bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM NUTRITION EFFECTS ON YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BURLEY TOBACCO LEAVES AND SMOKE
Authors: LEGGETT J. E. , SIMS J. L. , GOSSETT D. R. , PAL U. R. , BENNER J. F.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of varying levels of K and Mg fertilization on the yield, value, and chemical composition of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Ky-14) leaves and smoke. Potassium was applied at rates of 0,112, 224, and 448 kg K/ha as K2SO4 and KNO3, and Mg was applied at rates of 0, 56, 112 and 224 kg Mg/ha as MgO. Potassium fertilization (112 kg K/ha) increased the cured leaf yield and its market value about 12% over the control. Additional increases in market value were observed where 224 and 448 kg K/ha were applied. Magnesium did not significantly affect leaf yield and market value; there was no Mg × K interaction for these characters. Potassium fertilization reduced protein-N, total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVNB), amino-N, Ca, and Mg contents of leaf by 12, 10, 25, 23, and 32%, respectively, from the control when applied at the rate of 448 kg K/ha. In contrast, K fertilization increased leaf K and Mn contents 5.6- and 1.2-fold, respectively. Magnesium application depressed leaf amino-N content and increased Mg content. Total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, and gas phase cyanide delivered from all-burley cigarettes were decreased by 24, 7, and 50% from the control when plots were supplied with 448 kg K/ha. However, the gas phase aldehyde content of the smoke was increased by K application. Magnesium fertilization had no measurable effects on the chemical composition of burley tobacco smoke.
A COLLECTION OF CULTIVARS OF OATS IMMUNE OR HIGHLY RESISTANT TO SMUT
Authors: NIELSEN J.
Published: March 2010

A partial-vacuum method was developed for inoculating large numbers of oat cultivars with smut. It was used over a period of 5 yr to test 5,485 entries, of diverse origin in the U.S. Department of Agriculture World Oat Collection for their reaction to races of loose smut that, in combination, carried all known genes for virulence. There were 305 immune, and 142 highly resistant entries, some of which may contain genes for resistance that can be employed once the presently used genes are no longer effective.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS AND PLANTING DATES ON YIELD AND CHEMICAL FRACTIONS IN TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: FEDAK GEORGE , MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

Two barley (H. vulgare L. emend Lam.) cultivars, Brock and Fergus, were seeded at four planting dates into plots maintained at three moisture levels at Ottawa in 1971. Increasing moisture levels resulted in increased grain and protein yield, increased ash content of the grain, and decreased grain protein content. Similarly, straw yields were increased as straw protein content decreased. Delayed seeding resulted in increased protein content, K, β-glucan and fibre but decreased yield, protein yield and ash content. The same treatments produced lower straw yield but higher protein and K content. Cultivar differences were observed for grain and protein yield, K, β-glucan, fibre and ash content. The treatments showed no significant effects on the P, ether extract or gross energy of the grain of either cultivar.
HYBRID RUGOSA ROSE CV. HENRY HUDSON
Authors: SVEJDA FELICITAS
Published: March 2010

Henry Hudson is a hardy, white-flowered rose for home gardens and parks.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT-DAMAGED STORED RAPESEED
Authors: MILLS J. T. , KIM W. K.
Published: March 2010

Severely heat-damaged rapeseed had the following characteristics compared to sound lots: low viability (2%), a tobacco-like odor, very high electrolyte leakage, low pH in deionized water, extremely high free fatty acid levels, and a high proportion (98%) of jet black seeds.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 21. Urtica dioica L.
Authors: BASSETT I. J. , CROMPTON C. W. , WOODLAND D. W.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information on Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander (American stinging nettle) and ssp. dioica (European stinging nettle) is presented. American stinging nettle is widespread throughout Canada, while European stinging nettle is confined to a few disturbed habitats in Eastern Canada. American stinging nettle is often weedy in nutrient-rich soils such as are normally associated with cultivated row crops, old pastures, farmyards, irrigation canals, drainage ditches, orchards, and open woodlands. Airborne pollen of Urtica dioica, shed in large amounts, in known to cause hay fever. The stinging emergences (needles) of both subspecies produce a painful sting to the human flesh.
INFLUENCE OF DIGGING DATE, CHILLING, CULTIVARS AND CULTURE ON GLASSHOUSE STRAWBERRY PRODUCTON IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: CRAIG D. L. , BROWN G. L.
Published: March 2010

A glasshouse experiment conducted from Oct. 1974 to June 1975 showed that strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cvs. Tioga and Sequoia from California yield well under glasshouse conditions in Nova Scotia. The date of digging plants in the fall and the number of days the plants were chilled at 0 C had a significant effect on yield. The optimal period of chilling for Sequoia was longer than that for Tioga. Plants grown in plots mulched with clear polyethylene outyielded plants grown in plots with heating cables or grown in control plots. The highest yield (619 g) per plant was from Tioga dug on 30 Oct, chilled 15 days and grown with clear polyethylene mulch. Sequoia’s average fruit weight (12.3 g) was significantly larger than Tioga’s (10.6 g). Chilling increased average fruit weight significantly.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO STEM RUST RACES 15B AND 56 IN EIGHT CULTIVARS OF COMMON WHEAT
Authors: KNOTT D. R. , SRIVASTAVA J. P.
Published: March 2010

Eight cultivars of common wheat showing good stem rust resistance in International Spring Wheat Rust Nurseries were selected. They were backcrossed to the susceptible cultivars Marquis and Little Club and the inheritance of their resistance to races 15B and 56 was studied. The major genes carried by the cultivars had all been identified previously. The cultivars and the major genes carried by them were as follows: Andes Sib (Sr8, Sr9?), Colotana (Sr8), Giza-Hegazy (Sr7a, Sr9a or b) Huascav (Sr9d), S.A. 112/52 (Sr9d), Bonza Selection (Sr6), Kuntur (Sr6, Sr7a) and Maribal Marina (Sr7a). In addition, four of the cultivars carried one or more genes giving very moderate resistance to one or both of the races.
SELECTION CRITERIA IN THE SEEDLING STAGE FOR PREDICTING APPLE ROOTSTOCK VIGOR
Authors: MILLER S. R.
Published: March 2010

Growth measurements made on the apple cvs. McIntosh and Quinte grafted on 12 Ottawa rootstock selections were related to 10 measurements of predicting rootstock vigor. Potential vigor was assessed by three calculations of bark percentage in the roots, leaf weight of trees in the nursery or stoolbeds, the wheat growth bioassay, leaf respiration and level of amino nitrogen, and total P and K in the xylem sap of the ungrafted clones. Of the 10 indices, dry weight of the leaves of the ungrafted apple rootstocks growing in the nursery or in stoolbeds was the most satisfactory method of assessing potential early vegetative growth. The ungrafted rootstocks that resulted in most growth control had the largest leaves. Data obtained are discussed in relation to developing a method of selecting rootstocks with size-controlling potential.
INFLUENCE OF FALL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ON COLD TOLERANCE OF RYE AND WHEAT
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , GUSTA L. V.
Published: March 2010

Changes in number of coleoptile tillers, plant height, leaves per plant, degree of vernalization, cold tolerance (LT50) and several measurements made on the plant crown were determined for winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown under field conditions in the fall of 1972 and 1973 at Saskatoon. Measurements made on the crown included fresh weight, dry weight, water content, depth, root number, root length and number of tillers. Years, dates of seeding and time of sampling had a significant influence on most variables. Correlations based on developmental differences for the acclimation period were significant for all variables measured. Dry weight was most closely related to LT50, and regression analyses indicated that the remaining variables did not explain any additional variability in LT50. Cultivar differences were apparent for most variables studied; however, these differences often did not reflect differences in field survival potential.
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE WATER PRESSURES ON EVAPORATION FROM SMALL EVAPORIMETERS
Authors: WILCOX J. C.
Published: March 2010

Evaporation tests were conducted using black Bellani plate and carborundum block evaporimeters operated at water pressures of 0 to − 64 cm. In both cases, the reduction in recorded evaporation was rapid as the pressure changed from 0 to − 2 cm. A large part of this change was attributed to loss of water by dripping from the evaporating surfaces. Below − 4 cm, a decrease in pressure was accompanied by a slight, nonsignificant reduction in evaporation from Bellani plates, and a larger and highly significant reduction in evaporation from carborundum blocks. In studies of routine daily records in which water pressure at each evaporimeter was allowed to lessen by daily increments from a maximum of − 4 cm to a minimum of − 40 cm, this range in pressure had no significant effect on the rate of evaporation. It was concluded that within this pressure range, any effects of pressure on evaporation were not great enough to be of concern under field conditions.
SELECTION FOR SEED SET IN NONINBRED AND PARTLY INBRED POPULATIONS OF ALFALFA
Authors: MICHAUD R. , BUSBICE T. H.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly heterozygous cross-pollinating species, and most breeding efforts have been conducted on noninbred populations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether greater breeding progress could be made by selecting within partly inbred populations rather than within noninbred ones. One hundred and twenty F1 (noninbred) and 120 S1 (partly inbred) plants that were issued from crossing and selfing four alfalfa clones were evaluated for self-fertility. The most self-fertile 10% of the plants from each family were selected in each population. The selected plants within each level of inbreeding were intercrossed to produce an advanced generation in which the effectiveness of the selection was evaluated. Selection increased both self- and cross-fertility in the advanced generation. Selection was more effective at the F1 level than at the S1 level. Fertility was reduced drastically by inbreeding. The average self-fertility of the S1’s was only about 7% of the cross-fertility of their parental clones. An exponential model was proposed to describe the relationship between seed setting and the coefficient of inbreeding in the developing zygote. This model explained 95% of the variation among 11 unselected populations having differing levels of inbreeding.
ADAPTATION A L’HIVER ET RENDEMENT POTENTIEL DE QUELQUES LUZERNIERES DU QUEBEC AU COURS DES HIVERS 1973–74 ET 1974–75
Authors: BOLDUC R. , PESANT A. , DRAPEAU R.
Published: March 2010

Analysis of alfalfa plants sampled in fields during winter has allowed us to assess the behavior of alfalfa stands during the 6 mo of the year which most limited their production. The average potential yield index of the alfalfa stands decreased to 0.40 in January and to 0.53 during February 1974 in the south and the center of the province, respectively, to show an almost total destruction pattern at the end of the cold season in both zones. The northern regions of Saguenay–Lac St-Jean maintained a treshold yield index of 0.87 which was sufficient to assure a yield of 3,500 kg/cut/ha as measured on farms in the areas. Relatively stable temperatures, small rain precipitations during January and February and a sufficient protective snow cover were associated with maximal yield index in zone III during both winters and in the three zones during the winter 1974–75. The adaptation degrees obtained through programmed freezing tests reveal that current cultivars of alfalfa do not have the genetic adaptation capacity to stand the variable winter climatic conditions in the province of Quebec. Micrographs from plant tissue sampled at the end of February have shown denaturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm and plasmolysis of the cells from the crown.
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT OF ALFALFA FOR SEED
Authors: KROGMAN K. K. , HOBBS E. H.
Published: March 2010

In field plot experiments conducted in southern Alberta over a 6-yr period, highest seed yields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Beaver) were obtained with one or two irrigations in the first half of the growing season. In outdoor lysimeters protected from rain, moisture stress for more than 8 days before seed ripening severely reduced seed production. Under field conditions, stored soil moisture from irrigation during the vegetative stage of growth plus occasional rain in July and August permitted irrigation of alfalfa for seed to be stopped at the bud to early bloom stage (June to early July).
RE-EVALUATION OF TCA FOR GREEN FOXTAIL CONTROL IN RELATION TO SEED YIELD AND OIL QUALITY OF FLAX
Authors: CHOW P. N. P. , DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

The role of TCA (trichloroacetic acid) in green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) control and its effect on seed yield and oil composition of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cvs. Noralta, Raja, and Redwood were re-assessed under various weedy conditions from 1972 to 1975. When a mixture of weeds was present, TCA at 2.24 kg/ha controlled green foxtail but failed to control lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). However, TCA mixtures which included one or two broad-leaf herbicides gave good control of all weeds and a 40% increase in yield over the untreated check. Under natural infestation conditions where green foxtail was light but the predominant weed, TCA at 2.24–4.48 kg/ha gave partial weed control but did not increase the seed yield of flax. Cultivation consistently produced the highest yields and TCA alone generally produced the lowest yields. While the lower yields experienced with TCA were partially offset by cultivating before or after the application of TCA, in no cases were the yields from these combined treatments ever equal to that of cultivation alone. Plants treated with 3.36 and 4.48 kg/ha of TCA in the greenhouse showed leaf injury and a significant reduction in top weight. It is suggested that this type of injury is one of the factors contributing to the failure of TCA to significantly increase the yield of flax following suppression of green foxtail growth. TCA tended to increase protein content but has little effect on oil content, fatty acid composition, or iodine number.
NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AND N FRACTIONS IN TIMOTHY AND SWITCH GRASS AS INFLUENCED BY N AND S FERTILIZATION
Authors: FRIEDRICH J. W. , SMITH DALE , SCHRADER L. E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of N and S fertilization on nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and N fractions were studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.). Soil cores of timothy and switch grass plants were obtained from a marginally S-deficient area at Madison, Wisconsin. The cores were placed in growth chambers maintained near the optimal temperature for each species. Three rates of N (0, 224, 448 kg N/ha as Ca(NO3)2) and three rates of S (0, 11.2, and 22.4 kg S/ha as CaSO4) were applied in all possible combinations. Plants were harvested at anthesis and NRA in the leaves (blades) was determined. Total N, reduced N, nitrate-N (NO−3-N), and free α-amino N concentrations (concns.) were measured in leaves and stems (culms, leaf sheaths, and inflorescences). Fertilization with S had little effect on the concn. of any N fraction or on NRA in either species. Switch grass and timothy were not S-deficient as indicated by tissue S concn. Total N, NO−3-N, and free α-amino N concns. increased significantly in all plant fractions of both species with each increment of N fertilization. "Toxic" concns. of NO−3-N accumulated in timothy leaves when N was applied. Switch grass leaf NO−3-N concn. was less than one-half that found in timothy. NRA and concn. of reduced N in timothy leaves increased significantly only with the first increment of N fertilization. NRA and concn. of reduced N in switch grass leaves increased significantly with each increment of N fertilization. NRA was significantly correlated (0.01 level) with the concn. of every N fraction in the leaves of both species.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 26. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore
Authors: CODY WILLIAM J. , CROMPTON CLIFFORD W. , HALL IVAN V.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information on Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore, hay-scented fern, is presented. It has a native perennial herbaceous species of North America which has its center of distribution in the Appalachian region. In Canada it is found from the East Coast to Ontario. It is a weed in native lowbush blueberry fields, upland pastures and roadsides, particularly in the eastern parts of its range, where it forms dense colonies.
CHANGES IN ERUCIC ACID DISTRIBUTION DURING MULTIPLICATION OF SPAN RAPESEED
Authors: BARRETTE J. P. , KLASSEN A. J.
Published: March 2010

A Foundation No. 1 seed lot of Span rapeseed (B. campestris L.) containing 3.3% erucic acid produced progeny seed lots containing 3.5, 3.5 and 5.8% erucic acid when grown under similar field conditions. Single seed analysis of these four samples for C22 fatty acids yielded different distributions of populations with medium and high levels of erucic acid.
EFFECTS OF D-D AND OXAMYL USED ALONE AND IN COMBINATION ON TOMATO PRODUCTION AND THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE EM GREENHOUSE SOIL
Authors: JOHNSON P. W.
Published: March 2010

A combined treatment of D-D plus two foliar applications of oxamyl did not increase the depth or duration of control of Meloidogyne incognita in greenhouse soil even though it did reduce the root-gall index in both spring and fall crops and increase the number and average weight of fruit in the fall crop over that obtained using D-D alone. Oxamyl-only treatments failed to increase tomato production, in the spring crop, over that obtained in the check although the root-gall indices were reduced. In the fall crop, only the oxamyl drench treatment reduced the root-gall index, while both the drench and foliar treatments increased tomato production over the check, the drench treatment being superior.
EFFECTS OF PLANTING AND SWATHING DATES ON YIELD, QUALITY AND OTHER CHARACTERS OF FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA) IN CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: ROWLAND G. G.
Published: March 2010

The first 3 wk in May was the optimum time for planting faba beans. After this, yields tended to decrease, partly the result of lower numbers of pods per plant. Swathing could be safely carried out when 30% of the plants in a plot had the lowest pods blackening. At this point, yield had stabilized and seed germination and seeding vigor were not adversely affected.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING UPTAKE OF CALCIUM BY APPLES DIPPED AFTER HARVEST IN CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , PORRITT S. W.
Published: March 2010

An inverse relationship occurred between fruit weight and increase in calcium (Ca) content in Spartan apples (Malus pumila Mill.) resulting from postharvest CaCl2 dips. The influence of fruit weight on Ca increase was greatest in tissue near the core. The addition of a thickener to the dip solution resulted in significantly higher flesh Ca levels. Ca absorption was significantly enhanced by treating with dip solutions which were colder than the fruit. Spartan apples absorbed less Ca from a postharvest CaCl2 dip than did McIntosh which absorbed less than Golden Delicious or Delicious. The use of a surfactant in the CaCl2 dipping solution did not affect Ca penetration into McIntosh or Delicious apples but decreased penetration of Ca into Spartan and Golden Delicious.
A DETACHED-LEAF CULTURE TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF WHITE RUST DISEASE OF BRASSICA SPECIES
Authors: VERMA P. R. , PETRIE G. A.
Published: March 2010

White rust (Albugo Candida race 7) was studied on detached leaves from 12- to 14-day-old seedlings of Brassica campestris incubated on a medium containing benzyladenine and 0.8% agar. The optimal benzyladenine concentration was 0.5 ppm. Plant susceptibility ratings with inoculated detached leaves were essentially the same as when intact plants were used as the host. Total production of sporangia was somewhat greater on attached leaves. The excised leaf technique proved to be a useful means of screening breeding lines and other Brassica crop plants for resistance to A. candida.
EFFECTS OF A BRIEF MAGNETIC EXPOSURE ON CEREAL GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH
Authors: GUSTA L. V. , KIRKLAND K. J. , AUSTENSON H. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of magnetic treatment (0–4,000 gauss) on dry seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were investigated under controlled environment conditions. Exposure of dry seeds of wheat, barley and wild oats to a magnetic field had no effect on germination and seedling growth. The emergence rate of Neepawa wheat and Hercules durum was unaffected by exposure of seed to a field strength of 0,375 and 4,000 gauss. However, exposure of barley seeds imbibed for 10 h prior to treatment reduced seedling growth rate. Exposure of dry seeds of barley and wheat to 0 and 375 gauss had no effect on water imbibition or leakage of cellular electrolytes.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 27. AVENA FATUA L.
Authors: SHARMA M. P. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

This contribution on Avena fatua L., wild oats, is part of a series which presents biological information on plants that are weedy in Canada. Wild oats rate as by far the most serious annual weed of cultivated fields in the prairie provinces of Canada. The weed occurs in a wide variety of habitats: spring cereal and oilseed crop fields, fallow fields, roadsides, waste places, gardens and other habitats disturbed by man. Seed dormancy and irregular germination throughout the growing season are the most important features contributing to the persistence of wild oats. The weed is susceptible to a number of soil- and foliage-applied herbicides.
GROWTH OF PRIMARY LEAVES OF BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) UNDER SUBOPTIMAL TEMPERATURES
Authors: KEMP G. A.
Published: March 2010

In a series of 14 tests, seedlings of 60 cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were assessed for growth rate at a suboptimal temperature of 10 C. Seedlings were grown in a growth cabinet, and the leaf area growth rate (LAGR) was determined from measurements of the primary leaf before and after treatment. LAGR differed significantly between selected low temperature-tolerant cultivars of similar seed weight. However, for all varieties tested, LAGR and seed weight were significantly correlated. It was concluded that several of the bean accessions such as P.I. 136701 and the cv. Limelight possessed a high degree of tolerance to suboptimal temperatures during early leaf growth and that this character could be used effectively in a breeding program.
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF SORGHUM BICOLOR. 2. WATER STRESS EFFECTS ON GROWTH
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G. , KANNANGARA TISSA , SIMPSON GRAHAM M.
Published: March 2010

Water stress influenced both rate and period of growth of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. plants. In cv. M35, water stress extended the period of leaf and stem growth and inflorescence development was delayed. In cv. NK300, the leaf and stem growth period was shortened and inflorescence development advanced by water stress. Decreased vegetative and reproductive growth occurred in both cultivars even though a positive pressure potential was detected, indicating that only small changes in water status resulted in growth changes.
MELVIN BARLEY
Authors: HARVEY B. L. , ZAMOLSKY W. N. , BERDAHL J. D. , BOYER J. , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: March 2010

Melvin is a six-rowed feed barley developed at the Crop Science Department, University of Saskatchewan from the cross Galt/York. It is similar in most respects to the cultivar Galt. Its main attribute is its high yield potential in central and southern regions of Alberta and western Saskatchewan.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OSMOTIC POTENTIAL ON GERMINATION OF SUNFLOWER AND SAFFLOWER AND ON HORMONE-TREATED SUNFLOWER SEEDS
Authors: MAFTOUN M. , SEPASKHAH A. R.
Published: March 2010

The influence of three temperatures and solutions of different osmotic potentials obtained with NaCl and/or polyethylene glycol 6000 was tested on the germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. The effects of two hormones at two concentrations on the germination of osmotically stressed sunflower seeds were also investigated. Seeds of the Record cultivar of sunflower were more salt-tolerant than Chernianka-66. Furthermore, Record germinated better at 20 °C than at 10° or 30 °C, while Chernianka-66 showed higher germination at 20° and 30 °C and was most sensitive to salinity at 10 °C. Seeds from Ute safflower exhibited more salt tolerance than did Local 3151, especially at the lower NaCl-induced osmotic potentials. The two safflower cultivars germinated better at 10° and 20 °C than at 30 °C. Seed germination of both crops was restricted more with polyethylene glycol 6000 than with NaCl, presumably due to the greater water stress caused by the former osmotic substrate. Germination of Record in NaCl substrate was inhibited at 50 ppm α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). NAA at 50 ppm decreased the germination of cv. Chernianka-66, whereas 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) at 10 ppm enhanced its germination. In general, germination of both sunflower cultivars was stimulated more by IBA than NAA. Furthermore, seeds treated with 10 ppm concentration gave better response than those treated with 50 ppm, possibly due to toxic effects.
BACTERIAL CANKER OF SWEET CHERRY IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA OF ONTARIO: PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES INVOLVED AND CULTIVAR SUSCEPTIBILITIES
Authors: ALLEN WAYNE R. , DIRKS VICTOR A.
Published: March 2010

Bacterial canker of sweet cherries in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario is caused by at least two species or physiotypes of Pseudomonas bacteria. Biochemical tests indicated that the species are similar to English isolates of P. morsprunorum Wormald and P. syringae van Hall. Pathogenicity tests on nine sweet cherry cultivars and on seedlings of apple, pear, peach and mahaleb and mazzard cherry indicated that Ontario P. morsprunorum and P. syringae isolates are pathogenically distinct. Comparative tests with English and Ontario isolates indicated close pathogenic similarities among isolates of P. morsprunorum, whereas isolates of P. syringae appeared to be distinct races. Susceptibility trials with sweet cherry indicated that Ontario grown cultivars are sufficiently sensitive to both bacterial species to consider the disease a serious problem in cherry production. Moreover, the existence of at least two pseudomonas species in Ontario with distinct pathogenicity patterns in sweet cherry indicates that breeding for resistance will be a difficult task.
GRINDING TIME—A SCREENING TEST FOR KERNEL HARDNESS IN WHEAT
Authors: KOSMOLAK F. G.
Published: March 2010

A test for screening early generation wheat lines for kernel hardness is described. The test is rapid, uses small samples and is easily performed. Resulting grinding times can be used to classify wheat according to hardness, to detect possible seed damage, to give an estimate of the potential milling and baking quality of wheat and to make quality screening more efficient. Differences between hard and soft wheats are large so that protein content, kernel size and percent moisture have little effect on the use of grinding time as a quality screening test in wheat breeding programs in western Canada.
ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF METRIBUZIN IN BARNYARD GRASS AND AMERICAN NIGHTSHADE
Authors: MAUN M. A. , McLEOD W. J.
Published: March 2010

The absorption and metabolism of C14-metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H) one] was studied in barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.) grown in soil or aqueous solution and in American nightshade (Solanum americanum L.) grown in aqueous solution containing radioactive metribuzin. Barnyard grass (BG) plants did not lose any radioactive CO2 in respiration and the total dry weight per plant was not affected by metribuzin. A major portion of the radioactivity recovered from BG plants was found in a compound which had approximately the same chromatographic properties as standard metribuzin. A negative correlation was obtained between the total radioactivity of metribuzin per gram of dry matter and age of both BG and American nightshade (AN) plants, but the degradation of metribuzin was significantly higher in AN than BG. Both plant species gained tolerance to metribuzin with age.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 30. Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd.
Authors: HALL IVAN V. , WOOD GEORGE W. , JACKSON LLOYD P.
Published: March 2010

Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd., black chokeberry (Rosaceae) is a native shrub occurring from Newfoundland to the head of Lake Superior in Ontario. It tolerates a wide variety of substrates but in all of its habitats there is a high incidence of sunlight. It is a major weed problem of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. and V. myrtilloides Michx.) fields, especially following the application of fertilizer.
WHEAT CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS. I. APPARATUS, METHOD AND NOMENCLATURE
Authors: BUSHUK W. , ZILLMAN R. R.
Published: March 2010

An apparatus and method are described for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of gliadins. Since the gliadin pattern (electrophoregram) is a genotypic character, electrophoresis offers a promising means for identifying wheat cultivars. Electrophoregrams are presented for a number of wheat cultivars to illustrate the results that can be obtained by the method described. A new nomenclature for gliadin bands (components) separated by this method is also presented. The nomenclature uses a major band in the electrophoregram of the Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivar Marquis as the reference. It was assigned an arbitrary mobility of 0.50; all other bands of Marquis and other cultivars are identified on the basis of electrophoretic mobility relative to 0.50 for the reference band under identical electrophoresis conditions.
EFFECTS OF METHOD AND RATE OF SEEDING ON YIELD OF BRASSICA NAPUS
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , CLARKE F. R. , SIMPSON G. M.
Published: March 2010

Broadcast and drill seeding of Brassica napus L. were compared at four seeding rates. Drill-seeded material yielded more than broadcast-seeded material, particularly at the low seeding rates. Broadcast-seeded plants had more branches and pods than drill-seeded plants. Seeding method did not affect number of seeds per pod or 1,000-seed weight.
CORONA SUNFLOWER
Authors: CAMPBELL S. J. , DEDIO W.
Published: March 2010

Corona is an early, dwarf oilseed sunflower developed by the Agriculture Canada Research Stations, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Morden, Manitoba. In Saskatchewan and Alberta on southern Dark Brown and Black soils, the cultivar has exceeded Krasnodarets in seed yield and oil content. The cultivar is adapted to solid seeding at plant populations of 60,000–70,000 plants/ha.
HERBICIDES FOR CONTROL OF VOLUNTEER JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE
Authors: VANSTONE D. E. , CHUBEY B. B.
Published: March 2010

Herbicides were tested for control of volunteer Jerusalem artichoke in 1977. Glyphosate at 1.0 and 2.0 kg a.i./ha and dicamba plus 2,4-D plus mecoprop at 0.6 and 1.2 kg a.i./ha gave commercially acceptable control throughout the growing season. 2,4-D, MCPA, and paraquat at 0.6 and 1.2 kg a.i./ha gave unacceptable control.
INFLUENCE OF PLANT POPULATION ON PERFORMANCE OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS
Authors: MILLER J. F. , FICK G. N.
Published: March 2010

Hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) have rapidly replaced open-pollinated cultivars in the United States in the past 5 yr. Because of differential performance or economic considerations, hybrids of several other crops are grown at different plant populations than the standard cultivars that they replaced. This study was conducted to ascertain whether previous recommendations at plant populations for open-pollinated cultivars are appropriate for hybrids. The performance of three hybrids was compared with the major open-pollinated cv. Peredovik, at plant populations of 36,000, 48,000, and 72,000 plants/ha over 3 yr, 1973–1975. A nonsignificant cultivar × population interaction indicated that the three hybrids and Peredovik responded similarly to changes in plant population for each of the 3 yr of testing. Yield, oil content, and test weight were not significantly altered by the three plant populations evaluated. As plant population increased, head size and seed weight decreased and plant height of the hybrids and days to flowering increased. It was concluded that plant population recommendations for Peredovik of about 48,000 plants/ha are also appropriate for the growing of hybrids.
SELECTION AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE
Authors: HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Most corn (Zea mays L.) breeders in North America and Europe have accepted the concept that the best grain-producing genotypes are also the most suited for forage corn production. This paper reviews the available literature related to the selection of corn for forage (whole-plant corn silage). The three primary objectives in forage corn production are (1) high dry matter (DM) yield per unit area of land, (2) sufficient DM content to ensure proper fermentation and high animal DM intake and (3) high feeding value. Current literature suggests that corn breeders should select forage genotypes from corn that produces a reasonably high proportion of final DM as gram. Such types usually yield a high amount of good quality forage with sufficient DM content for ensiling. There is, however, evidence suggesting that selecting forage corn exclusively on its grain yield performance may limit potential improvement in DM yield and quality. Recent literature suggests that selection for high total-plant DM yield, sufficient DM content and high whole-plant quality (high grain content plus high stover quality) may be a more reliable approach to forage corn improvement than selection for high yield of grain only.
CORRELATIONS, HERITABILITIES, AND COMPONENTS OF VARIATION OF FOUR TRAITS IN BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Seed yield, height, days to mature and oil content were measured on 16–25 lines of turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.) grown at both Beaverlodge and Saskatoon in the years 1970 through 1975. Dividing the total variation observed in each year into sources relating to genetic differences, genotype–location interaction and plot-to-plot error revealed that the last component accounted for most of the variation, particularly for yield, height and maturity. The phenotypic correlation of line mean performance between locations was significantly less than the heritability in only 5 of 20 cases at Beaverlodge and less than the heritability in none of the cases at Saskatoon. This suggests that selection at one location could be expected to give improvement at the other in most instances. Of the four traits, only height and maturity were correlated.
SOURCES OF POTASSIUM IN POTATO FERTILIZER AND TIMES OF APPLICATION
Authors: ROWBERRY R. G. , KETCHESON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. ’Kennebec’) receiving similar N, P and K nutrition showed no consistent changes in yield, specific gravity and quality of boiled tubers when K2SO4 and KNO3 were substituted for the commonly-used KCl. Broadcasting three-quarters of the K as KCl the previous fall, compared with banding at planting, had no effect on yield or quality.
BIOASSAY TO SCREEN TOMATO SEEDLINGS FOR TOLERANCE TO METRIBUZIN
Authors: MACHADO V. SOUZA , NONNECKE I. L. , PHATAK S. C.
Published: March 2010

Studies were carried out to develop a nutrient culture technique to select tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes for tolerance to metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one], The bioassay consisted of growing tomato seedlings from seed in styrofoam cups modified with cheesecloth bases. The cups were floated on half-strength Hoagland’s solution with metribuzin and placed in controlled environment cabinets maintained at 25 °C, with a light intensity of 24.2 klx for 14 h/day and 80% RH. The nutrient–herbicide solution was changed every 5 days, Metribuzin at 0.25 ppm was the optimum concentration for selection between tolerant and susceptible cultivars, under the environmental conditions described. The seedlings were harvested 15 days after sowing and scored for phytotoxic symptoms; seedling height to the terminal bud was measured. It was possible to screen a large number of seedlings in a confined space, using this technique. Significant differences were noted between tolerant Fireball and Vision cultivars and susceptible Heinz 1706 and Trimson cultivars.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. II. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PROTEIN AND NON-PROTEIN FRACTIONS
Authors: MUZTAR A. JABBAR , SLINGER S. J. , BURTON J. H.
Published: March 2010

The amino acid profile, crude protein (N × 6.25) and true protein (sum of all amino acids) levels were investigated in washed samples of several species of aquatic plants. There were differences of as much as 6% in the levels of crude protein and true protein of some of the species analyzed. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glycine, among the non-essential amino acids, and leucine, lysine, arginine and valine among the essential amino acids were major contributors to proteins in these plants. Levels of essential amino acids in the plants under investigation compared favorably with the FAO reference pattern and leaf protein concentrate. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and free amino acids (FAA) remaining in solution following the precipitation of protein using 80% ethanol, 5% TCA or 10% TCA were also determined in four species. Less total NPN remained in solution following ethanol extraction than when either 5 or 10% TCA was used. In addition to amino acids normally occurring in protein, ornithine, citrulline, asparagine, glutamine and -γ-amino butyric acid were also present in the NPN fraction. The FAA content ranged from approximately 6.6 to 16.8% of the total NPN, depending upon species of plant and method of extraction. The analysis indicated that this fraction could be nutritionally utilized by monogastric animals.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ALFALFA SICKNESS
Authors: FAECHNER T. R. , BOLTON J. L.
Published: March 2010

In a growth room study, Dowco 269 (2-chloro-6-methoxy-4-(trichloromethyl) pyridine), when mixed in alfalfa sick soil, significantly lowered disease ratings of Beaver alfalfa plants (Medicago media Pers.) compared to a no-fungicide treatment.
DIAPAUSE AND COLD HARDINESS IN MICROPLITIS PLUTELLAE, A PARASITE OF THE LARVAE OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH
Authors: PUTNAM L. G.
Published: March 2010

Microplitis plutellae, one of the principal parasites of the larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, has a diapause in a portion of each of its several annual generations, occurring in the cocooned pupae or prepupae. In experiments, development resumed and adults emerged from most insect material in diapause after exposure to 0 °C for a period equal to the duration of a Saskatchewan winter, about 160 days. Of diapausing insects that did not respond to such a period of cold treatment, some did so after subjection to a further period of low temperatures of a similar duration. Diapausing M. plutellae were shown to tolerate sub-freezing temperatures in the laboratory and to survive Saskatchewan winter temperatures under snow cover in the field. There is no evidence that the other major parasite of diamondback larvae, Diadegma insularis, enters diapause or winters in Saskatchewan.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE MECHANISM CAUSING BRACHYTIC STEM IN SOYBEANS
Authors: WALKER D. B. , BOERMA H. R.
Published: March 2010

A comparative morphological study of stem arrangement in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., was performed to determine the mechanisms responsible for the usual stem morphology in PI 227224, a line characterized by geniculate (zigzag) stem and shortened internodes. Stem morphology was compared in three lines (1) PI 227224; (2) Davis, a normal-stemmed cultivar; and (3) Ga 76-1T, an F3 brachytic line from a cross between PI 227224 and Davis. Two independent morphological parameters were found to cause the conspicuous geniculation of the stem. Precocious expansion of the axillary buds first results in lateral displacement of the main shoot apex. Secondly, development of shortened internodes is necessary for pronounced phenotypic expression of the geniculation because more elongated internodes undergo significant geotropic straightening which reorients the tilted shoot apex to result in a plant with minimal evidence of a zigzag stem.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE STRAIN OF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM SCHWABE IN ZEARALENONE PRODUCTION
Authors: NAIK D. M. , BUSCH L. V. , BARRON G. L.
Published: March 2010

Five strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from maize in Ontario were evaluated for zearalenone production relative to incubation temperature. All strains produced significant amounts of zearalenone at 25 °C. Toxin production was enhanced by temperature stress (reducing the incubation temperature to 10 °C following a period of growth at 25 °C) in only one of the strains tested.
THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE RESPONSE OF SPARTAN APPLES TO PRE-STORAGE HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , PORRITT S. W.
Published: March 2010

A reduced rate of softening during 7 mo storage at −0.6 °C and control of breakdown that resulted from pre-storage heating of Spartan apples was not dependent on the relative humidity (RH) during the high temperature period. Weight loss during the 4 days at 38 °C and 95–100% RH was 0.23 and 1.97% at 5–10% RH. Decay was controlled more effectively at the higher level of humidity. Changes in soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected by RH during the treatment period.
EARLY GENERATION SCREENING FOR BAKING POTENTIAL
Authors: KOSMOLAK F. G. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Early generation screening tests for bread wheat quality, including flour protein and various mixograph measurements, and final evaluation measurements, including Remix Loaf Volume and Baking Strength Index, were obtained for 250 samples of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in various locations in 1974. Multiple regression analysis was used to study the relationships between prediction tests and final tests and to develop rules for predicting Remix Loaf Volume and Baking Strength Index. A linear function of flour protein content and mixograph development time was found to be most suitable for predicting Remix Loaf Volume while consideration of the relative magnitudes of these two characteristics was best for predicting Baking Strength Index. The rules developed from an analysis of the 1974 data were tested by applying them to data from 328 samples grown in 1975.
RESPONSE OF JERUSALEM CHERRY TO GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: KHOSH-KHUI M. , ROUHANI I. , SHAYBANY B.
Published: March 2010

Effects of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon), N6-benzyladenine (BA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) were studied on branching, plant growth and fruit development of Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum L.). Ethephon increased first order lateral branching, and number of leaves and fruits, and promoted maturity while it decreased fruit diameter and shoot and fruit fresh and dry weights. BA enhanced first order lateral branch and leaf numbers but reduced fruit number and size. IAA had no significant effect on most measured characters.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 35. Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande
Authors: CAVERS PAUL B. , HEAGY MURIEL I. , KOKRON ROBERT F.
Published: March 2010

Biological data are provided for Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande (garlic mustard). This weed is found in Victoria, British Columbia, in the St. Lawrence valley of Quebec and in Southern Ontario where it attains maximum abundance in Middlesex County. It is most commonly found in shaded sites: in deciduous woodlands, under hedges and in gardens. When crushed, the aboveground parts exude a strong odor of garlic.
EFFECT OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES ON COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT
Authors: FREYMAN S. , HAMMAN W. M.
Published: March 2010

In a controlled environment experiment, five phenoxy herbicides were sprayed at two rates on 14-day-old winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell ’Norstar’). After 7 additional days of active growth, the plants were cold-hardened for 14 days and then subjected to a freezing test. Four of the herbicides — MCPA amine, 2,4-D ester, 2,4-DB, 2,4-D amine — significantly reduced the cold hardiness of winter wheat whereas diclofop methyl had a minor effect. The reduction in hardiness was greater at the higher rates of application than at the lower rates.
ON THE INHIBITION OF FROST HARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT BY BASF 13-338, A DERIVATIVE OF PYRIDAZINONE
Authors: WILLEMOT C. , HOPE H. J. , ST-PIERRE J. C.
Published: March 2010

BASF 13-338, a derivative of pyridazinone, inhibits photosynthesis without affecting. respiration in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at low temperature. This inhibition could account for the previously reported inhibition of frost hardening. Therefore, simultaneous inhibition of linolenic acid accumulation and of frost hardening are probably not causally related.
JACAN JAPANESE ELM
Authors: RONALD W. G.
Published: March 2010

Jacan is a disease-resistant shade tree introduction which should prove particularly useful for boulevard planting. This cultivar is a selection from Japanese elm which is adapted to much of the prairie region. Jacan elm has demonstrated resistance to Dutch elm disease inoculations and to aphid attacks.
THE EFFECT OF WINDROWING HARD RED SPRING WHEAT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: DODDS M. E. , BOWREN K. E. , DEW D. A. , FARIS D. G.
Published: March 2010

Hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Neepawa was windrowed at kernel moisture contents (KMC), wet basis, ranging from about 45 to 14% for 3 yr at four diverse locations, from 50° 16′ to 55° 12′ N latitude, in western Canada. Compared with windrowing at lower KMCs, cutting the crop at 35% KMC did not cause significant loss in seed yield or quality as measured by test weight (kg/hl), 1000-kernel weight, or percent protein. The results show that cutting wheat at 25–35% KMC can be recommended as a general practice throughout the wheat-growing region of the Canadian Prairies.
EFFECTS OF CYCOCEL AND NITROGEN FORM ON TOMATO WATER RELATIONS, ION COMPOSITION, AND YIELD
Authors: PILL W. G. , LAMBETH V. N. , HINCKLEY T. M.
Published: March 2010

Fertilizing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Missouri breeding line 76-1-60-8 with NH4-N, as compared to NO3-N sources, in pot culture with unequal anion species and concentration and constant substrate moisture supply increased leaf diffusive resistance and water stress; reduced total transpiration and transpiration rate, leaf area, and mean fruit weight; and increased fruit and leaf Ca concentration and fruit Mg, K, and P concentration. Cycocel applied both foliarly and as a substrate drench to plants under NH4 nutrition increased leaf diffusive resistance; and reduced water stress, total transpiration, plant height, and total and mean fruit weights. Cycocel treatment under both N forms, with the exception of reduced leaf Ca concentration, either had no effect or increased leaf and fruit ion concentration. Under NH4-N nutrition, Cycocel treatment gave a 54% increase in fruit Ca concentration.