bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topical lignocaine and thiopentone for the insertion of a laryngeal mask airway
Authors: Seavell C. R. , Cook T. M. , Cox C. M.
Published: February 2007

We assessed conditions for insertion of a laryngeal mask airway in 90 unpremedicated adult patients who received either thiopentone 5mg.kg‐1 preceded by 40 mg of topical lignocaine spray to the posterior pharyngeal wall or propofol 2.5 mg.kg‐1 alone in a randomised, single‐blinded trial. All patients received fentanyl 1 μg.kg‐1. Gagging, coughing and laryngospasm following laryngeal mask insertion were graded and haemodynamic data and apnoea times were recorded. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the incidence of gagging, coughing and laryngospasm, but the apnoea time was significantly less in the thiopentone group (p < 0.005). The decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, following induction and the insertion of a laryngeal mask with propofol was significantly greater than following thiopentone (p < 0.05—systolic, p < 0.01—diastolic). We conclude that thiopentone preceded by topical lignocaine spray provides conditions for insertion of a laryngeal mask equal to those of propofol, with more haemodynamic stability and a shorter period of apnoea.
Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following single needle lumbar sympathectomy using two volumes of 0.25% bupivacaine plain solution
Authors: DICK A. M. , GABBOTT D. A. , HARDY P. A. J.
Published: February 2007

Plasma buipvacaine concentrations were measured in 10 patients after lumbar sympathectomy using 10ml or 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plain solution. A single needle technique was employed, positioned at the L3 level. Mean peak concentrations were greater in the larger volume group and were statistically significant at 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Plasma bupivacaine levels peaked earlier in the smaller volume group. Some patients in the larger volume group still had plasma bupivacaine levels at or near peak values at 120 min. No patient approached toxic plasma levels of bupivacaine.
The effects of hypoxaemia and recommendations for postoperative oxygen therapy
Authors: POWELL J. F. , MENON D. K. , JONES J. G.
Published: February 2007

Hypoxaemia following surgery is common and may be prolonged and severe. The thresholds for deleterious effects of hypoxaemia on the heart and central nervous system are reviewed and the problems of assessment of the adequacy of tissue oxygenation are outlined. Recommendations for postoperative oxygen therapy are made.
Midazolam co‐induction and laryngeal mask insertion
Authors: Driver I. K. , Wiltshire S. , Mills P. , Lillywhite N. , Howard‐Griffin R.
Published: February 2007

We have studied the effect of alfentanil and midazolam + alfentanil on the conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion in patients receiving propofol for induction of anaesthesia. Ninety unpremedicated, ASA 1 or 2 adult patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: group P received propofol only (2.5 mg.kg‐1); group PA received alfentanil (10 μg.kg‐1) followed by propofol (1.25 mg.kg‐1); group PMA received midazolam (0.04 mg.kg‐1) and alfentanil (10 μg.kg‐1) followed by propofol (1.25 mg.kg ‐1). Further boluses of propofol (0.25 mg.kg ‐1 every 15 s) were given if the initial dose was inadequate for induction of anaesthesia. Patients in the midazolam + alfentanil group required less propofol (p < 0.001), had better mouth opening (p < 0.001) and fewer undesired responses to laryngeal mask airway insertion (p < 0.001) than the other two groups.
Retracted: The influence of volume therapy and pentoxifylline infusion on circulating adhesion molecules in trauma patients
Authors: BOLDT J. , HEESEN M. , PADBERG W. , MARTIN K. , HEMPELMANN G.
Published: February 2007

Adhesion molecules appear to play a pivotal role in tissue damage secondary to the inflammatory process. Besides neutrophiland endothelial‐bound adhesion molecules, soluble forms have been detected in the circulating blood. They seem to be good markers of endothelial damage, but they may also have other biological functions. Plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules (endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecules (sELAM‐1), intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1), and granule membrane protein 140 (sGMP‐140) were serially measured over 5 days by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in 45 consecutive trauma patients. These received, by random allocation, only either hydroxyethylstarch solution 10% (mean molecular weight 200 000 daltons) (n = 15) or human albumin 20% (n = 15) for volume therapy. Another 15 patients without defined volume therapy received pentoxifylline continuously (1.2mg.kg‐1.h‐1). Measurements were carried out on the day of admission to the intensive care unit (baseline) and during the next 5 days. At baseline, plasma concentrations of all adhesion molecules were similar in all groups. In the hydroxyethyl starch group, sELAM‐1 and sICAM‐1 concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) reaching normal values during the study period whereas the mean (SD) values increased in the pentoxifylline group (sELAM‐1: 71.1 (16.7) to 91.6 (17.8) ng.ml‐1) and the albumin group (sICAM‐1: 400 (81) to 749 (101) ng.ml‐1) (p < 0.05). sVCAM‐1 increased outside the normal range only in the human albumin group (to 760 ± 69 ng.ml‐1) (p < 0.05). sGMP‐140 plasma concentration increased only in those receiving albumin (432 (85) to 550 (93) ng.ml‐1) and this was significantly different to the other groups (p < 0.05). None of the other haemodynamic or laboratory factors could be correlated with plasma concentrations of the adhesion molecules. We conclude that colume therapy with hydroxyethyl starch resulted in a decrease in circulating adhesion molecules in our trauma patients. In contrast, volume therapy with albumin did not exert this effect. Continuous infusion of pentoxifylline did not have a beneficial modulating action on circulating adhesion molecules.
Infusions of subhypnotic doses of propofol for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting
Authors: MONTGOMERY J. E. , SUTHERLAND C. J. , KESTIN I. G. , SNEYD J. R.
Published: February 2007

We studied the antiemetic effects of a low dose infusion of propofol for 24 h after major gynaecological surgery in a double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial. Fifty women of ASA physical status 1 or 2 undergoing major gynaecological surgery received an infusion of 1% propofol or intralipid at 0.1 ml. kg‐1 h‐1 for 24h after surgery. Pain was managed using morphine. delivered by a patient‐controlled analgesia pump. The degree of postoperative nausea and vomiting was assessed by the nurses using a four‐point ordinal scale, by the patients using a visual analogue scale and by the amount of rescue antiemetic given by the nurses. There were no differences between the two groups in any of the measures of postoperative nausea and vomiting during the first 48 h after surgery. Postoperative nausea and vomiting in the control group was less on the second day compared with the first postoperative day, but not in the propofol group. There were no side effects from the propofol infusion.
Evaluation of the Upsherscope
Authors: PEARCE A. C. , SHAW S. , MACKLIN S.
Published: February 2007

A new, rigid intubating fibrescope, the Upsherscope, was evaluated in clinical practice. Intubation was attempted in 200 adult patients and was successful in 191, with a median intubation time of 38s, range 14–154s. Intubation was straightforward in just under half of the patients. Difficulties were encountered in picking up the epiglottis, in passing the tracheal tube between the vocal cords and with secretions interfering with the view. In two patients known to be difficult to intubate, the Upsherscope was successful in one patient using an awake technique and failed in the other.
Insertion methods of the laryngeal mask airway
Authors: Dingley J. , Asai T.
Published: February 2007

The efficacy of the laryngeal mask is widely accepted, but there is a lack of consensus on the best insertion method and on the use of the mask, for certain surgical procedures. We sent a questionnaire to all anaesthetists in Wales to discover the frequency of use of the laryngeal mask and the preferred insertion method. The questionnaire also enquired about the use of the laryngeal mask during anaesthesia for laparoscopic clip sterilisation. Replies were received from 125 consultants (89% of those circulated) and 122 non‐consultants (69%). The insertion method described in the manufacturer's instruction manual was preferred by 30% of consultants and 34% of the others. The next most popular option was insertion of the mask with the cuff partially inflated. Twenty‐three per cent of consultants and 34% of non‐consultants were prepared to use the laryngeal mask during anaesthesia for laparoscopic clip sterilisation. Although the insertion technique described in the instruction manual is the most widely employed, a large number of alternative methods are frequently used.
The paradox of the StatCap carbon dioxide indicator An experimental evaluation of rebreathing
Authors: KAPOOR V. , WATT J. W. H.
Published: February 2007

The StatCap semiquantitative carbon dioxide detector was evaluated in an experimental setting. The monitor underread at progressively higher concentrations of carbon dioxide. During simulated rebreathing, progressive increases in inspired carbon dioxide resulted in the StatCap readings decreasing. It is recommended that the StatCap be used with caution in circumstances where rebreathing may occur, for example, during manual ventilation with an Ayre's T‐piece.
Injection pain with propofol Reduction with aspiration of blood
Authors: McDonald D. S. , Jameson P.
Published: February 2007

A randomised, controlled, single‐blind study was performed on 100 patients to investigate a new method of reducing pain on propofol injection. Aspiration of 2 ml of the patient's blood into a syringe of propofol immediately before injection was compared with the addition of lignocaine 20 mg or normal saline 2 ml to the propofol before injection. The addition of blood was significantly more effective in reducing pain on injection than the addition qf' saline (p < 0.001), but was not significantly more effective than the addition of lignocaine.
The effect of pretreatment with ketorolac on pain during intravenous injection of propofol
Authors: Smith A. J.
Published: February 2007

A randomised, double‐blind, controlled trial was undertaken to compare three different methods of reducing pain during the intravenous injection of propofol. In 101 patients undergoing daycase surgery, verbal rating scores, for pain during injection of propofol were compared immediately after intravenous pretreatment with ketorolac 10 mg, lignocaine 10 mg or saline. Neither pain during injection (p = 0.129), nor venous sequelae at 7 days postoperatively were significantly different between the three treatments. Pain during propofol injection remains a confounding clinical problem.
National provision of acute pain services
Authors: WINDSOR A. M. , GLYNN C. J. , MASON D. G.
Published: February 2007

In order to determine the degree to which the recommendations of the report of the joint working party on ‘Pain after Surgery’ by the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the College of Anaesthetists have been implemented, a postal survey was conducted of all hospitals in the United Kingdom where surgery is performed. The number of hospitals with a multidisciplinary acute pain service had significantly increased from 2.8% before September 1990 to 42.7% at the end of 1994. Over the same period there has been an increase in the number of hospitals with a named clinician responsible for acute pain management, from 20 before 1990 to 230 (65.2%) and the number of hospitals with an acute pain nurse has increased from 8 (2.3%) prior to 1990 to 139 (39.3%). Routine assessment of pain and sedation occurs in 82% of hospitals with established acute pain services and in less than 50% of hospitals without an acute pain service. The use of written protocols, the provision of out‐of‐hours cover and regular training for all staff have increased with time. Research and audit activity related to acute pain management has also improved since 1990.
Epidural infusion of low‐dose bupivacaine and opioid in labour Does reducing motor block increase the spontaneous delivery rate?
Authors: Russell R. , Reynolds F.
Published: February 2007

Labouring women were randomly allocated to receive epidural infusions during labour of either 0.125% plain bupivacaine (n = 200) or a combination of 0.0625% bupivacaine with either 2.5μg.ml‐1 fentanyl or 0.25μg.ml‐1 sufentanil (n = 199) each starting at 12 ml.h‐1 and adjusted as necessary to maintain analgesia. The dose of bupivacaine, both hourly (p < 0.001) and total (p < 0.001), was significantly lower in the group receiving the combination. Motor block was significantly less common and less severe in the combination group (p < 0.001). These reductions did not result in a significant increase in spontaneous deliveries. Maternal satisfaction with first (p < 0.001) and second stage analgesia (p < 0.001) was significantly increased in the combination group. The addition of opioid to the epidural infusion did not reduce the incidence of perineal pain. There were no significant differences between the groups in neonatal outcome or the incidence of early postnatal symptoms.
Enalapril/amlodipine combination in cyclosporine‐treated renal transplant recipients: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Halimi Jean‐Michel , Giraudeau Bruno , Buchler Matthias , Al‐Najjar Azmi , Etienne Isabelle , Laouad Inass , Bruyère Franck , Lebranchu Yvon
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Most hypertensive renal transplant recipients require two or more antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control. However, which medications must be combined is still a matter of debate.

Methods:  A prospective randomized open‐label blinded evaluation trial comparing the six‐month effects of the amlodipine–enalapril combination (n = 32) vs. enalapril alone (n = 33) and vs. amlodipine alone (n = 34) on arterial pressure, renal function, albuminuria and tolerability.

Results:  At six months, diastolic arterial pressure was more adequately controlled (i.e., <90 mmHg) in the combination group than in the amlodipine and enalapril groups (100% vs. 82.4% and 84.8%, respectively, p = 0.038). The same trend was observed for systolic arterial pressure (65.6% vs. 58.8% and 51.5%, NS). The six‐month change in albuminuria was similar in the combination group and in the enalapril group (−64.7% vs. −59.5%); however, patients in the combination group exhibited a greater reduction in albuminuria than in the amlodipine group (−64.7% vs. −29.0%, p = 0.002). As compared with baseline values, serum creatinine and potassium remained unchanged in the combination group, whereas they increased by 9 ± 12 μmol/L (p = 0.01) and by 0.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L (p < 0.01), respectively, in the enalapril group. The cyclosporine trough levels remained unchanged in the combination group, but increased in the amlodipine group.

Conclusion:  Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)–calcium‐channel blocker (CCB) combination controls arterial pressure more adequately than ACEI alone or CCB alone, reduces albuminuria and may prevent the ACEI‐induced initial rise in serum creatinine.
A case of successful treatment of cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient
Authors: Walia R. , Montoya J.G. , Visvesvera G.S. , Booton G.C. , Doyle R.L.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Acanthamoeba species are known to cause 2 well‐described entities: (1) granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which usually affects immunocompromised hosts, and (2) keratitis, which typically follows trauma associated with contamination of water or contact lenses. Less common manifestations include pneumonitis and a subacute granulomatous dermatitis. We describe a case of granulomatous dermatitis secondary to Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient and a successful outcome following treatment with lipid formulation of amphotericin B and voriconazole. We believe this is the second case report describing disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient. We also describe successful outcome with a combination of lipid formulation of amphotericin B and voriconazole, drugs that have not been previously reported to treat Acanthamoeba.
Non‐bacterial infections in allogeneic non‐myeloablative stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Narreddy S. , Mellon‐Reppen S. , Abidi M.H. , Klein J.L. , Peres E. , Heilbrun L.K. , Smith D. , Alangaden G. , Chandrasekar P.H.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Data on non‐bacterial infections during allogeneic non‐myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are widely different. We evaluated data on 48 consecutive patients who received a conditioning regimen with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (73%) or fludarabine and total body irradiation (27%) and then underwent allogeneic non‐myeloablative HSCT. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was common and occurred in 48% of patients; 3 patients developed CMV disease, and all survived. CMV reactivation was found to be common with both conditioning regimens in our patient population. Invasive aspergillosis occurred in 4 patients (8%) and 3 died. Other serious non‐bacterial infections were uncommon. Review of the available literature on non‐myeloablative HSCT suggests that the frequency and type of opportunistic infections vary considerably.
Genetic variation within the glycoprotein B and H genes of human cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Zhou L. , Fan J. , Zheng S.S. , Ma W.H.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: This study was performed to investigate human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and genetic variations within glycoprotein B (gB) and H (gH) genes in Chinese transplant recipients. A total of 245 ethylene‐diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)‐treated blood samples were obtained from 79 transplant recipients in southeast China. Based on the sequences of highly variable regions of the gB endoprotease cleavage site (gBclv), N‐terminus of gp116 (gBn), and the gH N‐terminus (gH), nested polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of HCMV were established. Nucleotide sequencing was employed to differentiate gB and gH genotypes. Twenty‐six of 79 (32.9%) transplant recipients were proved HCMV positive. The distribution of genotypes was gBclv1, 12/25; gBclv2, 3/25; gBclv3, 4/25; gBn1, 6/23; gBn2, 2/23; gBn3, 11/23; and no gBclv/n 4‐related genotypes were presented. The distribution of gH genotypes was gH1, 11/26; gH2, 9/26; and co‐infected with both gH1/2 in 6/26. These data show that genetic variability within the gB genes occurs frequently. Mixtures of gB and gH genotypes infection were common in Chinese solid organ transplant recipients.
THE BUSINESSMAN AND THE LANGUAGE TEACHER
Authors: LEES GERALD
Published: February 2007

Writers of textbooks published since the beginning of 1978 are invited to submit 1000 word articles discussing the principles underlying their work and accompanied by two pages from the book in question. The articles should be problem‐based, not advertisements, and the extracts should be in a form for reproduction without redrawing. Writers will be responsible for obtaining all necessary permissions.
Cross‐sex conversation in Indian English fiction
Authors: VALENTINE TAMARA M.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with the aspects and dynamics of gender differentiation in conversational style of Indian English texts, and how discoursal strategies and patterns are employed for effective cross‐sex communication. This study examines, among other strategies, the initiation, maintenance and shift of topic, and the organizational devices used by each gender to regulate verbal contact and conversation. It is suggested that the linguistic skills particular to male and female speakers of Hindi are transferred to this non‐native variety of English by creative authors. This Indianizing of the text suggests that Indian writers of English have developed a specialized Indianized language for male and female speakers in cross‐sex conversations. This can be appreciated only by considering the native social and attitudinal contexts. This paper has serious theoretical implications for the understanding of language use across cultures, the acculturation of the English language in a non‐native setting, variation in the speech of males and females within the varieties of English, and the general study of male/female verbal strategies in conversation.
The persistence of English in Liberia: sociolinguistic factors
Authors: BREITBORDE LAWRENCE B.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: English has been a language of both prestige and socioeconomic advancement in Liberia. Historically, this was based on the political and economic position of a native English‐speaking ethnic elite, as well as the spread of western values and customs within the majority of the non‐elite. A military coup in 1980 removed the native English‐speaking elite from their position of dominance in the social structure. The role of English, however, has not significantly been weakened. The Liberian case demonstrates the importance of the spread of western‐based cultural values, independent from the role of elites in the social system, in understanding the continued significance of English.
THE STORY OF ENGLISH
Authors: BARISH STEVEN
Published: February 2007

The Story of English. By Robert McCrum, William Cran and Robert MacNeil.
A cross‐cultural study of ability to interpret implicatures in English
Authors: BOUTON LAWRENCE F.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate two questions: (1) to what extent does a person's cultural background affect his or her ability to derive the same meanings from conversational implicatures in English as native English‐speaking Americans do, and (2) can a specially designed multiple‐choice test measure a person's ability to interpret these implicatures? The results show clearly that cultural background is a reliable predictor of nonnative speaker (NNS) ability to interpret implicatures the way native speakers (NSs) do. Not only do NNSs infer different meanings from implicatures than NSs do, but culturally defined subsets of NNSs also perform differently from each other. When variations in English language proficiency are controlled for, the effects of cultural background as measured by a one‐way ANOVA were significant at the 0.0001 level [F(6,323 = 23.83, p < 0.0001]. All of these data were gathered using a multiple‐choice test, which indicates that the answer to our second question cited above is a definite ‘Yes”.
CONTEXTUALIZING INDIAN ENGLISH
Authors: Baumgardner Robert J.
Published: February 2007

The Indianization of English: the English Language in India. By Braj B. Kachru
CONTACT LINGUISTICS
Authors: PLATT JOHN
Published: February 2007

Dialects in Contact. By Peter Trudgill.
Prototype effects in non‐native English: object‐coding in verbs of saying
Authors: HARTFORD BEVERLY S.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes non‐native English (NNE) verb of saying constructions such as discuss about and explain about, especially as they are realized in Nepali English (NpE). It shows how Langacker's 1983 theory of cognitive linguistics, along with Hopper and Thompson's 1980 prototype approach to transitivity, illuminate psycholinguistic processes involved in the creation of these structures in NNE. The first part of the analysis shows that NpE, by utilizing the semantics of the verb category, establishes a prototype for that category which is then extended to other members. The motivation for the particular prototype is explained in the light of cognitive grammar processes. The extension of the prototype to other members results in constructions which reflect an adjustment of syntax to more consistently correlate with the semantics of the category. The second part of the analysis shows that the outcome of the semantic/syntactic alignment can be regarded as an example of Hopper and Thompson's transitivity hierarchy, where the syntax of NpE clauses with verbs of saying more accurately indicates their level of transitivity than does that of their native English counterparts. Finally, it is suggested that the analysis of the NpE constructions gives us important insights into both second‐language acquisition and language change.
Style range in Sri Lankan English fiction: an analysis of four texts
Authors: FERNANDO SIROMI
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The use of non‐native varieties of English in new literatures poses a challenge of finding suitable media for the expression of new social realities. Creating style ranges appropriate for the expression of new national sensibilities and experience, particularly those of multilingual societies, is part of the challenge. The present study discusses major directions taken by Sri Lankan English fiction in the 1980s in developing adequate style ranges. Four works of fiction published in the 1980s are discussed to outline major directions. Styles used in them for narrative, description, serious discourse, speech and the reflection of thought are discussed. Problems of nomenclature, metaphor, idiom and simile are also considered. The four works discussed here demonstrate a slow development in Sri Lankan literature towards an adequate expressive medium. They represent some of the problems and negative aspects of this slow progress, but also illustrate positive signs of growth.
ESP within a new descriptive framework
Authors: MARKEE NUMA
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper introduces and defines four language planning terms (status planning, corpus planning, policy planning, and language cultivation) into the ESP literature. This nomenclature describes and categorizes the different planning phases involved in communicative curriculum design, implementation and maintenance. The utility of these terms as descriptors for the language teaching problem‐solving process is then exemplified with reference to two language problems frequently encountered by ESP practitioners, namely the selection of: (1) a medium (or media) on instruction for use in the classroom, and (2) an appropriate standard variety of English and attendant standards of correctness expected of the learners. Finally, possible objections to the ideas expressed in this paper are discussed and refuted.
Queuing and other idiosyncracies
Authors: ALGEO JOHN
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:The most obvious differences between British and American English are in spelling and pronunciation and in the form and reference of words. Such differences, being obtrusive, are easily identified by speakers of the other dialect. Less obvious differences are those of subtle variation in semantics and grammar, especially those that are stylistic rather than systematic. Unobtrusive differences are seldom pointed to overtly by speakers of the other dialect, but can be identified by the fact that they are eliminated when speakers of one dialect restate the meaning of a text originally in a dialect foreign to them. These generalizations are supported by an elicitation experiment in which 90 native speakers of American English were presented with a notice from a British public utility office and were asked to restate the message in their own words and then to identify any words or expressions in the original that seemed strange to them. A comparison of their paraphrases with a corresponding notice from an American utility office shows considerable accuracy in the collective sense of how American and British styles differ for public notices.
Linguistic alternants and code selection in Baba Malay
Authors: PAKIR ANNE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a brief account and explanation of the phenomenon of language use among the Baba community of Singapore. It is shown that the community utilizes Hokkien, Malay and English in the process of code selection and code‐mixing/switching. The sequential use of the three languages is especially noteworthy for the purpose of reiteration. The Babas have been a distinct group of Chinese for centuries in the former straits Settlements of Malaya (comprising Malacca, Penang and Singapore). They are mainly descendants of the first Chinese immigrants to Malaya who belonged to the Hokkien and Teochew dialect groups. The data are drawn from the recordings of conversations of the babas and nyonyas.
Nick Joaquin: a portrait of the existentialist as Filipino
Authors: ZIALCITA FERNANDO
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Nick Joaquin is generally regarded as the best writer in English in the Philippines. Despite the fact that most of his characters are drawn largely from the Spanish‐speaking elite, now greatly diminished in numbers, he is able to explore significant dimensions of the cultural construction of self in the Philippines with great sympathy and discernment. Joaquin, in the manner of Western existentialists, seeks to interpret the self as a dynamic process forever exploring, interrogating and reaffirming itself against the background of Filipino culture, and these issues relate interestingly to the question of writing in English in the Philippines.
The imperative tag—a thing apart
Authors: BOUTON LAWRENCE F.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: In English, the imperative is sometimes followed by a tag consisting of an auxiliary verb and its subject. This is true whether the imperative itself has an explicit subject or not (Someone give me a hand here, can you?/Go home, will you?) Attempts have been made at different times to link this imperative‐plus‐tag sequence both to the regular tag question (You're going to come, aren't you?) and to requests in question form (Would you give me a hand for a moment?). On the other hand, it has also been claimed “that all imperative tags are best analyzed as synchronically frozen expressions.” Given the incompatiblity between the two perspectives just mentioned and the failure of either to resolve the problems raised by an attempt to analyze the imperative‐plus‐tag construction, the purpose of this paper will be to look once more at that construction, placing special emphasis on the tag's subjects, its auxiliaries, its intonation pattern, and its polarity, in an attempt to arrive at a more subtle understanding of the similarities and differences between it and the other two constructions just mentioned. At the same time, we will attempt to determine how syntactic and pragmatic features of the imperative stem influence the form and meaning of the tag attached to it. When we have finished, we will not be able to resolve all of the problems associated with the derivation of the imperative‐plus‐tag, but we will have found generalizations that apply to this construction that apply also to other types of utterances. In this way, we will have shown that the imperative tag is more rule‐bound and less arbitrary than has been hitherto thought. What we will find out about the imperative tag falls into three categories: (1) while the imperative tag has some rather complex characteristics that differentiate it from both the regular tag question and the request in question form, certain aspects of the imperative tag are constrained by syntactic and pragmatic features of the stem to which it is attached; (2) certain combinations of stem polarity with tag modals and intonation pattern produces a set of meanings unique to the imperative‐plus‐tag construction; and (3) an effective analysis of the form of the imperative‐plus‐tag requires us to draw on, among other things, our understanding of the function of the structure and of the context in which it occurs. Therefore, it cannot be entirely true that the imperative tag is best analyzed as a frozen expression.
Interactive conflict resolution in English
Authors: YULE GEORGE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: In this study involving international graduate assistants in an American university, some members of the outer circle of English users (students from India) were paired with members of the expanding circle (students from China and Korea) to perform a special type of interactive communication task. The task required a ‘sender’ to describe a delivery route to a ‘receiver’ on similar, but slightly different, maps. Under the first condition, the more fluent outer circle members were in the dominant sender role, giving directions to a member of the expanding circle and, under the second condition, the roles were reversed. Evidence from the taperecorded interactions is presented to illustrate not only how referential conflicts arose in these interactions, but also how they were resolved. The strategies adopted for resolving the conflicts in the first‐condition interactions are shown to be much less effective in terms of successful communication than the type of negotiated, cooperative strategies found under the second condition. It is argued that, if we wish to create task‐related pairings which will give most benefit in the development of communication skills, then the more fluent or more proficient member is, perhaps paradoxically, best placed in the subordinate role.
Nigerian Englishes in Nigerian English literature
Authors: BAMIRO EDMUND O.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the notion ‘Nigerian English,’ using examples drawn from the novels of two prominent Nigerian authors, Wole Soyinka and Chinua Achebe. With particular emphasis on the polylectal speech situation in Nigeria, Nigerian English is discussed under three main headings: basilect, mesolect and acrolect. It is argued that notions of ‘inappropriateness’ are inadequate to explain Nigerian English. It is suggested that an analysis of the use of Nigerian English, especially in literary contexts, can provide deep insight into the principles underlying the linguistic behavior of Nigerians. This analysis can best be conducted within the frameworks of sociolinguistics and social psychology. The examples analyzed in the novels also illustrate specific types of linguistic behavior among Nigerian users of the English language, such as translating directly from Nigerian languages, obeying the principles of least effort and economy of expression, subjecting English language forms and norms to the socio‐cultural logic and imperatives of the Nigerian environment, and displaying ‘hypercorrected behavior’ towards the norms and code of the native speaker of English.
ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES
Authors: DuFON MARGARET , TRIFONOVICH GREGORY
Published: February 2007

English across Cultures, Cultures across English. Edited by Ofelia Garcia and Richard Otheguy.
LANGUAGE IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: BLANCHARD JENNY
Published: February 2007

Communication and Learning in the Classroom Community. Edited by Bikram K. Das.
THEORY AND METHOD OF LEXICOGRAPHY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESOURCES
Authors: GEANIOUS MARYBETH
Published: February 2007

Lexicography Today: an Annotated Bibliography of the Theory of Lexicography. By Ladislav Zgusta, with the assistance of Donna M. T. Cr. Farina.
Code‐switching between Mandarin and English
Authors: LU JUNG‐YING
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: A data‐based study of the code‐switching (CS) patterns of bilingual speakers of Mandarin and English was conducted. The purpose is to discover the interrelationship between form and function in bilingual CS discourse with reference to topics and interlocutors. The informants of this study consist of 12 officers of the Mandarin College Fellowship of the Chinese Lutheran church of Honolulu. A 1‐hour audio‐taped recording of the officer's meeting held in March 1990 is the source for the present study. Both structural and functional analyses were conducted to examine the data. The results show that certain syntactic forms are utilized to express certain functions in CS discourse and the participation of interlocutors in a discussion played a very important role in establishing the base language of the discussion. This study also incorporated the ethnographic and communicative approaches to gain a fuller understanding of what factors influence bilingual CS behaviors.
English in non‐English‐language films
Authors: GEIST KATHE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Since introducing a second language into a film is costly and inconvenient, the film‐maker's motivation for such ‘code‐switching’ must be compelling and presupposes that, within particular cultures, certain foreign languages have a significance in and of themselves that will be understood whether or not the particular words are understood. The English‐language motif in five non‐English‐language films is examined in the context of the cultural background of each film and its overall thematic concerns. In each case, the use of English is shown to be integral to the film's meaning. Frequently the films use English to establish the same ‘we–they’ dichotomy that has been shown to be operative in much spontaneous code‐switching discourse.
Ethnic labels in South African English
Authors: MMUSI SHEILA ONKAETSE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The urge to label others is a universal phenomenon that is attested in all of the world's languages. South African English, a transplanted language according to Kachru (1990), distinguishes itself from other varieties of English through its unique ethnic labeling terminology. Throughout South African history, the indigenous peoples received a good number of labels, most of which were derogatory in nature ‐ always denoting the superiority of the whites who were doing the labeling. Among others, the terms include Non‐White, Non‐European, Native, Bantu, Hottentot, Bushmen, Coloured, Plural, and so on. It should be noted that the indigenous peoples already had a system of labeling terms that they used to self‐identify as ethnic groups, namely Xhosa, Zulu, Venda, Tswana, Khoikhoi, San and more.

British colonial rule as well as the system of Apartheid, which is based on racial segregation, led to the institutionalization of many of these terms, for example, Native, Non‐European, Coloured, Plural, etc. However, political and social developments originating from constant protests by the oppressed, as well as reactions from the government, affected the semantic connotations of some of these terms as well as the creation of new ones. The semantic shifts involved a redefinition of some of the existing terminology ‐ such as Black ‐ from color connotations to political connotations. Other meaning shifts ranged from the melioration (acquiring good value judgements) to the pejoration (acquiring bad value judgements) of some of the terms.

This paper focuses on the socio‐political factors that are leading to the shifts in connotation in the post‐Apartheid system by examining the consequences of those shifts for the English lexicon in South Africa.
New Englishes and criteria for naming them
Authors: MUFWENE SALIKOKO S.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper argues for the extension of the term ‘new English’ to English creoles. It finds the distinction between ‘native’ and ‘indigenized/nativized’ Englishes as inadequate from the point of view of language genesis as the distinction between ‘indigenized’ and ‘creole’ Englishes. It argues that the criteria used for these distinctions are largely ethnographic and sociohistorical; more may be learned from treating them as different outcomes of the same language contact equation, which are determined by simply modifying the values of variables in the equation.
As a matter of fact: The changing ideology of authorship and responsibility in discourse
Authors: SCOLLON RON
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: One of the most troubling aspects of non‐native writing in English is the attribution of authorship. Taking a writing conference, an MA thesis and a transcript of a new story as illustrations, it is argued that in academic writing the facts presented are inseparable from who is taken to have presented those facts. Because academic writing is as much the construction of an authorial self as the presentation of fact, the attention of English teachers to the mechanics of attribution and reference may mask this deeper discourse process. It is suggested that the original, creative, rational and individualistic authorial self expected in English academic writing represents a construct of Utilitarian ideology which is likely to be in conflict with both current changes in English and with the culturally constructed selves of non‐native speaking students of English.
Lexico‐semantic variation in Nigerian English
Authors: BAMIRO EDMUND O.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The present study examines lexico‐semantic variation in Nigerian English with particular reference to the novels of three prominent Nigerian authors: Chukwuemeka Ike, Kole Omotoso and Zaynab Alkali. Ten categories of lexico‐semantic variation in Nigerian English are identified as follows: (a) loanshift, (b) semantic underdifferentiation, (c) lexico‐semantic duplication and redundancy, (d) ellipsis, (e) conversion, (f) clipping, (g) acronyms, (h) translation equivalents, (i) analogical creation and (j) coinage. The fact that all three authors consciously or subconsciously use Nigerian English expressions in their novels indicates that Nigerian English usage cuts across not only various social and educational strata but also first language backgrounds. Several of the Nigerian English expressions appearing in the novels have been institutionalized to such an extent that they are found across the novels analyzed in the study. The implications of this research are discussed in light of the on‐going debate between the ‘pedagogic unreality’ and ‘sociolinguistic reality’ schools concerning the ontological status of the new Englishes.
The Englishization of Tanzanian Kiswahili
Authors: KISHE ANNE J.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The paper discusses the influence of English on Kiswahili, namely, the Englishization of Kiswahili on the basis of data extracted from various recent textbooks, pop stories, magazines, and from official documents. ‘Englishization’ is a term used to refer to the linguistic influence of English on another language. While Englishization is considered advantageous in the study of contact linguistics (B. Kachru, 1989; Weinrich, 1953), because it has become a valuable tool of modernizing a language, there are still conflicting views by Tanzanians towards this phenomenon. A certain group of speakers of Kiswahili, mainly educators, feel that the Englishization of Kiswahili is indispensable considering the role English has as a language of specialization, and its usefulness as a source of vocabulary and new ideas with which to express meanings more precisely. Others, like the purists, believe that Englishization should be avoided as it dilutes the purity of the language. While acknowledging the reality of these attitudes, the Englishization of Kiswahili is a natural development, given the historical contact between the two languages. One of the aims of this paper is to show that the modernization of Kiswahili is vital to enable it to carry out the various functions it has been called upon to fulfil in the region. It will be shown that the deliberate attempt by language planners to expand the lexicon through English borrowings not only results in modernization, but eventually leads to the Englishization of the Kiswahili lexicon. In the same way, the unconscious adoption of English grammatical devices through code‐mixing and literal translation also leads to the Englishization of Kiswahili. Most crucial is that the process of Englishization results in important language changes at the various levels of the language structure, as will be observed in this discussion.
Discourse and discourse strategies in Australian Aboriginal English
Authors: MALCOLM IAN
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Aboriginal people dwelling in many parts of Australia command a range of English varieties, which are known collectively as Aboriginal English (Sandefur, 1983; Kaldor and Malcolm, 1991). These varieties give evidence of a past history of pidginization and, in some cases, creolization and decreolization. Associated with the use of Aboriginal English are a range of discourse strategies which often make communication with speakers of Standard Australian English problematic. These strategies are evidenced in the structure of conversation and in various forms of verbal art. This paper will focus on the discourse genres and strategies associated with Aboriginal English and their implications for cross‐cultural communication and for education.
Speaking English with a Japanese mind
Authors: NISHIYAMA SEN
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Japanese who speak English are likely to express themselves using a style and vocabulary originating in Japanese. The sequence of information expressed in Japanese differs from the usual sequence in English. Words and phrases in English and Japanese do not exactly match each other in meaning. Social concepts differ. These differences can cause unexpected misunderstanding. Fortunately, with the increasing number of non‐Japanese learning the Japanese language and the great expansion of English learning in Japan, these problems may be on the decline.
Intelligibility and world Englishes in the classroom
Authors: NELSON CECIL L.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Notions of ‘the Good’ in English‐language usage are informed by teachers’ experience and by authoritative sources such as rhetoric handbooks and reference grammars. In recent decades, new ways of evaluating language interpretation and use have been explored and tested; such recent conceptions of what it means to be intelligible may be seen as ‘better’ in that they accord more closely with the observable data and situations around us. In particular, the choice of overall model of English that is presented to students and by which their English is evaluated ought to be considered in pragmatic rather than a priori terms.
Connector usage in the English essay writing of native and non‐native EFL speakers of English
Authors: GRANGER SYLVIANE , TYSON STEPHANIE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:In this study we focus on cohesion in discourse, and more specifically on connector usage. Acknowledging the importance of combining a top‐down and a bottom‐up approach in the study of discourse, we adopt a bottom‐up approach which is favoured by our methodology. In the first section we evaluate previous studies of learner connector usage and the literature on contrastive French‐English connector usage. We hypothesize that we will discover a general overuse of connectors by learners and use the ICLE corpus of learner English to test the hypothesis. Our study reveals no overall overuse of connectors by learners and thus contradicts the initial hypothesis. A more qualitative look shows strong evidence of overuse and underuse of individual connectors, as well as semantic, stylistic and syntactic misuse. We conclude that learners should not be presented with lists of ‘interchangeable’ connectors but instead taught the semantic, stylistic and syntactic behaviour of individual connectors, using authentic texts.
Positions of adverbial clauses in British English
Authors: GREENBAUM SIDNEY , NELSON GERALD
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: In this paper we report the results of our investigations into the positions of adverbial clauses in a subset of the British ICE corpus. The subset consists of 42 texts drawn from six text types, three from written English and three from spoken English. We manually marked the adverbial clauses for their positions relative to their host clause, and for their semantic types. The paper attempts to identify some of the factors which influence the choice of position for various types of adverbial clause. Focussing on if‐clauses and when‐clauses, we conclude that, contrary to our expectations, clause length is not a significant positional factor. However, the semantic type of adverbial clauses does appear to be a major factor in the choice of position.
A RESOURCE FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS
Authors: Nelson Cecil L.
Published: February 2007

Encyclopedia of English Studies and Language Arts: A Project of the National Council of Teachers of English. Edited by Alan C. Purves, with Linda Papa and Sarah Jordan.