bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Contextualized Approach to Describing Oral Language Proficiency
Authors: Chalhoub‐Deville Micheline
Published: October 2006

Although both raters and elicitation tasks are principal factors influencing the study of learners' second language L2) oral proficiency, the effect of each has always been investigated separately; consequently, any possible relationship between them remains unexplored. In investigating the L2 oral proficiency construct, the present study incorporated a variety of tasks and diverse rater groups. The tasks encompassed an interview, a narration, and a read‐aloud. The rater groups, all NSs of Arabic, included 15 teachers in the US, 3 nonteaching raters residing in the US, and 36 nonteaching raters living in Lebanon. Using multidimensional scaling analyses, I derived dimensions underlying raters' holistic ratings of 6 learners' L2 oral proficiency on each of the three tasks. In addition, I specified the salience of the derived dimensions for each of the three rater groups. The results show that the nature of the L2 oral construct is not constant. Different weighted dimensions emerged when investigating the various tasks and rater groups. I concluded that proficiency researchers should not employ generic dimensions; dimensions should be empirically derived according to the specific elicitation task and audience.
Attention, Memory, and the “Noticing” Hypothesis
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: October 2006

Schmidt (1990) claimed that consciousness, in the sense of awareness of the form of input at the level of “noticing”, is necessary to subsequent second language acquisition (SLA). This claim runs counter to Krashen's (1981) dualsystem hypothesis that SLA largely results from an unconscious “acquisition” system, the contribution of the conscious “learning” system to SLA being limited and peripheral. Important to a theory of SLA that allows a central role to the act of noticing is a specification of the nature of the attentional mechanisms involved, and of their relationship to current models of the organization of memory. With this in mind the present paper reviews current research into the nature of attention and memory and proposes a model of the relationship between them during SLA that, it is argued, is complementary to Schmidt's noticing hypothesis and oppositional to the dual‐system hypothesis of Krashen. In light of this model, I argue that differential performance on implicit and explicit learning and memory experiments is caused by differences in the consciously regulated processing demands of training tasks and not by the activation of consciously and unconsciously accessed systems. I also argue that the attentional demands of pedagogical tasks and individual differences in memory and attentional capacity both affect the extent of noticing, thereby directly influencing SLA.
Interlanguage Dissimilarity Enhances the Decline of Thinking Ability During Foreign Language Processing
Authors: Takano Yohtaro , Noda Akiko
Published: October 2006

This study tested a hypothesis that the “foreign language effect” is larger when similarity between a foreign language and a native language is less. Foreign language effect refers to a temporary decline of thinking ability during foreign language processing, a decline that is distinguished from foreign language processing difficulty per se. In the first of two divided‐attention experiments, we compared 16 adult native speakers of German and 16 of Japanese given English as a common foreign language; in the second, we compared 16 adult native speakers of Korean and 16 of English given Japanese as a common foreign language. The participants performed a thinking task (addition) and a linguistic task (question‐answering) in parallel. The thinking task contained no foreign language; the linguistic task was presented in either the native language or the foreign language. In accordance with the hypothesis, the foreign language effect (denned by lower performance in the thinking task when the linguistic task was in the foreign language) was larger in both cases for those whose native language was less similar to the common foreign language.
Personality Types and Language Learning in an EFL Context
Authors: Carrell Patricia L. , Prince Moneta S. , Astika Gusti G.
Published: October 2006

This paper presents the results of a study of the relationships between the personality types of a group of English as a foreign language (EFL) students in Indonesia and various measures of their academic performance in a semester‐long course including a series of EFL language measures.

Students were the entering class of English majors (N=76) at a university in Indonesia in the fall of 1991. We tracked them through their performance in an Integrated Course, a 9‐hour‐per‐week intensive basic course they needed to pass in order to move on to any second semester or higher course. The course is team‐taught in 3 sections of students, with 3 teachers teaching each section.

We gave the students the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which had been translated into Indonesian. We report and discuss the validity and reliability of using this as a measure of students’ personality types. In addition, we tested the students monthly on reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and writing.

Results show that these EFL students are almost evenly divided between Extraverts and Introverts, with over 50% of the students being 1 of 2 (out of 16 possible) types: ESTJ (37%), ISTJ (21%). The distribution of types for these EFL students is similar to those of ESL students in similar studies. Although extraversion and introversion are related to vocabulary and composite course scores, there are few other direct relationships between learners’ personality types and their language performance. We discuss implications for further research, as well as for EFL/ESL classrooms.
Spatial Components in the Use of Count Nouns Among English Speakers and Japanese Speakers of English as a Second Language
Authors: Akiyama M. Michael , Williams Nancy
Published: October 2006

We asked 40 English speakers and 40 Japanese speakers of English as a second language (ESL) to select a singular form or plural form of a noun in a certain linguistic context (e.g., a bag of apple or apples) involving containers and food. The size of container (small vs. large) and food (small vs. large) was controlled. The size of the small containers was comparable to that of tablespoons, and the size of the large containers was comparable to that of 4‐quart pans. The size of small food items was comparable to that of strawberries, and the size of the large food items was comparable to that of apples. Both English speakers and Japanese ESL speakers selected the singular noun form more often than the plural noun form when a small container was paired with a large food item (e.g., a table‐spoon of apple). Men selected the singular noun form more often than women in all contexts. These results suggest a strong influence of nonlinguistic factors on the use of linguistic rules even among ESL speakers.
The Effect of Language Background on “Foreign” Language Test Performance: The Case of Chinese, Italian, and Modern Greek
Authors: Elder Catherine
Published: October 2006

This article considers the validity of applying common assessment instruments and scales to assess the language skills of Australian school‐age language learners from different LI backgrounds. I used data gathered from standardized national tests of reading and listening proficiency in 3 heritage languages: Italian, Greek, and Chinese. The tests, known as the Australian Language Certificates (ALC), are administered annually to a large population of language learners at Year 8 or Year 9. I applied Mann Whitney and Mantel‐Haeszel procedures to data from the 1993 administration to investigate score differences and differential item functioning (DIF) between those with and without a home background in each of the 3 target languages. Content analyses of DIF items attempted to identify possible sources of group difference.

Findings reveal a strong relationship between home exposure to the language and level of performance on the listening and, to a lesser extent, the reading component of the tests. There is also evidence of differential item functioning, although this effect is stronger for Chinese and Italian than for Greek. The content analysis suggests that the DIF effect may be due to “true” differences in language ability, rather than to test bias. Nevertheless, the use of common instruments and reporting procedures for L1 and L2 learners may be inappropriate and demotivating and, in the later years of schooling, could lead to serious misuse of test scores.
Multiple Constraints on Processing Ambiguous Sentences: Evidence From Adult L2 Learners
Authors: Ying H. G.
Published: October 2006

Forty‐five adult second language learners of English participated in this study, which investigated syntactically ambiguous sentences in which a prepositional phrase is interpreted as either an NP (noun phrase) attachment or VP (verb phrase) attachment (e.g., The cop saw the spy with binoculars). One group of 23 students performed comprehension tasks, first by listening to the sentences produced with no distinction in intonation favoring the NP or the VP interpretation, then by listening to the sentences produced with an intonation that favored the NP interpretation. A second group of 22 students performed comprehension tasks, first by reading the sentences with no preceding context, then by reading them preceded by a referential context. The students also did 2 sentence‐completion tasks, one manipulating “action verbs,” the other “psych and perception verbs,” to evaluate the verb‐based lexical biasing effect. Statistical analyses of the results showed lexical, syntactic, prosodic, and contextual constraints on processing of ambiguous sentences.
THREE ECONOMETRIC METHODOLOGIES: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL1
Authors: Pagan Adrian
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Three econometric methodologies, associated respectively with David Hendry, Christopher Sims and Edward Leamer have been advocated and practiced by their adherents in recent years. A number of good papers have appeared about each methodology, but little has been written in a comparative vein. This paper is concerned with that task. It provides a statement of the main steps to be followed in using each of the methodologies and comments upon the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. An attempt is made to contrast and compare the techniques used, the information provided, and the questions addressed by each of the methodologies. It is hoped that such a comparison will aid researchers in choosing the best way to examine their particular problem.
CAPITALIZATION AND THE THEORY OF LOCAL PUBLIC FINANCE: AN INTERPRETIVE ESSAY
Authors: Chaudry‐Shah Anwar
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The Tiebout hypothesis that consumer mobility and interjurisdictional competition leads to efficient provision of local services has provoked much controversy and debate in recent years. This article summarizes the opposing and conflicting viewpoints on this subject and presents a synthesis of the theoretical and empirical literature. The basic conclusion of this literature is that only under very restrictive assumptions will foot‐voting and interjurisdictional competition ensure allocative efficiency in the local public sector. Nevertheless, the Tiebout mechanism offers important insights for public policy debates on the assignment of taxes and services and the design of equalization grants. Oates' suggestion that capitalization of fiscal differentials into residential property values provides an empirical test of the Tiebout hypothesis also generated an intense debate on the theoretical validity of this procedure and a heightened interest in its empirical applications. This debate is evaluated and an overview is given of the leading empirical approaches to test the efficiency and equity implications of the Tiebout mechanism. Controversial empirical issues such as the choice of the tax price term, the level of aggregation and econometric estimation problems are highlighted in this part of the survey.
OPTION PRICING AND IMPLICIT VOLATILITIES1
Authors: Jarrow Robert A. , Wiggins James B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper demonstrates that Black‐Scholes implied volatilities can be used to value options in many situations where the assumptions of the Black‐Scholes model are violated, including (i) alternative stock processes, (ii) stochastic interest rates, and (iii) market frictions. Given its computational simplicity, this procedure provides an attractive alternative to the more complex models with a direct estimation procedure.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN RADICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
Authors: Wickham‐Jones Mark
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

Geoffrey Hodgson (1988) Economics and Institutions.

Pat Devine (1988) Democracy and Economic Planning.
ON MATTERS METHODOLOGICAL IN ECONOMICS
Authors: Gerrard Bill
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

Lawrence A. Boland (1989) The Methodology of Economic Model Building: Methodology after Samuelson.

J. C. Glass and W. Johnson (1989) Economics: Progression, Stagnation or Degeneration?

Arjo Klamer, Donald N. McCloskey and Robert M. Solow (eds.) (1989) The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric.

Brian J. Loasby (1989) The Mind and Method of the Economist: A Critical Appraisal of Major Economists in the 20th Century.

John Pheby (1988) Methodology and Economics: A Critical Introduction.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH: MEASUREMENT AND MODELS
Authors: Jenkins Stephen P.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Analysts debating the consequences of a policy change for the wealth distribution may come to different conclusions because of different views about how the distribution should be defined and measured, or about the processes determining the distribution. The aim of this survey is to provide an analytical framework within which such conflicts may be assessed. The first part of the paper discusses conceptual issues in the definition of ‘wealth’, and compares methods of deriving estimates of wealth distribution. The second, and larger, part of the paper surveys lifecycle and intergenerational models of the distribution of wealth, including a discussion of the role played by inheritance. The presentation is largely theoretical. Indeed, one of the paper's conclusions is that empirical modelling of the wealth distribution is under‐developed, at least for the purposes of addressing many topical policy issues.
COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY ANALYSIS IN LDCs
Authors: Bandara Jayatilleke S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The use of CGE models has gained much popularity among policy analysts in LDCs and there is a fast growing body of literature on this area of economics. In this survey, the advantages of general equilibrium approach over partial equilibrium approach in analysing a wide range of policy issues are highlighted. The evolution of CGE modelling is discussed and more than 60 CGE applications related to different policy issues in LDCs are surveyed. This comprehensive survey shows that the CGE models have become quite popular analytical tools among policy analysts in LDCs over the last decade or so. The debate in the economic profession regarding the value and appropriateness of using CGE models for policy analysis is examined in the final section of this paper. Some of the criticisms levelled at CGE models are discussed and it is argued that despite this criticism such models are capable of providing insight into important policy problems.
ON ERROR CORRECTION MODELS: SPECIFICATION, INTERPRETATION, ESTIMATION
Authors: Alogoskoufis George , Smith Ron
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Error Correction Models (ECMs) have proved a popular organising principle in applied econometrics, despite the lack of consensus as to exactly what constitutes their defining characteristic, and the rather limited role that has been given to economic theory by their proponents. This paper uses a historical survey of the evolution of ECMs to explain the alternative specifications and interpretations and proceeds to examine their implications for estimation. The various approaches are illustrated for wage equations by application to UK labour market data 1855–1987. We demonstrate that error correction models impose strong and testable non‐linear restrictions on dynamic econometric equations, and that they do not obviate the need for modelling the process of expectations formation. With the exception of a few special cases, both the non‐linear restrictions and the modelling of expectations have been ignored by those who have treated ECMs as merely reparameterisations of dynamic linear regression models or vector autoregressions.
CONJECTURAL VARIATIONS AND LOCATION THEORY
Authors: Greenhut M. L. , Norman George
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT. Imperfectly competitive markets, such as those involving spatial separation of producers and consumers are characterized by interactions between competing firms. Actions call forth reactions and the possible reactions form an important part of the information set that should be used to determine the initial actions. One method for dealing with this is the ‘conjectoral variation’ approach. Despite some shortcomings this methodology sheds considerable light on decision‐making in the space economy. Equally importantly, it sheds light on more general microeconomies modelled as spatial analogs. This paper shows that conjectural variations and the nature of competition between rival firms do indeed ‘matter’ in location choice and more generally in product design. In particular, we shall be concerned with showing how the conjectured responses of rival firms affect their desire to agglomerate.
PRE‐TEST ESTIMATION AND TESTING IN ECONOMETRICS: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Giles Judith A. , Giles David E. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper surveys a range of important developments in the area of preliminary‐test inference in the context of econometric modelling. Both pre‐test estimation and pre‐test testing are discussed. Special attention is given to recent contributions and results. These include analyses of pre‐test strategies under model mis‐specification and generalised regression errors; exact sampling distribution results; and pre‐testing inequality constraints on the model's parameters. In many cases, practical advice is given to assist applied econometricians in appraising the relative merits of pre‐testing. It is shown that there are situations where pre‐testing can be advantageous in practice
RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bhattacharya Prabir C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract.This paper provides a review of the theoretical literature on rural–urban migration in contemporary LDCs. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the Lewis model before going on to discuss the Todaro and the Harris–Todaro models and the large literature which these models have spawned. The question of job search in the context of migration and the role of family members in migration decisions are considered next. The paper then takes a closer look at the Informal sector and also sets out alternative migration functions to the ones usually employed in the literature. The paper concludes with a brief note on some of the important implications arising from our study.
IN SEARCH OF A STYLISED FACT: DO REAL WAGES EXHIBIT A CONSISTENT PATTERN OF CYCLICAL VARIABILITY?
Authors: Brandolini Andrea
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The paper surveys the studies on the cyclical behaviour of real wages published from the twenties onwards. Both traditional simple neoclassical and keynesian models of the labour market suggest that real wages tend to move countercyclically. However, from a theoretical viewpoint, there are few reasons to expect this behaviour, once the simple model is extended to account for imperfect competition, uncertainty, lagged responses, or contracting between firms and workers. Empirical studies give different answers to the problem. The contributions reviewed in the paper are arranged roughly in chronological order: the interwar period, the postwar pre‐econometric studies, the econometric work using aggregate data, the evidence produced on the basis of longitudinal data, the analyses of the shock‐responsiveness of real wages, and, finally, the most recent papers attempting a reconciliation of the somewhat conflicting evidence derived from aggregate and panel data.
THE INTERTEMPORAL DIMENSION OF NEOCLASSICAL PRODUCTION THEORY
Authors: Galeotti Marzio
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The aim of this survey paper is to provide a guide to the literature on optimal dynamic factor demands to the non‐specialist reader interested in applied work. We start with the distinction between variable and quasi‐fixed factors of production and use these to characterize the firm's temporary equilibrium. We then review the optimal intertemporal behaviour of the firm, using the notion of adjustment costs as a means to solve the firm's optimization problem. This process gives rise to a system of interrelated dynamic factor demands in a flexible accelerator format. Theoretical difficulties and empirical limitations of this model are discussed. This fact leads us to review the theory of intertemporal duality. We next analyze the issue of expectations in this class of dynamic models. A section reviewing the empirical work on dynamic factor demands follows, after which we offer some concluding remarks.
Nationalism, Comparatively Speaking
Authors: SEGAL DANIEL A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper is offered as an extended exploration of the common sense mythologies of modem nationalism. Using Fijian dualism as a point of comparison, it argues that nationalist ideologies of unity rest on a historically contingent principle of social order: namely, that societies are (normatively) distinct sets of like individuals. Nationalist movements use this principle to delineate and construct various ‘nations.” To illustrate this approach, the paper compares the unification of France to the disintegration of the Hapsburg Empire, and asks why a singular nation was invented in France, and a plurality of nations in the Empire. The paper suggests that these very different histories can be explained by considering the relationship of these nationalist movements to the hierarchical orders of monarchical absolutism and colonial subordination.

Our current definitions and conceptions stem from our own modern culture, even when anthropological experience … has modified them to some degree. This is not enough in the way of including ourselves ‐ our own culture ‐ in the picture, as true comparison requires. For our current definitions express our own culture, and our own culture … embodies an exceptional development. Any sociological generalisation must integrate it for what it is: an exception, an eccentric phenomenon. It follows that the general sociological model can in no case be modern, or modern with mere modification: it must be such a reflection of the wide experience of mankind that the modern exceptional development is clearly formulated and accommodated in it.
The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory
Authors: DENIS CLAUDE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We usually think that we know what ‘the state’ is, even when we embark on a theoretical quest for it. Somehow, the state is closely associated with Government ‐ including bureaucracy and army. Or we sometimes think of it differently, in terms of city‐state or nation‐state. I had the first notion in mind when I started to research the socioeconomic context of the making of the U.S. constitution. But the historical research forced me to face the vagueness of the concept, and to recognize that it is not only useless, but actually harmful in our understanding of modern societies. This paper is made‐up of three parts: the historical narrative of U.S. constitution‐making is sandwiched between, first, a deconstruction of the concept of state and, third, an attempt at establishing a new concept of state. I discard along the way the dichotomies of state/civil society and base/superstructure. And I argue for a close integration of theory and history in social analysis.
The Peculiarities of the English State
Authors: AYLMER G. E.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article explores the extent of distinctiveness and of similarity between the English and other comparable states, in an historical context. The author ranges widely in space and time. He finds likenesses as well as differences between England and such other polities both near and far as Scotland, Denmark, France and Japan. In accounting for English distinctiveness, more emphasis is put on geography, climate and ethos than on more conventional political and economic factors.
Creating A Dense and Intelligent Community: Local State Formation in Early 19th Century Upper Canada1
Authors: DEHLI KARI
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Studies of state formation have focussed on nation states, leaving sub‐national ‘levels’ largely unexamined. In this paper ‘local state formation’ is introduced to draw attention to geographic variation and historical change in struggles to represent or challenge power relations through political forms. By examining one city over time, the raced, gendered and classed character of social relations and identities consituted through local state formation will be made visible.
‘From Behind the Women's Petticoats’: The English Factory Act of 1874 as a Cultural Production1
Authors: ROSE SONYA O.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In 1874 Parliament passed a law entitled ‘The Factories (Health of Women. etc) Act’ which limited the hours that women and children could work in textile factories to a 56 1/2 hour work week. In this paper I interpret the debates over hours legislation and the resulting Act as cultural productions. These cultural productions contributed to the formulation of a new social problem,‘the working mother’ promulgated an interpretation of who caused the problem, and reinforced a particular view of who was responsible for social reproduction. The rhetoric in the debates about the measure made crucial contributions to the future agenda for public policies concerning married women workers and working mothers, and reinforced a world view that state, economy and family are, and ought to remain, independent entities. My analysis draws from a range of theoretical traditions and works stressing the importance of language and other symbolic practices such as rituals in creating political subjects, problems and solutions. I examine the debates about state regulation in the 1870s to show how a symbolic or cultural analysis illuminates state‐level politics and the formulation of public policy. It was through such laws and debates that the state contributed to the social construction of gender and a gendered economy.
Career Prospects in the London Metropolitan Police in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: SHPAYER‐MAKOV HAIA
Published: October 2006

Abstract
One of the strategies increasingly used by employers in the nineteenth century to make work more efficient was the promise of internal promotion, based on uniformity of treatment and selection by merit. The Metropolitan Police had pursued this strategy since the establishment of the force in 1829. Presentations of the promotion system were couched in challenging language, promising to reward all conscientious officers with a rise to a higher rank. Promotion brought with it increased pay, better work conditions, greater authority and prestige, and for some officers real social and economic mobility. This paper examines the principles underlying the promotion system in the Metropolitan Police, the terms in which they were formulated and their application. Of crucial importance are these questions: Who benefitted from the opportunity offered by the Metropolitan Police? What was the relationship between rhetoric and policy? What personal factors helped determine upward mobility? Did the police offer real equality of opportunity? A computer‐based analysis of the careers of all recruits to the Metropolitan Police at the turn of the century provides firm answers and suggests patterns of mobility outside the Metropolitan Police.
Alternative Views of Science in Intra‐Professional Conflict: General Practitioners and the Medical and Surgical Elite 1815–58
Authors: UNDERHILL PAUL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Acute and protracted intra‐professional conflict was a dominant feature of the period of medical reform. The traditional tripartite professional structure of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries was breaking down, evolving into a bipartite division between elite hospital consultants and general practitioners. The paper explores the hypothesis that rival professional interests were expressed in the different configurations of knowledge on which competing claims to status and authority were based. Where the elite either held aloof or invoked the civilised ‘gentlemanly’ science of John Hunter, the general practitioner was more disposed to embrace the more radical ‘democratic’ sciences such as phrenology and the new morphology.
Veblen and Weber, on the Spirit of Capitalism
Authors: SARAM P. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Sociology has benefited from inquiries into the theoretical potential in the writings associated with individual ‘authors’, as well as from the examination of research ‘topics’ through the works of two or more writers. Of these complementary approaches, the latter provides the basis for this essay. The focus here is on the ‘spirit’ of modern capitalism from the standpoint of the formulations by Veblen and Weber. These writers provide alternative hypotheses on the decisive variable instrumental to the spirit of capitalism, namely, technology and religion respectively. In most other respects there is remarkable similarity in the two writings. The present analysis has enabled the comprehension of the spirit of capitalism in terms of four sequential phases. These are: early capitalism (capitalism as spirit); early‐modern capitalism (capitalism as spirit and economic organization); late‐modern capitalism (spiritless capitalism); and post‐modernity (society in need of a spirit).
To Cut and Control: Institutional Preservation and the Sterilization of Mentally Retarded People in the United States, 1892–1947
Authors: TRENT JAMES W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Between 1892 and 1947, American institutional superintendents argued three distinct, though overlapping, cases for sterilizing mentally retarded people: sterilization to maintain institutional order, sterilization for eugenic control, and sterilization for controlling the growth of institutional populations. Departing from recent critics who see sterilization as a debate between 'segregation or sterilization’ and who link this debate principally to the eugenics movement, I argue that superintendents drew on the above rationales to preserve their institutions in the face of several external factors, not merely eugenics. As such, sterilization became a ‘medical’ procedure constructed not so much for its explicit purpose ‐ stopping procreation, but to maintain institutional stability and preserve professional prerogative.
‘The longest road to equality’: The Politics of Institutional Desegregation Under Truman
Authors: KING DESMOND
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper addresses two questions. First, how did selected public institutions (principally the Armed Services and US Civil Service Commission) sustain segregationist values and assumptions? Second, how did President Truman tackle institutional segregation given the political support for this system in Congress and the Democratic party before the 1950s? I draw upon the ‘new institutional’ framework to analyse the role of public sector organisations in maintaining institutional segregation. I reject the new institutional thesis that such institutions are relatively autonomous because this claim neglects their political support and political origins, and the extent to which the values and assumptions they embody are protected politically. I argue that the national political coalition underpinning segregation explains why Truman relied upon executive action to effect institutional desegregation. Archival material from the investigative committees Truman established is marshalled to support these arguments.
Karl Lamprecht: Pioneer of Historical Sociology?
Authors: SCHORN‐SCHÜTTE LUISE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This contribution is an outline of the life, work and scientific impact of the Leipzig cultural historian Karl Lamprecht (1856–1915); Lamprecht's work was very controversial within German historiography at the turn of the century. He was accused of writing history from a materialist viewpoint. Anong his international contemporaries, however, Lamprecht was held in high esteem. There are divergent evaluations of the consequences of his methodological and substantive suggestions in the inter‐war era, in the era of the Third Reich, and later in the two German states which emerged after 1945. The article tries to highlight some lines of continuity which point especially to the regional historiography and to the sociology of the 1920s and 1930s. From there a connection with the social historiography after 1945 may be made.
Folk Poetry and Working Class Identity in Ulster: An Analysis of James Orr's ‘The Penitent’.
Authors: GRAY JANE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper explores changing patterns of collective identity amongst rural industrial producers in the North of Ireland through an extended analysis of a single poem, The Penitent’, written by the weaver poet James Orr in 1800. Working‐class identities were founded as much on the experience and creation of difference as on the perception of sameness. Rural industrial producers responded to the social and economic upheavals of the time by emphasizing the cultural values of sobriety, respectability and dignity. In doing so they sought to establish a social space which would differentiate them from those whose independence and well‐being was eroding.
State Building, State Autonomy and the Identity of Society: The Case of the Israeli State*
Authors: KIMMERLING BARUCH
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Into the conventional framework of the state civil‐society relationship, which usually includes the state's autonomy and the state's strength, this paper adds a dimension ‐ the identity of the collectivity. The collective identity is from one side the common 'symbolic space’ for both the state and the actors of the civil society, and from the other side the ‘battlefield’ between the state, the society and the different components of the civil society. These tensions stem in a great measure from the emphasis of some aspects over others (for example the primordial vs. civic ingredients) of the collective identity. These interpretations have far reaching implications on the rules‐of‐the‐game in the state and on the state‐society relationship. Its identity is central to the determination of the various societal boundaries of the collectivity. This approach is exemplified through analysis of the building of the Israeli state and its transformation from a community to a nation‐state, and again from a nation‐state to a community state, in a perspective of about 75 years. The article fundamentally challenges the conventional presentation and analysis of the social and political history of Israel.
The New Historiographies of Criminality and Social Disorder in Early Twentieth‐Century Puerto Rico
Authors: SANTIAGO‐VALLES KELVIN A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article briefly examines why the new histories of 1898–1930 Puerto Rico have not explored the full range of ‘native’ laboring‐poor responses to being transformed into a proletarianized workforce. Drawing on my recent research on this question. I primarily critique the handful of historiographies that actually concentrate on what Foucault called the ‘popular illegalities.’My analysis rethinks the historicity of such transgressions by exploring why these social practices tend to be separated from, or perceived as antagonistic to, the subaltern responses blocking the advance of capitalist socioeconomic relations in this U.S. overseas colony.
Engla Lond:the Making of an Allegiance
Authors: WORMALD PATRICK
Published: October 2006

AbstractTaking as its starting‐point, Philip Abrams’ celebrated perception (1988) that the state is an ‘ideological artefact … historically constructed', this essay seeks an explanation of the unrivalled longevity and durability of the English state in the fact that it was the first European political organism to exploit with complete success the model of obligatory coherence supplied by the Old Testament in the history of Israel and its relations with its Maker. This model had been applied to the early history of Anglo‐Saxon Christianity by the Venerable Bede (731) in a work of unexampled literary power. The Anglo‐Saxons’ subsequent experience of the near‐obliteration of their Christian polity by pagan Vikings lent the Biblical and Bedan messages a particular point. King Alfred and his dynasty were thus provided with an ideological blueprint which meant that their otherwise by no means unusual early medieval hegemony could command the allegiance of potential dissidents in a way that none of its counterparts were ultimately able to do.
Bureaucracy as a Vocation: Governmentality and administration in nineteenth‐century Britain
Authors: OSBORNE THOMAS
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses upon ethical conduct and liberal mentalities of government in the context of the historical sociology of administrative expertise in nineteenth century Britain. After a brief consideration of theories of moral regulation, the paper pursues, by way of a discussion of the government of India and of the famous Northcote‐Trevelyan Report on the Civil Service, the issue of the establishment of an appropriate bureaucratic persona in the nineteenth century.
Identity and Nationalism in Mexico: Guerrero, 1780–18401
Authors: GUARDINO PETER
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Nationalisms do not form at the expense of all previous solidarities and identities. Often nationalisms are instead based upon foundations laid by class, ethnicity, gender, or other identities. Nationalists stress identities which reinforce the unity they seek and simultaneously deny those that threaten that unity. An important part of this process consists of singling out foreigners as radically different ‘others.’The national identity constructed in late eighteenth and early nineteenth‐century Guerrero, Mexico, stressed opposition to newly‐defined foreigners and was intertwined with class, ethnic, religious, and political solidarities.
Colonial Frontiers of the Georgian State: East India Company's Rule in India*
Authors: SEN SUDIPTA
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The East India Company in India during the period of “indirect rule,” has so far been seen as a trading corporation drawn unprepared into the exigencies of warfare and rule. Early colonial rule, however, entailed much more than the quotidian problems of maintaining trade and commerce in the colonies. Its ideology and objectives derived from reigning notions of eighteenth century political economy, and it shared crucial aspects of nation‐state formation in Georgian England. Through an exegetical reading of contemporary political economic texts, pamphlets and tracts, this essay attempts to elicit a sense of accepted ideas and articulations pertaining to the equations between nation, commerce, law and the state ‐ especially as they were seen on the colonial front in eastern India.
On the local construction of statistical knowledge: Making up the 1861 census of the Canadas
Authors: CURTIS BRUCE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Census material is a basic source of information for scholars concerned with many dimensions of Canadian development, yet no systematic examination of census procedures has been undertaken. An overview of the making of the 1861 census of the Canadas is followed by a brief discussion of the reflexive character of census knowledge.
Risky Business: Codifying Embodied Experience in the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows
Authors: DORAN NOB
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Foucault's theorising on power/ knowledge is combined with recent feminist work on the importance of analysing embodied experience in order to re‐examine the conventional interpretation of nineteenth century ‘friendly society’ insurance history. In contrast to conventional accounts which interpret the eventual adoption of life insurance tables as the belated acceptance of sound, scientific principles, this article argues that such a transformation also represented the destruction of a prior cultural organization of health care via the imposition of the mundane ‘disciplinary’ technique of ‘counting.’
Capitalism and the Modern Nation‐State: Rethinking the Creation of the Turkish Republic
Authors: GÜLALP HALDUN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper proposes an alternative to the modernization. dependency and bourgeois‐revolution accounts of the creation of the Turkish Republic. It presents a theoretical framework for a materialist, but non‐instrumentalist. analysis of the modern nation‐state and the ideology of nationalism, and places the history of transformation from the patrimonial Ottoman Empire into the modern Turkish Republic within that theoretical framework. It argues that this transformation took place incrementally, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in a process of Ottoman resistance‐and‐accommodation to globally expanding capitalism.
Continuity and change in a patronage society: the social mobility of British autobiographers, 1600–1750
Authors: MASCUCH MICHAEL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article describes rates and modes of intergenerational social mobility among the middle sort of people, using data derived from analysis of a sample of British autobiographical texts from the period 1600–1750. It adduces evidence indicating a strong propensity for social reproduction between generations within the group, and accounts for this propensity by looking at the ways in which individuals pursued careers throughout their lifetimes. The article shows how a network of social associations comprised largely of family and effective kin was the decisive factor in making a career, and how the basic framework of this network rarely extended beyond a person's native social‐cultural milieu. I conclude that because the network was so limited, there was little opportunity for significant social mobility among the middle sort in early modern Britain.
Artisanal Cooperation, Forms of Labor, and the Global Economy, Chachapoyas, 1930s to the 1990s
Authors: NUGENT DAVID
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Since the 1960s students of agrarian society have interpreted the existence of putatively “capitalist” economic practices and relations (e.g., commoditization, wage capitalist nature of the economies concerned. The present paper challenges this interpretation. Based on an analysis of artisanal production in the northern Peruvian Andes, the paper shows that purportedly “capitalist” economic practices may be fully commensurable with “non‐capitalist” relations (e.g., forms of cooperation in the production process, kin ties, etc.), and may even act as an obstacle to capital accumulation. “Non‐capitalist” forms of organizing the production process and of remunerating labor, on the other hand, may be essential to the accumulation process.
History and Agrarian Change in South Africa
Authors: FRANCIS ELIZABETH
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The new south African government plans a large‐scale and rapid redistribution of land to African smallholder farmers. This programme draws on proposals put forward by the World Bank. Historians have been largely absent from processes of consultation surrounding the programme. Yet recent South African rural historiography has much to say about the limitations on the ability of the state to restructure agrarian relations. It also underlines the importance of understanding the diversity of needs and aspirations of rural Africans.
Comrades Compromised: The Zimbabwean and South African Liberation Struggles Compared and Contrasted
Authors: PHIMISTER IAN
Published: October 2006

At the end of April (1992), President Mugabe was given a rough ride at the inaugural conference of the Zimbabwe Liberation War Veterans Association. Almost half of the some 36,000 veterans are unemployed, and Mugabe had to listen to accusations that his government was run by ‘opportunists and bourgeois elements’ who want to exclude the veterans.1

Mr Mandela was himself booed (in April 1993) when he defended his partnership with Mr De Klerk. PAC leader Clarence Makwetu, whose APLA guerrillas have been killing white civilians, was cheered when he entered the stadium, obliging Mr Mandela to pause in his address.2
Totem poles and tricycle races: the certainties and uncertainties of Native village life, Coastal Alaska 1878–1930
Authors: DOMBROWSKI KIRK
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Anthropological and ethnohistorical accounts of the Northwest Coast and Southeast Alaska have underemphasized the early and thorough industrialization of the area. This paper describes the transformation of Native families and community forms by small scale salmon‐canning firms in the late 19th and early 20th century, beginning with the building of the first salmon cannery in Klawock, Alaska, in 1878. Attention to the unmaking of past forms of obligation and expectation leads to an understanding of the volatility of specifically local histories in Native villages. Totem poles and tricycle races are both locations of ambiguous cultural production that are tied to these histories in overlapping and complex ways, and as such, they serve as metaphors for the larger processes at work in these towns.
Land Privatization and the Differentiation of the Peasantry: Nicaragua's Coffee Revolution, 1850–1920
Authors: DORE ELIZABETH
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The expansion of coffee cultivation in Nicaragua in the 1870s unleashed a social revolution. Previously most land was common property: by 1920 throughout the coffee districts land was privately owned. Influential historians of Nicaragua see this as the capitalist transition. This essay argues that instead of forging a rural proletariat, this social revolution created a differentiated peasantry whose access to land depended on relations of patronage. Peasant resistance to land privatization and the political, as opposed to economic, nature of the process are examined. The essay concludes that this revolution was more incongruent than congruent with a capitalist social order. The relevance of this history for contemporary political debates in Nicaragua is explored.
The Population Census of 1917 and its Relationship to Egypt's Three 19th Century Statistical Regimes*
Authors: OWEN ROGER
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This essay is a comparison of Egypt's three 19th century statistical regimes, with particular emphasis on the third established by the British before WW1, and culminating in the holding of the 1917 census. It is argued that the organizer of this census used it self‐consciously to encourage the production of statistical data as an essential tool of modern government. He also provided officials with a method of integrating their findings through the use of a national model based on the balance between population and resources. Foucault's notion of governmentality is deployed to provide a framework within which to understand the central processes at work.
At the Menin Gate
Authors: WILLIAMSON BILL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This essay reports an historical and sociological journey through family memories to the battlefield of World War I. It follows the short military career of a working class lad through the Territorial Army (Northumberland Fusiliers) to his death on the Ypres Salient in 1915. It builds on the bridges of memory, soldiers’ diaries, and newspaper reports to link the past to the present and explore the logic of war from the point of view of the ordinary soldier. The method employed generates new questions about World War I and is an accessible one for non‐specialists to use to organise their own journeys to the past.