bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MARKET FOR MANGANESE DERIVED FROM DEEPSEA NODULES
Authors: CLARK J. P. , GRANT N. J. , KING T. B.
Published: October 2009

The potential markets for the manganese which may be derived from deep‐sea nodules are assessed. Estimates are made of current consumption patterns of manganese in various forms – standard ferromanganese, low carbon ferromanganese and manganese metal – by the ferrous and nonferrous metallurgical industries. The effects of technological developments, expected to occur between 1980 and 1990, and potential price reductions on the demand for manganese are analysed separately and the combined effects of market growth, technological change, and price reductions are synthesized.

Cet article évalue des marches potentiels pour le manganèse qui peut être extrait des nodules du fond des océans. Ces estimations sont basées sur les tendances actuelles de la consommation du manganèse dans ses diverses formes – ferromanganèse normal, ferromanganèse à basse teneur en carbone et manganèse métallique – par les industries des métaux ferreux et non ferreux. Les effects des progrès techniques qui sont attendus entre 1980 et 1990 et la diminution possible des prix du manganèse sont analysés séparément. L'article fait aussi la synthèse des effects combinés de la croissance du marché, des changements technologiques et de la diminution des prix.

En este artículo se evalúa el mercado potencial para el manganeso derivado de los nódulos obtenidos del fondo marino. Se analiza las tendencies actuales del consumo de manganeso en sus diversas formas – ferromanganeso estandard, ferromanganeso de bajo contenido de carbón y metal manganeso – por las industries metalúrgicas. Los efectos sobre la demanda de manganeso por el desarrollo tecnológico durante 1980 a 1990 y de la reducción potencial del precio, son analizados separadamente. Se evalúa también el efector combinado del crecimiento del mercado, el cambio tecnológico y las reducciones de precio.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN: AN EXAMPLE IN INTERNATIONAL CO‐OPERATION
Authors: NGUYEN QUOC‐LAN
Published: October 2009

Joint development by several states of an international river basin requires a high degree of inter‐state co‐operation for the solution of the political, technical, economic and legal problems involved.

In their endeavour to carry out the development of the Senegal River Basin, Senegal, Mali and Mauritania have successfully resolved several of these problems by means of unprecedented co‐operation.

The purpose of this paper is to provide some highlights on the approach adopted by the three nations in the solution of the problems of joint ownership of hydraulic works on the Senegal River, the allocation of their benefits and costs and their financing.

La mise en valeur harmonieuse par plusieurs pays du bassin d'un fleuve qui les traverse nécessite une étroite coopération entre les gouvernements de ces pays de manière à résoudre le faisceau de problèmes politiques, techniques, économiques et juridiques qui se posent.

Par une coopération dont il n'existe aucun précédent, le Sénégal, le Mali et la Mauritanie ont résolu avec satisfaction plusieurs des problèmes qu'ils ont rencontré lorsqu'ils ont entrepris la mise en valeur du bassin du fleuve Sénégal.

Cet article a pour but de mettre l'accent sur les points saillants illustrant les solutions apportées par les trois pays aux problèmes de la propriété con‐jointe des ouvrages hydrauliques sur le fleuve Sénégal, la répartition des coüts et des avantages ainsi que leur financement.

El desarrollo conjunto de una cuenca hidrográfica internacional requiere un alto grado de cooperación entre los países rivereños en la solución de los problemas políticos, técnicos, económicos y legales.

En el interés de desarrollar la cuenca del río Senegal, los países Senegal, Malí y Mauritania han resuelto con éxito varios de estos problemas gracias a una cooperación que no tiene precedentes.

El propósito de este artículo es resaltar algunos enfoques adoptados por las tres naciones en la solución de los problemas derivados de la propiedad conjunta de las obras hidráulicas en el río Senegal, asi como la distribución de costos, beneficios y las responsabilidades financieras.
ENERGY DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Authors: BHARIER JULIAN
Published: October 2009

The article sets out the global framework and the World Bank's current projections of future energy demand by the developing countries. It examines the role of energy pricing policies in achieving a reduction of this demand without a reduction in economic growth. The article then discusses the relative roles of government and the private sector in energy demand management and follows this with a discussion of potential energy savings through pricing and other means in the four major energy using sectors: the household sector, transport, industry and electric power. The paper concludes with an assessment of the overall impact of energy demand management in the next ten years.

Cet article établit le cadre global et les projections actuelles de la Banque Mondiale concernant la demande future en énergie des pays en développement. II examine le rôle que joue la politique des prix dans la réduction de cette demande sans toutefois entraïner une diminution de la croissance économique. L'article traïte ensuite des rôles relatifs du gouvernement et du secteur privé en ce qui concerne la gestion de la demande énergétique et se poursuit par une discussion des économies réalisables en matière d'énergie par un système de prix et par d'autres moyens dans les secteurs utilisateurs d'énergie les plus importants: les ménages, le transport, l'industrie et l'electricité. L'article se termine par une évaluation de la portée générale de la gestion de la demande énergétique dans les dix prochaines années.

El articulo expone el marco global y las proyecciones de demanda futura de energia realizadas por el Banco Mundial para los países en desarrollo. Examina el rol de la política de precios para alcanzar la reducción de esta demanda sin reducir el crecimiento economico. El articulo analiza luego los roles relativos del gobierno y del sector privado en la administración de la demanda de energía y continúa con la discusion del ahorro potencial de energia a través de política de precios y otros medios én los cuatro sectores mayores consumidores de energía: doméstico, transporte, industria y electricidad. El articulo termina con una evaluación del impacto general de la administración de la demanda en los próximos 10 años.
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY PLANNING AND PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: SANKAR T. L.
Published: October 2009

Effective management of the energy sector has come to be widely accepted as a necessary factor in economic development in the world's developing countries. High energy costs, coupled with growing demand, have made planning in this sector increasingly important, and this calls for co‐ordinated and sustained efforts on many different fronts.

Most developing countries are at present ill‐prepared to meet this challenge, and rapid implementation of institutional arrangements for energy planning is essential. These arrangements should be undertaken both at the national level through a national energy entity in the form of a ministry, a commission or an authority; and at the secotoral level through public or private companies.

The current state of development of institutional development in the Asia and Pacific region is reviewed and a scenario for the implementation of the institutional framework is outlined.

Le gestion effective du secteur énergétique est maintenant largement reconnue commé étant un facteur nécessaire au développment économique des pays en développement du monde. Les coûts élevés d l'énergie, alliés à une demande grandissante, ont rendu la planification dans ce secteur de plus en plus importance et ce fait requiert des efforts coordonnés et soutenus dans différents secteurs.

La plupart des pays en développement sont pour le moment mal équipés pour faire face à cette tâche et l'adoption de dispositifs institutionnels pour la planification en matière d'énergie est essentielle. Ces arrangements doivent être entrepris à la fois au niveau par l'intermédiaire d'une entité énergétique nationale organisée sous forme de ministère, une commission ou une agence gouverenement
RIVER BASIN PLANNING: OBSERVATIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL AND CANADA‐UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE
Authors: Cohen Maxwell
Published: October 2009

From a discussion of the main objectives of river basin planning, the author develops the elements needed to assure successful river basin planning at the multinational level. Functions of some existing international river basin commissions are described and a fourfold classification based on the degree of planning undertaken is proposed. The Canada—United States experience in river basin planning is placed in a historical framework and the political, legal and economic factors which influenced the operations of the Canada—US International Joint Commission are described.

The central point about Canada—US experience appears to be that direct planning is less frequent than indirect “planning.” The two main functions of the Canada—US International Joint Commission are regulation on the one hand and dispute settlement on the other.

Partant d'une discussion sur les principaux objectifs de la planification des bassins fluviaux, l'auteur analyse les éléments nécessaires à la planification efficace de ces bassins au niveau multinational. II décrit les fonctions de certaines commissions internationales de bassins fluviaux et propose une classification en quatre parties basée sur le degré de planification envisagé. L'auteur situe les travaux du Canada et des Etats‐Unis en matière de planification de bassins fluviaux dans un contexte historique et analyse les facteurs politiques, juridiques et économiques qui influencent les activités de la Commission internationale mixte du Canada et des Etats‐Unis.

Le résultat principal des travaux de cette Commission semble être que la planification directe est plus rare que la planification indirecte. Les deux fonctions principales de la Commission sont la réglementation d'une part et le règlement de disputes de l'autre.

Después de discutir los objetivos principales la Planificación de Cuencas Hidrográficas, el autor desarrolla los elementos necesarios para asegurar una planificación apropiada de cuencas a nivel multinacional. Se describen las funciones de algunas Comisiones de Cuencas Internacionales y se propone una clasificación basado en el grado de planificación emprendida. Se pone en un marco histórico la experiencia de Canadá y los Estados Unidos en materia de planficación de cuencas hydrográficas y se describen los factores politicos, legales y económicos que influenciaron las operaciones de la Comisión Conjunta Internacional Canadá‐Estados Unidos.

El punto central de la experiencia Canadá—Estados Unidos parece ser que la planificación directa es menos frecuente que la “planificación indirecta.” Las funciones principales de esta comisión son establecer regulaciones y dar solución a las disputas existentes.
Oil: ‘Market Forces’
Authors: FRANKEL PAUL H.
Published: October 2009

The traditional concept of price dependence on supply and demand does not apply fully to the oil industry where price and supply is often the result of agreements between the major oil companies and the major suppliers. As a result, prices respond very slowly to changes in demand and supply. Government intervention for political reasons or for reasons of national security acts to further lessen the effect of market forces. In the absence of true market forces some government intervention may be justified.

Le concept traditionnel qui stipule que les prix sont fonction de l'offre et de la demande ne s'applique pas dans son entier à l'industrie pétrolière où les prix et l'approvisionnement sont souvent le résultat d'accords entre les grandes compagnies pétroliéres et les principaux fournisseurs. En conséquence, les prix s'adaptent très lentement aux changements enregistrés dans l'offre et la demande. L'intervention du gouvernement pour des raisons politiques ou de sécurité nationale a pour effet de diminuer encore davantage la portée des forces du marché. En l'absence de forces de marché effectives, une intervention gouvernementale limitée peut se justifier.

El concepto tradicional de la fijación de precios por el juego de la oferta y la demanda no es completamente aplicable a la indùstria del petróleo donde el precio es mas bien consecuencia de los acuerdos entre los grandes productores y consumidores de petróleo. Como resultado, los precios responden muy lentamente a los cambios en la oferta y demanda. La intervención del gobierno por razones poliíticas o de seguridad nacional debilita aun más las fuerzas del mercado. En ausencia de estas fuerzas, alguna forma de intervención gubernamental es justificable.
Long‐run Price Prospects for Aluminium and Copper
Authors: RADETZKI MARIAN
Published: October 2009

The meaning and significance of alternative price quotations in the aluminium and copper markets are scrutinized. The history of aluminium and copper prices from the beginning of this century is surveyed. The causes to the fast fall in real aluminium prices until 1950, and to the exceptionally high copper prices between 1964 and 1974 are explained.

A methodology for long‐run price forecasting in metals markets is developed. This methodology, combined with appropriate empirical data and reasonable assumptions about such key factors as taxation, depletion, and energy costs, is used to forecast the prices of aluminium and copper until the end of this century.

L'article étudie le sens et les conséquences des différents cours des marchés de l'aluminium et du cuivre. II fait l'historique des prix de l'aluminium et du cuivre depuis le début de ce siècle. II explique les causes de l'effondrement des cours de l'aluminium en prix constants jusqu'en 1950 et les cours exceptionnellement élevés du cuivre entre 1964 et 1974. L'article présente une méthodologie pour la prévision à long terme de l'évolution des marchés des métaux. Cette méthodologie, combinée avec des données empiriques adéquates et des estimations raisonnables portant sur des facteurs clefs tels que la taxation, la provision pour reconstitution de réserves et les coûts de l'énergie, est utilisée pour prévoir les prix de l'aluminium et du cuivre jusqu'à la fin du siècle.

El significado e importancia de la fluctuación de precios en el mercado de cobre y aluminio se analiza en este artículo. Se revisa la variación histórica de los precios de cobre y aluminio desde el comienzo del siglo. Se explican las causas de la caída ràpida en términos reales de los precios de aluminio hasta 1950 y los precios de cobre excepcionalmente altos entre 1964 y 1974. Se desarrolla luego una metodología para el pronóstico a largo plazo de la demanda de metales. Esta metodología. conjuntamente con datos empíricos apropiados, asunciones razonables acerca de factores claves tales como impuesto, agotamiento de la mina y precios de energía, se emplea para pronosticar los precios de cobre y aiuminio hasta el final del siglo.
Project Financing Applied to the Ok Tedi Mine – A Government Perspective
Authors: McGILL STUART
Published: October 2009

This case‐study of the financing of the Ok Tedi project illustrates the nature of project financing and outlines the arrangements made in the case of this project; it also demonstrates that the limitation of financial exposure is an important goal for Governments involved in developing the resources sector. The account includes a chronological description of the process by which the sponsors prepared for the financing of the project and the lenders became involved in it. The type of security and loan documentation required for such financing is described, together with a broad analysis of their content and the manner in which the various risks involved in the development are apportioned among the sponsors and lenders. The ability to apportion and limit financial liability is an important development for the owners of capital and resources.

Cet article présente une étude spécifique du financement du projet Ok Tedi afin d'illustrer la nature du financement de projets, de décrire les arrangements entrepris dans le cas de ce projet et de faire ressortir que l'un des principaux buts des gouvernements qui favorisent la mise en valeur des ressources de leurs pays consiste à restreindre leurs engagements financiers. Cet exposé comprend une description chronologique de la méthode adoptée par les initiateurs du projet pour son financement et de la manière dont les organismes de prêt s'y sont trouvés associés. L'article décrit et analyse le type de garanties et les formalités nécessaires à un tel financement ainsi que la manière dont les différents risques sont distribués entre promoteurs et prêteurs. Il démontre que l'art de partager et de limiter les engagements financiers représente un fait nouveau important pour les détenteurs de capitaux et de ressources.

En ceste artículo se estudia el financiamiento del proyecto Ok Tedi con el objeto de ilustrar el problema de financiamiento proyectos y de mostrar que la limitación de la dependencia financiera es una meta importante del gobierno dentro de la política de dessarrollo de recursos. El artículo incluye una descripción cronológica de la preparación del financiamiento del proyecto.

Se descrieben también el tipo de seguridad y la documentación necesaria para el financiamiento incluyendo un análisis general del contenido de la documentación y la manera cómo se distribuyen los riesgos entre el prestatario y el financiador. La conclusión es que la habilidad de distribuir y limitar la responsabilidad financiera entre los posedores de capital y de los dueños de los recursos naturales en el proceso de financiamiento es un elemento clave del éxito.
Water Conservation: Control of Hydraulic Systems
Authors: LOTTI C.
Published: October 2009

The paper discusses the need for a stringent water conservation policy as the key facet of future water management activities. In contrast to other articles geared to demand management, this one dwells primarily on approaches for controlling system losses for community water supply and irrigation and makes reference to quality implications.

Cet article traite de la nécessité de mettre en oeuvre une politique très stricte de la conservation de l'eau en tant qu'élément‐clé des activités à prévoir pour la gestion des ressources en eau. Contrairement à d'autres articles qui mettent l'accent sur la gestion de la demande, celui‐ci se fonde essentiellement sur les mesures à prendre pour limiter les pertes dans les réseaux d'alimentation en eau potable et les réseaux d'irrigation et se réfère à des considérations sur la qualité des eaux.

El articulo discute la necesidad de una política estricta de conservación de agua como una de las facetas claves para las futuras actividades de administración del agua. En contraste con otros artículos dirigidos a solicitar una mejor gestión, éste trata en principio sobre los procedimientos para controlar las perdidas en los sístemas de suministro de agua a colectividades y para riego, y hace referencia a las implicaciones de la calidad.
Exploitation of the Mineral Resources of the Oceans as Affected by the Provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: LANGEVAD E. J.
Published: October 2009

The adoption of the Convention on the Law of the Sea in April 1982 and the signature of the treaty by 117 countries in December of the same year marked the conclusion of lengthy negotiations which had taken more than 10 years. However, not all problems related to the exploitation of deep‐sea mineral resources, with which this article is concerned, have been solved. These problems will be dealt with by the Preparatory Commission set up under the terms of the Convention and related resolutions. In particular, questions related to pioneer investment activities and possible impact on land‐based producers will be discussed. The author, who was directly involved in many of the negotiations, concludes that legal and institutional as well as technical and market factors will influence the future course of ocean mining activities.

L'adoption de la Convention sur le droit de la mer en avril 1982 et la signature du traité par 117 pays en décembre de la même année ont marqué la fin de longues négociations qui ont duré plus de 10 ans. Toutefois, tous les problèmes concernant l'exploitation des ressources minières d'origine marine profonde, qui font l'objet de cet article, n'ont pas été résolus. Ils seront examinés par la Comission préparatoire établie selon les termes de la Convention et les résolutions connexes. En particulier, les questions ayant trait aux premiers investissements et leurs répercussions sur les producteurs conventionnels seront étudiées. L'auteur qui a été directement engagé dans plusieurs de ces négociations conclut en disant que le cours futur des activités minières marines sera influencé par des facteurs d'ordre légal, institutionnel, technique ainsi que par les conditions de marché.

La adopción de la Convención sobre el Derecho del Mar en abril de 1982 y la firma del tratado por 117 países en diciembre del mismo an̄o marca la conclusión de largas negociaciones que tomaron más de 10 an̄os. Sin embargo no todos los problemas relacionado con la explotación de minerales en mar profundo han sido resueltos. Estos problemas serán tratados por la Comisión Preparatoria establecida bajo los términos de la Convención y resoluciones relacionadas. En particular se discutirán asuntos relacionados con inversiones pioneras y el posible impacto sobre los productores en tierra firme. El autor, quien ha participado directamente en muchas de estas negociaciones, concluye que los factores legales, institucionales así como técnicos y de mercado influenciarán el uso futuro de la minería en mar profundo.
Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources Recent Developments in the Mineral Sector
Authors: WÄLDE THOMAS
Published: October 2009

The United Nations has been concerned with the application of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the exercise by developing countries of control over the exploitation of their natural resources for many years. Probably the most serious concern in recent years has been the impact of the world‐wide recession on investment in mineral exploration and production facilities in developing countries. Growing difficulties in attracting investment funds have caused a re‐examination of existing investment, mining and tax legislation. Recent mineral development agreements assign a higher priority to investment promotion; this reflects a change from earlier years—during the 1960s and 1970s—when many developing countries were in a stronger position because equity and loan capital for mineral projects was more readily available.

Pendant de nombreuses années, les Nations Unies se sont préoccupées de la mise en oeuvre par les pays en développement du principe de leur souveraineté permanente sur leurs ressources naturelles ainsi que de l'exercice de leur droit de contrôle sur la mise en production de ces mêmes ressources. En toute vraisemblance, le problème le plus sérieux qui s'est posé au cours de ces dernières années a été le poids de la récession économique mondiale sur les investissements dans les domaines de l'exploration et de la production minières dans les pays en développement. Les difficultés grandissantes à obtenir des capitaux ont conduit à réexaminer les investissements existants ainsi que la législation minière et fiscale. De récents accords de développement minier réservent une priorité plus importante à la promotion des investissements. Ceci reflète un changement par rapport aux années précédentes—celles des décennies 60 et 70—au cours desquelles de nombreux pays en développement avaient une position beaucoup plus forte car il était plus facile de trouver des capitaux propres et des prêts financiers pour les projets miniers.

Las Naciones Unidas ha estado interesado en la aplicación del principio de soveranía permanente de los recursos naturales y el ejercicio del control por parte de los países en desarrollo sobre su explotación. Probablemente la mayor preocupación en an̄os recientes ha sido el impacto de la recesión mundial de las inversiones en la exploración y producción de minerales en los países en desarrollo. La dificultad creciente en atraer inversiones ha motivado el examen de la legislación existente sobre inversiones, minería e impuestos. Recientes acuerdos sobre desarrollo de minerales asigna mayor prioridad a la promoción de inversiones; esto representa un cambio con respecto a an̄os anteriores—décadas del 60 y 70—cuando los países en desarrollo tenían una posición fuerte debido a que el capital de riesgo y préstamos para proyectos en minería eran abundante.
Managing Water Supply Operations in the Caribbean
Authors: FRANCOIS DONALD C. , THOMPSON TERRENCE P. , AJAYI OWOLABI
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the characteristics and problems of water resources and water supply systems in the United States Virgin Islands and indicates the ways in which those are shared by other small islands of the Caribbean and West Atlantic. The history of development of the water supply, including groundwater, desalination and barging, is described as well as supply and demand factors and management of the system. Institutional issues are discussed and the applicability of Virgin Island experience to other islands is analyzed.

Cet article décrit les caractéristiques et les problèmes des ressources aquifères et des réseaux de distribution d'eau dans les Iles Vierges américaines. II montre la façon dont les autres petites Iles des Caraibes et de l'Atlantique occidental partagent ces ressources et réseaux de distribution. L'article fait l'historique de l'approvisionnement en eau, y compris les eaux souterraines et décrit la dessalinisation et le transport par barges. II étudie également l'offre et la demande et les problèmes de gestion. II examine les questions institutionnelles et analyse la manière dont l'expérience des Iles Vierges peut ětre appliquée aux autres ǐles.

Este artículo describe las características y los problemas del suministro y recursos de agua en las Islas Virgenes (USA) e indica como los mismos problemas se encuentran en otras pequenas islas del Caribe y el Atlántico Oriental.

El articulo cubre el desarrollo histórico del suminstro de agua, incluyendo agua subterranea, desalinización y transporte marítimo de agua, y analiza los aspectos de la oferta y la demanda de agua y la administración de los sistemas de suministro. Se discute también los aspectos institucionales y la posible aplicación de la experiencia ganada en otras áreas geográficas.
Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods in Groundwater Investigations
Authors: OLUIC M. , KOVACEVIC S.
Published: October 2009

The application of remote sensing techniques to both determine the extent of surface water and to trace geologic structures, lithologies and geomorphic features which may be sources for groundwater is reviewed and examples given of the application of the technique to hydrogeologic studies. It is recommended that remote sensing techniques be applied first followed by geophysical surveys. Airborne and ground geophysical survey methods can be highly effective in locating exploitable occurrences of groundwater. For such surveys to give useful data the correct method must be selected. Various geophysical methods are described and examples given which show their proper application.

Cet article étudie la mise en oeuvre des techniques de télédétection pour déterminer l'étendue des eaux de surface et repérer les structures géologiques, la nature des roches et les eléments géomorphologiques qui peuvent receler des eaux souterraines. II fournit des exemples de mise en oeuvre de ces techniques á des fins d'études hydrogéologiques. II recommande que les techniques de télédétection soient utilisées en premier et soient suivies par des campagnes géophysiques. La géophysique terrestre et aéroportée peut ětre très efficace pour localiser des ressources aquifères souterraines exploitables. Pour obtenir des données utilisables, il convient de choisir la méthode appropriée. Enfin, I'article passe en revue différentes méthodes géophysiques et donne des exemples réussis de leurs applications.

La aplicación de sensores remotos para determinar la extensión de aguas superficiales y definir las estructuras geológicas, la litología y características geomorfológicas que puedan dar origen a aguas subterráneas se analizan en este artículo y se dan ejemplos de la aplicación de esta técnica a estudios hidrológicos. Se recomienda que técnicas de sensores remotos precedan los estudios geofísicos. Estos estudios pueden ser muy efectivos en la ubicación de ocurrencias explotables de recursos de agua subterránea. En este artículo se describen y dan ejemplos de varios métodos geofísicos y de aplicación.
Coal Receiving Terminals in Relation to Electricity Generation in Developing Countries
Authors: VAN HEMERT J. KRAAIJEVELD
Published: October 2009

With the rapid increase in the price of oil in the 1970s, many developing countries are beginning to look to steam coal as an energy source. Much of this coal will have to be transported from coal‐producing countries to coal‐consuming countries by sea and coal‐receiving terminals will have to be built especially in those countries which have not been coal importers in the past. The international market in steam coal is examined and predictions are made as to the amount of coal that developing countries are likely to import from electric power generation. The operation of a coal‐receiving terminal is discussed and estimates are provided as to the size and cost of coal terminals required to meet the coal import needs of developing countries.
A Rural Energy Study in Tanzania The Case of Bundilya Village
Authors: NKONOKI SIMON R. , SØRENSEN BENT
Published: October 2009

Based on observations and estimates, an energy flow model for the village of Bundilya in Tanzania has been set up. A serious imbalance is demonstrated, and possibilities for short‐term and long‐term planning efforts to overcome the imbalance are discussed. It is concluded that introduction of more efficient equipment for using energy, along with an integrated agro‐forestry management programme, constitutes the only short‐term solution of merit. Cultural aspects and the participating role of the villagers are discussed, and the relations between this study and other village energy studies for Tanzania and other countries are touched upon.
Water Resources Development in Small Islands Perspectives and Needs*
Authors: GOODWIN ROBERT S.
Published: October 2009

The paper reviews the special problems of small islands in the field of water resources development. The mode of occurrence of surface and groundwater resources in the smaller Caribbean Islands is described along with the problems which arise from unfavourable hydrological conditions.

A brief survey is given of the various types of water supply systems which have been developed to meet the requirements of the resident population and the tourist sector of the islands. Institutional deficiencies are discussed as they relate to the problems being experienced in the management of public water supply agencies and the conservation of water resources.
Economic Impact of Sea‐bed Mineral Resources Development in Light of the Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: LÉVY JEAN‐PIERRE , ODUNTON NII ALLOTEY
Published: October 2009

In 1983, the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea‐Bed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea appointed its officers, decided upon its structure and adopted a programme of work. In July of the previous year, the US Government announced that it would not sign the Convention on the Law of the Sea and thus would not participate in the deliberations of the Preparatory Commission. As part of the Texts adopted, Resolution II establishes a scheme for the Protection of Pioneer investment pending the entry into force of the Convention. This scheme is predicated on the philosphy embodied in the Convention in respect of the establishment of a resource policy for the development of sea‐bed mineral resources and takes into account its basic component, the limitation of production. This article investigates the impact of future sea‐bed mineral development on the affected economies of developing land‐based producer states. It also reviews the mechanisms to be utilized to mitigate against possible adverse impacts and attempts to assess the extent to which these resources may be exploited in the medium term.
Assessment of Cobalt‐Rich Manganese Crusts in the Hawaiian, Johnston and Palmyra Islands' Exclusive Economic Zones
Authors: CLARK ALLEN , JOHNSON CHARLES , CHINN PAULINE
Published: October 2009

Cobalt‐rich manganese crusts occurring within the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Pacific island nations may be of long‐term strategic importance to the major industrialized nations and represent an important long‐term development option for Pacific island nations.

A resource assessment methodology is described and used to estimate the resource potential of cobalt, copper, nickel and manganese within the EEZs of the Hawaiian Archipelago, Johnston and Palmyra Islands. Results of this study indicate a resource of roughly 10 million tons of cobalt, 6 million tons of nickel, 1 million tons of copper and 300 million tons of manganese within the study area.

Available data on manganese crusts and ocean bottom topography is inadequate for undertaking a full assessment of the resource potential of crusts within the EEZs of most Pacific island nations. Therefore it is recommended that to evaluate the potential of these nations a comprehensive research programme should be developed and implemented.
Research in Water Resources and Environmental Systems Modeling Some Historical Perspectives, Current Issues, and Future Directions
Authors: LOUCKS DANIEL P. , STEDINGER JERY R. , SHAMIR URI
Published: October 2009

A recent workshop at Cornell University on water resources and environmental systems analysis provided an opportunity for about 70 attendees, mostly from North America, but some also from Asia, Europe, and South America, to discuss some of the important current issues and future research needs in this field. This paper summarizes the writers' perceptions of those informal discussions, especially pertaining to that part directed toward systems modeling. After over two decades of research and application, it is evident that there have been some beneficial impacts from various modelling applications. However, additional research needs are evident. These needs are identified and discussed.
The Effect of Government Involvement on the Economics of the Base Metals Industry
Authors: STOBART CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2009

The correctness of the statement that surplus production and depressed prices in the base metal industries are the result of state ownership in the mining industry is examined by analyzing the production figure of publicly and privately owned companies. The conclusion is that for some metals the statement is true. But it is equally true that, for some, privatelyowned mining companies have also maintained high levels of production in the face of depressed demand. The reasons why both state and privately owned mining companies have not been able to rationalize production are examined. For privately owned companies it is suggested that a shift in the method of financing mineral projects, i.e. from retained earnings to bank loans, is an important factor.
A Conceptual Framework for Analysis of Water Resources Management in Asia
Authors: BOWER BLAIR T. , HUFSCHMIDT MAYNARD M.
Published: October 2009

Effective and efficient water resources management to meet the increasing demands for food, energy, and domestic and industrial water is an imperative for Asian countries. As a basis for analyzing Asian water resources management problems, a three‐element conceptual framework is presented: (1) water resources management as a system, composed of a set of facilities, operating rules, and incentives applied to water resources through an institutional arrangement; (2) water resources management as a process involving several stages beginning with planning and continuing with design, construction, operation and maintenance; and (3) water resources management as a set of linked activities and tasks required to produce the desired outputs. Using this framework to assess performance it is possible to analyze the linkages among water resources problems, water resources management, and water resources organizations and administrative arrangements. Examples are presented of such linkages as applied to problems of erosion and sedimentation, flooding, salinity, water demand‐supply imbalances, and water pollution. Brief analytical summaries of eight critical water resources management problems in Asia are presented, along with an illustration of the complexity of water resources organization and administration, using Thailand as the example.
Energy Planning in Developing Countries: The Role of Microcomputers
Authors: MEIER PETER
Published: October 2009

Microcomputers are beginning to be used for energy analysis in many developing countries, and have the potential for making a significant contribution to the resolution of difficult analytical and data problems, and to improving communications between analyst and decision‐maker. Successful introduction of a microcomputer based on analytical capability, however, requires attention to several important factors in order to avoid the mistakes of the earlier mainframe computer era. This paper reviews the key issues of matching models to staff capabilities, of training, and of the operating environment, based on the author's first‐hand experience with microcomputer projects in Uruguay, Haiti and Sri Lanka.
Non‐conventional Water Resources
Authors: BREWSTER MARCIA R. , BUROS O. K.
Published: October 2009

This two‐part article gives an overview of the use of non‐conventional water resources in developing countries. The first part presented below reviews United Nations involvement with the subject and its relationship to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. The main emphasis of the first part is on the development of technology and markets for the various desalination processes — distillation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. The general costs of the various processes are compared.

The second part of the article (to be published in the April 1985 issue) concentrates on the other non‐conventional water resources: transport of water by tanker and iceberg, waste water re‐use and weather modification. For all the processes, examples are given and economic comparisons are made. It is concluded that it is always preferable to use conventional resources where available. However, in water‐short areas, consideration might be given to the available non‐conventional resources, and economic and technical comparisons made, before a final choice is reached.
The Future of Large, Low Grade, Hard‐rock Tin Deposits
Authors: PREMOLI CAMILLO
Published: October 2009

The price of tin is at historically low levels and tin is in oversupply. Present production is largely from alluvial deposits worked mainly by small‐ and medium‐sized producers. These producers, often undercaptilized and working deposits of declining grade, are faced with rising production costs. It is expected that many will cease production in the future. Interest is therefore beginning to focus on the viability of exploiting large hard‐rock tin deposits amenable to low‐cost bulk mining methods. Among the countries which appear to have very large reserves of hard‐rock tin deposits is China, and it is anticipated that in the future China will be a major supplier of tin.
Non‐conventional Water Resources Economics and Experiences in Developing Countries (II)
Authors: BREWSTER MARCIA R. , BUROS O. K.
Published: October 2009

This two‐part article gives an overview of the use of non‐conventional water resources in developing countries. The first part (published in the January 1985 issue) reviewed United Nations involvement with the subject, and its relationship to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. The main emphasis of the first part was on the development of technology and markets for the various desalination processes — distillation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. The general costs of the various processes were compared.

The second part of the article (presented here) concentrates on the other non‐conventional water resources: transport of water by tanker and iceberg, wastewater reuse and weather modification. For all of the processes examples are given and economic comparisons made. It is concluded that it is always preferable to use conventional resources where available.

However, in water‐short areas, consideration might be given to non‐conventional resouces.
The Role of the Private Sector in Providing Water in Developing Countries
Authors: ROTH GABRIEL
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this article is to describe the role of the private sector in the supply of water in developing countries. In addition to citing some of the advantages to private supply, the paper discusses some of the objections to private provision, namely ‘Natural Monopoly’, ‘Externalities’, and the alleged inability to charge for water. It is concluded that the main obstacles to the private supply of water services are political rather than technical or financial, and that the French Affermage system (or variations thereon) seems to be suitable for many developing countries. There also appears to be considerable scope, in both towns and villages, for consumer co‐operatives, and for the enhancement of water vending.
Fuelwood Use in the Cities of the Developing World: Two Case Studies from India
Authors: ALAM MANZOOR , DUNKERLEY JOY , REDDY AMULYA KUMAR
Published: October 2009

A number of studies of traditional fuel supply and demand in rural areas of developing countries have been undertaken, but little has been done to make comparable studies for urban populations. This paper reports on two studies undertaken on fuelwood supplies, their transporation and distribution and utilization in the Indian cities of Bangalore and Hyderabad.

Substantial amounts of fuelwood—200 000 tonnes in Hyderabad and 450 000 tonnes in Bangalore—are consumed. Seventy‐eight percent of the fuelwood is consumed by households where it is a major source of energy for cooking and heating for low income families. While the researchers did not visit the forest areas which are the source of fuelwood, the quantity consumed is so large as to indicate that deforestation is possibly severe. Recommendations are made to deal with the problem.
Experience with Rainwater Catchment Systems in Kenya and Botswana
Authors: McPHERSON H. J. , GOULD J.
Published: October 2009

Rainwater catchment is a valuable but frequently neglected alternative a domestic water supply in the developing world. In the arid and semi‐arid areas of Kenya and Botswana a number of water supply programmes which depend wholly or in part on rainwater catchment are currently being implemented. This paper discusses this experience and describes the various construction techniques being used. It has been found that rainwater catchments has a number of very unique advantages and relatively few disadvantages. It is argued that more consideration should be given to the inclusion of rainwater catchment systems, especially in rural water supply programmes.
An Assessment of Future Energy Demand in Developing Countries
Authors: CHERN WEN S.
Published: October 2009

The statistical data show that the rapid growth in oil and energy demand in less‐developed countries (LDCs) can be attributed to the rapid growth in gross domestic products (GDP) and the relatively high energy intensity in LDCs. The statistical analysis confirms that the GDP elasticities of aggregate energy and oil demand are high and the energy price elasticities are relatively low for the 15 LDCs studied. The projection shows that the future oil and aggregate energy demands are likely to increase at fairly rapid rates in LDCs. Furthermore, there are reasons to believe that these high growth rates may be sustained.
External Debt and Prospects for Minerals‐exporting Developing Countries
Authors: SOHN IRA
Published: October 2009

This article examines the extent to which selected non‐fuel minerals‐exporting developing countries can rely on their traditional source of hard‐currency earnings to promote future economic growth and to facilitate payments for interest and amortization of accumulated debt. The countries (and minerals) under consideration are: Chile (copper), Bolivia (tin) and Jamaica (bauxite). Incorporated into the study are sets of alternative assumptions regarding global demand for these minerals to the end of the century, market shares, mineral prices, external debt levels and interest rates. More specifically, the study examines the likely ranges of future export revenues of these countries from these minerals in the years 1990 and 2000, and the role that these future export revenues may play in servicing external debt.
Fuelwood Prices in India: Policy Implications
Authors: BOWONDER B. , PRASAD S. S. R. , UNNI N. V. M.
Published: October 2009

The price of fuelwood has been increasing at a rate higher than that of the consumer price index in most of the major urban centres of India. Today, in terms of cost per unit of energy delivered, fuelwood is more than twice as expensive as kerosene for cooking. This has immense public policy implications. A number of complementary policy interventions are needed so that forests can be saved and the stability of energy supplies can be achieved in developing countries.
Practical Application of Integrated National Energy Planning (INEP) Using Microcomputers
Authors: MUNASINGHE MOHAN
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the use of a practical microcomputer‐based, hierarchical modelling framework for Integrated National Energy Planning (INEP), and policy analysis. The rationale for the concept and the development of the methodology are traced, following the energy crises of the 1970s. Details of the INEP process, which includes analysis at three hierarchical levels (the energy‐macroeconomic, energy sector and energy subsector) are given. A description of the various models, and the scenarios and assumptions used in the analysis, as well as the linkages and interactions, is provided. The Sri Lanka energy situation is summarized, and the principal energy issues and options derived from the modelling are used to synthesize a national energy strategy.
Getting to Grips with Groundwater Pollution Protection in Developing Countries*
Authors: Foster S. S. D.
Published: October 2009

Although groundwater is widely and increasingly exploited for potable water‐supply in developing countries the threat of groundwater pollution has, as yet, received little attention. Activities currently producing the principal risks are described in some detail. A basis for rapid assessment of the degree of groundwater pollution risk is proposed, based on the evaluation of, and the interaction between, pollutant loading and aquifer vulnerability. Protection zones around individual groundwater supply sources can generally play, at most, only a minor role in overall policy. The strategy proposed is aquifer‐oriented and activity‐related. The evaluation of aquifer pollution vulnerability, made in the rapid risk assessment and based on three semi‐independent criteria, could be used to select the required protection measures in relation to specific land‐use activities.