bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological variation of Trilepida macrolepis (Peters 1857), with reappraisal of the taxonomic status of Rena affinis (Boulenger 1884) (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae)
Authors: PINTO ROBERTA R. , FERNANDES RONALDO
Published: March 2017

We report on the morphological variation (meristic, morphometric, pholidosis, and color pattern characters) and sexual dimorphism of Trilepida macrolepis. We also took the opportunity to redescribe the holotype of Rena affinis in an effort to evaluate its taxonomic status. Based on the congruence of characters from external morphology, we transfer Stenostoma affine to the genus Trilepida. We also discuss the Andean specimens previously refereed to Trilepida affinis and Trilepida macrolepis and provide an identification key for the genus Trilepida.
Southern distributional limits of Meliponini bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in the Neotropics: taxonomic notes and distribution of Plebeia droryana and P. emerinoides in Argentina
Authors: ROIG-ALSINA ARTURO , ALVAREZ LEOPOLDO J.
Published: March 2017

The southern distribution of stingless bees in the Neotropics reaches the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, up to 34°51' S in latitude, where two species of Plebeia are found on the west margin of the Río de La Plata: P. emerinoides (Silvestri), and P. droryana (Friese). In this area some relicts of gallery forest occur and the climate is moderated by the large water mass of the river. The taxonomy of both species is discussed. Diagnoses, updated distribution, and illustrations of some morphological features are given for both species.
A New Generation of Tropical Cyclone Size Measurements from Space
Authors: Reul N. , Chapron B. , Zabolotskikh E. , Donlon C. , Mouche A. , Tenerelli J. , Collard F. , Piolle J. F. , Fore A. , Yueh S. , Cotton J. , Francis P. , Quilfen Y. , Kudryavtsev V.
Published: March 2017

Wind radii estimates in tropical cyclones (TCs) are crucial to helping determine the TC wind structure for the production of effective warnings and to constrain initial conditions for a number of applications. In that context, we report on the capabilities of a new generation of satellite microwave radiometers operating at L-band frequency (∼1.4 GHz) and dual C band (∼6.9 and 7.3 GHz). These radiometers provide wide-swath (>1,000 km) coverage at a spatial resolution of ∼40 km and revisit of ∼3 days. The L-band measurements are almost unaffected by rain and atmospheric effects, while dual C-band data offer an efficient way to significantly minimize these impacts. During storm conditions, increasing foam coverage and thickness at the ocean surface sufficiently modify the surface emissivity at these frequencies and, in turn, the brightness temperature (Tb) measurements. Based on aircraft measurements, new geophysical model functions have been derived to infer reliable ocean surface wind speeds from measured Tb variations. Data from these sensors collected over 2010–15 are shown to provide reliable estimates of the gale-force (34 kt), damaging (50 kt), and destructive winds (64 kt) within the best track wind radii uncertainty. Combined, and further associated with other available observations, these measurements can now provide regular quantitative and complementary surface wind information of interest for operational TC forecasting operations.
Approximating Long-Term Statistics Early in the Global Precipitation Measurement Era
Authors: Stanley Thomas , Kirschbaum Dalia B. , Huffman George J. , Adler Robert F.
Published: March 2017

Long-term precipitation records are vital to many applications, especially the study of extreme events. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) has served this need, but TRMM’s successor mission, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), does not yet provide a long-term record. Quantile mapping, the conversion of values across paired empirical distributions, offers a simple, established means to approximate such long-term statistics but only within appropriately defined domains. This method was applied to a case study in Central America, demonstrating that quantile mapping between TRMM and GPM data maintains the performance of a real-time landslide model. Use of quantile mapping could bring the benefits of the latest satellite-based precipitation dataset to existing user communities, such as those for hazard assessment, crop forecasting, numerical weather prediction, and disease tracking.
Drag Produced by Waves Trapped at a Density Interface in Nonhydrostatic Flow over an Axisymmetric Hill
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Paci Alexandre , Belleudy Anne
Published: March 2017

Linear nonhydrostatic theory is used to evaluate the drag produced by 3D trapped lee waves forced by an axisymmetric hill at a density interface. These waves occur at atmospheric temperature inversions, for example, at the top of the boundary layer, and contribute to low-level drag possibly misrepresented as turbulent form drag in large-scale numerical models. Unlike in 2D waves, the drag has contributions from a continuous range of wavenumbers forced by the topography, because the waves can vary their angle of incidence to match the resonance condition. This leads to nonzero drag for Froude numbers (Fr) both <1 and >1 and a drag maximum typically for Fr slightly below 1, with lower magnitude than in hydrostatic conditions owing to wave dispersion. These features are in good agreement with laboratory experiments using two axisymmetric obstacles, particularly for the lower obstacle, if the effects of a rigid lid above the upper layer and friction are taken into account. Quantitative agreement is less satisfactory for the higher obstacle, as flow nonlinearity increases. However, even in that case the model still largely outperforms both 3D hydrostatic and 2D nonhydrostatic theories, emphasizing the importance of both 3D and nonhydrostatic effects. The associated wave signatures are dominated by transverse waves for Fr lower than at the drag maximum, a dispersive “Kelvin ship-wave” pattern near the maximum, and divergent waves for Fr beyond the maximum. The minimum elevation at the density-interface depression existing immediately downstream of the obstacle is significantly correlated with the drag magnitude.
On the Tropical Atmospheric Signature of El Niño
Authors: Adames Ángel F. , Wallace John M.
Published: March 2017

The linear atmospheric signature of ENSO, obtained by regressing fields of geopotential height Z, wind, vertical velocity, and rainfall upon the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) index, is partitioned into zonally symmetric and eddy components. The zonally symmetric component is thermally forced by the narrowing and intensification of the zonally averaged equatorial rain belt during El Niño and mechanically forced by the weakening of the upper-tropospheric equatorial stationary waves and their associated flux of wave activity. The eddy component of the ENSO signature is decomposed into barotropic (BT) and baroclinic (BC) contributions, the latter into first and second modal structures BC1 and BC2, separable functions of space (x, y), and pressure p, using eigenvector analysis. BC1 exhibits a nearly equatorially symmetric planetary wave structure comprising three dumbbell-shaped features suggestive of equatorial Rossby waves, with out-of-phase wind and geopotential height perturbations in the upper and lower troposphere. BC1 and BT exhibit coincident centers of action. In regions of the tropics where the flow in the climatological-mean stationary waves is cyclonic, BT reinforces BC1, and vice versa, in accordance with vorticity balance considerations. BC1 and BT dominate the eddy ENSO signature in the free atmosphere. Most of the residual is captured by BC2, which exhibits a shallow, convergent boundary layer signature forced by the weakening of the equatorial cold tongue in SST. The anomalous boundary layer convergence drives a deep convection signature whose upper-tropospheric outflow is an integral part of the BC1 contribution to the ENSO signature.
On the Seasonality of Arctic Black Carbon
Authors: Shen Zhaoyi , Ming Yi , Horowitz Larry W. , Ramaswamy V. , Lin Meiyun
Published: March 2017

Arctic haze has a distinct seasonal cycle with peak concentrations in winter but pristine conditions in summer. It is demonstrated that the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric general circulation model (AM3) can reproduce the observed seasonality of Arctic black carbon (BC), an important component of Arctic haze. The model is used to study how large-scale circulation and removal drive the seasonal cycle of Arctic BC. It is found that despite large seasonal shifts in the general circulation pattern, the transport of BC into the Arctic varies little throughout the year. The seasonal cycle of Arctic BC is attributed mostly to variations in the controlling factors of wet removal, namely the hydrophilic fraction of BC and wet deposition efficiency of hydrophilic BC. Specifically, a confluence of low hydrophilic fraction and weak wet deposition, owing to slower aging process and less efficient mixed-phase cloud scavenging, respectively, is responsible for the wintertime peak of BC. The transition to low BC in summer is the consequence of a gradual increase in the wet deposition efficiency, whereas the increase of BC in late fall can be explained by a sharp decrease in the hydrophilic fraction. The results presented here suggest that future changes in the aging and wet deposition processes can potentially alter the concentrations of Arctic aerosols and their climate effects.
Sensitivity of Attribution of Anthropogenic Near-Surface Warming to Observational Uncertainty
Authors: Jones Gareth S. , Kennedy John J.
Published: March 2017

The impact of including comprehensive estimates of observational uncertainties on a detection and attribution analysis of twentieth-century near-surface temperature variations is investigated. The error model of HadCRUT4, a dataset of land near-surface air temperatures and sea surface temperatures, provides estimates of measurement, sampling, and bias adjustment uncertainties. These uncertainties are incorporated into an optimal detection analysis that regresses simulated large-scale temporal and spatial variations in near-surface temperatures, driven by well-mixed greenhouse gas variations and other anthropogenic and natural factors, against observed changes. The inclusion of bias adjustment uncertainties increases the variance of the regression scaling factors and the range of attributed warming from well-mixed greenhouse gases by less than 20%. Including estimates of measurement and sampling errors has a much smaller impact on the results. The range of attributable greenhouse gas warming is larger across analyses exploring dataset structural uncertainty. The impact of observational uncertainties on the detection analysis is found to be small compared to other sources of uncertainty, such as model variability and methodological choices, but it cannot be ruled out that on different spatial and temporal scales this source of uncertainty may be more important. The results support previous conclusions that there is a dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas influence on twentieth-century near-surface temperature increases.
Evolution of Intermediate Water Masses Based on Argo Float Displacements
Authors: Sévellec F. , Colin de Verdiére A. , Ollitrault M.
Published: March 2017

The evolution and dispersion of intermediate water masses in the ocean interior is studied. To this purpose, an empirical statistical model of Lagrangian tracers at a constant depth level is developed. The model follows the transfer operator based on 10-day deep displacements of Argo floats at ~1000 m depth. An asymptotic analysis of the model shows the existence of 10 principal stationary points (the 10 locations attract asymptotically 97% of the tracers). It takes ~1000 years to reach this asymptotic regime relevant for estimating the stationary points. For Lagrangian floats, the concept of attractor needs to be generalized in a statistical sense (versus deterministic), except for a few places in the ocean. In this new framework, a tracer has a likelihood to reach the stationary points, rather than a certainty to reach a single stationary point. The empirical statistical model is used to describe the fate of three intermediate water masses: North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), Mediterranean Water (MW), and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). These experiments show a dramatic difference in the long-time behavior of NPIW, MW, and AAIW. In the permanent regime, the NPIW concentrates locally (in the Kuroshio recirculation) and the MW remains mainly regional (concentrated in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic), whereas the AAIW spreads globally (well mixed throughout the entire ocean).
Simulated Polarimetric Fields of Ice Vapor Growth Using the Adaptive Habit Model. Part I: Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Sulia Kara J. , Kumjian Matthew R.
Published: March 2017

The bulk adaptive habit model (AHM) explicitly predicts ice particle aspect ratio, improving the representation of microphysical processes and properties, including ice–liquid-phase partitioning. With the unique ability to predict ice particle shape and density, the AHM is combined with an offline forward operator to produce fields of simulated polarimetric variables. An evaluation of AHM-forward-simulated dual-polarization radar signatures in an idealized Arctic mixed-phase cloud is presented. Interpretations of those signatures are provided through microphysical model output using the large-eddy simulation mode of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model.

Vapor-grown ice properties are associated with distinct observable signatures in polarimetric radar variables, with clear sensitivities to the simulated ice particle properties, including ice number, size, and distribution shape. In contrast, the liquid droplet number has little influence on both polarimetric and microphysical variables in the case presented herein. Polarimetric quantities are sensitive to the dominating crystal habit type in a volume, with enhancements for aspect ratios much lower or higher than unity. This synthesis of a microphysical model and a polarimetric forward simulator is a first step in the evaluation of detailed AHM microphysics.
Simulated Polarimetric Fields of Ice Vapor Growth Using the Adaptive Habit Model. Part II: A Case Study from the FROST Experiment
Authors: Sulia Kara J. , Kumjian Matthew R.
Published: March 2017

A new adaptive habit model (AHM) grows ice crystals through vapor deposition while evolving ice particle properties, including shape and effective density. The AHM provides an opportunity to investigate observed microphysical processes through the computation of polarimetric variables and corroboration with microphysical model output. This study is unique because the polarimetric scattering calculations are computed using predicted microphysical parameters rather than a priori assumptions that are imposed within the scattering calculations in the forward simulator, allowing for a more effective comparison to radar observations. Through the simulation of a case in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, it is found that the AHM approximates ice mass, shape, cloud vertical structure, and temporal evolution as reflected through polarimetric quantities compared to observations. AHM reflectivity magnitudes are similar to those observed with radar and are an improvement over spherical ice crystal assumptions.

Further analyses are completed to examine the effect of microphysical processes on the evolution of the differential reflectivity and specific differential phase, both of which are simulated using the AHM. Simulations reveal a polarimetric response to ice crystal mass, number, size, density, and aspect ratio. While results reveal the need for model improvements (e.g., parameterizations for aggregation rate), testing forward-simulated radar fields against observations is a first step in the validation of model microphysical and precipitation processes.
Evaluation of MJO Predictive Skill in Multiphysics and Multimodel Global Ensembles
Authors: Green Benjamin W. , Sun Shan , Bleck Rainer , Benjamin Stanley G. , Grell Georg A.
Published: March 2017

Monthlong hindcasts of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) from the atmospheric Flow-following Icosahedral Model coupled with an icosahedral-grid version of the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (FIM-iHYCOM), and from the coupled Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), are evaluated over the 12-yr period 1999–2010. Two sets of FIM-iHYCOM hindcasts are run to test the impact of using Grell–Freitas (FIM-CGF) versus simplified Arakawa–Schubert (FIM-SAS) deep convection parameterizations. Each hindcast set consists of four time-lagged ensemble members initialized weekly every 6 h from 1200 UTC Tuesday to 0600 UTC Wednesday.

The ensemble means of FIM-CGF, FIM-SAS, and CFSv2 produce skillful forecasts of a variant of the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index out to 19, 17, and 17 days, respectively; this is consistent with FIM-CGF having the lowest root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) for zonal winds at both 850 and 200 hPa. FIM-CGF and CFSv2 exhibit similar RMSEs in RMM, and their multimodel ensemble mean extends skillful RMM prediction out to 21 days. Conversely, adding FIM-SAS—with much higher RMSEs—to CFSv2 (as a multimodel ensemble) or FIM-CGF (as a multiphysics ensemble) yields either little benefit, or even a degradation, compared to the better single-model ensemble mean. This suggests that multiphysics/multimodel ensemble mean forecasts may only add value when the individual models possess similar skill and error. An atmosphere-only version of FIM-CGF loses skill after 11 days, highlighting the importance of ocean coupling. Further examination reveals some sensitivity in skill and error metrics to the choice of MJO index.
The Dynamics of an Extreme Precipitation Event in Northeastern Vietnam in 2015 and Its Predictability in the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: van der Linden Roderick , Fink Andreas H. , Pinto Joaquim G. , Phan-Van Tan
Published: March 2017

A record-breaking rainfall event occurred in northeastern Vietnam in late July–early August 2015. The coastal region in Quang Ninh Province was hit severely, with station rainfall sums in the range of 1000–1500 mm. The heavy rainfall led to flooding and landslides, which resulted in an estimated economic loss of $108 million (U.S. dollars) and 32 fatalities. Using a multitude of data sources and ECMWF ensemble forecasts, the synoptic–dynamic development and practical predictability of the event is investigated in detail for the 4-day period from 1200 UTC 25 July to 1200 UTC 29 July 2015, during which the major portion of the rainfall was observed. A slowly moving upper-level subtropical trough and the associated surface low in the northern Gulf of Tonkin promoted sustained moisture convergence and convection over northeastern Vietnam. The humidity was advected in a moisture transport band lying across the Indochina Peninsula and emanating from a tropical storm over the Bay of Bengal. Analyses of the ECMWF ensemble forecasts clearly showed a sudden emergence of the predictability of the extreme event at lead times of 3 days that was associated with the correct forecasts of the intensity and location of the subtropical trough in the 51 ensemble members. Thus, the Quang Ninh event is a good example in which the predictability of tropical convection arises from large-scale synoptic forcing; in the present case it was due to a tropical–extratropical interaction that has not been documented before for the region and season.
A Pragmatic Smoothing Method for Improving the Quality of the Results in Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Bennun Leonardo
Published: March 2017

A new smoothing method for improvement on the quantification of spectral signals, which requires the previous knowledge of the functions that should be quantified, is presented. These functions are used as weighted coefficients in the proposed smoothing algorithm. This method is extremely effective in reducing the scatter of signals obtained by the multichannel analyzer and it could be applied in atomic and nuclear spectroscopies, preferably to these techniques where net counts are a linear function of the acquisition time, like total reflection X-ray fluorescence, micro X-ray fluorescence, etc. If this algorithm is properly applied, it does not distort the form or the intensity of the signal, so it is well suited for use in all kinds of spectroscopic techniques. However, it should not be applied to data obtained from systems depending on time, e.g., control sciences, time series, sound analysis, etc. We applied this method over simulated data and real experimental measurements. As with all smoothing techniques, the proposed method improves the precision of the results, but when it was applied to computer-simulated spectra, we found a systematic enhancement on the accuracy of the results. We still do not have an answer for this apparent paradox. We also have to evaluate, in spectral analysis, the improvement produced by this smoothing procedure over detection and quantification limits.

When this algorithm is applied over experimental results, it is mandatory that the sought characteristic functions, required for this weighted smoothing method, should be obtained from a system with strong stability. If the sought signals are not perfectly clean, this method should be applied with care.
Influence of heat treatment on the properties of AlSi10Mg-based metal matrix composites reinforced with metallic glass flakes processed by gas pressure infiltration
Authors: Lichtenberg Klaudia , Orsolani-Uhlig Eric , Roessler Ralf , Weidenmann Kay André
Published: March 2017

The reinforcement of a soft matrix material with hard particles is an established strategy to develop materials with tailored properties. In this regard, using metallic glasses with high crystallization temperatures, e.g. in the system NiNbX (X = Sn, Ta), for composites produced by liquid metal infiltration is a novel approach. The current work deals with the characterization of such metallic glass particle-reinforced AlSi10Mg-based metal matrix composites manufactured by gas pressure infiltration. Processing–structure–property relations were investigated with a special focus on the influence of an additional heat treatment on the metal matrix composite’s properties. Metallographic methods were used to investigate infiltration quality, particle distribution within the composite and the composite’s microstructure. Moreover, X-ray diffraction measurements, elastic analysis using ultrasonic spectroscopy and compression tests were performed to analyze its properties. The X-ray diffraction results indicate that there is no crystallization of the glass during processing. Metallographic investigations show that the flakes are arranged in a layered structure within the composite. The embedding of metallic glass flakes leads to an increase in Young’s modulus and compressive strength in comparison to the unreinforced material. The composite’s strength can be further increased by a heat treatment.
Thermal optimization of composite autoclave molds using the shift factor approach for boundary condition estimation
Authors: Weber Tobias A , Arent Jan-Christoph , Steffens Lucas , Balvers Johannes M , Duhovic Miro
Published: March 2017

Thermal optimization of autoclave molds is essential to increase part quality, reduce manufacturing costs and increase autoclave capacity. Previous experience-based tooling designs allowed an optimization only after the mold was manufactured and tested. Manufacturing process simulation provides the capability for virtual tooling optimization within the design phase. Thereby, the range of possible optimizations increases and the tooling cost decreases. In order to use manufacturing process simulation efficiently, fast but accurate simulation methods must be available. The so-called shift factor approach was previously presented by the authors. This paper takes up the given approach and explains different influences on mold heat-up and how they can be covered in a thermal tooling simulation on an industrial scale. Proof of the simulation accuracy under realistic manufacturing conditions is provided together with an example of its application.
Nanoboron nitride-filled heat-treated wood polymer nanocomposites: Comparison of different multicriteria decision-making models to predict optimum properties of the nanocomposites
Authors: Karakuş Kadir , Aydemir Deniz , Öztel Ahmet , Gunduz Gokhan , Mengeloglu Fatih
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of nanoboron nitride on the physical, mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of heat-treated wood high-density polyethylene composites. Three different multicriteria decision-making models such as the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions, multi-attribute utility theory and compromise programming were used to predict the nanocomposites having optimum properties. High-density polyethylene as a matrix, heat-treated wood (30%) as a reinforcement filler and nanoboron nitride (0.5%, 1% and 2%) for improving the thermal stability were used; the composites prepared were grounded in a single-screw extruder, and the test samples were prepared with injection molding. According to the results, both testing and multicriteria decision-making models showed that heat-treated wood polymer nanocomposites with 2% nanoboron nitride have the optimum properties. Multicriteria decision-making methods are thought to be useful tools for materials having the optimal properties. It can be said that this study will be a guide for future material selection studies.
Survey Response and Observed Behavior: Emancipative and Secular Values Predict Prosocial Behaviors
Authors: Kistler Deborah , Thöni Christian , Welzel Christian
Published: March 2017

Since decades, cross-cultural psychology examines moral values using data from standardized surveys, assuming that values guide human behavior. We add to this literature by studying the link between moral values and various forms of prosocial behavior, using data from respondents of the sixth World Values Survey in Germany who participated in an online behavioral experiment. The experiment consists of a series of incentivized tasks and allows us to elaborate the association between survey-measured values and three facets of observed prosocial behavior. The evidence boils down to three findings. While (a) emancipative values relate to higher common pool contributions and (b) higher donations to charitable organizations, (c) secular values are linked with more productive and less protective investments. As these results conform to key theories and reach empirical significance in a major postindustrial nation, we conclude that we have important evidence at hand highlighting the potential of combined survey-experiment methods to establish value–behavior links that are otherwise inexplorable.
How University Lecturers’ Display of Emotion Affects Students’ Emotions, Failure Attributions, and Behavioral Tendencies in Germany, Russia, and the United States
Authors: Hansen Miriam , Mendzheritskaya Julia
Published: March 2017

In this study, we investigate whether the cultural-educational contexts in Russia, Germany, and the United States affect university students’ emotions, failure attributions, and behavioral tendencies after receiving negative achievement feedback from a lecturer. The 383 university students from Germany, Russia, and the United States participating in the study completed an online survey in which they read text vignettes of a university lecturer giving negative feedback to a student on his performance. We used a 2 × 3 × 3 experimental design to determine whether the negative feedback situation (private vs. public), the lecturer’s display of emotion (no emotion vs. anger vs. pity), and the cultural-educational contexts (German, Russian, U.S.) affected the participants’ judgment of the student’s affective and behavioral reactions to the negative feedback. Significant main effects and significant interactions were identified, for example, participants in Germany and in the United States reported stronger emotions in response to the negative feedback than the participants in Russia indicated. Also, compared with the participants in Germany and the United States, the participants in Russia attributed the student’s failure more often to external, unstable, and controllable factors and expected the student to adopt more approach tendencies after receiving the failure feedback. Furthermore, a culturally universal effect of emotional transmission between lecturer and student was found, as participants believed the student, for example, to feel anger when his lecturer displayed anger. Overall, the interplay of cultural-educational and situational contexts can affect the way students respond to the emotions a university lecturer displays, and those emotions can shape students’ learning behavior.
Implications of 43 Years of Sociodemographic Change in Mexico for the Socialization of Achievement Behavior: Two Quasi-Experiments
Authors: Garcia Camilo , Greenfield Patricia M. , Montiel-Acevedo David , Vidaña-Rivera Tania , Colorado Jannethe
Published: March 2017

In this article, we explore theory-driven hypotheses linking ecological change with changing patterns of socialization. These studies are part of a larger project begun by Garcia in 2004; it aims to assess the effects of social change on Millard Madsen’s experimental findings concerning social behavior and socialization strategies in different regions of Mexico in the 1960s and 1970s. The present two studies apply Greenfield’s theory of social change and human development to maternal socialization in San Vicente, Baja California, Mexico. As San Vicente’s population, commercial activity, modern technology, and connections (through immigration and television) to the United States grew, maternal socialization shifted. Mothers’ behavior as their children played two beanbag games developed by Madsen and Kagan revealed that, over a 43-year period, San Vicente mothers became less giving while augmenting their use of achievement-promoting behavior in several ways: In Study 1, mothers in 1972 were more generous in giving their children rewards, compared with mothers in 2015; the 2015 mothers had also become more selective in preferentially rewarding children’s successes rather than failures. In Study 2, mothers in 2015 set higher goals for their children than did mothers 43 years earlier.
Global, Regional, and National Prevalence, Incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Oral Conditions for 195 Countries, 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Authors: Kassebaum N.J. , Smith A.G.C. , Bernabé E. , Fleming T.D. , Reynolds A.E. , Vos T. , Murray C.J.L. , Marcenes W. ,   GBD 2015 Oral Health Collaborators, Abyu G.Y. , Alsharif U. , Asayesh H. , Benzian H. , Dandona L. , Dandona R. , Kasaeian A. , Khader Y.S. , Khang Y.H. , Kokubo Y. , Kotsakis G.A. , Lalloo R. , Misganaw A. , Montero P. , Nourzadeh M. , Pinho C. , Qorbani M. , Blancas M.J. Rios , Sawhney M. , Steiner C. , Traebert J. , Tyrovolas S. , Ukwaja K.N. , Vollset S.E. , Yonemoto N.
Published: March 2017

The Global Burden of Disease 2015 study aims to use all available data of sufficient quality to generate reliable and valid prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) estimates of oral conditions for the period of 1990 to 2015. Since death as a direct result of oral diseases is rare, DALY estimates were based on years lived with disability, which are estimated only on those persons with unmet need for dental care. We used our data to assess progress toward the Federation Dental International, World Health Organization, and International Association for Dental Research’s oral health goals of reducing the level of oral diseases and minimizing their impact by 2020. Oral health has not improved in the last 25 y, and oral conditions remained a major public health challenge all over the world in 2015. Due to demographic changes, including population growth and aging, the cumulative burden of oral conditions dramatically increased between 1990 and 2015. The number of people with untreated oral conditions rose from 2.5 billion in 1990 to 3.5 billion in 2015, with a 64% increase in DALYs due to oral conditions throughout the world. Clearly, oral diseases are highly prevalent in the globe, posing a very serious public health challenge to policy makers. Greater efforts and potentially different approaches are needed if the oral health goal of reducing the level of oral diseases and minimizing their impact is to be achieved by 2020. Despite some challenges with current measurement methodologies for oral diseases, measurable specific oral health goals should be developed to advance global public health.
DSM-5 Reform Efforts by the Society for Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Robbins Brent Dean , Kamens Sarah R. , Elkins David N.
Published: March 2017

Since 2011, the Society for Humanistic Psychology (Division 32 of the American Psychological Association) has taken a lead in organizing an international coalition of organizations and individuals that share major criticisms of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth edition ( DSM-5) diagnosis and the search for alternatives. Inspired by the British Psychological Society’s public criticism of the DSM-5, Society for Humanistic Psychology began by drafting an Open Letter that outlines criticisms of the DSM-5. The Open Letter went on to receive endorsements from over 50 national and international organizations, and was signed by over 15,000 individuals, primarily mental health professionals. The effort to reform the DSM-5 shifted gears in 2013, when the Society’s efforts began to pivot toward efforts to organize discussions about legitimate alternatives to medical model, DSM diagnoses of human suffering. The culmination of this project was the Global Summit on Diagnostic Alternatives, which persists in several fronts to provide guidelines for the development of diagnostic manuals, and to promote scientifically and ethically sound approaches to understanding and alleviating human suffering.
History Teachers’ Knowledge of Inquiry Methods
Authors: Voet Michiel , Wever Bram De
Published: March 2017

The present study explores secondary school history teachers’ knowledge of inquiry methods. To do so, a process model, outlining five core cognitive processes of inquiry in the history classroom, was developed based on a review of the literature. This process model was then used to analyze think-aloud protocols of 20 teachers’ reasoning during an inquiry task. It was found that less than half of the teachers used all cognitive processes during the inquiry. Based on the results, a distinction can be made between an integral, fragmentary, and cursory approach to inquiry. Further analysis suggests that there exists no clear pattern in the relation between teachers’ beliefs about the subject of history and their approach to inquiry. The implications for teacher training are discussed and outline how the process model could serve as an instructional tool that can contribute to a comprehensive training program for history teachers.
Reconciling the value of the elevator round trip time between calculation and simulation
Authors: Al Sukkar Ghazi , Al-Sharif Lutfi , Mansour Mahmoud , Gharbieh Mohammad , Farraj Esraa , Jarrah Rawan , Milekh Rasha , Zaben Noor
Published: March 2017

This paper attempts to understand the reasons for the difference in the value of the round trip time between calculation and simulation. It is posited the main reason for the difference is the combination of two factors: the restricted car capacity and the randomness in the behavior of the elevator traffic system, thus leading to a reduced effective car loading (effectively based on a smaller number of passengers in the car).

There are three sources of randomness in the behavior of the system: the randomness of the passenger destinations (thus making the value of the round trip time a random variable), the randomness of the passenger arrival (driven by a Poisson passenger arrival model), and the effect of elevator bunching (thus making the value of the interval a random variable).

Using a MATLAB-based simulator, the value of the round trip time is plotted against the system loading level for the case of a single entrance and incoming traffic only. Different conditions are simulated, including constant and random passenger arrivals, as well as queues-allowed and queues-not-allowed conditions. Varying these conditions provides an essential insight into the variation of the round trip time and the reasons for it. The effect of the number of passengers boarding the elevator on the value of the round trip time (and thus on the value of the system handling capacity) is investigated in more detail.
An agent-based model of avascular tumor growth: Immune response tendency to prevent cancer development
Authors: Pourhasanzade Fateme , Sabzpoushan S.H , Alizadeh Ali Mohammad , Esmati Ebrahim
Published: March 2017

Mathematical and computational models are of great help to study and predict phenomena associated with cancer growth and development. These models may lead to introduce new therapies or improve current treatments by discovering facts that may not be easily discovered in clinical experiments. Here, a new two-dimensional (2D) stochastic agent-based model is presented for the spatiotemporal study of avascular tumor growth based on the effect of the immune system. The simple decision-making rules of updating the states of each agent depend not only on its intrinsic properties but also on its environment. Tumor cells can interact with both normal and immune cells in their Moore neighborhood. The effect of hypoxia has been checked off by considering non-mutant proliferative tumor cells beside mutant ones. The recruitment of immune cells after facing a mass of tumor is also considered. Results of the simulations are presented before and after the appearance of immune cells in the studied tissue. The growth fraction and necrotic fraction are used as output parameters along with a 2D graphical growth presentation. Finally, the effect of input parameters on the output parameters generated by the model is discussed. The model is then validated by an in vivo study published in medical articles. The results show a multi-spherical tumor growth before the immune system strongly involved in competition with tumor cells. Besides, considering the immune system in the model shows more compatibility with biological facts. The effect of the microenvironment on the proliferation of cancer and immune cells is also studied.
Fabrication and evaluation of a warp knitted polypropylene/polylactic acid composite mesh for pelvic floor repair
Authors: Lu Yao , Zhang Pei-hua
Published: March 2017

Surgical mesh for repairing pelvic defects is expected to be stiff to improve surgical convenience, as well as be soft and flexible to relieve foreign body sensation. This paper aims to develop a new composite mesh (PA) consisted of polypropylene (PP) monofilaments and polylactic acid (PLA) monofilaments according to this expectation. The PA mesh was designed by the two-bar warp knitting technique to have a knitted structure with light weight (19.9 g/m2) and high porosity (porosity). A commercial lightweight PP mesh—Surgimesh® Prolapse mesh—was used as the control group. The mechanical property, in vitro degradation, and in vivo biocompatibility were then measured. The results revealed that the addition of stiffer, stronger PLA monofilaments did not significantly strengthen PA mesh, but made the mesh stiff. The warp knitted structure, porosity and pore size are vital factors affecting mesh mechanical properties. PLA monofilaments in PA mesh were degraded in 74 weeks, with a maximum weight loss reaching 62.4%. PA mesh was demonstrated to have better biocompatibility with evidences of lower shrinkage (13.1%) and faster tissue growth speed.
Color rendering in single-layer jacquard fabrics using sateen shaded weave databases based on three transition directions
Authors: Zhang Aidan , Zhou Jiu
Published: March 2017

Shaded weaves are used in digital jacquard fabrics for expressing rich colors, especially in the design of figured jacquard fabrics. The original image process and shaded weave database ( SWD) process are two independent design processes for the production of figured jacquard fabrics. SWD processes are relatively fixed, but original images vary frequently, and color value inconsistencies between the original image and its jacquard fabric are often neglected by researchers. This paper presents the design principles of a SWD based on a sateen basic weave and analyzes the color rendering of seven groups of fabric specimens produced using SWD processes with three transition directions and different step numbers. The color rendering characteristics of the SWD process were mainly determined by the transition direction of the interlacing points, but were also slightly affected by the weave’s step number when horizontal transitions were used. Three photographic images with different tones were selected to design three groups of single-layer figured jacquard fabrics. The results proved that the tone of a woven fabric is determined by the SWD process used, not the original image. A method was proposed to predict the final tone of a woven fabric by adjusting the lightness value of the original image according to the values of the fabric specimens of the SWD process that are used. This study outlines how the digital processing of a figured jacquard fabric design may be achieved using a SWD process based on one of the three design directions.
De Facto Desegregation in the Urban North: Voices of African American Teachers and Principals on Employment, Students, and Community in Columbus, Ohio, 1940 to 1980
Authors: Ward Randolph Adah , Robinson Dwan V.
Published: March 2017

This research explores the historical development of African American teacher and principal hiring and placement in Columbus, Ohio, from 1940 to 1980. In 1909, the Columbus Board of Education established Champion Avenue School creating a de facto segregated school to educate the majority of African American children and to employ Black educators. Over the next 50 years, Columbus created a de facto system of education where Black educators were hired and placed exclusively. This research illuminates how an unintended detriment such as de facto segregation actually developed Black leadership, and strengthened and empowered the community before and after Brown.
Clinical efficacy and safety of the Shugan Jieyu capsule in patients with acute myocardial infarction and depression
Authors: Liu Wei , Qin Jun
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim is to comparatively study Shugan Jieyu capsule and sertraline for non-inferiority in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction and depression (observing the curative effects and safety) by the randomized controlled experiment.

Methods

A total of 149 patients with acute myocardial infarction and depression were randomly divided into two groups, the Shugan Jieyu group (76 cases) and the sertraline group (73 cases), and received treatments for 24 weeks. Depression states were assessed by the rote diagnostic checklist, and effects were evaluated by the Hamilton depression scale. Drug safety for heart was assessed by left ventricular ejection fraction (reduced by 5%), blood pressure, heart rate, P-wave and R wave interval, Q-R-S complex wave, and corrected Q-T interval after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

There were no significant differences in the effective rates of Shugan Jieyu and sertraline groups. Significantly lower adverse event rate was observed in the Shugan Jieyu group. Two groups had a similar cardiac safety.

Conclusion

Shugan Jieyu capsule has a reliable effect and high safety in patients with acute myocardial infarction and depression.
Adverse effects on health and wellbeing of working as a doctor: views of the UK medical graduates of 1974 and 1977 surveyed in 2014
Authors: Smith Fay , Goldacre Michael J , Lambert Trevor W
Published: March 2017

Summary

Objective

To report on any adverse effects on health and wellbeing of working as a doctor, as described by senior doctors.

Design

Questionnaires sent in 2014 to all medical graduates of 1974 and 1977.

Participants

3695 UK medical graduates.

Setting

United Kingdom.

Main outcome measures

Statements about adverse effects upon health, wellbeing and career.

Results

The aggregated response rate from contactable doctors was 84.6% (3695/4369). In response to the question ‘Do you feel that working as a doctor has had any adverse effects on your own health or wellbeing?’, 44% of doctors answered ‘yes’. More GPs (47%) than hospital doctors (42%) specified that this was the case. Three-quarters of doctors who answered ‘yes’ cited ‘stress/work–life balance/workload’ as an adverse effect, and 45% mentioned illness. In response to the statement ‘The NHS of today is a good employer when doctors become ill themselves’, 28% of doctors agreed, 29% neither agreed nor disagreed and 43% disagreed. More women doctors (49%) than men doctors (40%) disagreed with this statement. More general practitioners (49%) disagreed than hospital doctors (37%).

Conclusions

Chronic stress and illness, which these doctors attributed to their work, were widely reported. Although recent changes may have alleviated some of these issues, there are lessons for the present and future if the NHS is to ensure that its medical workforce receives the support which enables current doctors to enjoy a full and satisfying career and to contribute fully to health service provision in the UK. Older doctors, in particular, need support to be able to continue successfully in their careers.
Not what they want, but what they need
Authors: Clark Tor , Jones Alistair
Published: March 2017

There is an issue around getting students engaged in subject matter about which they may have little interest. Often, such subject matter is essential to their studies. The module Essential Public Affairs is such a concern for students of journalism. It is essential for their professional qualification. This article explores a pilot project which developed ways to get students more engaged with the subject material. The consequences of such engagement could be seen in the assessment results and the future study choices of those students in the pilot.
Helping Others Regulate Emotion Predicts Increased Regulation of One’s Own Emotions and Decreased Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Doré Bruce P. , Morris Robert R. , Burr Daisy A. , Picard Rosalind W. , Ochsner Kevin N.
Published: March 2017

Although much research considers how individuals manage their own emotions, less is known about the emotional benefits of regulating the emotions of others. We examined this topic in a 3-week study of an online platform providing training and practice in the social regulation of emotion. We found that participants who engaged more by helping others (vs. sharing and receiving support for their own problems) showed greater decreases in depression, mediated by increased use of reappraisal in daily life. Moreover, social regulation messages with more other-focused language (i.e., second-person pronouns) were (a) more likely to elicit expressions of gratitude from recipients and (b) predictive of increased use of reappraisal over time for message composers, suggesting perspective-taking enhances the benefits of practicing social regulation. These findings unpack potential mechanisms of socially oriented training in emotion regulation and suggest that by helping others regulate, we may enhance our own regulatory skills and emotional well-being.