bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visão baseada em recursos nas instituições de ensino superior de Fortaleza: uma análise ex-ante e ex-post à LDB/ 96
Authors: Pereira Maise Soares , Forte Sérgio Henrique Arruda Cavalcante
Published: March 2008

As Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) de Fortaleza passaram por grandes mudanças em seu cenário competitivo, principalmente após a instituição da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases de 1996 (LDB/96). Aproveitando a caracterização específica de duas épocas distintas quanto à competição do mercado, esta pesquisa pretendeu avaliar a teoria da Visão Baseada em Recursos (VBR) em dois contextos estratégicos, a exemplo dos estudos realizados por Miller e Shamsie (1996) nos estúdios de Hollywood. Com o objetivo de identificar quais recursos ou competências foram e são importantes para as IES de Fortaleza, nos períodos pré e pós LDB/96, foram entrevistados Diretores e Vice-Reitores das IES que atuavam e atuam no período pesquisado. Os questionários aplicados, adaptados de Thompson e Cole (1997), permitiram a identificação dos sete recursos mais relevantes e os três recursos menos relevantes para os diferentes contextos ambientais. Os resultados mostraram que, apesar da existência de um conjunto de recursos comuns aos dois momentos da história, as características ambientais de cada época traduziram necessidades de competências específicas, evidenciando a importância de adaptação da VBR aos contextos externos onde se inserem as instituições.
A contabilidade e o hipertexto: um estudo sobre o uso de websites como meio de disseminação científica contábil por instituições de ensino superior brasileiras
Authors: Oliveira José Renato Sena , Martinez Antonio Lopo
Published: March 2008

Este estudo buscou investigar como as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) brasileiras utilizam os Websites institucionais para disseminar a produção acadêmico-científica da área contábil. Foi realizado um estudo com IES que oferecem o curso de graduação em Ciências Contábeis e que se submeteram ao Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC) 2003. O universo de pesquisa compreendeu 461 cursos que se submeteram ao ENC. A amostra foi composta pelos cursos que obtiveram conceitos A, B ou C (médios ou superiores à média) no referido exame, totalizando 303 cursos. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo empírico-exploratório. Foram efetuados 5.711 registros referentes à produção científica. Concluiu-se que a maneira como as IES pesquisadas utilizam os Websites pode ser considerada tímida, uma vez que um elevado número de Instituições não utiliza os sites como meio de disseminação do conhecimento e as evidências apresentaram forte concentração sob os diversos parâmetros analisados: região geográfica, unidade federativa e conceito no ENC 2003.
The genus Zygothrica Wiedemann 1830 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil: distribution and ecological notes
Authors: Döge Jonas da Silva , Gottschalk Marco Silva , Bizzo Luís Eduardo Maestrelli , Oliveira Sabrina Cassimiro Fonseca de , Schmitz Hermes José , Valente Vera Lúcia da Silva , Hofmann Paulo Roberto Petersen
Published: March 2008

The present paper brings together survey data from nine collection sites in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. Samples were obtained during about four years in forested, coastal and urban areas. Flies were attracted by fermented banana baits and captured in traps. Among the species of the genus Zygothrica Wiedemann 1830 collected, Zygothrica apopoeyi Burla 1956, Z. bilineata (Williston 1896), Z. dispar (Wiedemann 1830), Z./ lanceolata Burla 1956, Z. nigropleura Grimaldi 1987, and Z. poeyi (Sturtevant 1921) were recorded for the first time in Santa Catarina state and, except for Z. bilineata, also in southern Brazil. Apart from these species, we also collected Zygothrica hypandriata Burla 1956, Z. orbitalis (Sturtevant 1916) (as Z. parilis), Z. prodispar Duda 1925 and Z. vittimaculosa Burla 1956. Except for Z. bilineata and Z. hypandriata, these are the new southernmost records for the geographical distribution of these species. All the collected species were represented by few individuals, probably as a consequence of the collection method, and most of them was captured in winters and springs. Five species were restricted to the more preserved studied site, and most individuals were collected in forest sites. Nevertheless, four species were also captured in urban or xeric environments, indicating a higher tolerance and a wider ecological versatility in this genus as compared to what was previously thought, at least for some species.
Glyceridae Grube 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Southern and Southeastern Brazil, including a new species of Glycera
Authors: Rizzo Alexandra Elaine , Steiner Tatiana Menchini , Amaral Antonia Cecília Zacagnini
Published: March 2008

This systematic study of the polychaete species of the family Glyceridae is part of a broader program to inventory and determine parameters for conservation and sustainable use of the marine biodiversity off the southeastern and southern coast of Brazil. The material studied was collected from intertidal sandy beaches, the inner continental shelf (<50 m depth) off the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, and the outer continental shelf and part of the continental slope (depths from 60 to 808 m) off the state of Rio de Janeiro south to Rio Grande do Sul (22° S - 34° 40' S). The descriptions of several species were improved, adding new and important taxonomic characters, mainly related to proboscideal papillae. A key for identification of the glycerid species from southeastern and southern Brazil is also provided. Eight species of Glyceridae were identified: Glycera americana Leidy 1855; Glycera brevicirris Grube 1870; Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers 1868; Glycera lapidum Quatrefages 1866; Glycera oxycephala Ehlers 1887; Glycera tesselata Grube 1863; Hemipodia californiensis (Hartman 1938); Hemipodia simplex (Grube 1857); and a previously unknown species of Glycera.
Criptosporidiose: uma revisão sobre a sua implicação na conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos
Authors: Borges João Carlos Gomes , Alves Leucio Câmara , Faustino Maria Aparecida da Gloria
Published: March 2008

A criptosporidiose é uma doença parasitária emergente que vem sendo relatada em diversas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo os aquáticos. Esta revisão trata da epidemiologia da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em mamíferos aquáticos. A idade dos animais, dose infectante e o estado imunológico podem influenciar na apresentação clínica, e quando associados a outros patógenos pode levar o animal a óbito. A contaminação dos recursos hídricos constitui um dos principais meios de disseminação do parasito, que foi identificado por diferentes técnicas de análise. A adequação das estruturas de saneamento, utilização de métodos apropriados para a inativação dos oocistos e garantia das normas de higiene pessoal constituem algumas das maneiras recomendadas para minimizar a disseminação do Cryptosporidium entre os mamíferos aquáticos.
Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from La Coronilla-Cerro Verde (Uruguay): a new record for the Uruguayan coast
Authors: Carranza Alvar , Borges Michela , Rodríguez Marcel , Borthagaray Ana Inés
Published: March 2008

La Coronilla-Cerro verde has been proposed as the first marine protected area in Uruguay. As part of a detailed benthic biodiversity assessment at the reserve, we analyzed the ophiuroid fauna collected in the intertidal and shallow subtidal during 2005 and 2006. Three species of ophiuroids were identified: Amphioplus lucyae, Amphipholis squamata and Amphiodia sp. Only two species belonging to the genus Amphiodia (A. pulchella and A. planispina) have been previously mentioned for Uruguayan waters, indicating that the unidentified species found in this study constitutes a previously unreported species.
Conhecimento de pescadores tradicionais sobre a dinâmica espaço-temporal de recursos naturais na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia
Authors: Moura Flávia de Barros Prado , Marques José Geraldo Wanderley
Published: March 2008

O conhecimento ecológico tradicional de uma população de pescadores da APA de Marimbus-Iraquara, foi estudado visando obter informações relacionadas à percepção local sobre distribuição espacial e sazonal dos recursos naturais. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas livres e semi-estruturadas, observações diretas, turnês guiadas e coletas de material zoológico. Os resultados sugerem a existência de um amplo conhecimento ecológico tradicional sobre as espécies e os ecossistemas locais, especialmente no que se refere à ictiofauna.
Anfíbios e répteis do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Uetanabaro Masao , Souza Franco Leandro , Landgref Filho Paulo , Beda Arlindo Figueira , Brandão Reuber Albuquerque
Published: March 2008

O Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul situa-se na porção mediana da grande diagonal de formações abertas da América do Sul, uma região que abriga uma grande diversidade de anfíbios e répteis, sendo algumas endêmicas. Apesar de sua importância biogeográfica, essa diagonal tem sido pouco considerada em estudos com abrangência regional. Dentre os componentes fitofisionômicos que compõem essa região e cuja representatividade se faz presente no Estado, as matas estacionais deciduais são elementos marcantes na região da Serra da Bodoquena. Devido a peculiaridade desse ambiente, muitas áreas ainda necessitam de uma maior avaliação quanto à sua biodiversidade. Informações sobre a herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena são escassas e pontuais e sugerem uma semelhança com a fauna de cerrado. Este trabalho apresenta registros da herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena e regiões de entorno, abrangendo áreas em bom estado de conservação e locais com atividade agropecuária. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois períodos, contemplando as estações seca e chuvosa na região. O inventário consistiu em busca ativa limitada por tempo, além de registros oportunísticos. Informações sobre a riqueza de espécies da herpetofauna da Caatinga, Cerrado e Chaco foram compiladas da literatura e comparadas com aquela registrada no presente trabalho. Foram registradas 63 espécies, sendo 38 anfíbios e 25 répteis. Muitas das espécies estavam associadas a ambientes particulares, como matas de galeria e afloramentos rochosos. A maior similaridade da herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena deu-se com aquela encontrada no Cerrado, provavelmente porque a área está inserida nesse bioma. Considerando-se a diversidade de hábitats da área, provavelmente o número de espécies deverá aumentar com a realização de novos inventários na região. Agregar novas informações sobre a herpetofauna da Serra da Bodoquena é fundamental para o plano de manejo do Parque Nacional.
New record of Laeonereis acuta (Treadwell, 1923) (Nereididae: Polychaeta) in Northeast coast of Brazil
Authors: Pamplin Paulo Augusto Zaitune , Almeida Tito César Marques de , Silva-Filho Jeremias Pereira da
Published: March 2008

In the present study, we report the presence of the nereidid polychaete Laeonereis acuta near to the estuarine areas of Parnaíba River, extending its distribution towards the north of the northeastern Brazilian coast.
Play and Literacy Learning in a Diverse Language Pre-Kindergarten Classroom
Authors: Moon Kyunghee , Reifel Stuart
Published: March 2008

This study explores a teacher's understandings of the role of play and her use of play in literacy learning serving children from diverse language backgrounds. The participants in this study were a public pre-kindergarten teacher and her class. Data were collected from interviews, informal conversations, observations, and self-reflexive notes. The teacher believed that play, as she defined it, has an important role in children's literacy learning and development, and she used playful activities (concrete, manipulative, fun, hands-on, and creative activities, including games) as potential teaching and learning mediums for literacy learning, within her own unique understanding and use of play. Implications for understanding multicultural and developmentally appropriate literacy practices are discussed in terms of teacher beliefs and understandings.
Formations of New Governing Technologies and Productions of New Norms: The Dangers of Preschool Voucher Discourse
Authors: Lee I-Fang
Published: March 2008

Contemporary reform discourses have been interlaced with a neo-liberal political economic reasoning system globally and locally. Taking the preschool vouchers in Taiwan and Hong Kong as examples, this article seeks to encourage a shift towards a post-structural perspective of theorizing and analyzing as an alternative to problematize how Milton Friedman's voucher model constitutes and shapes our construction of freedom to choose, equality, and social justice in education.
Immunohistochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in human fetal membranes
Authors: Marinoni Emanuela , Di Iorio Romolo , Scucchi Luigi , Cosmi Ermelando V.
Published: March 2008

Subject. It has been demonstrated that L‐arginine‐nitric oxide (NO) system is present in the myometrium during pregnancy where it can regulate uterine contractility.

Material and method. We have studied by immunohistochemistry the localization of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) and brain nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) in human fetal membranes in term non laboring women.

Results. The amniotic epithelium and the trophoblast of chorion layer stained intensively for bNOS, while for ecNOS the immunoreactivity was weak and restricted to trophoblast cells. Conclusion. These findings are suggestive for NO production by the fetal membranes in term pregnancy.
Symptom‐giving pelvic girdle relaxation of pregnancy, postnatal pelvic joint syndrome and developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Maclennan Alastair H. , Maclennan Suzanna C.
Published: March 2008

Objectives. To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of a large group of women with symptom‐giving pelvic girdle relaxation of pregnancy and postnatal pelvic joint syndrome. To determine if there is an increased incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the children of women with such pelvic problems.

Methods. A postal survey of 1,609 Norwegian women registered as having pregnancy‐initiated pelvic joint pain. The response rate was 79% and from the answers 1,115 women were defined as having had symptom‐giving pelvic joint syndrome of pregnancy and/or postnatal pelvic joint syndrome.

Results. Pelvic pains began in the first pregnancy in 74% of the respondents usually beginning in the first trimester. Pelvic pain worsened with subsequent pregnancies and persisted for a mean of 6.25 years, often causing major incapacity and lifestyle changes. Rest and physical supports brought temporary relief only. Sacroiliac joints and the symphysis pubis were the commonest sites of pain but peripheral joints were also often affected. There was a strong family history of both pelvic joint syndrome and developmental dysplasia of the hip. The incidence of hip dysplasia in the children of women surveyed was 45/1,000 which is 5 times the Norwegian incidence.

Conclusion. Pelvic joint syndrome nearly always follows pelvic girdle relaxation of pregnancy and may have prolonged debilitating effects which do not respond long term to current therapies. The incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the children of these women was high. A genetic susceptibility to joint dysfunction in both mother and fetus, possibly due to an aberration of relaxin physiology, is surmized. Identification of possible relaxin receptor changes in affected joints is a hypothesis worthy of testing with a view to the design of selective relaxin receptor modulators in pregnancy.
Diagnosis of post‐partum ovarian vein thrombophlebitis by color Doppler ultrasonography: about 10 cases
Authors: Giraud Jean‐Robert , Poulain Patrice , Renaud‐Giono Arielle , Darnault Jean‐Pierre , Proudhon Jean‐François , Grall Jean‐Yves , Mocquet Pierre‐Yves
Published: March 2008

Background. Post‐partum ovarian vein thrombosis is often overlooked or mistaken for other complications such as endometritis. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a very good diagnostic method when properly indicated and correctly interpreted according to clinical data.

Methods. This study reports ten cases that were retrospectively studied, during which color Doppler ultrasonography was used. The clinical signs and the results are reviewed.

Results. The lesions were clearly visualized in eight of the ten cases; one of the two failures resulted from a methodological fault (uninterpretable result); the other one was due to the lack of experience of the operator and nonrecognition of the clinical signs. Thrombosis appears as a hypoechogenic and tubular image. This type of examination is particularly indicated in the presence of certain clinical signs that were observed in our cases: fever and iliac pain are the main precursor signs, often associated with abdominal meteorism and slow digestive transit; provoked cul‐de‐sac pain during vaginal probing was the only constant sign, sometimes associated with painful swelling.
Epstein‐Barr virus DNA in the uterine cervix of teenage girls
Authors: Andersson‐Ellström Agneta , Bergström Tomas , Svennerholm Bo , Milsom Ian
Published: March 2008

Objectives. To: (i) evaluate longitudinally the prevalence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the cervix of healthy teenage girls, (ii) relate the presence of cervical EBV DNA to virginity or sexual experience, and (iii) relate the occurrence of cervical EBV DNA to the presence of specific IgG antibodies to EBV virus capsid antigen (EBV‐VCA) in serum and to signs of genital infection.

Material and methods. Thirty‐six teenage girls were followed for 2 years between the ages of 16 and 18 years. A sexual history was taken and a gynecological examination was performed on each occasion. The presence of EBV DNA in the cervix and of EBV VCA antibodies in serum was determined on each occasion.

Results. Coitus debut was reported by 23/36 girls (64%) and by 31/36 (86%) at 16‐ and 18‐years of age, respectively. Two girls (only one with sexual debut) harbored EBV DNA in the cervix at 16 years of age. At the age of 18, no EBV DNA was found in these two girls, but another three girls carried EBV DNA in the cervix. All were sexually active and reported 1, 4 and 7 life‐time sexual partners respectively. Serum EBV‐VCA antibodies were found in 83% of the 16‐year old girls and in 89% of the 18‐year old girls (no significant difference between sexually experienced and virginal girls at either age). All the girls with cervical EBV DNA had antibodies against EBV‐VCA. None of the girls with EBV DNA were found to carry HPV DNA or have a chlamydial infection in the cervix at any time during the study. There was no significant difference in the number of girls with a cervix secretion predominated by leucocytes between girls with positive and negative cervical EBV DNA samples.

Conclusions. We conclude that among these healthy teenage girls the non‐sexual route of transmission of EBV is more plausible than the sexual one.
Maternal cerebral circulation in normal and abnormal pregnancies
Authors: Demarin Vida , Rundek Tanja , Hodek Branko
Published: March 2008

Background. Abnormal pregnancies are usually associated with an impairment of maternal cerebral circulation which is mainly a consequence of generalized vasospasm and cerebral edema. The pathogenesis of vasospasm has still been a matter of controversy. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) changes in normal and abnormal pregnancies, and to correlate CBFV findings with the severity of symptoms in abnormal pregnancies.

Methods. A group of 40 gravidas (aged between 25 and 32 years) with pre‐eclampsia were analyzed by Transcranial Doppler (TCD), Color Doppler Flow Imaging of carotid arteries and Transcranial Color Coded System once a week, starting from 32nd week of pregnancy and followed 2 months after delivery. The study was performed from the January 1996 to June 1996.

Results. The results showed 70% of abnormal pregnancies to have impaired TCD findings, mostly increased CBFV. The degree of toxemia measured by Goecke's index significantly correlated with abnormal CBFV. Nine gravidas with increased CBFV on the first examination developed vasospasm during 34 to 36 weeks of gravidity. No statistically significant difference of the Ml segment of MCA diameters was found between normal (3.8±0.7 mm) and abnormal pregnancies (4.1 ±0.9 mm).

Conclusions. The increase in the maternal CBFV was the most frequent observation in abnormal pregnancies. It was progressive during late pregnancy, when vasospasm may develop, although the presence of vasospasm is still the matter of controversy. The most important observation was that significant changes in CBFV preceded neurologic symptoms, emphasizing the predictive role of TCD in abnormal pregnancies.
Maternal mortality in different Pakistani sites: ratios, clinical causes and determinants
Authors: Fikree Fariyal F. , Midhet Farid , Sadruddin Salim , Berendes Heinz W.
Published: March 2008

Background. Population‐based estimates of maternal mortality from Pakistan are inadequate to define the magnitude of the problem or provide information on clinical causes and determinants.

Methods. Surveys were conducted in selected clusters in Karachi, Balochistan and North West Frontier Province from 1989‐1992. Pre‐coded questionnaires were administered to 38,563 households to ascertain household characteristics, complete pregnancy histories and deaths of household members in the five years preceding the survey. Verbal autopsy questionnaires were then conducted to establish cause of death to women in the reproductive age group. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out to determine the association between the background variables, biological and women's status indicators and maternal mortality using a nested case‐control design.

Results. Overall, the estimated maternal mortality ratio combining the data from the different sites was 433 per 100,000 livebirths. The estimated maternal mortality ratios per 100,000 livebirths ranged from a low of 281 in Karachi to a high of 673 in Khuzdar [Balochistan], Hemorrhage (52.9%), puerperal sepsis (16.3%) and eclampsia (14.4%) were the leading causes for direct maternal deaths. Logistic regression identified the important risk factors as poor housing construction material (OR=2.1; 95% CI= 1.3,3.2), distance of 40 or more miles from nearest hospital (OR = 1.3; 95%CI=0.9,1.8), grandmultigravidity (OR=1.6; 95% CI= 1.1,2.4) and prior fetal losses (OR=5.3; 95% CI=3.8,7.4).

Conclusion. Focusing on special groups of pregnant women with targeted programs such as training, monitoring and supervision of birth attendants for the provision of oxytocics, will go a long way in decreasing the proportion of maternal deaths attributed to direct, avoidable causes.
Urinary retention in the post‐partum period: The relationship between obstetric factors and the post‐partum post‐void residual bladder volume
Authors: Yip Shing‐Kai , Brieger Geoffrey , Hin Lin‐Yee , Chung Tony
Published: March 2008

Objective. The three objectives of this study are: to investigate the incidence of post‐partum urinary retention after vaginal delivery, to investigate the relationship between various obstetric parameters and the post‐partum post‐void residual bladder volume and to study the natural progression of the post‐void residual bladder volume in patients with covert post‐partum urinary retention.

Methods. Women who had a vaginal delivery (n = 691) in a teaching hospital during a 2‐month period were studied. They were classified into three groups: normal patients, those with overt urinary retention, and covert urinary retention. Their day 1 post‐partum post‐void residual bladder volume were recorded and analyzed with respect to the obstetric parameters. Patients with covert retention were followed up daily with ultrasound to monitor their post‐void residual volume.

Results. The incidences of overt and covert retention in our unit were 4.9% and 9.7%, respectively. The overall incidence of post‐partum urinary retention after vaginal delivery was 14.6%. The duration of the first and second stages of labor were significantly associated with the post‐partum post‐void residual bladder volume. In all patients with covert retention, their post‐void residual volume returned to normal within 4 days.

Conclusion. Post‐partum urinary retention is a common phenomenon that may be related to the process of parturition. Covert retention is a self‐limiting phenomenon and specific treatment is unnecessary.
Chronopharmacology and Chronotoxicology of CNS Drugs: Interrelationships with Neuromodulators
Authors: Walker Charles A. , Soliman Magdi R.I. , Soliman Karam F.A.
Published: March 2008

It has been demonstrated that the effect of a drug, chemical, or poison is diurnal phase dependent. The circadian variation in drug response could be attributed to the diurnal fluctuations of several factors, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Another important factor in determining the response to CNS drugs is the circadian rhythm of brain sensitivity to drugs. The diurnal variability in the concentration of brain neuromodulators could in part explain the circadian rhythm of brain sensitivity. The present paper focuses on the interrelationships between the levels of neuromodulators and the chronopharmacology and chronotoxicology of CNS drugs. Evidence is presented to show that the circadian rhythm of specific brain neuromodulators plays an important role in the pharmacologic or toxicologic action of amphetamine, barbiturates, morphine, and ethanol.
Aluminum Homeostasis in Man
Authors: Skalsky Harry L. , Carchman Richard A.
Published: March 2008

Aluminum is the most prevalent metal found in nature and represents the third most abundant element of the earth's crust. In light of man's wide exposure to aluminum compounds, a review of the literature was undertaken to determine the extent of the available literature concerning the absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of aluminum in man. In relative terms, the gastrointestinal tract is the major portal of entry for aluminum. The lungs play only a minor role, and there is no evidence to suggest that the dermal absorption of aluminum occurs. The gastrointestinal tract is only very slightly permeable to aluminum and provides a relatively effective barrier to its absorption. In the blood, aluminum is primarily bound to serum proteins (80%); however, a sufficient concentration of dialyziable or “free” (20%) aluminum exists to provide for its distribution. Aluminum can be found in every tissue and a normal body content of aluminum for reference man can now be calculated at 0.295 g. Present data suggest that bone may offer a major site of aluminum deposition. Urine provides at least one mechanism of aluminum excretion. However, aluminum's low renal clearance rate (2 ml/min) clearly suggests that other more efficient mechanisms for excretion exist. In fact, preliminary data indicate that bile may play some as yet undefined role in the removal process. The lack of a biologically convenient radiolabeled form of aluminum has severely handicapped the elucidation of aluminum metabolism. The chemical form of aluminum in blood, urine, or the tissues remains unknown. The liver is believed to play some role in aluminum metabolism, but no direct proof of this is available at present.
USEPA Efforts in Harmonization of Acute Toxicity Test Guidelines with OECD
Authors: Henry Mary C.
Published: March 2008

The USEPA, as a member of the OECD, is involved in the review of OECD guidelines and OECD's plans for revisions. The guidelines reviewed to date include: acute oral toxicity, eye and dermal irritation/corrosion, and skin sensitization. The revisions to the guidelines have emphasized reductions in animal usage in lab testing, and refinements which reduce/eliminate pain and suffering of animals. Screening methods, such as use of structure-activity relationships and physicochemical properties of test substances, which would eliminate chemicals that did not require animal testing, or sharply reduce the number of animals required for testing, were also recommended for some guidelines. In vitro methods were also examined as screens to eliminate severely toxic chemicals, but most of these methods still require further development and validation. The proposed revisions are discussed in detail in this report. This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency.
Toxicologic Risk Assessment Issues for Drinking Water Safety
Authors: Thomas Richard D.
Published: March 2008

The intent of this presentation is to review the studies conducted by the National Research Council (NRC) where risk assessment was the central theme and to present both a current view and some ideas for the future of risk assessment procedures for drinking water. Although the principal interest is in the use of toxicologic data in assessing risk, nonetheless, mention is made of the use of epidemiologic studies and other types of research investigations that may produce useful information for estimating risk to humans from chemical exposure.
New Approaches in Setting Drinking Water Standards
Authors: Ohanian Edward V.
Published: March 2008

The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 required that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establish standards for 83 contaminants by June 1989, and at least 25 added standards by January 1991, then 25 more every three years hence. Conceptually, the regulatory process employed by EPA consists of two steps. First, a detailed health risk assessment of a contaminant is performed in order to determine the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (nonenforceable health goal) in water that should result in no known or anticipated health effects and allows adequate margin of safety. Second, the results of risk assessment and management (taking best available technology, treatment techniques, cost, and other means into consideration) are combined to derive the Maximum Contaminant Level (enforceable standard) which is set as close to the MCLG as feasible. With this overall regulatory process in mind, a detailed risk assessment process (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, human exposure assessment, and risk characterization) used in setting drinking water standards is discussed. In addition, this article discusses our efforts in exploring new and improved risk assessment methodologies addressing the mechanism of action of toxicants, relative source contribution, weight of evidence, carcinogenic potency, and toxicokinetics.
Regulation of Environmental Contaminants in Drinking Water: State Methods and Problems
Authors: Sidhu Kirpal S.
Published: March 2008

Risk assessment methodologies form the basis for deriving guidelines for environmental contaminants in drinking water. A state may have to set, on an emergency basis, an interim guideline for a drinking water contaminant for which only limited data are available. Additional national drinking water standards will be useful for state regulatory agencies, because maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) are legally enforceable, but the risk assessment formulations of the regulatory agencies can be challenged. A state has to issue advisories and set interim guidelines for use of water for non-drinking purposes such as washing hands, cleaning dishes, taking baths, and showers, etc. The exposure to volatile organic compounds via inhalation and through dermal absorption during showering and bathing may be equal to the exposure from ingesting 2 L/day of the same water. Further research in this area is indicated. The implementation of drinking water regulations is costly for some local water supply programs and state regulatory agencies. There is a need to find solutions to this problem. This paper was presented at the symposium on Drinking Water Issues at the 12th Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology held at Savannah, GA on October 21–23, 1991. The opinions presented here are solely those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the author's organizational affiliation (Michigan Department of Public Health or FSTRAC) or of any state or other government agency.
Subcellular Organelle Biogenesis and Dynamics in Peroxisome Proliferation
Authors: De La Iglesia Felix A. , Gray Robert H. , Mcguire Edward J.
Published: March 2008

Peroxisome proliferation, a phenomenon studied intensively for the past quarter century is a seemingly uniform reaction of the liver to hypolipidemic drugs and some industrial chemicals. However, application of quantitative microscopic techniques revealed unsuspected characteristics, and facilitated the analysis of peroxisome biogenesis, a dynamic process occurring without disruption of the hepatocyte architecture. The rate of peroxisome biogenesis accelerates to a significant degree within a brief period after compound administration, and the peroxisome population can accumulate up to seven times the normal level. Degradation of peroxisomes follows a triphasic curve and the overall rate of elimination is about the same as the rate of accumulation. Quantitative morphometric studies show interspecies differences in peroxisome induction, with rats being the most susceptible species. Hamsters show peroxisome induction although not to the same substantive extent seen in rats. Monkeys and dogs show poor response, but longer-term data are needed.
Chemical Structure-Activity Relationships: Peroxisome Proliferation and Lipid Regulation in Rats
Authors: Mcguire Edward J. , Gray Robert H. , De La Iglesia Felix A.
Published: March 2008

Studies described here address structure-activity relationships of novel hypolipidemic agents that induce peroxisome proliferation. Male rats were given equivalent doses of three well-studied fibrates, fibrate amides, and structurally dissimilar agents. Aryloxyalkanoic acids, amide analogs, and thio, benzimidazole, phenylpiperazine, and oxazole derivatives induced peroxisome proliferation and decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These compounds contain an acidic function or appear to be readily metabolized to a derivative with an acidic function. Substitution of this substituent with an adamantyloxy eliminated peroxisome proliferation and induced contrasting effects on the lipid profile, substantially increasing triglycerides. A direct correlation was established between hepatocellular peroxisome proliferation and plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDD-cholesterol levels.
Microcontact Printing of Proteins
Authors: Delamarche Emmanuel
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Nanobiotechnology. Edited by Christof M. Niemeyer and Chad A. Mirkin. Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30658‐9

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Strategies for Printing Proteins on Surfaces

Contact Processing with Hydrogel Stamps

Microcontact Printing

Affinity‐Contact Printing

Microcontact Printing Polypeptides and Proteins

Printing One Type of Biomolecule

Substrates

Resolution and Contrast of the Patterns

Activity of Printed Biomolecules

Printing Multiple Types of Proteins

Additive and Subtractive Printing

Parallel Inking and Printing of Multiple Proteins

Affinity‐Contact Printing

Methods

Molds and Stamps

Surface Chemistry of Stamps

Inking Methods

Treatments of Substrates

Printing

Characterization of the Printed Patterns

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Bacteriorhodopsin and Its Potential in Technical Applications
Authors: Hampp Norbert , Oesterhelt Dieter
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Nanobiotechnology. Edited by Christof M. Niemeyer and Chad A. Mirkin. Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30658‐9

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview: The Molecular Properties of Bacteriorhodopsin

Haloarchaea and their Retinal Proteins

Structure and Function of Bacteriorhodopsin

Genetic Modification of Bacteriorhodopsin

Biotechnological Production of Bacteriorhodopsins

Overview: Technical Applications of Bacteriorhodopsin

Photoelectric Applications

Preparation of OrientedPMLayers

Interfacing the Proton‐Motive Force

Application Examples

Photochromic Applications

Photochromic Properties of Bacteriorhodopsin

Preparation of Bacteriorhodopsin Films

Interfacing the Photochromic Changes

Application Examples

Applications in Energy Conversion

Methods

Conclusions
Biomolecular Motors Operating in Engineered Environments
Authors: Diez Stefan , Helenius Jonne H. , Howard Jonathon
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Nanobiotechnology. Edited by Christof M. Niemeyer and Chad A. Mirkin. Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30658‐9

The sections in this article are

Overview

Methods

General Conditions for Motility Assays

Temporal Control

Spatial Control

Connecting to Cargoes and Surfaces

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Biocatalysis in Non‐conventional Media
Authors: Bommarius Andreas Sebastian , Riebel Bettina R.
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Biocatalysis. Andreas Sebastian Bommarius and Bettina R. Riebel. Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30344‐1

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Evidence for the Perceived Advantages of Biocatalysts in Organic Media

Advantage 1: Enhancement of Solubility of Reactants

Advantage 2: Shift of Equilibria in Organic Media

Biphasic Reactors

Advantage 3: Easier Separation

Advantage 4: Enhanced Stability of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Advantage 5: Altered Selectivity of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

State of Knowledge of Functioning of Enzymes in Solvents

Range of Enzymes, Reactions, and Solvents

The Importance of Water in Enzyme Reactions in Organic Solvents

Exchange of Water Molecules between Enzyme Surface and Bulk Organic Solvent

Relevance of Water Activity

Physical Organic Chemistry of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Active Site and Mechanism

Flexibility of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Polarity and Hydrophobicity of Transition State and Binding Site

Correlation of Enzyme Performance with Solvent Parameters

Control through Variation of Hydrophobocity: log P Concept

Correlation of Enantioselectivity with Solvent Polarity and Hydrophobicity

Optimal Handling of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Enzyme Memory in Organic Solvents

Low Activity in Organic Solvents Compared to Water

Enhancement of Selectivity of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Novel Reaction Media for Biocatalytic Transformations

Substrate as Solvent (Neat Substrates): Acrylamide from Acrylonitrile with Nitrile Hydratase

Supercritical Solvents

Ionic Liquids

Emulsions [Manufacture of Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)]

Microemulsions

Liquid Crystals

Ice‐Water Mixtures

High‐Density Eutectic Suspensions

High‐Density Salt Suspensions

Solid‐to‐Solid Syntheses

Solvent as a Parameter for Reaction Optimization (“Medium Engineering”)

Change of Substrate Specificity with Change of ReactionM: Specificity of Serine Proteases

Change of Regioselectivity by Organic Solvent Medium

Solvent Control of Enantiospecificity of Nifedipines
Photoproteins as Reporters in Whole‐cell Sensing
Authors: Feliciano Jessika , Pasini Patrizia , Deo Sapna K. , Daunert Sylvia
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Photoproteins in Bioanalysis. Edited by Sylvia Daunert and Sapna K. Deo. Copyright © 2006 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐31016‐6

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biosensors Using Intact Cells

Reporter Genes in Genetically Engineered Whole‐cell Sensors

The Luciferases

Bacterial Luciferases

luxABBioreporters

luxCDABEBioreporters

Naturally Luminescent Bioreporters

Eukaryotic Luciferases

Firefly Luciferase

Sea Pansy Luciferase

Aequorin

Fluorescent Proteins

Green Fluorescent Protein

Red Fluorescent Protein

Multiplexing

Applications

Stress Factors and Genotoxicants

Environmental Pollutants

Quorum‐sensing Signaling Molecules

Antibiotics

Technological Advances

Acknowledgments
Catalytic Antibody Technology
Authors: Hilvert Donald
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Catalytic Antibodies. Edited by Ehud Keinan. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30688‐6

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Exploiting Antibodies as Catalysts

Catalytic Efficiency

Hapten Design

Representative Catalytic Antibodies

Proximity Effects

Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Cycloadditions

Strain

Ferrochelatase Mimics

Other Systems

Electrostatic Catalysis

Acyl Transfer Reactions

Functional Groups

Aldolases

Perspectives

General Lessons from Comparisons of Enzymes and Antibodies

How efficient does catalysis need to be?

Strategies for Optimizing Efficiency

Better Haptens

Screening

Engineering

Selection

Other Scaffolds

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Structure and Function of Catalytic Antibodies
Authors: Larsen Nicholas A. , Wilson Ian A.
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Catalytic Antibodies. Edited by Ehud Keinan. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30688‐6

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrostatic Complementarity

Anionic Binding Motifs and Ester Hydrolysis

Structural Motifs

Mechanistic Considerations

Mechanistic Pitfalls

Structural and Functional Considerations for Hapten Design

Anionic Binding Motifs and Control of the Microenvironment in Decarboxylation

Anionic Binding Motifs and the Periodate Cofactor in Sulfide Oxygenation

Cation Stabilization and Allylic Isomerization

Shape Complementarity and Approximation

Unimolecular Rearrangements

Antibody 1F7

Antibody AZ‐28

Bimolecular Rearrangements and the Diels‐Alder Reaction

Retro‐Diels‐Alder Reaction

DisfavoredexoDiels‐Alder Reaction

EndoDiels‐Alder Reactions

Shape Complementarity and Control of the Reaction Coordinate

Syn‐Elimination

Disfavored Ring Closure

Selective Control of a Reactive Carbocation: Antibodies 4C6 and 19A4

Shape Complementarity and Substrate Strain

Reactive Amino Acids and the Possibility of Covalent Catalysis

Conclusions
N‐terminal Ubiquitination
Authors: Ciechanover Aaron
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 1. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30837‐7

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is involved in selective targeting of innumerable cellular proteins via a complex pathway that plays important roles in a broad array of processes. An important step in the proteolytic cascade is specific recognition of the substrate by one of many ubiquitin ligases, E3s, that is followed by generation of the polyubiquitin degradation signal. For most substrates, it is believed, though it has not been shown directly, that the first ubiquitin moiety is conjugated, via its C‐terminal Gly
76
residue, to an ɛ‐NH
2
group of an internal lysine residue. Recent findings indicate that for an increasing number of proteins, the first ubiquitin moiety is fused linearly to the α‐NH
2
group of the N‐terminal residue. An important biological question relates to the evolutionary requirement for an alternative mode of ubiquitination.
The COP9 Signalosome and Its Role in the Ubiquitin System
Authors: Bech‐Otschir Dawadschargal , Kapelari Barbara , Dubiel Wolfgang
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 1. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30837‐8

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Discovery of the CSN

Architecture of the CSN

CSN Subunit–Subunit Interactions

CSN‐subunit Interactions With Other Proteins

PCI and MPN

Biochemical Activities Associated With the CSN

Deneddylation Activity

Protein Kinases

Associated Protein Kinases

Deubiquitinating Enzymes

Ubiquitin Ligases

Association of the CSN With Other Protein Complexes

The eIF3 Complex

The Proteasome

Biological Functions of the CSN

Regulation of Ubiquitin Conjugate Formation

Cell‐cycle and Checkpoint Control

DNA Repair

Developmental Processes

Tumor Angiogenesis

Conclusions

Acknowledgment
Molecular Chaperones and the Ubiquitin–Proteasome System
Authors: Patterson Cam , Höhfeld Jörg
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 2. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐31130‐0

A role for the ubiquitin–proteasome system in the removal of misfolded and abnormal proteins is well established. Nevertheless, very little is known about how abnormal proteins are recognized for degradation by the proteasome. Recent advances suggest that substrate recognition and processing require a close cooperation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system with molecular chaperones. Chaperones are defined by their ability to recognize nonnative conformations of other proteins and are therefore ideally suited to distinguish between native and abnormal proteins during substrate selection. Here we discuss molecular mechanisms that underlie the cooperation of molecular chaperones with the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Advancing our knowledge about such mechanisms may open up opportunities to modulate chaperone–proteasome cooperation in human diseases.

The sections in this article are

Introduction

A Biomedical Perspective

Molecular Chaperones: Mode of Action and Cellular Functions

The Hsp70 Family

The Hsp90 Family

The Small Heat Shock Proteins

Chaperonins

Chaperones: Central Players During Protein Quality Control

Chaperones and Protein Degradation

The CHIP Ubiquitin Ligase: A Link Between Folding and Degradation Systems

Other Proteins That May Influence the Balance Between Chaperone‐assisted Folding and Degradation

Further Considerations

Conclusions
Ubiquitin‐conjugating Enzymes
Authors: Eddins Michael J. , Pickart Cecile M.
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 1. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30837‐8

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Historical Background

What is an E2?

Functional Diversity of Ubiquitin‐conjugating Enzymes

Functions Related to Proteasome Proteolysis

Endocytosis and Trafficking

Non‐proteolytic Functions

E2s of Uncertain Function

E2 Enzymes and Disease

E2 Enzymes Dedicated to Ubiquitin‐like Proteins (UbLs)

The Biochemistry of E2 Enzymes

E1 Interaction

Interactions with Thiol‐linked Ubiquitin

E3 Interactions

RING E3/E2 Interactions

U‐box E3/E2 Interactions

HECT E3/E2 Interactions

E2/Substrate Interactions

E2 Catalysis Mechanism

Functional Diversification of the E2 Fold

Conclusions
The Deubiquitinating Enzymes
Authors: Russell Nathaniel S. , Wilkinson Keith D.
Published: March 2008

Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 1. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30837‐8

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structure and
In Vitro
Specificity of DUB Families

Ubiquitin C‐terminal Hydrolases (UCH)

Ubiquitin‐specific Processing Proteases (UBP/USP)

Ubiquitin‐like Specific Proteases (ULP)

OTU DUBs

JAMM Isopeptidases

DUB Specificity

Recognition of the Ub‐like Domain

Recognition of the gly–gly Linkage

Recognition of the Leaving Group

Substrate‐induced Conformational Changes

Localization of DUBs

Probable Physiological Roles for DUBs

Proprotein Processing

Salvage Pathways: Recovering Mono‐ubiquitin Adducts and Recycling Polyubiquitin

Regulation of Mono‐ubiquitination

Processing of Proteasome‐bound Polyubiquitin

Finding Substrates and Roles for DUBs

Roles of DUBs Revealed in Disease

NF‐κB Pathway

Neural Function

New Tools for DUB Analysis

Active‐site‐directed Irreversible Inhibitors and Substrates

Non‐hydrolyzable Polyubiquitin Analogs

Conclusion