bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volumetric acoustic holography and its application to self-positioning by single channel measurement
Authors: Hasegawa Keisuke , Shinoda Hiroyuki , Nara Takaaki
Published: June 2020

We generated dense mid-air volumetric acoustic holography using a newly developed computation algorithm and experimentally verified its utility for three-dimensional self-positioning via monaural amplitude measurements. We computed the holography by solving an inverse problem where complex amplitudes of ultrasound emissions are to be determined so that the given acoustic amplitude field at a finite set of control points in the workspace could be generated as faithfully as possible. With a one-directional gradient pattern of a 40 kHz ultrasonic field that stretched uniformly toward the depth direction, numerical simulations showed that positioning with an average error less than 3 mm is ideally possible in a 100 mm-sided cubic workspace. We experimentally verified that this error was approximately 8 mm with our custom-made phased array. Our work shows the first example of information systems, where a position-dependent information field is embedded in the environment as a form of holographic wave field that can be sensed by standalone mobile devices.
Examining the order-of-limits problem and lattice constant performance of the Tao–Mo functional
Authors: Furness James W. , Sengupta Niladri , Ning Jinliang , Ruzsinszky Adrienn , Sun Jianwei
Published: June 2020

In their recent communication, Tao and Mo [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 073001 (2016)] presented a semi-local density functional derived from the density matrix expansion of the exchange hole localized by a general coordinate transformation. We show that the order-of-limits problem present in the functional, dismissed as harmless in the original publication, causes severe errors in predicted phase transition pressures. We also show that the claim that lattice volume prediction accuracy exceeds that of existing similar functionals was based on comparison to reference data that miss anharmonic zero-point expansion and consequently overestimates accuracy. By highlighting these omissions, we give a more accurate assessment of the Tao–Mo functional and show a possible direction for resolving the order-of-limits problem.
Spin Hall magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic insulators
Authors: Geprägs Stephan , Opel Matthias , Fischer Johanna , Gomonay Olena , Schwenke Philipp , Althammer Matthias , Huebl Hans , Gross Rudolf
Published: June 2020

Antiferromagnetic materials promise improved performance for spintronic applications as they are robust against external magnetic field perturbations and allow for faster magnetization dynamics compared to ferromagnets. The direct observation of the antiferromagnetic state, however, is challenging due to the absence of a macroscopic magnetization. Here, we show that the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) is a versatile tool to probe the antiferromagnetic spin structure via simple electrical transport experiments by investigating the easy-plane antiferromagnetic insulators α−Fe2O3 (hematite) and NiO in bilayer heterostructures with a Pt heavy-metal top electrode. While rotating an external magnetic field in three orthogonal planes, we record the longitudinal and the transverse resistivities of Pt and observe characteristic resistivity modulations consistent with the SMR effect. We analyze both their amplitude and phase and compare the data to the results from a prototypical collinear ferrimagnetic Y3Fe5O12/Pt bilayer. The observed magnetic field dependence is explained in a comprehensive model, based on two magnetic sublattices and taking into account magnetic field-induced modifications of the domain structure. Our results show that the SMR allows us to understand the spin configuration and to investigate magnetoelastic effects in antiferromagnetic multi-domain materials. Furthermore, in α−Fe2O3/Pt bilayers, we find an unexpectedly large SMR amplitude of 2.5×10−3, twice as high as for prototype Y3Fe5O12/Pt bilayers, making the system particularly interesting for room-temperature antiferromagnetic spintronic applications.
Ambient aging effects on the effective energy gap of ZnO thin films
Authors: Bridoux G. , Ruano G. D. , Ferreyra J. M. , Villafuerte M.
Published: June 2020

Using photoconductance spectroscopy, we have studied the influence of different types of thermal annealing on epitaxial ZnO thin films where band bending effects play a major role. Once the film is exposed to ambient air conditions after a simple thermal annealing in oxygen at 600°C, the effective energy gap is stable with a value of ≃3.15 eV, while after a corresponding annealing in vacuum and subsequent air exposure, it starts at ≃3.24 eV, and then it evolves along the days until it reaches the bulk energy gap value of ZnO. By means of valence band x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), we have confirmed that these phenomena are related via the Franz–Keldysh effect to a downward band bending in the former case and a time dependent upward band bending in the latter one that slowly tends to a flat band condition, tracking the behavior observed in the effective energy gap. Core level XPS measurements suggest that for each type of thermal annealing, a different adsorption kinetics of water and hydrogen take place.
Plasmonic effects of copper nanoparticles in polymer photovoltaic devices for outdoor and indoor applications
Authors: Huang Chien-Lun , Kumar Gautham , Sharma Ganesh D. , Chen Fang-Chung
Published: June 2020

The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) that can trigger localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is an effective method for improving the performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Currently, most plasmonic NPs are based on noble metals, including gold and silver; their high cost limits their commercial applications in the cost-effective OPVs. Herein, copper (Cu) NPs, which are more abundant and cheaper, are adopted to fabricate OPVs. To avoid oxidation of Cu NPs, they are positioned at the cathode interface, so that their fabrication could be implemented in an inert environment. The resulting OPVs exhibited improved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) under illumination at 1 sun, and the device enhancement could be attributed to the LSPR effects of Cu NPs. Further, their potential to enhance the performance of OPVs under indoor lighting conditions is evaluated. The enhancement factor of PCEs was higher, while the light source had a lower color temperature. It could be due to the fact that the main plasmonic band of the Cu NPs is localized in the red spectral range. The results reveal the consideration of matching between the LSPR spectral range and the emission spectra of the artificial light sources is very critical for indoor applications.
Single-shot multi-planar wave-front measurement with multi-focal Fibonacci sieves
Authors: Zhang Xiuping , Li Yangshuai , Zhang Junyong , Zhang Yanli , Zhou Shenlei , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: June 2020

Wave-front measurement based on coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) is a promising method for measuring wave-front aberrations, which has wide applications ranging from optical testing to adaptive optics. This study proposes a single-shot multi-planar wave-front measurement with multi-focal Fibonacci sieves to reconstruct the wave-front distribution of small transmissive objects. A Fibonacci sieve was designed to simultaneously capture multi-planar diffraction patterns at a single recording plane; thus, a multi-planar CDI algorithm can be used to reconstruct the test wave-front by a set of extracted sub-graphs. Its feasibility was proved in the optical region experimentally. Since diffractive optical elements used in the experiment are amplitude-only elements, the proposed wave-front measurement method opens up the possibility of practical real-time and on-line wave-front measurement ranging from x rays to terahertz.
Molecular modeling of aqueous electrolytes at interfaces: Effects of long-range dispersion forces and of ionic charge rescaling
Authors: Le Breton Guillaume , Joly Laurent
Published: June 2020

Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous electrolytes generally rely on empirical force fields, combining dispersion interactions—described by a truncated Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential—and electrostatic interactions—described by a Coulomb potential computed with a long-range solver. Recently, force fields using rescaled ionic charges [electronic continuum correction (ECC)], possibly complemented with rescaling of LJ parameters [ECC rescaled (ECCR)], have shown promising results in bulk, but their performance at interfaces has been less explored. Here, we started by exploring the impact of the LJ potential truncation on the surface tension of a sodium chloride aqueous solution. We show a discrepancy between the numerical predictions for truncated LJ interactions with a large cutoff and for untruncated LJ interactions computed with a long-range solver, which can bias comparison of force field predictions with experiments. Using a long-range solver for LJ interactions, we then show that an ionic charge rescaling factor chosen to correct long-range electrostatic interactions in bulk accurately describes image charge repulsion at the liquid–vapor interface, and the rescaling of LJ parameters in ECCR models—aimed at capturing local ion–ion and ion–water interactions in bulk— describes well the formation of an ionic double layer at the liquid–vapor interface. Overall, these results suggest that the molecular modeling of aqueous electrolytes at interfaces would benefit from using long-range solvers for dispersion forces and from using ECCR models, where the charge rescaling factor should be chosen to correct long-range electrostatic interactions.
Atomic-scale imaging of interfacial polarization in cuprate-titanate heterostructures
Authors: Mi Shao-Bo , Yao Tian , Cheng Shao-Dong , Faley Micheal I. , Poppe Ulrich , Lu Lu , Wang Dawei , Jia Chun-Lin
Published: June 2020

The interfaces in oxide heterostructures that bring novel physical phenomena and functionalities have attracted great attention in fundamental research and device applications. For uncovering structure–property relationships of oxide heterostructures, direct evidence of the atomic-scale structure of heterointerfaces is highly desired. Here, we report on studying the structure of interfaces between YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films and SrTiO3 substrates by means of aberration-corrected ultrahigh-resolution electron microscopy. Employing advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques, shifts of atoms at the interface away from the regular lattice sites are measured, leading to the interfacial polarity. The local polarization induced by the atomic shifts directs toward the cuprate films and is estimated to be about 36.1 μC/cm2. The observed interfacial polar layer is understood by the special atomic configuration across the interface, which could modulate the electrical properties in superconducting devices that are based on the ferroelectric/superconductor heterosystems.
A pressure-based regularized lattice-Boltzmann method for the simulation of compressible flows
Authors: Farag G. , Zhao S. , Coratger T. , Boivin P. , Chiavassa G. , Sagaut P.
Published: June 2020

A new pressure-based lattice-Boltzmann method (HRR-p) is proposed for the simulation of flows for Mach numbers ranging from 0 to 1.5. Compatible with nearest-neighbor lattices (e.g., D3Q19), the model consists of a predictor step comparable to classical athermal lattice-Boltzmann methods, appended with a fully local and explicit correction step for the pressure. Energy conservation—for which the Hermitian quadrature is not accurate enough on such a lattice—is solved via a classical finite volume MUSCL-Hancock scheme based on the entropy equation. The Euler part of the model is then validated for the transport of three canonical modes (vortex, entropy, and acoustic propagation), while its diffusive/viscous properties are assessed via thermal Couette flow simulations. All results match the analytical solutions with very limited dissipation. Last, the robustness of the method is tested in a one-dimensional shock tube and a two-dimensional shock–vortex interaction.
Effects of airborne hydrocarbon adsorption on pool boiling heat transfer
Authors: Song Youngsup , Zhang Lenan , Liu Zhen , Preston Daniel J. , Wang Evelyn N.
Published: June 2020

During pool boiling, a significantly high heat flux leads to the transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling, where a vapor film forms over the boiling surface, drastically increasing thermal resistance. This transition at the critical heat flux (CHF) results in an abrupt increase in surface temperature and can lead to catastrophic failure of the boiler. However, reported CHF values vary greatly, even for smooth surfaces of the same material; for example, the CHF values on flat silicon and silicon dioxide surfaces vary across studies by up to 49% and 84%, respectively. Here, we address this discrepancy by accounting for hydrocarbon adsorption on boiling surface. Hydrocarbon adsorption on smooth boiling surfaces decreases surface wettability, hindering the ability to maintain liquid contact with the surface and, thus, lowering the pool boiling CHF. To investigate hydrocarbon adsorption kinetics under ambient conditions and the subsequent effect on CHF, we cleaned flat silicon dioxide samples with argon plasma to remove hydrocarbon contaminants and then exposed them to laboratory air for different periods of time before conducting pool boiling experiments. Pool boiling results along with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data showed that the amount of adsorbed hydrocarbon increased with exposure time in air, which resulted in a decrease in wettability and, accordingly, a decrease in CHF. This work has important implications for understanding the spread in CHF values reported in the literature and may serve as a guideline for the preparation of boiling surfaces to achieve consistent experimental results.
On the importance of catalysis in photocatalysis: Triggering of photocatalysis at well-defined anatase TiO2 crystals through facet-specific deposition of oxygen reduction cocatalyst
Authors: Adler Christiane , Mitoraj Dariusz , Krivtsov Igor , Beranek Radim
Published: June 2020

Well-defined anatase TiO2 crystals with co-exposed {101} and {001} facets represent a promising platform for fundamental studies in photocatalysis and for the development of novel photocatalytic systems exhibiting higher than usual quantum efficiencies. Herein, we present protocols enabling the photoreductive deposition of Pt nanoparticles onto anatase TiO2 micro-sized (1–3 µm) crystals prepared by hydrothermal growth in fluoride-containing solutions to be carried out either facet-selectively (on {101} facets only) or facet-non-selectively (on both {101} and {001} facets). The photocatalytic behavior of the resulting photocatalysts is studied using investigations of oxidative photodegradation of a test pollutant [4-chlorophenol (4-CP)], photocurrent measurements, and kinetic analysis of the open-circuit photopotential decay. We demonstrate that the deposition of Pt nanoparticles effectively triggers the photocatalytic degradation of 4-CP at anatase crystals that are otherwise completely inactive. The role of Pt in triggering the photocatalysis is demonstrated to consist chiefly in the catalytic enhancement of the reaction rate of oxygen reduction by the photogenerated electrons. Only the platinized {101} facets contribute to photocatalysis, whereas the {001} facets, in the literature often referred to as “highly reactive”, are even after platinization completely inactive, most likely due to (1 × 4) surface reconstruction upon the heat treatment necessary to decrease the amount of surface fluorides. Based on our results, we highlight the eminent role of efficient surface catalysis for effective charge separation and provide specific design rules for further development of photocatalysts with high quantum efficiencies.
Real-time monitoring of the in vivo redox state transition using the ratiometric redox state sensor protein FROG/B
Authors: Sugiura Kazunori , Mihara Shoko , Fu Nae , Hisabori Toru
Published: June 2020

Significance

In photosynthetic organisms, for example, the redox state of various molecules is altered by photosynthetic reactions. Thus, efficient monitoring of the redox state in living cells provides very important information for understanding the activity of the cell. For this purpose, we have designed a redox sensor protein based on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism. The protein having a single excitation peak and a double variable emission peak was named fluorescent protein with redox-dependent change in green/blue (FROG/B). It is just like a green frog that changes its body color according to the environment. This sensor protein allowed us to monitor the real-time redox changes of cyanobacterial cells caused by light/dark transition.
Functions of paralogous RNA polymerase III subunits POLR3G and POLR3GL in mouse development
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , Gerber Alan , Chen Wei-Yi , Roeder Robert G.
Published: June 2020

Significance

Mammalian cells contain two RNA polymerase III isoforms that differ only in ubiquitous POLR3GL and developmentally regulated POLR3G subunits. Here, in contradiction to previous conclusions from POLR3G knockdown analyses, we show that POLR3G and POLR3GL are functionally redundant and, in the context of embryonic stem cell differentiation, can largely compensate for each other when expressed at appropriate levels. Moreover, whereas
Polr3g
knockout mice die at an early embryonic stage,
Polr3gl
knockout mice complete embryonic development but die at weaning with signs of both general growth defects and potential cerebellum-related neuronal defects. As interests grow in reported Pol III-related disorders,
Polr3gl
knockout mice provide a convenient model to study the physiological effect of variations in Pol III functions in more detail.
Symmetric arrangement of mitochondria:plasma membrane contacts between adjacent photoreceptor cells regulated by Opa1
Authors: Meschede Ingrid P. , Ovenden Nicholas C. , Seabra Miguel C. , Futter Clare E. , Votruba Marcela , Cheetham Michael E. , Burgoyne Thomas
Published: June 2020

Significance

Mitochondria play an essential role in the homeostasis of the highly energy-demanding photoreceptors and enable normal vision. We used 3D electron microscopy to show that the mitochondria in the photoreceptor inner segment are tethered to the plasma membrane in a highly specialized arrangement. This includes mitochondria running alongside each other in neighboring inner segments, with evidence of alignment of the cristae openings. The cristae structure was not greatly affected in photoreceptors of a heterozygous
Opa1
knockout mouse model, but the mitochondria were enlarged and had reduced alignment to neighboring inner-segment mitochondria. This leads us to propose that mitochondria are arranged to share metabolites and assist in maintaining homeostasis across the photoreceptor cell layer.
Repulsive guidance molecules lock growth differentiation factor 5 in an inhibitory complex
Authors: Malinauskas Tomas , Peer Tina V. , Bishop Benjamin , Mueller Thomas D. , Siebold Christian
Published: June 2020

Significance

Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) are cell surface proteins that control processes ranging from brain development to iron metabolism. Dysregulation of RGM function leads to severe diseases. RGMs can bind to the cell guidance receptor Neogenin (NEO1) and act as coreceptors for the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here, we determined high-resolution structures of all three human RGMs in complex with the BMP ligand growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) and the ternary complex of GDF5 with RGM and NEO1. Our structural and functional analyses reveal that RGM competes with the GDF5 receptor. This study shows that RGMs can act as inhibitors of a BMP ligand (GDF5), and not always as activators of BMP signaling, as previously reported.
Precious metal recovery from electronic waste by a porous porphyrin polymer
Authors: Hong Yeongran , Thirion Damien , Subramanian Saravanan , Yoo Mi , Choi Hyuk , Kim Hyun You , Stoddart J. Fraser , Yavuz Cafer T.
Published: June 2020

Significance

Electronic waste, also called e-waste, is rapidly becoming a major industrial hazard because of the increased use of circuits and screens. With the right technology, however, this waste could become a sustainable source for precious metals. Such a solution requires selectivity toward the precious metals, as this characteristic is even more important than capacity. A porphyrin-based porous polymer with selective binding shows remarkable selectivity and a reductive mechanism, a combination which makes for record-high recycling of precious metals––particularly gold––from e-waste.
Slower nutrient stream suppresses Subarctic Atlantic Ocean biological productivity in global warming
Authors: Whitt Daniel B. , Jansen Malte F.
Published: June 2020

Significance

Global warming drives cascading changes across physical, chemical, and biological marine systems. However, the coupled dynamics of these systems are difficult to disentangle. Here, we present a simple theoretical model of how these systems respond to global warming in the Subarctic Atlantic Ocean, which experiences particularly dramatic changes in 21st-century warming scenarios. The results reveal how global warming impacts this system by showing that remote changes in the Atlantic basin-scale circulation are a more important driver of biogeochemical change in the Subarctic than local reductions in vertical mixing.
The C terminus of p73 is essential for hippocampal development
Authors: Amelio Ivano , Panatta Emanuele , Niklison-Chirou Maria Victoria , Steinert Joern R. , Agostini Massimiliano , Morone Nobuhiro , Knight Richard A. , Melino Gerry
Published: June 2020

Significance

Alteration of splicing is emerging as a relevant cause of human disease. The C-terminal region of p73 is subject to complex alternative splicing that can give rise to seven different isoforms. Here, using a newly generated mouse model, we determine the functional consequence of in vivo ectopic switch from the physiologically expressed and most abundant isoform p73α to the shorter p73β isoform. Expression of p73β leads to neurodevelopmental defects with functional and morphological abnormalities in the mouse hippocampus. The ectopic isoform switch results in depletion of Cajal–Retzius (CR) neurons in embryonic stages, leading to aberrant hippocampal architecture. Our study indicates that deregulation in p73 alternative splicing might underlie neurodevelopmental human conditions.
Metallic surface states in a correlated d-electron topological Kondo insulator candidate FeSb
2
Authors: Xu Ke-Jun , Chen Su-Di , He Yu , He Junfeng , Tang Shujie , Jia Chunjing , Yue Ma Eric , Mo Sung-Kwan , Lu Donghui , Hashimoto Makoto , Devereaux Thomas P. , Shen Zhi-Xun
Published: June 2020

Significance

The correlation-driven topological insulator is a poorly understood state of matter where topological protection is afforded in the absence of well-defined quasiparticles. Ongoing research is hampered by the scarcity of model material families, consisting of only the 4f rare-earth boride compounds thus far. Here we establish a class of candidate topological Kondo insulator in FeSb
2
, based on 3d electrons instead of 4f electrons. Comparison between the different families will allow identification of key ingredients responsible for the exotic insulating state. Our band-structure measurements will serve as important guides for theoretical modeling of the correlated insulating state in this system.
Evolution-inspired design of multicolored photoswitches from a single cyanobacteriochrome scaffold
Authors: Fushimi Keiji , Hasegawa Masumi , Ito Takeru , Rockwell Nathan C. , Enomoto Gen , -Win Ni-Ni , Lagarias J. Clark , Ikeuchi Masahiko , Narikawa Rei
Published: June 2020

Significance

Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are small cyanobacterial photoreceptors which are highly diversified and categorized into many lineages based on their primary sequences. In this study, we identified an atypical CBCR exhibiting an orange/green reversible photocycle. Step-by-step site-directed mutagenesis was performed on this native CBCR, and seven new photoconvertible variants were created. During this process, we identified residues crucial for each color tuning event. These seven molecules covering the shorter-wavelength blue-to-orange region would contribute to the future development of multicolored optogenetic tools and are complementary to recently developed molecules sensing longer wavelengths of light.
Bacterial-induced cell fusion is a danger signal triggering cGAS–STING pathway via micronuclei formation
Authors: Ku Joanne Wei Kay , Chen Yahua , Lim Bryan Jian Wei , Gasser Stephan , Crasta Karen Carmelina , Gan Yunn-Hwen
Published: June 2020

Significance

Burkholderia pseudomallei
is a bacterial pathogen that causes melioidosis, an infectious disease in the tropics with high morbidity and mortality. It has a unique property among bacteria: to fuse infected host cells. We found that our immune system detects bacterial- or chemical-induced host cell fusion as a danger signal. Abnormal cell fusion leads to genomic instability and formation of micronuclei. This triggers the host to activate a signaling pathway leading to a form of cell death known as autophagic death, which likely serves to limit abnormal cellular transformation.
Fluctuating auxin response gradients determine pavement cell-shape acquisition
Authors: Grones Peter , Majda Mateusz , Doyle Siamsa M. , Van Damme Daniël , Robert Stéphanie
Published: June 2020

Significance

As the outermost cell layer of an organism, the epidermis plays a key role in controlling morphogenesis. In this work, we investigated cell-shape regulation in young, lobing pavement cells of the
Arabidopsis
leaf epidermis. By taking advantage of their developmental synchrony, we showed that the establishment of a local auxin gradient is necessary for the initiation of first-lobe formation. However, the auxin gradient is not stable over time but rather fluctuates according to the particular developmental stage of the cells. These changes are established by the specific distribution of auxin transporters at the different membranes of these young pavement cells. This work reports an observation of auxin fluctuation during cell-shape determination in plants.
Peroxidasin-mediated bromine enrichment of basement membranes
Authors: He Cuiwen , Song Wenxin , Weston Thomas A. , Tran Caitlyn , Kurtz Ira , Zuckerman Jonathan E. , Guagliardo Paul , Miner Jeffrey H. , Ivanov Sergey V. , Bougoure Jeremy , Hudson Billy G. , Colon Selene , Voziyan Paul A. , Bhave Gautam , Fong Loren G. , Young Stephen G. , Jiang Haibo
Published: June 2020

Significance

Bromine is an essential trace element, required for the formation of sulfilimine cross-links in collagen IV, a basement membrane protein. Sulfilimine cross-link formation depends on the production of hypobromous acid by peroxidasin. Once the cross-links are formed, bromide is released, but we suspected that hypobromous acid might brominate bystander molecules in the basement membrane. NanoSIMS imaging of mouse kidneys revealed peroxidasin-dependent bromine enrichment in the basement membrane, and proteomics studies uncovered peroxidasin-dependent bromination of a specific tyrosine in collagen IV. Our studies show that bromine, an essential element, is largely restricted to basement membranes in mammalian tissues. Our studies also show that peroxidasin brominates bystander tyrosines in addition to promoting the formation of collagen IV sulfilimine cross-links.
Temperature-dependent kinetic pathways featuring distinctive thermal-activation mechanisms in structural evolution of ice VII
Authors: Lin Chuanlong , Liu Xuqiang , Yong Xue , Tse John S. , S. Smith Jesse , J. English Niall , Wang Bihan , Li Mei , Yang Wenge , Mao Ho-Kwang
Published: June 2020

Significance

The kinetics of the structural evolution from crystalline ice (ice VII or ice VIII) toward thermodynamically stable ice I at ambient pressure have been characterized using time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction. The time resolution captures events that were not observed previously and reveals a complex kinetic pathway with three distinctive transitions, i.e., amorphization, amorphous–amorphous, and crystallization of amorphous ice into ice I. The first two transitions exhibit different thermally activated mechanism above and below 110 K. Molecular-dynamics simulations show the transition involves a large change in density and substantial displacements of water at the nanoscale. This study presents a perspective on the metastability and complexity of the energy landscape in temperature/time-dependent structural evolution in amorphous ices.
National age and coresidence patterns shape COVID-19 vulnerability
Authors: Esteve Albert , Permanyer Iñaki , Boertien Diederik , Vaupel James W.
Published: June 2020

Based on harmonized census data from 81 countries, we estimate how age and coresidence patterns shape the vulnerability of countries’ populations to outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We estimate variation in deaths arising due to a simulated random infection of 10% of the population living in private households and subsequent within-household transmission of the virus. The age structures of European and North American countries increase their vulnerability to COVID-related deaths in general. The coresidence patterns of elderly persons in Africa and parts of Asia increase these countries’ vulnerability to deaths induced by within-household transmission of COVID-19. Southern European countries, which have aged populations and relatively high levels of intergenerational coresidence, are, all else equal, the most vulnerable to outbreaks of COVID-19. In a second step, we estimate to what extent avoiding primary infections for specific age groups would prevent subsequent deaths due to within-household transmission of the virus. Preventing primary infections among the elderly is the most effective in countries with small households and little intergenerational coresidence, such as France, whereas confining younger age groups can have a greater impact in countries with large and intergenerational households, such as Bangladesh.
Crisis Marketing through conceptual ontology in metaphor in financial reporting
Authors: O’Mara-Shimek Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores basic ethical questions and implications of using metaphor in financial news reporting during crisis scenarios, and the relationship between these uses and common ideals and industry standards for journalism excellence. This research defends that Right to Information (RTI) provides a practical approach for discussing metaphor’s congruence with such ideals towards a more transparent and reliable financial journalism in times of market uncertainty. This work also argues that an RTI informed perspective on metaphor analysis enriches the central assumptions and commitments of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) involving power dynamics and justice in society through discourse: RTI informed uses of metaphor in crisis reporting is an offshoot of the central human right to information.
From economic crisis to austerity policies through conceptual metaphor
Authors: Soares da Silva Augusto
Published: June 2020

This chapter analyses the role of conceptual metaphors in the conceptualization and ideological exploitation of the global financial crisis and the subsequent austerity policies in the Portuguese press. The analysis relies on a corpus of news and opinion articles published between September 2008 and March 2009, when the financial breakdown that led to the global economic crisis took place, in June-July 2011, after the entry of the Troika in Portugal and the announcement of the first austerity measures, and May 2013, when protests against the austerity policies intensified. Assuming the general frameworks of Cognitive Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis and corpus-based and discourse-based approaches to conceptual metaphor, the study highlights how metaphor can be a powerful conceptual and discourse strategy to frame economic, political and social issues and to serve emotional and ideological purposes.
Responding to organisational misbehaviour
Authors: Holmgreen Lise-Lotte
Published: June 2020

Over the past decades, the seriousness with which organisational crises have developed has, in part, been contingent on public access to social media platforms. Analysing two Danish organisational crises, the chapter explores whether the conceptual repertoires that underlie public evaluation of organisational behaviour are embedded in shared social and cultural practices that allow them to be expressed and shared easily and intuitively. The findings suggest that by drawing on well-established experiential domains in social and cultural life, users in public social media may instantiate frames that inspire other users to follow suit. This may create dominant interpretations across platforms and lay the foundation of crisis development.
Framing the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Authors: Knapton Olivia
Published: June 2020

Despite quantitative research showing differences between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across genders, little research has qualitatively explored women’s experiences of the disorder. This chapter combines image schemas with illness narrative analysis to explore how women with OCD link the onset of the disorder to traumatic changes in their bodies that are experienced as a crisis. It is argued that the bodily changes disrupt the image schemas that provide stable conceptualisations of the body. The disintegration of the stable body leads to conceptualisations of OCD that, to various degrees, frame OCD as an attempt to regain control over the changed body. Thus, the women make sense of OCD onset by connecting it to personal crises and relationships within specific sociocultural contexts.
Bilingualism, second language acquisition, and language contact
Authors: Geeslin Kimberly L. , Evans-Sago Travis
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces the central issues and concepts in the fields of bilingualism, contact linguistics, and second language acquisition, with an eye to identifying generalizations and key distinctions. For example, although authors use terms like transfer, interference, bilinguals, etc., across fields, these sometimes have the same meaning and other times depend on the subfield of linguistics in which they are employed. While there is a good deal of overlap between these fields, the current chapter provides an overview of studies and findings related to these concepts in order to help orient the reader to the hypotheses, methodologies, and discussions contained in the present volume.
Origins and dialectology studies of Spanish in America
Authors: Díaz-Campos Manuel , Milla-Muñoz Ángel
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a general perspective concerning the origins of American Spanish. This introductory chapter broadly includes the most relevant aspects that characterize Spanish varieties in South America. The first part reviews the influence of the settlers in the formation of Spanish in America. Additionally, contact situations with indigenous languages as well as the impact of African heritage are also investigated. The second part is dedicated to a description of the major dialectal areas in South America and their linguistic features. Departing from prior studies, the chapter depicts the most relevant phonetic and morphosyntactic phenomena. The chapter ends with some concluding remarks about the roots of Spanish in America and its independent developments in different regions of South America.
Amazonian Spanish and the emergence and maintenance of ethnolinguistic variation
Authors: Lamanna Scott
Published: June 2020

This chapter outlines various linguistic phenomena involved in the creation and transmission of ethnolinguistic variation, as a general framework for understanding Amazonian Spanish specifically. Language and dialect contact, second language acquisition, bilingualism, and language shift have all played important roles in the emergence and maintenance of ethnicity-based language varieties around the world, and Amazonian Spanish is certainly no exception. The chapter considers the potential explanatory value of the concept of an ethnolinguistic repertoire (Benor, 2010) when accounting for patterns of variation observed in Amazonian Spanish, and also points out the need to examine the interaction between ethnicity and other relevant social factors such as age, gender, and social class (Wolfram & Schilling, 2016) as speakers index their multifaceted identities.
Clitics and argument marking in Shipibo-Spanish and Ashéninka-Perené-Spanish bilingual speech
Authors: Sánchez Liliana , Mayer Elisabeth
Published: June 2020

Direct object clitics in Spanish are morphological markers at the interface of syntax and phonology, morphology, semantics and information structure. We explore variability in direct object clitic doubling and argument marking in bilingual speakers of Shipibo-Spanish and Ashéninka-Perené-Spanish (Mayer & Sánchez, in press). We focus on the production of the dative versus the accusative forms of the clitic and on the expression of Differential Object Marking (DOM) (Aissen, 2003; Bossong, 1985, 1991; Dalrymple & Nikolaeva, 2011), in particular, on the extension of DOM to definite inanimate DPs and the lack of DOM with animate direct objects required in other varieties of Spanish. We analyze this variability as the coexistence of two different argument-marking systems in these contact varieties of Amazonian Spanish.
Emerging ethnolinguistic varieties in the Amazon
Authors: Fafulas Stephen , Viñas-de-Puig Ricard
Published: June 2020

We analyze a handful of morphosyntactic features of Yagua Spanish (YS), a contact variety of Spanish spoken in the Amazon. Our results, from sociolinguistic interviews and film narrations conducted with 10 YS speakers from Comandancia, located along Peru’s Orosa River, suggest that YS is characterized by significant occurrence of leísmo, null direct objects, and non-canonical use of the Present Perfect. Analyses based on language proficiency reveal that the Yagua-dominant bilinguals, who learned Spanish primarily as adults, show higher rates of these non-pan-Latin American forms as compared to the Spanish-dominant bilinguals who acquired Spanish earlier in life. We explore the origins of these linguistic features and add to what is known of emerging varieties of Spanish in the Amazon region.
Phonological processes in flux
Authors: O'Rourke Erin
Published: June 2020

In this study, we examine the production of the palatal lateral in Spanish, represented orthographically as , as produced by bilinguals in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The purpose of this study is first to observe what changes may have taken place in the acoustic production of palatal /ʎ/ by Quichua-Spanish speakers in comparison to related segments /l/ and /ʝ/ which may be due to indigenous language contact, and second to determine if extralinguistic influences may have contributed to this change (e.g., differences in gender). While males appear to maintain a distinct palatal lateral and females demonstrate a move towards delateralization, both genders demonstrate cases of depalatalization due to allophony, as in their native language.
Does CLIL promoteintercultural sensitivity?
Authors: Lochtman Katja
Published: June 2020

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) refers to the teaching of non-linguistic subjects through an
additional language. Culture is considered as one of the corner stones of CLIL pedagogy. There is currently
little research that explores the role of culture or intercultural sensitivity in CLIL, however. The present study investigates to
what extent two different educational contexts (CLIL and non-CLIL) influence students’ level of intercultural sensitivity, using
the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (Chen & Starosta, 2000). The sample consists of
177 secondary grammar school students from 2 CLIL schools (n = 98) and 2 non-CLIL / regular schools
(n = 79). The results show that intercultural sensitivity is not as self-evident as one may expect in a CLIL
setting. Some other factors come into play, i.e. gender, language background and school grade.
Preparing students for intentional conversations with older adults
Authors: McAllister Margaret , Dodd Leanne , Ryan Colleen , Brien Donna Lee
Published: June 2020

This paper presents the findings from a study introducing nursing students to narrative production. The aim was to use Story Theory to inspire students to intentionally collaborate with older people and produce a mini-biography of those individuals. Narrative theory was utilised in four ways: designing an educational intervention; collecting and developing older peoples’ life stories; framing an understanding of the meaning of the stories collected; analysing the significance of the storytelling approach. The paper explains the study approach and findings and outlines the benefits as well as challenges that occurred during the process. Most particularly, the anthology produced has become a tangible reminder about a clinical practice that allowed students to meet frail aged residents and come to know them as vibrant human beings.
On the dynamic interaction between peritext and epitext
Authors: Tyrkkö Jukka , Räikkönen Jenni
Published: June 2020

Originally introduced in literary theory, Gerard Genette’s concept of paratext has been increasingly adopted in historical linguistics as a collective term for features other than the so-called ‘body text’. While this development and the renewed attention to these features is welcome, we argue that Genette’s original concept has been simplified and at least partly misrepresented in the linguistic context. Using a newly compiled corpus of Punch magazine as our primary data, we discuss how and why the two constituent terms of paratext, peritext and epitext, can be useful in the linguistic context. More specifically, we demonstrate that when considered from a diachronic perspective, the interactions between the concepts may afford new insights into textual interpretation.
Framing material in early literacy
Authors: Lenker Ursula
Published: June 2020

The remarkably extensive and diverse Anglo-Saxon text corpus clearly testifies to the literary precocity and self-awareness of both writers and book producers in Anglo-Saxon England, the first period of literacy in English. This becomes particularly evident in prologues and scribal colophons, the two kinds of framing material discussed in the present chapter. Clearly modelled on classical or early Christian genre conventions, the famous Alfredian and Ælfrician prologues frame the reading of the following vernacular texts by investing them with the authority implicit in Latin literacy. At the end of texts or manuscripts, scribal colophons exploit the value of manuscripts as material objects, by presenting the – in a manuscript culture typically individual – agents of literacy, namely the book and its producer(s). Similar in their formal characteristics to maker formulae in epigraphy, colophons further serve independent functions in keeping the names of the scribes in remembrance through the centuries. Both kinds of framing material thus attest to the authorial and medial (self-)awareness of the agents of Anglo-Saxon literacy, who understood the great potential of the written medium to carry authority and to secure longevity.
Recuperating Older Scots in the early 18th century
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: June 2020

In early 18th-century Scotland, a group of writers and printers appeared who were engaged, as a community of practice, on the recuperation of Scots verse composed some two hundred years earlier. In doing so they have a claim to be the ‘inventors’ of Scots, bringing about what literary critics have regularly referred to as the ‘vernacular revival’. In this chapter, the editorial work of two key figures – Allan Ramsay and Thomas Ruddiman – is examined. It is shown how features of ‘expressive form’ in their editions, such as spelling and punctuation, can be related closely to the paratextual materials supplied. It is also shown how Ramsay’s and Ruddiman’s editorial practices relate closely to their own ideological interests.
Revisiting global and intra-categorial frequency shifts in the English
modals
Authors: Daugs Robert
Published: June 2020

English modal verbs are claimed to be declining in their
use in English (Leech 2011, 2013; inter alia), an assertion that is
essentially based on aggregate frequencies of modals across register and time (Biber 2004). Since modals may be viewed as a
prime example of paradigmatic organization (e.g. Diewald 2009; Diewald
& Smirnova 2012), it seems only plausible to seek a generalization
regarding their overall development. This approach, however, comes with a drawback,
namely that it neglects the modal system’s underlying heterogeneity. By utilizing
both historical and contemporary language data from COHA (Davies 2010) and COCA (Davies 2008), I will argue that the obvious variability in the
English modal system represents an important caveat against making generalizations
across an entire category in terms of frequency shifts.
How and why seem became an evidential
Authors: Lampert Gunther
Published: June 2020

Conceived as an instance of critical meta-linguistics,
this study traces how and why the expert literature has come to categorize seem as a
marker of evidentiality. This by now common claim is seen to depend not on a more
adequate account of the data, but on (axiomatic) decisions guided by underlying
ideologies, the formation of theory communities, and the belief in semantic
essences. As foils for comparison, my contribution will offer panoramic surveys of
the earlier conceptualizations of seem in terms of impression-based qualifications
and hedging. To start off, the article will present my own view on seem, which
assigns the verb an invariable meaning associating two alternative
conceptualizations held at the same time, where one (say, the factive) is
attentionally foregrounded in one context while the other (the fictive) is
backgrounded.
The Finnish se että initiated expressions
Authors: Suomalainen Karita , Vatanen Anna , Laury Ritva
Published: June 2020

This paper concerns the grammatical category of Finnish expressions initiated with se että (lit. ‘it that’). In earlier studies based on written data, they have been considered clausal NPs functioning as subjects, objects and complements. In our spoken data, both present-day and older, se että initiated expressions have a wider range of functions. We show that some se että expressions have characteristics of NPs, but others are unlike NPs in certain ways, concluding that the category of NP is not binary, but rather a continuum with fuzzy boundaries. We also show that se että has been grammaticized into a projector phrase which does not initiate complement clauses but rather functions as a sedimented formula in the service of interactional practices.
Multimodal noun phrases
Authors: Keevallik Leelo
Published: June 2020

In co-present interaction, our bodies are continuously available for sense-making. Linguists, however, have generally analyzed grammatical patterns, such as noun phrases, separately from the rest of human behavior. This chapter looks at a collection of cases in Swedish, English, and Estonian, where the speaker initiates a noun phrase but completes it with an embodied demonstration. Other participants treat this multimodal structure as complete and comprehensible. Building on earlier research on syntactic-bodily units (Keevallik 2013, 2017) this study calls into question the analytic boundary between language and the body and argues that grammatical projection cross-cuts modalities even within the assumedly robust noun phrase.