bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel technique for enterotomy closure in stapled laparoscopic intracorporeal anastomosis
Authors: di Saverio S. , Birindelli A. , Segalini E. , Todero S. , Botusan R. A. , Novello M. , Kwan S. , Biondi A.
Published: August 2017

Aim

The proximal edge of the enterotomy in a side‐to‐side anastomosis has been shown to be the site at highest risk of leakage. Several methods have been described to overcome this vulnerability. The technical challenge of intra‐corporeal anastomosis (ICA) is to re‐create angles between tissues and instruments, similar to those in an open anastomosis. The axis between the suture line and the needle driver is paramount and this angle should be < 45°.

Method

The crotch stitch of the enterotomy is difficult because of the narrow space between the loops and the depth of the anastomosis. The usual technique is suturing right‐handed, ‘out–in and in–out’, colonic edge first to small bowel. The risk of suture misplacement (e.g. ‘out–in/out–in’ or ‘out–out’) is similar to open procedures but laparoscopically the second bite is challenging, due to the straight needle‐driver. This may lead to asymmetrical closure of the corner resulting in a slightly larger angle on the bowel side and a potential postoperative leak/fistula. Rotating the small bowel loop to counterbalance this issue, risks tearing of the staple line. The rationale is that starting with a back‐handed stitch and taking the small bowel edge first would allow the necessary acute angled bite to be achieved. Subsequently, mounting the needle right‐handed for taking the colonic edge also allows achievement of an acute angled bite.

Results

Our novel technique, named the ‘back‐handed, left‐to‐right stitch’ technique, is intended to achieve symmetrical approximation of the ileal and colonic edges during laparoscopy, with an optimal closure of the deepest extremity of the enterotomy. Such a stitch, used in a series of 10 patients, may be useful to avoid leaving an opening within this angle and/or to avoid potential technical pitfalls when closing the deepest apex of the enterotomy.

Conclusion

This ‘back‐handed, left‐to‐right’ stitch described here allows a properly angled closure of the proximal edge of the enterotomy and a safe approximation of the corner of the enterotomy in a side‐to‐side ICA.
Immune roles of dendritic cells in stem cell transplantation
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Liao Wenwei , Liu Furong , Zhu Xiaofeng , He Xiaoshun , Hu Anbin
Published: August 2017

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells and initial stimulators for immune response. DCs can shape their functions based on their immune states, which are crucial for the balance of immunity and tolerance to preserve homeostasis. In the immune response involved in stem cell transplantation, DCs also play important roles in inducing immune tolerance and antitumor immunity. After the rapid development of stem cell transplantation technology in recent years, the risks of graft rejection, tumor recurrence, and tumorigenicity are still present after stem cell transplantation. It is important to understand the mechanisms of DC‐mediated immune tolerance and stimulation during stem cell transplantation. In this review, we will summarize and analyze the regulatory mechanisms of DCs in stem cell transplantation and their application in clinical settings. It may help to promote the innovation in basic theories and therapeutic approaches of stem cell transplantation.
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs increase the risk of mucosal injuries but not of overt small bowel bleeding
Authors: Tontini Gian Eugenio , Neumann Helmut
Published: August 2017

This Editorial refers to the article by R. Niikura, p79-89 of this issue.
Ralstonia solanacearum decreases volumetric growth of trees and yield of kraft cellulose of Eucalyptus spp.
Authors: Ferreira M. A. , Mafia R. G. , Alfenas A. C.
Published: August 2017

Ralstonia solanacearum is currently one of the most important plant pathogenic bacteria worldwide, with a wide geographical distribution and host diversity. The pathogen infects more than 200 plant species belonging to approximately 50 plant families, including Eucalyptus spp. Although, high losses have been reported in nurseries, little is known on the negative impact of the disease in the field. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of R. solanacearum and its effect on volumetric growth and cellulose yield of discoloured wood chips obtained from infected trees of one clone of Eucalyptus urophylla and two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis. The average incidence of bacterial wilt ranged between 60.6% and 72.4%. Volumetric growth of infected trees disease decreased 78.6% and 81.7% at 18 and 30 months, respectively. The pulp screen yield of three clones decreased between 3.2 and 6.4%, with an average 4.3%. The results of this work provide useful information on the losses of volumetric growth and pulp yield of eucalypt caused by R. solanacearum.
Early intervention for bipolar disorder in adolescents: A psychosocial perspective
Authors: McAulay Claire , Mond Jonathan , Touyz Stephen
Published: August 2017

Aim

Early intervention in bipolar disorder (BD) has received increasing attention in recent years. The identification of risk factors has improved, but researchers continue to struggle to find an effective treatment once the illness has become established. The aetiology of BD and feasibility of early intervention present a challenge, making it difficult to decide who to target, as well as how.

Methods

This essay seeks to address the lack of guidance for managing patients with a possible emerging bipolar illness, by presenting a rough roadmap to psychological care. The psychological techniques currently showing the most potential for this challenging group are reviewed. Markers of risk and supplementary clinical targets, such as anxiety and sleep disruption, are also discussed.

Results

While research in this group remains in its infancy, various avenues of enquiry show promise, such as family‐based approaches, CBT that targets features beyond the core illness, psychoeducation, and interventions that consider physical health. However, clearer pathways for establishing the course and stage of the illness are required to inform the intensity and type of treatment.

Conclusion

It is argued that treating early, indistinct symptoms of psychological distress, that may or may not signify prodromal BD, is valuable beyond its utility as an early intervention tool, as it has the capacity to improve help‐seeking behaviour, quality of life and the likelihood of functional recovery in those who go on to develop the illness as adults.
Clinical relevance of abnormal neuroimaging findings and long‐term risk of stroke recurrence
Authors: Nam K.‐W. , Kwon H.‐M. , Lim J.‐S. , Han M.‐K. , Lee Y.‐S.
Published: August 2017

Background and purpose

Previous studies have revealed that the predictors of short‐ and long‐term stroke recurrence are different. We designed a comprehensive stroke recurrence (CSR) model, composed of demographic, clinical and radiological findings, to predict long‐term ischaemic stroke recurrences.

Methods

We retrospectively collected the derivation cohort from consecutive patients with first‐ever ischaemic stroke within 7 days of symptom onset. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between 2‐year recurrence and demographic, clinical and neuroradiological factors. The CSR score was calculated by adding the integer value of independent predictors that was derived from the β‐coefficient in the multivariable analysis. To qualify the model, we analyzed the receiver operating characteristics curve. We assessed internal validation with bootstrap methods and assessed external validation with another independent cohort.

Results

A total of 958 patients were enrolled, and 63 patients had recurrent strokes during the follow‐up periods. The rate of stroke recurrence was 7.0% at 2 years. In the multivariable analysis, multiple stage lesions, isolated cortical lesions on diffusion‐weighted imaging, severe white matter hyperintensities, multiple lacunar infarctions and relevant arterial stenosis were independently associated with stroke recurrence. The CSR model showed good discrimination [area under the curve (AUC), 0.81 (0.74–0.88)], which was consistent with internal [AUC, 0.75 (0.66–0.85)] and external [AUC, 0.80 (0.69–0.90)] validation.

Conclusions

Abnormal neuroimaging findings, rather than cardiovascular risk factors, are predictive of long‐term ischaemic stroke recurrence. Causative mechanism of stroke and underlying hostile brain milieu seem to be associated with long‐term stroke recurrence.
Guided bone regeneration: materials and biological mechanisms revisited
Authors: Elgali Ibrahim , Omar Omar , Dahlin Christer , Thomsen Peter
Published: August 2017

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is commonly used in combination with the installment of titanium implants. The application of a membrane to exclude non‐osteogenic tissues from interfering with bone regeneration is a key principle ofGBR. Membrane materials possess a number of properties which are amenable to modification. A large number of membranes have been introduced for experimental and clinical verification. This prompts the need for an update on membrane properties and the biological outcomes, as well as a critical assessment of the biological mechanisms governing bone regeneration in defects covered by membranes. The relevant literature for this narrative review was assessed after aMEDLINE/PubMed database search. Experimental data suggest that different modifications of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of membranes may promote bone regeneration. Nevertheless, the precise role of membrane porosities for the barrier function ofGBRmembranes still awaits elucidation. Novel experimental findings also suggest an active role of the membrane compartment per se in promoting the regenerative processes in the underlying defect duringGBR, instead of being purely a passive barrier. The optimization of membrane materials by systematically addressing both the barrier and the bioactive properties is an important strategy in this field of research.
Treatment with lacosamide impedes generalized seizures in a rodent model of cortical dysplasia
Authors: Nemes Ashley D. , O'Dwyer Rebecca , Najm Imad M. , Ying Zhong , Gonzalez‐Martinez Jorge , Alexopoulos Andreas V.
Published: August 2017

Objective

Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder resulting in spontaneous, recurrent seizures. About 30–40% of patients are not responsive to pharmacologic therapies. This may be due to the differences between individual patients such as etiology, underlying pathophysiology, and seizure focus, and it highlights the importance of new drug discovery and testing in this field. Our goal was to determine the efficacy of lacosamide (LCM), a drug approved for the treatment of focal seizures, in a model of generalized epilepsy with cortical dysplasia (CD). We sought to compare LCM to levetiracetam (LEV), a drug that is currently used for the treatment of both partial and generalized epilepsy and to test its proficiency.

Methods

Pregnant rats were irradiated to produce pups with malformed cortices in a model of CD, which will be referred to as the “first hit.” Adult animals, developed normally (NL) and irradiated (XRT), were surgically implanted with electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes. Baseline EEG was recorded on all rats prior to pretreatments with either LCM, LEV, or placebo (PBO). After 30 min, all rats were injected with a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA) antagonist used to provoke generalized seizures as a “second hit.”

Results

LCM and LEV were both effective against seizures induced by PTZ. XRT rats had a higher seizure incidence with longer and more severe seizures than NL rats. Seizure duration was decreased with both LCM and LEV in all animals. In XRT rats, there was a significant reduction in acute seizure incidence and severity with both LCM and LEV after PTZ injection.

Significance

Our results suggest that LCM could be used as a potential treatment option for generalized epilepsy with CD as the underlying pathology.
How to perform ovariectomy through a colpotomy
Authors: Prado T. , Schumacher J.
Published: August 2017

Bilateral ovariectomy of mares is performed most commonly to eliminate or diminish unwanted behaviour, create a teaser mare, sterilise a mare so that it can be registered in its breed association, or produce a recipient mare for embryo transfer. A practical technique of bilateral ovariectomy that can be easily performed without the mare sedated and without a surgical facility is ovariectomy through a colpotomy. Ovariectomy through a colpotomy is less expensive than ovariectomy using other approaches because it is performed with the mare standing, can be performed quickly and the only specialised instrument required is a chain écraseur. Complications of ovariectomy performed through a colpotomy are uncommon when the mare is correctly prepared for the procedure and when proper precautions are taken during and after the procedure.
Towards the development of a RNAi‐based topical treatment for psoriasis: Proof‐of‐concept in a 3D psoriasis skin model
Authors: Desmet Eline , Van Gele Mireille , Grine Lynda , Remaut Katrien , Lambert Jo
Published: August 2017

Abstract

RNA interference has emerged as a powerful tool for therapeutic gene silencing, as it offers the possibility to silence virtually any known pathology‐causing gene. However, in vivo delivery of RNAi molecules is hampered by their unfavourable physicochemical characteristics and susceptibility to degradation by endogenous enzymes. To overcome these limitations, we recently developed an elastic liposomal formulation, called DDC642, as topical delivery system of therapeutic RNAi molecules for skin disorders. In this study, we validated the therapeutic efficacy of DDC642‐encapsulated RNAi molecules in the treatment of psoriasis using 3 different in vitro models: a standardized keratinocyte monolayer culture, psoriasis‐induced keratinocytes and a psoriasis‐reconstructed skin model. Four genes (IL22RA1, KRT17, DEFB4 and TSLP), known to be upregulated in psoriatic lesions, and thereby key players in psoriasis pathogenesis were selected. Moreover, the possibility of using a combined siRNA therapy in the topical treatment of psoriasis was explored. Results indicate a successful gene silencing of each different target, both at mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, siRNA‐DDC642 treatment resulted in a reduced expression of specific psoriasis markers, indicating their potential in future therapeutic approach. The examined siRNA combination (ie simultaneous knockdown of KRT17, DEFB4 and TSLP) showed an enhanced reduction in TSLP expression, whereas the decrease in K17 protein expression was impaired in psoriatic keratinocytes. Although the here examined siRNA combination could still be further improved, our study proved already in vitro the clinical potential of targeting multiple genes at once, each playing a different role in a complex disease such as psoriasis.
In vitro and in vivo models to investigate the pathomechanisms and novel treatments for pemphigoid diseases
Authors: Bieber Katja , Koga Hiroshi , Nishie Wataru
Published: August 2017

Pemphigoid diseases (PD) are a subgroup of rare acute or chronic autoimmune skin disorders characterized and caused by autoantibodies directed against distinct structural components of the dermal‐epidermal junction. Binding of autoantibodies to their targets leads to the formation of blisters and erosions in patients.PDs comprise eight disorders for which the molecular target antigens have been identified. First, we review the available in vitro and ex vivo models for analysis of distinct aspects of the pathogenesis ofPDs. This includes the binding of autoantibodies to skin sections, the analysis of blister formation capability and skin complement activation as well as investigation of neutrophil and keratinocyte activation. In addition to this, several animal models ofPDhave been developed during the last decades. These animal models have greatly contributed to our current understanding of the pathogenesis ofPDs. We summarize spontaneously arisingPDin animals and the induction ofPDby transfer of (auto)antibodies, transfer of (auto)‐antigen‐specific lymphocytes and by immunization. In combined use, these models allow dissecting all aspects ofPDpathogenesis, for example loss of tolerance, autoantibody production and inflammatory skin processes that lead to blister formation. Overall, we aimed to foster translational biomedical research, to deepen our understanding ofPDpathogenesis and to develop novel treatments for patients suffering from these life‐threatening and difficult‐to‐treat autoimmune diseases.
Cytotoxic antimelanoma drugs suppress the activation of M2 macrophages
Authors: Fujimura Taku , Kakizaki Aya , Kambayashi Yumi , Sato Yota , Tanita Kayo , Lyu Chunbing , Furudate Sadanori , Aiba Setsuya
Published: August 2017

Together with regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) play roles in maintaining the tumor microenvironment. Although cytotoxic antimelanoma drugs such as dacarbazine (DTIC), nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) and vincristine (VCR) have been used for the treatment of malignant melanoma as adjuvant therapy in Japan, the detailed mechanisms of their immunomodulatory effects are not fully understood. As the majority of TAMs are alternatively activated M2 macrophages that favour tumor development, the aim of this study was to elucidate the immunomodulatory effects of these reagents on human monocyte‐derived M2 macrophages. First, mRNA expressions and protein production of immune checkpoint molecules, PD‐L1 and chemokines by CD163+ CD206+ M2 macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated to determine the immunomodulatory effects of DTIC, ACNU, and VCR. DTIC and VCR significantly decreased PD‐L1 mRNA expression, which was confirmed by flow cytometry. Moreover, the mRNA expression and production of CCL22 were significantly decreased by DTIC, which suggested that DTIC might suppress the recruitment of Tregs in the tumor site. Furthermore, the decreased expression of PD‐L1 and production of CCL22 were validated in vivo, using the B16F10 mouse melanoma model, leading to abrogation of the suppressive function of T‐cell proliferation. The present report suggests one of the possible antimelanoma mechanisms of DAV combination chemotherapy for melanoma patients.
Regression of diffuse B‐cell lymphoma of the leg with intralesional gentian violet
Authors: Rao Shikha , Morris Robert , Rice Zakiya P. , Arbiser Jack L.
Published: August 2017

In this case report, a patient of primary cutaneous diffuse B‐cell lymphoma, leg type was treated with intralesional gentian violet as she was judged to be too medically fragile for conventional chemotherapy due to advanced age and multiple serious comorbidities. Gentian violet (crystal violet/hexamethyl pararosaniline) is a triphenylmethane dye. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on NADPH oxidase, an enzyme family which is found in abundance in reactive oxygen‐driven tumors such as melanoma and lymphoma. We hypothesize that intralesional gentian violet treatment caused signalling changes in the lymphoma which allowed for immune clearance of the lymphoma. Complete resolution of the patient's lesion was noted on a follow‐up visit.
High expression of B lymphocyte stimulator in lesional keratinocytes of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wenzel Joerg , Landmann Aysche , Vorwerk Gero , Kuhn Annegret
Published: August 2017

Belimumab, an anti‐B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) monoclonal antibody, is approved for systemic lupus erythematosus; however, it is unclear if it can be used to treat specific skin lesions in this disease. In this analysis, we investigated the expression of BLyS and its receptors in skin lesions of different subtypes of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) using immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses. Compared to healthy controls, the expression of BLyS was significantly higher in skin lesions of all included CLE subtypes. Similar results were seen for the BLyS receptors BAFF‐R and BCMA. Moreover, CLE‐typical pro‐inflammatory mediators (immunostimulatory DNAs) significantly enhanced the BLyS expression of keratinocytes in vitro. This study suggests a potential role for BLyS as therapeutic target in the treatment of CLE skin lesions.
Overexpression of p53 explains isotretinoin's teratogenicity
Authors: Melnik Bodo C.
Published: August 2017

The precise molecular basis of retinoid embryopathy is yet unknown. This hypothesis predicts that isotretinoin (13‐cis retinoic acid), the prodrug of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA), exaggerates neural crest cell (NCC) apoptosis via upregulation of the pro‐apoptotic transcription factor p53, the guardian of the genome. Increased p53 signalling is associated with Treacher Collins‐, CHARGE‐ and fetal alcohol syndrome, which exhibit dysmorphic craniofacial features resembling retinoid embryopathy. In addition, developmental studies of NCC homeostasis in the zebrafish support the pivotal role of p53. Translational evidence implies that isotretinoin‐stimulated overactivation of p53 during embryogenesis represents the molecular basis of isotretinoin′s teratogenicity.
Trade‐offs in triple‐bottom‐line outcomes when recovering fisheries
Authors: Brown Christopher J , Althor Glenn , Halpern Benjamin S , Iftekhar Md Sayed , Klein Carissa J , Linke Simon , Pryde Elizabeth C , Schilizzi Steven , Watson James E M , Twohey Becky , Possingham Hugh P
Published: August 2017

Almost all environmental management comes at an economic cost that may not be borne equitably by all stakeholders. Here, we investigate how heterogeneity in catch and profits among fishers influences the trade‐off among the triple‐bottom‐line objectives of recovering a fish population, maximizing its economic value and distributing restrictions equitably across fishers. As a case‐study, we examine management reform of an ecologically and economically important coral reef fishery operating within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Using a simulation model, we find that total profitability of the fishing industry is 40% lower if recovery plans are equitable when compared to the most economically efficient plan. However, efficient recovery plans were typically highly inequitable because they required some fishers to cease fishing. Equity was defined according to different norms, and the efficiency loss was greatest when catch losses were shared equally across fishers rather than in proportion to their historical catch. We then varied key social, economic and biological parameters to identify cases when equity and efficient recovery would trade‐off most strongly. Recovery plans could be both efficient and equitable when heterogeneity in fisher's catches and individual catch efficiencies was lower. If fishers were homogenous then equitable plans could have maximal economic efficiency. These results emphasize the importance of considering heterogeneity in individual fishers when designing recovery plans. Recovery plans that are inequitable may often fail to gain stakeholder support, so in fisheries with high heterogeneity we should temper our expectations for marked increases in profits.
Range position and climate sensitivity: The structure of among‐population demographic responses to climatic variation
Authors: Amburgey Staci M. , Miller David A. W. , Campbell Grant Evan H. , Rittenhouse Tracy A. G. , Benard Michael F. , Richardson Jonathan L. , Urban Mark C. , Hughson Ward , Brand Adrianne B. , Davis Christopher J. , Hardin Carmen R. , Paton Peter W. C. , Raithel Christopher J. , Relyea Rick A. , Scott A. Floyd , Skelly David K. , Skidds Dennis E. , Smith Charles K. , Werner Earl E.
Published: August 2017

Species’ distributions will respond to climate change based on the relationship between local demographic processes and climate and how this relationship varies based on range position. A rarely tested demographic prediction is that populations at the extremes of a species’ climate envelope (e.g., populations in areas with the highest mean annual temperature) will be most sensitive to local shifts in climate (i.e., warming). We tested this prediction using a dynamic species distribution model linking demographic rates to variation in temperature and precipitation for wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in North America. Using long‐term monitoring data from 746 populations in 27 study areas, we determined how climatic variation affected population growth rates and how these relationships varied with respect to long‐term climate. Some models supported the predicted pattern, with negative effects of extreme summer temperatures in hotter areas and positive effects on recruitment for summer water availability in drier areas. We also found evidence of interacting temperature and precipitation influencing population size, such as extreme heat having less of a negative effect in wetter areas. Other results were contrary to predictions, such as positive effects of summer water availability in wetter parts of the range and positive responses to winter warming especially in milder areas. In general, we found wood frogs were more sensitive to changes in temperature or temperature interacting with precipitation than to changes in precipitation alone. Our results suggest that sensitivity to changes in climate cannot be predicted simply by knowing locations within the species’ climate envelope. Many climate processes did not affect population growth rates in the predicted direction based on range position. Processes such as species‐interactions, local adaptation, and interactions with the physical landscape likely affect the responses we observed. Our work highlights the need to measure demographic responses to changing climate.
Hepatitis C virus‐related symptoms, but not quality of life, were improved by treatment with direct‐acting antivirals
Authors: Ichikawa Tatsuki , Miyaaki Hisamitsu , Miuma Satoshi , Taura Naota , Motoyoshi Yasuhide , Akahoshi Hiroshi , Nakamura Satomi , Nakamura Junpei , Takahashi Youichi , Honda Tetsurou , Yajima Hiroyuki , Uehara Ryouhei , Hino Naoyuki , Narita Syouhei , Tanaka Hisaya , Sasaki Seina , Nakao Kazuhiko
Published: August 2017

Aim

Direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have a significantly high sustained virologic response rate after a short treatment course and do not have any severe adverse effects. Patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) have become increasingly important to assess the total impact of a chronic disease. We aimed to evaluate the changes in symptoms of patients with HCV infection treated with DAAs by using PROs.

Methods

A total of 107 patients with chronic HCV infection were treated with DAAs. Daclatasvir/asunaprevir or sofosbuvir/ledipasvir was used for HCV 1B infection, and sofosbuvir/ribavirin for HCV 2A/2B infection. The PROs measured at the start of treatment and 1 year after the start of treatment were cirrhosis‐related symptom score (CSS), presence of restless legs syndrome (RLS), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI), Kessler 6 score (K‐6), and the SF‐36 to measure quality of life (QOL). All patients had a sustained virologic response rate of 24.

Results

The CSS, PSQI, K‐6, and RLS scores were improved 1 year after beginning treatment. However, QOL had not recovered. Changes in total CSS were correlated with HCV genotype, sex, hypertensive drug use, serum low‐density lipoprotein, and ESS at the start of treatment and RLS 1 year after the start of treatment. The factors that contributed to worsening of CSS were HCV genotype 2B and RLS 1 year after the start of treatment.

Conclusion

Treatment with DAAs eliminated HCV‐RNA and improved most symptoms, but QOL did not recover.
PNL2: an adjunctive biomarker for renal angiomyolipomas and perivascular epithelioid cell tumours
Authors: Gulavita Previn , Fletcher Christopher D M , Hirsch Michelle S
Published: August 2017

Aims

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) and perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa) are members of the microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MiTF) family of tumours. Traditionally, HMB45 and melan‐A have been used to diagnose these lesions; however, low sensitivity can make interpretation difficult. PNL2 is a sensitive and specific biomarker for epithelioid melanoma, and immunoreactivity has also been shown in small series of PEComas. This study was aimed at determining the utility of PNL2 in MiTF and non‐MiTF renal tumours.

Methods and results

PNL2 immunostaining was performed on 196 tumours, including 40 MiTF renal tumours [AMLs, epithelioid AMLs, sclerosing PEComas, malignant PEComas, and Xp11.2 renal cell carcinomas (RCCs)] and 156 non‐MiTF renal tumours. HMB45, melan‐A and cathepsin K were also evaluated in a subset of MiTF tumours. Overall, 85% of AMLs and PEComas were positive for PNL2, as compared with 81%, 76% and 95% that were positive for HMB45, melan‐A, and cathepsin K, respectively. In 55% of cases, PNL2 stained more extensively than HMB45. PNL2 staining was more frequent than HMB45 (78%) and melan‐A (38%) staining in sclerosing and malignant PEComas (89%). All remaining renal tumours, except one melanocytic Xp11.2 RCC, were negative for PNL2.

Conclusions

PNL2 has high sensitivity and specificity for AML and PEComas as compared with non‐MiTF renal tumours, and PNL2 appears to be a more useful biomarker for sclerosing and malignant PEComas. For cases that are limited in tissue quantity (i.e. core biopsies) and/or are morphologically suspicious for AML/PEComa, but negative or focally positive for HMB45 and melan‐A, PNL2 may be a useful adjunctive biomarker.
The effect of professional tooth cleaning or non‐surgical periodontal therapy on oral halitosis in patients with periodontal diseases. A systematic review
Authors: Deutscher HCD , Derman SHM , Barbe AG , Seemann R , Noack MJ
Published: August 2017

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to give the best available evidence on the impact of professional tooth cleaning (PTC) and scaling and root planing (SRP) on oral halitosis in patients with periodontal diseases.

Material and methods

Three databases were screened for relevant studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCT) were included.

The primary outcome in all included studies was volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measured by Halimeter or OralChroma and organoleptic scores as secondary outcome.

Only studies investigating healthy adults except for periodontitis or gingivitis were included. The considered intervention strategies were professional tooth cleaning and non‐surgical periodontal treatment. For both strategies, additional oral hygiene instructions (OHI) were possible. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection and quality assessment.

Search results

After abstract and title screening and subsequent full‐text reading of potential papers, a placebo‐controlled RCT could not be found. However, eight studies or particular arms used PTC or SRP as sole interventions and were included in this review.

All trials or study arms included showed a positive effect on VSC levels or organoleptic scores after intervention.

Conclusions

Based on best available evidence, PTC and SRP in combination with oral hygiene instructions reduced VSC values in patients with oral halitosis and/or periodontal diseases, independent of tongue cleaning and the use of mouth rinses.
COMPASSION AND SOCIETAL WELL‐BEING
Authors: Brown Lee M.
Published: August 2017

Although there are compelling reasons for believing otherwise, compassion cannot provide a basis for grounding a viable theory of civil and political society. Firstly, it is often irrational or personally irresponsible to be compassionate. Secondly, relations based on compassion do not require characteristics that are essential for a viable civil and political society. Thirdly, the unpredictable consequences of compassion are such that compassion alone is not sufficient for grounding a viable civil and political society. Finally, obligating people to be compassionate is antithetical to what is required for being compassionate.
IDENTITY, RELATION R, AND WHAT MATTERS
Authors: Baillie James
Published: August 2017

This paper offers a challenge to Derek Parfit's thesis that one ought to have no preference between these two otherwise identical situations: 1. I continue to go on living as before, and 2. I do not survive, but am replaced by a duplicate, psychologically continuous to my present self (i.e. an R‐related duplicate). I point out that virtually all psychologically normal persons regard some inanimate objects as being ‘irreplaceable’ (such that no copy could adequately substitute). I then propose that in every such case, this judgment is based on the subject's regarding some person as likewise irreplaceable. It would follow that any such subject would have to reject Parfit's thesis.
WHAT DO BELIEF ASCREBERS REALLY MEAN? A REPLY TO STEPHEN SCHIFFER
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: August 2017

Stephen Schiffer has recently claimed that the currently popular “hidden‐indexical” theory of belief reports is an implausible theory of such reports. His central argument for this claim is based on what he refers to as the “meaning‐intention” problem. In this paper, I claim that the meaning‐intention problem is powerless against the hidden‐indexical theory of belief reports. I further contend that the theory is in fact a plausible theory of such reports.
A dimensional examination of eating disorder symptoms in relation to cognitive processing: An event‐related potentials study
Authors: Schaefer Lauren M. , Nooner Kate B.
Published: August 2017

Identifying neurocognitive mechanisms involved in individuals experiencing eating disorder (ED) symptoms may be important for preventing EDs and improving rates of recovery. The present pilot study assessed how cognitive functioning may be associated with ED symptoms in college students (N = 41). Cognitive functioning was examined using electroencephalography during an auditory response inhibition task to measure the P3 component of event‐related potentials. Multiple regression analysis revealed that longer P3 latencies in the frontal region of the cortex were significantly and linearly associated with greater ED symptoms F(3, 37) = 13.62, p < .001, R2 = 0.525, Adj. R2 = 0.486. These pilot findings build upon prior work in clinical samples in that they indicate that functional brain differences are observable across a wide span of ED symptoms, not just in those with diagnosed ED. The present findings provide support for further exploration of changes in P3 latencies among individuals with ED symptoms to enhance our understanding of neural mechanisms that may pertain to the dimensional aspects of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors.
The scope for adaptation of quinoa in Northern Latitudes of Europe
Authors: Jacobsen S.‐E.
Published: August 2017

Due to the increasing global demand for quinoa, both as an Andean export commodity and for agricultural development purposes, there is considerable interest in testing quinoa for growing under a range of environmental and geographical conditions. One of the environments most distanced from the crops’ natural conditions is Northern Europe. Research work performed in Europe has demonstrated the potential of quinoa to be produced under European conditions, with varieties adapted to longer days, more humid environment and mechanization. Quinoa is now grown commercially outside South America, and the number of producer countries and area is rapidly increasing. To secure a successful cultivation of quinoa in Northern Europe, several aspects must be considered. The only cultivars to grow are daylength neutral varieties. Establishment of the crop is critical, as all small seeded crops require a shallow sowing depth in a uniform and humid seed bed. Weed control should be done as carefully and precisely as possible with hoeing between the rows. Harvest takes place when seeds are mature, and plants are dry. In Northern Europe, harvest is taking place in the beginning of September. Yields are 1–3 t/ha, and prices are high. Breeding efforts in quinoa aim at disease resistance against downy mildew (Peronospora variabilis), earliness, low saponin content and high yield. The scope for adaptation and marketing of locally produced quinoa in Northern Europe seems considerable.
Phylogenetic signals in thermal traits remain stronger in the tropics if we can believe published physiological data. A reply to McKechnie et al., “Data quality problems undermine analyses of endotherm upper critical temperatures”
Authors: Hof Christian , Fritz Susanne A. , Prinzinger Roland , Pfenninger Markus , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Khaliq Imran
Published: August 2017

Due to concerns about data quality, McKechnie, Coe, Gerson, and Wolf () questioned the conclusions of our study (Khaliq et al., ) published in this journal. Here, we argue that most of the questioned data points are in fact useful for macrophysiological analyses, mostly because the vast majority of data are explicitly reported in the peer‐reviewed physiological literature. Furthermore, we show that our conclusions remain largely robust irrespective of the data inclusion criterion. While we think that constructive debates about the adequate use of primary data in meta‐studies as well as more transparency in data inclusion criteria are indeed useful, we also emphasize that data suitability should be evaluated in the light of the scope and scale of the study in which they are used. We hope that this discussion will not discourage the exchange between disciplines such as biogeography and physiology, as this integration is needed to address some of the most urgent scientific challenges.
First global molecular phylogeny and biogeographical analysis of two arachnid orders (Schizomida and Uropygi) supports a tropical Pangean origin and mid‐Cretaceous diversification
Authors: Clouse Ronald M. , Branstetter Michael G. , Buenavente Perry , Crowley Louise M. , Czekanski‐Moir Jesse , General David Emmanuel M. , Giribet Gonzalo , Harvey Mark S. , Janies Daniel A. , Mohagan Alma B. , Mohagan Dave P. , Sharma Prashant P. , Wheeler Ward C.
Published: August 2017

Aim

We sought to illuminate the history of the arachnid orders Schizomida and Uropygi, neither of which have previously been subjected to global molecular phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses.

Location

Specimens used in this study were collected in all major tropical and subtropical areas where they are presently found, including the Americas, Africa, Australia and the Indo‐Pacific region.

Methods

From field‐collected specimens, we sequenced two nuclear and two mitochondrial markers, combined these with publicly available data, and conducted multi‐gene phylogenetic analyses on 240 Schizomida, 24 Uropygi and 12 other arachnid outgroups. Schizomid specimens included one specimen from the small family Protoschizomidae; other schizomid specimens were in Hubbardiidae, subfamily Hubbardiinae, which holds 289 of the order's 305 named species. We inferred ancestral areas using the Dispersal‐Extinction‐Cladogenesis model of range evolution, and we used fossil calibrations to estimate divergence times.

Results

We recovered monophyletic Schizomida and Uropygi as each other's sister group, forming the clade Thelyphonida, and terminals from the New World were usually positioned as the earliest diverging lineages. The ancestral area for schizomids reconstructed unambiguously to the region comprised of Mexico, Southern California and Florida (the xeric New World subtropics). Optimal trees suggested a single colonization of the Indo‐Pacific in both orders, although this did not receive bootstrap support. Molecular dating gave an Upper Carboniferous origin for each order, and a mid‐Cretaceous expansion of Schizomida, including the origin and initial diversification of those in the Indo‐Pacific.

Main conclusions

Ancestral area reconstructions, molecular dating and fossil evidence all support an Upper Carboniferous, tropical Pangean origin for Thelyphonida, Schizomida and perhaps Uropygi. Much of this region became unsuitable habitat for these arachnids during the breakup of Pangea, but they persisted in the area that is now Meso‐ and South America. From there they then expanded to the Indo‐Pacific, where schizomids today display an idiosyncratic combination of microendemism and long‐range dispersal.
Do metacommunities vary through time? Intermittent rivers as model systems
Authors: Sarremejane Romain , Cañedo‐Argüelles Miguel , Prat Narcís , Mykrä Heikki , Muotka Timo , Bonada Núria
Published: August 2017

Aim

Metacommunity assembly mechanisms have been traditionally considered stable through time. However, in highly dynamic systems with varying local environmental conditions and patch connectivity, communities are likely to experience temporal shifts in their assembly mechanisms. Here, we used a set of perennial (PR) and intermittent (IR) rivers to assess if assembly mechanisms vary seasonally in response to flow intermittence.

Location

Mediterranean climate region (100,000 km2), Spain.

Methods

We used a modelling approach to assess the relative effect of environmental sorting and dispersal‐based processes on aquatic invertebrate metacommunities within and across river types at four distinct hydrological periods. We used local environmental variables to assess environmental sorting, and considered geographical, network and topographical distances as different dispersal surrogates. Linear mixed effect models accounting for the non‐independence of pairwise distances were used to assess the relationships between community dissimilarity and distance matrices.

Results

Assembly mechanisms were more temporally stable in PR than in IR. In PR, community dissimilarities were equally related to environmental and geographical distances suggesting codominance of species sorting and dispersal‐based assembly mechanisms. In IR, environmental distance best explained community dissimilarities during the dry period when flow cessation imposes strong environmental sorting, whereas metacommunity organization was much more stochastic during the rewetting period when high flows may randomly reorganize communities. Dispersal processes dominated assembly mechanisms between PR and IR during the rewetting period suggesting an increase in recolonization processes linking both river types following the dry period. Geographical and topographical distances best explained community variability, suggesting that overland dispersal dominates in river networks fragmented by drying events.

Main conclusions

Aquatic invertebrate metacommunity assembly mechanisms vary seasonally in response to changes in hydrological conditions. The temporal dimension should be better incorporated into metacommunity studies in highly dynamic systems such as intermittent rivers.
Periodontal treatment modulates gene expression of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic patients
Authors: Wang Yi , Liu Hin Nam , Zhen Zhe , Yiu Kai Hang , Tse Hung Fat , Pelekos George , Tonetti Maurizio , Jin Lijian
Published: August 2017

Background

Periodontitis is closely linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and endothelial dysfunction. This study investigated the effects of periodontal treatment on immuno‐inflammatory gene expression of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in diabetic patients.

Methods

Eighteen T2DM patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned to the Treatment group with oral hygiene instruction (OHI), scaling and root debridement (n = 11), and Control group (n = 7) with OHI alone. Peripheral blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis and culture of EPCs at baseline and 6 months after the treatment. PCR array‐based profiling of 84 Toll‐like receptor signalling‐related genes in EPCs was firstly assessed for four randomly selected patients from the Treatment group. The differentially expressed genes were then further validated by qPCR in both groups.

Results

All subjects in the Treatment group significantly improved their periodontal conditions. Among the 84 genes tested, IL‐6 and IL‐8 transcripts were significantly downregulated with over twofold change after the treatment, and this observation was further validated by qPCR in all subjects from both groups (p < .05).

Conclusion

This preliminary study suggests that periodontal treatment may contribute to a notable reduction in immuno‐inflammatory gene expression measured by IL‐6 and IL‐8 transcripts in EPCs.
A qualitative examination of patients experiences of dietitians ' consultation engagement styles within nephrology
Authors: Morris A. , Herrmann T. , Liles C. , Roskell C.
Published: August 2017

Background

Dietitians provide individuals with tailored, practical nutritional advice. For this reason, skills in effective interpersonal communication are essential. In the case of chronic kidney disease, the specifics of dietary advice may change according to renal function. The conveyance of accurate dietary advice and compliance is critical and requires full engagement with the service. The effect of communication styles on patients ' engagement experiences with renal dietetics is unknown. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explore patients ' engagement experiences with renal dietitians.

Methods

A qualitative phenomenology study using semi‐structured in‐depth interviews was undertaken with 20 adult renal service users who had engaged with renal dietitians to receive dietary advice. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to analyse data.

Results

Two main themes emerged from consultation experiences: helpful and unhelpful engagement styles. Individuals reporting helpful engagement styles experienced dietitians ' communication as empathetic, demonstrating positive regard for their lifestyles. However, individuals who reported experiences of unhelpful engagement styles found dietetic care indifferent and communication styles paternalistic. These individuals continued to engage reluctantly despite unhelpful engagement experiences, but felt disempowered. These diverse experiences of engagement can be interpreted by means of ‘ego states’ within the theoretical model of transactional analysis (TA). Adult ego states may underpin a helpful engagement style whilst a dietitians ' parental ego state was more likely to precipitate an unhelpful engagement style.

Conclusions

Ego states, in the context of TA theory, can help to explain the way in which patients engage with renal dietitians. Attention should be given to the employment of a humanistic approach within dietetic consultations. Dietitans need to ensure that they can demonstrate expertise and confidence in the specific communication skills required for patient‐centred care.
Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review
Authors: Al‐Maweri Sadeq A. , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Samran Abdulaziz
Published: August 2017

Khat or qat (Catha edulis) is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. The leaves and twigs of this small tree are chewed by several millions of people worldwide for their stimulating amphetamine‐like effects. The reported prevalence of khat chewing in Europe and the USA is on the rise, especially with global migration. Long‐term khat chewing has several detrimental general and oral health effects. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature regarding khat use and its association with oral and dental diseases, with particular emphasis on its link with oral keratotic white lesions and oral cancer. We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles. Studies showed that khat is associated with several oral and dental conditions, including keratotic white lesions, mucosal pigmentation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, plasma cell stomatitis, and xerostomia. There are limited data on the incidence of dental caries among khat chewers. The evidence that khat chewing is a risk factor for oral cancer is still weak, and is mainly based on anecdotal case reports and uncontrolled studies.