bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timing of formation of the Keketale Pb–Zn deposit, Xinjiang, Northwest China, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Implications for the metallogeny of the South Altay Orogenic Belt
Authors: Yang Chengdong , Yang Fuquan , Chai Fengmei , Wu Yufeng
Published: June 2017

The Keketale is the largest Pb–Zn deposit in the volcano‐sedimentary Maizi Basin of the South Altay Orogenic Belt (AOB), Northwest China. The stratabound orebodies are hosted in a suite of meta‐sedimentary rocks intercalated with volcanic rocks of the Lower Devonian Kangbutiebao Formation. The massive and banded ores representing the main mineralization stage are relatively well‐preserved in the ore district. This paper reports systematic geochronological results including the zircon laser ablation–multiple collector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) U–Pb analyses on two meta‐felsic volcanic rocks from the Kangbutiebao Formation and Rb–Sr isotope dating on seven sphalerite samples from the main mineralization stage, together with some sulphur isotopic data to constrain the mineralization age and the genesis of the deposit. Rb–Sr isotope dating yield an isochron age of 398.2 ± 3.3 Ma generally synchronous with the zircon (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) U–Pb analyses of a meta‐rhyolite and a meta‐dacite from the strata (410.5 ± 1.3 Ma and 394.8 ± 1.9 Ma, respectively). The δ34S values of seven pyrite samples in the main massive and banded ores vary from −12.4‰ to −6.2‰, indicating that the main ore‐forming sulphur of the deposit was derived from bacterial reduction of seawater sulphate. By integrating the field, chronological, and isotopic evidences, we conclude that the Keketale Pb–Zn deposit is a VMS‐type deposit. Combining our results with the isotopic geochronology in the South AOB, we argue that the South AOB has undergone three mineralization episodes: the syndepositional mineralization (412–387 Ma), the subvolcanic hydrothermal‐related mineralization (382–379 Ma), and the epigenetic mineralization that is genetically linked to regional metamorphism and deformation (260–204 Ma). The Keketale Pb–Zn deposit is a product of the Devonian seafloor hydrothermal exhalation system in the South AOB.
The controlling factors of modern facies distributions in a half‐graben lacustrine rift basin: A case study from Hulun Lake, Northeastern China
Authors: Xia Shiqiang , Liu Zhen , Liu Jingyan , Chang Yanyan , Li Pan , Gao Nanan , Ye Dongqing , Wu Gaokui , Yu Lisha , Qu Lingxiao , Tong Liqing
Published: June 2017

Hulun Lake is located in Northeast China and is a well‐exposed modern lacustrine rift basin. In this study, recent fieldwork has demonstrated that it was mainly filled by alluvial fan and fan delta deposits along the western escarpment, which were controlled by the Eerguna Fault Zones. However, it was filled by river‐deltaic and eolian deposits along the eastern slope. The distributions of the depositional systems were found to be controlled by their positions within the basin. The western escarpment was determined to have influenced the distributions of the alluvial fan and fan delta deposits. In contrast, the river‐deltaic and eolian deposits were controlled by the sediment supply, paleogeomorphology, and wind forces. The asymmetric geometry of the basin was determined to have resulted in different facies associations. First, a region of maximum sediment thickness and high‐gradient escarpment was found to be located near a normal fault foot (Eerguna Fault). Second, a region of a shallower and low‐gradient slope was located near the margin of a river‐lake transition. The depositional characteristics obtained from the prospecting trench indicated that the coarse deposits on the western side were mainly derived from unexpected flooding, gravity, and episodic flooding in an ascending order. In contrast, the fine deposits on the eastern side were mainly sourced from a meandering river. A clear understanding of controlling factors on facies associations can potentially reveal the sedimentary process and evolution of the depositional systems, as well as provide an important methodology for the prediction of facies in other sedimentary basins with similar characteristics.
The detection and prevention of unintentional consumption of DOx and 25x‐NBOMe at Portugal's Boom Festival
Authors: Martins Daniel , Barratt Monica J. , Pires Cristiana Vale , Carvalho Helena , Vilamala Mireia Ventura , Espinosa Iván Fornís , Valente Helena
Published: June 2017

Objective

This paper describes the misrepresentation of LSD at Portugal's Boom Festival 2014 and the prevention of unintentional consumption of DOx and 25x‐NBOMe among LSD consumers attending a drug‐checking service.

Methods

Two hundred forty‐five drug samples expected to contain LSD were submitted to the drug‐checking service for chemical analysis. One hundred ten post‐test questionnaires were successfully matched with test results.

Results

About 67.3% of the alleged LSD samples tested contained only LSD; 0.8% contained LSD combined with adulterants; 24.1% did not contain LSD but did contain another psychoactive substance, including 11.4% that were 2,5‐dimethoxyamphetamine derivatives and 9.8% that were N‐benzyl‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine derivatives; and no psychoactive substance was detected in 7.8%. The majority of service users who received unexpected test results regarding their alleged LSD (74.2%) reported that they did not intend to consume the drug. Following dissemination of alerts on day 2, a larger than expected proportion of all tests conducted were for LSD, when comparing the 2014 festival to 2012, where no such alert was disseminated.

Conclusions

Although these results support the provision of integrated drug‐checking services in party settings, evidence of their utility and effectiveness would be improved through future research incorporating more robust measures of outcomes following provision of drug‐checking results.
Radiotherapy‐assisted tumor selective metronomic oral chemotherapy
Authors: Chung Seung Woo , Kweon Seho , Lee Beom Suk , Kim Gui Chul , Mahmud Foyez , Lee Hanul , Cho Young Seok , Choi Jeong Uk , Jeon Ok‐Cheol , Kim Ji Won , Kim Seong Who , Kim In‐San , Kim Sang Yoon , Byun Youngro
Published: June 2017

Chemotherapy have commonly been used in maximum tolerated dose to completely eradicate the cancer. However, such treatments often failed due to the complex and dynamic nature of cancer. Therefore, it has been suggested that cancer should be treated as a chronic disease, controlling its growth by providing continuous therapeutic pressure for long‐term. Such an approach, however, requires a therapy that is non‐toxic and orally available with sufficient potency. Herein, we propose a radiotherapy‐assisted orally available metronomic apoptosis‐targeted chemotherapy, which delivers doxorubicin continuously to the irradiated tumor with high selectivity while causing minimal toxicities to the normal tissues. DEVD‐S‐DOX/DCK complex is the anticancer prodrug for our strategy that could selectively release doxorubicin in the irradiated tumor tissue with sufficient oral bioavailability. The prodrug was completely inactive by itself, but displayed potent anticancer activity when coupled with radiotherapy. Consequently, the daily oral administration of DEVD‐S‐DOX/DCK in combination with the low‐dose radiotherapy effectively suppressed the growth of tumor in vivo with no significant systemic toxicities despite that the accumulated dose of doxorubicin exceeded 150 mg/kg. Therefore, the our novel therapy using DEVD‐S‐DOX/DCK complex is considered as an outstanding treatment option for treating cancer for long‐term attributed to its oral availability and low‐toxicity profile as well as the potent anticancer effect.
Primary tumor sites in relation to ultraviolet radiation exposure and skin visibility correlate with survival in cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Gordon Daniela , Hansson Johan , Eloranta Sandra , Gordon Max , Gillgren Peter , Smedby Karin E.
Published: June 2017

The prognostic value of detailed anatomic site and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure patterns has not been fully determined in cutaneous melanoma. Thus, we reviewed medical records for detailed site in a population‐based retrospective Swedish patient cohort diagnosed with primary invasive melanoma 1976–2003 (n = 5,973). We followed the patients from date of diagnosis until death, emigration or December 31st 2013, and evaluated melanoma‐specific survival by subsite in a multivariable regression model adjusting for established prognostic factors. We found that melanoma on chronic UVR exposure sites (face, dorsum of hands; adjusted HR 0.6; CI 0.4–0.7) and moderately intermittent UVR sites (lateral arms, lower legs, dorsum of feet; HR 0.7; CI 0.6–0.8) were associated with a favorable prognosis compared with highly intermittent sites (chest, back, neck, shoulders and thighs). Further, melanoma on poorly visible skin sites upon self‐examination (scalp, retroauricular area, back, posterior upper arms and thighs, buttocks, pubic area; HR 1.3; CI 1.1–1.5) had a worse prognosis than those on easily visible sites (face, chest, abdomen, anterior upper arms and thighs, lower arms and legs, dorsum of hands and feet, palms). In conclusion, highly intermittent UVR exposure sites and poor skin visibility presumably correlate with reduced melanoma survival, independent of established tumor characteristics. A limitation of the study was the lack of information on actual individual UVR exposure.
Retracted: Knockdown of lncRNA MEG3 inhibits viability, migration, and invasion and promotes apoptosis by sponging miR‐127 in osteosarcoma cell
Authors: Wang Yang , Kong Daliang
Published: June 2017

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common bone malignancies and occurs almost exclusively in children and adolescents. This study aimed to explore the role of lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in OS cells growth and metastasis, and to uncover the possible underlying mechanism. In this study, the expressions of MEG3 in five OS cell lines (MG63, OS‐732, SaOS, G292, and 143B) and in a human osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 were measured by qRT‐PCR analysis. The expressions of MEG3, miR‐127, and ZEB1 in OS‐732 cells were overexpressed or suppressed by transfection. Cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were then assessed. The results showed that MEG3 was highly expressed in OS cell lines when compared to hFOB1.19 cell. MEG3 silence significantly suppressed OS‐732 cells growth and metastasis, as evidenced by the decreases in cell viability, migration, invasion, and increase in apoptotic cell rate. MEG3 acted as an endogenous sponge by binding to miR‐127. More interestingly, MEG3 silence could not suppress OS‐732 cells growth and metastasis when miR‐127 was knocked down. ZEB1 was a target gene of miR‐127, and miR‐127 overexpression‐induced impairments in cell growth and metastasis were attenuated when ZEB1 was overexpressed. Moreover,miR‐127 suppression activated JNK and Wnt signaling pathways, while these activations were recovered by ZEB1 silence. To conclude, our findings suggest that lncRNA MEG3 promoted OS cells growth and metastasis in vitro through sponging miR‐127. This study provides the evidence that MEG3 may be a potential therapeutic target for OS.
Aspirin for primary stroke prevention in elderly patients with vascular risk factors
Authors: Uchiyama Shinichiro
Published: June 2017

The effect of aspirin in primary stroke prevention is controversial in Western population, and no evidence is available in Asian population. We performed stroke subanalysis of the Japanese Primary Prevention Project (JPPP), which was a randomized controlled trial of aspirin vs no aspirin for primary prevention of vascular events in 14 464 patients aged over 60 years with hypertension, diabetes, and/or dyslipidemia. We evaluated the effects of aspirin on the risk of stroke and intracranial hemorrhage. Aspirin did not show any net benefit for primary stroke prevention during median follow‐up for 5 years, because nonsignificant reduction in ischemic stroke was offset by nonsignificant increase in hemorrhagic stroke. Aspirin is not recommended for primary stroke prevention in elderly Japanese patients with vascular risk factors in general. Asymptomatic large artery atherosclerosis appears to be a new target for primary prevention of stroke.
Behavioral change of pharmacists by online evidence‐based medicine‐style education programs
Authors: Aoshima Syuichi , Kuwabara Hidenori , Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: June 2017

Background

Although e‐learning evidence‐based medicine (EBM) courses have proven useful in improving the knowledge and skills of residents, it was still unclear for pharmacists in non‐English‐speaking countries. Thus, we investigated the behavioral change of Japanese pharmacists who participated in an EBM‐style e‐learning educational program available online.

Methods

This EBM‐style e‐learning program, the Japanese Journal Club for Clinical Pharmacists, was operated by three pharmacists through Skype. It comprised an online questionnaire administered to the program viewers. Two frequencies, the opportunity to be aware of EBM practices and that of reading an article, were compared before and after viewing the broadcast. Frequencies were classified into five categories: “almost every day,” “1–2 times a week,” “1–2 times a month,” “1–2 times a year,” and “not at all.” The changes before and after viewing the broadcast were evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

The announcement of the questionnaire survey on the web was conducted during the journal club on August 24 and September 7, 2014. The maximum number of simultaneous audiences at the time was 113 persons. Among them, we analyzed data from 36 people who answered the questionnaire. Among these, “1–2 times a week” and “almost every day” were increased, whereas “not at all” was greatly reduced. Indeed, a significant difference was observed in overall change of each frequency before and after viewing the broadcast (P<.001).

Conclusion

EBM‐style learning programs may play an important role in the postgraduate clinical education of pharmacists.
Global dynamics of a Vector‐Borne disease model with two delays and nonlinear transmission rate
Authors: Tian Dan , Song Haitao
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we investigate a Vector‐Borne disease model with nonlinear incidence rate and 2 delays: One is the incubation period in the vectors and the other is the incubation period in the host. Under the biologically motivated assumptions, we show that the global dynamics are completely determined by the basic reproduction number R0. The disease‐free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if R0≤1; when R0>1, the system is uniformly persistent, and there exists a unique endemic equilibrium that is globally asymptotically. Numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate the theoretical results.
On the hidden maxwell superalgebra underlying supergravity
Authors: Peñafiel D. M. , Ravera L.
Published: June 2017

In this work, we expand the hidden ‐Lorentz superalgebra underlying supergravity, reaching a (hidden) Maxwell superalgebra. The latter can be viewed as an extension involving cosmological constant of the superalgebra underlying supergravity in flat spacetime. We write the Maurer‐Cartan equations in this context and we find some interesting extensions of the antisymmetric 3‐form A(3) appearing in the Free Differential Algebra in Minkowski space. The structure of Free Differential Algebras is obtained by considering the zero curvature equations. We write the parametrization of A(3) in terms of 1‐forms and we rend the topological features of its extensions manifest. We interestingly find out that the structure of these extensions, and consequently the structure of the corresponding boundary contribution , strongly depends on the form of the extra fermionic generator appearing in the hidden Maxwell superalgebra. The model we develop in this work is defined in an enlarged superspace with respect to the ordinary one, and the extra bosonic and fermionic 1‐forms required for the closure of the hidden Maxwell superalgebra must be considered as physical fields in this enlarged superspace.
An evaluation of gravity waves and gravity wave sources in the Southern Hemisphere in a 7 km global climate simulation
Authors: Holt L. A. , Alexander M. J. , Coy L. , Liu C. , Molod A. , Putman W. , Pawson S.
Published: June 2017

In this study, gravity waves (GWs) in the high‐resolution GEOS‐5 Nature Run are first evaluated with respect to satellite and other model results. Southern Hemisphere winter sources of non‐orographic GWs in the model are then investigated by linking measures of tropospheric non‐orographic gravity wave generation tied to precipitation and frontogenesis with absolute gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere. Finally, non‐orographic GW momentum flux is compared to orographic gravity wave momentum flux and compared to previous estimates. The results show that the global patterns in GW amplitude, horizontal wavelength, and propagation direction are realistic compared to observations. However, as in other global models, the amplitudes are weaker and horizontal wavelengths longer than observed. The global patterns in absolute GW momentum flux also agree well with previous model and observational estimates. The evaluation of model non‐orographic GW sources in the Southern Hemisphere winter shows that strong intermittent precipitation (greater than 10 mm h−1) is associated with GW momentum flux over the South Pacific, whereas frontogenesis and less intermittent, lower precipitation rates (less than 10 mm h−1) are associated with GW momentum flux near 60°S. In the model, orographic GWs contribute almost exclusively to a peak in zonal mean momentum flux between 70 and 75°S, while non‐orographic waves dominate at 60°S, and non‐orographic GWs contribute a third to a peak in zonal mean momentum flux between 25 and 30°S.
How Do Social Media Affect Analyst Stock Recommendations? Evidence from S&P 500 Electric Power Companies' Twitter Accounts
Authors: Kim Eun‐Hee , Youm Yoo Na
Published: June 2017

Research summary: The importance of firm‐stakeholder relationships is gaining increasing attention. Although a theory of the drivers and consequences of stakeholder pressure has been developing, it focuses on pressures from organized stakeholders such as shareholders, NGOs, and activists, and does not incorporate the emerging possibility that individual voices may matter. By exploring corporate Twitter, which facilitates movement of individual stakeholders such as customers to a higher stakeholder class by providing them with a greater sense of power and urgency, we study the circumstances under which customer voices significantly affect analyst stock recommendations. We find that favorable reactions to firm‐initiated messages matter, directly or indirectly, depending on the messages' growth implications. Customer‐initiated negative messages have a significant impact only with high volume and formal institutions that support customer opinions.

Managerial summary: Social media is increasingly used by firms for disclosing information and engaging stakeholders. Yet, we know little about whether and how social media usage matters. We show how corporate Twitter usage may influence analyst stock recommendations. Our interviews of securities analysts suggest that social media is not institutionalized yet, but increasingly used as a source of channel checks, especially for vibes, validations, and so on. Our analyses of corporate Twitter accounts show that both firm‐initiated and customer‐initiated tweets can have significant impact on analyst recommendations under certain conditions. For firm‐initiated tweets, the extent of retweets is an important factor, along with the content of tweets, in particular, growth implications. For customer‐initiated tweets, negative tweets matter, but only with high volume and regulatory structure that supports customer protection. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of okara dietary fiber on the properties of starch‐based films
Authors: Fu Zong‐qiang , Wu Min , Han Xiao‐yu , Xu Lei
Published: June 2017

This study highlights the potential of okara dietary fiber as reinforcing filler in starch‐based films. Starch‐based films were prepared from corn starch by incorporating 0–15% w/w okara dietary fiber and using glycerol as plasticizer. The rheological properties of film‐forming dispersions were studied. The morphology, thickness, water vapor permeability, opacity, and tensile properties of these films were also investigated. The apparent viscosity of the film‐forming dispersions decreased with increase in okara dietary fiber content. Rough, thick, and opaque films were obtained from the starch‐based films reinforced by okara dietary fiber. The water vapor permeability of starch‐based films was not affected by incorporating 5% w/w fiber and increased with loading 10–15% w/w fiber when compared to the control starch film. The formulation presenting the best mechanical properties contained 10% w/w okara dietary fiber and had a maximal tensile strength of 3.13 MPa.
ELIMINATING DISJUNCTIONS BY DISJUNCTION ELIMINATION
Authors: RINALDI DAVIDE , SCHUSTER PETER , WESSEL DANIEL
Published: June 2017

Completeness and other forms of Zorn’s Lemma are sometimes invoked for semantic proofs of conservation in relatively elementary mathematical contexts in which the corresponding syntactical conservation would suffice. We now show how a fairly general syntactical conservation theorem that covers plenty of the semantic approaches follows from an utmost versatile criterion for conservation given by Scott in 1974.

To this end we work with multi-conclusion entailment relations as extending single-conclusion entailment relations. In a nutshell, the additional axioms with disjunctions in positive position can be eliminated by reducing them to the corresponding disjunction elimination rules, which in turn prove admissible in all known mathematical instances. In deduction terms this means to fold up branchings of proof trees by way of properties of the relevant mathematical structures.

Applications include the syntactical counterparts of the theorems or lemmas known under the names of Artin–Schreier, Krull–Lindenbaum, and Szpilrajn. Related work has been done before on individual instances, e.g., in locale theory, dynamical algebra, formal topology and proof analysis.
A biomarker record of temperature and phytoplankton community structure in the Okinawa Trough since the last glacial maximum
Authors: Ruan Jiaping , Xu Yunping , Ding Su , Wang Yinghui , Zhang Xinyu
Published: June 2017

A variety of biomarkers were examined from Ocean Drilling Program Core 1202B to reconstruct temperature and phytoplankton community structures in the southern Okinawa Trough since 20 ka. Two molecular temperature proxies ($${\rm U}_{{37}}^{{{\rm K}\prime}} $$and TEX86) show 5°C to ~6°C warming during the glacial-interglacial transition. Prior to the Holocene, the$${\rm U}_{{37}}^{{{\rm K}\prime}} $$-derived temperature was generally 1°C to 4°C higher than TEX86-derived temperature. This difference, however, was reduced to <1°C in the Holocene. Correspondingly, the phytoplankton biomarkers (e.g., C37:2alkenone, brassicasterol, C301,15 diol, and dinosterol) indicate a shift of planktonic community structures, with coccolithophorids becoming more abundant in the Holocene at the expense of diatoms/dinoflagellates. This shift is related to the variability of nutrients, temperature, and salinity in the Okinawa Trough, likely controlled by the sea level and the intensity of the Kuroshio Current. The phytoplankton community change may have had profound implications for atmospheric CO2fluctuations during glacial-interglacial cycles since diatoms and dinoflagellates have a higher efficiency of the biological pump than coccolithophorids.
MUSICAL FRAGILITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Authors: Epstein Nomi
Published: June 2017

While fragility is typically defined as ‘the quality of being easily broken or damaged’, within a musical framework the term can be understood through a myriad of causal lenses. One must consider what can be ‘broken’ or damaged’ in a musical context, and secondly how this sense of impairment might present itself. This article offers an extensive categorisation of musical fragility, and a characterisation of it in its numerous forms across the works of a broad range of composers. Through classification, a distinction between local and large-scale fragility emerges. A typology of fragilities makes it possible both to identify them in works that might not necessarily be considered fragile and to identify works that use combinations of fragility types. This classification involves ten types, with compositions from new and experimental acoustic music offered as examples.
Tracing Trajectories of Young Learners: Ten Years of School English Learning
Authors: Muñoz Carmen
Published: June 2017

An early start of foreign language (FL) teaching has been encouraged on the basis that the main gains in this period lie in the development of positive attitudes and motivation. But the view that those positive effects will remain unchanged over learners’ language-learning trajectories is at odds with the currently prevailing notion that motivation is a complex and evolutionary process that fluctuates over time. In fact, research has shown that the positive attitudes attested in the first years of primary school wane after a while. But we still know very little about young learners’ motivational development, and longitudinal studies are very scarce. This 10-year longitudinal study looked at the trajectories of a group of young learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) from age 6 to age 16 using a mixed-methods design. It examined their outcomes in relation to their language-learning aptitude and motivation, and it observed the ways in which their levels of motivation rise and fall over time. The triangulation of data from different sources, and principally from yearly individual interviews, provided us with insights to better understand the role played by internal and external factors in those trajectories and some of the challenges for FL teaching to young learners.
In-motion Alignment Algorithm for Vehicle Carried SINS Based on Odometer Aiding
Authors: Xue Haijian , Guo Xiaosong , Zhou Zhaofa , Wang Kunming
Published: June 2017

In-motion alignment plays an important role in improving the manoeuvring capability of a vehicle, and allows the initialisation of a Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) while moving. Odometer (OD) aided in-motion alignment is widely adopted owing to its fully self-contained characteristic. This paper proposes a complete in-motion alignment algorithm for a vehicle-carried SINS based on odometer aiding, in which an in-motion coarse alignment method using the integration form of the velocity update equation in the body frame to give a rough initial angle is introduced and a new measurement equation in the body frame with a Kalman filter (KF) for the in-motion fine alignment is established. The advantages of the proposed method are verified by simulation and measured data.
LOAN PRODUCTION AND MONETARY POLICY
Authors: Casares Miguel , Deidda Luca , Galdon-Sanchez Jose E.
Published: June 2017

We examine optimal monetary policy in a New Keynesian model with unemployment and financial frictions where banks produce loans using equity as collateral. Firms and households demand loans to finance externally a fraction of their flows of expenditures. Our findings show amplifying business-cycle effects of a more rigid loan production technology. In the monetary policy analysis, the optimal rule clearly outperforms a Taylor-type rule. The optimized interest-rate response to the external finance premium turns significantly negative when either banking rigidities are high or when financial shocks are the only source of business cycle fluctuations.
UI ELIGIBILITY RULE, MORAL HAZARD, AND OPTIMAL UNEMPLOYMENT TRANSFER SCHEME
Authors: Zhang Min , Pan Jia
Published: June 2017

This paper derives the optimal unemployment insurance (UI) transfer scheme, UI benefits, and UI contribution fees: When a worker has to earn his or her UI eligibility through work, the UI benefits do not last forever, and the UI agency has imperfect monitoring power on the strategic behavior of the worker. We show that the consideration of the UI eligibility rule generates the effective entitlement effect, which serves as an additional incentive device and alters the nature of the optimal UI transfer scheme established in literature. In contrast with previous studies, we find that when the effective entitlement effect is large, it completely removes the moral hazards in job searches, job acceptances, and job quits. As a result, the optimal UI benefits and contribution fees become constant. Calibrated to the data in the United States, the model reproduces some key features of the existing UI system.
Double burden of underweight and overweight among Bangladeshi adults differs between men and women: evidence from a nationally representative survey
Authors: Hoque Mohammad E , Hasan Md T , Rahman Muntasirur , Long Kurt Z , Al Mamun Abdullah
Published: June 2017

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of underweight and overweight among Bangladeshi adults and to determine if the double burden of underweight and overweight differs by gender and other socio-economic characteristics of individuals.

Design

We used data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Multinominal logistic regression was used to examine associations between the different nutritional statuses of individuals and related determinants. Interaction effect was checked between gender and various socio-economic factors.

Setting

Nationwide, covering the whole of Bangladesh.

Subjects

Individuals aged >18 years (women, n 16 052; men, n 5090).

Results

Underweight was observed among 28·3 % of men and 24·4 % of women, whereas overweight was observed among 8·4 % of men and 16·9 % of women. The odds of being overweight were significantly lower among urban men (OR=0·46; 95 % CI 0·37, 0·57) compared with urban women, whereas the odds of being underweight were significantly higher among urban men (OR=1·33; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·64) compared with urban women. The odds of being overweight were lower among higher educated men (OR=0·48; 95 % CI 0·39, 0·58) and men of rich households (OR=0·45; 95 % CI 0·37, 0·54) compared with higher educated women and women of rich households, respectively.

Conclusions

There are important gender differences in the prevalence of underweight and overweight among the adult population in Bangladesh. Women with higher education, in rich and urban households have higher chances of being overweight and lower chances of being underweight compared with their male counterparts.
The meaning and experience of bereavement support: A qualitative interview study of bereaved family caregivers
Authors: Kirby Emma , Kenny Katherine , Broom Alex , MacArtney John , Good Phillip
Published: June 2017

Objective:

Experiences of bereavement can be stressful and are frequently complicated by emotional, familial, and financial issues. Some—though not all—caregivers may benefit from bereavement support. While considered standard within palliative care services in Australia, bereavement support is not widely utilized by family caregivers. There is little research focused on the forms of bereavement support desired or required by family caregivers, how such care is viewed, and/or how bereavement support is experienced. This study examined the experiences of bereaved family caregivers and their impressions of and interactions with bereavement support.

Method:

This paper reports on one aspect of a broader study designed to explore a range of experiences of patients and caregivers to and through palliative care. Focusing on experiences of bereavement, it draws on qualitative semistructured interviews with 15 family caregivers of palliative care patients within a specialist palliative care unit of an Australian metropolitan hospital. The interviews for this stage of the study were initiated 3–9 months after an initial interview with a family caregiver, during which time the palliative patient had died, and they covered family caregivers' experiences of bereavement and bereavement support. Interviews were digitally audiotaped and transcribed in full. A thematic analysis was conducted utilizing the framework approach wherein interview transcripts were reviewed, key themes identified, and explanations developed.

Results:

The research identified four prevalent themes: (1) sociocultural constructions of bereavement support as for the incapable or socially isolated; (2) perceptions of bereavement support services as narrow in scope; (3) the “personal” character of bereavement and subsequent incompatibility with formalized support, and (4) issues around the timing and style of approaches to being offered support.

Significance of results:

Systematic pre-bereavement planning and careful communication about the services offered by palliative care bereavement support centers may improve receipt of support among bereaved family caregivers in need.
Making paradoxes invisible: international law as an autopoietic system
Authors: Kang Kenneth
Published: June 2017

When a state claims its practices are lawful but at the same time another claims this unlawful, a paradox emerges. Legal indeterminacy becomes the ordinary rule, while the resolution of disputes is designated the exception. To illustrate how international law deals with paradoxes, this paper will employ the dichotomy of upstream–downstream trans-boundary interstate relations. Here the paradox arises, since upstream states traditionally advocate for the free utilisation of water within their territory, while downstream states instead advocate for the waters full continued flow. Although, from a logical perspective, such a paradox would typically be viewed as something negative, from a social perspective, paradoxes also draw attention to the frames of common sense. Indeed, by employing a Luhmannian-inspired theoretical framework, this paper proposes that, through a sociological understanding of paradoxes, one can more adequately rediscover and reconceptualise the manner in which international law institutionalises conflicting expectations into a more harmless, bounded and permitted contradiction.
Tracking Nitrogen in Arctic Plants
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

Prevailing nutrient uptake models do not fit Arctic plants. Scientists test a new option that overcomes older models’ shortcomings.
Somatic mutations in clonally expanded cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Savola P. , Kelkka T. , Rajala H. L. , Kuuliala A. , Kuuliala K. , Eldfors S. , Ellonen P. , Lagström S. , Lepistö M. , Hannunen T. , Andersson E. I. , Khajuria R. K. , Jaatinen T. , Koivuniemi R. , Repo H. , Saarela J. , Porkka K. , Leirisalo-Repo M. , Mustjoki S.
Published: June 2017

Somatic mutations contribute to tumorigenesis. Although these mutations occur in all proliferating cells, their accumulation under non-malignant conditions, such as in autoimmune disorders, has not been investigated. Here, we show that patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis have expanded CD8+ T-cell clones; in 20% (5/25) of patients CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, harbour somatic mutations. In healthy controls (n=20), only one mutation is identified in the CD8+ T-cell pool. Mutations exist exclusively in the expanded CD8+ effector-memory subset, persist during follow-up, and are predicted to change protein functions. Some of the mutated genes (SLAMF6, IRF1) have previously been associated with autoimmunity. RNA sequencing of mutation-harbouring cells shows signatures corresponding to cell proliferation. Our data provide evidence of accumulation of somatic mutations in expanded CD8+ T cells, which may have pathogenic significance for RA and other autoimmune diseases.
ITK signalling via the Ras/IRF4 pathway regulates the development and function of Tr1 cells
Authors: Huang Weishan , Solouki Sabrina , Koylass Nicholas , Zheng Song-Guo , August Avery
Published: June 2017

Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells differentiate in response to signals engaging the T cell receptor (TCR), express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, but not Foxp3, and can suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. Here we show that ITK, an important modulator of TCR signalling, is required for the TCR-induced development of Tr1 cells in various organs, and in the mucosal system during parasitic and viral infections. ITK kinase activity is required for mouse and human Tr1 cell differentiation. Tr1 cell development and suppressive function of Itk deficient cells can be restored by the expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Downstream of ITK, Ras activity is responsible for Tr1 cell induction, as expression of constitutively active HRas rescues IRF4 expression and Tr1 cell differentiation in Itk−/− cells. We conclude that TCR/ITK signalling through the Ras/IRF4 pathway is required for functional development of Tr1 cells.
Interaction of tankyrase and peroxiredoxin II is indispensable for the survival of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Kang Dong Hoon , Lee Doo Jae , Lee Sunmi , Lee So-Young , Jun Yukyung , Kim Yerin , Kim Youngeun , Lee Ju-Seog , Lee Dae-Kee , Lee Sanghyuk , Jho Eek-Hoon , Yu Dae-Yeul , Kang Sang Won
Published: June 2017

Mammalian 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx) enzymes are overexpressed in most cancer tissues, but their specific signaling role in cancer progression is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that Prx type II (PrxII) plays a tumor-promoting role in colorectal cancer by interacting with a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) tankyrase. PrxII deletion in mice with inactivating mutation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene reduces intestinal adenomatous polyposis via Axin/β-catenin axis and thereby promotes survival. In human colorectal cancer cells with APC mutations, PrxII depletion consistently reduces the β-catenin levels and the expression of β-catenin target genes. Essentially, PrxII depletion hampers the PARP-dependent Axin1 degradation through tankyrase inactivation. Direct binding of PrxII to tankyrase ARC4/5 domains seems to be crucial for protecting tankyrase from oxidative inactivation. Furthermore, a chemical compound targeting PrxII inhibits the expansion of APC-mutant colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo tumor xenografts. Collectively, this study reveals a redox mechanism for regulating tankyrase activity and implicates PrxII as a targetable antioxidant enzyme in APC-mutation-positive colorectal cancer.
fMRI Repetition Suppression During Generalized Social Categorization
Authors: Lau Tatiana , Cikara Mina
Published: June 2017

Correctly identifying friends and foes is integral to successful group living. Here, we use repetition suppression to examine the neural circuitry underlying generalized group categorization—the process of categorizing in-group and out-group members across multiple social categories. Participants assigned to an arbitrary team (i.e., Eagles or Rattlers) underwent fMRI while categorizing political and arbitrary in-group and out-group members. We found that frontoparietal control network exhibited repetition suppression in response to “identical in-group” (Democrat-Democrat or Eagles-Eagles) and “different in-group” (Eagles-Democrat or Democrat-Eagles) trials relative to “out-group/in-group trials” (Republican-Democrat or Rattler-Eagles). Specifically, the repetition suppression contrast map included bilateral superior parietal lobule, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Participants who reported an increased tendency to join and value their social groups exhibited decreased repetition suppression in bilateral DLPFC. Comparison of our whole-brain repetition suppression map with an independently identified map of frontoparietal control network revealed 34.3% overlap. Social categorization requires recognizing both a target’s group membership but also the target’s orientation toward one’s self. Fittingly, we find that generalized social categorization engages a network that acts as a functional bridge between dorsal attentional (exogenously-oriented) and default mode (internally-oriented) networks.
Proximal GATA-binding sites are essential for human HSD3B1 gene transcription in the placenta
Authors: Lai Tsai-Chun , Li Hsiao-Fang , Li Yu-Shian , Hung Pei-Yu , Shyu Ming-Kwang , Hu Meng-Chun
Published: June 2017

The enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD) is involved in the synthesis of active steroid hormones. Two human 3β-HSD isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific pattern. HSD3B1 (type I) expression is essential to produce progesterone for pregnancy maintenance. To understand the mechanisms of human HSD3B1 activation in the placenta, 2.2 kb of 5′-flanking sequence and 5′-deletions were fused to the luciferase reporter gene and transfected into human JEG-3 cells. The proximal −238/+337 sequence had the highest promoter activity. Two GATA elements were identified at −106/−99 and −52/−45. Mutations of either sites greatly reduced promoter activity in JEG-3 cells, demonstrating the importance of GATA sites. EMSA revealed the specific binding of GATA2 and GATA3 to the GATA sequences at −106/−99 and −52/−45. ChIP assays demonstrated the association of GATA2 but not GATA3 with the GATA-binding regions of the HSD3B1 promoter in JEG-3 cells. GATA2 knockdown significantly reduced HSD3B1 expression in JEG-3 cells; however, GATA3 knockdown increased HSD3B1 expression. Western blot analysis revealed high levels of GATA2 but not GATA3 in human placental tissues. This study identified GATA motifs as essential control elements for HSD3B1 transcription and GATA2 as a novel transcriptional regulator of HSD3B1 expression in the human placenta.
Moving and unsinkable graphene sheets immobilized enzyme for microfluidic biocatalysis
Authors: Gong An , Zhu Chang-Tong , Xu Yan , Wang Fang-Qin , Tsabing D’assise Kinfack , Wu Fu-An , Wang Jun
Published: June 2017

Enzymatic catalysis in microreactors has attracted growing scientific interest because of high specific surface enabling heat and mass transfer and easier control of reaction parameters in microreactors. However, two major challenges that limit their application are fast inactivation and the inability to the biocatalysts in microchannel reactors. A fluid and unsinkable immobilized enzyme were firstly applied in a microchannel reactor for biocatalysis in this study. Functionalized forms of graphene-immobilized naringinase flowing in microchannels have yielded excellent results for isoquercitrin production. A maximum yield of 92.24 ± 3.26% was obtained after 20 min in a microchannel reactor. Ten cycles of enzymatic hydrolysis reaction were successively completed and an enzyme activity above 85.51 ± 2.76% was maintained. The kinetic parameter Vm/Km increased to 1.9-fold and reaction time was decreased to 1/3 compared with that in a batch reactor. These results indicated that the moving and unsinkable graphene sheets immobilized enzyme with a high persistent specificity and a mild catalytic characteristic enabled the repetitive use of enzyme and significant cost saving for the application of enzyme catalysis. Thus, the developed method has provided an efficient and simple approach for the productive and repeatable microfluidic biocatalysis.
Galactosylsphingamides: new α-GalCer analogues to probe the F’-pocket of CD1d
Authors: Guillaume Joren , Wang Jing , Janssens Jonas , Remesh Soumya G. , Risseeuw Martijn D. P. , Decruy Tine , Froeyen Mathy , Elewaut Dirk , Zajonc Dirk M. , Calenbergh Serge Van
Published: June 2017

Invariant Natural Killer T-cells (iNKT-cells) are an attractive target for immune response modulation, as upon CD1d-mediated stimulation with KRN7000, a synthetic α-galactosylceramide, they produce a vast amount of cytokines. Here we present a synthesis that allows swift modification of the phytosphingosine side chain by amidation of an advanced methyl ester precursor. The resulting KRN7000 derivatives, termed α-galactosylsphingamides, were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate iNKT-cells. While introduction of the amide-motif in the phytosphingosine chain is tolerated for CD1d binding and TCR recognition, the studied α-galactosylsphingamides showed compromised antigenic properties.
Synergistic effect of human Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on chronic wounds through hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α induction
Authors: François Sabine , Eder Véronique , Belmokhtar Karim , Machet Marie-Christine , Douay Luc , Gorin Norbert-Claude , Benderitter Marc , Chapel Alain
Published: June 2017

Chronic skin ulcers and burns require advanced treatments. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are effective in treating these pathologies. Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 (BMP-2) is known to enhance angiogenesis. We investigated whether recombinant human hBMP-2 potentiates the effect of MSCs on wound healing. Severe ulceration was induced in rats by irradiation and treated by co-infusion of MSCs with hBMP-2 into the ulcerated area which accelerated wound healing. Potentiation of the effect of MSCs by hBMP-2 on endothelial repair improved skin healing. HBMP-2 and MSCs synergistically, in a supra additive or enhanced manner, renewed tissue structures, resulting in normalization of the epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, collagen fibre density, and blood vessels. Co-localization of MSCs with CD31 + cells suggests recruitment of endothelial cells at the site of injection. HBMP-2 and MSCs enhanced angiogenesis and induced micro-vessel formation in the dermis where hair follicles were regenerated. HBMP-2 acts by causing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) expression which impacts endothelial tube formation and skin repair. This effect is abolished by siRNA. These results propose that new strategies adding cytokines to MSCs should be evaluated for treating radiation-induced dermatitis, burns, and chronic ulcers in humans.
Inter-Model Warming Projection Spread: Inherited Traits from Control Climate Diversity
Authors: Hu Xiaoming , Taylor Patrick C. , Cai Ming , Yang Song , Deng Yi , Sejas Sergio
Published: June 2017

Since Chaney’s report, the range of global warming projections in response to a doubling of CO2—from 1.5 °C to 4.5 °C or greater —remains largely unscathed by the onslaught of new scientific insights. Conventional thinking regards inter-model differences in climate feedbacks as the sole cause of the warming projection spread (WPS). Our findings shed new light on this issue indicating that climate feedbacks inherit diversity from the model control climate, besides the models’ intrinsic climate feedback diversity that is independent of the control climate state. Regulated by the control climate ice coverage, models with greater (lesser) ice coverage generally possess a colder (warmer) and drier (moister) climate, exhibit a stronger (weaker) ice-albedo feedback, and experience greater (weaker) warming. The water vapor feedback also inherits diversity from the control climate but in an opposite way: a colder (warmer) climate generally possesses a weaker (stronger) water vapor feedback, yielding a weaker (stronger) warming. These inherited traits influence the warming response in opposing manners, resulting in a weaker correlation between the WPS and control climate diversity. Our study indicates that a better understanding of the diversity amongst climate model mean states may help to narrow down the range of global warming projections.