bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Course Type, Gender, and Personal Incentives to Exercise
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Dinucci James M. , McCune Sandra L. , McCune E. Donice
Published: August 2011

206 women and 88 men enrolled in classes requiring different amounts of physical activity were administered the Personal Incentives for Exercise Questionnaire A two-way multivariate analysis of variance, with course type and gender as the categorical independent variables and 10 subscale scores representing incentives to exercise as the multivariate dependent variables, was completed. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to identify which of the incentives is most useful in discriminating among participants in active and less active classes or between men and women. For main effects, analysis indicated an over-all significant difference for both course type and gender. Men scored higher than women on activity and on competition, for example, while women scored higher on appearance and weight management.
Mental Visualization before and after Problem Presentation: A Comparison
Authors: Antonietti Alessandro , Cerana Paola , Scafidi Laura
Published: August 2011

Three experiments were carried out to study the effects on problem solving of visualization when subjects (secondary-school students and undergraduates) were instructed to generate mental images before the problem was presented and when they received such a hint after being given the problem. In each experiment an arithmetic, a geometric, and a practical problem were presented in three different conditions, a control condition, an “imagery-before” condition, and an “imagery-after” condition. Analysis showed that, in general, the “imagery-after” task helps subjects to overcome the misleading or fixating tendencies which interfere with problem solution; in contrast, the “imagery-before” task may enhance such tendencies.
Comment on User's Experience with the Design Sequences Subtest
Authors: Bryant Brian R. , Hammill Donald D.
Published: August 2011

Use of a prorated score is preferred should an examinee's behavior invalidate a subtest.
Effect of Substance Abuse on Visuographic Function
Authors: Amir Taha , Bahri Toufik
Published: August 2011

The effect of substance abuse on visuographic functions was investigated by comparing 4 groups from an Arabian Gulf population: 63 heroin abusers, 14 alcohol abusers, 43 polydrug abusers, and 48 control subjects. The visuographic function was evaluated using Benton's Revised Visual Retention Test. Analysis of covariance yielded an over-all group effect on both number correct and errors. Assessment of significance of differences between groups showed that the polydrug-abusing group and the heroin-abusing group scored significantly lower than the nonabusing group on number correct. All 3 substance-abusing groups scored significantly higher than the non-abusing group on errors, which seems a better predictor of cognitive impairment. Classification of subjects on the basis of their scores on the Benton test showed that a significant proportion of subjects in each substance-abusing group were classified as impaired. It is concluded that the present findings were consistent with prior reports for European and American subjects.
Desire for Weight Gain and Potential Risks of Adolescent Males Using Anabolic Steroids
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Yesalis Charles E. , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Buckley William E. , Smiciklas-Wright Helen
Published: August 2011

This study examined the perceptions of adolescent males regarding their physical strength, health status, and desire to gain weight and their perceptions of anabolic steroid use. Subjects were 12th-grade boys ( N = 3403), drawn from a pool of 150 high schools nationwide, who completed a health questionnaire. Analysis indicated 47.0% ( n = 1475) who wanted to gain weight, perceived themselves as of less than average strength and having good health, and were sports participants. Also, among those who desired weight gain, about 24% ( n = 345) were not sure about the most dangerous health risks associated with anabolic steroid use, and 16% ( n = 221) did not want to see the use of anabolic steroids in sports stopped. The findings indicate that adolescent boys, who desired weight gain and currently abstained from anabolic steroid use, might be at risk for becoming users.
Microgenetic Styles in Histrionic and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Greco Elisabetta , Zanna Valeria , Pezzarossa Bianca
Published: August 2011

Microgeneric styles of regulation of subjects with ( n = 46) and without ( n = 44) psychometric evidence of personality disorders were assessed by means of the Serial Color-Word Test. The disordered group were characterized by the primary Dissociative pattern and by very low values of the initial strategy called ITa. Subjects with psychometric evidence of Histrionic ( n = 21) and Obsessive-Compulsive ( n = 21) Personality Disorders were then compared. Histrionic personality corresponded most often to a primary Stabilized style, with a progressive slight increase of dissociation over time (Cv type). The compulsive trait was instead associated with high primary cumulation (and moderately elevated dissociation), concomitantly with secondary dissociative patterns (CDr and Dv/CDv). These results seem to encourage further clinical research with the Serial Color-Word Test.
Item Difficulty and Item Validity for the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Rusch Reuben R. , Trigg Cynthia L. , Brogan Ray , Petriquin Scott
Published: August 2011

The validity and reliability of the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test was reported for students in Grade 2 by Cromack and Stone in 1980; however, a search of the literature indicates no evidence for internal consistency or item analysis. Hence the purpose of this study was to examine the item difficulty and item validity of the test with children in Grades 1 and 2. Confusion in the literature over development and use of this test was seemingly resolved through analysis of these descriptions and through an interview with the test developer. One early-appearing item was unreasonably difficult. Two or three other items were quite difficult and made little contribution to the total score. Caution is recommended, however, in any reordering or elimination of items based on these findings, given the limited number of subjects ( n = 84).
Cross-Modal Exponents for the Disutility of Money: Do They Vary with Available Spending Money?
Authors: Kowal Kathleen H. , Corbett Nina
Published: August 2011

Stevens' power law exponent for cross-modal length judgments of the disutility of dollar losses, 44, was below that previously reported for magnitude estimates. The exponent did not vary with amount of money available to the subject or with reported spending behavior.
Perceptions of Retirement Satisfaction: Data from Retired Certified Public Accountants
Authors: Ward Suzanne Pinac , Wilson Thomas E. , Ward Dan R.
Published: August 2011

Retired CPAs are, on the whole, satisfied with their retirement experience; however, the results are somewhat conflicting with respect to occupational level as a predictor of retirement adaptation.
Placement of Crew's Communication and Coordination Training in Process Control
Authors: Fjelde Kristin M. , Switzer Fred S.
Published: August 2011

The effects of placement of crew's communication and coordination training for teams on system performance and communication were examined using 40 two-person teams operating an industrial process-control simulator. Analysis indicated that the best performance resulted when operators were given communication and coordination training during or after task training had occurred. However, performance differences were not directly due to the number or type of communications exchanged between operators. The difference in performance is probably attributable to differences in the memory load of the conditions or in the mental models adopted by the subjects.
Sustained Attention and Grade Retention
Authors: Gordon Michael , Mettelman Barbara B. , Irwin Martin
Published: August 2011

Two studies are reported which explore the possible relationship between academic failure, as measured by grade retention, and the capacity to sustain attention on a computerized continuous performance task. In a nonreferred sample, 89 children who had been retained at some point in their academic careers showed a higher frequency of abnormal scores on an index of sustained attention than did 93 children who had never repeated a grade. In a sample of children who had been referred for an evaluation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, children with a history of grade retention had significantly lower scores on the same measure of sustained attention. Results are discussed in terms of the possible contribution of attention deficits to over-all academic achievement, even for children who have not necessarily been referred for a clinical evaluation.
Point of View in Spontaneous Waking Thought
Authors: Foulkes David
Published: August 2011

In daytime thought-sampling, subjects predominantly experienced visually imagined events as if seeing through their own eyes. Own-eyes experiences were most variable in content, ranging from waking-plausible imaginings to frankly dreamlike fantasies.
Point of View in Nocturnal Dreaming
Authors: Foulkes David , Kerr Nancy H.
Published: August 2011

Most nocturnal dream reports of 4 young-adult subjects were of events reported to have been experienced from an own-eyes perspective. The alternative, see-oneself, perspective seems to be incompatible with full dream elaboration. This may help to explain the primitive form of dreaming in early development, when children are unable to imagine their own active participation in dream events.
Handedness and Personality
Authors: Kalodner Melissa F. , Rodin Regina A. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A study of 185 college students indicated that left-handed male students scored lower on a measure of psychoticism than right-handed male students.
Note on 1993 Salaries of Major League Baseball Players
Authors: Fudin Robert , Levinson Hillel
Published: August 2011

The title of Chass's 1993 article gives the spurious impression that all Major League baseball players earned at least $1,000,000 during the 1993 season. More importantly, the distribution of salaries for that season is positively skewed to a nonmoderate degree The median salary, $481,250, therefore, is a better representation of the “typical” salary of a Major Leaguer in 1993 than the mean, $1,116,946, used by Chass. A discussion of an aspect of 1993 salaries of Major Leaguers is offered using the median rather than the mean as focal point.
Personal Narrative Themes of African-American Mothers
Authors: Strevy Deborah , Aldridge Jerry
Published: August 2011

African-American mothers of low income enrolled in an Even Start program were videotaped as each told a personal narrative to her child. A content analysis of the stories gave three major themes identified by Stahl. Of the 17 personal narratives, 4 were attitude stories, 5 were behavior stories, and 8 were character stories. The importance of using personal narratives is discussed and recommendations for research indicated.
Body-Image Attitudes: Evaluation, Investment, and Affect
Authors: Cash Thomas F.
Published: August 2011

The structure of the attitudinal body-image construct was examined by factor analysis of 11 body-image measures among 279 college women. Results support a distinction between evaluative or affective and cognitive-behavioral investment components. Multiple regression analysis further indicated that the optimal prediction of negative body-image affect requires both evaluative and investment aspects of body image.
Emotional Descriptors of Words as Predictors of Recall in a Paired-Associate Task
Authors: Howard-Voyer Cynthia , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

An extended replication of Contini and Wbissell's 1992 experiment (N = 64 subjects) confirmed that there is a recall disadvantage for emotional words, especially active words, whether these serve as the cue or as the associate in a paired-associate task. A regression formula with trials, two gender variables, and seven emotional predictors ( R2 = .77) was successful in predicting recall for 160 trials. Words or their CVC associates were better recalled if the words were emotionally neutral and least well recalled if the words were active or both unpleasant and passive.
Cognitive Style and the Reading Process: Field-Dependence Differences on a Lexical-Decision Task
Authors: Davies Martin F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined cognitive-style differences in reading strategies on a lexical-decision task. Subjects made word/nonword judgments for letter sequences consisting of either real words, English-sounding nonwords, or non-English-sounding nonwords. In line with previous findings, responses were significantly slower to English-sounding nonwords than to non-English sounding nonwords. This effect was qualified by a significant interaction with field dependence such that field-dependent subjects were significantly slower than field-independent subjects for English-sounding nonwords but not for non-English-sounding nonwords or for real words. These findings complement a 1988 finding by Davies that field-dependent scorers prefer a phonological strategy for lexical access and they provide better evidence for the role of such process differences in normal reading.
Development of an Instrument for Measuring Parental Beliefs about Reading Aloud to Young Children
Authors: DeBaryshe Barbara D. , Binder Janeen C.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure parents' beliefs about the goals and process of reading aloud to young children. 155 parents of children ages 2 to 5 years completed the Parent Reading Belief Inventory. The inventory's items formed a single factor with high scores reflecting beliefs consistent with current theories of language acquisition and emergent literacy. The inventory had acceptable internal consistency (coefficients alpha for the scales ranged from .50 to .85) and short-term test-retest reliability of .79. When parental education and income were controlled, inventory scores remained significantly correlated .36 with self-report measures of parents' own book-reading habits, .40 with children's interest in books, and .30 with children's exposure to joint book-reading activities. Scores also showed significant partial correlations with the observed frequency of parental questions (.65) and responsiveness to children's speech (.41) during book-reading sessions.
Correlates of Temporal Perspective
Authors: Murrell Audrey , Mingrone Michael
Published: August 2011

The present study examined both dispositional and behavioral indices of future and present temporal perspective as measured by the 1985 Gonzalez and Zimbardo scale. To examine the behavioral consequences of individual temporal perspective, the 1988 Robinson method of time diaries was used. Four dispositional indices and their association with individual temporal perspective were examined, need for achievement, work ethic orientation, self-monitoring, and evaluation anxiety. Individuals with a future time perspective placed a strong emphasis on success via goal-directed behavior, paid attention to environmental cues, and engaged in a large number of activities to achieve these goals. Implications for research are discussed.
Knowledge of and Attitudes towards Children with Special Needs by Selected Groups
Authors: Sakadami-Angelopoulou Nickoletta , Tsikoulas John , Abatzides George , Bagiatis Konstantinos
Published: August 2011

To explore knowledge of and attitudes about children who have special needs, a questionnaire was submitted to 1145 persons (305 lyceum students, 94 teachers of secondary education, 247 medical students, 354 physical education students, and 145 persons having an exceptional child in their families). Questions concerned the knowledge of categories of children with special needs, acceptance of them in regular classrooms, and willingness to work with them. Analysis showed that most people including teachers had limited awareness of exceptional children, their problems, education, and integration. They showed partial acceptance of mainstreaming and desire to work with such children. Careful education for all, especially teachers, seems advisable.
Age Differences in Characteristics of the Attention Process of Electrodermal Activity during Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Shibagaki Masamitsu , Sakamoto Masahiro , Furuya Takeshi
Published: August 2011

Age differences in characteristics of the attention process of electrodermal activity during passive and active Listening tasks were studied with 43 nursery and 49 primary school children and 38 university students. The procedure included baseline recording, a passive listening task, instruction, and an active listening task. Significant differences in skin conductance response (SCR) were found among the three age groups. The SCR became smaller for the groups of increasing ages only for the active listening task. As the trials progressed, there was a trend in the three age groups for decreasing SCR amplitude during the passive listening task.
Correlates of Accuracy in Judging Genuine versus Simulated Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 43 college students, accuracy of recognizing genuine versus simulated suicide notes was associated with a more positive attitude toward suicide.
Examining the Time Course of Prime Effects on Stroop Processing
Authors: Koch Christopher , Brown James M.
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess the effect of priming on the Stroop task over time. Color-congruent, color-incongruent, and neutral stimuli were randomly presented. Five prime conditions were also used. The prime conditions included valid color, invalid color, valid word, and invalid word primes and no prime. Primes were presented to 8 subjects at varying stimulus onset asynchronies ranging from −200 msec., i.e., 200 msec. before the color-word stimulus, to 200 msec., i.e., 200 msec. after the color-word stimulus. Analysis suggested the facilitory or inhibitory effects of semantic information on the Stroop task are reduced when the prime follows the color-word stimulus by 200 msec. This implies 200 msec. are needed to make the proper color response. A model is proposed to account for the findings. Methodological considerations for studies using priming and the Stroop task are also discussed.
Lateralized Visual-Field Inattention in Schizophrenia
Authors: Lobel Daniel S. , Swanda Rex M. , Losonczy Miklos F.
Published: August 2011

Numerous studies have shown impaired verbal functioning in schizophrenic patients as compared with normals. The verbal deficits are generally attributed to damage of the left cerebral hemisphere. This attribution is based on literature which suggests that verbal processing is primarily mediated by the left hemisphere in right-handed humans. This study explored left-hemispheric integrity directly by assessing sustained attention in both the left and right hemispheres of 40 schizophrenic patients with the Weintraub Cancellation Tasks. Patients made significantly more errors of omission on the right visual field than on the left. These results are consistent with cognitive research in schizophrenia by demonstrating selective left-hemispheric impairment relative to right-hemispheric functioning.
Difference between Long-Term Contact-Lens Wearers and Nonwearers in Amplitude of the Return-Sweep Velocity of Eye Movements during Reading
Authors: Ong Jin , Wyatt William C.
Published: August 2011

A Beckman Type RM Dynograph was used to record eye movements of 31 college students, 23 of whom had never worn contact lenses and 8 who had worn contact lenses for at least five years and 12 hours a day, while reading equivalent print at a distance of 33 cm. Analysis showed that the deviation indexes of .28 and .26 were comparable, meaning that these two groups showed similar return-sweep velocity amplitudes. A difference of 1.73 mm/.1 sec. between these two group means, 6.79 vs 5.06, respectively, was significant, implying that, while wearing contact lenses improved visual efficiency, it adversely affected reading speed. Further, other tasks involving rapid scanning such as scanning the roadway ahead while driving might similarly be affected.
Primary Teachers' Classroom Practices and Their Perceptions of Children's Attention Problems
Authors: Eddowes E. Anne , Aldridge Jerry , Culpepper Susan
Published: August 2011

15 teachers of Kindergarten through Grade 2 in two schools from a rural southeastern United States community completed the Philosophy of Teaching Scale and indicated on the Child Behavior Checklist their perceptions of 309 children in their classrooms who might show problems of attention. A difference was found between teachers of structured and unstructured orientations in the number of children they reported to be hyperactive. The former group perceived significantly more children in their classrooms to be hyperactive.
Inner Speech and Respiration: Toward a Possible Mechanism of Stress Reduction
Authors: Chapell Mark S.
Published: August 2011

Stress reduction associated with slow, deep, regular, diaphragmatic-abdominal respiration has been attributed to arousal reduction and to diversionary effects on the cognitive mediation of stress. Evidence was presented to show that verbal inner speech, self-talk, is a primary cognitive mediator of stress and that inner speech is associated with speech musculature and irregular respiratory movements similar to those of external speech. It was proposed that, if with inner speech one uses and regulates speech musculature and irregular respiratory movements like external speech, then slow, deep, regular, diaphragmatic-abdominal respiration may be incompatible with inner speech and may reduce stress by inhibiting stressful self-talk. In addition to describing a stress-reduction mechanism, a potential stress mechanism was suggested wherein fast, shallow, irregular, thoracic breathing and tension of speech musculature associated with stressful self-talk may promote the continuation of stressful self-talk.
Introductory Greeting Behaviour: A Laboratory Investigation of Approaching and Closing Salutation Phases
Authors: åström Jan
Published: August 2011

Possible relationships among measures of nonverbal behaviour in the approaching and the closing salutation phases of introductory greeting behaviour and demographic data, physical characteristics, i.e., body height, vigour of the hand, and personality traits were investigated in a group of 50 healthy Swedish adults. Nonverbal immediacy behaviour, i.e., Walking Speed, Walking Style, Mutual Look, Presence of Smile, Foot Angle, Least Distance (between researcher and subject) in the approaching phase, handshaking variables, consistency, temperature, dryness and strength of the hand, and duration of the closing salutation phase, were analysed as well as attitudes toward the ‘pleasant’ and ‘unpleasant’ handshakes. The introductory greeting behaviour between the researcher and the subject was filmed. The reliability and stability of the nonverbal behaviour over one year was satisfactory. In the approaching phase Speed and Style of Walking (heel or flat-foot walking), the way of standing when greeting (Foot Angle and Foot Distance), and Mutual Look were significantly related to personality characteristics of sociability, aggressiveness, and neuroticism. Observation of nonverbal behavioural measures except Walking Style in the approaching phase is relatively easily trained and may be useful as a part of preliminary brief assessments of personality characteristics. In the closing salutation Strength of the hand grip was in different ways related to aggressiveness, dominance, exhibitionism, sociability, and neuroticism. Most respondents considered a limp and loose, cold, and wet hand with no shaking pressure as the most unpleasant hand. The preference or dislike for a certain handshaking pressure was related to the actual pressure (Strength of the hand) applied by the respondent. Generalisations from the present results must even here be drawn with caution and only for a male initiator of this greeting.
Standardization of Nomenclature in the Spatial PDI Model
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

This paper establishes a nomenclature for the mathematical system of approximately 100 functions, mappings, and relations comprising the spatial PDI model.
Effects of Number and Type of Response Choices on Internal Consistency Reliability
Authors: Halpin Gerald , Halpin Glennelle , Arbet Scott
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on Cronbach coefficient alpha, an estimate of internal consistency reliability, of altering the number and type of item-response choices on measures administered to two independent samples ( ns, 492 and 730). An increase in the number and type of response choices (from true/false format to four-choice Likert-type format) significantly increased the internal consistency reliability estimate.
Emotional Reactions to Music by Gender, Age, and Expertise
Authors: Robazza Claudio , Macaluso Cristina , D'Urso Valentina
Published: August 2011

Fragments of classical music were submitted to 80 subjects, 40 children 9 to 10 years old and 40 adults 19 to 29 years old who were divided into eight groups of ten, to induce feelings of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. The task required linking each piece of music to one emotion, identifying at the same time the intensity of the emotional response on a scale of 1 to 3. The goal was to study how gender, age, and exposure or expertise related to emotional perceptions of music. Analysis showed (a) experts in music and nonexperts ascribed similar emotions to pieces of music, (b) there was no difference in emotional response to music by gender, although women linked to music stronger emotions of anger than girls, (c) children perceived greater feeling of happiness in music and less feeling of anger than adults, and (d) emotions of anger and fear in music were often confused with one another.
Hypnosis in Sport: An Isomorphic Model
Authors: Robazza Claudio , Bortoli Laura
Published: August 2011

Hypnosis in sport can be applied according to an Isomorphic Model. Active-alert hypnosis is induced before or during practice whereas traditional hypnosis is induced after practice to establish connections between the two experiences. The fundamental goals are to (a) develop mental skills important to both motor and hypnotic performance, (b) supply a wide range of motor and hypnotic bodily experiences important to performance, and (c) induce alert hypnosis before or during performance. The model is based on the assumption that hypnosis and motor performance share common skills modifiable through training. Similarities between hypnosis and peak performance in the model are also considered. Some predictions are important from theoretical and practical points of view.
Knowledge Acquired from Learning: New Evidence of Hierarchical Conceptualization
Authors: Montare Alberto
Published: August 2011

Following successful inductive acquisition of procedural cognition of a discrimination-reversal learning task, 50 female and 50 male undergraduates articulated declarative cognizance of knowledge acquired from learning. Tests of four hypotheses showed that (1) increasingly higher levels of declarative cognizance were associated with faster learning rates, (2) six new cases of cognition-without-cognizance were observed, (3) students presumably using secondary signalization learned faster than those presumably using primary signalization, and (4) no sex differences in learning rates or declarative cognizance were observed. The notion that explicit levels of declarative cognizance may represent implicit hierarchical conceptualization comprised of four systems of knowledge acquisition led to the conclusions that primary signalization may account for inductive senscept formation at Level 1 and for inductive percept formation at Level 2, whereas emergent secondary signalization may account for inductive precept formation at Level 3 and for inductive concept formation at Level 4.
Studying Complex Decision Making in Natural Settings: Using a Head-Mounted Video Camera to Study Competitive Orienteering
Authors: Omodei Mary M. , McLennan Jim
Published: August 2011

Head-mounted video recording is described as a potentially powerful method for studying decision making in natural settings. Most alternative data-collection procedures are intrusive and disruptive of the decision-making processes involved while conventional video-recording procedures are either impractical or impossible. As a severe test of the robustness of the methodology we studied the decision making of 6 experienced orienteers who carried a head-mounted light-weight video camera as they navigated, running as fast as possible, around a set of control points in a forest. Use of the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test indicated that compared with free recall, video-assisted recall evoked (a) significantly greater experiential immersion in the recall, (b) significantly more specific recollections of navigation-related thoughts and feelings, (c) significantly more realizations of map and terrain features and aspects of running speed which were not noticed at the time of actual competition, and (d) significantly greater insight into specific navigational errors and the intrusion of distracting thoughts into the decision-making process. Potential applications of the technique in (a) the environments of emergency services, (b) therapeutic contexts, (c) education and training, and (d) sports psychology are discussed.
Imitative Suicide in a Cohesive Organization: Observations from a Case Study
Authors: Malcolm Atholl T. , Janisse Michel Pierre
Published: August 2011

Three suicides occurred within 3 years in a military unit of 35 individuals. This represented an annual rate 220 times the North American average. A clinical intervention was requested by medical authorities, the goal being to minimize the risk of further deaths. Group and individual therapy was conducted over 3 days and ongoing referrals were made as necessary. In addition, measures of anxiety, depression, and hostility were obtained from this unit and from a unit equivalent in size and job description to examine whether these constructs could be used diagnostically. Analysis of the data indicated that differences in mean scores between the units yielded potentially misleading information, although on an individual basis scores were useful in identifying clients at risk of suicide. When those who personally knew one or more of the deceased were compared with those who did not, variability of scores in conjunction with interviews was helpful in identifying relatively high-risk subgroups.
Timing of Coincidence Anticipation by NCAA Division i Softball Athletes
Authors: Molstad Susan M. , Love Phyllis A. , Covington N. Kay , Kluka Darlene A. , Baylor Krissa A. , Cook Teresa L.
Published: August 2011

After visual screening, 44 NCAA Division I Softball athletes qualified to participate in this study conducted at the 1993 National Invitational Championship Tournament to assess anticipation of coincidence of these athletes. A full-swing batting motion was used to intercept a stimulus apparently moving at 45 or 70 mph, using the Bassin Anticipation Timer. Scores were recorded as early or late after each subject swung a standardized bat which interrupted a photoelectric beam when each of 20 randomly administered slow or fast simulated pitches was presented. Analyses of variance of AE, CE, and VE showed athletes swung significantly early on the 45-mph and late on the 70-mph simulated pitch speed. More specifically, less AE and CE error was recorded at the slow speed; athletes were more consistent (VE) in response to the fast speed. Results supported prior findings in which simulated-pitch speeds were similar to the present ones. Runway length, simulated-pitch speed, and the degree of swing simulation were suggested as variables to consider in similar investigations.
Effect of Cognitive Style on Test Type (Visual or Verbal) and Color Coding
Authors: Moore David M. , Dwyer Francis M.
Published: August 2011

66 field-independent undergraduates achieved significantly higher scores than 43 field-dependent students on drawing, terminology, and comprehension. Color coding was an inconclusive instructional variable, but unexpectedly, subjects who received the verbal tests scored significantly better than those who received the visual test format.
Time Estimation and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Carrillo-De-La-Peña M. T. , Luengo M. A.
Published: August 2011

Certain empirical evidence suggests that subjects prone to delinquent activity may have faster internal clocks than others. To investigate the relationship between antisocial behavior and time perception and its dependence on the experimental time interval and method and on whether the subject is institutionalized we obtained verbal and production estimates of 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-sec. intervals from 249 adolescents (156 school attenders and 93 institutionalized subjects) classified into 3 groups according to the intensity of their antisocial activity. Results provide no support for the hypothesis that overestimation of short time intervals is associated with either juvenile delinquency or institutionalization.
Preliminary Study of the Bilingual Version of the Self-Actualization Value Subscale of the Personal Orientation Inventory
Authors: Palaniappan Ananda Kumar
Published: August 2011

A bilingual version of Shostrom's Self-actualization Value subscale of the Personal Orientation Inventory was administered to 62 Malaysian students. For the 26-item paired-opposite inventory, test-retest reliability over 6 mo. was .39 (for boys .42, for girls .37) and criterion validity was .57. Replication with other groups is recommended.
A General Exponential Integral Formula
Authors: O'Brien Frank , Hammel Sherry E. , Nguyen Chung T.
Published: August 2011

The authors' Poisson probability method for detecting stochastic randomness in three-dimensional space has resulted in the formal calculation of a useful class of exponential integrals.
Fighting Behavior and Winning National Hockey League Games: A Paradox
Authors: Engelhardt George M.
Published: August 2011

To assess a relationship between fighting behavior and winning games in the National Hockey League (NHL), 4,240 NHL game summaries from five consecutive seasons (1987—88—1991–92) were examined. Analysis of the relation between a team's number of major fighting penalties and final league standings gave four significant negative correlations indicating a substantial inverse relationship, i.e., the larger the number of fights, the lower the final standings tended to be, although one significant positive correlation was obtained for those teams finishing in the bottom half of the standings. The results question the popular belief that fighting and winning NHL games are favorably associated. Explanations are suggested.
Induction Proof for a General Exponential Integral Formula
Authors: O'Brien Frank , Hammel Sherry E. , Nguyen Chung T.
Published: August 2011

The authors' Poisson probability method for detecting stochastic randomness in three-dimensional space involved the need to evaluate an integral for which no appropriate closed-form solution could be located in standard handbooks. This resulted in a formula specifically calculated to solve this integral in closed form. In this paper the calculation is verified by the method of mathematical induction.
Locus of Control in Young Adults in Russia and the United States
Authors: Rawdon Vicki A. , Willis Frank N. , Ficken Emily J.
Published: August 2011

A comparison of scores on perceived relative economic status and locus of control was made between young adults in Russia and in the United States prior to the fall of communism. 84 students in Moscow and 88 students in the USA were voluntary participants. There was no national difference in mean perceived, relative economic status. The Russian students scored more external than the USA students on over-all locus of control and on the subcategories of Luck/Fate, Academics, Leadership/Success, and Politics. This pattern reversed with the Respect subcategory. USA students scored more external than those in Russia. These findings agree with past comparisons of samples from collectivist and democratic societies.
Effects of Angle of Model-Demonstration on Learning of Motor Skill
Authors: Ishikura Tadao , Inomata Kimihiro
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine the effects of three different demonstrations by a model on acquisition and retention of a sequential gross movement task. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between reversal processing of visual information about skills and coding of skill information. Thirty undergraduates (15 men and 15 women) were assigned into one of three conditions, Objective condition which demonstrated the task with the model facing the subject, Looking-glass condition in which the skill was demonstrated with the model facing the subject who viewed the performance opposite the right and left directions in executing the task, and the Subjective condition in which the subject observed the model from the rear. Number of immediate recall tests required to accomplish the sequential movements completely and the sum of the performance points for reproduced movements at each delayed recall test (1 day, 7 days, and 5 mo. after the immediate recall test) were employed. Analysis indicated the Subjective condition produced a significantly greater modeling effect in immediate recall of the movements than the Looking-glass condition. Retention of the acquired skills was almost equal under the three conditions.
Redundant Leading and following Zeros in Comparative Numerical Judgment
Authors: Takayanagi Sumiko , Cliff Norman , Fidler Penny L.
Published: August 2011

The objective was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how people make numerical comparative judgments when digits are contained in numbers with redundant leading or following zeros, e.g., 00080 and 800.000. These sequences of numbers often appear on computer display terminals (VDT) as line numbers, but surprisingly little research has been done on this. The experiment manipulated three aspects of numerical stimuli: (1) redundant leading zeros, (2) redundant following zeros, and (3) length of string of digits. The subjects were to push one of the two button-switches to respond whether two stimulus numbers shown on the computer screen were equal or unequal. The target stimuli contained several forms of redundant zeros, and each performance was assessed by response RT of the subjects. Analysis indicated five significant findings: (1) Redundant leading zeros hindered performance, (2) The effect of redundant following zeros depended on the stimulus type, (3) Over-all, longer digits took more processing time, (4) The RTs for the second-block trials were significantly faster than the first, and (5) Task performance was facilitated when the redundant zero representations were identical in both stimuli of a pair. Nonlexicographic processing seems to occur when feature identification can be used for numerical identification, that is, when the format is consistent. The research has implications for those in computer science to provide numerical formats which make comparative judgments as easy as possible.
Conditioned Taste Aversions and Latent Inhibition in Egyptian Spiny Mice and Long-Evans Rats
Authors: Brosvic Gary M. , Hartsell Pamela , Spruill Jill , Correla Mary , Long Patricia , McEntegart Bryan
Published: August 2011

The acquisition and extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in Egyptian spiny mice and Long-Evans rats was compared during 20 posttest sessions using a cross-over design and double-blind control procedures. Spiny mice preexposed to a sucrose CS demonstrated more latent inhibition and a faster rate of extinction than did Long-Evans rats preexposed to the same CS. Preference indices did not differ between control animals or as a function of gender. The present results are the first report of the effects of latent inhibition on learning taste aversion in Egyptian spiny mice.
Computational Form of a General Exponential Integral Formula
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

For a recently derived general exponential formula the computational form of the expansion suitable for machine computation is given.
Personal Goals of Young Social Drop-Outs
Authors: Salmela-Aro Katariina , Nurmi Jari-Erik , Ruotsalainen Hilkka
Published: August 2011

To examine the extent to which personal goals and their appraisals are associated with problems in socialization, 20 young ‘social drop-outs’ (15 men, 5 women) and 21 students from a vocational school (20 men, 1 woman) were interviewed about their personal goals, related views of internality, externality, and likelihood of accomplishing goals. Analysis indicated that young adults who showed problems in socialization mentioned less frequently personal goals related to future education and housing than did the control group. Second, social drop-outs held more external and less internal views and were less optimistic about accomplishing personal goals than was the control group.
Stimulus-Driven or Autonomous Shift of Attention?
Authors: Hsieh Shulan
Published: August 2011

Hsieh and Allport studied shifts of attention in semantic space, using a semantic monitoring task based on rapid, serial, visually presented sequences of words. They reported that following a shift of criterion, accuracy of semantic monitoring dropped abruptly to a low level, then gradually recovered to reach the preshift level over successive stimuli in the sequence. They further examined the nature of the recovery of accuracy following a shift of criterion. Despite the striking results they obtained, some problems of their design remained. Hence, the current research replicated Hsieh and Allport's experiments with some modifications and showed that a shift of semantic criterion in a rapidly presented sequence indeed appears to be stimulus-driven rather than an autonomous process.
Digit Span and other WISC–R Scores in the Diagnosis of Dyslexia in Children
Authors: Vargo Frank E. , Grosser George S. , Spafford Carol S.
Published: August 2011

The examination of subtest scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale is needed to provide confirmatory evidence for various subtest categorizations as there is no consensus about what patterns might be diagnostically useful. The present study supports the use of the ACID/AVID profiles (Arithmetic, Coding or Vocabulary, Information, and Digit Span) as elements in the diagnosis of dyslexia. WISC–R scores from 44 subjects were analyzed for specific subtest patterns of scores which might separate dyslexic individuals from the WISC–R standardization group. Perhaps some WISC–R ACID/AVID profile pattern analyses may be valid in the diagnosis of a stringently defined population of learning disabled individuals such as dyslexic children.
Language Abilities of Neurologically Normal and Suspect Preterm Children Now in Preschool
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary
Published: August 2011

Multiple aspects of speech and language performance of 29 four- to five-year-old preterm children (10 neurologically suspect) were assessed. Data were collected using a variety of measures including standardized tests and analysis of language samples. Each child's performance was compared with reference data on the various outcomes which yielded an over-all pass score and individual profiles of performance. Neurologically normal children had significantly higher passing scores than suspect children but appeared to be at risk for mild language delays, particularly in morphosyntactic development. Neurologically suspect children appeared to be at risk for moderate and more generalized language delays, including morphosyntactic and phonological development.
Self-Others Perception in a Clinical Sample of Obese Women
Authors: Molinari Enrico , Riva Giuseppe
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this research, using correspondence analysis on responses to semantic differential scores, was both to examine self-perception in a clinical sample of 120 obese women and to compare this with their attitudes toward obese, thin, and normal persons. Analyses allow us to conclude that, if obese women, as reported previously, consider obesity as a largely negative condition, they have an ambivalent attitude towards themselves. Even though they share the negative connotations socially attributed to obesity, emotionally these obese women not only tend not to recognize their “abnormality” but strongly desire it.
Interference with Olfactory Memory by Visual and Verbal Tasks
Authors: Annett Judith M. , Cook Neil Mclaughlin , Leslie Julian C.
Published: August 2011

It has been claimed that olfactory memory is distinct from memory in other modalities. This study investigated the effectiveness of visual and verbal tasks in interfering with olfactory memory and included methodological changes from other recent studies. Subjects were allocated to one of four experimental conditions involving interference tasks [no interference task; visual task; verbal task; visual-plus-verbal task] and presented 15 target odours. Either recognition of the odours or free recall of the odour names was tested on one occasion, either within 15 minutes of presentation or one week later. Recognition and recall performance both showed effects of interference of visual and verbal tasks but there was no effect for time of testing. While the results may be accommodated within a dual coding framework, further work is indicated to resolve theoretical issues relating to task complexity.
Correlations between the Hand Test Pathology Score and Personality Assessment Inventory Scales for Pain Clinic Patients
Authors: George James M. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

Pearson correlations between the Hand Test Pathology (PATH) score and Personality Assessment Inventory scales produced a cluster of relationships characteristic of an antisocial orientation. Likewise, PATH significantly differentiated between a “P” (Pathology) group flagged by a high Negative Impression score on the inventory, and an “N” (Normal) group of 100 pain patients. It was suggested that the interpretive simplicity of Hand Test scores renders the scores amenable to further correlational studies involving the inventory.
Comparison of Three Psychophysical Techniques for Estimating Body-Size Perception
Authors: Gardner Rick M. , Jones Leifann C. , Bokenkamp Eric D.
Published: August 2011

Perception of body size was recorded for 63 university students ( M age = 25.3 yr., 41 women) who estimated their own body size using three methods. Using the method of adjustment, subjects over- or underestimated their body size. A signal-detection analysis indicated that subjects were sensitive to detecting a 4% distortion in body size and that there was no systematic bias for reporting distortion as present or absent. Scores on the adaptive probit estimation task were significantly correlated with values for point of subjective equality and the size judgements with the method of adjustment. Over-all, this experiment demonstrated adaptive probit estimation as a reliable indicator of perceived body size, sensitivity in detecting size distortion, and response bias in making body-size judgements.