bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The rice Raf‐like MAPKKK OsILA1 confers broad‐spectrum resistance to bacterial blight by suppressing the OsMAPKK4–OsMAPK6 cascade
Authors: Chen Jie , Wang Lihan , Yang Zeyu , Liu Hongbo , Chu Chuanliang , Zhang Zhenzhen , Zhang Qinglu , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Wang Shiping , Yuan Meng
Published: July 2021

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) are the first components of MAPK cascades, which play pivotal roles in signaling during plant development and physiological processes. The genome of rice encodes 75 MAPKKKs, of which 43 are Raf‐like MAPKKKs. The functions and action modes of most of the Raf‐like MAPKKKs, whether they function as bona fide MAPKKKs and which are their downstream MAPKKs, are largely unknown. Here, we identified the osmapkkk43 mutant, which conferred broad‐spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the destructive bacterial pathogen of rice. Oryza sativa (Os)MAPKKK43 encoding a Raf‐like MAPKKK was previously known as Increased Leaf Angle 1 (OsILA1). Genetic analysis indicated that OsILA1 functioned as a negative regulator and acted upstream of the OsMAPKK4–OsMAPK6 cascade in rice–Xoo interactions. Unlike classical MAPKKKs, OsILA1 mainly phosphorylated the threonine 34 site at the N‐terminal domain of OsMAPKK4, which possibly influenced the stability of OsMAPKK4. The N‐terminal domain of OsILA1 is required for its homodimer formation and its full phosphorylation capacity. Taken together, our findings reveal that OsILA1 acts as a negative regulator of the OsMAPKK4–OsMAPK6 cascade and is involved in rice–Xoo interactions.
Symptom network analysis of the sleep disorders diagnostic criteria based on the clinical text of the ICSD‐3
Authors: Gauld Christophe , Lopez Régis , Morin Charles , Geoffroy Pierre A. , Maquet Julien , Desvergnes Pierre , McGonigal Aileen , Dauvilliers Yves , Philip Pierre , Dumas Guillaume , Micoulaud‐Franchi Jean‐Arthur
Published: July 2021

The third edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD‐3) is the authoritative clinical text for the diagnosis of sleep disorders. An important issue of sleep nosology is to better understand the relationship between symptoms found in conventional diagnostic manuals and to compare classifications. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there is no specific exhaustive work on the general structure of the networks of symptoms of sleep disorders as described in diagnostic manuals. The general aim of the present study was to use symptom network analysis to explore the diagnostic criteria in the ICSD‐3 manual. The ICSD‐3 diagnostic criteria related to clinical manifestations were systematically identified, and the units of analysis (symptoms) were labelled from these clinical manifestation diagnostic criteria using three rules (“Conservation”, “Splitting”, “Lumping”). A total of 37 of the 43 main sleep disorders with 160 units of analysis from 114 clinical manifestations in the ICSD‐3 were analysed. A symptom network representing all individual ICSD‐3 criteria and connections between them was constructed graphically (network estimation), quantified with classical metrics (network inference with global and local measures) and tested for robustness. The global measure of the sleep symptoms network shows that it can be considered as a small world, suggesting a strong interconnection between symptoms in the ICSD‐3. Local measures show the central role of three kinds of bridge sleep symptoms: daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and behaviour during sleep symptoms. Such a symptom network analysis of the ICSD‐3 structure could provide a framework for better systematising and organising symptomatology in sleep medicine.
NR1H4 rs35724 G>C variant modulates liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Grimaudo Stefania , Dongiovanni Paola , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Eslam Mohammed , Yki‐Järvinen Hannele , Pipitone Rosaria Maria , Baselli Guido , Cammà Calogero , Di Marco Vito , Enea Marco , Longo Miriam , Pennisi Grazia , Prati Daniele , Zito Rossella , Fracanzani Anna Ludovica , Craxì Antonio , George Jacob , Romeo Stefano , Valenti Luca , Petta Salvatore
Published: July 2021

Background and Aims

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a key role in bile acid and lipid homeostasis. Experimental evidence suggests that it can modulate liver damage related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We examined the impact of the NR1H4 rs35724 G>C, encoding for FXR, on liver damage in a large cohort of patients at risk of steatohepatitis.

Methods

We considered 2,660 consecutive individuals at risk of steatohepatitis with liver histology. The rs35724 G>C polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan assays. Gene expression was evaluated by RNASeq in a subset of patients (n = 124).

Results

The NR1H4 rs35724 CC genotype, after adjusting for clinic‐metabolic and genetic confounders and for enrolling centre, was protective against severity of steatosis (GG vs CC OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62‐0.95; P = .01), steatohepatitis (GG vs CC OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47‐0.83; P = .001) and severity of fibrosis (GG vs CC OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.67‐0.98; P = .04). The C allele was associated with higher total circulating cholesterol (P = .01). Patients carrying the NR1H4 rs35724 C allele had significantly higher hepatic mRNA levels of FXR and were associated with higher hepatic FGFR4 and Cyp39A1 that are in turn involved in bile acid synthesis.

Conclusions

Increased hepatic FXR expression due to the NR1H4 rs35724 C allele is linked to higher serum cholesterol but protects against steatosis, steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. The translational relevance of these results for patient risk stratification and FXR‐targeted therapy warrants further investigation.
Reindeer grazing history determines the responses of subarctic soil fungal communities to warming and fertilization
Authors: Ahonen Saija H. K. , Ylänne Henni , Väisänen Maria , Ruotsalainen Anna Liisa , Männistö Minna K. , Markkola Annamari , Stark Sari
Published: July 2021

Composition and functioning of arctic soil fungal communities may alter rapidly due to the ongoing trends of warmer temperatures, shifts in nutrient availability, and shrub encroachment. In addition, the communities may also be intrinsically shaped by heavy grazing, which may locally induce an ecosystem change that couples with increased soil temperature and nutrients and where shrub encroachment is less likely to occur than in lightly grazed conditions.

We tested how 4 yr of experimental warming and fertilization affected organic soil fungal communities in sites with decadal history of either heavy or light reindeer grazing using high‐throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA region.

Grazing history largely overrode the impacts of short‐term warming and fertilization in determining the composition of fungal communities. The less diverse fungal communities under light grazing showed more pronounced responses to experimental treatments when compared with the communities under heavy grazing. Yet, ordination approaches revealed distinct treatment responses under both grazing intensities.

If grazing shifts the fungal communities in Arctic ecosystems to a different and more diverse state, this shift may dictate ecosystem responses to further abiotic changes. This indicates that the intensity of grazing cannot be left out when predicting future changes in fungi‐driven processes in the tundra.
Gene expression shapes the patterns of parallel evolution of herbicide resistance in the agricultural weed Monochoria vaginalis
Authors: Tanigaki Shinji , Uchino Akira , Okawa Shigenori , Miura Chikako , Hamamura Kenshiro , Matsuo Mitsuhiro , Yoshino Namiko , Ueno Naoya , Toyama Yusuke , Fukumi Naoya , Kijima Eiji , Masuda Taro , Shimono Yoshiko , Tominaga Tohru , Iwakami Satoshi
Published: July 2021

The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is an example of parallel evolution, through which genes encoding herbicide target proteins are repeatedly represented as evolutionary targets. The number of herbicide target‐site genes differs among species, and little is known regarding the effects of duplicate gene copies on the evolution of herbicide resistance.

We investigated the evolution of herbicide resistance in Monochoria vaginalis, which carries five copies of sulfonylurea target‐site acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes. Suspected resistant populations collected across Japan were investigated for herbicide sensitivity and ALS gene sequences, followed by functional characterization and ALS gene expression analysis.

We identified over 60 resistant populations, all of which carried resistance‐conferring amino acid substitutions exclusively in MvALS1 or MvALS3. All MvALS4 alleles carried a loss‐of‐function mutation. Although the enzymatic properties of ALS encoded by these genes were not markedly different, the expression of MvALS1 and MvALS3 was prominently higher among all ALS genes.

The higher expression of MvALS1 and MvALS3 is the driving force of the biased representation of genes during the evolution of herbicide resistance in M. vaginalis. Our findings highlight that gene expression is a key factor in creating evolutionary hotspots.
Artificial intelligence in orthodontics: Where are we now? A scoping review
Authors: Monill‐González Anna , Rovira‐Calatayud Laia , d’Oliveira Nuno Gustavo , Ustrell‐Torrent Josep M.
Published: July 2021

Objective

This scoping review aims to determine the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that are extensively employed in the field of Orthodontics, to evaluate its benefits, and to discuss its potential implications in this speciality. Recent decades have witnessed enormous changes in our profession. The arrival of new and more aesthetic options in orthodontic treatment, the transition to a fully digital workflow, the emergence of temporary anchorage devices and new imaging methods all provide both patients and professionals with a new focus in orthodontic care.

Materials and methods

This review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. The electronic literature search was performed through MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane and IEEE Xplore databases with a 11‐year time restriction: January 2010 till March 2021. No additional manual searches were performed.

Results

The electronic literature search initially returned 311 records, and 115 after removing duplicate references. Finally, the application of the inclusion criteria resulted in 17 eligible publications in the qualitative synthesis review.

Conclusion

The analysed studies demonstrated that Convolution Neural Networks can be used for the automatic detection of anatomical reference points on radiological images. In the growth and development research area, the Cervical Vertebral Maturation stage can be determined using an Artificial Neural Network model and obtain the same results as expert human observers. AI technology can also improve the diagnostic accuracy for orthodontic treatments, thereby helping the orthodontist work more accurately and efficiently.
Earthquake Threat! Understanding the Intention to Prepare for the Big One
Authors: Asgarizadeh Lamjiry Zahra , Gifford Robert
Published: July 2021

Knowledge about how hazard‐threatened individuals perceive risks and what influences their intentions to prepare is crucial for effective disaster management. We investigated (a) whether residents of objectively higher‐risk earthquake areas within a city perceive greater risk, have stronger intentions to prepare, and report more preparation than residents of objectively lower‐risk areas, (b) 10 antecedent factors as predictors of the intention to prepare for an earthquake, and (c) whether risk perception mediates the relations between nine antecedent factors and the intention to prepare. Notably, residents of high‐risk areas did not express stronger intentions to prepare or report more preparations than did residents of low‐risk areas, despite perceiving significantly greater risk. Risk perception mediated the relation between antecedent fatalism and the intention to prepare. Among the policy implications is a clear need for greater education of residents in high‐risk earthquake areas.
Integrating Risk Assessment and Decision‐Making Methods in Analyzing the Dynamics of COVID‐19 Epidemics in Davao City, Mindanao Island, Philippines
Authors: Logrosa Gernelyn , Mata May Anne , Lachica Zython Paul , Estaña Leo Manuel , Hassall Maureen
Published: July 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has become a public health crisis in the Philippines and the attention of national and local health authorities is focused on managing the fluctuating COVID‐19 cases. This study presents a method that integrates risk management tools into health care decision‐making processes to enhance the understanding and utilization of risk‐based thinking in public health decision making. The risk assessment consists of the identification of the key risk factors of the COVID‐19 contagion via bow‐tie diagrams. Second, the safety controls for each risk factor relevant to the Davao City context are taken into account and are identified as barriers in the bow‐tie. After which, the prioritization of the identified COVID‐19 risks, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed interventions, is performed using the analytic hierarchy process. Consequently, the dynamics of COVID‐19 management initiatives were explored using these priorities and a system of ordinary differential equations. Our results show that reducing the number of COVID‐19 fatalities should be the top priority of the health authorities. In turn, we predict that the COVID‐19 contagion can be controlled and eliminated in Davao city in three‐month time after prioritizing the fatalities. In order to reduce the COVID‐19 fatalities, health authorities should ensure an adequate number of COVID‐ready ICU facilities. The general public, on the other hand, should follow medical and science‐based advice and suspected and confirmed COVID‐19 patients should strictly follow isolation protocols. Overall, an informed decision‐making is necessary to avoid the unwanted consequences of an uncontrolled contagion.
Analyzing routes in Ottoman Greater Syria using historical GIS: The 1849 Saida map
Authors: Zohar Motti , Ben‐Bassat Yuval
Published: July 2021

Ottoman cartographic materials are important sources of information on 19th and early 20th‐century Greater Syria. However, large portions of this corpus have yet to be examined. This study explores a rare mid‐19th‐century Ottoman map of the Province of Saida preserved in the Ottoman Archive in Istanbul. It lists travel times between villages, towns, and administrative centers in Greater Syria under Ottoman rule, and shows the network of routes connecting these localities. Using an historical GIS approach, we evaluated the characteristics of the map and its cartographical accuracy and merits. The network of routes on the map is compared to route reconstructions based on least‐cost‐path principles. The discussion focuses on the historical context of the map and the ways in which it reflects the strength of Ottoman rule and familiarity with Greater Syria at the time.
A new definition for massive transfusion in the modern era of whole blood resuscitation
Authors: Hu Parker , Uhlich Rindi , Black Jonathan , Jansen Jan O. , Kerby Jeffrey , Holcomb John B.
Published: July 2021

Background

Multiple thresholds are defined to identify patients at risk of death from hemorrhage, including massive transfusion (MT), critical administration threshold (CAT), and resuscitation intensity (RI). All fail to account for the use of whole blood (WB). We hypothesized that a definition including WB transfusion would better predict early mortality following trauma.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of all trauma patients with activation of the MT protocol from December 2018 to February 2020. Combinations of WB, RBCs, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) units transfused during the initial hour of resuscitation were compared using receiver operating characteristic and area under the receiver curve (AUC) for 3‐ and 6‐h mortality. WB massive transfusion (WB MT) score was defined as the sum of each unit RBC plus three times each unit of WB transfused within the first hour of resuscitation.

Results

There were 235 patients eligible for analysis with 60 resuscitated using ≥1 unit of WB. Overall, 27 and 29 patients died in the first 3 and 6 h, respectively. WB MT ≥7 had the greatest 3‐h and 6‐h mortality AUC values (0.78 and 0.79, respectively) when compared to MT, CAT, RI4+, and other attempted definitions using units of WB, RBC, and FFP. Compared to WB MT−, WB MT+ patients died at significantly higher rates at 3 h (28.9% vs. 3.1%, p < .001), 24 h (35.5% vs. 5.7%, p < .001), and 28 days (42.1% vs. 11.9%, p < .001).

Conclusion

WB MT is the first measure of massive resuscitation to incorporate WB and better identifies early mortality than other definitions.
Safety profile of low‐titer group O whole blood in pediatric patients with massive hemorrhage
Authors: Morgan Katrina M. , Yazer Mark H. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Strotmeyer Stephen , Gaines Barbara A. , Leeper Christine M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Low‐titer Group O Whole Blood (LTOWB) is used with increasing frequency in adult and pediatric trauma and massive bleeding transfusion protocols. There is a risk of acute hemolytic reactions in non‐group O recipients due to the passive transfusion of anti‐A and anti‐B in the LTOWB. This study investigated the hemolysis risk among pediatric recipients of LTOWB.

Study design and methods

Blood bank records were queried for pediatric recipients of LTOWB between June 2016 and August 2020 and merged with clinical data. The primary outcome was laboratory evidence of hemolysis as manifested by changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), haptoglobin, total bilirubin, reticulocyte count, potassium, and creatinine. Per protocol, these values were collected on hospital days 0–2 for recipients of LTOWB. Transfusion reactions were reported to the hospital's blood bank.

Results

Forty‐seven children received LTOWB transfusion between 2016 and 2020; 21 were group O and 26 were non‐group O. The groups were comparable in terms of the total volume of transfused blood products, demographics, and clinical outcomes. The most common indication for LTOWB transfusion was hemorrhagic shock due to trauma. There were no clinically or statistically significant differences in baseline, post‐transfusion day 1, or post‐transfusion day 2 hemolysis markers between the group O and non‐group O LTOWB recipients. There were no adverse events or transfusion reactions reported.

Discussion

Use of up to 40 ml/kg of LTOWB appears to be serologically safe for children in hemorrhagic shock.
Minimal tactical impact and maximal donor safety after a buddy transfusion: A study on elite soldier performances in both laboratory and field environments
Authors: Degueldre Julie , Dessy Emilie , T'Sas France , Deneys Véronique , Pattyn Nathalie
Published: July 2021

Background

The major causes of death of combat casualties in austere environments are related to hemorrhage and occur early after injury. The implementation of a walking blood bank may overcome the logistical issues raised using blood component therapy. Nonetheless, it is important to ensure that this buddy transfusion is not going to compromise the mission success by altering the donor's performance. The results available so far cannot rule out this issue with certainty. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the immediate effect of a 450‐ml blood donation on the performances of elite soldiers in laboratory and field environments.

Study design and methods

This double‐blind, randomized controlled study included two experiments. For both experiments, subjects were randomly assigned either to a control group (n1 = n2 = 7) or to a 450‐ml‐blood‐bag donation group (n1 = 7 and n2 = 8). All participants underwent before and after a potential blood donation a multifactorial assessment including adapted physical tasks, hematological variables, vigilance parameters, and subjective assessments.

Results

No significant results were evidenced in this study. There was no impact of blood donation on the participants' performances in both the hospital and the combat‐like environments.

Conclusion

From a donor's point of view, a 450‐ml blood donation has no impact on the required abilities of our elite soldiers to fulfill a demanding tactical mission. Thus, the results of this study support the fact that buddy transfusions could be part of the operational clinical armamentarium in austere environments for elite soldiers when no blood components are available.
Compensatory reserve detects subclinical shock with more expeditious prediction for need of life‐saving interventions compared to systolic blood pressure and blood lactate
Authors: Convertino Victor A. , Johnson Michael C. , Alarhayem Abdul , Nicholson Susannah E. , Chung Kevin K. , DeRosa Mark , Eastridge Brian J.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

We conducted a prospective observational study on 205 trauma patients at a level I trauma facility to test the hypothesis that a compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) would identify higher risk for progression to shock and/or need a life‐saving interventions (LSIs) earlier than systolic blood pressure (SBP) and blood lactate (LAC).

Methods

A composite outcome metric included blood transfusion, procedural LSI, and mortality. Discrete measures assessed as abnormal (ab) were SBP <90 mmHg, CRM <60%, and LAC >2.0. A graded categorization of shock was defined as: no shock (normal [n] SBP [n‐SBP], n‐CRM, n‐LAC); sub‐clinical shock (ab‐CRM, n‐SBP, n‐LAC); occult shock (n‐SBP, ab‐CRM, ab‐LAC); or overt shock (ab‐SBP, ab‐CRM, ab‐LAC).

Results

Three patients displayed overt shock, 53 displayed sub‐clinical shock, and 149 displayed no shock. After incorporating lactate into the analysis, 86 patients demonstrated no shock, 25 were classified as sub‐clinical shock, 91 were classified as occult shock, and 3 were characterized as overt shock. Each shock subcategory revealed a graded increase requiring LSI and transfusion. Initial CRM was associated with progression to shock (odds ratio = 0.97; p < .001) at an earlier time than SBP or LAC.

Conclusions

Initial CRM uncovers a clinically relevant subset of patients who are not detected by SBP and LAC. Our results suggest CRM could be used to more expeditiously identify injured patients likely to deteriorate to shock, with requirements for blood transfusion or procedural LSI.
Rate of RhD‐alloimmunization after the transfusion of multiple RhD‐positive primary red blood cell‐containing products
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Sperry Jason L. , Seheult Jansen N.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Early transfusion reduces mortality in bleeding patients. In this setting, RhD‐positive blood products might be transfused. This study determined the association between the RhD‐alloimmunization rate and the number of RhD‐positive products transfused.

Methods

RhD‐negative patients between 13 and 50 years who were transfused with ≥1 RhD‐positive red blood cell (RBC) or whole blood units between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2019 in a healthcare network were identified. Study patients had to have had at least one antibody detection test performed ≥14 days after the index RhD‐positive transfusion and not receive RhIg. Patients were stratified into groups that received 1, 2, 3–5, 6–10, 11–20, and >20 RhD‐positive transfusions and the RhD‐alloimmunization rate was determined for each group.

Results

There were 335 patients included; 52/335 (15.5%) were females. Overall, there were 117/335 (34.9%, CI: 29.8%–40.3%) recipients who became RhD‐alloimmunized. There was no significant dosage effect in the RhD‐alloimmunization rates as the exposure to RhD‐positive units increased from one RhD‐positive unit to more than 20 RhD‐positive units (p = .270 for non‐parametric trend test). In an exploratory analysis, patients who received 100% of their RhD‐positive transfusions within 72 h of the index transfusion had a significantly higher rate of RhD‐alloimmunization compared to those who were transfused over a longer period of time (42.3% vs. 21.4%, respectively; p = .001).

Conclusion

These results suggest that there may not be an increased RhD‐alloimmunization risk with transfusing multiple RhD‐positive units after one RhD‐positive unit has been transfused. These findings need confirmation in larger studies.
Temperature mapping in an air ambulance helicopter: Implications for the delivery of pre‐hospital transfusion
Authors: Smith Hazel , Doughty Heidi , Bishop Jonathan , Herbert Mike , Nash Mark
Published: July 2021

Background

Pre‐hospital blood products, including freeze‐dried plasma, are increasingly carried on air ambulance helicopters. The purpose of this study was to map the temperatures within a civilian air ambulance and consider the implications for pre‐hospital transfusion.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a single‐site prospective observational study in the United Kingdom. Tinytag temperature data‐loggers (Gemini, UK) were secured on to three locations throughout an air ambulance, and one was placed inside an insulated drug‐pouch. Temperatures were monitored at 5‐min intervals. Data were downloaded monthly and processed using R and MKT software to collate maximum, minimum, and day/night mean kinetic temperatures (MKTs). Blood was transported in Crēdo ProMed 4 containers (Peli Products, S.L.U) and monitored with QTA data‐loggers (Tridentify, Sweden).

Results

A total of 344,844 temperature recordings were made on 302 days during a 12‐month period from January 2019. The external ambient temperatures varied seasonally from −7.1°C to 31.2°C, whereas internal temperatures ranged from −0.3°C to 60.6°C. The warmest area was alongside the left front‐crew position (range 1.9–60.6°C, MKT 24.8°C). The lowest daytime MKT (16.9°C) and range (1.7°C–36.4°C) were recorded next to the patient stretcher. Temperatures ranged from 4.2°C to 40.1°C inside the insulated drugs‐pouch, exceeding 25°C on 47 days (15%) and falling below 15°C on 192 days (63%) In contrast, thermally packed blood maintained a range of 2–6°C.

Conclusion

The temperatures within an air ambulance varied throughout the cabin and often exceeded the external ambient temperature. Appropriately selected thermal protection and monitoring is required for the successful delivery of pre‐hospital transfusion, even in a temperate climate.
Coagulation function of never frozen liquid plasma stored for 40 days
Authors: Meledeo Michael Adam , Peltier Grantham C. , McIntosh Colby S. , Bynum James A. , Corley Jason B. , Cap Andrew P.
Published: July 2021

Background

Never frozen liquid plasma (LP) has limited shelf life versus fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or plasma frozen within 24 h (PF24). Previous studies showed decreasing factor activities after Day (D)14 in thawed FFP but no differences between LP and FFP until D10. This study examined LP function through D40.

Study design and methods

FFP and PF24 were stored at −20°C until assaying. LP was assayed on D5 then stored (4°C) for testing through D40. A clinical coagulation analyzer measured Factor (F)V, FVIII, fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Thromboelastography (TEG) and thrombogram measured functional coagulation. Ristocetin cofactor assay quantified von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity. Residual platelets were counted.

Results

FV/FVIII showed diminished activity over time in LP, while PT and aPTT both increased over time. LP vWF declined significantly by D7. Fibrinogen remained high through D40. Thrombin lagtime was delayed in LP but consistent to D40, while peak thrombin was significantly lower in LP but did not significantly decline over time. TEG R‐time and angle remained constant. LP and PF24 (with residual platelets) had initially higher TEG maximum amplitudes (MA), but by D14 LP was similar to FFP.

Conclusion

Despite significant declines in some factors in D40 LP, fibrinogen concentration and TEG MA were stable suggesting stored LP provides fibrinogen similarly to frozen plasmas even at D40. LP is easier to store and prepare for prehospital transfusion, important benefits when the alternative is crystalloid.
Cold‐stored platelets have better preserved contractile function in comparison with room temperature‐stored platelets over 21 days
Authors: Nair Prajeeda M. , Meledeo Michael A. , Wells Adrienne R. , Wu Xiaowu , Bynum James A. , Leung Kai P. , Liu Bin , Cheeniyil Aswathi , Ramasubramanian Anand K. , Weisel John W. , Cap Andrew P.
Published: July 2021

Although it is well established that transfusion of platelets in cases of severe bleeding reduces mortality, the availability of platelets is hampered by harsh restrictions on shelf life due to elevated risks of microbial contamination and functional losses with room temperature‐stored platelets (RTP) kept at 22°C. In contrast, many recent studies have shown that 4°C cold‐stored platelets (CSP) are able to overcome these shortcomings leading to the recent Food and Drug Administration licensure for 14‐day stored CSP when conventional platelets are unavailable. This work expands the evidence supporting superiority of CSP function by assaying the less explored platelet‐mediated clot retraction of RTP and CSP in either autologous plasma (AP) or platelet additive solution (PAS) for up to 21 days. The results demonstrate that CSP have better preservation of contractile function, exhibiting retraction for up to 21 days in both AP and PAS and forming highly ordered fibrin scaffolds similar to those of fresh platelets. In contrast, RTP stored in AP showed impaired contractile function by Day 5 with no retraction after 10 days, whereas PAS‐stored RTP retained contractile function for up to 21 days. Collectively, these findings support extended storage of CSP and suggest that storage in PAS can mitigate functional losses in RTP.
Regulation of muscle and mitochondrial health by the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 in aged mice
Authors: Dulac Maude , Leduc‐Gaudet Jean‐Philippe , Cefis Marina , Ayoub Marie‐Belle , Reynaud Olivier , Shams Anwar , Moamer Alaa , Nery Ferreira Marcos Francisco , Hussain Sabah NA , Gouspillou Gilles
Published: July 2021

Key points

The maintenance of mitochondrial integrity is critical for skeletal muscle health.

Mitochondrial dynamics play key roles in mitochondrial quality control; however, the exact role that mitochondrial fission plays in the muscle ageing process remains unclear.

Here we report that both Drp1 knockdown and Drp1 overexpression late in life in mice is detrimental to skeletal muscle function and mitochondrial health.

Drp1 knockdown in 18‐month‐old mice resulted in severe skeletal muscle atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, muscle degeneration/regeneration, oxidative stress and impaired autophagy.

Overexpressing Drp1 in 18‐month‐old mice resulted in mild skeletal muscle atrophy and decreased mitochondrial quality.

Our data indicate that silencing or overexpressing Drp1 late in life is detrimental to skeletal muscle integrity. We conclude that modulating Drp1 expression is unlikely to be a viable approach to counter the muscle ageing process.

Sarcopenia, the ageing‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a debilitating process negatively impacting the quality of life of afflicted individuals. Although the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are still only partly understood, impairments in mitochondrial dynamics, and specifically mitochondrial fission, have been proposed as an underlying mechanism. Importantly, conflicting data exist in the field and both excessive and insufficient mitochondrial fission were proposed to contribute to sarcopenia. In Drosophila melanogaster, enhancing mitochondrial fission in midlife through overexpression of dynamin‐1‐like protein (Drp1) extended lifespan and attenuated several key hallmarks of muscle ageing. Whether a similar outcome of Drp1 overexpression is observed in mammalian muscles remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of knocking down and overexpressing Drp1 protein for 4 months in skeletal muscles of late middle‐aged (18 months) mice using intra‐muscular injections of adeno‐associated viruses expressing shRNA targeting Drp1 or full Drp1 cDNA. We report that knocking down Drp1 expression late in life triggers severe muscle atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunctions, degeneration/regeneration, oxidative stress and impaired autophagy. Drp1 overexpression late in life triggered mild muscle atrophy and decreased mitochondrial quality. Taken altogether, our results indicate that both overexpression and silencing of Drp1 in late middle‐aged mice negatively impact skeletal muscle mass and mitochondrial health. These data suggest that Drp1 content must remain within a narrow physiological range to preserve muscle and mitochondrial integrity during ageing. Altering Drp1 expression is therefore unlikely to be a viable target to counter sarcopenia.
Acceso a servicios de salud: estudio de hogares en Palmira, Valle, Colombia, 2017
Authors: Sánchez Perafán Clara Inés Sánchez Perafán , Mora Rojas Diana Liceth , Botero Henao Víctor Manuel , Estrada Victoria Eugenia
Published: July 2021

Introducción. El acceso a servicios de salud es una de las principales preocupaciones de las políticas sanitarias. En el Valle del Cauca es escasa la información local sobre acceso efectivo desde la perspectiva de la población. Objetivo. Analizar el comportamiento del acceso a los servicios de salud de la población urbana del municipio de Palmira, Valle del Cauca en el año 2017. Método. Estudio cuantitativo transversal, a través de encuesta aplicada a una muestra de 242 hogares; el muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado, multietápico por conglomerados. Resultado. Urgencias y consulta médica evidencian alta resolución de la necesidad demandada y satisfacción, pero baja oportunidad; la continuidad de la atención se ve afectada por excesiva tramitología, no autorización de servicios y no entrega de medicamentos; en consulta especializada la oportunidad es baja; hospitalización reportó mejor en la oportunidad, alta satisfacción y alta resolución de la necesidad; en servicios preventivos la escasa promoción de la oferta determina el poco uso de los servicios, y en varios casos, es mayor el uso que la promoción. Discusión. Se corroboran resultados de estudios anteriores; se destaca la importancia de las barreras administrativas y estructurales del sistema para comprender la problemática del acceso en Colombia. Conclusiones. Pese al aumento en el aseguramiento de la población persisten problemas que impiden el acceso real de la población a los servicios de salud, relacionados con oportunidad, continuidad, complementariedad y gasto de bolsillo; la escasa promoción de los servicios preventivos evidencia el enfoque curativo del modelo de atención en salud en Colombia.
Enfermería de práctica avanzada: praxis, políticas y profesión
Authors: Ayala Ricardo A , Pariseau-Legault Pierre
Published: July 2021

En este artículo presentamos un análisis crítico de la transformación que ha tenido la profesión de enfermería luego de la institucionalización de la práctica avanzada (EPA). Hacemos un repaso del desarrollo histórico de la EPA –principalmente en Estados Unidos y Canadá–, y discutimos las implicancias culturales y legales para la práctica de enfermería y para las enfermeras como sujetos sociales. En tanto esta reflexión permite planear una nueva agenda de investigación en el área de la salud, surge una preocupación sobre la contradicción interna en torno a la medicalización, como también sobre la necesidad de evaluar cuidadosamente la transferencia de esta política a otros sistemas de salud.
Potential of Infrared Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Owens Alyssa , Kandlikar Satish G. , Phatak Pradyumna
Published: July 2021

Screening for breast cancer to detect the disease in an early curable stage remains our most important tool to reduce breast cancer mortality, and routine screening mammography is recommended. Although the technique has been refined, screening mammography has significant shortfalls. A major drawback is related to the occurrence of “dense breast tissue” that obscures mammography images leading to missed cancer diagnoses. Adjunctive imaging technology has been used in this setting, and potential of infrared imaging (IRI) is evaluated to fulfill this role. This review provides a critical evaluation of IRI protocols and assessment techniques employed by previous researchers since the inception of this technology in 1956. The prevalence of empirical approach is identified as a major area of concern and recent scientific approaches utilizing mathematical modeling and analysis with patient-specific geometries are strongly advised. Such efforts and subsequent validation are essential before the IRI can be widely used in the mainstream breast cancer screening as an adjunctive tool.
A Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short Term Memory for Discharge Capacity Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Yongsheng , Garg Akhil , Shevya Shruti , Li Wei , Gao Liang , Lee Lam Jasmine Siu
Published: July 2021

Predicting discharge capacities of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for safe battery operation in electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, a convolutional neural network-long short term memory (CNN-LSTM) approach is proposed to estimate the discharge capacity of LIBs. The parameters such as the voltage, current, temperature, and charge/discharge capacity are recorded from a battery management system (BMS) at various stages of the charge–discharge cycles. The experiments are conducted to obtain the data at different cycles, where each cycle is divided into four steps. Each testing cycle comprises charging, rest, discharging, and rest. In the predictive model, the initial layers are convolutional layers that help in feature extraction. Then, the long and short term memory layer is used to retain or forget related information. Finally, the prediction is completed by selecting the corresponding activation function. The evaluation model is established via the multiple train test split method. The lower values of weighted mean squared error suggest that discharge capacity estimation using CNN-LSTM is a reliable method. The CNN-LSTM approach can further be compiled in BMSs of EVs to get real-time status for state of charge and state of health values.
Rotordynamic Characterization of Tilting-Pad Bearings With Eight Pads in Vertical Rotors
Authors: Rondon David , Benti Gudeta Berhanu , Aidanpää Jan-Olov , Gustavsson Rolf
Published: July 2021

It has been documented that stiffness and damping for a four-pad bearing are dependent not only on the magnitude of the load but also on the position of the rotor in the bearing. However, eight-pad bearings are not commonly employed on horizontal turbines, and the presence of several pads in the bearing will decisively affect the dynamics of the system. This paper evaluates the stiffness and damping coefficients of tilting-pad bearings with eight pads and explores the main frequencies acting on the forced response of a vertical rotor. The bearing properties were modeled as a function of eccentricity and position in the stationary coordinate system by Navier–Stokes equations whose results are taken from commercial software. The simulated unbalanced response is compared to experimental results; the changing position of the shaft produces a periodic stiffness and damping, which is dependent on the number of pads. Cross-coupled coefficients influence is discussed, showing that their absence makes an accurate model for the mean values. The results indicate that simulation of vertical rotors with eight-pad bearings can be simplified which allow more effective simulations and dynamic analysis.
An Improved Dynamic Transmission Error Model Applied on Coupling Analysis of Gear Dynamics and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Authors: Zhou Wenguang , Zhu Rupeng , Liu Wenzheng , Shang Youwei
Published: July 2021

In order to study the coupling effect of cylindrical gear dynamics and elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), based on dynamic theory, a dynamic model of a six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) coupled system is established. Based on the numerical solution of EHL, an improved dynamic transmission error (DTE) model was established. The oil film stiffness, oil film damping, and center oil film thickness obtained by the numerical solution were used in the gear dynamics analysis. The dynamics and EHL characteristics of the gear system are analyzed and compared with the general model. The results show that by using the improved DTE model, the comprehensive stiffness and comprehensive damping of the gear increase and fluctuate slightly. The amplitude of the tooth surface meshing force and dynamic response decreases. Under the action of tooth surface meshing force, the oil film pressure and thickness show oscillation characteristics.
Phase trajectory entropy: A promising tool for passive diver detection
Authors: Hongwei Zhang , Haiyan Wang , Haiyang Yao , Haitao Dong , Xiaohong Shen
Published: July 2021

Passive diver detection is really significant as it constitutes a potential real-time monitoring of serious underwater threats. Up to now, there is still a lack of an efficient approach to characterize the complexity and fickleness with non-parametric and non-information priors. To achieve an improvement, a phase trajectory entropy method is proposed that should be promising. A coarser-grained distribution is created during entropy counting. The value of phase trajectory entropy is demonstrated by simulation and applied to real recorded data. The results show that phase trajectory entropy method considerably outperforms narrowband energy detection and the bubble entropy method.
Asymptotic fiber orientation states of the quadratically closed Folgar–Tucker equation and a subsequent closure improvement
Authors: Karl Tobias , Gatti Davide , Frohnapfel Bettina , Böhlke Thomas
Published: July 2021

Anisotropic fiber-reinforced composites are used in lightweight construction, which is of great industrial relevance. During mold filling of fiber suspensions, the microstructural evolution of the local fiber arrangement and orientation distribution is determined by the local velocity gradient. Based on the Folgar–Tucker equation, which describes the evolution of the second-order fiber orientation tensor in terms of the velocity gradient, the present study addresses selected states of deformation rates that can locally occur in complex flow fields. For such homogeneous flows, exact solutions for the asymptotic fiber orientation states are derived and discussed based on the quadratic closure. In contrast to the existing literature, the derived exact solutions take into account the fiber-fiber interaction. The analysis of the asymptotic solutions relying upon the common quadratic closure shows disadvantages with respect to the predicted material symmetry, namely, the anisotropy is overestimated for strong fiber-fiber interaction. This motivates us to suggest a novel normalized fully symmetric quadratic closure. Two versions of this new closure are derived regarding the prediction of anisotropic properties and the fiber orientation evolution. The fiber orientation states determined with the new closure approach show an improved prediction of anisotropy in both effective viscous and elastic composite behaviors. In addition, the symmetrized quadratic closure has a simple structure that reduces the effort in numerical implementation compared to more elaborated closure schemes.
Evaluating the Spectrum of Cognitive-Motor Relationships During Dual-Task Jump Landing
Authors: Fischer Patrick D. , Hutchison Keith A. , Becker James N. , Monfort Scott M.
Published: July 2021

Cognitive function plays a role in understanding noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, but the research into how cognitive function influences sport-specific movements is underdeveloped. The purpose of this study was to determine how various cognitive tasks influenced dual-task jump-landing performance along with how individuals’ baseline cognitive ability mediated these relationships. Forty female recreational soccer and basketball players completed baseline cognitive function assessments and dual-task jump landings. The baseline cognitive assessments quantified individual processing speed, multitasking, attentional control, and primary memory ability. Dual-task conditions for the jump landing included unanticipated and anticipated jump performance, with and without concurrent working memory and captured visual attention tasks. Knee kinematics and kinetics were acquired through motion capture and ground reaction force data. Jumping conditions that directed visual attention away from the landing, whether anticipated or unanticipated, were associated with decreased peak knee flexion angle (P < .001). No interactions between cognitive function measures and jump-landing conditions were observed for any of the biomechanical variables, suggesting that injury-relevant cognitive-motor relationships may be specific to secondary task demands and movement requirements. This work provides insight into group- and subject-specific effects of established anticipatory and novel working memory dual-task paradigms on the neuromuscular control of a sport-specific movement.
The Effect of Landmarks With Their Color on Learning Basketball Lay-Up in Beginners
Authors: Raeisiyan Razieh , Abdoli Behrouz , Farsi Alireza , Hassanlouei Hamidollah
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of landmarks on learning basketball lay-up in beginners. Twenty-seven females (age = 20.30 ± 0.24 years, height = 164.37 ± 0.53 cm) participated in this study. They were assigned to three groups: no landmark group, colored landmark group, and black and white landmark group. All participants performed basketball lay-up for six sessions. The colored group and black and white group trained with the landmarks on the ground while the no landmark group trained without any landmarks based on a trainer instruction. Posttest was performed at the end of the last session of training and also in the retention test following 72 hr. All trials were assessed through 5-point Likert scales, ranging from 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good). The results showed that using landmarks significantly changed the lay-up pattern; however, these changes were not significant for color and lay-up shot accuracy.
Reflections on Research in Kinesiology
Authors: Newell Karl M.
Published: July 2021

This paper provides reflections on the progress to date and current status of research in kinesiology. The accompanying overview articles in this special issue of Kinesiology Review show that the contemporary disciplinary/professional foci of kinesiology remain, by and large, the same as the initial research and teaching structures of 50 years ago, as outlined in the inaugural overviews. Nevertheless, within this prevailing disciplinary/professional structure, there have been many new developments in movement-related research, including the juxtaposition of novel alignments and integrations of certain specializations of kinesiology. There is general consensus that the quality and quantity of research in kinesiology have advanced substantially, albeit unevenly, on multiple fronts, both within and between the areas of specialization. The research agenda in kinesiology has benefitted from the growing realization of the centrality of human movement and physical activity in contributing to a healthy lifestyle for individuals and societies.