bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of Elite Athletes with Impairments Toward One Another: A Hierarchy of Preference
Authors: Mastro James V. , Burton Allen W. , Rosendahl Marjorie , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

Hierarchies of preference by elite athletes with impairments toward other athletes with impairments were examined by administering the Athletes With Impairments Attitude Survey (AWIAS) to 138 members of the United States Disabled Sports Team as they were traveling to the 1992 Paralympic Games. The AWIAS uses 12 statements concerning social and sport relationships to measure social distance from a particular impairment group. Five groups of athletes participated—athletes with amputations, cerebral palsy, dwarfism or les autres, paraplegia or quadriplegia, and visual impairment—with each participant filling out a separate survey for the four impairment groups other than his or her own. For all groups combined, the participants’ responses toward other impairment groups, ordered from most to least favorable attitudes, were amputations, les autres, para/quadriplegia, visual impairment, and cerebral palsy. The preference hierarchies for individual groups were very similar to this overall pattern.
Gender and Disability Sport Participation: Setting a Sociological Research Agenda
Authors: Kolkka Tarja , Williams Trevor
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to introduce a sociological research agenda on gender in the context of disability sport participation. This is done in three parts. In the first part, there is an examination of the differences between the biological and social conceptions of “sex/gender” and “impairment/disability.” In the second part, we offer a critique of the research on gender and disability sport. The point is made that there has been very little consideration of how gender structures the experiences of disability sport participation. There is a need for a more sophisticated theoretical foundation, different theoretical perspectives, and different approaches, and for alternative research designs to increase our knowledge about gender, disability, and sport participation. These are offered, in the third part, in a suggested sociological research agenda focusing on socialization and gender roles, social differentiation and stratification, and life chances.
Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis and Physiologic Assessment of Racing Wheelchair Propulsion
Authors: O’Connor Thomas J. , Robertson Rick N. , Cooper Rory A.
Published: August 2016

Three-dimensional kinematic variables and their relationship to the physiology of racing wheelchair propulsion were studied. Six male wheelchair athletes performed two trials (medium and maximum speed) of 3 min each. VO2, VO2/kg, VE, and HR were measured. Results showed that at medium speed, wrist velocity on hand contact was significantly correlated with VO2/kg. At maximum speed, elbow velocity during preparatory phase was significantly correlated with VO2. Stepwise regression showed wrist trajectory angle and elbow velocity during preparatory phase were significantly correlated with VO2/kg. Results indicate that kinematic variables recorded prior to and on hand contact with the pushrim are significant variables in developing a more efficient racing wheelchair propulsion technique. Results of this study indicate a need to educate coaches of wheelchair track athletes concerning the best racing wheelchair propulsion technique.
Consulting in Adapted Physical Education
Authors: Block Martin E. , Conatser Philip
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to broaden the knowledge base regarding consulting in adapted physical education (APE). First, a definition and key characteristics of consulting are discussed. Second, a review of theoretical foundations and major characteristics of the two most common types of consulting models used in APE—behavior and organizational consulting—is presented. Third, the four most common roles of APE consultants—advocacy, trainer, fact finder, and process specialist—are examined. Fourth, the most common four-step consulting process (entry, diagnosis, implementation, and disengagement) is outlined and discussed. Finally, three major barriers to APE consulting—time to consult, administrative support, and attitudes and expectations of the consultee—are analyzed.
The Prevalence-Based Need for Adapted Physical Education Teachers in the United States
Authors: Zhang Jiabei , Berkey Debra , Kelly Luke , Joseph Daniel , Chen Shihui
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to develop a method for projecting the need for adapted physical education (APE) teachers in the public schools in the United States. This method was derived from a prevalence-based model—dividing the number of APE students enrolled by the APE student-teacher ratio and then subtracting the number of APE teachers hired. This model used the findings of Kelly and Gansneder (1998) that (a) 4% of the school population required APE services and (b) the overall national APE student-teacher ratio was 104:1. The results revealed a need for 22, 116 additional APE teachers nationwide as well as specific projections for each state. The prevalence-based projection method is recommended for policy makers at local, state, and national levels; for APE advocates; and for all concerned with APE personnel preparation and employment.
Concurrent Validity of Motor Tests Used to Identify Children with Motor Impairment
Authors: Tan Swee Kheng , Parker Helen E. , Larkin Dawne
Published: August 2016

We investigated the concurrent validity and discrimination accuracy of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form (BOTMP-SF) and the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND) for identifying children with and without motor impairment (MI). From a total of 69 Australian children aged from 5 to 11 years, 26 children were classified with MI according to three criteria, including the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), and were age- and gender-matched with 26 non-MI controls. Performance rankings for the MI/non-MI children on BOTMP-SF and MAND tests were highly correlated (rs = .86); however, only 35% of MI cases were classified alike and 71% of cases were agreed on, overall. Comparing each test with MABC, discrimination statistics revealed MAND was the more accurate discriminator of MI, with higher sensitivity and negative predictive values than the BOTMP-SF. The MAND is a more valid test for the identification of MI in Australian children.
New Perspectives on the Assessment of Movement Skills and Motor Abilities
Authors: Burton Allen W. , Rodgerson Richard W.
Published: August 2016

The practice of adapted physical education should be consistent with a theoretical model of motor behavior. We believe that the dominant view of movement skills, motor abilities, and general motor ability, as expressed in the current literature, often is not congruent with assessment instruments currently used in adapted physical education. The purpose of this paper is to review the dominant conceptualization of skills, abilities, and general motor ability; present four problems with the dominant view related to assessment in adapted physical education; and then offer a new perspective based on a four-level taxonomy. The levels of the proposed taxonomy are movement skills, movement skill sets, movement skill foundations, and general motor ability.
Scholarly Productivity in Adapted Physical Activity Pedagogy: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: O’Connor John , French Ron , Sherrill Claudine , Babcock Garth
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to determine whether publications pertaining to adapted physical activity (APA) pedagogy in the core serials from 1988 to 1998 adhere to library science laws. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 770 articles in 259 serials selected from 4,130 serials initially identified in four databases (Article First, ERIC, Medline, Sport Discus). Results indicated that 1,720 authors have constructed the early APA pedagogy literature. Of these, only 11 contributed four or more articles. The scatter of APA pedagogy literature over four zones, with 4, 15, 64, and 176 journals in the zones, respectively, supports Bradford’s law of scattering. Price’s law was not supported because most authors contributed only one article. Most pedagogy articles (n = 184) were published in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, Physician and Sports Medicine, and Palaestra. Graduate education should include exposure to bibliometrics and collaboration with library and information science specialists.
A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Autistic Individuals on Selected Motor Tasks
Authors: Morin Brian , Reid Greg
Published: August 2016

Previous descriptions of the motor performance of autistic persons have often confounded autism and mental retardation. Therefore, this study compared high functioning autistic individuals to functionally retarded subjects matched closely on chronological age and measured intelligence. Quantitative and qualitative scores for balance, throwing, catching, jumping, and running test items were obtained in a formal testing situation. Also, for autistic subjects, the relationship between qualitative performance on the formal test items and the quality of motor patterns elicited during guided play was determined. It was concluded that the selected test items generally represented reliable indices of the motor performance of autistic persons and that performance during formal testing essentially mirrored that of guided play. While there was some trend toward inferior qualitative scores by autistic individuals compared to their matched counterparts, there were no meaningful quantitative differences between the groups. It is possible that the poor motor performance associated with autism is largely a factor of mental retardation.
Development of Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy: Considerations for Mainstreaming
Authors: Craft Diane H. , Hogan Patricia I.
Published: August 2016

Humanistic goals related to the affective domain have been of considerable influence in the justification of mainstreaming. Physical educators have traditionally identified development in this domain as a salient educational outcome of physical activity and of physical education programs. Concerning handicapped children in regular physical education programs, the benefits related to development in the affective domain have been espoused and projected to be significant. However, development in the affective domain (especially as related to self-concept and self-efficacy) does not occur incidentally, but must be planned for. This article elaborates on the constructs of self-concept and self-efficacy and discusses the implications for developing or enhancing these constructs in mainstreamed handicapped children.
Cross Validation of the 20-Meter Shuttle Run Test for Adolescents with Down Syndrome
Authors: Guerra Myriam , Pitetti Kenneth H. , Fernhall Bo
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine if the regression formula developed for the 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) for children and adolescents with mild mental retardation (MR), used to predict cardiovascular fitness (V̇O2peak), is valid for adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Twenty-six adolescents (mean age = 15.3 ± 2.7 yr) with DS (15 males, 11 females) completed a maximal treadmill protocol (measured V̇O2peak) and a 20 MST (predicted V̇O2peak). There was a significant difference (p < .01) between the means of the measured (25.5 ± 5.2 ml·kg-1-·min-1) and the predicted (33.5 ± 3.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) V̇O2peak, respectively. In addition, there was a low relationship between measured and predicted values (r = .54). The results of this study indicate that the regression formula developed for children and adolescents with MR to predict V̇O2peak was not valid in this sample of adolescents with DS.
Effects of Motor Skill Instruction on Fundamental Motor Skill Development
Authors: Goodway Jacqueline D. , Crowe Heather , Ward Phillip
Published: August 2016

The influence of a 9-week instructional program on locomotor and object control skill development of preschoolers who are at risk of developmental delay was investigated. The motor skill instruction group (n = 33) received 18, 35-min lessons; the comparison group (n = 30) received the regular prekindergarten program. Pre and posttest scores on the locomotor and object control subscales of the Test of Gross Motor Development (Ulrich, 1985) were obtained. A Group by Gender MANOVA with repeated measures yielded a significant Group by Time interaction. The intervention group performed significantly better than the comparison group from pre to posttest for both locomotor and object control skills. Additionally, this group had significantly higher posttest scores than the comparison group.
Adapted Physical Educators: The Multiple Roles of Consultants
Authors: Lytle Rebecca K. , Hutchinson Gayle E.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences and roles adapted physical educators engaged in during consultation interactions. Participants included 4 females and 2 males with experience teaching (range of 3-21 years) in the field of adapted physical education. Data collection included a demographic data sheet, two individual in-depth interviews, interview notes, document analysis, and field observations. Results indicate that participants experienced and made meaning for five distinct roles, including advocate, educator, courier, supporter/helper, and resource coordinator. These findings and future discoveries may influence curriculum and pedagogical approaches for adapted physical education teacher training programs.
Physical Activity Levels of Students with Mental Retardation and Students Without Disabilities
Authors: Faison-Hodge Jennifer , Porretta David L.
Published: August 2016

This study compared physical education and recess physical activity levels of elementary school age students with mild mental retardation (MR) and students without disabilities who possessed either high or low cardiorespiratory fitness. For this study, the System for Observing Fitness Instructional Time (SOFIT), a measure of physical activity, was validated for students with mild MR. A significant difference for moderate to vigorous physical activity was obtained between settings. Findings suggest that students with MR and those without disabilities were more active during recess than during physical education. Students with mild MR and those with low cardiorespiratory fitness performed similarly in both the physical education and recess settings.
Perception-Action Coupling in Infants with Down Syndrome: Effects of Experience and Practice
Authors: Polastri Paula F. , José A. Barela and
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effects of experience and practice on the coupling between visual information and trunk sway in infants with Down syndrome (DS). Five experienced and five novice sitters were exposed to a moving room, which was oscillated at 0.2 and 0.5 Hz. Infants remained in a sitting position and data were collected on the first, fourth, and seventh days. On the first day, experienced sitters were more influenced by room oscillation than were novices. On the following days, however, the influence of room oscillation decreased for experienced but increased for novice sitters. These results suggest that the relationship between sensory information and motor action in infants with DS can be changed with experience and practice.
Children Theorize about Reasons for Recess Engagement: Does Expectancy-Value Theory Apply?
Authors: Watkinson E. Jane , Dwyer Sean A. , Nielsen A. Brian
Published: August 2016

Inclusion in activity at recess can have important implications for the health and for the physical, social, and cognitive development of children, according to play theorists (Pellegrini, 1995). This study examined whether children described their decisions (and those of fictitious others) to engage in recess activities in achievement terms consistent with expectancy-value theory (Eccles, Wigfield & Schiefele, 1998). Ten Grade 3 children with different patterns of recess engagement did confirm that attainment, interest, utility, and cost values were salient to decisions to participate. Children distinguished among value components, and confirmed that expectancies and values contributed to activity choices, providing support for the conceptualization of recess as an achievement setting in which expectancy-value theory applies.
Defining Adapted Physical Activity: International Perspectives
Authors: Hutzler Yeshayahu , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe international perspectives concerning terms, definitions, and meanings of adapted physical activity (APA) as (a) activities or service delivery, (b) a profession, and (c) an academic field of study. Gergen’s social constructionism, our theory, guided analysis of multiple sources of data via qualitative methodology. Data sources were online surveys, APA literature, and expertise of researchers. Findings, with the identification of further considerations, were provided for each APA component to stimulate reflection and further inquiry among international professionals with diverse backgrounds.
Physical Education for Students with Spina Bifida: Mothers’ Perspectives
Authors: An Jihoun , Goodwin Donna L.
Published: August 2016

This study described the meaning 7 mothers of children with spina bifida ascribed to their children’s physical education, the mothers’ roles in the schools, and the importance of the IEP in home and school communication. The stories of 4 mothers of elementary and 3 mothers of secondary aged children were gathered using the phenomenological methods of semistructured interviews, artifacts, and field notes. The thematic analysis revealed three themes: a good thing but …, connection to sports, and beyond the curriculum. The mothers valued their children’s participation in physical education and provided instrumental support to teachers and teaching associates. They also valued sport as an avenue for developing sport specific skills, which in turn enriched the school experience. The findings are discussed within the context of Peters’ (1996) model of disablement.
Sensory Contributions to Balance in Boys with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Deconinck Frederik J.A. , De Clercq Dirk , Van Coster Rudy , Oostra Ann , Dewitte Griet , Savelsbergh Geert J.P. , Cambier Dirk , Lenoir Matthieu
Published: August 2016

This study examined and compared the control of posture during bilateral stance in ten boys with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) of 6-8 years old and ten matched typically developing boys in four sensory conditions (with or without vision, on a firm or complaint surface). In all conditions mean postural sway velocity was larger for the boys with DCD, in spite of a normal score on the balance items of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. A Group X Condition interaction revealed a larger dependency on vision in the boys with DCD when standing on a firm surface. These results suggest that in this specific subgroup of boys with DCD with predominantly problems in fine motor and ball skills postural control problems may still be prevalent and may possibly be associated with difficulties to re-weight sensory information in response to environmental demands.
Physical Activity of Youth with Intellectual Disability: Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Frey Georgia C. , Stanish Heidi I. , Temple Viviene A.
Published: August 2016

This review characterizes physical activity behavior in youth with intellectual disability (ID) and identifies limitations in the published research. Keyword searches were used to identify articles from MEDLINE, EBSCOhost Research Databases, Psych Articles, Health Source, and SPORT Discus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses up to June 2007. Data were extracted from each study using a template of key items that included participant population, study design, data source, and outcome measure. Nineteen manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. Findings were mixed, with various studies indicating that youth with ID have lower, similar, and higher physical activity levels than peers without disabilities. Only two studies provided enough information to determine that some youth with ID were meeting minimum physical activity standards. Significant methodological limitations prohibit clear conclusions regarding physical activity in youth with ID.
The Use of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire in Australian Children
Authors: Loh Pek Ru , Piek Jan Patricia , Cēlal Barrett Nicholas
Published: August 2016

The concurrent validity of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) and the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND) was investigated in an Australian sample of 38 girls and 91 boys aged 9–12 years (M = 11.15, SD = 0.81). The MAND identified 44 children with motor impairment (MI) and 85 children without MI. The overall decision agreement between the two measures in identifying MI was .64. The DCDQ had a sensitivity of .55 and a specificity of .74. The DCDQ was accurate in identifying children with moderate or severe MI but identified less than half of the children with mild MI.
The Sport Experience of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities: A National Survey of Special Olympics Athletes and Their Families
Authors: Harada Coreen M. , Siperstein Gary N.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the sport experience for athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) who participate in Special Olympics (SO). This study included a nationally representative sample of 1,307 families and 579 athletes in the U.S., focusing on sport involvement over the lifespan and motives for participating and for leaving SO. Athletes with ID are similar to athletes without disabilities in that sport is a significant life experience. They participate in sport for fun (54%) and social interaction (21%). Like athletes without disabilities, SO athletes leave sport because of changes in interest (38%) but also because of program availability (33%). These findings suggest that we continue to document the involvement of people with ID in sports and work to expand the sport opportunities available.
Effect of Indoor Wall Climbing on Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceptions of Children with Special Needs
Authors: Mazzoni Erin R. , Purves P. Lynn , Southward Julie , Rhodes Ryan E. , Temple Viviene A.
Published: August 2016

The impact of a six-week indoor wall climbing on the perceptions of self for children with special needs aged 6–12 years was explored. Participants (n = 46) were randomly assigned to the intervention (girls, n = 4; boys, n = 19) and control groups (girls, n = 5; boys, n = 18). Belayers’ and children’s perceptions of efficacy were measured using specifically designed questionnaires and perceptions of competence and global self-worth were measured using Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children for participants with an adaptive age of 8 years or higher. Children’s self-efficacy and belayers’ ratings of children’s efficacy improved significantly, t(21) = 3.9, p = .001, d = .84 and F(2, 44) = 30.03, p < .001, respectively. The children’s judgments of their athletic and social competence and global self-worth, however, did not change over time or differ from the wait-listed control group (p > .05). These results suggest that it is likely that many experiences that enhance self-efficacy may be needed to improve self-perceptions.
Exercising with Multiple Sclerosis: Insights into Meaning and Motivation
Authors: Kasser Susan
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the meaning of exercise in the lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and describe the motivational basis that contributed to their exercise involvement. Twelve adults with MS (10 females, 2 males) between the ages of 32 and 56 years were interviewed. Analysis of transcribed interviews used an inductive approach. Three major themes emerged from thematic analysis of the qualitative data: exercising to maintain function and health, enhanced exercise self-efficacy, and feelings of hope and optimism. Findings were interpreted within the conceptual framework of self-efficacy and a disability-only social context.
Physical Activity and Self-Perceptions among Hong Kong Chinese with an Acquired Physical Disability
Authors: Sit Cindy H.P. , Lau Caren H.L. , Vertinsky Patricia
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the association between physical activity and self-perceptions such as body image, physical self-concept, and self-esteem among persons with an acquired physical disability in a non-Western population. Other personal variables such as gender and time of onset of disability were also examined. A convenience sample of 66 Hong Kong Chinese adults with an acquired physical disability were asked to complete a battery of questionnaires about their levels of physical activity and self-perceptions. Over 70% of the participants were not physically active enough to obtain health benefits. Contrary to studies focused on Western populations, the relationships between physical activity and self-perceptions were weak. The time of onset of disability, rather than activity level and gender, was more related to self-perceptions. The present study provides some evidence to advance our knowledge of self-perceptions in a non-Western population and highlights the importance of considering culture and social location in studying physical activity levels of those with an acquired physical disability.
The Effectiveness of Simulated Developmental Horse-Riding Program in Children With Autism
Authors: Wuang Yee-Pay , Wang Chih-Chung , Huang Mao-Hsiung , Su Chwen-Yng
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effectiveness of a 20-week Simulated Developmental Horse-Riding Program (SDHRP) by using an innovative exercise equipment (Joba®) on the motor proficiency and sensory integrative functions in 60 children with autism (age: 6 years, 5 months to 8 years, 9 months). In the first phase of 20 weeks, 30 children received the SDHRP in addition to their regular occupational therapy while another 30 children received regular occupational therapy only. The arrangement was reversed in the second phase of another 20 weeks. Children with autism in this study showed improved motor proficiency and sensory integrative functions after 20-week SDHRP (p < .01). In addition, the therapeutic effect appeared to be sustained for at least 24 weeks (6 months).
Volunteer Motivations at a National Special Olympics Event
Authors: Khoo Selina , Engelhorn Rich
Published: August 2016

Understanding the motivations for people to volunteer with the management and execution of major sporting events is important for the recruitment and retention of the volunteers. This research investigated volunteer motivations at the first National Special Olympics held in Ames, Iowa, USA in July 2006. A total of 289 participants completed the 28 item Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale. The top motivations related to the purposive incentives of wanting to help make the event a success and to do something good for the community. Factor analysis revealed a five-factor model, with the altruistic factor (purposive) being the most important. A MANCOVA was also used to compare subjects using both gender and experience as independent variables. Small but significant differences in motivation were observed.
Contextual Interference Effects during Skill Acquisition and Transfer in Down’s Syndrome Adolescents
Authors: Edwards Jacqueline M. , Elliott Digby , Lee Timothy D.
Published: August 2016

An experiment is reported that investigated the effects of contextual interference on motor skill acquisition, and transfer of training in Down’s syndrome adolescents. Twenty Down’s syndrome adolescents and 20 nonhandicapped mental age controls learned a coincident anticipation timing task using either a random or a blocked training schedule. For transfer to a novel but similar task, subjects from both populations evidenced beneficial effects due to random practice. These data are discussed in terms of recent developments for strategy enhancement in motor learning by mentally retarded individuals.
Psychological Skills Training of an Elite Wheelchair Water-Skiing Athlete: A Single-Case Study
Authors: de Guast Virginie de Bressy , Golby Jim , Van Wersch Anna , d’Arripe-Longueville Fabienne
Published: August 2016

This study presents a complete psychological skills training (PST) program with a wheelchair athlete and examines the program effectiveness using a mixed-method approach. After initial testing, the athlete followed a two-month program of self-confidence building, motivational, visualization/relaxation, and injury management techniques. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine the impacts on performance and psychological abilities. The triangulated results suggest that the PST program was perceived as effective by the athlete in terms of his sporting performances and mental skills. The characteristics and implications of a PST program with this wheelchair athlete are discussed, as well as the study limitations and the perspectives for future research.
Validation of Cardiovascular Fitness Field Tests for Adults with Mental Retardation
Authors: Fernhall Bo , Tymeson Garth T.
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the concurrent validity of the 300-yard and the 1.5-mile run with a group of mildly mentally retarded (MR) adults. The subjects, 15 healthy MR adults (M age = 29.5 + 5.6 yrs, M IQ = 60), underwent a maximal treadmill test utilizing a walking protocol, with heart rate and oxygen consumption data collected every minute. They also completed a 300-yard and a 1.5-mile run. The order of testing was counterbalanced. The results indicated that these subjects exhibited very poor cardiovascular fitness levels, with a mean V̇O2max of 28.1 ml•kg-1•min-1 and mean run times of 98.9 sec and 21.1 min for the 300-yard and the 1.5-mile runs, respectively. The correlation between V̇O2max and the 1.5-mile run was –.88, and the correlation for the 300-yard run and V̇O2max was –.71. However, partial correlations indicated that when the effect of height and weight were held constant, only the correlation between V̇O2max and the 1.5-mile run remained significant whereas that between V̇O2max and the 300-yard run dropped. Consequently, the 1.5-mile run appears to be a valid indicator of cardiovascular fitness for these adults with MR, but the 300 yard run is not.
The Reliability of Four Measures of Cardiovascular Fitness with Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Cressler Marsha , Lavay Barry , Giese Mark
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the test-retest reliability of four submaximum oxygen uptake (VO2) test protocols: (a) Modified Physical Working Capacity Cycle Ergometry, (b) Balke Ware Treadmill, (c) Canadian Step Test, and (d) Cooper Twelve-Minute Run/Walk in predicting the cardiovascular fitness of adults who were mentally retarded. The subjects worked in a sheltered workshop setting (N=17, M age=35 years, M IQ=54). The four submaximal VO2 tests were administered over eight sessions with test–retest reliability scores determined by administering each protocol separately and 1 week apart. An intraclass correlation coefficient revealed the following scores on each of the four protocols: Modified PWC Cycle Ergometry, R=.64; Balke Ware Treadmill, R=.93; Canadian Step Test, R=.95; Cooper Twelve-Minute Run/Walk, R=.81. Discussion includes considerations for administering predictor VO2 tests with persons who are mentally retarded. In this particular investigation the Balke Ware Treadmill Test (R=.93) and the Canadian Step Test (R=.95) revealed the highest reliability scores.
Gross Motor Development in Preschool Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Rimmer James H. , Kelly Luke E.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this pilot study was to descriptively evaluate the effects of three different programs on the development of gross motor skills of preschool children with learning disabilities (n = 29). No attempt was made to equate the groups or control for differences between the programs or instructional staff. Two of the programs were used by the respective schools to develop the gross motor skills of their audience. The programs were called occupational therapy (OT) (45–60 min/day, 5 days/week) and adapted physical education (APE) (30 min/day, 4 days/week). A third group was evaluated to determine whether maturational effects had any involvement in gross motor development. This group was called the noninstructional program (NIP) (30 min/day, 2 days/week) and was solely involved in free play. The programs were all in session for the entire school year (33–35 weeks). The results of the study revealed that the children in the APE program made more significant gains across objectives, and particularly on the qualitative measures, than did the children in the OT or NIP groups.
A Comparison of the Physical Fitness of Nonretarded and Mildly Mentally Retarded Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Winnick Joseph P. , Short Francis X.
Published: August 2016

In order to compare their physical fitness, the UNIQUE Physical Fitness Test was administered to 203 retarded and nonretarded subjects with cerebral palsy from both segregated and integrated settings throughout the United States. The test was administered to subjects between the ages of 10 and 17 by professional persons prepared as field testers. Subjects were free from multiple handicapping conditions other than mild mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Regardless of intellectual classification, older subjects significantly exceeded the performance of younger subjects on dominant grip strength. Regardless of intellectual classification, older subjects significantly exceeded the scores of younger subjects on the softball throw and flexed arm hang. No significant differences between retarded and nonretarded subjects at the .01 level of significance were found on any of the test items on the UNIQUE test. The factor structures of both retarded and nonretarded groups were identical with regard to the items that loaded on specific physical fitness factors.
Reliability of Field Based Cardiovascular Fitness Running Tests for Individuals with Mental Retardation
Authors: Baumgartner Ted , Horvat Michael
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability of cardiovascular running tests for individuals with mild and moderate mental retardation. A secondary purpose was to determine whether cardiovascular running tests had some degree of validity in that running times for these tests tended to be in excess of 6 minutes. Data for eight groups were analyzed. Times for the distance runs ranged from 51 to 914 seconds while reliability ranged from .25 to .94, depending on the group. Based on the findings for the groups and distances used in this study, the following conclusions seem justified: (a) Distance run tests of 300 to 880 yds may be reasonably reliable for rank ordering subjects in terms of scores on these tests; (b) distance run tests of 300 or 600 yds are not valid measures of cardiovascular endurance for individuals with mental retardation; and (c) a distance run test of 880 yds may be valid as a measure of cardiovascular endurance.
Participation in Deaf Sport: Characteristics of Elite Deaf Athletes
Authors: Stewart David A. , Robinson Jo-Anne , McCarthy Donald
Published: August 2016

Twenty-one deaf athletes who were participating in the 1989 World Games for the Deaf were surveyed to delineate biodemographical characteristics and the socialization processes that led to their initial involvement in deaf sport. They ranged in age from 21 to 34 years. Hearing coaches were the primary forces for introducing these athletes to opportunities in deaf sport. The findings of this study are compared with those of a similar study conducted on deaf sport directors. Marked differences between the characteristics of athletes and sport directors are discussed.
What Is Appropriate Physical Education for Students with Profound Disabilities?
Authors: Block Martin E.
Published: August 2016

What is appropriate physical education for students with profound disabilities? Some suggest a developmental model in which students learn prerequisite skills before they are exposed to higher level skills. Others suggest the use of specially designed games that often bear little resemblance to traditional physical education activities. Still others call for a therapeutic model in which physical education focuses on physical and occupational therapy techniques. While these models provide viable programming options for students with profound disabilities, alone they do not constitute an appropriate physical education program as defined in PL 94-142 (reauthorized as PL 101-476). In addition, current philosophies in special education for students with severe and profound disabilities call for programs that are chronological age appropriate, functional, data based, and taught in natural, community based settings. This paper provides an alternative view of what is appropriate physical education for students with profound disabilities by integrating the best aspects of the models described above with the current life-skills curricula model employed in special education.
Inclusion: A Developmental Perspective. A Rejoinder to “Examining the Concept of Reverse Integration”
Authors: Brasile Frank M.
Published: August 2016

It is understood that when an individual takes a stand on an issue that may be controversial, this position is open to criticism. Some may find it necessary to vehemently reject this individual’s philosophy. As such, Thiboutot, Labanowich, and Smith (1992) have been extended the opportunity to express their opinions relative to an article titled “Wheelchair Sports: A New Perspective on Integration” (Brasile, 1990a). The editors of the Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly should be commended for extending the opportunity for these individuals to respond to this issue. They should also be commended for extending the courtesy to write a rejoinder to the diatribe. What follows, therefore, is a rejoinder that will focus on the major issues that Thiboutot et al. have so eloquently raised: the rehabilitative aspects of sport, sport and skill, freedom of choice, and the inclusion of individuals without permanent physical disabilities into the sport of wheelchair basketball.
Identification of Children with Motor Coordination Problems
Authors: Maeland Annlaug Flem
Published: August 2016

This study focuses on identification of children with motor coordination problems and investigates whether the incidence of children with such problems in a normal school setting in Norway is comparable to that found in other countries using the same tests and criteria. The study also examines whether there would be any agreement between two motor tests, the Test of Motor Proficiency (TMP) and the Test of Motor Impairment (TOMI), and teachers’ judgment in identifying clumsiness among 360 children 10 years of age. The results showed that while the three different assessment methods identified about the same number of children with such problems (5-5.6%), each measure identified a somewhat different set of children. The lack of agreement demonstrates the difficulty in assessing subtle motor coordination problems or clumsiness.
Effects of Different Heating Modalities on Hip Flexion Passive Range of Motion
Authors: Hanson Matthew , Day James
Published: August 2016

Context:

Therapeutic modalities are routinely administered to increase fexibility, but the relative effects of different modes of tissue heating on passive range of motion (PROM) are unknown.

Objective:

To assess the relative effects of active exercise on a stationary bicycle, moist hot pack treatment, and warm whirlpool treatment on hip fexion PROM.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Subjects:

24 males and 20 females between the ages 18 and 24 years.

Main Outcome Measure

Hip fexion PROM measured by an inclinometer.

Results:

Repeated measures analysis of variance identified a significant difference among the heating methods, F(1, 43) = 32.41; p < .001. Active exercise produced the greatest change in hip fexion PROM.

Conclusions:

All three treatment methods produced an increase in hip fexion PROM, but active exercise produced a significantly greater increase than moist hot pack and warm whirlpool treatments.
Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Scores in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability Following Joint Mobilization
Authors: Houston Megan N. , McKeon Patrick O. , Hoch Matthew C.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Following joint mobilizations, individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have reported increased self-reported function as measured by the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM).

Objective:

To examine the effect of a 2-week talocrural joint mobilization intervention on individual items of the FAAM in physically active adults with CAI.

Participants:

Twelve adults with CAI.

Intervention:

Self-reported function was documented with the FAAM-ADL and FAAM-Sport at preintervention and at 1-week postintervention. The joint mobilization intervention consisted of six treatments over 2 weeks. During each treatment, subjects received 4 minutes of talocrural traction and 8 minutes of Maitland Grade-III anterior-to-posterior talocrural joint mobilization.

Main Outcome Measures:

Participants completed the 21-item FAAM-ADL and 8-item FAAM-Sport.

Results:

Signifcant changes were detected between preintervention and 1-week follow-up measures for “Walking on even ground” (p = 0.06), “Going down stairs” (p = 0.07), “Walking on uneven ground” (p = 0.03), “Light to moderate work” (p = 0.06), “Heavy work” (p = 0.03), “Recreational activity” (p = 0.07), “Landing” (p = 0.03), “Low impact activities” (p = 0.07), and “Cutting” (p = 0.02). No signifcant changes were identifed in the other 20 items (p > 0.10).

Conclusion:

The fndings suggest talocrural joint mobilization may address specifc mechanical and functional impairments associated with the aforementioned tasks during physical activity.
Clinical Assessment of Drop-Jump Landing for Determination of Risk for Knee Injury
Authors: Cortes Nelson , Onate James
Published: August 2016

Context:

Clinical assessment tools are needed to identify individual athletes who possess elevated risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Existing methods require expensive equipment and the investment of a large amount of time for data processing, which makes them unfeasible for preparticipation screening of a large number of athletes.

Objective:

To assess the extent of agreement between LESS and the iLESS classifications of jump landing performance and the level of agreement between ratings assigned by a novice evaluator and an expert evaluator.

Methods:

Ratings of drop-jump landings from 20 video recordings of NCAA Division I collegiate athletes, which were randomly selected from a large database.

Results:

The dichotomous iLESS score corresponded to the dichotomous classification of LESS score for 15 of 20 cases rated by the expert evaluator and 17 of 20 cases rated by the novice evaluator. For the iLESS, only 2 scores out of 20 differed between the evaluators.

Conclusions:

A high level of agreement was observed between the LESS and iLESS methods for classification of jump- landing performance. Because the iLESS method is inexpensive and efficient, it may prove to be valuable for preparticipation assessment of knee injury risk.
Angular Momentum in Multiple Rotation Nontwisting Platform Dives
Authors: Hamill Joseph , Ricard Mark D. , Golden Dennis M.
Published: August 2016

A study was undertaken to investigate the changes in total body angular momentum about a transverse axis through the center of mass that occurred as the rotational requirement in the four categories of nontwisting platform dives was increased. Three skilled subjects were filmed performing dives in the pike position, with increases in rotation in each of the four categories. Angular momentum was calculated from the initiation of the dive until the diver reached the peak of his trajectory after takeoff. In all categories of dives, the constant, flight phase total body angular momentum increased as a function of rotational requirement. Increases in the angular momentum at takeoff due to increases in the rotational requirement ranged from a factor of 3.61 times in the forward category of dives to 1.52 times in the inward category. It was found that the remote contribution of angular momentum contributed from 81 to 89% of the total body angular momentum. The trunk accounted for 80 to 90% of the local contribution. In all categories of dives except the forward 1/2 pike somersault, the remote percent contribution of the arms was the largest of all segments, ranging from 38 to 74% of the total angular momentum.
Influence of Shoe Construction on Lower Extremity Kinematics and Load during Lateral Movements in Tennis
Authors: Luethi Simon M. , Frederick Edward C. , Hawes Michael R. , Nigg Benno M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of footwear on the kinematics and the mechanical load on the lower extremities during fast lateral movements in tennis. The method used was a prospective study. Two types of tennis shoes were randomly distributed among 229 tennis players. The subjects were measured before starting a 3-month test period. The study showed that the kinematics of the lower extremities and internal load conditions during fast lateral movements in tennis are highly influenced by the type of shoe worn. The results further suggest that a prospective biomechanical analysis can be used to establish assumptions concerning the etiology of pain and injuries in sports related activities.
Optimization of Pedaling Rate in Cycling Using a Muscle Stress-Based Objective Function
Authors: Hull Maury L. , Gonzalez Hiroko K. , Redfield Rob
Published: August 2016

Relying on a five-bar linkage model of the lower limb/bicycle system, intersegmental forces and moments are computed over a full crank cycle. Experimental data enabling the solution of intersegmental loads consist of measured crank arm and pedal angles together with the driving pedal force components. Intersegmental loads are computed as a function of pedaling rate while holding the average power over a crank cycle constant. Using an algorithm that avoids redundant equations, stresses are computed in 12 lower limb muscles. Stress computations serve to evaluate a muscle stress-based objective function. The pedaling rate that minimizes the objective function is found to be in the range of 95–100 rpm. In solving for optimal pedaling rate, the muscle stresses are examined over a complete crank cycle. This examination provides insight into the functional roles of individual muscles in cycling.
A Hydrodynamic Study of the Oscillation Motion in Swimming
Authors: Pai Yi-Chung , Hay James G.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the quasi-static assumption—that fluid forces exerted under unsteady flow conditions are equal to those exerted under similar steady flow conditions—in the case of a cylindrical model oscillating in a vertical plane about a transverse axis normal to the flow. The findings indicated that the quasi-static approach is applicable only to cyclic motions with low frequencies and small accelerations. For swimming motions that involve high frequencies and high accelerations, like those that occur in competitive swimming, the vortex shedding effect and the added mass effect must be taken into account if accurate values are to be obtained for hydrodynamic forces.