bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Horizontal internal‐tide fluxes support elevated phytoplankton productivity over the inner continental shelf
Authors: Lucas Andrew J. , Franks Peter J. S. , Dupont Christopher L.
Published: February 2013

Lay Abstract

The small, free‐living, photosynthetic organisms collectively called phytoplankton are the base of the oceanic food web. The phytoplankton use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon. Besides the necessity for sufficient light, phytoplankton also require nutrients to photosynthesize and grow. They acquire these nutrients from the dissolved pool of nutrients in the surrounding ocean. In the surface waters, where there is sufficient light for phytoplankton growth, nutrients are often in short supply and act to limit the growth of the phytoplankton. The renewal of the nutrients in the surface ocean is controlled by the physical dynamics of the upper ocean, including waves and tides, and the influence of the wind. Since the phytoplankton are limited by the availability of nutrients, the rate at which physical dynamics supply nutrients is a fundamental control on the rate of phytoplankton productivity and thus on the entire oceanic food web.

In the Southern California Bight (SCB), the nutrient fluxes that regulate the productivity of the phytoplankton are caused by internal waves. Internal waves are waves that propagate through the body of the ocean much in the same way that waves propagate on the surface of the ocean. In the SCB, the most energetic internal waves are internal waves of tidal frequency, called the internal tide. The internal tide causes transport and mixing of nutrient‐rich waters from deep and offshore to shallow coastal waters. This means that coastal waters are much more productive than the surface waters offshore (these productive coastal phytoplankton populations can even be observed from space). In this article, we demonstrate quantitatively that the horizontal flux of nutrients due to the internal tide controls the productivity of the coastal ocean in Southern California.
Physical and biological controls of vertical gradients in phytoplankton
Authors: Prairie Jennifer C. , Franks Peter J. S. , Jaffe Jules S. , Doubell Mark J. , Yamazaki Hidekatsu
Published: February 2013

Lay Abstract

As the base of the food web, phytoplankton perform vital functions in the ocean by fixing carbon through photosynthesis and by acting as prey for other organisms. Recently, scientists have observed layers of increased phytoplankton concentration in the ocean as thin as a meter or less. These findings have suggested that phytoplankton are rarely homogeneously distributed with depth, which has significant implications for predator foraging and the formation of marine snow—particles that are important to downward carbon flux. In this study, we have developed a mathematical model that describes the biological and physical mechanisms that allow these phytoplankton layers to form and persist. Our results suggest that the steepness of a phytoplankton layer is controlled by a balance of ocean mixing and the process that allowed the layer to form, such as phytoplankton growth or swimming. We then compare our model results to data of ocean mixing and phytoplankton distributions that were obtained from a free‐falling phytoplankton imaging system on a cruise in 2006.The comparison of the data to our model shows a strong fit and allows us to estimate the rate at which observed phytoplankton layers were formed. This project thus combined biological and physical measurements in the ocean with mathematical theory to provide an understanding of the mechanisms leading to phytoplankton layer formation and persistence in the ocean. This new understanding will allow us to better predict the occurrence of these features and quantify their importance to the functioning of the marine ecosystem.
Recurrent internal waves in a small lake: Potential ecological consequences for metalimnetic phytoplankton populations
Authors: Pannard Alexandrine , Beisner Beatrix E. , Bird David F. , Braun Jean , Planas Dolors , Bormans Myriam
Published: February 2013

Lay Abstract

Wind mixing is one of the main factors controlling the ecology of lakes. Large, deep lakes, as well as small, shallow ones, can develop a seasonal thermal stratification. Because both light and heat come from above, a warm and illuminated surface layer develops above a colder, darker, and heavier bottom water layer under the influence of gravity. Gravity also controls the tendency for the microscopic plants that make up the floating plankton—the phytoplankton, which are a bit heavier than water—to fall from the top layer to the bottom layer, where they die and decompose, releasing the nutrients contained in their bodies. For this reason, the warmer surface layer, or epilimnion, becomes depleted in plant nutrients and the deep layer becomes enriched with nutrients. Specialized phytoplankton can grow at the interface of these two layers, leading to the development of a deep‐chlorophyll maximum in the intermediate layer known as the metalimnion. Strong winds can stir the waters of the upper layer and increase resource availability to the plankton in the upper layer in two ways. First, the mixing can bring nutrients across the metalimnion and up into the epilimnion. Second, the wind increases turbulence in the epilimnion, thereby keeping the phytoplankton suspended in the lighted layer and resuspending cells from the metalimnion. In this study, a particular consequence of wind mixing known as internal waves, which are waves that occur in the metalimnion, was observed in a small lake. These waves are caused by the wind physically pushing the warm surface layer to the downwind side of the lake, where the warm water accumulates and pushes down on the metalimnion, inducing a lakewide tilt in the metalimnion. When the wind relaxes, the waves on the surface of the lake diminish, but larger waves can be induced in the metalimnion as it tries to reestablish its equilibrium with gravity. In much the same way as plucking a guitar string can produce a primary tone as well as several overtones, the oscillation in the metalimnion has more than one frequency. This study links lake physics and ecology by characterizing the different modes of internal waves and examining the potential ecological consequences of each for phytoplankton productivity. Until now, the exploitation of internal waves by specialized phytoplankton has been thought to be important mainly in large, deep lakes. This study highlights the occurrence and ecological importance of both vertically complex internal waves and the dominance of a deep chlorophyll maximum over the entire summer stratification period in a small shallow lake.
Mussel larval responses to turbulence are unaltered by larval age or light conditions
Authors: Fuchs Heidi L. , DiBacco Claudio
Published: February 2013

Lay Abstract

When marine larvae change their behavior in response to small‐scale water motions, these responses potentially affect large‐scale patterns of larval dispersal and settlement. This study examined the behavior of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis) in turbulence representative of nearshore currents. We video recorded the behavior of early‐ and late‐stage larvae in a tank with turbulence generated by two stirring grids at five turbulence levels under light and dark conditions. Water velocities and turbulence were measured using particle image velocimetry and acoustic Doppler velocimetry. We determined the vertical velocity distributions of sinking, hovering, and swimming larvae in still water and calculated the average behavioral velocity of larvae in turbulence. In still water, young larvae swam upward faster than old larvae, and both stages swam upward faster in light than in dark. In turbulence, the larval movements varied from upward swimming in weak turbulence to sinking in strong turbulence above a threshold level. At this threshold, the smallest eddy lengths were two to three times larger than the larval shell lengths, implying that turbulence is detectable even by larvae that are smaller than the smallest eddies. Responses to turbulence were unaffected by larval age or light conditions and contributed substantial behavioral variation. By sinking in strong turbulence, mussel larvae could contact the seabed more frequently in energetic coastal flows, particularly over rough materials like mussel beds. The response to turbulence by early‐stage larvae will also affect dispersal and may help larvae remain near coastal populations.
Simultaneous field measurements of ostracod swimming behavior and background flow
Authors: Sutherland K. R. , Dabiri J. O. , Koehl M. A. R.
Published: February 2013

Lay Abstract

The sea floor is often characterized by complex topography and water flow with steep velocity gradients that vary in space and time. Organisms that live at this interface therefore contend with a wide range of water motion, from very slow flow in crevices at the substratum to fast flow some distance above in the water column. An understanding of the swimming motions of bottom‐associated zooplankton requires behavioral measurements under realistic flows in the natural environment. In the present study, we measured the swimming trajectories of marine ostracods (Paravargula trifax), which are common in benthic habitats, and the instantaneous velocity of the water with high spatial resolution (centimeters) using a compact submersible system called a self‐contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA). The ostracods were exposed to two flow conditions: slow “ambient flow” (average speed approx. 0.4 cm s − 1) and faster “experimental flow” (average speed approx. 3.5 cm s − 1). In the faster flow, swimming tracks were less tortuous (straighter) and ostracods tended to swim more parallel to the benthos and the direction of flow compared to slower flow. Compared to modeled, passive particles that moved through the same flow treatments, ostracods moved at much higher speeds and had more tortuous tracks, thus illustrating the importance of behavior as well as environmental flow in determining ostracod swimming tracks. The numbers of encounters by ostracods with the benthos and with other ostracods were not different between the flow treatments. However, in the experimental flow treatment, interactions with other ostracods were primarily confined to the boundary layer, within several centimeters from the substratum, which may allow for enhanced mating opportunities. Further studies of the swimming behaviors of plankton in realistic environmental flows at ecologically relevant scales will enhance our understanding of how individual responses to the fluid environment correspond to population and community patterns.
Notes on Extinction and Existence
Authors: Thacker Eugene
Published: February 2013

The idea of human extinction implies the death of all human beings, including those who would think this idea and bear witness to its reality. In so far as extinction implies the negation of all thought (including the thought of extinction), contradiction is built into the idea of human extinction. Yet both philosophers and science-fiction authors alike have speculated at length on the possible or probable extinction of humanity. Taking Kim Stanley Robinson’s Forty Signs of Rain as a departure point, the essay explores the idea of human extinction as a philosophical problematic.
Possible Mountains and Rivers: The Zen Realism of Kim Stanley Robinson’s Three Californias
Authors: Csicsery-Ronay Istvan
Published: February 2013

While Buddhist sensibilities pervade all of Kim Stanley Robinson’s fiction, their most aesthetically consistent development can be found in his first major achievement, the three novels depicting alternative futures for southern California: The Wild Shore, The Gold Coast , and Pacific Edge . Zen realism is quite rare in science fiction, since the genre’s most characteristic topoi are alien to Zen’s insistence on suchness. That is why Robinson’s vision is so distinctive. Each novel in its own way meshes science fiction and the aesthetic values of Zen: in narrative protocols, in linguistic style, and in the relationship between reader and text.
“How to go forward”: Catastrophe and Comedy in Kim Stanley Robinson’s Science in the Capital Trilogy
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: February 2013

Kim Stanley Robinson’s Science in the Capital trilogy dramatizes how climate change profoundly unsettles traditional understandings of ecology and politics. By treating science as an integral part of an ethical and spiritual—rather than instrumental—solution to environmental crisis, Forty Signs of Rain, Fifty Degrees Below , and Sixty Days and Counting depict an ongoing project of national, as well as spiritual, renewal. Drawing on work in climatology, bioinformatics, and neuroscience, as well as Buddhist philosophy and American Transcendentalist thought, Robinson sets large-scale remediation efforts to restart the stalled Gulf Stream against intersecting narratives of romance and political intrigue in twenty-first-century Washington, D.C. In the figure of Frank Vanderwal, a National Science Foundation scientist at the center of both scientific efforts to deal with the consequences of abrupt climate change and covert political struggles, the novelist dramatizes the tensions—between mind and body, love and work, frustration and activism, and insecurity and commitment—that define the means and the obstacles to a hard-won, eco-cultural transformation.
Making Huckleberries: Reforming Science and Whiteness in Science in the Capital
Authors: Kilgore De Witt Douglas
Published: February 2013

In the novels of his Science in the Capital series, Kim Stanley Robinson explores how a United States experiencing radical climate change could produce a reform of white racial identity. This project is accomplished within a fiction dramatizing the relationship between the ordinary practice of science and its institutional position in American politics. The narrative prompts a single white-male scientist to reexamine his intellectual and social investments, allowing the author to recast the kind of social and political work that science can do. The potential for a post-capitalist subject who is differently raced in relation to the land and to others is proposed.
The Establishment of the Office of the Shurtah during the Caliphate of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib
Authors: Tafreshi Alireza Ashtari , Bayat Ali , Ahmadvand Fatemeh
Published: February 2013

Although some historical accounts refer to the existence of a shurtah before the caliphate of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, other accounts which refer to the shurtah during the caliphate of ‘Ali show that the real formation of the shurtah as a governmental organization occurred during the caliphate of ‘Ali. During this time, the military and to some extent the social and political characteristics of this organization were directly linked with ‘Ali’s political and ideological supporters; that is, originally, the shurtah was the same as the shurtat al-khamis or shurtat al-jaysh , which was comprised of an elite group of dedicated, faithful adherents of ‘Ali. Subsequently, the composition of the shurtah changed, and it developed into a full-fledged governmental organization in the Islamic empire
The Shi‘a of Baghdad at the time of the ‘Abbasid Caliphs and the Seljuq Sultanate (447–575 ah )
Authors: Ya’ghoubi Mohammad Taher , Montazerolghaem Asghar
Published: February 2013

After the fall of the Buyids at the hands of the Seljuq Turks and the Seljuqs’ entry into Baghdad, the apparatus of the ‘Abbasid caliphs and the Sunnis once again gained control of Baghdad. However, this should not be considered as having been to the downfall or detriment of the Shi‘a, because it is in this period that we come across three powerful and influential forces in Baghdad: first, the ‘Abbasid caliphs and the Sunnis; second, the Seljuqs; and third, the Shi‘a. Despite the fact that the Seljuqs were followers and defenders of the Sunnis, their relationship with the ‘Abbasid caliphs had many ups and downs which saw them turn from allies to foes over time. Similarly, the position of the Seljuqs in relation to the Shi‘a was not such that they felt the Imami Shi‘a were a force that acted in opposition to them; rather, in certain instances, the Shi‘a would be treated favourably, peaceably, and respectfully by the Seljuq rulers. In this article we aim to show that in the period when the Seljuqs ruled Baghdad, the Shi‘a were recognized as a third effective power broker in the political and social scene, and there was no clear unified stance between the caliphs and the sultanate against the Shi‘a.
Beyond the Karbala Paradigm: Rethinking Revolution and Redemption in Twelver Shi‘a Mourning Rituals
Authors: Szanto Edith
Published: February 2013

In the mid-90s, Lebanon’s Hezbollah movement and the Iranian Ayatollah Khamene’i both banned bloody forms of self-flagellation such as tatbir (cutting the forehead with a sword), calling them backward and un-Islamic. They argued that Shi‘a Muslims ought to imitate Husayn by actively fighting against oppressors rather than passively mourning Husayn’s martyrdom. This prohibition has not been unanimously applied in all Muslim countries, including Syria, where such practices persisted until the Arab Spring (when virtually all Shi‘a Muslims left the shrine-town where these practices were performed). By closely reading the linguistic, conceptual, and juridical discourses that circulated in Syria in order to justify this position, the paper shows that the performers of tatbir conceived of these rituals in revolutionary, rather than reactionary, terms. By examining the performance and reception of flagellation processions in terms of differing modalities of affect, the paper opens up spaces for rethinking ‘revolution’ and ‘redemption’ in contemporary Twelver Shi‘ism.
The Evolution of "The Toy Department": A Content Analysis of Newspaper Sports Sections Since 1956
Authors: Carvalho John , Preston C. Thomas , Pokrywczynski James , Kirby Nicholas
Published: February 2013

This paper presents an analysis of sports sections in eight metropolitan newspapers over six decades, from 1956 until 2006. Results demonstrated that newspapers devoted more space to sports, although a slight decrease (perhaps due to increased popularity of the Internet) was noted in 2006. Newspapers also used more locally written articles on their section front. Spectator sports coverage increased over the period, at the expense of participant sports.
Youth, Appearance, and Emotion: Commentator Framing of the 2009 Softball College World Series
Authors: McCallister Leslie , Mahone Jessica
Published: February 2013

Previous research has established that sports, particularly team sports, are portrayed in media coverage as inappropriate for women. Using qualitative content analysis, the researchers analyzed commentary from 10 games of the 2009 Softball College World Series and found that commentators attributed player performance to appearance and emotional control, reinforcing the sex-inappropriateness of women's sports. These findings are consistent with previous research but are still somewhat surprising given the growth of women's sports, including collegiate softball.
The Use of Sports as a Tool of Public Diplomacy in Regions or "Stateless Nations": The Case of the Basque Country in Contemporary Spain
Authors: García César
Published: February 2013

This paper explores the use of sports as a tool of public diplomacy in the case of regions, "imagined communities" (Anderson, 1983), or so-called 'stateless nations' like the Basque Country in Spain. This paper analyzes the contribution of sport organizations to the international identity and reputation of these populations. Understood as an expression of soft power (Nye, 2004), sport public diplomacy meets a double objective: on the one hand, it projects positive values about any given country or region that, particularly when good sport results are produced, appears to possess values such as quality or authenticity; on the other hand, it keeps the most politically engaged segment of society active and mobilized. This article considers the positive role of sport public diplomacy in nation building for targeting external audiences as well as keeping internal audiences active and engaged. Nonetheless, there are some negative factors to consider, such as frictions and divisions that may surge between internal audiences regarding the political use of sports (for example, between Basque nationalists and non-nationalists as well as within Basque nationalists as a group). A comparison of the use of sports in the Basque Country and Catalonia, another Spanish region with a strong local identity, suggests that successful local sport organizations with players chosen regardless of their birthplace, such as Catalonia's Barcelona Football Club or the Basque cycling team Euskadi-Euskaltel, does more for the international projection of a regions' identity than do regional or national teams made up solely of local players.
"You Are Invisible": Marketing Professional Sports in the Technology Era
Authors: Alonso Abel Duarte , O'Shea Michelle
Published: February 2013

The present study investigates the means through which professional sport 'consumers' locate information about professional sport games/fixtures. The findings illustrate that while 'traditional' means of communication (radio, print ads) are favoured among respondents, the impact of social media in facilitating consumer product knowledge is building in momentum. These findings are also illustrative of the tensions and complexities associated with the way in which professional sport organisations communicate, advertise and market.
Race and Crime in Sports Media: Content Analysis on the Michael Vick and Ben Roethlisberger Cases
Authors: Coogan Dan
Published: February 2013

Between 2007 and 2009 a prominent black and white National Football League (NFL) quarterback was implicated in violent criminal activity. This paper looks at how ABC, CBS and Fox News portrayed the cases of Michael Vick and Ben Roethlisberger. Not only did these outlets dedicate far more content to Vick's case, but there also emerged the theme that his behavior reflected a subculture of violence more so than did Roethlisberger's.
Beyond the Game or Business as Usual?: Daily Newspaper and Wire-Service Coverage of John Amaechi's Coming Out
Authors: Cassidy William P.
Published: February 2013

Through a sociology of news framework, this project examines how daily newspaper and wire-service sports reporters and columnists covered former NBA player John Amaechi's 2007 announcement that he is gay. Specifically, this study was interested in discovering what types of sources reporters used and if non-official sources such as those from gay and/or lesbian activist organizations were included in coverage. Results found that official sources dominated coverage and non-official sources were rarely heard from.
Gender Inequality in the New Millennium: An Analysis of WNBA Representations in Sport Blogs
Authors: Lisec John , McDonald Mary G.
Published: February 2013

While there is very little scholarship that has examined sport blog accounts of women's sport like that of the WNBA, there is a wealth of scholarship that has explored the ways in which women's sport is most frequently represented in traditional media outlets such as television, newspapers, and magazines. Scholarship on traditional media, gender, and sport reveals that female athletes such as those in the WNBA are often covered in normative ways, that is, ways that highlight a particular form of femininity, motherhood, and sexuality while downplaying female athleticism (Banet-Weiser, 1999). Yet little is known about whether or not these representational strategies persist within the interactive world of new media blogs where fans have the opportunity to post their own interpretations of events in discussion board posts. This analysis begins to fill that gap by examining WNBA accounts to see if traditional media themes related to gender and sport are represented within two sport news blogs with differing editorial foci: Deadspin and Women Talk Sports . Our analysis suggests that dominant ideologies and representational patterns most frequently produced in traditional media accounts are often reproduced in Deadspin while Women Talk Sports offers a unique opportunity for more critical engagement with these ideologies.
College World Series Broadcasts: "They are What They Are"
Authors: Southall Richard M. , Hancock Kendra L. , Cooper Coyte C. , Nagel Mark S.
Published: February 2013

Big-time college sport, while ostensibly an educational endeavor annually generates billions of dollars annually (Brand, 2006; Byers, 1997). Theoretically, such a dichotomy suggests conflicting educational and commercial institutional logics may exist within big-time college sport (Southall & Nagel, 2008). This study examined five 2009 NCAA Men's College World Series (CWS) broadcasts and found evidence of a dominant commercial institutional logic within NCAA Division-I college baseball is reflected in College World Series' broadcasts.
Trapped by Opportunity
Authors: Bix Amy Sue , Edis Taner
Published: February 2013

This essay review analyzes The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes by Phillip Brown, Hugh Lauder, and David Ashton. The book argues that technological changes and business trends have facilitated deskilling and marginalization of workers, fostering a worldwide economic race to the bottom and raising the intensity of high-pressure competition for individuals and nations alike.
Obsolescence: Origins and Outrages
Authors: Friedel Robert
Published: February 2013

The movie directed by Cosima Dannoritzer, The Light Bulb Conspiracy , attempts to trace the history of planned obsolescence in the twentieth century and some of its implications. The movie succeeds in conveying the message that planned obsolescence (and associated techniques such as model changes and advertising) is a powerful force for profit and the source of significant environmental problems, from dangerous waste dumps (particularly in underdeveloped nations) to massive resource depletion. The film does not succeed so well in accounting for the origins of obsolescence, as it focuses on "conspiracies" among manufacturers to reduce quality and increase consumption. The primary example is the Phoebus cartel assembled by the world's light bulb manufacturers in the 1920s. The cartel sought, according to this account, to shorten bulb life to increase consumer demand. The history, however, is much more complex, and the movie does not take into account important (and useful) technical changes.
Rivers Run Through It
Authors: Lanthier Pierre
Published: February 2013

This essay reviews three books illustrating recent trends in Canadian environmental history. All three books deal with the relationship of human beings to rivers, but each from a different perspective. The first book, written by Christopher Armstrong, Matthew Evenden, and H.V. Nelles, examines the Bow River (Alberta) in the most comprehensive way since the beginning of human settlement. The second book, by Michèle Dagenais, depicts the numerous, and often conflictual, links Montréal has with the St. Lawrence River since 1800. In the last book, David Massell focuses on the transformation of the Peribonka River made by the Aluminum Company of Canada Ltd. (Alcan), and the social and political consequences this transformation generated.
Safety in Accidents: Hugh DeHaven and the Development of Crash Injury Studies
Authors: Gangloff Amy
Published: February 2013

In 1917, a young Hugh De Haven suffered life-threatening injuries in his quest to become a World War I flyboy. While recovering in the hospital, he became convinced that crashworthy engineering, intended to protect survivors of accidents, would have prevented his most serious injuries. This insight propelled him into his life's work: the epidemiology of accidents. De Haven founded two influential organizations, the Crash Injury Research project in 1942, studying airplane accidents, and the Automotive Crash Injury Research project in 1953, doing the same for automobiles. Believing that statistical analysis would enable engineers—aeronautical and automotive engineers in particular—to eliminate hazardous design features, he lobbied aircraft and automobile manufacturers to improve their products' safety by applying data compiled from real-world events. Through his work, De Haven was instrumental in developing the study of crash injuries into a legitimate science.
Foundational Stories
Authors: Kline Ronald
Published: February 2013

This SHOT presidential address surveys the past thirty years of the historiography of technology, especially in regard to the themes of the science-technology relationship, the users and technology, and attempts to go beyond SCOT. It argues that historians of technology should pay more attention to the foundational issue of race in order to write more powerful stories that counter the standard progress narratives of autonomous technology automatically benefitting society.
Set Adrift in the Prenatal Diagnostic Marketplace: Analyzing the Role of Users and Mediators in the History of a Medical Technology
Authors: Hogan Andrew J.
Published: February 2013

The medical marketplace is populated by a diverse array of users, producers, mediators, and commentators. While historians of technology have previously highlighted the role that "mediators" play in the broader consumer marketplace, little attention has been paid to how such intermediaries, like medical professionals and government regulators, impact the diffusion and uptake of new medical instruments and procedures. In the medical marketplace, mediators make decisions about what technologies should be available when and to whom. They may also choose to provide or promote certain techniques over others for a variety of personal, professional, and experiential reasons. This paper uses a historical case study of two competing prenatal diagnostic techniques, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, to examine the dual role of mediators, potential users, and media commentators within the medical marketplace in promoting as well as impeding, the availability and uptake of new medical technologies.
Predictors of Physical Intimate Partner Violence in the Lives of Young Women: Victimization, Perpetration, and Bidirectional Violence
Authors: Palmetto Niki , Davidson Leslie L. , Rickert Vaughn I.
Published: February 2013

Background: Dating violence in young people is highly prevalent, and bidirectional violence characterizes most violent relationships. However, there is limited data on predictors of bidirectional violence in young relationships. Purpose: To examine the frequency of victimization, perpetration, and bidirectional physical violence in young women’s relationships and compare individual and relationship characteristics across violence profiles. Methods: Six hundred eighteen young women visiting an urban reproductive health care clinic completed an anonymous survey using the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory to measure their experience of violence with a partner in the last year. Results: Thirty-four percent of women reported at least one instance of physical violence (3% “victim only,” 12% “perpetrator only,” 19% “bidirectional”). The frequency of violence in the previous year within the bidirectional profile was significantly higher than both the victim-only and perpetrator-only profiles. In all adjusted models, younger age, childhood sexual abuse, witnessing parental intimate partner violence (IPV), and relationship length remained significant. Black race was predictive of both perpetration and bidirectional violence, but not victimization. Compared to nulliparous women or those with one previous pregnancy, those who had had two or more had twice the odds of both victimization and bidirectional, but no increase in odds of perpetration. Conclusions: Bidirectional violence was the most common profile and was associated with the highest frequency of violent behaviors. Contrary to expectation, only two variables differed significantly across the three violence profiles. However, as hypothesized, bidirectional relationships were characterized by longer length, lending moderate support for social learning theory as one explanation underlying the occurrence of bidirectional violence.
Gender Differences in the Effects of Exposure to Violence on Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Pinchevsky Gillian M. , Wright Emily M. , Fagan Abigail A.
Published: February 2013

To date, research exploring gender differences in the relationship between exposure to community violence and substance use has been limited. This study employs longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to assess the exposure to violence–substance use relationship and explore whether this relationship varies by gender. We find that the two forms of exposure to violence—direct (primary) and indirect (secondary)—independently increase the frequency of subsequent alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use among males and females. One gender difference emerged, as females who had been directly victimized engaged in more frequent binge drinking than males who had been directly victimized. Across both sexes, the effect of each form of violence weakened when other predictors of substance use were included in the models. Future directions for this research are discussed, including policy recommendations to help adolescents cope with victimization experiences.
Objectification Among College Women in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Gervais Sarah J. , Davidson M. Meghan
Published: February 2013

This study examined intimate partner violence (IPV) and objectification. Specifically, the associations between psychological and physical abuse and self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame for college women were considered through the lens of objectification theory. Consistent with Hypothesis 1, bivariate correlations showed that more psychological abuse was associated with more self-objectification, more body surveillance, and more body shame. As well, more physical abuse was associated with more body surveillance and more body shame. However, when the unique effects of psychological and physical abuse were considered in a path model, the links between psychological abuse and objectification remained while the links between physical abuse and objectification became nonsignificant. In addition, consistent with Hypothesis 2 and the model proposed by objectification theory, body surveillance and the combined effect of self-objectification and body surveillance explained relations between psychological abuse and body shame. This work fills an important gap in the current literature because it is the only study to date that examines relations between both psychological and physical abuse and self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Social Disorganization and Unfounded Sexual Assault Case Clearances
Authors: Mustaine Elizabeth Ehrhardt , Tewksbury Richard , Corzine Jay , Huff-Corzine Lin
Published: February 2013

Despite much research and policy development, it remains true that less than one half of all reported sexual assaults are cleared by arrest (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2011). Compounding this issue, many sexual assaults are not cleared by an arrest, but rather by being classified as “unfounded” by law enforcement (Soulliere, 1994, 2005; Tellis & Spohn, 2008). Grounded in the social disorganization perspective, this article examines the relationships between case-related and extralegal community-level characteristics and use of the designation of unfounded by the police. Contrary to initial expectations, findings show that communities with higher levels of concentrated disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and residential instability are less likely to have sexual assaults deemed unfounded by law enforcement.
Training Methods in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Tradition and Invention
Authors: Friedberg Robert D. , Brelsford Gina M.
Published: February 2013

Cognitive behavioral supervisors influence new generations of clients and clinicians. Accordingly, the task is meaningful, rewarding, challenging, and critically important. This article describes traditional and unconventional approaches to supervising clinicians in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Traditional methods such as the use of the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale, videotape/audiotape review, live supervision, and cotherapy are reviewed. Further, inventive procedures for teaching supervisees cognitive flexibility, empathy, tolerance for ambiguity, and remaining steadfast when faced with negative emotional arousal are explained. Popular media, improvisation and acting exercises, and working with professional actors as teaching methods are explained.
Training Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Supervisors: Didactics, Simulated Practice, and “Meta-Supervision”
Authors: Newman Cory F.
Published: February 2013

The delivery of competent clinical supervision is vital to the successful training of new cognitive behavioral therapists, and—in the case of peer supervision and consultation—a boon to the maintenance of therapists’ high professional standards throughout their careers. However, it is only recently that the field of psychotherapy in general and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in particular has implemented formal methods of training clinicians to be competent supervisors. Drawing on recent findings from evidence-based programs of CBT supervision, this article highlights the contents and processes of a graduate training course in CBT supervision involving didactics, readings, and experiential exercises. The 6 major modules of this seminar are explicated, including such topics as the supervisory relationship, enhancing CBT competencies in supervisors and supervisees alike, promulgating ethical practices, and successfully managing the administrative aspects of supervision. In addition, the concept of “meta-supervision” is described and illustrated in the form of a transcript from a long-distance, computer-assisted meeting between a senior consulting supervisor and his junior “supervisor-evaluee.” The transcript highlights the key features of meta-supervision, including the cross-cultural considerations that must be addressed when doing international training.
Supervising Child Psychiatry Fellows in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Crucibles and Choices
Authors: Pearl Amanda M. , Mahr Fauzia , Friedberg Robert D.
Published: February 2013

Child psychiatric fellows enter cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) training experiences with a wide variety of backgrounds and experiences in this area of treatment. Although some child fellows have fundamental knowledge of cognitive-behavioral theory, most struggle with the CBT model and even more so, subsequently using this model to guide treatment. Unlike supervising early career mental health professionals, child residents often possess a skill set apt for CBT including using a problem-oriented focus, a tendency to use structured methods in treatment, the use of psychoeducation, and basic clinical skills including genuineness, understanding, and empathy. On the other hand, child psychiatric fellows find several areas of CBT challenging because it is often vastly different from previous experience, including more frequent and longer sessions, the use of collaborative empiricism, developing case conceptualizations, and tolerating negative affective arousal. Moreover, training climates in psychiatry departments may shape the supervision experiences. Various specific recommendations are offered to manage these crucibles. Overall, although there are significant challenges when supervising child residents in CBT rotations, having knowledge of these crucibles and access to choices for addressing these supervisory tests enhances both supervisor and supervisee competence.
Enhancing Self-Efficacy to Achieve Competence
Authors: Tompkins Michael A.
Published: February 2013

A primary goal of cognitive therapy supervision is to help the supervisee achieve greater competence in cognitive therapy. However, helping supervisees achieve competence rests in part on their judgments that they can use the skills they learned to help their clients feel and get better. Bandura referred to these judgments as self-efficacy, which he defined as an individual’s perception that he is capable of accomplishing a certain level of performance (Bandura, 1977). Although it is understandable that most supervisees enter supervision with low self-efficacy, it can become an impediment to achieving competence if it persists. In this article, I define self-efficacy and describe four sources of information that influence self-efficacy: performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, persuasion, and physiological states. I then describe how supervisors can use these sources to enhance the self-efficacy of supervisees to assist them in achieving actual competence.
Facing Dementia: Integrating Palliation into All Aspects of Care
Authors: Kostrzewa Allison S.
Published: February 2013

Dementia is fast becoming a serious public health concern. The lack of understanding of the terminal nature of dementia frequently results in overly aggressive treatment during the end stage of the disease. Nurses need to recognize and encourage a paradigm shift in the way dementia is perceived and treated, including promoting early initiation of palliative care services.
A Small Group of Committed People
Authors: Piper Letty R.
Published: February 2013

This article recounts the author's personal experience with a flawed medication reconciliation system that was improved through her initiative and persistence. The history, function, and value of the nurse navigator role in identifying barriers to care are described. The author advocates for expanding our horizons beyond navigation to address and eliminate the identified barriers to provide high-quality patient and family care.
Nursing Operations Automation and Health Care Technology Innovations: 2025 and Beyond
Authors: Suby ChrysMarie
Published: February 2013

This article reviews why nursing operations automation is important, reviews the impact of computer technology on nursing from a historical perspective, and considers the future of nursing operations automation and health care technology innovations in 2025 and beyond. The increasing automation in health care organizations will benefit patient care, staffing and scheduling systems and central staffing offices, census control, and measurement of patient acuity.
Improving Patient Safety within the Context of Everyday Chaos and Complexity
Authors: Hughes Ronda G.
Published: February 2013

Complexity and chaos inherent in health care initiate opportunities for errors and make it difficult to improve patient safety. Effectively improving patient safety requires embracing the complex health care environment, care processes, and patients.
Elaboration of Leadership and Culture in High-Performing Nursing Units of Hospitals as Perceived by Staff Nurses
Authors: Casida Jesus M. , Crane Patrick C. , Walker Tara L. , Wargo Lisa M.
Published: February 2013

The leadership–culture phenomenon, a known explanatory construct for organizational performance, is understudied in nursing. Building on our previous work, we further addressed this knowledge gap through explorations of demographics and hospital variables which may have a significant influence on staff nurses’ (SNs) perceptions of their nurse managers’ (NMs) leadership and nursing unit culture. Furthermore, we explored the extent to which the NMs’ leadership predicted specific cultures which typify nursing unit effectiveness. Using dissertation data provided by 278 SNs, we found that SNs educated at the baccalaureate level or higher had favorable perceptions of their nursing unit performance and viewed their NMs’ leadership differently than the SNs with diploma or associate degrees. The frequent portrayals of transformational (TFL) leadership behaviors (e.g., visionary) by the NMs were paramount in shaping culture traits which exemplify high performance outcomes. TFL leaders were more likely to shape unit cultures which are flexible and adaptive to the environmental challenges within and outside the nursing unit. Thus, the type of NMs’ leadership and unit culture may provide an added value in explaining the performance level in patient care units which consequently affects the overall hospital/organizational outcomes. Implications for research and leadership practices are presented.
Doctor Shopping: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Worley Julie , Hall Joanne M.
Published: February 2013

Prescription drug abuse is a significant problem in the United States that poses a serious health risk to Americans and is therefore significant to the field of nursing. The prescription drugs that are designated in the United States as having abuse potential are called controlled or scheduled drugs. The most common types of abused prescription drugs are benzodiazepines prescribed for anxiety, opioids prescribed for pain, and stimulants prescribed for attention deficit disorder. These prescription drugs are abused by taking larger doses than prescribed for nonmedical use to achieve a high or euphoric feeling, or are sold illicitly for profit. In 2009, there were 2.4 million nonmedical users of prescription opioids in the United States. These prescription drugs are often obtained by seeing multiple prescribers, often under false pretenses or with complicity from the prescribers that leads to abuse and illicit sales. The term doctor shopping has been used not only to refer to this phenomenon but has also had other meanings throughout the past decades. Thus, concept analysis is the focus of this article for clarification using the Walker and Avant method. Health implications and suggestions for minimizing doctor shopping are included.
The Provision of an EMDR-Based Multicomponent Trauma Treatment With Child Victims of Severe Interpersonal Trauma
Authors: Jarero Ignacio , Roque-López Susana , Gomez Julio
Published: February 2013

This study evaluated a multicomponent phase–based trauma treatment approach for 34 children who were victims of severe interpersonal trauma (e.g., rape, sexual abuse, physical and emotional violence, neglect, abandonment). The children attended a week-long residential psychological recovery camp, which provided resource building experiences, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP), and one-on-one EMDR intervention for the resolution of traumatic memories. The individual EMDR sessions were provided for 26 children who still had some distress about their targeted memory following the EMDR-IGTP. Results showed significant improvement for all the participants on the Child’s Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale (CRTES) and the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT), with treatment results maintained at follow-up. More research is needed to assess the EMDR-IGTP and the one-on-one EMDR intervention effects as part of a multimodal approach with children who have suffered severe interpersonal trauma.
Participants’ Experiences of EMDR Training in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Farrell Derek , Keenan Paul
Published: February 2013

This research projects spans a 6-year period surveying 485 participants’ experiences of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) training in the United Kingdom and Ireland between the periods of 2005 and 2011. This research used a mixed research methodology exploring EMDR training participants’ application of EMDR within their current clinical practice. The rationale was to explore potential differences between EMDR-accredited and EMDR-nonaccredited clinicians in relation to retrospective reports of treatment. Results indicate that EMDR-accredited clinicians report better treatment outcomes. An argument is presented that EMDR has progressed from a convergent technique to a divergent psychotherapeutic approach. Consequently, the research explored whether current EMDR training is “fit for purpose.” A comprehensive model for EMDR training is outlined, proposing the importance of developing more EMDR training in academic institutions.