bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING PATTERNS OF KERNEL ISOZYMES FROM 80 NORTH AMERICAN WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: COX T. S. , MURPHY J. P. , HARRELL L. G.
Published: March 2010

The cataloguing of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar isozyme patterns, though a routine exercise, provides useful data for genetic and breeding studies. Isozymes of five kernel enzyme systems (β-amylase, esterases, malate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose phosphate isomerase) were separated by isoelectric fosusing (IEF) for 80 North American winter wheat cultivars. No variation in malate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, or glucose phosphate isomerase IEF patterns was detected. There were three groups of hard red winter wheat cultivars with esterase patterns that differed from the pattern common to all others: Arkan and Sage; Siouxland, Colt, and Pioneer 2157; and Sandy. Esterase IEF, in contrast to gliadin electrophoresis in other studies, distinguished Sage from Eagle and Larned. Four soft red winter cultivars (Compton and Adena; Florida 302; Roland) and six groups containing a total of eight hard red winter cultivars (RHS812; RHS830; Norstar; Plainsman V; TAM 105, TAM 107, and Rose; and TAM 101) had variant β-amylase patterns. Some of the esterase and β-amylase varients, produced by genes on chromosomes 3A, 3D, 4D, 5A, and possibly others, may be useful in linkage studies.Key words: Cultivar identification, electrophoresis, β-amylase, esterase, superoxide dismutase, glucose phosphate isomerase
CULTIVAR-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON THE PRECISION OF REGIONAL OAT TESTS IN ALBERTA
Authors: KIBITE SOLOMON , ORR D. D. , HELM J.
Published: March 2010

Eight oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars grown at 27 locations during 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1984 were used to study the effect of genotype-by-environment interactions and their implications on oat cultivar testing and recommendation for Alberta. The study showed that accurate regional performance results would be obtained only if Alberta was divided into at least six rain-fed and two irrigated areas. The study also showed that the number of locations, years and replications that are currently used in some of the regional testing areas of Alberta are insufficient to detect (at P = 0.05) a 5% yield difference between the standard check (Cascade) and a test cultivar. The effects of increasing or decreasing the number of locations, years and replications on the precision of future regional oat tests in Alberta are discussed.Key words: Avena sativa L., oats, cultivar-environment interactions, regional tests
COMPARISON OF YIELD COMPONENTS OF RED CLOVER AND ALFALFA
Authors: BOWLEY S. R. , DOUGHERTY C. T. , TAYLOR N. L. , CORNELIUS P. L.
Published: March 2010

Yield components of five regrowth cycles, two in 1981 and three in 1982, of three red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations and three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars were compared in swards. Red clover left more stubble but produced less herbage and accumulated total yield (herbage, stubble and 10 cm depth root) at a slower rate than alfalfa during most regrowths. The percent leaf at flowering of red clover was similar to that of alfalfa. Maximum LAI declined during successive regrowths each year. Maximum crop growth rates were 30 and 34 g m−2 d−1 for red clover and alfalfa, respectively. Stem development (canopy height) followed patterns of accumulation of herbage yield. The initiation of stems was slower in red clover and stem populations were less than that of alfalfa. Selection for faster stem initiation rates, higher stem populations, and reduced partitioning of dry matter towards stem bases which would be left as stubble were suggested as ways of increasing the herbage yield of red clover.Key words: Trifolium pratense L., Medicago sativa L., yield components, growth analysis clover (red), alfalfa
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 83. Hypericum perforatum L.
Authors: CROMPTON C. W. , HALL I. V. , JENSEN K. I. N. , HILDEBRAND P. D.
Published: March 2010

Hypericum perforatum L., St. John’s-wort is an introduced weed growing in waste places, roadsides, rangelands, pastures and similar habitats of Eastern Canada and British Columbia. It is poisonous to livestock causing a photosensitization in grazing animals with light-colored hair. In Canada, two introduced leaf-feeding beetles Chrysolina quadrigemina and C. hyperici have provided effective control. In Nova Scotia an endemic host-specific "strain" of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides generally maintained this weed at low levels, particularly in lowbush blueberry fields. It spreads both by seeds and vegetatively by rhizomes. Details related to its morphology, reproductive biology, responses to human manipulation, parasites and control measures are summarized.Key words: Hypericum perforatum, weed biology, review
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 85. Euphorbia cyparissias L.
Authors: STAHEVITCH A. E. , CROMPTON C. W. , WOJTAS W. A.
Published: March 2010

A review of the biology of Euphorbia cyparissias L. (cypress spurge) is presented. A key is provided for identifying those members of the Esula complex which occur in Canada. Cypress spurge is more abundant in eastern than western Canada. In North America, two cytotypes are found, namely a sterile diploid (2n = 2x = 20) and a fertile tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40); however, in Europe there is also a fertile diploid. Sterile diploids do not set seed. Fertile diploids have little or no capacity for vegetative reproduction. Fertile tetraploids have abundant seed set; in addition, they produce more shoots than the sterile diploids. Consequently, the tetraploids are the most weedy. Cypress spurge is commonly found on limestone or gravel substrates. Methods for achieving control are presented.Key words: Euphorbia cyparissias L., cypress spurge, graveyard weed, weed biology
NODULATION MUTANTS OF WHITE BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) INDUCED BY ETHYL-METHANE SULPHONATE
Authors: PARK S. J. , BUTTERY B. R.
Published: March 2010

Seed of the OAC Rico and Swan Valley cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was treated with 0.04 M ethyl-methane sulphonate (EMS). Screening of M2 populations in the presence of 8 mM nitrate + 2 mM ammonium, which substantially inhibited nodulation of the parental cultivars revealed nitrate tolerant supernodulating (ntsn), copious nodulating and non-nodulating mutants. One ntsn mutant from 175 M1 lines of OAC Rico and two ntsn mutants from 467 M1 lines of Swan Valley were obtained. M3 progenies derived from the Rico and the one fertile Swan Valley ntsn-mutants (M2) bred true.Key words: Nodulation, dry edible (navy, common) bean, EMS, Phaseolus vulgaris
LEDUC BARLEY
Authors: WOLFE R. I. , IRVINE R. B. , CAMPBELL K. W.
Published: March 2010

Leduc is a six-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Brandon, Manitoba, from the cross Steptoe/Klondike. It was released because of its combination of high yield in parts of the Canadian prairies and disease resistance. Its primary area of adaptation is in the Black soil zone of north-central Alberta.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, cultivar description
ANTHOCYANIN, AGLYCONE AND AGLYCONE-SUGAR CONTENT OF FRUITS OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF Gaylussacia (ERICACEAE)
Authors: BALLINGTON J. R. , BALLINGER W. E. , MANESS E. P.
Published: March 2010

HPLC analysis of the true huckleberry species Gaylussacia baccata, G. dumosa, G. frondosa, G. mosieri, and G. ursina identified the 3-monoarabinosides, 3-monogalactosides, and 3-monoglucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin. Gaylussacia brachycera contained all anthocyanins, except peonidin-3-arabinoside. Gaylussacia brachycera differed from other species in percent delphinidin-3-arabinoside. It was higher than the other species in percent of the aglycone delphinidin and lower in cyanidin, and also higher in percent of the sugar arabinose. There were no detectable differences among the other species for anthocyanins, aglycones, or aglycone-sugars. The phylogenetic implications of the similarities among species of Gaylussacia and Vaccinium in anthocyanins, aglycones, and aglycone-sugars of the fruit were discussed.Key words: High-performance liquid chromatography, huckleberries, blueberries, chemotaxonomy, taxonomy, biosystematics
BIOMASS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPONSES OF ROUGH LEMON (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) TO GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: VU J. C. V. , YELENOSKY G.
Published: March 2010

Four-month-old plants of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) were sprayed, once a week, for 7 consecutive weeks with 100-μM concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA), benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and paclobutrazol (PP333). Leaf photosynthetic rates, photosynthetic carboxylating enzymes, and biomass partitioning were determined for individual treatments. Growth of rough lemon was influenced more with sprays of PP333 and GA3 than with ABA, BA, and NAA. PP333 sprays resulted in about 25, 30, and 33% reductions in both plant height and total plant weight, leaf biomass, and leaf area, respectively. The GA3 treatment, which caused 43 and 38% reductions in leaf biomass and leaf area, respectively, induced increased stem height and thickness, resulting in 48% more stem dry weight. There were no apparent differences in leaf photosynthetic rates and activities of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase between control plants and plants treated with the growth regulators. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, however, were depressed from 45 to 60% for the BA, GA3, NAA, and PP333 treatments. This suggests that organic acid metabolism in rough lemon leaves would be affected during repeated sprays of growth regulators.Key words: Plant growth, chemical retardants, carbon assimilation, RuBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase
INFLUENCE DE LA CONDUCTIVITÉ ÉLECTRIQUE DE LA SOLUTION NUTRITIVE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA TOMATE DE SERRE CULTIVÉE AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT
Authors: CHARBONNEAU JOSÉE , GOSSELIN ANDRÉ , TRUDEL MARC-J.
Published: March 2010

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’ and ’Carmelo’) were cultivated under different electric conductivities (2, 4 and 6 mS cm−1) of a continuously or intermittently supplied nutrient solution. The plants were grown in an NFT system, with or without supplementary lighting using high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Raising electric conductivity reduced the shoot dry weight but increased root dry weight. The number of fruit on the first truss and the fruit weight were not affected significantly by electric conductivities. The use of supplementary lighting with an electric conductivity of 6 mS cm−1 increased the number of marketable fruit. High electric conductivity modified the mineral composition of leaf tissue mainly P, Ca and Mg. The vegetative growth was reduced and better yield was obtained with tomato plants grown under supplementary lighting and high electric conductivity.Key words: Tomato, supplementary lighting, nutrient solution, HPS, electric conductivity, salinity
EFFECT OF INTER-ROW SOIL MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RED RASPBERRY
Authors: SANDERSON K.R. , CUTCLIFFE J.A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of three inter-row soil management systems on growth and yield of red raspberries were studied for four consecutive harvest years. Where a grass sod was maintained, yields were approximately 25% lower than where the inter-row spaces were cultivated throughout the growing season or cultivated until harvest and seeded annually with oats. Cane height and number of buds per cane were reduced by the grass sod in two of the four years.Key words: Inter-row soil management, yield, red raspberry
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO Albugo Candida Race 2 IN MUSTARD (Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern.)
Authors: TIWARI A. S. , PETRIE G. A. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of resistance to white rust (Albugo Candida) race 2 in mustard (Brassica juncea) was studied in crosses involving one resistant and two susceptible cultivars. Inoculations were made in a growth chamber followed by growth of the plants under greenhouse conditions. The reaction of the F1 was like the resistant parent, indicating that resistance is dominant and controlled by nuclear genes. Backcrosses of F1 plants to the resistant parent showed the same reactions as that of the resistant parent. Backcrosses of F1 to the susceptible parents segregated in a 1:1 ratio of resistant to susceptible. The F2 segregation of resistant and susceptible plants gave a good fit to a 3:1 ratio. The study revealed that resistance is monogenic and could be easily transferred to adapted susceptible genotypes via backcrossing.Key words: Brassica juncea, Albugo Candida, mustard, white rust
EFFECT OF A Rht GENE CONDITIONING THE SEMIDWARF CHARACTER ON WINTERHARDINESS IN WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)
Authors: GILLILAND D. J. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

In the northern part of the North American Great Plains, the level of cultivar winter-hardiness required for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is extremely high. Presently, available winter wheat cultivars with adequate winterhardiness are tall and, under favourable growing conditions, crop lodging and excessive amounts of straw can present serious production problems. Consequently, cultivars with short, stiff straw and a high harvest index would be desirable for high production areas within this region. However, semidwarf cultivars with superior winterhardiness have not yet been developed. In this study, six GA-insensitive (Rht) semidwarf parents with poor to moderate winterhardiness were crossed with three GA-sensitive (rht) tall parents possessing good winterhardiness to produce 20 different single, three-way and double crosses. These crosses were evaluated to determine if the GA-insensitive character could be combined with a high level of winterhardiness in winter wheat. Gibberellic acid (GA) sensitivity analyses of F2 seedlings established that a single GA-insensitive gene was involved in each cross. F2-derived F3 and F3-derived F4 lines were assessed for GA-sensitivity and winterhardiness levels were determined from field survival at several locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. Winter survival of homozygous GA-sensitive and GA-insensitive lines were similar in both generations. Lines with winterhardiness levels similar to those of the three tall parent cultivars were recovered in all GA-response classes. The absence of a meaningful pleiotropic effect of Rht genes on winterhardiness indicates that the reason semidwarf cultivars with superior winterhardiness levels have not been developed is due to the lack of a concentrated breeding effort to combine the two characters. A breeding strategy for the production of adapted winterhardy semidwarf winter wheat cultivars is discussed. The influence of endogenous gibberellin levels on cold hardiness in winter wheat is also considered.Key words: Cold hardiness, field survival, Triticum aestivum L, semidwarf, Gibberellic acid
RESISTANCE IN WHEAT TO BLACK POINT CAUSED BY Alternaria alternata AND Cochliobolus sativus
Authors: CONNER R. L. , DAVIDSON J. G. N.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr field study conducted at six locations on the Canadian prairies identified seven wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) cultivars that consistently had low incidence of black point. These resistant wheats included the hard red spring wheat cultivars Sinton, Park, Thatcher, Benito and Era, the utility wheat Glenlea, and the soft white spring wheat line SWS15 (ICARDA 15). In separate tests, the inoculation of resistant wheat cultivars with Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler or Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kurib.) Drechs. ex Dastur under controlled environmental conditions revealed significant differences in black point incidence. All cultivars were more resistant to A. alternata than the susceptible cultivar Fielder. Glenlea and Era were more resistant to A. alternata than all the other cultivars. Only the cultivars Thatcher, Benito, and Sinton were more resistant to C. sativus than Fielder. A test comparing black point incidence caused by the two fungi found that certain cultivars differed significantly in disease incidence caused by A. alternata and C. sativus. Cochliobolus sativus produced less disease in Fielder and Sinton than A. alternata, but the reverse was true for Glenlea. These results indicate that resistance to A. alternata and C. sativus is under different genetic control in certain cultivars.Key words: Wheat (spring), black point, Alternaria alternata, Cochliobolus sativus
THE ECONOMICS OF WHEAT ROTATIONS ON A HEAVY CLAY CHERNOZEMIC SOIL IN THE BLACK SOIL ZONE OF EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: ZENTNER R. P. , STEPHENSON J. E. , JOHNSON P. J. , CAMPBELL C. A. , LAFOND G. P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of changes in product prices and input costs on the economic performance of 14 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations on a calcareous Black chernozemic heavy clay soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan were examined over 25 yr. The rotations comprised fertilized and unfertilized treatments and several mixed cereal-oilseed and cereal-legume systems. In 1960–1977 the fertilized rotations received N and P according to the generally recommended rates for the region, but during 1978–1984 fertilizer was applied based on soil tests which resulted in substantially higher rates of N for stubble crops. Four of the rotations showed good economic performance under most reasonable economic situations. These included fertilized fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W), fertilized continuous wheat, unfertilized sweet clover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.] green manure-wheat-wheat (Gm-W-W), and unfertilized fallow-wheat-wheat- legume hay-hay-hay (F-W-W-H-H-H). During the first 18 yr, Gm-W-W provided the highest net income for wheat prices ranging from 73 to 221 $ t−1; F-W-W-H-H-H generally ranked second highest. During the last 7 yr, fertilized continuous wheat was most profitable for wheat prices greater than 180 $ t−1. Continuous wheat, F-W-W, and F-W-W-H-H-H were about equal and provided the highest net income for wheat prices between 145 and 180 $ t−1, while at wheat prices below 145 $ t−1 net income was highest for the legume-containing rotations. Except for the fallow-wheat rotation, higher economic benefits were obtained when fertilizer was applied based on soil tests than when based on the general recommendations for the region. Further, the application of fertilizer reduced the cash cost per unit of wheat produced for the more intensive crop rotations. Rotations containing high proportions of fallow or legume crops generally had the lowest frequency and risk of financial loss.Key words: Crop rotations, net income, input costs, income variability, riskiness
TESTS FOR CROSSOVER GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
Authors: BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Two statistical tests for crossover genotype-environmental interactions are illustrated. One test, suitable for investigating two-factor interactions in factorial experiments, was used to show that interactions between wheat cultivars and temperatures for median germination time did not involve significant changes in rank order. A second test was used to compare yields of three cultivars of spring wheat evaluated in nine environments and to demonstrate that the differences between HY320 and Fielder involved significant crossover interactions, whereas the differences between HY320 and Neepawa, and between Fielder and Neepawa, did not involve crossover interactions. Calculations required for the two tests are shown. The importance of the tests for investigating genotype-environmental interactions and related topics is discussed.Key words: Genotype-environmental interactions, qualitative interaction, statistical tests, Triticum aestivum L., wheat (spring)
COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO GROWTH TEMPERATURE IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) CULTIVARS
Authors: CAULFIELD F. , BUNCE J. A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of temperature during growth on the photosynthetic characteristics of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) was studied using cultivars from Maturity Group 00 (Altona, Fiskeby V, Flambeau, Maple Presto, McCall) and MG VIII (Hampton 266–A, Hardee, Johnston, Kirby). In one experiment plants were grown with 950 μmol m−2s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at 18, 20, 25 and 30 °C. When grown at 20 °C, MG 00 cultivars averaged significantly higher rates of photosynthesis measured at 25 °C and saturating PPFD than did MG VIII cultivars. Cultivars were also grown with a PPFD of 540 μmol m−1 at 17.5, 20.0, 22.5 and 25.0 °C. Maturity Group 00 cultivars averaged higher photosynthetic rates than MG VIII cultivars at the 20.0 and 22.5 °C growth temperatures. The other growth environments produced no significant differences between maturity groups. Photosynthetic rates differed between cultivars, but not maturity groups, after exposure to a single night with a gradual temperature decline to 8 °C. Photosynthetic rates recovered in 28 h. Two cultivars, Altona and Johnston, were grown outdoors at three times during one growing season at Beltsville, and their maximum photosynthetic rates changed depending on the temperatures during leaf development, in agreement with the data from the controlled environment studies.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max [L.] Merrill, photosynthesis, temperature, acclimation
ALFALFA FOOD RESERVES ESTIMATED CHEMICALLY AND BY ETIOLATED GROWTH
Authors: McKENZIE J. S. , STOUT D. G. , LEFKOVITCH L. P.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr field study was conducted to compare two common methods of estimating stored food reserves in crowns and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) during autumn and winter. A chemical method to measure total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) was compared with a method that measured total etiolated growth (TEG). No significant correlation was observed between the two methods. TNC increased during autumn, attained a maximum in midwinter and then declined in the spring in association with rising soil temperatures. In contrast, TEG attained a maximum in the fall and declined or remained at a steady level throughout the winter and during rapid growth in the spring. This suggests that not all TNCs in crowns and roots are used for growth of shoots. A significant and approximately constant level of TNC remained in the crowns and roots following completion of etiolated growth. Cutting frequency and cultivars significantly affected TEG and TNC values, but the specific information provided by each measurement remains to be elucidated.Key words: Alfalfa, food reserves, TNC, etiolated growth, clipping, crown buds
EVOLUTION OF POLYAMINES IN WINTER CEREAL AND FORAGE SPECIES UNDER FIELD COLD ACCLIMATION IN QUEBEC
Authors: NADEAU P. , PAQUIN R.
Published: March 2010

Cold tolerance (LT50) and level of polyamines were measured in crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in two Quebec locations widely different in climates. Putrescine increased in winter cereals and timothy during cold hardening and showed a major peak at the end of winter at both locations (Saint-Hyacinthe and La Pocatière). There was a significant correlation between putrescine levels and cold tolerance during fall. However, in alfalfa, putrescine increased only at the end of winter and, like other species, decreased rapidly as plants underwent spring deacclimation. Levels of spermine and cadaverine remained low and showed little variation during winter. Spermidine levels were higher than spermine but remained stable during fall and winter. No significant correlation was observed between spermine, spermidine and cadaverine levels and cold hardiness.Key words: Polyamines, winter cereals, forage species, cold hardening
N AND P FERTILIZATION OF BROMEGRASS IN THE DARK BROWN SOIL ZONE OF SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: UKRAINETZ H. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

A 5–yr study was conducted on a Dark Brown loam at Scott, Saskatchewan to determine the effect of rate of ammonium nitrate-N (34–0–0) and urea-N (46–0–0) on bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) production and quality, N recovery and N use efficiency when the N was applied either annually or as a single application at the start of the experiment. The effect of phosphorus (P) on the above listed parameters was also assessed. Each N source was applied at once-only rates of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg ha−1 and annual rates were 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha−1. Phosphorus was applied in 1976, 1979 and 1981 at 100 kg ha−1 P2O5. Forage dry matter was positively related to precipitation received in April–June (r = 0.91**) and in April of the crop year plus the previous September (r = 0.80**). Dry matter response to N rates generally increased at a decreasing rate in early years but linearly in later years. Over the first 4 yr, annual applications of N resulted in up to 37% more dry matter than the single applications. Dry matter production was generally greater when ammonium nitrate was applied than when urea was used; these differences were more consistent at medium N rates. Dry matter was increased by P only when N was applied. Nitrogen concentration in forage was directly related to N rate in years of good precipitation, was greater in dry than wet years, and when N was applied annually, but was unaffected by N source. Phosphorus fertilization increased P concentration of forage but heavy dry matter production reduced P concentration. Annual N applications increased P concentration in forage only in the first year and N source had no effect. Toxic concentrations of NO3–N in the forage occurred in the first year only at N rates [Formula: see text] and were directly related to the amount of N applied. Except for the 800 kg ha−1 N rate in the second year, there were no further indications of NO3–N toxicity. Accumulated N use efficiency decreased linearly with increasing N rate and was greater for ammonium nitrate than for urea except at very high N rates. Accumulated N recovery was inversely related to N rate for the single method of application but unaffected by N rate applied annually. Over the first 4 yr, accumulated N recovery was greater for the single application at low N rates, but was greater for annual applications of N at high N rates. P fertilization increased N recovery.Key words: N source, bromegrass, N recovery, yield, quality, application method
EVALUATION OF NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR PREDICTING FORAGE QUALITY IN TIMOTHY
Authors: SURPRENANT J. , MICHAUD R.
Published: March 2010

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a newly attractive technology introduced for the analysis of agricultural products and for which new instruments have been developed. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the capabilities of the Technicon InfraAlyzer 500 (I/A-500), a scanner monochromator type instrument, with regard to its potential utilization in the breeding of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) for higher nutritional qualities. Special features of this instrument were also used to further assess its capacities once the wavelengths were deliberately reduced and set to make the I/A-500 comparable to a 19 wavelength filter instrument such as typically found in a Technicon I/A-400R model. The investigation was performed using a total of 120 timothy samples collected from spaced plant nurseries in 1982 and 1984 and analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), digestibility (DMM), water solubility (WS), water retention (WR) and packed volume (PV) in the laboratory. The equations developed with the I/A-500 had R2 and r2 larger than 0.85 for ADF, NDF, CP, DDM and WS in both 1982, and 1984, and combined 1982–1984 with the exception of DDM and WS in 1982 that had r2 of 0.76. The lower R2 and r2 obtained for WR and PV were attributed to poor laboratory procedures. The standard errors of calibration of ADF, NDF, CP and DDM were all as good or better than those previously reported, with other cool season grasses. The equations developed by using only the 19 wavelengths typically found in an I/A-400R provided R2 standard errors of calibration, r2 and standard error of analysis which were quite similar to those obtained with the I/A-500. Thus, we concluded that both the unrestricted wavelength selection of the I/A-500 and the restricted wavelength selection available in an I/A-400R would be adequate to evaluate forage quality in timothy. In this experiment, the main limitations appeared to have been related to the precision of the laboratory procedures and to the lack of variation in the populations under evaluation. As a general guideline to evaluate these two factors, it is proposed to use the ratio of the standard deviation of the population over the standard deviation of the laboratory procedure. In our experimentation a ratio larger than 5.0 appeared suitable to obtain adequate calibrations.Key words: Fiber, crude protein, digestibility, forage physical properties, Phleum pratense L.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 86. Galium aparine L. and Galium spurium L.
Authors: MALIK N. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

Galium aparine L., cleavers, is considered to be native, as well as introduced into North America from Eurasia. It is found from southern Alaska, across the wheat belt of Canada, to Newfoundland. Galium spurium L., false cleavers, is solely an introduced weed. Both species have several characteristics that predispose them toward weediness. These include rapid seedling development, early flower initiation after a short period of vegetative growth, self-compatibility, "stickiness" of fruits and plant foliage which aids in dispersal and crop contamination, resistance to phenoxy acetic herbicides and seedling emergence throughout the growing season, which helps the plants escape herbicides and cultivation. Both species are found in grain fields but examination of contaminated seed so far has shown only G. spurium to occur in rapeseed. Galium spurium is the more weedy and aggressive of the two species and is better adapted to growing conditions on the prairies.Key words: Weed biology, cleavers, false cleavers, Galium aparine, Galium spurium
ESTIMATES OF SEEDING DATES OF SPRING WHEAT ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES FROM CLIMATE DATA
Authors: BOOTSMA A. , JONG R. DE
Published: March 2010

Estimates of seeding dates of spring wheat based on climatic criteria at selected prairie locations were compared with observed dates for corresponding crop districts using linear regression and correlation analyses. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.11 to 0.76 and standard errors of estimates of regression from 3.9 to 8.5 d. Average estimated seeding dates were consistently earlier by about 3–8 d than average observed values reported for periods ranging from 24 to 33 yr.Key words: Correlation, regression, seeding date criteria, soil water content
HAY AND PASTURE YIELDS OF FALL- AND SPRING-SEEDED WINTER WHEAT AND FALL RYE
Authors: BERKENKAMP B. , MEERES J.
Published: March 2010

The forage yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fall rye (Secale cereale L.) when seeded on two dates in the fall and one in the spring were compared under simulated hay and pasture systems. Winter wheat produced higher total yields, but fall rye reached spring pasture and hay maturities 1 and 2 wk earlier, respectively, than winter wheat. When seeded in the spring, both winter wheat and fall rye produced more hay and pasture than when seeded in the fall, and there was a trend toward higher production when seeded in August than September. The hay harvests were more productive than simulated pasture for all systems.Key words: Yield, forage, hay, pasture, winter wheat, fall rye
DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF MIDSEASON P DEFICIENCY IN IRRIGATED POTATOES
Authors: MacKAY D. C. , CAREFOOT J. M. , ENTZ T.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were performed in an automatic rainshelter and two in the field to determine the role of soil moisture management and phosphorus (P) fertilization in controlling P nutrition of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. ’Russet Burbank’). The rainshelter experiments indicated that permitting the upper layer (25 cm) of soil to remain dry during the early part of the growing season depressed the total P concentrations in the leaf blades at the 10% bloom stage to well below the sufficiency range of 0.45 – 0.50%, in spite of high P application rates at planting. Relieving stress at 10% bloom and maintaining soil water potential between −60 and −20 kPa until harvest significantly increased P concentrations. Tuber yields were only slightly less than on those soils without water stress throughout the growing period, provided ample P had been applied. By delaying stress relief in the upper soil layer for 3 wk, 6 wk, or until maturity, tuber yields were reduced 28, 47 and 49% respectively. Without P fertilization of this P-deficient soil at planting, leaf-P levels at 10% bloom were very low (0.26%), but application of P at this stage (banded, broadcast, or in solution) increased leaf-P concentrations and yields were similar to treatments receiving P at planting. Trimetaphosphate was particularly effective in increasing P concentrations in the leaves. In the two field experiments, tuber yields were high on all plots and treatment differences were small, even though leaf-P concentrations were relatively low. However, in the highest-yielding treatment (banded at planting) leaf-P levels averaged from 0.40 to 0.49% which is close to that considered as a sufficiency range (0.45 – 0.50), reported previously. From the practical standpoint, leaf analysis at the early bloom stage can be used to detect P deficiency, which may be caused by inadequate P fertilization or early season soil water stress. If soil and fertilizer P are insufficient, immediate application of fertilizer P will correct deficiencies and enhance yields if adequate soil water is also provided. Soil moisture stress from early bloom to near maturity should be avoided with this crop to obtain efficient use of applied P and maximum yields of tubers.Key words: Leaf analysis, P fertilizers, trimetaphosphate, soil water stress, automated rainshelter.
ROSETTE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY RELATED TO FREEZING TEMPERATURES
Authors: HALL I. V. , HILDEBRAND P. D.
Published: March 2010

When potted plants of lowbush blueberries were subjected to temperatures of −2 °C for periods of 0.5–4.0 h, a rosette of leaves arising from vegetative buds was induced similar to that observed in natural stands of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Vegetative buds at various stages of development from green tip (2 mm) to the point of leaf expansion were equally susceptible to the low temperature injury. Variation in susceptibility among seven clones tested (Brunswick, 71–14, ME-3, NB3, 895, 752, and 694) was not observed.Key words: Lowbush blueberry, low-temperature injury
CUMBERLAND AND FUNDY LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: HALL I. V. , JAMIESON A. R. , BRYDON A. D.
Published: March 2010

Cumberland and Fundy are lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) clones released as fresh market cultivars. Both cultivars have consistently produced medium to high yields in local and regional trials. Cumberland is noted for its very good fruit flavor, either fresh or frozen. Fundy is an upright-growing clone producing large, attractive berries that are particularly suited to pick-your-own operations.Key words: Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., blueberry (lowbush), fruit breeding, cultivar description
EFFECT OF A SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE GEL MIXTURE ON ONION GROWTH AND SMUT
Authors: CREVIER H. , STEWART K. A.
Published: March 2010

Inclusion of PRO-GRO at several levels in a gel seeding mixture delayed the emergence of onion cv. Southport White Globe. High rates of PRO-GRO affected the gel structure and significantly reduced seedling survival. PRO-GRO rates of 0.5 times the standard and above successfully controlled onion smut (Urocystis magica).Key words: gel seeding, systemic fungicide, Urocystis magica
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TILLERING, SPIKE NUMBER AND GRAIN YIELD IN WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) IN ONTARIO
Authors: BULMAN P. , HUNT L. A.
Published: March 2010

Two field experiments were conducted to examine the relationships between tillering, spike number and grain yield in three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Treatments were designed to manipulate both the production and survival of tillers, and to provide a high number of spikes per unit area. One experiment involved growth regulator treatments with cycocel and gibberellic acid while the second involved various rates of nitrogen. Grain yield was linearly related to total spike number over a range of 400–1200 spikes m−2 in a combined analysis over locations and years. When only spikes with at least nine fertile spikelets were included, a greater amount of the variability in yield could be explained, and differences among cultivars were related to the number of small, unproductive spikes. When locations and years were analyzed separately, little evidence was found for a diminishing response between grain yield and total spike number. Spike number was related to maximum tiller number in 1982, when winterkill and early spring conditions were unfavorable. Thus, although good fall tillering and winter survival contribute most to producing high spike numbers and grain yield, cultivars must also have the ability both to tiller rapidly in the spring and to sustain high-yielding tillers to provide sufficient compensation following winterkill.Key words: tillering, spikes, yield, wheat, nitrogen, regulators
OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RED FLOUR BEETLE AND THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE ON GROUND AND BALL-MILLED KERNELS OF VARIOUS CEREAL CULTIVARS
Authors: WHITE N. D. G. , LOSCHIAVO S. R.
Published: March 2010

Oviposition and larval development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) were used as criteria of the nutritional value of 28 ground or 29 ball-milled cultivars of two-rowed barley, six-rowed barley, oat, triticale, durum and common wheat for these insects. Oviposition by individual adult T. castaneum, on 28 ground cultivars, was lowest only on Benito wheat and all oat except Terra (hulless). On 29 ball-milled cultivars, Coulter and Medora durum wheat were optimal for egg production while the least number of eggs was produced on Glenlea (wheat), TR 212 and 219 (two-rowed barley), Bonanza and Conquest (six-rowed barley) and all oat. Oviposition by C. ferrugineus on ball-milled cultivars was also optimal on durum wheat and was lowest on all oat. The pattern of egg laying for both species over three 4-d periods varied with the payability and texture of the ground and ball-milled cultivars. Rate of larval development for T. castaneum on three ball-milled oat and three durum wheat cultivars was slower on oat than on durum wheat and C. ferrugineus larvae rarely survived on oat; there were no significant differences among the cultivars of a crop. Environmental indices based on time to pupation and oviposition indicated the relative nutritive value of the various cereals and cultivars to both insect species.Key words: Oviposition, development, Ball-milled, Cereal, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus
SELECTION FOR YIELD, KERNEL WEIGHT AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN EARLY GENERATIONS OF SIX WHEAT CROSSES
Authors: GEBRE-MARIAM H. , LARTER E. N. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Early generation data consisting of F1 heterosis, F1, F2 and F3 mean performances, parent-offspring regression, and F2–F3 intergeneration correlation were used to identify potentially promising spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) crosses in terms of yield, kernel weight and protein content. The F1 test identified one high-yielding cross out of six showing significant level of higher parent (38%) and mid-parent (70%) heterosis for yield, respectively. The top yielding cross, viz. Glenlea × NB505, in F1 was also the second highest yielding population in F2 and the best yielder in F3 based on two locations. Hence, although F2 single plant productivity measurements misplaced the rankings of some of the crosses, F1 and F3 performances indicated the relative potential of the different populations. Most crosses showed nonsignificant F2–F3 regression and correlation coefficients for yield but significant coefficients for kernel weight. For protein content highly significant F2–F3 regression and correlation coefficients were observed only for crosses involving the high protein parent. The use in F1 of weight-free selection indices involving yield, kernel weight and protein content ranked Glenlea × NB505 as the best of six populations whereas in F3 the same cross had the best aggregate merit when only yield and kernel weight were considered in the index. The inclusion of protein content in the index favored a high protein cross, Sinton × Glenlea.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum, heterosis, parent-offspring regression, intergeneration correlation, selection index
A DATA-BASED APPROACH FOR SELECTING LOCATIONS FOR REGIONAL TRIALS
Authors: LIN C. S. , BUTLER G.
Published: March 2010

Two approaches to selecting locations for a regional trial based on the genotype × environment (GE) interaction are investigated. The purpose is to find the subset of locations which is essential for generating the structure of GE interactions found in the sampled data. Approach 1 is to calculate the largest GE interaction mean square (MS) for each number of locations. The algorithm does not require calculation of all MS. The largest MS can be synthesized in a stepwise fashion in a backward direction from all locations to two locations using the pairwise GE interaction MS. These largest MS are then plotted against the number of locations to determine the optimum number required. Approach 2 is to group the locations by the similarity of their GE interaction using cluster analysis. A location is then selected from each of the resulting groups. The GE interaction MS generated from the group structured combinations (Approach 2) are very stable. For the present set of data, the ratio between the largest and the smallest sets (in terms of MS) is about 1.3 times, while for the unstructured combinations, the ratio is about 31 times. Since Approach 1 gives the best mathematical solution (the largest MS), but provides no information about other subsets which are near optimum in terms of MS, while Approach 2, does the opposite, simultaneous use of both approaches is recommended.Key words: Cluster analysis, genotype × environment interactions, grouping locations
BIDIRECTIONAL SELECTION FOR NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER AND YIELD IN REED CANARYGRASS
Authors: SURPRENANT J. , BARNES D. K. , BUSCH R. H. , MARTEN G. C.
Published: March 2010

Increasing animal voluntary intake and forage yield are two important goals in breeding reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of one cycle of selection for both the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and yield in reed canarygrass. NDF is considered an indicator of intake potential. Five groups of five plants each were selected for NDF and forage yield from a reed canarygrass population previously selected for low alkaloid concentration and high seed retention. These five groups were designated: low NDF-Iow yield (LL), low NDF-high yield (LH), mean NDF-mean yield (MM), high NDF-low yield (HL) and high NDF-high yield (HH). Progenies from these selections were evaluated in spaced-plant nurseries at a reproductive stage of growth and at three vegetative harvests. Measurements were made for maturity, yield per plant, yield per area, area per plant, and NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) were measured by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Selections for low NDF were associated with later maturity while selections for high NDF were associated with earlier maturity. Selection for lower yield per plant reduced yield per plant when evaluated at the reproductive growth in the LL population, but not at the vegetative growth stage. The high and low yield populations differed from each other for all traits except area per plant at the reproductive and vegetative harvests and yield per plant at the vegetative harvests, but were not different from MM. Populations selected for high and low NDF were significantly different for NDF, ADF and crude protein at both the reproductive and the vegetative harvests. In all cases, except for NDF at the reproductive harvests, there was no significant interaction between yield and NDF selection. Apparently, selection for yield per plant and NDF was effective in creating divergent populations. However, more than one cycle of selection are needed in a breeding program to obtain populations significantly different from the original population.Key words: Phalaris arundinacea L., neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein
THE EFFECT OF SEEDING DATE AND CUTTING FREQUENCY ON THE YIELD AND PERSISTENCE OF RED CLOVER
Authors: COULMAN B. E. , KIELLY A.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of seeding date and cutting management on the yield and persistence of several cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Seeding dates were either in the spring or around mid-August while cutting treatments included two or three cuts in the first production year of the stand. Three experiments were established in 1980, 1982 and 1983 and each was evaluated for two consecutive production years. There was no difference in the yield and persistence of red clover stands seeded in May or June. In two of the three experiments, the first production year yields were lower for August seedings than for spring seedings; however, second production year yields were not different. In the third experiment, first production year yields were similar for spring and August seedings; however, second production year yields were higher for the August seeding. Cutting frequency generally had little effect on yield or persistence, but, when differences were detected, the two-cut system was superior to the three-cut. There was variation in the performance of the cultivars over the environmental conditions sampled by the three experiments. Choice of cultivar seems to be an important consideration in obtaining high-yielding, more persistent red clover stands.Key words: Trifolium pratense L., winter hardiness, seeding date, cutting frequency, clover (red)
A METHOD OF GERMINATING IMMATURE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CZARNKCKI E.
Published: March 2010

Freshly harvested, immature kernels of Columbus red spring wheat were germinated in several days after a combined treatment involving removal of the pericarp over the embryo and the addition of gibberellic acid. The technique, which is simple, fairly rapid and requires a minimum of aseptic procedure, also avoids problems associated with Columbus-type, postharvest dormancy. Planting into sterilized soil improved the survival rate.Key words: Wheat (spring), germination, rapid generation advancement, dormancy, immature grain
EFFECT OF SEEDING RATE AND HARVEST METHOD ON AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE BEAN
Authors: ABLETT GARY
Published: March 2010

Kentwood white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was sown at three seeding rates in narrow rows for 4 yr With direct-harvesting, yields increased as seeding rates increased up to 64 seeds m−2, whereas, with hand-harvesting seed yield was not affected. Seed quality was superior in the direct-harvested plots; however, yield was lower. Seed size was not affected.Key words: White bean, narrow-row, yield, seed quality