bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral landscapes – understanding agency in corporate responsibility initiatives
Authors: Larssaether Stig , Nijhof André
Published: June 2009

Drawing on literature in the field of Science Technology Studies (STS) it is argued in this article that including influences of non‐human actors in the design of corporate responsibility programs has the potential to improve significantly the associated social and ecological effects. For this we turn to the concept of moral landscapes, where agency primarily is seen as a distributed effect along a trajectory of connected practices, rather than as the result of intrinsic properties of individual decision‐makers. It is the objective of this article to present a perspective on corporate responsibility initiatives based on such a distributed view of agency. By using this framework as an analytical tool, managers and scholars can improve the overall effect of corporate responsibility initiatives by paying more attention to potential incongruence with other practice areas within or beyond their primary domain of influence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Nonanuclear Coordination Compounds Featuring {M9L12}6+ Cores (M = NiII, CoII, or ZnII; L = 1,2,3‐Benzotriazolate)
Authors: Biswas Shyam , Tonigold Markus , Speldrich Manfred , Kögerler Paul , Volkmer Dirk
Published: June 2009

Syntheses, characterization, and magnetic properties of three nonanuclear coordination compounds with the molecular formulae [Ni9(bta)12(NO3)6(MeOH)6]·4THF (1) (btaH = 1,2,3‐benzotriazole; THF = tetrahydrofuran), [Co9(bta)12(MeOH)18][(NO3)6]·9C6H6 (C6H6 = benzene) (2), and [Zn9(Me2bta)12(CH3COO)6]·3DMF (Me2btaH = 5,6‐dimethyl‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole; DMF = N,N′‐dimethylformamide) (3) are presented. The solid‐state structures of all the compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealing the presence of structurally similar {M9L12}6+ cores (M = NiII, CoII, or ZnII; L = 1,2,3‐benzotriazolate) in which the metal centers are bridged by μ3‐benzotriazolates. The charges of the cationic {M9L12}6+ moieties in 1 and 3 are balanced by six nitrate and acetate anions coordinated to the peripheral metal atoms, respectively, whereas 2 is a cationic metal complex with six noncoordinated nitrate counterions in the crystal lattice. All the metal centers in each compound are hexacoordinate, except for the peripheral metal centers in 3 which are pentacoordinate. The nonanuclear cores can be formally subdivided into two metallosupramolecular tetrahedra which bear five metal ions each, and share a common apex. All compounds have been prepared by using excess of ligand, which acts as an auxiliary base, serving to abstract protons from the coordinated benzotriazole ligand. Magnetic susceptibility studies (2–290 K) show net antiferromagnetic intramolecular coupling for 2, while 1 displays both ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic coupling contributions. Both compounds exhibit strong ligand field effects in their magnetic properties. Phase purity of the compounds was ascertained by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Push–Pull Azo‐Chromophores Containing Two Fused Pentatomic Heterocycles and Their Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Centore Roberto , Fusco Sandra , Peluso Andrea , Capobianco Amedeo , Stolte Matthias , Archetti Graziano , Kuball Hans‐Georg
Published: June 2009

We have developed procedures for the synthesis of push–pull azo‐chromophores containing the s‐triazolo[3,4‐b]thiadiazole heterocycle compatible with the presence of electron‐acceptor groups (nitrophenyl group) as substituents on both the triazole and thiadiazole rings. The linear and non‐linear optical properties of the synthesized chromophores have been characterized by the EFISH technique, electro‐optical absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The combined results indicate a significant modulation of the properties of the chromophores depending on the substitution pattern on the heterobicycle. Fast UV‐driven trans → cis and slower thermally driven cis → trans isomerizations around the N=N bond were observed and characterized for the chromophores. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Regioselective Reduction of 2,4‐Diacylpyrroles and the Synthesis of a 2,4‐Divinylpyrrole
Authors: Li Yan , Dolphin David
Published: June 2009

Reduction of 2,4‐diacylpyrroles followed by dehydration to prepare the divinylpyrroles has been studied. The N‐phenylsulfonyl group exhibited directing ability at the 4‐position during the reduction of 2,4‐diacylpyrrole and complete regioselectivity was achieved for formations of the 2‐ and 4‐carbinols; several new derivatives, including 2,4‐divinylpyrrole, have been prepared.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Generation of Prenylhafnium and α‐Selective Addition to Imines
Authors: Shibata Ikuya , Miyamoto Shinji , Tsunoi Shinji , Sakamoto Kazuya , Baba Akio
Published: June 2009

Allylhafnium compounds were generated by transmetalation between allyl‐SnBu3 and HfCl4 in EtCN. A highly α‐selective addition reaction of prenyltributyltin to imines was observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Allenylglycines
Authors: Bucuroaia Carmen , Groth Ulrich , Huhn Thomas , Klinge Michael
Published: June 2009

The coupling of the homocuprate of the bislactim ether of cyclo‐(‐L‐Val‐Gly‐) (9) with primary propargyl halides produces the allenyl‐substituted bislactim ethers 11 in a highly diastereoselective manner, whereas the alkylation of the lithiated bislactim ether of cyclo‐(‐L‐Val‐Gly‐) yields the propargyl‐substituted bislactim ethers 12. Subsequent hydrolysisaffords, after protection of the amino group, the methyl α‐allenylglycinates 15, the α‐allenylglycines 16, and the methyl α‐propargylglycinates 17. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Fingerprinting upland sediment sources: particle size‐specific magnetic linkages between soils, lake sediments and suspended sediments
Authors: Hatfield Robert G. , Maher Barbara A.
Published: June 2009

Accelerated erosion of fine‐grained sediment is an environmental problem of international dimensions. Erosion control strategies and targeting of mitigation measures require robust and quantitative identification of sediment sources. Here, we use magnetic ‘fingerprinting’ to characterize soils, and examine their affinity with and contribution to suspended sediments transported within two subcatchments feeding Bassenthwaite Lake, northwest England. A high‐resolution soil magnetic susceptibility survey was made using a field susceptometer (ZH Instruments, SM400 probe). Combining the spatial and vertical (down‐profile) soil magnetic data, a subset of soil profiles was selected for detailed, laboratory‐based magnetic remanence analyses. The magnetic properties of the catchment soils are highly particle size‐dependent. Magnetic analyses were performed on the 31–63 µm fraction, for particle size‐specific comparison both with the suspended sediments and lake sediments. Fuzzy cluster analysis groups the soil magnetic data into six clusters, apparently reflecting variations in parent material and horizon type, with three magnetically hard soils as unclassified outliers. Examination of the cluster affinity of the soils, suspended sediments and lake sediments indicates that topsoils of the upper Newlands Valley and subsoils around Keskadale Beck are a major source of the Newlands Beck suspended load, and the recent (post‐nineteenth century) sediments in the deep lake basin. Older lake sediments show strong affinity with a small number of the Derwent suspended sediments and one of the Glenderamackin soils. A large number of Derwent suspended sediments show no affinity with any of the soils or lake sediments, instead forming a coherent, discrete and statistically unclassified group, possibly resulting from mixing between the magnetically hard subsoils of the medium to high‐altitude Glenderamackin and Troutbeck areas and softer, lower altitude Glenderamackin soils. The lack of any affinity of these suspended sediments with the lake sediments may indicate deposition along the Derwent flood plain and/or in the shallow delta of Lake Bassenthwaite. Particle size‐specific magnetic fingerprinting is thus shown to be both highly discriminatory and quantitatively robust even within the homogeneous geological units of this catchment area. Such a methodological approach has important implications for small–large scale catchment management where sources of sediment arising from areas with uniform geology have been difficult to determine using other approaches, such as geochemical or radionuclide analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of slope length on the discharge of sediment by rain impact induced saltation and suspension
Authors: Kinnell P. I. A.
Published: June 2009

Simulations using a mechanistic model of raindrop driven erosion in rain‐impacted flow were performed with particles travelling by suspension, raindrop induced saltation and flow driven saltation. Results generated by both a high intensity storm, and a less intense one, indicate that, because of the effect of flow depth on the delivery of raindrop energy to the bed, there is a decline in sediment concentration, and hence soil loss per unit area, with slope length when particles are transported by raindrop induced saltation. However, that decline is reversed when the critical velocities that lead to flow driven saltation are episodically exceeded during an event. The simulations were performed on smooth surfaces and a single drop size but the general relationships are likely to apply for rain made up of a wide range of drop size. Although runoff is not always produced uniformly, as a general rule, flow velocities increase with slope length so that, typically, the distance particles travel before being discharged during an event increase with slope length. The effect of slope length on soil loss per unit area is often considered to vary with slope length to a power greater than zero and less that 1·0. The simulations show that effect of slope length on sediment discharge is highly dependent on the variations in runoff response resulting from variations in rainfall duration‐intensity‐infiltration conditions rather than plot length per se. Consequently, predicting soil loss per unit area using slope length with positive powers close to zero when sheet erosion occurs may not be as effective as commonly expected. Erosion by rain‐impacted flow is a complex process and that complexity needs to be considered when analysing the results of experiments associated with rain‐impacted flow under both natural and artificial conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PDGF stimulates the massive expansion of glial progenitors in the neonatal forebrain
Authors: Assanah M. C. , Bruce J. N. , Suzuki S. O. , Chen A. , Goldman J. E. , Canoll P.
Published: June 2009

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a major role in regulating migration, proliferation, and differentiation of glial progenitors during normal brain development and in the abnormal proliferation and dispersion that drives the formation of malignant gliomas. To further explore the relationship between PDGF's effects on normal glial progenitors and its role in the formation of gliomas, we infected progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle of neonatal rat pups with a retrovirus that expresses PDGF and green fluorescent protein (GFP). At 3 days post‐injection (dpi), a proliferation of PDGFRα+ progenitors was seen in the SVZ and white matter around the injection site and by 10 dpi the animals had large diffusely infiltrating tumors that resembled glioblastomas. The tumors contained a massive proliferation of both infected and uninfected PDGFRα+ progenitors, suggesting that PDGF was driving tumor formation via both autocrine and paracrine signaling. Rats co‐injected with two retroviruses (one that expresses PDGF‐IRES‐DSRED and one that expresses only GFP) formed tumors that contained a mixture of DSRED+ cells (PDGF producers) and GFP+ cells (recruited progenitors). Time‐lapse microscopy of slice cultures confirmed that both DSRED+ and GFP+ cells were highly migratory and proliferative. Furthermore, adding exogenous PDGF to slice cultures generated from nontumor‐bearing brains (injected with control GFP retrovirus only) stimulated the migration and proliferation of GFP+ progenitors. These findings reveal the inherent growth factor responsiveness and tumorigenic potential of PDGFRα+ progenitors and highlight the importance of paracrine signaling in stimulating glioma growth and infiltration. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axons and astrocytes release ATP and glutamate to evoke calcium signals in NG2‐glia
Authors: Hamilton Nicola , Vayro Steve , Wigley Rebekah , Butt Arthur M.
Published: June 2009

NG2‐glia are an abundant population of cells in the adult CNS that make up a novel glial cell type. Here, we have examined calcium signals in NG2‐glia identified by expression of the fluorescent protein DsRed under the control of the NG2 promoter in the white matter of the mouse optic nerve. We focused on mice aged postnatal day (P)12–16, after the main period of oligodendrocyte generation. Using fluo‐4 and fura‐2 calcium imaging in isolated intact nerves, we show that glutamate and ATP evoke Ca2+ signals in NG2‐glia in situ, acting on AMPA‐type glutamate receptors and P2Y1 and P2X7 purine receptors; NMDA evoked a weak Ca2+ signal in a small proportion of NG2‐glia. We show that axonal action potentials and mechanical stimulation of astrocytes effect the release of glutamate and ATP to act on NG2‐glia; ATP alone evokes robust Ca2+ signals, whereas glutamate did not unless AMPA receptor desensitization was blocked with cyclothiazide. We identify the precise contacts that NG2‐glia form with axons at nodes of Ranvier, and the intricate bipartite sheaths formed between the processes of NG2‐glia and astrocytes. In addition, we provide evidence that NG2‐glia express synaptophysin, indicating they have mechanisms for transmitting as well as receiving signals. This study places NG2‐glia within a neuron‐glial network, and identifies roles for glutamate and ATP in communication with astrocytes as well as axons. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators decrease the production of interleukin‐6 and interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 by astrocytes exposed to inflammatory challenge in vitro
Authors: Cerciat M. , Unkila M. , Garcia‐Segura L. M. , Arevalo M.‐A.
Published: June 2009

Expression of proinflammatory molecules by glial cells is involved in the pathophysiological changes associated with chronic neurological diseases. Under pathological conditions, astrocytes release a number of proinflammatory molecules, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10). The ovarian hormone estradiol exerts protective effects in the central nervous system that, at least in part, may be mediated by a reduction of local inflammation. This study was designed to assess whether estradiol affects the production of IL‐6 and IP‐10 by primary cultures of newborn mice astrocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin known to cause neuroinflammation. In addition, the possible anti‐inflammatory effect of several selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) was also assessed. LPS induced an increase in the expression of IL‐6 and IP‐10 mRNA levels in astrocytes and an increase in IL‐6 and IP‐10 protein levels in the culture medium. These effects of LPS were impaired by estradiol and by the four SERMs tested in our study: tamoxifen, raloxifene, ospemifene, and bazedoxifene. All SERMs tested showed a similar effect on IL‐6 and IP‐10 mRNA levels, but raloxifene and ospemifene were more effective than tamoxifen and bazedoxifene in reducing protein levels in LPS‐treated cultures. Finally, we report that news SERMs, ospemifene and bazedoxifene, exert anti‐inflammatory actions by a mechanism involving classical estrogen receptors and by the inhibition of LPS‐induced NFκB p65 transactivation. The results suggest that estrogenic compounds may be candidates to counteract brain inflammation under neurodegenerative conditions by targeting the production and release of proinflammatory molecules by astrocytes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in the embryonic development of zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: David A. , Pancharatna K.
Published: June 2009

Acetaminophen, or paracetamol is an over‐the‐counter analgesic generally used by all groups of people, including pregnant women. The present investigation aims to elucidate the effects of acetaminophen on the development of zebrafish Danio rerio in which embryogenesis is ex utero. Developing eggs (n = 30) were exposed to different doses (0, 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µg L−1) of the drug in triplicate and observations were made hourly until gastrulation and once in 24 h thereafter for seven consecutive days. Acetaminophen induced anomalies at different levels of development in a dose‐dependent manner, causing impairment in (1) the early development, (2) hatching, (3) organogenesis (by altering the rate of apoptosis), (4) larval growth and morphometry, (5) tail and tail‐fin formation, (6) pigmentation and (7) larval behavior and survival. The results of the present study clearly reveal that acetaminophen interfered with the normal embryonic development, growth, behavior and survival of D. rerio larvae. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concentric three element radial scanning optical coherence tomography endoscope
Authors: Bonnema Garret T. , Cardinal Kristen O. , Williams Stuart K. , Barton Jennifer K.
Published: June 2009

We have developed a 2.1 mm outer diameter optical coherence tomography endoscope that provides radial scans of luminal structures. The endoscope consists of three elements: (1) a stationary central core containing the fibers and focusing elements, (2) a rotating intermediate tube with a distal rod prism, and (3) a stationary sterilized glass cover. This design enables radial and spiral scanning and allows adjustment of the axial focal distance. Additionally, this design is capable of focusing light from multiple fibers into tissue. The performance of the endoscope was demonstrated in a study of tissue engineered blood vessels imaged at various time points during development. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Skeletal histology of Bothriolepis canadensis (Placodermi, Antiarchi) and evolution of the skeleton at the origin of jawed vertebrates
Authors: Downs Jason P. , Donoghue Philip C.J.
Published: June 2009

We used light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to compile a complete histological description of the dermal skeleton of the antiarch placoderm, Bothriolepis canadensis. Placodermi is most often cited as the sister group of crown group Gnathostomata, but some recent authors propose that placoderms instead represent a paraphyly of forms leading to the crown. In either phylogenetic scenario, comparative analysis of placoderm and gnathostome histological data allows us to address the primitive condition of both the gnathostome skeleton and the jawed vertebrate skeleton. The results of this work support the interpretation that the external skeleton of Bothriolepis canadensis is comprised exclusively of cellular dermal bone tissue. The unique stratification of the antiarch thoracic skeleton that has led to controversial interpretations in the past is explained by the nature of the articulations between adjacent elements. Skeletal features long thought to be gnathostome innovations are instead discovered to arise along the gnathostome stem. These innovations include secondary osteons, the systematic reconstruction of the skeleton in response to growth, and unfused, overlapping joints that enable marginal growth while maximizing the area of the articulation surface. The extensive evidence for spheritic mineralization agrees with a model of the skeleton as one capable of a high growth rate and active remodeling. Dermal skeletal development in both placoderms and osteichthyans is primarily skeletogenetic with only a minor odontogenetic contribution in some taxa. This demonstrates the problem inherent with assuming a broad application for those hypotheses of dermal skeletal evolution that are based on a chondrichthyan model. Our results highlight the importance of anatomical and ontogenetic context in the interpretation of fossil tissues. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
And restorative justice for all: Redemption, forgiveness, and reintegration in organizations
Authors: Goodstein Jerry , Aquino Karl
Published: June 2009

We explore the topic of restorative justice in organizations. The tradition of restorative justice directs attention to the aftermath of wrongdoing. We highlight three ways offenders (making amends), victims (extending forgiveness), and organizations (fostering reintegration) restore justice in the workplace. Our paper concludes with questions for future research and inquiry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel ambipolar‐resin membrane for extracting soil nutrients
Authors: Men Yu‐ying , He Li‐yuan , Zhang Ai‐qun , Theng Benny K. G. , Liu Hua‐bo , Guo Zai‐hua
Published: June 2009

We have synthesized a novel ambipolar membrane for the simple, rapid, and simultaneous extraction of key nutrients from soil. The membrane was made by adding an anion‐ and a cation‐exchange resin to a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel in the presence of glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent. The synthetic membrane was efficient in adsorbing (extracting) NO$ _3^- $, PO$ _3^{3-} $, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions from soil simultaneously. The ion‐adsorption capacity of the membrane was related to the soil nutrient status, duration of membrane–soil contact, and soil water content. The importance of these factors followed the order: soil nutrient status > contact time > soil water content. Adsorption by the membrane of NO$ _3^- $ and Mg2+ ions from soil leveled off after 48 h of membrane–soil contact but uptake of Ca2+, PO$ _3^{3-} $, and K+ ions required a longer contact time for equilibrium to be established. When the soil water content exceeds 55% w/w, this factor ceased to influence ion adsorption by the ambipolar‐resin membrane. The synthetic membrane is potentially useful for the in situ assessment of the nutrient requirement of certain crops at a given point in time.
Impact of effective microorganisms and other biofertilizers on soil microbial characteristics, organic‐matter decomposition, and plant growth
Authors: Schenck zu Schweinsberg‐Mickan Mario , Müller Torsten
Published: June 2009

Incubation and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of commercially distributed biofertilizers (effective microorganisms [EM], BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B) on soil microbial‐biomass content and activity, net N mineralization in soil, and growth of Lolium perenne. According to the manufacturers, the products tested are based on microbial inoculants or organic growth stimulants, and are supposed to influence soil microbial properties and improve soil conditions, organic‐matter decomposition, and plant growth. In the incubation experiment (40 d, 20.6°C, 50% maximum water‐holding capacity), EM was repeatedly applied to soil together with different organic amendments (nonamended, chopped straw, and lupine seed meal). Under the experimental conditions of this study, no or only marginal effects of EM on organic C, total N, and mineral N in soil could be observed. In soil treatments without any organic amendment, EM suspension slightly enhanced microbial activity measured as soil CO2 evolution. In soil with easily degradable plant residues (lupine seed meal), EM suspension had a suppressive effect on microbial biomass. However, comparisons with sterilized EM and molasses as the main additive in EM suspension showed that any effect of EM could be explained as a pure substrate effect without the influence of added living organisms. In the pot experiment with Lolium perenne (air‐conditioned greenhouse cabin, 87 d, 16.8°C, 130 klxh d–1 light quantity), the products EM, BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B were tested in soil with growing plants. The products were repeatedly applied for a period of 42 d. Within this study, no effects of the different biofertilizers on mineral N in soil were detectable. There were clear suppressive effects of all tested biofertilizers on microbial‐biomass content and activity. Comparisons with sterilized suspensions showed that the effects were not due to living microorganisms in the suspensions, but could be traced back to substrate‐induced processes.
Pollen spectrum and physico‐chemical attributes of heather (Erica sp.) honeys of north Portugal
Authors: Pires José , Estevinho María Letícia , Feás Xesús , Cantalapiedra Jesús , Iglesias Antonio
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Honey legislation has been addressed to establish the minimum marketing level of the product and the need for consumer protection through correct denominations. Research oriented toward assessment of floral origin and physico‐chemical properties may increase the commercial value of these products. The characteristics of 23 unifloral honeys of Erica sp., from Portugal, were studied. Pollen features and some physicochemical parameters (moisture, ash, pH, free acidity, electrical conductivity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, apparent sucrose, reducing sugars and diastase activity) were determined.

RESULTS: All honey samples can be classified as monofloral Erica sp., they gave a mean value of 56% of Erica pollen type. The families Fabaceae and Rosaceae provided the greatest number of pollen types with 8 and 4 pollen types each respectively. The second most important pollen type is Eucalyptus, present in 69.6% of the samples. All honey samples met the international physicochemical quality standards. The present study found a linear correlation (R = 0.996) between the ash content of honeys and their specific conductivity.

CONCLUSION: All honey samples can be classified as monofloral Erica sp. Unifloral honeys are increasingly requested and appreciated, despite their higher prices. The samples were found to meet all major international honey specifications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Olive oil composition as a function of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrition
Authors: Dag Arnon , Ben‐David Eric , Kerem Zohar , Ben‐Gal Alon , Erel Ran , Basheer Loai , Yermiyahu Uri
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Macronutrients play fundamental roles in processes affecting olive oil productivity and are expected to influence oil composition. A necessary step in optimal nutrient application management for olives is an understanding of the relationship between olive tree nutritional status and oil quality parameters. We studied the independent effects of N, P and K concentrations in irrigation solution on the oil quality of ‘Barnea’ olives by applying a wide range of macronutrient concentrations under highly controlled conditions.

RESULTS: Oil composition was significantly influenced by P and N levels, while K levels had only a minor effect. Unsaturation levels were unaffected by the treatments but, within the unsaturated fatty acids, the levels of PUFA increased compared to those of MUFA. Specifically, levels of the MUFA C18:1, polyphenol content and peroxide values decreased while levels of the PUFA C18:3 increased in response to higher doses of N and P.

CONCLUSION: Decreased MUFA and polyphenol levels coupled with increased omega‐3 levels demonstrated a potential negative influence on oil profile alongside increased nutritional benefits. The sum effects on oil yield and composition should be considered in designing of nutrient application management strategies for olive orchards. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Microstructure and instrumentally measured textural changes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gravads during production and storage
Authors: Michalczyk Magdalena , Surówka Krzysztof
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Gravad fish belong to a group of low‐processed products obtained from fresh fish by rubbing fillets with a mixture of sugar and salt and then placing them in cold storage. Little is known about changes in the tissue during the production and storage of gravads. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microstructural and textural changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gravad during processing and vacuum storage at 3 °C and −30 °C.

RESULTS: Microscopic observations of gravad showed greater compactness of structure when compared with raw trout muscle, characterised by the disappearance of the divisions between adjoining myofibrils in gravad. Freezing, on the other hand, caused the myofibrils to again become more clearly distinguishable despite being partly agglomerated into lamellae. The above changes in structure were accompanied by changes in the textural and rheological properties of the product. It was observed that the texture profile (TPA) changed, resulting in an increase in the cohesiveness and chewiness of the gravads when compared to the raw fillets. There was also a lowering of stress decay during the relaxation test and a decrease in the value of the storage modulus (G′) as analysed by oscillatory rheometry. Further changes observed during storage were mainly concerned with an increase in the hardness and chewiness of gravads.

CONCLUSION: Gravading significantly changes the rainbow trout fillets by making the microstructure more compact. This process is accompanied by changes in texture and rheological properties, which next are running during the storage of a chilled or frozen product. These changes are significant enough for potential consumers to be made aware of the fact that the texture of the product changes considerably during its shelf life. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Analyze this: Six steps to leveraging people investments
Authors: Mondore Scott , Douthitt Shane , Gentry William A.
Published: June 2009

Connecting employee data on such things as skills, behaviors, attitudes, competencies, and demographics to tangible outcomes is not so difficult that it should preclude leaders from attempting to focus on it. A six‐step process can help leaders discover the people drivers in their organizations.
A disc brake test stand for measurement of airborne wear particles
Authors: Wahlström Jens , Söderberg Anders , Olander Lars , Olofsson Ulf
Published: June 2009

During braking, there is wear on both the rotor and the pads. This process generates particles that may become airborne. In field tests, it is difficult to distinguish these particles from others in the surrounding environment. Therefore, a laboratory test stand has been designed which allows control of the cleanliness of the surrounding air. The test stand consists of a front right brake assembly mounted in a sealed chamber. A braking load is applied by a pneumatic system and the rotor, which has been pre‐conditioned with a rust layer to simulate a car standing parked overnight in a wet environment, is driven by an electric motor. The number and size of airborne wear particles are then measured. This experimental set‐up has been verified by an initial test series performed at low braking loads. The results suggest that this test stand can be used to study rust layer removal from the rotor. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toluidine blue O photodynamic inactivation on multidrug‐resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tseng S.P. , Teng L.J. , Chen C.T. , Lo T.H. , Hung W.C. , Chen H.J. , Hsueh P.R. , Tsai J.C.
Published: June 2009

Background and Objectives

Multidrug‐resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is becoming a critical problem worldwide. Currently, only limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of infections caused by MDR P. aeruginosa, therefore, the development of new alternative treatments is needed. Toluidine blue O (TBO) is an effective antibacterial photosensitizing agent against various bacteria. However, reports on antibacterial photosensitization of MDR bacteria are limited. This study aims to determine the in vitro photobactericidal activity of TBO against MDR P. aeruginosa.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The efficacy of antibacterial photodynamic inactivation, DNA fragmentation and protein carbonylation of three MDR P. aeruginosa strains and one susceptible strain was compared using TBO as the photosensitizer followed by red light irradiation (630 nm, 90 J/cm2) from a light‐emitting diode light source. Subsequently, the efficacy of TBO photodynamic inactivation (TBO‐PDI) on 60 MDR strains, including 11 with the efflux pump phenotype and 49 with no pump activity, was tested using the minimum lethal drug concentration (MLC) assay.

Results

TBO‐PDI caused similar bactericidal effect (6–7 logs of killing effect), DNA fragmentation and protein carbonylation in three MDR and one susceptible P. aeruginosa strains. Although the TBO accumulation assay indicated that TBO is a substrate for the efflux pump, TBO‐PDI produce similar photobactericidal activity against 60 MDR P. aeruginosa strains, either with or without efflux‐pump phenotype, and 19 susceptible strains.

Conclusion

MDR did not affect the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains to TBO‐PDI. The efflux pump played an insignificant role in TBO‐PDI of MDR P. aeruginosa. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:391–397, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with intra‐gastric violet light phototherapy: A pilot clinical trial
Authors: Lembo Anthony J. , Ganz Robert A. , Sheth Sunil , Cave David , Kelly Ciaran , Levin Philip , Kazlas Peter T. , Baldwin Paul C. , Lindmark William R. , McGrath Jonathan R. , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: June 2009

Background and Objective

Helicobacter pylori infects the mucus layer of the human stomach and causes peptic ulcers and adenocarcinoma. We have previously shown that H. pylori accumulates photoactive porphyrins making the organism susceptible to inactivation by light, and that small spot endoscopic illumination with violet light reduced bacterial load in human stomachs. This study assessed the feasibility and safety of whole‐stomach intra‐gastric violet phototherapy for the treatment of H. pylori infection.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A controlled, prospective pilot trial was conducted using a novel light source consisting of laser diodes and diffusing fibers to deliver 408‐nm illumination at escalating total fluences to the whole stomach. Eighteen adults (10 female) with H. pylori infection were treated at three U.S. academic endoscopy centers. Quantitative bacterial counts were obtained from biopsies taken from the antrum, body, and fundus, and serial urea breath tests.

Results

The largest reduction in bacterial load was in the antrum (>97%), followed by body (>95%) and fundus (>86%). There was a correlation between log reduction and initial bacterial load in the antrum. There was no dose–response seen with increasing illumination times. The urea breath test results indicated that the bacteria repopulated in days following illumination.

Conclusion

Intra‐gastric violet light phototherapy is feasible and safe and may represent a novel approach to eradication of H. pylori, particularly in patients who have failed standard antibiotic treatment. This was a pilot study involving a small number of patients. Further research is needed to determine if phototherapy can be effective for eradicating H. pylori. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:337–344, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in retinal damage thresholds from 100‐millisecond near‐infrared laser radiation exposures: A study at 1,110, 1,130, 1,150, and 1,319 nm
Authors: Vincelette Rebecca L. , Rockwell Benjamin A. , Oliver Jeff W. , Kumru Semih S. , Thomas Robert J. , Schuster Kurt J. , Noojin Gary D. , Shingledecker Aurora D. , Stolarski Dave J. , Welch Ashley J.
Published: June 2009

Background and Objectives

Retinal damage thresholds from 100‐millisecond exposures to laser radiation for wavelengths between 1,100 and 1,350 nm have never previously been established. We sought to determine the retinal damage threshold for 100‐millisecond exposures of near‐infrared (NIR) laser radiation wavelengths at 1,110, 1,130, 1,150, and 1,319 nm. These data were then used to create trends for retinal damage thresholds over the 1,100–1,350 nm NIR region based upon linear absorption of laser radiation in ocular media and chromatic dispersion of the eye.

Materials and Methods

The paramacula and macula areas of the retina in Macaca mulatta (rhesus) subjects were exposed for 100 milliseconds to NIR laser radiation wavelengths using a Coherent OPO laser for 1,110, 1,130, and 1,150 nm and a Lee laser for 1,319 nm. Probit analysis was used to establish the estimated damage threshold in the retina for 50% of exposures (ED50). Using trends of transmitted energy to the retina, refractive error of the eye and linear absorption of the retina, a scaling factor (SF) method was created to fit the experimental data, predicting retinal damage thresholds over the 1,100–1,350 nm region.

Results

The experimental retinal damage threshold, ED50, for 100‐millisecond exposures for laser radiation wavelengths at 1,110, 1,130, and 1,319 nm were determined to be 193, 270, and 13,713 mW of power delivered to the cornea, respectively. The retinal damage threshold for the 1,150 nm wavelength was statistically undetermined due to laser‐power limitations, but was achieved in one out of three subjects tested.

Conclusion

The SF predicts the experimental 100‐ millisecond NIR ED50 value for wavelengths between 1,100 and 1,350 nm. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:382–390, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration of extracellular matrix with chitosan adhesive film for sutureless tissue fixation
Authors: Lauto Antonio
Published: June 2009

Background and Objectives

Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are currently applied in reconstructive surgery to enhance wound healing and tissue remodelling. Sutures and staples are usually employed to stabilize ECM on tissue although they may damage the matrix structure. In this investigation, a novel biocompatible bandage was developed to fix ECM on tissue without sutures.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

An adhesive film, based on chitosan, was integrated with small intestine submucosa (SIS) in a single bandage strip. This bandage was bonded to sheep small intestine upon laser irradiation of the chitosan film (P = 0.12 W, Fluence = 46±1 J/cm2) to assess tissue adhesion strength. Thermocouples were used to estimate temperatures under SIS during laser irradiation. Bandage strips were also mechanically tested to evaluate their tensile strength before and after irradiation.

Results and Conclusions

The bandage successfully bonded to intestine achieving a shear stress of 9.6± 1.6 kPa (n = 15). During laser irradiation, the temperature increased modestly to 31±2°C (n = 14) beneath the ECM portion of the bandage. The bandage withstood a tensile strength of 3,122±780 and 3,384±791 kPa, before and after laser irradiation respectively (n = 10, P = 0.47, t‐test). The SIS‐chitosan bandage bonded effectively to tissue without sutures and preserved the ECM structure avoiding irreversible thermal denaturation of imbedded bioactive proteins. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:366–371, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of topical photodynamic therapy with 3,7‐bis(di‐n‐butylamino)phenothiazin‐5‐ium bromide for cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Akilov Oleg E. , Yousaf Wajeeha , Lukjan Sebastian X. , Verma Sarika , Hasan Tayyaba
Published: June 2009

Background and Objective

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has evolved as a promising therapeutic measure for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In particular, phenothiazine compounds have demonstrated efficacy for PDT of CL. The objective of our present study is to define the use of a new specific phenothiazine photosensitizer, 3,7‐bis(di‐n‐butylamino)phenothiazin‐5‐ium bromide (PPA904) applied topically as a cream to treat CL.

Materials and Methods

To establish the optimal conditions for this treatment, we compared two different ways to improve current regimens of PDT with PPA904 cream (500 µM of PPA904 in Unguentum M) by changing the duration of topical application, and by administration of several consecutive PDT procedures. An initial regimen recommended by the manufacturer (Photopharmica Co. Ltd., Leeds, UK) was maintained as a control: the cream was applied topically for 30 minutes at a final concentration of PPA904 at 500 µM, and the designated treatment area was irradiated with a broad band light source of 665±15 nm at a fluence of 50 J/cm2 (50 mW/cm2).

Results

The best curative PPA904‐PDT regimen was achieved under the conditions of a longer duration of topical application time (90 minutes) and several (three) consecutive treatments with 4‐day intervals between treatments. The mechanisms responsible for such improvements (kinetics of drug penetration, depth of necrosis of the CL lesions after PDT, and daily changes in the parasitic load after PDT) are discussed in the present study.

Conclusion

Topical PPA904‐PDT, implemented as described above, is a promising treatment for CL, and clinical studies will be initiated to establish efficacy in humans. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:358–365, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel Nanostructures from Self‐Assembly of Chiral Block Copolymers
Authors: Ho Rong‐Ming , Chen Chun‐Ku , Chiang Yeo‐Wan
Published: June 2009

A diblock copolymer system constituting both achiral and chiral blocks, polystyrene‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) (PS‐PLLA), was designed for the examination of chiral effects on the self‐assembly of block copolymers (BCPs). A unique phase with three‐dimensional hexagonally packed PLLA helices in PS matrix, a helical phase (H*), can be obtained from the self‐assembly of PS‐rich PS‐PLLA with volume fraction of PLLA f = 0.34, whereas no such phase was found in racemic polystyrene‐block‐poly(D.L‐lactide) (PS‐PLA) BCPs. Moreover, various interesting crystalline PS‐PLLA nanostructures can be obtained by controlling the crystallization temperature of PLLA (Tc,PLLA), leading to the formation of crystalline helices (PLLA crystallization directed by helical confined microdomain) and crystalline cylinders (phase transformation of helical nanostructure dictated by crystallization) when Tc,PLLA < Tg,PS (the glass transition temperature of PS) and Tc,PLLA ≧ Tg,PS, respectively. As a result, a spring‐like behavior of the helical nanostructure can be driven by crystallization so as to dictate the transformation (i.e., stretching) of helices and to result in crystalline cylinders. For PS‐PLLA with PLLA‐rich fraction (f = 0.65), another unique phase, a hexagonally packed core‐shell cylinder phase with helical sense (CS*), in which the PS microdomains appear as shells and PLLA microdomains appear as matrix and cores, can be found in the self‐assembly of PLLA‐rich PS‐PLLA BCPs. The formation of those novel phases: helix and core‐shell cylinder is attributed to the chiral effect on the self‐assembly of BCPs, so we named this PS‐PLLA BCP as chiral BCP (BCP*). For potential applications of those materials, the spring‐like behavior with thermal reversibility might provide a method for the design of switchable nanodevices, such as nanoscale actuators. In addition, the PLLA blocks can be hydrolyzed. After hydrolysis, helical nanoporous PS bulk and PS tubular texture can be obtained and used as templates for the formation of nanocomposites.

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Is the pathology of corticobasal syndrome predictable in life?
Authors: Shelley Bhaskara P. , Hodges John R. , Kipps Christopher M. , Xuereb John H. , Bak Thomas H.
Published: June 2009

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) has been associated with a heterogeneous spectrum of pathologies with an increasing number of reports of Alzheimer's type pathology. There is, however, no means of predicting pathology of CBS in vivo at present. We compared the clinical features of patients presenting with CBS who have either pathologic changes of classic corticobasal degeneration (CBD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) at post‐mortem to identify predictors of the specific pathological processes in life. Twelve patients with CBS were followed prospectively; six had AD and six had classic CBD neuropathology. After review of the presenting clinical features, we identified nine potential predictor variables, compared their frequency in the two groups, and performed a discriminant function analysis. Initial episodic memory complaints and poor performance on the combined orientation‐memory subtest of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) reliably predicted AD pathology while varying combinations of early frontal‐lobe type behavioral symptoms, nonfluent language disturbance, orobuccal apraxia, and utilization behavior predicted CBD pathology ante‐mortem. CBS is frequently associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Early episodic memory impairment versus early behavioral symptomatology appears to best predict AD or CBD pathology in life. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Shakedown analysis of a slope with cyclic groundwater level
Authors: Xu Qianjun , Lu Yang , Yin Honglei , Li Zhongkui
Published: June 2009

Groundwater levels vary with precipitation and other environmental impacts, rendering wetting and drying cycles in parts of a slope. It may be quite disadvantageous, as groundwater has been implicated as a crucial controlling factor in slope stability. The wetting–drying cycles can be considered as cyclic loads for the slope. In such cases, a shakedown analysis is appropriate for the long‐term safety evaluation. This paper presents an upper bound shakedown analysis method based on strong version of Koiter's theorem to evaluate slope stability. An element integration method is employed to provide limit and shakedown safety factors for the slope. For plane slip surfaces or logarithmic spiral slip surfaces, the validity of the method is verified by two documented examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic effects of β‐cyclodextrin containing silicone oligomer on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system
Authors: Wang Huanfeng , Li Bin
Published: June 2009

The effects of β‐cyclodextrin containing silicone oligomer(CDS), as a synergistic agent, on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites were studied by adding different amounts of CDS in intumescent flame retardants. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to evaluate the synergistic effects of CDS in the composites. It was found that after a little amount of CDS partially replaced a charring‐foaming agent (CFA) in IFR, LOI values of the composites were enhanced and they obtained a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. IFR system containing 6.25wt% CDS presented the best flame retardancy in PP. The experimental results obtained from LOI and UL‐94, TGA, SEM, and mechanical properties indicated that the combination of CDS and CFA presents synergistic effects in flame retardancy, char formation, and mechanical properties of the composites. This is probably due to different structures of polyhydroxyl macromolecules (CDS and CFA), the existence of dimethyl silicone group in CDS, and the toughness of epoxy silicon chain in CDS. SEM results proved that the interfacial compatibility between IFR and PP was improved by CDS. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.