bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of ageing on responses to stepping-target displacements during walking
Authors: Zhang Yajie , Smeets Jeroen B. J. , Brenner Eli , Verschueren Sabine , Duysens Jacques
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Human sensory and motor systems deteriorate with age. When walking, older adults may therefore find it more difficult to adjust their steps to new visual information, especially considering that such adjustments require control of balance as well as of foot trajectory. Our study investigates the effects of ageing on lower limb responses to unpredictable target shifts.

Methods

Participants walked on a treadmill with projected stepping targets that occasionally shifted in the medial or lateral direction. The shifts occurred at a random moment during the early half of the swing phase of either leg. Kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity data were collected.

Results

Older adults responded later and corrected for a smaller proportion of the shift than young adults. The order in which muscle activation changed was similar in both groups, with responses of gluteus medius and semitendinosus from about 120 to 140 ms after the shift. Most muscles responded slightly later to lateral target shifts in the older adults than in the young adults, but this difference was not observed for medial target shifts. Ageing delayed the behavioural responses more than it did the electromyographic (EMG) responses.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that older adults can adjust their walking to small target shifts during the swing phase, but not as well as young adults. Furthermore, muscle strength probably plays a substantial role in the changes in online adjustments during ageing.
GbMYBR1 from Ginkgo biloba represses phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and trichome development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Su Xiaojia , Xia Yaying , Jiang Wenbo , Shen Guoan , Pang Yongzhen
Published: September 2020

Main Conclusion

GbMYBR1, a new type of R2R3-MYB repressor from Ginkgo biloba, displayed pleiotropic effects on plant growth, phenylpropanoid accumulation, by regulating multiple related genes at different levels.

Ginkgo biloba is a typical gymnosperm that has been thriving on earth for millions of years. MYB transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in diverse processes in plants. However, the role of MYBs remains largely unknown in Ginkgo. Here, an MYB TF gene from Ginkgo, designated as GbMYBR1, was found to act as a repressor in multiple processes. GbMYBR1 was mainly expressed in the leaves of Ginkgo. Over-expression of GbMYBR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to growth retardation, decreases in lignin content, reduced trichome density, and remarkable reduction in anthocyanin and flavonol contents in leaves. Proanthocyanidin content was decreased in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis, which led to light-brown seed color. Both qPCR and transcriptome sequencing analyses demonstrated that the transcript levels of multiple genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, trichome formation, and pathogen resistance were down-regulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis. In particular, we found that GbMYBR1 directly interacts with the bHLH cofactor GL3 as revealed by yeast two-hybrid assays. Our work indicated that GbMYBR1 has pleiotropic effects on plant growth, phenylpropanoid accumulation, and trichome development, mediated by interaction with GL3 or direct suppression of key pathway genes. Thus, GbMYBR1 represents a novel type of R2R3 MYB repressor.
Hemorrhagic risk after intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with cerebral microbleeds and white matter disease
Authors: Capuana Maria Luisa , Lorenzano Svetlana , Caselli Maria Chiara , Paciaroni Maurizio , Toni Danilo
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and white matter disease (WMD) with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with rt-PA. We also evaluated whether CMBs characteristics and WMD burden correlate with symptomatic ICH and outcome.

Methods

We included acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients treated with IVT. The number and location of CMBs as well as severity of WMD were rated analyzing pre- or post-treatment MRI. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine the impact of CMB and WMD on ICH subgroups and outcome measures.

Results

434 patients were included. CMBs were detected in 23.3% of them. ICH occurred in 34.7% of patients with CMBs. Independent predictors of parenchymal hemorrhage were the presence of CMBs (OR 2.724, 95% CI 1.360–5.464, p = 0.005) as well as cortical-subcortical stroke (OR 3.629, 95% CI 1.841–7.151, p < 0.001) and atherothrombotic stroke subtype (OR 3.381, 95% CI 1.335–8.566, p = 0.010). Either the presence, or number, and location of CMBs, as well as WMD, was not independently associated with the development of SICH. No independent association between the presence, number, or location of CMBs or WMD and outcome measures was observed.

Conclusions

The results of our study suggest that the exclusion of eligible candidates to administration of IV rt-PA only on the basis of CMBs presence is not justified. The clinical decision should be weighed with a case-by-case approach. Additional data are needed to evaluate the benefit-risk profile of rt-PA in patients carrying numerous microbleeds.
Changing Categorical Work in Healthcare: the Use of Patient-Generated Health Data in Cancer Rehabilitation
Authors: Cerna Katerina , Grisot Miria , Islind Anna Sigridur , Lindroth Tomas , Lundin Johan , Steineck Gunnar
Published: September 2020

Categorical work in chronic care is increasingly dependent on digital technologies for remote patient care. However, remote care takes many forms and while various types of digital technologies are currently being used, we lack a nuanced understanding of how to design such technologies for specific novel usages. In this paper, we focus on digital technologies for patient-generated health data and how their use changes categorical work in chronic care. Our aim is to understand how categorical work changes, which novel forms of categorical work emerge and what the implications are for the care relation. This paper is based on an ethnographic study of healthcare professionals’ work at a pelvic cancer rehabilitation clinic and their interactions with patients. In this setting, supportive talks between patients and nurses are central. To understand the complexities of categorical work in chronic care when patient-generated health data are introduced, we contrast the traditional supportive talks with supportive talks where the nurses had access to the patients’ patient-generated health data. We identify and analyze challenges connected to novel forms of categorical work. Specifically, we focus on categorical work and how it can undergo changes. Our empirical findings show how changes occur in the way patients’ lived experience of the chronic disease aligns with the categories from chronic care, as well as in the way the nurse works with clinical categories during the talk. These insights help us further understand the implications of patient generated-data use in supportive talks. We contribute to an improved understanding of the use of patient-generated health data in clinical practice and based on this, we identify design implications for how to make categorical work more collaborative.
A new approach for an ultra-thin piezoresistive sensor based on solidified carbon ink film
Authors: Yi Ying , Samara Ayman , Wang Bo
Published: September 2020

Conventional flexible piezoresistive strain sensors that use conductive particles polymer composites exhibit thick structures with a low sensitivity to external tension. This paper presents a cost-effective method to fabricate ultra-thin and highly sensitive piezoresistive strain sensors. In our fabrication steps, carbon ink that is mainly composed of carbon black particles is solidified with a drying process to form a “paperlike,” flexible conductive film. Without any surface modification techniques, the carbon ink film is directly placed onto liquid-state PDMS and then bonded after the drying process. Following the rapid prototyping, different performance metrics of the fabricated sensors, including piezoresistivity, gauge factor, temperature dependency, elastic modulus, and repeatability are measured. Specifically, sensors fabricated with this method show a significantly improved gauge factor (~26) compared to similar flexible sensors fabricated by more complicated micro-fabrication methods. The proposed method of fabrication and the corresponding ultra-thin (~45 μm) sensor prototype may benefit the design and mass production of future wearable biomedical and healthcare sensors.
Improved electrochemical performance of SiO2-coated Li-rich layered oxides-Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2
Authors: James Abraham Jeffin , Nisar Umair , Monawwar Haya , Abdul Quddus Aisha , Shakoor R. A. , Saleh Mohamed I. , Kahraman Ramazan , Al-Qaradawi Siham , Aljaber Amina S.
Published: September 2020

Lithium-rich layered oxides (LLOs) such as Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 are suitable cathode materials for future lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Despite some salient advantages, like low cost, ease of fabrication, high capacity, and higher operating voltage, these materials suffer from low cyclic stability and poor capacity retention. Several different techniques have been proposed to address the limitations associated with LLOs. Herein, we report the surface modification of Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 by utilizing cheap and readily available silica (SiO2) to improve its electrochemical performance. Towards this direction, Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 was synthesized utilizing a sol–gel process and coated with SiO2 (SiO2 = 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, and 2.0 wt%) employing dry ball milling technique. XRD, SEM, TEM, elemental mapping and XPS characterization techniques confirm the formation of phase pure materials and presence of SiO2 coating layer on the surface of Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 particles. The electrochemical measurements indicate that the SiO2-coated Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 materials show improved electrochemical performance in terms of capacity retention and cyclability when compared to the uncoated material. This improvement in electrochemical performance can be related to the prevention of electrolyte decomposition when in direct contact with the surface of charged Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 cathode material. The SiO2 coating thus prevents the unwanted side reactions between cathode material and the electrolyte. 1.0 wt% SiO2-coated Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2shows the best electrochemical performance in terms of rate capability and capacity retention.
A Taxonomy of Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Wearable Robots: An Expert Perspective
Authors: Kapeller Alexandra , Felzmann Heike , Fosch-Villaronga Eduard , Hughes Ann-Marie
Published: September 2020

Wearable robots and exoskeletons are relatively new technologies designed for assisting and augmenting human motor functions. Due to their different possible design applications and their intimate connection to the human body, they come with specific ethical, legal, and social issues (ELS), which have not been much explored in the recent ELS literature. This paper draws on expert consultations and a literature review to provide a taxonomy of the most important ethical, legal, and social issues of wearable robots. These issues are categorized in (1) wearable robots and the self, (2) wearable robots and the other, and (3) wearable robots in society.
Potential use of deep learning techniques for postmortem imaging
Authors: Dobay Akos , Ford Jonathan , Decker Summer , Ampanozi Garyfalia , Franckenberg Sabine , Affolter Raffael , Sieberth Till , Ebert Lars C.
Published: September 2020

The use of postmortem computed tomography in forensic medicine, in addition to conventional autopsy, is now a standard procedure in several countries. However, the large number of cases, the large amount of data, and the lack of postmortem radiology experts have pushed researchers to develop solutions that are able to automate diagnosis by applying deep learning techniques to postmortem computed tomography images. While deep learning techniques require a good understanding of image analysis and mathematical optimization, the goal of this review was to provide to the community of postmortem radiology experts the key concepts needed to assess the potential of such techniques and how they could impact their work.
Vulnerability studies in the fields of transportation and complex networks: a citation network analysis
Authors: Sugishita Kashin , Asakura Yasuo
Published: September 2020

In recent years, studies on network vulnerability have grown rapidly in the fields of transportation and complex networks. Even though these two fields are closely related, their overall structure is still unclear. In this study, to add clarity comprehensively and objectively, we analyze a citation network consisting of vulnerability studies in these two fields. We collect publication records from an online publication database, the Web of Science, and construct a citation network where nodes and edges represent publications and citation relations, respectively. We analyze the giant weakly connected component consisting of 705 nodes and 4,584 edges. First, we uncover main research domains by detecting communities in the network. Second, we identify major research development over time in the detected communities by applying main path analysis. Third, we quantitatively reveal asymmetric citation patterns between the two fields, which implies that mutual understanding between them is still lacking. Since these two fields deal with the vulnerability of network systems in common, more active interdisciplinary studies should have a great potential to advance both fields in the future.
Lebensverhältnisse in ländlichen Räumen – Ein Dissertationsprojekt über das Bleiben von Frauen in ländlichen Räumen
Authors: Rühmling Melanie
Published: September 2020

Das hier vorgestellte Dissertationsprojekt nimmt Frauen in den Blick, die in ländlichen Räumen leben. Mittels methodologischer Grundlage und Prozedere der Reflexiven Grounded Theory wird sich dem Bleiben in ländlichen Räumen genähert. Basis sind biographische Interviews sowie teilnehmende Beobachtungen. Ziel der explorativen Studie ist eine Systematisierung des Variationsspektrums des Bleibens durch das Herausarbeiten einer Typologie. Diese stellt jene Personen in den Mittelpunkt, die zwar in der medial-öffentlichen Debatte sichtbar sind, doch in der wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung der ländlichen Lebensverhältnisse bisher unterrepräsentiert blieben: Frauen, die schon immer in ländlichen Räumen ihren Lebensmittelpunkt haben. Dies trägt zum einen zu einer theoretischen Erklärung des Phänomens Bleiben in ländlichen Räumen bei. Zum anderen wird eine Grundlage geschaffen, welche der Komplexität ländlicher Lebensverhältnisse gegenüber stereotypen Vorstellungen gerecht werden soll.
A stochastic MPEC approach for grid tariff design with demand-side flexibility
Authors: Askeland Magnus , Burandt Thorsten , Gabriel Steven A.
Published: September 2020

As the end-users increasingly can provide flexibility to the power system, it is important to consider how this flexibility can be activated as a resource for the grid. Electricity network tariffs is one option that can be used to activate this flexibility. Therefore, by designing efficient grid tariffs, it might be possible to reduce the total costs in the power system by incentivizing a change in consumption patterns. This paper provides a methodology for optimal grid tariff design under decentralized decision-making and uncertainty in demand, power prices, and renewable generation. A bilevel model is formulated to adequately describe the interaction between the end-users and a distribution system operator. In addition, a centralized decision-making model is provided for benchmarking purposes. The bilevel model is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear problem solvable by branch-and-cut techniques. Results based on both deterministic and stochastic settings are presented and discussed. The findings suggest how electricity grid tariffs should be designed to provide an efficient price signal for reducing aggregate network peaks.
Improvement of rheological and filtration characteristics of water-based drilling fluids using naturally derived henna leaf and hibiscus leaf extracts
Authors: Ismail Abdul R. , Mohd Noorul M. N. A. , Basir Nurul F. , Oseh Jeffrey O. , Ismail Issham , Blkoor Shafeeg O.
Published: September 2020

Biodegradable additives are required to minimize the environmental hazards from drilling fluid wastes. This study explores the feasibility of the applications of henna leaf extracts (HLE) and hibiscus leaf extracts (HBLE) as ecological benign products in water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). Rheological and filtration characterizations were carried out on the WBDFs to detect the effects of different concentrations (1, 2, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g) of these plant extracts at 78 and 300 °F. The results of 1 and 2 g of the plant extracts were compared with those of low-viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC LV). Compatibility test was carried out using 25 g/L of the green additives on base fluid (A-0), and the swelling rate of sodium bentonite in distilled water was also considered using 1, 10, and 20 g of the green additives. The findings showed that HLE and HBLE significantly reduced the filtrate loss between 62% and 67% and between 64% and 76%, respectively, and improved the rheological characteristics of the WBDF system between 10 and 40 g. PAC LV showed a greater effect on the rheological properties than the green additives in equal amounts (1 and 2 g), but it exhibited flat high and progressive gels which can lead to mechanical pipe sticking. The test data also showed that the inclusion of HLE and HBLE in the WBDF demonstrated larger impact on the mud cake than PAC LV. The cake thickness of the WBDF was reduced in the following order: 30–32% (by HLE), 32–33% (by HBLE), and 24–27% (by PAC LV). This interprets the outstanding filtration characteristics of green additives. Further, compatibility test data confirmed that the green additives are compatible with the other base fluid additives and the swelling behavior of sodium bentonite verified that the green plants are effective in inhibiting bentonite swelling. Here, the Henna extracts displayed higher inhibition property than the Hibiscus product. Notwithstanding, both products showed excellent inhibition property and a strong viscosity enhancing effect on the WBDF system.
Synthesis and use of carvedilol metal complexes as carbon dioxide storage media
Authors: Mousa Omar G. , Yousif Emad , Ahmed Ahmed A. , El‐Hiti Gamal A. , Alotaibi Mohammad Hayal , Ahmed Dina S.
Published: September 2020

The consequences of increased fossil fuel consumption on the environment presents a challenge. Carbon dioxide capture is a useful technique to reduce global warming. Therefore, three carvedilol metal (nickel, cobalt, and copper) complexes were synthesized as potential carbon dioxide storage media. The structural and textural properties of metal carvedilol complexes have been established using various techniques. The metal complexes have mesoporous structures in which pore size was approximately 3 nm. Particle size ranged from 51.0 to 393.9 nm with a relatively small surface area (6.126–9.073 m2/g). The carvedilol metal complexes have either type-III or IV nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm. The complexes showed reasonable capacity towards carbon dioxide uptake (up to 18.21 cm3/g) under the optimized condition (40 bar and 323 K).

Graphical Abstract
RDMA Communciation Patterns
Authors: Ziegler Tobias , Leis Viktor , Binnig Carsten
Published: September 2020

Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is a networking protocol that provides high bandwidth and low latency accesses to a remote node’s main memory. Although there has been much work around RDMA, such as building libraries on top of RDMA or even applications leveraging RDMA, it remains a hard problem to identify the most suitable RDMA primitives and their combination for a given problem. While there have been some initial studies included in papers that aim to investigate selected performance characteristics of particular design choices, there has not been a systematic study to evaluate the communication patterns of scale-out systems. In this paper, we address this issue by systematically investigating how to efficiently use RDMA for building scale-out systems.
The utilization of seaweed-based liquid organic fertilizer to stimulate Gracilaria verrucosa growth and quality
Authors: Nasmia  , Rosyida E. , Masyahoro A. , Putera F. H. A. , Natsir S.
Published: September 2020

The aim of this research is to analyze potency and generate organic fertilizer with noneconomic seaweed as material which is bioecologically environment-friendly to stimulateGracilaria verrucosaproduction. By utilizing inexpensive and bioecologically beneficial material, it is expected to increase the growth, production, and repair the quality ofGracilaria verrucosa.The specific target of this research is to analyze the effectivity of an-organic fertilizers (urea) with seaweed-based liquid organic fertilizer. The hormone growth of generated urea and seaweed liquid fertilizers is analyzed, including auxin,gibberellin,cytokinin, as well as nutrient (macro and micro). Moreover, the fertilizer is tested onGracilaria verrucosa.Several noneconomic seaweeds (Codiumsp.,Ulvasp.,Padinasp.,Amphiroasp.) are found in waters area ofSulawesi Tengah.Based on laboratory testing result, it shows that organic fertilizer which has good potency by looking at N, P, and K contents is organic fertilizerUlvasp., with content of N (0.45 mg/L), P (7.67 mg/L), and K (11.06 mg/L). The result of the research shows that there are apparent differences between the tested treatment (p < 0.05) onGracilariasp., growth, and the highest testing on giving liquid fertilizerUlvasp. (71.0 g) with dose 400 mL/15 L water. The result ofGracilaria verrucosaquality by using liquid fertilizerUlvasp. is 40.89%, urea fertilizer 38.62%, and without fertilizer 32.57%. The hormone content ofUlvasp. growth is IAA (0.3961 ppm),gibberellin(36.9595 ppm), andkinetin(3.3718 ppm), and urea fertilizer contains IAA (0.4063 ppm),gibberellin(30.2047 ppm), andkinetin(0.0717 ppm).
Functionally Oriented Alignment of the Lower Extremity Reflecting the Direction of Gait for Healthy Elderly, Knee Osteoarthritis, and Total Knee Arthroplasty Subjects
Authors: Sato Takashi , Mochizuki Tomoharu , Katsumi Ryota , Takahashi Yuki
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional lower extremity alignment based on both position and motion [functionally oriented alignment (FOA)] of the knee in healthy elderly, varus osteoarthritis (OA), and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) subjects.

Methods

This study evaluated 87 knees in 24 healthy elderly (72 ± 5 years), 39 varus OA (72 ± 6 years), and 24 TKA (75 ± 4 years) subjects. A 3D assessment system was used on 3D models and biplanar long-leg radiographs with the toe angle reflecting gait direction, by applying a 3D-to-2D image registration technique. In the world coordinate system, they-,z-, andx-axes were defined as gait direction, gravity direction, and the cross product ofy- andz-axes, respectively. The parameters were: (a) coronal inclination, sagittal inclination, and transverse direction of the femur and tibia relative to the ground and (b) the difference between theyz-plane of the world coordinate system (functional plane) and theyz-plane of the femoral or tibial coordinate system (anatomical plane).

Results

The femur had more medial and posterior inclination and the tibia had more lateral and anterior inclination in osteoarthritic knees as compared to healthy knees, and TKA knees had inclinations similar to healthy knees. Rotation was similar or different in the anatomical and functional planes among the subjects with the healthy, knee OA, and TKA.

Conclusions

The association between the anatomical and functional planes and the position of each bone relative to gravity varied depending on the condition of the knees.

Level of Evidence: Level of III
Managing the mutations: academic misconduct in Australia, New Zealand and the UK
Authors: Birks Melanie , Mills Jane , Allen Steph , Tee Stephen
Published: September 2020

Academic misconduct is a problem of growing concern across the tertiary education sector. While plagiarism has been the most common form of academic misconduct, the advent of software programs to detect plagiarism has seen the problem of misconduct simply mutate. As universities attempt to function in an increasingly complex environment, the factors that contribute to academic misconduct are unlikely to be easily mitigated. A multiple case study approach examined how academic misconduct is perceived in universities in in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom via interviews with academics and administrators. The findings show that academic misconduct is a systemic problem that manifests in various ways and requires similarly diverse approaches to management. Greater consistency in policies and procedures, including a focus on preventative education for both staff and students, is key to managing the mutations of academic misconduct that continue to plague the higher education sector globally.
Das verschmähte Instrument der (Fernstraßen- oder City‑) Maut
Authors: Sieg Gernot
Published: September 2020

Seit langem werden von Ökonomen Straßenbenutzungsgebühren als Instrument gegen Verkehrsstaus empfohlen. In der Praxis gibt es jedoch nur wenige Anwendungen. In diesem Artikel werden die unterschiedliche Stautechnologien und die jeweils adäquate Maut identifiziert. Widerstände, die einer Maut entgegenstehen, und Möglichkeiten, sie zu überwinden, werden aufgezeigt. Es ist an der Zeit, den Einheitlichen Europäischen Mautdienst zu realisieren und einen Rechtsrahmen in Deutschland zu schaffen, der es Städten erlaubt, Maut zu erheben.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: September 2020

Buses are a key component of the increasing interest in heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles, along with various types of trucks. In this issue we report on continuing progress with the deployment of fleets of fuel cell electric buses in various locations, and on an innovative use of a fuel cell bus in Japan.
Where do professionals find sustainability and innovation value? Empirical tests of three sustainable design methods
Authors: Faludi Jeremy , Yiu Felix , Agogino Alice
Published: September 2020

Recommendations of sustainable design methods are usually based on theory, not empirical industry tests. Furthermore, since professionals often mix components of different design methods, recommending whole methods may not be relevant. It may be better to recommend component activities or mindsets. To provide empirical grounding for recommendations, this study performed 23 workshops on three sustainable design methods involving over 172 professionals from 27 companies, including consultancies and manufacturers in three industries (consumer electronics, furniture and clothing). The design methods tested were The Natural Step, Whole System Mapping and Biomimicry. Participants were surveyed about what components in each design method drove perceived innovation, sustainability or other value, and why. The most valued components only partially supported theoretical predictions. Thus, recommendations should be more empirically based. Results also found unique and complementary value in components of each method, which suggests recommending mixed methods for sustainable design. This may help design professionals find more value in green design practices, and thus integrate sustainability more into their practice.
White Feminist Gaslighting
Authors: Berenstain Nora
Published: September 2020

Structural gaslighting arises when conceptual work functions to obscure the nonaccidental connections between structures of oppression and the patterns of harm they produce and license. This article examines the role that structural gaslighting plays in white feminist methodology and epistemology using Miranda Fricker's discussion of hermeneutical injustice as an illustration (Fricker 2007). Fricker's work produces structural gaslighting through several methods: i) the outright denial of the role that structural oppression plays in producing interpretive harm, ii) the use of single-axis conceptual resources to understand intersectional oppression, and iii) the failure to recognize the legacy of women of color's epistemic resistance work surrounding the issue of sexual harassment in the workplace. I argue that Fricker's whitewashed discussion of epistemic resistance to sexual harassment in the United States is a form of structural gaslighting that fails to treat women of color as knowers and exemplifies the strategic forgetting that is a central methodological tactic of white feminism.
Studying autocratization in Turkey: political institutions, populism, and neoliberalism
Authors: Sözen Yunus
Published: September 2020

In this review article I classify the literature on the Turkish political regime during Justice and Development Party rule as two waves of studies, and a potential third wave. The first wave was prevalent at least until the Gezi uprisings in 2013. I argue that, in this wave, the main debate was between two rival and largely culturalist perspectives with conceptual toolkits that tended to interpret regime change through the lens of social transformations. I also maintain that scholarly works written from the hegemonic perspective of this wave, utilizing center–periphery and state–society dichotomies, and a narrow range of concepts from the democratization literature (from defective democracy to democratic consolidation), have misidentified/misinterpreted burgeoning autocratization in Turkey as democratization, albeit with problems. The Gezi uprisings brought to the fore already existing authoritarian features of the Turkish political regime and led to the second wave of studies. In the second wave, the focus was on naming Turkey’s new political regime as a diminished subtype of authoritarianism, and thick descriptions of different facets of Turkey’s new authoritarianism. Finally, I suggest that there is a need for a third wave that builds on recent studies and focuses on explaining Turkey’s autocratization process and democratic breakdown, as well as the impact of autocratization on other aspects of Turkish politics and society.
Small Warriors? Children and Youth in Colonial Insurgencies and Counterinsurgency, ca. 1945–1960
Authors: Hynd Stacey
Published: September 2020

Child soldiers are often viewed as a contemporary, “new war” phenomenon, but international concern about their use first emerged in response to anti-colonial liberation struggles. Youth were important actors in anti-colonial insurgencies, but their involvement has been neglected in existing historiographies of decolonization and counterinsurgency due to the absence and marginalization of youth voices in colonial archives. This article analyses the causes of youth insurgency and colonial counterinsurgency responses to their involvement in conflict between ca. 1945 and 1960, particularly comparing Kenya and Cyprus, but also drawing on evidence from Malaya, Indochina/Vietnam, and Algeria. It employs a generational lens to explore the experiences of “youth insurgents” primarily between the ages of twelve and twenty. Youth insurgents were most common where the legitimate grievances of youth were mobilized by anti-colonial groups who could recruit children through colonial organizations as well as family and social networks. While some teenagers fought due to coercion or necessity, others were politically motivated and willing to risk their lives for independence. Youth soldiers served in multiple capacities in insurgencies, from protestors to couriers to armed fighters, in roles that were shaped by multiple logics: the need for troop fortification and sustained manpower; the tactical exploitation of youth liminality, and the symbolic mobilization of childhood and discourses of childhood innocence. Counterinsurgency responses to youthful insurgents commonly combined violence and development, highlighting tensions within late colonial governance: juveniles were beaten, detained, and flogged, but also constructed as “delinquents” rather than “terrorists” to facilitate their subsequent “rehabilitation.”
Deception and Violence in the Ottoman Empire: The People's Theory of Crowd Behavior during the Hamidian Massacres of 1895
Authors: Sipahi Ali
Published: September 2020

This article is an historical ethnography of the popular conceptualizations of crowd behavior during the pogroms against the Armenians in the Ottoman East in 1895–1896. It draws on contemporary sources like official telegrams, governmental reports, letters of American missionaries, and Armenian periodicals to show that observers with otherwise highly conflicting views described the structure of the event in the exact same way: as an outcome of sinister deception. Without exception, all parties told some story of deception to explain the violent attacks of the Kurdish semi-nomadic crowds on the Armenian neighborhoods of the city of Harput. The article analyzes these cases of disguise, deluding, and inculcation to reveal how contemporary observers theorized crowd behavior in general and the atrocities they witnessed in particular. They did not perceive violence as an index of social distance or deep societal divisions. On the contrary, they described a world in which Armenians and Muslims lived a shared life, and where one attacked the other only when deceived. Methodologically, the article lifts barriers between intellectual history and social history on behalf of an historical ethnography of people's theories about their own society.
Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak
Authors: Rodriguez-Fernandez P. , Howard N. T. , Greenwald M. J. , Creely A. J. , Hughes J. W. , Wright J. C. , Holland C. , Lin Y. , Sciortino F. ,   the SPARC team
Published: September 2020

SPARC is designed to be a high-field, medium-size tokamak aimed at achieving net energy gain with ion cyclotron range-of-frequencies (ICRF) as its primary auxiliary heating mechanism. Empirical predictions with conservative physics indicate that SPARC baseline plasmas would reach$Q\approx 11$, which is well above its mission objective of$Q>2$. To build confidence that SPARC will be successful, physics-based integrated modelling has also been performed. The TRANSP code coupled with the theory-based trapped gyro-Landau fluid (TGLF) turbulence model and EPED predictions for pedestal stability find that$Q\approx 9$is attainable in standard H-mode operation and confirms$Q > 2$operation is feasible even with adverse assumptions. In this analysis, ion cyclotron waves are simulated with the full wave TORIC code and alpha heating is modelled with the Monte–Carlo fast ion NUBEAM module. Detailed analysis of expected turbulence regimes with linear and nonlinear CGYRO simulations is also presented, demonstrating that profile predictions with the TGLF reduced model are in reasonable agreement.
‘Youngsplaining’ and moralistic judgements: exploring ageism through the lens of digital ‘media ideologies’
Authors: Comunello Francesca , Rosales Andrea , Mulargia Simone , Ieracitano Francesca , Belotti Francesca , Fernández-Ardèvol Mireia
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we explore ageist depictions of both young and older people as they emerge from discourses addressing ‘other people's’ digital media usage practices. We carried out eight focus groups (four with teenagers, four with people aged 65 or older) in two southern European cities (Rome and Barcelona). By negotiating the affordances and constraints of (digital) tools and platforms, people develop their own usage norms and strategies, which might – or might not – be intersubjectively shared. Discourses surrounding usage practices and norms tend to refer to what people understand as an appropriate way of using digital platforms: these discourses proved to be powerful triggers for expressing ageist stereotypes; ‘the others’ were depicted, by both teenage and older participants, as adopting inappropriate usage practices (with regard to content, form, skills and adherence to social norms). These reflections proved to have broader implications on how other age cohorts are perceived: participants tended to take discourses on digital media usage as an opportunity for making generalised judgements about ‘the others’, which address their manners, as well as their attitude towards communication and social life. Inter-group discrimination processes and ageist stereotypes play a major role in shaping the strong moralistic and patronising judgements expressed by older and younger participants towards ‘the other’ age cohort.
Early language experience in a Papuan community
Authors: CASILLAS Marisa , BROWN Penelope , LEVINSON Stephen C.
Published: September 2020

The rate at which young children are directly spoken to varies due to many factors, including (a) caregiver ideas about children as conversational partners and (b) the organization of everyday life. Prior work suggests cross-cultural variation in rates of child-directed speech is due to the former factor, but has been fraught with confounds in comparing postindustrial and subsistence farming communities. We investigate the daylong language environments of children (0;0–3;0) on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, a small-scale traditional community where prior ethnographic study demonstrated contingency-seeking child interaction styles. In fact, children were infrequently directly addressed and linguistic input rate was primarily affected by situational factors, though children's vocalization maturity showed no developmental delay. We compare the input characteristics between this community and a Tseltal Mayan one in which near-parallel methods produced comparable results, then briefly discuss the models and mechanisms for learning best supported by our findings.
Faces in the Stone: Further Finds of Anthropomorphic Engravings Suggest a Discrete Artistic Tradition Flourished in Timor-Leste in the Terminal Pleistocene
Authors: O'Connor Sue , Oliveira Nuno Vasco , Standish Christopher D. , García-Diez Marcos , Kealy Shimona , Shipton Ceri
Published: September 2020

Engraving sites are rare in mainland and Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) where painted art dominates the prehistoric artistic record. Here we report two new engraving sites from the Tutuala region of Timor-Leste comprising mostly humanoid forms carved into speleothem columns in rock-shelters. Engraved face motifs have previously been reported from Lene Hara Cave in this same region, and one was dated to the Pleistocene–Holocene transition using the Uranium–Thorium method. We discuss the engravings in relation to changes in technology and material culture that took place in the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene archaeological records in this region of Timor as well as neighbouring islands. We suggest that the engravings may have been produced as markers of territorial and social identity within the context of population expansion and greater inter-group contacts at this time.
Is 5 mm breath-hold window (BHW) sufficient to treat carcinoma left breast patients post-conservative surgery: a comparative study using forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy (FIMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)
Authors: Kalyanasundaram Karthikeyan , Vellaiyan Subramani
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of changes in breathing pattern inside the breath-hold window (BHW) during deep inspiration breath hold treatment for carcinoma left breast patients post-conservative surgery.

Methods:

Ten patients of carcinoma left breast post-conservative surgery were prospectively selected. Three sets of CT plain images were acquired, one with 5 mm deep inspiration BHW (DIBHR) and the other one with 1 mm BHW matching the lower threshold (DIBHL) and the third one with 1 mm BHW matching the upper threshold (DIBHH) as DIBHR. For all patients, forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy (FIMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were generated in the 5 mm BHW CT series and the same plan being copy and pasted in other series. Target volume doses and critical structure doses were tabulated.

Results:

Planning target volume coverage was adequate and no significant differences were found in any CT series. Significant differences noted in average left lung V5%, V10% and V18% doses between DIBHR versus DIBHH (p values = 0·0461, 0·0283 and 0·0213, respectively) and DIBHL versus DIBHH (p values = 0·0434, 0·0484 and 0·0334, respectively) for FIMRT plans and V18% doses in DIBHR versus DIBHH (p = 0·0067) in VMAT. No differences in heart and apex of heart doses were found. Left anterior descending artery (LAD) mean doses were significant in DIBHL versus DIBHR, DIBHR versus DIBHH and DIBHL versus DIBHH (p = 0·0012, 0·0444 and 0·0048, respectively) series for FIMRT plans and DIBHR versus DIBHH and DIBHL versus DIBHH (p = 0·0341, 0·0001) for VMAT plans.

Finding:

The changes in the breathing pattern inside DIBH window level cause some variation in LAD doses and no other significant differences in any parameters noted, so care should be taken while treating patients with preexisting cardiac conditions.
Implications of CMIP6 Projected Drying Trends for 21st Century Amazonian Drought Risk
Authors: Parsons L. A.
Published: September 2020

Recent exceptionally hot droughts in Amazonia have highlighted the potential role of global warming in driving changes in rainfall and temperatures in the region. The previous generation of global climate models projected that eastern Amazonia would receive less future precipitation while western Amazonia would receive more precipitation, but many of these models disagreed on future precipitation trends in the region. Here Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6) models are used to examine the shifting risk of eastern Amazonian droughts under high and low future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. This new generation of models shows better agreement that most of the Amazonian basin will receive less future rainfall, with particularly strong agreement that eastern and southern Amazonia will dry in the 21st century. These models suggest that global warming may be increasing the likelihood of exceptionally hot drought in the region. With unabated global warming, recent particularly warm and severe droughts will become more common by midcentury, but reducing the rate of greenhouse gas emissions can make extremely hot and dry years less common in the future. Simulated future rainfall changes in Amazonia under high greenhouse gas emissions are associated with changes in the tropical Pacific, but many climate models struggle to reproduce observed trends in the tropical Pacific. These shortcomings highlight the need to improve confidence in global climate models' ability to simulate observed trends in the tropics, even if more CMIP6 models agree on the sign of future rainfall trends.
Chester Receives 2019 Paul G. Silver Award for Outstanding Scientific Service
Authors:   AGU
Published: September 2020

Judith Savaso Chester received the 2019 Paul G. Silver Award for Outstanding Scientific Service at AGU's Fall Meeting 2019, held 9–13 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given annually and recognizes “significant contributions to the fields of geodesy, seismology, or tectonophysics from a mid-career or senior scientist” through “mentorship of early-career scientists, leadership on community research initiatives, or other collaborative research efforts.”
Compaction‐Driven Fluid Localization as an Explanation for Lower Crustal Electrical Conductors in an Intracontinental Setting
Authors: Comeau Matthew J. , Becken Michael , Connolly James A. D. , Grayver Alexander V. , Kuvshinov Alexey V.
Published: September 2020

We present electrical resistivity models, derived from magnetotelluric data, of the crust beneath the Bulnay region, Mongolia. They reveal that the lower crust contains a pattern of discrete zones (width of ~25 km) of low resistivity (<30 Ωm). Such features may be an effect of unaccounted‐for electrical anisotropy. However, when anisotropy is considered in the modeling, the features remain. We investigate an alternative explanation, based on a conceptual model of fluid localization and stagnation by thermally activated compaction, and demonstrate it is compatible with the observed low‐resistivity zones. The model explains the location, shape, and size of the zones, with plausible values of the activation energy for lower crustal creep (270–360 kJ/mol), and a viscous compaction length on the order of 10 km. The results imply tectonic deformation and compaction processes, rather than lithological‐structural heterogeneity, control the regional lower crustal fluid flow.
Near‐Complete Local Reduction of Arctic Stratospheric Ozone by Severe Chemical Loss in Spring 2020
Authors: Wohltmann I. , von der Gathen P. , Lehmann R. , Maturilli M. , Deckelmann H. , Manney G. L. , Davies J. , Tarasick D. , Jepsen N. , Kivi R. , Lyall N. , Rex M.
Published: September 2020

In the Antarctic ozone hole, ozone mixing ratios have been decreasing to extremely low values of 0.01–0.1 ppm in nearly all spring seasons since the late 1980s, corresponding to 95–99% local chemical loss. In contrast, Arctic ozone loss has been much more limited and mixing ratios have never before fallen below 0.5 ppm. In Arctic spring 2020, however, ozonesonde measurements in the most depleted parts of the polar vortex show a highly depleted layer, with ozone loss averaged over sondes peaking at 93% at 18 km. Typical minimum mixing ratios of 0.2 ppm were observed, with individual profiles showing values as low as 0.13 ppm (96% loss). The reason for the unprecedented chemical loss was an unusually strong, long‐lasting, and cold polar vortex, showing that for individual winters the effect of the slow decline of ozone‐depleting substances on ozone depletion may be counteracted by low temperatures.
Slipping the Shumagin Gap: A Kinematic Coseismic and Early Afterslip Model of the Mw 7.8 Simeonof Island, Alaska, Earthquake
Authors: Crowell Brendan W. , Melgar Diego
Published: September 2020

In July 2020, a Mw 7.8 earthquake initiated directly to the east of Simeonof Island offshore of the Alaska Peninsula. The earthquake ruptured the eastern part of the Shumagin Gap, a region devoid of large earthquakes over the last century and characterized by low geodetic coupling. Here, we investigate the rupture kinematics of the earthquake using a joint inversion of high‐rate GNSS and strong‐motion data. We find that the rupture was focused between depths of 30–45 km, starting east of the Shumagin Islands and rupturing downdip towards the northwest, with little slip west of 160°W. Early postseismic observations indicate that the entirety of the Shumagin Gap at depths between 40–60 km ruptured with aseismic afterslip and aftershocks. Historically, this earthquake resembles the Shumagin Islands earthquake of 1917, indicating that a possible rupture asperity exists to explain low interseismic coupling and repeating ~M7.5–8 earthquakes.