bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iftā’ and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West
Authors: Rufai Saheed Ahmad
Published: October 2020

In his review of Maha Elkaisy-Friemuth’s Gods and Humans in IslamicThought: Abdul-Jabbār, Ibn Sīna and al-Ghazāli (Abingdon: Routledge,2006), Sajjad Rizvi (2008) identifies three paths proposed by three influentialmedieval thinkers as characterizing the interconnected nature of intellectualinquiry in Islam: Abd al-Jabbar (d. 1025), regarded as representing the kalām tradition, Ibn Sina (d. 1037) of the philosophical orientation, and al-Ghazali(d. 1111) of the Sufi tradition. If Rizvi had accurately added the juridical orjurisprudential dimension to Elkaisy-Friemuth’s perspective, his review wouldhave panoramically captured the essence of Islam’s intellectual tradition. Theelegant book under review, Iftā and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West,edited by Zulfiqar Ali Shah, has taken care of that major omission in whatmay be described as a virtually all-encompassing look at emerging concernsin iftā’ (formulating a fatwa) and fatwa (issuing a fatwa).The book features an introduction by the editor and eight chapters byscholars in the various foci of the subject covered. The introduction situatesthe book’s subject in a historical context and exposes its indebtedness tothe seminar convened during July 2011 by the International Institute of IslamicThought’s (IIIT) Summer Institute for Scholars, which addressed thistopic. The editor attributes the emergence of consensus on the chaotic natureof the contemporary processes of both iftā’ and fatwa to the seminar.He then identifies the intellectual skills required for analytical reasoning,as well as the broad general knowledge of the fields relevant to the culturalcontexts of their verdicts, as the strength that characterized the excellentperformance of scholars in fatwa formulation and issuance from the riseof the Abbasids in 750 to the fall of Andalusia in 1492. Conversely, contemporaryknowledge is fragmented into specializations and sub-specializations,all of which can hardly be mastered by one scholar or group ofscholars. The editor, who engages critically with various issues and concernsinvolved in the contemporary formulation and issuance of fatwa, alsoprovides a brief description of each chapter’s subject. However, the wordal-fiqh al-istidlālī (demonstrative fiqh) is wrongly rendered as fiqh alistighlālī(p. 10) ...
Shari’a in the Modern Era
Authors: Panjwani Imranali
Published: October 2020

Iyad Zahalka’s commendable Shari’a in the Modern Era: Muslim MinoritiesJurisprudence gives researchers and legal practitioners an overview of theemerging fiqh al-aqalliyyāt (the jurisprudence of minorities) discipline. Infact, at the time of its publication several other books were published on thissubject, among them Uriya Shavit’s Shari’a and Muslim Minorities: TheWasati and Salafi Approaches to Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslima (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2015) and Said Fares Hassan’s Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt: History,Development, and Progress (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).114 The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 34:1Zahalka credits Shavit with giving him useful comments while preparingShari’ah in the Modern Era.It is no coincidence that all of these books are from a Sunni perspectivewith particular focus on the works of two well-known scholars in the Sunnilegal world: Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Taha Jabir al-Alwani (d. 2016). Zahalka’sbook, therefore, captures the gradual creation of another – or perhaps a new– branch of fiqh that focuses on the socio-legal issues faced by Muslims ruledby non-Muslim sovereigns or systems that conflict with Islamic law. His objectiveis to examine the “fiqh al-aqalliyyāt of the wasaṭi faction, a school ofthought dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood that positions itself in the middleground between conservative resistance to changing religious laws andthe disintegration of the commitment to religious tradition” (p. 4). The author ...
Response to Professor Fadel and Professor Iqtidar
Authors: Jackson Sherman
Published: October 2020

Professor Fadel sees me as claiming that the Islamic secular “places jurisdictionalboundaries on what religion can rightfully claim, thereby creating a legitimatespace for non-religious, i.e., ‘secular’ reason.” What actually I argued,however, was that Sharia placed limits on its own shar‘ī jurisdiction, obviatingthe necessity-cum-legitimacy not of non-religious, secular reason but of religioussecular reason. He appears to be unable to transcend the commonly helddichotomy between the secular and the religious (which my article calls directlyinto question) and thus to recognize the reality of the “Islamic secular”as I define it. This underwrites a profound misreading of my thesis ...
In the Presence of the Sublime Qur’an
Authors: Smith Andrew C.
Published: October 2020

This volume represents an especially modern viewpoint with regard to understandingthe Qur’an and its message, while also being firmly embedded intraditional approaches and methods for its interpretation. The commentaryconsists of a number of lectures originally given in Persian by AbdolaliBazargan as a weekly lecture series in Irvine, CA. These lectures, a portionof which have been translated and edited into this single volume, were initiallypresented to groups of lay Muslims interested in the general theme of “becomingacquainted with the Qur’an” (p. xiv).The author, Abdolali Bazargan, is part of the laity himself: an architectby profession. While not having been fully trained in the traditional sciences98 The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 34:2of Qur’anic interpretation, his strong interest in Qur’anic exegesis (accordingto the editor) has led him to spend “the last 55 years researching it and writing20 books in the field of Qur’anic sciences” (p. xiv). This volume is thus a laycommentary on the Qur’an’s “short surahs,” namely al-Fātiḥah and the lastjuz’ (chapters 78-114). Although no specific argument or thesis holds the entiretyof the work together, it nevertheless stands as a representative sampleof modern (educated) Muslim engagement with the text of the Qur’an and itsramifications for their lived religious tradition, particularly in the modernworld ...
The Qur’ānic Pagans and Related Matters
Authors: Berg Herbert
Published: October 2020

The late Patricia Crone (d. 2015) was one of the most provocative scholars ofearly Islam. She is infamous for Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World(1977), which she co-authored with Michael Cook. That she has disavowedsome of its more skeptical conclusions may surprise many of her fiercest critics,as well as those revisionists who still invoke them. This current volume,however, demonstrates that while she has not disavowed any of her skepticalapproaches to the study of this field, to her great credit she remained open torevising her views as new evidence presented itself. Reprints comprise mostof this volume, although two chapters have not previously been published.Even the reprints, however, were selected, arranged, and in some cases revisedby Crone herself.

All of the articles are tied together by subject matter and methodology.They focus on the mushrikūn (lit. associators), whom she calls “Qur’ānic pagans,”and for the most part seeks to reconstruct their religion, particularlyduring the Makkan period. She takes as her point of departure G. R. Hawting’sThe Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam (1999), which argues thatthe mushrikūn were monotheists and not idolaters (another common translationof the term). In hoping to show that he was mistaken, Crone was promptedto read the Qur’an systematically and, in so doing, discovered that these peoplewere not the pagans depicted in the Hadith, sīrah, tafsīr, or Ibn al-Kalbi’sBook of Idols ...
IIIT Intellectual Panels
Authors: Elaradi Hadeel
Published: October 2020

The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) held a series of panels atthe 42st annual convention of the Islamic Circle of North America-MuslimAmerican Society (ICNA-MAS) in Baltimore, MD, on Saturday, April 15,2017. This year, the convention’s theme was “The Quest for True Success:The Divine Message of Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.”IIIT’s intellectual panels dealt with a variety of topics. The first session,“The Concept of Madrasa: Context and Reform,” revolved around EbrahimMoosa’s What Is a Madrasa? (Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress, 2015). Moosa (professor, Islamic studies, University of Notre Dame)reminisced about his time as a madrasa student in India, stating: “The way Icame into India was in a very pietistic orientation, that Islam was all about piety. India and the madrasas taught me that Islam is about thinking ... piety... goodness ... making a contribution to the world.” However, he continued,the “madrasas have done a good job in preserving the identity of traditionalIslam, but it’s unable to make that identity actually work in the real world. ...and that modern knowledge has been closed off from the lived experience ofMuslims.” ...
Can Islam Accommodate Homosexual Acts? Qur’anic Revisionism and the Case of Scott Kugle
Authors: Vaid Mobeen
Published: October 2020

Reformist authors in the West, most notably Scott Kugle, havecalled Islam’s prohibition of liwāṭ (sodomy) and other same-sex behaviorinto question. Kugle’s “Sexuality, Diversity, and Ethics inthe Agenda of Progressive Muslims” (Progressive Muslims: 2003)and Homosexuality in Islam(2010) serve as the scholarly center forthose who advocate sanctioning same-sex acts. Kugle traces theheritage of the Lot narrative’s exegesis to al-Tabari (d. 310/923),which, he contends, later exegetes came to regard as theologicallyaxiomatic and thus beyond question. This study argues that Kugle’scritical methodological inconsistencies, misreading and misrepresentationof al-Tabari’s and other traditional works, as well as theanachronistic transposition of modern categories onto the classicalsources, completely undermine his argument.
Islamophobia and Racism in America
Authors: Michney Todd M.
Published: October 2020

This sociological study combines an overview of U.S. Islamophobia in recentdecades, an analysis of a potentially emergent “Middle Eastern American”identity, and a re-theorization of race that has implications for how effectivepolitical coalitions might be built to address various forms of discriminationfaced by American Muslims and other religio-ethnic groups originating fromthe Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. While looking back further,Love’s central focus is on “anti-Islamophobia advocacy at the national level,from the late 1970s through the early 2010s” (p. 30). Making good use of seventyinterviews conducted from 2005-15, this component represents the book’sgreatest original research contribution. Although provocative, Love’s argumentthat we should theorize Islamophobia as racism and politically organize accordinglyis potentially problematic ...
Arabic-Islamic Views of the Latin West
Authors: Abuali Eyad
Published: October 2020

Interactions between Latin Europeans and the Islamic world during the medievalperiod have received great attention in numerous scholarly studies. Thefocus of such works often consists of an attempt to delineate the constructionof identities and the extent to which they were utilized to mark out an “other.”By contrast, one of König’s most important conclusions demonstrates that formedieval Arab-Islamic scholars writing about the Latin West, these Latin Christiansocieties “were often simply regarded as alternative manifestations ofhuman life and its social and political organisation” (pp. 327-28).This is primarily a historiographical investigation with a macro-historicalapproach. König analyzes material spanning the early Islamic period (the seventhcentury) to the later medieval period (the fifteenth century) and covers arange of genres. It could be said that such an approach fails to critically analyzethe motivations of individual Muslim authors, something that the author doesacknowledge in his preface. However, such analyses lie beyond the scope ofthe project at hand. Furthermore, a macro-historical approach is necessary forchallenging previous scholarship on the subject. Bernard Lewis asserted thatthe Latin West was perceived as a united barbaric monolith, one viewed at bestwith disinterest in the minds of Muslim writers – a view that continues to influencescholarship to this day ...
Disagreements of the Jurists
Authors: Amin Yasmin
Published: October 2020

The book starts with “The Provenance of this Book” and states that the beginningof all manuscripts show a short text by al-Qadi al-Nu‘man to demonstratethat it was passed down from his father and grandfather. After this, it lists whothey are and their positions as judges and proclaims that the book was writtenfor the Fatimid caliph al Mu‘izz (r. 953-75).Book Reviews 137The “Introduction” acquaints the reader with al-Qadi al-Nu‘man and thiswork, providing a bibliography of his other books. The sources of his worksare mentioned as being mainly Zaydi and Imami (mostly Kufan) and suggesta compromise between Shi‘ism’s two traditions while refuting Sunni theoriesof legal interpretations. Al-Nu‘man wrote several treatises showing his engagementwith Sunni Islam. These polemical works refute the Maliki jurist Muhammadb. Ahmad al ‘Utaqi, Ibn Qutaybah, al-Shafi‘i, and Ibn Surayj al-Baghdadi.The author suggests that the words “a certain Baghdadi” may refer to IbnSurayj. This work, plus his Da‘ā’im al-Islām, form the basis of Ismaili law.The content and significance of Ikhtilāf Uṣūl al-Madhāhib are explained, andall works dealing with it are listed in a useful bibliography. The “Prologue,”which sets the scene, states that differences existing among all those who praytoward Makkah, use the same Qur’an, accept the same Prophet, and yet aredispersed into disputing parties and numerous groups ...
Making Refuge
Authors: Pervez Saulat
Published: October 2020

The term refugees has become the latest buzzword, causing people to eitherspew hate speech or extend a warm welcome – thereby creating a firmdividing line. There is so much discussion about refugees that peoplesometimes forget the very individuals who are forced to stand astride thatdividing line. Who are they? What are their stories? What does it mean tobe a refugee? How are they coping once they reach the United States?How are their lives impacted by this divisive debate? What are the strugglesthey continue to have? How are they influencing the larger communitieswhere they live? Catherine Besteman addresses all of these questions(and more) in her timely study, Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugeesand Lewiston, Maine.Besteman introduces the book by speaking of her yearlong stay in Banta,Somalia, as part of her anthropological fieldwork during the late 1980s, justbefore civil war broke out. She then immediately shifts the lens to Lewiston,Maine, in the year 2010, home to a large Somali refugee community. Juxtaposingthese two worlds to frame her inquiry, she delves into Banta’s pre-warhistory: a simple yet harmonious village life built around communitarianismand happiness within poverty, of agriculture and the “rule” of village elders, ofpre-defined gender roles and extended families ...
The Study Quran
Authors: Bauer Karen
Published: October 2020

The Study Quran (hereafter SQ) is an impressive undertaking that took severalscholars years to complete. It consists of a general introduction, a translationof the Qur’an, a synopsis/adaptation of certain Quran commentaries,and a series of essays that seek to explain the sacred text’s place in Islamiclife and thought. These latter range from “How to Read the Quran” and“The Islamic View of the Quran” to “Quranic Ethics, Human Rights, andSociety” and different aspects of the text’s interpretation, such as “TheQur’an and Sufism” and “Quranic Commentaries.” The project includesmaps that reconstruct the position of important events such as the Battle ofBadr and the Conquest of Makkah. Several of the essays are written by excellentscholars, and the project as a whole is grand in its scope. The entirework, including introductions and maps, exceeds 2,000 pages.It is difficult to review such a work as a whole, because there is somuch of it and at almost every level it represents a construction of particularvalues and views. From the choice of the editors and their approach to themanner of translating the text, the commentaries that are included, and eventhe maps – each of these elements has been chosen by the editors as a partof an overall vision of what it takes to understand the Quran correctly ...
Terror in France
Authors: Aloush Abeer
Published: October 2020

Gilles Kepel is a French political scientist and Arabist with a global reputationfor understanding Islam as an ideological, political, and social force.Among his books are Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet andPharaoh (1985), Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Europe(1996), Jihad: The Trial of Political Islam (2003), The Roots of RadicalIslam (2005), Al Qaeda in Its Own Words (2006; co-edited with Jean-PereerMilelli), The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West (2006), and BeyondTerror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East (2010). 

In Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in the West, his latest and bestsellingbook for 2016, he makes the case that this phenomenon has passedthrough two phases and recently entered a third one. The first phase began inthe 1990s with Mohamed Kelkal and was related to the Algerian civil war.Terrorism was used as a tool to force France to end its support for the coupthat had negated the Islamists’ electoral victory. The second phase began in2012 with the Toulouse and Montauban shootings that were linked to al-Qaeda. Globalization now enabled a network of jihadists linked to Afghanistanto serve the Muslim cause. The (posited) third phase, which would developafter the Arab Spring was launched, would see French jihadists sent to fight ...
Sixteen Years of Appreciative Conversation
Authors: Mosher Lucinda
Published: October 2020

January 2002 saw the launch of several interfaith initiatives from the officeof the Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide AnglicanCommunion. Of these, the Building Bridges Seminar has sustaineditself the most vigorously and has borne the most fruit. Founded out of thesense of urgency following the events of September 11, 2001, and nowhaving met sixteen times, the seminar has been described from its inceptionas an exercise in “appreciative conversation” made possible by “listeningwith openness and mutual respect” and characterized by “courage, grace,imagination and sensitivity in addressing and retreating from painful issues.”1 Presented below is a brief description of its history, methodology,and impact.
Illusions of Victory
Authors: Marthinsen Grant
Published: October 2020

In late 2006 and then 2007 the Sunni Arab tribes in the Anbar province,located in western Iraq, came together with the United States armed forcespositioned in the same province and conducted a grueling fight againstAl-Qaeda in Iraq, also known at the time as the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI,as it shall be referred to hereafter). Their victory in this struggle has sincebeen held up as a shining example of counterinsurgency tactics, even if, asauthor Carter Malkasian points out, the specific reasons that the movementsucceeded have been oversimplified and misidentified in accounts renderedsince the Awakening. After the brutal advance of the Islamic State in Iraq afew years ago, however, the image of Anbar as a counterinsurgency examplehas been the target of no small amount of doubt. Malkasian argues thatAnbar should be remembered not as an example of a successful counterinsurgencystrategy but instead as a warning to not engage in military interventionswithout a better understanding of the local dynamics and politicsof a given country or wider region, nor without the willingness to commitone’s forces for a much longer period than the US initially did in Iraq ...
The Perplexity of a Muslim Woman
Authors: Haqqani Shehnaz
Published: October 2020

Olfa Youssef ’s The Perplexity of a Muslim Woman: Over Inheritance, Marriage,and Homosexuality addresses some of the practical and conceptualinconsistences in traditional, male-centric interpretations of inheritance,marriage, and homosexuality. Youssef analyzes relevant questions, assumptions,and sub-themes on each topic in separate chapters. A brief introductionchallenges common claims treated as truths. The conclusion emphasizesthat to uncritically follow past scholars’ views is idolatry and that noone, no matter how knowledgeable, possesses an absolute reading of theQur’an. The book closes with an appendix on relevant Qur’anic verses andan appendix on relevant hadiths and historical accounts.The preface describes the origins of the translation project, offers an intellectualbiography of Olfa Youssef, and discusses the reception of Youssefand her ideas across North Africa. It also situates Youssef ’s scholarshipbetween the postcolonial milieu of North Africa and patriarchal interpretationsof Islam. Recognizing the political role of translation, Lamia Benyoussefhopes that through the translation she can show Muslim women asagents of change, contributing to the religious and other discourses takingplace about them ...
The Way of the Strangers
Authors: Marthinsen Grant
Published: October 2020

Despite the considerable scholarly work which has gone into understandingthe Islamic State (IS), the depths of the motivations and psychology ofits members and supporters have not been truly plumbed. Graeme Woodchronicles his forays into the minds of adherents of the organization in TheWay of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State and does an impressivejob of laying bare the thought behind the group and its attention-grabbingbrutality. While it is regarded by most of the world as a collection ofpsychopaths, notably by the vast majority of Muslims, who consistently denouncethe group and its claims to religious legitimacy, Wood argues that itdoes have a logic and basis in religious scripture that is by and large internallyconsistent, if morally repugnant, and notes that only by understandingthis logic—and, therefore, the beliefs of its ardent supporters—can therest of the world combat it most effectively. He also provides an interestingwindow into the group’s recruitment process by examining some individualswhom he terms “seducers”, those who encourage others to immigrateto the group’s territory in Iraq and Syria. While this last part may seemsomewhat outdated, it will unfortunately retain importance as IS coalesceselsewhere and perhaps even attempts a resurgence in those two countries;the examination of this possibility falls far outside the scope of this review,but its existence at all sees this aspect of the book retain its importance ...
Muhammad’s Heirs:
Authors: Ali Abdullah Bin Hamid
Published: October 2020

Muhammad’s Heirs: The Rise of Muslim Scholarly Communities, by JonathanE. Brockopp of Penn State University, begins anecdotally with an encounterwith Moroccan students at the “University of Fez-Sais” (apparently the Collegeof Literature, Kulliyat al-Adab). In this encounter the author challengesstudents’ presumptive trust in the scholastic honesty of classical Muslimscholars, like Qadi Iyad b. Musa (d. 544/1149). Brockopp claims that QadiIyad “subtly manipulated” the stories of scholars in order to “fulfill his notionof what a great legal scholar should be” (1). Building on this contention,Brockopp endeavors in Muhammad’s Heirs to “reconstruct the historyof Muslim scholars based primarily on documentary sources” (2) and “to imagine Islam without the scholarly institutions that arose only centuriesafter Muhammad’s death” (3).Biographical works on Muslim scholars give the general impressionthat religious and scholarly “classes” were immediately known to the pioneergenerations and have always been christened as Islam’s indispensableand sole charismatic leadership. Brockopp argues the contrary, namelythat for approximately the first two centuries of Islamic history there wasno established class or community of scholars with an authoritative voice.Despite being subversive of Muslim scholarly authority, Brockopp’s truegoal appears to be an effort to offer a more accurate picture of early Islamichistory and the way that the early community organically evolved to seereligious scholars as a special class whose authority is to be appealed to byboth the governed and governors ...
Why I Am a Salafi
Authors: Taylor Matthew D.
Published: October 2020

Anyone who was not familiar with Michael Muhammad Knight’s oeuvreand picked up his Why I Am a Salafi based upon the title, thinking it wouldbe a straightforward explanation and defense of Salafism, would be quicklydisabused of that impression. Knight begins this memoir/theological exploration/postmodern deconstruction with an extended anecdote abouthis experience of praying at a Los Angeles mosque while coming downfrom a drug-induced hallucination brought on by his intentional consumptionof Amazonian ayahuasca tea, and the book gets stranger from there.This transgressive episode of praying while high becomes a touchstone forKnight in his rethinking of his own Muslimness, the origins of the Islamictradition, and his life-journey through a variety of controversial and eccentriccommunities on the fringes of the American Muslim community.In Knight’s previous body of work—from his 2004 novel The Taqwacores(Soft Skull Press) about punk-rocking, countercultural American Muslimsto his insider-white-man narrative of an esoteric offshoot movement of theNation of Islam in Why I Am a Five Percenter (Penguin, 2011)—he has longcast himself as an experimental Muslim writer challenging established traditionsand organized religion of all kinds. Like some of his other books,Why I Am a Salafi is difficult to categorize. Framed around Knight’s odysseywithin American Islam and the diffuse trends that contributed to thedevelopment of his distinct perspective, it is part religious autobiography,part analysis of the nebulous concept of Salafism, and part therapy session.Indeed, drawing upon his well-established tendency toward bucking trendsand upsetting orthodoxies, Knight quips that in the progressive Muslimcircles he tends to run in, labeling himself a Salafi could itself be a form ofrebellion. “Depending on whom you want to irritate, Salafis could look likethe new punk rock” (29) ...
Muslim Intellectual Deficit
Authors: Hussain Ashaq
Published: October 2020

It is no exaggeration to say that some of the greatest intellectual movementsin the annals of human civilization were launched under the aegis of Islam.Islamic contributions to the promotion of knowledge and learningare noteworthy. Franz Rosenthal, for one, perceptively observed that Islam’slasting and invaluable gift to humankind is that it made the hiddentreasures of knowledge available to all sectors of society. The intellectualrevolution ushered in under the direction of Islamic civilization blossomedand came to fruition through the central importance attached to the artsof language. (The earliest verses of the Qur’an revealed to the Prophet, forexample, highlighted their crucial significance.) The importance attachedto learning and the transmission and dissemination of knowledge was institutionalizedthrough a wide network of schools, colleges, universities,libraries, observatories, and medical residencies in the Islamic world. Theselfless devotion of individual scholars, the munificence of private donors,waqf endowments, and royal patronage played a central role in the inceptionand maintenance of these institutions.For Muslim intellectuals, the question of intellectual decay has longbeen worrying, yielding repeated efforts to analyze and diagnose the historicaland spiritual factors responsible for the stagnation and decline ofthe Muslim world. Parray’s introduction highlights Qur’anic terms key tohis effort, including furqān (distinction), dhikr (remembrance), and hudā(guidance), which also signal how he reads the scripture. He quotes MustansirMir, renowned Pakistani expert on Qur’anic studies, who says of thevarious aspects under which the Qur’an presents itself, that these names“not only represent so many facets of the Islamic scripture, but they alsomake up, when seen as inter-related and inter-connected, a coherent and ...
Islam and Democracy after the Arab Spring
Authors: Wani Gowhar Quadir
Published: October 2020

The debate on Islam and democracy is one of the most heated in academia,engaging both Muslims and non-Muslims, normative and analytic approaches.It also takes place on two levels: political-theoretical determinationsof the compatibility or incompatibility between Islam and democracy,and empirical discussions over how much Muslims (or Muslim societies)have modernized or resisted modernization. These debates have yieldeda vast literature, to which the present book under review is a significantaddition. It presents an overview of the historical developments regardingIslam and democracy and anticipates future trends in seven major countries:Turkey (Chapter 2), Iran (Chapter 3), Pakistan (Chapter 4), Indonesia(Chapter 5), Senegal (Chapter 6), Tunisia (Chapter 7), and Egypt (Chapter8). The book also includes an introductory chapter (Chapter 1) and a conclusion(Chapter 9).The introduction provides a literature review and brief overview of thedevelopments that served as immediate causes of Arab Spring in variouscountries. Various analysts have cited factors including a ‘youth bulge’ (amajority of the population in the Muslim world is comprised of citizensunder 30), poverty, unemployment, repressive monarchial regimes, andthe mass provocative events of self-immolation (as of Bouazizi in Tunisia)or killing (as of Khalid Said in Egypt) or torture (as of graffiti artists inSyria). Other analysts are of the opinion that the Muslim countries wereat last catching up to the rest of the democratic world. This book considersthese factors, presenting a critical assessment of Huntington’s equation ofmodernization with secularization and his equation of rejecting secularism ...
Goethe, His Era, and Islam
Authors: Karić Enes
Published: October 2020

Goethe, the complete artist, is our antipode: an example for others. Aliento incompletion, that modern concept of perfection, he refused comprehensionof others’ dangers; as for his own, he assimilated them so wellthat he never suffered from them. His brilliant destiny discourages us;after having sifted him in vain in an attempt to discover sublime or sordidsecrets, we give ourselves up to Rilke’s phrase: ‘I have no organ forGoethe’.1Goethe constructed his spiritual world with an unrivalled openness tothe natural cycle of creation and destruction, the cultural accomplishmentsof different eras and places, the wisdom stretching beyond thewhirlwinds of history. Being an ‘explosive liberator’ of all living formsof nature and culture, Goethe found the Enlightenment’s idea of historyas a self-contained, linear advancement of the human mind to be a constrictingnotion, one that downplayed the role of humans in God’s workand presented an unacceptable erasure of interpersonal relationships andreality ...
Atividades práticas em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial como estratégia na formação de estudantes de Enfermagem
Authors: Silva John Victor dos Santos , Santos Ronildo Alves dos
Published: October 2020

A saúde mental é uma das áreas de atuação do enfermeiro e deve estar prevista na formação desses estudantes durante o curso de graduação. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever as atividades práticas realizadas em dois Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, em 2017 e 2018, por estudantes do curso de Enfermagem de uma instituição de ensino superior de Alagoas. As práticas fazem parte do módulo de saúde mental de duas disciplinas ofertadas, uma no terceiro e a outra no quarto ano do curso. No delineamento deste relato, observam-se os aspectos que descrevem as atividades e campos práticos e mostra-se que a utilização desta alternativa como componente na formação dos futuros enfermeiros potencializa a construção do conhecimento sobre o campo da saúde mental. O ensino pautado no processo da reforma psiquiátrica, através de práticas em serviços substitutivos, como os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, favorece o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências na assistência da pessoa com transtornos mentais.
Análisis polimórfico de interleucina IL-1β en pacientes con diagnóstico de Helicobacter pylori, en Tabasco, México
Authors: Fuentes-Márquez Liliam A. , Jiménez-Martínez Luis D. , Frías-Quintana Carlos A.
Published: October 2020

Introducción. Los estudios sobre la infección de Helicobacter pylori y el gen de IL-1B juega un importante rol dentro de la inflamación y sus propiedades proinflamatorias que promueven a la defensa contra patógenos. Los polimorfismos se han relacionados con una mayor producción de IL-1β asociada a cuadros de hipoclorhidria y desarrollo de cáncer bajo la infección de H. pylori, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el polimorfismo en la región +3954 (IL-1B C>T) del gen interleucina IL1β. 

Método. las muestras de sangre fueron donadas y colectadas para ser procesadas para la determinación de H. pylori, mediante Test de ureasa (Proindusquim), en la ciudad de Villahermosa Tabasco, México, separando muestras positivas y negativas (control), las muestras positivas fueron analizadas mediante PCR y digestión enzimática para el análisis polimórfico en la región +3954 (IL-1B C>T).

Resultados. Se analizaron 245 muestras 78 casos de infección por H. pylori, 49 fueron hombres (62.8%) y 29 mujeres (37.17%), con edad media de 58.5 años (21-77 años). Las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas observadas, 45 individuos fueron homocigotos normales (CC), 12 homocigotos raros (TT) y 21 heterocigotos (CT), en el grupo de controles se encontró que 74 individuos eran homocigotos normales (CC), 32 eran homocigotos raros (TT) y 61 fueron heterocigotos (CT).

Conclusión. Este estudio muestran una asociación entre el polimorfismo de interleucina IL-1β+3954(C>T) y la predisposición de la población portador del genotipo homocigoto CC infectado con H. pylori desarrolle cáncer.
Conocimiento y cumplimiento de las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura en la feria de Simoca – Tucumán. 2018
Authors: Rodríguez Eliana M. , Fernández Ítalo E.
Published: October 2020

Introducción: Las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) son prácticas y procedimientos, su aplicación es obligatoria para los establecimientos que elaboran, manipulan y venden alimentos. El cumplimiento de las mismas, evita las Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos (ETAS) garantizando la salud. La venta de alimentos en la vía pública es una práctica tradicional, la misma representan riesgo cuando no se aplican las BPM. Los objetivos fueron evaluar el conocimiento sobre las BPM, indagar la aplicación y analizar la relación entre el conocimiento y la aplicación de las BPM. Métodos: estudio descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 20 individuos a cargo de los 20 puestos de la Feria de Simoca, previo consentimiento informado. La información se recogió mediante encuesta previa prueba piloto de la misma y una lista de chequeo en el año 2018. Resultados: predominaron las personas de entre 20 a 29 años de edad, con estudios primario y secundario completo. Respecto al grado de conocimiento sobre BPM, el 65% presento un alto grado de conocimiento, mientras que el 35% restante un grado medio. Con respecto a la implementación de las BPM, se determinó la totalidad no aplica las mismas. No se encontró relación entre el grado de conocimiento y aplicación de las mismas, el grado de conocimiento elevado no se refleja en el cumplimiento de las BPM. Conclusión: se evidencia la necesidad de capacitaciones, mayores controles y evaluaciones para la aplicación de las BPM, ya que las mismas evitarían las ETAS.
Pengaruh Corporate Governance terhadap Efisiensi Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Refi Teuku Muana
Published: October 2020

This study analyzes the functional relationship between the efficiency of Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) and the implementation of good corporate governance (GCG) as a variable predictor. Using panel dataset of 6 BUS listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2014-2018 period, the fixed effect panel regression model was used to analyze the relationship between variables. This study proves that the simultaneous implementation of GCG consisting of the proportion of share ownership, size of board, and board composition have a significant effect on the efficiency of BUS. Partially, the proportion of share ownership and the boad composition have a positive and significant effect, on the other hand, the board size has no significant effect on the efficiency of BUS. Keywords: Efficiency of sharia commercial bank, implementation of GCG and panel regression
Analisis Kredit UMKM di Provinsi Aceh: Analisis Empiris Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
Authors: Hamdani Hamdani , Ismail Ismail , Murhadi Thasrif
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of regional gross domestic product, non-performing loans, and loan interest rates on credit absorption by SMEs in Aceh province in the long term. The data used is secondary data in the form of a quarter 1st quarter 1995 to third quarter 2015. The model used in this study is a model of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to find out the results of short-term estimates, and using Johansen cointegration test to determine the relationship long-term between variables. The data used in this study has been tested with Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) to determine the stationary data. Based on this study it was found that in the long term there is a cointegration relationship between the variables studied. In the short term, the variables affecting the gross regional domestic product and has a one-way relationship with SME loans while variable interest rates have a causal relationship with SME loans in Aceh province, while the NPL variable does not have a causal relationship with SME loans. Keywords: SME Loans, Gross Domestic Product, Non Performimg Loan, Interest Rates, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM).
Analisis Optimasi Round Trip Time (RTT) pada Jaringan Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) New Reno
Authors: Idwan Harry , Ihsanuddin Ihsanuddin
Published: October 2020

The research objective is to simulate and analyze existing algorithms developed previously using the NS-3 application, which affects the measurement of RTT, cwnd, and throughput, and to evaluate the performance of TCP New Reno based on topology and research parameters so that it is obtained specifically how to optimize RTT and throughput on wireless networks. at the Banda Aceh City coffee shop. The research method simulates and analyzes the development of the TCP New Reno algorithm on wireless network coding so that the results can be applied directly. The approach describes a variety of steps or techniques based on a certain distance in increasing throughput, controlling the congestion window (cwnd) and reducing RTO. The results of the study concluded that the use of the TCP New Reno algorithm on a wireless network for multi-hop ad-hoc topology (5 nodes) produced better values than single-hop (2 nodes). The TCP New Reno algorithm has a retransmit phase (at flow-1 and flow-2) which indicates that the slow start phase again starts, cwnd will effectively double (slowly add data) the size of the windows RTT (time) thereby reducing the loss of data packets. In general, strategies and techniques based on distance (6 m and 3 m) in achieving RTT optimization, the TCP New Reno's network strategy of 3 m is a good technique, especially in multi-hop.Keywords:TCP New Reno, RTT, Cwnd, Throughput, Coffee Shop
Leitura e Interpretação de Texto nas Questões da Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas
Authors: França Maria Silvia Almeida de Souza , Borges Thiago Ribeiro , Nunes Ursula Caroline Cômodo de Melo , Souza Mariana Aranha de , Pereira Marco Antonio Carvalho , Dos Santos Carlos Alberto Moreira
Published: October 2020

A contemporaneidade requisita competências, como a leitura e interpretação, que permitem a compreensão e a crítica de informações, mesmo no campo da matemática. Este artigo, de natureza qualitativa, retrata o desenvolvimento da leitura e interpretação de textos presentes em questões da Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas (OBMEP), com estudantes do 6º ano de uma Escola Estadual no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Apresenta-se o uso da estratégia de Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABP), aplicada em sete encontros remotos, impostos pela pandemia da COVID-19, realizados por meio da plataforma Google Meet. Os encontros usaram tutoriais no Youtube, atividades diagnóstica e avaliativa no Google Forms e criação de jogos matemáticos na plataforma Kahoot. A discussão dos resultados foi embasada em quatro critérios: i) descrição das atividades do trabalho; ii) índices de acertos em prova diagnóstica e avaliação final; iii) resultados de autoavaliação; e iv) falas dos estudantes sobre a proposta. Os resultados indicaram redução significativa do número de erros de questões da OBMEP, maior interesse por esta olimpíada, aprimoramento das capacidades de leitura e interpretação de textos e de resolução de problemas, bem como do desenvolvimento de competências socioemocionais. Conclui-se que a aplicação da ABP, de forma remota, integrando diferentes mídias educacionais, se mostrou eficaz mesmo durante o período da pandemia da COVID-19.
Mídias sociais e educação em tempos de pandemia: o TikTok como suporte aos processos de ensino e aprendizagem
Authors: Santos Kleber Emmanuel Oliveira , Carvalho Ana Beatriz Gomes
Published: October 2020

Essa pesquisa analisa como a mídia social TikTok tem contribuído com os processos de ensino de aprendizagem em tempos de pandemia do COVID-19. Como aporte teórico, apresentamos discussões sobre a relação entre Educação e Cultura Digital e em como essa relação propicia a utilização de Mídias Socais (estas enquanto Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação - TDICs) em contextos educacionais de forma positiva aos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Discutimos também, como isso tem ampliado a apropriação de Mídias Sociais, do TikTok especificamente, em contextos educacionais frente a pandemia do COVID-19. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e desenvolvida a partir da análise dos perfis de professores que abordam os conteúdos curriculares no TikTok e em como estes se relacionam com os sujeitos aprendizes. Os resultados apontam que o TikTok tem sido uma importante ferramenta para os processos de ensino e aprendizagem durante a pandemia do COVID-19. O TikTok tem sido utilizado a fim de apresentar exemplificações e materialização de conteúdos abstratos em situações cotidianas dos sujeitos aprendizes, aproximando assim estes sujeitos dos conteúdos curriculares.
Narrativa de uma experiência na pós-graduação: Entre os vícios do presencial e a presença do digital
Authors: Camas Nuria Pons Vilardell , Souza Fernando Roberto Amorim , Costa Carmen Sílvia
Published: October 2020

O presente trabalho pretende trazer o olhar acerca da concepção da modalidade a distância, do denominado ensino remoto e apresentar uma experiência que está sendo realizada em plena pandemia,  num olhar de professor-pesquisador da área, que vem tratando desde abril de 2020 com algumas disciplinas ofertadas na Universidade Federal do Paraná, de modo a se poder observar quais desafios foram encontrados pela professora em seu papel de formadora. Partiu-se do problema  de como o professor de ensino superior desenvolve sua prática pedagógica em uma modalidade não presencial, quais desafios enfrentou, quais mudanças foram e são necessárias? O Objetivo geral deste estudo é realizar uma análise inicial da prática pedagógica de um professor do ensino superior em sua experiência em período emergencial com aulas a distância de forma síncrona e assíncrona. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, empírica, que se constrói a partir do olhar-experiência e da narrativa pessoal que se construiu e se constrói desde abril de 2020. Trar-se-á a vivência e as reflexões da professora pesquisadora com seus orientandos no que concerne à leitura das narrativas pessoais e a tentativa de não desviar de seu foco central: as aprendizagens. Não se tem a intenção de esgotar a temática que aqui se trará, assim como, por se tratar de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, exploratória, portanto, empírica e interpretativa, tentar-se-á explorar a experiência aqui trazida.
Beneficios del ejercicio físico en la sesión de hemodiálisis. Una revisión sistemática
Authors: Jiménez-Prieto Carmen Mª , González-Tamajón Rosa , Rodolfo Crespo-Montero Rodolfo
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: El objetivo principal de esta revisión fue conocer los principales beneficios del ejercicio físico durante la sesión de diálisis, en los pacientes en programa de hemodiálisis periódicas.Material y Método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Science Direct y Google Académico. Se incluyeron artículos científicos en inglés y español, y se analizaron los artículos que trataban sobre ejercicio físico en la sesión de hemodiálisis. Se excluyeron aquellos artículos que no presentaran resultados y en los que el ejercicio físico fuese domiciliario.Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2019. Todos los artículos fueron de diseño experimental. Se encontró una mejoría significativa de la fuerza muscular, al igual que de la capacidad física y de de la sintomatología depresiva. En menor medida, se observó una disminución de la presión arterial, disminución del proceso inflamatorio, mejoría de los valores nutricionales y mejora de la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.Conclusiones: El ejercicio físico en la sesión de hemodiálisis tiene beneficios para la salud de los pacientes. El ejercicio físico de baja intensidad, así como la electroestimulación neuromuscular en las sesiones de diálisis, mejora objetivamente la fuerza muscular, aumenta la capacidad física, mejora la sintomatología depresiva con un mejor manejo del estrés y la ansiedad. Además, perece que puede mejorar el proceso inflamatorio, parámetros nutricionales y disminuir la presión arterial, así como mejorar la calidad de vida. La electroestimulación neuromuscular y el ejercicio físico de baja intensidad, son los ejercicios más utilizados.
KUALITAS PELAYANAN KANTOR KECAMATAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT DOLOK BATU NANGGAR DI KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN
Authors: Simarmata Poltak Pardamean , Simarmata Hengki Mangiring Parulian , Saragih Doris Yolanda
Published: October 2020

Service quality is one of the most important in government services because society will give good value from the services of their community. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the influence of the quality of public services on community satisfaction in Simalungun district, This study used a qualitative method and the data was collected by using questioner and observation method . The sample is using 100 samples with random sampling. The data collected then tested the validity and reliability and then analyzed using linear analysis using SPSS. From this study, it can be seen that there is a positive and significant influence on service satisfaction in the Dolok Batu Nanggar sub-district of 53.8% while 46.2% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. For further research can be develoedp using relationship management or loyalty variable.