bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The Difficulties of Communication Encountered by Indigenous Peoples’: Moving Beyond Indigenous Deficit in the Model Admission Rules for Legal Practitioners
Authors: Burns Marcelle , Young Simon , Nielsen Jennifer
Published: June 2021

The Law Admissions Consultative Committee’s Model Admission Rules 2015 require new practising lawyers to have an ‘awareness’ of the difficulties of communication attributable to cultural differences, including ‘the difficulties of communication encountered by Indigenous peoples’ (LACC: 31). While there is no doubt that effective cross-communication is essential to providing ethical legal representation for clients from diverse cultural backgrounds, this paper will argue that in the context of the First Peoples of Australia greater regulatory attention to these issues is urgently needed and that the ‘difficulties of communication’ need to be framed differently. Numerous reports and inquiries have shown that First Peoples’ encounters with the Australian legal system are fraught with a lack of cultural understanding on the part of non-Indigenous legal actors. Given the ongoing and systemic over-representation of First Peoples in the criminal justice system and child protection regimes, there is a critical need for lawyers to develop Indigenous cultural competency as one step towards addressing this gross injustice, and making the Australian legal system more responsive to the needs and aspirations of First Peoples. Canadian developments, particularly in the wake of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, underline the scale and significance of this need, and provide some broader context for a reconsideration of legal education and professional admission requirements in Australia. This paper will argue that Indigenous cultural competency should be a mandatory requirement for admission to legal practice in Australia, and that the ‘deficit discourse’ on First Peoples’ engagement with the legal system must be discarded, to ensure that legal ethical and professional responsibilities are inclusive of the needs of First Peoples.
Dealing with the ‘Wicked’ Problem of Race and the Law: A Critical Journey for Students (and Academics)
Authors: Burns Marcelle , Nielsen Jennifer
Published: June 2021

In 2014, we co-facilitated the specialist elective ‘Race and the Law’ as an LLB summer school intensive. Our pedagogical design was informed by Indigenous philosophy and knowledge (Watson, 2014; Morgan, 2012; Moreton-Robinson, 2007) and by Critical Race and Whiteness Theory (Delgado & Stefanic, 2012; Goldberg, 2001; Moreton-Robinson, 2009). Our aim was to prompt students to think critically about the ongoing significance of race to law (and law to race), how systems of race structure social relations, the capacity of mainstream law to operate as a racialised system of power, and whiteness as a position of privilege. We also sought to empower students by engaging them in a reflexive praxis through which they could develop self-awareness of the significance of race and respond to its influence in their personal and professional lives.

As Liptsitz argues, there is a ‘possessive investment in whiteness’ because of the close relationship between white supremacy and the accumulation of assets, or what he calls the ‘wages of whiteness’ (Lipsitz, 2006). This ‘possessive investment’ became evident in our class discussion once we turned attention to an examination of special measures, affirmative action and other mechanisms that aim to equalise opportunities and alleviate the material inequities mediated by race – that is, the wicked problem, racism.

In this paper, we share our reflections on our success in using theory as a practice to challenge the wicked problem of racism in the law classroom, and within the law curriculum. In addition, we reflect on the value of team teaching in this complex and dynamic teaching space and the significance to legal institutions and the profession of engaging law students in critical learning on race and whiteness.
TINJAUAN MEDIKOLEGAL TERHADAPPERBUATAN GRATIFIKASI SPONSORSHIP OLEH PERUSAHAAN FARMASI
Authors: Handayani Trini
Published: June 2021

Medicolegal is a medical service that refers to positive law. Doctors must comply with the Indonesian Medical Code of Ethics, Medical Discipline and Laws and Regulations related to medical services. One of the medicolegal violations is bribery gratification. The doctor gives a bribe gratuity after receiving sponsorship from a pharmaceutical company that is linked to the sales target of the pharmaceutical product. A gratification is a form of corruption, which is considered a bribe if there is a transactional reward (marketing fee) and is against the obligation. Pharmaceutical companies are not allowed to provide sales targets for their products related to the sponsorship. This sponsorship is not permitted in the form of money, but in the form of accommodation and registration of scientific activities in the context of improving knowledge or skills in medical action. The research method was carried out by interviewing and observing the pharmaceutical companies and practising doctors. As a result, there were frequent instances of graft cases indicated by bribes, both those offered by pharmaceutical companies and those requested by doctors. So far, there has been no sanction imposed on doctors who commit irregularities in a case of gratification.
ETIKOLEGAL HAK MENOLAK PERAWATAN PADA MASA PANDEMI: PERTENTANGAN HAK INDIVIDU DAN MASYARAKAT
Authors: Nugroho Hari Pudjo
Published: June 2021

Abstrak

Hak partisipatif pasien untuk menolak atau menerima sebagian atau seluruh perawatan yang akan diberikan kepadanya menjadi dasar dari hak-hak lainnya yang diatur oleh undang-undang. Tidak kurang mulai Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia sebagai grundnorm (norma tertinggi) sampai dengan peraturan perundangan tentang kesehatan sebagai norm (jenjang norma dibawahnya)Hak partisipatif ini juga menjadi salah satu bagian penting dalam deklarasi Stockholm 1972 yang berkembang melalui berbagai instrument hukum internasional diatur serangkaian hak yang sangat luas, salah satunya adalah hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri dan hak atas informasi dan berkomunikasi. Di masa pandemic covid19 yang penularannya sangat mudah ditransmisikan antar manusia, hak pasien untuk menerima atau menolak sebagian atau seluruh pengobatan maupun perawatan pada dirinya ditiadakan karena demi melindungi hak orang lain dan masyarakat agar tidak tertular pasien tersebut. Prinsip keadilan ini jelas-jelas melanggar hak dasar manusia yang sudah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945. Hak partisipatif pasien tidak menghilangkan tanggungjawab pasien untuk tidak menularkan penyakitnya kepada orang lain. Tanggungjawab pasien ini sudah diatur dalam peraturan perundangan yang ada, bahkan sampai penjeraan pidana yang sifatnya ultimum remidium.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE BAGI TERPIDANA PEMAKAI NARKOTIKA GOLONGAN 1
Authors: Adelina Siregar Rospita , Widi Hastuti Lila Pitri
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAK

Restorative Justice bagi terpidana pemakai Narkotika golongan 1 merupakan penelitian juridis normative yang mengkaji hasil putusan  No.111/Pid.Sus/2017/PN Sag, dengan menitik beratkan masalah putusan pidana penjara yang ditetapkan berdasarkan bukti, terdakwa melanggar Pasal 111 ayat 2 UU nomor 35 tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika golongan 1, hakim menjatuhkan putusan terdakwa dihukum selama 8 bulan penjara dan denda sebesar Rp.1 Milyar. Pengakuan terdakwa bahwa Daun Ganja dijadikan sebagai pengobatan bagi istrinya yang sudah 3 tahun mengalami lumpuh dan sering shock akibat menderita penyakit syringoemelia. Pemidanaan kurungan penjara bagi pengguna Narkotika golongan 1 di pandang tidaklah menyebabkan efek jera bahkan menimbulkan masalah baru, yaitu over kapasitas di Lapas/Rutan, contoh di wilayah Kanwil DKI Jakarta hingga 319%, maka saatnya menerapkan keadilan restoratif (restorative justice) dan  meninggalkan keadilan retributif sebagai pembaharuan hukum pidana dalam menyelesaikan kasus penyalanggunaan Narkotika golongan 1.
Aspectos da produção textual em planos de aula de língua inglesa do site Revista Nova Escola
Authors: Alves Wanderleya Magna , Rocha Bessa José Cezinaldo
Published: June 2021

RESUMO

Nosso objetivo, neste trabalho, é identificar e analisar aspectos da produção de textos em propostas de planos de aula de língua inglesa do ensino fundamental disponibilizadas no site da Revista Nova Escola e discutir se e como esses aspectos podem contribuir para uma aprendizagem efetiva da produção textual como atividade de construção de sentidos. Como respaldo teórico, assumimos estudos que concebem a linguagem como instância política, dialógica e ideológica, bem como trabalhos que sustentam as potencialidades dos gêneros discursivos para o ensino. O corpus de análise se constitui de dois planos de aula de língua inglesa direcionados ao trabalho com o eixo escrita no ensino fundamental disponíveis no site da Revista Nova Escola. Nossa análise interpretativa do corpus recortado aponta que, embora os planos contemplem uma proposta de trabalho com textos, a produção textual é relegada ainda à exploração de determinadas características rígidas de tipologia textual e a aspectos gramaticais.

Palavras-chave: Planos de aula de língua inglesa; Aspectos da produção textual; Revista Nova Escola
Tax Awareness, Taxpayers’ Perceptions and Attitudes and Tax Evasion in Informal Sector of Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogungbade Oluyinka Isaiah , Enitan Adekunle , Adekoya Adeleke Clement
Published: June 2021

Nigeria has been desperately seeking tax revenues since 2016 due to a persistent fall in oil price and production. However, many Nigerians are not tax compliant since there was little or no emphasis on tax revenue, particularly in the informal sector during the oil boom. This paper examined the effect of Tax awareness and Taxpayers' perception of government spending on Tax evasion in the informal sector of Ekiti state. Also, the moderating effect of Taxpayers' attitude was examined. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 respondents, but only 108 returned the completed questionnaire, and only 100 respondents’ data were useful. The findings show that Taxpayers' awareness considerably reduced tax evasion, but the effect of Taxpayers' perception lacks analytical support. The findings also reveal that taxpayers' attitude has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between taxpayers' awareness and tax evasion. However, the moderating effect of Taxpayers' attitude on the relationship between Taxpayers' perception about government spending and Tax evasion was not statistically significant.
Bank Profitability Determinants: Firm-Level Observations in the ASEAN-5 Markets
Authors: Adnan Nur Diyana Athirah Binti , Lau Wei-Theng , Law Siong-Hook
Published: June 2021

This paper aims to investigate the bank-specific characteristics and macroeconomic factors affecting the profitability performance of the Southeast Asian banking sector. The sample markets cover the five original members of ASEAN, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, whereas the sample period encompasses the years between 2010 and 2017. While a healthy financial system is important for the economic sustainability and growth, there are still limited studies to understand how banks generally perform in this region. Our findings largely support the existing hypotheses about the importance of certain micro- and macro variables while contributing new empirical evidence to the current literature. The bank size, loan to assets, loan loss provision, non-interest incomes and expenses, and capital adequacy remain relevant in influencing bank profitability in the ASEAN-5 region. Macroeconomic variables of inflation, interest rate, market concentration and GDP per capita play considerable roles in profitability when they are assessed separately from the bank-specific factors. It is worth noting that the bank-level factors remain important and outplay the macroeconomic factors when they are considered at the same time. The result robustness is of a certain level of satisfaction because comparisons have been performed across individual countries and across different regression models of pooled ordinary least squares model, random effect model, and fixed effect model for all the tentative tests. Both the return on assets and return on equity are examined. Combining both micro- and macroeconomic variables in the regressions also indicates an overall improvement in the r-squared under the same models.
Cemented Revision Hip Arthroplasty With Femoral Impaction Bone Grafting
Authors: Chimutengwende-Gordon Mukai , Baker Markus P. , Jagiello Jakub , Stamenkov Roumen , Callary Stuart A. , Smitham Peter , Howie Donald W. , Solomon Lucian B.
Published: June 2021

Long-stemmed uncemented implants are commonly used during revision hip arthroplasty but may be difficult to re-revise. Impaction bone grafting allows for the use of a shorter cemented stem during revision hip arthroplasty and may restore bone stock in patients with substantial femoral defects. Femoral impaction bone grafting is particularly beneficial in younger patients, who are more likely to require additional revision procedures in the future. The surgical technique used at our institution includes improvements to previous methods including the use of modular tamps and nonirradiated, size-profiled bone graft.
Use of cannabis in urological cancer patients: A review to evaluate risk for cancer development, therapeutic use, and symptom management
Authors: Taneja Shipra , Hoogenes Jen , Slaven Marissa , Kapoor Anil
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Recent recreational legalization of cannabis has resulted in an increased interest in the therapeutic effects of cannabis use in cancer patients, with reports of its use in symptom management and as a risk factor for cancer development. The objective of this review was to evaluate the literature on the association of cannabis use with the risk of cancer development, symptom management, and therapeutic management in the urological cancer (UC) patient population.

Methods: A systematic search of databases and trial registries for papers published to March 2020 on cannabis, symptom and therapeutic management, and cancer development in UC patients was conducted. After screening of full-text articles, data were extracted for evaluation. Studies were eligible if they were in the clinical setting, included ≥5 UC patients, reported use of any cannabis variant, and were written in English.

Results: The search retrieved 2456 abstracts, of which 48 full-text articles were reviewed and 21 included in the review. Low-level evidence suggested a correlation between cannabis use and risk for development of testicular cancer. Some support existed for using cannabis for cancer pain and chemotherapy-induced nausea. There was inadequate evidence to substantiate cannabis use as a therapeutic agent for management of UCs. A lack of high-level evidence and robust methodology of the studies limited evaluation of the findings.

Conclusions: Given the paucity of data on cannabis use for therapeutic purposes in UC, large, prospective trials with adequate followup times to observe the effect of cannabis use on UCs are warranted to improve the evidence base.
Impact of radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer on bladder function as demonstrated on urodynamics study: A systematic review
Authors: Yao Henry Han-I , Hoe Venetia , Shamout Samer , Sengupta Shomik , O'Connell Helen E. , Carlson Kevin V. , Baverstock Richard J.
Published: June 2021

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the effects of bladder function following radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer by performing a systematic review on studies reporting on urodynamic findings after radiotherapy.

Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021229037). A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and OVID Embase. Studies were included if they involved men who underwent urodynamic studies following radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. A total of 798 articles were screened and five articles included. A qualitative analysis was performed.

Results: Bladder compliance appears to be impaired following radiotherapy, especially with longer followup. Impaired bladder compliance was reported in 18.8–62.5% of patients following radiotherapy. Bladder capacity was found to be statistically significantly lower following radiotherapy compared to pre-radiotherapy, and when compared with patients who did not undergo pelvic radiotherapy. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) persists post-radiotherapy in most patients at three and 18 months post-radiotherapy. De novo detrusor overactivity (DO) of 13.3% has been reported at 18 months post-radiotherapy. This review is limited by the absence of level I/II studies.

Conclusions: Radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer results in decreased bladder compliance and capacity demonstrated on urodynamic studies. Resolution of BOO appears less likely in comparison to series on radical prostatectomy. De novo DO may develop following radiotherapy, especially with longer followup. With only low level of evidence studies available at present, further high-quality, prospective studies are important to elucidate the impact of radiotherapy on bladder and urethral function.
NONNULL DISTRIBUTION OF LRC FOR TESTING HOMOGENEITY OF COVARIANCE MATRICES OF COMPLETELY SYMMETRIC GAUSSIAN MODELS
Authors: GUPTA A. K. , NAGAR D. K. , TAYAL VIPIN
Published: June 2021

The nonnull moments of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing equality of covariance matrices of completely symmetric Gaussian models are obta.ined in terms of the Lauricella's hypergeometric functions and also in terms of zonal polynomials. Then the nonnull asymptotic distribution of the statistic is derived under certain alternatives for unequal samples.
ON THE $||T||\cdot C_1$ SUMMABILITY OF A SEQUENCE OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS
Authors: MITTAL M. L. , PRASAD G. , KUMAR RAJESH
Published: June 2021

Mohanty and Nanda (1959) were the first to establish a result for the $(C,1)$ i.e. $C_1$-summability of the sequence $\{n B_n(x)\}$. Varshney (1959) improved the result for $(N, \frac{1}{n+1} ) \cdot C_1$  summability which was generalised by several investiga- tors such as Sharma (1970), Singh (1963), Lal (1971), Khare and Singh (1988) etc. In this note, we have·discussed $||T||\cdot C_1$-summability of the sequence $\{n B_x(x)\}$ which includes the result due to Khare and Singh (1988).
ON FINITE DIFFERENCE INEQUALITY OF LYAPUNOV TYPE
Authors: YANG GOU-SHENG , HUANG SHIOW-FU
Published: June 2021

ON FINITE DIFFERENCE INEQUALITY OF LYAPUNOV TYPE
RINGS WITH $(x,R,x)$ AND $(N +NR,R)$ IN THE LEFT NUCLEUS
Authors: YEN CHEN-TE
Published: June 2021

Let $R$ be a nonassociative ring, $N$ the left nucleus. Assume thatN is a nonzero Lie ideal of $R$. It is shown that if $R$ is a prime ring which satisfies $(x,R,x) \subset N$ and $(NR,R)\subset N$ then $R$ is either associative or commutative.
ON COMMUTATIVITY OF ONE-SIDED $s$-UNITAL RINGS
Authors: ABUJABAL H. A. S. , KHAN M. A. , SAMMAN M. S.
Published: June 2021

In the present paper, we study the commutativity of one sided s-unital rings satisfying conditions of the form $[x^r y\pm x^ny^mx^s,x]= 0 = [x^ry^m\pm x^ny^{m^2}x^s, x]$, or $[yx^r\pm x^ny^mx^s, x] = 0 = [y^mx^r\pm x^ny^{m^2}x^s, x]$ for each $x$,$y \in R$, where $m = m(y) > 1$ is an integer depending on $y$ and $n$, $r$ and $s$ are fixed non-negative integers. Other commutativity theorems are also obtained. Our results generalize·some of the well-known commutativity theorems for rings.
Veteran Teachers Are Like A Rooted Tree: Comprehensive Formal Mentoring as a Mitigating Factor for Stress, Burnout, and Attrition for K-8 Public School Veteran Teachers
Authors:   , Akin Heidi
Published: June 2021

Teaching is known to be a highly stressful occupation. Experiences of prolonged stress can lead to teacher burnout and attrition. Veteran teacher attrition, primarily teacher migration, negatively impacts students with the greatest needs and does not address antecedent factors driving the pattern of attrition. Comprehensive formal mentoring has been documented as a mitigating factor for stress, burnout, and attrition for new teachers. Although veteran teachers also face several salient causes of stress and burnout, there appears to be very little research on, or programs of, comprehensive formal mentoring designed specifically for veteran teachers. Therefore, this qualitative, phenomenological study explored the perceptions, thoughts, and experiences of veteran teachers who participated in a rarely offered comprehensive formal mentor program. This study involved twenty K-8 public school teachers from six different school districts in the Southern California area. Veteran teachers were defined as those who had a minimum of ten years' experience in the classroom. The findings of this study suggest that comprehensive formal mentoring does address the needs of veteran teachers, may mitigate attrition, and may have sustainability. In addition, this study identifies positive administrative support as a necessary component for the success of comprehensive formal mentoring programs. Implications include changes in policy, suggestions for additional support for veteran teachers, and comprehensive formal mentoring as mitigation of teacher migration in urban, Title 1 school settings.
Information Exchange (IE) Among Multi-Stakeholders for Improving Decision Making
Authors:   , Bazarah Ali
Published: June 2021

Information Exchange (IE) is an important area of research in Information System (IS), yet there is a lack of theory that explains it. Existing studies usually borrow different theories from other fields to explain IE, but these theories describe the aspects that are associated with IE, not the actual behavior of IE. Additionally, a framework that guides the design of an IE platform to support IE among multiple stakeholders with the purpose of improving the decision-making process does not exist. To address these literature gaps, this dissertation first proposes a theory of Information Exchange (ToIE) to explain IE behavior and its impact on the decision-making process among multi-stakeholders. A qualitative evaluation of ToIE demonstrates that it meets the virtues of a good theory. Second, this dissertation develops an Information Exchange Decision Support (IEDS) framework that can guide the design of IE platforms for multiple stakeholders. The qualitative evaluation shows that the IEDS framework is useful for identifying the stakeholders, specifying the needed information to be exchanged, and maintaining the needed system factors necessary for IE. The IEDS framework is further instantiated to an IE platform named SES-IE. The SES-IE platform is a web-based application that facilitates the information exchange among scholarship organizations, employers, and students, and supports their decision-making process. The SES-IE platform was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach to measure the usability, usefulness, and satisfaction of the system. The successful instantiation of the SES-IE platform shows that the IEDS framework is useful for building an effective IE platform. This dissertation makes theoretical and practical contributions.
Developing Global Leader Self-Complexity through International Experience
Authors:   , Cotter Katherine
Published: June 2021

Globalization introduces new challenges related to increased levels of diversity and complexity that organizations cannot meet without capable global leaders. Such leaders are currently lacking, so a theory-based approach to global leader development is needed. As a critical intermediary outcome, global leader self-complexity enables competent global leadership performance and develops through identity construction during international experiences. This research aims to generate and test a theory of the development of global leader self-complexity. In Study 1, I gathered qualitative data through retrospectively interviewing 27 global leaders about identity-related changes following their international experiences. Using a grounded theory approach, I developed a theoretical model of global leader identity construction during international experiences, which I empirically tested using quantitative data in Study 2. Specifically, I tested the hypothesized relationships through structural equation modeling with cross-sectional survey data from a sample of 610 global leaders and found support for some of the theorized relationships. Findings from both studies indicate global leader identity construction during international experiences primarily occurs through interacting with locals and local culture over a sustained period, motivated by appreciation of cultural differences, and resulting in increased global leader self-complexity. These results advance understanding of the global leader self-complexity construct (i.e., what develops) and global leader development processes (i.e., how it develops). Additionally, the findings have practical implications for the design and delivery of global leader development initiatives, including the preparation of participating global leaders and how organizations can support them for maximal development.
Inequality, Migrations, and Black Swans: The Case of Italy
Authors:   , Di Pasquale Giacomo
Published: June 2021

This dissertation focuses on an empirical analysis on how inequality, internal and international mobility, and exogenous shocks interact with each other. With a focus on Italy, I provide an important contribution to existing literature on migration and inequality, through a comparative analysis at the subnational level. This characteristic of my work provides a unique opportunity to better understand inequality within countries. Using rigorous econometric and spatial techniques, as well as qualitative material, gathered from case studies and reports from international organizations, my dissertation contributes to the literature in social sciences on the causes and effects of inequality and on how it is shaped by state capacity, sudden events like earthquakes, international and internal mobility, and personal networks. Following the obtained results, I posit that it is up to local and national governments to implement effective policies of redistribution of wealth and services to reduce horizontal and vertical inequality. Furthermore, I believe particular attention should be dedicated to the least wealthy areas of the country, like the Center and the South, historically and consistently less developed than the North.
Educationally Resilient College Students and Their Experiences With Housing Insecurity
Authors:   , Hsieh Kathryn
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to understand how students navigate housing insecurity during their postsecondary experience. Emerging as a recent topic in scholarly discussion, how students address housing affordability and accessibility highlights an important discussion surrounding college opportunity. Qualitative interviews with 20 postsecondary alumni were conducted in a large public research institution in the United States. Through a resilience framework, this study explored how students navigated their housing challenges by leveraging internal and external factors. Housing challenges included living in overcrowded spaces, moving frequently, working significant hours, and reducing monthly expenses such as groceries to ensure housing affordability. The impact of these strategies increased a student's anxiety, negatively affecting their personal well-being and at times their academics. Despite these challenges, participants showed a strong resolve to persevere toward college completion. Themes of self-efficacy (internal) and supportive relationships (external) were important motivators to persist toward college completion in spite of housing challenges and barriers. Each participant was determined to overcome the stigma associated with their housing challenges to increase the social mobility of their family and counter stereotypes associated with being a low-income, minority, or first-generation college student. However, due to the negative perceptions associated with housing insecurity, participants would not disclose the extent of their housing challenges with campus stakeholders. Isolation from these experiences decreased a student's sense of belonging and established a belief that the institution could not provide support to address their housing challenges. Implications for policy, practice, and future research include reassessing financial aid packages, developing direct support offices on campus, and additional opportunities to examine housing insecurity from an identity-based lens.
Essays on Race in Policing
Authors:   , Johnson Hunter
Published: June 2021

In recent years, a number of high-profile policing controversies have led to global indignation over racial disparities in policing and perceived police brutality. This paper explores three different dimensions of race in policing. The first chapter of this dissertation examines whether the presence of female and minority police officers affects the likelihood of police use of force and whether officers are more or less likely to use force against civilians of a different race. Focusing on a subset of 911 calls resulting in arrest, I use an instrumental variables estimation method with dispatch availability by officer race/gender as an instrument for the presence of different officer types. I find that the presence of a female officer significantly reduces the likelihood that force is used. Calls involving white officers and black civilians are significantly more likely to result in use of force. The second chapter uses data on 7.5 million police-civilian interactions made by 1,663 Texas Highway Patrol officers to estimate the impact of five mandatory police trainings on the racial composition of traffic stops and racial disparities in related outcomes. The five trainings considered are (1) Cultural Diversity; (2) Arrest, Search & Seizure; (3) Racial Profiling; (4) Traffic; and (5) Deescalation. We exploit quasi-random variation in the timing of when individual officers receive training and estimate a series of event study models. We find that training has little to no effect on policing behavior in terms of either racial composition or stops or related outcomes. In general, our findings cast serious doubt on the ability of policymakers to use training as an effective intervention for combatting longstanding disparities in law enforcement. The third chapter examines whether externally-imposed affirmative action plans designed to increase the shares of nonwhite and female police officers have impacted the rates of reported offenses and/or offenses cleared by arrest. Using a series of modern econometric strategies including difference-in-differences decomposition and generalized synthetic controls, we do not find a significant effect of court-imposed affirmative action plans on the rates of reported offenses or reported offenses cleared by arrest. We also consider whether unlitigated agencies change their practices due to the threat of litigation but are unable to identify causal evidence of such threat effects
Incorporate Out-of-Vocabulary Words for Psycholinguistic Analysis using Social Media Texts - An OOV-aware Data Curation Process and a Hybrid Approach
Authors:   , Liu Kun
Published: June 2021

Massive user generated social media texts (SMT) posits new opportunities as well as challenges for psycholinguistic analysis to understand individual differences such as personality. SMT are often written in an informal way, and thus contain lexical variants such as nonstandard spellings, capitalizations, and abbreviations. These lexical variants are referred as out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. They are not captured in standard dictionaries used by standard Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools. Literature indicates that these OOV words may include hidden linguistic patterns that reflect individual characteristics. These OOV-related linguistic patterns are not captured by the existing closed-vocabulary and open-vocabulary approaches. To address these issues, this dissertation develops two artifacts, following a design science research process model. The first artifact is an OOV-aware data curation process that focuses on capturing and categorizing OOV words. The evaluation of the first artifact demonstrates that it can capture more OOV words and is useful in analyzing SMT. The second artifact is an OOV-aware hybrid approach that integrates the closed-vocabulary and open-vocabulary approaches with expanded OOV categories and OOV words. The hybrid approach shows an improved performance over existing approach. This dissertation makes theoretical contributions by adding additional OOV knowledge and a new method for psycholinguistic analysis of SMT. It also makes practical contributions by enabling psycholinguistic researchers and practitioners to exploit more psycholinguistic cues for tasks like personality prediction.
Theory of Mind Measurements and Mechanisms: An Investigation of Construct Validity and Cognitive Processes in Theory of Mind Tasks
Authors:   , Navarro Garcia Ester
Published: June 2021

Understanding the perspectives of others is a critical skill. Theory of mind (ToM) is an essential ability for social competence and communication, and it is necessary for understanding behaviors that differ from our own (Premack and Woodruff, 1978). Although all individuals possess a ToM to varying degrees, bilinguals are especially adept to perspective-taking. Research has reported that bilinguals outperform monolinguals in ToM tasks (e.g., Goetz, 2003; Rubio-Fernandez & Glucksberg, 2012). However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. Studying individual differences in ToM performance between bilinguals and monolinguals can help explain these mechanisms. Yet this promising area of research faces an important challenge: the lack of psychometric research on ToM measurement. Recent research suggests that tests that measure the ToM construct might not be as reliable as previously thought (Warnell & Redcay, 2019). This hinders the interpretation of experimental and correlational findings and puts into question the validity of the ToM construct. This dissertation addresses these two questions empirically to improve our understanding of what constitutes ToM. Study 1 examines the structure of ToM, crystallized intelligence (Gc), and fluid intelligence (Gf) to understand (a) whether ToM constitutes a construct separate from other cognitive abilities and (b) to explore whether tasks of ToM present adequate construct validity. For this, three confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted. The results demonstrated that a model with three latent factors (ToM, Gf and Gc) did not adequately fit the data and was not significantly different from a model with only two latent factors (ToM-Gf and Gc). In addition, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that two of the ToM tasks loaded onto a Gf factor whereas one of the tasks loaded onto a third factor by itself. Finally, an exploratory network analysis (NMA) was conducted to observe relationships among the tasks. The results showed that the ToM tasks were no more related to each other than to some tasks of Gf and Gc, and that ToM tasks did not form a consistent cluster. Overall, the results of Study 1 suggest that ToM tasks are likely not measuring a monolithic ToM construct. Study 2 examines individual differences in metalinguistic awareness, executive function, and bilingualism as predictors of ToM. The results showed that all variables significantly predicted ToM, but bilingualism was not a significant moderator of ToM. Overall, the findings suggest that in this sample there was no difference in the processes used to predict ToM based on being bilingual or monolingual. Implications for measurement and individual differences in ToM are discussed.
The Influence of Community Cultural Wealth and Tauhi Va on the Navigation of Pacific Islanders in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Authors:   , Wolfgramm Marlena
Published: June 2021

My research examines the influence of community cultural wealth and tauhi va on the navigation of Pacific Islanders (PIs) in STEM. The disaggregation of data on Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) attaining STEM bachelor's degrees revealed that PIs (16%) are represented half as much as Asian Americans (35%) (NCES, 2020). Under the AAPI designation, PIs have been masked, underserved, and underresearched in higher education and STEM. For this reason, this study focuses on the educational trajectories and experiences of PIs in STEM to highlight their strengths and challenges to understand how better to serve and support PIs in STEM. In this phenomenological study, I used an asset-based framework; community cultural wealth and a PI cultural value, tauhi va, to explore how PIs navigate STEM. The research questions for this study are (a) How do community cultural wealth and tauhi va influence the navigation of Pacific Islanders in STEM? and (b) How does tauhi va create va specific to Pacific Islanders to wayfind STEM and develop community cultural wealth? This qualitative study included 31 participants who self-identified as Pacific Islander and were students and recent graduates in STEM. The methods used in this study included a brief demographic survey, an educational trajectory map, and a 60- to 90-minute semistructured artifact elicitation interview using talanoa. The main finding of this study was that the navigation of PIs in STEM was influenced by familial, aspirational, social, navigational, and resistant capital. After facing barriers such as inadequate advising, stereotype threat, and competitive and cutthroat STEM culture from peers, faculty, and staff, PI students maneuvered through the skill of wayfinding. PIs created va (space) to relate, heal, and network with other PIs and individuals who had encountered similar experiences. PIs maintain va through tauhi va, or the caretaking of sociospatial relationships through reciprocity, thus developing Pacific Islander cultural capital to navigate STEM. This qualitative research is based on the successful navigation of PIs in STEM through an asset-based framework and cultural value to highlight the positive impact of PI cultural knowledge, PI identity, and nuances of PIs in STEM.
Genetic parameters and litter trait trends of Danish pigs in South Vietnam
Authors: Tinh Nguyen Huu , Hao Tran Van , Bui Anh Phu Nam
Published: June 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and various litter trait trends of Danish pigs in South Vietnam, including the number born alive (NBA), number weaned (NW), and litter weight at the 21st day (LW21).Methods: Records of 936 Yorkshire sows with 3361 litters and 973 Landrace sows with 3161 litters were used to estimate the variance components, genetic parameters, and trends of NBA, NW, and LW21. The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied using VCE6 software to obtain the variance components and genetic parameters. Thereafter, the best linear unbiased prediction procedure with an animal model was applied using PEST software to estimate the breeding values of the studied traits.Results: The heritability estimates were low, ranging from 0.12 to 0.21 for NBA, 0.03 to 0.04 for NW, and from 0.11 to 0.13 for LW21. The genetic correlation between the NBA and NW was relatively strong in both breeds, at 0.77 and 0.60 for Yorkshire and Landrace, respectively. Similarly, the genetic correlation between the NW and LW21 was considerably stronger in Landrace pigs (0.71) than in Yorkshire pigs (0.48). The estimates of annual genetic progress were 0.0431, 0.0233, and 0.0461 for NBA, NW, and LW21 in Landrace pigs and 0434, 0.0202, and 0.0667 for NBA, NW, and LW21 in Yorkshire pigs, respectively.Conclusion: The positive genetic trends estimated for the additive genetic values of the selected traits indicated that the current breeding system has achieved favorable results.
Stillbirth rates and their association with swine leucocyte antigen class II haplotypes in Microminipigs
Authors: Imaeda Noriaki , Ando Asako , Matsubara Tatsuya , Takasu Masaki , Nishii Naohito , Miyamoto Asuka , Ohshima Shino , Kametani Yoshie , Suzuki Shingo , Shiina Takashi , Ono Tetsushi , Kulski Jerzy K. , Kitagawa Hitoshi
Published: June 2021

Objective: Microminipig (MMP) is a miniature pig with an extra small body size for experimental use. In the present study, the occurrence of stillbirths and their genetic association with swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class II haplotypes were evaluated in a population of MMPs.Methods: The occurrences of stillbirth and genetic association with SLA class II haplotypes using 483 stillborn and 2,246 live piglets, and their parents were compared among the three groups of newborn piglet litters; an all stillborn (AS) group consisting of only stillborn piglet litters, a partial stillborn (PS) group consisting of stillborn and live piglet litters, and an all alive (AA) group consisting of only live piglet litters.Results: The incidence of stillborn piglets was 483/2,729 (17.7%). Distributions of litter sizes, numbers of stillborn piglets in a litter, parities, and gestation periods were distinct among the three groups. The frequencies of low resolution haplotype (Lr)-0.7 or Lr-0.23 were higher in the AS group than in the PS or AA groups. In sires, the frequency of Lr-0.7 associated with the AS group was significantly higher in the AS group than with the AA group. In dams, the frequency of Lr-0.23 was significantly higher in the AS group than in the PS or AA groups, whereas the frequency of Lr-0.7 was not significantly different.Conclusion: The incidence of stillborn piglets in MMPs appears to be higher than those in other pig breeds. Several traits related with stillbirths such as the number of stillborn piglets and parities of the AS group were different from those of the PS and AA groups. Specific SLA class II haplotypes were associated significantly with a high incidence of stillbirths and could be used as genetic markers to adopt breeding strategies to lower the rate of stillbirth in MMPs.
Effect of aerobically treated manure on odorous material emissions from a swine finishing barn equipped with a continuous pit recirculation system
Authors: Choi Yongjun , Ha Duck-Min , Lee Sangrak , Kim Doo-Hwan
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to determine reduction of various odorous materials from a swine farm equipped with a continuous pit recirculation system (CPRS) with aerobically treated liquid manure.Methods: The CPRS is used in swine farms in South Korea, primarily to improve air quality in pig houses. In this study, CPRS consists of a manure aerobic treatment system and a fit recirculation system; the solid fraction is separated and composted, whereas the aerobically treated liquid fraction (290.0%±21.0% per day of total stored swine slurry) is continuously returned to the pit. Four confinement pig barns in three piggery farms were used; two were equipped with CPRS and the other two operated a slurry pit under the slatted floor.Results: All chemical contents of slurry pit manure in the control were greater than those of slurry pit manure in the CRPS treatment (p<0.05). Electrical conductivity and pH contents did not differ among treatments. The biological oxygen demand of the slurry pit treatment was greater than that of the other treatments (p<0.05). Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen contents of the slurry pit treatment were greater than those of other treatments (p<0.05). Odor intensity of the CPRS treatment was lower than that of the control at indoor, exhaust, and outside sampling points (p<0.05). The temperature and carbon dioxide of the CPRS treatment in the pig barn was significantly lower than those of control (p<0.05). All measured odorous material contents of the CPRS group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: The CPRS application in pig farms is considered a good option as it continuously reduces the organic load of animal manure and lowers the average odorant concentration below the threshold of detecting odorous materials.
A study on shelf life of prepackaged retail-ready Korean native black pork belly and shoulder butt slices during refrigerated display
Authors: Hoa Van-Ba , Seol Kuk-Hwan , Kang Sun-Moon , Kim Yun-Seok , Cho Soo-Hyun
Published: June 2021

Objective: In most retail centers, primal pork cuts for sale are usually prepared into retail-ready slices and overwrapped with air-permeable plastic film. Also, meat of Korean native black pig (KNP) is reputed for its superior quality, however, its shelf life during retail display has not been studied. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate shelf life of prepackaged retail-ready KNP belly and shoulder butt slices during refrigerated display.Methods: Bellies and shoulder butt obtained at 24 h post-mortem from finishing KNP were used. Each belly or shoulder butt was manually cut into 1.5 cm-thick slices. The slices in each cut type were randomly taken and placed on white foam tray (2 slices/tray) overwrapped with polyvinyl chloride film. The retail-ready packages were then placed in a retail display cabinet at 4°C. Shelf life and sensory quality of the samples were evaluated on day 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 of display.Results: The shoulder butt reached the upper limit (20 mg/100 g) of volatile basic nitrogen for fresh meat after 9 days while, the belly remained within this limit throughout the display time (15 days). Both the cuts reached a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level of above 0.5 mg malondialdehyde/kg after 9 days. The a* (redness) values remained unchanged during first 9 days in both cuts (p>0.05). After 9 days, off-flavor was not found in either cut, but higher off-flavor intensity was found in shoulder butt after 12 days. The shoulder butt was unacceptable for overall eating quality after 12 days while, belly still was acceptable after 12 days.Conclusion: The belly showed a longer shelf life compared to the shoulder butt, and a shelf life of 9 and 12 days is recommended for the prepackaged retail-ready KNP shoulder butt and belly slices, respectively.
Increasing Yields and Soil Chemical Properties through the Application of Rock Fines in Tropical Soils in the Western Part of Cameroon, Africa
Authors: Tetsopgang Samuel
Published: June 2021

Local tropical soils were amended with pulverized rock fines such as trachyte, basalt, pyroclastic materials, limestone and gneiss with ± manure in different proportions in Cameroon. And soil textures and chemicals were assessed after harvesting. Cabbage and potatoes as test crops treated with fines of pyroclastic materials and basalts, portrayed highest and lowest productivities, respectively. The early loamy sand texture of controls changes to clay; and clay textures remained unchanged after treatments. This indicates the decrease of sand proportion and gain in clay particles after treatments. The pH of local soils was strongly to slightly acidic (4.8 ≤ pH ≤ 6.5) and rose up to slightly acidic and slightly alkaline affinity (6.6 ≤ pH ≤ 7.2). A significant pH increase from 5.9 to 6.9 was observed on a treated sample with pulverized pyroclastic materials. Organic carbon and Organic matter show parallel oscillated tendencies from controls to treated soils. There is a general increase of Mg and Ca after treatments while Na and K remain constant. Rock fines from trachyte, limestone and basalt as treatments significantly increase phosphorus in soils with contents of 96.0, 51.5 and 50.9 ppm, respectively.