bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regard sur la recherche en économie du logement via le prisme du Journal of Housing Economics
Authors: Hubert Jérôme , Daoud Rasha
Published: March 2017

Le thème du logement est revenu sur le devant de la scène depuis la dernière crise financière. Nous faisons le point sur la production académique qui a eu lieu durant une décennie via le prisme d'une revue phare: Journal of Housing Economics. Une première approche bibliométrique nous a permis de mettre en avant les auteurs, revues et thèmes les plus en vue. Puis une analyse bibliographique puisant dans un corpus de textes formé des travaux les plus influents de la décennie nous a donné l'occasion de réaliser un état des lieux des principales idées véhiculées dans les universités, en majorité anglo-saxonnes*.   * Deux tiers des auteurs qui ont publiés dans la revue proviennent d'universités anglo-saxonnes et les travaux les plus utilisés pour réaliser ces publications proviennent également de chercheurs qui officient ou officiaient dans des universités anglo-saxonnes. ( cf . Annexe 1, Tableau 3).
Légitimer des technologies controversées : le rôle croissant des spécialistes et des scientifiques dans la communication d’entreprise en ligne
Authors: Domenec Fanny
Published: March 2017

Cette étude porte sur la visibilité croissante des chercheurs, des médecins ou des ingénieurs dans les actions de communication d’entreprises américaines spécialisées dans les secteurs de l’agrochimie, du pétrole, du nucléaire et de la pharmacie. Afin de caractériser la fonction de ces « spécialistes d’entreprise », deux corpus ont été analysés. Le premier corpus comprend les pages d’accueil des entreprises étudiées, mises en ligne entre 2000 et 2015. Le second corpus vise à caractériser des genres émergents récemment mis en place par les multinationales pour permettre aux spécialistes de présenter leur mission au sein de l’entreprise. Une analyse du contenu visuel et textuel a été effectuée pour chaque corpus. Ces analyses soulignent le rôle fondamental des spécialistes dans le processus de médiation des connaissances liées aux nouvelles technologies et la légitimation de techniques parfois controversées. En tant que membres de l’entreprise, les spécialistes contribuent également à la redéfinition de l’image de l’entreprise et de ses activités, à travers la promotion d’une science responsable, qui vise à améliorer les conditions de vie des plus vulnérables.
Discours de professionnels et discours pour professionnels : le travail collaboratif au service de l’enseignement de l’anglais médical
Authors: Carnet Didier , Charpy Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2017

D’un point de vue synchronique, le discours effectif tenu en milieu professionnel, fondé sur des besoins pragmatiques immédiats, entre parfois en conflit avec le discours spécialisé du domaine étudié par les enseignants-chercheurs. Ainsi, ceux-ci ont-ils tout intérêt à consulter les acteurs du domaine afin de cerner leurs besoins langagiers dans le cadre de projets collaboratifs. Cet article pose le problème des ajustements pertinents entre discours de professionnels et discours pour (futurs) professionnels dans la mise en place de quatre projets à visée pédagogique : des séances d’aide au raisonnement clinique en binôme, un projet de recherche-action sur la FASP, un projet européen de certification en anglais médical (sTANDEM) et un ouvrage spécialisé (L’anglais des spécialités médicales, Ellipses 2015). S’inspirant des travaux sur l’enseignement collaboratif et sur leur expérience personnelle, les auteurs postulent qu’il est crucial que les professionnels ayant une bonne maîtrise de l’anglais travaillent en étroite collaboration avec les enseignants d’anglais médical
De l’émergence de la norme technique au discours de normalisation au sein de l’entreprise : repères historiques et étude de cas
Authors: Laffont Hélène
Published: March 2017

Cet article se propose d’aborder l’étude du discours professionnel dans le domaine de l’ingénierie sous l’angle du discours de normalisation qui comprend à la fois la rédaction des normes internationales (que nous nommons discours de normalisation premier) et la rédaction de directives propres à l’entreprise dans le cadre d’un contrat particulier (que nous nommons discours de normalisation second). Après avoir brossé un rapide panorama de l’évolution de la normalisation technique jusqu’à nos jours, nous analysons plus spécifiquement la norme environnementale ISO 14001. Nous étudions la façon dont le discours de normalisation premier est restitué dans le discours de normalisation second au travers d’une étude de cas : l’analyse de l’Environmental Management Plan du consortium MVB, qui a travaillé pour l’entreprise Thames Water au chantier du Lee Tunnel, le premier des grands travaux visant à l’assainissement des eaux de la Tamise. Nous montrons en quoi les choix langagiers opérés par les rédacteurs du discours de normalisation second sont révélateurs des spécificités du contexte dans lequel ils sont inscrits.
L´électronicien francophone devant le manuel d´utilisation d´appareil rédigé ou à rédiger en anglais
Authors: Coutherut Margaux
Published: March 2017

L’anglais est un outil essentiel pour les électroniciens, amenés à consulter voire à rédiger des notices dans cette langue, car les fabricants américains d’appareils professionnels de mesure ne fournissent pas de traductions de leurs manuels d’utilisation. Cependant, peu de professionnels français sont formés à la lecture ou à la rédaction de notices en anglais puisqu’il existe peu de formations ciblées. Quels sont leurs besoins langagiers et quels outils peuvent aider à les définir ? Nous proposons une méthodologie permettant de définir leurs besoins langagiers et de les satisfaire, fondée sur l’étude de l’organisation et des caractéristiques linguistiques des notices d’appareils utilisées par les électroniciens en s’appuyant sur des textes rédigés par des professionnels anglophones natifs. Cette analyse de corpus permet de dégager des principes de rédaction utiles aux professionnels amenés à consulter ou à rédiger ces textes. Les quelques ouvrages existants sur la rédaction technique restent trop généraux. Nous réfléchissons aux pratiques pédagogiques à mettre en place comme la création d’une formation à la lecture ou à la rédaction de manuels d’utilisation pour les électroniciens ou d’autres professionnels.
Le récit semi-autobiographique comme angle d’approche de la culture des milieux de la finance en anglais de spécialité : l’exemple de Liar’s Poker
Authors: Eline Marc
Published: March 2017

Cette étude a pour objet de souligner l’intérêt que peut présenter, pour la recherche en anglais de spécialité, l’analyse d’un récit à mi-chemin entre la FASP et une autobiographie. L’analyse a pour support Liar’s Poker (1989), dont l’auteur, Michael Lewis, a travaillé pour Salomon Brothers à New York et à Londres en tant que vendeur d’obligations dans les années 1980. Son témoignage a été analysé dans le but de rechercher les traits caractéristiques des pratiques des professionnels de la finance de l’époque, à une période de forte financiarisation des économies occidentales. Les hypothèses qu’une lecture cursive a permis de formuler sur la nature de ces comportements ont été vérifiées à l’aide d’un concordancier. Les résultats mettent en relief l’impact que la période des années 1980 et la culture aux multiples facettes qui lui est associée ont pu avoir sur la réputation des milieux de la finance dans l’opinion publique et l’importance, pour les organisations, d’une gestion dynamique de leur culture. Liar’s Poker permet ainsi une meilleure appréhension des usages et pratiques d’un milieu professionnel pour le chercheur comme pour son public d’étudiants, futurs professionnels.
A diachronic analysis of the language of AIDS in Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City
Authors: Klein-Scholz Christelle
Published: March 2017

Grâce aux Chroniques de San Francisco (Tales of the City), une saga en neuf volumes d’Armistead Maupin qui raconte en détail la vie d’un petit groupe de personnages vivant à San Francisco, cet article explore l’évolution diachronique du vocabulaire du SIDA. En premier lieu, il donne quelques éclairages sur le vocabulaire du SIDA et pose la question de sa nature spécialisée. Puis il examine plus précisément l’ “avant” et l’ “après,” la césure étant 1996, année où les thérapies antirétrovirales ont été mises au point et, partant, où le VIH/SIDA a changé de nature. Il montre que, dans l’ “avant,” les mots et les silences portent le poids de la mort et que, quand ce poids est levé, le langage reste pourtant marqué. La conclusion de cet article met en question les liens qui unissent les auteurs de “littérature du SIDA” et le domaine spécialisé, en utilisant l’idée développée par l’ancien directeur de l’ONUSIDA, Peter Piot, d’ “experts de l’expérience.”
Endothelial IL-33 Expression Is Augmented by Adenoviral Activation of the DNA Damage Machinery
Authors: Stav-Noraas Tor Espen , Edelmann Reidunn J. , Poulsen Lars La Cour , Sundnes Olav , Phung Danh , Küchler Axel M. , Müller Fredrik , Kamen Amine A. , Haraldsen Guttorm , Kaarbø Mari , Hol Johanna
Published: March 2017

IL-33, required for viral clearance by cytotoxic T cells, is generally expressed in vascular endothelial cells in healthy human tissues. We discovered that endothelial IL-33 expression was stimulated as a response to adenoviral transduction. This response was dependent on MRE11, a sensor of DNA damage that can also be activated by adenoviral DNA, and on IRF1, a transcriptional regulator of cellular responses to viral invasion and DNA damage. Accordingly, we observed that endothelial cells responded to adenoviral DNA by phosphorylation of ATM and CHK2 and that depletion or inhibition of MRE11, but not depletion of ATM, abrogated IL-33 stimulation. In conclusion, we show that adenoviral transduction stimulates IL-33 expression in endothelial cells in a manner that is dependent on the DNA-binding protein MRE11 and the antiviral factor IRF1 but not on downstream DNA damage response signaling.
Novel Adjuvant Based on the Pore-Forming Protein Sticholysin II Encapsulated into Liposomes Effectively Enhances the Antigen-Specific CTL-Mediated Immune Response
Authors: Laborde Rady J. , Sanchez-Ferras Oraly , Luzardo María C. , Cruz-Leal Yoelys , Fernández Audry , Mesa Circe , Oliver Liliana , Canet Liem , Abreu-Butin Liane , Nogueira Catarina V. , Tejuca Mayra , Pazos Fabiola , Álvarez Carlos , Alonso María E. , Longo-Maugéri Ieda M. , Starnbach Michael N. , Higgins Darren E. , Fernández Luis E. , Lanio María E.
Published: March 2017

Vaccine strategies to enhance CD8+ CTL responses remain a current challenge because they should overcome the plasmatic and endosomal membranes for favoring exogenous Ag access to the cytosol of APCs. As a way to avoid this hurdle, sticholysin (St) II, a pore-forming protein from the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, was encapsulated with OVA into liposomes (Lp/OVA/StII) to assess their efficacy to induce a CTL response. OVA-specific CD8+ T cells transferred to mice immunized with Lp/OVA/StII experienced a greater expansion than when the recipients were injected with the vesicles without St, mostly exhibiting a memory phenotype. Consequently, Lp/OVA/StII induced a more potent effector function, as shown by CTLs, in vivo assays. Furthermore, treatment of E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice with Lp/OVA/StII significantly reduced tumor growth being more noticeable in the preventive assay. The contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to CTL and antitumor activity, respectively, was elucidated. Interestingly, the irreversibly inactive variant of the StI mutant StI W111C, encapsulated with OVA into Lp, elicited a similar OVA-specific CTL response to that observed with Lp/OVA/StII or vesicles encapsulating recombinant StI or the reversibly inactive StI W111C dimer. These findings suggest the relative independence between StII pore-forming activity and its immunomodulatory properties. In addition, StII-induced in vitro maturation of dendritic cells might be supporting these properties. These results are the first evidence, to our knowledge, that StII, a pore-forming protein from a marine eukaryotic organism, encapsulated into Lp functions as an adjuvant to induce a robust specific CTL response.
Atg7 Deficiency Intensifies Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis in Pseudomonas Sepsis
Authors: Pu Qinqin , Gan Changpei , Li Rongpeng , Li Yi , Tan Shirui , Li Xuefeng , Wei Yuquan , Lan Lefu , Deng Xin , Liang Haihua , Ma Feng , Wu Min
Published: March 2017

Sepsis is a severe and complicated syndrome that is characterized by dysregulation of host inflammatory responses and organ failure, with high morbidity and mortality. The literature implies that autophagy is a crucial regulator of inflammation in sepsis. In this article, we report that autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7) is involved in inflammasome activation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa abdominal infection. Following i.p. challenge with P. aeruginosa, atg7fl/fl mice showed impaired pathogen clearance, decreased survival, and widespread dissemination of bacteria into the blood and lung tissue compared with wild-type mice. The septic atg7fl/fl mice also exhibited elevated neutrophil infiltration and severe lung injury. Loss of Atg7 resulted in increased production of IL-1β and pyroptosis, consistent with enhanced inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that P. aeruginosa flagellin is a chief trigger of inflammasome activation in the sepsis model. Collectively, our results provide insight into innate immunity and inflammasome activation in sepsis.
Systematic Analysis of Cell-Type Differences in the Epithelial Secretome Reveals Insights into the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Zhao Yingxin , Jamaluddin Mohammad , Zhang Yueqing , Sun Hong , Ivanciuc Teodora , Garofalo Roberto P. , Brasier Allan R.
Published: March 2017

Lower respiratory tract infections from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are due, in part, to secreted signals from lower airway cells that modify the immune response and trigger airway remodeling. To understand this process, we applied an unbiased quantitative proteomics analysis of the RSV-induced epithelial secretory response in cells representative of the trachea versus small airway bronchiolar cells. A workflow was established using telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cells that revealed highly reproducible cell type–specific differences in secreted proteins and nanoparticles (exosomes). Approximately one third of secretome proteins are exosomal; the remainder are from lysosomal and vacuolar compartments. We applied this workflow to three independently derived primary human cultures from trachea versus bronchioles. A total of 577 differentially expressed proteins from control supernatants and 966 differentially expressed proteins from RSV-infected cell supernatants were identified at a 1% false discovery rate. Fifteen proteins unique to RSV-infected primary human cultures from trachea were regulated by epithelial-specific ets homologous factor. A total of 106 proteins unique to RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cells was regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB. In this latter group, we validated the differential expression of CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and CCL3-like 1 because of their roles in Th2 polarization. CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α was the most active mucin-inducing factor in the RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cell secretome and was differentially expressed in smaller airways in a mouse model of RSV infection. These studies provide insights into the complexity of innate responses and regional differences in the epithelial secretome participating in RSV lower respiratory tract infection–induced airway remodeling.
Dimethyl Fumarate Selectively Reduces Memory T Cells and Shifts the Balance between Th1/Th17 and Th2 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Wu Qi , Wang Qin , Mao Guangmei , Dowling Catherine A. , Lundy Steven K. , Mao-Draayer Yang
Published: March 2017

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF; trade name Tecfidera) is an oral formulation of the fumaric acid ester that is Food and Drug Administration approved for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. To better understand the therapeutic effects of Tecfidera and its rare side effect of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal studies by immunophenotyping cells from peripheral blood (particularly T lymphocytes) derived from untreated and 4–6 and 18–26 mo Tecfidera-treated stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients using multiparametric flow cytometry. The absolute numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly decreased and the CD4/CD8 ratio was increased with DMF treatment. The proportions of both effector memory T cells and central memory T cells were reduced, whereas naive T cells increased in treated patients. T cell activation was reduced with DMF treatment, especially among effector memory T cells and effector memory RA T cells. Th subsets Th1 (CXCR3+), Th17 (CCR6+), and particularly those expressing both CXCR3 and CD161 were reduced most significantly, whereas the anti-inflammatory Th2 subset (CCR3+) was increased after DMF treatment. A corresponding increase in IL-4 and decrease in IFN-γ and IL-17–expressing CD4+ T cells were observed in DMF-treated patients. DMF in vitro treatment also led to increased T cell apoptosis and decreased activation, proliferation, reactive oxygen species, and CCR7 expression. Our results suggest that DMF acts on specific memory and effector T cell subsets by limiting their survival, proliferation, activation, and cytokine production. Monitoring these subsets could help to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DMF treatment.
The Endocannabinoid Metabolite Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-Glycerol Inhibits Human Neutrophil Functions: Involvement of Its Hydrolysis into PGE2 and EP Receptors
Authors: Turcotte Caroline , Zarini Simona , Jean Stéphanie , Martin Cyril , Murphy Robert C. , Marsolais David , Laviolette Michel , Blanchet Marie-Renée , Flamand Nicolas
Published: March 2017

The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine mediate an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects are related, in part, to their metabolism by eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes. For example, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol can be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 into PG-ethanolamide (PG-EA) and PG-glycerol (PG-G), respectively. Although PGE2 is a recognized suppressor of neutrophil functions, the impact of cyclooxygenase-derived endocannabinoids such as PGE2-EA or PGE2-G on neutrophils is unknown. This study’s aim was to define the effects of these mediators on neutrophil functions and the underlying cellular mechanisms involved. We show that PGE2-G, but not PGE2-EA, inhibits leukotriene B4 biosynthesis, superoxide production, migration, and antimicrobial peptide release. The effects of PGE2-G were prevented by EP1/EP2 receptor antagonist AH-6809 but not the EP4 antagonist ONO-AE2-227. The effects of PGE2-G required its hydrolysis into PGE2, were not observed with the non-hydrolyzable PGE2-serinol amide, and were completely prevented by methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphate and palmostatin B, and partially prevented by JZL184 and WWL113. Although we could detect six of the documented PG-G hydrolases in neutrophils by quantitative PCR, only ABHD12 and ABHD16A were detected by immunoblot. Our pharmacological data, combined with our protein expression data, did not allow us to pinpoint one PGE2-G lipase, and rather support the involvement of an uncharacterized lipase and/or of multiple hydrolases. In conclusion, we show that PGE2-G inhibits human neutrophil functions through its hydrolysis into PGE2, and by activating the EP2 receptor. This also indicates that neutrophils could regulate inflammation by altering the balance between PG-G and PG levels in vivo.
Structural Implications for the Formation and Function of the Complement Effector Protein iC3b
Authors: Papanastasiou Malvina , Koutsogiannaki Sophia , Sarigiannis Yiannis , Geisbrecht Brian V. , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D.
Published: March 2017

Complement-mediated opsonization, phagocytosis, and immune stimulation are critical processes in host defense and homeostasis, with the complement activation fragment iC3b playing a key effector role. To date, however, there is no high-resolution structure of iC3b, and some aspects of its structure-activity profile remain controversial. Here, we employed hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to describe the structure and dynamics of iC3b at a peptide resolution level in direct comparison with its parent protein C3b. In our hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry study, 264 peptides were analyzed for their deuterium content, providing almost complete sequence coverage for this 173-kDa protein. Several peptides in iC3b showed significantly higher deuterium uptake when compared with C3b, revealing more dynamic, solvent-exposed regions. Most of them resided in the CUB domain, which contains the heptadecapeptide C3f that is liberated during the conversion of C3b to iC3b. Our data suggest a highly disordered CUB, which has acquired a state similar to that of intrinsically disordered proteins, resulting in a predominant form of iC3b that features high structural flexibility. The structure was further validated using an anti-iC3b mAb that was shown to target an epitope in the CUB region. The information obtained in this work allows us to elucidate determinants of iC3b specificity and activity and provide functional insights into the protein’s recognition pattern with respect to regulators and receptors of the complement system.
Id2 Collaborates with Id3 To Suppress Invariant NKT and Innate-like Tumors
Authors: Li Jia , Roy Sumedha , Kim Young-Mi , Li Shibo , Zhang Baojun , Love Cassandra , Reddy Anupama , Rajagopalan Deepthi , Dave Sandeep , Diehl Anna Mae , Zhuang Yuan
Published: March 2017

Inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins, including Id1–4, are transcriptional regulators involved in promoting cell proliferation and survival in various cell types. Although upregulation of Id proteins is associated with a broad spectrum of tumors, recent studies have identified that Id3 plays a tumor-suppressor role in the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma in humans and hepatosplenic T cell lymphomas in mice. In this article, we report rapid lymphoma development in Id2/Id3 double-knockout mice that is caused by unchecked expansion of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells or a unique subset of innate-like CD1d-independent T cells. These populations began to expand in neonatal mice and, upon malignant transformation, resulted in mortality between 3 and 11 mo of age. The malignant cells also gave rise to lymphomas upon transfer to Rag-deficient and wild-type hosts, reaffirming their inherent tumorigenic potential. Microarray analysis revealed a significantly modified program in these neonatal iNKT cells that ultimately led to their malignant transformation. The lymphoma cells demonstrated chromosome instability along with upregulation of several signaling pathways, including the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway, which can promote their expansion and migration. Dysregulation of genes with reported driver mutations and the NF-κB pathway were found to be shared between Id2/Id3 double-knockout lymphomas and human NKT tumors. Our work identifies a distinct premalignant state and multiple tumorigenic pathways caused by loss of function of Id2 and Id3. Thus, conditional deletion of Id2 and Id3 in developing T cells establishes a unique animal model for iNKT and relevant innate-like lymphomas.
Endogenous Natural Complement Inhibitor Regulates Cardiac Development
Authors: Mortensen Simon A. , Skov Louise L. , Kjaer-Sorensen Kasper , Hansen Annette G. , Hansen Søren , Dagnæs-Hansen Frederik , Jensenius Jens C. , Oxvig Claus , Thiel Steffen , Degn Søren E.
Published: March 2017

Congenital heart defects are a major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, affecting >1% of all live births in the Western world, yet a large fraction of such defects have an unknown etiology. Recent studies demonstrated surprising dual roles for immune-related molecules and their effector mechanisms during fetal development and adult homeostasis. In this article, we describe the function of an endogenous complement inhibitor, mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated protein (MAp)44, in regulating the composition of a serine protease–pattern recognition receptor complex, MBL-associated serine protease (MASP)-3/collectin-L1/K1 hetero-oligomer, which impacts cardiac neural crest cell migration. We used knockdown and rescue strategies in zebrafish, a model allowing visualization and assessment of heart function, even in the presence of severe functional defects. Knockdown of embryonic expression of MAp44 caused impaired cardiogenesis, lowered heart rate, and decreased cardiac output. These defects were associated with aberrant neural crest cell behavior. We found that MAp44 competed with MASP-3 for pattern recognition molecule interaction, and knockdown of endogenous MAp44 expression could be rescued by overexpression of wild-type MAp44. Our observations provide evidence that immune molecules are centrally involved in the orchestration of cardiac tissue development.
Novel Pattern Recognition Receptor Protects Shrimp by Preventing Bacterial Colonization and Promoting Phagocytosis
Authors: Wang Xian-Wei , Gao Jie , Xu Yi-Hui , Xu Ji-Dong , Fan Zhen-Xu , Zhao Xiao-Fan , Wang Jin-Xing
Published: March 2017

The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is accomplished by the recognition modules of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) represent the two most universal categories of recognition modules. In the current study, we identified a novel soluble and bacteria-inducible PRR comprising LRRs and a CTLD from the hepatopancreas of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus and named it Leulectin. The module arrangement of Leulectin is unique among all organisms. Both modules, together with the whole molecule, protected shrimp against Vibrio infection. By screening the pathogen-associated molecular patterns that shrimp might encounter, Leulectin was found to sense Vibrio flagellin through the LRRs and to recognize LPS through CTLD. The LRR–flagellin interaction was confirmed by pull-down and far-Western assays and was found to rely on the fourth LRR of Leulectin and the N terminus of flagellin. The recognition of LPS was determined by the long loop region of CTLD in a calcium-independent manner. By sensing the flagellin, LRRs could prevent its attachment to shrimp cells, thereby inhibiting Vibrio colonization. With the ability to recognize LPS, CTLD could agglutinate the bacteria and promote hemocytic phagocytosis. Our study clearly showed the division of labor and the synergy between different recognition modules and provided new insights into the concept of pattern recognition and the function of soluble PRRs in the antibacterial response.
Downregulation of E Protein Activity Augments an ILC2 Differentiation Program in the Thymus
Authors: Wang Hong-Cheng , Qian Liangyue , Zhao Ying , Mengarelli Joni , Adrianto Indra , Montgomery Courtney G. , Urban Joseph F. , Fung Kar-Ming , Sun Xiao-Hong
Published: March 2017

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are important regulators in various immune responses. The current paradigm states that all newly made ILCs originate from common lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow. Id2, an inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, is indispensable for ILC differentiation. Unexpectedly, we found that ectopically expressing Id1 or deleting two E protein genes in the thymus drastically increased ILC2 counts in the thymus and other organs where ILC2 normally reside. Further evidence suggests a thymic origin of these mutant ILC2s. The mutant mice exhibit augmented spontaneous infiltration of eosinophils and heightened responses to papain in the lung and increased ability to expulse the helminth parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. These results prompt the questions of whether the thymus naturally has the capacity to produce ILC2s and whether E proteins restrain such a potential. The abundance of ILC2s in Id1 transgenic mice also offers a unique opportunity for testing the biological functions of ILC2s.
Antiparasitic Treatment Induces an Improved CD8+ T Cell Response in Chronic Chagasic Patients
Authors: Mateus Jose , Pérez-Antón Elena , Lasso Paola , Egui Adriana , Roa Nubia , Carrilero Bartolomé , González John M. , Thomas M. Carmen , Puerta Concepción J. , López Manuel C. , Cuéllar Adriana
Published: March 2017

Chagas disease is a chronic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, an intracellular protozoan parasite. Chronic chagasic patients (CCPs) have dysfunctional CD8+ T cells that are characterized by impaired cytokine production, high coexpression of inhibitory receptors, and advanced cellular differentiation. Most patients diagnosed in the chronic phase of Chagas disease already exhibit heart involvement, and there is no vaccination that protects against the disease. Antiparasitic treatment is controversial as to its indication for this stage of the disease. There is a lack of biological markers to evaluate the effectiveness of antiparasitic treatment, and little is known about the effect of the treatment on CD8+ T cells. Thus, the aim of the current study was to analyze the early effects of antiparasitic treatment on CD8+ T cells from CCPs with asymptomatic clinical forms of disease. To evaluate the CD8+ T cell subsets, expression of inhibitory receptors, and functionality of T cells in CCPs, PBMCs were isolated. The results showed that treatment of CCPs with the asymptomatic form of the disease induces an increase in the frequency of CD8+ central memory T cells and terminal effector T cells, a decrease in the coexpression of inhibitory receptors, an improved Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response exhibited by the individual production of IFN-γ or IL-2, and a multifunctional CD8+ T cell profile of up to four functions (IFN-γ+IL-2+Perforin+Granzyme B+). These findings suggest that, in CCPs, antiparasitic treatment improved the quality of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses associated with a decrease in inhibitory receptor coexpression, which could serve as biomarkers for monitoring the effectiveness of antiparasitic treatment.
Derivation in Moroccan Teenage Talk
Authors: Elouakili Samira
Published: March 2017

The objective of this paper is to explore one of the most productive linguistic devices Moroccan teenagers employ extensively to create novel lexical items–namely derivation, and uncover some aspects of its innovativeness, which has widely been acknowledged to characterise youngspeak in general. The items analysed are extracted from relaxed group interviews involving six secondary school girls and recorded dyadic and triadic conversations mainly between four of them and two other female school mates. The results corroborate previous research findings that teenagers use derivational processes creatively. More specifically, Moroccan teenagers achieve innovativeness through the violation of some of the well-established derivational norms of their mother tongue, Moroccan Arabic (MA), at times, and their combination with some semantic and rhetorical tools such as unconventional metaphor, semantic shift, and hyperbole, at others. The outcome is thus a distinct language in which old words are reshaped to convey concepts that seem significant in their culture and through which, scholars claim, teenagers in general voice their distance from the world of adults on the one hand and affiliation and loyalty to their peers on the other.
A Pragmatic Analysis of Some Qur'anic Verses: A Gricean Approach
Authors: Ghazal Ansam
Published: March 2017

The study highlights the implicature in the Holy Qur'an that mainly leads to misconception. To achieve the purpose of this study, seven Qur'anic verses are analyzed adopting Grice's theory of implicature. Undoubtedly, using metaphorical language has been difficult to be understood, as what it is metaphorically said is different from what it is intentionally meant. Consequently, the study tries to shed light on the importance of the Qur'anic rhetorical style when addressing people. The study has shown that floating one or more of Grice's maxims does mean that these verses are misunderstandable; however, it reflects the highly elevated style of the Holy Qur'an’s eloquence. The study has also found that floating more than one maxim enriches the Qur'anic verse and enables the reader figures out the implied meaning.
Sequence of Nasal-Stops as a Distinct Segment in Balinese
Authors: Suparsa I Nyoman
Published: March 2017

The article entitled “Sequence of Nasal-Stops as A Distinct Segment in Balinese” attempts to investigate wheather Balinese has sequence of nasal stops both bilabial nasal stops (, ), alveolar nasal-stops (, ), and velar nasal-stops (,  or it has a prenasal stops both bilabial prenasal stops (, ), alveolar prenasal stops (, ) or it has velar prenasal stops (, ). Based upon the data analysis, it has sequence of nasal-stop segments. The judgement is based on (1) the existence of suspicious syllabic nasal phonemes, (2) its clear word structure such as (a) VC.CVC e.g.  /aggag/ [ag.gag] ‘open’, (b) CVC.CV e.g.  /bakta/ [bak.ta] ‘bring’, (c) CVC.CVC e.g.  /dapdap/ [dap.dap] ‘careful’ and (d) VC.CV e.g.  /akta/ [ak.ta] ’official document’. (3) On the bases of its clear word structure, Balinese shares sequence of nasal-stop segments both bilabial nasal-stop such as  e.g.  ‘elder sister’ of which the right pronunciation is [ǝm.bɔk] rather than prenasal stop [ᵐb] as in [ᵐbɔk], alveolar nasal-stop such as  in  ‘just for kidding’ of which the right pronunciation is [can.dǝ] rather than prenasal stop [ⁿd] in [ca.ⁿdǝ] and velar nasal-stop such as  in  ‘short body posture’ of which the right pronunciation is [bǝŋ.kǝk] rather than velar prenasal [ᵑg] in [bǝ.ᵑkǝk].
Semitic Words Found in Tigrigna but not in Ge’ez
Authors: Teklehaymanot Yemane, , Beshah Melese,
Published: March 2017

This paper deals with Semitic words which are found in Tigrigna Language but not in Ge’ez. The result shows that there are indeed some such words, including basic vocabulary, but not many. This provides a lexical perspective on the question of how close Ge’ez was to proto-Ethiopic: very close, but not identical.
Linguistic Manipulation of Political Myth in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale
Authors: Khafaga Ayman F.
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates the linguistic manipulation of political myth in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. More specifically, the paper discusses the myth of the good of the nation which is linguistically manipulated verbally and nonverbally throughout the novel. Atwood’s novel is one of the distinguished dystopian narratives in the twentieth century. This type of fiction has always been a reflection of the irrationalities committed against people by those in power. This paper exposes the strategies of linguistic manipulation used by those in power to propagate for the good of the nation myth, which in turn strengthens their position, justifies their actions, and guarantees their continuation in power. In doing so, the paper uses Political Discourse Analysis to be the approach of analyzing the selected data. Lexical choices, didactic indoctrination, religionization and dehumanization are among the strategies used in the analysis of data. The main objective of this paper is to elaborate the extent to which the good of the nation myth is used by some regimes to oppress and dominate the public into complete submission to their goals. It is also an attempt to provide the public with some sort of linguistic enlightenment so as to be aware of the use and abuse of language in shaping and/or misshaping the public’s attitudes. The conclusion drawn from this paper shows that politicians rhetorically manipulate myths to normalize their practices and legitimize their irrationalities.
Semantische Beschreibungen. Einleitung zur thematischen Sektion
Authors: Engerer Volkmar
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Leksikologiske analyser og beskrivelser ctr. leksikografiske angivelser. Bemærkninger til Undine Kramer: Lexikologisch-lexikographische Aspekte der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Berlin 2000
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning
Published: March 2017

A lexicographer is not always a linguist. And a linguist is not a natural expert or semi-expert of lexicography. This is also the case for such lexicologists who see themselves as theoretical lexicographers. More important than such relationships are the negative consequences which a purely linguistic argumentation may have for lexicographical theory and practice. In many cases lexicological reviews of dictionaries and their proposals for better dictionaries are far removed from real lexicographical needs and improvements. This will be shown in a critical review of a recent publication about lexicological-lexicographical aspects.
Hvad er betydning?
Authors: Togeby Ole
Published: March 2017

In the same way as Descartes defined body and soul, linguistic expression and meaning can be defined as extensive and divisible and as inextensive and indivisible respectively. Linguistic meaning is analysed in a model containing 1) the situation or scene of communication, 2) the physical utterance act, 3) the inextensive thought which is what the utterance counts as, and 4) the situation that the thought is a representation of. The thought is inextensive in time and space, but organized in a logical hierarchy of conceptual meaning included in propositional meaning, included in informational meaning, included in interactional meaning. Such a model of linguistic meaning makes it possible to make a functional analysis of, among other things, the overwhelming amount of monosemiation of the almost always polysemic lexemes of language.
Faseverbernes tidsbetingelse. Grundtræk af den semantiske beskrivelse af faseverbkonstruktioner
Authors: Engerer Volkmar
Published: March 2017

In this paper I argue for a special “aspectual condition” that constitutes the class of phase verbs like begin, continue and stop in Danish and German. It is shown that phase verbs demand a minimum of time structure on the part of their syntactic complements (durative, telic etc.). Their meaning is modelled by a function that maps the truth intervals of their complements into part intervals, on which the truth of the complete sentence is evaluated. This operator approach to the semantics of phase verbs is explicated in a Montague-like design where the ingressive, continuative and egressive operators have scope over complement-derived propositions and produce as output new truth conditions that now evaluate propositions at the start, middle and end interval respectively. This solution to semantics of phase verbs covers, as I argue, a central aspect of their meaning, but leaves other problems unsolved, like, for example, ambiguity phenomena that cannot be modelled satisfactorily in Montague-like semantics. This point is demonstrated with continuative phase verbs that seem to present particular problems.
Kann man die Gebrauchstheorie der Bedeutung in der Semantik gebrauchen?
Authors: Robering Klaus
Published: March 2017

The following article deals with some aspects of special theories of meaning – namely those which consider the meaning of a linguistic sign as a function of its use. Although this approach to meaning is commonly attributed to Wittgenstein, I do not aim at an interpretation or exegesis of this philosopher but rather at a systematic discussion of meaning-as-use-theories. In the first section, I discuss the very notion of a theory of meaning. The next section provides a list of criteria which a theory of meaning should fulfill in order to be a meaning-as-use-theory. The formal architecture of semantic theories is discussed in the third section and – dealing with the simpler case of a referential theory of meaning as an example – the fourth section explains how semantic theories are given a theoretical underpinning by being interpreted within a theory of meaning. The same is done for the case of meaning-as-use-theories in the final section.
Probleme der Rechtsverständlichkeit - zur Einführung
Authors: Engberg Jan , Warnke Ingo
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
"Es gibt nichts Gutes, außer man tut es" - Arbeit an der Verständlichkeit von Gesetzestexten in der Schweizerischen Bundeskanzlei
Authors: Nussbaumer Markus
Published: March 2017

In recent years, some attempts have been made to establish guidelines for the drafting of statutory texts. None of these, however, have been very successful. Still, the need for such guidelines is felt. Over the last 25 years, the language sections of the Swiss Federal Chancellery (Sprachendienste der Schweizerischen Bundeskanzlei) have worked with optimising statutory texts. The article presents some of the principles, on which the work of the language sections is based, and underlines the importance of creating necessary institutional structures for optimising such texts. For optimisation can only be successful if language specialists are seriously involved in the whole drafting process.
Die Verständlichkeit von Rechtstexten und interaktionsorientierter Ansatz
Authors: Schenderra Christian
Published: March 2017

A lack of consent about legal terms and concepts is not just a communication problem, but may also be viewed as a problem of the definition of legal terms and concepts.This paper starts by discussing several reader text models, and goes on to introducing the concept of the open text. This concept helps to analyse contexts in which, apart from texts, the definitions of legal concepts and terms (for example “legal text”, “ legal lan-guage” or “legal comprehensibility”) are generated during complex, dynamic and ideally democratic interactions. A unilateral act of definition does not only assign certain mean-ings, rules of interpretation, or authorisation of executive action to legal terms, but also ademocratic assumptions about political participation. In this constellation, individuals will always be subjected to the intentions of others, namely those who exert all power, influence and control over the very definition of legal key terms and concepts.
"Scheiden tut weh" - Kommunikationsstörungen zwischen Fachleuten und Laien im Ehescheidungsrecht
Authors: Eckardt Birgit
Published: March 2017

Like any other science, the jurisprudence uses a cant, that is not self –explanatory for the layman. It is even more difficult, that in certain legal fields laymen are not only the affected ones, but also the agents, who require the secular intermediation of a solicitor. Thereby occurring communication problems are attributed to the large terminology.It will be shown by means of a four step communication model while using the example of the divorce legislation, why and on what communication levels the commu-nication between experts and laymen is disturbed. The interdisciplinary research approach, that considers linguistic and jurisprudential as well as psychological and sociological aspects, shows the rather unexpected report, that communication perturbations between solicitors and clients occur to the same extent on the content level as on the relationship level. Objective misunderstandings are easier to remove than problems on the relationship level.Communication problems between judges and parties occur mainly during the very formalised (written) proceedings because of factual ignorance. The oral proceedings take place mainly undisturbed, when judges and solicitors measure up their role as mediator, respectively conciliator.
Género y crítica en la prosa médica escrita en español: Función comunicativa y relación de poder
Authors: Ariza María Ángeles Alcaraz , Salager-Meyer Françoise
Published: March 2017

This study addresses the issue of academic conflict (AC) in four different genres of medical discourse, viz., editorials, review and research papers and case reports. The rhetorical strategies used to convey AC were recorded and their qualitative features (their level of commitment or detachment, their overall tone, the presence of irony, sarcasm, etc.) were analyzed in 40 medical articles written in Spanish in the last decade of the 20th century. Our results show that the communicative function of each genre and the rank/status power relations that exist between authors and their audience have a direct bearing on the way medical researchers express their dissension.
Nye tiltag i grammatikundervisningen
Authors: Andersen Vibeke
Published: March 2017

The author discusses the disadvantages of traditional grammar teaching from a didactic and learning perspective. Traditional grammar teaching is typically based on a theoretical introduction by means of system-orientated grammars, followed by product-orientated training. Due to the disadvantages of traditional grammar teaching, the author suggests replacing system-orientated grammars with holistic grammars and product-orientated training with comprehension-orientated training. A holistic grammar integrates systemic and pragmatic linguistic description with a view to making grammar relevant and interesting to the learner, while comprehension-oriented training moves focus away from production and on to comprehension for the purpose of promoting learning.
Metaforer, scenarier og teknologi
Authors: Grevy Carlo
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Gaining Compliance in Pressure Politics: An Interdisciplinary Study of Requestive Message Production in the British Political Consultancy Industry
Authors: Jørgensen Poul Erik
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Unificerende teksteksempler - grundlag og løsninger for tekniske oversættelsesordbøger
Authors: Leroyer Patrick
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Design og udvikling af et intranetbaseret leksikografisk videndelingssystem
Authors: Simonsen Henrik Køhler
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Forord
Authors: Lauridsen Ole
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Computermediets differentieringspotentiale i sproglig læring belyst ud fra en procesorienteret synsvinkel
Authors: Ambjørn Lone
Published: March 2017

The main point of this article is to demonstrate that the existence of the computer-medium within L21 learning and acquisition is justified by its potential of differentiation. In order to make the optimum use of this potential, it is necessary to design syllabi based on L2 research and theories of language learning acquisition. Taking as a starting point the learner’s interlanguage development, I am introducing a model of L2 learning and acquisition, a model based on input as well as on output. The strong point in having this model is that you can use it for computer-assisted language learning, and in this way you can contribute to the implementation of differentiated syllabi that take into account the psycholinguistic processes that characterize interlanguage development.
Definition af kompetenceniveauer i fremmedsprog inden for en fælles europæisk referenceramme
Authors: Lauridsen Karen
Published: March 2017

The definition of levels of foreign language competence is anything but unambiguous. There is thus a need for a more fine-tuned framework of reference, within which the different levels of competence may be described. In this article the Common European Framework of Reference, developed under the auspices of the Council of Europe, will be briefly described as will DIALANG, a web-based diagnostic testing system developed in accordance with the common European framework. Finally, the strengths and weak-nesses as well as the perspectives for future use of these new tools will be discussed.
En hvepserede: læringsstile i e-learning
Authors: Lauridsen Ole
Published: March 2017

The concept of learning styles is a hornet’s nest. In the last couple of decades, it has gained ground in constructivist learning activities; however, there has been no real con-sensus as to approaches, to definitions, and to integrating it in practice.Besides briefly discussing the must of integrating ICT in HE learning activities, this paper delves into the concept of learning styles and shows how the various subconcepts can be merged in such a way that learning styles become a useful operational concept.