bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High salinity tolerance in eggs and fry of a brackish Esox lucius population
Authors: JØRGENSEN A. T. , HANSEN B. W. , VISMANN B. , JACOBSEN L. , SKOV C. , BERG S. , BEKKEVOLD D.
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Knowledge on the biology and physiology of pike, Esox lucius L., populations inhabiting saline environments is scarce. An experimental setup was used to examine egg development and fry behaviour and growth under varying salinity levels in a brackish‐water pike population from the western Baltic Sea. Eggs and fry developed at 8.5 psu, which is higher than hitherto reported for other populations. Fry exhibited stress behaviour and reduced growth when subjected to salinities above 13 psu. This indicates that early life stages of E. lucius tolerate ambient salinity conditions equivalent to the natural environment in its nursery area in the Stege Nor lagoon. The population should therefore not be dependent on access to freshwater environments during spawning. However, the results also suggest that the population’s natural environment is on the margin of its physiological capacity. The results have significance for management of brackish‐water E. lucius populations, e.g. in relation to stocking strategies.
Habitat use by Thymallus thymallus in a chalk stream and implications for habitat management
Authors: RILEY W. D. , PAWSON M. G.
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Results of a number of studies on the interactions between grayling, Thymallus thymallus L., and its habitat in tributaries of the River Itchen, a chalk stream in Hampshire, southern England are reported. These include an investigation into the effect of riparian shading on T. thymallus growth and population density in relation to the development of in‐stream macrophyte cover, and the use of a multi‐point decoder system to record micro‐habitat use and preference of individual T. thymallus. In all stream sections, T. thymallus recruitment fluctuated greatly. Densities were generally low often restricting meaningful comparisons. However, where large differences occurred, wooded sections, with less aquatic macrophyte cover, generally had higher densities of T. thymallus. All age groups of T. thymallus (0+, 1+ and 2+) tended to occupy hard gravel substratum, both by day and by night in the autumn and winter, and used deeper and faster water with increasing age. The 1+ and 2+ groups were generally found in water 40–70‐cm deep with a velocity between 0.3 and 0.5 m s−1, whilst the 0+ group showed a preference for shallower water with reduced velocity at night, particularly in the winter. The results are discussed in relation to habitat management where T. thymallus occur with other salmonids.
Effects of dantrolene on apoptosis and immunohistochemical expression of NeuN in the spinal cord after traumatic injury in rats
Authors: Torres Bruno Benetti Junta , Caldeira Fátima Maria Caetano , Gomes Mardelene Geísa , Serakides Rogéria , De Marco Viott Aline , Bertagnolli Angélica Cavalheiro , Fukushima Fabíola Bono , De Oliveira Karen Maciel , Gomes Marcus Vinícius , De Melo Eliane Gonçalves
Published: October 2010

Dantrolene has been shown to be neuroprotective by reducing neuronal apoptosis after brain injury in several animal models of neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the effects of dantrolene on experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Forty‐six male Wistar rats were laminectomized at T13 and divided in six groups: GI (n = 7) underwent SCI with placebo and was euthanized after 32 h; GII (n = 7) underwent laminectomy alone with placebo and was euthanized after 32 h; GIII (n = 8) underwent SCI with dantrolene and was euthanized after 32 h; GIV (n = 8) underwent SCI with placebo and was euthanized after 8 days; GV (n = 8) underwent laminectomy alone with placebo and was euthanized after 8 days; and GVI (n = 8) underwent SCI with dantrolene and was euthanized after 8 days. A compressive trauma was performed to induce SCI. After euthanasia, the spinal cord was evaluated using light microscopy, TUNEL staining and immunochemistry with anti‐Caspase‐3 and anti‐NeuN. Animals treated with dantrolene showed a smaller number of TUNEL‐positive and caspase‐3‐positive cells and a larger number of NeuN‐positive neurons, both at 32 h and 8 days (P ≤ 0.05). These results showed that dantrolene protects spinal cord tissue after traumatic SCI by decreasing apoptotic cell death.
Assessing potential invasiveness of woody horticultural plant species using seedling growth rate traits
Authors: Grotkopp Eva , Erskine‐Ogden Jennifer , Rejmánek Marcel
Published: October 2010

1. The ornamental plant trade, forestry, and agriculture have been responsible for the initial introduction of over 60% of invasive alien plant species. Screening tools to test potentially new horticultural species should help curtail the continued introduction of new invaders.

2. Using two methods for analysing phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs) of known invasive and non‐invasive, exotic woody horticultural species, we tested the potential of relative growth rate (RGR) and related traits including net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and specific leaf area (SLA) as predictors of invasiveness. These 29 PICs include 65 species and broadly cover angiosperms.

3. Without accounting for phylogeny, no significant differences were found in seedling RGR or related traits between invasive and non‐invasive woody species. Using PICs, invasive species’ RGRs were significantly higher. RGR was considerably more significant using our extensive dataset than in previous smaller studies, while SLA and LAR remained marginally significant. NAR was significantly higher for invasives for the 10–20 days interval.

4. Analysis of this broad data set confirms that RGR is significantly higher for invasive woody species than their non‐invasive counterparts, and may serve as a useful biological predictor of invasiveness for woody angiosperms. This expanded study shows that plant species use different physiological and biomass allocation patterns to achieve higher RGR; therefore individual components of RGR, such as SLA, do not consistently predict potential invasiveness of species.

5. Synthesis and applications. Comparative seedling RGR studies show that this measure has potential as a screening tool for new exotic plant species. Unfortunately, more easily measurable components of RGR do not consistently predict invasiveness, as previously thought. Using seedling RGR analysis as an invasive species’ screening tool requires growing a species proposed for introduction with related invasive and non‐invasive species. If the tested species’ RGR is higher or not significantly different from its known invasive counterpart, it should be considered highly likely to become invasive, and excluded from further consideration as a potential horticultural species. Seedling RGR could potentially produce a useful, straightforward screening tool when phylogenetically related species or cultivars are available.
Linking genetic diversity, mating patterns and progeny performance in fragmented populations of a Mediterranean shrub
Authors: González‐Varo Juan P. , Albaladejo Rafael G. , Aparicio Abelardo , Arroyo Juan
Published: October 2010

1. The long‐term persistence of fragmented plant populations is predicted to be threatened by a loss of genetic variability and increasing inbreeding, which might lower offspring fitness through inbreeding depression. Assessing plant progeny performance together with measurements of genetic diversity and mating patterns is therefore essential in the understanding of the role of the historical (i.e. genetic diversity in adults) and contemporary (i.e. current mating patterns) genetic effects of fragmentation on inbreeding depression, thus, on recruitment potential.

2. We evaluated genetic diversity, mating patterns and progeny performance at different life stages in seven populations of a Mediterranean shrub (myrtle Myrtus communis) that differed in size and degree of isolation (Large, Small‐connected and Small‐isolated populations). The study was conducted in the Guadalquivir Valley (SW Spain), a chronically and severely fragmented landscape characterized by c. 1% of woodland cover.

3. Parameters of genetic diversity (Ar, Ho and He) of adult plants were in general higher in the Large populations than in the two types of Small populations, which were similar. Outcrossing rates were higher in Small‐connected populations (mean: tm = 0·62), intermediate in Large (tm = 0·35) and lower in Small‐isolated populations (tm = 0·13), and were positively correlated with the genetic diversity of progenies.

4. Several measurements of progeny performance were higher in Small‐connected populations, intermediate in Large and lower in Small‐isolated populations, in particular those related with the quantity of viable seedlings produced (germination and survival). Outcrossing rates rather than the genetic diversity of adult plants were positively correlated with these measurements of progeny performance.

5. We thus conclude that contemporary mating patterns (outcrossing rates) have a more critical influence on progeny performance than either population fragmentation or the historical levels of genetic diversity.

6. Synthesis and applications. It may be possible to enhance either the fitness or certain levels of genetic diversity in progenies by promoting outcrossed matings in fragmented populations of self‐compatible plant species. In our study species, this would be feasible either by controlling honeybee Apis mellifera hives or maintaining and/or enhancing landscape connectivity around small patches.
150‐year legacy of land use on tree species composition in old‐secondary forests of Jamaica
Authors: Chai Shauna‐Lee , Tanner E. V. J.
Published: October 2010

1.The long term impacts of historical land use on montane tropical forest tree species composition and structure is unknown. We used old plantation survey maps of 19th century coffee plantations in the Blue and Port Royal Mountains of Jamaica to investigate the effects of land use history on forest tree species composition and structure after 150–170 years of re‐growth.

2.We sampled trees (≥ 10 cm d.b.h.) in montane forests along eight 200 m × 5 m transects that ran across old plantation boundaries. We assumed that agriculture had been abandoned for at least 150 years in the old plantations, based on the present forest cover which has now re‐grown to resemble old growth forest, and that what was described as forest on old maps remained forested throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Transects were located in montane forests between 1100 and 1500 m elevation, except for one transect which was in lower montane forest at 600 m elevation. For data analysis, transects were divided into three equal lengths, representing three forest types: old plantation, old edge and old growth.

3.There was no difference between old growth forest and old plantation forest or old edge forest in species density, endemic species richness or basal area. However we found a significantly higher percentage of individuals of endemic species in the old growth forest type.

4.The species composition of large and medium sized stems (20.1–95.0 cm) in the three forest types was different. The similarity between forest types of species with small stems (10–20 cm) suggests that succession follows an equilibrium model.

5.Synthesis.Old growth tropical montane forests are still different from forests on adjacent old plantations after 150–170 years of re‐growth in having a higher percentage of individuals of endemic tree species, and in the tree species composition of large and medium‐sized stems. While these old‐secondary forests are not identical to old growth forest, they can have similar species density and basal area to old growth forests after two‐centuries.
Ecophysiological significance of leaf traits in Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum
Authors: Chang Wei , Zhang Shi‐Bao , Li Shu‐Yun , Hu Hong
Published: October 2010

There is a close phylogenetic relationship between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, but these two genera diverge considerably in terms of their leaf traits. To understand the evolution and the ecophysiological significance of leaf traits, we investigated the leaf traits of three Paphiopedilum species and three Cypripedium species in southwestern China. Cypripedium tibeticum and C. flavum showed a significantly higher light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax), stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency (PNUE) and specific leaf area (SLA), but lower ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen content (C/N) and leaf construction cost (CC) than Paphiopedilum. These leaf traits of Cypripedium suggest its high resource use efficiency and high growth rate reflecting adaptation to a short growing period and abundant soil nutrients and water in alpine habitats. Conversely, the low Pmax, gs, PNUE, SLA and the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (Chl a/b), but high leaf nitrogen investment in light‐harvesting component (PL), CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicate its adaptation to a low light, nutrient‐poor and limited soil water habitats in karst areas. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, although C. lentiginosum retained the phylogenetic leaf traits of Cypripedium, such as high mass‐based light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax‐M), gs and PNUE, it had some similar leaf traits to those of Paphiopedilum, such as low mesophyll conductance (gm) and Chl a/b, and high PL, which reflected an adaptation to the same habitat. Our results show that the evolution of the leaf traits of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium are shaped by both phylogeny and environment.
Is Alarm Calling Risky? Marmots Avoid Calling from Risky Places
Authors: Collier Travis C. , Blumstein Daniel T. , Girod Lewis , Taylor Charles E.
Published: October 2010

Alarm calling is common in many species. A prevalent assumption is that calling puts the vocalizing individual at increased risk of predation. If calling is indeed costly, we need special explanations for its evolution and maintenance. In some, but not all species, callers vocalize away from safety and thus may be exposed to an increased risk of predation. However, for species that emit bouts with one or a few calls, it is often difficult to identify the caller and find the precise location where a call was produced. We analyzed the spatial dynamics of yellow‐bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) alarm calling using an acoustic localization system to determine the location from where calls were emitted. Marmots almost always called from positions close to the safety of their burrows, and, if they produced more than one alarm call, tended to end their calling bouts closer to safety than they started them. These results suggest that for this species, potential increased predation risk from alarm calling is greatly mitigated and indeed calling may have limited predation costs.
Lateralization When Monitoring Predators in the Wild: A Left Eye Control in the Common Wall Lizard (Podarcis muralis)
Authors: Martín José , López Pilar , Bonati Beatrice , Csermely Davide
Published: October 2010

Lateralization is the function specialization between left and right brain hemispheres. It is now ascertained in ectotherms too, where bias in eye use for different tasks, i.e., visual lateralization, is widespread. The lateral eye position on the head of ectotherm animals, in fact, allows them to observe left/right stimuli independently and allows lateralized individuals to carry out left and right perceived tasks at the same time. A recent study conducted on common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis, showed that lizards predominantly monitor a predator with the left eye while escaping. However, this work was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting owing to the difficulty of carrying out lateralization experiments under natural conditions. Nevertheless, field studies could provide important information to support what was previously found in the laboratory and demonstrate that these traits occur in nature. In this study, we conducted a field study on the antipredatory behavior of P. muralis lizards. We simulated predatory attacks on lizards in their natural environment. We found no lateralization in the measure of eye used by the lizard to monitor the predator before escaping from it, but the eye used was probably determined by the relative position of the lizard and the predator just before the attack. This first eye used did not affect escape decisions; lizards chose to escape toward the nearest refuge irrespective of whether it was located to the lizard’s left or right side. However, once they had escaped to a refuge, lizards had a left eye–mediated bias to monitor the predator when first emerging from the refuge, and this bias was likely independent of other environmental variables. Hence, these field findings support a left eye–mediated observation of the predator in P. muralis lizards, which confirms previous findings in this and other species.
Soft‐sediment deformation structures in Cretaceous non‐marine deposits of southeastern Gyeongsang Basin, Korea: Occurrences and origin
Authors: Kang Hee‐Cheol , Paik In Sung , Lee Ho Il , Lee Jeong Eun , Chun Jong‐Hwa
Published: October 2010

A variety of soft‐sediment deformation structures formed during or shortly after deposition occurs in the Cretaceous Seongpori and Dadaepo Formations of the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin exposed along coastal areas of southeastern Korean Peninsula for 0.5–2 km. These are mostly present in a fluvial plain facies, with interbedded lacustrine deposits. In this study, the features of different kinds of soft‐sediment deformation structures have been interpreted on the basis of sedimentology of structure‐bearing deposits, comparison with normal sedimentary structures, timing and mechanism of deformation, and triggering mechanisms. The soft‐sediment deformation structures can be classified into four morphological groups: (i) load structures (load casts, ball‐and‐pillow structures); (ii) soft‐sediment intrusive structures (dish‐and‐pillars, clastic dykes, sills); (iii) ductile disturbed structures (convolute folds, slump structures); and (iv) brittle deformation structures (syndepositional faulting, dislocated breccia). The most probable triggering mechanisms resulting in these structures were seismic shocks. These interpretations are based on the following field observations: (i) location of the study area within tectonically active fault zone reactivated several times during the Cretaceous; (ii) deformation structures confined to single stratigraphic levels; (iii) lateral continuity and occurrences of various soft‐sediment deformation structures in the deformed level over large areas; (iv) absence of depositional slope to indicate gravity sliding or slumping; and (v) similarity to the structures produced experimentally. The soft‐sediment deformation structures in the study areas are thus interpreted to have been generated by seismic shocks with an estimated magnitude of M > 5, representing an intermittent record of the active tectonic and sedimentary processes during the development and evolution of two formations from the late Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous.
Thematic review of family therapy journals 2009
Authors: Carr Alan
Published: October 2010

In this article the contents of the principal English‐language family therapy journals published in 2009 are reviewed under these headings: narrative therapy, child‐focused problems, adult‐focused problems, substance abuse across the lifespan, illness across the lifespan, family violence, couples, diversity, developments in systemic practice, training and research.
Does Foreign Portfolio Investment Reach Small Listed Firms?
Authors: Knill April M.
Published: October 2010

Because investors generally choose to invest in large firms when investing internationally, it is not immediately obvious whether small listed firms would benefit from foreign portfolio investment. A capital infusion of this form could either serve to alleviate constrained capital markets or make large firms stronger, increasing competition and crowding out small firms. In this paper, I examine the impact of foreign portfolio investment on the capital issuance behaviour of small listed firms. I find that foreign portfolio investment (scaled by gross domestic product) is associated with an increased probability of small firm security issuance in all nations, regardless of property rights development. Evidence suggests that the mechanism by which this occurs is a freeing up of capital in domestic markets when large firms utilise foreign investment directly. Long‐term debt levels increase in nations where property rights are more developed, suggesting that foreign portfolio investment may reach small firms through the banking channel as well in these nations. The banking channel results, however, are somewhat sensitive to the definition of foreign portfolio investment.
THE USES OF WALTER: WALTER BENJAMIN AND THE COUNTERFACTUAL IMAGINATION
Authors: WURGAFT BENJAMIN ALDES
Published: October 2010

Many authors, both scholarly and otherwise, have asked what might have happened had Walter Benjamin survived his 1940 attempt to escape Nazi‐occupied Europe. This essay examines several implicitly or explicitly “counterfactual” thought experiments regarding Benjamin's “survival,” including Hannah Arendt's influential “Walter Benjamin: 1892–1940,” and asks why our attachment to Benjamin's story has prompted so much counterfactual inquiry. It also explores the larger question of why few intellectual historians ask explicitly counterfactual questions in their work. While counterfactuals have proven invaluable for scholars in diplomatic, military, and economic history, those writing about the history of ideas often seem less concerned with chains of events and contingency than some of their colleagues are—or they attend to contingency in a selective fashion. Thus this essay attends to the ambivalence about the category of contingency that runs through much work in intellectual history. Returning to the case of Walter Benjamin, this essay explores his own tendency to pose “what if?” questions, and then concludes with an attempt to ask a serious counterfactual question about his story. The effort to ask this question reveals one methodological advantage of counterfactual inquiry: the effort to ask such questions often serves as an excellent guide to the prejudices and interests of the historian asking them. By engaging in counterfactual thought experiments, intellectual historians could restore an awareness of sheer contingency to the stories we tell about the major texts and debates of intellectual history.
NEUROSCIENCE AND THE FALLACIES OF FUNCTIONALISM
Authors: Reddy William M.
Published: October 2010

Smail's On Deep History and the Brain is rightly critical of the functionalist fallacies that have plagued evolutionary theory, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology. However, his attempt to improve on these efforts relies on functional explanations that themselves oversimplify the lessons of neuroscience. In addition, like explanations in evolutionary psychology, they are highly speculative and cannot be confirmed or disproved by evidence. Neuroscience research is too diverse to yield a single picture of brain functioning. Some recent developments in neuroscience research, however, do suggest that cognitive processing provides a kind of “operating system” that can support a great diversity of cultural material. These developments include evidence of “top‐down” processing in motor control, in visual processing, in speech recognition, and in “emotion regulation.” The constraints that such a system may place on cultural learning and transmission are worth investigating. At the same time, historians are well advised to remain wary of the pitfalls of functionalism.
LET MANY FLOWERS BLOOM
Authors: Martin Raymond
Published: October 2010

In this rich and sensible assessment of historians' practice and prospects, Allan Megill focuses on the obligation that historians have to support their accounts with evidence. He does this, first, by illustrating the difference between real and merely claimed evidence and, then, by giving an analysis of the underlying nature of evidence in historical accounts. Turning later to the question of how historians and their public should feel about diminishing unity (fragmentation) in historiography and the practices that generate it, Megill explains the sources of fragmentation and then argues that it doesn't matter whether historians are doing the same thing and/or doing it in the same way. What matters, rather, is whether they are doing interesting things and doing them well.
Counselor Attitudes toward the Use of Motivational Incentives in Addiction Treatment
Authors: Ducharme Lori J. , Knudsen Hannah K. , Abraham Amanda J. , Roman Paul M.
Published: October 2010

Counselor attitudes toward evidence‐based practices, such as motivational incentives/contingency management (MI/CM), are important in bridging the gap between research and practice. Mailed surveys from 1,959 substance abuse treatment counselors showed ambivalence toward MI/CM and strong disagreement with using monetary rewards for achievement of treatment goals. Attitudes were associated with counselors’ educational attainment, a 12‐step treatment ideology, affiliation with NIDA's Clinical Trials Network, and working in opioid treatment programs. Exposure to MI/CM via training was more strongly associated with attitudes when counselors worked in programs that had adopted MI/CM. While there is substantial resistance to MI/CM, dissemination and training about the essential elements of MI/CM may enhance counselors’ receptivity toward this intervention. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–8)
The Relationship between Parental Alcohol Use, Early and Late Adolescent Alcohol Use, and Young Adult Psychological Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Balka Elinor B. , Crossman Andrya M. , Dermatis Helen , Galanter Marc , Brook David W.
Published: October 2010

We tested the hypothesis that there is a mediational pathway from parental alcohol use during the participants’ adolescence to the participants’ psychological symptoms in young adulthood. This pathway includes the participants’ alcohol use and their psychological symptoms, both during adolescence. The participants are inner city African American and Puerto Rican early adolescents followed until young adulthood. They reported their own and their parents’ behavior. Structural equation modeling showed that parental alcohol use was related to early adolescent alcohol use, which was associated with late adolescent alcohol use. Late adolescent alcohol use was related to psychological symptoms in late adolescence, which predicted young adult psychological symptoms. Males reported more alcohol use and more psychological symptoms than females in late adolescence and more psychological symptoms in young adulthood. Findings suggest that parents’ and adolescents’ alcohol use should be a focus in interventions designed to prevent or treat psychological symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–9)
Explaining the Rent–OER Inflation Divergence, 1999–2007
Authors: Verbrugge Randal , Poole Robert
Published: October 2010

U.S. Rent inflation has often greatly exceeded Owners' Equivalent Rent (OER) Inflation. Why? Critics believe that the Bureau of Labor Statistics is making a faulty utilities adjustment to OER and that the Federal Reserve Board should focus only on Rent inflation. Both beliefs are misguided. Herein we decompose the historical Rent–OER inflation differential into its various determinants. The utilities adjustment, which is necessary, sometimes contributed, but is no smoking gun. The main culprit was an economically interesting pattern of differential rent inflation across locales within cities, one common to many cities. Surprisingly, rent control also played a role.
Genetic Variation in Financial Decision‐Making
Authors: CESARINI DAVID , JOHANNESSON MAGNUS , LICHTENSTEIN PAUL , SANDEWALL ÖRJAN , WALLACE BJÖRN
Published: October 2010

Individuals differ in how they construct their investment portfolios, yet empirical models of portfolio risk typically account only for a small portion of the cross‐sectional variance. This paper asks whether genetic variation can explain some of these individual differences. Following a major pension reform Swedish adults had to form a portfolio from a large menu of funds. We match data on these investment decisions with the Swedish Twin Registry and find that approximately 25% of individual variation in portfolio risk is due to genetic variation. We also find that these results extend to several other aspects of financial decision‐making.
Short Sellers and Financial Misconduct
Authors: KARPOFF JONATHAN M. , LOU XIAOXIA
Published: October 2010

We examine whether short sellers detect firms that misrepresent their financial statements, and whether their trading conveys external costs or benefits to other investors. Abnormal short interest increases steadily in the 19 months before the misrepresentation is publicly revealed, particularly when the misconduct is severe. Short selling is associated with a faster time‐to‐discovery, and it dampens the share price inflation that occurs when firms misstate their earnings. These results indicate that short sellers anticipate the eventual discovery and severity of financial misconduct. They also convey external benefits, helping to uncover misconduct and keeping prices closer to fundamental values.
Luck versus Skill in the Cross‐Section of Mutual Fund Returns
Authors: FAMA EUGENE F. , FRENCH KENNETH R.
Published: October 2010

The aggregate portfolio of actively managed U.S. equity mutual funds is close to the market portfolio, but the high costs of active management show up intact as lower returns to investors. Bootstrap simulations suggest that few funds produce benchmark‐adjusted expected returns sufficient to cover their costs. If we add back the costs in fund expense ratios, there is evidence of inferior and superior performance (nonzero true α) in the extreme tails of the cross‐section of mutual fund α estimates.
An Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis in Women Experiencing Chest Pain in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Substudy from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute–Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)
Authors: KHUDDUS MATHEEN A. , PEPINE CARL J. , HANDBERG EILEEN M. , BAIREY MERZ C. NOEL , SOPKO GEORGE , BAVRY ANTHONY A. , DENARDO SCOTT J. , McGORRAY SUSAN P. , SMITH KAREN M. , SHARAF BARRY L. , NICHOLLS STEVEN J. , NISSEN STEVEN E. , ANDERSON R. DAVID
Published: October 2010

Aims:
 Using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), we sought to characterize coronary morphology in women with chest pain without major epicardial obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). We have previously observed an unexpectedly high rate of adverse outcomes among women with chest pain and normal or insignificant obstructive CAD. Information about the presence and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis in these women could provide insight into the mechanisms related to increased risk, as well as improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Methods:
 Women (n = 100) with suspected ischemia without obstructive CAD (>50% stenosis) underwent IVUS of a left coronary segment with measurements by a core lab masked to clinical and angiographic findings.

Results:
 Angiograhic core lab analysis found 69.6% of patients had no (≤20%) and 30.4% had minimal (20–<50%) CAD. IVUS segmental images were interpretable by the core lab in 92 women, with 19 (21%) having no atherosclerosis (intimal‐medial thickness <0.5 mm). In the remaining 73 women (79%), percent atheroma volume was 27 ± 8% and mean maximum plaque thickness was 0.53 ± 0.22 mm. Thirty‐eight women with atherosclerosis (53%) had ≥30% of interrogated vessel involved. The average vessel involvement was 40%, and the maximum plaque thickness was 1.27 mm. The number of risk factors strongly correlated with percent atheroma volume (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and percent vessel involvement (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001), with the strongest independent predictor of both being age. Remodeling was assessed in 59/73 women (81%), and 73% had evidence of positive remodeling.

Conclusions:
 In symptomatic women without significant luminal obstructive CAD, we observed a high prevalence of atherosclerosis with positive remodeling and preserved lumen size. These findings may help explain increased risk and emphasize need for improved diagnostic and treatment options for women with concealed CAD. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:511–519)
River bed features affect the riverine distribution of two amphidromous Rhinogobius species
Authors: Tamada K.
Published: October 2010

Tamada K. River bed features affect the riverine distribution of two amphidromous Rhinogobius species. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 23–32. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Nest‐use patterns of two amphidromous gobies, Rhinogobius sp. LD (large dark type) and CB (cross‐band type), were studied along the course of the Aizu River, Japan. Males of both species build and defend nests under stones. Adult distributions of the two gobies do not overlap in this river. LD is more predominant in the upper reaches than CB. The stone size on the river bed in the region inhabited by LD was larger than that in the region inhabited by CB. LD was found to have larger body size, larger nest stones, egg clusters and egg numbers than CB. Laboratory nest choice experiments showed that LD selects larger nests than CB. This trend can be explained by a size‐assortative nest preference across these species. The longitudinal distribution of stone size seems to affect upstream migration and reproduction of these species.
Fathers’ involvement in Swedish child health care – the role of nurses’ practices and attitudes
Authors: Massoudi Pamela , Wickberg Birgitta , Hwang C Philip
Published: October 2010

Aim:  To investigate how nurses in Swedish child health care perceived working with fathers, and to what extent they offered support to, and included fathers in clinical encounters.

Methods:  A random sample of all nurses in Swedish child health care, 499 nurses, were asked to complete a postal questionnaire. The response rate was 70%. Data were analysed with content analysis, the chi‐square test and logistic regression models.

Results:  Almost all of the nurses found working with fathers positive. Fathers’ participation in child health care was much lower than that of mothers’. Almost 90% of the nurses estimated that it rarely came to their attention that a father was distressed, and less than one of five nurses had offered supportive counselling to any distressed father in the previous year. Nurses with regular supervision on mental health issues and nurses with a paediatric specialization were more likely to offer supportive counselling to fathers. Approximately 50% of the nurses had an ambivalent attitude towards fathers’ caring capacity when compared to that of mothers.

Conclusions:  Fathers received less support from child health nurses, and many nurses were ambivalent about fathers’ caring abilities. Methods need to be developed to involve both parents in child health care.
Association of an SNP marker in exon 24 of a class 3 phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PIK3C3) gene with production traits in Duroc pigs
Authors: HIROSE Kensuke , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , FUKAWA Kazuo , ITO Tetsuya , UEDA Masayuki , HAYASHI Yoichi , TANAKA Kazuaki
Published: October 2010

A C↔T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on exon 24 of the porcine class 3 phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PIK3C3) gene is considered a possible genetic marker for selecting backfat (BF) thickness and carcass fat, although only one study has published results on its effects by performing experiments on a single resource family. We analyzed the association of this PIK3C3 polymorphism with production traits in 739 Duroc pigs. The C allele frequency was 67.9% in our study population. PIK3C3 polymorphism showed significant effects on average daily weight gain (ADG), BF thickness, intermuscular fat content (IMF), and the size of the loin eye muscle area (EMA). The C alleles increased ADG, BF and IMF, and decreased EMA. The predicted differences in traits between the homozygous pigs of the C and T alleles were 40 g/day for DG, 1.2 mm for BF, 0.44% for IMF, and 1.6 cm2 for EMA. Furthermore, the statistical models for estimating the breeding values of each trait had lower Akaike's information criterion values when adding PIK3C3 genotype information. We therefore confirmed that the polymorphism in PIK3C3 (C2604T) has the potential to be a genetic marker for production traits in Duroc pigs.
Monitoring the Expression of Maize Genes in Developing Kernels under Drought Stress using Oligo‐microarray
Authors: Luo Meng , Liu Jia , Lee R. Dewey , Scully Brian T. , Guo Baozhu
Published: October 2010

Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of grain grown on the US southeastern Coast Plain is provoked and aggravated by abiotic stress. The primary abiotic stress is drought along with high temperatures. The objectives of the present study were to monitor gene expression in developing kernels in response to drought stress and to identify drought‐responsive genes for possible use in germplasm assessment. The maize breeding line Tex6 was used, and gene expression profiles were analyzed in developing kernels under drought stress verses well‐watered conditions at the stages of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 d after pollination (DAP) using the 70 mer maize oligo‐arrays. A total of 9 573 positive array spots were detected with unique gene IDs, and 7 988 were common in both stressed and well‐watered samples. Expression patterns of some genes in several stress response‐associated pathways, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, were examined, and these specific genes were responsive to drought stress positively. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validated microarray expression data. The comparison between Tex6 and B73 revealed that there were significant differences in specific gene expression, patterns and levels. Several defense‐related genes had been downregulated, even though some defense‐related or drought responsive genes were upregulated at the later stages.
What Is Ontological Realism?
Authors: Jenkins C.S.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this paper is to clarify what metaontological realism, as discussed in contemporary metaontological literature, amounts to. Although metaontological debates are of relatively long standing, the terms ‘realism’ and ‘anti‐realism’ have only recently come to be regularly applied to metaontological positions. The new usage is not fully stable. This paper aims to: (1) distinguish three key claims associated with the term ‘realism’ in metaontology, and give some initial reasons why it is important to be very clear about the differences between these claims; (2) argue that the three ‘realist’ claims are independent of one other; and (3) argue that the label ‘ontological realism’ is best attached to just one of the three claims, namely the claim that the facts of ontology are objective.
Pleiotropic Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: Addressing Comorbidities by Optimizing Hypertension Therapy
Authors: Toth Peter P.
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of hypertension is well established. Whether these agents induce pleiotropic effects that promote the amelioration of vascular disorders independent of blood pressure reduction remains controversial. This review examines preclinical and clinical data that highlight a potentially important role for ARBs in several common vascular disorders, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, and metabolic disorders. The preponderance of evidence suggests that some of the benefits derived from ARBs might improve outcomes in these disorders by actions that extend beyond blood pressure reduction. This review also identifies some potentially important differences in the mechanism of action between ARBs and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors that may have clinical significance in the management of vascular diseases. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:42–51. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of Oil Sources from the Chepaizi Swell, Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Luofu LIU , Jun KUANG , Ping WANG , Zhijun CHEN , Weibin WANG , Yande ZHAO , Lin WU , Jun JIN , Weili WANG , Jianghui MENG , Jieli ZHOU , Guodong LIU
Published: October 2010

So far there has been no common opinion on oil source of the Chepaizi swell in the Junggar Basin. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the pathway system and trend of hydrocarbon migration, and this resulted in difficulties in study of oil‐gas accumulation patterns. In this paper, study of nitrogen compounds distribution in oils from Chepaizi was carried out in order to classify source rocks of oils stored in different reservoirs in the study area. Then, migration characteristics of oils from the same source were investigated by using nitrogen compounds parameters. The results of nitrogen compounds in a group of oil/oil sand samples from the same source indicate that the oils trapped in the Chepaizi swell experienced an obvious vertical migration. With increasing migration distance, amounts and indices of carbazoles have a regular changing pattern (in a fine linear relationship). By using nitrogen compounds techniques, the analyzed oil/oil sand samples of Chepaizi can be classified into two groups. One is the samples stored in reservoir beds of the Cretaceous and Tertiary, and these oils came from mainly Jurassic source rock with a small amount of Cretaceous rock; the other is those stored in the Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous beds, and they originated from the Permian source. In addition, a sample of oil from an upper Jurassic reservoir (Well Ka 6), which was generated from Jurassic coal source rock, has a totally different nitrogen compound distribution from those of the above‐mentioned two groups of samples, which were generated from mudstone sources. Because of influence from fractionation of oil migration, amounts and ratios of nitrogen compounds with different structures and polarities change regularly with increasing migrating distance, and as a result the samples with the same source follow a good linear relationship in content and ratio, while the oil samples of different sources have obviously different nitrogen compound distribution owing to different organic matter types of their source rocks. These conclusions of oil source study are identical with those obtained by other geochemical bio‐markers. Therefore, nitrogen compounds are of great significance in oil type classification and oil/source correlation.
Melorheostosis Masquerading as a Frozen Shoulder in a Sportsman
Authors: Jermin Paul Joseph , Webb Mark
Published: October 2010

Primary idiopathic frozen shoulder can be mis-diagnosed in patients presenting with a painful stiff shoulder if radiographs of the shoulder are not undertaken. We report a patient who was referred to an orthopaedic upper limb clinic with a presumed diagnosis of a frozen shoulder who turned out to have the rather rare condition, melorheostosis. This was successfully treated by arthroscopic debridement.
A Rhaetian40Ar/39Ar age for the Rochechouart impact structure (France) and implications for the latest Triassic sedimentary record
Authors: SCHMIEDER Martin , BUCHNER Elmar , SCHWARZ Winfried H. , TRIELOFF Mario , LAMBERT Philippe
Published: October 2010

Abstract–40Ar/39Ar dating of potassium feldspar (primary spherulitic‐blocky and secondary idiomorphic K‐feldspar) separated from impact‐metamorphosed gneiss found near Videix in the western central part of the Rochechouart impact structure (NW Massif Central, France) yielded a Rhaetian combined age of 201 ± 2 Ma (2σ), indistinguishable within uncertainty from the age of the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. Ballen quartz intergrown with the primary K‐feldspar indicates post‐shock temperatures exceeding approximately 1000 °C that affected the precursor gneiss. Geochemically, both feldspar types represent essentially pure potassium end‐members. Apart from the approximately 15 km diameter impact deposit area, the youngest crystallization age known for basement rocks in this part of the Massif Central is approximately 300 Ma. No endogenic magmatic‐thermal events are known to have occurred later in this region. The K‐feldspar recrystallized from local feldspar melts and superimposed post‐shock hydrothermal crystallization, probably within some thousands of years after the impact. It is, therefore, suggested that the40Ar/39Ar age for the Videix gneiss (as a potassic “impact metasomatite”) dates the Rochechouart impact, in consistence with evidence for K‐metasomatism in the Rochechouart impactites. The new age value is distinctly younger than the previously obtained Karnian–Norian age for Rochechouart and, thus, contradicts the Late Triassic multiple impact theory postulated some years ago. In agreement with the paleogeographic conditions in the western Tethys domain around the Triassic/Jurassic boundary, the near‐coastal to shallow marine Rochechouart impact is compatible with the formation of seismites and tsunami deposits in the latest Triassic of the British Isles and possible related deposits in other parts of Europe.
A framework for assessing threats and benefits to species responding to climate change
Authors: Thomas Chris D. , Hill Jane K. , Anderson Barbara J. , Bailey Sallie , Beale Colin M. , Bradbury Richard B. , Bulman Caroline R. , Crick Humphrey Q. P. , Eigenbrod Felix , Griffiths Hannah M. , Kunin William E. , Oliver Tom H. , Walmsley Clive A. , Watts Kevin , Worsfold Nicholas T. , Yardley Tim
Published: October 2010

1. Current national and international frameworks for assessing threats to species have not been developed in the context of climate change, and are not framed in a way that recognises new opportunities that arise from climate change.

2. The framework presented here separates the threats and benefits of climate change for individual species. Threat is assessed by the level of climate‐related decline within a species’ recently occupied (e.g. pre‐1970s) historical distribution, based on observed (e.g. repeat census) and/or projected changes (e.g. modelled bioclimate space). Benefits are assessed in terms of observed and/or projected increases outside the recently occupied historical range.

3. Exacerbating factors (e.g. small population size, low dispersal capacity) that might increase levels of threat or limit expansion in response to climate change are taken into consideration within the framework. Protocols are also used to identify levels of confidence (and hence research and/or monitoring needs) in each species’ assessment.

4. Observed and projected changes are combined into single measures of expected decline and increase, together with associated measures of confidence. We weight risk classifications towards information that is most certain. Each species is then placed in one of six categories (high risk, medium risk, limited impact, equivalent risks & benefits, medium benefit, high benefit) reflecting whether climate change is expected (or has been observed) to cause net declines or increases in the region considered, based on the balance of benefits and threats.

5. We illustrate the feasibility of using the framework by applying it to (i) all British butterflies (N = 58 species) and (ii) an additional sample of British species: 18 species of plants, bats, birds and beetles.

6. Synthesis. Our framework assesses net declines and increases associated with climate change, for individual species. It could be applied at any scale (regional, continental or global distributions of species), and complements existing conservation assessment protocols such as red‐listing. Using observed and projected population and/or range data, it is feasible to carry out systematic conservation status assessments that inform the development of monitoring, adaptation measures and conservation management planning for species that are responding to climate change.