bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salivary microbiome of an urban Indian cohort and patterns linked to subclinical inflammation
Authors: Acharya A , Chan Y , Kheur S , Kheur M , Gopalakrishnan D , Watt RM , Mattheos N
Published: April 2017

Objective

To profile salivary microbiomes of an urban‐living, healthy Indian cohort and explore associations with proinflammatory status.

Methods

Fifty‐one clinically healthy Indian subjects’ salivary microbiomes were analyzed using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Community distribution was compared with salivary data from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). Indian subjects were clustered using microbiome‐based “partitioning along medoids” (PAM), and relationships of interleukin‐1 beta levels with community composition were analyzed.

Results

Indian subjects presented higher phylogenetic diversity than HMP. Several taxa associated with traditional societies gut microbiomes (Bacteroidales, Paraprevotellaceae, and Spirochaetaceae) were raised. Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae were approximately fourfold greater. A PAM cluster enriched in several Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli taxa and having almost twofold higher Prevotella to Bacteroides ratio showed significant overrepresentation of subjects within the highest quartile of salivary interleukin‐1 beta levels. Abiotrophia, Anaerobacillus, Micrococcus, Aggregatibacter, Halomonas, Propionivivrio, Paracoccus, Mannhemia, unclassified Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Caulobacteraceae were each significant indicators of presence in the highest interleukin‐1 beta quartile. 2 OTUs representing Lactobacillus fermentum and Cardiobacterium hominis significantly correlated with interleukin‐1 beta levels.

Conclusion

The salivary microbiome of this urban‐dwelling Indian cohort differed significantly from that of a well‐studied Western cohort. Specific community patterns were putatively associated with subclinical inflammation levels.
Increased light‐use efficiency sustains net primary productivity of shaded coffee plants in agroforestry system
Authors: Charbonnier Fabien , Roupsard Olivier , le Maire Guerric , Guillemot Joannès , Casanoves Fernando , Lacointe André , Vaast Philippe , Allinne Clémentine , Audebert Louise , Cambou Aurélie , Clément‐Vidal Anne , Defrenet Elsa , Duursma Remko A. , Jarri Laura , Jourdan Christophe , Khac Emmanuelle , Leandro Patricia , Medlyn Belinda E. , Saint‐André Laurent , Thaler Philippe , Van Den Meersche Karel , Barquero Aguilar Alejandra , Lehner Peter , Dreyer Erwin
Published: April 2017

In agroforestry systems, shade trees strongly affect the physiology of the undergrown crop. However, a major paradigm is that the reduction in absorbed photosynthetically active radiation is, to a certain extent, compensated by an increase in light‐use efficiency, thereby reducing the difference in net primary productivity between shaded and non‐shaded plants. Due to the large spatial heterogeneity in agroforestry systems and the lack of appropriate tools, the combined effects of such variables have seldom been analysed, even though they may help understand physiological processes underlying yield dynamics.

In this study, we monitored net primary productivity, during two years, on scales ranging from individual coffee plants to the entire plot. Absorbed radiation was mapped with a 3D model (MAESPA). Light‐use efficiency and net assimilation rate were derived for each coffee plant individually.

We found that although irradiance was reduced by 60% below crowns of shade trees, coffee light‐use efficiency increased by 50%, leaving net primary productivity fairly stable across all shade levels.

Variability of aboveground net primary productivity of coffee plants was caused primarily by the age of the plants and by intraspecific competition among them (drivers usually overlooked in the agroforestry literature) rather than by the presence of shade trees.
Identical Presentation of Scapular Osteolysis in Two Patients with Thoracic Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Alonso Arroyo Verónica , Lopez‐Gutierrez Juan Carlos , Martinez Rox , Fernandez‐Pineda Israel
Published: April 2017

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare, locally aggressive vascular tumor that does not metastasize. We report two unique cases of KHE involving the right hemithorax and the upper ipsilateral extremity. Kasabach–Merrit phenomenon and osteolytic lesions in the scapula were observed in both cases.
Low‐Dose Cyclosporine A in the Treatment of Severe Atopic Dermatitis Complicated by Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Gnarra Maria , De Simone Clara , Garcovich Matteo , Garcovich Simone
Published: April 2017

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin disorder in children and is usually accompanied by genetic and environmental factors. Effective management and treatment of AD is challenging and often requires systemic immunosuppressive therapy when refractory to topical treatments. We report a rare association between chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and severe AD, management of which required systemic cyclosporine because of its favorable effects on inflammatory and viral‐related clinical outcomes.
Iatrogenic Calcinosis Cutis Successfully Treated with Topical Sodium Thiosulfate
Authors: García‐García Emilio , López‐López Rocío , Álvarez‐del‐Vayo Concepción , Bernabeu‐Wittel José
Published: April 2017

Calcinosis cutis is a term used to describe a group of disorders in which calcium salt deposits form in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. We report a 6‐year‐old boy with hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy who was admitted to the hospital for severe hypocalcemia being treated with calcium gluconate intravenous infusion through peripheral veins. Within a few days we made a diagnosis of iatrogenic calcinosis cutis and treatment with 10% topical sodium thiosulfate was prescribed; complete resolution of lesions was achieved after 6 months, with no local or systemic adverse effects. Because of the lack of noninvasive alternatives and the good tolerance of the treatment, especially in childhood, we suggest the topical use of this drug as an option for this condition.
Changes in the stimulus‐preceding negativity and lateralized readiness potential during reinforcement learning
Authors: Ren Xi , Valle‐Inclán Fernando , Tukaiev Sergii , Hackley Steven A.
Published: April 2017

According to reinforcement learning theory, dopamine‐dependent anticipatory processes play a critical role in learning from action outcomes such as feedback or reward. To better understand outcome anticipation, we examined variation in slow cortical potentials and assessed their changes over the course of motor‐skill acquisition. Healthy young adults learned a series of precisely timed, key press sequences. Feedback was delivered at a delay of either 2.5 or 8 s, to encourage use of either the striatally mediated, habit learning system or the hippocampus‐dependent, episodic memory system, respectively. During the 2.5‐s delay, the stimulus‐preceding negativity (SPN) was shown to decline in amplitude across trials, confirming previous results from a perceptual categorization task (Morís, Luque, & Rodríguez‐Fornells, 2013). This falsifies the hypothesis that SPN reflects specific outcome predictions, on the assumption that the ability to make such predictions should improve as a task is mastered. An SPN was also evident during the 8‐s delay, but it increased in amplitude across trials. At the conclusion of the 8‐s but not the 2.5‐s prefeedback interval, a reversed‐polarity lateralized readiness potential (LRP) was noted. It was suggested that this might indicate maintenance of an action representation for comparison with the feedback display. If so, this would constitute the first direct psychophysiological evidence for a popular hypothetical construct in quantitative models of reinforcement learning, the so‐called eligibility trace.
Nasopharyngeal viral PCR in immunosuppressed patients and its association with virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage by PCR
Authors: Lachant Daniel J. , Croft Daniel P. , McGrane Minton Heather , Prasad Paritosh , Kottmann Robert M.
Published: April 2017

Background and objective

Pulmonary infiltrates are common in immunosuppressed patients. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is often used to evaluate their aetiology. However, it may not always be easily performed. Thus, alternative diagnostic strategies may be needed. There is limited data on the correlation of nasopharyngeal (NP) respiratory viral panel (RVP)‐PCR testing compared with BAL. We aimed to identify the predictive value of NP RVP‐PCR samples compared with samples obtained from BAL in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates.

Methods

We conducted an observational retrospective study of immunosuppressed adults who underwent bronchoscopy in the Pulmonary Department at the University of Rochester Medical Center between January 2011 and June 2016. We compared the positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, specificity and false negative rate of NP RVP‐PCR and BAL RVP‐PCR, as well as identified clinical predictors of positive viral BAL RVP‐PCR.

Results

Eighty‐nine immunosuppressed patients had both NP and bronchoalveolar RVP‐PCR testing. Twenty‐one patients had NP(+)BAL(+) RVP‐PCR testing. Seven patients had false negative (NP(−)BAL(+)) RVP‐PCR testing. Three patients had NP(+)BAL(−) RVP‐PCR testing. The positive and negative predictive values of NP RVP‐PCR testing were 88% and 89%, respectively. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and testing performed in the winter and spring months were significantly associated with positive BAL RVP‐PCR (OR = 3.3 (1.19–9.12); OR = 4.62 (1.64–12.99), respectively).

Conclusion

NP RVP‐PCR testing has high concordance with testing performed on BAL samples. Repeat testing through BAL is beneficial when there is high concern for viral infection after initial NP RVP‐PCR testing is negative.
Dynamics of SIS Epidemic Model with Varying Total Population and Multivaccination Control Strategies
Authors: Zhang F. W. , Nie L. F.
Published: April 2017

In this paper, two susceptible‐infected‐susceptible epidemic models with varying total population size, continuous vaccination, and state‐dependent pulse vaccination are formulated to describe the transmission of infectious diseases, such as diphtheria, measles, rubella, pertussis, and so on. The first model incorporates the proportion of infected individuals in population as monitoring threshold value; we analytically show the existence and orbital asymptotical stability of positive order‐1 periodic solution for this control model. The other model determines control strategy by monitoring the proportion of susceptible individuals in population; we also investigate the existence and global orbital asymptotical stability of the disease‐free periodic solution. Theoretical results imply that the disease dies out in the second case. Finally, using realistic parameter values, we carry out some numerical simulations to illustrate the main theoretical results and the feasibility of state‐dependent pulse control strategy.
Coaching is teamwork! the role of need‐supportive coaching and the motivational climate in stimulating proactivity in volleyball teams
Authors: Van Puyenbroeck S. , Stouten J. , Vande Broek G.
Published: April 2017

Team sports settings are challenging, dynamic environments in which coaches often benefit from proactive players who take initiative in providing valuable suggestions and feedback. Based on self‐determination theory and achievement goal theory, this study examined the mediating role of a mastery and performance motivational climate in the positive relation between coaches' psychological need‐supportive behavior and team athletes' proactivity. The study sample consisted of 75 male and 105 female volleyball players (Mage=21.92, SDage=4.92), whose level ranged from the highest national level in Belgium to the regional levels. They completed a questionnaire assessing coach need support, motivational climate and three primary types of proactivity (voice, taking charge, and upward communication). Multilevel structural equation modeling yielded a good fit for the hypothesized model. Consistent with our hypotheses, need support related positively to a mastery climate (β=0.74, P<.001), which, in turn, positively predicted proactivity (β=0.72, P<.001). Need‐supportive coaching behavior negatively predicted a performance climate (β=−0.39, P<.001). Rejecting our hypothesis, a performance climate positively predicted proactivity, albeit to a smaller extent than a mastery climate (β=0.21, P<.001). These findings suggest that a need‐supportive coaching style enables coaches to create a mastery climate. Such a climate seems to encourage athletes to be proactive, which enables teams to effectively tackle encountered challenges. The weaker but significant positive relation between a performance climate and proactivity will be discussed within the framework of social interdependence theory.
HLA‐B*40:247, a novel HLA‐B*40 variant, identified by sequence‐based typing in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Chang C. L. , Lin C. Y.
Published: April 2017

A one nucleotide replacement in codon 261 of
HLA‐B*40:01:01 results in a novel allele,
HLA‐B*40:247
Descartes y las estrategias antiescépticas contemporáneas
Authors: Gómez Alonso Modesto
Published: April 2017

Uno de los cargos habituales contra el proyecto epistemológico cartesiano consiste en señalar que su principal objetivo (la superación de la duda escéptica) y los medios para alcanzarlo (la duda metódica) son incompatibles, de forma que el método bloquea ab initio su propia función. En este artículo argumento que dicha acusación solo es plausible al precio de ignorar tanto la naturaleza terapéutica del método cartesiano como los procedimientos concretos que Descartes emplea para alcanzar una posiciónepistémica desde la que las hipótesis escépticas radicales dejan de tener sentido. La estrategia antiescéptica cartesiana compite con ventaja con procedimientos rivales contemporáneos, se trate de estrategias externistas de orden revisionista o de estrategias de minimización del escepticismo que acentúen el carácter a-racional de nuestras creencias fundacionales.
De Kierkegaard a Freud: observaciones sobre la psicología del moderno malestar
Authors: Dip Patricia C.
Published: April 2017

Los objetivos de este trabajo son: a) concebir El concepto de la angustia en términos de un desplazamiento de la filosofía del espíritu a la psicología integral del espíritu, que puede entenderse como un antecedente de la unificación del psiquismo operada por el psicoanálisis; b) indicar la pertinencia de considerar algunos planteos de Kierkegaard como el marco teórico a partir del cual clarificar la preocupación epistemológica manifestada por Freud desde fines del siglo XIX, en su esfuerzo por definir teóricamente el psicoanálisis; c) poner en evidencia el olvido histórico de Kierkegaard a la hora de presentar los vínculos de Freud con la filosofía.
Metafísica y existencia: la noción de libertad en la obra
Authors: Benavides Cristian Eduardo
Published: April 2017

En el presente trabajo se abordan algunos de los conceptos y principios más importantes de la obra de Cornelio Fabro, con el fin de ponderar el alcance, originalidad y consistencia de su posición especulativa respecto de la noción de libertad. En la primera parte, se presenta el itinerario intelectual y científico de Cornelio Fabro. En la segunda, se examina el fundamento metafísico y existencial de la libertad y se hace un recorrido filosófico por los autores más representativos de la modernidad que intervienen en su pensamiento. En la tercera, se realizan algunas consideraciones finales que delimitan los puntos centrales desarrollados en el trabajo.
A Mathematical Model for the Propagation of an Animal Species on a Plain
Authors: Ndam Joel Nimyel , Dung Stephen
Published: April 2017

A mathematical model for the dynamics of an animal species propagating on a plain is constructed. Travelling wave solutions are then sought for two cases, the case with constant diffusion coefficient and that with density-dependent diffusion coefficient. The results show the existence of travelling wave solutions in both cases. The existence of travelling wave solutions for the two-dimensional model is important as it captures more realistically the physical interactions of species in a habitat. The minimum wave speeds as well as the basins of attraction were determined. The results also indicate the occurrence of a saddle-node bifurcation in the case with density-dependent diffusion coefficient. The basins of attraction in both cases are functions of the wave speedВ  and is still a subject for further investigation.
Atomic layer deposited ultrathin metal nitride barrier layers for ruthenium interconnect applications
Authors: Dey Sonal , Yu Kai-Hung , Consiglio Steven , Tapily Kandabara , Hakamata Takahiro , Wajda Cory S. , Leusink Gert J. , Jordan-Sweet Jean , Lavoie Christian , Muir David , Moreno Beatriz , Diebold Alain C.
Published: April 2017

Resistance capacitance time delay in Cu interconnects is becoming a significant factor requiring further performance improvements in future nanoelectronic devices. Choice of alternate interconnect materials, for example, refractory metals, and subsequent integration with underlying barrier and liner layers are extremely challenging for the sub-10 nm nodes. The development of conformal deposition processes for alternate interconnects, liner, and barrier materials are crucial in order for implementation of a possible replacement for Cu interconnects for narrow line widths. In this study, the authors report on ultrathin (∼3 nm) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown ruthenium films on 0.5 and 1 nm thick metal nitride (TiN, TaN) barrier layers deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD). Using scanning electron microscopy, the authors determined the effect of the underlying barrier layer on the coverage of the ruthenium overlayer. The authors utilized synchrotron x-ray diffraction with in situ rapid thermal annealing to investigate the thermal stability of the barrier layers and determine the effective activation energies of barrier failure leading to ruthenium monosilicide formation. For Ru films deposited directly on Si and on 0.5 nm MN (M = Ti, Ta) covered Si substrates, silicide formation proceeds via a two-step crystallization process involving lateral nucleation above ∼440 °C followed by thickening of the ruthenium monosilicide layer above ∼520 °C. This silicidation temperature of ∼440 °C could be potentially problematic in back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) processing since it is close to the typical thermal budget used. However ∼1 nm thick ALD MN (M = Ti, Ta) was found to be adequate to block silicide formation up to ∼580 and ∼620 °C for TiN and TaN, respectively, and also aided in superior coverage of the CVD ruthenium overlayer (>90%). The results reported here might be useful to ascertain annealing temperature and time for BEOL process and integration optimization without reaching a state where ruthenium silicides start forming.
Broadband signal response of thermo-acoustic devices and its applications
Authors: Tong L. H. , Lai S. K. , Lim C. W.
Published: April 2017

Thermo-acoustic (TA) transducers are generation of sound speakers without any mechanical vibration system which exhibit an extremely wide frequency response range. In this paper, acoustic field responses to broadband input signals applied to both free-standing and nano-thinfilm-substrate thermo-acoustic devices are developed theoretically by using the Fourier transformation. A series of signals, including single-frequency signal, square root signal, periodic triangle wave signal, and periodic rectangular pulse signal, are applied to these TA devices in simulations and the acoustic pressure responses are investigated. The reproducibility of input signals is predicted. The single frequency results show good agreement with previously published experimental results. Alternative methods for reproducing the original signals with small distortion and low power consumption are introduced. The excellent performance of the TA devices on broadband signal responses will provide a design approach for sound parametric array and underwater communication equipment.
China aims to sow a revolution with GM seed takeover
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: April 2017

Pending acquisition of Syngenta could speed approvals of biotech food crops.
Global Fund lessons for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey D. , Schmidt-Traub Guido
Published: April 2017

Transparency and independence underpin successes
Rise of the thought leader
The Ideas Industry: How Pessimists, Partisans, and Plutocrats Are Transforming the Marketplace of Ideas
Daniel W. Drezner
Oxford University Press, 2017. 356 pp.
Authors: Lee Daniel J.
Published: April 2017

A new kind of expert is flourishing in the modern marketplace of ideas. Should we be worried?
On rigor and replication
Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hopes, and Wastes Billions
Richard Harris
Basic Books, 2017. 288 pp.
Authors: Freedman Leonard P.
Published: April 2017

A journalist shines a harsh spotlight on biomedicine's reproducibility crisis
Identification of Virulent Capnocytophaga canimorsus Isolates by Capsular Typing
Authors: Hess Estelle , Renzi Francesco , Koudad Dunia , Dol Mélanie , Cornelis Guy R.
Published: April 2017

Capnocytophaga canimorsus
is a dog oral commensal that causes rare but severe infections in humans.
C. canimorsus
was recently shown to be endowed with a capsular polysaccharide implicated in resistance to the innate immune system of the host. Here, we developed the first
C. canimorsus
capsular serotyping scheme. We describe nine different serovars (A to I), and this serotyping scheme allowed typing of 25/25 isolates from human infections but only 18/52 isolates from dog mouths, indicating that the repertoire of capsules in the species is vast. However, while only three serovars (A, B, and C) covered 88% of the human isolates tested (22/25), they covered only 7.7% of the dog isolates (4/52). Serovars A, B, and C were found 22.9-, 14.6-, and 4.2-fold more often, respectively, among human isolates than among dog isolates, with no geographical bias, implying that isolates endowed with these three capsular types are more virulent for humans than other isolates. Capsular serotyping would thus allow identification of virulent isolates in dogs, which could contribute to the prevention of these infections. To this end, we developed a PCR typing method based on the amplification of specific capsular genes.
Cbl E3 Ligase Mediates the Removal of Nectin-1 from the Surface of Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Cells
Authors: Deschamps Thibaut , Dogrammatzis Christos , Mullick Ranajoy , Kalamvoki Maria
Published: April 2017

The Cbl E3 ligase has been linked to the down-modulation of surface signaling responses by inducing internalization of surface receptors. The adaptor protein CIN85 is a partner of Cbl that augments many of these interactions. Previously, an interaction was demonstrated between ICP0 and CIN85, which results in the removal of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from the surface of the infected cells with a concomitant attenuation of EGFR signaling. Here, we examined whether Cbl mediates the removal of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry receptor Nectin-1 from the surface of infected cells. We found the following: (i) that Cbl, Nectin-1, and the viral glycoprotein D (gD) form a complex in infected cells; (ii) that during infection Nectin-1 is removed from the surface of the infected cells but is retained on the surface of cells that have been depleted of Cbl; and (iii) that in cells infected with a ΔICP0 mutant virus, Nectin-1 remained on the cell surface. Thus, Cbl is necessary but not sufficient for the removal of Nectin-1 from the cell surface. In addition, we observed that in Cbl-depleted cells there was enhanced entry after infection. These cells were susceptible to secondary infections by HSV-1. Viral entry in CIN85-depleted cells was only moderately enhanced compared to that in the Cbl-depleted cells, suggesting that the Cbl–Nectin-1 interaction is likely the key to the downregulation of surface Nectin-1. The removal of the HSV-1 entry receptor Nectin-1 from the surface of the infected cells may be part of the strategy of the virus to efficiently spread to uninfected cells.

IMPORTANCE
The Cbl E3 ligase suppresses surface signaling responses by inducing internalization of surface components. The targets of Cbl include such components as immune system receptors, growth factor receptors, adhesion, and cell-to-cell contact molecules. The immediate early protein ICP0 of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) interacts with CIN85, an adaptor protein that augments Cbl functions. The consequence of this interaction is the removal of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from the surface of the infected cells with concomitant suppression of the EGF ligand signaling. The viral entry receptor Nectin-1 is also internalized during HSV-1 infection in a Cbl-dependent mechanism, and that increases the opportunity of the virus to spread to uninfected cells. The diversion of the Cbl/CIN85 endocytic machinery may be a strategy utilized by the virus to alter the cell surface pattern to prevent detrimental host responses.
Environmental and nutrition impact of achieving new School Food Plan recommendations in the primary school meals sector in England
Authors: Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Rayner Mike , Goldacre Michael , Townsend Nick , Scarborough Peter
Published: April 2017

Objectives

The aim of this modelling study was to estimate the expected changes in the nutritional quality and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) of primary school meals due to the adoption of new mandatory food-based standards for school meals.

Setting

Nationally representative random sample of 136 primary schools in England was selected for the Primary School Food Survey (PSFS) with 50% response rate.

Participants

A sample of 6690 primary students from PSFS who consumed school meals.

Outcome measures

Primary School Food Plan (SFP) nutritional impact was assessed using both macronutrient and micronutrient quality. The environmental impact was measured by GHGEs.

Methods

The scenario tested was one in which every meal served in schools met more than half of the food-based standards mentioned in the SFP (SFP scenario). We used findings from a systematic review to assign GHGE values for each food item in the data set. The GHGE value and nutritional quality of SFP scenario meals was compared with the average primary school meal in the total PSFS data set (pre-SFP scenario). Prior to introduction of the SFP (pre-SFP scenario), the primary school meals had mandatory nutrient-based guidelines.

Results

The percentage of meals that met the protein standard increased in the SFP scenario and the proportion of meals that met the standards for important micronutrients (eg, iron, calcium, vitamin A and C) also increased. However, the SFP scenario did not improve the salt, saturated fat and free sugar levels. The mean GHGE value of meals which met the SFP standards was 0.79 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.81) kgCO2e compared with a mean value of 0.72 (0.71 to 0.74) kgCO2e for all meals. Adopting the SFP would increase the total emissions associated with primary school meals by 22 000 000 kgCO2e per year.

Conclusions

The universal adoption of the new food-based standards, without reformulation would result in an increase in the GHGEs of school meals and improve some aspects of the nutritional quality, but it would not improve the average salt, sugar and saturated fat content levels.
Effects of injectable progestogen contraception versus the copper intrauterine device on HIV acquisition: sub-study of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hofmeyr G Justus , Singata-Madliki Mandisa , Lawrie Theresa A , Bergel Eduardo , Temmerman Marleen
Published: April 2017

Background

Evidence from observational studies suggests an increased risk of HIV acquisition among women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) contraception.

Methods

Within the context of a South African programme to increase women's access to the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), we conducted a pragmatic, open-label, parallel-arm, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the IUD versus injectable progestogen contraception (IPC) at two South African hospitals. The primary outcome was pregnancy; secondary outcomes included HIV acquisition. Consenting women attending termination of pregnancy services were randomised after pregnancy termination between July 2009 and November 2012. Condoms were promoted for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Voluntary HIV testing was offered at baseline and at 12 or more months later. Findings on HIV acquisition are reported in this article.

Results

HIV acquisition data were available for 1290 initially HIV-negative women who underwent a final study interview at a median of 20 months after randomisation to IPC or an IUD. Baseline group characteristics were comparable. In the IPC group, 545/656 (83%) of participants received DMPA, 96 (15%) received injectable norethisterone enanthate, 14 (2%) received the IUD and one received oral contraception. In the IUD group 609 (96%) received the IUD, 20 (3%) received IPC and 5 (1%) had missing data. According to intention-to-treat analysis, HIV acquisition occurred in 20/656 (3.0%) women in the IPC arm and 22/634 (3.5%) women in the IUD arm (IPC vs IUD, risk ratio 0.88; 95% confidence interval 0.48–1.59;p=0.7).

Conclusions

This sub-study was underpowered to rule out moderate differences in HIV risk, but confirms the feasibility of randomised trial methodology to address this question. Larger RCTs are needed to determine the relative risks of various contraceptive methods on HIV acquisition with greater precision.

Trial registration number

Pan African Clinical Trials Registry number PACTR201409000880157 (04-09-2014).
Improving lives through agriculture
Authors: Hufnagel Holly
Published: April 2017

Curiosity and luck led Holly Hufnagel to work in the development sector, where she supports international and multicultural teams
Enhanced performance of a structured cyclo olefin copolymer-based amorphous silicon solar cell
Authors: Zhan Xinghua , Chen Fei , Gao Mengyu , Tie Shengnian , Gao Wei
Published: April 2017

The submicron array was fabricated onto a cyclo olefin copolymer (COC) film by a hot embossing method. An amorphous silicon p-i-n junction and transparent conductive layers were then deposited onto it through a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and magnetron sputtering. The efficiency of the fabricated COC-based solar cell was measured and the result demonstrated 18.6% increase of the solar cell efficiency when compared to the sample without array structure. The imprinted polymer solar cells with submicron array indeed increase their efficiency.
Formulae for low-energy secondary electron yield from different kinds of emitters as a function of measurable variables
Authors: Xie Ai-Gen , Zhon Kun , Zhao De-Lin , Xia Yu-Qing
Published: April 2017

Based on the characteristics of secondary electron emission and the relationships among parameters of secondary electron yield [Formula: see text] in the low-energy range of [Formula: see text] eV (low-energy [Formula: see text]), the universal formula for low-energy [Formula: see text] as a function of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and maximum [Formula: see text] was deduced, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the incident energies of primary electron and of [Formula: see text], respectively. From the deduced universal formula and experimental low-energy [Formula: see text] from metals, semiconductors and insulators, special formula for low-energy [Formula: see text] from metals as a function of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and that for low-energy [Formula: see text] from semiconductors and insulators as a function of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were deduced, respectively. The results were analyzed, it can be concluded that the two deduced special formulae can be used to calculate low-energy [Formula: see text] from metals, semiconductors and insulators, respectively.
Evolution of axially symmetric systems and f(G) gravity
Authors: Sharif M. , Ismat Fatima H.
Published: April 2017

This paper explores evolution of dissipative axially symmetric collapsing fluid under the dark effects of [Formula: see text] gravity. We formulate the dynamical variables and study the effects of dark sources in pressure anisotropy as well as heat dissipation. The structure scalars (scalar functions) as well as their role in the dynamics of source are investigated. Finally, we develop heat transport equation to examine the thermodynamic aspect and a set of equations governing the evolution of dynamical variables. It is concluded that dark sources affect thermodynamics of the system, evolution of kinematical quantities as well as density inhomogeneity.
A Systems Security Analysis of Issuance and Verification of Birth Documents Enhanced with DNA Profiles
Authors: TANNIAN MARK F. , SCHWEIKERT CHRISTINA , LIU YING
Published: April 2017

The use of biometrics to enhance identification has been explored and utilized to various extents. DNA is the most reliable and stable biometric that remains unchanged throughout an individual’s lifetime. Advancements in DNA analysis, in terms of reduced cost and faster processing times, make the use of DNA as a biometric more feasible over time. Since DNA data is of a sensitive nature, privacy and ethical concerns would have to be carefully considered before large-scale adoption for use in identity documents. Birth certificates are a fundamental document used by a person for identification. However, it does not contain any means of authentication beyond possession of the document. This paper examines the security measures that would be required if birth certificates were embedded with DNA profile information. The U.S. FBI CODIS approach is referred to, being an established standard for human DNA profiling and identification. Effects on the issuance and verification network for birth certificate documents are explored, in addition to the security threats.
Changes as First-Class Citizens
Authors: Soetens Quinten David , Robbes Romain , Demeyer Serge
Published: April 2017

Software must evolve to keep up with an ever-changing context, the real world. We discuss an emergent trend in software evolution research revolving around the central notion that drives evolution: Change. By reifying change, and by modelling it as a first-class entity, researchers can now analyse the complex phenomenon known as software evolution with an unprecedented degree of accuracy. We present a Systematic Mapping Study of 86 articles to give an overview on the state of the art in this area of research and present a roadmap with open issues and future directions.
Clustered Elias-Fano Indexes
Authors: Pibiri Giulio Ermanno , Venturini Rossano
Published: April 2017

State-of-the-art encoders for inverted indexes compress each posting list
individually
. Encoding
clusters
of posting lists offers the possibility of reducing the redundancy of the lists while maintaining a noticeable query processing speed.

In this article, we propose a new index representation based on clustering the collection of posting lists and, for each created cluster, building an ad hoc
reference list
with respect to which all lists in the cluster are encoded with
Elias-Fano
. We describe a posting lists clustering algorithm tailored for our encoder and two methods for building the reference list for a cluster. Both approaches are heuristic and differ in the way postings are added to the reference list: according to their frequency in the cluster or according to the number of bits necessary for their representation.

The extensive experimental analysis indicates that significant space reductions are indeed possible, beating the best state-of-the-art encoders.
Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations
Authors: Turner Michelle C. , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Anderson Kim , Balshaw David , Cui Yuxia , Dunton Genevieve , Hoppin Jane A. , Koutrakis Petros , Jerrett Michael
Published: April 2017

The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.
TNFα enhances force generation in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Dogan Murat , Han Young-Soo , Delmotte Philippe , Sieck Gary C.
Published: April 2017

Airway inflammation is a hallmark of asthma, triggering airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperreactivity and airway remodeling. TNFα increases both agonist-induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) and force in ASM. The effects of TNFα on ASM force may also be due to an increase in Ca2+ sensitivity, cytoskeletal remodeling, and/or changes in contractile protein content. We hypothesized that 24 h of exposure to TNFα increases ASM force by changing actin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content and/or polymerization. Porcine ASM strips were permeabilized with 10% Triton X-100, and force was measured in response to increasing concentrations of Ca2+ (pCa 9.0 to 4.0) in control and TNFα-treated groups. Relative phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (p-MLC) and total actin, MLC, and MyHC concentrations were quantified at pCa 9.0, 6.1, and 4.0. Actin polymerization was quantified by the ratio of filamentous to globular actin at pCa 9.0 and 4.0. For determination of total cross-bridge formation, isometric ATP hydrolysis rate at pCa 4.0 was measured using an enzyme-coupled NADH-linked fluorometric technique. Exposure to TNFα significantly increased force across the range of Ca2+ activation but did not affect the intrinsic Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation. The TNFα-induced increase in ASM force was associated with an increase in total actin, MLC, and MyHC content, as well as an increase in actin polymerization and an increase in maximum isometric ATP hydrolysis rate. The results of this study support our hypothesis that TNFα increases force generation in ASM by increasing the number of contractile units (actin-myosin content) contributing to force generation.
Erythropoiesis with endurance training: dynamics and mechanisms
Authors: Montero David , Breenfeldt-Andersen Andreas , Oberholzer Laura , Haider Thomas , Goetze Jens P. , Meinild-Lundby Anne-Kristine , Lundby Carsten
Published: April 2017

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the progression of red blood cell volume (RBCV) expansion and potential volumetric and endocrine regulators of erythropoiesis during endurance training (ET). Nine healthy, untrained volunteers (age = 27 ± 4 yr) underwent supervised ET consisting of 3–4 × 60 min cycle ergometry sessions per week for 8 wk. Plasma volume (PV), RBCV, and overnight fasting hematological markers were determined before and at weeks 2, 4, and 8 of ET. In addition, plasma erythropoietin (EPO), cortisol, copeptin, and proatrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were measured during a 3-h morning period at baseline and postexercise at weeks 1 and 8. PV increased from baseline (2,405 ± 335 ml) at weeks 2, 4, and 8 (+374 ± 194, +505 ± 156, and +341 ± 160 ml, respectively, P < 0.001). Increases in RBCV from baseline (1,737 ± 442 ml) were manifested at week 4 (+109 ± 114 ml, P = 0.030) and week 8 (+205 ± 109 ml, P = 0.001). Overnight fasting plasma EPO concentration increased from baseline (11.3 ± 4.8 mIU/ml) at week 2 (+2.5 ± 2.8 mIU·ml−1, P = 0.027) and returned to baseline concentration at weeks 4 and 8. Higher 3-h-postexercise EPO concentration was observed at week 1 (11.6 mIU/ml) compared with week 8 (8.4 ± 3.9 mIU/ml, P = 0.009) and baseline (9.0 ± 4.2 mIU/ml, P = 0.019). Linear relationships between EPO concentration and hematocrit (β = −56.2, P < 0.001) and cortisol (β = 0.037, P < 0.001) were detected throughout the ET intervention. In conclusion, ET leads to mild, transient increases in circulating EPO concentration, concurring with early PV expansion and lowered hematocrit, preceding gradual RBCV enhancement.
Blood pressure and calf muscle oxygen extraction during plantar flexion exercise in peripheral artery disease
Authors: Luck J. Carter , Miller Amanda J. , Aziz Faisal , Radtka John F. , Proctor David N. , Leuenberger Urs A. , Sinoway Lawrence I. , Muller Matthew D.
Published: April 2017

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic vascular disease that affects 200 million people worldwide. Although PAD primarily affects large arteries, it is also associated with microvascular dysfunction, an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to exercise, and high cardiovascular mortality. We hypothesized that fatiguing plantar flexion exercise that evokes claudication elicits a greater reduction in skeletal muscle oxygenation (SmO2) and a higher rise in BP in PAD compared with age-matched healthy subjects, but low-intensity steady-state plantar flexion elicits similar responses between groups. In the first experiment, eight patients with PAD and eight healthy controls performed fatiguing plantar flexion exercise (from 0.5 to 7 kg for up to 14 min). In the second experiment, seven patients with PAD and seven healthy controls performed low-intensity plantar flexion exercise (2.0 kg for 14 min). BP, heart rate (HR), and SmO2 were measured continuously using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). SmO2 is the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin, expressed as a percent. At fatigue, patients with PAD had a greater increase in mean arterial BP (18 ± 2 vs. vs. 10 ± 2 mmHg, P = 0.029) and HR (14 ± 2 vs. 6 ± 2 beats/min, P = 0.033) and a greater reduction in SmO2 (−54 ± 10 vs. −12 ± 4%, P = 0.001). However, both groups had similar physiological responses to low-intensity, nonpainful plantar flexion exercise. These data suggest that patients with PAD have altered oxygen uptake and/or utilization during fatiguing exercise coincident with an augmented BP response.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this laboratory study, patients with peripheral artery disease performed plantar flexion exercise in the supine posture until symptoms of claudication occurred. Relative to age- and sex-matched healthy subjects we found that patients had a higher blood pressure response, a higher heart rate response, and a greater reduction in skeletal muscle oxygenation as determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. Our data suggest that muscle ischemia contributes to the augmented exercise pressor reflex in peripheral artery disease.
Gastroenterology Curriculum in the Canadian Medical School System
Authors: Dang ThucNhi Tran , Wong Clarence , Bistritz Lana
Published: April 2017

Background and Purpose.Gastroenterology is a diverse subspecialty that covers a wide array of topics. The preclinical gastroenterology curriculum is often the only formal training that medical students receive prior to becoming residents. There is no Canadian consensus on learning objectives or instructional methods and a general lack of awareness of curriculum at other institutions. This results in variable background knowledge for residents and lack of guidance for course development.Objectives.(1) Elucidate gastroenterology topics being taught at the preclinical level. (2) Determine instructional methods employed to teach gastroenterology content.Results. A curriculum map of gastroenterology topics was constructed from 10 of the medical schools that responded. Topics often not taught included pediatric GI diseases, surgery and trauma, food allergies/intolerances, and obesity. Gastroenterology was taught primarily by gastroenterologists and surgeons. Didactic and small group teaching was the most employed teaching method.Conclusion.This study is the first step in examining the Canadian gastroenterology curriculum at a preclinical level. The data can be used to inform curriculum development so that topics generally lacking are better incorporated in the curriculum. The study can also be used as a guide for further curriculum design and alignment across the country.
Expression of Neuroendocrine Factor VGF in Lung Cancer Cells Confers Resistance to EGFR Kinase Inhibitors and Triggers Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Hwang Wen , Chiu Yu-Fan , Kuo Ming-Han , Lee Kuan-Lin , Lee An-Chun , Yu Chia-Cherng , Chang Junn-Liang , Huang Wen-Chien , Hsiao Shih-Hsin , Lin Sey-En , Chou Yu-Ting
Published: April 2017

Mutations in EGFR drive tumor growth but render tumor cells sensitive to treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Phenotypic alteration in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to the TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. However, the mechanism underlying this resistance remains unclear. Here we report that high expression of a neuroendocrine factor termed VGF induces the transcription factor TWIST1 to facilitate TKI resistance, EMT, and cancer dissemination in a subset of lung adenocarcinoma cells. VGF silencing resensitized EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells to TKI. Conversely, overexpression of VGF in sensitive cells conferred resistance to TKIs and induced EMT, increasing migratory and invasive behaviors. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association of VGF expression with advanced tumor grade and poor survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. In a mouse xenograft model of lung adenocarcinoma, suppressing VGF expression was sufficient to attenuate tumor growth. Overall, our findings show how VGF can confer TKI resistance and trigger EMT, suggesting its potential utility as a biomarker and therapeutic target in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res; 77(11); 3013–26. ©2017 AACR.