bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexuality and HIV/AIDS Risk and Perception among Male Street Youths in Dessie
Authors: Tadele Getnet
Published: January 2007

Objectives: To investigate how male street youths understand and express sexuality and cope with the HIV/AIDS risk in their daily lives.
Methods: In this ethnographic study, three focus group discussions guided by unstructured questions were held by the author and a peer facilitator with 30 street youths aged 15-24 years. Discussion themes focused on their daily problems and life experiences; perceptions of their future; boy-girl relationships; marriage and premarital sex; sexual socialization; sexuality; sexual norms; values and deviance; safe sex; condoms and condom use; and the nature, risk, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. All focus group discussions were tape recorded and transcribed into English, with additional notes taken during unstructured interviews.
Results: The main findings were that (1) HIV/AIDS was of relatively low concern to the street youths due to their preoccupation with survival in an adverse environment, (2) levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge were low, and common misconceptions about the nature, risk, transmission, and prevention of HIV indicated a lack of access to information, (3) contrary to expectations, the study group adhered to the traditional sexual mores and values of society, and (4) individuals were frustrated in their sexuality due to their socially marginalized position and fear of already having contracted HIV.

Conclusion and Recommendations: The precarious situation of street youths may not be conducive to mainstream HIV/AIDS prevention programs that emphasize abstinence and faithfulness. It is necessary first to reintegrate them into society, or at least meet basic food, employment, and shelter needs to render them receptive to health education. In addition, many fear they already have contracted HIV infection and are reluctant to be tested lest their fears be confirmed. Still, fear of HIV infection may be an entry point for prevention initiatives among street youth and other out-of-school adolescents if it is possible to give them hope in life and overcome their reluctance to confirm their HIV status.
Community-Based Organizations and Poverty Alleviation Programs in HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control in Ethiopia: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Kloos Helmut , Mariam. Damen Haile
Published: January 2007

Objectives and Methods: The literature is reviewed to briefly examine the potential role of eight community-based organizations and agents as well as poverty reduction programs in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. Particular attention is given to the role of the kebele (cooperative neighborhood associations), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), community health agents (CHAs), health extension agents, anti-AIDS clubs in high schools, traditional healers, home-based AIDS patient care programs, and iqqubs, traditional credit associations, in the prevention of HIV transmission and the care and support of AIDS patients.
Conclusion and Recommendations: Most community-based organizations appear to be suitable for HIV/AIDS prevention and patient care programs, although well-documented results to date are scarce. Operational research at the community level may guide the selection and strengthening of these organizations and indicate how best to upgrade programs to the regional and national levels. The performance record and limitations of individual organizations and the program-related problems they face suggest that while some progress has been made, plans for their wider use must consider local socioeconomic conditions, needs, and preferences in order to meet community expectations and capacities.
Tragedy, Pessimism, Nietzsche
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: January 2007

This essay reexamines the link between tragedy and pessimism and disputes some assumptions commonly made about it. Debates about tragedy often suppose that connecting it to pessimism must render it elitist, reactionary or anti-political. But this discussion largely takes place in ignorance of the philosophical tradition of pessimism and, especially, of Nietzsche's aims in characterizing tragedy as an outgrowth of pessimism. While acknowledging limits to the human condition, pessimism, as many inheritors of Nietzsche have seen, rather than confirming existing identities, political or otherwise, instead sanctions a process of self-renovation based on an acknowledgment of the fundamental instability and perishability of human life. Pessimism is as much an ethic of radical possibility as it is of radical insecurity. It makes little sense, therefore, to link pessimistic tragedy with conservative politics. The pessimistic spirit is a restless one, unlikely to be enamored of the status quo. Tragedy, though always anti-utopian, is indeed pessimistic without being either conformist or dead.
Tragedy, Theology, and Feminism in the Time After Time
Authors: Sands Kathleen M
Published: January 2007

This article is a theological response to the cases for and against tragedy by George Steiner, Terry Eagleton, and Carol Gilligan. It first articulates the peculiar values of tragedy as a genre and shows why a tragic sensibility would re-emerge in this post-modern moment. In response to Steiner and Eagleton, it argues that Western Christian theology has suppressed the tragic. In response to Gilligan, the article takes feminists to task for continuing this suppression of the tragic, while commending their apt critiques of Western thought for its association of women with evil.
The Ubiquitous Artifact: On Coherence
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: January 2007

Most of the terms that might seem to be necessary or sufficient conditions on coherence turn out to be no more than styles or modes of coherence, never the thing itself. This is true even of logical consistency. We can no more capture the possibilities of coherence in a timeless definition than we can capture the possibilities of games or works of art. Coherence is made and not found, invented and not discovered, and an artifact of embodied, historically contingent understanding, not the noetic mimesis of an intrinsic nature. It never comes naturally, innocently, or without art. In Kant's language, coherence is an Idea, an ideal that moves us. Remove our yearning for it and there is no residual coherence of things in themselves. Yet the origin of coherence is not in ideas or subjectivity but in artifacts, which are the very model of coherence, things that make sense because of how they are put together. The original objective synthesis occurs not in the immaterial solitude of transcendental consciousness but right out there before us in an artifact, always material in the first instance.
Coherence On and Off the Page: What Writers Can Know about Writing Coherently
Authors: Colomb Gregory G , Griffin June Anne
Published: January 2007

This essay explores two related issues in the coherence of written texts: one concerning the nature of coherence and one concerning how writers are able to think about it. Most current accounts treat coherence as a feature of the design of texts, chiefly of large-scale matters of "organization" that readers then register (or not). We argue that coherence is more properly thought of not as a feature of texts but as a quality of certain reading experiences, supporting that case with a variety of evidence drawn from research into both reading and writing. We also show, however, why writers have little use for a definition of coherence that refers primarily to qualitative, ad hoc features of particular reading experiences rather than to fixed elements of a text's design. So what writers need is an understanding of coherence that avoids the false security of traditional accountsÃorganize your ideas and readers will see their coherenceÃbut that allows them to focus on the texts they are producing. For them, the coherence of a text is best thought of as a measure of the number of ways in which a text supports readers in generating a coherent understanding of it. In closing, we point to a few of the ways in which writers support a reader's achievement of coherence.
Coherence and Incoherence in Historical Studies: From the Annales School to the New Cultural History
Authors: Megill Allan
Published: January 2007

In the mid-twentieth century the prominent Annales school historians Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel advocated a unified, "total" history. Their efforts in this direction did not meet with success, and have been superseded by the efforts of some practitioners of "social" and "new cultural" history to impose one or another "paradigm" on historical research and writing. Such efforts are misguided. Typically, if they are not simply cynical grabs for academic power, they arise from a fundamental misunderstanding of what historical research ought to offer—not blithe certainty, but an understanding of complexity and contingency in human life.
The Fourth Critique
Authors: Ruthrof Horst
Published: January 2007

The paper asks whether interpretive practice today could be said to rival the revolutionary moment of Kant's Critique of Judgment, at the centre of which stands the functional relation between of the heuristic stipulation of a shifting frame and its hermeneutically dependent detail. After all, the paper argues, the evolution of interpretation from Kant to postmodern writings has endowed us with a rich repertoire of tools to bring to the task of reading. However, the paper insists, there are two conditions which, if violated, result in the abandonment of interpretation: (1) contrary to talk of 'empty' or 'mere' signifiers, we cannot let go of the signified and (2) contrary to claims to radical interpretive freedom we cannot abandon heuristic coherence. Coherence phobia and the dream of a signifier without conceptuality are discussed against the background of notions of indeterminacy and infinite regress. The paper concludes that neither of the two constraints, insistence on the signified and heuristic coherence, should be regarded as metaphysically nostalgic but rather as grounded in the 'material' conditions of the autopoietic facts of human-scale perception and hence our organic bodies.
The Critic as Ethnographer
Authors: Van Oort Richard
Published: January 2007

In literary studies, the idea of culture is everywhere invoked but rarely explained. Why? Because universal explanations of culture remain universally maligned. The tacit assumption behind this "culture of repudiation" is that culture is above all a historical exercise in ethical differentiation. Because universal explanations of culture seem to uphold historical sameness rather than historical difference, they are felt to run counter to the ethical goal of promoting and defending those differences. But what exactly does culture differentiate itself from? This essay provides a minimal anthropological answer. After briefly discussing the significance of the anthropological turn in literary studies represented by Stephen Greenblatt's appropriation of Clifford Geertz's ethnography of the cultural other, I suggest that the fundamental difference of culture, which is also an "anthropological" difference between the human and the nonhuman, is the originary difference between symbolic and indexical representation. The point of formulating such an anthropological hypothesis is not to reject the idea of historical change implicit in standard literary approaches to cultural differentiation (for example, in the usual practice of dividing literary history into distinct aesthetic "periods"). On the contrary, the hypothesis provides the minimal anthropological context by which to understand what we mean by literary and cultural history, and why it matters that we continue to study it.
Helene Cixous's Imaginary Cities: Oran-Osnabruck-Manhattan--Places of Fascination, Places of Fiction
Authors: Calle-Gruber Mireille , Crevier Goulet Sarah-Anais
Published: January 2007

Cities have a very special status in Hélène Cixous's writings. The writer was born in Oran, grew up in Algiers, studied both in Paris and New York, lived a few years near Montaigne, the city of the famous philosopher Michel de Montaigne, heard a lot about the city of Osnabrück in Germany through her mother who was born and spent her childhood there. Cixous's imagination is consequently filled with highly diverse geographical elements coming from the numerous cities she directly and indirectly knows, and for each of which she has a very specific attachment. This article focuses on three major cities in the writer's work and imagination: Oran, Osnabrück, and Manhattan— three places of fascination and of magical transmission. For a city is not simply, in Cixous's work, a given and localizable spot with precise characteristics (what is a "real place"), but is also a place about which to fantasize, a starting point for dreaming, for fiction, and for writing.
The Presences of Deconstruction
Authors: Dubreuil Laurent
Published: January 2007

This article focuses on literature's response to philosophy and provides a reading of Cixous's The Day I Wasn't There. If Cixous's novel evokes specters in its poetical composition and its writing, it is due to an analysis of a presence of absence largely indebted to Derrida's philosophy. However, there is more than that and more than the official difference Cixous and Derrida have acknowledged publicly. Cixous's difference is also able to differ from Derrida's difference itself. In Cixous, the exercise of a thought ruining dualism is not anchored in a hole of presence nor is the only resistance to the solidity of the concept. It prepares an affirmation of being without any restoration of positive plenitude, and, thus, exceeds Derrida's own philosophical exercise of deconstruction.
The Book That You Will Not Write: An Interview with Helene Cixous
Authors: Jeannet Frederic-Yves , Cixous HÃ©lÃ¨ne , Dutoit Thomas
Published: January 2007

Interweaving threads such as the secret, an eleventh commandment (thou shalt not write . . .), the real and the true, stanching and mutilation, haunting and Orpheus, Frédéric-Yves Jeannet and Hélène Cixous turn in the orbit around that book that Cixous does not write and is not writing all the while visiting the many books—or satellites—which receive some of their energy and movement from this enigmatic and fabulous book, in such a way that the reader accompanies the questioner in this thorough journey while also hearing, as if by echo, how the respondent replies askance from that place not yet or never to be written.
Afterburn: An Afterword to "The Flying Manuscript"
Authors: Kamuf Peggy
Published: January 2007

"Afterburn: An Afterword to 'The Flying Manuscript'" reflects, in its aftermath, on the seering experience of translating Cixous's essay. Through a close reading of several passages in the text, it seeks to analyze some traits of the Cixousian writing practice as these can best be isolated by the impossible demands that this practice makes on translation.
Children in Medical Research: balancing protection and access: has the pendulum swung too far?
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the changes in policies regarding children in research between 1966 and 2003. The changes reflect a shift in focus from protection to access. The need for protection was brought to light in 1966, with the publication of Henry Beecher's "Ethics and Clinical Research," which described 22 research projects that he considered unethical. Four of these involved child subjects. Within a few years, Paul Ramsey and Richard McCormick debated the ethical acceptability of enrolling children in any non-therapeutic research. The first U.S. policies to address the protection of human subjects were written in the 1970s and 1980s, and additional protections (Subpart D) were provided to child subjects, who were considered particularly vulnerable. In the 1990s, however, several new policies were implemented by the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and Congress, in which the focus had shifted from protecting children from research risks to ensuring access. The article describes the new policies, examines the motivations for the change, and describes some of the effects of these policies. It concludes by suggesting that greater attention must be paid to ensure that increased access is not achieved by undermining the additional protections to children provided by Subpart D.
Editors' Introduction: Why is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So Difficult?
Authors: Schechter Alan N , Perlman Robert L , Rettig Richard A
Published: January 2007

We believe that support for academic clinical research has greatly declined in recent decades. Here we discuss our views on why this has happened. We define clinical or patient-oriented research as limited to the study of human beings or populations of individuals, and argue that its eclipse in favor of basic and "translational" research is the result of inappropriate conceptual paradigms or "models" for medical advances. We believe that medical history shows that the "bench-to-bedside" model is inadequate to explain most recent progress and that clinical advances themselves often lead to new basic research. Discussion of alternate conceptual frameworks for biomedical research should help lead to changes in funding and organizational structures that might finally revitalize clinical research
Deformity in the "Boxing Boys"
Authors: Ferrence Susan C , Bendersky Gordon
Published: January 2007

The late Bronze Age wall painting the Boxing Boys (c. 17th-16th century BCE) was excavated in the ancient town of Akrotiri on the Greek island of Thera. This article considers a medical interpretation for the spinal-pelvic anomaly in the anatomy of one of the boys.The artist has depicted a combination of structural anatomical adjustments diagnostic of spondylolisthesis, a forward slippage of one of the lumbar vertebrae. The accurate portrayal of the surface appearance of this condition suggests that the artist painted directly from a live subject. Thus, the Boxing Boys mural may be the earliest visual record of a sports-induced injury. Although the meaning of the wall paintings is unclear, the wild goats (agrimia) on the adjoining walls simulate swayback as a reflection of the boy's torso deformity and share other features with the boxers, adding to the unifying characteristics of the room. The abnormal morphology appears to be the earliest achievement of transforming disease into aesthetic charm on a monumental scale.
Alternative Reality and Art: the creative world of Walter Inglis Anderson
Authors: Rodenhauser Paul
Published: January 2007

Both mental illness and creativity run in families. This observation suggests the possibility of genetic predisposition; in light of the known dynamic interrelationships among the environment, the personality, and the brain, however, it does not diminish the possibility of significant environmental influence on personal development. An examination of the biological, psychological, and social forces impacting the life ofWalter Inglis Anderson (1903-1965), the South's most important artist, serves as a case in point. Anderson's upbringing, including his mother's determination that her sons become artists and her beliefs about the shamanistic role of artists in society, might have played a large part in establishing an unusual and indelible frame of reference in a family whose history insinuated the possibility of untoward outcomes.Walter Anderson's life as an artist—one who lived at times in an alternative reality—raises questions about how a different set of circumstances might have affected his mental state as well as his talent. This essay discusses some of the important relationships, events, and circumstances in Walter Anderson's life from a biopsychosocial perspective, with emphasis on psychodynamic implications of his illness and its questionable diagnosis as schizophrenia.
Medicine and the Call for a Moral Epistemology
Authors: Tauber Alfred I
Published: January 2007

For over a century, medicine has prided itself on its scientific orientation and technological accomplishments. But a conceptual crack lies at the foundation of contemporary medicine, one that may be characterized as a conflict between medicine's scientific epistemology and its moral philosophy. Moral refers to value, and more specifically in the clinical setting, to how facts must be ordered by the values attached to them. A "moral epistemology" seeks to bring these two domains into closer proximity. Clinical facts always reside in a complex array of systems that confer specific and often unique meanings to any finding. An integration of unsteady norms and the intuitive inference arising from the individuality of disease expression require that judgments order facts into their proper placement. And beyond this relaxed view of objectivity, clinical care must also incorporate judgments arising from the patient's (as well as the physician's) social and psychological realms that are removed from scientific concerns. Together, these various kinds of value judgments erect the scaffold of clinical care, in which a more complex moral epistemology emerges. A comprehensive biopsychosocial model of illness and its treatment articulates this integrated orientation, but until medicine embraces a philosophy that legitimates the full integration of facts and values, the appeal of such an approach will remain limited and its application ineffective.
The Remarkable Vision of Robert Hooke (1635-1703): First Observer of the Microbial World
Authors: Gest Howard
Published: January 2007

Robert Hooke played important roles in the early development of the Royal Society of London. As Curator of Experiments of the Society, he became a pioneering microscopist, prolific inventor, astronomer, geologist, architect, and an effective surveyor of the City of London following the Great Fire of 1666. Hooke's Micrographia (1665) revealed the microscopic structures of numerous biological and inorganic objects and became an important source of information for later studies. Aside from the body of detailed observations reported and depicted in Micrographia, the Preface is in itself an extraordinary document that exhibits Hooke's fertile mind, philosophical insights, and rare ability to look into the future.
Pain and the Placebo: What We Have Learned
Authors: Hoffman Ginger A , Harrington Anne , Fields Howard L
Published: January 2007

Despite the recent blossoming of rigorous research into placebo mechanisms and the long-standing use of placebos in clinical trials, there remains widespread and profound misunderstanding of the placebo response among both practicing physicians and clinical researchers. This review identifies and clarifies areas of current confusion about the placebo response (including whether it exists at all), describes its phenomenology, and outlines recent advances in our knowledge of its underlying psychological and neural mechanisms. The focus of the review is the placebo analgesic response rather than placebo responses in general, because much of the best established clinical and experimental work to date has been done on this type of placebo response. In addition, this subfield of placebo research offers a specific neural circuit hypothesis capable of being integrated with equally rigorous experimental work on the psychological (including social psychological) and clinical levels. In this sense, placebo analgesia research bears all the marks of a genuine multilevel interdisciplinary research paradigm in the making, one that could serve as a model for research into other kinds of placebo responses, as well as into other kinds of mind-body responses.
When Medical Cure Is Not an Unmitigated Good
Authors: Orfali Kristina , Anderson-Shaw Lisa
Published: January 2007

The impact of chronic illness on patients has been discussed extensively, but little attention has been paid to the reverse situation: the need for patients who have been chronically ill since childhood to adjust to health and normality in adulthood. Drawing upon the narratives of two adults with childhood onset diseases, this paper provides a new perspective about the transition from chronic illness to health after a successful transplantation. We analyze from the patients' perspective the unusual disruptive impact of overcoming illness in such situations. The process of becoming cured affects their identity, leaving them unable to restructure their self within health and normality, in the same way as others are unable to adjust to chronic illness. Health care providers and families must pay more attention to the losses and life changes these patients undergo after being cured, and to their specific needs in the post-transplantation situation. We hope to offer insight into ways to prevent and address the difficulties and suffering in such situations, which may become more frequent as more therapeutic options become available for adults with childhood onset diseases.
From Nativism to Numerology: Yamaga Soko's Final Excursion into the Metaphysics of Change
Authors: Tucker John Allen
Published: January 2007

Most discussions of Yamaga Soko's philosophical development as a Confucian scholar in Tokugawa Japan suggest that in his later years he moved away from Confucianism and toward a religio-philosophical celebration of Japan's supposed uniqueness. It is shown here, however, that Soko's nativism, set forth in his Chuchojijitsu, was later eclipsed by his final philosophical work, the Gengen hakki, wherein he articulated a kind of naturalistic numerology, based vaguely on the Yijing. This shift in Soko's thought can be viewed as a return to Neo-Confucianism, the earliest philosophical paradigm that he had embraced. Moreover, the successive shifts in his thinking can be understood in terms of the vicissitudes of his life, first in his exile to the Kansai area, near the ancient imperial capital of Kyoto, and then later in his pardon and return to Edo, the shogun's capital. Perhaps most importantly, this final shift in Soko's thought reveals that this prominent early modern thinker did reach his philosophical climax not in defiant opposition to Neo-Confucianism, nor in a sustained celebration of Japan's political traditions and their superlative nature, but instead in a return to modes of metaphysics akin to those typically deployed by Neo- Confucians themselves in their attempts to understand the changing nature of the cosmos and their political place within its flux.
Bad Writing's Back
Authors: Bauerlein Mark
Published: January 2007

In 1999, Philosophy and Literature gave the top prize in its annual Bad Writing Contest to Judith Butler, and the national press echoed the journal in denouncing critical theory as overblown, jargon-ridden, and ungrammatical. Academic theorists reacted with pique, but not a soul in the public sphere came to their defense. Now, the professors have issued an anthology justifying their prose and denouncing Denis Dutton and other critics of bad writing. They claim that bad, or rather "difficult" writing has a critical thrust: to break down common sense and dismantle unjust social notions.They fail to make their case. Much of the writing is, alas, bad. Entries offer tendentious, petulant reactions to the hubbub. Rarely do they address the basic point of the contest: that humanities professors no longer respect ideals of wit, eloquence, and learning. Instead, we have another parade of academic parochialism and radical chic passing itself off as adversarial culture and social justice.
Morality and Method in Pascal's Pensees
Authors: Delehanty Ann T
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Pascal's work both questions the accuracy of perspective in an infinite universe, and describes a model for moral truth that escapes the limitations of perspective. This model, rooted in Christianity, requires a total reorientation of approach towards moral truth. By asserting the limits of rational method, making use of recent scientific developments, and constructing a new model for moral truth, Pascal's work sought to update the role of Christianity to be not only consonant with the secular thinking of his day but also as the only solution to the implications of that thinking.
Strategies for Overcoming: Nietzsche and the Will to Metaphor
Authors: Deming Richard
Published: January 2007

Believing that philosophy had become a single-minded pursuit of a dead metaphor, Nietzsche constructs his authorial self as a "strong poet," a writer who attempts a new vocabulary and increases flexibility for available discourses. Building on observations by Gilles Deleuze, Sarah Kofman, and others, this article maps the literary register of Nietzsche's thinking, particularly in Beyond Good and Evil, to see the ways that tropes and rhetorical devices drive Nietzsche's textual negotiations. Such literary self-interrogation into how a text might enact its own will to power gives rise—for Nietzsche, the reader, and for philosophy itself—to methods of self-overcoming.
Beauty, Evil, and The English Patient
Authors: Jollimore Troy A. , Barrios Sharon
Published: January 2007

Can literature provide moral insight? Or can literary works do nothing more than reflect the moral views that readers bring to them? We argue that literary works can provide genuine moral insight by discussing one that does. Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient challenges two key assumptions about moral evil: that evil necessarily involves active malevolence, and that evil and aesthetic beauty are mutually exclusive. These assumptions play foundational roles both in everyday moral thinking, and in the interpretive practices of many critics and readers. Thus, The English Patient provides genuine insights that are both aesthetic and moral.
Verbal Medium and Narrative Art in Homer and the Bible
Authors: Kawashima Robert S.
Published: January 2007

Erich Auerbach's famous comparative study of Homer and the Bible, "Odysseus' Scar," argues that their contrastive styles derive from the different possibilities available to oral tradition and literature. In support of this thesis, I invoke two theories of verbal art: Walter Benjamin's description of the storyteller's craft, and Victor Shklovsky's definition of art as "defamiliarization." Through a comparative analysis of the use of type-scenes in Homer and in biblical narrative, I demonstrate how Homer is a traditional storyteller, practicing an "art of the familiar," whereas biblical narrative "defamiliarizes" traditional forms.
Pathologies of Pride in Camus's The Fall
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: January 2007

What is Hell? Here is one answer: five straight days of conversation with a garrulous, narcissistic, rather depraved lawyer. This is the text, in fact the entire content, of Camus's brilliant quasi-religious novel, The Fall. The book has been read as a meditation on the "deadly" sin of pride, introducing a host of ethical and theological questions. I interpret the book as the story of a virtuous, contented, vulnerable man who is struck down by his own mistaken self-reflection and then forced to re-establish his superiority by way of the resentment that replaces his pride.
Human Nature and Modernist Ethics
Authors: Oser Lee
Published: January 2007

I argue that the modernist synthesis of the higher self and dehumanized art prepares the way for the Age of Biotech. The high modernists went "out of nature" to recreate man and morality. The critical heirs of modernism, including postmodernists, inherit this ambitious effort — the modernist moral project. The roads of modernism run from the City of Art in Yeats's Byzantium poems, through the dehumanized aesthetic of Woolf and others, to the postmodernist deconstruction of character, as well as to the democratic vistas of John Dewey and Freeman Dyson.
Creating a Culture of Assessment: A Catalyst for Organizational Change
Authors: Lakos Amos , Phipps Shelley E
Published: January 2007

In the rapidly changing information environment, libraries have to demonstrate that their services have relevance, value, and impact for stakeholders and customers. To deliver effective and high quality services, libraries have to assess their performance from the customer point of view. Moving to an assessment framework will be more successful if staff and leaders understand what is involved in organizational culture change. This paper describes the new paradigm of building a culture of assessment, and places it in the framework of organizational culture change, utilizing a learning organization and systems thinking approach.
On the Deliberate Transition to E-Journals
Authors: Younger Jennifer A
Published: January 2007

The author suggests that the deliberate pace at which independent scholarly journals are going online should neither be considered a surprise nor a cause for alarm. Library goals, while supportive of those of the faculty and universities, are not synonymous with faculty and university goals. She describes the issues encountered by two journals, both published by the University of Notre Dame, when going online.
Constant Vigilance, Babelfish, and Foot Surgery: Perspectives on Faculty Status and Tenure for Academic Librarians
Authors: Hill Janet Swan
Published: January 2007

Faculty status and tenure for academic librarians are topics of continuous discussion. The rationales for having a tenure system have relevance for librarians but affect librarians differently than they do other faculty. A well-conceived tenure system can enhance a library's vitality and effectiveness, but maintaining the system requires commitment by faculty and administrators, understanding differences in faculty cultures, documentation, communication, understanding peer review, and support for scholarly work. Several idiosyncratic perspectives on tenure for librarians, including lessons to be learned from single-sex colleges, computer translation programs, and figure skating are offered.
Penn State's Visual Image User Study
Authors: Pisciotta Henry A , Dooris Michael J , Frost James , Halm Michael
Published: January 2007

The Visual Image User Study (VIUS), an extensive needs assessment project at Penn State University, describes academic users of pictures and their perceptions. These findings outline the potential market for digital images and list the likely determinates of whether or not a system will be used. They also explain some key user requirements for teaching, independent learning, and collection management. The importance of picture collections maintained by individuals is underscored, as is the desire of users to easily mix pictures from their collections with those from databases and other sources. Two prototypical services were tested: an image database service and a more experimental peer-to-peer system named LionShare.
Tiered Pricing: Implications for Library Collections
Authors: Hahn Karla
Published: January 2007

In recent years an increasing number of publishers have adopted tiered pricing of journals. The design and implications of tiered-pricing models, however, are poorly understood. Tiered pricing can be modeled using several variables. A survey of current tiered-pricing models documents the range of key variables used. A sensitivity analysis identified two main variables: the distribution of the subscriber base across tiers and the price differential between the highest and lowest tiers. Scenarios illustrating the effects of these two variables are presented and analyzed. The results suggest that institutions falling into the highest tiers can experience substantial price increases, particularly if the subscriber distribution is weighted toward the lower tiers of the model. The implications for collection management at institutions of all sizes are considered
Discontinuity in Personal Narrative: Some Perspectives of Patients
Authors: Wells Lloyd A
Published: January 2007

Several clinical cases are presented to illustrate the phenomenon of
discontinuity of personal narrative. These discontinuities are markedly
and overtly present in the cases described, which include cases of
bipolar disorder, incipient schizophrenia, dissociative disorder, and
others. One of the patients suggests that they are also ubiquitous in
people without psychiatric diagnoses.
The Issue Is Justice: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Response to the Birmingham Clergy
Authors: Watson Martha
Published: January 2007

Examining King's "Letter" in juxtaposition with the two preceding statements by the Birmingham clergy, this essay explores the tension in values between King and his clergy peers. While the clergy focused on the immediate situation in Birmingham, King insisted on viewing the struggle there on a larger canvas. The clergy's efforts were to prevent civil unrest, to protect the fragile peace in the city. In contrast, King argued that justice was more important than civil tranquillity. The clergy's statements provided King the ideal opportunity to articulate his views. King's "Letter" endures because it speaks to deep chords in the American psyche.
The Rusticity and Religiosity of Huey P. Long
Authors: Hogan J. Michael , Williams L. Glen
Published: January 2007

Challenging the conventional portrait of Huey P. Long as a Southern demagogue, this essay argues for a new understanding of the Kingfish that better accounts for how he simultaneously forged a fiercely loyal following of "common folk" and outraged, even terrorized, a "better" class of citizens. Focusing on Long's rise to national prominence between 1933 and 1935, we locate the rhetorical and symbolic power of Long's Share Our Wealth crusade not in the economic "deal" he offered poor people, but in the rusticity of his political persona and the religiosity of his radio addresses.
FDR's Commonwealth Club Address: Redefining Individualism, Adjudicating Greatness
Authors: Houck Davis W
Published: January 2007

According to a recent poll of public address scholars, Franklin D. Roosevelt's Commonwealth Club address rates as a "great" speech. To date, though, that claim of greatness remains in a critical void; not a single critical study of the address exists. In this essay I make a first attempt to evaluate the speech, not exclusively along a grid of relative greatness, but for the interaction of form, content, and context. I argue that an initial memorandum on the address drafted by Adolf A. Berle provides an important critical prompt; that is, the speech attempts a critique and a redefinition of the key term "individualism." But that attempt at redefinition is ultimately a conservative representation, one that at first blush appears to be part of a new relationship between an activist federal government and the "individual," but is not. Rather, the "new individualism" espoused in the address represents a debilitating and pessimistic subjectivity overdetermined by the relationship among geography, history, and economic maturity.
A Calvinist and a Scholar
Authors: Bytwerk Randall L
Published: January 2007

How does a Calvinist scholar's religious conviction influence his scholarship? The Calvinist (or Reformed) approach to Christianity claims to be a worldview with implications for every area of human knowledge. This essay traces how that worldview may contribute to an understanding of National Socialist and Marxist-Leninist rhetoric.
On the Way to Canterbury: A Rhetorician's Tale
Authors: Campbell John Angus
Published: January 2007

The essay locates the author's work in the comic perspectives of rhetoric and Christianity. To explain why no Christian motive has been found in his work, the author explores facets of Anglican Christianity that see theology and practical reason as complementary. The essay encourages religious scholars to integrate theological insight in their scholarship and draws on the recent work of Eugene Garver to argue that religious particularism may enrich civic argument by encouraging both candor and political friendship
"Come Let Us Reason Together": The Heritage of the Churches of Christ as a Source for Rhetorical Invention
Authors: Casey Michael W
Published: January 2007

Religion, the substance of culture, should impact another vital symbolic web of culture: rhetoric. Particular religious heritages should uniquely influence the rhetoric of individuals steeped within the culture of those traditions. The Churches of Christ, a group that values rhetoric, preaching, and public speaking, has emphasized reason, pragmatism, optimism, and restoration as rhetorical topoi. This essay illustrates these topoi in a diverse set of public figures impacted by this religious heritage.
Apologia Pro Curriculum Vitae
Authors: Hariman Robert
Published: January 2007

In response to the question of how my association with the Presbyterian church might influence my work, I supply 17 possible answers, some of which suggest points of departure for reflection on rhetorical studies.
In the World But Not of It: Mennonite Traditions as Resources for Rhetorical Invention
Authors: Huxman Susan Schultz , Biesecker-Mast Gerald
Published: January 2007

Because of their contrasting commitments to radical Christian discipleship and respectable national citizenship, Mennonites have historically employed a paradoxical rhetoric in order to articulate their convictions in the public sphere. This essay examines how Mennonites crafted separatist and assimilative arguments and martyr myths to transcend the polarizing positions of pacifism and patriotism. The essay concludes by describing how Mennonite traditions have influenced the authors' rhetorical scholarship and practice.
For the Least Among Us: Articles of Faith of a United Methodist Rhetorician
Authors: Procter David E
Published: January 2007

Reflecting on both religious and rhetorical articles of faith offers insight into my view of the world. While I am ultimately unable to answer whether or not my secular work is guided by my United Methodist faith, it is clear that my professional work in rhetorical theory and criticism is consistent with my religious theology. The intersection of my religious and rhetorical beliefs do lead to questions of power, knowledge, social activism, and message orientation that serve as sources of rhetorical invention for my work.
A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Murder and Trial of Emmett Till
Authors: Whitaker Hugh Stephen
Published: January 2007

Using personal interviews conducted with jurors, law enforcement officials, lawyers, and other people involved with the trial of Emmett Till, this essay argues that a guilty verdict in the case was a foregone conclusion. Despite evidence that the body discovered in the Tallahatchie River was in fact that of Emmett Till, local Mississippians rallied around Roy Bryant and J .W. Milam. In addition, personal interviews suggest that two black men were purposefully hidden in a local Charleston, Mississippi, jail in order to limit the prosecution's case.
Toward a Business Model of Executive Behavior: An Exploration of the Workdays of Four College of Education Deans at Large Research Universities
Authors: Jackson Jerlando F. L.
Published: January 2007

This study examined the workdays of college of education deans and then compared those findings to the workdays of business executives by analyzing activities performed during a traditional five-day work week. Results show that college of education deans exhibit behavior comparable to that of business executives and, in turn, suggest a possible transformation of administrative work in higher education toward that of business executives.
Degree Progress of Women Doctoral Students: Factors that Constrain, Facilitate, and Differentiate
Authors: Maher Michelle A , Ford Martin E , Thompson Candace M
Published: January 2007

Using survey and qualitative data, this study identified emergent themes that remain consistent across or differentiate among reports of women earning their doctoral degree relatively quickly ("early-finishers") and those taking considerably longer ("late-finishers"). Emergent themes included commitment to timely degree completion, faculty mentoring relationships, funding opportunities, family issues, relevant research experiences, and capacity to "work the system." The article also considers implications and recommendations for doctoral faculty and programs.
Research at the Crossroads: How Intellectual Initiatives across Disciplines Evolve
Authors: Frost Susan H , Jean Paul M , Teodorescu Daniel , Brown Amy Benson
Published: January 2007

How do intellectual initiatives across disciplines evolve? This qualitative case study of 11 interdisciplinary research initiatives at Emory University identifies key factors in their development: the passionate commitments of scholarly leaders, the presence of strong collegial networks, access to timely and multiple resources, flexible practices, and missions of investigating societal problems. Challenges include sweat equity, division of labor, leadership momentum, and communication. The study recommends strategies to consider when developing or supporting similar kinds of initiatives.
Does Interdisciplinarity Promote Learning? Theoretical Support and Researchable Questions
Authors: Lattuca Lisa R , Voigt Lois J , Fath Kimberly Q
Published: January 2007

Despite widespread support for interdisciplinary curricula, there is little evidence that such courses are particularly efficacious or that they are superior to disciplinary courses in promoting student learning. To understand how and why interdisciplinary courses might promote specific learning outcomes, the authors apply cognitive and learning theories in an analysis of two undergraduate interdisciplinary courses. This exploration of theoretical warrants for interdisciplinarity leads to a proposed research agenda on interdisciplinary curricula, teaching, and learning.
Reflections on a Scholarship of Practice
Authors: Braxton John M
Published: January 2007

This article asserts that a scholarship of practice should emerge to improve day-to-day administrative practice in higher education. Six characteristics of professional practice in higher education strongly indicate such a need. The primary goals of scholarship of practice are to improve administrative practice in higher education and to develop a knowledge base worthy of professional status. This article also presents four attributes that a scholarship of practice must possess with particular attention to the types of knowledge needed for professional practice and how these types of knowledge might be developed by a scholarship of practice. Implications for policy and practice in higher education are also presented.
Toward a More Equitable Society: Moving Forward in the Struggle for Affirmative Action
Authors: Hurtado Aida
Published: January 2007

The organized political efforts to dismantle affirmative action programs resulted in both advantages and disadvantages in keeping the doors of higher education open to historically underrepresented students. The advantages included short-term solutions to underrepresentation such as developing alternative admission criteria for higher education. The most important long-term disadvantage was the success of the anti-affirmative action organizers to shift the discourse for educational equity from one of social justice to one of "diversity." The most recent legal requirements necessitate that affirmative action programs benefit all students. Questions of social justice are no longer legally viable. Future educational access for underrepresented students hangs in the balance if future research proves that diversity does not demonstrate an educational advantage for all students.
Higher Education as "Place": Location, Race, and College Attendance Policies
Authors: Olivas Michael A
Published: January 2007

Space counts in college. Brown and the many higher education cases leading to that important legal decision were about place: where Negro schoolchildren would be allowed to attend school or whether Black students could attend white law schools. The issue of place has also been contested in other college settings, such as whether institutions can locate in certain "service" areas, whether college policies can be localized or tied to locales, whether regions and regional populations have legal claims to proportional college resources, or whether the siting of higher education can trigger racial claims. Indeed, each of these scenarios has been tested in court, each with its own incontestable racial calculus. And placing colleges near populations is a central feature of universal access, the theme of this special issue.