bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Youth civic and political participation through the lens of gender: The Italian case
Authors: Albanesi Cinzia , Zani Bruna , Cicognani Elvira
Published: June 2012

Italy is one of the European countries with the highest levels of gender inequalities (World Economic Forum 2011). The aims of this paper were to understand to what extent the well-documented gender gap in Italian adult society has an impact on both political and civic actions of younger generations, and whether the process of participation assumes specific features according to gender. 835 Italian participants (49.6% males; 50.4% female, aged from 16 to 26 years old; 20% under voting age) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Analyses confirmed general trends (voting at elections is the most frequently performed political action among Italian youth) and showed the existence of a small gender gap (a major orientation of young women toward civic action, while young men are more engaged in manifest political participation). The results confirmed that family cultural capital and normative support are significant predictors of political participation, in particular for girls and young women.
Commitment to community and political involvement: A cross-cultural study with Italian and American adolescents
Authors: Crocetti Elisabetta , Jahromi Parissa , Buchanan Christy
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this study was to test whether personal commitment to community was related to political involvement in two cultural contexts: Italy and the USA. Participants were 566 adolescents (48.2% males) aged 14–19 years (M = 16 years; SD = 1.29): 311 Italians and 255 Americans. Participants filled out a self-report questionnaire. Analyses of variance revealed that American high school students reported higher levels of personal commitment to community than did their Italian peers and that many forms of political involvement were significantly more common among American adolescents. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that personal commitment to community was strongly and positively associated with involvement in political activities in both adolescent samples. Thus, fostering personal commitments to community could potentially lead youth to political engagement.
Youth participation in environmental issues: A study with Italian adolescents
Authors: Brondi Sonia , Sarrica Mauro , Nencini Alessio
Published: June 2012

The present paper aims to stress the role that young people play as ‘actual citizens’, actively engaged in constructing the meaning-and-actions that define their own participation in the community. The case examined is the Chiampo Valley, in the North-East of Italy. This area is the most important tannery district in Europe and has serious problems concerning industrial waste management. By means of a questionnaire, we focus on the way 229 secondary school students perceive themselves as members of the local community, on what they see as being priorities in their own context, and on the contributions that they may make to addressing environmental issues. The results suggest that it is important for local institutions to give a voice to young people-as they themselves require-by developing participatory processes in institutional decision-making regarding environmental policies and-in general-the life of the community.
Non-conventional/illegal political participation of male and female youths
Authors: Gavray Claire , Fournier Bernard , Born Michel
Published: June 2012

Belgian data from the PIDOP project show that boys are more involved than girls in illegal political actions, namely the production of graffiti and other acts of “incivility”. These activities must be considered in both groups as complementary to conventional political and social participation and not as their opposite. The main explanatory factor is the level of the perceived efficaciousness of such actions. The lack of trust in institutions and the level of awareness of societal discrimination play no significant explanatory role. In males, the involvement level in these activities depends on feelings of personal discrimination and on the lack of freedom concerning individual choice, confirming the theory of societal vulnerability and Honneth’s theory of recognition. This level also increases along with increasing opportunities to make acquaintances and have fun in the neighbourhood. In females, this involvement is explained by the distance with regard to pro-sociality level.
Understanding civic engagement among young Roma and young Turkish people in Turkey
Authors: Ataman Ayşenur , Çok Figen , Şener Tülin
Published: June 2012

Although a number of aspects of earlier experiences correlate with later civic engagement (Sherrod 2007), the role of different factors in driving the level of young people’s engagement is not clearly understood. This qualitative study set out to understand those factors in Turkey. Eight focus groups were conducted with 55 young Roma and Turkish people, with different groups being conducted according to participants’ ethnicity, gender and age (16–18 year olds vs. 20–26 year olds). Analysis revealed specific themes in terms of the political and civic engagement of different sub-groups. However, almost all participants expressed that they did not have enough information about their rights and obligations as citizens. They also identified the different barriers which they perceived as impeding their political involvement and participation.
The many faces of hermes: The quality of participation experiences and political attitudes of migrant and non-migrant youth
Authors: Fernandes-Jesus Maria , Malafaia Carla , Ferreira Pedro , Cicognani Elvira , Menezes Isabel
Published: June 2012

This paper intends to explore whether and how the quality of participation experiences is associated with political efficacy and the disposition of migrant and non-migrant young people to becoming involved. The sample includes 1010 young people of Portuguese, Angolan and Brazilian origin, aged between 15 and 29 years old. The results reveal that the quality of participation experiences is related to political efficacy and dispositions to becoming involved, but different groups seem to react differently to different forms of political action.
Diet of the twaite shad Alosa fallax (Lacépède, 1803) (Clupeidae) in the Gulf of Gdansk, the Baltic Sea
Authors: Skóra Michał , Sapota Mariusz , Skóra Krzysztof , Pawelec Anna
Published: June 2012

Twaite shad Alosa fallax (12–48 cm total length) from the Gulf of Gdansk feed on Mysids: Mysis mixta, Neomysis integer, and fish: Sprattus sprattus, Osmerus eperlanus, and Pomatoschistus sp.. In the stomachs of A. fallax there also occur Hydrobia sp., Diptera and small stones, particles of wood and plastic. The food of inshore twaite shad measured from 12 to 21 cm centered on M. mixta. Fish are the main prey for A. fallax from the class length 22–31 cm from the Vistula River mouth and for all shads longer than 32 cm.
Enhanced Bully Algorithm for Leader Node Election in Synchronous Distributed Systems
Authors: Murshed Md. Golam , Allen Alastair R.
Published: June 2012

In distributed computing systems, if an elected leader node fails, the other nodes of the system need to elect another leader. The bully algorithm is a classical approach for electing a leader in a synchronous distributed computing system. This paper presents an enhancement of the bully algorithm, requiring less time complexity and minimum message passing. This significant gain has been achieved by introducing node sets and tie breaker time. The latter provides a possible solution to simultaneous elections initiated by different nodes. In comparison with the classical algorithm and its existing modifications, this proposal generates minimum messages, stops redundant elections, and maintains fault-tolerant behaviour of the system.
Transboundary Wildlife Conservation in A Changing Climate: Adaptation of the Bonn Convention on Migratory Species and Its Daughter Instruments to Climate Change
Authors: Trouwborst Arie
Published: June 2012

Species migrating across boundaries represent the classic case for international cooperation in biodiversity conservation. Climate change is adding fresh challenges to such cooperation, on account of the shifting ranges and particular vulnerabilities to climate change of migratory wildlife. In view of the need to help migratory species adapt to climate change with minimal losses, this article performs an in-depth analysis of the present and potential future role in respect of climate adaptation of the main intergovernmental regime for migratory species conservation, the 1979 Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and its various daughter instruments.
Methane Production from Gas Hydrate Deposits through Injection of Supercritical CO2
Authors: Deusner Christian , Bigalke Nikolaus , Kossel Elke , Haeckel Matthias
Published: June 2012

The recovery of natural gas from CH4-hydrate deposits in sub-marine and sub-permafrost environments through injection of CO2 is considered a suitable strategy towards emission-neutral energy production. This study shows that the injection of hot, supercritical CO2 is particularly promising. The addition of heat triggers the dissociation of CH4-hydrate while the CO2, once thermally equilibrated, reacts with the pore water and is retained in the reservoir as immobile CO2-hydrate. Furthermore, optimal reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature are constrained. Experiments were conducted in a high-pressure flow-through reactor at different sediment temperatures (2 °C, 8 °C, 10 °C) and hydrostatic pressures (8 MPa, 13 MPa). The efficiency of both, CH4 production and CO2 retention is best at 8 °C, 13 MPa. Here, both CO2- and CH4-hydrate as well as mixed hydrates can form. At 2 °C, the production process was less effective due to congestion of transport pathways through the sediment by rapidly forming CO2-hydrate. In contrast, at 10 °C CH4 production suffered from local increases in permeability and fast breakthrough of the injection fluid, thereby confining the accessibility to the CH4 pool to only the most prominent fluid channels. Mass and volume balancing of the collected gas and fluid stream identified gas mobilization as equally important process parameter in addition to the rates of methane hydrate dissociation and hydrate conversion. Thus, the combination of heat supply and CO2 injection in one supercritical phase helps to overcome the mass transfer limitations usually observed in experiments with cold liquid or gaseous CO2.
Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies
Authors: Smilanich Angela M. , Dyer Lee A.
Published: June 2012

Basic research on the insect immune response has progressed dramatically within the last two decades, showing that immunity is one of the most effective defenses against foreign invaders. As such, it is important to understand the causes of variation in this response. Here, we investigate the effects of pesticides used in Costa Rican banana plantations on the immune response of the lepidopteran larva, Caligo memnon (Brassolinae). In addition, we performed a parasitism survey of the banana plantations and surrounding forests to provide a broader assessment of pesticide effects on parasitoid populations. All caterpillars for the immune assay were collected from two banana plantations and brought to La Selva Biology Station for immune challenge. Individuals were fed leaves from the plantations (pesticide) or leaves from La Selva (pesticide-free), then immune challenged with injected sephadex beads. We found that individuals feeding on pesticide leaves had significantly lower bead melanization compared to individuals feeding on pesticide-free leaves. Nonetheless, the parasitism survey showed that caterpillars from the banana plantations had lower parasitism rates compared to caterpillars from the La Selva forest. This study adds to the growing body of evidence documenting negative effects of pesticides on the insect immune response and on adult parasitoids, and underscores the need for more research at the intersection between ecological entomology and immunology.
3-Hydroxy-4-[(phenylimino)methyl]phenyl 4-(Hexadecanoyloxy)benzoate
Authors: Ha Sie-Tiong , Yeap Guan-Yeow , Boey Peng-Lim
Published: June 2012

A new Schiff base ester, 3-hydroxy-4-[(phenylimino)methyl]phenyl 4-(hexadecanoyloxy)benzoate was synthesized and its IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectroscopic data are presented.
B-norsteroids from Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus
Authors: Andersson Pierre F. , Bengtsson Stina , Stenlid Jan , Broberg Anders
Published: June 2012

Two viridin-related B-norsteroids, B-norviridiol lactone (1) and B-norviridin enol (2), both possessing distinct unprecedented carbon skeletons, were isolated from a liquid culture of the ash dieback-causing fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Compound 2 was found to degrade to a third B-norsteroidal compound, 1β-hydroxy-2α-hydro-asterogynin A (3), which was later detected in the original culture. The proposed structure of 1 is, regarding connectivity, identical to the original erroneous structure for TAEMC161, which was later reassigned as viridiol. Compound 2 showed an unprecedented 1H-13C HMBC correlation through an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The five-membered B-ring of compounds 1–3 was proposed to be formed by a benzilic acid rearrangement. The known compound asterogynin A was found to be formed from 3 by a β-elimination of water. All compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, LC-HRMS and polarimetry.
Detecting Service Chains and Feature Interactions in Sensor-Driven Home Network Services
Authors: Inada Takuya , Igaki Hiroshi , Ikegami Kosuke , Matsumoto Shinsuke , Nakamura Masahide , Kusumoto Shinji
Published: June 2012

Sensor-driven services often cause chain reactions, since one service may generate an environmental impact that automatically triggers another service. We first propose a framework that can formalize and detect such service chains based on ECA (event, condition, action) rules. Although the service chain can be a major source of feature interactions, not all service chains lead to harmful interactions. Therefore, we then propose a method that identifies feature interactions within the service chains. Specifically, we characterize the degree of deviation of every service chain by evaluating the gap between expected and actual service states. An experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed method successfully detects 11 service chains and 6 feature interactions within 7 practical sensor-driven services.
Development of a Novel Optical Biosensor for Detection of Organophoshorus Pesticides Based on Methyl Parathion Hydrolase Immobilized by Metal-Chelate Affinity
Authors: Lan Wensheng , Chen Guoping , Cui Feng , Tan Feng , Liu Ran , Yushupujiang Maolidan
Published: June 2012

We have developed a novel optical biosensor device using recombinant methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) enzyme immobilized on agarose by metal-chelate affinity to detect organophosphorus (OP) compounds with a nitrophenyl group. The biosensor principle is based on the optical measurement of the product of OP catalysis by MPH (p-nitrophenol). Briefly, MPH containing six sequential histidines (6× His tag) at its N-terminal was bound to nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose with Ni ions, resulting in the flexible immobilization of the bio-reaction platform. The optical biosensing system consisted of two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and one photodiode. The LED that emitted light at the wavelength of the maximum absorption for p-nitrophenol served as the signal light, while the other LED that showed no absorbance served as the reference light. The optical sensing system detected absorbance that was linearly correlated to methyl parathion (MP) concentration and the detection limit was estimated to be 4 μM. Sensor hysteresis was investigated and the results showed that at lower concentration range of MP the difference got from the opposite process curves was very small. With its easy immobilization of enzymes and simple design in structure, the system has the potential for development into a practical portable detector for field applications.
Microfiber-Based Bragg Gratings for Sensing Applications: A Review
Authors: Kou Jun-Long , Ding Ming , Feng Jing , Lu Yan-Qing , Xu Fei , Brambilla Gilberto
Published: June 2012

Microfiber-based Bragg gratings (MFBGs) are an emerging concept in ultra-small optical fiber sensors. They have attracted great attention among researchers in the fiber sensing area because of their large evanescent field and compactness. In this review, the basic techniques for the fabrication of MFBGs are introduced first. Then, the sensing properties and applications of MFBGs are discussed, including measurement of refractive index (RI), temperature, and strain/force. Finally a summary of selected MFBG sensing elements from previous literature are tabulated.
Nostalgie et management des marques : approche sémiotique
Authors: Kessous Aurélie , Roux Elyette
Published: June 2012

Résumé L’objet de cet article est de comprendre comment est utilisée la nostalgie dans le management des marques. Pour ce faire, nous mettons en évidence d’une part, une classification de 4 moments nostalgiques (1- quotidien passé, 2- tradition, 3- transition et 4- rareté) à laquelle s’associent 4 profils de consommateurs (1- adulescents, 2- traditionnels, 3- transitionnels et 4- transgénérationnels). Nous identifions d’autre part, 4 applications de la nostalgie en management des marques, relatives aux moments et profils répertoriés. Cette étude s’appuie sur des entretiens individuels de 49 consommateurs qui constituent le corpus d’une analyse sémiotique.
Tentations, impulsions et contrôle des consommateurs sur les sites de ventes privées
Authors: Ayadi Nawel , Giraud Magali , Gonzalez Christine
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les ventes privées sur Internet existent et connaissent un fort succès depuis une dizaine d’années. Elles consistent à mettre en vente sur un site web, pour une durée limitée à quelques jours, des stocks limités de produits de grandes marques, à des prix bradés, auxquels ont accès exclusivement les clients membres du site. Ces stratégies visent à provoquer des achats impulsifs en jouant sur l’impression de faire une bonne affaire. Cette recherche se pose deux questions. D’une part, comment les sites de ventes privées poussent-ils leurs visiteurs à réaliser des achats impulsifs ? D’autre part, est-ce que les consommateurs développent des stratégies de contrôle pour mieux maîtriser leurs achats ? La littérature sur les bonnes affaires et l’achat impulsif a été mobilisée pour construire le cadre théorique de cette étude. Une étude qualitative a ensuite été réalisée auprès de trente-quatre membres de ces sites.
Le dispositif de gestion des organisations hybrides, régulateur de logiques institutionnelles hétérogènes ? Le cas du capital-risque solidaire
Authors: Château Terrisse Pascale
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse aux micro-fondations du néo-institutionnalisme, en analysant les logiques institutionnelles traduites dans le dispositif de gestion d’une organisation de capital-risque solidaire. Cette analyse est issue d’une recherche intervention et de l’analyse de contenu d’entretiens. Il tentera de répondre aux questions suivantes : Comment les logiques institutionnelles de la finance solidaire se manifestent dans le dispositif de gestion des organisations ? Quels rôles jouent le dispositif de gestion dans la gestion des tensions entre les logiques ? Ces logiques institutionnelles de la finance solidaire sont d’un côté la logique financière et de l’autre côté la logique solidaire. Ces logiques sont contradictoires et sources de tensions et de conflits. Le dispositif de gestion de l’organisation reflète les logiques dans sa structure et permet d’équilibrer les logiques. Pour hybrider les logiques, le pouvoir des acteurs qui forment des coalitions distinctes supportant chacune une logique, doit être réparti. Les outils du dispositif doivent d’une part avoir un substrat technique reflétant l’ensemble des logiques et être assez flexible pour susciter l’intéressement de l’ensemble des acteurs, et d’autre part être dotés d’une philosophie managériale et d’une vision simplifiée des acteurs cohérentes qui poussent à la communication et à la traduction des logiques.
Capital-investissement et performances des firmes : le cas de la France
Authors: Pommet Sophie , Rainelli Michel
Published: June 2012

Résumé Notre objectif dans ce papier est d’analyser dans quelle mesure le capital-investissement peut contribuer à améliorer la performance des jeunes entreprises innovantes via sa capacité à assurer le financement des projets innovants. A partir d’une base de données collectée à la main et basée sur un échantillon d’entreprises françaises introduites sur le Nouveau Marché, nous montrons que i) le financement par capital-investissement n’a pas l’impact positif attendu sur la performance des entreprises françaises, mesurée par leur taux de survie et que ii) la prise en compte de la nature des sociétés de capital-investissement ne modifie pas ce résultat. Nos résultats contribuent ainsi à renforcer l’idée selon laquelle il semble exister une certaine homogénéité européenne quant à la performance de ce mode de financement.
Le défi du déploiement des nouveaux réseaux énergétiques : quel rôle de l'État ?
Authors: Bento Nuno
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse la transition vers les nouveaux systèmes énergétiques, en particulier l’hydrogène et les réseaux intelligents. Nous nous inscrivons dans le cadre théorique des industries de réseau pour analyser le problème de la mise en place de l’infrastructure. Ainsi, plusieurs concepts sont appliqués tels que les effets de club, les économies d’échelle, les économies d’envergure, et les externalités socio-économiques de l’investissement en grandes infrastructures. En fait, le rythme d’investissement privé peut être trop lent pour amorcer la transition énergétique dans le délai nécessaire. L’analyse de l’évolution des industries de l’électricité et du gaz en Europe renforce l’argument que l’intervention des pouvoirs publics est nécessaire afin de créer les conditions pour que le réseau atteigne plus rapidement la taille critique et permette ainsi, par l’effet des externalités de réseau, que les technologies propres puissent se diffuser dans le marché.
El feminismo: senda no transitada de la Ilustración
Authors: Amorós Celia
Published: June 2012

No disponible
Universalismo y pluralismo en la ética del discurso
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: June 2012

En este artículo se intenta mostrar cómo es posible defender un punto de vista universalista y cognítivista en cuestiones morales sin tener que negar el pluralismo ético que caracteriza a las sociedades modernas. Para ello se analiza una dificultad que ha sido planteada recientemente a la ética del discurso de Habermas en relación con la posibilidad de compaginar ambas cosas. Si defender un universalismo moral implica defender lo que Habermas denomina "la premisa de una respuesta correcta» en relación con las cuestiones morales, tal universalismo tiene que suponer, pues, que sólo puede haber una interpretación correcta de dichas cuestiones; si esto es así, el universalismo moral, en realidad, excluye el pluralismo como alternativa racional al acuerdo en cuestiones prácticas. Dicha dificultad puede evitarse, sin embargo, si se muestra que «la premisa de una respuesta correcta» no implica, en realidad, «la premisa de una única interpretación correcta».
Descubrámonos los unos a los otros
Authors: Saramago José
Published: June 2012

No disponible
La larga marcha hacia la libertad. La evolución ideológica de Octavio Paz
Authors: Arana Juan
Published: June 2012

Octavio Paz se vio inmerso a lo largo de su vida en los acontecimientos más significativos del siglo XX. Este contacto directo con la historia le llevó a cuestionar repetidas veces los principios básicos de la acción política y los valores que deben sustentarla. En este trabajo se analizan las diversas fases de la evolución ideológica de Paz, que no estuvo subordinada a las urgencias de una ambición personal, lo que le permitió zafarse del oportunismo de tantos intelectuales latinoamericanos. En lugar de ir a remolque de los tiempos, sus reflexiones responden a la lógica de un desarrollo interno, que profundiza progresivamente en el alcance y las consecuencias de la idea de libertad, una libertad que es concebida lejos del limbo de las abstracciones y se piensa cada vez más en función de las exigencias irrenunciables del hombre de carne y hueso.
¿Es posible una razón crítica sin recurso a Ideas Regulativas?. El nexo entre las dimensiones reflexiva y existencial de la crítica de patologías
Authors: Sáez Rueda Luis
Published: June 2012

Este trabajo se interroga por criterios normativos para una «crítica de patologías» en el ámbito de la cultura. La doctrina predominante al respecto en el siglo XX es la que J. Habermas y K.-O. Apel defienden, según la cual lo «patológico» se define como una distorsión de la racionalidad discursiva, cuyas condiciones ideales se consideran «idea regulativa» para la crítica. El autor sostiene, en primer lugar, que las distorsiones de esta «racionalidad» pueden ser desenmascaradas por medio de una «crítica negativa», para la cual no es necesario el recurso a ideas regulativas. En segundo lugar, mantiene que la «razón» del discurso no sería tal sin el subsuelo de una existencia pre-reflexiva y que entre una y otra existe una tensión insuperable, de carácter trágico, que es clave de la acción social. Finalmente, intenta dar cobertura normativa a una crítica existencial (y negativa) de patologías, que constituiría el opuesto necesario de la crítica ilustrada.
¿Qué hay de malo en la eugenesia?
Authors: Camps Victoria
Published: June 2012

La eugenesia, privada de su sentido peyorativo, se presenta como una posibilidad propiciada por los avances biotecnológicos, que apunta a objetivos terapéuticos, en principio, no reprobables. A la filosofía le compete aclarar los distintos sentidos de eugenesia, poner coto a la fascinación creciente por un supuesto determinismo genético, y mostrar que la distinción entre lo terapéutico y no terapéutico no es estática ni invariable. Todo ello con el objetivo de exigir más rigor en los planteamientos éticos derivados de las distintas prácticas biotecnológicas. No obstante, el filósofo busca una base ontológica más consistente para enfrentarse a problemas como el de la eugenesia. El último libro de Habermas es un ejemplo de ello constituyendo un rechazo de la “eugenesia liberal” que es vista como una amenaza a la integridad de la persona y a su autocomprensión como ser libre. Este artículo pone en cuestión que el recurso a la ontología sea el mejor método para abordar los problemas de la bioética, cuya solución no depende tanto de una determinada concepción de la especie humana, como de la capacidad de hacer un uso responsable de la libertad.
La Filosofía de Keynes o The common sense view of economic world
Authors: Montalvo Manuel
Published: June 2012

El objeto de este artículo es analizar la relación existente entre las ideas de Keynes y de Moore; yen particular, el papel desempeñado por el sentido común en el pensamiento de aquél. Fruto de este análisis, cabe afirmar que el sentido común ofrece una posible fundamentación epistemológica para el pensamiento económico, cuya virtud principal es que incrementaría el contenido pragmático de la teorización económica. El argumento se centra, principalmente, en el problema de la formación de expectativas y en el hecho de que, en consonancia con la visión filosófica de Keynes, se precisan normas acordes con el sentido común para paliar la naturaleza irracional e incierta de los hechos económicos.
Condiciones de posibilidad para una justicia global
Authors: Pereira Gustavo
Published: June 2012

El reconocimiento, en tanto que constitutivo de la subjetividad, es una necesidad básica tanto de las personas como de los Estados. Los términos de relación internacional impuestos por buena parte de los organismos internacionales de crédito y comercio niegan y socavan este reconocimiento a través de políticas que generan exclusión y pobreza en los países más pobres. La ruptura de esta lógica se presenta como un camino que posibilita el surgimiento de condiciones de justicia global basadas en términos de reconocimiento recíproco. Un argumento prudencial oficia como primer paso en este proceso, el beneficio a medio y largo plazo sería la motivación racional para que los organismos internacionales generasen una apertura que permitiese asegurar el reconocimiento recíproco. Sin embargo, este argumento no es suficiente y el objetivo de una inclusión radical que afecte a todas las regiones del planeta requiere un argumento moral basado en la idea de igual dignidad inherente a toda persona. La justicia global y su contraparte de justicia local solamente serán posibles a través de una conjunción de estos dos argumentos que habilitarían la instalación de una lógica de reconocimiento recíproco como posibilitante de la justicia.
Extremismo y desencanto. El nacimiento de la modernidad del espíritu de la política radical
Authors: Bayón Fernando
Published: June 2012

El ensayo consta de tres partes: primera, un breve estudio histórico del surgimiento de las políticas radicales, con especial atención al papel político desempeñado en Europa a lo largo del siglo XVI por las revoluciones sociales inspiradas en el cristianismo reformado. Segunda, una lectura crítica de la secularización como paradigma de modernización que transformó a los dioses movilizadores del radicalismo político. Incluye un comentario del debate entre Karl Löwith y Hans Blumenberg en torno al surgimiento de una concepción moderna de la temporalidad histórica y a la relación entre progreso y escatología. Y una tercera, un apunte filosófico sobre el desplazamiento semántico del término «extremismo» como síntoma del olvido posmoderno de lo político. Finalmente, el análisis histórico de las relaciones entre extremismos y desencantamiento se centra en la importancia que adquiere la ficción como figura del poder político.
Rawls, la estructura básica y el comunismo
Authors: Lizárraga Fernando A.
Published: June 2012

En su teoría de la justicia como equidad, John Rawls sostiene que la estructura básica es el objeto primario de la justicia y que, por ende, quedan excluidas las decisiones personales. Esta posición sufre un giro insospechado en la visión rawlsiana sobre la justicia en el comunismo. En sus tres lecciones sobre Marx, Rawls presenta una doble valoración: por un lado, sostiene que el comunismo es justo en virtud de su distribución igualitaria; por otro, afirma que la ausencia de un sentido de lo justo y de la obligación moral en la vida cotidiana hace que ésta sea una sociedad más allá de la justicia. La justicia ya no depende sólo de la operación de los primeros principios en la estructura básica, sino también de las actitudes personales.
Search Engine
Authors: Sharma Dilip Kumar , Sharma A. K.
Published: June 2012

ICT plays a vital role in human development through information extraction and includes computer networks and telecommunication networks. One of the important modules of ICT is computer networks, which are the backbone of the World Wide Web (WWW). Search engines are computer programs that browse and extract information from the WWW in a systematic and automatic manner. This paper examines the three main components of search engines: Extractor, a web crawler which starts with a URL; Analyzer, an indexer that processes words on the web page and stores the resulting index in a database; and Interface Generator, a query handler that understands the need and preferences of the user. This paper concentrates on the information available on the surface web through general web pages and the hidden information behind the query interface, called deep web. This paper emphasizes the Extraction of relevant information to generate the preferred content for the user as the first result of his or her search query. This paper discusses the aspect of deep web with analysis of a few existing deep web search engines.
Impact of Human Factors on Measurement Errors
Authors: Jacob Vinodkumar , Bhasi M. , Gopikakumari R.
Published: June 2012

Measurement is the act or the result, of a quantitative comparison between a given quantity and a quantity of the same kind chosen as a unit. It is for observing and testing scientific and technological investigations and generally agreed that all measurements contain errors. In a measuring system where both a measuring instrument and a human being taking the measurement using a preset process, the measurement error could be due to the instrument, the process or human error. This study is devoted to understanding the human errors in measurement. Work and human involvement related factors that could affect measurement errors have been identified. An experimental study has been conducted using different subjects where the factors were changed one at a time and the measurements made by them recorded. Errors in measurement were then calculated and the data so obtained was subject to statistical analysis to draw conclusions regarding the influence of different factors on human errors in measurement. The findings are presented in the paper.
Virologically Suppressed HIV Patients Show Activation of NK Cells and Persistent Innate Immune Activation
Authors: Lichtfuss Gregor F. , Cheng Wan-Jung , Farsakoglu Yagmur , Paukovics Geza , Rajasuriar Reena , Velayudham Pushparaj , Kramski Marit , Hearps Anna C. , Cameron Paul U. , Lewin Sharon R. , Crowe Suzanne M. , Jaworowski Anthony
Published: June 2012

FcRγ is an ITAM-containing adaptor required for CD16 signaling and function in NK cells. We have previously shown that NK cells from HIV patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have decreased FcRγ expression, but the factors causing this are unknown. We conducted a cross-sectional study of cART-naive viremic patients (ART−), virologically suppressed patients receiving cART (ART+), and HIV-uninfected controls. CD8+ T cells were activated, as assessed by CD38+HLA-DR+ expression, in ART− patients (p < 0.0001), which was significantly reduced in ART+ patients (p = 0.0005). In contrast, CD38+HLA-DR+ NK cells were elevated in ART− patients (p = 0.0001) but did not decrease in ART+ patients (p = 0.88). NK cells from both ART− and ART+ patients showed high levels of spontaneous degranulation in ex vivo whole blood assays as well as decreased CD16 expression (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0025, respectively), FcRγ mRNA (p < 0.0001 for both groups), FcRγ protein expression (p = 0.0016 and p < 0.0001, respectively), and CD16-dependent Syk phosphorylation (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.003, respectively). HIV-infected subjects showed alterations in NK activation, degranulation, CD16 expression and signaling, and elevated plasma markers of inflammation and macrophage activation, that is, neopterin and sCD14, which remained elevated in ART+ patients. Alterations in NK cell measures did not correlate with viral load or CD4 counts. These data show that in HIV patients who achieve viral suppression following cART, NK cell activation persists. This suggests that NK cells respond to factors different from those driving T cell activation, but which are associated with inflammation in HIV patients.
Seasonal change in microbial sulfur cycling in monomictic Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan
Authors: Nakagawa Mayuko , Ueno Yuichiro , Hattori Shohei , Umemura Maki , Yagi Akihiko , Takai Ken , Koba Keisuke , Sasaki Yuji , Makabe Akiko , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: June 2012

Sulfur budgets and seasonal progression of sulfur cycling processes were investigated in Lake Fukami‐ike, a small monomictic lake in Japan. The sulfur isotopic mass balance shows that the main sulfur source is groundwater inflow (δ34S = ‐15.0‰). The sulfate influx is approximately 20% reduced by microbial sulfate reduction and deposited as sulfide (δ34S = ‐22.2‰; 34 kmol yr−1); the remaining exits from the outflow channel (δ34S = ‐12.6‰). In the water column, microbiological analyses reveal that green sulfur bacteria dominate more than 90% of the population in the anoxic layer. A monthly decrease in sulfate concentration at each depth indicates that sulfate reduction proceeds within the water column as a first‐order reaction because of low sulfate concentration (< 600 µmol L−1). The isotopic fractionation factor of sulfate reduction is estimated to be 0.980 by the isotopic and concentration data of sulfate and sulfide from April to August. Numerical simulation indicates that the relative contribution of phototrophic sulfide oxidation is over 50 times slower than sulfate reduction from April to August but over two times higher from October to November because of lower sulfate conditions (< 300 µmol L−1). Sulfate concentration is the factor for controlling the relative contribution of sulfate reduction and phototrophic sulfide oxidation in monomictic lakes, which contrasts with that observed in permanently stratified lakes.
Patient Handling Methods Taught in Occupational Therapy Curricula
Authors: Frost Lenore , Barkley William M.
Published: June 2012

Sixteen of 100 full-time occupational therapists are injured while performing manual patient handling techniques. We developed a Theory of Planned Behavior self-report questionnaire to determine what educators teach and the behavioral constructs that best predict intention to change curriculum content. Traditional manual patient handling and safe patient handling methods were investigated. The results showed that both methods are taught in most programs; however, only 22% stated that they teach safe patient handling as the standard of practice. Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that attitude and perceived behavioral control are the best predictors of intention to continue teaching manual transfers as the standard; however, normative belief and attitude best predict intention to teach safe patient handling as the standard. Knowing these predictors will assist in developing strategies to promote a paradigm shift in the way patient transfers are taught.
How a Better Understanding of Spontaneous Mental Imagery Linked to Pain Could Enhance Imagery-Based Therapy in Chronic Pain
Authors: Berna Chantal , Tracey Irene , Holmes Emily A.
Published: June 2012

Therapy with mental images is prevalent in the field of chronic pain, and this has been the case for centuries. Yet few of the recent advances in the cognitive behavioural understanding of spontaneous (i.e. intrusive) mental imagery have been translated to this field. Such advances include imagery as a component of a psychopathological process, as an emotional amplifier and as a cognitive therapeutic target in its own right. Hence very little is known about the contents, prevalence and emotional impact of spontaneous mental imagery in the context of chronic pain. This article discusses the evidence in favour of spontaneous imagery being a potentially important part of patients' pain experience, and makes a case, based on neurophysiological findings, for imagery having an impact on pain perception. Furthermore, it presents how mental imagery has been used in the treatment of chronic pain. A case report illustrates further how spontaneous negative imagery linked to pain can be distressing, and how this might be addressed in therapy. Additionally, the case report demonstrates the spontaneous use of coping imagery, and raises a discussion of how this might be enhanced.
Greater Positive Affect Change after Mental Imagery than Verbal Thinking in a Student Sample
Authors: Nelis Sabine , Vanbrabant Koen , Holmes Emily A. , Raes Filip
Published: June 2012

This study sought to replicate previous work concerning the impact of positive mental imagery on emotion. Previous experimental studies found that imagining positive events was superior to verbally processing the same events in producing positive affect, and further that field rather than observer perspective imagery had a more powerful impact (Holmes, Coughtrey, & Connor, 2008; Holmes, Mathews, Dalgleish, & Mackintosh, 2006). In the current study, 78 students listened to 100 positive events randomly allocated to one of three conditions (between-subjects): imagining them via a field or an observer perspective or listening to the same events while thinking about their verbal meaning. Positive affect was measured before and after the task. Positive affect change was greater after imagery (field and observer) than the verbal condition, replicating previous research. Contrary to predictions, there was no significant difference in affect change between the field and observer conditions. To explain the latter result, we reflect on methodological explanations. In conclusion, there was greater positive affect change after positive mental imagery than positive verbal thinking. If results can be translated from the lab to the clinic then imaging positive situations may help people feel more positive than only discussing them verbally in therapy.
Sensory Imagery in Craving: From Cognitive Psychology to New Treatments for Addiction
Authors: Andrade Jackie , May Jon , Kavanagh David
Published: June 2012

Sensory imagery is a powerful tool for inducing craving because it is a key component of the cognitive system that underpins human motivation. The role of sensory imagery in motivation is explained by Elaborated Intrusion (EI) theory. Imagery plays an important role in motivation because it conveys the emotional qualities of the desired event, mimicking anticipated pleasure or relief, and continual elaboration of the imagery ensures that the target stays in mind. We argue that craving is a conscious state, intervening between unconscious triggers and consumption, and summarise evidence that interfering with sensory imagery can weaken cravings. We argue that treatments for addiction can be enhanced by the application of EI theory to maintain motivation, and assist in the management of craving in high-risk situations.
Absorbing aerosols at high relative humidity: linking hygroscopic growth to optical properties
Authors: Michel Flores J. , Bar-Or R. Z. , Bluvshtein N. , Abo-Riziq A. , Kostinski A. , Borrmann S. , Koren I. , Koren I. , Rudich Y.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. One of the major uncertainties in the understanding of Earth's climate system is the interaction between solar radiation and aerosols in the atmosphere. Aerosols exposed to high humidity will change their chemical, physical, and optical properties due to their increased water content. To model hydrated aerosols, atmospheric chemistry and climate models often use the volume weighted mixing rule to predict the complex refractive index (RI) of aerosols when they interact with high relative humidity, and, in general, assume homogeneous mixing. This study explores the validity of these assumptions. A humidified cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS) and a tandem hygroscopic DMA (differential mobility analyzer) are used to measure the extinction coefficient and hygroscopic growth factors of humidified aerosols, respectively. The measurements are performed at 80% and 90%RH at wavelengths of 532 nm and 355 nm using size-selected aerosols with different degrees of absorption; from purely scattering to highly absorbing particles. The ratio of the humidified to the dry extinction coefficients (fRHext(%RH, Dry)) is measured and compared to theoretical calculations based on Mie theory. Using the measured hygroscopic growth factors and assuming homogeneous mixing, the expected RIs using the volume weighted mixing rule are compared to the RIs derived from the extinction measurements. We found a weak linear dependence or no dependence of fRH(%RH, Dry) with size for hydrated absorbing aerosols in contrast to the non-monotonically decreasing behavior with size for purely scattering aerosols. No discernible difference could be made between the two wavelengths used. Less than 7% differences were found between the real parts of the complex refractive indices derived and those calculated using the volume weighted mixing rule, and the imaginary parts had up to a 20% difference. However, for substances with growth factor less than 1.15 the volume weighted mixing rule assumption needs to be taken with caution as the imaginary part of the complex RI can be underestimated.
Impacts of the January 2005 solar particle event on noctilucent clouds and water at the polar summer mesopause
Authors: Winkler H. , von Savigny C. , Burrows J. P. , Wissing J. M. , Schwartz M. J. , Lambert A. , García-Comas M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The response of noctilucent clouds to the solar particle event in January 2005 is investigated by means of icy particle and ion chemistry simulations. It is shown that the decreasing occurrence rate of noctilucent clouds derived from measurements of the SCIAMACHY/Envisat instrument can be reproduced by one-dimensional model simulations if temperature data from the MLS/Aura instrument are used. The model calculations indicate that the sublimation of noctilucent clouds leads to significant changes of the water distribution in the mesopause region. These model results are compared with H2O measurements from the MLS and the MIPAS/Envisat satellite instruments. The pronounced modelled water enhancement below the icy particle layer and its decrease during the SPE are not observed by the satellite instruments. At altitudes >85 km the satellite measurements show an increase of H2O during the SPE in qualitative agreement with the model predictions. The discrepancies between model H2O and observations at lower altitudes might be attributed to the one-dimensional model approach which in particular neglects inhomogeneities and horizontal transport processes. Additionally, it is revealed that the water depletion due to reactions of proton hydrates during the considered solar particle event has only a minor impact on the icy particles.
An intercomparison of radar-based liquid cloud microphysics retrievals and implications for model evaluation studies
Authors: Huang D. , Zhao C. , Dunn M. , Dong X. , Mace G. G. , Jensen M. P. , Xie S. , Liu Y.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. This paper presents a statistical comparison of three cloud retrieval products of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site from 1998 to 2006: MICROBASE, University of Utah (UU), and University of North Dakota (UND) products. The probability density functions of the various cloud liquid water content (LWC) retrievals appear to be consistent with each other. While the mean MICROBASE and UU cloud LWC retrievals agree well in the middle of cloud, the discrepancy increases to about 0.03 gm−3 at cloud top and cloud base. Alarmingly large differences are found in the droplet effective radius (re) retrievals. The mean MICROBASE re is more than 6 μm lower than the UU re, whereas the discrepancy is reduced to within 1 μm if columns containing raining and/or mixed-phase layers are excluded from the comparison. A suite of stratified comparisons and retrieval experiments reveal that the LWC difference stems primarily from rain contamination, partitioning of total liquid later path (LWP) into warm and supercooled liquid, and the input cloud mask and LWP. The large discrepancy among the re retrievals is mainly due to rain contamination and the presence of mixed-phase layers. Since rain or ice particles are likely to dominate radar backscattering over cloud droplets, the large discrepancy found in this paper can be thought of as a physical limitation of single-frequency radar approaches. It is therefore suggested that data users should use the retrievals with caution when rain and/or mixed-phase layers are present in the column.