bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projected climate change impacts on the hydrology and temperature of Pacific Northwest rivers
Authors: Wu Huan , Kimball John S. , Elsner Marketa M. , Mantua Nate , Adler Robert F. , Stanford Jack
Published: October 2012

A dominant river‐tracing‐based streamflow and temperature (DRTT) model was developed by coupling stream thermal dynamics with a source‐sink routing model. The DRTT model was applied using 1/16 degree (∼6 km) resolution gridded daily surface meteorology inputs over a ∼988,000 km2 Pacific Northwest (PNW) domain to produce regional daily streamflow and temperature simulations from 1996 to 2005. The DRTT results showed favorable performance for simulation of daily stream temperature (mean R2= 0.72 and root‐mean‐square error = 2.35°C) and discharge (mean R2 = 0.52 and annual relative error = 14%) against observations from 12 PNW streams. The DRTT was then applied with a macroscale hydrologic model to predict streamflow and temperature changes under historical (1980s) and future (2020s, 2040s, and 2080s) climate change scenarios (IPCC AR4) as they may affect current and future patterns of freshwater salmon habitat and associated productivity of PNW streams. The model projected a 3.5% decrease in mean annual streamflow for the 2020s and 0.6% and 5.5% increases for the 2040s and 2080s, respectively, with projected increase in mean annual stream temperatures from 0.55°C (2020s) to 1.68°C (2080s). However, summer streamflow decreased from 19.3% (2020s) to 30.3% (2080s), while mean summer stream temperatures warmed from 0.92°C to 2.10°C. The simulations indicate that projected climate change will have greater impacts on snow dominant streams, with lower summer streamflows and warmer summer stream temperature changes relative to transient and rain dominant regimes. Lower summer flows combined with warmer stream temperatures suggest a future with widespread increased summertime thermal stress for coldwater fish in the PNW region.
Microwave synthesis of graphene/magnetite composite electrode material for symmetric supercapacitor with superior rate performance
Authors: Karthikeyan Kaliyappan , Kalpana Dharmalingam , Amaresh Samuthirapandian , Lee Yun Sung
Published: October 2012

Pristine Fe3O4 and Fe3O4–graphene composites were synthesized by using a green and low cost urea assisted microwave irradiation method and utilized as electrode materials for symmetric supercapacitor applications.
The CARD plays a critical role in ASC foci formation and inflammasome signalling
Authors: Proell Martina , Gerlic Motti , Mace Peter D. , Reed John C. , Riedl Stefan J.
Published: October 2012

The ASC (apoptosis speck-like protein) is a key component of multimeric protein complexes that mediate inflammation and host defence. Comprising a PYD (Pyrin) domain and a CARD (caspase activation and recruitment domain), ASC functions downstream of NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors) and AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) through the formation of supramolecular structures termed inflammasomes. However, the mechanism underlying ASC signalling and its dependency on oligomeric arrangements in inflammasome formation remain poorly understood. When expressed in cells, ASC forms discrete foci (called ‘specks’) typically with one speck per cell. We employed a BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) system to investigate and visualize ASC foci formation in living cells. We demonstrated that the CARD of ASC plays a central role in ASC inflammasome assembly, representing the minimal unit capable of forming foci in conjunction with the caspase 1 CARD. Mutational studies point to multiple surfaces on the ASC CARD and two predominant areas on the caspase 1 CARD mediating the formation of ASC/caspase 1 foci. The lack of foci formation for ASC CARD mutants correlates with a loss of IL-1β (interleukin 1β) processing in response to NLRP (NLR family, PYD domain-containing) 3 or AIM2 agonists in RAW264.7 cell reconstitution assays. Analogously, we show that productive formation of the Salmonella typhimurium-induced NLRC4 (NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4) inflammasome is dependent on ASC–CARD-mediated platform formation. Thus the results of the present study depict a central role of CARDs in the formation of ASC signalling platforms and provide an important tool for investigation of CARD-dependent networks.
Role of the TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad pathways in renal diseases
Authors: Meng Xiao-Ming , Chung Arthur C. K. , Lan Hui Y.
Published: October 2012

TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) and BMP-7 (bone morphogenetic protein-7), two key members in the TGF-β superfamily, play important but diverse roles in CKDs (chronic kidney diseases). Both TGF-β and BMP-7 share similar downstream Smad signalling pathways, but counter-regulate each other to maintain the balance of their biological activities. During renal injury in CKDs, this balance is significantly altered because TGF-β signalling is up-regulated by inducing TGF-β1 and activating Smad3, whereas BMP-7 and its downstream Smad1/5/8 are down-regulated. In the context of renal fibrosis, Smad3 is pathogenic, whereas Smad2 and Smad7 are renoprotective. However, this counter-balancing mechanism is also altered because TGF-β1 induces Smurf2, a ubiquitin E3-ligase, to target Smad7 as well as Smad2 for degradation. Thus overexpression of renal Smad7 restores the balance of TGF-β/Smad signalling and has therapeutic effect on CKDs. Recent studies also found that Smad3 mediated renal fibrosis by up-regulating miR-21 (where miR represents microRNA) and miR-192, but down-regulating miR-29 and miR-200 families. Therefore restoring miR-29/miR-200 or suppressing miR-21/miR-192 is able to treat progressive renal fibrosis. Furthermore, activation of TGF-β/Smad signalling inhibits renal BMP-7 expression and BMP/Smad signalling. On the other hand, overexpression of renal BMP-7 is capable of inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 signalling and protects the kidney from TGF-β-mediated renal injury. This counter-regulation not only expands our understanding of the causes of renal injury, but also suggests the therapeutic potential by targeting TGF-β/Smad signalling or restoring BMP-7 in CKDs. Taken together, the current understanding of the distinct roles and mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP-7 in CKDs implies that targeting the TGF-β/Smad pathway or restoring BMP-7 signalling may represent novel and effective therapies for CKDs.
Localization of plastic deformation in ultra-fine grained Al and Al–Li at temperatures of 4.2–350 K
Authors: Isaev N. V. , Zabrodin P. A. , Rusakova A. V.
Published: November 2012

This is a study of the plasticity of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained Al and Al–Li obtained by severe plastic deformation. The temperature dependences of the uniform deformation εu(T) before it is localized as necking are examined in the light of the evolution of the density of dislocations and the effect of grain boundaries. The reduction in εu with rising temperature is caused by an increase in the rate of annihilation of screw dislocations, which is determined by the Seeger transverse shear stress. The sharp drop in εu for ultrafine-grained materials compared to coarse-grained materials is explained by an increase in their yield stress and a lower rate of work hardening owing to the enhanced role of grain boundaries as obstacles, sources, and sinks for dislocations. In this case, the deformation and microhardness distributions along the sample become highly nonuniform, and, as a measure of plasticity, εu no longer characterizes the high local plasticity of these materials.
Thermionic field emission in gold nitride Schottky nanodiodes
Authors: Spyropoulos-Antonakakis N. , Sarantopoulou E. , Kollia Z. , Samardžija Z. , Kobe S. , Cefalas A. C.
Published: November 2012

We report on the thermionic field emission and charge transport properties of gold nitride nanodomains grown by pulsed laser deposition with a molecular fluorine laser at 157 nm. The nanodomains are sandwiched between the metallic tip of a conductive atomic force microscope and a thin gold layer forming thus a metal-semiconductor-metal junction. Although the limited existing data in the literature indicate that gold nitride was synthesized previously with low efficiency, poor stability, and metallic character; in this work, it is shown that gold nitride nanodomains exhibit semiconducting behavior and the metal-semiconductor-metal contact can be modeled with the back-to-back Schottky barrier model. From the experimental I-V curves, the main charge carrier transport process is found to be thermionic field emission via electron tunneling. The rectifying, near symmetric and asymmetric current response of nanocontacts is related to the effective contact area of the gold nitride nanodomains with the metals. A lower limit for the majority charge carriers concentration at the boundaries of nanodomains is also established using the full depletion approximation, as nanodomains with thickness as low as 6 nm were found to be conductive. Current rectification and charge memory effects are also observed in “quite small” conductive nanodomains (6–10 nm) due to stored charges. Indeed, charges near the surface are identified as inversion domains in the phase shift mapping performed with electrostatic force microscopy and are attributed to charge trapping at the boundaries of the nanodomains.
Polarity inversion and coupling of laser beam induced current in As-doped long-wavelength HgCdTe infrared detector pixel arrays: Experiment and simulation
Authors: Hu W. D. , Chen X. S. , Ye Z. H. , Chen Y. G. , Yin F. , Zhang B. , Lu W.
Published: November 2012

In this paper, experimental results of polarity inversion and coupling of laser beam induced current for As-doped long-wavelength HgCdTe pixel arrays grown on CdZnTe are reported. Models for the p-n junction transformation are proposed and demonstrated using numerical simulations. Simulation results are shown to be in agreement with the experimental results. It is found that the deep traps induced by ion implantation are very sensitive to temperature, resulting in a decrease of the quasi Fermi level in the implantation region in comparison to that in the Hg interstitials diffusion and As-doped regions. The Hg interstitial diffusion, As-doping amphoteric behavior, ion implantation damage traps, and the mixed conduction, are key factors for inducing the polarity reversion, coupling, and junction broadening at different temperatures. The results provide the near room-temperature HgCdTe photovoltaic detector with a reliable reference on the junction reversion and broadening around implanted regions, as well as controlling the n-on-p junction for very long wavelength HgCdTe infrared detector pixels.
Influence of seasonal and latitudinal temperature variation on early life-history traits of a coral reef fish
Authors: Takahashi Miwa , McCormick Mark I. , Munday Philip L. , Jones Geoffrey P.
Published: October 2012

Temporal and latitudinal gradients in ocean temperature may be useful for predicting the likely responses of marine species to accelerating global warming. Here, we examined seasonal variations in early life-history traits of the reef fish Pomacentrus moluccensis at Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Latitudinal variations were then compared among three locations from Kimbe Bay in Papua New Guinea to the southern GBR (18° latitude). At Lizard Island, a 4°C temperature rise from spring to summer was correlated with a 0.13 mm day−1 increase in pre-settlement growth rates and a 3.28-day decrease in pelagic larval duration (PLD). The latitudinal comparison revealed a non-linear relationship where growth rate and settlement size declined and PLD increased at Kimbe Bay where temperature was the highest of all the study sites. Furthermore, the slopes of latitudinal variations in life-history traits as a function of temperature within the GBR were significantly steeper than those in the temporal analysis. These latitudinal patterns were likely to be shaped by (1) the species thermal reaction norm, (2) local adaptation or (3) location-specific environmental and demographic characteristics. The significant correlations of early life-history traits with natural temperature gradients emphasise the potential sensitivity of reef fish larvae to global warming.
Benthic metabolism and nitrogen transformations affected by fish cage farming in the tropical Nha Phu estuary (Vietnam)
Authors: Nguyen Hanh Kim , Kristensen Erik , Lund-Hansen Lars Chresten
Published: October 2012

Effects of organic-waste loading from fish farming on benthic metabolism and nitrogen (N) cycling were studied in the tropical Nha Phu Estuary, Vietnam. The loading of fish excreta and feed waste enhanced benthic oxygen (O2) uptake two times and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) release three times, compared with the reference station. NH4+ was the major form of released N, comprising 94–100% of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) flux below and near fish cages. Only 3% and 1% of organic carbon (OC) and organic N (ON) deposited from the fish farm was degraded in the sediment, whereas the rest was dispersed to adjacent areas via tidal currents or buried into the sediment. Coupled nitrification–denitrification were almost 0 under fish cages but increased at distances greater than 10 m from fish cages. Consequently, biologically available N was not removed permanently near fish cages as the excess N deposited under cages were mineralised and released as DIN. The nutrient efflux could therefore potentially be a source for pelagic primary production in the vicinity of cages. However, the water currents and low water residence time may have distributed and diluted the nutrient effect of cages to the entire estuary and the adjacent ocean.
Predicting rates of cell state change caused by stochastic fluctuations using a data-driven landscape model
Authors: Sisan Daniel R. , Halter Michael , Hubbard Joseph B. , Plant Anne L.
Published: October 2012

We develop a potential landscape approach to quantitatively describe experimental data from a fibroblast cell line that exhibits a wide range of GFP expression levels under the control of the promoter for tenascin-C. Time-lapse live-cell microscopy provides data about short-term fluctuations in promoter activity, and flow cytometry measurements provide data about the long-term kinetics, because isolated subpopulations of cells relax from a relatively narrow distribution of GFP expression back to the original broad distribution of responses. The landscape is obtained from the steady state distribution of GFP expression and connected to a potential-like function using a stochastic differential equation description (Langevin/Fokker–Planck). The range of cell states is constrained by a force that is proportional to the gradient of the potential, and biochemical noise causes movement of cells within the landscape. Analyzing the mean square displacement of GFP intensity changes in live cells indicates that these fluctuations are described by a single diffusion constant in log GFP space. This finding allows application of the Kramers’ model to calculate rates of switching between two attractor states and enables an accurate simulation of the dynamics of relaxation back to the steady state with no adjustable parameters. With this approach, it is possible to use the steady state distribution of phenotypes and a quantitative description of the short-term fluctuations in individual cells to accurately predict the rates at which different phenotypes will arise from an isolated subpopulation of cells.
Cartilage tissue engineering using differentiated and purified induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Diekman Brian O. , Christoforou Nicolas , Willard Vincent P. , Sun Haosi , Sanchez-Adams Johannah , Leong Kam W. , Guilak Farshid
Published: October 2012

The development of regenerative therapies for cartilage injury has been greatly aided by recent advances in stem cell biology. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to provide an abundant cell source for tissue engineering, as well as generating patient-matched in vitro models to study genetic and environmental factors in cartilage repair and osteoarthritis. However, both cell therapy and modeling approaches require a purified and uniformly differentiated cell population to predictably recapitulate the physiological characteristics of cartilage. Here, iPSCs derived from adult mouse fibroblasts were chondrogenically differentiated and purified by type II collagen (Col2)-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. Col2 and aggrecan gene expression levels were significantly up-regulated in GFP+ cells compared with GFP− cells and decreased with monolayer expansion. An in vitro cartilage defect model was used to demonstrate integrative repair by GFP+ cells seeded in agarose, supporting their potential use in cartilage therapies. In chondrogenic pellet culture, cells synthesized cartilage-specific matrix as indicated by high levels of glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen and low levels of type I and type X collagen. The feasibility of cell expansion after initial differentiation was illustrated by homogenous matrix deposition in pellets from twice-passaged GFP+ cells. Finally, atomic force microscopy analysis showed increased microscale elastic moduli associated with collagen alignment at the periphery of pellets, mimicking zonal variation in native cartilage. This study demonstrates the potential use of iPSCs for cartilage defect repair and for creating tissue models of cartilage that can be matched to specific genetic backgrounds.
Preseismic anomalous telluric current signals observed in Kozu-shima Island, Japan
Authors: Orihara Yoshiaki , Kamogawa Masashi , Nagao Toshiyasu , Uyeda Seiya
Published: October 2012

Monitoring of telluric current, which is practically a synonym for geoelectric potential difference, was conducted on Kozu-shima Island about 170 km south of Tokyo from May 14, 1997 to June 25, 2000. During the monitoring period, 19 anomalous telluric current changes (ATCs) were observed. Their possible correlation with nearby earthquakes was statistically examined by assuming various lead times for different ranges of magnitude and focal distance. The best correlation may be obtained for earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 3.0 occurring within 20 km of focal distance. There were 23 such earthquakes, of which 11 were preceded by ATCs within 30 d. Of these 11 earthquakes, preceding ATCs of 5 and 6 were positive and negative polarities of telluric current, respectively. Their epicenters were spatially well clustered in the east and west of the island. These facts were clearly beyond those expected by chance and led to a simple speculative model.
Complex-type
N
-glycan recognition by potent broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies
Authors: Mouquet Hugo , Scharf Louise , Euler Zelda , Liu Yan , Eden Caroline , Scheid Johannes F. , Halper-Stromberg Ariel , Gnanapragasam Priyanthi N. P. , Spencer Daniel I. R. , Seaman Michael S. , Schuitemaker Hanneke , Feizi Ten , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Bjorkman Pamela J.
Published: October 2012

Broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies (bNAbs) can recognize carbohydrate-dependent epitopes on gp120. In contrast to previously characterized glycan-dependent bNAbs that recognize high-mannose
N
-glycans, PGT121 binds complex-type
N
-glycans in glycan microarrays. We isolated the B-cell clone encoding PGT121, which segregates into PGT121-like and 10-1074–like groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, and neutralizing activity. Group 10-1074 exhibits remarkable potency and breadth but no detectable binding to protein-free glycans. Crystal structures of unliganded PGT121, 10-1074, and their likely germ-line precursor reveal that differential carbohydrate recognition maps to a cleft between complementarity determining region (CDR)H2 and CDRH3. This cleft was occupied by a complex-type
N
-glycan in a “liganded” PGT121 structure. Swapping glycan contact residues between PGT121 and 10-1074 confirmed their importance for neutralization. Although PGT121 binds complex-type
N
-glycans, PGT121 recognized high-mannose-only HIV envelopes in isolation and on virions. As HIV envelopes exhibit varying proportions of high-mannose- and complex-type
N
-glycans, these results suggest promiscuous carbohydrate interactions, an advantageous adaptation ensuring neutralization of all viruses within a given strain.
A contrastive analysis of (English) ‘there’ and (Spanish) hay existential sentences
Authors: Pérez-Guerra Javier
Published: October 2012

This study is devoted to the grammatical, semantic and informative analysis of the so-called existential sentence (“There is a girl in the garden” in English, or Hay una niña en el jardín ‘There-is a girl in the garden’ in Spanish) in an attempt to establish a multi-linguistic prototype of the construction. To that end, data from several corpora of contemporary spoken English and Spanish are analysed in a number of ways, including the frequency of this construction in the two languages, the basic elements of its syntactic structure, and the semantic and informative constraints which operate in the existential/presentational construction. This study also deals with the degree of variation which these sentences exhibit and how this affects the selection of the marker of the construction (‘there’, hay), agreement between the marker or the verb and the postverbal noun phrase, the accommodation of additional constituents such as locative phrases or nominal postmodifiers and complements, the so-called indefiniteness restriction, and the compliance with general informative principles to which English and Spanish are claimed to be subject. A corpus-based contrastive methodology leads both to a prototypical and to a language-specific description of the existential construction in English and Spanish, in which the notion of grammatical, semantic and informative versatility plays a significant role.
Existential constructions in English and Swedish
Authors: Herriman Jennifer
Published: October 2012

Existential constructions introduce newsworthy information into the discourse by placing it in a position of prominence late in the message, in the Rheme. This study compares existential constructions in a sample of English and Swedish source texts and their translations in the English Swedish Parallel Corpus. The Swedish sample contains a slightly higher number of existential constructions. About two thirds are translated into or from existential constructions in the other language. The remaining correspondences differ somewhat in terms of where they place the newsworthy content presented by the notional subject in the existential construction. In English, this is often placed in the Theme. In Swedish, in contrast, this is usually avoided, either by fronting another clause element or by realizing the content as a complement or verb, which is placed in the Rheme. These findings provide further empirical evidence for the claim that Swedish follows the information principle more closely than English.
A contrastive study of nominalization in the systemic functional framework
Authors: Mikolic Juznic Tamara
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a contrastive analysis of nominalization in Italian and Slovene within the framework of systemic functional grammar as described by M.A.K. Halliday and his colleagues. Nominalization is viewed as a type of grammatical metaphor whereby processes which are congruently realized by verbs are metaphorically realized by nouns expressing the same process as those verbs. The frequency of nominalization varies greatly among languages as well as among genres within a language, and may cause problems when two languages interact, e.g. in translation, especially when one of the two languages seems less prone to use this kind of grammatical metaphor than the other. In the present study, an analysis is carried out of a 2.5 million-token parallel corpus of Italian source texts and their Slovene translations, particularly with regard to the different translation equivalents that may appear in the translated texts, which is partly dependent of the type of process involved.
Variation in Acute Thermal Tolerance within and among Hatchery Strains of Brook Trout
Authors: McDermid Jenni L. , Fischer Friedrich A. , Al‐Shamlih Mohammed , Sloan William N. , Jones Nicholas E. , Wilson Chris C.
Published: October 2012

The ability of coldwater species and populations to respond to temperature increases associated with climate change will depend on the existing adaptive potential within and among populations. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is a valued coldwater species that has been widely stocked across its native range as well as extensively introduced in western North America. We investigated the thermal tolerance of the three primary brook trout hatchery strains used in Ontario (Dickson Lake, Lake Nipigon, and Hill's Lake strains) and the thermal tolerance of a brook trout subspecies, Aurora trout S. fontinalis timagamiensis; all strains were reared in a common hatchery environment. In addition to comparing the strains’ responses to acute thermal stress, we also examined variability in temperature tolerance among families within several of these strains. Evidence for significant differences in temperature tolerance was observed both within and among the strains, with Aurora trout showing the least capacity to cope with higher temperatures. The results of this study suggest that thermal performance of brook trout populations will be under substantial selective pressure as water temperatures increase and that strains with existing tolerances for warmer conditions will be better equipped to handle these anticipated changes.
Effect of Survey Design and Catch Rate Estimation on Total Catch Estimates in Chinook Salmon Fisheries
Authors: McCormick Joshua L. , Quist Michael C. , Schill Daniel J.
Published: October 2012

Roving–roving and roving–access creel surveys are the primary techniques used to obtain information on harvest of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Idaho sport fisheries. Once interviews are conducted using roving–roving or roving–access survey designs, mean catch rate can be estimated with the ratio-of-means (ROM) estimator, the mean-of-ratios (MOR) estimator, or the MOR estimator with exclusion of short-duration (≤0.5 h) trips. Our objective was to examine the relative bias and precision of total catch estimates obtained from use of the two survey designs and three catch rate estimators for Idaho Chinook salmon fisheries. Information on angling populations was obtained by direct visual observation of portions of Chinook salmon fisheries in three Idaho river systems over an 18-d period. Based on data from the angling populations, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the properties of the catch rate estimators and survey designs. Among the three estimators, the ROM estimator provided the most accurate and precise estimates of mean catch rate and total catch for both roving–roving and roving–access surveys. On average, the root mean square error of simulated total catch estimates was 1.42 times greater and relative bias was 160.13 times greater for roving–roving surveys than for roving–access surveys. Length-of-stay bias and nonstationary catch rates in roving–roving surveys both appeared to affect catch rate and total catch estimates. Our results suggest that use of the ROM estimator in combination with an estimate of angler effort provided the least biased and most precise estimates of total catch for both survey designs. However, roving–access surveys were more accurate than roving–roving surveys for Chinook salmon fisheries in Idaho.

Received May 14, 2012; accepted July 23, 2012
Precision of Channel Catfish Catch Estimates Using Hoop Nets in Larger Oklahoma Reservoirs
Authors: Stewart David R. , Long James M.
Published: October 2012

Hoop nets are rapidly becoming the preferred gear type used to sample channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and many managers have reported that hoop nets effectively sample channel catfish in small impoundments (<200 ha). However, the utility and precision of this approach in larger impoundments have not been tested. We sought to determine how the number of tandem hoop net series affected the catch of channel catfish and the time involved in using 16 tandem hoop net series in larger impoundments (>200 ha). Hoop net series were fished once, set for 3 d; then we used Monte Carlo bootstrapping techniques that allowed us to estimate the number of net series required to achieve two levels of precision (relative standard errors [RSEs] of 15 and 25) at two levels of confidence (80% and 95%). Sixteen hoop net series were effective at obtaining an RSE of 25 with 80% and 95% confidence in all but one reservoir. Achieving an RSE of 15 was often less effective and required 18–96 hoop net series given the desired level of confidence. We estimated that an hour was needed, on average, to deploy and retrieve three hoop net series, which meant that 16 hoop net series per reservoir could be “set” and “retrieved” within a day, respectively. The estimated number of net series to achieve an RSE of 25 or 15 was positively associated with the coefficient of variation (CV) of the sample but not with reservoir surface area or relative abundance. Our results suggest that hoop nets are capable of providing reasonably precise estimates of channel catfish relative abundance and that the relationship with the CV of the sample reported herein can be used to determine the sampling effort for a desired level of precision.

Received April 16, 2012; accepted August 8, 2012
Density Effects on Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon During Hatchery Rearing in Raceways with Oxygen Supplementation and After Release
Authors: Clarke Lance R , Cameron William A , Carmichael Richard W
Published: October 2012

To determine the effects of hatchery rearing density on fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha released as age-0 subyearlings, we experimentally reared fish at densities of 200,000, 300,000 and 400,000 fish per raceway in Michigan-style raceways that employ oxygen supplementation to achieve high density rearing. The study was conducted for two release years at a maximum raceway density of 52.3 kg/m3 and a maximum loading of 0.92 kg·L−1·min−1. At the end of hatchery rearing there was no significant difference in weight in either release year and Fulton's condition factor was similar in the first year. In the second release year condition factors were significantly different; the low-density group had significantly lower values and the high-density group had significantly higher values. Following release into the Umatilla River, Oregon, out-migration survival and travel time to John Day Dam on the Columbia River was monitored by using passive integrated transponder tags in a subsample of each release group. We found no significant difference in either out-migration survival or travel time between density groups. We used recoveries of coded wire tags to estimate smolt-to-adult survival (SAS) and straying. There was no significant difference in SAS, consequently the high-density treatment produced nearly twice as many adults as the low-density and 27% more adults than the medium density. Straying rates ranged between 61% and 66% for each density group and were not significantly different. Rearing density had no effect on the gender or age distribution of returning adults. Our results indicate that high-density rearing of subyearling fall Chinook Salmon in Michigan-style raceways is useful for increasing adult production.
True and intentionally fabricated memories
Authors: Justice Lucy V. , Morrison Catriona M. , Conway Martin A.
Published: October 2012

The aim of the experiment reported here was to investigate the processes underlying the construction of truthful and deliberately fabricated memories. Properties of memories created to be intentionally false (fabricated memories) were compared to properties of memories believed to be true (true memories). Participants recalled and then wrote or spoke true memories and fabricated memories of everyday events. It was found that true memories were reliably more vivid than fabricated memories and were nearly always recalled from a first-person perspective. In contrast, fabricated differed from true memories in that they were judged to be reliably older, were more frequently recalled from a third-person perspective, and linguistic analysis revealed that they required more cognitive effort to generate. No notable differences were found across modality of reporting. Finally, it was found that intentionally fabricated memories were created by recalling and then “editing” true memories. Overall, these findings show that true and fabricated memories systematically differ, despite the fact that both are based on true memories.
On the digits of squares and the distribution of quadratic subsequences of digital sequences
Authors: Hofer Roswitha , Larcher Gerhard , Zellinger Heidrun
Published: October 2012

Let

q
q

be a prime and

γ
=
(

γ
0

,

γ
1

,

γ
2

,

…
)

\gamma =(\gamma _0,\,\gamma _1,\,\gamma _2,\,\dots )

with

γ
i

∈
{
0
,

…
,

q
−
1
}

\gamma _i\in \{0,\,\dots ,\,q-1\}

and

γ
i

=
0

\gamma _i=0

for

i
≥

i
0

i\geq i_0

be a weight sequence.

We study
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="limit Underscript upper N right-arrow normal infinity Endscripts number-sign StartSet 0 less-than-or-equal-to n greater-than upper N vertical-bar s Subscript q comma gamma Baseline left-parenthesis n squared right-parenthesis identical-to d left-parenthesis mod q right-parenthesis EndSet slash upper N">

lim

N
→
∞

#

{
0
≤
n
>
N

|

s

q
,
γ

(

n
2

)
≡
d

(
mod 
q
)
}

/

N

\lim _{N\rightarrow \infty }{\#\left \{0\leq n> N|s_{q,\gamma }(n^2)\equiv d\,(\text {mod }q)\right \}}/N

with

s

q
,
γ

(

n
2

)

s_{q,\gamma }(n^2)

the weighted sum of digits of

n
2

n^2

in base

q
q

and we use the results to classify the digital sequences

(

x
n

)

n
≥
0

\left (\boldsymbol {x}_n\right )_{n\geq 0}

in the sense of Niederreiter, generated by matrices with finite rows, for which

(

x

n
2

)

n
≥
0

\left (\boldsymbol {x}_{n^2}\right )_{n\geq 0}

is uniformly distributed. Finally we derive an upper bound for the star discrepancy of these uniformly distributed subsequences.
Langlands Program, trace formulas, and their geometrization
Authors: Frenkel Edward
Published: October 2012

The Langlands Program relates Galois representations and automorphic representations of reductive algebraic groups. The trace formula is a powerful tool in the study of this connection and the Langlands Functoriality Conjecture. After giving an introduction to the Langlands Program and its geometric version, which applies to curves over finite fields and over the complex field, I give a survey of my recent joint work with Robert Langlands and Ngô Bao Châu on a new approach to proving the Functoriality Conjecture using the trace formulas, and on the geometrization of the trace formulas. In particular, I discuss the connection of the latter to the categorification of the Langlands correspondence.
Validation of Seattle Heart Failure Model for mortality risk prediction in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Regoli François , Scopigni Francesca , Leyva Francisco , Landolina Maurizio , Ghio Stefano , Tritto Massimo , Calò Leonardo , Klersy Catherine , Auricchio Angelo ,   for the collaborative study group
Published: October 2012

Aims

Survival prediction by the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) of patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) remains ill defined. The performance of the SHFM in this clinical setting was therefore evaluated.

Methods and results

Data from 1309 consecutive CRT patients (five centres) were collected retrospectively; 1139 of these patients were considered for analysis. Three‐hundred and seven deaths occurred over 40.1 months (interquartile range 25.2–60.0 months; mean event rate 9.7%/year; survival of 89, 81, and 64% at 1, 2, and 5 years). Kaplan–Meier event‐free survival analysis stratified according to tertile of SHFM score was significant (log rank test P < 0.001). High‐risk tertile (T1) survival was 82, 67, and 46% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Observed compared with SHFM‐predicted survival was 0.11 vs. 0.08, 0.19 vs. 0.16, and 0.36 vs. 0.36, at 1, 2, and 5 years. Model discrimination by c‐statistic was 0.64; the logistic models' area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC‐ROC) of risk tertiles was 0.66, 0.68, and 0.67, at 1, 2, and 5 years. Compared with the other two groups, T1 was globally more compromised. Within the T1 group, independent predictors of death were male gender, ischaemic heart failure aetiology, lower body weight, and CRT pacemaker.

Conclusions

SHFM performance was found to be modest, tending to overestimate survival. However, SHFM identified a high‐risk, globally more compromised patient subgroup, hence supporting a comprehensive approach, which should include nutritional, metabolic, and immunological aspects, as well as defibrillator back‐up.
Association between adrenergic receptor genotypes and beta‐blocker dose in heart failure patients: analysis from the HF‐ACTION DNA substudy
Authors: Fiuzat Mona , Neely Megan L. , Starr Aijing Z. , Kraus William E. , Felker G. Michael , Donahue Mark , Adams Kirkwood , Piña Ileana L. , Whellan David , O'Connor Christopher M.
Published: November 2012

Aims

Beta‐blockers reduce morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure (HF) patients with reduced ejection fraction. However, there is heterogeneity in the response to these drugs, perhaps due to genetic variations in the β1‐adrenergic receptor (ADRβ1). We examined whether the Arg389Gly polymorphism in ADRβ1 interacts with the dose requirements of beta‐blockers in patients with systolic HF.

Methods and results

HF‐ACTION was a randomized, multicentre trial of ambulatory HF patients with systolic dysfunction who were randomized to exercise training or usual care. A subset of patients provided DNA. The relationships among beta‐blocker dose, ADRβ1–389 genotype, and outcomes were assessed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The interaction between beta‐blocker dose and the ADRβ1–389 genotype was tested. DNA information was available for 957 patients. The alleles did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Patients with the ADRβ1–389 Arg/Arg genotype receiving low‐dose beta‐blockers had a two‐fold increase in the risk of death compared with those receiving a high dose (hazard ratio 2.09; P = 0.015); this was not conferred in Gly carriers. There was also an interaction between improvements in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score and beta‐blocker dose by genotype, suggesting that higher doses of beta‐blockade might be needed to achieve benefit in Arg/Arg genotype patients.

Conclusion

There was a gene–dose interaction with the ADRβ1–389 Arg/Arg vs. Gly carrier genotype and beta‐blocker dose, suggesting that patients with the Arg/Arg genotype might require a higher dose of beta‐blockade to achieve a treatment response similar to that of Gly carriers.
Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management: an introduction
Authors: Hansen Lars P. , Hutchinson Peter , Reddin David G. , Windsor Malcolm L.
Published: October 2012

Hansen, L. P., Hutchinson, P., Reddin, D. G., and Windsor, M. L. 2012. Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management: an introduction. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1533–1537. Concerns about increased mortality of salmon at sea resulted in the development and implementation of a major internationally coordinated, public- and privately funded programme of research, the SALSEA programme. Major research surveys were conducted in the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic in 2008 and 2009, and there was enhanced sampling of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery at West Greenland. The findings from these surveys and sampling programmes, and from important new analyses of historical data, stable isotope and genetic stock assignment studies, recent tagging experiments, and other research, were reviewed at an international symposium organized by North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization and ICES and held in La Rochelle, France, 11–13 October 2011. This well-attended symposium, entitled “Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management”, highlighted advances in our understanding of the migration, distribution, and survival of salmon at sea, possible causes of the recent increased mortality, future research priorities, and the management actions that might be undertaken to mitigate the increased mortality of salmon at sea.
Demersal fish biodiversity: species-level indicators and trends-based targets for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Authors: Greenstreet Simon P. R. , Rossberg Axel G. , Fox Clive J. , Le Quesne William J. F. , Blasdale Tom , Boulcott Philip , Mitchell Ian , Millar Colin , Moffat Colin F.
Published: October 2012

Greenstreet, S. P. R., Rossberg, A. G., Fox, C. J., Le Quesne, W. J. F., Blasdale, T., Boulcott, P., Mitchell, I., Millar, C., and Moffat, C. F. 2012. Demersal fish biodiversity: species-level indicators and trends-based targets for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1789–1801. The maintenance of biodiversity is a fundamental theme of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Appropriate indicators to monitor change in biodiversity, along with associated targets representing “good environmental status” (GES), are required to be in place by July 2012. A method for selecting species-specific metrics to fulfil various specified indicator roles is proposed for demersal fish communities. Available data frequently do not extend far enough back in time to allow GES to be defined empirically. In such situations, trends-based targets offer a pragmatic solution. A method is proposed for setting indicator-level targets for the number of species-specific metrics required to meet their trends-based metric-level targets. This is based on demonstrating significant departures from the binomial distribution. The procedure is trialled using North Sea demersal fish survey data. Although fisheries management in the North Sea has improved in recent decades, management goals to stop further decline in biodiversity, and to initiate recovery, are yet to be met.
Lengths at maturity and conversion factors for skates (Rajidae) around the British Isles, with an analysis of data in the literature
Authors: McCully Sophy R. , Scott Finlay , Ellis Jim R.
Published: October 2012

McCully, S. R., Scott, F., and Ellis, J. R. 2012. Lengths at maturity and conversion factors for skates (Rajidae) around the British Isles, with an analysis of data in the literature. –ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1812–1822. Biological data on skates (Rajidae) from around the British Isles were collected between 1992 and 2010. The relationship between total length and weight for nine species (Amblyraja radiata, Dipturus batis-complex, Leucoraja fullonica, L. naevus, Raja brachyura, R. clavata, R. microocellata, R. montagui, and R. undulata) are provided for each sex and ICES ecoregion (when significantly different). Conversion factors for disc width to total length are provided. The lengths at first maturity and of the largest immature skates are reported for each sex, and the lengths at 50% maturity are estimated. Spatial differences in the length at maturity of R. clavata (females only) and L. naevus (both sexes) were observed. The lengths at maturity are discussed in relation to the results of earlier studies, and methodological differences are considered to have influenced reputed decreases in the length at maturity. A more standardized approach to collecting and reporting maturity information is required if potential spatial differences and temporal changes are to be investigated.
Environmental effects on recreational squid jigging fishery catches
Authors: Cabanellas-Reboredo Miguel , Alós Josep , Palmer Miquel , Morales-Nin Beatriz
Published: October 2012

Cabanellas-Reboredo, M., Alós, J., Palmer, M., and Morales-Nin, B. 2012. Environmental effects on recreational squid jigging fishery catches. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1823–1830. Experimental fishing sessions simulating the operating procedures of the recreational fishery for the European squid that operates at inshore Palma Bay (Balearic Islands, Spain) were conducted to investigate the effects of environmental variables on squid catches. The catch per unit of effort (cpue) of recreational-like jigging sessions showed a seasonal pattern (higher cpue during colder months). Two alternative hypotheses can explain such a pattern. First, squid could migrate inshore during colder months to seek spatio-temporal windows within which the sea temperature maximize spawning success. Second, the timing of the seasonal reproductive peak and the growth rate of any given cohort would result in a higher percentage of squid whose body size is greater than the gear-specific vulnerability threshold during the colder months. The combination of environmental variables that maximized cpue was a low sea surface temperature, a low windspeed, low atmospheric pressure, and days close to the new moon. A specific period of the day, narrowly around sunset, favoured the catches. Within this narrow period, the sunlight is still sufficient to allow the recreational fishing lures to be effective, and the squid have already shifted to a more active pattern of movement characteristic of the night-time period.
On the formation and evolution of asteroid belts and their potential significance for life
Authors: Martin Rebecca G. , Livio Mario
Published: November 2012

Suggestions have been made that asteroid belts may be important both for the existence of life and perhaps even for the evolution of complex life on a planet. Using numerical models for protoplanetary discs, we calculate the location of the snow line, and we propose that asteroid belts are most likely to form in its vicinity. We then show that observations of warm dust in exosolar systems, thought to be produced by collisions between asteroids in a belt, indicate that asteroid belts (when they exist) indeed coincide with the radial location and the temperature of the snow line. Giant planets form outside the snow line and prevent planet formation just inside of their orbit, creating an asteroid belt there. However, the migration of giant planets through the asteroid belt likely disperses the compact formation. We examine existing observations of giant exoplanets and find that less than 4 per cent are at radial locations outside of the snow line. This definitely may be the consequence of observational selection effects. However, with this caveat in mind, we point out that the dearth of giant planets outside the snow line may also suggest that compact asteroid belts are not common, and more speculatively that complex life may not be expected in most of the currently observed systems.
Reduced‐Fat Mayonnaise Formulated with Gelatinized Rice Starch and Xanthan Gum
Authors: Lee Inae , Lee Sanghoon , Lee Nara , Ko Sanghoon
Published: October 2012

Reduced fat (RF) mayonnaise was formulated by replacing part of the oil with gelatinized rice starch and xanthan gum, and the effect of their inclusion on the rheological properties was investigated. In the RF mayonnaise preparation, oil or fat was partially replaced by modified waxy rice starch paste at levels of 10, 30 (SP30), and 50% (SP50) of total oil used. Xanthan gum was added to SP30 and SP50 at the level of 0.2% each, designated SP30G and SP50G. Excellent emulsion stability was maintained until 30% of oil was replaced. The flow behavior of the RF mayonnaises was thixotropic, which indicates a decrease in viscosity with increased shear rate. Both yield stress and consistency index decreased with increasing starch paste content. The addition of xanthan gum increased the yield stress and consistency index. The elastic modulus (G′) of the RF mayonnaises was always greater than the loss modulus and decreased with increasing starch paste content. The SP30G sample exhibited a higher G′ value despite its low oil content. The SP30G mayonnaise formulated contained 23% lower total calories, compared with full‐fat mayonnaise, and exhibited similar rheological properties to that of commercial RF mayonnaise.