bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RETICULOCYTE HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY
Authors: MONTEIRO Francenubia Silva , CARVALHO Laísa Ferreira da Silva , COMERON Juliana David , SPEZIA Juliana , HENNEBERG Railson
Published: January 2017

Introdução: A contagem de reticulócitos no sangue periférico fornece informações sobre a atividade eritropoiética, a qual só pode ser mantida pela disponibilidade suficiente de ferro à medula óssea para produção de hemoglobina. A quantidade de hemoglobina contida nos reticulócitos pode servir de indicador da eritropoiese, sendo utilizada para o diagnóstico e monitoramento de pacientes com anemias por deficiência de ferro. Objetivos: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo pesquisar a aplicabilidade do conteúdo de hemoglobina do reticulócitos, liberado pelos analisadores hematológicos, como parâmetro no diagnóstico da deficiência de ferro. Metodologia: O estudo consiste em um levantamento bibliográfico de livros e artigos científicos das bases de dados MEDLINE Pubmed, SciELO e BIREME relacionado ao conteúdo de hemoglobina no reticulócito e sua aplicação no diagnóstico da deficiência de ferro. Resultados e Discussão: Em geral, não existe um teste laboratorial utilizado na rotina, com sensibilidade e especificidade suficiente para ser de forma isolada, o marcador definitivo da deficiência de ferro. Entre os índices reticulocitários utilizados na prática clínica, o conteúdo de hemoglobina dos reticulócitos tem sido amplamente investigado para o diagnóstico da depleção de ferro, sendo útil na identificação de estados iniciais de anemia por deficiência deste metal, antecipando tratamentos com ferro e impedindo a implantação da anemia em estágios mais avançados. Além disto, o conteúdo de hemoglobina do reticulócitos também pode ser útil para identificar pacientes que não respondem ao tratamento com ferro via oral, no qual o conteúdo de hemoglobina nos reticulócitos permanece baixo, mesmo após o início da terapia. Conclusão: Apesar de existirem limitações relacionadas a padronização dos valores de normalidade do conteúdo de hemoglobina do reticulócitos, a análise deste índice reticulocitário parece ter um futuro promissor como um parâmetro de grande aplicabilidade para avaliação dos estados de deficiência de ferro.
PROBIOTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS AND ACNE
Authors: BERBL Camyle Zavatto , RUIZ Karina Fernandes , SAMPAIO Luciana Renata Stinghen Garcia , CARREIRA Clisia Mara , LONNI Audrey Alesandra Stinghen Garcia
Published: January 2017

Atualmente, observa-se um aumento progressivo das afecções cutâneas, como doenças alérgicas, acne, entre outras. Assim, novas alternativas preventivas e de tratamento têm sido buscadas. Neste âmbito, nota-se o crescimento no número de pesquisas que são destinadas a investigar se a suplementação com probióticos seria capaz de reduzir a incidência e a gravidade das atopias clínicas, bem como seus possíveis efeitos como estratégia de tratamento. O termo probiótico tem origem grega e significa “pró-vida”; assim, os probióticos têm sido considerados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde uma terapêutica alternativa mais importante que os antibióticos, uma vez que não induzem resistência. São definidos como microrganismos vivos que, quando administrados em quantidades adequadas, podem conferir benefícios à saúde do hospedeiro. Atualmente, os probióticos são comercializados na forma de nutracêuticos, nutricosméticos e de alimentos funcionais. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo elucidar o conceito dos probióticos, bem como apresentar estudos clínicos que comprovam a eficácia no tratamento de dermatites atópicas e acne.
DISTANCE LEARNING AND TEACHERS OF PHARMACY COURSE OF THE UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ: A STUDY QUALITATIVE
Authors: CZEPULA Alexandra Ingrid dos Santos , PONTAROLO Roberto , CORRER Cassyano Januário
Published: January 2017

A Educação a distância é uma modalidade de ensino que está em crescimento. O presente trabalho investigou os significados e a apropriação da noção do conhecimento, percepção e avaliação da EAD no ensino superior dos docentes do curso de graduação em Farmácia. O estudo foi do tipo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas utilizando a técnica da análise do conteúdo. Participaram 18 docentes. Resultados: Os docentes do curso de graduação em Farmácia da UFPR têm pouco conhecimento e experiência em relação a EAD. Apesar do pouco conhecimento e pouca experiência na EAD, os docentes demonstraram aceitação em relação à esta modalidade, bem como, acreditam ser uma tendência no atual modelo de ensino para os cursos de graduação de ensino superior. A maior parte deles trabalharia com as suas disciplinas nesta modalidade. Os docentes identificaram muito mais vantagens do que desvantagens à EAD em relação a utilização da mesma tanto para docentes quanto para os discentes.
Changes in the business model for Spanish fresh tomato trade
Authors: De Pablo-Valenciano Jaime , Giacinti-Battistuzzi Miguel A. , Tassile Valentín , García-Azcárate Tomás
Published: January 2017

The business model applied to the fresh tomato trade from Almería is well known in Spain and abroad. The changes in demand are forcing export companies to change their trade strategies to become or remain competitive. The purpose of this paper is to know the business structure and its export dynamics in addition to the changes in trade strategies made by companies in Almería during the 2009-2013 period. The methodology is based on the Herfindahl-Hirshman index and the foreign trade competitiveness index, whereas the congruence analysis is based on Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the RV coefficient. We have also applied the dual multiple factor analysis to verify changes made to the trade policy in leading businesses between two periods or scenarios. The research shows that export-driven companies behave as a moderately concentrated structure and there is an increase in the number of exporters. The competitiveness map for Almería reveals the sector’s trend with regard to the most important markets. We have verified the changes made to their trade strategy to adjust to changes in foreign trade between the 2008/09 and 2012/13 campaigns. Finally, it can be pointed out that, in the analyzed period, changes in the business model for fresh tomato trade of Almería have not been significant, being its structure of moderate concentration. In addition, the great majority of variations in strategies of companies to adapt to the competitive environment have been made by leading companies.
Elements of a clinical trial protocol for medical devices
Authors: Briggs Raymond P. , Ramer Lois
Published: January 2017

Based on a Class 2 limited risk hospital based clinical trial, and a subsequent project retrospective, Briggs and Ramer propose an expanded clinical trial protocol.  Such an expanded protocol would be especially helpful for evaluating De Novo devices:  new inventions which require new processes for full hospital integration.  Since these new processes would often require training of nurses and supporting professionals, Briggs and Ramer suggest that nurse investigators could be very effective in carrying out such expanded protocol studies.  We briefly describe the FDA approval process, the role of the nurse in evidence based medical device evaluation, the Ramer, et al. clinical trial, the proposed expanded clinical trial protocol, and candidate categories of devices that might employ the limited risk Class 2 Medical Device clinical trial protocol.  The investigators look forward to carrying out such a medical device clinical trial in the near future.
Political Activity of Citizens as a Stipulation for a Civil Society Development
Authors: Mitskaya Elena
Published: January 2017

In this article the author examines the dynamics of changes in the implementation of political rights of the citizens of Kazakhstan, and specifically the right to choose from the beginning of its independence and sovereignty, and to the present. Freedom and the desire of citizens of Kazakhstan to develop direct democracy is directly dependent on how much the person is not only aware of itself as an active, self-realized person, but is relevant to this socio-political, economic and other conditions. Conditions of occurrence and development of civil society is social freedom, democratic governance, the existence of a public sphere of politics and political discussions. The author proves the relationship of civil society and development of the active implementation of the political rights of citizens. In the political sphere, the degree of freedom of society is determined by the level of development of democracy in the country and warranty democracy as a whole and of each of the political right in particular. The degree of force activity of citizens in the implementation of political rights is the example of Kyrgyzstan. The gradual transition from passive participation of citizens in a democracy to active is a natural phenomenon, not only for Kazakhstan, but also a number of post-Soviet countries, which is shown in the example of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that Kazakhstan has gone through a period when citizens remained passive in exercising their political rights. Now the citizens of Kazakhstan are actively participate in the process of democracy, indicating a high degree of development of Kazakhstan's civil society.
Coping behaviors V.S Customer Complaint Behavior: A Study of Iranian Consumers 'Coping Behaviors with Service Failures
Authors: Charsetad Parvaneh , Vazifehdoost Hossein , Nikoomaram Hashem
Published: January 2017

PurposeConsumer researchers have become increasingly interested in the study of coping. This research contributes to this novel paradigm by investigating structural theories of coping with service failure using a hierarchical structure. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose after an extensive review of related literature, the preliminary scale consist of 45 items was adopted and compiled from previous studies. The paper uses both exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of these items. Findings After a confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity tests, a hierarchal model with three higher order and nine lower order factor, was obtained. Originality/value Despite the importance of coping strategies in service failure context, there isn't any considerable research in Iran to identify coping behaviors.
Determination of Antimony in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Beverages Using High-Resolution Continuum-Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Mattiazzi Patricia , Bohrer Denise , Viana Carine , do Nascimento Paulo Cícero , Veiga Marlei , de Carvalho Leandro Machado
Published: January 2017

A sensitive and accurate method, employing high-resolutioncontinuum source atomic absorption spectrometry, for the determination of antimony (Sb) was developed. Conditions such as pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, the use of chemical modifiers, and sample pretreatment were optimized for the determination of Sb in pharmaceutical preparations and beverages stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers. In addition to container analysis, the influence of time of contact, temperature, and content composition on the migration of Sbwas investigated. Twenty-six samples were periodically analyzed until finalize 1 year bottling. Eight mineral water samples were analyzed after storage at temperatures from 40 to 80°C for 48 h. Five different-colored PET samples were stored at 80°C for 20 days and periodically analyzed. Bottles, containing from 46.4 mg/kg Sb (amber PET) to 91.6 mg/kgSb (colorless PET), leached Sb depending on the content ingredients, time of contact, and temperature. Although drinking water itself did not promote Sb migration at room temperature,juices and medicines did. After 1 year of storage, the Sb level in the samples ranged from 5 to 50 μg/L. The rate of leaching depended on the temperature, which was slow below 60°C, but rapidly increased at 60–80°C. The higher the Sb content in the bottle, the higher the amount of migration. Because Sb is a possible carcinogen to humans, containers for pharmaceutical use should be better controlled, and factors that increase Sb leaching in products that are widely consumed should be avoided.
Apresentação do Dossiê.
Authors: Sell Carlos Eduardo , Mariano Ricardo , Maia Eduardo Lopes Cabral
Published: January 2017

O fenômeno religioso, suas con gurações e seu lugar social são temas abordados por uma parte considerável das teorias sociais ao longo da história. Particularmente, no que se refere às sociedades ocidentais modernas, a temática em torno da religião conduz, em boa medida, à busca pela compreensão das articulações entre a religião e as demais esferas sociais diante das modificações produzidas pela modernidade. Nesse contexto, destacam-se, como recursos analíticos, as noções de secularização e laicidade. Sem perder de vista as divergências analíticas a respeito do conceito de secularização, a perspectiva segundo a qual o processo de racionalização ocidental produziu uma emancipação das esferas sociais em relação à esfera religiosa torna o conceito uma ferramenta preciosa na análise da relação entre religião e esfera pública. Por outro lado, considerando o caráter intrincado da noção de laicidade e suas diferentes configurações nos países ocidentais, faz-se necessário problematizar as diferentes articulações entre religião, Estado e esfera pública. Com base na necessidade de compreender o lugar atual da religião e suas relações com as demais esferas sociais, temos a satisfação de apresentar este número da Século XXI: Revista de Ciências Sociais com o Dossiê: secularização e laicidade: controvérsias públicas.
Niels Stensen, 1638-1686: Naturforsker og helgen
Authors: Kermit Hans
Published: January 2017

I 1988 ble den danske naturforsker og geistlige Niels Stensen saligkåret av pave Johannes Paul II. Stensen levde på 1600-tallet og vant internasjonalt ry som anatom og grunnlegger av geologien og paleontologien. Han regnes som en av sin tids største vitenskapsmenn. Da han stod på høyden av sin vitenskapelige karriere, valgte han å bli prest og lot seg senere vie til biskop. Hans valg var ikke et brudd med vitenskapen, men han følte seg kalt til en større oppgave ved å virke blant de svakeste i samfunnet, og den evangeliske fattigdom ble hans ideal. Hans liv var meget omskiftelig, og triumfene som forsker og vitenskapsmann varte ikke lenge. Motgang og ensomhet preget i lange perioder hans tilværelse. Mesteparten av sitt voksne liv bodde han utenfor Danmark, hovedsakelig i Ita1ia, Nederland, Tyskland og Frankrike. Han krysset det europeiske kontinent flere ganger og ble på sin vandring kjent med samtidens største ånder innen vitenskap, filosofi og teologi. Stensens helhetlige syn på vitenskapen - at den ikke kan innskrenkes til et særområde, men må ses i en større sammenheng - har fremdeles aktualitet i våre dager. Han søkte med ubestikkelig konsekvens å avdekke sannheten om tingene, og i sin forskning fulgte han Descartes' tese om at en må tvile på alt. Likevel eksisterte det for Stensen ikke noen motsetning mellom vitenskap og tro, for ham var dette to sider av samme sak. Kort før han ble prest, sa han i en tale de ord som av mange er tolket som motto for hele hans ferd: Skjønt er det vi ser, skjønnere er det vi erkjenner, men skjønnest er det vi ikke fatter. Niels Stensens navn blir i litteraturen skrevet på forskjellige måter: Niels Steensen, Nicolo Sténon, Niccolò Stenone, Nicholas Steno, og endelig omtales han ofte som Steno. Selv underskrev han seg korrekt på latin som Nicolaus Stenonis. Ved oppslag i leksika og historiske verker kan opplysninger om Stensen derfor være plassert under forskjellige oppslagsord. Om årsaken til disse mange navneformer har Kaspar Kallan skrevet en artikkel som er nevnt i litteraturfortegnelsen.
Veien til Norges arktiske universitet
Authors: Aarbakke Jarle
Published: January 2017

Dette skriftet er utgitt i forbindelse med rektor Jarle Aarbakkes 70-årsdag 19. november 2012. Universitetssamfunnet æret jubilanten med fem festforelesninger i et nesten fullsatt auditorium 1. I tillegg er en hilsen til jubilanten fra kunnskapsminister Kristin Halvorsen og talen helseminister Jonas Gahr Støre holdt da han ble kreert til æresdoktor 4. april 2013, trykt i dette skriftet.

Rektor Jarle Aarbakke deler også noen egne betraktninger med oss. De handler om premissene for regjeringens nordområdesatsing, de to fusjonene mellom UiT og Høgskolen i Tromsø og Høgskolen i Finnmark, og om det å lede – og det å bli ledet – ved et universitet. Dette er sentrale overskrifter for Aarbakkes virke som rektor, men langt fra dekkende for hans lange, formidable innsats for og ved Universitetet i Tromsø.
Detailed anatomy of the braincase ofMacelognathus vagansMarsh, 1884 (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha) using high resolution tomography and new insights on basal crocodylomorph phylogeny
Authors: Leardi Juan Martin , Pol Diego , Clark James Matthew
Published: January 2017

Background

Macelognathus vagansMarsh, 1884 from the Late Jurassic Morrison Fm. of Wyoming was originally described as a dinosaur by Marsh and in 1971 Ostrom suggested crocodilian affinities. In 2005, Göhlich and collaborators identified new material of this species from Colorado as a basal crocodylomorph. However, a partial skull found in association with mandibular and postcranial remains was not described.

Methods

Due to the small size and delicate structures within the braincase, micro CT studies were performed on this specimen. The new anatomical information was incorporated in a phylogenetic dataset, expanding both character and taxon sampling.

Results

This new material reinforces the non-crocodyliform crocodylomorph affinities ofMacelognathusas it bears a large otic aperture, unfused frontals and lacks ornamentation on the dorsal cranial bones. The internal structures also support these affinities as this specimen bears traits (i.e., heavily pneumatized and expanded basisphenoid; the presence of additional pneumatic features on the braincase; and the otoccipital-quadrate contact) not present in most basal crocodylomorphs. Furthermore, the presence of a wide supraoccipital and a cranioquadrate passage are traits shared withAlmadasuchusfrom the early Late Jurassic of Argentina.Macelognathuswas recovered as one of the closest relatives of crocodyliforms, forming a clade (Hallopodidae) with two other Late Jurassic taxa (AlmadasuchusandHallopus).

Discussion

The clade formed byAlmadasuchus+Hallopus+Macelognathus, the Hallopodidae, is characterized by a higher degree of suturing of the braincase, posteriorly closed otic aperture (paralleled in mesoeucrocodylians) and cursorial adaptations. Also, the phylogenetic position of this lineage of derived crocodylomorphs as the sister group of Crocodyliformes implies a large amount of unsampled record (ghost lineage), at least 50 million years.
The impact of meteorological persistence on the distribution and extremes of ozone
Authors: Sun Wenxiu , Hess Peter , Liu Chengji
Published: January 2017

CASTNET (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) ozone and temperature data and large‐scale meteorological analysis are used to quantify the extent to which meteorological events and their persistence impact ozone with an emphasis on the high end of the ozone distribution (greater than the 90th percentile). Ozone increases with each successive stagnation day in all regions of the U.S., with the highest increase in the Northeastern U.S. (0.4 standard deviation or ∼4.7 ppb per successive stagnation day). Ozone increases with days since cyclone passage only in the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic regions of the U.S., but on average not enough to reach the 90th percentile concentration. Persistent high temperature does not result in further ozone increases in any region. On the interannual timescale there is little evidence that summers with large numbers of the above events increase ozone preferentially on the high end of the ozone distribution.
Improved modeling of cloudy‐sky actinic flux using satellite cloud retrievals
Authors: Ryu Young‐Hee , Hodzic Alma , Descombes Gael , Hall Samuel , Minnis Patrick , Spangenberg Douglas , Ullmann Kirk , Madronich Sasha
Published: January 2017

Clouds play a critical role in modulating tropospheric radiation and thus photochemistry. We develop a methodology for calculating the vertical distribution of tropospheric ultraviolet (300–420 nm) actinic fluxes using satellite cloud retrievals and a radiative transfer model. We demonstrate that our approach can accurately reproduce airborne‐measured actinic fluxes from the 2013 Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) campaign as a case study. The results show that the actinic flux is reduced below moderately thick clouds with increasing cloud optical depth and can be enhanced by a factor of 2 above clouds. Inside clouds, the actinic flux can be enhanced by up to 2.4 times in the upper part of clouds or reduced up to 10 times in the lower parts of clouds. Our study suggests that the use of satellite‐derived actinic fluxes as input to chemistry‐transport models can improve the accuracy of photochemistry calculations.
Defining uncertainty and error in planktic foraminiferal oxygen isotope measurements
Authors: Fraass A. J. , Lowery C. M.
Published: January 2017

Foraminifera are the backbone of paleoceanography. Planktic foraminifera are one of the leading tools for reconstructing water column structure. However, there are unconstrained variables when dealing with uncertainty in the reproducibility of oxygen isotope measurements. This study presents the first results from a simple model of foraminiferal calcification (Foraminiferal Isotope Reproducibility Model; FIRM), designed to estimate uncertainty in oxygen isotope measurements. FIRM uses parameters including location, depth habitat, season, number of individuals included in measurement, diagenesis, misidentification, size variation, and vital effects to produce synthetic isotope data in a manner reflecting natural processes. Reproducibility is then tested using Monte Carlo simulations. Importantly, this is not an attempt to fully model the entire complicated process of foraminiferal calcification; instead, we are trying to include only enough parameters to estimate the uncertainty in foraminiferal δ18O records. Two well‐constrained empirical data sets are simulated successfully, demonstrating the validity of our model. The results from a series of experiments with the model show that reproducibility is not only largely controlled by the number of individuals in each measurement but also strongly a function of local oceanography if the number of individuals is held constant. Parameters like diagenesis or misidentification have an impact on both the precision and the accuracy of the data. FIRM is a tool to estimate isotopic uncertainty values and to explore the impact of myriad factors on the fidelity of paleoceanographic records, particularly for the Holocene.
Enhance the Bioactivity and Osseointegration of the Polyethylene‐Terephthalate‐Based Artificial Ligament via Poly(Dopamine) Coating with Mesoporous Bioactive Glass
Authors: Yu Bin , Pei Peng , Yu Baoqing , Li Dejian , Zhang Xu , Huang Jianming , Ding Huifeng , Chen Shiyi , Zhu Yufang
Published: January 2017

The objective of this study is to study the bioactivity and osseointegration of polyethylene‐terephthalate‐based artificial ligament coated with mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) via polydopamine (PDA) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the OD value of MC3T3‐E1 cells on PDA‐MBG modified grafts is around 108% higher than that on pure PET after 5 days of culturing. The ALP activity of the PDA‐MBG group is about 1.5 times higher than that of the control group after 7 days of culturing. In the in vivo study, the results demonstrated that more newly formed bone tissue was found and the ultimate failure load increased in the PDA‐MBG coating group. In conclusion, PDA and MBG coating improves the surface bioactivity of the polyethylene‐terephthalate‐based artificial ligament and enhances the osseointegration within a bone tunnel.
Low trabecular bone density in recent sedentary modern humans
Authors: Chirchir Habiba , Ruff Christopher B. , Junno Juho‐Antti , Potts Richard
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Research on a limited number of samples suggests that trabecular bone density (i.e., bone volume fraction, BVF) within specific articulations is lower among more sedentary Holocene agricultural populations compared with Holocene foragers, implying that activity levels have a significant effect on trabecular BVF. However, it is unclear to what extent BVF differs among groups with varying activity levels and how general this phenomenon is across multiple limb articulations. Here, we test two hypotheses that: (i) sedentary populations have lower BVF compared with active populations across limb articulations; and (ii) these declines are more uniform in the lower limb (because of its more direct relationship to mobility), and more variable in the upper limb.

Materials and Methods

We estimated BVF in seven lower and upper limb articulations of five Holocene population samples with subsistence strategies spanning from foraging through horticultural to industrial using pQCT (peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography).

Results

Both hypotheses are largely supported. First, the most active groups have significantly greater BVF in most limb elements compared with more sedentary groups. Second, all sedentary groups have relatively similar (and lower) BVF in the lower limb but show more variation in upper limb articulations.

Conclusions

These results suggest that a decline in activity levels associated with the adoption of agriculture and industrialization significantly contributed to the reduction in BVF in recent modern humans, but specific behavioral changes, particularly in the upper limb, also affected these patterns.
A muscular imprint on the anterolateral surface of the proximal femurs of the Krapina Neandertal collection
Authors: Belcastro Maria Giovanna , Mariotti Valentina
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to report and interpret a feature on the anterolateral surface of the proximal femurs of the Krapina hominid collection that we briefly described in 2006 (Periodicum Biologorum, 108, 319–329).

Materials and Methods

We recorded the presence or absence of the feature in all the proximal femurs of the Krapina collection (six specimens recordable) and in 622 modern human adult femurs.

Results

The feature consists in a series of crests delimitating three raised or depressed areas. This feature has been found in three out of four adult Neandertal femurs observable. The two observable subadult Neandertal femurs do not show this character. None of the modern femurs displayed the feature.

Conclusion

We interpret this feature as a muscular imprint, probably representing them. vastus intermediusorigin and discuss a possible interpretation. We did not find any other references for such imprint in the existing literature regarding the Neandertal femurs.
The peopling of the Americas and the origin of the Beringian occupation model
Authors: Mulligan Connie J. , Szathmáry Emőke J.E.
Published: January 2017

The current model for peopling of the Americas involves divergence from an ancestral Asian population followed by a period of population isolation and genetic diversification in Beringia, and finally, a rapid expansion into and throughout the Americas. Studies in the 1970s sought to characterize the biological relationships between different indigenous populations and first proposed an occupation of Beringia. More recent studies using molecular genetic markers often neglect to reference early works that laid the groundwork for current colonization models. We address this matter, and briefly summarize the literature and technological advances that contributed to our current understanding of the peopling of the Americas. Furthermore, we argue that describing the process of peopling of the Americas as “migrations from Asia” minimizes the significant genetic diversification that occurred outside of Asia, and offends indigenous Americans by discounting their origin narratives and land rights. Rather than referring to the indigenous peoples of the Americas as “migrants” or “immigrants,” we recommend consistency in the language used to describe all post‐glacial expansions of people into Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Two‐tier healthcare service systems and cost of waiting for patients
Authors: Wan Guangyu , Wang Qinan
Published: January 2017

Waiting has been a significant concern for healthcare services. We address this issue in the context of a two‐tier service system in this study. A two‐tier healthcare service system consists of two different service providers, typically one public service provider and one private service provider. In a baseline model, the two service providers are modeled by two queue servers, which charge each patient a common fixed fee for the service. Then, we study a queue model in which one service provider offers a subsidy or charges a premium while the other maintains the fixed service fee. This system provides a mechanism to segment patients along their waiting time cost through price discrimination. We analyze the problem from both the perspective of minimizing total waiting cost for all patients and the perspective of maximizing social gain for the public service provider or profit for the private service provider. We show that this model can significantly alleviate the burden of waiting for patients. The study addresses the design, the efficiency, and the implementation of two‐tier healthcare service systems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repeat hepatectomy is independently associated with favorable long‐term outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Neal Christopher P. , Nana Gael R. , Jones Michael , Cairns Vaux , Ngu Wee , Isherwood John , Dennison Ashley R. , Garcea Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

Up to three‐quarters of patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) develop intrahepatic recurrence. Repeat hepatic resection appears to provide the optimal chance of cure for these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze short‐ and long‐term outcomes following index and repeat hepatectomy for CRLM. Clinicopathological data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database. Perioperative variables and outcomes were compared using the Chi‐squared test. Variables associated with long‐term survival following index and second hepatectomy were identified by Cox regression analyses. Over the study period, 488 patients underwent hepatic resection for CRLM, with 71 patients undergoing repeat hepatectomy. There was no significant difference in rates of morbidity (P = 0.135), major morbidity (P = 0.638), or mortality (P = 0.623) when index and second hepatectomy were compared. Performance of repeat hepatectomy was independently associated with increased overall and cancer‐specific survival following index hepatectomy. Short disease‐free interval between index and second hepatectomy, number of liver metastases >1, and resection of extrahepatic disease were independently associated with shortened survival following repeat resection. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent CRLM offers short‐term outcomes equivalent to those of patients undergoing index hepatectomy, while being independently associated with improved long‐term patient survival.
Development and characterization of anti‐glycopeptide monoclonal antibodies against human podoplanin, using glycan‐deficient cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN
Authors: Kaneko Mika K. , Nakamura Takuro , Honma Ryusuke , Ogasawara Satoshi , Fujii Yuki , Abe Shinji , Takagi Michiaki , Harada Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Nishioka Yasuhiko , Kato Yukinari
Published: January 2017

Human podoplanin (hPDPN), which binds to C‐type lectin‐like receptor‐2 (CLEC‐2), is involved in platelet aggregation and cancer metastasis. The expression of hPDPN in cancer cells or cancer‐associated fibroblasts indicates poor prognosis. Human lymphatic endothelial cells, lung‐type I alveolar cells, and renal glomerular epithelial cells express hPDPN. Although numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against hPDPN are available, they recognize peptide epitopes of hPDPN. Here, we generated a novel anti‐hPDPN mAb, LpMab‐21. To characterize the hPDPN epitope recognized by the LpMab‐21, we established glycan‐deficient CHO‐S and HEK‐293T cell lines, using the CRISPR/Cas9 or TALEN. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the minimum hPDPN epitope, in which sialic acid is linked to Thr76, recognized by LpMab‐21 is Thr76–Arg79. LpMab‐21 detected hPDPN expression in glioblastoma, oral squamous carcinoma, and seminoma cells as well as in normal lymphatic endothelial cells. However, LpMab‐21 did not react with renal glomerular epithelial cells or lung type I alveolar cells, indicating that sialylation of hPDPN Thr76 is cell‐type‐specific. LpMab‐21 combined with other anti‐hPDPN antibodies that recognize different epitopes may therefore be useful for determining the physiological function of sialylated hPDPN.
Activated macrophages as key mediators of capsule formation on adipose constructs in tissue engineering chamber models
Authors: Zhan Weiqing , Lu Feng
Published: January 2017

In plastic and reconstructive field, it would be much beneficial to fabricate an engineered adipose tissue substitute allowing reliable and complete fat tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering chamber (TEC) holds the promise to optimize an adipogenic configuration that is efficacious as well as reproducible. A frequently occurring complication involves the adipose tissue flap encapsulation and, effectively, its shielding, by a thick fibrous membrane, which hinders development into the proliferative stage. The reason for the deposition of the collagen capsule remains unclear. Numerous studies have highlighted that macrophages play a key role in adipogenesis in a TEC model using a silicone chamber enclosing the fat flap with a superficial epigastric pedicle. As a verification of the role of macrophages in capsule formation, we propose the inhibition of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) synthesis by macrophage populations in the local microenvironment by administrating tranilast into the TEC. We hypothesize that upon reduction of TGF‐β1 levels, capsule formation and inhibition of new adipose tissue development will decrease. Furthermore, we propose that a tissue engineering chamber model in which macrophages are closely related to both neo‐adipogenesis and capsule formation.
The use of hemodynamic support in massive pulmonary embolism
Authors: Kumar Bhatia Neal , Dickert Neal W. , Samady Habib , Babaliaros Vasilis
Published: January 2017

Massive pulmonary embolism is life threatening and can present as cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. We report a case of a 47‐year‐old male who arrested during his postoperative hospitalization and was found to have a massive pulmonary embolism with bilateral involvement of the pulmonary arteries. Given his profound shock and right ventricular failure, an Impella RP was used to stabilize his acute right ventricular failure while percutaneous embolectomy and thrombolysis was used to treat the pulmonary embolism. The patient underwent the procedure successfully with reduction in vasopressors and thrombus burden and recovery of right ventricular function. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fever of unknown origin due to intrahepatic wooden toothpick
Authors: Currò Giuseppe , Lazzara Salvatore , Cogliandolo Andrea , Latteri Saverio , Navarra Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

Key Clinical Message

Ingestion of foreign bodies is a common clinical problem, but intrahepatic migration is an exceptional occurrence. Clinical history is not helpful. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT are fundamental to exclude surgical causes of fever of unknown origin. Laparoscopic segmental liver resection is recommendable to avoid generalized peritonitis.
Cobalt‐Doped K‐OMS‐2 Nanofibers: A Novel and Efficient Water‐Tolerant Catalyst for the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhou Hao , Wang Lei , Zhang Yexin , Chen Chunlin , Hu Hualei , Li Guozheng , Zhang Yajie , Ma Yuping , Zhang Jian
Published: January 2017

Cobalt‐doped manganese octahedral molecular sieves with an ordered cryptomelane structure (OMS‐2) were synthesized by a one‐step hydrothermal method. The cobalt precursor was directly added into the solution before crystallization to allow its incorporation into the mixed‐valent framework of K‐OMS‐2. The structure, redox properties, and surface hydrophobicity of Co‐doped K‐OMS‐2 were examined by X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, N2 sorption, temperature‐programmed reduction by H2, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact‐angle system. The incorporation of Co induced a morphological change in K‐OMS‐2 from nanorods to nanofibers and an increase in the specific surface area from 70.6 to 188.3 m2 g−1. Co‐doped K‐OMS‐2 was shown to be able to completely convert CO at 100 °C in the presence of approximately 3 % water vapor. The promotion effect of Co on the catalytic activity is believed to originate from the enhanced redox capacity and surface area of K‐OMS‐2, whereas the improved surface hydrophobicity may induce superior water‐tolerant performance.
Structurally Stable Attractive Nanoscale Emulsions with Dipole–Dipole Interaction‐Driven Interdrop Percolation
Authors: Shin Kyounghee , Gong Gyeonghyeon , Cuadrado Jonas , Jeon Serim , Seo Mintae , Choi Hong Sung , Hwang Jae Sung , Lee Youngbok , Fernandez‐Nieves Alberto , Kim Jin Woong
Published: January 2017

This study introduces an extremely stable attractive nanoscale emulsion fluid, in which the amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PEO‐b‐PCL), is tightly packed with lecithin, thereby forming a mechanically robust thin‐film at the oil‐water interface. The molecular association of PEO‐b‐PCL with lecithin is critical for formation of a tighter and denser molecular assembly at the interface, which is systematically confirmed by T2 relaxation and DSC analyses. Moreover, suspension rheology studies also reflect the interdroplet attractions over a wide volume fraction range of the dispersed oil phase; this results in a percolated network of stable drops that exhibit no signs of coalescence or phase separation. This unique rheological behavior is attributed to the dipolar interaction between the phosphorylcholine groups of lecithin and the methoxy end groups of PEO‐b‐PCL. Finally, the nanoemulsion system significantly enhances transdermal delivery efficiency due to its favorable attraction to the skin, as well as high diffusivity of the nanoscale emulsion drops.
Microwave‐Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Self‐Assembled T‐Nb2O5 Nanowires for High‐Energy Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Huiling , Xu Henghui , Wang Libin , Zhang Lei , Huang Yunhui , Hu Xianluo
Published: January 2017

Recently ion‐intercalation hybrid supercapacitors, with high energy density at high power density, have been widely investigated to meet ever‐increasing practical demands. Here, a unique hybrid supercapacitor has been designed and fabricated using self‐assembled orthorhombic‐phase niobium oxide@carbon (T‐Nb2O5@C) nanowires as an anode and commercially available activated carbon as a cathode. The 3D‐interconnected T‐Nb2O5@C nanowires have been synthesized through a highly efficient microwave‐solvothermal method, combined with subsequent thermal treatment. The experimental parameters (e.g., time and temperature) can be easily programmed, and the synthesis time can be significantly shortened, thus enabling the buildup of abundant recipes for the engineering of scaled‐up production. The Li‐ion intercalation pseudocapacitance electrode, made from the as‐formed self‐assembled T‐Nb2O5@C nanowires, shows excellent charge storage and transfer capability. When assembled into a hybrid supercapacitor with a cathode of activated carbon, a high energy density of 60.6 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 8.5 kW kg−1 with outstanding stability are achieved. In virtue of easy optimization and programmability of the synthetic strategy, and the remarkable electrochemical performance, the self‐assembled T‐Nb2O5@C nanowires offer a promising anode for asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors.
Local site differences in survival and parasitism of periwinkles (Littorina sitkana Philippi, 1846)
Authors: Ayala‐Díaz Mónica , Richardson Jean M. L. , Anholt Bradley R.
Published: January 2017

The periwinkle, Littorina sitkana, is found throughout the intertidal zone, often in isolated subpopulations. The majority of trematode parasites use snails as intermediate hosts, and decreased survivorship is often observed in snails infected with trematodes. Sampling L. sitkana from four sites in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada, we test the effects of parasitic infection on snail survival using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches using the software MARK and WinBUGS. We found that survival of periwinkles and trematode community composition differed among sites, but survival and trematode prevalence were uncorrelated. WinBUGS performed better than MARK in two ways: (1) by allowing the use of information on known mortality, thus preventing survival overestimation; and (2) by giving more stable estimates while testing the effect of body size on snail survival. Our results suggest that snail survival depends heavily on local environmental factors that may vary greatly within a small geographical region. These findings are important because the majority of experimental studies on survival are done on snails from a single location.
Synthesis, Characterization, Speciation, DNA Cleavage, and Cytotoxic Studies of the Pd[2‐(2‐Aminoethyl)‐1‐methylpyrrolidine]Cl2 Complex with Reference to Carboplatin
Authors: Shehata Mohamed R. , Shoukry Mohamed M. , Ragab Mona S. , van Eldik Rudi
Published: January 2017

The [Pd(AEMP)Cl2] complex [AEMP = 2‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1‐methylpyrrolidine] was prepared and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic analyses. The structure of the complex was found to be square‐planar with some distortion. The geometric optimizations of the ligand and complex were performed with the DFT/B3LYP method by using Gaussian 09. The stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes formed in the reaction of [Pd(AEMP)(H2O)2]2+ with dicarboxylic acids and DNA constituents were investigated at 0.1 m ionic strength and 25 °C. The results show that both DNA constituents and cyclobutanedicarboxylate (CBDCA) coordinate to [Pd(AEMP)(H2O)2]2+ to form the quaternary complex [Pd(AEMP)(CBDCA‐O)DNA], where CBDCA‐O represents cyclobutanedicarboxylate coordinated through one carboxylate oxygen atom to the PdII center. The speciation concentration distributions in solution were evaluated. The biological activity for DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity of the [Pd(AEMP)Cl2] complex was studied.
Erythrosine B Catalyzed Visible‐Light Photoredox Arylation–Cyclization of N‐Alkyl‐N‐aryl‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)acrylamides to 3‐(Trifluoromethyl)indolin‐2‐one Derivatives
Authors: Gonda Zsombor , Béke Ferenc , Tischler Orsolya , Petró Milán , Novák Zoltán , Tóth Balázs L.
Published: January 2017

3‐Trifluoromethylindoline‐2‐one derivatives were prepared in a visible‐light photocatalytic transformation of acrylamides. The arylation–cyclization sequence was initiated by light‐induced aryl radical generation from aryldiazonium salts with the utilization of erythrosine B as an organic photocatalyst.
Use of a (β‐Amidoallyl)boronate as a Nucleophilic Reagent in Catalytic Enantioselective Addition to Isatins
Authors: Sengoku Tetsuya , Sugiyama Akihiro , Kamiya Yuta , Maegawa Ryunosuke , Takahashi Masaki , Yoda Hidemi
Published: January 2017

Spirocycles are attractive synthetic targets for many synthetic chemists owing to their potent and promising biological activities. We previously reported a method for the highly enantioselective allylation of various isatins with β‐amido‐functionalized allylstannanes under the influence of indium‐based chiral catalysts and applied this method to the synthesis of 2‐oxindole derivatives spiro‐fused to an α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone framework. In this communication, we report the successful development of a new catalytic system that enables enantioselective tin‐free “amide allylation” with the aid of a newly prepared (β‐amidoallyl)boronate for nucleophilic addition to isatins. This system consisting of a catalytic amount of diethylzinc as a competitive candidate in the presence of chiral 1,3‐amino alcohols incorporating an acidic phenol functionality offers new opportunities for environmentally benign access to medicinally relevant spirocyclic 2‐oxindoles.
Approach for Modulation of the Permselective Properties of Ni(II) Porphyrin Polymers
Authors: Carballo Romina R. , Rezzano Irene N.
Published: January 2017

The electropolymerization of Ni(II) Protoporphyrin (polyNiPP) onto glassy carbon electrodes is performed in different experimental conditions, varying the supporting electrolytes, solvent, and oxidative potentials. The AFM images show different average thickness for each polymer, polyNiPP(TBAP) (0.6 μm) and polyNiPP(LiClO4) (0.1μm). The polyNiPP(LiClO4) describes a straight line plot of EMF versus log (C) for NO2−, with the slope of 37 mV per concentration decade while the same film is not sensitive to the thiocyanate concentration. For polyNiPP(TBAP) the slope for thiocyanate progressively increase when is oxidized in aqueous solution. A sub‐Nernstian response (59 mV /decade) is obtained at 1000 mV. The Nyquist plots confirm that the method of preparation establishes the properties of films related to the movement of the ions.
Formulation of organic and inorganic hydrogel matrices for immobilization of β‐glucosidase in microfluidic platform
Authors: Kazan Aslihan , Heymuth Marcel , Karabulut Dilan , Akay Seref , Yildiz‐Ozturk Ece , Onbas Rabia , Muderrisoglu Cahit , Sargin Sayit , Heils Rene , Smirnova Irina , Yesil‐Celiktas Ozlem
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to formulate silica and alginate hydrogels for immobilization of β‐glucosidase. For this purpose, enzyme kinetics in hydrogels were determined, activity of immobilized enzymes was compared with that of free enzyme, and structures of silica and alginate hydrogels were characterized in terms of surface area and pore size. The addition of polyethylene oxide improved the mechanical strength of the silica gels and 68% of the initial activity of the enzyme was preserved after immobilizing into tetraethyl orthosilicate–polyethylene oxide matrix where the relative activity in alginate beads was 87%. The immobilized β‐glucosidase was loaded into glass–silicon–glass microreactors and catalysis of 4‐nitrophenyl β‐d‐glucopyranoside was carried out at various retention times (5, 10, and 15 min) to compare the performance of silica and alginate hydrogels as immobilization matrices. The results indicated that alginate hydrogels exhibited slightly better properties than silica, which can be utilized for biocatalysis in microfluidic platforms.