bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VARIATION OF CUSPS AND ROOTS OF UPPER WISDOM TOOTH IN PATIENTS VISITING KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Authors: Nighat Shafiq  , Dilabaz Khan  , Tehmina Majid  , Saira Afridi  , Shakeela Aleem  , Sobia Kanwal
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine the variation of cusps and roots of maxillary 3rd molars.

Material and Methods:

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 extracted 3rd molars. Informed consent was taken from the patients. The teeth with carious lesions and damaged crown were excluded from the study. Data was collected and entered into SPSS for the calculations of percentage and frequencies.

Results:

A total of 100 maxillary 3rd molars were collected in the department of surgery. Among maxillary 3rd molars most prevalent was tricuspid 44 % and 43% followed by tetracuspids 40% and 16 % of the teeth had five cusps. Only 2% of the third molars had more than five cusps. The most prevalent were fused roots that were 46 %and 68% are followed by two roots and three roots in right and left quadrants respectively.

Conclusion:

3rd molars are the most variable teeth in the oral cavity. cusps of the 3rd molars vary from tricuspid to more than 5cusp. Root variation is more than crown variation. Genetic, ethnic and geographical factors affect the morphology of cusps and roots.
COMPARISON IN ANXIETY LEVELS AMONG DENTISTS/ DENTAL STUDENTS AND NON-DENTAL PATIENTS UNDERGOING MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR SURGICAL REMOVAL
Authors: Maria Nizam  , Junaid Nadeem  , Naveed Pervez
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To compare the age, reasons for surgical removal, awareness about impacted mandibular third molar, anxiety & panic factor, and the type of dental setup preferred among the patients when they are dentists/dental students or otherwise, nondental patients in Peshawar.

Materials and Methods:

A sample of ten dentists and forty non dental patients was selected using stratified sampling techniques. The data was collected in local hospitals and dental clinics from January 2017 to January 2018. Preoperative factors such as depth of impaction, tooth position, and bony coverage were considered using orthopantomograms and intraoral periapical radiographs.

Results:

The results showed that anxiety and panic factor is high among dentists/dental students when undergoing surgical removal of the impacted mandibular third molar. The results further suggested that dentists themselves believe in the quality and techniques of the hospitals, as 50% of the dentist/dental students opted for dental hospitals for their impactions.

Conclusion:

The finding concluded that 100% of the nondental patients did their surgical removal after facing problems because of the impacted mandibular third molars.
POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE, DEGREE OF CONVERSION, DEPTH OF CURE, AND HEAT GENERATION OF NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL AND COMMERCIAL COMPOSITE
Authors: Saad Liaqat  , Humaira Jabeen
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To compare and characterise commercial and control composites. By characterising these composites, target properties for new experimental dental composites can be outlined.

Materials and Methods:

Three commercial, and two experimental composites were compared and investigated. The composition of commercial materials were provided from published literature and manufacturer’s information. The changes in intensity of spectral peaks that were involved in free radical addition polymerization were used to determine the degree of conversion using FTIR (n=6). The samples were prepared in 1 mm, and 4 mm thickness and cured for 40 s from top. Depth of cure, Polymerization shrinkage and heat generation were determined using conversion data, and equations.

Results:

The conversion for Gradia, and Z250 were significantly lower than the flowable Vertise flow, and experimental composites C-HEMA, and C-4 META in both 1 mm, and 4 mm depth. The shrinkage, and heat generation values suggests opposite trends to conversion. With the highest shrinkage, and heat generation associated with Vertise flow. Depths of cure of all materials were in the range of 2.28 to 2.49 mm at 20 s, and 40 s cure.

Conclusion:

The experimental composite with added monomers had the potential to compete with commercially available composites, without compromising the properties.
EFFECT OF CAREER SELECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS OF BKMC KPK, PAKISTAN
Authors: Shahana Nisar  , Aziza Alam  , Ismail Alam Khan  , Mehran Khan  , Aizazullah  , Ijaz Ahmed  , Midrarullah  , Saddam Hussain  , Aleena Qazi  , Nafeesa Bibi
Published: July 2023

Objective:To determine the factors that have influence on career decision-making and performance among medical students BKMC Mardan Pakistan.Materials and Methods:A descriptive cross sectional study was done on MBBS students of 4th and 5th year at Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan from Dec 2018-May 2019. A convenient sampling method was used, students were invited to fill close ended-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed via SPSS version 25 descriptive statistics were represented in form of frequency and percentages.Results:With 84% response rate, family pressure and wishes were the main driving factors to pursue medical career and lack of interest and understanding in studies were the main reasons for bad performances. Male voted more for the need of career counseling.Conclusion:Getting the better understanding of students’ viewpoints by identifying the major factors will help the education system councilor and policymakers to facilitate the process and help align career decision according to productivity and student’s preferences ultimately decreasing the stress career failure rate.
CONGENITAL TALIPES EQUINOVARUS INCIDENCE IN POPULATION OF SWABI, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Authors: Zainab Rehman  , Shazia Iftikhar  , Falak Naz  , Parkha Rehman  , Sarah Rehman  , Muhammad Haris  , Sobia Haris
Published: July 2023

Objective:To find out the incidence of congenital talipes equinovarus in children presenting at District Headquarter Teaching Hospital, Swabi.Materials and Methods:This study was of one year duration and was carried out at District Headquarter Teaching Hospital, Swabi.The record of 988 children presenting in the orthopedic ward for surgery were studied.Results:A total of 96 (9.7%) children presented with congenital talipes equinovarus or club foot and out of these children 56 (5.7%) patients were males and 40 (4.04%) were female.Conclusion:Clubfoot or congenital talipes equinovarus is one of the most common abnormality of the foot and idiopathic talipes equinovarus is most common in the population of Swabi.It is more common in males and is mostly bilateral. It should be detected at birth and treated early to prevent permanent disability.
FINGERPRINT PATTERN AND ITS GENDER DISTRIBUTION AMONG MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS OF KHYBER MEDICAL COLLEGE AND KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY, PESHAWAR
Authors: Muhammad Junaid  , Asif Kamal  , Zainab Rehman  , Shazia Iftikhar  , Shahab Uddin  , Waqar Ahmad
Published: July 2023

Objective: To assess the relationship between the fingerprint pattern and gender Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study conducted having 400 healthy medical and dental students of Khyber Medical College and Khyber College of dentistry, Peshawar. The study was done by categorizing the pattern into arches, loops and whorls. The statistical analysis was done by using frequency distribution and non-parametric test i.e. chi square test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The fingerprint pattern prevalence showed that the predominant pattern was 58.55% (loops) followed by 32.65% (whorl) and 8.8% (arch). A significant relationship between the fingerprint patterns and gender (P < 0.05) was also observed.Conclusion: The conclusions drawn from the study is that loops are the most commonly found finger print pattern and arches are the least common in both male and females
MENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF POSTGRADUATE RESIDENTS OF DIFFERENT DENTAL SPECIALITIES IN PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Usman Umair , SHAHEED MEHWISH , ILYAS KAUSAR , AYUB ALI
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To compare the mental health of postgraduate residents undergoing fellowship training in diff erent dental specialties in Pakistan.Methods and materials: A form was developed that consisted of demographic variables i.e. age, gender, marital status, monthly income and type of lodging along with Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). This form was distributed electronically amongst the postgraduate residents enrolled in diff erent dental specialities in Pakistan. Results: 156 out of 187 participants who met the inclusion criteria were selected for this study. Considering participants with these negative emotions ranging from moderate to extremely severe to be positive for the above mentioned mental health issues then 50.7% of postgraduate residents were depressed, 59% residents had anxiety and 45.4% of residents were stressed. Female students had an increased rate of depression, anxiety and stress. There was no infl uence of the diff erence in dental speciality and other demographic variables on the mental health of residents. Conclusion: A considerable number of postgraduate residents enrolled in diff erent fi elds of speciality in dentistry are facing depression, anxiety or stress. When residents from diff erent fi elds of dental specialities were compared, they showed no signifi cant diff erence in their mental health status. Female students are more prone to mental health issues, whereas marital status, year of training, monthly income and type of lodging had no signifi cant eff ect on the mental health of residents
HYPOCALCEMIA IN NEONATES WITH HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Hussain Mohammad , Hayat Mohsin , Irshad Mohammad , Kashifullah  , Ahmad Fayaz , Aftab Mohammad
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To determine the frequency of hypocalcemia in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and explore some of the associated factors.Methods and materials: A cross-sectional study conducted at Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, from January-June 2019. The sample size was 116 using 18% proportion of patients with HIE in the nursery, 95% confi dence level and 07% margin of error, under the WHO sample size calculator. We employed consecutive non-probability sampling and included neonates who presented to the neonatal unit of LRH with more than one-minute delayed cry, 1-minute APGAR score of 3 or less, and neurological impairment evaluated for hypocalcemia. The parents/caregivers consented, once the purpose and benefi ts of study were explained to them. For serum calcium (total ionized), a 5ml venous blood sample was taken from all included neonates without applying the tourniquet to avoid artefactual hemoconcentration.Results: There were total 116 neonates with HIE. Among these 76 (65.5%) were males while the mean age of the sample was 1.9 + 0.8 days. Hypocalcemia was recorded in more than a quarter (33.6%) of neonates. The occurrence of hypocalcemia was signifi cantly diff erent among the categories of age of neonate at birth, weight at birth, and educational status of mothers.Conclusion: Hypocalcemia was common in neonates who presented with HIE. However, for more conclusive evidence the association between serum calcium and HIE needs to be studied in details particularly case control studies for better understanding of eff ect modifi er and risk factors associated.
COMPARISON OF PATIENT SATISFACTION REGARDING ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT SERVICES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND MILITARY HOSPITALS OF ATTOCK CITY
Authors: Zainab Omer  , Omer Iftikhar Kahloon  , Fatima Khalid Qazi  , Fatima Arshad  , Ayesha Naveed  , Saima Aleem  , Safat Ullah
Published: July 2023

Objective:To compare the patient satisfaction attending accident and emergency (A&E) departments of the public and military hospitals of district Attock. Materials and Methods: This comparative study was conducted in the Combined Military Hospital and District Headquarter Hospital of District Attock from December 2019 to April 2020. Sample size of 390 was selected through convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, consisting of three parts; demographic, satisfaction level of each service dimension and overall satisfaction regarding A&E. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: The mean age of participants was 43.1 ± 14.5. Male participants were 305 (78.2%) and females were 85 (21.8%). Most of them were having the education up to Matric i.e., 174 (44.6%). Maximum number, 245 (62.8%) belonged to rural areas and government employees were 79 (20.3%). The satisfaction of participants was significantly associated with the education and monthly income of participants (p < 0.001). Furthermore, all the participants (100%) were satisfied with the services provided by A&E at CMH and 90% were satisfied with DHQ services. Conclusion: The satisfaction of participants was significantly associated with the Education and Monthly income of participants and not with the gender of patients, age, background, and occupation of participants. The overall satisfaction was higher in CMH in comparison to the DHQ hospital.
ACCURACY OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY IN COMPARISON WITH BIOPSY, IN DIAGNOSIS OF PAROTID GLAND NEOPLASM
Authors: Sana Salam  , Sofia Haider Durrani  , Maria Khattak  , Hina Shabir  , Saimoon  , Gulmeena Masood
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)to be used as a standalone diagnostic tool in parotid gland tumors.Materials and Methods: This prospective study was performed at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. About 49 patients with swellings of the salivary glands were included in the study. FNAC was performed on each of the patient followed by biopsy and the results were compared. Results:Total numbers of benign and malignant lesions were 37 and 12 respectively. In this study the sensitivity of FNAC was 91.7% and specifi city was 100%. Positive predictive value was 100% whereas negative predictive value was 97.4%.Conclusion: FNAC was found to be highly accurate in diagnosing the tumors of parotid gland and in diff erentiating benign and malignant lesions and treatment planning.
COVID-19 SURVEILLANCE IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF DISTRICT NOWSHERA, PAKISTAN
Authors: Sobia Haris  , Muhammad Haris  , Farah Deeba  , Muhammad Jehangir Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective:To find out the frequency of COVID-19 in the population of district Nowshera, Pakistan.

Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which data was collected through non probability convenient sampling for about 02 months. Sample size was 358. All those who were suspected of having COVID-19 regardless of their age and gender were included in the study whereas those with other medical problems were excluded.

Results: The study participants ranged from 1 to 85 years of age, with a mean age of 35±16 years. Of the total of 358, 259 (72.3%) were males and 99 (27.7%) females. The mean duration of exposure to someone suspected of having or confirmed to have COVID-19 was 6±2 days. Highly statistically significant but weakly positive correlation of a positive PCR test with COVID-19 exposure (rs = 0.23, p = 0.001) was observed. Travel history to a known outbreak was also weakly correlated (rs = 0.12, p = 0.02.

Conclusions: We concluded from our study that elderly adults were more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection than young. Furthermore, travel history to an epidemic area, as well as intimate contact with COVID-19 patients or those suspected of having the virus, is strongly linked with the development of COVID-19 infection.
COMPARISON OF GC TOOTH MOUSSE WITH FLUORIDE VARNISH TO TREAT DENTINAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Bushra Irum  , Anser Maxood  , Javeria Ali Khan  , Rooshanay Haroon  , Gul  panrah  Arbab  , Khalid Rehman
Published: July 2023

Objective: To compare the effect of two desensitizing agents in treating dentinal hypersensitivity.Materials and Methods: A Randomized clinical trial including 84 individuals aged 18 – 65 years was conducted. By flipping a coin, patients with hypersensitive lesions were split into two groups. Patients in Group A received Tooth mousseTM, while patients in Group B received Dura shieldTM. Patients’ pain responses to compressed air and tactile stimuli were measured using a visual analogue scale at baseline, one week, and 30 days following treatment. SPSS version 17 was used to analyze the data. The study was done at Department of Operative Dentistry, PIMS Islamabad from January 2011 to January 2012.
Results: A statistically significant difference existed between the two groups at seven days (p-value 0.008 )with tactile stimulus and at thirty days (p-value 0.046) with air blast and (p value= 0.016) tactile stimulus after application with tooth mousse showing pain relief in more number of patients as compared to fluoride varnish group.Conclusion: The comparison of two agents in this study showed that Tooth mousseTM showed better efficacy as compared to Dura shield TM  in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity
EFFECTS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ANKYLOSIS ON DENTITION AND RAMUS HEIGHT
Authors: Atta ur Rehman  , Tariq Ahmad  , Sana Mushtaq  , Brekhna Murad  , Muslim Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective:To determine dentition related problems in patients with TMJ ankylosis and to establish effect of TMJ ankylosis on ramus height.Material and method:This descriptive study was conducted at Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Medical records and Cone beam computed tomography of 20 patients with the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint ankylosis were included in the study.Results: Most of the patients presented with unilateral TMJ ankylosis (n=15, 75%) In unilateral ankylosis, the affected side ramus and body (4.89cm, 7.63cm respectively) were less than the non-affected sides (5.54cm, 8.15cm) respectively. Dentition crowding with malposed teeth was present in all bilateral TMJ ankylosis patients and 9 patients in unilateral cases. Conclusion:This study established the effect of TMJ ankylosis on the dentition and ramus height. The height of the ramus was deficient on the affected side and the erupted teeth were crowded in most of the patients.
PATTERN OF MOTORCYCLE RELATED MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Nadia Ashraf  , Fahimuddin  , Khadim Shah  , Sardar Muhammad  , Asif Kamal  , Ayesha Siraj
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To analyze the pattern of maxillofacial injuries and associated concomitant injuries received by a motorcyclist.Methods and materials: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study carried out at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from 4th December, 2019 to 20th February 2021. A total of 386 patients having road traffic accidents were included in the study regardless of age and gender. Every patient was examined both clinically and radiographically to confirm the site of maxillofacial fracture.Results: Majority of the patients were involved in motorbike accidents (79%) among the patients injured in road traffic accidents. More than two third of the patients were young males (76%) as compare to females (24%). Out of 304 patients who sustained maxillofacial trauma during motor bike accidents, only a minority of victims 38(12.5%) used helmets while the remaining did not. The most common fractured site was mandible (46.7%).Conclusion: Most of the patients encountered in the present study were young males without helmets and mandible being the most frequent site.
EVALUATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
Authors: Muhammad Adnan Khan  , Bilal Zaman Babar  , Anum Shereen  , Waseem  Khan Afridi  , Saad Liaqat  , Nawshad Muhammad  , Hassan Maqbool  , Mehreen Imran
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To assess the compressive strength of commercial resin-modifi ed glass ionomer cement with conventional glass ionomer cement.Methods and materials: Compressive strength of two conventional glass ionomer cement (Low viscosity - GC Fuji IX GP® and high viscosity - ChemFil Rock®) and two resin-modifi ed glass ionomer cements (Auto-cure - Fuji-Plus® and Light activated - Fuji II LC®) were investigated at 24°C and 37°C after 1 and 28 days. All materials were mixed according to manufacturer’s instructions. The samples were made in 6mm height and 4mm in diameter. Universal Testing Machine (Instron, M30K) at crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min was used according to ISO 9917-1:2007 (E) standards to evaluate compression strength. Paired T-test was used to fi nd statistical difference between the commercial groups, keeping p value of ≤ 0.05 as signifi cant.Results: Resin-modifi ed Glass ionomer cement showed low compressive strength (113 ±8 MPa) as compared to the conventional Glass ionomer cement (179 ±20 MPa) at both room temperature as well as at body temperature. Furthermore, ChemFill Rock® has the highest compressive strength, whereas Fuji-II® has the lowest compressive strength at 1-day and 28 day respectively.Conclusion: Compressive strength was low for resin-modifi ed Glass ionomer cement as compared to conventional glass ionomer cement. Chemifi l-rock® material has achieved maximum compressive strength among all the commercial materials.
ADVERSE EFFECTS FOLLOWING COVID-19 IMMUNIZATION IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA: PAKISTAN
Authors: Ayesha Zafar  , Saima Abid  , Naveeda Sarwar  , Nauman Khan  , Nauman Khan  , Abdul Basit  , Rida  Ubaid  , Zarafshan Johar  , Ulfat Kamal  , Hira Afridi  , Shehryar Khan  , Lutfullah  , Abdul Majid  , Mian Haider Khan  , M. Talha Khan  , Adil Zareef
Published: July 2023

Background:Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is defi ned as any untoward medical occurrence following immunization and does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the use of the vaccine. Objective: To determine the adverse eff ects following (AEFI) of COVID 19 vaccines in the population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Methods and materials:Descriptive Cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2021on four hundred and three sample size of KP, selected using Cochran’s formula. AEFI’s were investigated among vaccinated male and female above 18 years. Data was collected through a self-constructed validated questionnaire and was analyzed through SPSS 25.Results:Out of total 403, 219 (54.3%) did not reported any AEFI, 184 (45.4%) complaint of mild and only one (0.2%) reported severe AEFI. The most common AEFI was pain at the injection site 99 (24.6%) followed by mild fever 20 (5.0%), body aches 17(4.2%) and headache 13 (3.2%). 165 (40.9 %) observed the AEFI within 48 hours while 238 (59%) observed it after 48 hours of immunization. Only 8 (2%) pregnant women and 11(2.7%) lactating mothers vaccinated themselves.Conclusion:Majority of the study population in KP did not suff er from any AEFIs after COVID 19 vaccination. Pregnant and lactating mothers were hesitant to vaccinate.
CORRELATION OF ORAL PARA-FUNCTIONAL HABITS WITH THE TEN-ITEM PERSONALITY INVENTORY IN GENERAL POPULATION
Authors: Hira Butt  , Nauman Rauf Khan  , Amna Nauman Khan  , Zainab Waheed  , Saeed Ur Rehman  , Fatima Hafeez
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To fi nd the correlation between personality traits and oral para-functional habits.Methods and materials: A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore over a period of 5 months from July to November 2021 on 200 participants. Data was collected using medical questionnaire and ten item personality inventory scale (TIPI). SPSS 23 was used for statistical analysis. P values less than equal to 0.05 was considered signifi cant Kendall tau b test was used to fi nd the correlation of the personality trait scores and the parafunctional habits.Results: A statistically significant weak negative correlation was seen between emotional stability and teeth grinding (τb= -0.117, p=0.038), teeth clenching (τb= -0.124, p=0.026) and the parafunctional habit of biting on hard objects (τb= -0.156, p=0.005).Conclusion: Emotional stability was negatively correlated to tooth grinding, tooth clenching and biting on hard objects. Individuals with a high score of emotional stability did not have these parafunctional habits while those with a high score of extraversion had all the parafunctional habits except chewing gum.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRONTAL SINUS WIDTH AND SKELETAL JAW PATTERN: A LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY
Authors: Kiran Ijaz  , Aymen Babar  , Ghulam Rasool  , Muska Ijaz  , Farhad Ali
Published: July 2023

Objective:To determine the association between frontal sinus width and skeletal jaw pattern.

Materials and Methods:Study sample include lateral cephalometric radiographs of 42 patients, 48% were male and 52% were female. Recorded measurements were as follow: maximum width of the frontal sinus, maxilla relationship to anterior cranial base (SNA), mandible relationship to anterior cranial base (SNB) ,anteroposterior maxillary and mandibular relationship (ANB), maxillary and mandibular base length. SPSS version 22 was used for analyzing the data.

Results: Frontal sinus width was greater in class I subjects (9.29 mm) as compare to class II (8.50 mm) and class III (9.14 mm) subjects. Mean diff erence in frontal sinus width between the three skeletal classes was found to be insignifi cant (p=0.596). The correlation between frontal sinus width and length of maxillary base (r=0.23) and length of mandibular base (r=0.24) was positive. Frontal sinus width in male was greater i.e (9.60±2.64 mm) than females which was (8.41±1.37 mm).

Conclusion:Frontal sinus as visualized on cephalometric radiograph cannot be utilized as an aid for diagnosing skeletal jaw discrepancy. Further studies need to be done assessing a three dimensional CBCT scan of frontal sinus dimension.
ALTERATIONS OF CIRCULATING TUMOUR DNA AS A BIOMARKER IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Samrina Mohammad  , Ihsan Ullah  , Asif Ali  , Umer Farooq  , Khurshid Ali  , Sabreen Hassan  , Muhammad Uzair Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective:To investigate the literature on genetic abnormalities of DNA in blood and saliva from OSCC patients, to report diagnostic accuracy, and to address the possibilities for a diagnostic or recurrence monitoring test based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).Methods and materials:A systematic search was performed in PubMed for articles published between 2013 and 2021. The search terms used were “circulating tumor DNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma”.Results:We found eleven relevant studies, of which four (36.36%) prospective population studies were included. In all studies ctDNA were used as biomarker in OSCC. Two studies were looked into ctDNA somatic and methylated DNA mutations in OSCC. Another study found 90% of the ctDNA alteration and one study identifi ed PD-L1gene, which plays an important role in primary cancers based on tumour size, as well as disease-specific survival. Conclusion: This study concluded that the use of ctDNA as biomarkers in OSCC clinical routine will help to establish consistent strategies for the early detection of cancer lesions enable early prevention and support the development of targeted therapies.
LIVER CIRRHOSIS ON HISTOMORPHOLOGY AND VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN
Authors: Muhammad Waqar  , Muhammad Haris  , Fatima Shireen  , Aqsa Saleema  , Waqas Ali  , Sobia  Haris  , Farah Deeba  , Muhammad Jehangir Khan
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To estimate the frequency of vitamin D insuffi ciency in individuals with cirrhosis of the liver based on histomorphology.Methods and materials: In the current investigation, 148 patients were tracked to determine the incidence of vitamin D insuffi ciency in adults with liver cirrhosis based on histomorphology. All those participants, both males and females, with liver cirrhosis (of any severity) for at least 06 months and aged 30 to 60 years were included whereas, the individuals with osteomalacia or vitamin D insufficiency (as determined by medical records) and chronic renal failure (as determined by specifi c investigations or medical records) were excluded in the study.All patients presenting to OPD meeting the inclusion criteria i.e. people with cirrhosis. Vitamin D insuffi ciency was stratified by age, gender, and disease duration to examine the impact modifi ers using the chi square test having a p-value of <0.05 regarded as noteworthy by Using SPSS version 20.Results: In the present study, the age distribution of 148 patients was examined which was; from 30-40 years were 41 (27.7%), 41-50 years were 60 (40.5%) and from 51-60 years were 47(31.8%). Average age was 55.56±3.357 years. Gender wise distribution among 148 patients was analysed as; males were 94 (63.5%) and females were 54 (36.5%). Distribution of BMI classifi cation among 148 patients was analysed as; below 18.5 (underweight) was 60 (40.5%), 18.5-24.9 (normal weight) were 43 (29.1%), 25.0-29.9 (pre-obesity) were 19 (12.8%) and 30.0-34.9 (obesity class) were 26 (17.6%). Distribution of diabetes among 148 patients were analysed as; Yes was found in 57 (38.5%) and No was found in 91 (61.5%). Distribution of smoking among 148 patients were analyzed as; Yes, was found in 51 (34.5%) whereas No was found in 97(65.5%).Conclusion: The link between vitamin D and liver cirrhosis on histomorphology has significant therapeutic promise. We expect to look into a variety of extra-skeletal indications in the near future. The link between vitamin D defi cit and liver function, infectious effects, and fi brosis may back its use as a prognostic as well as suggestive tool.
EFFECT OF STRICT GLYCEMIC CONTROL ON PERIODONTITIS IN NON INSULIN DEPENDENT PATIENTS: A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Umair Farukh  , Inayat Shah  , Abid Rahim  , Syed Midhat Batool  , Zain Ayub  , Aneela Shabbir  , Izhar Khan  , Zuhra Akhtar
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To evaluate the eff ect of strict glycemic control on pocket depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), C reactive protein (CRP), and HbA1c.Methods and materials: This quasi-experimental design study was conducted from March to September 2021 taking 32 cases (A) and equal controls (B) with non-insulin uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c more than 8, whereas the eff ect of strict glycemic control on clinical periodontitis was carried out. Pocket Depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), C reactive protein (CRP), and HbA1c levels were assessed before and after the intervention.Results: Most of the variables HbA1c (p=0.03), CRP (p=0.007), PD (p=0.006), and BOP (p=0.023) showed improvement showing a better glycemic control in the post-intervention stage; particularly for patients recruited in Group A. HbA1c levels at 3 months post-intervention showed significant reduction (p=0.03) to 8.1 ± 1.7 in Group A in comparison to 9.9 ± 2.3 in the pre-intervention stage with a mean difference of -1.8 showing improvement in the glycemic control. PD (mm) for Group A was reduced from 2.4 ± 0.5 mm to 2.2 ± 0.5. Whereas the PD ≥ 4mm (%) also showed a signifi cant reduction from 27.9 ± 28.4 in the pre-intervention to 19.4 ± 27.0 in the post-intervention stage for Group A. Group B also showed reduction but this was more prominent in group A. Bleeding on Probing (%) in group A was also signifi cantly reduced from 29.4 ± 21.4 in pre-intervention stage to 23.1 ± 23.2 in the post-intervention stage.Conclusion: The present study concludes that strict glycemic control (group A) has a role in clinically correcting/improving periodontitis in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. It can be further concluded that periodontal treatment has a role in the improvement of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients at 3 months.
COMPARISON OF VISUAL APPROXIMATION METHOD AND BRASS WIRE METHOD IN ASSESSING MODERATE AND SEVERE CROWDING IN KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY, PESHAWAR
Authors: Ahsan Mehmood Shah  , Wardah Maryam  , Muhammad Saood  , Fatima Muhammad Khan  , Aatikah Javaid  , Mashal Kamran  , Mashal Afridi
Published: July 2023

Objectives: To compare whether visual approximation and brass wire method give the same results when assessing moderate and severe crowding. The secondary objective is to compare time taken by two groups of residents in calculating crowding using the two methods.Methods and materials: This cross sectional study was conducted in Orthodontics Department, Khyber College of Dentistry, using two dental models, one with moderate crowding and one with severe crowding. Visual approximation and Brass wire method were performed to assess crowding by 32 orthodontic residents. Results were recorded as mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage. Participants were divided into two groups based on residency year and time taken using each method was noted. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22. One sample t test was used to compare means of estimated crowding values with the actual value. Independent samples t test was used to compare means of times taken by the two group. P value ≤.05 considered significant.Results: For moderate crowding, visual approximation over estimates crowding, while brass wire gives accurate results. For severe crowding, both methods underestimate it. More experienced residents took signifi cantly less time to calculate crowding using both methods.Conclusion: Visual approximation is an unreliable method to assess moderate to severe crowding. Brass wire is reliable for moderate crowding, but underestimates severity of severe crowding. As experience of resident increases, time taken to measure crowding decreases.
ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES FORMATION AND MEDICINAL HERBS
Authors: Majid Hingoro  , Benish Aleem  , Shah Murad  , Abdul Qadir  , Abdul Ghaffar  , Aamna Khokhar
Published: July 2023

Objective: The aim of the study was to find the hypolipidemic effect of natural herbs such as Curcuma longa, Fenugreek leaves and Lemon on the cholesterol level of the body for prevention against atherosclerotic plaques.

Materials & Methods: In this study, we have compared the hypolipidemic effects of Fenugreek, Curcuma longa, and Lemon. The study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore-Pakistan from August to December 2018. Ninety hyperlipidemic patients of age group 19years to 70years were included in the study. Diabetic, alcoholics, hypertensive patients and those with impaired renal or liver functions were excluded from the study. After taking consent from all the participants. their base line lipid profile was taken in the biochemistry laboratory of the hospital. They were divided into three groups i.e. 30 patients in each group. Group-I was advised to take 500 mg of Curcuma longa (haldi) mixed in fresh milk without cream, thrice daily for two months. GroupII patients were advised to take 100 grams of Fenugreek leaves mixed with salad in each meal (thrice daily) for a period of two months. Group-III patients were advised to take 40 ml of fresh lemon juice mixed with 40 ml mineral water thrice daily for two months. They all were advised not to take heavy meal rich with any type of fat, etc. One hour daily brisk walk was advised to all participants. 15 days follow up visit was scheduled for them. After two months their lipid profile was re-determined.

Results: When results were compiled and statistically analyzed by applying paired ‘t’ test, it revealed that Curcuma longa decreased total cholesterol, TG, LDL cholesterol 16.10, 20.01, and 17.59 mg/dl respectively. Fenugreek decreased total cholesterol, TGs, and LDL cholesterol 14.70, 17.33, and 17.06 mg/dl respectively. Lemon in two months therapy decreased total cholesterol, TGs, and LDL cholesterol 15.45, 10.13, and 11.97 mg/dl respectively. None of the above mentioned herbs raised HDL cholesterol significantly.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from this research work that Curcuma longa, Fenugreek leaves and Lemon are mild to moderately effective hypolipidemic herbs to lower total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol.
FREQUENCY OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING VARIOUS DENTAL PROCEDURES
Authors: Sultan Zeb Khan  , Syed Umer Farooq  , Khurshid Ali  , Sofia Shehzad  , Sofia Haider Durrani  , Abdul Hameed
Published: July 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in patients undergoing various dental procedures at Tokyo Yaesu Dental Clinic and Tokyo Dental College Japan. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, we determined the frequency of HBV and HCV by screening the patients for HBs antigen and HCV antibody in blood serum before going for any dental procedures. Data were recorded from December 1999 to 2009(9 years & 8 months) in the Tokyo Yaesu Dental Clinic whereas in Tokyo Dental College Japan from October 2006 up to May 2008 (1 year and 8 months).

Results: In this study, we assessed 2,181 patients for HBs, out of which 13 (0.60%) cases were found positive for HBs at Tokyo Yaesu Dental Clinic, and out of 3216 patients 33 (1.02%) patients were found positive for HBs antigen at Tokyo Dental College. On another hand 31 (1.42%) patients out of 2181 were found positive of HCV antibody at Tokyo Yaesu Dental Clinic and 45 numbers of cases (1.43%) were found positive for HCV antibody at Tokyo Dental College. Most of the patients were found to be in the 6th and 7th decade of life.

Conclusion: Screening for HBV and HCV should be mandatory for every patient going through any invasive and non- invasive dental procedures. Furthermore, sterilizations and standard precautionary protocols must also be observed at Dental clinics and hospitals.
PATTERN OF CONDYALR FRACTURES AND ITS TREATMENT IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL-A STUDY
Authors: Ahmad Khan  , Sertaj Khan  , Saifullah  , Mohammad Tariq Khan  , Khadija Syed  , Muhammad Sohail  , Syed Asad Shah  , Ruqayyah Younis  , Umar Khitab
Published: July 2023

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of mandibular condylar fractures in our area regarding age, gender, etiological factors, type and level, any associated facial fractures and treatment modality adopted in our centre.

Materials and Methods: Data of 120 patients presented with the features of mandibular condylar fracture at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan from September 2016 to October 2019 was recorded. Non probability, convenience sampling technique was used. History, clinical and radiographic examination was performed for diagnosis. Treatment modalities included conservative, closed reduction and open reduction and internal fixation. Data regarding the age, gender, etiology, pattern and level of fracture, associated facial fractures and treatment modalities were evaluated and analyzed.

Results: Mean age was 21 ± 11.97 years, with an age range of 5-75 years. Age group 11-20 years were most commonly affected (38.4%).The ratio of male and female was 3.80:1. Road Traffic Accidents (38.3%) was the common cause of injury. Unilateral fractures (65%) dominated the bilateral pattern (35%).Condylar head was most common fracture (58.60%). Parasymphysis was most common associated fractures (26.3%) followed by body and zygomatic bone (18.4%). Most of the patients were treated by closed reduction (54.2%).

Conclusion: Public awareness is required regarding the significance of the condylar injuries. Randomized Controlled Trials are required to compare the outcome of different treatment modalities.
LEVEL OF CHEWING ABILITY WITH VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL TOOTH UNITS IN SUBJECTS REPORTING TO A TEACHING HOSPITAL OF PESHAWAR
Authors: Asif Ullah Khan  , Zenab Berches Niazi  , Fazal Ghani  , Sarah Nawaz  , Bushra Jabeen  , Sajid Ali
Published: July 2023

Objective: To determine the level of chewing ability with various categories of FTUs in subjects reporting to Prosthodontics department, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Materials and Methods:It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in Department of Prosthodontics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar from January to November, 2016. In this study a total of 166 patients were observed and a questionnaire consisting of demographic information (age and sex), number and category of FTUs and the chewing ability test questions about 15 Pakistani common test foods was filled, with 95% confidence level in 6% margin of error. The subjects who will declare all food items as easy to chew/eat will be considered to have sufficient chewing ability. Moreover, nonprobability consecutive technique was used for data collection

Results: Out of 166 subjects, majority (95.2%) of the subjects belonging to “>8 FTUs” category showed sufficient chewing ability, while 70.6% of the individuals in “8 FTUs” category and 49.3% of the individuals from “<8 FTUs” category showed sufficient chewing ability.

Conclusion: This study confirms that the number of retained natural teeth and categories of FTUs, consisting of posterior occluding units, are key factors to chewing ability. Eight FTUs serve acceptable chewing ability in patients who eat common Pakistani food.
EVALUATION OF ORAL HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS ATTENDING ENDODONTIC DEPARTMENT IN DENTAL HOSPITAL, A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Shakeel Ur Rehman  , Ruqayya Sana  , Pashmina Nisar  , Yasir Khan Khattak  , Yasir Khan Khattak
Published: July 2023

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the oral hygiene related quality of life in patients attending endodontic department and to access the relation of age and gender with Oral Health Related Quality Of Life.

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study based on Oral Health Related Quality Of Life was done on patients attending endodontic department in a private dental hospital during the month of May 2018. Convenient sampling technique was used. All the patients attending endodontic department for Root Canal Treatment aged between 16-60 were included in the study. Any patient attending the department for re-RCT and medically compromised were excluded from the study The OHIP 14 questionnaire was used, which is divided into different conceptual dimensions i.e. functional dimension, physical pain, psychological pain, physical discomfort, psychological discomfort, physical disability, social disability and handicap. Spss ver20 was used for analysis and p value of ± 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: A total of 100 participants were included in the study. Out of which 42(42%) were male and 58(58%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 32.34 years. The mean OHIP score of this study was 21.95, whereas the minimum value was recorded as 1 and maximum value was recorded as 54.None of the participants showed OHIP score of zero. 24(24%) of the participants felt tense, 21% participants had painful aching while 20 (20%) reported to be self conscious due to problem with their teeth.7(7%) reported that very often they have taste worsening and only 10(10%) had trouble pronouncing words. Chi square between Gender of subject and trouble pronouncing any words showed a highly significant result (p-value= 0.058) A highly significant relationship was observed between both items of physical disability and Gender of subject(p-value 0.037 and 0.022).

Conclusion: All the patients attending endodontic department were unsatisfied with their OHRQOL up to some extent. Patients experienced psychological discomfort and disability along with physical pain which in turn leads to compromised quality of life.
EVALUATION OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY (FNAC) IN HEAD AND NECK SWELLINGS, PRESENTED IN AKHTAR SAEED MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE, LAHORE
Authors: Sadaf Waris  , Atika Masood  , Ali Tahir  , Umme Habiba  , Afrinish Amanat  , Taqwa Siddique
Published: July 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of various Head and Neck swellings at various sites reported at Pathology department Akhter Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore.

Materials and Methods: The present study evaluates data of all the patients that underwent FNAC for various head and neck swellings from the period of 2012 to 2019 in Akhtar Saeed Medical College, Lahore. A total of 177 patients with swellings in the head and neck regions, on which FNAC was performed are included in this study. After cleaning the area properly, a 23 gauge needle with syringe and needle tip was inserted at convenient angles to the lesions and with the help of multiple hits, an adequate amount of material was aspirated. The needle was then removed with sufficient negative pressure. In order to avoid bleeding or hematoma formation, a cotton gauze was kept pressed over the aspirated area for a few minutes.

Results: Out of 177 fine needle aspiration procedures, the maximum number of aspirates were procured from thyroid (35%), 22% from cervical lymph nodes, 16% from salivary glands, 24% from miscellaneous swellings in head and neck region. The highest number of cases were diagnosed as reactive/non-specific inflammatory lesions (19%) followed by benign lesions with hyperplastic colloid nodule (14%).

Conclusion: The study mainly confirmed the results of various studies previously carried out in different countries. FNA of head and neck lumps proves to be an efficient and useful diagnostic method in segregating inflammatory and neoplastic lesions, thus avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC makes it a reliable first-line tool in predicting the nature of various head and neck swellings.
MENTZER INDEX AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SCREENING THALASSEMIC PATIENTS AND DIFFERENTIATING IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA FROM THALASSEMIA
Authors: Asif Hussain Munir  , Khurshid Ali  , Muhammad Ihtesham Khan  , Nuzhat Sultana  , Sultan Zeb Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of Mentzer index in the differentiation of iron deficiency anemia and beta-Thalassemia trait.
Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in five different primary schools of district Peshawar. Sample collected were processed in pathology department of Khyber Teaching hospital and Khyber Medical College Peshawar. Duration of the study was six months which was started from june 2017 to December 2017 in which 500 blood samples were analysed. Permission from the parents were obtained through principles of the schools. The samples were obtained keeping full aseptic conditions and collected in EDTA anticoagulant tubes. Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelet RBC count along with RDW, were assessed on a Sysmex Hematology Analyzer. Peripheral smear of the participants with low Hb(<11gm/dl) and low MCV (<80fl) were examined to look for morphology of RBCs. Serum iron (SI), serum iron binding capacity, serum ferritin was estimated using Cobas of the participants who had hypochromic microcytic blood picture on peripheral smear.
Results: The participants in this study were both male (260) and female (240). Minimum age of the participants was 3.5 years and maximum age was 8 years. Minimum Hb was 7.6mg/dl and maximum Hb was 10.8 mg/dl with average Hb of 9.2mg/dl. All the paticipants had MCV below 80fl with minimum MCV of 50fl and maximum MCV of 80fl. RBC count was between 2.2 million and 6.2 million. The participants in this study were both male (260) and female (240). Minimum age of the participants was 3.5 years and maximum age was 8 years. Minimum Hb was 7.6mg/ dl and maximum Hb was 10.8 mg/dl with average Hb of 9.2mg/dl. All the paticipants had MCV below 80fl with minimum MCV of 50fl and maximum MCV of 80fl. RBC count was between 2.2 million and 6.2 million.
Conclusion: Mentzer index can be used as initial screening tool in the diagnosis of IDA and beta thalassemia major.