bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Parameter Study of Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting
Authors: Jackson Dane N. , Smith Barton L.
Published: June 2007

A new particle sorting technique called aerodynamic vectoring particle sorting (AVPS) has recently been shown to be effective at sorting particles without particles contacting surfaces. The technique relies on turning a free jet sharply without extended control surfaces. The flow turning results in a balance of particle inertia and several forces (pressure, drag, added mass, and body forces) that depend on particle size and density. The present paper describes a theoretical study of particle sorting in a turning flow. The purpose of this study is to extend AVPS to parameter spaces other than those that are currently under investigation. Spherical particles are introduced into a turning flow in which the velocity magnitude increases like r. The trajectory of each particle is calculated using the particle equation of motion with drag laws that are appropriate for various Knudsen number regimes. Large data sets can be collected rapidly for various particle sizes, densities, turning radii, flow speeds, and fluid properties. Ranges of particle sizes that can be sorted are determined by finding an upper bound (where particles move in a straight line) and a lower bound (where particles follow flow streamlines). It is found that the size range of particles that can be sorted is larger for smaller turning radii, and that the range moves toward smaller particles as the flow speed and the particle-to-fluid density ratio are increased. Since this flow is laminar and 2-D, and particle loading effects are ignored, the results represent a “best case” scenario.
COSMOLOGICAL MODEL WITH BORN–INFELD TYPE SCALAR FIELD
Authors: TROISI A. , SÉRIÉ E. , KERNER R.
Published: June 2007

The non-abelian generalization of the Born–Infeld non-linear lagrangian is extended to the non-commutative geometry of matrices on a manifold. In this case, not only do the usual SU(n) gauge fields appear, but also a natural generalization of the multiplet of scalar Higgs fields, with the double-well potential as a first approximation.

The matrix realization of non-commutative geometry provides a natural framework in which the notion of a determinant can be easily generalized and used as the lowest-order term in a gravitational lagrangian of a new kind. As a result, we obtain a Born–Infeld-like lagrangian as a root of sufficiently high order of a combination of metric, gauge potentials and the scalar field interactions.

We then analyze the behavior of cosmological models based on this lagrangian. It leads to primordial inflation with varying speed, with possibility of early deceleration ruled by the relative strength of the Higgs field.
Nitrogen Regulation in Bacteria and Archaea
Authors: Leigh John A. , Dodsworth Jeremy A.
Published: June 2007

A wide range of Bacteria and Archaea sense cellular 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) as an indicator of nitrogen limitation. 2OG sensor proteins are varied, but most of those studied belong to the PII superfamily. Within the PII superfamily, GlnB and GlnK represent a widespread family of homotrimeric proteins (GlnB-K) that bind and respond to 2OG and ATP. In some bacterial phyla, GlnB-K proteins are covalently modified, depending on enzymes that sense cellular glutamine as an indicator of nitrogen sufficiency. GlnB-K proteins are central clearing houses of nitrogen information and bind and modulate a variety of nitrogen assimilation regulators and enzymes. NifI1 and NifI2 comprise a second widespread family of PII proteins (NifI) that are heteromultimeric, respond to 2OG and ATP, and bind and regulate dinitrogenase in Euryarchaeota and many Bacteria.
The Indiana Cooler: A Retrospective
Authors: Meyer Hans-Otto
Published: June 2007

From 1983 to 2002, the Indiana Cooler was constructed and operated at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. During that period, a relatively small group of people built an accelerator complex, explored the new technology of electron cooling, and demonstrated its usefulness in nuclear and particle physics. This review recounts the history of the project, describes the facility, and summarizes the scientific results in atomic, nuclear, and particle physics, and in the physics of beams.
Tell Me Again What It Is That You Do
Authors: Cook R. James
Published: June 2007

My job at Pullman, Washington, starting in 1965, was to control the root diseases of wheat and barley, focusing first on fusarium root and crown rot, then including take-all and pythium and rhizoctonia root rots. In the absence of viable alternatives, the agronomic approaches used were implemented through design of cereal-based cropping systems. Starting in the late 1970s, the mission focused further on cereal-intensive direct-seed (no-till) cropping systems. A team effort demonstrated the role of indigenous antibiotic-producing fluorescent pseudomonads in the widespread decline of take-all in response to monoculture wheat (or barley-wheat sequences). Today, the suppression of take-all by these beneficial rhizobacteria is the centerpiece of an integrated system that augments take-all decline while limiting pythium and rhizoctonia root rots and fusarium root and crown rot in direct-seed systems. In such systems, “crop rotation” takes the form of different sequences of winter and spring wheat, barley and triticale varieties, and market classes, all susceptible to all four root diseases.
Microtubules offset growth site from the cell centre in fission yeast
Authors: Castagnetti Stefania , Novák Béla , Nurse Paul
Published: June 2007

The design principles that underlie cellular morphogenetic mechanisms are central to understanding the generation of cell form. We have investigated the constraints governing the formation and positioning of new growth zones in the fission yeast cell and have shown that establishment of a new axis of polarity is independent of microtubules and that in the absence of microtubules a new growth zone is activated near the nucleus in the middle of the cell. Activation of a new growth zone can occur at any stage of the cell cycle as long as the nucleus is a sufficient distance away from previously growing ends. The positioning of growth zones is regulated by the polarity marker Tea1 delivered by microtubules; cells with short microtubules locate the growth zone near the region where the microtubules terminate. We propose a model for the activation of new growth zones comprising a long-range laterally inhibitory component and a self-activating positive local component that is delivered to cell ends by Tea1 and the microtubules. The principle of this symmetry-breaking design may also apply to the morphogenesis of other cells.
Depressão entre mulheres da periferia de São Paulo
Authors: Martin Denise , Quirino José , Mari Jair
Published: June 2007

OBJETIVO: Analisar o significado da depressão para mulheres diagnosticadas com o transtorno e o contexto do atendimento realizado pelos psiquiatras que as acompanham. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo realizado no município de Embu, na Grande São Paulo, entre agosto de 2002 e janeiro de 2003. Foram realizadas observação etnográfica e entrevistas em profundidade com 16 mulheres diagnosticadas com depressão, pacientes de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, e quatro psiquiatras. Após a leitura exaustiva, os dados foram agrupados em categorias e analisados. A interpretação dos resultados baseou-se no conceito de cultura. RESULTADOS: As entrevistadas tinham ampla noção do transtorno, aceitando o tratamento com medicação. Para os psiquiatras, a depressão é um termo assimilado pelo senso-comum. Todas as entrevistadas identificaram a origem da doença em eventos passados, como: morte de filho, episódios violentos ligados ao tráfico de drogas, desemprego e agressividade do companheiro. A violência era comum no cotidiano das entrevistadas, tanto fora como dentro de casa. CONCLUSÕES: Para essas mulheres, a depressão era uma forma de expressar sentimentos, como a infelicidade num contexto de pobreza e violência. Os psiquiatras extrapolam as suas funções clínicas e têm um papel na reorganização do cotidiano dessas mulheres.
Rede de frio para a conservação de vacinas em unidades públicas do município de São Paulo: conhecimento e prática
Authors: Aranda Clelia Maria Sarmento de Souza , Moraes José Cássio de
Published: June 2007

Para assegurar a eficácia das vacinas utilizadas no Programa de Imunização é fundamental a manutenção da rede de frio. Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento e a prática adotados na conservação das vacinas nas unidades públicas do município de São Paulo. Foram enviados formulários a 390 salas com atividades de rotina e 80 foram selecionadas para uma entrevista com um profissional e observação do refrigerador. Um indicador foi construído para sintetizar os resultados, mediante a atribuição de pontos a itens comuns dos instrumentos utilizados, estabelecendo-se a classificação arbitrária de conhecimento/cumprimento SUFICIENTE, REGULAR e INSUFICIENTE. Sessenta por cento das unidades responderam o formulário, 80 salas foram visitadas e 90 refrigeradores foram observados. Resultados SUFICIENTES foram obtidos por 66% das observações, 55% das entrevistas e 53% dos formulários. O treinamento em sala de vacina influenciou positivamente a maior pontuação das observações. A concordância entre os instrumentos foi baixa, proporcionando a reflexão sobre a maneira como as informações da conservação de vacinas são transmitidas e a necessidade da supervisão sistemática para correção das falhas detectadas.
Factors associated to knowledge and opinion of gynecologists and obstetricians about the Brazilian legislation on abortion
Authors: Faúndes Anibal , Simoneti Rozana Martins , Duarte Graciana Alves , Andalaft-Neto Jorge
Published: June 2007

INTRODUCTION: Unsafe abortion accounts for about 12% of maternal deaths in Brazil, although many of these women could meet the requirements for legal abortion in this country. Physicians' inappropriate knowledge of the law may be playing a role in this situation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate which factors are associated with the level of information and the opinion of the Brazilian gynecologists-obstetricians concerning abortion laws. METHODS: Questionnaires (14.320) were sent to all physicians affiliated to the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO), and 30.2% were returned completed. RESULTS: Most of respondents showed a good knowledge of the situations in which abortion is allowed but not about the documents required to carry out a legal abortion. However, most of them knew about the need for a judicial order in case of abortion of malformed fetus. Knowledge was associated with age, number of children and years of practice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Poor knowledge on the requirements to carry out an abortion within the law may be a main factor responsible for the lack of access to legal abortion in Brazil.
Performance of photo-catalytic paving blocks made from waste
Authors: Poon C. S. , Cheung E.
Published: June 2007

Preliminary studies at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University showed that concrete paving blocks made from local waste materials (including construction/demolition waste and waste glass cullet) can be used to remove nitrous oxide (NO) when titanium dioxide (TiO2) was incorporated in the mix design. To determine the effectiveness of the photo-catalytic paving block when used in field conditions, a batch of factory-produced photo-catalytic paving blocks was produced and used in an actual site trial. The air quality of the field testing site was continuously monitored to analyse the effect of the blocks towards the surrounding air quality. The observations showed that nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations were reduced by 13% at ground level and by 10% at the breathing zone. After a period of four months the blocks were removed from test site and taken back to the laboratory to analyse whether their ability to remove NO had been degraded. The results showed a decrease in performance of 23%, which is low compared with tests on similar products.
Redefining OCB as Cybercivism: Do Work Attitudes also Explain Organizational Citizenship Internet Behaviors?
Authors: Zoghbi Manrique De Lara Pablo
Published: June 2007

This study presents “cybercivism” as the one extra‐role IT behavior that, seeking an opposite direction to cyberloafing, tries to capture the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) that employees show through Internet use. Just as prior research offers empirical evidence that work attitude is an OCB antecedent, the model tested suggests that employees’ positive attitudes toward several work elements could also explain cybercivism. These work elements include attitudes toward their coworkers, supervisors, organizational leaders in general, their own tasks, clients, and toward themselves (self‐esteem). Data were collected from 154 of the 758 (20.32 per cent) nonteaching employees of a Spanish public university. Structural equation modeling results show that the attitudes toward the clients, the supervisor, and self‐esteem, effectively promote cybercivism. Other analyzed attitudes did not reveal significance. Implications of the results for the prediction and monitoring of cybercivism are discussed, and future research directions are offered.
Revisiting the Second Wave
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

This interview between Professor Mary King and Elizabeth Jacobs took place at the Rothermere American Institute, Oxford University, during the course of 2004 and 2005. Mary King's work as Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies for the United Nations takes her to all corners of the globe. On this occasion she had returned to the United Kingdom to present a research paper at the international conference “The United States and Global Human Rights” held at Oxford University. The timing of the interview was made pertinent by this context and by the fact that it was almost forty years to the day after the main subject of the interview—the position paper by Mary King and Casey Hayden titled “Sex and Caste: A Kind of Memo”—first appeared at the SNCC retreat in Waveland, Mississippi in the fall of 1964. The paper was later published in the April 1966 issue of the pacifist and transatlantic War Resisters League Liberation magazine, and became a key text of second-wave feminism.
Asymmetric Lewis Acid Catalyzed Addition of Isocyanides to Aldehydes – Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐2‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl)oxazoles
Authors: Wang Shixin , Wang Mei‐Xiang , Wang De‐Xian , Zhu Jieping
Published: June 2007

Stannous chloride efficiently catalyzes condensations between α‐isocyanoacetamides (1) and a variety of aldehydes to afford the corresponding 5‐amino‐2‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl)oxazoles (3) in good to excellent yields. The [Sn‐(R)‐Ph‐PyBox](OTf)2‐catalyzed reaction between 1a and 2‐(benzyloxy)acetaldehyde (2g) shows an isoinversion effect, with the maximum enantiomeric excess of oxazole 3g (80 %) being obtained at –40 °C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Sc2Te5O13 und Sc2TeO6: Die ersten Oxotellurate des Scandiums
Authors: Höss Patrick , Schleid Thomas
Published: June 2007

Sc2Te5O13 and Sc2TeO6: The First Oxotellurates of Scandium

Sc2Te5O13 and Sc2TeO6 are the first oxotellurates of scandium that could be structurally elucidated by X‐ray diffraction using single crystals. The scandium(III) oxotellurate(IV) Sc2Te5O13 was synthesized by reacting Sc2O3 with TeO2 at 850 °C and crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group (no. 2) and the lattice parameters a = 660.67(5), b = 855.28(7), c = 1041.10(9) pm, α = 86.732(8), β = 86.264(8), and γ = 74.021(8)° (Z = 2). The crystal structure contains chains respectively strands of alternatingly edge‐ and vertex‐sharing [ScO6]9− and [ScO7]11− polyhedra. These strands are connected by [TeO3+1](2+2)− oxotellurate(IV) anions. The coordination spheres of Sc3+ appear markedly smaller than those of M3+ cations in the other known compounds of the formula type M2Te5O13 (M = Y, Dy – Lu), therefore Sc2Te5O13 is not really isotypic, but only isopuntal with these compounds. Single crystals of the scandium(III) oxotellurate(VI) Sc2TeO6 were obtained through the fusion of a mixture of Sc2O3 and TeO3 at 850 °C. It crystallizes trigonally (a = 874.06(7), c = 479.85(4) pm and c/a = 0.549) with the Na2SiF6‐type structure in space group P321 (no. 150) and three formula units per unit cell. Its crystal structure is built up by a hexagonal closest packing (hcp) of oxide anions with the Sc3+ cations residing in 1/3 and the Te6+ cations in 1/6 of the octahedral interstices in a well‐ordered occupation pattern. Thus one can address the structural situation in Sc2[TeO6] as a stuffed β‐WCl6‐type arrangement.
Stopped‐flow Spectrophotometric Study on the Reaction between Carbon Dioxide and [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]3+ Ion in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Jacewicz Dagmara , Chylewska Agnieszka , Dąbrowska Aleksandra M. , Chmurzyński Lech
Published: June 2007

Kinetics of the reaction of [tetraamminediaquacobalt(III)] perchlorate ion with carbon dioxide in aqueous solution was studied at various temperatures (5–25 °C), variable concentration of CO2 (0.005M; 0.01M; 0.015M) and over the pH range 6.04–8.15 at a fixed ionic strength of solution (1 M NaClO4). Investigations were carried out using stopped‐flow spectrophotometry in the range of 300 – 700 nm. The results enabled determination of the number of steps of the reaction studied. Based on the kinetic equations, rate constants were determined for each step. Finally, the mechanism of carbon dioxide uptake by [tetraamminediaquacobalt(III)] perchlorate ion was proposed and discussed.
Genome Re-duplication and Irregular Segregation Occur During the Cell Cycle of Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Lohia Anuradha , Mukherjee Chandrama , Majumder Shubhra , Dastidar Promita Ghosh
Published: June 2007

Heterogeneity of genome content is commonly observed in axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica. Cells with multiple nuclei and nuclei with heterogenous genome contents suggest that regulatory mechanisms that ensure alternation of DNA synthesis and mitosis are absent in this organism. Therefore, several endo-reduplicative cycles may occur without mitosis. The data also shows that unlike other endo-reduplicating organisms, E. histolytica does not undergo a precise number of endo-reduplicative cycles. We propose that irregular endo-reduplication and genome partitioning lead to heterogeneity in the genome content of E. histolytica trophozoites in their proliferative phase. The goal of future studies should be aimed at understanding the mechanisms that are involved in (a) accumulation of multiple genome contents in a single nucleus; (b) genome segregation in nuclei that contain multiple genome contents and (c) maintenance of genome fidelity in E. histolytica.
A Response to the Critics of Nicaea and Its Legacy
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: June 2007

Let me turn in this “Response” to the concerns of those who have been unhappy with particular features of Nicaea and Its Legacy. Although the bulk of my discussion will be taken up with the responses of Khaled Anatolios and John Behr, I want also to range a little more widely. For the most part, criticisms of my book Nicaea have stemmed as much from opposition to my overall attitude towards the task of historical theology as from opposition to my interpretation of particular episodes of the fourth century. A range of related questions focuses on the relationship between the good practice of theology and the implications of the forms of modern historical consciousness that I have clearly found persuasive. The three critics that I engage here all seem to me to be pushing in directions that (consciously or unconsciously) inappropriately restrict the scope and character of theological—and particularly of historical theological—investigation. I must confess at the beginning of this discussion that I assumed the majority of negative responses to my project as a whole (as opposed to negative responses to particular sections of the argument) would come from what might be termed the theological “left”: those who are convinced by some of the fundamental lines of post-Enlightenment and recent liberal critique of classical Christian tradition. It has, however, been fascinating to see other critics emerge from what might perhaps be termed the theological “right”: those sympathetic to modern attempts to retrieve the centrality of classical Christian texts, theologians, and exegetical methods. Both forms of critique demand a response.
The Self Before God? Rethinking Augustine's Trinitarian Thought
Authors: Drever Matthew
Published: June 2007

What is often termed the modern crisis of the Western self—the problems associated with the proto-Cartesian and proto-Kantian conceptions of the self—has given rise to attempts not only to confront the crisis constructively, but also to trace its origin. In one philosophical reading of the development of the crisis in the Western self, Augustine stands as one of its forefathers. In this reading, Augustine's anthropology is anchored firmly within Platonism and is viewed as a key precursor of the tradition leading to the modern, autonomous self of Descartes and Kant. Such a reading often focuses on Augustine's somewhat idiosyncratic self-analysis in Confessionum libri [Conf.] XIII, and points to his so-called psychological model of the Trinity found in De Trinitate [Trin.]. It is argued that his method of inward movement, which involves the utilization of the structures of individual consciousness as an analogy to the immanent Trinity, in conjunction with his analysis of the individual self in Conf., becomes a basic foundation for the modern private, autonomous self.
Comparison of polar ozone loss rates simulated by one‐dimensional and three‐dimensional models with Match observations in recent Antarctic and Arctic winters
Authors: Tripathi Om Prakash , Godin‐Beekmann Sophie , Lefèvre Franck , Pazmiño Andrea , Hauchecorne Alain , Chipperfield Martyn , Feng Wuhu , Millard Genevieve , Rex Markus , Streibel Martin , von der Gathen Peter
Published: June 2007

Simulations of ozone loss rates using a three‐dimensional chemical transport model and a box model during recent Antarctic and Arctic winters are compared with experimental loss rates. The study focused on the Antarctic winter 2003, during which the first Antarctic Match campaign was organized, and on Arctic winters 1999/2000, 2002/2003. The maximum ozone loss rates retrieved by the Match technique for the winters and levels studied reached 6 ppbv/sunlit hour and both types of simulations could generally reproduce the observations at 2‐sigma error bar level. In some cases, for example, for the Arctic winter 2002/2003 at 475 K level, an excellent agreement within 1‐sigma standard deviation level was obtained. An overestimation was also found with the box model simulation at some isentropic levels for the Antarctic winter and the Arctic winter 1999/2000, indicating an overestimation of chlorine activation in the model. Loss rates in the Antarctic show signs of saturation in September, which have to be considered in the comparison. Sensitivity tests were performed with the box model in order to assess the impact of kinetic parameters of the ClO‐Cl2O2 catalytic cycle and total bromine content on the ozone loss rate. These tests resulted in a maximum change in ozone loss rates of 1.2 ppbv/sunlit hour, generally in high solar zenith angle conditions. In some cases, a better agreement was achieved with fastest photolysis of Cl2O2 and additional source of total inorganic bromine but at the expense of overestimation of smaller ozone loss rates derived later in the winter.
Organic carbon and nitrogen composition in the sediment of the Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene times
Authors: Kang Hwa‐Seong , Won Eun‐Ji , Shin Kyung‐Hoon , Yoon Ho il
Published: June 2007

A sharp decrease in Corg/Ntot ratios and apparently heavier stable isotope ratios of Corg and Ntot (δ13Corg and δ15Ntot) after deglaciation were observed in sediment cores St‐25 and St‐34 collected from the Saint Anna Trough in the Kara Sea, exhibiting a change of sediment origin from terrestrial to marine during the LGM and Holocene times. Organic nitrogen (Norg) contributed about 40% to total nitrogen (Ntot) during the Holocene, but the Norg fraction was hardly observed in the lower LGM sediments (below 120 cm depth in St‐25 and beneath 170 cm in St‐34). This may be due to a permanent cover of sea ice in the area during the LGM. In addition, the δ13C values for OClabile and OCresi were remarkably different between LGM and Holocene sediment. The unexpected lighter δ13C values for OCresi for the LGM period might be due to methanotrophic bacteria in the sediment of Kara Sea.
Magnetization reversal via symmetric rotation of layers in exchange biased multilayers
Authors: Paul Amitesh , Buchmeier Matthias , Schneider Claus M. , Brückel Thomas
Published: June 2007

We have investigated the magnetization reversal for exchange coupled polycrystalline [IrMn∕CoFe]N multilayers. Polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR) data indicate a simultaneous coherent rotation of all ferromagnetic layers for a sample with N=10 and angles of 45° and 90° between the applied field and the exchange bias direction. On the other hand, magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements, which are sensitive mainly to the two topmost bilayers, reveal a variation of the strength of the exchange bias and the uniaxial anisotropy as a function of N for multilayers with N=1 up to 10. The MOKE data thus indicate the direction of the magnetization to vary from layer to layer for intermediate fields. PNR was found to be insensitive to this variation as the deviation of the layer magnetization directions from its mean value is relatively small (≈10°). These studies demonstrate how the complementary techniques PNR and MOKE can be used to obtain a layer-by-layer vector magnetometry of multilayer stacks.
Atomic structure of In2O3–ZnO systems
Authors: Yan Yanfa , Da Silva Juarez L. F. , Wei Su-Huai , Al-Jassim Mowafak
Published: June 2007

The authors present first-principles density-functional theory studies on the atomic structure of the In2O3–ZnO system. They find that the In2O3–ZnO system has a polytypoid structure, which consists of wurtzite (Zn∕In)O slabs separated by single In–O octahedral layers that are inversion boundaries. Another type of boundary with polarity inversion formed by fivefold coordinated In and Zn atoms exists inside the (Zn∕In)O slabs. The authors find that these polarity-inversion boundaries inside the (Zn∕In)O slabs prefer a low-energy modulated structure.
A Teacher's Implicit Model of How Children Learn
Authors: Parsons John M. , Graham Norman , Honess Terry
Published: June 2007

It is assumed that knowledge of a teacher's ‘implicit model’ of how children learn is an invaluable aid to effective in‐service training, and that the process of developing such a model is, in itself, of value to the teacher. This study describes the framework within which the ‘implicit model’ of one particular teacher was articulated and made explicit. The framework draws on grid technique and the audio/video recording of lessons, and involves associated rules and theory for interpretation, relying especially on negotiated feedback and thematic analysis. It is concluded that the framework would allow for the development of a sophisticated understanding and articulation of any teacher's implicit model, whatever its focus.
Pupil Typifications of Topic Work
Authors: Ghaye Anthony
Published: June 2007

This paper explores the suggestion that teaching might become more effective if teachers had a better understanding of pupil states of mind. For three school terms a class of 30, 11‐year‐old children, kept written accounts of their classroom experiences with one teacher. These accounts were ‘typifications' of their topic‐based work. Four questions are considered. (1) What typifications did the children use? (2) Are typifications unidimensional or multidimensional in meaning? (3) Which typifications are transpersonal and/or transcontextual? (4) Do pupil typifications change over time? Pupil preoccupations were principally of three kinds, ('pupil‐task’, ‘interpersonal’ and cognitive and affective ‘outcomes'). Across the year there was a general shift from a preoccupation with ‘task’ to ‘outcome’. Less able pupils showed a more sustained predilection for ‘pupil‐task’ typifications. The accounts of the more able children reflected an early preoccupation with ‘outcomes'.
New Statistical Methods for Analysing Social Structures: an introduction to multilevel models
Authors: Paterson Lindsay , Goldstein Harvey
Published: June 2007

An introductory account is given of developments in multilevel modelling of educational and other social data. The technique is introduced with some simple examples and its importance is explained. Examples of applications in a number of areas are given, including repeated measures designs, school effectiveness studies, area‐based studies and political opinion sample surveys. Almost all data collected in the social sciences have some form of inherent hierarchical structure, and this structure should be reflected in the statistical models that are used to analyse them. It is suggested that multilevel techniques and associated software packages have reached the stage when they can and should be applied routinely in the analysis of social data, and that failure to do so can result in potentially serious misinterpretations.
Computer Anxiety in Primary Schoolchildren and University Students
Authors: Todman John , Lawrenson Helen
Published: June 2007

A group of first‐year psychology students and a group of 9 year‐old children of comparable intelligence completed self‐report inventories measuring computer anxiety (CA), mathematics anxiety (MA), trait anxiety (TA) and computer experience (CE). The contributions of age, sex, TA and CE to scores on CA and MA were investigated in multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance. The children were less anxious about computers than the students. The children had higher CE scores than the students, but this difference did not account for the students' higher levels of CA. MA was related to TA and, for students only, MA was higher for females. The results were interpreted as encouraging indications of the absence of a strong link between CA and MA, with the former showing signs of reduction as early experience with computers becomes the norm.
Figuring Out Ethnic Equity
Authors: Gomm Roger
Published: June 2007

This paper is a response to Barry Troyna's “Underachievers or Underrated”, British Educational Research Journal, Volume 17, No. 4, 1991. It draws attention both to the inappropriateness of the model of ethnic equity which grounds Troyna's claim that Asian pupils are being treated inequitably, and to shortcomings in the way in which Troyna handles numerical data to present them as evidence of this claim.
Subcultural Retreat: negotiating the design and technology curriculum
Authors: Paechter Carrie
Published: June 2007

The National Curriculum for design and technology requires that the new subject be delivered in a cross‐curricular way, involving teachers from a number of previously‐existing subject areas. The negotiation by teachers of this new curriculum and its associated new subculture has taken place in a context in which struggles for power and control in the new departments form a significant factor. Associated with this struggle is the retreat by some teachers and departments into the subcultures of their originating subjects and thus further away from the integrated intentions of design and technology as developed in the Order and Non‐Statutory Guidance. The paper explores the concept of subcultural retreat as it applies in this situation.
The Retreat of Reason
Authors: Petley Julian
Published: June 2007

IT’S FATALLY FLAWED, PLAYS FAST AND LOOSE WITH THE FACTS BUT HAS AN UNQUESTIONING AND INFLUENTIAL FOLLOWING
Dishonourable Killings
Authors: Menon Ritu
Published: June 2007

THEY CALL THEM MATTERS OF ‘HONOUR’, BUT THERE IS NOTHING BUT DISHONOUR IN WHAT MEN DO TO WOMEN WHO FLOUT THEIR CODE
In Pursuit of Lakshmi
Authors: Tripathi Salil
Published: June 2007

INDIA’S PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN THE PAST DECADE HAS NOT ERADICATED POVERTY, BUT IT RIVALS THAT OF CHINA AND MIGHT HAVE SOUNDER LONG TERM FOUNDATIONS
In Naxal Heartland
Authors: Choudhary Shubhranshu
Published: June 2007

THOUGH MANY IN INDIA DISPUTE ITS STRENGTH AND ITS POWER TO DISRUPT GOVERNMENT, THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT APPEARS TO BE SPREADING AMONG INDIA’S TRIBAL POPULATION
Long Arm of Colonial Rule
Authors: Bose Brinda
Published: June 2007

INDIA’S LAW CRIMINALISING HOMOSEXUALITY GOES BACK TO BRITISH TIMES, BUT BATTLE HAS NOW BEEN JOINED
Alcohol policy content analysis: a comparison of public health and alcohol industry trade newsletters
Authors: ANGLIN LISE , JOHNSON SUZANNE , GIESBRECHT NORMAN , GREENFIELD THOMAS
Published: June 2007

A content analysis was designed to discover both discrepancies and common ground between two public health and two alcohol industry trade newsletters with respect to alcohol policy. A total of 203 articles were coded according to key topics. Results across all newsletters showed 11 topics that appeared in more than 25% of selected articles. Among such frequently cited topics were drinking and driving and industry advertising. Comparison between the two types of newsletter showed significant differences for mentions of youth and prevention (more in public health) and taxation (more in trade). The authors discuss why certain topics are more popular than others, and the different presentation style of the two types of newsletter. Evidence for a possible convergence of interests between public health and industry representatives appears mainly with regard to youth and drinking and driving. Future research might explore the implications of this convergence of interests.
Excess body weight and risk of first‐ever acute ischaemic non‐embolic stroke in elderly subjects
Authors: Milionis H. J. , Filippatos T. D. , Derdemezis C. S. , Kalantzi K. J. , Goudevenos J. , Seferiadis K. , Mikhailidis D. P. , Elisaf M. S.
Published: June 2007

In a population‐based case–control study we assessed the association between obesity and acute ischaemic/non‐embolic stroke. A total of 163 patients aged older than 70 years (88 men and 75 women) admitted due to a first‐ever‐in‐a‐lifetime acute ischaemic/non‐embolic stroke and 166 volunteers (87 men and 79 women) without a history of cardiovascular disease were included. The association of stroke with body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) was determined by multivariate logistic regression modelling after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent amongst stroke patients compared to controls. Subjects with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had 2.5‐times higher odds to suffer an acute ischaemic/non‐embolic stroke compared to subjects within the lowest BMI category of 18.5–20.9 kg/m2. Analysis of interaction showed that in the presence of overweight and/or obesity (classified as a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and/or a WC >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) the inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and ischaemic/non‐embolic stroke was negated. Excess weight is associated with an increased risk of acute ischaemic/non‐embolic stroke in elderly individuals independently of concurrent metabolic derangements. Moreover, in the presence of obesity, HDL cholesterol loses its protective effect against ischaemic stroke.
A novel presenilin 1 deletion (p.L166del) associated with early onset familial Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Knight W. D. , Kennedy J. , Mead S. , Rossor M. N. , Beck J. , Collinge J. , Mummery C.
Published: June 2007

We report the case of a 40 year‐old woman who, at 38 years of age, developed insidious memory loss and, subsequently, progressive dementia satisfying criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) (NINCDS‐ADRDA) [Neurology 1984; 34: 939]. Analysis of the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1) revealed a 496_498delCTT mutation at codon 166. The amnestic presentation and absence of other features contrasts with the majority of other documented deletions which have been associated with spastic paraparesis. They are, however, consistent with the reported clinical phenotype in the majority of PSEN1 exon 6 mutations so far reported.
Lack of post‐exercise depression of corticospinal excitability in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Khedr E. M. , Galal O. , Said A. , Abd‐elsameea M. , Rothwell J. C.
Published: June 2007

There is lack of clarity in the literature over whether patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show the same post‐exercise depression of corticospinal excitability as is usually observed in healthy control. This study set out to resolve the problem. Ten patients with idiopathic PD and 10 age‐matched controls were included in this study. Each subject performed a submaximal sustained voluntary contraction of the right first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) for 10 min or until force could no longer be sustained. Resting motor threshold, motor‐evoked potential (MEP), input–output curve, cortical silent period duration, interference pattern (IP) and M/F ratio were recorded at baseline, immediately after fatigue and after 20 min rest. Immediately after exercise, decreased MEP amplitude and increased cortical SP duration were observed in the control group whilst no such changes were observed in PD patients. The input–output curve was also significantly suppressed only in controls, but not in patients. The amplitude of IP was significantly reduced immediately after exercise in both PD patients and controls. Almost all these changes returned nearly to baseline values after 20 min rest. The amount of exercise was approximately equal in both groups because the effect on M‐waves and EMG amplitude was similar. However, the expected decline in corticospinal excitability was absent in PD patients. The absence of this effect in PD patients may reflect reorganization of motor commands in response to basal ganglia deficit.
FROM BECOMING TO BEING: MEASURING FIRM CREATION
Authors: DIOCHON MONICA , V MENZIES TERESA , GASSE YVON
Published: June 2007

Over the past decade, research efforts to address a lack of knowledge concerning the process of firm formation have intensified. Surprisingly, though, measurement of the primary dependent variable has been ignored. In aiming to establish a basis for measuring firm creation, we identify and address three critical deficiencies in the literature: a lack of definition, inappropriate theoretical underpinnings, and, weaknesses in the research design. Beginning with a general meaning of the term 'new firm,' we use a process-oriented event-driven theoretical perspective to propose an operational definition consisting of three key dimensions: recency or newness, a form of organization, and sales. The appropriateness of our proposed multidimensional measure (that also assesses a firm's sustainability) is explored as part of a larger research project studying Canadian nascent entrepreneurs. As members of the Entrepreneurial Research Consortium (ERC) we use standardized methods to identify and track these nascent entrepreneurs over a four year period. Since the research was designed with a capacity to test different theoretical perspectives, the instruments contain a range of items that have been used as indicators of start-up. A comparison of the proposed measure to selected single item measures indicates, among other things, that making the transition from becoming to 'being' a new firm involves meeting two key criteria: being newly operational and being sustainable. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Socio-Legal Implications of the New Biotechnologies
Authors: Pottage Alain
Published: June 2007

This review explores a number of legal-theoretical studies of the encounter between law and biotechnology. Rather than attempt an extensive compilation of scholarship, the review focuses on those studies that have addressed the effects that biotechnologies (understood in the broadest sense) have had on the composition of legal form. Although the relation between law and biotechnology is often seen as being one in which law is applied to biotechnology as a kind of prohibitory limit or regulatory force, this review explores some of the ways in which biotechnological programs have challenged and eroded the conceptual form of law. The hypothesis is that there is an antagonistic relation between law and biotechnology and that this antagonism is brought out in scholarship relating to the key areas in which the encounter between law and biotechnology is played out: intellectual property, governance and regulation, and those domains of law that have incorporated technologies of DNA fingerprinting.
Institutional change and political decision-making in the creation of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency
Authors: Piovesan Márcia Franke , Labra Maria Eliana
Published: June 2007

This article examines the decision-making process that led to the creation of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) in 1999. The authors begin by discussing the history of the Agency's predecessor, the Health Surveillance Secretariat, and the need for its modernization to adjust the quality of the products under its control to domestic and international demands. From the theoretical perspective of neo-institutionalism, the article goes on to analyze the social and political context surrounding the debate on the proposed alternatives to adjust Health Surveillance to new rules in line with such requirements, focusing especially on the formulation of the new policy, the decision-making arena, and the actors with specific interests in the sector. The research drew on extensive documentary and media material, plus interviews with key actors. The article concludes that a determinant factor for the creation of ANVISA was the favorable domestic political context, fostering a positive correlation of forces that (in an extremely short timeframe, 1998-1999) allowed the creation of the first regulatory agency in the social policies area in Brazil.
Avaliação antropométrica de adolescentes Kamayurá, povo indígena do Alto Xingu, Brasil Central (2000-2001)
Authors: Sampei Miriam A. , Canó Eduardo Nozaki , Fagundes Ulysses , Lima Evandro E. de Souza , Rodrigues Douglas , Sigulem Dirce Maria , Baruzzi Roberto G.
Published: June 2007

Apesar da proximidade dos grupos indígenas do Alto Xingu com a sociedade, os estudos têm mostrado adequação do peso para estatura e déficit de estatura para idade das crianças desses povos. Em relação aos adolescentes, pouco se conhece sobre suas condições nutricionais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional de adolescentes Kamayurá, valendo-se de variáveis antropométricas. As medidas de peso, estatura, pregas cutâneas e circunferências corporais foram coletadas de 65 adolescentes, sendo 31 indivíduos masculinos e 34 femininos. As médias de estatura em relação à idade foram menores do que aquelas encontradas na Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição e na população de referência do National Center for Health Statistics. Houve taxa elevada de sobrepeso no sexo masculino (38,7%) e no feminino (23,5%); a obesidade foi encontrada em uma adolescente (2,9%). Nenhum adolescente com sobrepeso apresentou ambas as pregas tricipital e subescapular acima do percentil 90. Não houve casos de déficit nutricional em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Apesar da alta prevalência de sobrepeso, o estado nutricional dos adolescentes em estudo é adequado, dada a baixa adiposidade.
Formação e desafios do sistema de saúde no Brasil: uma análise de investimentos realizados para ampliação da oferta de serviços
Authors: Soares Adilson
Published: June 2007

O artigo discute os investimentos realizados pelo governo central brasileiro, para ampliação da oferta de serviços no Sistema Único de Saúde, no período de 1995 a 2001. Apresenta dados que apontam para uma desarticulação entre a realização de investimentos para o aumento da oferta de serviços e a manutenção e otimização da capacidade instalada; e conclui que existe a necessidade de garantir a sustentabilidade econômico-financeira do sistema e a realização de novos investimentos levando em consideração a análise da capacidade instalada e as possibilidades financeiras de garantir os recursos de custeio para prestação continuada da oferta adicional de serviços.
O Programa de Controle do Dengue em São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil: dificuldades para a atuação dos agentes e adesão da população
Authors: Chiaravalloti Neto Francisco , Baglini Virgínia , Cesarino Marisa B. , Favaro Eliane A. , Mondini Adriano , Ferreira Aline C. , Dibo Margareth R. , Barbosa Angelita A. C. , Ferraz Amena A.
Published: June 2007

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar aspectos que interferem na atuação dos agentes de controle de vetores e comunitários de saúde no Programa de Controle do Dengue e na adesão da população. Utilizou-se metodologia de grupos focais, nos quais foi discutida a relação agente-serviço-população. O controle e prevenção do dengue foram considerados atividades de menor importância, e o agente ideal seria aquele capaz de encaminhar todas as demandas e não só aquelas relacionadas ao dengue. Os agentes de controle de vetores apontaram para problemas como recusa e falta de adesão, identificação como coletores de lixo, diferenciação de status em relação aos agentes comunitários de saúde. Entre as mulheres, identificaram-se a relação de culpabilização entre vizinhos, a associação do problema do dengue à falta de higiene e a relação entre casa limpa e ausência de criadouros. Os aspectos destacados interferem negativamente na atuação dos agentes e são condicionados pela característica vertical do programa. Encaminhamentos possíveis: incorporação dos agentes de controle às Unidades de Saúde, investimento na integração intersetorial e criação de condições para que os agentes atuem sobre o meio ambiente.
Tuberculose na população indígena de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brasil
Authors: Levino Antônio , Oliveira Roselene Martins de
Published: June 2007

O estudo descreve a situação da tuberculose no Município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil, no período de 1997 a 2002. Este município de população predominantemente indígena constitui uma importante noso-área da Amazônia para o problema da tuberculose, cuja magnitude se expressa por intermédio do coeficiente 2,4 vezes mais elevado que a média estadual e até quatro vezes mais que a média nacional. Análises estatísticas utilizadas para avaliar a tendência em relação à associação com a idade, o sexo e a forma clínica revelaram diferenças no comportamento da endemia, quando comparados os coeficientes de incidência entre os casos de procedência urbana e rural. As taxas padronizadas mostraram a população masculina com uma incidência mais elevada que a feminina nas duas áreas de residência. A faixa etária mais atingida foi acima de 50 anos, porém a proporção de menores de 15 anos se mostrou acima dos valores esperados na população geral do país, além de apresentar diferentes níveis de gravidade nas subáreas rurais estudadas. Os achados indicam que esta situação pode ser explicada pelas desigualdades, sobretudo, relativas à acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde que, contraditoriamente, parecem menos resolutivos na área urbana.
Remarkable solvent effects in the hydro‐ and solvothermal synthesis of copper‐1,10‐phenanthroline complexes
Authors: Chen Xiong‐Bin , Chen Bin , Li Yi‐Zhi , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: June 2007

Compound {[Cu(II)/Cu(I)]2(ophen)4(Htpt)}•2H2O (1) was obtained by hydrothermal reaction. Compound 1 is a mixed‐valence copper coordination complex with a different coordination environment. The X‐ray structural analysis of 1 revealed two crystallographically independent dimeric [Cu2(ophen)2]+ units bridged by two µ1‐carboxylate groups of the tpt ligand into a butterfly‐shaped molecule in the crystal structure. Compound [Cu(I)3(CN)3(phen)3] (2) was synthesized using ethanol instead of water, and consisted of an infinite helix chain formed from [Cu(I)(phen)]+ units bridged by cyano groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.