bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suberization and adventitious rooting in Australian plants
Authors: Williams RR , Taji AM , Boltton JA
Published: December 2005

Controversy has existed over the involvement of sclerified tissues in the inhibition of adventitious rooting on woody plant cuttings. This study of 16 species of Australian native plants shows no correlation between stem sclerification and poor root formation. On the other hand, poor rooting was correlated with suberization of the cortex and it is suggested that this rather than sclerification may be a factor in the inhibition of root formation.
Comparative Studies in Selected Species of Eucalyptus Used in Rehabilitation of the Northern Jarrah Forest, Western Australia. II. Wood and Leaf Anatomy
Authors: Ridge RW , Loneragan WA , Bell DT , Colquhoun IJ , Kuo J
Published: December 2005

Previous studies have established differences in water relations between the major dominant of the
northern jarrah forest, Eucalyptus marginata, which transpires freely except under conditions of
extreme drought, and potential replacement species which exhibit some measure of stomatal control.
The anatomy of the water-conducting system of three indigenous species (Eucalyptus marginata,
E. calophylla and E. wandoo) and four eastern Australian species (E. globulus, E. maculata, E. resinifera
and E. saligna) is described with reference to their patterns of stomatal resistance and xylem pressure
potential.
Vessel and parenchyma distribution generally correlated with taxonomic affinities of the species.
Groups based on wood anatomy had little in common with groupings based on eco-physiological
behaviour but did tend to confirm the distinctive character of E. marginata. By using leaf anatomy,
a third grouping of species was possible. E. globulus, E. maculata and E. wandoo are amphistomatous
whereas E. calophylla, E. resinifera, E. saligna and E. marginata are hypostomatous. However, the
major structural features associated with previously observed patterns of water relations appear related
to differences in vessel size (particularly in E. wandoo) and the presence and size of the stomatal
antechambers.
The anatomical structures described here confirm the special way in which E. rnarginata responds
to environmental factors, and thus emphasize the challenge of finding a substitute species that exhibits
similar anatomical and physiological adaptations.
Canopy Dynamics of Eucalyptus Maculata Hook. I. Distribution and Dynamics of Leaf Populations
Authors: Pook EW
Published: December 2005

The canopy dynamics of a regenerated 16-year-old stand of pole and sapling E. maculata were studied
for 2½ years by repetitive non-destructive measurements in tree crowns accessed from a 20 m high
scaffold tower. Average canopy leaf area density over a sample plot of 36 m2 was 0.23 m2 m-3 at a
leaf area index of 4.3. Some 75% of leaf area was held in the canopies of overstorey eucalypts above
10 m in height. Average size of leaves increased gradually from top to bottom of tree canopies.
Foliage production was usually concentrated in the upper crowns of trees where there was a higher
proportion of active shoots, more frequent growth flushes and more rapid turnover of leaves than
in lower canopy layers. Leaf area in the upper canopy fluctuated widely but increased in the long
term, in mid canopy was more or less maintained and in lowest canopy declined. Crops of developing
flower buds present on uppermost branches delayed and/or reduced shoot growth.
Foliage production occurred in all months of the year. There was a unimodal annual rhythm of
growth rate reaching a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. Variable water supply,
however, influenced production to peak in spring, summer or autumn. No shoot growth occurs in
E. maculata at Kioloa when daily mean temperature (averaged for weekly intervals) falls below c. 10½C
in winter. An upper temperature limit for growth could not be defined. The species apparently lacks
dormancy mechanisms. Shoot growth is 'opportunistic' and occurs whenever environmental conditions
are favourable.
Patterns of leaf production and leaf fall were variable but peaks showed a general synchrony. Leaf
fall, however, tended to lag behind leaf production. Leaves of all ages were shed but main losses were
from older cohorts. Some 49% (s.d.±18%) of new leaves were lost while still small or immature,
mainly during periods of vigorous shoot growth or low water supply. Browse of immature foliage
was light. Normal senescence and leaf fall accounted for almost the entire loss of mature foliage.
Initiation, Development and Anatomy of Lignotubers in Some Species of Eucalyptus
Authors: Carr DJ , Jahnke R , Carr SGM
Published: December 2005

An initial survey of the diversity of early lignotuber development in Eucalyptus and an analytical study of the anatomy of young lignotubers and the seedling stem are presented. Studies of the early stages of the morphological development of the lignotuber in 13 species, representative of five taxonomic groups, resulted in the recognition of four modes of lignotuber initiation. The importance to lignotuber formation of the presence of a suite of accessory buds, adaxial to the axillary bud, is emphasized but lignotuber initiation is not in all cases associated with these buds. Lignotuber buds are derived by branching from existing buds, ultimately from the accessory buds of the node. Following its initiation, the possibilities of later morphological development of the lignotuber are discussed. Lignotuber growth may dominate over stem growth and the lignotubers at a node may then fuse laterally to encircle the stem. Stem growth, on the other hand, may dominate over lignotuber growth and the lignotuber then appears to regress. The consequences for the growth habit of the plant of these alternative pathways of development are outlined. The wood of young lignotubers (and that of the swollen hypocotyl) is shown to be different in composition and in the sizes of its elements from that of seedling stem wood; these differences owe their origin to differences in the nature and performance of the cambia of the lignotuber and stem. In lateral fusion of the lignotubers at a node, and their upward and downwards extension over the stem, e.g. over the hypocotyl, stem cambial initials are either progressively lost or, more likely, converted to lignotuber-type initials. The possibility of the reverse process occumng in stem dominance is discussed.
Water Relations of Coral Cay Vegetation on the Great Barrier Reef: Water Potentials and Osmotic Content
Authors: Allaway WG , Pitman MG , Storey R , Tyerman S , Ashford AE
Published: December 2005

Foliage of 18 species from One Tree Island, a coral cay at the southern extremity of the Great Barrier Reef, contained abundant K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl-, although very high NaCl levels characteristic of halophytes were found only in Sesuvium portulacastrum. Four species contained large quantities of compatible solutes: glycinebetaine in Achyranthes aspera, proline in Sesuvium, Scaevola taccada and Melanthera biflora, and β -dimethylpropiothetin in Melanthera. The ability to
make such S-containing compatible solutes as the last mentioned may be especially important for
maritime species. Most of the calcium and a large proportion of the magnesium were in insoluble
form in Melanthera, Argusia argentea and Pisonia grandis; leaves of all three contained crystals which
were shown to be Ca-rich in Pisonia. It is suggested that control of calcium levels may be particularly
important in plants of highly calcareous coral cays. Predawn water potentials (Ψ) in Argusia, Pisonia
and Melanthera averaged between - 0.3 and -0.8 MPa in wet weather, indicating high soil Ψ there
was a daily fall of 0.5 - 1.O MPa in plant Ψ. During drought, predawn Ψ was lower in Argusia. Scaevola
and Pisonia, and the daily Ψ fluctuation was small, presumably because of stomatal control of water
loss. No evidence of osmotic adjustment was found in these three species. In Melanthera in drought,
predawn Ψ became very low (often below -2.0 MPa) but the large daily fluctuation was still present,
resulting in extremely low midday Ψ. From this and the large accumulation of solutes, especially at
dry sites, it is suggested that Melanthera is capable of some osmotic adjustment.
Seed Generation of Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. From Low and High Altitude Populations in Victoria
Authors: Beardsell D , Mullet J
Published: December 2005

Seeds from two subalpine populations of E. pauciflora stored for 1 year were completely dormant and required stratification to induce germination. Fresh seeds from the same populations were partially dormant. Seeds from a third subalpine population whether fresh or stored were only partially dormant. Seeds from two lowland populations were not dormant, although stratification did reduce the time taken to complete germination. The optimum germination temperature for all populations was near 20°C. Temperatures above 25°C induced a secondary dormancy in stratified seeds from two of the subalpine populations.
Post-Fire Regeneration of Rainforest and Mixed Forest in Western Tasmania
Authors: Hill RS , Read J
Published: December 2005

An area of rain forest burnt in the Zeehan fire of 1981 is regenerating toward pure rain forest. This fire was small and patchy and therefore many trees survived to provide a seed source for a major germination of rain forest species after the fire. However, several seral stages are expected to precede the climax vegetation. In contrast, an area of mixed forest burnt in the Savage River fire of 1982 has undergone a major change in species composition because of the proximity of a sclerophyll seed source. The Eucalyptus nitida overstorey is likely to be maintained, but sclerophyllous species will probably increase in dominance in the understorey at the expense of the pre-fire rain forest dominance. Given a long, fire-free interval, this forest may undergo succession to the climax rain forest, but this is unlikely due to large amounts of fuel, the drying effect of the forest edge, and the nearby road which allows access for human-caused fires.
Formation of Mycorrhizae by Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) in Litter and Soil
Authors: Reddell P , Malajczuk N
Published: December 2005

In soils under forest conditions and on seedlings grown under glasshouse conditions jarrah mycorrhizae
exhibited strong habitat preferences. Litter on the forest floor was the main site for the formation of
the white and brown ectomycorrhizae, and removal of the litter layer by prescribed burning reduced
by 90% the numbers of these two ectomycorrhizae. Black ectornycorrhizae were dominant in the
mineral horizons of soil and were unaffected by the type of surface litter. In glasshouse experiments
litter from different plant species significantly influenced formation of ectomycorrhizae by jarrah
seedlings. Litter from Acacia pulchella R. Br. was favourable for formation of ectomycorrhizae but
ectornycorrhizae were absent from Banksia grandis Willd. litter. Black ectomycorrhizae, Hysterangium-
initiated ectomycorrhizae and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae formed on jarrah seedlings in the
soils used in glasshouse studies. Addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to these soils influenced the
relative abundance of mycorrhizae. It is postulated that inoculum levels, nutrient status of litter and
soil and the presence of compounds inhibitory to fungal growth are critical in determining the
abundance of mycorrhizae. Factors affecting formation of mycorrhizae by jarrah and the ecological
implications of these results are discussed.
Effect of Root Temperature on the Development of Phytophthora cinnamomi Root Rot in Eucalyptus Seedlings
Authors: Halsall DM , Williams JD
Published: December 2005

Six isolates of P. cinnamomi from disparate geographical regions formed zoospores over a wide range
of temperatures with the optimum being between 18 and 22°C. Chemotaxis of zoospores to eucalypt
roots, encystment and the development of the germ tube were restricted at 6-10°C. Over the range
of 14-30°C, germ tubes were produced and infection occurred within 24 h of the zoospores reaching
the vicinity of the root.
In temperature-regulated tanks, Eucalyptus pilularis and E. maculata seedlings grew slowly at a
root temperature of 6°C but their growth was not affected by inoculation with P. cinnamomi. However,
infection did occur as the fungus could be recovered from the roots. Inoculated seedlings grown at
root temperatures of 10-30°C had significantly reduced height, leaf area and shoot dry weight compared
with uninoculated seedlings grown at the same temperature. In the susceptible species (E. pilularis)
there was a significant interaction between temperature and inoculation affecting leaf area, and the
root/shoot ratio of inoculated seedlings increased significantly. The implications of these observations
on infection in the field are discussed.
A Proposal for the Classification of Tree-Dominated Vegetation in Australia
Authors: Johnston RD , Lacey CJ
Published: December 2005

None of the systems for classifying natural vegetation in the northern hemisphere can be satisfactorily
applied to the Australian vegetation. Current Australian systems are also inadequate, being simplistic,
covering only part of the range of vegetation or being based on extrinsic environmental attributes.
The system proposed here for tree-dominated natural vegetation in Australia is based on a hierarchy
of intrinsic attributes. It aims to establish classes, which can accomodate any community of tree-dominated
natural vegetation in Australia, in a structured system with various scales of resolution
(levels of clustering) based on physiognomy, floristics and spatial occupancy.
The classification is intended for use in organizing vegetative data for general purposes, for relating
information derived from special classifications to the vegetation as a whole and for comparing
vegetation patterns with patterns of environment or disturbance.
The physiognomic attributes of growth form and foliage type of the dominant layer define formation
classes and formations respectively. Growth form of the subordinate layer(s) defines subformations,
while physiognomic types are based on leaf size, phenology and stand complexity. Floristic attributes
are used to determine generic classes, alliances and associations.
Spatial attributes (height and density of dominants) with six classes in each are used to describe
the space occupied by the stand, which is largely the result of recent growing conditions and the
history of disturbance.
This system avoids the implication of environmental attributes in terms such as rainforest, swamp
forest or alpine woodland, and the use of structural stereotypes such as closed-forest or tall open-forest.
Clumpwood is introduced as a new formation class, characterized by woody plants with multiple
stems arising from lignotubers, rhizomes or roots. Clumpwood is a class equivalent to woodland
(dominated by short-boled single-stemmed trees) and shrubland (dominated by shrubs with a single
stem that branches at or near ground level so that no trunk is formed).
Clumpwoods are widespread and floristically diverse; the best-known examples are composed of
mallees, which are multistemmed plants of Eucalyptus.
A Comparative Study of Trichomes in Angophora Cav. And Eucalyptus L'hérit. - A Question of Homology
Authors: Ladiges PY
Published: December 2005

The trichomes of Angophora and Eucalyptus are illustrated from scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and evolutionary trends are discussed. Bristle glands of Angophora and Eucalyptus subgen. Blakella and Corymbia are emergent oil glands of varying lengths. Emergent oil glands occur in all other Eucalyptus subgenera but they are most conspicuous in Blakella, Corymbia and Angophora, in which they are characterized by four cap cells each ornamented with micropapillae. Hairs in Angophora are unique, being multicellular; they are also uniseriate and scattered on the epidermis. In contrast, hairs in Eucalyptus are simple extensions, short or long, of the cells on the sides of or the cap cells of the emergent oil glands, and they are not homologous with those of Angophora. Eucalyptus setosa (subgen. Blakella) and E. brockwayi (subgen. Symphyomyrtus) are two exceptions, having unicellular hairs on the epidermis, not associated with oil glands. It is suggested that this is an ancestral condition (or secondary reversal to it).
Pollination in Araucaria Juss
Authors: Haines RJ , Prakash N , Nikles DG
Published: December 2005

Pollination was studied in three species of Araucaria: A. cunninghamii, A. heterophylla and A. bidwillii.
More limited observations were made for A. hunsteinii and A. angustifolia.
The investigation revealed considerable variation among species of Araucaria with respect to
pollination features. The bract scale of the receptive cone of both A. cunninghamii and A. heterophylla
has a stoma-free furrow which directs pollen grains onto a thin flange on the tip of the ovuliferous
scale. The bract scale of A. bidwillii bears stomata over most of its surface, and is broadly scalloped
so that pollen grains are deposited in a band across both bract and ovuliferous scales. On germination,
the pollen tubes of these three species penetrate the epidermis of the scale and for a short distance
grow beneath the surface before emerging and travelling, without branching or major deviation, towards
the proximal end of the ovuliferous scale. On reaching the micropyle, the pollen tubes enter the nucellus.
In known features, pollination in A. hunsteinii resembles that in A. bidwillii. The pollen tubes of A.
Angustifolia bear short branches and, in distal regions of the scale, are erratic in their orientation.
Results are discussed in relation to pollination mechanisms in other conifers and to taxonomic
divisions within the Araucariaceae.
Adaptation for Carnivory in the West Australian pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis Labill
Authors: Parkes DM , Hallam ND
Published: December 2005

The West Australian pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis has adaptive structures for carnivory including modified leaves as pitfall containers, specialized surface microtopography to reduce adhesion of insect footpads and the development of gland tissue that secretes digestive enzymes. Gland masses on the lateral pitcher walls are made up of unspecialized mesophyll cells supporting two different types of gland. Cephalotus is geographically and taxonomically isolated from other pitcher plants. A detailed scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy study of the cell types within the pitchers of Cephalotus was carried out and the evolutionary and taxonomic significance of its adaptions to carnivory are discussed.
Gametogenesis in Galbulimima belgraveana (Himantandraceae)
Authors: Prakash N , Foreman DB , Griffith SJ
Published: December 2005

The flowers of Galbulimima belgraveana (F. Muell.) Sprague are bisexual, calyptrate and protogynous. The numerous free stamens are laminar and arranged spirally on an elongated receptacle; only the middle stamens are fertile. There are four microsporangia embedded on the abaxial side of the microsporophyll. The tapetum is secretory and often double. A variety of spore tetrad types is produced. The mature pollen grains are single, monosulcate, scabrate, atectate, spheroidal and 2-celled. The carpels of a flower are initially free but later become concrescent so that a single fruit is formed. The ovules are anatropous, crassinucellar and bitegminal, and show an elongated embryo sac that conforms to the polygonum type of development. There is a massive parietal tissue in early stages of ovule development. In its embryological features, the species shows close relationships to the families Annonaceae and Degeneriaceae and, to a slightly lesser extent, the Magnoliaceae and Eupomatiaceae.
Histopathology of Compatible Interactions Involving Biotypes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides That Cause Anthracnose of Stylosanthes Spp
Authors: Irwin JAG , Trevorrow PR , Cameron DF
Published: December 2005

The histopathology of compatible interactions between type A and type B Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides and Stylosanthes scabra cv. Fitzroy and Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Endeavour was
studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy at various times after inoculation.
Quantitative studies of germination and penetration processes with whole leaf mounts showed that
the processes were similar for the two diseases but that unmelanized appressoria were produced more
rapidly (3 h after inoculation) by the type A fungus on both hosts than by the type B fungus on
Endeavour (6 h after inoculation). After 6 h for the type A fungus and 12 h for the type B fungus,
the majority of appressoria were melanized. First evidence of penetration on the whole leaf mounts
was observed 12 h after inoculation on all three interactions. Percentage penetration of the susceptible
Endeavour by the type B fungus was significantly higher than that for the type A fungus on Fitzroy
(susceptible) and Endeavour (intermediate).
Subcuticular infection hyphae were present in transverse leaf sections of both diseases after 12 h
and both intercellular and intracellular fungal invasion were observed after 24 h. Acewuli of the type
A hngus had developed on Fitzroy by 96 h, whereas acervuli of the type B fungus had developed
on Endeavour by 144 h. Mesophyll cells were particularly susceptible to fungal invasion and rapidly
collapsed. Swelling of epidermal cell walls in response to invasion was also observed but this did not
confer resistance.
Interspecific Hybridization in Glycine Willd. Subgenus Glycine (Leguminosae)
Authors: Grant JE , Grace JP , Brown AHD , Putievsky E
Published: December 2005

The meiotic configurations of 12 new hybrid combinations among eight perennial Glycine species
were analysed. These data together with those of Putievsky and Broué and of Newell and Hymowitz
showed close genomic relationships among the diploid species G. canescens, G. clandestina and G.
Latrobeana and the euploid tetraploid G. tomentella. Distant from these species was a second
evolutionary branch, which included the diploids G. latifolia and an undescribed species, G. 'reducta'.
The diploid G. tomentella (2n = 38, 40) appeared to be intermediate between these two lines.
Interspecies hybrids using either the diploid species G. falcata or the tetraploid G. tabacina have so
far been achieved with members of the G. canescens-related group, from which both species are very
distant.
Cytological and Isozyme Diversity in Glycine tomentella Hayata (Leguminosae)
Authors: Grant JE , Brown AHD , Grace JP
Published: December 2005

A collection of 11 5 accessions of Glycine tomentella from New South Wales, Queensland, Papua New
Guinea and Taiwan was surveyed for isozyme variation in 10 enzyme systems. The most polymorphic
system was glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) with 30 distinct phenotypes. Some GPI phenotypes
were widespread geographically and included both aneuploid and euploid tetraploids. Taken as a
group, zymograms were predictive of ploidy level (i.e. diploid or tetraploid) but were not reliable
predictors of aneuploidy (2n = 38, 78) or euploidy (2n = 40, 80).
The somatic chromosome numbers of about half the accessions were determined. The frequency
of the diploids was greater than expected on morphological grounds and both diploid and tetraploid
forms were widely distributed geographically. The aneuploid forms at both levels of ploidy had a
more southerly distribution than the euploid forms. The species was found to be highly diverse for
isozymes and chromosome number.
Crosses between several of the tetraploid accessions were made and the meiotic configurations
determined. Sterile hybrids were obtained from the majority of interregional crosses but in some
exceptional crosses the intraregional hybrids were sterile and the interregional crosses were fertile.
In all cases sterile hybrids apparently shared two of their four primitive genomes. The degree of
cytological affinity of the genomes as measured by the genome affinity index was positively related
to their degree of isozyme similarity.
Litter Fall and Nutrient Turnover in Two Eucalypt Woodlands
Authors: Lamb RJ
Published: December 2005

The components and chemical composition of litter fall and the litter layer of two woodlands growing close together near Narrabeen Lagoon, New South Wales, were examined over a 5-year period. Total litter fall peaked in the summer but some tree and shrub species in both communities showed peaks of litter fall in summer and autumn. Litter fall averaged 540 g m-2 year-1 for a hillside Angophora costata-Eucalyptus gummifera-dominated woodland on a gradational sand, and 745 g m-2 year-1 for a E. botryoides-E. robusta-A. floribunda-dominated community on podzolized sand at the slope foot. The accumulated litter masses averaged 2100 and 1900 g m-2, respectively: calculated litter half-lives were 2.7 years and 1.8 years. The higher rates of litter fall and turnover of organic matter and nutrients in the E. botryoides-E. robusta-A. floribunda community, despite its poorer soil nutrient status, are postulated to result from a more reliable water supply and differing microbial activity at the litter-soil interface, leading to more rapid recycling of nutrients.
Identificatin of Native Typha species in Australia
Authors: Finlayson M , Forrester RI , Mitchell DS , Chick AJ
Published: December 2005

The variability of some key characters used to identify the two Australian species of Typha (T. domingensis and T. orientalis) was quantitatively determined on 13 stands at different sites. Characters measured were plant height, leaf width, length of female inflorescence, diameter of female inflorescence and gap between male and female inflorescences. The three characters, length of female inflorescence, diameter of female inflorescence and gap between the inflorescences, used in conjunction with the latent vector from a canonical variates analysis could be used to identify the two species. The presence or absence of an auriculated leaf sheath was also found to be a useful character, while leaf shape was not. However, to obtain absolute identification, chromosome numbers can be determined easily on root tips.
Indirect Effect of Floristic Composition on Production of Sporangia by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Jarrah Forest Soils
Authors: Murray DIL , Darling DD , Mcgann LR
Published: December 2005

Production of sporangia and zoospore discharge by Phytophthora cinnamomi were investigated in
jarrah forest soils collected beneath Acacia pulchella, Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata and
incubated under conditions which excluded a direct effect of these species on the soil physical
environment. Sporangium production was always significantly greater in soils from B. grandis than
in soils from A. pulchella; soils from E. marginata gave intermediate results. There was also evidence
that discharge of zoospores was suppressed in soils from A. pulchella. Although three isolates of P.
cinnamomi differed in their abilities to sporulate per se, they responded similarly to different treatments.
Measures of Richness, Evenness and Diversity in Tropical Rainforest
Authors: Stocker GC , Unwin GL , West PW
Published: December 2005

The number of species represented in vegetation (its richness) and the way in which individuals are distributed amongst the species (its evenness) are often combined into a single index to represent both these characteristics (its diversity). Many different indices to represent richness, evenness and diversity have been proposed from time to time. The present work examines empirically the suitability, for ecological studies, of a number of these measures using data from tree species of tropical rainforest of north Queensland and Barro Colorado Island, Panama. It is found that all of the richness and most of the evenness measures considered contain similar information about richness and evenness respectively. Of the commonly used diversity measures, Simpson's index seems to be inappropriate for use with tropical rainforest since it was found to represent only evenness and to contain little information about richness. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index was found to contain information about both richness and evenness and appeared to be the most appropriate diversity measure for use with this forest type.
Rate of Disease Development in Eucalyptus sieberi Growing in Suppressive Soils Inoculated With Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Marks GC , Smith IW
Published: December 2005

The rate at which root collar infection, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, developed in
Eucalyptus sieberi L. Johnson was tested by growing 40, 6-month-old seedlings in cores of disease-
suppressive (DSS) krasnozem-type soil that had either been treated or not treated with steam. The
core soil was inoculated by repotting the seedlings in a jacket of steamed or unsteamed sand or
krasnozem that had been mixed with a mycelium-chlamydospore suspension.
Disease development was of the compound interest type (sens. Van der Plank) and was slower
in unsteamed DSS core soils. Inoculum density (ID) increased more than 10 times at the end of all
tests, and the time taken for collar infection to appear was shortened when the inoculum was mixed
with unsteamed DSS. The fungus was isolated more frequently from the collar of seedlings growing
in steam-treated than in unsteamed DSS.
The results showed that the soil used was only mildly disease-suppressive and suggest that post-
infection antagonism may be the cause of slower disease development rates in DSS.
Introduction
The Role of Butterflies as Pollinators of Acacia bidwillii Benth. (Mimosaceae) at Townsville, Northern Queensland
Authors: Hawkeswood TJ
Published: December 2005

Eleven species of butterfly from five families were collected from the flowers of A. bidwillii during November 1981 at Townsville. Most butterflies (c. 60-75%) from all families spent less than 30 s on blossoms, although some spent more than 2.5 min. Of 58 butterflies examined for pollen loads, 26 (44.8%) carried Acacia pollen. The number of polyads carried ranged from 1 to 10 with the majority being carried on the underside of the thorax and abdomen. Only two polyads were detected on the wings of a single Acraea andromacha andromacha (Fabricius) (Nymphalidae) and no butterflies carried pollen on the antennae. Considering the short periods generally spent in foraging and the low numbers of polyads carried by the butterflies in comparison with other insects collected from A. bidwillii, the butterflies are not regarded as important pollinators of the plant at Townsville.
Extrafloral Nectaries of Some Australian Bipinnate Acacias
Authors: Boughton VH
Published: December 2005

The extrafloral nectaries of some Australian bipinnate Acacia species are examined, coming from three sections: Acacia (two species); Botrycephalae (27 species); and Pulchellae (12 species). The nectaries are of the same three types as are found in phyllodineous species, i.e. porate (22 species of Botrycephalae), non-porate (three species of Botrycephalae, 11 of Pulchellae and one of Acacia) and flat (one species of Botrycephalae and one of Acacia). Two species, one of Botrycephalae and one of Pulchellae, are found to lack nectaries. Variations of the porate type, called porate-chambered, and the non-porate type, called non-porate-stipitate, are described. Relationships are shown between infrageneric taxa and nectary type and leaf axis length and nectary type, and evolutionary trends in nectary structure are discussed.
Analysis of Morphological Variation in a Field Sample of Caladenia catenata (Smith) Druce (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Morrison DA , Weston PH
Published: December 2005

A morphometric analysis of the variation among 24 attributes of a field sample of 71 plants of the
Caladenia catenata (Smith) Druce species complex from the Sydney region suggests that there are
two phenetically distinct polythetic taxa within this orchid group. These taxa correspond with the
traditionally circumscribed taxa C. alba R. Br. and C. carnea R. Br. but no exclusive or 'key' attribute
could be found to discriminate between them. The morphological distinction between these taxa is
correlated with habitat differences characterized by soil properties and species associations. However,
some of the C. alba sites are ecologically intermediate between the 'extreme' C. alba sites and the
C. carnea site, and these sites contain a number of C. alba individuals with some attributes traditionally
thought to be diagnostic of C. carnea. We interpret this character distribution as being the result of
introgression of some C. carnea attributes into a population of C. alba.
Senecio L. (Asteraceae) in Australia: Rcombination systems of a polyploid series
Authors: Lawrence M.E.
Published: December 2005

Recombination systems of 32 species of Senecio are discussed in terms of chromosome number, chiasma frequency and position, breeding system and generation length. Darlington's recombination index cannot be applied to Senecio as several ploidy levels are represented. Increases in basic chromosome numbers promote recombination but increases by polyploidy buffer intermediate genotypes and retard evolutionary changes when selection is for homozygous or extreme phenotypes. High polyploid species of Senecio may therefore have recombination systems as restrictive as those produced by aneuploid reduction. When viewed in this manner, the majority of native species examined have recombination systems that contain a balance of restrictive and expansive factors regulating recombination.
Taxonomy of Some Leptosphaerulina Spp. On Legumes in Eastern Australia
Authors: Irwin JAG , Davis RD
Published: December 2005

Leptosphaerulina argentinensis was identified from Stylosanthes guianensis, L. arachidicola from
Arachis hypogea and L. trifolii from Medicago sativa, M. polymorpha var. vulgaris and Trifolium
repens in eastern Australia. Characters of the ascospores which were expressed consistently in pure
culture and allowed species separation were shape, size and the number of transverse septa. Ascospores
of L. argentinensis are predominantly 5-septate while those of L. trifolii and L. arachidicola are
predominantly 3-4-septate. While L. argentinensis and L. trifolii always produce elliptical ascospores,
those of L. arachidicola are dimorphic, being both cylindrical and elliptical. Two other species, L.
Australis and L. briosiana:, are considered to be synonyms of L. trifolii.
L. argentinensis was pathogenic to S. gulanensis only whereas L. trifolii was pathogenic to M.
sativa, M. polymorpha and T. repens.
Pollination of Banksia ericifolia Smith: Birds, Mammals and Insects as Pollen Vectors
Authors: Paton DC , Turner V
Published: December 2005

In coastal heath, 12 km north of Sydney, Banksia ericifolia set fruit after cross-pollination but not after
controlled self-pollination. Animals removed nectar and pollen from inflorescences during the day but
not overnight. Introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera) and native birds (Meliphagidae, Zosteropidae)
visited flowers frequently during the day, carried pollen on their body surfaces and were likely to
transfer pollen between plants. Native bees, nocturnal moths and ants also visited flowers but were too
infrequent, did not move between plants or foraged inappropriately to be important pollinators. No
mammals were seen visiting flowers and the small mammals we caught carried no pollen. Exclusion
experiments confirmed that pollination occurred during the day and not at night, but the experiments
were insufficient to determine the relative importance of honeybees versus birds as pollinators. Only
about 3% of the flowers of Banksia ericifolia developed follicles under natural conditions. Follicle
production in this species was limited by resources and not by pollinators, since multiple cross-
pollinations of flowers did not increase follicle production above the natural rate.
Relationship Between Soil Properties and the Growth of Legumes on Acid Wodjil Soils in Western Australia
Authors: Snowball R , Robson AD
Published: December 2005

The relationship between vegetation and soil properties in part of the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia was investigated. Soil in the Burracoppin Reserve supporting wodjil vegetation (Acacia beauverdiana, A. signata and Allocasuarina corniculata) had a very low pH in the 4.3-5.0 cm surface soil layer, a very low level of mineralizable N and a low chloride content compared to soils supporting Eucalyptus spp. All soils were low in exchangeable potassium and bicarbonate-extractable
phosphorus.
Acacia signata and Trifolium subterraneum were grown on a soil from Merredin supporting wodjil
vegetation. Neither species responded markedly to lime when grown on the surface soil (0-5 cm).
However, growth of both species on the subsoil (30-40 cm) was enhanced with the addition of lime.
Increased growth of A. signata was probably associated with the alleviation of manganese toxicity which
had been induced in this experiment. By contrast, increased growth of T. subterraneum was probably
associated with the alleviation of aluminium toxicity.
Changes in the Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges National Park Between 1970 and 1980-81
Authors: Dawson P , Weste G
Published: December 2005

The distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges National Park of Victoria was
mapped and related to vegetation susceptibility, disease severity and past distribution. P. cinnamomi
extended its distribution from 1% of the park in 1970 to 31% in 1980-81. The dispersal of the pathogen
has occurred through roadworks and subsequent drainage of water-borne zoospores. In 1980-81, 50%
of 1191 grids (250 x 250 m) occurred in susceptible vegetation (sclerophyllous forest/woodland). Of
these, 45% (266 grids) were moderately diseased and 16% (95) severely diseased. Stands of dead trees
occurred in 29 severely diseased grids which were in shallow gullies with impeded drainage. The 39%
(231) of susceptible vegetation which remained unaffected occurred mainly on ridges and hilltops. P.
cinnamomi was isolated from 3% of apparently resistant vegetation (graminoid forest/woodland).
Restriction of access is recommended to the remaining areas of susceptible unaffected vegetation.
A taxonomic revision of the Australian species of Limnophila R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae
Authors: Wannan BS , Waterhouse JT
Published: December 2005

In Australia five species of Limnophila are here recognized: L. arornatica, L. chinensis, L. fragrans, L. gratioloides and L. australis. L. gratioloides is an Australian native which has previously been considered conspecific with L. indica. L. australis sp. nov, is an Australian endemic related to L. gratioloides and to the exotic species L. heterophylla and L. aquatica. It has been confused with L. gratioloides and fragmentary material of underwater parts alone may in fact be indeterminable; nonetheless the two species are quite distinct on character-states of seed morphology, types of trichomes on aerial parts, occurrence of submerged cleistogamous flowers, floral morphology and occurrence of aroma in aerial leaves. L. fragrans and L. arornatica have been confused on herbarium specimens in Australia; they are, however, distinct.
Resistance of Eucalyptus Spp. To Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Tippett JT , Hill TC , Shearer BL
Published: December 2005

The resistance of 21 Eucalyptus spp. to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was assessed using wound
inoculation methods. Aggressive lesions were observed in Eucalyptus marginata Uarrah) only. Lesion
development was initially compared in E. marginata and E. calophylla (moderately resistant). Further
comparisons were made of lesions in roots and stems of E. marginata, E. calophylla, E. patens and E.
Wandoo growing in close proximity, in forest south-east of Perth. E. wandoo was the most resistant;
the fungus failed to establish. As stems proved convenient for inoculation, summer stem inoculation
trials were made to rate the resistance of 21 Eucalyptus spp. grown on a rehabilitated mine site. Lesions
formed in the species of the Monocalyptus and Corymbia subgeneric groups but did not develop in
species of the subgenus Symphyomyrtus. An alternative laboratory method of rating susceptibility of
roots to invasion was also tested. Excised roots of three eucalypts, Banksia grandis and Xanthorrhoea
preissii were inoculated and incubated at 25°C. Length of the root invaded was recorded; results were
not well correlated with those from field studies.
The Classification of Poaceae: Subfamilies and Supertribes
Authors: Watson L , Clifford HT , Dallwitz MJ
Published: December 2005

A comprehensive world classification of the Poaceae is presented in which 720 currently accepted genera
are distributed among five subfamilies (Pooideae, Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae,
Panicoideae) and six supertribes (Triticanae and Poanae, in Pooideae; Bambusanae and Oryzanae, in
Bambusoideae; Panicanae and Andropogonanae, in Panicoideae). Synonyms in recent use are listed
under appropriate groups. The classification reflects a variety of numerical analyses of generic
descriptions, accounting for original observations and compiled data on nearly 300 characters
concerning mainly morphology, anatomy, physiology and cytology. The detailed group descriptions are
fully comparative, and include statistical information on character state distributions.
Carbon and Phosphorus Assimilation and Deployment in Eucalyptus pilularis Smith Seedlings With Special Reference to the Role of the Cotyledons
Authors: Mulligan DR , Patrick JW
Published: December 2005

Early growth of glasshouse-raised Eucalyptus pilularis Smith seedlings in a phosphorus-deficient soil was
divided into a cotyledonary and a post-cotyledonary phase. The delineation was made on the basis of
cotyledon excision experiments which ascertained the stage (between 32 and 39 days from sowing)
beyond which the cotyledons no longer made an essential contribution to normal seedling development.
The relative growth rate of the E. pilularis seedlings during the cotyledonary phase was at least
comparable with that of many fertilized tree species. The expression of this characteristic in such a
phosphorus-deficient soil was considered a consequence of the contributions of both carbon and
phosphorus from the cotyledons. Since the seed reserves of both elements were low, these organs were
established as major sources largely through immediate post-emergence events. The cotyledons rapidly
developed photosynthetic capacity and were the dominant sink for assimilated phosphorus during the
week following emergence. Phosphorus gains by the seedlings over this period (up to 16 days from
sowing) doubled the seed reserve level of phosphorus (7.5 μg). Beyond this time, however, due to the
rapid depletion of readily available soil phosphorus, phosphorus uptake abruptly declined. Concurrent
with this decline, the cotyledons switched from being net importers to net exporters of phosphorus.
Transfers of seedlings between high and zero phosphorus conditions demonstrated that this switch in
cotyledonary role was induced when demand for phosphorus by other sinks could not be met by the
current rate of phosphorus assimilation.
A Fossil Flora From Rafted Plio-Pleistocene Mudstones at Regatta Point, Tasmania.
Authors: Hill RS , MacPhail MK
Published: December 2005

A Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene flora from Regatta Point on Macquarie Harbour contains pollen,
cladodes, flowers and infructescences of Casuarina (s.l.), suggesting that the site of deposition was
surrounded by the source plants. However, leaves and shoots of Nothofagus cunninghamii, Eucryphia,
Atherosperma moschatum, Quintinia, Acacia, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Phyllocladus aspleniifolius,
Podocarpus, Athrotaxis selaginoides and A. cf. cupressoides also occur, along with pollen and spores
of the common rainforest species, and it can be inferred that a cool temperate rainforest was present
upstream of the site of deposition. This fossil flora represents the earliest evidence to date of modern
rainforest elements in Tasmania. Pollen of a number of modern sclerophyll species, including
Epacridaceae, Proteaceae and Eucalyptus, is also present.
The presence of a Quintinia leaf in the Regatta Point flora is evidence that some species have become
extinct in Tasmania relatively recently. Extant Tasmanian rainforests evolved from more diverse Mid
Tertiary rainforests, probably in response to the Late Tertiary cooling and repeated Quaternary
glaciations. The same environmental vicissitudes may have also been responsible for the successful
establishment of eucalypts on the west coast of Tasmania by the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene,
resulting in a vegetation probably similar to that now present around Macquarie Harbour.
Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri Complex. II. The Origin of Variation
Authors: Potts BM , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

Previous studies of the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex indicate marked differentiation of the adult
phenotype. In this study, genetically based variation in the seedling phenotype is demonstrated. The five
main phenetic groups in the complex are shown to be genetically defined and account for most of the
genetic variation between populations. Further, the two major phenetic clines in the adult phenotype
are paralleled by genetically based clines in the seedling phenotype, with greater genetic differentiation
occurring along the cline between subspp. archeri and gunnii than along the cline between altitudinal
extremes within subsp. gunnii.
Detailed analyses of the structure of populations along the former continuum indicate no evidence
for recent secondary intergradation since intermediate phenotypes are widespread and genetically stable
and the various character clines appear to be independent. However, historical and biogeographical
evidence is presented which suggests that a suture zone occurred between southern and northern
populations during the last Pleistocene glacial. The area occupied by intermediate populations would
have been amongst the last to be colonized following deglaciation. It is argued that extreme morphs
differentiated in allopatry and that the continuum between the subspecies is a result of selective
stabilization of a zone of secondary intergradation as opposed to primary intergradation. In contrast,
the altitudinal continuum within subsp. gunnii appears to be mainly a result of primary differentiation
within a population migrating up slope from a southern glacial refuge.
Progeny trials indicate that the high variability and differentiation of several low-altitude, relic
populations may be due to hybridization with surrounding species, whereas hybridization has little effect
at the boundary of large stands. It is argued that hybridization may be important in the process of range
contraction and extinction, and may be a significant evolutionary stimulus in small peripheral isolates.