bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fertility preferences in China in the twenty-first century
Authors: Lu Rui , Gauthier Anne , Stulp Gert
Published: March 2023

There is continuing debate on how low China’s fertility has reached and whether China has fallen into the “low fertility trap”. This paper addresses this debate by revisiting the trends in fertility preferences in the past decades in China based on a meta review. Moreover, the analysis contrasts distinct measurements of fertility preferences to capture different aspects of reproductive decision-making. This papers reviews 152 studies resulting in 137 estimates for the mean of preferred number of children, 104 estimates for the proportions of different numbers of children preferred and 66 estimates for the second-child preferences. We found that after the long-time decline of fertility preferences in the last century, the average family size remained at a low level but started to increase slowly since 2001. This upturn was observed for all three types of measurements of fertility preferences: ideal, desired, and planned family size. The results also indicate a strong two-child preference (more than 50% of respondents) in China, although 30% of people prefer one child and only a small fraction indicating an ideal family size for three or more children. Results on people’s preference for a second child were less consistent. We concluded that fertility is unlikely to increase rapidly in China even when the government adopts more relaxed family planning policy. Because the upward trend in fertility preferences was very minimal and the economic constraints will prevent many people to realise their preferences.
Social media discourse and voting decisions influence: sentiment analysis in tweets during an electoral period
Authors: Rita Paulo , António Nuno , Afonso Ana Patrícia
Published: March 2023

In a time where social media is fundamental for any political campaign and to share a message with an electoral audience, this study searches for a conclusion of the actual persuasion capacity of social media in the electors when they need to decide whom to vote for as their next government. For this, it compares the sentiment that Social Media users demonstrated during an electoral period with the actual results of those elections. For this analysis, it was used, as a case study, tweets mentioning the two major English parties, Conservative and Labor, their respective candidates for the position of prime minister, and terms that identified their political campaign during the electoral period of the General Elections of the United Kingdom that occurred on December 12, 2019. Data were collected using R. The treatment and analysis were done with R and RapidMiner. Results show that tweets’ sentiment is not a reliable election results predictor. Additionally, results also show that it is impossible to state that social media impacts voting decisions. At least not from the polarity of the sentiment of opinions on social media.
The university mathematics lecture: to record, or not to record, that is the question
Authors: Meehan Maria , Howard Emma
Published: March 2023

While recordings of lectures proved invaluable for students’ learning during the pandemic, as our university transitioned back to in-person teaching there was a call from many lecturers to remove the requirement to provide lecture recordings due to the perceived negative impact on attendance. To examine in detail the relationship between recordings and the corresponding face-to-face lectures, we conducted a study on the formats of lectures across our undergraduate mathematics programmes pre- and post-lockdown in March 2020, and students’ perceptions of how beneficial they felt each was for their learning. In May 2020, 156 mathematics students completed a survey containing both quantitative and qualitative questions. Findings indicate that pre-pandemic almost 70% of the lecture formats classified by students were traditional in nature, with 20% classified as containing some interactions, and the remainder as including group work. While students did not perceive great differences in terms of the benefits to learning between the face-to-face and online lecture formats in the majority of modules, those who experienced interactions or group work in lectures before lockdown, reported a greater drop than those who experienced a traditional lecture. Irrespective of preferences for face-to-face or online learning, students were clear about the value of lecture recordings and interactions with peers and lecturers to their learning. Based on our findings, and those of others, we discuss implications for mathematics lecturers’ practice. Specifically, we argue for the provision of lecture recordings or short pre-recordings, especially when the lecture is traditional in nature.
Significant clinical differences but not outcomes between Klebsiella aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infections: a comparative cohort study
Authors: Laupland Kevin B. , Edwards Felicity , Harris Patrick N. A. , Paterson David L.
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Although Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) and Enterobacter cloacae share many phenotypic characteristics, controversy exists as to whether they cause clinically distinguishable infections. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative incidence, determinants, and outcomes of K. aerogenes and E. cloacae bloodstream infections (BSI).

Methods

Population-based surveillance was conducted among residents aged ≥ 15 years of Queensland, Australia during 2000–2019.

Results

Overall 695 and 2879 incident K. aerogenes and E. cloacae BSIs were identified for incidence rates of 1.1 and 4.4 per 100,000 population, respectively. There was a marked increase in incidence associated with older age and with males with both species. Patients with K. aerogenes BSIs were older, were more likely male, to have community-associated disease, and to have a genitourinary source of infection. In contrast, E. cloacae were more likely to have co-morbid diagnoses of liver disease and malignancy and be associated with antimicrobial resistance. Enterobacter cloacae were significantly more likely to have repeat episodes of BSI as compared to K. aerogenes. However, no differences in length of stay or all cause 30-day case-fatality were observed.

Conclusion

Although significant demographic and clinical differences exist between K. aerogenes and E. cloacae BSI, they share similar outcomes.
An abnormal carbody swaying of intercity EMU train caused by low wheel–rail equivalent conicity and damping force unloading of yaw damper
Authors: Li Yixiao , Chi Maoru , Guo Zhaotuan , Liang Shulin
Published: March 2023

Low-frequency carbody swaying phenomenon often occurs to railway vehicles due to hunting instability, which seriously deteriorates the ride comfort of passengers. This paper investigates low-frequency carbody swaying through experimental analysis and numerical simulation. In the tests, the carbody acceleration, the wheel–rail profiles, and the dynamic characteristics of dampers were measured to understand the characteristics of the abnormal carbody vibration and to find out its primary contributor. Linear and nonlinear numerical simulations on the mechanism and optimization measures were carried out to solve this carbody swaying issue. The results showed that the carbody swaying is the manifest of carbody hunting instability. The low equivalent conicity and the decrease of dynamic damping of the yaw damper are probably the cause of this phenomenon. The optimization measures to increase the equivalent conicity and dynamic damping of the yaw damper were put forward and verified by on-track tests. The results of this study could enrich the knowledge of carbody hunting and provide a reference for solving abnormal carbody vibrations.
HIL testing of wheel slide protection systems: criteria for continuous updating and validation
Authors: Pugi L. , Paolieri G. , Giorgetti M. , Berzi L. , Viviani R. , Cabrucci L. , Bocciolini L.
Published: March 2023

Assessment of railway wheel slide protection (WSP) systems involves the execution of complex experimental activities that are quite expensive and time-consuming, since they involve the physical reproduction of degraded adhesion conditions on a real railway line. WSP is devoted to regulating applied braking forces to avoid excessive wheel sliding in case of degraded adhesion conditions between wheel and rail. WSP must be also compliant to safety specifications related to assured braking performances and consumed air. Hardware in the loop (HIL) testing offers an affordable and sustainable way to accelerate these activities optimizing cost, duration and safety of experimental activities performed online. HIL test rigs are subjected to continuous updates, customization and natural ageing of their components. This work investigates the criteria that can be adopted to assure a continuous monitoring and validation of a real WSP test rig, the Italian test rig of Firenze Osmannoro.
A parameterisation-invariant modification of the score test
Authors: Jupp P. E.
Published: March 2023

The null distribution of the score test statistic is asymptotically chi-squared for large samples. The error in this approximation is improved greatly by a cubic modification. The coefficients of this cubic that are given in the literature depend on the parameterisation. This paper provides parameterisation-invariant versions of the coefficients, expresses them in terms of appropriate tensors, and provides geometric interpretations.
Tools with general AI and no existential risk
Authors: Hole Kjell Jørgen
Published: March 2023

According to philosophers and scientists in artificial intelligence (AI), future autonomous agents with general AI constitute an existential risk to humanity. This paper leverages results from neuroscience to propose tools with general AI and no existential risk. Tools answering questions in different domains enable the safe exploration of general AI’s enormous potential.
Molecular typing guiding treatment and prognosis of endometrial cancer
Authors: Tabata Junya , Takenaka Masataka , Okamoto Aikou
Published: March 2023

Genetic abnormalities, such asPTEN, PIK3CA,CTNNB1,ARID1A, andERBB2, which frequently occur in endometrial cancer (EC), are potential therapeutic targets. In 2013, integrated genomic analysis conducted by The Cancer Genome Atlas identified four molecular subtypes, including POLE ultra-mutated, microsatellite instability hypermutated, copy-number low, and copy-number high, which strongly correlate with prognosis. Surrogate markers-based molecular classification methods have been developed to make these molecular classifications accessible and affordable, achieving classification into POLEmut, mismatch repair deficient (MMRd), p53abn, and no specific molecular profile (NSMP) with normal p53 expression. Although POLEmut EC has aggressive pathologic features, there are few cases of advanced and/or recurrence. Therefore, the possibility of de-escalating adjuvant therapy can be considered. Additionally, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) may be a candidate for treating advanced and recurrent POLEmut EC because of their high immunogenicity. MMRd EC shows an intermediate prognosis between those of POLEmut and p53abn EC. MMRd EC is generally characterized by high immunogenicity similar to POLEmut EC, suggesting that ICI can also be a potential therapeutic agent. Among the four molecular subtypes, p53abn EC has the worst prognosis. However, some p53abn tumors have the molecular hallmark of homologous recombination deficiency and could be treated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. In addition, some p53abn tumors overexpress the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, which can also be a potential therapeutic target. NSMP EC are a heterogeneous population because they lack characteristic molecular biological features. Approximately half of the NSMP EC show high expression of estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor, suggesting the possibility of hormonal therapy. In addition, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway frequently altered in EC may be a therapeutic target. This review summarizes the molecular biological characteristics and potential therapeutic agents in molecularly featured EC. Several clinical trials are in progress to stratify EC into molecular classifications and demonstrate the efficacy and safety of molecularly matched treatment and management strategies.
Missing Links Between Crowds and Law
Authors: Pečarič Mirko
Published: March 2023

As homo socius, the man lives in a community. Because the law deals with relationships between people, it is necessary to know the fundamental characteristics of these relationships, which are established in a community between people. Because all major social changes involve crowds, legislation and regulation must know how to address collectives, how they are influenced, how collective emotions are formed, and how they can effectively deal with external behavior in and between groups. This Article presents basic elements of crowds that should be included in legal decisions, especially in general ones. The Article shows potential applications of crowd elements in the law presented as a systemic arrangement of complex adaptive systems that can be reflected in the determination of public opinion through crowds. When a legal system in the right meaning of the word “system” determines public opinion and implements actions through crowds, it could be more effective and efficient and thus also more legitimate.
Viscoplastic lines: printing a single filament of yield stress material on a surface
Authors: van der Kolk Jesse , Tieman Daniël , Jalaal Maziyar
Published: March 2023

This study presents the spreading of a single filament of a yield stress (viscoplastic) fluid extruded onto a pre-wetted solid surface. The filaments spread laterally under surface tension forces until they reach a final equilibrium shape when the yield stress dominates. We use a simple experimental set-up to print the filaments on a moving surface and measure their final width using optical coherence tomography. Additionally, we present a scaling law for the final width and determine the corresponding prefactor using asymptotic analysis. We then analyse the level of agreement between the theory and experiments, and discuss the possible origins of discrepancies. The process studied here has applications in extrusion-based thermoplastic and bio-three-dimensional printing.
Compassion as a Framework for Creating Individual and Group-Level Wellbeing in the Classroom: New Directions
Authors: Kirby James N. , Sherwell Chase , Lynn Sasha , Moloney-Gibb Dylan
Published: March 2023

The success of Social Emotional Learning (SEL) interventions is thought to rely on teacher social emotional competency, student-teacher relationships, and the readiness of the school environment. From an evolutionary motivational systems perspective, an underlying driver behind these aspects is the motivational state of students and teachers. Providing a foundational framework for supporting SEL development may be a critical differentiating factor in successfully incorporating SEL into curriculum to enhance individual and group-level wellbeing. This article presents compassion as a motivational framework that can be used to support SEL. We review theoretical perspectives and empirical research applying compassion to help regulate emotional experience and provide a series of possible suggestions on how to integrate compassion into classrooms. Specifically, we provide a series of suggestions on how compassion can help with student and staff wellbeing. A compassionate approach to establishing a positive classroom environment and incorporating simple activities adapted from compassion-focused therapy may provide a baseline conducive context in which SEL is accepted and thrives.
Combining Structural and Sequential Ambidexterity: A Configurational Approach Using fsQCA
Authors: Sun Xiuxia , Rong Na , Sun Mouxuan , Zhu Fangwei
Published: March 2023

Structural and sequential ambidexterity are proved to be two prevalent approaches in managing tension between exploration and exploitation. Dominant studies have treated the two approaches as mutually exclusive but have provided less insight about their combination, and the organizational configurations that advance such combination, which is a major meaningful gap explored in the current study. This study aims to explore the configurations of organization design choices to combine structural and sequential approaches from a holistic perspective. We apply fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze the empirical data collected from 102 firms in China. The results show that firms attain high ambidexterity with both separated and blended configurations. Blended ones demonstrate that the structural and sequential approaches can be combined in a way that one approach dominates and the other subordinates. Organizational design mechanisms regarding the configurations for combining structural and sequential approaches are concluded as multielements (complements and substitutes) and multilevels (fit and interaction). These findings are also interpreted through the Chinese ‘Yin-Yang’ framework, which introduces ‘Yin-Yang balancing’ into the ambidexterity literature.
The prospects for European aerospace transporters - Part II: A design concept for a minimum-cost aerospace transporter
Authors: Ashford D. M. , Collins P. Q.
Published: March 2023

This is the second part of a paper on aerospace transporters (i.e. fully reusable aeroplane-like piloted launch vehicles) and describes a design concept intended to meet short-term European requirements at minimum development cost. It is generally similar to the European aerospace transporters studied in the 1960s but uses technology developed since then for such projects as Concorde, Spacelab, Ariane and the Space Shuttle.

It is concluded that such a vehicle could be built with more or less existing technology, and, using the costing approach described in the first part of the paper, that the development cost should be less than that of the semi-reusable Hermes/ Ariane 5 combination. A full feasibility study is recommended to check these conclusions.
Large amplitude oscillation effects on cone pitch stability in viscous hypersonic flow
Authors: Hutt G. R. , East R. A. , Wilson R. D.
Published: March 2023

Experimental and theoretical, small and large amplitude stability data are presented for a pointed and a 0.2 bluntness ratio, 10° semi-angle cone performing pitching oscillations in hypersonic flow at a Mach number of 6.85. Analysis identifies that large amplitude model motion time histories cannot be predicted from a knowledge of small amplitude oscillation stability derivatives data. At the Reynolds numbers of the experiments the pointed and blunted cone are subject to significant hypersonic flow viscous phenomena, which are proposed as the cause of the small to large amplitude stability prediction being invalid.
On the ‘inverse phugoid problem’ as an instance of non-linear stability in pitch
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C. , Aguiar A. J. N. M.
Published: March 2023

The motion of an aircraft along a straight flight path inclined to the vertical is considered from an arbitrary initial velocity which may be far from steady flight speeds. The velocity and incidence, as a function of distance or time, provide a solution to the ‘inverse phugoid problem’ of finding the control laws that keep an aircraft on a straight flight path by exactly cancelling the phugoid instability (the short period mode is omitted by neglecting the rotational inertia of the aircraft). This is a non-linear problem, namely finding the motion of an aircraft from an initial condition far removed from a stable steady state, or finding the large amplitude deviations from an unstable equilibrium. The stability and instability problems are solved analytically using the following assumptions:

(i)

the aircraft flies subsonically so that only form and induced drag need be considered;

(ii)

the thrust consists of a constant term, minus a term specifying a dependence on velocity similar to that of the total drag; and

(iii)

the aircraft incidence is away from stall so that lift is a linear function of incidence.

The response curves show that:

(i)

flight at velocities below the lower steady flight speed, which is unstable, is difficult to maintain due to fast divergence towards the stall; and

(ii)

for an initial velocity above the lower steady flight speed, there is convergence towards the higher steady flight speed.

The convergence, in the latter case (ii), may be slow along a straight flight path, although it can be hastened by suitable manoeuvres.
On a pitch control law for a constant glide slope through windshears
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C.
Published: March 2023

The equations of motion of an aircraft flying at a constant glide slope (Fig. 3), in the presence of arbitrary head- or tailwinds, and up- or downflows is considered. The equations are integrated analytically, in the case of an aircraft initially on a steady flight, perturbed by winds of ‘moderate’ strength, in the sense that the wind velocity is not negligible compared to the aircraft's steady speed, but the ratio of their squares is much smaller than unity. The case of an approach through a downburst (Fig. 1), leads to winds which can be simplified to a one-period sinusoidal wind along the flight path, changing from head- to tailwind, at the peak of a superimposed downflow (Fig. 2), of half-period sinusoidal shape, and this is discussed in some detail. Data sheets are presented for three combinations of amplitudes of the head-to-tailwind and downflow; each contains plots of the scheduling of incidence that exactly cancels windshear effects, and of the groundspeed a'nd airspeed profiles which will keep the aircraft flying along the original glide slope. Each plot is given for a range of values of the windshear susceptibility parameter, representing aircraft with small or large inertia, with high or low approach speeds, including light aircraft, jet fighters and large transports; the cancellation of windshear effects isachievable only if the incidence schedule lies wholly below the stall limit. Since the rotational inertia of the aircraft is neglected, the short period mode is absent, and the pitch control acts to cancel the ‘phugoid’ instability induced on the aircraft by the wind profiles typical of a microburst.
The effect of flow curvature on the aerodynamic characteristics of an ogive-cylinder body
Authors: Llewelyn-Davies D. I. T. P
Published: March 2023

The pressure distributions over a 6:1 fineness ratio ogive cylinder model have been obtained over a wide pitch range in the rectilinear flow provided by the CoA 8 ft x 6 ft low speed wind tunnel and the curvilinear motion provided by the CoA Whirling Arm facility. The pressure distributions were integrated first to obtain the local normal-force loading distribution along the body and then the overall normal-force and pitching moment and hence the centre of normal-force.

A comparison of the results showed that the main difference between the aerodynamic characteristics was a considerable positive increase in normal-force loading over the whole of the afterbody in curvilinear motion which varied little with the magnitude or sign of the pitch angle. Some smaller changes were also apparent in the forebody loading characteristics. These changes resulted in the body developing considerably more normal-force and nose-down pitching moment in curvilinear motion than in rectilinear flow with the resultant large rearward movement of the centre of normalforce.

It was found possible to estimate the main features of the loadings, but the theoretical methods available did not predict very well the variations in loading obtained experimentally at the extreme beginning and end of the parallel afterbody.
Unified super/hypersonic similitude for steady and oscillating cones and ogives
Authors: Ghosh Kunal
Published: March 2023

A unified similitude for super/hypersonic flow has been given for non-slender cones and quasicones with attached shock. The similitude space has been shown to be orthogonal to the bow shock and an accurate scaling law for cone flows of different Mach numbers has been provided. A constant density solution has been obtained which gives simple formulas for shock angle and pressure on a cone. This leads to an axisymmetric shock expansion theory which incorporates the effect of profile curvature of an ogive in inviscid flow or a cone in viscous flow whose boundary layer displacement thickness is known a priori. The hypersonic formulas for pitching moment derivatives of oscillating cones and ogives have been adjusted to extend them to supersonic Mach numbers.
Evidence of Caste-Class Discrimination from a Conjoint Analysis of Law Enforcement Officers
Authors: BOITTIN MARGARET L. , FISHER RACHEL S. , MO CECILIA HYUNJUNG
Published: March 2023

When choosing what cases to investigate, do the police discriminate on the basis of caste and class? We employ a conjoint design to evaluate biases in police officers’ preferences for investigation based on perpetrator attributes. Conducting a survey of law enforcement officers in Nepal, we find evidence of discriminatory investigation practices. Absent constraining protocols that reduce officer discretion, police officers are more likely to target offenders who are from caste-class subjugated communities. Additionally, police officers’ assessments of institutional investigatory preferences reveal caste-based considerations: officers believe the police, in general, prefer to investigate low-caste offenders over high-caste offenders. They do not, however, perceive their institution as having class-based biases. These findings add to the body of evidence on whether police discriminate, which has previously focused on use of lethal force and police stops, and further demonstrate that concerns over systemic bias in policing are warranted.
FASTI HORATIANI: HORACE'S AUGUSTAN APPROPRIATION OF THE CALENDAR
Authors: Evans Courtney
Published: March 2023

This article argues that Horace's incorporation of festivals does more than reflect his lived reality and add a Roman veneer to Greek lyric. Horace's festivals weave the poet and his life into publicly shared Roman time. His celebration of private events on public holidays mirrors the kind of penetration of public and private we see in imperial appropriation of the fasti. Just as 28 April, the start of the Floralia, gains new significance with the addition of feriae celebrating the transfer of Vesta's temple to Augustus’ house, so also 1 March comes to signify both the Matronalia as well as the divine rescue of Horace the bachelor. Horace's inclusion of private festivals in his monumentum allows him to create a parallel calendar, one which perhaps competes with the imperial fasti. This exploitation of the fasti plays a key role in Horace's ability to immortalize himself and what he cared most about.
Art and Archaeology
Authors: Hales Shelley
Published: March 2023

This review again reflects the exciting chronological and geographical range within which Classicists operate and the diverse approaches and disciplinary knowledge that illuminate the ancient world for us. Alexa Piqueux's monograph, The Comic Body in Ancient Greek Theatre and Art, 440–320BCE, explores how costume and gesture entwine with speech to bring alive the comedy body, drawing equally on images painted on vases and extant texts of Old and Middle Comedy. One of the greatest difficulties of working with these two data sets is that the texts originate in Athens while the majority of vases that depict comedy were actually made in southern Italy and Sicily. This necessitates a first chapter that investigates the ‘Italianness’ of these vases, the extent to which they might be directly reflective of Attic comedy, drawing on that comedy more generally for thematic inspiration, or showing adaptation of Greek comedy and its performance in Italian contexts. This might involve looking for clues in the images of the construction of temporary stages on which travelling troupes might have been performing in Italy (57) or considering the way in which particular comic themes, that seem so peculiar to Athens, might have played to different audiences in Italy by appealing to contentions within local societies, for example generational divides in Paestan society (66).
Philosophy
Authors: Vázquez Daniel
Published: March 2023

I begin with two books about the cosmos. The first one is Olaf Almqvist's Chaos, Cosmos and Creation in Early Greek Theogonies. This monograph skilfully combines approaches from classical studies, anthropology, and philosophy to offer an in-depth analysis of three competing cosmologies: Hesiod's Theogony, the Orphic theogony, and the creation myth in Plato's Protagoras. It also explores the repercussions of these tensions on ritual life. The book introduces it all through a lucid and enjoyable analysis of the opening lines of Pindar's Nemean Six, which the author sees as stressing the ontological tensions present in early Greek creation myths and blurring the lines between myth and philosophy.
Reception
Authors: Easterbrook Rhiannon
Published: March 2023

In this issue, we have several monographs with wildly differing approaches and interests, from a tight focus on single writers’ engagement with antiquity to studies that synthesize varied materials from multiple centuries and countries. While many of them display a deep interest in the relationship between text and image, another shared theme is the nuances and tensions inherent in literary expressions of political ideology.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in people with bipolar disorder: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hanssen Imke , Huijbers Marloes , Regeer Eline , Lochmann van Bennekom Marc , Stevens Anja , van Dijk Petra , Boere Elvira , Havermans Rob , Hoenders Rogier , Kupka Ralph , Speckens Anne E.
Published: March 2023

Background

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) seems a promising intervention for bipolar disorder (BD), but there is a lack of randomised controlled trials (RCT) investigating this. The purpose of this multicentre, evaluator blinded RCT was to investigate the added value of MBCT to treatment as usual (TAU) in BD up to 15 months follow-up (NCT03507647).

Methods

A total of 144 participants with BD type I and II were randomised to MBCT + TAU (n = 72) and TAU (n = 72). Primary outcome was current depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes were current (hypo)manic and anxiety symptoms, recurrence rates, rumination, dampening of positive affect, functional impairment, mindfulness skills, self-compassion, and positive mental health. Potential moderators of treatment outcome were examined.

Results

MBCT + TAU was not more efficacious than TAU in reducing current depressive symptoms at post-treatment (95% CI [−7.0 to 1.8], p = 0.303, d = 0.24) or follow-up (95% CI [−2.2 to 6.3], p = 0.037, d = 0.13). At post-treatment, MBCT + TAU was more effective than TAU in improving mindfulness skills. At follow-up, TAU was more effective than MBCT + TAU in reducing trait anxiety and improving mindfulness skills and positive mental health. Exploratory analysis revealed that participants with higher depressive symptoms and functional impairment at baseline benefitted more from MBCT + TAU than TAU.

Conclusions

In these participants with highly recurrent BD, MBCT may be a treatment option in addition to TAU for those who suffer from moderate to severe levels of depression and functional impairment.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03507647. Registered the 25 April 2018, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01126827.
In-person 1-day cognitive behavioral therapy-based workshops for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Layton Haley , Savoy Calan D. , Xie Feng , Brown June S. L. , Huh Kathryn , Bieling Peter J. , Streiner David L. , Ferro Mark A. , Haber-Evans Erika
Published: March 2023

Background

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects up to one in five mothers and birthing parents, yet as few as 10% access evidence-based treatment. One-day cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based workshops for PPD have the potential to reach large numbers of sufferers and be integrated into stepped models of care.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial of 461 mothers and birthing parents in Ontario, Canada with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores ⩾10, age ⩾18 years, and an infant <12 months of age compared the effects of a 1-day CBT-based workshop plus treatment as usual (TAU; i.e. care from any provider(s) they wished) to TAU alone at 12-weeks post-intervention on PPD, anxiety, the mother–infant relationship, offspring behavior, health-related quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. Data were collected via REDCap.

Results

Workshops led to meaningful reductions in EPDS scores (m = 15.77 to 11.22; b = −4.6, p < 0.01) and were associated with three times higher odds of a clinically significant decrease in PPD [odds ratio (OR) 3.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.93–4.67]. Anxiety also decreased and participants had three times the odds of clinically significant improvement (OR 3.20, 95% CI 2.03–5.04). Participants reported improvements in mother–infant bonding, infant-focused rejection and anger, and effortful control in their toddlers. The workshop plus TAU achieved similar quality-adjusted life-years at lower costs than TAU alone.

Conclusions

One-day CBT-based workshops for PPD can lead to improvements in depression, anxiety, and the mother–infant relationship and are cost-saving. This intervention could represent a perinatal-specific option that can treat larger numbers of individuals and be integrated into stepped care approaches at reasonable cost.
The Troubled Present and Uncertain Future of Academic Labor
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: March 2023

This review article surveys recent studies of the state of and challenges to academic labor in the ongoing regime of academic capitalism, corporate managerialism, and neoliberalism in colleges and universities in the United States, Europe, and select other countries around the world. Some works analyze changing funding models, accountability mechanisms, and forms of administrative power, while others explore the discourses pervading higher education and impacting the self-understanding of academics. Higher education administrators, boards of trustees, and politicians have sought to create flexible and inexpensive academic labor. New studies explore the three main strategies pursued: the failed effort to promote Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), the proliferation of for-profit colleges and universities (FPCUs), and the continuing expansion of contingent labor, full and part time. Other works analyze the innovative unionization efforts on the part of contingent faculty and graduate teaching assistants.
Incidence and risk factors of prolonged grief in relatives of patients with terminal cancer in French palliative care units: The Fami-Life multicenter cohort study
Authors: Garrouste-Orgeas Maité , Marché Véronique , Pujol Nicolas , Michel Dominique , Evin Adrien , Fossez-Diaz Virginie , Perruchio Ségolène , Vanbésien Anne , Verlaine Catherine , Copel Laure , Kaczmarek Willeme , Birkui de Francqueville Laurence , Michonneau-Gandon Véronique , de Larivière Emmanuel , Poupardin Cécile , Touzet Licia , Guastella Virginie , Mathias Carmen , Mhalla Alaa , Bouquet Guillaume , Richard Bruno , Gracia Dominique , Bienfait Florent , Verliac Virginie , Ranchou Gaelle , Kirsch Sylvie , Flahault Cécile , Loiodice Ambre , Bailly Sébastien , Ruckly Stéphane , Timsit Jean-François
Published: March 2023

Objectives

Psychological consequences of grief among relatives are insufficiently known. We reported incidence of prolonged grief among relatives of deceased patients with cancer.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of 611 relatives of 531 patients with cancer hospitalized for more than 72 hours and who died in 26 palliative care units was conducted. The primary outcome was prolonged grief in relatives 6 months after patient death, measured with the Inventory Complicated Grief (ICG > 25, range 0–76, a higher score indicates more severe symptoms) score. Secondary outcomes in relatives 6 months after patient death were anxiety and depression symptoms based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score (range 0 [best]–42 [worst]), higher scores indicate more severe symptoms, minimally important difference 2.5. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms were defined by an Impact Event Scale-Revised score >22 (range 0–88, a higher score indicates more severe symptoms).

Results

Among 611 included relatives, 608 (99.5%) completed the trial. At 6 months, significant ICG scores were reported by 32.7% relatives (199/608, 95% CI, 29.0–36.4). The median (interquartile range ICG score) was 20.0 (11.5–29.0). The incidence of HADS symptoms was 87.5% (95% CI, 84.8–90.2%) at Days 3–5 and 68.7% (95% CI, 65.0–72.4) 6 months after patient’s death, with a median (interquartile range) difference of −4 (–10 to 0) between these 2 time points. Improvement in HADS anxiety and depression scores were reported by 62.5% (362/579) relatives.

Significance of results

These findings support the importance of screening relatives having risk factors of developing prolonged grief in the palliative unit and 6 months after patient’s death.
Three‐Dimensional Data Preparation and Immersive Mission‐Spanning Visualization and Analysis of Mars 2020 Mastcam‐Z Stereo Image Sequences
Authors: Paar Gerhard , Ortner Thomas , Tate Christian , Deen Robert G. , Abercrombie Parker , Vona Marsette , Proton Jon , Bechtold Andreas , Calef Fred , Barnes Robert , Koeberl Christian , Herkenhoff Ken , Hausrath Elisabeth M. , Traxler Christoph , Caballo Piluca , Annex Andrew M. , Gupta Sanjeev , Bell James F. , Maki Justin
Published: March 2023

The Mars 2020 Mastcam‐Z stereo camera investigation enables the generation of three dimension (3D) data products needed to visualize and analyze rocks, outcrops, and other geological and aeolian features. The Planetary Robotics Vision Processing framework “PRoViP” as well as the Instrument Data System on a tactical—sol‐by‐sol—timeframe generate 3D vision products, such as panoramas, distance maps, and textured meshes. Structure‐from‐motion used by the Advanced Science Targeting Toolkit for Robotic Operations (ASTTRO) “Landform” tool and long baseline stereo pipelines add to the 3D vision products' suite on various scales. Data fusion with textured meshes from satellite imagery and 3D data analysis and interpretation of the resulting large 3D data sets is realized by visualization assets like the Planetary Robotics Vision 3D Viewer PRo3D, the 3D Geographical Information System GIS CAMP (Campaign Analysis Mapping and Planning tool), the ASTTRO 3D data presentation and targeting tool, and the Mastcam‐Z planning tool Viewpoint. The pipelines' workflows and the user‐oriented features of the visualization assets, shared across the Mars 2020 mission, are reported. The individual role and interplay, complements and synergies of the individual frameworks are explained. Emphasis is laid on publicly available 3D vision data products and tools. A representative set of scientific use cases from planetary geology, aeolian activity, soil analysis and impact science illustrates the scientific workflow, and public data deployment modes are briefly outlined, demonstrating that 3D vision processing and visualization is an essential mission‐wide asset to solve important planetary science questions such as prevailing wind direction, soil composition, or geologic origin.
The Norfolk Ridge: A Proximal Record of the Tonga‐Kermadec Subduction Initiation
Authors: Collot J. , Sutherland R. , Etienne S. , Patriat M. , Roest W. R. , Marcaillou B. , Clerc C. , Stratford W. , Mortimer N. , Juan C. , Bordenave A. , Schnurle P. , Barker D. , Williams S. , Wolf S. , Crundwell M.
Published: March 2023

Norfolk Ridge bounds the northeastern edge of the continent of Zealandia and is proximal to where Cenozoic Tonga‐Kermadec subduction initiation occurred. We present and analyze new seismic reflection, bathymetric and rock data from Norfolk Ridge that show it is composed of a thick sedimentary succession and that it was formed and acquired its present‐day ridge physiography and architecture during Eocene to Oligocene uplift, emergence and erosion. Contemporaneous subsidence of the adjacent New Caledonia Trough shaped the western slope of Norfolk Ridge and was accompanied by volcanism. Neogene extension along the eastern slope of Norfolk Ridge led to the opening of the Norfolk Basin. Our observations reveal little or no contractional deformation, in contrast to observations elsewhere in Zealandia, and are hence significant for understanding the mechanics of subduction initiation. We suggest that subduction nucleated north of Norfolk Ridge and propagated rapidly along the ridge during the period 40‐35 Ma, giving it a linear and narrow shape. Slab roll‐back following subduction initiation may have preserved the ridge and created its eastern flank. Our observations suggest that pre‐existing structures, which were likely inherited from Cretaceous Gondwana subduction, were well‐oriented to propagate rupture and create self‐sustaining subduction.
Observing System Choice Can Minimize Interference of the Biosphere in Studies of Urban CO2 Emissions
Authors: Lal Raj M. , Kort Eric A.
Published: March 2023

Cities around the world have introduced initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions. Atmospheric observations can provide evaluation and assessment of these initiatives by quantifying emissions, considering local sources and sinks. The relative importance of the urban biosphere, which can act as both a source (respiration) and sink (photosynthesis) of CO2, has previously been suggested to strongly impact urban CO2 measurements, confounding the ability to use observations to study fossil emissions. However, if using an observing framework that measures a local urban background and the direct urban core outflow, for example, along a downwind airborne transect, the biosphere’s role may be minimized. Here, we combine real, airborne observations of CO2 downwind of select cities in the Northeast US with high‐resolution, back‐trajectory modeling and spatially and temporally resolved surface biosphere and fossil fuel fluxes to characterize the relative biosphere importance to urban CO2 profiles. We show the biosphere influence using this urban observing system to be small, averaging only 15% of the local CO2 enhancement annually, <10% outside of summer, and with a maximum influence of 29% in summer when the biosphere drawdown is most pronounced. Furthermore, when considering two biosphere models that differ by >80%, the impact on observed urban CO2 signals is reduced to only 12% on average. Urban observing frameworks that utilize this local background approach—including those via aircraft or satellite observations—can minimize the biosphere's influence and thus help facilitate robust assessments of urban fossil fuel CO2 emissions.
Extremely High Concentrations of Ice Particles in East Asian Dust‐Infused Baroclinic Storm (DIBS) Cirrus Shield: Dominant Role of Dust Ice Nucleation Effect
Authors: Zeng Yi , Wang Minghuai , Zhao Chun , Zhu Yannian , Rosenfeld Daniel , Huang Kang‐En
Published: March 2023

Acting as efficient ice‐nucleating particles, dust particles can affect cirrus cloud properties through heterogeneous nucleation. A dust‐infused baroclinic storm (DIBS) over East Asia in May 2017 was examined using satellite observations and the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to study the dust effects on cirrus clouds. Satellite observations showed that the ice number concentration (Nice) was extremely high, exceeding 1–10 cm−3 at the cirrus shield of the DIBS, and the ice effective radius (rei) was about 10–30 μm. An aerosol‐aware heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterization (Ullrich et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0074.1) was implemented into WRF‐Chem to explore the formation mechanism of such a high Nice. The simulated Nice from Ullrich17 was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that from the default scheme (Cooper, 1986, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-17-1_4), and the rei was 2–3 times smaller. The results from Ullrich17 were more consistent with satellite observations, which can be attributed to the enhanced deposition nucleation from the high dust concentrations. Our results demonstrated that the extremely high Nice could be fully explained by the heterogeneous nucleation of dust particles in DIBS. A conceptual framework is proposed to explain the dust‐cloud interactions in DIBS. This study confirms the significant dust effects on cirrus clouds in DIBS and highlights the importance of using aerosol‐aware ice nucleation parameterizations in modeling cirrus clouds when the dust is present.
The Limits to Tree Planting in the Indian Himalayas
Authors: Pardikar Rishika
Published: March 2023

The Indian government has an ambitious forestry goal. New research shows it may be out of sync with environmental and social constraints.
Quantification of Subaerial Volcanism and its Products
Authors: Galetto Federico
Published: March 2023

Researchers estimate the mass of volcanic products that erupted above sea level from 1980 to 2019 by volcanoes worldwide and the average eruptive rates of each magmatic province.
Martian Proton Aurora Brightening Reveals Atmospheric Ion Loss Intensifying
Authors: He Fei , Fan Kai , Hughes Andréa , Wei Yong , Cui Jun , Schneider Nicholas , Fraenz Markus , Yao Zhonghua , Rong Zhaojin , Chai Lihui , Yan Limei , Wu Shi‐Qi , Zhang Xiao‐Xin
Published: March 2023

The Martian proton aurora is a distinct aurora phenomenon resulting from the direct deposition of solar wind energy into Mars' dayside atmosphere. What solar wind parameters influence the aurora activity in the short term is yet unknown, as are the associated repercussions in the Martian atmospheric ion loss. Here we present observational evidence of synchronized proton aurora brightening and atmospheric ion loss intensifying on Mars, controlled by solar wind dynamic pressure, using observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. The solar wind dynamic pressure possibly has a saturation effect on brightening proton aurora. Significant erosion of the Martian ionosphere during periods of high dynamic pressure indicates at least five‐to‐tenfold increase in atmospheric ion loss. An empirical relationship between ion escape rate and auroral emission enhancement is established, providing a new proxy of Mars' atmospheric ion loss with optical imaging that may be used remotely and with greater flexibility.
Dentists' preparedness to provide Level 2 services in the North East of England: a mixed methods study
Authors: Simpson Sarah , Wallace Christopher K. , Smith Malcolm , Blaylock Paul , Vance Gillian
Published: March 2023

Background Dentists capable of delivering Level 2 complexity treatments may benefit patient access to dental care and increase workforce morale. However, little is known about attitudes, capability and training needs relating to Level 2 dental services.

Aims To examine attitudes to, and perceived readiness for delivery of Level 2 dental services by NHS dentists in the North East of England and North Cumbria.

Method A sequential mixed methods study with an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Participants were general, community, and hospital-based dental practitioners. Descriptive statistics of survey and thematic analysis of qualitative data were undertaken.

Results Overall, 56% of 124 respondents had a limited understanding of the Level 2 performer role. A minority felt they were already providing Level 2 care across all speciality areas; 9% (n = 11) had a professional portfolio suitable for Level 2 accreditation. Confidence to undertake Level 2 competencies varied by speciality area, being highest in paediatric dentistry, and lowest in endodontics and orthodontics. Qualitative data identified motivations, and personal, organisational and system factors that were seen as barriers or enablers to upskilling.

Conclusion The regional NHS workforce is unprepared to provide Level 2 dental services. Successful introduction will require review of necessary infrastructure and transparency of accreditation and contracting processes.