bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent fractionation of rice bran oil to produce a spreadable rice bran product
Authors: Bakota Erica L. , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Hwang Hong‐Sik , Bowman Michael J. , Palmquist Debra E. , Liu Sean X.
Published: July 2013

Rice bran oil is becoming increasingly popular as a functional ingredient, due to its high stability and health benefits. We detail here a new solvent fractionation procedure for the production of a spreadable product derived from rice bran oil. Four different experimental conditions for fractionation yielded four statistically distinct populations. The spreads show distinctive trends in their physical properties, thermal behavior, and rheology, based on incubation time. The rice bran oil based spreads produced in this work consist primarily of rice bran oil but also contain rice bran wax, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ‐oryzanol, as well as other sterols. Relative to rice bran oil, they are enriched in rice bran wax, saturated fatty acids, and sterols, all of which contribute to a more rigid rheological profile than that of rice bran oil. This solvent fractionation process may be used to develop rice bran oil based spreads as functional ingredients or products that may replace nut butters.

Practical applications: A need exists for structured lipids and spreadable products that are shelf stable, resistant to oxidation, allergen‐free, and provide health benefits to consumers. The fractionation procedure described here may be used to acquire a spreadable rice bran product from crude rice bran oil. This product is novel in composition in that it contains a significant proportion of rice bran wax, as well as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and γ‐oryzanol. γ‐Oryzanol has been shown to reduce cholesterol and has also been shown to have antioxidant activity. This spreadable product is also free of allergens present in many nut‐based spreads and thus may be used as a functional ingredient in the development of a host of allergen‐free products.
Diversified Strategies for the Synthesis of Bifunctional Dendrimeric Structures
Authors: Riegert David , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Fuchs Sabine , Laurent Régis , Turrin Cédric‐Olivier , Duhayon Carine , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Caminade Anne‐Marie
Published: July 2013

The synthesis of three new families of dendrimeric compounds possessing two different types of functions is reported. These functions are triethoxysilyl group(s), potentially suitable for grafting onto materials, in particular silica, and primary amines (in their protected form), potentially suitable for trapping CO2. All these dendrimeric compounds are based on phosphorus dendrimers, and possess either one Si(OEt)3 group at the core of dendrons or of “off‐centre” dendrimers, or several Si(OEt)3 groups precisely placed on half of the terminal groups. These compounds are characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy, which affords precious information on the structure, confirmed, in one case, by the X‐ray diffraction structure of a first‐generation dendrimer.
Electrophilic Addition of Propargylic Cations to Allenes: Formation of Crowded Chloro‐ and Azido‐Enynes by Trapping of the Resulting Allylic Cations with TMSX (X = Cl, N3): A Synthetic and Computational Study
Authors: Laali Kenneth K. , Nandi Ganesh C. , Borosky Gabriela L. , Kumar G. G. K. S. Narayana
Published: July 2013

Propargylic cations, generated by the ionization of propargyl alcohols with catalytic amounts of Bi(OTf)3, react with aryl‐substituted allenes to generate incipient allylic cations that are quenched in the presence of TMSCl to form a number of sterically crowded chloro‐enynes as a mixture of Z and E isomers with a strong preference for the Z alkenes. Several other metallic triflates, M(OTf)3 (M = Sc, Yb, La), as well as bismuth nitrate Bi(NO3)3·5H2O also promote this reaction with similar conversions and stereoselectivity. Although trapping with TMSBr and TMSI gave intractable mixtures, trapping with TMSN3 in a couple of cases led to the isolation of the corresponding isomeric azido‐enynes, albeit in lower isolated yields and lower stereoselectivity. Competitive formation of the Meyer–Schuster rearrangement products was also observed. Sterically crowded chloro‐allenes did not form adducts with propargyl alcohols, instead they underwent a skeletal rearrangement under the influence of Bi(OTf)3 to form 2‐chloro‐butadienes. The results of DFT calculations indicated that the relative anti/syn energies of the propargyl cation and the energy difference between the Z/E isomeric products are too small to explain the stereochemical preference observed for the enynes. A study of the transition state in the crucial C–C bond‐forming step by DFT indicated that rotation of the benzylic portion away from the propargyl cation may be a key factor in favoring the anti isomer of the allylic cation.
A New Composite Material Ca3Co4O9+δ+La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 Developed for Intermediate‐Temperature SOFC Cathode
Authors: Guo P. , Huang X. , Zhu X. , Lüˇ Z. , Zhou Y. , Li L. , Li Z. , Wei B. , Zhang Y. , Su W.
Published: July 2013

In this study, Ca3Co4O9+δ (CCO) and La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 (LSC) have been mixed as mass fraction by 1:1, to prepare novel two‐phase composites with high electrical conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), for potential application in intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The conductivity of the composite, Ca3Co4O9+δ (50 wt.%) + La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 (50 wt.%) (CCO‐LSC50), is improved to be three times that of single phase CCO material. And, the TEC of CCO‐LSC50 has been effectively improved to be 15.3 × 10–6 °C–1, about 20% lower than single phase LSC cathode, which ensures better chemical compatibility with adjacent electrolyte. As a result, compared with pure LSC and CCO cathodes, CCO‐LSC50 composite cathode improves the electrochemical performance, a percentage of 16 and 84%, respectively, according to the impedance spectra experiments. In addition, cathodic overpotential and oxygen reduction kinetics have also been researched to reveal what is driving the results. The microstructures and phases of cathodes were also compared and analyzed.
Acute myeloid leukemia following exposure to benzene more closely resembles de novo than therapy related‐disease
Authors: Irons Richard D. , Chen Yan , Wang Xiaoqin , Ryder John , Kerzic Patrick J.
Published: July 2013

Benzene (Bz) is widely regarded as a prototype environmental leukemogen and individuals chronically exposed are at risk for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is widely assumed that initiation and pathogenesis of AML following Bz exposure (Bz‐AML) is similar or identical to therapy‐related AML (t‐AML), in which clonal cytogenetic abnormalities, including aneuploidy, are initiating events. However, this assumption is not supported by studies reporting actual disease outcomes together with cytogenetic analyses. Here, using clinically relevant cytogenetic, hematologic, and epidemiological methods, we directly show for 722 consecutive AML cases that the pattern of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities encountered in Bz‐exposed cases (n = 78) more closely resembles de novo‐AML than t‐AML. The prevalence of aneuploidy in Bz‐exposed‐ and de novo‐AML cases was identical (23%), and no significant increases in −5/5q− (RR = 0.79) (95% CI: 0.29–2.12) or −7/7q− (RR = 1.27) (95% CI: 0.55–2.92) abnormalities were observed between Bz‐ vs de novo‐AML, respectively. Previous studies have suggested a role for autoimmunity in Bz related MDS including immune mediated inflammatory features and positive responses to immunosuppressive therapy which are indistinguishable from those reported in MDS with low risk of progression to AML. These observations are more consistent with an epigenetic model for initiation of Bz‐AML in which altered homeostatic regulation in the bone marrow niche, not direct cytogenetic injury, predominates in the initial development of the leukemic stem cell phenotype, a mechanism biologically distinct from previous models of clonal cytogenetic injury. These findings are important for further understanding the biological basis of AML, particularly in environmental and occupational settings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Masking of interannual climate proxy signals by residual tropical cyclone rainwater: Evidence and challenges for low‐latitude speleothem paleoclimatology
Authors: Frappier Amy Benoit
Published: July 2013

The anomalously low oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O values) of tropical cyclone rainfall can transfer proxy information about past tropical cyclone activity to stalagmite oxygen isotope records. Isotopically distinct stormwater reaches the growing crystal surface as a coherent slug, or after attenuation by mixing with isotopically normal vadose groundwaters. A high‐resolution micromilled stalagmite stable isotope record from Belize shows that residual tropical cyclone water from Hurricane Mitch masked the oxygen isotope record of a major El Niño event. On decadal time scales, measured δ18O values are affected by changes in local tropical cyclone frequency. Despite the tropical cyclone masking effect, the structure of the “missing” El Niño event is preserved in the ATM‐7 carbon isotope ratios (δ13C values). In tropical cyclone‐prone regions, the fidelity of stalagmite oxygen isotope proxy data to recording background climate signals is modulated by temporal variations in local tropical cyclone rainfall, and the sensitivity of individual stalagmites to tropical cyclone masking varies with hydrology. Speleothem δ13C values, unaffected by tropical cyclones, can preserve the underlying structure of climatic variability. For low‐latitude speleothems with C–O isotope covariance, intervals in which the δ18O values are significantly lower than δ13C values predict may indicate periods when local tropical cyclone masking of isotope‐derived precipitation records is enhanced by greater infiltration of tropical cyclone rain. The temporal structure in stalagmite C–O isotope covariance has paleoenvironmental meaning that may be revealed by exploring factors associated with independent behavior in each isotope ratio, respectively. Tropical cyclone masking presents new challenges to paleoclimatology and a source of hypotheses for paleotempestology.
Removing the “heavy mineral effect” to obtain a new Pb isotopic value for the upper crust
Authors: Garçon Marion , Chauvel Catherine , France‐Lanord Christian , Limonta Mara , Garzanti Eduardo
Published: July 2013

Based on the concept that sedimentary processes average large areas of exposed crust, sediment data have been widely used to estimate the average Pb isotopic composition of the upper continental crust. However, the possible effects of mineral sorting processes on sediment Pb isotopes have never been fully investigated. Here, we report Pb isotopic compositions of Himalayan river sediments as well as those of several grain‐size fractions and mineral separates. We demonstrate that Pb isotopes of both bed loads and suspended loads are biased toward more radiogenic values than their source rocks due to a “heavy mineral effect” caused by mineral sorting during fluvial transport on continents. The sparse zircons, monazites and allanites present in all samples (<1 wt%), including suspended loads, generate a Pb isotopic variability as large as that observed in the Earth's mantle. After correction of this effect, we propose an average value for the composition of the upper Himalayan crust together with a new Pb isotopic value for the Earth's upper continental crust. We conclude that mineralogical effects must be evaluated carefully before using Pb isotopes of sediments as provenance and anthropogenic tracers.
Cyclin D1 is required for proliferation of olig2‐expressing progenitor cells in the injured cerebral cortex
Authors: Nobs Lionel , Nestel Sigrun , Kulik Akos , Nitsch Cordula , Atanasoski Suzana
Published: July 2013

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving proliferation of glial cells after an insult to the central nervous system (CNS). To test the hypothesis that the G1 regulator cyclin D1 is critical for injury‐induced cell division of glial cells, we applied an injury model that causes brain damage within a well‐defined region. For this, we injected the neurotoxin ibotenic acid into the prefrontal cortex of adult mice, which leads to a local nerve cell loss but does not affect the survival of glial cells. Here, we show that cyclin D1 immunoreativity increases drastically after neurotoxin injection. We find that the cyclin D1‐immunopositive (cyclin D1+) cell population within the lesioned area consists to a large extent of Olig2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Analysis of cyclin D1‐deficient mice demonstrates that the proliferation rate of Olig2+ cells diminishes upon loss of cyclin D1. Further, we show that cyclin‐dependent kinase (cdk) 4, but not cdk6 or cdk2, is essential for driving cell division of Olig2‐expressing cells in our injury model. These data suggest that distinct cell cycle proteins regulate proliferation of Olig2+ progenitor cells following a CNS insult.
Statins for Prevention of Hepatocellular Cancer: One Step Closer?
Authors: Singh Siddharth , Singh Preet Paul
Published: July 2013

Purpose: Statins may have protective effects against cancer, but no studies have focused on their effects in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between use of statins and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HCV-infected patients. Patients and Methods: Ours was a population-based cohort study of 260,864 HCV-infected patients enrolled in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database since January 1, 1999, and observed through December 31, 2010. Cox proportional hazards regression with time-dependent covariates for drug exposures was employed to evaluate the association between statin use and HCC risk. Results: There were 27,883 cases of HCC in the HCV cohort during a follow-up period of 2,792,016.6 person-years. Among the 35,023 patients using statins (defined as ≥28 cumulative defined daily doses [cDDDs]), 1,378 had HCC. Among the 225,841 patients not using statins (<28 cDDDs), 26,505 were diagnosed with HCC. A dose-response relationship between statin use and HCC risk was observed. The adjusted hazard ratios were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.74), 0.47 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.56), and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.42) for patients with 28 to 89, 90 to 180, and >180 cDDDs per year, respectively, relative to nonusers. The reduction in risk also demonstrated a progressive duration-response relationship in patients with ≥28 cDDDs per year when compared with nonusers. Conclusion: Among patients with HCV infection, statin use was associated with reduced risk of HCC. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism responsible for this effect.
STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK RELATED TO LOCAL, NATIONAL AND GLOBAL CONSTRAINTS OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT TRANSFER
Authors: Heydarian S.A.
Published: July 2013

Irrigation management transfer (IMT) has already been implemented in over 60 countries. The project has faced different challenges and achieved various results in each country. Use of global experience in implementing IMT projects is highly recommended. Considering that the success of IMT is affected by various parameters, the present study has been conducted with the aim of finding the key indicators and strategic issues on the local, national and global levels. For this purpose, the data from four studies already carried out by the author (and his colleagues) on the local (the Moghan and Qazvin irrigation networks in Iran) and national scale (Iran) as well as global research by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) were used. Currently Iran is at the rudimentary stages of IMT, and the two selected pilot studies deal with distinctive social and organizational features, operation time, irrigation method, physical status, conducted method and duration of IMT. The method of the study is descriptive correlation and the sample society consists of farmers on the pilot level and experts on the national level. The results reveal that the indicator of 'clarity on roles, responsibilities and authority of public sectors' has a low score. Although the effects of neglecting the said indicator are clearly manifest on the local level, and global experience has already established the fact, the significance of this indicator is not greatly recognized on the national level because of the limited IMT experience and simplicity‐minded strategies in Iran. Key factors such as 'pilots, study tours and information sharing significance', 'severe deterioration of infrastructure' and 'financial capacity of water users’ associations (WUAs)', on the other hand, are more important on the national level. This study enabled the author to develop an initial strategic framework for better utilization of the related experience in the field of IMT. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐lens based hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging and quantitative spectral analysis
Authors: Wang Ke , Zhang Delong , Charan Kriti , Slipchenko Mikhail N. , Wang Ping , Xu Chris , Cheng Ji‐Xin
Published: July 2013

We demonstrate a hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope through spectral‐transformed excitation. The 1064 nm Stokes pulse was from a synchronized time‐lens source, generated through time‐domain phase modulation of a continuous wave (CW) laser. The tunable pump pulse was from linear spectral filtering of a femtosecond laser output with an intra‐pulse spectral scanning pulse shaper. By electronically modulating the time‐lens source at 2.29 MHz, hyperspectral stimulated Raman loss (SRL) images were obtained on a laser‐scanning microscope. Using this microscope, DMSO in aqueous solution with a concentration down to 28 mM could be detected at 2 μs time constant. Hyperspectral SRL images of prostate cancer cells were obtained. Multivariate curve resolution analysis was further applied to decompose the SRL images into concentration maps of CH2 and CH3bonds. This method offers exciting potential in label‐free imaging of live cells using fingerprint Raman bands. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New implementation of high‐level correlated methods using a general block tensor library for high‐performance electronic structure calculations
Authors: Epifanovsky Evgeny , Wormit Michael , Kuś Tomasz , Landau Arie , Zuev Dmitry , Khistyaev Kirill , Manohar Prashant , Kaliman Ilya , Dreuw Andreas , Krylov Anna I.
Published: July 2013

This article presents an open‐source object‐oriented C++ library of classes and routines to perform tensor algebra. The primary purpose of the library is to enable post‐Hartree–Fock electronic structure methods; however, the code is general enough to be applicable in other areas of physical and computational sciences. The library supports tensors of arbitrary order (dimensionality), size, and symmetry. Implemented data structures and algorithms operate on large tensors by splitting them into smaller blocks, storing them both in core memory and in files on disk, and applying divide‐and‐conquer‐type parallel algorithms to perform tensor algebra. The library offers a set of general tensor symmetry algorithms and a full implementation of tensor symmetries typically found in electronic structure theory: permutational, spin, and molecular point group symmetry. The Q‐Chem electronic structure software uses this library to drive coupled‐cluster, equation‐of‐motion, and algebraic‐diagrammatic construction methods. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The profiling of bioactive ingredients of differently aged Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Authors: Wang Yajun , Peng Huasheng , Shen Ye , Zhao Rong , Huang Luqi
Published: July 2013

The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., named Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, also for food auxiliary agent. Rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, dihydrotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA are all responsible for the pharmacological activity of Danshen, they are important quality evaluation index for Danshen. The quality evaluation of Danshen is mainly concentrated in difference of cultivated regions and years, but the difference in root systems themselves and the cause of the difference were overlook. The growth rings were employed to identified the roots ages in root systems. Then the contents of eight bioactive component in different aged, diameter and tissue of individual roots of the same root system were evaluated using HPLC coupled with an ultraviolet photodiode array detector. The root system of S. miltiorrhiza was a complex root systems composed by different aged and diameter roots, in which the contents of bioactive compounds vary greatly from the other. The lipophilic diterpenoid quinones mainly distributed in the bark and increased with the cultivated years. The hydrophilic depsides distributed in all tissues, and the contents are relatively high in xylem in 1‐year‐old roots. It was very important to identify the individual root age of S. miltiorrhiza root system cultivated for several years. In the same root system of S. miltiorrhiza roots with 0.4‐cm diameter contain more bioactive compounds, which maybe cause by the uneven distribution of bioactive compounds. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:947–954, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to identify reconnecting current sheets in incompressible Hall MHD turbulence
Authors: Donato S. , Greco A. , Matthaeus W. H. , Servidio S. , Dmitruk P.
Published: July 2013

Using high Reynolds number simulations of two‐dimensional Hall magnetohydrodynamics (HMHD) turbulence, a statistical association between magnetic discontinuities and magnetic reconnection is demonstrated. We find that sets of discontinuities, identified using the normalized partial variance of vector increments (PVI method), strongly depend on threshold in PVI statistic that is used as an identifying condition and on the strength of the Hall term. The analysis confirms that the Hall term plays an important role in turbulence and it affects the methods employed for detection of reconnecting current sheets. In particular, we found the following: (1) Among all the discontinuities detected by the PVI method, the reconnecting ones are on average thinner. (2) A reduction in size of all discontinuities and of reconnecting current sheets is observed as the threshold θ grows. (3) The average width of the reconnecting current sheets decreases as the strength of the Hall term grows and the ion inertial scale di increases with respect to the dissipative scale.
Renewal models and coseismic stress transfer in the Corinth Gulf, Greece, fault system
Authors: Console Rodolfo , Falcone Giuseppe , Karakostas Vassilis , Murru Maura , Papadimitriou Eleftheria , Rhoades David
Published: July 2013

We model interevent times and Coulomb static stress transfer on the rupture segments along the Corinth Gulf extension zone, a region with a wealth of observations on strong‐earthquake recurrence behavior. From the available information on past seismic activity, we have identified eight segments without significant overlapping that are aligned along the southern boundary of the Corinth rift. We aim to test if strong earthquakes on these segments are characterized by some kind of time‐predictable behavior, rather than by complete randomness. The rationale for time‐predictable behavior is based on the characteristic earthquake hypothesis, the necessary ingredients of which are a known faulting geometry and slip rate. The tectonic loading rate is characterized by slip of 6 mm/yr on the westernmost fault segment, diminishing to 4 mm/yr on the easternmost segment, based on the most reliable geodetic data. In this study, we employ statistical and physical modeling to account for stress transfer among these fault segments. The statistical modeling is based on the definition of a probability density distribution of the interevent times for each segment. Both the Brownian Passage‐Time (BPT) and Weibull distributions are tested. The time‐dependent hazard rate thus obtained is then modified by the inclusion of a permanent physical effect due to the Coulomb static stress change caused by failure of neighboring faults since the latest characteristic earthquake on the fault of interest. The validity of the renewal model is assessed retrospectively, using the data of the last 300 years, by comparison with a plain time‐independent Poisson model, by means of statistical tools including the Relative Operating Characteristic diagram, the R‐score, the probability gain and the log‐likelihood ratio. We treat the uncertainties in the parameters of each examined fault source, such as linear dimensions, depth of the fault center, focal mechanism, recurrence time, coseismic slip, and aperiodicity of the statistical distribution, by a Monte Carlo technique. The Monte Carlo samples for all these parameters are drawn from a uniform distribution within their uncertainty limits. We find that the BPT and the Weibull renewal models yield comparable results, and both of them perform significantly better than the Poisson hypothesis. No clear performance enhancement is achieved by the introduction of the Coulomb static stress change into the renewal model.
Velocity‐weakening behavior of plagioclase and pyroxene gouges and stabilizing effect of small amounts of quartz under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: He Changrong , Luo Li , Hao Quan‐Ming , Zhou Yongsheng
Published: July 2013

We investigated properties of frictional sliding of plagioclase, pyroxene, and their mixture gouges with a small amount of hornblende, biotite, and quartz as accessory minerals, under hydrothermal conditions with an effective normal stress of 200 MPa, pore pressure of 30 MPa, and temperatures from 100°C to 600°C. Axial loading rate was stepped between 0.001 and 0.0001 mm/s to acquire the rate dependence. Both plagioclase and pyroxene gouges showed velocity‐weakening behavior in the whole temperature range except the velocity‐strengthening behavior of pyroxene at 200°C. For temperatures above 400°C, both plagioclase and pyroxene gouges showed oscillatory slips, as a result of small dc values of 3–4 µm which make the critical stiffness rise remarkably and approach the system stiffness. Above 300°C, the direct effect of plagioclase shows an increasing trend with temperature, indicating control of the deformation process by thermally activated mechanisms. As the difference of a and b values here are only 20% at most, this trend also applies to the evolution effect. Our analytical derivation based on the theory of pressure solution shows a log‐linear contact area growth with time that corresponds to an evolution effect, and estimations based on this encompass the plagioclase data, though the identification of actual mechanisms is not easy. Finally, it is found that a little quartz (3–5%) added to the plagioclase (60–62%)‐pyroxene (35%) mixture has a strong stabilizing effect, leading to a transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening. These results may help constrain the depth range of seismic slips on deep faults in the lower crust of gabbroic composition.
Response of land surface fluxes and precipitation to different soil bottom hydrological conditions in a general circulation model
Authors: Campoy A. , Ducharne A. , Cheruy F. , Hourdin F. , Polcher J. , Dupont J. C.
Published: July 2013

Very different approaches exist in land surface models (LSMs) to describe the water fluxes at the soil bottom, from free drainage to zero flux, and even upward fluxes if the soil is coupled to a water table. To explore the influence of these conditions on the water cycle in a unified framework, we introduce new boundary conditions in the ORCHIDEE LSM, which is coupled to the atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ. We use a zoomed and nudged configuration centered over France to reproduce the observed regional weather. Soil moisture and evapotranspiration increase ranging from free drainage to impermeable bottom, then by prescribing saturation closer and closer to the surface. The corresponding response patterns can be related to both climate regimes and soil texture. When confronted to observations from the SIRTA observatory 25 km south of Paris, which exhibits a shallow water table, the best simulations are the ones with prescribed saturation. The local precipitation, however, is only increased if the new bottom boundary conditions are applied globally. The magnitude of this increase depends on the evaporation and on the relative weight of local versus remote sources of moisture for precipitation between Western and Eastern Europe. This suggests that the summer warm/dry bias of many climate models in this region might be alleviated by including a sufficiently realistic ground water description.
Bone marrow stimulation of the medial femoral condyle produces inferior cartilage and bone repair compared to the trochlea in a rabbit surgical model
Authors: Chen Hongmei , Chevrier Anik , Hoemann Caroline D. , Sun Jun , Picard Genevieve , Buschmann Michael D.
Published: July 2013

The influence of the location of cartilage lesions on cartilage repair outcome is incompletely understood. This study compared cartilage and bone repair in medial femoral condylar (MFC) versus femoral trochlear (TR) defects 3 months after bone marrow stimulation in mature rabbits. Intact femurs from adult rabbits served as controls. Results from quantitative histomorphometry and histological scoring showed that bone marrow stimulation produced inferior soft tissue repair in MFC versus TR defects, as indicated by significantly lower % Fill (p = 0.03), a significant increase in collagen type I immunostaining (p < 0.00001) and lower O'Driscoll scores (p < 0.05). 3D micro‐CT analysis showed that repaired TR defects regained normal un‐operated values of bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number, whereas in MFC defects the repaired bone architecture appeared immature and less dense compared to intact un‐operated MFC controls (p < 0.0001). Severe medial meniscal damage was found in 28% of operated animals and was strongly correlated with (i) low cartilage defect fill, (ii) incomplete bone repair in MFC, and (iii) with a more posterior defect placement in the weight‐bearing region. We conclude that the location of cartilage lesions influences cartilage repair, with better outcome in TR versus MFC defects in rabbits. Meniscal degeneration is associated with cartilage damage. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1757–1764, 2013
Freshwater influx, hydrographic reorganization and the dispersal of ice‐rafted detritus in the sub‐polar North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation
Authors: SMALL DAVID , AUSTIN WILLIAM , RINTERKNECHT VINCENT
Published: July 2013

A sediment core from the north‐east North Atlantic contains high‐resolution co‐registered foraminiferal δ18O and ice‐rafted detritus (IRD) records for the last deglaciation. These reveal a distinct ice‐rafting event that occurred at the time of Greenland Interstade 1d (GI‐1d), a feature also seen in other high‐resolution cores from the North Atlantic. The occurrence of a geographically widespread peak in IRD at ice distal sites at a time when increased freshwater flux to the surface ocean is inferred to have caused rapid cooling suggests a mechanistic link between the processes, analogous to the Younger Dryas (GS‐1) cooling episode. The general absence of IRD at southern locations at other times during GI‐1 when the flux of icebergs from surviving ice sheets to northern locations continued suggests that the GI‐1d IRD peak represents a time of hyrdrographic reorganization which changed IRD dispersal. While numerous studies have suggested freshwater flux as a major driver of rapid climate oscillations observed around the North Atlantic during the last deglaciation, the evidence presented here both supports that mechanism and highlights the potential for rapid and major reorganization of the North Atlantic's surface hydrography to explain changes in IRD flux independently of ice sheet calving dynamics.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of long‐term results of nasal tip defatting in rhinoplasty cases
Authors: Nemati Shadman , Banan Rahmatollah , Alizadeh Ahmad , Leili Ehsan Kazemnejad , Kerdari Hassan
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Nasal skin thickness has an important role in aesthetic results of rhinoplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term results of tip and supratip skin defatting technique in rhinoplasty subjects using ultrasonography.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized, case‐control study.

Methods

Among 111 rhinoplasty cases referred to a university hospital between February 2010 and September 2011, after physical examination and measuring the nasal tip and supratip skin thickness by ultrasonography, a total of 55 patients with thick and moderate skin were randomly allocated for rhinoplasty using one of the following methods: rhinoplasty with (case group) and without (control group) defatting tip and supratip skin. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the skins was repeated 1 and 12 months after surgery, and the data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and repeated measure tests using SPSS 17 software.

Results

Twenty‐eight of 55 candidates (10 men, 45 women; mean age, 25.1 ± 7.6 years) underwent skin defatting during rhinoplasty; the other 27 patients did not undergo this procedure. Forty‐four patients completed the study. Thickness of tip and supratip skin was not statistically different before surgery and during follow‐up evaluations in defatting and nondefatting technique groups (P= .7).

Conclusions

Defatting techniques have no effect on reducing tip and supratip skin thickness after rhinoplasty in moderate to thick skins.Laryngoscope, 123:2131–2135, 2013
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of a New Low‐Bandgap Polymer Consisting of Benzodithiophene and Fluorinated Benzoselenadiazole Units
Authors: Shin Seung Ah , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Park Jong Baek , Kang In‐Nam , Park Moo‐Jin , Hwang Do‐Hoon
Published: July 2013

A donor–acceptor‐type conjugated alternating copolymer (PBDT–DFBSe) consisting of benzodithiophene (BDT) and a fluorinated 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole derivative (DFBSe) is synthesized using Stille cross‐coupling. The optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of PBDT–DFBSe are compared with those of its non‐fluorinated analog, PBDT–BSe, which is composed of BDT and 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole (BSe). The optical bandgap energies of PBDT–BSe and PBDT–DFBSe are determined from their absorption onsets to be 1.64 and 1.60 eV, respectively. Fluorine‐containing PBDT–DFBSe shows a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and higher hole mobility than PBDT–BSe. The device incorporating PBDT–DFBSe has a higher open‐circuit voltage (Voc), short‐circuit current density (Jsc), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) than the device incorporating PBDT–BSe.

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Optimal Two‐Part Pricing under Demand Uncertainty
Authors: Wong Kit Pong
Published: July 2013

This paper examines the pricing behavior of a risk‐averse monopolistic firm under demand uncertainty. The firm produces a single good at a constant marginal cost. To facilitate sales, the firm uses a two‐part pricing contract that includes a membership fee and a selling price per unit. The good is sold to a continuum of heterogeneous consumers who are subject to a common demand shock. We show that the global and marginal effects of risk aversion are to push the unit price closer to the constant marginal cost and to shrink the market coverage so as to limit the firm’s risk exposure to the demand uncertainty. The more risk‐averse firm as such charges a higher membership fee to consumers. We further show that an increase in the fixed cost of production induces the firm to lower (raise) the unit price, to raise (lower) the membership fee, and to shrink (enlarge) the market coverage under decreasing (increasing) absolute risk aversion. The firm’s optimal two‐part pricing contract, however, is unaffected by changes in the fixed cost under constant absolute risk aversion. Finally, we show that a mean‐preserving‐spread increase in the demand uncertainty induces the firm to lower the unit price, to raise the membership fee, and to shrink the market coverage under either decreasing or constant absolute risk aversion. The firm’s risk preferences as such play a pivotal role in determining the optimal two‐part pricing under demand uncertainty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: It's time to change the name
Authors: Edwards Mark J. , Stone Jon , Lang Anthony E.
Published: July 2013

Successive attempts at rebranding may be behind at least some of the proliferation of terms we have at our disposal when describing patients with what are now most often referred to as “psychogenic,” “conversion,” or “somatoform” symptoms. The most popular term in the movement disorder literature, “psychogenic,” provides the aetiology of the disorder within the name, indicating that the symptoms are “born of the mind.” Here we argue that it is logical to stop using a term that defines the disorder with regard to a poorly defined aetiology that is not supported by current evidence, and, instead, to use a broad term—functional—not as a “polite eponym” but as a term that is freer from such assumptions and does not reinforce dualistic thinking. The main argument for change is not political or even practical, but scientific. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Modeling and simulations of interface properties with first‐principles electronic structure computations
Authors: Wang Sanwu , Liu Yingdi , Halfmoon Michael R. , Dang Hongli , Rittenhouse Christine A. , Liu Xin , Shields Darwin , Xue Wenhua
Published: July 2013

We report extensive first‐principles electronic structure modeling and calculations for the SiC–SiO2 interface, a solid–solid interface formed during oxidation of silicon carbide (SiC). The interface modeling provides atomic‐scale understanding about the nature of the interface defects as well as passivation effects due to the modification of the interface bonding. In particular, simulation results show that incorporation of hydrogen and fluorine decreases the defect density, thus enhancing the performance of SiC‐based electronic devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient numerical schemes for solving the self‐consistent field equations of flexible–semiflexible diblock copolymers
Authors: Liang Qin , Jiang Kai , Zhang Pingwen
Published: July 2013

We present two efficient iterative schemes for solving the self‐consistent field equations of flexible–semiflexible diblock copolymers. One is a semi‐implicit scheme developed by employing asymptotic expansion, and the other is a hybrid scheme combining the robustness of the steepest descent method with the efficiency of the conjugate gradient method. In our position‐one‐dimensional and position‐two‐dimensional numerical experiments, we demonstrate that these schemes are much more efficient than the steepest descent method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence and uniqueness of weak solutions for some singular evolutionary system in image denoising
Authors: Liu Qiang , Gao Tianling , Xia Li
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions for some singular evolutionary system, which is deduced from one of the Chambolle–Lions denoising models. The main method we used isp‐Laplace regularization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Human Subsistence Strategies and Environmental Change through Stable Isotopes in the Dry Puna of Argentina
Authors: Samec C. T. , Morales M. R. , Yacobaccio H. D.
Published: July 2013

This article explores the feeding and territorial behaviour of the wild camelids – guanacos and vicuñas – consumed by the inhabitants of the Dry Puna during the Early and Mid‐Holocene, as a way to deal with the strategies for resource exploitation employed by these human groups. We present 38 stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) generated from bone collagen extracted from the faunal remains obtained from the Hornillos 2 archaeological site (Susques, Jujuy Province, Argentina). These bone assemblages were recovered from nine layers that comprise human occupations corresponding to both periods (from 9710 to 6130 years bp). These data will be discussed considering ecological and ethological information about wild camelids, especially regarding territorial behaviour and dietary selectiveness of vicuñas and guanacos that currently inhabit the Puna. Finally, the trends and patterns identified in these isotopic evidences will be analysed in the light of the environmental and cultural changes that took place during the mentioned chronological span.

Our results show no significant differences between camelid species, implying that δ13C and δ15N values of bone collagen constitute a poor taxonomical indicator, dismissing the possibility to identify the early incidence of human intervention in animal diet as an initial step to deal with the problem of domestication. In chronological terms, the δ15N results from Early and Mid‐Holocene show certain differences that can be linked to the preponderance of arid conditions during the latter. This underscores the usefulness of this line of evidence when evaluating environmental changes. On the other hand, the δ13C values show no substantial differences, meaning that carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen in mixed C3–C4 systems is not a reliable paleoenvironmental proxy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an aminosilane and a tetra‐functional epoxy on the physical properties of di‐functional epoxy/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites
Authors: Park Jun Ki , Kim Dae Su
Published: July 2013

The physical properties of difunctional epoxies would be improved by adding nanofillers and multifunctional epoxies. Therefore, in this study, a tetrafunctional epoxy was added to difunctional epoxy/GNPs nanocomposites. An aminosilane was used to improve the interfacial bonding between GNPs and the epoxy matrix. The physical properties of the epoxy/GNPs nanocomposites were investigated by DSC, TMA, DMA, and electrical resistivity test. The glass transition temperature and storage modulus of the nanocomposites increased with increasing GNPs content. Adding the aminosilane resulted in a marginal increase in the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites. However, adding the tetrafunctional epoxy resulted in a considerable increase in the glass transition temperature, thermal dimensional stability, and storage modulus of the nanocomposites. SEM images of the fracture surfaces of the nanocomposites showed that the aminosilane improved the interfacial bonding. The aminosilane and tetrafunctional epoxy made the sheet resistance of the nanocomposites higher. The sheet resistance data showed electrical percolation at 1–2 phr of GNPs. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:969–976, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molecularly imprinted poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐acrylic acid) matrix with sclareol
Authors: Dima Stefan‐Ovidiu , Dobre Tanase , Chetraru Olga , Nicolae Cristian‐Andi , Spataru Catalin‐Ilie , Sarbu Andrei
Published: July 2013

There are presented results regarding a new set of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on acrylonitrile:acrylic acid (AN:AA) copolymer matrix. As template, it was used sclareol, an important anticancer bioactive compound, never used before for molecular imprinting. An emerging and insufficient studied MIP preparation method, namely the phase inversion, was used to prepare 0.8 mm spherical sclareol MIPs (S‐MIPs). Three AN:AA copolymers, having the initial monomer ratios 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30, were synthesized by radical copolymerization in emulsion, without emulsifier. After that, each copolymer was dissolved in the presence of the template (sclareol) in dimethylformamide. The imprinting and the morphology of these new materials were analyzed by rheology, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, batch rebinding tests, and Scatchard analysis. The conclusion was that the AN:AA‐80:20 matrix proved to be the optimized solution between high rigidity (given by the AN segments) and high affinity for the template (given by AA segments), the average imprinting factor for this system being 2.67. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1484–1494, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Amination of phenylketenes. Substituent effect on amine‐catalyzed tautomerization of amide enol
Authors: Badal Md. Mizanur Rahman , Zhang Min , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Mishima Masaaki
Published: July 2013

The transient intermediates with infrared bands at 1676–1680 cm−1 observed for reaction of substituted phenylketenes with diethylamine in acetonitrile were suggested to be the amide enols rather than the zwitterions on the basis of the theoretical calculations. A single broad band at 1674 cm−1 observed for reaction with the primary amines was attributed to overlap of two bands of the intermediate (amide enol) and the final product (amide). The substituent effect for the second‐order rate constants of diethylamine‐catalyzed tautomerization of the amide enol intermediates to give the amides was analyzed successfully by the Yukawa–Tsuno equation, giving a ρ value of 0.63 and an r− value of 1.31. The r− value larger than unity for pKa of phenols indicates that the negative charge formed at an oxygen atom of the amide enol at the transition state is significantly delocalized into the aromatic π‐system through the ethenyl group. This r− value was considered to reflect an intrinsic property of β‐phenylenolate skeleton. A remarkably small ρ value attributes to the cyclic transition structure where the negative charge disperses in a six‐member ring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimuli‐Responsive Janus Particles
Authors: Synytska Alla , Ionov Leonid
Published: July 2013

Due to their complex behavior, Janus particles became a highly attractive research topic. Particularly, interesting groups of Janus particles are the ones that are sensitive to external signals such as change of temperature, pH, light, etc. These Janus particles are able to dynamically assemble/disassemble to forming very complex structures or reversibly/irreversibly change their shape by folding/bending. Recent progress in this fascinating field is discussed.
Physical activity and respiratory symptoms in children: The generation R study
Authors: Driessen Lisa M. , Kiefte‐de Jong Jessica C. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Hofman Albert , Raat Hein , de Jongste Johan C. , Moll Henriette A.
Published: July 2013

Background

To assess the relationship between physical activity in second year of life and respiratory symptoms during the pre‐school period.

Methods

This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a large prospective birth‐cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Physical activity was measured in the second year of life by an Actigraph accelerometer in a subgroup of 347 children (182 boys, 165 girls; mean age 25.1 months) and data were expressed as counts per 15 sec in categories: light activity (302–614 counts/15 sec), moderate activity (615–1,230 counts/15 sec), and vigorous activity (≥1,231 counts/15 sec). Respiratory symptoms were assessed by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Questionnaire in the third and fourth year of life.

Results

Physical activity levels were not associated with wheezing symptoms in the third and fourth year of life (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.05 and OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.92–1.07 for total activity, respectively), nor associated with shortness of breath symptoms (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.05 and OR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.96–1.11 for total activity, respectively).

Conclusion

These results suggest that physical activity may not play an important role in the development of respiratory symptoms in pre‐school children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:36–42. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.