bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Point-contact spectroscopy of the high-temperature superconductor BiSrCaCuO
Authors: Rybal’chenko L. F. , Fisun V. V. , Bobrov N. L. , Kosmyna M. B. , Moshkov A. I. , Seminozhenko V. P. , Yanson I. K.
Published: January 2025

The maximum value of the energy gap Δ ≃ 8 meV and the ratio 2 δ/kTc ≃ 2.5 are determined for a high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+y by using point contacts. It was found that the high-temperature superconductor is transformed under the effect of current injection of quasiparticles to a new modified state with a reduced gap, which is stable in a wide range of injection intensity.
Law of corresponding states for melting curves of hydrogen isotopes
Authors: Bereznyak N. G. , Sheinina A. A. , Sibileva R. M.
Published: January 2025

A universal equation describing the melting curves for hydrogen isotopes and their ortho-para modifications is obtained for a wide temperature range (from triple points to room temperatures) and pressures up to 7.7 · 104 atm with the maximum error not exceeding 3.5%. The contribution of zero-point vibration energy to the properties of isotopes is effectively taken into account in new reduced coordinates P* = P/(L0/V0) and T* = T/Ttr due to the employment of individual macroscopic characteristics.
Thermal conductivity of high-T
c superconductors in normal state
Authors: Jezowski A. , Klamut J. , Troinar J.
Published: January 2025

The results of experimental investigation of thermal conductivity of high-Tc superconductors based on Lay Tl are analyzed in the temperature region above the superconducting transition. The effect of oxygen content in the samples of the 1:2:3-type materials on the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity is considered. It is proposed that anomalies in thermal conductivity are associated with structural phase transitions and ordering of oxygen vacancies.
Superconductivity of electrochemical oxide film on the surface of Bi1–x Sbx single crystals
Authors: Alfeev V. N. , Aminov B. A. , Brandt N. B. , Vasina S. Ya. , Damaskin B. B. , Zigel M. , Kuznetsov V. P. , Petrii O. A. , Ponomarev Ya. G. , Sudakova M. V. , Frank E. G.
Published: January 2025

Current-voltage characteristics (IVC) of point contacts obtained by mechanical pressing of electrochemical oxide surfaces of Bi1–x Sbx single crystals are studied. Josephson-type IVC are observed at temperatures below critical value Tc = 6−8 K, which is an indication that oxide films are superconducting at T ≤ Tc. Mercereau oscillations typical of a Josephson junction net in the contact region are observed in a magnetic field. In an external microwave field, IVC display a structure associated with the formation of Shapiro steps.
Large-scale-aware data augmentation for reduced-order models of high-dimensional flows
Authors: Teutsch Philipp , Ghazijahani Mohammad Sharifi , Heyder Florian , Cierpka Christian , Schumacher Jörg , Mäder Patrick
Published: January 2025

Convolutional autoencoders have proven to be an adequate tool to perform reduced-order modeling for high-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems. Their goal is to reduce dimensionality strongly while preserving the most characteristic features of the system. Here, we show that these models rely sensitively on the completeness of the provided data. This is particularly challenging for fully turbulent flows with their coherent structures ranging from large-scale superstructures to dissipative eddies over orders of magnitude in time and space. As a result, an unrealistically large number of data snapshots would be required to properly cover all the essential dynamics, whereas the features on small time and length scales require only a small number of snapshots of the respective flow, especially the long lasting large-scale structures that are difficult to characterize either numerically or experimentally. We demonstrate for three types of flows that a missing representation of large-scale turbulent structures leads to failures in the training process. We suggest a method to mitigate this shortcoming. This includes the transformation of data samples to new large-scale structures, which enhance the data. Furthermore, we skip augmentations that are more detrimental to the model performance. We evaluate our method for three datasets, two from numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection flows and one from laboratory experiment for the flow past an array of cylinders. We show that the method can substantially improve model utility for high-dimensional data. In this way, we avoid an intensive grid search through possible augmentation combinations without further knowledge about the underlying system.
Simulation investigation of a Ka-band phase-locked klystron-type coaxial relativistic Cherenkov generator
Authors: Zhou Yunxiao , Ju Jinchuan , Zhang Wei , Zhang Dian , Li Ying , Wang Tengfang , Zhou Fugui , Yu Zhuang , Yao Hongtao , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2025

To achieve coherent power combination of Ka-band high-power microwave (HPM), a phase-locked klystron-type coaxial relativistic Cherenkov generator (PKC-RCG), which combines the advantageous characteristics of weak dimensional sensitivity of RCG and low input power ratio of relativistic triaxial klystron amplifier (TKA), is proposed and investigated in this paper. The PKC-RCG is composed of two parts: a pre-modulation region adapted from TKA and an energy exchange region adapted from RCG. The pre-modulation region is used for initial speed modulation of intense relativistic electron beams (IREB), ensuring that the output frequency is consistent with the input frequency. The energy exchange region is used for deep clustering of the IREB and achieving efficient beam–wave energy conversion. Phase locking of the output HPM is accomplished through phase delivery of the modulated IREB. Specially designed reflectors and cascaded single-gap bunching cavities with active suppression of asymmetric TM mode are employed in the pre-modulation region to suppress energy coupling and achieve a lower input power ratio. Disk-loaded slow-wave structure with smooth inner conductor is employed in the energy exchange region to further decrease the dimensional sensitivity of RCG. By the proposed Ka-band PKC-RCG, an HPM with a power of 550 MW and a frequency of 29.0 GHz is obtained with ohmic loss being taken into account. Moreover, the input power ratio and phase-locking bandwidth of the proposed Ka-band PKC-RCG are −51.4 dB and 30 MHz, respectively.
Dislocation cartography: Representations and unsupervised classification of dislocation networks with unique fingerprints
Authors: Udofia Benjamin , Jogi Tushar , Stricker Markus
Published: January 2025

Detecting structure in data is the first step to arrive at meaningful representations for systems. This is particularly challenging for evolving dislocation networks evolving as a consequence of plastic deformation of crystalline materials. Our study employs Isomap, a manifold learning technique, to show the intrinsic structure of high-dimensional dislocation density field data of dislocation structures resulting from different compression axes. Our maps provide a systematic framework for quantitatively comparing dislocation structures and offer unique fingerprints based on dislocation density fields. It represents a novel, unbiased approach that contributes to the quantitative classification of dislocation structures, which can be systematically extended using different representations of dislocation systems.
Research on the influence of curtain grouting parameters on the stability of tunnel surrounding rock and lining structure under the action of local high water pressure
Authors: Li Lianhui , Zhang Zonglong , Nie Changyong , Hu Xuebing , Li Zongzhi , Cheng Liang , Zhang Wenfeng
Published: January 2025

Choosing the reasonable and economical grouting parameters is crucial for controlling the seepage field of surrounding rock and tunnel stability. This paper adopted the fluid–solid coupling theory based on FLAC3D to establish numerous simulations on the stability of surrounding rock and lining structure in karst tunnels under the different grouting conditions. The influences of grouting layer thicknesses and their permeability coefficients on the mechanical behaviors of lining structure, seepage, and stress properties of surrounding rock were investigated. The results show that with the increase of grouting thickness and its ratio of permeability, the maximum flow velocity and flow rate per liner meter in surrounding rock, the bending moments and axial forces, and the horizontal and vertical displacements of the lining structure all exponentially decrease, but safety factors at different positions of the lining structure first rapidly and then slowly increase. The changes in safety factor and uplift displacement at the inverted arch are more significant, and the minimum safety factor occurs at the left arch foot. As the grouting thickness and its ratio of permeability increase, the plastic zone range in surrounding rock decreases and expands, respectively. Through considering the improvement effect and economy of grouting comprehensively, choosing a grouting layer thickness of 7–9 m and a ratio of permeability of 20–50 is an ideal configuration parameter to ensure the stability and safety of karst tunnels under the conditions of this paper. The research results could provide references for choosing the reasonable grouting parameters in karst tunnels.
Scanning microwave impedance microscopy and its applications: A review
Authors: Tami Diego , Ohlberg Douglas A. A. , Gonçalves do Rego Cássio , Medeiros-Ribeiro Gilberto , Ramirez Jhonattan C.
Published: January 2025

Scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM) has become a powerful tool for nanoscale characterization, utilizing microwave frequencies to probe the material properties of diverse systems with remarkable spatial resolution. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the foundational principles, technological advancements, and broad applications of sMIM. By harnessing near-field microwave interactions between a sharp metallic probe and the sample, sMIM enables simultaneous acquisition of both real (resistive) and imaginary (capacitive) components of the reflected signal, providing detailed insights into the local permittivity and conductivity of materials at the nanoscale. We address critical challenges, including impedance matching, probe–sample interactions, and the influence of environmental factors such as surface water layers and meniscus formation on resolution and contrast. Recent advancements in finite element modeling and the application of lumped-element circuit models have further enhanced the precision of signal interpretation, enabling more accurate analysis of complex systems. This review highlights sMIM’s wide-ranging applications, from material science and semiconductor diagnostics to biological systems, showcasing its ability to perform non-destructive, high-resolution imaging down to the single-digit nanometer scale. These capabilities position sMIM as an indispensable tool for advancing future innovations in nanotechnology and related fields.
The fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation: Soliton turbulence, modulation instability, and extreme rogue waves
Authors: Zhong Ming , Weng Weifang , Guo Boling , Yan Zhenya
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we undertake a systematic exploration of soliton turbulent phenomena and the emergence of extreme rogue waves within the framework of the one-dimensional fractional nonlinear Schrödinger (FNLS) equation, which appears in many fields, such as nonlinear optics, Bose–Einstein condensates, plasma physics, etc. By initiating simulations with a plane wave modulated by small noise, we scrutinized the universal regimes of non-stationary turbulence through various statistical indices. Our analysis elucidates a marked increase in the probability of rogue wave occurrences as the system evolves within a certain range of Lévy index α, which can be ascribed to the broadened modulation instability bandwidth. This heightened probability of extreme rogue waves is corroborated through multiple facets, including wave-action spectrum, fourth-order moments, and probability density functions. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that a decrease in α also results in a reduction in the propagation speed of solitons within the system. Consequently, only high-amplitude solitons with non-zero background are observed, and the occurrence of collisions that could generate higher-amplitude rogue waves is suppressed. This introduces an inverse competitive mechanism: while a lower α expands the bandwidth of modulation instability, it concurrently impairs the mobility of solitons. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving the formation of rogue waves in nonlinear fractional systems, offering valuable insights for future theoretical and experimental studies.
Effects of relative phase position of blades on the cascade performance of highly loaded helium compressor
Authors: Lu Huawei , Sun Ke , Malik Adil , Tian Zhitao
Published: January 2025

The operational environment of highly loaded helium compressor necessitates characteristics with narrow flow passages and short blade heights. These characteristics result in more prominent blade tip clearance leakage issues and stronger wake effects compared to air compressors. This study aims to clarify the separation flow structure and the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of the highly loaded helium compressor cascade and to provide technical support for the aerodynamic stability optimization of such compressors. The present study investigated the effect of the relative positions of the upstream blade wake and downstream blade on cascade loss and separation characteristics of the highly loaded helium compressor with numerical and experimental analysis. The results demonstrate that the proportion of secondary flow losses, including tip leakage vortex of the downstream blade, is the lowest when the circumferential distance between the upstream inlet guide vane wake and the downstream rotor leading edge is 0.5 pitch, with an overall loss weight of 10.8% at the outlet section. Moreover, the proportion of secondary flow losses, including tip leakage vortex of the downstream rotor, is the highest when the circumferential distance between the upstream guide vane wake and downstream rotor leading edge (suction surface side) is 0.25 pitch. The overall loss weight at the outlet section for this position is 21.7%, which is twice that when the circumferential distance is 0.5 pitch. In addition, it can be demonstrated that tip leakage vortex plays a dominant role in vortex losses across all relative positions of the blades.
Multifunctional complementary field-effect transistors based on MoS2/SWNTs heterostructures
Authors: Wang Wenxiang , Wei Zheng , Li Yong Jun , You Jiawang , Li Xiaohuan , He Jinjin , Mao Han , Jin Jiyou , Sun Lianfeng , Dai Zhaohe
Published: January 2025

The rapid evolution of devices based on low-dimensional materials such as MoS2 and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has garnered significant interest for high-performance field-effect transistor (FET) applications. We present a multifunctional MoS2/SWNT device exhibiting non-monotonic current modulation with a rectifying ratio of up to 600. The device also demonstrates remarkable optoelectronic memory performance, including fast erasing/writing times (20.1/1.9 ms), a high erasing/writing ratio (104), multilevel data storage, robust retention (10 000 s), and excellent endurance (1000 cycles). Additionally, we demonstrate ternary inverters combining SWNTs FETs with MoS2/SWNTs heterostructure FETs, highlighting their potential in advanced logic applications.
Recent progress on quantum Hall effect in unconventional material systems
Authors: Sun Weideng , Wan Zhong , Qian Qi , Qiu Gang
Published: January 2025

The quantum Hall effect (QHE) is an elegant macroscopic manifestation of quantum mechanical behavior on the microscopic scale, and its discovery is a major triumph in condensed matter physics. While QHE has been predominantly observed in two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) systems, recently, many efforts have been devoted to searching for the QHE in unconventional materials platforms beyond the classical framework to extend the horizon of the QHE. In this Perspective, we highlight recent important experimental discoveries and progress on the QHE material platforms beyond 2DEG platforms, such as three-dimensional QHE, Weyl-orbit-based QHE, and QHE in two-dimensional insulators. In addition, novel phenomena arising from incorporating QHE with other exotic quantum states, such as topological band structures and superconductivity, will be discussed. We also present the emerging field-free version of QHE–quantum anomalous Hall effect on its transport characteristics, working principles as well as potential applications in quantum metrology and quantum computing. With the exploration of these unconventional QHE hosts and the development of the understanding of new physics arising from the interplay between QHE and other physical systems, QHE will continue to play a critical role in both advancing fundamental physics and developing next-generation quantum technologies.
Aortic aneurysm hemodynamics based on a double fractional maxwell arterial model
Authors: Yang Weidong , Zhao Jiawei , Chen Xuehui , Fang Kun , Jiang Zeyi , Lin Zeng , Liu Yang
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a double fractional Maxwell constitutive model is introduced to simulate the viscoelastic behavior of arterial walls. The fractional order solid equation is combined with the conventional Navier–Stokes equation to form a complex and highly nonlinear fluid structure interaction (FSI) system, which is numerically calculated through the finite element method. To evaluate the effectiveness of the model in complex geometries, the above method is also employed in the FSI hemodynamics of 3D-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm. The results indicate that the viscoelastic behaviors of arterial walls are significantly different depending on varying fractional order parameters. Higher stress fractional order parameters α or lower strain fractional order parameters β result in greater displacement fluctuations and stronger elastic performance. Conversely, smaller α or higher β result in smaller displacement changes and reduced elastic performance. Compared with the integer order fluid structure interaction (IFSI) model, the fractional order fluid structure interaction (FFSI) model generates smaller displacement and strain values, with peak displacement and strain values differing by factors of 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. The normalized change in vascular area is the smallest in the aneurysm center compared with the non-diseased vessel region (above the abdomen and below the renal artery).
Investigation of the steady regimes in a cross-shaped reactor by particle image velocimetry
Authors: Lei Yong , Lin Qing-guo , Zhang Wei , Wang Sheng-ju , Li Wei-feng , Liu Hai-feng
Published: January 2025

In the chemical engineering area, impinging flow plays a significant role in process intensification and energy consumption reduction. Thoroughly revealing the formation and evolution of vortices within the reactor has emerged as a crucial scientific issue. This paper systematically studies the steady-state flow at low Re (1 ≤ Re ≤ 200, where Re is the Reynolds number) in a cross-shaped reactor by particle image velocimetry technology. The evolution, distribution, and intensity characteristics of vortices in the reactor chamber are focused on. We show that at 55 ≤ Re ≤ 120, the distribution of vorticity and shear rate in the chamber show unimodal and bimodal patterns, respectively, and the center of the chamber is a local area with high vorticity and low shear. In contrast, for 120 < Re ≤ 200, the distribution of vorticity turns into a bimodal pattern, and the shear rate develops into a trimodal pattern. The center of the chamber constitutes a local area characterized by low vorticity and high shear. Additionally, based on the modified monopole vortex model, the distributions of vorticity and velocity of vortices in the steady engulfment flow are accurately depicted.
Sound-vortex conversion on droplets: Kinematic model of sound activated vortices
Authors: Wang Hui
Published: January 2025

The rapid pace of urbanization across the globe has led to the proliferation of various urban infrastructure. They generate aerodynamic noise, posing significant challenges to urban planning and residents' comfort. Despite Lighthill's mathematical analogy, current noise control applications rely heavily on wind tunnel tests and computer simulations. Physical mechanisms behind aeroacoustic noise have yet to be validated and elucidated experimentally. This work observed the geometry of sound-activated vortices and determined their streamline and velocity distribution. The theoretical results are consistent with experimental observations, offering a kinematic model for sound activated vortices. The work experimentally improves the understanding of aeroacoustic noise and provides a kinematic model for the development of noise control strategies.
Effect of annealing on the tribological behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glass
Authors: Lien Hsu-Ming , Molina Nicolás , Lizaola Aisha , Chandross Michael , Mangolini Filippo
Published: January 2025

Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) are promising materials for several applications owing to their high elastic limit and resistance to permanent deformation. However, BMGs have lower wear resistance than their crystalline counterparts during dry sliding. The formation of a composite material with crystalline phases dispersed in the BMG matrix through devitrification and partial crystallization at elevated temperatures has recently been proposed as an effective way to improve the wear resistance. However, our understanding of the origin of the improved wear behavior of annealed BMGs is still elusive. Here, a systematic evaluation of the effect of annealing temperature (from temperatures lower than the BMG glass transition temperature to temperatures higher than the BMG recrystallization temperature) on the friction and wear response of a Zr-based BMG, namely Vit105 (Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5), was performed. The results indicate that annealing Vit105 improves its wear resistance while also reducing the steady-state friction response when the annealing temperature is close to the glass transition temperature. Notably, the formation of a transfer film on the sapphire countersurface is highly dependent on the applied normal load and sliding time. Finally, the wear mechanism was found to be strongly dependent on the annealing temperature as a transition from a predominantly adhesive wear mechanism to an abrasive-dominated one was observed as the annealing temperature crossed the glass transition temperature. Altogether, the results of this work aid to our understanding of the tribological behavior of Zr-based BMGs in general, while also providing clues to strategies for the effective use of BMGs in tribological applications.
Growth and characterization of high-quality Zr doped AlN epilayers
Authors: Alwan H. , Hossain N. K. , Li J. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X.
Published: January 2025

AlN stands out for its remarkable figures of merit for electronic and photonic devices, attributed to its ultrawide bandgap of ∼6.1 eV and an exceptionally high critical field of ∼15 MV/cm. More recently, zirconium (Zr) doped AlN (AlN:Zr) has also been identified as a promising material platform for the exploration of solid-state qubits for quantum information and technology, high performance piezoelectric acoustic wave resonators, and optically triggered ultrafast power switching devices facilitated by optically activating Zr related impurities. Despite the significant potential, the ability for producing AlN:Zr epitaxial structures has yet to be established. In this study, we have achieved AlN:Zr epilayers with a high Zr doping level [NZr] of up to 1020 cm−3 using industrial standard metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth technique. High crystalline quality of AlN:Zr was confirmed by x-ray diffraction, revealing a narrow full width at half maximum of the (002) rocking curve at 216 arcsec for 1.8 μm thick epilayers deposited on sapphire at [NZr]=1020 cm−3. Zr doping was observed to slightly increase the c-lattice constant to 4.992 Å for AlN:Zr (at [NZr]=1020 cm−3) compared to 4.980 Å for undoped AlN. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement results verified the substitution of Zr at the Al site (ZrAl). The formation of (ZrAl–VN) complexes, which are predicted to possess all the desired properties required by quantum qubits, was confirmed through optical absorption studies. The realization of high-quality AlN:Zr epilayers significantly broadens the scope of technologically significant device applications for AlN.
Value-based health care for Aboriginal peoples with chronic conditions in the Northern Territory: a cohort study
Authors: Cherian Maya , Zhao Yuejen , Ahumada-Canale Antonio , Nihill Peter , VanBruggen Maja , Butler Deborah , Burgess Paul
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aimed to investigate associations between patient activation, healthcare use and clinical outcomes for Aboriginal peoples living with a chronic condition in remote Northern Territory (NT) communities. Methods A retrospective cohort study was undertaken between 2 April 2020 and 1 April 2022 to measure activation and its associations with chronic conditions secondary prevention treatment targets and healthcare usage: hospitalisations, potentially preventable hospitalisations and patient travel. All Aboriginal peoples enrolled at NT Government health services, who had one or more preventable chronic conditions and were prescribed one or more oral chronic condition medications identified in the Primary Care Information System, were included in the study. Patient activation was defined as a 90-day medicine possession ratio ≥80%. An activated patient has the belief, knowledge, skills and behaviours to manage their chronic conditions. Results A total of 5356 patients met the inclusion criteria; 9% of these patients were activated. Activated patients were older and sicker but were significantly more likely to achieve treatment targets for glycosylated haemoglobin, blood pressure and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Activated patients used more primary healthcare and outpatient resources and had a non-significant trend for less acute care use. Conclusions The remote NT Government primary healthcare system is providing low-value chronic conditions care for patients. As identified by Aboriginal peoples, strengthening culturally appropriate self-management support could lead to more patients becoming activated, better health outcomes and decreased acute care demand.
Utilization of oocytes from closely related domestic species for interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer in gaur embryo production
Authors: Jintana Ratree , Tasripoo Kriengsak , Srisakwattana Kitiya , Suthikrai Wanvipa , Sophon Sunpetch , Tharasanit Theerawat
Published: January 2025

Context The limited availability of recipient oocytes poses significant challenges in increasing the population of endangered species. Aims This study demonstrates the use of oocytes from closely related domestic species (cattle, buffalo, and goat) in the production of gaur embryos via interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT). The developmental abilities of embryos from various combinations – gaur–bovine, gaur–buffalo, gaur–goat, and others – are analyzed. Previous achievements are retrospectively reviewed and summarized. Methods The methodologies for iSCNT and in vitro gaur embryo production are outlined. Key results Blastocyst rates among gaur–bovine, gaur–buffalo, and gaur–goat embryos showed no significant differences (P < 0.05). Gaur–bovine embryo development was comparable to intraspecies embryos (bovine–bovine), indicating successful developmental compatibility. Pregnancy rates after transferring gaur–bovine embryos were reported for the first time, with rates of 4.76%, 42.86%, 19.05% and 4.76% at Days 45, 60, 90 and 120, respectively. Conclusions Bovine, buffalo, and goat oocyte cytoplasm is effective for producing gaur iSCNT embryos, capable of initiating early pregnancies. Implications Laboratory techniques and methodologies can save costs and time, contributing to the conservation of endangered species.
Portable Meat Production and Retailing Facility (P-MART): a novel technology for clean meat production from sheep and goats
Authors: Girish P. S. , Priyanka D. , Bhaskar R. Vijay , Sudheer K. , Vikram R. , Jyoti J. , Raveendhar N. , Ramakrishna C. , Barbuddhe S. B.
Published: January 2025

Context An adequate infrastructure facility is a prerequisite for achieving clean and hygienic meat production from sheep and goats. In India, most of the meat is produced by small-scale producers who cannot afford to establish large-scale abattoirs. Aim The study aimed to develop and test an innovative Portable Meat Production and Retailing Facility (P-MART), designed to meet the specific requirements of small-scale sheep and goat slaughter operations processing less than 10 animals per day. Methods The designing and fabrication of P-MART comprises of animal resting facility, slaughtering and dressing facility, meat cutting and packaging facility, meat retailing facility, and waste management facility. The microbiological evaluation was conducted by collecting meat samples/swabs (n = 6) from various stages of the slaughter of sheep and goats in P-MART. The quality of the liquid effluent from the slaughter process (n = 6) of P-MART was evaluated for different parameters. The gastrointestinal waste was subjected to aerobic composting and compost samples (n = 6) were analyzed for different parameters. The P-MART liquid waste was subjected to anaerobic biomethanation (n = 6) and the quality of the liquid fertilizer was assessed for different parameters. The air quality index in P-MART was analyzed in alignment with Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI) standards compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Key results The P-MART demonstrated effectiveness in addressing small-scale slaughterhouse needs. Microbiological analysis confirmed the absence of harmful organisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria in meat, surfaces and water, showcasing high hygiene standards. The aerobic composting of gastrointestinal waste resulted in composting with nutrient concentrations that met recommended standards and the biomethanation of liquid waste produced nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer and biogas for cooking. Air quality parameters, including particulate matter with 10 μm or less, or 2.5 μm or less, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, were within permissible limits, ensuring a safe environment. Conclusions P-MART design minimizes water use and supports humane slaughter, sustainable waste management and environmental compliance. An application for an Indian patent was submitted (Patent application No. 202111016135) to protect intellectual property. The technology was commercialized to enable upscaling and marketing. Implications The P-MART can improve livelihoods for small-scale meat producers by offering affordable and hygienic slaughter facilities. Its sustainable waste management practices enhance public health and environmental protection.
Exploring the associative relationship between general practice engagement and hospitalisation in older carers to potentially reduce hospital burden
Authors: Azer Anthony , Barr Margo , Azer George , Harris-Roxas Ben
Published: January 2025

Background Caregiving is an essential yet often overlooked component of health care. Although carers play a pivotal role in reducing healthcare costs and improving patient outcomes, they are also prone to psychological and physical burdens that can lead to their own hospitalisation. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the frequency of interactions with general practitioners and hospitalisation rates among caregivers aged ≥45 years in New South Wales, Australia. Methods This cohort study retrospectively identified participants from the Sax Institute’s 45 and Up Study in New South Wales, linked with national datasets. The cohort comprised 26,004 individuals aged ≥45 years who were caregivers. The primary outcome was hospitalisation within a 7-year period, and the intervention was whether the patient was a high or low general practice (GP) user, ascertained by determining if the average number of annual GP visits was above or below 11, respectively. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and Poisson regression models. Results The study found a statistically significant association between high GP use and reduced rates of hospitalisation among caregivers. Caregivers with frequent GP interactions had a relative risk of hospitalisation of 0.514 (95% CI: 0.479–0.550) compared with their counterparts who infrequently used GP services. This association remained significant, even after adjusting for various demographic and health-related factors with an adjusted relative risk of 0.619 (95% CI: 0.554–0.690). Conclusions The findings underscore the potential of primary care interventions in reducing hospitalisations among caregivers, in turn providing economic and societal benefits. They also highlight the need for future research to understand the specific aspects of GP interactions that contribute to this protective effect.
Culturally safe physiotherapy care: how this looks and feels for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Authors: Nelson Curtley , Forbes Roma , Mandrusiak Allison
Published: January 2025

Background Understanding the experiences of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as healthcare recipients is essential for delivering culturally safe physiotherapy care; however, the literature inadequately explores these experiences. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who have engaged with physiotherapists and understand their perspectives on how physiotherapists can provide culturally safe care in the community. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adult (aged >18 years) self-identified Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (n = 12) who had received physiotherapy care within a community setting within the previous 3 months. A First Nations methodology approach alongside reflexive thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Results Four themes were generated: (1) building trust through yarning; (2) acknowledging and respecting culture; (3) creating a culturally safe environment; and (4) the importance of professional training. Conclusions Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have expressed that physiotherapists can establish trust with their patients by dedicating time to develop a therapeutic relationship and by demonstrating respect for their culture. It is essential for physiotherapists to carefully consider the physical environment in which they deliver care to ensure it is welcoming and culturally safe for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Physiotherapists should undertake professional development to immerse themselves in First Nations culture and history through connecting with community. This study offers insights into the lived experiences of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples receiving care in the community and provides recommendations that may assist physiotherapists, alongside other community-based health professionals, to provide culturally safe care.
Resolving electrochemically triggered topological defect dynamics and structural degradation in layered oxides
Authors: Wang Chunyang , Zhang Rui , Li Ju , Xin Huolin L.
Published: January 2025

Understanding topological defects-controlled structural degradation of layered oxides—a key cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries—plays a critical role in developing next-generation cathode materials. Here, by constructing a nanobattery in an electron microscope enabling atomic-scale monitoring of electrochemcial reactions, we captured the electrochemically driven atomistic dynamics and evolution of dislocations—a most important topological defect in material. We deciphered how dislocations nucleate, move, and annihilate within layered cathodes at the atomic scale. Specifically, we found two types of dislocation configurations, i.e., single dislocations and dislocation dipoles. Both pure dislocation glide/climb and mixed motions were captured, and the dislocation glide and climb velocities were first experimentally measured. Moreover, dislocation activity-mediated structural degradation such as crack nucleation, phase transformation, and lattice reorientation was unraveled. Our work provides deep insights into the atomistic dynamics of electrochemically driven dislocation activities in layered oxides.
Arctic soil carbon insulation averts large spring cooling from surface–atmosphere feedbacks
Authors: Gaillard Rémi , Peylin Philippe , Cadule Patricia , Bastrikov Vladislav , Chéruy Frédérique , Cuynet Amélie , Ghattas Josefine , Zhu Dan , Guenet Bertrand
Published: January 2025

The insulative properties of soil organic carbon (SOC) and surface organic layers (moss, lichens, litter) regulate surface–atmosphere energy exchanges in the Arctic through a coupling with soil temperatures. However, a physical description of this process is lacking in many climate models, potentially biasing their high-latitude climate predictions. Using a coupled surface–atmosphere model, we identified a strong feedback loop between soil insulation, surface air temperature, and snowfall. Without insulation, the latent heat needed for soil ice thawing leads to a late spring and summer cold bias in surface air temperature (above 2 °C) over Arctic regions. The integration of soil insulation eliminates this bias and significantly improves the simulation of permafrost dynamics. Our findings, including the potential consequences of large perturbations (e.g., fires), highlight the importance of combining soil water freezing with a physical representation of SOC and surface organic layer insulation in Earth system models, to improve Arctic climate predictions.
A divergent two-domain structure of the anti-Müllerian hormone prodomain
Authors: Howard James A. , Hok Lucija , Cate Richard L. , Sanford Nathaniel J. , Hart Kaitlin N. , Leach Edmund A. E. , Bruening Alena S. , Nagykery Nicholas , Donahoe Patricia K. , Pépin David , Thompson Thomas B.
Published: January 2025

TGFβ family ligands are synthesized as precursors consisting of an N-terminal prodomain and C-terminal growth factor (GF) signaling domain. After proteolytic processing, the prodomain typically remains noncovalently associated with the GF, sometimes forming a high-affinity latent procomplex that requires activation. For the TGFβ family ligand anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), the prodomain maintains a high-affinity interaction with its GF that does not render it latent. While the prodomain can be displaced by the type II receptor, AMHR2, the nature of the GF:prodomain interaction and the mechanism of prodomain displacement by AMHR2 are currently unknown. We show here that the AMH prodomain exhibits an atypical two-domain structure, containing a dimerizing and a GF-binding domain connected through a flexible linker. Cryo-EM and genomic analyses show that the distinctive GF-binding domain, the result of an exon insertion 450 Mya, comprises a helical bundle and a belt-like structure which interact with the GF at the type II and I receptor binding sites, respectively. The dimerizing domain, which adopts a TGFβ-like propeptide fold, covalently connects two prodomains through intermolecular disulfide bonds. Disease mutations map to both the GF-binding and dimerization domains. Our results support a model where AMHR2 displaces the helical bundle and induces a conformational change in the GF, followed by release of the prodomain and engagement of the type I receptor. Collectively, this study shows that the AMH prodomain has evolved an atypical binding interaction with the GF that favors, without disrupting signaling, the maintenance of a noncovalent complex until receptors are engaged.
Hidden artistic complexity of Peru’s Chancay culture discovered in tattoos by laser-stimulated fluorescence
Authors: Kaye Thomas G. , Bąk Judyta , Marcelo Henry William , Pittman Michael
Published: January 2025

Tattoos were a prevalent art form in pre-Hispanic South America exemplified by mummified human remains with preserved skin decoration that reflects the personal and cultural representations of their times. Tattoos are known to fade and bleed over time and this is compounded in mummies by the decay of the body, inhibiting the ability to examine the original art. Laser-stimulated fluorescence (LSF) produces images based on fluorescence emitted from within the target. Here, we present the first results of applying LSF to tattoos on human remains from the pre-Columbian Chancay culture of coastal Peru. We find that the preserved skin fluoresced strongly underneath the black tattoo ink yielding a high-contrast image that virtually eliminates the ink bleed, revealing the exceptionally fine details of the original artwork. The level of detail and precision of the artwork was found to be higher than associated pottery, textiles, and rock art suggesting special effort was expended by the Chancay on at least some of their tattoos. This suggests artistic complexity in pre-Columbian Peru was at a higher level than previously known, expanding the degree of artistic development found in South America at this time. LSF expands the scope of tattoo analysis and the level of detail this can yield providing a new technique to gain further insights into this important art form.
Research on the influence of conical micro array chip parameters on fog water collection
Authors: Jin Shaobo , Dong Shizhang , Ye Guoyong , Guo Ruirui , Wei Ziming , Guo Yuqi
Published: January 2025

Conducting research on water collection based on the bionic cactus conical spine structure holds significant importance for arid regions, the key parameters of conical micro array chip affecting the contact area between the micro cones and the fog determine the fog water collection. However, the influence of the conical arrays parameters including cone angle and arrangement on water collection is rarely studied. We present research on the influence of conical micro array chip parameters on fog water collection. The conical micro array chips with different parameters including the cone apex angle and arrangement pattern were designed, and the experiments of the fog water collection were conducted. The experiments explored the impact of arrangement patterns, cone apex angle, the distance and orientation of the conical micro array chip (CMAC) relative to the fog flow, and the surface properties (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) of the CMAC on fog water collection efficiency. Through these experiments, the law of influence of key parameters of the conical arrays on fog water collection efficiency was obtained. The experiments indicate the CMAC with large cone apex angle, hexagonal arrangement and hydrophilic surface has a better water collection efficiency . Further, this research can be beneficial to the advancement and application of water collection devices in arid environments.
Investigation of positron scattering from 2H-pyran, 4H-pyran, and pyrrole molecules
Authors: Sharma Snigdha , Gupta Dhanoj
Published: January 2025

The scattering cross-sections for positron-biomolecule interaction are an essential input for the Monte-Carlo simulation techniques. In the present work, we have reported the elastic integral, differential, momentum transfer, and total ionization cross-sections for scattering of positron from 2H-pyran, 4H-pyran, and pyrrole molecules. The single-center expansion method is employed for the elastic scattering calculations and the binary-encounterBethe model for ionization. We have also reported the elastic integral and differential crosssections for benzene and furan, which are structurally similar to the pyran isomers and pyrrole, respectively, and compared them with the experimental and theoretical data available in the literature to validate the efficacy of the single-center expansion method and the codes used. Acomparative analysis of the elastic cross-sections for the isomers: 2H-pyran and 4H-pyran, and the pyrrole molecule that is isoelectronic with furan is also presented.
Circularly polarized RABBITT on atomic shells with large orbital momentum
Authors: Kheifets Anatoly S
Published: January 2025

In light atoms, the technique of Reconstruction of Attosecond Bursts by Interference of Two-Photon Transitions (RABBITT), driven by circularly polarized radiation, enables a complete retrieval of ionization amplitudes in the XUV+IR regime, including their relative phases [Phys. Rev. Res. 6, L012002 (2024)]. In this work, we extend this method to heavier atoms by conducting numerical simulations of circularly polarized RABBITT on the Kr 3d and Xe 4d atomic shells. The XUV ionization dynamics in these atoms diﬀer markedly due to the presence of a giant shape resonance in the 4d → Ef ionization channel of Xe, a feature absent in Kr. Nevertheless, when an IR photon is added to the XUV ionization, the results for Kr and Xe are surprisingly similar, with the ratio of absorption/emission matrix elements and their relative phases remaining close in value. Moreover, these ratios and phases show minimal variation even when the Xe atom is encapsulated within a C60 fullerene cage. In search for the Cooper-like minimum in the IR absorption amplitude ratios predicted in [J. Phys. B 57, 235601 (2024)], we extend our investigation to the Cr 4f shell where this minimum is indeed present.
Polaronic transport and magnetic field dependence of conduction parameters in rGO-CFO nanocomposites
Authors: Manzoor Sadia , Anwar Rohina , hussain shahzad , Arshad Zuharia , Darr Jawwad A
Published: January 2025

In this paper we report the AC conductivity σ and magnetoconductivity Δσ% of a series of reduced graphene oxide-cobalt ferrite (rGO-CFO) composites in which the mass ratio of rGO:CFO has been systematically varied over six compositions. The conductivity measured in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 3 MHz showed an anomalous increase with the CFO content in the composite, even though the conductivity of CFO is at least three orders of magnitude smaller than that of rGO. Magnetoconductivity measured in fields upto 2000 Oe displayed both negative and positive values depending on the rGO:CFO ratio. Maximum magnetoconductivity of ~ +14% was obtained at room temperature in a magnetic field of only 750 Oe. Samples having the largest σ and Δσ% values also showed significant softening/hardening of the Raman active modes of CFO, indicating polaronic transport in these composites. Fits of σ(f) data to a power law σ(f) = σo + Afn showed that parameters A and n depend strongly on the applied magnetic field. This dependence is qualitatively and quantitatively different for samples that display positive or negative magnetoconductivity. Although the temperature dependence of these conduction parameters has been extensively studied, we have not come across any reports of their field dependence. Based on these observations we present a surface polaron model in which hybridization of π-orbitals of graphene with surface states of CFO nanoparticles provide for a polaron conduction mechanism through a grid of CFO nanoparticles intercalated with rGO sheets.