example of a diabetes prevention program, this article describes how theory was used for the program design and the evaluation and provides a framework for using theory in other programs. Issues discussed include: the challenges in successfully utilizing theory for intervention development and the processes of developing theoretically based instruments.
The Novella Approach to Inform Women Living on Low Income About Early Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Herbison Sandra , Lokanc-Diluzio Wendi
Published: June 2007

Economically disadvantaged women have a greater likelihood of later-stage breast cancer diagnosis when compared to women with higher levels of income. Later-stage diagnosis decreases the chances of survival. The purpose of this article is to describe a project whereby breast cancer survivors, living on lower incomes, created novellas (stories) using artistic media to reach their peers with a message about the importance of early breast cancer detection. The recruitment and engagement of breast cancer survivors in a 2-year community development project that used participatory, women-driven approaches are discussed, and the reciprocal learning between health care providers, community partners, and women living on low income is shared. Recommendations for health promotion practice are presented.
Prevention in Translation: Tobacco Use Prevention in India
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Stigler Melissa H. , Arora Monika , Reddy K. Srinath
Published: June 2007

Mobilising Youth for Tobacco-Related Initiatives in India (Project MYTRI) is a randomized community trial to prevent tobacco use among students in Grades 6 through 9 in 32 private and government schools in Delhi and Chennai, India (N = 12,484). The project is a partnership between researchers and practitioners in the United States and India. This article describes the steps that were carried out to ensure that prior effective programs are appropriate and applicable to India. These steps involve (a) developing a conceptual behavioral intervention model, (b) ensuring the appropriateness of the model for urban India, (c) developing intervention strategies that modify factors in the model, (d) implementing the MYTRI program with more than 5,000 students, and (e) evaluating the process and outcomes of the intervention. Data to date suggest that this process has been successful, including high participation rates, teacher perceptions of appropriateness, and agreements for further implementation.
Web-Based Tailored Lifestyle Programs: Exploration of the Target Group's Interests and Implications for Practice
Authors: Verheijden Marieke W. , Jans Marielle P. , Hildebrandt Vincent H.
Published: June 2007

An important challenge in Web-based health promotion is to increase the reach of the target audience by taking the target groups' desires into consideration. Data from 505 members of a Dutch Internet panel (representative for Dutch Internet users) were used to asses the target group's interests and needs. 28% participated in Web-based tailored lifestyle programs, 57% expressed an interest in such programs, and 15% expressed no interest. Interest in Web-based programs was predominantly caused by a general interest in lifestyle and online tests. Participation in Web-based tailored lifestyle programs should not take more than 17 minutes per occasion. 84% were interested in follow-up testing after the initial participation. Responders were particularly interested in physical activity and nutrition. Hardly anyone was willing to pay for participation. The results from this study support the use of Web-based tailored lifestyle programs in behavior change efforts.
Developing and Sustaining Community—Academic Partnerships: Lessons From Downstate New York Healthy Start
Authors: Merzel Cheryl , Burrus Gail , Davis Jean , Moses Ngozi , Rumley Sharon , Walters Dionna
Published: June 2007

Partnering with communities is a critical aspect of contemporary health promotion. Linkages between universities and communities are particularly significant, given the prominence of academic institutions in channeling grants. This article describes the collaboration between a school of public health and several community-based organizations on a maternal and infant health grant project. The partnership serves as a model for ways in which a university and community organizations can interrelate and interact. Central lessons include the significance of sharing values and goals, the benefit of drawing on the different strengths of each partner, the gap created by the university's institutional focus on research rather than service and advocacy, and the strains created by power inequities and distribution of funds. A key element of the partnership's success is the emphasis on capacity building and colearning. The project demonstrates the potential of employing community—academic partnerships as a valuable mechanism for implementing community-based health promotion programs.
Design of a Health-Promoting Neighborhood Intervention
Authors: Semenza Jan C. , Krishnasamy Prasanna V.
Published: June 2007

Design and implementation of health-promoting community interventions can advance public health and community well-being; however, realization of such programs is often challenging. Even more challenging is the implementation of ecologic interventions to revitalize built urban environments. A structured intervention entitled `Intersection Repair` was devised in Portland, Oregon, by a non-profit organization, to implement urban gathering places in the public right of way; specific steps included situation analysis, community outreach, asset mapping, design workshops, construction permitting, building workshops, and process evaluation. The community created human-scale urban landscapes with interactive art installations to encourage social interactions. Such aesthetic improvements, which included painted street murals, information kiosks, hanging gardens, water fountains, benches, and so on, were intended to strengthen social networks and social capital by providing places for residents to engage in conversation. Community engagement in neighborhood design benefits the public at multiple levels, by promoting a healthier lifestyle, over and above urban landscape improvements.
Renal Function in Tenofovir-Exposed and Tenofovir-Unexposed Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in the HIV Outpatient Study
Authors: Young Benjamin , Buchacz Kate , Baker Rose K. , Moorman Anne C. , Wood Kathy C. , Chmiel Joan , Brooks John T. , HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
Published: June 2007

Background: Cases of renal dysfunction have been reported in HIV-infected patients taking tenofovir (TDF), but few large studies have examined population-level changes in renal function associated with TDF use in patients in routine care. Methods: The authors analyzed data from participants in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) who had normal baseline renal function and received >1 month of TDF-containing (n = 593) or TDF-sparing (n = 521) HAART after November 1, 2001. Results: Median baseline CrCl estimated by Cockcroft-Gault equation was 106 mL/min for TDF-exposed and 110 mL/min for TDF-unexposed patients (P = 0.06). In multivariable analyses, 1-year changes in CrCl (mL/min) from baseline were —5.7 among TDF-exposed and 2.6 among TDF-unexposed (P < 0.001). Incident renal disease was diagnosed in 7 TDF-exposed and 3 TDF-unexposed patients. Conclusions: In this large cohort of HIV-infected outpatients, use of TDF-containing HAART was associated with modest decreases in CrCl during the first year, but not with frequent, clinically significant renal toxicity.
Hot Flashes in Prostate Cancer: State of the Science
Authors: Engstrom Christine A.
Published: June 2007

The lack of progress concerning the concept of the hot flash experience in men is an indication of the need for exploration of this phenomenon. The hot flash experience in men is a problem that can no longer be ignored. The results of this literature review will provide a foundation for additional development of the concept and facilitate further inquiry into the phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to provide the current state of the science of hot flashes related to androgen ablation treatment in prostate cancer patients; sleep, sweating, cognitive impairment, and the implications on health-related quality of life. Due to the sparse literature on this concept in men, information is extrapolated from the literature on female breast cancer patients treated with hormones and on menopausal women.
Functional conservation of erythropoietin signaling in zebrafish
Authors: Paffett-Lugassy Noëlle , Hsia Nelson , Fraenkel Paula G. , Paw Barry , Leshinsky Irene , Barut Bruce , Bahary Nathan , Caro Jaime , Handin Robert , Zon Leonard I.
Published: June 2007

Erythropoietin (Epo) and its cognate receptor (EpoR) are required for maintaining adequate levels of circulating erythrocytes during embryogenesis and adulthood. Here, we report the functional characterization of the zebrafish epo and epor genes. The expression of epo and epor was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization, revealing marked parallels between zebrafish and mammalian gene expression patterns. Examination of the hypochromic mutant, weissherbst, and adult hypoxia-treated hearts indicate that zebrafish epo expression is induced by anemia and hypoxia. Overexpression of epo mRNA resulted in severe polycythemia, characterized by a striking increase in the number of cells expressing scl, c-myb, gata1, ikaros, epor, and βe1-globin, suggesting that both the erythroid progenitor and mature erythrocyte compartments respond to epo. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of the epor caused a slight decrease in primitive and complete block of definitive erythropoiesis. Abrogation of STAT5 blocked the erythropoietic expansion by epo mRNA, consistent with a requirement for STAT5 in epo signaling. Together, the characterization of zebrafish epo and epor demonstrates the conservation of an ancient program that ensures proper red blood cell numbers during normal homeostasis and under hypoxic conditions.
Hematopoietic lineage cell–specific protein 1 (HS1) is a functionally important signaling molecule in platelet activation
Authors: Kahner Bryan N. , Dorsam Robert T. , Mada Sripal R. , Kim Soochong , Stalker Timothy J. , Brass Lawrence F. , Daniel James L. , Kitamura Daisuke , Kunapuli Satya P.
Published: June 2007

Collagen activates platelets through an intracellular signaling cascade downstream of glycoprotein VI (GPVI). We have investigated the contribution of hematopoietic lineage cell–specific protein 1 (HS1) downstream of GPVI in platelet activation. Stimulation of GPVI leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of HS1, which is blocked by Src-family kinase inhibitors. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that HS1 associates with Syk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. HS1-null mice displayed increased bleeding times and increased time to occlusion in the FeCl3 in vivo thrombosis model compared with their wild-type littermates. In addition, aggregation and secretion responses were diminished in HS1-null mouse platelets after stimulation of GPVI and protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR-4) agonists compared with wild-type littermate mouse platelets. Finally, Akt phosphorylation was diminished after GPVI or PAR-4 stimulation in platelets from HS1-null mice compared with their wild-type littermates. These results demonstrate that phosphorylation of the HS1 protein occurs downstream of GPVI stimulation and that HS1 plays a significant functional role in platelet activation downstream of GPVI and PARs.
Roles of the C-terminal tyrosine residues of LAT in GPVI-induced platelet activation: insights into the mechanism of PLCγ2 activation
Authors: Ragab Ashraf , Séverin Sonia , Gratacap Marie-Pierre , Aguado Enrique , Malissen Marie , Jandrot-Perrus Martine , Malissen Bernard , Ragab-Thomas Jeannie , Payrastre Bernard
Published: June 2007

Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an adaptor protein required for organization of the signaling machinery downstream of the platelet collagen receptor, the glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Here, we investigated the effect of LAT mutations on specific signaling pathways and on platelet functions in response to GPVI triggering by convulxin (Cvx). Using mice containing tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations of the adaptor, we show the crucial role played by the tyrosine residues at positions 175, 195, and 235 in the phosphorylation of LAT and in the whole pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in response to Cvx. These 3 C-terminal tyrosine residues are important to recruit the tyrosine kinase Fyn, which may be involved in LAT phosphorylation. Efficient phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation requires the 3 C-terminal tyrosine residues of LAT but not its tyrosine 136. Interestingly, single mutation of the tyrosine 136 results in the loss of phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2) activation without affecting its PI3K-dependent membrane association, and is sufficient to impair platelet responses to Cvx. Thus, activation of PLCγ2 via GPVI is dependent on 2 complementary events: its interaction with the tyrosine 136 of LAT and its membrane location, which itself requires events mediated by the 3 C-terminal tyrosines of LAT.