bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMATION OF LARGE VACUOLES IN TUMOUR CELLS GROWN IN SUSPENSION
Authors: JAKOBSEN A.‐L. , CHEMNITZ J.
Published: August 2010

In suspension cultures of JB‐1‐E cells approximately 11% of the cells contained a single large vacuole (»balloon cells«) or signet‐ring cells). Such cells were rarely observed in monolayer cultures, where the cells were attached to a substrate. Only a few »balloon cells« were observed in suspension cultures of HeLa S3 cells. Both cell lines were able to phagocytize latex particles of 5.7 μm mean diameter. Nocodazole significantly reduced the formation of »balloon cells« in suspension cultures of JB‐1‐E cells. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that various cytoplasmic membrane components probably could contribute to the membrane material of the vacuoles. It is believed that the formation of »balloon cells« is due to changes in the regulation of the cellular membrane material.
A SILVER‐GOLD IMPREGNATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEMONSTRATION OF STRIATED MUSCLE ELEMENTS
Authors: GRIMELIUS LARS , OLSSON YNGVE
Published: August 2010

A silver‐gold impregnation technique for demonstration of cross striations in skeletal muscles is presented. It is easily performed and all ingredients are chemically well characterized and easily available. The method has been successfully applied to formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded material from human muscles and can be of value in the histopathological diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcomas and other tumors of muscular origin.
PRECISION OF HISTOLOGICAL GRADING OF MALIGNANCY
Authors: GRÆM NIELS , HELWEG‐LARSEN KARIN , KEIDING NIELS
Published: August 2010

The precision of a grading system based upon average score of 8 items for histological evaluation of malignancy of epidermoid carcinomas of the larynx was studied by letting 6 pathologists examine biopsies from 22 new cases. Exploratory statistical tools as well as a statistical framework (variance component models) for separating and evaluating the noise components are suggested. The order of magnitude of the resulting overall measurement uncertainty allowed discrimination between patients, though if a patient is graded by only one pathologist, only results at the extremes of the scale of malignancy should be trusted as possible therapeutical guidance. Based upon an analysis of the basic structure of the grading system the single noise components making up the measurement uncertainty were determined. Of greatest importance was noise created by disagreement between the pathologists in their ranking of the patients on the scale of malignancy. Furthermore the pathologists used the individual items differently, and certain items seemed to conform little to the scoring system. An attempt to minimize these two last components was performed;
SURVIVAL IN IDIOPATHIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: NYBERG MARCUS , PETTERSSON ERNA , TALLQVIST GUSTAV , PASTERNACK AMOS
Published: August 2010

Actuarial survival was studied in 285 adult patients with idiopathic glomerulonephritis (GN). Minimum follow‐up was 7 years. 105 patients had minimal change GN (MC), 22 membranous GN (MGN), 20 acute GN (AGN), 11 mesangial sclerosis GN (MSGN), 28 mesangiocapillary GN (MCGN). 8 crescentic GN (RPGN), 27 unclassifiable GN, 61 focal proliferative GN (FGN), and 3 focal segmental glomerular sclerosis and hyalinosis (FSGSH). Ten year survival was best in FGN (91%), and progressively poorer in MC (90%), AGN (85%), MSGN (83%), MGN (82%), MCGN (62%), unclassifiable GN (37%), and RPGN (16%). One of the three patients with FSGSH died during follow‐up. At 10 years, survival differed significantly (p<0.01) from expected only in MCGN, RPGN and unclassifiable GN. Our results suggest that ‐ because survival was not significantly different from expected in most types of GN ‐ the current classification of GN is only a crude guide to prognosis. The nephrotic syndrome was found to worsen prognosis in MGN and MCGN.
COMPARATIVE SINGLE CELL AND FLOW DNA ANALYSIS IN ASPIRATION BIOPSIES FROM BREAST CARCINOMAS
Authors: AUER G. , TRIBUKAIT B.
Published: August 2010

The DNA distribution patterns in fine needle aspirates from 17 breast carcinomas were analysed, using single cell and flow cytophotometric techniques. A good correlation was observed to exist between the modal DNA values obtained by the two methods. Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE TAIL STUMP SPERM DEFECT IN THE BULL
Authors: BLOM ERIK , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN AKSEL
Published: August 2010

A characteristic major sperm defect, with about 60% of the sperm cells showing a rudimentary tail stump, was found in two sterile Danish bulls of imported origin. The condition seldom occurs, but seems to be widespread and has been observed in several breeds of cattle and in different animal species, including man. Electron microscopy of ejaculated sperm and testicular tissue from one of the bulls has shown that a dysfunction of the centriolar apparatus during spermiogenesis is likely to be the cause of the defect. In ejaculated defective sperm the proximal centriole is often found connected with the normally transitory organelle, the centriolar adjunct. In the defective spermids the distal centriole has lost the faculty to form axonemal fibers, so that no tail formation can take place.
TEM AND SEM FINDINGS IN CAT FIBROBLASTS CULTIVATED IN VITRO WITH AND WITHOUT MYCOPLASMA
Authors: LARSSON ERIK , BRUNK ULF T.
Published: August 2010

Mycoplasma contamination of cultured cells may cause considerable interference with their behaviour and metabolism. Whether or not mycoplasma are actually taken up by cells in vitro has long been a matter of dispute. In the present study mycoplasma were shown to be phagocytosed by feline lung fibroblasts and to end up in the lysosomal vacuome of the cells, where the organisms were only partially degraded by the hydrolytic enzymes leading to a rapid (within a few days) accumulation of secondary lysosomes of the residual body variety. It is thus obvious that studies on the structure and function of the lysosomal vacuome in cultured cells are possible only if precautions are taken to avoid that the cultures become contaminated by mycoplasma.
PLACENTA‐ASSOCIATED PLASMA PROTEIN‐A (PAPP‐A, SP4) IN TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOURS
Authors: Wahlströml T. , Teisner B. , Lee J.‐N. , Grudzinskas J. G. , Seppälä M. , Folkersen J.
Published: August 2010

The immunoperoxidase technique was used to study the occurrence of placenta‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A, SP4) in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens from 15 hydatidiform moles, 6 invasive moles and 7 choriocarcinomas. PAPP‐A was found in the syncytiotrophoblast of all hydatidiform moles, in 5 of the 6 invasive moles and in 6 of the 7 choriocarcinomata. No clinical difference was observed between PAPP‐A positive and negative cases of invasive disease.
ISLET IMPLANTATION INTO DIABETIC MICE WITH PANCREATIC INSULITIS
Authors: SANDLER STELLAN , ANDERSSON ARNE
Published: August 2010

Repeated injections of small doses of streptozotocin (s.z.) lead to a slowly‐developing hyperglycemia with a concomitant infiltration of lymphocytes into the pancreatic islets. Similarly, intrasplenically islet‐implanted but otherwise normal mice became diabetic when given the multi‐s.z.‐treatment, suggesting that the splenic location of the islets does not protect them from the toxic effects of s.z. or immunereactions. Intrasplenic, syngeneic islet implantation normalized the elevated blood sugars of multi‐s.z: treated mice, irrespective of whether the transplantation was performed 8 or 15 days after the first injection of s.z. These findings suggest that s.z. has to be present in order to trigger the auto‐immune process of this insulitis model. In support of this suggestion, we observed that hyperglycemic, multi‐s.z.‐treated mice cured by islet implantation reverted to a hyperglycemic state when treated repeatedly with small doses of s.z., suggesting the presence of a booster‐dose phenomenon.
DETECTION OF DIFFERENT DNA STEM CELL LINES IN A CASE OF HUMAN BLADDER CARCINOMA
Authors: GUSTAFSON H. , TRIBUKAIT B. , BREHMER‐ANDERSSON E.
Published: August 2010

An unusual case of bladder carcinoma is presented. The cystectomy specimen contained one large tumour with the histological picture of a poorly‐moderately well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and another small tumour with poorly‐differentiated transitional cell carcinoma. Besides, widespread areas of carcinoma in situ were seen. Random biopsies from the bladder and from the tumours were independently examined, histopathologically and by flow‐cytofluorometric DNA‐analyses. The degree of ploidy was found to be quite different between the two tumours. In areas of carcinoma in situ different aneuploid cell lines were indicated. Altogether five different aneuploid cell lines were found. There was a good correlation between the histopathological assessments and the DNA measurements: Carcinoma in situ corresponding to aneuploidy and various degrees of atypia corresponding to diploidy. In tumour metastases from several organs, only one aneuploid cell line was found. This cell line did not correspond to those found in the tumours.
THE LOCAL CELL RESPONSE TO HUMAN LUNG CARCINOMAS
Authors: SVENNEVIG J.‐L. , HOLTER J.
Published: August 2010

Non‐malignant inflammatory cells were studied in tissue sections and cell suspensions from 21 human lung carcinomas. The different cell types were identified and quantified by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. All tumours were surrounded and to a lesser degree also infiltrated by lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells containing IgG, IgA, or IgM, and a small number of mast cells. No evident signs of cell necrosis were present in association with these mononuclear cell infiltrates. Central tumour necroses were dominated by large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages, a reaction considered to be secondary to ischemic necroses in rapidly expanding tumours. The weakest mononuclear cell infiltrates were found in tumours with extensive necrotic areas. Of the tumour lymphocytes 3–67% (mean 37%) were T‐lymphocytes, 4–32% (mean 19%) were B‐lymphocytes. The relation between these markers did not always correlate with the findings in peripheral blood; low percentages of T‐lymphocytes were found in some tumours even when the percentage of T‐lymphocytes in peripheral blood was within the normal range. The demonstration of both T‐lymphocytes and macrophages in and around the tumour tissue may reflect a local immune response against the neoplastic cells, while the presence of plasma cells in all tumours supports the theory that the tumour also induces a local production of immunoglobulin which may interfere with the cellular immunity.
POSTMORTEM CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY AND HISTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART IN SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATH DUE TO CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Authors: VESTERBY ANNIE
Published: August 2010

This study has been performed applying postmortem coronary angiography and histological investigation of the conduction system of the heart in 21 persons who died suddenly and unexpectedly because of coronary sclerosis. This »coronary group« is compared with a sex and age matched control group of 24 persons. Acute vascular lesions were found in 20 persons (95,2%), fresh infarctions in 10 (45%), heart rupture in 2 (9,5 %) and old infarctions (indicated by localized fibrosis) in 7 (33,3%). The coronary arteries were graded using WHO's recommendations from 1958. Arteriosclerosis of the major coronary arteries was significantly more extensive in the »coronary group«. The origin and course of the arteries to the conduction system were located by postmortem coronary angiography. The right coronary artery supplied these arteries in the majority of cases (sinus node artery 77%, a.‐v.node artery 85%). A significantly greater degree of arteriosclerosis could be demonstrated histologically in the sinus node artery in the »coronary group«. In both groups the degree of arteriosclerosis was greater in the a.‐v.node artery than in the sinus node artery. The conduction system was investigated using Hudson's method. There were only 3 cases of infarction in the conduction system, possibly due to its greater resistance to damage from anoxia. In all patients »non‐specific changes« (hemorrhage, small cellular infiltrations and/or degeneration) were found and these changes can, therefore, be of no pathophysiological importance in this group of patients. The degree of fibrosis and the amount of fat was semiquantified. Six patients in the »coronary group« had moderate fibrosis around the left sided fibres of the bundle of His. This lead to the conclusion that these change might play a role in the fatal course, and that some cases of sudden, unexpected cardiac death can be explained by pre‐existing fibrosis in the conduction system.
A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF PLACENTA IN FETAL CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROME OF FINNISH TYPE
Authors: AUTIO‐HARMAINEN HELENA
Published: August 2010

A qualitative light microscopic study was performed on 9 fetal congenital nephrotic (CNF) and 13 control placentas obtained from legal pregnancy terminations or spontaneous abortions at 16–20 weeks of gestation. From this material 6 CNF cases and 6 age matched controls were selected for morphometric analysis. The total villous volume and the ramification pattern of the villi were similar in CNF and controls. A significant decrease in the villous vascularization was found in CNF. It is suggested that disturbed oxygen exchange due to poor development of the villous vessels causes a compensatory hyperplasia of the placenta at birth in CNF. Electron microscopic investigation was performed on three CNF and two control placentas. No changes typical of fetal CNF were found in the villous ultrastructure. The syncytial microvillous projections seemed to be more numerous and longer in CNF, otherwise the structure of the trophoblastic layer of the villi and the lining of the subtrophoblastic vessels were identical in CNF and controls.
MALIGNANT GIANT CELL TUMOR OF THE UTERUS
Authors: KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR , SEIDAL TOMAS
Published: August 2010

A clinico‐pathologic study of a 69‐year‐old woman with a malignant giant cell tumor of the uterus compatible with malignant giant tumor of soft tissues is presented. The diagnosis was based mainly on light‐ and electron‐microscopic findings, including the demonstration of phagocytic activity of the neoplastic cells. The tumor metastasized to the lung and the patient died a short time after clinical onset. The classification of uterine sarcomas and the differential diagnosis are briefly discussed.
SENILE PLAQUES AND TANGLES IN DIALYSIS DEMENTIA
Authors: BRUN ARNE , DICTOR MICHAEL
Published: August 2010

The brains of 7 patients, treated with hemodialysis were studied. Four of these patients had the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (DES). Senile plaques and or neurofibrillary tangles were found in 5 of the 7 cases, 3 with and 2 without DES. One case of each group had plaques to an extent compatible with that in Alzheimer's disease, though of a different distribution. Neurofibrillary tangles were generally sparse. Plaques and tangles, both containing paired helical filaments, are the principal changes in Alzheimer's disease. Aluminum has been implicated as a possible etiologic agent behind the paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease, where raised cerebral aluminum contents have been demonstrated. Aluminum is known to be increased in the central nervous system also in DES, most likely as a consequence of procedures in connection with the hemodialysis. The finding of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in hemodialyzed patients, some of which have developed DES, may therefore support the theories concerning aluminum as an etiological agent for cerebral changes in Alzheimer's disease.
MUCOSAL CHANGES OF THE BILLROTH II RESECTED STOMACH
Authors: GRAEM N. , FISCHER A. B. , HASTRUP N. , POVLSEN C. O.
Published: August 2010

In a follow‐up study of a consecutive series of 1000 patients, who underwent Billroth II resection for duodenal ulcer 22–30 years earlier, the mucosal changes of the gastric stump could be studied by endoscopy and biopsy in 196 cases. At the histological examination only 7.1 % of the patients had a normal gastric mucosa; the remaining 92.9% had chronic atrophic gastritis, which was diffuse and most marked at the gastro‐jejunostomy. In 7.1% of the cases the inflammation was accompanied by focal accumulation of lipophages. 12.2% had non‐neoplastic polyp formation caused either by cystic glandular dilatation of the mucosa at the gastro‐jejunostomy, eosinophilic granulomatous polyps or protrusion of the mucosa at the lesser curvature caused by invagination at the resection. 14.8% of the patients had epithelial atypia close to the anastomosis, but no cancers were found, and it is concluded that the presented results do not indicate a cancer prophylactic endoscopic screening of patients treated with Billroth II resection for duodenal ulcer.
IMMUNO‐CYTO‐CHEMICAL STAINING OF MID‐GUT CARCINOID TUMOURS WITH SEQUENCE‐SPECIFIC GASTRIN ANTISERA
Authors: WILANDER E. , EL‐SALHY M.
Published: August 2010

Twenty typical mid‐gut carcinoid tumours were examined for the presence of gastrin immuno‐reactivity to antisera specific to the C‐terminal pentapeptide or to the mid‐portion of gastrin‐17. Pentagastrin immuno‐reactivity was found in seven cases, and in one of these reactivity to antiserum against the mid‐portion of gastrin‐17 was also observed. The results are in accordance with the previous observation that argyrophil tumour cells are present in mid‐gut carcinoid tumours and may explain why peptic ulcer disease is sometimes seen in association with the carcinoid syndrome.
A STUDY OF THE VALUE OF RESIN‐EMBEDDED SEMI‐THIN SECTIONS AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL BIOPSIES
Authors: SKJØRTEN FREDRIK , HALVORSEN STEIN
Published: August 2010

Two hundred consecutive renal biopsies originally studied by light microscopy of paraffin‐ and semi‐thin sections and electron microscopy were reviewed and re‐classified according to the proposed WHO classification for glomerular disease. The accuracy of diagnoses based on paraffin sections alone, and of those based on paraffin‐ and semi‐thin sections were compared with the results of the final evaluation, when electron microscopy also was taken into account. Paraffin material showed a diagnostic accuracy of 59 per cent for glomerulonephritis, and 82 per cent for other renal diseases. The diagnostic accuracy of semi‐thin sections was 61 per cent for glomerulonephritis and 76 per cent for other renal diseases; i.e. not improved. It is concluded that the study of semi‐thin sections cannot replace electron microscopy in the diagnoses of renal biopsies. In the present study, electron microscopy altered the diagnoses in 34 per cent and yielded additional useful information in another 45 per cent of patients with glomerulonephritis. Therefore, the electron microscope should be employed routinely in the study of renal biopsies from this group of patients.
GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN BREAST CANCER
Authors: POULSEN H. SKOVGAARD , FREDERIKSEN POUL
Published: August 2010

The correlation between glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity and different tumour characteristics was investigated in human breast cancer tissue. The enzyme activity was measured by a histochemical method and the oestrogen receptor content by a dextran‐coated charcoal assay. The proliferative activity of the tumours correlated positively with the glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity. No correlation was found between enzyme activity and tumour type and menopausal status, age, TNM‐class nor oestrogen receptor content. Based on this investigation it is concluded that the activity of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase reflects the proliferative status of the tumour but not the hormone dependency of the tumour.
THE ANTRAL GASTRIN‐PRODUCING CELLS IN DUODENAL ULCER PATIENTS
Authors: NIELSEN H. OVERGAARD , LAURITSEN K. , CHRISTIANSEN L. A.
Published: August 2010

Examination of the antral G‐cell density, acid secretion and fasting levels of serum‐gastrin were carried out on 20 patients with prepyloric ulcer (within 2 cm of the pyloric ring) and 76 patients with duodenal bulb ulcer. No difference was found in respect to the G‐cell density between the group of prepyloric and that with duodenal bulb ulcer, although a lower pentagastrin stimulated acid output and consequently a smaller parietal cell mass appeared to be present in the first group as compared to the second. No relationship was found in either group between fasting levels of serum‐gastrin and G‐cell density, suggesting that no constant relationship exists between G‐cell density and activity under basal conditions. A positive relationship, although statistically insignificant (0.05<P<0.1) between peak acid output and G‐cell density in patients with duodenal bulb ulcer, indicates that in these patients the parietal cell mass and G‐cell density are interrelated. The present study could not confirm the entity of antral G‐cell hyperplasia in duodenal ulcer patients.
SOMATOSTATIN‐LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN MID‐GUT CARCINOIDS
Authors: Lundqvist Monalill , Wilander Erik
Published: August 2010

Typical mid‐gut carcinoids from 18 patients without endocrine syndromes were examined for the presence of somatostatin‐immunoreactive tumour cells. Positively stained cells were found in six tumours (33%), but they did not constitute the majority cell population in any of the cases. The results further emphasize the multihormonal nature of mid‐gut carcinoid tumours.
SEMI‐QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND COMPLEMENT FRACTIONS 3 AND 4 IN THE JEJUNAL MUCOSA IN COELIAC DISEASE AND IN FOOD ALLERGY IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: PERKKIÖ M. , SAVILAHTI E. , KUITUNEN P.
Published: August 2010

Immunoglobulins A, M, G and E and complement fractions 3 and 4 in jejunal biopsy specimens of 14 children were stained by the peroxidase‐labelled antibody technique and studied in light and electron microscopy. In addition, cryostat sections were stained with FITC‐conjugated anti‐C3,‐C4 and ‐IgE sera. Five patients had coeliac disease, three intestinal cow's milk or rye allergy, three eczema due to food allergy, and in three patients, who served as controls, intestinal and immunological diseases were excluded. This study showed that increased amounts of IgA and IgM both in coeliac disease and in food allergy are produced by the plasma cells in the lamina propria of the jejunum and are secreted into the gut through the epithelial cells in a similar manner as in the morphologically normal intestine. The amount of IgG produced locally or derived from serum, was increased in coeliac disease. IgE‐producing cells were rare in all patients. No deposits of complement were seen in the basement membranes or epithelial cells.
THE PARENCHYMAL CELL MASS IN NORMAL HUMAN PARATHYROID GLANDS
Authors: AKERSTRÖM G. , GRIMELIUS L. , JOHANSSON H. , LUNDQVIST H. , PERTOFT H. , BERGSTRÖM R.
Published: August 2010

The parenchymal cell mass in parathyroid glands from 368 autopsy cases without apparent parathyroid or kidney disease was investigated. By measuring the glandular density with a density gradient technique and the glandular weight, the parenchymal to fat cell ratio and the weight of the parenchymal cell mass could be determined. The mean parathyroid parenchymal cell weight was calculated to be 22 mg and the maximal normal parenchymal cell weight 39 mg. The glandular weight was evidently dependent on the body constitution, as the fat tissue content of the glands was related to the amount of fat tissue in the body as a whole. The parenchymal cell weight was much less variable. Also, the amount of fat tissue in the parathyroid glands was positively correlated to the size of glands. Thus, the amount of fat cells within parathyroid glands seems less adequate as a histological criterion and the parenchymal cell weight should be of greater value in the histological diagnosis than the weight of the whole gland. The age‐and‐sex‐related variations of the parenchymal cell mass were slight and therefore a value of 39 mg may be considered an appropriate upper limit of the weight of this mass in parathyroid glands of adult persons.
TUMOURS IN ICELAND
Authors: COOPER MICHAEL A. , HALLGRÍMSSON JÓNAS
Published: August 2010

All primary tumours from the upper respiratory tract and ear submitted for a histological diagnosis in Iceland during the 20 years, 1955–1974, were reviewed and typed according to the World Health Organization Classification published in 1978. The series included 83 benign and 114 malignant tumours from the upper respiratory tract. The nasal cavity was the commonest site for benign tumours in both sexes, most being squamos cell and transitional papillomas. The larynx was the commonest site for malignant tumours in males, all being squamous cell carcinomas, and the paranasal sinuses and the nasopharynx in females, squamous cell carcinoma forming the largest group in the sinuses and undifferentiated carcinoma in the nasopharynx. The distribution of tumours in the nasal cavity and sinuses differed much between the two sites and between the sexes, which emphasizes that these two sites should be separated and not combined as they have been until recently in epidemiological reports and cancer registries. A relatively high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Iceland may be due to a high consumption of salted food. A rising incidence of laryngeal carcinoma is believed to be related to the use of tobacco and alcohol and is of special concern owing to its marked rise in young females.
MALIGNANT NON‐HODGKIN LYMPHOMA OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: BRAENDSTRUP OTTO , JOHANSEN AAGE
Published: August 2010

Thirty‐four cases of malignant non‐Hodgkin lymphomas of gastro‐intestinal origin were histopathologically reviewed employing Rapaport's (18) classification. The majority of the tumours, 25, were localized to the stomach. The rest of the lesions occurred with decreasing frequency throughout the gastro‐intestinal tract, with the exception of 3 rectal cases. Thirty lymphomas displayed a purely diffuse pattern, I was purely nodular, and 3 were nodular with diffuse components. »Histiocytic« lymphoma was the commonest type, including 16 cases; poorly differentiated lymphocytic type next, with 10 cases. The histopathology of this series does not differ from those of comparable studies.
RESPONSIVENESS OF FETAL RAT BRAIN CELLS TO GLIA MATURATION FACTOR DURING NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: HAUGEN Á. , LAERUM O. D. , BOCK E.
Published: August 2010

The effect of partially purified extracts from adult pig brains containing a glia maturation protein factor (BE) has been investigated on neural cells during carcinogenesis. Pregnant BD IX‐rats were given a single transplacental dose of the carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (EtNU) on the 18th day of gestation. The brains of the treated fetuses were transferred to cell culture and underwent neoplastic transformation with a characteristic sequence of phenotypic alterations which could be divided into five different stages. During the first 40 days after explanation (stage I & II) BE induced morphological differentiation of epithelioid neural cells into astrocytes. This occurred in carcinogen treated cells as well as in untreated control cultures. At the same time cells with astrocyte morphology showed accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) as tested by indirect immunofluorescence with monospecific antibodies against GFA. Thereafter, in the EtNU pre‐treated cultures an increased number of cells with astrocyte morphology was seen, and BE further increased the number of cells with long cytoplasmic processes. Control cells were GFA negative, while some few strongly, as well as many weakly, positive cells were seen after treatment with BE (stage III). At the later stages of neoplastic transformation the effect of BE became gradually less, and in tumourigenic cells which occurred after about 200–300 days, only a slight morphological change took place in a few cell lines. No appreciable effect on GFA‐content was seen any longer, although some few weakly GFA positive cells could be observed in all permanent cell lines. Fetal rat brain cells therefore seem to become less responsive to this differentiation inducer during neoplastic transformation in cell culture.
RECEPTORS FOR THE LECTINS WHEAT GERM
Authors: VEDTOFTE POUL , DABELSTEEN ERIK
Published: August 2010

The histological distribution of receptors for the lectins Wheat germ (WGA), Ricinus communis I (RCA I) and Soybean (SBA) was examined in ameloblastomas and normal oral mucosa from 12 patients. The study utilized fluorescein‐conjugated WGA, RCA I and SBA. Cell‐membrane bound receptors for these 3 lectins were demonstrated in the spinous cell layer of the normal oral mucosa. WGA and RCA I receptors were also located in the basal cell layer, whereas SBA receptors were not detectable there. Cell‐membrane bound WGA receptors were shown in the epithelial cells of the ameloblastomas. Titrations showed significant differences in staining reactivity related to the morphology of the peripheral epithelial cells of the ameloblastomas. The distribution of RCA I and SBA receptors in the peripheral cells was also related to the morphology of these cells and was independent of the histological types of the tumours. It is suggested that the distribution of these receptors is related to cellular activities such as cell differentiation and cell migration in the tumour and therefore possibly reflects the biological behaviour of the tumours.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND IMMUNO‐ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY IN A CASE OF EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA ACQUISITA
Authors: NILSEN R. , LIVDEN J. , MATRE R.
Published: August 2010

Skin biopsies from a patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) were studied ultrastructurally and by immuno‐electron microscopy. The specimens were taken from non‐predilection areas as well as of the skin predilection areas of the patient. In vivo deposits of IgG were found below the lamina densa associated with the anchoring fibrils in all areas of the skin. The bullae and the artificial friction blisters appeared in the same position on the dermal side of lamina densa. The results suggest that epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a distinct nosologic entity. The close resemblance of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita to cicatricial pemphigoid in immunofluorescence studies makes the use of immuno‐electron microscopy important in the classification of these diseases.
CHILDREN'S AND PARENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON CHILDREN'S PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING AFTER PARENTAL SEPARATION AND DIVORCE*
Authors: Cashmore Judy , Parkinson Patrick
Published: August 2010

This article outlines the views of children and parents involved in family law disputes, about the need for and appropriateness of children's participation in decisions regarding residence and contact arrangements. Ninety parents and 47 children (ranging in age from 6 to 18 years) who had been through parental separation, were interviewed. Both parents and children had a range of views about the general appropriateness and fairness of children being involved, but the great majority, particularly of parents, thought that children should have a say in these matters. Core findings of the study include the considerable influence that older children had over the arrangements either in the aftermath of the separation or in making further changes over time, and the higher stated need of children who had experienced violence, abuse, or high levels of conflict to be heard than those in less problematic and noncontested matters. Parents involved in contested proceedings supported the participation of children at a younger age than those who were not. There was a reasonable degree of agreement between parents and children about the need for children to be acknowledged and the value of their views being heard in the decision‐making process. Parents, however, expressed concern about the pressure and manipulation that children can face and exert in this process, whereas children were generally more concerned about the fairness of the outcomes, and maintaining their relationships with their parents and siblings.
CHILD‐FOCUSED AND CHILD‐INCLUSIVE DIVORCE MEDIATION: COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF POSTSEPARATION ADJUSTMENT
Authors: McIntosh Jennifer E. , Wells Yvonne D. , Smyth Bruce M. , Long Caroline M.
Published: August 2010

This study compared outcomes over 1 year for two groups of separated parents, who attended two different forms of brief therapeutic mediation for entrenched parenting disputes. The two interventions each targeted psychological resolution of parental conflict, enhanced parental reflective function, and associated reduction of distress for their children. The child‐focused (CF) intervention actively supported parents to consider the needs of their children, but without any direct involvement of the children, while the child‐inclusive (CI) intervention incorporated separate consultation by a specialist with the children in each family, and consideration of their concerns with parents in the mediation forum. Repeated measures at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year postintervention explored changes over time and across treatments in conflict management, subjective distress, and relationship quality for all family members. Enduring reduction in levels of conflict and improved management of disputes, as reported by parents and children, occurred for both treatment groups in the year after mediation. The CI intervention had several impacts not evident in the other treatment group, related to relationship improvements and psychological well‐being. These effects were strongest for fathers and children. Agreements reached by the CI group were significantly more durable, and the parents in this group were half as likely to instigate new litigation over parenting matters in the year after mediation as were the CF parents. The article explores the potential of CI divorce mediation to not only safely include many children in family law matters related to them, but also to promote their developmental recovery from high‐conflict separation, through enhanced emotional availability of their parents.
A JURY OF PEERS
Authors: LEGER RICHARD R.
Published: August 2010

The frequent inquiries received at our Chicago offices about juvenile juries prompted us to allot some space to it here. To date the National Council has taken no position on their use. A study done in 1965 by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency of eighteen teen‐age juries showed many of the claims made on behalf of the teen‐age jury—for example, that it gives a teen‐ager “a fair trial by a jury of his peers”—are dubious. “The juvenile jury lacks legal foundation and signifies a de facto surrender of judicial authority and responsibility. No substantial evidence was found to support the assertion that the teen‐age jury reduces juvenile delinquency and youth crime. The procedure perpetuates the archaic and unsound practice of jury sentencing long abandoned, even for criminal cases, in all but a few states.”
Acute vascular endothelial growth factor expression during hypertrophy is muscle phenotype specific and localizes as a striated pattern within fibres
Authors: Parvaresh Kevin C. , Huber Ashley M. , Brochin Robert L. , Bacon Phoebe L. , McCall Gary E. , Huey Kimberly A. , Hyatt Jon‐Philippe K.
Published: August 2010

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy requires the co‐ordinated expression of locally acting growth factors that promote myofibre growth and concurrent adaptive changes in the microvasculature. These studies tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor (HB‐EGF) expression are upregulated during the early stages of compensatory muscle growth induced by chronic functional overload (FO). Bilateral FO of the plantaris and soleus muscles was induced for 3 or 7 days in the hindlimbs of adult female Sprague–Dawley rats (n= 5 per group) and compared with control (non‐FO) rats. Relative muscle mass (in mg (kg body weight)−1) increased by 18 and 24% after 3 days and by 20 and 33% after 7 days in the plantaris and soleus muscles, respectively. No differences in HB‐EGF mRNA or protein were observed in either muscle of FO rats relative to control muscles. The VEGF mRNA was similar in the soleus muscles of FO and control rats, whereas a significant elevation occurred at 3 and 7 days of FO in the plantaris muscle. However, VEGF protein expression after 3 days of FO exhibited a differential response; expression in the soleus muscle decreased 1.6‐fold, whereas that in the plantaris muscle increased 1.8‐fold compared with the control muscle. After 7 days of FO, VEGF protein remained elevated within the plantaris muscle, but returned to basal levels in the soleus. Robust basal HB‐EGF and VEGF protein expression was consistently seen in control muscles. In all groups, immunohistochemistry for VEGF protein displayed a distinct striated expression pattern within myofibres, with considerably less labelling in extracellular spaces. Constitutive expression of HB‐EGF and VEGF in control myofibres is consistent with housekeeping roles for these growth factors in skeletal muscle tissue. However, the specific patterns of VEGF expression in these muscles during FO may reflect the chronic changes in neural recruitment between muscles and the co‐ordination of angiogenic and/or other hypertrophic responses.
The PI3K Isoforms p110α and p110δ Are Essential for Pre–B Cell Receptor Signaling and B Cell Development
Authors: Ramadani Faruk , Bolland Daniel J. , Garcon Fabien , Emery Juliet L. , Vanhaesebroeck Bart , Corcoran Anne E. , Okkenhaug Klaus
Published: August 2010

Different isoforms of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase have distinct roles in B cell receptor signaling.
Sodium Nitrite-Mediated Killing of the Major Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Burkholderia cepacia
under Anaerobic Planktonic and Biofilm Conditions
Authors: Major Tiffany A. , Panmanee Warunya , Mortensen Joel E. , Gray Larry D. , Hoglen Niel , Hassett Daniel J.
Published: August 2010

A hallmark of airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is highly refractory, chronic infections by several opportunistic bacterial pathogens. A recent study demonstrated that acidified sodium nitrite (A-NO
2
−
) killed the highly refractory mucoid form of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, a pathogen that significantly compromises lung function in CF patients (S. S. Yoon et al., J. Clin. Invest.
116:
436-446, 2006). Therefore, the microbicidal activity of A-NO
2
−
(pH 6.5) against the following three major CF pathogens was assessed:
P. aeruginosa
(a mucoid,
mucA22
mutant and a sequenced nonmucoid strain, PAO1),
Staphylococcus aureus
USA300 (methicillin resistant), and
Burkholderia cepacia
, a notoriously antibiotic-resistant organism. Under planktonic, anaerobic conditions, growth of all strains except for
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 was inhibited by 7.24 mM (512 μg ml
−1
NO
2
−
).
B. cepacia
was particularly sensitive to low concentrations of A-NO
2
−
(1.81 mM) under planktonic conditions. In antibiotic-resistant communities known as biofilms, which are reminiscent of end-stage CF airway disease, A-NO
2
−
killed mucoid
P. aeruginosa
,
S. aureus
, and
B. cepacia
; 1 to 2 logs of cells were killed after a 2-day incubation with a single dose of ∼15 mM A-NO
2
−
. Animal toxicology and phase I human trials indicate that these bactericidal levels of A-NO
2
−
can be easily attained by aerosolization. Thus, in summary, we demonstrate that A-NO
2
−
is very effective at killing these important CF pathogens and could be effective in other infectious settings, particularly under anaerobic conditions where bacterial defenses against the reduction product of A-NO
2
−
, nitric oxide (NO), are dramatically reduced.
Mutations in 23S rRNA at the Peptidyl Transferase Center and Their Relationship to Linezolid Binding and Cross-Resistance
Authors: Long Katherine S. , Munck Christian , Andersen Theis M. B. , Schaub Maria A. , Hobbie Sven N. , Böttger Erik C. , Vester Birte
Published: August 2010

The oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid targets the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) on the bacterial ribosome. Thirteen single and four double 23S rRNA mutations were introduced into a
Mycobacterium smegmatis
strain with a single rRNA operon. Converting bacterial base identity by single mutations at positions 2032, 2453, and 2499 to human cytosolic base identity did not confer significantly reduced susceptibility to linezolid. The largest decrease in linezolid susceptibility for any of the introduced single mutations was observed with the G2576U mutation at a position that is 7.9 Å from linezolid. Smaller decreases were observed with the A2503G, U2504G, and G2505A mutations at nucleotides proximal to linezolid, showing that the degree of resistance conferred is not simply inversely proportional to the nucleotide-drug distance. The double mutations G2032A-C2499A, G2032A-U2504G, C2055A-U2504G, and C2055A-A2572U had remarkable synergistic effects on linezolid resistance relative to the effects of the corresponding single mutations. This study emphasizes that effects of rRNA mutations at the PTC are organism dependent. Moreover, the data show a nonpredictable cross-resistance pattern between linezolid, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and valnemulin. The data underscore the significance of mutations at distal nucleotides, either alone or in combination with other mutated nucleotides, in contributing to linezolid resistance.
Trypanosoma cruzi
-Induced Activation of Functionally Distinct αβ and γδ CD4
−
CD8
−
T Cells in Individuals with Polar Forms of Chagas' Disease
Authors: Villani Fernanda Nobre Amaral , da Costa Rocha Manoel Otávio , Nunes Maria do Carmo Pereira , Antonelli Lis Ribeiro do Valle , Magalhães Luisa Mourão Dias , dos Santos Janete Soares Coelho , Gollob Kenneth J. , Dutra Walderez O.
Published: August 2010

CD4
−
CD8
−
(double-negative [DN]) T cells have recently been shown to display important immunological functions in human diseases. They express γδ or αβ T-cell receptors that recognize lipid/glycolipid antigens presented via the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex molecules of the CD1 family. We recently demonstrated that while αβ DN T cells serve primarily to express inflammatory cytokines, γδ DN T cells express mainly interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. We also demonstrated a correlation between DN T cells and the expression of gamma interferon in the acute phase of
Trypanosoma cruzi
experimental infection. In this work, we sought to investigate whether αβ or γδ DN T cells display distinct immunoregulatory potentials in patients with polar forms of human Chagas' disease. Our data showed that
in vitro
infection with
T. cruzi
leads to expansion of DN T cells in patients with the indeterminate and severe cardiac clinical forms of the disease. However, while αβ DN T cells primarily produce inflammatory cytokines in both forms of the disease, γδ DN T cells display a marked, significant increase in antigen-specific IL-10 expression in indeterminate patients relative to cardiac patients. Finally, higher frequencies of the IL-10-producing γδ DN T cells were correlated with improved clinical measures of cardiac function in the patients, suggesting a protective role for these cells in Chagas' disease. Taken together, these data show distinct functional characteristics for αβ and γδ DN T cells associated with distinct morbidity rates and clinical forms in human Chagas' disease.
Primitive mesodermal cells with a neural crest stem cell phenotype predominate proliferating infantile haemangioma
Authors: Itinteang Tinte , Tan Swee T , Brasch Helen , Day Darren J
Published: August 2010

Aims

Infantile haemangioma is a tumour of the microvasculature characterised by aggressive angiogenesis during infancy and spontaneously gradual involution, often leaving a fibro-fatty residuum. The segmental distribution of a subgroup of infantile haemangioma, especially those associated with midline structural anomalies that constitute posterior fossa malformations–hemangiomas–arterial anomalies–cardiac defects–eye abnormalities–sternal cleft and supraumbilical raphe syndrome (PHACES), led us to investigate whether neural crest cells might be involved in the aetiology of this tumour.

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining on paraffin embedded infantile haemangioma sections and immunocytochemical staining on cells derived from proliferating haemangioma cultures were performed.

Results

The endothelium of proliferating infantile haemangioma contains abundant cells that express the neurotrophin receptor (p75), a cell surface marker that identifies neural crest cells, and also for brachyury, a transcription factor expressed in cells of the primitive mesoderm. The endothelium is also immunoreactive for the haematopoietic stem cell marker, CD133; the endothelial-haematopoietic stem/progenitor marker, CD34; the endothelial cell markers, CD31 and VEGFR-2; and the mesenchymal stem cell markers, CD29 and vimentin. Additionally, immunoreactivity for the transcription factors, Sox 9 and Sox 10, that are expressed by prospective neural crest cells was also observed. Cells from microvessel-like structures were isolated from in vitro cultured haemangioma tissue explants embedded in a fibrin matrix. Immunostaining of these cells showed that they retained expression of the same lineage-specific markers that are detected on the paraffin embedded tissue sections.

Conclusions

These data infer that infantile haemangioma is derived from primitive mesoderm and that the cells within the lesion have a neural crest stem cell phenotype, and they express proteins associated with haematopoietic, endothelial, neural crest and mesenchymal lineages. The authors propose a model to account for the natural progression of infantile haemangioma based upon the multipotent expression profile of the primitive mesoderm and their neural crest stem cell phenotype to form all the cell lineages detected during infantile haemangioma proliferation and involution.
Tissue microarray construction from gross specimens: development of a novel simple technique
Authors: Sharma Santosh Kumar , Deka Lopamudra , Gupta Ruchika , Gupta Shilpa , Singh Deepak Kumar , Singh Sompal
Published: August 2010

Background

The tissue microarray (TMA) technique is becoming a useful tool for research and quality control methods in surgical pathology. However, the widespread use of this technique in routine surgical pathology practice, especially in developing nations, is hampered by the high cost of commercially available instruments. The authors describe a novel, inexpensive technique of construction of TMA from gross specimen.

Methods

The authors used a 16-gauge bone marrow trephine biopsy needle to obtain cores from 150 specimens of breast carcinoma. These cores were processed in the tissue processor as per the routine processing techniques of the department. A recipient block was prepared, followed by drilling of a suitable number of holes. The processed tissue cores were arrayed into the recipient block. These blocks were used for immunohistochemistry and compared with conventional whole tissue sections.

Results

Of the 150 cases, only two showed suboptimal preservation in the TMA block, and this was also reflected in the conventional tissue sections. Immunohistochemical staining for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Her2.neu and Ki-67 was found to be satisfactory in 148 cases with the staining intensity comparable with that performed on the conventional sections.

Conclusion

This study describes a satisfactory technique for construction of TMA from a gross tumour specimen. Such a technique is well suited to centres which handle a high number of cases of a particular type, such as breast carcinoma. Further studies on other tumour types would help in validating these results.