bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Model of the Part Surface Temperature Field
Authors: Du Jian Hua , Liu Gui Min , Han Wen Zheng
Published: March 2009

Research on the simulation and calculation of the temperature field of friction plate in
brake is one of the main references for constructing a frictional material couple. The friction heat
generates on the real contact area, so the distribution of the friction heat is asymmetry and localized.
In this study, the effects of real contact area on the surface temperature were investigated. Then the
mathematical model of the two-dimensional unsteady temperature field of local contact area is
presented. The simulation of the model for Cu-based wet friction plate indicates that the local contact
has an essential influence on the surface temperature and the maximal contact temperature; the
mathematic model of local contact temperature field can be used to predict the critical sliding velocity
and allowable rate of energy absorbed.
Formation Mechanism of the Frictionally-Formed Protective Coating by Using Self-Repairing Material under Sliding Friction
Authors: Chen Wen Gang , Gao Yu Zhou , Zhang Hui Chen , He Y.J.
Published: March 2009

Sliding experiments lubricated with hydroxyl silicate magnesium particles as additive
were performed under ambient condition and different loads by using an AMSLER friction and
wear tester. The surface topographies and compositions of worn surface of 45 steel rings were
analyzed by SEM and EDAX. The experimental results show that the friction load had great effect
on generation of the frictionally-formed protective coating. No protective coating formed on the
worn steel surface under lower friction load. However, a smooth and continuous protective coating
can be developed on the worn surface of the steel when the friction load is high enough. The
chemical composition of the protective coating is roughly the same as the additive. The additive can
be fractured, stretched and flowed along the sliding direction under high contacting stress and
instantaneous flash temperature, which result in coating being formed.
Preparation and Tribological Properties of Surface-Coated Nano-Copper Additives
Authors: Xu Yi , Yu He Long , Xu Bin Shi , Wang Xiao Li , Liu Qian
Published: March 2009

In the present work, surface-coated Cu nanoparticles with FCC structure and an average
size of 40 nm were prepared by reducing reaction and surface modification technique. The
morphology and phase structure of the nano-copper were characterized by transmission electron
microscope (TEM). The ball-on-disc tester and ring-on-block tester were performed to study the
tribological properties of surface-coated Cu nanoparticles as oil additive. The tests were carried out
under the lubrication of 50CC oil alone and oil containing surface-coated nano-copper additives. The
morphologies and elementary distributions of the worn surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron
microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), respectively. Results indicate that
surface-coated nano-copper additives can significantly improve the wear resistance and load-carrying
abilities of 50CC oil, as well as reduce friction coefficient. A soft copper protective film is formed on
the worn surface lubricated with oil containing nano-copper additives, which separates the worn
surfaces, avoids their direct contact and reduces friction and adhesive wear. Besides, the grooves and
small valleys on the worn surfaces are found to be partly filled and repaired by nano-copper, as makes
the worn surface repaired and smoother.
Research on High-Temperature Corrosion-Resistance Performance of Exhaust Pipe of Heavy Duty Vehicle
Authors: Wei Shi Cheng , Xu Bin Shi , Wang Hai Dou , Jin Guo
Published: March 2009

The exhaust pipe of a heavy duty vehicle, due to its harsh operating environment, is
subject to corrosion caused by high temperature oxidization, chlorination and sulfuration, therefore,
corrosion occurs very easily, which affects normal operation of the engine. The exhaust pipe of the
engine can be protected by means of electro-thermal explosion spray-coating technique. The
corrosion-resistant ability of coating in high temperature environment is surveyed respectively. The
micro organizational structure of coating is studied in combination with SEM, EDS and other tests
to search for corrosion-resistant principle of the coating in an attempt to improve the
corrosion-resistance of the exhaust pipe of the engine.
Erosion Wastage at High Temperature for Arc Spraying Coatings
Authors: Hu J.Z. , Ma Shi Ning , Chen X.R.
Published: March 2009

A new novel cored wire for producing FeCrAl/WC intermetallic coating by arc spraying
was developed. The erosion wastage at high temperature of the coating was researched with
different impingement angles and temperatures. The results indicated that impingement angle and
temperature greatly affected erosion wastage of the coating. At the same time, when impingement
angle was 90°, different temperature had a little effect on the erosion wastage. And when
temperature was 650°C, different impingement angle had a little effect on the erosion wastage too.
As compared with water wall tube material (G20 steel) of power station boiler, the erosion
resistance at high temperature of the coating was higher. The erosion resistance rate of the coating
was 1.94~2.89 times of that of G20 steel when temperature was 650°C and particle was polygonal
silica. The results indicated that erosive condition of high temperature flue gas and fly ash mixture
in boiler tube of pulverized coal fired power station could be solved with the FeCrAl/WC coating.
Preparation and Characterization of Cu-Coated Nano SiC Composite Particles
Authors: Zhu Sheng , Li Chao , Du Jian Hua , Han Wen Zheng
Published: March 2009

The Cu-coated nano SiC composite particles were prepared by heterogeneous nucleation
method. For the heterogeneous nucleation process, the dispered nano SiC particles and the active
Cu2O precipitation were both prefabricated. The composite particles were characterized by means of
XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM and ED analysis technics. It is found that Cu layers are coated on the nano
SiC particles, which are continuous and dense, and partly oxidized to Cu2O, and the oxidation rate
can be reduced by improving experimental processes. The investigation on reaction mechanism
shows the disproportionating reaction speed of Cu+ can be controlled by adjusting the pH value of
reaction solution, which makes the degree of supersaturation of Cu crystallites accord with the
conditions of heterogeneous nucleation.
Encapsulated Titanium Oxide with Al2O3 and its Ultraviolet Shielding Properties
Authors: Li Jin Hong , Wu Xiu Wen , Yang Jing
Published: March 2009

In this work, we encapsulated the titanium oxide particles with a layer of Al2O3 by a
sol-gel process and investigated the UV-shielding properties of the obtained Al2O3-TiO2 composites.
In this method, Al(NO3)3 aqueous solution mixed with raw titanium oxide powder was hydrolyzed
by adding NH3·H2O. The hydrated materials were calcined at 500°C and then the composite of
Al2O3-TiO2 was prepared. Different techniques including ICP-AES, XRD, SEM-EDS, and TEM
were used to characterize the raw TiO2 and encapsulated TiO2 particles. Chemical analysis showed
that TiO2 mass content in the raw titanium oxide particles is 98.25%, and Al2O3 is just 0.75%. After
modification, the percentage Al2O3 was increased to 4.48% due to the encapsulation of Al2O3. Trace
elements analysis displayed that the concentration of the trace elements were much lower than their
original content in the raw titanium oxide, which prove that proved that there was no impurities
incorporated into in the sol-gel process. XRD analysis indicated that the modified titanium oxide
powders are mainly in phase of rutile, ca. 99.1%, and the profiles exhibit no peaks of crystalline
Al2O3 suggesting the layer of Al2O3 exists in amorphous phase. SEM image suggests that the size is
in 80~600nm of the raw TiO2 granula and became rougher on the surface, the packing of the
agglomerations got looser after modification with Al2O3. HRTEM image shows that the TiO2
particles was evenly coated with a packed layer ~8 nm in thickness. The UV-Vis absorbency
experiments showed that the range of wavelength shielded was narrowed from 208-316 nm in the
raw titanium oxide to 225-285 nm in the case of the Al2O3-TiO2. The average absorbency of UV
was improved from 1.07 to 1.98 at the same content 1.0 μg/mL in the suspended solution. The
results reflected that Al2O3 modification process improve the titanium oxide particles UV-shielding
properties in selectivity and performance.
Evaluation and Analysis for the Surface Morphology and Mechanism Properties of the Self-Repair Microcapsule
Authors: Xin Yi , Zhang Wei , Zhang Shu , Xu Bin Shi
Published: March 2009

The surface configuration, the size and the shell thickness of the microcapsule were
investigated. The average size and shell thickness were 100-200μm and 10nm separately. The
mechanism performance of the microcapsule was tested by Nano Indentation Test. The results
showed that the shell material—UF behaved as a non-linear viscoelastic material that different from
the macroscopical performance. Analyzed and computed the un-load curves by non-linear simulation,
the results showed that Educed Modulus of the microcapsule was 8.201GPa, which was a little lower
than that of the epoxy resin 9.26GPa. And it also proved that the self-repair microcapsule in the epoxy
resin dope would break as the microcrack expanded in the matrix, and let out the repair agent to fill
the crack and to recover the matrix.
The Effects of Surface Modifications on Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Films: Optoelectrical, Wettability and XPS Investigations
Authors: Zhong Zhi You , Sun Feng Lou
Published: March 2009

Surface modifications were performed on the tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates for
optoelectronic devices, using the different processing techniques. The effects of modification
methods on the surface properties of ITO substrates were characterized by X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis)
spectrophotometer, standard goniometry and four-probe meter, respectively. The surface free energy
as the sum of the dispersion and polar components was evaluated from the measured contact angles
using the Owens-Wendt approach. Experimental results demonstrate that except the optical
transmittance of the ITO, the surface properties including the stoichiometry, morphology, wettability
and sheet resistance of the ITO substrates strongly depend on the modification methods. Compared
with the other treatments, the oxygen plasma treatment increases the oxygen concentration and
decreases the carbon concentration, reduces the surface roughness and the sheet resistance, and
enhances the surface free energy and the polarity, and thereby more effectively improves the surface
properties of ITO substrates.
Preparation of Sn-Coated Mesophase Graphite Powders by Carbothermal Reduction
Authors: Jhan Yi Ruei , Fang Ting , Tsai Su Yueh , Duh Jenq Gong
Published: March 2009

Recently, combination of ductile carbonaceous materials with the metallic Sn has
received a great deal of interest to be a novel anode material for lithium ion batteries, because of their
higher capacity than the conventional graphite anodes and better cycleability than the pure Sn anodes.
Electrochemical performance of the Sn/C composite anodes is influenced by the material system,
particle size and size distribution of Sn as well as the amount of deposited Sn. This study revealed that
a favorable Sn/C composite anode exhibited reduced size and uniformly distributed tin particles. The
crystal structure, morphology and elemental distribution were analyzed by XRD patterns, SEM and
EPMA, respectively. The carbothermal-reducted Sn/Mesophase graphite powder (MGP) composite
anodes exhibited much higher capacity than the bare MGP, and the initial efficiency was also much
higher than the metallic tin anode in literatures.
Experimental Investigation on Intensity and Residual Stress in Superficial Layers Induced by Water Cavitation Peening with Aeration
Authors: Ju Dong Ying , Han B.
Published: March 2009

Water cavitation peening (WCP) with aeration is a novel surface enhancement method. A
new ventilation nozzle with aeration is adopted to improve the process capability of WCP by
increasing the impact pressure induced by the bubble collapse on the surface of components. In this
study, in order to investigate the process capability of the WCP with aeration, a standard N-type
almen strips of spring steel SAE 1070 was treated by WCP with various process conditions, and the
arc height value and the residual stress in the superficial layers were measured by X-ray diffraction
method. The optimal fluxes of aeration and the optimal standoff distances were achieved.
Fractal Characteristic and Wear Prediction of Surface Micro-Topography of Laser-Textured Roller
Authors: Liu Hong Bin , Wan Da Ping , Hu De Jin
Published: March 2009

To investigate the effect of micro-topography on the wear properties of the cold roller,
rough surface was characterized with fractal geometry, and the profile of laser-textured surface was
measured based on the analysis of surface profile self-similarity, feasibility of fractal
characterization of the surface was studied with power law method. Results show that Isotropic
surfaces tend to be fractal and surfaces processed under definite technological conditions can be
characterized with fractal geometry. On this basis, effects of surface fractal parameters on the wear
rate of the roller were analyzed with fractal geometry model for wear prediction. Condition of
achieving optimal fractal dimension was presented and the expression of the optimal fractal
dimension was derived for the minimum normalized wear rate. It shows that normalized wear rate is
mainly determined by fractal dimension besides the material properties and an optimal fractal
dimension existed for the engineering surface is affected by the plastic index, normalized true
contact area and scale coefficient. The results will provide bases for the studies of friction and
lubrication of the textured steel sheet and guidance for the actual processing.
Research on the Robotic Free Abrasive Polishing System for the Rapid Spray Metal Tooling
Authors: Han Guang Chao , Sun Ming , Zhang Hai Ou , Wang Gui Lan
Published: March 2009

In the rapid spray metal tooling, metal film is spray-formed on the substrate and supported
under the back, which will act as the working surface of the rapid metal tool finally. So the finishing
process for the sprayed metal film is important to the quality and the lifecycle of the rapid metal tool.
The finishing of the metal mould is frequently carried out manually, these kinds of operations are
iterative, time consuming and require experience. Automation can introduce cost reduction
minimizing production times on such manual finishing operations.
This paper presents a robotic polishing system with free abrasive for the finishing of the rapid spray
metal tool, which is consisted of a six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot manipulator, a high speed
electrical polishing spindle and a numerical swivel table. Soft polishing pad and free abrasive are also
selected for the robotic polishing system.
The path planning is so important to the robotic polishing system that a partition & flexible path
mapping method basing on UG CAM is developed to generate the uniform robotic polishing path on
the complex mould surface. UG/Open GRIP programming module is used to generate the driving
paths with different path intervals on the predesigned plane for each partitioned part. When the
driving paths are projected to the mould curved surface, the uniform polishing paths with NC code
can be generated by the multi-axis CAM module of the UG. And the path with NC code can then be
transformed to the robotic polishing path. According to the elastic deformation and the abrasion of the
soft polishing tool, the robotic polishing path should be adjusted to keep the smooth polishing process
by offsetting the pre-compressed value and the abrasive compensation value along the polishing axis
direction. Technical parameters of the robotic polishing process are also optimized through the
experiments. Finally, the rapid metal punch mould is finished to test the robotic polishing system.
A FEM Study on Thermal Stress in Laminated Composite
Authors: Li Zhi , You Min , Zheng Xiao Ling , Zhao Mei Rong , Yan Jia Ling
Published: March 2009

The 3-D elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) was used to analyze the thermal stress
in the laminated composite (SiC/6061Al) under the condition of a temperature cycling of 200 0C-30
0C- 200 0C-30 0C. The results from the FEM analysis showed that the hysteretic peak value of the von
Mises equivalent stress in the substrate 6061Al was increased significantly as the temperature loading
cycles processed on but it was nearly the same after the first cycle in the interface layer SiC of the
laminated composite. The elastic strain in the substrate 6061Al varied within the range of -0.15% to
0.15% and the maximum plastic deformation was equal to about 0.26 %. The results also showed that
the maximum normal stress Sx was increased from 32.8 MPa to 87.9 MPa after ten cycles and the
work-hardening of the substrate 6061Al occurred during the stress and strain hysteresis loop.
Effect of Boron Concentration on Adhesion and Cutting Performance of Diamond-Coated Cemented Carbide Tools
Authors: Yao Cheng Zhi , Sun Fang Hong , Zhang Zhi Ming , Chen Ming
Published: March 2009

Diamond thin films doped with various boron concentrations were grown on WC-Co
cemented carbide tools by hot-filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The
trimethyl borate dissolved in acetone solution was used as the boron resource (B/C=0%, 0.1%,
0.3%, 0.5%). The surface morphology of diamond films with different boron contents was
investigated by Scanning electron microscopy, the adhesive strength was calculated by means of
indentation test under a load of 1500N. A real cutting performance was carried out on Al metal
matrix composites material (20vol%SiC, 15μm), and the insert flank wear was examined by
measuring the scars that appeared on the cutting edge with tool microscope. The research results
shown the surface morphology and structure of the diamond films changed owing to boron doping.
As the doping levels increased, the average grain size of the films decreased from 10 to 2μm. A
significant improvement in adhesion and cutting performance were observed as the boron contents
increased from 0% to 0.5%. The adhesion and cutting performance were best when the boron
concentration was 0.3%. Adequate boron can effectively suppress the cobalt diffusion to the
substrate surface and avoid the catalytic effect of cobalt at the high temperature. It is of great
significance for improvement of the adhesive strength and cutting performance of diamond-coated
tools using above method.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Phenomena of Insulating ZrO2 Ceramics with Assisting Electrode
Authors: Guo Yong Feng , Deng Guan Qun , Bai Ji Cheng , Lu Ze Sheng
Published: March 2009

Advanced engineering ceramics are more and more widely employed in modern
industries because of their excellent mechanical properties such as high hardness, high compressive
strength, high chemical and abrasive resistance. These properties limited the machining to the
insulated ceramics. This paper investigates the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of ZrO2-based
ceramics by assisting electrode method. The theory of assisting electrode method is introduced. The
machining phenomena under different electrical parameters were studied. The material removal
mechanisms change with the increase in the power of single pulse. Some work-pieces have been
machined successful through the assisting electrode method.
Experimental Investigation on the Nickel-Based Metal Components Fabricated by Laser Cladding
Authors: Ji Xia , Zhou Jian Zhong , Guo Hua Feng , Xu Da Peng
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the metal components fabricated by
laser cladding. In the present study, two process of laser cladding were conducted, that is pre-placed
powder cladding and coaxial powder-feed cladding. The effect of processing parameters was studied
and optimum set of parameters for the superior surface quality was established by employing the
orthogonal design. The fabricated components were subjected to metallographic examinations and
micro-hardness measurement. Results indicated that the microstructure of coaxial cladding
components was finer than pre-placed powder cladding components. The micro-hardness of the
fabricated specimen along and vertical the scanning direction were measured using a HVS-1000
micro-hardness tester with a 200 g applied load. Analysis of the physical properties provided further
evidence of differences in micro-hardness produced by different process conditions, and the average
micro-hardness value of pre-placed power cladding layer was lower than the coaxial powder-feed
cladding layer.
Wear Characteristics of Micro-Diameter Cutter in High Speed Machining Micro Parts
Authors: Bai Qing Shun , Yang Chun Li , Liang Ying Chun , Tong Li Dong , Zhao Yan
Published: March 2009

The minimization of mechanical parts is one of important research direction in micro machine or MEMS area. Milling experiments of micro part were conducted on micro machine by using TiAlN-coating micro-diameter cutter. Three kinds of typical workpiece materials (LY12, stainless steel and high-elastic alloy 3J21) were adopted and the wear properties of micro-diameter cutter were investigated carefully. The main reasons for tool wear and breakage were analyzed. It is shown that the common wear characteristics of TiAlN-coating micro-diameter cutter are falling off of coating, breakage of tool nose, diffusion and adhesion wear while machining the three materials. Adhesion and diffusion effects are much obvious in machining 3J21 alloy and stainless steel, leading to coarse wear region of tool.
Studying the Expansion Uniformity of Intravascular Stents by the Effect of Laser Cutting Error
Authors: Yang Jie , Huang Nan , Du Quan Xing
Published: March 2009

Laser cutting error has large influence on the beam width of intravascular stents. Minor
random variation in beam width of stents may significantly impact the expansion uniformity. In this
paper, the relevant factors that may affect the beam width during the manufacture are investigated.
Based on the randomization model, the pattern how the factors affect expansion uniformity is
explored, and the method for calculating uniformity index is proposed. A detailed computation is
made on the width randomization for the two expansion elements. The results show that with the
increase of the value range of beam width, probability of uniformity index decreases gradually; the
strengthening factor has large effect on the expansion uniformity. The method is meaningful for
studying how the processing error affects expansion uniformity.
Design and Simulation of Spring-Driven Lock-Unlock Mechanism for Spaceborne Flexible Appendages
Authors: Wu Bing Hui , Deng Zong Quan
Published: March 2009

To assure reliable locking and normal deployment of large space-born appendages, a type
of lock-unlock mechanism driven by spring was proposed. The spiral spring was used as a
retraction device to draw the clamp-band back due to its characteristics of storing much more
energy in limited space. Centralized lock-unlock scheme was employed here to light down mass of
the whole mechanism. Reliable retraction of the clamp band and no collision on the surface of
satellite are inspection targets of retraction device. Effect on retraction track by varying the torque
and mass of clamp band was presented in this paper. To some spaceborne flexible arm, simulation
of retraction track was done under specified parameters. The result obtained from simulation reveals
that clamp band can accomplish safely and reliably, and will not produce any spatial waste.
Design of Energy-Controllable Pulse Generator on Micro WEDM
Authors: Chi Guan Xin , Cao Guo Hui , Di Shi Chun , Wang Zhen Long
Published: March 2009

Generator is one of the key factors in Micro WEDM, which can affect machining quality,
precision and efficiency largely. The factors influencing discharge energy are discussed and
analyzed, the pulse addition method increasing energy density under maintaining the single pulse
energy is advanced. To reduce the influence of voltage to single pulse energy, the gap voltage is
also controlled. The generator is designed and the validating experiment shows this generator can
increase machining efficiency and quality to a certain extent.
The Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Neu Richard W.
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews the understanding of fretting fatigue with an emphasis on the behavior of Ti-6Al-4V. Advances in life prediction and assessment approaches are highlighted. The role of microstructure on fretting fatigue and its use to detect fretting fatigue damage can now be considered in assessment strategies. Various palliatives are used to enhance the fretting fatigue resistance. These include treatments to introduce compressive residual stress and surface coatings that reduce friction and/or protect the underlying structural material.
The High Cycle Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy 2024
Authors: Srivatsan T.S. , Vasudevan Satish , Park Lisa , Lederich R.J.
Published: March 2009

In this research paper, the cyclic stress amplitude controlled fatigue response and
fracture behavior of an Al-Cu-Mg alloy (Aluminum Association designation 2024) is presented and
discussed. The alloy was friction stir welded in the T8 temper to provide two plates one having
high tensile ductility and denoted as Plate A and the other having low tensile ductility and denoted
as Plate B. Test specimens of the alloy, prepared from the two plates, were cyclically deformed
under stress amplitude control at two different load ratios with the primary objective of
documenting the conjoint influence of magnitude of cyclic stress, load ratio and intrinsic
microstructural effects on cyclic fatigue life and final fracture characteristics. The high cycle
fatigue resistance of the alloy is described in terms of maximum stress, R-ratio, and microstructural
influences on strength. The final fracture behavior of the friction stir welded alloy is discussed in
light of the concurrent and mutually interactive influences of intrinsic microstructural effects,
deformation characteristics of the alloy microstructure, magnitude of cyclic stress, and resultant
fatigue life.
Superalloy Technology - A Perspective on Critical Innovations for Turbine Engines
Authors: Schafrik Robert , Sprague Robert
Published: March 2009

High temperature structural materials, such as nickel-based superalloys, have
contributed immensely to societal benefit. These materials provide the backbone for many
applications within key industries that include chemical and metallurgical processing, oil and gas
extraction and refining, energy generation, and aerospace propulsion. Within this broad application
space, the best known challenges tackled by these materials have arisen from the demand for large,
efficient land-based power turbines and light-weight, highly durable aeronautical jet engines. So
impressive has the success of these materials been that some have described the last half of the 20th
century as the Superalloy Age. Many challenges, technical and otherwise, were overcome to
achieve successful applications. This paper highlights some of the key developments in nickel
superalloy technology, principally from the perspective of aeronautical applications. In the past, it
was not unusual for development programs to stretch out 10 to 20 years as the materials technology
was developed, followed by the development of engineering practice, and lengthy production scaleup.
And many developments fell by the wayside. Today, there continue to be many demands for
improved high temperature materials. New classes of materials, such as intermetallics and ceramic
materials, are challenging superalloys for key applications, given the conventional wisdom that
superalloys are reaching their natural entitlement level. Therefore, multiple driving forces are
converging that motivate improvements in the superalloy development process. This paper
concludes with a description of a new development paradigm that emphasizes creativity,
development speed, and customer value that can provide superalloys that meet new needs.
Research on the Application Technology of Linear CCD in Dynamic Measuring Molten Tin Glass Surface
Authors: Yu Y. , Xu Shu Xing
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the characteristics of the high temperature environment in tin bath and the
practical glassmaking of float glass production are analyzed. Dynamic optical measuring method is
selected to measure glass thickness. A semiconductor laser is used for the light source and a linear
CCD is used for the detector to pick up data within 600°C on the area of the tin bath. By analyzing and
calculating a lot of dynamic measurement experimental data tested with the measurement device.
Based upon the theory of heat transfer, the working area of the measurement device can be kept at a
constant temperature near the tin bath by using a circulation water-cooling system and low
temperature nitrogen. The image processing technology is used for the edge detection and the pixel
subdivision in the software of the system. At the same time the factors that influence accuracy of the
system are discussed and some compensation measures are also proposed. The accuracy of 5µm
dynamic on-line measurement is achieved and the accuracy of static measurement is less than 1µm
within the range of 2~20mm thickness of glass. All these make linear CCD can be successfully
applied in the practice of high temperature environment.
Eliminate of the Nonlinearity in Heterodyne Interferometer
Authors: Hou Wen Mei , Shen L.Y. , Ren X.
Published: March 2009

A new approach is found to eliminate the nonlinearity of heterodyne interferometer. It uses a simple phase compensation system by rotating a polarizer which is set up before the detector in the interferometer. This method can be used in most science researches and the industry precision nanometer measurement, and it is valid for all nonlinearity errors whether it is a first-order or a higher-order error, or caused by any reasons.
Theoretical Study on Self-Calibration for the Wide-Range Laser Auto-Collimation Method
Authors: Shimizu Hiroki , Hayashi Osamu
Published: March 2009

A wide-range laser auto-collimation method to measure the surface profiles of targets with
steep slopes has been proposed. This method employs a deflecting optical system to enlarge the
measurement range of the angle sensor. However, this optical system also changes the sensitivity
property of the angle sensor. Therefore, we propose a new in-situ self-calibration method that
includes the geometrical designed data of the target and can be applied to wide-range laser
auto-collimation method. In the proposed method, the calibration sensitivities at each measurement
point are obtained with two sets of measured data, which are acquired before and after performing
minute rotation or translation with respect to the measured target, and the simulated shift of the
normal angle at each point. The present paper describes the calibration procedure and specific
calculation method used in the proposed method.
Merging Phase Shifting Interferometry with Confocal Chromatic Microscopy
Authors: Cohen-Sabban Joseph
Published: March 2009

The implementation of the basic physical principle of Chromatic Confocal Microscopy in the field of Phase stepping interferometry (PSI) opens new opportunities for the development of an innovative surface metrology method specially dedicated to 3D nanotopography with subnanometric z axis resolution altogether with a very large measuring range: typically up to one hundred micrometers. The basic property of optical sectioning inherent to (chromatic) Confocal imaging is particularly well adapted to Phase stepping Interferometry since it automatically solves the critical and time consuming problem of phase unwrapping computation. The axial chromatic extension of the chromatic confocal setup offers a very fast and easy way to determine the height of the different elementary surfaces forming the measured object. It is then easy to carry out, for each one of those elementary surfaces, a measurement in phase shifting interferometry, at the wavelength corresponding to the altitude indicated by the confocal chromatic, in order to reach subnanometric axial resolutions. The four phases needed for implementing the phase stepping interferometric measuring procedure can be successively realized by adequate spectral shifts instead of the classical axial displacements of the reference mirror which then stands in a fixed position. Consequently this chromatic confocal phase stepping interferometer (CCPSI) has definitely no moving part, the spectral shifts being done by electrooptical means. Typical applications are MEMS and microoptics surface topography and/or roughness metrology. For this purpose we designed a new system incorporating confocal chromatic imaging and phase stepping interferometry. As a direct consequence of the optical sectioning property, this system allows measuring through any type of optical window (for example a cover glass).
An Improved Active Homodyne Detector
Authors: Seck Hon Luen , Zhang Ying , Soh Y.C.
Published: March 2009

This paper proposes an improved active homodyne detection technique to compensate for
the drift in homodyne measurement. The technique is implemented on a fiber based Michelson
interferometer where a computer controller is designed to drive a piezoelectric cylinder attached to
one arm of the interferometer. It is shown that the proposed technique can efficiently stabilize the
interferometric output.
New Synthetic Heterodyne Laser Doppler Vibrometer for Measurement of Mechanical Vibrations with Submicron Amplitude
Authors: Kang Seong Gu , La J.P. , Yoon H.S. , Choi D.Y. , Park K.H.
Published: March 2009

A new synthetic heterodyne laser Doppler interferometer based on homodyne
interferometer is addressed in this work. Interference signal includes the DC offset that is light
intensity. The DC offset must be got rid because it does not need to obtain a velocity. The high pass
filter is used instead of the subtractor. DC offset having random variation is difficult to get rid as using
the subtractor itself. When the vibration amplitude is smaller than at least 1/ 2 of the wavelength of
He-Ne laser, a serious problem of incorrect velocity measurement can be caused since there is
non-zero crossing interference signal whose DC value can be eliminated in using the HPF. In order to
solve this problem of using the HPF in the homodyne interferometer, a synthetic interferometer using
a mechanical modulation method is proposed in this work by exciting a reference mirror with the
displacement larger than the 1/2 of the wavelength. In this work, the analytical work is presented to
show how the synthetic interferometer solves the problem of incorrect velocity measurement using
the Fourier-Bessel function description of the interference signals. Simulation and Experimental
works are also presented to validate the synthetic heterodyne interferometer proposed in the work.
Sensor Dynamic Modeling Based on LS-SVM and NGA
Authors: Wang Qi , Feng Zhi Gang , Shida K.
Published: March 2009

Least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) combined with niche genetic algorithm (NGA) are proposed for nonlinear sensor dynamic modeling. Compared with neural networks, the LS-SVM can overcome the shortcomings of local minima and over fitting, and has higher generalization performance. The sharing function based niche genetic algorithm is used to select the LS-SVM parameters automatically. The effectiveness and reliability of this method are demonstrated in two examples. The results show that this approach can escape from the blindness of man-made choice of LS-SVM parameters. It is still effective even if the sensor dynamic model is highly nonlinear.
Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Precision Motion Controlled Positioning Stage
Authors: Buice Eric S. , Smith S.T. , Hocken Robert J. , Trumper D.L. , Otten D.
Published: March 2009

This abstract presents the development of an ultra-precision motion controlled
positioning stage for nanometer positioning over a working volume of 50 mm × 50 mm × 4 µm at
an accuracy of better than 10 nm that is traceable to the national standards. The positioning stage is
designed to use various probing systems to perform “pick and place” manipulations and scanning of
large specimens, including biological. The system is comprised of a two-axis, long-range stage and
a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) short-range stage. The long-range stage is responsible for coarse
motions of up to 50 mm, while the short-range stage is responsible for correcting positioning errors
generated by the long-range stage to achieve nanometer level accuracies. The system will be housed
in a vacuum chamber operating at a vacuum pressure of better than 10-3 Torr. The vacuum chamber
is also designed to act as an environmental chamber where different gases can be used depending on
the measurement task. The initial results of the fully developed positioning stage will be presented
at the conference.
Traceable Nanometrology Realized by Means of Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine
Authors: Jäger Gerd , Manske Eberhard , Hausotte T. , Mastylo R. , Dorozhovets N. , Hofmann N.
Published: March 2009

The today’s nanometrology limits the accuracy of the precision engineering. These limits
are based on the meter definition as redefined in 1983. It is proposed to define precision mechatronics
as the science and engineering of high level precision systems and machines. The paper describes a
precision mechatronic machine. This device represents a long range positioning machine having a
resolution of 0.1 nm over the range of 25 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm. The integration of several optical and
tactile nanoprobes makes the 3D-nanopositioning suitable for various tasks. New developed
nanoprobes (optical focus probe, nanoindenter, metrological scanning force microscope) and results
of measurement will be presented.
Improved Abbe Vertical Metroscope for the Calibration of Gauge Blocks
Authors: Zahwi Sarwat Z.A. , Bahrawy M. , Amer Madyan , Farid N.
Published: March 2009

Vertical metro-scopes using Abbe’s principle AVM are used for different dimensional
measurements. The accuracy of their measurement is low compared to other available techniques
used in the calibration of gauge blocks. This uncertainty can be improved through the use of laser
interferometer system in combination with it. This paper describes the improvement, the results of
the calibration of a set of gauge blocks and the uncertainty budget for such a calibration. The
uncertainty of such calibration is estimated to be within ± (0.06+L/650) *m; L in mm; for gauge
blocks less than 200 mm. An inter-comparison between the results of such improved AVM and the
results obtained from one of the gauge block electronic comparators available on the market proved
that the differences in the mean results are insignificant.
Tooth Form Evaluation Using Ball Artifact Development of a Measuring Instrument of a Ball Center Distance Traceable to National Standard of Length
Authors: Kondo Yohan , Sasajima K. , Noguchi S. , Kondo K. , Osawa Sonko , Naoi Kazuya , Takatsuji Toshiyuki
Published: March 2009

AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) has proposed a
new calibration method of gear measuring instrument using a ball artifact consisting of two master
balls and an optical flat base (DBA). We measure a circular arc instead of involute tooth form.
Difference of the distance between the arc of the master ball and involute curve can be calculated
theoretically. For the calculation, center distance between two balls is required and the value of
measurement uncertainty is less than 0.1 'm and also should be traceable to national standard of
length. This paper reports on a new method and an originally developed instrument to measure the
center distance between two balls using laser interferometer. The expanded uncertainty in
measurement of a center distance of 44 mm was 21 nm.
Adaptive Fiber-Optical Sensor System for Pico-Strain and Nano-Displacement Metrology
Authors: Romashko Roman V. , Kulchin Yuri , Girolamo S.D. , Kamshilin A. , Launay J.C.
Published: March 2009

Adaptive fiber-optic interferometer which is based on multimode optical fiber as a sensor and diffusion holograms recorded in semiconductor photorefractive crystal CdTe:V without any electric field is developed. The interferometer sensitivity achieved is only 5.7 times less then highest sensitivity which is possible only in non-adaptive lossless classical interferometer. A practical detection limit is equal to Hz W nm 10 0 3 5 − × . , which allows to broadband detecting of an object’s displacement of order 0.2 nm or deformation of order 2 pε with using light sources having only 5 mW optical power.
Refractive Index and Thickness Determinations Using a Dual-Path Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Authors: Lin Shyh Tsong , Lin T.L.
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces a dual-path Mach-Zehnder interferometer for determining refractive
index and geometrical thickness of an optical plate. In this interferometer, two parallel incident beams
are separated into two interference pairs which are then recombined to generate two interference
signals. An optical plate is placed on the path of one wave of an interference pair, so the phase
difference of the interference signals is a function of the plate, and the interferometer is thus able to
determine the index and thickness of the plate. A setup constructed to realize the proposed
interferometer is described. And the experimental results of applying this setup agree the validity of
the interferometer.
Surface Treatment of Magnesium Alloys by Electroless Ni –P Plating Technique with Emphasis on Zinc Pre-Treatment: A Review
Authors: El Mahallawy Nahed
Published: March 2009

Magnesium alloys are attractive alloys in industrial applications , where light weight and
good strength structures are required. Magnesium alloys are versatile and include both cast and
wrought alloys. However, they have a drawback as they are prone to corrosion especially in harsh
environments. For this reason, surface treatment of magnesium alloys is of prime importance for
improving their corrosion characteristics.
In the present paper, a survey of the different methods for surface treatment of magnesium alloys
is presented and discussed. This is followed by a review of the recent work on electroless Ni plating
technique with zinc pre-treatment applied on several magnesium alloys and the effect of pretreatment
and post heat treatment on the coat characteristics. The surface morphology, surface
roughness, thickness of the layer, EDX analysis, adhesion, hardness and corrosion resistance are
covered in this review.
Thermal Spraying of Wear and Corrosion Resistant Surfaces
Authors: Wielage Bernhard , Lampke Thomas , Grund Thomas
Published: March 2009

Thermal spraying is one of the most variable and diverse surface coating techniques concerning materials to be processed as well as possible geometries to be coated. The group of thermal spray processes covers a large parameter field to combine nearly each coating with each base material. Thermally sprayed coatings can be applied very evenly and therefore allow to be applied on final-shaped components. Otherwise, if further treatment or finishing is necessary, thermal spray coatings can be processed by grinding or even milling. Masking during the coating process permits the selective coating of specific surface parts or the application of required geometrically structures, e. q. conductor structures. The main application field of thermal spray coatings is the (combined) wear and corrosion protection of selected component parts.
Tailored Surfaces by Means of Thermal Spraying and Post-Treatment
Authors: Wielage Bernhard , Grund Thomas , Pokhmurska Hanna , Rupprecht Christian , Lampke Thomas
Published: March 2009

A brief overview of existing methods of post-treatment of thermally sprayed coatings is given and the influence of mechanical and chemical as well as high-energy beam post-treatment methods on the coating microstructure formation and some exploitation properties is described. As a special example, the modification of thermally sprayed coatings on magnesium alloys using electron and laser beams and high-density irradiation of an infra-red beamer for the improvement of wear and corrosion resistance is presented.
A Consideration of Cleavage Crack Propagation in Fe2Si Steel
Authors: Sorbello Fabio , Flewitt Peter E.J. , Crocker A.G. , Smith Gillian E.
Published: March 2009

It is well established that within the lower-shelf temperature range of Fe2-3Si polycrystalline steels, the brittle fracture occurs predominately by transgranular cleavage, unless subject to embrittling heat-treatments. The cleavage fracture develops on the well established {001} planes of the bcc structure. In this paper we revisit the growth, of these cleavage cracks by considering crack propagation in single crystals of Fe2Si steel. Three point bend specimens manufactured from oriented crystals have been tested by impact loading at a temperature of -196°C. High spatial resolution focused ion beam imaging combined with ion milling is used to examine in detail the crack propagation path and has provided a new insight into the mechanisms involved. In particular it has been established that within the process zone of the propagating cracks local strain is accommodated by the formation of {112} twins. The results are discussed with respect to the overall crack propagation mechanism.
Effect of Supporting Conditions on the Fatigue Life of Shaft Based on Product Lifecycle Management
Authors: Li You Tang , Ma Ping , Song Ming
Published: March 2009

An anti-fatigued criterion of annularly breached shaft on mechanical design has been put
forward, and the main factors that affect fatigue life of shaft are discussed. The interrelation of the
main factors and the framework is founded. A new assessment method to fatigue life of shaft has been
put forward according to Corten-Dolan’s theory modified Miner's rule. The effect of supporting
conditions to fatigue life of shaft is discussed and the influencing parameters are obtained. The results
show that the fatigue life of broad support in two sides is longer than that of narrow support in two
sides. The results will establish the base of anti-fatigue design of shaft.
Mechanical Behaviors of Torsion Actuator of Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Zhou Bo , Wang Zhen Qing , Yoon Sung Ho , Zou Guang Ping
Published: March 2009

A shape memory alloy (SMA) torsion actuator is designed by using SMA wires and a
thin-walled tube. A mechanical model, which predicts the thermo-mechanical behaviors of the
SMA torsion actuator, is developed based on the knowledge of solid mechanics and constitutive
relation of SMA. The relationship of the torsion-angle and temperature of the SMA torsion actuator
is numerically described by using the mechanical model coupled with Tanaka’s, Liang’s and Zhou’s
phase transformation models of SMA respectively. Results show the mechanical model well predict
the thermo-mechanical behaviors of the SMA torsion actuator.