bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role Problems of Offenders and Correctional Workers
Authors: Thomas Edwin J.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes selected problems of offenders and work ers in correction as special cases of more general problems of role. The research findings, theory, and related concepts of social role are drawn upon for a better understanding of these specific problems and ways to alter them, and the emerging specialization of role theory is discussed. The role problems of offenders are considered in terms of nonlegitimate socialization, characteristics of the deviant position, role discontinuity, and role conflict. The problems of correctional workers are set forth in terms of role discontinuities, role conflict and dissensus, role ambiguity, and pressure and strain. The identification of these various role prob lems carries implications for their solutions. As one perspective and body of knowledge required to understand and control be havior in real-life situations, role theory provides an emphasis upon the web of external social determinants and thereby helps to counterbalance a pervasive tendency to view personal difficul tiles as individual psychological maladies independent of the social environment.
Southern Juvenile Courts
Authors: Starrs James E.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile courts have considerable potential for good, but, where the climate is right and the constitutional protections are few, they can also be twisted into instruments of repression. Such has been the experience of many juvenile courts in the South when confronted by juvenile demonstrators who take to the streets to secure their constitutional rights.
Volunteer Services in a Juvenile Court
Authors: Goddard Jewel , Jacobson Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

While more people than we imagine are looking for new op portunities to serve their communities, this volunteer resource has remained relatively untapped by most juvenile courts. This article points out why volunteers are essential to the courts and how they supplement the services of paid staff. While they must be recruited, trained, and supervised by professionally trained, paid employees, volunteers provide services which paid staff cannot provide. Details are given to illustrate how volunteer services have been organized and used. Innovations and expan sion in existing volunteer services are suggested and encouraged.
How One State Has Used the Standard Act
Authors: Cobin Herbert L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes Delaware's development from an anti quated penal system. At first, the state assumed responsibility for its county institutions; then, the public's massive and dramatic efforts to reorganize the adult correctional and probation and parole services and the services for youth culminated in the creation of a department of correction. The organizational struc ture of the first board is compared with that of the new Depart ment, and the part played by the Standard Act during the drafting of the new legislation is discussed and analyzed. Finally, the problem of budgets is considered.
Abuse of the Record of Arrest Not Leading to Conviction
Authors: Hess Albert G. , Le Poole Fré
Published: March 2007

This paper compares the United States with thirty-nine other countries in regard to the use of records of arrest that have not led to a conviction. In the U.S., persons previously arrested though not convicted are often denied jobs or licenses because of the failure by government agencies and private employers to distinguish between an arrest and a conviction, a practice incom patible with the principle of the presumption of innocence.
Work-Release— a Two-Pronged Effort
Authors: Zalba Serapio R.
Published: March 2007

Most incarcerated persons face major discontinuities in their resocialization into the "free" society. Seldom are provisions made for them to learn or practice certain crucial socio-economic roles, such as wage-earner, self-supporter, and worker-in-the-free- community. Consequently, they are often unable to perform in ways crucial to successful readjustment once they are discharged. The work-release approach has demonstrated these roles can be provided in a correctional program which also has custodial features. Successful work-release programs in Wisconsin and California are described and analyzed.
Alcoholic Control on Skid Row
Authors: Rubington Earl
Published: March 2007

Though Skid Row is slowly on its way out, its residents continue to "clutter up the streets" and are still a major police, health, and welfare problem. A rescue service which would increase order and reduce helplessness is proposed. An Alcoholic Control Unit staffed by Skid Row alcoholics can patrol streets, mainly to remove sleeping drunks to its own quarters. It reduces police work, takes sick or injured men to a hospital, and allows acutely intoxicated men to sleep off their drunk at the Unit. The staff, all sober alcoholics, are paid for doing this hard and important work. During the three years of the suggested pilot program, a small research staff would make a before-and-after comparison to measure Unit effectiveness. If it is successful, costs for maintaining police, health, and welfare services should go down while public order should improve. Finally, employment at the Unit may initiate patterns of total abstinenre for a small but influential number of men.
A Halfway-House Program for Delinquents
Authors: Mcneil Frances
Published: March 2007

State-administered halfway houses for delinquents were estab lished in Michigan at a time when comprehensive policy changes encouraged experiments and research in rehabilitation, includ ing a search for alternatives to training-school placement. First developed in June 1964, they have served as learning laboratories in the supervision of delinquents in an open setting. They are destroying the myth that all delinquent boys can learn better self-controls only in partly closed, highly supervised settings. In the halfway-house system of supportive-type controls, boys have a chance to function in a normal community and learn to make those decisions that establish crime-free behavior patterns.
Delinquent Disabled Boys
Authors: Mills Rosemary
Published: March 2007

The case histories of four physically disabled adolescent boys, who had been committed by magistrates to an approved school in Singapore, are examined to see how the disablement may have influenced the delinquency.
Caught in a Crossfire of Concepts
Authors: Kelling George
Published: March 2007

The dilemmas that confront correctional personnel regarding methodological issues such as use of authority, value issues such as the concept of self-determination, and theoretical issues such as the "sickness" versus the "badness" of deviants are not unique to correction, but pervade all areas of social work. Social work has become doctrinaire on the use of authority, social work has oversimplified and overemphasized self-determination, and social work has confused normative and descriptive use of language with its emphasis on the "sickness" of deviants. Correction, because it has dealt with these issues the most realistically, can help to reconcile these dilemmas.
Crises of a Society in Ferment
Authors: Lohman Joseph D.
Published: March 2007

Many of the problems confronting us today have a significance quite different from the meanings traditionally ascribed to them and to the social contexts to which they relate. Our notions about "alienated and estranged" individuals need re- examination. It would prove profitable to examine the agencies, institutions, and organizations to which we uncritically subscribe and to apply the ideas of alienation and estrangement to the institutional framework itself. The stresses within law enforce ment, correction, welfare, and other "helping and service" agen cies suggest that the traditional services may be viewed as estranged and alienated from many people rather than the reverse.
The Juvenile Offender's Perceptions
Authors: Lipsitt Paul D.
Published: March 2007

An important aspect of juvenile court proceedings concerns the impact of the expertence upon the child. The author studied the perceptions of the juvenile offender in court by interviewing 265 boys in three metropolitan juvenile courts before and after their court appearance. Before-and-after comparisons were ob tained on semantic differential ratings of potency and evaluation of self and judge. These are related to background factors ( socio-economic class, family, and age) , perception of participa tion in the court process, and perception of interest of the judge. Other perceptions are related to the personal characteristics of the judge.
"... Nor Cruel and Unusual Punishments Inflicted"
Authors: Sherman Peter R.
Published: March 2007

This paper endeavors to understand and assess the last clause of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which holds that "cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted." This entails a review and analysis of the major case development and some of the firoblem areas—both solved and unsolved. Inasmuch as neither the purpose nor the typical proceeding of the juvenile court is penal, the "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibition is inapplicable to it. However, treat ment of a juvenile within the jurisdiction of the court may involve punishment. When it does, he is protected, as an adult is, against the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment.
Proceed with Caution
Authors: Mecham Garth D.
Published: March 2007

The death and destruction occurring daily as a result of automobile accidents on America's highways is one of our most serious problems. Since these accidents involve more people under the age of twenty-five than any other age group, the juvenile court is under considerable pressure to do a more effective job in handling juvenile traffic violators. Most commu nities want their juvenile courts to be more punitive in disposing of juvenile traffic violations, on the assumption that this would reduce recidivism. The form of punishment most usually recom mended is a fine.
Splendid Ignorance: The Mainspring of a Fair Trial
Authors: Leavitt Jack
Published: March 2007

What are the rights of the press as opposed to the rights of a defendant facing imprisonment or death? Is the administration of criminal justice enhanced if the press is denied access to information about a pending trail? This article examines the seeming conflict of the Constitution's "free press" provisions in the First Amendment and the "fair trial" safeguards in the Fifth and Sixth.
"Tranquilizer Gun" for Violent Persons?
Authors: Griffin John B. , Conner W. Charles , Tait C. Downing , Warren C.D.
Published: March 2007

The "tranquilizer gun" now used with animals may become useful in restraining violent behavior of persons, especially those with psychiatric disturbances that jeopardize life. This paper reports the gun's first known usage on a human being-a prisoner who developed a psychotic disturbance and was breaking through masonry walls of his jail cell. Another case is reported in which the authors believe the use of a tranquilizer gun could have saved the life of a young man, a former psychiatric hospital patient who was fatally shot when he again became disturbed and resisted apprehension by the police.
Channeling the Probation Interview
Authors: Cohn Yona
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes three situations that frequently confront the probation officer: changing the probationer's attitude toward authority, changing his attitude toward the stigmatic delinquen cy status, and motivating him toward accepted behavior. The probationer's responses to his day-to-day problems are analyzed, and the various approaches possible to the probation officer are evaluated.
Use of the Offender's Strengths in Psychotherapy
Authors: Ordway John A.
Published: March 2007

Initial impressions may be quite deceptive in the diagnosis and treatment of the offender. It is most important not only to evaluate his outer, obvious defenses, but also to be sensitive to subtle, barely detectable qualities that may represent strengths important to a therapeutic alliance and subsequent successful psychotherapy. These strengths or "islands of maturity" may respond to encouragement and grow into strong bases on which to develop other useful but weaker personality traits. Clin.ical examples include the diagnosis and treatment of an alcoholic prostitute. Supposedly hard and regarded as "untreatable," she forms a good therapeutic alliance with the physicians and patient members of an alcoholism clinic group because traces of her "sweetness" and self-respect are perceived, respected, and welcomed by both the doctors and the patients. Thus, her self-respect and self-love are strengthened, her ability to carry out a contract is revived, her confidence in her judgment is restored, and she is able then to build a more realistic and satisfying of life. Other examples of successful and unsuccessful therapy are included, as well as a discussion of the therapist's strengths or weaknesses.
Who Defends the Prosecutor?
Authors: Gelber Seymour
Published: March 2007

The average public prosecutor is depicted as an underpaid underdog who attempts Sisyphean labors with a staff of neo phytes who quickly move on to more lucrative practice. The turnover in prosecutors' offices far exceeds that in any other government office dealing with the administration of justice. Because of this and many other factors—social, economic, and legal—the prosecutor is ill-equipped to handle the ever growing demands on his office. The author compares the pattern of prosecution in the United States with the systems in Britain and Europe, stressing their strengths and pitfalls.
A Boys' Committee as an Instrument of Communication
Authors: Catalino Anthony
Published: March 2007

Since 1962, TICO (Training Institution, Central Ohio), which serves older, habitually delinquent youth, has been experiment ing with a technique of using a Boys' Committee to help broaden the channels of communication between staff and youngsters through weekly meetings of the Committee with the superin tendent and other institutional personnel. The Committee, a quasi-official forum expressing the needs and views of its "repre sentatives," has been instrumental in improving regulations and procedures. At the same time, administrators and other staff have used the meetings to explain the philosophy and programs of the institution and to eliminate misconceptions relating to them. In short, the Boys' Committee has made it possible to provide channels of communication which flow upward as well as down ward.
Capital Punishment in Texas, 1924-1968
Authors: Koeninger Rupert C.
Published: March 2007

This is a preliminary report of a study of the 483 persons sent to the death house in Huntsville, Texas, since the electric chair was installed in 1924. Background data for each case were obtained from prison records; reports of appealed cases pub lished in the Texas Criminal Reports; case histories in the files of the Boa.rd of Pardons and Paroles; newspaper accounts in the Houston Post and Houston Chronicle; and interviews with men in the death house, their keepers, the prison officials, and the sheriffs and district attorneys who were instrumental in sending them to the chair.
Functional Specialization in Probation and Parole
Authors: Czajkoski Eugene H.
Published: March 2007

While the goals and functions of probation and parole organi zations are expanding, there is often a trend toward narrowing the functions of the individual at the line-operation level. This leads to unbalanced mission orientation between the executive level and the line level.
A Summary of Parole Rules— Thirteen Years Later
Authors: Arluke Nat R.
Published: March 2007

A 1956 survey of the parole rules in each of the states revealed that in general the rules had changed little in one hundred years. Further comparison showed that no single rule was common to all of the states, that some parole documents contained as many as twenty to thirty rules, that some of the rules were unenforce able, that some were parts of statutes or were policy matters, and that there seemed to be a tendency to increase the number and rigidity of the rules in direct proportion to the inferior quality of the parole system.
California's Parole Rules
Authors: Milligan William D.
Published: March 2007

The conditions of parole often seem so unduly restrictive that they appear to retard the offender's resocialization process. This article contends that the conditions of parole applied in Califor nia are not particularly onerous and actually assist the parolee in his transition from an institutional setting to free society.
Agency Research: To Be or Not to Be?
Authors: Martin John M.
Published: March 2007

Although agencies in the crime and delinquency field have discovered the worth of social researchers, employment of such specialists will probably present many problems. An immediate and obvious one is that of finding sufficient money to pay for researchers and their staffs. A more fundamental problem is the degree of freedom that agencies will tolerate in their researchers. It is questionable that many agencies will permit their research ers to study many of the highly controversial issues being raised about criminal justice systems today. Most agency-sponsored research will continue to be essentially noncontroversial and "company-oriented." And many first-rate social researchers will not be interested in doing such technical work, at least not for very long.
The Conflict between Freedom and Order
Authors: Burdman Milton
Published: March 2007

In the administration of justice, maintaining the balance between freedom and order means that the need to protect rights of defendants and convicted offenders must be weighed against optimum protection of the community. These demands conflict at three points—at trial, at sentence, and at institutional release and parole or probation revocation decisions by a correctional agency.
The Police in the Middle of the Conflict
Authors: Craig David W.
Published: March 2007

The key to real support of the police is to be found in the development of enhanced competence among police officers. The truly competent policeman performs effectively despite the diffi culties which stem from recent constitutional interpretations issued by the courts. Competency is more important than philos ophy in police-community relations. The development and im plementation of competency in police work depends upon scien tific recruit-selection methods, broad support of higher eduration of police, freeing police from irrelevant duties, and the wize use of more sophisticated equipment.
Law Enforcement in Great Britain
Authors: Booth David A.
Published: March 2007

Societal conflicts present the British police with challenges not unlike those facing their American counterparts. If these chal lenges are to be met, the British police must overcome several shortcomings. They must ease their administrative inflexibility arising from a strong attachment to tradition, solve their inter- and intra-jurisdictional problems, improve their personnel re cruitment, and end their racial discrimination.
Consequences of "Guilty"
Authors: Neithercutt M.G.
Published: March 2007

As any observant criminologist is aware, sanctions imposed on offenders fall into two categories—(1) those delineated in crim inal law and (2) those imposed by civil law and the numerous hardships imposed by "unofficial" authority. This paper dis cusses examples of both types of sanctions, giving greater atten tion to those not found in the criminal law. It is designed to inform the uninitiated and to remind the experienced profession al of the problems with which convicted persons must deal.
The Value and Validity of Delinquency Prevention Experiments
Authors: Berleman William C. , Steinburn Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

Five major delinquency prevention experiments conducted in the open community among voluntary juvenile subjects reveal uniformly disappointing results: the provision of a preventive service seems no more effective in reducing delinquency than no service at all. The controlled procedures governing these experi ments make these negative findings particularly convincing and thus constitute a challenge to services offered in the name of "delinquency prevention."
The Fate of the Rehabilitative Ideal in California Youth Authority Dispositions
Authors: Fogel David
Published: March 2007

A California Youth Authority (CYA) disposition is almost never viewed as rehabilitative by the youngster or by the proba tion officer recommending it. The court report can be divided into a description of the offense and social analysis. This article is a study of the interplay between the two in the court reports of ten consecutive commitments to the CYA from one county. It analyzes the court reports to uncover what use was made of the child's biography and what emphasis was placed on the offense itself after repeated court appearances, and it looks into the relation of both the offense and the biography to the out come. The intended outcome is apparent from the probation officers' recommendations in the court reports. The probation officer selects the outcome and "widens" or "narrows" the child's biography depending on the stage of the child's delinquent career or the offense. When the outcome is intended to be less severe, the content of the court report (length is not significant) dramatizes the complexity of the child's biography. This gen eralization held up even when the question of a CYA commit ment was not involved (in cases where the choice was between home and foster home or between foster home and open insti tution) and when the choice was between open institution and CYA and, in one case, between the CYA and county jail.
How Measurable Is Success?
Authors: Bartoo Chester H.
Published: March 2007

The general public wants "success" or "failure" defined in black or white terms. The physical sciences offer universally clear-cut definitions, formulas, and criteria by which their "suc cess" can be appraised; on the other hand, the behavioral sci ences are equivocal and the public, bewildered, questions the truth of the claimed "successes." Correction, in particular, must embark on research that will formalize and measure the authen ticity of its "successes."
Major Federal and State Narcotics Programs and Legislation
Authors: Wood Roland W.
Published: March 2007

New approaches to and programs for the treatment of drug addiction are being developed; changes in state and federal drug laws are rapid and are accompanied by bursts of confusion that signal both public acceptance and fear.

Basic punitive attitudes toward drug addiction and the drug addict are being reviewed. The question of crime vs. disease is obsolete; addiction must be evaluated as a process rather than as a singular problem. A series of alternative solutions must be generated to deal with the process effectively. New legal struc tures and programs must be designed to deal with the addict in his environment rather than in traditional correctional and hos pital settings.

The significant issue is public vs. private care and its effec tiveness. A certain amount of control in treating the addict is necessary, whether this be legal or social; however, only that amount of control necessary to provide stability should be sought. Public programs are a necessity and, for the present, will most likely meet the major need. Private resources must be encouraged and developed and not stifled by the state agency. A full spectrum of services must be supported. The major public programs that have been developed throughout the United States are in keeping with the trends mentioned, in both a legal and a program framework. Of major interest are the federal program of 1966 and the state programs in New York, Califor nia, New Jersey, and Illinois.
Slang Usage in the Addict Subculture
Authors: Cromwell Paul F.
Published: March 2007

The drug addict lives in a unique world, differing even in its language, a new jargon. Possibly nothing more clearly illustrates the fact that drug addiction has cultural components than the special communication among its members. This special argot plays an important role in the society of the drug user by pro viding in-group cohesion and communication.

Until the advent of large numbers of juveniles into the outer fringes of the addict subculture, little was known of this unique language except by police and persons specializing in the rehabil itation of the addict. The juveniles picked up much of the slang and put it into popular usage.

Through the facilities of the police departments of large cities throughout the United States, a glossary of current slang usage was compiled and is included in this article.
The Battered Child
Authors: Raffalli Henri Christian
Published: March 2007

"Battered child syndrome" is a term used to characterize a clin ical condition in young children who are the victims of serious physical abuse, generally by a parent or parent substitute.
The Probation Officer's Perception of the Attorney's Role in Juvenile Court
Authors: Brennan William C. , Ware Jefferson H.
Published: March 2007

The Gault decision has resulted in the widespread use of at torneys in juvenile court. The purpose of this study was to ex amine the impact of this change on a group of thirty-two juvenile probation officers who had attended special institutes related to the lawyer's entrance into juvenile court. Their perceptions of counsel's role were conceptualized within the framework of (1) the nature of the attorney's participation in juvenile court, (2) the effects of the attorney's involvement, (3) perceived conflict between the lawyer and the juvenile officer, and (4) resolution of conflicts. Several attitudinal-type statements were included under each of these main areas to operationalize the juvenile officers' responses.
The Attorney-Probation Officer Relationship
Authors: Allenstein Morton B.
Published: March 2007

There is a fertile field of negotiation in contacts between the defense attorney, working in the best interest of his client, and the probation officer, who must balance the rights of society against concern for the defendant. This common ground, where plans and ideas can be exchanged, is often neglected or ignored by both sides. The lack of contact or of attempts at understanding may be caused by mistrust or overwork. The article points out that the attorney and the probation officer have many opportuni ties to meet to the advantage of client and society.
The Affluent Youthful Offender
Authors: Freeman Beatrice , Savastano George
Published: March 2007

The clinical findings of a two-year collaborative research study by the Hempstead office of the New York State Division of Parole and the Adelphi University School of Social Work indicate that the affluent white suburban adolescent who comes into conflict with the law has a long history of emotional difficulties. Al though the boys in this study came from intact families, they lacked a dependable parent and were subjected to inconsistent child-rearing practices. From an early age they showed signs of anxiety, which took the form of disruptive behavior and difficul ties in learning in the classroom. Despite normal to superior intelligence, they did poorly in school and were identified as troublemakers. Because of the expectation that they would get into mischief, they became targets of parental and school sur veillance. Parents often regarded their incarceration with relief —at least the boys were now safe and out of mischief. Since the problems of such offenders often seem symptomatic of family pathology, treating the family as a unit in conjoint therapy ap pears to be the most promising way to help both the boy and his family toward effective social functioning.
Report on an Innovation—State Work-Release Programs
Authors: Johnson Elmer H.
Published: March 2007

To qualify as genuine reform, work-release programs must survive the roadblocks which have frustrated many previous innovative proposals: insufficient personnel, entrenched ideol ogy, and lack of necessary physical resources. To test the pros pects that the current interest in work-release will bring about substantial change, a survey was conducted among those states with statutory authority to initiate work-release programs for adult state prisoners. In 1968, twenty-eight states reported having such legislation and twenty-two had programs in operation. The survey revealed evidence of a trend toward decentralizing authority over the programs. However, state correction depart ments tend to keep a tight rein on work-release programs during the introductory stage. Most state legislation includes few, if any, arbitrary restrictions to prevent prisoners convicted of particular crimes from participating in work-release programs, but administrative policies are generally less liberal, especially in regard to offenses involving violence or sexual aggression. The need to develop a stable job base has involved most work-release programs in the intricate process of adapting to the socio-economic structure of the host community and in the search for appropriate housing facilities for work releasees. In addition, efforts are being made to extend the concept beyond employment to include release for educational and therapeutic programs in the community. Release for family visits, however, tends to draw official opposition.
Designing Games to Teach Correctional Skills
Authors: Williams Vergil L.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the methodology and objectives of game theory as a teaching device in training correctional workers. Prison riot-control is an example of a relevant subject which could be effectively taught by using the general principles of game theory. The step-by-step thinking process involved in de signing such a game and the difficulties and advantages of the game technique are illustrated. Teaching with game theory has several advantages over the usual lecture method. Factual mate rial is "discovered" by the student instead of being learned by rote. Simultaneously, the player gains skill in the application of theory and fact, receives motivation through the competitive spirit of the game, and practices the social skills of arbitra tion and negotiation through peer interactions during the play of the game.
Research Problems in Interviewing Probationers
Authors: Mccaghy Charles H.
Published: March 2007

The novice researcher quickly learns that much of his effec tiveness depends on his ability to contact sources of data. This is especially true in correction and criminology when the researcher is interested in interviewing persons under the control of correctional agencies. Unless he is able to sell himself and his project, he may find his efforts thwarted for reasons quite unrelated to the theoretical or practical value of his research . Once he has obtained permission to carry out his project, he faces unique problems in collecting data because of the special ized nature of his subjects and the conditions under which he contacts them.
Juvenile Court Dispositions
Authors: Scarpitti Frank R. , Stephenson Richard M.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the decision-making process of juvenile court judges and, more specifically, the factors associated with judicial decisions. Data were gathered over a three-year period on 1,210 adjudicated delinquents and included social background and delinquency history information, as well as scores on a stand ard personality inventory. The correctional facilities to which boys were assigned represent a rough continuum ranging from the minimal supervision of probation to the full confinement of a state reformatory. The general pattern of distribution is one in which the proportions of boys who are likely to be more disad vantaged, more delinquent, and more psychologically atypical increase from probation to the reformatory. To the extent that the programs are organized progressively to treat youths increas ingly more delinquent or possessing characteristics usually associ ated with delinquency risk, the court appears to be making effec tive dispositions.
Role Expectations of Social Workers and Lawyers in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Brennan William C. , Khinduka Shanti K.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of data collected through a questionnaire from a sample of social workers and lawyers in a midwestern state, this study identifies the areas and extent of congruity and in congruity between the mutual expectations and perceptions of the two professions.
Making Correction a Community Agency
Authors: Mandell Wallace
Published: March 2007

Correctional systems are in great need of cooperation from other health and welfare agencies in order to achieve their goals of rehabilitation and reduction of recidivism. Such cooperation has not been forthcoming because of the stigma attached to correc tional work; the low success rate in dealing with criminals; the lack of funds and other resources; the self-sufficient orientation of correctional systems; the poor quality of correctional staff; the difficulties of communicating with, and resentment against, other agencies; and the defensiveness about criticism prevalent in cor rectional circles.
The Training Program as a Correctional Change Agent
Authors: Brown Barry S. , Sisson John W.
Published: March 2007

Training programs are frequently called upon to be the in struments of institutional change-i.e., to move the institution toward a more rehabilitative posture-and institutional admin istrators typically turn to treatment personnel in the institution or persons allied with treatment personnel from outside the in stitution to make up their training staffs. The problems inherent in such a training-staff model are discussed with regard both to the goals typically set for training and to the means established to achieve these goals. The article suggests an alternative staff model and alternative training techniques oriented toward greater confrontation with one's working self and the inmate role. It also discusses techniques for effecting staff cooperation and program acceptance.
System Rates: An Approach to Comprehensive Criminal Justice Planning
Authors: Klein Malcolm W. , Kobrin Solomon , Mceachern A.W. , Sigurdson Herbert R.
Published: March 2007

It has proven far easier to describe the need for a systems approach to criminal justice planning than to design such an approach. This paper describes a planning design, an outline of procedures that will prepare a criminal justice system to deter mine what actions to undertake and how to evaluate the impact of such actions. This design requires a very broad conception of the criminal justice system and a conception of impact far broader than such notions as crime rates or recidivism.
Correctional Policy
Authors: O'Leary Vincent , Duffee David
Published: March 2007

This article points up the need to study the assumptions that underlie correctional administration and to examine correctional change processes systematically. The nature of correctional goals and the different ways they may be classified are described. The authors argue that the offender's motivation of behavior within the system is an important criterion in classifying goals. The change strategy typology of Herbert Kelman is described, and the change agent's modes of compliance, identification, and internalization are related to specifically correctional concerns. Using these change strategies as a base, the authors develop and describe four models of correctional policy: reform, rehabilita tion, reintegration, and restraint. The results of administering a policy questionnaire are reported, with the conclusion that perception of policy may be quite different at various levels in a correctional organization. The relationship between correc tional policy and correctional research is discussed.
Rehabilitation and Economic Self-Interest
Authors: Williams Vergil L. , Fish Mary
Published: March 2007

For two hundred years the classical doctrine of self-interest has served as a broad philosophical base for the capitalistic system of the Western world. This study suggests that capitalism may be used as a model for the design of a modern prison system in which the economic incentive of self-interest is used to rehabilitate inmates. Under the capitalistic system, avarice is the motivating force that directs man's activity. Self-interest provides the production that society requires and desires. By seeking to maximize his gain, each man provides for the total good. He is paid for behavior that society desires and is not paid if he fails to cooperate with society. Individuals try to please society because doing so serves their selfish interests. In the prison model developed, the individual would be fined a set sum of money as a penalty for his crime. He would be required to pay the stated sum to obtain release from prison. The inmate must earn, from activities within the prison system, all of the wealth needed for his release. The prison authorities would control the means by which inmates could acquire wealth. For example, a "cooperative payment" would be earned for partici pation in rehabilitation programs or for work in the prison factory. Economic incentives can create a highly motivated indi vidual if he is earning to buy a product he wants, such as release from prison. From the perspective of society, the "exploitation payment" required from the prisoner in order to gain freedom is punishment, but, from the vantage point of the inmate, it is a reward for correct responses while in prison. The "exploitation payment" becomes the mechanism that allows a compromise between those who demand punishment and those who seek rehabilitation.
The Criminal Justice System: A View from the Outside
Authors: Thompson T.M.
Published: March 2007

Today's increasing crime rate is of particular concern to businessmen. We are prime targets for sophisticated new kinds of criminals ranging from shoplifters to embezzlers. The growth of crime is unchecked because each part of the criminal justice "nonsystem" plans its activities in a vacuum, separated from and oblivious to the problems of other departments. There is a serious lack of research in every area of crime prevention. Crime control management is not receiving the modern scien tific training needed to handle the administration of large systems.
Can Violence Be Predicted?
Authors: Wenk Ernst A. , Robison James O. , Smith Gerald W.
Published: March 2007

The prediction of violence in offender populations has long been a dream of correctional decision-makers. The possibility of identifying those individuals who will engage in violent behavior in the future offers the prospect of treatment interventions to reduce such violence. Using elaborate case histories, current measures of mental and emotional functioning, and professional prognoses for a sample of 4,146 California Youth Authority wards, the present study sought to develop a classification device for estimating assaultive potential with sufficient accuracy to be useful in correctional program decisions. Simple classification procedures and multivariate approaches failed to yield an oper ationally practical prediction instrument that would warrant implementation in actual preventive or correctional practice. Much of the violent behavior we would wish to predict will probably never come to our attention and the part that does will be far from a representative sample. The prediction equations themselves contain the seed of self-fulfilling prophecy.
A Role for the States
Authors: Vanagunas Stanley
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the proposed interstate compact is to allow the states, by means of bilateral and multilateral contracts, to share existing training and education programs and to develop new programs mutually for police, prosecutors, public defenders, judges, correctional administrators, probation and parole agents, and other personnel in relevant capacities. States adopting the compact would accept personnel from other party states, without prejudice and at a resident tuition charge, into criminal-justice training and degree programs offered by state-supported universi ties and colleges.
Community Resources
Authors: Gardner Eugene J.
Published: March 2007

In spite of a continued emphasis on safety, many correctional agencies are becoming convinced that society will gain its greatest protection by effecting proper integration of the deviant into a self-motivating, nondeviant role. Much of this resocialization can take place only at the community level and success demands the community's involvement. The community must see deviance as a problem that springs from the community—a community problem, not just a correctional agency problem. The orienta tion, then, must be one of partnership between the community and the parole and probation agent. This often requires a reorientation by the community agencies. It also usually requires a reorientation by the parole and probation agent. He must begin to view his work as a community service. This, in turn, allows him to view other community agencies as resources having potential utility as correctional tools. Once this partnership has been developed, the agent has the crucial task of choosing the appropriate resource at the appropriate time.
Women in Probation and Parole
Authors: Stout Ellis
Published: March 2007

In an effort to make better use of staff time and ease recruit ment problems, the Washington State Office of Probation and Parole began in October 1965 to assign cases without reference to the sex of the parole officer. Some of the Washington staff objected to female officers' supervising adult male offenders. To evaluate the effectiveness of women in this role and to deter mine how many probation and parole agencies assigned women to male offenders, a survey was made in October 1970 of adult probation and parole agencies in the fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the eighty-nine federal district courts.
Incentives and the Use of Prison Labor
Authors: Singer Neil M.
Published: March 2007

The current use of inmate manpower by correctional institu tions is a compromise between the inclinations of correctional officials and the preferences of society and thus achieves the ob jectives of neither group. Instead it imposes costs on inmates in the form of poor incentives and irrelevant jobs and creates an oversupply of labor for administrators. Private industry and labor are not truly protected from competition by prison industries, but prohibiting the sale of prison-made goods causes society's overall allocation of resources to be inefficient.
Should We Change the Offender or the System?
Authors: Bennett Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

Several problems in correction can be managed either more effectinely or more efficiently by changing the system than by attempting to change the individuals being processed through the system. The evidence of the relative ineffectiveness of traditional correctional treatment programing is reviewed. An alternative approach, involving changing decisions based upon information feedback concerning decision outcomes, is illustrated by several case studies, including the California Probation Subsidy Program, the California Adult Authority Resolution 284, and the Cali fornia Department of Corrections' Parole Work Unit Program. The possibility of extending this approach to other areas of the criminal justice system is discussed. It is concluded that this alternative method of dealing with correctional problems can have an important influence, permitting the reallocation of exist ing resources to other persistent concerns.
The Citizen's Role in Changing the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Miller Herbert S.
Published: March 2007

Since crime became a national political issue, Americans have been deluged with studies and reports. The money poured into the states by federal legislation for criminal justice reform has not been spent wisely, and citizen participation in decisions on allocation of these funds has been minimal. Citizens must par ticipate at the planning level and should become involved in the system itself.
Prisoner Grievance Mechanisms
Authors: Singer Linda R. , Keating J. Michael
Published: March 2007

"It may seem stupid, but this is the only time someone ever listened to us." That blunt confession of a rioting prisoner states eloquently the need for a grievance mechanism in the correc tional context. The cost of violence as a means of obtaining redress of grievances is recognized unanimously as prohibitive.
A National Survey of Parole Decision-making
Authors: O'Leary Vincent , Nuffield Joan
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted of all agencies in the United States having parole jurisdiction over felony offenders sentenced to a correctional institution for more than one year. The results of the survey yielded information on organizational trends, per sonnel development, and procedures employed at parole release and revocation hearings. Parole boards were found to be moving away from their role as autonomous decision-makers and instead are developing an expanded function as part of larger depart ments of correction. Parole board members are now, to a greater degree than a few years ago, full-time personnel serving longer terms of office-perhaps an indication of a trend toward in creased professionalism. Procedures at parole release hearings have not changed much in recent years, except for the manner of informing the inmate of the board's decision. On the other hand, procedures at revocation hearings have shown an increas ing tendency to accord to the offender the right to a number of due process safeguards, a trend that was clear even before the requirements set forth in the recent Supreme Court decision in Morrissey v. Brewer.
The Psychology of Power
Authors: Smith Alexander B. , Niederhoffer Arthur
Published: March 2007

Our criminal justice system operates in a bureaucratic envi ronment espousing three legal fictions: (1) that justice is blind, (2) that the defendant in a criminal case is innocent until proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and (3) that it is an adversary system.
Juvenile Justice: Even-handed or Many-handed?
Authors: Susman Jackwell
Published: March 2007

The District of Columbia Court Reorganization of 1970 was designed as model legislation to be emulated in other jurisdictions seeking swift and certain justice as a solution to their crime problems. Among other things, it abolishes the independent juvenile court and creates a Juvenile Branch of the Family Di vision of the Superior Court. It also provides for the assignment of all Superior Court judges to any branch of the court, includ ing the Juvenile Branch, as needed.
Transfer of Jurisdiction from Juvenile to Criminal Court
Authors: Schwartz Alers Miriam
Published: March 2007

Transfer of an accused juvenile from the jurisdiction of a ju venile court to that of a criminal court removes from the accused the rights and protections available to juveniles as a class. The transfer hearing should be treated as a criminal stage in a ju venile's case.
Reality Therapy: Helping People Help Themselves
Authors: Rachin Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Efforts to redirect the behavior of persons who violate laws, customs, and morals are often unsuccessful, perhaps because we tend to view behavior different from our own as evidence of mental illness of some kind or degree. We ignore legal, cultural, and other idiosyncratic determinants of who may be "okay" today and who may be in trouble tomorrow, and instead seek patho logical explanations for nonconforming behavior. Many people have been harmed by our insistence that human behavior is un derstandable and thereby treatable only in terms of mental health or mental illness, a dogma that has compartmentalized, isolated, and stigmatized those who, for one reason or another, act uncon ventionally. This paper explores a more humanistic, economic, and societally productive alternative for changing behavior and considers its application and availability to offender groups in particular. Reality therapy departs radically from the conven tional treatment orthodoxy. The conceptual differences between the two approaches as well as the basic steps for practicing reality therapy are also outlined and discussed.