bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Program Asimilasi Anak Berhadapan dengan Hukum pada Masa Covid-19 di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak Kelas I Kutoarjo
Authors: Utama Arsita Putri
Published: May 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mendalam tentang program asimilasi ABH pada masa pandemic Covid-19 di LPKA Kelas I Kutoarjo. Penelitian ini menggali informasi sebanyak-banyaknya tentang bagaimana implementasi asimilasi ABH yang merupakan kebijakan pemerintah dalam upaya menekan angka penyebaran Covid-19. Metode yang dugunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Informan dalam penelitian ini merupakan petugas Pemasyarakatan bagian registrasi narapidana, yang ditentukan dengan teknik purposive sampling yaitu degan pertimbangkan tertentu. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara wawancara mendalam, observasi dan studi dokumentasi.

            Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LPKA Kelas I Kutoarjo menerapkan asimilasi ABH di masa pandemic Covid-19. Ada 76 ABH yang mendapatkan hak asimilasi di rumah. Namun ada beberapa permasalahan yang timbul dan berakibat pada kegagalan program asimilasi dirumah, permasalahan tersebut adalah penolakan dari masyarakat sekitar, penolakan dari keluarga korban, keluarga ABH yang seharusnya menjadi penjamin tidak ditemukan ditempat. ABH memiliki kasus pidana lainnya dan ABH melakukan pelanggaran disiplin. Program asimilasi ini dilakukan sesuai dengan aturan Permenkumham nomor 10 dan nomor 32 tahun 2020 yang mengatur persyaratan tentang asimilasi di masa pandemic Covid-19. Landasan ini seharusnya dapat menekan angka kecemasan masyarakat pada asimilasi ini, karena kebijakan tersebut bukan melulu tentang pembebasan narapidana namun juga ada pengawasan. Ada beberapa upaya yang dapat dilakukan yaitu memberikan sosialisasi pada masyarakat tentang program asimilasi, mengadakan penelitian kemasyarakatan pada masyarakat disekitar ABH oleh pembimbing kemasyarakatan dan pendampingan pengasuh ABH agar hak asimilasi dapat diberikan.  

Kata Kunci : Asimilasi narapidana, ABH, LPKA
Determination of Superior Food Crop Commodities in West Muna Regency
Authors: Hamrin Hamrin , Yunus Lukman , Alwi La Ode
Published: May 2023

Food crop commodities have a role in fulfilling the need for food, feed, and domestic industry, so the development of the food crop sub-sector must be prioritized because it has competitive competitiveness. This study aims to determine the superior commodities of food crops in West Muna Regency by specifying the research's location purposively because the area can be developed for various types of food crops. The research data was obtained from the relevant agencies, namely the Agriculture Service and the Office of the West Muna Regency Statistics Agency, in 2016-2020. The data obtained were analyzed using the Location Quotient formula. The study results indicate that peanuts have an LQ value >1 compared to other food crops such as corn, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. The research can be concluded that the type of food plant in the form of peanuts has the potential to be developed in Muna Regency, as seen from the value LQ>1. West Muna Regency government, in terms of the food crop sub-sector, that to make peanuts a plant with solid competitiveness in West Muna Regency, it is deemed necessary to take various development strategies that are considered feasible for the advancement of superior commodities in West Muna.
Value-Added Analysis and Affecting Factors Coconut Sugar Offers (Case Study: Coconut Sugar Maker in Manyampa Village Ujung Loe District Bulukumba Regency)
Authors: Amrina Amrina , Fausayana Ine , Limi Muhammad Aswar
Published: May 2023

This study aimed to determine the value of processing coconut sap into coconut sugar. In Manyampa Village, Ujung Loe Subdistrict, and the factors that affect the supply of coconut sugar in Manyampa Village, Ujung Loe Subdistrict, carried out from August to December 2021. Location determination was determined intentionally. Determination of the number of samples using the saturated sampling method because the number of pieces is relatively small, amounting to 15 respondents. Variables in this research consist of respondent identity and value-added analysis of coconut sugar derived from coconut sap. This data was analyzed using value-added analysis and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results showed that the added value generated from one month of making coconut sugar in the village of Manyampa, Ujung Loe sub-district, was high, with an added value ratio of >50, with a percentage of 85%. And simultaneously, the supply of coconut sugar in Manyampa Village, Ujung Loe District, is influenced by the price of raw materials and other goods. The number of producers, Partially only raw material variables, affects the supply of coconut sugar. In contrast, the price of coconut sugar, the number of producers, and the costs of other goods do not affect the supply of coconut sugar.
Istota prawomocności w prawie procesowym karnym
Authors: Haber Jan
Published: April 2023

Instytucja prawomocności jest niezbędna w każdym systemie procesowym. Jej niestosowanie jak w przypadku hitlerowskich Niemiec wiąże się z likwidacją praw i swobód jednostki. Autor artykułu przybliża pojęcie i istotę instytucji prawomocności, rozróżnia terminy prawomocności formalnej oraz materialnej oraz proponuje schemat konstrukcji prawnej tego zagadnienia. Rozważania zostały przeprowadzone w kontekście kodyfikacji nowego prawa procesowego karnego, w której to instytucja prawomocności ma fundamentalne znaczenie w porządku prawnym państwa socjalistycznego.

 

The institution of legitimacy is essential in any procedural system. Its non-application, as in the case of Hitler's Germany, involves the abolition of individual rights and freedoms. The author of the article introduces the concept and essence of the institution of validity, he distinguishes between the terms of formal and substantive validity and proposes a scheme for the legal construction of this issue. The discussion was conducted in the context of the codification of the new criminal procedural law in which the institution of legitimacy is fundamental in the legal order of a socialist state.
Prawne i ekonomiczne pojęcia integracji międzynarodowej
Authors: Wasilkowski Andrzej
Published: April 2023

Autor artykułu prezentuje zagadnienia prawne i ekonomiczne pojęcia integracji międzynarodowej. Praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny, ponieważ łączy kwestie dotyczące zarówno nauk ekonomicznych, prawa międzynarodowego publicznego jak i nauk politycznych. Celem pracy jest porównanie różnych koncepcji teoretycznych międzynarodowej integracji gospodarczej oraz międzynarodowej organizacji gospodarczej o celu kwalifikowalnym jako integracyjny. Ze względu na mnogość koncepcji teoretycznych, Autor skupia się na przedstawieniu szkoły neoliberalnej, skutków integracji gospodarczej dla stosunków międzypaństwowych, teorii formalnej, powiązań rzeczowych, definicji integracji gospodarczej oraz na różnicach funkcjonowania integracji gospodarczej pomiędzy krajami kapitalistycznymi a socjalistycznymi.
Zmiana statutu rozwodowego w czasie trwania procesu o rozwód
Authors: Trammer Henryk
Published: April 2023

Dla każdego małżeństwa istnieje określony statut unieważnienia oraz statut rozwodowy. Przy czym ten pierwszy nie może ulec zmianie i jest w literaturze określany jako statut niezmienny, natomiast statut rozwodowy może ulegać zmianom. Autor artykułu przedstawia problematykę zmiany statutu rozwodowego w czasie trwania procesu o rozwód w świetle prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego. Opisuje normy prawne zawarte w ustawie z 1926 r. o prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym, ustawie o prawie prywatnym międzydzielnicowym, kodeksie postępowania cywilnego oraz przytacza regulacje ustawy o prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym z 1965 r. Ponadto, autor przedstawia wpływ zmiany statutu rozwodowego na przebieg sprawy rozwodowej w świetle obecnie obowiązujących przepisów.

 

For each marriage, there is a specific annulment statute and a divorce statute. While the former cannot change and is referred to in the literature as an immutable statute, the divorce statute can change. The author of this article presents the issue of amending divorce statutes during the divorce trial in the light of private international law. He describes the legal norms contained in the Private International Law Act of 1926, the Private Interdistrict Law Act, the Code of Civil Procedure and cites the regulations of the Private International Law Act of 1965. In addition, the author outlines the impact of the amendment of the divorce statute on the conduct of a divorce case in light of the current legislation.
Gradacja winy a obowiązek naprawienia szkody w świetle przepisów kodeksu cywilnego
Authors: Warkałło Witold
Published: April 2023

Jedną z przesłanek, za pomocą której można modyfikować dolegliwość sankcji odszkodowawczej jest określenie stopnia winy, która jest istotna nie tylko z punktu widzenia prawa karnego ale także prawa cywilnego. Autor artykułu przedstawia zagadnienie gradacji winy i jej związku ze społeczno-gospodarczymi funkcjami odpowiedzialności cywilnej, wskazuje na szczególne znaczenie gradacji winy dla represyjnej funkcji odpowiedzialności cywilnej. Charakteryzuje trzy typowe stopnie winy oraz jej ewentualne dalsze stopniowanie. Rozważania wzbogaca o zagadnienia jedności pojęcia winy w prawie cywilnym jak i karnym, Ponadto opisuje pojęcia winy umyślnej, rażącego niedbalstwa oraz niedbalstwa.

 

One of the prerequisites by means of which the severity of the compensation sanction can be modified is the determination of the degree of fault, which is relevant not only from the point of view of criminal law but also civil law. The author of the article presents the issue of the gradation of fault and its relation to the socio-economic functions of civil liability, and points out the particular importance of the gradation of fault for the repressive function of civil liability. He characterises three typical degrees of guilt and its possible further gradation. The discussion is enriched by the issue of the unity of the concept of fault in civil as well as criminal law. Furthermore, he describes the concepts of intentional fault, gross negligence and negligence.
Wspólność ustawowa na tle ewolucji ustawodawstwa rodzinnego w Polsce Ludowej
Authors: Winiarz Jan
Published: April 2023

Zagadnienia dotyczące kształtu małżeńskich stosunków majątkowych stanowi przedmiot debaty teoretyków prawa państwa socjalistycznego. Zachodzi pilna społeczna potrzeba  unormowania tych stosunków. W państwach komunistycznych panuje powszechne przekonanie, że wspólność majątkowa w małżeństwie jak najlepiej zaspokaja potrzeby społeczne jak i najlepiej odpowiada interesom państwa socjalistycznego, i prowadzonej przez nie polityki. Autor w artykule przytacza osiągnięcia ustawodawstwa i doktryny ZSRR oraz opisuje ewolucje polskiego ustawodawstwa od czasów odzyskania niepodległości w 1918 r. po czasy współczesne.

 

Issues concerning the shape of matrimonial property relations are the subject of debate among the legal theorists of the socialist state. There is an urgent social need to normalise these relationships. In communist states, there was a widespread belief that property commonality within marriage best met social needs as well as the best interests of the socialist state, and the policies it pursued. In the article, the author cites the achievements of USSR legislation and doctrine and describes the evolution of Polish legislation from the time of independence in 1918 to the present day.
Koncepcja jedności prawa cywilnego na tle postanowień art. 2 i 384 k.c.
Authors: Grzybowski Stefan
Published: April 2023

Autor artykułu przedstawia jedną z podstawowych zasad prawa cywilnego jaką jest zasada jedności prawa cywilnego w świetle regulacji prawnych art. 2 i 384 k. c. W swojej pracy szczegółowo opisuje funkcjonowanie tego rozwiązania w polskim porządku prawnym. W trakcie analizy, autor przedstawia akty normatywne wydane na podstawie art. 2 i art. 384 k. c., które zawierają upoważnienia Rady Ministrów do wydawania przepisów w zakresie obrotu uspołecznionego stanowiące wyjątek od zasady jedności prawa cywilnego.

 

The author of this article presents one of the basic principles of civil law which is the principle of unity of civil law in the light of the legal regulations of Articles 2 and 384 of the Civil Code. His work describes in detail the functioning of this solution in the Polish legal order. In the course of the analysis, the author presents normative acts issued on the basis of Article 2 and Article 384 of the Civil Code, which contain authorisations of the Council of Ministers to issue regulations in the field of socialised trade that constitute an exception to the principle of unity of civil law.
O znaczeniu kodeksu cywilnego dla prawa międzynarodowego
Authors: Lachs Manfred
Published: April 2023

Autor artykułu przedstawia wpływ regulacji nowego kodeksu cywilnego PRL na międzynarodowe stosunki osobiste i majątkowe w zakresie prawa cywilnego. Podkreśla doniosłą rolę nowych przepisów, które określają ramy prawne dla międzynarodowego obrotu handlowego. W swojej pracy przedstawia kwestie dotyczące treści wzajemnego stosunku systemu prawa cywilnego i międzynarodowego oraz znaczenie prawa wewnętrznego w kształtowaniu norm regulujących stosunki między państwami. Autor przedstawia wpływ kodyfikacji cywilistycznych na teorie i praktykę prawa międzynarodowego, szczególnie w kontekście rozwoju integracji gospodarczej pomiędzy państwami.
 
The author of this article presents the impact of the regulations of the new Civil Code of the People's Republic of Poland on international personal and property civil law relations. He emphasises the momentous role of the new rules, which set the legal framework for international trade. His work presents issues concerning the content of the interplay between the civil and international law systems and the importance of domestic law in shaping the norms governing relations between states. The author outlines the impact of civil codifications on the theories and practice of international law, particularly in the context of the development of economic integration between states.
Zagadnienie profilaktyki przestępczości nieletnich w świetle badań kryminologicznych
Authors: Kołakowska-Przełomiec Helena
Published: April 2023

Celem pracy jest przedstawienie obecnego stanu prawnego w zakresie spraw nieletnich uregulowanego w ustawie o zapobieganiu i zwalczaniu demoralizacji i przestępczości nieletnich. Istniejący w Polsce ogólny system wychowania młodzieży nie jest jeszcze wystarczający i wymaga stałych ulepszeń, rozbudowy istniejących i funkcjonujących instytucji, wprowadzenia nowych metod i form działania.
Przestępczość nieletnich jest przedmiotem badań od wielu lat. Liczne badania w tej materii są prowadzone w Zakładzie Kryminologii Instytutu Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk oraz wielu ośrodkach uniwersyteckich. Badania kryminologiczne wskazują na złożoność tych problemów i pozwalają na wskazanie na istotne zagadnienia dla profilaktyki i zwalczania demoralizacji nieletnich.
 
The aim of this paper is to present the current legal situation regarding juvenile cases as governed by the Act on the Prevention and Combating of Juvenile Demoralisation and Delinquency. The existing general system of youth education in Poland is not yet sufficient and requires constant improvements, expansion of existing and functioning institutions, as well as introduction of new methods and forms of action.
Juvenile delinquency has been the subject of research for many years. Numerous studies on this matter are being carried out at the Department of Criminology of the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences and a number of university centres. Criminological research shows the complexity of these problems and makes it possible to identify important issues for the prevention and combating of juvenile demoralisation.
Punitywność systemów karnych. Rozważania nad zakresem, formami i intensywnością penalizacji
Authors: Jasiński Jerzy
Published: April 2023

Autor rozpoczyna swoje rozważania od przyjęcia założenia, iż za przestępstwa uznaje się takie rodzaje zachowań, które zgodnie z poglądami dominującej w społeczeństwie grupy, godzą (przynajmniej in abstracto) w najsilniejszym stopniu w dobra uważane przez nią za szczególnie cenne i , że praktyka ścigania przestępstw stanowi konkretyzację i najbardziej zaktualizowane odbicie tych poglądów. Spośród wielu możliwych sposobów porównania funkcjonowania systemów karnych, Autor zdecydował się w niniejszej pracy na wybranie jednej cechy, którą jest punitywność. Za jeden z wyznaczników punitywności przyjmuje „poziom represyjności”. Kolejną miarą jest także zakres w jakim stosuje się wobec osób uznanych winnymi, środki nie mające charakteru represyjnego, następnie stopień uciekania się do kar surowych zamiast łagodniejszych a w ramach tego samego rodzaju kar do wyższych ich wymiarów w miejsce niższych. Punitywność systemu karnego przejawia się także w fazie wykonania kary i to zarówno w regulujących ją przepisach prawa jak i w rozwijającej się na ich tle praktyce. Autor przedstawia analizę konkretnych danych w tabelach, które obrazują punitywność systemów karnych różnych krajów europejskich.
 
The author's starting point is the assumption that criminal offences are those types of behaviour that, from the point of view of the dominant group in society (at least in abstracto), most strongly affect the goods that it considers most valuable, and that the practice of law enforcement is the clarification and most up-to-date reflection of these views. Of the many possible ways of comparing the functioning of penal systems, the author has chosen in this thesis to select one feature, which is punitiveness. He takes the 'level of repressiveness' as one of the determinants of punitiveness. Another measure is also the extent to which non-repressive measures are applied to those found guilty, followed by the extent to which severe penalties are resorted to instead of milder ones and, within the same type of punishment, to higher levels of punishment instead of the loved ones. The punitive nature of the penal system also manifests itself in the enforcement of the punishment, both in the laws that govern it and in the practice that develops against it. The author presents an analysis of specific data in tables that illustrate the punitive nature of the penal systems of various European countries.
Zasada winy w angielskim prawie karnym
Authors: Frankowski Stanisław
Published: April 2023

Autor artykułu podejmuje się wyzwania przedstawienia zagadnienia winy na gruncie angielskiego prawa karnego. Przedstawia rys historyczny uregulowań dotyczących rozwoju angielskiego prawa karnego i dzieli go na trzy etapy: od najazdów nordyckich w V wieku do połowy XII wieku, drugi obejmujący okres od połowy XII do drugiej ćwierci XIX wieku, który kwalifikuje jako okres kształtowania się angielskiego prawa karnego oraz trzeci etap, współczesny od połowy XIX wieku do chwili obecnej. Autor opisuje kształtowanie się zasady winy na przestrzeni wieków oraz stara się wskazać kierunek, w którym regulacje dot. zasady winy zmierzają.
 
The author of this article takes up the challenge of presenting the issue of guilt under English criminal law. He provides a historical outline of the regulation of the development of English criminal law and divides it into three stages: from the Norse invasions in the fifth century to the middle of the twelfth century, the second covering the period from the middle of the twelfth century to the second quarter of the nineteenth century, which he qualifies as the formative period of English criminal law, and the third stage, the contemporary one from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. The author describes the formation of the principle of guilt over the centuries and tries to indicate the direction in which the regulation of the principle of guilt is heading.
Prawne stosunki kierownictwa w administracji państwowej
Authors: Łętowski Janusz
Published: April 2023

Administracja polska jest administracją typu socjalistycznego.
Organizacja administracji państwowej w każdym kraju nie jest i nie może być kształtowana dowolnie. Jest uzależniona od szerszej kategorii tj. organizacji aparatu państwowego. Jest rezultatem oddziaływania całego szeregu przesłanek: politycznych, historycznych, geograficznych, gospodarczych, demograficznych, kulturowych i wielu innych. Autor artykułu zapoznaje nas z pojęciem kierowania w nauce administracji, wskazując na prawne ujęcie opisanych zależności. Ponadto przedstawia teorie prawa administracyjnego zarówno socjalistyczną jak i zachodnią. Ponadto w artykule przedstawione problemy związane są z kierownictwem organizacyjnym w administracji.
Mandat przedstawicielski we współczesnym państwie burżuazyjno-demokratycznym (Francja, RFN)
Authors: Zawadzka Barbara
Published: April 2023

An independent mandate, in the sense formulated by the classical theory of representation, appears only in the constitutional principles of bourgeois-democratic states. Constitutions still create such a model of a deputy who is independent of any constituency and represents ’’the whole nation” — an abstract nation, detached from vital public interests, which are generally represented by particular groups of society. When it is considered how numerous and differentiated are the links of the deputy with his constituency, it seems to be possible to point out the most general properties of the mandate of a deputy in the present-day bourgeois-democratic state. The more so that they reappear in various countries in spite of changed circumstances. The following features can be mentioned:1. Under the provisions of the law the deputy is independent of the indications and instructions of any constituency; he is guided by his own conscience, since he represents the whole nation. The legal indépendance of the deputy is particularly important in case of conflicts.2. Actually, however, the deputy is dependent on his party which put him up as a candidate. He is under moral and political obligation to follow the guidelines and implement the party policy. The degree of his dependence varies with respect to different countries.3. The deputy keeps in touch with the citizens, particularly in his constituency, though he is under no legal obligation to do so. It is due to his political and moral obligation that he intercedes with the administration for his constituency or particular constituents, further he gets acquainted with their opinions on general issues and keeps them informed as to both parliamentary activities. His function is a very important link of the political communication between those who rule and the ruled ones. However this relationship is considerably one-sided: the deputy is active, whereas the constituents seem to be mere “consumers” of the results of his activities; they do not exact his activities and do not attempt at affecting his standpoint, they cannot avail of any sanction ever until a new election. Since it is the party that stimulates and organizes the contacts between the deputy and his constituency, and has many measures to influence him, it is the party that becomes the deputy’s mandatory and not the constituents — in the narrow sense of a constituency or in the wide Sense — citizens, a nation, who, according to the constitution are the subject to the sovereign authority.4. The deputy represents concrete social interests of his constituents, milieu, union or a group, finally the interests of his party. The interests are often contradictory and it is the task of the parliamentary work to correlate them.The above picture is quite distant from the traditional portrayal of a deputy who has an independent mandate. However, it is much closer to reality.
Zagadnienia racjonalnego tworzenia prawa
Authors: Wronkowska Sławomira
Published: April 2023

The article deals with the problems of rational legislation, and falls into three parts.The first part embraces terminological data and a very brief discussion of certain shortcomings of the legislative process in Poland. In the second one an attempt has been made to formulate a model of rational legislative process. In the third one some postulates as to how law should be made have been put forward.In order to put into shape a model of a legislative process it is necessary to formulate an exhaustive amount of questions (problems), to be resolved by legislators, and to establish in what sequence they should be resolved. The new suggestions as to the legislative process have been inspired by the shortcomings of the present system of jurisdiction and the imperfections of the present legislative practice. Among the directives related to the legislative process those have been distinguished and discussed which either point to the foundations of the postulated bills and amendments, or specify the conditions behind a rational resolution concerned with the effect of the legislation on public life, finally those which pertain to the choise of legal measures, indicate how to optimize the legislative work and formulate the texts of the provisions of the law. Due mention has also been made of the directives which establish an ideological model of legislation in a socialist state, i.e. pertaining to democratizing the legislative process and the rule of law in the legislative activities of the state.
Model współczesnej dzierżawy rolniczej
Authors: Stempka-Jaźwińska Cecylia
Published: April 2023

In the article it has been indicated that the traditional model of lease does not correspond with the present socio-economic situation. Therefore substantive transformations are required to distinguish between two independent legal institutions: the lease of movable and immovable property, and the lease of the agricultural one. The latter should be distinguished de lege ferenda. The conditions of the latter lease should be made uniform, irrespective of the nature of ownership of the leased property. Moreover a further division should be made into a long and short — term lease.The author has attempted at a future, modern model of agricultural lease, treated as a legal relationship regulated by both civil and administrative law. She has pointed out the aspects of the said relationship which ensure that the land is rationally utilized, particularly the rights and duties of a tenant farmer as an agricultural producer, other factors that account for effective exploitation of the leased land (i.e. the agricultural qualifications of the tenant, a rent, the amount of the leased land) and legal measures that ensure productive efficacity of the agricultural lease (preferences in the purchase of feeds, fertilizers, state assistance pertaining to credits, benefits, exemption from taxes, legal protection of the tenant, etc.).
Wybrane problemy społeczno-prawne stosunków pracy we Francji
Authors: Seweryński Michał
Published: April 2023

The article deals with current problems ensuing from the organization and legal regulation of employment relations in France. The following questions have been discussed in this connection: reforms to affect the structure of an enterprise, the participation of employees in the management and the division of profits, employment policy, improvement of working conditions. The provisions of the law that regulate the above problems have been pointed out and presented against a broad, socio-economic background. The attitudes towards particular issues assumed by the three main parties to the French employment relations (the state, patronage, employees represented by trade unions) have been specified and differences in opinion pertaining to the concepts in this respect and postulated measures to this end — emphasized. In this manner the author attempted at drawing a panorama of clue problems arising in the sphere of and ensuing from employment relations in France, as well as steps postulated and undertaken with a view to solving the discussed problems.
Skuteczność prawa i problemy jej badania
Authors: Wróblewski Jerzy
Published: April 2023

Any action shall be efficacious when it attains in a sufficiently high degree the purposes defined by a person undertaking it. From this point of view we may also discuss the efficacy of law (of a legal rule, of a group of legal rules, of a system of law) being a result of a purposful activity of a legislator. The Au- thor presents an analysis of the efficacy of law understood as prohibitive and imperative rules, with the assumption that the purpose of the legislator was sufficiently precisely defined.As a basis for the typology of the efficacy of law a differentiation was made between: direct purposes (i.e. conduct conformable to a rule) and indirect pur- poses (consequences of the conduct conformable to a rule) as well as between subjective purposes (i.e. behaviour, feelings and attitudes) and objective purposes (other purposes).Psychological efficacy of law means the influence of the information about a given rule on feelings and attitudes of an addressee of the rule regardless of whether this leads to conduct conformable to a rule or not. Behavioural efficacy means that a direct purpose of a given rule is realized because the information about this rule motivated its addressee. Finite efficacy means that an indirect objective purpose is attained, in another words, that a definite situation being a consequence of the attainment of the direct purpose is created. Socio-educational efficacy or law means attainment of the subjective indirect purpose by evoking certain attitudes, of an addressee of legal rules or of other persons.The Autor presents an analysis of assumptions and conditions to be made while studying the above mentioned kinds of the efficacy of law. Preparing scales with the aim of measuring each of these kinds of efficacy needs meeting various complex conditions. Because of the difficulties, in practice partial indica- tors of the efficacy of law are commonly used. A typical one to cite is a quan- titative analysis of conducts contrary to the law, the constatation of which is an assumed function of the organs applying the law.
Tak zwana praworórcza decyzja sądowego stosowania prawa
Authors: Zirk-Sadowski Marek
Published: April 2023

The aim of this work is to state the relation between the creation and the enaction of judical law. The question may be considered from four points of view: the normative, the descriptive, the theoretical and the evaluating. The article does not include the latter for it is the result of the author’s analysis method.Theoretical analysis indicating that it is impossible to state the difference between logical sentences and norms at the language structure level but at the individual speech acts level is especially important. The characteristics of an utterance at the level of speech requires the consideration of the problems of a pragmatic background, which consists, on one hand, of the elements of a definite situation, and on the other hand, the cultural rules contributed by the participants of the communication act. The legal norm is primarily distinguished by the cultural rules used in a definite act of communication. The point number four of the work is devoted to the attempt of determining these rules. The author confined his considerations only to the investigation of the legal culture, trying to formulate only a partial definition (contextual and necessitive) of law creation activity.The catalogue of conditions necessary to fulfill this activity in our legal culture consists of five rules: power, norm generality, competence, procedure and normative novelty. It turns out, that all these, conditions may perform, in certain circumstances, three kinds of decision of the Supreme Court: the guide lines of jurisdiction and the judicial practice, the Superior Court’s resolutions and the legal principles.
Ochrona pracy dzieci i młodocianych w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
Authors: Weigend Thomas
Published: April 2023

This article presents provisions of the law of 1976 on protection of work of the young now binding in the Federal Republic of Germany. Studying the contents of this law the Author is of the opinion that it suits the interests of working youth. Violations of the provisions of this law are punished with penal sanctions. On the basis of data gathered from reports of administrative organs supervising employers as far as conformity with provisions of the law is concerned, and on the basis of results of empirical studies the Author comes to the conclusion that the law of 1976 is very often violated and that this happens in small workplaces more often than in bigger ones. Such violations are generally kept secret by young employees who often do not know the rights they have. Violations of the law are only divulged during the inspections by organs of state administration which in such cases impose rather mild penalties on the employers.Discussing the reasons of violating legal provisions in practice the Author points out to two elements, main ones according to his opinion. First, that the idea of protecting the work of the young contradicts the principles of the economic system aimed at gaining maximum productive effect. Second, that the structure of the relationship in a workplace, and especially in a small one,  does not encourage a young employee to seek protection of his rights: at the beginning a young man is more interested in speedy integration with the workplace and not in conflicting with it.
[Kultura prawna prawa europejskiego na tle traktatów Rady Europy] Wykaz traktatów Rady Europy (1949-1996)
Authors: Szafarz Renata
Published: April 2023

W zeszycie 1(131) tekst prof. dr hab. Renaty Szafarz Kultura prawna prawa europejskiego na tle traktatów Rady Europy kończy Wykaz traktatów rady Europy. Złośliwy chochlik komputerowy usunął początek spisu, co spowodowało, iż rozpoczyna się dopiero od 1963 roku (poz. 47). W tym numerze drukujemy uzupełnienie artykułu o brakujące strony. Za pomyłkę Autorkę oraz Czytelników serdecznie przepraszamy.
 
In issue 1(131) a text by prof. dr hab. Renaty Szafarz Kultura prawna prawa europejskiego na tle traktatów Rady Europy [The legal culture of European law against the background of the Treaties of the Council of Europe] ends the List of Treaties of the Council of Europe. A malicious computer imp removed the beginning of the list, which cause that it only starts from 1963 (item 47). In this issue we publish a supplement to the article with the missing pages. We sincerely apologize to the author and readers for the error.
O przyczynach, przejawach i skutkach rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw (w świetle orzecznictwa sądów powszechnych i Sądu Najwyższego)
Authors: Podkowik Jan
Published: April 2023

Artykuł zawiera analizę orzeczeń sądów powszechnych i Sądu Najwyższego z lat 2015–2022, w których sądy dokonały oceny konstytucyjności przepisu ustawy i – uznając przepis ustawowy za niekonstytucyjny – odmówiły jego zastosowania w konkretnej sprawie. Zjawisko to określa się mianem tzw. rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności prawa. Tekst podzielony jest na trzy części. W części pierwszej objaśniono przyczyny, dla których sądy decydują się na pominięcie przepisu ustawy uznawanego przez nie za niekonstytucyjny. W części drugiej przedstawiono klasyfikację odnotowanych sposobów rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw w przyjętym rozumieniu. W części trzeciej zasygnalizowano problemy, jakie wiążą się z konsekwencjami odmowy zastosowania przez sąd przepisu ustawy ze względu na jego niekonstytucyjność.
The article analyses judgments of common courts and the Supreme Court issued between 2015 and 2022, in which courts assessed the constitutionality of a statutory provisions and - finding thereof unconstitutional - refused to apply it in a case under examination. This phenomenon is called diffuse control of the constitutionality of the law (judicial review). The text is divided into three parts. The first part is aimed at explaining the reasons why the courts decide to omit a provision of the statute which they consider unconstitutional. The second presents the classification of the manifestations methods of diffused control of the constitutionality of law. The third part highlights the problems related to the consequences of the court's refusal to apply a provision of the act due to its unconstitutionality.
Konstytucja RP w perspektywie orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka
Authors: Mężykowska Aleksandra
Published: April 2023

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza roli, jaką w orzeczeniach ETPC w sprawach skierowanych przeciwko Polsce odgrywają przepisy Konstytucji RP. W artykule dowodzę, że przepisy Konstytucji RP są wykorzystywane w orzeczeniach trybunału strasburskiego na trzy sposoby. Po pierwsze, są wskazywane jako element kształtujący ramy krajowego systemu prawnego. Po drugie, są wykorzystywane jako pośrednie źródło prawa i w tych sytuacjach ETPC odwołuje się do interpretacji przepisów konstytucyjnych, dokonanej przez TK. Po trzecie, są wykorzystywane jako bezpośrednie źródło prawa do wykładni przepisów EKPC. W takich sytuacjach ETPC nie uwzględnia ich interpretacji dokonanej przez polski TK i dokonuje quasi-samodzielnie (z uwzględnieniem stanowiska innych organów krajowych) interpretuje przepisy konstytucyjne. Jest to podejście nowatorskie, w ramach którego ETPC stawia się w roli gwaranta realizacji nie tylko praw i wolności zagwarantowanych w EKPC, lecz także gwarancji konstytucyjnych, gdy dochodzi do konkluzji, że nie są one zabezpieczone w wystarczającym stopniu przez organy państwa.
The subject of the article is an analysis of the role played by the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights in cases against Poland. In the article, I argue that the provisions of the Polish Constitution are used in the judgments of the Strasbourg Court in three ways. Firstly, they are indicated as an element shaping the framework of the national legal system. Second, they are used as an indirect source of law. In these situations, the ECtHR refers to the interpretations of constitutional provisions made by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. Third, they are used as a direct legal source for the interpretation of the provisions of the Convention. In such situations, the ECtHR makes a quasi - independent interpretation of constitutional provisions, disregarding their interpretation included in the rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal. This is an innovative approach, under which the ECtHR sets itself up as a guarantor of the implementation of not only rights and freedoms guaranteed in the Convention, but also constitutional guarantees, when it comes to the conclusion that they are not sufficiently secured by state organs.
Social Enterprises Impact Assessment: Exploring Alternative Measuring Frameworks
Authors: Grange Andries Le , Maas Gideon
Published: May 2023

Improved assessments can help to increase the awareness of the successes or failures of the contribution made by social enterprises and events. The challenge is that there is no common standard for social impact assessment. This article aims to contribute to this contemporary discussion
on impact measurement of social enterprises and events, proposing a measuring framework. The framework offers utility for inclusive stakeholder collaboration and the incorporation of diverse developmental theories. It highlights the systematic link between contextual insight on states of disequilibrium,
opportunities, and developmental ideas. As a diagnostic tool, the socioeconomic impact framework offers utility to stakeholders as it coordinates and guides the processes to identify and communicate a contextual theory of change. It promotes inclusive collaboration reflective processes, offering
guidance to stakeholders as they explore insight into the contextual disequilibrium and the opportunity tension it creates, aligned with a theory of change that offers progressive developmental impact.
Characteristics of Adult Sepsis Patients Admitted to Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia
Authors: Fataya Elvia , Fadrian  , Mustafa Noer  , Dwitya Elvira  , Yuliarni Syafrita  , Netti Suharti
Published: May 2023

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock is the most dangerous complication of sepsis, characterized by abnormalities in the circulatory and metabolic systems. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of adult sepsis patients admitted to the department of internal medicine of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia.

Methods: This research was a descriptive study and used secondary data from medical records. Samples in this study were medical record data from the medical record installation of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. The inclusion criteria were adult patients aged more than 18 years old, diagnosed with sepsis, and hospitalized in the department of internal medicine for the period of January 2020 to December 2021.

Results: Most of the sepsis patients were mostly aged more than 60 years old (51.7%), female (57.2%), and had normal BMI scores (59.3%). The infections mainly originated from the lungs (80%), the most common comorbid disease was chronic kidney disease (26.4%), the most frequent causing microorganism was Escherichia coli (15.9%), the frequent degree of severity was a septic shock (60%), and cefepime was used as the initial empirical antibiotic (44.8%).

Conclusion: Most sepsis patients were adults aged more than 60 years old and females, with the focus on infection originating from the lungs, degree of severity in the form of septic shock, and the most used initial empirical antibiotic, namely cefepime.
Identification and Characteristics of Source Rocks in Lt-1 Well, Northern Kenya
Authors: Gach Gatluok Koang , Mayik Deng Andrew , Mwanganga Fatuma Rajab , Mlewa Faith F. , Rop Bernard K.
Published: May 2023

This study on the hydrocarbon source rocks identification of LT-1 well in a Tertiary rift basin, northern Kenya, which had oil and gas shows was based on the organic matter quantity, quality, and the thermal maturation generation capability of the organic matter disseminated in the analysed rock samples. The organic matter contents were determined directly from laboratory analyses of the source rock samples with the help of seismic and gamma-ray profiles, total organic carbon (TOC wt%), maturity indices (HI and PI), temperature maximum (Tmax °C), porosities and other sedimentological parameters. This study involved a series of analytical geochemistry and petro-physical studies in ascertaining a number of effective source rock samples from the well cores which were then analysed in terms of TOC, PI, HI, S2, S1 and Tmax to determine oil/gas prone samples (resource areas) and distinguish them from strata with very high organic matter content. The samples with very high TOC were identified for possible source rock characterisations of the lithology pertaining to the well in terms of potential source-reservoir-seals associations. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis data were useful in assessing and evaluating the type of organic matter, thermal maturity, and the generation capability of source rocks for hydrocarbon exploration rationale. The analyses revealed that some strata within the sampled well data have high hydrocarbon generation potential with the existence of commercial hydrocarbon production. In conclusion, after an in-depth comparison and study of organic carbon content, hydrogen and production indices, type of organic matter content and maturity of organic matter, we confirmed that the studied resource areas are favourably considered for medium- to large-size hydrocarbon discoveries.
PENGARUH SOSIALISASI, TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, PERSEPSI PELAKU USAHA, PEMAHAMAN AKUNTANSI DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP PENERAPAN PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN EMKM
Authors: Zerlina Anisa , Silfi Alfiati , Hariyani Eka
Published: April 2023

This EMKM business can be done by anyone, but there are still many EMKM actors who neglect to make financial reports in accordance with the applicable SAK. Therefore, information regarding accounting is needed which can be obtained from electronic media or reading books on accounting specifically for EMKM so that EMKM actors can easily compile relevant financial reports, can be compared and understood by anyone. Accounting plays an important role in the progress of EMKM and every business is expected to have financial reports to analyze financial performance so as to provide information about the company's financial position, financial performance and cash flow that is useful for making decisions for users of financial statements. In this study, the population of EMKM was 15,126 and the sample used the slovin formula was 100 EMKM. The data analysis method used in this study is a quantitative data analysis method. The test results show that the socialization and work motivation has no effect on the application of SAK EMKM. The level of education has an effect on the application of SAK EMKM, the perception of business actors has an effect on the application of SAK EMKM, accounting understanding has an effect on the application of SAK EMKM.
COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN A MULTICULTURAL EDUCATIONAL SPACE: MIGRANT CHILDREN AND A MODERN SCHOOL
Authors:   Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Kuptsova M.V.
Published: May 2023

The article is devoted to the competence of future teachers to work with migrant children. The changes in the ethnic composition of students taking place in the modern Russian school determined the appeal to the analysis of professional tasks, difficulties and professional requirements of teachers. The methodological idea of the article is the consideration of migrant children as a special educational category of students requiring special methods and technologies of pedagogical activity. The area of application of the results is the pedagogical process of training future primary school teachers in the system of higher professional pedagogical education. Currently, the education system does not adequately meet the current demographic situation in the context of multicultural education: a significant increase in the number of migrant children in schools actualizes the study of ethno-pedagogical competencies of teachers in a multicultural educational environment. Teachers play a key role in the process of social adaptation of a child from a migrant family, but the problem of professional training of teachers to work with migrant children remains open. The revealed ethno-pedagogical nature of the problems, the necessary knowledge, the specifics of the content of the activity in solving the tasks of educational, socio-psychological and cultural adaptation of migrant children allowed us to conclude that the result of training teachers to work with migrant children is the formation of their ethno-pedagogical competence.