bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate and Soil Geochemistry Influence the Soil Organic Carbon Content in Drylands of the Songliao Plain, Northeast China
Authors: LIU Kai , DAI Huimin , SONG Yunhong , LIANG Shuai , YANG Zhongfang
Published: October 2024

The understanding of the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its influencing factors is crucial for comprehending the global carbon cycle. However, the impact of soil geochemical and climatic conditions on SOC remains limited, particularly in dryland farming areas. In this study, we aimed to enhance the understanding of the factors influencing the distribution of SOC in the drylands of the Songliao Plain, Northeast China. A dataset comprising 35,188 measured soil samples was used to map the SOC distribution in the region. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest models (RFM) were employed to assess the importance of driving indicators for SOC. We also carried out partial correlation and path analyses to further investigate the relationship between climate and geochemistry. The SOC content in dryland soils of the Songliao Plain ranged from 0.05% to 11.63%, with a mean value of 1.47% ± 0.90%. There was a notable increasing trend in SOC content from the southwest to the northeast regions. The results of MLR and RFM revealed that temperature was the most critical factor, demonstrating a significant negative correlation with SOC content. Additionally, iron oxide was the most important soil geochemical indicator affecting SOC variability. Our research further suggested that climate may exert an indirect influence on SOC concentrations through its effect on geochemical properties of soil. These insights highlight the importance of considering both the direct and indirect impact of climate in predicting the SOC under future climate change.
Policy approaches to increase external investment by US pension funds in African countries
Authors: Preston Daniel
Published: October 2024

Limited external investment has dampened the prospect for a prosperous African continent that capitalises on economic integration and its demographic dividend. This article explores US pension funds as a candidate for increased investment by framing it through an institutional lens and the scholarly understanding of the risk–return dynamics in private capital allocation. The original research is centered on interviews of senior‐level professionals who work in the US pension fund investment ecosystem as well as experts at multilateral organisations. It identifies the primary investment impediments articulated in interviews and offers approaches policymakers in OECD member countries could undertake to increase the scale of US pension fund investment in African countries. These include: (1) Transform guarantee programs in size, scope, and risk tolerance; (2) Establish large pass‐through investment vehicles; (3) Focus resources to improve capital markets in African countries; and (4) Mandate development organisations to coordinate and proactively collaborate with firms in the US investment ecosystem.
Time to detection of serious adverse events by continuous vital sign monitoring versus clinical practice
Authors: Jensen Marie Said Vang , Eriksen Vibeke Ramsgaard , Rasmussen Søren Straarup , Meyhoff Christian Sylvest , Aasvang Eske Kvanner
Published: October 2024

Background

Continuous vital sign monitoring detects far more severe vital sign deviations (SVDs) than intermittent clinical rounds, and deviations are to some extent related to subsequent serious adverse events (SAEs). Early detection of SAEs is pivotal to allow for effective interventions but the time relationship between detection of SAEs by continuous vital sign monitoring versus clinical practice is not well‐described at the general ward.

Aim

To quantify the time difference between detection of SAEs by continuous vital sign monitoring and clinical suspicion of deterioration (CSD) in major abdominal surgery patients.

Methods

Five hundred and five patients had their vital signs continuously monitored in combination with usual clinical practice consisting of National Early Warning Score assessments at least every 8'th hour, assessments during rounds, and other kinds of staff‐patient interactions. The primary outcome was the time difference between the first chart note of CSD versus the first SVD, detected by continuous vital sign monitoring, in patients with a subsequent confirmed SAE during or up to 48 h after end of continuous vital sign monitoring.

Results

Out of the 505 continuously monitored patients, 142 patients had a combination of both postoperative SAE, CSD and SVD, and thus were included in the primary analysis. The median time from the first SVD to SAE was 42.8 h (interquartile range 19.8–72.1 h) compared to 13 minutes (interquartile range − 4.8 to 3.5 h) for CSD with a median difference of 48.1 h (95% confidence interval 43.0–54.8 h), p‐value < .001.

Conclusion

Continuous vital sign monitoring detects signs of oncoming SAEs in the form of SVD hours before CSD, potentially allowing for earlier and more effective treatments to reduce the extent of SAEs.
Legumain deficiency halts atherogenesis by modulating T cell receptor signaling
Authors: Xiang Xuying , Zhang Feng , Nie Lei , Guo Xiaoqing , Qin Mengting , Chen Jiaojiao , Jiang Dailiang , Zhang Zhentao , Mao Ling
Published: October 2024

Atherosclerosis is an age‐related pathological process associated with elevated levels of legumain in plaques and plasma. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of legumain in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, with a particular focus on functional and phenotypic changes in CD4+ T cells. Apolipoprotein E‐deficient (Apoe−/−) mice were crossed with legumain‐deficient (Lgmn−/−) mice to generate Lgmn−/−Apoe−/− mice. CD4+ T cells accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaques of Apoe−/− mice fed a high‐fat diet. Deletion of legumain attenuated the deposition of CD4+ T cells in plaques and reduced the number of atherosclerotic lesions. The levels of CD4+ T cells in the blood, lymph nodes, and spleen were decreased in Lgmn−/− mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the deletion of legumain decreased the differentiation, survival, and function of CD4+ memory T cells by suppressing the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway. These changes are accompanied by the downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) and the reduced release of interleukin (IL)‐2 and interferon (IFN)‐γ. These results suggest that legumain deficiency may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis by impairing the survival, proliferation, and function of CD4+ T cells. Inhibition of legumain activity may be an innovative therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Association of bone turnover markers and craving reduction in patients with alcohol use disorder during withdrawal: Exploring the role of bone‐brain axis
Authors: Tsao Hsuan Megan , Huang Ming‐Chyi , Liu Tung‐Hsia , Chang Hu‐Ming , Chung Ren‐Hua , Kuo Hsiang‐Wei , Chen Andrew C. H. , Yang Rong‐Sen , Liu Yu‐Li
Published: October 2024

Background

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with imbalanced bone turnover and psychological symptoms, but the relationship between bone and brain remains unclear. The study analyzed serum levels of a bone formation marker, procollagen type 1 N‐terminal propeptide (P1NP), and bone resorption marker, C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX‐1), in AUD patients before and after 2 weeks of alcohol withdrawal and investigated their correlation with psychological symptoms.

Methods

Ninety patients with AUD and 117 healthy controls were recruited. P1NP and CTX‐1 levels were measured using Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were assessed in the AUD group at baseline, week 1, and week 2 of withdrawal.

Results

Baseline CTX‐1 levels, along with the CTX‐1/P1NP and P1NP/CTX‐1 ratio, were higher in the AUD group than controls. Over the 2‐week withdrawal, PACS, BDI, and BAI scores demonstrated significant reductions. P1NP (p < 0.001) and P1NP/CTX‐1 ratio increased (p < 0.001), while CTX‐1/P1NP ratio decreased (p < 0.001), indicating a propensity toward bone formation. Univariate analysis revealed that reductions in PACS, BDI, and BAI scores during withdrawal correlated with increased P1NP levels and decreased CTX‐1/P1NP ratios. However, multivariate analysis indicated that only PACS score reductions correlated with these changes.

Conclusions

Bone metabolism shifted toward increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption during 2‐week alcohol withdrawal. The correlation between improvements in bone turnover markers and reduction in craving scores during withdrawal supports the concept of the bone‐brain axis.
Farm dams: A valuable interim step in small‐bodied threatened fish conservation
Authors: Raymond Scott M. C. , Ryall Jordi , Fanson Ben , Day Sally , Koehn John D. , Todd Charles R. , Kitchingman Adrian , Loeun Kim , Iscaro Ben , Hogan Liam , Wootten Henry , Rose Peter
Published: October 2024

Freshwater fish are facing an extinction crisis on a global scale, with increasing demand for human water consumption driving the regulation and degradation of freshwater ecosystems. Flow regulation especially poses a threat to small‐bodied floodplain and creek specialist species through increasing population fragmentation and isolation, loss and degradation of habitats, and interactions with predators and competitors, resulting in reductions in species' range and abundance. Conserving and recovering many small‐bodied fish species will likely require translocation from wild habitats to refuge habitats to reduce extinction risk and provide buffers against catastrophic natural events (e.g., drought, bushfires). We assessed the value of semi‐artificial farm dams, an abundant feature in the Australian landscape, as interim refugia for the threatened southern pygmy perch Nannoperca australis (Percicthyidae). We compared the relative abundance, population size–structure and body condition of fish introduced (3–4 years prior) into three farm dams with those of three nearby creeks to assess the feasibility of farm dams as a resource to assist small‐bodied native fish conservation and recovery. Farm dams had higher abundance of fish, and equivalent size structure and body condition compared with creek populations, highlighting that suitable farm dams are a valuable and underutilized asset for threatened species' conservation globally.
The extent and impact of exotic vine invasions in fragmented mesic forests in Eastern Australia
Authors: Bernich Adam , French Kris
Published: October 2024

Exotic vines threaten biodiversity causing damage to forest structure. We investigated the distribution of exotic vines across different patchily distributed plant communities. We surveyed patches of 12 threatened, mesic forest communities along the coastal plain in New South Wales, Australia to determine how exotic and native vine distribution and density were influenced by characteristics of forest patches and neighbouring land use. Vine density and stem widths were measured in quadrats in the edge and interior of patches. Canopy cover, number of dead trees, area to perimeter ratio and surrounding land use were recorded for each patch. Our results show that exotic vine assemblages were influenced by anthropogenic land use surrounding patches but not influenced by community type. Most exotic vine species were present across the whole region where surveys were undertaken. Exotic vines species were sometimes at high densities but had smaller stem widths than native species and there was no change in density from the edges into the interior. Araujia sericifera and Ipomoea cairica were the most prevalent exotic species and together with the fast edge growing Anredera cordifolia are of key concern. In contrast, native vine assemblages were species rich, with some individuals having large stem widths suggesting greater age and we found species composition varied with plant community type. Native vines showed continual recruitment and appeared more specialized to the attributes of each plant community. Surrounding anthropogenic land uses (residential, agricultural and industrial) were the most important factors predicting invasion of exotic vines and were more important than the length of edges. This suggests that the surrounding matrix characteristics were influencing degradation of the interior of these patches, rather than exotic vines invading along an invasion front from the edge. Exotic vines need to be controlled across the entirety of patches, rather than a focus on edge control practices.
Avian prey intake and breeding success parity of the powerful owl in dry, inland Victoria
Authors: van Harten Emmi , Lawrence Ruth
Published: October 2024

Apex predators are vulnerable to environmental changes which can cascade through trophic levels of an ecosystem. Investigating prey‐predator relationships is important for directing conservation efforts and understanding how species may respond to ecosystem changes. This case study examined the diet and breeding success of the threatened powerful owl Ninox strenua in central Victoria where the box‐ironbark forests have undergone widespread clearing, fragmentation, and degradation. The powerful owl preys predominantly on arboreal mammals, however, some birds are also consumed. By analysing the contents of regurgitated owl pellets of two owl pairs, we found that birds comprised 29.3% of all prey items and contributed the largest proportion of prey biomass for one pair (34.4%). All mammalian prey species identified in the pellet remains are dependent on tree hollows, which are now a scarce and competitive resource in box‐ironbark forests. Despite consuming a diet lower in mammalian prey than found in other studies, breeding success over five consecutive years was 1.4 chicks fledged per pair per year, which is notably higher than historical observations in the region and similar to powerful owls in other parts of their distribution. Our observations suggest that flexibility in prey selection enables powerful owls to occupy ranges that have undergone significant ecosystem change.
Incorporating familial risk, lifestyle factors, and pharmacogenomic insights into personalized noncommunicable disease (NCD) reports for healthcare funder beneficiaries participating in the Open Genome Project
Authors: De Klerk Manie , Van Der Merwe Nicole , Erasmus Johny , Whati Lindiwe , Moremi Kelebogile E. , Olivier Daniel W. , Kotze Maritha J.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

An ethics‐guided decision‐making framework was developed for applying pathology‐supported genetic testing, a multifaceted pharmacodiagnostic approach that translates population risk stratification into clinical utility. We introduce this service, supported by the Open Genome Project, which aligns with the beneficence principle in personalized medicine.

Methods

Genetic testing of six noncommunicable disease pathways was conducted as part of a pilot program, benchmarked against a readiness checklist for implementation of genomic medicine in Africa. Patient referral criteria were determined using healthcare funder claims data, employing the Adjusted Clinical Groupers and Resource Utilization Band risk rating structure to identify potential nonresponders to treatment.

Results

Three of the 135 doctors (2.2%) invited expressed immediate disinterest in the pilot, while 24 (17.8%) actively participated. Inherited, lifestyle‐triggered, and therapy‐related pathologies were simultaneously assessed in case reports, with special medical scheme reimbursement tariff codes applied to 25 patient referrals. The findings were used by the participating genetic counselor to select three patients for whole exome sequencing, utilizing a novel, level‐up data processing algorithm for adaptive reporting.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the implementation of genomics into an evolving workflow for patients with a history of frequent clinic visits. Eliminating the cost barrier provided valuable insights to guide future reimbursement policy decisions.
Long‐Term Impacts of Selective Logging in a Tropical Rainforest in the East Region of Cameroon
Authors: Mokake S. E. , Chuyong G. B. , Egbe E. A.
Published: October 2024

Although selective logging has become the primary cause of degradation in many African countries, little is known about its long‐term effects. This study investigated the long‐term effects of selective logging on forest tree species diversity and dynamics in the East Region of Cameroon. Six permanent monitoring plots of 1 ha each in unlogged and logged forests were established in 2005 and a recensus in 2011. Each 1 ha plot was divided into 25, 20 × 20 m quadrats. Each 20 × 20 m quadrat was further divided into 16, 5 × 5 m subquadrats, where the diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees ≥ 2 cm was measured. There was a decrease in plant species density and richness in all forest types. Sloetiopsis usambarensis was the most important species in the unlogged forests and forests logged 21 years ago. The most important family was Putrangivaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Violaceae in the unlogged forests and forests logged 11 and 21 years ago, respectively. The frequency distribution of stem size classes indicated a reversed J‐shape of tropical forests. The above ground biomass (AGB) recovered more than 50% in all forests, and the unlogged forest had the highest AGB (961.8 Mg/ha). Larger stems indicated a forest at a stage of recovery from disturbance. Silvicultural management should be considered.
Can Corporate Site Visits Improve ESG Ratings?
Authors: Tang Songlian , He Lingfei , Meng Lei , Liu Chengchi
Published: October 2024

As environmental, social, and governance (ESG) becomes an increasingly popular criterion for investment screening, drivers of ESG performance have attracted attention from a wide range of stakeholders. In this study, we test whether corporate site visits can improve ESG ratings using a unique dataset of site visits from Chinese listed firms. We find that corporate site visits can lead to improved ESG performance for listed firms, which is robust even after adding a series of control variables, alternative model specifications, and accounting for endogeneity issues. This effect is attributed to the mediating effects of ESG information disclosure and corporate internal control quality. We also find that the more ESG‐related discussion during site visits the better managers learn to improve ESG performance of their firms. Furthermore, there is evidence that the positive effect of site visits on ESG are more pronounced among firms that are not audited by Big Four accounting firms, not cross‐listed, and when Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors are involved. Overall, this paper contributes to the literature by providing complementary evidence that site visits are an important platform for communicating between investors and corporate management, which can have profound implications on incentivizing managers to deliver better ESG performance. Our findings also offer practical and policy implications to regulators on the promotion and implementation of ESG in listed firms.
Sedation for awake tracheal intubation: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: El‐Boghdadly Kariem , Desai Neel , Jones Jordan B. , Elghazali Sally , Ahmad Imran , Sneyd J. Robert
Published: October 2024

Background

Different sedation regimens have been used to facilitate awake tracheal intubation, but the evidence has not been synthesised robustly, particularly with respect to clinically important outcomes. We conducted a systematic review and network meta‐analysis to determine the sedation techniques most likely to be associated with successful tracheal intubation, a shorter time to successful intubation and a lower risk of arterial oxygen desaturation.

Methods

We searched for randomised controlled trials of patients undergoing awake tracheal intubation for any indication and reporting: overall tracheal intubation success rate; tracheal intubation time; incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation; and other related outcomes. We performed a frequentist network meta‐analysis for these outcomes if two or more sedation regimens were compared between included trials. We also performed a sensitivity analysis excluding trials with a high risk of bias.

Results

In total, 48 studies with 2837 patients comparing 33 different regimens were included. Comparing overall awake tracheal intubation success rates (38 studies, 2139 patients), there was no evidence suggesting that any individual sedation regimen was superior. Comparing times to successful tracheal intubation (1745 patients, 24 studies), any sedation strategy was superior to placebo. When we excluded trials with a high risk of bias, we found no evidence of a difference between any interventions for time to successful tracheal intubation. Thirty‐one studies (1753 patients) suggested that dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate were associated with a reduced risk of arterial oxygen desaturation compared with other interventions, but excluding trials with a high risk of bias suggested no relevant differences between interventions. The quality of evidence for each of our outcomes was low.

Conclusions

To maximise effective and safe awake tracheal intubation, optimising oxygenation, topical airway anaesthesia and procedural performance may have more impact than any given sedation regimen.
Imatinib is effective in some PDGFRA/B‐negative hypereosinophilic syndromes: A step closer to unveiling underlying mechanisms
Authors: Loscocco Giuseppe G. , Helbig Grzegorz
Published: October 2024

Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) comprise different clonal, reactive, or idiopathic disorders characterized by elevated eosinophil levels and subsequent organ damage. Kim et al. in a multicentre, single‐arm, prospective phase II study, treated 32 patients with PDGFRA/B‐negative HES with imatinib at the dose of 100–400 mg daily. Respective overall and complete haematological response rates were 46.9% and 18.8%, and the median time to response was 1.5 months. The molecular basis of responses was identified by using whole‐exome and whole‐transcriptome sequencing in 11 patients. STAT5B::RARA, PAK2::PIGX, and FIP1L1::CHIC2 fusions were identified in responders, whereas RNF130::BRAF and WNK1::KDM5A were identified in non‐responders. Imatinib could be a therapeutic option for some, possibly clonal, PDGFRA/B‐negative HES.

Commentary on: Kim et al. Phase II trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with PDGFRA/B‐negative hypereosinophilic syndrome. Br J Haematol 2024; 205:2305‐2314.
The usefulness of indium‐111 platelet scintigraphy beyond predicting efficacy of splenectomy
Authors: Butta Nora , Román María Teresa Álvarez
Published: October 2024

There are no clear indicators to predict the outcome of patients with immune thrombocytopenia or the response to drugs. The work of Durand et al. shows that Indium‐111 platelet scintigraphy is useful in identifying those patients who will benefit from splenectomy and lays the groundwork for studies demonstrating the increased corticosteroid dependency and rituximab refractoriness of the hepatic platelet sequestration group.

Commentary on: Durand et al. Course of immune thrombocytopenia according to the site of platelet destruction identified by indium‐111 platelet scintigraphy. Br J Haematol 2025; 206:279‐289.
Dihydro‐resveratrol ameliorates NLRP3 inflammasome‐mediated neuroinflammation via Bnip3‐dependent mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tao Guorong , Wang Xuebao , Wang Jian , Ye Yiru , Zhang Minxue , Lang Yan , Ding Saidan
Published: October 2024

Background and Purpose

Dihydro‐resveratrol (DHR), a polyphenol derivative, that has been demonstrated to suppress inflammation‐mediated injury. However, it is still unknown whether it has anti‐neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and a therapeutic action in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Experimental approach

The anti‐inflammatory and anti‐Alzheimer's disease actions of dihydro‐resveratrol were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and AD mice models, and primary microglial cells. The changes in behaviour in mice were detected by the Morris water maze test and open‐field test. Flow cytometry assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence assays and co‐immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitophagy.

Key Results

In this study, in vivo observations indicated that the administration of dihydro‐resveratrol (DHR) dramatically restored spatial learning, memory ability, autophagy and mitophagy, attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation and amyloid precursor protein pathology in LPS mice and AD mice. In addition, the inhibition of autophagy and mitophagy, or the activation of NLRP3 in vivo greatly abolished DHR‐generated therapeutic efficacy on neuroinflammation, amyloid precursor protein pathology and cognitive loss. Further examination indicated that the application of DHR after the LPS and ATP exposure significantly inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation and enhanced autophagic and mitophagic activation in microglia. Additionally, in vitro results show that DHR protects microglial cells against LPS and ATP‐induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome through activating Bnip3‐dependent mitophagy and ULK phosphorylation.

Conclusions and Implications

In summary, these findings suggest that dihydro‐resveratrol (DHR) possesses potent anti‐neuroinflammatory property and can act as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
Rule of law, economic structure and development
Authors: Samaniego Roberto M. , Sun Juliana Y.
Published: October 2024

If rule of law encourages relationship‐specific investments, then industries that use intermediates which require relationship‐specific investments should have a disproportionately low share of output or labour in countries where rule of law is weak. We find robust support for this prediction using data on industry composition for 189 countries. Using a standard preference framework to construct model‐implied income values from the estimated coefficients, we find that the interaction between relationship specificity and rule of law may be an economically significant determinant of aggregate outcomes through its influence on productivity and economic structure.
“Oh, the places you'll go”: The psychological consequences of omission and misrepresentation for Native children
Authors: Fryberg Stephanie A. , Eason Arianne E.
Published: October 2024

All children navigate the world by searching for information in their sociocultural contexts (e.g., schools, media, laws) to make sense of their experiences and potential futures. In doing so, Native children, however, must contend with the legacy and ongoing oppression of their Peoples, communities, and ways of being. In this manuscript, we highlight how sociocultural contexts stemming from settler colonialism undermine Native futures. We detail how settler colonialism, specifically its manifestation in acts of omission and misrepresentation, impacts children's self and identity development, and intergroup relations. We close by acknowledging the importance of understanding development in context, and the power that the representational landscape can have for promoting paths toward positive child development and greater equity.
Visit‐to‐visit HbA1c variability and risk of potentially avoidable hospitalisations in adults with type 2 diabetes receiving outpatient care at a tertiary hospital
Authors: Htun Htet Lin , Lian Weixiang , Phua Hwee Pin , Lim Moses Yidong , Chew Daniel Ek Kwang , Quek Timothy Peng Lim , Lim Wei‐Yen
Published: October 2024

Aims

This study aims to investigate the relationship between long‐term visit‐to‐visit within‐person HbA1c variability and hospitalisation outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

We conducted a cohort study at a tertiary hospital in Singapore involving people aged 21 to 101 years with T2D who had ≥3 HbA1c tests over 2 years. HbA1c variability was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), variability independent of the mean (VIM) and HbA1c variability score (HVS). A 1‐year follow‐up was performed after the last HbA1c measurement to identify all‐cause and potentially avoidable hospitalisations (PAH), categorised as overall, acute, chronic and diabetes composites.

Results

The study included 14 923 patients (mean age: 62.9 ± 12.9 years; 55% male). The median HbA1c variability was 8.6% CV (IQR: 5.1–14.3). Higher quartiles of HbA1c variability were associated with greater risks of PAH and all‐cause hospitalisations, independent of glycaemic control. Compared to Q1, for example, the risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for diabetes‐related PAH based on HbA1c CV were as follows: Q2, 1.32 (0.93–1.88); Q3, 1.65 (1.18–2.31) and Q4, 2.16 (1.54–3.03). For all‐cause hospitalisations, they were as follows: Q2, 0.97 (0.90–1.05); Q3, 1.08 (1.00–1.17) and Q4, 1.16 (1.07–1.26). When stratified by glycaemic control, elevated risk of PAH persisted even in those with optimal glycaemic control. Consistent findings were observed using HbA1c VIM and HVS measures.

Conclusions

In individuals receiving care at specialist outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital, HbA1c variability is associated with a higher risk of PAH. Comprehensive diabetes management strategies addressing both glycaemic control and variability may offer benefits.
A Mediterranean dietary pattern intervention does not improve cardiometabolic risk but does improve quality of life and body composition in an Aotearoa New Zealand population at increased cardiometabolic risk: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Krebs Jeremy D. , Parry‐Strong Amber , Braakhuis Andrea , Worthington Anna , Merry Troy L. , Gearry Richard B. , Foster Meika , Weatherall Mark , Davies Cheryl , Mullaney Jane , Ross Cecilia , Conroy Denise , Rolleston Anna , Lithander Fiona E.
Published: October 2024

Aims

To test if a New Zealand food–based Mediterranean diet (NZMedDiet) with behavioural intervention improves cardiometabolic health and wellbeing.

Methods

A randomised controlled trial comparing 12 weeks of the NZMedDiet to usual diet in participants with increased cardiometabolic risk (metabolic syndrome severity score [MetSSS] > 0.35). The intervention group was provided with food and recipes to meet 75% of their energy requirements, supported by a behavioural intervention to improve adherence. The primary outcome measure was (MetSSS) after 12 weeks.

Results

Two hundred individuals with mean (SD) age 49.9 (10.9) years of which 62% women were enrolled with their household/whānau. After 12 weeks, the mean (SD) MetSSS was 1.0 (0.7) in the control (n = 98) and 0.8 (0.5) in the intervention (n = 102) group; estimated difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.06), p = 0.35. The Mediterranean diet score (PyrMDS) was greater in the intervention group 1.6 (1.1–2.1), p < 0.001, consistent with a change to a more Mediterranean dietary pattern. Weight reduced in the NZMedDiet group compared with control (−1.9 kg [−2.0 to −0.34]), p = 0.006 and wellbeing, assessed by the SF‐36 quality of life questionnaire, and improved across all domains. For example, the physical component summary score difference (95% CI) was 4.0 (2.4–5.7), p < 0.001, and the mental component summary score difference was 3.0 (0.7–5.2), p = 0.01.

Conclusion

In participants with increased cardiometabolic risk, food provision with a Mediterranean dietary pattern and a behavioural intervention did not improve metabolic risk scores but was associated with reduced weight and improved quality of life.
Real‐World Evidence of Crizanlizumab Showing Reductions in Vaso‐Occlusive Crises and Opioid Usage in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: DeBonnett Laurie , Joshi Vikas , Silva‐Pinto Ana Cristina , Colombatti Raffaella , Pasanisi Annamaria , Arcioni Francesco , Cançado Rodolfo D. , Sarp Séverine , Sarkar Rajendra , Soliman Wesam
Published: October 2024

Objective

Access to crizanlizumab, a disease‐modifying therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD), was provided through a managed access program (MAP, NCT03720626). The present analysis evaluated the impact of 12 months of crizanlizumab treatment on vaso‐occlusive crises (VOCs), and on the use of opioids for VOC‐related pain relief, in patients with SCD from the MAP.

Methods

From June 2018 to January 2023, 112 patients with a history of recurrent VOCs completed 12 months of crizanlizumab (5 mg/kg) treatment and were monitored for adverse events (AEs).

Results

Crizanlizumab led to reductions of 18.0% and 36.2% in the proportions of patients having ≥ 1 home‐ and ≥ 1 healthcare‐managed VOCs. Median absolute changes (interquartile range) from baseline in the rates of home‐ and healthcare‐managed VOCs were −3.0 (−6.0, −1.0) and −2.0 (−4.0, 0), respectively. Data stratified by genotype and prior hydroxyurea use showed similar reductions in VOC rates. A 35.5% reduction in the proportion of patients requiring opioids was noted. AEs were consistent with earlier reports, and no new safety concerns were identified.

Conclusions

Crizanlizumab demonstrated potential benefits in attenuating VOC episodes, irrespective of SCD genotype and prior hydroxyurea use, and in lowering opioid usage. The safety of crizanlizumab was consistent with earlier reports.

Trial Registration: The MAP has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the ID, NCT03720626
Deep brain stimulation for severe dystonia associated with Wilson disease: A prospective multicenter meta‐analysis of an N‐of‐1 trial
Authors: Laurencin Chloé , Poujois Aurelia , Bonjour Maxime , Demily Caroline , Klinger Hélène , Roze Emmanuel , Leclert Victoire , Danaila Teodor , Langlois‐Jacques Carole , Couchonnal Eduardo , Woimant France , Obadia Mickael Alexandre , Perez Gwennaelle , Pernon Michaela , Blanchet Laurianne , Broussolle Emmanuel , Vidailhet Marie , Kassai Behrouz , Moro Elena , Karachi Carine , Polo Gustavo , Grabli David , Portefaix Aurélie , Thobois Stéphane
Published: October 2024

Background and purpose

Disabling dystonia despite optimal medical treatment is common in Wilson disease (WD). No controlled study has evaluated the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on dystonia related to WD. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of DBS on dystonia related to WD.

Methods

A meta‐analysis of an N‐of‐1 prospective, randomized, double‐blind, multicenter DBS study was conducted at two French WD reference centers. Main inclusion criteria were patients with WD, stabilized for at least 6 months with significant disability due to dystonia despite optimized medical treatment. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) was targeted for bradykinetic patients with tonic dystonia, and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) was chosen for patients with hyperkinetic dystonia. Each patient underwent two periods of DBS “on” and two periods of DBS “off,” each lasting 4 months. The order of stimulation conditions was randomized. The primary outcome was the change in the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure Performance (COPM‐P) and Satisfaction scores after each 4‐month period. Secondary outcomes were changes in the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) severity and disability scores and Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale (UWDRS) scores.

Results

Between 12 May 2016 and 7 October 2022, three patients were included. Two patients received bilateral GPi DBS, and one received bilateral STN DBS. There was no change of COPM‐P (p = 0.956), BFMDRS, and UWDRS scores. No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

STN or GPi DBS are ineffective on dystonia related to WD.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis established as a multistep process across phenotypes
Authors: Ziser Laura , van Eijk Ruben P. A. , Kiernan Matthew C. , McRae Allan , Henderson Robert D. , Schultz David , Needham Merrilee , Mathers Susan , McCombe Pam , Talman Paul , Vucic Steve
Published: October 2024

Background and purpose

Given the accepted multistep process of disease causation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the present study was undertaken to determine the number of steps required for disease onset across each of the ALS phenotypes.

Methods

Clinical and demographic data were prospectively accumulated using the Australian Motor Neurone Disease Registry (2005–2016), and age‐specific incidence rates were calculated. Poisson regression was utilized to assess the relationship between log age‐specific incidence and log age of onset, with McFadden's R2 used to assess the goodness of fit of the model.

Results

In total, 2647 ALS patients were included, with mean disease‐onset age being 62.2 ± 12.1 years. A linear relationship between log incidence and log age was established across ALS phenotypes, with variable slope estimates: bulbar 5.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6–5.6); cervical 2.7 (95% CI 2.3–3.0); lumbar 3.5 (95% CI 3.2–3.9); flail arm 4.7 (95% CI 3.9–5.5); flail leg 3.6 (95% CI 2.6–4.5); primary lateral sclerosis 2.7 (95% CI 1.8–3.7). Slope estimates were significantly higher in the bulbar compared to the cervical, lumbar and primary lateral sclerosis phenotypes. McFadden's R2 values were >0.4 for all phenotypes indicating excellent model fit.

Discussion

A multistep process has been established across all ALS phenotypes with variable slope estimates, suggesting that the number of steps to develop disease is different across clinical presentations. Identification of mechanisms underlying slope estimate variability could exert pathophysiological significance.
Karyotype diversity of Polybia (gr. occidentalis) species complex (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): Taxonomic and evolutionary implications
Authors: Marchioro Priscila , Cunha Marina Souza , Campos Lucio Antônio Oliveira , Lopes Denilce Meneses
Published: October 2024

Polybia is a common wasp genus found in most of South America. Polybia (gr. occidentalis) encompasses several species that are difficult to identify because of their similar morphologies. Our goal was to cytogenetically characterize three species belonging to Polybia (gr. occidentalis) and discuss the importance of cytogenetic data for integrative taxonomy. Polybia colonies were sampled from different regions of Brazil to perform classical and molecular cytogenetic analyses. Polybia paulista and Polybia sp. 1 showed 2n = 34 and 18S rDNA loci on two chromosomes, whereas Polybia sp. 2 showed 2n = 40 and 18S rDNA clusters on four chromosomes. The microsatellites GA(15), GAG(10), CAA(10), TTAGG(6), and TCAGG(6) showed similar distributions among the species, forming blocks in the euchromatic regions of the chromosomes, whereas CGG(10) did not yield any positive markings. In contrast, TAT(10) hybridized on the centromeric heterochromatin, showing differences in the number of marked chromosomes among the species. Therefore, it may potentially be a species‐specific cytotaxonomic marker in this group of wasps, but this feature needs further investigation. Fluorochromes evidenced that AT‐rich DAPI+ sequence distribution was coincident with heterochromatin, while the distribution of CG‐rich CMA3+ sequences was coincident with the 18S rDNA region. The present study revealed differences in diploid number, heterochromatin content, 18S rDNA sites, and microsatellite patterns between morphologically similar species, demonstrating the usefulness of cytotaxonomy in studying species complexes.
Foresight in EU policy‐making: Purpose, mindsets and methods
Authors: Van Woensel Lieve
Published: October 2024

This article examines the foundational principles and methodologies of foresight and their integration into EU policy‐making. It explores how foresight can improve policy analysis to create future‐ready, resilient decisions amid uncertainties. By synthesising empirical evidence and interpreting multifaceted issues through an interdisciplinary lens, foresight provides EU policymakers with tools to make informed decisions that remain adaptable in the face of unpredictability. The author argues that foresight, through comprehensive analysis of trends, uncertainties and potential challenges, can guide policymakers in forming future‐focused strategies. Key foresight methods emphasised include horizon scanning, systems analysis, stakeholder engagement and scenario planning. The article advocates a holistic policy approach, urging analysts to acknowledge biases and assumptions while integrating diverse perspectives. Concluding with a framework for responsible policy‐making, the article argues that foresight can shape evidence‐based, inclusive and transparent strategies, ensuring that the EU will be prepared for unpredictable futures.
The ESPAS network and the growth of EU foresight
Authors: Noonan Eamonn
Published: October 2024

This article examines the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS) network and assesses its impact on efforts to embed strategic foresight in EU policy‐making. It analyses the development of the network through three stages: preparatory steps to 2014, quasi‐institutionalisation from 2015 and high‐level anchoring from 2019. Throughout, the view that a new approach to strategic analysis was needed met concerns about preserving institutional prerogatives and competences. The article suggests that this tension mitigated the network's impact, which has been more significant on matters of process than of substance. Achievements include the creation of foresight capacity and of dialogue across institutional and sectoral boundaries and greater appreciation of the interdependence of global challenges across different domains. Progress towards deeper engagement with worst‐case scenarios and with the challenge of societal fragmentation has been more limited.
Hungary's attacks on human dignity: Article 2 TEU and the foundations of democracy in the European Union
Authors: Dupré Catherine
Published: October 2024

While in Poland the October 2023 elections led to a government halting the rule of law crisis, in Hungary the political situation continues to deteriorate. Focusing on European Parliament resolutions, this article analyses Hungarian developments from the prism of human dignity, the EU's first foundational value under Article 2 TEU. First the article discusses the key features of human dignity with reference to the original commitment to human dignity under the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to the EU Charter. Secondly, it uses these key features as an analytical grid for evidencing the construction of a counter‐model of human beings made to live in a society of inequality and exclusion. Finally, this paper outlines five reasons why human dignity as the first Article 2 value is breached by the Hungarian regime and why the EU Commission's decision not to trigger Article 7(2) is so problematic.
Introduction: Future‐proofing policies – How foresight shapes European Union governance
Authors: Gadbled Robin , Georgakakis Didier , Gstöhl Sieglinde , Schunz Simon , Van Woensel Lieve
Published: October 2024

Introducing this issue, the present article notes how the growing political importance given to foresight in EU governance has so far only sparked limited interest among scholars of EU law and policy‐making. To address this gap, the article starts by clarifying concepts and defining the key terminology at the intersection between (strategic) foresight and EU governance ‘in the law’ (involving societal actors in law‐making processes) and ‘through law’ (governmental actors steering society via law). It then offers a comparative discussion of the main insights of the contributions to the issue, highlighting how and why foresight has become institutionalised and how it operates across EU institutions today. In the concluding section, the article turns to the future and calls for more research into how foresight shapes EU governance, setting a research agenda for the study of foresight as a practice informing law‐ and policy‐making in the European Union.
What future for EU foresight? A critical perspective on the institutionalisation of foresight
Authors: Gaïti Brigitte , Georgakakis Didier
Published: October 2024

What are the potential strengths and weaknesses in the current reconstruction of foresight at the EU level? In questioning foresight's institutionalisation processes from both a historical and a political sociology perspective, the article claims that charting the future is an issue of political power and that, hence, foresight's institutionalisation can never be taken for granted. More precisely, we identify two factors that determine how such process plays out. First, it depends on the definition and importance of the future according to specific contexts (war, economic or health crisis, periods of growth, etc.). Second, this changing definition intertwines with socio‐institutional structures and agents that are crucial for this institutionalisation to be sustainable. The analysis is twofold. First, we provide an overview of past international experiences of projections into the future (both foresight and forecast). Second, we illustrate how these issues may resurface and rebound within the EU’s unique power context.
A structural snapshot of the multiple working states of the Mpox virus helicase–primase D5
Authors: Guo Yingying , Yan Renhong
Published: October 2024

The Mpox virus (or Monkeypox virus, MPXV) uses its own encoded proteins to form a replication machine that replicates the viral genome in the host cell cytoplasm, making this machinery a key target for antiviral drug design. The D5 (also known as the OPG117 or E5) protein, a bi‐functional helicase–primase enzyme, is crucial in the MPXV replication machinery and genome uncoating process. Recently, cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) structures of D5 in multiple states have been determined. These structures have elucidated the full trajectory of the MPXV D5 helicase–primase as it moves along single‐stranded DNA, providing unprecedented advancements in the molecular dynamics and unwinding mechanism. This structural snapshot describes the structural features of the D5 protein and dissects the broader implications of its pivotal role in MPXV replication.
Pathogen challenge in Arabidopsis cotyledons induces enhanced disease resistance at newly formed rosette leaves via sustained upregulation of WRKY70
Authors: Sukaoun Kanoknipa , Tsuchiya Tokuji , Uchiyama Hiroshi
Published: October 2024

Pathogenic microorganisms often target seedlings shortly after germination. If plants exhibit resistance or resilience to pathogens, those exposed to pathogen challenge may grow further and form new unchallenged leaves. The purpose of this study was to examine disease resistance in the newly formed leaves of plants subjected to pathogen challenge. We used Arabidopsis thaliana and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) as the model pathosystem. We found that Arabidopsis seedlings primarily challenged with the avirulent isolate Hpa exhibited enhanced disease resistance against the virulent isolate Hpa in newly formed rosette leaves (NFRLs). Our observations indicated that the transcript levels of the transcription factor gene WRKY70, which is essential for full resistance to the virulent isolate HpaNoco2, were elevated and maintained at high levels in the NFRLs. In contrast, the transcript levels of the salicylic acid marker gene PR1 and systemic acquired resistance‐related genes did not exhibit sustained elevation. The maintenance of increased transcript levels of WRKY70 operated independently of non‐expressor of pathogenesis‐related gene 1. These findings suggest that prolonged upregulation of WRKY70 represents a defensive state synchronized with plant development to ensure survival against subsequent infections.