bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap donor‐site morbidity using balance and gait test
Authors: Chou Shih‐Wei , Liao Han‐Tsung , Yazar Sukru , Lin Chih‐Hung , Lin Yin‐Chou , Wei Fu‐Chan
Published: November 2008

To assess the functional deficits in gait and balance after fibular osteoseptocutaneous flap harvest, a case–control study in a hospital‐based biomechanical laboratory was conducted. Eleven patients receiving fibula osteoseptocutaneous flaps were enrolled as study group and 10 age‐matched and healthy subjects as a control group. The average postoperative period at the time of evaluation was 27.4 months (range: 10 to 68 months) and the average age at the time of evaluation was 52.1 years (range: 38 to 76 years). The balance test by Smart Balance Master and gait analysis were used for objective assessment of the donor leg function postoperatively. No statistical differences were observed in the kinetic and kinematic variables of gait analysis except double support time in both the groups. There were also no significant differences in simple static balance test (eyes open, eyes closed, swaying vision, eyes open with swaying surface, and sway‐referenced vision and support). Significant differences were observed in more difficult task (eye closed with swaying support) and in the use of ankle strategy for maintaining maximum balance. In the dynamic balance test only specificity of the forward left direction determined significant difference in reaction time of movement control of gravity. The results of ankle strategy usage and dynamic balance indicated deficits of ankle muscle torque. Necessary postoperative physical training is required for ankle muscle torque and vestibular sense. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 555–560, 2009
BMP‐7 protects against progression of cartilage degeneration after impact injury
Authors: Hurtig Mark , Chubinskaya Susan , Dickey Jim , Rueger David
Published: November 2008

In vivo studies were used to characterize a model of cartilage injury leading to osteoarthritis progression in the medial femorotibial joint of sheep. In three subsequent studies, bilateral impact injuries were created and one joint received intraarticular injections of 340 µg of rhBMP‐7 protein in a collagen particle carrier while the contralateral knee received the vehicle alone. Sheep were allocated to three groups that received intraarticular injections on day 0 (group A), 21 (group B), or 90 (group C) after experimental knee injury. In each group the, joints were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis progression 90 days after the last treatment using India ink stained area, OARSI histological scoring, cartilage sGAG content, immunostaining for apoptosis (TUNEL), caspase‐3, collagen degradation (Col 2 3/4C short collagen epitope), and the endogenous (pro‐) form of BMP‐7 protein. Knee joints that received rhBMP‐7 immediately after injury had small focal lesions at the injury site that did not progress into the surrounding cartilage. Joints that received BMP‐7 3 weeks after injury were improved and had limited progression compared to controls, but joints that received the protein 12 weeks after injury had no statistically significant improvement. These studies suggest that BMP‐7 may be chondroprotective after traumatic injury in patients if it is administered within 3 to 4 weeks of the index injury. The mechanism of protection after sublethal injury appeared to be an increased survival of chondrocytes that are able to participate in the repair process. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 602–611, 2009
Mechanical characterization of external fixator stiffness for a rat femoral fracture model
Authors: Willie Bettina , Adkins Kyle , Zheng Xing , Simon Ulrich , Claes Lutz
Published: November 2008

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that several mechanical factors influence the fracture healing process. One such factor, interfragmentary movement, is affected by loading and the stiffness of the fixation device. This study evaluated the stiffness of different external fixation devices for a rat femoral fracture model, using in vitro and analytical methods. The contribution to the stiffness of the fixation construct was dominated by the flexibility of the pins in relation to their offset, diameter, and material properties. The axial stiffness increased with decreasing offset and increasing pin diameter. Titanium pins resulted in significantly lower axial stiffness compared to stainless steel pins of the same design. The fixator body material and fixator length had a less pronounced influence on fixation stiffness. Mechanically characterized external fixation devices will allow in vivo study of the fracture healing process utilizing pre‐calculated fracture fixation stiffness. These characterized fixation devices will allow controlled manipulation of the axial and shear interfragmentary movement to achieve a flexible fixation resulting in callus formation compared to a more rigid fixation limiting callus formation in a rat femoral fracture model. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 687–693, 2009
Long‐term effects of saw osteotomy versus random fracturing on bone healing and remodeling in a sheep tibia model
Authors: Dumont Clemens , Kauer Fritz , Bohr Stefan , Schmidtmann Ulrich , Knopp Werner , Engelhardt Thomas , Stürmer Ewa Klara , Stürmer Klaus Michael
Published: November 2008

This article is about the evaluation of possible differences in biomechanical or histomorphological properties of bone healing between saw osteotomy and random fracturing after 6 months. A standardized, 30° oblique monocortical saw osteotomy of sheep tibia was carried out, followed by manual fracture completion of the opposed cortical bone. Fixation was performed by bridge plating (4.5 mm, LCDCP, broad). X‐rays were taken immediately after surgery and at the end of the study. Polychrome fluorescent staining was performed according to a standardized protocol in the 2nd, 4th 6th, 10th, 14th, 18th, 22th and 26th week. Ten sheep were comprehensively evaluated. Data for stiffness and histomorphology are reported. The average bending stiffness of the operated bone was higher (1.7 (SD 0.3) with plate (MP) vs. 1.5 without plate) than for the intact bone (1.4 (SD 0.2), though no significant differences in bending stiffness were observed (P>0.05). Fluorescence staining revealed small numbers of blood vessels and less fragment resorption and remodeling in the osteotomy gap. Bone healing after saw osteotomy shows a very close resemblance to ‘normal’ fracture healing. However, vascular density, fragment resorption, fragment remodeling, and callus remodeling are reduced at the osteotomy. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 680–686, 2009
Development of a novel pomegranate standard and new method for the quantitative measurement of pomegranate polyphenols
Authors: Martin Keith R. , Krueger Christian G. , Rodriquez Gerardo , Dreher Mark , Reed Jess D.
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: The Folin–Ciocalteu method is routinely used to calculate total polyphenol concentrations (TPP) in food products. However, the use of inappropriate standards such as gallic acid (GA) may give inaccurate estimates of TPP content. A method for the production of a pomegranate (Punica granatum L. ‘Wonderful’) standard was developed and validated to avoid this problem. The PPS was produced by solid phase (C18) isolation of polyphenols from POMx powder (a nutritional supplement) and used for TPP analysis.

RESULTS: TPP content of POMx was > 90% using PPS, whereas the GA standard underestimated TPP by up to 30%. Compositional analysis confirmed a balance of about 9% non‐polyphenolic compounds. Mass spectrometry analysis corroborated polyphenol composition and confirmed pomegranate‐specific peaks, i.e., punicalagin and punicalin.

CONCLUSION: Results support the use of pomegranate‐specific standards to accurately determine TPP. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
2‐Furoylmethyl amino acids, hydroxymethylfurfural, carbohydrates and β‐carotene as quality markers of dehydrated carrots
Authors: Soria Ana C , Olano Agustin , Frías Juana , Peñas Elena , Villamiel Mar
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Processing of vegetables in the food industry usually includes dehydration as a preservation process. Industrial convective air drying of carrot can involve steam blanching of the raw product after peeling and cutting, and different stages of dehydration (first space, second space and final drying). Although the shelf‐life of carrot is significantly extended, important changes in its chemical composition can take place during dehydration since high temperatures and long times are used. This research is a preliminary study to evaluate the usefulness of β‐carotene, carbohydrates, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2‐furoylmethyl amino acids (2‐FM‐AA) as quality markers of dehydrated carrots.

RESULTS: A considerable decrease in β‐carotene and reducing carbohydrates was observed during dehydration. HMF, absent in raw carrots, increased during the whole drying process and the highest formation was found during the steam blanching stage. 2‐FM‐AA of lysine, arginine, γ‐aminobutyric acid and alanine were progressively originated up to the second space and decreased during the final drying.

CONCLUSION: The combined use of HMF and 2‐FM‐AA seems to be advantageous for the assessment of the optimal processing conditions to obtain high‐quality dehydrated carrots. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of α‐tubulin gene distinctively presented in a cytoplasmic male sterile and its maintainer line of non‐heading Chinese cabbage
Authors: Zhang Jingyi , Li Ying , Shi Gongjun , Chen Xiaofeng , Wang Jianjun , Hou Xilin
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Microtubules are prominent components of the cytoskeleton in every eukaryotic cell. Plant microtubules are essential for a wide variety of cellular functions, including generation of cell polarity, intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, cell wall deposition and cell division. The major component of microtubules is tubulin, an α,β heterodimer protein with a molecular mass of each subunit of around 50 kDa. Tubulin exists in cells as a mixture of polypeptides differing in their isoelectric points. Some post‐translational modifications of tubulins are thought to modulate the functions and localization of microtubules within the cell.

RESULTS: The complete sequence of a single‐copy α‐tubulin gene Tuba1, belonging to a multiple gene family of non‐heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino), was obtained. The gene was expressed in high levels in young leaves and stamens, and it was also highly expressed during all stages of microsporogenesis in the maintainer. However, there was a distinct difference in α‐tubulin expression between the sterile stage and the normal stages of pollen in a cytoplasmic male sterility line and its maintainer.

CONCLUSION: Tuba1 was significantly related to the cell division and elongation of non‐heading Chinese cabbage, demonstrating that this gene played an important role in the development of pollen and may be closely related to male sterility. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrospun Micro‐ and Nanostructured Polymer Particles
Authors: Liu Jing , Rasheed Asif , Dong Hongming , Carr Wallace W. , Dadmun Mark D. , Kumar Satish
Published: November 2008

Electrospinning at relatively low polymer concentrations produces polymer particles rather than fibers. To study the relationship between solvent characteristics and particle morphologies, PMMA was electrospun from seven different solvents and PSVPh random copolymers were electrospun from solutions in MEK. High‐speed photography was used to visualize the particle‐formation process. Based on these studies, a qualitative relationship between the solvent properties and the electrospun particle morphologies is discussed. By tailoring the solution properties and electrospinning conditions, particles with different morphologies (porous polygonal particles, solid polygonal particles, hollow spheres, cups etc) can be produced.

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Formation and Thermal Behavior of Polystyrene and Polystyrene/Clay Gels
Authors: Chen Kai , Baker Ashley N. , Vyazovkin Sergey
Published: November 2008

DSC was used to study the thermal behavior of virgin PS as well as of PS/clay nanocomposites of exfoliated brush and of intercalated structure dissolved in carbon disulfide. Compared to virgin PS, the behavior of the brush material did not show any obvious difference, whereas the intercalated material demonstrated markedly larger heats of gelation and gel melting. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the melting process revealed that the activation energy was independent of the conversion for the gels prepared under isothermal conditions, whereas an increase in the activation energy with the extent of conversion was observed for the gels prepared under continuous cooling conditions. The melting of the nonisothermally prepared gels apparently occurred alongside with the formation of new gel structures.

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Monitoring response to chemotherapy of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts by T2‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted MRI
Authors: Huang Ming Q. , Pickup Stephen , Nelson David S. , Qiao Hui , Xu He N. , Li Lin Z. , Zhou Rong , Delikatny E. James , Poptani Harish , Glickson Jerry D.
Published: November 2008

An effective method for in vivo detection of early therapeutic response of patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma would enable personalized clinical management of cancer therapy and facilitate the design of optimal treatment regimens. This study evaluates the feasibility of T2‐weighted MRI (T2WI) and diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI) for in vivo detection of response of human diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice to chemotherapy. Each cycle of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, hydroxydoxorubicin, Oncovin, prednisone, and bryostatin 1 (CHOPB) was administered to tumor‐carrying mice weekly for up to four cycles. T2WI and DWI were performed before the initiation of CHOPB and after each cycle of CHOPB. In order to corroborate the MRI results, histological analyses were carried out on control tumors and treated tumors after completion of all MRI studies. DWI revealed a significant (P < 0.03) increase in the mean apparent diffusion coefficient in CHOPB‐treated tumors as early as 1 week after initiation of CHOPB. However, a significant (P < 0.03) decrease in mean T2 was observed only after two cycles of CHOPB. Both MRI methods produced high‐resolution (0.1 × 0.1 × 1.0 mm3) maps of regional therapeutic response in the treated tumors based on local apparent diffusion coefficient and T2. Only a specific region of the tumors (in 3 of the 5 tumors) corresponding to about one third of the tumor volume exhibited a response‐associate increase in ADC and decrease in T2. An adjacent region exhibited an increase in T2 and no change in ADC. The rest of the tumor was indistinguishable from sham‐treated controls by MRI criteria. The therapeutic response of the treated tumors detected by MRI was accompanied by changes in tumor cell density, proliferation and apoptosis revealed by histological studies performed upon completion of the longitudinal study. The mechanism producing the regional response of the tumor remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiscale strategy for structural optimization
Authors: Boucard P. A. , Buytet S. , Guidault P. A.
Published: November 2008

This paper presents a multiscale strategy dedicated to structural optimization. The applications concern the study of geometric details (such as holes, surface profiles, etc) within the structures with frictional contacts. The first characteristic of the method is that it uses a micro–macro approach. This approach is based on a domain decomposition into substructures and interfaces, which involves the resolution of independent ‘micro’ problems in each substructure and transfers ‘macro’ information only through the interfaces. The second characteristic is the use of a multiresolution strategy in order to reduce the computation cost for problems with evolving design parameters. The last characteristic is the capability to model the geometry of details without remeshing thanks to two features: the use of a local enrichment method , and the use of level set functions to easily modify the boundary of the detail during the optimization process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A space–time discontinuous Galerkin method for the solution of the wave equation in the time domain
Authors: Petersen Steffen , Farhat Charbel , Tezaur Radek
Published: November 2008

In recent years, the focus of research in the field of computational acoustics has shifted to the medium frequency regime and multiscale wave propagation. This has led to the development of new concepts including the discontinuous enrichment method. Its basic principle is the incorporation of features of the governing partial differential equation in the approximation. In this contribution, this concept is adapted for the simulation of transient problems governed by the wave equation. We present a space–time discontinuous Galerkin method with Lagrange multipliers, where the shape approximation in space and time is based on solutions of the homogeneous wave equation. The use of hierarchical wave‐like basis functions is enabled by means of a variational formulation that allows for discontinuities in both the spatial and the temporal discretizations. Numerical examples in one space dimension demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed method compared with conventional space–time finite element methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CanN‐methylated amino acids serve as substitutes for prolines in conformational design of cyclic pentapeptides?
Authors: Laufer Burkhardt , Chatterjee Jayanta , Frank Andreas O. , Kessler Horst
Published: November 2008

The incorporation of proline into cyclic peptides seems to be the most promising way to induce β‐turn structures. Recently, however, it was shown thatN‐methylated amino acids might be even better suited than proline for introducing turn structures. Another property of proline, the ability to effectcis‐peptide bonds, has also been reported forN‐methylated amino acids. These findings raise the question if it might be possible to replace a proline by anN‐methylated amino acid without altering the desired conformational features. The most important benefit of replacing proline by anN‐methylated residue is that one recovers the side‐chain functionalities, which could be used for enhancing binding selectivity, or to tune a cyclic peptide concerning its pharmacological properties.

Here, we compare cyclic peptides containing one or two prolines orN‐methylated alanines and a combination of both with respect to preferred conformations andcis‐peptide bonds. In addition, the positions have been investigated where anN‐alkylated amino acid has to be incorporated to mimic structural aspects usually introduced by proline residues. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
resonance enhancement of photoluminescence from silicon nanocrystallites
Authors: Belyakov L. V. , Goryachev D. N. , Sreseli O. M.
Published: November 2008

An interaction of molecular oxygen and p‐Si nanocrystallites in HF–ethanolic solution with simultaneous illumination has been investigated. It is shown that after such treatment with white‐light exposure the photoluminescence from nanocrystallites enhances substantially caused by photogenerated singlet forms of molecular oxygen. In the case of monochromatic illumination with photon energy in the range 2.5–0.95 eV dependence of photoluminescence intensity after the treatment on photon energy used shows resonant peaks corresponding to the absorbance peaks of excited molecular oxygen. To our knowledge such photoluminescence peaks in porous silicon spectroscopy have been observed for the first time. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ω‐(Bis(trifluoromethyl)amino)alkane‐1‐sulfonates: synthesis and mass spectrometric study of the biotransformation products
Authors: Frömel Tobias , Peschka Manuela , Fichtner Norbert , Hierse Wolfgang , Ignatiev Nikolai V. , Bauer Karl‐Heinz , Knepper Thomas P.
Published: November 2008

In search of fluorinated functional groups which could undergo defluorination, and therefore be included in novel non‐polluting fluorinated surfactants, ω‐(bis(trifluoromethyl)amino)alkane‐1‐sulfonates (BTFMA‐AS) with a homologue distribution from seven to thirteen methylene groups were synthesized and investigated for aerobic biodegradation applying both a standardized test and a fixed‐bed bioreactor (FBBR). These compounds were prepared as part of a screening study for potentially mineralizable fluorinated endgroups.

Application of hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometry (QqQLIT‐MS) coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed the tracking of primary degradation as well as the detection and structural elucidation of biotransformation intermediates. An understanding of the fragmentation pathway of the test compounds allowed selective precursor ion scans to reveal the presence of stable fluorinated metabolites. Structures were confirmed by enhanced product ion scans and MS3 scans in the linear ion trap mode.

The primary biodegradation rate and the extent of biodegradation were found to be chain‐length dependent, with higher homologues being completely primarily degraded within 10 days. For the first time, two simultaneous metabolic pathways for substituted linear alkane‐1‐sulfonates were discovered: Desulfonation, oxidation to a carboxylic acid and subsequent chain‐length shortening by β‐oxidation dominated the metabolism. This pathway resulted in the formation of 3‐(bis(trifluoromethyl)amino)propionic acid and bis(trifluoromethyl)aminoacetic acid, which showed recalcitrance in this experiment. Oxidation of the alkyl chain to the respective carbonyl derivative represents the minor pathway. Only the long‐chain homologues of these oxidized species were partially degraded; the short‐chain homologues were not attacked. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using solvent‐free sample preparation to promote protonation of poly(ethylene oxide)s with labile end‐groups in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation
Authors: Mazarin Michael , Phan Trang N. T. , Charles Laurence
Published: November 2008

Protonation is usually required to observe intact ions during matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) of polymers containing fragile end‐groups while cation adduction induces chain‐end degradation. These polymers, generally obtained via living free radical polymerization techniques, are terminated with a functionality in which a bond is prone to homolytic cleavage, as required by the polymerization process. A solvent‐free sample preparation method was used here to avoid salt contaminant from the solvent traditionally used in the dried‐droplet MALDI procedure. Solvent‐based and solvent‐free sample preparations were compared for a series of three poly(ethylene oxide) polymers functionalized with a labile end‐group in a nitroxide‐mediated polymerization reaction, using 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) as the matrix without any added salt. Intact oligomer ions could only be produced as protonated molecules in solvent‐free MALDI while sodium adducts of degraded polymers were formed from the dried‐droplet samples. Although MALDI analysis was performed at the laser threshold, fragmentation of protonated macromolecules was still observed to occur. However, in contrast to sodiated molecules, dissociation of protonated oligomers does not involve the labile CON bond of the end‐group. As the macromolecule size increased, protonation appeared to be less efficient and sodium adduction became the dominant ionization process, although no sodium salt was added in the preparation. Formation of sodiated degraded macromolecules would be dictated by increasing cation affinity as the size of the oligomers increases and would reveal the presence of salts at trace levels in the MALDI samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kalman filtering over unreliable communication networks with bounded Markovian packet dropouts
Authors: Xiao Nan , Xie Lihua , Fu Minyue
Published: November 2008

We address the peak covariance stability of time‐varying Kalman filter with possible packet losses in transmitting measurement outputs to the filter via a packet‐based network. The packet losses are assumed to be bounded and driven by a finite‐state Markov process. It is shown that if the observability index of the discrete‐time linear time‐invariant (LTI) system under investigation is one, the Kalman filter is peak covariance stable under no additional condition. For discrete LTI systems with observability index greater than one, a sufficient condition for peak covariance stability is obtained in terms of the system dynamics and the probability transition matrix of the Markov chain. Finally, the validity of these results is demonstrated by numerical simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sumsets and entropy
Authors: Ruzsa Imre Z.
Published: November 2008

We consider the connection and analogy between certain cardinality inequalities of combinatorial number theory and some entropy inequalities. We present a class of inequalities where the two forms are equivalent, and exhibit cases when one only suggests the other. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Is alignment enough? Investigating the effects of state policies and professional development on science curriculum implementation
Authors: Penuel William , Fishman Barry J. , Gallagher Lawrence P. , Korbak Christine , Lopez‐Prado Bladimir
Published: November 2008

Implementation of science curriculum materials has been a fundamental challenge in science education for decades. Policy researchers have argued that alignment of standards, curriculum, and assessment are the key to supporting implementation. This paper focuses on teachers' perceptions of curricular alignment and on curriculum implementation using empirical data from a statewide systemic inquiry science reform effort targeting students from kindergarten to eighth grade. We find that the success of alignment policies depends on teachers' construal of the relationship between standards and curriculum materials and on allocation of time for planning at the school level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed93:656–677, 2009
Depth profiling of polymer samples using Ga+ and C60+ ion beams
Authors: Nieuwjaer N. , Poleunis C. , Delcorte A. , Bertrand P.
Published: November 2008

In this contribution, we focus on the use of C60+ ions for depth profiling of model synthetic polymers: polystyrene (PS) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). These polymers were spin coated on silicon wafers, and the obtained samples were depth‐profiled both with Ga+ ions and C60+ ions. We observed an important yield enhancement for both polymers when C60+ ions are used. More specifically, we discuss here the decrease in damage obtained with C60, which is found to be very sensitive to the nature of the polymer. During the C60+ sputtering of the PMMA layer, after an initial decrease, a steady state is observed in the secondary ion yield of characteristic fragments. In contrast, for PS, an exponential decrease is directly observed, leading to an initial disappearance cross section close to the value observed for Ga+. Though there is a significant loss of characteristic PS signal when sputtering with C60+ ions beams, there are still significant enhancements in sputter yields when employing C60+ as compared to Ga+. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The builder's role in delivering sustainable tall buildings
Authors: Deane Michael
Published: November 2008

This paper will cover the role of the builder in delivering sustainable tall buildings. Using projects completed by Turner as examples and citing data from Turner Construction's Green Market Barometer Surveys, it will discuss the high degree of misperception on the part of decision makers about the true costs and benefits of green buildings that have, until recently, slowed the adoption of green buildings in the commercial market. It will discuss the importance and the limits of the builder's role during the pre‐construction, procurement, construction and post‐construction phases of a project, and the construction manager's ability and obligation to inform the client by providing current and accurate information on costs and benefits of green building. It will discuss progress in both raising the bar for what is possible (and at what cost) as well as raising the floor for what constitutes acceptable minimum performance in terms of legislation, regulation and market demand. It will pose questions to the design/construction/development community about how and if tall buildings individually and as part of the larger urban fabric can be truly sustainable, and if it is possible to take tall buildings from sustainable to restorative. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late adolescent girls’ relationships with parents and romantic partner: The distinct role of mothers and fathers
Authors: Scharf Miri , Mayseless Ofra
Published: November 2008

The distinct role of mothers and fathers in shaping the quality of relationships with romantic partner was explored. One hundred and twenty 17‐year old girls were observed during their senior year in high school with each of their parents during a Revealed differences task [Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., Bell, K. L., Boykin, K. A., & Tate, D. C. (1994). Autonomy and relatedness coding system manual, version 2.01. Unpublished manual] and filled out questionnaires pertaining to their relationships with romantic partners. A year and a half later (7 months after conscription to compulsory military service) they again filled out questionnaires.

Whereas self‐reports did not distinguish between relations with mothers and fathers observational data revealed that relationships with each parent are associated with somewhat different aspects of the romantic relationship. Better quality of relationship with mother was associated with delays in the girl's entrance into sexual romantic relationships, and with better quality of romantic relationship concurrently whereas better quality of relationship with father was associated with better quality of romantic relationship once they are formed concurrently and longitudinally. The findings highlight the central role that mothers and fathers play in shaping the quality of the romantic relationships that late adolescent girls form and underscore the importance of using observational data as well as questionnaire data.
Brief Report: Interaction between social class and risky decision‐making in children with psychopathic tendencies
Authors: Gao Yu , Baker Laura A. , Raine Adrian , Wu Henry , Bezdjian Serena
Published: November 2008

Objective

Adult psychopaths are thought to have risky decision‐making and behavioral disinhibition, but little is known about the moderating effects of psychosocial factors and whether these associations can be observed in children with psychopathic tendencies. This study tests the biosocial hypothesis that social class will moderate psychopathy–neurocognition relationships, with these effects being stronger in children from high social classes.

Method

Preadolescent community twins (N = 298) were assessed on decision‐making (Iowa Gambling) and behavior inhibition (Porteus Maze) tasks, while psychopathic tendencies and socioeconomic status were assessed by the child's caregiver.

Results

A significant interaction was observed whereby risky decision‐making was associated with psychopathic tendencies only in children from benign home environments.

Conclusions

Findings support a biosocial interaction perspective on child psychopathy, suggesting that risky decision‐making may particularly predispose to psychopathic traits in children from benign home backgrounds.
Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipid metabolism in hamsters fed high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets
Authors: Tarling Elizabeth J. , Ryan Kevin J. P. , Bennett Andrew J. , Salter Andrew M.
Published: November 2008

Dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been reported to have a number of isomer-dependent effects on lipid metabolism including reduction in adipose tissue deposition, changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of individual CLA isomers against lipogenic and high ‘Western’ fat background diets. Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a high-carbohydrate rodent chow or chow supplemented with 17·25 % fat formulated to represent the type and amount of fatty acids found in a typical ‘Western’ diet (including 0·2 % cholesterol). Diets were further supplemented with 0·25 % (w/w) rapeseed oil,cis9,trans11 (c9,t11)-CLA ortrans10,cis12 (t10,c12)-CLA. Neither isomer had a significant impact on plasma lipid or lipoprotein concentrations. The t10,c12-CLA isomer significantly reduced perirenal adipose tissue depot mass. While adipose tissue acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase mRNA concentrations (as measured by quantitative PCR) were unaffected by CLA, lipoprotein lipase mRNA was specifically reduced by t10,c12-CLA, on both background diets (P < 0·001). This was associated with a specific reduction of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c expression in perirenal adipose tissue (P = 0·018). The isomers appear to have divergent effects on liver TAG content with c9,t11-CLA producing lower concentrations than t10,c12-CLA. We conclude that t10,c12-CLA modestly reduces adipose tissue deposition in the Golden Syrian hamster independently of background diet and this may possibly result from reduced uptake of lipoprotein fatty acids, as a consequence of reduced lipoprotein lipase gene expression.
THE EFFECT OF THE HEALTH CARE SUPPLY ENVIRONMENT ON CHILDREN’S NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN RURAL NEPAL
Authors: HOTCHKISS DAVID R. , MOCK NANCY B. , SEIBER ERIC E.
Published: November 2008

This article examines the effect of access to health infrastructure, personnel and services on children’s nutritional status in rural Nepal. Data for the study come from the 1996 Nepal Living Standards Survey, which includes individual- and household-level information on children’s nutritional status and its environmental and socioeconomic determinants, and community-level information on the availability of health care infrastructure, personnel and services. The study uses a structural modelling approach to assess the relative contributions of the health care supply environment on children’s anthropometric status via the pathway of maternal and child health (MCH) service use. The findings suggest that improvements in the availability of outreach clinics and the structural quality of the closest public facility would be expected to have statistically significant and large effects on the use of MCH services, and that increases in MCH service use would have a statistically significant impact on weight-for-age, but not weight-for-height or height-for-age. The overall impact of the heath care supply environment on nutritional status is assessed through a series of policy simulations.
SOCIAL AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES IN THE ADULT BAHRAINI POPULATION
Authors: MUSAIGER ABDULRAHMAN O. , AL-MANNAI MARIAM A.
Published: November 2008

This paper aimed to assess the prevalence of known diabetes among Bahraini adults, and to determine associated social and lifestyle factors. A community-based survey was carried out on 514 adults aged 30–79 years. The overall prevalence of known diabetes was 9%. Using multivariate analysis, the risk of diabetes was found to be higher among older (50–79 years), female, illiterate, currently married, non-smoking people, those who did not walk regularly, overweight and obese people (BMI[ges ]25), those who had a history of hypertension and those who consumed fresh vegetables more than 3 times a week. However, only obesity was found to be significantly associated with diabetes (OR=1·83, CI 1·48–4·15).
German symbolism in rock music: national signification in the imagery and songs of Rammstein
Authors: BURNS ROBERT G.H.
Published: November 2008

In this article, I discuss aspects of national identity in the performance style of the German rock band Rammstein from the perspectives of imagery, vocal style and the textual content of their songs. Investigation into Rammstein’s music reveals transformations of signifiers from earlier German performance styles and earlier textual themes that the band use as a means of relocating notions of German identity into their own performances. The adoption of national German signifiers enables Rammstein to establish connections between the band and the growth of national awareness among German youth who follow them. In this way, marketing and promotion of notions of a new national German identity to generations unaware of the origins of neo-romantic, national German signifiers in Rammstein’s music supports a successful commercial enterprise that, I argue, runs close to boundaries existing between national and nationalist.
Firm organisation and marketing strategy in the Japanese music industry
Authors: ASAI SUMIKO
Published: November 2008

Technological change has had a significant effect on market structure and management strategy in the content industry. This paper presents a survey of changes in firm organisation and marketing strategy in the Japanese music industry from a historical perspective. The market structure has changed from vertical integration within a closed system to vertical separation within an open system due to an increase in distribution channels. In addition, developments in the media have led to changes in the marketing strategies of record companies, and this has accelerated the rate of turnover of hit music. Record companies thus need to revise their marketing approach to match the change in sales pattern.
PROSPECTING NEUROECONOMICS
Authors: Ortmann Andreas
Published: November 2008

The following is a set of reading notes on, and questions for, the Neuroeconomics enterprise. My reading of neuroscience evidence seems to be at odds with basic conceptions routinely assumed in the Neuroeconomics literature. I also summarize methodological concerns regarding design, implementation, and statistical evaluation of Neuroeconomics experiments.
ON AN EVOLUTIONARY FOUNDATION OF NEUROECONOMICS
Authors: Schipper Burkhard C.
Published: November 2008

Neuroeconomics focuses on brain imaging studies mapping neural responses to choice behaviour. Economic theory is concerned with choice behaviour but it is silent on neural activities. We present a game theoretic model in which players are endowed with an additional structure – a simple “nervous system” – and interact repeatedly in changing games. The nervous system constrains information processing functions and behavioural functions. By reinterpreting results from evolutionary game theory (Germano 2007), we suggest that nervous systems can develop to “function well” in exogenously changing strategic environments. We present an example indicating that an analogous conclusion fails if players can influence endogenously their environment.
COMMENTS ON THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUROECONOMICS FOR ECONOMIC THEORY
Authors: Spiegler Ran
Published: November 2008

In this short note I speculate about the various ways in which the study of neurological aspects of decision making could be fruitful for economic modelling.
Length-based assessment of sustainability benchmarks for coral reef fishes in Puerto Rico
Authors: AULT JERALD S. , SMITH STEVEN G. , LUO JIANGANG , MONACO MARK E. , APPELDOORN RICHARD S.
Published: November 2008

The sustainability of multispecies coral reef fisheries is a key conservation concern given their economic and ecological importance. Empirical estimation and numerical model analyses were conducted to evaluate exploitation status via resource reference points (or sustainability benchmarks) for coral reef fishes of the snapper-grouper complex in Puerto Rico. Mean size (L, in length) of animals in the exploited part of the population was estimated from fishery-dependent and fishery-independent size composition data and used as an indicator variable of exploitation rates. In application, fishing mortality rates estimated fromLof various data sources were comparable. Of the 25 reef fish species assessed, 16 were below 30% spawning potential ratio (SPR), six were above 30% SPR, and three could not be reliably determined owing to low sample sizes. These findings indicate that a majority of snapper-grouper species in Puerto Rico are currently fished at unsustainable levels.
Primate color vision: A comparative perspective
Authors: JACOBS GERALD H.
Published: November 2008

Thirty years ago virtually everything known about primate color vision derived from psychophysical studies of normal and color-defective humans and from physiological investigations of the visual system of the macaque monkey, the most popular of human surrogates for this purpose. The years since have witnessed much progress toward the goal of understanding this remarkable feature of primate vision. Among many advances, investigations focused on naturally occurring variations in color vision in a wide range of nonhuman primate species have proven to be particularly valuable. Results from such studies have been central to our expanding understanding of the interrelationships between opsin genes, cone photopigments, neural organization, and color vision. This work is also yielding valuable insights into the evolution of color vision.
The fronting of the back upgliding vowels in Charleston, South Carolina
Authors: Baranowski Maciej
Published: November 2008

In a radical reorganization of its sound system, Charleston has lost most of the distinctive features of the traditional dialect, including monophthongal and ingliding /ey/ (face) and /ow/ (goat). The traditionally back nucleus of /ow/ is now further to the front in Charleston than it is in most other dialects of American English. The fronting is led by the highest-status social group and appears not to conform to the generalization of the curvilinear principle, whereby an intermediately located social group leads linguistic change from below. It is argued that the fronting is not internally motivated, but rather it is being introduced into the dialect as a systematic borrowing. It is a change from above and as such does not bear on the curvilinear principle.
Reversing “drift”: Innovation and diffusion in the London diphthong system
Authors: Kerswill Paul , Torgersen Eivind Nessa , Fox Susan
Published: November 2008

This study contributes to innovation and diffusion models by examining phonetic changes in London English. It evaluates Sapir's notion of “drift,” which involves “natural,” unconscious change, in relation to these changes. Investigating parallel developments in two related varieties of English enables drift to be tested in terms of the effect of extralinguistic factors. The diphthongs ofprice,mouth,face, andgoatin both London and New Zealand English are characterized by “Diphthong Shift,” a process that continued unabated in New Zealand. A new, large data set of London speech shows Diphthong Shift reversal, providing counterevidence for drift. We discuss Diphthong Shift and its “reversal” in relation to innovation, diffusion, leveling, and supralocalization, arguing that sociolinguistic factors and dialect contact override natural Diphthong Shift. Studying dialect change in a metropolis, with its large and linguistically innovative minority ethnic population, is of the utmost importance in understanding the dynamics of change.
Structural variation in Old English root clauses
Authors: Pintzuk Susan , Haeberli Eric
Published: November 2008

A standard observation concerning basic constituent order in Old English (OE) is that the position of finite verbs varies by clause type. In root clauses, the finite verb tends to occur toward the beginning of the clause, and we frequently find Verb Second (V2) order. In contrast, in subordinate clauses, finite verbs generally occur toward the end of the clause, and these clauses are frequently verb-final. We challenge the traditional assumption that verb-final orders and, hence, the occurrence of the finite verb in a head-final structural position are rare in OE root clauses. We present new data demonstrating that the frequency of head-final structure in OE root clauses is much higher than previously acknowledged. We then explore some of the implications of this finding for the general structural analysis of OE.
Effects of Ageing: Potential Employment Gaps and the Possible Role of Migration
Authors: Berkhout Ernest
Published: November 2008

Although age distributions differ between countries, the ageing challenge is apparent everywhere. In the coming decades, the average age will increase all over Europe. As a consequence, the ratio between the working-age population (age 15–64) and the elderly population will decline, meaning a relatively reduced supply of labour, resulting in a ‘potential employment gap’. Although different in magnitude, the ageing effect is clearly present in all countries. If the EU-25 employment rate were to remain at its present 63% the average employment level will have decreased by 30 million persons in 2050. This effect is even relevant in the short-term perspective, as the first post-war birth cohorts are exiting the labour market already. After mentioning solutions to close this potential gap, such as raising participation rates and real labour productivity, this paper will focus in more detail on the possible role of migration in labour supply. As well as being the most unpredictable, this is also the most disputed variable. As traditional migration patterns are rapidly changing at the moment, this paper does not have the intention of being conclusive and absolute. However, the labour migration debate can still be elevated to a more scientific level by tackling some common misperceptions and adding new empirical facts.
Marriage in a ‘Culture of Migration’. Emirdag Marrying into Flanders
Authors: Timmerman Christiane
Published: November 2008

The persistently high popularity of migration marriages within large immigrant populations in Western Europe is an intriguing phenomenon. Why do so many young people born and raised in Western Europe opt for an unknown partner coming from a region that, although it is where their parents or grandparents came from, is by and large unknown to them personally? This contribution attempts to shed some light on the dynamics of this particular kind of migration which impacts significantly on the social fabric of Western European societies. Our focus here is specifically on the Belgian case, namely the so-called ‘Emirdag connection’. In Belgium, the majority of immigrants with a Turkish background come from the region of Emirdag, in the province of Afyon. Over the last 40 years a close relationship has been established between this region of emigration and a number of Turkish communities in Flanders and Brussels. Over the last decade chain migration became for most the most popular means to enter Belgium; in other words, the majority of newcomers arrived in Belgium as (future) spouses of Belgian residents. This certainly applies to Turkish migration. Particular to the Turkish residents in Belgium, including the second generation, is that the majority still marry a person who grew up in Turkey.