bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life cycles of Eukiefferiella claripennis (Lundbeck 1898) and Eukiefferiella minor (Edwards 1929) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in spring-fed streams of different temperatures with reference to climate change
Authors: Hannesdóttir Elísabet Ragna , Gíslason Gísli Már , Ólafsson Jón S
Published: October 2012

The effect of temperature on the life cycles of two chironomid species, Eukiefferiella claripennis and Eukiefferiella minor, was studied by comparing populations from seven spring-fed streams, ranging in annual average temperatures between 5.4°C and 21.3°C. Dependent on stream, both species showed differences in their life cycles: E. claripennis was regarded univoltine in the two coldest streams, IS7 (annual average 5.4°C) and IS11 (5.3°C), and bivoltine or multivoltine in the warmer streams (ranging from 9.7°C to 21.3°C). E. claripennis developed and grew slower in the colder streams compared to the warmer ones. The winter generation in the warmer streams took longer time to complete compared to the summer generation. E. minor was bivoltine in all the streams, with no emergence during the winter in the colder streams, but in one of the warmer streams (IS6, 13.3°C) emergence was continuous throughout the year. In four streams (IS7, cold; IS6, IS5 and IS1, warm) E. minor may even have been multivoltine. There was no trend between the number of generations completed in one year and stream temperature for E. minor. The summer generation of E. minor in the cold stream IS7 produced smaller larvae compared to the winter generation. Following global warming the life cycle of E. claripennis is expected to change from univoltine to bivoltine, and could show changes in emergence pattern. E. minor on the other hand, will likely show less change in its life cycle. Changes in emergence pattern of E. minor could though be possible.doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1367.Published online: 17 October 2012.
The Chironomidae collection at the Zoological Institute (St Petersburg): history, current state and role for further research
Authors: Przhiboro Andrey
Published: October 2012

This paper briefly reviews the collection of Chironomidae (Diptera) housed at the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg (ZIN). Although it is the oldest and one of the largest Chironomidae collections in Russia, most of the collection has been unknown to specialists for decades. The collection consists of three main parts: dry specimens (about 20000 pinned adults), material in ethanol (over 25000 vials with larvae, pupae and adults) and permanent slides (over 12000 slides with larvae, pupae and adults). Based on a study of the collection itself, published sources and archival data, major periods for the formation of the collection are here described. Collectors and expeditions, whose contributions were most important, are listed, as well as the regions where the material was collected. The role of chironomid researchers, who made important contributions to the creation, enrichment or study of the collection, is also described. The contributions by Aleksei Chernovskii and Vera Pankratova are considered in more detail. According to a preliminary estimate, the collection contains type specimens of no less than 150 species described by 24 authors, and thousands of specimens determined by experts. The Chironomidae collection of ZIN is particularly important because it hopefully will enable us to correctly interpret many species names proposed in 1930-1980’s, mostly based on brief descriptions of larvae and currently often considered nomina dubia. In addition, the collection includes the unprocessed material from vast territory of the former Soviet Union, including many distant regions, which are still difficult to access. doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1402.Published online: 17 October 2012.
Local Labor Market Fluctuations and Physical Activity among Adults in the United States, 1990–2009
Authors: An Ruopeng , Liu Junyi
Published: October 2012

Being physically active is a key health promotion strategy. The late-2000s economic downturn, labeled the “Great Recession,” could have profound impact on individuals' health behaviors including engagement in physical activity. We investigated the relationship between local labor market fluctuations and physical activity among adults 18 years and older in the United States by linking individual-level data in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1990–2009 waves to unemployment rate data by residential county and survey month/year. The association between labor market fluctuations and physical activity was examined in multivariate regressions with county and month/year fixed effects. Deteriorating labor market conditions were found to predict decreases in physical activity—a one percentage point increase in monthly county unemployment rate was on average associated with a reduction in monthly moderate-intensity physical activity of 0.18 hours. There was some preliminary evidence on the heterogeneous responses of physical activity to local labor market fluctuations across age and income groups and races/ethnicities. Findings of this study suggest special attentions to be paid to the potential detrimental impact of major recessions on physical activity. This correlational study has design and measurement limitations. Future research with longitudinal or experimental study design is warranted.
A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating Cystic Hydatidosis in Slaughtered Cattle of Western Province in Zambia
Authors: Banda Fredrick , Nalubamba King Shimumbo , Muma John Bwalya , Munyeme Musso , Mweemba Munang’andu Hetron
Published: October 2012

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2007 to November 2008 to estimate the prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered cattle from two abattoirs in Mongu, Western Province, Zambia, using prospective and retrospective data. Out of the 4061 cattle examined during postmortem inspection, 84 (2.1%) were positive for hydatidosis. No cases were detected from Kaoma and Shangombo districts; however, prevalence ranged from 0.6% to 2.5% in districts where it was present. Sex was found to be positively associated with hydatidosis (P=0.035) with female cattle being more likely to have hydatidosis (OR=1.62). In the retrospective study (1994 to 2007), annual prevalence of hydatidosis ranged from 1.56% (n = 12,641) in 2006 to 4.7% (n=2633) in 2001 with an overall prevalence of 3% (4689/158,456). This value is comparable to that observed in cattle slaughtered between October 2007 and November 2008 (2.1%). Hydatidosis was observed in the lungs (51.2%), liver (47.6%), and kidneys (1.2%). The percentage of viable cysts was 43.7%. This study confirms the presence of hydatidosis in cattle in Western Province of Zambia and estimates economic losses due to organ condemnations. Data presented herein provides a useful baseline for developing policy and intervention measures.
Folk Illusions: An Unrecognized Genre of Folklore
Authors: Barker K. Brandon , Rice Claiborne
Published: October 2012

Pulling from previous works on childlore, recently gathered adult remembrances, and systematic observations of children, the authors identify a heretofore unrecognized category of folklore we call folk illusions. Folk illusions are traditionalized, communicative performances that consistently effect an intended embodied illusion for one or more participants. Describing four types of folk illusions, the authors outline the salient features of the category--namely, director and actor roles, performance positions, priming periods, and verbal continuum. We argue that folk illusions are an under-studied aspect of embodiment and community in folkloristics and related epistemological fields. Ultimately, we contend that the study of folk illusions furthers our understanding of both illusions and folkloric intersubjectivity.
Empleadas y empleadoras, tensiones de una relación atravesada por la ambigüedad
Authors: Gorbán Débora
Published: October 2012

Este artículo abordará las distintas formas en las que empleadas yempleadoras disputan los límites de una relación laboral y afectiva.Como señalaron otros estudios (Brites, 2001; Kofes, 2001; Rollins,1985), esta relación se constituye en la ambigüedad afectiva del vínculoentre estas mujeres, a partir de la desigualdad social entre unas y otras.Nos proponemos analizar la relación que se confi gura entre empleadasy empleadoras, considerando la manera en la que se establecen loslímites de la relación laboral, centrándonos en lo que denominamosrepertorios de demarcación. El trabajo de campo consistió en unestudio cualitativo donde realizamos entrevistas en profundidad conempleadas y empleadores del servicio doméstico, observaciones ydiscursos recabados a partir de situaciones que se desarrollan fuera deltrabajo de campo.
El sustrato histórico del euroescepticismo checo
Authors: Esparza Daniel
Published: October 2012

Este artículo examina el sustrato histórico del que se nutre el euroescepticismocheco. Se trata de un segmento apenas explorado que se abordadesde un marco teórico que estudia la relación entre la identidad nacionaly el Otro. La identidad se construye a través de las sucesivas identifi caciones—simbólicas e imaginarias— con Otros relevantes. Dichasidentifi caciones pueden ser tanto positivas como negativas. Paraclasifi car dichas identifi caciones hacia la UE, cualitativamente, seproponen cuatro criterios básicos: «democracia», «economía», «seguridad» e «identidad nacional». Las fuentes utilizadas son los discursos delpresidente Václav Klaus y los programas electorales del ODS y KSCˇ M.Una de las conclusiones sugiere que las identifi caciones negativas haciala UE están asociadas a reminiscencias de relaciones traumáticas conpotencias del pasado, como la URSS, Alemania o el imperio Habsburgo.
Bull Sharks in North Carolina
Authors: Schwartz Frank J.
Published: October 2012

A total of 113 bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, frequented North Carolina waters between 1965 and 2011. Young entered Pamlico Sound, adults were captured throughout the year, most commonly May to September, and frequented fresh to ocean waters. Bull sharks have caused nine attacks between 1990 and 2011, all victims but one survived.
A Comparative Analysis of Radiobiological Models for Cell Surviving Fractions at High Doses
Authors: Andisheh B. , Edgren M. , Belkić Dž. , Mavroidis P. , Brahme A. , Lind B. K.
Published: October 2012

For many years the linear-quadratic (LQ) model has been widely used to describe the effects of total dose and dose per fraction at low-to-intermediate doses in conventional fractionated radiotherapy. Recent advances in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) have increased the interest in finding a reliable cell survival model, which will be accurate at high doses, as well. Different models have been proposed for improving descriptions of high dose survival responses, such as the Universal Survival Curve (USC), the Kavanagh-Newman (KN) and several generalizations of the LQ model, e.g. the Linear-Quadratic-Linear (LQL) model and the Padé Linear Quadratic (PLQ) model. The purpose of the present study is to compare a number of models in order to find the best option(s) which could successfully be used as a fractionation correction method in SRT. In this work, six independent experimental data sets were used: CHOAA8 (Chinese hamster fibroblast), H460 (non-small cell lung cancer, NSLC), NCI-H841 (small cell lung cancer, SCLC), CP3 and DU145 (human prostate carcinoma cell lines) and U1690 (SCLC). By detailed comparisons with these measurements, the performance of nine different radiobiological models was examined for the entire dose range, including high doses beyond the shoulder of the survival curves. Using the computed and measured cell surviving fractions, comparison of the goodness-of-fit for all the models was performed by means of the reduced χ2-test with a 95% confidence interval. The obtained results indicate that models with dose-independent final slopes and extrapolation numbers generally represent better choices for SRT. This is especially important at high doses where the final slope and extrapolation numbers are presently found to play a major role. The PLQ, USC and LQL models have the least number of shortcomings at all doses. The extrapolation numbers and final slopes of these models do not depend on dose. Their asymptotes for the cell surviving fractions are exponentials at low as well as high doses, and this is in agreement with the behaviour of the corresponding experimental data. This is an important improvement over the LQ model which predicts a Gaussian at high doses. Overall and for the highlighted reasons, it was concluded that the PLQ, USC and LQL models are theoretically well-founded. They could prove useful compared to the other proposed radiobiological models in clinical applications for obtaining uniformly accurate cell surviving fractions encountered in stereotactic high-dose radiotherapy as well as at medium and low doses.
Functional Limitations Due to Axial and Peripheral Joint Impairments in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: Are Focused Measures More Informative?
Authors: Bethi Siddharth , Dasgupta Abhijit , Weisman Michael H. , Learch Thomas J. , Gensler Lianne S. , Davis John C. , Reveille John D. , Ward Michael M.
Published: October 2012

Objective

Functional limitations in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may be due to peripheral joint or axial involvement. To determine if the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), an axial‐focused measure, can detect limitations related to peripheral joint involvement equally as well as the Health Assessment Questionnaire modified for the spondyloarthropathies (HAQ‐S), a peripheral arthritis–focused measure, and vice versa, we compared associations of each questionnaire with spinal and hip range of motion, peripheral arthritis, and enthesitis in patients with AS.

Methods

We examined patients every 4–6 months in this prospective longitudinal study. We used mixed linear models to analyze the associations between 10 physical examination measures and the BASFI and HAQ‐S.

Results

We studied 411 patients for a median of 1.5 years (median 3 visits). In multivariate analyses, cervical rotation, chest expansion, lateral thoracolumbar flexion, hip motion, tender joint count, and tender enthesis count were equally strongly associated with the BASFI and HAQ‐S. Peripheral joint swelling was more strongly associated with the HAQ‐S. Individual items of the BASFI were more likely than items of the HAQ‐S to be associated with unrelated physical examination measures (e.g., the association between difficulty rising from a chair and cervical rotation), which may have diminished the axial/peripheral distinction for the BASFI.

Conclusion

The BASFI and HAQ‐S had similar associations with impairments in axial measures, while the HAQ‐S had stronger associations with the number of swollen peripheral joints. The HAQ‐S should be considered for use in studies focused on spondyloarthritis with peripheral joint involvement.
Putting the Spotlight on Internally Displaced Animals (IDAs): A Survey of Primate Sanctuaries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas
Authors: TRAYFORD HANNAH R. , FARMER KAY H.
Published: October 2012

As anthropogenic activity makes deeper incursions into forests, fragmenting habitat, wildlife is forced into closer proximity to humans leading to increased incidences of human–wildlife conflict and wildlife displacement. These same incursions facilitate poaching for the commercial trade in dead and live animals. As a direct result, the number of sanctuaries and internally displaced animals (IDAs) in need of sanctuary placement and rehabilitation are increasing. We focus on internally displaced primates given the prevalence of primate‐focused facilities and anthropomorphic considerations surrounding this taxonomic group. Surveys were distributed globally to map the extent and range of native primate sanctuaries and species. Over 70 facilities care for more than 6,000 native primates comprising 64 species, with almost half listed as endangered or critically endangered. As not all sanctuaries were identified at the time of the survey distribution, we estimate that the actual number of facilities is closer to double this number with a captive population in excess of 10,000 individual primates. Native primate sanctuaries hold significant numbers of primates in long‐term captive care, with less than half (37%) identified as candidates for release. The surveyed sanctuary population accounts for 35% of the world's captive primates, as compared to ISIS‐registered (where ISIS is International Species Information System) zoological facilities, although we estimate that the actual population is closer to 58%. For some species, the sanctuary population represents the only population in captivity. We discuss the prevalence of range‐state sanctuaries and their primate populations, and issues surrounding their future development and management. Am. J. Primatol. 75:116‐134, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rule‐based model for integrated operation of bus priority signal timings and traveling speed
Authors: Ma Wanjing , Liu Yue , Han Baoxin
Published: October 2012

This paper focuses on integrated operation of signal timings and bus speed to provide priority to buses at isolated intersections when real‐time adjustment of bus speed is available (e.g., through Connected Vehicle). Most previous work assumes that the speed of a bus is given as an exogenous input and focuses merely on optimization of signal timings. The bus‐passing window and the bus‐arriving window are defined with respect to the real‐time signal status and bus arrivals to capture explicitly the interaction between bus speed and transit priority signal timings. A set of integrated operational rules is developed on the basis of these windows for buses with and without schedule deviation with the objective of minimizing bus schedule deviation, bus fuel consumption, and emissions. Four subsets are included: impacts of preceding bus analysis rules, priority requests generation rules, priority passing rules, and speed adjustment without priority rules. A VISSIM‐based simulation platform was designed and used for simulating and evaluating the proposed method. Extensive experimental analyses have shown that the proposed rule‐based integrated operational approach outperforms the no priority and conventional priority strategies (no bus speed adjustment) in terms of reducing bus delays, improving schedule adherence, saving energy, reducing emission, and minimizing the impacts on general traffic. The sensitivity analysis has further demonstrated the potential of the proposed approach to be applied in real‐time bus priority control system under different levels of transit and traffic demand. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of storage time on haematological parameters in mullet,Mugil cephalus
Authors: Faggio C. , Casella S. , Arfuso F. , Marafioti S. , Piccione G. , Fazio F.
Published: October 2012

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of storage time at +4 °C on red blood cell count (RBC), haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), thrombocyte count (TC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in mullet (Mugil cephalus) using an automatic method. After blood collection (T0), all samples were analyzed using both the manual and automatic method. To test the validation of the automatic method, a pairedt‐test was applied, and no statistical difference was observed. The samples were successively divided into four different aliquots and stored at +4 °C to assess the haematological parameters using the automatic method. The first aliquot was refrigerated for 6 h, the second one for 24 h, the third one for 48 h and the last one at for 72 h. One‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of storage time (P < 0.05) on Hb, WBC, TC, MCH and MCHC. These results suggest that haematological parameters can be assessed within 6 h from blood collection when samples are stored at +4 °C because long‐term storage modifies the results of the analyses. Further studies on these parameters could be still needed in various fish species to validate an appropriate method for haematological analysis useful not only for the evaluation of the health status of animal living in captivity and in aquaculture but also to have reliability environmental haematological biomarkers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimodality image fusion to guide peripheral artery chronic total arterial occlusion recanalization in a swine carotid artery occlusion model: Unblinding the interventionalist
Authors: Klein Andrew J. , Tomkowiak Michael T. , Vigen Karl K. , Hacker Timothy A. , Speidel Michael A. , VanLysel Michael S. , Shah Nehal , Raval Amish N.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To demonstrate the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to X‐ray fluoroscopy (XRF) image fusion to guide peripheral artery chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization.

Background

Endovascular peripheral artery CTO revascularization is minimally invasive, but challenging, because the occlusion is poorly visualized under XRF. Devices may steer out of the artery, which can lead to severe perforation. Merging preacquired MRI of the CTO to the live XRF display may permit upfront use of aggressive devices and improve procedural outcomes.

Methods

Swine carotid artery CTOs were created using a balloon injury model. Up to 8 weeks later, MRI of the carotid arteries was acquired and segmented to create three‐dimensional surface models, which were then registered onto live XRF. CTO recanalization was performed using incrementally aggressive CTO devices (group A) or an upfront aggressive directed laser approach (group B). Procedural success was defined as luminal or subintimal device position without severe perforation.

Results

In this swine model, MRI to XRF fusion guidance resulted in a procedural success of 57% in group A and 100% in group B, which compared favorably to 33% using XRF alone. Fluoroscopy time was significantly less for group B (8.5 ± 2.6 min) compared to group A (48.7 ± 23.9 min), P < 0.01. Contrast dose used was similar between groups A and B.

Conclusions

MRI to XRF fusion‐guided peripheral artery CTO recanalization is feasible. Multimodality image fusion may permit upfront use of aggressive CTO devices with improved procedural outcomes compared to XRF‐guided procedures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereoselective Determination of Metoprolol and its Metabolite α‐Hydroxymetoprolol in Plasma by LC‐MS/MS: Application to Pharmacokinetics during Pregnancy
Authors: Antunes Natalícia De Jesus , Cavalli Ricardo Carvalho , Marques Maria Paula , Lanchote Vera Lucia
Published: October 2012

Metoprolol is available for clinical use as a racemic mixture. The S‐(−)‐metoprolol enantiomer is the one expressing higher activity in the blockade of the β1‐adrenergic receptor. The α‐hydroxymetoprolol metabolite also has activity in the blockade of the β1‐adrenergic receptor. The present study describes the development and validation of a stereoselective method for sequential analysis of metoprolol and of α‐hydroxymetoprolol in plasma using high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). 1‐ml aliquots of plasma were extracted with dichloromethane : diisopropyl ether (1:1, v/v). Metoprolol enantiomers and α‐hydroxymetoprolol isomers were separated on a Chiralpak AD column (Daicel Chemical Industries, New York, NY, USA) and quantitated by LC‐MS/MS. The limit of quantitation obtained was 0.2 ng of each metoprolol enantiomer/ml plasma and 0.1 ng/ml of each α‐hydroxymetoprolol isomer/ml plasma. The method was applied to the study of kinetic disposition of metoprolol in plasma samples collected up to 24 h after the administration of a single oral dose of 100‐mg metoprolol tartrate to a hypertensive parturient with a gestational age of 42 weeks. The clinical study showed that the metoprolol pharmakokinetics is enantioselective, with the observation of higher area under the curve (AUC)0−∞ values for S‐(−)‐metoprolol (AUCS‐(−)/AUCR‐(+) = 1.81) and the favoring of the formation of the new chiral center 1′R of α‐hydroxymetoprolol (AUC0−∞1′R/1′S = 2.78). Chirality, 25:1–7, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aromatic Core Extension in the Series of N‐Cyclic Bay‐Substituted Perylene G‐Quadruplex Ligands: Increased Telomere Damage, Antitumor Activity, and Strong Selectivity for Neoplastic over Healthy Cells
Authors: Franceschin Marco , Rizzo Angela , Casagrande Valentina , Salvati Erica , Alvino Antonello , Altieri Alessandro , Ciammaichella Alina , Iachettini Sara , Leonetti Carlo , Ortaggi Giancarlo , Porru Manuela , Bianco Armandodoriano , Biroccio Annamaria
Published: October 2012

Based on previous work on both perylene and coronene derivatives as G‐quadruplex binders, a novel chimeric compound was designed: N,N′‐bis[2‐(1‐piperidino)‐ethyl]‐1‐(1‐piperidinyl)‐6‐[2‐(1‐piperidino)‐ethyl]‐benzo[ghi]perylene‐3,4:9,10‐tetracarboxylic diimide (EMICORON), having one piperidinyl group bound to the perylene bay area (positions 1, 12 and 6, 7 of the aromatic core), sufficient to guarantee good selectivity, and an extended aromatic core able to increase the stacking interactions with the terminal tetrad of the G‐quadruplex. The obtained “chimera” molecule, EMICORON, rapidly triggers extensive DNA damage of telomeres, associated with the delocalization of telomeric protein protection of telomeres 1 (POT1), and efficiently limits the growth of both telomerase‐positive and ‐negative tumor cells. Notably, the biological effects of EMICORON are more potent than those of the previously described perylene derivative (PPL3C), and more interestingly, EMICORON appears to be detrimental to transformed and tumor cells, while normal fibroblasts expressing telomerase remain unaffected. These results identify a new promising G‐quadruplex ligand, structurally and biologically similar on one side to coronene and on the other side to a bay‐monosubstituted perylene, that warrants further studies.
Development of a Metabolically Stable Neurotensin Receptor 2 (NTS2) Ligand
Authors: Held Cornelia , Plomer Manuel , Hübner Harald , Meltretter Jasmin , Pischetsrieder Monika , Gmeiner Peter
Published: October 2012

Subtype‐selective neurotensin receptor 2 (NTS2) ligands can be used as molecular probes to investigate the physiological role of neurotensinergic systems and serve as lead compounds to initiate the development of drugs for the treatment of tonic pain. Starting from our recently described NTS2 ligand 1, structural variants of type 2 were synthesized to further improve binding affinity and selectivity to gain metabolic stability. The peptide–peptoid hybrid 2 b showed excellent NTS2 binding affinity (Ki=2.8 nM) and 22 000‐fold selectivity over NTS1, as well as metabolic stability over 32 h in a serum degradation assay. Employing a MAPK‐driven luciferase reporter gene assay and an IP accumulation assay, the neurotensin mimetic 2 b displayed respective inhibitions of constitutive activity exceeding 4.3‐ and 3.9‐fold that of the inverse agonist activity of the endogenous ligand neurotensin.
Electrochemically Induced Release of a Luminescent Probe from a Rhenium‐Containing Metallopolymer
Authors: Valenti Giovanni , O'Reilly Emmet J , McNally Andrea , Keyes Tia E. , Marcaccio Massimo , Paolucci Francesco , Forster Robert J.
Published: October 2012

The photophysical and electrochemical properties of a novel metallopolymer containing [Re(bpy)(CO)3]+ moieties coordinated to a poly(4‐vinylpyridine) polymer chain are reported. Significantly, the release of the metal complexes can be triggered by oxidation or reduction of the rhenium complex. Solvent rapidly binds to the vacant coordination site to give a luminescent product. The redox and photophysical properties of the parent metallopolymer and the released solvated complex are compared. Along with photoemission, the metallopolymer generates significant electrogenerated chemiluminescence upon reduction in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as coreactant.
Tuning Fluorescent Molecules by Inclusion in a Metal–Organic Framework: An Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Yan Dongpeng , Lloyd Gareth O. , Delori Amit , Jones William , Duan Xue
Published: October 2012

Fluorescent molecules included within a metal–organic framework (MOF) offer a new opportunity to develop luminescent host–guest materials. Two linear π‐conjugated fluorescent molecules, 1,4‐bis‐p‐cyanostyrylbenzene (bpcb) and 1,4‐bis(5‐phenyloxazol‐2‐yl)benzene (bpob), incorporated into MOF‐5 systems are reported. The as‐obtained bpcb@MOF‐5 and bpob@MOF‐5 displayed tunable blue fluorescent properties (emission wavelength, fluorescent lifetime, and quantum yield) compared with the pure guest molecule and host matrix. Moreover, bpcb@MOF‐5 and bpob@MOF‐5 thin films were fabricated by the solvent‐evaporation method. The MOF‐based thin films exhibit well‐defined polarized blue emission with a fluorescent anisotropy of approximately 0.15, demonstrating the uniform dispersion and well‐oriented bpcb and bpob chromophores within the MOF matrix. Furthermore, a periodic density functional theoretical (DFT) calculation demonstrates that the photoactive molecule assembled MOFs systems feature energy and/or electron transfer between the guest and host framework during the photoexcitation process, thus suggesting that the encapsulated molecule can further modify the electronic structure of the host MOF materials. Based on the combination of experimental and theoretical studies on the fluorescent guests@MOF systems, this study not only presents a feasible method for fabricating MOF‐based powders and films with tunable luminescence, but also gives detailed information on the geometric and electronic structures of the photoactive molecule confined within the MOF matrix.
Peroxometalates Immobilized on Magnetically Recoverable Catalysts for Epoxidation
Authors: Qiao Yunxiang , Li Huan , Hua Li , Orzechowski Lars , Yan Kai , Feng Bo , Pan Zhenyan , Theyssen Nils , Leitner Walter , Hou Zhenshan
Published: October 2012

Magnetically separable catalysts were prepared and employed for the epoxidation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide. In all cases the magnetic core was firstly covered with a silica layer to prevent iron ion‐initiated decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic active species, an ionic liquid‐type peroxotungstate, was then immobilized either by hydrogen bonding (catalyst 1) or by covalent SiO linkage (catalyst 2). In addition to a thorough characterization by FT‐IR, XRD, NMR, DRIFT, XPS, and TEM, the catalytic potential was evaluated in the epoxidation of a variety of olefins as well as allylic alcohols. Both catalysts showed essentially a constant activity after at least ten consecutive cycles. On the basis of the research above, a new type of magnetically separable catalyst was constructed by immobilization of lacunary‐type phosphotungstate by hydrogen bonding between the sulfonate anion and silanol group on the surface of the core–shell magnetic nanoparticles. After the detailed characterization, the catalyst was used in the epoxidation of a variety of olefins and allylic alcohols and was found to possess high activity, selectivity towards epoxides, and a constant activity after at least ten catalytic recycles without solvent.
Forecast verification for extreme value distributions with an application to probabilistic peak wind prediction
Authors: Friederichs Petra , Thorarinsdottir Thordis L.
Published: October 2012

Predictions of the uncertainty associated with extreme events are a vital component of any prediction system for such events. Consequently, the prediction system ought to be probabilistic in nature, with the predictions taking the form of probability distributions. This paper concerns probabilistic prediction systems where the data are assumed to follow either a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution or a generalized Pareto distribution. In this setting, the properties of proper scoring rules that facilitate the assessment of the prediction uncertainty are investigated, and closed form expressions for the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) are provided. In an application to peak wind prediction, the predictive performance of a GEV model under maximum likelihood estimation, optimum score estimation with the CRPS, and a Bayesian framework are compared. The Bayesian inference yields the highest overall prediction skill and is shown to be a valuable tool for covariate selection, while the predictions obtained under optimum CRPS estimation are the sharpest and give the best performance for high thresholds and quantiles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring bluff erosion part 2: pairing aerial photographs and terrestrial laser scanning to create a watershed scale sediment budget
Authors: Day Stephanie S. , Gran Karen B. , Belmont Patrick , Wawrzyniec Tim
Published: October 2012

Effectively managing and reducing high suspended sediment loads in rivers requires an understanding of the magnitude of major sediment sources as well as erosion and transport processes that deliver excess fine sediments to the channel network. The focus of this research is to determine the magnitude of erosion from tall bluffs, a primary sediment source in the 2880 km2 Le Sueur watershed, Minnesota, USA. We coupled analyses of seven decades of aerial photographs with four years of repeat terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to determine erosion rates on bluffs. Together, these datasets provide decadal‐scale retreat rates throughout the entire watershed and high‐resolution geomorphic change detection on a subset of bluffs to both constrain erosion rates and document how environmental conditions affect bluff retreat. Erosion rates from aerial photographs and TLS were extrapolated from 243 and 15 measured bluffs, respectively, to all 480 bluffs in the Le Sueur watershed using multiple techniques to obtain estimates of sediment loading from these features at the watershed‐scale. Despite different spatial and temporal measurement scales, the aerial photograph and TLS estimates yielded similar results for bluff retreat rate and total mass of sediment derived from bluffs, with bluffs in the Le Sueur watershed yielding 135 000 ± 39 000 Mg/yr of fine sediment. Comparing this value to the average annual total suspended solids (TSS) load determined from gauging from 2000 to 2010, we determined that bluffs comprise 57 ± 16% of the total TSS load, making bluffs the single most abundant fine sediment source in the basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency and scalability of a two‐level Schwarz algorithm for incompressible and compressible flows
Authors: Alcin H. , Koobus B. , Allain O. , Dervieux A.
Published: October 2012

This paper studies the application of two‐level Schwarz algorithms to several models of computational fluid dynamics. The purpose is to build an algorithm suitable for elliptic and convective models. The subdomain approximated solution relies on the incomplete lower‐upper factorization. The algebraic coupling between the coarse grid and the Schwarz preconditioner is discussed. The deflation method and the balancing domain decomposition method are studied for introducing the coarse‐grid correction as a preconditioner. Standard coarse grids are built with the characteristic or indicator functions of the subdomains. The building of a set of smooth basis functions (analogous to smoothed‐aggregation methods) is considered. A first test problem is the Poisson problem with a discontinuous coefficient. The two options are compared for the standpoint of coarse‐grid consistency and for the gain in scalability of the global Schwarz iteration. The advection–diffusion model is then considered as a second test problem. Extensions to compressible flows (together with incompressible flows for comparison) are then proposed. Parallel applications are presented and their performance measured. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Haji‐Abad ophiolite (Outer Zagros Ophiolite Belt, Iran): implications for geodynamics of the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone
Authors: Shafaii Moghadam H. , Mosaddegh H. , Santosh M.
Published: October 2012

The Haji‐Abad ophiolite in SW Iran (Outer Zagros Ophiolite Belt) is a remnant of the Late Cretaceous supra‐subduction zone ophiolites along the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone of southern Tethys. These ophiolites are coeval in age with the Late Cretaceous peri‐Arabian ophiolite belt including the Troodos (Cyprus), Kizildag (Turkey), Baer‐Bassit (Syria) and Semail (Oman) in the eastern Mediterranean region, as well as other Late Cretaceous Zagros ophiolites. Mantle tectonites constitute the main lithology of the Haji‐Abad ophiolite and are mostly lherzolites, depleted harzburgite with widespread residual and foliated/discordant dunite lenses. Podiform chromitites are common and are typically enveloped by thin dunitic haloes. Harzburgitic spinels are geochemically characterized by low and/or high Cr number, showing tendency to plot both in depleted abyssal and fore‐arc peridotites fields. Lherzolites are less refractory with slightly higher bulk REE contents and characterized by 7–12% partial melting of a spinel lherzolitic source whereas depleted harzburgites have very low abundances of REE and represented by more than 17% partial melting. The Haji‐Abad ophiolite crustal sequences are characterized by ultramafic cumulates and volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks comprise pillow lavas and massive lava flows with basaltic to more‐evolved dacitic composition. The geochemistry and petrology of the Haji‐Abad volcanic rocks show a magmatic progression from early‐erupted E‐MORB‐type pillow lavas to late‐stages boninitic lavas. The E‐MORB‐type lavas have LREE‐enriched patterns without (or with slight) depletion in Nb–Ta. Boninitic lavas are highly depleted in bulk REEs and are represented by strong LREE‐depleted patterns and Nb–Ta negative anomalies. Tonalitic and plagiogranitic intrusions of small size, with calc‐alkaline signature, are common in the ophiolite complex. The Late Cretaceous Tethyan ophiolites like those at the Troodos, eastern Mediterranean, Oman and Zagros show similar ages and geochemical signatures, suggesting widespread supra‐subduction zone magmatism in all Neotethyan ophiolites during the Late Cretaceous. The geochemical patterns of the Haji‐Abad ophiolites as well as those of other Late Cretaceous Tethyan ophiolites, reflect a fore‐arc tectonic setting for the generation of the magmatic rocks in the southern branch of Neotethys during the Late Cretaceous. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When creativity enhances sales effectiveness: The moderating role of leader–member exchange
Authors: Martinaityte Ieva , Sacramento Claudia A.
Published: October 2012

This study extends research on creativity by exploring the boundary conditions of the creativity–job effectiveness relationship. Building on social exchange theory, we argue that the extent to which employee creativity is related to sales—an objective work effectiveness measure—depends on the quality of leader–member exchange (LMX). We hypothesize that the relationship between creativity and sales is significant and positive when LMX is high, but not when LMX is low. Hierarchical linear modelling analysis provided support for the interaction hypothesis in a sample of 151 sales agents and 26 supervisors drawn from both pharmaceutical and insurance companies. Results showed that sales agents who were more creative generated higher sales only when they had high‐quality LMX. An ad hoc qualitative study provided a more detailed understanding of the moderator role played by LMX. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of agro‐industrial wastes for citric acid bioproduction by Aspergillus nigerNRRL 2001 through solid state fermentation
Authors: Dhillon Gurpreet S , Brar Satinder K , Kaur Surinder , Verma Mausam
Published: October 2012

Background

The citric acid (CA) industry is currently struggling to develop a sustainable and economical process owing to high substrate and energy costs. Increasing interest in the replacement of costly synthetic substrates by renewable waste biomass has fostered research on agro‐industrial wastes and screening of raw materials for economical CA production. The food‐processing industry generates substantial quantities of waste biomass that could be used as a valuable low‐cost fermentation substrate. The present study evaluated the potential of different agro‐industrial wastes, namely apple pomace (AP), brewer's spent grain, citrus waste and sphagnum peat moss, as substrates for solid state CA production using Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001.

Results

Among the four substrates, AP resulted in highest CA production of 61.06 ± 1.9 g kg−1 dry substrate (DS) after a 72 h incubation period. Based on the screening studies, AP was selected for optimisation studies through response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum CA production of 312.32 g kg−1 DS was achieved at 75% (v/w) moisture and 3% (v/w) methanol after a 144 h incubation period. The validation of RSM‐optimised parameters in plastic trays resulted in maximum CA production of 364.4 ± 4.50 g kg−1 DS after a 120 h incubation period.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated the potential of AP as a cheap substrate for higher CA production. This study contributes to knowledge about the future application of carbon rich agro‐industrial wastes for their value addition to CA. It also offers economic and environmental benefits over traditional ways used to dispose off agro‐industrial wastes. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Biovanillin from agro wastes as an alternative food flavour
Authors: Zamzuri Nur Ain , Abd‐Aziz Suraini
Published: October 2012

This review provides an overview of biovanillin production from agro wastes as an alternative food flavour. Biovanillin is one of the widely used flavour compounds in the foods, beverages and pharmaceutical industries. An alternative production approach for biovanillin as a food flavour is hoped for due to the high and variable cost of natural vanillin as well as the limited availability of vanilla pods in the market. Natural vanillin refers to the main organic compound that is extracted from the vanilla bean, as compared to biovanillin, which is produced biologically by microorganisms from a natural precursor such as ferulic acid. Biovanillin is also reviewed as a potential bioflavour produced by microbial fermentation in an economically feasible way in the near future. In fact, we briefly discuss natural, synthetic and biovanillin and the types of agro wastes that are useful as sources for bioconversion of ferulic acid into biovanillin. The subsequent part of the review emphasizes the current application of vanillin as well as the utilization of biovanillin as an alternative food flavour. The final part summarizes biovanillin production from agro wastes that could be of benefit as a food flavour derived from potential natural precursors.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Short‐term oxidative lime pretreatment of palm pruning waste for use as animal feedstuff
Authors: Ahmadi Farhad , Rad Abbas Rajaee , Holtzapple Mark T , Zamiri Mohammad Javad
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) is an effective pretreatment for highly recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of short‐term OLP on fermentative gas production kinetics of date palm prunings. Rachis and petiole were pretreated with excess lime (0.5 g Ca(OH)2 g−1 dry matter) in a reactor charged with 10 bar pure oxygen pressure at different times and temperatures.

RESULTS

Lignin removal was greatly affected by OLP, whereas cellulose was well preserved even after severe pretreatment. After 72 h fermentation, the cumulative gas production was 321.2 mL gas g−1 organic matter (OM) for the most severe pretreatment, compared to 73.6 mL g−1 OM for the untreated rachis. For the petiole pretreated at 120 °C for 280 min, 268 mL gas was produced compared to 59 mL gas g−1 OM for the untreated petiole. Scanning electron microscope images showed the formation of pores (average diameter of 10–12 µm) and carbonate calcium deposits on the surface of treated biomass. An increase in biomass crystallinity was observed in pretreated samples resulting from cellulose enrichment.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that OLP improves the ruminal digestibility of date palm prunings, which may have potential for inclusion in the ruminant diet at low cost.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of peanut skin extract on chemical stability and sensory properties of salami during storage
Authors: Larrauri Mariana , Barrionuevo M Guillermina , Riveros Cecilia , Mestrallet Marta G , Zunino Maria P , Zygadlo Julio A , Grosso Nelson R , Nepote Valeria
Published: October 2012

Background

Peanut skin extracts (PSEs) have proven antioxidant properties in different food products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of peanut skin extract as natural preserving compounds on chemical stability and sensory properties of salami during storage.

Results

PSE was obtained with ethanol–water and added during the preparation of salami samples. Raw salami samples were cured and stored at 15 °C and 65% relative humidity. Moisture, peroxide value, conjugated dienes, free fatty acids and sensory descriptive attributes were evaluated on the samples. Peroxide values increased during storage in all samples and were 82.9 in control (salami without additives), 18.0 in salami with 0.2 g kg−1 PSE (E0.02), 13.0 in salami with 1.0 g kg−1 PSE (E0.1), and 0.63 meqO2 kg−1 in salami with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) after 42 days of storage. BHT and E0.1 treatments resulted in a lower increase in the intensity of oxidized flavor and a lower decrease in the intensity of salami flavor.

Conclusion

Chemical indicators and descriptive results indicated that PSE retards lipid oxidation and preserves sensory properties of salami, prolonging its shelf life.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Exercise‐induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder
Authors: Chiang Tendy , Marcinow Anna M. , deSilva Brad W. , Ence B. Nicholas , Lindsey Spencer E. , Forrest L. Arick
Published: October 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To review our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of exercise‐induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder (EPVFMD).

Study Design:

Single‐institution retrospective review and cohort analysis.

Methods:

A single‐institution retrospective review was performed identifying patients with paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder (PVFMD). Patients with isolated exercise‐induced dyspnea were selected for further review. Flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) performed on these patients were reviewed with regard to presence of laryngeal pathology as well as the presence of PVFMD at rest and/or with exertion. The type of therapy was reviewed. Symptom outcomes were graded as complete resolution, improvement, or unchanged following therapy.

Results:

There were 758 patients who were identified with PVFMD. A total of 104 patients demonstrated symptoms of PVFMD that were only exercise related (EPVFMD). There were 93/104 (89%) patients who underwent a pre‐ and post‐trigger FFL. Of these, 48/93 (52%) patients had no evidence of PVFMD on initial FFL. After subjecting these patients to exertion, 83/93 (89%) had evidence of PVFMD on postexertion FFL, and 39/93 (42%) patients had evidence of PVFMD on both pre‐exertion and postexertion FFL. There were 87/104 (84%) patients who had evidence of laryngeal edema, and 23/104 (23%) had one or more laryngeal lesion on examination. A total of 67 patients were enrolled in laryngeal control therapy and attended at least one session, with 48/67 (72%) demonstrating improvement or complete resolution of their symptoms.

Conclusions:

The diagnosis of EPVFMD is augmented with the addition of provocation testing. Findings of PVFMD can be identified at rest when asymptomatic. Laryngeal control therapy is an effective treatment for EPVFMD. Laryngoscope, 2013