bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles in Nigerian university athletes and non-athletes.
Authors: Oyelola O O , Rufai M A
Published: December 2008

The fasting plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles were determined in 14 healthy Nigerian male athletes and controls matched for sex and anthropometric parameters. The mean levels of total cholesterol (P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) AII and E were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the athletes than in the controls. However, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the mean values of the plasma triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, apo AI, B, Lp(a), LpA1 and CIII:NonB respectively for the athletes and controls. A priori, the potential effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was also compared using three predictor ratios - total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol (TC:HDL), LDL cholesterol: HDL cholesterol and apo B:AI. The mean of the three ratios was lower in the athletes than in the controls; however, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Based on our data, exercise appears to decrease the TC:HDL ratio in the athletes by lowering LDL-cholesterol, while the HDL-cholesterol is unaffected. We conclude that physical activity has salutary effects on the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles of healthy Nigerian men.
Should an athlete eat straight after training?--A study of intestinal transit time and its relationship to prior exercise.
Authors: Scott D , Scott B
Published: December 2008

The mouth-to-caecum transit time of food was measured using the rise in breath hydrogen after a standard breakfast of baked beans on two occasions in seven healthy volunteers. The first occasion was after resting and the second after moderate exercise on a bicycle ergometer. There was no significant difference between the transit times with or without prior exercise. It is concluded that moderate exercise taken before food does not interfere with transit time and therefore should not in that way interfere with nutrition.
Hearing loss in Grand Prix motorcyclists: occupational hazard or sports injury?
Authors: McCombe A W , Binnington J
Published: December 2008

The prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in current motorcycle grand prix racers was investigated. A total of 44 riders was randomly recruited and underwent interview, otological examination and pure tone audiometry. The median age was 28 (range 18-37) years and median racing experience was 10 (range 2-21) years. Twenty riders (45%) had hearing losses greater than expected for age matched controls. Not surprisingly this hearing deficit tended to increase with racing experience (r = 0.5, t = 2.51, 19 d.f., P < 0.05). Only 17 riders (39%) were regular users of earplugs and only nine had used them for most of their racing careers. There is a need to raise awareness to this problem and increase the use of earplugs to avoid NIHL in grand prix motorcyclists.
Oxygen consumption, heart rate and oxygen pulse associated with selected exercise-to-muscle class elements.
Authors: Abernethy P , Batman P
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the relative oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate and oxygen pulse associated with the constituent elements of an exercise-to-music class. Six women exercise-to-music leaders with a mean(s.d.) age, weight and height of 33.2(5.2) years, 51.0(2.8) kg and 157.9(5.6) cm respectively, completed five distinct exercise-to-music movement elements. The movement elements were of a locomoter (circuit, jump and low impact) and callisthenic (prone and side/supine) nature. The movement elements were distinguishable from one another in terms of their movement patterns, posture and tempo. Relative VO2 values were greatest for the circuit element (40.6 ml kg-1 min-1) and least for the side/supine element (20.0 ml kg-1 min-1). The differences in VO2 between the locomotrr and callisthenic elements were significant (circuit approximately jump approximately low impact > prone approximately side/supine). However, effect size data suggested that the differences between the low impact and jump elements and the prone and side/supine elements were of practical significance (circuit approximately jump > low impact > prone > side/supine). With a single exception similar parametric statistics and effect size trends were identified for absolute heart rate. Specifically, the heart rate associated with the low impact element was not significantly greater than the prone element. The oxygen pulse associated with the locomotor elements was significantly greater than the callisthenic elements (circuit approximately jump approximately low impact > prone > side/supine). This suggested that heart rate may be an inappropriate index for making comparisons between exercise-to-music elements. Reasons for differences in oxygen uptake values between movement elements are discussed.
Licit steroid use--hope for the future.
Authors: Millar A P
Published: December 2008

Anabolic steroid use has escalated in recent years along with law enforcement. A total of 169 athletes participated in a trial of medical prescription designed to minimize harm as drug elimination is impossible. This showed one-third of athletes achieved their goal in one course, and few were frequent users over the 3-to-5-year period of the trial. Side effects were minimal and reversible.
Sport and exercise headache: Part 2. Diagnosis and classification.
Authors: Williams S J , Nukada H
Published: December 2008

A group of 129 subjects (67 men and 62 women) experiencing sports headache was established using a questionnaire. A wide range of information was gathered, focusing on the mode of onset, time course, characteristic features and associated symptoms of sports-related headache. Criteria for the varieties of sports headaches were established using head trauma and then migraine to divide subgroups of sports headaches. Cases were classified into four categories: effort migraine, trauma-triggered migraine, effort-exertion headache, and post-traumatic headache. The percentages of each sports-related headache found were: effort migraine 9%, trauma-triggered migraine 6%, effort-exertion headache 60%, post-traumatic headache 22% and miscellaneous 3%. Sports migraine accounted for 15% of the total sports headache sample. Effort-exertion headache was the most common type of sports headache. Although effort-exertion headache could be separated into subjects who had an acute severe headache induced by anaerobic exercise (exertion headache) from those having a substantial headache lasting hours initiated by aerobic exercise (effort headache), most subjects with effort-exertion headache in this study appeared not to fall into any discrete subgroups. Trauma-related headaches were experienced mainly by men in contact sports, while women more commonly had non-trauma-related headache in running and jogging.
The scientific basis for the use of biomechanical foot orthoses in the treatment of lower limb sports injuries--a review of the literature.
Authors: Kilmartin T E , Wallace W A
Published: December 2008

While it is documented that many overuse injuries of the lower limb can be relieved with the use of biomechanical foot orthoses, what remains unclear is how an orthosis can produce this effect. A review of the literature indicates that biomechanical orthoses will reduce rearfoot movement, but the effect on knee function is negligible and the clinical significance of excessive rearfoot movement is yet to be proven. While many athletes may potentially benefit from the use of biomechanical orthoses, further research is necessary to justify and, if indicated, promote the use of biomechanical foot arthoses by athletes suffering from overuse injuries.
An epidemiological investigation of training and injury patterns in British triathletes.
Authors: Korkia P K , Tunstall-Pedoe D S , Maffulli N
Published: December 2008

During the competitive season of 1990, 155 British triathletes whose competitive distances varied from sprint to full ironman, and who self-classified themselves as recreational, intermediate or élite, kept a training diary for an 8-week period. They gave details of injuries sustained while training for, or competing in, triathlons. The mean(s.d.) distances covered each week were: swimming, 4.2(2.6) km; cycling, 100.2(70.6) km; and running 23.4(15.2) km; mean(s.d.) training time was 7(3.4) h per week, and a mean(s.d.) of 7.9(3.4) training sessions were completed per week. At least one injury was reported by 37% of the participants. The most frequently affected sites were the ankle/foot, thigh, knee, lower leg and the back. Overuse was the reported cause in 41% of the injuries, two-thirds of which occurred during running. The likelihood of an injury was positively associated with experience in triathlon. Average injury rate was 5.4 injuries per 1000 h of training (95% confidence interval: 4-7.2) and 17.4 per 1000 h of competition (95% confidence interval: 10.9-27.9). Injury incidence was unrelated to the mean amount of weekly training or competition, intensity or frequency of training.
Femoral osteochondral fracture--a non-contact injury in martial arts? A case report.
Authors: Mbubaegbu C E , Percy A J
Published: December 2008

A report of a case of osteochondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle in a patient doing a karate kick. The problems related to fixation of osteochondral fragments with protruding screws are highlighted and the suitability of Herbert screw fixation noted.
New Zealand's Injury Prevention Research Unit: reducing sport and recreational injury.
Authors: Chalmers D J
Published: December 2008

The Injury Prevention Research Unit was established in 1990 to reduce the incidence, severity and consequences of injury. Research into sport and recreational injury is one of five major areas of research being undertaken. National data sources have been used to estimate the overall size of the problem and to describe the nature and circumstances of injury associated with a variety of sport and recreational activities. Analytical studies are now being undertaken to identify significant risk and protective factors. Research activity is being directed toward the development, implementation and evaluation of preventive measures.
Personal health benefits of Masters athletics competition.
Authors: Shephard R J , Kavanagh T , Mertens D J , Qureshi S , Clark M
Published: December 2008

Questionnaires (750 respondents, 44.4% response rate) examined the long-term health value of endurance exercise training in older age-classed competitors ('Masters Athletes', 551 men and 199 women) over a 7-year period (1985-1992). The majority had initially completed maximal exercise tests. The weekly time devoted to training, competition and exercise-related travel was 10 to 30 h, and the annual expenditure on clothing, equipment and entrance fees was typically in the range Canadian $500-1500. Despite their age (mean(s.d.) 58(10), current range 40-81 years), only 1.4% reported sustaining a non-fatal heart attack and 0.6% had required bypass surgery over the 7-year interval. The majority (90%) were very interested in good health; 76% considered themselves as less vulnerable to viral illnesses than their peers, and 68% regarded their quality of life as much better than that of their sedentary friends. The majority of former smokers had stopped smoking before they began training, but 37% indicated that exercise had helped them in smoking withdrawal. In keeping with their health-conscious attitude, 59% had regular medical check-ups, and 86% obeyed legislation requiring use of a seat-belt when driving. In contrast with many older people, 88% slept well or very well. Slightly over half of the sample (57%) had sustained some injury which had limited their training for one or more weeks over the 7-year study. Although participation in Masters competition appears to carry considerable health benefits, gains may in part reflect an overall healthy lifestyle.
Rating of perceived exertion and heart rate relative to ventilatory threshold in women.
Authors: Swaine I L , Emmett J , Murty D , Dickinson C , Dudfield M
Published: December 2008

Forty women took part in a study designed to investigate self-selected exercise intensity relative to ventilatory threshold during circuit weight training (CWT) and exercise-to-music (ETM) sessions. Subjects were assigned to one of two groups which were beginners (B) or habitual exercisers (HE) on the basis of their exercise habits. All subjects first underwent a laboratory cycle ergometer test involving a continuous incremental exercise protocol from which ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined using piecewise linear regression analysis. This point was expressed in terms of heart rate (VTHR) and rating of perceived exertion (VTRPE). These points were then compared with those determined during exercise training sessions (TRAHR and TRARPE respectively). The results showed that mean(s.d.) TRARPE (13.5(1.1) was not significantly different to mean(s.d.) VTRPE (12.8(0.5); P > 0.05) but that mean(s.d.) VTHR (134.8(13.5) beats min-1) and TRAHR (154.9(12.0) beats min-1) were different (P < 0.05). Beginners trained at a significantly higher percentage above VTHR than habitual exercisers (118(3.1) versus 111(2.8)% P < 0.05). During CWT the mean(s.d.) TRAHR for beginners (143.2(7.6) beats min-1) was significantly lower than that for habitual exercisers (152.5(10.1) beats min-1; P < 0.05), but not different during ETM (P < 0.05). When these TRAHR values were expressed relative to an estimated maximum heart rate (EMHR) they represented 86.5% in ETM and 80.5% in CWT which were different (P < 0.05). These results suggest that regardless of habitual exercise level and training mode, these women selected a common intensity of effort that was compatible with the described RPE.
The relationship between carbon dioxide sensitivity and sprint or endurance performance in young swimmers.
Authors: McGurk S P , Blanksby B A , Anderson M J
Published: December 2008

There has been some evidence that extremes of CO2 sensitivity can indicate an individual's potential for sprint or endurance athletic performance. This study examined the responses to CO2 rebreathing, and previously validated sprint and endurance tests by subjects who were involved in regular, but not intensive, swimming training. The aim was to determine whether subjects with low CO2 sensitivity might perform better on endurance tests, whilst those subjects with high CO2 sensitivity would be more successful in the sprint tests. Initially, 168 young (mean mean(s.d.) age = 12.4(2.1) years) swimmers were measured using a modified version of the Read CO2 rebreathing technique. From this sample, 17 high (mean means(s.d.) = 2.24(0.39) 1 min-1 mmHg-1) CO2 responders were matched by gender, age, height, weight and FVC with 17 low (mean means(s.d.) = 0.57(0.19) 1 min-1 mmHg-1) responders. Each of these 17 pairs underwent two sprint tests (10 s Tri-level alactic power, 50 m run) and two endurance tests (PWC170, 1.6 km run) in order to determine whether any differences existed between the two groups and the sprint and endurance parameters. The subjects remained unaware of their results of the rebreathing test throughout testing. A dependent t test was then used to compare the results collected from each group. The low CO2 responders recorded a significantly faster 1.6 km run time, but were not superior on the PWC170 ergometer test, than the high CO2 responders. The high CO2 responding group recorded significantly higher results on the 10 s alactic power test, but not the 50 m sprint run, than the low responders. Hence, further study is required to ascertain underlying causes as to why significant differences occurred with CO2 rebreathing, the 1.6 km run and the 10 s alactic power test, but not with the PWC170 and the 50m sprint run.
Acute intracranial epidural haematoma in a basketball player: a case report.
Authors: Datti R , Gentile S L , Pisani R
Published: December 2008

A 35-year-old basketball player suffered a serious double head injury during a match. An acute left temporal epidural haematoma, which necessitated surgical drainage, developed. The exceptional circumstances of the trauma are discussed and the literature concerning basketball-related injuries is reviewed.
A comparison of methods of predicting maximum oxygen uptake.
Authors: Grant S , Corbett K , Amjad A M , Wilson J , Aitchison T
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to compare the results from a Cooper walk run test, a multistage shuttle run test, and a submaximal cycle test with the direct measurement of maximum oxygen uptake on a treadmill. Three predictive tests of maximum oxygen uptake--linear extrapolation of heart rate of VO2 collected from a submaximal cycle ergometer test (predicted L/E), the Cooper 12 min walk, run test, and a multi-stage progressive shuttle run test (MST)--were performed by 22 young healthy males (mean(s.d.) age 22.1 (2.4) years; body mass 72.4(8.9kg)) and the values compared to those obtained by direct measurement on a maximal treadmill test. All of the subjects were regular exercisers. The mean(s.d.) from the various tests in ml.kg-1.min-1 were as follows: treadmill 60.1(8.0), Cooper 60.6(10.3), MST 55.6(8.0), and predictedL/E 52.0(8.4). The Cooper test had a correlation with the treadmill test of 0.92, while the MST and the predictedL/E had correlations of 0.86 and 0.76 respectively. Both the MST and predictedL/E showed systematic underprediction of the treadmill value. On average, the MST was 4.5 ml.kg-1.min-1 (s.e. 0.9) lower than the treadmill VO2max while the predictedL/E was 7.8 ml.kg-1. min-1 (s.e. 1.4) lower than the treadmill VO2max. These findings indicate that, for the population assessed, the Cooper walk run test is the best predictor of VO2max among the three tests.
Sport specific fitness testing of elite badminton players.
Authors: Chin M K , Wong A S , So R C , Siu O T , Steininger K , Lo D T
Published: December 2008

There is a scarcity of descriptive data on the performance capacity of elite badminton players, whose fitness requirements are quite specific. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the physiological response of elite badminton players in a sport-specific fitness test. Twelve Hong Kong national badminton team players performed a field test on a badminton court. Six light bulbs were connected to a programming device causing individual bulbs to light up in a given sequence. The players were instructed to react to the flashes by running towards them, and striking shuttles mounted in the vicinity of the bulbs. Exercise intensity was controlled by altering the interval between successive lightings. A low correlation (r = 0.65) was found between the results of the field test and the rank-order list of subjects, based on an objective on-field physiological assessment and subjective ranking. This may be explained by the requirements of other factors besides physical fitness which contribute to success in elite level badminton competition. These factors may include, for example, technical skill, mental power, and aesthetic judgements on the court. Maximum mean (s.d.) heart rate data (187(8) beats.min-1) and blood lactate values (10.4(2.9) mmol.l-1) in this study showed that players were under maximal load during the field test. From the testing data, it seems reasonable to speculate that the intensity of level 3 (20 light pulses.min-1; 3.0 s.pulse-1) and level 4 (22 light pulses.min-1; 2.7 s.pulse-1) simulates the requirement of actual games energy expenditure of the Hong Kong badminton players exercising at close to their anaerobic threshold. The results also show that an estimate of fitness can be derived from measurements involving exercise closely resembling that which is specific for the sports activity in question. Improved training advice and guidance may result from such studies.
Volleyball injuries presenting in casualty: a prospective study.
Authors: Solgård L , Nielsen A B , Møller-Madsen B , Jacobsen B W , Yde J , Jensen J
Published: December 2008

During 1986, all sports injuries (n = 5222) were prospectively recorded at the two casualty departments in Arhus, Denmark. Volleyball injuries (n = 278) accounted for 5.3% of all sports injuries. An evaluation of the rehabilitation period and the consequences of the injuries was undertaken by questionnaire three years after the injury. The injury incidence was 1.9 injuries/1000 inhabitants/year. Hand, finger, and ankle sprains were the most frequent injuries. Female players had significantly more hand/finger injuries than male players, who incurred more ankle/foot injuries. Knee (6%) and ankle injuries (31%) were responsible for the longest duration of absence from sports participation. There were relatively few chronic injuries. The study suggests the need to enhance prophylactic measures with regard to blocking and overhand pass techniques, in order to reduce the number and extent of ankle and hand/finger injuries.
Physical and fitness characteristics of successful Gaelic footballers.
Authors: Watson A W
Published: December 2008

Anthropometric and fitness observations were made on 32 members of a top level Gaelic football squad that reached the All Ireland final in the year in which these measurements were taken. The subjects were found to be large and well muscled with a mean somatotype of 2.6:5.6:3.1 (endomorphy:mesomorphy:ectomorphy). Body fat content of the whole squad averaged 15.0% but the most successful group of players averaged 12.4%. The body mass index (BMI) of the group was high and averaged 24.7 km.m-2. This group of Gaelic footballers was found to be taller and heavier than top level soccer players but smaller than Australian rules and American footballers. At 58.6 ml.min-1.kg-1 maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was higher than that reported for rugby players and American footballers and is probably similar to that of professional soccer players. Scores on three lung function tests: (1) forced vital capacity (FVC), (2) forced expiratory volume during 1 s (FEV1), and (3) peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were between 112% and 115% of the values predicted from height and age. There were wide variations in flexibility among the members of the group, the best individuals being as flexible as elite track and field athletes while the worst were less flexible than untrained subjects. Vertical jump scores were high and averaged 503 mm. The fitness observations made on this group of elite Gaelic footballers showed that they were not only fitter but more homogeneously fit than rugby players and American footballers and their fitness was generally similar to that reported for professional soccer players.
The epidemiology of sports and exercise related injury in the United Kingdom.
Authors: Nicholl J P , Coleman P , Williams B T
Published: December 2008

A national study of exercise related morbidity (ERM) in England and Wales was carried out using a postal questionnaire sent to 28,857 adults aged 16-45 years. The questionnaire asked about regular participation in sports or other recreational fitness activities involving physical exercise, and for details of any injuries occurring during a 28 d reference period. A return rate of 68% was achieved. Comparisons with other national data sources indicated that the information obtained was reliable. It is estimated that each year there are 29 million incidents resulting in new or recurrent injuries, however minor, of which 9.8 million (95% confidence interval 8.1 to 11.4 million) result in new 'substantive' injuries which are potentially serious, result in treatment, or in participants being unable to take part in their usual activities. Soccer accounted for more than 25% of all ERM, but the risk of a substantive injury in rugby was three times that in soccer. Over one third of ERM occurred in men aged 16-25 years. The most frequently reported injuries were sprains and strains of the lower limbs. Treatment was sought in approximately 25% of ERM incidents and 7% of all new ERM incidents involved attendance at a hospital accident and emergency department. The treatment provider most likely to be consulted was a general practitioner, but physiotherapists and complementary medicine practitioners were also consulted frequently. To maximize the health benefits of exercise, research strategies to reduce the volume and severity of ERM and to identify the most appropriate ways of managing ERM should be set.
Atrial natriuretic factor responses to submaximal and maximal exercise.
Authors: Mandroukas K , Zakas A , Aggelopoulou N , Christoulas K , Abatzides G , Karamouzis M
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), K+, Na+, blood lactate, heart rate, and blood pressure in moderately trained women. Ten healthy women were studied on a cycle ergometer during 20 min of constant submaximal and maximal exercise, as well as during recovery. The ANF concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. The results show that, except for Na+, all the other variables increased significantly with an increase in the duration and intensity of the exercise (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). In recovery, the values fell (P < 0.01, P < 0.001). Submaximal and maximal exercise both cause increases in ANF and this increase is due to the duration and intensity of exercise. However, maximal exercise, rather than submaximal exercise, is the major stimulus for the concentration of plasma ANF. ANF concentration may be a useful test for evaluating the releasing function of ANF in the heart.
Blinding choroidal rupture in a karateka.
Authors: Mars J S , Pimenides D
Published: December 2008

A case of uniocular visual loss secondary to trauma sustained during a competitive karate bout is reported.
Influence of menstrual status on fluid replacement after exercise induced dehydration in healthy young women.
Authors: Maughan R J , McArthur M , Shirreffs S M
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether fluid replacement after exercise induced dehydration varies over the normal menstrual cycle. METHODS--Five subjects, with a regular menstrual cycle lasting 28 (SEM 2) d, were dehydrated by 1.8(0.1)% of their pre-exercise mass by cycle exercise in the heat. Trials were undertaken 2 d before (trial -2) and 5 and 19 d after the onset of menses (trials 6 and 20 respectively). After exercise, subjects ingested a fixed volume, equivalent to 150% of mass loss, of a commercially available sports drink over a 60 min period. RESULTS--Cumulative urine output [median (range)] over the 6 h following ingestion was the same on all trials: 714(469-750) ml on trial -2; 476(433-639) ml on trial 6; 534(195-852) ml on trial 20. There was no menstrual cycle effect on urinary electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-) excretion or serum electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-) concentrations. Plasma volume increased by 8-12% of the postexercise value following rehydration. The percentage of ingested fluid retained did not differ between trials at any time. Six hours after drink ingestion, net fluid balance was not different from the initial value on any of the trials. CONCLUSIONS--Acute replacement of exercise induced fluid losses is not affected by the normal menstrual cycle.
The place of perceived exertion ratings in exercise prescription for cardiac transplant patients before and after training.
Authors: Shephard R J , Kavanagh T , Mertens D J , Yacoub M
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: Heart rate provides a poor guide to exercise prescription after cardiac transplantation. This study explores whether the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) provides useful alternative information. METHODS: Borg's original categoric scale was applied to 36 male patients [T, age 47(SD 9 years] as they performed a progressive cycle ergometer test an average of seven months (range two to 23 months) after cardiac transplantation. The test was repeated after 16(7) months of progressive exercise centred rehabilitation. Sedentary but healthy controls [C, n = 45, age 45(7) years] performed a similar progressive cycle test. RESULTS: Initially, 13 RPE units corresponded to 66(12)% of peak VO2 in T and 50(11)% in C. Rehabilitation augmented peak VO2 (by 19%) and estimated lean body mass (by 3.5%) in the cardiac transplant patients. The increase of heart rate (HR) at 13 RPE units [delta HR = 10(17) beats.min-1] showed moderate correlations with gains of lean mass (r = 0.72) and gains of peak VO2 (r = 0.58). The relative oxygen intake at 13 RPE units remained unchanged at 68(12)% of peak VO2. CONCLUSIONS: Large inter-individual variations of RPE at a given VO2 limit the value of perceived exertion in exercise prescription. Ratings seem best restricted to fine tuning fixed distance/fixed speed exercise prescriptions in patients undergoing rehabilitation after cardiac transplantation.
Models for the pathogenesis of stress fractures in athletes.
Authors: Bennell K L , Malcolm S A , Wark J D , Brukner P D
Published: December 2008

It would seem that the development of a stress fracture results from unsuccessful adaptation of bone to a change in its mechanical environment caused by repetitive loading. It involves the physiological processes of microdamage production and remodelling. Whether the initiating factor is microdamage production or activation of remodelling through direct effects of strain is unclear. The remodelling process involves both the removal of bone which has become fatigue damaged or is extraneous to the requirements of the new loading environment, and the addition of new bone in an manner that is best suited to withstand the new mechanical strain. Normally this process is well modulated and does not cause symptoms. If the amount of bone removed is not sufficient to unduly weaken bone structure and the addition of new bone occurs sufficiently rapidly to correct any weakness before failure occurs or to repair microdamage, the process will successfully lead to a bone with appropriate material strength and geometry to withstand the new strain environment. However, if there is imbalance between bone removal and replacement, together with accumulation of microdamage, signs and symptoms of a stress fracture may result. Any factors which influence bone load, bone strength, or remodelling have the potential to result in a stress fracture. Attention should be paid to the identification of these factors in an attempt to prevent this overuse injury in athletes.
Seasonal variations in the body composition of lightweight rowers.
Authors: Morris F L , Payne W R
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the seasonal body composition alterations in 18 lightweight rowers (six females, 12 males) across a rowing season incorporating preseason, early competition, competition, and postseason. METHODS: Subject age was 23.1 (SD 4.5) years, height 170.8 (5.6) cm (female, 23.5 (3.5) years, 180.5 (2.7) cm (male). Body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed using dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA-L Lunar) and skinfold techniques. Weight control techniques were documented before major regattas by a questionnaire. RESULTS: Female body weight was reduced from 61.3 (2.9) to 57.0 (1.1) kg (5.9%), while male body weight was reduced from 75.6 (3.1) to 69.8 (1.6) kg (7.8%) preseason to competition season respectively. These body weight reductions were mirrored by a significant reduction in fat mass as indicated by the sum of skinfolds [female seven sites: 80.9 (8.1) to 68.2 (11.8) mm; male eight sites: 54.2 (8.7) to 41.8 (4.8) mm], percentage body fat [female 22.1 (1.0) to 19.7 (2.4)%; male 10.0 (0.9) to 7.8 (0.8)%], and total fat [female 12.5 (5.2) to 10.9 (1.4) kg; male 7.3 (1.9) to 5.6 (1.8) kg] (DXA). In contrast, no changes were observed in FFM despite a season of intensive rowing training. Seasonal body weight control was achieved through reduced total energy and dietary fat intakes. Acute body weight reductions were achieved by exercise in 73.3% of participants, food restriction in 71.4%, and fluid restrictions in 62.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal body weight alterations in lightweight rowers are in response to a significant reduction in fat mass. However, the weight restrictions appear to be limiting an increase in FFM which could be beneficial to rowing performance.
Trampoline injury in New Zealand: emergency care.
Authors: Hume P A , Chalmers D J , Wilson B D
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To examine trampoline related injuries resulting in emergency department attendance. METHODS: Cases were identified by searching free text descriptions of the circumstances of injury contained in the records of the emergency department of a large city hospital. RESULTS: 114 cases were identified for a 12 month period, giving an incidence rate of 108 per 100,000 population per year (95% confidence interval = 89 to 129) compared with 9.3 hospital admissions per 100,000 population per year (95% confidence interval = 8.3 to 10.4) for a corresponding period reported in earlier research from New Zealand. This suggested that for every one hospital admission there are approximately 12 emergency department attendances. Of the cases, 95% were aged less than 20 years. As for the earlier research, falls from the trampoline to the surrounding surface were the commonest cause of injury. In the present study, sprains and strains were the commonest type of injury (40%), and the body site most frequently involved was the lower limb (46%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the conclusion from earlier research that although existing trampoline standards address many of the issues relating to trampoline safety, the need remains for measures to reduce the impact of falls from the trampoline to the ground surface and to prohibit the use of trampolines as unsupervised "play equipment".
Exercise induced leg pain-chronic compartment syndrome. Is the increase in intra-compartment pressure exercise specific?
Authors: Padhiar N , King J B
Published: December 2008

Intra-compartment pressure studies remain the main investigative method in diagnosing chronic compartment syndrome (CCS). Standard exercise protocols have been used to cause the raise in pressure measured in the laboratories. This case suggests that CCS cannot be excluded without the specific sports activity being used to raise the intracompartmental pressure.
Power output for wheelchair driving on a treadmill compared with arm crank ergometry.
Authors: Tropp H , Samuelsson K , Jorfeldt L
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: The limiting factors with regard to power output available for wheelchair ambulation have not been identified. The aim of the present study was to correlate power output during wheelchair driving with (i) power output and oxygen uptake during arm crank ergometry and (ii) arm muscle strength. METHODS: Eleven disabled men were examined for maximal power output (POmax) during wheelchair driving on a treadmill and during arm crank ergometry. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was recorded at submaximal and maximal arm crank ergometry in all men and during submaximal wheelchair driving on a treadmill in four men. Power output during wheelchair driving on a treadmill was measured. Static and dynamic elbow muscle strength was measured isokinetically. RESULTS: POmax was significantly lower (P < 0.001) for wheelchair driving (109 (31) W; mean (SD)) than for arm ergometry (163 (49) W). There was a significant correlation between POmax for arm crank ergometry and wheelchair driving (r = 0.73). There was no correlation between POmax and elbow strength. The mechanical efficiency was constant for the different levels on the arm crank ergometry test. The submaximal testing showed a consistently lower mechanical efficiency for wheelchair driving than for arm crank ergometry. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the lower level of power output for wheelchair driving is fully explained by the lower mechanical efficiency. Any improvement in power output available for ambulation must be based on wheelchair ergonomics.
Effects of an 18 week walking programme on cardiac function in previously sedentary or relatively inactive adults.
Authors: Woolf-May K , Bird S , Owen A
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of an 18 week walking programme upon cardiac function. METHODS: 29 sedentary or relatively inactive but otherwise healthy subjects (15 walkers and 14 controls, aged 40-68 years) completed the study. The walkers completed a progressive 18 week walking programme which required an estimated average energy expenditure of 900 kcal week-1 for the total duration of the study and 1161 kcal week-1 during the final six weeks. Walking was carried out at an intensity of 67.8 (SD 4.99)% of maximum oxygen consumption and 73.8(6.99%) of maximum heart rate. Before and after the intervention all subjects underwent an M mode echocardiogram, graded treadmill walking test, and step test for the assessment of aerobic fitness. RESULTS: After 18 weeks the results of the control group showed no change in any of the variables measured while the walkers showed a statistically significant increase in the velocity of relaxation of the longitudinal myocardial fibres of the left ventricle and a decrease in heart rate measured during the step tests, indicating an improvement in aerobic capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Walking promotes improvements in cardiovascular fitness. Moderate forms of exercise may improve cardiac function.
Exercise for the older woman: choosing the right prescription.
Authors: Taunton J E , Martin A D , Rhodes E C , Wolski L A , Donelly M , Elliot J
Published: December 2008

Many elderly women in industrially developed countries are at, or near to, functionally important strength related thresholds and so have either lost, or are in danger of losing, the ability to perform some important everyday tasks. The increased rate of healthcare expenditure due to loss of physical function is a major economic issue. Even though women make up most of the senior population, little current research on the impact of physical activity on strength and function in elderly people has included women. Elderly women typically have more barriers to participation in physical activity than do other groups and because of decreased participation, may possibly experience higher disability rates. Physical activity in old age may delay the progression of osteoporosis and is of paramount importance for maintaining the functional abilities needed to carry out daily tasks. Current research on exercise and the elderly population suggests that strength training may be the exercise mode of choice for maintenance of strength, physical function, bone integrity, and psychosocial health. This review summarises recent research on the impact of strength training on the fitness and health of elderly women and highlights considerations and potential barriers to physical activity that must be taken into account when planning exercise programmes for them.
Bilateral locked posterior shoulder dislocation in a footballer.
Authors: Ryan J , Whitten M
Published: December 2008

Posterior dislocation of the shoulder is an uncommon injury, accounting for between 2% and 4% of all shoulder dislocations. It occurs most frequently in patients following convulsions or direct anterior force to the shoulder. It is a particularly uncommon injury in sport. This paper reports an unusual case of bilateal locked posteriorly dislocated shoulders in a previously healthy young man who fell while playing football.
Role of ankle taping and bracing in the athlete.
Authors: Callaghan M J
Published: December 2008

Adhesive tape is often used to help athletes recover from ligament sprains of the ankle or to prevent further injury. The choice of taping technique or material is often decided by personal preference, superstition, or anecdote. More recently, the use of ankle braces has become more prevalent, but reasons for their use are similarly variable. As ankle sprains are a major cause of an athlete's disability and time off sport, the choice of the method of support should be more scientifically reasoned. This paper attempts to review the literature concerning the effects of various methods of ankle support on swelling, stability, range of movement, proprioception, muscle function, gait, and performance tests. There is still some contradiction in the literature about the effects of taping and braces in both the acute and chronic phases of ligament sprains of the ankle.
Exercise metabolism in healthy volunteers taking celiprolol, atenolol, and placebo.
Authors: Head A , Maxwell S , Kendall M J
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that beta 1 selective agents have fewer adverse effects on exercise metabolism than nonselective beta blockers, and this has been attributed to their reduced blockade of beta 2 receptors. This study aimed at determining whether a beta blocker with partial agonist activity at beta 1 and beta 2 receptors (celiprolol) was better than a conventional beta 1 receptor-blocker (atenolol) in prolonging exercise capabilities. METHODS: After four days of treatment with celiprolol 200 mg, atenolol 50 mg, or placebo, 22 healthy volunteers exercised on a treadmill for two hours at 50% of their maximal oxygen uptake. Resting heart rate and blood pressure were recorded before and after exercise. During exercise, fat oxidation, plasma free fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, and ammonia were measured together with heart rate and perceived exertion. RESULTS: Mean exercising heart rate was significantly lower in those taking either of the beta blockers than in those taking placebo, and significantly lower for those taking atenolol rather than celiprolol. Fat oxidation was significantly lower for those taking celiprolol (38.8 (SD 12.2)%, P < 0.01) and atenolol (36.6 (15.9)%, P < 0.01) compared with placebo (45.6 (14.1)%). For the first 15 minutes of exercise, fat oxidation was significantly lower for those taking atenolol (24.6 (12.8)%, P < 0.01) than celiprolol (29.6 (14.3)%). The rise in plasma free fatty acids and glycerol during exercise was also significantly attenuated by both beta blockers in comparison with the rise in those taking placebo (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both celiprolol and atenolol reduced fat oxidation compared with placebo. For the first 15 minutes of exercise fat oxidation was preserved by celiprolol, but not atenolol. This preservation of fat oxidation during the early part of exercise may confer some small benefit to patients who take beta blockers and intend to exercise regularly. However, we did not detect significant differences between atenolol and celiprolol in overall mean fat oxidation or perceived exertion in this study.
Moderate altitude has no effect on choice reaction time in international rugby players.
Authors: O'Carroll R E , MacLeod D
Published: December 2008

There are only a few conflicting reports on the effects of moderate altitude on cognitive factors that could affect sporting performance. An investigation of choice reaction time in international rugby players at various altitudes was therefore carried out. The results suggest that moderate altitude has no significant effect on this parameter in highly trained competitive athletes.
Factors influencing the restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance after exercise in the heat.
Authors: Maughan R J , Leiper J B , Shirreffs S M
Published: December 2008

Maintenance of fluid balance is a major concern for all athletes competing in events held in hot climates. This paper reviews recent work relating to optimisation of fluid replacement after sweat loss induced by exercising in the heat. Data are taken from studies undertaken in our laboratory. Issues investigated were drink composition, volume consumed, effects of consuming food with a drink, effects of alcohol in rehydration effectiveness, voluntary intake of fluid, and considerations for women related to the menstrual cycle. The results are presented as a series of summaries of experiments, followed by a discussion of the implications. The focus of this review is urine output after ingestion of a drink; fluid excreted in urine counteracts rehydration. Also included are data on the restoration of plasma volume losses. Ingestion of large volumes of plain water will inhibit thirst and will also promote a diuretic response. If effective rehydration is to be maintained for some hours after fluid ingestion, drinks should contain moderately high levels of sodium (perhaps as much as 50-60 mmol/l) and possibly also some potassium to replace losses in the sweat. To surmount ongoing obligatory urine losses, the volume consumed should be greater than the volume of sweat lost. Palatability of drinks is important in stimulating intake and ensuring adequate volume replacement. Where opportunities allow, the electrolytes required may be ingested as solid food consumed with a drink. There are no special concerns for women related to changes in hormone levels associated with the menstrual cycle. Ingestion of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks in the post-exercise period restores exercise capacity more effectively than plain water. The effects on performance of an uncorrected fluid deficit should persuade all athletes to attempt to remain fully hydrated at all times, and the aim should be to start each bout of exercise in a fluid replete state. This will only be achieved if a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss is ingested together with sufficient electrolytes.
Homoeopathy for delayed onset muscle soreness: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.
Authors: Vickers A J , Fisher P , Smith C , Wyllie S E , Lewith G T
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To pilot a model for determining whether a homoeopathic medicine is superior to placebo for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DESIGN: Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. SETTING: Physiotherapy department of a homoeopathic hospital. SUBJECTS: Sixty eight healthy volunteers (average age 30; 41% men) undertook a 10 minute period of bench stepping carrying a small weight and were randomised to a homoeopathic medicine or placebo. OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean muscle soreness in the five day period after the exercise test, symptom free days, maximum soreness score, days to no soreness, days on medication. RESULTS: The difference between group means was 0.17 in favour of placebo with 95% confidence intervals +/- 0.50. Similar results were found for other outcome measures. CONCLUSION: The study did not find benefit of the homoeopathic remedy in DOMS. Bench stepping may not be an appropriate model to evaluate the effects of a treatment on DOMS because of wide variation between subject soreness scores.
Factors that influence practice nurses to promote physical activity.
Authors: McDowell N , McKenna J , Naylor P J
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To investigate what factors may influence practice nurses to promote physical activity. METHODS: Postal questionnaires were sent to all practice nurses in the county of Avon, UK in 1994. Specifically, the questionnaire survey explored whether patient, provider, and practice factors influenced practice nurses promotion behaviour. In addition, the stages of change model was used to measure current levels of promoting behaviour. RESULTS: A response rate of 80.9% was achieved. Over 80% of the sample reported currently promoting physical activity to some degree. "Promoting" nurses more frequently followed up all (new, established or targeted) patients' activity progress when compared with "restricted promoting" nurses (P < 0.05). Nurses who engaged in regular exercise were more likely to encourage physical activity as a treatment than "irregularly active" nurses (P < 0.05) for five of six clinical groups with the single exception of people with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the two stage measures (activity promotion and personal behaviour) of the health care professional are associated with important differences in patient and practice factors for physical activity promotion. Further investigations into the content and quality of delivery are required before planning strategies to develop physical activity in the general practice.