bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Care for Children With Syndromic Craniofacial Synostosis Undergoing Le Fort III Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Restivo Andrea , Rondelli Egle , Giani Marco , Moretti Mattia , Fossati Chiara , Rona Roberto , Moretto Alessandra , Biondi Andrea , Mazzoleni Fabio , Foti Giuseppe
Published: June 2024

Objective:

To present characteristics, surgical variables, complications, and postoperative care in pediatric patients with craniofacial synostosis undergoing Le Fort III osteotomy.

Background:

Craniofacial synostoses are a group of genetic syndromes that result in premature fusion of cranial and facial sutures, leading to craniofacial deformities and associated complications. Midface advancement through Le Fort III osteotomy is the most frequent surgical option for these conditions.

Methods:

Retrospective monocentric cohort study including patients with syndromic craniofacial synostosis who underwent Le Fort III osteotomy between 2009 and 2022 in a specialized referral center. Data collection encompassed surgical time, blood loss, intraoperative transfusions, fluid balance, and postoperative parameters such as duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay.

Results:

Twenty-six children were included in the analysis. The median surgical time was 345 minutes (300–360), with an estimated blood loss of 15 (9.9–24) mL/kg. Patients required a median transfusion of 12.63 (7.1–24.5) mL/kg of packed red blood cells and 19.82 (11.1–33) mL/kg of fresh frozen plasma. Intraoperative fluid balance was + 12.5 (0.8–22.8) mL/kg, with a median infusion of 30.4 (23.9–38.7) mL/kg of crystalloids. All patients were transferred to the ICU after surgery to ensure a safe environment for extubation. The median duration of mechanical ventilation in the ICU was 30 (20.25–45) hours, and postoperative ICU length of stay was 2 (2–4) days, and complications were infrequent, with only one extubation failure recorded.

Conclusion:

Le Fort III osteotomy in craniofacial synostosis patients may be characterized by a complex perioperative course. A multidisciplinary approach in the care of these patients allows for minimizing complications in the perioperative phase. Further research is needed to enhance perioperative management in this unique patient population.
Machine Learning in Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Lundin Robert M. , Falcao Veronica Podence , Kannangara Savani , Eakin Charles W. , Abdar Moloud , O'Neill John , Khosravi Abbas , Eyre Harris , Nahavandi Saeid , Loo Colleen , Berk Michael
Published: June 2024

Despite years of research, we are still not able to reliably predict who might benefit from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment. As we exhaust what is possible using traditional statistical analysis, ECT remains a good candidate for machine learning approaches due to the large data sets with data captured through electroencephalography (EEG) and other objective measures. A systematic review of 6 databases led to the full-text examination of 26 articles using machine learning approaches in examining data predicting response to ECT treatment. The identified articles used a wide variety of data types covering structural and functional imaging data (n = 15), clinical data (n = 5), a combination of clinical and imaging data (n = 2), EEG (n = 3), and social media posts (n = 1). The clinical indications in which response prediction was assessed were depression (n = 21) and psychosis (n = 4). Changes in multiple anatomical regions in the brain were identified as holding a predictive value for response to ECT. These primarily centered on the limbic system and associated networks. Clinical features predicting good response to ECT in depression included shorter duration, lower severity, higher medication dose, psychotic features, low cortisol levels, and positive family history. It has also been possible to predict the likelihood of relapse of readmission with psychosis after ECT treatment, including a better response if higher transfer entropy was calculated from EEG signals. A transdisciplinary approach with an international consortium collecting a wide range of retrospective and prospective data may help to refine and extend these outcomes and translate them into clinical practice.
Random walk models for the propagation of signalling molecules in one-dimensional spatial networks and their continuum limit
Authors: Mehrpooya Adel , Challis Vivien J. , Buenzli Pascal R.
Published: June 2024

The propagation of signalling molecules within cellular networks is affected not only by network topology, but also by the spatial arrangement of cells in the networks. Understanding the collective reaction–diffusion behaviour in space of signals propagating through cellular networks is an important consideration, for example, for regenerative signals that convey positional information. In this work, we consider stochastic and deterministic versions of random walk models of signalling molecules propagating and reacting within one-dimensional spatial networks with arbitrary node placement and connectivity. By taking a continuum limit of the random walk models, we derive an inhomogeneous reaction–diffusion–advection equation, where diffusivity and advective velocity depend on local node density and connectivity within the network. Our results show that large spatial variations of molecule concentrations can be induced by heterogeneous node distributions. Furthermore, we find that noise within the stochastic random walk model is directly influenced by node density. We apply our models to consider signal propagation within the osteocyte network of bone, where signals propagating to the bone surface regulate bone formation and resorption processes. We investigate signal-to-noise ratios for different damage detection scenarios and show that the location of perturbations to the network can be detected by signals received at the network boundaries.
Long-term potentiation: 50 years on: past, present and future
Authors: Abraham W. C. , Bliss T. V. P. , Collingridge G. L. , Morris R. G. M.
Published: June 2024

We introduce and summarize reviews and research papers by speakers at a discussion meeting on ‘Long-term potentiation: 50 years on’ held at the Royal Society, London, on 20–21 November 2023. The meeting followed earlier discussion meetings marking the 30th and 40th anniversaries of the discovery of long-term potentiation. These new contributions give an overview of current research and controversies in a vibrant branch of neuroscience with important implications for our understanding of the neurobiological basis of many forms of learning and memory and a wide spectrum of neurological and cognitive disorders.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.
Impaired Quality of Life in Patients with Post-Surgical Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Ivanovic-Zuvic Danisa , Chelebifski Slavka , Uribe Benjamin , Quintana Camila , Domínguez José Miguel , Olmos Roberto , Florenzano Pablo
Published: June 2024

Background: Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by chronic hypocalcemia with low or abnormal parathyroid hormone levels. Thyroid surgery remains a predominant cause of hypoparathyroidism, often preventable by partial thyroidectomy. Although hypoparathyroidism can impair quality of life (QOL), data remain limited for Latin America. We aimed to characterize clinical manifestations and QOL in patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism.Methods: This case-control study included patients (>18 years) who underwent total thyroidectomy (TT) for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism (Group 1, Cases) and those with DTC who underwent TT without postsurgical hypoparathyroidism (Group 2, Controls). Clinical records were collected, and the SF-36v2 QOL survey and a structured symptom survey were applied. A logistic multivariate regression analysis was performed.Results: This study included 106 subjects (Group 1, N=41; Group 2, N=65). Group 1 patients were younger, had a higher frequency of lymph node resection, and more frequently received Ι-131 than Group 2 patients (p<0.05). In the SF-36v2 survey, Group 1 had fewer physical-functioning scores (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–11.7) and lower scores in mental and physical components than Group 2 and national records. Commonly reported symptoms include paresthesia, daily fatigue, and memory alterations. Treatment adherence rates were 56% and 71% for calcium and calcitriol, respectively. Furthermore, 24% of patients experienced one or more hypoparathyroidism drug-related adverse effects.Conclusions: Patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism had an impaired QOL, a high frequency of disease-associated symptoms, and limited treatment adherence. These results should be considered when deciding the best surgical alternative for DTC.
Publication Trends in Osteoporosis Treatment: A 20-Year Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Kim Seung-Ju , Lee Dong-Woo
Published: June 2024

Background: Osteoporosis prevalence continues to escalate with the growth of the older adult population. In this study, we aimed to investigate the profile of osteoporosis treatment-related research articles published in the past 20 years using bibliometric analysis. Methods: We analyzed all osteoporosis treatment-related articles published between 2001 and 2020 in the Web of Science (WoS) database using bibliometric methods. In the Title search section in WoS, we searched the documents using “osteoporosis treatment”-related keywords. We used the VOSviewer software to construct the bibliometric maps of keyword co-occurrences. Results: Our search yielded 29,738 publications, 21,556 (72.5%) were original articles and 4,529 (15.2%) were review articles and review articles (4,529). We noticed a steady increase in the publication numbers from 2001 to 2020. The overall scientific publication number in WoS increased 3.5-fold, with the five most productive countries being the USA, China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. The largest contributor was the University of California system. The most productive journals were Osteoporosis International (1,679, 6.4%), Bone (832, 3.2%), and the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (727, 2.8%). We observed increasing trends in the appearance of denosumab and teriparatide during the last two decades. In our keyword co-occurrence analysis, we constructed four keyword clusters using VOSviewer. Conclusions: In this study, we provided a gross overview of the visibility and productivity of research studies in osteoporosis treatment. Substantial changes have occurred in osteoporosis treatment over the last 20 years. The effector mechanism of anti-osteoporosis medications could be future hot spots in osteoporosis research. We believe that our study is a valuable guide for clinicians related to the global outputs of osteoporosis treatment.
Revealing patterns in major depressive disorder with machine learning and networks
Authors: Sallum Loriz Francisco , Alves Caroline L. , Toutain Thaise G. L. de O. , Porto Joel Augusto Moura , Thielemann Christiane , Rodrigues Francisco A.
Published: June 2024

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifaceted condition that affects millions of people worldwide and is a leading cause of disability. There is an urgent need for an automated and objective method to detect MDD due to the limitations of traditional diagnostic approaches. In this paper, we propose a methodology based on machine and deep learning to classify patients with MDD and identify altered functional connectivity patterns from EEG data. We compare several connectivity metrics and machine learning algorithms. Complex network measures are used to identify structural brain abnormalities in MDD. Using Spearman correlation for network construction and the SVM classifier, we verify that it is possible to identify MDD patients with high accuracy, exceeding literature results. The SHAP (SHAPley Additive Explanations) summary plot highlights the importance of C4-F8 connections and also reveals dysfunction in certain brain areas and hyperconnectivity in others. Despite the lower performance of the complex network measures for the classification problem, assortativity was found to be a promising biomarker. Our findings suggest that understanding and diagnosing MDD may be aided by the use of machine learning methods and complex networks.
GABA production induced by imipridones is a targetable and imageable metabolic alteration in diffuse midline gliomas
Authors: Batsios Georgios , Udutha Suresh , Taglang Céline , Gillespie Anne Marie , Lau Benison , Ji Sunjong , Phoenix Timothy , Mueller Sabine , Venneti Sriram , Koschmann Carl , Viswanath Pavithra
Published: June 2024

Diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are lethal primary brain tumors in children. The imipridones ONC201 and ONC206 induce mitochondrial dysfunction and have emerged as promising therapies for DMG patients. However, efficacy as monotherapy is limited, identifying a need for strategies that enhance response. Another hurdle is the lack of biomarkers that report on drug-target engagement at an early timepoint after treatment onset. Here, using1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which is a non-invasive method of quantifying metabolite pool sizes, we show that accumulation of ψ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an early metabolic biomarker that can be detected within a week of ONC206 treatment, when anatomical alterations are absent, in mice bearing orthotopic xenografts. Mechanistically, imipridones activate the mitochondrial protease ClpP and upregulate the stress-responsive transcription factor ATF4. ATF4, in turn, upregulates glutamate decarboxylase, which synthesizes GABA, and downregulatesABAT, which degrades GABA, leading to GABA accumulation in DMG cells and tumors. Functionally, GABA secreted by imipridone-treated cells acts in an autocrine manner via the GABAB receptor to induce expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which mitigates imipridone-induced oxidative stress and, thereby, curbs apoptosis. Importantly, blocking autocrine GABA signaling using the clinical stage GABAB receptor antagonist SGS-742 exacerbates oxidative stress and synergistically induces apoptosis in combination with imipridones in DMG cells and orthotopic tumor xenografts. Collectively, we identify GABA as a unique metabolic adaptation to imipridones that can be leveraged for non-invasive assessment of drug-target engagement and therapy. Clinical translation of our studies has the potential to enable precision metabolic therapy and imaging for DMG patients.

One Sentence Summary

Imipridones induce GABA accumulation in diffuse midline gliomas, an effect that can be leveraged for therapy and non-invasive imaging.
Optical sectioning for reflection interference microscopy: quantitative imaging at soft interfaces
Authors: Ventalon Cathie , Kirichuk Oksana , Navon Yotam , Chastagnier Yan , Heux Laurent , Richter Ralf P. , Bureau Lionel , Débarre Delphine
Published: June 2024

Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM, also known as interference reflection microscopy) and related techniques have become of wide interest to the biophysical, soft matter and biochemistry communities owing to their exquisite sensitivity for characterising thin films or individual nanoscopic objects adsorbed onto surfaces, or for monitoring cell-substrate interactions. Over the recent years, striking progresses have been made to improve the sensitivity and the quantitative analysis of RICM. Its use in more complex environments, with spurious reflections stemming from a variety of structures in the sample, remains however challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate two optical sectioning methods that effectively reduce such background and can be readily implemented in a conventional RICM setup: line confocal detection, and structured illumination microscopy. We characterise experimentally the benefits to image quality and demonstrate the use of the methods for quantitative imaging of complex biological and biomimetic samples: cellular membranes, thin organic films, surface biofunctionalization. We then discuss the benefits of each method and provide guidelines to arbitrate between sectioning and signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we provide a detailed description of our experimental setup and a home-written image acquisition and processing software that should allow the interested reader to duplicate such a setup on a home-built or commercial microscope.
Detecting predicted cancer-testis antigens in proteomics datasets of healthy and tumoral samples
Authors: Tabosa Machado Karla Cristina , Da Silva Fiúza Tayná , De Souza Sandro José , De Souza Gustavo Antônio
Published: June 2024

Biomarkers are molecular markers found in clinical samples which may aid disease diagnosis or prognosis. High-throughput techniques allow prospecting for such signature molecules by comparing gene expression between normal and sick cells. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are promising candidates for cancer biomarkers due to their limited expression to the testis in normal conditions versus their aberrant expression in various tumors. CTAs are routinely identified by transcriptomics, but a comprehensive characterization of their protein levels in different tissues is still necessary. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics allows the characterization of many cellular types and the production of large amounts of data while computational tools allow the comparison of multiple datasets, and together those may corroborate insights obtained at the transcriptomic level. Here a computational meta-analysis explores the CTAs protein abundance in the proteomic layer of healthy and tumor tissues. The combined datasets present the expression patterns of 17,200 unique proteins, including 241 known CTAs previously described at the transcriptomic level. Those were further ranked as significantly enriched in tumor tissues (22 proteins), exclusive to tumor tissues (42 proteins) or abundant in healthy tissues (32 proteins). This analysis illustrates the possibilities for tumor proteome characterization and the consequent identification of biomarker candidates and/or therapeutic targets.
Internal consistency and concurrent validity of the Peruvian Infant Development Scale tool in high-altitude rural Andean Peru
Authors: Nuño Néstor , Mäusezahl Daniel , McCoy Dana , Hartinger Stella María
Published: June 2024

Background

Measuring the developmental status of children living in low- and middle-income countries is a major challenge. The Peruvian Infant Development Scale (ESDI) is a screening instrument used for children under 36 months of age. The ESDI has been validated in Peru, but its psychometric properties have not been yet compared with international instruments.

Methods

In rural Andean Peru, we compared ESDI scores with those of the Bayley Scales of Infant Toddler Development (BSID) to investigate the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the ESDI. Internal consistency was assessed using standardised Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (α) and item-test correlations. We examined the concurrent validity of cognitive, motor, and communication domains using Pearson correlations (r) and bootstrapping methods in children aged 19-30 months and 31-36 months. We also examined the relationship between the developmental domains, maternal education, and household wealth.

Results

We compared information from 167 children. Internal consistency and reliability were acceptable for both the ESDI (α=0.75; item-test: 0.68-0.85) and the BSID (α=0.91; item-test: 0.82-0.90). In children aged 19-30 months, we found weak correlations for the cognitive (r=0.04;p>0.05) and motor (r=-0.04-0.11;p>0.05) domains, and moderate-to-strong correlations for the communication domain (r=0.42-0.57;p<0.05). At 31-36 months of age, we found moderate correlations for the cognitive (r=0.46;p<0.05) and communication (r=0.37-0.44;p<0.05) domains, and weak-to-moderate correlations for the motor domain (r=0.22-0.31;p<0.05). The ESDI and BSID domains were equally correlated with maternal education and household wealth.

Conclusions

The ESDI is a useful instrument for assessing the developmental status of children, especially those over 30 months of age. Due to its free cost, short duration, and simple administration, the ESDI is suitable for resource-poor settings in Peru. The ESDI can be strategically scaled through the Peruvian ECD programmeCuna Mas, so that this intervention can be adequately monitored in a cost-effective manner.
Loss of neuronal lysosomal acid lipase drives amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Barnett Alexandra M , Dawkins Lamar , Zou Jian , McNair Elizabeth , Nikolova Viktoriya D , Moy Sheryl S , Sutherland Greg T , Stevens Julia , Colie Meagan , Katemboh Kemi , Kellner Hope , Damian Corina , DeCastro Sagan , Vetreno Ryan P , Coleman Leon G
Published: June 2024

Underlying drivers of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) pathology remain unknown. However, multiple biologically diverse risk factors share a common pathological progression. To identify convergent molecular abnormalities that drive LOAD pathogenesis we compared two common midlife risk factors for LOAD, heavy alcohol use and obesity. This revealed that disrupted lipophagy is an underlying cause of LOAD pathogenesis. Both exposures reduced lysosomal flux, with a loss of neuronal lysosomal acid lipase (LAL). This resulted in neuronal lysosomal lipid (NLL) accumulation, which opposed Aβ localization to lysosomes. Neuronal LAL loss both preceded (with aging) and promoted (targeted knockdown) Aβ pathology and cognitive deficits in AD mice. The addition of recombinant LALex vivoand neuronal LAL overexpressionin vivoprevented amyloid increases and improved cognition. In WT mice, neuronal LAL declined with aging and correlated negatively with entorhinal Aβ. In healthy human brain, LAL also declined with age, suggesting this contributes to the age-related vulnerability for AD. In human LOAD LAL was further reduced, correlated negatively with Aβ1-42, and occurred with polymerase pausing at the LAL gene. Together, this finds that the loss of neuronal LAL promotes NLL accumulation to impede degradation of Aβ in neuronal lysosomes to drive AD amyloid pathology.

Cellular and molecular drivers of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) are unknown, though several risk factors account for the majority of disease incidence1–5. Though diverse in their biological natures, each of these risk exposures converge on a shared pathological progression with the accumulation of amyloid early in the disease. Human genetic and transcriptomic studies suggest a role for altered lipid metabolism6–9, though the mechanism has been unknown. Here, using two common midlife risk exposures for LOAD, we found that dysfunctional lipophagy caused by the loss of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) promotes early LOAD pathogenesis. Both midlife obesity and heavy alcohol reduced neuronal LAL, causing an increase in neuronal lysosomal lipid, and a subsequent accumulation of Aβ in the extra-lysosomal cytosol. This loss of LAL preceded and promoted Aβ pathology and cognitive deficits in AD mice. The addition of recombinant LALex vivoand neuronal LAL overexpressionin vivoprevented increases in amyloid and improved cognition. In human brain, LAL declined with age in healthy subjects, similar to rodents, showing robust losses in LOAD subjects with polymerase pausing. Together, this implicates neuronal LAL loss in LOAD pathogenesis and presents LAL as a promising diagnostic, preventative, and/or therapeutic target for AD.
Selective inflammation of the tumor microenvironment and invigorated T cell-mediated tumor control upon induced systemic inactivation of TREX1
Authors: Marinkovic Emilija , Chen Minyi , Schubert Nadja , Dar Elif Dogan , Leung Janet Y. , Lohre Jack , Sahni Jennifer M. , Tun Christine , Rajeswaran Pavithra , Mehlo-Jensen Tanja , Perng Olivia , Hill C. Mark , Sivakumar Pallavur , Barnes Michael , Malik Rohit , Behrendt Rayk , Roers Axel
Published: June 2024

Therapeutic innate immune stimulation within the tumor microenvironment can potentiate endogenous antitumor T cell immunity. DNase 3’-repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is essential for cellular DNA disposal which prevents autoimmunity ensuing from cGAS/STING activation by endogenous DNA. Optimal strategies to therapeutically leverage cGAS/STING signalling for cancer therapy are highly sought after. TREX1-deficient tumor cells elicit enhanced protective immunity in syngeneic models. Here we show that induced inactivation of theTrex1gene in (non-malignant) host cells is well tolerated and yields improved type I IFN- and T cell-dependent control of established TREX1-competent tumors with selective immune cell infiltration of tumor, but not other tissues. Intra-tumoral T cell proliferation and numbers of effector and effector-like ‘exhausted’ cells massively increased, enabling complete rejection in synergy with checkpoint inhibition. We conclude that systemic TREX1 inhibition is a promising approach to boost anti-tumor immunity, that can overcome immune evasion by cancer cell- intrinsic cGAS/STING inactivation.
Statistical batch-aware embedded integration, dimension reduction and alignment for spatial transcriptomics
Authors: Li Yanfang , Zhang Shihua
Published: June 2024

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies provide richer insights into the molecular characteristics of cells by simultaneously measuring gene expression profiles and their relative locations. However, each slice can only contain limited biological variation, and since there are almost always non-negligible batch effects across different slices, integrating numerous slices to account for batch effects and locations is not straightforward. Here, we propose a hierar-chical hidden Markov random field model STADIA to reduce batch effects, extract common biological patterns across multiple ST slices, and simultaneously identify spatial domains. We demonstrate the effectiveness of STADIA using five datasets from different species (human and mouse), various organs (brain, skin, and liver), and diverse platforms (10x Visium, ST, and Slice-seqV2). STADIA can capture common tissue structures across multiple slices and preserve slice-specific biological signals. In addition, STADIA outperforms the other three competing methods (PRECAST, fastMNN and Harmony) in terms of the balance between batch mixing and spatial domain identification.
Dynamics of heavy flavor in a weakly magnetized hot QCD medium
Authors: Dey Debarshi , Patra Binoy Krishna
Published: June 2024

We obtain the spatial and momentum-diffusion coefficients (Ds and κ) and the collisional energy loss (dE/dx) of a heavy quark (HQ) traversing through a thermal medium of quarks and gluons in a weak magnetic field (B), for the two cases of the HQ moving either parallel or perpendicular to B. For that purpose, we consider Coulomb scatterings (t-channel) of the HQ with the light quarks, obtained from the imaginary part of the HQ self-energy via the cutting rules. Both the normalized (by T3)

κ

, and dE/dx, for charm quarks are larger than that for bottom quarks due to the larger mass of the latter. Also, the effect of B is more feeble on the bottom quark, compared to the charm quark. Comparatively, the magnitudes of both κ and dE/dx are significantly smaller for the case of v⊥B. For both the cases, our results show that the momentum transfer between the HQ and the medium takes place preferentially along the direction of HQ velocity, thus leading to a significant increase in the momentum-diffusion anisotropy, compared to B=0. We also calculate the (scaled) spatial diffusion coefficient, which we find to be independent of the heavy flavor mass and is almost unaffected by changes in B.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Simulation of open quantum systems via low-depth convex unitary evolutions
Authors: Peetz Joseph , Smart Scott E. , Tserkis Spyros , Narang Prineha
Published: June 2024

Simulating physical systems on quantum devices is one of the most promising applications of quantum technology. Current quantum approaches to simulating open quantum systems are still practically challenging on NISQ-era devices, because they typically require ancilla qubits and extensive controlled sequences. In this work, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical approach for simulating a class of open system dynamics called random-unitary channels. These channels naturally decompose into a series of convex unitary evolutions, which can then be efficiently sampled and run as independent circuits. The method does not require deep ancilla frameworks and thus can be implemented with lower noise costs. We implement simulations of open quantum systems up to dozens of qubits and with large channel ranks.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Efficient circular Dyson Brownian motion algorithm
Authors: Buijsman Wouter
Published: June 2024

Circular Dyson Brownian motion describes the Brownian dynamics of particles on a circle (periodic boundary conditions), interacting through a logarithmic, long-range two-body potential. Within the log-gas picture of random matrix theory, it describes the level dynamics of unitary (“circular”) matrices. A common scenario is that one wants to know about an initial configuration evolved over a certain interval of time, without being interested in the intermediate dynamics. Numerical evaluation of this is computationally expensive as the time-evolution algorithm is accurate only on short time intervals because of an underlying perturbative approximation. This work proposes an efficient and easy-to-implement improved circular Dyson Brownian motion algorithm for the unitary class (Dyson index β=2, physically corresponding to broken time-reversal symmetry). The algorithm allows one to study time evolution over arbitrarily large intervals of time at a fixed computational cost, with no approximations being involved.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Limited data on infectious disease distribution exposes ambiguity in epidemic modeling choices
Authors: Di Domenico Laura , Valdano Eugenio , Colizza Vittoria
Published: June 2024

Traditional disease transmission models assume that the infectious period is exponentially distributed with a recovery rate fixed in time and across individuals. This assumption provides analytical and computational advantages, however, it is often unrealistic when compared to empirical data. Current efforts in modeling nonexponentially distributed infectious periods are either limited to special cases or lead to unsolvable models. Also, the link between empirical data (the infectious period distribution) and the modeling needs (the definition of the corresponding recovery rates) lacks a clear understanding. Here we introduce a mapping of an arbitrary distribution of infectious periods into a distribution of recovery rates. Under the Markovian assumption to ensure analytical tractability, we show that the same infectious period distribution at the population level can be reproduced by two modeling schemes that we call and , depending on the individual response to the infection, and aggregated empirical data cannot easily discriminate the correct scheme. Besides being conceptually different, the two schemes also lead to different epidemic trajectories. Although sharing the same behavior close to the disease-free equilibrium, the scheme deviates from the expected epidemic when reaching the endemic equilibrium of a susceptible-infectious-susceptible transmission model, while the scheme turns out to be equivalent to assuming a homogeneous recovery rate. We show this through analytical computations and stochastic epidemic simulations on a contact network, using both generative network models and empirical contact data. It is therefore possible to reproduce heterogeneous infectious periods in network-based transmission models, however, the resulting prevalence is sensitive to the modeling choice for the interpretation of the empirically collected data on the length of the infectious period. In the absence of higher resolution data, studies should acknowledge such deviations in the epidemic predictions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Photon superfluidity through dissipation
Authors: Keijsers G. , Ham T. , Geng Z. , Peters K. J. H. , Wouters M. , Rodriguez S. R. K.
Published: June 2024

Superfluidity—frictionless flow—has been observed in various physical systems such as liquid helium, cold atoms, and exciton polaritons. Superfluidity is usually realized by cooling and suppressing all dissipation. Here we challenge this paradigm by demonstrating signatures of superfluidity, enabled by dissipation, in the flow of light within a room-temperature oil-filled cavity. Dissipation in the oil mediates effective photon-photon interactions which are noninstantaneous and nonlocal. Such interactions were expected to severely limit the emergence of superfluidity in conservative photonic systems. Surprisingly, when launching a photon fluid with sufficiently high density and low velocity against an obstacle in our driven-dissipative cavity, we observe a record suppression of backscattering. Our experiments also reveal the reorganization dynamics of photons into a nonscattering steady state and a qualitatively changing behavior of the optical phase as light propagates around the obstacle. The phase is locked between the laser and the obstacle but evolves with the intensity in the wake of the obstacle where the density of the photon fluid and its mean-field interaction energy decrease. Using a generalized Gross–Pitaevskii equation for photons coupled to a thermal field, we model our experiments and elucidate how the noninstantaneous and nonlocal character of interactions influences the suppression of scattering associated with superfluidity. Beyond providing the first signatures of cavity photon superfluidity, and of any superfluid both at room temperature and in steady state, our results pave the way for probing photon hydrodynamics in arbitrary potential landscapes using structured mirrors.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Excitation spectrum and spin Hamiltonian of the frustrated quantum Ising magnet
Pr3BWO9
Authors: Nagl J. , Flavián D. , Hayashida S. , Povarov K. Yu. , Yan M. , Murai N. , Ohira-Kawamura S. , Simutis G. , Hicken T. J. , Luetkens H. , Baines C. , Hauspurg A. , Schwarze B. V. , Husstedt F. , Pomjakushin V. , Fennell T. , Yan Z. , Gvasaliya S. , Zheludev A.
Published: June 2024

We present a thorough experimental investigation on of the rare-earth based frustrated quantum antiferromagnet Pr3BWO9, a purported spin-liquid candidate on the breathing kagome lattice. This material possesses a disordered ground state with an unusual excitation spectrum involving a coexistence of sharp spin waves and broad continuum excitations. Nevertheless, we show through a combination of thermodynamic, magnetometric, and spectroscopic probes with detailed theoretical modeling that it should be understood in a completely different framework. The crystal field splits the lowest quasidoublet states into two singlets moderately coupled through frustrated superexchange, resulting in a simple effective Hamiltonian of an Ising model in a transverse magnetic field. While our neutron spectroscopy data do point to significant correlations within the kagome planes, the dominant interactions are out-of-plane, forming frustrated triangular spin-tubes through two competing ferro-antiferromagnetic bonds. The resulting ground state is a simple quantum paramagnet, where the presence of strongly hyperfine-coupled nuclear moments and weak structural disorder causes significant modifications to both thermodynamic and dynamic properties.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Coherent exchange-coupled nonlocal Kondo impurities
Authors: Stocker Lidia , Zilberberg Oded
Published: June 2024

Quantum dots exhibit a variety of strongly correlated effects, e.g., they can emulate localized magnetic impurities that form a Kondo singlet with their surrounding environment. Interestingly, in double-dot setups, such magnetic impurities couple to each other by direct Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction, which wins over the Kondo physics. In this work, we investigate a double-dot device where the dots are coupled via off-resonant ballistic modes, dubbed electronic cavity modes. Within this cavity-double-dot system, we study, using variational matrix product state techniques, the competition between Kondo formation and the combined coherent orbital hybridization and RKKY-like interaction that the cavity facilitates. Specifically, we find that Kondo can form on each dot individually whereby the cavity can either (i) destroy the Kondo via the RKKY that mediates a singlet state on the two dots, or (ii) lead to an exotic orbital macrsoscopic superposition of the Kondo forming on each of the dots. We dub the latter “Kondo cat”. En route to this key finding, we rigorously study the many-body phase diagram of the system, as well as compare it with the case of coupling the dots via an incoherent RKKY channel. The realization of a Kondo cat can facilitate applications in metrology, and reveal the spin coherence length in mesoscopic devices.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
iGeneration well-being in the workforce: a conceptual model of materialism and social comparison
Authors: Billiot Theresa
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This conceptual article applies Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory (SCT) within a materialism and social media environment to assist organizations with improving the well-being among iGeneration employees. By identifying SCT, this article proposes a conceptual model based on how iGeneration engages in upward and downward comparisons and how these comparisons influence materialistic consumption. Rather than altering human behavior, this article addresses how organizations can tap into their employees’ natural field of play and advantageously leverage these innate traits.

Design/methodology/approach

This article illustrates path analyses to elevate the iGeneration’s well-being through the following: exposing themselves to materialism via social media, comparing themselves among similar and dissimilar people, and possessing materialistic items to set themselves apart. This article then provides future research.

Findings

This study reveals how organizations can harness SCT within a materialistic and social media landscape to improve employee well-being.

Implications

This theoretical model helps to develop organizational well-being strategies to produce lower employee turnover and higher productivity.

Originality/value

This article contributes to academic research by providing a theoretical model based on natural social media behavior and materialism.
The strategy of differential pricing and network utilization: evidence from India’s telecommunications sector
Authors: Sengupta Tapas , Datta Chaudhuri Dipayan
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The network capacity deployed to manage the busy hour (or peak-hour) traffic remains underused during the nonbusy (off-peak) hours. Transferring some traffic from peak-hour to off-peak hours is likely to improve the utilization of network resources during the off-peak hours. This paper aims to examine whether diverting traffic from peak-hour to off-peak hours is possible by adopting the differential pricing policy.

Design/methodology/approach

The peak-load pricing theory suggests that the policy of differential pricing is socially optimal when there is peak demand for a particular duration and then there is off-peak demand. In this study, hourly traffic data from both peak and off-peak periods were collected from the Indian telecom service provider, “Aircel.” The paper analyzed the disparity in traffic between peak and off-peak hours using the nonparametric Tukey’s test. An experiment was also conducted to analyze whether a significant shift in telecom traffic occurs from the peak to the off-peak period when a price discount is applied during the off-peak period.

Findings

Statistically significant differences were observed in network traffic between peak-hour and off-peak hours. The network utilization of the telecom service provider Aircel was notably lower, particularly during the off-peak hours. The experiment demonstrated a high degree of price sensitivity among telecom service subscribers. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has not considered network utilization of telecom service providers as a key performance indicator. Based on the outcomes of the study, this paper recommends that TRAI should adopt a more proactive approach by encouraging telecom service providers to follow the policy of differential pricing to enhance utilization of their network capacity.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to explore the issue of pricing as a tool for bringing about more uniform movement of telecom traffic, thereby enhancing network utilization within India’s telecommunications sector.
Auditors in the digital age: a systematic literature review
Authors: Leocádio Diogo , Malheiro Luís , Reis João Carlos Gonçalves dos
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This study examines the dynamics of innovative auditing practices in the digital age, with a specific focus on auditor competencies. Within this scope, we highlight the necessity of redefining auditing practices and the essential adaptation required from auditors. The primary objective is to understand comprehensively how auditor competencies can be strengthened to meet the challenges posed by innovative audit practices.

Design/methodology/approach

A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to explore this theme, ensuring rigor and credibility in the outcomes. The results emphasize the importance of auditors strengthening professional competencies, embracing technological agility, and promoting ongoing professional development initiatives.

Findings

The triadic framework comprising—Auditor, Auditing Practices, and Digital Audits— forms the basis for innovative audit practices. This manuscript further discusses the transition of advanced technologies, laying the groundwork for the evolution of auditing practices. Through a systematic assessment of the literature, this study develops a framework for innovative, ethically driven, and effective auditing practices, ensuring the occupation's relevance and value. Future investigations should focus on the ethical implications of automation in auditing practices and develop innovative frameworks tailored to diverse organizational contexts.

Originality/value

The study addresses a contemporary issue by examining the evolving nature of auditing practices considering digital transformation. Practical implications highlight the enhancement of auditor roles in digital transformation, covering ethics, technological adaptation, and continuous development to uphold the profession's integrity. This focus acknowledges the changing dynamics of business and the growing role of technology in auditing processes.
A theoretical framework for platform-to-platform cooperation: a multi-case study from China
Authors: Liu Weihua , He Yang , Liang Yanjie , Lim Ming Kim
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This study explores the factors that influence platform-to-platform cooperation (PPC) and designs a theoretical framework for platform research.

Design/methodology/approach

This multi-case study includes a combination of exploratory and explanatory case studies.

Findings

From the internal factor perspective, channel integration capability, technology-based order matching capability and service innovation capability positively affects the PPC. From the perspective of external factors, the impact of a new platform entry on the PPC depends on market power and complementarities between platforms in the supply and value chains. Diversity of demand also has a positive effect on the PPC, which is moderated by network externalities. It is worth noting that the incumbent platform prefers to diversify its services for collaborating platforms with a higher level of cooperation. In addition, the higher diversity of demand, the stronger the service innovation capability, which indirectly impacts cooperation positively.

Originality/value

The PPC has gained immense popularity in recent years. However, no scholars have investigated the factors influencing the PPC decisions, which warrants further exploration. This study sheds light on the factors and mechanisms that influence the PPC from both internal and external perspectives.
How to foster exploratory and exploitative innovation: investigating the effects of inclusive leadership, knowledge sharing and environmental uncertainty
Authors: Le Phong Ba , Tran Dat Tho , Tran Lan Huong , Tran Huong Thi Lan
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Given the importance of identifying the antecedents of innovation for firms to follow and achieve it, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of inclusive leadership (IL) and knowledge sharing (KS) on ambidextrous innovation capabilities, namely exploratory and exploitative innovation. It also explores the possible moderating role of environmental uncertainty in the relationship between KS and ambidextrous innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationship among latent factors in the proposed research model based on the data gathered from 118 manufacturing and service firms.

Findings

The empirical findings support the significant and positive impact of IL on exploratory and exploitative innovation through the mediating role of KS. It highlights the moderating mechanism of environmental uncertainty in fostering the relationship between KS and ambidextrous innovation.

Research limitations/implications

To gain a deeper understanding of the benefits and important role of knowledge resources, future research should investigate the potential role of IL practices in creating a KS culture for promoting specific forms of innovation such as open innovation or frugal innovation.

Practical implications

The paper provides a valuable understanding and novel approach for managers and directors of firms in developing and emerging countries to improve ambidextrous innovation by practicing IL for fostering KS in organizations.

Originality/value

The paper is unique in its attempts to bridge the research gaps in the literature and provide deeper insights on the mediating role of KS and the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty in pursuing both exploratory and exploitative innovation.