bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization, crystallization kinetics, and melting behavior of poly(ethylene succinate) copolyester containing 7 mol % butylene succinate
Authors: Lu Hsin‐Ying , Lu Shih‐Fu , Chen Ming , Chen Chi He , Tsai Chia‐Jung
Published: March 2009

The copolyester was synthesized and characterized as having 92.7 mol % ethylene succinate units and 7.3 mol % butylene succinate (BS) units in a random sequence, as determined by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance. Isothermal crystallization kinetics of this copolyester was examined in the temperature range (Tc) from 30 to 80°C with the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melting behavior after isothermal crystallization was studied with DSC by varying the Tc, the heating rate, and the crystallization time. The complex melting behavior involves both mechanisms of various lamellar crystals and melting–recrystallization–remelting. As the Tc increases, the contribution of recrystallization gradually decreases and finally disappears. The Hoffman–Weeks linear plot yielded an equilibrium melting temperature of 111.1°C, which is 1.6°C less than that of poly(ethylene succinate) (PES). The kinetic analysis of the spherulitic growth rates (G) indicated that a regime II→III transition occurred at ∼59°C (TII→III), which is ∼ 11°C less than that of PES. The overall crystallization rate, TII→III and G indicate that the random incorporation of only 7.3 mol % BS units into PES significantly inhibits the crystallization rate of PES. Finally, the morphology of melt‐crystallized samples was examined using polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Convective drying of wood‐waste in air and superheated steam
Authors: Sheikholeslami Roya , Watkinson A. P.
Published: March 2009

The convective batch drying of Western Hemlock hog fuel‐sized particles in fixed beds under various operating conditions quantiatively established the effect of factors which govern the drying process. A correlation was obtained for the Nusselt number during the heat transfer controlled period. Under specific conditions, the existence of a unified characteristic drying rate curve was confirmed. Drying behaviour as described by the receding plane model provided a mathematical expression for such a curve. The existence of an inversion point temperature was experimentally confirmed.
Lumped‐differential analysis of concurrent flow double‐pipe heat exchanger
Authors: Scofano Neto F. , Cotta R. M.
Published: March 2009

A mixed lumped‐differential formulation for double‐pipe heat exchangers is presented that radially lumps the temperature distribution in the outer channel, providing a differential problem for the inner channel that involves a more general type of boundary condition for the wall temperature. The generalized integral transform technique is extended to allow for the analytical solution of this class of problems. Applicability limits for the simplified model are then established in terms of related parameters, based on numerical results obtained for bulk temperatures and Nusselt numbers, as compared to more involved approaches for the complete differential model.
Adsorption of nitrogen and carbon monoxide on clinoptilolite: Determination and prediction of pure and binary isotherms
Authors: Triebe Robert W. , Tezel F. Handan
Published: March 2009

Adsorption of N2 and CO has been studied on a natural Turkish clinoptilolite at near ambient conditions. Pure isotherms up to 101.3 kPa pressure, and binary isotherms at 101.3 kPa total pressure were determined chromatog‐raphically at 303 K. Pure isotherms were modelled using the Langmuir model and the Wilson and Flory ‐ Huggins forms of the Vacancy Solution Theory. Binary isotherms were predicted using both forms of the Vacancy Solution Theory, the Extended Langmuir model, and the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory. These predictions were compared to experimentally determined binary isotherms. Clinoptilolite is shown to be a particulahly promising sorbent for the separation of CO and N2. The Wilson form of the Vacancy Solution Theory was the only model flexible enough to provide a reasonable prediction of the binary isotherms.
Activation studies with an iron fischer‐tropsch catalyst in fixed bed and stirred tank slurry reactors
Authors: Bukur Dragomir B. , Nowicki Lech , Patel Snehal A.
Published: March 2009

A precipitated iron catalyst (100 Fe/5 Cu/4.2 K/25 SiO2 on a mass basis) was tested in a fixed bed reactor and a stirred tank slurry reactor under the same process conditions (250°C, 1.48 MPa, 2 L (STP)/gcat · h, H2 : CO = 2:3). Two different pretreatment procedures were employed (hydrogen reduction at 220°C and carbon monoxide activation at 280°C) in each of the two reactor types. In the stirred tank slurry reactor tests the activity (based on an apparent first order reaction rate constant) of the carbon monoxide pretreated catalyst was about 25% higher than that of hydrogen reduced catalyst, due to incomplete reduction of the latter. In all tests the catalyst selectivity changed slowly with time on stream. Hydrocarbon distribution shifted toward lower molar mass products, and secondary reactions (l‐olefin hydrogenation, isomerization and readsorption) increased with time. The secondary reactions were the most pronounced on the hydrogen reduced catalyst in the fixed bed reactor.
Slugging characteristics of group d particles in fluidized beds
Authors: Dimattia D. G. , Amyotte P. R. , Hamdullahpur F.
Published: March 2009

Pressure fluctuations within a bed of Type D particles (coarse sand, long grain rice, red spring wheat, 10 mm glass beads, pearl barley and whole peas) were measured at various bed heights. Analysis of the pressure fluctuation profiles leads to correlations that predict the minimum slugging velocity and slugging frequency, within experimental ranges. Results reveal that past correlations have little success in predicting the slugging characteristics for large particles. Particle shape plays an important role on the type of slug formed and therefore on the values of slugging frequency and minimum slugging velocity. Large particles with low sphericity formed wall slugs with high slugging frequencies and required the greatest amount of excess air to achieve slugging.
A three‐dimensional model for simulating the maldistribution of liquid flow in random packed beds
Authors: Song M. , Yin F. H. , Nandakumar K. , Chuang K. T.
Published: March 2009

The hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid flow in a packed column are studied using model equations that are based on the volume average concept. The objective is to track radial variations in flow rates (or maldistributions) on a scale smaller than the equipment scale, but larger than the scale of the packing. Such models remain valid on a wide range of scales. Once a number of parameters such as voidage and permeability are determined, the model could be used for scale up purpose. We present the results of two and three dimensional simulation using a computational fluid dynamics solver. For several different inlet distributions, the development of flow patterns and the formation of the natural flow patterns near the wall are simulated. The simulation results on wall flow patterns are in reasonably good agreement with published experimental data.
Electrosynthéses de composés carbonylés catalysées par des complexes du nickel: Activation du monoxyde de carbone ou de composés acylés
Authors: Troupel Michel , Oçafrain Maiténa , Dolhem Eric , Folest Jean‐Claude , Barhdadi Rachid
Published: March 2009

Le complexe Ni0bpy généré par réduction cathodique de NibpyM2+ est un catalyseur efficace pour réaliser Pélectro‐synthèse de cétones symétriques ou dissymétriques à partir de dérivés halogènes. Les réactions de carbonylation sont effectuées soit à partir du monoxyde de carbone, soit à partir de métaux carbonyles, soit à partir du dioxyde de carbone. Les réactions d'acylation sont obtenues par couplages d'halogénures organiques avec soit des chlorures d'acide soit des anhydrides d'acide. Toutes les synthèses sont réalisées dans les conditions ambiantes, à intensité contrôlée, dans une cellule sans séparateur équipée d'une anode consommable.
Flow patterns in high‐velocity fluidized beds and pneumatic conveying
Authors: Bi H. T. , Grace John R.
Published: March 2009

Four flow patterns are identified for gas‐solids vertical upward flows. Homogeneous dilute phase flow is characterized by the absence of both radial and axial solids segregation. Heterogeneous dilute phase flow (also called core‐annulus flow) is characterized by the absence of axial solids segregation, with solids carried upward in the core and travelling downward near the outer wall due to the formation of particle streamers. Collapsed flow with a lower dense region and an upper dilute region is also referred to as the fast fluidization regime. In this case, the flow structure in the upper dilute region is similar to that in heterogeneous dilute phase flow, while the lower dense region resembles that in a turbulent fluidized bed. Dense phase flow can be reached when the riser is completely occupied by a relatively dense suspension with little axial density variation and no net solids downflow near the riser wall. The transition from fast fluidization to dense phase flow is still not clearly defined.
Position and velocity of a large particle in a gas/solid riser using the radioactive particle tracking technique
Authors: Godfroy Larin , Chaouki Jamal , Larachi Faïçal
Published: March 2009

The flow behavior of the solids phase in the fully developed region of a laboratory‐scale circulating fluidized bed riser was studied using an assembly of sixteen NaI detectors to determine the position of a 500 μm radioactive particle, 100 times/s. The particle location was inferred from the number of γ‐rays recorded by the assembly. The knowledge of the instantaneous positions enabled the determination of the instantaneous and mean velocity fields. Tests were conducted in a 0.082 m diameter, 7 m tall riser using 150 μm silica sand particles. Data were obtained at a gas superficial velocity of 4 m/s and solids mass fluxes from 23 to 75 kg/m2·s. Radial profiles of axial particle velocity showed that the solids velocity decreased with increasing solids circulation rates. Correspondingly, turbulent particle velocities and solids dispersion coefficient in the longitudinal direction were found to decrease as the solids circulation rate increased. The cross‐sectional area where, on average, solids downflow took place, increased with increasing solids circulation rate.
Fluidized bed catalytic reactor modeling across the flow regimes
Authors: Grace John R. , Abba Ibrahim A. , Bi Hsiaotao , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2009

Fluidized bed reactor models are generally specific to a single flow regime resulting in ambiguities and discontinuities at the regime boundaries. In practice, only the bubbling, turbulent and fast fluidization regimes are of industrial significance for catalytic reactions. The turbulent fluidization regime is especially advantageous because of improved interphase mass transfer, resulting in improved selectivities and conversions. It is shown that some of the difficulties in modeling can be resolved by means of the probabilistic‐averaging model, recently published by Thompson et al. (1999). This model interpolates between the Grace (1984) two‐phase bubbling bed model at low velocities and single phase axially dispersed flow for fully established turbulent fluidization conditions, leading to improved predictions of conversion and selectivity for catalytic fluidized bed reactors operated at flow rates covering the full range between bubbling and fully turbulent fluidization. An analogous approach should be useful for beds operated at higher gas velocities as fast fluidization conditions are approached.
Removal of SO2 from flue gas using a new semidry flue gas desulfurization process with a powder‐particle spouted bed
Authors: Ma Xiaoxun , Kaneko Takao , Guo Qimin , Xu Guangwen , Kato Kunio
Published: March 2009

A spouted bed of binary particle mixture was applied to a low temperature desulfurization process in order to develop a new type of semidry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology. We investigated the effects of operating parameters, such as type of SO2 sorbent, diameter of SO2 sorbent particles, apparent residence time of gas in the bed, approach to saturation temperature and Ca/S molar ratio, on SO2 removal in a bench‐scale powder‐particle spouted bed. We also investigated the utilization rate of SO2 sorbent and ways to enhance the efficiency of SO2 removal and SO2 sorbent utilization. The experimental results showed that SO2 removal is significantly affected by the approach to saturation temperature and Ca/S molar ratio, and that a high SO2 removal efficiency and effective sorbent utilization can be obtained under appropriate operating conditions. Thus, this new simple process of flue gas desulfurization is highly efficient and has little impact on the environment.
Mass transfer coefficients in reactive extraction of lactic acid from fermentation broths in hollow‐fibre membranes
Authors: Scheler Christian , Popovic Milan K. , Iannotti Eugene L. , Bajpai Rakesh K.
Published: March 2009

Mass transfer of lactic acid was investigated during its extractive recovery from fermentation broths in a hydrophobic hollow‐fibre membrane module. The solvent and the aqueous phases were continuously recycled through the hollow‐fibre module into their respective reservoirs, and the mass transfer rate was calculated from the measurements of concentration of lactic acid in solvent phase. Mainly, the tubeside resistance controlled the mass transfer rate. A mathematical analysis was conducted for the mass transfer process in the membrane module and values of the overall mass transfer coefficient were estimated at different flow rates.
Airside performance of herringbone fin‐and‐tube heat exchangers in wet conditions
Authors: Wang Chi‐Chuan , Du Yuan‐Jan , Chang Yu‐Juei , Tao Wei‐Han
Published: March 2009

The airside performance for herringbone fin‐and‐tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying conditions are reported in this study. A total of eighteen samples were tested and compared. The effects of the number of tube rows, fin pitch, tube size, and wave height were examined in this study. A unique characteristic of the herringbone fin pattern is that the friction factors are strongly related to the number of tube rows. The airside performance of the herringbone fin pattern is strongly related to condensate retention. Based on the present test results, heat transfer and friction correlations, in terms of the Colburn j and Fanning friction factors, were proposed to describe the airside performance of the herringbone fin geometry. The correlation of the Colburn j factor gives a mean deviation of 5.76%, while the Fanning f factor shows a mean deviation of 8.27%.
Viscoelastic flow in packed beds or porous media
Authors: Kozicki William
Published: March 2009

An analysis of viscoelastic flow in packed beds or porous media is presented based on a capillary hybrid model of the flow which incorporates a viscous mode and an elongational mode. The development includes modelling of the elongational mode of the flow to obtain the elongational flow contribution to the potential drop for a viscoelastic fluid. A general expression describing viscoelastic flow in porous media is developed which utilizes the viscous response determined by the fluid model equation and an elongational flow response characterized by an elongational viscosity difference for the fluid. The expression applies to all three traditional bed models employing the tortuosity and Kozeny constant. The relationship yielded extensions of Darcy's law applicable to viscoelastic flow in porous media and an expression representing the flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a packed bed or porous core of length L. The relationship of the friction factors and respective Reynolds numbers is also presented.
On the determination of diffusivities of volatile hydrocarbons in semi‐solid bitumen
Authors: Tang Joseph S.
Published: March 2009

Residual volatile hydrocarbons in bitumen constitute a potential source of air pollution. Diffusivities of volatile components in bitumen are needed to assess the extent of environmental damages that could result from bitumen spill or working loss of vapour to the atmosphere. Knowledge of solvent dispersion is also required in the recovery of viscous bitumen by solvent displacement. This paper discussed the de‐coupled transfer model developed by Tang and Zhang and its limiting solution. Fu and Phillips' diffusion data were re‐interpreted based on the limiting solution with delay time correction. The diffusion coefficients of hexane iso‐hexane, cyclo‐hexane and toluene at 25°C were found to be 8.6 × 10−8 cm2/s, 6.3 × 10−8 cm2/s, 2.4 × 10−8 cm2/s and 6.8 × 10−8 cm2/s, respectively. Improper use of the limiting solution could lead to 25% over‐estimates of diffusion coefficients.
On the prediction of surface tension for multicomponent mixtures
Authors: Li Zhibao , Lu Benjamin C.‐Y.
Published: March 2009

A prediction method for surface tension of real mixtures was developed based on the Davis theory, and tested with the molecular dynamics simulation results of Mecke et al. (1997) for surface tension of the Lennard‐Jones fluid. An effective Lennard‐Jones potential was introduced for correlating surface tension for real pure liquids and binary liquid mixtures, leading to prediction of surface tension of multicomponent systems, including aqueous mixtures. The overall average absolute percentage deviations (AAPD) obtained in the correlated results for 62 pure liquids, 91 non‐aqueous and 11 aqueous binaries are 0.66, 0.80, and 1.75, respectively. In the prediction of the surface tension for 9 ternary and 4 quaternary systems, using the molecular parameters of pure liquids and the adjustable binary parameters, the overall AAPDs are 1.75 and 1.03, respectively.
Improving the prediction of irrigated pressure drop in packed absorption towers
Authors: Piché Simon R. , Larachi Faïcal , Grandjean Bernard P. A.
Published: March 2009

Various tools estimating irrigated pressure drop in gas–liquid counter‐current randomly dumped packed beds are carefully examined through the perception of a comprehensive database. The reported measurements consisting of Cs. 5000 experiments represent an important portion of the non‐proprietary information released in the literature. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling is proposed to refine the accuracy and broadness in predicting the irrigated pressure drop across the bed. The ANN correlation [fLCC = f(ReG, GaG, ReL, GaL, StL, SB, χ)] yields an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 20.0% and a standard deviation on the AARE of 19.8% for the whole database and remains in accordance with the physical evidence reported in the literature.
The effect of mixing on the generation of alkaline peroxymonosulfate
Authors: Shaharuzzaman Mohammad , Bennington Chad P. J.
Published: March 2009

Alkaline peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has been successfully used in the laboratory for bleaching kraft pulp. Used in conjunction with oxygen, the addition of 1.0% PMS to an oxygen delignification system can increase delignification from 49% to 73% without reducing pulp strength. One promising method of achieving this is the catalytic oxidation of sodium sulfite with oxygen. Laboratory generation of PMS is readily achieved, but typically at low yields and low concentrations. Here we investigate the mixing‐sensitivity of its generation under semi‐batch reaction conditions using a number of laboratory mixers. Our primary focus was on the energy dissipation in the reaction zone and its effect on PMS yield and concentration. By managing the chemical contacting strategy and increasing energy dissipation in the reaction zone we were able to generate PMS at higher yields and concentrations than previously reported.
A feasibility study of adaptive Plasma‐Assisted incineration, Part 1: Demonstration on a laboratory model system
Authors: Filion Julie , Munz Richard J. , Salin Eric D.
Published: March 2009

The use of a thermal plasma afterburner in hazardous waste incineration could prevent the formation of toxic organochlorine pollutants. The present work demonstrated cost‐optimal adaptive operation of a laboratory model system composed of an induction plasma jet with optical emission diagnostic tools. Input settings (plasma power and oxygen content) were continually adjusted in response to on‐line spectroscopic analysis of the product gas. This adaptive strategy allowed cost‐effective destruction of organic contaminants under a variable feed load. The system was able to reach and maintain a target level of destruction efficiency using optimal combinations of input settings.
Collection efficiencies of various designs of post‐cyclone
Authors: Zhao Wennan , Mujumdar Arun S. , Ray Madhumita B.
Published: March 2009

Post‐cyclone (PoC) is a novel secondary dust separator, which collects a certain fraction of the particles escaping through the vortex finder of a reverse flow cyclone. Due to the residual swirl in the vortex finder, the particles in the effluent air are concentrated at the wall of the vortex finder in an outer annulus. The particles in the outer annulus are split from the main stream and collected in a bleed flow. This paper presents the experimentally determined collection efficiencies of various designs of PoC. Depending on the design, operating conditions and the size and density of the particles, PoC can reduce the emission of the parent cyclones by 5% to 50%. In some experiments, the bleed flow from PoC is recycled back to the inlet of the cyclone. Significant improvement in the removal of fines occurs when the bleed flow is recycled to the inlet.
Temperature response to reactant concentration perturbations in a packed‐bed reactor
Authors: Jaree Attasak , Silveston Peter L. , Hudgins Robert R. , Budmad Hector , Menzinger Michael
Published: March 2009

Unsteady‐state operations are known to enhance the performance of some packed‐bed reactor systems. However, negative effects of this type of operation should not be neglected. Temperature excursions developed during transients may accelerate some deactivation mechanisms, reducing catalyst lifetime and selectivity. Temperature response to perturbations in reactant concentration was studied for CO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3 in a packed‐bed reactor. Experiments were conducted in the CO concentration range for which multiple steady states are observed. Temperature and concentration profiles in the packed‐bed reactor at steady state were found to depend on the dynamic history of the reactor prior to the steady‐state condition.
An approach for the optimization of transient diffusion cell measurements
Authors: Sun Weiruo , Magalhães Fernão D. , Costa Carlos A. V.
Published: March 2009

In a diffusion cell experiment, the presence of a film diffusion resistance, in series with intrapellet diffusion, leads to loss of precision in the estimation of intrapellet diffusivities. A general strategy, extendable to other problems, for quantifying a parametric region where film diffusion resistance can be neglected is studied. The results obtained from different criteria, using both moment and time domain analysis, are compared and discussed. The optimization of the experimental system in terms of maximizing the measurement's sensitivity towards the estimated parameter is also addressed, and general considerations for the optimum design of a diffusion cell system are drawn.
Efficient Diphosphane‐Based Catalyst for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 3‐Pyridylboronic Acids
Authors: Fu Xing‐Li , Wu Lei‐Lei , Fu Hai‐Yan , Chen Hua , Li Rui‐Xiang
Published: March 2009

A highly active catalyst system derived from PdCl2 and2,2′,6,6′‐tetramethoxy‐4,4′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐3,3′‐bipyridine (P‐Phos) has been developed for the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of pyridylboronic acid with a variety of aryl halides in good to excellent yields, even in the presence of hindered and functional groups. In addition, P‐Phos also exhibited high activity in the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction of 2,6‐dimethoxypyridylboronic acid in excellent yields with a fast rate. The steric and electronic effects of the P‐Phos–palladium complex to this cross‐coupling reaction were also discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A universal strategy for high-yield production of soluble and functional clostridial collagenases in E. coli
Authors: Ducka Paulina , Eckhard Ulrich , Schönauer Esther , Kofler Stefan , Gottschalk Gerhard , Brandstetter Hans , Nüss Dorota
Published: March 2009

Clostridial collagenases are foe and friend: on the one hand, these enzymes enable host infiltration and colonization by pathogenic clostridia, and on the other hand, they are valuable biotechnological tools due to their capacity to degrade various types of collagen and gelatine. However, the demand for high-grade preparations exceeds supply due to their pathogenic origin and the intricate purification of homogeneous isoforms. We present the establishment of an Escherichia coli expression system for a variety of constructs of collagenase G (ColG) and H (ColH) from Clostridium histolyticum and collagenase T (ColT) from Clostridium tetani, mimicking the isoforms in vivo. Based on a setup of five different expression strains and two expression vectors, 12 different constructs were expressed, and a flexible purification platform was established, consisting of various orthogonal chromatography steps adaptable to the individual needs of the respective variant. This fast, cost-effective, and easy-to-establish platform enabled us to obtain at least 10 mg of highly pure mono-isoformic protein per liter of culture, ideally suited for numerous sophisticated downstream applications. This production and purification platform paves the way for systematic screenings of recombinant collagenases to enlighten the biochemical function and to identify key residues and motifs in collagenolysis.
The individual and societal effects of non-psychotic serious mental disorders on earnings in Belgium
Authors: Bruffaerts Ronny , Bonnewyn Anke , Demyttenaere Koen
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between non-psychotic serious mental disorders and earnings in the general population of Belgium on both the individual- and society-level.

Subjects and methods

Data stem from a cross-sectional population study of the non-institutionalized adult (between 18 and 64) population from Belgium (N = 863). The third version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-3.0) was administered to assess 12-month non-psychotic serious mental disorders and annual earnings. Multivariate approaches were used to estimate the observed and estimated annual earnings for persons with serious mental disorders, controlling for sociodemographic variables and alcohol disorders.

Results

On the individual-level, 12-month serious mental disorders significantly predicted the probability of having any earnings (OR = 0.32; 95%CI = 0.14–0.74). Respondents with serious mental disorders had 12-month earnings of 5969€ less than expected in the absence of serious mental disorders. Taking into account the prevalence of serious mental disorders (i.e. 4.9%), the society-level effects of serious mental disorders in 2002 can be estimated at about 1797 million € per year for the Belgian general population.

Discussion

Non-psychotic serious mental disorders had considerable impact on annual earnings.

Conclusion

This is the first study in Belgium that addresses the association between mental illness and earnings. Serious mental disorders are associated with individual- and societal-level impairments and loss of human capital.
The Hygroscopic Capacity of Soils.
Authors: Luxmoore C. M.
Published: March 2009

The present communication is intended as a contribution to the study of the capacity of soils to retain moisture in equilibrium with the atmosphere. The experimental material with which it deals consists in part of the analytical data obtained in the investigation of one hundred soils of the county of Dorset, which has been carried out for the County Council, and in part of a series of determinations made for the purpose of elucidating this problem.
The Chemistry of Strength of Wheat Flour
Authors: Wood T. B.
Published: March 2009

Before proceeding to discuss the immediate subject of this communication, it may be well to recapitulate shortly the views on the general question of the meaning of strength of flours which I expressed in the last number of this journal. It may perhaps be remembered that I suggested that strength, as defined by Humphries and Biffen, to be the capacity of making large well-piled loaves, must be a complex of at least two factors. One of these factors, that which regulates the size of the loaf, I showed to be the power of continuing to evolve carbon dioxide gas throughout the later stages of dough fermentation. I described how to measure this property by incubating in a bottle at 40ºC. a mixture of 20 gms. flour, 20 c.c. water, and ½gm. yeast, the bottle being connected to a gas measuring apparatus, and the volume of gas given off being read from time to time. A number of experimental figures were given, which showed that the size of the loaf which a flour could make, was directly connected with the rate at which it gave off gas in the later stages of dough fermentation, at the time when it was ready for the oven.
Note on Immune Wheats
Authors: Howard Albert , Howard Gabrielle L. C.
Published: March 2009

While reading the two interesting papers on immune wheats in the last number of this Journal it occurred to us that our observations on rust resistant wheats in India might be of some interest. During the past two years a large number of varieties of Indian and European wheats have been grown by us at Pusa in Behar and at Lyallpur in the Punjab, one of the objects being to obtain wheats immune or at least resistant to rusts which would serve as parents in raising rust resistant hybrids. Biffen last year suggested that a trial should be made with Einkorn (Triticum monococcum vulgare, Kcke.), and kindly supplied us with a sample of the seed.
Studies on Germination and Plant-Growth
Authors: Pickering Spencer Umfreville
Published: March 2009

Soil which has been heated without drying to temperatures from 60° to 150° behaves unfavourably towards the germination of seeds, the total seeds germinating decreasing (in most cases), and the time necessary for their germination increasing, with the temperature of heating. The average results are sufficiently regular to show that the alteration in the soil must begin at temperatures as low as about 30°.

Sterilised seeds behave in the same way as unsterilised ones, except that the time required for germination is uniformly longer. This is due to an alteration in the seeds by the sterilising agent, and not to the destruction of bacteria, for sterilised seeds do not recover their property of ready germination on being re-inoculated. Various sterilising agents were examined, but mercuric chloride was the only one found to be satisfactory and efficient.
Hydrolysis of the Protein of Linseed
Authors: Foreman F. W.
Published: March 2009

Every farmer who feeds stock finds the necessity for supplementing his home-grown foods, which are usually of a bulky nature containing large proportions of carbohydrate and fibre, by purchasing concentrated foods rich in nitrogen and fat. Experience shows that it is by no means a matter of indifference which concentrated food is selected to mix with any particular bulky food, and the trend of modern physiological chemistry seems to point to a definite explanation of this fact. According to modern views, the protein eaten by an animal is split normally by the digestive ferments into amino-acids and other crystalline nitrogenous substances. It is in the form of such comparatively simple substances that the animal absorbs its nitrogen from the alimentary canal, and from them that it builds up its own characteristic proteins.
Carbohydrates of the Mangold Leaf
Authors: Campbell A. V.
Published: March 2009

The chemistry of the sugars of foliage leaves and the successive transformation undergone by the various carbohydrates has been the subject of considerable speculation. Reducing substances have been known in foliage leaves for a number of years.
On the Growth of Plants in Partially Sterilised Soils
Authors: Russell Edward John , Petherbridge Frederick Robert
Published: March 2009

During the past few years we have grown a large number of plants in partially sterilised soils alongside of others in untreated soils, in order to compare the total weights of dry matter produced. While the experiments were in progress certain qualitative differences in growth and habits of the plants revealed themselves; we propose in this paper to record these differences and to set out certain of the hypotheses that have been put forward to account for them. It was soon found that several distinct problems in plant physiology were concerned, and that any attempt to test the hypotheses experimentally would involve us in a number of side issues and lead us away from our main purpose. We therefore for the present confine ourselves to a statement of the facts observed, leaving their more complete elucidation for later work.
Studies on Soil Physics: Part II — The Permeability of an Ideal Soil to Air and Water
Authors: Green Heber , Ampt G. A.
Published: March 2009

§ 1. In Part I. (vol. IV. pp. 1—24) it was shown that the intrinsic permeability of a soil when measured with water was less than when measured with air as the experimental fluid, and that the ratio of the two values varied with the amount of colloidal matter present. It was desirable to determine accurately whether the values would be identical for soils composed of pure sand or other uniform and non-colloidal particles.
A Simple Laboratory Apparatus for the Continuous Evaporation of Large Volumes of Liquid in vacuo
Authors: Davis William A.
Published: March 2009

It is frequently necessary, especially in dealing with plant and animal extracts, to concentrate large volumes of liquid in vacuo. In such cases, the operation is often a very tedious one, owing to the necessity of closely watching the apparatus so as to control frothing and avoid the passing over of the liquid into the distillate. Having experienced this, more particularly in the distillation of alcoholic plant extracts, which show a great tendency to froth, the simple apparatus shown in the sketch has been devised which completely overcomes all the difficulties encountered in such work.
Studies of the Formation and Translocation of Carbohydrates in Plants: I. The Carbohydrates of The Mangold Leaf
Authors: Davis William A. , Daish Arthur John , Sawyer George Conworth
Published: March 2009

1. The formation and translocation of the sugars in the mangold have been studied under actual conditions of growth, in which translocation was normal.

2. Starch is entirely absent from the leaf after the very earliest stages of growth. As soon as the root begins to develop so that the sugars formed in the leaf can be translocated to it, starch disappears almost entirely from the leaf. Maltose is entirely absent from leaf, mid-ribs and stalks at all stages of growth and at all times of night and day.

3. During the early stages of growth of the mangold, when leaf formation is the principal function, saccharose is present in the leaf tissue in excess of the hexoses. Later in the season, when sugar is being stored in the root, the reverse is true, hexoses largely predominating in the leaf.

4. In the mid-ribs and stalks the hexoses always predominate greatly over the saccharose and vary widely in amount during the day and night, and throughout the season, whilst the saccharose remains practically constant. In passing from leaves to mid-ribs, from mid-ribs to the tops of stalks and from the tops of stalks to the bottoms, the ratio of hexoses to saccharose steadily and rapidly increases. As the season advances the predominance of the hexoses in leaf, mid-ribs and stalks becomes more and more marked.
Note on the loss of phosphoric acid during fusion with ammonium fluoride
Authors: Davis William A. , Prescott James Arthur
Published: March 2009

1. When salts or minerals containing phosphoric acid are ignited with ammonium fluoride as in the ordinary process of analysis of silicates, considerable loss of the phosphoric acid may occur. It is probable that the phosphorus is volatilised in the form of a phosphorus fluoride.

2. The loss is least in the case of salts containing an alkali metal. It is less in the case of disodium hydrogen phosphate than in that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and is greatest in the case of phosphates of the alkali earth metals, such as calcium phosphate or apatite.
On the Probable Error of Sampling in Soil Surveys
Authors: Robinson G. W. , Lloyd W. E.
Published: March 2009

The following paper records experiments made to determine the magnitude of the error involved in the sampling of a soil for survey purposes. While it is not held that the results obtained are true for all localities, they serve to indicate the order of magnitude of the various errors.
Methods of Estimating Carbohydrates II. The Estimation of Starch in Plant Material: The use of Taka-diastase
Authors: Davis William A. , Daish Arthur John
Published: March 2009

1. The Sachsse method of estimating starch is unreliable in the case of plant material; not only does the presence of pentosans falsify the results as pentoses are formed during the hydrolysis, but actual destruction of dextrose occurs during the prolonged treatment with dilute acid.

2. O'Sullivan's method gives low results owing to the loss of dextrin which occurs during the purification of the solution after the conversion by diastase.

3. A method is described for estimating starch based on the use of taka-diastase; under suitable conditions this converts the starch into maltose and dextrose only and no loss of these sugars occurs when the solution is treated with clearing agents such as basic lead acetate.

4. The necessity of removing substances soluble in water, such as gums, etc., which are optically active and thus cause error in the estimation of starch in plant material is emphasised. Special care is also necessary in sampling.
On Ovariotomy in Sows; with Observations on the Mammary Glands and the Internal Genital Organs
Authors: Mackenzie K. J. J. , Marshall F. H. A. , Hammond J.
Published: March 2009

In our previous papers we have shown that the black pigment found in the mammary tissue of sows of various coloured breeds is related to the colour rather than to the sexual condition of the pig. We have also pointed out that this conclusion is contrary to the statements of bacon curers who rely on the presence of this pigment for an indication as to whether or not a sow is ‘on heat.’ Their method of testing the condition of the sow has been described by us in a former paper. It follows from the assumption made by the bacon curers that pigment should not be present in the ‘belly pieces’ of spayed sows (or to be strictly accurate, of sows spayed in early life, before the mammary ducts and glands have undergone development).
Studies in milk secretion: II. The relation of the glands of internal secretion to milk production
Authors: Hammond J. , Hawk J. C.
Published: March 2009

It is now generally recognized that the glands of internal secretion play an important part in regulating metabolism and so controlling the nutrition of the animal. Hatui found that castration was followed by a putting on of fat except in those cases in which the pituitary underwent a compensatory hypertrophy, when the animal remained normal in weight.
Black currant eelworm
Authors: Taylor A. M.
Published: March 2009

A disease, which is due to a hitherto unrecorded attack of eelworm, has been found causing a considerable amount of damage to black currant plantations in the vicinity of Cambridge.
Bacterial disease of Pisum Sativum
Authors: Cayley Dorothy M.
Published: March 2009

A Short preliminary note on this disease was published Nov. 1912(4), and since that date further investigations have been carried out into the life-history of the organism, and its effect on the host plant. As 1 there showed the disease is caused by a bacterium for which I propose the name Pseudomonas seminum.
The nature of the pigment of silage
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest
Published: March 2009

It has been shown that the pigment in silage is phaeophytin, the magnesium-free derivative of chlorophyll. It is produced from chlorophyll by the action of carbonic acid and organic acids developed during fermentation in the silo.
Remarks and observations on imbibitional soil moisture
Authors: Fisher E. A.
Published: March 2009

It has been shown in earlier papers that the water present in soils is held in two ways: as capillary or interstitial water present as water wedges between the soil grains and as imbibitional or “gel” water which is associated in some way other than interstitially with the clay particles and with the colloidal coating of the soil grains. Imbibitional water is the cause of the swelling in water of soil and other colloidal (gel) systems such as cotton, wool, gelatin.

The nature of the imbibitional process is discussed and it is suggested that with clay, wool and soil imbibition may be due to the attainment of a Donnan equilibrium as is the case with gelatin. Experiments are quoted and discussed in support of this suggestion; and in particular it is pointed out that such swollen colloids appear to behave as perfectly elastic solids when under compression. This is not the case with sand and water nor with soil, wool or cotton in xylol, i.e. when no swelling occurs.

Imbibition may be a factor in the movement of soil water, in addition to capillarity, and it is shown that such a factor is quite consistent with the general mathematical treatment of the movement of soil water as developed by Gardner and others.

[It is realised that the point of view outlined above rests, as far as soil is concerned, on a very slender experimental basis, but it appears to be of sufficient interest to merit further investigation. The writer, however, has neither facilities nor opportunity for developing the matter further and this paper is published in its present form in the hope that it may prove of some interest to other workers more directly connected with soil research.]
Studies in crop variation. III. An examination of the yield of dressed grain from Hoos Field
Authors: Mackenzie Winifred A.
Published: March 2009

1. Of the three sources of supply of nitrogen, rape cake gave the highest mean yields in the absence of superphosphate; while nitrate of soda gave results significantly better than those obtained from ammonium salts.

2. Superphosphate is of importance to the barley crop, giving greatly increased yield when applied.

3. Sulphate of potash seems to have an adverse influence upon the barley yield.

4. The deterioration of the barley plots is much heavier than on the wheat plots. The convention of ascribing the whole linear term to deterioration may not be as true for some plots as for others. Part of the diminution in mean yield may be due to slow changes other than deterioration.

5. The mean annual percentage diminution is least on those plots in receipt of superphosphate and emphasises the importance of phosphoric acid not only in increasing the mean yield, but in maintaining the fertility of the soil.

6. Barley is more variable than wheat and is more subject to the influence of meteorological conditions.

7. The slow changes other than deterioration are relatively unimportant and seem closely connected with the manurial treatment. The cause of the slow changes is obscure, but there were probably special influences operating on certain of the plots.
On the relative growth and development of various breeds and crosses of pigs
Authors: Hammond John
Published: March 2009

Few reliable figures (1) exist at the present time which show the relative qualities of the various British breeds of pigs in respect of their ability to put on weight and the relative proportions of meat and offal in the carcases. Weights and carcase percentages of German breeds have been published by the German Agricultural Society (2).
Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep IV. Some rumen characteristics of the sheep
Authors: Johns A. T. , Ulyatt M. J. , Glenday A. C.
Published: March 2009

1. A preliminary study has been made of some aspects of rumen development and fermentation patterns in groups of ewes and lambs fed perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S) and short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C).

(2) For ewes there was a significant effect on the weight of the rumen contents from the grass species. The treatment (P) which caused the lowest live weight gave the highest rumen contents weight. There were also significant pasture effects on empty live weight both from grass species differences and from the addition of clover.

3. No difference in rumen dry-matter percentages was found between the four groups.

4. There was no significant difference in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumens of the P and S fed ewes but the addition of white clover had a significant effect.

5. The S + C sheep had a lower proportion of acetic acid, a greater proportion of propionic and butyric acids and greater development of the rumen papillae than the P animals.

6. With the lambs there were no significant differences in rumen characteristics caused by grasses but the addition of white clover caused a greater live weight and a reduction in the weight of the rumen contents.

7. These results are discussed in relation to present knowledge of ruminant metabolism.
The growth of lambs before and after birth in relation to the level of nutrition
Authors: Wallace L. R.
Published: March 2009

In the investigation described, we have observed a t monthly intervals throughout gestation the changes taking place in a series of similar ewes, in lamb to the same ram, and each receiving the same standard diet.

In following the live-weight growth curves of the ewes it was found that on a constant level of feeding the weight gains became greater during each succeeding month of pregnancy, and at corresponding stages were larger for ditocous than for monotocous ewes. This was found to be due to the fact that, although on our diet the ewes did gain slightly in actual body weight, the main increases in live weight resulted from the growth of the gravid uterus itself, and this increases in weight far more rapidly in the later stages of gestation, and is also heavier where twins are carried.
Methods of experimentation in animal nutrition
Authors: Sheehy E. J.
Published: March 2009

In a recent article on the above subject by Dunlop (1) reference was made to a method suggested by Sheehy and Senior (2) for the purpose of “making an adjustment in tlie weight cuive, where, through accident or other cause not arising out of feeding, the weight of a particular animal on an exceptional occasion deviated widely from the general trend of its live weight record. A slight injury, for instance, would on occasion cause an animal either to lose weight or merely to maintain its previous weight for a week, thus placing the group to which it belonged at a disadvantage during that week” (2). Since Dunlop asserts that the method suggested “is based on a fallacy” by which is implied that it is inaccurate, the necessity arises, so as to prevent the formation of a wrong impression, to show that Dunlop's reasoning in this connection is based on incorrect impressions.
A note on the availability of organic nitrogen compounds in pot experiments
Authors: Crowther Edward M.
Published: March 2009

In the course of an investigation on the nitrification process in soils a series of pot experiments was set up to compare the manurial actions of some typical organic nitrogen compounds. The laboratory work was interrupted at an early stage; the results of the pot experiments are briefly described in this note.