bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Rare Earth Doped Fluoride Nanoparticles
Authors: Jacobsohn Luiz G. , Kucera Courtney J. , James Tiffany L. , Sprinkle Kevin B. , Di Maio Jeffrey R. , Kokuoz Baris , Yazgan‐Kukouz Basak , De Vol Timothy A. , Ballato John
Published: September 2010

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of the Heteropoly Metal Oxide Complexes: Principle of Their Synthesis, Structure and Applications
Authors: Dey K. C. , Sharma V.
Published: September 2010

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Materials for Spin Electronics
Authors: Barthelemy Agnes , Bowen Martin , Cibert Joel
Published: September 2010

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Ionic Conductivity in Lithium Garnets
Authors: Cussen Edmund J.
Published: September 2010

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Safe, Stable and Effective Nanotechnology: Phase Mapping of ZnS Nanoparticles
Authors: Feigl C. , Russo S. P. , Barnard A. S.
Published: September 2010

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene‐Transition Metal Complexes Formed by Double C—H Bond Activation
Authors: Werner Helmut
Published: September 2010

Review: [65 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Sustainable Selective Oxidations Using Ceria‐Based Materials
Authors: Beckers Jurriaan , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: September 2010

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐A83586C, (+)‐Kettapeptin and (+)‐Azinothricin: Powerful New Inhibitors of β‐Catenin/TCF4‐ and E2F‐Mediated Gene Transcription
Authors: Hale Karl J. , Manaviazar Soraya , George Jonathan
Published: September 2010

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Carbonyl Linker Units
Authors: Gibson Susan E. , Walke Amol A.
Published: September 2010

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth Linker Units
Authors: Scott Peter J. H.
Published: September 2010

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon and Germanium Linker Units
Authors: Spivey Alan C. , Diaper Christopher M.
Published: September 2010

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur Linker Units
Authors: Scott Peter J. H.
Published: September 2010

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzotriazole Linker Units
Authors: Whelligan Daniel K.
Published: September 2010

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Safety‐Catch Linker Units
Authors: Lebreton Sylvain , Patek Marcel
Published: September 2010

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclative Cleavage as a Solid‐Phase Strategy
Authors: Ganesan A.
Published: September 2010

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Dighe Nachiket S. , Pattan Shashikant R. , Musmade Deepak S. , Dengale Santosh S. , Kalkotwar Ramesh S. , Gaware Vinayak M. , Hole Mangesh B.
Published: September 2010

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Acidity Constants from DFT‐based Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Sulpizi Marialore , Sprik Michiel
Published: September 2010

Review: 67 refs.
μ‐Consortium: Installation of a mobile Plant for Education and Training in Micro Process Engineering
Authors: Knochen J. , Kunz U. , Turek T. , Ceylan S. , Kirschning A. , Kampen I. , Vielkind M. , Kwade A. , Arndt S. , Scholl S.
Published: September 2010

Im Rahmen des Projekts μ‐Consortium wurde eine mobile Praktikumsanlage zur Einbindung der Mikroverfahrenstechnik in die Lehre realisiert. Zur Vermittlung von Kenntnissen in einer Vielzahl verfahrenstechnischer Operationen im Mikromaßstab wurden Praktikumsversuche zu den Themengebieten Mischen und homogene Reaktion, heterogene Reaktionen, Wärmeübertragung und Partikelsynthese entwickelt.
Synthesis of Cyclopropane‐containing Building Blocks via Ir‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Substitution Reaction
Authors: Xia Jibao , Zhuo Chunxiang , You Shuli
Published: September 2010

Chiral cyclopropane‐containing building blocks, which are very important synthetic intermediates for natural products or pharmaceuticals, were easily synthesized via Ir‐catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution reaction.
Self‐Assembly of Vesicles by a 2,6‐Di(7‐benzamidy)quinolin‐2‐ yl)pyridine Derivative Tuned by an Amphiphilic Amide Chain
Authors: You Liyan , Zhao Xin , Li Zhanting
Published: September 2010

This paper describes 2‐(2‐(dioctylamino)‐2‐oxoethyl‐amino)‐2‐oxoethoxyl (DOAOE)‐tuned self‐assembly of vesicles from a 2,6‐di(7‐benzamidy)‐quinolin‐2‐yl)pyridine derivative. Scanning electron (SEM), transmission electron (TEM) and optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies reveal that the molecule self‐assembles into vesicular structures in methanol. The influence of the transition metal ions and trifluoroacetic acid on the formation of the vesicles was investigated. The results illustrate that DOAOE is robust in promoting the formation of vesicles for aromatic systems in polar medium.
Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene over Ga2O3Supported on Mesoporous HZSM‐5 in the Presence of CO2
Authors: Xie Yuqing , Hua Weiming , Yue Yinghong , Gao Zi
Published: September 2010

Dehydrogenation of propane to propylene over mesoporous HZSM‐5 supported Ga2O3 catalysts in the presence of CO2 has been investigated, and compared with that of conventional HZSM‐5 supported one. The initial activity of the catalysts descends while the stability and selectivity to propylene improve with increasing the Si/Al ratios of the support. The optimal Si/Al ratio is 240 for the propylene yield reaching 21.7% after reaction for 50 h. The introduction of the mesopores improves the activity as well as the stability of the catalyst, due to the better transport of the reactant and product molecules caused by its hierarchical structure. The selectivity for bulky products such as aromatics is also increased. The promoting effect of CO2 on the dehydrogenation reaction is observed.
Solid‐state Supramolecular Architectures by p‐Sulfonatocalix[4]arene with Bispyridinium Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Jie , Guo Dongsheng , Liu Yu
Published: September 2010

Two supramolecular structures were obtained by inclusion complexation of p‐sulfonatocalix[4]arene with 1,2‐bis(pyridinium)ethane and 1,2‐bis(4,4′‐dipyridinium)ethane in single‐crystal form, which have been examined from the aspects of binding mode, stoichiometry and extended structure. Effects of guest molecules, especially charges and terminal groups, on host conformation, binding and extended structures were carefully compared and summarized.
Multi‐target QSAR Study in the Analysis and Design of HIV‐1 Inhibitors
Authors: Liu Qi , Che Dongsheng , Huang Qi , Cao Zhiwei , Zhu Ruixin
Published: September 2010

The multi‐target quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) inhibitors was addressed by applying a simple, yet effective linear regression model based on the multi‐task learning paradigm. QSAR studies were performed on three datasets of HIV‐1 inhibitors targeted on protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase, respectively. By using the multi‐task learning method, the synergy among different set of inhibitors was exploited and an efficient multi‐target QSAR modeling for HIV‐1 inhibitors was obtained. The general descriptor features and drug‐like features for compound description were ranked according to their jointly importance in multi‐target QSAR modeling, respectively. A SAReport for investigating the relationships between compound structures and binding affinities was presented based on our multiple target analysis, which is expected to provide useful clues for the design of novel multi‐target HIV‐1 inhibitors with increasing likelihood of successful therapies.
A Ladder‐like One‐dimensional Chain Based on a New Biradical and CuII: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Wang Chao , Ma Yue , Yang Xi , Yan Shiping , Liao Daizheng
Published: September 2010

A new biradical di(4‐(1′‐oxyl‐3′‐oxido‐4′,4′,5′,5′‐tetramethyl‐4′,5′‐dihydro‐1′H‐imidazol‐2′‐yl)phenyl) ether (1) and its copper complex 2 were synthesized and characterized structurally. The X‐ray structure determination revealed that, the complex is in the triclinic P‐1 space group and displays a ladder‐like structure. Each copper atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms from hexafluoroacetylacetone and two oxygen atoms from biradical. The magnetic measurements show that biradical 1 exhibits a weak intramolecular nitroxide‐nitroxide antiferromagnetic coupling and copper complex 2 possesses weak ferromagnetic coupling (J=5.09 cm−1) between CuII and radical, which attributed to interaction between copper spin and the axially coordinated nitronyl nitroxide spin.
Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Property of Magnetic Chains Self‐assembled by Fe3O4 Microoctahedrons
Authors: Zhang Junhao , Wan Jun , Huang Shaoxing , Du Jin , Zhu Jia , Zhang Dongjing , Yin Qinghuan , Wu Yuhui
Published: September 2010

The magnetic Fe3O4 microscale chains self‐assembled of microoctahedrons have been synthesized via a facile one‐pot solution‐phase route at 200°C. The result of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the product is face‐centered cubic Fe3O4 and has highly crystalline nature. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show that the product consists of larger numbers of Fe3O4 microoctahedrons chains, and the size of microoctahedrons is from 1 to 3 μm. The effect of NaOH concentration and solvent on the morphologies of the products indicates that appropriate alkaline surrounding and solvent may be propitious to the formation of the uniform Fe3O4 microoctahedrons chains. The magnetic measurements at room temperature indicate that the values of saturation magnetization (85.6 emu/g) and coercivity (65.2 Oe) are different from those of dispersed microoctahedrons due to the different size and the oriented self‐assembled structure of microoctahedrons.
A Total Synthesis of Natural Rhizobialide
Authors: Guan Jing , Zou Yang , Gao Po , Wu Yikang , Yue Zhengyu
Published: September 2010

Natural butanolide Rhizobialide was synthesized for the first time in enantiopure form with the stereogenic center derived from glutamic acid.
An Elimination Approach to the Synthesis of (+)‐Scorodonin
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wu Yikang
Published: September 2010

1,2‐Elimination of optically‐active vinyl sulfoxide‐allylic acetates led to corresponding allenynes in excellent yields. When the chirality of the sulfinyl group "matched" that at the allylic position, the chirality at the allylic stereogenic center could be efficiently transferred to the allenic axis.
Studies on Synthesis of the C‐1 to C‐18 Fragment of Pamamycins 607 and 621A
Authors: Ren Guobao , Wu Yikang
Published: September 2010

Some efforts directed towards synthesis of the C‐1 to C‐18 fragment of natural antibiotic pamamycins 607 and 621A are disclosed. The nine stereogenic centers in the fragment were installed using a chiral auxiliary‐induced asymmetric aldol reaction, a chiral building block derived from malic acid, or substrate chirality‐induced asymmetric reduction of a ketone carbonyl group.
A Simple and Sensitive Piezoelectric Immunosensor for Cholera Toxin Based on GM1‐Incorporated Liposome Agglutination
Authors: Li Yu , Wang Yuansheng , Yu Hongwei , Jiang Jianhui , Kong Rongmei , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin
Published: September 2010

A sensitive piezoelelctric immunosensor has been developed for the direct detection of cholera toxin. The proposed technique is based on specific interface agglutination of GM1 incorporated liposome vesicles in the presence of the cholera toxin, which causes a frequency change and is monitored by a piezoelectric device. The interface agglutination reaction would take place as soon as the cholera toxin (CT) was captured by the antibodies modified on the probe surface and the GM1 incorporated liposome in the probe cell. Meanwhile, the agglutination reaction induced both the mass effect and viscoelastic effect acting on the probe surface. The results indicate that the probe signal can be observably multiplied. In addition, an optimization of liposome composition and assay medium were investigated. Moreover, no cross‐reactivates were observed with the common protein, such as goat anti‐mouse IgG (1 mg/mL), mouse IgG (1 mg/mL), goat anti‐human IgG (1 mg/mL), and thrombin (1 mg/mL). The frequency responses of the developed piezoelelctric immunosensor are linearly correlated to cholera toxin concentration in the range of 0.5 to 7.5 µg/mL with a detection limit of 0.27 µg/mL while showed no significant loss in activity over 3 d under storage at 4°C.
An Efficient and Practical Synthesis of Benzoxazoles from Acyl Chlorides and 2‐Aminophenols Catalyzed by Lewis Acid In(OTf)3 under Solvent‐Free Reaction Conditions
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Yicheng , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: September 2010

Benzoxazole derivatives have been prepared through the reaction of substituted 2‐aminophenols and acyl chlorides in the presence of catalytic amount of In(OTf)3 under solvent‐free reaction conditions in good to excellent yields. The method is simple, convenient, environmental‐friendly, efficient and practical.
Zinc(II)‐Catalyzed Mannich‐type Reactions of Hydrazones with Difluoroenoxysilane and Its Application in the Synthesis of Optically Active 2,2‐Difluoro‐3‐oxo‐benzohydrazide
Authors: Yuan Zhiliang , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: September 2010

With the catalysis of Zn(OTf)2, Mannich‐type reactions of various aromatic hydrazones 1 with difluoroenoxysilane 2 proceeded smoothly to produce 2,2‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐benzohydrazides in 27% –78% yields in THF or DCM under mild conditions. An unexpected monofluorination of hydrazone 1m with difluoroenoxysilane 2 was also disclosed in this paper. The first example of the asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction of hydrazone 1a with difluoroenoxysilane 2 using chiral phosphine‐oxazoline ligand has been reported, giving the adduct 3a in good yields and moderate enantioselectivities under mild conditions.
Arg/Abl‐binding protein, a Z‐body and Z‐band protein, binds sarcomeric, costameric, and signaling molecules
Authors: Sanger Jean M. , Wang Jushuo , Gleason Lisa M. , Chowrashi Prokash , Dube Dipak K. , Mittal Balraj , Zhukareva Victoria , Sanger Joseph W.
Published: September 2010

ArgBP2 (Arg/Abl‐Binding Protein) is expressed at high levels in the heart and is localized in the Z‐bands of mature myofibrils. ArgBP2 is a member of a small family of proteins that also includes vinexin and CAP (c‐Cbl‐associated protein), all characterized by having one sorbin homology (SOHO) domain and three C‐terminal SH3 domains. Antibodies directed against ArgBP2 also react with the Z‐bodies of myofibril precursors: premyofibrils and nascent myofibrils. Expression in cardiomyocytes of plasmids encoding Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) fused to either full length ArgBP2, the SOHO, mid‐ArgBP or the SH3 domains of ArgBP2 led to Z‐band targeting of the fusion proteins, whereas an N‐terminal fragment lacking these domains did not target to Z‐bands. Although ArgBP2 is not found in skeletal muscle cells, YFP‐ArgBP2 did target to Z‐bodies and Z‐bands in cultured myotubes. GST‐ArgBP2‐SH3 bound actin, α‐actinin and vinculin proteins in blot overlays, cosedimentation assays, and EM negative staining techniques. Over‐expression of ArgBP2 and ArgBP2‐SH3 domains, but not YFP alone, led to loss of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to measure the rapid dynamics of both the full length and some truncated versions of ArgBP2. Our results indicate that ArgBP2 may play an important role in the assembly and maintenance of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immune modulation of minimal residual disease in early chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Cortes Jorge , Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Jones Dan , Ravandi Farhad , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Verstovsek Srdan , Koller Charles , Hiteshew Jody , Shan Jenny , O'Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) harbor residual disease, as evidenced by molecular techniques even after treatment with high‐dose imatinib (ie, 800 mg/d). Interferon alpha (IFN α) is efficacious in CML likely due to its immunomodulatory properties, and is synergistic in vitro with imatinib and granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).

METHODS:

A study was undertaken to determine whether adding pegylated (PEG) IFN α‐2b and GM‐CSF to high‐dose imatinib may improve the complete molecular response rate in patients with CML in chronic phase. Ninety‐four patients were treated with imatinib 800 mg/d for the first 6 months, then randomly assigned to continue high‐dose imatinib alone (n = 49) or in combination with PEG IFN α‐2b 0.5 μg/kg/wk and GM‐CSF 125 mg/m2 3× weekly (n = 45).

RESULTS:

The median follow‐up for all patients was 54 months (range, 7‐70 months). There were no differences in the rates of complete cytogenetic response (87% vs 90%; P = 1.0), or of major (77% vs 77%; P = 1.0) or complete (11% vs 13%; P = 1.0) molecular response (on the international scale) at 12 months between the 2 arms, or at any time during the study. Adverse events led to PEG IFN α‐2b discontinuation in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

The addition of PEG IFN α‐2b and GM‐CSF to high‐dose imatinib therapy does not improve significantly the cytogenetic or molecular response rates compared with high‐dose imatinib alone. The high dropout rate in the PEG IFN α‐2b arm may have compromised its potential immunomodulatory benefit. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Reporting time‐to‐event endpoints and response rates in 4 decades of randomized controlled trials in advanced colorectal cancer
Authors: Arkenau Hendrik‐Tobias , Nordman Ina , Dobbins Timothy , Ward Robyn
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Reporting of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) often is suboptimal. Cancer drug trials are complicated further by multiple survival and response endpoints. The authors of this report determined the frequency of reporting of time‐to‐event endpoints and tumor response outcomes in advanced colorectal cancer and examined the relation between the year of publication and the reported effectiveness of 5‐fluorouracil or equivalent agents.

METHODS:

A literature search identified 144 RCTs that involved 35,853 patients. The patient characteristics, trial designs, and methods for endpoint reporting were extracted. The clinical effectiveness of 5‐fluorouracil or equivalent agents was analyzed in 3 time periods (pre‐1990, 1990s, and 2000s) in 28,636 patients.

RESULTS:

One hundred twenty‐nine trials (90%) reported overall survival (OS) and response rates; whereas time to progression (44%), duration of response (43%), progression‐free survival (22%), and time to treatment failure (12%) were reported less frequently. Except for stable and progressive disease, the frequency of reporting of endpoints did not improve over the period studied. The median OS for patients who received 5‐fluorouracil or equivalent agents increased significantly (from 9.4 months before 1990 to 13.5 months after 2000). During the same period, the rate of stable disease increased (38.2%, 40.5%, and 45.1% for pre‐1990, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively; P = .004); whereas the rate of progressive disease decreased significantly (39.2%, 33.3%, and 27.8%, respectively; P = .002).

CONCLUSIONS:

Its likely that the increasing availability of alternative treatments and better supportive care improved OS, whereas the rates of stable and progressive disease altered because of changes in follow‐up schedules. Other intermediate endpoints (duration of response and time to progression) remained largely constant over the time course of the current study, making them superior benchmarks for comparison with future studies. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A Distinctive layering pattern of mouse dentate granule cells is generated by developmental and adult neurogenesis
Authors: Mathews Emily A. , Morgenstern Nicolás A. , Piatti Verónica C. , Zhao Chunmei , Jessberger Sebastian , Schinder Alejandro F. , Gage Fred H.
Published: September 2010

Retroviral labeling of granule cells of the adult mouse reveals an outside‐in layering based on birthdate. Green–granule cells labeled by retrovirus CAG–GFP at E15. Magenta–granule cells labeled by retrovirus CAG‐RFP at P42. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 518, Number 22, 4479–4490.
Acid‐Catalyzed Dehydration of Fructose and Inulin with Glycerol or Glycerol Carbonate as Renewably Sourced Co‐Solvent
Authors: Benoit Maud , Brissonnet Yoan , Guélou Erwan , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Barrault Joël , Jérôme François
Published: September 2010

Ionic liquids (ILs) can be partially substituted by glycerol or glycerol carbonate as cheap, safe, and renewably sourced co‐solvents in the acid‐catalyzed dehydration of fructose and inulin to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In the particular case of glycerol, we found that HMF can be conveniently extracted from the IL/glycerol (65:35) mixture with methylisobutylketone, limiting the reactivity of glycerol with HMF and allowing the recovery of HMF with a high purity (95 %). Influences of the fructose content, temperature, and the nature of the ionic liquid are also discussed. The possible use of industrial‐grade glycerin is also investigated. We demonstrate that by using glycerol carbonate, up to 90 wt % of the IL can be successfully substituted, decreasing the environmental costs of traditional IL‐based processes.
Measurements of Mode Structure of Shear‐Modified Drift Wave Using Y‐ and Γ‐ Shaped Electrostatic Probes
Authors: Kaneko T. , Hatakeyama R.
Published: September 2010

Mode structures of drift‐wave instabilities modified by a field‐aligned flow velocity shear are investigated, where axial and azimuthal wave numbers are measured using Y‐shaped and Γ‐shaped electrostatic probes, respectively. When the ion flow velocity shear is produced by applying different bias voltages to three segments of an ion source, drift waves having azimuthal mode number m = 1, 2, and 3 are observed to be excited simultaneously. It is found that the excitation‐threshold value of the shear strength depends on the azimuthal mode number, as expected from a model based on a kinetic theory, suggesting that the observations are explained by the competition between inverse electron Landau damping and shear‐modified ion Landau damping (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Particle‐In‐Cell Simulations of the Ball‐Pen Probe
Authors: Komm M. , Adamek J. , Pekarek Z. , Panek R.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we present results of Particle‐In‐Cell simulations of a simplified model of the Ball‐pen probe (BPP). The BPP is a probe designed for direct measurements of plasma potential in the scrape‐off layer (SOL) of tokamaks. The probe is based on a standard Langmuir theory, which states that when the ratio of ion and electron saturation currents flowing to the probe collector approaches zero, the floating potential of the collector is close to the plasma potential. However, it is unclear whether the Langmuir theory is still valid in such a complex geometry, where the probe tunnel can work as a filter in velocity phase‐space and as such violates the Maxwellian distributions of particle velocities. To verify the validity of the theory a simplified model of BPP has been studied using the SPICE2 code (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of Plasma Properties Using Fast Sweep Langmuir Probes in Unmagnetized Weakly Ionized Plasmas
Authors: Troll O. , Conde L. , Criado E. , Donoso J. M. , Herdrich G.
Published: September 2010

The performances of a simple circuit for fast sweep measurements using collecting and emissive Langmuir probes are evaluated. The probes are biased by means of a time dependent ramp voltage signal with a variable pulse frequency and the current voltage curves are measured along the increasing flange of this sawtooth voltage. The response of this fast probe polarization circuit was verified under actual experimental conditions by measuring the properties of a stationary Maxwellian plasma produced by means of a glow discharge. The results are independent of the experimental conditions and essentially rely on the discharge properties for polarization pulse repetition rates below a threshold. This upper bound lies below the ion plasma frequency and is related with the faster time scale involved in the sawtooth signal probe bias voltage. The motion of ions would not follow the rapid change of the electric field around the probe associated to the short decreasing edge of the sawtooth polarization voltage and, therefore, the probe perturbs the local electric field. We conclude that these time scales should be considered for the interpretation of these measurements in addition to the electron and ion plasma frequencies in fast sweep Langmuir probe techniques. We conclude that these time scales should be considered for the interpretation of these measurements in addition to the electron and ion plasma frequencies in fast Langmuir probe techniques (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Developments of Divertor Target‐Imbedded Langmuir Probes for W7‐X
Authors: Ye M.Y. , Laux M. , Lindig S. , Laube R. , Greuner H.
Published: September 2010

The superconducting stellarator W7‐X equipped with a divertor is under construction at Max‐Planck institute for plasma Physics in Greifswald. It is planned to start plasma operation with the test divertor (TDU) without active cooling for shorter plasma pulse operation in 2014. The TDU has been designed to withstand thermal loads up to 8MW/m2 for pulse operation of the W7‐X. A target‐imbedded array of electrostatic probes is a useful diagnostics to measure basic plasma parameters close to the divertor targets, and has been proposed to install into the TDU plates. Especially the design of imbedded probe arrays must be optimized not only to minimize thermo‐mechanical risk for the imbedding target but also to withstand thermal loads up to 8MW/m2 during pulse operation. Finite element thermal analyses are performed to guide the design of the probe. Results and acceptable technical solutions for TDU target imbedded probe arrays are reported (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ion Temperature Measurements in the Tore Supra Scrape‐Off Layer Using a Retarding Field Analyzer
Authors: Kočan M. , Gunn J.P. , Pascal J.‐Y. , Gauthier E.
Published: September 2010

The retarding field analyzer (RFA) is one of the only widely accepted diagnostics for measuring the ion tem‐perature Ti in the tokamak scrape‐off layer. An overview of the outstanding RFA performance over ten years of operation in Tore Supra tokamak is given and the validation of Ti measurements is addressed. The RFA measurements in Tore Supra are found to be well reproducible. The ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio is higher than one at low‐to‐moderate ion‐electron collisionality regime and converges to unity at high collisionality regime (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass‐Sensitive Ion Probe for Plasma Boundary Characterization on the Tokamak ISTTOK
Authors: Nedzelskiy I. S. , Silva C. , Duarte P. , Fernandes H.
Published: September 2010

The principle of the mass‐sensitive ion probe (MSIP) operation consists in a time‐of‐flight (TOF) analysis of the ions in the burst excited by a short (µ s‐range) voltage pulse applied to a small grid immersed into the plasma. The ions in the burst propagate along the magnetic field lines of the tokamak with velocities determined by the value of the applied voltage and by the ions mass/charge (mi /Zi) ratio. The ions of different species and charges separated along some distance (TOF path) from the grid are detected by a retarding field energy analyzer (RFEA). This paper presents description of the MSIP design and first operation on the tokamak ISTTOK. The preliminary results of the obtained mass‐spectra are presented and discussed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐Channel Analyzer Investigations of Ion Flux at the Target Surface in Pilot‐PSI
Authors: Solomon M. L. , Anita V. , Costin C. , Mihaila I. , Popa G. , van der Meiden H. , Al R. , van de Pol M. , van Rooij G. , Rapp J.
Published: September 2010

Pilot‐PSI is a linear plasma device designed for investigations of plasma‐surface interaction. A cascaded‐arc plasma source operated in argon or/and hydrogen generates a high‐density plasma that is magnetically confined on the vessel's axis, resulting a plasma column of about 1‐2 cm in diameter which interacts with a solid target. A multi‐channel analyzer was constructed to study the radial distribution of the ion flux at the target surface. The analyzer was placed in the centre of Pilot‐PSI target and current‐voltage characteristics were drawn for five collectors disposed at different radial positions. The ion flux was estimated from the ion part of the current‐voltage characteristic for each collector. For densities lower than 1019 m‐3 (significantly below the maximum performance of Pilot‐PSI), fluxes of up to 1023 ions/m2s were measured. A difference of a factor four was measured between the maximum ion flux in the centre of the target and the flux at the edge, at a radial position of 1 cm (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Performance of a Floating Hairpin Probe in Strongly Magnetized Plasma
Authors: Karkari S. K. , Gogna G. S. , Boilson D. , Turner M. M. , Simonin A.
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates the application of a floating hairpin probe for measuring the electron density in magnetized plasma. The magnetic field is systematically varied over a wide range (0.01 – 0.15 T) and its influence on the probes resonance frequency is studied. The resonance frequency in plasma displays a negative shift when the electron cyclotron frequency becomes comparable with the resonance frequency in vacuum. A general formula for calculating the electron number density in magnetized plasma is hence obtained and the formula is experimentally validated. Comparison of the electron density using the improved formula shows very good agreement with the positive ion density measured by a planar Langmuir probe in the Kamaboko‐III negative ion source (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analytic‐Numerical Matching of the Sheath and Plasma Solutions for a Spherical Probe in a Low‐Density Plasma
Authors: Din A. , Kuhn S.
Published: September 2010

Finding the optimum matching between the numerically realizable part of the (space‐charge dominated) sheath solution (i.e., potential distribution) and the (quasineutral) presheath plasma solution is quite a challenging problem in general. Here, an analytic‐numerical matching procedure is proposed for the sheath‐plasma transition related to a spherical probe in a low‐density plasma. First, a fairly general spherical‐probe scenario based on trajectory integration of the Vlasov equation is formulated and specialized to the particular situation considered in [I. B. Bernstein and I. N. Rabinowitz, Physics of Fluids 2, 112 (1959)] (B&R), in which the incident ions are monoenergetic and isotropic. Then, this newly developed formalism is used for finding the potential profile in the entire “plasma‐probe transition (PPT)” region. The complete “sheath” solution, which by definition satisfies Poisson's equation, consists of the “inward” sheath solution (r < r0, region without reflected ions) and the “outward” one (r ≥ r0, region with reflected ions), but only the inward sheath solution can be realized numerically. The outward sheath solution, on the other hand, is approximated for r0 ≤ r ≤ rmtch (where rmtch is the “matching” radius) by the (second‐order) “expanded” sheath solution, and for r > rmtch by the “plasma” solution, which by definition satisfies the quasineutrality conditon. The “optimum” values of rmtch and r0 are simultaneously determined by requiring that at r = rmtch both the values and the first derivatives of the (second‐order) expanded sheath and plasma solutions are equal, respectively. While the inward sheath solution was also given by B&R, the expanded outward sheath and plasma solutions, the quasineutral solution and the related matching procedure represent genuinely new results (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative analysis of maternal care in the high‐yawning (HY) and low‐yawning (LY) sublines from sprague–dawley rats
Authors: Ugarte Araceli , Eguibar Jose R. , Cortés Ma. del Carmen , León‐Chávez Bertha A. , Melo Angel I.
Published: September 2010

High‐ and low‐yawning rats (HY and LY) were selectively bred as a function of their spontaneous yawning frequency with the LY subline about 2 yawns/hr and the HY 20 yawns/hr. The HY rats have more grooming bouts and travel longer distances in an open field. HY dams spent less time in the nest, retrieved their pups faster, and show a longer latency to licking and mouthing the pups than the LY or outbred Sprague–Dawley (SD) animals. The percentage of HY dams that had atypical retrieving was higher, with a lower nest quality, and produced offspring whose weights were lower than those from the LY subline. We also showed that the pregnant HY dams have fewer pups and the percentage that had lost at least three pups during lactation was higher than the SD and LY dams. In conclusion, HY dams are motivated to take care of their pups, but the “fine tuning” of maternal care is disturbed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:105–117, 2011
EphA4 and ephrin‐B2 expression patterns during inferior colliculus projection shaping prior to experience
Authors: Gabriele Mark L. , Brubaker Donald Q. , Chamberlain Kelly A. , Kross Katherine M. , Simpson Nicholas S. , Kavianpour Sarah M.
Published: September 2010

Central processing of complex auditory tasks requires elaborate circuitry. The auditory midbrain, or inferior colliculus (IC), epitomizes such precise organization, where converging inputs form discrete, tonotopically‐arranged axonal layers. Previously in rat, we established that shaping of multiple afferent patterns in the IC central nucleus (CNIC) occurs prior to experience. This study implicates an Eph receptor tyrosine kinase and a corresponding ephrin ligand in signaling this early topographic registry. We report that EphA4 and ephrin‐B2 expression patterns in the neonatal rat and mouse IC correlate temporally and spatially with that of developing axonal layers. DiI‐labeling confirms projections arising from the lateral superior olive (LSO) form frequency‐specific layers within the ipsilateral and contralateral mouse CNIC, as has been described in other species. Immunohistochemistry (EphA4 and ephrin‐B2) and ephrin‐B2 lacZ histochemistry reveal clear gradients in expression across the tonotopic axis, with most concentrated labeling observed in high‐frequency, ventromedial aspects of the CNIC. Discrete patches of labeling were also discernible in the external cortex of the IC (ECIC; EphA4 patches in rat, ephrin‐B2 patches in mouse). Observed gradients in the CNIC and compartmentalized ECIC expression persisted through the first postnatal week, before becoming less intense and more homogeneously distributed by the functional onset of hearing. EphA4 and ephrin‐B2‐positive neurons were evident in several auditory brainstem nuclei known to send patterened inputs to the IC. These findings suggest the involvement of cell–cell EphA4 and ephrin‐B2 signaling in establishing order in the developing IC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 182‐199, 2011
A forensic case study: the detection of contraband drugs in carrier solutions by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Burnett A. D. , Edwards H. G. M. , Hargreaves M. D. , Munshi T. , Page K.
Published: September 2010

Recently, cocaine has been concealed by dissolving it in alcohol and then transporting it in solution through ports and airports. At the present time it is very difficult to detect cocaine in this form in these environments. However, it has been shown that Raman spectroscopy can successfully detect the presence of these drugs without removing specimens from their containers. Using two portable 785 nm instruments and a 1064 nm laboratory‐based instrument, several common containers used in smuggling were analyzed with varying concentrations of cocaine in ethanol solutions. The presence of cocaine is detectable to about 6% w/v in most containers. Green glass presents a problem at 785 nm due to fluorescence but by switching to 1064 nm this can be removed. To apply this technique to real samples as met within law enforcement scenarios, cocaine was dissolved in a selection of dark and white rums including Lamb's Navy Rum™, Brugal Añejo™, Bacardi™ and Captain Morgan™; cocaine was detected in all these rum solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The activating rat Ly49s5 receptor responds to increased levels of MHC class Ib molecules on Listeria monocytogenes‐infected enteric epithelial cells
Authors: Shegarfi Hamid , Dai Ke‐Zheng , Inngjerdingen Marit , Ryan James C. , Vaage John T. , Rolstad Bent , Naper Christian
Published: September 2010

We have investigated whether rat Ly49 receptors can monitor Listeria‐infected intestinal epithelial cells through altered expression of MHC class I molecules. The rat colon carcinoma epithelial cell line CC531 infected with Listeria expressed higher levels of both classical and nonclassical MHC‐I molecules. Reporter cells expressing the activating Ly49s5 receptor displayed increased stimulatory responses when incubated with Listeria‐infected CC531 cells in vitro, which could be blocked with mAb 8G10 specific for nonclassical MHC‐I molecules of the RT1u haplotype, but not with mAb OX18 reacting with classical MHC‐I molecules in this haplotype. Similar responses were observed against IFN‐γ‐treated cells that also upregulated their expression of MHC‐I molecules. Thus, the Ly49s5 receptor can respond to increased levels of nonclassical MHC‐I molecules induced on target cells by either bacterial infection or cytokine stimulation. We furthermore found that splenic NK and NKT cells produced IFN‐γ in response to Listeria‐infected CC531 cells, and that this was not limited to Ly49‐expressing cells, since similar levels of IFN‐γ production were observed in Ly49+ and Ly49− NK cell subsets. Therefore, NK cells may recognize Listeria‐infected cells through both MHC‐I‐dependent and ‐independent innate immune receptor systems.
A Nitrite Biosensor Based on Coimmobilization of Nitrite Reductase and Viologen‐Modified Polysiloxane on Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Quan De , Nagarale R. K. , Shin Woonsup
Published: September 2010

Copper containing nitrite reductase (Cu‐NiR) and viologen‐modified sulfonated polyaminopropylsiloxane (PAPS‐SO3H‐V) were co‐immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU) drop‐coating, and the electrode was tested as a reagentless electrochemical biosensor for nitrite detection. The newly synthesized PAPS‐SO3H‐V as an electron transfer (ET) mediator between electrode and NiR was effective, and could be effectively immobilized in HPU membrane. The NiR and PAPS‐SO3H‐V co‐immobilized GCE used as a nitrite biosensor showed the following performance factors: sensitivity=12.0 nA μM−1, limit of detection (LOD)=60 nM (S/N=3), linear response range=0–18 μM (r2=0.996) and response time (t90%)=60 s, respectively. Lineweaver–Burk plot shows that apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K$\rm{{_{M}^{app}})}$ is 101 μM. Storage stability of the sensor is 51 days (80% of initial activity) in condition of storing in ambient air at room temperature. The sensor showed a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.2% (n=5) even in condition of injection of 1 μM nitrite. Interference study showed that common anions in water sample such as chlorate, chloride, sulfate and sulfite do not interfere with the nitrite detection. However, nitrate interfered with a relative sensitivity of 80% due to inherent character of the enzyme used.
A Signal‐Amplified Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Prussian Blue and Pt Hollow Nanospheres as Matrix
Authors: Liu Hong , Yu Rongjie , Peng Kanfu , Zhao Hongwen , Li Lian , Wu Xiongfei
Published: September 2010

Through electrodepositing Prussian blue (PB) and chitosan (CS), then casting Pt hollow nanospheres (HN‐Pt) and assembling CA19‐9 antibody on the electrode surface, an immunosensor was achieved. A new signal amplification strategy based on PB and HN‐Pt toward the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 was employed when performing the determination. The resulting immunosensor showed a high sensitivity, broad linear response to carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) in two ranges from 0.5 to 30 and 30 to 240 U mL−1 with a low detection limit of 0.13 U mL−1 (S/N=3). Moreover, it displayed good reproducibility and stability, and would be potentially attractive for clinical immunoassay of CA19‐9.
Oxidation of Protopine at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode Using Cyclic and Square‐Wave Voltammetry
Authors: Vrublová Eva , Ulrichová Jitka , Šimánek Vilím , Fojta Miroslav , Vacek Jan
Published: September 2010

This paper describes oxidation of the isoquinoline alkaloid, protopine (PR) at a pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) using cyclic and square‐wave voltammetry. In the alkaline range (pH 7.5–10.5) of a Britton–Robinson (B–R) buffer, a PR oxidation can be observed as a well‐developed voltammetric peak around +0.9 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|3 M KCl). With increasing pH of the B–R buffer, the PR peak is shifted to less positive potentials. The acquired voltammetric data suggest that PR strongly adsorbs onto the surface of the pyrolytic graphite where it is subjected to irreversible electrochemical oxidation in its uncharged free (tricyclic) base form. The results are discussed in connection with the electrochemical oxidation of other isoquinoline alkaloids and the potential applications of these data.
Effects of Ionic Strength and Probe DNA Length on the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Response of Biosensors
Authors: Revenga‐Parra Mónica , García Tania , Pariente Félix , Lorenzo Encarnación , Alonso Concepción
Published: September 2010

Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been proposed as the transduction principle for detecting the hybridization of DNA complementary strands. The resistance offered to the electrochemical reaction acts as the working signal, allowing an unlabelled gene assay. In our experiments, atypically large DNA oligonucleotides (110 base pairs) were used to determine the influence of ionic strength on the response of the DNA biosensor. In addition, the EIS response that was obtained by the hybridization process in the presence or absence of 6‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol (MCH) was also evaluated. Finally, we extended these studies to probes and duplexes of various lengths observing a linear relationship between duplex length and the response (expressed as the RCT value).
An experimental study on the rocking response of bridge piers with spread footing foundations
Authors: Hung Hsiao‐Hui , Liu Kuang‐Yen , Ho Tzu‐Hui , Chang Kuo‐Chun
Published: September 2010

Some spread footing foundations from real retrofitting practices in Taiwan were extended to be uneconomically large due to the restriction of foundation uplift regulated in the design code. Although rocking mode of spread footings induced from foundation uplift is not favorable in current design code, recent studies have shown that the rocking of a spread footing may have a beneficial effect on the dynamic performance of piers by reducing the earthquake forces that can be transmitted to the pier base. This implies that the plastic deformation that occurs at the pier's plastic zone can be decreased and as a result the ductility demand of piers can possibly be reduced. In order to gain a better understanding of the structural behavior related to rocking and to clarify that if the widening and strengthening of the foundations to limit the rocking mechanism of spread footing is necessary for the retrofitting work, a series of preliminary rocking experiments were performed. A total of three circular reinforced concrete columns with spread footing foundations were tested. Using pseudo‐dynamic tests and a cyclic loading test, these columns were subjected to different levels of earthquake accelerations, including a near field ground motion. The results of the tests and the rocking behavior of the footings are discussed in this paper. From the benchmark test, the difference between the response behavior of a rocking base and a fixed base foundation was highlighted. By comparing the experimental responses of the retrofitted column with the responses of the original one, the effect of the rocking mechanism on the ductility demand and strength demand of the columns was also identified. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The neural correlates of intertemporal decision‐making: Contributions of subjective value, stimulus type, and trait impulsivity
Authors: Sripada Chandra Sekhar , Gonzalez Richard , Luan Phan K. , Liberzon Israel
Published: September 2010

Making choices between payoffs available at different points in time reliably engages a decision‐making brain circuit that includes medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and ventral striatum (VS). Previous neuroimaging studies produced differing accounts of the functions of these regions, including that these regions: (1) are sensitive to the value of rewards discounted by a function of delay ('subjective value'); (2) are differentially sensitive to the availability of an immediate reward; and (3) are implicated in impulsive decision‐making. In this event‐related fMRI study of 20 volunteers, these hypotheses were investigated simultaneously using a delay discounting task in which magnitude of rewards and stimulus type, i.e., the presence or absence of an immediate option, were independently varied, and in which participants' trait impulsivity was assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Results showed that mPFC, PCC, and VS are sensitive to the subjective value of rewards, whereas mPFC and PCC, but not VS, are sensitive to the presence of an immediate reward in the choice option. Moderation by individual differences in trait impulsivity was specific to the mPFC. Conjunction analysis showed significant overlap in mPFC and PCC for the main effects of subjective value and stimulus type, indicating these regions may serve multiple distinct roles during intertemporal decision‐making. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the specificity and overlap of functions subserved by different regions involved in intertemporal decision‐making, and help to reconcile conflicting accounts in the literature. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.