bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Players or Pawns? University Response to the Introduction of Plan S
Authors: Gornitzka Åse , Stensaker Bjørn
Published: February 2024

The European Plan S initiative intending to transform the field of academic publishing towards open access has been received with both enthusiasm and criticism. This article reflects on this case as an example of how policymaking in ‘the Europe of Knowledge’ – characterized by increasing complexity caused by problems of multi-level coordination, combined with multi-actor divergence of norms, ideas, and interests − affects and triggers university responses. The analysis of response to this initiative for reform of scientific publishing takes the concept of normative match and mismatch as its theoretical point of departure, and the article provides an overview of how Plan S has been implemented in Norwegian higher education, where the challenge for universities has been to find a balance between responding to political expectations and expectations from societal and academic stakeholders. Our findings suggest a normative mismatch related to the Plan S initiative. The article argues that the university level was left with the task of defending the academic freedom of the individual scholar, while also being delegated the responsibility of controlling the rising costs of publishing services. As a result, issues relating to academic publishing are currently of strategic interest to universities.
Adherence to the healthy eating index-2010 and alternative healthy eating index-2010 in relation to metabolic syndrome among African Americans in the Jackson heart study
Authors: Reeder Nicole K , Reneker Jennifer C , Beech Bettina M , Bruce Marino A , Heitman Elizabeth , Norris Keith C , Talegawkar Sameera A , Thorpe Roland J
Published: February 2024

Objective:

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) scores were associated with incident metabolic syndrome.

Design:

This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Jackson Heart Study. HEI and AHEI scores were divided into quintiles and Cox proportional hazards regression models were analysed for 1864 African American adults free from metabolic syndrome at Exam 1 to examine the incidence of metabolic syndrome by quintile of dietary quality score.

Setting:

Hinds, Madison and Rankin counties, Mississippi, USA.

Participants:

African American adults, ages 21–94 years, 60·9 % female.

Results:

Over a mean follow-up time of 6·7 years, we observed 932 incident cases of metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for multiple covariates, a higher HEI score at Exam 1 was not associated with the risk of incident metabolic syndrome, except when looking at the trend analysis for the subgroup of adults with two metabolic syndrome components at Exam 1 (P-trend= 0·03). A higher AHEI score at Exam 1 was associated with the risk of incident metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio for those in the highest quintile compared to the lowest: 0·80 (95 % CI: 0·65, 0·99),P-trend= 0·03).

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that a dietary pattern that scores higher on the AHEI may help reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome, even for adults who already have two of the minimum of three components required for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
Small‐Scale Overturn of High‐Ti Cumulates Promoted by the Long Lifetime of the Lunar Magma Ocean
Authors: Maurice M. , Tosi N. , Hüttig C.
Published: February 2024

The fractional crystallization of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) results in a gravitationally unstable layering, with dense Fe‐ and Ti‐oxides overlying lighter mafic cumulates. Due to their high density, these are prone to overturn via Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. However, this instability competes with the downward growth of the cold and stiff stagnant lid, which tends to trap the cumulates preventing their overturn. The fate of high‐Ti cumulates (HTC) plays a major role in several aspects of the Moon's history, including mare volcanism, early magnetism, and the presence of a partially molten layer at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB). To assess the extent of the overturn of HTC, we use 2D simulations of thermo‐chemical mantle convection in the presence of a solidifying LMO. The long lifetime of the magma ocean caused by the insulating effect of the plagioclase crust delays the growth of the stagnant lid and promotes the onset of solid‐state convection during magma ocean solidification. Both phenomena favor a high degree of mobilization of the HTC. Independent of the rheology of the mafic and HTC, the overturn is always characterized by small‐scale instabilities and is completed within ∼300–600 Myr. High‐Ti material accumulates at the CMB where it undergoes partial melting until present‐day, in agreement with the existence of a deep, partially molten layer inferred from geodetic data. Part of the overturned cumulates is entrained by mantle flow and can participate in secondary melting until ∼1 Ga, in agreement with the age of high‐Ti mare basalts.
Distribution and Characteristics of Blackwater Rivers and Streams of the Contiguous United States
Authors: Flotemersch Joseph E. , Blocksom Karen A. , Herlihy Alan T. , Kaufmann Philip R. , Mitchell Richard M. , Peck David V.
Published: February 2024

Blackwater rivers and streams have stained or tea‐colored water from tannins released by decaying plant matter. Natural conditions in these waters often differ from non‐blackwater systems. For example, the pH and oxygen levels in waters can be very low, but completely natural. We examined an existing USEPA data set and found that blackwaters existed across the contiguous United States but were most common in the east. Water chemistry showed differences between blackwater and non‐blackwater sites, but differences were not consistent across ecoregions making national scale generalizations difficult. Physical habitat data analysis did not show dramatic differences between blackwater and non‐blackwater sites. Blackwater typically arises from streams that drain tannin‐rich bogs/muskeg and wetlands, so as expected blackwater sites had a shorter Euclidean distance to wetlands than non‐blackwater sites and existed in watersheds with a higher percentage of wetland habitat. Blackwaters in Northern and Temperate Plains tended to have higher acid neutralizing capacity, conductivity, and lower True Color; a visual color scale used for water purity. We posit that differences were because Color and Dissolved Organic Carbon at these sites were from buried wetland deposits rather than contemporary wetland habitats. Research needs that may increase our understanding and management of blackwaters include development of an operational definition that includes a classification framework and reference conditions for different blackwater types, identification of stressors and their associated dynamics that negatively impact blackwater systems, and development of data‐driven, consistent, and repeatable assessment methods, including development of targets, protective of unique conditions in blackwater rivers and streams.
Hybrid oxide coatings generate stable Cu catalysts for CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Albertini Petru P. , Newton Mark A. , Wang Min , Segura Lecina Ona , Green Philippe B. , Stoian Dragos C. , Oveisi Emad , Loiudice Anna , Buonsanti Raffaella
Published: February 2024

Hybrid organic/inorganic materials have contributed to solve important challenges in different areas of science. One of the biggest challenges for a more sustainable society is to have active and stable catalysts that enable the transition from fossil fuel to renewable feedstocks, reduce energy consumption and minimize the environmental footprint. Here we synthesize novel hybrid materials where an amorphous oxide coating with embedded organic ligands surrounds metallic nanocrystals. We demonstrate that the hybrid coating is a powerful means to create electrocatalysts stable against structural reconstruction during the CO2 electroreduction. These electrocatalysts consist of copper nanocrystals encapsulated in a hybrid organic/inorganic alumina shell. This shell locks a fraction of the copper surface into a reduction-resistant Cu2+ state, which inhibits those redox processes responsible for the structural reconstruction of copper. The electrocatalyst activity is preserved, which would not be possible with a conventional dense alumina coating. Varying the shell thickness and the coating morphology yields fundamental insights into the stabilization mechanism and emphasizes the importance of the Lewis acidity of the shell in relation to the retention of catalyst structure. The synthetic tunability of the chemistry developed herein opens new avenues for the design of stable electrocatalysts and beyond.
Multiscale biochemical mapping of the brain through deep-learning-enhanced high-throughput mass spectrometry
Authors: Xie Yuxuan Richard , Castro Daniel C. , Rubakhin Stanislav S. , Trinklein Timothy J. , Sweedler Jonathan V. , Lam Fan
Published: February 2024

Spatial omics technologies can reveal the molecular intricacy of the brain. While mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides spatial localization of compounds, comprehensive biochemical profiling at a brain-wide scale in three dimensions by MSI with single-cell resolution has not been achieved. We demonstrate complementary brain-wide and single-cell biochemical mapping using MEISTER, an integrative experimental and computational mass spectrometry (MS) framework. Our framework integrates a deep-learning-based reconstruction that accelerates high-mass-resolving MS by 15-fold, multimodal registration creating three-dimensional (3D) molecular distributions and a data integration method fitting cell-specific mass spectra to 3D datasets. We imaged detailed lipid profiles in tissues with millions of pixels and in large single-cell populations acquired from the rat brain. We identified region-specific lipid contents and cell-specific localizations of lipids depending on both cell subpopulations and anatomical origins of the cells. Our workflow establishes a blueprint for future development of multiscale technologies for biochemical characterization of the brain.
Toward universal cell embeddings: integrating single-cell RNA-seq datasets across species with SATURN
Authors: Rosen Yanay , Brbić Maria , Roohani Yusuf , Swanson Kyle , Li Ziang , Leskovec Jure
Published: February 2024

Analysis of single-cell datasets generated from diverse organisms offers unprecedented opportunities to unravel fundamental evolutionary processes of conservation and diversification of cell types. However, interspecies genomic differences limit the joint analysis of cross-species datasets to homologous genes. Here we present SATURN, a deep learning method for learning universal cell embeddings that encodes genes’ biological properties using protein language models. By coupling protein embeddings from language models with RNA expression, SATURN integrates datasets profiled from different species regardless of their genomic similarity. SATURN can detect functionally related genes coexpressed across species, redefining differential expression for cross-species analysis. Applying SATURN to three species whole-organism atlases and frog and zebrafish embryogenesis datasets, we show that SATURN can effectively transfer annotations across species, even when they are evolutionarily remote. We also demonstrate that SATURN can be used to find potentially divergent gene functions between glaucoma-associated genes in humans and four other species.
Study of the physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro multiplication of wild blackberry species from the Peruvian highlands
Authors: Lapiz-Culqui Yoiner K. , Meléndez-Mori Jegnes Benjamín , Tejada-Alvarado José Jesús , Cortez Denny , Huaman Eyner , Zarantes Victor M. Núñez , Oliva Manuel
Published: February 2024

The Peruvian Andes are the natural habitat of several wild blackberry species that are little known and exploited due to the lack of technological and scientific development to support their agricultural potential. In this context, a study was conducted to understand the physicochemical composition, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro multiplication of four wild blackberry (Rubus sp.) species from the northern Peruvian highlands. The results indicate that fruits of R. floribundus presented the highest content of total soluble solids (9.58 ± 1.83°Brix) and titratable acidity (1.88 ± 0.07% citric acid). The fruits of R. weberbaueri recorded the highest total phenolic content (415.06 ± 8.69 mg GAE/100 g Ff). The antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH assay varied significantly among species, with the highest value found in fruits of R. andicola (50.27 ± 0.11 mg TE/100 g Ff). The fruit extracts of R. weberbaueri and R. andicola showed better antimicrobial activity, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most sensitive bacterium. In the in vitro multiplication phase, the results show that BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) has a significant effect at a dose of 1.5 mg l−1 on shoot number, leaf number, and shoot length. The results may help in the management of genetic resources.
Prophylactic pegfilgrastim reduces febrile neutropenia in ramucirumab plus docetaxel after chemoimmunotherapy in advanced NSCLC: post hoc analysis from NEJ051
Authors: Miura Keita , Yamaguchi Ou , Mori Keita , Nakamura Atsushi , Tamiya Motohiro , Oba Tomohiro , Yanagitani Noriko , Mizutani Hideaki , Ninomiya Takashi , Kajiwara Tomosue , Ito Kentaro , Miyanaga Akihiko , Arai Daisuke , Kodama Hiroaki , Kobayashi Kunihiko , Kaira Kyoichi
Published: February 2024

Ramucirumab plus docetaxel (RD) can cause febrile neutropenia (FN), which frequently requires the prophylactic administration of pegfilgrastim. However, the effects of prophylactic pegfilgrastim on FN prevention, therapeutic efficacy, and prognosis after RD have not been fully evaluated in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two hundred and eighty-eight patients with advanced NSCLC who received RD as second-line therapy after platinum-based chemotherapy plus PD-1 blockade were included. Patients were divided into groups with and without prophylactic pegfilgrastim, and adverse events, efficacy, and prognosis were compared between both groups. Of the 288 patients, 247 received prophylactic pegfilgrastim and 41 did not. The frequency of grade 3/4 neutropenia was 62 patients (25.1%) in the pegfilgrastim group and 28 (68.3%) in the control group (p < 0.001). The frequency of FN was 25 patients (10.1%) in the pegfilgrastim group and 10 (24.4%) in the control group (p = 0.018). The objective response rate was 31.2% and 14.6% in the pegfilgrastim and control groups (p = 0.039), respectively. The disease control rate was 72.9% in the pegfilgrastim group and 51.2% in the control group (p = 0.009). Median progression free survival was 4.3 months in the pegfilgrastim group and 2.5 months in the control group (p = 0.002). The median overall survival was 12.8 and 8.1 months in the pegfilgrastim and control groups (p = 0.004), respectively. Prophylactic pegfilgrastim for RD reduced the frequency of grade 3/4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia and did not appear to be detrimental to patient outcome RD.

Clinical Trial Registration Number: UMIN000042333.
Kinetic study of the CN + C2H6 hydrogen abstraction reaction based on an analytical potential energy surface
Authors: Espinosa-Garcia Joaquin , Bhowmick Somnath
Published: February 2024

In this study, we perform kinetic analysis, including the kinetic isotope effect, and explore the role of the intermediate complex on the rate constant for the CN + C2H6 gas-phase hydrogen abstraction reaction using very accurate theoretical tools.
Spodium bonding with noble gas atoms
Authors: Yashmin Farnaz , Mazumder Lakhya J. , Sharma Pankaz K. , Guha Ankur K.
Published: February 2024

The nature of the bonding between a neutral group 12 member (Zn3, Cd3 and Hg3) ring and a noble gas atom was explored using quantum chemical simulations.
Reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal transition in Gd(iii) metal–organic frameworks induced by heat and solvents with a significant magnetocaloric effect
Authors: Wang Jin-Jin , Li Yu , Zheng Teng-Fei , Peng Yan , Chen Jing-Lin , Liu Sui-Jun , Wen He-Rui
Published: February 2024

Triggered by heat and solvents, Gd(iii) MOF undergo a SC–SC transition. JXUST-40a exhibits better stability and a larger magnetocaloric effect with −ΔSmaxm = 26.65 J kg−1 k−1 under a 7 T applied field.
Preparation of nano-MFI zeolites doped with Al/Ti and their performance in VOC sorption
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Chen Donghang , Jia Yongsheng , Jiang Zhongyu , Li Kongzhai , Chaianansutcharit Soamwadee , Reubroycharoen Prasert , Guo Limin
Published: February 2024

Highly crystalline nano-MFI zeolites with different elemental compositions (Si, Ti, and Al) were synthesized. The effects of elemental composition on the sorption properties of toluene and acetone were clarified.
Synthesis of labionin and avionin precursors via a nitrogen-centred-radical-triggered 1,5-HAT reaction of Tris derivatives
Authors: Yamaguchi Ayuta , Obiya Naoki , Arichi Norihito , Oishi Shinya , Ohno Hiroaki , Inuki Shinsuke
Published: February 2024

In this study, we have developed a diastereoselective synthetic route to labionin and avionin precursors via a regioselective 1,5-HAT reaction of Tris derivatives.
A spiroacridine-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter for high-efficiency and narrow-band deep-blue OLEDs
Authors: Huang Yong , Jia Mengjiao , Li Chuan , Yang Yang , He Yuling , Luo Yanju , Huang Yan , Zhou Liang , Lu Zhiyun
Published: February 2024

A deep-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule of SAC–BOC was developed, and its device exhibited a narrow full width at half maximum of 57 nm, CIE coordinates of (0.144, 0.129), and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 15.3%.
Disentangling the origin of chemical differences using GHOST
Authors: Saffe C. , Miquelarena P. , Alacoria J. , Martioli E. , Flores M. , Jaque Arancibia M. , Angeloni R. , Jofré E. , Yana Galarza J. , González E. , Collado A.
Published: February 2024

Aims. We explore different scenarios to explain the chemical difference found in the remarkable giant-giant binary system HD 138202 + CD−30 12303. For the first time, we suggest how to distinguish these scenarios by taking advantage of the extensive convective envelopes of giant stars.

Methods. We carried out a high-precision determination of stellar parameters and abundances by applying a full line-by-line differential analysis on GHOST high-resolution spectra. We used the FUNDPAR program with ATLAS12 model atmospheres and specific opacities calculated for an arbitrary composition through a doubly iterated method. Physical parameters were estimated with the isochrones package and evolutionary tracks were calculated via MIST models.

Results. We found a significant chemical difference between the two stars (Δ[Fe/H] ∼ 0.08 dex), which is largely unexpected considering the insensitivity of giant stars to planetary ingestion and diffusion effects. We tested the possibility of engulfment events by using several different combinations of stellar mass, ingested mass, metallicity of the engulfed object and different convective envelopes. However, the planetary ingestion scenario does not seem to explain the observed differences. For the first time, we distinguished the source of chemical differences using a giant-giant binary system. By ruling out other possible scenarios such as planet formation and evolutionary effects between the two stars, we suggest that primordial inhomogeneities might explain the observed differences. This remarkable result implies that the metallicity differences that were observed in at least some main-sequence binary systems might be related to primordial inhomogeneities rather than engulfment events. We also discuss the important implications of finding primordial inhomogeneities, which affect chemical tagging and other fields such as planet formation. We strongly encourage the use of giant-giant pairs. They are a relevant complement to main-sequence pairs for determining the origin of the observed chemical differences in multiple systems.
Sound velocity, equation of state and strangeness in neutron star matter
Authors: Weise Wolfram
Published: February 2024

This presentation in two parts starts with a brief review on the speed of sound in neutron star matter as inferred from observational data. It is pointed out that, in view of the strong constraints imposed by observed properties of the heaviest neutron stars, the equation of state must be very stiff. Stringent limits can be set on the possible appearance of phase transitions in neutron star cores. The second part discusses issues concerning the occurance of strangeness degrees of freedom, in particular of hyperons, in neutron stars. Here the focus is on the role of repulsive hyperon-nuclear three-body forces, potentially resolving the so-called hyperon puzzle.
Light Meson Decays at BESIII
Authors: Wang Yadi
Published: February 2024

At the precision frontier of particle physics, light mesons decays play important roles in understanding strong interactions, quark Model, CP violations, and so on. They provide valuable laboratories for the testing Chiral Perturbative Theory predictions, studying the EM form factors and fundamen tal sysmmetries, and last but not least, probing new physics beyond the Standard Model. In this talk, we present the new results from BESIII about the η′ and η decays based on large J/ψ datasets.
A dispersive estimate of the a0(980) contribution to hadronic light-by-light scattering in (𝑔 − 2)µ
Authors: Deineka Oleksandra , Danilkin Igor , Vanderhaeghen Marc
Published: February 2024

A dispersive implementation of the a0(980) resonance to (𝑔 − 2)µ requires the knowledge of the double-virtual S-wave γ * γ * → πη / KK¯I = 1 am plitudes. To obtain these amplitudes we used a modified coupled-channel Muskhelishvili-Omnès formalism, with the input from the left-hand cuts and the hadronic Omnès function. The latter were obtained using a data-driven N/D method in which the fits were performed to the different sets of experimental data on two-photon fusion processes with πη and KK¯ final states. This yields the preliminary dispersive estimate aμHLbL[a0(980)]resc. = -0.46(2) × 10-11.
Plasma-resonance-assisted filament in a high-pressure microwave discharge
Authors: Gildenburg V. B. , Golubev S. V. , Gospodchikov E. D. , Sintsov S. V. , Vodopyanov A. V.
Published: February 2024

Self-consistent steady-state structure of a thin plasma filament maintained in atmospheric pressure argon by a rotating transverse electric field of ∼1 cm wavelength is simulated numerically under conditions when the local plasma resonance condition is satisfied at some surface inside the filament. The equilibrium radial distributions of the plasma parameters (temperature and density) and the field amplitude inside the filament are calculated based on the solution of the heat equation and the Maxwell equations. It is shown that the occurrence of strong resonant peaks of the radial component of the electric field and the power of Joule losses in the region of critical density at the periphery of the filament provide the energy deposition sufficient to achieve a relatively high gas temperature and a strongly supercritical plasma density in its central region. In relation to the values of these basic parameters of the filament and the lower limit of the external radiation power supporting it, the results obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the data of the earlier experiment.
Microfluidic devices integrated with plasmonic nanostructures for sensitive fluorescent immunoassays
Authors: Xu Xuefeng , Li Guangyang , Xue Lingyue , Dong Shurong , Luo Jikui , Cao Zhen
Published: February 2024

The robust identification and quantification of various biomarkers is of utmost significance in clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. Fluorescent immunoassays are widely used and considered as a gold standard for biomarker detection due to their high specificity and accuracy. However, current commercial immunoassay tests suffer from limited detection sensitivity and complicated, labor-intensive operation procedures, making them impractical for point-of-care diagnosis, particularly in resource-limited regions. Recently, microfluidic immunoassay devices integrated with plasmonic nanostructures have emerged as a powerful tool for sensitive detection of biomarkers, addressing specific issues, such as integration schemes, easy operation, multiplexed detection, and sensitivity enhancement. In this paper, we provide a discussion on the recent advances in the plasmonic nanostructures integrated with microfluidic devices for fluorescent immunoassays. We shed light on the nanofabrication strategies and various fluidic designs for rapid, sensitive, and highly efficient sensing of antigens. Finally, we share our perspectives on the potential directions of these integrated devices for practical applications.
Influence maximization based on threshold models in hypergraphs
Authors: Zhang Renquan , Qu Xilong , Zhang Qiang , Xu Xirong , Pei Sen
Published: February 2024

Influence maximization problem has received significant attention in recent years due to its application in various domains, such as product recommendation, public opinion dissemination, and disease propagation. This paper proposes a theoretical analysis framework for collective influence in hypergraphs, focusing on identifying a set of seeds that maximize influence in threshold models. First, we extend the message passing method from pairwise networks to hypergraphs to accurately describe the activation process in threshold models. Then, we introduce the concept of hypergraph collective influence (HCI) to measure the influence of nodes. Subsequently, we design an algorithm, HCI-TM, to select the influence maximization set, taking into account both node and hyperedge activation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that HCI-TM outperforms several competing algorithms in synthetic and real-world hypergraphs. Furthermore, we find that HCI can be used as a tool to predict the occurrence of cascading phenomena. Notably, we find that the HCI-TM algorithm works better for larger average hyperdegrees in Erdös–Rényi hypergraphs and smaller power-law exponents in scale-free hypergraphs.
Light-controlled stateful reconfigurable logic in a carbon dot-based optoelectronic memristor
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Wang Xuefei , Zhao Xiaoning , Xie Dan , Wang Zhongqiang , Xu Haiyang , Liu Yichun
Published: February 2024

An optoelectronic memristor can respond to both electrical and optical stimuli, which has tremendous potential to realize light-involved operations. Here, N-doped carbon dots (NCDs)-based optoelectronic memristor devices with reliable resistive switching (RS) characteristics are demonstrated. The devices possess reproducible bipolar RS behavior, good endurance, long retention time, and fast switching speed (<28 ns). Based on the light-controlled charge trapping, the SET voltage can be modulated from 1.5 to 0.2 V by varying the ultraviolet (UV) light intensity. Furthermore, the switching process can be completely triggered by external light when the intensity is more than 10 mW/cm2. The mechanism of charge trapping of the NCDs is verified via Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements. The stateful reconfigurable logic of NAND and AND operations can be achieved through the control of UV light. The results show the feasibility of light-controlled stateful logic based on NCDs memristors for in-memory computing applications.
Prediction of thermoelectric-figure-of-merit based on autoencoder and light gradient boosting machine
Authors: Xu Yingying , Liu Xinyi , Wang Jifen
Published: February 2024

The evaluation of thermoelectric materials relies significantly on the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, which serves as a crucial parameter in assessing their properties. The accurate prediction of ZT values can be accomplished by utilizing machine learning models to learn material characteristics. However, factors such as the size of the dataset, model hyperparameters, and data quality can all impact the accuracy of machine learning. In contrast to previous research where high-dimensional features were simply discarded to transform them into low-dimensional ones, deep learning models such as autoencoder can extract more effective information. Therefore, in this article, the combination of autoencoders and the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) is employed to learn the chemical characteristics and ZT values of various materials. The reliability of the model was confirmed by achieving an R2 score of 0.94 during tenfold cross-validation. 130 000 materials were predicted and screened, the temperature dependence of the screened materials was studied in depth, and 13 materials with high ZT values were identified. Four of the 13 most promising candidates identified are existing thermoelectric materials, while nine are ideal candidates for future experimental studies and validation. This work utilizes autoencoders for extensive prediction and screening of promising materials, providing an effective approach for handling high-dimensional material data.
Phonon spectra split in vertically aligned bilayer crystal of binary complex plasma
Authors: Zobnin Andrey V. , Lipaev Andrey M. , Naumkin Vadim N. , Syrovatka Roman A. , Usachev Aleksandr D. , Khrapak Alexey G. , Khrapak Sergey A.
Published: February 2024

Structural and dynamical properties of a bilayer binary strongly coupled dusty plasma system in a sheath of an rf discharge are experimentally investigated. Microparticles of two different sizes are aligned into vertical pairs due to ion focusing (plasma wakes) downstream from the upper particles in the ion flow toward the bottom electrode. The pairs are ordered into a 2D hexagonal crystalline structure. The collective mode dispersion relations are measured and analyzed. Splitting of the modes in the bilayer lattice is observed and theoretically described. The relative intensities of the mode branches reflect non-reciprocal features of the wake-mediated interaction between the microparticles. The conditions of stability of vertically aligned bilayer structure are discussed, and relevant plasma parameters are estimated.
A novel annular slit-type emitter developed for multi-jet electrospray propulsion
Authors: Kwon Chanearl , Padhi Upasana Priyadarshani , Kumar Pravendra , Lim Daehong , Choe Sunho , Kwon Kybeom , Yoh Jack J.
Published: February 2024

Electrospray thrusters employ ionization in the liquid phase to produce and propel streams of molecular ions or highly charged droplets at significant velocities. In this study, we developed a novel annular slit-type emitter for electrospray and investigated its operational modes under varying applied potentials in both open atmosphere and vacuum conditions. To assess the performance of the annular slit-type emitter in comparison to the conventional capillary-type emitter, benchtop electrospray experiments were conducted using water and glycerin as working fluids for both emitter types. The study examined the formation of the Taylor cone, cone-to-jet transition, stable jet, whipping jet, and multi-jet, along with their dependence on fluid viscosity and electric potential for both emitter designs. Clear distinctions in hydrodynamic mode, drop-to-cone mode, and cone-to-jet transition mode were observed between the two emitters. As the electric potential increased, the capillary-type emitter exhibited a whipping and pulsating water jet, while glycerin displayed a steady tilted jet. In contrast, the annular slit-type emitter demonstrated a pulsating water jet followed by a distinctive dripping mode at higher electric potentials, while glycerin formed multiple steady jets around the annular slit. Notably, the annular slit-type emitter, when subjected to an 18.5 kV potential, produced seven electrospray jets for glycerin, a phenomenon attributed to the novel design of the emitter and the viscosity of glycerin enabling the generation of multiple cone-jets at a specific electrostatic potential around the slit peripheral meniscus. Vacuum chamber tests of the annular-type emitter using liquid indium as an ion source at 1 × 10−5 Torr revealed an ion-current density of 0.3 mA/mm, resulting in a thrust of 290 μN.
Surface wettability-induced modulations of droplet breakup in a bifurcated microchannel
Authors: Pandey Satya Prakash , Sarkar Sandip , Pal Debashis
Published: February 2024

We explore the dynamics of droplet propagation and subsequent disintegration in a symmetric bifurcating Y-microchannel by varying the wettability characteristics of one of the daughter channels while maintaining the wettability of the other constant. The temporal evolution of the droplet is numerically investigated using the phase-field method. Based on the neck-width evolution, the droplet bifurcation phenomenon has been divided into three separate stages, namely, squeezing, transition, and pinch-off. During the squeezing stage, the rate of change of neck width increases as the wettability angle decreases, while an opposite trend is observed at the pinch-off stage, leading to almost identical breakup time for the droplet regardless of the wettability angle. We identify pertinent regimes of droplet breakup, such as symmetric breakup, asymmetric breakup, no-breakup upper channel, no-breakup lower channel, and spreading regime, over wide ranges of capillary numbers (Ca) and viscosity ratio (μr). Our study indicates that an increase in the relative influence of viscous force (high Ca) reduces the droplet's wettability effect. The same pattern is obtained when the viscosity of the droplet is increased in relation to the viscosity of the carrier fluid. In contrast, for low Ca flows, the relatively strong interfacial tension favors the wettability characteristics of the surface, resulting in a dominance of non-breakup regimes. The regime plots proposed in this paper depict the roles of Ca and μr on various breakup regimes in detail. Such regime diagrams may emerge as fundamental design basis of microfluidic devices in diverse applications, such as biopharmaceuticals, microreactors, and food processing.
Tenfold sensitivity increase in streak camera detection by propagation synchronous integration without compromising time resolution
Authors: Elias Eduard , Sasbrink Bart , Summ Patrick , Croce Roberta , van Mourik Frank
Published: February 2024

For many applications that involve measuring ultrafast optical phenomena, the streak camera is the device of choice because of its excellent time resolution, its high sensitivity, the possibility to simultaneously measure lifetimes and spectra, and because it can capture the temporal dynamics in a single shot. Nevertheless, to obtain a good time resolution, often narrow slits have to be employed that restrict the image source area and, therefore, limit the light collection efficiency in the experiment. For some applications, it is therefore challenging to find an acceptable balance between the time resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. To overcome this limitation, we have devised the propagation synchronous integration principle for the streak camera, in which an effective spatio-dependent time-shift in the excitation of a sample is introduced and counteracted by the streak sweep, thereby effectively allowing for an increased image source area while maintaining the optimal time resolution. Using the Optronis streak camera with tunable streak sweep and large (1 mm) photocathode width, we could achieve a sevenfold increase in light collection efficiency without affecting the time resolution. Furthermore, we were also able to achieve an 11-fold increase in light collection at the cost of a 26% decrease in the time resolution.
Nonlinear dynamics of multiple Alfvén modes driven by trapped energetic ions in tokamaks: A triplet paradigm
Authors: Marchenko V. S. , Reznik S. N. , Kolesnichenko Ya. I.
Published: February 2024

Non-linear dynamics of multiple infernal Alfvén eigenmodes—a subset of global Alfvén eigenmodes in tokamak plasmas with extended low-shear central core [Marchenko et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 092502 (2009)]—is studied. The analysis is carried out for a mode triplet with toroidal mode-numbers n=1, 2, 3. It was assumed that the n = 1 mode was linearly unstable due to precession resonance with trapped fast ions, whereas the other modes were linearly damped. The modes were coupled due to a non-linearity in a bounce-averaged drift kinetic equation for the distribution function of fast ions. Nonlinear equations for the mode amplitudes and phases are derived and solved numerically. It is found that the temporal evolution of the amplitudes and the phase (responsible for the frequency chirping) of the modes exhibit Hopf bifurcations to stable limit cycles. This can explain a synchronous cyclic destabilization of multiple modes in Alfvén avalanches (sudden growth of amplitudes of the mode cluster with different n and approximately equal frequency spacing) in NSTX and bursting modes in MAST—events, which resulted in enhanced loss of fast ions.
Characteristics and mechanism of droplet bouncing on cross-ridge superhydrophobic surfaces: Simulations and theory
Authors: Lu Hao , Wang He , Chang Xiqiang , Zhou Erbiao
Published: February 2024

The behaviors of droplets impinging on superhydrophobic surfaces have received much attention from industry and academia due to potential applications such as anti-icing, spray cooling, and self-cleaning. Previous studies have shown that the superhydrophobic surfaces can significantly reduce contact time and thus effectively suppress surface icing and condensation phenomena. In this paper, the bouncing behaviors of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces decorated with cross ridges were investigated using numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. The effect of cross-ridge structures with different pinch angles and droplets with different Weber numbers on droplet bouncing behaviors was investigated using the volume-of-fluid method. The results showed that the solid–liquid contact time was shortest when the angle between the two ridges was 75°. Compared to droplet bouncing on a smooth surface, the contact time was reduced by up to 30% for complete bouncing behaviors and up to 68% for broken bouncing behaviors. As the angle decreased, the ratio of spreading areas between child droplet sizes increased exponentially. The momentum of the smaller child droplet decreased until it was no longer generated. A theoretical analysis based on energy conservation was also performed. A theoretical equation was proposed to predict the maximum spreading coefficient. The maximum error was less than 10% for the experimental and numerical results compared to the predicted results.
Quantifying the turbulent mixing driven by the Faraday instability in rotating miscible fluids
Authors: Singh Narinder , Pal Anikesh
Published: February 2024

The effect of the rotation on the turbulent mixing of two miscible fluids of small contrasting density, induced by Faraday instability, is investigated using direct numerical simulations. We quantify the irreversible mixing, which depicts the conversion of the available potential energy (APE) to the background potential energy (BPE) through the irreversible mixing rate M. We demonstrate that at lower forcing amplitudes, the turbulent kinetic energy (t.k.e.) increases with an increase in the Coriolis frequency f till (f/ω)2<0.25, where ω is the forcing frequency, during the sub-harmonic instability phase. This enhancement of t.k.e. is attributed to the excitement of more unstable modes. The irreversible mixing sustains for an extended period with increasing (f/ω)2 till 0.25 owing to the prolonged sub-harmonic instability phase and eventually ceases with instability saturation. When (f/ω)2>0.25, the Coriolis force significantly delays the onset of the sub-harmonic instabilities. The strong rotational effects result in lower turbulence because the bulk of the APE expends to BPE, decreasing APE that converts back to t.k.e. reservoir for (f/ω)2>0.25. Therefore, in the subsequent oscillation, the t.k.e. available to contribute to the external energy input from periodic forcing is small. Since the instability never saturates for (f/ω)2>0.25, the conversion of APE to BPE via M continues, and we find prolonged irreversible mixing. At higher forcing amplitudes, the instability delaying effect of rotation is negligible, and the turbulence is less intense and short-lived. Therefore, the irreversible mixing phenomenon also ends quickly for (f/ω)2<0.25. However, when (f/ω)2>0.25, a continuous irreversible mixing is observed. We also examine the mixing efficiency in terms of M and find that the mixing is efficient at lower forcing amplitudes and rotation rates of (f/ω)2>0.25 because the major portion of APE expends to BPE.
Coevolution of relationship and interaction in cooperative dynamical multiplex networks
Authors: Xiong Xiaojin , Zeng Ziyan , Feng Minyu , Szolnoki Attila
Published: February 2024

While actors in a population can interact with anyone else freely, social relations significantly influence our inclination toward particular individuals. The consequence of such interactions, however, may also form the intensity of our relations established earlier. These dynamical processes are captured via a coevolutionary model staged in multiplex networks with two distinct layers. In a so-called relationship layer, the weights of edges among players may change in time as a consequence of games played in the alternative interaction layer. As an reasonable assumption, bilateral cooperation confirms while mutual defection weakens these weight factors. Importantly, the fitness of a player, which basically determines the success of a strategy imitation, depends not only on the payoff collected from interactions, but also on the individual relationship index calculated from the mentioned weight factors of related edges. Within the framework of weak prisoner’s dilemma situation, we explore the potential outcomes of the mentioned coevolutionary process where we assume different topologies for relationship layer. We find that higher average degree of the relationship graph is more beneficial to maintain cooperation in regular graphs, but the randomness of links could be a decisive factor in harsh situations. Surprisingly, a stronger coupling between relationship index and fitness discourage the evolution of cooperation by weakening the direct consequence of a strategy change. To complete our study, we also monitor how the distribution of relationship index vary and detect a strong relation between its polarization and the general cooperation level.
Directional synchrony among self-propelled particles under spatial influence
Authors: Pal Suvam , Sar Gourab Kumar , Ghosh Dibakar , Pal Arnab
Published: February 2024

Synchronization is one of the emerging collective phenomena in interacting particle systems. Its ubiquitous presence in nature, science, and technology has fascinated the scientific community over the decades. Moreover, a great deal of research has been, and is still being, devoted to understand various physical aspects of the subject. In particular, the study of interacting active particles has led to exotic phase transitions in such systems which have opened up a new research front-line. Motivated by this line of work, in this paper, we study the directional synchrony among self-propelled particles. These particles move inside a bounded region, and crucially their directions are also coupled with spatial degrees of freedom. We assume that the directional coupling between two particles is influenced by the relative spatial distance which changes over time. Furthermore, the nature of the influence is considered to be both short and long-ranged. We explore the phase transition scenario in both the cases and propose an approximation technique which enables us to analytically find the critical transition point. The results are further supported with numerical simulations. Our results have potential importance in the study of active systems like bird flocks, fish schools, and swarming robots where spatial influence plays a pertinent role.
Energy loss evaluation in radical inflow turbine based on entropy production theory and orthogonal experiment method
Authors: Wang Zhiqi , Yang Huya , Li Xin , Xia Xiaoxia , Zuo Qingsong , Xie Baoqi
Published: February 2024

The fluctuation of heat source conditions results in off-design operation of the radial inflow turbines (RIT) in the organic Rankine cycle. However, the flow loss characteristics of RIT under off-design conditions have not been completely revealed. The entropy production theory has the advantage of determining the quantity and location of energy dissipation, which is used to evaluate the energy loss of RIT under different conditions. In addition, the order of operating parameters on the RIT energy loss is determined by the orthogonal experimental method. The results show that each entropy production term and the entropy production of different components increase with the increase in the inlet pressure and inlet temperature, while they decrease with the increase in the outlet pressure of the RIT. Under different operating conditions, the turbulent dissipation and wall dissipation are the main cause of RIT energy loss, which are closely related to vortices and high velocity gradients in the flow field. The rotor and diffuser contribute the main energy loss of RIT. However, the volume-average entropy production and area-average entropy production of the stator and rotor are higher than those of other components. In addition, the wall shear is the main cause of the stator energy loss, while the turbulent dissipation dominants the rotor energy loss. The outlet pressure has the greatest impact on the turbulent entropy production and wall dissipation.
Characterization of ejecta in shock experiments with multiple light scattering
Authors: Don Jayamanne J. A. , Burie J.-R. , Durand O. , Pierrat R. , Carminati R.
Published: February 2024

Upon impact, the free surface of a solid metal may eject a cloud of fast and fine particles. Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) is one of the optical diagnostics used to characterize these ejecta. Although the technique provides a direct way to estimate the particle velocities in the single scattering regime, it has been shown that multiple scattering cannot be neglected in real ejecta. Here, we derive a model for PDV measurements starting from the first principles of wave scattering. We establish rigorously the relationship between the specific intensity and the measured signal, as well as the Radiative Transport Equation (RTE) that describes the evolution of the specific intensity upon scattering and absorption in dynamic ejecta, including the effects of inelastic scattering and inhomogeneities in the optical properties. We also establish rigorously the connection between the Monte Carlo scheme used for numerical simulations and the solution to the RTE. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate the crucial contribution of multiple scattering to PDV spectrograms as well as the effect of statistical inhomogeneities in particle size distribution. These results could substantially impact the analysis of ejecta by PDV.