bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and using context
Authors: BRÉZILLON PATRICK , CAVALCANTI MARCOS
Published: July 2002

The first International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context (CONTEXT-97) was held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on February 4–6 1997. This article provides a summary of the presentations and discussions during the three days with a focus on context in applications. The notion of context is far from defined, and is dependent in its interpretation on a cognitive science versus an engineering (or system building) point of view. However, the conference makes it possible to identify new trends in the formalization of context at a theoretical level, as well as in the use of context in real-world applications. Results presented at the conference are ascribed in the realm of the works on context over the past few years at specific workshops and symposia. The diversity of the attendees' origins (artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, etc.) demonstrates that there are different types of context, not a unique one. For instance, logicians model context at the level of the knowledge representation and the reasoning mechanisms, while cognitive scientists consider context at the level of the interaction between two agents (i.e. two humans or a human and a machine). In the latter case, there are now strong arguments proving that one can speak of context only in reference to its use (e.g. context of an item or of a problem solving exercise). Moreover, there are different types of context that are interdependent. This makes it possible to understand why, despite the consensus on some context aspects, agreement on the notion of context is not yet achieved.
A NOTE FROM THE EDITOR
Authors: Valdman Albert
Published: July 2002

On April 23rd of this year, at the initiative of the current group of editorial assistants
(Elizabeth Grace Winkler, Llorenç Comajoan, and Donald F. Reindl), a symposium was
organized on the Bloomington campus of Indiana University to celebrate the 20th anniversary of
SSLA's founding. Presentations on the past, present, and future state of
research on second language acquisition were presented by Editorial Board and Advisory
Committee members Susan Gass, John Schumann, Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, and Patsy
Lightbown. It is noteworthy that this commemorative event, the creation of SSLA,
would not have taken place without the direct intervention of another group of graduate students,
the Indiana University Linguistics Club. Without the IULC producing and disseminating the
fledgling publication that was SSLA in 1978, the journal would never have made it
beyond the drawing board. In this note prefacing the last issue of Volume 20, I would like to
narrate the conditions of SSLA's birth and comment on the journal's
contribution to second language acquisition research.
Lexical constraints in phonological acquisition
Authors: GIERUT JUDITH A. , MORRISETTE MICHELE L. , HUST CHAMPION ANNETTE
Published: July 2002

Lexical diffusion, as characterized by interword variation in production,
was examined in phonological acquisition. The lexical variables of word
frequency and neighbourhood density were hypothesized to facilitate
sound change to varying degrees. Twelve children with functional
phonological delays, aged 3;0 to 7;4, participated in an alternating
treatments experiment to promote sound change. Independent variables
were crossed to yield all logically possible combinations of high/low
frequency and high/low density in treatment; the dependent measure
was generalization accuracy in production. Results indicated word
frequency was most facilitative in sound change, whereas, dense neighbourhood
structure was least facilitative. The salience of frequency and
avoidance of high density are discussed relative to the type of phonological
change being induced in children's grammars, either phonetic or
phonemic, and to the nature of children's representations. Results are
further interpreted with reference to interactive models of language
processing and optimality theoretic accounts of linguistic structure.
Noetherian Banach Jordan pairs
Authors: BOUDI N. , MARHNINE H. , ZARHOUTI C. , FERNANDEZ LOPEZ A. , GARCIA RUS E.
Published: July 2002

An associative or alternative algebra A is Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending
chain condition on left ideals. Sinclair and Tullo [21] showed that a complex
Noetherian Banach associative algebra is finite dimensional. This result was extended
by Benslimane and Boudi [5] to the alternative case.

For a Jordan algebra J or a Jordan pair V, the suitable Noetherian condition is the
ascending chain condition on inner ideals. In a recent work Benslimane and Boudi
[6] proved that a complex Noetherian Banach Jordan algebra is finite dimensional.

Here we show the following results:

(i) the Jacobson radical of a Noetherian Banach Jordan pair is finite dimensional;

(ii) nondegenerate Noetherian Banach Jordan pairs have finite capacity;

(iii) complex Noetherian Banach Jordan pairs are finite dimensional.
A structure theorem on compact groups
Authors: HOFMANN KARL H. , MORRIS SIDNEY A.
Published: July 2002

We prove a new structure theorem which we call the Countable Layer Theorem.
It says that for any compact group G we can construct a countable descending sequence
G = Ω0(G) ⊇ … ⊇ Ωn(G) …
of closed characteristic subgroups of G with two important properties, namely, that their intersection
∩∞n=1 Ωn(G) is
Z0(G0), the
identity component of the center of the identity component G0 of G, and that each
quotient group Ωn−1(G)/Ωn(G),
is a cartesian product of compact simple groups
(that is, compact groups having no normal subgroups other than the singleton and
the whole group).

In the special case that G is totally disconnected (that is, profinite) the intersection
of the sequence is trivial. Thus, even in the case that G is profinite, our theorem
sharpens a theorem of Varopoulos [8], who showed in 1964 that each profinite group
contains a descending sequence of closed subgroups, each normal in the preceding
one, such that each quotient group is a product of finite simple groups. Our construction
is functorial in a sense we will make clear in Section 1.
Almost transitivity of some function spaces
Authors: GREIM PETER , JAMISON JAMES E. , KAMIŃSKA ANNA
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this short note is to reformulate Theorem 4·2
in
[1]. This theorem is not correct in the part concerning
maximality
of the norm in Orlicz spaces. The theorem below provides a correct version
of this
statement. We wish to point out that all other theorems in [1]
are
independent of Theorem 4·2.
The Development of Airborne Dead Reckoning. Part I: Before 1940 – Finding The Wind
Authors: Ayliffe Alec
Published: July 2002

The History of Air Navigation Group commissioned the author to provide a brief account
of airborne DR development by discussing both the methods and the equipment used in the
air. This first part covers the period before 1940. The split is arbitrary, although it is obvious
from a British perspective that military events around that date had a major impact on the
pace of navigation development. However, it is equally obvious that airborne DR developed
alongside a worldwide technical and intellectual revolution. This aspect of the story is
abstract and involves some conjecture, so the paper takes it for granted and concentrates
instead on practical matters. Accounts of air navigators' experiences as well as material on
DR theory and descriptions of DR equipment in navigation manuals, journals and various
surviving research documents have been used as the source material.
Satellite Communications and Fleet Management – An Integrated
Approach to the Road Transport Industry
Authors: Cleary Bob
Published: July 2002

Communications with vehicles has come a long way since 1979, when drivers made ‘check
calls’ from roadside telephone boxes. With the advent of mobile phones, fleet managers were
able to contact their drivers, whenever they wanted – well almost. But talking requires two
people to be available at the same time. Usually the driver does not concentrate, because he
is driving, and has to call back – more charges, and when did you last record a phone
conversation? Now, satellite communication allows transmission of vehicle position and
data. Messages sent to vehicles are stored in the vehicle (and by the sender). Messages sent
to the office are stored at the office. Neither messages or positions can be intercepted. The
purpose of this paper is to illustrate why the ‘key to better fleet management’ is in integrating
data from messages with other systems. Pre-formed messages requiring only the ‘blanks’ to
be filled bring standardisation to the system. Message fields can be formatted so that specific
data may be collected and posted to other software packages. Users of such systems report
savings in manpower by reducing duplication of work e.g.: a message confirming the delivery
of a consignment, sent by the driver, is posted to the accounts system and an invoice raised
automatically. The future includes transmission of bar codes, signatures on PODs (proof of
delivery notes) and viewing of consignment positions, by customers, on the Internet. The
conclusion must be that – in the battle for survival, where making profit can sometimes
depend on saving costs – it will be those companies that embrace technology to link all their
systems so as to exchange data, who will win out.
Use of community-based indices to monitor eutrophication in European rivers
Authors: KELLY MARTYN G.
Published: July 2002

New legislation has encouraged regulatory biologists in the UK to examine the impacts of eutrophication in rivers for the first time. The principal tools for this have been new indices based on macrophyte and diatom communities. The use of such indices is placed within an appropriate theoretical framework. The importance of recognizing the upper limit of sensitivity of such indices, as well as factors such as organic pollution, which can confuse interpretation, is discussed. Despite their limitations, community-based indices are valuable tools for reconnaissance studies and, in the long-term, as indicators of the extent to which nutrient reductions have led to an ecological response. Some general guidelines for monitoring eutrophication in rivers are proposed.
Configuration research and commercial solutions
Authors: FRANKE DAVID W.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we intend to motivate various research
areas in configuration, based on our experience in developing
commercial configuration solutions. Informal definitions
are given for the configuration task and for configuration
specification and description languages. We also offer
an abstract characterization of the issue addressed in
configuration models, most often represented as constraints
or rules. With these definitions and examples of configuration
problems from various domains, we motivate research in
(1) a common ontology for configuration, (2) function representation
and functional reasoning in configuration, and (3) scaling
configuration to large problems.
Seeing is believing: A common sense theory of the adoption
of perception-based beliefs
Authors: BELL JOHN , HUANG ZHISHENG
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present a formal common sense
theory of the adoption of perception-based beliefs. We
begin with a logical analysis of perception and then consider
when perception should lead to belief change. Our theory
is intended to apply to perception in humans and to perception
in artificial agents at the level of the symbolic interface
between a vision system and a belief system. In order to
provide a context for our work we relate it to the emerging
field of cognitive robotics, give an abstract architecture
for an agent which is both embodied and capable of reasoning,
and relate this to the concrete architectures of two vision-based
surveillance systems.
Influencing generative design through continuous evaluation:
Associating costs with the coffeemaker shape grammar
Authors: AGARWAL MANISH , CAGAN JONATHAN , CONSTANTINE KATHERINE G.
Published: July 2002

A grammatical approach to product design is demonstrated.
In particular, shape grammars are shown to be especially
useful for products that are differentiated primarily on
the basis of form yet driven by function; they allow products
to be designed as a sequence of well-defined steps. However,
it is not always clear how to choose the sequence of rules
that should be applied to generate the final shape. In
this paper we demonstrate that at each stage during the
process, partial designs of the final product can be used
to provide feedback to the designer based on specific design
objectives and thus suggest possible rule choices. We take
advantage of the shape grammar for the generation of coffeemakers
introduced by Agarwal and Cagan, and associate with the
grammar rules expressions that model manufacturing costs.
With each application of a shape grammar rule, an understanding
of the overall cost of manufacturing the product is incrementally
improved. Thus, at each stage of the design process the
designer has an indication of what the overall cost of
the product will be and how the selection of one grammar
rule over another influences the final cost. Once the complete
product is generated, an appraisal of its manufacturing
cost is given to the designer. This evaluation methodology
helps the designer understand the implications of decisions
made early on in the design process. We have also verified
the accuracy of this approach through the costs of some
commercially available coffeemakers, generated by this
method, which are comparable to the costs for those designs
listed in the literature.
Dynamics of natural immunity caused by subclinical infections, case study on Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Authors: LEINO T. , AURANEN K. , MÄKELÄ P. H. , KÄYHTY H. , TAKALA A. K.
Published: July 2002

Natural immunity to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is based primarily on antibodies that
are thought to develop in response to subclinical infections. Wide use of conjugated Hib
vaccines could lead to decreases in circulating Hib bacteria, thereby diminishing antibody levels
in the unvaccinated. We applied a statistical model to estimate the duration of natural
immunity to Hib under different forces of infection. Prior to the introduction of conjugated
Hib vaccines, new Hib infections were estimated to occur once in 4 years and the antibody
concentration to stabilize at a level around 1 μg/ml. In the absence of new stimuli, i.e.
infection, 57% of the unvaccinated population would become susceptible to invasive disease
(antibody levels < 0·15 μg/ml) in 10 years. Due to an interaction between the force of infection
and the duration of immunity, in some situations numbers of invasive infections could increase
in unvaccinated cohorts. This theoretical scenario has yet to be observed in practice.
Surveillance data for waterborne illness detection: an

assessment following a massive waterborne outbreak of

Cryptosporidium infection
Authors: PROCTOR M. E. , BLAIR K. A. , DAVIS J. P.
Published: July 2002

Following the 1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak,

we examined data from eight

sources available during the time of the outbreak. Although

there was a remarkable temporal

correspondence of surveillance peaks, the most timely data

involved use of systems in which

personnel with existing close ties to public health programmes

perceived the importance of

providing information despite workload constraints associated

with an outbreak. During the

investigation, surveillance systems which could be easily

linked with laboratory data, were

flexible in adding new variables, and which demonstrated low

baseline variability were most

useful. Geographically fixed nursing home residents served

as an ideal population with non-confounded exposures. Use of

surrogate measurements of morbidity can trigger worthwhile

public health responses in advance of laboratory-confirmed

diagnosis and help reduce total

morbidity associated with an outbreak. This report describes

the relative strengths and

weaknesses of these surveillance methods for community-wide

waterborne illness detection and

their application in outbreak decision making.
Review of the evidence for the use of erythromycin in the
management of persons exposed to pertussis
Authors: DODHIA H. , MILLER E.
Published: July 2002

We assessed the quality of evidence for the use of erythromycin
in preventing secondary
transmission of pertussis to close contacts of primary cases.
A literature search was undertaken
and identified papers were reviewed critically. Thirteen original papers
and 1 manuscript met
the inclusion criteria for review (3 randomized controlled trials, 4 analytical
studies and 7
descriptive studies). Evidence from both experimental and
analytical studies showed little effect
of the use of erythromycin in preventing secondary transmission. Its effect
is at best modest
when compared with the protection conferred by use of good quality whole
cell vaccine. Three
studies reported adverse events with erythromycin prophylaxis; these were
mainly nausea,
vomiting and abdominal pain. In countries where effective pertussis vaccines
are in use,
erythromycin use should be confined to close contacts of cases, particularly
unimmunized
children or partially immunized infants who would be most susceptible to
the complications of
pertussis, or adults who come into close contact with vulnerable children.
Transmission risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from

Ixodes ricinus ticks to humans in southwest Germany
Authors: MAIWALD M. , OEHME R. , MARCH O. , PETNEY T. N. , KIMMIG P. , NASER K. , ZAPPE H. A. , HASSLER D. , VON KNEBEL DOEBERITZ M.
Published: July 2002

The risk of Borrelia burgdorferi infection and the value

of antibiotic prophylaxis after tick bite
are controversial. In this study, performed in two areas of southwestern
Germany, ticks were
collected from 730 patients and examined by the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) for
B. burgdorferi. To assess whether transmission of B.
burgdorferi occurred, the patients were
clinically and serologically examined after tick removal and during follow-up
examinations.
Data from all tick bites gave a total transmission rate of 2·6%

(19 patients). Eighty-four ticks
(11·3%) were PCR positive. Transmission occurred to 16
(26·7%) of 60 patients who were
initially seronegative and could be followed up after the bite of
an infected tick. These results
indicate that the transmission rate from infected ticks in Europe is higher
than previously
assumed. Examination of ticks and antibiotic prophylaxis in the case of
positivity appears to
be indicated.
A case-control study of sporadic infection with O157 and
non-O157 verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli
Authors: PIÉRARD D. , CROWCROFT N. , DE BOCK S. , POTTERS D. , CRABBE G. , VAN LOOCK F. , LAUWERS S.
Published: July 2002

Potential risk factors for sporadic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection in
Belgium were investigated in a matched case-control study. Thirty-seven cases, 8 infected with
O157 VTEC strains (all eaeA-positive), 29 with non-O157 VTEC strains (13 eaeA-positive and
16 eaeA-negative) and 69 matched controls were interviewed. In a conditional logistic
regression analysis, consumption of fish appeared to be a risk factor for infection (adjusted
odds ratio (OR) 3·25, P=0·04). Contact with dogs
(OR 0·27, P=0·04) and consumption of
shellfish (OR 0·19, P=0·05) showed a negative association, corresponding to a decrease in risk.
These findings might be explained if low level environmental exposure to VTEC induces
protective immunity. Eating raw meat, a frequent habit in Belgium, or hamburgers, or eating
in a fast-food restaurant was not more frequently reported by cases than controls. The
exposures causing sporadic infections with VTEC, in particular non-O157 strains, may be very
different from those which led to outbreaks, and may account for more cases overall.
An outbreak of calicivirus associated with consumption of
frozen raspberries
Authors: PÖNKÄ A. , MAUNULA L. , von BONSDORFF C-H. , LYYTIKÄINEN O.
Published: July 2002

In April 1988, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among employees in a large company in
Helsinki, Finland. A retrospective cohort study, using a self-administered questionnaire, was
carried out to ascertain the cause and extent of the outbreak. To meet the case definition,
employees had to have had diarrhoea and/or vomiting since 2 April, 1998. A subanalysis was
made in the biggest office, consisting of 360 employees, of whom 204 (57%) completed the
questionnaire. Of these 108 (53%) met the case definition. Employees who had eaten raspberry
dressing were more likely to meet the case definition than those who had not (Attack Rate
(AR) 65% versus AR 18% Relative Risk, (RR) 3·7, 95%, Confidence Intervals (CI) 2·0–6·7).
Four stool specimens obtained from affected kitchen staff who had all eaten the raspberry
dressing and who had all become ill simultaneously with the employees were positive by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for calicivirus. The data suggest that the primary source of
the outbreak was imported frozen raspberries contaminated by calicivirus.
Ecological study of Vibrio cholerae in Vellore
Authors: JESUDASON M. V. , BALAJI V. , MUKUNDAN U. , THOMSON C. J.
Published: July 2002

Vellore is endemic for cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. In a previous study the
prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in drinking water, lakes and sewage outfalls in a single 2-months
period in Vellore, India was determined. In addition water samples from three sites were also
tested for the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 by fluorescent antibody staining. This
follow on study has examined how the environmental distribution of V. cholerae at the same
sites alters over a 12-month period and the relationship to the clinical pattern of cholera in
Vellore. Samples of water were collected from fixed sites at three water bodies each month
between April 1997 and March 1998. Bacteria isolated from samples were identified by
standard biochemical tests and isolated strains of V. cholerae tested for their ability to
agglutinate O1 and O139 antisera. Samples were also tested for the presence of V. cholerae O1
and O139 by fluorescent antibody staining. The clinical isolation rate of V. cholerae in Vellore,
maximum temperature and rainfall were also studied. The results demonstrate the presence in
the environment of viable but non-cultivable (VNC) V. cholerae in 10 of 12 months of the
study year as well as their viability. Their prevalence in the environment also correlated with
the isolation of these pathogens from clinical samples over the same study period.
Predictors for the development of haemolytic uraemic
syndrome with Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections: with
focus on the day of illness
Authors: IKEDA K. , IDA O. , KIMOTO K. , TAKATORIGE T. , NAKANISHI N. , TATARA K.
Published: July 2002

A large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infections via school lunches occurred at primary
schools in 1996 in Sakai City, Japan. As many as 10000 patients suffered from diarrhoea,
haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Using data on 288 inpatient
school children affected by this outbreak, of whom 36 presented complete HUS and the
remaining 252 tested positive for E. coli O157 culture, we attempted to identify predictors
for the progression to HUS. Within the first 5 days of illness, clinical features associated with
inpatients who developed HUS compared with those without HUS included a C reactive
protein (CRP) level higher than 1·2 mg/dl (OR 44·26; 95% CI 5·83–336·23),
a white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 11·0 × 109/1
(OR 5·03; 95% CI 27·13–11·87) and a temperature
higher than 38·0 °C (OR 5·00; 95% CI 2·25–117·08).
It can be concluded that these three factors
are predictive factors for the development of HUS in patients with E. coli O157 infection, and
patients who have two or all of these factors should be observed closely.
Comparative investigations of Listeria monocytogenes isolated
from a turkey processing plant, turkey products, and from
human cases of listeriosis in Denmark
Authors: OJENIYI B. , CHRISTENSEN J. , BISGAARD M.
Published: July 2002

Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from critical control points in a Danish turkey processing
plant, from turkey products and from cases of human listeriosis. During processing in the
plant the prevalence of L. monocytogenes ranged from 25·9 to 41·4%. Cleaning and disinfection
decreased the prevalence to 6·4%. Isolates of L. monocytogenes were characterized by pulsed-field
gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using restriction endonuclease ApaI. Identical DNA types were
obtained from turkey products and the processing line even after cleaning and disinfection.
Two identical DNA types were demonstrated among isolates from turkey products and human
cases of listeriosis. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in turkey products ranged from 7·3 to
17·4% for ready-to-eat products and raw products, respectively. Since none of the 27 flocks
examined before slaughter sampled positive for L. monocytogenes and the prevalence increased
during processing, the potential risk from turkey meat was apparently due to factory hygiene
rather than intrinsic contamination of the turkeys.
Diet of the maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus (Mammalia: Canidae), during wet and dry seasons at Ibitipoca State Park, Brazil
Authors: Aragona M. , Setz E. Z. F.
Published: July 2002

Analysis of 141 scats of maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus collected in a region of upland forest and meadows of south‐eastern Brazil yielded 351 food items in the wet season (60 scats) and 407 in the dry season (81 scats). Scarabaeidae and rodents were the most frequent animal food in both seasons, complemented by birds in the wet season and unidentified mammals in the dry season. Seeds revealed Solanum lycocarpum to be the most frequent plant food in the dry season and an Annonaceae and a Cactaceae the most frequent in the wet season. A total of 33 seed morphospecies were retrieved. Although our results reveal some shared and some divergent trends from dietary studies undertaken in savanna (‘cerrado’) areas, we found a very high frequency of potentially harmful tourists' garbage. This highlights the necessity for better environmental education and confirms that the maned wolf is a generalist and opportunist omnivore.
Emotion recognition in autism: Verbal and nonverbal information
Authors: LOVELAND KATHERINE A. , TUNALI–KOTOSKI BELGIN , CHEN Y. RICHARD , ORTEGON JULIANA , PEARSON DEBORAH A. , BRELSFORD KRISTIN A. , GIBBS M. CULLEN
Published: July 2002

This study examined the roles of verbal and nonverbal sources of information in the ability of

persons with and without autism to recognize emotion. Child, adolescent, and young adult

participants in four groups [Lower Functioning Autism (LFA) (n = 17), High

Functioning Autism (HFA) (n = 18), Lower Functioning Comparison (LFC)

(n = 18), and High Functioning Comparison (HFC) (n = 23)]

identified emotions shown (happy, angry, sad, surprised, or neutral) in video clips of individuals

expressing emotion verbally, nonverbally, or both. Verbal expressions of emotion were either

Explicit, Implicit, or Neutral, whereas nonverbal expressions were Animate or Flat (3 × 2).

Pairwise ANCOVAs indicated no group differences between HFA and HFC groups or between

the LFA and LFC groups, and indicated instead group differences between higher and lower

functioning persons. With groups collapsed into High Functioning (HF) and Lower Functioning

(LF), significant group differences were found. Performance of LF individuals suggested they

had difficulty inferring how a person felt based on what the person said, if the emotion was not

explicitly named. Performance of HF individuals suggested they relied more on nonverbal than

on verbal information to determine a speaker's emotion, except where the emotion was

explicitly named. Results suggested that persons with autistic spectrum disorders can use

affective information from multiple sources in much the same ways as persons of comparable

developmental level without autism.
Children's recollections of traumatic and nontraumatic
events
Authors: FIVUSH ROBYN
Published: July 2002

Whereas the social and emotional
consequences of childhood trauma are well documented, less is known about how young children
understand, represent, and remember traumatic experiences. A review of the literature indicates
striking similarities in the development of young children's ability to recall traumatic and
nontraumatic events. More specifically, events experienced before the age of about 18 months do
not seem to be verbally accessible; events experienced between about 18 months and
2.5–3 years are reported in fragmentary fashion and seem to be prone to increasing error
over time. From about age 3 years on, children can give reasonably coherent accounts of their
past experiences and can retain these memories over long durations. The ways in which children
are able to participate in conversations about events as they are occurring and in retrospect seems
to play a critical role in their developing event memories. Implications of the empirical data for
understanding trauma memory in childhood are discussed.
CNS development: An overview
Authors: NOWAKOWSKI RICHARD S. , HAYES NANCY L.
Published: July 2002

The basic principles of the development of the central nervous system (CNS) are reviewed,
and their implications for both normal and abnormal development of the brain are discussed. The
goals of this review are (a) to provide a set of concepts to aid in understanding the variety of
complex processes that occur during CNS development, (b) to illustrate how these concepts
contribute to our knowledge of the normal anatomy of the adult brain, and (c) to provide a basis
for understanding how modifications of normal developmental processes by traumatic injury, by
environmental or experiential influences, or by genetic variations may lead to modifications in
the resultant structure and function of the adult CNS.
The role of psychopathology in the parenting of drug-dependent women
Authors: HANS SYDNEY L. , BERNSTEIN VICTOR J. , HENSON LINDA G.
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the parenting of drug-dependent women and the contributions of
comorbid psychopathology to their parenting. A sample of 32 children whose mothers were
dependent on opioid drugs during pregnancy and 37 children whose mothers were not drug users
were followed from birth to middle childhood. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted
contrasting whether maternal substance abuse or psychopathology was more closely linked to
parenting behaviors and continuity in parenting over time. Maternal drug dependence was related
to whether mothers were able to remain primary caregivers for their children over time, even
after controlling for psychopathology. Maternal drug use was related to unresponsive and
negative parenting behavior during mother–infant interaction, but this relation was largely
accounted for by the effects of comorbid maternal psychopathology on parenting, particularly
symptoms of antisocial and related personality disorders. For those children whose mothers
continued to care for them into middle childhood, perceptions of their mothers as rejecting were
related to maternal antisocial personality and maternal depression. Substance-abuse treatment for
women should be integrated with interventions addressing their mental health and parenting
needs.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Fowler William R.
Published: July 2002

This issue's special section is the first of
a two-part series on recent research conducted at the
Aztec city-state of Otumba and the neighboring polities
of Tepeapulco to the east and Teotihuacan to the west.
Otumba is an extremely important site for the archaeological
study of the Late Aztec period because, as Thomas H. Charlton,
Deborah L. Nichols, and Cynthia L. Otis Charlton point
out in their introduction, it is one of the few places
in the Valley of Mexico where late pre-Columbian remains
are not obscured by post-Hispanic occupation. Research
directed by Charlton at Otumba began in the early 1960s
and continued in the late 1980s under the direction of
Charlton and Nichols, followed by laboratory and technical
analyses of the archaeological materials as well as ecological
and ethnohistoric studies. Charlton and his collaborators
have amassed a prodigious amount of data, which allows
them to address a wide range of issues revolving around
the general question of the processes involved in the origins
and development of the city-state in central Mexico during
the Early and Middle Postclassic periods. They do so within
a theoretical context that engages the two most prevalent
general models proposed to account for the rise of Postclassic
city-states in central Mexico.
Convergence of the phase field model to its sharp interface limits
Authors: CAGINALP GUNDUZ , CHEN XINFU
Published: July 2002

We consider the distinguished limits of the phase field
equations and prove that the corresponding free boundary problem is
attained in each case. These include the classical Stefan
model, the surface tension model (with or without kinetics), the surface
tension model with
zero specific heat, the two phase Hele–Shaw, or quasi-static,
model. The Hele–Shaw model is
also a limit of the Cahn–Hilliard equation, which is itself
a limit of the phase field equations.
Also included in the distinguished limits is the motion by mean
curvature model that is a limit
of the Allen–Cahn equation, which can in turn be attained from the
phase field equations.
Existence of generalized weak solutions to a
model for in situ vitrification
Authors: GARIEPY R. F. , SHILLOR M. , XU X.
Published: July 2002

We prove the existence of generalized weak solutions of a new
model for the process of in situ
vitrification. The model describes the steady process of vitrification
of soil, i.e. the melting of
soil by means of electrical current and subsequent solidification as a
rock. This is the core
of a new technology developed to treat buried low-level radioactive or
toxic waste. It is a
free boundary problem consisting of a degenerate elliptic equation for
the electric potential
coupled with a stationary Stefan problem for melting the soil, which results
from the Joule
heating. The degeneracy reflects the smallness of the ratio of the electrical
conductivity of the
soil to that of the molten rock. The existence result is proved by considering
a sequence of
approximate nondegenerate problems, obtaining the necessary a priori
estimates and passing
to the limit. We also establish a sufficient condition for the solution
to exhibit a molten region.
Spatial segregation limit of a competition–diffusion system
Authors: DANCER E. N. , HILHORST D. , MIMURA M. , PELETIER L. A.
Published: July 2002

We consider a competition–diffusion system and study its singular limit as the interspecific
competition rate tend to infinity. We prove the convergence to a Stefan problem with zero
latent heat.
Ray solution of a backward–forward parabolic
problem for data-handling systems
Authors: KNESSL CHARLES , KELLER JOSEPH B.
Published: July 2002

A problem for a backward–forward parabolic partial differential equation with a small
diffusion coefficient ε is analyzed. The problem arises in describing the stochastic behaviour
of a data-handling system with a large number of sources which turn on or off at random.
We solve the problem asymptotically for ε small by using the ray method and the boundary
layer method.
Health care costs of an aging population: the case of Australia
Authors: Howe Anna L.
Published: July 2002

Since pronounced aging of the population became evident in the 1976
Australian census, there have been repeated expressions of concern
about the health care costs associated with this trend. The latest of
these has come from the National Commission of Audit (NCA)
which was established by the newly elected conservative Commonwealth
Government in June 1996 to undertake a wide-ranging review of the
financial position of the Commonwealth Government. The Terms of
Reference on which the NCA was to report included 'the impact of
demographic change on Commonwealth finances, with the intention of
making recommendations as to how emerging pressures could be
provisioned'. Many of the themes canvassed in its report are in common
with those raised in analyses of the implications of aging for health
care costs in other countries, but some reflect particular
characteristics of the Australian aged care system and social policy
context.
Aging of bone
Authors: Mosekilde Lis
Published: July 2002

In Europe, vertebral fracture incidence has increased 300–400% for women and more than 400% for men during the last 30 years. These data are age-adjusted and therefore highlight that there is a decrease in bone mass or bone quality from generation to generation. To arrest or reverse the increases in osteoporotic fractures, effective general preventive regimens must be established. However, in order to do so, basic understanding of age-related changes in the material quality, 3D cancellous bone architecture, macrostructure (shape and size), and strength of human bone is crucial.
Clinical geratology – evidence-based multidisciplinary integrated geriatric care
Authors: Bowman C
Published: July 2002

The need for integration of health and social services for institutionalized elderly people is urgent. A possible approach, based on information-management, using established technologies, is described.
Introduction
Authors: BARR M. , SCOTT P. J. , SEELY R. A. G.
Published: July 2002

On December 5, 1997, a small conference was held at McGill on the occasion of Jim
Lambek's 75th birthday. Subsequently it was decided to publish two volumes of papers
contributed in his honour to mark this occasion: this issue of Mathematical Structures in
Computer Science is one of the volumes; the other is Volume 6 of the journal Theory and
Applications of Categories. At the December 1997 conference, a brief biographical essay
was presented by Michael Barr and appears in the TAC volume. However, we wish to
make some further remarks here.

Jim completed his Ph.D. at McGill under Hans Zassenhaus in 1950, and has remained
at McGill since then. But it is of interest to note that Jim wrote two theses: the second
involved biquaternions in mathematical physics, and so foreshadows a significant feature
of his career: Jim has consistently shown a remarkable range of interests, from physics to
linguistics, from algebra to logic, from the history and philosophy of mathematics to the
theory of computing science (although he never touches a computer, to this day!). Let us
just review a small sample of his more than 100 published papers.
Nomenclatural notes on Zingiberaceae
Authors: Newman M. F.
Published: July 2002

..
Youth Cultures and Consumption in Contemporary Europe
Authors: Capuzzo Paolo
Published: July 2002

Angelo Varni, ed., Il mondo giovanile in Italia tra Ottocento e Novecento (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1998), 252 pp., £38.00, ISBN 8-815-06779-5. Frank Mort, Cultures of Consumption: Masculinities and Social Space in Late Twentieth-century Britain (London: Routledge, 1996), 280 pp., ISBN 0-415-03052-8. Andrew Blake, The land without music: music, culture and society in twentieth-century Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 256 pp., ISBN 0-719-04299-2. Bill Osgerby, Youth in Britain since 1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 256 pp., ISBN 0-631-19477-0. Christoph Bernhardt and Gerd Kuhn, Keiner darf zurückgelassen werden! Aspekte der Jugendhilfepraxis in der DDR 1959–1989 (Münster: Votum, 1998), 176 pp., ISBN 3-930-40595-4. David Fowler, The first Teenagers: The Lifestyle of Young Wage-earners in Interwar Britain (London: The Woburn Press, 1995), 212 pp., ISBN 0-713-04018-1. Alfons Klenkmann, Wilde Jugend. Lebenswelt grossstaedtischer Jugendllcher zwischen Weltwirtschaftkrise, Nationalsozialismus und Waehningsreform (Essen: Klartext, 1996), 480 pp., ISBN 3-884-74283-3. Paola Ghione and Marco Grispigni, eds. Giovani prima della rivolta (Roma: Manifestolibri, 1998), 252 pp., £28.00, ISBN 8-872-85172-6.
Response to “Reassessing the Reliability of Advance
Directives” by Thomas May (CQ Vol. 6, No. 5)
Authors: Tollefsen Christopher
Published: July 2002

In a recent article Thomas May has argued that
the use of advance directives (ADs) to respect a no longer
competent patient's autonomy is a failed strategy.
Respect for patient autonomy is clearly one of the guiding
moral principles of modern medicine, and its importance
is reflected in medical emphasis on informed consent.
Prima facie, at least, ADs seem likewise to respect patient
autonomy by allowing patients to make decisions about treatment
in advance of situations in which the patient may no longer
be able to specify the form of treatment desired. So a
claim that ADs do not extend patient autonomy to these
situations of diminished competence represents a serious
criticism of our understanding not only of advance directives,
but of autonomy as well.
The Maximum Degree of a Random Graph
Authors: RIORDAN OLIVER , SELBY ALEX
Published: July 2002

Let 0 < p < 1, q = 1 − p and b be fixed and let
G ∈ [Gscr ](n, p) be a graph on n vertices
where each pair of vertices is joined independently with probability p. We show that the
probability that every vertex of G has degree at most pn + b √npq
is equal to (c + o(1))n,
for c = c(b) the root of a certain equation. Surprisingly,
c(0) = 0.6102 … is greater than ½ and c(b) is independent of p.
To obtain these results we consider the complete graph on n
vertices with weights on the edges. Taking these weights as independent normal N(p, pq)
random variables gives a ‘continuous’ approximation to [Gscr ](n, p) whose degrees are much
easier to analyse.
Structural Properties and Edge Choosability of Planar Graphs without 6-Cycles
Authors: WEIFAN WANG , LIH KO-WEI
Published: July 2002

Let G be a planar graph without 6-cycles. We investigate structural properties of G and
show that G is edge-(Δ(G) + 1)-choosable when its maximum degree Δ(G)
is not 5. We also study the 3-degeneracy property of G.
On Poisson–Dirichlet Limits for Random
Decomposable Combinatorial Structures
Authors: ARRATIA RICHARD , BARBOUR A. D. , TAVARÉ SIMON
Published: July 2002

We prove a joint local limit law for the distribution of the r largest components of
decomposable logarithmic combinatorial structures, including assemblies, multisets and
selections. Our method is entirely probabilistic, and requires only weak conditions that may
readily be verified in practice.
One, Two and Three Times log n/n for Paths in a
Complete Graph with Random Weights
Authors: JANSON SVANTE
Published: July 2002

Consider the minimal weights of paths between two points in a complete graph
Kn with
random weights on the edges, the weights being, for instance, uniformly distributed. It is
shown that, asymptotically, this is log n/n for two given points,
that the maximum if one point is fixed and the other varies is 2 log n/n,
and that the maximum over all pairs of points is 3 log n/n.

Some further related results are given as well, including results on asymptotic
distributions and moments, and on the number of edges in the minimal weight paths.
Review of periodical articles: Post-1800
Authors: Luckin Bill
Published: July 2002

In ‘Shanghailanders: the formation and identity of the British settler community in Shanghai 1843–1937’, Past and Present, 159 (1998), 161–211, Robert Bickers portrays the collective experiences and self-images of an idiosyncratic enclave of ex-patriates who preferred to be known as permanent residents rather than ‘temporary sojourners in a foreign land’. Tracing longue durée relationships between the International Settlement and Shanghai Municipal Council, Bickers has unearthed highly pertinent demographic data. By 1935 the British community numbered approximately 10,000. Between approximately 1850 and 1900 half of the total comprised unmarried males, a figure that fell to 17 per cent by the mid-1930s. Drawing on Saidian conceptualizations of otherness, Bickers probes ethnic and sexual as well as political and cultural boundaries and stereotypes. He suggests that ‘in lieu of the city-state denied them by the diplomats [Shanghailanders] . . . declaimed about their “republic”, which they “imagined” – in Benedict Anderson's term – as meritocratic, egalitarian and democratic’. As communists and nationalists confronted one another in the final battle for the heart and soul of a deeply divided land, the ex-patriate community clung desperately to a collective cultural ethos. But, within three years of Mao Zedong's triumph in 1949, the British Chamber of Commerce had been forced to dissolve itself. By 1953 a number of Shanghailanders had been denied exit visas for more than three years and in 1957 the last British firm was forced to close its doors. A few isolated individuals – quasi-prisoners or converts to the Maoist cause – lived out a shadowy existence in China's greatest industrial and maritime city. Now the settler mentalité ‘survived [only] . . . in the imagination’.
The molecular basis of labour and tocolysis
Authors: Lye Stephen J , Ou Che-Wei , Teoh Tiong-Ghee , Erb Grace , Stevens Yvette , Casper Robert , Patel Falguni A , Challis John RG
Published: July 2002

Although significant advances to patient care have been made in various branches of obstetrics and gynaecology, the incidence of preterm birth has not changed in the past 40 years. Indeed there are signs that factors such as low socioeconomic status of some inner city populations, the tendency for women to choose to start a family at an older age and the impact of fertility treatments are leading to an increase in the incidence of preterm delivery. Improved neonatal care over this period has significantly reduced the mortality rate due to prematurity, although it remains the primary cause of neonatal death. The morbidity rate in preterm infants, however, has not substantially changed due largely to the resuscitation of neonates at or close to the limits of gestational age viability. This has inevitably had a tremendous economic impact upon health care systems and upon society in general. Neonatal care in the USA alone cost over $5 billion annually in the 1980s – the vast majority of which was due to prematurity. When one adds the costs of chronic care for some of these infants with major motor and/or mental handicaps as well as the loss of potential earnings, prematurity ranks as one of the most costly of medical complications.