bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable magnetoelectronic circuits for threshold logic
Authors: P. Carter Nicholas , Ferrera Steve P.
Published: September 2004

Magnetoelectronic devices, which combine ferromagnetic materials with conventional silicon structures, offer the potential to add non‐volatile storage to electronic systems, eliminating their vulnerability to data loss due to power supply interruptions. We present a set of circuits, based on the Hybrid Hall Effect device, that combine logic with non‐volatile storage. These circuits can be configured on a cycle‐by‐cycle basis to compute different functions of their inputs, store their outputs indefinitely even in the absence of system power, and can be easily integrated into CMOS systems to provide non‐volatile operation without requiring additional supply voltages or other global signals. They exploit the properties of the Hybrid Hall Effect device to efficiently implement threshold logic functions and thereby reduce the number of gates required to implement most Boolean expressions.

In this paper, we describe our reconfigurable magnetoelectronic circuits and the interfaces that make them compatible with CMOS systems. The results presented are based on data from fabricated experimental devices, and we discuss how they can be expected to improve as devices scale to nanometer dimensions. Finally, we consider how magnetoelectronic circuits might be integrated into system designs to deliver high performance while tolerating power supply interruptions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation and Interaction between Sidewall Passivation and Chamber Walls Deposition During Silicon Gate Etching
Authors: Kogelschatz M. , Cunge G. , Joubert O. , Vallier L. , Sadeghi N.
Published: September 2004

The aim of the present paper is to review our work on plasma‐surface interactions during the etching of silicon gates in low pressure high density HBr/Cl2/O2 based plasmas. In integrated circuit manufacturing, the transfer of patterns onto the polysilicon layer relies on the formation of a passivation layer on sidewalls of the etched features, which protects the silicon gate sidewall fromisotropic etching. At the same time, a layer with an almost identical chemical composition is also deposited on the reactor walls and can modify the process parameters by changing the radicals' surface loss probability. In this work we use a new “plasma etching‐sputtering” diagnostic technique, involving a subsequent “mild etching” of the layer deposited on the chamber walls by a few % SF6‐containing Ar plasma. Thus we investigate the chemical composition of this layer. This chemical composition is deduced from the time variation of the gas phase concentration of different atoms and radicals, the etch products of the wall deposited layer, monitored during the “mild etching” of the layer by time‐resolved optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

Optical absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have been employed to characterize the HBr/Cl2/O2 plasma, currently used for the gate etching, and to estimate the absolute flux of neutral and ionic deposition precursors reaching the reactor walls. It comes out that the silicon wafer etch byproducts, SiClx radicals (x < 2) and SiOyCl+x ions, are the main depositing agents.

Finally, the chemical topography analysis method, based on the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, has been used to determine the chemical composition of the layer formed on the sidewalls of the silicon etched features. We show that the layers deposited on the sidewalls and on the chamber walls are both silicon oxyhalogenides (SiOyClx) compounds, formed by the subsequent oxidation of the deposited silicon chloride etching by‐products. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combinatorial CVD of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Tin Oxide Mixtures for Applications as High‐κ Materials
Authors: Xia B. , Chen F. , Campbell S.A. , Roberts J.T. , Gladfelter W.L.
Published: September 2004

A low‐pressure CVD reactor was modified to create continuous compositional spreads of ZrO2/HfO2/SnO2 on a single Si(100) wafer. Anhydrous metal nitrates were used as single‐source precursors to grow the films, and the compositions were mapped using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). An array of 100 × 100 μm2 capacitors was used to map the dielectric constant. High dielectric constants were observed for the films having high ZrO2 concentrations, while high SnO2 concentrations correlated with low values of κ.
Deficits in Dyslexia: Barking up the wrong tree?
Authors: Moores Elisabeth
Published: September 2004

Reviews of the dyslexia literature often seem to suggest that children with dyslexia perform at a lower level on almost any task. Richards et al. (Dyslexia 2002; 8: 1–8) note the importance of being able to demonstrate dissociations between tasks. However, increasingly elegant experiments, in which dissociations are found, almost inevitably find that the performance of children with dyslexia is lower as tasks become more difficult! By looking for deficits in dyslexia, could we be barking up the wrong tree? A methodological approach for circumventing this potential problem is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex Formation of ICL670 and Related Ligands with FeIII and FeII
Authors: Steinhauser Stefan , Heinz Uwe , Bartholomä Mark , Weyhermüller Thomas , Nick Hanspeter , Hegetschweiler Kaspar
Published: September 2004

Complex formation of 4‐[3,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl]benzoic acid (ICL670, H3Lx), 4‐[3,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl]benzosulfonic acid (H3Ly), and 3,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (H2Lz) with Fe3+ and Fe2+ was investigated in H2O and in H2O/DMSO mixtures by potentiometry, spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry. ICL670 has previously been considered as a promising drug for an oral treatment of iron overload. In this paper, the stability and redox properties of the various FeII and FeIII complexes were elucidated with a particular focus on their potential involvement in the generation of oxidative stress. The overall stability constants of [FeIII(Lx)] and [FeIII(Lx)2]3− (25 °C, 0.1 M KCl in H2O) are log β1 = 22.0 and log β2 = 36.9, respectively. The affinity of these ligands for Fe2+ is remarkably poor. In particular, the 1:2 complexes [FeII(Lx)2]4− and [FeII(Ly)2]4− were found to be less stable. As a consequence, the redox chemistry of the [FeIII(Lx)]/[FeII(Lx)]− and the [FeIII(Lx)2]3−/[FeII(Lx)2]4− couples differs significantly. [FeIII(Lx)2]3− is a very weak oxidizing agent (E1/2 is approximately −0.6 V versus NHE) and reduction of [FeIII(Lx)2]3− is not anticipated under physiological conditions. The reduction potential of the [FeIII(Lx)]/[FeII(Lx)]− couple is considerably less negative and was estimated to be +0.1 V (versus NHE). The possible roles of the various Fe complexes as catalysts for the Fenton reaction in biological media are discussed. The crystal structures of H3Lx, Na[Fe(Lz)2]·4EtOH, Na[Al(Lz)2]· 4EtOH, and [Cu(Lz)(pyridine)]2 were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and the possible influence of the particular steric requirements of these ligands on the stability of the metal complexes has been analyzed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Parahydrogen Study of Catalytic Hydrogenation by Diphosphane‐Substituted Triruthenium Clusters
Authors: Prestwich Tom G. , Blazina Damir , Duckett Simon B. , Dyson Paul J.
Published: September 2004

The diphosphane‐substituted clusters [Ru3(CO)10(dppe)] and [Ru3(CO)8(dppe)2] [dppe = 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane] are shown to catalytically hydrogenate diphenylacetylene. This process is highly solvent‐dependent with fragmentation dominating in low‐polarity solvents, which indicates that the dppe ligand does not stabilise the cluster under catalytic conditions. In solvents of higher polarity, the clusters are active hydrogenation catalysts of lower activity than their monodentate phosphane analogues [Ru3(CO)10(L)2] (L = PPh3, PMe2Ph, PMe3, PCy3). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A method for establishing the critical threshold for aeolian transport in the field
Authors: Stout John E.
Published: September 2004

A basic feature of any wind‐eroding surface is its threshold – the wind speed at which sediment transport is initiated. A new method was developed and tested that allows for the rapid determination of threshold under natural wind conditions in the ﬁeld. A mathematical expression that relates saltation activity and relative wind strength was reformulated so that threshold may be calculated from measurements of saltation activity and the mean and standard deviation of wind speed. To test the new method and determine its usefulness, a ﬁeld experiment was performed within a region of low‐relief dunes on the Southern High Plains of West Texas. The experimental system consisted of a 2‐m meteorological tower and a piezoelectric saltation sensor. It was found that during periods of active aeolian activity, threshold values could be calculated every 5 minutes. This new method allows for routine monitoring of surface threshold conditions in the ﬁeld. Example threshold calculations are presented and they demonstrate that the method works well. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial modelling of palsa mires in relation to climate in northern Europe
Authors: Luoto Miska , Fronzek Stefan , Zuidhoff Frieda S.
Published: September 2004

Palsa mires are mire complexes that occur in the Northern Hemisphere, representing one of the most marginal permafrost features at the outer limit of the permafrost zone. A climate‐based spatial model is presented for the distribution of palsa mires in northern Europe. The model is based on an extensive spatial data of palsa mires and climatological variables from 1913 grid cells in an area of c. 240 000 km2. Generalized linear modelling (GLM) with curvilinear and interaction terms is used to derive the palsa mire–climate relationships. The ﬁnal model correctly classiﬁed 77·6 per cent of the palsa mire presence squares. The results indicate a positive association of the distribution of palsa mires with increasing frost number and continentality, whereas precipitation and temperature showed a negative correlation with the distribution of palsa mires. Additionally, interaction of thawing degree days and summer time precipitation showed a negative association. Climatologically, the optimum areas of palsa mires occur in areas of low precipitation (<450 mm) and a mean annual temperature between −3 °C and −5 °C. Potential reasons for the performance of the model and the sensitivity of palsa mires to climate change are discussed. The application of a GIS‐based generalized linear modelling as used here provides a versatile method to study the distribution of different geomorphological phenomena across climatological gradients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro‐scale bed roughness of the siple coast ice streams in West Antarctica
Authors: Siegert Martin J. , Taylor Justin , Payne Antony J. , Hubbard Bryn
Published: September 2004

Subglacial bed conditions are key to understanding ice stream behaviour and evolution, with bed roughness reﬂecting substrate composition and ﬂow resistance. Here we present an analysis of bed roughness in the Siple Coast region of West Antarctica from airborne radio‐echo sounding data. The ice streams are associated generally with low bed roughness values, which decrease downstream. The bed of the slow‐ﬂowing Ice Stream C (∼10 000 km2) is also characterized by being smooth at all scales (wavelengths ranging from 5 km to in excess of 40 km). Furthermore, the bed is smooth either side of Ice Stream C. This suggests the location of the ice stream is controlled by internal ice sheet dynamics rather than by bed morphology. If the ice stream were encouraged to migrate laterally, when active, there would be little resistance offered by the subglacial morphology. Other inter‐ice stream regions are rough, however, indicating a subglacial topographic inﬂuence on ice stream position. Bed roughness increases up‐ﬂow of ice streams, which, unless the bed is modiﬁed, may limit the inland migration of these systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression profiles and clinical relationships of ID2, CDKN1B, and CDKN2A in primary neuroblastoma
Authors: Gebauer Sigrun , Yu Alice L. , Omura‐Minamisawa Motoko , Batova Ayse , Diccianni Mitchell B.
Published: September 2004

Despite considerable research into the etiology of neuroblastoma, the molecular basis of this disease has remained elusive. In contrast to the absence of expression of the known tumor suppressor CDKN2A (also known as p16 and INK4A) in a wide variety of tumor types we have found in previous studies that CDKN2A protein is paradoxically highly expressed in many advanced stage neuroblastomas and unrelated to RB1 status. In the present study, we sought to identify the mechanistic relationships that might influence CDKN2A expression and negate its influence on tumor cell proliferation. In this regard, we examined the role of the tumor‐suppressor gene CDKN1B (also known as p27 and Kip1) and the oncogene ID2 in relationship to CDKN2A expression, MYCN amplification, and neuroblastoma pathogenesis in 17 neuroblastoma cell lines and 129 samples of primary tumors of all stages. All neuroblastoma cell lines expressed the ID2 transcript and protein. However, although the majority of primary neuroblastomas also expressed the ID2 transcript, expression of the ID2 protein was undetectable or only barely detectable, regardless of transcript expression. In both cell lines and primary tumors, ID2 expression was independent of both CDKN2A and MYCN expression. In primary neuroblastomas, CDKN1B protein was expressed in significantly fewer advanced‐stage neuroblastomas than early‐stage neuroblastomas, but its expression had no relationship with CDKN2A expression or MYCN amplification. We concluded that the paradoxical expression of CDKN2A in neuroblastoma cannot be explained by inactivation of the tumor‐suppressor gene CDKN1B or overexpression of the oncogene ID2. We further concluded that ID2 is not a target of MYCN regulation nor is it a prognostic factor for neuroblastoma. Finally, the loss of CDKN1B in advanced‐stage neuroblastoma suggests this protein may play a role in the neuroblastoma disease process. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse zinc transporter 1 gene provides an essential function during early embryonic development
Authors: Andrews Glen K. , Wang Haibin , Dey S.K. , Palmiter Richard D.
Published: September 2004

The SLC30 family of cation diffusion transporters includes at least nine members in mammals, most of which have been documented to play a role in zinc transport. The founding member of this family, Znt1, was discovered by virtue of its ability to efflux zinc from cells and to protect them from zinc toxicity. However, its physiological functions remain unknown. To address this issue, mice with targeted knockout of the Znt1 gene were generated by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Heterozygous Znt1 mice were viable. In contrast, homozygous Znt1 mice died in utero soon after implantation due to a catastrophic failure of embryonic development. Although extraembryonic membranes formed around these embryos, the embryo proper failed to undergo morphogenesis past the egg cylinder stage and was amorphous by d9 of pregnancy. Expression of the Znt1 gene was detected predominantly in trophoblasts and in the maternal deciduum during the postimplantation period (d5 to d8). The failure of homozygous Znt1 embryos to develop could not be rescued by manipulating maternal dietary zinc (either excess or deficiency) during pregnancy. However, embryos in Znt1 heterozygous females were ∼3 times more likely to develop abnormally when exposed to maternal dietary zinc deficiency during later pregnancy than were those in wildtype females. These studies suggest that Znt1 serves an essential function of transporting maternal zinc into the embryonic environment during the egg cylinder stage of development, and further suggest that Znt1 plays a role in zinc homeostasis in adult mice. genesis 40:74–81, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol and marijuana use among college students: economic complements or substitutes?
Authors: Williams J. , Liccardo Pacula Rosalie , Chaloupka Frank J. , Wechsler Henry
Published: September 2004

Previous research has shown that the recent tightening of college alcohol policies has been effective at reducing college students' drinking. Over the period in which these stricter alcohol policies have been put in place, marijuana use among college students has increased. This raises the question of whether current policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption are inadvertently encouraging marijuana use. This paper begins to address this question by investigating the relationship between the demands for alcohol and marijuana for college students using data from the 1993, 1997 and 1999 waves of the Harvard School of Public Health's College Alcohol Study (CAS). We find that alcohol and marijuana are economic complements and that policies that increase the full price of alcohol decrease participation in marijuana use. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health state values for the HUI 2 descriptive system: results from a UK survey
Authors: McCabe Christopher , Stevens Katherine , Roberts Jennifer , Brazier John
Published: September 2004

This paper reports the results of a study to estimate a statistical health state valuation model for a revised version of the Health Utilities Index Mark 2, using Standard Gamble health state preference data. A sample of 51 health states were valued by a sample of the 198 members of the UK general population. Models are estimated for predicting health state valuations for all 8000 states defined by the revised HUI2. The recommended model produces logical and significant coefficients for all levels of all dimensions in the HUI2. These coefficients appear to be robust across model specifications. This model performs well in predicting the observed health state values within the valuation sample and for a separate validation sample of health states. However, there are concerns over large prediction errors for two health states in the valuation sample. These problems must be balanced against concerns over the validity of using the VAS based health state valuation data of the original HUI2 valuation model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positron emission tomography with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose to predict pathologic response after induction chemotherapy and definitive chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer
Authors: McCollum A. David , Burrell Steven C. , Haddad Robert I. , Norris Charles M. , Tishler Roy B. , Case Mary Ann , Posner Marshall R. , Van den Abbeele Annick D.
Published: September 2004

Background.

Conventional imaging is limited in identifying persistent disease after organ‐preserving therapy for patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We studied the accuracy of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG‐PET) in restaging disease in patients with SCCHN after they had undergone induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods.

Forty patients with advanced SCCHN were treated with ICT followed by CRT. FDG‐PET imaging was performed to assess for residual cancer at the primary site and in nodal metastases. Two nuclear medicine physicians interpreted PET scans in random sequence. Test characteristics were calculated with pathologic analysis or clinical recurrence as the standard.

Results.

After induction chemotherapy, PET imaging had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 65% for detecting persistent disease at the primary tumor site. After ICT and CRT were completed, the sensitivity and specificity of PET imaging were 67% and 53%, respectively, for detecting occult disease in cervical lymph nodes.

Conclusions.

FDG‐PET imaging showed some correlation with pathologic response after ICT and CRT in patients with advanced SCCHN. The use of FDG‐PET warrants further investigation in this setting. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 890–896, 2004
Successful adoption of macroergonomics in manufacturing: Using a multicriteria decision‐making methodology– analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Erensal Yasemin Claire , Albayrak Esra
Published: September 2004

The research presented in this paper aims to support the macroergonomics adoption improvement process by developing a broader understanding of relationships between key macroergonomics factors and management styles. The methodology involves knowledge acquisition, identifying, and categorizing a holistic set of key criteria about the macroergonomics adoption process. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is suggested as a multi‐attribute decision‐making methodology to effectively enhance adoption of macroergonomics and to improve management decision performance in measuring and comparing the overall performance of different management styles based on macroergonomical criteria. The study found that in terms of company culture, participation, human capability, and attitudes, the best management style in improving macroergonomics adoption is Management by Values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 353–377, 2004.
Forced distribution: Is it right for you?
Authors: Guralnik Orna , Rozmarin Eyal , So Anne
Published: September 2004

This article reports the relevant highlights of our experience with companies that adopt a forced distribution (FD) system. We describe why they choose it, what impact it has on their organization, and how we help them decide if FD is a good match for their culture. We have included a cultural checklist that we designed with one of our clients to assist in the decision to use an FD system.
Toward a contingency model of how to choose the right type of learning organization
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: September 2004

The learning organization is in itself a vague idea, and many argue that the idea must be adapted to each single organization and its particular needs before it can be implemented. There is very little guidance, though, on how to adapt the (vague) idea. This forum piece therefore tentatively suggests a contextual model of how to choose the right type of learning organization, among four types. It also suggests some areas where research is needed in order to develop the model further.
Recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara primes functionally activated CTL specific for a melanoma tumor antigen epitope in melanoma patients with a high risk of disease recurrence
Authors: Smith Caroline L. , Dunbar P. Rod , Mirza Fareed , Palmowski Michael J. , Shepherd Dawn , Gilbert Sarah C. , Coulie Pierre , Schneider Joerg , Hoffman Eric , Hawkins Robert , Harris Adrian L. , Cerundolo Vincenzo
Published: September 2004

Recombinant plasmid DNA and attenuated poxviruses are under development as cancer and infectious disease vaccines. We present the results of a phase I clinical trial of recombinant plasmid DNA and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), both encoding 7 melanoma tumor antigen cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. HLA‐A*0201‐positive patients with surgically treated melanoma received either a “prime‐boost” DNA/MVA or a homologous MVA‐only regimen. Ex vivo tetramer analysis, performed at multiple time points, provided detailed kinetics of vaccine‐driven CTL responses specific for the high‐affinity melan‐A26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 analogue epitope. Melan‐A26‐35‐specific CTL were generated in 2/6 patients who received DNA/MVA (detectable only after the first MVA injection) and 4/7 patients who received MVA only. Ex vivo ELISPOT analysis and in vitro proliferation assays confirmed the effector function of these CTL. Responses were seen in smallpox‐vaccinated as well as vaccinia‐naïve patients, as defined by anti‐vaccinia antibody responses demonstrated by ELISA assay. The observations that 1) CTL responses were generated to only 1 of the recombinant epitopes and 2) that the magnitude of these responses (0.029–0.19% CD8+ T cells) was below the levels usually seen in acute viral infections suggest that to ensure high numbers of CTL specific for multiple recombinant epitopes, a deeper understanding of the interplay between CTL responses specific for the viral vector and recombinant epitopes is required.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐I gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk in Chinese women
Authors: Wen Wanqing , Gao Yu‐Tang , Shu Xiao‐Ou , Yu Herbert , Cai Qiuyin , Smith Jeffrey R. , Zheng Wei
Published: September 2004

The evidence that high circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women lends credence to the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms in the IGF‐I gene may be involved in the disease. A population‐based case‐control study was conducted to assess the association of IGF‐I gene polymorphisms [(CA)n repeats in the promoter region] with breast cancer risk and plasma IGF‐I level in Chinese women. The study included 1,041 incident breast cancer cases diagnosed from August 1996 through March 1998 in Shanghai and 1,086 randomly selected, age frequency‐matched controls from the general population. Although no relation between plasma IGF‐I levels and IGF‐I genotypes was found, women who carried the genotypes containing the (CA)17 or (CA)19 allele were associated with a significantly decreased (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.64–1.00) or increased (OR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.04–1.47) risk of breast cancer, respectively, and women who carried the genotypes containing any of the 4 rare alleles, (CA)11, (CA)13, (CA)16 and (CA)23, were associated with a nonsignificantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.92, 95% CI: 0.92–4.02) compared to those who did not carry the specific alleles. The associations with the (CA)17 or (CA)19 allele were predominantly present among premenopausal women and in a dose‐response manner. The meta‐analysis results indicated that IGF‐I genotypes containing the (CA)19 were consistently associated with increased risk of breast cancer across studies (overall OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.06–1.41, p for heterogeneity test=0.524). The findings of this study support the hypothesis that IGF‐I gene polymorphisms may be a significant genetic factor for breast cancer susceptibility.
The development of the coparenting relationship over the transition to parenthood
Authors: Van Egeren Laurie A.
Published: September 2004

This study investigated the development of the coparenting relationship upon its initiation, after the transition to parenthood. The coparenting experiences and interactions of 101 married couples were assessed to evaluate the validity of the coparenting construct and to identify individual differences in trajectories of coparenting experiences. Five major conclusions emerged. First, the coparenting and the marriage are related but differentiated dimensions of the couple relationship, even in early infancy. Second, on average, coparenting experiences are positive and stable over the first six months of parenthood, but fathers are significantly more satisfied with coparenting than are mothers. Third, the pre‐birth marital relationship, and especially fathers' positive marital interactions, are important indicators of whether both parents will feel supported and validated in coparenting. Fourth, change in post‐birth marital experiences are inversely related to change in coparenting experiences, suggesting that one aspect of the couple relationship may be maintained at the expense of the other aspect. Fifth, other factors that change over time, particularly violated expectations for the division of childcare, predict the ways in which coparenting experiences develop. In addition, fathers reported better coparenting experiences when infants were perceived as having easier temperaments. In general, the development of coparenting appears to take different paths for mothers and fathers.
Institution‐based early intervention program
Authors: Muhamedrahimov Rifkat J. , Palmov Oleg I. , Nikiforova Natalia V. , Groark Christina J. , McCall Robert B.
Published: September 2004

This article details an early intervention program in orphanages in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. The program is based upon the analysis of the orphanage system and statistical data on children, personnel, and their interaction. The results of observations conducted before the intervention showed crucial deficits of the caregiving staff with respect to their stability and consistency, as well as responsiveness and emotional availability. Instead, the caregivers focus attention on medical care, education, and daily routine caretaking. This article outlines the guiding principles for the institution‐wide early intervention program, with the aim for each child having an early experience of ongoing interaction with his/her own close and emotionally available adults. The outlined program guiding principles were supported by a St. Petersburg, Russian Federation–Pittsburgh, USA joint project with two main interventions: training of caregivers and structural changes in the orphanage to promote family‐like conditions for children. An overview of the training intervention is described in a parallel article (Groark, Muhamedrahimov, Nikiforova, Palmov, & McCall, in press). The structural changes intervention was aimed at improving stability and consistency of caregivers and creating a more family‐like environment that would support relationship building. Specifically, it consisted of smaller group sizes, integration by age and disability status, primary caregivers who were present every day, Family Hour, pullout groups, and team‐like staff organization. Observations and early data analysis show the effective implementation of the structural changes intervention, an increase in the consistency and stability of caregivers, and changes in children and caregivers.
Faithful change: Exploring and assessing faith development in Christian liberal arts undergraduates
Authors: Holcomb Gay L. , Nonneman Arthur J.
Published: September 2004

What is faith development? Can it be assessed? Which environments and experiences are most conducive to growth in faith? These are a few of the questions that the Faithful Change research project attempts to address.
Leptin and connective tissue growth factor in advanced glycation end‐product‐induced effects in NRK‐49F cells
Authors: Lee Chu‐I , Guh Jinn‐Yuh , Chen Hung‐Chun , Lin Kuan‐Hua , Yang Yu‐Lin , Hung Wen‐Chun , Lai Yung‐Hsiung , Chuang Lea‐Yea
Published: September 2004

Previously, we showed that Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is important in advanced glycation end‐product (AGE)‐induced effects in renal interstitial (NRK‐49F) fibroblasts. Leptin is a JAK2‐activating cytokine via the long form leptin receptor (Ob‐Rb). Leptin and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) may be involved in renal fibrosis. However, the relationship between leptin and CTGF in terms of AGE‐induced effects remains unknown. Thus, the effects of AGE (150 μg/ml) and leptin on mitogenesis, CTGF and collagen expression in NRK‐49F cells were determined. We found that leptin and AGE increased mitogenesis and type I collagen protein expression at 3 and 7 days, respectively. AGE increased leptin mRNA and protein expression at 2–3 days. AGE increased CTGF mRNA and protein expression at 3–5 days. AG‐490 (JAK2 inhibitor) abrogated AGE‐induced leptin mRNA and protein expression at 2–3 days. AG‐490 and Ob‐Rb anti‐sense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) abrogated AGE‐induced CTGF mRNA and protein expression at 3–5 days. AG‐490 and CTGF anti‐sense ODN abrogated AGE‐induced mitogenesis and collagen protein expression at 7 days. Additionally, leptin dose (0.2–1 μg/ml) and time (1–2 days)‐dependently increased CTGF protein expression. AG‐490 abrogated leptin (1 μg/ml)‐induced CTGF protein expression at 2 days. AG‐490 and CTGF anti‐sense ODN abrogated leptin‐induced mitogenesis and collagen protein expression at 3 days. We concluded that AGE induced JAK2 to increase leptin while leptin induced JAK2 to increase CTGF‐induced mitogenesis and type I collagen protein expression in NRK‐49F cells. Additionally, AGE‐induced mitogenesis and type I collagen protein expression were dependent on leptin‐induced CTGF. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of Akt/PDK signaling in macrophages upon binding of receptor‐recognized forms of α2‐macroglobulin to its cellular receptor: Effect of silencing the CREB gene
Authors: Misra U.K. , Pizzo Salvatore V.
Published: September 2004

Macrophage binding of receptor‐recognized forms of α2‐macrogobulin (α2M*) significantly increases cAMP, CREB, and activated CREB. We have now examined the participation of the PI 3‐kinase/PDK/Akt/p70s6k signaling cascade in α2M*‐induced cellular proliferation and also studied the role of CREB in these events. Exposure of cells to α2M* caused an ∼2‐fold increase in CREB and its phosphorylation at Ser133, phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of PI 3‐kinase, Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 or Thr308, and phosphorylated 70s6k. Silencing of the CREB gene with dsRNA homologous in sequence to the target gene, markedly reduced the levels of CREB mRNA activation of CREB, PI 3‐kinase, Akt, and p70s6k in α2M*‐stimulated macrophages. We conclude that in murine peritoneal macrophages, α2M*‐induced increase of cAMP is involved in cellular proliferation and this process is mediated by the PI 3‐kinase signaling cascade. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation and function of small heat shock protein genes during amphibian development
Authors: Heikkila John J.
Published: September 2004

Small heat shock proteins (shsps) are molecular chaperones that are inducible by environmental stress such as elevated temperature or exposure to heavy metals or arsenate. Recent interest in shsps has been propelled by the finding that shsp synthesis or mutations are associated with various human diseases. While much is known about shsps in cultured cells, less is known about their expression and function during early animal development. In amphibian model systems, shsp genes are developmentally regulated under both normal and environmental stress conditions. For example, in Xenopus, the shsp gene family, hsp30, is repressed and not heat‐inducible until the late neurula/early tailbud stage whereas other hsps are inducible at the onset of zygotic genome activation at the midblastula stage. Furthermore, these shsp genes are preferentially induced in selected tissues. Recent studies suggest that the developmental regulation of these shsp genes is controlled, in part, at the level of chromatin structure. Some shsps including Xenopus and Rana hsp30 are synthesized constitutively in selected tissues where they may function in the prevention of apoptosis. During environmental stress, amphibian multimeric shsps bind to denatured target protein, inhibit their aggregation and maintain them in a folding‐competent state until reactivated by other cellular chaperones. Phosphorylation of shsps appears to play a major role in the regulation of their function. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder in patients who have comorbid major depression
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S.
Published: September 2004

Many patients who have obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) also meet criteria for additional diagnoses such as mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. The presence of severe depression, and major depressive disorder per se, impedes response to treatment for OCD that uses the best available treatments. In this article, the comorbidity data in OCD are reviewed, then the relationship between depression and OCD treatment outcome is reviewed. Next, the derivation and implementation of a treatment program specifically for depressed OCD patients are illustrated with a case example. The article closes with a discussion of implications and directions gleaned from this single case study. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
TNF‐α expression is transcriptionally regulated by RANK ligand
Authors: Zou W. , Amcheslavsky A. , Takeshita S. , Drissi H. , Bar‐Shavit Z.
Published: September 2004

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is known for its osteoclastogenic and resorptive activities. Induction of osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) is accompanied by increased TNF‐α expression. In the present study we investigated the mechanism by which RANKL induces expression of TNF‐α in osteoclast precursors. The macrophage‐like cell‐line, RAW 264.7 was used as a model for osteoclast precursors. To examine if RANKL‐mediated increase in TNF‐α expression involves increased stability of its transcript, RAW264.7 cells were treated with or without RANKL, and then a transcription inhibitor was added. At different time points, TNF‐α and L32 mRNA levels were examined. TNF‐α mRNA stability was not altered by RANKL. We next measured directly the transcription rate of TNF‐α by a run‐on assay and found that RANKL increases TNF‐α transcription rate by 2.9‐fold in RAW264.7 cells. We further characterized this transcriptional induction of TNF‐α by RANKL. Gel shift assays using nuclear extracts derived from RANKL‐treated RAW264.7 cells show increased specific NF‐κB binding activity on the murine TNF‐α promoter. Gliotoxin, known for its ability to inhibit NF‐κB activation blocked RANKL‐induced TNF‐α expression. We finally used 1,260 bp of the murine TNF‐α promoter fused to luciferase, as well as four mutants of this promoter carrying mutations in each of the four NF‐κB sites to stably transfect RAW 264.7 cells. Reporter activity was increased in response to RANKL in wild type promoter transfected cells, whereas treatment of the mutants' transfected cells did not elicit reporter activity. In conclusion, RANKL induces TNF‐α expression via a transcriptional mechanism, depending on the NF‐κB sites in the TNF promoter. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of addition of amino acids on microfiltration behavior of a microorganism slurry
Authors: Ohmori Kazushige , Iritani Eiji
Published: September 2004

The effect of the addition of amino acids on the microfiltration behavior of Escherichia coli (E coli) and Corynebacterium glutamicum (C glutamicum) slurry was examined using a dead‐end microfilter. It was found that the average specific filtration resistance, αav, of a slurry of microorganisms increased markedly by adding amino acids. Amino acid concentration ranged from 110 to 876 mol m−3. However the same concentration of ammonium chloride did not increase αav. The cells were found to disperse in the presence of lysine, and this caused an increase in αav. In the case of kaolin slurry, αav was not affected by adding amino acids. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
An alternative for pre‐treatment of high‐strength raw whey wastewaters: submerged membrane bioreactors
Authors: Hasar H , Kinaci C , Unlu A
Published: September 2004

The direct treatment of whey wastewater at various sludge ages (10–75 days) and high biomass concentration (above 50 g mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) dm−3) in a submerged membrane bioreactor (sMBR) is described. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of raw whey varied in the range of 60 and 90 g dm−3. After feeding the sMBR with raw whey, effluent COD reduced to about 20 g dm−3. The effluent was free of suspended solids and total coliform bacteria. Total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate (Ortho‐P) in the influent varied between 204 and 880 mg dm−3 and between 180 and 620 mg dm−3, and effluent TP and Ortho‐P reduced to 113 and 109 mg dm−3, respectively. The ammonium and nitrate concentrations in the influent were in the ranges of 3.4 and 120 mg dm−3 and 10 and 503 mg dm−3, respectively. The effluent ammonium concentration varied between 17.6 and 198 mg dm−3 and nitrate concentrations varied between 0.9 and 69 mg dm−3. Effluent turbidity varied between 23 and 111 FAU (Formazin Attenuation Unit). The results show that sMBR is an effective pre‐treatment system for high‐strength agro‐wastewaters because of its ability to reduce the pollution load. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Nickel and cobalt sorption on anaerobic granular sludges: kinetic and equilibrium studies
Authors: van Hullebusch Eric D , Zandvoort Marcel H , Lens Piet NL
Published: September 2004

The kinetics and equilibria of sorption of the divalent metal ions cobalt and nickel onto anaerobic granular sludge are described. Single component and binary equimolar systems were studied at different pH values (pH 6, 7 and 8). The kinetic modelling of metal sorption by anaerobic granular sludge has been carried out using Lagergren equations. On fitting the experimental kinetic data both in first‐ and pseudo‐second‐order equations, the regression analysis of a pseudo‐second‐order equation gave a higher r2 value, indicating that both external mass transfer and intra‐particle diffusion are involved in the sorption process. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson equations. The Redlich isotherm, a combination of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations, was found to have the highest regression correlation coefficients at pH 7. At pH 8, the Langmuir mechanism dominated for cobalt and nickel adsorption. In contrast, at pH 6, the Freundlich equation gave a better correlation coefficient which suggests a more heterogeneous adsorption at that pH. The maximal adsorption capacity of the granular sludge, as determined by the Langmuir equation, for cobalt or nickel in single systems (8.92 mg g−1 Co TSS; 9.41 mg g−1 Ni TSS, pH 7) compared with binary systems (8.06 mg g−1 Co TSS; 8.43 mg g−1 Ni TSS, pH 7) showed no great difference in the accumulation of these metals onto granular sludge. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Critical gas velocity in a three‐phase internal loop airlift reactor with low‐density particles
Authors: Muthukumar Karuppan , Prasad Balakrishnan Naveen , Velan Manickam
Published: September 2004

In the present investigation the effects of the addition of organic additives (propanol, benzoic acid, iso‐amyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose) on the critical gas velocity, (Usg)c, in an internal airlift loop reactor with low‐density particles (Nylon‐6 and polystyrene) were reported. Whereas the (Usg)c was reduced by adding the above additives, it increased with solids loading and density of the particles. The draft tube‐to‐reactor diameter ratio (DE/D) in the range of 0.5–0.6 gave minimum (Usg)c values. The proposed dimensionless correlation predicted the experimental data well. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of reductive degradation of Orange II in aqueous solution by zero‐valent iron
Authors: Mu Yang , Yu Han‐Qing , Zhang Shu‐Juan , Zheng Jia‐Chuan
Published: September 2004

The reductive degradation of Orange II in aqueous solution by zero‐valent iron was investigated. The degradation of Orange II followed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics at various pH values and initial Orange II levels, but the formation of sodium sulfanilate, a major reductive product of Orange II, followed zero‐order kinetics. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Splenic hamartoma: Presentation on contrast‐enhanced sonography
Authors: Chou Yi‐Hong , Chiou Hong‐Jen , Tiu Chui‐Mei , Chiou See‐Ying , Hsia Cheng‐Yuan , Tsay Shyh‐Haw
Published: September 2004

Splenic hamartoma is a rare benign tumor of the spleen. It is usually found incidentally at autopsy or splenectomy. We report a case of splenic hamartoma that was discovered during medical workup for vague upper abdominal pain. Abdominal sonography demonstrated a well‐demarcated, slightly hypoechoic splenic solid mass; the mass was markedly enhanced on color Doppler sonography after injection of microbubble contrast agent. This finding may help to distinguish splenic hamartomas from other relatively common splenic tumors, such as hemangiomas or metastases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:425–428, 2004
Mycobacterium sp., Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Pseudomonas putida behavior in the presence of organic solvents
Authors: De Carvalho Carla C.C.R. , Da Cruz Alexandra A.R.L. , Pons Marie‐Nöelle , Pinheiro Helena M.R.V. , Cabral Joaquim M.S. , Da Fonseca M. Manuela R. , Ferreira Bruno S. , Fernandes Pedro
Published: September 2004

This work aimed at studying the behavior and tolerance of Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B‐3805, Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 and Pseudomonas putida S12 cells in the presence of various concentrations of water miscible (ethanol, butanol, and dimethylformamide, up to 50% v/v) and water immiscible solvents (dodecane, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate and toluene, up to 5% v/v). When incubated in the presence of these solvents, the cells were found to have lower tolerance to butanol and toluene than to the remaining solvents. Nevertheless, the concentrations of solvents endured by the tested strains show that they are quite solvent‐tolerant, confirming their potential as biocatalysts in nonconventional systems. Microscopic observation of samples showed that the hydrophobic Mycobacterium sp. and R. erythropolis cells were able to aggregate to protect the population under stress conditions. Comparison of the results obtained at the single cell level by fluorescence microscopy and colony development on agar plates indicated that the primary effects of most solvents tested were on the cell membrane and replicating capability of the cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:215–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of microanatomical research by combining corrosion casts with MicroCT and 3D reconstruction, exemplified in the circulatory organs of the woodlouse
Authors: Wirkner Christian S. , Richter Stefan
Published: September 2004

A SkyScan‐1072 high‐resolution desktop microtomograph was used to visualize the 3D morphology of the circulatory system of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Isopoda) at the micrometer level. Prior to MicroCT investigation, the circulatory system was injected with a fast‐hardening resin, permitting a better contrast of the vascular structures that are normally hollow after fixation. Stacks of tomographic images were used to reconstruct the circulatory system three‐dimensionally. The spatial resolution achieved by the microtomograph is about 3.5 μm. The technique provides detailed tomographic images of the inner organs and makes precise 3D reconstructions of the circulatory system in arthropods possible. The results were compared with conventional histological data. MicroCT permits a high number of specimens to be screened in a short time, which is essential for the improvement of modern morphological research in a cladistic framework. Histological techniques, however, are still essential for gathering information at the cellular level. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:250–254, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric synthesis of L‐[4‐13C]lysine by alkylation of oxazinone derivative as a chiral glycine equivalent
Authors: Takatori Kazuhiko , Hayashi Akira , Kajiwara Masahiro
Published: September 2004

L‐[4‐13C]Lysine (2) was synthesized from sodium [2‐13C]acetate (3) and Dellaria's oxazinone 1 as a chiral glycine equivalent. Wittig reaction of the glycinal 7 and 13C‐labeled phosphonium ylide 5, prepared from sodium [2‐13C]acetate (3), gave the α, β‐unsaturated ester 8. The ester 8 was converted to the allylic bromide 10. Alkylation of the oxazinone 1 with 10 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. Ethanolysis, hydrogenation of the double bond with diimide, removal of the chiral auxiliary, and hydrolysis gave L‐[4‐13C]lysine (2). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized synthesis of four isotopically labeled (13C‐enriched) phenolic acids via a malonic acid condensation
Authors: Robbins Rebecca J. , Schmidt Walter F.
Published: September 2004

Four isotopically (13C)‐labeled phenolic acids (caffeic [M + 3], sinapic [M + 2], p‐coumaric [M + 6] and ferulic [M + 6] acids) were synthesized via a simple one‐step malonic acid condensation with a series of aldehydes. The aldehydes and the malonic acid were variously labeled and unlabeled to vary the enriched sites. 13C and 1H NMR analyses together confirmed the labeled positions. LC/MS confirmed the masses. These acids are intended for use as internal standards for isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
equation image