bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double Value-Ranges
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: November 2019

From the time of Begriffsschrift onwards, Frege treated functions of two or more places on a par with those of one place. This included the treatment of relations (Beziehungen) as a special case of polyadic functions in the way that concepts (Begriffe) were a special case of monadic functions. By the time of Grundgesetze (and unlike in Begriffsschrift), Frege dealt with relations largely through their extensions, which were what he called “double value-ranges” (Doppelwerthverläufe). This is in some ways a misnomer, since double value-ranges are simply a special case of single or ordinary value-ranges, namely value-ranges of functions derived from the value-ranges of monadic functions with additional saturated places. Frege’s treatment of the extensions of relations (which he came to call simply “Relationen”) thus embodies a move analogous to the treatment of polyadic functions as functions of functions, a device invented in 1920 by Moses Schönfinkel and since (unfairly) known in combinatory logic as “currying”. This paper considers the details of Frege’s Grundgesetze treatment of relations via their extensions, exhibits its grammar, and indicates its formal elegance by comparing it with other possible treatments.
Frege’s Theorems on Simple Series
Authors: Stirton William
Published: November 2019

The paper discusses theorems 207, 263, 327 and 348 and the proofs thereof. With fidelity to Frege’s own terminology, we can describe all four theorems as being about simple series. An attempt is made to explain what he meant by “simple series”. The main observation concerning theorems 207 and 263 is that the proofs of these theorems, slightly modified, yield a proof that a set is denumerable if and only if it is simply infinite in Dedekind’s sense. Some philosophical points of interest in this result are noted. Attention is drawn to some technical results proven by Frege which help in understanding the relationship between his own concept of natural number and Dedekind’s. The discussion of theorems 327 and 348 concentrates on critically assessing the claim, made by Heck, that by proving these theorems in the particular way he did Frege was meaning to demonstrate that finite cardinal numbers can be made to do work normally thought of as proper to finite ordinals. While this claim is not clearly wrong, some grounds for doubt are mentioned. One moral is that we should be sceptical about claims like “every foundation of arithmetic must treat the natural numbers as either fundamentally finite cardinals or fundamentally finite ordinals”.
Infinitesimals, Magnitudes, and Definition in Frege
Authors: Tappenden Jamie
Published: November 2019

Frege offers a contextual definition of infinitesimal in Grundlagen and in his review of Hermann Cohen’s book on infinitesimal methods. A scholarly puzzle is that Frege explicitly rejects exactly that definition in Grundgesetze, without any explanation of the change in view. This paper aims to provide some historical context for Frege’s original definition and his change of mind, including other definitions of infinitesimal that were current and an area of mathematics (Algebraic invariant theory) familiar to Frege in which contextual definitions by equations were used. The paper also draws on Frege’s discussion of the Riemann integral in an unpublished fragment originally intended for Grundgesetze. The examination reveals some unnoticed connections between issues of mathematical method and Frege’s concern for sharp definition of objects, as well as some additional complexity to the already complex discussion of the definition of number in Grundlagen sections 60-68.
Frege’s Relation to Dedekind: Basic Laws and Beyond
Authors: Reck Erich H.
Published: November 2019

Among all of Frege’s contemporaries, Richard Dedekind is arguably the thinker closest to him in terms of their general backgrounds and core projects. This essay provides a reexamination of Frege’s critical reactions to Dedekind, in Grundgesetze and some related texts. The reexamination includes documenting their interaction in some detail and putting it into a broader context, both philosophically and systematically. It also involves separating Frege’s less compelling criticisms of Dedekind from those that have deeper, more lasting significance. The essay ends with a suggestion for how to reconcile Fregean and Dedekindian forms of logicism, based on distinguishing two distinct but complementary kinds of abstraction principles.
“How did the serpent of inconsistency enter Frege’s paradise?”
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2019

The paper explores the alleged connection between indefinite extensibility and the classic paradoxes of Russell, Burali-Forti, and Cantor. It is argued that while indefinite extensibility is not per se a source of paradox, there is a degenerate subspecies—reflexive indefinite extensibility—which is. The result is a threefold distinction in the roles played by indefinite extensibility in generating paradoxes for the notions of ordinal number, cardinal number, and set respectively. Ordinal number, intuitively understood, is a reflexively indefinitely extensible concept. Cardinal number is not. And Set becomes so only in the setting of impredicative higher-order logic—so that Frege’s Basic Law V is guilty at worst of partnership in crime, rather than the sole offender.
Population Dynamics for Conservation
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This book is a quantitative exposition of our current understanding of the dynamics of plant and animal populations, with the goal that readers will be able to understand, and participate in the management of populations in the wild. The book uses mathematical models to establish the basic principles of population behaviour. It begins with a philosophical approach to mathematical models of populations. It then progresses from a description of models with a single variable, abundance, to models that describe changes in the abundance of individuals at each age, then similar models that describe populations in terms of the abundance over size, life stage, and space. The book assumes a knowledge of basic calculus, but explains more advanced mathematical concepts such as partial derivatives, matrices, and random signals, as it makes use of them. The book explains the basis of the principles underlying important population processes, such as the mechanism that allow populations to persist, rather than go extinct, the way in which populations respond to variable environments, and the origin of population cycles.The next two chapters focus on application of the principles of population dynamics to manage for the prevention of extinction, as well as the management of fisheries for sustainable, high yields. The final chapter recapitulates how different population behaviors arise in situations with different levels of density dependence and replacement (the potential lifetime reproduction per individual), and how variability arises at different time scales set by a species’ life history.
Philosophical approach to population modeling
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes how we can use models, and how complex models should be. It begins with the difference between strategic and tactical population models. It describes the logic underlying both the scientific and the practical use of models, which corresponds with implementing deductive and inductive logic, respectively. Both approaches demand the ability to compare the structure of the model to the real world, that is, realism. Providing realism requires precisely defining the state of a system, that is, the information necessary to project the state of that system from one time instant to the next. This is the basis for having models with age, size, stage, and spatial structure. Additionally, there are different levels of ecological integration in biology, and each level tends to explain the next higher level. Population dynamics depend on the survival and reproductive rates of individual organisms.
Size-structured models
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This chapter begins by revisiting the M’Kendrick/von Foerster model, but using size instead of age as the state variable. It then uses the lessons from that model to describe how individual growth and mortality rates determine both stand distributions (a population of mixed ages) and cohort distributions (all one age). In particular, incorporating variability in growth trajectories is shown to be important in obtaining realistic results—though it is not without pitfalls. Ultimately, the numerical calculations required to model size-structured populations for future projections are more challenging than those needed for age structure, so the chapter closes by discussing some mathematical tools that have been developed to accomplish this. These include the integral projection model, a recent approach that is very useful because, while more complex, it has a lot in common with the age-structured models examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Population dynamics in marine conservation
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This chapter traces the evolution of models for fishery management, focusing on the problem of maintaining both replacement and a desirable level of yield. Early models from the 1950s led to management for maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Later, recruitment and egg production data from populations at low abundance were used to set critical replacement thresholds (CRT) using age-structured models. Modern fisheries are managed by control rules to avoid both overfishing (replacement too low) and being overfished (abundance too low). With the advent of spatial management through marine protected areas (MPA), strategic models showed that MPAs and conventional management essentially had the same effects on fishery yield. More realistic, spatially explicit, tactical models include more detail but produce results that support the conclusions of the strategic models. Finally, the growing science of adaptive management of MPAs has been based on the understanding of transient population dynamics from Chapter 4.
What Is Human about Slavery?
Authors: Fracchia Carmen
Published: November 2019

This chapter looks at Hispanic theologians to discern whether there is any discussion of the presence of souls in Africans that might parallel similar discussions about the Native Americans of the New World, and to see what conditions restricted Africans in their becoming Christian and what benefits might accrue to them in doing so. It discusses the belief that it was necessary to evangelize and baptize the Africans in Spain and the New World, and explores the visual representations of the Baptism of the African to show that the process of Christianization promoted in Seville follows longstanding traditions of evangelization of non-Europeans. The chapter focuses on the operation of the oldest black confraternity (founded in the fourteenth century in Seville) and shows how it becomes the template for all the black confraternities founded throughout the Spanish empire and how it was considered a ‘black nation’ by Afro-Hispanic slaves.
Dodds on Plato
Authors: Rutherford R.B.
Published: November 2019

This chapter assesses E.R. Dodds’s commentary on the Gorgias. Dodds’s edition of the Gorgias was the third commentary he published, and in some ways the most traditional. In his work on the Gorgias, he followed more closely a well-established channel of scholarship on a central author. Yet the book contains much that is characteristic of Dodds’s work, and in many passages one recognizes his distinctive voice. When Dodds was writing about the Gorgias, he had to deal with Plato as a critic of human politics and society, and he kept in view the author’s development into a reformer and a legislator who laid down the principles on which society must be based and the means by which morals and correct beliefs must be imposed upon mankind.
Dodds’s Influence on Neoplatonic Studies
Authors: Sheppard Anne
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores E.R. Dodds’s work on Neoplatonism, which has been fundamental to the development of Neoplatonic studies over the last one hundred years. The challenge in understanding the Neoplatonists is to understand the remarkable way in which the mystical and the analytical are combined in their thought. In his scholarly work on Neoplatonism, Dodds applied the rigorous methods of traditional classical scholarship to the elucidation of Neoplatonic texts, and in his treatment of Plotinian mysticism, he stressed that for Plotinus, as for Plato, any kind of spiritual experience of a transcendent world comes only after a great deal of study of mathematics and dialectic. Ultimately, the significance of Dodds’s work on Neoplatonism lies not only in his publications on Plotinus, Proclus, and other late antique thinkers but also in his network of contacts with European scholars in the field and in his influence on individuals who went on to work on Neoplatonism themselves.
Dodds, Plotinus, and Stephen MacKenna
Authors: Dillon John
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines E.R. Dodds’s relationship with the Irishman Stephen MacKenna (1872–1934), the remarkable journalist turned Greek scholar, who devoted the latter part of his life to the translation into English of the Enneads of Plotinus. MacKenna discovered Plotinus when his journalistic work for Pulitzer’s New York World brought him to St Petersburg in 1905, to cover the abortive revolution there. During his stay, he discovered a copy of the Enneads of Plotinus, which he then began to read while confined temporarily in his hotel room. By the beginning of 1907, he had already formed the idea of translating Plotinus into English. Dodds was regularly consulted over the latter part of MacKenna’s translation of Plotinus. He then initiated a connected series of efforts to bring both Plotinus and MacKenna’s translation of him to a wider public in the year after he took up the Regius Chair of Greek at Oxford.
A Practical Guide for Genetic Management of Fragmented Animal and Plant Populations
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

The biological diversity of the planet is being rapidly depleted due to the direct and indirect consequences of human activity. As the size of wild animal and plant populations decreases and fragmentation increases, inbreeding reduces fitness and loss of genetic diversity reduces their ability to adapt to changes in the environment. Many small isolated populations are going extinct unnecessarily. In many cases, such populations can be genetically rescued by gene flow from another population within the species, but this is very rarely done. This book provides a practical guide to the genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations.
Introduction
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

Genetic management of fragmented populations is one of the major, largely unaddressed issues in biodiversity conservation. Many species across the planet have fragmented distributions with small isolated populations that are potentially suffering from inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity (genetic erosion), leading to elevated extinction risk. Fortunately, genetic deterioration can usually be remedied by gene flow from another population (crossing between populations within species), yet this is rarely done, in part because of fears that crossing may be harmful (but we can predict when this will occur). We address management of gene flow between previously isolated populations and genetic management under global climate change.
Are there populations suffering genetic erosion that would benefit from gene flow?
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

Evidence of population structure and limited gene flow often leads to the questionable conclusion that populations should be managed as separate unit. A paradigm shift is needed where evidence of genetic differentiation among populations is followed by an assessment of whether populations are suffering genetic erosion, whether there are other populations to which they could be crossed, and whether the crosses would be beneficial, or harmful, and if beneficial, whether the benefits would be large enough to justify a genetic rescue attempt. Here we address these questions based on the principles established in the preceding chapters.
Culture in the Organization of Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: November 2019

This chapter outlines a cultural dynamic theory as the framework to understand and predict the effects of cultural variables on the organization of autobiographical memory. The theory posits that autobiographical memory takes place in the dynamic transaction between an active individual and his or her changing environment; it is situated in culturally conditioned time and space over a multitude of timescales; and it develops in the process of children acquiring cultural knowledge about the self and the purpose of the past through early socialization. The organization of autobiographical memory is discussed in terms of objective, subjective, and structural components and applies the theoretical model of the cultural dynamic theory to discuss the influence of culture on each of the components. To illustrate the overarching influence of culture on remembering, parallel findings of episodic memory as typically assessed in laboratory settings with non-personal materials (e.g., stories) are further discussed, and vicarious memory for events that happened to other people. Although these three types of memory vary in the degree of personal relevance or self-involvement, it is demonstrated that their organizational components are similarly and inevitably conditioned by cultural variables as the cultural dynamic theory predicts. Whereas this discussion focuses on extant findings involving the comparison between Westerners, especially European-Americans, and East Asians, the cultural dynamic theory should also apply to other cultural groups for the understanding of the dynamic impact of culture on remembering.
Venice’s Secret Agents
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the different types of secret agents whom the Venetian authorities employed for their intelligence pursuits. These were drawn from all strata of Venetian society. Representing the patriciate, Venetian ambassadors and governors acted as semi-professional informants whose intelligence-gathering activities were coterminous with the norms of diplomatic decorum. Venetian merchants from either the patriciate or the social order of the cittadini also offered their services as amateur intelligence gatherers, protected under the guise of their professional activity. For outright espionage missions, however, when the spy had to infiltrate foreign lands, the Ten handpicked run-of-the-mill mercenary spies who were willing to risk their lives for a cash reward, an official privilege, or a political favour. The chapter shows how the Council of Ten commodified the practice of intelligence-gathering and espionage and turned it into a business transaction between the government and the governed.
Epilogue
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna
Published: November 2019

To all outward appearances, Venice’s central intelligence organization operated in an effective manner. Situated at the top of the organizational hierarchy, the Ten oversaw a widespread, yet interconnected network of professional and amateur informants and intelligence gatherers; they managed their operations within and beyond the dominion’s confines; they issued orders and expected execution; they nurtured a pervasive culture of secrecy; and, overall, they employed some extraordinary measures for the defence of the Republic that were widely acknowledged and accepted by those directly or indirectly involved with Venice’s secret service. Furthermore, the Council of Ten brought into existence one of the earliest state-funded departments of professional cryptology, supporting the development of eminent cryptologists and the discipline of cryptology, as a whole. From a practical perspective, then, Venice’s secret service operated as effectively as a well-oiled machine. This concluding chapter attempts an evaluation of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence organization.
Face and Hands
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses close-ups of the face and body in relation to film and neuroscience. The subheadings are “Touching in the mirror,” which introduces and discusses the opening scenes of Ingmar Bergman’s Persona; “The somatosensory system and multimodality,” which addresses the notion of multimodality, and explains how the brain processes touch and pain; “The social perception of touch,” provides an overview of how the brain processes the vision of touch; “Feeling the film,” in which scenes from Jean Luc Godard’s Une Femme Mariée are analyzed and a suggestion provided for approaching the notion of “haptic vision,” discussed by film theorists, from a neuroscientific perspective; and “Animations,” in which the authors propose that their model of embodied simulation can be used to explain the sense of presence generated by animation films, analyzing Jan Švankmajer’s films and Pixar’s Toy Story.
Minimalist parsing
Authors: Berwick Robert C. , Stabler Edward P.
Published: November 2019

Studies of parsing inspired by the Minimalist Program have various goals. They flesh out and unify proposals in syntax; they define properties of fundamental structure-building mechanisms; and they provide mechanisms for psycholinguistic models. In this brief overview, some historical antecedents are noted, and then foundational perspectives underpinning some recent work in this tradition are outlined, with associated basic results on locality and efficiency. Finally, a comparative guide to some notational differences is presented.
‘After his wine-dark sea’
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: November 2019

Hilda Doolittle (H.D.), one of the twentieth century’s most extraordinary writers, repeatedly questions the (im)possibility of telling stories, of writing poetry, after Homer. Focusing upon a relatively neglected aspect of H.D.’s classicism, this chapter investigates the ways in which H.D.’s poetry engages directly, and sometimes playfully, with Homeric epic. After analysing a selection of her earlier works (‘A Dead Priestess Speaks’, ‘Calypso’, ‘At Ithaca’, ‘Circe’, ‘Odyssey’) for insights into H.D.’s witty, quasi-counterfactual classicism, it offers a close reading of the Homeric features of H.D.’s final poem, the 1961 epic Helen in Egypt. The analysis offered here argues that H.D.’s responses to Homer demonstrate a ‘releasing’ of pre-existing narrative emphases rather than a ‘resistant’ reading against the grain of the Homeric tradition, in a more sympathetic and less antagonistic engagement with the Homeric source texts than received readings tend to acknowledge.
Between Night and Day
Authors: Theodorakopoulos Elena
Published: November 2019

This chapter offers a close reading of the final five poems in the German poet Barbara Köhler’s poem cycle Niemands Frau (Nobody’s Wife, 2007). It shows how Köhler’s interest in developing a feminine (non-linear, non-hierarchical) form of expression is particularly successful in evoking the atmosphere, if not the actual events, of Books 18–20 of the Odyssey. The essay argues that Köhler’s emphasis on uncertainty and ambiguity has a lot in common with recent feminist scholarship, which has drawn attention to the significance of Penelope’s uncertainty about Odysseus’ whereabouts and her own status. It also makes use of the simile of the nightingale in Book 19 of the Odyssey to show that already in the Homeric text Penelope is linked explicitly to both lyric and uncertainty.
Measuring stuff and process
Authors: Wellwood Alexis
Published: November 2019

This chapter begins the book’s survey of non-canonical comparatives, and suggests a degree-based interpretation of the expression “much” which occurs implicitly as a morphosyntactic part of “more”, and explicitly in phrases like “as much” and “too much”. Focusing on comparatives targeting mass nouns like “mud” and atelic verb phrases like “run (in the park)”, a primary goal of this analysis is to capture both the variability and constraints (especially a hypothesized “monotonicity constraint”) on measure function selection in such cases. In line with the central thesis of the book, this chapter emphasizes the role that the order-theoretic properties (when present) of a predicate plays in fixing the available dimension(s) for comparison in a given nominal or verbal comparative. The success of this analysis suggests considering whether it can apply to the canonical comparatives, which is explored in the subsequent chapter.
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: November 2019

Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760–1830 seeks to establish what literate British people understood by the word ‘Europe’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It achieves this objective through detailed analysis of nearly 350 geographical reference works, textbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopaedias. Largely neglected by historians, these materials were widely read by contemporaries and can reveal the formative ideas about Europe circulating in Britain. The book therefore traces the history of ideas in non-elite contexts; it moves away from an approach to intellectual history concerned predominantly with prominent thinkers. The opening two chapters outline the characteristics and popularity of geography books and explain how they structure geographical knowledge. The remaining chapters explore eight themes which frame how Europe is understood in British culture. A chapter each is devoted to religion; the natural environment; race and other theories of human difference; the state; borders; the identification of the ‘centre’ and ‘edges’ of Europe; commerce and empire; and ideas about the past, progress, and historical change. Each chapter shows how geographical texts use these intricate concepts to communicate and construct widely understood ideas about the European continent. Is Europe unified by shared religious heritage? Where are the edges of Europe? Is Europe primarily a commercial network or are there common political practices too? Is Britain itself a European country? By showing how these and other questions were discussed in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British culture, the book provides a thorough and much-needed historical analysis of Britain’s enduringly complex intellectual relationship with Europe.
Geographical Knowledge
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 explores how late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British geographical works structure and present geographical knowledge. The books may seem disorganized and haphazard to modern eyes, but their contents and procedures are framed by classical and early modern precedents. The influence of Bernhard Varenius is key, especially his specification of ‘celestial’, ‘terrestrial’, and ‘human’ geography. These different emphases provide variant ways to understand space, premised respectively on universal mathematical laws, observation of a tangible physical world, and the vicissitudes of human activity and perception. The chapter shows how the resulting questions about the nature and limits of knowledge affect geographical works’ comprehension of Europe.
Borders
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: November 2019

Chapter 7 explores how late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books conceptualize borders and how this affects their ideas about Europe. Geographical texts proffer many versions of Europe’s border with Asia, although certain variants are more widely adopted. Some books and their maps show borders as naturally occurring, whereas others present them as arbitrary lines determined by human activities and decisions. These contrasting approaches reflect dilemmas about geographical knowledge and have different implications for European politics. The seas surrounding Europe are also contentious: they are variously seen as annexed territories, marginal zones, and the figurative centre of the continent.
Conclusion
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: November 2019

The Conclusion summarizes the overall findings of the book. Europe is neither a chaotic profusion of variant ideas, nor a fixed set of essential characteristics. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British ideas of Europe are best understood as a series of unresolved questions which revolve around precise debates. But ideas of Europe are not just abstract or metaphorical conceits because they can also inspire and constrain action.
Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

Eigenstates of the square well potential are calculated and displayed. Barrier penetration and the connection to total internal reflection are explained. α–decay by barrier penetration is calculated and used to explain Geiger–Nuttall plots. Gauss–Hermite solutions to the harmonic oscillator potential are deduced and displayed. Zero point fluctuations are introduced. Hydrogen atom eigenstate wavefunctions for the Coulomb potential are calculated and displayed. Principal, orbital angular momentum and intrinsic angular momentum quantum numbers and their allowed combinations are discussed and interpreted: n, l, ml, s and ms. The Stern–Gerlach experiment and Pauli’s perception that electron spin is half-integral are presented; as are Beth’s experiment and photon spin. Dominance of electric dipole transitions and resulting selection rules discussed. Fine spectral structure and spin-orbit coupling are described. Nuclear spin and resulting hyperfine spectral structure are introduced. Landé factors introduced.
Electrons in solids
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

Electron energy bands in solids are introduced. Free electron theory for metals is presented: the Fermi gas, Fermi energy and temperature. Electrical and thermal conductivity are interpreted, including the Wiedermann–Franz law. The Hall effect and information it brings about charge carriers is discussed. Plasma oscillations of conduction electrons and the optical properties of metals are examined. Formation of quasi-particles of an electron and its screening cloud are discussed. Electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering and how they affect the mean free path are treated. Then the analysis of crystalline materials using electron Bloch waves is presented. Tight and weak binding cases are examined. Electron band structure is explained including Brillouin zones, electron kinematics and effective mass. Fermi surfaces in crystals are treated. The ARPES technique for exploring dispersion relations is explained.
Particle physics II
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

Quantum chromodynamics the quantum gauge theory of strong interactions is presented: SU(3) being the (colour) symmetry group. The colour content of strongly interacting particles is described. Gluons, the field particles, carry colour so that they mutually interact – unlike photons. Renormalization leads to the coupling strength declining at large four momentum transfer squared q2 and to binding of quarks in hadrons at small q2. The cutoff in the range of the strong interaction is shown to be due to this low q2 behaviour, despite the gluon being massless. In high energy interactions, say proton-proton collisions, the initial process is a hard (high q2) parton+parton to parton+parton process. After which the partons undergo softer interactions leading finally to emergent hardrons. Experiments at DESY probing proton structure with electrons are described. An account of electroweak unification completes the book. The weak interaction symmetry group is SUL(2), L specifying handedness. This makes the electroweak symmetry U(1)⊗SUL(2). The weak force carriers, W± and Z0, are massive, which is at odds with the massless carriers required by quantum gauge theories. How the BEH mechanism resolves this problem is described. It involves spontaneous symmetry breaking of the vacuum with scalar fields. The outcome are massive gauge field particles to match the W± and Z0 trio, a massless photon, and a scalar field with a massive particle, the Higgs boson. The experimental programmes that discovered the vector bosons in 1983 and the Higgs in 2012 are described, including features of generic detectors. Finally puzzles revealed by our current understanding are outlined.
The Voice in the Church
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This chapter shifts attention from the private reading of the Bible to its public reading in church. It explores complaints about the ‘bare reading’ of the liturgy from the 1570s, and its defence by defenders of the established church. It explores the guides that promoted rhetorical delivery, and which explained the Bible as a series of affecting stories that congregants could relate to. It recognizes that complaints about bare reading in the 1570s had a second phase in the late 1580s and 1590s when a style of oral reading as protest was launched to defend preaching by a group of puritans writing as ‘Martin Marprelate’. It explores an unusual riposte from an unexpected quarter, Thomas Nashe’s Christs Teares over Jerusalem, arguing he set out to give readers the experience of live preaching in book-form. And it invites us to think differently about how books in this period were experienced.
The Family Man
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

After setting out the limited range of sources available that provide information on Harrington’s life, Chapter 1 explores his family connections and early years. Detail is provided on his immediate family background and the close interaction between him and his siblings as reflected in testamentary evidence. Attention is also paid to the origins of the relationship between the Harrington family and the Stuarts, especially Charles I’s sister Princess Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia. The chapter traces Harrington’s early life from his birth in Northamptonshire in 1611 through to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642. It examines, in particular, his education at Trinity College Oxford and the Middle Temple, and his European tour.
The Supporter of Parliament
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

Knowledge of Harrington’s life prior to the publication of The Commonwealth of Oceana in 1656 has generally been acknowledged to be limited. While not challenging that point, Chapter 2 argues that more evidence is available than has previously been recognized. It traces Harrington’s activities from the 1630s through to 1656, focusing in particular on the financial and administrative support that he offered to Parliament during the 1640s. This included providing money to help to establish peace between England and Scotland in 1641 and in support of the campaign in Ireland a year later, collecting money on Parliament’s behalf in Lincolnshire, and perhaps even putting himself forward as an MP for the Short Parliament in 1642.
Incorporating New Evidence
Authors: Vine Brent
Published: November 2019

The editors of Liddell and Scott (LSJ), whose final fascicle appeared in 1940, could scarcely have imagined the 1952 decipherment of Linear B and the wealth of information it provided about the Greek language and Mycenaean culture. The Preface to the 1968 Supplement justified the absence of Mycenaean Greek material with the assertion that ‘[t]he scholarly world is at present divided on the validity of the Ventris decipherment’. While it is true that pockets of resistance to the decipherment persisted until surprisingly late, the alleged scholarly division seems overstated for the mid-1960s, when major handbooks like those of Ventris and Chadwick, Vilborg, and Palmer were very much part of mainstream scholarship. However that may be, a decision was finally reached to incorporate Mycenaean Greek forms into the 1996 Revised Supplement. This chapter takes stock of that decision so as to assess some aspects of its implementation in LSJ Supplement, and then considers what this may mean for the treatment of Mycenaean Greek in future editions.
A Canonical Author
Authors: Mackenzie Tom
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents a case study of the Lexicon’s treatment of a single author, Hesiod. Early Greek poetry in general, and that of Hesiod in particular, presents certain difficulties for the historical approach which do not arise for texts of later periods. The main body of the chapter is divided into three sections, treating different respects in which Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the historical principle it adopts, may seem problematic for the modern reader of Hesiod. The first section considers the ways in which LSJ conflicts with current beliefs concerning the text and dating of Hesiod. The second outlines some respects in which the historical principle may be inadequate for dealing with early Greek hexameter in general, given more recent scholarship on the nature and semantics of formulaic verse. The third treats more idiosyncratic features of Hesiod’s poetry that are particularly noteworthy for the lexicographer. Throughout, the main focus is on the Theogony and the Works and Days.
Literary Lexicography
Authors: Silk Michael
Published: November 2019

Poetic language in the Western traditions subsumes two distinct categories of usage: elevation (whereby usage conforms to a conventional ‘high style’) and heightening (whereby meaning is enriched, often by mechanisms of defamiliarization). How should a historical dictionary of a dead language deal with literary, especially poetic, language? This chapter attempts to clarify the issues and sets out some principles for ‘literary lexicography’, with special reference to Liddell and Scott (LSJ) and ancient Greek poetry, and to Greek usage in the early and classical periods. The issues dealt with apply equally to Liddell and Scott and the Revised Supplement; for the most part the discussion will subsume both.
The W and Z Bosons
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes the predictions of the gauge theory model of the weak interaction for the production and decay of the W and Z bosons, and the comparison of these predictions to experiment. It describes precision tests of the gauge theory model using electron-positron annihilation to the Z boson.
Frege’s Begriffsschrift: Problems
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2019

On Frege’s theory of conceptual content in his Begriffsschrift, the sentences “A = B” and “A = A” refer to the same circumstance, and so have the same conceptual content. But sentences with the same conceptual content should license the same inferences, which is not the case with these sentences. Frege’s solution is to jettison ‘=’ and introduce ‘≡’. A sentence “X ≡ Y” is true if ‘X’ and ‘Y’ co-refer; the sentence is about names, not the things named. “A ≡ A” and “A ≡ B” do not refer to the same circumstance, and the problem is avoided, or so it seems. I discuss strengths and shortcoming of this strategy
Sense and Denotation: The Theory
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2019

I describe Frege’s theory of sense and denotation. (I use ‘denotation’ as a translation for ‘Bedeutung’ in discussing this theory.) I consider motivations and problems, especially for his treatment of the sense and reference of concept expressions, and whether a regress is involved in senses for names. I consider the relation of the new scheme to the scheme of the Begriiffsschrift.
“On Sense and Denotation”
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2019

This chapter is an exposition of Frege’s most influential essay, “On Sense and Reference.” It first discusses names and descriptions, modes of presentation, imperfect and perfect languages. Then I turn to his arguments in favor of truth values being the denotations of—the doctrine that on my view puts us on Frege’s Detour.
Epilogue
Authors: Dalivalle Margaret , Kemp Martin , Simon Robert B.
Published: November 2019

The Epilogue looks at two sustained and focused discussions by cataloguers of Leonardo paintings. The first is by Luke Syson in the London catalogue. The second is in the latest edition of Frank Zöllner‗s monograph, which has become a standard point of reference for information on Leonardo’s painted oeuvre and assessment of the status of each work. The Epilogue concludes that whatever the fate of this painting, the art world should regard itself as privileged to have such a significant painting in its domain.
An Introduction to Modernist Non-Translation
Authors: Harding Jason , Nash John
Published: November 2019

This first essay in the volume constitutes a substantial and wide-ranging introduction to this neglected topic, establishing the importance of untranslated fragments in modernist writing. The chapter expounds the complexities of the term ‘non-translation’, differentiating the practice from multilingualism, reading it alongside modern translation theory and practice. It situates modernist non-translation among a number of crucial contexts in intellectual history and literary theory: the ‘linguistic turn’ explored by contemporary philosophers, linguists, literary theorists, and critics; and examines broader sociopolitical issues relating to nationalism and language, the rise of English as an (imperial) global language, and the standardization of English. This introduction foregrounds key hermeneutical difficulties surrounding untranslatability and concerning reading or interpreting modernist non-translation, thus preparing the ground for the following chapters.
‘The patient, passionate little cahier’: French in Henry James’s Notebooks
Authors: Karlin Daniel
Published: November 2019

This chapter is based specifically on the surviving notebooks in which Henry James recorded ideas for stories, and gave vent to his feelings about his art. There are six of these notebooks, covering the years 1878 to 1911. Pages of the notebooks on which French does not occur are the exception. This chapter asks how we might ‘read’ the use of French in this specific textual environment. It answers that question by comparing the notebooks with examples of James’s use of French in published fiction and in letters. In the notebooks, there is no addressee, or rather the writer is his own recipient. The chapter looks especially at passages where James reflects on his own practice as a writer; it identifies a cluster of key French words, all of them associated by James with the work of imagination and the craft of fiction.
‘Making Strange’: Non-Translation in The Waste Land
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2019

This chapter employs concepts and terms drawn from Russian Formalism to assist reading key moments of non-translation in The Waste Land. Treated as avant-garde linguistic ‘shifts’ that disrupt and estrange the poetic form, particular instances of non-translation in the poem—from the epigraph to the wild cacophony of different languages at the end of the poem—are seen as covert and coded expressions of powerful affect. This chapter considers these experimental disruptions of form in the social and political contexts of post-war avant-garde revolt and recognition of individual and collective trauma.
‘Subrisio Saltat.’: Translating the Acrobat in Rainer Maria Rilke’s Duino Elegies
Authors: Ní Dhúill Caitríona
Published: November 2019

This chapter analyses in detail a charged moment in Rilke’s Duino Elegies, the appearance of the figure of the acrobat and the Latin phrase that signals his smile. The untranslated Latin is read as emblematic of the nimble yet evasive gestures of this sequence, in particular as illustrative of how the poet communicates an experience of loss in these often cryptic elegies. The chapter examines the possibilities for translation (into English and Irish) of the Latin inscription, showing how translational choices at the interlingual level open out on to expanded understandings of trnalsation, which include the intermedial translations between the visual arts and poetry enacted by Rilke, and the translation of experience into poetic expression. Gadamer’s hermeneutics offer a way of theorizing the subtle shifts between experience, expression, interpretation, and understanding as a process of retranslation. In this way, the movement of translation becomes another figure for the process of Verwandlung – transformation – that is the Elegies’ central concern.
Cycling through diachrony
Authors: Breitbarth Anne , Danckaert Lieven , Witzenhausen Elisabeth , Bouzouita Miriam
Published: November 2019

The notion of ‘linguistic cycle’ has long been recognized as being relevant to the description of many processes of language change. This introduction deals with different phenomena of cyclical change, making clear that while grammaticalization is one area where cyclical change can be found, it is not the only one. The chapter provides an overview of the theoretical literature about cyclical change, with particular emphasis on a diachronic generative approach. It contextualizes the chapters in this volume against the background of this literature, and groups them into more theoretical and more empirical contributions, addressing cyclical changes in both the nominal and the clausal domains.
When morphological and syntactic change are not in sync
Authors: Fuß Eric
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses diachronic implications of the idea that there is a correlation between rich verbal agreement marking and verb movement, known as the Rich Agreement Hypothesis (RAH). Focusing on Koeneman and Zeijlstra’s (2014) recent work that aims at reinstating the RAH in its strongest biconditional form, it presents a set of diachronic case studies that challenge the expectation, fuelled by the strong RAH, that morphological and syntactic change should always go hand in hand. First, it is argued that Koeneman and Zeijlstra’s attempt to accommodate problematic cases (e.g. loss of verbal agreement morphology with delayed loss of verb movement) in terms of syntactic reanalysis runs into difficulties. In addition, the chapter presents data from Lithuanian and Cimbrian, where a change from SOV to SVO resulted in word-order patterns that violate the RAH, an observation that challenges both strong and weak versions of the RAH.
On the emergence of personal articles in the history of Catalan
Authors: Bernstein Judy , Ordóñez Francisco , Roca Francesc
Published: November 2019

The grammaticalization of personal articles in Ibero-Romance, in general, and in Catalan, in particular, is discussed in this contribution. The personal articles proceed historically from the Latin noun dominus / domina ‘lord, master / lady, madam’, used for society’s upper class, and appear nowadays only with [+human] proper names. Firstly, it developed into an honorific marker in Old Ibero-Romance, and in modern Catalan into a generic personal article without honorific meaning. Their evolution is conceived as a cyclic change, whereby phrasal (adjectival) elements occupying specifier positions first develop into X° heads, and eventually into (clitic) affixes in the form of articles, while the Old Ibero-Romance honorifics are XPs (and not heads). This cyclic change comprises phonological, morphological, syntactic, and also semantic shifts.