bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanoparticles
Authors: Okoye Uchenna Christian , Arhewoh Matthew Ikhuoria , Okhamafe Augustine Ohisamaiye
Published: December 2022

There is a growing interest among researchers in the field of nanotechnology. This is because of its diverse applications especially in medicine. Materials at the nanoscale exhibit different and improved physical, chemical, and biological properties from the bulk material. This is because of the increased surface area of the material at the nanoscale which is made available for interaction. Nanoparticles are particles in the nanometer range usually between 1 nm and 1,000 nm. In this review, we explained the different methods of synthesizing nanoparticles. Emphasis was placed on green synthesis because of its advantages over other methods such as affordability, accessibility and environment friendly. The applications of nanoparticles were discussed. Nanoparticles could serve as potential drug delivery systems that could be used to improve efficacy and minimize adverse effects of drugs.
Nanocarriers and their Types for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Shaik Nazma. , Y Prasanth.
Published: December 2022

Nanocarriers are relatively new but rapidly developing nowadays for targeted delivery of drugs at the infected site without infecting the normal cells thereby reducing the dose frequency and side effects. Different types of nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles delivery the drug in a controllable manner. Inorganic nanoparticles like gold and silver nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles are used as diagnostic tools for the detection of disease and drug delivery. Detailed knowledge on disease pathophysiology is essential for selecting and designing a suitable carrier system that can deliver therapeutic doses of medicine to the target tissue and cure the disease. Site specificity is the major therapeutic benefit since it prevents drugs from being delivered to the wrong places. Nanocarriers show promise for use in chemotherapy because they can help decrease the adverse, broader scale toxicity of chemotherapy on healthy, fast-growing cells around the body. The present review mainly focuses on the types and significance of nanocarriers that deliver the drug to their target tissue for controlled drug delivery.
RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Gilteritinib in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Kharat Pratiksha Arun , Thakur Pankaj P. , Munipalli Vijay Kumar , Singh Raman Mohan , Fegade Bharti , Bhaskar Vaidhun
Published: December 2022

The development of pharmaceutical products brought a revolution in human health, but controlling the concentration of drugs in these products is essential to patient’s safety. In this study, a simple, sensitive and specific HPLC method is developed and validated to quantitatively estimate Gilteritinib in pharmaceuticals dosage form. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Hemochrom Intsil C18 Column (250 x 4.6 mm; 5µm) via isocratic elution with mobile phase consisting of 25mm Sodium Perchlorate (pH = 2.0 adjusted with Orthophosphoric acid): acetonitrile (65:35) with a flow rate of 1mL/min. The detection was achieved with UV/Vis detector with a detection wavelength of 310 nm. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and limit of quantification tests. Gilteritinib can be successfully separated with good linearity (the regression equation is y=41928x + 108090, R2 = 0.9998 and perfect recovery with the results of accuracy were in the range 98-102%.
Effect of Value Addition and Product Diversification on Herbal Product Promotion
Authors: Bandhakavi Sailaja , Umamaheswari Vunta , Palla Geethika , Tenepalli Sneha
Published: December 2022

This review is about how value addition and product diversification influence herbal product promotion. Medicinal plant products are widely used in treating and preventing various diseases in developing countries. The various value-added herbal products available in the market include dried plant parts, dried powders, concentrated extracts, isolated phytochemicals, herbal medicinal formulations, herbal cosmetics, nutraceuticals, insecticide and biopesticide preparations. Value addition is adding extra features to a product in terms of improved shelf life, efficacy and product acceptance. When herbal product raw materials are processed properly as per WHO guidelines, the herbal product quality and shelf life will be improved. Product diversification is the practice of expanding the sales of an existing product by applying new technology to the product. For product diversification, the best example is herbal shampoo, which is available in different forms such as dry powder, liquid, gel, emulsion with added benefits like antidandruff, hair growth promoting qualities, prepared in different colors using variety of fragrances to meet consumer requirements. Another example is Aloe vera, which is used as a medicine in Ayurveda, also sold as a nutraceutical and used in many cosmetic preparations. Many traditional herbal products are now available in the market as nano formulations with improved effects. Product diversification leads to variety of options for product buyers and also boosts company’s brand image and yields good profits. Value addition and product diversification of an herbal product aid in consumer acceptance and also facilitates the company to face the global marketing challenges.
Post Covid 19 Care: Tests and Scans might be Worth Taking Right Now
Authors: Divya Pabbathi Sai , Shravani Keshineni , Priya Dr.Pittu Vishnu , Jayasree P. , Gupta AVSSS
Published: December 2022

The COVID 19 virus can leave long-lasting, lingering side effects even after the viral load has depleted. Most of the people they get better within few weeks. But in some people, especially those who got critically ill, needed to stay in the ICU, be put on a ventilator, or have other types of breathing support, in them the virus can impact many vital organs of the body, either directly or sometimes very badly hamper immune response. So, special precautions, some tests and scans might be worth taking it. Our study adds some novelty about the identification of effective biomarkers of progressive disease, and which might be helpful for diagnosis, prevention of complications, and effective therapy.
RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Kandiboti Lavanya , Maheswari M Tulasi , Sunitha P
Published: December 2022

A simple, precise, accurate RP-HPLC method with PDA detector has been developed and subsequently validated for the simultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. The estimation was carried out on Hyperclone C18 (250mm x 4.6mm i.d; particle size 5µm) column with a mixture of potassium di hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH-2.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) and methanol in the ratio of 35:65 v/v as mobile phase at flow rate 1ml/min with UV detection performed at 254 nm. The retention times of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir were 2.580 min & 3.711 min respectively. The concentration range was found to be linear 30-70 µg/ml for Emtricitabine and 45-105 µg/ml for Tenofovir. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999 for both the drugs. The limit of detection was found to be 2.92 and 3.05 and the limit of quantification was found to be 3.05µg/ml and 10.07µg/ml for Emtricitabine and Tenofovir. The %RSD values were less than 2 for both the drugs. The assay of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir was found to be 99.77% and 100.12% respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD, LOQ as per ICH guidelines. The developed method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of commercial available dosage form.
Quality Assurance: Importance of Systems and Standard Operating Procedures
Authors: Satpal Mr. , Tiwari Dr Himani , Sharma Dr Gaurav Kumar , Chandrul Dr Kaushal Kishore
Published: December 2022

It is necessary for sponsors of clinical trials and contract analysis organizations alike to ascertain, manage and monitor their internal control and quality assurance systems and their integral normal operative procedures and alternative quality documents to produce high-quality merchandise and services to completely satisfy client wants and expectations. Internal control and quality assurance systems along represent the key quality systems. Internal control and quality assurance square measure elements of quality management. Internal control is concentrated on fulfilling quality necessities, whereas quality assurance is concentrated on providing confidence that quality necessity square measure consummated. The standard systems should be commensurate with the corporate business objectives and business model. Prime management commitment and its active involvement square measure crucial so as to make sure in the slightest degree times the adequacy, suitableness, effectiveness and potency of the standard systems. Effective and economical quality systems will promote timely registration of medicine by eliminating waste and therefore they would like for makeover with overall monetary and social advantages to the corporate.
In vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Ex Vivo Anti-Arthritic Activity of Operculina turpethum
Authors: H Apeksha Rao , Oraganti Meghna , Singh Kavitha G. , D’souza Myrene R.
Published: December 2022

Operculina turpethum (OT) has long since been used in Ayurveda to treat inflammatory conditions. In this investigation, we aimed to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of the plant. Phytochemical analysis of whole plant methanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids; with higher amounts in methanolic extracts. We also quantified phenols and flavonoids in ethanolic, methanolic, and butanolic extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured in vitro by the protein denaturation inhibition assay and the hRBC membrane stabilization method. The IC50 values were found to be 380.55 µg/mL and 878.608 µg/mL respectively, with aspirin as the standard drug. Anti-arthritic activity was measured ex vivo using collagen denaturation inhibition assay. Whole plant methanolic extracts were found to inhibit heat-induced collagen denaturation maximally at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. 82.176 % protection was achieved, and the IC50 value was found to be 341.094 µg/mL. These results suggest that OT possesses significant antiinflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. However, further studies are warranted to evaluate the potential of OT as an anti-arthritic drug.
Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Herbal Vanishing Cream
Authors: Khatal Shivani Dattatray , Salunkhe A. K.
Published: December 2022

People were obsessed with looking attractive. Therefore, a variety of beauty products has been used to look attractive and youthful. In cosmetics, the usage of herbal compounds is widespread. The market for herbal cosmetics is expanding and is a gift from nature. Comparing herbal cosmetics to those made of chemicals, herbal cosmetics are safer to use because they are all-natural. The fact that herbal formulations are free of all dangerous synthetic ingredients that could otherwise be detrimental to the skin has always received significant attention. The aim of this study was to create and test an antibacterial herbal vanishing cream with natural components. By including the health advantages offered by carefully chosen various herbs in the formulation, problems including early ageing, radiation damage, loss of pigmentation, moisture, nourishment, and acne could be resolved. These created formulations were tested for pH, viscosity, spredability, dilution test, dye solubility test, and antibacterial activity. The optimized batch formulation (F4) was tested against S.aureus which is common associates of acne and cosmetic appliances. The results indicated that the optimized batch formulation (F4) displayed better antibacterial activity. Therefore, they could be tested further for their performance and quality control parameters.
Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Emulgel for Rheumatoid Arthiritis
Authors: Desai Sapna , Desai Ankita , Rahevar Komal , Patel Divyang , Patel Rutvi , Patel Samiya , Patel Prachi
Published: December 2022

The polyherbal emulgel formulations were formulated to treat arthritis from hydroalcoholic extracts of four medicinal plants: Rubia cordifolia, Vitex negundo, Piper nigrum, and Myristica fragrans (RVMP). These herbs have been reported to have excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940, HPMC K100M and Sodium CMC were used as gelling agents along with herbal extracts. Formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, spreadability, viscosity, pH, extrudability and in vitro drug release. The results showed that the G6 formulation containing Carbopol 940 by weight exhibited better physicochemical properties and better drug release (91.85% at 8 hours) as compared to the other formulations. A polyherbal blend of RVMP hydroalcoholic extracts exhibited a 78.71% inhibition of protein denaturation at 100 µg/ml, indicating a good anti-arthritic candidate.
P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Review
Authors: Shaik Shamsunnisa , Pogiri Tarana , Kondrothu Prathyusha , Korimelli Sri Devi
Published: December 2022

Permeability glycoprotein (p-gp) is a very important protein of cytomembrane that pumps several drug substances out of the cell. This ATP-dependent efflux pump with broad substrate specificity is responsible for the development of Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) in various types of cancers. The overexpression of this drug efflux transporter in the tumor cells is responsible for the reduced intracellular concentration of chemotherapeutic agents which fails cancer chemotherapy. P-gp inhibitors, also known as chemosensitizers are the drugs that make the tumor cell more sensitive to the effect of chemotherapy by inhibiting the function of p-gp which is overexpressed on the tumor cell. The present review gives an overview of the structure and function of p-gp. This review provides up-to-date information regarding the various types of natural, synthetic, and polymeric inhibitors of p-gp. Since there is no clinically approved p-gp inhibitor for the reversal of cancer MDR, this review provides the current status of the clinical trials of some major synthetic p-gp inhibitors. This review aimed to stress the discovery and development of novel, inert, non-toxic, more effective, and specific p-gp inhibitors and the use of natural compounds as an alternative to synthetic ones, as the former is associated with less toxicological effects.
Comparison of Conventional Hand Wash and Isopropyl Alcohol Hand Rub among Healthcare Workers and Doctors Working in Gastromedicine ICU: An Observational Study
Authors: Roshan Dr. Nikesh Kumar , Kumar Dr. Prakash , Vishwas Dr. Kirti
Published: December 2022

Nosocomial infection rate is often higher for intensive care unit (ICU) than other units of hospitals, and hands of health-care workers (HCWs) as well as on resident duty doctors play a major role in the transmission of the infections. Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of conventional hand wash with the Isopropyl alcohol Hand rub in reducing the transient bacterial flora on the hands of nurses and posted doctors in a Gastromedicine ICU. The 32 nurses and 14 resident duty doctors posted in our ICU during JanuaryMarch 2022 were included in this observational study. A total of 250 samples were collected for the residual bacterial flora on fingers using the impression method on MacConkey agar plates. The subjects then used Isopropyl alcohol hand rub or conventional hand wash and the residual bacterial flora was rechecked by testing the impression of fingers on MacConkey agar. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci, and streptococci formed the transient bacterial flora on the hands. Moderate to heavy bacterial density was seen in more than 94 % of the hands before washing or hand rub application. Conventional hand wash resulted in a drastic reduction in the transient bacterial flora on hands in 55 % of cases whereas Isopropyl alcohol hand rub achieved the effect in 97 % of the samples. Compared with conventional hand wash, Isopropyl alcohol hand rub is far more efficient in reducing transient bacterial flora on the hands of HCWs, and in resident duty doctors it is more convenient and timesaving. It is recommended as a hand hygiene practice in critical areas especially in the gastro medicine ICU because most of the patients are immunocompromised and it may act as a protective barrier.
Wound Healing Potential of Some Medicinal Plants
Authors: Saithi Chowdary , Pashikanti Girija
Published: December 2022

Wound healing is the process by which skin repairs itself. Wound healing can be divided into 4 phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. In humans, keratinocytes re-form a functional epidermis (re-epithelialization) as rapidly as possible, closing the wound and reestablishing tissue homeostasis. Dermal fibroblasts migrate into the wound bed and proliferate, creating granulation tissue rich in extracellular matrix proteins and supporting the growth of new blood vessels. Ultimately, this is remodelled over an extended period, returning the injured tissue to a state similar to that before injury. Dysregulation in any phase of the wound healing cascade delays healing and may result in various skin pathologies, including non-healing, hypertrophic scarring and chronic ulceration. Various plant products have been used in the treatment of wounds over the years. Recognizing the important role of traditional plants, we have undertaken an extensivesurvey of literature reporting the use of medicinal plants for wounds. We describe the activeingredients, bioactivities, clinical uses of 8 medicinal plant species. Several species including curcuma longa, honey, Terminalia chebula, Aloe vera, Centella asiatica, Arctium lappa, Commiphora myrrha, showing wound healing activities by their antiinflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
Assessment of Level of Serum Uric Acid and Oxidative Stress Along with HBA1C in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sonawane Pravinkumar L. , Datchanamurthi Sarguru , Jagtap Abhay P.
Published: December 2022

Type II diabetes formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a type of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin due to obesity, lack of exercise or genetically determined. HbA1c in diabetic patients provides valuable information about the changes occurring in the blood glucose level over last three months. Oxidative stress can be served as good marker of degree of diabetes in addition is HbA1c. SOD is considered as a first line defense against ROS, as it is present in almost all cells and it deals with the most hazardous radicals i.e. Superoxide (O2- ). The High level of uric acid or hyperuricemia makes oxidative stress by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which interferes the insulin signaling pathway, creates inflammatory state that reduced the insulin sensitivity, blood glucose uptake and metabolism, also reducing the insulin production from pancreatic islet cells. Keeping these facts in mind the present study was designed to assess the level of Uric acid and oxidative stress along with HbA1c in type II D.M.
Anticancer Activity of Quinoline Derivatives; An Overview
Authors: G Amrithanjali , Shaji Gisna , C.S Swathykrishna , R Dr. Arun Kumar
Published: December 2022

Quinoline, 1-aza naphthalene/benzo pyridine, is nitrogen containing heterocyclic nucleus which is one of the major building blocks of many synthetic drugs. Quinoline derivatives have attracted many scholars’ attention because of their wide range of pharmacological activities such as antimalarial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial etc. There are so many quinoline derivatives with anticancer activities were reported in various renowned journals. In this review, an attempt is made to compile the latest updates on anticancer activity of quinoline derivatives. Quinoline derivatives plays an important role in anticancer drug development through different mechanism of action like topoisomerase I and II inhibition, proteasome inhibition, antimitotic and tubulin polymerization inhibition etc.
Assessment of Efficacy and safety of Granisetron in Preventing Hypotension Following Spinal Anaesthesia in Patients Undergoing Elective Caesarean Section in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bihar
Authors: Prasad Dr Chandrashekhar , Dubey Dr Sweta , Kumar Dr Mukesh , Kumari Dr Supriya , Kumar Dr Hirday
Published: December 2022

Background: Subarachnoid block (SAB) or spinal anaesthesia is the most commonly used anaesthesia technique for conducting caesarean section. Although subarachnoid block is considered safe, it is associated with high risk of hypotension specially in elective caesarean section. The selective 5-hydroxytrptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptors are also present peripherally in the form of cardiac chemoreceptors on sensory component of vagal nerve endings and also in the wall of right and left ventricles. So, action of serotonin on these 5-HT3 receptors results in decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Aim/Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous granisetron in prevention of hypotension and bradycardia following spinal anaesthesia in parturients undergoing lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). Materials and method: Parturients were randomized into two groups using a web generated random number. Granisetron group patients received IV Granisetron 1mg and Saline group patients received IV 5ml of 0.9% normal saline. Both the groups received the allocated drug solution intravenously 10 minutes before administration of SAB. A fall in the systolic blood pressure below 100mmHg or a fall in mean arterial blood pressure of more than 20% from baseline was considered as hypotension and managed with 6mg bolus of intravenous mephenteramine. Results: More events of hypotension were observed in saline group (74%) than granisetron group (34%) with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Mephentermine was used more frequently than in saline group as compared to granisetron group. Atropine was not required in either patient. No significant difference between two groups was recorded with respect to height of sensory block (p>005). Similarly, both groups were comparable with respect to duration of surgery, intra-operative and post-operative complications. Conclusion: Our study results showed that granisetron is effective in decreasing incidence of hypotension in parturients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia in addition to its anti-emetic effect which is its main indication without any risk of significant intra-operative or post-operative negative outcomes.
Drug Utilization Pattern of Antihypertensive at a Secondary Health Care Hospital in Dharmapuri District, Tamilnadu
Authors: G Anandharaj , K L Senthil Kumar , K Sriram , V Shankar , R Sakthivel , P Supinraj , S Vijay
Published: December 2022

Background: Hypertension is the most common alterable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke and renal failure. Drug utilization study facilitate the rational use of drugs and provides an in sign into the use of drugs pattern, as such the present study. Was conducted to evaluate the prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs and to observe the disparity between the actual practices and recommended for pharmacological treatments of hypertension at a secondary care hospital. Methods: Retrospective study conducted over a period of six months. Case records of hypertension cases from January 2021 to July 2022 cases reported to the department of medicine. Results: Total 200 patients of hypertension cases included in this study, 53 % were male and 37 % were females with a large portion of hypertension patients 41% in the age group above 70 years. During study period, it was observed that hypertensive patients 62 (31%) more due to smoking. Diabetes mellitus 41 (21%) and angina 27 (14%) were the most common comorbidities in our hypertensive patients. Prevalence of dual drug combination was the highest 46% followed by monotherapy 34%. , most frequently prescribed drug class was calcium channel blockers for 30 (15 %) hypertensive patients prescribed class in monotherapy, in dual therapy, combinations of antihypertensive drugs were prescribed among which the combination of CCBs with ARBs was prescribed the most 14.5%, whereas prescription of combination of CCB, Beta blocker and Diuretics was prescribed the most 7.5% in triple drug therapy. Conclusion: This present study provides an overview on drug utilization of antihypertensive in one of the secondary care hospitals in tamilnadu. In this study, the majority of medications used as monotherapy are calcium channel blockers. The most often given medications for combination therapy include calcium channel blockers with beta blockers and diuretics with Angiotensin receptor blockers.
Nigella sativa – A Herbal Remedy for All Ailments Except Death
Authors: Banu Syeda Asra , Fathema Kaunain , Ayman Juveriya , Koneru Dr. Anupama
Published: December 2022

The seed of Nigella sativa or black seed or Nigella sativa L. is a member of buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It’s massively used for centuries all through different civilizations around the world to treat various ailments and disorders. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active constituent of the seed of Nigella sativa was so far demonstrated through numerous studies to be medicinally very effective against various illnesses including chronic illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular system (CVS) disorders, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, neurological disorders and nephrological diseases. Wide range of pharmacological activities like- antimicrobial, immunomodulation, wound healing, antifungal, antiviral and carminative property are shown by black seeds. This review aims to briefly emphasize some of the extensive pharmacological effects exerted by the black seeds.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activity of Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees
Authors: Senniyappan Venkatachalapathi , Subban Ravi , Kaveri Sundaram , Ramasamy Kumaresan
Published: December 2022

Strobilanthes ciliatus was used in the traditional medicine to treat central nervous system problems and cancer. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase in extracts and isolated compounds of S. ciliatus. Chemical investigation of S. ciliatus led to isolation of two compounds. The isolated compounds were characterized by spectral studies like (IR, UV-Vis, MS and NMR) as lupeol and stigmasterol. The extracts and isolated compound have been evaluated for AChE inhibitory activity by Ellman’s method and cytotoxicity on Hela and K562 cell lines by MTT method. The extracts and the isolated compounds showed moderate activities against acetylecholinesterase enzyme and HeLa and K562 cell lines.
Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Development and Validation of Atogepant and its Application in Dissolution Studies
Authors: Rizwana Iffath , Anam Syeda Urooba
Published: December 2022

A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for Simultaneous estimation of Atogepant bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of Atogepant was successfully achieve Dona: WATERS 150X4.6mm, 5µm, C18 or equivalent in an isocratic mode utilizing K2HPO4: Methanol (55:45) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and eluate was monitored at 272nm, with a retention time of 2.860 minutes for Atogepant respectively. The method was validated and their response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 50µg/ml to150 µg/ml for Atogepant. The values of the correlation coefficient were found to 1.000 for Atogepant respectively. The LOD and LOQ for Atogepant were found to be 0.050 and 0.165 respectively. This method was found to be good percentage recovery for Atogepant were found to be 100 respectively indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method shows good correlation between retention times of standard with the sample so, the method specifically determines the analyte in the sample without interference from excipients of tablet dosage forms. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines for Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, Specificity and Robustness.
Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety of Amisulpride and Aripiprazole in Patients of Schizophrenia in a Tertiary Care Centre of Eastern India
Authors: Jha Prakash , Kumar Deepak
Published: December 2022

Introduction: The key to evidence-based medicine is to identify similarities and differences between available drugs. There is difference among antipsychotic drugs with respect to frequency of common adverse effects clearly differ in propensity for causing common side-effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms and weight gain, but meta-analyses also suggest a hierarchical structure for efficacy. Based on results of meta-analysis, amisulpride and amisulpride were found to be most effective drugs among first line antipsychotics. Aims/ objective: To generate further evidence for decreasing controversies, we had planned this study to compare the efficacy and safety of amisulpride and aripiprazole in patients of schizophrenia. Materials and Method: Change in mean PANSS total score; change in mean PANSS positive, negative, and general subscale score; change in mean CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression–Severity of Illness scale) and change in mean GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) score from baseline to 1 year were compared between two groups. Patients were assessed for these outcome measures at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Categorical data were compared using fisher’s exact test and continuous data were compared using unpaired t test. P-value less than 0.05 was taken as measure of statistically significant difference. Results: Amisulpride was found superior to aripiprazole in pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia with regards to total PANSS score. There was significant improvement in positive and negative symptoms in both groups (p<0.0001). However, there was statistically significant better result in amisulpride groups with regard to PANSS positive subscale score (p<0.0001). The efficacy of amisulpride on improvement in negative symptoms was better than the improvement in positive symptoms. Conclusion: Amisulpride was found more efficacious than aripiprazole regarding improvement in positive and negative symptoms and total PANSS score. Both amisulpride and aripiprazole had no significant effect on weight gain and extrapyramidal symptoms. Increase in dose of amisulpride had also no significant effect on frequency of adverse events.
High Speed Counter-Current Chromatography: A Modern Tool for Selective and Greener Extraction of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Rhubarb
Authors: Sarma Madhushree Das
Published: December 2022

Plants are important source of structurally diverse compounds for drug development. But the amounts of these bioactive phytochemicals in herbal medicines are very low. So, effective and specific methods should be developed for the selective extraction, isolation and purification of those active constituents. Besides the conventional methods, such as maceration, percolation, reflux and solvent extraction, a variety of modern techniques are also available in literature which offer more rapid and selective extraction of a particular compound with lesser consumption of organic solvents. These include pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) etc. For purification and separation of important components from medicinal plants, several chromatographic and electrochemical processes are available. In recent years, high speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) has been a subject of increased attention for a green separation technique for selective natural products with high extraction yields. It involves the partition of a particular solute between two immiscible solvents. Some aspects of HSCCC in the field of isolation of bioactive molecules from plants are described in this mini review.
Liqui-Pellets: A Magnificent Solubility Improvement Approach
Authors: K Ganga Sravani. , Y Prasanth.
Published: December 2022

Inconsiderate of the decisive benefits that the liqui-solid automation provides, particularly to conflict poor bioavailability of waterinsoluble drugs (BCS class II drugs i.e., low solubility and high permeability). As there are a few evaluative limitations it is necessary to employ the technique of Liqui-pellets for class II drugs. Liqui-pellets are a new oral dosage form that increases the rate of drug release in the gastrointestinal tract, increasing the bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs. A product that combines the liquid-solid principle with pelletization technology is referred to as a "liquid pellet". This article mainly summarizes about in-depth information regarding the introduction, advantages, disadvantages, potential applications of liquid-pellets, material and methods i.e., extrusionspheronization, characterization of liquid-pellets. Finally, this article provides conclusion to overcome certain drawbacks there are poor compatibility, poor flow- ability, high lipid load factor inability and an in ability to produce a high dose dosage form of a tolerant size for consuming. These are the crucial difficulties which inhibits this automation form being materialistically attainable.
Pyrazole Scaffold: A Remarkable Tool in Drug Development
Authors: Das Reeja , V R Lakshmidevi , A Rohit Rajan , B Dr. Vinod
Published: December 2022

The main objective of this review is to overview the enormous pharmacological activities of pyrazole that has already secured an eccentric status in field of medicinal chemistry. The review highlighted recent developments of anticancer, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tubercular activities of some novel pyrazole derivatives. In this review we summarize the literature work reported by researchers on pyrazole for their innumerable pharmacological activities and to demonstrate that this class of compound can be targeted for the discovery of new drugs and can readily prepared owing to recent achievements in synthetic medicinal chemistry.
Intranasal Drug Conveyance Frameworks in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Authors: Gayathri. V Sai , K Srinivasa Reddy.
Published: December 2022

Osteoporosis is a disease common to postmenopausal women that leads to an increased risk of fractures, pain, and fewer quality of life. One bone for every three seconds will break due to osteoporosis. It can be detected by resorption of bone exceeding bone formation, and by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using non-invasive dual-energy x-ray absorptivity. Many of the marketed drugs include anabolic agents and anti-resorptive agents such as estrogen and its analogues, calcitonin, bisphosphates, and parathyroid hormone along with newer antibiotics administered through oral route, but this route results in more complications such as short half-life, first-pass metabolism also as patient non-compliance. To avoid this, an intranasal delivery system is used as an alternate approach for the systematic delivery of medicine through nasal cavity bypassing hepatic metabolism. Intranasal drug delivery system has more potential to improve absorption, enhance the bioavailability of the drug, increase patient compliance, and possibility of self-administration. The introduction of this new delivery system increases patient convenience and various pharmacokinetic profiles diminish the side effects. An example of this drug delivery system is the in situ thermosensitive nanoemulgels of raloxifene hydrochloride, an intranasal drug delivery system for risedronate sodium nanoparticles. In-vivo pharmacodynamic studies have shown that by using these systems, bone density was enhanced by 162% in comparison to per-oral marketed products. This review mainly focuses on pathophysiology, Etiology, diagnosis, and various nasal approaches for delivering therapeutically active agents to revive homeostasis of bone.
Formulation and Evaluation of Microspheres of Diltiazem Hydrochloride by Spray Drying Technique
Authors: Kamble Shubham R. , Kothari Prafful P. , Kajale Dr. Archana D. , Channawar Dr. M. A , Gawande Dr. S.R.
Published: December 2022

Microencapsulation technology is an innovator in the encapsulation science. This technology forms a basis for the development of various micro and nano drug loaded capsules. Spray drying is defined as the transformation of a feed from a fluid state (solution, dispersion, or paste) into a dried particulate form by spraying the feed into a hot gaseous dry in medium. In the present study Diltiazem Hydrochloride was used as drug and there was usage of some natural and synthetic polymers were used like Guargum, Xanthan gum, Eudragit L100, Eudragit S100, HPMC K4M. The optimized batch was of polymer Eudragit L100which is a synthetic polymer which shows controlled release tendency for any drug delivery system. In this formulation batch F6 having Eudragit L100as polymer in the concentration of 1:2 ratio by using isopropyl alcohol as solvent gives maximum drug release for 12hrs. as 100.44 % and gives controlled release for 12 hrs. which is better than other batches. Where other polymers like HPMC K4 M, Guargum, Xanthan gum and Eudragit S100was unable to give controlled release. All the prepared formulations show drug content uniformity in the range of 60-70%, the optimized batch show drug content uniformity 70% and follows zero order kinetics.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Proliposomal Gels
Authors: Jodh Rahul , Tawar Mukund , Farkade Kalyani , Muneshwar Monali , Kamle Shrikant
Published: December 2022

The goal of this research was to produce a proliposomal formulation of ketoconazole, an antifungal medication, to treat dandruff. Thin-film hydration was used to create proliposomes with various mannitol, phospholipid, and cholesterol contents (vacuum rotatory evaporator). Based on medication content, entrapment efficiency, and average size, prepared proliposomal formulations were optimised. As part of the carbopol gel formulation, the newly created proliposomal formulation was evaluated for its rheological characteristics and in vitro drug release tests. The concentrations of phospholipids and cholesterol in formulations were shown to be critical to their optimal entrapment efficiency. Stability of the carbopol-coated proliposome formulation for topical medication administration was determined by rheological experiments. Proliposomal gel formulations, as compared to pure medicines, show greater skin penetration and sustained release in vitro.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CHANGES OF SPORT SCIENCES STUDENTS IN TERMS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: SAÇLI UZUNÖZ Fatma , DİNÇ Sırrı Cem , DİŞÇEKEN Osman
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to examine changes in physical activity levels of sport sciences students during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. A total of 264 subjects completed the online survey, but only 225 (164 females, 61 males) subjects resulted eligible for the study. The questionnaire measured the total weekly physical activity energy expenditure before and during quarantine (i.e. the sum of walking, moderate-intensity physical activities, and vigorous-intensity physical activities) in Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes per week (MET–min/wk) using an adapted version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-S). When the averages of weekly physical activity durations and frequencies in terms of MET were compared according to the physical activity levels of the students, it was seen that there was significant decrease in both walking, moderate intensity, high intensity and total physical activity participation during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (*p
ISLAM DAN BUDAYA MASYARAKAT (STUDI TRADISI BARITAN DESA WANARATA PEMALANG)
Authors: Pramesthi Rias Iffa
Published: December 2022

This article examines the Islamic values ​​contained in the baritan tradition in Wanarata Village. This study uses ethnographic research using qualitative descriptive methods. The data collection method used is the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study can be concluded that baritan is a form of salvation tradition which is usually carried out every month of Suro or Muharam to ask for welfare and also as a form of gratitude to God. This baritan tradition itself contains several Islamic values ​​which are directly or indirectly contained in a series of events, such as theological values, togetherness values, cultural values, aqidah values, akhlaqul karimah values, Islamic esoteric symbols, etc.
MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM SEBAGAI SENI, ILMU DAN PROFESI DI ERA SOCIETY 5.0
Authors: Hermawansyah Hermawansyah
Published: December 2022

Management of Islamic education is a collaboration between "Management" as a governing procedure, Education is placed as a container that accommodates various treasures of knowledge. In this section, a causal law or causality effect is structured which becomes disciplined and rule-abiding children because the management process is managed effectively. And the success of this causal effect is also determined by professional and consistent workers who are progressing. Responding to science, art and profession in the world of Islamic education management. First, the purpose of management as a science is to implement programs and plans according to capacity and structured in a systematic and realistic-scientific manner. Second, the purpose of management as art is to manage and regulate a system that is built on the basis of awareness and common goals. Third, the purpose of management as a profession is to realize professional and wise human resources in managing a system and being precise in decisions.
Educational Institutions of Islamabad during COVID-19 Pandemics: A Reflective Study
Authors: Malik Parveen Akhter , Dilshad Saadia
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The spread of Novel Corona virus (COVID-19) affected all fields of life along with education across the globe. After increase in positive cases of COVID-19, Federal Government of Pakistan announced the closure of educational institutions all over the country in the mid of March, 2020, as a protective measure for students and staff members. Due to complete lockdown in the country, internal and board exams of secondary school certificate (SSC) and higher secondary school certificate (HSSC) cancelled. Students got promotion without annual examination into next classes based on previous performance. This study investigated the blow of COVID- 19 on the students of government educational institutions of Islamabad along with the response of Government on the issue.

Methodology: This was a qualitative study with case study approach. Target population was all the students and teachers/head teachers from public High and Higher secondary schools in Islamabad Pakistan. Random convenient sampling technique used for collection of data. Semi structured interviews were conducted telephonically for data. After completion, interviews/ responses transcribed and analyzed.

Findings: Results of this research have revealed that this pandemic has badly affected the Federal educational institutions of Islamabad because of confinement of students in homes. Generally, students in government schools are from middle and lower middle class. They have no/limited access to internet and technology at home. It has widened the gap between privileged and none privileged/less privileged students due to inequality in access to internet and unavailability of gadgets in unbiased access to quality education. These factors compelled the Government to launch Tele-School on PTV (Pakistan Television) channel that started its regular transmission on 14 April 2020. Basic aim was to give assistance to all students confined at home. Schools opened after expected peak time I.e. 15 September. Students were allowed to join the regular school in small groups on alternate day. Strict precautionary measures, like social distancing, use of disinfectants in and around the premises/humans and provision of regular medical assistance carried out. Data revealed that the whole system was overburdened but the steps taken caused the far less damage than expected to the students.

Recommendation: The study recommend that Tele-school channel should continue even after pandemic. It is beneficial for students to learn during closure of schools. It is also helpful to the students of remote areas, with no or least of internet facilities. Time has proven that the low-income government institutions have tackled the situation very well under the visionary umbrella of Federal Directorate of Education Islamabad Pakistan.
Social Vices and Stability of Secondary School Students in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ojewola Florence O
Published: December 2022

Purpose: This study investigated social vices and stability of secondary school students in Ogbomoso, Oyo State.

Methodology: A descriptive survey was adopted for the study. The population consisted of all secondary school students in Ogbomoso, a sample of 300 respondents from both the senior and junior secondary were used. Samples were selected from six secondary school and fifty respondents were selected from each of schools chosen. Simple and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select the schools and students for the study. A self-designed instrument was used to collect information on social vices in secondary schools. A research question and two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Frequency interval grouping, percentage and bar chart were used to answer the research question while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and t test statistics were used to test the two hypotheses.

Findings: The result indicated that the students in Ogbomoso had moderate levels of social vices. It also showed that there was a significant influence of age on social vices being perpetrated among students. The result also indicated that the male students were more predisposed to social vices than the females. It was concluded that students in Ogbomoso demonstrated a moderate level of social vices. Age had an influence on social vices. The males were more involved in social vices than the females.

Recommendations: It was recommended that school administrators and other educational stakeholders should organize seminars and workshops to train students on how to comport themselves within and outside the school settings. Parents should learn the proper way of nurturing and upbringing of their children and wards.