bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uterine serosal inclusion cysts in a bitch
Authors: Arnold S. , Hubler M. , Hauser B. , Kaser‐Hotz B. , Rüsch P.
Published: April 2008

A six‐year‐old, pluriparous German shepherd dog bitch was presented with an abnormal vaginal discharge of several weeks' duration. Clinical signs and radiographic and ultrasonographic findings supported an initial diagnosis of segmental cystic endometrial hyperplasia, and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Macroscopic‐ally, the uterus appeared normal except for one large and several smaller cysts attached to its antimesometrial side. These cysts were restricted to a small area of the left uterine horn. The histological diagnosis was serosal inclusion cysts. The clinical findings, gross pathology and histopathology are described and discussed.
Radiological assessment of severity of canine nasal tumours and relationship with survival
Authors: Morris J. S. , Dunn K. J. , Dobson J. M. , White R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

A radiological assessment of 35 canine nasal tumours using an objective scoring system was carried out and related to patient survival. The scoring system demonstrated significant increases in disease‐free interval and survival for dogs with scores of less than 12 compared to those with scores of 1 2 or above.
Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle
Authors: Watts J. R. , Wright P. J. , Whithear K. C.
Published: April 2008

Samples for microbiological culture were collected from the uterus of bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (31 samples, 23 bitches) and from the uterus, cervix and vagina post mortem (19 bitches) at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Samples were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for aerobic mycoplasmas. Bacteria were always found in the uterus during prooestrus and oestrus (12 positive in 12 cultures) and rarely at other stages of the reproductive cycle: during anoestrus (one in 14) and other stages (none in 24). When microorganisms were detected at three sites post mortem, those found in the cervix and vagina were always of the same species as those found in the uterus. In six out of 13 instances, microorganisms were found in the cervix or vagina when none were found in the uterus. The mean number of isolates, number of bacteria seen in uterine cytology and bacterial growth were greater (P < 0–005) during oestrus and pro‐oestrus than at other stages. Bacteria isolated from the uterus, in order of frequency, wereEscherichia coli, Haemophilusspecies, α‐haemo‐lytic streptococci,Corynebacteriumspecies,Streptococcus canis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bac‐teroidesspecies,Pasteurellaspecies andProteus mirabilis.No mycoplasmas were cultured from the samples. This study indicates that the uterus of the normal bitch has a uterine microflora during pro‐oestrus and oestrus that is similar to that of the vagina and cervix.
Heart rate variability in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles spaniels
Authors: Häggström J. , Hamlin R. L. , Hansson K. , Kvart C.
Published: April 2008

Heart rate variability was measured in 81 Cavalier King Charles spaniels to investigate if it could be used to evaluate the severity of mitral regurgitation and to predict decompensation. Heart rate variability was assessed by the natural logarithm of the variance of the R‐R intervals for 20 consecutive beats obtained from electrocardiographic recordings. Twenty‐two of the dogs were clinically normal and 59 had mitral regurgitation caused by chronic valvular disease. The severity of mitral regurgitation was evaluated by echocardiography and thoracic radiography. Heart rate variability was found to be reduced (P < 0.001) among dogs with severe left atrial and ventricular dilatation and clinical signs of congestion. No significant differences in heart rate variability were found among normal dogs, dogs with only cardiac murmur, and dogs with echocardiographic evidence of slight to moderate left atrial and ventricular dilatation. Overall, an association was found between heart rate variability and left atrial to aortic root ratio and left ventricular end diastolic diameters (r = 0.72 and 0.64, respectively, P < 0.001), as well as heart and respiratory rate (r = 0.80 and 0.69, respectively, P < 0.001). Multiregression analysis showed that, in order of importance, heart rate, left atrial diameter and respiratory rate had significant effects on heart rate variability. Among these parameters, heart rate variability and left atrial diameter were found to be most efficient in separating decompensated dogs from compensated. It is concluded that heart rate variability may provide the clinician with valuable information when assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation caused by chronic valvular disease.
Cardiovascular changes associated with anaesthesia induced by medetomidine combined with ketamine in cats
Authors: Dobromylskyj P.
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYFifteen cats had anaesthesia induced by intramuscular injection of medetomidine combined with ketamine. By five minutes after drug administration, heart rate had decreased by 31 per cent, respiratory rate had decreased by 70 per cent and systolic blood pressure had increased by 69 per cent. Atipamezole administration was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure and an increase in heart and respiratory rates. Time to first head lift was eight minutes and to sternal recumbency 12 minutes after atipamezole administration. Postoperative analgesia was provided by methadone, administered when the cats adopted sternal recumbency.
Primary seborrhoea in English springer spaniels: A retrospective study of 14 cases
Authors: Scott D. W. , Miller W. H.
Published: April 2008

Primary seborrhoea was diagnosed in 14 English springer spaniels over a 17‐year period. Seven of the dogs developed clinical signs by two years of age. The dermatosis began as a generalised non‐pmritic dry scaling which gradually worsened. Some dogs remained in this dry (seborrhoea sicca) stage, but in most cases the dermatosis became greasy and inflamed (seborrhoea oleosa and seborrhoeic dermatitis). Eight of the dogs suffered from recurrent episodes of superficial or deep bacterial pyoderma. Histological findings in skin biopsy specimens included marked orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis of surface and infundibular epithelium, papillomatosis, parakeratotic capping of the papillae, and superficial perivascular dermatitis in which lymphocytes and mast cells were prominent. The dogs with seborrhoea sicca responded more satisfactorily to therapy with topical emollient‐humectant agents or oral omega‐3/omega‐6 fatty acid supplementation. Dogs with seborrhoea oleosa and seborrhoeic dermatitis did not respond satisfactorily to topical therapy. One dog, however, responded well to etretinate and omega‐3/omega‐6 fatty acid administration. No dog was cured.
Intramedullary cisplatin chemotherapy: Experience in four dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Hahn K. A. , Richardson R. C. , Blevins E. , Lenz S. D. , Knapp D. W.
Published: April 2008

Single‐agent intramedullary cisplatin chemotherapy provided effective localised control in two of four dogs with advanced stage osteosarcoma unable to withstand an amputation or limb‐sparing surgery. Complete remission of the local neoplasm was observed in one of the four dogs, partial remission of the local neoplasm in one dog and progressive disease in the other two. Limb function was preserved in one dog for seven months and that dog was found to be tumour‐free when euthanased due to unrelated causes. These preliminary results warrant further investigation into the use of intramedullary cisplatin chemotherapy in the localised management of canine appendicular osteosarcoma. It is possible that this mode of treatment may be combined with other treatments to maximise the survival (ie, systemic control) in other dogs affected with appendicular osteosarcoma.
Serial monitoring of clinical, haematological and immunological parameters in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Authors: Day M. J.
Published: April 2008

Clinical, haematological and immunological data are presented from 14 dogs with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) serially monitored for up to 945 days after initial presentation. At the time of diagnosis, all dogs had severe anaemia (mean packed cell volume [PCV] 17.6±7.1 per cent) with leucocytosis in seven cases and thrombocytopenia in four dogs. The Coombs' test was positive in all cases. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody alone was identified in eight cases, a combination of IgG and IgM autoantibodies was recognised in three cases, and in two dogs only IgM autoantibody was recorded (complement fixing in one of these dogs).

All dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids and some animals also received cyclophosphamide (four cases), azathio‐prine (two cases), blood transfusion (four cases) or underwent splenectomy (two cases). Two dogs died during the initial episode of AIHA. In 12 dogs, the anaemia was resolved by an average of 36.3 ±16.0 days after initial presentation, but autoantibody titre often persisted after clinical improvement and normalisation of PCV. Four dogs had a clinical relapse 67 to 170 days after initial presentation and one of these dogs subsequently died from thromboembolic disease. One dog developed lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum antinuclear antibody at day 691 after initial presentation, and two cases developed disease consistent with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) at 365 and 618 days post initial presentation. In one of these dogs, AITP was concurrent with multicentric lymphoma. No correlation was recorded between haematological and immunological parameters at presentation and subsequent response to therapy or long‐term clinical behaviour.
Distribution of Neospora caninum within the central nervous system and other tissues of six dogs with clinical neosporosis
Authors: Barber J. S. , Payne‐Johnson C. E. , Trees A. J.
Published: April 2008

Six cases of neosporosis in dogs were diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, serology and immunohistochemistry. The brains and spinal cords, at several levels, and various other tissues were examined usinganti‐Neospora caninumserum by an immunoperoxidase technique. Parasite density varied markedly from case to case. Although found most consistently in the cerebrum, parasites were distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS), both within the grey and white matter and within nerve roots. Clinical signs were not related to the position of parasites. Tissue cysts were found infrequently in all areas of the CNS, but not in other tissues. Parasite density was not related to the age of the dog or whether treatment had been given. However, with the exception of the only adult dog examined, more CNS parasites were found in dogs with a longer duration of illness and with higher antibody titres. Tachyzoites were present in skeletal muscles, in the muscularis of the oesophagus, in heart, lung and, less frequently, liver, and rarely in the adrenal gland, thyroid gland and uterus; no clinical signs were seen resulting from damage to these organs. Parasites were not observed in lymphoid tissue. In visceral organs, parasites were most widely distributed in peracute cases. For post mortem diagnosis of neosporosis, the CNS, particularly the cerebrum, is the optimum tissue to examine but parasites may also be found in many other tissues, especially in acute cases. Muscle biopsy of appropriate muscles (as suggested by the clinical signs) provides the possibility of a definitive pre‐mortem diagnosis.
Horner's syndrome associated with a functional thyroid carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Melián C. , Morales M. , de los Monteros A. Espinosa , Peterson M. E.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐year‐old entire male Irish setter was presented because of a neck mass, prolapse of the third eyelid and apparent drooping of the upper eyelid. Historical findings included increased appetite as well as polyuria and polydipsia for about two weeks. The most remarkable findings on physical examination were right‐sided Horner's syndrome, pre‐scapular lymphadenopathy and a large, ventral cervical mass. Lateral cervical radiographs showed a large, soft tissue opacity surrounding the trachea and retropharyngeal area which was causing displacement and narrowing of the cervical trachea and oesophagus. Results of thyroid testing suggested hyperthyroidism. At necropsy, a large, invasive tumour was identified in the ventral cervical region and multiple metastases of various sizes were detected in the lungs. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed follicular thyroid carcinoma and confirmed widespread pulmonary metastasis.
Diagnosis and treatment of naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism in 42 dogs
Authors: Melián C. , Peterson M. E.
Published: April 2008

Hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 42 dogs over a two‐and‐a‐half‐year period. The disease occurred more commonly in young to middle‐aged dogs, with a female:male ratio of 2:1. Most dogs had chronic intermittent signs (eg, poor appetite, lethargy and vomiting), but more than a third were in acute adrenal crisis at the time of diagnosis. Serum biochemical testing revealed azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyper‐kalaemia and hyponatraemia in almost all the dogs. In all dogs, results of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing revealed a low to low‐normal serum baseline Cortisol concentration that failed to increase after ACTH administration. In two dogs with persistently normal serum electrolytes concentration, one had a markedly high plasma ACTH concentration diagnostic for primary hypoadrenocorticism, whereas the other had a low concentration confirming secondary hypoadrenocorticism. Fludrocortisone acetate was initially used for mineralocorticoid replacement in 33 of the 37 treated dogs withprimary hypoadrenocorticism (final median dosage, 27‐0 μg/kg/day), but supplementation was changed to desoxycorticos‐terone pivalate (DOCP) in four dogs because of poor response or adverse effects. Seven dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism were treated with DOCP (final median dosage, 2‐02 mg/kg/month). Prednisone, initially administered to 36 dogs, was discontinued in 11 dogs because of side effects. Of the dogs treated with fludrocortisone, the response was considered good to excellent in 26 dogs (78.8 per cent), fair in three, and poor in four. All dogs treated with DOCP responded well.
Laboratory diagnosis of insulinoma in the dog: A retrospective study and a new diagnostic procedure
Authors: Siliart B. , Stambouli F.
Published: April 2008

Simultaneous insulin and glucose measurements from a single sample are often insufficient for the laboratory diagnosis of insulinoma in the hypoglycaemic dog. Although the simple insulin ((xU/litre): glucose (mmol/litre) ratio is best, when the selected threshold is set at 13‐5, it is not always efficient to confirm or refute insulinoma. The fasting test consists of collecting four samples on a given day (no accurate time period is set between any two samples) from a fasting dog for simultaneous insulin and glucose measurements to detect at least one abnormal insulinaemia peak.
Tolfenamic acid in the control of ocular inflammation in the dog: Pharmacokinetics and clinical results obtained in an experimental model
Authors: Roze M. , Thomas E. , Davot J. L.
Published: April 2008

Tolfenamic acid (TA) was tested in two studies to investigate its value in controlling ocular inflammation in the dog. First, TA was assayed within primary and secondary aqueous humour (AH) and in plasma 0, 4 and 24 hours after a 4 mg/kg subcutaneous injection. Secondly, an experimental ocular surgery model was set up in 10 dogs ‐ five receiving TA two hours before surgery and five left untreated. TA was shown to diffuse into AH, reaching lower levels than in plasma: 1:126 ratio in primary AH and 1:43 in secondary AH. In the model, TA‐treated dogs versus untreated dogs showed a significant reduction of miosis (P< 0–05) and a clear trend to a reduced ocular discharge and corneal oedema (P=0–06). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels increased significantly less in AH after TA treatment (P<0–05). These results show that TA, even if the whole concentration measured in AH is lower than in plasma, is able to limit the synthesis of the inflammatory mediator PGE2 in AH and to control ocular inflammatory symptoms induced by corneal surgery.
Imprint and brush cytology in the diagnosis of canine intranasal tumours
Authors: Clercx C. , Wallon J. , Gilbert S. , Snapst F. , Coignoul F.
Published: April 2008

Fifty‐four dogs with nasal tumours were included in this study. Based on histopathology, 52 tumours were malignant (36 epithelial and 16 mesenchymal) and two were benign (one oncocytoma and one pleiomorphic adenoma). Malignancy was significantly more frequently diagnosed by imprint cytology (81 per cent of the cases) than by brush cytology (56 per cent). Brush cytology was a significantly more sensitive technique in epithelial than in mesenchymal tumours, while the sensitivity of imprint cytology was not affected by the histological type. Brush cytology determined an epithelial origin in 88 per cent of epithelial tumours, and imprint cytology in 90 per cent. In mesenchymal tumours, the scores were significantly lower, the histological type being determined in only 20 per cent and 50 per cent, using brush and imprint cytology, respectively.
Horner's syndrome and ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia in three cats
Authors: Holland C. T.
Published: April 2008

Horner's syndrome is described in three cats associated with wounds to the ventrolateral neck. In each case, ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia was observed on laryngoscopy. This finding provided strong evidence to support a diagnosis of second order Horner's syndrome due to disruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk, as motor fibres innervating laryngeal abductors also traverse the neck; both as descending fibres within the contiguous cervical vagus and as ascending fibres within the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Notably, the ability to vocalise was unimpaired in all cases and, in two cats, neck wounds were not apparent until the neck had been clipped and closely examined. These findings indicate that assessment of laryngeal function is of value when localising the site of the neural defect responsible for selected cases of second order Horner's syndrome.
Clinical, epidemiological and treatment results of idiopathic epilepsy in 54 labrador retrievers: a long‐term study
Authors: Heynold Y. , Faissler D. , Steffen F. , Jaggy A.
Published: April 2008

The records of 54 labrador retrievers with idiopathic epilepsy were reviewed. Exogenous factors played a minor role in the transmission of the epilepsy. Prodromal phase and aura were present in the majority of the dogs with generalised seizures. The ictal phase was characterised by long‐lasting automatisms. Approximately half of the dogs had seizures more than once a month; the remainder ranged from one every two months to one every 12 months. The average frequency in dogs with generalised seizures (n = 49) was one every 65 days and in dogs with partial seizures (n 5) one every 205 days. Long‐term follow‐up was performed in 46 dogs, 37 of which followed a strict treatment protocol. Possible causes for the large variations in treatment results were analysed. One goal was identify objective aspects enabling a realistic prognosis prior to treatment. Animals with a high age at onset of seizure (mean, four years) showed an excellent outcome, even if treatment began late. Dogs with low frequency rates and low total numbers of seizures responded well to therapy if treated as early as possible.
Male pseudohermaphroditism in a cat
Authors: Bredal W. P. , Thoresen S. I. , Kvellestad A. , Lindblad K.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐month‐old male pedigree cat was brought to the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine for routine castration. Visual examination of the external genitalia revealed a wide genital cleft with non‐fused bilaterally located testicular pouches. A large clitoris, which was penis‐like with small penile spines, was seen protruding dorsally from the ventral commissure of the genital cleft. During an exploratory coeliotomy, no intra‐abdominal genital structures of müllerian origin were found. The skin pouches on either side of the vulvar cleft were incised and grossly normal testicles were removed. Histology of the removed gonads showed no or very sparse spermatogenesis. The chromosomal sex was determined by karyotyping to be a normal male 38XY. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of male pseudohermaphroditism was made. The aetlology of the condition in this cat was not determined.
New combination for the therapy of canine otitis externa II Efficacy in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kiss G. , Radvanyi Sz. , Szigeti G. , Lukáts B. , Nagy G.
Published: April 2008

A new, effective drug combination was developed for the therapy of canlne otitis externa (OE) by taking into consideration the microorganisms most frequently isolated from dogs affected with OE, their combination, their drug sensitivity and the type and incidence of ear canal inflammation. The antlmycotic active ingredient of the combination Is ketoconazoie, Its antlbacteriai component Is gentamlcin suiphate, while its antiphiogistic constltuent is mazipredone hydrochloride. Based upon the results of in vltro pharmacodynamic tests, the antifungal activity of the combination is superior to that of ketoconazoie used alone at the same concentration. A total of 210 dogs affected wlth OE were treated with the combination: 94‐2 per cent of them became clinically symptomless and microbioiogicaiiy negative in an average of 8‐5 days. No adverse reactions were observed In connection wlth the use of the drug combination. The therapeutic results can be attributed to the hlgh antifungal efficacy of the combhation demonstrated In vltro and to the favourable properties of the solvent mixture.
Radiographic abnormalities in canine multicentric lymphoma: A review of 84 cases
Authors: Blackwood L. , Sullivan M. , Lawson H.
Published: April 2008

The thoracic and abdominal radiographs of 84 dogs with multlcentric lymphoma were examined to identlfy the radiological abnormalities. The frequency of occurrence of individual changes, role of radiography in diagnosis, relationship of radiographic changes to hypercalcaemla and prognostic relevance of radiographic flndlngs were assessed. Multiple abnormalities were more commonly seen than solitary changes. No radiographic abnormalities were seen In approximately one quarter of thoracic radiographs and one fifth of abdominal radiographs. Lymphoma could not be diagnosed on the basis of radiographs alone. Many of the features of lymphoma were non‐speclflc, having numerous possible causes. Cranial mediastinai disease was neither a prerequisite for, nor a disproportionately common flnding in, hypercaicaemic patients. The absence of radiological abnormalities may be a positive prognostic indicator but, in general, radiology had no place as a prognostic Indicator for the Individual patient. The differential diagnoses for the radlographlc abnormalities seen in lymphoma are discussed.
Bone fracture and sequestration as complications of external skeletal fixation
Authors: Seguin B. , Harari J. , Wood R. D. , Tillson D. M.
Published: April 2008

A transverse tlblal fracture and bone sequestrum at the pin‐bone Interface were dlagnosed In a dog treated with external skeletal flxatlon for tarsal arthrodesls. The causes of the bone fracture were Improper use of external flxator plns and trauma after the flxator became entangled In a fence. After removal of the original flxator, the tlblal fracture was successfully repaired with an lntramedullary pln, a type II external skeletal flxator and an autogenous cancellous bone graft. Bone Sequestration and dralnlng sinuses were successfully treated with curettage and antlmlcroblal therapy.
Incidence of contralateral versus ipsi‐lateral neurological signs associated with lateralised Hansen type I disc extrusion
Authors: Smith J. D. , Newell S. M. , Budsberg S. C. , Bennett R. A.
Published: April 2008

Asymmetrical neurological signs were noted in 50 dogs presenting with Hansen type I thoracolumbar disc extrusion. Thoracolumbar myelograms and surgical decompression were performed in all cases. Dogs were divided into two groups (acute and chronic) based on the duration of clinical signs prior to presentation to the University of Georgia. Lateralising extradural cord compressive lesions were noted on all myelograms. In the acute group, 35 per cent of the dogs had asymmetrical neurological signs contralateral to the myelographic and surgical lesion, while in the chronic group only 11 per cent had neurological signs contralateral to the lesion. There was found to be no significant difference in frequency of contralateral asymmetrical clinical signs between the two groups (Fischer's exact test; P = 0–095). The high frequency of contralateral signs documents the importance of thoracolumbar myelography for accurate localisation of the disc material before decompressive surgery.
Hereditary multifocal renal cystadeno‐carcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in 51 German shepherd dogs
Authors: Moe L. , Lium B.
Published: April 2008

The clinical findings In German shepherd dogs with hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis are presented. Between 1978 and 1996, 51 cases were examined. Eight cases were detected after being offered a clinical examination because the disease was present in a parent. The remaining 43 dogs were diagnosed after an unsolicited visit to a clinic because of a specific problem. Skin lesions were the main reason (37 per cent) the owners presented their dog for examination. The mean age at diagnosis of renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis was 8‐2 years. The male‐to‐female ratio was 1‐1, while the corresponding figure for a reference population was 1–25. Enlarged and abnormally shaped kidneys were palpated In 60 per cent of the dogs and were detected by radiography in 86 per cent of cases. The renal lesions, including metastases, were the main reason for euthanasia and death. The mean age at death was 9‐3 years, and the mean age at the first detection of nodular dermatofibrosis was 6‐4 years.
Orbital plasmacytoma in a cat
Authors: Ward D. A. , McEntee M. F. , Weddle D. L.
Published: April 2008

An Abyssinian cat presented with epistaxis, melaena and retinal vascular changes. Plasma protein levels were markedly elevated and a monoclonal gammopathy was present on serum protein electrophoresis. Based on these laboratory findings, hyperviscosity syndrome was assumed to be responsible for the clinical signs. The cat responded initially to fluid therapy, but relapsed and then developed unilateral exophthalmia. The animal was euthanased and an extramedullar plasmacytoma of the right orbit was diagnosed at postmortem examination.
Juvenile nephropathy in a Weimaraner dog
Authors: Roels S. , Schoofs S. , Ducatelle R.
Published: April 2008

A case of juvenlle nephropathy In a two‐year‐old Welmaraner bitch Is reported. Although juvenlle nephropathy has been described in several breeds of dogs, this is the first report In a Welmaraner. Clinical aspects, blood analysis, renal pathology and extrarenal changes are described. The renal changes consisted of tubular as well as glomerular lesions, similar to those described in the miniature schnauzer. The main extrarenal lesion was degeneration and necrosis of subendocardial myocytes in the left atrial wail associated with an inflammatory reaction and focal necrotising arteritis.
Repair of femoral trochanteric osteotomy in the dog
Authors: Whitelock R. G. , Dyce J. , Houlton J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

The records and radiographs of 24 dogs that underwent femoral trochanteric osteotomy repair were reviewed. Osteotomy repair was performed with either a pin and tension band wire or a lag screw technique. Significant clinical complications associated with the osteotomy were identified in one dog (4 per cent) six weeks after surgery, although abnormal radiographic changes were evident in 15 dogs (62 per cent). The method of repair did not influence healing and there were comparable radiographic complication rates. It Is concluded that femoral trochanteric osteotomy Is not associated with significant clinical problems, despite a high incidence of abnormal radiographic findings.
Cystic thymoma in a cat with cholesterol‐rich fluid and an unusual ultrasonographic appearance
Authors: Galloway P. E. J. , Barr F. J. , Holt P. E. , Brown P. J. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J.
Published: April 2008

A cystic thymoma was identified in an eight‐year‐old domestic longhair cat with a chronic cough. Radiographs indicated a large mass of soft tissue density in the anterior thorax. Ultrasonography revealed an echogenic mass occupying the cranial and mid‐thorax with a slight swirling movement of the echoes. Subsequent drainage under ultrasound guidance yielded a cholesterol‐rich fluid. The mass was resected at exploratory thoracotomy and the diagnosis of thymoma confirmed. There was no sign of recurrence one year postoperatively. The clinical features and unusual laboratory findings are presented and compared with previously reported cases of thymomata in the cat.
Catheter drainage of pleural fluid collections and pneumothorax
Authors: Frendin J. , Obel N.
Published: April 2008

A technique for virtually atraumatic placement of small size chest catheters for suction drainage of pleural effusions and pneumothorax in the dog and cat is described. Thirty‐nine dogs and two cats were treated for pyothorax (10 cases), hydrothorax (eight). chylothorax (three), haemothorax (three), haemothorax/pneumothorax (three) and pneumothorax (14). In all 41 cases, thin or viscous fluid and/or air were efficiently drained. The mean period of drainage was four days (range, 0.5 to 18 days). The average amount of fluid removed from each patient in 24 hours was 530 ml in pyothorax cases (range, 140 to 1100 ml) and 1300 ml in the other cases (range, 20 to 5000 ml). In 40 cases there were no complications related to the procedure. One dog with severe pleural adhesions was euthanased because of lung perforation and pneumothorax secondary to misplacement of the catheter.
Osteosarcoma following total hip arthroplasty in a dog
Authors: Murphy S. T. , Parker R. B. , Woodard* J. C.
Published: April 2008

Osteosarcoma involving the distal right femur was diagnosed in a nine‐year‐old female neutered Rottweiler seven years after total hip arthroplasty had been performed on that limb. The findings were consistent with a primary bone tumour and pathological fracture of the right femoral condyle with loosening of the orthopaedic implant and fracture of the polymethylmethacrylate at the distal aspect of the femoral component. Possible hypotheses to explain the association of osteosarcoma with total hip arthroplasty suggest that the neoplastic process was the result of some derangement of host tissue and the healing process or that the implants or their by‐products were carcinogenic. Given the large number of total hip arthroplasties that are routinely performed in dogs, the development of a malignant lesion appears to be an extraordinary complication and may be completely coincidental.
Pharmacokinetics of a porcine insulin zinc suspension in diabetic dogs
Authors: Graham P. A. , Nash A. S. , McKellar Q. A.
Published: April 2008

Ten dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus were injected with a highly purified porcine insulin zinc suspension at a dose according to their expected requirement. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were measured at two‐hourly intervals over 24 hours following injection. There were either one or two peaks in plasma insulin concentration: one at about four hours (mean 4.3 21.3 [SD]) and another at about 11 hours (mean 11 pM1‐85) after the injection. The second insulin peak was seen in only eight dogs. Persistence of elevated plasma insulin concentrations ranged from 14 to 24 hours (mean 17.4 pM 3.65). These results compare favourably with those published for other intermediate‐acting insulin preparations used to treat canine diabetes mellitus and suggest that this preparation has useful properties for the successful management of many canine diabetics.
Ultrasonographic imaging of the tongue and larynx in normal dogs
Authors: RUDORF H.
Published: April 2008

Ultrasonographic imaging of the tongue and larynx was performed in 10 dogs with no previous history of upper airway disease. The ultrasonographic findings were compared with the normal canine anatomy of this area and with the results described in the human literature. This study shows that the anatomical features of the canine larynx are adequately detectable using ultrasonography. This finding is In accordance with the findings described in the human literature. It is concluded that ultrasonography may offer a means of investigating canine laryngeal abnormalities.
Resolution of exfoliative dermatitis and Malassezia pachydermatis overgrowth in a cat after surgical thymoma resection
Authors: HLJJFTE M. A. FORSTER‐VAN , Curtis C. F. , White R. N.
Published: April 2008

A four‐year‐old, male neutered domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a two‐week history of nasal and ocular discharge, generalised exfoliative dermatitis, intense pruritus, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, intermittent hindlimb ataxia and lethargy. Cutaneous populations ofMalassezia pachydermatisyeast organisms were found to be elevated. The generalised nature of the disease prompted survey radiography which revealed the presence of a cranial mediastinal mass which was subsequently resected and found to be a thymoma. Within six months of surgery, systemic and cutaneous signs had resolved and yeast counts had returned to normal, suggesting a causal relationship between the thymoma and the skin disease.
Chronic caecal faecolithiasis in a dog
Authors: WHITE R. N.
Published: April 2008

A 14 year‐old, spayed female Jack Russell terrier with a six month history of weight loss, lethargy, intermittent vomition and diarrhoea was diagnosed as having a chronic impaction of the caecum with mineralised faecal material. Diagnosis was based on the clinical findings and both survey and positive contrast radiographic studies. The diagnosis of caecal impaction was confirmed at surgery and a typhlectomy was performed with the aid of a linear stapler. Histopathology of the caecum confirmed the impaction to have resulted from faecolithlasis. The dog made a full recovery from the procedure, showing no recurrence of the clinical signs until euthanasia three months postoperatively for probable heart failure associated with mitral regurgitation.
Pulmonary lobectomy in the management of pneumonia in five cats
Authors: MURPHY S. T. , MATHEWS* K. G. , ELLISON G. W. , BELLAH J. R.
Published: April 2008

Five cats underwent iobectomy for the management of pneumonia. The mean presurgical duration of treatment was eight months. A potentially immunosuppressive disease process was present preoperatively In two of the five cats. Preoperatlvely, two of the cats had radiographically diffuse pneumonia, while three had focal pneumonia. A single pulmonary lobe was removed in four cats, with one cat having two pulmonary lobes removed. There were no life threatenlng complications and no clinical recurrence noted during a mean follow‐up period of 37‐8 months. The benefit of pulmonary iobectomy in focal pneumonia may lie In removing the nldus of infection. in diffuse, chronic or medically refractory pneumonia, obtaining an aetioiogicai dlagnosls may be the main benefit of lobectomy. Selective iobectomy for the treatment of pneumonia may be beneficial but a thorough preoperative evaluatlon is warranted.
Gastroduodenal intussusception in a young dog
Authors: WATSON P. J.
Published: April 2008

A 21‐month‐old German shepherd crossbreed presented with a nine‐month history of intermittent vomiting, anorexia and melaena interspersed with periods of clinical normality. Investigations suggested recurrent pancreatitis and the vomiting resolved with supportive therapy but recurred two weeks later. Abdominal radiographs revealed evidence of an intermittent abdominal mass which, on uitrasonography, had the typical appearance of an intussusception. At laparotomy, a gastroduodenal intussusception was found obstructing the pancreatic and bile duct outflows with perforation of the duodenal wail. The dog was euthanased. Postmortem examination and histology showed no obvious cause for the intussusception but confirmed pancreatic involvement. This is believed to be the first case of gastroduodenal intussusception reported in an animal.
External skeletal fixation for stabilisation of comminuted humeral fractures in cats
Authors: LANGLEY‐HOBBS S. J. , CARMICHAEL* S. , McCARTNEY W. T.
Published: April 2008

Thirteen feline humeral fractures were stabilised using external skeletal fixation alone or in combination with supplementary devices. Eleven of the 13 fractures healed. Pins placed in the distal humerus should be angled to avoid the supracondylar foramen and radial nerve. An intramedullary pin in combination with external skeletal fixation is indicated for mildly comminuted reconstructable fractures. For severely comminuted humeral fractures, closed application of an external skeletal fixator may be preferable to open reduction and internal fixation to provide healing and is recommended as an alternative to amputation.
Myelography in the dog with non‐ionic contrast media at different iodine concentrations
Authors: FATONE G. , LAMAGNA F. , PASOUNI M. P. , POTENA A. , BRUNETTI A.
Published: April 2008

image quality and side effects were evaluated retrospectively In a series of 183 myelographic studies performed with two non‐ionic contrast media (iohexoi and iopamidoi) at different concentrations. Side effects during and following the procedure were recorded. image quallty was assessed uslng an arbitrary scoring system and statistical analysis was performed with the cross‐tabulation test (4 times 2 table) by comparing two groups receiving contrast medium at higher and lower concentrations. No slgnlflcant differences On side effects were observed between the two groups but the ratings for image quality were significantly higher in the group receiving contrast medlum at the higher concentration than in the group recelvlng the lower concentration. The results suggest that a high concentration of non‐ionic contrast media can safely be used In dogs and may improve image quality.
Tibiotarsal fracture repair in a scarlet macaw using external skeletal fixation
Authors: KAVANAGH M.
Published: April 2008

Surgical repair of a fractured tibiotarsus in a scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is described. The forces imposed on the fracture site are discussed and the unique features of avian bone emphasised. Advantages of external skeletal fixation and specific details of the frame construction are highlighted.
Dermatosis associated with Acarusfarris in gerbils
Authors: Jacklin M. R.
Published: April 2008

A dermatosis associated with Acarus farris is described in a group of three gerbils. Large numbers of an immature stage (hypopi) of the mite were found on hair pluck samples. Treatment and changes in management led to a resolution of the problem.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome in a dog resulting from parenteral nutrition overload
Authors: Moens N. M. M. , Remedios A. M.
Published: April 2008

Blood glucose reached 44 mmoi/iitre and the plasma osmoiality was estimated to be more than 334 mOsm/iitre. Lipaemia was severe and persisted for several days. The dog developed nausea, infusion o f a p'irenteral nutrition solution.
Hypocortisolaemia in a Labrador retriever
Authors: Dunn K. J. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: April 2008

A four‐year‐old Labrador retriever was presented with lethargy and exercise intolerance. Clinical examination was unremarkable. A subnormal Cortisol response to adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) was demonstrated (plasma Cortisol concentrations before and after administration of ACTH were both below the detection limit of the assay) but plasma aldosterone concentrations were within the normal range. Endogenous plasma ACTH concentrations were high, indicating primary adrenocortical disease. Following glucocorticoid supplementation at a replacement dose (prednisolone 0.1 mg/kg) the dog made a full clinical recovery.
Feline chronic renal failure: calcium homeostasis in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995
Authors: Barber P. J. , Elliott J.
Published: April 2008

Eighty cats with chronic renal failure (CRF) were evaluated in a prospective study to investigate the prevalence and aetiopathogenesis of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism (RHPTH), using routine plasma biochemistry and assays of parathyroid hormone (PTH), blood ionised calcium and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D3). Hyperparathyroidism was a frequent sequela of CRF, affecting 84 per cent of cats with CRF, the severity and prevalence of RHPTH increasing with the degree of renal dysfunction. Compared with an age‐matched control population, plasma concentrations of phosphate and PTH were significantly higher and 1,25(OH)2D3concentrations were significantly lower in the two groups of cats presenting with clinical signs of CRF. Significant ionised hypocalcaemia was present only in cats with end‐stage renal failure. However, a number of cats were hyperparathyroid in the absence of abnormalities in the parameters of calcium homeostasis measured in this study. There was a significant correlation between plasma phosphate and PTH concentrations.
Emphysematous cystitis and bladder trigone diverticulum in a dog
Authors: Obetti R. G. L. , Goldin J. P.
Published: April 2008

A 14‐month‐old, male German shepherd dog was evaluated for chronic, recurrentEscherichia coliurinary tract infection. An initial diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis was made, which resolved with appropriate antibacterial therapy. The urinary tract infection, however, did not resolve and on further investigation a bladder trigone diverticulum was evident, thought to be congenital in origin. This report describes the apparent ultrasonographic and radiological changes, and surgical repair of the diverticulum, and reviews the literature with regard to both congenital bladder trigone diverticulum and emphysematous cystitis. The former has never been documented in the dog and the latter is an unusual finding in a non‐diabetic dog.
Comparison of carprofen and pethidine as postoperative analgesics in the cat
Authors: Balmer T. V. , Irvine D. , Jones R. S. , Roberts M. J. , Sungsby L. , Taylor P. M. , Waterman A. E. , Waters C.
Published: April 2008

The postoperative analgesia and sedation in cats given carprofen (4·0 mg/kg bodyweight by subcutaneous injection preoperatively) was compared to that in cats given pethidine (3·3 mg/kg bodyweight by intramuscular injection postoperatively) in a controlled, randomised, blinded, multicentre clinical trial. Further dosing with the particular analgesic was allowed if a cat was exhibiting unacceptable pain. In total, 57 carprofen cases and 59 pethidine cases were evaluated. Significantly fewer cats in the carprofen group required additional doses of analgesic, and mean pain scores were significantly lower from four hours after ovariohysterectomy, and at 18 to 24 hours after castration, compared to the pethidine group. In conclusion, carprofen provided as good a level of postoperative analgesia as pethidine, but of a longer duration (at least 24 hours) and was well tolerated. It thus provides an option for ‘pre‐emptive analgesia’ in cats about to undergo surgery.
Comparison of two classification protocols in the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in the dog
Authors: Lang J. , Busato A. , Baumgartner D. , Flückiger M. , Weber U.Th.
Published: April 2008

The incidence of elbow disease based solely on arthrosis (ARTH) score was compared with a protocol using a combination of ARTH score plus a score for primary lesions (ED score). The population of dogs studied included 425 Bernese mountain dogs and 22 dogs of other breeds. The overall agreement between the two systems was high. However, 12 per cent of ARTH‐score negative cases were positive using the ED score. This difference was statistically significant (P<0·005). The female:male ratio of the dogs missed using the ARTH score was 2:1. The proportion of dogs affected with arthrosis increased with age, male dogs being affected more frequently. The development of arthrosis depends not only on age and breed, but probably also on gender. Thus, screening for elbow dysplasia should be based on at least two radiographic projections, including arthrosis and primary lesions. As the vast majority of dogs in this study were Bernese mountain dogs, conclusions are valid only for this breed.
Multiple digital tumours in a rottweiler
Authors: Guerin S. R. , Jones B. R. , Alley M. R. , Broome C.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old rottweiler bitch was examined on four separate occasions over a period of 32 months for lameness caused by a mass on a digit. On each occasion the mass and affected digit were amputated. Three different neoplasms were diagnosed: two squamous cell carcinomas, a melanocytoma and an intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma. There was no recurrence following surgical excision.
Treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis with a new non‐invasive technique. Failure with enilconazole
Authors: Bray J. P. , White R. A. S. , Lascelles B. D. X.
Published: April 2008

A new, non‐Invasive technique recently described for the treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis was performed on four dogs. The antimycotic agent used was a 10 per cent enilconazole suspension, with the drug left in situ for a period of one hour. None of the dogs responded to single treatment. One dog died from an acute septic response secondary to pyelonephritis and bacterial endocarditis eight days after a second treatment. A second dog responded completely to a second treatment and remained free of fungal disease for a follow‐up period of H months. In the remaining two dogs, extensive and profuse fungal growth was seen on rhinoscopic reexamination. Conventional treatment, with tube Implantation into the frontal sinuses and nasal irrigation for two weeks, was performed. Successful resolution of infection was obtained. Although the new, non‐invasive technique was simple to carry out and well tolerated by the dogs, instillation of 10 per cent enilconazole appears to have poor therapeutic efficacy and exacerbated fungal growth in two of the animals.
Enthesiopathy of the short radial collateral ligaments in racing greyhounds
Authors: Guilliard M. J.
Published: April 2008

In a radiographic survey of the carpi of 100 racing greyhounds there was a 14 per cent incidence of enthesiopathy of the origin of the straight part of the short radial collateral ligament. Enthesiopathy was not identified as a clinical problem in any case, nor was there historical evidence of any adverse effect on performance.
Sciatic perineal hernia in two dogs
Authors: Rochat M. C. , Mann F. A.
Published: April 2008

A sexually intact, male Chihuahua and a spayed female poodle were presented with left perineal masses. The masses were identified as perineal hernias by rectal palpation. Surgical exploration of the perineal region in each dog revealed retroperitoneal fat protruding between the sacrotuberous ligament and the coccygeus muscle (sciatic perineal hernia). The hernias were repaired using modifications of the standard or internal obturator flap herniorrhaphies. The levator ani muscle was grossly and histologically normal in the Chihuahua and grossly normal in the poodle. No short‐ or long‐term complications were reported in either case. The management of sciatic perineal hernia is similar to the more common caudal perineal hernia.