bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of collected porcini and chanterelle quantities depending on different climate change scenarios
Authors: Rankovic Nenad , Nedeljkovic Jelena , Poduska Zoran , Nonic Dragan
Published: July 2016

This study examines the influence of some climate elements on the collected
quantities of two commercially most significant types of mushrooms in Serbia
(porcini and chanterelle). The main objective of the research is to determine
the extent of the collected quantity of porcini and chanterelle, which can be
expected in different scenarios of climate change (?1Bmin, ?1Bmax, A2min ?
A2max), based on forecasts of temperature and rainfall changes. The general
(dialectical) and specific (modelling methods) are used in the research, as
well as the classical scientific methods of reasoning. The calculation of the
average annual exponential growth rate (IS) was carried out by forming
exponential regression models of the trend of porcini and chanterelle
collected quantities. In the research it was found that, according to the
data related to the period up to 2014, one can expect a decrease in the
movement of both porcini and chanterelle IS, and thus a decrease in the
collected quantities. On the other hand, according to the data related to the
period up to 2040, in both cases one can expect some fluctuation (increase
and decrease) in the movement of IS. According to the data related to periods
after 2041 (especially for the period until 2100), in both cases, one can
expect a decrease in the collected quantities, as a result of changes in T
and P, caused by the assumed climate change.
Influence of 24-epibrassinolide on seedling growth and distribution of mineral elements in two maize hybrids
Authors: Waisi Hadi , Petkovic Andjelka , Nikolic Bogdan , Jankovic Bojan , Raicevic Vera , Lalevic Blazo , Giba Zlatko
Published: July 2016

In this study, influence of wide range of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) on early growth potential of two maize hybrids (ZP 434 and ZP 704) was examined. Paper concerns germination, seedling biomass, important chlorophylls content, and redistribution of elements (heavy metals and microelements), in a seedlings of the maize hybrids, as influenced by different 24-EBL concentrations. It was found that hybrids react differently to exogenously applied hormone. The biggest differences between two examined maize hybrids considering the germination level were reached with the lowest values at 86% for ZP 704 and 72% for ZP 434, gained at the highest applied concentration of 24-EBL. Seedlings of hybrid ZP 434 reacted positively moderately in the case of shoot length and biomass under the influence of 24-EBL, but seedlings of hybrid ZP 704 had lower values of these parameters under the influence of the phytohormone. Chlorophyll a/b ratios showed that photosynthetic apparatus of seedlings of the hybrids is not active in this stage of development. It was established that 24-EBL affects seedling growth and re-allocation of naturally present mineral elements in early growth stages and that could be one of the reason for poorer growth of ZP 704 treated with various concentrations of 24-EBL, comparing to control. When applied in lower concentrations, 24-EBL is blocking toxic elements such as chromium and nickel to relocate to vital parts of plant, what was case in hybrid ZP704. In case of ZP 434, lower concentrations of 24-EBL are affecting re-allocation of Cu and Cr and these findings suggest that maize hybrid seedlings treated with lower concentrations of 24-EBL could survive and be successful in polluted areas.
Overview of undesirable effects of using diatomaceous earths for direct mixing with grains
Authors: Korunic Zlatko
Published: July 2016

Despite numerous advantages of diatomaceous earth (DE), its use for direct
mixing with grains to control stored-product insects remains limited because
of some very serious obstacles and disadvantages. The main obstacles
preventing a wider use of DEs for mixing with grain, such as health concerns,
the reduction in bulk density, differences in insect species tolerance to the
same DE formulation, the effects of grain moisture and temperature on the
effectiveness against insects, the influence of various commodities on DE
efficacy, the use of DEs in some other fields, and possible solutions for
overcoming DE limitations during direct mixing with grains are described in
this manuscript. The same attempts have been made to discover new ways of
increasing significantly the effectiveness against insects when much lower
concentrations are used for direct mixing with grains. If these newer
enhanced formulations can respond to the existing limitations of diatomaceous
earth, a wider utilization of diatomaceous earth may be expected to control
stored-product insect pests.
Monitoring of bacterial diseases of Agaricus bisporus in Serbia
Authors: Milijasevic-Marcic Svetlana , Todorovic Biljana , Stepanovic Milos , Duduk Bojan , Stepanovic Jelena , Rekanovic Emil , Potocnik Ivana
Published: July 2016

Monitoring of button mushroom bacterial diseases was conducted to estimate
the presence and identity of mycopathogenic bacteria and to determine the
predominant bacterial pathogen in Serbia. Samples were collected from
mushroom farms during 2006- 2010 and also from fresh markets during
2014-2015. The collected samples showed either symptoms of brown blotch or
different degrees of brown discoloration on caps and stalks of Agaricus
bisporus resembling bacterial infection. The presence of bacterial droplets
on gills was not recorded. The isolated bacteria were Gram-negative and
fluorescent on King?s medium B. In pathogenicity tests, most bacterial
isolates induced superficial or sunken brown lesions with differences in the
level of discoloration on A. bisporus tissue blocks after artificial
inoculation. Based on LOPAT characteristics, the isolates were divided into
two groups, showing characteristics of either the LOPAT group Va or group
III. Based on these features and other differential biochemical
characteristics, the presumptive Pseudomonas tolaasii isolates were confirmed
by specific PCR. The other group of isolates was subjected to sequencing of
the 16S rDNA. Based on these sequences most isolates were identified as
Pseudomonas agarici, while two strains belonged to Pseudomonas fluorescens.
The survey resulted in detection and identification of P. tolaasii in 11
locations and P. agarici in 7 locations in Serbian mushroom farms. Most
samples from fresh markets were infected with P. tolaasii, suggesting that
this pathogen has been the predominant cause of bacterial diseases in Serbian
mushroom-growing facilities over the past 10 years.
The key determinants of the quality of mentoring in teaching profession
Authors: Polovina Nada
Published: July 2016

The review paper discusses the phenomenon of the quality of mentoring in the
context of professional development of teacher interns. Although mentoring is
considered as a suitable framework for high quality professional development,
not enough attention has been paid to the phenomenon/topic of ?the quality of
mentoring?. This has been confirmed by our initial analysis of the situation
in this field based on collecting relevant literature published in the past
twenty years. The analysis of the selected papers was organised around two
research questions: (1) Why is the topic of the quality of mentoring
underrepresented in relevant literature? and (2) What are the determinants of
the quality of mentoring? Through the analysis of leading review and
meta-analytic papers in the problem field of mentoring we singled out the
following as possible reasons for a scarcity of studies on the quality of
mentoring: the complexity of the concept of mentoring, the focus of the
papers dealing with mentoring on the instrumental while neglecting the
explanatory, the overemphasis of positive contributions of mentoring, the
lack of agreement on the issue of the outcomes of mentoring. In the second
part of the paper, by applying the structural analysis procedure to the
selected texts, we formulated and elaborated the thesis about the three key
determinants of the quality of mentoring: (1) the quality of informality of
the mentoring process, (2) specific nature of the learning process, (3)
harmonising the peculiarities of the paradigmatic framework of mentoring with
the real capacities of the specific school environment. The concluding part
of the paper points out to implications for practice regarding the
preparatory work with mentors and initial development of mentoring
programmes.
The inclusion of disadvantaged children in preschool programs: The children’s rights and social responsibility
Authors: Jager Jerneja
Published: July 2016

Participation of at least 95% of children between the ages of 4 and the
mandatory school age in high-quality preschool programs represents an
important contribution to the achievement of the Europe 2020 strategy.
Slovenia is not far from achieving this objective; however, if we consider
participation in preschool programs from the perspective of the entire
population of preschool children and the realisation of children?s rights,
we note that nearly a quarter of children - among them (at least in the
wider European area) the most disadvantaged - have not realised the right to
education. We studied the awareness of the importance of ensuring access to
preschool programs for all children on a representative sample of 106
Slovenian preschool principals by means of quantitative pedagogical
research. The results show a high percentage of disadvantaged children in
the preschool areas and in the preschools themselves; on the other hand,
only a low percentage (only one-third) of preschools collect data about
disadvantaged children and implement preschool programs for them; only
one-fifth of preschools implement preschool programs for disadvantaged
children. In order to act responsibly and enable all children the right to
education, we must start devoting greater attention to identifying and
including disadvantaged children in preschool programs.
Exploring ESP syllabi: Some implications for further pedagogical considerations
Authors: Babic Zeljka
Published: July 2016

The necessity of including syllabi research into current teaching practices
is of utmost importance due to the fact that current job markets not only
dictate the need for differentiated instruction but also call for novel
approaches towards glottodidactic and pedagogical goals within the tertiary
educational level. The main aim of this paper is to examine the current
status of English for Specific Purposes courses at one of the tertiary
educational institutions in order to see whether English for Specific
Purposes? practices are really implemented in language classrooms or whether
they exist only on paper. The paper focuses on researching selected points
in all the syllabi related to teaching English for Specific Purposes in
order to establish the types of syllabi used, possible practices used prior
to the syllabi design, focus in the syllabi on General English or English
for Specific Purposes and the implementation of practices aimed at
integrated skills. The research results call for viable systematic changes
in the home department curriculum in the form of introducing courses at the
1st and 2nd cycle of studies, as well as master programmes in English for
Specific Purposes, which will enable the provision of competitive teachers
and practitioners in the current job market.
Information Sharing during Auditors' Fraud Brainstorming: Effects of Psychological Safety and Auditor Knowledge
Authors: Gissel Jodi L. , Johnstone Karla M.
Published: July 2016

We investigate the effects of psychological safety and auditor knowledge on subordinates' willingness to share privately known, fraud-relevant information during brainstorming. We test a model illustrating how partner leadership affects subordinates' perceptions of psychological safety (P-S), which then affect brainstorming differentially depending on the level of subordinates' task knowledge. Participants watch a video of a simulated brainstorming session in which we manipulate P-S by altering how the partner communicates. In the more (less) P-S condition, the partner engenders a supportive (non-supportive), non-threatening (threatening) group dynamic and a style that encourages (discourages) idea sharing. We predict and find that less-knowledgeable auditors increase their willingness to share privately known, fraud-relevant information in a more P-S setting than in a less P-S setting; there is no effect of differential levels of P-S on more-knowledgeable auditors' changes in willingness to share such information. This implies the criticality of encouraging team dynamics that engender P-S for less-knowledgeable subordinates.

Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners
Authors: Castroflorio Tommaso , Gamerro Eugenio F , Caviglia Gian Paolo , Deregibus Andrea
Published: July 2016

Objective: To evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces released by aligners.

Materials and Methods: A total of 10 healthy, adult patients were selected to participate in this split-mouth study. The treatment plan was designed to obtain only one movement with the first aligner: distalization of a second molar. GCF samples were obtained from pressure and tension sites of the test tooth and from the mesiobuccal and distobuccal sites of the control tooth. The GCF sample volumes were measured using a Periotron 8000. Levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, RANKL, OPG, and OPN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: IL-1β showed a significant increase at the pressure sites after 1 week and 3 weeks with respect to baseline (P < .05) compared with control sites. The kinetics of TGF-1β and OPN were characterized by a significant increase at the tension sites of the test teeth (P < .05) after 3 weeks from the application of orthodontic force. The RANKL level was significantly increased at pressure and tension sites after 1 hour and after 1 week from the application of the orthodontic forces (P = .023 and P = .043, respectively).

Conclusions: An increased concentration of bone modeling and remodeling mediators at the pressure sites (IL-1β, RANKL) and tension sites (TGF-1β, OPN) was observed. These scenarios are compatible with previous in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement.
Comparative Investigations of Porous Cigarette Papers and Perforated Papers / Zum Problem vergleichender Untersuchungen an porösen und perforierten Cigarettenpapieren
Authors: Lipp G.
Published: July 2016

There is a proportional dependence between pressure difference and air stream of porous cigarette papers. In the case of perforated papers, however, the said relationship conforms to a non-linear function. It is therefore important to measure the permeability to air of these papers under a pressure difference that corresponds to the actual pressure conditions in cigarettes, i.e. approximately 0.25 dm water column gauge. With identical air permeability and identical degree of ventilation the yields of condensate, nicotine and phenols in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes made with porous paper decrease to a larger extent than the yields of the mentioned substances in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes made with perforated paper.
A Balance of Total Water Content during the Smoking of a Cigarette. 2nd Report / Über den Verbleib des Wassers beim Abrauchen: 2. Mitteilung
Authors: Seehofer F. , Hanssen D. , Rabitz H. , Schröder R.
Published: July 2016

A balance of total water in the smoking of a cigarette is presented indicating theoretically calculated as well as experimentally determined quantities. Both groups of values are found to coincide to a large extent. As the quantity of the water of combustion of a given tobacco variety or tobacco mixture does not vary (Virginia: 314 mg per g of tobacco), changes of total water values are a function of the initial moisture content of tobacco only. Approximately 3 % of the total water leave the cigarette at its tip. Nearly 2 % penetrate the paper wrapping (without its burning ring), and 95 % escape from the incandescent end. The particulate phases of the studied smoke streams are poor in water, i. e. they include only 2 % of the total water, while the water content of the gaseous phases amounts to 98 %. The total water of a cigarette is found to be distributed among the particulate and gaseous phases of the various smoke streams as follows: mainstream smoke 3 %, glow stream 80.5 %, sidestream smoke 14.5 %, diffusion stream 2 % (maximum).
An Apparatus for the Measurement of the Pressure Drop of Cigarettes and Filter Rods / Automatisches Gerät zum Messen des Luftwiderstandes von Cigaretten und Filterstäben
Authors: Stoop E.
Published: July 2016

The prototype of an apparatus to measure the pressure drop of cigarettes is described. The apparatus works automatically at a speed of 400 cigarettes per hour. Results are indicated as number of cigarettes per draw resistance class of 5 mm WG
Vapour Filtration by Fibrous Cigarette Filters
Authors: Keith C.H. , Misenheimer J.R.
Published: July 2016

To investigate the ability of fibrous filters to remove volatile smoke components selectively, filters containing quantities of liquid additives on a fibrous substrate were prepared and tested. Using long filter tips, selective filtration of vapourous materials such as isoprene, acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, and toluene was achieved. It was found that vapour transport to the filter surface and the sorption of vapours by the liquid coating were of great importance in the process. Diffusion of vapours into the substrate fibers was also found to be important, but was less effective in modifying the filtration properties.
An Infrared Method for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Levels in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Williams T.B. , Belk C.W.
Published: July 2016

A method for the simultaneous determination of the CO and CO2 concentrations in each puff of a cigarette was developed. Puff characteristics of single and multiport smoking machines were controlled by selection of critical flow orifices. The CO and CO2 were rapidly measured by nondispersive infra-red analysers, which required no wave length scanning and were free from interference by other smoke components. Precision was increased by a six-port head compared to a single port but was not improved by a 12-port head. The procedure has been applied in studies of various commercial and experimental cigarettes
Market Analysis of the Average Delivery of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1961 to 1972/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland fuer die Jahre 1961 bis 1972
Authors: Timm J.
Published: July 2016

Numerous investigations and data on the development of smoke condensate and nicotine in German cigarettes, the changes in the market shares, the length of cigarettes smoked in laboratories and by the average consumer, and the per capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany were utilised in calculating the average delivery of smoke condensate and nicotine and for estimating the per capita consumption of moist and dry cigarette smoke condensate and the nicotine contained in it. In the period from 1961 to 1972 (for dry condensate figures are available only for 1966 to 1972) all these figures display a downward trend. Expressed in terms of the total population the reduction in moist condensate is about 28 %, nicotine about 27 % and dry condensate (for the shorter period 1966 to 1972) about 21 %. The percentages of smokers in the German population and among foreign workers, the development and age structure of the resident population and of the percentage of foreign workers were utilised to also ascertain from the above results the development of the condensate and nicotine consumption of the potential and actual smokers. The result is again a reduction of consumption of 27 % each for moist condensate and nicotine and 20 % for dry condensate (in the shorter period 1966 to 1972). If these figures are converted to the equivalent of cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961 the consumption of 22 cigarettes a smoker established for 1972 corresponds to a mere 11 cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961. The actual daily consumption at that time, however, was about 15 cigarettes a smoker
A Scanning Infra-red Technique for Cigarette Coal Peak Temperature Measurements
Authors: Laszlo T.S. , Watson F.M.
Published: July 2016

Thermocouples were used in the past, with a few exceptions, for cigarette coal temperature measurements. The main shortcomings of this technique are: the cigarette is disturbed by insertion of the thermocouple, the position of the bead does not necessarily coincide with the location of the puff, heat transfer between tobacco shred and bead is poor, heat capacity and conductivity are orders of magnitude different for tobacco and metals. Methods employing x-ray observations of fusions of metal inclusions or cinematographic optical pyrometry also possess serious shortcomings. These shortcomings are eliminated by a non-contact technique based on radiometry. This method is applicable only to the measurement of surface temperature of the cigarette coal. By measuring the intensity of the emitted radiation, the temperature can be calculated or can be obtained by calibration with an artificial blackbody. Since the coal temperature is not stable even during the 2-second duration of a puff, the instantaneous response of an infra-red detector has to be coupled with a very fast recording system. An AGA Scanning Infra-red Camera was selected for the coal temperature measurements. The electronic system of the camera generates a waveform proportionaI to the 2-5.4 AAµ band of the infra-red radiation emitted by the coal. The peak value of the video signal, representing the hottest point of the coaI, is stored. At a command, given automatically by the smoking machine, the signal is digitized and printed out. Although the peak signal decreases with very small targets, evaluation of the system indicates acceptable accuracy for target sizes down to 3 mm in width. The cigarette coal fulfills this condition.
Gamma Radiation Effects on Cigarettes
Authors: Severson R. F. , Chortyk O. T. , Chamberlain W, J.
Published: July 2016

Smoke from gamma irradiated 1R1 Reference cigarettes was compared to smoke from the non-irradiated cigarettes. Total particulate matter, nicotine, and tar levels decreased with increasing radiation dose. Nicotine was determined by gas chromatography, using 7-methyl- quinoline as an internal standard. Yields of solvent partition fractions of the smoke condensate and of chromatographic fractions of the condensate neutrals did not indicate significant changes in smoke composition resulting from gamma irradiation of the precursor cigarette tobacco. The composition of refined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions of smoke from irradiated cigarettes appeared to be identical to that of standard cigarettes. The expected decrease in PAH did not occur. It was concluded that gamma irradiation of cigarettes had no major effects on smoke composition.
Technological Uses of Cellulose Ethers in the Tobacco Industry and Analysis of Cellulose Ethers/Technologische Anwendung von Celluloseäthern in der Tabakindustrie und Analytik der Celluloseäther
Authors: Jodl R. , Krüll F.
Published: July 2016

A brief survey is given of the physical and chemical characteristics of celluIose ethers, which is gaining importance in industry. On the strength of patent literature, reference is made to the technological uses of cellulose ethers in the tobacco industry. A microscopical method of establishing the presence of cellulose ethers in reconstituted leaf and in new smoking products is described and reference is made to differences between methyI celluloses and carboxymethyl celluloses as they appear during the investigation. Other qualitative reactions and possibilities of quantitative determination are also summarised.
The Thermal Degradation of Tobacco: VI. Influence of Extraction on the Formation of Some Major Gas Phase Constituents
Authors: Burton H.R. , Childs G.
Published: July 2016

Formation profiles have been determined for the major gas phase constituents formed in an inert atmosphere during the dynamic thermal decomposition of tobaccos extracted with hexane, chloroform, acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol. The profiles include methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, acetonitrile, benzene, and toluene. Except for propene and propane, extraction of tobacco does not dramatically influence either the temperatures for maximum formation or the level of hydrocarbons formed during thermal decomposition of the tobaccos. This suggests that the majority of the gas phase hydrocarbons are formed from the insoluble leaf constituents. Isoprene has formation maxima at 375°C and 450°C, and extraction of tobacco with non-polar solvents removes leaf precursors responsible for the formation maxima at 375°C. Polar solvents remove the major isoprene precursors which are responsible for the maxima at 375° and 450°C. Extraction effects an increase of both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde formation but has little influence on the formation of either acetone or 2-butanone. The formation profile for acetonitrile has been established and shows that it has maximum formation at 410° and 500°C. Extraction has no influence either on the formation of benzene or toluene. Data from the profiles of these volatile constituents generally agree with smoke data from extracted tobacco which indicates that this method is useful for studying factors that influence the formation of the gas phase constituents
Determination of Unprotonated Ammonia in Whole Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Sloan C. H. , Morie G. P.
Published: July 2016

The total ammonia content of smoke is essentially ammonium salts with insignificant amounts of free ammonia. An ammonia electrode was used to experimentally measure the amount of free ammonia in the smoke of several cigarettes and two little cigars. For comparison, the theoretical amount of free ammonia was calculated from the total ammonia content and smoke pH. Free ammonia in domestic filter and non-filter cigarettes ranged from 1 to 4 ng with totaI ammonia contents of 28 to 44 µg. The smoke from a dark tobacco cigarette and Iittle cigar contained 1.2 and 2.4 µg of free NH
Methods to Determine Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products3rd Report: Rapid Determination of Fenamiphos and Fensulfothion/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: III. Mitteilung: Eine schnelle Bestimmung von Fenamiphos und Fensulfothion
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Eckert W.R.
Published: July 2016

A method was developed to rapidly determine fenamiphos and fensulfothion in tobacco. Using this procedure the two nematocides are extracted from the tobacco by chloroform, purified via an aluminium oxide column and then determined on the gas chromatograph.
A Modified Method for the Rapid Analysis of Long-Chain Alkanes and Neophytadiene from Tobacco
Authors: Severson R.F. , McDuffie K.L. , Arrendale R.F. , Chortyk O.T.
Published: July 2016

A rapid method for the analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons and neophytadiene in cured tobacco was developed. Briefly, ground tobacco was extracted for 15 min with methylene chloride in a flask placed in an ultrasonic vibration bath, 3-Methyltricosane was added as the internal standard. The solution was filtered and the solvent removed. The sample was redissolved in hexane and chromatographed on a small silicic acid column. The hydrocarbonneophytadiene fraction that eluted with hexane was reduced in volume and analysed on a SE-54 wall-coated glass capillary column, which resolved and permitted quantitation of the normal, iso-methyl- branched, and anteiso-methyl-branched hydrocarbons. The analytical data obtained by this method were equal to those obtained by the conventional Soxhlet extraction procedure. Based on experience in our laboratory, analysis time was reduced about fivefold and isomeric hydrocarbons were resolved by capillary gas chromatography.
Isolation and ldentification of Aza-Arenes of Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Snook M. E. , Fortson P. J. , Chortyk O. T.
Published: July 2016

The nitrogen analogues of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (aza-arenes) were isolated and identified in a basic fraction of cigarette smoke condensate. Silicic acid chromatography removed the predominant nicotine alkaloids, while gel chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X12 in benzene effectively separated the aza-arenes from interfering aliphatic compounds. In addition, the gel columns separated the aza-arenes by ring number and degree of alkylation on the basis of an adsorption-type mechanism. These gel characteristics facilitated the identifications of a large number of isomeric aza-arenes. Compounds identified included 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine and 2-phenylpyridine as well as quinoline, isoquinoline, 4-azafluorene, benzoquinolines, benzoisoquinolines, 1-azafluoranthene, 7-azafluoranthene, 4-aza-pyrene, 7- azaindole, pyrroloquinoline and their mono-, di- and trimethyl derivatives. All eight possible isomers of benzoquinoline and benzoisoquinoline were found, four of which are being reported for the first time. Evidence was also found for the probable presence of 5,6-benzo-7-azaindole.
Apparatus for the Determination of the Burning Velocity of Cigarette Paper
Authors: Corbet H. C. , Schurer D.
Published: July 2016

The construction and functioning of an apparatus to determine the burning time of cigarette paper is described. The apparatus makes it possible to rapidly and accurately determine the burning time and burning velocity of cigarette paper.
Influence of Genotype and Environment on the Diterpenes in the Wax Layer of Some Flue-cured Tobaccos/Einfluss von Genotyp und Umwelt auf die Diterpene in der Wachsschicht einiger „flue-cured“–Tabake
Authors: Heemann V. , Brümmer U. , Spremberg G. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

The composition of the wax layer of some flue-cured tobaccos that were grown under the same conditions in the U. S. A., Brazil and Germany was examined by means of GC and GC/MS. The total amount of wax layer (referring to fresh weight) is significantly influenced neither by the genotype nor by environmental factors. The content of diterpenes, on the other hand, is controlled both genetically and by environmental factors, as it was possible to show taking a- and b-4,8,13-duvatrien-1,3-diol and 4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ol. The concentration of compounds such as norsolandion and nicotine appears to be affected to a great extent or exclusively by environmental factors.
Biomass and Chemical Composition of Tobacco Plants Under High Density Growth
Authors: Sheen S.J.
Published: July 2016

Ten tobacco cultivars representing various tobacco types were directly seeded in the field at 70 to 80 plants per square meter and were harvested when 50 to 60 cm high. Biomass yield ranged from 44 to 70 metric tons per hectare, with Ky16 Mammoth having the highest yield. The Mammoth variety, however, had the lowest leaf/stalk ratio (1.77), whereas Coker 139 bad the highest (4.04). One metric ton of wet biomass produced about 6 to 8 kg of soluble protein, which is independent of the leaf/stalk ratio. Analyses of the deproteinized fibrous residues revealed that the levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, and apparent hemicellulose were comparable among the ten cultivars. A large variation of lignin content was observed among the dark green tobaccos. Burley, in general, had lower concentrations of starch and protein in the fibrous residue than the dark green tobacco. When compared with the deproteinized alfalfa fibrous residue, the low concentrations of lipids, lignin, and cellulose and a greater amount of apparent hemicellulose in the tobacco residue show its suitability as animal feed. The present results also indicate that the selection of tobacco genotypes is of importance for high density cultivation in the production of soluble protein and fibrous residue.
Nutrient Concentration Changes in Oriental Kabakulak Tobacco during the Growing Season
Authors: Mylonas V. A.
Published: July 2016

A three-year field study with Oriental Kabakulak (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Kabakulak-S2) was conducted on a sandy clay loam soil at Drama, Greece, to determine nutrient concentration patterns in tobacco plants. All cultural practices were those in use for commercial production of Oriental neutral type tobacco. Whole tobacco plants were sampled at weekly intervals from transplanting to the end of the harvesting season and separated into leaves, stalks and roots. The samples were washed, dried, weighed, ground, and analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in leaves, stalks and roots tended to decrease during the 1st week after transplanting, then increased up to the 3rd or 4th week and declined thereafter. Phosphorus concentration in all plant parts decreased with time after transplanting. This decrease was greater during the first two weeks than later on. Calcium concentration in leaves and stalks increased from the first to the 2nd or 3rd week, then declined slowly up to the 8th week and remained constant thereafter. In roots, calcium decreased from the 1st to the 8th week and then remained constant. Magnesium concentration in leaves increased from the 1st to the 4th week and then remained constant. In stalks, magnesium increased from transplanting to the 2nd week and then declined slightly, whereas in roots magnesium decreased after the 1st week. Concentrations of nitrogen, potassium and calcium in leaves were similar and much higher than those of magnesium and phosphorus.
Deproteinization Effects on Homogenized Leaf Cured (HLC) Products
Authors: Woodlief W. G. , Lam Jr. Jesse J. , Chaplin James F. , Schlotzhauer William S. , Severson Ray F.
Published: July 2016

The HLC deproteinized product [depro] with 34 % of its original dry weight removed as heat precipitable protein fractions, shows a reduction in the levels of most of the cured product constituents and the major pyrolyzate constituents while the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile nitrosamines in the pyrolyzates from the HLC deproteinized product were increased. This indicates that the precursors of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolyzate from the HLC deproteinized product were not removed with the protein precipitates. Another possibility is that some constituents in the protein precipitates that were removed from the HLC deproteinized product may have had an inhibitory effect toward the formation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolyzates of the HLC control and flue-cured reference during their pyrolysis, since the protein precipitates were not removed from these products. Generally, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolyzates of the HLC products were higher than those from the pyrolyzates of the flue-cured reference. This could be a result of the tobacco maturity or curing methods. The level of the volatile nitrosamines in the pyrolyzates of the HLC control was lower than those levels in the pyrolyzates of the HLC deproteinized and flue-cured reference products. This could be due to pyrolytic interaction between some constituents in the sample and the protein precipitate which was not removed from the HLC control product. Additional work is needed to clarify these differences. A reduction in the level of solanesol was evident in the HLC deproteinized product probably due to the association of solanesol with the chloroplastic protein precipitate that was removed from that product. In addition, the level of solanesol was highest in the flue-cured reference, which is in agreement with previous reports that solanesol concentration increases with tobacco maturity. This report demonstrates that HLC can be used to manipulate the chemical composition of tobacco. The levels of some major constituents were decreased while the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were increased in the pyrolyzate from the same tobacco product.
Nicotiana: Breeding Research and Breeding - Nicotiana: Züchtungsforschung und Züchtung
Authors: Grunewaldt J
Published: July 2016

Starting from the description of the structure, number and meiotic behaviour of chromosomes, the evolution of the economically important Nicotiana species is analysed. Flowering, expected fertility, incompatibility and male sterility, seed development, as well as germination, are used as criteria to outline the principles of Nicotiana breeding. The chapter entitled “Sortenzuechtung” (variety breeding) includes a survey of the development of varieties, the breeding material available and that to be established. The application of sterile culture techniques in Nicotiana breeding is discussed. The presentation of the different breeding methods applied includes compilations of released tobacco varieties.
Shredding - A Novel Technology for the Processing of Tobacco Stems which Alters Cigarette Properties
Authors: Fazekas G
Published: July 2016

Shredding is a novel process for the utilization of tobacco stems. Stem pieces are forced between large, counter-rotating toothed blades where they are stripped lengthwise into thin, fibrous particles. When compared to the process of rolling and cutting, shredding produces particles having superior bulk filling capacity, cigarette filling index and end stability. The thin, fibrous structure of shredded stem modifies the burn characteristics of the cigarette. Pressure drop and burn rate are reduced, nicotine delivery is enhanced, and, most importantly, carbon monoxide delivery is significantly reduced. These changes provide a significant potential for product improvement. The use of shredded stem has no effect on “tar” delivery. Replacing cut rolled stem with shredded stem has no detectable effect on the chemical composition of the tobacco or on the flavour characteristics of the cigarettes.
Recommended Plant Protecting Agents - Current Strategies in 22 Important Tobacco Exporting Countries
Authors: Wittekindt W
Published: July 2016

A review is given of the present lists of crop protectants recommended for use on tobacco in the 22 countries which export the majority of tobacco to the Federal Republic of Germany. The information is of significance in the overall monitoring and control of chemical residues on imported tobacco and in establishing priorities in developing methods of residue analysis for these chemicals.
Observations of Density Variations in Tobacco Rods by Neutron Radiography
Authors: Brenizer JS , Sulcoski MF , Jenkins RW , McRae DD , Newman RH
Published: July 2016

Neutron radiography was used to study the density of tobacco rods. Density variations in individual rods caused by local packing variations and the presence of more dense materials in the blend were easily discernible in both static and real-time radiographs. A density resolution of 0.35 mm was observed in the real-time system. By averaging center line density scans for several rods with the aid of an image processor, large scale variations in the density such as the increased packing at the rod ends could be measured. Comparison of the results from neutron radiography with those obtained by cutting rods into sections and weighing the sections showed good agreement. Both methods indicated the lighting end was approximately 9 % more dense than the middle of the rod. This work has demonstrated that neutron radiography can be used to provide accurate density information about cigarette rods with considerably greater resolution and in much less time than sectioning and the commercial beta ray gauging technique.
A Multi-purpose, Programmable Smoking Machine
Authors: Lorton N , Cumming EM
Published: July 2016

Commercially available cigarette smoking machines are designed to operate at a standard set of smoking parameters and offer little scope for changing the smoking pattern. This paper describes a Programmable Smoking Machine (PSM) which operates in a way that no current commercial machine can. It can smoke cigarettes in a non-standard manner and obtain information useful for the examination of the influence of smoke generation patterns on the smoke yields as an aid to the design of cigarettes. The PSM consists of a stepper motor driven glass syringe and three-way valve controlled by microcomputer. Suitable programs create the desired smoking patterns and control the operation of the smoking machine via a microcomputer port. Precautions must be taken to prevent stepper motor pulses affecting the puff profiles. Smoking can be performed in a restricted or open mode with calibrated clearing puffs, and the vapour phase collected is directed on a puff-by-puff basis to a gas analyser or trapping medium at a controlled rate. It is also possible to generate whole smoke should this be a requirement.
Sensory Evaluation of Sidestream Odor using Transfer Testing Methodology
Authors: Gains LH , Marmor RS
Published: July 2016

Cigarettes with closely matched physical characteristics were subjected to static burns inside a modified bell-jar apparatus in order to investigate the effects of variations in cigarette construction and composition on the odor of sidestream smoke. Cambridge filter pads moistened with mineral oil and suspended inside the bell-jars were highly effective transfer materials which captured the sidestream smoke odors. Triangle-test odor evaluations of the exposed Cambridge pads established significant differences at the 95 % confidence level between sidestream odors from cigarettes made with 100 % Burley, flue-cured, or Oriental tabacco. Differences were also found between sidestream odors from tobacco grades within a single tobacco type and between equal blends of two tobacco types. Consistent with studies of sidestream menthol delivery and menthol levels needed to detect a just noticeable difference, no significant sidestream odor differences were found between menthol and non-menthol versions of the same cigarette.
Improved Method for the Determination of Tobacco-specific Nitrosamines (TSNA) in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Fischer S , Spiegelhalder B
Published: July 2016

The method used to determine tobacco-specific nitrosamines [TSNA], N’-nitrosonornicotine [NNN], 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK], N’-nitrosoanabasine [NAB] and N’-nitrosoanatabine [NAT], in mainstream smoke was modified. The methodology included trapping mainstream smoke in a buffer solution and on a Cambridge filter, extracting TSNA from the buffer solution and the filter with dichloromethane, clean-up procedures and analysis by GC/TEA. Extracts from both the buffer solution and the filter were cleaned up and analysed individually. The clean-up procedure included column chromatography on basic alumina and the removal of nicotine. N-Nitrosodibenzylamine [NDBenzA] which had suitable chromatographic properties was used as internal standard. N’-Nitrosopentylpicolylamine [NPePicA], a newly synthesized nitrosamine with physicochemical properties similar to the TSNA, could also be used as an internal standard. The recoveries for the buffer solution were as follows: NDBenzA 89 %, NPePicA 83 %, NNN 85 %, NNK 88 %, NAB/NAT 85 %. For the TSNA trapped on the filter the following recoveries were determined: NDBenzA 81 %, NPePicA 75 %, NNN 77 %, NNK 78 %, NAB/NAT 75 %. Parameters influencing the TSNA values in the mainstream smoke were investigated. Artifact formation of TSNA during mainstream smoke collection did not occur under standard conditions. TSNA values were greatly influenced by the puff volume, they increased with increasing puff volume. Reproducible and reliable results can be achieved in a relatively short time with the method reported.
Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tobacco Plant. 1. Growth and Development - Physiologie und Biochemie der Tabakpflanze: 1. Wachstum und Entwicklung
Authors: Bush LP , Tso TC
Published: July 2016

Growth and development processes of a tobacco plant affect the chemical composition of the leaf and therefore the usability of the leaf. Growth starts with the initial stages of germination and development stops with the cured leaf. Most tobacco seed will germinate in the dark and the first seeds to germinate from a seed lot tend to produce larger plants for transplant and harvest. Nicotine is found in mature seed and increased rate of germination increases rate of nicotine accumulation in the young seedling. Carbon / nitrogen balance in the leaf is important for leaf usability and is influenced by available soil water and soil nitrogen. Oriental leaf is produced typically with limited water and nitrogen supply and the leaf contains large amounts of carbohydrates and ether solubles but small amounts of nitrogenous substances. Cigar filler tobacco is grown on soils with a plentiful supply of soil water and soil nitrogen and the leaf contains large amounts of nitrogenous substances. Intermediate to these tobacco types is flue-cured tobacco which is grown with limited soil nirogen but adequate water and the leaf is relatively thin with high carbohydrate content. Maximum rate of leaf expansion is achieved early in development of a leaf. In flue-cured tobacco phosphorus and potassium concentrations remain constant during growth, whereas nitrogen, calcium and magnesium concentrations decrease. In Oriental tobacco the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium decrease during the growing season. However, Burley tobacco accumulates relatively greater amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium during the first half of the growing season relative to dry matter accumulation. Maximum growth per unit leaf weight occurs 14 to 21 days after transplanting, whereas maximum dry matter accumulation per day occurs 50 to 55 days after transplanting. Leaf development including senescence is controlled genetically and decreased chlorophyll and protein and increased nicotine contents are important changes associated with leaf senescence. Maximum nicotine content of leaf occurs at successively higher stalk positions as the plant matures.
Changes in the Cellular Concentrations of Elements in Tobacco Leaf Tissues during Growth and Senescence
Authors: Echlin P
Published: July 2016

Quantitative X-ray microanalysis for nine elements has been carried out on frozen, fully hydrated fracture faces of upper and lower epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells in leaf tissue of Nicotianatabacum L. cv. Coker 319 taken from plants at five different stages of growth. Although concentrations of aluminium, silicon and chlorine generally fell below the minimum-detection limit, the values for sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium and calcium were consistently higher and showed differences among tissue types and stages of growth. The general trend was for elemental concentrations to increase up to the mature and ripe stages of growth and then to decrease as the leaf ages further. The sodium values were highest at the beginning and end of the five stages of growth, with higher amounts in the epidermal tissues. As the leaves age, the levels of magnesium fell in the photosynthetic tissues but increased in the epidermal tissues. Such changes could be correlated with higher concentrations of potassium at the early stages of growth and with much lower values at the late stages. The sulphur levels showed only small differences between tissue types at all stages of growth. The calcium levels increased with age and there were consistently higher concentrations in the photosynthetic tissues than in the two epidermal layers. The levels of phosphorus were low in all tissue types and decreased with age. There is an increasing positive correlation between phosphorus and magnesium and a decreasing positive correlation between phosphorus and potassium during growth and senescence.