bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social identity, cross-cutting cleavages, and explaining the breakdown of interethnic cooperation
Authors: Wilson Steven Lloyd
Published: October 2015

This article expands upon Fearon and Laitin’s seminal Explaining Interethnic Cooperation, a paper that formalized an explanation for how ethnic groups achieve cooperation through the use of in-group policing strategies that yield a more stable and substantively convincing equilibrium than tit-for-tat (spiral) reprisals by each side. This article expands the Fearon and Laitin framework in two ways. First, it generalizes their basic framework of two equally sized groups to an arbitrary number of arbitrarily sized groups. Second, the article expands the framework to allow for multiple interacting dimensions of identity. The paper uses this generalized framework to endogenize social identity into the formal model using a global games approach, in which there is uncertainty over which stage game will be played based on which dimension of identity is triggered by context.
Efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene on the mitigation of storage disorders of “Rocha” pear under normal refrigerated and controlled atmospheres
Authors: Almeida Domingos PF , Carvalho Rita , Dupille Eve
Published: October 2015

Alternatives are needed for long-term preservation of European pears ( Pyrus communis L.) after the ban on diphenylamine. “Rocha” pear fruit harvested at commercial maturity were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-methylcyclopropene, SmartFresh™) and diphenylamine and stored at 0 ℃, 90–95% relative humidity, under normal atmosphere for up to six months or under controlled atmosphere (controlled atmosphere, 3 kPa O2 + 0.7 kPa CO2) for up to 9.4 months. At 312 nl l−1, 1-methylcyclopropene reduced softening and yellowing, and increased soluble solids content during shelf life in comparison with fruit treated with diphenylamine. 1-Methylcyclopropene at 312 nl l−1 was also more effective than diphenylamine in reducing superficial scald and internal browning disorders. 1-Methylcyclopropene at 150 nl l−1 had little effect on ripening-related changes but was effective against physiological disorders of pears stored in regular atmosphere or under controlled atmosphere. Delayed controlled atmosphere slightly reduced internal browning disorders but increased superficial scald. 1-Methylcyclopropene at 312 nl l−1 reduced physiological disorders in “Rocha” pear under refrigerated storage and delayed ripening-related softening and color changes during shelf life. At 150 nl l−1, 1-methylcyclopropene is as effective as diphenylamine against storage disorders without ripening impairment.
Fatigue tolerant design of rolling bearings
Authors: Gill Simon PA , Lewis Michael WJ
Published: October 2015

A quantitative method for assessing the influence of steel cleanliness on the fatigue life of rolling bearing raceways is presented. The approach systematically accounts for the effect of the highly variable stress state within raceways. Finite element analysis is used to determine the stress state in the bearings. A fracture mechanics model for the safe stress amplitude as a function of inclusion size is employed from Lewis and Tomkins. The size and number of large inclusions in a large volume of steel are estimated by the Generalised Pareto Distribution. These three elements are combined to determine the failure probability of the raceway in an example rolling bearing. A sensitivity analysis to the various microstructural input parameters is conducted. It is found that the size distribution of the larger inclusions is the most important factor in controlling the fatigue resistance of rolling bearings, and that residual stresses must be considered to produce realistic predictions.
Emergent literacy as sociocultural practice: How well do New Zealand parents fit with Te Whāriki?
Authors: Zhang Qilong
Published: October 2015

A sociocultural approach to emergent literacy and growing concerns over the de-emphasis on literacy of the New Zealand early childhood education curriculum Te Whāriki call for locally situated emergent literacy programmes co-constructed by teachers, parents and children. While teachers’ approach to emergent literacy takes centre stage in research, little is known about approach of parents and whether and to what extent it is in tune with the national curriculum framework. Adopting deductive qualitative analysis, this study examines beliefs and practice about their child’s emergent literacy of 25 parents from New Zealand public kindergartens against the learning outcomes of emergent literacy proclaimed in Te Whāriki. The findings confirm general compatibility between parents’ approach to emergent literacy and that of Te Whāriki. Parents in this study recognize and respond to the importance of the preliteracy skills (e.g. name writing) for school readiness, which concretizes, operationalizes and localizes the generally, loosely and vaguely defined Te Whāriki learning outcomes. The findings support the practicality of the co-construction of local emergent literacy programmes by teachers and parents in chartered early childhood education services in New Zealand.
Enhanced Neurobehavioral Outcomes of Action Observation Prosthesis Training
Authors: Cusack William F. , Thach Scott , Patterson Rebecca , Acker Dan , Kistenberg Robert S. , Wheaton Lewis A.
Published: October 2015

Background. Previous studies have demonstrated improved neurobehavioral outcomes when prosthesis users learn task-specific behaviors by imitating movements of prosthesis users (matched limb) compared with intact limbs (mismatched limb). Objective. This study is the first to use a unique combination of neurophysiological and task performance methods to investigate prosthetic device training strategies from a cognitive motor control perspective. Intact nonamputated prosthesis users (NAPUs) donned specially adapted prosthetic devices to simulate the wrist and forearm movement that persons with transradial limb loss experience. The hypothesis is that NAPUs trained with matched limb imitation would show greater engagement of parietofrontal regions and reduced movement variability compared with their counterparts trained with a mismatched limb. Methods. Training elapsed over 3 days comprised alternating periods of video demonstration observation followed by action imitation. At the beginning and end of the training protocol, participants performed a cued movement paradigm while electroencephalography and electrogoniometry data were collected to track changes in cortical activity and movement variability, respectively. Results. Matched limb participants showed greater engagement of motor-related areas while mismatched limb participants showed greater engagement of the parietooccipital system. Matched limb participants also showed lower movement variability. Conclusions. These results indicate that the type of limb imitated influences neural and behavioral strategies for novel prosthetic device usage. This finding is important, as customary prosthetic rehabilitation with intact therapists involves mismatched limb imitation that may exacerbate challenges in adapting to new motor patterns demanded by prosthesis use.
Expert positions and scientific contexts: Storying research in the news media
Authors: Armon Rony
Published: October 2015

The news media form major sources of information to the general public in matters of science and health. And yet journalists and experts differ in what they consider as newsworthy and relevant. This article analyses in detail a current affair interview with a health expert reporting on a new research on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Applying Bamberg’s three-level model for positioning analysis, the interview is searched for the stories that speakers introduce, attend to their embedding in the design of questions and answers and examine how their tellers are positioned therein as knowledgeable regarding ADHD. The narratives identified are shown to enable the adopting and shifting between various expert positions including that of the scientific researcher, the advice-giving expert and the more specific identity of the public health clinician. Shifts between these positions are shown to reflect the claims and counter-claims that the interviewee and interviewers are making and backing. These findings are discussed for their implications regarding the use of narratives in presenting science to media audiences.
The Face of Humanity
Authors: Hugenberg Kurt , Young Steven , Rydell Robert J. , Almaraz Steven , Stanko Kathleen A. , See Pirita E. , Wilson John Paul
Published: October 2015

Across three studies, we test the hypothesis that the perceived “humanness” of a human face can have its roots, in part, in low-level, feature-integration processes typical of normal face perception—configural face processing. We provide novel evidence that perceptions of humanness/dehumanization can have perceptual roots. Relying on the well-established face inversion paradigm, we demonstrate that disruptions of configural face processing also disrupt the ability of human faces to activate concepts related to humanness (Experiment 1), disrupt categorization of human faces as human (but not animal faces as animals; Experiment 2), and reduce the levels of humanlike traits and characteristics ascribed to faces (Experiment 3). Taken together, the current findings provide a novel demonstration that dehumanized responses can arise from bottom-up perceptual cues, which suggests novel causes and consequences of dehumanizing responses.
Liposarcoma of the cord treated with surgery alone: Our experience of five patients
Authors: Chan Dedrick Kok Hong , Durai Pradeep , Parameswaran Rajeev
Published: October 2015

Background:

Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord is a rare condition presenting as an inguinal or scrotal mass. We describe our experience in the management of five patients diagnosed with this disease.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent treatment for the condition between 2011 and 2014. Demographic data collected included the patient’s age, presentation, site of tumour, tumour size and grade and World Health Organisation (WHO) histotypes. Adequacy of tumour resection and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy were also recorded. The study end points included duration of disease-free survival (DFS) as well as overall survival (OS).

Results:

During the study period we identified five patients with a diagnosis of liposarcoma of the cord with a median age of 67 (range 33–72) years. Three patients presented with primary disease and two were diagnosed post-resection and required re-excision to obtain R0 resection margins. Three patients had well-differentiated and two patients had dedifferentiated liposarcoma. None of the patients required adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy following achievement of R0 resection margins and developed loco-regional recurrence or distant metastases. Median DFS was 30 (range 10–45) months.

Conclusion:

Liposarcomas of the cord are rare soft-tissue sarcomas with a high incidence of recurrence. Treatment of choice is radical orchidectomy, wide excision of the tumour and high ligation of the spermatic cord. Long-term follow-up is necessary.
Remotely-delivered cognitive remediation in multiple sclerosis (MS): protocol and results from a pilot study
Authors: Charvet LE , Shaw MT , Haider L , Melville P , Krupp LB
Published: October 2015

Background

Cognitive impairment represents a critical unmet treatment need in multiple sclerosis (MS). Cognitive remediation is promising but traditionally requires multiple clinic visits to access treatment. Computer-based programs provide remote access to intensive and individually-adapted training.

Objective

Our goal was to develop a protocol for remotely-supervised cognitive remediation that enables individuals with MS to participate from home while maintaining the standards for clinical study.

Methods

MS participants ( n = 20) were randomized to either an active cognitive remediation program ( n = 11) or a control condition of ordinary computer games ( n = 9). Participants were provided study laptops to complete training for five days per week over 12 weeks, targeting a total of 30 hours. Treatment effects were measured with composite change via scores of a repeated neuropsychological battery.

Results

Compliance was high with an average of 25.0 hours of program use (80% of the target) and did not differ between conditions (25.7 vs. 24.2 mean hours, p = 0.80). The active vs. control participants significantly improved in both the cognitive measures (mean composite z-score change of 0.46 ± 0.59 improvement vs. −0.14 ± 0.48 decline, p = 0.02) and motor tasks (mean composite z-score change of 0.40 ± 0.71improvement vs. −0.64 ± 0.73 decline, p = 0.005).

Conclusions

Remotely-supervised cognitive remediation is feasible for clinical study with potential for meaningful benefit in MS.
The Role of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) Pollen in Fertility
Authors: Tahvilzadeh Mohammad , Hajimahmoodi Mannan , Rahimi Roja
Published: October 2015

Date palm pollen (DPP) is the male reproductive dust of palm flowers used as dietary supplement especially as aphrodisiac and fertility enhancer in both women and men from ancient times. Although there are few clinical trials evaluating the beneficial effects of DPP in humans, various experimental studies have been conducted on the reproductive effects of DPP. Among the compounds isolated from DPP are amino acids, fatty acids, flavonoids, saponins, and estroles. The present review summarizes comprehensive information concerning the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of DPP and its application in fertility disorders.
Antioxidative Properties and Effect of Quercetin and Its Glycosylated Form (Rutin) on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Activities
Authors: Ademosun Ayokunle O. , Oboh Ganiyu , Bello Fatai , Ayeni Peluola O.
Published: October 2015

This study sought to investigate the anticholinesterase and antioxidative properties of quercetin and its glycosylated conjugate, rutin. The in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities, inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s brain homogenates, radicals scavenging, and Fe2+-chelating abilities of the flavonoids were investigated in vitro with concentrations of the samples ranging from 0.06 to 0.6 mM. Quercetin had significantly higher AChE and BChE inhibitory abilities than rutin. Quercetin also had stronger inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s brain homogenates. Similarly, quercetin had higher radical scavenging abilities than rutin. Quercetin also had stronger Fe2+-chelating ability than rutin. The inhibition of cholinesterases and antioxidative properties are possible mechanisms by which the flavonoids can be used in the management of oxidative stress–induced neurodegeneration.
Faculty Perceptions of Transition Personnel Preparation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhossan Bandar A. , Trainor Audrey A.
Published: October 2015

This study investigated to what extent faculty members include and value transition curricula in special education preparation programs in Saudi Arabia. A web-based survey was conducted and sent to special education professors across 20 universities. Descriptive statistics and a t-test analysis generated three main findings: (a) Institutions covered transition by adding specialized courses and/or through infusing of transition content in other courses, (b) institutions covered all 29 transition competencies at varying rates, and (c) both male and female faculty members placed high value on teaching their students in the principles of transition education and services. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.
Advancing Telephone Focus Groups Method Through the Use of Webinar
Authors: Chong Eunice , Alayli-Goebbels Adrienne , Webel-Edgar Lori , Muir Sarah , Manson Heather
Published: October 2015

Telephone focus groups have been increasingly popular in public health research and evaluation. One of the main concerns of telephone focus groups is the lack of nonverbal cues among participants, which could limit group interactions and dynamics during the focus group discussion. To overcome this limitation, we supplemented telephone focus groups with webinar technology in a recent evaluation of a provincial public health program in Ontario, Canada. In this article, we share the methods used and our experiences in conducting telephone focus groups supplemented with webinar technology, including advantages and challenges. Our experience will inform other researchers who may consider using telephone focus groups with webinars in future research and evaluation.
Key Aspects of Student Teaching
Authors: Denis John M.
Published: October 2015

The transition from the conceptually focused world of the student to the professionally pragmatic world of the teacher can be jarring and difficult. One of the more useful educational experiences for facilitating this transition is that of student teaching. This review of literature examines the personal relationships, expectations, reflective practice, and power structure inherent in the student-teaching experience in both general and music classroom contexts. These facets were selected due to their prevalence in the literature and their potential impact on stakeholders’ approaches toward student teachers. Aspects of cooperating teacher preparation in light of the highlighted areas are then discussed, with potential suggestions including communication concerns, possible cooperating teacher framework characteristics, and balancing the conflicting nature of both the student teacher and the university supervisor.
Minimal amounts of kindlin-3 suffice for basal platelet and leukocyte functions in mice
Authors: Klapproth Sarah , Moretti Federico A. , Zeiler Marlis , Ruppert Raphael , Breithaupt Ute , Mueller Susanna , Haas Rainer , Mann Matthias , Sperandio Markus , Fässler Reinhard , Moser Markus
Published: October 2015

Key Points

As little as 5% of kindlin-3 is sufficient to maintain basal platelet and leukocyte functions. Platelets and neutrophils contain stoichiometric quantities of kindlin-3 and talin-1.
Integration of molecular cytogenetics, dated molecular phylogeny, and model-based predictions to understand the extreme chromosome reorganization in the Neotropical genus Tonatia (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Sotero-Caio Cibele G. , Volleth Marianne , Hoffmann Federico G. , Scott LuAnn , Wichman Holly A. , Yang Fengtang , Baker Robert J.
Published: October 2015

Background

Defining factors that contributed to the fixation of a high number of underdominant chromosomal rearrangements is a complex task because not only molecular mechanisms must be considered, but also the uniqueness of natural history attributes of each taxon. Ideally, detailed investigation of the chromosome architecture of an organism and related groups, placed within a phylogenetic context, is required. We used multiple approaches to investigate the dynamics of chromosomal evolution in lineages of bats with considerable karyotypic variation, focusing on the different facets contributing to fixation of the exceptional chromosomal changes in Tonatia saurophila. Integration of empirical data with proposed models of chromosome evolution was performed to understand the probable conditions for Tonatia’s karyotypic evolution.

Results

The trajectory of reorganization of chromosome blocks since the common ancestor of Glossophaginae and Phyllostominae subfamilies suggests that multiple tandem fusions, as well as disruption and fusions of conserved phyllostomid chromosomes were major drivers of karyotypic reshuffling in Tonatia. Considerable variation in the rates of chromosomal evolution between phyllostomid lineages was observed. Thirty–nine unique fusions and fission events reached fixation in Tonatia over a short period of time, followed by ~12 million years of chromosomal stasis. Physical mapping of repetitive DNA revealed an unusual accumulation of LINE-1 sequences on centromeric regions, probably associated with the chromosomal dynamics of this genus.

Conclusions

Multiple rearrangements have reached fixation in a wave-like fashion in phyllostomid bats. Different biological features of Tonatia support distinct models of rearrangement fixation, and it is unlikely that the fixations were a result of solely stochastic processes in small ancient populations. Increased recombination rates were probably facilitated by expansion of repetitive DNA, reinforced by aspects of taxon reproduction and ecology.
Iterative methods for solving the multiple-sets split feasibility problem with splitting self-adaptive step size
Authors: Tang Yuchao , Zhu Chuanxi , Yu Hui
Published: October 2015

We introduce an iterative algorithm for solving the multiple-sets split feasibility problem with splitting self-adaptive step size. This step size is calculated directly from the iteration process without need to know the spectral norm of linear operators. We also generalize the chosen step size to a relaxed iterative algorithm. Theoretical convergence is proved in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. Some numerical experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness of our proposed methods.
Recent results on the topological fixed point theory of multivalued mappings: a survey
Authors: Andres Jan , Górniewicz Lech
Published: October 2015

In this survey, we present current results from the topological fixed point theory of multivalued mappings which were obtained by ourselves in the last five years (see Andres and Górniewicz in Fixed Point Theory 12(2):255-264, 2011; Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal. 40:337-358, 2012; Libertas Mathematica 33(1):69-78, 2013; Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 24(11):1450148, 2014; J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 16(6):1013-1023, 2015; Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, 2015, to appear). Some abstract theorems are applied to differential inclusions and multivalued fractals. A part of the deterministic theory is randomized, including the applications to random differential inclusions.
Randomized Multicenter Phase II Study of Modified Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and Fluorouracil (DCF) Versus DCF Plus Growth Factor Support in Patients With Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Study of the US Gastric Cancer Consortium
Authors: Shah Manish A. , Janjigian Yelena Y. , Stoller Ronald , Shibata Stephen , Kemeny Margaret , Krishnamurthi Smitha , Su Yungpo Bernard , Ocean Allyson , Capanu Marinela , Mehrotra Bhoomi , Ritch Paul , Henderson Charles , Kelsen David P.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil (DCF) is a standard first-line three-drug chemotherapy regimen for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma and is associated with significant toxicity. We examined the safety and efficacy of a modified DCF (mDCF) regimen in a randomized multicenter phase II study.

Patients and Methods

Previously untreated patients with metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned to receive either mDCF (fluorouracil 2,000 mg/m2 intravenously [IV] over 48 hours, docetaxel 40 mg/m2 IV on day 1, cisplatin 40 mg/m2 IV on day 3, every 2 weeks) or parent DCF (docetaxel 75 mg/m2, cisplatin 75 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 750 mg/m2 IV over 5 days with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, every 3 weeks). The study had 90% power to differentiate between 6-month progression-free survival of 26% and 43%, with type I and II error rates of 10% each. An early stopping rule for toxicity was included, defined as grade 3 to 4 adverse event rate > 70% in the first 3 months.

Results

From November 2006 to June 2010, 85 evaluable patients were enrolled (male, n = 61; female, n = 24; median age, 58 years; Karnofsky performance status, 90%; GEJ, n = 28; gastric, 57). mDCF (n = 54) toxicity rates included 54% grade 3 to 4 toxicity (22% hospitalized) within the first 3 months and 76% grade 3 to 4 toxicity over the course of treatment. The DCF arm (n = 31) closed early because of toxicity, with rates of 71% grade 3 to 4 toxicity (52% hospitalized) within 3 months and 90% grade 3 to 4 toxicity over the course of treatment. Six-month PFS was 63% (95% CI, 48% to 75%) for mDCF and 53% (95% CI, 34% to 69%) for DCF. Median overall survival was improved for mDCF (18.8 v 12.6 months; P = .007).

Conclusion

mDCF is less toxic than parent DCF, even when supported with growth factors, and is associated with improved efficacy. mDCF should be considered a standard first-line option for patients with metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma.
Ghrelin Is an Essential Factor for Motilin-Induced Gastric Contraction in Suncus murinus
Authors: Kuroda Kayuri , Hequing Huang , Mondal Anupom , Yoshimura Makoto , Ito Kazuma , Mikami Takashi , Takemi Shota , Jogahara Takamichi , Sakata Ichiro , Sakai Takafumi
Published: October 2015

Motilin was discovered in the 1970s as the most important hormone for stimulating strong gastric contractions; however, the mechanisms by which motilin causes gastric contraction are not clearly understood. Here, we determined the coordinated action of motilin and ghrelin on gastric motility during fasted and postprandial contractions by using house musk shrew (Suncus murinus; order: Insectivora, suncus named as the laboratory strain). Motilin-induced gastric contractions at phases I and II of the migrating motor complex were inhibited by pretreatment with (d-Lys3)-GHRP-6 (6 mg/kg/h), a ghrelin receptor antagonist. Administration of the motilin receptor antagonist MA-2029 (0.1 mg/kg) and/or (d-Lys3)-GHRP-6 (0.6 mg/kg) at the peak of phase III abolished the spontaneous gastric phase III contractions in vivo. Motilin did not stimulate gastric contractions in the postprandial state. However, in the presence of a low dose of ghrelin, motilin evoked phase III–like gastric contractions even in the postprandial state, and postprandial gastric emptying was accelerated. In addition, pretreatment with (d-Lys3)-GHRP-6 blocked the motilin-induced gastric contraction in vitro and in vivo, and a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist reversed this block in gastric contraction. These results indicate that blockade of the GABAergic pathway by ghrelin is essential for motilin-induced gastric contraction.
Ablation of p38α MAPK Signaling in Osteoblast Lineage Cells Protects Mice From Bone Loss Induced by Estrogen Deficiency
Authors: Thouverey Cyril , Caverzasio Joseph
Published: October 2015

Estrogen deficiency causes bone loss by increasing the number of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Selective p38α MAPK inhibitors prevent bone-wasting effects of estrogen withdrawal but implicated mechanisms remain to be identified. Here, we show that inactivation of the p38α-encoding gene in osteoblast lineage cells with the use of an osteocalcin-cre transgene protects mice from ovariectomy-induced bone loss (a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Ovariectomy fails to induce bone loss, increase bone resorption, and stimulate receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and IL-6 expression in mice lacking p38α in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Finally, TNFα or IL-1, which are osteoclastogenic cytokines overproduced in the bone marrow under estrogen deficiency, can activate p38α signaling in osteoblasts, but those cytokines cannot enhance Rankl and Il6 expressions or increase osteoclast formation in p38a-deficient osteoblast cultures. These findings demonstrate that p38α MAPK signaling in osteoblast lineage cells mediates ovariectomy-induced bone loss by up-regulating receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and IL-6 production.
Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into cone photoreceptors through simultaneous inhibition of BMP, TGFβ and Wnt signaling
Authors: Zhou Shufeng , Flamier Anthony , Abdouh Mohamed , Tétreault Nicolas , Barabino Andrea , Wadhwa Shashi , Bernier Gilbert
Published: October 2015

Cone photoreceptors are required for color discrimination and high-resolution central vision and are lost in macular degenerations, cone and cone/rod dystrophies. Cone transplantation could represent a therapeutic solution. However, an abundant source of human cones remains difficult to obtain. Work performed in model organisms suggests that anterior neural cell fate is induced ‘by default' if BMP, TGFβ and Wnt activities are blocked, and that photoreceptor genesis operates through an S-cone default pathway. We report here that Coco (Dand5), a member of the Cerberus gene family, is expressed in the developing and adult mouse retina. Upon exposure to recombinant COCO, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiated into S-cone photoreceptors, developed an inner segment-like protrusion, and could degrade cGMP when exposed to light. Addition of thyroid hormone resulted in a transition from a unique S-cone population toward a mixed M/S-cone population. When cultured at confluence for a prolonged period of time, COCO-exposed hESCs spontaneously developed into a cellular sheet composed of polarized cone photoreceptors. COCO showed dose-dependent and synergistic activity with IGF1 at blocking BMP/TGFβ/Wnt signaling, while its cone-inducing activity was blocked in a dose-dependent manner by exposure to BMP, TGFβ or Wnt-related proteins. Our work thus provides a unique platform to produce human cones for developmental, biochemical and therapeutic studies and supports the hypothesis that photoreceptor differentiation operates through an S-cone default pathway during human retinal development.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates corneal epithelium stratification via inhibition of Bmp4 during mouse development
Authors: Zhang Yujin , Yeh Lung-Kun , Zhang Suohui , Call Mindy , Yuan Yong , Yasunaga Mayu , Kao Winston W.-Y. , Liu Chia-Yang
Published: October 2015

The development of organs with an epithelial parenchyma relies on reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial communication. Mouse corneal epithelium stratification is the consequence of a coordinated developmental process based on mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. The molecular mechanism underlying these interactions remains unclear. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in fundamental aspects of development through the regulation of various growth factors. Here, we show that conditional ablation of either β-catenin (Ctnnb1cKO) or co-receptors Lrp5/6 (Lrp5/6cKO) in corneal stromal cells results in precocious stratification of the corneal epithelium. By contrast, ectopic expression of a murine Ctnnb1 gain-of-function mutant (Ctnnb1cGOF) retards corneal epithelium stratification. We also discovered that Bmp4 is upregulated in the absence of β-catenin in keratocytes, which further triggers ERK1/2 (Mapk3/1) and Smad1/5 phosphorylation and enhances transcription factor p63 (Trp63) expression in mouse corneal basal epithelial cells and in a human corneal epithelial cell line (HTCE). Interestingly, mouse neonates given a subconjunctival BMP4 injection displayed a phenotype resembling that of Ctnnb1cKO. Conditional ablation of Bmp4 eradicates the phenotype produced in Ctnnb1cKO mice. Furthermore, ChIP and promoter-luciferase assays show that β-catenin binds to and suppresses Bmp4 promoter activity. These data support the concept that cross-talk between the Wnt/β-catenin/Bmp4 axis (in the stromal mesenchyme) and Bmp4/p63 signaling (in the epithelium) plays a pivotal role in epithelial stratification during corneal morphogenesis.
System Dynamics Based Management of Retail Company Program
Authors: ���������  , Solodskaya Olga
Published: October 2015

The paper considers system dynamics as a visualization tool for retailer�s plan of changing. The proposed approach will expectedly be used for revealing organizational problems, elaborating a blueprint and planning mega- projects of transformational program.
Priorities of Russian Tax Policy for 2016–2018
Authors: Смирнов  , Smirnov E.
Published: October 2015

The project of the Main directions of a tax policy of the Russian Federation for 2016-2018 prepared by the

Government of the Russian Federation passes consideration in the State Duma.
Newsmaking and Sensemaking: Navigating Temporal Transitions Between Planned and Unexpected Events
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo , Gruber Daniel A.
Published: October 2015

Navigating transitions between planned and unexpected events is a familiar challenge for organizations, and yet little is known about the sensemaking processes by which organizational members coordinate action to fit unexpected events within temporally defined plans and schedules. Drawing on an ethnographic study conducted at a local U.S. television station (codenamed “Local TV”), we elaborate on how workers in the news department plan their stories on a daily basis and adjust their plans when new stories break. We find that newsmaking is shaped by expectancy frameworks, which define the baseline of what is expected to occur during the news day, and typifications, which allow newsworkers to categorize incoming events based on relevance and update expectancy frameworks accordingly. Taken together, these provide newsworkers with sensemaking resources for responding regularly to unexpected events. Our study contributes to the understanding of sensemaking processes in three main areas: the effect of time-based dynamics on the control and coordination of work, the interaction of routine and mindful processes in response to unexpected events, and the structural influences of expectations and typifications on sensemaking.
ECG of the month
Authors: Regan Martin , Mendes Aysha
Published: October 2015

Martin Regan presents an ECG for you to analyse
Gender disparities: assessment and treatment of coronary heart disease
Authors: Hamill Sarah , Ingram Nigel
Published: October 2015

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate and summarise the current evidence base in relation to the gender-specific presentation and assessment of coronary heart disease.

Background:

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women worldwide. There remains a common misconception that CHD is predominantly a ‘man's disease’ and that CHD doesn't affect women until they are much older. Much of the evidence base is underpinned by male-based population studies.

Design:

A systematic review of current qualitative and quantitative primary research literature was used to establish if coronary heart disease patients would benefit from a gender-specific approach. Data Sources: Cochrane library (1898–2014), PubMed (1996–2014), MEDLINE (1946–2014), AMED (1985–2014), Embase (1974–2014), CINAHL (1937–2014), British Nursing Index (1994 – 2014), PsycINFO (1800–2014).

Results:

Selected studies were reviewed in English and critiqued in accordance with the critical review framework used by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Conclusion:

There are clear differences between the genders in relation to coronary heart disease. It is imperative that nursing practice acknowledges this through the greater application of gender-specific care.
A word with this year's winners
Authors: Jackson Lisa , Briggs Sarah , Llewellyn-Griffiths Helen , Davies Rhoswen , Cook Karen , Harris Sara
Published: October 2015

This year, the British Heart Foundation Alliance Awards were held at the British Cardiovascular Society conference in Manchester in June. Here, we catch up with the winners about their outstanding work in cardiovascular care
British Adult Congenital Cardiac Nurses Association (BACCNA): EuroGUCH 2015
Authors: Vernon Sheena
Published: October 2015

Adults with congenital heart defects are a fast-growing population and education in this specialty is becoming increasingly important. Sheena Vernon outlines this year's EuroGUCH conference in London and the role of the BACCNA.
Venous blood tests
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: October 2015

This section presents a concise overview of the treatments and clinical procedures regularly carried out in the field of cardiovascular care. This ‘back-to-basics’ article aims to refresh nurses' knowledge on correct practice, as well as introduce students and junior nurses to procedures
Enhancing your brand's visibility by using publishing and automation tools
Authors: Ratcliffe Jason
Published: October 2015

In the competitive industry of medical aesthetics, it is vital to both continue engaging with your existing clients and increase awareness of your clinic to attract new prospects, says Jason Ratcliffe. This article describes several online tools that can be used to create and share bespoke brand-related content with people who regularly visit your clinic's website or who have stumbled upon it
Laser skin rejuvenation: common complications and risk management
Authors: Di-Scala Naomi
Published: October 2015

Cosmetic interventions are continually developing to help consumers find risk-free solutions to their appearance woes. Although laser skin resurfacing has been a successful treatment of this kind, the risks associated with any procedure should be investigated fully. Naomi Di-Scala outlines the types of laser skin resurfacing and discusses the potential side effects for all practitioners to be aware of
Smashing the glass ceiling
Authors: Baker Yvonne
Published: October 2015

With relatively few women working within the STEM fields in the UK, how can schools help to smash the glass ceiling in these subjects? Yvonne Baker offers some advice and signposts some resources and projects to help
An improved estimate for the condition number anomaly of univariate Gaussian correlation matrices
Authors: Zimmermann Ralf
Published: October 2015

In this short note, it is proved that the derivatives of the parametrized univariate Gaussian correlation matrix R_g (Î¸) = (exp(âÎ¸(x_i â x_j )^2_{i,j} â R^{nÃn} are rank-deficient in the limit Î¸ = 0 up to any order m < (n â 1)/2. This result generalizes the rank deficiency theorem for Euclidean distance matrices, which appear as the first-order derivatives of the Gaussian correlation matrices in the limit Î¸ = 0. As a consequence, it is shown that the condition number of R_g(Î¸) grows at least as fast as 1(/Î¸^(mË +1) for Î¸ â 0, where mË is the largest integer such that mË < (n â 1)/2. This considerably improves the previously known growth rate estimate of 1/Î¸^22 for the so-called Gaussian condition number anomaly.
¿Es la ética profesional un lujo del que podemos prescindir?
Authors: Chiva María , Lluch Josep , Martín Jorge , Palau Alma , Sánchez Aitor , Trescastro Eva María
Published: October 2015

En una sociedad como la actual donde la recuperación y la educación en valores está siendo reivindicada, la ética profesional adquiere un protagonismo y una importancia fundamental y la formación de los futuros profesionales aparece como una de las cuestiones clave. En este trabajo se han analizado en primer lugar los contenidos de ética en las Universidades españolas donde se estudia el Grado en Nutrición Humana y Dietética y los contenidos de ética en las dobles titulaciones. En segundo lugar se han analizado los resultados de la encuesta online que se realizó entre el 1 y el 11 de septiembre de 2014 en donde se incluía una pregunta sobre ética profesional y, por último, se ha tomado el Código Deontológico de los Dietistas-Nutricionistas españoles como ejemplo para resolver algunas de las cuestiones que están surgiendo en nuestra profesión relacionadas con el patrocinio de la industria. En conclusión, sería recomendable que la asignatura de ética/bioética o deontología estuviera en 4º curso y que en las Universidades donde se imparte doble titulación se incluyan contenidos propios de nutrición humana y dietética. Debemos promover la creación de una cultura deontológica propia y específica de la nutrición humana y la dietética que empieza con la formación universitaria y continúa con la formación a lo largo de la vida profesional.
Evaluación de la ingesta de líquido, pérdida de peso y tasa de sudoración en jóvenes triatletas
Authors: Sellés López de Castro María Cristina , Martínez-Sanz José Miguel , Mielgo-Ayuso Juan , Selles Sergio , Norte-Navarro Aurora , Ortiz-Moncada Rocío , Cejuela Roberto
Published: October 2015

Introducción: El triatlón es un deporte de resistencia que comprende tres disciplinas: natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie. Es necesario establecer pautas de hidratación para prevenir deshidrataciones durante entrenamientos o competiciones y mantener un buen estado de hidratación antes, durante y después del ejercicio. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la ingesta de líquido, pérdida de peso y tasa de sudoración en jóvenes triatletas, durante diferentes entrenamientos.Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo-observacional en 14 triatletas (7 chicos y 7 chicas) durante una sesión de natación, otra de ciclismo y otra de carrera a pie. Se valoró la ingesta de líquido, pérdida de peso, % agua corporal total, % deshidratación y tasa de sudoración. Los triatletas bebieron agua en sus respectivos bidones de 750 ml y se realizó una medición de orina en containers.Resultados: Los resultados del estudio siguiendo el orden de natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie fueron: ingesta agua 2,66±1,94ml/min, 7,91±7,69ml/min y 7,08±4,13ml/min en chicos y 3,43±1,53ml/min, 6,39±5,36ml/min y 8,33±2,74ml/min en chicas; pérdida de peso 0,83±0,5kg, 0,47±0,3kg y 0,98±0,4kg en chicos y 0,79±0,3kg, 0,47±0,58kg y 0,28±0,21kg en chicas; y tasa sudoración 4,44±4,9ml/min, 11,81±6,46ml/min y 5,29±3,13ml/min en chicos y 3,89±2,4ml/min, 4,69±4,20ml/min y 7,96±5,06ml/min en chicas.Conclusiones: Se comparó el porcentaje de agua corporal y deshidratación, la pérdida de peso y la tasa de sudoración con otros estudios y se observa que nuestros resultados son inferiores a los estudios comparados, además están por debajo de la media de recomendaciones de líquido establecidas por el consenso de hidratación.
Implication of High Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Adverse Pathology after Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Sfoungaristos Stavros , Perimenis P.
Published: October 2015

The implication of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) to prostate cancer aggressiveness and prognosis is conflicted. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of HGPIN in prediction of adverse pathology in patients undergoing a radical prostatectomy. We retrospectively analysed patients who underwent a radical prostatectomy between January 2005 and December 2010. The relationship between HGPIN and the presence of upgrade, positive surgical margins (PSM), extracapsular disease (ECD), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) and lymph node invasion (LNI) was analysed. HGPIN predictive ability was estimated by using receiver operating characteristic curves. HGPIN was found in 160 (53.3%) specimens. A statistically significant correlation was found between HGPIN and preoperative prostate specific antigen (p=0.020) and patients’ age (p=0.025). No significant differences were found, regarding the presence of adverse pathological findings, between the patients with or without HGPIN, irrespective of the preoperative risk stratification. HGPIN did not reach significance for the prediction of upgrade, PSM, ECD, SVI and LNI. The presence of concomitant HGPIN and prostate cancer found not to be related with tumor aggressiveness in patients undergoing a radical prostatectomy and should not be considered as a parameter for the operative outcome prediction.
Moralne aspekty turystyki.
Authors: Olczyk Maciej
Published: October 2015

Perspektywa wiary daje możliwość interpretacji fenomenu turystyki w kontekście zbawczego dzieła Jezusa Chrystusa, które odnawia człowieka i świat. W tajemnicę nowego stworzenia w Chrystusie (recreatio) włączona została także rzeczywistość ludzkiego odpoczynku w jego wielorakich formach, a co za tym idzie również i turystyka. Dlatego też może być ona rozumiana jako jedna z dróg realizującej się w życiu człowieka zbawczej re-kreacji. Dar czasu wolnego jest zawsze okazją do rozwoju osoby, jej ubogacenia oraz doskonalenia. W tym sensie możemy mówić o osobowotwórczym wymiarze autentycznej rekreacji. Z niego też wynikają zaprezentowane i analizowane w artykule zobowiązania moralne. Uwrażliwiają one na wartość osoby i traktowanie jej w myśl tzw. normy personalistycznej, znajdującej swe źródło oraz potwierdzenie w Bożym objawieniu.
Ewangelizacja tęsknot na dziedzińcu pogan.
Authors: Bokwa Ignacy
Published: October 2015

W obliczu słabnącej roli Kościoła w życiu społecznym (sekularyzacja), połączonej z osłabieniem wiary tych, którzy kiedyś przyjęli Ewangelię, papież Jan Paweł II wezwał wspólnotę wierzących w Jezusa Chrystusa do nowej ewangelizacji. Świat nieustannie się zmienia i to w coraz szybszym tempie, pojawiają się nowe wymagania czasu, pośród których należy wymienić tak zwany nowy ateizm. Odradzający się ateizm stanowi niewątpliwy znak czasu, a jednocześnie wołanie o zaspokojenie niezbywalnych tęsknot człowieka. Papieskie wołanie o nową ewangelizację, podejmowane także przez obecnego następcę świętego Piotra, dowodzi jednak, że jest konieczna pogłębiona refleksja nad tym podstawowym zadaniem Kościoła. Problem ten podejmuje niniejszy artykuł. Autor wychodzi z założenia, że jeśli dzieło ewangelizacji ma być skuteczne, to wydaje się być uzasadnionym postulat uważnego wsłuchania się w to, co do powiedzenia mają ateiści, w ich racje, obawy i tęsknoty. W myśli ateistycznej przewijają się dwa podstawowe motywy, dwie często ze sobą połączone i zbiegające się w jedno, choć bez trudu rozróżnialne, tęsknoty: tęsknota za sensem i nadzieja ostatecznego spełnienia. Niniejsze opracowanie stara się je tak wydobyć i sformułować, by następnie spojrzeć na nie w nowy sposób z perspektywy Ewangelii.Ojcowie II Soboru Watykańskiego pragnęli szczerego dialogu z niewierzącymi, uznawanymi przez wiele wieków za ludzi mniej wartościowych od wierzących i moralnie złych. Wolę tę uroczyście deklarował kardynał Henri de Lubac SJ, podejmując wątek istotny dla ateistycznego humanizmu, jakim jest swoiście pojęty kult człowieka. Ateizm odsłania braki ludzi wierzących: sztywny konformizm, słodkawy sentymentalizm, umysłowe lenistwo. Rzetelnie prowadzony dialog ma pobudzać do metodycznego wysiłku refleksji nad własną wiarą i życiem, uwzględniając jego nieuchronne skutki: mianowicie konieczność konfrontacji i stawienia czoła tak argumentom jak i prezentującym je osobom. Nierzadko będzie to też okazja do pogłębienia cnoty pokory, nie mówiąc o własnej wierze, wystawionej na poważną próbę.W tej sytuacji musi zadziałać szeroko pojęte duszpasterstwo, które nie powinno zamykać się do działań jedynie w stosunku do już nawróconych i pozostających w żywym związku z Kościołem jako wspólnotą wiary. Objawiają się współczesne „areopagi” nowej ewangelizacji: rodzina, edukacja, praca zawodowa, kultura, media czy życie społeczno-polityczne. Cały Kościół jest na nowo powołany do umocnienia profilu swojej wiary w kontekście wyzwania ze strony sekularyzmu i ateizmu.
,,Czy Syn Człowieczy znajdzie wiarę na ziemi, gdy przyjdzie?" - czynienie uczniów jako gwarancja pozytywnej odpowiedzi na pytanie Jezusa.
Authors: Kolberg Anna Maria
Published: October 2015

Misja głoszenia Ewangelii poprzez czynienie uczniów jest nakazem, który dotyczy Kościoła i każdego z jego członków, którzy na mocy chrztu mają udział w prorockiej, kapłańskiej i królewskiej misji Chrystusa. Apostołowie nie powołali „szkoły uczniów”, ale dla wspólnot, które zakładali, stali się nauczycielami. Czyniąc uczniami następne pokolenie, przekroczyli granice miejsca i czasu.Człowiek staje się uczniem Jezusa, odpowiadając natychmiast na zaproszenie Jezusa do pójścia za Nim, jedynym Nauczycielem, pozostawiając wszystko, co przeszkadza i biorąc swój krzyż. Proces formacji obejmuje poznanie treści wiary, prowadzi do przyjęcia wobec nich konkretnej postawy i weryfikuje się w postępowaniu zgodnym z wyborem. W szkole Jezusa formacja ucznia nie ogranicza się jedynie do przemiany osobistej, ale prowadzi do odkrycia swego miejsca we wspólnocie uczniów – Kościele i uzdalnia do podjęcia odpowiedzialności za formowanie następców. Nieuwzględnienie tego wymiaru formacji prowadzi zawsze do kryzysu wiary.Czynienie uczniów jest nie tylko zaproszeniem do głoszenia Dobrej Nowiny, ale strategią ewangelizacji, którą realizował Jezus w czasie swej publicznej działalności. Odkąd przywrócił człowiekowi godność dziecka Bożego, Jego uczniowie realizują podstawowe powołanie do bycia płodnymi matkami i ojcami rodząc do nowego życia w Chrystusie uczniów – synów i córki Boga – i, podobnie jak ich Mistrz, oddają za nich życie. �ynącą z wiary.