bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Synthesis of Two Cytotoxic Analogs of the Novel Pyrrolo[1′,2′:1,2][1,4]diazepin [7,6-b]indol-5(6H)-one Nucleus
Authors: Tsotinis Andrew , Vlachou Margarita , Kiakos Konstantinos , Hartley John A , Thurston David E
Published: May 2003

The design and synthesis of the two cytotoxic derivatives 15 and 16 of the novel pyrrolo[1′,2′:1,2][1,4]diazepin[7,6-b]indol-5(6H)-one nucleus is described. Readily available methyl 2-indolecarboxylates 5 and 6 are nitrosated with NaNO2 in AcOH to give the analogs 7 and 8, which are then oxidized with KMnO4 in aq. NaOH to provide the 3-NO2 acids 9 and 10. These, in turn, are subjected to amidation with (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxaldehyde diethyl thioacetal in the presence of EDCI and HOBt and then to a 7-exo-trig cyclization reaction to give the target molecules 15 and 16. The new analogs were evaluated in the human leukemic K562 cell line and were shown to have micromolar potency.
Copper(II) Triflate-mediated Addition Reaction of α-Oxygenated Alkylstannanes to Imines for the Synthesis of vicinal-Amino Alcohol Derivatives
Authors: Kagoshima Hirotaka , Shimada Kohei
Published: May 2003

In the presence of copper(II) triflate, a novel addition reaction of α-oxygenated alkylstannanes to various kinds of imines proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding vicinal-amino alcohol derivatives in good yield.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Properties of Poly[1,4-bis(N-pyrrolylalkoxy)benzene]s with a Three-dimensional Crosslinked Structure
Authors: Ono Katsuhiko , Yamada Satsuki , Ohkita Masakazu , Saito Katsuhiro , Tanaka Shoji , Hanaichi Takamasa
Published: May 2003

The title polymers, which were composed of π-conjugated pyrroles and dialkoxybenzene crosslinkers, were prepared by electrochemical polymerization to afford uniform thin films. These films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and redox stability.
Facile Synthesis of Novel, Surface-active, Comb-like Polymeric Surfactants with Polyurethane Backbone
Authors: Takachi Kiyohiro , Ohkuwa Yuichi , Taniguchi Tatsuo , Kawaguchi Seigou , Nagai Katsutoshi
Published: May 2003

Novel, comb-like polymeric surfactants with polyurethane (PUSs) as the backbone, and dodecyl and polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups as the side chains were synthesized. The surface-active properties of the resulting PUSs in terms of surface tension reduction of water were found to be higher than those of polyacrylates (PASs) with the corresponding side chains.
Influence of Organic Vapors on the Self-assembly of Gold Nanoparticles at Solution-gas Interfaces
Authors: Wang Suhua , Sato Seiichi , Kimura Keisaku
Published: May 2003

The self-assembly of gold nanoparticles at gas/suspension interface was strongly affected by the presence of organic vapor in the gas phase. Nonpolar organic molecules in the gas phase induced spherical assembly of gold nanoparticles, while polar organic molecules favored the formation of irregular aggregates at the gas/suspension interfaces.
Facile Synthesis of 3β-Cholesterol H-Phosphonates
Authors: Xiao Qiang , Sun Jing , Ju Yong , Zhao Yufen , Cui Yuxin
Published: May 2003

A series of H-phosphonates of 3β-cholesterol, which are convenient precursors of various 3β-cholesterol phosphates, were synthesized in one pot by a tandem transesterification of diphenyl phosphite (DPP) with 3β-cholesterol and hydroxyl compounds.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Dibenzo-ortho-terphenoquinone. The First o-Terphenoquinone Derivative
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Takehara Yuko , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji
Published: May 2003

A dibenzo-ortho-terphenoquinone derivative, the first o-terquinone derivative, is largely deviated from coplanarity, is in a slight equilibrium with its diradical form, displays an easy rotation of the exocyclic double bonds, and shows photoresponsive switching property traceable by ESR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of Zeolite MCM-22 Using N,N,N,N′,N′,N′-Hexamethyl-1,5-pentanediaminium and Alkali Metal Cations as Structure-directing Agents
Authors: Lee Song-Ho , Shin Chae-Ho , Hong Suk Bong
Published: May 2003

A novel synthesis route to the high-silica zeolite MCM-22, which includes the combined use of a flexible, linear diquaternary ion N,N,N,N′,N′,N′-hexamethyl-1,5-pentanediaminium and Na+ or K+, is described. Unlike the previously known organic structure-directing agents leading to the crystallization of MCM-22 and related materials, the organic additive used here was found to locate inside both the 12-ring supercages and the sinusoidal 10-ring channels of MWW topology.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanobelts by Carbothermal Reduction and Their Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Kong Xianghua , Sun Xiaoming , Li Yadong
Published: May 2003

Semiconducting ZnO nanobelts have been fabricated by carbothermal reduction process using ZnO powders mixed with graphite as starting materials at a temperature of 900 °C. SEM, TEM images and SAED show that the nanobelts are pure, thin, uniform, and single-crystalline. One strong green-light emission peak at 500 nm was observed.
Amination of Arenes with N,N-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone O-Methoxyacetyloxime
Authors: Baldovini Nicolas , Kitamura Mitsuru , Narasaka Koichi
Published: May 2003

Treatment of nucleophilic arenes with N,N-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone O-methoxyacetyloxime and SnCl4 produced the corresponding N-arylimines, which were converted to anilines by hydrolysis with CsOH and to N-methylanilines by LiAlH4 reduction.
Synthesis of Rhodamine 6G/Cationic Surfactant/Clay Hybrid Materials and Its Luminescent Characterization
Authors: Sasai Ryo , Iyi Nobuo , Fujita Taketoshi , Takagi Katsuhiko , Itoh Hideaki
Published: May 2003

In order to develop the solid-state laser oscillator based on laser dye compound, the intercalation of rhodamine 6G (R6G) together with cetyltrimethylammonium cations (CTA+) into montmorillonite (Mont) interlayer space was investigated. It was found that the solid material with the light-emitting ability was prepared by cointercalating R6G and CTA+ molecules into Mont interlayer space at lower molar ratio of R6G to CTA+ molecules.
Cyclopropyl-containing Photoacid Generators for Chemically Amplified Resists
Authors: Kim Jin-Baek , Jang Ji-Hyun , Kim Hyun-Woo , Woo Sang-Gyun
Published: May 2003

Several cyclopropyl-containing photoacid generators (PAGs) were synthesized in order to reduce absorbance at 193 nm and induce the photobleaching effect. From the GC–mass experiment, cleavage of S–C(cyclopropyl) which is more preferential than that of S–C(phenyl) results in photobleaching effect. The resist containing cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium triflate gave better resolution than the resist containing the conventional PAG, triphenylsulfonium triflate.
Attitudes about human papillomavirus vaccine in young women
Authors: Kahn Jessica A , Rosenthal Susan L , Hamann Tara , Bernstein David I
Published: May 2003

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are under investigation, but little is known about attitudes regarding vaccination. The aims of this study were to identify attitudes about and intention to receive an HPV vaccine in young women using a theory-based model. Young women ( n=52, mean age 25 years, range 18-30 years, 35% Black/Non-Hispanic) completed a survey assessing knowledge, attitudes about HPV vaccination, and risk behaviours. Associations between attitudes and intention to receive the vaccine were assessed using Mann-Whitney U or chi-square tests. Subjects reported positive attitudes about receiving an HPV vaccine and high intention to receive the vaccine both for themselves and their daughters. Variables associated significantly with intention included knowledge ( P=0.004), personal beliefs about vaccination ( P=0.004), belief that others would approve of vaccination ( P=0.005), and higher number of sexual partners ( P=0.028). Information on attitudes about HPV vaccination and predictors of intention to receive a vaccine may guide immunization initiatives for young adults.
Demand for sexual health services during the Olympic Games: both sides of the Sherman effect
Authors: McNulty Anna M , Rohrsheim Richard , Donovan Basil
Published: May 2003

To determine the impact of the Olympic Games the Sydney Sexual Health Centre database was accessed for demographic, health care utilization, and morbidity variables for two periods of interest: 15-29 September 2000 (the 'Olympic period'), and 1-30 September 1999 ('1999 comparison period'). Differences were tested by chi-square statistics and by calculation of odds ratios (ORs) using SPSS. During the Olympic period twice as many of the new patients had arrived in Australia that year (35% c.f. 18%: OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.49-4.05, P=0.0002). Per attendance the proportion with symptoms or a known sexually transmitted infection (STI) contact was higher during the Games (29% c.f. 16% OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.1.27-2.21, P=0.0002) and there was a marginally higher yield of bacterial STIs (6% c.f. 3%: OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.06-3.13 P=0.03). The normal clinic population was replaced by an increased proportion of symptomatic patients who were recent arrivals in Australia.
Anogenital warts contributing to the risk of squamous intraepithelial lesions among HIV-positive women of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Goncalves Maria Alice G , Burattini Marcelo N , Donadi Eduardo A , Massad Eduardo
Published: May 2003

Unsafe sexual practices may expose HIV-positive women to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and to infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types. A cross sectional study of 141 HIV-positive women was designed to evaluate risk factors for the development of cervico-vaginal SIL and HPV-DNA detection/typing. Uni- and multivariate forward stepwise analysis was used to determine the relationship between risk variables and HPV infection and between risk behaviour, HPV and HIV infection with development of SIL. Univariate analysis showed that HPV-DNA infection was related to previous and recurrent anogenital warts, male genital warts and cytological alteration. For final multivariate analysis, both HPV type (undetermined- and high-risk, OR=29.3 and 112.0, respectively) were statistically associated ( P=0.019) with high-grade cervico-vaginal SIL. The presence of anogenital warts as well as high- and undetermined-risk HPV infection may alert to cyto/histopathological alterations. These results point out the importance of the use of barrier methods and routine early genitoscopy/treatment for HIV-infected partners.
The management of penile intraepithelial neoplasia in genitourinary medicine
Authors: Markos A R
Published: May 2003

The incidence of reporting of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) by genitourinary medicine clinics in the UK is rare. The reporting of higher incidence, in most international studies, is suggestive of under-diagnosis of PIN lesions in the UK, which leads to improper therapy and follow-up. A systematic literature review is undertaken, regarding the current state of management of PIN and the possible avenues of improvement in the diagnosis and follow-up. The role of genitourinary medicine clinics is examined, in view of the high number of patients that present with genital dermatological conditions, in whom there are patients with non-identified PIN lesions.

The notable increase in reporting of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia has been associated with an increase in vulval cancer, especially in younger patients. The possibility of a similar trend in penile lesions needs to be observed and the association between high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, and genital intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer, is recognized and therefore an increased incidence in the diagnosis of HPV associated lesions must be considered.
All STDs are not created equal: an analysis of the differential effects of sexual behaviour changes on different STDs
Authors: Pinkerton S D , Layde P M , DiFranceisco W , Chesson H W
Published: May 2003

The same sexual behaviours that transmit HIV are implicated in the transmission of certain other STDs, including chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis. Consequently, it is often assumed that preventive methods that are effective against HIV should be equally effective against other STDs. The purpose of this study was to examine this assumption. We applied a mathematical model of HIV/STD transmission to empirical data from a large HIV prevention intervention that stressed sexual behaviour change. We modelled the effects of two behavioural strategies - reducing the number of sex partners and increasing condom use—on the proportionate change in intervention participants' cumulative risk of acquiring HIV or a highly-infectious STD, such as gonorrhoea. The results of this modelling exercise indicate that decreasing the number of partners is a more effective strategy for reducing STD risk than it is for HIV risk. In contrast, condoms are somewhat more effective at reducing the cumulative transmission risk for HIV than for highly infectious STDs. The protection provided by condoms for multiple acts of intercourse critically depends on the infectiousness of the STD. The results of this study suggest caution in extrapolating from one STD to another, or from one behavioural risk reduction strategy to another.
Routine questioning about non-consenting sex: a survey of practice in Australasian sexual health clinics
Authors: Hurst Claire , MacDonald Jane , Say Janet , Read John
Published: May 2003

The objectives of the study were, 1. To ascertain if sexual health physicians and practitioners believe a question concerning a past history of non-consensual sex should be asked routinely and are asking it. 2. To identify whether sexual health services have established protocols to integrate this question into practice. 3. To identify the barriers to this becoming part of a routine sexual health history. A questionnaire covering demographics, protocols and practice around asking the question and reasons for not asking was sent to all (20) sexual health clinics in New Zealand and 7 sexual health clinics in Australia, inviting participation from all staff who took routine sexual health histories. Twenty-seven sexual health clinics participated with a total of 122 (69% response rate) questionnaires completed and returned. One hundred and thirteen (93%) participants believed it was a relevant question to ask. Seventy-eight (63%) said asking the question was encouraged, and routinely or mostly asked the question. Only 40 (33%) identified their workplace had a written policy and 52 (43%) had not received specific training in asking the question. The majority who asked routinely said their client never or rarely objected and that it did not often add significantly to the time. The main reasons for not asking were the belief it was nothing to do with the person's presenting complaint, concern the client would find it too disturbing, inadequate training, and lack of time. Sexual health clinics should develop protocols and guidelines and provide appropriate training to ensure that routine questioning about non-consenting sex is integrated into safe practice.
Street outreach for HIV prevention: effectiveness of a state-wide programme
Authors: Wendell Deborah A , Cohen Deborah A , LeSage Daphne , Farley Thomas A
Published: May 2003

Street outreach is considered a key HIV prevention strategy in the United States. To determine whether street outreach to prevent HIV infection as practised by state-funded community-based organizations (CBOs) is effective in promoting condom use, we conducted an evaluation using a quasi-experimental design. Twenty-one CBOs involved in street outreach conducted cross-sectional surveys assessing risk behaviour and exposure to outreach activities in 66 intervention and 13 comparison areas in Louisiana over a 2-year period. Surveys were collected from 4950 persons at intervention sites and 1597 persons at comparison sites. After controlling for demographic characteristics and sexual risk factors, persons in intervention sites were more likely to use condoms than persons in comparison sites [odds ratio 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.20, 1.56; P<0.001)]. Contact with an outreach worker mediated condom use. The mechanism of effect may be related to direct contact with an outreach worker and condom distribution rather than to broader community mobilization.
Previous STI and risk of HIV infection in men
Authors: Vall Mayans M , Escribá J M
Published: May 2003

To determine the prevalence of a previous history of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and its influence as a risk factor for HIV infection among men tested for HIV, data from men having a voluntary HIV test at the STI Unit of Barcelona during a 6-month period of 1998 were analysed. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis were done to examine the prevalence of previous STI and factors associated with HIV infection. Prevalences of HIV were 5.6% in homo/bisexual and 0.5% in heterosexual men ( P<0.001). Risk factors for HIV were STI history: odds ratio (OR)=8.7 and homo/bisexual behaviour: OR=6.6; 19.8% of heterosexuals had a history of STI compared with 44.2% of homo/bisexual men ( P<0.01). A previous STI was associated with HIV seropositivity in homosexual men.
Sexual behaviour and social class in Australian women
Authors: Mindel A , Marks C , Tideman R , Taylor J , Seifert C , Berry G , Trudinger B , Cunningham A
Published: May 2003

Sexual behaviour is determined by social, cultural and personal factors. Sexual behaviour studies have been conducted in many countries. However, information from Australia is limited. This study was conducted in Obstetrics Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney. Questionnaire-derived demographic and behavioural characteristics for public and private patients were compared using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Of the patients, 3036 were public, and 595 private. On bivariate analysis some significant differences were private patients more likely to be born in Australia and have a higher education level whereas public patients were more likely to have had a greater number of lifetime sexual partners and younger age at first sex. Public patients were more likely to be herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibody positive (12%) than private patients (6%). On logistic regression significant variables included country of birth, being HSV-2 antibody positive, and age at first sex. A number of sexual and social variables were significantly different, comparing patients in the public and private sectors. Evaluation of interventions to reduce the sexual risk to women in the public sector should be considered, including encouraging young women to delay their sexual debut, and reducing the number of sexual partners.
Hydroxyurea in combination with didanosine and stavudine in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected subjects with a review of the literature
Authors: Rossero R , Asmuth D M , Grady J J , McKinsey D S , Green S , Andron L , Pollard R B
Published: May 2003

The safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea with didanosine in combination with stavudine in nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-experienced patients was investigated. Entry criteria included HIV-1 infected, NRTI-experienced adults, with CD4+ counts 50-550 cells/mm3 and viral loads ≥12,500 copies/mL. Subjects were treated with didanosine 200 mg twice a day (BID), stavudine 40 mg BID, and hydroxyurea 1000 mg daily for 16 weeks. Thirty-one HIV-1 subjects with mean bDNA viral load 1×105 log10 copies/mL and mean CD4+ T-cell counts of 231 cells/mm3 were enrolled. A 1.3 log10 decrease in mean viral load was seen at 12 weeks of therapy. Prior didanosine use resulted in a more rapid response to therapy compared with prior zidovudine use. Side effects consisting of neutropenia, pancreatitis, and peripheral neuropathy occurred in four subjects and resolved upon withdrawal of therapy. This non-randomized study in subjects with a mean CD4+ T-cell count of 230 cells/mm3 demonstrates the antiviral activity of hydroxyurea+didanosine and stavudine. Toxicities related to therapy need to be followed closely. The results support the need for a randomized, prospective study to determine the safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea plus didanosine in antiretroviral-experienced patients with CD4+ cell counts below 300 cells/mm3.
Systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Calza Leonardo , Manfredi Roberto , Colangeli Vincenzo , D'Antuono Antonietta , Passarini Beatrice , Chiodo Francesco
Published: May 2003

Although HIV infection is often associated with several rheumatic diseases, the coexistence of this retroviral infection and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is extremely uncommon. Generally, HIV-related immunosuppression improves SLE symptoms, and antiretroviral therapy may lead to an autoimmune disease flare subsequent to the increase of circulating CD4+ cell number. Two HIV-infected female patients with SLE and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) diagnosed a few months after the highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation, are described. To our knowledge, this is the second case of DLE and the twenty-seventh case of SLE reported to date in association with HIV infection.
Mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention in Thailand: physician zidovudine use and willingness to provide care
Authors: Bhatta M P , Stringer J S A , Phanuphak P , Vermund S H
Published: May 2003

We conducted a mail survey of Thai physicians involved in obstetric care to assess attitudes and practices regarding zidovudine use during pregnancy and willingness to provide care for HIV-infected women in 1999. Of 845 respondents, 57% reported using perinatal zidovudine prophylaxis, an increase from 20% reported in 1997. Highest failure-to-use rates (52%) were among the respondents from Central and Southern Thailand and lowest failure rate was among those from the North (37%). Predictors of failure to use zidovudine in a multivariable logistic regression analysis were not knowing a source from which to obtain zidovudine (odds ratio [OR]=3.1), working in smaller hospitals (district/provincial/private hospitals) (OR=2.0), being from Eastern/Central/Southern Thailand (OR=1.4), unwillingness to perform caesarean section delivery on a HIV-positive women (OR=1.8), having provided antenatal care to fewer than 100 women in 1998 (OR=1.7), and unfamiliarity with Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group 076 protocol (OR=2.9). A number of respondents described themselves as unwilling to perform pelvic examinations (15%), vaginal delivery (29%), or caesarean sections (37%) on HIV-infected pregnant women. About 39% of the respondents advocated elective terminations of pregnancy for HIV-infected women. Our survey indicates an increasing willingness of Thai physicians to use antiretroviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and to provide obstetric care to HIV-infected women. However, availability and affordability remained major barriers to more widespread antiretroviral use in 1999.
Spectrum of opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Authors: Senya Chhin , Mehta Akanksha , Harwell Joseph I , Pugatch David , Flanigan Timothy , Mayer Kenneth H
Published: May 2003

The aim of the study was to provide more comprehensive data on the clinical characteristics of hospitalized AIDS patients in Cambodia. Chart review of 381 HIV-infected patients admitted to a public hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia between December 1999 and May 2000 was performed. The in-hospital mortality rate was 43.6%. Approximately 50% of patients had two or more concurrent illnesses. Very advanced HIV disease was common, with CD4 cell counts below 10 cells/mm3 in 43.2%. Only 28.3% of the patients had documentation of their HIV infection prior to hospitalization. Chronic diarrhoea was the most frequent opportunistic illness (41.2%), followed by tuberculosis (26%), cryptococcal meningitis (12.6%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (8.4%), and encephalitis (4.7%). Chronic diarrhoea and tuberculosis were the most important opportunistic infections observed in HIV-infected hospitalized patients in Cambodia. These findings illustrate the need for early diagnosis of HIV-infection, effective prophylaxis for opportunistic infections and improved access to antiretroviral therapy in Cambodia.
Capitalising on culture: cities and the changing landscape of cultural policy
Authors: Griffiths Ron , Bassett Keith , Smith Ian
Published: May 2003

English

Over the last two decades, the cultural sphere appears to have gained a more central role in urban policy and urban governance. This article gives an outline of the changing cultural policy landscape in the UK over the last decade, and then explores the significance of this changing landscape from the standpoint of one of the country's main regional cities. It argues that there has been a growing congruence between national and local cultural policy discourses, but that a number of deep-seated issues remain.
Challenging images: tackling stigma through estate regeneration
Authors: Hastings Annette , Dean Jo
Published: May 2003

English

Neighbourhood regeneration initiatives in stigmatised estates have tended not to address the problem of stigma directly, but have largely assumed that an estate’s reputation will improve as material conditions on the estate improve. This article demonstrates the tenacity of stigma even in estates where large-scale regeneration initiatives are underway. It then accounts for the persistence of stigma by providing evidence of how a problem image creates barriers to the spread of knowledge of change. The article concludes by exploring how area-based initiatives could build on this insight in order to develop effective approaches to challenging stigma, thus contributing to sustainable regeneration.
The potential of the case study method for organisational analysis
Authors: Dopson Sue
Published: May 2003

This article explores the case study method with a view to considering its potential contribution for organisational analysis. The promise of this method is seen to lie in allowing complex interdependencies between groups and complex social processes to be explored within a social context. This potential can only be realised if a number of important standards are met. Such standards include using organisational theory, seeking multiple data, comparing cases where possible and a clearly presented research design.
Organisational culture in health service policy and research: ‘third-way’ political fad or policy development?
Authors: Ormrod Susan
Published: May 2003

In health service policy the term ‘culture’ is gaining prominence. Some of this policy literature indicates that culture can be managed. Yet this view is controversial within organisational studies. Much of the latest policy literature seems unaware of such debates. Does the new-found topicality of organisational culture indicate political fad or policy development? If the latter, what are the methodological implications for health service research (HSR)? There is a substantive literature on organisational culture that needs to be accessed by policy makers. Some of these ideas have been operationalised through an organisational ethnography of an NHS innovation in the treatment of severe personality disorder.
Action research as a methodology for theory development
Authors: Huxham Chris
Published: May 2003

The aim of this article is to provide some insight into ways in which action research can contribute to the development of theory about the process of health care delivery. It focuses on a variety of action research that is a methodology for carrying out research into management and organisations, which can lead to deep conceptualisations about what can happen in practice and the reasons for this. The article aims to highlight the considerations that influence the recording of data; raise some issues about the nature of action research intervention settings and their implications for theory building; provide an example method for deriving emergent theory from the data collected; and provide an example of the type of theory that can be generated.
Importance of soil surface characteristics on water erosion in a small grazed Sahelian catchment
Authors: Karambiri H. , Ribolzi O. , Delhoume J. P. , Ducloux J. , Coudrain‐Ribstein A. , Casenave A.
Published: May 2003

This study concerns the problem of water erosion in the Sahel. Surface water and sediment yields (suspended matter and bedload) were monitored for 3 years (1998–2000) at the outlet of a small grazed catchment (1·4 ha) in the northern part of Burkina Faso. The catchment consists of about 64% sandy deposits (DRY soil surface type), which support most of the vegetation, and about 34% of crusted bare soils (ERO soil surface type). The annual solid‐matter export is more than 90% suspended sediment, varying between 4·0 and 8·4 t ha−1. The bedload represents less than 10% of soil losses. In a single flood event (10 year return period), the sediment yield can reach 4·2 t ha−1. During the period studied, a small proportion (20 to 32%) of the floods was thus responsible for a large proportion (80%) of the solid transport. Seasonal variation of the suspended‐matter content was also observed: high mean values (9 g l−1) in June, decreasing in July and stabilizing in August (between 2 and 4 g l−1). This behaviour may be a consequence of a reorganization of the soil surfaces that have been destroyed by trampling animals during the previous long dry season, vegetation growth (increase in the protecting effect of the herbaceous cover) and, to a lesser extent, particle‐supply limitation (exhaustion of dust deposits during July). The particle‐size distribution in the suspended matter collected at the catchment outlet is 60% made up of clay: fraction ≤2 µ m. The contribution of this clay is maximum when the water rises and its kaolinite/quartz ratio is then close to that of the ERO‐type surfaces. This indicates that these surfaces are the main source of clay within the catchment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed approach for estimating catchment evapotranspiration: comparison of the combination equation and the complementary relationship approaches
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Li J. Y.
Published: May 2003

In large river basins, there may be considerable variations in both climate and land use across the region. The evapotranspiration that occurs over a basin may be drastically different from one part of the region to another. The potential influence of these variations in evapotranspiration estimated for the catchment is weakened by using a spatially based distributed hydrological model in such a study. Areal evapotranspiration is estimated by means of approaches requiring only meteorological data: the combination equation (CE) model and the complementary relationship approach—the complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration (CRAE) and advection–aridity (AA) models. The capability of three models to estimate the evapotranspiration of catchments with complex topography and land‐use classification is investigated, and the models are applied to two catchments with different characteristics and scales for several representative years. Daily, monthly, and annual evapotranspiration are estimated with different accuracy. The result shows that the modified CE model may underestimate the evapotranspiration in some cases. The CRAE and AA models seem to be two kinds of effective alternatives for estimating catchment evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the credibility of a series of computational fluid dynamic simulations of open channel flow
Authors: Hardy R. J. , Lane S. N. , Ferguson R. I. , Parsons D. R.
Published: May 2003

Recent developments in numerical algorithms have enabled the construction of three‐dimensional models for the prediction of flows in open channels. These advances encompass improvements in both numerical solutions and the process representation required for an accurate system definition. However, to date, there is still little agreement on how to assess systematically and report the credibility of these simulations. This paper addresses this problem by adopting a Grid Convergence Index approach. The results indicate, for two simple hypothetical cases, a zero‐degree confluence and a meander bend, that the numerical code can be verified to an acceptable numerical standard. However, it is shown that this does not mean that verification is complete, as the literature implies, as whilst the discretization resolution may be sufficient to verify one of the model variables it does not imply that every variable has converged. Furthermore, the scheme may still be insufficient to capture all the processes of interest that are operating within the chosen environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Dead Sea–Red Sea canal modelling on the prediction of the Dead Sea conditions
Authors: Asmar B. N. , Ergenzinger Peter
Published: May 2003

A project to link the Dead Sea to the Red Sea via a canal is undergoing extensive study. In previous works, a generalized mathematical model describing the state of the Dead Sea and a simulation model to implement it have been developed. The model is extended to include the proposed canal project and investigates two alternative modelling canal scenarios: (1) introducing the canal water inflow into the bottom layer or (2) the top layer of the sea. The predicted general effects of the canal are the restoration of the water level of the sea to pre‐1970s level; an increase in the total evaporation rate and a decrease in the top layer salinity. Implementing scenario 1, the model predicts that: the water level of the Dead Sea will exceed the desired level design value and therefore shorter filling time can be used; seasonal stratification will persist; total evaporation rate will increase Modestly; there will a small decrease in the salinity of the top layer but a substantial decrease in the salinity of the bottom layer, which will hurt industries severely; there will be a continuation of seasonal crystallization of aragonite and gypsum. Implementing scenario 2 the model predicts that: the water level of the Dead Sea will be maintained at the desired level design value; stratification will be re‐established, with the formation of a permanent two‐layer system; there will be a substantial increase in the total evaporation rate; the salinity of the top layer will decrease significantly but there will be continuous slower salinity increase in the bottom layer; the crystallization of aragonite will cease, but seasonal gypsum crystallization can be expected to continue as soon as the filling period ends and the canal shifts into normal operation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of operation rule curves and flushing schedule in a reservoir
Authors: Chang Fi‐John , Lai Jihn‐Sung , Kao Li‐Shan
Published: May 2003

Flushing sediment through a reservoir has been practiced successfully and found to be inexpensive in many cases. However, the great amount of water consumed in the flushing operation might affect the water supply. To satisfy the water demand and water consumed in the flushing operation, two models combining the reservoir simulation model and the sediment flushing model are established. In the reservoir simulation model, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize and determine the flushing operation rule curves. The sediment‐flushing model is developed to estimate the amount of the flushed sediment volume, and the simulated results update the elevation‐storage curve, which can be taken into account in the reservoir simulation model. The models are successfully applied to the Tapu reservoir, which has faced serious sedimentation problems. Based on 36 years historical sequential data, the results show that (i) the simulated flushing operation rule curves model has superior performance, in terms of lower shortage index (SI) and higher flushing efficiency (FE), than that by the original reservoir operation; (ii) the rational and riskless flushing schedule for the Tapu reservoir is suggested to be set within an interval of every 2 or 4 years in the months of May or June. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Dennis Ian A. , Macklin Mark G. , Coulthard Tom J. , Brewer Paul A.
Published: May 2003

During the autumn of 2000, large areas of England and Wales were affected by severe flooding, which caused widespread disruption and significant damage to property. This study attempts to determine the impact of these flood events on contaminated sediment dispersal and deposition in the River Swale catchment, Yorkshire, UK, where lead and zinc were extracted and processed in large quantities during the nineteenth century.

Seventy samples of overbank and channel‐edge sediments were collected at 35 sites along the River Swale. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry was used to measure contaminant metal concentrations in the 2000–63 µm (sand) and <63 µm (silt and clay) size fractions. In both the channel‐edge and overbank sediments collected from the upper and middle reaches of the River Swale, concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium were found to exceed MAFF guidelines. Highest concentrations correspond to the input of contaminated material from intensively mined tributaries, and elevated levels can be observed 5–10 km downstream of these inputs. This indicates that the remobilization of contaminated material during major flood events is potentially a serious problem for activities such as agriculture that utilize the Swale floodplain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional behaviour of pedotransfer functions in soil water flow simulation
Authors: Soet M. , Stricker J. N. M.
Published: May 2003

Soil hydraulic parameter values for large‐scale modelling cannot be obtained by direct methods. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) that relate soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) to generally available soil texture data may provide an alternative. A considerable number of PTF models has been developed, the application of three recent PTFs is evaluated. As a first step sets of SHPs derived from the PTFs are compared with measured sets of SHPs for three sites. No good agreement was found statistically between measured and PTF results or between PTF results. As a second step and from a practical point of view results for three hydrologically functional variables were compared and evaluated. The three selected functional variables are saturated hydraulic conductivity, k0, in relation to infiltration excess runoff, available soil water amounts for evapotranspiration and water table depth for a specified upward flux or capillary rise. Derived k0 distributions from PTFs show substantially less variance than from the measured data at all three sites. This can have a considerable impact on infiltration excess runoff, depending on the actual rainfall regime. Simulated available soil water amounts for evapotranspiration for some combinations of PTFs and sites are close to those obtained for measured SHPs, however, no consistency in results can be detected. Water table depths for specified upward flux densities using PTF derived SHPs are generally deeper than those based on measured SHPs and means a potentially higher water availability. Overall, differences in capillary rise among the selected PTFs and between measured and PTF based results are again inconsistent and show no clear relationship with soil texture. Finally, as a third step, effective SHPs were calculated by using spatially averaged texture as PTF input representing areal average behaviour. For these effective SHPs the calculated effective values for the three selected functional variables appear to be close to the areally averaged values obtained with step 2. The selected functional variables thus appear to depend linearly on the PTFs over the range for which the data are representative. This suggests that for our specific PTFs areal mean or effective values for the three functional variables can be obtained fairly accurately from a single measurement of a bulk collection of soil samples as input. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urbanisation in Europe and China during the second millennium: a review of urbanism and demography
Authors: Woods Robert
Published: May 2003

Three issues are considered in this paper: the estimation of rates of urbanisation for Europe and China between AD 1000 and 2000; the demographic consequences of urbanisation; and especially the culture of urbanism and the way it can distort the general association between urbanisation and the level of economic development. Europe and East Asia are the principal areas of interest, and the perspective adopted is distinctly long‐term. A multidisciplinary approach is also employed, with evidence and arguments drawn from demographic, economic and cultural sources. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The estimation of self‐containment and catchment size indicators for use in small area classification
Authors: Debenham James , Stillwell John , Clarke Graham
Published: May 2003

Whilst geodemographic classification methods are well established, little attention has been given to the inclusion of indicators that capture the role that areas play in providing jobs. This paper focuses on the estimation of two variables based on commuting flows that represent the functional linkages between residence and workplace areas. We adopt a modelling and GIS‐based methodology to estimate self‐containment and catchment area size for postal sectors in Yorkshire and the Humber which uses Special Workplace Statistics from the Census of Population, postal sector population estimates from the Experían database, and employment data from the Annual Employment Survey. Model distance decay parameters are compared between different industry groups, and spatial variations in self‐containment and catchment area size are analysed. Using the example of Selby in North Yorkshire, the paper shows how these modelled indicators, and other indicators relating to the provision of employment, contribute to an extended geodemographic classification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to the Special Issue on International Clinical Psychology
Authors: Swierc Susan Frauenglass , Routh Donald K.
Published: May 2003

We briefly describe the content of the six research articles selected by peer review for this, the first special issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology devoted to international clinical psychology. Two of the articles address general scientific issues—illusory mental health and a theory of anorexia nervosa—not considered specific to any particular cultural setting. One article examines social anxiety in three different Western societies. One considers the development of clinical psychology in a specific country, Spain. The final two articles consider two clinical problems—sexual dysfunction and Type‐I diabetes—within two different contexts in India, one Hindu, the other Moslem. The introduction concludes with some general comments on the history and present status of clinical psychology as an international field. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Cloning the clinician: A method for assessing illusory mental health
Authors: Shedler Jonathan , Karliner Rachel , Katz Ellen
Published: May 2003

Self‐report mental health scales cannot distinguish between genuine mental health and the facade or illusion of mental health created by psychological defenses. Shedler, Mayman, and Manis (1994) demonstrated that experienced clinicians can differentiate genuine from illusory mental health using the Early Memory Test, and that illusory mental health may be a risk factor for medical illness. This article describes the development of the Early Memory Index (EMI), a formal scoring system for the Early Memory Test, and presents evidence for its reliability and validity. The EMI makes the technique for assessing illusory mental health accessible to a wide range of investigators, including investigators who lack extensive clinical training. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Clinical psychology in Spain
Authors: del Barrio Victoria , Carpintero Helio
Published: May 2003

A general view of the field of clinical psychology in present‐day Spain is offered here. The field has experienced an enormous development over the past two decades. Many journals and specialized societies have been established, and a large number of professionals now are working in the field, most of them in private practice, but some in medical centers belonging to the Spanish national health service. This great expansion seems due mainly to the creation of a degree in psychology (1968) and the continuous flow of students demanding training in clinical subjects. A theoretical orientation toward a cognitive–behavioral approach seems to dominate, closely followed by those choosing a dynamic orientation. A large group of professionals dealing with health problems are reinforcing their idiosyncratic profile among the clinical psychologists. A new study program to become a specialist in our field recently has been implemented and is just entering its initial stages (Internship in Psychology—PIR); it represents a significant improvement in the curriculum of the clinical psychologist. All of these facts seem to prove the great vitality of this field in present‐day Spain. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The cognitive‐orientation theory of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Bachar Eytan , Canetti Laura , Berry Elliot , Bonne Omer
Published: May 2003

The major goal was to explore the cognitive–motivational dynamics of anorexia in terms of the cognitive‐orientation (CO) theory (Kreitler & Kreitler, 1982). CO is a comprehensive theory of behavior that assumes that behavior is a function of a cognitively shaped motivational disposition and performance. The study deals with the motivational disposition for anorexia. It focused on examining whether beliefs of four types (about self, goals, norms, and reality) concerning themes relevant for anorexia (defined in pretests) identify correctly anorectics. All participants were women 15 to 18 years old: 58 anorectics (35 restricting, 23 binge eating/purging) and 59 matched healthy controls. All were administered a background‐information questionnaire and the CO‐Anorexia questionnaire assessing beliefs about 30 themes. The results showed that the themes formed 5 clusters defined by foci, such as dissociation from reality, the body, drives or emotionality, and identified significantly the anorectics of each type and the healthy controls. A brief CO questionnaire was developed. Discussion centered on the similarity of the identified themes to some of those discussed by others, on the pathogeneity of the CO of anorexia, and on outlining a blueprint of a theory of anorexia. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Role of family in the management of Type‐I diabetes: An Indian experience
Authors: Sudhir Paulomi Matam , Kumaraiah V. , Munichoodappa C.
Published: May 2003

The role of the family in the management of Type‐I diabetes is gaining recognition. In countries where the adolescent is dependent on the family for medical needs, the family's role is all the more important. At times, when the family is uncooperative, the care of the adolescent is hampered, making psychosocial intervention even more difficult. The following case study illustrates the difficulty encountered while working with a young diabetic belonging to an Indian family. The issues related to parental role and management of diabetes‐related problems are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.