bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) Expression in Either Tumor Cells or Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Correlates With Solid and High-Grade Lung Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Driver Brandon R. , Miller Ross A. , Miller Tara , Deavers Michael , Gorman Blythe , Mody Dina , Ge Yimin , Barrios Roberto , Bernicker Eric , Kim Min , Cagle Philip T.
Published: August 2017

Context.—

Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is heterogeneous and known to be underestimated on small biopsies. Correlation of PD-L1 expression with clinicopathologic features may provide additional useful information. To our knowledge, the clinicopathologic features of NSCLC have not been reported for subsets defined by PD-L1 expression in either tumor cells or tumor-infiltrating immune cells.

Objective.—

To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of NSCLC subsets defined by PD-L1 expression in either tumor cells or tumor-infiltrating immune cells.

Design.—

PD-L1 immunohistochemistry with the SP142 clone was performed on whole-tissue sections and given semiquantitative scores (0/1/2/3) according to percent of PD-L1+ tumor cells (TCs) and percent tumor area with PD-L1+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs).

Results.—

Adenocarcinoma cases that were scored either TC 1/2/3 or IC 1/2/3 included most (22 of 34; 65%) high–histologic grade cases and most (25 of 36; 69%) solid subtype cases. Compared with the adenocarcinoma TC 0 and IC 0 subset, the TC 1/2/3 or IC 1/2/3 subset correlated with higher histologic grade (P = .005, χ2 test for trend) and solid subtype (P < .001, Fisher exact test). Compared with the adenocarcinoma TC 0/1 or IC 0/1 subset, the TC 2/3 or IC 2/3 subset correlated with higher histologic grade (P = .002, χ2 test for trend), solid subtype (P < .001, Fisher exact test), and higher smoking pack-years (P = .01, Mann-Whitney test).

Conclusions.—

Lung adenocarcinoma subsets defined by PD-L1 expression in either tumor cells or tumor-infiltrating immune cells correlated with high histologic grade, solid subtype, and high smoking pack-years.
Une mission féministe ou une mission de femmes? Les Soeurs des Saints Noms de Jésus et de Marie au Pérou et au Brésil (1960-1985)
Authors: Laperle Dominique
Published: August 2017

Ce texte désire mesurer la place du féminisme dans l’expérience missionnaire des Soeurs des Saints Noms de Jésus et de Marie au Pérou et au Brésil entre 1960 et 1985. Pour plusieurs religieuses, l’idée de ministères traditionnels ou inédits dans de nouveaux champs apostoliques leur a permis d’élargir le sens de leur vocation. La question des femmes prendra, avec l’aggiornamento conciliaire, un nouvel élan. À travers un patient travail de fond, les SNJM se sont inculturées dans leurs différents milieux d’insertion en intégrant une vision d’avenir des femmes. Cette étude permet donc de revoir la nature même des fonctions missionnaires des religieuses et bouscule la vision genrée de l’apostolat.
Judith en 1951 : le statut de l’infigurable dans l’oeuvre d’Ozias Leduc
Authors: Bois Mathilde
Published: August 2017

Le point de départ de cette étude est l’hypothèse d’une nouvelle datation pour Judith, oeuvre du peintre québecois Ozias Leduc (1864-1955), reconnu tant pour ses grandes décorations religieuses que ses tableaux de chevalet. Cette nouvelle datation permet d’éclairer l’oeuvre à la lumière des écrits tardifs d’Ozias Leduc, dont l’auteure propose une relecture, visant à mettre en évidence leur fond métaphysique et religieux dans sa relation avec le rôle spirituel que le peintre accorde à l’image. Le symbolisme de Leduc, traditionnellement interprété en référence à l’esthétique thomiste de Jacques Maritain, gagne par cette analyse une nouvelle dimension, caractérisée par l’idée, de sensibilité existentialiste, d’un passage plus trouble entre le terrestre et le céleste, la matière et l’esprit.
Splendeurs et misères des nefs historiques ou comment assurer la pérennité des églises classées du Québec
Authors: Prégent Édith
Published: August 2017

Le phénomène de délaissement des églises amorcé il y a quelques années pose le problème des églises excédentaires. Si le Québec a développé une expertise dans la conversion civile de ces bâtiments, il demeure une catégorie d’églises qui soulève un obstacle supplémentaire compte tenu de leurs caractéristiques particulières. Que faire de la soixantaine d’églises classées et reconnues comme exceptionnelles par le gouvernement québécois? Bien qu’il soit admis que les pratiques religieuses traditionnelles qui ont donné naissance à ces oeuvres d’art totales seront bientôt du passé, ces lieux demeurent de puissants révélateurs du fait religieux qui a forgé la culture du Québec. Dans le contexte actuel, comment assurer la pérennité de ces nefs historiques? Une nouvelle approche prenant appui sur le concept d’oeuvre d’art totale pourrait être une solution.
Le Cenacolo de Leonardo da Vinci
Authors: Bauer Olivier , Labonté Nancy
Published: August 2017

Pourquoi Léonard de Vinci a-t-il, notamment, placé des anguilles, des harengs et des oranges sur la table de sa représentation de la Dernière Cène ? Pourquoi y fait-il figurer une salière renversée devant Judas ? Sachant qu’il ne sera plus possible de connaître les intentions de l’artiste, les auteurs mettent à l’épreuve quatre hypothèses qui peuvent nous aider à comprendre la valeur de chacun des aliments figurant sur la peinture. Tour à tour, ils évaluent si les aliments correspondent à ceux mentionnés dans les récits du Nouveau Testament, à ceux que Léonard aimait manger ; si leur goût ou leur nom leur donne une valeur symbolique particulière. Leur parcours rigoureux à travers l’exégèse biblique, les biographies de Léonard de Vinci, l’histoire médiévale de l’alimentation et la sémiotique de l’image, leur permet de conclure que le maître du sfumato a probablement « enfumé » celles et ceux qui ont contemplé son Cenacolo, en leur proposant une oeuvre en « trompe-la-bouche ».
Choisir l’absence de repas : le jeûne
Authors: Ollivry-Dumairieh Florence
Published: August 2017

Tandis que le repas occupe une place importante dans la vie religieuse juive, chrétienne ou musulmane, il appert que la pratique du jeûne y occupe elle aussi une place centrale. Qu’implique cette prescription au plan théologique ? Comprend-elle une exhortation à renoncer à nourrir l’organisme, à mépriser ce monde ? Ou bien a-t-elle au contraire pour fonction de nous préparer à célébrer les fruits de la Création au cours d’un repas ? De nous permettre de mieux apprécier la saveur d’un « dé-jeûner » ? J’explore dans cet article les implications théologiques du jeûne dans le judaïsme, le christianisme et l’islam. J’étudie les écrits de certaines figures spirituelles (mystiques, moines, ascètes) relatifs à cette pratique et je m’efforce de comprendre quelle relation au corps, à la Création, à la vie et à la mort induit le jeûne dans les trois religions étudiées.
Histological characterization of denticulate palatal plates in an Early Permian dissorophoid
Authors: Gee Bryan M. , Haridy Yara , Reisz Robert R.
Published: August 2017

Denticles are small, tooth-like protrusions that are commonly found on the palate of early tetrapods. Despite their widespread taxonomic occurrence and similar external morphology to marginal teeth, it has not been rigorously tested whether denticles are structurally homologous to true teeth with features such as a pulp cavity, dentine, and enamel, or if they are bony, tooth-like protrusions. Additionally, the denticles are known to occur not only on the palatal bones but also on a mosaic of small palatal plates that is thought to have covered the interpterygoid vacuities of temnospondyls through implantation in a soft tissue covering; however, these plates have never been examined beyond a simple description of their position and external morphology. Accordingly, we performed a histological analysis of these denticulate palatal plates in a dissorophoid temnospondyl in order to characterize their microanatomy and histology. The dentition on these palatal plates has been found to be homologous with true teeth on the basis of both external morphology and histological data through the identification of features such as enamel and a pulp cavity surrounded by dentine. In addition, patterns of tooth replacement and ankylosis support the hypothesis of structural homology between these tiny teeth on the palatal plates and the much larger marginal dentition. We also provide the first histological characterization of the palatal plates, including documentation of abundant Sharpey’s fibres that provide a direct line of evidence to support the hypothesis of soft tissue implantation. Finally, we conducted a survey of the literature to determine the taxonomic distribution of these plates within Temnospondyli, providing a broader context for the presence of palatal plates and illustrating the importance of maintaining consistency in nomenclature.
Perspective of the pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum burkenroad) fishery of Campeche bank, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez-Rodríguez M , A Chávez E , Arreguín-Sánchez F
Published: August 2017

The pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, fishery of Campeche Bank, Mexico, was analyzed in order to characterize it and to test the effect of different fishing intensities upon the stock. Catch data consisted of the number of shrimp per commercial class for the 1986–1993 period. A virtual population analysis structured by age was applied to determine seasonal recruitment and fishing mortality patterns with respect to age, as well as the stock-recruitment relationship. With these results, an age-structured deterministic simulation model was developed, which diagnosed the fishery and defined the effects of different exploitation scenarios by considering changes in fishing mortality. Results show that the decreasing catch tendency through the period of analysis is related to recruitment failures. The analysis indicated that a way to mitigate the low recruitment problem is to control and reduce fishing mortality, but stock density will continue to decrease if the current fishing intensity is maintained.
Oral challenge of postlarvae of Litopenaeus Vannamei through bioencapsulation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Artemia franciscana
Authors: Roque A , Mazari A , Gómez-Gil B
Published: August 2017

Although vibriosis has caused major financial losses in shrimp farming we still lack a model for studying this disease; therefore, the objective of this study was to develop such a model. Two treatments were applied to the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei; they were fed Vibrio parahaemolyticus bioencapsulated in nauplii of Artemia franciscana and control shrimp were fed sterile nauplii. After seven days, the mortality levels were significantly different between the two treatments, averaging 9.4% and 15.3% for the experimental treatment and 1.6% and 0% for the control treatment, for trials 1 and 2, respectively.
Advances in marine ecotoxicology: laboratory tests versus field assessment data on sediment quality studies
Authors: DelValls TA , Conradi M
Published: August 2017

Ecotoxicology is concerned with describing and predicting the behaviour of substances in the environment and the response of biological systems, and ultimately with assessing the risks associated with emissions. These assessments are complicated from a basic-science point of view and they should be carried out by using integrative assessments. Contaminated sediments are a significant regulatory issue with important science implications. Determining the impact of contaminated sediments is a key element in environmental risk assessment and management of water resources. Tests for ecotoxicology assessment in sediments may be conducted either in the laboratory or field. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Data from different studies performed in laboratory conditions and in field assessments are compared here. The principal advantages of sediment toxicity tests in the laboratory are the possibility to standardize methodologies and to provide direct evidence of sediments as causative agents of toxicity; however, the results are difficult to extrapolate to the field. The results obtained here show the importance of the end point selected in each test and the variability of the responses. Therefore, the results highlight the necessity and importance of the battery-of-tests approach for toxicity assessment. On the other hand, field sediment toxicity has the advantage of empirical evidence and strong correlative indication of the contaminants responsible for toxicity; however, the results obtained from these tests are highly affected by casualty, so it is not possible to isolate a single causative factor. When structural macrofaunal parameters are incorporated into field tests, the results are even more difficult to interpret, because their parameters can be mainly related to organic enrichment or another kind of natural stress, such as salinity gradient, tidal stress conditions, etc.
Spatial structure of the temperature and salinity fields in the presence of internal waves on the continental shelf of the states of Jalisco and Colima (Mexico)
Authors: Filonov AE
Published: August 2017

A method to filter fluctuations in the hydrophysical properties of the continental shelf, caused by intense internal tides, is proposed. The method is based on a smoothing of the field of the properties analyzed with a filter, the parameters of which are determined by the shape of the spatial correlation function of the field pulsations. The filtering method was tested on data from a fast oceanographic survey, conducted in an area of the monitoring polygon of the waters around Barra de Navidad. The survey was conducted on 25 and 26 November 1995, with an undulating CTD. In one day, 86 vertical profiles of temperature and salinity were obtained from nine transects perpendicular to the coast (survey area of 100 · 25 km) to a depth of 100 m. The filtering algorithm of the internal waves is studied in detail. The field measurements present an analytical shape obtained from an equation in which the elements describe the components: low frequency, pulsating and related to daily behavior. The results of the analysis of the initial temperature and salinity fields with respect to homogeneity and isotropy are discussed, as well as the structural peculiarities of the estimates of the spatial correlation functions. It is observed that the temperature and salinity fields along the shelf, within the limits of the polygon scale, are neither homogenous nor isotropic. The correlation functions of the field pulsations analyzed are more clearly observed in the thermocline. The characteristic scales perpendicular to the coast are smaller than along it. Examples of smoothing the temperature and salinity fields in the thermocline are given.
Tidal dynamics and energy budget in the Gulf of California
Authors: García-Silva G , Marinone SG
Published: August 2017

The dynamics and energetic behavior of the tides in the Gulf of California were studied with their principal constituents. Three cases were chosen: the first included the M2 constituent; the second, the two principal semidiurnal constituents; and the third, the seven most important tidal constituents in the gulf. The results show that the tide was successfully modeled for all constituents and for all cases. It was proved that small changes in the friction coefficient produce important errors in the tidal adjustment. The dynamics and energetic behavior of the tides did not change while varying the friction coefficient, even when more constituents were included. The most important forces that maintain the momentum balance in the gulf are the pressure gradient, Coriolis and friction. In the northern gulf the most important forces are the pressure gradient and friction, while in the southern gulf the most important forces are in geostrophic balance. Advection is also important in the northern gulf and in the archipelago of the large islands. The regions where most of the tidal energy is dissipated are the northern gulf and the archipelago, especially in the Upper Gulf, Adair Bay, Ballenas Channel, and San Lorenzo and San Esteban sills. The inclusion of more constituents introduced more momentum and energy to the gulf, and part of this momentum and energy was transferred to the mean field and part to the low-frequency field. The results show that changes in the friction coefficient did not affect the tidal behavior in the gulf; nevertheless, the tidal energy dissipation estimated inside the gulf was affected.
Phycocyanin production in seawater culture of Arthrospira maxima
Authors: Lamela T , Márquez-Rocha FJ
Published: August 2017

Three seawater-based media were used for biomass and phycocyanin production by Arthrospira maxima. Among the three seawater-based media, growth rate and biomass were lowest in SWMAB, which is identical to SWM but includes several known essential elements (Zn, Cu, Mo, Mn). Growth in SWMX2, which has double the concentration of NaHCO3, N, P and FeEDTA than SWM, was not significantly different. Arthrospira maxima reached a biomass concentration of 2.7 ± 0.06 g L–1 in a mineral standard medium, but <1.2 ± 0.09 g L–1 in the seawater-based media. Pigment content in cells grown in the seawater-based media was <2.78 ± 0.46, <1.85 ± 0.18 and <19.83 ± 3.16 mg g–1 cell for chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycocyanin, respectively. The phycocyanin produced in the seawater-based media had slightly different absorption and fluorescence maxima compared to those of A.platensis.
Dynamic catch-effort model for brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis (holmes) from the Gulf of california, Mexico
Authors: Morales-Bojórquez E , López-Martínez J , Hernández-Vázquez S
Published: August 2017

We analyzed the catch and effort data for the brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis) fishery over 22 years. We used a biomass dynamic model in a stochastic version to analyze the catch-per-unit effort of the trawl fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Two hypotheses were proposed: the first (observation error) assumes that the catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) is measured with error, while in the second (process error), the variability of the population is produced by factors not included in the model. The results show that the hypothesis of the process error was accepted. In this case, the hypothesis of the process error recognizes several sources of perturbation in the model. For example, changes in the size structure of the shrimp population, changes in the natural mortality, variations in the fecundity or recruitment, and changes in the environment. Evidence of the relation between the environment and the shrimp population is discussed, as is the possibility of proposing a biological hypothesis for the trends of the population and the CPUE.
Stable isotope paleoenvironmental record of a coral from Cabo Pulmo, entrance to the Gulf of california, mexico
Authors: Bernal GR , Carriquiry JD
Published: August 2017

A 17-year-long record of δ18O and δ13C from a Cabo Pulmo coral (Pavona gigantea) was analyzed. Although the coral δ18O signal is mainly temperature controlled (~70%), the seasonal arrival of surface water masses to the Gulf of California produces an isotopic effect in the opposite direction to that produced by temperature. During summer and fall, the arrival of Equatorial water effectively reduces the annual range in the δ18O of the coral skeletons by increasing the δ18O value of water, even though this occurs during the rainy season. The incursion of Equatorial water masses to the entrance of the Gulf of California during El Niño years is so strong that even during the strongest ENSO years there is no important isotopic shift in the skeleton, even though temperature records show significant positive temperature anomaly in the region. The same effect occurs for La Niña years, but in the opposite direction. By deconvoluting the temperature signal from the isotopic record, the seasonal interplay of the water masses from the California Current and the Costa Rica Coastal Current can be effectively deduced. Changes in the coral δ13C seem to coincide with periods of upwelling events in the gulf, with the highest value coinciding with the annual maximum in pigment concentration for the region.
Anomalously high rate refilling in the near lunar wake caused by the Earth's bow shock
Authors: Xu Xiaojun , Wong Hon‐Cheng , Ma Yonghui , Wang Yi , Zuo Pingbing , Zhou Meng , Pang Ye , Deng Xiaohua
Published: August 2017

On 28 July 2012, the Earth's bow shock crossed the lunar wake and was detected by the two ARTEMIS lunar orbiters in the solar wind and lunar wake, respectively. The bow shock and the Moon as well as the lunar wake have a very complicated interaction leading to some results that are very different from the ordinary bow shock and lunar wake. Our findings in this study include three main aspects. First, the bow shock has been deformed and thus collapsed as previously reported in the lunar wake. Second, ions and electrons with a density of up to 6.8 cm−3 refill in the near wake (<1 lunar radius from the lunar surface). The refilling electrons consist of two portions: drifting electrons and parallelly advecting electrons, while the refilling ions are all field aligned. Third, a current bifurcation within the shock ramp in the solar wind has been strengthened in relatively central part of the near wake. Our analysis strongly suggests that the bow shock has already been collapsed before it enters into the lunar wake caused by the interaction with the diamagnetic current system. Electrons with large pitch angles can be trapped in the strengthened bifurcation and taken into the near wake. However, both low‐energy electrons and ions can easily enter into the near wake, which is very different from ordinary lunar wake pattern. We infer that the drifting and trapped electrons may have played an important role in this event.
Mineral paragenesis on Mars: The roles of reactive surface area and diffusion
Authors: Fairén Alberto G. , Gil‐Lozano Carolina , Uceda Esther R. , Losa‐Adams Elisabeth , Davila Alfonso F. , Gago‐Duport Luis
Published: August 2017

Geochemical models of secondary mineral precipitation on Mars generally assume semiopen systems (open to the atmosphere but closed at the water‐sediment interface) and equilibrium conditions. However, in natural multicomponent systems, the reactive surface area of primary minerals controls the dissolution rate and affects the precipitation sequences of secondary phases, and simultaneously, the transport of dissolved species may occur through the atmosphere‐water and water‐sediment interfaces. Here we present a suite of geochemical models designed to analyze the formation of secondary minerals in basaltic sediments on Mars, evaluating the role of (i) reactive surface areas and (ii) the transport of ions through a basalt sediment column. We consider fully open conditions, both to the atmosphere and to the sediment, and a kinetic approach for mineral dissolution and precipitation. Our models consider a geochemical scenario constituted by a basin (i.e., a shallow lake) where supersaturation is generated by evaporation/cooling and the starting point is a solution in equilibrium with basaltic sediments. Our results show that cation removal by diffusion, along with the input of atmospheric volatiles and the influence of the reactive surface area of primary minerals, plays a central role in the evolution of the secondary mineral sequences formed. We conclude that precipitation of evaporites finds more restrictions in basaltic sediments of small grain size than in basaltic sediments of greater grain size.
Modulation of midtropospheric methane by El Niño
Authors: Corbett Abigail , Jiang Xun , Xiong Xiaozhen , Kao Angela , Li Liming
Published: August 2017

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) midtropospheric methane (CH4) data are utilized to study the variation of methane concentrations over the Pacific Ocean with an emphasis on the correlation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). When El Niño events happen, the rising air over the central Pacific can bring low surface concentrations of CH4 over the ocean into midtroposphere, resulting in a reduction of midtropospheric CH4 over the region. On the contrary, the rising air over the western Pacific brings low surface CH4 to the midtroposphere during the La Nina events, which leads to negative midtropospheric CH4 anomalies over the western Pacific. In the horizontal direction, there are stronger southward winds during El Niño than La Niña months in the region of the western Pacific Ocean. The stronger southward winds during El Niño can enhance the transport of high‐concentration CH4 from the Northern Hemisphere to the tropical western Pacific region and contribute to the positive CH4 anomalies over the region. The difference of midtropospheric CH4 can reach +15 ppb (−15 ppb) over the western (central) Pacific between El Niño and La Niña events. The noteworthy difference of CH4 has a significant correlation to the Southern Oscillation Index with a correlation coefficient of 0.74. The change in the transports associated with the ENSO event is an important factor for CH4 anomalies in the middle troposphere. Results found in this study can help us better understand the spatiotemporal variability of methane.
CIMI simulations with newly developed multiparameter chorus and plasmaspheric hiss wave models
Authors: Aryan Homayon , Sibeck David G. , Kang Suk‐Bin , Balikhin Michael A. , Fok Mei‐Ching , Agapitov Oleksiy , Komar Colin M. , Kanekal Shrikanth G. , Nagai Tsugunobu
Published: August 2017

Numerical simulation studies of the Earth's radiation belts are important to understand the acceleration and loss of energetic electrons. The Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) model considers the effects of the ring current and plasmasphere on the radiation belts to obtain plausible results. The CIMI model incorporates pitch angle, energy, and cross diffusion of electrons, due to chorus and plasmaspheric hiss waves. These parameters are calculated using statistical wave distribution models of chorus and plasmaspheric hiss amplitudes. However, currently, these wave distribution models are based only on a single‐parameter, geomagnetic index (AE) and could potentially underestimate the wave amplitudes. Here we incorporate recently developed multiparameter chorus and plasmaspheric hiss wave models based on geomagnetic index and solar wind parameters. We then perform CIMI simulations for two geomagnetic storms and compare the flux enhancement of MeV electrons with data from the Van Allen Probes and Akebono satellites. We show that the relativistic electron fluxes calculated with multiparameter wave models resemble the observations more accurately than the relativistic electron fluxes calculated with single‐parameter wave models. This indicates that wave models based on a combination of geomagnetic index and solar wind parameters are more effective as inputs to radiation belt models.
Spontaneous hot flow anomalies at Mars and Venus
Authors: Collinson Glyn , Sibeck David , Omidi Nick , Grebowsky Joseph , Halekas Jasper , Mitchell David , Espley Jared , Zhang Tielong , Persson Moa , Futaana Yoshifumi , Jakosky Bruce
Published: August 2017

We report the first observations of Spontaneous Hot Flow Anomalies (SHFAs) at Venus and Mars, demonstrating their existence in the foreshocks of other planets beyond Earth. Using data from the ESA Venus Express and the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, we present magnetic and plasma observations from events at both planets, exhibiting properties similar to “classical” Hot Flow Anomalies, with bounding shock‐like compressive regions and a hot and diffuse core. However, these explosive foreshock transients were observed without any attendant interplanetary magnetic field discontinuity, consistent with SHFAs observed at Earth and our hybrid simulations.
A Study on Sunward Propagating Alfvénic Fluctuations With a Power Law Spectrum Observed by the Wind Spacecraft
Authors: Wu Honghong , Wang Xin , Tu Chuanyi , Wang Linghua , He Jiansen , Tian Hui
Published: August 2017

Sunward propagating Alfvénic fluctuations with a power law spectrum (SAFP) have been recently observed in the upstream region of the Earth's bow shock. However, some physical properties of these fluctuations such as anisotropy remain unclear. Here we develop a new method for identifying SAFPs, and present for the first time the anisotropy of SAFPs power and spectral index. In this method, the propagation direction determination of SAFPs does not rely on a radial magnetic geometry but the pitch angle distribution of strahl electron outflow. Therefore, the SAFPs with any value of θRB (angle between the global mean magnetic field and the Sun‐to‐Earth radial direction) can be identified, so that enables the study of the spectral anisotropy. We find 508 SAFPs using the Wind spacecraft measurements from 1995 to 2014. We show that the SAFP has an averaged spectral index of −1.77 ± 0.28 and the index changes continuously from −2.18 ± 0.21 when θRB=0°–10° to −1.71 ± 0.03 when θRB=80°–90°. These SAFPs are observed more frequently in the slow solar wind especially at solar minimum. We also select antisunward propagating Alfvénic fluctuations with a power law spectrum using the same method for comparison. The results indicate that the power spectrum of SAFP is steeper, and the spectral intensity as well as the power anisotropy of SAFP is weaker. These new findings may provide information on the generation of turbulence in the upstream region.
Erosion of the plasmasphere during a storm
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D. , Sazykin S.
Published: August 2017

The erosion of the plasmasphere during a storm is analyzed using the Naval Research Laboratory Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere ionosphere/plasmasphere code, coupled to the Rice Convection Model of the inner magnetosphere and ring current. We reproduce the commonly observed poststorm plasmasphere profile, with strong erosion outside of a sharp, poststorm plasmapause, and weak erosion inside the plasmapause. We find that inclusion of the ring current E field sharpens the poststorm plasmapause. In the case of a weak storm, erosion inside the poststorm plasmapause might not occur. In all cases, plasma flows are dominated by E × B drifts. For strong storms, we find that erosion, both inside and outside of the poststorm plasmapause, is caused by outward E × B drifts.
Large‐scale solar wind flow around Saturn's nonaxisymmetric magnetosphere
Authors: Sulaiman A. H. , Jia X. , Achilleos N. , Sergis N. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S.
Published: August 2017

The interaction between the solar wind and a magnetosphere is central to the dynamics of a planetary system. Here we address fundamental questions on the large‐scale magnetosheath flow around Saturn using a 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. We find Saturn's polar‐flattened magnetosphere to channel ~20% more flow over the poles than around the flanks at the terminator. Further, we decompose the MHD forces responsible for accelerating the magnetosheath plasma to find the plasma pressure gradient as the dominant driver. This is by virtue of a high‐β magnetosheath and, in turn, the high‐MA bow shock. Together with long‐term magnetosheath data by the Cassini spacecraft, we present evidence of how nonaxisymmetry substantially alters the conditions further downstream at the magnetopause, crucial for understanding solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions such as reconnection and shear flow‐driven instabilities. We anticipate our results to provide a more accurate insight into the global conditions upstream of Saturn and the outer planets.
Investigating Optimal Memory Enhancement Procedures in Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Huffman William B. , Hahn Sowon
Published: August 2017

We investigated the effects of learning schedule and multi‐modality stimulus presentation on foreign language vocabulary learning. In Experiment 1, participants learned German vocabulary words utilizing three learning methods that were organized either in a blocked or interleaved fashion. We found interleaving with the keyword mnemonic and rote study advantageous over blocking, but retrieval practice was better served in a blocked schedule. It is likely that the excessively delayed feedback for the retrieval practice in the interleaved practice schedule impeded learning while the spacing involved in the interleaved schedule enhanced learning in the keyword mnemonic and rote study. In Experiment 2, we examined whether a multi‐modality stimulus presentation from visual and auditory channels is better suited for aiding learning over a visual presentation condition. We found benefits of multi‐modality presentation only for the keyword mnemonic condition, presumably because the nature of the keyword mnemonic involving sound and visualization was particularly relevant with the multi‐modality presentation. The present study suggests that optimal foreign language learning environments should incorporate learning schedules and multimedia presentations based on specific learning methods and materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dyslipidemia, Alcohol Consumption, and Obesity as Main Factors Associated With Poor Control of Urate Levels in Patients Receiving Urate‐Lowering Therapy
Authors: Latourte Augustin , Bardin Thomas , Clerson Pierre , Ea Hang‐Korng , Flipo René‐Marc , Richette Pascal
Published: August 2017

Objective

In real life, in a substantial proportion of gouty patients receiving urate‐lowering therapy (ULT), urate levels are not maintained below the target of 6.0 mg/dl. We aimed to search for factors associated with poor control of serum uric acid (UA) levels in a large population of patients with gout receiving ULT.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved adults with gout in primary care who were receiving ULT. Demographics, gout history, comorbidities, lifestyle, clinical factors, concomitant treatments, and laboratory data were compared in well‐controlled gout (serum UA ≤6.0 mg/dl) versus poorly controlled gout (serum UA >6.0 mg/dl) on univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Among the 1,995 patients receiving ULT, only 445 (22.3%) had reached the target of 6.0 mg/dl serum UA. Such patients had a lower rate of gout flares within the previous year than patients without the target (mean ± SD 1.7 ± 1.4 versus 2.1 ± 1.4; P < 0.0001). The main factors associated with poor serum UA level control in multivariate analysis were low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.5 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.26–0.96]; P = 0.04), high total cholesterol level (OR 1.83 [95% CI 1.29–2.60]; P = 0.0007), increased waist circumference (OR 1.55 [95% CI 1.11–2.13]; P = 0.008), and alcohol consumption (OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.15–2.00]; P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and alcohol consumption are the main factors associated with a poor response to ULT. Knowledge of these factors might help physicians identify cases of gout that may be less likely to achieve target urate level.
Morphology of the Toe Flexor Muscles in Older Adults With Toe Deformities
Authors: Mickle Karen J. , Nester Christopher J.
Published: August 2017

Objective

It has been suggested that atrophied or weak toe flexor muscles are associated with the formation of toe deformities, but there is little evidence to support this theory. This study aimed to determine whether the size of the toe flexor muscles differed in older adults with and without toe deformities.

Methods

Forty‐four older adults (>60 years) were recruited for the study. Each participant had their feet assessed for the presence of hallux valgus or lesser toe deformities. Intrinsic and extrinsic toe flexor muscles were imaged with an ultrasound system using a standardized protocol. Assessor‐blinded measurements of muscle thickness and cross‐sectional area were taken using Image J software.

Results

Participants with lesser toe deformities (n = 20) were found to have significantly smaller quadratus plantae (P = 0.003), flexor digitorum brevis (P = 0.013), abductor hallucis (P = 0.004), and flexor hallucis brevis (P = 0.005) muscles than the participants without any toe deformities (n = 19). Female participants with hallux valgus (n = 10) were found to have significantly smaller abductor hallucis (P = 0.048) and flexor hallucis brevis (P = 0.013) muscles than the female participants without any toe deformities (n = 10; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

This is the first study to use ultrasound to investigate the size of the toe flexor muscles in older adults with hallux valgus and lesser toe deformities compared to otherwise healthy older adults. The sizes of the abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis muscles were decreased in participants with hallux valgus, whereas the quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis muscles were smaller in the participants with lesser toe deformities.
Smart Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Material for Uranyl Ion Monitoring and Removal in Water
Authors: Xiao Fubing , Sun Yongfang , Du Wenfang , Shi Wenhui , Wu Yan , Liao Shuzhen , Wu Zhaoyang , Yu Ruqin
Published: August 2017

Uranyl ion (UO22+) pollution is a serious environmental problem, and developing novel adsorption materials is essential for UO22+ monitoring and removal. Although some progress is achieved, it is still a challenging task to develop an adsorption material with indicating signal for real‐time evaluation of the adsorption degree and the UO22+ concentration. Herein, this paper describes a smart photonic crystal hydrogel (PCH) material, which not only can be used for real‐time monitoring function but also can be utilized for UO22+ removal based on the chelation of UO22+ with ligand groups in PCH material. The working principle is based on the binding of a uranyl ion to multiple ligand groups, which results in the shrinkage of PCH material and triggers a blue‐shift of diffraction wavelength. Consequently, the adsorption degree and the UO22+ concentration can be sensitively evaluated by measuring the diffraction shift or observing the color change with naked eye. With this PCH material, the lowest detectable concentration for UO22+ is 10 × 10−9m, and the maximum adsorption capacity at 298 K is 169.67 mmol kg−1. In addition, this material also holds good selectivity and regeneration feature, and shows desirable performance for UO22+ analysis in real water samples.
Valuing Metal–Organic Frameworks for Postcombustion Carbon Capture: A Benchmark Study for Evaluating Physical Adsorbents
Authors: Adil Karim , Bhatt Prashant M. , Belmabkhout Youssef , Abtab Sk Md Towsif , Jiang Hao , Assen Ayalew H. , Mallick Arijit , Cadiau Amandine , Aqil Jamal , Eddaoudi Mohamed
Published: August 2017

The development of practical solutions for the energy‐efficient capture of carbon dioxide is of prime importance and continues to attract intensive research interest. Conceivably, the implementation of adsorption‐based processes using different cycling modes, e.g., pressure‐swing adsorption or temperature‐swing adsorption, offers great prospects to address this challenge. Practically, the successful deployment of practical adsorption‐based technologies depends on the development of made‐to‐order adsorbents expressing mutually two compulsory requisites: i) high selectivity/affinity for CO2 and ii) excellent chemical stability in the presence of impurities. This study presents a new comprehensive experimental protocol apposite for assessing the prospects of a given physical adsorbent for carbon capture under flue gas stream conditions. The protocol permits: i) the baseline performance of commercial adsorbents such as zeolite 13X, activated carbon versus liquid amine scrubbing to be ascertained, and ii) a standardized evaluation of the best reported metal–organic framework (MOF) materials for carbon dioxide capture from flue gas to be undertaken. This extensive study corroborates the exceptional CO2 capture performance of the recently isolated second‐generation fluorinated MOF material, NbOFFIVE‐1‐Ni, concomitant with an impressive chemical stability and a low energy for regeneration. Essentially, the NbOFFIVE‐1‐Ni adsorbent presents the best compromise by satisfying all the required metrics for efficient CO2 scrubbing.
Highly Stable Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors on Deformable Softening Polymer Substrates
Authors: Gutierrez‐Heredia Gerardo , Rodriguez‐Lopez Ovidio , Garcia‐Sandoval Aldo , Voit Walter E.
Published: August 2017

Flexible electronics are attracting great interest in healthcare, where devices such as thin‐film transistors (TFTs) on polymer substrates facilitate biomedical applications requiring complex circuits in soft packages. Consequently, a repeatable process to fabricate reliable, stable electronic components on flexible substrates is required. Here, thermoset thiol‐ene/acrylate shape memory polymer (SMP) substrates house indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) TFTs and logic circuits: resulting devices exhibit stable behavior after thermal annealing at 250 °C. Fabricated, annealed devices exhibit an average mobility of 15 ± 2.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and show stability after bending and soaking in aqueous media. TFTs on SMPs are studied after mechanical bending tests with radii of curvature of 5 mm for 104 cycles over a 4 h time period. Other TFTs are soaked in phosphate‐buffered saline solution at 37 °C for 1 week. Logic inverter circuits using IGZO TFTs on SMPs represent the ability to add complex circuitry onto thin film flexible electronics. This technology can enable a new generation of implantable devices for research in healthcare fields.
Photo‐Triggered Fluorometric Hydrophobic Benzyl Alcohol for Soluble Tag‐Assisted Liquid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Wakamatsu Hiroki , Okada Yohei , Sugai Masae , Hussaini Syed R. , Chiba Kazuhiro
Published: August 2017

Solid phase methods have been central to the chemical synthesis of peptides, yet a liquid phase method would arguably be more appropriate with modern synthetic chemistry approaches to fine‐tune the molecular structures of peptides. Herein, we describe a simple and rational design for the synthesis of 2,5‐substituted hydrophobic benzyl alcohol (HBA) as a new soluble tag for liquid phase peptide synthesis. This tag allows the use of both 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and HF‐free tert‐butoxycarbonyl (Boc) methods. The HBA‐tagged peptides can be detected both colorimetrically and fluorometrically, enabling their quantitative assay. The Boc method is compatible with the HBA tag because it is mildly acid resistant, whereas commonly used acidic global deprotection conditions lead to the simultaneous cleavage of the side chain protecting groups and the HBA tag. The HBA tag was successfully applied to the synthesis of the angiotensin III selective antagonist peptide.
Dopamine transporter imaging deficit predicts early transition to synucleinopathy in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Authors: Iranzo Alex , Santamaría Joan , Valldeoriola Francesc , Serradell Monica , Salamero Manel , Gaig Carles , Niñerola‐Baizán Aida , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , Lladó Albert , De Marzi Roberto , Stefani Ambra , Seppi Klaus , Pavia Javier , Högl Birgit , Poewe Werner , Tolosa Eduard , Lomeña Francisco
Published: August 2017

Objective

To determine the usefulness of dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging to identify idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (IRBD) patients at risk for short‐term development of clinically defined synucleinopathy.

Methods

Eighty‐seven patients with polysomnography‐confirmed IRBD underwent 123I‐FP‐CIT DAT‐SPECT. Results were compared to 20 matched controls without RBD who underwent DAT‐SPECT. In patients, FP‐CIT uptake was considered abnormal when values were two standard deviations below controls’ mean uptake. After DAT‐SPECT, patients were followed up during 5.7 ± 2.2 (range, 2.6‐9.9) years.

Results

Baseline DAT deficit was found in 51 (58.6%) patients. During follow‐up, 25 (28.7%) subjects developed clinically defined synucleinopathy (Parkinson's disease in 11, dementia with Lewy bodies in 13, and multiple system atrophy in 1) with mean latency of 3.2 ± 1.9 years from imaging. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis showed increased risk of incident synucleinopathy in patients with abnormal DAT‐SPECT than with normal DAT‐SPECT (20% vs 6% at 3 years, 33% vs 18% at 5 years; log rank test, p = 0.006). Receiver operating characteristics curve revealed that reduction of FP‐CIT uptake in putamen greater than 25% discriminated patients with DAT deficit who developed synucleinopathy from patients with DAT deficit that remained disease free after 3 years of follow‐up. At 5‐year follow‐up, DAT‐SPECT had 75% sensitivity, 51% specificity, 44% positive predictive value, 80% negative predictive value, and likelihood ratio 1.54 to predict synucleinopathy.

Interpretation

DAT‐SPECT identifies IRBD patients at short‐term risk for synucleinopathy. Decreased FP‐CIT putamen uptake greater than 25% predicts synucleinopathy after 3 years’ follow‐up. These observations may be useful to select candidates for disease modification trials in IRBD. Ann Neurol 2017;82:419–428
Tri(pyrazolyl)phosphane als Vorstufen für die Synthese von stark emittierenden InP/ZnS‐Quantenpunkten
Authors: Panzer René , Guhrenz Chris , Haubold Danny , Hübner René , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander , Weigand Jan J.
Published: August 2017

Tri(pyrazolyl)phosphane werden als alternative kostengünstige und weniger toxische Phosphorquelle in der Synthese von InP/ZnS‐Quantenpunkten (QDs) eingesetzt. Ausgehend von ihnen können langzeitstabile (>6 Monate) P(OLA)3‐Stammlösungen (OLAH=Oleylamin) synthetisiert werden, aus denen sich die entsprechenden Pyrazole einfach zurückgewinnen lassen. P(OLA)3 fungiert in der Synthese von stark emittierenden InP/ZnS‐QDs sowohl als Phosphorquelle als auch als Reduktionsmittel. Die erhaltenen Kern/Schale‐Partikel zeichnen sich durch hohe Photolumineszenz‐Quantenausbeuten von 51–62 % in einem Spektralbereich von 530–620 nm aus. Die Verarbeitung und Anwendung dieser InP/ZnS‐QDs als Farbkonversionsschicht wurde anhand des Einsatzes in einer weißen Leuchtdiode demonstriert.
Dreidimensionale Architekturen aus Übergangsmetall‐Dichalkogenid‐Nanomaterialien zur elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung und ‐umwandlung
Authors: Yun Qinbai , Lu Qipeng , Zhang Xiao , Tan Chaoliang , Zhang Hua
Published: August 2017

Übergangsmetall‐Dichalkogenide (TMDs) finden seit einigen Jahren große Aufmerksamkeit wegen ihrer einzigartigen Eigenschaften und vielversprechenden Möglichkeiten für die elektrochemische Energiespeicherung und ‐umwandlung. Ungünstig wirkten sich bislang ihre geringe Zahl an aktiven Stellen und ein blockierter Ionen‐ und Massetransport aus. Diese Probleme lassen sich aber durch die Konstruktion von dreidimensionalen (3D) Architekturen aus TMD‐Nanomaterialien effektiv lösen. 3D‐TMD‐Architekturen bieten eine wesentlich größere Oberfläche und deutlich kleinere Abstände für den Ionen‐ und Massetransport. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die gängigen Synthesewege für 3D‐TMD‐Architekturen zusammen und hebt deren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in Akkumulatoren, Superkondensatoren und bei der elektrokatalytischen Wasserstoffproduktion hervor. Außerdem werden Herausforderungen und Zukunftsperspektiven dieses Forschungsgebiets aufgezeigt.