bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of asymmetry and dynamics in carry trade and general financial markets
Authors: Wu Chang‐Che , Huang MeiChi , Wu Chih‐Chiang
Published: August 2020

This study investigates asymmetric dependence and its dynamics across returns to carry trades, stocks, and bonds using a copula‐based model. We show evidence for a significant increase in carry trade‐stock dependence and substantially negative carry trade‐bond and stock‐bond comovements since the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. We also assess the out‐of‐sample predictability of dependence in the context of asset‐allocation strategies, and find that risk‐averse investors obtain significant economic values by incorporating asymmetry and dynamics into dependence timing, particularly in the 2007–2008 crisis. These findings provide new implications for asset‐allocation strategies and risk management during turbulent market phases.
Seasonal variation in effects of urea and phosphorus on phytoplankton abundance and community composition in a hypereutrophic hardwater lake
Authors: Swarbrick Vanessa J. , Quiñones‐Rivera Zoraida J. , Leavitt Peter R.
Published: August 2020

Urea accounts for half of global agricultural fertiliser applications, yet little is known of its role in eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems, nor how it interacts with phosphorus (P) in regulating phytoplankton composition, especially during spring and autumn.

To identify when and how urea and P inputs interact across the ice‐free period, we conducted seven monthly fertilisation experiments in 3,240‐L mesocosms from ice‐off to ice‐formation in a hypereutrophic lake. In addition, we ran bioassays with ammonium (NH4+) to compare the effects of urea with those of NH4+, the immediate product of chemical decomposition of urea.

Analysis of water‐column chlorophyll a and biomarker pigments by high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed that addition of inorganic P alone (100 µg P L–1 week–1) had no significant impact on either algal abundance or community composition in hypereutrophic Wascana Lake. Instead, fertilisation with urea (4 mg N L−1 week–1) alone, or in concert with P, significantly (p < 0.05) increased algal abundance in spring and much of summer, but not prior to ice formation in October. In particular, urea amendment enhanced abundance of cryptophytes, chlorophytes, and non‐diazotrophic cyanobacteria during April and May, while fertilisation in summer and early autumn (September) increased only chlorophytes and non‐diazotrophic cyanobacteria.

Comparison of urea mesocosms with NH4+ bioassays demonstrated that urea lacked the inherent toxicity of NH4+ in cool waters, but that both compounds stimulated production during summer experiments.

This study showed that urea pollution can degrade water quality in P‐rich lakes across a variety of seasonal conditions, including spring, and underscores the importance of quantifying the timing and form of N inputs when managing P‐rich freshwaters.
Go with the flow: Fragment retention patterns shape the vegetative dispersal of aquatic plants in lowland streams
Authors: Heidbüchel Patrick , Sachs Maria , Hamzehian Nadia , Hussner Andreas
Published: August 2020

The dispersal of aquatic plant propagules is highly facilitated in streams due to flow. As many aquatic plants predominantly spread through vegetative propagules, the specific retention and thus drift distance of dispersed plant fragments largely contribute to the rapid spread along the course of a stream.

We determined fragment retention for four aquatic plant species (Elodea canadensis,Myriophyllum spicatum,Ceratophyllum demersum,Salvinia natans; representing four different common morpho‐structural groups) in sections of small to medium‐sized German streams with different levels of stream sinuosity.

The number of fragments showed a logistic decline over drift distance. In two small streams, 90% of drifting fragments were retained at distances (D90) of only 5–9 m and 19–70 m, while higherD90values of 116–903 m and 153–2,367 m were determined for sections of a medium‐sized stream. The likelihood of retention thereby decreased significantly with increasing stream size and was reduced in straightened stream sections.

Differences in retention were more strongly related to fragment buoyancy rather than fragment size and morphology. Increasing buoyancy significantly lowered the likelihood of fragment retention over drift distance by a factor of 3–8, whereas contrasting effects were documented for size and morphology of fragments.

The relevance of different obstacles was highly stream section‐specific and depended on obstacle abundance, distribution, and the degree of submergence/emergence.

Our findings elucidate the dynamic retention patterns of plant fragments and highlight the strong interplay between extrinsic (stream) and intrinsic (fragment) properties. We conclude that straightened lowland streams of intermediate size promote the rapid dispersal of invasive aquatic plants and are particularly prone to invaders producing large amounts of small and highly buoyant plant fragments. Information on the species‐specific fragment colonisation dynamics in the field is further required to improve our understanding of the vegetative dispersal capacity of invasive aquatic plants in stream ecosystems.
Interrogating the “Murder Centre of South Africa”: The Spatial Distribution of Homicide Risk in Cape Town
Authors: Peterson Sara K. E. , Cooke Abigail M. , Metcalf Sara S.
Published: August 2020

For the study of spatially distributed phenomena, standardizing count data by underlying populations facilitates meaningful comparison across different times and places. However, significant barriers to such standardization are faced by researchers studying small geographic areas, where the capacity for collecting and reporting demographic information is limited. These challenges may include population data that are spatially or temporally misaligned with count data. Moreover, the quality of standardized data depends on the accuracy of both the count data and the population data used for standardization. This study argues that such challenges represent not just technical problems, but also social and ethical ones. Using the case of homicide rates for small geographic areas in Cape Town, South Africa, it provides a set of methods to address these challenges, and in so doing, demonstrates how such an approach can provide useful and more nuanced insight into the spatial distribution of phenomena of interest.
Latitudinal gradient of termite diversity indicates higher diversification and narrower thermal niches in the tropics
Authors: Cerezer Felipe Osmari , de Azevedo Renato Almeida , Nascimento Marcelo André Souza , Franklin Elizabeth , de Morais José Wellington , de Sales Dambros Cristian
Published: August 2020

Aim

To investigate the contributions of ecosystem productivity, temperature‐dependent metabolism and climatic tolerances to the latitudinal gradient in species richness and changes in species composition in tropical and subtropical regions.

Location

Global.

Time period

Contemporary.

Major taxa studied

Termites.

Methods

We compiled termite occurrence data from papers using the standardized sampling protocol proposed 20 years ago by Jones and Eggleton. Three continents, 28 countries and 494 sampling plots were included in our database. We used structural equation models to determine the direct and indirect effects of productivity, and the average and extreme values of temperature and precipitation on termite species richness. We also compared the observed association between diversity and temperature with predictions from the metabolic theory of ecology and compared how the similarity in species composition relates to geographic distance and environmental differences in tropical versus subtropical regions.

Results

Termite species richness was, directly and indirectly, related to average and extreme temperatures, but not to productivity. However, the association of species richness and temperature was much stronger than predicted by the metabolic theory of ecology. Moreover, species composition changed more rapidly with geographic distance and temperature differences between plots in the tropics than in the subtropics.

Main conclusions

These results suggest that the increase of species richness toward the equator cannot be explained by productivity gradients. Instead, the increase in the speciation rates and the narrow species niches along the temperature gradient in tropical regions likely determine the distribution of termites at broad spatial scales.
What happens to growth when a long‐term political leader leaves office?
Authors: Kolstad Ivar
Published: August 2020

We analyze the economic performance of countries after a multi‐decade political ruler, defined as having been in office 20 or more years, loses power. For 37 countries experiencing such an end‐of‐reign event in the period 1971–2005, we use an event study approach to compare growth in the decade following the event with growth in pre‐event periods. The results show that event countries have below average growth in the year a long‐term political leader leaves office and that cumulative growth in the ensuing decade at best matches and at worst falls significantly short of pre‐event growth levels. Growth contractions are no different following irregular transitions than after regular transitions, suggesting our results are not explained by inadvertent post‐reign turmoil. Our results instead suggest that post‐event contractions may be shaped by deliberate efforts by long‐term leaders to concentrate power while in office and poison the post‐reign economic or political environment.
Factors affecting uptake of home hemodialysis among self‐care dialysis unit patients
Authors: Haroon Sabrina , Griva Konstadina , Davenport Andrew
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Superior outcomes have been reported among hemodialysis (HD) patients who take active control over their dialysis treatment either at self‐care satellite dialysis units or home compared to the regular in‐center hemodialysis patient. Although the differences between the home hemodialysis (HHD) and self‐care in‐center HD (SCHD) are not well described, the growing literature on the superior outcomes of HHD suggests that HHD is the better option.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study in a stand‐alone self‐care unit to examine the differences in patients that are keen to consider HHD and those who are not.

Findings

A cross‐sectional sample of 44 patients completed a structured interview and the distress thermometer score used to assess psychological stress. Only 68% of patients reported to have heard about the benefits of HHD despite the long‐established history and availability of the modality in the unit. One of the more critical findings in our study was that the cohort of patients who were keen to consider HHD believed that self‐care and HHD would improve their quality of life (P < 0.05). Specifically, the perceived benefits stated by those willing to consider HHD were the lack of need to travel, association with better outcomes and the possibility of having the treatment in the comfort of home (P < 0.05).

Discussion

We surmise that the answers expressed in this survey likely reflect a difference in perceptions of self‐care and beliefs about HHD; hence, the importance of introducing HHD education earlier in the course of their chronic kidney disease journey.
What Will it Take to Move the Needle for Headache Disorders? An Advocacy Perspective
Authors: Shapiro Robert E.
Published: August 2020

Discrimination toward people living with migraine and other headache disorders is widespread and socially accepted. Stigma toward these diseases is both a manifestation of these discriminatory attitudes and a sustainer of them. For those living with migraine and headache disorders, stigma limits the full expression of their lives, as well as the likelihood of receiving health care to reduce the burden. In the past decade, public advocacy organizations have emerged in the United States and internationally to counter the consequences of this stigma. These organizations have raised public awareness of these diseases, corrected misconceptions, and empowered millions of people affected by them. The Alliance for Headache Disorders Advocacy has focused on addressing the structural stigma inherent in discriminatory policies of employers, government agencies, and public institutions. While notable progress has been made, there is considerable work left to be done to increase resources and equity for people living with headache disorders.
Muscle strengthening intervention for boys with haemophilia: Developing and evaluating a best‐practice exercise programme with boys, families and health‐care professionals
Authors: Hashem Ferhana , Stephensen David , Drechsler Wendy I. , Bladen Melanie , Carroll Liz , Tracy Pellatt‐Higgins , Saloniki Eirini‐Christina
Published: August 2020

Background

Muscle strengthening exercises have the potential to improve outcomes for boys with haemophilia, but it is unclear what types of exercise might be of benefit. We elicited the views of health‐care professionals, boys and their families to create and assess a home‐based muscle strengthening programme.

Objective

To design and develop a muscle strengthening programme with health‐care professionals aimed at improving musculoskeletal health, and refine the intervention by engaging boys with haemophilia and their families (Study 1). Following delivery, qualitatively evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the exercise programme with the boys and the study's physiotherapists (Study 2).

Design

A person‐based approach was used for planning and designing the exercise programme, and evaluating it post‐delivery. The following methods were utilized: modified nominal group technique (NGT) with health‐care professionals; focus group with families; exit interviews with boys; and interviews with the study's physiotherapists.

Results

Themes identified to design and develop the intervention included exercises to lower limb and foot, dosage, age accommodating, location, supervision and monitoring and incentivization. Programme refinements were carried out following engagement with the boys and families who commented on: dosage, location, supervision and incentivization. Following delivery, the boys and physiotherapists commented on progression and adaptation, physiotherapist contact, goal‐setting, creating routines and identifying suitable timeframes, and a repeated theme of incentivization.

Conclusions

An exercise intervention was designed and refined through engagement with boys and their families. Boys and physiotherapists involved in the intervention's delivery were consulted who found the exercises to be generally acceptable with some minor refinements necessary.
In vivo anti‐ageing activity of cream containing niosomes loaded with purple glutinous rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) extract
Authors: Manosroi J. , Chankhampan C. , Kitdamrongtham W. , Zhang J. , Abe M. , Akihisa T. , Manosroi W. , Manosroi A.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To evaluate the anti‐ageing activity of cream containing the methanolic purple glutinous rice extract loaded in niosomes.

Methods

The in vitro biological activities of the purple glutinous rice extracted by methanol maceration were determined. The extract loaded in niosomes and the cream containing the niosomes were developed. The in vivo anti‐ageing activity in 20 human volunteers including skin hydration, pigmentation, roughness and elasticity after daily application for 28 days compared to at initial was evaluated by Corneometer, Mexameter, Visiometer and Cutometer, respectively.

Results

The purple glutinous rice extract showed free radical scavenging (SC50), lipid peroxidation inhibition (IPC50), metal ion chelating (CC50) and tyrosinase inhibition (IC50) values at 32.31 ± 1.28, 57.40 ± 2.12, 85.05 ± 5.43 and 43.89 ± 2.14 mg/mL which were 0.00031, 0.011, 0.0078 and 0.0016 times of the standards (0.01 ± 0.00, 0.62 ± 0.14, 0.66 ± 0.05 and 0.07 ± 0.01), respectively. The purple glutinous rice extract contained 0.35 µg of anthocyanin/1 mg of the extract determined by HPLC. After loaded in niosomes, the solubility of the extract was not only increased in various solvents, but also the chemical stability in different environments (weak base, reducing agent and acid salt) was improved. The cream formulation containing niosomes loaded with 1%w/v of the purple glutinous rice extract indicated the anthocyanin remaining percentages after 6 cycles of heating and cooling test at 52.28% of the initial. For in vivo anti‐ageing activities, cream containing niosomes loaded with the extract gave significant decreased melanin index and skin roughness reduction of −14.05 and −9.95% of the initial, respectively. The % changes of the increased skin hydration, skin elastic extension and skin elastic recovery when applied on human volunteers’ skin with this formulation were +48.73, −24.51 and +35.98%, respectively.

Conclusion

The cream containing niosomes loaded with the 1%w/v methanolic purple glutinous rice extract gave not only the suitable in vitro antioxidant activity and physical stability of the active anthocyanin, but also the superior in vivo anti‐ageing activity on human skin compared to the cream base and before application which can be further developed as a novel anti‐ageing cosmeceutical product.
Inclusion of the excluded: Consumers’ quest for hedonism in food consumption
Authors: Schneider‐Kamp Anna
Published: August 2020

Prior research has shown that practices in aesthetically oriented cultures of consumption are orchestrated by hegemonic taste regimes. Adherence to such regimes may be challenging for some consumers such as those with food intolerances, though, exposing them to the potential social stigma invoked by nonadherence. This article investigates how consumers with food intolerance strive to adhere to hegemonic taste regimes and avoid social stigma through a qualitative study of the quest of Danish consumers with histamine intolerance to derive pleasure from hedonic food consumption. Four coping strategies are identified: experimenting in an exploration of the liminal space between consumable and nonconsumable foods, substituting nontolerable foods by safe ones, facilitating consumption of nontolerable foods through the use of medical and technological aids, and prioritizing practices of hedonic food consumption over adverse bodily reactions. These coping strategies are conjectured to be generalizable in the context of other aesthetically oriented (sub‐)cultures of consumption and suggest an alternative perspective on hedonism as minimization of loss of pleasure rather than as maximization of pleasure. The implications of the findings extend beyond the context of hedonic food consumption, though, presenting empirical evidence for and nuancing recent extensions of Goffman's theory of social stigma and providing insights on the relation between public stigma and self‐stigma, on how taste regimes can be experienced as exclusive and oppressive, and on how social stigma positively reinforces hegemonic taste regimes.
The effect of professional values of nurses on their attitudes towards caregiving roles
Authors: Tuna Rujnan , Sahin Safiye
Published: August 2020

Aim

This study was conducted to determine the effect of professional values of nurses on their attitudes towards caregiving roles.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional, correlational and descriptive study. The data were collected from 319 nurses working at different units in a public hospital between January and May 2019. The data collection tool included a 10‐question participant information form, the nursing professional values scale and the attitude scale for nurses in caregiving roles. The variables were analysed using the multiple linear regression.

Results

The nurses had professional values and attitudes towards caregiving roles at high levels. Significant differences were found in the overall scales and their subscales especially due to nurses loving their profession (P < 0.05). Attitudes of the nurses towards caregiving roles were predicted by human dignity (β = 0.52, P < 0.01), action (β = 0.34, P < 0.01) and autonomy (β = −0.29, P < 0.01). Human dignity, action and autonomy accounted for 30% of the variance in their attitudes towards caregiving roles (∆R2 = 0.30).

Conclusion

Scores obtained by the nurses loving their profession from the nursing professional values scale and the attitude scale for nurses in caregiving roles were higher. In addition, nurses' caregiving roles were explained with professional values.
Bibliometric data based on the Pharm.D. and Ph.D. degree in United States research-intensive colleges of pharmacy
Authors: Burghardt Kyle J , Howlett Bradley H , Khoury Audrey S , Fern Stephanie M , Burghardt Paul R
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The objective of this work was to compare bibliometrics based on doctoral degrees within United States colleges of pharmacy to understand productivity differences. Secondary objectives were to provide quantitative data based on degree that could be utilized by individual faculty, administration and other key stakeholders in academic pharmacy.

Methods

Bibliometric indices were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science for faculty from research-intensive United States pharmacy schools. Scholarly metrics that included publication number, total citations, highest cited article and H-index were compared between degrees using multivariate regression adjusted for academic rank and years since first publication. A correction for multiple testing was applied.

Key findings

All collected scholarly metrics were higher for Ph.D.-only and Pharm.D./Ph.D. faculty when compared to Pharm.D.-only faculty. Ph.D.-only faculty significantly differed compared to Pharm.D./Ph.D. faculty for Web of Science average citations per document.

Conclusions

Differences are apparent between the major doctoral degrees at research-intensive, federally funded colleges of pharmacy; however, these differences were primarily identified for Pharm.D.-only compared to the other doctoral degree types Future work should analyse the potential variables that explain the scholarly metrics differences between degrees and aim to analyse other areas of faculty impact beyond scholarly metrics.
Functional outcomes of transurethral thulium laser enucleation versus bipolar transurethral resection for benign prostatic hyperplasia over a period of 12 months: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Shoji Sunao , Hanada Izumi , Otaki Tatsuya , Ogawa Takahiro , Yamada Koichiro , Uchida Takato , Higure Taro , Kawakami Masayoshi , Kim Hakushi , Nitta Masahiro , Hasegawa Masanori , Kawamura Yoshiaki , Miyajima Akira
Published: August 2020

Objective

To evaluate functional outcomes over a year for benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with thulium laser enucleation of the prostate or bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate.

Methods

In this study, we prospectively included 140 patients who were treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia from April 2017 to February 2019. A randomization list was used for non‐blind assignment to treatment groups (thulium laser enucleation of the prostate or bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate). The International Prostate Symptom Score, International Prostate Symptom Score quality of life, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score, uroflowmetry and International Index of Erectile Function‐5 were used for the assessment of outcomes. Scores were taken before treatment, and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment.

Results

Preoperatively, characteristics of patients in the thulium laser enucleation of the prostate group (n = 70) and the bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate group (n = 70) did not significantly differ. The thulium laser enucleation of the prostate group had a lower median decrease in hemoglobin (0.10 g/dL vs 0.69 g/dL, P < 0.0001) and shorter median catheterization (2 days vs 3 days, P < 0.0001) than the bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate group. Both groups had significantly improved International Prostate Symptom Score, International Prostate Symptom Score quality of life, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score, maximum flow rate and residual urine compared with preoperative values. In the thulium laser enucleation of the prostate group, erectile function was significantly impaired at 1 month post‐treatment compared with pretreatment, but improved to baseline at 3 months; however, the transurethral resection of the prostate group did not recover. However, total energy (P = 0.001) and laser irradiation time (P = 0.025) were significantly different between the patients who had preserved erectile function and those who did not after the treatment in the thulium laser enucleation of the prostate group.

Conclusions

Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate is superior to bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate in resection efficacy, hemostasis, catheterization time and preservation of erectile function. However, excessive laser irradiation time in thulium laser enucleation of the prostate has the possibility to delay improvement of overactive bladder symptoms and decrease sexual function.
International risk sharing in emerging economies
Authors: Yépez Carlos A.
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the apparent lack of insurance against country‐specific risk observed internationally. Using a sample of 21 emerging and 21 advanced economies over the period 1980–2014, I document new evidence from international co‐movements of prices and quantities suggesting that risk sharing is worse in emerging economies than in advanced economies. I then extend a standard international business cycle model to assess the implications of the “cycle is the trend” hypothesis for international risk sharing. I show that shocks to trend productivity growth provide a compelling explanation for the distinct risk‐sharing features of emerging market economies. The findings of this study are relevant for the conduct of stabilization policy, as it critically depends on the nature of the shocks that affect an economy.
What mental health nurses have to say about themselves: A discourse analysis
Authors: Lakeman Richard , Hurley John
Published: August 2020

Mental health nursing is largely invisible within public discourse. When mentioned at all in news media, it is usually a signifier of an occupation connoting where a nurse works. There is rarely a presumption of expertise in any sphere or articulation of a unique skill set or defining features which differentiate the mental health nurse from other nurses. This paper sought to examine the professional discourse around mental health nursing as inferred from a review of papers published in the International Journal of Mental Health Nursing in 2019. A discourse analysis of full‐text papers (n = 117) was undertaken exploring references to mental health nurses or nursing and what this communicated about the field. The discourse clustered around three themes: The invisible or absent mental health nurse, ambiguous and blended identities, and a group of low attributed value and sophistication. There were few examples of authors presenting mental health nurses in a way which counters stereotypes of the dominant discourse about mental health nurses as a lesser skilled occupational group. Academics, editors, authors, and practitioners are urged to contribute to the construction of discourse around mental health nursing expertise which differentiates it from other branches of nursing and other distinctive disciplines.
Distance still matters: Local bank closures and credit availability
Authors: Kärnä Anders , Manduchi Agostino , Stephan Andreas
Published: August 2020

In recent years, commercial banks have substantially reduced the number of their branch offices. We address the question of whether or not the increased distance to lenders caused by branch office closures translates into a lower credit supply for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We use a unique dataset based on 33,000 loan contracts from a state‐owned Swedish bank designed to support credit‐constrained SMEs, and relate loan size and the interest rate to the number of nearby commercial bank offices. We use an IV strategy to account for potential endogeneity of the number of banks in a region. In line with previous studies, we find that interest rates increase with distance, while loan size decreases with distance. Thus, a larger number of local bank offices increases the local credit supply, and thereby reduces credit constraints of nearby SMEs.
Intersectionality, positioning and narrative: exploring the utility of audio diaries in healthcare students’ workplace learning
Authors: Verma Arun
Published: August 2020

This article explores how audio diaries enable researchers to make sense of issues pertaining to intersectionality, positioning and gender in workplace learning narratives. Literature supports the utility of audio diary methods as they offer researchers a unique lens to explore interactions between verbal and non‐verbal cues to investigate intersecting identities and positions with participants. In this paper, the author combines the richness of audio diaries with intersectionality and positioning theories to explore how identities are negotiated over time. This paper presents a narrative case study that examines intersectionality, gendered identities and professionalism in the context of male‐ or female‐dominated healthcare environments. The case sheds light on how audio diaries embrace complex qualitative data that can be utilised as a tool to cross disciplinary boundaries in the social sciences. The article demonstrates how underpinning audio diaries with feminist theory empowers participants to make sense of their intersecting identities, whilst nurturing an intimate dialogue between researcher and participant to explore tensions between language and identity. Further discussion considers how reflections are facilitated using audio diaries, with a focus on how theory and time can enable and strengthen the quality of the research process, data and analysis between researcher and participant.
Survey to identify factors affecting breeding of Wolverines Gulo gulo within the EEP
Authors: Loberg J. M. , Slof Pacilio M. , Lundin L. , Andersson E.
Published: August 2020

Conservation biologists have long faced the challenging task of large‐carnivore conservation. The hunting habits and specific ecology of these species make their conservation difficult and Wolverines Gulo gulo are no exception. Wolverines are close to extinction as a result of human persecution and habitat loss. The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) introduced the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Wolverine in 1994 but only irregular breeding has been achieved. The aim of this study was to identify factors that could be connected to breeding success in Wolverines in human care with a particular focus on the characteristics of enclosures, species biology, characteristics of the institutions and the influences of human–animal interactions. Based on these factors, we produced and distributed an online survey to almost all holders of Wolverines included in the EEP. Overall, no main factor or group of factors investigated in this study seemed to be the clear defining feature that would explain the differences in breeding success between institutions participating in the Wolverine EEP. However, a negative effect of small enclosures on breeding success was indicated by the results. Furthermore, zoos with non‐successful breeding tended to separate keepers and Wolverines during routine enclosure maintenance compared to zoos that reported successful breeding. Both these factors are interesting and need further investigation.
Current status of WHO/DDH International Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower in Relation to Oral Health Status
Authors: Barmes David E. , Cohen Lois K.
Published: August 2020

abstract

The International Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems in Relation to Oral Health Status is being performed by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and is funded under a contract from that Department. Data collection comprising clinical, attitudinal and behavioral material was completed in Australia, Norway, New Zealand and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1973. The data collection for 1974 in Japan and Bulgaria remains to be performed. An analysis of the contributions of various manpower and system factors in relation to the effectiveness and efficiency of oral health care delivery should be complete in the first half of 1975.
Liver Wedge Biopsy in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Eichberg Jorg W.
Published: August 2020

The paper describes the surgical methodology of liver wedge biopsy based on techniques used in man.
Changes in Circulating Levels of Immunoreactive Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Testosterone During Sexual Development in the Rhesus Monkey, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Arslan M. , Mahmood S. , Khurshid S. , Naqvi S.M.S. , Afzal M.A. , Baig S.M.
Published: August 2020

Basal serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) and the responsiveness of these hormones to a challenge dose of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), were determined in juvenile, pubertal, and adult rhesus monkeys. The monkey gonadotrophins were analyzed using RIA reagents supplied by the World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme of Human Reproduction. The FSH levels which were near the assay sensitivity in immature monkeys (2.4 ± 0.8 ng/ml) showed a discernible increase in pubertal animals (6.4 ± 1.8 ng/ml). Compared to other two age groups, the serum FSH concentration was markedly higher (16.1 ± 1.8 ng/ml) in adults. Serum LH levels were below the detectable limits of the assay in juvenile monkeys but rose to 16.2 ± 3.1 ng/ml in pubertal animals. When compared to pubertal animals, a two‐fold increase in LH levels paralleled changes in serum LH during the three developmental stages. Response of serum gonadotrophins and T levels to a challenge dose of LHRH (2.5 μg; i.v.) was variable in the different age groups. The present data suggest: (1) an asynchronous rise of FSH and LH during the pubertal period and a temporal correlation between the testicular size and FSH concentrations; (2) the challenge dose of LHRH, which induces a significant rise in serum LH and T levels, fails to elicit an FSH response in all the three age groups; and (3) the pubertal as compared to adult monkeys release significantly larger quantities of LH in response to exogenous LHRH.
Tachyarrhythmia in a Baboon: A Case Report
Authors: Hayes Raymond S.
Published: August 2020

An adult baboon with multiple organ symptomatology and tachycardia was successfully treated with one‐time electrical cardioversion. The case is presented to demonstrate the need to include ECG monitoring in diagnostic assessment of primate animals with nonspecific symptoms.
Effects on Intestinal Nutrient Uptake and Brush Border Membrane Enzymes in Response to Atherogenic Diet in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Dhaunsi G.S. , Sidhu G.S. , Garg U.C. , Singh Y. , Chakravarti R.N. , Bhatnagar R.
Published: August 2020

Transport of nutrients and kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) of brush border membrane (BBM) enzymes were studied in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum from atherogenic diet‐fed monkeys. The Km remained unaltered while feeding of atherogenic diet resulted in higher Vmax of sucrase, maltase, and alkaline phosphatase and lower Vmax of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase and leucineaminopeptidase compared to controls. Na+‐dependent D‐glucosc transport was higher in duodenum and jejunum and unaltered in ileum. In contrast to D‐glucose transport, the transport of amino acids was decreased in all three intestinal segments from atherogenic diet‐fed monkeys.
Seroprevalence of B Virus (Herpesvirus simiae) Antibodies in a Naturally Formed Group of Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Hilliard Julia K.
Published: August 2020

Eighty‐two percent of a group of rhesus monkeys removed from Cayo Santiago were seropositive for B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies. Similar results were obtained from the Cayo Santiago macaque population two decades ago and from feral Indian rhesus monkeys. Thus it is likely that B virus has been enzootic in the Cayo Santiago population since 1938, when the colony was established with stock imported from India.
Mesenchymoproliferative Disorders (MPD) in Simian AIDS Associated With SRV‐2 Infection
Authors: Tsai Cheng C. , Tsai Che‐Chung , Roodman Stanford T. , Woon Ming‐Dar
Published: August 2020

We have observed several mesenchymal proliferative disorders (MPD) in macaques with SA1DS associated with SRV‐2 infection. Retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fibromatosis, progressive fibrovascular proliferation, mimicking Kaposi's sarcoma, were seen in 165 macaques. Three obliterative fibrointimal proliferative arteriopathies and one congenital pulmonary sequestration with extensive MPD were observed in SRV‐2 positive monkeys. Continuous cell lines were established and SRV‐2 was identified in all tissues and cell lines. Immunophenotyping of the cultured cells showed heterogeneous mesenchymal cells. Xenograft and allograft transplantation of cultured cells produced MPD lesions in the recipients. The data suggest that SRV‐2 plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of MPD in macaques.
Evaluation of a HTLV‐1 Subunit Vaccine in Prevention of Experimental STLV‐I Infection in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Dezzutti C.S. , Frazier D.E. , Lafrado L.J. , Olsen R.G.
Published: August 2020

Pig‐tailed macaques were vaccinated with a human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐1) subunit vaccine. Vaccinates and controls were challenged with simian T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV‐I)‐infectcd cells. Vaccination yielded antibody responses to HTLV‐I and STLV‐I gag and env precursors. Controls developed HTLV‐1 and STLV‐1 antibody to gat; and tax protein. Immunization produced syncytium inhibiting antibody and cellular cytotoxicity to virus‐infected cells. Reverse transcriptase activity was present in control macaques only, implying that the subunit vaccine was protective against STLV‐I infection.
Characterization of Clones of HIV‐1 Infected HuT 78 Cells Defective in gag Gene Processing and of SIV Clones Producing Large Amounts of Envelope Glycoprotein
Authors: Benveniste R.E. , Hill R.W. , Eron L.J. , CsaikI U.M. , Knott W.B. , Henderson L.E. , Sowder R.C. , Nagashima K. , Gonda M.A.
Published: August 2020

Single‐cell clones of HIV‐1 (FRE‐3) or SIV/Mne infected HuT 78 cells were obtained by plating dilutions of virally infected HuT 78 cells on a monolayer of sheep choroid plexus cells in 96‐well microliter plates. Several of these clones produce HIV‐1 virus mutants that accumulate the gag precursor polyprotcin and lack a functional protease. These protease‐deficient viruses are non‐infectious and consist of aberrant “immature” virus particles as determined by electron microscopy. Several SIV mutants are also described that produce large amounts of either the envelope glycoprotein gp120 or the nucleic acid binding gag protein. These mutants are useful for the purification of these retroviral proteins, in developing assays of protease inhibitors, and in preparing SIV envelope protein vaccines.
Effect of Virus Dose and Nonoxynol‐9 on the Genital Transmission of SIV in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Miller Christopher J. , Alexander Nancy J. , Sutjipto Suganto , Joye Steven M. , Hendrickx Andrew G. , Jennings Myra , Marx Preston A.
Published: August 2020

One inoculation of cell‐free SIVMAC‐ (50 TC1D50) caused persistent viremia in nine of 13 female rhesus macaques inoculated intravaginally. Persistent viremia was produced in two of four male rhesus macaques by twice placing cell‐free SIVMAC (50 TCID50) onto the skin and urethral os of the penis. Placing a spermicide containing nonoxynol‐9 into the vaginal canal prior to repeated intravaginal inoculations of SIV prevented transmission of the virus in three of six female rhesus macaques.
Relationship of Serum Total Calcium and Albumin and Total Protein in Owl Monkeys (Aotus nancy mai)
Authors: Weller Richard E. , Buschbom Ray L. , Ragan Harvey A. , Baer Janet F. , Malaga Carlos A.
Published: August 2020

A positive linear relationship was found between total calcium and albumin and between total calcium and total protein in the serum of 205 owl monkeys. Adjustment formulas for calcium were derived:
urn:x-wiley:00472565:jmp00450:equation:jmp00450-math-0001 and
urn:x-wiley:00472565:jmp00450:equation:jmp00450-math-0002

Adjusted calcium calculations for monkeys based on albumin concentration were similar to those for man and dogs, but different from those based on total protein.
Spontaneously Occurring Congenital Polycystic Kidney in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Sakakibara Ippei , Honjo Shigeo
Published: August 2020

Congenital polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed at necropsy in a stillborn male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). This case was very similar to infantile polycystic kidney disease in man and the rhesus monkey, except that no increase in number of intrahepatic bile ducts was observed.
Techniques and Significance of Gamete Collection and Storage in the Great Apes
Authors: Gould Kenneth G.
Published: August 2020

Rectal probe electroejaculation (RPE) is the most frequently used method for semen recovery in the great apes. Artificial insemination has been successful in the chimpanzee and gorilla. Oocytes can be recovered using laparoscopic techniques similar to those used in human medicine. At this time there has been no successful in vitro fertilization with birth of an infant in the great apes. Semen can be successfully frozen in the apes, as documented by recovery of motility of sperm after thawing. Pregnancies have been initiated in the chimpanzee and gorilla using frozen thawed semen.
Changes in Electrical Impedance of the Vaginal Medium During the Menstrual Cycle of Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Fischer L. , Germain G. , Florence G. , Milhaud C.
Published: August 2020

Changes in electrical impedance of the vaginal medium during the menstrual cycle were recorded in female Rhesus monkeys using electrical probe and were correlated with estradiol–17β and progesterone plasma concentrations. A gradual decrease in impedance was observed during the follicular phase, the lowest values being observed between days 12–17 of the cycle. Impedance increased again during the first third of the luteal phase until day 21. The reversal of the impedance gradient's sign was nearly concomitant with the appearance of a detectable plasma progesterone concentration. These results support the use of vaginal impedance measurements as a help for the diagnosis of the periovulatory time in the female Rhesus monkey.
In Vitro Fertilization in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Dukelow W. Richard , Pierce D.L. , Roudebush W.E. , Jarosz S.J. , Sengoku K.
Published: August 2020

Ovulation induction, sperm capacitation, and fertilization have been studied for over 50 years in nonhuman primates but it has only been in the past 20 years that extensive studies on sizeable numbers of embryos have been carried out. Of over 200 species of nonhuman primates only a few have been studied and the majority of the findings come from studies of the squirrel monkey, baboon, rhesus, and cynomolgus macaque. Nevertheless, the fertilization process appears to be similar to that identified in other mammals and in man.
Hypercalcemia and Disseminated Histoplasmosis in an Owl Monkey
Authors: Weller R.E. , Dagle G.E. , Malaga C.A. , Baer J.F.
Published: August 2020

An adult male owl monkey (Aotus nancymai) had hypercalcemia associated with a disseminated case of histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulation var. capsulation). Histopathologic examination of tissues at necropsy showed moderate to marked numbers of small granulomas involving multiple organs. The granulomas contained numerous round, basophilic, intracellular structures. 1–2 μm in diameter, that stained positive in Periodic acid‐Schiff and Gomori's methenaminc silver tests. The hypercalcemia in this case was attributed to enhance conversion of dietary vitamin D to 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol by the granulomas.
Atrial Septal Defect in a Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Anilkumar T.V. , Sandhyamani S.
Published: August 2020

Atrial Septal Defect was detected at autopsy in a subadult bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). Case history and autopsy findings were described.
Postnatal growth and skeletal maturation of experimental preterm macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Carrol Brant , Covey Andrea , Medley Stacey , Sackett Gene P.
Published: August 2020

The growth and skeletal maturation of nine preterm female pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) obtained by C‐section at ≤155 postconceptional days were followed through six months of age. At C‐section they were of normal size and maturation for gestational age. Compared with 50 normal females born at term (mean = 173 ± 6.4 postconceptional days), preterm infants were also of normal size at term, but delayed in skeletal maturation, requiring about one month to achieve the standard.
The brachial plexus in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus)
Authors: Booth K.K.
Published: August 2020

The brachial plexus in ten embalmed, mature vervet monkeys was dissected to document the structure and branching pattern of this nerve plexus in this frequently used research animal. In general, the brachial plexus in the vervet monkey was similar to the plexus of other Old World monkeys. However, several aspects were comparable to those observed in domestic animals. Thus the quadrupedal and bipedal abilities of the vervet monkey was reflected in the structure of its brachial plexus.
Quantitation of serum immunoglobulins G, M, and A in the rhesus monkey (M. mulatto) using human monospecific antisera in the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay: Developmental aspects
Authors: Tryphonas Helen , Karpinski Kazimierz , O'Grady Lois , Hayward Stephen
Published: August 2020

Using human monospecific antisera, several parameters have been optimized for the micro‐ELISA “sandwich” technique used in the quantitative measurement of total serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels in rhesus monkeys. Representation of the optical density as a four‐parameter logistic function provided excellent fits of the data over a wide choice of dilutions of human antisera used for coating the ELISA plates and for the peroxidase‐conjugated antisera used in the system. The mirco‐ELISA “sandwich” technique was shown to be specific, reliable, sensitive, and economical for use in the routine measurement of total serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels in the rhesus monkey.
Preclinical toxicity study of a male injectable antifertility agent (styrene maleic anhydride) in rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Sethi N. , Srivastava R.K. , Nath D. , Singh R.K.
Published: August 2020

Polymer styrene maleic anhydride dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide was injected intravasally to rhesus monkeys at the dose levels of 100 mg, 250 mg, and 500 mg in each vas deferens in low, high, and highest dose groups respectively, while control group received 0.5 ml DMSO in each vas deferens. The systemic toxicity study of the implant was carried out for 90 d. There had been no alteration in any of the toxicity parameters, ie, body weight, haematological, biochemical or histopathological, in the test animals as compared to control animals. Hence, it is concluded that the polymer SMA injected at above doses appears to be safe in our experiment.