bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyt-Terminated Polyvinylpyrrolidone for the Modification of Polypeptides
Authors: Veronese Francesco M. , Sartore Luciana , Caliceti Paolo , Schiavon Oddone , Ranucci Elisabetta , Ferruti Paolo
Published: March 2007

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) oligomers with -OH terminal groups, obtained by radical polymerization using 2-mercaptoethanol as chain- transfer agent, were fractionated by gel chromatography to obtain a product with an approximate molecular weight of 1100. The hydroxyl function of such oligomer was activated with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate to give an active car bonate derivative suitable for linking to peptide or protein amino groups in aqueous media buffered at mild alkaline pH. The linking of the PVP to the pro tein surface was accomplished without loss of enzymatic activity in the model enzyme ribonuclease. When the polymerization of PVP is carried out using 2- mercaptoacetic acid as chain-transfer agent, a much more heterogeneous prod uct was obtained. Also this, activated as succinimidyl ester, could also be bound to amine groups; however, this treatment performed on the model enzyme RNase caused inactivation.
Collagen-Poly(HEMA) Hydrogels for the Controlled Release of Anticancer Drugs—Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Jeyanthi R. , Panduranga K.
Published: March 2007

Copolymeric hydrogels of collagen and poly(hydroxyethyl meth acrylate) [poly(HEMA)] were prepared and were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron micros copy (SEM). It was found that hydrogels containing about 5-10% (w/w) collagen were stable and resilient. As the collagen content was increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the resiliency and stability of the hydrogel in retain ing its physical form. The cumulative in vitro release profile of 5-fluorouracil from collagen-poly(HEMA) hydrogel matrix showed a zero-order pattern with a release rate of about 270 μg/day for a period of 10 days.
Hydrogels Based on Amniotic Collagen Poly(Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Graft Copolymers
Authors: Sastry T.P. , Rao K. Panduranga
Published: March 2007

Amniotic collagen was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and sub sequently graft copolymerized with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly (HEMA)]. The graft copolymers were characterized for their percentage of graft ing, IR spectroscopy, mechanical strength and equilibrium water absorption.
Controlled Release of Herbicides Supported on Polysaccharide Based Hydrogels
Authors: Rehab A. , Akelah A. , Issa R. , D'Antone S. , Solaro R. , Chiellini E.
Published: March 2007

Polymeric hydrogels based on polysaccharides, hydroxyethylcellu lose and dextran, were attained by cross-linking with epichlorohydrin. The cross-linked polymer beads were loaded with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by direct esterification in the presence of carbonyldiimidazole. Loads ranging be tween 0.5 and 2.2 mol of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyloyl groups per glucose unit were obtained. The release of 2,4-D herbicide was investigated in buffered aqueous solution at different pH values (4, 7 and 9) and evaluated with respect to different structural parameters, such as nature of the polymer matrices, cross-linking extent and herbicide loading. A fairly slow release, ranging from 10 to 25% after four months, was recorded under neutral and acid conditions, whereas at pH 9 an initial burst in the release profile, reaching almost 90% release of 2,4-D loading, was observed. In the majority of the cases, the release kinetics are reproduced by the combination of two exponential decay processes, that differ by about three orders of magnitude in their absolute rates.
Probing Biomolecule-Surface Interactions with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Garrell Robin L.
Published: March 2007

Surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing the interactions of peptides and proteins with metal sur faces. Systematic studies on small biomolecules provide insights into the relative importance of specific functional groups and conformational con straints in determining the orientations and conformations of these molecules at metal-water interfaces, and provide the basis for understanding and predict ing the interfacial behavior of proteins. Changes in the conformations of globu lar proteins in contact with colloidal silver occur on the same time scale as has been observed by total internal reflection fluorescence and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, but SER spectroscopy also reveals details of the protein-metal interactions. Methods for extending SER spectroscopy to the characterization of biopolymer surfaces are noted.
Soluble Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery: Part 5: Solution Properties and Biodistribution Behaviour of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)Methacrylamide-co-N-(2-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]Ethyl) Acrylamide Copolymer Substituted with Cholesterol
Authors: Ambler Lusie E. , Brookman Laurence , Brown Janet , Goddard Peter , Petrak Karel
Published: March 2007

A copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-(2-[4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl)acrylamide (HPEA) was derivatized with 2-4 mole% of N-(2-[(cholest-5-en-3-yl(3β)oxycarbonyl)oxypropyl]methacrylamide residues (cholesteryl residues). The effect of polymer modification on some of its solution properties, and on its behaviour in vivo in experimental animals, has been examined.
Stabilization of Epidermal Growth Factor
Authors: Njieha Francois K. , Shalaby Shalaby W.
Published: March 2007

Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) was acylated at its three primary amine groups. The acylated derivatives were purified, characterized, and their activities and response to trypsin were compared with unmodified EGF. Modified EGF was shown to retain its biological activity but displayed a higher shelf stability and resistance to tryptic digestion in aqueous solutions as compared with the unmodified growth factor.
Poly(Glyceryl Methacrylate) Hydrogels - Effect of Composition and Crosslinking Density on Structure and Release of Dextran as a Model Macromolecule
Authors: Woerly S. , Maghami G. , Duncan R.
Published: March 2007

A series of hydrogels based on glyceryl methacrylate (pGMA) were prepared with different ratios of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) in order to vary the degree of crosslinking and the degree of hydrophobicity of the matrices, respectively. The swelling be haviour and the crosslinking density of the hydrogels were characterized and the structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy and porosime try. FITC-dextran (molecular weight 20,000) was imbibed into the gels and the release rate studied. It was found that the initial rate of release and the total amount of dextran release varied as an inverse function of crosslinking and monomer concentration, but as a linear function of EMA concentration.
Applications and Properties of Chitosan
Authors: Li Q. , Dunn E.T. , Grandmaison E.W. , Goosen M.F.A.
Published: March 2007

Chitosan, a polycationic polymer and waste product from the sea food processing industry, is an abundant natural resource that has, as yet, not been fully utilized. Advantages of this polymer include availability, low cost, high biocompatibility, biodegradability and ease of chemical modification. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of chitosan, as well as its numerous applications, are reviewed with particular emphasis on its use in water treat ment, pharmaceutics, agriculture and membrane formation.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Polyanion-Pt-Complexes Containing Alicyclic Amines as Ligands
Authors: Man Jung Han  , Shin Joon Park  , Tae Joon Cho  , Ji Young Chang  , Youn Soo Sohn  , Chong Ok Lee  , Sang Un Choi
Published: March 2007

Four polyanion-Pt(II)-complexes, PEE-cis-DACH-Pt, PEE- cis- (ACP)2-Pt, PCR- cis -DACH-Pt, and PCR- cis-(ACP)2-Pt, were synthesized by the reactions of polyanions such as poly[(2-ethoxytetrahydropyran-5,6-diyl)(1,2- dicarboxyethylene)](PEE) and poly[(3,4-dicarboxytetrahydropyran-2,6-diyl)- (1,2-dicarboxypropylene)](PCP) with cis-[Pt(amine)2)2](NO3) 2, where the amine was 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) or aminocyclopropane (ACP). The biologi cal activities of the complexes were measured in vitro against A-459 nonsmall cell lung, Sk-OV-3 ovarian, SK-Mel-2 melanoma, XF-498 CNS, and HCT-15 colon tumor cell lines. The increased life span was measured against L1210 leukemia and found to be 223% for PCP- cis-(ACP)2-Pt(II) at the dose of 25 mg/Kg.
Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Binary Systems of Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and Polycaprolactone. Part II: Degradation
Authors: Eschbach Florence O. , Huang Samuel J. , Cameron J.A.
Published: March 2007

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels can be mechanically reinforced by the incorporation of a hydrophobic biodegradable polyester, polycaprolactone (PCL). The influence of PHEMA on the selective degradability of PCL in the modified hydrogels was investigated by hydrolysis, biodegradation and chemical degradation. The swelling of the PHEMA compo nent in hydrophilic reagents provided hydrolytic exposure to PCL domains. In hydrophobic reagents, the PHEMA component acted as a barrier that retarded the diffusion of hydrophobic acid or base into the network.
Fractal Studies on Protein Molecular Chains
Authors: Houqiang Li  , Hu Aming Zhao
Published: March 2007

A new method for the calculation of the fractal dimension ( D) of a protein molecular chain and the D values of three kinds of protein are re ported. Thirty-nine proteins covering four structural classes of proteins, selected from the protein data bank were computed. It was found that the mean value of fractal dimension of protein increased in order of the local DL < middle mean DM < global DG for the short, middle and long range construc tion, respectively. The D value decreased in order of α > α/β > (α + β) > β for the structural classes of protein molecules. This suggests that the fractal dimension may be used to characterize the tertiary structure of a protein. As a structural quantity it reflects the morphology of a protein chain based on the amino acid sequence.
Synthesis and Properties of Hyaluronic Acid Conjugated Nucleic Acid Analogs—1: Synthesis of Deacetylhyaluronan and Introduction of Nucleic Acid Bases
Authors: Wada Takehiko , Chirachanchai Suwabun , Izawa Naoto , Inaki Yoshiaki , Takemoto Kchi
Published: March 2007

The conjugation of nucleic acid base with hyaluronan was achieved by using the activated ester of pentachlorophenyl trichloroacetate. The conditions of de-N-acetylation of sodium hyaluronic acid were studied. In low concentrations of NaOH, the degree of deacetylation was 26%, while in 7.4N NaOH, the degree of deacetylation was 76% and the viscosity was 1.12 dL/g. Thymine and 5-fluorouracil bases were quantitatively conjugated to deacetylhyaluronan in 65% and 51%, respectively. The interaction of thymine hyaluronan conjugate with the complementary base of polyadenylate showed a small hypochromicity.
Polyanionic Polymers. I. Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Medical Applications of Benzocaine Modified Carboxymethylcellulose
Authors: Uglea Constantin V. , Albu Iulian Narcis , Vatajanu Alina , Croitoru Mariana , Iurea Dorina , Isac Mihai , Ottenbrite Raphael M.
Published: March 2007

New polymers with antiviral and antitumor activity were syn thesized by introducing benzocaine onto carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or ox idized carboxymethylcellulose (oxidized CMC). The biological tests (anesthetic, antiviral and antitumor activity) showed that the introduction of benzocaine as a spacer between the main chain and a CMC carboxylic group enhances the an tiviral and antitumor activity of the CMC. The anesthetic effect of benzocaine- modified CMC indicates that benzocaine is not released by hydrolysis from the macromolecular support.
Murderers Who Rape and Mutilate
Authors: RESSLER ROBERT K. , BURGESS ANN W. , HARTMAN CAROL R. , DOUGLAS JOHN E. , McCORMACK ARLENE
Published: March 2007

In comparing sexual murderers with a history of sex abuse (n = 12) with murderers without such a history (n = 16), findings that approach a level of significance between early sexual abuse and sexual deviations include zoophilia (.06) and sexual sadism (.07) with the ultimate expression of the murderer's perversion being the mutilation of the victim. Murderers with sexual abuse histories report fantasizing about rape earlier than murderers without sexual abuse histories (.05) and report aversion to peer sex in adolescence and adulthood (.05). Significant differences in behavioral indicators comparing across developmental levels of childhood include cruelty to animals (.05), and differences approaching significance include isolation (.09), convulsions (.09), cruelty to children (.09) and assaultive to adults (.09). Significant differences in adolescence between murderers with child sexual abuse history versus nonhistory include running away (.01), sleep problems (.05), daydreams (.05), rebellious (.05), assaultive to adults (.05), and indicators approaching significance include temper tantrums (.09) and self-mutilation (.09).
Preventive Detention in Canada
Authors: WORMITH J. S. , RUHL MONIKA
Published: March 2007

The current investigation traces the development of special legislation for sexual offenders. Unlike many American jurisdictions, Canada continues to use preventive detention as a means of control for both physically and sexually violent offenders. Survey data on all 97 persons held as dangerous sexual offenders in Canada were used to evaluate complaints found in the literature. Charges of inconsistent application were substantiated in that regional and socioeconomic disparity was revealed. The disproportionate use of DSO designations for child molesters was also noted. Complaints of poor reliability were supported, both in terms of sexual assessment results and clinical opinions about the status of individual DSOs. Findings pertaining to the difficulty of predicting future behavior were mixed. Predictive instruments suggested that DSOs were low-risk offenders compared to the general inmate population. However, those who were incarcerated at the time of the study were uniformly high-risk DSOs. Moreover, a simple retrospective psychometric clinical prediction strategy was reasonably accurate (77%) in predicting postrelease recidivism. Objections to the lack of treatment in prison and the community were partially supported. Preventive detention is also discussed in its sociopolitical context.
Dimensions of Recovery from Rape
Authors: BURT MARTHA R. , KATZ BONNIE L.
Published: March 2007

To date, all research on rape recovery has focused on patterns of reduction in negative symptoms—primarily fear, anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction. This article reports the first systematic attempt to conceptualize and measure how women grow and change in constructive ways as a consequence of having to cope with a rape and its aftermath. Factor analysis of instruments developed for this research and completed by 113 rape victims yield six dimensions of self-concept, five dimensions of coping techniques, and three dimensions of self-ascribed change. Reliability and validity data for these factors are presented, and the results are discussed in terms of the relations among negative symptomatology, growth outcomes, and self-rating of recovery.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Medical Complaints in Adult Women
Authors: CUNNINGHAM JEAN , PEARCE THOMAS , PEARCE PATTI
Published: March 2007

The previously noted association between a history of childhood sexual abuse and an unusual number of medical complaints in adult women was examined in this study. In total, 60 women, 27 of whom had and 33 of whom had not been sexually abused as children, completed questionnaire measures of their medical complaints. Results revealed that the women with a history of sexual abuse had significantly more frequent complaints of a variety of medical problems, some of which, such as pelvic pain, have been noted in previous literature, and some of which, such as asthma, represent new findings.
Serial Rape
Authors: HAZELWOOD ROBERT R. , REBOUSSIN ROLAND , WARREN JANET I.
Published: March 2007

In this study, data were collected from 41 incarcerated serial rapists concerning their first, middle, and last rapes. Selection criteria required that the subjects had raped at least ten times. Collectively, the sample was found to be responsible for 837 rapes, more than 400 attempted rapes, and over 5,000 “nuisance” sexual offenses. Results showed that while the amount of force used by the rapist did not change from first to last rape overall, there were ten individuals for whom the amount of force did increase from first to last rape. Four correlates were identified that distinguished these “increasers” from “nonincreasers.” The data also indicated that when the victim resisted, the amount of pleasure experienced by the rapist was greater and the duration of the rape was longer.
Victim to Victimizer
Authors: RYAN GAIL
Published: March 2007

Victims of childhood sexual abuse may experience many dysfunctional outcomes. One negative outcome may be an increased risk of the sexually abused becoming sexually abusive to others. This article suggests that experience in the treatment of sexual offenders may have important implications for how we treat victims of child sexual abuse in order to prevent the development of sexual offending. Parallel issues in victimology and offenderology are explored, and suggestions are made for preventive interventions.
Prediction of Rapist Type and Violence from Verbal, Physical, and Sexual Scales
Authors: WARREN JANET I. , REBOUSSIN ROLAND , HAZELWOOD ROBERT R. , WRIGHT JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

Offender and victim accounts of rapes were rated on 33 verbal, physical, and sexual behavioral scales. Rapist type, according to a classification scheme derived from Groth by Hazelwood and Burgess, and whether the rapist had increased in violence over successive rapes were known for each rape. Two discriminant analyses were performed on the offender data and were replicated on the victim data. The first analysis produced a subset of scales classifying rapes according to the type of rape with an overall accuracy of 83% in the offender data and 89% in the victim data. The second analysis produced a subset of scales classifying rapists as to their increaser/nonincreaser status, with an overall accuracy of 92% in the offender data and 89% in the victim data. Practical applications of these classification schemes are discussed.
Group Therapy for Women Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: ALEXANDER PAMELA C. , NEIMEYER ROBERT A. , FOLLETTE VICTORIA M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a project comparing the effectiveness of two short-term group therapy formats to a waitlist control condition for 65 adult women who were incestuously abused as children. In addition to treatment outcome, the authors discuss clinical impressions and supporting data on the specific benefits of each of the two formats, the individual factors predictive of outcome, and the implications of their findings for the development of the most appropriate format of group therapy for individual women.
A Developmental Model of Victims' Internal Attributions of Responsibility for Sexual Abuse
Authors: CELANO MARIANNE P.
Published: March 2007

Controversy has emerged within the field of victimology about the impact of victims' internal attributions of responsibility for their abuse on their psychosocial functioning. This article integrates developmental theory with relevant literature on child sexual abuse to differentiate the concept of internal attribution of responsibility. A typology of internal attributions of responsibility is presented, and potentially adaptive attributions are distinguished from potentially nonadaptive attributions. Implications for mental health service delivery are also discussed.
Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims
Authors: WHATLEY MARK A. , RIGGIO RONALD E.
Published: March 2007

Past research on blaming the victim has virtually ignored male victimization while concentrating on the female victim. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether or not gender differences exist in blaming a male rape victim and whether or not any theories of victim blame could be applied to this domain. Subjects were given the Belief in a Just World Scale, an intervening cognitive task, and a scenario describing a young man who was arrested outside of a bar where a fight occurred and who was later raped in a police holding cell. The manipulation consisted of whether or not the man had a previous arrest record. Subjects were then given a questionnaire assessing victim blame. Results showed males blamed the victim more than females and that the prior arrest victim was held more responsible than was the no-prior-arrest victim. The present findings are consistent with Lerner's belief in a just world theory.
Taking Responsibility
Authors: LeJEUNE CHAD , FOLLETTE VICTORIA
Published: March 2007

This study made use of a survey mailing to examine sex differences in reporting dating violence among college students. Respondents were surveyed regarding their frequency of inflicting and sustaining aggression in their dating relationships. Male and female responses to questions regarding who was responsible for violent acts were compared. The findings suggest that males are less likely than females to take responsibility for violence in a relationship and more likely to place blame on their partner. Males were also more likely to indicate the use of alcohol or drugs during violent episodes. Implications for future research are discussed.
Court Response to Petitions for Civil Protection Orders
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W. , MCWILLIAMS JOYCE , HART BARBARA , STUEHLING JANE
Published: March 2007

Civil protection orders offer abused women a legal means to maintain their residences apart from the abuser and exert some autonomy in their relationships. The implementation of protection order statutes remains, however, largely unclear. Court records were examined for 200 petitioners randomly selected from 674 petitions for protection orders filed in one Pennsylvania county court during the year 1990. Court dockets, court petitions, and protection orders were coded for petitioner background, court factors, case disposition, and protective provisions. Approximately three quarters (76%) of the petitioners did receive a final protection order. In the majority of cases not receiving a protection order, the petitioners withdrew or dropped their petitions. The final protection orders limited the batterer's contact in some way and prohibited his future acts of abuse. However, the provisions regarding restricted contact, child custody and visitation, financial support, and property allocation were much less extensive than requested. Relevant background factors and court factors were not significantly associated with the outcome of the case, except for being in a marriage relationship. While protection orders were liberally granted, the provisions for the orders appeared inadequate to ensure separation from the abuser, given the low financial status of many petitioners and the abuser's visitation or joint custody of the children. Means to ensure more extensive and more comprehensive provisions may be needed.
Stock Option Grants: A Systematic Approach
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

Combined with a computer program, a simple, step-by-step procedure facilitates efficient and effective administration of recipients' catch-up grants and reviews
Merit Pay Without Headaches: How to Design A Plan for Nonexempts
Authors: Marshall Don R.
Published: March 2007

To be truly effective, a merit compensation system must respond to functional criteria and utilize consistent and objective standards.
How to Ruin Motivation with Pay
Authors: Hamner W. Clay
Published: March 2007

Merit pay plans have many critics, but most don't quarrel with the theory-just the way managers mismanage the system.
Cost-Value Analysis of Employee Benefits: An MBO Approach
Authors: Pritchett S. Travis
Published: March 2007

Most organizations need better methods to design benefit plans and to control their costs. A first step is to set basic objectives for ...
Employee Participation in Compensation Planning
Authors: Baytos Lawrence M.
Published: March 2007

It would seem a truism that things a person really wants are more likely to motivate him or her to increased effort than things unwanted. Interestingly, however, until recently few companies have asked employees what "rewards" they most value. But today we find more and more companies enlisting ...
Toward an Indemnity Model in Computing Hazard Pay
Authors: Hershey Robert
Published: March 2007

Believing that there is no such thing as a hazardous occupation, only employees who fall victim to hazards, the author recommends that hazard pay be replaced by a system of hazard-injury indemnity.
Base Salary and Incentive Compensation Practices in Not-for-Profit Organizations
Authors: Hellwig Henry
Published: March 2007

Not-for-profit organizations have adopted industry practices for establishing and pricing their salary structures, but they lag far behind in their use of incentive compensation plans.
The Relationship of Money and Motivation
Authors: Milbourn Gene
Published: March 2007

The author, who believes in the motivational force of pay, explains how to tap it in ...
Middle Management Compensation in Regulated and Nonregulated Firms: A Comparison
Authors: Kamerschen David R.
Published: March 2007

Do regulated firms pay their managers more or less than nonregulated firms pay theirs? Diverse answers to this question are analyzed in ...
Myth vs. Reality: The Relationship Between Top Executive Pay and Corporate Performance
Authors: Redling Edward T.
Published: March 2007

There appears to be little evidence of a direct pay-for-performance relationship between top executives' compensation and corporate performance.
Why Some Long-Term Incentives Fail
Authors: Rich Jude T. , Larson John A.
Published: March 2007

Research results showed that companies with long-term incentives were giving stockholders an annual return no better than the return in companies without such incentives. This prompted the authors' investigation into ...
Updating the Traditional Corporate Retirement Program, Part 2
Authors: Brennan Lawrence T.
Published: March 2007

Having decided that its traditional defined-benefit pension plan doesn't meet its current needs, the corporation might choose any of several restructuring approaches that combine a defined-benefit plan with a defined-contribution plan, or it might choose to rely strictly on a capital accumulation plan.
Where Do Compensation Specialists Stand on Comparable Worth?
Authors: Mahoney Thomas A. , Rosen Benson , Rynes Sara
Published: March 2007

This study reports on approaches to the comparable-worth issue that are being taken by compensation specialists in 360 small, medium, and large companies.
Determining the Cost of Supplemental Benefits
Authors: Gable Myron , Holoviak Stephen
Published: March 2007

The authors present a method that will enable employers to calculate the actual cost of employee benefits so they can both gain control of costs and let employees know the true value of so-called "fringes."
Pay Equity: Internal and External Considerations
Authors: Romanoff Kent , Boehm Ken , Benson Edward
Published: March 2007

When setting pay rates, compensation managers must take into consideration the employees' perception of fair, equitable compensation.
Helping Adults Learn
Authors: Brillinger Margaret Fisher
Published: March 2007

Effective teaching requires an understanding of what goes on inside the learner. Adults possess life experience and a concept of themselves which affect their capacity to learn. Adult learners want to be actively involved in their learning experiences and expect them to be relevant and useful. Significant learning, through its cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, engages the whole person. People perceive and process data in different ways and through different stimuli. In order to develop courses that maximize people's natural learning processes, lactation consultants need to be aware of the assumptions, expectations, and varied learning styles new mothers bring. Breastfeeding educational programs which encourage active participation, self-direction and interdependence, which respect mothers' own experiences, and which appeal to a range of learning styles are more likely to encourage risk-taking, open sharing, and trying new behaviors which in turn result in lasting learning.
Mechanisms Controlling Lactational Infertility
Authors: Tay Clement C.K.
Published: March 2007

Despite the important role breastfeeding plays in regulating a mother's fertility, the mechanisms controlling lactational infertility remain to be fully elucidated. Breastfeeding suppresses fertility for a period which varies widely among individuals and within different communities. Suckling stimulus is the key factor in controlling the duration of infertility. Suckling by the infant appears to inhibit luteinizing hormone secretion by inhibiting the pulsatile release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. The exact mechanism remains unclear but a suckling-induced increase in hypothalamic opioid tone may be involved. Prolactin does not appear to play a major role, other than being essential for maintenance of milk production, in lactational infertility.
Smoking and Breastfeeding: An Overview
Authors: Minchin Maureen K.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews what is presently known about the associations between cigarette smoking, breastfeeding and infant health. Smoking almost certainly reduces lactational capacity. Tobacco constituents and combustion by-products reaching the infant through breastmilk or by inhalation are cause for concern. But artifically-fed infants are similarly exposed to many such compounds, and they in addition are at greater risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, allergic disorders, and cot death. Hence breastfeeding must continue to be encouraged, even for smoking mothers. Recommendations that may reduce infant morbidity from smoking by the breastfeeding mother are set out. The author concludes that the scientific literature indicates that it is far from ideal to smoke and breastfeed—but it is worse to smoke and not breastfeed.
Determinants of Breastfeeding in a Rural WIC Population
Authors: Gielen Andrea Carlson , Faden Ruth R. , O'Campo Patricia , Paige David M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the current research was to identify demographic and psychosocial factors important in the decision to breastfeed among a sample of WIC participants in a rural area. One hundred and ninety-eight women completed both a prenatal interview during their third trimester of pregnancy and a second interview within one to three weeks postpartum. Twenty-seven percent of these WIC participants initiated breastfeeding. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that prenatal behavioral beliefs about the consequences of breastfeeding and formula feeding were the strongest predictors of breastfeeding initiation. The results suggest that education to improve the current low rates of breastfeeding among WIC participants should emphasize that formula feeding is neither more convenient nor easier than breastfeeding, and that breastfeeding need not limit mothers in public or social settings.
Supplementation of Breastfed Infants: Does Continuing Education for Nurses Make a Difference?
Authors: Iker Carolyn E. , Mogan Judith
Published: March 2007

Supplementation of breastfed newborns in the first few days of life is a common practice that interferes with the establishment of lactation and is related to early cessation of breastfeeding. Quality assurance audit results at a large maternity hospital led to the development of a continuing education program to increase nurses' knowledge of breastfeeding and thereby reduce supplementation. An integrated quality assurance and research methodology was selected to analyze the impact of the education and yield results that would be more generalizable and interest a wider audience.

Findings revealed no change in supplementation behavior occurred following a four-week education program. Only 33 percent of newborns in the study were unsupplemented during their hospital stay. Formula was the most often used supplement. Continuingeducation alone was not effective in changing behavior. As shown in the literature, post-course reinforcement of behavior needs to be built into the cost of the program to implement and sustain desired changes.
Perspectives of Common Breastfeeding Situations: A Known Group Comparison
Authors: Libbus M. Kay
Published: March 2007

Infant feeding choice is influenced by social and cultural factors, as reflected in sociodemographic correlates of breastfeeding, which show consistently low breastfeeding rates among women from lowincome populations. This study examines attitudes and beliefs that are thought to affect feeding choice and breastfeeding behavior among diverse social and cultural groups. A breastfeeding behavior questionnaire asking women to respond to a variety of breastfeeding situations presented as narratives was administered to members of a La Leche League group and to a group of WIC participants. Results support the idea that different social groups of women display divergent attitudes toward and perceptions of breastfeeding. Although small sample size prohibits generalization of results, the findings reinforce the necessity of designing breastfeeding education programs within specific cultural contexts.
Breast Pads: Their Effectiveness and Use by Lactating Women
Authors: Griffiths Roberta J.
Published: March 2007

The diversity of breast pads available and absence of data on their effectiveness led the Breastfeeding Association of South Africa to design laboratory simulation experiments measuring fluid retention and evaporative properties as indicators of pad surface dryness. Questionnaires distributed at four breastfeeding clinics were used to obtain data on mothers' use of pads and incidence of breast problems.

The majority of mothers surveyed used a new disposable breast pad made by Johnson & Johnson. The experimental studies showed that this pad allowed no leaking and kept the breast markedly drier than other disposables. Exclusive use of these pads or cotton towelling pads did not produce a detectable increase in nipple problems.

A home-made disposable breast pad using a nappy (diaper) liner encasing toilet paper was most effective at keeping the breast dry and offered good protection against leaking. Since it is economical and easy to use, it is recommended as a good alternative to expensive disposables.

Clinging materials, e.g. gauze, cottonwool or paper, and panty liners, maintain excessive surface dampness and are not recommended. If used, two layers of nappy liner on the inner surface may enhance nipple dryness.
Breastfeeding during Pregnancy
Authors: Moscone Sherrill R. , Moore Mary Jane
Published: March 2007

Questionnaire data were gathered on the experiences of 57 women who were concurrently pregnant and breastfeeding. Respondents provided information on nursing and weaning patterns, informational and emotional support, and pregnancy history. The main reasons given for continued breastfeeding after conception were the emotional needs of the child or child-led weaning. Forty-three percent of the children continued to breastfeed throughout the pregnancy and tandem nurse after the birth. Mothers who initiated weaning cited breast and/or nipple pain as the principal reason. Most weanings initiated by the children occurred during the second trimester, corresponding with the diminution of breastmilk. The infants born to these mothers were healthy and appropriate for gestational age.
Evaluation of a Breastfeeding Protocol
Authors: Pinelli Janet , McGovern Margaret , Edwards Margeree , Milligan Lynn
Published: March 2007

A breastfeeding protocol has been field-tested in three hospitals. A pre-and post-test design was utilized to measure breastfeeding knowledge of health professionals and mothers before and after implementation of a standard breastfeeding protocol. Although results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in knowledge scores for health professionals and mothers, actual change in score was less than two percent and one percent respectively, compared to pre-intervention scores. Scores of both groups were not high and indicated limited knowledge in the health professional group in particular. Despite the fact that protocol implementation did not significantly alter knowledge scores, it did initiate positive changes in policies and procedures which may continue to influence knowledge and practice of health professionals.
Letters....Letters....Letters
Authors: Sims Ione
Published: March 2007

Statements are those of the writers and do not represent the official position of ILCA or of JHL. Comments on any topic, including the contents of the Journal of Human Lactation, are invited from all readers; those accepted for publication will not be subject to major revision but should be no more than 400 words. The editors reserve the right to publish replies and may solicit responses from authors and others. Submit letters, double-spaced on white bond paper, to the JHL Editorial Office, 2240 Willow Road, Homewood, IL 60430- 3221 USA.
Breastfeeding in Belgium: Tentative Evaluation Based on Neonatal Screening Cards
Authors: Dickstein M. , Bourdoux P.P.
Published: March 2007

In Belgium as in most developed countries, the proportions of breastfed to bottle-fed newborns is poorly known. A compilation of infant feeding information, avail able on cards which were completed at the time newborns were screened for inborn metabolic errors, indicates that in the years 1992 and 1993, 62.5 percent of infants were breastfed on day five of life. The data collected in this way were consistent for the years studied. Other countries may also be able to use screening cards to estimate breastfeeding initiation rates. JHL 12:37-39, 1996.
Prednisone Mood Disorder With Associated Catatonia
Authors: Grigg Jon R.
Published: March 2007

Since steroid-induced psychoses often appear as mood disorders and since catatonia may be associated with psychotic mood disorders, the possibility exists for a steroid-induced psychotic mood disorder to present with associated catatonia. In a computer review of the medical literature, however, I found no such cases in adult patients. This report is presented as a possible case of steroid-induced catatonia in a 62-year-old woman following treatment with melphalan, prednisone, and cimetidine for multiple myeloma of the IgA class with associated mild hypercalcemia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:41-44).
Axis II Diagnoses in Geriatric Inpatients
Authors: Casey David A. , Schrodt Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about personality disorders in the elderly. Review of 100 consecutive inpatient admissions revealed that 70% received an Axis II diagnosis of personality disorder. Sixteen percent received a diagnosis of personality disorder trait. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:87-88).
Binswanger's Disease: A Complete Translation
Authors: Schorer C.E. , Rodin Ernst A.
Published: March 2007

This article constitutes a complete translation for the first time of Binswanger's description of the disease given his name, including the gross anatomy, clinical features, the 5-year course of one case, and the differential diagnosis.
ECT and Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Hay Donald P. , Hay Linda , Blackwell Barry , Spiro Herzl R.
Published: March 2007

Three cases of elderly depressed patients with symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD) subsequently treated with electrocon vulsive therapy (ECT) are presented. These cases are discussed in relation to several cases reported in the literature of ECT and TD. The possibility of improvement in symptoms of TD in certain patients is discussed.
Serial Sevens Versus World Backwards: A Comparison of the Two Measures of Attention From the MMSE
Authors: Ganguli Mary , Ratcliff Graham , Huff F. Jacob , Belle Steven , Kancel Mary Jean , Fischer Lynn , Kuller Lewis H.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a comparison of the two alternative tests of attention in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a well-known cognitive screening tool. The two tests, serial subtraction by seven and backwards spelling of the word world, are often used interchangeably. In a large population-based sample, the two tests were found to be weakly associated with each other, with the former test appearing more difficult, although both were strongly associated with educational level. The authors discuss the implications of this finding in clinical and research settings, and make recom mendations for more consistent use of the instrument. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:203-207).
Response to Treatment of Depression in the Old and Very Old
Authors: Rubin Eugene H. , Kinscherf Dorothy A. , Wehrman Stephanie A.
Published: March 2007

Treatment responses were monitored in 101 depressed patients, ranging in age from 64 to 92 years, hospitalized on a geropsychiatry unit. Forty-six percent of the patients received ECT. Medications were used in the majority of patients. Responses were assessed with both depression inventories (Beck Depression Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale) and physician-rated global improvement scores. Advanced age was not associated with poor outcome. ECT was the most important variable associated with a good response, regardless of age. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:65-70).
Caudate Hyperintensities in Elderly Depressed Patients With Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism
Authors: Figiel Gary S. , Krishnan K. Ranga R. , Doraiswamy P. Murali , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: March 2007

Elderly patients are particularly sensitive to the neurologic side effects of psychotropic medications. This increased sensi tivity may be related to brain structural changes associated with aging. In this pilot study, the authors report on the oc currence of caudate hyperintensities, using brain magnetic resonance imaging, in seven elderly depressed subjects who developed neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Caudate hyperintensities were not observed in any of the seven healthy elderly controls examined. These results suggest that caudate hyperintensities may render some elderly depressed pa tients susceptible to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:86-89).
Geriatric Epilepsy: A Review
Authors: Sanders Kathy M. , Murray George B.
Published: March 2007

After the turn of the century, the proportion of population over 60 years of age is expected to be over 20%. Recent epi demiologic studies show a higher incidence of new-onset epilepsy in the population over 60 years of age compared with preceding decades of life. The predominant seizure type in up to 80% of these new cases of epilepsy is simple and com plex partial manifestation. This paper reviews the literature documenting the increased incidence of partial seizures in the aging population, explores the known etiologies of new-onset epilepsy, and uses five case vignettes presenting with com plex partial symptomatology. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:98-105).
Cognitive Deficits and Psychopathology in Institutionalized versus Community-Dwelling Elderly Schizophrenia Patients
Authors: Evans Jovier D. , Negron Arnaldo E. , Palmer Barton W. , Paulsen Jane S. , Heaton Robert K. , Jeste Dilip V.
Published: March 2007

We evaluated psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive functioning among 25 institutionalized and 25 outpatient DSM-IV-diagnosed schizophrenia patients, as well as 25 middle-aged and elderly normal comparison subjects. All subjects were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, mod ified Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale, the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). The two patient groups had similar levels of depressive symptoms, but the institu tionalized patients had more severe positive and negative symptoms and were on higher doses of neuroleptic medication. The institutionalized patients had significantly more cognitive impairment on the DRS than outpa tients and normal comparison subjects, particularly on the subscales of initiation/perseveration, conceptualization, and memory. Results are discussed in terms of the possible neuropathology associated with cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:11-15).
Reboxetine in the Treatment of Depression in the Elderly: Pilot Study
Authors: Andreoli Vittorino , Carbognin Giorgio , Abati Alberto , Vantini Giovanni
Published: March 2007

Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to the potential side effects of current antidepressants due to age- related physiologic changes. We report a pilot study to examine the tolerability of increasing doses of reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (selective NRI), in elderly depressed patients. Twelve elderly female patients (75-87 years) with either major depression or dysthymia received reboxetine titrated to 8 mg/day over a 4-week period. Tolerability was assessed and included the measurement of vital signs. Electrocardiograms were recorded at baseline and on days 14 and 28. Newly emergent signs and symptoms were recorded throughout the study. Efficacy was assessed using four rating scales, including the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Eleven patients completed the study, nine received the maximal dose of reboxetine 8 mg/day, and two received maximum doses of reboxetine 6 mg/day due to cardiac rhythm changes in week 3. A total of five patients experienced tachycardia (including two with cardiac rhythm changes in week 3). At the end of the study, seven patients were "much" to "very much" improved on the CGI scale with a concomitant decrease in HAM-D total score of 22% to 41%. Reboxetine was well tolerated by the majority of patients and effi cacy outweighed side effects in 75% of patients. Reboxetine 4 mg/day, increasing to 6 mg/day on the basis of individual patient tolerability, may be considered as a safe dose range for testing the efficacy and tolerability of reboxetine in long-term controlled clinical trials in elderly patients with depression. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:206-210).
Prejudice and danger: the only-child in China
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: March 2007

There exists a cross-cultural link of prejudice between Western and Chinese views of the only-child. Such prejudice has existed over a relatively long time and in situations as different as the Western "Baby Boom" and the Chinese "One-child Policy". In both instances the only-child is said to possess a range of negative character traits and is typically described as selfish, wilful, maladjusted, dependent, timid, etc. From Western examples and a wide range of Chinese sources it is found that stereotypes of prejudice against the only-child have to do with certain forms and perceptions of social danger linked to the process of modernization. The persistence of prejudice under modern conditions, however, shows that there is no one-to-one relation be tween prejudice and social transition. Complex links between rationality and norms need to be addressed to explain the phenomenon more closely.