bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ÜBER SOG. ENDOKARDMYXOME
Authors: Ringertz Nils
Published: August 2010

Verf. berichtet über einen Fall von sog. Myxoma endocardii, einem gestielten, papillären, geschwulstähnlichen Gebilde im linken Vorhof, welches aus dem Septum am Foramen ovale herausragte. Das Gebilde hatte zur Entstehung multipler Embolien im Gehirn und verschiedenen Bauchorganen Anlass gegeben. Der Fall ist der erste veröffentlichte, bei dem Arterienembolien verschiedenen Alters Gegenstand mikroskopischer Untersuchung geworden sind, und wo man also konstatieren konnte, wie sich das embolische Gewebe in der Folge verhält. Es zeigt sich, dass dasselbe zunächst fortfährt, selbständig weiterzuwachsen. Die Intima und Media der Arterien werden hierbei zerstört, und es entsteht eine Art von mit Blut und »Myxom«‐Gewebe gefülltem Aneurysma dissecans. In der Folgezeit findet indessen kein weiteres Wachstum in das umgebende Gewebe hinein statt, sondern die embolisie‐rende Masse verliert ihre Wachstumsfähigkeit, und die Aneurysmagebilde werden bindegewebig umgewandelt.

über den Charakter dieser Gebilde wurden bisher zwei einander widersprechende Anschauungen geltend gemacht, nämlich dass sie auf eigenartige Weise organisierte Thromben wären, und dass sie echte Geschwülste, Myxome, seien. Die pathogenetische Auffassung, zu der Verf. auf der Grundlage seiner Analyse gelangt ist, weicht von beiden vorerwähnten Deutungen ab. Verf. glaubt, dass es sich um eine selbständige — also nicht von Thrombenbildung veranlasste — Proliferation aus dem Endokard stammender wenig differenzierter Zellen handelt. Hand in Hand mit dem synzytialen Einwachsen dieser Zellen in den Herzraum schaffen dieselben sich einen Nährboden aus dem Blutplasma. Man kann den Prozess mit einer Gewebskultur von Fibroblasten in vivo vergleichen. Diese baumförmig hervorwachsende »Gewebskultur« bildet sich ausserdem Schritt für Schritt ein Gerüst aus Thrombenmasse, indem grössere Blutmassen eingeschlossen werden und eine Koagulationsthrombose durchmachen. Die Frage, ob die so wuchernden Zellen geschwulstartig sind oder nicht, lässt sich schwer bestimmt beantworten. Sie weisen freilich zunächst, wenn sie bei der Embolisierung in die Arterienbahn überpflanzt werden, ein fortgesetztes selbständiges Wachstum auf, aber das Wachsen hört auf, wenn dem »Transplantat« später nicht länger frei strömendes Blut zur Verfügung steht, was nicht für den Geschwulstcharakter derselben spricht. Die Arterienwandungen werden zwar in einem gewissen Umfang zerstört, während die Embolimasse noch wächst, aber Verf. findet nicht, dass diese Erscheinung die Geschwulstnatur der Zellen mit Sicherheit anzeigt.

Die sog. Endokardmyxome sind also nach Verf.s Ansicht weder organisierte Thromben noch Geschwülste derselben Art wie die vom Bindegewebe ausgehenden Myxome, sondern eine einzigartige Proliferation mesenchymaler Zellen, welche in einem Milieu von strömendem Blut vor sich geht und am ehesten mit einer Gewebskultur in vivo vergleichbar ist.
ÜBER SERUMFÄLLE.
Authors: Gammelgaard Arne
Published: August 2010

Nach Erwähnung der in der Literatur beschriebenen, tödlich verlaufenden Shocks nach Seruminjektion und deren Ähnlichkeitspunkte, sowohl klinisch als pathologisch‐anatomisch mit dem anaphylaktischen Shock bei Tieren, und nach einer kurzen Erwähnung des Symptomkomplekses, der Serumkrankheit, wird ein tödlich verlaufender Serumfall nach prophylaktischer Tetanusantitoxin‐Injektion bei einem 42‐jährigen. früher gesunden Mann berichtet, der weder je Symptome von Überempfindlichkeit aufgewiesen, noch früher Seruminjektion erhalten hat.

Bei der Obduktion wurden kapillare Hyperämie in den Organen, perivasculäres ödem und perivasculäre Blutungen überall im Gehirn, besonders in der Medulla oblongata und Pons, kleine Blutungen in den Nieren und kleinere Blutaustritte in der Herzmuskulatur nachgewiesen. Da man eine Viertelstunde vor dem Eintritt des Todes klinisch noch keine deutlichen schockartigen Symptome beobachtet hat, hat man die Möglichkeit hervorgehoben, dass die nachgewiesenen perivasculären Hirnblutungen eine wesentliche Ursache zum Eintritt des Todes gewesen sind.
Experimentelle Beiträge Zur Oligodynamischen Wirkung Mit Besonderer Rücksicht Auf Die Wasserreinigung: II.
Authors: Ornstein Otto , Ornstein Otto
Published: August 2010

Das leicht lösliche Aluminiumchlorid wirkt in destilliertem Wasser mässig stark keimtötend, in schwach alkalischer Lösung dagegen erst in sehr hohen Verdünnungen zwischen n/Millionstel und n/Milliardstel u. zw. spezifisch gegen Staphylokokken, weniger stark gegen Paratyphusbazillen.

Noch in hohen Verdunnungcn abcr — um n/100000 cntspr. 0.09 mg/l A1 — wirken Aluminiumsalze hemmend auf andere oligodynaniisch wirksame Stoffe wic Neutralsalze, Schwermetallsalze, Halogenc u. a., sowohl im Modellversuch in destilliertem Wasser als auch unter technischen Bedingungen bei der Wasserdesinfektion in Wasserwerken und Schwimmbadanlagen. Bei alkalischer Reaktion treten in heren Verdunnungen additive Effekte auf.

Von besonders starker Wirkung gegen Staphylokokken und Subtilissporen, weniger gegen Paratyphusbazillen, ist das reine, in Wasser nur in Spuren losliche Aluminiumoxyd. Diese Wirkung auf vegetative Keime und Sporen tritt sowohl an sich wie auch besonders in Kombination mit anderen Giftstoffen z. B. mit Kupferchlorid und am stiirksten mit Cuprihydroxydin Erscheinung.

Bei diesen eigenartigen Virkungen des Aluminium spielt die Reihenfolge der Zusätze eine für den Wirkungsgrad ausschlaggebende Rolle welche in bislang ungeklärten hiochemischen Verhätnissen gründet.

Das Silicium verhält sich im ganzen iihnlich wie Al. Auch SiO2, wirkt erst in den höchsten Verdünnungen < n/Millionste1 kräftig auf vegetative Keime ein, besonders auf Staphylokokken. Auch in Kombination mit Aluminium‐ und Kupfersalzen und ‐hydroxyden treten additive Wirkungen hei Gammawerten der einzelnen Stoffe, in höheren Konzentrationen breite Hemmungen zutage. Aluminium und Silicium zeigen hierin ein ähnliche Verhalten wie hochmolekulare Körper der Pyridin‐ und Chinolinreihe, welche in wasseriger Lösung auch erst in sehr hohcn Verdünnungen u. zw. in alkalischem Milieu zur Wirkung gelangcn und unter Umständen noch durch Eiweisskörper eine Verstärkung erfahren.

Die Verstärkung der genannten Kupferverbindungen durch SiO2, entspricht dessen zweiter Wirkungsphase, wobei auch wieder die Reihenfolge der Zusätze von wesentlicher Bedeutung für den Entkeimungseffekt ist. Dabei genugt schon die Umkehrung der Reihenfolge beim Zusatze der beiden Körper vor der Einsaat, urn ceteris paribus stark differierende Wirkungskurven hervorzurufen.

Die Kombination der Hydroxyde des A1 und Cu ist der der Chloride weit überlegen, auch in natürlichen Wässern.

Die Bedeutung der beschriebenen Befunde für die Methodik und Technik des Desinfektionsversuchs, insonderheit für die Theorie der Oligodynamie, für den Vitroversuch (Glasfehler) und schliesslich für einige praktische Fragen der Wasserreinigung werden erörtert.

Die Frage der Silikose und einer vorbeugenden Aluminiumwirkung wird gestreift.
TWO NEW SALMONELLA TYPES FROM THE BELGIAN CONGO (S. LEOPOLDVILLE AND S. NDOLO)
Authors: Kauffmann F. , van Oye E. , Evens F.
Published: August 2010

The authors describe two new Salmonella types from the Belgian Congo: S. leopoldville = VI, VII: b: z6 and S. ndolo = IX, XII: d: 1,5.
IMMUNIZATION OF ADULTS AGAINST DIPHTHERIA
Authors: Scheibel I. , Tulinius S.
Published: August 2010

A pronounced relation is demonstrated between the dose of prophylactic and the antitoxin response within the doses covered by the present work.

The size of the dose preferable for routine immunization is discussed in relationship to antigenicity and reactions.
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rosendal Kirsten , Graudal Hans
Published: August 2010

Suspensions of streptococci (group A) autoclaved at 120°C for 2 hours give lower agglutination titers in human sera than suspensions autoclaved at 127°C for 2 hours.

The difference is most pronounced when strains rich in M antigen are employed. As far as these strains are concerned, part of the agglutination‐inhibiting factor in the suspensions autoclaved at 120°C is destroyed by trypsinizing.

It is concluded that in the examination of sera for group‐specific antibody‐content, cell suspensions heated to 127°C for 2 hours should be preferred as antigen.
ON EPITHELIAL FORMATION AFTER HOMOLOGOUS SUBCUTANEOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF URINARY BLADDER AND SKIN
Authors: Jonson Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Urinary bladders from fully developed fetuses of rabbit and slips of skin from newborn rabbits, aged 6 hours, were placed in a 1 per cent trypan blue solution from George T. Gurr (No. 06186) for about 24 hours in ordinary room temperature. They were then transferred to the hypodermis of grown‐up rabbit males. The transplants and their surroundings were microscopically examined after 14 days (the urinary‐bladders) and 21 days (the skin). The control material consisted of an identical number of transplantations of the same organ without any foregoing staining (called “direct” transfers).

Healthy transitional epithelium round cysts of a varying size appeared in the trypan blue group at a frequency so markedly higher that the conclusion is drawn that trypan blue treatment causes a prolongation of the survival time of that epithelium.

Epithelium of an epidermal character appeared definitely in 4 cases of skin transfer after trypan blue treatment, but in no instance among the controls (18 transfers in each group).

It is stated as probable that the epithelium that was found had been formed through proliferation from regenerative centres within the transferred epithelium, while the epithelium otherwise has been lost. Possibly, the trypan blue treatment, it is also suggested, has increased the vitality in the regenerative centres.

Before work on the above lines is continued, it is, however, indispensable to try to find the answers to some other questions regarding the mechanism of the trypan blue treatment, as propounded in the introduction.
ON GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Krook Lennart
Published: August 2010

After a survey of the literature the author reports 4 new cases of gastric carcinoma and 10 of intestinal carcinoma in the dog. In the discussion the data of all known cases of gastro‐intestinal carcinoma are analysed with regard to frequency, age, sex ratio, the site of the tumours in the stomach and intestine, the type of carcinoma, their relationship to ulcers and chronic inflammation and their metastasising disposition.
STUDIES ON TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY AND IMMUNITY IN GUINEA‐PIGS INDUCED BY VACCINATION WITH VARYING DOSES OF BCG VACCINE
Authors: Jespersen Andr.
Published: August 2010

Six groups of guinea‐pigs, each consisting of 20 animals, were vaccinated with 10−6, 10−5, 10−4, 10−3, 10−2 and 10−1 mg BCG vaccine, half the animals in each group being vaccinated intraperitoneally and the other half subcutaneously. Forty‐two days later the animals were tested with tuberculin, and after a further 8 days challenged intravenously with 10−6 mg virulent bovine tubercle bacilli. The animals were allowed to live until death occurred spontaneously. The survival time was used as the measure of the immune effect.

Results.

1. Both tuberculin sensitivity and immunity depend on the dose of vaccine used, but both reactions appear to remain constant when the dose is increased beyond 10−3 mg.

2. The lowest dose of vaccine which can cause tuberculin sensitivity and immunity in a large number of treated animals is 10−5 mg.

3. Though the survival time is prolonged by use of increasing doses of vaccine, there is no pronounced difference in the immunity in the 10−1 group and in the tuberculin positive animals in the 10−5 group.

4. Under the experimental conditions in this study, tuberculin sensitivity is always accompanied by immunity.

5. For a given dose there is no parallelism between the size of the tuberculin reaction and the extent of immunity.

6. There is no difference betwen the survival times of the tuberculin negative animals in the vaccinated groups and those of the control animals.

7. The acquired immunity is just as great, whether the animals are vaccinated intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. The tuberculin reactions are slightly bigger in the animals vaccinated intraperitoneally.
STREPTOBACILLUS MONILIFORMIS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Freundt E. A.
Published: August 2010

A report is given of an epizootic in white laboratory mice caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, with healthy albino rats as the probable source of infection.

The natural infection could be reproduced by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous and intranasal inoculations and by feeding, as well as by contact with rats.

It is proved that the portal of entry of the bacilli in feeding is not the intestines, but the throat and mouth, with a subsequent generalization of the infection via the submaxillary and cervical lymph nodes and vessels. Excretion of the streptobacilli with urine or bile could not be demonstrated with certainty.

The symptoms of the spontaneous or experimentally produced disease are described and discussed.

The epidemiology and possible modes of transmission of the infection under natural conditions are discussed.
ZUR VEREINFACHUNG DER SEROLOGISCHEN SALMONELLA‐DIAGNOSE
Authors: Kauffmann F. , Rohde R.
Published: August 2010

Es wird vorgeschlagen, alle neuen species des Salmonella subgenus II nach dem vereinfachten Kauffmann‐White‐Schema zu diagnostizieren.

Es wird vorgeschlagen, alle neuen species des Salmonella subgenus I mit den H‐Antigenkomplexen G und L nach dem vereinfachten Kauffmann‐White‐Schema zu diagnostizieren.
ZUR SEROLOGIE DER SALMONELLA O‐GRUPPEN 28, 40, 45 UND 47
Authors: Kauffmann F. , Petersen A.
Published: August 2010

Auf Grund einer näheren Untersuchung aller bisher bekannten 89 species der Salmonella O‐Gruppen 28, 40, 45 und 47 wird über die Herstellung von Faktor‐Seren zur Diagnose der O‐Untergruppen sowie über die Anwendung von polyvalenten O‐Seren in der Routine‐Diagnose berichtet. Im Kauffmann‐White‐Schema bleiben die O‐Untergruppen unberücksichtigt, sie sollen nur in besonderen, epidemiologisch wichtigen Fällen diagnostiziert werden.
Effects of Written Information Material on Help-Seeking Behavior in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Berner Michael M. , Leiber Christian , Kriston Levente , Stodden Vera , Günzler Cindy
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Neither men with erectile dysfunction (ED) nor their physicians are willing to discuss sexual problem sufficiently. Written information material could facilitate a dialogue and encourage men to seek treatment.

Aim

The central task of this article was to determine the effectiveness and acceptance of patient information material for sexual dysfunction.

Methods

Through an information campaign, men received informational material. Eight thousand men also received a first survey, which asked about the intention to seek treatment and to discuss the sexual problem with a physician or partner. A second follow-up questionnaire, 3–6 months after the first one, asked for the implementation of these intentions. Descriptive and regression-based analyses were applied.

Main Outcome Measures

Help-seeking behavior, subjective assessment of change in disease severity and partnership quality, satisfaction.

Results

Four hundred forty-three men participated in both surveys. Nearly 90% of them became active after reading the information material. More than half talked with their partner (57.8%) and a physician (65%), and one-third sought treatment (31.8%). Especially discussing the problem with the partner and receiving treatment improved erectile functioning and led to an increase in the quality of partnership (P  ≤ 0.05). The initial intention to become active was a good predictor for completing an action. The main reasons for not becoming active were inhibitions to talk about ED (46.8%) and fear of a medical examination (27.7%).

Conclusions

Overall, the results demonstrate that written information material is a useful resource for men with ED, because it evokes a high help-seeking behavior. It was perceived both to improve the sexual problem as well as to increase the quality of partnership. Providing such material in the medical practice may be an appropriate way to overcome inhibitions and to initiate dialogue with affected men. However, the results must be interpreted with caution because of possible motivationally driven self-selection bias.
The Vulvar Dermatoses
Authors: Burrows Lara J. , Shaw Howard A. , Goldstein Andrew T.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Dermatologic diseases of the vulva may cause dyspareunia. These disorders may be overlooked by gynecologists and urologists because of lack of residency training experience. Dermatologists who are most familiar with these diseases are infrequently trained in vulvovaginal examination. As such, these disorders are often improperly diagnosed and treated.

Aim

To describe the presentation and management of the major vulvar dermatoses including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, lichen sclerosus, lichen simplex chronicus, and lichen planus.

Main Outcome Measure

Data from a peer review literature search on the topic of vulvar dermatoses.

Methods

The literature for this review article was obtained through a Medline search. Appropriate dermatology textbooks were utilized for additional information.

Results

A comprehensive survey of the vulvar dermatoses.

Conclusion

Vulvar dermatoses must be considered a part of the differential diagnosis of any woman with a sexual pain disorder. As such, healthcare providers who evaluate and treat women with dyspareunia must become familiar with the most common dermatologic disorders of the vulva.
NONVOLATILE TASTE COMPOUNDS OF JIANGLUOBO (A TRADITIONAL CHINESE FERMENTED FOOD)
Authors: YOU XING‐YONG , XU YANG , HUANG ZHI‐BING , LI YAN‐PING
Published: August 2010

Jiangluobo, an indigenous fermented food, is currently available in south China for use as food and food‐flavoring materials. The nonvolatile components were studied by high performance liquid chromatography. Their taste impacts were evaluated by taste active values (TAVs) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) methods. Compared with salted radish, Jiangluobo was high in contents of carbohydrate, crude protein and crude fat. Glucose, xylose and fructose were detected in Jiangluobo and total amounts of sugars were 148.95 mg/g dry weight. The total free amino acids content of Jiangluobo was 22.42 mg/g dry weight and monosodium glutamate (MSG)‐like components was high (8.10 mg/g dry weight). The contents of flavor 5′‐nucleotides were also high in Jiangluobo (105.47 mg/100 g dry weight). Glucose, xylose, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and disodium 5′‐guanosine monophosphate (GMP) were of high TAVs (greater than one), and they had strong taste impacts on the flavor of Jiangluobo. The EUC was 116.81 g MSG/100 g Jiangluobo, which meant that the umami taste of the Jiangluobo was very intense.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Jiangluobo is one of the most important traditional fermented foods in south China, and its important quality aspects are nonvolatile components. The nonvolatile taste components are of great significance for further development of its processing into high quality consumer products. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the nonvolatile taste composition and evaluate their taste impacts by taste active values and equivalent umami concentration methods. The information obtained from this study could be used as a guideline for optimizing the process conditions to control the quality of Jiangluobo.
pH Changes in Root Dentine Following Calcium Hydroxide Intracanal Dressing
Authors: Nerwich Alan H. , Figdor David , Messer Harold H.
Published: August 2010

Although calcium hydroxide dressing plays an important role in endodontic treatment, little is known about its diffusion through dentine. This report, based on the MDSc. thesis of Alan Nerwich was financially supported by the ASE. It summarises an investigation of the diffusion of hydroxyl ions, derived from a calcium hydroxide dressing, through the human tooth root over time. A complete description can be found in Journal of Endodontics, Vol 19, No 6, June 1993.
The Moral Standing of States Revisited
Authors: Beitz Charles R
Published: August 2010

“The Moral Standing of States” is the title of an essay Michael Walzer wrote in response to four critics of the theory of nonintervention defended in Just and Unjust Wars. It states a theme to which he has returned in subsequent work. I offer four sets of comments. First, by way of introduction, I describe the controversy between Walzer and his critics and try to identify the central point of contention. Second, I make some observations about the wider conception of global justice suggested by Walzer's remarks, emphasizing the extent of the difference between this conception and the traditional view of a “society of states” to which it stands as an alternative. The central value in Walzer's conception is collective self-determination, so I comment about its meaning and importance. Finally, I consider whether and how concerns about the moral standing of states bear on the kinds of cases of humanitarian intervention that the world community has actually faced since the book and article were written, particularly since the end of the cold war.
DELIGITIMIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH MYTHS OF NEW REMOTE MINING COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Neil C. C. , Brealey T. B. , Jones J. A.
Published: August 2010

This paper uses existing empirical data to test current hypotheses concerning social correlates of mental disturbance in new remote mining towns in the Pilbara region of northern Australia. It concludes that differences in the social systems between these towns and other Australian towns, and to some extent differences between each other, are great enough to invalidate direct extrapolation from studies elsewhere to the Pilbara. It emphasizes the need to explore the social processes observed elsewhere to link mental illness and social circumstances in the context of the constraints and opportunities influencing the operation of these processes in the Pilbara.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND MORTALITY: A BRISBANE AREA ANALYSIS
Authors: Siskind V. , Copeman R. , Najman J.M.
Published: August 2010

For the purposes of an area analysis of social class and mortality (from 1976 to 1979) Brisbane City was partitioned into five strata with roughly equal populations ranked on the basis of a socioeconomic suburb score derived from aggregate census data. Deaths by suburb, age, sex and cause were available from annual computerised mortality files and population age and sex distributions were computed from census statistics and inter‐censal estimates. Mortality rates were found to be higher in lower‐ranking strata overall, and for circulatory, external (such as accidental) and respiratory causes but not for neoplasms other than lung cancer. The implications of these results are discussed.
INFANT MORTALITY IN SOCIOECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGED AND DISADVANTAGED AREAS OF BRISBANE
Authors: Siskind V. , Najman J.M. , Copeman R.
Published: August 2010

Problems in defining social class and its relationship to health are discussed and the results of a study of infant mortality from 1976 to 1979 in socioeconomically ranked suburbs of Brisbane are presented. The ranking is according to a score developed from aggregate suburb data gathered at the 1976 and 1981 censuses; the population at risk was ascertained from published annual suburb birth figures, and numbers of death by suburb, age and cause, from computerised mortality files. Significantly higher mortality rates in lower ranking suburbs were observed. Possible explanations for, and implications of, the findings are discussed.
ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS: THE PREVENTION PARADOXES
Authors: Saunders Bill
Published: August 2010

This paper asks what prevents the prevention of alcohol and drug use problems. Five prevention paradoxes can be identified, all of which may well be interfering with our attempts to reduce the problems associated with drug use. Drug problem preventers should be aware of these paradoxes and, thus, be able to avoid becoming ensnared by them.
THE ORIFICE REVISITED: WOMEN IN GYNAECOLOGICAL TEXTS
Authors: Koutroulis Glenda
Published: August 2010

A content analysis was carried out on obstetric and gynaecological textbooks recommended for medical students at four Australian universities. The texts were read for a hidden curriculum of sexist ideology.

This study is a partial replication of a study carried out by Scully and Bart in the United States eighteen years ago. The findings of Scully and Bart demonstrated that obstetric and gynaecological texts contained outdated and erroneous views about women's sexuality and portrayed women in stereotyped roles.

It was anticipated that institutionalized changes may have occurred since the time that Scully and Bart carried out their research and the texts would reflect this accordingly; particularly with the effect of the women's health movement which has been expressing dissatisfaction with the health care system.

The findings of this research show that sexist ideology still pervades the obstetric and gynaecological texts, though to a lesser extent than eighteen years ago. There are some differences from what Scully and Bart discovered, but major similarities were found.

The main difference between the results of this study and the findings of Scully and Bart, is that the majority of texts analysed here did not contain outdated and incorrect information about women's sexual response. For example, none of the texts refer to vaginal orgasm as the ‘mature’ response for women. The main similarity is that women's sexuality is still depicted with a heterosexual perspective, with marriage and mothering the ‘natural’ aspirations of all women.
WEIGHT AND PERCEPTIONS OF BODY IMAGE IN WOMEN AND MEN IN A SYDNEY SAMPLE
Authors: Craig Pippa L. , Caterson Ian D.
Published: August 2010

Using a modification of the distorting camera technique, 50 obese women (body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 35.1 ± 1.1), 40 obese men (BMI 38.2 ± 1.5) and their respective normal weight controls estimated their body size. The obese women, control women and obese men overestimated their body size, whilst control weight men were accurate. The control men were satisfied with their body size, control women less so and the obese were unsatisfied. Whilst the control women considered themselves overweight (BMI 26.7 ± 0.8 compared to actual BMI 23.1 ± 0.5, P < 0.001) their preferred and actual body sizes were identical. There were no differences between obese subjects and controls in the sizes they considered healthy and attractive. The accepted normal size range for a woman was lower than that accepted for men. Older men (both obese and normal weight) accepted larger sizes for women than younger men. These results show that the obese overestimated their body size and supports the notion that there is social pressure on women to strive towards a slimmer ideal, whilst overweight men are more accepted.
Basic Needs and its Critics
Authors: Ghai Dharam
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

This article considers the validity of some of the recent criticisms that have been levelled against the basic needs approach to development. These include the allegations that the approach lacks scientific rigour; is anti‐growth and consumption‐oriented; is a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness, neglecting industry and favouring antiquated technology; is against the New International Economic Order; assumes away class and group conflicts and gives the impression that poverty elimination is all too easy. The article also considers other factors which may have contributed to the rising chorus of criticism directed against this approach.

RESUMEN

Las necesidades básicas y sus críticos

Este artículo considera la validez de algunas críticas recientes que se han alzado contra la manera de abordar el problema del desarrollo por parte de la estrategía de las necesidades básicas. He aquí algunas de las críticas que se le formulan: esta estrategia carece de rigor cientifico; impide el crecimiento y favorece el consumismo; sirve de receta para perpetuar el retraso económico, descuidando la industria y favoreciendo una tecnologia anticuada; está contra el Neuvo Orden Económico Internacional; vuelve la cara a los conflictos entre clases y grupos, además de dar la impresión de que la eliminación de la pobreza es un problema que se puede resolver en un par de días. El artículo contempla igualmente otros factores que pueden haber contribuido al considerable aumento de las críticas dirigidas contra esta teoría.

RESUME

Besoins fondamentaux et ses détracteurss

Cet article considère la validité de quelques unes des récentes critiques dirigées contre les besoins fondamentaux comme méthode de développement. Ces crtitiques invoquent que la méthode manque de rigueur scientifique; est anti‐développement et orientée sur la consommation; est une recette pour perpétuer le retard économique, négliger l'industrie et favoriser une technologie dépassée ; va contre le nouvel ordre économique international; ignore les conflits de classes et de groupes; et donne l'impression que l'éradication de la pauvreté est par trop facile. Cet article examine aussi d'autres facteurs qui ont contribué à grossir le choeur des critiques de cette méthode.
Three Arguments from Temporary Intrinsics
Authors: EDDON M.
Published: August 2010

The Argument from Temporary Intrinsics is one of the canonical arguments against endurantism. I show that the two standard ways of presenting the argument have limited force. I then present a new version of the argument, which provides a more promising articulation of the underlying objection to endurantism. However, the premises of this argument conflict with the gauge theories of particle physics, and so this version of the argument is no more successful than its predecessors. I conclude that no version of the Argument from Temporary Intrinsics gives us a compelling reason to favor one theory of persistence over another.
Application of Equivalent CTOD Ratio to Fracture Assessment of Structural Components
Authors: Igi Satoshi , Ohata Mitsuru , Minami Fumiyoshi
Published: August 2010

Plastic constraint correction using the equivalent CTOD concept has been studied in the International Standardization of Fracture Toughness Evaluation Procedure for Fracture Assessment of Steel Structures project. This project was carried out over a 3-year period with the foundation of the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, and the results were summarized in a draft standard “Method of constraint loss correction of CTOD fracture toughness for fracture assessment of steel component.” Equivalent CTOD ratio β is proposed in terms of the constraint loss correction between the fracture performance of steel structures and fracture toughness tests using the Weibull stress as the driving force of the brittle fracture. This paper provides the application procedure of equivalent CTOD ratio to the fracture assessment of structural components. Equivalent CTOD ratio was taken in the failure assessment diagram, and discussed the applicability by comparison with large scale test results of structural component such as edge surface crack panel, center through-wall crack panel, and other geometries.
An Approach to Modeling Cutting Forces in Five-Axis Ball-End Milling of Curved Geometries Based on Tool Motion Analysis
Authors: Dongming Guo , Fei Ren , Yuwen Sun
Published: August 2010

The prediction of five-axis ball-end milling forces is quite a challenge due to difficulties of determining the underformed chip thickness and engaged cutting edge. To solve these concerns, this paper presents a new mechanistic model of cutting forces based on tool motion analysis. In the model, for undeformed chip thickness determination, an analytical model is first established to describe the sweep surface of cutting edge during the five-axis ball-end milling process of curved geometries. The undeformed chip thickness is then calculated according to the real kinematic trajectory of cutting edges under continuous change of the cutter axis orientation. A Z-map method is used to verify the engaged cutting edge and cutting coefficients are subsequently calibrated. The mechanistic method is applied to predict the cutting force. Validation tests are conducted under different cutter postures and cutting conditions. The comparison between predicted and measured values demonstrates the applicability of the proposed prediction model of cutting forces.
Developments of Multistep Inverse Finite Element Method and Its Application in Formability Prediction of Multistage Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Tang Bingtao , Li Yunjiang , Lu Xiaoyang
Published: August 2010

In the paper, the multistep inverse finite element method (FEM) has been introduced to improve the accuracy of simulation in sheet metal stamping. Furthermore, the multistep inverse FEM can be used to obtain the strain/thickness distribution and shape of blank in the intermediate configurations. But there are three key problems, which are essential to implement multistep inverse FEM: the fist one is how to obtain the intermediate configurations of intermediate steps, the second one is how to find the corresponding Z coordinates in the sliding constraint surface, and the last one is how to update strain/stress distribution in the intermediate configurations in a fast and reliable way. Based on the known configurations of punch and die of the current step, the strategy of area minimization coupled with feasible sequential quadratic programming code is used to obtain initial intermediate configurations. An efficient walk-through point location algorithm with its complexity O(n1/d) per point (d means the space dimension) is used to deal with contact searching problem and restrain the movement of corresponding nodes of intermediate configurations. In order to preserve the computational efficiency of inverse FEM, a pseudodeformation theory of plasticity based constitutive equation is proposed, which can well reflect the actual forming condition such as elastic/plastic deformation or loading/unloading condition. The above-mentioned improvements are implemented in our in-house inverse analysis software INVERSTAMP/MULTISTEP module. The presented algorithms are applied to a two-step cylinder cup deep-drawing product and three-step S-rail forming case. The numerical results compared with explicit dynamic solver LS-DYNA3D confirm its validity in formability prediction of intermediate shapes and final workpiece.
Characterization of Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Glass Interior Irradiated by Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Kongsuwan Panjawat , Wang Hongliang , Vukelic Sinisa , Yao Y. Lawrence
Published: August 2010

Femtosecond laser pulses were focused in the interior of a single fused silica piece. Proper use of optical and laser processing parameters generated structural rearrangement of the material through a thermal accumulation mechanism, which could be potentially used for the transmission welding process. The morphology of generated features was studied using differential interference contrast optical microscopy. In addition, the predictive capability of the morphology is developed via a finite element analysis. The change in mechanical properties was studied through employment of spatially resolved nanoindentation. The specimen was sectioned and nanoindents were applied at the cross section to examine mechanical responses of the laser-modified region. Fracture toughness measurements are carried out to investigate the effects of the laser treatment on strength of the glass.
Structural Basis for Activation of Class Ib Ribonucleotide Reductase
Authors: Boal Amie K. , Cotruvo Joseph A. , Stubbe JoAnne , Rosenzweig Amy C.
Published: August 2010

Two Ways to Nucleotide Reduction

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential for DNA synthesis and repair in all organisms, initiating nucleotide reduction through a free-radical mechanism. The class Ib RNRs are the primary aerobic RNRs for many human pathogens. NrdF, the class Ib RNR of
Escherichia coli
, can initiate nucleotide reduction through either a Fe
III
2
-Y• or a Mn
III
2
-Y• cofactor. Whereas the Fe-based cofactor can self-assemble, assembly of the Mn-based free radical requires a reduced flavoprotein, NrdI.

Boal
et al.

(p.
1526
, published online 5 August; see the Perspective by

Sjöberg

) have gained insight into the mechanism of cofactor activation by determining structures of Mn
II
2
-NrdF, Fe
II
2
-NrdF, and Mn
II
2
-NrdF in complex with reduced and oxidized NrdI. The structures show how a single protein, NrdF, can use two different oxidants to activate two different metallocofactors using distinct chemistries.
Distribution ofLegionellaSpecies from Environmental Water Sources of Public Facilities and Genetic Diversity ofL. pneumophilaSerogroup 1 in South Korea
Authors: Lee Hae Kyung , Shim Jung Im , Kim Hye Eun , Yu Jae Yon , Kang Yeon Ho
Published: August 2010

A total of 560Legionellaspecies were isolated from environmental water sources from public facilities from June to September 2008 throughout South Korea. The distribution ofLegionellaisolates was investigated according to geographical region, facility type, and sample type. The genetic diversity of 104 isolates ofLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 (sg 1) was analyzed by sequence-based typing (SBT).L. pneumophilawas distributed broadly throughout Korea, accounting for 85.0% of the isolates, andL. pneumophilasg 1 predominated in all of the public facilities except for the springs.Legionella anisaandLegionella bozemaniipredominated among non-L. pneumophilaspecies (48.1% and 21.0%, respectively). The second most dominant strain differed depending on the facility type:L. anisawas the second most dominant strain in the buildings (10.8%),L. pneumophilasg 5 in public baths (21.6%),L. pneumophilasg 6 in factories (12.0%), andL. pneumophilasg 7 in hospitals (13.1%). In the SBT analysis, 104L. pneumophilasg 1 isolates were differentiated into 26 sequence types (STs) and categorized into 3 clonal groups (CGs) and 10 singleton STs via the eBURST V3 program. ST1, a potential founder of major CG1, was commonly distributed (48.1%). The dominant ST in hot water was ST-K1 (7, 12, 17, 3, 35, 11, 11), which was designated in this study (36.1%). The second most dominant strain differed depending on the type of facility from which the samples were obtained. The unique allelic profile of ST-K1, obtained from hot water, was not found in the European Working Group forLegionellaInfections (EWGLI) SBT database.
Prevalence of ColE1-Like Plasmids and Kanamycin Resistance Genes in
Salmonella enterica
Serovars
Authors: Chen Chin-Yi , Lindsey Rebecca L. , Strobaugh Terence P. , Frye Jonathan G. , Meinersmann Richard J.
Published: August 2010

Multi-antimicrobial-resistant
Salmonella enterica
strains frequently carry resistance genes on plasmids. Recent studies focus heavily on large conjugative plasmids, and the role that small plasmids play in resistance gene transfer is largely unknown. To expand our previous studies in assessing the prevalence of the isolates harboring ColE1-like plasmids carrying the
aph
gene responsible for kanamycin resistance (Kan
r
) phenotypes, 102 Kan
r
Salmonella
isolates collected through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in 2005 were screened by PCR using ColE1 primer sets. Thirty isolates were found to be positive for ColE1-like replicon. Plasmids from 23 isolates were able to propagate in
Escherichia coli
and were subjected to further characterization. Restriction mapping revealed three major plasmid groups found in three or more isolates, with each group consisting of two to three subtypes. The
aph
genes from the Kan
r
Salmonella
isolates were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and showed four different
aph(3′)-I
genes. The distribution of the ColE1 plasmid groups in association with the
aph
gene,
Salmonella
serovar, and isolate source demonstrated a strong linkage of the plasmid with
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium DT104. Due to their high copy number and mobility, the ColE1-like plasmids may play a critical role in transmission of antibiotic resistance genes among enteric pathogens, and these findings warrant a close monitoring of this plasmid incompatibility group.
Exploring Mechanisms of Resistance to Respiratory Inhibitors in Field Strains of
Botrytis cinerea
, the Causal Agent of Gray Mold
Authors: Leroux Pierre , Gredt Michel , Leroch Michaela , Walker Anne-Sophie
Published: August 2010

Respiratory inhibitors are among the fungicides most widely used for disease control on crops. Most are strobilurins and carboxamides, inhibiting the cytochrome
b
of mitochondrial complex III and the succinate dehydrogenase of mitochondrial complex II, respectively. A few years after the approval of these inhibitors for use on grapevines, field isolates of
Botrytis cinerea
, the causal agent of gray mold, resistant to one or both of these classes of fungicide were recovered in France and Germany. However, little was known about the mechanisms underlying this resistance in field populations of this fungus. Such knowledge could facilitate resistance risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of resistance occurring in
B. cinerea
populations. Highly specific resistance to strobilurins was correlated with a single mutation of the
cytb
target gene. Changes in its intronic structure may also have occurred due to an evolutionary process controlling selection for resistance. Specific resistance to carboxamides was identified for six phenotypes, with various patterns of resistance levels and cross-resistance. Several mutations specific to
B. cinerea
were identified within the
sdhB
and
sdhD
genes encoding the iron-sulfur protein and an anchor protein of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. Another as-yet-uncharacterized mechanism of resistance was also recorded. In addition to target site resistance mechanisms, multidrug resistance, linked to the overexpression of membrane transporters, was identified in strains with low to moderate resistance to several respiratory inhibitors. This diversity of resistance mechanisms makes resistance management difficult and must be taken into account when developing strategies for
Botrytis
control.
Diversity of Monomers in Nonribosomal Peptides: towards the Prediction of Origin and Biological Activity
Authors: Caboche Ségolène , Leclère Valérie , Pupin Maude , Kucherov Gregory , Jacques Philippe
Published: August 2010

Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms that have a broad spectrum of biological activities and pharmaceutical applications (e.g., antibiotic, immunomodulating, and antitumor activities). One particularity of the NRPs is the biodiversity of their monomers, extending far beyond the 20 proteogenic amino acid residues. Norine, a comprehensive database of NRPs, allowed us to review for the first time the main characteristics of the NRPs and especially their monomer biodiversity. Our analysis highlighted a significant similarity relationship between NRPs synthesized by bacteria and those isolated from metazoa, especially from sponges, supporting the hypothesis that some NRPs isolated from sponges are actually synthesized by symbiotic bacteria rather than by the sponges themselves. A comparison of peptide monomeric compositions as a function of biological activity showed that some monomers are specific to a class of activities. An analysis of the monomer compositions of peptide products predicted from genomic information (metagenomics and high-throughput genome sequencing) or of new peptides detected by mass spectrometry analysis applied to a culture supernatant can provide indications of the origin of a peptide and/or its biological activity.
Bright Mutants ofVibrio fischeriES114 Reveal Conditions and Regulators That Control Bioluminescence and Expression of theluxOperon
Authors: Lyell Noreen L. , Dunn Anne K. , Bose Jeffrey L. , Stabb Eric V.
Published: August 2010

Vibrio fischeriES114, an isolate from theEuprymna scolopeslight organ, produces little bioluminescence in culture but is ∼1,000-fold brighter when colonizing the host. Cell-density-dependent regulation alone cannot explain this phenomenon, because cells within colonies on solid medium are much dimmer than symbiotic cells despite their similar cell densities. To better understand this low luminescence in culture, we screened ∼20,000 mini-Tn5mutants of ES114 for increased luminescence and identified 28 independent “luminescence-up” mutants with insertions in 14 loci. Mutations affecting the Pst phosphate uptake system led to the discovery that luminescence is upregulated under low-phosphate conditions by PhoB, and we also found thatainS, which encodes an autoinducer synthase, mediates repression of luminescence during growth on plates. Other novel luminescence-up mutants had insertions inacnB,topA,tfoY,phoQ,guaB, and two specific tRNA genes. Two loci,hnsandlonA, were previously described as repressors of bioluminescence in transgenicEscherichia colicarrying the light-generatingluxgenes, and mutations inarcAandarcBwere consistent with our report that Arc represseslux.Our results reveal a complex regulatory web governing luminescence and show how certain environmental conditions are integrated into regulation of the pheromone-dependentluxsystem.
A Multitask ATPase Serving Different ABC-Type Sugar Importers in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Ferreira Mário José , Sá-Nogueira Isabel de
Published: August 2010

Bacillus subtilis
is able to utilize arabinopolysaccharides derived from plant biomass. Here, by combining genetic and physiological analyses we characterize the AraNPQ importer and identify primary and secondary transporters of
B. subtilis
involved in the uptake of arabinosaccharides. We show that the ABC-type importer AraNPQ is involved in the uptake of α-1,5-arabinooligosaccharides, at least up to four
l
-arabinosyl units. Although this system is the key transporter for α-1,5-arabinotriose and α-1,5-arabinotetraose, the results indicate that α-1,5-arabinobiose also is translocated by the secondary transporter AraE. This broad-specificity proton symporter is the major transporter for arabinose and also is accountable for the uptake of xylose and galactose. In addition, MsmX is shown to be the ATPase that energizes the incomplete AraNPQ importer. Furthermore, the results suggest the existence of at least one more unidentified MsmX-dependent ABC importer responsible for the uptake of nonlinear α-1,2- and α-1,3-arabinooligosaccharides. This study assigns MsmX as a multipurpose
B. subtilis
ATPase required to energize different saccharide transporters, the arabinooligosaccharide-specific AraNPQ-MsmX system, a putative MsmX-dependent ABC transporter specific for nonlinear arabinooligosaccharides, and the previously characterized maltodextrin-specific MdxEFG-MsmX system.
How the public responded to the Schiavo controversy: evidence from letters to editors
Authors: Racine Eric , Karczewska Marta , Seidler Matthew , Amaram Rakesh , Illes Judy
Published: August 2010

The history and genesis of major public clinical ethics controversies is intimately related to the publication of opinions and responses in media coverage. To provide a sample of public response in the media, this paper reports the results of a content analysis of letters to editors published in the four most prolific American newspapers for the Schiavo controversy. Opinions expressed in the letters sampled strongly supported the use of living wills and strongly condemned public attention to the case as well as political interventions. Letters tended to be against withdrawal of life support, proxy consent and associated procedures as well as against court decisions and legal procedures. In comparison with reports written by journalists, letters to editors contained fewer controversial claims about Schiavo''s neurological condition and behavioural repertoire but similar loaded language to describe withdrawal of life support. Distinct public discourses can be encountered in different stakeholders suggesting complex and extensive pluralism even within the media.