bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polygenic Risk Score for Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is Associated With Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease and Enriches for Individuals With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Wu Haoyu , Forgetta Vincenzo , Zhou Sirui , Bhatnagar Sahir R. , Paré Guillaume , Richards J. Brent
Published: January 2021

Background:

The clinical implications of a polygenic risk score (PRS) for LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) are not well understood, both within the general population and individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

Methods:

We developed the LDL-C PRS using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression in 377 286 White British participants from UK Biobank and tested its association with LDL-C according to FH variant carrier status in another 41 748 whole-exome sequenced individuals. Next, we tested for an enrichment of FH variant carriers among individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia and low LDL-C PRS. Last, we contrasted the effect of the LDL-C PRS, measured LDL-C and FH variant carrier status on risk of ischemic heart disease among 3010 cases and 38 738 controls.

Results:

Among the 41 748 whole-exome sequenced White British individuals, 1-SD increase in the LDL-C PRS was associated with elevated LDL-C among both FH variant carriers (0.34 [95% CI, 0.22–0.47] mmol/L) and noncarriers (0.42 [95% CI, 0.42–0.43] mmol/L). Among individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia, FH variant carriers were enriched in those with a low LDL-C PRS (odds ratio, 2.20 [95% CI, 1.66–2.71] per SD). Each SD increase in the LDL-C PRS was associated with risk of ischemic heart disease to the comparable magnitude as measured LDL-C (odds ratio, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.20–1.29] and odds ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09–1.23], respectively). The LDL-C PRS was not strongly associated with other traditional ischemic heart disease risk factors.

Conclusions:

An LDL-C PRS could be used to identify individuals with a higher probability of harboring FH variants. The association between ischemic heart disease and the LDL-C PRS was comparable to measured LDL-C, likely because the PRS reflects lifetime exposure to LDL-C levels.
Open Science and the Hype Cycle
Authors: Strawn George
Published: January 2021

The introduction of a new technology or innovation is often accompanied by “ups and downs” in its fortunes. Gartner Inc. defined a so-called hype cycle to describe a general pattern that many innovations experience: technology trigger, peak of inflated expectations, trough of disillusionment, slope of enlightenment, and plateau of productivity. This article will compare the ongoing introduction of Open Science (OS) with the hype cycle model and speculate on the relevance of that model to OS. Lest the title of this article mislead the reader, be assured that the author believes that OS should happen and that it will happen. However, I also believe that the path to OS will be longer than many of us had hoped. I will give a brief history of the today's “semi-open” science, define what I mean by OS, define the hype cycle and where OS is now on that cycle, and finally speculate what it will take to traverse the cycle and rise to its plateau of productivity (as described by Gartner).
The Portrayal of Muslims and Christians in the Traditional Sephardic Tales of Northern Morocco
Authors: Anahory-Librowicz Oro
Published: January 2021

The Portrayal of Muslims and Christians in the Traditional Sephardic Tales of Northern MoroccoThe article analyzes the representation of Muslims and Christians in the folktales of the Sephardic Jews of northern Morocco. The stories are selected from the collection of Arcadio de Larrea Palacín, Cuentos populares de los judíos del norte de Marruecos, published in 1952 and 1953. A very brief historical background of Moroccan Jews will be given in order to better understand the perception that the Jews, as a minority group, had of their Muslim and Christian neighbours. This perception is based on the historical and emotional memory of the Jews as well as their daily coexistence with the other religious groups. We also examine how the tales fulfill an essential function of folklore, which is to preserve and reinforce the collective identity and moral values of the narrating group. Obraz muzułmanów i chrześcijan w tradycyjnych opowieściach sefardyjskich północnego MarokaW artykule poddano analizie sposób przedstawienia muzułmanów i chrześcijan w opowieściach Żydów sefardyjskich z północnego Maroka. Opowieści zostały wybrane ze zbioru Cuentos populares de los judíos del norte de Marruecos, opracowanego przez Arcadia de Larrea Palacína i opublikowanego w dwóch tomach w 1952 i 1953 r. W celu lepszego zrozumienia sposobu postrzegania chrześcijan i ich muzułmańskich współobywateli konieczne było zwięzłe omówienie tła historycznego dotyczącego Żydów marokańskich. Postrzeganie to oparte było zarówno na historycznej i emocjonalnej pamięci Żydów, jak i na analizie ich faktycznego współistnienia z innymi grupami religijnymi. W tekście badano również, w jaki sposób opowieści spełniają fundamentalne dla folkloru funkcje, to jest zachowanie i wzmocnienie tożsamości zbiorowej oraz wartości moralnych wypowiadającej się grupy.
My Father’s Wars – Are Our Wars: Review of the Book: Alisse Waterstone (2014), My Father’s Wars: Migration, Memory, and the Violence of a Century. New York and London: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group
Authors: Grandakovska Sofija
Published: January 2021

My Father’s Wars – Are Our Wars: Review of the Book: Alisse Waterstone (2014), My Father’s Wars: Migration, Memory, and the Violence of a Century. New York and London: Rutledge Taylor & Francis GroupThe book My Father’s Wars by Alisse Waterston is a structural expression of the need for a new anthropological orientation in history. Waterston chooses to gradually weave the narrative through the methodological directions of intimate ethnography. More precisely, it is a story about the importance of the relationship between micro-history and the fluidity of historical particularisms, between the relations of matrixes of power and reflections on anthropocultural systems of the higher kind. It is here that the value of the complex focalization point in the work is accommodated; it lies in the question in what grammatical person to tell an individual story (which at the same time leaves a strong seal the identity of the descendants) embedded in Jewish cultural history as part of the larger history of war(s) and migration trajectories in the 20th century. Wojny mojego ojca – to nasze wojny. Recenzja książki: Alisse Waterstone (2014), My Father’s Wars: Migration, Memory, and the Violence of a Century. New York and London: Rutledge Taylor & Francis GroupKsiążka My Father’s wars [Wojny mojego ojca] autorstwa Alisse Waterston jest wyrazem potrzeby nowej orientacji antropologicznej w historii. Waterston decyduje się na stopniowe splatanie narracji, wykorzystując metodologiczne kierunki etnografii intymnej. А dokładniej, jest to opowieść o znaczeniu związku pomiędzy mikrohistorią a płynnością historycznych partykularyzmów, między centrami władzy i refleksją zawartą w systemach antropologicznych wyższego rzędu. Właśnie na tej sferze jest skoncentrowany cel tej książki; zawarty jest w pytaniu, w jakiej kategorii gramatycznej opowiedzieć indywidualną historię (jednocześnie naznaczoną przez tożsamość potomków), osadzoną w żydowskiej historii kultury jako części szerszej historii wojny (wojen) i trajektorii migracyjnych w XX wieku.
Encounters with Antisemitism
Authors: Kamusella Tomasz
Published: January 2021

Encounters with AntisemitismThe Holocaust destroyed Jewish communities across Europe and in Poland. Subsequently, in the Soviet bloc, most Jewish survivors were expelled from or coerced into leaving their countries, while the memory of the millennium-long presence of Jews in Poland was thoroughly suppressed. Through the lens of a scholar’s personal biography, this article reflects on how snippets of the Jewish past tend to linger on in the form of absent presences, despite the national and systemic norm of erasing any remembrance of Poles of the Jewish religion. This norm used to be the dominant type of antisemitism in communist Poland after 1968, and has largely continued unabated after the fall of communism. Spotkania z antysemityzmemZagłada zniszczyła społeczności żydowskie w Europie i w Polsce. Następnie w bloku sowieckim większość Żydów, która przeżyła, wygnano lub zmuszono do wyjazdu, a pamięć o tysiącletniej obecności Żydów w Polsce została całkowicie stłumiona. Artykuł ten, z perspektywy osobistej biografii badacza, stanowi zadumę nad tym, jak fragmenty żydowskiej przeszłości mają tendencję do trwania w formie nieobecnej obecności, pomimo systemowo-narodowej normy wymazywania jakiejkolwiek pamięci o Polakach religii żydowskiej. Norma ta była dominującym rodzajem antysemityzmu w komunistycznej Polsce po roku 1968. Po upadku komunizmu raczej nic się nie zmieniło w tym względzie.
Rola religii w życiu duchowym i politycznym Tomáša Garrigue’a Masaryka
Authors: Kubok Beata
Published: January 2021

The Role of Religion in the Spiritual and Political Life of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk This article discusses the political and religious views of the Czech philosopher and first president of Czechoslovakia, Tomáš G. Masaryk (1850–1937). First, the author describes the model of religiousness created by Masaryk and themes in his biography that fit into this model. Then, the article discusses the main thesis presented by T. G. Masaryk in an essay entitled The Main Principles of Humanitarian Ethics, which was a result of Masaryk’s own concept of “religion of humanitarianism”. It is based on such elements as the universal dimension of the Hussite and Czech Brethren (Protestant) reformation, on which the foundations of the Czech national identity were built; the abandonment of institutional religion (primarily Catholic) in favor of individual piety; and the rejection of the Christological dogma and replacing it with a highly individualized and historical Jesus. Rola religii w życiu duchowym i politycznym Tomáša Garrigue’a MasarykaArtykuł dotyczy projektu polityczno-religijnego czeskiego filozofa i pierwszego prezydenta Czechosłowacji – Tomáša G. Masaryka (1850–1937). W pierwszej kolejności zostały przybliżone model religijności stworzony przez Masaryka oraz wątki biograficzne, wpisujące się w ów model. Następnie zostały przeanalizowane kwestie poruszane w eseju pt. Główne zasady etyki humanitarnej a wynikające z oryginalnej Masarykowskiej koncepcji „religii humanitaryzmu”, takie jak: uniwersalny wymiar reformacji husyckiej i czeskobraterskiej (protestanckiej), stanowiącej podwaliny czeskiej tożsamości narodowej, rezygnacja z religii instytucjonalnej (przede wszystkim katolickiej) na rzecz indywidualnej pobożności oraz odrzucenie chrystologicznego dogmatu na rzecz Jezusa mocno zindywidualizowanego i historycznego.
Role intelektuálů v procesu „ateizace“ české společnosti v druhé polovině 20.století a její transformace
Authors: Václavík David
Published: January 2021

The (Transforming) Role of Intellectuals in the Process of the “Atheization” of Czech Society in the 2nd Half of 20th CenturyThe article deals with resonance, development, and changes in various forms of atheism in the works of Czech, especially Marxist, intellectuals in the second half of the 20th century. Attention is also paid to their influence on public opinion, especially in connection with a rise in negative attitude of a large part of the Czech public towards religion. The study is based primarily on historical and discursive analyses of the works of principal authors from the 1950s to 1989. Among the authors discussed are important figures such as Ivan Sviták, Milan Machovec, and Vítězslav Gardavský. Rola intelektualistów w procesie „ateizacji” społeczeństwa czeskiego w drugiej połowie XX wieku i jej transformacjaArtykuł dotyczy oddziaływania, rozwoju i zmian różnych form ateizmu w twórczości czeskich, zwłaszcza marksistowskich, intelektualistów w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Omawia również ich wpływ na opinię publiczną, przede wszystkim w obliczu narastania negatywnego stosunku do religii u dużej części czeskiego społeczeństwa. Opracowanie opiera się szczególnie na historycznych i dyskursywnych analizach dzieł głównych autorów od lat 50. XX wieku do roku 1989, a zwłaszcza tak ważnych postaci, jak Ivan Sviták, Milan Machovec czy Vítězslav Gardavský.
Świat duchowy Josefa Váchala w pryzmacie roku 1920
Authors: Sosnowska Danuta
Published: January 2021

Josef Váchal’s Spiritual World Through the Prism of the Year 1920The article presents the spiritual search of one of the most original Czech artists of the 20th century. The first part of the text presents a general outline of the author’s views on the matters of God, Satan, Catholicism, the Church, Nature, Occultism, and Mysticism. The radical changes in Váchal’s worldview and the aporias of his concepts are emphasized. An important thread in this part of the text is to show the spiritual connections between Váchal’s beliefs and fears on the one hand and criticism of contemporary civilization on the other. In the second part of the article, the author’s attention was focused on one year of the artist’s life. The art and literary works produced in 1920 were created with unusual intensity and in great moral tension resulting from the fact that he had started an extramarital relationship, but this did not diminish their quality. Apart from introducing the reader to these extraordinary works, the second part of the article examines in detail Váchal’s attitude as a critic of ‘modern’ man: thoughtless and destructive towards nature, cruel towards animals. It also presents the artist’s countercultural project related to the idea of the Book as a literary labyrinth that should be traversed slowly with humility and effort, in spite of the endless rush of modern culture. Świat duchowy Josefa Váchala w pryzmacie roku 1920Artykuł prezentuje duchowe poszukiwania jednego z najbardziej oryginalnych czeskich artystów XX wieku. Materiałem interpretacyjnym są zarówno teksty literackie autora, jak i jego prace plastyczne. W pierwszej części tekstu przedstawiono ogólny zarys poglądów autora na sprawy Boga, Szatana, katolicyzmu, Kościoła, natury, okultyzmu, mistyki. Podkreślono radykalne zwroty światopoglądu Váchala, a także aporie i niekonsekwencje jego przekonań. Ważnym wątkiem w tej części tekstu jest ukazanie związków spirytualnych wierzeń i lęków Váchala z krytyką współczesnej cywilizacji. W drugiej części artykułu uwaga autora skupiła się na jednym roku z życia artysty. Powstałe w 1920 dzieła plastyczne i literackie tworzone były z niezwykłą intensywnością i w ogromnym napięciu moralnym wynikłym z nawiązania pozamałżeńskiego związku z kochanką. Nie obniżyło to ich literackiej i malarskiej jakości. Poza przybliżeniem czytelnikowi tych niezwykłych dzieł druga część artykułu poddaje szczegółowej analizie postawę Váchala jako krytyka „nowoczesnego” człowieka: bezmyślnego i destrukcyjnego wobec natury, okrutnego wobec zwierząt. Prezentuje też kontrkulturowy projekt artysty związany z ideą Księgi jako czytelniczego labiryntu, przemierzanego powoli, z pokorą i wysiłkiem, na przekór cywilizacji rządzonej przez bożka pośpiechu.
Correlation Between Intestinal Microflora and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Elderly Patients with Sepsis
Authors: Yang Hailing , Zhang Xiaolin , Chen Weijun , Shang Libo , Chen Bin , Pang Yongcheng , Zhang Guilan , Wan Qing , Zhang Chang , Zhou Jian , Lv Ruiping , Shi Xingqian , Li Mingyan
Published: January 2021

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a key factor that leads to death in elderly patients with sepsis. Therefore, early prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction (GIDF) in elderly patients with sepsis is an important measure to prevent MODS occurrence. This research
explores the correlation between intestinal microflora and GIDF in elderly patients with sepsis and provides ideas for the prevention and treatment of GIDF in elderly patients with sepsis. In this study, 152 patients with sepsis (122 patients with sepsis and GIDF) treated in the Third Affiliated
Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine from January to September 2019 were selected as the sepsis group and 100 elderly who had normal physical examination results were selected as the control group. The common intestinal microflora of the two groups was compared. Patients with
sepsis and GIDF were treated as the GIDF group and the other patients with sepsis were treated as the non-GIDF group. The common intestinal microflora, gastrointestinal indicators, serum inflammatory factors, and immune function indices were compared between the two groups. Correlation analysis
of the observed indices with statistical significance was carried out. The results showed 152 patients with sepsis and 122 patients with sepsis and GIDF; thus, the incidence of sepsis with GIDF was 80.26%. The total average score of sepsis with GIDF was 3.61±0.09. There was no statistically
significant difference in GIDF scores of patients ages 65–75 and > 75 years old. The number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in elderly patients with sepsis was lower and the number of Escherichia coli was higher than in the control group. In elderly patients
with sepsis, the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the GIDF group was lower and the number of E. coli was higher than in the non-GIDF group. White blood cell (WBC) count, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
gastrin (GAS), and diamine oxidase (DAO) in GIDF patients were higher and motilin (MOT), CIT (CIT), CD4+, and CD8+ were lower than in the non-GIDF group. WBC count, PCT, CRP, TNF-α, GAS, and DAO were negatively correlated with the number of Bifidobacterium
and Lactobacillus but positively correlated with E. coli. MOT, CIT, CD4+, and CD8+ were positively correlated with the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus but negatively correlated with E. coli. There was a negative correlation
between Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and GIDF score and a positive correlation between E. coli and GIDF score. Therefore, the change in the intestinal microflora in elderly patients with sepsis is related to GIDF.
Intercomparison of MJO Column Moist Static Energy and Water Vapor Budget among Six Modern Reanalysis Products
Authors: Ren Pengfei , Kim Daehyun , Ahn Min-Seop , Kang Daehyun , Ren Hong-Li
Published: January 2021

This study conducts an intercomparison of the column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) and water vapor budget of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) among six modern global reanalysis products (RAs). Inter-RA differences in the mean MSE, MJO MSE anomalies, individual MSE budget terms, and their relative contributions to the propagation and maintenance of MJO MSE anomalies are examined. Also investigated is the relationship between the MJO column water vapor (CWV) budget residuals with the other CWV budget terms as well as with the two parameters that characterize cloud–radiation feedback and moisture–convection coupling. Results show a noticeable inter-RA spread in the mean-state MSE, especially its vertical structure. In all RAs, horizontal MSE advection dominates the propagation of the MJO MSE while column-integrated longwave radiative heating and vertical MSE advection are found to be the key processes for MJO maintenance. The MSE budget terms directly affected by the model parameterization schemes exhibit high uncertainty. The differences in anomalous vertical velocity mainly contribute to the large differences in vertical MSE advection among the RAs. The budget residuals show large inter-RA differences and have nonnegligible contributions to MJO maintenance and propagation in most RAs. RAs that underestimate (overestimate) the strength of cloud–radiation feedback and the convective moisture adjustment time scale tend to have positive (negative) MJO CWV budget residual, indicating the critical role of these processes in the maintenance of MJO CWV anomalies. Our results emphasize that a correct representation of the interactions among moisture, convection, cloud, and radiation is the key for an accurate depiction of the MJO MSE and CWV budget in RAs.
Large Summer Rainfall Events and Their Importance in Mitigating Droughts over the South Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: De Kock W. M. , Blamey R. C. , Reason C. J. C.
Published: January 2021

Although the south Western Cape receives most of its rainfall between May and September, there are substantial rainfall events in some summers. These events are of interest in themselves as well as for their possible role in mitigating the frequent winter droughts that the region suffers from. Most recently, greater Cape Town suffered a devastating drought during 2015–18 known as the Day Zero drought due to the high risk of urban areas running out of piped water supply. Estimated data from the city show that major dam levels in the south Western Cape increased more than 1% in some cases after large rainfall events (LREs) in the summer of 2018/19. This increase is significant as dam levels often decrease by several percent per month during the hot summer. In this study, LREs over the south Western Cape during the summer (October–March) are investigated together with dam level data. Most summer LREs result from atmospheric rivers (ARs) or cutoff lows (COLs). ARs have not been previously studied in the South African region except for one study for winter that showed they are responsible for almost all the heavy rainfall events in the Western Cape. Although COLs are most common in the transition months, they can also occur in midwinter and summer. COLs tend to last longer and cover larger areas than ARs, which typically yield relatively short bursts of intense rainfall mostly concentrated around greater Cape Town. After each summer LRE, average dam levels increase by up to 5%, suggesting they are very important for drought recovery. In particular, summer LREs following the anomalously dry winters of 1980, 1984, 2003, 2004, and 2015–18 played an important role in mitigating those droughts.
Surface Flux Equilibrium Estimates of Evapotranspiration at Large Spatial Scales
Authors: Chen Shiliu , McColl Kaighin A. , Berg Alexis , Huang Yuefei
Published: January 2021

A recent theory proposes that inland continental regions are in a state of surface flux equilibrium (SFE), in which tight coupling between the land and atmosphere allow estimation of the Bowen ratio at daily to monthly time scales solely from atmospheric measurements, without calibration, even when the land surface strongly constrains the surface energy budget. However, since the theory has only been evaluated at quasi-point spatial scales using eddy covariance measurements with limited global coverage, it is unclear if it is applicable to the larger spatial scales relevant to studies of global climate. In this study, SFE estimates of the Bowen ratio are combined with satellite observations of surface net radiation to obtain large-scale estimates of latent heat flux λE. When evaluated against multiyear mean annual λE obtained from catchment water balance estimates from 221 catchments across the United States, the resulting error statistics are comparable to those in the catchment water balance estimates themselves. The theory is then used to diagnostically estimate λE using historical simulations from 26 CMIP6 models. The resulting SFE estimates are typically at least as accurate as the CMIP6 model’s simulated λE, when compared with catchment water balance estimates. Globally, there is broad spatial and temporal agreement between CMIP6 model SFE estimates and the CMIP6 model’s simulated λE, although SFE likely overestimates λE in some arid regions. We conclude that SFE applies reasonably at large spatial scales relevant to climate studies, and is broadly reproduced in climate models.
Otolaryngology Resident Wellness, Training, and Education in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Chou David W. , Staltari Giuseppe , Mullen Michael , Chang Jolie , Durr Megan
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To determine changes in the residency experience early in the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate wellness measures among otolaryngology residents.

Methods:

A web-based survey was administered to U.S. otolaryngology residents. Responses to the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale were recorded along with data on burnout, demographics, wellness, sleep, training, and education.

Results:

119 U.S. otolaryngology residents representing 27 of 42 states with otolaryngology residency programs responded to the survey. 24.4% (95% CI 17.0-31.8%) self-reported some level of burnout, while 10.9% met SMBM criteria for “clinically relevant” burnout. 51.3% experienced more stress, and 58.8% reported more anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to males, females had a higher prevalence of burnout (38.9% vs 12.3%, P = .001) and anxiety (75.9% vs 43.8%, P < .001). PGY-2s had a greater mean SMBM index (3.64) and higher rates of self-reported burnout (54.2%) than their counterparts at other levels of training. Residents reported less time spent in the hospital, lower surgical volume, and less procedural independence. Educational didactics, primarily via videoconference, were more frequent for 63.9% of respondents.

Conclusion:

While burnout among otolaryngology residents was low early in the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to separation from the workplace environment, trainees had higher levels of anxiety and stress. The surgical experience was negatively impacted by the pandemic, but remote didactics and educational opportunities increased. These findings may inform otolaryngology residency programs on the need to promote resident wellness and aid in devising strategies to improve the educational experience during this unique global health crisis as well as in the long term.
Gender as a Predictor of Complications in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Sharma Rahul K. , Dodhia Sonam , Golub Justin S. , Overdevest Jonathan B. , Gudis David A.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Understanding patient-specific risk factors for complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is critical. Previous work has investigated such risk factors, but a population-based analysis has not been performed to date.

Objectives:

This study analyzes the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to identify patient-specific risk factors associated with complications following ESS.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent ESS was conducted using the NSQIP database from 2011 to 2017. Patients were identified using CPT-codes for ESS procedures. The primary outcome analyzed was any postoperative complication. Simultaneous procedures with ESS were controlled for with regression analysis. Post-operative complications and 30-day readmission were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, gender, race, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, renal failure, steroid use, and cancer history), smoking history, and intraoperative factors.

Results:

A total of 1279 patients who underwent ESS were identified. The average age of patients was 46.1 (SD = 16.8). Most patients (58.2%) had no major comorbidities. 594 (46.4%) patients had a tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or uvulopharyngoplasty at the same time as ESS. 101 (7.9%) patients experienced a complication post-operatively. 46 (3.6%) patients experienced a readmission postoperatively. The most common complication was reoperation (N = 40, 3.1%). Regression analysis revealed that gender was the only demographic factor associated with risk of post-operative complications, with women having a significantly lower risk than men (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.37-0.99, P = .046).

Conclusions:

ESS is typically performed on a relatively young and healthy population. Women have a significantly lower risk of complications after controlling for comorbidities. Further analysis of gender-specific differences in surgical outcomes should be evaluated to understand this phenomenon.
Fostemsavir
Authors: Craft Brittany M. , Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2021

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433.
Static ultrasonic welding of carbon fibre unidirectional thermoplastic materials and the influence of heat generation and heat transfer
Authors: Köhler F , Villegas IF , Dransfeld C , Herrmann A
Published: January 2021

Ultrasonic welding is a promising technology to join fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. While current studies are mostly limited to fabric materials the applicability to unidirectional materials, as found in aerospace structures, would offer opportunities for joining primary aircraft structures. However, due to the highly anisotropic flow of a molten unidirectional ply undesired squeeze flow phenomena can occur at the edges of the weld overlap. This paper investigates how the fibre orientation in the plies adjacent to the weld line influences the welding process and the appearance of edge defects. Ultrasonic welding experiments with different layups and energy director configurations were carried out while monitoring temperatures at different locations inside and outside the weld overlap. The joints were characterized by single lap shear tests, analysis of corresponding fracture surfaces and microscopic cross-sections. Results showed that the anisotropic flow and the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the plies adjacent to the weld line have a distinct effect on the appearance and location of edge defects. By using energy directors that cover only part of the weld overlap area a new approach was developed to mitigate edge defects caused by the highly directional properties of the unidirectional plies.
Cell Type–Specific Decomposition of Gingival Tissue Transcriptomes
Authors: Momen-Heravi F. , Friedman R.A. , Albeshri S. , Sawle A. , Kebschull M. , Kuhn A. , Papapanou P.N.
Published: January 2021

Genome-wide transcriptomic analyses in whole tissues reflect the aggregate gene expression in heterogeneous cell populations comprising resident and migratory cells, and they are unable to identify cell type–specific information. We used a computational method (population-specific expression analysis [PSEA]) to decompose gene expression in gingival tissues into cell type–specific signatures for 8 cell types (epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, plasma cells, T cells, and B cells). We used a gene expression data set generated using microarrays from 120 persons (310 tissue samples; 241 periodontitis affected and 69 healthy). Decomposition of the whole-tissue transcriptomes identified differentially expressed genes in each of the cell types, which mapped to biologically relevant pathways, including dysregulation of Th17 cell differentiation, AGE-RAGE signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells. We validated selected PSEA-predicted, differentially expressed genes in purified gingival epithelial cells and B cells from an unrelated cohort ( n = 15 persons), each of whom contributed with 1 periodontitis-affected and 1 healthy gingival tissue sample. Differential expression of these genes by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction corroborated the PSEA predictions and pointed to dysregulation of biologically important pathways in periodontitis. Collectively, our results demonstrate the robustness of the PSEA in the decomposition of gingival tissue transcriptomes and its ability to identify differentially regulated transcripts in particular cellular constituents. These genes may serve as candidates for further investigation with respect to their roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Stress-Related Growth Associated With Acculturation and Mental Health Among International Students
Authors: Kim Junhyoung , Park Se-Hyuk , Kim May
Published: January 2021

Little information exists on the application of stress-related growth as a theoretical framework in the lives of international students studying in an Eastern culture. The purpose of this study is to capture positive outcomes associated with acculturation among international students living in South Korea. Using constructivist grounded theory, 18 participants took part in this study. The findings identified four main themes: (a) the experience of cultural growth, (b) the creation of inter–intra group friendships, (c) the experience of personal growth, and (d) improved life satisfaction. It appeared that these benefits indicate that acculturation can produce a context in which people can promote their social and psychological well-being.
The Dynamics of Distortion: How Successive Summarization Alters the Retelling of News
Authors: Melumad Shiri , Meyer Robert , Kim Yoon Duk
Published: January 2021

This work advances and tests a theory of how news information evolves as it is successively retold by consumers. Drawing on data from over 11,000 participants across ten experiments, the authors offer evidence that when news is repeatedly retold, it undergoes a stylistic transformation termed “disagreeable personalization,” wherein original facts are increasingly supplanted by opinions and interpretations with a slant toward negativity. The central thesis is that when retellers believe they are more (vs. less) knowledgeable than their recipient about the information they are relaying, they feel more compelled to provide guidance on its meaning and to do so in a persuasive manner. This enhanced motivation to guide persuasively, in turn, leads retellers to not only select the subset of facts they deem most essential but, critically, to provide their interpretations and opinions on those facts, with negativity being used as a means of grabbing their audience’s attention. Implications of this work for research on retelling and consumer information diffusion are explored.
Climate bones of contention: How climate variability influences territorial, maritime, and river interstate conflicts
Authors: Schmidt Cody J , Lee Bomi K , Mitchell Sara McLaughlin
Published: January 2021

Many scholars examine the relationship between climate variability and intrastate conflict onset. While empirical findings in this literature are mixed, we know less about how climate changes increase the risks for conflicts between countries. This article studies climate variability using the issue approach to world politics. We examine whether climate variability influences the onset and militarization of interstate diplomatic conflicts and whether these effects are similar across issues that involve sovereignty claims for land (territory) or water (maritime, river). We focus on two theoretical mechanisms: scarcity ( abundance) and uncertainty. We measure these concepts empirically through climate deviation (e.g. droughts/floods, heat waves/cold spells) and climate volatility (greater short-term variance in precipitation/temperature). Analyses of issue claims in the Western Hemisphere and Europe (1901–2001) show that greater deviations and volatility in climate conditions increase risks for new diplomatic conflicts and militarization of ongoing issues and that climate change acts as a trigger for revisionist states.
Breaking Barriers: District and School Administrators Engaging Family, and Community as a Key Determinant of Student Success
Authors: Beard Karen Stansberry , Thomson Sara I.
Published: January 2021

This qualitative case study explored administrators’ perceptions of family and community engagement activities that enhanced student well-being and ultimately impacted academic achievement in one urban district. Template analysis of 11 semistructured interviews and observation notes employed the positive psychology well-being theoretical construct, PERMA(H). Illuminated was the administrations’ focused attention to student attendance, engagement, and well-being preceded academic achievement gains. The narratives addressing identified non-academic barriers informed six key findings. The findings are supported by 19 specific administrator activities that could be useful for other urban administrators desiring to address non-academic barriers to improve academic achievement.
Islamic psychology: Emergence and current challenges
Authors: Iqbal Naved , Skinner Rasjid
Published: January 2021

Traditionally, mainstream psychology mostly presented religion in a negative light. However, recent years have witnessed a growing realization that religion has a substantial role to play in improving physical and mental health. Given the importance of religion, the American Psychological Association (APA) has division 36 “Psychology of religion.” But the perspective of mainstream psychology does not acknowledge the spiritual nature of human beings and their connection to God. Islamic psychology is one of the religion-based perspectives which acknowledges it. This perspective has also attracted the attention of Western psychologists. Three different trends have been identified in this area: the Islamic filter approach, the comparison approach, and the Islamic psychology approach. However, despite more than 40 years of work, there is a considerable lack of progress in the development of this paradigm. The present article discussed the emergence and challenges in the development of this new perspective. Moreover, we suggest that the research paradigms of Western social and behavioral sciences are useful for developing Islamic psychology.
Linked in Life and Death: A Note on the Effect of Parental Death on Sibling Relations in Young and Middle Adulthood
Authors: Hank Karsten
Published: January 2021

Despite the important role of adult parent–child and sibling relations in the family system, only few studies have investigated yet, how the common adult experience of parental death impacts sibling relations. Estimating fixed-effects regression models using four waves of data from the German Family Panel (pairfam; n = 4,123 respondents), the present note focused on changes in three dimensions of adult siblings’ relationship qualities following the first parent’s death. Our analysis revealed a short-term positive effect of parental death on sibling contacts as well as longer-lasting increases in emotional closeness and conflicts. Next to an intensification of sibling relations following the first parent’s death, we also detected significant spillover effects from respondents’ relationship with the surviving parent to their sibling relations. Our analysis thus provided evidence for adult parent–child and sibling relations to be “linked in life and death,” underlining the benefits of jointly analyzing intra- and intergenerational family relationships.
Intratracheal migration of two Kirschner wires after surgery for a clavicle fracture
Authors: Harmouchi Hicham , Bouazzaoui Abderahime El , Bensalah Abdellatif , Badr Alami , Lakranbi Marwane , Ouadnouni Yassine , Bouarhroum Abdellatif , Smahi Mohammed
Published: January 2021

Kirschner wire is frequently used in orthopedic surgery, and migration is not exceptional. Intrathoracic migration is well-known, especially after surgery on the shoulder girdle, however, intratracheal migration is extremely rare. We describe a case of intratracheal migration of two Kirschner wires in a 41-year-old man who had them placed two years previously for a right clavicle fracture. He experienced chest pain followed by hemoptysis. Thoracic computed tomography revealed intratracheal migration. Remove of the Kirschner wires was performed by a cervical-sternotomy approach. Prompt removal of migrated Kirschner wires must be carried out urgently to avoid fatal complications.
Who owns and cares about the data? A method for identifying and gathering information for business research investigations
Authors: Cullen Ann , Noonan Patrick S
Published: January 2021

Information overload has always been a challenge for businesspeople as well as professionals from other types of organizations. And today with search algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) such an ever-present part of daily life and media consumption, the challenges in learning how to filter information for oneself for effective processing, interpretation and analysis have only increased. This article presents several frameworks that were created for instructing students to assist with addressing this. They were tested and refined over four years in a core MBA course focused on decision making and project-based work. They include ways to conceptualize the broad areas of information available for business decision making as well as how to identify information by thinking about who is producing it, why they are producing it and who their key customers are. Other frameworks presented deal with ways to identify pertinent information and how to process and work with it as part of a research investigation. These frameworks are presented as tools that can be used by business school instructors, but certainly have a broader application as useful guidelines for anyone hoping to be a better collector and processor of relevant information for decision making and project work.
How knowledge affects incremental innovation in SMEs: Knowledge base and knowledge heterogeneity
Authors: Du Lei
Published: January 2021

While scholars have widely examined the effect of knowledge base (i.e. knowledge breadth (KB) and knowledge depth (KD)) on innovation performance, the relationship between KB/KD and incremental innovations remains not clear. This article examines how existing knowledge base interacts with external and internal knowledge heterogeneity (KH) to affect incremental innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A collection of 230 samples from high-technology SMEs in China demonstrate that the effects of KB and KD are contingent on external and internal KH in opposite ways. The study proposes that a firm with a broad knowledge base is better able to develop incremental innovations matched with internal KH rather than external KH; firms with high depth of knowledge benefit more from external KH than internal KH for fostering its incremental innovations.
Islamophobia in Myanmar: the Rohingya genocide and the ‘war on terror’
Authors: Bakali Naved
Published: January 2021

This article analyses the Rohingya genocide of August 2017. The accusation of genocide has been denied by the state of Myanmar, but what is demonstrated here is how the phenomenon of Islamophobia – anti-Muslim racism – informed, sanctioned and culminated in a genocide whose consequences are ongoing. Islamophobia has generally been understood to relate to the ‘othering’ of Muslims in settler societies and the nations of the global North, as documented by critical race, postcolonial and feminist scholars, with much of the current discourse on it structured around the ‘war on terror’. But increasingly, it has also come to encompass systemic racism and anti-Muslim violence in the global South, with, in Myanmar, the ‘war on terror’ used to sanitise more recent violence against the Rohingya. This article examines both structural Islamophobia, and the Islamophobia of private actors in Myanmar, in particular the powerful Buddhist extremist movement. It demonstrates that the co-dependent relationship between structural and private Islamophobia since military rule in Myanmar, in the absence of a strong and unified resistance, contributed to the genocide. Moreover, the troubling logic used to defend state-sponsored violence and killing in Myanmar bears a number of similarities to Islamophobic trajectories in other spaces of the global South in the context of the ‘war on terror’.
An approach to pluralizing socionatural resilience through assemblages
Authors: Tozzi Arianna
Published: January 2021

Resilience provides a forward-looking framework to understand human–environment relations. Yet, adopted through a system-modelling approach in coupled social-ecological systems, it often reinforces a functionalist vision of the world as an interconnected whole, unable to engage with the multiplicity of people’s practices navigating change. I argue for sustained engagement with resilience and propose a socionatural approach to overcome its system-modelling limitations, thinking through the world’s entities as inherently social and natural. I discuss how socionatural resilience can be pluralized through assemblage ideas and reflect on the implications that an ontological politics of resilience poses for our conceptual framing and methodologies.
Emergency versus elective ureteroscopy for the management of ureteral stones
Authors: Gadzhiev Nariman K , Akopyan Gagik N , Tursunova Farzona I , Afyouni Andrew S , Korolev Dmitry O , Tsarichenko Dmitry G , Rapoport Leonid M , Okhunov Zhamshid , Bhaskar Somani , Malkhasyan Vigen A
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To assess the safety and efficacy of emergency ureteroscopy (URS) compared with elective URS.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent URS for isolated ureteral stones in a single center from October 2001 to February 2014. Our patient cohort was divided into two groups: an emergency URS group (Group A), which consisted of patients who underwent URS within the first 24 h of admission, and an elective or planned URS group (Group B). The URS success rate was defined as being the incidence of successful stone fragmentation and whether there was resolution of renal obstruction.

Results:

A total of 2957 patients’ medical records were available for analysis. Of these, 704 (21%) comprised of emergency cases and the remaining 2253 (79%) were elective cases. Patients in Group A were younger, had a smaller BMIs, and had smaller stone sizes ( p < 0.001). The URS success rate was found to be 97% in Group A and 96% in Group B ( p = 0.35). Intraoperative or postoperative complication rates were not found to vary significantly between the groups (8% vs 7%, respectively, p = 0.50). The incidence of ureteral stenting was nearly twice as high if URS was performed during night hours (85% vs 45%, p < 0.001). However, ureteral stenting was more prevalent in Group B compared to Group A patients (57% vs 25%, p < 0.001), possibly as a result of the number of pre-stented patients (73%).

Conclusions:

Emergency URS is an effective and safe option for patients with renal colic. Younger patients without pre-existing obesity and with stone sizes up to 8 mm located in the distal ureter might be a better match for emergency URS.
The Quality Mental Health Care Network: A roadmap to improving quality mental healthcare in Canada
Authors: Follwell Emily J. , Chunduri Siri , Samuelson-Kiraly Claire , Watters Nicholas , Mitchell Jonathan I.
Published: January 2021

Although there are numerous quality of care frameworks, little attention has been given to the essential concepts that encompass quality mental healthcare. HealthCare CAN and the Mental Health Commission of Canada co-lead the Quality Mental Health Care Network (QMHCN), which has developed a quality mental healthcare framework, building on existing provincial, national, and international frameworks. HealthCare CAN conducted an environmental scan, key informant interviews, and focus groups with individuals with lived experiences to develop the framework. This article outlines the findings from this scan, interviews and focus groups.