bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Traditional B2B Marketing Practices: An Activity Theory Perspective
Authors: Keegan Brendan James , Dennehy Denis , Naudé Peter
Published: May 2022

Anecdotal evidence suggests that artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are highly effective in digital marketing and rapidly growing in popularity in the context of business-to-business (B2B) marketing. Yet empirical research on AI-powered B2B marketing, and particularly on the socio-technical aspects of its use, is sparse. This study uses Activity Theory (AT) as a theoretical lens to examine AI-powered B2B marketing as a collective activity system, and to illuminate the contradictions that emerge when adopting and implementing AI into traditional B2B marketing practices. AT is appropriate in the context of this study, as it shows how contradictions act as a motor for change and lead to transformational changes, rather than viewing tensions as a threat to prematurely abandon the adoption and implementation of AI in B2B marketing. Based on eighteen interviews with industry and academic experts, the study identifies contradictions with which marketing researchers and practitioners must contend. We show that these contradictions can be culturally or politically challenging to confront, and even when resolved, can have both intended and unintended consequences.
Obtaining QM/MM binding free energies in the SAMPL8 drugs of abuse challenge: indirect approaches
Authors: Hudson Phillip S. , Aviat Félix , Meana-Pañeda Rubén , Warrensford Luke , Pollard Benjamin C. , Prasad Samarjeet , Jones Michael R. , Woodcock H. Lee , Brooks Bernard R.
Published: May 2022

Accurately predicting free energy differences is essential in realizing the full potential of rational drug design. Unfortunately, high levels of accuracy often require computationally expensive QM/MM Hamiltonians. Fortuitously, the cost of employing QM/MM approaches in rigorous free energy simulation can be reduced through the use of the so-called “indirect” approach to QM/MM free energies, in which the need for QM/MM simulations is avoided via a QM/MM “correction” at the classical endpoints of interest. Herein, we focus on the computation of QM/MM binding free energies in the context of the SAMPL8 Drugs of Abuse host–guest challenge. Of the 5 QM/MM correction coupled with force-matching submissions, PM6-D3H4/MM ranked submission proved the best overall QM/MM entry, with an RMSE from experimental results of 2.43 kcal/mol (best in ranked submissions), a Pearson’s correlation of 0.78 (second-best in ranked submissions), and a Kendall $$\tau$$
τ
correlation of 0.52 (best in ranked submissions).
Accessory pathway properties are similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic preexcitation
Authors: Jemtrén Anette , Bergfeldt Lennart , Insulander Per , Rubulis Aigars , Tapanainen Jari , Jensen-Urstad Mats
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Patients with WPW syndrome have an increased mortality rate compared to the general population. Although asymptomatic preexcitation has previously been considered benign, recent studies have found that also asymptomatic patients have clinical and electrophysiological factors associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. This study compares the baseline electrophysiological characteristics of accessory pathways in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with preexcitation. We hypothesized that a significant proportion of asymptomatic patients has inducible orthodromic tachycardia during programmed electrical stimulation.

Methods

This retrospective study includes 1853 patients with preexcitation who underwent invasive electrophysiological testing in two Swedish University Hospitals between 1991 and 2018. The mean age was 36 ± 17 years with a range of 3–89 years. Thirty-nine percent was women. A total of 269 patients (15%) were children younger than 18 years. Electrophysiological data included effective refractory period of the accessory pathway (APERP, in 1069 patients), tachycardia cycle length, inducibility and type of tachycardia, and AP localization.

Results

A total of 1703 (93%) patients reported symptoms suggesting tachyarrhythmias before the study and 128 (7%) were asymptomatic. The proportion of potentially dangerous pathways with short APERP (≤ 250 ms) were similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (187/949, 20% vs. 25/108, 23%) (P = 0.40) as was the mean APERP (303 ± 68 ms vs. 307 ± 75) (P = 0.61). The proportion of patients who had inducible arrhythmia was larger in the symptomatic group (64% vs. 31%) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The results of this study strengthen the present guideline recommendation (IIA) to consider invasive risk assessment in patients with asymptomatic preexcitation.
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals That Exogenous Indole-3-Butyric Acid Affects the Rooting Process During Stem Segment Culturing of Cinnamomum camphora Linalool Type
Authors: Xiao Zufei , Zhang Beihong , Wang Yanbo , Li Feng , Jin Zhinong , Lü Xiongwei , Zhang Haiyan , Zhang Jie , Zhao Jiao
Published: May 2022

Cinnamomum camphora linalool type (C. camphora linalool type) is an economically important plant that contains abundant linalool. To explore the optimal concentration of exogenously applied indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for root formation and development, morphological analyses were performed with plants after a 1-min soaking treatment with five different concentrations of IBA. When grown on the medium (laterite with plant ash) for 60 days after treatment with 3000 mg/L IBA, the root ratio and the number of roots were significantly higher than those obtained with 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 mg/L IBA treatment. After soaking with 3000 mg/L IBA, the stem bases at five key stages of root development (0, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days) were selected for global transcriptome analyses. IBA treatment modified the expression of genes related to the auxin, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid signalling transduction pathways. The rooting process reduced the accumulation of starch and the synthesis of linalool but promoted the metabolism of D-glucose. Our study identified the optimum concentration of IBA for a short treatment of C. camphora linalool type stem segments to regulate root formation and development at the transcriptional level.
Assessing handwriting: a method for detailed analysis of letter-formation accuracy and fluency
Authors: Fitjar Camilla L. , Rønneberg Vibeke , Torrance Mark
Published: May 2022

Educationally-oriented measures of handwriting fluency – tasks such as written alphabet recall and sentence copying – conflate graphomotor skill and various higher-level abilities. Direct measurement of pen control when forming letters requires analysis of pen-tip velocity associated with the production of sub-letter features that, in a skilled handwriter, are typically produced in a single, smooth movement. We provide a segmentation and coding scheme that identifies these features in manuscript letters and gives criteria for whether or not a feature is accurately formed. We demonstrate that, in skilled handwriters, these features are the product of smooth movements: The velocity profiles of adult writers (N = 27 performing a letter-copying task) producing straight-line features and curved features gave modal velocity-peak counts of 1 and 2 respectively. We then illustrate the utility of our segmentation and coding scheme by describing the velocity profiles of beginning writers (176 first grade students with minimal handwriting training). This sample produced the same features with less accuracy and with a substantially greater number of velocity peaks. Inaccurate features tended to be produced more slowly and less fluently.
Assessing severity of road cracks using deep learning-based segmentation and detection
Authors: Ha Jongwoo , Kim Dongsoo , Kim Minsoo
Published: May 2022

For the successful operation of pavement management system, it is necessary to automate the detection, classification, and severity assessment of road cracks, which are bottlenecks in the entire process. Although good results for the detection and classification of road cracks have been published in many related studies, the number of crack types detected is still insufficient for actual field use, and studies on crack severity assessment are difficult to find. In this study, the number of crack types are expanded to five types (alligator crack, longitudinal crack, transverse crack, pothole, and patching) to meet the needs of fieldwork, and the assessment of crack severity is also included in the proposed model. In this system constructed using SqueezeNet, U-Net, and Mobilenet-SSD models together, an accuracy of 91.2% has been achieved for both crack type and severity assessment. The authors have performed segmentation of the input images using separately trained U-Nets for linear cracking and area cracking to improve object detection performance and automate crack severity assessment. With reference to the system presented in this study, it is expected that an automated pavement management system that better reflects each country’s requirements for various crack types and severity standards is possible.
Altitude shape genetic and phenotypic variations in growth curve parameters of Larix kaempferi
Authors: Zhang Yalin , Dong Leiming , Xie Yunhui , Chen Dongsheng , Sun Xiaomei
Published: May 2022

To study the effects of geoclimatic variables of provenances on growth phenotypes and selected plus provenances, over 3000 trees of 22-year-old Larix kaempferi were evaluated from trials established in two climate zones for provenance selection and to explore the influence of climate variables on provenance performance. The material was replicated plantings of 84 open pollinated families from six provenances distributed in the mountains of central Japan. Provenance variation was observed in most age groups and the heritability of growth traits showed large differences. The phenotypic maximum value of height and diameter were significantly positive with altitude, and mean annual precipitation being important factors. Diameter at breast height growth was significantly negative with altitude and spring rainfall. The Ina provenance of relatively high altitudes, was well adapted to a variety of climates. Altitude might be the driving force for phenotypic and genetic variations and local adaptation.
Racial differences in predictive value of the 21-gene recurrence score assay: a population-based study using the SEER database
Authors: Jung Jiwoong , Hwang Ki-Tae , Choi In Sil , Kim Byoung Hyuck , Oh Sohee , Kim Jongjin , Park Jeong Hwan , Park Jin Hyun , Paek Se Hyun , Jeon Sook Young , Yeo Tae-Hoon
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay is currently used for predicting chemotherapeutic benefits for hormone receptor-positive (HR +) early-stage breast cancer patients without consideration regarding racial differences in that predictive value. This study aimed at demonstrating racial differences in the predictive values of the 21-gene RS assay.

Methods

The study cohort was selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) was compared between patients who received chemotherapy (the “CTx group”) and those who did not (the “no CTx group”) to estimate the predictive value of the assay. This comparison was repeated for each racial group.

Results

Among 88,498 T1 − 2N0 HR + breast cancer patients who had results of 21-gene RS, 13,123 patients had RS > 25, which included 10,697 Whites, 1282 Blacks, and 1,144 Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (AAPIs). Chemotherapy was administered to 8364 patients (63.4%). The adjusted hazard ratio for BCSM in the CTx group (vs. no CTx group) was 0.734 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.588–0.917) in Whites, 0.748 (95% CI 0.428–1.307) in Blacks, and 1.343 (95% CI 0.558–3.233) in AAPIs. No subgroup within patients with RS > 25 among non-White women showed a significant predictive value of the 21-gene RS assay, except for Black women with grade 3 tumors.

Conclusion

The predictive value of the 21-gene RS assay for assessing chemotherapy benefit was validated in White women based on the SEER database, although the predictive value was not warranted in non-White women.
Does knowledge influence visual attention? A comparative analysis between archaeologists and naïve subjects during the exploration of Lower Palaeolithic tools
Authors: Silva-Gago María , Fedato Annapaola , Terradillos-Bernal Marcos , Alonso-Alcalde Rodrigo , Hodgson Timothy , Bruner Emiliano
Published: May 2022

The role of experience during the exploration of lithic artefacts can be been investigated through multiple approaches. Knowledge can influence visual perception of the environment, whilst action “affordances” can be processed at the first sight of an object. In this study, we used eye tracking to analyse whether and to what extent archaeological knowledge can influence visuospatial attention whilst interacting with stone tools. Archaeologists were found to pay more visual attention to the middle region and the knapped surface. Differences between the visual exploration of choppers and handaxes were also found. Although the general pattern of distribution of the visual attention was similar to naïve subjects, participants with archaeological experience paid more attention to functionally relevant regions. Individuals with archaeological experience directed more attention to the upper region and the knapped surface of the tools, whilst naïve participants spent more time viewing the middle region. We conclude that although both groups could direct their attention to action relevant features in stone tools, functional affordances had a greater effect in subjects with previous experience. Affordances related to manipulation triggered lower attention and showed no differences between participants.
A Spatial Modeling Framework for Monitoring Surveys with Different Sampling Protocols with a Case Study for Bird Abundance in Mid-Scandinavia
Authors: Sicacha-Parada Jorge , Pavon-Jordan Diego , Steinsland Ingelin , May Roel , Stokke Bård , Øien Ingar Jostein
Published: May 2022

Quantifying the total number of individuals (abundance) of species is the basis for spatial ecology and biodiversity conservation. Abundance data are mostly collected through professional surveys as part of monitoring programs, often at a national level. These surveys rarely follow exactly the same sampling protocol in different countries, which represents a challenge for producing biogeographical abundance maps based on the transboundary information available covering more than one country. Moreover, not all species are properly covered by a single monitoring scheme, and countries typically collect abundance data for target species through different monitoring schemes. We present a new methodology to model total abundance by merging count data information from surveys with different sampling protocols. The proposed methods are used for data from national breeding bird monitoring programs in Norway and Sweden. Each census collects abundance data following two different sampling protocols in each country, i.e., these protocols provide data from four different sampling processes. The modeling framework assumes a common Gaussian Random Field shared by both the observed and true abundance with either a linear or a relaxed linear association between them. The models account for particularities of each sampling protocol by including terms that affect each observation process, i.e., accounting for differences in observation units and detectability. Bayesian inference is performed using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) and the Stochastic Partial Differential Equation (SPDE) approach for spatial modeling. We also present the results of a simulation study based on the empirical census data from mid-Scandinavia to assess the performance of the models under model misspecification. Finally, maps of the expected abundance of birds in our study region in mid-Scandinavia are presented with uncertainty estimates. We found that the framework allows for consistent integration of data from surveys with different sampling protocols. Further, the simulation study showed that models with a relaxed linear specification are less sensitive to misspecification, compared to the model that assumes linear association between counts. Relaxed linear specifications of total bird abundance in mid-Scandinavia improved both goodness of fit and the predictive performance of the models.
Deletion of RBP-Jkappa gene in mesenchymal cells causes rickets like symptoms in the mouse
Authors: Gao Yan , Walker Jemma Victoria , Tredwin Christopher , Hu Bing
Published: May 2022

Crosstalk between different signalling pathways provide deep insights for how molecules play synergistic roles in developmental and pathological conditions. RBP-Jkappa is the key effector of the canonical Notch pathway. Previously we have identified that Wnt5a, a conventional non-canonical Wnt pathway member, was under the direct transcriptional control of RBP-Jkappa in dermal papilla cells. In this study we further extended this regulation axis to the other two kind of skeletal cells: chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Mice with conditional mesenchymal deletion of RBP-Jkappa developed Rickets like symptoms. Molecular analysis suggested local defects of Wnt5a expression in chondrocytes and osteoblasts at both mRNA and protein levels, which impeded chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. The defects existing in the RBP-Jkappa deficient mutants could be rescued by recombinant Wnt5a treatment at both cellular level and tissue/organ level. Our results therefore provide a model of studying the connection of Notch and Wnt5a pathways with Rickets.
History and Identity in Early Medieval Wales
Authors: Thomas Rebecca
Published: May 2022

Crucial texts from ninth- and tenth-century Wales are analysed to show their key role in identify formation.
Archery's signature: an electromyographic analysis of the upper limb
Authors: Dorshorst Tabitha , Weir Gillian , Hamill Joseph , Holt Brigitte
Published: May 2022

Non-technical summary:

Bow and arrow technology plays a significant role in the recent evolutionary history of modern humans, but limitations of preservation make it challenging to identify archaeological evidence of early archery. Since bone structure can change in response to muscle force, archers of the past can potentially be identified through analysis of upper arm bones. However, there is limited research on how archery impacts upper limb musculature. This study offers initial insights into how archery impacts humeral musculature and highlights the need for additional research focused on archery's direct impact on humeral morphology.

Technical summary:

Humeral morphology has been used to support behaviour reconstructions of archery in past populations. However, the lack of experimental research concerning the impacts that archery has on the upper limb weakens skeletal morphological approaches. The goal of this study was to determine how archery impacts the activation of upper limb musculature. More specifically, this study tested: (a) whether the relative muscle activations are similar between arms; and (b) what muscles were activated on the dominant (draw) arm compared with the non-dominant (bow) arm. Data on upper arm muscle activation were collected bilaterally for nine archers using surface electromyography (EMG). Results show similar levels of muscle activation bilaterally with different muscles being activated in each arm. There were significantly higher integrated EMG and peak muscle activations of the biceps brachii muscles in the draw arm compared with the bow arm. In contrast, the lateral deltoid and the triceps brachii muscles had significantly higher integrated EMG and peak muscle activations on the bow arm compared with the draw arm. This work offers initial insights into how archery impacts humeral musculature and highlights the need for additional research focused on archery's direct impact on humeral morphology.
Assisted Suicide in Germany: The Landmark Ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court of February 26, 2020
Authors: Göken Hanna , Zwießler Franziska
Published: May 2022

On February 26, 2020, the German Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) declared—for the first time in its history—a criminal prohibitory law (strafrechtliche Verbotsnorm) from the German Criminal Code null and void.1 The provision in question—Section 217 of the German Criminal Code—dealt with the controversial issue of assisted suicide. This case study will briefly examine the previous regulation pertaining to assisted suicide in Germany under Section 217, before scrutinizing its subsequent unconstitutionality as a consequence of the BVerfG’s landmark decision. In order to do so, this article will explore the legal background of the decision, the fundamental rights which were held to have been infringed by Section 217, and propose potential ways of regulating assisted suicide in Germany in the future.
Closing the Loop Valorization of Industrial Waste of Composite Materials through Re-Design of Products from Detached Value Chains
Authors: Cappelletti F. , Rossi M. , Germani M.
Published: May 2022

The literature lacks methodologies to make supply chains of composite materials circular. The proposed approach aims to transform scraps and off-specification products into secondary raw materials. Its novelty is to find innovative applications, instead of re-introducing scraps in the loop they come from. The case study investigates how scraps can be re-worked and re-used as raw material. First, the processes are analyzed; some components are then re-designed to be made of the discarded scraps (composites material). Results reveal that the symbiosis can ensure green, high performing products.
Proposal of a Dual Circularity Concept for Sustainable Design
Authors: Metic J. , Klose S. , McAloone T. C. , Fröhling M. , Pigosso D. C. A.
Published: May 2022

Current CE approach, and its many definitions, does not explicitly consider the interconnectedness of the biological and technological cycle. This paper uses state-of-the-art to articulate nuances of the CE to encourage a more comprehensive understanding of the concept from a perspective of both cycles. The results address that acknowledged sustainably driven shifts of resources between cycles are neglected in most state-of-the-art. Therefore, the Dual Circularity (DC) definition is proposed and further evaluated by three examples.
Atypical Use Scenarios as Design Intervention in Healthcare Product Design Application
Authors: Nagarajan K. , Koronis G. , Subburaj K. , Silva A.
Published: May 2022

User experiences of atypical conditions leading to adverse events have the potential to discover latent user needs and improve usability in design outcomes. This study introduces atypical scenarios as a design intervention to student designers working on healthcare product design projects. These atypical scenarios are framed from real-world clinical experience related to individual projects. 40 participants from a healthcare product design course comprising of 8 teams were involved in this study. Results indicate a positive influence on design and designers in terms of usability in the design process.
The Role of Digital Infrastructure for the Industrialisation of Design for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Mallalieu A. , Hajali T. , Isaksson O. , Panarotto M.
Published: May 2022

The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) can bring opportunities for industry, but several challenges need to be addressed, specifically the digital infrastructure comprising the AM value chain. A combination of a systematic literature review and an industrial use case study concludes that there is low consideration of the digital infrastructure in Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) methods and tools which has a negative impact on the industrialisation of AM. It is therefore recommended that further studies are to be made on how to manage the digital infrastructure in DfAM processes.
Proposal for Load Adaptive Design of Microlattice Structures Suitable for PBF-LB/M Manufacturing
Authors: Seidler A. , Holtzhausen S. , Korn H. , Koch P. , Paetzold K. , Müller B.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, a proposal for a new method to design load-adaptive microlattice structures for PBF-LB/M manufacturing is presented. For this purpose, a method was developed to stiffen microlattice structures in particular by using self-similar sub-cells to ensure their manufacturability. The quality of the stiffness increase was investigated and verified by finite element simulations. Subsequently, the simulation results were critically discussed with respect to their potential for future design processes for architected materials.
An AI-Assisted Design Method for Topology Optimization without Pre-Optimized Training Data
Authors: Halle A. , Campanile L. F. , Hasse A.
Published: May 2022

Engineers widely use topology optimization during the initial process of product development to obtain a first possible geometry design. The state-of-the-art method is iterative calculation, which requires both time and computational power. This paper proposes an AI-assisted design method for topology optimization, which does not require any optimized data. The presented AI-assisted design procedure generates geometries that are similar to those of conventional topology optimizers, but require only a fraction of the computational effort.
Design of (Semi-)Autonomous Vehicles: Perceptions of the People in Sweden
Authors: Rosenholm L. , Goswami P. , Jagtap S.
Published: May 2022

The field of autonomous vehicles is gaining wide recognition in the industry, academia as well as social media. However, there is a lack of knowledge on expectations of people regarding this topic. To this end, this paper analyses extant research on perceptions of people in various countries about semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles. Secondly, based on the findings of this analysis, we developed a questionnaire to gauge the perceptions of the people in Sweden regarding such vehicles. The findings have important implications for the design of AVs in Sweden, and possibly other countries.
Does CAD Smell Like Code? A Mapping Between Violation of Object Oriented Programming Design Principles and Computer Aided Design Modelling
Authors: Rosso P. , Gopsill J. , Burgess S. C. , Hicks B.
Published: May 2022

In objected-oriented design, "smells" are symptoms of code violating design principles. When a deadline is looming, decisions can affect the long-term quality of a code or CAD. Given this and the similarities between object-oriented code and CAD models, this paper introduces a set of CAD smells. These smells are derived from a top-down review of potential CAD smells mapped against the reported code smells that violate abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and hierarchy principles. This list was further reviewed considering CAD systems and specific examples (some illustrated in the paper).
Through-Lifecycle Whole-Design Optimisation Using Software Deployment Toolchains
Authors: Gopsill J. , Hicks B.
Published: May 2022

Through-Lifecycle Whole Design Design Optimisation is widely considered one of the future approaches to solving design problems featuring prominently in Model-Based Systems Engineering, Set-Based Design and Digital Twins. Yet, design optimisation remains siloed optimising for design subsets. In this paper, we review academic literature and a series of case studies to uncover the challenges in achieving Through-Lifecycle Whole Design Design Optimisation. This is followed by action research that has investigated the application of software deployment toolchains to overcome the challenges.
A Modelling Method for Describing and Facilitating the Reuse of SysML Models during Design Process
Authors: Mahboob A. , Husung S.
Published: May 2022

MBSE and SysML are increasingly finding their applications in industry as well as in academia. The reuse of the information described in SysML models depends, among others, on the modelling methods, management of dependencies between elements and on the needed remodelling effort. In this paper, a modelling method is presented that address the reuse of SysML models and descriptions as well as reuse of model variants in SysML. A case example is presented to explain the modelling methods and the gained experience is summarised in the form of general recommendations for further use.
A Life-Cycle Framework to Manage Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange in Open Organisations
Authors: Guertler M. R. , Adams N. , Caldwell G. , Donovan J. , Hopf A. , Roberts J.
Published: May 2022

Successful research and development requires interdisciplinary collaboration, often across organisational boundaries and for extended timeframes, such as in innovation networks or ecosystems. Open Organisation (OO) research can support collaboration and knowledge exchange in such situations. It builds on established concepts of Open Innovation through enhancing the exchange of knowledge by the exchange of humans. This paper contributes to OO research by presenting an OO lifecycle framework, which analyses evolving organisational and collaboration characteristics and resulting management needs.
Towards Integrated Safety Analysis as Part of Traceable Model-Based Systems Engineering
Authors: Valdivia Dabringer M. L. , Dybov A. , Fresemann C. , Stark R.
Published: May 2022

Currently systems grow in complexity and more aspects, such as socio-technical aspects or the obligation to produce proof become more important. Both require a safety analysis on the system level early in the design process. System overview is provided by MBSE, while safety analysis is provided for example by FMEA. Both processes are executed organizationally and timely separated from each other. This research proposes a concept and a tool integration at the concept design phase, during system definition and functional decomposition and evaluates the effect and its potential applicability.
Speculating on Nature, Technology and Finance. Geomerce as a Case Study for Research through Design
Authors: Innella G. , Gatto G.
Published: May 2022

This paper chronicles and reflects on the processes and the meanings of a project of speculative design that creates a narrative based on the scientific notion of phytomining, the activity of extracting metals from the soil using plants. The paper reflects on the ability of the project of bringing together people from different expertise, as a successful case study of Speculative Design and Research through Practice. Besides the scientific and technical challenges posed by GeoMerce, the authors of this paper reflect on the critical framework that set the basis for such a complex project.
Exploratory Analysis of Adaptively Morphing Handle Forms for Load Transfer Use Cases
Authors: Kiessling J. M. , Hilbig K. , Dinkel J. , Schmid M. , Maier T. , Vietor T.
Published: May 2022

Through optimal design of the human machine interfaces, especially the hand-handle contact surface, high usability of hand-operated products can be achieved. The complexity of the user specific hand anthropometry has to be considered in the design of load transfer handles. Use case optimized, personalized, and adaptively morphing handles aim at fulfilling this requirement. To identify design parameters for adaptive handles an experimental design for systematic analysis of user and use case requirements is proposed and evaluated showing the potential of adaptive handles.
Experimenting in Industrial Product Design. The Case: "Art, Design and Business Project for New Young Talents - Young Culture as a Motor for a New Business Economy in Tuscany”
Authors: Pupparo P. , Tufarelli M. , Coppola M. C.
Published: May 2022

The design of mass-produced products is a design process aimed at the masses, which describes approaches and phenomena in strong transformation. The production techniques, the semantic value of the products, the concept of mass production and the similarities between these factors explain new production and design balances following the latest technological and cultural transformations within contemporary society and the market. The paper discusses and investigates the theme of industrial design aimed at the masses, reporting relevant case studies and experimental tests.
Preliminary Study on Haptics of Textile Surfaces via Digital Visual Cues
Authors: Quattelbaum B. , Wolter S. , Stylidis K.
Published: May 2022

Humans perceive through various sensory impressions, including the five senses. Not only the number of different stimuli in everyday life increase, but also the degree of assessment of urgent and irrelevant information. But online it is not possible for the customer to physically perceive and assess the haptics of a product. This paper focus on the questions if it is possible for humans to perceive and identify surface properties without using their sense of touch and if humans can judge and classify the haptics of a textile materials via digital channels through a purely visual perception?
The Intergenerational Co-Design of Glasgow COP26 Souvenirs
Authors: Rodgers P. A. , Egan K. , McDonald A. , Gilliland G.
Published: May 2022

There has been an increasing interest in intergenerational activities where young people and older adults work together in the exchange of knowledge, new ideas, methodologies and ways of thinking. With the leading international climate change conference in Glasgow in Nov. 2021, this paper presents an intergenerational co-design COP26 project where co-design pairs designed and made Glasgow COP26 souvenirs, exhibited and sold them in a COP26 ‘pop-up’ shop. The project delivered important learning and teaching including project launch, studio sessions, external design reviews, and prototyping.
Adaptive E-Learning for the Engineering Design Education at Ruhr-University Bochum
Authors: Kossack F. , Kattwinkel D. , Bender B.
Published: May 2022

Most lectures in the field of engineering are held in a traditional teacher-centred and frontal lecture format. This means that all students receive the identical information at the same pace without taking their individual skills, knowledges and competences into account. A didactic concept, that fosters an individual learning experience and digitally provides personalised learning materials for each student is Adaptive E-Learning. Within this paper the development of an Adaptive E-Leaning Environment in the course Engineering Design at Ruhr-University Bochum is presented.
Starting and Scaling a Set-Based Design Method for a Maritime System of Systems: Designing a Modern Warship
Authors: Page J. E. , Higgins C. J. , Seering W. P.
Published: May 2022

There has been a growing body of literature and use cases for set-based design since its introduction in the 80s. Few studies or use cases involve highly complex systems, though, except for the hallmark work regarding Toyota in the late 90s. Over the last three years, the US Navy used set-based methods to design a complex system of systems: a warship. Their experience provides insight into the scalability of the method and design management considerations relevant to the start of similar projects.
Development of a Methodology for Technology Demonstration Projects Evaluation
Authors: Stelvaga A. , Fortin C.
Published: May 2022

To ensure optimal resource allocation in technology demonstration projects, the evaluation of demonstrators of various maturity, scale, and nature has to be carried out. Most of the existing approaches focus on risk assessment or projected financial return; the need for a tool supporting multi-facet projects evaluation has been identified. This paper presents R2L framework based on three major criteria, defined in detail: Leap Potential, Learning, and Risk. The framework was applied to a real flight-test demonstrator project during workshops in a major aerospace company.
A Digital Twin Trust Framework for Industrial Application
Authors: Trauer J. , Schweigert-Recksiek S. , Schenk T. , Baudisch T. , Mörtl M. , Zimmermann M.
Published: May 2022

A reason for the slow adoption of digital twins in industry is a lack of trust in the concept and between the stakeholders involved. This paper presents a Trust Framework for Digital Twins based on a literature review and an interview study, including seven recommendations: (1) explain your twin, (2) create a common incentive, (3) make only one step at a time, (4) ensure IP protection and IT security, (5) prove your quality, (6) ensure a uniform environment, and (7) document thoroughly. Together with 20 concrete measures it supports practitioners in improving trust in their Digital Twin.
A User-Centred Design Support Framework to Develop Aesthetically Pleasing and Sustainable Over-the-Counter Pharmaceutical Packaging
Authors: Camilleri T. , Farrugia P. , Refalo P.
Published: May 2022

Stakeholders consider aesthetics and sustainability as important aspects of over-the-counter pharmaceutical (OTCP) packaging, and studies show that their interests should be represented more. To address this, a framework which supports designers to develop aesthetically pleasing sustainable OTCP packaging was generated, keeping at its core the stakeholders. The requirements were identified, leading to the architecture development and implementation in a prototype tool. Results provide a degree of evidence that the framework contributes to a user-centred design approach for OTCP packaging.
Data-Based Method for the Implementation Planning of Engineering Changes in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Capistrano Burgos R. , Sippl F. , Radisic-Aberger O. , Weisser T.
Published: May 2022

Each year, automotive OEMs implement a variety of Engineering Changes (ECs) in their production. In the timing of ECs, different KPIs are often in conflict with one another or even unknown to the OEMs. Therefore, OEMs struggle to identify the optimal date to implement an EC. This paper presents a method to determine the cost-optimal implementation date for each EC, considering time, cost, and quality KPIs based on a new EC classification rule-set. To evaluate the presented method, case-studies at a German automotive OEM were performed, two of which are discussed.
A Musculoskeletal Human Model-Based Approach for Evaluating Support Concepts of Exoskeletons for Selected Use Cases
Authors: Molz C. , Yao Z. , Sänger J. , Gwosch T. , Weidner R. , Matthiesen S. , Wartzack S. , Miehling J.
Published: May 2022

This paper presents an approach for evaluating exoskeleton support concepts through biomechanical analyses on a musculoskeletal human model. By simplifying the support forces of an exoskeleton as external forces, different support concepts can be biomechanically evaluated for the respective use case without concrete design specifications of the exoskeleton. This enables an estimation of the resulting relief and strain on the human body in the early stages of exoskeleton development. To present the approach, the use case of working at and above head height with a power tool is chosen.
Issues in Capturing and Utilizing Non-Functional Requirements along the Road to Servitization
Authors: Toller C. N. K. , Johansson C. , Bertoni M.
Published: May 2022

The design process aims to maximize the value in the end solution. For traditional manufacturing firms pursuing a servitization strategy, non-functional requirements become more important compared to before. Therefore, this paper investigates issues in capturing and utilizing non-functional requirements for value creation in a servitizing firm. A single case study was conducted, which resulted in six issues across the design process. It was evident from the research that the firm requires new support to enable a better inclusion of non-functional requirements in the design process.
Knowledge Documentation Based on Automatic Identification and Clustering of Change Intentions in CAD Data of Wiring Harnesses
Authors: Eder K. , Herzog W. , Altner M. M. , Tas O. , Neckenich J. , Paetzold K.
Published: May 2022

High amount of changes and increasing complexity in CAD design of wiring harnesses result in a lack of time for documentation and transfer of acquired knowledge. To be able to transfer the gained knowledge efficiently during development automating the identification, analyzation and documentation of changes is necessary. This paper shows a methodology to address this challenge for CAD data of wiring harnesses. Thus, it is shown how interrelated change elements can be combined or separated from each other according to their change intention.
Implications of Creating Solution Concepts Based on the Use of References
Authors: Schlegel M. , Pfaff F. , Rapp S. , Albers A.
Published: May 2022

The use of already validated systems as references for the development of solution concepts offers the potential to increase process efficiency. It is important to understand how the use of references impacts the development of solution concepts. Therefore, the representation of solution concepts in an engineering project of two student cohorts are analyzed and compared. The first cohort is provided with few and the second cohort with extensive references. The results of the study show that the increased use of references leads to a higher share of embodiment and specific challenges.
Patent-KG: Patent Knowledge Graph Extraction for Engineering Design
Authors: Zuo H. , Yin Y. , Childs P.
Published: May 2022

This paper builds a patent-based knowledge graph, patent-KG, to represent the knowledge facts in patents for engineering design. The arising patent-KG approach proposes a new unsupervised mechanism to extract knowledge facts in a patent, by searching the attention graph in language models. The extracted entities are compared with other benchmarks in the criteria of recall rate. The result reaches the highest 0.8 recall rate in the standard list of mechanical engineering related technical terms, which means the highest coverage of engineering words.
Analysis Designers' Process of Insight Generation through Empathy with Users
Authors: Ito A. , Taoka Y. , Saito S.
Published: May 2022

This study aims to investigate the good way to generate insight through empathy with users. The fifteen experiment participants drew thinking processes of understanding users and defining insight statements while generating insight statements based on a given interview transcript. The thinking processes were assessed by qualitative coding, and the insight statements were evaluated. The results identified the types of thinking that should be avoided when gaining insights. This paper proposes a framework to categorise designers’ process of gaining insight.
A Writing Typology for Designers
Authors: Sabatelli M.
Published: May 2022

While design is often thought of as a visual field defined by renderings, models, and sketches, the use of writing can be just as pertinent and necessary. This paper presents seven writing types used by students uncovered during an ethnographic study of three interdisciplinary design studios. By reflecting on a compilation of writing practices, this study presents the modes in which we communicate design textually while reconsidering the possibility for new ones that incorporate interdisciplinary values and verbiage.
Designing Long-Lasting Interior Products: Emotional Attachment, Product Positioning and Uniqueness
Authors: Andersen M. H. , Hansen H. W. , Laursen L. N.
Published: May 2022

When prolonging the physical lifetime of products, it is important to also consider the value lifetime, the time before customers discards the products because it no longer has any perceived value. In this paper we study design and marketing strategies known to be particularly relevant to enhance the value perception of consumers, hence lifetimes of products. To do so, we first review literature to build a framework, we then use to conduct case studies at five Danish product design brands. This let us to insights on design and marketing strategies relevant to enhance product lifetimes.
Conventional Choices in Outcome Measures Influence Meta-Analytic Results
Authors: Tabatabaei Ghomi Hamed , Stegenga Jacob
Published: May 2022

It is a plausible speculation that conventional choices in outcome measures might influence the results of meta-analyses. We test that speculation by simulating data from trials on antidepressants. We vary real drug effectiveness while modulating conventional values for outcome measures. We had previously shown that one conventional choice used in meta-analyses of antidepressants falls in a narrow range of values that maximize estimates of effectiveness. Our present analysis investigates why this phenomenon occurs. Moreover, our results suggest the superiority of absolute outcome measures over relative measures. This research program can be extended to test numerous other aspects of clinical research.
Lost sales obsolescence inventory systems with positive lead time: a system-point level-crossing approach
Authors: Preethi K. , Shophia Lawrence A. , Sivakumar B.
Published: May 2022

In this article, we provide a comprehensive analyses of two continuous review lost sales inventory system based on different replenishment policies, namely $(s,S)$ and $(s,Q)$. We assume that the arrival times of demands form a Poisson process and that the demand sizes have i.i.d. exponential distribution. We assume that the items in stock may obsolete after an exponential time. The lead time for replenishment is exponential. We also assume that the excess demands and the demands that occurred during stock out periods are lost. Using the system point method of level crossing and integral equation method, we derive the steady-state probability distribution of inventory level explicitly. After deriving some system performance measures, we computed the total expected cost rate. We also provide numerical examples of sensitivity analyses involving different parameters and costs. As a result of our numerical analysis, we provide several insights on the optimal $(s,S)$ and $(s,Q)$ policies for inventory systems of obsolescence items with positive lead times. The better policy for maintaining inventory can be quantified numerically.
Hardly predictable and yet an equitable solution: Delimitation by judicial process as an option for Greece and Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Schaller Christian
Published: May 2022

This article addresses the dispute between Greece and Turkey concerning the reach of their sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the Eastern Mediterranean, which is essentially about delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Turkey has delineated its continental shelf in the region to extend directly to the outer limits of the territorial waters of the Greek islands, specifically Crete, Rhodes, and Kastellorizo. Greece sees this as an attempt to deprive the islands of their maritime zones. The present article discusses what the two states might expect if they would request the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to determine the course of their maritime boundaries. The outcome of such a process would be difficult to foresee because international case law regarding the effect of islands on the delimitation of the continental shelf and EEZ is rather diffuse. Nevertheless, this article will explore what an equitable solution could look like. In particular, the small island of Kastellorizo, Greece’s most remote outpost in the Eastern Mediterranean, which lies just off the Turkish coast, requires special consideration. The present article discusses different options for dealing with this island in a future delimitation.