bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in biobased materials and value‐added chemicals
Authors: Simanke Adriane , Harrison Jacob , Srinivasan Priya , Ouyang Mengyao , Xie Jiahan , Domingues Nei Sebastiao
Published: June 2024

Biomass feedstocks are established as a key resource and a viable alternative for an economy less dependent on fossil inputs. This review offers an examination exemplified by fresh references covering strategies to reach a sustainable conversion of biomass to emerging chemicals and materials. Biobased chemicals lead to reduced climate change impacts compared with their fossil‐based counterparts. There is a broad range of products that can be targeted for biobased production, and it is important to select both the feedstocks and the target chemicals, which have a positive environmental impact and opportunity of commercial success. From the perspective of polymer science, we summarize emerging polymers that can be derived from biomass with promising properties. Furthermore, as challenges in the field of emerging biobased materials and chemicals are driven both by performance constraints and economic factors, we also examine recent progress in catalytic and biochemical process towards successful end products.
Naturally diverse plant communities do not resist invasion by the strong competitor, Microstegium vimineum
Authors: Williams Griffin Lee , Brewer J. Stephen
Published: June 2024

Premise

Theory predicts and empirical studies have shown that ecologically manipulated communities with high species diversity are resistant to invasion, but do these predictions and results hold true when applied to highly competitive invaders in natural communities? Few studies of diversity‐mediated invasion resistance have measured both invasion resistance and invader impact in the same study.

Methods

We used a two‐year field experiment to test: (1) diversity‐mediated competitive resistance to patch expansion by the grass, Microstegium vimineum; and (2) the competitive effect of M. vimineum on resident plant diversity. We examined responses of M. vimineum to two native plant density‐reduction treatments that had opposite effects on species diversity: (1) reducing species richness via the removal of rare species; and (2) reducing dominance by reducing the density of the dominant resident species. We examined the effects of M. vimineum reduction by pre‐emergent herbicide on resident diversity in the second year of the study.

Results

Neither rare species removal nor dominant species reduction significantly increased M. vimineum density (relative growth rate). The pre‐emergent herbicide dramatically reduced M. vimineum in year 2 of the study, but not most resident plants, which were perennials and indirectly benefited from the herbicide at a more productive site, presumably due to reduced competition from M. vimineum.

Conclusions

Diversity‐mediated resistance did not effectively deter invasion by a highly competitive invader. In the case of M. vimineum and at more productive sites, it would appear that nearly complete removal of this invader is necessary to preserve plant species diversity.
Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent
Published: June 2024

Disease overview

Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis requires ≥10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of one or more multiple myeloma defining events (MDE): CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, or lytic bone lesions) attributable to the plasma cell disorder, bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 (provided involved FLC is ≥100 mg/L and urine monoclonal protein is ≥200 mg/24 h), or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging.

Risk stratification

The presence of del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), gain 1q, del 1p, or p53 mutation is considered high‐risk multiple myeloma. Presence of any two high risk factors is considered double‐hit myeloma; three or more high risk factors is triple‐hit myeloma.

Risk‐adapted initial therapy

In patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation, induction therapy consists of anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibody plus bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (VRd) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Selected standard risk patients can delay transplant until first relapse. Frail patients who not candidates for transplant are treated with VRd for approximately 8–12 cycles followed by maintenance or alternatively with daratumumab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (DRd) until progression.

Maintenance therapy

Standard risk patients need lenalidomide maintenance, while bortezomib plus lenalidomide maintenance is needed for high‐risk myeloma.

Management of relapsed disease

A triplet regimen is usually needed at relapse, with the choice of regimen varying with each successive relapse. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cell therapy and bispecific antibodies are additional options.
Toddler hair cortisol levels are associated with maternal prenatal depression
Authors: Thayer Zaneta M. , Nemeth Katherine L. , Beauregard Jade A. , Gildner Theresa E.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Cortisol is an important metabolic hormone that regulates multiple physiologic systems. Cortisol metabolism is sensitive to early life environments, including that experienced prenatally. Limited research has evaluated factors that predict variation in maternal and offspring toddler hair cortisol, which is important since hair cortisol represents different dynamics of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)‐axis function than more common salivary or serum measures.

Methods

To address this gap, we longitudinally evaluated whether maternal depression measured in pregnancy and 1 month postnatal was associated with maternal and offspring hair cortisol levels approximately 15 months after birth (n = 46 mothers, 40 toddlers; mean 15.6 months postnatal, SD = 2.9 months).

Results

Mean depression symptoms were highest during the prenatal period. Prenatal, but not postnatal, maternal depression was associated with offspring hair cortisol levels (B = 0.095, p = .01). Maternal hair cortisol was not associated with depression measured at either time point.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that offspring hair cortisol more than a year after birth is associated with maternal prenatal depression, consistent with previous research in salivary cortisol, suggesting that long‐term offspring stress physiology may be influenced by conditions experienced in utero. These findings highlight the potential for hair cortisol—a minimally invasive and easy‐to‐collect measure— to index toddler HPA‐axis dynamics.
Cross‐sectional association between posttraumatic stress and cognition is moderated by pulmonary functioning in world trade center responders
Authors: Choi Jaeun , Hall Charles B. , Clouston Sean A. P. , Cleven Krystal L. , Mann Frank D. , Luft Benjamin J. , Zammit Andrea R.
Published: June 2024

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and poorer pulmonary function are highly prevalent psychiatric and medical conditions. In the present study, we tested for the individual, additive, and modifying associations of PTSD symptomatology and pulmonary function with cognitive performance.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, a total of 1,401 World Trade Center (WTC) responders (mean age = 53, SD = 8 years, 92% males) participated in the study. Cogstate assessment measured cognitive performance. PTSD symptomatology was measured using the trauma‐specific version of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist (PCL‐17) adapted for the WTC attacks. The 1‐second forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio was used to measure pulmonary function. Linear regressions with cognitive performance as the outcome were conducted to assess individual, additive, and moderating associations of PTSD symptomatology and pulmonary function.

Results

Higher PTSD symptomatology and poorer pulmonary function were negatively associated with cognitive performance. A 10% increase on the FEV1/FVC ratio moderated the association between PTSD symptomatology and cognition, whereby its association with cognition was stronger when PTSD symptomatology was higher (est. = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.004, 0.01, p < 0.001). When stratified by responder type, these associations persisted in trained (est. = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.01, 0.02, p < 0.001), but not in non‐trained (est. = 0.004, 95% C.I. = −0.01, 0.02, p = 0.39) responders.

Conclusions

In the presence of higher PTSD, better pulmonary functioning is associated with better cognitive performance. Early intervention efforts to mitigate preventable cognitive decline in high‐risk populations should be studied, especially since intervention in one modality may have an impact on others.
COL4A1‐related disorder as a mimic of congenital TORCHES infection—Expanding the clinical, neuroimaging and genotype spectrum
Authors: Kukulka Natalie A. , Zarei Sanam , Glass Joshua , Bouska Cecilia , Schroder Jason , Sen Kuntal
Published: June 2024

Pseudo‐TORCH Syndrome (PTS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that may clinically and radiologically resemble congenital TORCH infections. These mimickers present with overlapping features manifested as intracranial and systemic abnormalities. Collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1)‐related diseases, characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, exhibit a diverse phenotypic spectrum involving cerebrovascular, renal, ophthalmological, cardiac, and muscular abnormalities. Cerebrovascular manifestations range from small‐vessel brain disease to large vessel abnormalities, resulting in intracerebral hemorrhage, periventricular leukoencephalopathy, and ventriculomegaly. Additional features include cortical malformations, eye defects, arrhythmias, renal disease, muscular abnormalities, and hematological manifestations. Age of onset varies widely, and phenotypic variability exists even among individuals with the same variant. In this study, we present two cases of COL4A1‐related disorder mimicking congenital TORCH infections, highlighting the importance of recognizing genetic mimics in clinical practice.
BioLindlar Catalyst: Ene‐Reductase‐Promoted Selective Bioreduction of Cyanoalkynes to Give (Z)‐Cyanoalkenes
Authors: González‐Rodríguez Jorge , González‐Granda Sergio , Kumar Hirdesh , Alvizo Oscar , Escot Lorena , Hailes Helen C. , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Lavandera Iván
Published: June 2024

The direct synthesis of alkenes from alkynes usually requires the use of transition‐metal catalysts. Unfortunately, efficient biocatalytic alternatives for this transformation have yet to be discovered. Herein, the selective bioreduction of electron‐deficient alkynes to alkenes catalysed by ene‐reductases (EREDs) is described. Alkynes bearing ketone, aldehyde, ester, and nitrile moieties have been effectively reduced with excellent conversions and stereoselectivities, observing clear trends for the E/Z ratios depending on the nature of the electron‐withdrawing group. In the case of cyanoalkynes, (Z)‐alkenes were obtained as the major product, and the reaction scope was expanded to a wide variety of aromatic substrates (up to >99 % conversion, and Z/E stereoselectivities of up to >99/1). Other alkynes containing aldehyde, ketone, or ester functionalities also proved to be excellent substrates, and interestingly gave the corresponding (E)‐alkenes. Preparative biotransformations were performed on a 0.4 mmol scale, producing the desired (Z)‐cyanoalkenes with good to excellent isolated yields (63–97 %). This novel reactivity has been rationalised through molecular docking by predicting the binding poses of key molecules in the ERED‐pu‐0006 active site.
Topology Control of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Interlaced Unsaturated 2D and Saturated 3D Units for Boosting Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Wu Han , Li Lili , Chen Hongni , Xing Yali , Wang Zhong , Zhang Chuanhui , Long Xiaojing
Published: June 2024

Modulating the electronic state of multicomponent covalent organic framework (COF) electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing catalytic activity. However, the effect of dimensionality on their physicochemical functionalities is still lacking. Herein, we report an interlaced unsaturated 2D and saturated 3D strategy to develop multicomponent‐regulated COFs with tunable gradient dimensionality for high selectivity and activity electrocatalysis. Compared with the two‐component 2D and 3D model COFs, the 2D/3D framework interlaced COFs with locally irregular dimensions and electronic structures are more practical in optimizing the intrinsic electrode surface reaction and mass transfer. Remarkably, the unsaturated 2D‐inserted 3D TAE‐COF regulates the adsorption mode of OOH* species to supply a favorable dynamic pathway for the H2O2 process, thereby achieving an excellent production rate of 8.50 mol gcat−1 h−1. Moreover, utilizing theoretical calculation and in situ ATR‐FTIR experiment, we found that the central carbon atom of the tetraphenyl‐based unit (site‐1 and site‐6) are potential active sites. This strategy of operating the adsorption ability of reactants with dimensionality‐interconnected building blocks provides an idea for designing durable and efficient electrocatalysts.
Biomechanical modeling of musculoskeletal function related to the terrestrial locomotion of Riojasuchus tenuisceps (Archosauria: Ornithosuchidae)
Authors: von Baczko M. Belen , Zariwala Juned , Ballentine Sarah Elizabeth , Desojo Julia B. , Hutchinson John R.
Published: June 2024

Riojasuchus tenuisceps was a pseudosuchian archosaur from the Late Triassic period in Argentina. Like other ornithosuchids, it had unusual morphology such as a unique “crocodile‐reversed” ankle joint, a lesser trochanter as in dinosaurs and a few other archosaurs, robust vertebrae, and somewhat shortened, gracile forelimbs. Such traits have fuelled controversies about its locomotor function—were its limbs erect or “semi‐erect”? Was it quadrupedal or bipedal, or a mixture thereof? These controversies seem to persist because analyses have been qualitative (functional morphology) or correlative (morphometrics) rather than explicitly, quantitatively testing mechanistic hypotheses about locomotor function. Here, we develop a 3D whole‐body model of R. tenuisceps with the musculoskeletal apparatus of the hindlimbs represented in detail using a new muscle reconstruction. We use this model to quantify the body dimensions and hindlimb muscle leverages of this enigmatic taxon, and to estimate joint ranges of motion and qualitative joint functions. Our model supports prior arguments that R. tenuisceps used an erect posture, parasagittal gait and plantigrade pes. However, some of our inferences illuminate the rather contradictory nature of evidence from the musculoskeletal system of R. tenuisceps—different features support (or are ambiguous regarding) quadrupedalism or bipedalism. Deeper analyses of our biomechanical model could move toward a consensus regarding ornithosuchid locomotion. Answering these questions would not only help understand the palaeobiology and bizarre morphology of this clade, but also more broadly if (or how) locomotor abilities played a role in the survival versus extinction of various archosaur lineages during the end‐Triassic mass extinction event.
Whiteness and greenness assessments of a sensitive HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for dapagliflozin quantitation in human plasma: Application to a healthy human volunteer
Authors: Habeeb Maha R. , Morshedy Samir M. , Daabees Hoda G. , Elonsy Sohila M.
Published: June 2024

The evident ecological impact of human actions, like air pollution, global warming, and ozone depletion, underscores the need for environmentally friendly approaches across various domains, including analytical chemistry. This study aimed to establish a validated, eco‐friendly, and sustainable approach utilizing a fluorescence detector coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for quantifying the antihyperglycemic agent dapagliflozin (DAPA), in human plasma. This method employed a C18 Microsorb MV (4.5 × 250 mm, 5 μm [particle size]) column at 40°C, with 40:60% v/v isocratic elution of acetonitrile and (0.1%) orthophosphoric acid as the mobile phase at 1 mL/min flow rate. DAPA and the internal standard demonstrated their greatest response by performing excitation at 225 nm (λex) and recording chromatograms at an emission wavelength (λem) equal to 305 nm. The presented approach demonstrated high linearity between 50 and 2000 ng/mL and full adherence to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration regarding the validation of bioanalytical methods. The described technique was effectively used for quantification of DAPA in human plasma samples from a healthy male participant who received a tablet of 10 mg DAPA. Analytical Eco‐Scale, Analytical GREEnness metric, and the recently created ChlorTox Scale were utilized for greenness assessment. Additionally, the “Red, Green, and Blue 12” model was used in whiteness evaluation.
Current scenario of pyrazole hybrids with anti‐breast cancer therapeutic applications
Authors: Ma Mengyu
Published: June 2024

Breast cancer stands as the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths among women globally, but current therapy is restricted to the serious adverse effects and multidrug resistance, necessitating the exploration of novel, safe, and efficient anti‐breast cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Pyrazoles exhibit excellent potential for utilization as effective anti‐breast cancer agents due to their ability to act on various biological targets. Particularly, pyrazole hybrids demonstrated the advantage of targeting multiple pathways, and some of them, which are exemplified by larotrectinib (pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine hybrid), can be applied for breast cancer therapy. Thus, pyrazole hybrids hold great promise as useful therapeutic interventions for breast cancer. The aim of this review is to summarize the current scenario of pyrazole hybrids with in vitro and/or in vivo anti‐breast cancer potential, along with the modes of action and structure–activity relationships, covering articles published from 2020 to the present, to streamline the development of rational, effective and safe anti‐breast cancer candidates.
Evaluation of thiopyrano[2,3‐d]thiazole derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents
Authors: Davydov Eduard , Hoidyk Mykhailo , Shtrygol' Sergiy , Karkhut Andriy , Polovkovych Svyatoslav , Klyuchivska Olga , Karpenko Olexandr , Lesyk Roman , Holota Serhii
Published: June 2024

Anticonvulsant drug discovery has achieved significant progress; however, pharmacotherapy of epilepsy continues to be a challenge for modern medicine and pharmacy. To expand the chemical space of heterocycles as potential antiepileptic agents, herein we report on the synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant properties of a series of thiopyrano[2,3‐d]thiazoles. The studied heterocycles are characterized by satisfactory drug‐likeness and pharmacokinetics properties, calculated in silico using SwissADME. The anticonvulsant activity of thiopyrano[2,3‐d]thiazole derivatives was evaluated in vivo using the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole test. Three hits, that is, compounds 12, 14, and 16, that caused a pronounced anticonvulsant effect were identified. Derivatives 12, 14, and 16 positively affected the latent period of onset of clonic seizures, number of seizures, mortality rate, and duration of the seizure period of animals under experimental conditions. The anticonvulsant properties of compound 14 were equivalent to the effect of the reference drug, sodium valproate. All hit compounds are characterized by satisfying toxicity properties in the human lymphocytes and HEK293 cell line. The most active hit 14 possesses a potential affinity with the GABAA receptor in the molecular docking study and forms a stable complex in the molecular dynamics experiments equal to diazepam. Preliminary SAR results were obtained and discussed based on screening data.
Autologous umbilical cord blood infusion for the treatment of autism in young children: A within‐subjects open label study on safety (assessed via caregiver report) and efficacy
Authors: Wong Chui Mae , Tan Charmain Samantha , Riard Natasha , Padmini Yeleswarapu Sita , Daniel Lourdes Mary , Prasath Arun , Tan Ah. Moy , Tan Thiam Chye , Sultana Rehena , Lam Joyce Ching Mei
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to document the safety and efficacy of a single infusion of autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) in 20 autistic children aged 24–72 months. A pre‐post treatment within‐subjects open label design was used. At T = 0, 6, 12, and 18 months, participants underwent detailed and structured safety evaluations (via caregiver report), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland‐3), Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (SB‐5), Expressive One‐Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC), Pervasive Developmental Disorder‐Behavior Inventory, Repetitive Behavior Scale‐Revised, Sensory Experience Questionnaire (SEQ‐2.1), Child Behavior Checklist, Clinical Global Impression‐Severity and Improvement (CGI‐I) Scales, and eye‐gaze tracking. UCB infusion was conducted at T = 6 months, hence, 0–6 months was the control period, and 6–18 months the follow‐up period. Of 20 children recruited, 19 completed the study and 1 was withdrawn due to UCB not meeting quality control criteria for infusion. There were 15 males and 4 females with an overall mean (SD) age of 4.15 (0.62) years. Mean (SD) cell dose administered was 38.16 (9.82) million cells/kg. None suffered serious adverse events although there were mild behavioral side effects and one unit grew coagulase negative staphylococcus from a post‐thaw sample. There were no significant differences in Vineland‐3, SB‐5, BOSCC, and SEQ‐2.1 scores at T = 12 and T = 18 months. Twelve participants had T = 18 CGI‐I scores of 2–3 (minimally to much improved), seven participants had scores of 4 (no change). Autologous UCB infusion in autistic children is generally safe but not without risks, including that of infection. In this within‐subjects study, some children showed global symptom improvements while others showed no change. Stem cell therapies for autism should only be conducted under strict clinical trial conditions with clear risk discussions.
Humin‐free synthesis of levulinic acid from fructose using heteropolyacid catalysts
Authors: Wassenberg André , Esser Tobias , Poller Maximilian J. , Voß Dorothea , Albert Jakob
Published: June 2024

Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the top bio‐based platform molecules that can be converted into many valuable chemicals. Herein, we report the sustainable synthesis of LA acid from various sugars using heteropolyacid catalysts. By using a Box–Behnken design of experiment, both LA yield (up to 69 mol%) and complete suppression of parasitic humin formation could be achieved within a 5 h reaction time at 140°C using fructose as a substrate. The effects of various reaction parameters like temperature, sugar concentration, addition of organic co‐solvent and reaction time on LA yield and humin formation were examined in a three‐dimensional space. Moreover, the results could be successfully transferred to other sugars like glucose or cellobiose, paving the way for an atom‐efficient and sustainable LA synthesis process.
Short Oligourea Foldamers as N‐ or C‐Caps for Promoting α‐Helix Formation in Water
Authors: Mauran Laura , Assailly Coralie , Goudreau Sébastien R. , Odaert Benoît , Guichard Gilles , Pasco Morgane
Published: June 2024

While foldamers have been extensively studied as protein mimics and especially as α‐helix mimics, their use as capping motif to enhance α‐helix propensity remains comparatively much limited. In this study, we leverage the structural similarities between urea‐based helical foldamers and α‐helix to investigate the efficacy of oligoureas as N‐ or C‐caps for reinforcing α‐helical structures in water. Short oligoureas, comprising 3 to 4 residues, were strategically introduced at the N‐ or C‐terminus of two peptide sequences (S‐peptide and an Ala‐rich model sequence). The impact of these foldamer insertions on peptide conformation was examined using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and solution NMR. This research identifies specific foldamer sequences capable of promoting α‐helicity when incorporated at either terminus of the peptides. Not only does this work broaden the application scope of foldamers, but it also provides valuable insights into novel strategies for modulating peptide conformation in aqueous environments. The findings presented in this study may have implications for peptide design and the development of bioactive foldamer‐based peptide mimics.
18F‐FDG PET/CT in early phase of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease: A case report
Authors: Boero Giovanni , Lauriero Filippo , Fusillo Donato , Calvello Rosa , Cianciulli Antonia , Panaro Maria Antonietta , Moda Piergianni
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by brain accumulation of a misfolded form of the cellular prion protein, whose diagnosis is challenging, particularly in early stages, due to the variability and nonspecificity of the clinical and radiological features. 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron‐emitted tomography has the potential to be considered a crucial investigation in these patients, revealing metabolic abnormalities earlier than the conventional neuroimaging analysis.

A 59‐year‐old man, the military officer, was referred to our Units for the onset of neurological symptoms rapidly evolving within a month, characterized by akinetic mutism, constructional apraxia, and disorders of spatial orientation. Brain 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron‐emitted tomography (PET)/CT depicted an asymmetric hypometabolism in the left fronto‐temporo‐parietal cortex, as well as in the left thalamus and the right cerebellar hemisphere, while the glucose metabolism appears to be preserved in the somatosensory cortex and the basal ganglia. Laboratory routine analyses, cerebrospinal fluid routine, infective tests, electroencephalography (EEG), and brain magnetic resonance (MR) were all unremarkable. A positive RT‐QuIC result on cerebro‐spinal fluid (CSF) was subsequently shown, without any pathogenic gene mutations and, therefore, the result was consistent with a diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeld–Jacob disease. The clinical evolution was quickly unfavorable, and the patient died about 4 months after hospital admission. FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) has the potential to be considered a crucial investigation in these patients, documenting metabolic changes long time before other diagnostic investigations such as CSF, EEG, brain CT, and brain MR, thus suggesting a greater sensitivity of glucose metabolic evaluation in the early stage of the disease in question.
A rare occurrence of isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection, a case image report
Authors: Ansari Nida , Ozgur Sacide S. , Alcantara Alan , Michael Patrick
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Isolated spontaneous superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection is relatively rare. Often found incidentally on cross‐sectional imaging, often managed non‐operatively. We present a patient who presented with chest pain and was found to have a SMA dissection.
Lateral medullary syndrome resulting from atrial fibrillation due to rheumatic heart disease: A case report and literature review
Authors: Shrestha Sajina , Maharjan Suda , Ghimire Bandana , Mainali Nischal , Gurung Kriti , Yadav Hritik Raj , Bhandari Kriti , Shrestha Shumneva , Halder Anupam , Rajak Kripa , Jaiswal Vikash
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Lateral medullary syndrome, resulting from cerebellar/brainstem infarction, can occur due to cardioembolic stroke from atrial fibrillation caused by rheumatic heart disease. This rare association highlights the importance of strict arrhythmia management, prophylactic anticoagulation, and timely diagnosis to prevent debilitating neurological outcomes.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in an adolescent with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A case report
Authors: Huang Yi‐Fan , Qiao Jin‐Han , Zheng Jia
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

In previous reports, hypothyroidism, hypopituitrism, and hypogonadism were common endocrine causes of SCFE, but this is the first time that congenital adrenal hyperplasia has been observed. As such, patients who have undergone long‐term endocrine treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia could potentially be subjected to a higher risk for SCFE.
Research Progress on Controllable Absorption Properties of Rare Earth Element Doped Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials†
Authors: Deng Yanli , Wang Long , Liu Wei , Wu Na , Liu Jiurong , Pan Fei , Zeng Zhihui
Published: June 2024

Comprehensive Summary

The utilization of rare earth (RE) elements is pivotal in wave absorption. In particular cases, RE group elements manifesting unique 4f electron layer structures are doped as impurities into certain materials, which is a practical and reliable method for regulating these materials' magnetic and electrical properties. Moreover, ferrites and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), standing out among conventional and emerging wave‐absorbing materials, can achieve significantly enhanced wave absorption through RE doping or substitution. Numerous scholars have dedicated massive research over a substantially long time to explore the utilization of RE elements to reinforce the absorption of these two materials. Therefore, consolidating and summarizing such efforts are crucial and necessary. This review aims to clarify the underlined mechanism of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption and elaborate on the impact of RE doping by providing a comprehensive overview of recent progress in ferrites and MOFs dopped with RE elements. Finally, the limitations associated with RE doping in such materials are delineated, and the upcoming prospects for its application are highlighted.

Key Scientists

In 1947, J. A. Marinky et al. obtained promethium from uranium fission products. From the isolates of yttrium soil in 1794 to the discovery of promethium in 1947, it took more than 150 years. In 1975, Guangxian Xu found that the rare earth solvent extraction system has the basic "constant mixed extraction ratio" rule. In 1984, the theory of "one‐cavity multi‐mode" was proposed by Weigan Lin to improve the electromagnetic wave theory further and develop the theory of absorbing materials. In 1995, Omar M. Yaghi synthesized the first MOFs in history, and since then, they have been widely used in gas adsorption and separation and other fields because of their large specific surface area and adjustable pore structure. In recent years, various functional materials based on MOFS‐derived carbon have been studied endlessly. Masato Sagawa, known for inventing NdFeB magnets, won the "28th Japan Prize" in 2012. In recent years, Renchao Che has promoted the development of interface theory and magnetic theory in the field of wave absorption. In addition, Jiurong Liu is committed to developing various wave‐absorbing materials and the respective theoretical research and continues to promote the development of wave‐absorbing materials to "thin, light, wide and strong".
Cuproptosis and Cuproptosis‐Based Synergistic Therapy for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Shen Zhiyang , Qiu Yu , Ding Haizhen , Ren Fangfang , Chen Hongmin
Published: June 2024

Copper, as an essential trace nutrient for human, plays a crucial role in numerous cellular activities, and is vital for maintaining homeostasis in organisms. Deviations from normal intracellular copper concentration range can disrupt the cellular homeostasis and lead to cell death. Cell death is the process in which cells lose their vitality and cannot sustain normal metabolism, which has various forms. The recently discovered cuproptosis mechanism differs from the previously recognized forms, which is triggered by intracellular copper accumulation. The discovery of cuproptosis has sparked interest among researchers, and this mechanism has been applied in the treatment of various intractable diseases, including different types of cancer. However, the developed cuproptosis‐based therapies have revealed certain limitations, such as low immunostimulatory efficiency, poor tumor targeting, and inhibition by the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, researchers are devoted to combining cuproptosis with existing cancer therapies to develop more effective synergistic cancer therapies. This review summarizes the latest research advancements in the cuproptosis‐based therapies for various types of cancer, with a focus on the synergistic cancer therapies. Finally, it provides an outlook on the future development of cuproptosis in anti‐tumor therapy.
Biosynthesis of Natural and Unnatural Perylenequinones for Drug Development
Authors: Su Zengping , Zhang Yan , Yuan Zhenbo , Rao Yijian
Published: June 2024

A wide range of perylenequinones (PQs) with diverse structures and versatile bioactivities have long been isolated, positioning them as highly promising agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the lack of an efficient and cost‐effective method to obtain these compounds and to introduce structural diversity and complexity currently hinders their further research and application. In this concept, we present a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the biosynthetic pathways of natural PQs based on their structural classification, and also summarize recent progress in the biosynthesis of natural PQs and derivatives. These pioneering efforts may pave the way for structure modification and large‐scale bioproduction of natural and unnatural PQs through synthetic biology strategies to promote their drug development.
Maintenance of Lognormal‐Like Skewed Dendritic Spine Size Distributions in Dentate Granule Cells of TNF, TNF‐R1, TNF‐R2, and TNF‐R1/2‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Rößler Nina , Smilovic Dinko , Vuksic Mario , Jedlicka Peter , Deller Thomas
Published: June 2024

Dendritic spines are sites of synaptic plasticity and their head size correlates with the strength of the corresponding synapse. We recently showed that the distribution of spine head sizes follows a lognormal‐like distribution even after blockage of activity or plasticity induction. As the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) influences synaptic transmission and constitutive TNF and receptor (TNF‐R)‐deficiencies cause changes in spine head size distributions, we tested whether these genetic alterations disrupt the lognormality of spine head sizes. Furthermore, we distinguished between spines containing the actin‐modulating protein synaptopodin (SP‐positive), which is present in large, strong and stable spines and those lacking it (SP‐negative). Our analysis revealed that neither TNF‐deficiency nor the absence of TNF‐R1, TNF‐R2 or TNF‐R 1 and 2 (TNF‐R1/R2) degrades the general lognormal‐like, skewed distribution of spine head sizes (all spines, SP‐positive spines, SP‐negative spines). However, TNF, TNF‐R1 and TNF‐R2‐deficiency affected the width of the lognormal distribution, and TNF‐R1/2‐deficiency shifted the distribution to the left. Our findings demonstrate the robustness of the lognormal‐like, skewed distribution, which is maintained even in the face of genetic manipulations that alter the distribution of spine head sizes. Our observations are in line with homeostatic adaptation mechanisms of neurons regulating the distribution of spines and their head sizes.
Enriching iPSC research diversity: Harnessing human biobank collections for improved ethnic representation
Authors: Gurwitz David , Steeg Rachel
Published: June 2024

Biobanks of human biosamples and cell lines are indispensable for biomedical research on human health and disease and for drug development projects. Many human cell line biobanks worldwide hold collections of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), representing thousands of affected and control donors from diverse ethnic/ancestry groups. In recent years, induced human pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiated human cells derived from these iPSCs have become indispensable for applied biomedical research. Establishing iPSCs remains a laborious and costly step towards generating differentiated human cells. To address this research need, several non‐profit and commercial biobanks have established iPSC collections for distribution to researchers, thereby serving as a resource for generating differentiated human cells. The most common starting materials for generation of iPSCs are a skin biopsy for harvesting fibroblasts, or a blood sample for collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However untapped resources include the large established collections of biobanked human LCLs which can be reprogrammed to iPSCs using a variety of published protocols including the use of non‐integrating episomal vectors. Many biobanks curate LCLs from diverse ethnic/ancestry populations, an aspect largely absent in most established iPSC biobanks which tend to primarily reflect populations from developed countries. Here, we call upon researchers across the breadth of iPSC research to tap the unique resource of existing and diverse human LCL collections for establishing biobanked iPSC panels that better represent the varied human ethnic (and hence genomic) diversity, thereby benefiting precision medicine and drug development research on a global scale.
Extreme functional specialization of fertile leaves in a widespread fern species and its implications on the evolution of reproductive dimorphism
Authors: Suissa Jacob S. , Barkoff Noah , Watkins James E.
Published: June 2024

Resource allocation theory posits that organisms distribute limited resources across functions to maximize their overall fitness. In plants, the allocation of resources among maintenance, reproduction, and growth influences short‐term economics and long‐term evolutionary processes, especially during resource scarcity. The evolution of specialized structures to divide labor between reproduction and growth can create a feedback loop where selection can act on individual organs, further increasing specializaton and  resource allocation. Ferns exhibit diverse reproductive strategies, including dimorphism, where leaves can either be sterile (only for photosynthesis) or fertile (for spore dispersal). This dimorphism is similar to processes in seed plants (e.g., the production of fertile flowers and sterile leaves), and presents an opportunity to investigate divergent resource allocation between reproductive and vegetative functions in specialized organs. Here, we conducted anatomical and hydraulic analyses on Onoclea sensibilis L., a widespread dimorphic fern species, to reveal significant structural and hydraulic divergences between fertile and sterile leaves. Fertile fronds invest less in hydraulic architecture, with nearly 1.5 times fewer water‐conducting cells and a nearly 0.5 times less drought‐resistant xylem compared to sterile fronds. This comes at the increased relative investment in structural support, which may help facilitate spore dispersal. These findings suggest that specialization in ferns—in the form of reproductive dimorphism—can enable independent selection pressures on each leaf type, potentially optimizing spore dispersal in fertile fronds and photosynthetic efficiency in sterile fronds. Overall, our study sheds light on the evolutionary implications of functional specialization and highlights the importance of reproductive strategies in shaping plant fitness and evolution.
Comparative Determination of Mitochondrial Biomarkers and Their Relationship With Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: An Observational Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Ofori Emmanuel K. , Dziedzorm Wormenor , Buabeng Alfred , Dogodzi Francis K. , Adusu‐Donkor Laurinda X. , Bernard Segla K. , Amponsah Seth K. , Asare‐Anane Henry
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Data suggest malfunctioning mitochondria reduce oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, disrupting insulin signalling. Cytochrome c (CC), acylcarnitine (AC) and citrate synthase (CS) are essential components of the mitochondria machinery and can be used as reliable biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to determine whether mitochondrial biomarkers (AC, CS and CC) are altered in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to examine the association between these biomarkers and insulin resistance.

Methodology

A cross‐sectional observational study that recruited 170 participants (88 with T2DM and 82 without DM) was conducted. Blood samples were collected from the recruits and analysed for levels of fasting glucose (FBG), AC, CS, CC, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and magnesium. Blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric characteristics of participants were also taken. Appropriate formulas were used to determine %body fat, body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA‐β).

Results

Patients with T2DM had higher levels of CC, %body fat, FBG, TG, HbA1c, BMI and HOMA‐IR than controls (p < 0.05, respectively). Results showed a significant relationship between circulating CC levels versus HOMA‐β (r = −0.40, p = 0.001), CS (r = −0.70, p = 0.001) and AC (r = −0.72, p = 0.001) levels in patients with T2DM. The adjusted odds increased in the T2DM patients for VLDL (OR = 6.66, p = 0.002), HbA1c (OR = 6.50, p = 0.001), FPG (OR = 3.17, p = 0.001), TG (OR = 2.36, p = 0.010), being female (OR = 2.09, p = 0.020) and CC (OR = 1.14, p = 0.016).

Conclusion

Overall, alterations in mitochondrial biomarkers, measured by AC, CC and CS, were observed in people with T2DM and showed a direct relationship with insulin resistance. These findings are potentially significant in Africa, although additional confirmation from a larger cohort is necessary.
Clusters of multidimensional exercise response patterns and estimated heart failure risk in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Miller Patricia E. , Gajjar Priya , Mitchell Gary F. , Khan Sadiya S. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Larson Martin G. , Lewis Gregory D. , Shah Ravi V. , Nayor Matthew
Published: June 2024

Aims

New tools are needed to identify heart failure (HF) risk earlier in its course. We evaluated the association of multidimensional cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) phenotypes with subclinical risk markers and predicted long‐term HF risk in a large community‐based cohort.

Methods and results

We studied 2532 Framingham Heart Study participants [age 53 ± 9 years, 52% women, body mass index (BMI) 28.0 ± 5.3 kg/m2, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) 21.1 ± 5.9 kg/m2 in women, 26.4 ± 6.7 kg/m2 in men] who underwent maximum effort CPET and were not taking atrioventricular nodal blocking agents. Higher peak VO2 was associated with a lower estimated HF risk score (Spearman correlation r: −0.60 in men and −0.55 in women, P < 0.0001), with an observed overlap of estimated risk across peak VO2 categories. Hierarchical clustering of 26 separate CPET phenotypes (values residualized on age, sex, and BMI to provide uniformity across these variables) identified three clusters with distinct exercise physiologies: Cluster 1—impaired oxygen kinetics; Cluster 2—impaired vascular; and Cluster 3—favourable exercise response. These clusters were similar in age, sex distribution, and BMI but displayed distinct associations with relevant subclinical phenotypes [Cluster 1—higher subcutaneous and visceral fat and lower pulmonary function; Cluster 2—higher carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV); and Cluster 3—lower CFPWV, C‐reactive protein, fat volumes, and higher lung function; all false discovery rate < 5%]. Cluster membership provided incremental variance explained (adjusted R2 increment of 0.10 in women and men, P < 0.0001 for both) when compared with peak VO2 alone in association with predicted HF risk.

Conclusions

Integrated CPET response patterns identify physiologically relevant profiles with distinct associations to subclinical phenotypes that are largely independent of standard risk factor‐based assessment, which may suggest alternate pathways for prevention.
Microencapsulation of fish oil rich in EPA and DHA using mixture of Arabic gum and Persian gum through spray‐drying technique
Authors: Jokar Yalda Khodadadi , Goli Mohammad , Esfahani Mojtaba Nasr , Fazel Mohammad , Najarian Afsaneh
Published: June 2024

The microencapsulation of fish oil by the spray‐drying technique was conducted using Arabic gum (AG) and Persian gum (PG) as wall materials. AG‐to‐PG ratios, including 29:1, 28:2, 27:3, 26:4, and 25:5 (%w/w), wall‐to‐oil ratios, including 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2;1, and 1:1, drying temperature (180, 190, 200, 210, and 220°C), and feed flow rate at high and low states were optimized using response surface methodology. Microencapsulation efficiency (MEE), moisture content (MC), peroxide value (PV), and particle size (PS) were determined. Results showed that the highest MEE and the lowest MC, PV, and PS were attained when 26:4, 4:1, 210°C, and high speed were considered, respectively. At this point, the MEE, MC, PV, and PS were 79.49%, 3.39%, 10.98 meq O2/kg oil, and 39.05 µm, respectively. The microstructure of optimum microencapsulated powder exhibited no observable cracks, fissures, or pores while having a typical spherical and smooth surface. Microencapsulation of fish oil using a mixture of AG and PG showed higher oxidative stability associated with high MEE, low MC, and low PV at the final product. Moreover, the optimized emulsion formulation and drying conditions increased the storage stability.
Base‐Promoted Regioselective Synthesis of α‐Amino BODIPYs through Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling with Anilines
Authors: Wang Hua , Guo Luying , Zuo Huiquan , Wang Long , Guo Xing , Kang Zhengxin , Li Zhong‐Yuan , Jiao Lijuan , Hao Erhong
Published: June 2024

The construction of C−N bond at the α‐position of BODIPYs (boron dipyrromethene) not only enables flexible reactivity but also leads to strong electron‐donating properties. In this study, a base‐promoted oxidative cross‐dehydrogenative coupling was developed to synthesize α‐amino BODIPYs with air as a green oxidant. By this strategy, a series of weak nitrogen nucleophiles, such as heteroaryl and aryl anilines, were installed to the α‐position. Remarkably, pyrrole, pyrazole and indole were also employed to realize the synthesis of α‐heteroaryl BODIPYs through direct functionalization. Further aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIE) properties and lipid droplet‐targeting bioimaging experiments of representative dyes demonstrated their potential applications as organic probes.