bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Imaging Microscopy
Authors: Lemasters John J.
Published: September 2016

Fluorescence imaging microscopy is a powerful tool to localize specific molecular components with lateral resolution of 0.2 µm. New techniques of confocal and multiphoton microscopy also permit submicrometer axial resolution even in thick specimens, and novel super‐resolution techniques that improve resolution to 0.1 µm and less are emerging. The number of specific parameter‐indicating fluorophores useful for nondestructive live cell imaging continues to increase, including markers of cell shape and volume, organelles, membrane potentials, ions, and other chemical constituents. Moreover, virtually, any cellular protein can be tagged with a fluorescent protein in the living state. These developments make fluorescence microscopy an indispensable tool for the molecular biologist, cell biologist, physiologist, and others both in and not in the life sciences.
What is past is prologue: A population‐based case‐control study of repeat victimization, premature mortality, and homicide
Authors: Pridemore William Alex , Berg Mark T.
Published: September 2016

We examined risk of male premature mortality associated with recent criminal victimization. Prior victimization is among the most consistent predictors of future risk but the explanation of repeat victimization remains elusive. Two general perspectives frame this debate. According to the state‐dependence perspective, repeat victimization is forged through intervening processes connecting an initial with a subsequent violent victimization. According to the risk‐heterogeneity perspective, this association is spurious because all victimization events for a person result from underlying individual traits. Research on health outcomes and premature mortality provides related, but often overlooked, conceptual assumptions about the co‐occurring health burden of preventable injuries and disease. We extend and apply each of these perspectives in the current study to assess the nature and sources of repeat violent victimization. Data were from the Izhevsk (Russia) Family Study, a large‐scale population‐based case‐control study. Cases (n = 1750) were all male deaths aged 25–54 living in Izhevsk between October 2003 and October 2005. Controls (n = 1750) were randomly selected from a city population register. Key independent variables were prior year prevalence of violent, property, and residential victimization. We used logistic regression to estimate mortality odds ratios. Results provided evidence for state dependence. We found that (i) after controlling for indicators of risk heterogeneity men who had been victims of violence (but not property or residential crime) within the past year were 2.6 times more likely than those who had not to die prematurely; and (ii) the only type of death for which risk was higher was homicide. Aggr. Behav. 43:176–189, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Knee Pain and Structural Damage as Risk Factors for Incident Widespread Pain: Data From the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study
Authors: Carlesso Lisa C. , Segal Neil A. , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Wise Barton L. , Frey Law Laura , Nevitt Michael , Neogi Tuhina
Published: September 2016

Objective

To examine the longitudinal relationship of knee pain, radiographic osteoarthritis (OA), symptomatic knee OA, and knee pain severity to incident widespread pain.

Methods

The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study is a longitudinal cohort of persons with or at risk of knee OA. Participants were characterized as having consistent frequent knee pain, radiographic OA (Kellgren/Lawrence scale grade ≥2), symptomatic OA, and knee pain severity at the 60‐month visit (baseline). Widespread pain was categorized as pain above and below the waist, on both sides of the body and axially, using a standard homunculus, excluding knee pain. Incident widespread pain was defined as the presence of widespread pain at 84 months in those who were free of widespread pain at baseline. We assessed the relationship of baseline radiographic OA, symptomatic OA, consistent frequent knee pain, and knee pain severity, respectively, with incident widespread pain using logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, including models with and without pain severity.

Results

At baseline, 1,129 subjects were eligible for analysis (mean ± SD age 66.7 ± 7.8 years; mean ± SD body mass index 30.1 ± 5.8 kg/m2; 52% women). Radiographic OA in either knee (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 0.90 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.63–1.30]; P = 0.587) was not associated with incident widespread pain. Baseline bilateral consistent frequent knee pain (ORadj 2.35 [95% CI 1.37–4.03]), bilateral symptomatic OA (ORadj 2.11 [95% CI 1.04–4.24]), and knee pain severity (worst knee) (ORadj 1.11 [95% CI 1.05–1.17]; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with incident widespread pain.

Conclusion

Consistent frequent knee pain, symptomatic OA, and knee pain severity increased the risk of developing widespread pain, independently of structural pathology. These results suggest that knee pain, and not structural pathology, contributes to the onset of widespread pain.
Hierarchical switching for active disturbance attenuation with fine controller tuning
Authors: Battistelli Giorgio , Selvi Daniela , Tesi Alberto
Published: September 2016

In this paper, a novel adaptive disturbance attenuation algorithm is proposed combining switching and tuning. A two‐level hierarchical switching logic is developed, which first selects in a short time the potentially best controller among a finite pre‐designed family and then performs a local refinement of its attenuation capability. Thanks to the controller fine tuning, the proposed technique is able to provide a substantial performance improvement in terms of attenuation level as compared with a pure adaptive switching control scheme; at the same time, it retains the positive features of switching‐based approaches, in particular, concerning the possibility of rapidly achieving a satisfactory behavior. Further, an arbitrary attenuation level is ensured in the presence of particular classes of disturbances and provided that it is compatible with robust stability requirement. Simulation results are shown to underline the potential of the approach as a solution to the problem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron and Nickel Cellular Structures by Sintering of 3D‐Printed Oxide or Metallic Particle Inks
Authors: Taylor Shannon L. , Jakus Adam E. , Shah Ramille N. , Dunand David C.
Published: September 2016

Inks comprised of metallic Fe or Ni powders, an elastomeric binder, and graded volatility solvents are 3D‐printed via syringe extrusion and sintered to form metallic cellular structures. Similar structures are created from Fe2O3 and NiO particle‐based inks, with an additional hydrogen reduction step before sintering. All sintered structures exhibit 92–98% relative density within their struts, with neither cracking nor visible warping despite extensive volumetric shrinkage (≈70–80%) associated with reduction (for oxide powders) and sintering (for both metal and oxide powders). The cellular architectures, with overall relative densities of 32–49%, exhibit low stiffness (1–6 GPa, due to the particular architecture used), high strength (4–31 MPa), and high ductility, leading to excellent elastic and plastic energy absorption, when subjected to uniaxial compression.
Enhancement of the Carbothermal Reduction of Hafnium Oxide by Silicon
Authors: Weisenseel Bastian , Harris Joe , Stumpf Martin , Wolf Stephan E. , Fey Tobias , Greil Peter
Published: September 2016

Mixtures of hafnia and carbon powders, containing 0.0–10 mol% of silicon, are heated and analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, and DTA. Furthermore, hafnia and carbon pellets, with varying degrees of silicon content, are investigated to determine the nature of the silicon influence on the reaction. The addition of up to 5.0 mol% silicon increases the yield of carbide by 400%. TEM reveal that silicon causes the formation of an amorphous layer on the hafnia particles, on which nucleation of the carbide phase take place. Taking into account that the carbide formation in Si‐free samples is only observed on the carbon surfaces, the authors conclude that the silicon‐induced layer on the hafnia surfaces increases the accessible area for carbide formation and consequently the reaction rate.
Biomorphous Silicon Carbide as Novel Loop Heat Pipe Wicks
Authors: Weisenseel Bastian , Greil Peter , Fey Tobias
Published: September 2016

Biomorphous silicon carbide is tested as a novel wick material for flat evaporator loop heat pipes (LHP). The machinable ceramic gives the possibility to improve the wick performance by macroporous channel networks without closing the structure inherent microporosity. A minimum thermal resistance of 0.4236 °C W−1 is obtained for unmodified SiC at a power input of 200 W. Modification with channels parallel to the evaporating surface results in an improved thermal resistance of 0.3792 °C W−1. Modification with channels perpendicular to the evaporating surface increases the thermal resistance to 0.4469 °C W−1, but reduces the necessary heat load for stable start‐up from 50 to 25 W.
Au‐Decorated Cracked Carbon Tube Arrays as Binder‐Free Catalytic Cathode Enabling Guided Li2O2 Inner Growth for High‐Performance Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Tu Fangfang , Hu Junping , Xie Jian , Cao Gaoshao , Zhang Shichao , Yang Shengyuan A. , Zhao Xinbing , Yang Hui Ying
Published: September 2016

Owing to their extremely high energy density, Li‐O2 batteries have attained increasing attention in recent studies. However, deposition of the discharge product, insulating Li2O2, is known to seriously limit the electrochemical performance of Li‐O2 batteries. While extensive studies have focused on relieving electrode deactivation by controlling Li2O2 growth, no permanent or effective mechanism is delivered. Here, a unique design comprising a catalytic cathode constructed by cracked carbon submicron tube (CST) arrays decorated with Au nanoparticles on inner walls is proposed. The introduction of Au nanoparticles not only improves electrode conductivity but also provides catalytic sites, guiding conformal growth of thin‐layered Li2O2 inside the cracked CST. Density functional theory calculations support that Au decoration on CST favors the conformal growth of Li2O2 on inner tubular walls. This growth behavior of Li2O2 renders easy decomposition of Li2O2, prevents carbon tube electrode from full, rapid deactivation, and preserves the free space for reactants transport. Li‐O2 cells with Au@CST exhibit good rate capability (1208 mAh g–1 at a high current density of 1000 mA g–1) and long cycle life (112 cycles at a current density of 400 mA g–1 with a limited capacity of 500 mAh g–1).
From Polyacrylonitrile, its Solutions, and Filaments to Carbon Fibers II. Spinning PAN‐Precursors and their Thermal Treatment
Authors: Kulichikhin V. G. , Skvortsov I. Yu. , Mironova M. I. , Ozerin A. N. , Kurkin T. S. , Berkovich A. K. , Frenkin E. I. , Malkin A. Ya.
Published: September 2016

Based on the results of Part 1 of this work, we have chosen acrylonitrile copolymers for preparing dopes in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Modeling the spinning process in static conditions was carried out by following the evolution of the interaction between a drop of solution and precipitant. In addition, the diffusion zone was controlled by the laser‐interference method. Fibers were spun on a laboratory stand. It was found that the optimal ratio of DMSO to water in a coagulation bath was 85/15. The analysis of the structure of different fibers (including fibers with carbon nanotubes) demonstrated the superposition of crystalline phase and orientation‐disordered mesophase. The evolution of this structure could provide the answer to the question of which structure of “white” fibers is best for obtaining high‐quality “black” fibers. Measurement of the structure and mechanical properties of fibers allowed us to optimize the technology of thermal treatment of fibers including the intensity of heat output in the stages of thermal‐oxidative stabilization and carbonization as well as the strain characteristics and applied tension. Model carbon fibers have a satisfactory complex of mechanical properties. We aimed to choose a set of experimental approaches as a proper way to produce high‐strength carbon fibers.
A novel multisystem disease associated with recessive mutations in the tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase (YARS) gene
Authors: Nowaczyk Małgorzata J. M. , Huang Lijia , Tarnopolsky Mark , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Majewski Jacek , Bulman Dennis E. ,   FORGE Canada Consortium, Care4Rare Canada Consortium, Hartley Taila , Boycott Kym M.
Published: September 2016

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a group of ubiquitously expressed enzymes that are best known for their function in the first step of protein translation but have been increasingly associated with secondary functions including transcription and translation control and extracellular signaling. Mutations in numerous ARSs have been linked to a growing number of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive human diseases. The tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase (YARS) links the amino acid tyrosine to its cognate tRNA. We report two siblings who presented with failure to thrive (FTT), hypertriglyceridemia, developmental delay, liver dysfunction, lung cysts, and abnormal subcortical white matter. Using exome sequencing the siblings were found to harbor bi‐allelic pathogenic‐appearing variants within the YARS gene (NM_003680.3):c.638C>T p.(Pro213Leu) and c.1573G>A p.(Gly525Arg). These YARS variants occur in the catalytic domain and the C‐terminal domain, respectively. Mutations in YARS have been previously associated with an autosomal dominant form of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT); our findings suggest the disease spectrum associated with YARS dysregulation is broader than peripheral neuropathy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A boy with partial dup(18q)/del(18p) due to a maternal pericentric inversion: Genotype–phenotype correlation and risk of recombinant chromosomes based on systematic review of the literature
Authors: Lustosa‐Mendes Elaine , dos Santos Ana Paula , Viguetti‐Campos Nilma Lúcia , Vieira Társis Paiva , Gil‐da‐Silva‐Lopes Vera Lúcia
Published: September 2016

We report a boy carrying a recombinant chromosome 18, with terminal deletion of 10.8 Mb from 18p11.32 to 18p11.21 and a terminal duplication of 22.8 Mb from 18q21.31 to 18q23, resulting from a maternal pericentric inversion of the chromosome 18. He presented with poor growth, developmental delay, facial dysmorphisms, surgically repaired left cleft lip and palate, a mild form of holoprosencephaly characterized by single central incisor and agenesis of the septum pellucidum, and body asymmetry. Based on the systematic review of the literature, we discuss genotype–phenotype correlation and the risk for the recombinants of pericentric inversions of chromosome 18. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione‐3,4‐difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All‐Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Shengjian , Kan Zhipeng , Thomas Simil , Cruciani Federico , Brédas Jean‐Luc , Beaujuge Pierre M.
Published: September 2016

Branched‐alkyl‐substituted poly(thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione‐alt‐3,4‐difluorothiophene) (PTPD[2F]T) can be used as a polymer acceptor in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with a low‐band‐gap polymer donor (PCE10) commonly used with fullerenes. The “all‐polymer” BHJ devices made with PTPD[2F]T achieve efficiencies of up to 4.4 %. While, to date, most efficient polymer acceptors are based on perylenediimide or naphthalenediimide motifs, our study of PTPD[2F]T polymers shows that linear, all‐thiophene systems with adequately substituted main chains can also be conducive to efficient BHJ solar cells with polymer donors.
Total Synthesis of Aspergillomarasmine A and Related Compounds: A Sulfamidate Approach Enables Exploration of Structure–Activity Relationships
Authors: Albu Silvia A. , Koteva Kalinka , King Andrew M. , Al‐Karmi Salma , Wright Gerard D. , Capretta Alfredo
Published: September 2016

The fungal secondary metabolite aspergillomarasmine A (AMA) has recently been identified as an inhibitor of metallo‐β‐lactamases NDM‐1 and VIM‐2. Described herein is an efficient and practical route to AMA and its related compounds by a sulfamidate approach. In addition, a series of derivatives has been prepared and tested for biological activity in an effort to explore preliminary structure activity relationships. While it was determined that natural LLL isomer of AMA remains the most effective inactivator of NDM‐1 enzyme activity both in vitro and in cells, the structure is highly tolerant of the changes in the stereochemistry at positions 3, 6, and 9.
Tuning Excited‐State Reactivity by Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Li Han , Zhang Ming‐Tian
Published: September 2016

The reactivity, and even reaction pathway, of excited states can be tuned by proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET). The triplet state of benzophenone functionalized with a Brønsted acid (3*BP‐COOH) showed a more powerful oxidation capability over the simple triplet state of benzophenone (3*BP). 3*BP‐COOH could remove an electron from benzene at the rate of 8.0×105 m−1 s−1, in contrast to the reactivity of 3*BP which was inactive towards benzene oxidation. The origin of this great enhancement on the ability of the excited states to remove electrons from substrates is attributed to the intramolecular Brønsted acid, which enables the reductive quenching of 3*BP by concerted electron–proton transfer.
Probing Low‐Copy‐Number Proteins in a Single Living Cell
Authors: Liu Jia , Yin Danyang , Wang Shuangshou , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Liu Zhen
Published: September 2016

Single‐cell analysis techniques are essential for understanding the microheterogeneity and functions of cells. Low‐copy‐number proteins play important roles in cell functioning, but their measurement in single cells remains challenging. Herein, we report an approach, called plasmonic immunosandwich assay (PISA), for probing low‐copy‐number proteins in single cells. This approach combined in vivo immunoaffinity extraction and plasmon‐enhanced Raman scattering (PERS). Target proteins were specifically extracted from the cells by microprobes modified with monoclonal antibody or molecularly‐imprinted polymer (MIP), followed by labeling with Raman‐active nanotags. The PERS detection, with Raman intensity enhanced by 9 orders of magnitude, provided ultrasensitive detection at the single‐molecule level. Using this approach, we found that alkaline phosphatase and survivin were expressed in distinct levels in cancer and normal cells, and that extended culture passage resulted in reduced expression of survivin. We further developed acupuncture needle‐based PISA for probing low‐copy‐number proteins in living bodies.
Fortschritte bei der Ras‐Inhibition aus medizinisch‐chemischer Perspektive
Authors: Sautier Brice , Nising Carl F. , Wortmann Lars
Published: September 2016

Ras‐Mutanten zählen wegen ihres häufigen Auftretens bei vielen menschlichen Krebsarten und ihrer geringen Adressierbarkeit durch Wirkstoffe (niedrige “druggability”) derzeit zu den gesuchtesten (und anspruchsvollsten) onkologischen Targets. Hierdurch erklären sich die andauernden Forschungsbemühungen auf diesem Gebiet; mittlerweile haben sich die ersten Erfolge eingestellt, was wieder Anlass zu Optimismus gibt, Ras‐Inhibitoren zu entdecken. Dieser Kurzaufsatz diskutiert die aktuellen Fortschritte auf dem Weg zu irreversiblen Inhibitoren und stellt neue Ansätze zur Identifikation von Inhibitoren der Ras‐Effektor‐Interaktion vor, die infolge des momentanen Fokus auf direkter Ras‐Inhibition weniger Beachtung finden. Die Bewertung erfolgt dabei aus einer medizinalchemischen Perspektive.
Schiff base complexes and their versatile applications as catalysts in oxidation of organic compounds: part I
Authors: Al Zoubi Wail , Ko Young Gun
Published: September 2016

Schiff bases and their complexes are good candidates as versatile compounds which are synthesized by the condensation of a primary amino compound with either aldehydes or ketones for a variety of industrial applications. They can act as catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of organic compounds. Recent researches in oxidation catalysis have focused on how to employ the metal‐catalyzed oxidation of organic substrates. This review summarizes the current developments of the last few decades for the oxidations of organic compounds that proceed through Schiff base complexes. The chemical syntheses of Schiff bases and their complexes are outlined.
Efficient four‐component synthesis of spiroindole derivatives catalysed by a versatile and reusable nano‐paramagnetic catalyst
Authors: Hojati Seyedeh Fatemeh , Amiri Amir Hassan , Raouf Hamideh
Published: September 2016

A simple, efficient and environmentally benign route was developed for the preparation of spiro(indoline‐3,4‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole) derivatives with good yields from condensation of isatins, malononitrile (or ethyl cyanoacetate), hydrazine hydrate and ethyl acetoacetate catalysed by PFu@Fe3O4 nanocomposite. The use of easily available catalyst, shorter reaction times, better yields, simplicity of reaction, heterogeneous system and easy work‐up are the advantages of the method presented. Characterization of the catalyst was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.
Polythiophene with ionophore substituent in the side chain
Authors: Kadac Kornelia , Olewnik‐Kruszkowska Ewa , Nowaczyk Jacek
Published: September 2016

The article presents the method of the synthesis of sulfonated polythiophene derivative (PTMBSA) in aqueous medium by means of emulsion polymerization. The method applies potassium peroxydisulfate as initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant. The structure and physicochemical properties have been analyzed. Resulting polymers were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, UV‐VIS, and electrochemical methods (e.g., cyclic voltammetric, current‐voltage characteristics, doping processes). Resulting polymer revealed mixed electronic and ionic conductivity having solid state maximum conductivity σ = 5.061 μS m−1. It is four orders of magnitude higher than this of pristine polythiophene obtained by similar way. Presented results show that tested polymers are interesting and seem to be promising material for organic electronic applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44372.
Grundlagen für materialeffizientes Planen und Bauen
Authors: Ortlepp Regine , Gruhler Karin , Schiller Georg , Ortlepp Sebastian
Published: September 2016

Der Bausektor verbraucht große Mengen an natürlichen Ressourcen und erzeugt hohe Mengen an Bau‐ und Abbruchabfällen. Es ist allerdings abzusehen, dass sich Veränderungen in der politischen Rahmensetzung auch zukünftig auf das Bauwesen auswirken werden. Die Bundespolitik fokussiert auf eine verstärkte Kreislaufführung insbesondere ressourcenrelevanter Mengenabfälle, zu denen vor allem die mineralischen Stoffe gehören. Die bundeseinheitliche Harmonisierung des Wasser‐, Bodenschutz‐ und Abfallrechts wird dazu führen, dass die heute üblichen Verwertungsmöglichkeiten als mineralische Ersatzbaustoffe in technischen Bauwerken oder bei der Verfüllung (sog. Downcycling) eingeschränkt werden. Um ein in Zukunft hochwertiges Recycling zu ermöglichen, stellt sich unter anderem die Frage, welche Mengen an Materialien aus den vorhandenen Bauwerksbeständen diesem Prozess zugeführt werden können. Eine Basis für die systematische und wirtschaftliche Nutzung von Ersatzbaustoffen bildet dabei das Wissen über die Menge und Verteilung der Baustoffe, da der erreichbare Verwendungsgrad neben bautechnischen Anforderungen an die Bauprodukte auch von der Verfügbarkeit entsprechender Rezyklatmengen im Verhältnis zum allgemeinen Bedarf an Baustoffen abhängt.

Der vorliegende Artikel richtet sich thematisch an die Fachverbände der Baustoffhersteller, Planer sowie weitere für Ausschreibungen verantwortliche Personen. Er soll Einblicke in den vorhandenen Bauwerksbestand geben und dabei helfen, zukünftige Entwicklungstendenzen hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit sowie des Bedarfs an hochwertigen Ersatzbaustoffen einzuschätzen. Am Beispiel der Nichtwohngebäude (NWG) in Deutschland wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, Materialbestände zu quantifizieren. Der Quantifizierungsprozess der Baustoffzusammensetzung erfolgt dabei in drei Schritten:

Ermittlung der Gesamtnutzfläche für Deutschland und Aufteilung nach Gebäudetypen;

Berechnung der Materialkoeffizienten (MKZ) in Bezug auf verschiedene Gebäudetypen;

Bestimmung des gesamten Materialbestands und dessen jährlicher Veränderungen.

Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind Nutzflächen und MKZ für die in der Bautätigkeitsstatistik ausgewiesenen unterschiedlichen NWG‐Arten sowie die Materialmasse des deutschen NWG‐Bestands insgesamt. Die Gesamtmaterialmasse von NWG in Deutschland beträgt ca. 6,8 Mrd. t. Dies entspricht 44 % des gesamten Gebäudebestands. Durch Abriss‐ und Sanierungsmaßnahmen verlassen diesen Bauwerksbestand jährlich ca. 38 Mio. t mineralische Materialien, für welche entsprechende ökologisch und ökonomisch tragbare Verwertungswege zur Verfügung stehen müssen.
Langzeiterfahrungen an einer Gabionenkonstruktion
Authors: Lehmann Jens , Fischer Joachim , Burkert Andreas , Mietz Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Anhand der hier vorliegenden Untersuchungsergebnisse kann eine umfassende Einschätzung des Korrosionszustands einer Gabionenkonstruktion aus Drähten mit Zink‐Aluminium‐Überzug nach 20 Jahren Einsatzzeit in Abhängigkeit von unterschiedlichen Expositionsbedingungen einzelner Bereiche vorgenommen werden. Die festgestellten Massenverluste der Zink‐Aluminium‐Überzüge waren an den Untersuchungspositionen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der verschiedenen Expositionsbedingungen der Probenentnahmestellen, unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Gabionendrähte, die im direkten Bodenkontakt standen, wiesen dabei die geringsten Restauflagen auf. Atmosphärisch beanspruchte sowie durch Vlies vor direktem Bodenkontakt geschützte Gabionendrähte zeigten dagegen etwas größere Restauflagen. Über den Drahtumfang wurden bei allen untersuchten Gabionendrahtproben stark variierende Schichtdicken festgestellt, was offensichtlich herstellungsbedingte Ursachen hatte. Die Untersuchungen an der Gabionenkonstruktion haben gezeigt, dass die Annahme einer mittleren linearen Abtragsrate des metallischen Überzugs von 1 μm/a unter den hier untersuchten Bedingungen ein realistischer Wert ist. An örtlichen Positionen bei direktem Bodenkontakt kann dieser Wert aber deutlich größer werden, sobald sich die Aggressivität des Bodens erhöht. Eine Rotrostbildung war an den Drahtproben nicht feststellbar.
Pioneer factors and ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling factors interact dynamically: A new perspective
Authors: Swinstead Erin E. , Paakinaho Ville , Presman Diego M. , Hager Gordon L.
Published: September 2016

Transcription factor (TF) signaling regulates gene transcription and requires a complex network of proteins. This network includes co‐activators, co‐repressors, multiple TFs, histone‐modifying complexes, and the basal transcription machinery. It has been widely appreciated that pioneer factors, such as FoxA1 and GATA1, play an important role in opening closed chromatin regions, thereby allowing binding of a secondary factor. In this review we will focus on a newly proposed model wherein multiple TFs, such as steroid receptors (SRs), can function in a pioneering role. This model, termed dynamic assisted loading, integrates data from widely divergent methodologies, including genome wide ChIP‐Seq, digital genomic footprinting, DHS‐Seq, live cell protein dynamics, and biochemical studies of ATP‐dependent remodeling complexes, to present a real time view of TF chromatin interactions. Under this view, many TFs can act as initiating factors for chromatin landscape programming. Furthermore, enhancer and promoter states are more accurately described as energy‐dependent, non‐equilibrium steady states.
Activity in primary motor cortex during action observation covaries with subsequent behavioral changes in execution
Authors: Aridan Nadav , Mukamel Roy
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Observing someone else perform a movement facilitates motor planning, execution, and motor memory formation. Rate, an important feature in the execution of repeated movements, has been shown to vary following movement observation although the underlying neural mechanisms are unclear. In the current study, we examined how the rate of self‐paced index finger pressing is implicitly modified following passive observation of a similar action performed at a different rate.

Methods

Fifty subjects performed a finger pressing sequence with their right hand at their own pace before and after passive observation of either a 1‐min video depicting the task performed at 3 Hz by someone else or a black screen. An additional set of 15 subjects performed the task in an MRI scanner.

Results

Across all 50 subjects, the spontaneous execution rate prior to video observation had a bimodal distribution with modes around 2 and 4 Hz. Following video observation, the slower subjects performed the task at an increased rate. In the 15 subjects who performed the task in the MRI scanner, we found positive correlation between fMRI signal in the left primary motor strip during passive video observation and subsequent behavioral changes in task performance rate.

Conclusion

We conclude that observing someone else perform an action at a higher rate implicitly increases the spontaneous rate of execution, and that this implicit induction is mediated by activity in the contralateral primary motor cortex.
Possible mechanisms of Leukoagglutinin induced apoptosis in human cells in vitro
Authors: Kochubei Tetiana , Kitam Volodymyr , Maksymchuk Oksana , Piven Oksana , Lukash Lyubov
Published: September 2016

Leukoagglutinin is one of the phytohemagglutinin isolectins isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris. In our recent study, we showed that this lectin is able to influence the growth of human cancer cells in vitro. In addition, using the acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining, we found that leukoagglutinin can induce apoptosis. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of induction of apoptosis, we performed computational modeling with subsequent experimental verification of theoretical data in vitro. We developed computational models of leukoagglutinin interaction with pro‐ (FasR and TNFR) and anti‐apoptotic (IGF‐1 and EGFR) receptors, and confirmed that leukoagglutinin may specifically interact with these receptors. Furthermore, we proved that leukoagglutinin can induce apoptosis in cancer (HEp‐2) and non‐cancer (4BL) cells, and observed that PHA‐L is able to induce apoptosis through the up‐regulation of Bax protein and activation of the effector caspase‐3 and initiator caspase‐8. However, these proteins have no effect on the Bcl‐2 expression level.
Differential protein abundance of a basolateral MCT1 transporter in the human gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Al‐mosauwi Hashemeya , Ryan Elizabeth , McGrane Alison , Riveros‐Beltran Stefanie , Walpole Caragh , Dempsey Eugene , Courtney Danielle , Fearon Naomi , Winter Desmond , Baird Alan , Stewart Gavin
Published: September 2016

Bacterially derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, are vital in maintaining the symbiotic relationship that exists between humans and their gastrointestinal microbial populations. A key step in this process is the transport of SCFAs across colonic epithelial cells via MCT1 transporters. This study investigated MCT1 protein abundance in various human intestinal tissues. Initial RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the expected MCT1 RNA expression pattern of colon > small intestine > stomach. Using surgical resection samples, immunoblot analysis detected higher abundance of a 45 kDa MCT1 protein in colonic tissue compared to ileum tissue (P < 0.001, N = 4, unpaired t‐test). Importantly, MCT1 abundance was found to be significantly lower in sigmoid colon compared to ascending colon (P < 0.01, N = 8–11, ANOVA). Finally, immunolocalization studies confirmed MCT1 to be abundant in the basolateral membranes of surface epithelial cells of the ascending, transverse, and descending colon, but significantly less prevalent in the sigmoid colon (P < 0.05, N = 5–21, ANOVA). In conclusion, these data confirm that basolateral MCT1 protein abundance is correlated to levels of bacterially derived SCFAs along the human gastrointestinal tract. These findings highlight the importance of precise tissue location in studies comparing colonic MCT1 abundance between normal and diseased states.
From Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furfural: Insight into the Active Species of a Silica‐Supported Tungsten Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Bhaumik Prasenjit , Dhepe Paresh Laxmikant
Published: September 2016

A sol–gel‐synthesized silica‐supported tungsten oxide catalyst that has Lewis acidity was characterized and employed as a solid acid catalyst in the synthesis of furfural directly from lignocellulosic biomass (isolated xylans and crop wastes). In a one‐pot method, 71 % furfural formation from isolated xylan was possible using a water/toluene (1:2 v/v) biphasic solvent system at 170 °C after 10 h over 10 wt % WO3/SiO2. The WO3/SiO2 catalyst in the selective conversion of pentosan from crop wastes (bagasse, wheat straw, and rice husk) yielded 72–87 % furfural under the optimum reaction conditions. Additionally, the catalyst presented excellent recyclability in at least eight runs after simple water washing. From the catalyst characterization studies, it was suggested that silicotungstic‐type acid species are anchored on the WO3/SiO2 catalyst that help to achieve a good catalytic activity.
Bis(cyclopropenium)phosphines: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications
Authors: Mehler Gerlinde , Linowski Pawel , Carreras Javier , Zanardi Alessandro , Dube Jonathan W. , Alcarazo Manuel
Published: September 2016

A straightforward route for the preparation of a set of bis(cyclopropenium)‐substituted phosphines is reported. Due to their dicationic nature, these ligands depict an excellent π‐acceptor character. The effect of the ligand substituent pattern on the catalytic activity of the metal complexes thereof derived is also studied. Whereas sterically demanding biaryl groups directly attached to the phosphorus atom seem to facilitate elementary steps such as the product release from the catalyst, long chain dialkylamino groups on the cyclopropenium units maximize the catalysts solubility and, thus, allow the use of typical apolar solvents such as toluene. Importantly, all new ligands prepared can be easily handled in air. Finally, the impact of the newly prepared dicationic phosphines in hydroarylation reactions is demonstrated. In particular, their use in the synthesis of several naphtho[1,2‐b]furanes and naturally occurring naphthalene derivatives such as Calanquinone C is reported.
How Does Solvation Affect the Binding of Hydrophilic Amino Saccharides to Cucurbit[7]uril with Exceptional Anomeric Selectivity?
Authors: Wang Jianping , Jang Yoonjung , Khedkar Jayshree K. , Koo Jin Young , Kim Yonghwi , Lee Chang Jun , Rhee Young Min , Kim Kimoon
Published: September 2016

Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) is known to bind strongly to hydrophilic amino saccharide guests with exceptional α‐anomer selectivities under aqueous conditions. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography and computational methods were used to elucidate the reason behind this interesting phenomenon. The crystal structures of protonated galactosamine (GalN) and glucosamine (GluN) complexes confirm the inclusion of α anomers inside CB[7] and disclose the details of the host–guest binding. Whereas computed gas‐phase structures agree with these crystal structures, gas‐phase binding free energies show preferences for the β‐anomer complexes over their α counterparts, in striking contrast to the experimental results under aqueous conditions. However, when the solvation effect is considered, the binding structures drastically change and the preference for the α anomers is recovered. The α anomers also tend to bind more tightly and leave less space in the CB[7] cavity toward inclusion of only one water molecule, whereas loosely bound β anomers leave more space toward accommodating two water molecules, with markedly different hydrogen‐bonding natures. Surprisingly, entropy seems to contribute significantly to both anomeric discrimination and binding. This suggests that of all the driving factors for the strong complexation of the hydrophilic amino saccharide guests, water mediation plays a crucial role in the anomer discrimination.
Computational Study of the Stability of Nanotube Fragments
Authors: Fantini Beatrice , Faglioni Francesco
Published: September 2016

Extremely short (<1 nm) fragments of zig‐zag carbon nanotubes are studied with ab‐initio techniques to determine their geometric and electronic structure as well as their magnetic susceptibility. It is found that for lengths of a few carbon–carbon bonds, each fragment can be viewed as composed of crowns, that is, zig‐zag rings of carbon atoms along the circumference of the tube. In this case, two kinds of electronic structures are found, depending on whether the number of carbon atoms in each crown is even or odd. Systems comprising three or more crowns either have a high spin ground state or involve a charge transfer across the length of the fragment. Conjugation changes qualitatively when the length of the fragment approaches and surpasses its girth. Indications regarding the predicted chemical stability and electronic response are provided and interpreted in terms of current densities induced within each crown by a magnetic field along the tube axis.
Factors Affecting the Performance of Champion Silyl‐Anchor Carbazole Dye Revealed in the Femtosecond to Second Studies of Complete ADEKA‐1 Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Sobuś Jan , Gierczyk Błażej , Burdziński Gotard , Jancelewicz Mariusz , Polanski Enrico , Hagfeldt Anders , Ziółek Marcin
Published: September 2016

Record laboratory efficiencies of dye‐sensitized solar cells have been recently reported using an alkoxysilyl‐anchor dye, ADEKA‐1 (over 14 %). In this work we use time‐resolved techniques to study the impact of key preparation factors (dye synthesis route, addition of co‐adsorbent, use of cobalt‐based electrolytes of different redox potential, creation of insulating Al2O3 layers and molecule capping passivation of the electrode) on the partial charge separation efficiencies in ADEKA‐1 solar cells. We have observed that unwanted fast recombination of electrons from titania to the dye, probably associated with the orientation of the dyes on the titania surface, plays a crucial role in the performance of the cells. This recombination, taking place on the sub‐ns and ns time scales, is suppressed in the optimized dye synthesis methods and upon addition of the co‐adsorbent. Capping treatment significantly reduces the charge recombination between titania and electrolyte, improving the electron lifetime from tens of ms to hundreds of ms, or even to single seconds. Similar increase in electron lifetime is observed for homogenous Al2O3 over‐layers on titania nanoparticles, however, in this case the total solar cells photocurrent is decreased due to smaller electron injection yield from the dye. Our studies should be important for a broader use of very promising silyl‐anchor dyes and the further optimization and development of dye‐sensitized solar cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Insights into the Thermal Decomposition Sequence of Barium Tetrahydrogenorthotellurate(VI), Ba[H4TeO6].
Authors: Weil Matthias , Stoeger Berthold , Gierl‐Mayer Christian , Libowitzky Eugen
Published: September 2016

Single crystals of Ba[H4TeO6] (I), Ba[H2TeO5] (II), Ba[Te2O6(OH)2] (III), and Ba[TeO4] (IV) are prepared by a diffusion method (I), under hydrothermal conditions (II and III), and by solid state reaction (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Perovskite Nickel Titanate/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nano‐Composite with Improved Lithium Storage Properties.
Authors: Li Meng , Fan Xiulin , Xiao Xuezhang , Huang Xu , Jiang Yiqun , Chen Lixin
Published: September 2016

NiTiO3/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites with a particle size of 40—50 nm are prepared by solvothermal reaction of equimolar amounts of Ni(NO3)2 and Ti(OPr)4 in citric acid/EtOH (autoclave, 190 °C, 12 h) followed by calcination at 600 °C and heating of the as‐prepared powder in an EtOH suspension of GO (120 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Noncentrosymmetric Selenide Ba4Ga4GeSe12: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties.
Authors: Yin Wenlong , Iyer Abishek K. , Li Chao , Lin Xinsong , Yao Jiyong , Mar Arthur
Published: September 2016

Ba4Ga4GeSe12 is prepared by solid state reaction of a 4:2:1 molar mixture of BaSe, Ga2Se3, and GeSe2 (evacuated silica tubes, 1173 K, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Alkali Cations on Two‐Dimensional Networks of Two New Quaternary Thioarsenates (III) Prepared by a Facile Surfactant‐Thermal Method.
Authors: Yan Dongming , Hou Peipei , Liu Chang , Chai Wenxiang , Zheng Xuerong , Zhang Luodong , Zhi Mingjia , Zhou Chunmei , Liu Yi
Published: September 2016

NaAg2AsS3·H2O (I) and KAg2AsS3 (II) are prepared by surfactant‐thermal (solvothermal) reaction of a 2:1:0.5:2 molar mixture of NaOH (KOH), Ag, As2S3, and S in N2H4·H2O (or en for (II)) and PEG‐400 (autoclave, 130 °C, 7 d, 95% and 98% yield of (I) and (II), resp.).
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation of the C=C Bond in α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Using Supported Palladium Nanoparticles.
Authors: Nagendiran Anuja , Pascanu Vlad , Bermejo Gomez Antonio , Gonzalez Miera Greco , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Verho Oscar , Martin‐Matute Belen , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: September 2016

Two catalysts consisting of palladium nanoparticles supported either on a siliceous mesocellular foam (PDC‐1) or on a metal‐organic framework (PDC‐2) are evaluated in the title reaction of some unsaturated substrates and compared with the results obtained from Pd‐C.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Difluoromethylthiolation of Heteroaryl Bromides, Iodides, Triflates and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Wu Jiang , Liu Yafei , Lu Changhui , Shen Qilong
Published: September 2016

The reaction has a broad substrate scope, thus tolerating a diverse range of heteroaryl halides and triflates as well as variously functionalized aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Nucleophilic Aromatic Amination of Nitrobenzenes.
Authors: Khutorianskyi V. V. , Sonawane M. , Posta M. , Klepetarova B. , Beier P.
Published: September 2016

The oxidative nucleophilic aromatic amination of nitrobenzenes (II) and (IV) with lithium salts of arylamines (I) leads to N‐aryl‐2‐nitroanilines.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Hiyama Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides.
Authors: Yuen On Ying , So Chau Ming , Man Ho Wing , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: September 2016

The reaction can be run with low catalyst loadings (0.05‐1 mol%).
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphorus‐Olefin Ligands for the RhI‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Aryl Boronic Acids to Electron‐Deficient Olefins.
Authors: Chen Qian , Li Liang , Zhou Guangli , Ma Xiaoli , Zhang Lu , Guo Fang , Luo Yi , Xia Wujiong
Published: September 2016

The developed ligands allow for an efficient, highly enantioselective transformation of cyclic and acyclic α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds according to the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: The Different Roles of a Cationic Gold(I) Complex in Catalysing Hydroarylation of Alkynes and Alkenes with a Heterocycle.
Authors: Mehrabi Tahmineh , Ariafard Alireza
Published: September 2016

Using DFT calculations, the mechanism of twofold hydroarylation of terminal alkynes with pyrrole catalyzed by a cationic gold(I) complex is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Potassium‐Exchanged Zirconium Hydrogen Phosphate [α‐Zr(KPO4)2]‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4H‐pyran Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Rosati Ornelio , Pelosi Azzurra , Temperini Andrea , Pace Vittorio , Curini Massimo
Published: September 2016

The one‐pot three component reaction between dimedone derivatives, malonitrile or cyanoacetate and aryl, alkenyl or alkyl aldehydes provides the title products in generally high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxadendralenes in Asymmetric Organocatalysis for the Construction of Tetrahydroisochromenes.
Authors: Hammer Niels , Leth Lars A. , Stiller Julian , Jensen Magnus E. , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: September 2016

Starting from oxadendralenic dienals and various aldehydes cyclic oxadendralenic intermediates are formed which further react in a one‐pot manner with vinyl ethers to form complex tetrahydroisochromenes with up to five stereogenic centers in high yields and with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of 5‐cis‐Substituted Prolinamines as Ligands in Enantioselective, Copper‐Catalyzed Henry Reactions.
Authors: Kaldun Johannes , Prause Felix , Scharnagel Dagmar , Freitag Frederik , Breuning Matthias
Published: September 2016

The newly synthesized ligands prove useful in the scalable Henry reaction of aromatic, hetaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Desymmetrization by Hydroformylation of Cyclopentenes: Synthesis of Chiral Carbocyclic Nucleosides.
Authors: You Cai , Wei Biao , Li Xiuxiu , Yang Yusheng , Liu Yue , Lv Hui , Zhang Xumu
Published: September 2016

A Rh‐catalyzed desymmetric hydroformylation of 3‐substituted cyclopentenes constitutes an efficient approach to chiral cyclopentane carboxyaldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acid‐Promoted C—H Alkylation with Alkylboronic Acids Using a Removable Directing Group.
Authors: Zhang Yu , Jiang Hang , Chen Dushen , Zhang Yanghui
Published: September 2016

Pyridylsilyl‐directed C—H alkylation reaction with alkylboronic acids occurs in the presence of a palladium catalyst and an essential amino acid ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Metal‐Free Hydrosilylation of Secondary Amides to Amines.
Authors: Huang Pei‐Qiang , Lang Qi‐Wei , Wang Yan‐Rong
Published: September 2016

In situ activation of carboxylic amides with triflic anhydride and 2‐fluoropyridine allows the direct one‐pot reduction to the corresponding secondary amines with 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane and B(C6F5)3 as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis and Modelling‐Driven Optimization of Carane‐Based Aminodiols and 1,3‐Oxazines as Catalysts for the Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Benzaldehyde.
Authors: Szakonyi Zsolt , Csor Arpad , Csampai Antal , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: September 2016

A library of title ligands (12 examples) is prepared starting from (S)‐(‐)‐perillaldehyde and tested in the reaction of aldehydes (III) with ZnEt2.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective meta Arylation of Oxalyl Amide‐Protected β‐Arylethylamine via the Catellani Reaction.
Authors: Han Jian , Zhang Li , Zhu Yan , Zheng Yongxiang , Chen Xiaolan , Huang Zhi‐Bin , Shi Da‐Qing , Zhao Yingsheng
Published: September 2016

An approach to achieve the high site selective meta‐C—H arylation of β‐arylethylamine via palladium norbornene catalysis under assistance of a N,O bidentate directing group is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Free, Heterogeneous Palladium‐Catalyzed Atom‐Efficient Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling of Triarylbismuths with Aryl Iodides: Synthesis of Biaryl Ketones.
Authors: Hao Wenyan , Liu Haiyi , Yin Lin , Cai Mingzhong
Published: September 2016

An efficient Pd‐catalyzed carboxylative cross‐coupling process of aryl iodides with triaryl bismuths in the presence of carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure is developed to yield a variety of bisaryl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamically Driven, syn‐Selective Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of Tetronamides.
Authors: Karak Milandip , Barbosa Luiz C. A. , Acosta Jaime A. M. , Sarotti Ariel M. , Boukouvalas John
Published: September 2016

The aldol reaction between N‐monoarylated tetronamides and various aryl, hetaryl or alkyl aldehydes is examined.