bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix) (Neur., Chrysopidae), prédateur potentiel du complexe méditerranéen des Chrysoperla Steinmann: premier essai de lutte biologique contre Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) sur melon en France méridionale
Authors: Malet J.‐C. , Noyer Ch. , Maisonneuve J.‐Ch. , Canard M.
Published: August 2009

Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix) (Neur., Chrysopidae), a potential predator of the Mediterranean Chrysoperla Steinmann complex: first experiment to control Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) on melon in France Chrysoperla lucasina is a Mediterranean element of the common green lacewing complex, belonging to the authors' Ch. carnea sensu lato. The non‐genitalic recognizing characters of the seven European Chrysoperla species are given in the table. A first experiment to control the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on melon was carried out in field crop in southern France. After an intended infestation with aphids at the end of May, Ch. lucasina was released as young second instar larvae during the first week of June, at the ratio of about 1:20. The aphid population increased slower in the biological treated plot, than in the control plot (chemical treatment). The pest threshold indicating the first insecticide treatment in commercial crops was only reached in the control (chemical) plot. Recording the natural enemies in the two plots showed that the impact of the predators was subsequently consistant enough in the biological plot to make the aphid population unnoxious. The parasitoids were numerous, mainly in the control (chemical) plot, but only at the end of the aphid outbreak, i.e. too late to play a direct beneficial role in crop protection.

Chrysoperla lucasina est l'un des éléments du complexe des chrysopes dites communes, appartenant donc à ce que les auteurs nomment jusqu'ici Ch. carnea sensu lato. Les caractères distinctifs, en dehors de ceux qui concernent les génitalia, sont donnés dans le tableau pour les sept espèces de Chrysoperla susceptibles d'être trouvées en Europe occidentale. Un essai de lutte biologique contre le puceron du coton Aphis gossypii a été effectué sur une culture de melon en plein champ dans le sud de la France. Après une infestation volontaire des plants par le puceron à la fin mai, un lâcher de larves de Ch. lucasina a été fait la première semaine de juin, lorsque ces larves étaient au début du deuxième stade, à une densité d'environ 1:20. La population aphidienne montre par la suite un accroissement plus faible dans le lot traité biologiquement que dans le lot de contrôle traité chimiquement. De cette façon, seul le lot biologique n'atteint pas le seuil de pucerons considéré comme limite dans le cadre des recommandations phytosanitaires professionnelles. Le dénombrement des ennemis naturels a montré par la suite que l'impact des prédateurs naturels fut suffisamment important pour maintenir les pucerons hors dégâááts. Les parasitoïdes ont été nombreux, spécialement dans le lot traité chimiquement; toutefois, ils se manifestent à la fin de la pullulation aphidienne, e'est‐à‐dire trop tard pour jouer un rôle bénéfique direct dans la protection de la culture.
Kulturelle Entomologie
Authors: Weidner H.
Published: August 2009

Abstract. Cultural Entomology: A new branch of entomology is presented. It is called cultural entomology and defined as investigation that addresses the influence of insects in the humans practice for the nourishment of the mind and soul, arts and humanities. The ethnoentomology is concerned with all forms of insect human interactions in so‐called primitive societies. It is not included but consideres applied entomology. This definition is discussed. A new journal for documentation and information is started of which two issues are published hitherto. The contributions to it are reported.

Ein neuer Zweig der Entomologie, die sogenannte ‘Kulturelle Entomologie’ wird vorgestellt. Sie ist definiert als Wissenschaft vom Einfluß der Insekten auf das kulturelle Leben des Menschen. Die ‘Ethnoentomologie’ ist kein Synonym für ‘Kulturelle Entomologie’ sondern ein Zweig von ihr. Sie befaßt sich mit allen Formen der Insekt/Mensch‐ Beziehungen in den sogenannten ‘primitive societies’. Diese Definition wird erörtert. Ende 1992 wurde eine neue zweimal jährlich erscheinende Zeitschrift ‘Digest Cultural Entomology’ zur Dokumentation und Information gegründet, von der bisher zwei Hefte erschienen. Ihre Beiträge werden erörtert.
Zum Einfluß stickstoffbelasteter Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris L.) auf den Entwicklungserfolg des Kiefernspanners (Bupalus piniarius L. [Lep.; Geometridae])
Authors: Kätzel R. , Möller K. , Schopf R.
Published: August 2009

The effect of nitrogen‐damaged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on the developmental success of the pine looper (Bupalus piniarius L. [Lep., Geometridae]): Along an ammonia‐input gradient, the predisposition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestristo the attack of the pine looper) (Bupalus piniarius) was investigated. Pine needles taken from three sites (A, B, C) at different distances (A = 100m, B = 800m, C = 2700m) from an ammonia source (pig fattening station) were fed to 3rd‐instar larvae of B. piniarius up to pupation. Biochemical analysis showed that the contents of total and soluble nitrogen, as well as of protein and soluble amino acids, increased in needles closer to the ammonia source (sites A, B). The concentrations of tannins, shikimate, quinate and soluble carbohydrates reached minimum levels near the ammonia source. Insect performance is not consistent with the prevalent ecophysiological hypothesis that high amounts of proteins and low levels of tannins in the food are beneficial for the development of needle‐eating insects. Larvae kept on twigs from sites A or B (high ammonia load) showed an increased mortality, prolonged larval development, and a lower growth rate, but pupal weights of the survivors were not significantly different from the control.

Unter Laborbedingungen wurde der Einfluß unterschiedlich stickstoffbelasteter Wirtspflanzen (Pinus sylvestris) auf den Entwicklungserfolg des Kiefernspanners (Bupalus piniarius) untersucht. Die Kiefernnadeln, die in drei unterschiedlichen Entfernungen zu einem Ammoniakemittenten (Schweinemastanlage) entnommen und den Raupen als Nahrung angeboten wurden, wiesen neben einer veränderten Nährelementkonstellation verminderte Gehalte an löslichen Kohlenhydraten und phenolischen Inhaltsstoffen sowie erhöhte Konzentrationen an freien und proteingebundenen Aminosäuren auf. Die gängigen ökopysiologischen Hypothesen, wonach hohe Protein‐ und niedrige Tanningehalte die Entwicklung phytophager Insekten begünstigen, werden nicht bestätigt. Die Larven des Kiefernspanners, die mit deutlich belasteten Nadeln ernährt wurden, entwickelten sich bei signifikant erhöhter Mortalitätsrate langsamer und mit geringerem Massezuwachs pro Zeit. Die Puppengewichte der überlebenden unterschieden sich jedoch nicht signifikant.
Ant fauna, pest damage and yield in relation to the density of weeds in coconut sites in Zanzibar, Tanzania
Authors: Rapp G. , Salum M. S.
Published: August 2009

The weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latr. attacks the coconut pest Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown. The big headed ant Pheidole megacephala Mayr is the most important enemy of O. longinoda. After the stop of weed control in a coconut site, the number of palms colonized by O. longinoda increased from 696 trees in April 1991 to 1776 palms in April 1992 because P. megacephala stopped attacking O. longinoda and started to forage on the weeds and bushes on the ground. From September 1991 until October 1992 60068 nuts were harvested. The control of P. megacephala with Amdro in a neighbouring plot of the same size was less effective because the initial colonization by O. longinoda in the plot was much lower. These palms produced 28 413 nuts less. It is concluded that reduced weed control can enhance O. longinoda.
Effect of sodium N‐methyldithiocarbamate with dimethyl‐sulfoxide on southern pine beetle (Col., Scolytidae) development: results of initial field tests1
Authors: Miller M. C. , Kinn D. N. , Parresol B. R.
Published: August 2009

Initial field tests on the effects of an aqueous formulation of sodium N‐methyldithiocarbamate (Vapam®2) and dimethyl‐sulfoxide treated trees on southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) brood production reveal that beetle emergence and ratios of increase are reduced in trees receiving 5.0 ml or more of the material per treatment site. Doses of 3.0 ml or less appear to increase brood production. Lesions produced in treated trees persist for several years and appear to have detrimental effects on beetle brood production even when colonization takes place up to 28 months after treatment. Although southern pine beetle brood is adversely affected by the treatment, there is little or no detrimental effect on total numbers of predators, parasitoids and other xylophilus insects.
Influence of neem seed extract on oviposition and mortality of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Col., Curculionidae) and Rhagoletis pomonella (Dip., Tephritidae) adults
Authors: Prokopy R. J. , Powers P. J.
Published: August 2009

In the laboratory and in a commercial apple orchard, the neem seed extract Margosan‐O was evaluated at a manufacturer‐recommended rate of 11 per 100 1 water for potential oviposition‐deterring and mortality effects against adults of 2 key orchard pests in eastern North America: plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), and apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). We found no evidence for either type of effect against either species.
Occurrence of holocyclic and anholocyclic populations of Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae (Hom., Aphididae) in the northeast of Spain
Authors: Pons X. , Comas J. , Albajes R.
Published: August 2009

A seven‐year study has been carried out in Lleida (NE Spain) to evaluate the relative occurrence of holocyclic and anholocyclic populations of Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae and how this may determine their population dynamics and the BYDV epidemiology. Winter cereal, forage cereals and cereal volunteers were sampled in autumn, winter and the beginning of spring using a D‐Vac. Alates were also monitored with a suction trap. A number of twigs of several species of Prunus sp. other than Prunus padus, which is absent from the region, were monitored for R. padi eggs and fundatrices. The following features were found: (1) low percentage of males caught in suction traps and D‐Vac samplings; (2) no sexual morphs or eggs of S. avenae were found on winter and forage cereals and volunteers; (3) no eggs and fundatrices of R. padi could be detected on possible alternative primary hosts; and (4) a wide presence and development of populations of both aphid species on cereals over the autumn and winter. These findings support the hypothesis that the anholocycle is the main overwintering strategy for R. padi and S. avenae. This would enhance the influence of winter conditions—mainly temperature and rainfall—on the yearly population dynamics of cereal aphids and on BYDV epidemiology.
Oviposition and larval growth of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Col., Bruchidae) in regard to host and non‐host plants from leguminosae family
Authors: Hamraoui A. , Regnault‐Roger C.
Published: August 2009

A comparative study involving several leguminosae species was done in order to learn if Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, bruchid of kidney bean (P. vulgaris L.), might reproduce upon originally non‐host plants. Seven species of Leguminosae which have an economic incidence in developing countries were selected: P. vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, Vicia faba, Lathyrus sativus, Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum and Glycine max. Oviposition, ovocytes in retention, larval penetration and larval growth were observed. The larval development (penetration and growth) has been experimented with on two kinds of pierced and intact seeds. A. obtectus appears to be very well adapted to it host plant, P. vulgaris, as reproudction is the highest. However, it could also develop upon the other seeds tested except Glycine max, in which no emergence occurred. Different degrees of inhibition of reproduction, including total ovarian production and larval growth, were noted upon the others. The role of tegument and ailelochemicals or components within cotyledon wheat were discussed.
Sex attractant and attractant inhibitors for Atethmia ambusta F. (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Subchev M. , Botar A. , Voerman S.
Published: August 2009

A sex attractant for Atethmia ambusta, a pest on apple and peach trees, was established in field tests. The blends of 1000 μg of Z7–14Ac and admixtures of 10, 100 and 1000 μg of Z5–14Ac respectively were almost equally attractive to the males of this species. Z7–12Ac and Z11–14Ac were found to be strong inhibitors of A. ambusta sex attractant.
Colour change in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orth., Cyrtacanthacridinae), induced by topical treatment with azadirachtin‐enriched neem oil in semi‐field trials in Benin at different population densities
Authors: Langewald J. , Schmutterer H.
Published: August 2009

Late second and early third gregarious nymphal instars of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål) were sprayed with enriched neem oil (0.2% and 0.4% azadirachtin/l diluant oil) at an application rate of 10 l/ha. A change of the colour from the black and yellow gregarious type to a pale yellow transient and a green solitary type was observed during the following 33 days. In the treated nymphs the proportion of pale yellow and green coloured hoppers was significantly higher than in the untreated control. The change of colour was less profound at high population density (500 individuals/cage) compared to low population density (150 individuals/cage). The proportion of nymphs withdamaged antennae and legs mainly as a consequence of the treatment was higher in green coloured hoppers compared to pale yellow transient and black and yellow gregarious hoppers.
Larval dispersion inChrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoriaandCochliomyia macellaria(Dipt., Calliphoridae)
Authors: Godoy W. A. C. , Fowler H. G. , von Zuben C. J. , Ziti L. , Ribeiro O. B.
Published: August 2009

Horizontal and vertical frequency distribution of larvae in three species of Calliphoridae were studied. Correlation between horizontal and vertical dispersion and larval size was also assessed. The experiment was monitored depositing vials with larvae at one end of a cardboard box covered with wood shavings.Chrysomya megacephalaandC. putoriareached 2.9 m from the starting portion of the box.Co. macellariareached only 2.0 m from the starting portion of the box. The majority of pupae of the three species were found at 4 and 5 cm depth from the surface of the box. Correlation coefficients between pupal size and horizontal and vertical migration were usually very low, and apparently no clear pattern emerges from this data set. This study revealed variation in the dispersion patterns although the twoChrysomyaspecies are more similar in their postfeeding larval behaviour compared toCo. macellaria.
Diet selection of three grasshopper species (Orth., Acrididae), in Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: Isern‐Vallverdú J. , Cuartas P. , Pedrocchi C.
Published: August 2009

The faeces content of grasshoppers (Stenobothrus stigmaticus, Omocestus haemorrhoidalis and S. nigromaculatus) living free‐range in three vegetal communities was analysed by microhistological techniques.

The grasshoppers' diet were compared with available vegetation and diet overlapping among three species was determined.

Monocotyl plants constituted from 92%‐100% of diet. Festuca gr. rubra was the species most selected by all grasshoppers in all areas we studied. Moreover, diet varies depending on plant communities. A high degree of diet overlapping was found. Importance of grasshoppes' diet in pasture dynamics is discussed.
Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of the limonoid toosendanin and Melia toosendan extracts on the variegated cutworm, Peridromasaucia (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Chen W. , Isman M. B. , Chiu S.‐F.
Published: August 2009

Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of toosendanin, a limonoid allelochemical from the bark of the trees Melia toosendan and M. azedarach, were determined for the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia, using different bioassays. Toosendanin significantly deterred feeding of 2nd and 4th instar larvae in diet choice and leaf disc choice bioassays, respectively. Refined bark extracts containing 60–75% toosendanin were less deterrent than the pure compound in both bioassays. However, the 60% extract significantly inhibited growth of neonate larvae in a dose‐dependent manner when incorporated into an artificial diet, with an EC50 (concentration reducing growth by 50% relative to controls) of 42.3 ppm at 7 days. Extracts containing 60% and 75% toosendanin were more inhibitory than equivalent amounts of pure toosendanin in this chronic growth bioassay, suggesting the presence of other minor constituents which must be significantly more inhibitory, though less deterrent to feeding, than toosendanin itself. Nutritional analyses of 4th instar larvae following both oral and topical administration of toosendanin or the 75% extract confirm that both materials possess a combination of antifeedant and growth inhibitory properties.
Study of underground Adoretus versutus Har. (Col., Scarabaeidae) populations in Vanuatu: detection of cohabitation with other white grubs
Authors: Beaudoin L. , Morin J. P. , Nguyen C. , Decazy B.
Published: August 2009

In the absence of any natural enemies, Adoretus versutus has become the biggest threat to cocoa plantations in Vanuatu since its accidental introduction. Its biological cycle, from the egg stage to adult emergence, takes place in the top few centimetres of soil, preferably in pastures and near the host plants on which the adults feed. Various samples taken for a study of larva population dynamics revealed that five types of white grubs were likely to cohabit. Their existence and identification have to be taken into account before any attempt is made at biological control of A. versutus.
Residence times of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hym., Aphelinidae) on tomato leaflets
Authors: van Roermund H. J. W. , van Lenteren J. C.
Published: August 2009

Individual Encarsia formosa parasitoids were observed continuously on either clean, honeydew‐contaminated or whitefly‐infested tomato leaflets until the parasitoids flew away. The residence time on clean leaflets was about 20 min at 20, 25 and 30°C, and was the same on infested leaflets when no hosts were encountered. Encounters with unparasitized and parasitized whitefly larvae, and contact with honeydew prolonged the residence time of the parasitoid on the leaflet. Even when many parasitized black whitefly pupae (unsuitable hosts) were encountered and rejected, the parasitoid was still arrested on that leaflet. Encarsia formosa's walking pattern seemed to be random, and parasitoids showed no preference for searching on the upper or lower leaf side when no hosts were encountered. There is also no preference for the edge or for the middle of a leaf. Walking and flight activity of the parasitoids was hardly observed at 15 and 18°C. Many parasitoids became inactive during periods when the barometric pressure decreased but did not when it was stable or increasing.
Variation du potentiel biotique de l'auxiliaire parasite Encarsia formosa G. (Hym., Aphelinidae) en fonction du stockage au froid 2. Du point de vue de la fecondite journaliere et de la longevite
Authors: Ganteaume A. , Tabone E. , Poinsot‐Balaguer N.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Variation in biotic potentialities of Encarsia formosa after black pupae cold storage 2. Variation in daily fecundity and longevity. Once the rates of hatching after cold storage had been tested, it was necessary to consider biotic potentialities of Encarsia formosa born from black pupae stored at low temperature. In spite of good rates of hatching, black pupae stored for 15 and 20 days at 9°C exhibited a reduction in the insects' biotic potentialities (daily fecundity and longevity). The addition of sugar providing energy during the hatching of the parasite palliates the injurious effect of the cold but the length of storage is still limited. The study shows that, on the one hand, minor variations in biotic potentialities exist due to differences in, for example, photoperiod, but that on the other hand, the stress due to the cold storage removes this variation.

Après avoir testé le pourcentage d'éclosion d'Encarsia formosa en fonction des paramètres températures el durées de stockage an froid. l'examen des potentialités biotiques des auxiliaires issus de pupes noires stockées a basse température s'imposait. Malgré des taux d'émergence performanls. le stockage des pupes 15 et 20 jours à 9° C perturbe le potentiel biotique (fécondité journalière et longevité) de l'inseete. L'ajout de sucre (substance énergétique) dès l'éclosion des parasites pallie l'effet nocif du froid mais la durée de stockage reste limitée. Il ressort de plus de cette étude, d'une part qu'il existe une variation du potentiel biotique selon les lots de parasites utilises (la photopénode apparaissant comme le principal facteur de ce changement) et d'autre part que le stress dû an froid aplanit cette variation.
Development of a bioassay method for the selection of entomopathogenic fungi virulent to the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)
Authors: Prior C. , Carey M. , Abraham Y. J. , Moore D. , Bateman R. P.
Published: August 2009

An inoculation technique was developed to assay isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, mainly Metarhizium spp., against the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Both sexes can be used and neither feeding nor maintenance of a high humidity is necessary. Assays were routinely conducted at 35% relative humidity and 30°C. The technique uses a dose of 2–5 μl conidial suspension formulated in vegetable oil, which is applied with a micropipette or an automatic applicator beneath the dorsal pronotal shield of an adult locust 7–10 days post‐fledging. The speed of kill is dose dependent; at a dose of 3.75 × 105 conidia/g body weight (7.5 × 105 conidia/insect) chosen as a standard, locusts began dying 4 days post application. Several vegetable oils were suitable as diluents for the conidial suspensions, but neem was toxic to the insects. After inoculation, locusts had to be maintained in individual boxes. If inoculated and uninoculated insects were placed in close proximity immediately after inoculation with an oil suspension of conidia, the uninoculated insects succumbed to infection 2–3 days later than the inoculated ones, indicating transfer of inoculum.
Bark beetle (Col., Scolytidae) communities and host and site factors on tree level in Norway spruce primeval natural forest
Authors: Jakuš R.
Published: August 2009

Bark beetle infestations on tree level in spruce primeval natural forest in the ‘Pol'ana nad Detvou’ natural reserve in Central Slovakia were classified into communities of Hylurgops palliatus/H. glabratus, Dryocoetes hectogaphus, Ips typographus, Xylechinus pilosus, Polygraphus polygraphus and Xyloterus lineatum/Ips typographus. Effects of host and site factors in separating the bark beetle communities were quantitatively evaluated. Cluster and discriminant analyses were used. The relative influence of each factor for community separation varied among communities. The most important factors were the state of the material, canopy closure and the stage of the primeval natural forest. Dimension, stage of decay, elevation, exposure, soil acidity, potential forest vegetation type and the year of succession had statistically significant effects.
Rearing of Pseudacteon spp. (Dipt., Phoridae), parasitoids of fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) (Hym., Formicidae)
Authors: Pesquero M. A. , Porter S. D. , Fowler H. G. , Campiolo S.
Published: August 2009

After exposure of Solenopsis saevissima colonies maintained in plastic trays to phorid attack in the field, and subsequent transfer of colonies to covered plastic buckets, we confirmed that P. wasmanni and P. litoralis are indeed parasitoids of fire ant workers. The period from attack to emergence of phorid adults ranged from 35 to 46 days. Adult phorids were maintained live in glass vials with sugar water as a food source for 5 days. These results indicate that Pseudaceton can be reared for biological control release programs with minimal difficulty. Furthermore, parasitized workers could be easily transferred from South America to quarantine laboratories within the egg to adult emergence time period.
Host specificity of Larinus minutus Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae), an agent introduced for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America
Authors: Jordan K.
Published: August 2009

The host specificity of the European seed‐head weevil Larinus minutus was investigated between 1985 and 1989 as a potential biocontrol agent of Centaurea maculosa and C. diffusa in North America. The results of adult feeding, oviposition and larval development tests with 44, 47 and 72 plant species, respectively, in nine families demonstrate its limited host range with a preference for Centaurea species in the subgenera Acrolophus, Calcitrapa and Jacea. L. minutus accepted and developed normally in the North American biotypes of both, spotted and diffuse knapweed, and was therefore recommended for introduction into the USA and Canada. Since its approval in 1991, it has been established at some field release sites.
Production of Agrotis segetum granulosis virus in different larval instars of A. segetum (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Vargas‐Osuna E. , Carranza P. , Aldebis H. K. , Santiago‐Alvarez C.
Published: August 2009

Virus yields from Agrotis segetum larvae infected in the third, fourth and fifth instar with an A. segetum granulosis virus (AsGV) were determined in terms of numbers of inclusion bodies. The number of inclusion bodies produced per larva was found to be inversely related to the instar of inoculated larvae. A greater yield of virus was obtained from larvae that had moulted after ingestion of virus inoculum than from those which died without moulting. Female larvae produced more virus than male larvae. The viruses obtained from third and fourth instar larvae had the highest regression line slopes with significant differences with respect to original inoculum. In general, the viral products were more virulent than the original inoculum but the differences were significant for viruses produced in larvae that died in the inoculation instar. The virus obtained from fifth instar larvae showed a significantly higher virulence when it was produced in male rather than female larvae.
Activity of several IGRs against Nezara viridula (L) (Hem., Pentatomidae) eggs
Authors: Canela R. , Eizaguirre M. , Arquerons X. , Estrada J.
Published: August 2009

Concentrations of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 μg/ml of fenoxycarb, and 10, 5 and 1 μg/ml of other IGR products were applied topically to eggs of Nezara viridula.The effects of the treatment and concentration on egg hatching were studied comparatively for each product. Whereas at 10 μg/ml all compounds almost presented 100% of mortality, at lower concentrations most of them lost their activity. Fenoxycarb among all the IGR tested was the most active compound producing 81% mortality of 0.1 μg/ml concentration.
Influence of the measurement unit of populations in density dependent fecundity studies of the predatory mite Amblyseius aberrans (Oud.) (Acarina, Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Malison M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: A population of the predatory mite Amblyseius aberras (Oud.) (Acarina, Phytoseiidae) was reared on Vitis vinifera var. Perera plants in the absence of prey. During summer 1993 samples of leaves were collected on 29 different dates. The number of phytoseiids per leaf was positively correlated with the leaf area. The regression coefficient between the variables is significantly different from zero. Nevertheless, when population density is indicated as mites/leaf, the error is too small to affect analysis of data. During the season the growth rate of populations fluctuated between −0.15 and +0.57 mites/mite × day. The ovipositional rate assumed values between 0.005 and 0.17 eggs/female × day. The unit of measurement employed to represent the population density appeared to be relevant in some biological studies. The increase in the number of adults per cm2 of leaf surface is correlated with a decrease in the ratios juvenile/adults and eggs/adults suggesting the existence of a self‐regulating mechanism of fecundity or survival in A. aberrans.
The effect of host tree on the natural enemy complex of Ips typographus japonicus Niijima (Col., Scolytidae) in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Lawson S. A. , Furuta K. , Katagiri K.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The effect of host tree on the ecology of the insect natural enemy complex of Ips typographus was investigated. Tree species was found to influence parasitoid composition and abundance, with pteromalids being more abundant in Picea jezoensis than in P. abies. Within trees, bark texture had a significant influence on pteromalid density with higher densities occurring in smooth bark. Bark hardness was also shown to affect density of both pteromalid and braconid parasitoids. Pteromalid parasitoids were found to respond density dependently to host density. Predators showed no consistent response to host tree. Only the clerid predator Thanasimus substratus showed a density‐dependent response to prey density. A predatory dolichopodid fly, Medetera sp., was shown to be a significant mortality factor for Ips typographus larvae. These results are compared to those of previous studies and their relevance to biological control commented upon.
Parasitism of egg‐batches of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) in various regions of Bulgaria1
Authors: Tsankov G. , Schmidt G. H. , Mirchev P.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: In forests of Pinus nigra Arn. 147 egg‐batches of T. pityocampa were collected at different locations in Bulgaria in September‐October 1991 and March and June 1992. Directly after collection all batches were put singly into test tubes with cotton stoppers and stored under laboratory conditions at 20–22°C. Oviposition always started from the base towards the top of the needle. The emergence of egg parasitoids were controlled almost daily and they were counted and identified. The eggs from which parasitoids emerged were marked for further studies. After removing the scales and opening the eggs, the impact of the parasitoid species was evaluated by their meconia and remains.

Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet) was observed as the most abundant egg parasitoid, followed by Anastatus bifasciatus (Fonsc.) and Baryscapus servadeii (Dom.). The hyperparasitoid, Baryscapus transversalis Graham was recorded for the first time in Bulgaria and the polyphagous species Macroneura vesicularis (Retzius) was collected in Bulgaria for the first time from an egg‐batch of T. pityocampa. Trichogramma sp. was obtained in small amounts, too. Total mortality of host eggs varied from 34% to 48%; the mortality rate due to parasitism was 24.5% to 38.9%.

The emergence dynamics of the egg parasitoids was studied under laboratory conditions, and the distribution of the egg parasitoids in the egg‐batches was recorded in detail. Additionally, the structure of the meconia of A. bifasciatus and M. vesicularis was described.
Bedeutung von Sexualpheromonen und Licht für Flugaktivität und Attraktion männlicher Fichtengespinstblattwespen Cephalcia abietis L. (Hym., Pamphiliidae)
Authors: Gruppe A. , Nißlein R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Significance of sexual pheromones and light for flight activity and attraction of the male spruce web‐spinning sawfly Cephalcia abietis L. (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae): The existence of sexual pheromones in C. abietis was shown in field experiments. The highest number of males were caught by traps baited with virgin females. Less‐attractive baits used mated females and males. In all baits without virgin females, the number of caught males correlated significantly with light intensity. The results are discussed with respect to a reaction chain with highly volatile substances as longdistance sexual pheromones and optical stimuli, or less volatile substances for close‐up attraction.
New host records and notes on Bruchidae (Coleoptera) from Leucaena Benth. (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from Mexico, Central and South America
Authors: Hughes C. E. , Johnson C. D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Twenty‐five new Leucaena host records for five species of Acanthoscelides are reported and discussed in relation to previous reports on bruchid‐host interactions for Leucaena. The ubiquitous occurrence of five Acanthoscelides species feeding on seeds of a wide range of Leucaena species is revealed and discussed in relation to the indigenous domestication of Leucaena in Mexico.
The effect of grain size on the biology of Sitophilus granarius L. (Col., Curculionidae). I. Oviposition, distribution of eggs and adult emergence
Authors: Stejskal V. , Kučerová Z.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The oviposition and rate of emergence of Sitophilus granarius in two extreme sizes of wheat kernels was studied under 4 levels of population density. The behaviour of S. granarius was considered to be maladaptive, as in all tested population densities the zero level of aggregation was never recorded. With increasing number of grains available the aggregation of eggs decreased. In the mixed‐size samples large kernels were infested more frequently than small. However, the ratio of eggs laid on large versus small kernels was positively density dependent. In higher population densities, a higher load of eggs and adults per gramme of small grains was recorded. The importance of grain size, and of oviposition, in internally feeding granivores is discussed.
Non‐target effect of sprays to control California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii [Maskell], Hom., Diaspididae) on citrus red mite (Panonychus citri [McGregor], Acari, Tetranychidae)
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Five insecticides used to control California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), were evaluated in the field for their effect on California red scale and the non‐target pest, citrus red mite (Panonychus citri [McGregor]). Carbaryl, methidathion, parathion and chlorpyrifos were very effective against California red scale. NR 415 petroleum spray oil was less effective against California red scale than the organophosphates and carbamate. Carbaryl, methidathion and parathion caused an increase in citrus red mite population in both years of study. Chlorpyrifos caused an increase in citrus red mite population in one out of two years but did not result in as high an increase of citrus red mite numbers as did methidathion, parathion and carbaryl. Citrus red mite densities in the NR 415 petroleum oil treatments were as low or lower than in the untreated controls.
Influence of the spatial distribution pattern of prey among patches and spatial coincidence on the functional and numerical response of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina, Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Ryoo M. I.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: In a model system composed of 16 leaf disks (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) distributed uniformly in an arena (50 × 50 cm), the influence of both the spatial dispersion pattern of prey (eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch) and the transit time of the predator between patches (leaf disks) on the overall functional and numerical response of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot was studied. Regardless of the pattern of the prey and the transit time of the predator, the functional response curves showed the response type 2. The handling time of the predator became significantly longer when the prey was in contagious pattern than in uniform pattern (1.52‐1.60 versus 0.68‐0.90 h). The number of prey consumed and the number of eggs laid per female P. persimilis decreased significantly at the initial prey density, which was more than 20 per patch. When the transit time of the predator was long, the effects of coincidence between predator and prey on both the number of prey and the number of eggs of the predator were significant. Low degree of spatial coincidence merely reduced the number of prey consumed and the number of eggs laid per predator. The number of eggs per predator was not related to the prey density at this condition. Based on these results, it was suggested that a density‐dependent dispersion pattern of prey and coincidence can determine the overall functional response type of the predator in a complex system consisting of many heterogenous patches, such as in fields, and that the prey density‐dependent functional response of the predator could be possible.
Some survival adaptations of gall‐inducing midges (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae)*
Authors: Skuhravý V. , Skuhravá M. , Brewer J. W.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Survival of gall midge populations depends on many variables, but unfavourable climatic and environmental factors are particularly important for these fragile insects. Like most animal groups, gall midges have a number of adaptations that enhance the chances of survival of the population, but not necessarily individuals. In this paper we present examples of some of the adaptations that have occurred in the gall midges based on our own previous work in the field and laboratory and that of other researchers.
Effects of the repellent polygodial on stylet penetration behaviour and non‐persistent transmission of plant viruses by aphids
Authors: Powell G. , Hardie J. , Pickett J. A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Behavioural effects of the plant‐derived repellent polygodial were investigated by video recording aphids during access to potato virus Y (PVY) or cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infected tobacco leaf material. Stylet penetration of floating leaf discs, assessed using antennal and body movements as behavioural markers, was significantly delayed by polygodial treatment of the leaf surface. This delay may help account for a previously reported reduction of virus transmission caused by polygodial, although the majority (77%) of aphids on polygodial‐treated leaf areas penetrated within the first minute, compared with 100% on solvent‐treated areas. Neither the duration of stylet penetrations, nor subsequent transmission of PVY or CMV, were affected by the presence of polygodial on virus‐infected plants. Electrical recording of stylet activities confirmed that aphid stylets punctured plant cell membranes, regardless of polygodial treatment of PVY‐infected plants.
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae): relationship between captures in pheromone traps and egg counts in tomato and carnation crops
Authors: Izquierdo J. I.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The use of pheromone traps to forecast Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) egg density on tomato and carnation crops on the coast of Catalonia is analyzed. Maximum egg densities were in July and September for tomato and carnation respectively. Host selection throughout the campaign explains these differences. Phenology and the situation of the alternative host in the zone are important for the interpretation of egg densities on a specific crop. Positive correlation between egg densities and pheromone catches have been found for tomato and carnation. The use of phenological or time parameters in the predictive models is basic to improve their adjustment. The accuracy of the predictions is debatable.
Regionally‐specific bioactivity of two new pheromones for Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Borden J. H. , Gries G. , Chong L. J. , Werner R. A. , Holsten E. H. , Wieser H. , Dixon E. A. , Cerezke H. F.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: 1‐Methyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐ol (MCOL) was shown for the first time to occur in the frass produced by female spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby). MCOL and 4‐methylene‐6,6‐dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept‐2‐ene (verbenene) were evaluated in five geographic locations for attractiveness to spruce beetles. In trapping experiments (±)‐ or (+)‐ MCOL enhanced attraction to a standard blend of α‐pinene with frontalin in two Alaska locations. (+)‐MCOL was attractive and (‐)‐MCOL inhibitory in south‐central British Columbia, and (+)‐, (‐)‐ and (±)‐MCOL were all weakly attractive in one of three experiments in southeastern British Columbia and northern Alberta. Verbenene was attractive only in combination with the standard blend plus MCOL in Alaska. In comparison with the standard bait, tree baits incorporating (±)‐ or (+)‐MCOL caused higher numbers of trees to be attacked in the interior Alaska locations and (+)‐ MCOL had the same effect in south‐central British Columbia. Density of attack on attacked trees was unaffected. (±)‐ or (+)‐MCOL could improve the operational efficacy of tree baits in Alaska, and (+)‐MCOL could be used in south‐central British Columbia. Our results indicate that for wide‐ranging scolytid species, operational evaluation of new semiochemicals should be regionally specific.
Diurnal and dose responses of male Chinese larch casebearer, Coleophora sinensis Yang (Lep., Coleophoridae) to synthetic sex‐attractant
Authors: Zhang Q.‐H. , Priesner E. , Chen G.‐F. , Chen Q.‐C. , Zhao G.‐L.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Field experiments on the Chinese larch casebearer, Coleophora sinensis Yang, with special reference to diel and dose responses of males to its sex‐attractant (Z5‐10:OH) in the Larix principis‐rupprechtii Mayr. plantations in Shanxi province of China were carried out from 1992 to 1993. Trap captures increased with a raise in the Z5‐10:OH dose up to 100 μg, at all the sites tested. They did not significantly differ for the 100 μg, 500 μg and 1000 μg doses in sticky traps (1992) and decreased obviously when the dose increased from 100 μg up to 1000 μg in non‐sticky Unitraps (1993). Thus, 100 μg Z5‐10:OH was accordingly defined as an optimal (standard) lure for C. sinensis. Seasonal flight activity, including flight initiation, duration, termination as well as the peak, as monitored by pheromone traps varied with altitudes of the sites where the field experiments took place. Trapping test using 100 μg and 1000 μg Z5‐10:OH revealed a daytime attraction response pattern occurring from 06:00 h to 20:00–21:00 h with response peaks recorded at 10:00–12:00 h (minor) and 17:00–20:00 h (major). Additionally, the significant effects of Z5‐10:Ac, and Z5‐12:OH, as attraction‐inhibitors were again clearly confirmed in the field using non‐sticky Unitraps.
Periodicity of activity and sexual response of adult Ephestia cautella (Walk.) (Lep., Phycitidae)
Authors: Quartey G. K. , Coaker T. H.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Pheromone‐mediated behavioural responses of adult Ephestia cautella (Walk.) and Plodia interpunctella (Hbn.) showed a bi‐modal rhythm of flight activity with the main peak 5–6 h after dark and the second 1–3 h before the start of the light phase. Male attraction to a synthetic pheromone occurred over a longer period than the diurnal flight activity. Calling females aggregated on the ceiling perimeter and upper walls of a CT room, and at high moth densities male E. cautella restricted their search to the lower walls and floor, whereas at low moth densities they flew towards the females. At high moth densities, calling females increased male activity but suppressed mating.
Effects of chinaberry fruit extract on feeding, growth and fecundity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Yponomeutidae)
Authors: Chen C. C. , Chang S. J. , Cheng L. L. , Hou R. F.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Effects of chinaberry fruit extracts on larval mortality, feeding inhibition and reproduction of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., were investigated by feeding DBM larvae on treated leaves or seedlings. These extracts were found to be toxic to DBM larvae. The larvae usually died from failure in molting. The developmental growth rates and the food consumption were also reduced at concentrations of 2.0 and 4.0%. Chinaberry extracts reduced pupal weight, adult emergence and longevity in a dose‐dependent manner when newly hatched larvae were continuously reared on treated rape seedlings at concentrations of 0.05% or above. Fecundity of the resulting females from the larvae treated with 0.5% extract was also reduced, while the egg hatch was not affected. However, the extracts significantly decreased egg hatch when the eggs were dipped directly into test solutions at 1.0% or above.
The role of parasitism in the population dynamics of the bark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Col., Scolytidae) on European olives (Olea europaea)
Authors: Lozano C. , Campos M. , Kidd N.A.C. , Jervis M.A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Mortality from parasitism and intraspecific larval competition was measured on a spatial scale for the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, in cut logs within a Spanish olive orchard. Mortality due to parasitism was inversely density‐dependent, whilst that due to competition was directly density‐dependent. The consequences of these mortality effects of parasitoid and host population dynamics were investigated using a simple population model. In the absence of parasitism, the beetle population stabilized at around three reproducing females per 10 cm2 of olive log surface. Using Roger's random parasite equation to model the parasitoid‐host interaction, the effects of parasitism were to destabilize an otherwise stable interaction. The limitations of the model in its current from are discussed in detail. Suggestions are also made for future improvements to the model including the incorporation of spatial heterogeneity in parasitism.
Biological studies on Monorthochaeta nigra Blood & Kryger (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) as egg parasitoid on the tortoise beetle, Cassida vittata Vill. (Col., Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Awadalla S. S.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the relationship between the egg parasitoid, Monorthochaeta nigra, and its host, Cassida vittata. The results indicated that the number of eggs deposited per female and the percentage of parasitism decreased as host egg density increased. When the parasitoids were reared under laboratory conditions, the results obtained indicated that increasing temperature (from 20 to 25 then to 30°C) had a negative effect on the oviposition period, post‐oviposition period, adult longevity for males and females, the number of deposited eggs, the percentage of parasitism and the number of emerged parasitoids or successful parasitism. However, the longest oviposition period (4.4 ± 0.9 days), post‐oviposition period (5.8 ± 1.5 days), and longevity (9.2 ± 0.9 and 10.0 ± 1.9 days for males and females, respectively), the highest number of deposited eggs (76.0 ± 14.1 egg/female), and the highest number of emerged parasitoids or the successful parasitism (67.6 ± 11.1/female or 89%) were recorded for parasitoids reared under the lowest tested temperature (20°C).