bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whey Protein Concentrate as a Proteinase Inhibitor in Pacific Whiting Surimi
Authors: WEERASINGHE VASANA C. , MORRISSEY MICHAEL T. , CHUNG YUN‐CHIN , AN HAEJUNG
Published: August 2006

The most effective inhibition of autolytic proteinase activity was found at 3% whey protein concentrate (WPC) with residual proteinase activity at 14.2%. WPC reduced papain and trypsin activities linearly with lowest residual activities of 8.7% and 41.4%, respectively. An unidentified high‐molecular‐weight protein was inhibitory for papain and trypsin with no inhibitory components detected at the region <Mr 100,000. The highest shear strain of surimi was obtained with WPC at 4%. The values were 1.89 when rapidly cooked at 90°C for 15 min and 1.62 when pre‐heated at 60°C for 30 min prior to cooking at 90°C.
Physical Properties of 20% Milk Fat Reformulated Creams Manufactured from Cholesterol‐reduced Butteroil
Authors: ELLING J. L. , DUNCAN S. E.
Published: August 2006

A cholesterol‐reduced butteroil was emulsified with various milk‐derived components into three different cream formulations having 20% milk fat. Viscosity, creaming stability, and feathering stability of the cream formulations and a control homogenized at two pressures (10.2/3.4 MPa; 13.6/3.4 MPa) were measured over 2 wk. All creams demonstrated non‐Newtonian fluid behavior at 7 °C. Apparent viscosity varied with formulation (p ≦ 0.05). Creaming stability was affected by formulation, homogenization pressure, and storage time (p ≦ 0.05). Feathering was unaffected by any treatments. The formulation using buttermilk and butter‐derived aqueous phase best simulated viscosity and creaming stability of the control cream.
Attachment of Salmonella on Modified Poultry Skin Surface
Authors: KIM K.Y. , FRANK J.F. , CRAVEN S.E.
Published: August 2006

Poultry skin was treated with formalin, trisodium phosphate, lipase, and papain before attachment. No treatment affected ultimate attachment level. Attachment using different cell suspension concentrations showed that there was a limitation in attachment level for each cell suspension concentration. Total numbers of Salmonella cells on poultry skin including cells in the surface water film were compared with numbers of irreversibly attached cells that remained after washing. At 107 CFU/mL inoculation, irreversibly attached cells accounted for 93% of the total surface cell population after 60 min exposure and at 108 level, it was 38%.
Causes of Decay of Fresh‐cut Celery
Authors: ROBBS P. G. , BARTZ J.A. , McFIE G. , HODGE N. C.
Published: August 2006

A decay of fresh‐cut celery (Apium graveolens) segments stored at < 5°C in sealed film bags began with a water soaking of the cut surfaces. Slimy moisture accumulated inside the bags. The segments water soaked completely, softened, discolored and sometimes disintegrated. Total aerobic bacterial populations isolated from decayed segments ranged from log10 7.0–7.7 CFU/g tissue weight. The predominant bacteria, identified by fatty acid analysis as Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. marginalis, caused water soaking, soft rot, and discoloration in freshly inoculated celery tissues stored at 5 or 25°C. Leuconostoc mesenteroides was also isolated and may have been responsible for slime production.
Peanut and Walnut Rancidity: Effects of Oxygen Concentration and Relative Humidity
Authors: MATÉ JUAN I. , SALTVEIT MIKAL E. , KROCHTA JOHN M.
Published: August 2006

Accelerated tests for oxidative rancidity of blanched peanuts, blanched dry‐roasted peanuts, blanched oil‐roasted peanuts and shelled Persian walnuts were performed at high and low oxygen content at controlled intermediate and low relative humidities. The results confirmed and quantified the importance of oxygen content, relative humidity and roasting process in the oxidative rancidity of peanuts and walnuts. There is a potential to extend shelf‐life of roasted peanuts and walnuts by edible coatings with low oxygen permeability or nitrogen‐flushing with oxygen barrier packaging. Static headspace chromatography was useful to monitor oxidative rancidity in walnuts and roasted peanuts.
PCR‐RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA for Identification of Snail Meat Species
Authors: BORGO R. , SOUTY‐GROSSET C. , BOUCHON D. , GOMOT L.
Published: August 2006

Several species of land snails, including Helix pomatia and Helix lucorum are consumed as food products. The main source of commercial competition is an imported African snail, Achatina fulica. The only way to distinguish between these species has been morphologically. We hypothesized a reliable method for identifying canned snails could be based on using PCR‐RFLP analysis of mito‐chondrial DNA. The molecular weights of the amplified fragments were perfectly identical, regardless of low extraction (fresh snails or cooked and canned samples). The whole amplified products (16S rRNA and 12S rRNA) made it possible to check any fraudulent label and identify the three species using four restriction enzymes (RFLP).
Feeding Dietary Oils with Tocopherols: Effects on Internal Qualities of Eggs During Storage
Authors: CHERIAN G. , WOLFE F.H. , SIM J.S.
Published: August 2006

The effects of feeding menhaden, flax, palm, or sunflower oils with to‐copherols to laying hens on the internal quality of eggs during 40‐days storage were examined. Dietary tocopherols increased (P < 0.05) the tocopherol content of eggs. Addition of tocopherols increased (P < 0.05) the Haugh unit at 40‐days storage in menhaden, flax, and palm oil eggs. Dietary tocopherols increased (P < 0.05) the content of 20:5 n‐3 and 22:6 n‐3 in menhaden oil eggs. At 40‐days storage, the TBA values in menhaden oil eggs were reduced (P < 0.05) by dietary tocopherols. Storage decreased (P < 0.05) 8‐tocopherol in the flax and sunflower oil eggs. Yolk pH increased during storage (P < 0.05).
Modification of Fatty Acids in Milk by Feeding Calcium‐Protected High Oleic Sunflower Oil
Authors: LIN M‐P. , STAPLES C.R. , SIMS C.A. , O'KEEFE S.F.
Published: August 2006

Calcium soaps of high oleic sunflower oil (HOS‐Ca) were prepared, using alkaline hydrolysis and calcium precipitation, and freeze‐dried. Cows’ diets were prepared to provide 0, 0.85 kg or 1.7 kg HOS‐Ca/day. Fatty acids and cholesterol were determined by gas chromatography. Sensory evaluations of milk from cows fed 0 and 1.7 kg HOS‐Ca/day were conducted using triangle tests. The 18:lco9 concentration in milk from cows fed the 1.7 kg HOS‐Ca diet increased from 22.9 to 35.2% compared to the control (p<0.05). Concentration of total medium‐chain saturates (C12‐C16) decreased from 40.7 to 31.4% (p<0.05). Feeding HOS‐Ca resulted in increases of monoene fatty acids and lower medium‐chain saturated fatty acids but no change in milk flavor.
Emulsifying Properties of Lipid‐Reduced, and Calcium‐Reduced Whey Protein Concentrates
Authors: KARLESKIND D. , LAYE I. , MORR C.V. , SCHENZ T.W.
Published: August 2006

Emulsifying properties of six experimental and three commercial control, lipid‐reduced, and calcium‐reduced whey protein concentrates (WPC) were evaluated on the basis of mean droplet size and creaming intensity in model emulsions. Mean droplet sizes ranged from 225 to 395 nm. Model emulsions made with a commercial control (WPC F), experimental lipid‐reduced (WPC MF. 1, MF. 45), commercial lipid‐reduced (WPC E), and experimental calcium and lipid‐reduced (WPC B) samples had low stabilities. Emulsion stabilities of the WPC most strongly correlated with protein solubility and fatty acid compositions, but did not correlate with mean droplet size.
Anionic Trypsins from Crayfish Hepatopancreas: Effects on Protein Degradation of Tail Meat
Authors: KIM H.R. , MEYERS SAMUEL P. , GODBER J. SAMUEL
Published: August 2006

Four anionic trypsins, tentatively labeled trypsin A, B, C, and D, isolated from crayfish hepatopancreas, had high casein activity between pH 5.5 and 10.0. Temperature optima for hydrolysis of casein were 45°C for A and B, and 50°C for C and D. Trypsin D had the highest substrate turnover number (Vmax) for casein reaction compared with the other trypsins at pH 6.8. Trypsins A and D had higher activities against myofibrilla and sarcoplasmic proteins from crayfish tail meat than did B and C. Results suggested that trypsins A and D are important in development of mushiness in crayfish tail meat compared with other trypsins present.
Microbial Transglutaminase Estimation in Enzyme‐treated Surimi‐Based Products by Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: OHTSUKA T. , SEGURO K. , MOTOKI M.
Published: August 2006

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific determination of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) has been developed using its polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In the assay we calibrated sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)‐denatured MTGase for standard, and the detection limit of the SDS‐denatured MTGase was 0.1 μg/mL. When products were extracted with SDS and 2‐mercaptoethanol, which assured optimum protein recovery, the assay covered the expected levels for determination of MTGase in surimi‐based products. In model kamaboko products, recoveries were 50–71%. When the procedures were applied to commercial products, 0.01–0.18% (w/w) of MTGase were found in the products.
Tomato Product Quality from Transgenic Fruits with Reduced Pectin Methylesterase
Authors: THAKUR B.R. , SINGH R.K. , TIEMAN D.M. , HANDA A.K.
Published: August 2006

Juice from transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Rutgers) fruits with reduced levels of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity due to the expression of a PME antisense gene exhibited improvement in quality. The percentage increase in juice from transgenic fruits over that of juice from wild type Rutgers ranged between 5.1–5.3 for total solids, 3.8–6.1 for soluble solids, 70–80 for efflux viscosity, 180–220 for serum viscosity and about 50 for precipitate weight ratio. Time of harvest had no effect on quality of juice. Ketchup prepared from transgenic fruit juice had a lower Bostwick value, reduced serum separation and high serum viscosity compared to ketchup from parental Rutgers.
Analysis of Aldehyde‐bisulfites in Beer by HPLC‐Fluorescence Detection with Post‐column Derivatization
Authors: KANEDA HIROTAKA , TAKASHIO MASACHIKA , OSAWA TOSHIHIKO , KAWAKISHI SHUNRO , KOSHINO SHOUHEI , TAMAKI TERUO
Published: August 2006

An analytical method was based on the aldehyde‐bisulfite (separated by HPLC) reaction with o‐phthalaldehyde in the presence of ammonium acetate, producing a fluorescent compound. Detection limits of alkanalbisulfite (from formaldehyde‐ to octylaldehyde‐bisulfite) and 2‐alkenalbisulfite (from trans‐2‐hexenal‐ to trans‐2‐nonenal‐bisulfite) ranged from 5 nM to 25 nM. The method was less sensitive for free sulfite (detection limit 100 μM) than for aldehyde‐bisulfite. Increasing acetaldehyde‐bisulfite with addition of 25 mM acetaldehyde to a beer sample showed free sulfite in the beer. Free sulfite and acetaldehyde‐bisulfite were detected in commercial beers but other aldehyde‐bisulfites were not.
Separation of Anthocyanin Pigments in Wine by Low Pressure Column Chromatography
Authors: JOHNSTON TONY V. , MORRIS JUSTIN R.
Published: August 2006

The fractionation of wine anthocyanins was accomplished by direct injection onto a low pressure chromatographic column. A gradient method was modified to include water as an eluent. The procedure was used to analyze five different wine styles made with Vitis vinifera and Vitis rotundifolia grapes. The gradient profile consistently resolved the pigments in both Vitis vinifera and Vitis rotundifolia wines into four distinct fractions. Resultant chromatographic profiles showed that mono‐ and diglucoside anthocyanins in wines aged differently. The addition of acetaldehyde also affected anthocyanins in different ways, leading to different chromatographic profiles from non‐treated samples.
Linear Heating Rate Affects Gelation of Alaska Pollock and Pacific Whiting Surimi
Authors: YONGSAWATDIGUL JIRAWAT , PARK JAE W.
Published: August 2006

Shear stress of Alaska pollock surimi gels with and without beef plasma protein (BPP) increased as heating rate decreased, but shear strain was unaffected. An increase in shear stress was accompanied by an increase of cross‐linked myosin heavy chain. Slow heating rates increased proteolysis in Pacific whiting surimi as shown by degradation of myosin heavy chain and low shear stress and shear strain. Proteolysis of whiting surimi was lessened by BPP to a greater extent at rapid heating rates (20 and 30°C/min) than at slow heating rates (1 and 5°C/min).
Moving Boundary Model For Simulating Moisture Movement In Grapes
Authors: SIMAL S. , MULET A. , CATALÁ P.J. , CAÑELLAS J. , ROSSELLÓ C.
Published: August 2006

A diffusional model for simulating grape dehydration with simultaneous shrinkage was developed using a finite difference method to solve differential equations for moisture transfer within a sphere. Volume decrease was assumed to be equivalent to the volume of moisture removed. An effective diffusivity coefficient was developed from drying data at air temperatures between 30 and 90°C and constant air velocity. Effective diffusivity varied with drying air temperature following the Arrhenius equation. Experimental data at two different diffusional periods in drying were adequately represented by this moving boundary diffusivity model. Drying kinetics at temperatures different from those used to develop the model and different grape sizes could be predicted.
Kinetics of Thermal Softening of Six Legumes During Cooking
Authors: ANZALDUA‐MORALES A. , QUINTERO A. , BALANDRAN R.
Published: August 2006

Puncture force was measured after cooking for lentils, chick peas, broad beans and three cultivars of beans, at 15 cooking times (up to 300 min) and 4 cooking temperatures. The legumes were soaked and then cooked in distilled water (1:10 weight/volume ratio). A 2 mm diameter punch was driven through the samples at 5 mm.s−1 in a Texture Analyser TA.XT2®. A rapid initial softening was followed by a slower softening, both corresponding to a pseudo first‐order mechanism. The effect of temperature followed an Arrhenius’ pattern. Apparent rate constants and activation energies were determined.
Cake Baking in Conventional, Impingement and Hybrid Ovens
Authors: LI A. , WALKER C. E.
Published: August 2006

White layer cakes were baked in three types of air impingement ovens, a hybrid (microwave/air impingement) oven, and a reel oven. Cakes were evaluated based on volume, crust color, and texture. Oven heat transfer rates were measured directly, and ranged from 22.8 to 84.8 J/s m2C° for top and from 17.4 to 110.9 for bottom surfaces, exposed in the different ovens, with the conventional reel oven having the lowest values. An RSM design was used to establish optimum baking conditions for each oven. For air impingement ovens, baking time was reduced by almost half but produced cakes very similar to those from the control (reel) oven. Incorporating microwaves enabled a further reduction in baking time, to one fourth. Cakes baked with microwaves had similar color, but had 15% less volumes and firmer textures than control cakes.
Purification and Characterization of β‐amylase from Bacillus polymyxa No. 26‐1
Authors: SOHN CHEON‐BAE , LEE SANG‐MI , KIM MYUNG‐HEE , KO JEONG HEON , KIM KYOUNG‐SOOK , CHANG JI‐EUN , AHN YONG‐KEUN , KIM CHEORL‐HO
Published: August 2006

An extracellular β‐amylase, which was easily adsorbable onto raw corn starch, was purified 22.5‐fold from a new isolate of Bacillus polymyxa No 26–1 with a Mr of 53 kDa and pI of 9.1. The optimum temperature was 45°C and pH 5.5 for raw corn starch. Thermal stability at 40°C and pH stability at 5.0–8.5 were shown. The degradation ofraw starch by β‐amylase was greatly stimulated by pullulanase addition. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that starch granule degradation by the enzyme alone occured at the equatorial grooves of lecticular granules. Corn starch granules hydrolyzed by β‐amylase had large holes on granule surfaces.
Sensory Characterization of Sweet Corn Lines Differing in Physical and Chemical Composition.
Authors: AZANZA FERMIN , KLEIN BARBARA P. , JUVIK JOHN A.
Published: August 2006

Chemical, physical and sensory characteristics were determined in a population of 103 F3families derived from the cross between two sweet corn inbreds that differed in kernel properties associated with eating quality. Kernel characteristics correlated well with panel perception of sensory attributes. Chemical, physical and sensory properties were grouped into three factors: taste—including sweetness, starchiness, juiciness, and sucrose and starch concentrations; texture—crispness, tenderness, juiciness and cooked kernel tenderness; and aroma—sweet corn aroma, grassy aroma, grassy flavor and concentrations of an unknown volatile (V179). The relative importance in determining overall liking was taste 45.1, texture 30.5, and aroma 24.4%.
Aroma Characteristics of Corn Germ Protein Flours
Authors: HUANG C.J. , ZAYAS J.F.
Published: August 2006

Eight sensory attributes were established to differentiate aroma characteristics among four kinds of corn germ protein flours (CGPF) processed by treatments to improve flavor quality. The projections of sample and conceptual spaces on a two‐dimensional scale reflected aroma differences among samples evaluated by panelists. Volatiles of samples were separated by gas chromatography, and peaks that elicited olfactory responses were recorded as instrumental data. The projections of sample and volatile compound spaces reflected changes of volatiles by treatments. Relationships between sensory and instrumental data were elucidated by superimposing the two spatial maps. In general, treated CGPF samples had less grainy, brown, corn‐like and sweet notes than untreated CGPF samples. However, there were more green, musty and chemical notes in the treated CGPF samples.
Cataract in the UK Leonberger population
Authors: Heinrich Christine L. , Lakhani Ken H. , Featherstone Heidi J. , Barnett Keith C.
Published: August 2006

Objective  To survey the Leonberger, a numerically small breed in the UK, for the presence of cataract and find statistical support for the possible presence of inherited forms of cataract.

Methods  Ocular examinations were carried out by the first author between September 1996 and September 1998 on 211 Leonbergers; results of the ocular examination of further 228 Leonbergers examined between January 1990 and September 1998 by members of the British Veterinary Association/KC/ISDS eye scheme (BVA/KC/ISDS eye scheme) panel were analyzed. Data from all dogs examined were pooled in a composite database of 365 Leonbergers and the relationships between offspring and parents for the identified forms of cataract were examined with appropriate statistical methods.

Results  Cataracts were diagnosed in 90 Leonbergers, the majority being nuclear (40) or posterior polar subcapsular (31). A subgroup of nuclear cataracts, diagnosed in 11 dogs, is described and named as ‘posterior nuclear cataract.’ For posterior polar cataract, a positive association between offspring and parents was made in the logistic regression model, supporting the suggestion of inheritance.

Conclusions  The presence of several types of cataract in the UK Leonberger population is described. Statistical support for the inheritance of posterior polar subcapsular cataract is given.
Canine cataracts, diabetes mellitus and spontaneous lens capsule rupture: a retrospective study of 18 dogs
Authors: Wilkie D. A. , Gemensky‐Metzler A. J. , Colitz C. M. H. , Bras I. D. , Kuonen V. J. , Norris K. N. , Basham C. R.
Published: August 2006

Objective To describe the clinical presentation and surgical outcome of diabetic canine patients with cataracts and preoperative spontaneous lens capsule rupture.

Animals studied A total of 20 dogs and 40 eyes were included in the retrospective evaluation. The patients’ ages ranged from 5 to 14 years (mean 8.5 years).

Results All dogs had clinical diabetes mellitus, with the duration since diagnosis ranging from 30 to 240 days (mean 123 days). Cataracts were bilateral and noted to have been present for 14–112 days (mean 39 days). Of the 40 eyes affected with cataracts, 30 had a spontaneous rupture of the lens capsule prior to surgery. The capsular rupture was diagnosed on clinical examination in 28/30 eyes and was noted intraoperatively in 2/30. The location of the capsular rupture was equatorial in 29/30 and posterior in 1/30 eyes. Surgery was performed in 38/40 eyes, with one case lost to follow‐up without surgical intervention. Prior to surgery, routine diagnostic ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound, electroretinography, and systemic evaluation were performed in all dogs. Surgical procedures included phacoemulsification in 28/40 eyes, with IOL placement performed in 20/28 eyes. Intrascleral prosthesis placement or enucleation was performed in 8/40 and 2/40 eyes, respectively, due to a significantly reduced ERG or secondary glaucoma.

Conclusions The duration of clinical follow‐up (19/20 dogs) ranged from 1 to 36 months (mean 12.9 months). All eyes that had cataract surgery with or without IOL placement were sighted at the time of the last follow‐up examination. Spontaneous lens capsule rupture associated with diabetes mellitus, cataract and rapid lens intumescence occurs in the dog. Early surgical intervention, prior to secondary complications of glaucoma and loss of retinal function, is associated with a favorable outcome.
Identification of mutations in HSF4 in dogs of three different breeds with hereditary cataracts
Authors: Mellersh Cathryn S. , Pettitt Louise , Forman Oliver P. , Vaudin Mark , Barnett Keith C.
Published: August 2006

Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness in both dogs and humans. Mutations in several genes have been associated with inherited forms of human cataract, but no mutations have been identified as the cause of any form of canine inherited cataract. We have used a candidate gene approach to investigate 20 genes, known to be associated with cataract in humans, for their potential association with the development of hereditary cataract (HC) in dogs. We have identified mutations in the HSF4 gene in Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Boston Terriers and Australian Shepherds affected by HC. Interestingly, different mutations in this single gene may be causing a recessive form of cataract in Staffordshire Bull Terriers and Boston Terriers and a dominant cataract in Australian Shepherds. Identification of the mutations that cause HC in these three breeds provides a method of controlling the disease within populations at risk using a simple diagnostic test, and also establishes cataract in these breeds as models for their human counterparts.
The Scope and the Limits of Environmental Law in India
Authors: Lau Martin
Published: August 2006

Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Enstehung des indischen Umweltschutzrechts von der britischen Kolonialzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Grundstruktur des indischen Rechtssystem immer noch vom britischem Kolonialrecht geprägt ist, welches traditionelle Verteilungssysteme und Nutzrechte zu natürchlichen Rohstoffen wie zum Beispiel Wald und zu Land verdrängt hatte und die Kontrolle über diese Rohstoffe in die Hände des Staates gelegt hatte. Erst nach der Stockholmer UN Konferenz in 1972 hat Indien begonnen Gesetze zum Umweltschutz zu erlassen. Gesetze zur Luft‐ und Wasserverschmutzung wurden 1986 durch ein weitreichendes allegemeines Umweltschtutzgesetz ergänzt. Letzteres hat dem Gesetzgeber die Möglichkeit gegeben vor allem im Bereich der industriellen Verschmutzung eine Reihe von Gesetzesmassnahmen zu treffen. Umweltproblemen verursacht durch Armut und unzureichenden Rechte zu Land und anderen Rohstoffen wereden in diesen Umweltschutzgesetzen jedoch nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt und es wird argumentiert, dass diese Schwäche des indischen Umweltschutzrecht überkommen werden muss. Die pakistanische‘National Conservation Policy’wird als ein Beispiel für eine alternative‘gesetzesfreie’Umweltschutzstrategie vorgestellt.
The Globalization of Environmental Management: Helping Industry Worldwide Advance Toward Sustainable Development
Authors: Pratt Lawrence , Wells Richard P. , Knight C. Foster
Published: August 2006

The field of industrial environmental management has evolved rapidly in recent years. Environmental management has shifted its traditional focus from the development of technology to treat and dispose of industrial wastes and effluents to the redesign of industrial processes in order to minimize the initial production of waste. Countries currently in the process of industrializing have a unique opportunity to develop their emerging industries in concert with the modern trend of environmental management. This article examines an environmental management programme created by the Environmental Law Institute in Washington which emphasizes designing environmental management systems which can help companies eliminate waste at source rather than rely on capital‐intensive technology to treat waste at the end of the manufacturing process. The programme has been specifically tailored to industry in Mexico. Consequently, the article examines not only those factors influencing environmental management in industrializing countries generally, but also considers the unique factors which could influence the way in which environmental management systems are created and implemented in Mexico.
Stakeholder Audits: An Alternative Approach to Environmental Auditing
Authors: Lewis Sanford
Published: August 2006

NGOs in the United States (US) are pioneering an innovative approach to the question of environmental auditing in industry. Instead of relying upon industries to evaluate themselves, citizens groups and trade unions are requesting detailed disclosures from companies as well as the right to conduct their own on‐site audits of industrial environmental and safety performance. This article will review this alternative approach to environmental auditing and makes several recommendations for implementing effective policies for stakeholder participation in health, safety and environment matters.
Public‐Private Partnerships in Sustainable Development
Authors: Faulkner J. Hugh
Published: August 2006

Environmental problems are particularly acute in urban areas, and with an increasing global population, new and innovative solutions are required. The responsibility for protecting the environment and accelerating sustainable development rests with both industry (through eco‐efficiency and clean production) and government (through a focus on pollution prevention). Public‐private partnerships offer a significant means of bringing clean and sustainable services in the areas of waste, water, energy and pollution prevention to urban populations in developing countries.
What Progress Has Been Made on Agenda 21, Chapter 11?: A Critical Examination of Developments Since UNCED
Authors: Zentilli Bernardo
Published: August 2006

Sumario

Se analizan, a partir de la Conferencía de las Naciones Unidas para el medio ambiente y el desarollo (Río de Janeiro, junio de 1992), varias de las principales iniciativas de orden mundial, en el campo forestal, que han sido promovidas por gobiernos, organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, incluyendo los pasos dados en el seno de las Naciones Unidas. Se dan algunas recomendaciones orientadas al manejo sostenible y a una percepción mas completa de las funciones del bosque.
Joint Implementation and the Second Sulphur Protocol
Authors: Mason Robin
Published: August 2006

This article analyzes the role that joint implementation (JI) might play in reducing the costliness of meeting the environmental objectives of the Second Sulphur Protocol (SSP). The experience of JI within two other major environmental agreements (the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), and the Allowance Trading Program (ATP) in the United States (US)) is reviewed to see what lessons might be learned for the SSP. The article argues that the structure of the sulphur protocol limits considerably the potential for cost savings through JI in the short term. In the long term, however, JI will play a large role in the restructuring of the European electricity‐generating industry, as existing power plants are replaced with capital which is compatible with the standards of the SSP.
The Treaty of Rome: Does it Support Market Mechanisms in Environmental Policy?
Authors: Park Patricia D.
Published: August 2006

Market mechanisms continue to gather momentum in the quest for viable ways to implement environmental policy. Some Member States of the European Union have had experience with old forms of economic incentives, however there is new recognition of the important role which charges and taxes can play as pro‐active tools of environmental control.

The question of what limits Community law places on the power of Member States to use economic instruments when they move beyond that of merely local regulation is of major interest to all who have an interest in this area. The principle of supremacy of Community law as developed by the European Court of Justice plays a key role in the field of excise taxes and is an important factor when Community Regulations are in place.

Conflicts between the Articles of the Treaty of Rome present further complications which cannot be underestimated. European policy makers need to address these issues to avoid difficult political decisions.
Pollution Prevention in the Watershed: Protect the Land to Protect the River
Authors: Howard Eric S.
Published: August 2006

Although the operative word in watershed is ‘water’, most of a watershed's surface area is land. Laws and policies designed to protect water quality must therefore also address land based activities. Protection of water quality and the level of in‐stream flows requires comprehensive measures with respect to land degradation and soil pollution, in order to ensure the conservation and protection of ecosystems within the entire watershed.
Environmental Zoning: a Solution for the Amazon Region?
Authors: Fernandes Edesio
Published: August 2006

Sumario

Este artigo situa o atual debate sobre o futuro da Regiao Amazonica Brasileira. Apos uma breve analise dos principais conflitos existentes, o artigo discute a recente proposta de adocao de um zoneamento ecologicoeconomico para a promocao de politicas de desenvolvimento sustentavel para a Regiao.
Environmental Aspects of Regional Integration in MERCOSUR
Authors: Virasoro Carmen Longa
Published: August 2006

MERCOSUR ‐ Mercado Comun del Sur or Southern Cone Common Market ‐ is a customs union formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It covers a population of 180 million and a geographical area of 17 million km2. In terms of economic influence, it ranks fourth after the European Union (EU), NAFTA and Japan. Its goals ‐ which must be attained with the preservation of the environment in mind ‐are: the free circulation of goods, services and other productive factors; the establishment of a common external tariff; the adoption of a common commercial policy towards other states; the co‐ordination of macro‐economic and sectoral policies; and, the harmonization of national legislation.

The environmental policy of MERCOSUR – outlined recently in‘Basic Guidelines of Environmental Policy’– deals with the following needs: inclusion of environmental costs in cost analysis; adoption of adequate practices and sustainable management of natural resources; control of potential adverse activities; adoption of minimization and treatment practices; cleaner technologies and recycling; monitoring of shared ecosystems; co‐ordination of international acts; and, institutional strengthening and environmental management of tourism. Further, the recent Interregional Agreement between MERCOSUR and the EU (preparatory to an Interregional Association) has set, on its yet early agenda, the need to commit to environmental protection for a broader and more promising future.
THE TROPICS: ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN IMPACTS UNDERSTOOD AND REINTERPRETED
Authors: Douglas Ian
Published: August 2006

In the 1950s, few people had travelled widely through different parts of the tropics and interpretations on tropical landforms, soils, vegetation and climate largely rested on impressions gained from residence or long sojourns in particular tropical countries. Most academic geography on the tropics was then written by expatriates and lacked the perspective gained from long experience of tropical regions. Particular problems of understanding arose as people attempted to extrapolate from one part of the tropics to another. Since then, understanding has advanced enormously, largely through the efforts of tropical scientists working in their own institutions and through the greater technological ability to study tropical lands both remotely and through easier field access. The establishment of a number of field stations, aimed primarily at the biological sciences, but also facilitating the work of geographers, has been a major stimulus to this effort. Concerns over practical issues, particularly local development and global climatic change have prompted new avenues of research, many of which have been assisted by the great increase in data collection in tropical countries. For the future, South‐South dialogue between tropical physical geographers is needed to improve their ability to ask meaningful questions so that they can contribute to teach the rest of their discipline more about serious applied and applicable geography.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF POST‐COLONIAL AFRICA: SPACE, PLACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA (1960–93)1
Authors: Watts Michael
Published: August 2006

This overview of human geographic studies of sub Saharan Africa begins with the contributions made by West European geographers to the colonial service, and the growing interest in post‐war ‘development’ and to the anti‐imperial movements in the late colonial period (1945–60). The paper provides an intellectual map of the contributions by European and African geographers to the broad array of development problems which emerged after 1960. North American geographers made significant contributions to the debate somewhat later, particularly in association with the growing involvement of U.S. development agencies in the 1970s. Particular emphasis is given to geographic studies in fields such as agrarian change, ecological degradation, industrialization, human mobility and patterns of urbanization and settlement.
CONTRIBUTIONS ON THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL AFRICA
Authors: Jeje L.K.
Published: August 2006

Of the various aspects of physical geography on tropical Africa, geomorphology appears to have received the greatest attention both in depth and spread of research efforts. Several themes have been developed, among which are individual landform studies with emphasis on the description and explanation of the origin of several landforms, the most important being inselbergs. Applied geomorphology with emphasis on accelerated soil erosion is also an important theme. Up to the 1960s research was generally descriptive and speculative, but with the advances in soil erosion studies in the USA and South Africa, researchers have embarked on programmes involving the measurement of runoff, soil loss, and the determination of several indices of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility. Coastal studies have also received considerable attention. While earlier studies were largely descriptive, recent studies involve the application of sedimentological principles. Wave parameters and beach profiles are being quantified to facilitate the quantitative study of coastal processes. Palaeogeomorphology was largely focused on the study of the morphology of old sand dunes in the current Sahel zone, on past lake levels and on the formation of stonelines. However, current efforts have moved on to the significance of palaeo deposits for purposes of mineral exploitation. Possibly the most significant new theme relates to hydrology and fluvial studies. Current research efforts in these areas include detailed morphometric analyses of small drainage basins, instrumentation and measurement of stream and sediment discharge, and detailed studies of basin topographic attributes. The paper concludes that future efforts should focus more on empirical studies so that physical geographers can make a fundamental impact on the development of the discipline in tropical Africa.
THE HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: AN ANALYSIS OF POST‐WAR DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Savage Victor R. , Kong Lily , Yeoh Brenda S.A.
Published: August 2006

This paper reviews the directional shifts in human geographical research on Southeast Asia from 1945 to the present. It first begins with an overview of the identity of the region as conceived in various cultural traditions, such as the Greek, Arabic and Indian traditions. This is followed by an evaluation of regional geographies of Southeast Asia in the post‐war period, highlighting the pre‐eminence of the geostrategic definition of the region and the failure to come to grips with its rich cultural‐historical identity. The paper then goes on to show that, arising from the changes in conceptual developments and methodologies in geography, the early regional emphasis then shifted to systematic concerns, with a movement away from ‘encyclopaedic’ to ‘adjectival’ geography (economic, urban, population, political, cultural and historical) and a greater emphasis on issues concerning national development. Since the 1980s, there have also been fewer regional works on Southeast Asia and though there are now many more indigenous geographers within the region, much of their research is based on their own national or provincial areas. However, this may shift again, given that rapid economic growth has now given the region prominence. Certainly, there is renewed multi‐disciplinary interest in Southeast Asia.
SMALL STATES, BIG ISSUES? HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Authors: Overton John
Published: August 2006

The Pacific Islands present a different context for the study of human geography in the Third World. Though marked by much diversity in terms of culture, environment and history, there are key features which distinguish the region. Compared to elsewhere and with the notable exception of Papua New Guinea, they are small in terms of population, land area and resource base, yet many have attained independent nationhood. Island states are frequently fragmented so that small islands with small populations may be spread over vast expanses of ocean, creating particular problems of communication and integration. Moreover, the region is isolated. Although major trade routes cut across the Pacific, in practice, local economies are not well linked and outlying islands face high transport costs and infrequent services. Such features, largely peculiar to the Pacific, together with more universal themes of economic, cultural, political and social transformation have occupied the attention of human geographers in the past 40 years. Most early work was done by researchers from Australia, New Zealand and France but in the past two decades, the growth of regional tertiary institutions has led to a major growth of more locally‐based work, much by Pacific Islanders themselves. Such a change has mirrored some major paradigmatic shifts, particularly from modernization theory through neo‐Marxism to present interests in development from below and sustainability. Thus, despite the relative smallness of Pacific Island states, they have attracted much attention, both contributing to wider debates and adding new issues and perspectives on the processes of transformation of the geography of the Third World.
INSTITUTIONAL OBSTACLES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BALI, INDONESIA
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2006

Developing and implementing sustainable development strategies involve overcoming many obstacles. The experience in Bali, Indonesia, illustrates some key institutional challenges which most countries must handle to achieve sustainable development, such as realising cross‐sectoral integration, combining top‐down and bottom‐up planning, and creating credibility for a new policy initiative. Indonesia in general and Bali in particular has, in theory, considerable capability to implement sustainable development. However, as in most countries, effective practice does not always follow from theoretical potential. Strengths and weaknesses related to institutional challenges are identified and assessed, and their general implications are considered. Some key implications are the need to develop sustainable development strategies which reflect the conditions and needs specific to the targetted region, and to address different national and regional perspectives.
MONITORING GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY IN COMMERCIALLY LOGGED TROPICAL FOREST, SABAH, EAST MALAYSIA, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT
Authors: Greer Tony , Douglas Ian , Bidin Kawi , Shun Waidi , Suhaimi Jadda
Published: August 2006

Resource development in the form of cyclical commercial logging activities results in a short period of often severe land disturbance followed by a prolonged phase of recovery. The monitoring of catchment sediment yield gives some indication of the gross erosion processes within the catchment as a result of the disturbance and may also effectively measure any ameliorative processes. Studies in Ulu Segama, Sabah, East Malaysia, recorded significant increases in stream suspended sediment loads as a result of logging. Stream loads were derived from a combination of daily sample measurements and storm event sampling using automated liquid samplers. Measured loads were then compared to computed loads from sediment discharge rating sets derived from the actual samples. Application of these ratings in the disturbed catchment initially underestimated sediment loads; however, a progressive overestimation of loads occurred as the catchment vegetation recovered. When using sediment rating curves as a tool to measure catchment erosion rates in disturbed environments, considerable caution has to be used. Vegetation recovery is reflected in the rapid recovery of stream water quality, making it necessary to continually review the rating.
THE THEME OF “RELEVANCE” IN THIRD WORLD HUMAN SCIENCES
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid
Published: August 2006

The fact that the humanities and social sciences in developing societies generally originated in the West has raised the issue of the relevance of these arts and sciences to the needs and problems of Third World societies. This questioning of relevance has led, in turn, to the call for the indigenisation of knowledge in developing societies. While there has been a great deal of discussion on indigenisation, there has been little practice of indigenised humanities and social science. As a result, there are few examples of what indigenous knowledge constitutes from theoretical, methodological and empirical points of view. This paper is directed towards arriving at some conception of what indigenised knowledge is, the various forms that it takes, and its rationale.
RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL THEORY AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: CASE STUDY OF A TECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME IN TRANSKEI, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Yirenkyi‐Boateng S.
Published: August 2006

In 1983, the former government of Transkei, South Africa established the Transkei Appropriate Technology Unit (TATU) to develop a rural technology transformation programme. The programme sought to build on existing indigenous technologies to achieve improvements in various income generating and non‐income generating projects. This paper attempts to study the TATU programme in terms of how the social improvement processes are structured and how they can be restructured for the better. Towards this end, this paper draws from structuration theory and critical theory to illuminate the theoretical and methodological problems in the development process associated with the TATU programme. It is highlighted in the paper that structuration theory provides a useful framework for understanding the existing state of affairs in the adoption of technologies whilst critical theory complements structuration theory in revealing problems and constraints as well as providing useful insights for positive change.
THE NOTION OF PLACE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HISTORY, NOSTALGIA AND HERITAGE IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Yeoh Brenda , Kong Lily
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we investigate the links between place and time, and the intersections between the geographical imagination and the historical mind. These issues are explored in the context of Singapore by looking at the links between place and three concepts usually associated with the temporal sense — history, nostalgia and heritage. We argue that the two imaginations can be simultaneously engaged by means of a focus on the concept of place. The making of a place is closely intertwined with individual biographies and collective histories; at the same time, place does not record history in an unproblematic way. We next argue that a sense of nostalgia is a yearning to return to a lost period and place and why memory is often best served by anchoring it in the materiality of place. This is precisely the case in the inscription of heritage into the concrete elements of specific sites as a state strategy to codify and naturalise its own version of heritage as part of the the everyday, visible world. In concluding, we reflect on the salience of place. While it lends itself to ideological uses by the powerful, a sense of place is also equally significant in the experiences and aspirations of a people.
THE SPACES OF COPING: WOMEN AND “POVERTY” IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Davidson Gillian M.
Published: August 2006

This paper investigates the relationship between space, gender and poverty in the dynamic Pacific Asian economy of Singapore. It argues for the use of coping strategies as an analytical tool for investigating these relationships, highlighting how women construct strategies from confined spaces. Drawing on spatial stories and real life accounts, it examines the ways in which women use the labour market, the family and community services as strategies against poverty. The paper concludes that women struggle to negotiate the constraints of inadequate childcare provision and traditional attitudes, choosing instead to remain in the home or enter “liminal” spaces in the form of Family Service Centres.
WOMEN AND THE PUBLIC DRINKING PLACE: A CASE STUDY OF ADO‐EKITI, NIGERIA
Authors: Hathaway James T.
Published: August 2006

This paper uses the bars of Ado‐Ekiti as a site to explore the use of urban space by women and men. Ado‐Ekiti is a Yoruba city of 150,000 people in southwestern Nigeria. Feminist and political economy perspectives are used in developing the three‐part theme of the way that gender intersects with the relations between bars and production, bars and reproduction, and bars and consumption. A look at the history of alcohol in Nigeria and of Yoruba women as traders and their cultural role provides context. Survey results and personal observations connect empirical findings to the tripartite theme. Women own and run three fourths of Ado‐Ekiti's two hundred plus bars, but men control the upscale bars. Many of Ado's female bar owners are on the receiving end of an exploitative relationship with the global economy via the brewing industry, in a patriarchal society that assigns them a heavy reproductive burden.