bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychophysics and user experience: Perceptual differences in the effort required to operate virtual push-buttons
Authors: Rinkenauer Gerhard , Prakash Kushvah Jai , Grosjean Marc
Published: June 2022

Perceptual physical aspects of controls, such as interaction forces during operation, are important for ergonomic design. However, controls with equivalent physical properties may be perceived as functioning differently depending on their visual or acoustic appearance. To address this issue, the present study investigated how the size, brightness and loudness of pushbutton switches affect the perceived operating force. Two simple pushbuttons (standard and test) were presented side by side in a virtual environment and actuated with a 3D haptic device. The simulated mechanical properties of the pushbuttons (force-displacement characteristics) corresponded to those of real switch buttons. Three experiments were conducted with different groups of subjects. Physical characteristics of the standard button were kept constant and physical size, brightness and loudness of the test button were systematically varied respectively in all 3 experiments. Participants were instructed to press the standard and the test push-button one by one and to judge the perceived force for test push-button compared to the standard one in a 2-alternative-forced-choice task. Based on these judgments, the required operating force of the test key was adjusted using a simplified adaptive staircase procedure until the force of the test key varied by the point of subjective equality. Based on the subjective equality, the perceived operating force for the experimental condition was calculated. The results showed main effects of key size, brightness and loudness on perceived operating force. Consistent with findings from basic research (size-weight illusion), perceived operating force was higher for smaller keys. Additionally, perceived operating force was reported higher for higher brightness or higher loudness. Overall, the results suggest that psychophysical methods are suitable for objectively measuring the user experience of interacting with controls in application contexts.
A Micro-moment recommendation framework in industrial environments
Authors: Maniadakis Michail , Varlamis Iraklis , Athanassiou Georgios
Published: June 2022

Today, a large part of the labor policies in the EU aim at extending the active participation of older (i.e. 50+) employees in the workforce in order to avoid the respective pressure on the national economies and health systems as well as potential shortcomings in qualified personnel due to demographical changes in the entire population. Preventing involuntary early retirement goes hand in hand with supporting self-sufficient and healthy living. The present work considers the use and exploitation of modern technological advancements to support the achievement of the above goal. Specifically, we propose a new approach to developing complex recommendation systems, which are capable of monitoring and supporting the daily activities of employees in a personalized manner, both at work and during their broader daily activities. The proposed approach is based on the new Micro-Moments (MiMos) concept for critical event recognition, incorporating multiple streams of complementary information from a distributed sensor network that is flowing into the system based on IoT technologies. The recommendation system follows a user-centered approach for providing (personalized) suggestions that support the occupational safety of users, improve their health and enhance their productivity, in a personalized way. This paper summarizes the concept of Micro-Moments (MiMos) and how it contributes to issuing recommendations based on specific user needs. We also present the current version and implementation of the system in the field of port logistics, where it is observed that recommendations delivered at the right time to the right person can help improve the efficiency of the workforce and extend its working capacity.
Computer vision for increasing safety in container handling operations
Authors: Lourakis Manolis , Pateraki Maria
Published: June 2022

Workers in ports work with and in close proximity of heavy machinery. Quay cranes used for moving containers between ships and the dockside yard are one of the most accident-prone equipment types. For picking up containers, these cranes are equipped with spreaders, i.e. lifting devices which are lowered down on top of containers and lock on to them mechanically. We are concerned here with monitoring a moving quay crane spreader so as to make sure that safe clearance distances are maintained from the locations of dock workers in a port container cargo handling environment. The paper describes the application of computer vision techniques to develop a model-based, monocular spreader tracker. By tracking in three dimensions the position and orientation of the spreader during loading and unloading operations, a threat volume enclosing it can be defined. Constantly monitoring the distance of dock workers from this threat volume can improve the operator’s situational awareness and increase safety in the work environment. Quantitative experimental evaluation is also reported.
How to Design Traffic Infrastructure to Support Cyclists’ Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles: Teenage Cyclists’ Perceptions
Authors: Lawrentia Ngwu Obiageli , Rimu Anika , Deb Shuchisnigdha
Published: June 2022

Cycling is a popular transportation mode for teenagers; however, statistics show that bicyclist fatalities on minor roads are higher for teenagers (44%) as compared to older bicyclists (28%). The implementation of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to make roads safer. Nevertheless, very few studies have focused on cyclist-AV interaction, especially on teenage cyclist population. This study examines teenagers’ perceptions on infrastructures necessary to share roads with AVs. A virtual focus group study with twenty four participants evaluated six potential traffic infrastructure designs using discussion and survey questions. Participants’ data on demographics, generic cycling behavior, and personal innovativeness were collected. Results show that participants showing risky cycling behaviors on roads were more flexible in design guidelines compared to teenagers exhibiting positive cycling behaviors. Teenagers mentioned coherent, direct, safe, and comfortable being the most important factors to design supporting infrastructures for AVs. They preferred spacious bike lanes, clear markings, clearance between cyclist and vehicle lanes, and physical barriers separating AVs and cyclists.
Minimum hand haptic perception thresholds
Authors: Silva Emanuel , Grilo José , Matias Tiago , Gomes Rui , Carvalho Adriano , Cardoso Paulo , Costa Nelson
Published: June 2022

This paper is a short review of the recent state of the art relating to the study of vibration perception thresholds (VPT), sensed by the fingertip(s) of the human hand. To this end, papers regarding the topic of assessing VPT, released between 2011 and 2021, were collected and reviewed. Focus was given regarding the experimental set-ups, particularly the choice of algorithms and instruments used, the choice of body locations and frequencies to study, characteristics of the recruited subjects, and experimental duration. The main results each study reported were also analyzed. From this work, it became clear that although the choice of instruments and the characteristics of the studied populations tended to vary somewhat between studies, the reviewed studies had other aspects in common, such as the prevalent use of the von Békésy algorithm, the assessment of VPT on the finger pad of the index finger on all but one of the studies, and some overlap regarding the choice of analyzed frequencies
A functional support system in a bustling 24/7 economy: Perspectives on slum dwellers in Ashaiman, Ghana
Authors: Mamley Osae Erika , Victor Mensah John , Wellington Essaw David , Kilu Rufai
Published: June 2022

Slums are often associated with negativities in society including social vices, thievery and arm robbery due to the unsightly nature of the settlements, characterized with filth and insanitary conditions. However, slums provide accommodation for rural-urban migrants who are unable to afford the high cost of rent due to several factors including poor housing policy by government, high rental cost, financial difficulties, unemployment and poverty. This study aims at ascertaining the functional activities and survival strategies of slum dwellers in Ashaiman Municipality in Ghana. Ashaiman is a sprawling urban settlement, parts of which exhibit characteristics of a slum. It is a home to people from many ethnic groups within and outside Ghana who are all there to eke out a living. It also provides space for well organised and recognised professional, trade, ethnic, welfare and youth associations with formal structures and support systems to ensure good governance, compliance and reward systems. This study deployed a mixed method approach to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 490 respondents and 13 key informants in two slum communities; namely; Manmomo and Tulaku within Ashaiman Municipality. Interview schedule, interview guides and focus group discussion guides were used to collect data. Appropriate techniques were used to process and analyse the data. The results showed that the slum dwellers presented varied economic potentials as they contributed to the bustling 24/7 economy. The local economy was characterised by small and micro-scale activities in the informal sector. The municipal authority generated revenue through taxation in whatever form while the slum dwellers provided a strong voting block for politicians. However, the slums also provided the opacity needed for illegal activities. The slum residents operated in an under-served location with deficits in security, infrastructure, health and environmental sanitation. The survival strategies included social safety in terms of perception of historical and traditional ties, social acceptability, social network, security and business opportunities. The diverse characteristics, capacities, tenacity arising from survival experiences, adaptability, social capital, political clout in numbers, and youthful population contribute to make the slum communities in Ashaiman a place of survival. The main argument of the study is that slum dwellers demonstrate resourcefulness, thereby debunking their association with low levels of access to productive sources. It is therefore, recommended that the central government, local government, technocrats, the private sector and civil society groups should collaborate to enhance the potentials of the slum dwellers for local level development.
Beyond Fashion Consumption: mapping the functional systems of the psychologists in socio-environmental issues of the fashion industry
Authors: Ama Afun Lilian
Published: June 2022

Fashion generates billions of money and employs a huge number of people from different contexts including arts, marketing, advertising, engineering, law, and psychology. However, the urge for new trends, chic and distinct clothing resulted in a constant cycle of excess supply over demand, contributing to a high volume of waste. Environmental concerns of such mass production have increased significantly over time resulting in tons of waste worldwide from non-use of materials, causing environmental degradation and spill of hazardous chemicals. Consumer’s linear system of buy-use-or not use-dispose creates large negative effects on the environment and economic losses to entrepreneurs within this field. Similarly, there is no time to keep up with consumer demands, as entrepreneurs struggle with unstable, unrealistic, and competitive market conditions. These socio-environmental issues are a huge part of the fashion industry, and such concerns have reached new heights due to the rate of fashion devolution and inhumane practices that have gained traction in the industry. This comes as no surprise as calls for social and environmentally conscious fashion production have emerged. Behavioral change is urgently needed now more than ever in the industry. One such promising avenue to resolve the tension between fashion and socio-environmental issues in the industry is to apply psychological principles to this context. This sparks feelings of anxiety, losses, insecurity, and inadequacies among the entrepreneurs. Despite these challenges workers in this industry work to meet the increasing needs of consumers. Whilst this has contributed greatly to the success of many fashion houses, modern trends in organizational sustainability require psychologists to offer insights into how the fashion industry can manage social and environmental challenges in a manner that is deemed to be socially responsible by society. In light of this, the current work aim at exploring the functional systems of industrial psychologists and the role they play in enabling fashion businesses to adopt sustainable business practices. Deploying a systematic literature review approach, the results showed that fashion and psychology are both disciplines essentially about humans. That functionally, the psychologists seek to understand how individual fashion designers think, feel and behave. Since they can understand behavior, psychologists are better able to design programs that can lead to long-term behavior change at different levels in the industry. Psychologists play a crucial role in the fashion industry such as offering counseling and insights into consumer behavior, consumer preferences, and product designs that work to stimulate sales and after-sales services that are environmentally sustainable.
The systemic transitioning strategy of Re-orienting “Head-portering” task from an objectively “bad” job to a subjectively “good” job.
Authors: Osafroadu Amankwah Majoreen
Published: June 2022

This study examined the systemic re-orientation of the “Head portering” task from being an objectively “bad” job to a subjectively “good” job. The purpose was to understand whether such systemic transitioning manifests a business that could be deemed a blessing or otherwise to the socioeconomic development of Ghana. Using a semi-structured interview approach, data was collected from forty head porters and analysed qualitatively. Most of the head porters were found to view the head portering activity as a business which could be deemed a blessing due to its non-stringent requirements as an employment subsector. Most of them were also found to classify their tasks as a job with enhanced job security due to its non-seasonal and non-capital-intensive characteristics, and also, its non-academic certification requirement. It was concluded that the head portering task serves as a subjectively “good” job-engagement pathway for the less-educated youths and thus, serves as a business that helps alleviate unemployment in Ghana.
Design and evaluation methodology for cockpit lighting system in civil transport aircraft
Authors: Zeng Yi
Published: June 2022

The cockpit lighting system of civil transport aircraft can create a good visual environment for the flight crew to ensure that the flight crew can accurately and clearly interpret all displayed information under various brightness environments. Reasonable cockpit lighting design needs to follow the necessary design principles to improve the friendliness of the human-machine environment in the cockpit. Simultaneously, the cockpit lighting evaluation is an effective supplementary means for discovering design defects. It can reduce the possibility of the existence or continuation of the development of potential accidents during the flight, and reduce the occurrence of human errors. From the perspective of an engineering designer, this paper puts forward the principles and evaluation methods to be followed in the cockpit lighting design of civil transport aircraft, which can provide certain guidance in the field of civil transport cockpit lighting design.
Interface Evaluation Method of Medical Equipment Based on Aesthetics Measures
Authors: Duan Lele , Wang Xingsong
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this paper is to provide an effective method to evaluate the interface design of medical equipment to improve user experience. Ngo proposed the calculation method of fourteen aesthetic indexes and tested the method in the layout design of the website. However, he counts the proportion of each index into the same value, which is obviously inconsistent with people's cognitive habits. This paper extends Ego’s research to the application level. We creatively introduce the analytic hierarchy process and redistribute the values to make it consistent with human cognitive habits. The method can help designers quickly pick up the optimal design scheme.In order to construct an effective evaluation system, five indexes that balance symmetry economy regularity and rhythm were selected from ego's 14 aesthetic measures for interface elements displays based on five basic interface design principles, user research and experiences of professional designers. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) that has five steps: 1. Build a hierarchical structure model 2. Construct a judgment matrix 3. Hierarchical single sort 4. Hierarchical total order 5. Consistency check. was used to calculate the weight of each index. An expert was invited to value the indexes and the valued data successfully passed the consistency test.In order to quickly get the calculation results, we programmed all the calculation methods and processed the data of interface elements into matrices. The evaluation method is constructed through MATLAB programming to provide an objective evaluation method for the improvement of the user experience of the interface design of medical equipment.We assume that the model could benefit designers in selecting the optimal design plan and improving the efficiency of using the interface. Then we started empirical research to validate the method. The operating interface of a certain brand of medical pathology product freezing microtome was selected as a sample. For experimentation, we chose five different design schemes of the interface, and processed the interface elements into rectangles. We got the position and area data of the rectangle on the surface from adobe xd.The result is that the evaluation method can well reflect the aesthetics of the medical equipment interface design, play a guiding role in the interface design of the medical equipment, and can improve and enhance the user experience of the medical equipment interface. Due to time reasons, this article does not include more elements that affect the usability of the interface, such as the visual weight of the elements, the purity of the hue, and so on. All the interfaces used have been decolorized because color will affect human evaluation during the research. We will consider including color in the evaluation system in the future research.
Using Intelligent Personal Assistants for Teaching English
Authors: Ávila-Fernandez Alexandra , Jadán-Guerrero Janio , Jadán-Altamirano Johann , Isabel L. Nunes and
Published: June 2022

The lack of practice to develop language skills is the main problem in learning foreign languages. The aim of the research is to establish methodological strategies with virtual assistants, for elementary school students through innovative and interactive classes, to develop the macro skills of the English language. The methodological design of this study is based on a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach, with the participation of an expert on "Virtual assistants in the English language", five teachers from the English area and 57 elementary school students from a private school in Ecuador. The data collected from the teachers made it possible to identify the main problems that students have when it comes to developing macro skills in the English language. With the support of the education expert, a strategy was designed using virtual assistants. The personal assistant Alexa, with great programming flexibility, was selected, applying a strategy focused on four macro skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Each activity was aimed to reinforcing each skill according to students’ level at school. For example, for speech skills, students had to engage in a dialogue with Alexa through a game of questions and answers. For listening skills, Alexa would tell a story to determine the level of comprehension. For reading skills, the students were given a reading from which they were asked questions that Alexa could answer and through this the students developed writing skills according to the questions they answered. After the intervention, a post test was applied and it was shown that there was an improvement in the development of skills. It was concluded that the interactive classes motivated the participation of all students. For future work, we intend to carry out a longitudinal study with the use of virtual assistants and a comparison between other devices.
Learning Based on Board Game to Inspire Mathematical Thinking
Authors: Espinoza-Espinosa Diana , Jadán-Guerrero Janio , Santorum Marco , Isabel L. Nunes and
Published: June 2022

Math learning is, together with reading and writing, one of the fundamental learnings of elementary education, given the instrumental nature of these subjects. However, it has been identified the difficulty that students have when they need to solve addition and subtraction math problems with numbers of up to three digits, which is why it is necessary to find new ways to teach students to reason. This article proposes the design of a board game to strengthen logical reasoning. The methodology used in the research began with a diagnosis of 37 fourth grade students from a private school in Ecuador through a pre-test, later an interaction with the board game and finally a post-test. Two math teachers and two designers participated in the board game design. The information obtained from the experts helped with the design of the game, the data collected from teachers made it easier to identify the main problems that students present in terms of understanding mathematical problems. The design of the game was based on the narrative of superheroes such as: Spidermas, Superesta, Dividivertido, Centella, Sumager, among others, as well as in the most representative places at the Downtown of Quito. The game is designed for three or four students; the game’s mechanics consist in that the participants must solve math problems proposed in the board and if they can solve them properly, they advance in the game. Among the main results and conclusions of this research is that the students feel motivated to learn using the game; in addition, collaborative work is evidenced, and soft skills are enhanced such as teamwork, problem solving, analytical thinking and autonomy. For future work, the board game can be used in other topics where students face difficulties, such as: fractions, multiplication and division.
Digital Learning Experiences in virtual Museums
Authors: Jadán-Guerrero Janio , Mendoza Mónica , Acosta-Vargas Patricia , L. Nunes Isabel
Published: June 2022

Due to the COVID-19 pandemics, the virtual space became relevant in teaching practice. It has been necessary to find new ideas to teach, being this the perfect setting where the virtual museum is seen as a space for teaching and learning. In today's digital ecosystem, there are many resources, so the educational application of these resources makes them interesting, exciting, and relevant. The research’s objective is to create a virtual museum articulated with the axes and areas of development and learning of the national curriculum of Ecuador for pre-school children and to analyze the effects on the teaching-learning process. With the opening and democratization of the knowledge of these cultural centers, it is possible to create synchronous and asynchronous learning experiences and explore fine arts world by selecting artworks, figures and objects that allow meaningful learning. The methodological design of this study is based on the qualitative-quantitative paradigm, with the participation of teachers and pre-school children, integrating collection, analysis and interpretation of quantitative and qualitative data, as well as experts’ criteria about the subject, which allowed obtaining data concerning the use of virtual museums and the applicability of relevant interactive resources. With the focus group technique, 30 children aged 4 to 5 years old expressed their opinions, feelings, and experiences, generating an enriching debate about users’ experience in the virtual museum. The design of the museum was developed on a platform that allowed the creation of a guided visit circuit similar to that of a physical museum, where the teacher becomes a mediator and interpreter of this new virtual museology focused on the user. The results are encouraging with a pertinent design and according to the national curricular logic. Promoting the use of other non-formal spaces, highlighting the importance of cultural centers use such as physical or virtual museums and routes as well as city or world’s corners to develop learning sessions, and expanding the scope of visits to the physical and virtual museums in a kind of hybrid didactics will be the subjects of this research.
Using Comics in the English Language Classroom
Authors: Jadán-Guerrero Janio , Ramos Juan , Arias-Flores Hugo , L. Nunes Isabel
Published: June 2022

English is a language which plays an important role in the Ecuadorian society because it is used on different fields such as business, tourism, entertainment, health. English is present in Education because it is taught in most educational institutions – at primary, secondary and higher levels – giving students the opportunity to gain competencies in a second language. Unfortunately, the lack of didactic resources to teach grammar makes the English learning process difficult and boring. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a storytelling to learn English grammar through comics. The methodology used is the mixed method approach – qualitative and quantitative – for the data collection. The students who participated on this research took a pre-test and a post-test in order to know the perspective of comics as well as their grammar knowledge. The comics were designed in the software Paint 3D because it makes colorful presentations and it is possible to draw on the computer’s screen by using the optical pen. The comics present grammar structures in familiar contexts to motivate comics reading. After applying comics, the results showed that students improved their grammar grades and were motived to learn grammar. A secondary goal is to promote comics as an English resource to improve the learning of different English skills.
Garbage Sorting and Recycling System of the Master and Slave Stations in Commercial Blocks
Authors: Wang Yaxi , Tong Ziyun , Yin Qiangsheng , Chen Xin
Published: June 2022

Content From the perspective of the system, the problem is analyzed according to various elements such as the use environment of the trash can, user needs, mall resources, and stakeholders, and combined with AI intelligent visual recognition and voice-assisted recognition technology to assist design practices to explore new forms of waste classification and recycling. Methods Through field research and literature comparative analysis methods, the relevant advanced experience of domestic and foreign garbage classification and recycling is analyzed, and the relevant table method is used to focus the problems, and the current situation of classification and recycling in commercial blocks is analyzed according to my country's national conditions.Conclusion Design a garbage classification and recycling system for the master and slave stations in the commercial block, integrate the resources of the commercial zone, and achieve the purpose of overall garbage classification through the cooperation between the systems, and create a better commercial block environment. Only by solving the front-end treatment of garbage classification and coordinating the back-end garbage recycling can the purpose of harmless treatment of garbage be achieved. Taking the garbage classification in commercial blocks as the starting point, the purpose of efficient classification and recycling of garbage in commercial blocks is realized, and the garbage classification of the people is improved. consciousness.
Generating a Gesture Set Using the User-defined Method in Smart Home Contexts
Authors: He Yanming , Hou Shumeng , Cheng Peiyao
Published: June 2022

Gesture interaction is a natural interaction method and it has been widely applied in various smart contexts. Smart home system is a promising area to integrate gesture interaction. Under this background, it is necessary to generate a set of gestures that can support users’ intuitive interaction with smart home devices. Gesture elicitation study (GES) is an effective method used for generating gestures. In this study, by following GES, we develop a gesture set for controlling a smart TV via a smart speaker, which was common in smart home contexts. Two studies were conducted. In study 1, we conducted a diary study to generate target tasks, resulting in fifteen most frequent tasks in domestic contexts. In study 2, GES was conducted to generate gestures for each command by involving twelve participants. The generated gestures were analyzed by combining frequency, match, ease of use, learnability, memorability and preference, resulting in a set of gestures for smart home contexts.Keywords: Gesture Interaction, Smart Home System, Gesture Elicitation Study
The influence of inherent interactivity on information recall in knowledge visualization design
Authors: Hairong Wang , Tian Lei
Published: June 2022

The inherent interactivity in knowledge visualization design is considered to be able to help users better understand and recall information content. However, little is known about whether and how such interactivity would affect information recall. Therefore, this study designs an experiment for subjects with a single factor at two levels (high and low intrinsic interaction) to explore the influencing mechanism between inherent interactivity and information recall, while measuring the influence of such intermediary variables as cognitive involvement, perceived active control and cognitive load on this mechanism. The results show that participants in low inherent interactivity can recall more information than in high inherent interactivity. In the analysis of mediating variables, the relationship between inherent interactivity and information recall is significantly affected by the mediating variables, and the perceived active control delivers a significant positive impact on this relationship.
Digital Storytelling to Help Improve Reading comprehension
Authors: Mayorga Kelia , Arias-Flores Hugo , Ramos-Galarza Carlos , L. Nunes Isabel
Published: June 2022

Information and communication technologies have transformed the world, especially if they are aimed at promoting reading in children in their first years of learning. The problems generated by deficiencies in reading comprehension in the student body affect their school performance and their progress in the upper years, creating demotivation and low levels in their school performance. The objective of the research proposal is to design a virtual classroom with digital narratives as support to improve reading comprehension in the student body. Digital narratives are a technological resource that can be applied pedagogically, combining content with visual and auditory material, taking advantage of the functionality of virtual classrooms such as Google Classroom, in which the proposal was designed. It is concluded that teachers must identify the problems that their students present in the reading process and implement new methodological strategies, so that learning is different, participatory and innovative, this is where narratives play an important role, such as resource that provides a change in the learning system and support for students with school behind, in addition to strengthening cognitive development with audiovisual stimuli.
The Design Method of Alarm Information Manifestation Based on Visual Attention
Authors: Gong Xiaodong , Liu Yushun , Gong Qian , Liu Wenhan
Published: June 2022

The alarm is a core function of security monitoring information systems. With the characteristics of high information density, strong timeliness, and visual environment interference, the effectiveness of alarm information design is a significant key affecting system performance. The purpose of this paper is to study the design method of alarm information to improve the capture efficiency of users’ visual attention in complex information interfaces. By sorting out related design standards and research literature, this paper identifies 7 current alarm information coding methods. The four most used visual coding methods are chosen for combination. By selecting any two or three of the four coding methods for combination, 10 combinations are finally obtained, and 10 visual solutions are designed for experimental comparison. The experiment took the mine safety monitoring system interface as the carrier and tested 10 visual solutions as stimuli. By recording the subject’s time to first fixation to the stimulus, we compared the differences in the efficiency of guiding user’s attention under different coding combinations, then sought a better coding method for alarm information. Experimental results demonstrate that different coding combinations have impacts on the efficiency of visual attention. Compared with other solutions, the solution with the combination of three coding methods of color, flashing, and shape(size) is more efficient and takes less time to notice the alarm information. Whilst the attention level is less affected by the number of coding methods and is more affected by the types of coding methods included in the solution. For example, when the coding method includes color or flashing coding, the subjects noticed the alarm information faster and more efficiently, and no experimental failure cases occurred during the experiment when using color and flash coding at the same time. The conclusion effectively provides a solution for the design of alarm information in monitoring systems.Keywords: Alarm Information, Visual Attention, Eye Movement Measurement, Multi-dimensional Coding
Review of Existing Sensors for Tracking the Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Nam Kim Hyung
Published: June 2022

Today, various sensor technologies have been introduced to help people keep track of their daily living activities. For example, a wide range of sensors were integrated in applications to develop a smart home, a mobile emergency response system and a fall detection system. Sensor technologies were also employed in clinical settings for monitoring an early sign or onset of Alzheimer’s diseases, dementia, abnormal sleep disorder, and heart rate problems. However, there has been a lack of attention paid to comprehensive reviews, valuable especially for young, early-career scholars who just developed research interests in this area. This paper reviewed the existing sensor technologies by considering various contexts such as sensor features, data of interests, locations of sensors, and the number of sensors. For instance, sensor technologies provided various features that enabled people to monitor biomechanics of human movement (e.g., walking speed), use of household goods (e.g., switch on/off of home appliances), sounds (e.g., sounds in a particular room), and surrounding environments (e.g., temperature and humidity). Sensor technologies were widely used to examine various data, such as biomarkers for health, dietary habits, leisure activities, and hygiene status. Sensors were installed in various locations to cover wide-open area (e.g., ceilings, wall, and hallway), specific area (e.g., a bedroom and a dining room), and specific objects (e.g., mattresses and windows). Different sets of sensors were employed to keep track of activities of daily living, which ranged from a single sensor to multiple sensors to cover throughout the home. This comprehensive reviews for sensor technology implementations are anticipated to help many researchers and professionals to design, develop, and use sensor technology applications adequately in the target user’s contexts by promoting safety, usability, and accessibility.
A Closer Look at Insider Threat Research
Authors: Kong Ivan , Bashir Masooda
Published: June 2022

Insider threats are a danger to organizations everywhere and no organization is immune to the effects of an insider incident. Organizations suffer from individuals whose actions expose the organization to risk or harm in some ways. This situation includes insiders who intentionally or unintentionally cause actions that bring harm or significantly increases risk to the organization. Insider security breaches have been identified by organizations as a pressing problem with no simple solution. This paper presents a systematic literature review of published, scholarly articles on insider threat research from 2010 to 2020. The focus of this literature review is to survey the topics, methodologies, and theories of current insider threat research. The goal of this literature review is to provide an overview of the trends in insider threat research. Fifty-two studies were identified, and about half the papers dealt with identifying potential insiders through machine learning techniques. The most popular trend was the use of learning-based algorithms, such as neural networks and support vector machines, that classified a user as an insider versus a non-insider. Aside from the popular modeling approach, the other publications included in our review focused on human factors related to insider threat and the common methodology for these papers were the use of surveys and questionnaires. Another trend identified in the literature was the use of behavioral patterns as an insider threat indicator. Lastly, researchers identified best practices for organizations to address insider threats. The outcome of this literature review identified trends, best practices, and knowledge that can be used to further develop insider threat frameworks and methodologies. Furthermore, this literature review presents implications for researchers including challenges, issues, and future research directions.
Social Engineering and Human-Robot Interactions' Risks
Authors: Mercuri Ilenia
Published: June 2022

Modern robotics seems to have taken root from the theories of Isaac Asimov, in 1941. One area of research that has become increasingly popular in recent decades is the study of artificial intelligence or A.I., which aims to use machines to solve problems that, according to current opinion, require intelligence. This is related to the study on “Social Robots”. Social Robots are created in order to interact with human beings; they have been designed and programmed to engage with people by leveraging a "human" aspect and various interaction channels, such as speech or non-verbal communication. They therefore readily solicit social responsiveness in people who often attribute human qualities to the robot. Social robots exploit the human propensity for anthropomorphism, and humans tend to trust them more and more. Several issues could arise due to this kind of trust and to the ability of “superintelligence” to "self-evolve", which could lead to the violation of the purposes for which it was designed by humans, becoming a risk to human security and privacy. This kind of threat concerns social engineering, a set of techniques used to convince users to perform a series of actions that allow cybercriminals to gain access to the victims' resources. The Human Factor is the weakest ring of the security chain, and the social engineers exploit Human-Robots Interaction to persuade an individual to provide private information.An important research area that has shown interesting results for the knowledge of the possibility of human interaction with robots is "cyberpsychology". This paper aims to provide insights into how the interaction with social robots could be exploited by humans not only in a positive way but also by using the same techniques of social engineering borrowed from "bad actors" or hackers, to achieve malevolent and harmful purposes for man himself. A series of experiments and interesting research results will be shown as examples. In particular, about the ability of robots to gather personal information and display emotions during the interaction with human beings. Is it possible for social robots to feel and show emotions, and human beings could empathize with them? A broad area of research, which goes by the name of "affective computing", aims to design machines that are able to recognize human emotions and consistently respond to them. The aim is to apply human-human interaction models to human-machine interaction. There is a fine line that separates the opinions of those who argue that, in the future, machines with artificial intelligence could be a valuable aid to humans and those who believe that they represent a huge risk that could endanger human protection systems and safety. It is necessary to examine in depth this new field of cybersecurity to analyze the best path to protect our future. Are social robots a real danger? Keywords: Human Factor, Cybersecurity, Cyberpsychology, Social Engineering Attacks, Human-Robot Interaction, Robotics, Malicious Artificial Intelligence, Affective Computing, Cyber Threats
Information Security Awareness and Training as a Holistic Key Factor – How Can a Human Firewall Take on a Complementary Role in Information Security?
Authors: Koza Erfan
Published: June 2022

Human elements have been identified as a factor in over 95% of all security incidents. Current technical preventive, corrective, and defensive mechanisms address intelligent and practical approaches to increase the resilience of information technology (IT) systems. However, these approaches do not fully consider the behavioral, cognitive, and heterogeneous motivations that lead to human failure in the security causal chain. In this paper, we present the Awareness Continuum Management Model (ACM2), which is a role-based and topic-based theoretical approach for an information security awareness and training program that uses Boyd’s observe–orient–decide–act (OODA) loop as a framework. The proposed ACM2 is based on the situational engineering method and regards the human firewall as an integral, indispensable, and complementary part of the holistic approach to increase IT systems’ resilience. The proposed approach can be applied to different types of organizations and critical infrastructure and can be integrated into existing training programs.
Cyberdefense Adaptive Training Based on the Classification of Operator Cognitive State
Authors: Burguin Yvan , Espes David , Rauffet Philippe , Chauvin Christine , Le Parc Philippe
Published: June 2022

To face the increasing number and the variety of cyberattacks, training and adaptation of cyberdefense operators become critical and should be managed all along their careers. Thus, it is necessary to develop adaptive training methods that are able to quickly detect operators' weaknesses and to propose a strategy to reinforce their skills on these points. This paper presents the choice of a cognitive model in order to guide the development of an adaptive training software. In this regard, the paper proposes a review of several elements that contributed to the development of the model.Cyberattacks are continuously increasing in variety and number, and therefore require a constant adaptation from the operator who must react to each attack with rapidity and efficiency. To face these changes, cyber operators must be trained regularly.This training aims to: 1) maintain knowledge of cyber operators up to date, 2) train cyber operators to use new tools and 3) allow cyber operators to appropriately react to new attacks.In this regard, adaptive training softwares support the training of cyberdefense operators in order to improve their performance in real conditions. To propose an adaptive training software, there are several requirements to satisfy such as an ecological environment, a system to adapt the training scenario autonomously and a way to assess the difficulties experienced by the trainee. To support this dynamic and customised adaptation of the training scenario, it is important to detect or predict when errors may occur. For this purpose, behavioural and physiological data can be used to assess the variations in performance and mental workload that can lead to an error. This paper deals with the choice of a cognitive model that could support the design of a software for adaptive training in the cyberdefense field. Such a model would allow us to understand the different cognitive processes used by the operator to perform tasks, and to identify the factors that could contribute to performance decrement. This model can then orient the selection of appropriate physiological and behavioural indicators to measure what parts of the task cause difficulty to the operator.
Exploring Human and Environmental Factors that Make Organizations Resilient to Social Engineering Attacks
Authors: Ancher Michelle , Aslan Erbilcan , Van Der Kleij Rick
Published: June 2022

In this explorative research social engineering attacks were studied, especially the ones that failed, in order to help organisations to become more resilient. Physical, phone and digital attacks were carried out using a script following the ‘social engineering cycle’. We used the COM-B model of behaviour change, refined by the Theoretical Domains Framework, to examine by means of a survey how Capability, Motivational and foremost Opportunity factors help to increase resilience of organisations against social engineering attacks. Within Opportunity, social influence seemed of extra importance. Employees who work in small sized enterprises (<50 employees) were more successful in withstanding digital social engineering attacks than employees who work in larger organisations. An explanation for this could be a greater amount of social control; these employees work in close proximity to one another, so they are able to check irregularities or warn each other. Also, having a conversation protocol installed on how to interact with outsiders, was a measure taken by all organisations where attacks by telephone failed. Therefore, it is more difficult for an outsider to get access to the organisation by means of social engineering. This paper ends with a discussion and some recommendations for organisations, e.g. the design of the work environment, to help increase their resilience against social engineering attacks.
A Coherence Model to Outline Obstacles and Success Factors for Information Security from the CISO's Point of View
Authors: Koza Erfan , Öztürk Asiye
Published: June 2022

Against the backdrop of the progressive digitalization of Critical Infrastructures (CRITIS), especially within the socio-technical fields, this paper addresses the identification of obstacles as well as critical, technical, and human success factors, which play an essential role in efficient information security management. Furthermore, the focus is also put on the crystallization of differentiated views regarding the meaningfulness and usefulness of laws. To this end, we conducted a study with 86 chief information security officers, including CRITIS with 76% participation and non-CRITIS with 24% participation, data center operators (14), water and wastewater utilities (25), energy supply companies (33), and healthcare stakeholders (14) in Germany. The study is based on a methodological pluralistic orientation in which, in addition to the integration of quantitative methods for empirical data collection, other analytical approaches are used to determine coherence and correlation. As an artifact, the empirically validated factors are compiled intersectoral in a coherence model and related in terms of causality.