bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL REDUCTION OF KIDNEY SUBSTANCE UPON THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND SKELETAL TISSUE
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. ,   With the Assistance of Anna Hart
Published: June 2004

Reduction of renal tissue in young rats regularly leads to a marked increase in the volume of the parathyroid glands.

If partially nephrectomized rats are maintained on a low calcium diet, growth is stunted, and skeletal lesions are produced, of far greater severity than can be ascribed to the dietary calcium deficiency alone. The picture closely resembles that found in cases of renal rickets in children.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

Sera obtained from patients at the time of acute active infections were found, in every instance, to be bactericidal for hemolytic streptococci. The observations were made with sera from twenty-five patients. The group consisted of cases of pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus, meningococcus, tubercle bacillus, and malarial infections; the etiology of the diseases in other patients was either uncertain or may have been a mixed infection.

In sera taken from the same group of patients, soon after recovery or marked improvement had taken place, the streptococcidal property was absent or greatly diminished in potency.

By comparative tests made with sera from twenty healthy adults, the streptococcidal action was not demonstrable.

Three different strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus of the beta type were employed in the experiments. Differences in susceptibility of the strains to the killing power of the serum were noted.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

Although sera derived from patients at the time of acute, active infection were found to be capable of destroying hemolytic streptococci under aerobic conditions, the organisms retained viability when the tests were performed in the environment of anaerobiosis afforded by a vaseline seal or an anaerobic jar.

Within the limitations of the experimental procedures which were employed, the aerobic or anaerobic effect was found to be a reversible reaction.

Heating sera at 60°C. for 1 hour inactivated the streptococcidal element in most instances, but not in every case; heating at 56°C. for 1 hour impaired the killing power of half of the specimens which were tested.

Sera retained the capacity to destroy hemolytic streptococci when kept in the ice box for 3 weeks; a slight diminution in killing power was noted after 4 weeks.

By the methods which were employed, the streptococcidal property of sera could not be correlated with either true antibacterial agglutination or with pseudo-agglutination.

The significance of the findings as a basis for analyzing the mechanism of the streptococcidal phenomenon is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE SOMATIC C POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Abernethy Theodore J.
Published: June 2004

The capacity of the serum of rabbits following intradermal pneumococcus infections to precipitate in the presence of pneumococcus C polysaccharide has been studied during the resultant periods of active infection and during recovery. In rabbits infected with Type I, III, or VIII pneumococci, large hemorrhagic lesions are produced which frequently bring about death of the animals after a febrile illness of 3 to 4 days. Repeated precipitation tests with the sera of these animals have been uniformly and consistently negative, not only during the acute illness but in the recovery period as well.

On the other hand, the sera of monkeys of the Macacus cynomolgos species actively ill with experimental Type III pneumonia have been shown to react in precipitation tests with the C substance. The serum reaction appears within the first 24 hours after infection, remains positive in high titer for 2 to 3 days during the acute illness, and disappears with the onset of recovery. The precipitation reaction with C also occurs with the sera of monkeys following intradermal and intraperitoneal infection with pneumococci. The results of precipitation tests of the serum of monkeys during experimental pneumonia are similar to those obtained with the sera of patients suffering from pneumococcus lobar pneumonia.

From the results of these studies it would appear improbable that the demonstration of the serum precipitation phenomenon with C polysaccharide in monkeys, and possibly also in man, is conditioned by previous exposure to pneumococcus antigen.
EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE DOG'S HEART BY MEANS OF CORONARY SINUS OCCLUSION
Authors: Gross Louis , Blum Lester , Silverman Gertrude
Published: June 2004

Sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch approximately 2 cm. below the ostium of the left circumflex coronary artery in the dog's heart produces a mortality rate of approximately 50 per cent. In dogs weighing approximately 15 kilos surviving more than 24 hours (average 1 week), an infarction is produced which almost invariably measures 5 x 5 cm. on surface. Following coronary sinus obturation such secondary sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch is followed either by no infarction or by a reduction in the size of the infarct. The success of the procedure, quite apart from the mortality rate, depends upon the completeness of the coronary sinus obturation. On the other hand, sudden and complete coronary sinus obturation by itself is associated with a high operative mortality and apparently does not affect the mortality rate following subsequent sudden left anterior descending branch occlusion. Partial persistent obturation of the coronary sinus, however, is in itself associated with a low operative mortality. Furthermore, its experimental production in dogs appears to lower the mortality rate following subsequent sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch and to diminish the extent of the infarction.

In the introduction to this report it was pointed out that there are three important desiderata to the problem of improving the coronary circulation in the human heart. The findings herein reported fulfill these requisites to an encouraging degree. It has been shown that following the outlined procedures, a functional increase in the blood supply to the heart can be produced in a significant proportion of experimental animals, this varying with the nature of the experimental procedure. The manipulation is simple, can be performed in the dog within approximately 20 minutes, and does not lead to appreciable pericardial adhesions. Increase in the nutrition of the myocardium is noted 1 week after the experimental procedure. Although no experiments employing sudden left anterior descending coronary branch occlusion were carried out sooner than 1 week, there is available anatomic evidence that within possibly 24 hours after coronary sinus occlusion a dilatation of the vascular bed occurs. In subsequent experiments attempts will be made to determine whether this early vascular dilatation is adequate to compensate for subsequent sudden left anterior descending branch occlusion.

A discussion is given of the results following various coronary sinus occlusion procedures in which it is indicated that it is desirable to produce a partial or gradual occlusion in order to lower the mortality rate both of the initial procedure as well as of the subsequent sudden arterial occlusion. Experiments thus far reported on cardiopexy operations are lacking in evidence that they are associated with appreciable improvement in the vascular nutrition of the myocardium.
THE EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Steinbach M. Maxim , Klein Sidney J.
Published: June 2004

Experimental tuberculosis in rabbits and guinea pigs was favorably influenced by the administration of antuitrin-S, pregnant mare serum, and, to a lesser extent, follutein. No retardation of disease was obtained by the use of either anterior pituitary extract or emmenin.

The results suggest that the gonadotropic hormone may be a factor in the temporary amelioration of symptoms observed in tuberculous women during pregnancy.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS VACCINATED WITH THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P.
Published: June 2004

Human influenza virus cultivated in tissue culture medium may be administered subcutaneously or intradermally to human individuals without causing evidence of infection. Subjects so treated develop a good titer of circulating antibodies effective against mouse passage virus and, if antibodies were previously present, vaccination stimulates the production of more antibody. The antibodies so induced persist for at least 5 months, although in this period of time some decline in titer may have begun. The antibody response to vaccination parallels both in extent and persistence that occurring as a result of the naturally acquired disease.

The available data do not enable one to evaluate the effect of vaccination in preventing human infection with influenza. It seems not unlikely that the increase in circulating antibody will be accompanied by an increased ability to combat the natural infection.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE OF MICE TO ENTERIC BACTERIAL AND NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Under the conditions specified, there may be selected promptly from a hybrid stock of mice, of which 40 to 50 per cent die following a standard dose of B. enteritidis or St. Louis encephalitis virus, lines in which as high as 95 per cent and as low as 15 per cent succumb. Three lines,—one bacteria-susceptible-virus-susceptible, one bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant, and one bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible,—are regarded as remaining relatively stable after approximately twelve generations of selection and brother to sister or line inbreeding.

Crossing susceptible with resistant lines and testing F1, F2, F3, and backcross progeny resulted in mortality percentages in the neighborhood of those expected on the basis that resistance to B. enteritidis and to encephalitis virus is each inherited independently on a single factor basis with resistance dominant over susceptibility.

A bacteria-resistant-virus-resistant line is being developed from a cross between bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant and bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible lines.

All selected lines proved uniformly susceptible to a strain of mouse passage rabies virus.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory , Morell Sam , Sobotka Harry
Published: June 2004

A quantitative biological assay of the products obtained from the dialysis of B. typhosus, meningococcus, and B. coli culture filtrates has been undertaken. It was found that the active principles of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates were retained by cellophane membranes. An appreciable purification was thus effected, amounting, on the average, to about a threefold increase in reacting potency per milligram of dry weight and of nitrogen.

Attempts to purify bacterial filtrates by the fractional precipitation of their concentrates with dilute alkali, acid, and alcohol were unsuccessful.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE CROSS REACTION OF TYPES III AND VIII PNEUMOCOCCI IN HORSE AND RABBIT ANTISERA
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. , Shrivastava D. L.
Published: June 2004

1. A preparation of the specific polysaccharide of Type VIII pneumococcus is described in which the use of heat, strong acid, and alkali were avoided.

2. Quantitative estimations are given of the homologous and cross reacting precipitin and agglutinin in Types III and VIII antisera produced in the rabbit and in the horse. Quantitative data are also given on the mechanism of the Type VIII precipitin reaction and the cross reaction between the Type III polysaccharide and Type VIII antipneumococcus horse serum.

3. The significance of the data is discussed.
REINFECTION (SECOND ATTACK) IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon
Published: June 2004

Monkeys which have recovered from an attack of experimental poliomyelitis are subject to reinfection by the nasal route.

Second attacks of the disease result from inoculation with the specimen of virus used to produce the first attack and with specimens of different origin.

Reinfection takes place in monkeys which have recovered from mild and from severe attacks and in convalescent animals which have been subjected to hyperimmunization.

The 2 year quiet period proposed by Still to separate relapses from second attacks, judging from the monkey, is probably excessive. Until greater attention is given the reinfections of varying intensities in man, conclusions on this point must be wholly tentative.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E.
Published: June 2004

Administration of the relatively organ specific antibody, so called nephrotoxin, present in anti-kidney serum, is followed by a diffuse glomerulonephritis. This is characterized early by swelling of the intercapillary substance of the glomerular tuft and by tubular degeneration. Fibrin thrombi are only present in the glomerular capillaries when the injection of anti-kidney serum results in a severe anaphylactoid reaction, and are due to factors other than nephrotoxin.

The urinary abnormalities which develop in all rats after a suitable injection of nephrotoxin usually continue until the animal dies or is sacrificed. Microscopic renal lesions of the early phase merge into scarring of the glomeruli and tubules. Histological study of those animals which die from 3 to 11 months after treatment reveals a chronic progressive glomerulonephritis with generalized vascular lesions.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Moen Johannes K.
Published: June 2004

1. Plasmas from guinea pigs, chronically infected with group C hemolytic streptococci, neutralize the components of bacterial extract which exert a marked toxic action on hypersensitive cells in vitro.

2. The neutralizing capacity of these immune plasmas is relatively specific for the bacterial extract, and is not due to a variable nonspecific effect on normal or hypersensitive tissue cells.

3. A rough correlation between the agglutinin titer and the relative neutralizing capacity of immune plasma suggests that the latter may be a manifestation of antibody action.

4. The tolerance by guinea pigs of chronic hemolytic streptococcal lymphadenitis is explainable, at least in part, by the neutralizing capacity of their plasmas, since such soluble bacterial products as may be absorbed from infectious foci would probably be neutralized before they could exert a deleterious influence on the hypersensitive cells of the animals.
THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD BY SNAKE VENOMS AND ITS PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: June 2004

Nine of the 17 venoms here tested were found capable of coagulating citrated blood or plasma. As has been believed by most workers in the field, 7 of these 9 coagulant venoms convert fibrinogen to an insoluble modification resembling fibrin (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops nummifera, Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus horridus, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus, Crotalus terrificus terrificus). The optimum pH for this coagulation was determined for 3 of these, and was found in each case to be approximately pH 6.5, the same as that for the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. Unlike thrombin, however, the fibrinogen-coagulating activity of the venoms was unaffected by the antithrombin elaborated in the course of anaphylactic shock.

In addition to coagulating fibrinogen directly, 3 of these venoms (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, and to a less extent, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus) acted on prothrombin to convert it to thrombin, without the necessary intervention of either calcium or platelets. Finally, 2 venoms (Notechis scutatus, and to a slight extent, a mixed Micrurus venom), which had no demonstrable effect on purified fibrinogen, nevertheless converted prothrombin to thrombin.

Unlike the reaction between the venoms and fibrinogen, this activation of prothrombin has no definite pH optimum, but takes place over a wide zone (pH 5.6–8.3). In the case of Bothrops atrox, there was some indication that the initial velocity of the reaction increased with increasing alkalinity, but that the amount of thrombin ultimately formed decreased. Extraordinarily minute quantities of some of these venoms sufficed to produce a demonstrable activation of prothrombin. Thus, the fer de lance (Bothrops atrox) venom was active in a 1:25,000,000 dilution, and that of the Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) was active in a 1:4,000,000 dilution.

The thrombin formed was indistinguishable from that produced by the action of calcium + platelets on prothrombin. Like the latter type of thrombin, and unlike venoms which act directly on fibrinogen, thrombin formed from prothrombin by venom was inhibited by antithrombin.

Every one of the 9 non-coagulant venoms in this series destroyed prothrombin; and 5 of these destroyed fibrinogen as well. As is discussed in the text, there is reason to believe that these several properties of the venoms (coagulation and destruction of fibrinogen; activation and destruction of prothrombin) depend on the proteolytic enzymes which they were found to contain.

These observations lend further support to the thesis that, in the course of physiological coagulation, (a) calcium plus platelets (or tissue derivative) constitute an enzyme system which reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin, and which is thus analogous to trypsin and to several of the proteolytic venoms here discussed, and (b) the thrombin so formed is itself a proteolytic enzyme which, like papain and the majority of the coagulant and proteolytic snake venoms here studied, reacts with fibrinogen to form a fibrillar gel, fibrin.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PURIFIED SPREADING FACTOR FROM TESTICLE
Authors: Claude Albert , Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

1. The factor responsible for the spreading property of testicle extracts was found to be soluble in water, in salt solution, and in acid media. It is relatively stable at high hydrogen ion concentrations, and it is not precipitated or inactivated by hydrochloric acid up to pH 2.0. The spreading substance is not soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol, chloroform, or pyridine. It is inactivated by crystalline trypsin and pepsin at the optimum pH of action of these enzymes. It is not attacked by a crystallized carboxypolypeptidase. The substance does not pass semipermeable membranes which retain proteins. The color tests for proteins are positive. At least 14.2 per cent of the fraction isolated is nitrogen. Taken together these properties are strong evidence that the testicular factor is a protein.

2. A method for the preparation of the spreading factor in relatively pure form is presented and discussed.

3. In addition to the spread, concentrated solutions of the testicular factor are shown to produce a condition of the skin having the characters of edema.
STUDIES ON HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Fothergill LeRoy D. , Dingle John H. , Chandler Caroline A.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the ability of virulent S. influenzae to kill mice is enhanced by suspending the organism in mucin.

2. The occurrence of a true infection characterized by in vivo multiplication of the organism has been established.

3. The necessity for using a pure inbred strain of mice for this type of study has been confirmed.

4. The increase in mucin virulence of a strain of H. influenzae by repeated passage through mice has been shown.

5. The usefulness of this method in passive immunization studies has been demonstrated.
THE PROBABLE NATURE OF THE INFECTIOUS AGENT OF TRACHOMA
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Harrison R. W. , Morris M. C.
Published: June 2004

1. The infectious agent of trachoma can be freed from extraneous bacteria by passage through rabbit testicle.

2. The infectious agent multiplies little, if at all, during such passage, but in many instances retains its infectivity undiminished.

3. No specific changes occur in the rabbit testicle incidentally to the passage.

4. On rare occasion the trachoma agent may be freed from bacteria by intracerebral passage. The brain tissues show no specific reaction.

5. Filtration experiments with Seitz, Kramer, Berkefeld, and Elford filters confirm the general observation that the infectious agent is filterable with difficulty.

6. Tissue culture experiments, with tissues containing the infectious agent (conjunctiva, rabbit testicle, brain, etc.), conducted under a wide variety of conditions, proved uniformly unsuccessful in the cultivation of the agent.

7. The agent is inactivated by bile, AgNO3, phenol, cocaine, tartar emetic, and gentian violet. Its heat inactivation temperature is between 45° and 50°C., at a time interval of 15 minutes.

8. Attempts to preserve the infectious agent in glycerine were unsuccessful.

9. The accumulated evidence suggests that the infectious agent of trachoma is a virus.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Thorn George W.
Published: June 2004

The effect of the administration of suprarenal cortical hormone upon the excretion of sodium and potassium has been studied on normal dogs. It is shown to be qualitatively similar to the effect of this hormone upon suprarenalectomized animals and upon patients with Addison's disease. The phenomenon is proposed as the basis for a suitable method for comparative assay of suprarenal cortical extracts. The method is simple, time saving, and uses a minimum of extract.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF MICE
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the etiology of infectious murine catarrh is specifically referable to the coccobacilliform bodies. The disease was regularly produced in normal mice by the nasal instillation of primary tissue cultures. In the presence of the X bacillus, transfers of primary cultures were usually uninfective. Pure cultures, however, retained their pathogenicity through as many as 12 transfers.

The onset and progress of the experimental disease were somewhat retarded in comparison with the natural disease, but in general there was a close parallel. Mice injected with cultures did, however, show a significant decrease in the incidence of rhinitis. Transmission by direct contact was demonstrated in the presence of a rhinitis but not in its absence.
THE EFFECT OF THE BACTERIOLYTIC ENZYME OF PNEUMOCOCCUS UPON THE ANTIGENICITY OF ENCAPSULATED PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J.
Published: June 2004

1. Mice immunized with heat-killed cells of virulent pneumococci (Type I) which have been treated with active preparations of the bacteriolytic enzyme, develop a certain degree of type specific resistance to subsequent infection. This active immunity, however, appears to be due to the small amount of free acetyl polysaccharide present in the suspension of digested bacteria, and is always of a less pronounced degree than that obtained with intact heat-killed cells.

2. Virulent pneumococci killed by heat or iodine when subjected to the action of active preparations of the bacteriolytic enzyme lose the antigenic property of stimulating in rabbits the formation of precipitating antibodies for the type specific polysaccharide.

3. The enzyme prepared from S or R pneumococci, irrespective of type derivation, is equally effective against the capsular polysaccharide antigen of any specific type of this bacterial species.

4. The inactivation of the capsular polysaccharide antigen is observed when the cells are merely rendered Gram-negative, without being caused to undergo actual disintegration or lysis.

5. These observations emphasize the importance of minimizing the chances of alterations due to the action of cellular enzymes in the course of preparation of the cell suspension to be used as immunizing agents.
INFLUENCE OF HOST FACTORS ON NEUROINVASIVENESS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

1. After intracerebral injection or nasal instillation of vesicular stomatitis virus in young or old mice, there was no evidence of a generalized, systemic or blood infection.

2. Within 1 hour after nasal instillation of as much as 100,000 M.C.L.D. in young or old mice, no virus (i.e., less than 60 to 70 M.C.L.D.) could be demonstrated in the nasal mucosa. 2 days later and thereafter virus was abundant in the nasal mucosa of young mice, while among old mice it remained undemonstrable in some and present in small amount in others.

3. Virus was not detected in the anterior rhinencephalon of young and old mice within a few minutes and 5 hours after nasal instillation, but was almost uniformly demonstrable in this region, although not in the rest of the brain, on the 2nd day. This indicated that the primary invasion of the brain occurred by the olfactory rather than the fifth nerve pathway.

4. The essential difference in the further pathogenesis of the disease between the young mice which succumb with encephalomyelitis (5th day) and the old mice which survive without showing clinical signs of brain involvement, is in the progression of the virus from the anterior rhinencephalon. In the young the rest of the brain is invaded, while in the old resistant mice it is not, the progression of virus being arrested somewhere in the anterior rhinencephalon.

5. Since minimal amounts of virus injected intracerebrally were shown to be disseminated quickly through the entire brain, killing old as well as young mice, it was clear that virus so inoculated must spread differently from that which reaches the brain by the olfactory pathway.

6. That the arrest of virus progression in the brains of certain old mice is the result of a preexisting, localized barrier, developed with age, and is not due to a rapidly acquired, specific, cerebral immunity was shown by the failure of old mice to resist an intracerebral injection of 1 to 10 M.C.L.D., 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after preliminary nasal instillation.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

1. The agent causing Chicken Tumor I can be separated from the other constituents of the tumor filtrate by means of high speed centrifugation. The separation was practically complete when a filtrate of average viscosity (0.018 poise) was submitted to a centrifugal field of 14,000 times gravity for 2 hours.

2. Relative purification of the agent was obtained by means of differential centrifugation and washing in Tyrode's solution or in distilled water. The washed sediment gave opalescent solutions composed of minute particles of approximately, but not exactly, the same size. The dry weight of the active material separated by high speed centrifugation was 0.0008 mg. per cc. of filtrate, or about 1 part per 2800 parts of the total filtrate.

3. The tumor-producing activity of the washed sediment was significantly greater than that of the entire original filtrate. It is suggested that the gain in tumor-producing power was effected by the removal of an inhibiting factor, known to occur normally in chicken tumor extracts.
LYMPH NODES AS A SOURCE OF NEUTRALIZING PRINCIPLE FOR VACCINIA
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

An antiviral principle is elaborated within the regional lymph nodes draining skin into which vaccinia is injected. The immunity conferred by clinical Jennerian vaccination may be largely of lymph node origin.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Hotchkiss Rollin D.
Published: June 2004

1. Azoprotein antigens containing glucuronic and galacturonic acids give rise in rabbits to specific antibodies. The immune sera show no serological crossing with antigens containing glucose or galactose.

2. The galacturonic acid antigen reacts in antipneumococcus horse serum Type I in high dilutions.

3. Azoprotein antigens containing galacturonic acid, benzene sulfonic and carboxylic acids precipitate in antipneumococcus horse sera of various types but not in normal horse serum. The mechanism underlying these cross reactions is discussed.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF PROSTATIC AND VESICULAR TRANSPLANTS IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Melchionna Robert H. , Tolins S. H. , Rosenblum H. B.
Published: June 2004

1. With a photographic method for the determination of the size of prostatic and vesicular transplants in the anterior chamber of the eye, it has been possible to follow continuously the response to an injection of a hormone.

2. The results may be briefly summarized as follows: (a) One injection of the gonadotropic substance of pregnancy urine produces a moderate increase in size; (b) subsequent injections of this same substance for a period of at least 3 months are without effect; (c) an alkaline extract of the whole anterior pituitary gland produces a similar increase; (d) all pituitary derivatives are ineffective in the castrated animal; (e) castration brings about a decrease in size that gradually loses velocity; (f) the male sex hormone produces a slight increase in intact, and a variable, at times conspicuous, increase in castrated animals; (g) the female sex hormone provokes a conspicuous increase in both intact and castrated animals; (h) the hormone of the corpus luteum has no effect; and (i) there is no evidence of synergism of the pituitary and male sex hormones nor of antagonism of the male and female sex hormones in adult rabbits.
SPREADING PROPERTIES OF LEECH EXTRACTS AND THE FORMATION OF LYMPH
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of leech extracts into the skin increases its permeability, as shown both by the spread of fluid and of foreign particles through the dermis. The spread is followed some hours after the injection by more or less edema of the subcutaneous tissue.

2. A preliminary study of the chemical properties of the leech spreading factor indicates a similarity with the spreading factor prepared from testicle.

3. Attempts to separate the leech spreading and anticoagulating factors showed that the two have practically the same distribution in the leech body, extracts from the separated head being the most active.

4. It is undetermined whether two distinct factors are responsible for the spreading and anticoagulating properties of leech extracts. A chemical similarity is suggested by the fact that agents which affect the activity of one factor have a parallel effect on the other.

5. The mechanism of the spread produced by leech extracts and by other spreading agents is discussed.
STUDIES ON PULMONARY EDEMA
Authors: Farber Sidney
Published: June 2004

1. Bilateral cervical vagotomy in rabbits soon leads to death, usually within 8 to 24 hours.

2. Gradually increasing dyspnea, crises with expulsion of frothy, serous or sanguineous fluid from the mouth and nose, and terminal asphyxia are the important clinical features.

3. Postmortem examination reveals severe acute pulmonary edema and congestion, variable amounts of bronchopneumonia, and evidences of aspiration of food and secretions. This picture is similar to that found in the lungs in the bulbar form of poliomyelitis.

4. These changes are brought about by a combination of factors secondary to bilateral vagotomy: laryngeal paralysis (aspiration of food, slow asphyxia); loss of the vagal innervation of the lungs.

5. Laryngeal paralysis is not an essential factor in the production of severe pulmonary edema and death following bilateral cervical vagotomy.

6. To denote the pathogenesis of this type of edema, the term neuropathic pulmonary edema is employed.
PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Immunological and immunochemical fractionation of Type I antipneumococcus horse and rabbit sera have demonstrated the existence of several forms of immune protein, each fraction behaving as a type specific antibody, but differing from the others in chemical and immunological properties.
VITAMIN C CONTENT OF MONKEY TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Feiner Rose R.
Published: June 2004

1. The concentrations of reduced ascorbic acid present in the tissues of normal rhesus monkeys are of a magnitude in keeping with the values found for other animal species which are incapable of synthesizing vitamin C. These concentrations are subject to distinct increase by prolonged parenteral administration of ascorbic acid.

2. The amounts of vitamin C present in nervous tissue and the suprarenals of monkeys, paralyzed as the result of poliomyelitis infection, are slightly below the normal average when examined at the height of paralysis or in early convalescence. The figures show a tendency for a return to normal or slightly hypernormal levels concomitant with the progress of convalescence.

3. Vitamin C titrations of the tissues of monkeys which had received parenteral injections of ascorbic acid during the incubation period of poliomyelitic infection give different results according to whether such animals develop paralysis or survive without paralytic symptoms. In paralyzed C-treated monkeys the vitamin C levels are practically identical with those of normal C-prepared monkeys. Markedly higher values, however, are obtained with non-paralytic survivors in the early stages of their survival. As the period of survival lengthens normal figures prevail again.

4. The data are discussed in their relationship to the success or failure of vitamin C therapy in experimental poliomyelitis.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROLONGED, INTENSIVE PLASMAPHERESIS UPON THE ABILITY OF THE ORGANISM TO REGENERATE SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R.
Published: June 2004

1. When the dog is subjected to quantitative plasmapheresis and fed appropriate "synthetic" artificial rations, it is possible to evaluate the ability of the organism to regenerate serum protein from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Approximately 44 per cent of the protein, casein, fed in excess of the minimal amount needed normally to meet the general nitrogen requirements, is utilized for the formation of new serum protein. Under our experimental conditions the dog can regenerate each week solely from endogenous sources approximately 0.6 gm. of this blood protein per kilo of optimal body weight. This is equivalent to about 21 per cent of the total amount of serum protein normally present in the plasma.

2. When the dog is fed an adequate protein diet and is subjected to a régime of prolonged intensive plasmapheresis (period of 16 consecutive weeks), no impairment in the ability of the organism to regenerate serum protein from either exogenous or endogenous sources occurs. Under our conditions of experimentation the dog appears to be able to form each week an amount of the blood protein approximately equal to that normally present in the plasma. Because of this remarkable ability of the normal organism to regenerate rapidly serum protein over a relatively long period of time, it seems that loss of protein alone in conditions of Bright's disease cannot be the etiologic agent responsible for the persistence of the hypoproteinemia. An additional factor, the "specific" ability of such individuals to regenerate serum protein, must be taken into consideration.
STUDIES ON THE RÔLE OF THE SPLEEN IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Lennette Edwin H.
Published: June 2004

1. No difference in susceptibility to infection between splenectomized and non-splenectomized monkeys was observed when virus was injected intravenously in large amounts.

2. In a small series of animals, the results suggested that splenectomy decreased resistance to amounts of virus subinfective for non-splenectomized monkeys.

3. Splenectomy subsequent to intravenous or intrasplenic inoculation of amounts of virus subinfective for non-splenectomized monkeys did not render the animals susceptible.

4. Following vascular injection, the virus accumulates in the spleen, where it can be detected 24 hours after inoculation, but not at 3 or 5 days.

5. Evidence that splenectomy interferes with antibody formation is presented and discussed.

6. We were unable to demonstrate virus in crude extracts of poliomyelitic spleens but were successful with perfused spleen extracts. This may be due to removal of a neutralizing factor.

7. Attempts to immunize test animals with virus present in poliomyelitic spleens were negative.
THE RELATION OF ALTERED LOCAL TISSUE REACTIVITY (SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON) TO INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
Authors: Moritz Alan R.
Published: June 2004

Living B. aertrycke were effective in place of aertrycke filtrate as either the preparatory or the provocative injection in the production of a positive Shwartzman reaction.

When living B. aertrycke were injected subcutaneously a more severe inflammation resulted, organization was delayed, and more living organisms survived at the site of inoculation in rabbits that had received 24 hours later an intravenous injection of B. aertrycke filtrate than was the case in similarly infected rabbits that had not received a subsequent injection of bacterial filtrate.

When a local state of hypersusceptibility was created by the subcutaneous injection of B. aertrycke filtrate, the subsequent (24 hours) injection of living B. aertrycke led to the development at the site of subcutaneous preparation of a hemorrhagic necrosing inflammation in which the bacteria localized.
AN EPIZOOTIC DISEASE OF FERRETS CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE VIRUS
Authors: Slanetz C. A. , Smetana Hans
Published: June 2004

1. An epizootic disease of ferrets with a very high case fatality rate is described.

2. By the use of suitable material the natural disease can be transmitted experimentally.

3. The primary causative agent of the disease is a filterable virus.

4. Secondary invasion by bacteria of the respiratory tract of infected animals frequently occurs. The most important secondary invader is hemolytic streptococcus.

5. There seems to be no immunological relationship between the virus of the ferret disease and the viruses of canine distemper and of human influenza.

6. Histologically the disease is characterized by cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells of many organs.

7. These inclusion bodies are indistinguishable from those occurring in canine distemper.
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED ANTIPNEUMOCOCCAL IMMUNITY ON THE INCEPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL LOBAR PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Robertson O. H.
Published: June 2004

In view of the finding that one or more attacks of pneumococcus lobar pneumonia experimentally induced in dogs failed to protect the animals against subsequent infection, an attempt was made to determine whether or not the dog's antipneumococcal immunity could be enhanced to the degree of complete resistance to the experimental disease. To this end dogs were passively immunized by the intravenous injection of large quantities of both unconcentrated antipneumococcus horse serum and concentrated antibody solution and actively immunized by vaccination with killed and living cultures of pneumococci. None of these procedures were found to result in constant protection against the pulmonary infection. The disease, however, was of brief duration, the lesions of limited extent and usually sterile within 24 hours. A combination of active and passive immunization produced no better results. It was only when immune bodies and leucocytes were implanted with the infecting dose that prevention of infection was secured with any degree of constancy. Even under these conditions the lesion sometimes involved a considerable portion of a lobe. The factors involved in the inception of experimental lobar pneumonia are discussed and the bearing of this study on the prophylactic immunization of human beings against pneumococcus pneumonia is suggested.
UNILATERAL INHIBITION OF THE RENAL SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON FOLLOWING INJECTION OF BACTERIAL FILTRATE INTO THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: Moritz Alan R. , Weir David
Published: June 2004

A positive Shwartzman reaction, as indicated by thrombosis and focal hemorrhage in one or more organs, was elicited in 19 of 34 rabbits in which the preparatory injection of bacterial filtrate was made into the left renal artery and the reacting injection was made in the ear vein 24 hours later. In 24 of the 34 rabbits the kidneys were undisturbed throughout the duration of the experiment except for the intra-arterial injection of the left. In 12 of these 24 a positive Shwartzman reaction was observed in the uninjected right kidneys. In only 1 of the 24 injected left kidneys were there changes that might be construed as representing a positive Shwartzman reaction. The changes in this kidney consisted of glomerular thrombosis, not associated with hemorrhage or necrosis. The positive renal Shwartzman reactions seen in the right kidneys were similar to those reported by Apitz and Gerber as representing the renal changes occurring as part of a generalized Shwartzman reaction. The retention of the bacterial filtrate of the preparatory injection in the left kidney, by obstructing both vein and artery for 15 minutes, did not lessen the refractory state. The removal of the right kidney prior to the experiment, with the subsequent demonstration that circulation through the remaining left kidney was not impaired by the intra-arterial injection of filtrate, indicated that the refractory state of the injected kidney was not the result of failure of the reacting dose of filtrate to reach the kidney. In the unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits the development of a positive reaction in other organs indicated that the lack of reaction in the kidney represented a local refractory state. No explanation of the phenomenon was disclosed by these experiments.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PROTECTIVE INOCULATION WITH HEAT KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Freund Jules
Published: June 2004

Heat killed tubercle bacilli repeatedly injected into or below the skin of rabbits increase conspicuously their resistance against infection with virulent tubercle bacilli.

Protection against tuberculous infection following the administration of heat killed tubercle bacilli to rabbits is only slightly less than that given by BCG.

Addition of certain antigens, notably heated horse serum, increases the protection given by heat killed tubercle bacilli so that it is approximately the same as that afforded by BCG.

These experiments and tentative observations of persons exposed to tuberculous infection indicate that heat killed tubercle bacilli may be substituted for the living attenuated microorganism in the attempt to increase resistance against tuberculous infection and to influence favorably the delicate balance between asymptomatic or latent infection and progressive manifest disease that is characteristic of human tuberculosis.
STUDIES ON HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Chandler Caroline A. , Fothergill LeRoy D. , Dingle John H.
Published: June 2004

1. A comparative study of the mucin virulence of smooth, converted rough, and respiratory strains of H. influenzae was carried out in mice.

2. The smooth strains were found to be significantly more virulent than either the converted rough or respiratory strains.

3. The converted rough and respiratory strains were found to be approximately equal in virulence.

4. A diminution in virulence was observed in those smooth strains which had dissociated spontaneously either partially or completely.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

A crystalline nitrogenous substance recovered from inflammatory exudates induces in cutaneous tissue a rapid migration of polymorphonuclear cells through the endothelial wall of small vessels. For the sake of convenience the tentative name of leukotaxine has been proposed for this active substance which per se is capable of rapidly reproducing the basic sequences of the inflammatory reaction, namely, the initial increased capillary permeability followed by the outward migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Comparison of the effect of various inflammatory irritants (e.g. turpentine or aleuronat) with that of leukotaxine indicates that the migration of cells does not seem to be primarily referable to the initial increase in vascular permeation. Furthermore leukotaxine is definitely chemotactic. It induces an active migration of leukocytes into capillary glass tubes containing this substance.

The relation of leukotaxine to the mechanism of cellular migration at the site of inflammation is pointed out.
DEMONSTRATION OF TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN EXTRACTS OF FUSOBACTERIA
Authors: Weiss Charles , Mercado Dora G.
Published: June 2004

1. The classification of fusobacteria into types, as suggested by Slanetz and Rettger on the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics, was confirmed. The following additional data are presented: the behavior of types I, II, and III in several previously untested carbohydrates; the final pH in 1 per cent glucose broth; the hydrolysis of starch; the failure to decompose sodium hippurate and citrates; the absence of pathogenicity for several types of experimental animals; and the absence of fibrinolysin and of proteolytic enzymes.

2. By the use of a technic described in the text, it was possible to grow the anaerobic fusobacteria in mass cultures.

3. With the methods of Heidelberger and Kendall, immunologically type specific proteins were extracted from fusobacteria types I, II, and III. This observation, which is in a sense an extension of the work of Lancefield on Streptococcus hemolyticus, group A, represents the second instance of a bacterial protein functioning as a determinant of bacterial types.

4. Preliminary data indicate that group specificity depends upon a carbohydrate which is extractable by the methods of Heidelberger and Avery.
IRON METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

In experimental anemia in dogs due to blood loss the term "available iron" as determined by the dipyridyl test has no physiological significance. Iron salts (100 per cent available by dipyridyl) given in optimum dose (560 mg. per 2 weeks) will cause a net production of 50 to 55 gm. hemoglobin above the control base line in anemic dogs. This means that an iron salt which is rated as 100 per cent available by the dipyridyl test is only 35 per cent physiologically available.

The term "available iron (dipyridyl)" simmers down to iron not in the form of hematin compounds. The absorption of this "available iron" is conditioned by a great variety of factors, many unknown at this time.

Iron is indeed an elusive sprite whose "availability" or comings and goings cannot be determined in dogs by dipyridyl—perhaps only in part by studies of absorption and excretion.

Liver contains "available iron (dipyridyl)" but also organic factors influencing hemoglobin regeneration in anemia as liver ash contains only about 50 per cent the potency of the whole liver.

One can readily dissociate the iron from other potent factors in various tissues. Fractions of heart, liver, spleen, and kidney may contain very little iron yet cause much hemoglobin regeneration in anemic dogs.

No investigator has reported any condition of copper deficiency in man or dog. In fact, in anemias copper is usually above normal concentration in the liver. It is unlikely, therefore, that in experimental anemia in dogs and in the various anemias of man, any significance attaches to the intake of copper.
THE HEMOLYTIC EFFECT OF INDOL IN DOGS FED NORMAL DIETS
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Barker W. Halsey
Published: June 2004

Indol is mildly hemolytic when fed to dogs taking normal diets.