bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Geografia Histórica - uma nota
Authors: Corrêa Roberto Lobato
Published: April 2022

Geografia e História constituem campos distintos do conhecimento, ambas exibindo uma longa trajetória. Ambas têm como objeto o estudo da sociedade, mas a distinção entre elas, correntemente aceita, de que a História interessa-se pelo passado e a Geografia pelo presente é equivocada. A História se interessa pelo tempo, conforme assevera Marc Bloch e, nesta mesma linha de raciocínio, a Geografia pelo espaço. Assim, a História pode considerar a sociedade no tempo presente e a Geografia considerar a sociedade em sua espacialidade no passado. Temporalidade e Espacialidade são temas importantes, mas não exclusivos à Geografia. Mas isto não significa uma distinção dicotômica entre Geografia e História, pois espaço e tempo constituem uma unidade na qual ambas as partes se interpenetram: o tempo condiciona o espaço e este interfere no tempo. Geografia e História, em realidade, estão interrelacionadas, mas ao mesmo tempo desfrutam de uma relativa autonomia, graças aos atributos de espacialidade, isto é, localização, escala espacial, arranjo espacial e interações espaciais, e aos atributos da temporalidade, isto é, criação, desenvolvimento e transformação.
Downscaling reverse osmosis for single-household wastewater reuse: towards low-cost decentralised sanitation through a batch open-loop configuration
Authors: Davey C. J. , Thomas N. , McAdam E. J.
Published: April 2022

There is a significant demand for water recycling in low-income countries. However, wastewater infrastructure is primarily decentralised, necessitating the development of affordable household-scale reclamation technology. In this study, a batch open-loop reverse osmosis (RO) system is therefore investigated as a low-cost clean water reclamation route from highly saline concentrated blackwater. In a single-stage configuration, increasing feed pressure from 10 to 30 bars improved selective separation at water recovery exceeding 85%, whereas lower cross-flow velocity improved product recovery, reducing specific permeate energy demand from 21 to 4.8 kWh m−3. Rejection achieved for total phosphorous (99%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 96%), and final pH (8.7) of the RO permeate was compliant with the ISO30500 reuse standard for discharge. However, the rejection of total nitrogen in the RO permeate was non-compliant with the reuse standard due to the transmission of low-molecular weight (MW) uncharged organic compounds. It is suggested that rejection may be improved by increasing feed pressure to rebalance selectivity but may also be controlled by reducing fluid residence time (storage) to constrain the hydrolysis of urea. The economic analysis identified that a high-pressure 1812 element cost of ∼US$30 meets the sanitation affordability index of US$0.05 capita−1 day−1. However, the unit cost of a high-pressure feed pump must be reduced to ∼US$500 to obtain an affordable system cost. These unit costs can be achieved by manufacturing 1812 elements at economies of scale, and by adopting pumping solutions that have been developed for other applications requiring high pressures and low flows. Overall, our findings suggest that RO in the batch open-loop configuration has the potential to deliver affordable and safe water production from blackwater in a decentralised (single-household) context.
Effective adsorption of antimony (V) from contaminated water by a novel composite manganese oxide/oxyhydroxide as an adsorbent
Authors: Xie L. X. , Zhong Y. , Chen Y. Y. , Zhou G. Y. , Yang C.
Published: April 2022

To obtain an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for the Sb(V) removal in Sb(V)-contaminated water, a novel composite manganese oxide/oxyhydroxide (CMO) was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The results revealed that the as-prepared CMO adsorbent possessed a porous structure consisting of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and MnOOH nanorods. Batch experiments showed that the adsorption behaviours were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, reaching the maximum adsorption capacity of 119.63 mg/g at 25 °C. The application of CMO adsorbent showed that the Sb(V) removal efficiency in 6.24 L Sb(V)-containing water with a concentration of 3.6 mg/L was more than 90%. The reusability of CMO adsorbent demonstrated that the Sb(V) removal efficiency was still more than 80% even after five times of regeneration. The adsorption mechanism for Sb(V) can be described as ligand exchange between hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface and hydroxyl groups in Sb(OH)6− molecules by forming inner-sphere complexes. Those results suggested that the CMO adsorbent can be considered as a potential adsorbent to remove Sb(V) from contaminated water.
US AND OTHERCOUNTRIES APPROACHES TO A GLOBAL MINIMUM TAX RATE
Authors: Lebedeva L. F.
Published: April 2022

The idea of a global minimum tax rate, pointing at the tax competition between countries, has been discussed a lot during the talks led by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, European Commission, G 20, G 7. The paper focuses mainly on the international tax agenda, comparisons of corporate income tax rates, the approaches to a global minimum tax rate, the United States proposal and how tax policy could be adapted to meet challenges of minimizing global taxation of capital. Despite some common trends, there have been serious differences across countries regarding corporate income tax rates – nominal, average and effective which shows the percentage of income from a marginal investment that is to be paid in taxes. OECD’s database shows that corporate income tax rates vary greatly across countries, and the last year’s trend showed a number of countries announcing tax increase, which were both on temporary basis and permanent one. As to the United States proposal authors, establishing a global minimum tax would make it possible for the country to be competitive in the tax field even after proposed tax increase. The United States proposal before G 7 summit was supported by its members. At the same time negotiations on the new tax challenges from digitalisation with participation of different jurisdictions are going on.
RAW MATERIAL EXPORTS OF RUSSIA IN THE XXI CENTURY
Authors: Levkevich R. E. , Senotrusova S. V.
Published: April 2022

The article analyzes the export of commodity group 27 of the EAEU TN VED for mineral fuel, oil and products of their distillation. Various variations in the volume and structure of energy exports to Russia's main trading partners: China, Germany and the Netherlands in terms of hydrocarbon commodity positions for 2011–2020 are investigated. The share of export supplies of hydrocarbons to China in 2020 was 20%, which is the highest in recent years, and this is due to the constant increase in demand for energy from China due to the high rates of industrial development in the country. The share of exports to the Netherlands for 2020 is 12,4%; to Germany – 6.4%, demonstrating that Western Europe is also interested in the supply of Russian hydrocarbons, however, not in such volumes as before. The data also shows that China is Russia's main trading partner. In 2020 alone, Russia increased its hydrocarbon exports to China by 12%, when exports to Germany showed a slight increase of 1%, while exports to the Netherlands decreased by 1%.
Unveiling the Time Course Mechanism of Bone Fracture Healing by Transcriptional
Profiles
Authors: Jiang Tong-Meng
Published: April 2022

Background:

Bone fracture healing is a time-consuming and high-priority orthopedic
problem worldwide.

Objectives:

Discovering the potential mechanism of bone healing at a time course and transcriptional
level may better help manage bone fracture.

Methods:

In this study, we analyze a time-course bone fracture healing transcriptional dataset in a
rat model (GSE592, GSE594, and GSE1371) of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). RNA was obtained
from female Sprague-Dawley rats with a femoral fracture at the initial time (day 3) as well
as early (week 1), middle (week 2), and late (week 4) time periods, with nonfracture rats used as
control. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis and pathway examinations were performed for
further measurements of GSEA and hub genes.

Results:

Results indicated that the four stages of bone fracture healing at the initial, early, middle,
and late time periods represent the phases of hematoma formation, callus formation, callus molding,
and mature lamellar bone formation, respectively. Extracellular organization was positively
employed throughout the four stages. At the hematoma formation phase, the muscle contraction
process was downregulated. Antibacterial peptide pathway was downregulated at all phases. The
upregulation of Fn1 (initial, early, middle, and late time periods), Col3a1 (initial, early, and middle
time periods), Col11a1 (initial and early time periods), Mmp9 (middle and late time periods),
Mmp13 (early, middle, and late time periods) and the downregulation of RatNP-3b (initial, early,
middle, and late time periods) were possible symbols for bone fracture healing and may be used as
therapeutic targets.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest some new potential pathways and genes in the process of bone
fracture healing and further provide insights that can be used in targeted molecular therapy for
bone fracture healing.
Biocompatible Nanomaterials for Burns
Authors: Shukla Rahul , Handa Mayank , Maharana Sandeep Kr , Pal Kamlesh
Published: April 2022

The skin being the largest organ, protects our body against harmful chemicals, pathogens,
and physical agents. It constitutes primarily three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous
layers. Injuries occurring due to burning remain localized to the skin or other organic tissues
caused by flame, extreme heat, and close contact with chemicals or heated objects. Conventional
treatments are available for the treatment of burns; however, they are expensive and might completely
replace autologous tissue transfer. Nanotechnology-based approaches include organic nanoparticles,
dendrimers, hydrogels, etc. Biocompatibility usually refers to the ability of biomaterials
to perform their respective functions centered on medical therapy without causing any systemic
or local effects. Polymeric materials like a natural (chitosan and hyaluronic acid) and synthetic
(polylactic acid and polycaprolactone) materials are employed as biomaterials. Various preclinical
and clinical studies were performed in animal models. In this review, the authors have discussed
elaborately the biocompatible polymers, which are used in the treatment of burn wounds. Afterwards,
a brief discussion on the polymers, pre-clinical and clinical studies, and regulatory concerns
related to nanomaterials have also been covered.
The Virulent Hypothetical Proteins: The Potential Drug Target Involved in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Naveed Muhammad , Makhdoom Syeda Izma , Abbas Ghulam , Safdari Mohammadreza , Farhadi Amin , Habtemariam Solomon , Shabbir Muhammad Aqib , Jabeen Khizra , Asif Muhammad Farrukh , Tehreem Sana
Published: April 2022

Hypothetical proteins (HPs) are non-predicted sequences that are identified only by open reading frames in sequenced genomes, but their protein products remain uncharacterized by any experimental means. The genome of every species consists of HPs that are involved in various cellular processes and signaling pathways. Annotation of HPs is important as they play a key role in disease mechanisms, drug designing, vaccine production, antibiotic production, and host adaptation. In the case of bacteria, 25-50% of the genome comprises HPs, which are involved in metabolic pathways and pathogenesis. The characterization of bacterial HPs helps to identify virulent proteins that are involved in pathogenesis. This can be done using in-silico studies, which provide sequence analogs, physiochemical properties, cellular or subcellular localization, structure and function validation, and protein-protein interactions. The most diverse types of virulent proteins are exotoxins, endotoxins, and adherent virulent factors that are encoded by virulent genes present on the chromosomal DNA of the bacteria. This review evaluates virulent HPs of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Yersinia pestis. The potential of these HPs as a drug target in bacteria-caused infectious diseases, along with the mode of action and treatment approaches, has been discussed.
Oculomotor Abnormalities during Reading in the Offspring of Late-Onset
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Fernández Gerardo , González Ana Paula , Abulafia Carolina , Fiorentini Leticia , Agamennoni Osvaldo , Guinjoan Salvador M.
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

Eye movement patterns during reading are well defined and documented.
Each eye movement ends up in a fixation point, which allows the brain to process the incoming information
and program the following saccade. In this work, we investigated whether eye movement
alterations during a reading task might be already present in middle-aged, cognitively normal offspring
of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (O-LOAD).

Methods:

18 O-LOAD and 18 age-matched healthy individuals with no family history of LOAD participated
in the study. Participants were seated in front of a 20-inch LCD monitor, and single sentences
were presented on it. Eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker with a sampling rate
of 1000 Hz.

Results:

Analysis of eye movements during reading revealed that O-LOAD displayed more fixations,
shorter saccades, and shorter fixation durations than controls.

Conclusion:

The present study shows that O-LOAD experienced alterations in their eye movements
during reading. O-LOAD eye movement behavior could be considered an initial sign of oculomotor
impairment. Hence, the evaluation of eye movement during reading might be a useful tool for monitoring
well-defined cognitive resources.
Progress in Metabolic Studies of Gastric Cancer and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Duenas-Gonzalez Alfonso , Romo-Perez Adriana , Dominguez-Gomez Guadalupe , Chavez-Blanco Alma , Taja-Chayeb Lucia , Gonzalez-Fierro Aurora , Diaz-Romero Consuelo , Lopez-Basave Horacio Noe
Published: April 2022

Background:

Worldwide, gastric cancer is ranked the fifth malignancy in incidence and
the third malignancy in mortality. Gastric cancer causes an altered metabolism that can be therapeutically
exploited.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the significant metabolic alterations
caused by gastric cancer and propose a blockade.

Methods:

A comprehensive and up-to-date review of descriptive and experimental publications on the
metabolic alterations caused by gastric cancer and their blockade. This is not a systematic review.

Results:

Gastric cancer causes high rates of glycolysis and glutaminolysis. There are increased rates
of de novo fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, gastric cancer causes high rates
of lipid turnover via fatty acid β-oxidation. Preclinical data indicate that the individual blockade of
these pathways via enzyme targeting leads to antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless,
there is no data on the simultaneous blockade of these five pathways, which is critical as tumors show
metabolic flexibility in response to the availability of nutrients. This means tumors may activate alternate
routes when one or more are inhibited. We hypothesize there is a need to simultaneously block
them to avoid or decrease the metabolic flexibility that may lead to treatment resistance.

Conclusions:

There is a need to explore the preclinical efficacy and feasibility of combined metabolic
therapy targeting the pathways of glucose, glutamine, fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and
fatty acid oxidation. This may have therapeutical implications because we have clinically available
drugs that target these pathways in gastric cancer.
Design and Facile Synthesis of Spiro-s-tetrazine Derivatives of 2,4-
diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9-one
Authors: Pati Anita , Nayak Manini , Samal Kanyanjali
Published: April 2022

Background:

Literature survey suggested various methods of synthesis of the 3-
azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonanes which include, Mannich reaction, α, α'-Annelation of Cyclic Ketones or
through Enamines, Michael addition, Intramolecular Cyclizations, etc. However, a mechanism following
a Michael addition path through the formation of the dibenzylidene cyclohexanone intermediate
can not be ignored. Thus to ensure the mechanistic pathway for the formation of 2,4-diphenyl-
3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one and to understand the reactivity of a conformationally and biologically
important molecule for the synthesis of spiro-s-tetrazine derivatives and its further functionalization
with thiazole and thiazolidinone derivatives the present work has been undertaken.

Method:

Direct reaction of dibenzylidene cyclohexanone and ammonium acetate has been tried to
get the confirmation of Mannich/ Michael reaction pathway for the formation of 2,4-diphenyl-3-
azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one. Synthesis of the spiro-s-tetrazine derivative has been accomplished
by the simple condensation reaction of azabicyclic system and thiocarbohydrazide (TCH). Simple
methods have been adopted for the installation of heterocyclic moieties like thiazolidinone, thiazole.

Results:

Failure of the attempts to prepare 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-onedirectly
from dibenzylidene cyclohexanone ruins the possibility of Michael addition reaction and supports
the formation of the product through Mannich reaction. Synthesis of the spiro derivatives containing
tetrazine, thiazole, thiazolidinone moieties were achieved by using simple techniques and products
were obtained in good yield. FTIR, NMR spectroscopy are used for the characterization of all
the molecules. Formation of 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-onewas confirmed by using
some additional data like mass and single crystal XRD.

Conclusion:

Confirmation of the mechanistic route for the 2 2,4-diphenyl-3-
azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one was achieved and simple methods for the formation of spiro derivatives
containing tetrazine, thiazole, thiazolidinone were established.
A Mini-review on Functionalized Ionic Liquid Immobilized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Promoted One-Pot Domino Synthesis of Diverse Heterocyclic
Systems
Authors: Arya Anand Kumar , Arya Kritika , Kumar Sudesh
Published: April 2022

Ionic liquid-promoted one-pot synthetic methodologies have emerged as a frontier for the
facile access of diverse heterocycles. Owing to the high adaptability of ionic liquids (ILs), the design
of functionalized ILs with desired specific and attuned properties, ideally satisfying the one-pot syntheses,
are of great importance and endeavor. In particular, with the addressed drawbacks related to
the use of ionic liquids as a homogeneous catalyst, the concept of using ionic liquid supported magnetic
nanoparticles has drawn much attention as viable alternatives. This review focuses on the potential
of functionalized ionic liquid immobilized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the domino synthesis
of diverse heterocyclic systems.
Some Common Causes of False Positive Increases in Serum Levels of Cardiac
Troponins
Authors: Chaulin Aleksey Michailovich
Published: April 2022

Cardiac troponin molecules (cTnI and cTnT) are the most valuable and in-demand biomarkers
for detecting various types of myocardial damage (reversible and irreversible, ischemic,
inflammatory, toxic, etc.) in current clinical practice. These biomarkers are widely used for early
diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and risk stratification of patients suffering from a
number of cardiac (such as myocarditis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and extra-cardiac diseases
(such as sepsis, renal failure, pulmonary embolism, neurological pathologies, etc.) that negatively
affect the cells of cardiac muscle tissue. However, in daily routine clinical activities, internists
and cardiologists often encounter cases of false increases in the concentrations of cardiospecific
troponins. A false increase in the concentration of troponins contributes to an incorrect diagnosis
and incorrect therapy, which can harm the patient. A false increase in the concentration of troponins
contributes to an incorrect diagnosis and incorrect therapy, which can harm the patient,
therefore, internists and cardiologists should be well aware of the main reasons and mechanisms
for false-positive results cTnI and cTnT. This review article mainly focuses on the causes of falsepositive
increases in serum levels of cTnI and cTnT, which provide helpful clues for the accurate
diagnosis of AMI and evidence for the differential diagnosis.
Synthesis of New Thiazole Clubbed Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole Hybrid as
Antimycobacterial Agents
Authors: Mahmoud Huda K. , Sayed Abdelwahed R. , Abdel-Aziz Marwa M. , Gomha Sobhi M.
Published: April 2022

Aims:

The study aims to synthesize bioactive hybrid pharmacophores (thiazole ring and
imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole system) by incorporating them into one biological assessment molecular system.

Background:

A literature survey revealed that various imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles, thiazoles, and hydrazones
have powerful antimycobacterial activity.

Objective:

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of molecular hybridization and the scope for
imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-hydrazone-thiazoles to develop as promising antimycobacterial agents.

Method:

Several imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole–hydrazine-thiazoles 5a-g, 7a,b, 9a,b, 11a,b, 13, and 15a,b
were generated using a molecular hybridization strategy and assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(ATCC 25618) for their in vitro antituberculous activity.

Result:

Derivative 7b (MIC = 0.98 μg/mL) has shown the most promising antimycobacterial activity
among the series tested. Brief structure-activity relationship studies found that the thiazole of chlorophenyl
or pyridine, or coumarin had a significant relation with the antimycobacterial activity.

Conclusion:

The promising antimycobacterial activity of compound 7b compared with the reference
drug suggests that this compound may contribute as a lead compound in the search for new potential
antimycobacterial agents.
Adipose-derived Stem Cells: Potentials, Availability and Market Size in
Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Soltani Adele , Moradi Maryam , Nejad Aida Rezaei , Moradi Shabnam , Javandoost Ehsan , Nazari Hojjatollah , Jafarian Arefeh
Published: April 2022

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been described as one of the most potent and accessible
human adult stem cells which can be utilized in various therapeutic approaches. Due to the wide
variety of cytokines and GFs secreted by them, ADSCs can be used for controlled drug release. These
cells can be used for proliferation and differentiation of tissues regardless of survival conditions and immunologic
problems. Because of their ability to differentiate into various lineages, ADSCs can be used in
musculoskeletal problems, diabetes, heart diseases, obesity, neurologic and nephrogenic diseases, and
wound healing, as well as applications in regenerative medicine such as osteogenic, cartilage, tendon,
muscle, skin, CNS, cardiac and vascularization, as well as liver and even periodontal regeneration.
To maintain the highest viability and efficiency, companies that provide ADSCs should offer the best
product quality to gain market share and scientists need to acquire an understanding of sources where they
can find the best products available. Therefore, in this article, we have reviewed the available products,
companies and the market size currently available for ADSCs. Enormous effort has been made to list the
most important trials, products and companies currently existent in the field. To achieve better outcomes
in scientific research, there is the need to compare the products available and choose the best option according
to desired goals. Thus, this paper provides a valuable reference for those interested in the field of
ADSCs and their applications.
Design and Development of Triazole Derivatives as Prospective Anticancer Agents: A
Review
Authors: Sachdeva Harshita , Saquib Mohammad , Tanwar Kumud
Published: April 2022

Background:

In recent years, there has been a crucial need for the design and development of novel anticancer
drugs that can lessen the serious health problems and unwanted side effects associated with currently used anticancer
drugs. The triazole nucleus is well-recognized to possess numerous pharmacological activities, including anticancer,
as revealed by various investigations on anticancer drugs and the latest research findings.

Objective:

The aim of this review article is to summarise the anticancer potential of 1, 2, 3-triazole, 1, 2, 4-triazole and
heterocycle-fused triazole derivatives against several human cancer cell lines, compiling research articles published
between 2010 and 2021.

Methods:

Data were collected from PubMed, Google scholar and Research Gate using keywords “anticancer activity
of 1, 2, 3-triazole derivatives”, “anticancer activity of 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives” and “anticancer activity of heterocycle-
fused triazole derivatives” and reviewed comprehensively.

Results:

This review examines the anticancer potential of 1,2,3-triazole coupledoleanolic acid/dithiocarbamate/ pyrido[
2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives, 1,2,3-triazole linked pyrimidine/1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids, and 1,2,4-triazole
substituted methanone derivatives, acridine-based 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, 1,2,4-thiadiazol coupled with 1,2,4-
triazole and 5-ene-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole-6(5H)-one derivatives against several human cancer cell lines.

Conclusion:

This review highlights the key findings in the area of cancer therapy. Triazole derivatives possess anticancer
activity against various human cancer cell lines, and hence the triazole core may act as a lead molecule for the
synthesis of novel anticancer drugs.
Dopaminergic Signaling as a Plausible Modulator of Astrocytic Toll-Like
Receptor 4: A Crosstalk between Neuroinflammation and Cognition
Authors: Nampoothiri Madhavan , Gurram Prasada Chowdari , Manandhar Suman , Satarker Sairaj , Mudgal Jayesh , Arora Devinder
Published: April 2022

Neuroinflammation is one of the major pathological factors leading to Alzheimer's disease
(AD). The role of microglial cells in neuroinflammation associated with AD has been known for a
long time. Recently, astrocytic inflammatory responses have been linked to the neuronal degeneration
and pathological development of AD. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Amyloid Beta (Aβ) activate astrocytes
and microglial cells via toll-like 4 (TLR4) receptors leading to neuroinflammation. Reactive
(activated) astrocytes mainly comprising of A1 astrocytes (A1s) are involved in neuroinflammation,
while A2 astrocytes (A2s) possess neuroprotective activity. Studies link low dopamine (DA) levels
during the early stages of neurodegenerative disorders with its anti-inflammatory and immuoregulatory
properties. DA mediates neuroprotection via inhibition of the A1 astrocytic pathway through blockade
of NF-kB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3
(NLRP3); and promotion of A2 astrocytic pathways leading to the formation of neurotrophic factors
like BDNF and GDNF. In this current review, we have discussed the crosstalk between the dopaminergic
system in astrocytic TLR4 and NF-kB in addition to NLRP3 inflammasome in the modulation of
neuroinflammatory pathologies in cognitive deficits.
Lab-scale Preparation of Recombinant Human Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Escherichia coli and its Potential Safety on Normal Human Lung Cell Line
Authors: Mohamed Omnia A. , Samir Safia , Omar Hanan , Hassan Ekrami A. , Abdelazeem Eman
Published: April 2022

Background:

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is structurally similar to insulin
and acts as an endocrine hormone secreted by the liver.

Objective:

Production of recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) in Escherichia coli (E.coli)
and evaluation of its proliferation stimulatory activity.

Methods:

hIGF-1 gene cloned into pBSK (+) simple vector was transformed into TOP 10
chemically competent cells of E. coli. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was achieved using
specific hIGF-1 gene primers to confirm the successful transformation. To express the
rhIGF-1 in E. coli (Rosetta (DE3) pLysS); the hIGF-1 gene was cloned into the pET-15b
expression vector and then the recombinant pET-15b/IGF-1 vector was transformed into a
chemically prepared competent expression bacterial cells; Rosetta (DE3) pLysS. The
rhIGF-1 was expressed as insoluble aggregates called inclusion bodies (IBs) using a 2 mM
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducer. IBs were solubilized in a denatured
form using 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride (GdmCl), followed by in vitro protein refolding
using the rapid dilution method. The refolded hIGF-1 was purified using the HiTrap-
ANX anion exchange column. Western blot and ELISA using rabbit polyvalent anti-hIGF-
1 were performed to confirm the protein antigenic identity. Cell proliferation activity of
rhIGF-1 was testified on normal human lung cell line (WI-38).

Results:

rhIGF-1 was purified from the HiTrap-ANX column at a concentration of 300
μg/ml. Western blot showed a single 7.6 kDa band obtained in the induced Rosetta (DE3)
pLYsS. ELISA confirmed the molecular identity of the rhIGF-1 epitope, the concentration
of purified rhIGF-1 obtained from the ELISA standard curve using rhIGF-1 reference protein
as a standard was 300 μg/ml, and activity on WI-38 cells was 2604.17I U/mg.

Conclusion:

Biologically active native rhIGF-1 protein was successfully expressed.
Assessment of Radiation Exposure Dose for Nuclear Medicine Workers
from 18F-FDG, 99mTc MDP, and 99mTc
Authors: Saleh Emran Eisa , Al-esaei Abdulrahman M. , Khalil Magdy M. , El Shazly Raed M. , Kany Amr M.I. , Elmaghraby Sharif
Published: April 2022

Background:

Nuclear medicine or diagnostic radiology personnel are always exposed to low-level radiation from radionuclides used in medical diagnostics, which lead to potential biological hazards or effects.

Objective:

External exposure for workers in two nuclear medicine centers was measured by recruiting 120 patients.

Methods:

Three nuclear medicine examinations were performed using F18-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc-MDP bones scan, and 99mTc thyroid scan by a digital radiation dosimeter.

Results:

The average received accumulative radiation dose for workers was found to be 0.838±0.17, 0.527±0.11, and 0.270±0.05 μSv for F18-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc-MDP bones scan, and 99mTc thyroid scan, respectively. The annual effective dose for workers was estimated to be 2.09±0.42, 1.34±0.27, and 0.68±0.14 mSv, respectively. Moreover, the average patient-to-staff dose coefficients were found to be 0.024±0.005, 0.003±0.001, and 0.007±0.002 μSv m2/MBq h for F18-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc-MDP bones scan, and 99mTc thyroid scan, respectively.

Conclusion:

It is clear from the results that the radiation doses received by workers during the nuclear medicine imaging examinations were less than the doses recommended by the International Commis-sion on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for such examinations.
Enteric-Coated Polymers Past and Present - A Review
Authors: Loh Yi Ying , Enose Arno Appavoo , Garg Vandana
Published: April 2022

Tablet coating has evolved over the years, and today, there are various types of coating for the delayed release of a drug. Drugs can be enteric-coated to provide delayed release, protect the active pharmaceutical ingredients, minimize undesirable effects, and modify the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug, which will have clinical impacts. Certain types of drugs need to be enteric-coated for various reasons, such as gastric irritants or acid-liable drugs. This article will review ethylcellulose and polymethacrylate, their role in an enteric coating, and their process coating pa-rameters. Ethylcellulose can provide a short delayed release; it can be modified by adding pH-dependent polymers such as sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate for a long delayed release. On the other hand, polymethacrylate can also be employed to enteric coat drugs without additional polymers. Polymethacrylate, such as Eudragit®, comes in different grades with varying proportions of polymer ratio, allowing for targeted delayed drug release. These will impact which polymer to be employed. Upon choosing the coating material, modeling can also pre-dict in vitro and in vivo correlation as enteric-coated products can have unpredictable in vivo phar-macokinetic profiles. Today, the trend is moving away from the traditional coating, and towards new polymers, and with digitalization, there is a focus to start using data from laboratory experi-ments to be integrated with computational modeling, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to accurately predict key process parameters and film properties for high-quality products.
WITHDRAWN: Recent Perspectives on the Context of Current Herbal
Medicinal Delivery Systems
Authors: Pal Rashmi Saxena , Pal Yogendra , Saraswat Nikita , Wal Pranay , Wal Ankita
Published: April 2022

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Optimization of Pretreatment for Prevention of Enzymatic Browning of Fresh-Cut Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Root Slices
Authors: Kumari Reena , Omre P. K. , Kumar Sachin , Sahgal Manvika , Kumar Anil , Kumar Amit
Published: April 2022

The experiments were carried out optimized the chemical concentration as pre-treatments prior to drying of fresh-cut lotus root slices. The lotus root slices were pretreated by chemicals with Potassium metabisulphite (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 % (w/v)), sodium bicarbonate (2, 4, and 6 % (w/v)), and ascorbic acid (0.5, 1 and 1.5 % (w/v)). The quality parameters of lotus root slices were taken as color parameters such as lightness (L*), redness (a*), and (b*) along with the browning index. The best treatment was decided based on the browning index. The experimental results indicated that the color parameters of fresh-cut lotus root slices and chemicals deteriorate over the time span of 0h to 5h. Besides that, chemically treated samples were improved over the fresh-cut lotus root slices. The lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) of 0.30% potassium metabisulphite samples varies from 136 to 116, 1.17 to 248, and 2.87 to 5.34 for a period of time 0h to 5h, respectively. Which is the lowest as compared to all other samples. The browning index pre-treated samples was much lower than samples without treatment. The browning index increased with elapsed time and highly increase in untreated (fresh-cut lotus root slices) samples than pre-treated samples (chemicals treated). The optimized browning index was minimum (1.498 to 4.963) for 0.3 % KMS as compared to 5.337 to 16.02 and 2.73 to 9.227 for 6 % (w/v) sodium bicarbonate and 1.5 % (w/v) ascorbic acid solutions, respectively.
Livelihood enhancement of Farm women through vegetable nursery raising
Authors: Sharma Alpana , Vishwakarma Neelu , Singh Alka , Singh Mrigendra
Published: April 2022

Good quality healthy seedlings are very much needed for getting bumper yield and higher returns in vegetable production. Farm women often reported problems in quality nursery production during Kharif season. The high mortality of vegetable seedling results in huge losses of farm women. Keeping these facts in mind JNKVV Krishi Vigyan Kendra Shahdol conducted FLD on income enhancement of Farm women through improved nursery raising of vegetables. The study was conducted during Kharif 2019 and Kharif 2020 at two locations in two Nutrismart villages. The results revealed that farm women had a huge gap in the knowledge of selection of quality seeds (78%) and preparation of nursery bed and nutrient management (72%). The healthy seedling production under recommended practices and farmer practise was 1860/5 sqm in comparison to 1110/5 sqm respectively. The gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio under recommended practices and farmer’s practice were Rs 9300, Rs 6890 and 3.85 as compared to Rs 5550, Rs 3690 and 2.98 respectively.
Genetic analysis of yield and yield attributing components in pea
Authors: Singh Brijesh , Prakash Ravi
Published: April 2022

The genetic analysis of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was carried out twenty five germplasm lines under irrigated normal soil condition to determine mode of inheritance of yield and its contributing traits. The experiment was conducted to evaluate in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication at Nidharia Agriculture Farm S.M.M.Town P.G. College, Ballia, U.P. The data was recorded on twelve characters viz, such as days to 50% germination, days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to maturity, pod length, branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per plant, biological yield per plant, test weight, harvest index and seed yield per plant. The variation in treatment for all characters was found significant for all the characters. All the 25 genotypes showed vast range of variation for all the 12 characters under consideration. Genotypes such as 725-D, 940-D and ARPANA produced the highest seed yield and several out-yielder genotypes are also observed. The highest amount of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations were observed for plant height, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant. The maximum value of heritability (99) was reported for plant height and minimum value of heritability (29) was reported for the pod length while remaining characters expressed the heritability in decreasing order such as pods per plant (97) , biological yield per plant (97), seed yield per plant (94), number of branches per plant (85), days to 50% germination (84), harvest index (80), days to 50% flowering (79), test weight (69), days to maturity (64) and number of seed per pod (94). The maximum value of genetic advance in percent of mean was found for the plant height (86.63) and minimum value was found for the days to maturity (3.889).The result revealed that these traits may serve as effective selection attributes during selection in breeding program for yield improvement.
Growth and Instability of Mango and Guava Fruit Crops of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: VERMA HARISH CHANDRA , MISHRA DUSHYANT
Published: April 2022

Fruit production contributes significantly to food security and economic empowerment in Uttar Pradesh State of India. To ensure sustainable economic contribution of the commodities, understanding the growth and instability trends in crop area and production is imperative. The study analyzed growth and instability in area and production of mango and guava in the State. Time series data from 2005-06 to 2020-21 of the of mango and guava crops area and production of U.P. State were analyzed using semi log function. Result of the growth analysis indicated that growth rate of area and production of mango and guava were positive. The mango and guava fruits crop area and production data were analyzed to determine the instability and growth rates in area and production of these two fruit crops of Uttar Pradesh State covering the most recent period from 2005-06 to 2020-21 by using coefficient of variance (CV) compound growth rates (CGR). It was found that mango registered variability of 3.67% and 18.98%, and compound growth rates of 0.55% and 4.16% in crop area and production, respectively during 16 years period (2005-06 to 2020-21). Similarly, guava registered variability of 62.36% and 6.16%, and compound growth rates of 15.13% and 18.86% in crop area and production, respectively during 16 years period (2005-06 to 2020-21). It is found that growth rates in crop area of mango and guava are lower than growth rate of production in these two crops. This indicates that area has marginal impact on production of these two crops; however, technological interventions such as improved varieties, integrated nutrient and water management, canopy management, integrated pest management, etc., might have more impact on fruit product. This type of study is useful for policy makers/ government in improving fruit production.
Growth behaviour and yield of blue oyster mushroom on the basis of various spawn as well as bed substrates
Authors: SEN ANAMITA , DHAL ARABINDA , PRADHAN TENSIRANI , JENA BISWAJIT
Published: April 2022

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp) belonging to class Basidiomycetes and Family Agaricaceae is popularly known as ‘dhingri’ in India. It constitutes thirty percent of total production and ranks third among the cultivated mushrooms grown widely in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Hypsizygus ulmarius is an edible mushroom, also known as elm oyster mushroom or blue oyster mushroom. It was introduced for commercial production for the first time in India by IIHR. The present investigation was undertaken during 2018-19 to evaluate the growth behavior and yield of blue oyster mushroom on the basis of various spawn as well as bed substrates. Among all the five grains tested, sorghum grain required the least days (14.50 days) for spawn run and mycelium is tightly attached with grains. Sorghum grain was considered as best treatment also in the context of yield and biological efficiency of 1539.50g/bed and 76.98% respectively. Among five different substrates, sugarcane bagasse took minimum time for spawn run (16.50 days)which significantly differs from other substrates and maximum time required for spawn run was observed in groundnut hulls (23.75 days). Minimum time required for pinhead emergence was in maize stalk (8.25 days). Paddy straw substrate gave the highest yield (1552.00g) as well as highest biological efficiency of 77.60%.
Readiness of farmers to adopt crop residue management alternatives: A study of Haryana state
Authors: Choudhary Anuradha , Kadian K S. , Meena1 M S , Kambale P
Published: April 2022

The research was carried outto assess the readiness of farmers toward crop residual management. For this study, Karnal, Kurukshetra, and Fatehabad districts were selected purposively according to the report of Haryana Space Applications Center (2018). The total number of the respondent understudy was 180. Data regarding socio-economic status, assets availability, source of information, and readiness of farmers were collected with the help of a structured interview schedule because some driving factors may affect the readiness of the farmer. A positive and significant relationship was found at a 0.01% level of Significantbetween the readiness of the respondents and operational land holding, annual income, farm assets, and source of information and with education at a 0.05% level of significance. So,making farmers aware of available management alternatives using the different extension and educational programs and by providing financial and technical backup it may reduce the rate of residue burning and increase the rate of adoption of management practices.
On farm assessments of mustard varieties at farmers’ fields in humid south-eastern plain zone of Rajasthan
Authors: Bairwa R K , Meena P KP , Mahajani K
Published: April 2022

On farm trials were conducted during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, to study the comparative performance of Mustard Varieties at Farmers Fields in Humid South-Eastern Plain Zone (V) of Rajasthan. Treatment comprising four newly released mustard varieties i.e. RH 749 (T1), NRCHB 101 (T2), DRMRIJ 31 (T3) and NRCDR 2 (T4) compared with local check Bio 902 (T5). During both the year of study, mustard variety DRMRIJ 31 (T3) revealed significantly higher yield attributing characters (number of primary branches, number of secondary branches and number of siliqua per plant), seed yield, gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio over RH 749 (T1), NRCHB 101 (T2), NRCDR 2 (T4) and Bio 902 (T5) but at par with NRCHB 101 (T2) and NRCDR 2 (T4) in respect to seed yield, gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio during 2017-18. On mean basis, mustard variety DRMRIJ 31 (T3) gave 19.46, 9.27, 14.07 and 22.39 per cent higher seed yield over RH 749 (T1), NRCHB 101 (T2), NRCDR 2 (T4), and BIO 902 (T5), respectively. Variety RH 749 (T1) recorded significantly higher test weight over rest of the treatments but at par with DRMRIJ 31 (T3) and NRCHB 101 (T2) during 2016-17 and with DRMRIJ 31 (T3) during 2017-18.
सफलता की कहानी: पलवल पॉलीहाउस
Authors: के वी वी एस के क्रांति , कुमार विनोद , केशरी निशि , मीना रामकेश
Published: April 2022

राष्ट्रीय बागवानी बोर्ड, कृषि और किसान कल्याण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार किसानों के उत्पादन और आय को बढ़ाने के लिए भारत में संरक्षित खेती प्रणालियों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रही है। हरियाणा में, संरक्षित खेती बहुत ही कम समय में लोकप्रियता प्राप्त कर रही है। विभिन्न सरकारी योजनाओं के कारण संरक्षित खेती के तहत क्षेत्र 150 हेक्टेयर से अधिक तक पहुंच गया है। अखिल भारतीय समन्वित अनुसंधान परियोजना (सूत्रकृमि) ने पॉलीहाउस का सर्वेक्षण करते हुए श्री जसराम की दयनीय स्थिति को देखा और उस पोलीहाउस में प्रदर्शन परीक्षण करने का निर्णय लिया जहां जड़ गाँठ सूत्रकृमि की संख्या 8 द्वितीय अवस्था जूवेनाइल प्रति ग्राम मिट्टी में पाई गई थी। टमाटर की पिछली फसल में सूत्रकृमि की अधिक संख्या के कारण उसे नुकसान हुआ था। हमने टमाटर की जगह फसल बदलने का फैसला किया और शिमला मिर्च लेने का फैसला किया। हमने कुछ बायोएजेंटों के साथ मृदा सौरकरण तकनीक का उपयोग करने का भी निर्णय लिया जो जड़ गाँठ सूत्रकृमि के प्रबंधन के लिए बहुत अच्छे हैं। इस तकनीक का परिणाम बहुत उत्साहजनक रहा और किसान ने अपने पॉलीहाउस में शिमला मिर्च की बहुत अच्छी फसल पैदा की और जड़ गाँठ सूत्रकृमि संख्या में भी कमी आई। पॉलीहाउस में शिमला मिर्च की फसल से किसान को लगभग तीन लाख रुपये का लाभ हुआ।
छोटे एवं सीमांत किसानों के लिए भूमि एवं जल संरक्षण तकनीकें
Authors: जीत पवन , कुमारी आरती , सुंदरम प्रेम कुमार , प्रकाश वेद
Published: April 2022

सीमित भूमि एवं जल संसाधन हमारे देश कि दिन प्रतिदिन बढ़ती जनसंख्या के हिसाब से परम्परागत तरीके से खेती कर पर्याप्त खाद्यान्न उत्पादन करना एक चुनौती होता जा रहा है। देश की बढ़ती जनसंख्या के लिए पर्याप्त खाद्यान्न के उत्पादन के लिए परंपरागत तकनीक को छोड़ नवीन तकनीक का प्रयोग कृषि में जरूरी हो गया है। नवीन तकनीक के माध्यम से सीमित भूमि एवं जल संसाधन होने के बाबजूद ज्यादा भूमि, जल, ऊर्जा एवं आय को बढ़ाया जा सकता है। नवीनतम भूमि एवं जल संरक्षण तकनीकों जैसे आहार-पाइन सिंचाई पद्धति का नवीनीकरण, डोबा जल संचयन तकनीक, आंशिक जड़-क्षेत्र सिंचाई तकनीक, सौर ऊर्जा संचालित सिंचाई तकनीक, कम ऊर्जा जल अनुप्रयोग (लेवा) सिंचाई तकनीक एवं टपक (ड्रिप) सिंचाई तकनीक उपयोग कर भूमि, जल एवं फसल की उत्पादन और उत्पादकता को बढ़ाया जा सकता है।