bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerações sobre a estabilidade de anticorpos IgY anti-tétano toxóide
Authors: Guimarães Marco César Cunegundes , Amaral Livia Gomes , Borges Franz Viana , Vieira Hugo Paes Leme , Matta Claudia Gomes Fernandes , Matta Marcos Fernando de Resende
Published: January 2019

Tétano é uma doença aguda, ocasionalmente fatal, que afeta o sistema nervoso central. Causada pela toxina da bactéria Clostridium tetani. As atuais técnicas utilizadas no diagnóstico e terapia da doença empregam anticorpos monoclonais produzidos em camundongos. Os anticorpos monoclonais possuem várias vantagens, como a homogeneidade e a especificidade. Em contrapartida, uma característica notável dos anticorpos policlonais, especialmente a imunoglobulina de classe IgY, que é extraída a partir de aves poedeiras, é a quantidade obtida na extração da gema do ovo. Portanto, a produção de anticorpos policlonais IgY contra o toxóide tetânico em galinhas pode tornar-se de grande interesse para a indústria de imunobiológicos. Neste trabalho, anticorpos policlonais IgY foram produzidos contra o toxóide tetânico através da imunização de galinhas. Esses anticorpos foram isolados e testados pelo método de imunoensaio enzimático indireto (ELISA). Os anticorpos isolados foram armazenados em diferentes temperaturas. O efeito da temperatura de armazenamento sobre a estabilidade da IgY foi medido através de ELISA indireto. Os resultados mostraram que os anticorpos IgY foram produzidas com êxito e facilmente isolados. A influência do tempo e da temperatura, medidos, indicam que os anticorpos isolados são muito resistentes a diversas condições de armazenamento sem a utilização de estabilizadores, demonstrando ser uma importante alternativa para a detecção da toxina do tétano com potenciais aplicações no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças infecciosas.
Strongyloides venezuelensis: efeito de antimicrobiano e imunossupressor no curso da infecção em camundongos da linhagem AKR/J
Authors: Martins Wanderlany A , Nicoli Jacques R , Farias Luiz M , Carvalho Maria Auxiliadora Roque de , Cara Denise C , Melo Alan L. de
Published: January 2019

Camundongos da linhagem AKR/J infectados pelo Strongyloides venezuelensis e tratados com Ceftazidima, Dexametasona ou com ambas as drogas foram sacrificados no terceiro, sétimo e décimo segundo dia após infecção. Pulmões e intestino delgado foram processados para histologia. Verificaram-se, nos pulmões dos quatro grupos infectados, infiltrados inflamatórios (neutrófilos e mononucleares) no terceiro dia após a infecção. No sétimo e décimo segundo dia após a infecção, o processo inflamatório se torna reduzido nos animais controle e tratados com antimicrobiano, mas não nos animais imunossuprimidos (com ou sem tratamento com antimicrobiano). A análise da mucosa duodenal confirmou a presença de parasitos em todos os grupos de animais. No 7º dia após a infecção, foram observadas alterações significativas no duodeno dos grupos controle (infectados) e dos infectados e tratados com antimicrobiano, com presença de infiltrado inflamatório, constituído de mononucleares e eosinófilos na mucosa, associada a uma maior quantidade de parasitos, principalmente na região do epitélio e sub-epitélio. Os outros dois grupos (camundongos infectados e imunossuprimidos com ou sem antimicrobiano), não apresentaram processo inflamatório. A mucosa apresentou células caliciformes menos evidentes, sugerindo uma redução de produção de muco. No décimo segundo dia da infecção, os grupos não tratados e tratados apenas com antimicrobiano apresentaram um número reduzido de parasitos e um discreto processo inflamatório no duodeno, enquanto os grupos tratados com imunossupressor (com ou sem antimicrobiano) mostraram presença de um maior número do parasito no duodeno. A permanência da infecção do S. venezuelensis foi mais prolongada nos animais imunossuprimidos em relação aos demais grupos, permanecendo até o 490dia após infecção. Os resultados indicam que a interferência dos tratamentos no equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal favoreceu o parasitismo pelo S. venezuelensis.
Reações adversas a medicamentos em um hospital universitário no Brasil
Authors: Toledo L. A. Kister de , Noblat L. , Noblat A. C.B. , Oliveira M. G. , Santos P. M.
Published: January 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os pacientes e as reações adversas a medicamentos (RAMs ) notificadas ao Centro de

Farmacovigilância de um hospital universitário no Brasil. Sabe-se que a taxa de RAM em pacientes hospitalizados é de 10% a

20% e que a frequência de hospitalização por RAM é de 0,5% a 6,5%. As RAMs contribuem para o aumento do tempo de internação

e dos custos em saúde. Os pacientes expostos às RAMs têm uma taxa de mortalidade aumentada, embora cerca de 60% a 80%

sejam passíveis de prevenir. Um estudo descritivo foi conduzido em um hospital universitário do Nordeste do Brasil, onde todas

as notificações espontâneas foram analisadas durante um período de dois anos. Para o processo de notificação das suspeitas

de RAM, foi utilizada a definição de reação da OMS. Após o recebimento das notificações, as relações de causalidade das

suspeitas de RAM, foram analisadas pelos membros do CFV, com o uso de três algoritmos diferentes, e também classificadas de

acordo com a gravidade e tipo. Setenta e oito suspeitas de RAM foram notificadas espontaneamente. O gênero feminino

representou 55% dos casos. A raça mulata e a negra representaram 70%. O órgão e sistema mais frequentemente afetado foi

a pele, tendo os anti-infecciosos e antiparasitários como principais desencadeadores. Na análise da relação causal, as reações

certas e prováveis representaram cerca de 55%. As RAMs foram moderadas em 41% dos casos, embora mais de 60% fossem

passíveis de prevenir, portanto evitáveis. As RAMs são um grande problema, e medidas devem ser adotadas para minimizá-las.
Avanços e contradições nas políticas de formação de professores no Brasil contemporâneo: o caso do PROINFANTIL
Authors: De Lamare Flavia De Figueiredo
Published: January 2019

Resumo de Dissertação de Mestrado
O ativismo e o olhar queer de uma pantera rosa lusitana
Authors: Colling Leandro
Published: January 2019

Entrevista com Sérgio Vitorino.
A population model for diapausing multivoltine insects under asymmetric cannibalism
Authors: Booton Ross , Yamaguchi Ryo , Iwasa Yoh
Published: January 2019

Pupa‐eating cannibalism occurs naturally in several insect species.Byasa alcinousis a multivoltine species of Red‐bodied Swallowtail butterfly found in East Asia, which diapauses as pupa over the winter and whose larvae cannibalize eggs and pupae. We investigate the effects on population dynamics of increasing the asymmetric cannibalistic attack rate of a general insect species in different environmental conditions. We do this by theoretically formulating a generalized system of univoltine and bivoltine larvae over two generations in the spring and summer months. We predict that a lack of resources over the summer can force the population to become entirely univoltine, unless the second‐generation bivoltine larvae increase their cannibalistic attack rate, and consume the diapausing pupae from the first generation. The model shows that under extreme environmental conditions, the persistence of univoltine larvae is favoured when faced with the threat of extinction. The model also predicts the conditions for the coexistence of both univoltine and bivoltine larvae, and the degree to which they can both coexist, which decreases as the resource in the second generation increases. This work provides the grounding for future theoretical and experimental consideration of the role of cannibalism in determining insect voltinism.
Not For Us: Squatting the Ruins of Our Robot Utopia: An Interview with Paul Inglis, Supervising Art Director of Blade Runner 2049
Authors: Young Liam
Published: January 2019

A lonely world where everyone who can has fled, and those who remain dwell amid the remnants of environments designed for machines rather than people: this is the vision of Earth in three decades’ time that is the backdrop to the 2017 film Blade Runner 2049. Guest‐Editor Liam Young talks to supervising art director Paul Inglis and presents the work of concept artist Victor Martinez to explore how the team conceived this dystopian landscape.
Ambiguous Territory Design for a World Estranged
Authors: Dwyre Cathryn , Perry Chris , Salomon David , Velikov Kathy
Published: January 2019

Why does this issue of AD foreground hardly any examples of actual buildings? This is one of a number of challenges to its content posed by Cathryn Dwyre, Chris Perry, David Salomon and Kathy Velikov, who together curated the exhibition ‘Ambiguous Territory: Architecture, Landscape, and the Postnatural’ that has been touring the eastern US. They look back over the history of the ‘machine aesthetic’ and related paradigms, and question the very notion of the Post‐Anthropocene, before going on to present work from their exhibition that explores the potential for architecture to engage with infrastructure through productive estrangement.
Highly Stable Ni‐Based Flexible Transparent Conducting Panels Fabricated by Laser Digital Patterning
Authors: Nam Vu Binh , Shin Jaeho , Yoon Yeosang , Giang Trinh Thi , Kwon Jinhyeong , Suh Young D. , Yeo Junyeob , Hong Sukjoon , Ko Seung Hwan , Lee Daeho
Published: January 2019

A novel simple laser digital patterning process to fabricate Ni‐based flexible transparent conducting panels using solution‐processed nonstoichiometric nickel oxide (NiOx) thin films and their applications for flexible transparent devices are reported in this study. A large‐scale synthesis route to produce NiOx nanoparticle (NP) ink is also demonstrated. A low‐power continuous‐wave laser irradiation photothermochemically reduces and sinters selected areas of a NiOx NP thin film to produce Ni electrode patterns. Owing to the innovative NiOx NP ink and substantially lowered applied laser power density, Ni conductors can be fabricated, for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge, even on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate, which is known to have one of the lowest glass‐transition temperatures among polymers. The resultant Ni electrodes exhibit a high‐temperature oxidation resistance up to approximately 400 °C, and high corrosion resistance in tap water and even in seawater. Moreover, a superior mechanical stability of the Ni conductors is confirmed by tape‐pull, ultrasonic‐bath, bending/twisting, and cyclic bending (up to 10 000 cycles) tests. Finally, flexible transparent touch screen panels and electrical heaters are fabricated with mesh‐type Ni conductors to demonstrate possible applications.
A Modular Vaccine Platform Combining Self‐Assembled Peptide Cages and Immunogenic Peptides
Authors: Morris Caroline , Glennie Sarah J. , Lam Hon S. , Baum Holly E. , Kandage Dhinushi , Williams Neil A. , Morgan David J. , Woolfson Derek N. , Davidson Andrew D.
Published: January 2019

Subunit vaccines use delivery platforms to present minimal antigenic components for immunization. The benefits of such systems include multivalency, self‐adjuvanting properties, and more specific immune responses. Previously, the design, synthesis, and characterization of self‐assembling peptide cages (SAGEs) have been reported. In these, de novo peptides are combined to make hubs that assemble into nanoparticles when mixed in aqueous solution. Here it is shown that SAGEs are nontoxic particles with potential as accessible synthetic peptide scaffolds for the delivery of immunogenic components. To this end, SAGEs functionalized with the model antigenic peptides tetanus toxoid632‐651 and ovalbumin323‐339 drive antigen‐specific responses both in vitro and in vivo, eliciting both CD4+ T cell and B cell responses. Additionally, SAGEs functionalized with the antigenic peptide hemagglutinin518‐526 from the influenza virus are also able to drive a CD8+ T cell response in vivo. This work demonstrates the potential of SAGEs to act as a modular scaffold for antigen delivery, capable of inducing and boosting specific and tailored immune responses.
Super Moisture‐Absorbent Gels for All‐Weather Atmospheric Water Harvesting
Authors: Zhao Fei , Zhou Xingyi , Liu Yi , Shi Ye , Dai Yafei , Yu Guihua
Published: January 2019

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH)—producing fresh water via collecting moisture from air—enables sustainable water delivery without geographical and hydrologic limitations. However, the fundamental design principle to prepare materials that can convert the water vapor in the air to collectible liquid water is still mostly unknown. Here, a super moisture‐absorbent gel, which is composed of hygroscopic polypyrrole chloride penetrating in hydrophilicity‐switchable polymeric network of poly N‐isopropylacrylamide, is shown. Based on such design, a high‐efficiency water production by AWH has been achieved in a broad range of relative humidity. The synergistic effect enabled by the molecular level integration of hygroscopic and hydrophilicity‐switchable polymers in a network architecture presents controllable interaction between the gel and water molecules, simultaneously realizing efficient vapor capturing, in situ water liquefaction, high‐density water storage and fast water releasing under different weather conditions. Being an effective method to regulate migration of water molecules, such design represents a novel strategy to improve the AWH, and it is also fundamental to other water management systems for environmental cooling, surficial moisturizing and beyond.
Microfluidics Integrated Lithography‐Free Nanophotonic Biosensor for the Detection of Small Molecules
Authors: Sreekanth Kandammathe Valiyaveedu , Sreejith Sivaramapanicker , Alapan Yunus , Sitti Metin , Lim Chwee Teck , Singh Ranjan
Published: January 2019

Currently, labeling techniques are mostly used to study the binding kinetics of small molecules and their detection (molecular weights <500 Daltons) at low analyte concentrations. However, the fluorescent tags used in this method for conjugation may modify or prevent the functionality of the targeted molecules. Although label‐free techniques provide more accurate quantitative and kinetic measurements by monitoring the binding of analytes in their usual forms, the monitoring of small molecule binding at lower concentrations is still impossible using conventional refractometric sensing devices. Here, a label‐free and cost‐effective technique is demonstrated for the detection of ultralow molecular weight biomolecules such as biotin (244 Daltons) at very low concentrations. This extreme sensitivity is realized by utilizing the phase singularity feature of lithography‐free nanophotonic cavities. The proposed four‐layered metal‐dielectric‐dielectric‐metal asymmetric Fabry–Perot cavity exhibits point‐of‐darkness and phase singularity at the Brewster angle. Since the singular phase behavior depends on the topology of the cavity surface, it is very challenging to realize singular phase in reflection mode for a microfluidics integrated nanophotonic cavity. To overcome this issue, a specially designed polymethylmethacrylate microfluidic channel is integrated with the cavity.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Direct Trifluoromethylation and Perfluoroalkylation of Imidazopyridines under Mild Conditions
Authors: Han Shuaijun , Gao Xianying , Wu Qingsong , Li Jingya , Zou Dapeng , Wu Yangjie , Wu Yusheng
Published: January 2019

The first transition‐metal‐free method for direct C−H trifluoromethylation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine derivatives with readily available Ruppert‐Prakash reagent TMSCF3 under mild conditions was described. Moreover, this method could be applied to direct C−H perfluoroalkylation of imidazopyridines, affording a series of novel perfluoroalkylated products in moderate to good yields. Notable advantages of this protocol include easy operation, high‐efficiency and wide substrate scope.

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Recent Progress in Inkjet‐Printed Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Chung Seungjun , Cho Kyungjune , Lee Takhee
Published: January 2019

Drop‐on‐demand inkjet printing is one of the most attractive techniques from a manufacturing perspective due to the possibility of fabrication from a digital layout at ambient conditions, thus leading to great opportunities for the realization of low‐cost and flexible thin‐film devices. Over the past decades, a variety of inkjet‐printed applications including thin‐film transistors (TFTs), radio‐frequency identification devices, sensors, and displays have been explored. In particular, many research groups have made great efforts to realize high‐performance TFTs, for application as potential driving components of ubiquitous wearable electronics. Although there are still challenges to enable the commercialization of printed TFTs beyond laboratory‐scale applications, the field of printed TFTs still attracts significant attention, with remarkable developments in soluble materials and printing methodology. Here, recent progress in printing‐based TFTs is presented from materials to applications. Significant efforts to improve the electrical performance and device‐yield of printed TFTs to match those of counterparts fabricated using conventional deposition or photolithography methods are highlighted. Moreover, emerging low‐dimension printable semiconductors, including carbon nanotubes and transition metal dichalcogenides as well as mature semiconductors, and new‐concept printed switching devices, are also discussed.
Conjugated Polymer Blends for Organic Thermoelectrics
Authors: Zuo Guangzheng , Abdalla Hassan , Kemerink Martijn
Published: January 2019

A major attraction of organic conjugated semiconductors is that materials with new, emergent functionality can be designed and made by simple blending, as is extensively used in, e.g., bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Herein doped blends based on organic semiconductors (OSCs) for thermoelectric applications are critically reviewed. Several experimental strategies to improve thermoelectric performance, measured in terms of power factor (PF) or figure‐of‐merit ZT, have been demonstrated in recent literature. Specifically, density‐of‐states design in blends of two OSCs can be used to obtain electronic Seebeck coefficients up to ≈2000 µV K−1. Alternatively, blending with (high‐dielectric constant) insulating polymers can improve doping efficiency and thereby conductivity, as well as induce more favorable morphologies that improve conductivity while hardly affecting thermopower. In the PEDOT:polystyrene‐sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) blend system, processing schemes to either improve conductivity via morphology or via (partial) removal of the electronically isolating PSS, or both, have been demonstrated. Although a range of experiments have at least quasi‐quantitatively been explained by analytical or numerical models, a comprehensive model for organic thermoelectrics is lacking so far.
Erweiterung ungesättigter Siliciumcluster mit atomarer Genauigkeit
Authors: Leszczyńska Kinga I. , Huch Volker , Präsang Carsten , Schwabedissen Jan , Berger Raphael J. F. , Scheschkewitz David
Published: January 2019

Kleine bis mittelgroße Cluster treten in verschiedenen Bereichen der Chemie auf, z. B. als aktive Spezies der heterogenen Katalyse oder als kurzlebige Zwischenprodukte bei der chemischen Gasphasenabscheidung. Die Manipulation stabiler Repräsentanten beschränkt sich meist auf die stabilisierende Ligandenperipherie und schließt die systematische Variation des eigenschaftsbestimmenden Clustergerüsts praktisch aus. Wir berichten nun über die gezielte Erweiterung eines stabilen ungesättigten Siliciumclusters von sechs auf sieben und schließlich acht Gerüstatome. Die aufeinanderfolgende Anwendung von Lithium/Naphthalin als Reduktionsmittel und Decamethylsilicocen als elektrophile Siliciumquelle führt zur Erweiterung des Kerns um genau ein Atom mit dem Potenzial zur unendlichen Wiederholung.
γ‐Azaproline Confers pH Responsiveness and Functionalizability on Collagen Triple Helices
Authors: Aronoff Matthew R. , Egli Jasmine , Menichelli Massimiliano , Wennemers Helma
Published: January 2019

Proline derivatives bearing substituents at Cγ are valuable tools for biological and materials investigations. However, the stereochemistry at Cγ can produce undesired steric or stereoelectronic interactions. Here, we introduce γ‐azaproline (γ‐azPro), which lacks a stereogenic center at Cγ, as a pH‐responsive and functionalizable proline analogue that can adapt to its environment. Conformational analyses by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed that the imidazolidine ring of γ‐azPro is flexible. Incorporation of γ‐azPro into collagen model peptides (CMPs) produced pH‐responsive triples helices and triple helices that can be easily functionalized.
Organophosphorus‐Catalyzed Deoxygenation of Sulfonyl Chlorides: Electrophilic (Fluoroalkyl)sulfenylation by PIII/PV=O Redox Cycling
Authors: Ghosh Avipsa , Lecomte Morgan , Kim‐Lee Shin‐Ho , Radosevich Alexander T.
Published: January 2019

A method for electrophilic sulfenylation by organophosphorus‐catalyzed deoxygenative O‐atom transfer from sulfonyl chlorides is reported. This C−S bond‐forming reaction is catalyzed by a readily available small‐ring phosphine (phosphetane) in conjunction with a hydrosilane terminal reductant to afford a general entry to sulfenyl electrophiles, including valuable trifluoromethyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroaryl derivatives that are otherwise difficult to access. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the twofold deoxygenation of the sulfonyl substrate proceeds by the intervention of an off‐cycle resting state thiophosphonium ion. The catalytic method represents an operationally simple protocol using a stable phosphine oxide as a precatalyst and exhibits broad functional‐group tolerance.
Atomically Precise Expansion of Unsaturated Silicon Clusters
Authors: Leszczyńska Kinga I. , Huch Volker , Präsang Carsten , Schwabedissen Jan , Berger Raphael J. F. , Scheschkewitz David
Published: January 2019

Small‐ to medium‐sized clusters occur in various areas of chemistry, for example, as active species of heterogeneous catalysis or as transient intermediates during chemical vapor deposition. The manipulation of stable representatives is mostly limited to the stabilizing ligand periphery, virtually excluding the systematic variation of the property‐determining cluster scaffold. We now report the deliberate expansion of a stable unsaturated silicon cluster from six to seven and finally eight vertices. The consecutive application of lithium/naphthalene as the reducing agent and decamethylsilicocene as the electrophilic source of silicon results in the expansion of the core by precisely one atom with the potential of infinite repetition.
Nanocontainers for Analytical Applications
Authors: Hofmann Carola , Duerkop Axel , Baeumner Antje J.
Published: January 2019

Nanocontainers such as mesoporous silica particles and polymersomes are versatile structures containing holes or pores which are used for the entrapment of small molecules and the introduction of specific functionalities. They are widely applied in drug delivery, biomedicine, bioreactors, and analytical applications. In the last case, nanocontainers usually serve as amplification systems. They are hence synthesized to entrap signaling molecules and to bear functional moieties at the outer surface, which in turn enable specific analyte recognition and control of the nanocontainer pore permeability. This Review outlines the most important nanocontainer materials and discusses their synthesis, surface chemistry modifications, and strategies for molecule entrapment. Their advantages, challenges, and limitations are critically discussed in view of other common signal amplification strategies for different assay formats and various detection methods.
Two‐State Folding of the Outer Membrane Protein X into a Lipid Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Rath Parthasarathi , Sharpe Timothy , Kohl Bastian , Hiller Sebastian
Published: January 2019

Folding and insertion of β‐barrel membrane proteins into native membranes is efficiently catalyzed by β‐barrel assembly machineries. Understanding this catalysis requires a detailed description of the corresponding uncatalyzed folding mechanisms, which however have so far remained largely unclear. Herein, the folding and membrane insertion of the E. coli outer membrane protein X (OmpX) into 1,2‐didecanoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (PC10:0) membranes is resolved at the atomic level. By combining four different experimental techniques, global folding kinetics were correlated with global and local hydrogen bond‐formation kinetics. Under a well‐defined reaction condition, these processes follow single‐exponential velocity laws, with rate constants identical within experimental error. The data thus establish, at atomic resolution, that OmpX folds and inserts into the lipid bilayer of PC10:0 liposomes by a two‐state mechanism.
Organoruthenium (II) complexes featuring pyrazole‐linked Schiff base ligands: Crystal structure, DNA/BSA interactions, cytotoxicity and molecular docking
Authors: K.S. Neethu , Eswaran Jayanthi , M. Theetharappan , Nattamai S.P Bhuvanesh , M.A. Neelakantan , Velusamy Kaveri M.
Published: January 2019

Half‐sandwiched ruthenium (II) arene complexes with piano stool‐like geometry with the general formula [(p‐cymene)RuClL1] and [(p‐cymene)RuClL2] [where L1 = (Z)‐N′‐((1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methylene)furan‐2‐carbohydrazide and L2 = (Z)‐N′‐((1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methylene)thiophene‐2‐carbohydrazide] were synthesized and characterized. The single crystal X‐ray data revealed that the complexes belong to the same crystal system (monoclinic) with octahedral geometry, where the ruthenium atom is surrounded by hydrazone ligand coordinated through ON atoms, one chloride labile co‐ligand and the remaining three coordination sites covered by an electron cloud of p‐cymene moiety. The interaction between the complexes and DNA/bovine serum albumin (BSA) was evaluated using absorption and emission titration methods showing intercalative modes of interaction. The DNA cleavage ability of the complexes was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis method exhibiting the destruction of DNA duplex arrangement. To understand the interaction between ruthenium complex and DNA/BSA molecule, molecular docking studies were performed. In vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes was examined by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human lung cancer cell line, A549, and found that at lower IC50, cell growth inhibition has occurred. Similarly, the IC50 values of the complexes treated with cancerous cell lines have produced a significant amount of lactase dehydrogenase and nitrite content in the culture medium, which were evaluated as apoptosis‐inducing factors, suggesting that the ruthenium (II) arene hydrazone complexes with pyrazole ligands have promising anticancer activities.
Investigation of the curing mechanism and properties of bismaleimide‐triazine resins containing phenolphthalein and cyano group
Authors: Wang Yuanying , Liu Siyang , Chen Ping , Zhu Xiaoyu , Xia Lianlian
Published: January 2019

A series of bismaleimide‐triazine (BT) resins with and without O, O′‐diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA) were produced by mixing 2, 2‐bis (4‐cyanatophenyl) propane (BADCy) and MCBMI (2,6‐bis(4‐(1‐(4‐(4‐(2,5‐dioxo‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)phenoxy)‐3‐methylphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydroisobenzofuran‐1‐yl)‐2‐methylphenoxy)benzonitrile). The resins show just one glass‐transition temperature (T
g) and enhanced flexural properties as well as superior fracture toughness compared with commercial BDM/BADCy system, in which BDM is (N,N′‐bismaleimido‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane). Introduction of DABPA can decrease the curing temperature of bismaleimide‐triazine (BT) resins but increase its impact strength. When the mole of DABPA reach up to 1.2, the impact strength was increased by 1.34 times in comparison with BDM/ BADCy system. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 136, 47420.
SiO2‐modified nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes with high flux and acid resistance
Authors: Wei Xiuzhen , Xu Xufeng , Wu Jiawei , Li Cuixia , Chen Jinyuan , Lv Bosheng , Zhu Baoku , Xiang Hai
Published: January 2019

Thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) nanofiltration (NF) membranes with superior properties were prepared using hydrophilic SiO2 (HGPN‐SiO2) nanoparticles as the inorganic modifying monomer by an interfacial polymerization (IP) process. The effects of HGPN‐SiO2 on the morphology and surface properties of the prepared NF membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface zeta potential, and static contact angle. The addition of HGPN‐SiO2 can effectively improve the permeate flux of the NF membranes. When the HGPN‐SiO2 concentration in the aqueous phase was 0.08 wt %, the permeate flux of the TFN‐NF membrane was twice that of the pure NF membrane. Furthermore, the acid resistance of the TFN‐NF membrane was clearly improved with the addition of HGPN‐SiO2. Under neutral conditions, the TFN‐NF membrane showed superior flux and salt rejection stability in a long‐running operation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47436.
Preparation, rheology, and film properties of polyacrylate latex using amphiphilic macroreversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer agents as surfactants
Authors: Liu Weiwei , Zhang Shuangkun , Li Qi , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Haiqiao
Published: January 2019

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate (nBA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was successfully performed in the presence of the amphiphilic macro‐RAFT agents poly(acrylic acid‐b‐styrene) (PAA‐PSt) trithiocarbonate. First, the amphiphilic macro‐RAFT agents PAA‐PSt were prepared and their surface activities in aqueous solutions were studied. Subsequently, the effects of pH values of the latexes and degree of polymerization (DP) of the PAA hydrophilic segments in the amphiphilic macro‐RAFT agents on the latex particle size and molecular weight of the polyacrylate products, as well as the rheological properties of the latexes, surface morphology, and water resistance of the latex films were investigated in detail. It was found that the rheological behaviors of the as‐prepared latexes can be tuned by adjusting solid content, temperature, pH value, and DP of the hydrophilic segments, respectively, due to their effects on particle packing, hydrophobic association, hydration layer, and hydrodynamics volume. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to investigate the surface morphology, and the results demonstrated that the surface phase separation and roughness of the latex films changed with the latex pH values and DP of the hydrophilic segments. Finally, the films with good water resistance were obtained by directly casting the as‐prepared polyacrylate latexes at room temperature. Our study indicated that employing amphiphilic macro‐RAFT agents to prepare polyacrylate latexes with well‐defined chemical compositions and structures is a facile and environmentally friendly strategy, which would have wide potential application in coatings, inks, adhesives and thickening agents, and so on. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47463.
Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties by control of formulations in rigid polyurethane foams from polyols functionalized with graphene oxide
Authors: Santiago‐Calvo Mercedes , Blasco Victoria , Ruiz Carolina , París Rodrigo , Villafañe Fernando , Rodríguez‐Pérez Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2019

This article addresses the optimization of water‐blown rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams obtained from a polyol functionalized with graphene oxide (GO). For this purpose, a series of RPU foams are herein synthesized by varying either the isocyanate index, the contents of catalyst or the contents of surfactant, or a combination of these three components. The modifications introduced in the formulation are based on the effect of GO on the reaction kinetics. These strategies are mainly focused on the increase of both isocyanate conversion and polymerization reaction, which decrease for the foams containing GO. Density, cellular structure, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of the resulting foams are herein investigated. The results show how controlling PU formulation allows to improve both the thermal and the mechanical behavior in these RPU foams containing GO. The highest cell size reduction of 25% and the lowest thermal conductivity are obtained for the sample with a simultaneous increase in isocyanate index, catalyst content, and surfactant content. Moreover, the adequate combination of these components leads to a high improvement of 59% of the relative Young's modulus and of 54% of the relative collapse stress. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47474.
Sponge‐like chitosan‐based nanostructured antibacterial material as a topical hemostat
Authors: Bal‐Ozturk Ayca , Karal‐Yilmaz Oksan , Akguner Zeynep Puren , Aksu Soner , Tas Arzu , Olmez Hulya
Published: January 2019

In this study, chitosan/alginic acid/zinc oxide (CHI/AA/ZnO) nanostructured hydrogel sponges were fabricated by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles (<100 nm) into polymer matrix to develop a new potential biomaterial for hemorrhage control. For this purpose, the crosslinked CHI/AA/ZnO nanostructured sponges were synthesized by freeze‐drying technique. Genipin was used as a crosslinker. The prepared chitosan‐based sponges were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy—energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis. The effects of ZnO content on the physicochemical characteristics of sponge‐like nanostructured hydrogels were evaluated by swelling ratio in two different pH values. Physical immobilization of dexamethasone as a model drug in hydrogel matrix resulted sustained release of drug more than 3 days. Antibacterial activity of hydrogel sponges was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxicity and hemostatic efficacy of crosslinked CHI/AA/ZnO sponge like‐nanostructured hydrogels was evaluated in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that the prepared CHI/AA/ZnO nanostructured sponge had the potential to be an antibacterial topical hemostat. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47522.
Performance of quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based electrolyte membrane in passive alkaline DEFCs application: RSM optimization approach
Authors: Zakaria Z. , Kamarudin S. K.
Published: January 2019

Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) have emerged as potential tools for producing sustainable energy for portable devices due to their high energy density and their safe and nontoxic fuel source. However, the main problem of DEFCs is the sluggish oxidation of ethanol and fuel crossover from the anode side to the cathode side. Nafion membranes are commonly used as the electrolyte membrane in DEFCs, but they have a high production cost and high ethanol permeability. Thus, this work studies the performance of an alternative electrolyte membrane that is based on a quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) (QPVA) polymer in passive alkaline DEFCs. The composition of the QPVA‐based membranes was optimized with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an ion charge carrier and by the inorganic filler graphene oxide (GO). The membrane properties were influenced by KOH and GO. The effect of these two parameters on the performance of the QPVA‐based membranes was investigated for its ion‐exchange capacity and ionic conductivity and selectivity using the response surface methodology to optimize the membrane composition. The QPVA‐based membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscope. The membrane properties were influenced by KOH concentration doping and GO filler loading, which affect the membrane selectivity and, consequently, the overall performance of the passive alkaline DEFCs. Finally, the maximum power density of the passive DEFCs was improved from 5.8 to 11.3 W cm−2 at 30 °C, 13.7 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, and 19.3 mW cm−2 at 90 °C, respectively, in ambient air. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47526.
TGF β‐1 and WNT Signaling Pathways Collaboration Associated with Cochlear Implantation Trauma‐Induced Fibrosis
Authors: Bas Esperanza , Anwar Mir R. , Van De Water Thomas R.
Published: January 2019

The crosstalk between TGF‐β1 and WNT pathways has been proven to regulate aspects of the development and tissue homeostasis processes. Recently, it has been demonstrated this collaboration also takes place during fibrotic diseases, where TGF‐β1 activates the WNT/β‐catenin pathway that results in dedifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, increased production of extracellular matrix components and fibrosis. Independent studies show the functions of these molecules during the development of the inner ears in several different species. However, little is known about the collaboration between TGF‐β1 and WNT in the injured inner ear and particularly how this collaboration affects the fibrotic process that often occurs following cochlear implantation. First, we used a cochlear explant model to study the effect of electrode insertion trauma and TGF‐β1 signaling in activation of the WNT pathway. Finally, adult TopGal mutant mice were used in vivo to track the activation of the WNT/β‐catenin in response to EIT. A chronic inflammatory response, increased cell proliferation and tissue remodeling are hallmarks of fibrotic disease. This study explores and highlights the collaboration between the TGF‐β1 and WNT pathways in the trauma‐initiated fibrotic process within the implanted cochlea. WNT signaling is involved in the development of the inner ear and therefore a potential target in hair cell regeneration therapies. However, in light of our observations from the current study, manipulation of the WNT pathway by gene therapy techniques in the pathological ear seems a very complex process with an increased risk of inducing excessive fibrosis thereby compromising the efficacy of implant function. Anat Rec, 303:608–618, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Brief social attention bias modification for children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Alvares Gail A. , Chen Nigel T. M. , Notebaert Lies , Granich Joanna , Mitchell Ciara , Whitehouse Andrew J. O.
Published: January 2019

Reduced social attention is a hallmark feature in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), emerging as early as the first year of life. This difference represents a possible mechanism impacting upon the development of more complex social‐communicative behaviors. The aim of this study was to develop and test the efficacy of a novel attention bias modification paradigm to alter social attention, specifically orienting to faces. Children with ASD (n = 66), aged between 5 and 12 years, were randomized to play either a social attention training or control game for 15 min. Children playing the training game were reinforced for attending to and engaging with social characters, whereas children in the control group were equally rewarded for attending to both social and non‐social characters. Eye‐tracking measures were obtained before and after gameplay. There was a significant increase in the percentage of first fixations to faces, relative to objects, after social attention training compared to a control group, associated with a medium effect size (partial η = 0.15). The degree of social attention change in the training group was inversely associated with restricted and repetitive behaviors and moderated by comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses, suggestive of differential training effects based on individual symptom profiles. By using the principles of attention bias modification, we demonstrated that social attention can be acutely modified in children with ASD, with an increased tendency to orient attention toward faces after brief social attention training. Modifying attentional biases may therefore represent a potential novel mechanism to alter the development of social communication trajectories. Autism Res 2019, 12: 527–535 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Some children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not look at faces or eyes as much as their non‐ASD peers do. Using a game where players have to pay attention to characters with faces to score points, we found that children playing the game began to look more at faces, even outside of the game. Looking at faces is an important prerequisite to many social interactions, telling us about others' emotions and states of attention—things that become harder to understand when they are not seen. If children with ASD could use games to help train looking at faces in real life, then they may be in a better position to understand and participate in social exchanges.
Cobalt Nanoparticles Confined in Carbon Cages Derived from Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks as Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Chen Xuncai , Yu Zixun , Wei Li , Yuan Ziwen , Sui Xiao , Wang Yanqing , Huang Qianwei , Liao Xiaozhou , Chen Yuan
Published: January 2019

Rechargeable zinc (Zn)‐air batteries are a potential solution to effectively incorporate electricity generated from renewable energy sources into our daily consumption, which requires electrocatalysts to catalyze the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the air electrode. Here, we report a high‐performance bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst by confining cobalt (Co) nanoparticles in nitrogen (N)‐doped porous carbon cages derived from a metal‐organic framework, i. e., ZIF‐8. Co precursors were first impregnated into ZIF‐8 by a double solvent method. Afterward, carbonization produces highly dispersed Co nanoparticles (with the average diameter of 6.2 nm) confined in N (11.4 at.%) doped porous carbon cages (434.5 m2 g−1). This electrocatalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity for both ORR and OER with long‐term stability. It delivers a half‐wave potential of 0.838 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, an electron transfer number of 3.9 for ORR, an overpotential of 0.411 V at 10 mA cm−2, and a Tafel slope of 71.2 mV dec−1 for OER. Rechargeable Zn‐air batteries assembled using this electrocatalyst demonstrate an open‐circuit potential of 1.48 V, a specific capacity of 731.1 mAh g−1, and good rechargeability. The simple and efficient method can confine metal nanoparticles in porous carbon cages, which can be further explored to synthesize novel electrocatalysts for various energy conversion applications.
The Electrochemical Sodiation of FeSb2: New Insights from Operando 57Fe Synchrotron Mössbauer and X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Fehse Marcus , Bessas Dimitrios , Darwiche Ali , Mahmoud Abdelfattah , Rahamim Guy , La Fontaine Camille , Hermann Raphael P. , Zitoun David , Monconduit Laure , Stievano Lorenzo , Sougrati Moulay T.
Published: January 2019

The front cover artwork is provided by Marcus Fehse at the ESRF (France) and collaborators. Graphical editing support by Alexandra Moullec is kindly acknowledged. The image demonstrates how synchrotron radiation is important to study battery materials for many different applications. Read the full text of the Article at10.1002/batt.201800075.
A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach for study the tissue distributions of five components of crude and salt‐processed Radix Achyranthes in rats
Authors: Tao Yi , Yan Jizhong , Cai Baochang
Published: January 2019

This study developed a robust and reliable approach using liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of five saponins in rat tissues: β‐ecdysterone, chikusetsusaponin IV, ginsenoside Ro, 25S‐inokosterone and chikusetsusaponin IVa. This is the first report on a comparative tissue distribution study of crude and salt‐processed Radix Achyranthes in rats. After one‐step protein precipitation by acetonitrile, the tissue samples were sent to LC–MS/MS for multiple reaction monitoring. The retention times of the five saponins and internal standard were 1.77, 3.14, 3.01, 1.83, 3.26 and 4.77 min. The standard curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9991) in the range of 10.3–1562.5 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy and precision were within 15% of the nominal concentration. The recoveries of the five saponins were 92.0–99.9%. Finally, this approach was successfully applied to tissue distribution analysis of the five saponins after oral administration of crude and salt‐processed Radix Achyranthes in rats. The largest concentration of the five saponins was observed in kidney after salt‐processing, which indicated that processing could enhance the bioavailability.
Leptin attenuates cerebral ischemic injury in rats by modulating the mitochondrial electron transport chain via the mitochondrial STAT3 pathway
Authors: Hu Shijun , Cheng Daobin , Peng Dingtian , Tan Jing , Huang Yanlan , Chen Chunyong
Published: January 2019

Background

According to recent studies, leptin may exert a neuroprotective function by affecting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). During stress, STAT3 regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress and reduces apoptosis.

Objective

In the present study, we hypothesized that leptin increases STAT3 phosphorylation in the mitochondria and protects against mitochondrial oxidative stress in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Results

Leptin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and we confirmed that the mechanism underlying this change involved the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and II. In addition, leptin increased the level of STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

Conclusions

Based on these results, leptin may regulate mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymatic activities via mitochondria‐targeted STAT3 to reduce ROS production and protect brain tissues from mitochondrial oxidative stress during cerebral ischemia.
Human papillomavirus types in cervical high‐grade lesions or cancer among Nordic women—Potential for prevention
Authors: Dovey de la Cour Cecilie , Guleria Sonia , Nygård Mari , Trygvadóttir Laufey , Sigurdsson Kristjan , Liaw Kai‐Li , Hortlund Maria , Lagheden Camilla , Hansen Bo T. , Munk Christian , Dillner Joakim , Kjaer Susanne K.
Published: January 2019

It is valuable to establish a population‐based prevaccination baseline distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types among women with high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or 3 and cervical cancer in order to assess the potential impact of HPV vaccination. In four countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland), we collected consecutive series of cervical cancers (n = 639) and high‐grade precancerous cervical lesions (n = 1240) during 2004‐2006 before implementation of HPV vaccination and subjected the specimens to standardized HPV genotyping. The HPV prevalence was 82.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 79.0‐86.4) in CIN2, 91.6% (95% CI 89.7‐93.5) in CIN3, and 86.4% (95% CI 83.7‐89.1) in cervical cancer. The most common HPV types in CIN2/3 were HPV16 (CIN2: 35.9%, 95% CI 31.2‐40.6; CIN3: 50.2%, 95% CI 46.8‐53.6) and HPV31 (CIN2: 10.9%, 95% CI 7.8‐13.9; CIN3: 12.1%, 95% CI 9.9‐14.3), while HPV16 and HPV18 were the most frequent types in cervical cancer (48.8%, 95% CI 44.9‐52.7 and 15.3%, 95% CI 12.5‐18.1, respectively). The prevalence of HPV16/18 decreased with increasing age at diagnosis in both CIN2/3 and cervical cancer (P < 0.0001). Elimination of HPV16/18 by vaccination is predicted to prevent 42% (95% CI 37.0‐46.7) of CIN2, 57% (95% CI 53.8‐60.5) of CIN3 and 64% (95% CI 60.3‐67.7) of cervical cancer. Prevention of the five additional HPV types HPV31/33/45/52/58 would increase the protection to 68% (95% CI 63.0‐72.2) in CIN2, 85% (95% CI 82.4‐87.2) in CIN3 and 80% (95% CI 77.0‐83.2) in cervical cancer. This study provides large‐scale and representative baselines for assessing and evaluating the population‐based preventive impact of HPV vaccination.