bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serbia keeping pace with the world: Advances in the science and healthcare of fragile X syndrome
Authors: Protić Dragana
Published: October 2024

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a rare disease with prevalence 1/4000 males and 1/7000 females. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a full mutation in the FMR1 gene. FXS is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disabilities and the most commonly known genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder. Children with FXS experience behavioural and sleep problems, anxiety, inattention, learning difficulties, and speech and language delays. There are no approved medications for FXS; however, there are several interventions and treatments aimed at managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life of individuals with FXS. Methods and Objectives: This presentation aims to summarize all healthcare and scientific activities in the field of fragile X over the past decade in the Republic of Serbia. The study utilizes a comprehensive review of presented results. Results: The results will include following: (i) Research studies have been conducted to understand the genetic and molecular basis of FXS. Collaborative research with international institutions has helped advance the understanding of FXS in Serbia; (ii) Healthcare initiatives: Development and implementation of specialized healthcare programs for individuals with Fragile X. Introduction of programs for early detection and diagnosis of FXS; (iii) Enhanced training for healthcare professionals to improve diagnosis, management, and care for patients with FXS; (iv) Support and advocacy: Establishment of support group and networks for families affected by fragile X; (v) International collaboration: Participation in international consortia and research projects to align with global standards and practices in fragile X research and care in Serbia. Conclusions: Over the past decade, Serbia has emerged as a regional leader in the field of Fragile X. Through pioneering research and comprehensive healthcare initiatives, supported by international and local institutions, Serbia serves as a model for best practices and innovative approaches to managing and understanding FXS worldwide.
Clostridioides difficile infections in hospitalized lung diseases patients
Authors: Đekić-Malbaša Jelena , Kovačević Tomi , Tušek Branislav , Tušek Dunja , Milenković Ana
Published: October 2024

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), one of the most common healthcare-associated (HCA) infections, primarily affect the elderly and immune-compromised patients following antimicrobial consumption. Methods and Objectives: The aim was to determine the HCA CDI incidence trend, characteristics of patients, and classes of previously used antibiotics in the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina (IPBV) from 2015 to 2023. The incidence of HCA CDI was calculated per 1,000 hospital admissions. Retrospective analysis of demographic and clinical characteristics of HCA CDI patients was performed by SPSS v24.0. computer software program. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: During the observed period the total number of hospital admissions was 59,943, and the total number of patients with HCA CDI was 364. The incidence of HCA CDI increased from 3.1/1000 in 2019 to 8.5/1000 in 2023. HCA CDI was significantly more common among males compared to females (60.4% vs. 39.4%, p<0.001). The average age of CDI patients was 68 years (67.87±12.62), with no differences by sex (p=0.241). Antibiotics prior development of CDI were reported in 94.2% of CDI patients, among 76 had 4 to 7 classes of antibiotics. Frequencies of 3th and 4th generation of cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, carbapenems, and beta-lactam antimicrobials were respectively 66.8%, 51.4%, 22.8%, 19.5%, and 16.8%. Prior use of 4 or more classes of antibiotics was significantly common among males compared to females (73.7% vs. 26.3%, p=0.027). The average duration of hospitalization prior to the onset of CDI was 15 days (14.66±10.24), without significant differences by age, gender, number of antibiotics, year of observation, Clinic type or patient outcome. Conclusion: The CDI incidence increased from 2015 to 2023. Most CDI patients were elderly males with more often prior use of 4 or more classes of antibiotics. Hospitalization longer than 15 days was an important risk factor for our CDI patients.
Effectiveness elements of LTC Italian, German and Spanish system during COVID -19 an international perspective: Lessons for future sustainability
Authors: Casanova Georgia , Lillini Roberto , Lamura Giovanni
Published: October 2024

Background: COVID-19 pandemic can be used to test effectiveness and sustainability of public healthcare and LTC systems. Methods and Objectives: The study aims to find what population's demographic, socioeconomic characteristics and national resources impacted on incidence and mortality of COVID-19 during the main pandemic period, comparing three European countries: Italy, Spain, and Germany, stressing possible strengths and weaknesses that could be considered as hints of health and social intervention. Variables describing the main population demographics and socioeconomic characteristics and national resources were collected for the period 2001-2021 from the main international databases. Covid-19 incidence and death figures from 1st March 2020-31st March 2021 came from national health databases. Analysis focused on bivariate and weighted multivariable linear regression between incidence and mortality and socio-economic covariates. Results: In all three countries, care model and socio-demographic conditions' characteristics impacted the effectiveness of response to COVID-19 emergency. Formal and public care remains the main strategy to contrast the incidence and mortality of older people by COVID-19, because it mitigates the negative impact of socioeconomic characteristics, protecting frailer older people. Conclusion: Strategies oriented to privatisation of care result in less protection to mortality of older people, due to more significant impact of individual socioeconomic conditions on purchasing care schemes or services.
Health and social aspects of corona virus disease 2019 pandemic and post-COVID society
Authors: Pocevski Božidar , Pocevski Predrag , Pocevski Marija
Published: October 2024

It was proven so far, that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome induced by Corona Virus 2 (SARSCoV-2) is highly pathogenic virus, which spread rapidly. The spectrum of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe respiratory failure. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized primary as pulmonary disease. After three years of pandemic and several variants of corona viruses, in scientific circles and, more significant, in practice it turned out that SARS-CoV-2 shows neurological and cardiovascular manifestations. In practice we are facing with post-covid and long-covid symptoms. There are dozens of symptoms which follows acute COVID-19: confusion, stroke, neuromuscular disorders, depression, headache, fatigue, sensory disturbance (anosmia and ageusia), weakness, cognitive dysfunction. Central nervous system manifestations include dizziness, headache, acute cerebrovascular disease, impaired consciousness, transverse myelitis, acute haemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy, encephalopathy, encephalitis, epilepsy, ataxia. Peripheral nervous system manifestations include hypogeusia, hyposmia, neuralgia, Guillain Barre syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome, skeletal muscle injuries. Cardiovascular manifestations include myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, arrhythmia, coagulopathy, myocarditis. So, in addition, in post-COVID era primary health care practitioners will be challenged how to differentiate patients with primary neurological and cardiovascular problems and those with neurological and cardiovascular complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Post-COVID era captures social aspects as well as health public dimensions. We live in world which gives us opportunity to travel freely, but this pandemic showed us that borders can be, and must be closed, especially in unity such as EU. Disintegration or social, interpersonal isolation made us think about how much we were already separated. On television there were many people who used term social distancing, not knowing that term represent psychological condition. In the end, after all these historical turbulences, we will divide world history as one commentator said: B.C. and A.C. - the World Before Corona and After Corona.
Frequency of clinical manifestations of food allergies in preschool children
Authors: Vejin Rada , Maksimović Katarina , Gudelj-Rakić Jelena , Hodžić Damir , Ilić-Živojinović Jelena
Published: October 2024

Background: In the last few decades, along with the lifestyle changes and the development of diagnostic procedures, food allergies have become a serious public health problem. In addition to health problems, they also lead to deterioration of the quality of life of both patients and their families. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of clinical manifestations in preschoolers suffering from food allergies Methods and Objectives: Cross-sectional study was performed in kindergarten "Dr Simo Milošević" Total number of children aged 2-6 years included in the study was 4123. Data on the type of food allergy and clinical manifestations were used. Symptoms were divided according to respiratory symptoms, contact allergies, allergies on the skin, lips, and gastrointestinal, diarrhea Study instrument was questionnaire for parents. Descriptive and analytical statistics methods were used in statistical data processing. Statistical data processing was done in the SPSS Windows version 25 software package. Results: Out of the total number of children who participated in the research, 41 had a food allergy. Out of the total number of children with allergies, most of the symptoms were related to changes in the skin, 53.7%, followed by changes in the lips, 22%, and diarrhea, 17.1%. Only 7.3% of children with food allergies had an anaphylactic manifestation of allergy. Conclusions: The obtained data show a high frequency of clinical manifestations of food allergies, indicating the importance of early detection of food allergies.
And how are you?
Authors: Vučković Maja , Kostić Milena , Punoševac Darinka , Mitić-Tasevski Tamara
Published: October 2024

Background: As GPs (general physicians) we are often quick to judge our patients on their diet, weight, and lifestyle. And we frequently offer advice on how they could change their bad habits but do we follow our own advice? Methods and Objectives: We aimed to learn about GPs' healthy habits so we sent an anonymous online questionnaire to GPs in Serbia and neighboring countries. We started July 15th, 2024 and the study is ongoing. It is a quantitative study and we used descriptive statistics. Results: We got 603 answers so far. Most respondents were women (82.1%) and almost 2/3 were aged 41-60. In maintaining their mental health, they mostly reach out to their families (84.7%), engage in hobbies (68.2%), and the least turn to psychotherapy (3.3%). Most GPs consider their diet somewhat healthy (72.8%) and 15.4% very healthy. When asked about their weight, 52.7% say they are trying to lose weight and 54.7% have a healthy BMI between 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 . Over 50% don't exercise at all or very rarely. Almost 80% never drink alcohol or have just one glass a week. They are mostly non-smokers (79.9%). The majority are married or live with a partner (75.7%) and 81.4% consider their holidays very important for their happiness and mental health. More than half (55.6%) would accept lesser pay if it meant better work-life balance. Conclusions: GPs are not spared the temptations and burdens of everyday life. Studies suggest unhealthy lifestyles are increasing among physicians in general. Therefore, actions are needed to help GPs be the best version of themselves so they could be role models for their patients.
Urinary markers/metabolites of exposure to chemical carcinogens: New possibilities in preventive oncology
Authors: Radosavljević Vladan
Published: October 2024

We are not aware when, how and how much our body is exposed to chemical carcinogens every day. As a result of such exposure, millions of people fall ill with malignant diseases every year. The objectives of this work are: 1) Determination of the main urinary markers of exposure to the most dangerous chemical carcinogens; 2) Globally raising awareness about necessity of scientific testing chemicals before widespread human use; 3) Introducing the public about ubiquity of: As, Ni, Cr(VI), Cd, Be, and necessity of maximal reducing people's exposure to them. There are well known causal relations between the most dangerous chemical carcinogens and different types of human malignant diseases. Population based studies may determine persons with high concentrations of the urinary markers/metabolites of the most dangerous chemical carcinogens. Then, such selected persons should be removed from such circumstances and/or regularly checked. Better solution is to find out the source(s) of incriminated chemical cancerogens and eliminate or mitigate their emission. These are a kind of (pre)screening (primordial prevention) for persons with high risk of developing malignant diseases causally related to the most dangerous chemical carcinogens.
Risk factors associated with occurrence of lung cancer
Authors: Dimitrievska Ljubica , Pavlovska Irina , Zafirova-Ivanovska Beti , Grivčevska Milena , Nehteparova Meliha
Published: October 2024

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality in the world, right after cardiovascular diseases. The motivation for conducting this study was the fact that the number of newly diagnosed and death cases from lung cancer has been constantly growing, especially in the last few years. Objectives and Methods: The aim of the study was to present lung cancer (LC) as a public health problem today at the global level as well as in the Republic of North Macedonia. This is an analytical case-control study. It included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer (LC) with histopathological analysis (examined group) and patients who have not had any history of malignancy (control group), in a period of six months. Survey data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire. Results: The study included a total of 86 respondents in both, the examined and the control group. Regarding the habit of cigarette smoking, the largest percentage of examined respondents (58%) were current smokers, compared to the control group where the largest percentage (56%) were non-smokers. About professional exposition 57% from examined group were exposed to potentially carcinogenic substances for more than 10 years at the workplace. In the control group that percentage is smaller (25%). Conclusions: This study confirmed the association of cigarette smoking habit, professional exposition and lung cancer.
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases in women in Serbia: Emphasis on sex-specific risk factors
Authors: Đapanović Verica
Published: October 2024

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the most significant threat to human health irrelevant of gender. According to the data in the latest statistical yearbook of the "dr Milan Jovanović Batut" Institute from 2021 CVDs are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both sexes. It is believed that heart diseases are "men's diseases", which impacts women's referral to CVD diagnosis and treatment even though their main cause of death are CVDs. According to the Serbian Ministry of Health, more women die from cardiovascular diseases than men. In 2019 AHA recognized the importance of women's cardiovascular health and issued new recommendations which emphasize gender-specific risk factors. Methods and Objectives: The aim of the paper was to determine: the frequency of hospitalization by gender; the presence of classic risk factors in the examined population and the respondents' awareness of them; the presence of modern risk factors and the awareness of respondents; determination of the interviewees' preferred way of communication with the health system; motivation for using any telemedicine modality. The research was conducted in the UKCS Cardiology Clinic from 01.01.-31.01.2023 on patients hospitalized in all departments of the clinic. Results: There is a higher frequency of male gender in hospitalization; all classic risk factors are present in 30-60% of respondents; modern risk factors are present in less than 40%; the respondents are motivated to further use telemedicine modalities. Conclusions: Women were informed about classic risk factors, with poor insight into modern risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease; they have shown willingness to use telemedicine, with low interest in using social networks in purpose of health education. The inclusion of women in clinical studies to help advance timely diagnosis and treatment remains a real need in modern medicine. Proactive implementation of health education can significantly contribute to earlier recognition of symptoms and better prognosis of the disease.
Mental help support for medical students: Insights from the top five universities in Poland
Authors: Guziak Mateusz , Walkiewicz Maciej
Published: October 2024

Background: The literature indicates that medical students in Poland, much like their counterparts globally, face higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared to the general population. Because of stigma and confidentiality concerns, they tend to avoid seeking help, which delays timely and appropriate support. Moreover, the availability of mental health support (MHS) for medical students remains an ongoing issue. Methods and Objectives: The study focused on assessing the availability of Mental Health Services (MHS) at the top five universities in Poland offering MD programs, as per the 2023 Perspektywy University Ranking: Jagiellonian University Medical College (KR), Medical University of Warsaw (WA), Wroclaw Medical University (WR), Medical University of Gdansk (GD), and Medical University of Lodz (LD). Our analysis involved the examination of information pertaining to MHS on the official university websites. Furthermore, during the academic year 2022/2023, a concise, open-ended questionnaire regarding the availability of MHS was dispatched to the Dean's offices of the aforementioned universities. Results: All universities offer free MHS in Polish and English, and WR additionally in German. Most programs provide hybrid support. MHS consists of short-term interventions and is limited to five hours per student in LD, and three visits per student in WR. Other forms of support include well-being programs like coaching, psychoeducation, biofeedback training, stress management training, mindfulness sessions, and yoga. Two universities reported an increased demand for psychological support due to COVID-19. Conclusions: All major medical universities in Poland offer mental health support (MHS); however, the extent of their services varies. To optimize the impact of these programs, it is imperative to institute quality standards and ensure sustainable funding. Further investigation is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the provided MHS. Implementing comprehensive MHS in medical education institutions is crucial for the well-being of future healthcare professionals.
Cheers or concerns: Peer influence on alcohol consumption among university students in Novi Sad
Authors: Ostojić Zorana , Čanković Dušan , Čanković Sonja , Ukropina Snežana , Tomašević Tanja , Radić Ivana
Published: October 2024

Background: Young people represent a key population in the context of alcohol use, often experimenting with this substance. The aim of the study is to assess the association between peer influence and alcohol consumption and binge drinking among firstand second-year university students in Novi Sad. Methods and Objectives: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study among students of the University of Novi Sad in 2019, as part of the project "Health behaviors of students: benefits and risk" funded by the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research. A total of 664 students participated (456 first-year and 208 second-year) from 13 faculties. An online questionnaire with electronic consent was distributed to students after lectures. Alcohol consumption was categorized based on daily alcohol unit consumption. The association between peer influence and alcohol consumption and binge drinking was analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: Around 4% of students (3.8%) believe that, due to peer influence, they drink more alcohol than they would otherwise, with a higher prevalence among young men (7.0%) compared to girls (2.4%) (p<0.001). Among male students who said that they always drink more due to peer influence prevalence of heavy drinking (92.3%) and binge drinking (85.7%), was significantly higher than among students who said that friends don't influence their drinking (41.7% and 51.7%, respectively) (p<0.001). Also, female students who always drink more due to the influence of friends reported higher levels of heavy drinking (81.8%) and binge drinking (72.7%), compared to those who stated that peer influence does not affect their drinking habits (34.9% and 38.0%) (p<0.001). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that negative peer influence is associated with increased alcohol consumption and more frequent binge drinking among students in Novi Sad.
Low back pain in medical students, by sexes: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Ilić Irena , Miličić Vesna , Šipetić-Grujičić Sandra , Ilić Milena
Published: October 2024

Background: Due to a very demanding curriculum during their studies, medical students are exposed to stress, a sedentary lifestyle and long hours in hospital wards which can lead to the occurrence of low back pain in this population. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of low back pain in medical students. Objectives and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Faculty of Medical Sciences in Kragujevac. Our study comprised undergraduate medical students (n=499/547; 91.2% participation rate). Main outcome was the prevalence of self-reported low back pain. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: The overall prevalence of low back pain among the students was 63.1% (n = 318). Prevalence among males and females was 16.8% and 22.8%, respectively (p>0.05). In female medical students, significant association was found between prevalence of low back pain and cigarette smoking (OR=3.56; 95%CI=1.91-6.6, p<0.000), and positive family history for low back pain (OR=2.37; 95%CI=1.31-4.27, p=0.004). In male medical students, no significant association was found between the prevalence of low back pain and the observed variables. Conclusions: There is a high lifetime prevalence of low back pain in medical students, associated with smoking and positive family history for low back pain among females. Education on the importance of adopting healthy lifestyle habits, as well as education on other preventive measures could contribute to the reduction of the number of people suffering from lower back pain.
Nursing competencies for the implementation of health education interventions
Authors: Savić Nikola , Mladenović Marija , Bogdanović-Vasić Slobodanka , Pavić Katarina , Zlatanović Milena
Published: October 2024

Background: Competencies of nurses for health education work are important for the quality of health care. Contemporary nursing care requires a high level of health education competencies of nurses. Methods and Objectives: The research is designed as a cross-sectional study, the research technique is survey. The research instrument is a survey questionnaire, constructed for the needs of this study. The questionnaire examines the competencies of nurses for the implementation of health education interventions. The research was conducted in the time period from October 1, 2023. until 01.12.2023. at Singidunum University. The sample of respondents consists of Nursing students, employed as nurses, a total of 80 students participated in the research. The research was voluntary and anonymous. Results: The largest number of nurses possess knowledge in the field of communication methods in health education (69%), a slightly smaller number of nurses possess competencies in strategies for acquiring skills (39%) and the smallest number of nurses possess developed competencies for organizational methods in health education work (30 %). Nurses have competencies for basic communication strategies in health education, education on a specific topic (68%), discussion development (60%), individual counseling interview with the patient (55%), media techniques (23%). When we look at competencies in the area of skill acquisition strategies, the largest number of nurses have competencies for group health education work (68%), while the least developed competencies are in the area of Behavior Modification (12%). The lowest level of competence is observed in the field of campaigns, social planning and organizational development (8%). Conclusions: Nurses possess the highest level of competence for the implementation of communication strategies in health education. Nurses employed in primary health care have more developed competencies for health education work. Nurses with high school education still do not have sufficiently developed competencies for health education.
Analysis of the employment of medical staff (nurses) in the health care system in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2013-2022
Authors: Đurić Bojan , Šantrić-Milićević Milena
Published: October 2024

In the Republic of Serbia, the health care system includes various health institutions, higher education institutions that train personnel in this field, private practices and other organizations that deal with health activities. Within this system, medical and non-medical personnel are employed. The medical staff includes health professionals with various levels of education, including doctors of medicine, doctors of dental medicine, pharmacists and nurse technicians. Non-medical personnel also play an important role in supporting the functioning of health facilities, although they do not provide direct medical care. A retrospective analysis of data on the employment of nurse-technicians in state health institutions from 2013 to 2019 shows that the number of nurse-technicians with higher education has increased during that period. In the total number of employees, nurses-technicians make up the largest part, and their share remains relatively constant during the observed period. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the employment of medical staff. In the period from 2020 to 2022, the number of nurse-technicians with secondary and higher education continued to grow. This trend can be attributed to the increased workload during the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, employment in the health sector in the Republic of Serbia experienced significant changes and this was related to the increased need for health workers, especially those who were directly engaged in the treatment and prevention of Covid-19. Nurses as well as other healthcare workers faced increased stress during the Covid-19 pandemic, their work engagement was under great pressure. During the pandemic, decision-makers significantly increased financial resources as an adequate incentive for work, but at the same time there was a problem with the retention of personnel in the health care system due to the heavy workload and exhaustion at the workplace itself, the very fear of infection and the mental health crisis that prevailed among health workers. The Covid-19 pandemic reminded us that there is a need for better planning and personnel management in health care systems, but there are still no clearly defined protocols for responding in crisis situations.
The complex responsibility of national public health associations: A case from Serbia
Authors: Stevanović Aleksandar , Bjegović-Mikanović Vesna , Cvjetković Smiljana , Krajnović Dušanka , Mandić-Rajčević Stefan , Mirković Momčilo , Popović Dragoslav , Šantrić-Milićević Milena , Terzić-Šupić Zorica , Ukropina Snežana , Vujković Branko
Published: October 2024

The rapidly evolving landscape of public health challenges requires national public health associations (NPHA) to take leadership and play a multifaceted role (1). NPHAs usually serve as primary non-governmental advocates for population health and manage complex intersections of policy, education, and community engagement to address both traditional and emerging public health threats. One of their key roles is to shape strategies that promote equitable access to healthcare, thereby significantly impacting public health outcomes. NPHAs exert their influence across local, regional, and global levels, advancing global health agendas. The establishment of the Serbian Public Health Association (SPHA) in 2003 was a significant milestone in the country's public health history. SPHA added new value to traditional partnerships for public health, led by the Network of Institutes of Public Health, along with the Serbian Medical Chamber, academic institutions, United Nations agencies, Serbian Medical Society, civil society organizations, and interested groups and individuals. SPHA has been active in various public health areas, including strengthening community resilience by supporting families and visiting nurses, promoting the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, providing continuous medical education, and facilitating public dialogue on health reforms. Today, SPHA is a national, not-for-profit association of current and future public health professionals and other individuals devoted to promoting scientific evidence and multidisciplinary collaboration in health promotion and protection (2). SPHA is a permanent member of the European Public Health Association and the World Federation of Public Health Associations (3). It brings together 96 members of public health practitioners from various backgrounds and affiliations, working together to protect and improve the health of all individuals and reduce health inequalities.
Testing of phthalate content in polymer toys
Authors: Blagojević Zorica , Milenković Milan , Aranđelović Danica , Jovanović Katarina , Dodevska Margarita
Published: October 2024

Background: Phthalates, a group of synthetic organic compounds, have been subject of numerous studies due to their harmful effects on health. The use of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzyl-butyl-phthalate (BBP) and diisobutyl-phthalate (DIBP) in concentrations equal to or greater than 0.1% by weight in plasticized materials is prohibited due to their classification as reproductive toxicants. Before ban, phthalates were used as polymer softeners in production of flexible, soft toys. Phthalates do not chemically bind to polymer, but are only incorporated into polymer structure, so they can migrate from plastic and thus pose a health hazard. Methods and Objectives: The testing of phthalate content included 90 polymer toys from the Belgrade market. The content of DEHP, DBP, BBP and DIBP was determined using HPLC-DAD (Agilent Technologies 1200 Series). Results: Baby teething toys (10) and toys made of hard polymeric materials (30) didn't contain phthalates (rattles, blocks, cars, figurines, kitchen sets). Of 30 doll samples, 15 (50%) had elevated levels of DEHP (0.15%-43.2%), and 6 of these also contained DBP (0.1%-0.30%). High phthalate content was found in softest parts: head, hands, and feet. The average DEHP content was 23.5%, which represents almost a quarter of percentage content of the plasticized material. Of 20 tested flexible samples (soft animal figures, unicorns, ducklings, dinosaurs, balls), 45% had elevated levels of phthalates. 9 samples contained DEHP (0.15%-21.9%), of which 5 also contained DBP (0.1%-12.5%). The average DEHP content was 9.3%, and DBP 4.6%, which is 93 times, and 46 times, higher than maximum allowed value. Conclusions: Testing phthalate content provides insight into the potential exposure of sensitive population groups. The study showed an increased risk of exposure to phthalates from flexible, soft toys. In order to protect and improve health and prevent disease, continuous monitoring and measures to reduce and eliminate exposure to phthalates are necessary.
Screening for depression at primary health care level in 2023
Authors: Dukić Danijela , Ninković Olivera , Đurić Petar , Damjanović Ana , Ružić Dragana , Vukša Ana , Ninić Danijela , Bukumirić Dragica , Mihailović Isidora
Published: October 2024

Background: Mental health is important part of overall health, and Republic of Serbia, adopted the Mental Health Protection Program (MHPP) for the period 2019-2026. Health system has a great part of MHPP implementation through prevention of mental disorders and improvement of mental health.. Screening for depression in adult population is introduced at primary health care level (PHCC) and is performed by general practitioners (GPs). Aim of this article is to investigate and compare coverage of adult population in different administrative regions of Serbia by screening for depression, performed in PHC in 2023. Methods: We collected reports from regional network of Institutes of public health, about performance of GPs, including screening for depression in PHC. Also, we used data obtained from HIF, as reports of GP services for screening for depression performed in 2023, through invoiced realization of health services of all primary health care centers in Serbia. Results: According to data obtained from 25 administrative regions in Serbia, coverage of adult population (19+), by screening for depression, varies from region to region, but didn't reach 8% in any of them, as it was planned. The highest coverage was in Nišavski region 7.5% and Južnobački region 7.1%, and the lowest coverage, below 1% was in Severnobanatski region (0.61%). In five regions, coverage was in interval from 5.0% to 6.7% (Pirotski, Zlatiborski, Sremski, Severnobački, Šumadijski), in nine regions coverage was in interval from 3.5% to 4.8% (Kolubarski, Moravički, Zapadnobački, Pomoravski, Južnobanatski, Braničevski, Mačvanski, Rasinski, Zaječarski), and in eight regions including Belgrade city, coverage was in interval from 1.2% to 2.6% (Toplički, Borski, Srednjebanatski, Pčinjski, Raški, Podunavski and Jablanički). Conclusions: There is a need for improvement of skills and knowledge of GPs, in the area of mental health, as well as creating conditions for increasing of coverage of adult population by screening for depression.
Prevalence of electronic cigarettes use among the adult population in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Grubor Ivana , Kilibarda Biljana , Vuković Marija , Zdravkovski Maja , Gudelj-Rakić Jelena
Published: October 2024

Background: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ecigarettes) are product that typically contain nicotine and other harmful substances. The risk perception of these products is low and due to variety of shapes and flavors. Despite these products do not contain tobacco, concerns are raised due to nicotine harmful effects, especially on youth and pregnant women, addictive nature of nicotine and use among nonsmokers. Methods and Objectives: The aim of the research is to examine the prevalence of e-cigarettes use among adult population in the Republic of Serbia. We used descriptive statistics to explore prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults in Serbia and sociodemographic differences. Data were obtained from the Survey on tobacco and nicotine use, conducted on a representative sample of 1,598 adult citizens aged 18-64, in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Data were collected during December 2023 through tablet-assisted face-to-face interviews. Results: Data show that in the Republic of Serbia, 18.4% of the adult population aged 18-64 tried electronic cigarettes at least once (lifetime prevalence), 19.3% female and 17.5% of the male population, while 1.9% currently use e-cigarettes daily or occasionally (2.0% female and 1.8% male). There was no statistically significant difference both for lifetime and current e-cigarette use. Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarettes is higher among younger population groups with a statistically significant difference (p=0.000). While prevalence of e-lifetime e-cigarettes use is 25.7% among people aged 18-24 and 25.5% among 25-34 age group, among those aged 55-64 years, lifetime prevalence is 9.1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of e-cigarette use is high among adult population, especially taking into account scientific evidence on short term consequences and knowledge gap for long term consequences due to novelty of the products. Findings call for policy intervention and stronger prevention especially those targeted to younger population groups.
The role of medical anthropology in public health
Authors: Vučurović Milica
Published: October 2024

Medical anthropology plays a pivotal role in shaping public health initiatives by comprehensively understanding the socio-cultural contexts that influence health behaviours and outcomes. This paper explores the significance of medical anthropology in public health practice, highlighting its interdisciplinary approach to examining the intersection of culture, society, and health. By drawing on ethnographic research, theoretical frameworks, and applied methods, medical anthropology offers valuable insights into how beliefs, practices, and social structures impact health disparities, healthcare access, and the effectiveness of public health interventions. Through critical analyses, this paper sheds light on medical anthropology's contributions to addressing global health challenges and healthcare disparities. By bridging the gap between biomedicine and cultural perspectives, medical anthropology serves as a crucial tool for developing culturally appropriate and effective public health strategies that resonate with diverse populations. This work emphasizes the importance of integrating medical anthropology into public health policy and practice to foster more significant health equity and improve overall health outcomes for communities worldwide.
Serbian Journal of the Medical Chamber as a new platform for reporting current public health issues
Authors: Vukčević-Lacković Biljana
Published: October 2024

The Serbian Journal of the Medical Chamber is published by the Medical Chamber of Serbia, with the University of Belgrade Institute for Medical Research as co-publisher. The Journal annually publishes a minimum of forty previously unpublished original scientific research articles, professional papers, reviews, short communications, editorials, meta-analyses, case reports, and other articles, in all areas of medicine, pharmacy, and dental medicine, in both Serbian and English. It is published four times a year under an open-access policy, using a double-blind peer-review process, and is available in both print and electronic formats. The Journal fosters continued professional development and free and open exchange of scientific knowledge, research results, breakthroughs, and clinical experience by providing open, free-ofcharge, and unlimited access to all articles immediately upon online publication and charging no fees for article submission or processing. Eminent national and international academicians, professors, and experts constitute the Editorial Board, Advisory Board, and Editorial Office of the Journal. In 2023, the Journal received the M54 categorization from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia. It is indexed by the Serbian Citation Index, and data on the Journal can be found on KoBSON. Responding to one of the greatest global public health challenges in modern history, the Journal dedicated one of its earlier issues to the COVID-19 pandemic, inviting medical professionals to contribute to the understanding of this disease by sharing research results and clinical experience. The Journal continues to provide a platform for various nationally, regionally, and internationally relevant public health issues by publishing articles focusing on topics such as HIV/AIDS, smoking, immunization, infectious disease control, preventive measures in primary health care, the prevalence of depression, non-medical prescription drug use, safety and health issues pertaining to the medical profession, etc. Celebrating the fourth anniversary of its first issue, as a relatively new journal, the Serbian Journal of the Medical Chamber strives to complement the activity of other Serbian medical journals with a much longer and more established tradition, such as the Serbian Journal of Public Health, published by the Institute of Public Health of Serbia Dr Milan Jovanović Batut.
Implementation of the national program of organized cervical cancer screening in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2013-2024
Authors: Naumović Tamara , Lutula Dragana , Sekulić Maja
Published: October 2024

Background: The program of organized cervical cancer screening has been implemented since the end of 2012, i.e. since 2013, in health institutions in the Republic of Serbia and involves actively inviting women to screening and quality control in order to detect cancer or pre-malignant changes and in accordance with the current legal regulations and European guidelines. Additionally, the recommendations of the World Health Organization (Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem) serve as the basis for the inclusion of new institutions and for the development of new models and strategies for improving the program. Methodology and Objectives: The objective of this descriptive study was to present the results from health institutions included in the program of organized cervical cancer screening. Reports from primary health centers for the period from 2013 to 2023 were used as a data source. Results: A total of 1,162,401 women were invited, and about 60% responded to the invitation for screening, of which 629,431 women were tested with the PAP test. There were 37,693 women with a positive PAP test result (about 6%), while the number of performed colposcopies was 47,957 and the number of performed HPV tests was 5,205 (as triage tests). There were 215 pathohistologically confirmed cancers. In 2023 and 2024, proposed changes to the program include the introduction of HPV testing and the inclusion of a larger number of primary healthcare centers, marking progress in the program. Conclusion: The tendency to further improve organized cervical cancer screening involves strengthening and including healthcare institutions, social mobilization, introducing new approaches to screening (HPV test combined with cytology) with the aim of achieving a greater coverage of screening examinations for women in the target population.
The information environment and the decision to get vaccinated against HPV among female and male students in Belgrade
Authors: Mandić-Rajčević Stefan , Jeremić-Stojković Vida , Paunić Mila , Stojanović-Ristić Snežana , Vuković Dejana , Cvjetković Smiljana
Published: October 2024

Background: Serbia ranks third in age-standardized incidence rates of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV, following Montenegro and Romania. Challenges in increasing HPV vaccination coverage include a lack of awareness, concerns about vaccine safety, and general mistrust. The information environment, encompassing all informational processes, services, and entities, plays a critical role in influencing vaccination decisions. Methods and Objectives: Male and female undergraduate students aged 19-26 from the Institute for the Health Protection of Students of Belgrade were surveyed. Participants included those receiving their second dose of the nonavalent HPV vaccine and those accessing general healthcare services. An online survey, hosted on the secure servers of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, collected data on HPV vaccination status, socio-demographic characteristics, information sources, trust in these sources, perceived information adequacy, and HPV knowledge. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant committees, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and R software. This study aims to evaluate the information sources and trust thereof in male and female undergraduate students. Results: Six hundred and three students filled the survey completely, including 494 females and 109 males. 78.6% of participants were vaccinated, with females having a higher vaccination rate (82%) compared to males (63.3%). For scientific literature, 43.4% of unvaccinated participants reported "never" using it, compared to 20.0% of vaccinated participants. 26.4% of unvaccinated participants "never" consult their primary physician, against 16.7% of vaccinated individuals (p = 0.009). Unvaccinated individuals showed notably lower trust in scientific literature, with 19.4% expressing moderate trust compared to 10.8% of vaccinated participants. Trust in primary physicians was particularly low among the unvaccinated, with 26.4% reporting no trust compared to 16.7% of their vaccinated counterparts. Conclusions: Unvaccinated individuals are less likely to consult or trust scientific literature, internet portals, family, and primary physicians compared to their vaccinated counterparts.
Risk factors and their role in menopausal symptom expression
Authors: Zlatanović Milena , Milidrag Ardea , Despotović Milena , Savić Nikola , Antić Ljiljana
Published: October 2024

Background: Menopause is a natural biological process with numerous physical and emotional symptoms that can be reduced by changing certain lifestyle habits. Methods and Objectives: The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study and 94 women over 40 years participated. The survey was conducted online from May 20, 2024, to July 10, 2024, and a sociodemographic questionnaire was used as an instrument, while menopause symptoms were assessed using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). The survey was anonymous with respect to all ethical norms, and the respondents gave their consent to participate in the research. Results: Our research results show that most respondents (52%), were older than 50 years. Of these, 47% had a menopause symptom score >17, indicating severe symptoms. Among women under 50 years , 48%, had a score from 0 to 4 (30%), indicating no symptoms. Perimenopausal respondents with cycles had the highest percentage (34%) without complaints, while 50% of menopausal women had some symptoms. Both groups had equal percentages of mild and moderate symptoms. Among smokers and non-smokers under 50, a score >17 was present in about one third, similar to those without symptoms. For women over 50, the highest percentages were with severe symptoms (56% and 43%). Women under 50 who are physically active show 33% free of complaints, compared to only 5% for those over 50. Severe symptoms are most prevalent in women over 50, at 60%. Regarding diet, 47% and 48% of women in both age categories consume protective foods, but 32% of them have no symptoms, while 47% have severe symptoms. In regard to chronic diseases, 59% of older respondents have a score > 17, while it is present in 41% of younger respondents. Among women without chronic diseases, mild and moderate symptoms are present in the highest percentages of 30% and 28%. Conclusions: From the results of the research, we can conclude that proper nutrition, regular physical activity and bad lifestyle habits have a significant impact on the appearance and worsening of menopause symptoms, so educating women about healthy lifestyles is very important.