bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OMIP‐080: 29‐Color flow cytometry panel for comprehensive evaluation of NK and T cells reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cells transplantation
Authors: Vanikova Sarka , Koladiya Abhishek , Musil Jan
Published: October 2021

This 29‐color panel was developed and optimized for the monitoring of NK cell and T cell reconstitution in peripheral blood of patients after HSCT. We considered major post‐HSCT complications during the design, such as relapses, viral infections, and GvHD and identification of lymphocyte populations relevant to their resolution. The panel includes markers for all major NK cell and T cell subsets and analysis of their development and qualitative properties. In the NK cell compartment, we focus mainly on CD57 + NKG2C+ cells and the expression of activating (NKG2D, DNAM‐1) and inhibitory receptors (NKG2A, TIGIT). Another priority is the characterization of T cell reconstitution; therefore, we included detection of CD4+ RTEs based on CD45RA, CD62L, CD95, and CD31 as a marker of thymus function. Besides that, we also analyze the emergence and properties of major T cell populations with a particular interest in CD8, Th1, ThCTL, and Treg subsets. Overall, the panel allows for comprehensive analysis of the reconstituting immune system and identification of potential markers of immune cell dysfunction.
Eutrophication trend analysis and forewarning model construction of water source reservoirs: Gaozhou Reservoir, China
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Shi Lin , Li Zhimin , Wu Chaoqun , Huang Yingbo , Lu Xinzheng
Published: October 2021

The eutrophication of water in reservoirs and lakes is worsening year after year and has become a prominent issue of environmental water protection. In order to understand the degree of eutrophication and the changing trend of important drinking water sources in the coastal areas of Western Guangdong, ensuring the safety of drinking water, this paper takes Gaozhou Reservoir as the research object. According to the long‐term monitoring results of eutrophication index of reservoirs from 2012 to 2019, spatial and temporal analysis of each evaluation indicator and the comprehensive nutrient status of the reservoir was conducted using the integrated nutrient status index method. Based on the Weber–Fechner (W‐F) law, an early warning model for reservoir eutrophication and grading evaluation was established. The results showed that Gaozhou Reservoir was in mesotrophic state, and the eutrophication was more serious in the high water period than in the low water period. TLI (TN) was the largest contributor to eutrophication of the reservoir, and all nutritional status indexes show mild eutrophication. Chl‐a, phosphorus nutrients and organic matter had little effect on the degree of eutrophication. The fluctuation of the eutrophication status at each monitoring section of the reservoir was relatively stable. The TLI(Σ) of Liangde Dam was lower than that of the Shigu Reservoir, and the comprehensive nutritional status of the Shigu area in the decreasing order was tail > supply port > centre. According to the established early warning model, the eutrophication status in different seasons from 2012 to 2019 was evaluated. The results indicated that the comprehensive influence index value of the dry period was less than that of the flood period due to the influence of seasonal factors. In addition, the model has a good warning effect; it provides theoretical support and prevention and control methods for ecological environmental protection of reservoirs.
Density estimates for Canada lynx vary among estimation methods
Authors: Doran‐Myers D. , Kenney A. J. , Krebs C. J. , Lamb C. T. , Menzies A. K. , Murray D. , Studd E. K. , Whittington J. , Boutin S.
Published: October 2021

Unbiased population density estimates are critical for ecological research and wildlife management but are often difficult to obtain. Researchers use a variety of sampling and statistical methods to generate estimates of density, but few studies have compared estimates across methods. During 2016–2017, we surveyed Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, using track transect counts, hair snares, camera traps, live traps, and Global Positioning System (GPS) collars. From these data, we estimated lynx density with two linearly scaled count methods, one spatial mark–recapture method, three spatial mark–resight methods, and one cumulative‐time method. We found up to fivefold variation in point density estimates despite adhering to method requirements and assumptions in a manner consistent with other studies. Our results highlight the dependency of density estimates on sampling process and model assumptions and demonstrate the value of careful and unbiased sampling design. Further research is needed to fully assess the accuracy and limitations of the many wildlife density estimation methods that are currently in use so that techniques can be appropriately applied to typical study systems and species.
Perceptions of quality of communication in family interactions in neurocritical care
Authors: Stewart Russell , Hobbs Kyle , Dixon Kristopher , Navarrete Roberto Alejandro , Khan Jannat , Petrulis Mary E. , Canzona Mollie , Sarwal Aarti
Published: October 2021

Objective

Given the challenges of patient‐provider communication in neurocritical care lacking robust decision‐making tools on prognostication, we investigated concordance in perceptions of communication among participants in family discussions and assess the different domains of communication that affect these perceptions.

Methods

Prospective observational study conducted over 4 months in a tertiary‐level academic medical center neurocritical care unit. Our study involved family discussions regarding plan of care for admitted patients observed by a neutral observer. All participants completed a survey. The first four questions rated the understanding of the discussion and general satisfaction; the remaining questions were open‐ended to assess the quality of communication by the physician leading the discussion. Responses were scored and compared among participants using a Likert scale. A difference of < 1 in scores among participants was rated as concordance, whereas that of > 1 was designated as discordance. All open‐ended responses were classified into six domains.

Results

We observed 35 family discussions. Questions 1 to 3 inquiring on general satisfaction, impact, and understanding of treatment options yielded 99 cross‐comparisons per question (297 compared responses). Most responses were either “Strongly Agree” or “Agree,” with “Neutral” or “Disagree” responses being more prevalent in Question 2 regarding the impact of the conversation. Overall concordance of responses between participants was 88% with a lower rate of concordance (72%) on Q2. Further open‐ended questions queried observers on specific physician‐spoken content, and answers were analyzed to identify domains that affected the perception of quality of communication. Education was the most frequently cited domain of communication in response to open‐ended questions. Among family and neutral observers, empathy was frequently listed, whereas providers more often listed family engagement.

Conclusion

Overall, satisfaction was high among providers, families, and the observer regarding the quality of communication during family discussions in the unit. Perceptual differences emerged over whether this communication impacted healthcare decision‐making during that encounter.
Climate change, women’s health, and the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in leadership
Authors: Giudice Linda C. , Llamas‐Clark Erlidia F. , DeNicola Nathaniel , Pandipati Santosh , Zlatnik Marya G. , Decena Ditas Cristina D. , Woodruff Tracey J. , Conry Jeanne A. ,   the FIGO Committee on Climate Change and Toxic Environmental Exposures
Published: October 2021

Climate change is one of the major global health threats to the world's population. It is brought on by global warming due in large part to increasing levels of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity, including burning fossil fuels (carbon dioxide), animal husbandry (methane from manure), industry emissions (ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide), vehicle/factory exhaust, and chlorofluorocarbon aerosols that trap extra heat in the earth's atmosphere. Resulting extremes of weather give rise to wildfires, air pollution, changes in ecology, and floods. These in turn result in displacement of populations, family disruption, violence, and major impacts on water quality and availability, food security, public health and economic infrastructures, and limited abilities for civil society to maintain citizen safety. Climate change also has direct impacts on human health and well‐being. Particularly vulnerable populations are affected, including women, pregnant women, children, the disabled, and the elderly, who comprise the majority of the poor globally. Additionally, the effects of climate change disproportionally affect disadvantaged communities, including low income and communities of color, and lower‐income countries that are at highest risk of adverse impacts when disasters occur due to inequitable distribution of resources and their socioeconomic status. The climate crisis is tilting the risk balance unfavorably for women's sexual and reproductive health and rights as well as newborn and child health. Obstetrician/gynecologists have the unique opportunity to raise awareness, educate, and advocate for mitigation strategies to reverse climate change affecting our patients and their families. This article puts climate change in the context of women's reproductive health as a public health issue, a social justice issue, a human rights issue, an economic issue, a political issue, and a gender issue that needs our attention now for the health and well‐being of this and future generations. FIGO joins a broad coalition of international researchers and the medical community in stating that the current climate crisis presents an imminent health risk to pregnant people, developing fetuses, and reproductive health, and recognizing that we need society‐wide solutions, government policies, and global cooperation to address and reduce contributors, including fossil fuel production, to climate change.
OrangeMusic: An orange computing‐inspired recommender framework in internet of music things
Authors: Roy Samarjit , Mukherjee Anwesha , De Debashis
Published: October 2021

Recent computational analytics in the domain of the Internet of Things provides crowd‐sourced reviews for decision assistance for innumerable aspects of our living standards and socio‐entertainments. However, one of the most significant tasks for obtainable online music libraries and websites is the demand for personalized and professionalized courses of action for music listeners and composers to elect suitable musical performances. In this paper, we illustrate a hybrid matrix factorization‐based content‐sensitive music recommender schema on the Internet of Music Things. Emerging orange computing technology offers a harmonic fusion framework for psychological care and happiness‐concerned computing. We elucidate the projected music recommender paradigm in the domain of Internet of Music Things, titled as OrangeMusic. The OrangeMusic schema differs from the earlier contributions in the following aspects: (a) Orange computing‐based information fusion framework is applied on the Internet of Music Things; (b) Provided musical content revisions can be exposed by listeners' rating metrics and be exploited to amend original listener‐provided ratings; (c) Music listeners' preferences and musical items are incorporated into the standard matrix factorization mechanism. The performance metrics flourish that our proposed OrangeMusic presents a proficient rating prediction and intensifies the accuracy of content‐sensitive music recommendation expressively.
Therapeutic efficacy of lenvatinib in nonviral unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tomonari Tetsu , Sato Yasushi , Tanaka Hironori , Mitsuhashi Takeshi , Hirao Akihiro , Tanaka Takahiro , Taniguchi Tatsuya , Okamoto Koichi , Sogabe Masahiro , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Muguruma Naoki , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: October 2021

Aim

To investigate the therapeutic effect of lenvatinib (LEN) in liver disease etiology, especially nonviral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods and Results

Sixty‐seven patients with unresectable advanced HCC (u‐HCC) treated with LEN and consisting of 26 hepatitis C virus (HCV), 19 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 11 alcohol, and 11 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cases were retrospectively recruited. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine predictive factors for survival. The objective response rate in the nonviral (alcohol and NASH) group was higher than that in the viral group (59.1% [13/22] vs. 46.7% [21/45]). Progression‐free survival was significantly longer in the nonviral group than in the viral group (13.7 vs. 6.6 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.324; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.174–0.602; P < 0.01). Similarly, median overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in the nonviral group than in the viral group (not evaluable vs. 15.9 months; HR = 0.277; 95% CI = 0.116–0.662; P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that portal vein invasion (HR = 5.327, P = 0.0025), treatment line (HR = 0.455, P = 0.023), and etiology (HR = 0.180, P = 0.00055) were significant independent factors associated with OS in u‐HCC patients treated with LEN.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that LEN is more effective against nonviral u‐HCC than against viral u‐HCC.
The giant component after percolation of product graphs
Authors: Lichev Lyuben
Published: October 2021

In this paper we show the existence of a sharp threshold for the appearance of a giant component after percolation of Cartesian products of graphs under assumptions on their maximum degrees and their isoperimetric constants. In particular, this generalises a work of Ajtai, Komlós and Szemerédi from 1982 concerning percolation of the hypercube in high dimension.
The density of microfinance institutions and multiple borrowing in Ghana: Are rural borrowers vulnerable?
Authors: Ewusie Ewura‐Adwoa , Annim Samuel Kobina , Brafu‐Insaidoo William
Published: October 2021

This primal study investigates the extent of multiple borrowing in Ghana and explores the relationship between the density of microfinance institutions (MFIs) and multiple borrowing. Further analyses examine the susceptibility of rural borrowers, and the influence of individual MFI categories. The incidence of multiple borrowing in Ghana is 35%. Although an increase in MFI density is less likely to engender multiple borrowing, rural clients have a propensity to overlap and are also sensitive to different institutional features. The study contributes vital empirical evidence of MFI expansion on multiple borrowing and has wider implications for institutional sustainability and clients' economic livelihoods.
The design of an intelligent packaging based on immunochromatography to detect ciprofloxacin residues in different types of poultry meat
Authors: Balalzadeh Tafti Mohammad Hossein , Eshaghi Mohammad Reza , Rajaei Peyman
Published: October 2021

In this study, an intelligent packaging based on immunochromatography was designed for detection of ciprofloxacin residues in different types of poultry meat, including chicken, quail, turkey, ostrich and partridge. This study showed that the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and precision of this intelligent packaging were 96%, 100%, 100% and 96%, respectively. Also, the minimum diagnostic concentration was 18 μg/kg, and the minimum diagnostic time was 1 min. By the intelligent packaging, anyone can easily detect the presence or absence of antibiotics at packaging stage.
Graphene Quantum Dots Decorated TiO2 Nanostructures: Sustainable Approach for Photocatalytic Remediation of an Industrial Pollutant
Authors: Sarkar Suprabhat , Raghavan Akshaya , Giri Archisman , Ghosh Sutapa
Published: October 2021

Industrial pollutants are one of the many contributing factors towards deterioration of nature, urging the scientific community around the globe to look for ways in which they can be eliminated. In this regard, we have developed and optimized an efficient photocatalytic system comprising of liquid exfoliated graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and TiO2, by carrying out a thorough study with different morphologies of TiO2; namely, nanotubes, nanorods and nanoparticles. The nanocomposites were duly characterized using various techniques such as FT‐IR, TGA, FESEM, UV‐vis spectroscopy etc. Among the as‐prepared range of nanocomposites, the photocatalyst containing 2 wt% of GQDs and TiO2 nanotubes was found to exhibit a higher degradation efficiency of 96.7 % towards methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation of 120 min. Further, we have also repeated the photocatalytic study of this nanocomposite up to four cycles to understand the reusability of the photocatalyst. Band gap of GQDs, pristine TiO2 and the nanocomposite determined from Tauc plot was found to be 2.26, 2.92 and 2.86 eV respectively. We also underline that the “metal‐free” GQDs, synthesized via our approach, play the role of a photosensitizer by providing an edge of extending the visible light absorption in the case of nanocomposites via enhanced electron‐hole (e–h) separation and lowering of band gap.
Molecular Dynamics and Energy Transfer in Pure Aniline and Rh101+/Aniline Mixed Solution Measured by Ultrafast Spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Xiaosong , Zou Qingxiao , Li Hui , Liu Weilong , Hu Bin , Al‐Hartomy Omar A. , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed , Wageh Swelm , Shi Zhe
Published: October 2021

Energy transfer is an important phenomenon of physicochemical systems vibrationally coupled to an environmental bath. For a condensed system, energy exchange from one mode to another is the first step of chemical reactions. In this work, we use femtosecond time‐ and frequency‐resolved coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy technique to track molecular dynamics and energy transfer in pure aniline and its mixed solutions. In pure aniline, oscillatory structures in time‐ and frequency‐resolved CARS spectra indicate that vibrational modes participate in the vibrational coupling, and the vibrational coupling process is necessary for energy transfer. In the Rh101+/aniline mixed solution, vibrational dynamics and energy transfer processes are not detected due to strong hydrogen interactions. By comparing the experimental results for the pure aniline and the Rh101+/anilinemixed solution, we find that energy transfer in the pure aniline depends mainly on the vibrational coupling; in the Rh101+/aniline mixed solution, hydrogen bonds act as the molecular damper, which leads to a faster decay in the vibrational dynamics.
Blending agile methodologies to support automotive SPICE compliance
Authors: Noureldin Menna , Ghalwash Atef , Abd‐Ellatif Laila , ElGazzar Mohamed
Published: October 2021

Currently, agile methodologies are widely used as a light‐weight development process model based on short development cycles, which can satisfy frequent change requests from customers and stakeholders, and reach an efficient product delivery. On the other hand, most suppliers in the automotive industry are currently facing a challenge to comply to automotive SPICE (ASPICE) standard, which is a domain‐specific model of ISO/IEC 15504. Moreover, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have increasingly requested ASPICE compliance from their suppliers to accurately assess their process quality capability. This paper analyzes to what extent the ASPICE process areas were covered by agile and aims to propose a model based on integrating agile methodologies, as well as customize some agile practices so that it can fit in the Automotive SPICE process model and support automotive suppliers to achieve the required ASPICE rating. MAN.03, which is the process area for project management, was selected from the process reference model (PRM). Then, each base practice (BP) was mapped to the suitable agile methodology. Moreover, MAN.03 consists of 10 BPs, and each BP rating was measured to be N, P, L, or F. For Level 1, we applied Kanban on BP.4 and Scrum on the remaining BPs. For Level 2, we applied Scrum on all generic practices. We presented our results after deploying Kanban, and a restructured version of Scrum, which makes it in compliance with the automotive industry. The approach taken in this study could be applied in other process areas in the PRM afterwards.
The importance of relationality: A note on co‐determinism, multispecies relationships and implications for COVID‐19
Authors: McIntyre‐Mills Janet Judy
Published: October 2021

The paper aims to highlight the importance of subjective, objective and intersubjective domains when engaging in public education and research on wicked problems such as violence, poverty, climate change, loss of habitat and pandemics. The case is made that critical systemic thinking and practice—underpinned by a meta Design of Inquiring Systems—could help to foster a more relational response to the convergent social, economic and environmental policy challenges that pose ‘existential risks’. This paper explores the implications of ‘mismeasuring our lives’ by not understanding relationality. It reflects on the factors that are linked with the ‘unravelling’ of well‐being, in order to prevent and restore the multispecies relationships that have been forgotten. This requires a bio‐political approach to reframing not only economics but our relationships with one another and with nature. ‘Power and knowledge are linked’ and nowhere is Foucault's linkage more marked than in the biopolitical determination of what species are valued and why. Taxonomies are constructs based on values that need to be carefully considered in terms of the consequences of policy decisions.
Capillary (Gel) Electrophoresis-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin (G) Glycosylation Analysis
Authors: Cajic Samanta , Hennig René , Burock Robert , Rapp Erdmann
Published: October 2021

The in-depth characterization of protein glycosylation has become indispensable in many research fields and in the biopharmaceutical industry. Especially knowledge about modulations in immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation and their effect on immunity enabled a better understanding of human diseases and the development of new, more effective drugs for their treatment. This chapter provides a deeper insight into capillary (gel) electrophoresis-based (C(G)E) glycan analysis, addressing its impressive performance and possibilities, its great potential regarding real high-throughput for large cohort studies, as well as its challenges and limitations. We focus on the latest developments with respect to miniaturization and mass spectrometry coupling, as well as data analysis and interpretation. The use of exoglycosidase sequencing in combination with current C(G)E technology is discussed, highlighting possible difficulties and pitfalls. The application section describes the detailed characterization of N-glycosylation, utilizing multiplexed CGE with laser-induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF). Besides a comprehensive overview on antibody glycosylation by comparing species-specific IgGs and human immunoglobulins A, D, E, G, and M, the chapter comprises a comparison of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies from different production cell lines, as well as a detailed characterization of Fab and Fc glycosylation. These examples illustrate the full potential of C(G)E, resolving the smallest differences in sugar composition and structure.
Introduction—Exploring Urban ‘Southernness’: Praxes and Theory(s)
Authors: Mohan Anjali Karol
Published: October 2021

This volume stems from the call for a Southern urban theory, one that foregrounds both the specificity and generalizability of the Southern city. Reflecting this standpoint, this chapter validates the volume’s conceptualization of the Global South as a simultaneously homogeneous and heterogeneous geography. The homogeneous South refers to a relational geography of shared colonial histories and postcolonial development narratives, marked by formal institutional practices that seek to control, codify and categorize through a process of drawing boundaries onto empirical space. The heterogeneous South is the empirical space of urban realities that adopt, adapt, reject and transform boundaries ‘drawn onto’ into boundaries ‘drawn by’ and are marked by their temporal, incremental and flexible dynamics. Framing the Southern city as a result of the interaction between the two states—homogeneous and heterogeneous, the chapter discusses the interlinkages within and between the two along dimensions of power, intention and modality. In doing so, it highlights the potential for mutual learning as a conduit to developing a praxis-oriented theory that is capable of simultaneously constructing and deconstructing questions of the Global South.
Structural Means for Fire-Safe Wooden Façade Design
Authors: Engel Thomas , Werther Norman
Published: October 2021

This study investigates five fire stop variants used to limit the spread of fire on wooden façades. For this purpose, five fire tests using various types of wooden façade claddings and different fire stops were conducted as full-scale tests and compared to the existing findings. The influences and interactions between the material qualities of the external wall behind the façade cladding, the construction type of the wooden façade cladding, the design of the substructure, the depth of the ventilation gap, and the design of the fire stops were investigated. In evaluating the fire stops, the design of the interior corners, the joint design, and the influence of thermal expansion were examined. Finally, design proposals for the design of fire stops at wooden façades in order to limit the spread of fire were derived based on this evaluation. The outlook presents further needs that need to be investigated in the future in order to clarify undiscussed aspects or points that were ultimately not evaluated within the scope of this study.

Graphical Abstract
On the Correlation of Critical Points and Angular Trispectrum for Random Spherical Harmonics
Authors: Cammarota Valentina , Marinucci Domenico
Published: October 2021

We prove a Central Limit Theorem for the critical points of random spherical harmonics, in the high-energy limit. The result is a consequence of a deeper characterization of the total number of critical points, which are shown to be asymptotically fully correlated with the sample trispectrum, i.e. the integral of the fourth Hermite polynomial evaluated on the eigenfunctions themselves. As a consequence, the total number of critical points and the nodal length are fully correlated for random spherical harmonics, in the high-energy limit.
Exploring connections between teacher interpersonal behaviour, student motivation and competency level in competence-based learning environments
Authors: Misbah Zainun , Gulikers Judith , Widhiarso Wahyu , Mulder Martin
Published: October 2021

Studies of connections between teacher behaviour and student outcomes are numerous, but those specifically addressing such connections in a competence-based vocational education setting are limited. For a sample of Indonesian students, this study examined the connection between two dimensions of teacher interpersonal behaviour (proximity and influence) and student competency levels, as well as whether or not these relations are mediated by students’ intrinsic motivation. Additionally, it examined if these relations differed in learning environments with high versus low characteristics of competence-based education (HCBE vs. LCBE). Three questionnaires responded to by 506 first-year students were analysed using multigroups structural equation modelling. Teacher cooperative behaviour affected student motivation positively, and the influence was stronger in LCBE learning environments. Teacher controlling behaviour reduced student-perceived competency levels, with the reduction stronger in HCBE learning environments. Implications of the findings for teaching and learning in vocational education are discussed.
The Codon Usage in the Minimal Natural Cell
Authors: Pawłowski Piotr H.
Published: October 2021

A statistical analysis of the variation in contents with the size of the current known smallest genomes, N. deltocephalinicola, C. ruddii, N. equitans, and M. genitalium, enabled the indication of a minimal set of codons capable of naturally building a modern-type free-living unicellular organism in an early stage of evolution. Using a linear regression model, the potential codon distribution in the minimal natural cell was predicted and compared to the composition of the smallest synthetic, JCVI-Syn3.0. The distribution of the molecular weight of potentially coded amino acids was also calculated. The main differences in the features of the minimal natural cell and H. Sapiens genome were analyzed. In this regard, the content percentage of respective amino acids and their polarization charge properties were reported and compared. The fractions of occurring nucleotides were calculated, too. Then, the estimated numbers of codons in a minimal natural cell were related to the expected numbers for random distribution. Shown increase, or decrease in the contents, relative to the calculated random filling was related to the evolutionary preferences, varying with the subsequent eras of the evolution of genetic code.
Return Encounters in Emergency Department Patients Treated with Phenobarbital Versus Benzodiazepines for Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Lebin Jacob A. , Mudan Anita , Murphy Charles E. , Wang Ralph C. , Smollin Craig G.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Phenobarbital has been successfully used in the emergency department (ED) to manage symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, but few studies have reported outcomes for ED patients who receive phenobarbital and are discharged. We compared return encounter rates in discharged ED patients with alcohol withdrawal who were treated with benzodiazepines and phenobarbital.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single academic medical center utilizing chart review of discharged ED patients with alcohol withdrawal from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2019. Patients were stratified according to ED management with benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, or a combination of both agents. The primary outcome was return ED encounter within three days of the index ED encounter. Multivariate logistic regression identified significant covariates of an ED return encounter.

Results

Of 470 patients who were discharged with the diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal, 235 were treated with benzodiazepines, 133 with phenobarbital, and 102 with a combination of both. Baseline characteristics were similar among the groups. However, patients who received phenobarbital were provided significantly more lorazepam equivalents compared to patients who received benzodiazepines alone. Treatment with phenobarbital, alone or in combination with benzodiazepines, was associated with significantly lower odds of a return ED visit within three days compared with benzodiazepines alone [AOR 0.45 (95% CI 0.23, 0.88) p = 0.02 and AOR 0.33 (95% CI 0.15, 0.74) p = 0.007].

Conclusions

Patients who received phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal were less likely to return to the ED within three days of the index encounter. Despite similar baseline characteristics, patients who received phenobarbital, with or without benzodiazepines, were provided greater lorazepam equivalents the ED.
Ultra-portable, smartphone-based spectrometer for heavy metal concentration measurement in drinking water samples
Authors: Srivastava Satyam , Sharma Vinay
Published: October 2021

Heavy metals are very toxic and hazardous for human health. Onsite screening of heavy metal contaminated samples along with location-based automation data collection is a tedious job. Traditionally high-end equipment’s such as gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC–MS) and atomic absorption spectrometers have been used to measure the concentration of different heavy metals in water samples but most of them are costly, bulky, and time consuming, and requires expert human intervention. This manuscript reports an ultra-portable, rapid, cost-effective, and easy-to-use solution for onsite heavy metal concentration measurement in drinking water samples. Presented solution combines off-the-shelf available chemical kits for heavy metal detection and developed spectrometer-based readout for concentration prediction, quality judgment, and automatic data collection. Two chemical kits for copper and iron detection have been imported form Merck and have been used for overall training and testing. The developed spectrometer has capability to work with smartphone-based android app and also can work in standalone mode. The developed spectrometer uses white light-emitting diode as a source and commercially imported spectral sensor (AS7262) for visible radiation reception. A low-power sub-GHZ-based wireless embedded platform has been developed and interfaced with source and detector. A power management module also has been designed to monitor the battery status and also to generate low battery indication. Overall modules has been packaged in custom designed enclosure to avoid external light interference. The developed system has been trained using standard buffer samples with known heavy metal concentrations and further tested for water samples collected from institute colony and nearby villages. The obtained results have been validated with commercially imported system from HANNA instruments, and it has been observed that developed system has shown excellent accuracy to predict heavy metal concentration (tested for Fe and Cu) in water samples.
Zwei auf einen Streich?
Authors: Roelle Julian , Nückles Matthias
Published: October 2021

Lernaufgaben, die Lernende zu Wissenskonstruktionsaktivitäten wie beispielsweise dem Organisieren und Elaborieren von Lerninhalten anregen, fördern das Verständnis. Hinsichtlich der Förderung des langfristigen Behaltens des erworbenen Wissens sind auf Konstruktion zielende Lernaufgaben jedoch nicht optimal – empirische Studien deuten an, dass bessere Konsolidierungseffekte mit Lernaufgaben zu erreichen sind, die Lernende zu Abrufübung anregen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind in den letzten Jahren einige Bemühungen initiiert worden, Abrufübung und damit eine starke Konsolidierungsfunktion auch im Kontext von auf Konstruktion zielenden Lernaufgaben zu realisieren. Einer der in diesem Rahmen eingeschlagenen Wege ist es, auf Konstruktion zielende Lernaufgaben in einem sogenannten Closed-Book-Format zu implementieren, bei dem die Lernenden, während sie die Lernaufgaben bearbeiten, nicht mehr auf die zugrundeliegenden Lernmaterialien zugreifen können und entsprechend die zur Bearbeitung der Lernaufgaben benötigten Lerninhalte aus dem Gedächtnis abrufen müssen. Ein Closed-Book-Format von auf Konstruktion zielenden Lernaufgaben verspricht im Grunde also, dass zwei zentrale Lernaktivitäten (Wissenskonstruktion und Abrufübung) auf einen Streich, also mit einer Lernaufgabe angeregt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Befundlage zu diesem Closed-Book-Format beleuchtet und es werden zentrale offene Fragen für die zukünftige Forschung zu diesem Format herausgearbeitet. Zudem wird diskutiert, welche Vorzüge und Nachteile ein Closed-Book-Format, bei dem Abrufübung und Wissenskonstruktion im Grunde simultan angeregt werden, gegenüber einer sequentiellen Anregung von Wissenskonstruktion und Abrufübung haben könnte.
Improvement of Working Conditions and Opinions of Mine Workers When Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Are Used Instead of Diesel Machines — Results of Field Trial at the Kittilä Mine, Finland
Authors: Halim A. , Lööw J. , Johansson J. , Gustafsson J. , van Wageningen A. , Kocsis K.
Published: October 2021

A major part of the European Union’s (EU) project Sustainable Intelligent Mining System (SIMS) is investigating the development of diesel-free/carbon–neutral underground mines in order to ensure sustainable underground mining in the future. Replacing diesel machines with electric vehicles in underground hard rock mines has been widely acknowledged by the mining industry worldwide as a critical step to improve working conditions by reducing diesel exhaust–related contaminants, to reduce mine ventilation electrical power cost by reducing mine airflow quantity, and to reduce mine greenhouse gas emissions. All of these are major requirements to achieve sustainable future underground mining practices. A field trial of Epiroc’s 2nd generation of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) at Agnico Eagle Finland’s Kittilä mine was conducted during 2019–2020. Vehicles tested were MT42 mine truck, ST14 Load-Haul-Dump (LHD), and Boomer E2 jumbo drill rig. This paper outlines the improvement of the working conditions observed in the field trial, and the opinions of the mine personnel at Kittilä mine on using BEVs instead of diesel machines. Measurements of atmospheric contaminants and air temperatures taken during the field trial clearly demonstrated a significant improvement of working conditions when BEVs were operating as opposed to diesel machines. This field observation was supported by the opinion of the majority of the Kittilä mine workers. However, some remaining concerns must be addressed before BEVs can replace diesel machines.
Disruption, technology and the question of (artificial) identity
Authors: Babushkina Dina , Votsis Athanasios
Published: October 2021

The current state of human–machine interaction has set forth a process of hybridization of human identity. Technology—and most notably AI—is used as an effective cognitive extender, which enables the extension of human personhood to include artificial elements, leading to the emergence of artificial identity. Discussing—and accommodating—anthropomorphization in human–machine interaction should no longer be the primary focus. Rather, the scope and quality of frameworks in which the hybridization of human identity occurs and evolves has significant ethical implications that pose very pragmatic challenges to users, the industry, and regulators. This paper puts forth a few main principles upon which such a discussion should evolve. We illustrate why disruptiveness can easily turn into human harm when the frameworks facilitating it overlook the human vulnerabilities that arise from hybrid identity, notably the asymmetric and asynchronous relationship between the human and artificial counterparts. Finally, we claim that these new types of vulnerabilities, to which a person is exposed due to the intimate degree of pairing with technology, justifies introducing and protecting artificial identity as well.
Dynamics of farm entry and exit in Canada
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Weersink Alfons , Beaulieu Martin , Lee Yu Na
Published: October 2021

The dynamics of entry and exit are examined across different categories of farms depending on the timing of entry and/or exit through a detailed panel data set on Canadian agriculture. The decomposition highlights the differences in the groups of farms and provides information affecting entry and exit beyond what can be inferred from net exit numbers. While aggregate values show a gradual fall in farm numbers over time and suggest a sector in decline, the decomposition reveals that approximately one-third of farms in each census are new entrants but only half of these will be in operation by the time of the next census. The results of the analysis suggest that many of the factors that increase the probability of entry also increase the probability of exit; smaller operations, producing vegetable/horticulture goods, located in more densely populated regions, are more likely to enter the sector but also to leave farming. Multigeneration involvement and a possible succession plan also contribute to the longevity of the farm operation after it has been launched. The results also highlight the decline of the mid-size operations and the growing importance of large farms in the overall share of production.
Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B: Validation for Spanish health professionals
Authors: Herrero-Hahn Raquel , Román-Calderón Juan Pablo , Montoya-Juárez Rafael , Pérez-Cuervo Paola , García-Caro María Paz
Published: October 2021

Objective

The aim of this study is to culturally adapt and validate the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B) in Spanish health professionals.

Method

A cultural adaptation and scale validation was carried out to evaluate the validity of appearance, content and construct, reliability and feasibility. The psychometric validation of the FATCOD-B was carried out on a sample of 2,446 Spanish physicians, nurses, psychologists, and social workers and students of these disciplines, between January 2017 and December 2018. This sample was selected by intentional sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. An exploratory multi-group factor analysis was performed, internal consistency was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's α and stability by test–retest.

Results

A total of 2,446 people participated in the study, 1,134 students and 1,312 professionals. The exploratory multi-group factor analysis revealed a two-dimensional factor structure, with a total of 17 items retained in the model from the 30 of the original scale. The results showed that this version has adequate reliability (α = 0.79) and for each subscale, and stability (ICC = 0.843, p < 0.001).

Significance of results

FATCOD has been used with physicians and nurses from different countries. However, no reports have been found in the literature of its use with psychologists and social workers. It is important to have an instrument that allows us to know the attitudes of these professionals since they are all directly involved in the care of patients at the end of their lives and their families. The Spanish version of FATCOD-B has proven to be a reliable and valid instrument for its use in Spanish health professionals while allowing comparisons between disciplines.
Statistics on Jupiter’s Current Sheet With Juno Data: Geometry, Magnetic Fields and Energetic Particles
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Blanc M. , Sun Y.‐X. , Zhao J.‐T. , Hao Y.‐X. , Mauk B. H.
Published: October 2021

Jupiter’s magnetosphere contains a current sheet of huge size near its equator. The current sheet not only mediates the global mass and energy cycles of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, but also provides a site for many localized dynamic processes, such as reconnection and wave‐particle interaction. To correctly evaluate its role in these processes, a statistical description of the current sheet is required. To this end, here we conduct statistics on Jupiter’s current sheet, by using four‐year Juno data obtained in the 20–100 Jupiter radius, 0–6 local time magnetosphere. The statistics show the thickness of the current sheet is comparable with the gyro‐radius of ions dominating the plasma pressure. Magnetic fields in the current sheet decrease in power‐law with increasing radial distances. At given energy, the flux of energetic electrons and protons increases with decreasing radial distances. On the other hand, at given radial distances, the flux decreases in power‐law with increasing energy. The flux also varies with the distances to the current sheet center. The corresponding relationship can be described by a Gaussian function peaking at the current sheet center. In addition, the statistics show the flux of oxygen‐ and sulfur‐group ions is comparable with the flux of protons at the same energy and radial distances, indicating the non‐negligible role of heavy ions in the current sheet dynamics. From these results, a statistical model is constructed, providing us with a starting point of understanding the dynamics of the whole Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
Assessment of Storm‐Scale Real Time Assimilation of GOES‐16 GLM Lightning‐Derived Water Vapor Mass on Short Term Precipitation Forecasts During the 2020 Spring Forecast Experiment
Authors: Hu Junjun , Fierro Alexandre O. , Wang Yunheng , Gao Jidong , Clark Adam J. , Jirak Israel L. , Mansell Edward R. , Roberts Brett , James Eric P. , Hu Ming
Published: October 2021

This study assesses the impact of assimilating pseudo‐observations for water vapor mass derived from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites GOES‐16 lightning data on short‐term quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) over the contiguous United States (CONUS), with an emphasis given to regions characterized by an overall poor radar coverage. The GOES‐16/17 provide nearly uniform and high temporal resolution total lightning observations over most of the Americas. To leverage this information for convective scale weather forecasts, a three‐dimensional variational data assimilation (DA) package developed by the National Severe Storm Laboratory was employed to assimilate these data. To mimic operational settings, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model configuration used in NOAA Global Systems Laboratory's High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh Model version 4 was utilized. During the 2020 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment, four experiments were run in real time during a 29‐day period over CONUS and surrounding territories to assess the added value of GOES‐16 lightning over conventional radar data. Overall, the lightning DA (LDA) showed benefit in improving QPFs up to 6 hr, with the best improvements seen during the first 3 hr. Owing to notably larger lightning activity over the eastern CONUS, the most noticeable impacts from the LDA were seen there. Case‐by‐case analysis revealed that positive impacts from the LDA were seen over areas characterized by both good (eastern two thirds of CONUS) and poor radar coverage (western one third of CONUS). Highlighting the inherent difficulties in developing an optimal observation operator based on moisture for LDA applications, the GLM‐based DA experiments systematically overestimated rainfall over the eastern two thirds of CONUS while underestimating it over the western one third of CONUS.
Numerical Simulation of Dust Lifting Within a Steady State Dust Devil
Authors: Sheel Varun , Uttam Shefali , Mishra S. K.
Published: October 2021

On Mars, dust devils play an important role in injecting dust grains into the atmosphere. The exact amount that they contribute to the dust budget of the atmosphere is yet not clearly known. In this study, we model the spatial distribution of dust concentration within a steady state Martian dust devil for the first time. We numerically solve the equations of motion for dust particles to determine their velocity inside a dust devil, 10 m wide and 1,000 m tall, and consequently determine the dust loading using the continuity equation. We consider an initial wind profile, which is dependent on the circulation strength of the vortex (Γ) and viscosity of the air (ν). Our simulations indicate a maximum concentration of ∼1,400 cm−3 near the surface and at the boundary of the vortex. The larger size particles are lifted to lower heights. The radial and tangential particle velocities peak at ∼60 m, while the vertical velocity peaks at ∼100 m. A higher circulation strength (Γ), leads to a higher loading of dust, whereas a change in the air viscosity (ν) does not have a significant effect on the dust loading inside the steady state dust devil. From the simulated dust distribution in our vortex, the estimations of a dust flux of ∼5 × 10−5 kgm−2s−1, a total optical depth of 0.2 and a near‐surface heating rate of , are consistent with observations. Our calculations can provide useful inputs to study the effect of dust devils on boundary layer processes.