bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Florida Department of Health Workers’ Response to 2004 Hurricanes: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Herberman Mash Holly B. , Fullerton Carol S. , Kowalski-Trakofler Kathleen , Reissman Dori B. , Scharf Ted , Shultz James M. , Ursano Robert J.
Published: April 2013

Objective

Examinations of the demands on public health workers after disaster exposure have been limited. Workers provide emergency care while simultaneously risking injury, damage to personal property, and threats to their own and their family's safety. We examined the disaster management experiences of 4323 Florida Department of Health workers 9 months after their response to 4 hurricanes and 1 tropical storm during a 7-week period in August and September of 2004.

Methods

Participants completed a self-report questionnaire focused on work performance, mental and physical health, daily functioning, sleep disturbance, physiological arousal, and injury and work demand at the time of the hurricanes, and answered open-ended questions that described their experiences in more detail.

Results

A qualitative analysis conducted from the write-in data yielded 4 domains: (1) work/life balance; (2) training for disaster response role; (3) workplace support; and (4) recovery.

Conclusions

Study findings highlighted a number of concerns that are important to public health workers who provide emergency care after a disaster and, in particular, multiple disasters such as during the 2004 hurricane season. The findings also yielded important recommendations for emergency public health preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–7)
Trauma Signature Analysis of the Great East Japan Disaster: Guidance for Psychological Consequences
Authors: Shultz James M. , Forbes David , Wald David , Kelly Fiona , Solo-Gabriele Helena M. , Rosen Alexa , Espinel Zelde , McLean Andrew , Bernal Oscar , Neria Yuval
Published: April 2013

Objectives

On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the largest earthquake in its history. The undersea earthquake launched a tsunami that inundated much of Japan's eastern coastline and damaged nuclear power plants, precipitating multiple reactor meltdowns. We examined open-source disaster situation reports, news accounts, and disaster-monitoring websites to gather event-specific data to conduct a trauma signature analysis of the event.

Methods

The trauma signature analysis included a review of disaster situation reports; the construction of a hazard profile for the earthquake, tsunami, and radiation threats; enumeration of disaster stressors by disaster phase; identification of salient evidence-based psychological risk factors; summation of the trauma signature based on exposure to hazards, loss, and change; and review of the mental health and psychosocial support responses in relation to the analysis.

Results

Exposure to this triple-hazard event resulted in extensive damage, significant loss of life, and massive population displacement. Many citizens were exposed to multiple hazards. The extremity of these exposures was partially mitigated by Japan's timely, expert-coordinated, and unified activation of an evidence-based mental health response.

Conclusions

The eastern Japan disaster was notable for its unique constellation of compounding exposures. Examination of the trauma signature of this event provided insights and guidance regarding optimal mental health and psychosocial responses. Japan orchestrated a model response that reinforced community resilience. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1-14)
Exploring National Surveillance for Health-Related Workplace Absenteeism: Lessons Learned From the 2009 Influenza A Pandemic
Authors: Groenewold Matthew R. , Konicki Doris L. , Luckhaupt Sara E. , Gomaa Ahmed , Koonin Lisa M.
Published: April 2013

Background

During the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did a pilot study to test the feasibility of using national surveillance of workplace absenteeism to assess the pandemic's impact on the workplace to plan for preparedness and continuity of operations and to contribute to health awareness during the emergency response.

Methods

Population-based and sentinel worksite approaches were used. Monthly measures of the 1-week prevalence of health-related absenteeism among full-time workers were estimated using nationally representative data from the Current Population Survey. Enhanced passive surveillance of absenteeism was conducted using weekly data from a convenience sample of sentinel worksites.

Results

Nationally, the pandemic's impact on workplace absenteeism was small. Estimates of 1-week absenteeism prevalence did not exceed 3.7%. However, peak workplace absenteeism was correlated with the highest occurrence of both influenza-like illness and influenza-positive laboratory tests.

Conclusions

Systems for monitoring workplace absenteeism should be included in pandemic preparedness planning. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–7)
The Attack Rate of H1N1 in Various Berthing Configurations On Board an Aircraft Carrier
Authors: Harwood Jared L. , LaVan Joseph T. , Brand George J.
Published: April 2013

Objective

We compared attack rates for novel H1N1 influenza A (H1N1) among various groups aboard an aircraft carrier as influenced by characteristics of their living arrangements.

Methods

During an outbreak of H1N1 on board the USS George Washington (GW), group affiliation (department or squadron membership) data were obtained on all patients who were placed in respiratory isolation based on their diagnosis with presumptive H1N1. Because berthing spaces are assigned by department and various characteristics of each department's berthing spaces are known, analysis of attack rates in comparison to these characteristics was possible. Attack rates were compared with the square feet of living space per sailor, occupancy rate of the berthing areas, and size of the berthing areas. These results were further correlated with the mission of the various departments or squadrons.

Results

The average attack rate was 3%, with the highest rates occurring in departments or squadrons whose mission required ongoing contact with civilian populations ashore. The attack rate among officers was 2.04 versus 3.19 among enlisted personnel; this difference was not significant (P = .21). The attack rate for women was 1.90 versus 3.09 for men, which was significant (P = .05). Although attack rates varied considerably based on organizational mission, no correlation was found between attack rate and square feet of living space per person or occupancy rate or size of berthing spaces.

Conclusions

The attack rate of the outbreak overall was limited to 3%. Smaller and more crowded berthing configurations did not contribute to higher attack rates, suggesting that transmission occurs most frequently elsewhere while engaged in other activities such as working, eating, or relaxing. Further studies are necessary to filter out potential correlations or variables not identified in this study, such as the difference between the number of men and women isolated. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;0:1-5)
Efficacy of physical therapy for intractable cupulolithiasis in an experimental model
Authors: Otsuka K , Suzuki M , Negishi M , Shimizu S , Inagaki T , Konomi U , Kondo T , Ogawa Y
Published: April 2013

Objective:

To investigate what kinds of stimuli are effective in detaching otoconia from the cupula in three experimental models of cupulolithiasis.

Methods:

Three experimental models of cupulolithiasis were prepared using bullfrog labyrinths. Three kinds of stimuli were applied to the experimental models. In experiment one (gravity), the labyrinth preparation was placed so that the cupula-to-crista axis was in the horizontal plane with the canal side in the downward position. In experiment two (sinusoidal oscillation), the labyrinth preparation was placed 3 cm from the rotational centre of a turntable, which was sinusoidally rotated with a rotational cycle of 1 Hz and a rotational angle of 30°. In experiment three (vibration), mechanical vibration was applied to the surface of the bony capsule around the labyrinth using a surgical drill.

Results:

In experiments one, two and three, the otoconial mass was respectively detached in 2 out of 10 labyrinth preparations, none of the labyrinth preparations, and all of the labyrinth preparations.

Conclusion:

Vibration was the most effective stimulus for detaching the otoconia from the cupula in these experimental models of cupulolithiasis.
An agent-based model of exposure to human toxocariasis: a multi-country validation
Authors: KANOBANA K. , DEVLEESSCHAUWER B. , POLMAN K. , SPEYBROECK N.
Published: April 2013

Seroprevalence data illustrate that human exposure toToxocarais frequent. Environmental contamination withToxocaraspp. eggs is assumed to be the best indicator of human exposure, but increased risk of exposure has also been associated with many other factors. Reported associations are inconsistent, however, and there is still ambiguity regarding the factors driving the onset ofToxocaraantibody positivity. The objective of this work was to assess the validity of our current conceptual understanding of the key processes driving human exposure toToxocara. We constructed an agent-based model predictingToxocaraantibody positivity (as a measure of exposure) in children. Exposure was assumed to depend on the joint probability of 3 parameters: (1) environmental contamination withToxocaraspp. eggs, (2) larvation of these eggs and (3) the age-related contact with these eggs. This joint probability was linked to processes of acquired humoral immunity, influencing the rate of antibody seroreversion. The results of the simulation were validated against published data from 5 different geographical settings. Using simple rules and a stochastic approach with parameter estimates derived from the respective contexts, plausible serological patterns emerged from the model in nearly all settings. Our approach leads to novel insights in the transmission dynamics ofToxocara.
RIBI, 2334*: An Alleged Inscription from Chichester Reconsidered
Authors: Magilton John
Published: April 2013

RIBI, 2334*purports to be a dedication by Sallustius Lucullus, governor of Britain in the first centurya.d.This paper considers arguments for and against its authenticity, coming to the conclusion that is in fact a forgery. The author also argues against Russell's contention thatRIBI, 2334*and I, 90 taken together suggest that Lucullus was the son of Amminus and grandson of Cunobelinus.
Biomimetic-based output feedback for attitude stabilization of a flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle
Authors: Rifaï H. , Guerrero-Castellanos J.-F. , Marchand N. , Poulin-Vittrant G.
Published: April 2013

The paper deals with the development of a bounded control law for Flapping-wing Micro Aerial Vehicles that mimics a strategy adopted by animal flapping flyers to stabilize their orientation. The control consists on generating torques about the body's principal axes by means of a modulation of the wing angle amplitudes. It is known that flapping flyers orient their body without any numerical computation or estimation of their current attitude. Therefore, the proposed control law is computed using the direct measurements of onboard sensors mimicking animal sensitive organs, more specifically the halteres, legs sensilla, and magnetic sense. The technological equivalents of these biological sensors are three rate gyros, a tri-axis accelerometer, and a tri-axis magnetometer, respectively. Besides, the control signal is bounded to keep the wing angle amplitudes below the maximal values. Owing to its simplicity, this control law is suitable for applications where onboard computational resources are limited. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved based on Lyapunov analysis and averaging theory. The effectiveness of the proposed control law is shown in simulations. The robustness with respect to external disturbances is also shown emphasizing the importance and need of the bounded control.
Modelling the impact of vaccination on tuberculosis in badgers
Authors: HARDSTAFF J. L. , BULLING M. T. , MARION G. , HUTCHINGS M. R. , WHITE P. C. L.
Published: April 2013

Tuberculosis (TB) in livestock, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, persists in many countries. In the UK and Ireland, efforts to control TB through culling of badgers (Meles meles), the principal wildlife host, have failed and there is significant interest in vaccination of badgers as an alternative or complementary strategy. Using a simulation model, we show that where TB is self-contained within the badger population and there are no external sources of infection, limited-duration vaccination at a high level of efficacy can reduce or even eradicate TB from the badger population. However, where sources of external infection persist, benefits in TB reduction in badgers can only be achieved by ongoing, annual vaccination. Vaccination is likely to be most effective as part of an integrated disease management strategy incorporating a number of different approaches across the entire host community.
Parliamentary Report
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: April 2013

In January the Charity Commission published its annual return form for 2013. It is largely similar to earlier versions but there are additional questions about whether or not the charity is registered for Gift Aid, its property holdings and whether any of its land or buildings is used for the charity's purposes. In addition, for 2013 the questions on overseas activities and numbers of volunteers that were previously optional are mandatory.
The stability of localized spikes for the 1-D Brusselator reaction–diffusion model
Authors: TZOU J. C. , NEC Y. , WARD M. J
Published: April 2013

In a one-dimensional domain, the stability of localized spike patterns is analysed for two closely related singularly perturbed reaction–diffusion (RD) systems with Brusselator kinetics. For the first system, where there is no influx of the inhibitor on the domain boundary, asymptotic analysis is used to derive a non-local eigenvalue problem (NLEP), whose spectrum determines the linear stability of a multi-spike steady-state solution. Similar to previous NLEP stability analyses of spike patterns for other RD systems, such as the Gierer–Meinhardt and Gray–Scott models, a multi-spike steady-state solution can become unstable to either a competition or an oscillatory instability depending on the parameter regime. An explicit result for the threshold value for the initiation of a competition instability, which triggers the annihilation of spikes in a multi-spike pattern, is derived. Alternatively, in the parameter regime when a Hopf bifurcation occurs, it is shown from a numerical study of the NLEP that an asynchronous, rather than synchronous, oscillatory instability of the spike amplitudes can be the dominant instability. The existence of robust asynchronous temporal oscillations of the spike amplitudes has not been predicted from NLEP stability studies of other RD systems. For the second system, where there is an influx of inhibitor from the domain boundaries, an NLEP stability analysis of a quasi-steady-state two-spike pattern reveals the possibility of dynamic bifurcations leading to either a competition or an oscillatory instability of the spike amplitudes depending on the parameter regime. It is shown that the novel asynchronous oscillatory instability mode can again be the dominant instability. For both Brusselator systems, the detailed stability results from NLEP theory are confirmed by rather extensive numerical computations of the full partial differential equations system.
Generation and sudden death of entanglement in qubit–qutrit systems with depolarising noise
Authors: KHAN SALMAN
Published: April 2013

In this paper we study the dynamics of entanglement in some hybrid qubit–qutrit systems under the influence of global, collective, local and multilocal depolarising noise. We show that depolarising noise can be used to induce entanglement. A critical point exists under every coupling of the system with the environment at which all the states are equally entangled. Furthermore, we show that no ESD occurs when either only the qubit is coupled to its local environment or the system is coupled to a multilocal or global environment. This is an important result for various quantum information processing tasks and thus merits further investigation.
22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a risk factor for aortic root dilation in tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: John Anitha S. , Rychik Jack , Khan Munziba , Yang Wei , Goldmuntz Elizabeth
Published: April 2013

Background: Aortic root dilation has been observed in some patients with tetralogy of Fallot. This study examines whether 22q11.2 deletion is a risk factor for aortic root dilation in tetralogy of Fallot. Methods: Patients with tetralogy of Fallot, in the age group of 6–18 years, with defined deletion status and echocardiograms (2003–2009) were identified from research databases. The diameter at the aortic annulus, sinus, and sinotubular junction was measured and analysed as Z-scores. Variables were examined in univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: Of 171 patients, 66% were male, 16% had 22q11.2 deletion, 40% had an aortic arch anomaly, and 11% had both a 22q11.2 deletion and aortic arch anomaly. Echocardiograms were performed at a mean age of 12 + 3 years. More patients with 22q11.2 deletion had Z-scores >3 at the sinus diameter (45% versus 35%, p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, the combination of 22q11.2 deletion and aortic arch anomalies was associated with both aortic annular dilation (p = 0.006) and aortic sinus dilation (p = 0.05). In the subset with pulmonary valve atresia, similar findings were observed at the aortic annulus (Z-score of 4.6 versus 2.2, p = 0.05) and the sinuses (Z-score of 4.4 versus 2.7, p = 0.06). Male sex (p < 0.03) and pulmonary atresia (p < 0.006) were additional risk factors for dilation at the annulus and sinuses. Conclusions: Children with tetralogy of Fallot with 22q11.2 deletion and aortic arch anomalies have increased aortic annular and aortic sinus dilation. Further longitudinal study is needed to assess whether both features are associated with progressive aortic root dilation.
The management of mood disorders in pregnancy: alternatives to antidepressants
Authors: Richards Erica M. , Payne Jennifer L.
Published: April 2013

The management of mood disorders during pregnancy is complex due to risks associated with medication use and risks associated with untreated depression. Antidepressant use during pregnancy is an exposure for the unborn child, and it currently remains unclear what long-term repercussions there might be from this exposure, though available data are reassuring. On the other hand, there are risks for both the mother and child of untreated depression during pregnancy. There is a real need for research into nonpharmacological strategies for the prevention of relapse of mood disorders in pregnant women who are off medications. We have reviewed a number of potential candidate interventions including psychotherapies, exercise, light box therapy (LBT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), holistic strategies, and nutritional and herbal supplements. Currently there is a lack of evidence supporting the use of such strategies in the prevention of depressive relapse during pregnancy, though most of these strategies have at least some support for their use in the treatment of a major depressive episode. Carefully conducted research using one or more of these strategies in women who want to discontinue antidepressants for pregnancy is sorely needed.
Transboundary pollution in China: a study of polluting firms' location choices in Hebei province
Authors: Duvivier Chloé , Xiong Hang
Published: April 2013

Transboundary pollution is a particularly serious problem as it leads people located at regional borders to disproportionately suffer from pollution. In China, where the environmental policy is decentralized and where environmental conflicts between provinces have occurred several times, transboundary pollution is likely to exist. However, until now, nearly all the studies have focused on developed countries. In this paper we study whether transboundary pollution problems exist in China. To do so, we estimate whether, within Hebei province, polluting firms are more likely to set up in border counties than in interior ones. The estimations of a count-data model allow us to conclude that border counties are more attractive destinations for polluting firms than counties located within the province. Moreover, it appears that this effect has strengthened over time.
Characterizing the food environment: pitfalls and future directions
Authors: Vernez Moudon Anne , Drewnowski Adam , Duncan Glen E , Hurvitz Philip M , Saelens Brian E , Scharnhorst Eric
Published: April 2013

Objective

To assess a county population's exposure to different types of food sources reported to affect both diet quality and obesity rates.

Design

Food permit records obtained from the local health department served to establish the full census of food stores and restaurants. Employing prior categorization schemes which classified the relative healthfulness of food sources based on establishment type (i.e. supermarketsv.convenience stores, or full-servicev.fast-food restaurants), food establishments were assigned to the healthy, unhealthy or undetermined groups.

Setting

King County, WA, USA.

Subjects

Full census of food sources.

Results

According to all categorization schemes, most food establishments in King County fell into the unhealthy and undetermined groups. Use of the food permit data showed that large stores, which included supermarkets as healthy food establishments, contained a sizeable number of bakery/delis, fish/meat, ethnic and standard quick-service restaurants and coffee shops, all food sources that, when housed in a separate venue or owned by a different business establishment, were classified as either unhealthy or of undetermined value to health.

Conclusions

To fully assess the potential health effects of exposure to the extant food environment, future research would need to establish the health value of foods in many such common establishments as individually owned grocery stores and ethnic food stores and restaurants. Within-venue exposure to foods should also be investigated.
Selenium Segregation in Femtosecond-Laser Hyperdoped Silicon Revealed by Electron Tomography
Authors: Haberfehlner Georg , Smith Matthew J. , Idrobo Juan-Carlos , Auvert Geoffroy , Sher Meng-Ju , Winkler Mark T. , Mazur Eric , Gambacorti Narciso , Gradečak Silvija , Bleuet Pierre
Published: April 2013

Doping of silicon with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) by femtosecond laser irradiation to concentrations well above the solubility limit leads to near-unity optical absorptance in the visible and infrared (IR) range and is a promising route toward silicon-based IR optoelectronics. However, open questions remain about the nature of the IR absorptance and in particular about the impact of the dopant distribution and possible role of dopant diffusion. Here we use electron tomography using a high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) detector in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to extract information about the three-dimensional distribution of selenium dopants in silicon and correlate these findings with the optical properties of selenium-doped silicon. We quantify the tomography results to extract information about the size distribution and density of selenium precipitates. Our results show correlation between nanoscale distribution of dopants and the observed sub-band gap optical absorptance and demonstrate the feasibility of HAADF-STEM tomography for the investigation of dopant distribution in highly-doped semiconductors.
An Analytical Technique to Extract Surface Information of Negatively Stained or Heavy-Metal Shadowed Organic Materials within the TEM
Authors: Matsko Nadejda B. , Letofsky-Papst Ilse , Albu Mihaela , Mittal Vikas
Published: April 2013

Using a series of uranyl acetate stained or platinum-palladium shadowed organic samples, an empirical analytical method to extract surface information from energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) images is described. The distribution of uranium or platinum-palladium atoms, which replicate the sample surface topography, have been mathematically extracted by dividing the image acquired in the valence bulk plasmon energy region (between 20 and 30 eV) by the image acquired at the carbon K ionization edge (between 284 and 300 eV). The resulting plasmon-to-carbon ratio (PCR) image may be interpreted as a precise metal replica of the sample surface. In contrast to conventional EFTEM elemental mapping, including an absolute quantification approach, this technique can be applied to 200–600 nm thick organic samples. A combination of conventional TEM and PCR imaging allows one to detect complementary transmission and topographical information with nanometer precision of the same area of carbon-based samples. The advantages and limitations of PCR imaging are highlighted.
TILING BRANCHING MULTIPLICITY SPACES WITH GL PATTERN BLOCKS
Authors: KIM SANGJIB
Published: April 2013

We study branching multiplicity spaces of complex classical groups in terms of ${\mathrm{GL} }_{2} $ representations. In particular, we show how combinatorics of ${\mathrm{GL} }_{2} $ representations are intertwined to make branching rules under the restriction of ${\mathrm{GL} }_{n} $ to ${\mathrm{GL} }_{n- 2} $. We also discuss analogous results for the symplectic and orthogonal groups.
Exploration of the local solar neighbourhood I: Fixed number of probes
Authors: Cartin Daniel
Published: April 2013

Previous work in studying interstellar exploration by one or several probes has focused primarily either on engineering models for a spacecraft targeting a single star system, or large-scale simulations to ascertain the time required for a civilization to completely explore the Milky Way Galaxy. In this paper, a simulated annealing algorithm is used to numerically model the exploration of the local interstellar neighbourhood (i.e. of the order of ten parsecs of the Solar System) by a fixed number of probes launched from the Solar System; these simulations use the observed masses, positions and spectral classes of targeted stars. Each probe visits a pre-determined list of target systems, maintains a constant cruise speed, and only changes the direction from gravitational deflection at each target. From these simulations, it is examined how varying design choices – differing the maximum cruise speed, number of probes launched, number of target stars to be explored, and probability of avoiding catastrophic system failure per parsec – change the completion time of the exploration programme and the expected number of stars successfully visited. In addition, it is shown that improving this success probability per parsec has diminishing returns beyond a certain point. Future improvements to the model and possible implications are discussed.
Philippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits:Like Products and Market Definition
Authors: NEVEN DAMIEN , TRACHTMAN JOEL P.
Published: April 2013

This paper provides a legal–economic analysis of the Appellate Body decision inPhilippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits(Philippines–Spirits). InPhilippines–Spirits, the Panel and the Appellate Body had an opportunity to consider again the scope of ‘like products’ and of ‘directly competitive or substitutable products’ under Article III:2 of GATT. The Panel and Appellate Body followed the Border Tax Adjustments factors in order to determine whether the products were sufficiently similar. The Appellate Body explicitly extended its jurisprudence from other areas of Article III to a like-products determination under the first sentence of Article III:2: this analysis is to be focused on the degree of competition between the imported and domestic products. We observe that the effect of different taxation on domestic products is affected by the degree of substitution between products as well as competitive conditions, whereas the Appellate Body seems to focus on the former and ignore the latter. We also question some of the Panel and Appellate Body interpretations of the evidence regarding the degree of substitution between products. Overall, we find that even if there may be a segment in which foreign and domestic products compete, the reported evidence in this case would seem to be consistent with the view that for the bulk of the market, foreign and domestic items are distant substitutes.

Putting aside the jurisprudence, a methodologically sound finding regarding substitution (and competition) seems necessary, but not sufficient, for a finding of inefficient discrimination. In order to find inefficient discrimination, there must also be a finding that the nonprotectionist benefits that may arise from the national regulation are not sufficient to justify the discriminatory action, otherwise, rational regulation that is globally efficient might be invalidated, inappropriately restricting the national right to regulate. In the present case, the Philippines articulated no nonprotectionist rationale for its distinctions. Existing WTO jurisprudence in this area prior to the Appellate Body decision inUS–Clove Cigarettes(in the context of Article 2.1 of the technical barriers to trade agreement) has only hinted at the additional focus on the justificatory role of nonprotectionist regulatory benefits, yet an explicit and appropriately contextualized reference to the nonprotectionist rationale, if any, of regulation seems to be a necessary part of decision-making.
United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China: Passing the Buck on Pass-Through
Authors: PRUSA THOMAS J. , VERMULST EDWIN
Published: April 2013

In 2007, the United States reversed its long-standing policy prohibiting the simultaneous imposition of anti-dumping duties (ADDs) and countervailing duties (CVDs) against nonmarket economies. Subsequently, the United States has imposed concurrent ADDs and CVDs in numerous cases against China. China challenged a number of aspects of the US practice, most notably the double-remedies issue, which occurs when a domestic subsidy is offset by both an ADD and CVD. The Appellate Body (AB) correctly ruled that double remedies are inconsistent with the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and that the burden was on the investigating authorities to ensure that double remedies were not being imposed; however, the AB largely limited its discussion to measurement concerns, an approach that may have inadvertently opened the door to future double-remedies disputes involving other methods for computing normal value. Two other issues that are likely to have significant long-term ramifications are (i) the scope of the term ‘public body’ and (ii) the appropriate use of out-of-country benchmarks. On both issues, we believe the AB's conclusions and analysis were correct.
US – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam: A Stir-Fry of Seafood, Statistics, and Lacunae
Authors: BROUDE TOMER , MOORE MICHAEL
Published: April 2013

This unappealed Panel Report deals with now standard controversies involving US zeroing practices, but also involves a number of novel problems in administrative reviews of US anti-dumping orders that transcend zeroing issues. Most importantly, this dispute highlights the economic, legal, and statistical importance of sample-selection bias when calculating ‘all others’ rates for exporters that were not queried during dumping investigations. Sampling is particularly problematic in this dispute since US investigators found only zero and de minimis margins in the administrative reviews, a situation in which the relevant provision of the Anti-Dumping Agreement appears to provide no guidance (an apparent ‘lacuna’). The Panel did not directly deal with the key sample-selection issues in the case, and so we provide an alternative legal and statistical analysis. These issues are likely to become more important as the practice of zeroing is phased out in the United States. Indeed, sampling may well be the new zeroing.
‘Wresting meaning from the market’: a reassessment of Ludwig Lachmann's entrepreneur
Authors: ENDRES ANTHONY M. , HARPER DAVID A.
Published: April 2013

We undertake a close textual study of the entire corpus of Ludwig Lachmann's publications from 1936 to 1991 and demonstrate that his theory of entrepreneurial behaviour is sufficiently distinctive to warrant ranking alongside the theories of Schumpeter and Kirzner. Lachmann's entrepreneurs are creatively constructive change-agents who discover, exploit and create gaps in capital structures. Entrepreneurs select and interpret specific market and institutional phenomena using pre-existent rules and mental ‘instruments’, extract meaning about capital-forming opportunities, and generate all subsequent capital combinations. Lachmannian entrepreneurs are problem-solvers and communicate problem ‘solutions’ by dissolving and reforming capital combinations. We examine 20th-century Lachmannian research that builds on these foundations – research that emphasizes the institutional and material embeddedness of entrepreneurial behaviour and that appreciates the capacity of Lachmann's approach to explain entrepreneurial success, imitation and failure in a dynamic endogenous process. To underscore the distinctiveness of the Lachmannian entrepreneur, we compare it with Schumpeterian and Kirznerian approaches.
The impact of non-adherence to medication in patients with schizophrenia on health, social care and societal costs. Analysis of the QUATRO study
Authors: King D. , Knapp M. , Patel A. , Amaddeo F. , Tansella M. , Schene A. , Koeter M. , Angermeyer M. , Becker T.
Published: April 2013

Aims.

For people with schizophrenia, non-adherence to antipsychotic medications may result in high use of health and other services. The objective of our research was to examine the economic consequences of non-adherence in patients with schizophrenia taking antipsychotic medication.

Methods.

Data were taken from QUATRO, a randomized controlled trial that drew a sample of adults with schizophrenia receiving psychiatric services in four European cities: Amsterdam, Leipzig, London and Verona. Trial inclusion criteria were a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, requiring on-going antipsychotic medication for at least 1-year following baseline assessment, and exhibiting evidence of clinical instability in the year prior to baseline. The patient-completed Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) was used to calculate the 5-point Morisky index of adherence. Generalized linear models (GLM) were developed to determine the effect of adherence on (i) health and social care and (ii) societal costs before and after treatment, taking into account other potential cost-influencing factors.

Results.

The effect of non-adherence on costs was mixed. For different groups of services, and according to treatment group assignment, non-adherence was both negatively and positively associated with costs.

Conclusions.

The impact of non-adherence on costs varies across the types of services used by individuals with schizophrenia.
Förderung von Kindern mit isolierter Rechenschwäche und kombinierter Rechen- und Leseschwäche: Evaluation eines numerischen Förderprogramms für Grundschüler
Authors: Wißmann Jacqueline , Heine Angela , Handl Pia , Jacobs Arthur M.
Published: April 2013

Defizite in den Bereichen der basisnumerischen Verarbeitung, der Zählfertigkeiten, beim Transkodieren, des numerischen Faktenwissens sowie beim Ausführen arithmetischer Prozeduren gehören zu den typischen Symptomen einer entwicklungsbedingten Rechenschwäche im Grundschulalter. Während für den englischen Sprachraum einige umfassende Förderprogramme evaluiert wurden, liegen für den deutschen Sprachraum bislang kaum wissenschaftlich evaluierte Interventionsprogramme vor, die gezielt auf diese Defizite eingehen. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wird die Wirksamkeit eines modular aufgebauten, neuropsychologisch orientierten numerischen Förderprogramms evaluiert. Dieses Programm fokussiert den Aufbau basisnumerischer und konzeptueller Kompetenzen, wobei prozedurales und arithmetisches Faktenwissen integriert werden. Im Rahmen eines Experimental-Kontrollgruppen-Designs wurden fünf Gruppen von Zweit- und Drittklässlern (geförderte rechenschwache Kinder ohne und mit Leseschwäche, eine Vergleichsgruppe rechenschwacher Kinder mit Leseschwäche, durchschnittliche Rechner ohne und mit Leseschwäche) zu zwei Messzeitpunkten (vor/nach der Intervention) hinsichtlich ihrer arithmetischen Kompetenzen untersucht. Während sich die Kinder der Interventionsgruppen bedeutsam verbessern konnten, waren bei den Kindern der Vergleichsgruppen kaum Leistungszuwächse festzustellen. Der Leistungszuwachs der Kinder mit isolierter Rechenschwäche war deutlich größer als der der Kinder mit einer zusätzlichen Leseschwäche. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie belegen, dass das eingesetzte Programm zur Verbesserung der arithmetischen Fertigkeiten rechenschwacher Kinder spezifisch wirksam ist. Sie veranschaulichen zudem den Bedarf an Interventionsstudien, die die Wirksamkeit unterschiedlicher Förderansätze für rechenschwache Kinder ohne und mit komorbider Leseschwäche vergleichen.
Prävalenz von Lernschwächen und Lernstörungen: Zur Bedeutung der Diagnosekriterien
Authors: Fischbach Anne , Schuchardt Kirsten , Brandenburg Janin , Klesczewski Julia , Balke-Melcher Christina , Schmidt Claudia , Büttner Gerhard , Grube Dietmar , Mähler Claudia , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: April 2013

In dieser Studie wurden die Prävalenzraten von Lernschwächen und Lernstörungen und hierbei auftretende Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Mitte der Grundschulzeit anhand einer großen deutschen Stichprobe (N = 2195) untersucht. Bei Lernschwächen und -störungen treten isolierte oder mehrfache Minderleistungen in den drei basalen schulischen Grundkompetenzen Lesen, Rechtschreiben und Rechnen trotz einer unbeeinträchtigten Intelligenz auf. Die Lernstörung wird hier als eine Untergruppe der Lernschwäche verstanden und liegt nach ICD-10 (WHO, 2005) dann vor, wenn neben der Leistungsabweichung von der Norm zusätzlich eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen der Minderleistung und der Intelligenz eines Kindes besteht (sogenanntes doppeltes Diskrepanzkriterium). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insgesamt bei 23.3 % der Kinder eine Lernschwäche in einem oder mehreren Leistungsbereichen vorliegt. In etwa die Hälfte dieser Kinder verfehlt das zusätzliche Kriterium für eine Lernstörungsdiagnose. Betrachtet man die einzelnen Prävalenzraten für isolierte und multiple Lernschwierigkeiten im Lesen, Rechtschreiben und/oder Rechnen, liegen diese bei den Lernschwächen zwischen 4 und 6 % und bei den Lernstörungen zwischen 2 und 4 %. Deutlich mehr Jungen sind von Lese-Rechtschreib- und deutlich mehr Mädchen von Rechenschwierigkeiten betroffen. In bisher vorgelegten Prävalenzstudien wurden nicht alle basalen Schulleistungen berücksichtigt, sondern nur die jeweils diagnosespezifisch fokussierten Minderleistungen. Dadurch sind das Erkennen mehrfach lernbeeinträchtigter Kinder und eine eindeutige Diagnose nach ICD-10 nicht möglich. In der vorliegenden Studie zeigte sich eine Verdoppelung der Prävalenzraten durch das alleinige Berücksichtigen der diagnosespezifisch relevanten Leistungen. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund der praktischen Relevanz einer ICD-Diagnose und der Bedeutung einer umfassenden Schulleistungsdiagnostik diskutiert.
NIH Support for the Emergence of Quantitative and Systems Pharmacology
Authors: Rogers M , Lyster P , Okita R
Published: April 2013

The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored two workshops and the development of a white paper on the emergence of quantitative and systems pharmacology (QSP) as a discipline. In subsequent efforts to encourage this area, NIGMS modified existing research and training offerings. We highlight these changes and point out other new and existing initiatives at NIH that provide avenues for support of research and training in QSP.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e37; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.13; advance online publication 10 April 2013
Protection from age-related increase in lipid biomarkers and inflammation contributes to cardiovascular protection in Gilbert's syndrome
Authors: Wallner Marlies , Marculescu Rodrig , Doberer Daniel , Wolzt Michael , Wagner Oswald , Vitek Libor , Bulmer Andrew C. , Wagner Karl-Heinz
Published: April 2013

Recent epidemiological and clinical data show protection from CVD (cardiovascular disease), all-cause mortality and cancer in subjects with GS (Gilbert's syndrome), which is characterized by a mildly elevated blood bilirubin concentration. The established antioxidant effect of bilirubin, however, contributes only in part to this protection. Therefore we investigated whether mildly elevated circulating UCB (unconjugated bilirubin) is associated with altered lipid metabolism. The study was performed on GS and age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (n=59 per group). Full lipoprotein profile, TAG (triacylglycerols), Apo (apolipoprotein)-A1, Apo-B, lipoprotein(a), the subfractions of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and selected pro-inflammatory mediators were analysed. A hyperbilirubinaemic rodent model (Gunn rats, n=40) was investigated to further support the presented human data. GS subjects had significantly (P<0.05) improved lipid profile with reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C (LDL-cholesterol), TAG, low- and pro-atherogenic LDL subfractions (LDL-1+LDL-2), Apo-B, Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio and lower IL-6 (interleukin 6) and SAA (serum amyloid A) concentrations (P=0.094). When the control and GS groups were subdivided into younger and older cohorts, older GS subjects demonstrated reduced lipid variables (total cholesterol and LDL-C, TAG and LDL-C subfractions, Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio; P<0.05; Apo-B: P<0.1) compared with controls. These data were supported by lipid analyses in the rodent model showing that Gunn rat serum had lower total cholesterol (2.29±0.38 compared with 1.27±0.72 mM; P<0.001) and TAG (1.66±0.67 compared with 0.99±0.52 mM; P<0.001) concentrations compared with controls. These findings indicate that the altered lipid profile and the reduced pro-inflammatory status in hyperbilirubinaemic subjects, particularly in the older individuals, probably contribute additionally to the commonly accepted beneficial antioxidant effects of bilirubin in humans.
Positron annihilation study of structural relaxation and crystallization in a metallic glass Al80Fe8Mo7Ni5 alloy
Authors: Abo-Elsoud M.
Published: April 2013

Kinetic transformations induced in the metallic glass Al80Fe8Mo7Ni5 by thermal treatments from the amorphous to the crystallized state, following the variation of the Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation line-shaped S-and W-parameters were reported. The behavior of the annihilation line-shape shows reversible and non-reversible contributions. Crystallization of the sample appears as a three-stage process. The corresponding crystallization process consists of only one activation enthalpy, Eai. The mean value obtained for Eai is: Eam=(3.65±0.14) eV. In-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction showed that the crystallization was a complex involving growth of the Al7Fe8Mo crystalline phase along with crystallization of the amorphous matrix Al phase at T≈500 °C. Electron micrograph with image analysis of the scanning electron microscopy pictures confirmed the presence of fcc-Al and Al7Fe8Mo crystalline phase.
Effect of post-annealing on the phase transitions and magnetocaloric properties in bulk Ni44Mn45Sn11 alloy
Authors: Wang R. L. , Xu L. S. , Xiao H. B. , Xu L. F. , Zhang J. X. , Chen R. J. , Guo S. , Yang C. P.
Published: April 2013

The effect of low temperature post-annealing on the phase transitions and magnetocaloric properties in bulk Ni44Mn45Sn11 alloy has been investigated. The results indicate that with the increase of annealing temperature, the martensite start temperature decreases rapidly, while the Curie temperature of austenitic phase shows a small decrease. The variations of phase transition temperatures can be attributed to the decrease of atomic order degree characterized by the increases of cell volume. Although the peak value of magnetic entropy change decreases rapidly, the refrigerant capacity shows a slight increase at the annealing temperature ≤300 °C due to the wider peaks.
Charging time for dust grain on surface exposed to plasma
Authors: Sheridan T. E.
Published: April 2013

We consider the charging of a dust grain sitting on a surface exposed to plasma. The stochastic model of Sheridan and Hayes [Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 091501 (2011)] is solved analytically for the charging time, which is found to be directly proportional to the square root of the electron temperature and inversely proportional to both the grain radius and plasma density.
Controlling exchange bias in FeMn with Cu
Authors: Kaya Dogan , Lapa Pavel N. , Jayathilaka Priyanga , Kirby Hillary , Miller Casey W. , Roshchin Igor V.
Published: April 2013

To study the effect of non-magnetic layer (Cu) on magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic FeMn, multilayers of Ta(5 nm)/[FeMn(t)/Cu(5 nm)]10/Ta(5 nm), where t is varied in the range of 5–15 nm, are fabricated by a combination of RF and DC magnetron sputter deposition. Magnetization curves for these samples exhibit magnetic hysteresis, and when the samples are cooled in an applied magnetic field, the hysteresis loops are shifted. This shift is attributed to an “intrinsic” exchange bias effect (i.e., it is observed without a separate ferromagnetic layer). Presented temperature and thickness dependences of the coercive field, magnetic moment, and exchange bias field provide insights into the origin and mechanism of the observed intrinsic exchange bias.
Grad's moment method for a granular fluid at moderate densities: Navier-Stokes transport coefficients
Authors: Garzó Vicente
Published: April 2013

The Navier-Stokes transport coefficients of a granular dense fluid of smooth inelastic hard disks or spheres are explicitly determined by solving the inelastic Enskog equation by means of Grad's moment method. The transport coefficients are explicitly determined as functions of the (constant) coefficient of restitution and the solid volume fraction. In addition, the cooling rate is also calculated to first order in the spatial gradients. The calculations are performed for an arbitrary number of dimensions. The results are not limited to small dissipation and are expected to apply at moderate densities. It is found that the expressions of the Navier-Stokes transport coefficients and the cooling rate agree with those previously obtained from the Chapman-Enskog method by using the leading terms in a Sonine polynomial expansion. This shows the equivalence between both methods for granular fluids in the Navier-Stokes approximation. A comparison with previous results derived from Grad's moment method for inelastic disks and spheres is also carried out.
Effect of hydrogenation on interaction force among carbon nanotubes
Authors: Fallah Ahmadreza , Nakayama Yoshikazu
Published: April 2013

Hydrogenation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was achieved with flowing hydrogen gas and heating CNTs up to 800 °C. Electron microcopy images show the etching effect of the hydrogen as well as the appearance of defects after hydrogenation. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CHx groups on the sidewalls of the functionalized CNTs. Raman spectra of the pristine and hydrogenated samples revealed a transition from graphitic to a disordered and defected structure by increasing the hydrogenation time. We measured the interaction force among CNTs in the pristine and hydrogenated samples. Results showed that the interaction force is reduced sharply upon hydrogenation. After examination of the relation between different experimentally obtained results and the interaction force trend, we discuss how hydrogenation affects the interaction force among CNTs by increasing roughness and formation of repulsive dipoles on the CNT surface.