bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Syngas: Modeling Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Saidina Amin Nor Aishah , Mohd. Yusof Khairiyah , Isha Ruzinah
Published: January 2013

Kesan oksigen terhadap mangkin 1% berat Rhodium di dalam Magnesium Oksida (MgO) dikaji untuk proses pembentukan semula metana dengan menggunakan gas karbon dioksida (CORM). Kesan tiga parameter utama: suhu, nisbah reaktan (O2/CH4) dan berat mangkin terhadap penukaran metana, kememilihan gas sintesis dan nisbah H2/CO diselidiki. Dengan bantuan reka bentuk eksperimen, dua pendekatan matematik: polinomial empirik dan rangkaian saraf buatan diterbitkan. Pekali kolerasi model polinomial empirik yang diterbitkan, r, adalah melebihi 85%. Walau bagaimanapun, pekali kolerasi untuk suapan hadapan rangkaian saraf pula melebihi 95%. Oleh itu, suapan hadapan rangkaian saraf adalah lebih efisen daripada model polinomial empirik. Penukaran metana tertinggi sebanyak 95% dihasilkan pada suhu 850Â°C dengan nisbah O2/CH4 sebanyak 0.14 dan 141 mg mangkin. Kememilihan hidrogen secara maksima sebanyak 40% boleh dicapai pada suhu 909Â°C, nisbah O2/CH4 sebanyak 0.23 dan 309 mg mangkin. Nisbah maksima H2/CO sebanyak 1.6 dihasilkan pada suhu 758Â°C dengan nisbah O2/CH4 sebanyak 0.19 dan 360 mg mangkin digunakan.

Kata kunci: Gas sintesis, pembentukan semula metana menggunakan gas karbon dioksida, rhodium, MgO, reka bentuk eksperimen, suapan hadapan rangkaian saraf

1wt% of Rhodium (Rh) on Magnesium Oxide (MgO) catalyst have been investigated for carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CORM) with the effect of oxygen. The effect of temperature, O2/CH4 ratio and catalyst weight on the methane conversion, synthesis gas selectivity and H2/CO ratio were studied. With the help of experimental design, two mathematical approaches: empirical polynomial and artificial neural network were developed. Empirical polynomial models correlation coefficient, r, was above 85%. However, the feed forward neural network correlation coefficient was more than 95%. The feed forward neural network modeling approach was found to be more efficient than the empirical model approach. The condition for maximum methane conversion was obtained at 850Â°C with O2/ CH4 ratio of 0.14 and 141 mg of catalyst resulting in 95% methane conversion. A maximum of 40% hydrogen selectivity was achieved at 909Â°C, 0.23 of O2/CH4 ratio and 309 mg catalyst. The maximum H2/CO ratio of 1.6 was attained at 758Â°C, 0.19 of O2/CH4 and 360 mg catalyst.

Key words: Synthesis gas, carbon dioxide reforming of methane, rhodium, MgO, experimental design, feed forward neural network
Scaleâ€“up of Stirred and Aerated BioengineeringTM Bioreactor Based on Constant Mass Transfer Coefficient
Authors: Zainal Alam Mohd. Nazrul Hisham , Razali Firdausi
Published: January 2013

Kajian penskalaan naik dilaksanakan dengan berdasarkan pekali pemindahan oksigen, kLa malar menerusi penggunaan bioreaktor teraduk berudara yang diskala naik daripada 16 l kepada 150 l. Dengan menggunakan teknik penyingkiran gas secara statik, nilai kLa dikira bagi laju pendesak dan kadar alir udara yang berbeza, pada pelbagai kelikatan dan suhu bioreaktor teraduk BioengineeringTM 16 l dan 150 l. Sekaitan empirik digunakan untuk menyekait dan mengkaji kebergantungan kLa terhadap kuasa masukan tentu dan halaju permukaan udara. Bagi memalarkan kLa ketika pengskalaan naik daripada 16 l kepada 150 l, kuasa masukan tentu dan halaju permukaan udara tidak dapat dikekalkan. Dengan itu, penyelarasan harus dilakukan. Berdasarkan keputusan uji kaji pada 150 l, kuasa masukan tentu daripada 0.0001 kepada 4.2 kW/m3 dan halaju permukaan udara yang berjulat 9 Ã— 10â€“4 m/s hingga 7 Ã— 10â€“3 m/s yang dikaji, didapati menghasilkan nilai kLa yang setanding dengan nilai yang diperoleh daripada skala 16 l. Sehubungan itu, faktor penskalaan naik yang diperoleh ialah 0.28 bagi laju pendesak dan 3.1 bagi kadar alir udara. Keputusan setanding yang diperoleh daripada keduaâ€“dua skala tersebut mengesahkan bahawa protokol penskalaan naik mampu berfungsi dengan baik.

Kata kunci: Pemindahan oksigen, sekaitan empirik, bioreaktor teraduk, penskalaan naik

The scaleâ€“up studies based on the constant oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa from 16 l to 150 l of aerated and agitated bioreactor were performed. By employing the static gassing out techniques, the kLa values were calculated at different sets of impeller speeds and air flow rates performed in various viscosities and temperatures in the 16 l and 150 l BioengineeringTM stirred bioreactor. Empirical correlation was employed to correlate and investigate the dependence of kLa on specific power input and superficial air velocity. In maintaining a constant kLa upon scaleâ€“up from 16 l to 150 l the specific power input and the superficial air velocity cannot be maintained, thus an adjustment has to be done. From the experimental results at 150 l, it was discovered that the specific power input from 0.0001 to 4.2 kW/m3 and superficial air velocity within the range of 9 Ã— 10â€“4 m/s to 7 Ã— l0â€“3 m/s employed gave a comparable kLa values achieved at 161 scale. Hence, the calculated scalingâ€“up factor for impeller speed and air flow rate were 0.28 and 3.1, respectively. The comparable results obtained from both scales confirmed that the scaleâ€“up protocol developed works.

Key words: Oxygen transfer, empirical relationship, stirred bioreactor, scale-up
Punca Prestasi Pembelajaran Yang Lemah di Kalangan Pelajar Fakulti Pengurusan dan Pembangunan Sumber Manusia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
Authors: Bakri Norhani , Abd. Razak Noor Zainab , Abd. Rahman Hamidah , Hj. Ahmad Khalid Aminah
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti profil dan personaliti pelajar yang berprestasi lemah di Fakulti Pengurusan dan Pembangunan Sumber Manusia (FPPSM), puncaâ€“punca pencapaian prestasi pembelajaran mereka dan jenisâ€“jenis latihan yang diperlukan. Responden terdiri daripada keseluruhan pelajar FPPSM yang memperolehi skor CGPA kurang daripada 2.5. Kaedah pengumpulan data dijalankan dengan menggunakan borang soal selidik dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Kebolehpercayaan borang soal selidik adalah 0.659. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kebanyakan pelajar berprestasi lemah di FPPSM ini terdiri daripada pelajar Melayu, berasal dari kawasan luar bandar atau pekan kecil dengan tahap sosio ekonomi keluarga yang rendah. Dalam kajian ini, majoriti daripada mereka mempunyai personaliti â€˜introcertâ€™, memandang rendah terhadap kemampuan diri dan menghadapi masalah untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan teknik belajar di Institusi Pengaiian Tinggi (IPT). Kebanyakan mereka memerlukan latihan bimbingan kerjaya, kursus pengurusan masa, kursus komunikasi berkesan dan kemahiran belajar yang berkesan. Beberapa cadangan kajian untuk pihak FPPSM dan UTM turut dinyatakan dalam kajian ini.

Kata kunci: Prestasi akademik, introvert, personaliti, keupayaan

This study attempts to identify the profle and personalities of Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development (FPPSM) students whose academic performance is under average, the causes of their poor academic performance and types of training that are needed by them. The respondents in this study are all FPPSM students whose CGPA is less than 2 5. Data were collected through questionnaires and the responses were analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The reliability of the questionnaire is 0.659. The findings of the study show that most of the students whose academic performance was under average at FPPSM are Malays, from rural areas or small towns and from low socioâ€“economic income families. In this study, the majority of the students belong to the â€œintrovertâ€ personalities down who grade their own capabilities and have problems in adapting themselves to the learning techniques at the institution of higher learning. Most of them need training in career guidance, time management, effective communication and study skills. In this study, several recommendations were suggested to FPPSM and UTM.

Key words: Academic performance, introvert, personalities, capabilities
Kefahaman Guru Tentang Nilai Matematik
Authors: Wan Ali Wan Zah , Said Husain Sharifah Kartini , Ismail Habsah , Hamzah Ramlah , Ismail Mat Rofa , Konting Mohd. Majid , Ahmad Tarmizi Rohani
Published: January 2013

Matematik terkenal sebagai mata pelajaran yang kering, sukar dan membosankan. Salah satu punca yang menyebabkan wujudnya tanggapan ini adalah kurangnya penekanan diberikan untuk memahami dan menerapkan nilai matematik di kalangan pelajar. Kertas kerja ini akan membentangkan hasil kajian yang bertujuan mengkaji kefahaman guru tentang nilai matematik. Kajian deskriptif yang menggunakan kaedah kualitatif ini dilakukan ke atas empat orang guru di Selangor dan Wilayah Persekutuan. Data dikumpulkan melalui temubual mendalam yang dilakukan beberapa kali sehingga mencapai tahap ketepuan data yang dikehendaki. Transkripsi temubual ini dianalisis secara induktif. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat tiga perspektif pemikiran guruâ€“guru terhadap makna nilai matematik, iaitu nilai matematik sebagai nilai murni, nilai matematik sebagai nilai intrinsik dan nilai matematik sebagai nilai yang berguna dalam kehidupan. Di samping itu, kaiian ini mendapati mazhab pemikiran logikisme dan forrnalisme merupakan corak pemikiran matematik yang menjadi pegangan responden. Kertas kerja ini turut membentangkan impÄ±ikasi kajian dan cadangan.

Kata kunci: Matematik, nilai matematik, pendidikan matematik

Mathematics is noted for being difficult, boring and â€˜dryâ€™ subject. One of the reasons for it being perceived this way is due to the fact that less attention is given to understand and inculcate mathematical values among the students. This paper will highlight findings from a research which studies the understanding of teachers on mathematical values. The research which is descriptive in nature used the qualitative approach on four mathematics secondary school teachers in Selangor and Wilayah Persekutuan. Data was collected using the inâ€“depth interview method several times until it reached the saturation level. Data collected through the interviews was recorded, transcribed verbatimly and analysed using the inductive method. Findings of the research showed that there are three perspectives on teachersâ€™ thinking towards the meaning of mathematical values which are: mathematical values as virtues, mathematical values as intrinsic and mathematical values as being pragmatic in life. This study also shows that the logic and formalism schools of thoughts form the core mathematical beliefs and values of the respondents in the study. The implications of the study is also discussed in this paper.

Key words: Mathematics, mathematical values, mathematics education
Vision Based Automatic Steering Control Using A Pid Controller
Authors: Abdullah Ahmad Saifizul , Loo Kim Hai , Abu Osman Noor Azuan , Zainon Mohd Zamri
Published: January 2013

Kawalan stereng automatik adalah satu komponen penting dalam pengautomatan lebuhraya, yang kini diselidik di seluruh dunia di bawah beberapa program Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). ITS berpotensi meningkatkan kapasiti lebuhraya yang sedia ada dengan penggunaan yang lebih selamat dan lebih efisien terhadap ruang yang sedia ada. Sistem ini akan terdiri daripada konsep pemanduan “hands–off” secara menyeluruh yang mana kenderaan akan dikawal secara automatik apabila ia memasuki sistem itu. Untuk mencapai objektif di atas, pengawal PID dan konsep dasar penglihatan ke atas sistem kawalan stereng automatik digunakan untuk membolehkan kenderaan menjejak rujukan di dalam pelbagai keadaan. Keputusan simulasi menunjukkan bahawa sistem kawalan yang dicadangkan mencapai objektifnya meskipun ia kurang lasak untuk mengekalkan prestasinya di dalam pelbagai keadaan.

Kata kunci: Kawalan stereng automatik, dinamik kenderaan, sistem penglihatan, kawalan PID

Automatic steering control is a vital component of highway automation, currently investigated worldwide in several Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) programs. The promise of Intelligent Transportation System lies in the possibility of increasing the capacity of existing highways by safer and more efficient use of available space. This system will include completely “hands–off” driving in which vehicles are fully automatically controlled once they enter the system. In order to achieve the above objective, the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller and vision based concept to an automatic steering control system is used to cause the vehicle to track the reference under various conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed control system achieved its objective even though it is less robust in maintaining its performance under various conditions.

Key words: Automatic steering control, vehicle dynamics, vision system, PID controller
Stability Aspects Of Explicit Runge-Kutta Method For Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Ismail Fudziah , Aung San Lwin , Suleiman Mohamed
Published: January 2013

Persamaan pembezaan lengah linear (PPL) diselesaikan dengan kaedah Runge–Kutta menggunakan interpolasi yang berbeza bagi penghampiran sebutan lengahnya. Polinomial kestabilannya diterbitkan dan rantau kestabilannya dipersembahkan.

Kata kunci: Runge-Kutta, persamaan pembezaan lengah, kestabilan, interpolasi

The linear delay differential equations (DDEs) are solved by Runge–Kutta method using different types of interpolation to approximate the delay terms. The stability polynomials are derived and the respective regions of stability are presented.

Key words: Runge-Kutta, delay differential equations, stability, interpolation
Two–Soliton Solutions Of The Kadomtsevpetviashvili Equation
Authors: Tiong Wei King , Ong Chee Tiong , Isa Mukheta
Published: January 2013

Beberapa keputusan tentang penjanaan penyelesaian soliton oleh persamaan Kadomtsev–Petviashvili akan dibincangkan dalam kertas ini. Kaedah teori kumpulan mampu memberikan penyelesaian secara analitik kerana persamaan KP mempunyai ketakterhinggaan banyaknya hukum keabadian. Dengan kaedah Bilinear Hirota, ditunjukkan melalui simulasi berkomputer bagaimana penyelesaian dua soliton persamaan KP mampu menghasilkan strukturstruktur “triad”, kuadruplet dan struktur tak beresonan dalam interaksi soliton.

Kata kunci: Soliton, kaedah Bilinear Hirota, persamaan Kortewegde Vries dan Kadomtsev- Petviashvili

Several findings on soliton solutions generated by the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation were discussed in this paper. This equation is a two dimensional of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Traditional group–theoretical approach can generate analytic solution of solitons because KP equation has infinitely many conservation laws. By using Hirota Bilinear method, we show via computer simulation how two solitons solution of KP equation produces triad, quadruplet and a non–resonance structures in soliton interactions.

Key words: Soliton, Hirota Bilinear method, Korteweg-de Vries and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations
Effects Of Alkaline And Acid Treatment To The Yield And Quality Of Chitosan Extracted From Absidia sp. dr
Authors: Nadarajah Kalaivani , Paul Dawn Carmel , Abdul Kader Abdul Jalil
Published: January 2013

Da. Employment of strong acid, high acid concentration and high temperature produced darker coloured chitosan whereas milder treatments gave lighter coloured chitosan.

Key words: Chitosan, Absidia sp. dr, degree of deacetylation, molecular weight
A Directed Signature Scheme Based On Discrete Logarithm Problem
Authors: Ismail Eddie Shahril , Abu Hasan Yahya
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini membangunkan skema baru tandatangan directed yang berdasarkan masalah logaritma diskret, suatu skema yang membenarkan hanya pengesah yang layak untuk mengesah tandatangan. Skema ini juga berupaya membuktikan kepada pihak ketiga keaslian tandatangan. Skema baru ini juga mencapai tahap keselamatan yang setara tetapi lebih efisien berbanding dengan skema Limâ€“Lee. Dua aplikasi langsung dibincangkan: pengesahan perkongsian fleksibel dan prosedur tandatangan kontrak cetusan daripada skema tandatangan directed yang baru.

Kata kunci: Kriptografi; tandatangan digital; tandatangan directed; masalah logaritma diskret; teknik zeroâ€“knowledge

This paper presents a new directed signature scheme based on discrete logarithm problem, a scheme that permits only an intended verifier to verify a resulting signature. In addition, the scheme is able to prove to any third party the validity of the signature. Essentially, we illustrate that the scheme achieves the same level of security but is very efficient compared to Limâ€“Leeâ€™s scheme. Two immediate applications are also presented: flexible shared verification and signing contracts procedure extended from the new directed signature scheme.

Key words: Cryptography; digital signature; directed signature; discrete logarithm problem; zeroknowledge technique
A Simulation Study On Ridge Regression Estimators In The Presence Of Outliers And Multicollinearity
Authors: Midi Habshah , Zahari Marina
Published: January 2013

Satu kajian simulasi telah dijalankan untuk memeriksa keteguhan beberapa penganggar ke atas model linear regresi berganda dengan gabungan masalah multikolinearan dan ralat tak normal. Prestasi keenamâ€“enam penganggar tersebut, seperti penganggar Kuasadua Terkecil Biasa (LS), Regresi â€˜Ridgeâ€™ (RIDGE), Nilai Mutlak Terkecil â€˜Ridgeâ€™ (RLAV), â€˜Ridgeâ€™ Berpemberat (WRID), MM dan Regresi Teguh â€˜Ridgeâ€™ berasaskan penganggar MM (RMM) dibandingkan. Penganggar RMM adalah pengubahsuaian penganggar Regresi â€˜Ridgeâ€™ dengan menggabungkan penganggar teguh MM. Bukti empirik menunjukkan RMM adalah penganggar terbaik di kalangan enam penganggar yang dikaji bagi gabungan taburan ganguan dan paras multikolinearan.

Kata kunci: Multikolinearan; titik terpencil; regresi â€˜ridgeâ€™; regresi teguh

A simulation study is used to examine the robustness of six estimators on a multiple linear regression model with combined problems of multicollinearity and nonâ€“normal errors. The performance of the six estimators, namely the Ordinary Least Squares (LS), Ridge Regression (RIDGE), Ridge Least Absolute Value (RLAV), Weighted Ridge (WRID), MM and a robust ridge regression estimator based on MM estimator (RMM) are compared. The RMM is a modification of the Ridge Regression (RIDGE) by incorporating robust MM estimator. The empirical evidence shows that RMM is the best among the six estimators for many combinations of disturbance distribution and degree of multicollinearity.

Key words: Multicollinearity; outliers; ridge regression; robust regression
Investigating Multiple Fan Beam Projection Technique using Optical Fibre Sensor in Process Tomography
Authors: Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Leong Lai Chen , Chan Kok San , Rahiman Mohd. Hafiz Fazalul
Published: January 2013

Secara umumnya, objektif projek ini adalah untuk mengimplimentasi teknik sinaran berbilang â€œfan beamâ€ menggunakan penderia gentian optik dengan tujuan meningkatkan kadar perolehan data. Teknik sinaran berbilang â€œfan beamâ€ dalam kes ini boleh didefinisikan sebagai membenarkan lebih daripada satu pemancar untuk memancarkan cahaya dalam suatu masa yang sama dengan menggunakan kaedah â€œswitchâ€“mode fan beam.â€

Kata kunci: Penderia gentian optik, tomografi optik fanâ€“beam, teknik berbilang pemancar, kaedah switchâ€“mode fan beam

This paper investigates the acquisition rate for a multiâ€“projection technique using optical fibre sensors for a fan beam optical tomography system. The multiâ€“projection technique allows more than one emitter to project light at the same time. For the 32 pairs of sensors used, the 2â€“projection technique is being investigated whereby 16 sets of projections will complete one frame of light emission. Compared to the conventional single light projection technique used in switchâ€“mode fan beam, multiple light projections technique has shown to be able to achieve a higher data acquisition rate.

Key words: Optical fibre sensor, fan beam optical tomography, multiâ€“projection technique, switchâ€“mode fan beam method
Image Reconstruction Using Iterative Transpose Algorithm for Optical Tomography
Authors: Md. Yunos Yusri , Abd. Rahim Ruzairi , Green R. G. , Rahiman Mohd. Hafiz Fazalul
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan algoritma alih yang digunakan dalam sistem tomografi optik. Sistem pengukuran terdiri daripada dua tatasusunan ortagon berjumlah 20 penderia optik. Masalah depan dimodelkan dengan menentukan pekali pelemahan optik bagi setiap piksel. Kemudiannya prinsip Lambertâ€“Beer digunakan. Bagi masalah kebelakang sensitiviti matrik alih digunakan bagi mendapatkan pekali pelemahan optik bagi setiap piksel.

Kata kunci: Algoritma alih, tomografi optik, buih

This paper describes a transpose algorithm for use with an optical tomography system. The measurement system consisted of two orthogonal arrays, each having ten parallel views, resulting in a total of twenty sensors. The measurement section is divided into hundred equiâ€“sized pixels. The forward problem is modelled by allocating an optical attenuation coefficient to each pixel. The attenuation of incident collimated light beams is then modelled using the Lambertâ€“Beer law. The inverse problem is defined and the transpose of the sensitivity matrix is used to obtain an estimate of the attenuation coefficients in each pixel. The iterative method is investigated as a means of improving reconstructed image quality.

Key words: Transponse algorithms, optical tomography, bubbles
Catalytic Conversion of RBD Palm Oil to Gasoline: The Effect of Silicaâ€“alumina Ratio in HZSMâ€“5
Authors: Farizul H.K. , Amin N.A.S. , Suhardy D. , Saiful Azhar S.
Published: January 2013

Minyak kelapa sawit RBD ditukarkan kepada gasolin dengan mengalirkan wapnya melalui mangkin HZSM-5. Tiga sampel HZSM-5 dengan nisbah silika-alumina (SiO2/ Al2O3) yang berbeza iaitu 30, 50 dan 70 telah disediakan dan digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan nisbah silikaalumina HZSM-5 kepada proses tersebut. XRD telah digunakan untuk mengesahkan bahawa mangkin yang disediakan adalah HZSM-5. Analisis FTIR untuk spektra jarak sederhana dan spektra jarak dekat telah digunakan untuk memberi maklumat mengenai ciri-ciri struktur mangkin dan juga untuk menganalisa kumpulan hidroksil (OH) mangkin. Kesan nisbah silika-alumina dapat dilihat dengan jelas dari keputusan apabila HZSM-5 dengan nisbah silika-alumina 30 menghasilkan kepemilihan gasolin yang tinggi berbanding dengan dua mangkin yang lain.

Kata kunci: Minyak kelapa sawit RBD, gasolin, HZSMâ€“5, nisbah silikaâ€“alumina

The RBD palm oil was converted to gasoline by passing its vapor through HZSMcatalyst. Three samples of HZSM-5 with different silica-alumina ratio (SiO2/ Al2O3) of 30, 50 and 70 were prepared and used to investigate the effect of silica-alumina ratio of HZSM-5 to the process. XRD was employed to confirm that the catalyst prepared were HZSM-5. FT-IR analysis for middle range spectra and near range spectra both were engaged to give structural characteristic of the catalyst and to analyze the hydroxyl (OH) groups of the catalyst respectively. The effect of silica-alumina ratio can be seen clearly from the result as HZSM-5 with 30 silica-alumina ratio produced the highest gasoline selectivity compare with the other two catalysts.

Key words: RBD palm oil, Gasoline, HZSMâ€“5, silicaâ€“alumina ratio
Use of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Selecting The Best Design Concept
Authors: Ariff Hambali , Salit Mohd. Sapuan , Ismail Napsiah , Nukman Y.
Published: January 2013

Pemilihan konsep reka bentuk yang sesuai di peringkat reka bentuk gagasan dalam proses pembangunan produk adalah merupakan keputusan yang genting. Keputusan yang tidak tepat boleh menyebabkan sesuatu produk itu perlu direka bentuk semula atau dikilang semula. Salah satu daripada keadah yang boleh digunakan dalam menentukan konsep reka bentuk yang paling sesuai adalah process hierarki beranalitis (AHP). AHP telah digunakan dalam hampir kesemua aplikasi yang berkaitan dengan membuat sesuatu keputusan. Dalam kertas kerja ini, hasil daripada kajian kes menunjukkan bahawa konsep AHP boleh membantu pereka bentuk untuk membuat penilaian secara berkesan daripada pelbagai konsep reka bentuk di peringkat reka bentuk gagasan. Kertas kerja ini memaparkan kaedah pemilihan konsep reka bentuk dengan menggunakan proses hierarki beranalitis.

Kata kunci: Process hierarki beranalitis; reka bentuk gagasan; proses pembangunan produk; perbandingan pasangan; pembangunan kerusi roda
Selecting the right design concept at conceptual design stage in product development process is a crucial decision. Inaccurate decision can cause the product to be redesigned or remanufactured. One of the useful tools that can be employed in determining the most appropriate design concept is Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP has been employed in almost all applications related to decision–making problems. In this paper, the results of a case study illustrates that AHP concept can assist designers to effectively evaluate various conceptual design alternatives at the conceptual design stage. This paper presents the methodology of selecting design concepts using analytical hierarchy process.

Key words: Analytical hierarchy process; conceptual design; product development process; pairwise comparison; wheelchair development
Servomotor Control Using Direct Digital Control And Stateâ€“Space Technique
Authors: Rahmat Mohd Fuaâ€™Ad , Ramli Mohd Syakirin
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja penyelidikan ini menyentuh mengenai teknik keadaan ruang dan kawalan digital terus dalam aplikasi sistem kawalan kedudukan motor servo. Permodelan matematik sistem kawalan tersebut diterbitkan dan model tersebut ditentusahkan dengan menggunakan perisian MATLAB/SIMULINK. Pengawal suap balik keadaan tanpa kawalan kamiran dan bersama kawalan kamiran dicadangkan untuk struktur pengawal. Prestasi keduaâ€“dua pengawal dianalisis dan keputusan simulasi disertakan. Seterusnya atur cara komputer direka bentuk dengan menggunakan Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 dan diantaramukakan dengan motor servo untuk tujuan penilaian dan penentusahan uji kaji.

Kata kunci: Kawalan suap balik keadaan; pendekatan Bass dan Guraâ€™s; antaramuka pengguna grafik; keadaan ruang; motor servo; kawalan digital terus

This paper presents servomotor position control using direct digital control and stateâ€“space technique. A mathematical model of the system is derived and verified by SIMULINK/MATLAB. Fullâ€“state feedback controller both with and without integral control are proposed for the controller structures. The performances between these two structures are analyzed. Simulation results are first given. Next, a program is developed via Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6.0) and interfaced with the servomotor for experimental evaluation and validation.

Key words: Fullâ€“state feedback control; Bass and Guraâ€™s approach; graphical user interface; statespace; servomotor; direct digital control
Synthetic Thermal Image Generation Using Heat Transfer Modeling
Authors: Heriansyah Rudi , Sheikh U. U. , Abuâ€“Bakar S. A. R.
Published: January 2013

Imej haba adalah imej yang menunjukkan ciri haba atau suhu daripada sebuah objek. Imej haba ini diperolehi dengan menggunakan kamera haba inframerah. Kamera ini bekerja menggunakan prinsip radiasi perpindahan haba dan menggunakan penderia untuk membaca radiasi tenaga sebuah objek. Imej haba dari sesuatu objek di dunia nyata adalah imej haba sebenar dari objek berkenaan. Walau bagaimanapun ada situasi tertentu yang mana imej haba tiruan diperlukan, misalnya untuk mengira pengagihan suhu atau untuk memahami perilaku haba sebuah objek. Kertas kerja ini memperlihatkan cara untuk mendapatkan imej haba tiruan ini, yang berdasarkan pada paradigma pemprosesan imej.

Kata kunci: Imej haba tiruan; perpindahan haba berangka; termografi inframerah

Thermal image is an image that shows the thermal or temperature properties of an object. Thermal image of an object is obtained from a thermal infrared camera. This camera works by employing radiative heat transfer principles and uses sensors to capture the radiated energy of an object. Thermal image of an object in the real world which is captured by a thermal camera is a real thermal image of that object. But sometimes there is a situation in which it is necessary to simulate a real situation in order to generate synthetic thermal image, for example in estimating the temperature distribution or in understanding the thermal behaviour of a particular object. This paper demonstrates the technique to generate the synthetic thermal images, all which is based on image processing paradigm.

Key words: Synthetic thermal image; numerical heat transfer; infrared thermography
Aplikasi Sains Dan Teknologi Dalam Transaksi Muamalah Islam: Rujukan Kepada Rukun–Rukun Akad Mengikut Perspektif Undang–Undang Kontrak Islam
Authors: Muhamad Nasrul Hisyam Nor
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini akan membincangkan mengenai aplikasi sains dan teknologi yang digunakan dalam transaksi muamalah Islam pada masa kini dan sejauhmana aplikasi sedemikian memenuhi justifikasi syarak dalam konteks Undang–undang Kontrak Islam. Bagi membahaskan hal ini, rujukan akan dibuat kepada elemen–elemen utama (rukun) dalam pembentukan akad itu sendiri. Artikel akan dimulakan dengan gambaran secara ringkas mengenai aplikasi sains dan teknologi dalam urusan transaksi muamalah Islam. Seterusnya perbincangan akan menumpukan kepada rukun–rukun akad mengikut perspektif Undang–undang Kontrak Islam dan sejauhmana serta bagaimana ia diambil kira dalam transaksi muamalah dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi hari ini.

Kata kunci: Sains dan teknologi; muamalah Islam; undang–undang kontrak Islam; elemen–elemen kontrak; undang–undang Islam

This article will discuss the application of science and technology used in the Islamic transaction (muamalah) in the present time and how such applications comply with the syarak justification in the context of Islamic Law of Contract. For that purpose, reference will be made to the main elements (principles/arkan) in the formation of contract itself. This article begins with a brief description regarding the application of science and technology in Islamic transactions, after which the discussion will concentrate on the main elements of contracts according to Islamic law of contract and to what extent and in what ways the principles are applied in Muamalah transactions in today’s science and technology development.

Key words: Science and technology; Islamic transaction; Islamic law of contract; elements of contracts; Islamic law
Hybrid Neural Models For Rice Yields Times Forecasting
Authors: Samsudin Ruhaidah , Saad Puteh , Shabri Ani
Published: January 2013

In this paper, time series prediction is considered as a problem of missing value. A model for the determination of the missing time series value is presented. The hybrid model integrating autoregressive intergrated moving average (ARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to solve this problem. The developed models attempts to incorporate the linear characteristics of an ARIMA model and nonlinear patterns of ANN to create a hybrid model. In this study, time series modeling of rice yield data in Muda Irrigation area. Malaysia from 1995 to 2003 are considered. Experimental results with rice yields data sets indicate that the hybrid model improve the forecasting performance by either of the models used separately.

Key words: ARIMA; Box and Jenkins; neural networks; rice yields; hybrid ANN model
The Role Of Microstructures And The Diffusion Of Hydrogen In A Plain Carbon Eutectoid Steel For Pressure Vessels
Authors: Rusli Ronnie Higuchi
Published: January 2013

An electrochemical technique was used to measure the room temperature diffusivity and trapping of hydrogen in a 0.82%C steel for chemical pressure vessels in two micro structural conditions (a) the cold worked pearlitic state and (b) the hardened and tempered state. Trapping of hydrogen occurs in both structures but with more traps in the cold worked structure. Base on experimental results and observation, different hydrogen retention (trapping) behavior operates in the two structures. It was also found that patented and cold worked steels are much less susceptible to hydrogen induced embrittlement than similar steels in the hardened and tempered condition.

Key words: Diffusivity of hydrogen; hydrogen embrittlement; cold–worked
Relationships Between Work Life Quality Of Teachers With Work Commitment, Stress And Satisfaction: A Study In Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Hong Kian–Sam , Tan Kok–Wah , Bujang Suraini
Published: January 2013

This study examined the relationships between quality of work life and work commitment, work stress and work satisfaction. This study also investigated the differences in work life quality, work commitment, work stress and work satisfaction based on demographic variables and the relationships amongst the variables. Questionnaire data was collected from a cross–sectional survey administered to 110 permanent teachers at a government secondary school in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Findings in this study showed that the respondents only had moderate work life quality. There were also moderate relationships between work life quality and work commitment, stress, and satisfaction but there were no differences in the quality of work life based on demographic variables. However there were differences in work commitment based on gender. This research also revealed that there were also no differences in work stress and satisfaction based on the same demographic variables. Similarly, the findings suggested that work commitment, work stress and satisfaction were not significantly correlated. Work life quality of teachers could still be improved to ensure that students gain maximum benefits from teaching and learning practices in the classrooms.

Kata kunci: Work life quality; work commitment; work stress; work satisfaction

This study examined the relationships between quality of work life and work commitment, work stress and work satisfaction. This study also investigated the differences in work life quality, work commitment, work stress and work satisfaction based on demographic variables and the relationships amongst the variables. Questionnaire data was collected from a cross–sectional survey administered to 110 permanent teachers at a government secondary school in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Findings in this study showed that the respondents only had moderate work life quality. There were also moderate relationships between work life quality and work commitment, stress, and satisfaction but there were no differences in the quality of work life based on demographic variables. However there were differences in work commitment based on gender. This research also revealed that there were also no differences in work stress and satisfaction based on the same demographic variables. Similarly, the findings suggested that work commitment, work stress and satisfaction were not significantly correlated. Work life quality of teachers could still be improved to ensure that students gain maximum benefits from teaching and learning practices in the classrooms.

Key words: Work life quality; work commitment; work stress; work satisfaction
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research Strategies: Contrasting Epistemological And Ontological Assumptions
Authors: Bahari Siti Fatimah
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan bagaimana strategi penyelidikan kualitatif (intensif) dan kuantitatif (ekstensif) berbeza dengan membandingkan aspek–aspek epistemologi dan ontologi dan bagaimana kepercayaan dan pandangan ini menepati objektif intelektual yang berbeza. Pertama sekali kertas kerja ini membincangkan kepentingan memahami falsafah dalam penyelidikan sains sosial dan hubungannya dengan strategi penyelidikan kualitatif (intensif) dan kuantitatif (ekstensif). Kemudian, perbincangan diteruskan dengan membandingkan dua jenis strategi penyelidikan ini berhubung dengan orientasi utama terhadap peranan teori, anggapan–anggapan epistemologi dan ontologi. Anggapan–anggapan epistemologi yang dibincangkan dalam kertas kerja ini termasuklah intepretivism bagi strategi penyelidikan kualitatif (intensif) dan positivisme bagi strategi penyelidikan kuantitatif (ekstensif). Manakala anggapan–anggapan ontologi yang dibincangkan dalam kertas kerja ini meragkumi subjectivism/constructivism bagi penyelidikan kualitatif (intensif) dan objektivisme bagi strategi penyelidikan kuantitatif (ekstensif). Seterusnya bahagian kedua kertas kerja ini, menerangkan bagaimana dua jenis strategi penyelidikan ini menepati objektif intelektual. Akhirnya, sebagai kesimpulan kertas kerja ini membincangkan strategi penyelidikan alternatif iaitu kaedah campuran (mixed methods) yang boleh diaplikasikan dalam penyelidikan sains sosial.

Kata kunci: Kualitatif; kuantitatif; epistemologi; ontologi; strategi penyelidikan

This paper attempts to discuss how qualitative (intensive) and quantitative (extensive) research strategies differ by contrasting epistemological and ontological aspects and how these beliefs and views fit with their different intellectual goals. Firstly, this paper discusses the importance of understanding philosophy in social science research and its relation to qualitative (intensive) and quantitative (extensive) research strategies. Then it develops by contrasting these two types of research strategies in relation to the principle orientation to the role of theory, epistemological and ontological assumptions. Epistemological assumptions consist of interpretivism for qualitative (intensive) research strategies and positivism for quantitative (extensive) research strategies. Whereas ontological assumptions constitute subjectivism/constructivism for qualitative (intensive) research and objectivism for quantitative (extensive) research strategies. Further it will explain how these two types of research strategies fit the different intellectual goals and finally concludes by discussing an alternative research strategi namely mixed method that may be employed in social science research.

Key words: Qualitative; quantitative; epistemology; ontology; research strategies
Hubungan Tahap Motivasi Dengan Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Agama Terengganu
Authors: Mat Teh Kamarul Shukri , Embi Mohamed Amin , Nik Yusoff Nik Mohd Rahimi , Mahamod Zamri
Published: January 2013

Beberapa kajian menunjukkan penggunaan Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa (SPB) dipengaruhi oleh Motivasi Pembelajaran Bahasa (Oxford dan Nyikos, 1989; Prokop, 1989; Okada et al. 1999). Kertas ini memerihalkan dapatan kajian mengenai penggunaan SPB oleh pelajar bahasa Arab berdasarkan tahap motivasi pembelajaran bahasa. Subjek kajian yang dipilih secara rawak terdiri daripada 457 orang pelajar di 13 buah sekolah menengah agama di Terengganu. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan soal selidik yang diubah suai daripada SILL (Oxford, 1990) dan bahagian soal selidik motivasi daripada Affective Survey (Ehrman & Oxford, 1991). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap motivasi pelajar adalah sederhana dan pelajar bermotivasi tinggi lebih kerap menggunakan SPB berbanding pelajar bermotivasi rendah.

Kata kunci: Strategi pembelajaran bahasa; motivasi pembelajaran bahasa; bahasa Arab; sekolah menengah agama

A few studies have indicated that use of Language Learning Strategy (LLS) was influenced by language learning motivation (Oxford dan Nyikos, 1989; Prokop, 1989; Okada et al. 1999). This paper reports on one study that sets out to investigate the employment of LLS by students of Arabic language based on level of language learning motivation. A total of 457 students from thirteen Religious Secondary Schools in Terengganu participated in this study. Data was collected by using a questionnaire adapted and modified from SILL (Oxford, 1990) and Language Learning Motivation part of the Affective Survey (Ehrman & Oxford, 1991). The results indicate that students were moderately motivated and language learners with higher level of motivation use LLS more frequently than less motivated language learners.

Key words: Language learning strategies, language learning motivation; Arabic language, religious secondary school
Pemakaian Prinsip Hibah Dalam Sistem Kewangan Islam Di Malaysia: Tumpuan Kepada Industri Perbankan Islam Dan Takaful
Authors: Nor Muhamad Nasrul Hisyam
Published: January 2013

Hibah merupakan salah satu prinsip dalam muamalah Islam yang diamalkan di institusi–institusi kewangan Islam di Malaysia. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk membincangkan pemakaian prinsip hibah dalam Sistem Kewangan Islam di Malaysia, iaitu institusi perbankan Islam dan takaful. Bagi memperolehi data primer mengenai aplikasi prinsip hibah di dua institusi kewangan Islam tersebut, penulis telah menjalankan temu bual dengan individu yang berautoriti di Bahagian Syariah Bank Negara Malaysia, Jabatan Pematuhan Syariah di Etiqa Takaful Bhd dan Takaful Ikhlas Sdn. Bhd. Penulis mendapati bahawa prinsip hibah, walaupun tidak dianggap sebagai prinsip utama, namun ia diaplikasikan sebagai prinsip sokongan dalam aktiviti–aktiviti muamalah Islam di Institusi Kewangan Islam di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Hibah; sistem kewangan Islam; muamalah Islam; perbankan Islam; takaful; undang–undang Islam

Hibah (gift inter vivos) is one of the principles of Islamic transaction that are applied at Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia. The purpose of this article is to discuss the application of hibah in Islamic banking as well as the takaful. In the collection of data on the application of hibah at these Islamic institutions, the writer has conducted interviews with authoritative persons at the Shariah Division Bank Negara Malaysia, the Shariah Compliant Department at Etiqa Takaful Bhd and the Takaful Ikhlas Sdn. Bhd. The writer found that even though hibah is not considered as a core principle, but it is applied as a support principle in Islamic transaction activities in the institutions of Islamic Finance in Malaysia.

Key words: Gift inter vivos; Islamic financial system; Islamic transaction; Islamic banking; Islamic insurance; Islamic law
Hydrogen-Nitrogen Greenhouse Warming in Earth's Early Atmosphere
Authors: Wordsworth Robin , Pierrehumbert Raymond
Published: January 2013

Faint Young Sun

During the first ∼billion years after the formation of Earth, the Sun was significantly less luminous than today, delivering considerably less solar energy to our planet. Nevertheless, the geological record shows that Earth harbored liquid water and was not frozen—as would be expected on the basis of the reduced solar output. The presence of liquid water on Earth during this time is referred to as the “faint young Sun” paradox.
Wordsworth and Pierrehumbert
(p.
64
; see the Perspective by

Kasting

) suggest a new explanation for this mystery, invoking absorption of solar radiation owing to collisions between atmospheric H
2
and N
2
as a source of heating. This mechanism could have supplied enough extra warming to keep surface temperatures above 0°C.
Highly Variable El Niño–Southern Oscillation Throughout the Holocene
Authors: Cobb Kim M. , Westphal Niko , Sayani Hussein R. , Watson Jordan T. , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Cheng H. , Edwards R. L. , Charles Christopher D.
Published: January 2013

ENSO Variability

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most energetic, quasiperiodic climate oscillation in the world—every few years warming large expanses of the surface equatorial Pacific Ocean surface and impacting temperatures and rainfall patterns across the globe. A pressing question, in the context of global warming, is whether ENSO might be affected by the rising atmospheric temperatures caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Climate models do not agree on the answer to this question, but one place to look for data about how global temperatures might influence ENSO is the record of past ENSO variability.

Cobb
et al.

(p.
67
) present a record of ENSO variability spanning the past 7000 years, in an attempt better to define its response to insolation forcing over this same period. The findings reveal high variability in ENSO behavior that has no clear dependence on insolation, which implies that a link to warming, if it exists, may be difficult to detect.
Current-Driven Spin Dynamics of Artificially Constructed Quantum Magnets
Authors: Khajetoorians Alexander Ako , Baxevanis Benjamin , Hübner Christoph , Schlenk Tobias , Krause Stefan , Wehling Tim Oliver , Lounis Samir , Lichtenstein Alexander , Pfannkuche Daniela , Wiebe Jens , Wiesendanger Roland
Published: January 2013

Atomic Spin-Transfer Torque

Efficient electrical control of magnetism is a major goal of spin-based electronics. In many setups, spin-polarized current is used to switch the magnetization of a magnetic layer. This phenomenon, known as the spin-transfer torque (ST T), has mainly been studied on a larger scale. Working at the atomic scale,

Khajetoorians
et al.

(p.
55
) observed ST T in a structure of 5 to 7 magnetic atoms adsorbed on a metallic surface. The tip of a spinpolarized scanning tunneling microscope (STM) acted as the source of the spin-polarized current, and the reversal of the sign of the STM voltage resulted in the reversal of the preferred spin direction. By varying the temperature, the roles of different quantum processes were elucidated. These results will be of significance as spintronic components are further miniaturized.
Entropies of Adsorbed Molecules Exceed Expectations
Authors: Weaver Jason F.
Published: January 2013

Unexpectedly large entropies of adsorbed molecules, predicted from their gas-phase values, lead to better models of the rates of surface reactions.
Negative Temperatures?
Authors: Carr Lincoln D.
Published: January 2013

A cloud of potassium atoms is tuned to negative temperatures via a quantum phase transition.
How Was Early Earth Kept Warm?
Authors: Kasting James F.
Published: January 2013

Greenhouse warming by molecular hydrogen may have contributed to warming the surface of the early Earth.
The Power of Friction
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: January 2013

Engineers have reported that by patterning the surface of two plastics, they are able to generate a great deal of power with piezoelectric devices.