bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

The following species, which have been described by Drs. Packard and Fitch, I have not met with. But for the convenience of those who may not have access to the writings of these gentleman, I condense the fol1owing account:–

1. L. Argentifimbriella Clem. has been already mentioned at p. 57. It mines the under surface of leaves of the Chestnut oak and must resemble L. caryae-albella or L. lucidicostella. At p. 57, ante, it is suggested that L. querci-albella fitch may be the same insect. Dr. Fitch states that it mines the leaves of the White and chestnut Oaks indifferently. But Dr. Clemens says that Argentifimbriella makes a tent mine on the under side, has a cylindrical larva, and pupales suspended in a thin web in the mine like L. lucidicostella.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF HALESIDOTA MACULATA, Harris.
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

Three specimens of this larva were taken sept. 16th, feeding on Oak.

Length, 1.30 in.; cylindrical.

Head large, slightly bilobed, black with a faint white streak down the front, as far as the middle, where it becomes forked, a branch going towards each of the palpi. Mnadibles black, palpi white at base, tipped with black.
INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

167. Byrrhus Cyclophorus Kirby.–Length of body 3¼ lines.One specimen only taken.

Body underneath and limbs dull feriuginous, above black with some cinerous hairs intermixed. Antennae piceous: elytra with two deep black subinterrupted stripes, and inscribed in the middle with traces of a circle formed of pale, or cinercous hairs, common to both. The circle is probably more distinct in recent specimens. [Taken at Grimsby, Ont., by Mr. Pettit, and at Toronto by Mr. Couper; north shore of Lake Superior by Agassiz's Expedition.]
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

Palpi white : face opalescent or silvery, according to the light : antennæ maroon-brown, silvery towards the apex: tuft maroon-brown : thorax of a shining metallic lustre, in some lights opalescent : a streak of the same hue crosses the extreme base of the wings, is continued for a short distance along the dorsal margin, and thence curves obliquely across the wing again to the costal margin, enclosing a maroon-brown patch upon the costa, and being narrowly margined behind with dark maroon, beyond which the wing is bright golden to the apex.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

In November, 1867, I received from my esteemed friend, the late B. Billings, of Ottawa, several specimens of the larva of that very rare arctian, A. parthenos, which he had reared from eggs laid by a captured female in a box. They were apparently about two-thirds grown, and ready to hybernate for the winter ; a common practice with many species belonging to this interesting family of moths.

The length of this larva was l¼ inches, body cylindrical.

Head medium sized, bilobed, black and shining, with a few brownish hairs.
INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

[145] 194. Campylus Denticornis, Kirby. – Length of body 6 lines. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

This is the American representative of C. mesomelas, from which it is sufficiently distinguished by its toothed antennae and longer prothorax. Body linear, black, hairy with pale decumbent hairs. Head punctured ; antennae longer than the prothorax, filiform, with all the joints, except the scape, pedicel, and terminal one, terminating at their internal extremity in a prominent tooth, less conspicuous in the two lower ones ; upper-lip, and nose which is reflexed and overhangs the mouth, yellow : prothorax channelled, punctured, quadrangular, with the anterior angles rounded, and the posterior diverging and terminating in a sharp tooth or prominence ; sides rather wavy ; limb yellow : scutellum subcordate : elytra minutely and thickly punctured, slightly furrowed, furrows thickly punctured; marked with a narrow yellow, stripe which does not reach the apex ; there is also a short yellow streak on the shoulders : base of the tibiae, claw-point of the tarsi, and claws, yellow. [“Lake Superior, Maine and Pennsylvania” (Le Conte). We have specimens taken in the neighborhood of Ottawa, Ont.]
A NEW SPECIES OF CEMIOSTOMA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

[Some little time ago Mr. Chambers sent us a specimen of the insect referred to in the following communication, and desired our opinion respecting its specific position. Being unable to give any definite opinion on the matter, as we know but little of the Micro-Lepidoptera, we sent his note and specimen to Mr. Stainton, the great English authority on the Tineina. He very kindly examined the specimen, and communicated his views respecting it, through us, as noticed below.—Ed. C. E.]
ENTOMOLOGY. No. 1
Authors: Couper William
Published: February 2010

The approach of the season for the study of the habits of insects urges me to write a few hints for the guidance of young Canadian beginners. I find that many young persons collect insects more for the sake of recreation and pastime than for the value of the material to aid future investigation. Occasionally one may meet a tyro who can discriminate insect forms, and possess that peculiar acuteness so essential to the study of entomology ; but still he has sad defects, that is, clumsiness in the preparation of his specimens, and want of method. Now, this should be avoided, and the first determination of a young collector who wishes to be successful must be neatness in mounting his specimens, with a zealous regard for the preservation of his cabinet.
THE PLUM SPHINX MOTH
Authors: Reed E. B.
Published: February 2010

As this moth pretty generally makes its appearance in our plum orchards from year to year, I have thought it advisable to give a short history of its different stages for the benefit of our fruit-growers.

It is a member of a family of moths to which the great naturalist Linnæus gave the name of Sphingidæ, on account of the resemblance he conceived some of their caterpillars bore, in certain positions, to the notorious Egyptian Sphinx, and which our artist has faithfully represented in the engraving of the larva—fig. 1. while the ravages caused by this caterpillar are fortunately not very extensive, yet it generally appears in different localities from time to time in numbers quite sufficient to cause considerable annoyance to the plum-growers of those regions.
HINTS TO FRUIT GROWERS.: Paper No. 3
Authors: Saunders Wm.
Published: February 2010

Figures Nos. 25,26 and 27 represent the caterpillar, chrysalis, and perfect insect of the grape-vine sphinx, Chærocampa pampinatrix. The young larvæ varying in color from green to pale lilac or red, are now (August 1st) very common, and may be easily recognised by reference to the figure: for although the ground-tint of the body may vary.
REARING BUTTERFLIES FROM THE EGG
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

I Give herewith the conclusion to my experiments with Ajax and its varieties. The Telamonidas larva spoken of in my communication of 27th Feb. (vol. ii., p. 163) as having lived over the winter, on the 1st of April, 1871, produced male Telamonidas(all the rest had yielded Marcellus in 1870). The Marcellus larvæ were mostly lost at the burning of my house in February, but one was saved and yielded Telamonidas female on the 10th of April, 1871.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES DURING A TRIP TO LAKES HURON AND SUPERIOR
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

It was recently my good fortune to spend a very pleasant fortnight–from August 10 to August 24–on Lakes Huron and Superior, cheifly with a view to obtain a thorough rest from work of every description, and to enjoy the pure bracing air and splendid scenery of these inland seas. The greater portion of the time was spent on the steamboats Algoma and Chicors, and as most of the stoppages at the various ports were made at night, I had few opportunities for collecting insects. I remained over, however, for five days on the Canadian side at Sault Ste.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM ALABAMA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

Nematocampa expunctaria, Grote. ♂ .–Pale ochreous, stained, and the veins lined with a more intense shade. Transverse anterior line arcuate, dark ochreous, continued. Median shade arcuate at disc, thence running straightly downward approximate to the transverse posterior line, continued. Transverse posterior line dark ochreous, even, distinct, slightly inwardly sinuate below vein 2. No vinous shadings whatever. Secondaries concolorous, with primaries; a single even median line corresponding with the transverse posterior line of primaries. Beneath paler, whitish; secondaries immaculate; primaries with traces of transverse posterior line superiorly, and a sprinkling of ochreous scales about the costal region. Body parts concolorous with wings. Expanse 23 m. m.
NOTES ON PIERIS RAPÆ
Authors: Bowles G. J.
Published: February 2010

The April number of the Entomologist contains a commnunication from my esteemed friend Mr. S. H. Scudder, with reference to the yellow male variety of this species. In it he asks several questions which I shall endeavour to answer, adding some other particulars to make my notes as complete as possible.

I think that entomologists will agree with me in considering P. rapæas one of the most interesting insects existing on this continent, not only with refercnce to its destructive habits, but also on account of its recent introduction and rapid dissemination over the country.
DESCRIPTIONS OF GELECHIA ADUNCELLA and GELECHIA LABRADORICA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

In a very interesting paper published by Professor Zeller in the Transactions of the Royal Imperial Zoological Botancial Society of Vienna, under the date of July, 1868. I find the description of a North American Gelechia. The specimens were communicated to Prof. Zeller by Baron V. Osten-Sacken. I give here a free translation of Professor Zeller's comparative description
NOTES ON ATTELABUS BIPUSTULATUS, Fabr
Authors: Murtfeldt Mary E.
Published: February 2010

In the spring of 1871, my attention was attracted by the peculiar manner in which many of the leaves of the Laurel Oak (Q. imbricaria) were rolled up. The cases thus formed were compact and cylindrical, varying in length from one third to one half an inch, by an average diameter of one-fifth of an inch, and very neatly finished up. Several of them were opened, and each found to contain a single, smooth, spherical, translucent-yellow egg, about 0.04 inch in diameter. Desirous of rearing the insects, I collected quite a number of the interesting little nests, and watched, with much curiosity, for the larvae to appear-not knowing, at that time, what to expect.
NOTES ON LIMOCHORES BIMACULA, Scudd
Authors: Minot C. S.
Published: February 2010

The following is a description of Limochores bimacula, Scuds ♂ , Hesperia acanoatus, Scudd., which I drew up some time ago:-

Dark brown marked with chrome yellow.

Above: head, thorax, abdomen and antennae black, the head and abdomen having a few yellow hairs. Both wings dark olive brown; primaries with a indistinct spot a little above and beyond the outer termination of the disk; a large patch extends over the middle third from the outer margin to the disc, and is crossed by a black velvety dash, which if continued would bisect the apical angle
ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME GENERA OF CANADIAN INSECTS
Authors: Walker Francis
Published: February 2010

The study of the geographical distribution of Insects acquires additional interest by its connection with astronomical calculations, and with geological researches. From them it is understood that the earth was once covered with snow and ice from the poles to the tropics, and that the like event may recur in the future, and restore the hemispheres generally to the freshness and newness which they possessed at the close of the glacial period. The beginning of the cessation of this period corresponds with the origin of the present distribution of insect life, or with the commencement of the ascent of the individuals from the tropics towards the poles.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

The former description of this species was made from a single old specimen, on which no tufts were visible (having no doubt, been removed in setting the specimen, which was, however, otherwise undenuded.) Since the publication of that description, I have bred the species, and the tufts in the fresh specimen are distinct, and the insect unquestionably belongs to this genus. The following description of the fresh specimen is more accurate than the preceding one. I have changed the specific name, giving it that of the food-plant.
NOTES ON SOME GENERA OF CANADIAN INSECTS
Authors: Walker Francis
Published: February 2010

The geographical distribution of Smicra differs much from that of Leucospis. Unlike the latter genus, which is spread thinly and somewhat equally over the warm and temperate regions of the earth, Smicra, with very few exceptions, is limited to the New World, where there are some species in North America, many in Mexico and in the West Indies, and great abundance in the tropical parts of South America, and the genus has thus much more influence than Leucospis in regulating, by means of transfer, the increase of other insect tribes.
ON MR. SCUDDER'S SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF SOME OF THE AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

We have here before us a paper by an accomplished scholar, on a Subject dear to us from our own studies. Mr. Scudder's Revision presents two main points for our consideration. The first pont affects the sequence of the Butterflies in a systematic arrangement ; the second the application; of the scientific law of priority.. As to the first, the consideration which have influenced Mr. Scudder to side rather with Oschsenheimer than with Boisduval, where the present Revision is not original, are evidently not lightly taken.
DESCRIPTION OF A REMARKABLE VARIETY OF LIMENITIS MISIPPUS
Authors: Mead Theodore L.
Published: February 2010

While in the Catskill Mountains this summer, I met with a very curious variety of L. Misippus in which the conspicuous black stripe crossing the secondaries was altogether absent, and the corresponding mark on the primaries only indicated by a dusky cloud extending to the median nervule and enclosing no white spots. On the underside the differences remain the same. In the ordinary type, there is a whitish cloud around the cross stripe.
NOTES ON SOME GENERA OF CANADIAN INSECTS
Authors: Walker Francis
Published: February 2010

This genus comes next to Smicra, which has the greatest development of the peculiar characters of the family Chalcididae, such as the compact antennæ, the robust body, the large quadrate prothorax, and the much dilated hind thighs. In all these characters this family agrees with Leucospidae, from which it totally differs in the structure of the abdomen, and the two families have a supremacy of structure which is not wholly shared by any other in the tribe Chalcididae.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

It may be necessary o state that the names which I have used for the different nervures of the wings in thesc papers are those used by Dr. Clemens, and differ somewhat from those in use by European entomologists.

Various means may be used for the purpose of denuding the wings of their scales, so as to render the neuration distinct. The wing may be process repeated slightly between two pieces of moinstened bibulous paper, and the process repeated until the wing is sufficiently denuded ; or, if this does not denude it sufficiently, the fewremaining scales may be removed with a camel's or sable hair brush.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

This genus approaches Gelechia, but not so nearly as Anarsia, Parasia,&c., the hind wings being sublanceclate, and not emarginate beneath the apex, and having a different neuration. Dr. Clemens describes four species. only one of which, H. chalcofrontella, is known to me. Gelechia glandulella, Riley, belongs here. The genus is divisible into two branches.

A. In which the median vein of the hind wings gives off one branch before the transverse vein and a furcate branch behind it, and the curved apical branch.
ABBOTT'S NOTES ON GEORGIAN BUTTERFLIES
Authors: Scudder Samual H.
Published: February 2010

A few months ago, I spent sorne time over the rich collection of drawings by Abbott, now in the British Museum. Thinking that some of his memoranda may not be unacceptable to the readers of your magazine. I transcribe the substance of what is written on those butterflies which occur in the North as well as in the South, no copy of the others having been taken. The botanical names of the plants have, in most cases, been inserted in the MSS. by some subsequent student; those which bear the initials A.W.C., are due to the kindness of Dr. Chapman.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

when the descriptions of these species were prepared, I had forgotten that species had previously been described in Europe as G. juglandiella and H. evonymella. I have not seen these European species nor even any description of them, and possibly my species may prove to be the same. At any rate the names are so nearly the same as to necessitate a change of those, my species, and I therefore name them respectively G. juglandisnigrella and H. orbimaculella.
Sampling plan for Adelges cooleyi (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in spruce seed orchards
Authors: Strong Ward B. , Bennett Robert G.
Published: February 2010

Within-plant and between-plants distributions of the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Adelges cooleyi (Gillette), fundatrices were measured in “interior spruce”, Picea glauca × P. engelmannii (Moench) Voss. & Parry (Pinaceae), seed orchards in central British Columbia to develop a quantitative sampling plan. Adelgids (number of fundatrices per shoot) were abundant at the lower and middle crown heights of the tree crowns but scarce at the upper crown height, and more abundant on the ends and central one-third of branches than on the inner portions. The northern and eastern aspects of trees had slightly but significantly more adelgids than did the southern and western aspects, and terminal shoots had more adelgids than did distolateral shoots. Variance was much greater between than within trees. These data were used to create a sampling plan with a sample unit consisting of a single 1-year-old shoot selected from the ends or central area of main branches in the lower or middle portion of each sample tree. Collecting 104 samples required 69 min, and yielded an estimate of the mean number of fundatrices per shoot with a standard error of 10% of the mean.
Field response of onion thrips and New Zealand flower thrips to single and binary blends of thrips lures
Authors: Wogin Michael J. , Butler Ruth C. , Teulon David A.J. , Davidson Melanie M.
Published: February 2010

Tests were performed to determine whether combining two thrips lures, ethyl nicotinate (EN) and ethyl isonicotinate (EI), in the same water trap increased the numbers of New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT), Thrips obscuratus Crawford, and onion thrips, T. tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia: Thripidae), caught in the field relative to traps with a single lure. Traps with both lures (1:1 ratio; mixture or separate adjacent vials) caught 5–9 times more female onion thrips (thelyotokous populations are the most prevalent in New Zealand) than traps with EN only (P<0.001), but in similar numbers to traps with EI only. Traps with both lures caught 2–3 times as many male and female NZFT than traps with EI only, but in similar numbers to traps with EN only. Thus, a combination of the two lures in one trap could be used to detect and monitor flying onion thrips and NZFT simultaneously.
Phylogenetic placement and evidence for horizontal transfer of Wolbachia in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Batista Philip D. , Keddie B. Andrew , Dosdall Lloyd M. , Harris Harriet L.
Published: February 2010

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a global pest of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae). It has developed resistance to virtually all known insecticides, and biological control has become an important management tool. In North America the parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) has been used successfully to reduce diamondback moth populations. We document the presence of the α-proteobacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia and its associated bacteriophage WO in P. xylostella and D. insulare and examine the phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia and WO in both host species. Our results suggest that Wolbachia and WO have been horizontally transferred in this insect–parasitoid system in recent evolutionary history. Knowledge of the dynamics of Wolbachia in P. xylostella and D. insulare may be an important factor in future control of this pest in the field.
Sensory Processing Abilities of Children Who Have Sustained Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Galvin Jane , Froude Elspeth H. , Imms Christine
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE. This study describes the sensory processing abilities of children ages 3–10 who sustained a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHOD. We used a prospective, descriptive study design with convenience sampling of 20 children who were admitted to a pediatric neurosurgical unit. Caregivers provided information regarding their child’s sensory processing abilities using the Sensory Profile (Dunn, 1999). We also collected demographic information related to the mechanism and severity of injury. Data were analyzed descriptively, and summary statistics were used to describe the Sensory Profiles of the children in comparison to normative data.

RESULTS. Proportionally more children with TBI than children in the normative sample demonstrated behaviors outside of the typical range in all sections of the Sensory Profile except for oral sensory processing.

CONCLUSION. These findings strongly support the need to include evaluation of sensory processing in any clinical assessment of children who have sustained TBI.
Benchmark Comparison of Outcomes for Clients With Upper-Limb Dysfunction After Stroke Using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs–OT)
Authors: Unsworth Carolyn A. , Bearup Andrea M. , Rickard Kate J.
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVES. The objective was to benchmark upper-limb outcomes for clients after stroke by confirming a local benchmark and comparing this benchmark with data from a prospective sample.

METHOD. Expert occupational therapists were surveyed to confirm benchmark sample data (n = 20). Treatment sample data (n = 20) were collected at three subacute units. Outcomes were recorded using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy Upper-Limb Use scale.

RESULTS. Results confirmed benchmark sample scores. Treatment sample participants were significantly younger than the benchmark sample; however, a two-way analysis of variance indicated that both samples improved to a similar degree.

CONCLUSION. Therapists at the facilities where the treatment was provided can feel confident that they are meeting benchmark standards and may strive in the future to achieve better outcomes. Further benchmarking studies are required to encourage therapists to evaluate their performance and implement strategies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of practice.
Evaluating the Pressure-Reducing Capabilities of the Gel Pad in Supine
Authors: Thorne Sarah , Sauvé Katrine , Yacoub Christine , Guitard Paulette
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE. Gel pads are commonly used by occupational therapists in acute care settings to reduce pressure on the coccyx and sacrum in supine. The purpose of this study was to determine the pressure-reducing capabilities of gel pads used in supine and the resultant potential impact on pressure ulcer management.

METHOD. A pressure-mapping system was used to measure interface pressures between the participant’s buttocks and the mattress, with and without the gel pad.

RESULTS. The gel pad did not have a significant effect on interface pressure for most participants. No obvious clinical indicators were identified.

CONCLUSION. Use of the gel pad is not recommended to decrease pressure in supine. Because potential adverse effects may result from using the gel pad in supine and no clinical indicators were identified to direct practice, use of the gel pad in supine is not recommended as an intervention for decreasing interface pressure.
Constantly Changing Lives: Experiences of People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lexell Eva Månsson , Lund Maria Larsson , Iwarsson Susanne
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to gain an enhanced understanding of how people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience their engagement in occupations. We interviewed 10 people and then analyzed the data gathered using the constant comparative method of grounded theory. The findings encompassed the core category “essentials of a constantly changing life,” showing that along a continuum of change, the participants experienced a decreasing engagement in occupations that forced them to continuously struggle to maintain engagement. This struggle changed them and required them to construct a different life than before. Our findings suggest that professionals working in MS rehabilitation need to broaden their repertoire of interventions relevant to conditions in clients’ social environment, with the intention of influencing those occupations that are individually most meaningful. Occupational therapists should focus on the client’s engagement in occupations and its consequences for the client’s life and self-identity.
Validity and Critical Driving Errors of On-Road Assessment for Older Drivers
Authors: Shechtman Orit , Awadzi Kezia D. , Classen Sherrilene , Lanford Desiree N. , Joo Yongsung
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVES. We examined the validity of our on-road driving assessment to quantify its outcomes.

METHOD. Older drivers (N = 127) completed a driving assessment on a standardized road course. Measurements included demographics, driving errors, and driving test outcomes; a categorical global rating score (pass–fail); and the sum of maneuvers (SMS) score (0–273).

RESULTS. There were significant differences in the SMS (F = 29.9, df = 1 p ≤ .001) between drivers who passed the driving test and those who failed. The SMS cutoff value of 230 points was established as the criterion because it yielded the most optimal combination of sensitivity (0.91) and specificity (0.87). The strongest predictors of failure were adjustment to stimuli and lane maintenance errors.

CONCLUSION. The SMS differentiated between passing and failing drivers and can be used to inform clinical decision making.
Impact of Partial Administration of the Cognitive Behavioral Driver’s Inventory on Concurrent Validity for People With Brain Injury
Authors: Duquette Josée , McKinley Patricia , Mazer Barbara , Gélinas Isabelle , Vanier Marie , Benoit Dana , Gresset Jacques
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVES. We sought to determine whether the partial administration of the Cognitive Behavioral Driver’s Inventory (CBDI) has a significant effect on its concurrent validity.

METHOD. Data were extracted from charts of clients with cerebrovascular accident or traumatic brain injury from three centers. The CBDI was administered either completely or partially (right and left perimetry or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R; Wechsler, 1982; Picture Completion and Digit Symbol tests were not completed). Concurrent validity indicators were calculated for the CBDI and three different scenarios of partial administration of the CBDI.

RESULTS. Only 52% of the road test failures were predicted correctly by the completely administered CBDI. Nonadministration of the WAIS–R rarely modified the CBDI results. Omission of perimetry scores tended to increase the sensitivity and decrease the specificity (not significantly).

CONCLUSION. The CBDI should be used as a complement, not a substitution, for a road test. Partially administrating the CBDI, specifically excluding perimetry measures, can affect its concurrent validity.
Validation of a Test of Road Law and Road Craft Knowledge With Older or Functionally Impaired Drivers
Authors: Unsworth Carolyn A. , Pallant Julie F. , Russell Kay J. , Germano Carmela , Odell Morris
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE. The number of functionally impaired drivers being assessed is increasing the urgency to develop a standardized off-road driver assessment battery. We examined the validity of the Road Law and Road Craft Test (RLRCT) and a version of the Melbourne Slide Test to determine whether they should be included in the Occupational Therapy Driver Off-Road Assessment (OT–DORA) battery, which is under development.

METHOD. We conducted a file audit of 118 data sets with individual item scores for the RLRCT and Melbourne Slide Test.

RESULTS. The RLRCT test with one item removed provides clinicians with a valid indication of clients’ off-road driving skills. The Melbourne Slide Test added no new information over that provided by the RLRCT and can be excluded from the battery.

CONCLUSION. The revised 14-item RLRCT should be included in the OT–DORA battery. Further research is required to develop the OT–DORA battery as a valid and reliable measure of off-road driver skill.
Occupational Therapists’ Capacity-Building Needs Related to Older Driver Screening, Assessment, and Intervention: A Canadawide Survey
Authors: Korner-Bitensky Nicol , Menon Anita , von Zweck Claudia , Van Benthem Kathy
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND. Older driver safety is a growing concern. We identified capacity-building needs of occupational therapists related to older driver screening, assessment, and intervention.

METHOD. A Canadawide survey was undertaken involving 133 occupational therapists working with an older clientele. A standardized questionnaire elicited information regarding (1) actual practices related to older driver screening, assessment, and intervention; (2) perceived competence; and (3) need for continuing education.

RESULTS. Occupational therapists were twice as likely to use screening tools rather than in-depth assessments (n = 79 vs. n = 37). Only 25 occupational therapists offered on-road assessment, and even fewer offered retraining (n = 11). Occupational therapists more often felt very competent in domains related to screening as opposed to assessment, and most were interested in continuing education.

CONCLUSION. Driving services offered were primarily related to screening compared with assessment or intervention. Occupational therapists would benefit from driving-related professional training aimed at enhancing professional capacity in this arena.
Assessment of Driving Performance Using a Simulator Protocol: Validity and Reproducibility
Authors: Bédard Michel , Parkkari Marie , Weaver Bruce , Riendeau Julie , Dahlquist Mike
Published: February 2010

We examined the validity and reproducibility of simulator-based driving evaluations. In Study 1, we examined correlations among Trails A and B, demerit points for simulated drives, and simulator-recorded errors. With one exception, correlations ranged from .44 (p = .103) to .83 (p = .001). In Study 2, we examined correlations among Trail Making Test Part A, Useful Field of View, and demerit points for simulated drives; correlations ranged from .50 to .82 (all ps < .001). The correlation between demerit points for on-road and simulated drives was .74 (p = .035). We examined reproducibility of simulator assessments using the playback function; intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .73 to .87 (all ps < .001). These results suggest that simulators could be used to facilitate the evaluation of fitness to drive.
The Effect of an Integrated Course Cluster Learning Community on the Oral and Written Communication Skills and Technical Content Knowledge of Upper-Level College of Agriculture Students
Authors: Barnett Cynthia , Miller Greg , Polito Thomas A. , Gibson Lance
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to determine if upper-level college students who participated in AgPAQ, an integrated course cluster learning community, would demonstrate enhanced learning in the areas of oral communication, written communication, and agronomic/economic technical content knowledge. The population (N = 182) consisted of students who participated in AgPAQ and five comparison groups: students in a farm management class; students in a stand-alone soil, fertilizer, and water management class; students in a soil, fertilizer, and water management class linked with an English course; and students in a paid volunteer group who had not previously participated in AgPAQ. Instruments included three rubrics that measured performance on written communication, oral communication, and agronomic/economic technical content knowledge. Analyses revealed that AgPAQ participants scored higher than non-AgPAQ participants on measures of oral and written communication in all comparisons. Also, AgPAQ participants scored higher on measures of agronomic/economic technical content knowledge than students in the non-AgPAQ paid volunteer group and students in the stand-alone soil, fertilizer, and water management class. AgPAQ participants also scored higher, but not significantly higher, than students in an English and agronomy linked integration. AgPAQ fostered enhanced learning in oral communication, written communication, and agronomic/economic technical content knowledge.
Summer Enrichment Programs: Providing Agricultural Literacy and Career Exploration to Gifted and Talented Students
Authors: Canno John G. , Broyles Thomas W. , Sebeil G. Andrew , Anderson Ryan
Published: February 2010

As agriculture continues to evolve and become more complex, the demand for qualified college graduates to fill agricultural careers exceeds supply. This study focused on a summer enrichment program that strives to expose gifted and talented students to the diverse nature of agricultural careers through the integration of agriculture and science. The purpose of this study was to examine the program's effect on its alumni. Specific objectives were to develop demographic information, to ascertain the perceptions of the influence of the program on knowledge and perceptions of agriculture, to ascertain the influence of the program on career choices, and to identify career choices. The average alumnus is a white female who resides in an urban area with a population greater than 20,000. She is not an FFA or 4-H member. The program has a considerable influence on alumni knowledge and perceptions of the agricultural industry, specifically for those who do not have a traditional agricultural education background. The program did not have an overwhelming influence over alumni career choices, and the alumni identified numerous career choices, with medicine/physician being chosen by the greatest number of participants.
Neonatal Rat Primary Microglia: Isolation, Culturing, and Selected Applications
Authors: Ni Mingwei , Aschner Michael
Published: February 2010

Microglial cells elaborate trophic factors and cytokines and remove toxins and debris from the extracellular space in the central nervous system, acting analogously to peripheral macrophages. Over the past two decades, increased attention has been directed at the role of microglia, not only in normal physiology, but also in mediating neurotoxicity. Activation of microglia is inherent to multiple neurodegenerative disorders and exposure to toxic compounds. In large measure, these revelations have come about as a result of technologies that enable researchers to obtain high yield and purity primary cultures of rodent microglia. The mechanical isolation protocol discussed in this unit offers an economical method to isolate large amounts of microglia in a short and not too labor‐intensive manner. Most importantly, it ensures a high yield of cells with great reproducibility. Given the ever‐increasing importance of microglia to the field of neurotoxicology research, the ability to isolate large quantities of primary microglia makes it possible to investigate the role and mechanisms associated with microglial modulation of neurotoxicity. We provide a detailed description on the methods that are routinely used in our laboratory for the isolation and culture of microglia, with emphasis on the steps that are deemed most critical for obtaining pure and healthy cultures. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 43:12.17.1‐12.17.16. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oxoammonium‐ and Nitroxide‐Catalyzed Oxidations of Alcohols
Authors: Bobbitt James M. , BrüCkner Christian , Merbouh Nabyl
Published: February 2010

The discovery in 1959 of stable nitroxide‐based free radicals such as the prototypical 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) led to their use as electron spin resonance (ESR) spin labels in chemistry, biomedicine, and materials science. These nitroxides are prepared by the oxidation of secondary amines that contain no hydrogen atoms on the alpha‐carbons. The unique redox properties of nitroxides enable their use as oxidants in organic synthesis. The varied preparation and uses of oxoammonium salts as stoichiometric oxidants for alcohols are one subject of this review. Oxoammonium ions as oxidants for alcohols have a number of advantages, for example, the method is heavy‐metal free and some of the reactions can be performed in water or aqueous mixtures. A few side reactions are associated with these oxidations. The most serious is the fast reaction of the oxoammonium ion with free amines

The several ways these oxidation reactions can be carried out are discussed in detail.

They are: Oxidations using stoichimetric quantities of preformed oxoammonium salts carried out in either acidic, neutral, or basic conditions; reactions in which stoichiometric quantities of oxoammonium salts are generatedin situby disproportionation of a nitroxide in the presence of a strong acid; nitroxide‐catalyzed oxidations using a secondary oxidant; efficient nitroxide‐catalyzed oxidations of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids; and oxidations of primary alcohols or hemiacetals that can lead to lactones.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Porter Michael J , Skidmore John
Published: February 2010

Asymmetric epoxidation reactions have the distinction of being among the first enantioselective transformations to be widely sued in organic synthesis. The Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation is arguably one of the most important methods for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched intermediates uses en route to a wide range of synthetic targets. To date most examples have employed electrophilic oxidizing agents and are thus applicable to electron‐neutral or electron‐rich double bonds. On the other hand alkenes substituted with electron‐withdrawing groups often react inefficiently with electrophilic oxidizing agents; such alkanes are more readily epoxidized using nucleophilic oxidants. The Weitz‐Scheffer epoxidation of alpha,beta‐unsaturated ketones to the corresponding epoxy ketones using basic hydrogen peroxide is the classical nucleophilic epoxidation reaction.

This chapter considers the more general case of the conversion of an electron deficient alkene into the corresponding epoxide in an enantioselective fashion. Only methods based on chiral reagents or catalysts are covered. This review covers the literature to the end of 2005.
Highly Efficient Rhodium Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydroformylation of Vinyl and Allyl Ethers using C1‐Symmetrical Diphosphite Ligands
Authors: Gual Aitor , Godard Cyril , Castillón Sergio , Claver Carmen
Published: February 2010

Here, we describe the successful application of novel glucofuranose‐derived 1,3‐diphosphites in the rhodium‐catalysed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl acetate, 2,5‐dihydrofuran and 2,3‐dihydrofuran. In the hydroformylation of vinyl acetate, total regioselectivity and high ee (up to 73%) were obtained. When 2,3‐ and 2,5‐dihydrofuran were the substrates, total chemo‐ and regioselectivities were achieved together with ees up to 88%. These results correspond to the highest ee values reported to date in the asymmetric hydroformylation of these substrates. The HP‐NMR studies of the [RhH(CO)2(L)] species (L=15 and 17) demonstrated that both ligands coordinate to the Rh centre in an eq‐eq fashion. The complex [RhH(CO)2(15)] was detected as a single isomer with characteristic features of eq‐eq coordination. However, the broadening of the corresponding signals indicated that this species is rapidly interchanging in solution. In contrast, complex [RhH(CO)2(17)] was detected as a mixture of two conformational isomers at low temperature due to the greater flexibility of the monocyclic backbone of this ligand.
Overview of German, Nazi, and Holocaust medicine
Authors: Cohen Jr. M. Michael
Published: February 2010

An overview of German, Nazi, and Holocaust medicine brings together a group of subjects discussed separately elsewhere. Topics considered include German medicine before and during the Nazi era, such as advanced concepts in epidemiology, preventive medicine, public health policy, screening programs, occupational health laws, compensation for certain medical conditions, and two remarkable guidelines for informed consent for medical procedures; also considered are the Nuremberg Code; American models for early Nazi programs, including compulsory sterilization, abusive medical experiments on prison inmates, and discrimination against black people; two ironies in US and Nazi laws; social Darwinism and racial hygiene; complicity of Nazi physicians, including the acts of sterilization, human experimentation, and genocide; Nazi persecution of Jewish physicians; eponyms of unethical German physicians with particular emphasis on Reiter, Hallervorden, and Pernkopf; eponyms of famous physicians who were Nazi victims, including Pick and van Creveld; and finally, a recommendation for convening an international committee of physicians and ethicists to deal with five issues: (a) to propose alternative names for eponyms of physicians who exhibited complicity during the Nazi era; (b) to honor the eponyms and stories of physicians who were victims of Nazi atrocities and genocide; (c) to apply vigorous pressure to those German and Austrian Institutes that have not yet undertaken investigations to determine if the bodies of Nazi victims remain in their collections; (d) to recommend holding annual commemorations in medical schools and research institutes worldwide to remember and to reflect on the victims of compromised medical practice, particularly, but not exclusively, during the Nazi era because atrocities and acts of genocide have occurred elsewhere; and (e) to examine the influence of any political ideology that compromises the practice of medicine. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemocytes of the cochineal insect: ultrastructure
Authors: Caselín‐Castro Sandra , Llanderal‐Cázares Celina , de Jesús Méndez‐Gallegos Santiago , Ramírez‐Cruz Arturo , de la Cruz Hernández‐Hernández Fidel
Published: February 2010

Using transmission electron microscopy, light microscopy (Giemsa May‐Grumwald), and the Periodic Acid‐Schif (PAS) and Sudan Black B staining techniques, hemocytes in the hemolymph of adult female Dactylopius coccus were characterized. The following, in order of abundance, were found: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, and oenocytoids. Granulocytes varied in size with granulations in the cytoplasm, a large quantity of mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum, ribosomes and vesicles, central or exocentric, spherical and occasionally lobulate nucleus. Plasmatocytes were polymorphic with irregularities in the plasma membrane; cytoplasm contained mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum and vesicles, and exocentric, spherical, or irregular nucleus. In both types of hemocytes, scant polysaccharides and lipids were found. Prohemocytes were small and spherical with homogeneous cytoplasm and large exocentric nuclei. Oenocytoids were oval or irregular with dense homogeneous cytoplasm and elongated exocentric nuclei. The percentages of granulocytes on different days (d 1 and 10) during the life of the adult female were significantly different, as were those of plasmatocytes on d 30 and 50 and prohemocytes on d 1 and 50. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LiDAR‐derived Local Relief Models – a new tool for archaeological prospection
Authors: Hesse Ralf
Published: February 2010

Local relief models (LRM) are proposed as a new tool for archaeological prospection. A data processing approach is presented which produces LRM from LiDAR‐derived high‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). The LRM represents local, small‐scale elevation differences after removing the large‐scale landscape forms from the data. The LRM greatly enhances the visibility of small‐scale, shallow topographic features irrespective of the illumination angle and allows their relative elevations as well as their volumes to be measured directly. This makes the LRM an improved basis for spatially extensive archaeological prospection over a wide range of landscapes. The LRM raster map of local positive and negative relief variations can be used for the mapping and prospection of archaeological features such as burial mounds, linear and circular earthworks, sunken roads, agricultural terraces, ridge and furrow fields, kiln podia and mining/quarrying sites. This approach is currently being used in a project aimed at the complete archaeological mapping and prospection of the state Baden‐Württemberg (Germany), covering an area of 35 751 km2. The goal of the project is the verification and extension of the existing archaeological data base. An object‐based local relief vector layer is produced as a by‐product; however, due to the common amalgamation of natural and anthropogenic features this cannot be used efficiently for archaeological prospection at present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacology and placental transfer of a human αv integrin monoclonal antibody in rabbits
Authors: Martin Pauline L. , Zhou Zhao , Van den Bulck Kathleen , Kwok Deborah , Powers Gordon , Jiao Qun , Schantz Allen , Treacy George
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Intetumumab is a human IgG1 anti‐αv‐integrin monoclonal antibody that inhibits angiogenesis. Integrin binding and angiogenesis are important in reproduction including fertilization, implantation, and embryofetal development. These studies were designed to determine the pharmacological relevance of the rabbit for the evaluation of potential effects on embryofetal development and to evaluate the placental transfer of intetumumab in rabbits. METHODS: In vitro pharmacology studies evaluated the binding of intetumumab to rabbit cells and the inhibition of vessel sprouting from rabbit aorta. For the evaluation of placental transfer, pregnant rabbits (8/group) were injected intravenously with intetumumab 50 or 100 mg/kg every 2 days from Gestation Day (GD)7 to GD19. Maternal sera, fetal homogenates/sera, and amniotic fluid were collected at necropsy on GD19 or GD28 for evaluation of intetumumab concentrations. Clinical condition of the dams was monitored and fetuses were screened for abnormalities. RESULTS: Intetumumab (5–40 µg/mL) inhibited aortic cell adhesion to vitronectin and vessel sprouting from rabbit aortic rings. Immunohistochemical staining of rabbit tissues demonstrated binding of intetumumab to placenta. Administration of intetumumab to pregnant rabbits was well tolerated by the dams and the fetuses did not show major abnormalities. Fetal exposure to intetumumab relative to maternal exposure was <0.1% on GD19 and 100–130% on GD29. CONCLUSIONS: The rabbit is a pharmacologically relevant species for evaluation of potential developmental effects of intetumumab. Intetumumab crosses the rabbit placenta during the fetal period (GD 19–28). Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:116–123, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.