bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regression Analysis Based Effective Manpower Planning Methodology: A Case Study
Authors: O. Akinnuli B. , K. Apalowo R.
Published: October 2019

Adequate staff-students ratio (SSR) is one of the important National Universities Commission (NUC) prescribed criteria to be implemented in manpower planning by Universities in Nigeria. Forecasting manpower requirement has been used for economic planners and even the academic sector. In other to avoid imbalance, the manpower requirement is very vital in determining the desired output in a system. This study is aimed at predicting the adequate manpower required in a unit of an academic institution. Manpower related data of the Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria were collected. The data collected includes manpower capacity and students population over a period of thirteen consecutive years. The regression analysis based model was formulated and applied to analyze the collected data. Based on the analyzed data, trends of , , and  are obtained respectively for the student's population size, lecturers and technical staff requirements, where  and X are economic indicators. The obtained trends equations were then subsequently applied to compute SSRs and recommendations were made. The developed model was implemented in a computer software, using the Visual Basic programming language, in order to facilitate its solution procedure. The outcome of this study will aid the management of the institution in effective manpower determination and students number projection in future years. This will also assist the institution to plan for effective SSR based on the recommendation of NUC.
Effect of Floating Bridges on Velocity Distribution
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed M. , Hassan Mohamed A. , Ghanim Adnan D.
Published: October 2019

To ensure the stability of the bottom under the floating bridges according to the worst conditions, our study aims to determine the height and width and bearing the floating bridge to ensure the safety of origin with a high security factor. Our study determines the amount of damage under the floating bridge to be treated by a treatment method. We have used a practical model for a water channel and standard dimensions cut by the floating bridge connecting the two ends of the channel and when studying the erosion under the floating bridges and the possibility of maintaining the floating bridges without damage to the structure and perimeter of the bridge (bridge width, maximum load, bridge height, water depth in the channel with a factor Security This study examines the effect of floating bridges on the bottom by designing a model of a channel with a floating bridge and selecting a variable earth and sand floor. We conducted one hundred and sixty-eight experiments to examine the five variables (water depth in the channel, bridge width, loads on the bridge, soil type) Bottom, flow). We observed the effect of these five variables on topography of the bottom of the floating bridge. Experiments were conducted without a bridge and we observed erosion after laying the bridge, we noticed the erosion and sediment that occurred before and below and after the floating bridge and the effect of the bridge on it. We observed the type of positive and inverse relations between the variables mentioned. We took the loads on the bridge, the width of the bridge, the depth of the water and the drainage with a safety factor, as well as ensuring that the appearance of the channel and maintain the geometry of the channel. We put floating loads on the floating bridge to see a load. We used several models to view the floating bridge and made the water depth in the channel change more than once. We also made three different discharges. Finally, we used two types of soil and we recorded the durability and the worst conditions. The effect discharge, by (100% .64%, 45%) The velocity in the sandy soil changes (100%, 42%,38%) and the velocity in clay soil changes (100%,59%,41%) As well as change the width of the bridge by (100%, 85%,71%)velocity changes by (80%,82%,100%) for sandy soil and the ratio of clay soil to (90%,95%,100%) As well as weight change by (100% ,83%,66%)the rate of velocity in the sandy soil to (100%,78%,61%) also change the velocity in clay soils to (100%,68%,62%) as well as depth change  (100%,87%,75%)The speed in the sandy soil changes to (50%,75%,100%)  and also changes in clay soils by (71%,78%,100%) Thus, we have a knowledge of the rates of change and the effect of each variable on velocity.

Therefore, we can draw up a plan to address erosion and sedimentation in the watercourse. Moreover, identify the expected challenges of (overload, flooding, deterioration, foot and aging as well as the structural strength of the bridge gradually decreasing with the foot.
A Review on the Current Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nigeria: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Salami H. A. , Adegite J. O. , Bademosi T. T. , Lawal S. O. , Olutayo O. O. , Olowosokedile O.
Published: October 2019

The management of MSW is a major concern in several cities of developing countries due to its public health and environmental sustainability implications. This paper thus presents an overview of the current solid waste management practices and problems in some selected states in Nigeria. In addition to the comprehensive review of MSW generation, its characterization, collection, and treatment options in the considered states, an attempt was made to evaluate the major waste–to–energy indicators such as calorific values and energy (electricity) recovery potential. The legislations in place at the federal level to maintain healthy environment is also lucidly presented. An estimated electricity recovery potential in the range of 48.31 to 933.69 MW with a total of about 2600MW from six states was established. Evidences from literature suggested that the existing solid waste management system is inefficient due to uncoordinated and properly planned waste management system. This paper concludes that the thermochemical conversion of waste-to-energy into electricity is a feasible option in Nigeria, although this might require the input of additional quantity of fuel to initiate combustion since the lower heating values of the considered MSW fall below the optimum stipulated by World bank.
Chemical Process Absorption Column Design for CO2 Sequestration
Authors: Nwokedi Ikenna C. , Igbokwe Philomena K.
Published: October 2019

The design of a prototype chemical process absorption column was carried out to facilitate the sequestration of CO2 from flue gas emanating from an exhaust point of a power generating set. Factors such as ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure where factored into consideration before the fabrication of the absorption column. The rate of the absorbing liquid is 0.1056kg/min and contains 5% mole/mole carbon (iv) oxide. Also the energy and material balance of the entire sequestration process was verified as well as the equipment design for the process was carried out.
Recycled Rice & Wheat Straw Ash as Cement Replacement Materials
Authors: El-Sayed Taha A. , Erfan Abeer M. , El-Naby Ragab M. Abd
Published: October 2019

In this paper an experimental study was made on the effects of using Rice Straw Ash (RSA) & Wheat Straw Ash (WSA) as partial replacements of cement in mortar. The objects were to produce Nano Silica (NS) form RSA & WSA as agricultural wastes by using chemical acids. Then, control specimens with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was made and in other specimen’s cement were replaced with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of RS & WS ashes by weight of cement. The workability was measured by the slump test. The pulse velocity and the sorptivity were also computed. The compressive and tensile strengths were also estimated. Experimental result showed that it was feasible to produce silica from WSA by chemical activation method. Also, the highest compressive strength, tensile strength and sorptivity noticed at 15% WSA.
Correlation between Swelling Pressure and Free Swell of Greater Cairo City Expansive Soils – A Case Study
Authors: Radwan Nasser A. A. , Bahloul Khaled M. M.
Published: October 2019

The aim of this research is to investigate experimentally the relationship between free swell, plasticity index of expansive soil found in greater Cairo City Suburbs, Egypt with swelling pressure of mentioned soil. Predicting Swelling Pressure of any soil is a time consuming and expensive test in comparison to determining plasticity index and free swell which are simple, fast and economic tests. In present research six samples of expansive soil were collected from different locations of study area. The method uses single variable and multiple variable regression analysis using Microsoft excel software.
Catalytic, Enantioselective Fluorination Reactions
Authors: Thornbury Richard T. , Toste F. Dean
Published: October 2019

The unique properties conferred by the incorporation of fluorine into organic molecules has resulted in the widespread use of organofluorine compounds in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In contrast, organofluorine compounds are exceedingly rare in nature. The dearth of chiral pool organofluorine compounds necessitates the development of stereoselective methods for the incorporation of carbon–fluorine bonds into organic molecules. A wide variety of catalytic, enantioselective fluorination methods have been developed to address this challenge, including Lewis acid catalysis, organocatalysis, transition metal catalysis, and phase transfer catalysis. Using these methods, carbonyl compounds, alkenes, allylic electrophiles, aziridines, and epoxides have been engaged in catalytic, enantioselective fluorination reactions. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the methods available for the catalytic, enantioselective construction of carbon–fluorine bonds and is subdivided into electrophilic and nucleophilic fluorination reactions. The chapter also provides a comparison with diastereoselective transformations and enantioselective functionalization reactions of fluorinated substrates.
Catalyst‐Controlled Glycosylation
Authors: Levi Samuel M. , Jacobsen* Eric N.
Published: October 2019

Whereas highly practical chemical methods for the synthesis of polypeptides and polynucleotides are well established and in common use, glycan synthesis remains a challenging endeavor largely reserved for specialists in sugar chemistry. Glycosylation reactions are fundamentally challenging relative to peptide and nucleotide couplings, which involve non‐stereogenic linkages that are not strongly affected by the identity of the specific reacting partners. Carbohydrate couplings engage highly variable, stereochemically complex, and densely functionalized reacting partners, while generating a new stereocenter in the glycosidic linkage. Glycosylation methods that can be applied easily and broadly would be greatly enabling to research concerning the role of sugars in biological chemistry and medicine. Recent developments in transition‐metal catalysis and organocatalysis have enabled selective glycosylation reactions with catalyst‐controlled stereo‐ and site selectivity, making headway toward the longstanding goal of achieving generality in chemical glycosylation. This chapter highlights seminal examples of catalyst control in glycosylation, focusing on cases wherein catalyst structure and electronics play a demonstrated role in the stereochemical outcome of a glycosylation reaction.
Mesostigma viride Genome and Transcriptome Provide Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Streptophyta
Authors: Liang Zhe , Geng Yuke , Ji Changmian , Du Hai , Wong Chui Eng , Zhang Qian , Zhang Ye , Zhang Pingxian , Riaz Adeel , Chachar Sadaruddin , Ding Yike , Wen Jing , Wu Yunwen , Wang Mingcheng , Zheng Hongkun , Wu Yanmin , Demko Viktor , Shen Lisha , Han Xiao , Zhang Pengpeng , Gu Xiaofeng , Yu Hao
Published: October 2019

The Streptophyta include unicellular and multicellular charophyte green algae and land plants. Colonization of the terrestrial habitat by land plants is a major evolutionary event that has transformed the planet. So far, lack of genome information on unicellular charophyte algae hinders the understanding of the origin and the evolution from unicellular to multicellular life in Streptophyta. This work reports the high‐quality reference genome and transcriptome of Mesostigma viride, a single‐celled charophyte alga with a position at the base of Streptophyta. There are abundant segmental duplications and transposable elements in M. viride, which contribute to a relatively large genome with high gene content compared to other algae and early diverging land plants. This work identifies the origin of genetic tools that multicellular Streptophyta have inherited and key genetic innovations required for the evolution of land plants from unicellular aquatic ancestors. The findings shed light on the age‐old questions of the evolution of multicellularity and the origin of land plants.
Surface States Enhanced Dynamic Schottky Diode Generator with Extremely High Power Density Over 1000 W m−2
Authors: Lin Shisheng , Shen Runjiang , Yao Tianyi , Lu Yanghua , Feng Sirui , Hao Zhenzhen , Zheng Haonan , Yan Yanfei , Li Erping
Published: October 2019

The overloaded energy cost has become the main concern of the now fast developing society, which make novel energy devices with high power density of critical importance to the sustainable development of human society. Herein, a dynamic Schottky diode based generator with ultrahigh power density of 1262.0 W m−2 for sliding Fe tip on rough p‐type silicon is reported. Intriguingly, the increased surface states after rough treatment lead to an extremely enhanced current density up to 2.7 × 105 A m−2, as the charged surface states can effectively accelerate the carriers through large atomic electric field, while the reflecting directions are regulated by the built‐in electric field of the Schottky barrier. This research provides an open avenue for utilizing the surface states in semiconductors in a subversive way, which can co‐utilize the atomic electric field and built‐in electric field to harvest energy from the mechanical movements, especially for achieving an ultrahigh current density power source.
Controlled Cellular Delivery of Amphiphilic Cargo by Redox‐Responsive Nanocontainers
Authors: de Vries Wilke C. , Kudruk Sergej , Grill David , Niehues Maximilian , Matos Anna Livia Linard , Wissing Maren , Studer Armido , Gerke Volker , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: October 2019

The specific transport of amphiphilic compounds such as fluorescently labeled phospholipids into cells is a prerequisite for the analysis of highly dynamic cellular processes involving these molecules, e.g., the intracellular distribution and metabolism of phospholipids. However, cellular delivery remains a challenge as it should not affect the physiological integrity and morphology of the cell membrane. To address this, polymer nanocontainers based on redox‐responsive cyclodextrin (CD) amphiphiles are prepared, and their potential to deliver fluorescently labeled phospholipids to intracellular membrane compartments is analyzed. It is shown that mixtures of reductively degradable cyclodextrin amphiphiles and different phospholipids form liposome‐like vesicles (CD–lipid vesicles, CSSLV) with a homogeneous distribution of each lipid. Host–guest‐mediated self‐assembly of a cystamine‐crosslinked polymer shell on these CSSLV produces polymer‐shelled liposomal vesicles (PSSCSSLV) with the unique feature of a redox‐sensitive CSSLV core and reductively degradable polymer shell. PSSCSSLV show high stability and a redox‐sensitive release of the amphiphilic cargo. Live cell experiments reveal that the novel PSSCSSLV are readily internalized by primary human endothelial cells and that the reductive microenvironment of the cells' endosomes triggers the release of the amphiphilic cargo into the cytosol. Thus, PSSCSSLV represent a highly efficient system to transport lipid‐like amphiphilic cargo into the intracellular environment.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of β‐Fluoroalkyl Vinylsulfones and Nitrile Oxides for Fluoroalkylated Isoxazolines and Isoxazoles
Authors: Ou Zhi , Huang Qian , Kou Ying‐Da , Cheng Feng , Kalita Subarna Jyoti , Zhao Zhen‐Ni , Huang Yi‐Yong
Published: October 2019

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of β‐fluoroalkyl vinylsulfones and nitrile oxides to deliver 5‐fluoroalkyl‐3‐substituted 2‐isoxazolines has been established under mild conditions in up to 85% yield with excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivities (all d.r. >99 : 1), and thus facilitated rapid access to 5‐fluoroalkyl‐3‐Ph‐2‐isoxazoles by DBU‐mediated elimination of the pyridyl sulfone group.
Fabrication of microcellular polylactide/modified silica nanocomposite foams
Authors: Jeong Eun Jin , Park Chang Kyu , Kim Seong Hun
Published: October 2019

Microcellular polylactide (PLA)/modified‐silica (m‐silica) nanocomposite foams were prepared in a batch process using supercritical carbon dioxide as physical blowing agent. To enhance the dispersion in the PLA matrix, silica nanoparticles were modified by dodecyltrichlorosilane) and were melt compounded with PLA using a twin‐screw extruder. PLA/m‐silica nanocomposites with m‐silica contents of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt % were obtained. The incorporation of m‐silica nanoparticles in PLA enhanced the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA. The resultant foams were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and average cell diameter and cell density were calculated using SEM micrographs. The incorporation of m‐silica nanoparticles into the PLA matrix had the effect of decreasing the cell diameter and increasing the cell uniformity and cell density. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48616.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Reveals a Unique Net Unidirectional Pattern of Pulmonary Airflow in the Savannah Monitor Lizard (Varanus exanthematicus)
Authors: Cieri Robert L. , Farmer C.G.
Published: October 2019

This report models pulmonary airflow in the savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) using computational fluid dynamics simulations, which are based on computed tomography data. Simulations were validated by visualizing the flow of aerosolized lipids in excised lungs with good but not perfect agreement. The lung of this lizard has numerous successive bronchi branching off a long intrapulmonary bronchus, which are interconnected by intercameral perforations. Unidirectional flow has been documented in the lateral secondary bronchi of the savannah monitor, but patterns of airflow in the rest of the lung remain unknown, hindering our understanding of the evolution of pulmonary patterns of airflow in tetrapods. These results indicate that the lung contains a unique net unidirectional flow, where the overall flow scheme is similar during expiration and late inspiration, but dissimilar during early inspiration. Air is transported net caudally through the intrapulmonary bronchus and net craniad through secondary bronchi, much like the pattern of flow in birds. The simulations show that many chambers feature flow in multiple directions during parts of the respiratory cycle, but some regions also show robust unidirectional airflow. Air moves craniad through secondary bronchi and between adjacent secondary bronchi through intercameral perforations. The first secondary bronchus, the hilar‐cranial bronchus, contains tidal flow that may improve ventilation of the central and dorsal lung parenchyma. These results expand our understanding of flow patterns in varanid lungs and suggest lungs with net unidirectional flow as an evolutionary pathway between tidal flow and complete unidirectional flow in multicameral lungs. Anat Rec, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1768–1791, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Burden of major depressive disorder and quality of life among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in urban bangladesh
Authors: Naheed Aliya , Islam Md. Saimul , Hossain Saima Wazed , Ahmed Helal Uddin , Uddin M. M. Jalal , Tofail Fahmida , Hamadani Jena Derakhshani , Hussain A. H. M. Enayet , Munir Kerim
Published: October 2019

This cross‐sectional study examined the burden of depression and quality of life (QoL) among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attending six schools offering special educational services for children with ASD in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. All consenting mothers were 18 years of age and older and met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) on the Structured Interview for DSM‐V‐TR Research Version‐non patient edition administered by trained raters. QoL was assessed by the EuroQol five‐dimensional standardized questionnaire. MDD was diagnosed in 45% of mothers and was proportionally higher among those who did not work outside the home, had no childcare support at home, expressed low level of satisfaction with the quality of providers when they had sought care for their children with ASD, and reported being recipient of negative attitudes from neighbors toward their children with ASD. QoL was negatively associated with MDD, mothers' illness, and low satisfaction with the health care providers for children with ASD, as well as experiencing a negative attitude by neighbors toward their children. QoL was positively associated with the reported family monthly income and improvement of the children with ASD on school attendance. The prevalence of MDD among mothers of children with ASD was high and associated with poor QoL. Integrating mental health services and supports for mothers in the ASD care of children is likely to address the high burden of depression they face, and improve their overall quality of life. Autism Res 2020, 13: 284–297. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The levels of depression were assessed among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attending six schools offering special educational services for children with ASD in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Almost one in two mothers was found to have major depression. The quality of life of these mothers was generally poor. Integrating mental health services for mothers with ASD care in children is likely to address the burden of depression among the mothers of children with ASD and improve overall quality of life.
Inactivation of Horseradish Peroxidase by Acid for Sequential Chemiluminescent Western Blot
Authors: Han Shuting , Cui Yan , Helbing Dario L.
Published: October 2019

Chemiluminescent western blot (WB) is often performed sequentially for detection of overlapping proteins; in between, prior antibodies must be stripped or the conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) inactivated. However, often, stripping either is insufficient to remove all the bound antibodies or causes protein loss, whereas treatment with hydrogen peroxide, a popular way to inactivate HRP, may affect epitope recognition as the authors previously reported. To date, an ideal method for sequential chemiluminescent WB is still missing. Here it is demonstrated that acid equivalent to 10% acetic acid can efficiently inactivate HRP, allowing sequential probing without protein loss or epitope damage.
Electrochemical Oxidation of d‐Glucose in Alkaline Medium: Impact of Oxidation Potential and Chemical Side Reactions on the Selectivity to d‐Gluconic and d‐Glucaric Acid
Authors: Moggia Giulia , Kenis Thomas , Daems Nick , Breugelmans Tom
Published: October 2019

The electrocatalytic oxidation of d‐glucose was studied in alkaline medium on copper, platinum, and gold electrodes with particular emphasis on the synthesis of a high value‐added product: glucaric acid. An initial ranking of the three different materials, with respect to their electrochemical activity towards glucose oxidation, was performed utilizing cyclic voltammetry. To determine which functional group can react on which metal, cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed in three different solutions containing 0.04 M gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, or glucaric acid in 0.1 M aqueous NaOH. The observations drawn based on these initial experiments were then verified by analyzing the product solutions (obtained after prolonged electrolysis experiments) with HPLC analysis. The oxidation of glucose on copper at high potentials leads predominantly to C−C cleavage products, mainly formic acid, with a selectivity of 54.2 %; whereas, at lower potentials, the oxidation of the aldehyde group on C1 and of the hydroxymethyl group on C6 produces moderate yields of gluconic and glucaric acid. On platinum, the oxidation of the aldehyde group on C1 is the most relevant process; therefore, the selectivity towards gluconic acid obtained is as high as 78.4 %. Nevertheless, at lower potentials, a higher selectivity to glucaric acid (12.6 %) and a lower selectivity to gluconic acid (68.0 %) are the result of a more effective oxidation of also the hydroxymethyl group on C6. Gold is the most active and selective electrocatalyst of the ones examined in this work. On gold, at lower potentials, the oxidation of the aldehyde group on C1 produces 86.6 % of selectivity to gluconic acid while, at higher potentials, the oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group on C6 also takes place, promoting the further oxidation to glucaric acid (13.5 % of selectivity is reached after 65 h of reaction at 5 °C, with a residual gluconic acid equal to 65.8 %). The demonstrated dependence of the selectivity on the oxidation potential suggests new future perspectives for the electrocatalytic oxidation of d‐glucose to d‐glucaric acid on bare metal electrodes. Moreover, the low selectivity of this process, very often claimed in literature, has been ascribed here for the first time to two chemical processes, which are in competition with the electrochemical one and both consume the reactant and promote the formation of undesired side‐products.
Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural in a Proton Exchange Membrane Reactor Using Hybrid Pd/Pd Black on Alumina
Authors: Carl Sarah , Waldrop Krysta , Pintauro Peter , Thompson Levi T. , Tarpeh William A.
Published: October 2019

Invited for this month's cover picture are the groups of Dr. Peter Pintauro (Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA), Dr. Levi Thompson (University of Delaware, Delaware, USA), and Dr. William Tarpeh (Stanford University, California, USA). The cover picture shows the controlled variation of furfural hydrogenation product speciation based on varying cathode formulations of hybrid Pd black and Pd on alumina support. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/celc.201901314.
gem‐Dichlorocyclopropanation of Dicarbonyl Derivatives
Authors: Batista Gabriel M. F. , De Castro Pedro P. , Carpanez Arthur G. , Horta Bruno A. C. , Amarante Giovanni W.
Published: October 2019

A novel methodology for the 1,1‐dichlorocyclopropanation of dicarbonyl conjugated olefins was described. The developed protocol is simple and uses readily accessible starting materials, allowing the isolation of the desired adducts in moderate to excellent yields (up to 99 %). Furthermore, the reaction tolerated scale up to the gram scale; thus highlighting the synthetic potential of this transformation. Control experiments and DFT studies revealed that the reaction proceeded through a Michael‐initiated ring‐closure process, in which reaction temperature played a crucial role. Finally, these gem‐dichlorocyclopropanes were also employed in the preparation of a trisubstituted naphthyl derivative and a diastereoselective reduction was also demonstrated.
Ferrocenyl‐Pyrenes, Ferrocenyl‐9,10‐Phenanthrenediones, and Ferrocenyl‐9,10‐Dimethoxyphenanthrenes: Charge‐Transfer Studies and SWCNT Functionalization
Authors: Preuß Andrea , Notz Sebastian , Kovalski Eduard , Korb Marcus , Blaudeck Thomas , Hu Xiao , Schuster Jörg , Miesel Dominique , Rüffer Tobias , Hildebrandt Alexander , Schreiter Katja , Spange Stefan , Schulz Stefan E. , Lang Heinrich
Published: October 2019

The synthesis of 1‐Fc‐ (3), 1‐Br‐6‐Fc‐ (5 a), 2‐Br‐7‐Fc‐ (7 a), 1,6‐Fc2‐ (5 b), 2,7‐Fc2‐pyrene (7 b), 3,6‐Fc2‐9,10‐phenanthrenedione (10), and 3,6‐Fc2‐9,10‐dimethoxyphenanthrene (12; Fc=Fe(η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5)) is discussed. Of these compounds, 10 and 12 form 1D or 2D coordination polymers in the solid state. (Spectro)Electrochemical studies confirmed reversible Fc/Fc+ redox events between −130 and 160 mV. 1,6‐ and 2,7‐Substitution in 5 a (E°′=−130 mV) and 7 a (E°′=50 mV) influences the redox potentials, whereas the ones of 5 b and 7 b (E°′=20 mV) are independent. Compounds 5 b, 7 b, 10, and 12 show single Fc oxidation processes with redox splittings between 70 and 100 mV. UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry confirmed a weak electron transfer between FeII/FeIII in mixed‐valent [5 b]+ and [12]+. DFT calculations showed that 5 b non‐covalently interacts with the single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sidewalls as proven by, for example, disentangling experiments. In addition, CV studies of the as‐obtained dispersions confirmed exohedral attachment of 5 b at the SWCNTs.
Einfluss der Genauigkeit der Reaktionskinetik auf die simulationsgestützte Auslegung von Blasensäulen
Authors: Rieth Iris , Grünewald Marcus
Published: October 2019

Zur simulationsgestützten Auslegung von Blasensäulen werden neben der Fluiddynamik auch Beschreibungen des Stoffübergangs und der Reaktion benötigt. Diese Informationen sind in der Literatur mit Ungenauigkeiten behaftet. Der Einfluss der Genauigkeit der Reaktionskinetik auf die Auslegung von Blasensäulen wird anhand eines radial auflösenden Compartmentmodells untersucht und den Simulationsergebnissen eines axialen Dispersionsmodells gegenübergestellt.
Smoking cessation after hospitalization for myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery: Assessing patient interest, confidence, and physician prescribing practices
Authors: Riley Hayden , Ainani Nitesh , Turk Ahmad , Headley Samuel , Szalai Heidi , Stefan Mihaela , Lindenauer Peter K. , Pack Quinn R.
Published: October 2019

Background

Prioritizing and managing multiple behavior changes following a cardiac hospitalization can be difficult, particularly among smokers who must also overcome a serious addiction.

Hypothesis

Hospitalized smokers will report a strong interest in smoking cessation (SC) but will receive little assistance from their physicians.

Methods

We asked current smokers hospitalized for an acute cardiac event to prioritize their health behavior priorities, and inquired about their attitude toward SC therapies. We also assessed SC cessation prescriptions provided by their physicians.

Results

Of the 105 patients approached, 81 (77%) completed the survey. Of these, 72.5% ranked SC as their greatest health change priority, surpassing all other behavior changes, including: taking medications, attending cardiac rehabilitation (CR), dieting, losing weight, and attending doctor appointments. Patients felt that SCM (44%), CR (41%), and starting exercise (35%) would increase their likelihood for SC. While most patients agreed that smoking was harmful, 16% strongly disagreed that smoking was related to their hospitalization. At discharge, medication was prescribed to ~32% of patients, with equal frequency among patients who reported interest and those who reported no interest in using medications.

Conclusion

The majority of hospitalized smokers with cardiac disease want to quit smoking, desire help in doing so, and overwhelmingly rate cessation as their highest health behavior priority, although some believe smoking is unrelated to their disease. The period following an acute cardiac event appears to be a time of great receptivity to SC interventions; however, rates of providing tailored, evidence‐based interventions are disappointingly low.
Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption Across Human Skin Using BAY1003803 Formulated as Ointment and Cream
Authors: Günther Clemens , Kowal Kristin , Schmidt Timm , Jambrecina Alen , Toner Frank , Nave Rüdiger
Published: October 2019

Direct comparisons between skin absorption data and clinical pharmacokinetic data are rare. Here we use the lipophilic nonsteroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist BAY1003803 to make such a comparison. The objective is to find the extent to which measurements of skin permeation in vitro can be used to predict the corresponding permeation in vivo for human pharmacokinetics of topically applied substances. BAY1003803 was prepared in various formulations: ointment, hydrophilic cream, lipophilic cream, and milk. Its ability to permeate healthy human skin was measured in vitro in static diffusion cells, and percutaneous absorption as well as dermal delivery was measured thereafter, for 2 selected formulations, in vivo in healthy volunteers. Absorption in vivo comparing ointment and lipophilic cream was correlated with expectation based on the dermal delivery obtained in vitro. A 2.17‐fold higher systemic exposure to BAY1003803 was achieved by the ointment formulation. This is well in line with the predicted exposure difference of 2.74 based on the in vitro data. In conclusion, in vitro skin absorption studies using human skin are suitable for the prediction of systemic exposure and formulation effects in vivo; they can therefore be applied to guide the design of clinical investigations of dermatological preparations.
Isolation and Analysis of Mouse and Human Skin γδ T Cells
Authors: Gargas Shannon , Bshara‐Corson Savannah , Cruz Michelle , Jameson Julie
Published: October 2019

Skin‐resident and infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes are components of the cutaneous immune system that provide the first line of defense against pathogens and the environment. Research that employs the isolation and culture of T cells from murine and human skin can help delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms utilized by T lymphocytes in skin‐specific immunity. However, obtaining high numbers of T cells from epithelial tissue without resorting to long‐term culture or transformation can be difficult. Here, specific approaches are described for the isolation and culture of γδ T lymphocytes from murine skin and human skin explant cultures. In addition, a protocol to assess the morphology and activation of epidermal γδ T cells in situ using immunofluorescent microscopy is detailed. These techniques can be used to analyze resident and infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes in the skin via flow cytometry, RNA‐seq, or proteomics to further study inflammatory diseases, cancer, or autoimmunity. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Isolation, culture, and analysis of γδ T cells from murine epidermis

Basic Protocol 2: Examination of γδ T cells in epidermal sheets to assess activation and morphology

Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of human skin explant cultures for analysis of skin T cells

Support Protocol 1: Counting live cells with hemocytometer

Support Protocol 2: Preparing a Matrigel
Simple CRISPR‐Cas9 Genome Editing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Laughery Marian F. , Wyrick John J.
Published: October 2019

CRISPR‐Cas9 has emerged as a powerful method for editing the genome in a wide variety of species, since it can generate a specific DNA break when targeted by the Cas9‐bound guide RNA. In yeast, Cas9‐targeted DNA breaks are used to promote homologous recombination with a mutagenic template DNA, in order to rapidly generate genome edits (e.g., DNA substitutions, insertions, or deletions) encoded in the template DNA. Since repeated Cas9‐induced DNA breaks select against unedited cells, Cas9 can be used to generate marker‐free genome edits. Here, we describe a simple protocol for constructing Cas9‐expressing plasmids containing a user‐designed guide RNA, as well as protocols for using these plasmids for efficient genome editing in yeast. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Constructing the guide RNA expression vector

Basic Protocol 2: Preparing double‐stranded oligonucleotide repair template

Alternate Protocol 1: Preparing a single‐stranded oligonucleotide repair template

Basic Protocol 3: Induce genome editing by co‐transformation of yeast

Basic Protocol 4: Screening for edited cells

Basic Protocol 5: Removing sgRNA/CAS9 expression vector

Alternate Protocol 2: Removing pML107‐derived sgRNA/CAS9 expression vector
Melting of strongly coupled, negatively charged, two‐dimensional dust cluster: The role of charge fluctuation amplitude
Authors: Issaad M. , Djebli M. , Derouiche Y. , Helifa B.
Published: October 2019

Structural and melting characteristics are investigated for negatively charged dust particles in the presence of a two‐dimensional electrostatic parabolic confinement potential. For a restricted number of dust particles that are subject to the permanent flow of electrons and ions, numerical simulation is conducted taking into account the random charge fluctuation. The amplitude of the charge fluctuation affects the ground‐state configuration and melting characteristics of a finite number of particles interacting through Coulomb potential. The melting temperature decreases when the amplitude of the charge fluctuation increases as a result of particles' strong repulsive interaction.
Investigation of unstable motion characteristics of vacuum arc cathode spots between transverse magnetic field contacts
Authors: Pang Xianhai , Yang Junfei , Jing Hao , Xiu Shixin
Published: October 2019

With the improvement of the current level of power grids, the requirements of the opening level of the vacuum switches are also increasing. Vacuum arc cathode spots provide steam and electrons and, to a certain extent, determine the opening capacity of the vacuum switch. In this paper, a vacuum arc cathode spot research platform based on the de‐mountable vacuum chamber is constructed. The characteristics of the vacuum arc cathode spots under the transverse magnetic field (TMF) contacts are assessed by a high‐speed charge coupled device. The experimental results show that the cathode spot diffusion process can be divided into three processes through cathode spot distribution, arc voltage and current: initial diffusion stage of cathode spots, unstable motion stage of cathode spots, and extinguishing stage. The motion mode of cathode spots during unstable motion stage can be divided into cathode spots group stagnation (CSGS) to multi‐cathode jet (MCJ) switch mode, cathode spots group motion (CSGM) to MCJ switch mode, CSGM mode, and MCJ mode. The effects of peak current and contact diameter on unstable motion mode were analysed.
Community college students face barriers to success, including registration
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2019

Adult learners attending community colleges are overwhelmingly likely to report having a positive experience at their institution — but they also face multiple barriers to success, including those directly related to the college experience. That finding comes from a first‐of‐its‐kind survey conducted by the consulting firm Percontor, which reached out to more than 50,000 adult students at 10 community colleges during fall 2017 and fall 2018 regarding the challenges they face in earning a degree, and ways those challenges might be mitigated.
Nontraditional students flourish when fully integrated into campus
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2019

Columbia University's “nontraditional students” (its preferred term for adult learners) receive significant and tailored support as they acclimate to the demanding academic environment. But the dean of the school where they enroll believes these students’ integration into the overall university holds the key to maximizing their academic success.
Warm temperatures during cold season can negatively affect adult survival in an alpine bird
Authors: Chiffard Jules , Delestrade Anne , Yoccoz Nigel Gilles , Loison Anne , Besnard Aurélien
Published: October 2019

Climate seasonality is a predominant constraint on the lifecycles of species in alpine and polar biomes. Assessing the response of these species to climate change thus requires taking into account seasonal constraints on populations. However, interactions between seasonality, weather fluctuations, and population parameters remain poorly explored as they require long‐term studies with high sampling frequency. This study investigated the influence of environmental covariates on the demography of a corvid species, the alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus, in the highly seasonal environment of the Mont Blanc region. In two steps, we estimated: (1) the seasonal survival of categories of individuals based on their age, sex, etc., (2) the effect of environmental covariates on seasonal survival. We hypothesized that the cold season—and more specifically, the end of the cold season (spring)—would be a critical period for individuals, and we expected that weather and individual covariates would influence survival variation during critical periods. We found that while spring was a critical season for adult female survival, it was not for males. This is likely because females are dominated by males at feeding sites during snowy seasons (winter and spring), and additionally must invest energy in egg production. When conditions were not favorable, which seemed to happen when the cold season was warmer than usual, females probably reached their physiological limits. Surprisingly, adult survival was higher at the beginning of the cold season than in summer, which may result from adaptation to harsh weather in alpine and polar vertebrates. This hypothesis could be confirmed by testing it with larger sets of populations. This first seasonal analysis of individual survival over the full life cycle in a sedentary alpine bird shows that including seasonality in demographic investigations is crucial to better understand the potential impacts of climate change on cold ecosystems.
Upwelling buffers climate change impacts on coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Randall Carly J. , Toth Lauren T. , Leichter James J. , Maté Juan L. , Aronson Richard B.
Published: October 2019

Corals of the eastern tropical Pacific live in a marginal and oceanographically dynamic environment. Along the Pacific coast of Panamá, stronger seasonal upwelling in the Gulf of Panamá in the east transitions to weaker upwelling in the Gulf of Chiriquí in the west, resulting in complex regional oceanographic conditions that drive differential coral‐reef growth. Over millennial timescales, reefs in the Gulf of Chiriquí recovered more quickly from climatic disturbances compared with reefs in the Gulf of Panamá. In recent decades, corals in the Gulf of Chiriquí have also had higher growth rates than in the Gulf of Panamá. As the ocean continues to warm, however, conditions could shift to favor the growth of corals in the Gulf of Panamá, where upwelling may confer protection from high‐temperature anomalies. Here we describe the recent spatial and temporal variability in surface oceanography of nearshore environments in Pacific Panamá and compare those conditions with the dynamics of contemporary coral‐reef communities during and after the 2016 coral‐bleaching event. Although both gulfs have warmed significantly over the last 150 yr, the annual thermal maximum in the Gulf of Chiriquí is increasing faster, and ocean temperatures there are becoming more variable than in the recent past. In contrast to historical trends, we found that coral cover, coral survival, and coral growth rates were all significantly higher in the Gulf of Panamá. Corals bleached extensively in the Gulf of Chiriquí following the 2015–2016 El Niño event, whereas upwelling in the Gulf of Panamá moderated the high temperatures caused by El Niño, allowing the corals largely to escape thermal stress. As the climate continues to warm, upwelling zones may offer a temporary and localized refuge from the thermal impacts of climate change, while reef growth in the rest of the eastern tropical Pacific continues to decline.
Determination of thermodynamic acidity constants and limiting ionic mobilities of weak electrolytes by capillary electrophoresis using a new free software AnglerFish
Authors: Malý Michal , Boublík Milan , Pocrnić Marijana , Ansorge Martin , Lorinčíková Kateřina , Svobodová Jana , Hruška Vlastimil , Dubský Pavel , Gaš Bohuslav
Published: October 2019

Thermodynamic acidity constants (acid or acid‐base dissociation constants, sometimes called also as ionization constants) and limiting ionic mobilities (both of them at defined temperature, usually 25°C) are the fundamental physicochemical characteristics of a weak electrolyte, that is, weak acid or weak base or ampholyte. We introduce a novel method for determining the data of a weak electrolyte by the nonlinear regression of effective electrophoretic mobility versus buffer composition dependence when measured in a set of BGEs with various pH. To correct the experimental data for zero ionic strength we use the extended Debye‐Hückel model and Onsager‐Fuoss law with no simplifications. Contrary to contemporary approaches, the nonlinear regression is performed on limiting mobility data calculated by PeakMaster's correction engine, not on the raw experimental mobility data. Therefore, there is no requirement to perform all measurements at a constant ionic strength of the set of BGEs. We devised the computer program AnglerFish that performs the necessary calculations in a user‐friendly fashion. All thermodynamic pKa values and limiting electrophoretic mobilities for arbitrarily charged substances having any number of ionic forms are calculated by one fit. The user input consists of the buffer composition of the set of BGEs and experimentally measured effective mobilities of the inspected weak electrolyte.
Engage regional recruiters by using technology, making them feel like part of the team
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: October 2019

Eyes and ears that help you understand what prospective students in places far beyond your university need and want: This is one of the reasons regional recruiters can be a big asset to your team.

But how do you choose the right people for these positions — and then effectively manage team members who are miles away?
Core‐Shell Nanoparticles with a Redox Polymer Core and a Silica Porous Shell as High‐Performance Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jia He , Friebe Christian , Schubert Ulrich S. , Zhang Xiaozhe , Quan Ting , Lu Yan , Gohy Jean-François
Published: October 2019

A facile and novel method for the fabrication of core‐shell nanoparticles (PTMA@SiO2) based on a poly(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy‐4‐yl methacrylate) (PTMA) core and a porous SiO2 shell is reported. The core‐shell nanoparticles are further self‐assembled with negatively charged multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which results in the formation of a free‐standing cathode electrode. The porous SiO2 shell not only effectively improves the stability of the linear PTMA redox polymer with low molar mass in organic electrolytes but also leads to the uniform dispersion of PTMA active units in the MWCNTs conductive network. The PTMA@SiO2@MWCNT composite electrode exhibits a specific capacity as high as 73.8 mAh g at 1 C and only 0.11% capacity loss per cycle at a rate of 2 C.
Exergy based performance comparison of DI diesel engine fuelled with WCO15 and NEEM15 biodiesel
Authors: Chaudhary Veena , Gakkhar Rakesh
Published: October 2019

This study presents the comparative performance analysis of WCO15 and NEEM15 fuelled diesel engine using the experimental record data. Investigations are carried out with a natural aspirated, single‐cylinder diesel engine at different load conditions. Exergetic and energetic parameters are determined by using the experimental data for both biodiesel blends at constant speeds. Exergy parameters namely exergy destruction, exhaust‐exergy, cooling water‐ exergy, energy, and exergy distributions are compared. It is observed that the exergy variation follows a similar trend of their corresponding energy. At 100% load, brake thermal efficiency for NEEM15 and WCO15 is 30.88 and 32.35%, respectively. At 100% load, the exergetic efficiency for NEEM15 and WCO15 is 28.95 and 30.48%, respectively. NEEM15 gives higher exergy destruction as compared to WCO15, which is validated with the sustainability index for NEEM15. Evaluation of engine performance based on exergy is a better option instead of energy analysis only.