bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptor and Transmitter Release Properties Set the Time Course of Retinal Inhibition
Authors: Eggers Erika D. , Lukasiewicz Peter D.
Published: September 2006

Synaptic inhibition is determined by the properties of postsynaptic receptors, neurotransmitter release, and clearance, but little is known about how these factors shape sensation-evoked inhibition. The retina is an ideal system to investigate inhibition because it can be activated physiologically with light, and separate inhibitory pathways can be assayed by recording from rod bipolar cells that possess distinct glycine, GABAA, and GABACreceptors (R). We show that receptor properties differentially shape spontaneous IPSCs, whereas both transmitter release and receptor properties shape light-evoked (L) IPSCs. GABACR-mediated IPSCs decayed the slowest, whereas glycineR- and GABAAR-mediated IPSCs decayed more rapidly. Slow GABACRs determined the L-IPSC decay, whereas GABAARs and glycineRs, which mediated rapid onset responses, determined the start of the L-IPSC. Both fast and slow inhibitory inputs distinctly shaped the output of rod bipolar cells. The slow GABACRs truncated glutamate release, making the A17 amacrine cell L-EPSCs more transient, whereas the fast GABAAR and glycineRs reduced the initial phase of glutamate release, limiting the peak amplitude of the L-EPSC. Estimates of transmitter release time courses suggested that glycine release was more prolonged than GABA release. The time course of GABA release activating GABACRs was slower than that activating GABAARs, consistent with spillover activation of GABACRs. Thus, both postsynaptic receptor and transmitter release properties shape light-evoked inhibition in retina.
High Levels of Cre Expression in Neuronal Progenitors Cause Defects in Brain Development Leading to Microencephaly and Hydrocephaly
Authors: Forni Paolo E. , Scuoppo Claudio , Imayoshi Itaru , Taulli Riccardo , Dastrù Walter , Sala Valentina , Betz Ulrich A. K. , Muzzi Patrizia , Martinuzzi Daniela , Vercelli Alessandro E. , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Ponzetto Carola
Published: September 2006

Hydrocephalus is a common and variegated pathology often emerging in newborn children after genotoxic insults during pregnancy (Hicks and D’Amato, 1980). Cre recombinase is known to have possible toxic effects that can compromise normal cell cycle and survival. Here we show, by using three independent nestin Cre transgenic lines, that high levels of Cre recombinase expression into the nucleus of neuronal progenitors can compromise normal brain development. The transgenics analyzed are the nestin Cre Balancer (Bal1) line, expressing the Cre recombinase with a nuclear localization signal, and two nestin CreERT2(Cre recombinase fused with a truncated estrogen receptor) mice lines with different levels of expression of a hybrid CreERT2recombinase that translocates into the nucleus after tamoxifen treatment. All homozygous Bal1 nestin Cre embryos displayed reduced neuronal proliferation, increased aneuploidy and cell death, as well as defects in ependymal lining and lamination of the cortex, leading to microencephaly and to a form of communicating hydrocephalus. An essentially overlapping phenotype was observed in the two nestin CreERT2transgenic lines after tamoxifen mediated-CreERT2translocation into the nucleus. Neither tamoxifen-treated wild-type nor nestin CreERT2oil-treated control mice displayed these defects. These results indicate that some forms of hydrocephalus may derive from a defect in neuronal precursors proliferation. Furthermore, they underscore the potential risks for developmental studies of high levels of nuclear Cre in neurogenic cells.
The Transcriptional Activator Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2 (HIF-2/EPAS-1) Regulates the Oxygen-Dependent Expression of Erythropoietin in Cortical Astrocytes
Authors: Chavez Juan C. , Baranova Oxana , Lin Janice , Pichiule Paola
Published: September 2006

In the ischemic or hypoxic brain, astrocytes appear to be one of the main sources of erythropoietin (EPO). In this study, we investigated the differential contribution of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) isoforms to the regulation of hypoxic EPO expression in cultured astrocytes. In addition, using anin vitromodel of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), we studied the role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the generation of paracrine protective signals by astrocytes that modulate the survival of neurons exposed to OGD. Expression of HIF-1α or HIF-2α was abrogated by infecting astrocytes with lentiviral particles encoding small interference RNA specific for HIF-1α or HIF-2α (siHIF-1α or siHIF-2α). Astrocytes infected with siHIF-1α showed abrogated hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) but normal EPO induction. In contrast, reduction of HIF-2α expression by siHIF-2α led to a drastic decrease of EPO hypoxic expression, but it did not affect LDH or VEGF upregulation. To further test whether HIF-2 is sufficient to drive EPO upregulation, we expressed oxygen-insensitive mutant forms of HIF-1α (mtHIF-1α) (P402A/P577A) and HIF-2α (mtHIF-2α) (P405A/P530A). Expression of mtHIF-2α but not mtHIF-1α in normoxic astrocytes resulted in a significant upregulation of EPO mRNA and protein. Accordingly, HIF-2α but not HIF-1α was found to be associated with the EPO hypoxia-response element by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Interestingly, conditioned medium from astrocytes challenged by sublethal OGD improved neuronal survival to OGD; however, this effect was abolished during the downregulation of astrocytic HIF-2α using siHIF-2α. These results indicate that HIF-2α mediates the transcriptional activation of EPO expression in astrocytes, and this pathway may promote astrocytic paracrine-dependent neuronal survival during ischemia.
Wine, Ethnography, and French History
Authors: Guy Kolleen M.
Published: September 2006

Vintages and Traditions: An Ethnohistory of Southwest French Wine Cooperatives. Robert C. Ulin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.

Cultivating Dissent: Work, Identity, and Praxis in Rural Languedoc. Winnie Lem. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
The Marian Symbolism of Spring, ca. 1200-ca. 1500: Two Case Studies
Authors: ROTHENBERG DAVID J.
Published: September 2006

As the season of earthly rebirth, spring in the high and late Middle Ages provided both an ideal setting for secular love songs and a symbolic underpinning for the liturgical season of Eastertide. With the Virgin Mary acting as a spiritual point of mediation, Eastertide liturgy and secular springtime song resonated symbolically with one another, a resonance seen nowhere more clearly than in polyphonic compositions in which Eastertide chants, Marian prayers, and secular springtime songs sound simultaneously. This essay presents two case studies that explore the confluence of these diverse elements within polyphonic music. The first examines thirteenth-century compositions on the widespread tenor In seculum, positing its origins in the Mass for Easter Sunday —and by extension its associations with spring—as the reason that it was used so often and combined with such diverse textual and musical materials as pastourelles, dances, courtly love songs, and Marian prayers. The second study examines the use of multiple cantus firmi in Isaac's Laudes salvatori (from Choralis Constantinus) and Josquin's Victimae paschali laudes, both paraphrase settings of Easter sequences that comment upon their primary cantus firmus by simultaneously quoting additional melodies. Isaac uses the chants Regina caeli and Victimae paschali laudes to emphasize the central role that Mary plays in the miracle of the Resurrection, while Joquin accomplishes this same goal by employing the well-known chansons D'ung aultre amer and De tous biens plaine as vernacular symbols of Christ and the Virgin Mary, respectively. The two case studies, taken together, illustrate a consistent mode of symbolic thought that endured for over three centuries.
From American Ethnographer to Cold War Icon: Charles Ives through the Eyes of Henry and Sidney Cowell
Authors: PAUL DAVID C.
Published: September 2006

Scholars have recognized that Henry Cowell was one of the most ardent promoters of Charles Ives, but the fact that Cowell's conception of Ives shifted over time has been overlooked. During the late twenties, Cowell portrayed Ives as a fundamentally social artist with the sensibilities of a musical ethnographer. By the fifties, in the writings Cowell coauthored with his wife Sidney, Ives came to be depicted as a paragon for the liberating power of individualism. Close scrutiny of Cowell's published writings, along with letters and manuscripts from the Henry Cowell Collection of the Music Division at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, reveals the factors that influenced this transition. Béla Bartók's theories about folk music authenticity were the impetus behind Cowell's earliest conception of Ives. Cowell maintained that Ives had created a definitively American art music by transcribing the performance idiosyncrasies of American folk musicians. The anxieties of the Cold War and a writing partnership with his wife caused Cowell to stress Ives's commitment to the individualism espoused by transcendentalist philosophers. The Cowells no longer equated Ives's Americanness with his ability to transcribe local practice, but instead with his solitary pursuit of the “Universal Mind.”
Putting On Airs
Authors: Passmore Susan Racine
Published: September 2006

This chapter outlines my experience of becoming an applied anthropologist. It focuses on habitus and identity formation at the intersection of a disparate set of social worlds. In particular, it is a story of the creation of a professional identity shaped by often contradictory messages and experiences of a working‐class extended family, a middle‐class New England community, academia, and the professional workplace. Each of these contexts is mediated by the intricacies of gender. The key to this journey is the observation and struggle against internal, environmental, systemic and social obstacles to success as a practitioner in anthropology, as well as my need to create a balance between past and present, family and work.
Theory and Practice
Authors: Pinsker Eve C.
Published: September 2006

Pinsker describes a journey from an early interest in social science as a tool for addressing social problems, through training as a cultural anthropologist in a theoretically oriented graduate department, to an applied career in program evaluation and community health professional development. She explores how the contexts of family background, historical time period, and economic constraints shaped the choices within which she improvised her career. Key themes have remained constant throughout this career: an interest in the relationships between individual and collective change, awareness of ethnicity and class and how they shape interpersonal interactions, and interests in dance as well as in language as tools for cross‐cultural communication and building community.
Life at the Crossroads
Authors: Schensul Jean J.
Published: September 2006

This article is a personal account of the intertwining of one female anthropologist's professional and personal experience. It describes the process of composing a life that accommodated field research, marriage to a partner anthropologist, children in the field, professional service, and national and international applied research. It outlines the evolution of an approach to developing community‐based research organizations that conduct applied ethnographic research for purposes of research, community education, policy change, and advocacy. This approach, which can be used in ethnic or substantively specific settings or in cross‐ethnic and cross‐national environments, fuses basic, applied, and cultural conservation research and material culture and is positioned as a model for community‐based research in health, community development, and cultural conservation. The approach highlights the Hispanic Health Council and the Institute for Community Research as examples of such organizations, developing from the same roots but different in their orientation and actualization of research and social change. Each of these organizations is embedded in anthropological theory and practice, largely developed and supported by anthropologists. Both are based in Hartford, using innovative mixed methods research and working nationally and internationally. The paper concludes with lessons learned that apply to anthropology and across applied social sciences and to the development of career directions in applied anthropology.
The Spiral Path
Authors: Wali Alaka
Published: September 2006

In this article, I discuss the different directions my career has taken and how I have tried to use anthropology to work for social change. I also discuss the strategies I learned from feminist practice that enabled me to succeed, integrating family and career. Finally I discuss how anthropological perspectives have shaped all aspects of my life and the lessons I have learned.
Histories and Futures at the Frontier
Authors: Wasson Christina
Published: September 2006

In the conclusion to this volume, I address commonalities across chapters in terms of both the authors' early lives and their advice to the next generation of anthropologist practitioners. The advice falls into five major categories: (1) mentoring and networking; (2) follow your dream; (3) anthropology skills; (4) workplace skills; and (5) academic‐practice connections. We hope the experiences presented here can provide useful ideas and insights to other anthropologist practitioners who will be making history in the future.
Pursuing International Development through a Gender Lens
Authors: Clarke Mari H.
Published: September 2006

In this chapter I reflect on key factors that have influenced my nonlinear career path, as my early fascination with other cultures evolved from an academic interest to an applied professional focus in international development. Within the broad arena of gender and development, I have explored different roles as social science analyst, evaluator, trainer, manager, fund‐raiser, and consultant. Through these explorations I have built a strong applied resume, established extensive professional networks, and found my niche. I explore the ways that I have carved this pathway by pursuing my passions of art, people, and practical science, building on my strengths, and seizing good career opportunities as they arose. A master's degree in educational media opened the door to international development career opportunities, starting with training and instructional design. I completed my dissertation and then worked eight years in the Office of Women and Development, at the U.S. Agency for International Development, addressing policy and program issues. Next I directed the U.S. "Egyptian Education Secretariat, did consulting work as a gender specialist for various organizations, and then directed the technical support project for the USAID Office of Private and Voluntary Cooperation. Next was another year of independent consulting and then a new role as a fund‐raiser for an NGO working on women's empowerment in developing countries, followed by my current work as a consultant to the World Bank. Key lessons learned include the importance of mentoring and networking, the value of local and national organizations for networking and to maintain a sense of anthropological identity, the advantages of flexibility and open‐mindedness to the pursuit of new unexpected paths, the need for addressing our "passions" in pursuit of careers, the significance of achieving balance between work and the rest of life, and, as a result of my special focus on gender, the complex, contextspecific, and changing nature of the impact of gender on career opportunities.
Framing Till Eulenspiegel
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: September 2006

Strauss's Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (1895) may be read as the composer's credo of a new, antimetaphysical musical modernism that resonated with aspects of Nietzschean philosophy. In the immediately preceding years Strauss had taken a decisive philosophical-aesthetic turn away from the metaphysical assertions of Schopenhauer and Wagner and toward a more individualistic, palpably material conception of music. As was recognized by some writers of that period, the provocations and unstoppable laughter apparent in the tone poem could be understood as brash dismissals of one "sacred" tenet of the institution of art music after another. The seemingly gemutlich wit represented by Till (a metaphorical stand-in for Strauss himself) masked a more subversive agenda: on the one hand, a mocking of the metaphysical pretensions that then underpinned the art-music enterprise; on the other, the proclaiming of a new aesthetic staging itself as exhilaratingly emancipated from the overly inflated "Spirit of Gravity" still dominating that cultural sector of the musical world. These subversions are perceptible not only in the piece's program but also in its local musical details and overall formal construction. Several larger issues are at stake in such considerations. Strauss's personal move away from the metaphysics of music provides one of the earliest, most urgent alarms from within the high-prestige cultural system that its fundamental axioms were now corroding away, no longer sustainable by authoritarian fiat, in a rapidly modernizing and secularizing world. In turn, this suggests that such a reframing of Strauss's (and others') projects could encourage historians to approach the separate subhistories of musical modernism with a more problematized complexity and nuance. Finally--as all commentators on Till Eulenspiegel have noted--a significant part of the piece's impact resides its flamboyant, high-technical compositional display (a leading sign of its "modernism"). From this perspective the requisite framing is grounded in our recognition of its brazenly confrontational dialogue with established musical styles and practices. Non-normative formal patterning and architectonic layout are substantial components of Strauss's (Till's) musical subversion. In the reading proposed here, Till Eulenspiegel is processed as a radicalized sonata-rondo deformation with telling hermeneutic and social connotations, some of whose essential clues are located in the piece's prologue and epilogue. I interweave this analytical interpretation with remarks about the concept of sonata (and sonata-rondo) deformations as applied to music of the late nineteenth century.
Lost in Quotation: Nuances behind E. T. A. Hoffmann's Programmatic Statements
Authors: Chapin Keith
Published: September 2006

E. T. A. Hoffmann spoke with the conviction of one who thought to reveal the essence of music. However, the bold and emphatic character of his words masked the subtleties and the variations of his positions. This article examines their nuances from two perspectives. It first examines the literary techniques he used to present his ideas and to give them substance. He presented his ideas in alternately enthusiastic and satirical tones. He used words connotatively, and he dealt different positions to different narrators and characters. Second, the article discusses the course of his career and the cast of his writings. After he received critiques of his high-handed attitudes in the Fantasiestucke (1814) and after he rejoined the Prussian bureaucracy, he changed the tenor if not the foundations of his positions. In its appendix, the article offers the first English translation of the most striking of the critiques: Jean Paul's preface to the Fantasiestucke.
Paths through Dichterliebe
Authors: Hoeckner Berthold
Published: September 2006

The article advances a new case for a coherent tonal and narrative structure of Schumann's Dichterliebe, op. 48. Based on a map of key relations by Gottfried Weber, the hermeneutic analysis follows Dichterliebe's tonal path along a double trajectory of major keys and their relative minor keys, whose progression through tonal space is understood as occurrences in event space. A comparison between Dichterliebe and its original version, 20 Lieder und Gesange, shows how the tonal and narrative paths pertain to both. The hermeneutic analysis demonstrates a slippage between story and narrative as well as reality and illusion, whereby Schumann responds to Heine's irony, creating a tonal and narrative structure that is both circular and cyclical, both whole and fragment.
Bruckner Problems, in Perpetuity
Authors: Notley Margaret
Published: September 2006

In the past, "the" Bruckner problem had to do with producing editions that reflected his intentions, insofar as these could be determined from extant autograph materials. Since then, musicologists have singled out other Bruckner problems. Thus many scholars see the need to create a more believable image of the composer than that of the pious na•f who appears in much of the traditional literature. As the scope of Bruckner scholarship widened in the past three decades, the opposition between Catholic liturgical music and Wagner's operas, both crucial in Bruckner's development as a composer, inspired semantic interpretations of his symphonies that have been subjected to increasingly close and critical scrutiny. In sum, much recent research focuses on creating a firmer factual basis for understanding his life and works. Yet musicologists have also recognized the significance of the cliches of Bruckner reception, which can be attributed in part to the volkisch worldview shared by many of his earliest supporters. Contemporary Viennese politics is an important topic because of questions not only of reception but also intent. Bruckner greatly enhanced the demagogic and cultic appeal of the Beethovenian symphony; scholars have accordingly focused on how he altered the type, as well as on how it was perceived. Recent treatments of the Eighth Symphony suggest the analytical potential of the metrical numbers Bruckner wrote in his scores while also showing that "the" Bruckner problem persists. Many distinguished conductors continue to choose the "wrong" version of the symphony (prepared by Robert Haas in 1939) over the first and second versions of the symphony as edited by Leopold Nowak after World War II. Rigorous and at the same time imaginative approaches are needed for the problems Bruckner scholarship poses.
Gas permeability measurements of cement-based materials under hydrostatic test conditions using a low-transient method
Authors: Meziani H.
Published: September 2006

Argon permeability of a mortar, made with a water/cement ratio of 0·4, was measured cyclically as a function of confining pressure up to σ3 = −57 MPa. An original low-transient method was used, in which the time required to observe a slight gas pressure decay is measured. The mechanical behaviour and hydraulic response were both studied. The mortar seems crack-free and isotropic. It behaves elastically, even if a significant hysteresis, ascribed here to some microsliding between the C–S–H sheets and the movement of interlayer water acting as a lubricant, was observed. Similarly, the hydraulic response was shown to be, despite a slight delaying effect, entirely reversible. Surprisingly, permeability versus porosity changes is strongly nonlinear, which is not consistent with the predictions of random shrinkage modelling in which a power law relationship k ∝ ϕα with α = 3 is obtained between permeability and porosity. The mortar permeability is decreased by 50% when the confining pressure is increased from σ3 = −3 MPa to σ3 = −57 MPa, while the overall porosity is only decreased by 2·5%. This high sensitivity is thought to be the result of some percolative effects within the interfacial transition zones owing to closure of slit-like pores.
Plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete slabs. Part I: a numerical model
Authors: Kwak H.-G. , Ha S.-J.
Published: September 2006

In the current paper, an analytical model that can predict the occurrence of plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete slabs is introduced based on the balance between bleed water and bleed water evaporation. To estimate the rate and amount of bleeding in concrete slabs, the consolidation model proposed is used after comparing the analytical results with the experimental results. In the presented model, the effect of temperature variation caused by the hydration heat of the concrete matrix is taken into consideration when estimating the evaporation rate of the bleed water. Then, the time at which the concrete surface begins to dry, which is closely related to the time at which plastic shrinkage cracking begins to occur, can be estimated using the two analytical models mentioned above. Through correlation studies between experimental data and analytical results, it is verified that the proposed model can predict the occurrence of plastic shrinkage cracking with relative precision.
Plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete slabs. Part II: numerical experiment and prediction of occurrence
Authors: Kwak H.-G. , Ha S.-J.
Published: September 2006

In the present paper, the influence on plastic shrinkage cracking of many factors related to concrete mixture properties and weather conditions are analysed through parametric studies using the numerical models introduced in the companion paper. First of all, through a systematic calculation of bleeding, a relationship between the bleeding constants and the concrete mixture is proposed on the basis of the experimental data previously obtained by many researchers. Moreover, an equation is introduced that can directly determine the critical point at which the evaporation and bleeding are balanced, and the efficiency of the introduced equation is verified through a correlation study between the results obtained with the introduced equations and those from rigorous analyses. The introduced equations can be effectively used to predict and prevent the occurrence of plastic shrinkage cracking without any rigorous analysis and, in addition, to cope with sudden changes in the concrete mixture and/or in weather conditions.
Fire resistance of RC and FRP-confined RC columns
Authors: Han L. H. , Zheng Y. Q. , Teng J. G.
Published: September 2006

The retrofit of columns by fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement has become a popular technique over the past decade but when this technique is adopted to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns in buildings, the fire resistance of the strengthened column is often a serious design concern. This paper addresses the issue of assessing the fire endurance of FRP-strengthened RC columns. Since the FRP jacket loses its strength rapidly in a fire, the mechanical resistance of the FRP composite is ignored in this study, and instead attention is focused on the ability of the original RC column in resisting the design loads for the fire limit state. The paper first presents a theoretical model for the deformation and strength of RC columns in fire, which, in conjunction with a finite element method for the temperature field analysis of RC columns, can be used to predict the fire resistance of RC columns and FRP-confined RC columns with or without fire protection. Comparisons of results predicted using this model with test results show close agreement in general. The paper also presents the results of a parametric study to examine the effects on the fire endurance of RC columns of the following parameters: material strengths, section size, steel reinforcement ratio, load eccentricity ratio, depth-to-width ratio and slenderness ratio. Based on these results, a design proposal for evaluating the fire resistance of RC columns is presented. Finally, the application of this design proposal in a fire resistance assessment of an FRP-confined RC column is illustrated.
Crowd-induced rhythmic loading
Authors: Parkhouse J. G. , Ewins D. J.
Published: September 2006

Grandstands and stadia experience dynamic loading owing to crowd action. Induced vibrations are greatest when a lively crowd is moving to a musical beat at the particular tempo that excites structural resonance. Experimental research is described that has shown that all crowd-induced rhythmic loading has two components: one which is synchronised with the beat and the other which is stochastic or random. Vertical loading owing to jumping or bobbing (feet permanently on the ground) is derived for groups of between five and 200 people listening to beats with constant tempos within the range 90 to 210 beats per minute (bpm). The synchronised component is proportional to crowd size while the stochastic component is proportional to the square root of the crowd size.
Modelling effects of passive crowds on grandstand vibration
Authors: Sim J. , Blakeborough A. , Williams M.
Published: September 2006

The possibility of excessive vibration on cantilever grandstands caused by lively human-induced loading is causing concern. One problem to be faced is the creation of a model of the crowd-loaded structure when the mass of the passive (seated and standing) crowd is significant compared with the mass of the structure. This paper presents the derivation of a crowd model and investigates the effect the passive crowd has on the response of the structure. A two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) crowd model is obtained from published research on the apparent mass frequency response of people either seated or standing on a vibrating platform. Using the MATLAB® Control Toolbox, the 2DOF crowd model is combined with a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model of the structure using a feedback system. Analysis is carried out for SDOF structures with natural frequency from 1 to 10 Hz, occupied with crowds of various sizes, quantified by the ratio of the mass of the crowd to the mass of the structure, ranging from 5 to 40%. The results show that the passive crowd adds significant mass and damping to the SDOF structure. The combined system shows a reduction in the natural frequency and dynamic response compared with the empty structure. These effects, which vary depending on the natural frequency of the structure, are quantified and presented in charts, which allow designers to estimate the natural frequency and response of an occupied structure quickly and easily.
Evaluation perception of wind-induced vibration in buildings
Authors: Tamura Y. , Kawana S. , Nakamura O. , Kanda J. , Nakata S.
Published: September 2006

Vibration perception tests are conducted for a wide range of vibration frequencies for various buildings from low-rise residential houses to high-rise buildings. The tests are basically conducted for sitting posture, fore-and-aft direction, uniaxial and sinusoidal vibrations. Additional experiments examining effects of body postures, vibration modes and randomness are, however, also conducted. Variations of individual perception thresholds are very significant and the results are evaluated in a probabilistic manner. A probabilistic perception threshold in the frequency range 0·125– 6·0 Hz is then proposed for practical design of buildings to assess their habitability to vibration. The present paper also explains and gives a commentary on the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) Guidelines for the Evaluation of Habitability to Building Vibration (2004). In particular, it introduces two different methods for evaluating building habitability using the AIJ Guidelines.
Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure Deep Drilling Project Completes Coring
Authors: Gohn G. S. , Koeberl C. , Miller K. G. , Reimold W. U. ,   the Scientific Staff of the Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure Deep Drilling Project
Published: September 2006

Abstract. No abstract available. doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.3.07.2006
Ancient Beehives from Isthmia
Authors: Jones J. Ellis
Published: September 2006

Abstract: Ceramic beehives are known to have been utilized in ancient Greece. Excavations by the University of Chicago at Isthmia have produced many fragments with an interior combed surface characteristic of this special vessel. In addition to four almost complete beehives of horizontal type, four restored hives and a number of fragments of an upright style of hive from the Sanctuary of Poseidon and the Rachi settlement are published here. They provide the first substantial evidence for the existence of the upright hive in ancient Greece.
Numerical Solution of Initial Value Problems Based on the Double Exponential Transformation
Authors: Nurmuhammad Ahniyaz , Muhammad Mayinur , Mori Masatake
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present a method for approximate solution of initial value problems of ordinary differential equation by the double exponential transformation. The original problem is transformed into a Volterra integral equation and it is solved via the indeﬁnite integration formula derived by Muhammad and Mori. A remarkable advantage of the double exponential transformation technique for solving initial value problems in this method is that it is easily implemented and gives a result with high accuracy also for problems with end point singularities and for stiﬀ problems. The high accuracy of the method proposed in this paper is conﬁrmed by numerical examples and an exponential convergence rate

\exp(−cN/ \log N)

is attained in almost all cases.
Double-Exponential Fast Gauss Transform Algorithms for Pricing Discrete Lookback Options
Authors: Yamamoto Yusaku
Published: September 2006

This paper presents fast and accurate algorithms for computing the prices of discretely sampled lookback options. Under the Black–Scholes framework, the pricing of a discrete lookback option can be reduced to a series of convolutions of a function with the Gaussian distribution. Using this fact, an effcient algorithm, which computes these convolutions by a combination of the double-exponential integration formula and the fast Gauss transform, has been proposed recently. We extend this algorithm to lookback options under Merton’s jump-diffusion model and American lookback options. Numerical experiments show that our method is much faster and more accurate than conventional methods for lookback options under Merton’s model. For American lookback options, our method outperforms conventional methods when required accuracy is relatively high.
On a Curvature Condition that Implies a Cohomology Injectivity Theorem of Kollár–Skoda Type
Authors: Ohsawa Takeo
Published: September 2006

The curvature condition for the singular Hermitian metric in a generalized

L^2

extension theorem on complex manifolds implies also a cohomology injectivity theorem in certain circumstances. This shows that the curvature condition is still available for the extension theorem in more general situations than before.
Positivity of Eta Products—a Certain Case of K. Saito’s Conjecture
Authors: Ibukiyama Tomoyoshi
Published: September 2006

We prove that for any prime
p
, the Fourier coeffcients of η(_p_τ)
p
/η(τ) are all non-negative, where η(τ) is the Dedekind eta function. This is a proof of some parts of K. Saito’s conjecture on such positivity of eta products associated with regular systems of weight.
Nilpotent Orbits of $ℤ_4$-Graded Lie Algebra and Geometry of Moment Maps Associated to the Dual Pair $(U(p,q), U(r,s))$
Authors: Ohta Takuya
Published: September 2006

Let

\mathfrak s^1 ← L_+ → \mathfrak s^2

be the

K_ℂ

-versions of the moment maps associated to the dual pair

(U(p,q), U(r,s))

and

\mathcal N(\mathfrak s^1) ← \mathcal N(L_+) → \mathcal N(\mathfrak s^2)

their restrictions to the nilpotent varieties. In this paper, we ﬁrst describe the nilpotent orbit correspondence via the moment maps explicitly. Second, under the condition

\min\{p, q\} ≥ \max\{r, s\}

, we show that there are open subvariety

L'_+

(resp. (

(\mathfrak s^2)'

) of

L_+

(resp.

\mathfrak s^2

) and locally closed subvariety

(\mathfrak s^1)'

of

\mathfrak s^1

such that the restrictions of the moment maps

\mathcal N((\mathfrak s^1)') ← \mathcal N(L'_+) → \mathcal N((\mathfrak s^2)')

give bijections of nilpotent orbits. Furthermore, we show that the bijections preserve the closure relation and the equivalence class of singularities.
On the Spectrum of Curved Planar Waveguides
Authors: Krejčiřík David , Kříž Jan
Published: September 2006

The spectrum of the Laplace operator in a curved strip of constant width built along an inﬁnite plane curve, subject to three diﬀerent types of boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann and a combination of these ones, respectively), is investigated. We prove that the essential spectrum as a set is stable under any curvature of the reference curve which vanishes at inﬁnity and ﬁnd various suﬃcient conditions which guarantee the existence of geometrically induced discrete spectrum. Furthermore, we derive a lower bound to the distance between the essential spectrum and the spectral threshold for locally curved strips. The paper is also intended as an overview of some new and old results on spectral properties of curved quantum waveguides.
The Harmonic Volumes of Hyperelliptic Curves
Authors: Tadokoro Yuuki
Published: September 2006

We determine the harmonic volumes for all the hyperelliptic curves. This gives a geometric interpretation of a theorem established by A. Tanaka [10].
Partial *-algebras of Distributions
Authors: Trapani Camillo , Tschinke Francesco
Published: September 2006

The problem of multiplying elements of the conjugate dual of certain kind of commutative generalized Hilbert algebras, which are dense in the set of

C^∞

-vectors of a self-adjoint operator, is considered in the framework of the so-called duality method. The multiplication is deﬁned by identifying each distribution with a multiplication operator acting on the natural rigged Hilbert space. Certain spaces, that are an abstract version of the Bessel potential spaces, are used to factorize the product.
Structure of Solutions of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations of Gérard–Tahara Type
Authors: Tahara Hidetoshi , Yamazawa Hiroshi
Published: September 2006

Let us consider the following nonlinear singular partial differential equation

\big(t \frac ∂ {∂_t}\big)^m u = F \Big(t,x,\big\{\big(t\frac ∂ {∂_t} \big)^j\big( \frac ∂ {∂_x} \big)^α u\big\}_{j+|α|≤ m,j<m}\Big)

in the complex domain. When the equation is of Fuchsian type with respect to

t

, holomorphic and singular solutions were investigated quite well by Gérard–Tahara under some assumptions on characteristic exponents. In this paper, the same type of equations is solved in the general case without any assumption on characteristic exponents.
An Approximate Rolle’s Theorem for Polynomials of Degree Four in a Hilbert Space
Authors: Ferrer Jesús
Published: September 2006

We show that the fourth degree polynomials that satisfy Rolle’s Theorem in the unit ball of a real Hilbert space are dense in the space of polynomials that vanish in the unit sphere. As a consequence, we obtain a sort of approximate Rolle’s Theorem for those polynomials.
Schauder Bases for Symmetric Tensor Products
Authors: Grecu Bogdan C. , Ryan Raymond A.
Published: September 2006

For a Banach space

E

with Schauder basis, we prove that the

n

fold symmetric tensor product

\hat \otimes_{µ,s}^n E

has a Schauder basis for all symmetric uniform crossnorms

µ

. This is done by modifying the square ordering on

ℕ^n

and showing that the new ordering gives tensor product bases in both

\hat \otimes_{µ}^n E

and

\hat \otimes_{µ,s}^n E

.

The main purpose of this article is to prove that the

n

-fold symmetric tensor product of a (real or complex) Banach space

E

has a Schauder basis whenever

E

does. The result was stated without proof in Ryan’s thesis [11] and has been constantly referred to in the literature. In the particular case of a shrinking Schauder basis for a complex Banach space

E

, an implicit proof was given by Dimant and Dineen [2]. The existence of a basis for the full tensor product was proved by Gelbaum and Gil de Lamadrid [7] who also showed that the unconditionality of the basis for

E

does not necessarily imply the same property for the tensor product basis. This was taken further by Kwapień and Pełczyński [8] who treated this issue in the context of spaces of matrices and by Pisier [9] and Schütt [12]. The dual problem, whether the monomials are a basis in the space of homogeneous polynomials, was dealt with by Dimant in her thesis [1], as well as in two other articles, together with Dineen [2] and Zalduendo [3]. The unconditionality (or lack thereof) of the monomial basis was extensively analysed by Defant, Díaz, García and Maestre [4].
Algebraic Local Cohomology Classes Attached to Quasi-Homogeneous Hypersurface Isolated Singularities
Authors: Tajima Shinichi , Nakamura Yayoi
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this paper is to study hypersurface isolated singularities by using partial differential operators based on

\mathcal D

-modules theory. Algebraic local cohomology classes supported at a singular point that constitute the dual space of the Milnor algebra are considered. It is shown that an isolated singularity is quasi-homogeneous if and only if an algebraic local cohomology class generating the dual space can be characterized as a solution of a holonomic system of ﬁrst order partial diﬀerential equations.
Interaction de Strates Consécutives II
Authors: Barlet Daniel
Published: September 2006

This article completes the results of our previous paper [B.91] on interaction of consecutive strata for the vanishing cycles. In the same context that loc. cit., we treat here the tangling phenomenon for a given cohomology class of the Milnor’s ﬁber of

f

at the origin in the case where its nilpotency order for the given eigenvalue

e^{-2_iπ.u} ≠ 1

of the monodromy is not necessarily bigger or equal than the nilpotency order of the monodromy for this eigenvalue at the generic point of the big stratum. We show that this tangling phenomenon can always be detected on the poles of the meromorphic extension of the distribution

\int_X |f|^{2λ}\Box

.
Smoothness of Solutions for Schrödinger Equations with Unbounded Potentials
Authors: Doi Shin-ichi
Published: September 2006

We consider a Schrödinger equation with linearly bounded magnetic potentials and a quadratically bounded electric potential when the coeffcients of the principal part do not necessarily converge to constants near inﬁnity. Assuming that there exists a suitable function

f(x)

near inﬁnity which is convex with respect to the Hamilton vector ﬁeld generated by the (scalar) principal symbol, we show a microlocal smoothing effect, which says that the regularity of the solution increases for all time

t \in (0, T]

at every point that is not trapped backward by the geodesic ﬂow if the initial data decays in an incoming region in the phase space. Here

T

depends on the potentials; we can choose

T = ∞

if the magnetic potentials are sublinear and the electric potential is subquadratic. Our method regards the growing potentials as perturbations; so it is applicable to matrix potentials as well.
Level Zero Fundamental Representations over Quantized Affne Algebras and Demazure Modules
Authors: Kashiwara Masaki
Published: September 2006

Let

W(\varpi_k)

be the ﬁnite-dimensional irreducible module over a quantized affne algebra

U'_q(\mathfrak g)

with the fundamental weight

\varpi_k

as an extremal weight. We show that its crystal

B(W(\varpi_k))

is isomorphic to the Demazure crystal

B^−(−Λ_0 + \varpi_k)

. This is derived from the following general result: for a dominant integral weight

λ

and an integral weight

µ

, there exists a unique homomorphism

U^-q(\mathfrak g)(u_λ \otimes u_µ) → V(λ + µ)

that sends

u_λ \otimes u_µ

to

u_{λ+µ}

. Here

V(λ)

is the extremal weight module with

λ

as an extremal weight, and

u_λ \in V(λ)

is the extremal weight vector of weight

λ

.
Addendum to “Termination of 4-fold Canonical Flips”
Authors: Fujino Osamu
Published: September 2006

There are errors in the definition of the weighted version of ‘difficulty’ in “Termination of 4-fold canonical flips”. In this paper, we describe these errors and correct them. After these corrections, Theorem 5.2 holds: every sequence of 4-fold canonical flips terminates.
An Invitation to the Generalized Saturation Conjecture
Authors: Kirillov Anatol N.
Published: September 2006

We report about some results, interesting examples, problems and conjectures revolving around the parabolic Kostant partition functions, the parabolic Kostka polynomials and “saturation” properties of several generalizations of the Littlewood–Richardson numbers. The Contents contains the titles of main topics we are going to discuss in the present paper.
Compactiﬁed Jacobians and Torelli Map
Authors: Alexeev Valery
Published: September 2006

We compare several constructions of compactiﬁed jacobians — using semistable sheaves, semistable projective curves, degenerations of abelian varieties, and combinatorics of cell decompositions — and show that they are equivalent. We give a detailed description of the “canonical compactiﬁed jacobian” in degree

g − 1

. Finally, we explain how Kapranov’s compactiﬁcation of conﬁguration spaces can be understood as a toric analog of the extended Torelli map.
A Survey on a Class of Exact Solutions of the Navier–Stokes Equations and a Model for Turbulence
Authors: Ohkitani Koji
Published: September 2006

In this paper we review some classes of exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations under a time-independent external straining ﬂow, centering around the celebrated Burgers vortex. The objectives are (i) to clarify the relationship between them and (ii) to examine them as models of turbulence. Particularly we study the Lundgren spiral model for turbulence in the presence of azimuthal vorticity (that is, with axial velocity). The implication on linear stability of the Burgers vortex is brieﬂy discussed.
Resolution of Nonsingularities of Families of Curves
Authors: Tamagawa Akio
Published: September 2006

In the present paper, we consider the following problem: For a given closed point

x

of a special ﬁber of a generically smooth family

X → S

of stable curves (with

\dim(S) = 1

), is there a covering

Y → X

that is generically étale (i.e., étale over the generic ﬁber(s) of

X → S

, not only over the generic point(s) of

X

), where

Y

is also a family of stable curves, such that the image in

X

of the non-smooth locus of

Y

contains

x

? Among other things, we prove that this is affrmative (possibly after replacing

S

by a ﬁnite extension) in the case where

S

is the spectrum of a discrete valuation ring of mixed characteristic whose residue ﬁeld is algebraic over

\mathbb F_p

.
Some Properties of the Wishart Processes and a Matrix Extension of the Hartman–Watson Laws
Authors: Donati-Martin Catherine , Doumerc Yan , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Yor Marc
Published: September 2006

The aim of this paper is to discuss for Wishart processes some properties which are analogues of the corresponding well-known ones for Bessel processes. In fact, we mainly concentrate on the local absolute continuity relationship between the laws of Wishart processes with diﬀerent dimensions, a property which, in the case of Bessel processes, has proven to play a rather important role in a number of applications.
Schubert Varieties and the Fusion Products
Authors: Feigin Boris , Feigin Evgeny
Published: September 2006

For each

A\in ℕ^n

we deﬁne a Schubert variety

\sh_A

as a closure of the

\mathrm{SL}_2(ℂ[t])

-orbit in the projectivization of the fusion product

M^A

. We clarify the connection of the geometry of the Schubert varieties with an algebraic structure of

M^A

as

\mathfrak{sl}_2 \otimes ℂ[t]

modules. In the case, when all the entries of

A

are different,

\sh_A

is a smooth projective complex algebraic variety. We study its geometric properties: the Lie algebra of the vector ﬁelds, the coordinate ring, the cohomologies of the line bundles. We also prove that the fusion products can be realized as the dual spaces of the sections of these bundles.