bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Moisture and Fiber Type on Infrared Absorption of Fabrics
Authors: McFarland E.G. , Carr W.W. , Sarma D.S. , Dorrity J.L.
Published: March 2008

A study of variations in IR absorption characteristics of fabrics with moisture regain and fiber type is discussed. Infrared spectral absorptivities of fabrics are measured over the range of wavelengths from 0.7 to 25 microns. These values are used with the normalized emission characteristics of blackbody emitters to calculate average absorptivities for blackbody emitter temperatures ranging from 500 to 3000 K. Overall radiant efficiencies of the blackbody emitters are calculated by multiplying average absorptivities by the radiant efficiencies of emitters in converting input power to IR radiant output power. The absorption characteristics of several fabrics such as polypropylene and wool are measured so that the behavior of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers can be compared. Correlation equations are presented for average absorptivities of several fabrics as a function of moisture regain.
Single Fiber Acoustic Emission and Tensile Properties from Cotton Bundle Fracture Tests
Authors: Velu Yogeshwar K. , Ellison Michael S. , Jinrong Dai  , Rogers Clarence D.
Published: March 2008

An instrument is developed to detect and analyze the acoustic emission generated during tensile fracture of each of the single fibers in a beard containing 100-150 fibers. The acoustic pulse height and width are recorded coincident with the tensile breaking load and breaking elongation. Ten different varieties of cotton fibers are tested on the instru ment and on standard HVI equipment. There is a nonlinear relationship between the acoustic pulse height and breaking load, as well as between the acoustic pulse energy density and the work of rupture of the fibers. The acoustic pulse energy density is a new datum obtained separately from HVI data, and so it can be used as an additional parameter for classifying cotton fibers.
The Dynamics of Fabric Drape
Authors: Postle Jacqueline R. , Postle Ron
Published: March 2008

The aim of this paper is to model the unique dynamic deformation properties of textile materials. Fabric deformation is modeled as a nonlinear dynamic system so that a fabric can be completely specified under general boundary conditions. Fabric deformation or fabric drape is dynamically analogous to waves traveling in a fluid. A localized two- dimensional deformation evolves through the fabric to form a three-dimensional drape or fold configuration. The nonlinear differential equations arising from the analysis of fabric deformation belong to the Klein-Gordon family of equations, and become the sine-Gordon equation in three dimensions. The sine-Gordon equation has its origins in the study of Bäcklund Transformations is used to transform a trivial solution into a series of solitary waves within the fabric. These analytical expressions describing the curvature parameters of a surface represent actual solutions of fabric dynamic systems.
CAD/CAM of Orthogonal and Angle-Interlock Woven Structures for Industrial Applications
Authors: Chen X. , Potiyaraj P.
Published: March 2008

As a continuation of our previous work, this paper concentrates on two more complex 3D woven structures, i.e., orthogonal and angle-interlock structures, for industrial applications such as textile composites. Studying the features of these woven structures has led to the establishment of mathematical models to describe them. Further, algorithms for generating these weave structures are developed based on these models. A CAD/CAM software for these 3D woven structures is created on the MS Windows platform. Solid models of the structures are also made available using virtual reality modeling language (VRML).
Control of Tension and Line Speed in Fabric Finishing
Authors: Huang Chang-Chiun , Soong Li-Chiun
Published: March 2008

A procedure is presented for tension and line speed control in fabric finishing. The dynamics of the tension and line speed is mathematically modeled, exhibiting nonlinear behavior. Based on the nonlinear model, to compensate for modeling uncertainties and unknown disturbances, sliding mode control is adopted because of its robustness and ability to handle nonlinear systems. The proposed approach is implemented for computer simulation and experiment. The results show consistency in performance, and demonstrate that sliding mode control can efficiently accomplish tension and line speed control.
Preparing and Characterizing Kenaf/Cotton Blended Fabrics
Authors: Weiying Tao  , Calamari Timothy A. , Chongwen Yu  , Yan Chen
Published: March 2008

Kenaf fibers offer the advantage of being renewable, biodegradable, and environmen tally safe, but kenaf is difficult to process and spin because of its coarseness, stiffness, and the low cohesion of its fiber bundles. In this research, kenaf fibers are treated by a modified chemical degumming method to improve their properties. The finer and softer kenaf fiber bundles are easier to process than those in earlier studies. Treated kenaf fiber bundles are blended with Pima cotton and spun on a cotton processing system to yield blended 30/70 kenaf/cotton yams. For comparison, 100% cotton yarn, 30/70 jute/cotton yarn, and 30/70 flax/cotton blended yarn are also prepared. The kenaf/cotton blended yarns are comparable to the jute/cotton and flax/cotton blends. Experimental woven fabrics made from 100% cotton yam and from the blended yarns reveal that the breaking strength of kenaf/cotton blended fabric is similar to that of other blends, but lower than that of 100% cotton fabric. The kenaf blended fabric displays the highest air permeability. When the Kawabata Evaluation System is used to evaluate the fabrics, the results show that the blends are stiffer and less recoverable after deformation than the 100% cotton fabric, but the measured surface properties of the blended fabrics are comparable to those of 100% cotton.
Quality Properties of Flax Fibers Retted with Enzymes
Authors: Akin Danny E. , Rigsby Luanne L. , Perkins Warren
Published: March 2008

Flax that has been mechanically treated in an opener-blender to disrupt stem integrity is enzymatically retted with a series of enzyme formulations with different levels of Flaxzyme with or without ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) as a chelator. Samples are then characterized by light and transmission electron microscopy and fiber tests for micronaire, strength (g/tex), and elongation. Unretted control fibers are off scale for micronaire and consist of fiber bundles with associated epidermis/cuticle fragments. Structurally, the lowest level of Flaxzyme used, i.e., 0.05% (w/v), plus 50 mmol EDTA produces ultimate fibers and bundles of various sizes without evidence of associated epidermis/cuticle. This formulation yields flax fibers with similar micronaire values and about 34% more strength than the recommended level of 0.3% Flaxzyme. A level of 3.0% Flaxzyme extensively removes middle lamellae from the bundles, produces the smallest micronaire values, and reduces strength to about 30% of fibers treated with 0.05% Flaxzyme plus chelator. Variations in fiber properties with the different formulations suggest that pectin degradation varies for different regions of the bast tissues and that specific strategies for improving enzymatic retting can be developed. Results show that fiber quality tests for cotton are useful in differentiating formulations for enzymatic retting of flax, and 0.05% Flaxzyme plus 50 mmol EDTA is the most efficient retting formulation.
Bleaching Cotton Fabric with Electrogenerated Oxygen—The Role of Hydroxyl and Superoxide Radicals
Authors: Fukatsu K. , Kokot S. , Schweinsberg D.P.
Published: March 2008

Many active oxygen species, especially the hydroxyl radical, may play an important role in damaging cotton fabric treated at a Pt electrode with electrogenerated oxygen. To elaborate the mechanism of this damage, we have investigated the generation of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in electrolysis and used the colorimetric thiobarbituric acid and epinephrine spectrophotometric methods, respectively, for detection.. Generation of hy droxyl radical during electrolysis is confirmed at a Pt anode but speroxide radical is not. The electro-oxidation reactions for some model carbohydrates indicate nearly the same behavior as that with Fenton's reagent. Apparently, cotton fabric damage occurs through a reaction with a hydroxyl radical that is formed on the surface of the electrode, being initiated by the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from a cellulose molecule by the hydroxyl radical.
Fiber Arrangement Characteristics and Their Effects on Nonwoven Tensile Behavior
Authors: Adanur Sabit , Liao Tianyi
Published: March 2008

Our early model for predicting nonwoven fabric stress-strain behavior by the finite element method is generalized to include the effects of fiber curl, which is shown to have a great effect on the tensile behavior of the fabric. A numerical method to characterize the lateral contraction of nonwovens during tensile deformation is presented. The effects of fiber arrangement characteristics on the mechanical properties of nonwovens are studied through laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. The effects of varying thick nesses within the nonwovens on fabric strength, modulus, and stress-strain distribution are also examined. Tensile testing of several nonwoven fabrics verifies the theoretical results.
Defect Detection in Fabrics with a Joint Transform Correlation Technique: Theoretical Basis and Simulation
Authors: Mallik Bithika , Datta Asit K.
Published: March 2008

The theoretical basis of a technique for real time defect detection in fabrics is presented using a joint transform correlator. This correlation technique is an extension of Fourier transform analysis and is extremely useful for real time pattern recognition. The regular periodic nature of a woven fabric makes it possible to use the Fourier transform technique to detect defects. However, classifying various defect types is difficult from the Fourier analytical and experimental results. A solution to this problem is to use a joint Fourier transform of a reference pattern and the test pattern, and the joint power spectrum is further processed. Cross- and auto-correlation peaks, generated after the execution of the second Fourier transform on the filtered joint power spectrum, indicate the existence of a particular defect type. Because of the parallel processing ability of the optical system, implementing the joint transform correlation technique in an optical domain is advanta geous. A fractional power fringe adjusted filter is used for efficient detection of defects. The mathematical formulation of the technique is supported by the simulated results for identifying some defects such as the existence of thick yarns, knots, and missing yarns.
Objective Evaluation of Seam Pucker Using Artificial Intelligence Part II: Method of Evaluating Seam Pucker
Authors: Chang Kyu Park  , Tae Jin Kang
Published: March 2008

A new quantitative method to evaluate seam pucker with five shape parameters is proposed using three-dimensional image analysis and artificial intelligence. The shape parameters include the number of wave generating points, the wave amplitudes, and the wavelengths on the line next to the seam and on the edge line. Measured shapes of puckered fabrics are converted into numerical data in the three-dimensional coordinate system, and the data are transformed into power spectra using fast Fourier transformation. Also, artificial intelligence techniques, including neural networks and fuzzy logic (or neurofuzzy algorithm), are used to recognize the characteristics of seam pucker. To obtain better quantitative evaluations of seam pucker, 300 neurofuzzy engines are constructed and trained using reference puckered shapes produced by the simulator described in Part I. Power spectra of the measured data are transformed into specified fuzzy patterns through the fuzzification process to train the neurofuzzy engines. The five shape param eters of puckered shapes are obtained from pattern recognition by the trained neurofuzzy engines through the defuzzification process.
Objective Evaluation of Wrinkle Recovery
Authors: Eui Hwa Kim
Published: March 2008

A device for wrinkle recovery measurements involves the installation of a laser sensor. The shapes of fabric wrinkles are described by magnitude and sharpness using power spectra obtained from two-dimensional fast Fourier transformation and the distribution of fabric surface angles obtained from spline interpolation and vector operation. For the objective evaluation of wrinkle recovery, artificial neural networks are used rather than the AATCC subjective evaluation method. Five kinds of input patterns are categorized from the characterizations of wrinkle shape, and these are supplied to the neural networks for evaluation. Objective results from the neural networks are compared with subjective ones from human experts. The relationship is good with a correction coefficient of 0.95, but wrinkle rank depends somewhat on the color or pattern of the fabric.
Objective Evaluation of Seam Pucker Using Artificial Intelligence Part III: Using the Objective Evaluation Method to Analyze the Effects of Sewing Parameters on Seam Pucker
Authors: Chang Kyu Park  , Tae Jin Kang
Published: March 2008

The new objective evaluation method of seam pucker reported in Parts I and II of this study is used to analyze the effects of sewing parameters on seam pucker with five shape parameters in this part of the series. The parameters of sewing thread tension and stitch length are varied. To measure needle and bobbin thread tensions, frames are modified with dial tension gauges, linear guides, and weights. Four lightweight synthetic fabrics are used for seam pucker experiments. The needle and a bobbin. threads are polyester. These experiments show that sewing thread tension affects the wave amplitudes on the puckered surface as well as the objective AATCC seam pucker grade, but has no effect on the wave frequency characterized by the number of wave generating points and the wavelengths. Stitch length influences wave frequency on the seam line as well as AATCC grade, but without influencing wave amplitudes. The effects of stitch length on the shape parameters are quite different from those of sewing thread tension. With the expanded information provided by the five shape parameters of seam pucker, the effects of sewing parameters on seam pucker can be examined in more detail. The new evaluation method could be instrumental in better understanding the cause of seam pucker and its eventual elimination.
Spinning Limits of the Friction Spinning System (DREF-III)
Authors: Aydogmus Yasemin , Behery Hassan M.
Published: March 2008

The spinning limit is described as the finest yam count with acceptable qualities such as evenness and strength. Since we need to know about the parameters of the friction spinning system and their effects on the spinning limits, this work investigates the DREF-III spinning system. Different speeds of the spinning drum are tested at a constant delivery speed (150 m/min) using 100% polyester fibers. Spinning drum speed has a significant influence on yam tenacity, elongation, and thick places. The lowest spinning drum speed results in the lowest elongation and higher tenacity. We also use three different core-wrap ratios to study their effects. The core-wrap ratio has a direct effect on yarn modulus, tenacity, and elongation. While initial modulus and tenacity increase with increased core-wrap ratio, elongation decreases. Yam count has a significant effect on yam me chanical properties and uniformity. Machine condition and sliver quality may cause differences in yam formation. In order to determine the finest possible spinnable yarn count, we test different yam counts ranging from the coarser 98 tex (6's) to finer yarn counts. The 49 tex (12's) yarn count with 70/30% core-wrap ratio is the finest spinnable yarn count with reasonable quality.
Nonlinear Creep Characterization of Textile Fabrics
Authors: Cui Shi-Zhong , Wang Shan-Yuan
Published: March 2008

Textile materials may exhibit an appreciable amount of creep. The creep behavior of a fabric is characterized by uniaxial creep and recovery tests. The well-known Schapery nonlinear constitutive relation is modified to make it suitable for characterizing the creep behavior of fabrics. This modified constitutive equation demonstrates that total creep recovery strain can be divided into four parts, i.e., instantaneous elastic, instantaneous plastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic. Theoretical discussions present the procedures and methods of determining constitutive parameters. Creep characteristics of nonwoven and woven fabrics are tested and constitutive parameters are determined.
Fundamental Aspects of Aminoalkyl Siloxane Softeners by Molecular Modeling and Experimental Methods
Authors: Skinner Michael W. , Caibao Qian  , Grigoras Stelian , Halloran Daniel J. , Zimmerman Brett L.
Published: March 2008

The global textile industry has an ongoing need for improved softening products. Current materials systems, including those with siloxane polymers, exhibit certain limi tations such as yellowing, high cost, and low softening efficiency. Investigations into fabric softening mechanisms invoke molecular modeling tools to simulate siloxane polymer and cotton fiber interactions at the molecular level. This research describes how certain polymer types exhibit fundamentally enhanced siloxane and fiber interactions within particular pH ranges. Molecular modeling results are also correlated with empirical findings. The output of this research adds insight into efforts to understand fabric softening phenomena.
Dyeing Kinetics of CI Acid Orange 7 in Multiple Layers of a Chemically Modified Wool Fabric
Authors: Sasaki Hiroaki , Morikawa Hideaki , Ito Hiraku
Published: March 2008

When the concentration distribution of an acid dye in multiple layers of a chemically modified wool fabric is investigated, the concentration distribution curves have a sigmoi dal shape. The adsorption isotherm is approximately described in terms of a Langmuir- type adsorption model. The dyeing rate curve shows the sorption delay during the initial stage of dyeing due to the diffusional boundary layer. We assume that the relationship between the diffusion coefficient Df, dye concentration C, and constant α takes the form Df = Df0 exp(α C). The diffusion parameters are estimated in such a way that the experimental data fit the theoretical curve of the concentration distribution based on the diffusional boundary layer model. The surface concentrations of the dye in multiple layers do not depend on the dyeing time, and they equal the equilibrium uptake. The constant surface concentration is explained by the affinity of the dye to the fibers.
Techniques for Obtaining Rank Orderings
Authors: Martin J. David , Dodd Stuart C.
Published: March 2008

Two techniques are presented for obtaining complete rankings of relatively large numbers of items with minimum difficulty for the respondent. The alternating extremes technique involves the successive selection of items with high and low extreme ranks, in effect ranking inward from the ends of the ordering toward the middle. The successive halvings technique involves the division of the set of items into "high" and "low" halves, followed by the division of the set of items into "high" and "low" halves, followed by the division of each half into such halves, and continuing until all items are ranked. These techniques are compared with a distance scale technique previously suggested in the literature. The results of the test comparisons indicate that the extremes technique is generally preferable to the other two. It exceeds the halvings technique and distance scale in efficiency and, with halvings, produces fewer errors and ties than distance scale. It has considerable "face validity." The distance scale tends to receive higher subjective ratings on accuracy, very possibly because it demands fewer fine discriminations.
Self-Anchoring Scale: Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Lefcowitz Myron J. , Wallston Barbara
Published: March 2008

Self-anchoring scales are ones in which each respondent provides an individual definition of the end points of a dimension and then rates himself on this self defined continuum. Presumably (1) people will rate themselves differently when asked to define anchoring points as against not defining them; and (2) people with different self-definitions of the end points of a dimension will rate themselves differently. To test these two propositions, the responses of subjects (University of Wisconsin introductory psychology students) completing different forms of a work values questionnaire were compared. One group defined anchoring points on half the items, another did no defining, and a third group was administered both forms in a testretest fashion. The results of the analysis provide no evidence that (1) people give different ratings when defining the end points of a dimension, and (2) that different definitions lead to different rankings. The conclusion, therefore, is that self-anchoring scales, compared with scales whose end points are undefined, do not demonstrably provide any special advantage to the researcher.
Panel Studies: Some Practical Problems
Authors: Crider Donald M. , Willits Fern K. , Bealer Robert C.
Published: March 2008

Panel studies, undertaken with grandiose plans and high hopes, frequently fail to live up to the expectations of the initiators of the research. Practical problems, such as continuity of personnel, institutional commitment, funding, design and substance of the data bank, and changing of facilities and equipment may interfere with the success of the project. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in such longitudinal studies and to suggest ways in which the researchers' awareness of these hazards may facilitate planning to circumvent some of the difficulties.
Policy Experiments
Authors: Anderson Andy B.
Published: March 2008

Policy experiments represent a powerful tool for testing the consequences of contemplated social programs. However, experimentation in the policy field raises perplexing problems and issues, some of which are not commonly encountered in the literature of experimental social science. This paper examines several issues that seem particularly important and intriguing, drawing heavily on experiences in income maintenance experimentation, one of the largest efforts in policy experimentation to date.
Some Observations On Design Issues in Large-Scale Social Experiments
Authors: Lyall Katharine C.
Published: March 2008

A number of important methodological issues have emerged from recent large-scale social experiments which have an important bearing on the ultimate usefulness of such research for policy determination This paper discusses a number of these design issues in the context of the New Jersey Income Maintenance Experiment, focusing on the importance of the shift from .conventional to optimal designs for experiments with inherently costly treatments. Risks of optimal designs lie in the possible misspecification of the response surface and the exclusion of important secondary objectives which may be politically important to policy use. The conclusion is that experimentation is a costly research method which compels optimal designs in order to identify generally small treatment effects at the usual significance levels.
Sensitivity Analysis of Arbitrarily Identified Simultaneous-Equation Models
Authors: Land Kenneth C. , Felson Marcus
Published: March 2008

Current sociological theory often leads to underidentified simultaneous-equation models, some of which are "identified" by arbitrary specification. This paper applies the term sensitivity analysis to methods for exploring how numerical parameter estimates depend upon the identifying assumptions in such models. Three ad hoc sensitivity analysis methods are identified that have been used in the literature: (1) estimation under alternative specifications, (2) trying out a range of numerical values of underidentified parameters, and (3) the use of algebraic inequalities to obtain bounds on sample estimates of parameters. Mathematical programming is introduced here as a fourth method generalizing the last procedure and is then applied to a specific numerical example.
On Estimating the Economic Value of Schooling and Experience
Authors: Griffin Larry J.
Published: March 2008

This paper attempts to demonstrate two things. First, sociologists interested in the processes governing income attainment and inequality should consider incorporating into socioeconomic achievement models indicators of work experience that correspond to the following life-cycle events: schooling, initialfull- time entry into the labor market, and assumption of current job. The findings presented here suggest that two types of postschooling market experience substantially enhance earnings. Experience acquired during the formal schooling process, however, is of little economic value, a hypothesis underlying both a segment of Mincer's formulation of human capital theory and the conventional techniques employed to estimate postschooling work experience from other variables (e.g., age and schooling). Second, extreme caution must be taken in the conceptualization and measurement of work experience and its specification in earnings models. Conceptual and measurement strategies deemed theoretically incorrect yield estimates of the earnings returns to experience and schooling which are seriously biased.
The Logic of Simulation in Jury Research
Authors: Bermant Gordon , McGuire Mary , McKinley William , Salo Chris
Published: March 2008

For both substantive and methodological reasons, laboratory research into the functioning of mock jurors and juries may not be a useful foundation for the practical understanding of actual jury functioning. Data are provided to demonstrate that changes in the structural verisimilitude ("realism") of a simulated trial can produce systematic changes in juror response. However, the modal verdict in the most realistic simulation was not the verdict in the actual trial upon which the simulation was based. In general, we conclude that researchers should make all efforts to maximize the applicability of their findings by tailoring their methods and means of subject selection more closely to the realities of courtroom practice.
Ex-Offender Employment Policies
Authors: Smith Robert R. , Wood Larry F. , Milan Michael A.
Published: March 2008

A survey of the 50 state correctional systems, the District of Columbia Department of Corrections, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons indicated that 44 of the 52 agencies have dropped whatever blanket prohibitions they may have had on the hiring of ex-offenders. Of these 44 agencies, 38 employed a total of 280 ex-offenders at the time of the survey. Slightly more than half the ex-offender employees reported upon held positions such as counselor, teacher, and correctional officer, which involved extensive interaction with the inmate population. The work performance of the ex-offenders was routinely rated as equal or superior to that of non-offender counterparts, with respondents generally advocating more widespread employment of ex-offenders in the criminal justice system.
Personality Differences Between Male and Female Prison Inmates
Authors: Panton James H.
Published: March 2008

Most of the research on classification of prisoners has been conducted solely with male samples. The present study compared MMPI profiles of male and female prisoners. Males showed significantly higher means on Hs and D and females on Si and Pa, particularly the Pa2 subscale. Both sexes has elevated Pd scales. It was concluded that male inmates appear to be more anti-social with neurotic overlays, while the female inmates appear more asocial than anti-social with overlays of greater emotional sensitivity-a finding supportive of a continuation of similar adolescent behavioral characteristics of Hathaway and Monachesi.
The Adult Female Offender
Authors: Goyer-Michaud Francyne
Published: March 2008

This bibliography includes more than 200 articles in French or English that have appeared in specialized journals published in at least one of these two languages, from 1959 to 1974 inclusive. It concerns the various problems relating to delinquency or crime among young adult and adult females. The articles are classified in alphabetical order according to author and each title is accompanied by a code letter referring to the relevant heading (or headings) under which it falls.
Future Time Perspective of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents
Authors: Landau Simha F.
Published: March 2008

This study investigated the assumption that both delinquency and institutionalization independently have a limiting effect on the range of future time perspective (FTP). For this purpose four main groups took part in the study: institutionalized delinquents (prison inmates); institutionalized non-delinquents (soldiers); non-institutionalized delinquents (delinquents on probation); and non-institutionalized non-delinquents (vocational students). The data were consistent with the hypotheses: the prisoners showed the shortest FTP, while vocational students showed the longest. The soldiers' and the probationers' FTP was longer than that of the prisoners but shorter than that of the vocational students. Within the army and the prison, the range of FTP shortened as the subject approached release.

Besides the practical implications of the findings, this study demonstrates the need to control in a proper way the factor of institutionalization when studying personality or behavioral aspects of delinquents. The need for further research on this topic is emphasized in order to ascertain the generalizability of the results of this study.
"Intervention Package"
Authors: Werner John S. , Minkin Neil , Minkin Bonnie L. , Fixsen Dean L. , Phillips Elery L. , Wolf Montrose M.
Published: March 2008

Three experiments were conducted (1) to identify the important behaviors of police-youth interaction, (2) to teach four of these behaviors to three court-adjudicated delinquent youths, and (3) to validate the changes through the use of subjective ratings by police officers and a group of citizens from the community. The data suggest that training improved the police officers' subjective impressions of the youths and may have decreased the probability of the youths' being taken into custody, being stopped again, or being labeled as troublemakers.
Mobilization of the Community Through a Behavioral Approach
Authors: Marholin David , Plienis Anthony J. , Harris Suzanne D. , Marholin Becky L.
Published: March 2008

Webster Hall, a community-based residential program for adjudicated adolescent females, is described. A behavioral approach was employed in successfully demonstrating the systematic mobilization of various components of a community in order to facilitate specific academic and social behavior change. Through a contingent feedback network including Webster Hall, the community public schools, the youths' guardians, and the community as a whole, it was possible to achieve desirable behavior necessary for effective community functioning. A descriptive functional analysis of elements of the community relative to individual behavior change is discussed.
Evaluative Research
Authors: Cavior Helene E. , Cohen Stanley H.
Published: March 2008

This paper examines issues related to the process and product requirements of evaluative research in a corrections setting. Process requirements include the relationship of the evaluator to management and line staff, methods for encouraging accurate reporting of data, and the implications of the evaluator's position in the organizational structure. Product requirements include distinguishing between in-program and post-program outcome measures, defining adequate post-program measures, and the validity of measures, in particular recidivism. Various methodological problems that are discussed include evaluating dynamic programs with dynamic populations, the selection of comparison groups, and the effects of differential post-release experiences on outcome.
Schools and the Community
Authors: Wenk Ernst A.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes two educational innovations designed to enhance public education for persons of all ages while at the same time encouraging the development of scientific traditions within the community. It is suggested that, if implemented, these innovations might lead to the participation of an informed citizenry in the process of social problem-solving and thus to more effective social action at the local level.
The School Relations Bureau
Authors: Clements Carl B.
Published: March 2008

A number of police-school liaison efforts have been reported, many of which focus on delinquency prevention and improved police-youth relations. This paper presents a general rationale for police prevention-diversion programs and describes a three-year project in which police teams were assigned to schools. Program features included job-specific training, supervision and consultation by a full-time psychologist, and numerous informal police-youth contacts. Student and teacher acceptance was high, most officers successfully moved into helping roles, and several specific benefits accrued to students.
Self-Report Measurement of "Delinquent Orientation" in Institutionalized Delinquent and High School Boys
Authors: Peterson Linda M. , Urban Hugh B. , Vondracek Fred W.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the development of a self-report instrument designed to measure "delinquent orientation" as revealed by youths' attitudes, values, beliefs, and goals presumed to be of significance in governing their behavior. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 299 institutionalized delinquents and a sample of 431 high school students in both urban and rural public secondary schools. The samples were matched on age, family's socioeconomic and educational level, and urban or nonurban residence. The expectation that delinquent youths would be more negatively oriented and hence inclined to produce consistently more critical judgments (in regard to their homes, families, school experiences, and the behavior of others) was not confirmed by the findings of this study. Only with respect to unfavorable judgments of the justice system and its personnel were initial expectations upheld.
The Prediction of Dangerous Behavior
Authors: Megargee Edwin I.
Published: March 2008

Error is inevitable whenever psychologists attempt to predict future behavior. This paper examines the steps involved and the factors to be considered in the prediction of behavior in general and dangerous behavior in particular. Errors can occur in identifying the relevant personality and situational variables to sample, assessing these variables, and determining their interaction. The effects of these errors are multiplied by the fact that violence is a low base-rate phenomenon. The consequences of errors in violence prediction are examined and the ethical problems and social policy implications discussed.
Self-Esteem and Violence By Guards and State Troopers At Attica
Authors: Stotland Ezra
Published: March 2008

A theory is presented in which emotional violence is related to efforts to protect self-esteem and the sense of competence. In this theory, necessary conditions for violence include its legitimation; the ability to engage in violence being part of the self-concept; and threats to self-esteem. The instances of excessive violence by state troopers and guards in the retaking of Attica prison are explained by the application of the theory.
The Transcendental Meditation® Program and Rehabilitation At Folsom State Prison
Authors: Abrams Allan I. , Siegel Larry M.
Published: March 2008

The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program in a maximum security prison were studied via cross-validation design. Each of two experiments involved the pre- and postmeasurement of a treatment and a control group with a 14-week treatment interval. All subjects were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and a survey of sleep patterns and smoking habits. Parallel significant differences between the Transcendental Meditation and control groups across all the inventories were found via MANCOVAs, indicating reduction in anxiety, neuroticism, hostility, and insomnia as a function of the treatment.
Team Classification in State Correctional Institutions
Authors: Hepburn John R. , Albonetti Celesta A.
Published: March 2008

Team classification seeks to bring together various levels of correctional staff and the inmate to discuss and resolve issues pertaining to such matters as work and cell assignment, disciplinary action, furlough requests, and merit time considerations. The analysis of questionnaire data obtained from samples of 1,295 inmates and 555 staff in Missouri's adult correctional facilities supports the hypotheses that team classification, when successfully implemented, is (1) positively associated with staff attitudes toward inmates, work assignments, and other staff, and, with inmate attitudes toward staff and both living and program assignments; (2) negatively associated with staff punitiveness and role conflict and with inmate alienation. An effective team classification process that enables staff from various levels to work together and that permits the inmate to represent his interests in the decision-making process provides each member with a greater commitment to voice in and understand the institution's treatment of inmates. This, in turn, improves their perception of the living/working conditions within the institution.
Pedophilia and Aggression
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Christie M.M.
Published: March 2008

While some authors consider pedophiles to be physically harmless individuals who do not attempt intercourse with their often seductive victims, others have identified a minority of child molesters who are aggressively predatory. Data from penitentiary files revealed that 29 of 41 incarcerated pedophiles used threats of violence or actual physical force to secure their sexual goals, and these sexual goals frequently involved penile penetration. Those inmates who did use force were also generally criminal in tendency and assaultive by disposition, although they were also observed to be socially shy and underassertive. Two single cases demonstrated that violence, associated with sexual relations with children, was sexually more provocative for these individuals than nonviolent sex. Finally, an etiological theory is offered to account for the observed data.
Forensic Competency
Authors: Jones Nevelle O. , O'Toole Michael D.
Published: March 2008

Samples from a state forensic hospital, a prison mental hospital, regular prison units, and the community were administered the Competency Screening Test. Significant test response differences were found between the two hospitalized groups as well as between the inmate mental health patients and the community volunteers. No significant differences were found between different psychodiagnostic categories. Recent trends in the mental health and judicial fields are discussed, as are possible implications for interpretations arising from the instrument's format.
Factors Involved in Juveniles' Decisions About Crime
Authors: Cimler Edward , Beach Lee Roy
Published: March 2008

Delinquency is viewed as a purposeful behavior that is the result of a rational decision in which the pros and cons are weighed and the act that promises the greatest potential gain is performed. As a first step in evaluating this view, an experiment was run using 45 male juvenile offenders as subjects and the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) model from decision theory as the model of the decision process. Results showed that the SEU model correctly predicted 62.7% of the subjects' decisions, and that the proportion of decisions favoring committing an offense increased as a function of the degree to which the SEU favored such a decision.
Perceptions of Juvenile Experience
Authors: Vitaliano Peter Paul , Boyer Debra , James Jennifer
Published: March 2008

Groups of female criminals were studied by drawing samples of prostitutes and property offenders and then further stratifying them according to race (white versus black) and juvenile economic status (low versus middle class). The eight groups were then compared on six juvenile variables: bonding/ integration, criminal activities, criminal labelling, sexual labelling, and ages of first departure from home and first criminal activity. While prostitutes were significantly more deviant than property offenders on five of these six variables, fewer differences occurred for race and economic status.
The Complete Correctional Officer
Authors: Johnson Robert , Price Shelley
Published: March 2008

The correctional officer role is examined in relation to the possibilities the role affords for the delivery of human services to inmates with problems and crises of adjustment. Correctional officers who expand their roles to include human service obligations contribute to the development of resilient prison environments—environments that accommodate the shifting needs and concerns of inmates, and support their coping efforts. Human service officers strive to be complete correctional officers, responsive to the challenges posed for them and their wards by the prison. These correctional officers need nurturance and support if they are to survive. This requires organizational backing in the form of policies that foster and reward human service work, and training that provides the requisite skills, perspective, and support.
Women Prisoners' Multidimensional Locus of Control
Authors: Griffith James E. , Pennington-Averett Amelia , Bryan Inez
Published: March 2008

Most studies investigating internal-external locus of control (LOC) in prison samples have found inmates to be externally oriented. On the whole, these studies have excluded women prison inmates. The present study investigated LOC in a sample of volunteers (n = 174) from randomly selected inmates at a state prison for women. Results on a multidimensional measure of LOC showed that: (a) education and income were significantly and positively related to the internal orientation and negatively related to the external orientation of LOC; (b) compared to minority women inmates, white women inmates were less likely to attribute events to chance; and (c) no significant relationship was found between LOC and length of imprisonment. Findings suggest that differences in LOC between men and women prison inmates are related to sex-specific adaptation to prison and differences in prison environs rather than to length of imprisonment.
Detecting and Labeling Prejudice: Do Female Perpetrators Go Undetected?
Authors: Baron Robert S. , Burgess Mary L. , Chuan Feng Kao
Published: March 2008

The present study tested the notion that gender bias against women would be less likely to be recognized if it came from an unexpected source, a female perpetrator. One hundred ninety-six college students read 12 vignettes (embedded in 7 fillers) that described sexist actions against females. Both male and female subjects were more likely to label a critical vignette as sexist if the perpetrator of the act was male rather than female. In addition, for a given action, male perpetrators were perceived by both males and females as displaying more intense sexist behavior than female perpetrators. Furthermore, women subjects provided higher average intensity scores than male subjects when a perpetrator was identified as sexist. The results are discussed in light of research on gender stereotypes. Alternative explanations and social implications are also discussed.
Fear and Loathing in the Workplace: Reactions to AIDS-Infected Co-workers
Authors: Pryor John B. , Reeder Glenn D. , McManus Julie A.
Published: March 2008

The effects of persuasive messages on attitudes toward having an AIDS-infected co-worker are explored. A message addressing the instrumental considerations of interacting with AIDS-infected co-workers produced attitude change only in individuals who did not hold negative attitudes toward homosexuality. To account for these findings, the authors propose that attitudes toward AIDS-related issues can serve both instrumental and symbolic functions. The expression of a negative attitude toward a person infected with AIDS may reflect a response to the possible consequences of interacting with this person or a response to what AIDS symbolizes. For those who hold negatiue attitudes toward homosexuality, AIDS may symbolize homosexual promiscuity and moral decadence. The results are discussed with regard to their relevance for AIDS education programs.
Language Use and Attributional Biases in Close Personal Relationships
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Semin Gün R. , Koppetsch Cornelia
Published: March 2008

Attributional biases in close relationships can take the form of either an actor-observer bias (i. e., attributions to partner dispositions) or an egocentric bias (self-attributions). Hence, different theoretical approaches lead to contradictory predictions. To resolve this conflict, the language used to describe one's own and one's partner's behavior was analyzed. Free descriptions were coded with respect to sentence subjects (self vs. partner) and the abstractness of Predicates. Evidence was found for both types of biases, though at different levels of language use. An actor-observer bias was obtained at the abstract level of adjectives, whereas an egocentric bias was found at the level of interpretive action verbs (i.e., manifest behaviors). Language use is also shown to be related to satisfaction with the partnership, action verbs being a better predictor than adjectives. The role of lan guage in mediating or elucidating social cognitive phenomena is discussed.
Person Perception by Introverts and Extraverts Under Time Pressure: Effects of Need for Closure
Authors: Heaton Alan W. , Kruglanski Arie W.
Published: March 2008

Epistemic, freezing, operationalized as impressional primacy, was examined as a function of situationally induced need for cognitive closure (manipulated by varying time pressure) and dispositional introversion-extroversion. Fifty-eight subjects under high or low time pressure predicted the success of a job candidate. Overalll the tendency to use early information in predicting job success increased when time pressure was high. Consistent with predictions, introverts used early information in forming judgments to a greater extent then extraverts when time pressure was high. No significant differences were found between introverts and extraverts when time pressure was low. The results suggest that introverts may be particularly sensitive to situations requiring cognitive closure.
Effects of Lighting-Induced Arousal on the Magnitude of Goal Valence
Authors: Biner M.
Published: March 2008

ecent evidence has indicated that unlabeled residual arousal capable of enhancing the psychological impact of potential gative outcomes. Three investigations further tested this relamship by examining the effect of environmental lighting, an robtrusive and concurrent source of arousal, on appraisals of avoidance goal In the first, subjects were given the opportuty to avoid an aversive noise outcome under either dim or ight illumination. As predicted, ratings of noise unpleasantss increased with the level of illumination. In the second study, further conditions were added to the design in which subjects re given explicit arousal-labeling information. In support of e interaction prediction, noise unpleasantness evaluations rre low and uniform with the provision of labelinging information reliably increased as a positive function of lighting level thout it. In the final experiment, the exctent and nature of the ousal, proposed to be mediating the relationship between chting and goal valence, were examined.