bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid algorithm for the solution of the periodic vehicle routing problem with variable service frequency
Authors: Vega-Figueroa Sergio Esteban , López-Becerra Paula Andrea , López-Santana Eduyn R.
Published: January 2022

This document addresses the problem of scheduling and routing a specific number of vehicles to visit a set of customers in specific time windows during a planning horizon. The vehicles have a homogeneous limited capacity and have their starting point and return in a warehouse or initial node, in addition, multiple variants of the classic VRP vehicle routing problem are considered, where computational complexity increases with the increase in the number of customers to visit, as a characteris-tic of an NP-hard problem. The solution method used consists of two connected phases, the first phase makes the allocation through a mixed-integer linear programming model, from which the visit program and its frequency in a determined plan-ning horizon are obtained. In the second phase, the customers are grouped through an unsupervised learning algorithm, the routing is carried out through an Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic that includes local heu-ristics to make sure com-pliance with the restrictive factors. Finally, we test our algorithm by performance measures using instances of the literature and a comparative model, and we prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
A new hybrid algorithm based on MVO and SA for function optimization
Authors: Yılmaz Ömer , Altun Adem Alpaslan , Köklü Murat
Published: January 2022

Hybrid algorithms are widely used today to increase the performance of existing algorithms. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm called IMVOSA that is based on multi-verse optimizer (MVO) and simulated annealing (SA) is used. In this model, a new method called the black hole selection (BHS) is proposed, in which exploration and exploitation can be increased. In the BHS method, the acceptance probability feature of the SA algorithm is used to increase exploitation by searching for the best regions found by the MVO algorithm. The proposed IMVOSA algorithm has been tested on 50 benchmark functions. The performance of IMVOSA has been compared with other latest and well-known metaheuristic algorithms. The consequences show that IMVOSA produces highly successful and competitive results.
Features of the morphological structure of the placenta in pregnant women with preeclampsia
Authors: Chermak Volodymyr I. , Chermak Ihor I. , Ikeotuonye Chukwuanyinonso O. , Senchuk Anatolii Ya.
Published: January 2022

To study morphological features of the placenta in women in labor, pregnancy which complicated by preeclampsia we studied 26 placentae, of which 17 were from pregnant women with mild to moderate preeclampsia (basic group) and 9 from healthy women (control group). Histologically the study was conducted with methodically recommendations of T.D. Zadorozhnaya et al. for light microscopy.

During the study of morphological features of the placenta in women in labor with preeclampsia were installed morphological changes in the placenta, which reflect a tendency to develop compensatory-adaptive reactions following their stress and exhaustion, which is a sign of placental insufficiency. Received data allow claiming a high frequency of development placental insufficiency in pregnant women with risk factors such as chronic salpingo-oophoritis, anemia, late preeclampsia, and inflammation diseases kidney.
貢品與時尚：明代川扇考論
Authors: 劉紫依 劉紫依
Published: January 2022

摺扇的普及，是明代社會風尚異於前代的物質表徵之一。晚明最盛行的二種摺扇中，蘇州摺扇以書畫扇面與精製扇骨著稱，四川摺扇則以進貢聞名，明人常簡稱之為「川扇」、「蜀扇」等，川扇廣義上亦包括各地的仿製品。過往對中國摺扇的研究，多側重扇面書畫藝術與江南製扇工藝，對明代社會生活與物質文化的討論，則一般認為明代宮廷品味的時尚影響、文化底蘊相對不高，川扇不重書畫，又與明代宮廷關係密切，其興衰歷史、風格特點、文化內涵皆未得到充分探討。本文將考證川扇的興衰歷史，並梳理文獻、圖像中川扇的特徵，與明墓屢見出土的無書畫金面摺扇實物比對，指出後者應屬川式扇，並辨析川扇與日本、蘇州、杭州、榮昌等地摺扇的關係，思考不以書畫著稱的川扇在中國摺扇史中的地位，也探究川扇作為方物、貢品、賜物、禮物、商品等在明代的社會文化內涵。川扇大致發端於明初，此後進貢宮廷並成為時尚，作為明代高檔無書畫摺扇的代表，是蘇州書畫扇以外，明代摺扇發展的另一重要線索，體現了明代摺扇文化的豐富性，還對杭州摺扇影響深遠；川扇到晚明已與國計民生、世風人情有深密的交織，後隨明亡而衰落，是明代物質文化中極富時代特色的內容。

 

The unprecedented prevalence of folding fans marked one of the significant developments in social customs in the Ming dynasty. Folding fans made in Suzhou and Sichuan were the most famous ones in the late Ming. Suzhou folding fans were renowned for fan leaves decorated with calligraphy and painting and for delicate fan frames, while Sichuan folding fans were famous as tribute to the imperial court. The latter were usually abbreviated as “Chuan fans” or “Shu fans” in Ming sources. In a broad sense, Chuan fans also included folding fans in the Sichuan style made in other places in the late Ming. The history, features and culture of Chuan fans have not been fully examined for two reasons. First, past research has mainly focused on literati fan calligraphy and painting and the fan-making craft in Jiangnan. And, second, Chuan fans had close association with the court, but the tastes of Ming court has been generally disregarded by scholars as lacking in cultural depth. Drawing on texts and images, this essay sorts out the history and characteristics of Chuan fans, and links them with the folding fans excavated from Ming tombs, which feature golden leaves without calligraphy and painting. This paper also explores the connections between Chuan fans and those produced in Japan, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Rongchang, and considers the broader place of Chuan fans in the history of Chinese folding fans. Furthermore, this essay explores the social and cultural implications of Chuan fans in the Ming dynasty as local specialties, tributes, bestowals, gifts, commodities and so on. Chuan fans generally appeared in the early Ming, and then became tribute goods as well as trendy items. Representing luxury folding fans that did not have painting or calligraphy, Chuan fans were no less important than the art-adorned Suzhou folding fans. indicating the rich diversity of Ming folding fan culture. Chuan fans also had a deep influence on the subsequent development of Hangzhou folding fans. By the late Ming, Chuan fans had already been closely connected with many aspects of Ming society. As the Ming dynasty fell, Chuan fans also declined, thus remaining of the unique elements of Ming material culture.

 
Auditors’ Perceptions of and Competencies in Big Data and Data Analytics: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Abdullateef Omitogun Abdullateef Omitogun , Abdullateef Omitogun Khalid Al-Adeem
Published: January 2022

This study presents evidence on practicing auditors’ perceptions of and competencies in applying big data and data analytics to audit engagements. An electronic questionnaire distributed to accountants shows that auditors have good information technology skills and are well-acquainted with big data and data analytics. However, they lack relevant technical skills and are unfamiliar with related data analysis tools, excluding Excel. The results reveal 64.71% of accountants have not attended any training on big data and data analytics, while 31.37% plan to enhance related knowledge. Auditors need to obtain training on substantive audit risk assessments using big data and data analytics.

 
Evaluation of the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles on PBMC Cells Using MTT Assay
Authors: D Mahesh Kumar
Published: January 2022

Background: Silver Nanoparticles are extensively studied by the scientific community for therapeutic applications. With respect to the fundamental pillars of bioethics “Primum non nocere” equal emphasis should be given to evaluate the toxicological perspectives of Silver nanoparticles. This study aims at evaluating the InVitro cytotoxic effects of Silver nanoparticles synthesized using hesperidin. Aim: To study the In Vitro cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on PBMC cells using (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Methods: Synthesized silver nanoparticles at various concentrations are incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). After 24 hours MTT is added to the mixture to evaluate the cell viability post incubation. Yellow MTT (a tetrazole) which is reduced to purple formazan in the mitochondria of living cells. The absorbance of this colored solution can be quantified by measuring at 570 nm by a spectrophotometer. This reduction takes place only when mitochondrial reductase enzymes are active, and therefore conversion can be directly related to the number of viable (living) cells. Results: ?.Conclusion: Silver Nanoparticles do not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity on PBMCs and also there were no dose dependent trends in the results.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Flavonoid Hesperidin and Pharmacological Evaluation of its Free Radical Scavenging Activity
Authors: D Mahesh Kumar
Published: January 2022

Background: Silver Nanoparticles are drawing significant attention from the scientific community to explore a wide range of its medical applications. Human body is under constant stress due to free radicals generated by the physiological and pathological conditions in the body. Scavenging systems or Antioxidants can help alleviate the damages caused by these radicals which can influence the course of progress in several chronic diseases with an inflammatory background. External antioxidants supplement and facilitate the overwhelmed scavenging systems in the body.Silver Nanoparticles can enhance the therapeutic effects of phytochemicals. Aim: To Synthesize silver nanoparticles using the phytochemical Hesperidin and studying its Free radical scavenging activity. Methods: Silver Nanoparticles are synthesized using chemical reduction method. The synthesis is confirmed using spectrophotometric studies. Free Radical scavenging activity is detected using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH •) free radical scavenging assay. Results: Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized which was confirmed by the change in color of the solution and peak absorbance peak at 420 nM on spectrophotometric studies.Hesperidin Silver Nanoparticles exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity when compared with pure hesperidin and standard Ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Hesperidin can ideally be used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the synthesized Silver Nanoparticles enhances the free radical scavenging activity of Hesperidin which can further be evaluated by In Vivo studies.
An Observational Study on Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Md. RashidoonNabi
Published: January 2022

Background: Among the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension is one of the major reason. Intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a pressure buildup around the brain. It can happen unexpectedly, as a result of a severe head injury, stroke, or brain abscess could be occurred. It could also be a chronic, long-term condition, known as IIH. It results in the signs and symptoms of a brain tumor. Which is also known as benign intracranial hypertension. Cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, is the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and brain. CSF can accumulate if too much fluid is produced or not enough is reabsorbed. This can induce symptoms similar to a brain tumor. Intracranial Hypertension can be classified into three categories, they are Acute, Chronic and Idiopathic. IIH is recognized when the increased intracranial pressure cannot be explained by any other underlying cause.Aim: The aim of the study was to observe idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients in a select tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh.Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Neurosurgery, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study duration was from January 2012 to December 2020. A total number of 47 participants had been recruited as study population.Results:Male: female ratio was 1:10.75, and 91% of the total participants were female. 40.43% of the participants were aged between 21-30 years. 46.81% were overweight and 34.04% were obese. Most common symptom was nausea, followed by visual impairment and double vision.Conclusion:The prevalence of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is much higher among the female. Female and high BMI are significant risk factors of IIH. It is more prevalent among young adults, and results on various vision related symptoms.
A Forensic Autopsy Study of Dead Foetuses and Newborns
Authors: Singh Jaspinder Pratap
Published: January 2022

Background: The term abandonment refers to babies or foetuses which are found abandoned at various unwanted places such as gutter, rubbish dumps, railway tracts and bushes. It does not refer to live born babies left in places, such as hospitals where care can be given by someone other than the mother. Aims and Objectives: To find out the distribution of death cases of newborns/feotuses and to trace its probable reason and its relationship with female foeticide.Methods:A retrospective study of all the medico-legal autopsies of foetuses and newborns was conducted in Forensic medicine and Toxicology department, Government Medical College, Amritsar (Punjab) from Jan 1, 2014 to Jul 31, 2021. During this period, 46 cases of fetal and newborn deaths had been studied.Results:The dead bodies of known foetuses/newborns is 43.5% cases while total unknown cases were 56.5% cases. 32.6% cases were non viable foetuses while 10.8% cases died as a result of prematurity. All the unknown cases (56.5%) were found from the abandoned places like street, bushes, canal side, water bodies that mainly includes pond and railway tract.Conclusion:Despite, the problem is present in every corner of the nation, there is dearth of research studies on this issue. Stringent measures and strict checks are required against antenatal sex determination. The motive behind the abandonment of foetuses can be any, but this grave issue needs urgent attention.
The Dynamics of Malaria Clinical Symptoms with very Strong Emphasis on Asymptomatic Malaria
Authors: Cheema Fareeha , Fatima Sabahat , Naaz Unber
Published: January 2022

In the developed world, malaria is a dangerous parasite that contributes to high morbidity and mortality. The disease is variable and its clinical presence varies from extreme to complex, normal, and difficult malaria, asymptomatic malaria. Malaria pathogenesis is complex. Our current research was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore from May 2019 to February 2020. Despite several clinical severities trials the disorder is still poorly known for asymptomatic malaria infection. Malaria remains a problem for asymptomatic malaria, as it has a significant impact on the dynamic of transmission. In order to develop various therapeutic results, a thorough understanding of the relationship between hosts and parasites is important. Problems and obstacles to asymptomatic malaria study and management are addressed in this study. Man and parasite are identified and methods for management and recovery are presented for differential clinical outcomes. They are exposed to disease prevention. In the context of prospective studies to create more efficient malaria prevention methods, important lacunae in the understanding of asymptomatic malaria are further illustrated. Keywords: Malaria Clinical Symptoms, Strong Emphasis, Asymptomatic Malaria.
Association between Low Cognition and Low–income in Rural Pakistani Children
Authors: Gilani Irum , Afzal Kayani Ziyad , Lateef Awan Sarmud
Published: January 2022

Objective: Numerous studies have concluded relationship of the childhood poverty to the impaired academic performance ultimately contributing to low wages and income in the adult life. Objective of this study was to assess the association between household income and the cognitive potential of children. Methodology: In this cross–sectional study, cognitive potential of 6 to 7 years old children (n=300) from a rural district of Pakistan was assessed through an indicator of the cognitive development called Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) which was calculated by utilizing fourth edition of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI–IV). Data on the sociodemographic profile was collected through mother’s questionnaire. Results: Low cognitive potential or IQ of the rural Pakistani children was found to be associated with the low–income of the household. Conclusion: Early childhood development programmes in Pakistan ought to incorporate cognitive–stimulation strategies designed for the low–income children belonging to the rural place of residence in order to disrupt the transmission of poverty to the next generation. Keywords: poverty, rural, IQ, children, productivity, Pakistan, cognition, low–income, socioeconomic
Impact of the Mesioangular Mandibular on the Peridontal Health of Adjacent Tooth by the Third Molar
Authors: Munir Khan Faizan , Farooq Ghauri Amber , Shafiq Nighat , Khan Umar Farooq , Nasir Umar , Amer Khan Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of mesioangular mandibular 3rd molar impaction on the periodontal health of neighbouring teeth in patients. Study Design: Dental College HITEC-IMS Taxilla/Gulraiz Dental Clinic Quaid Avenue Main Road, Gulraiz 3, Rawalpindi. Jan 2021-Aug 2021 Place and Duration: Methods: Total of ninety patients of both genders was presented in this study. After receiving informed written consent, detailed demographic information about the recruited cases was collected, including age, gender, body mass index, symptoms, and complications. All of the patients experienced mesioangular third molar impactions on their mandibular teeth. A total of 90 IMTMs were evaluated using panoramic radiographs to determine their impaction depth, relationship with the ramus, and angulation, as well as their association with 2nd molar distal caries and root resorption, pathological states, and proximity to the mandibular canal. The position of the impacted third molar was determined using the Pell and Gregory categorization system. The odds ratio (OR) and 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of IMTM's position on the associated problems are shown in the table below (credible interval for Bayesian models). P-values with two-tailed confidence intervals of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SPSS 27.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results: There were 55 (61.1%) males and 35 (38.9%) females with mean BMI 24.61±5.22 kg/m2. Most of patients 41 (45.6%) were aged between 20-35 years. Mean attachment level was 2.99±4.74 and probing depth was 3.78±4.61. Caries, pain, and swelling were the most often reported symptoms, according to our research. The most common diseases were distal second molar root caries, which accounted for 30 (33.3%) of all cases, and pocket development, which accounted for 21 (23.3%). According to histological findings, periapical inflammation was the most common finding in 46 (51.1%) of the cases, followed by dental follicle in 24 (26.7%), cyst in 16 (17.8%), and other malignancies in 4 (4.4%) cases. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the impacted mandibular third molar was most closely associated with distal second molar root caries and the formation of a pocket between the impacted tooth and the second molar tooth in the lower jaw. Most common pathology linked with the impacted molar was distal second molar root caries and the formation of a pocket between the affected tooth and the second molar. Keywords: Mesioangular, Impacted mandibular third molar, Pathology, Complication
Writing by Ear, the Aural Novel, and Echopoetics: A Listening Vocabulary for Literary Analysis
Authors: Librandi Marilia
Published: January 2022

Given the robust plurivocality that has characterized literature in Brazil since its colonial inception, and the eminently (and explicitly) receptive stance that many of its modern authors have adopted, I have structured my argument to follow two intersecting paths. Firstly, Clarice Lispector’s notion of “writing by ear” serves as a foundation for a renewed history of Brazilian literature, framed as a history of active listening. Secondly, the hope is to offer a Luso-Afro- Amerindian-Brazilian contribution to Latin American criticism, turning the semantic range of terms related to edges, margins, and borders into a more explicit semiotics of corporeality and performativity revolving around the ears and sound, echoes and silence, more generally.
The Trans/national Cultural Economy of Latin American Film Musicals (1930s-50s)
Authors: Schulze Peter W.
Published: January 2022

This essay traces the tensions between national imaginaries and transnational global media flows of tango, samba, and ranchera film musicals, taking into account their cross-media and intercultural configurations as well as interconnections between these three “transgenres.” From a comparative perspective and by means of a “histoire croisée,” or crisscrossing history, it touches upon developments in early Latin American sound film, Hollywood’s Spanishlanguage films and its Pan-Americanism, Spain’s cinematic Hispanoamericanismo, and Pan-Latin American film productions. The essay makes a case for the multifaceted trans/national cultural economy of the tango, samba, and ranchera film musical productions during their main phase, in the 1930s and 40s.
Analysis of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget Administration Accounting System (APBDes) in Ulak Paceh Village
Authors: Mesta Eka Sevtia , Rachmat Ryan Al
Published: January 2022

This study aims to produce a model of the village accounting administration system to be applied in villages in accordance with government laws and regulations. The result of this study is the Village Accounting Administration Procedure to be used in villages in Indonesia as an administrative guideline.. The research data analysis technique is collecting data from observation interviews and documentation and then the data is used as material for system and procedure analysis. The results of this study found that Ulak Paceh village accounting administration employees need to learn the laws and government regulations when administering village accounting. With their limited competence in the field of accounting and administration, this administrative activity is very difficult for them. With the analysis of the APBDes administrative accounting system in Ulak Paceh village, it is hoped that administrative activities in Ulak Paceh village will be better than before.
HPTLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF RESERPINE AND GALLIC ACID IN AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION
Authors: Adhyapak A , Jadhav A. P. ,   Department of Quality Assurance, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Sector-8, C.B.D. Belapur, Navi Mumbai - 400 614, Maharashtra, India
Published: January 2022

A simple, precise, accurate, robust HPTLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of reserpine and gallic acid in an Ayurvedic formulation. The two markers were resolved using TLC plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F254 using the mobile phase Toluene: Acetone: Glacial acetic acid in the ratio 4:1:1 v/v with a saturation time of 10 minutes. The Rf values of gallic acid and reserpine were found to be 0.31 ± 0.2 and 0.54 ± 0.2, respectively at 268 nm. Linear response was observed in the concentration range of 20–80 ppm for reserpine and 150–210 ppm for gallic acid, with correlation coefficient (r2 ) of 0.995 and 0.997 for reserpine and gallic acid respectively. The developed method was applied for the quantitation of markers in a marketed formulation, Cardostab tablet. This method can also be used to evaluate other formulations containing reserpine and gallic acid as the constituents, thus conforming to the need of ensuring quality and safety of polyherbal formulations.
RAPID HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RALTEGRAVIR IN HUMAN SALIVA
Authors: Vijaya Sri K , Shiva Kumar M. , Madhuri M. A. , K. Suresha ,   Malla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Vijaya Sri K.a (Affiliated to Osmania University) Maissamma Guda , Secundrabad - 500 014, Telangana, India
Published: January 2022

In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) was developed, validated and applied for the determination of raltegravir in biological sample like saliva. Liquid- liquid extraction was performed for isolation of the drug and elimination of saliva interferences. Samples of saliva was extracted with 50µL of ortho phosphoric acid and 3ml of methanol was added and spiked with raltegravir. The chromatographic separation was performed on Agilent Eclipse C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5µm) column, by using 80:20 v/v acetonitrile: water as a mobile phase under isocratic conditions at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min for UV detection at 240 nm. Retention time of raltegravir was found to be 1.030 min. Linearity was found to be in the range of 25-1000 ng/mL with regression equation y = 13864x + 40495 and correlation coefficient 0.999. The low % RSD value indicates the method is accurate and precise. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.76 and 2.28 ng/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that this validated HPLC method is easy, precise, accurate, sensitive and selective for determination of raltegravir in saliva.
DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TENOFOVIR DISPROXIL FUMARATE, EMTRICITABINE AND RILPIVIRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK, FORMULATION AND USED IN NANOSUSPENSION
Authors: Vijaya Sri K , Madhuri M. , Anusha V. , Siresha V.R.K. ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Malla Reddy College of Pharmacy , (Affiliated to Osmania University), Maisammaguda, Secunderabad- 500 014, Telangana, India
Published: January 2022

The present research work illustrates the development and validation of RP HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disproxil fumarate, emtricitabine and rilpivirine hydrochloride in bulk and formulated in a pharmaceutical dosage form as a nanosupension. Antiretroviral drug treatment is the primary line of therapy for treating HIV. The multicomponent system formulated as a nanosuspension evidenced increased hydrophilicity, potency and decreased side effects. The separation was carried out by using efficient BDS hypersil C18 HPLC column with empower software. Combination method of Precipitation—ultrasonic homogenization was used for the preparation of the nanosuspension. The mobile phase used was methanol, water, acetonitrile (80:13.4:6.6) v/v and flow rate 1mL /min. The developed method was thus validated as per ICH guidelines for various parameters whose results advocated the reliability of the method. The results for parameters viz. retention times of tenofovir disproxil fumarate, emtricitabine and rilpivirine were 3.09 min, 2.78 min and 3.68 min, linearity range was between 7.5-90, 5-60, 0.625-7.5µg/mL, respectively. Thus the new RP-HPLC method is optimum, reliable and can be used for the simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disproxil fumarate, emtricitabine and rilpivirine hydrochloride.
STABLE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE RESOLUTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF RELATED IMPURITIES OF FOSAMPRENAVIR IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS
Authors: Singh G. V. S. , Reddy D. R. S , Divakar T. E ,   Department of Chemistry, SRR & CVR Government Degree College (A), Vijayawada - 520 004, Andhra Pradesh, India
Published: January 2022

Highly resolved and validated Liquid Chromatography method was developed for the separation and quantification of fosamprenavir and its related impurity 2 and 5 in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of fosamprenavir and its impurities was achieved on prontosil ODS C18 column using mobile phase composition of methanol and 0.1 m sodium acetate in the ratio of 40:60 (v/v) at pH 5.9 as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min in isocratic condition. Uv detection of the eluents was monitored at a wavelength of 246nm. In these conditions, well resolved peaks were observed at a retention time of 8.67, 5.73 and 4.00 min for fosamprenavir, Impurity 2 and 5, respectively. Calibration curve was plotted in the concentration range of 75-450 µg/mL for fosamprenavir and 1-6 µg/mL for impurity 2 and 5. Forced degradation study confirms that the method can separate the known and unknown impurities of fosamprenavir and the % degradation was found to be very less in all the stress conditions. Hence the method is suitable for the identification and quantification of impurities 2 and 5 along with fosamprenavir in bulk drug and formulations.
NEED FOR FACILITATING INNOVATION AND RESEARCH
Authors:   Editor, Indian Drugs, Nair Gopakumar G.
Published: January 2022

Dear Reader, Introspection and open debates are called for in the current context of the clarion call for innovation in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, diagnostics and preventive healthcare. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is lagging behind in the global innovation index as well as in all forms of research and innovation. India is known as a source of qualified technical human resources. However, the quality of this resource is far inferior and often appears unfit for the higher echelons of innovative research. Who is to blame? The quality standards of education in many of the Indian Universities are relatively mediocre, to put it softly. Indian universities do not figure in the top 200 universities of the world. The Indian student community is not to be blamed for this pathetic state. Over the years, the Indian education system has de-emphasized the objective of knowledge acquisition and all-round development of the student as the goal of education. Education in Indian universities generally concentrate on training for employment and nothing more. Higher learning objectives have been diluted over the last few generations, so much so, that many of the current crop of teachers, professors and research scientists are themselves falling short of needful training and teaching skills. The student community has become the victim of the mediocre quality of teaching faculty. Therefore, it is imperative that the Indian educational system and infrastructure should emphasize more intensively on “training the trainers” and helping the teaching community to “learn, unlearn and relearn” to meet the growing demands on upgrading the quality of Indian education. In these times of ongoing disputes and debates on language education, it is indeed shocking to observe the poor English language skills of highly “qualified” doctorates and researchers. The agencies and organizations responsible for the quality of education in India should wake up now or it will be too late.
EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RAT MODEL
Authors: Ukande M. D , Murthy Krishna , Shete R. V. , Solunkhe R. S. ,   (a) Department of Pharmacognosy, (b) Department of Pharmacology, (c) Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajgad Dnyanpeeth’s college of Pharmacy, Bhor, Pune - 412 206, Maharashtra, India
Published: January 2022

The present study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract on Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of P. juliflora leaf extract (PJLe) was done according to standard tests. the standardization of PJLe was done by HPTLC analysis. PJLe (100,200,400 mg/kg) was administered to all animals group-wise with standard glibenclamide, Normal saline solution for the normal control group for 21 days orally. After 21 days, one animal from each group were sacrificed. blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and pancreas tissue was subjected to histopathological examination. Rats treated with PJLe showed significant changes in blood glucose level, body weight, organ weight and biochemical parameters. there was also a significant improvement in the histopathological scores in PJLe treated groups when compared with a diabetic control group. this study evaluates the effectiveness of PJLe as a therapeutic agent in hypoglycemic activity by alloxan-induced diabetic rat model in dose-dependent manner.
CORRELATION BETWEEN PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES AND 15N-NMR AND 13C-NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
Authors: Bhanumathi D. N. C , Rao N. S. , Ghosh T. , Mukherjee A ,   Department of chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of technology, Prayagraj - 211 004, Uttar Pradesh India
Published: January 2022

In the current study, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor molecules (enalapril, perindopril, ramipril and benazepril) were studied using 15N-nuclear magnetic resonance techniques like insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization technique and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation. the chemical shift data and different pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the molecules like pKa, half-life, time taken to reach maximum concentration in vivo, were compared and found to exhibit a good linear relationship. Further, a similar comparative study of the same parameters was performed using 13c chemical shifts of the molecules. Molecular docking studies were also performed to understand the structure of the enzyme bound to the ligand. this is perhaps the first report of 15N-nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the molecules as well as studies correlating the relationships between 15N chemical shifts, pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties in molecules which could be used for the prediction of properties for which experimental data is currently not available.
Determining the incidence and risk factors for short-term complications following distal biceps tendon repair
Authors: Goedderz Cody , Plantz Mark A. , Gerlach Erik B. , Arpey Nicholas C. , Swiatek Peter R. , Cantrell Colin K. , Terry Michael A. , Tjong Vehniah K.
Published: January 2022

Background: Distal biceps rupture is a relatively uncommon injury that can significantly affect quality of life. Surgical repair has the potential to provide functional improvement for patients. However, early complications following biceps tendon repair are not well described in the literature. This study aims to utilize a verified national surgical database to determine the incidence of and predictors for various short-term complications following distal biceps tendon repair. Methods: The American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify patients undergoing distal biceps repair between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2017. Patient demographic variables of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists class, functional status, and several comorbidities were reported for each patient, along with various 30-day postoperative complications. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate risk ratios for these complications using patient predictor variables.Results: Early postoperative overall surgical complications (0.5%)—which were mostly infections (0.4%)—and overall medical complications (0.3%) were rare. A risk factor for readmission was diabetes (risk ratio [RR], 4.238; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.180–15.218). Risk factors for non-home discharge were smoking (RR, 3.006; 95% CI, 1.123–8.044) and 60 years of age (RR, 4.150; 95% CI, 1.611–10.686). Maleness was protective for medical complications (RR, 0.024; 95% CI, 0.005–0.126). Risk factors for surgical complications were obese class II (RR, 4.120; 95% CI, 1.123–15.120]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; RR, 21.981; 95% CI, 3.719–129.924), and inpatient surgery (RR, 8.606; 95% CI, 2.266–32.689). An independent functional status was protective against surgical complications (RR, 0.023; 95% CI, 0.002–0.221).Conclusions: Overall complication rates after distal biceps repair are quite low. Patient demographics (sex, age, BMI, and functional status), medical comorbidities (diabetes, smoking, and COPD), and surgical factors (inpatient versus outpatient surgery) were all predictive of various short-term complications.
Esorcizzare lo spettro
Authors: Puggioni Pier Giuseppe
Published: January 2022

This paper enquires into the political and juridical themes underlying Giacomo Puccini’s opera Tosca (1900). Through the comparison of Puccini’s score, the libretto by Giacosa and Illica, and the original play by Sardou, I will present a twofold reading of the intertwinement between politics, religion, and law in this musical work. On the one hand, I will show that the police power represented by the character of Scarpia can be interpreted, from a Benjaminian standpoint, as a violent power that shapes the legal and religious order. On the other hand, I will argue that the artistic couple made by Cavaradossi and Tosca is politically significant in so far as their art represents an attempt to deactivate Scarpia’s pervading and oppressive force. The conclusion will contend that the aesthetics in this opera subtends the aspiration for an “inoperative”-wise revolution in religious institutions as well as in legal and political relations.
Un romanzo aspro: Salvatore Satta, Il giorno del giudizio
Authors: Renzi Emilio
Published: January 2022

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Prilog poznavanju povijesti liburnijskoga planinarstva
Authors: Eterović Igor , Eterović Ivana
Published: January 2022

U povijesti hrvatskoga planinarstva djelovanje Planinarskoga društva „Orljak“ iz Opatije (dalje: Društvo) slabo je poznato, no njegov četvrtstoljetni rad i zapažene aktivnosti na području Liburnije ukazuju na opravdanost dokumentiranja te važne epizode lokalne, regionalne, pa i nacionalne planinarske povjesnice. U ovome se članku stoga istražuje rad i djelovanje Društva od njegovih pretpočetaka u obliku Planinarskoga aktiva „Orljak“, koji djeluje u okviru Planinarskoga društva „Opatija“ (od 1980.), preko osnivanja samostalnoga Društva (1984.) te razdoblja rasta i intenzivna rada 1980-ih, postupna zamiranja 1990-ih i naposljetku nekoliko zabilježenih bljeskova značajnijih aktivnosti u početnome desetljeću 21. stoljeća. Rad se temelji na temeljitoj analizi dosad neobjavljenih arhivskih izvora iz nekoliko različitih fondova, a ti su podaci dopunjeni intervjuima s pojedincima koji su u određenome razdoblju bili aktivni članovi Društva te sekundarnom literaturom. Riječ je o dosad slabo poznatim podacima, čak i unutar planinarskih krugova, stoga se ovim istraživanjem nastoji ne samo spasiti od zaborava djelovanje jedne planinarske udruge nego i adekvatno valorizirati njezin rad kao trajno naslijeđe lokalne, regionalne i nacionalne (planinarske) povijesti.
Application of SP AW model parameters - optimum sowing date and water stress to explain wheat yield variability
Authors: MALL R. K. , GUPTA B. R. D. , SINGH K. K.
Published: January 2022

The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere- Water (SPA W) model has been calibrated and validated using field experiment data from 1991-92 to 1993-94 for wheat crop at Varanasi district. Long-term (1973-74 to 1995-96) daily weather data were combined with general observation of wheat growth and soils to provide daily water budgets for 23 years. The model was calibrated with one year detailed crop growth characteristics and soil water observations and validated with another year soil water observations. The daily-integrated water stress index (WSI) values at the end of crop season correlated quite well with observed grain yield in this region.

 

The water budget analysis shows a distinct optimum sowing period from 5th to 25th November and  an optimum sowing date on 15th November with minimal water stress index. These results demonstrate the potential of SPA W model for planning irrigation scheduling and water management for wheat crop in this region.
Contribution of water and radiation to growth and yield of pearl millet in Deccan plateau - A case study
Authors: BALLAL A. S. , DAS H. P.
Published: January 2022

In this study the agrometeorological data for the period from 1991 to 1997 have been used to study evapotranspiration demand and crop characteristics of pearl millet at Solapur. Crop coefficients, water use efficiency and radiation use efficiency have been worked out and discussed. This has been done for two varieties of the crop viz., ICTP-8203 and Shraddha. The study revealed that pearl millet crop consumed maximum amount of water during earhead emergence phase, followed by flowering phase. During earhead emergence and flowering phase together, ICTP-8203 variety used nearly 50% of total water used while shraddha consumed about 60%. The highest values of crop coefficient are seen during earhead emergence phase for both the varieties. Maximum photosynthetically active radiation is availed by the crop during its vegetative phase. Radiation use efficiency is more for ICTP-8203 variety than Shraddha variety.
Ramdas layer and thermal wave during winter period
Authors: RAJA S. ABRAHAM THAMBI , RENUKA G. , RETNAKUMARI K.
Published: January 2022

Earlier works on Ramdas Layer were about its certainty, its existence, energy balance on the layer and a matching mathematical model. We, first identified it in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, for eight days during a fortnight study on soil heat flux. A lifted minimum in temperature could have implications in agriculture and horticulture and so with a view to finding out a range of height through which Ramdas layer occurs, Ramdas-max, Ramdas-min are identified. On 24 January 1994, Ramdas layer occurred at a maximum height of 0.8m from the surface and the day is labeled as Ramdas-max. On 1 February 1994, it occurred at a lower height of 0.4m from the surface and the day is labeled as Ramdas-min.

 

The thermal wave at the ground and at 0.05m depth, the range of thermal wave, its relationship with Ramdas layer, the temperature profile, the rate of change of heat in that layer with that at the surface and the subsoil heat flux at the sub-soil surface stratum(surface-0.05m) during R~mdas-max and Ramdas-min are duly compared and discussed.
IMPLEMENTASI PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) PADA SISTEM BLENDING KACANG MENGGUNAKAN SENSORLOADCELL BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER
Authors: Pratama Danang
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempermudah pedagang membuat saus kacang menggunakan teknologi komputer, maka diperlukan sistem yang digunakan sebagai penentu waktu penghalusan dan pencampuran kacangdengan air. Dalam hal ini akan diterapkan suatu teknik Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). PWMitu sendiri adalah suatu teknik modulasi dengan mengubah lebar pulsa (duty cylce) dengan nilai amplitudo dan frekuensi yang tetap [2]. Teknik iniyang akan menentukan kecepatanputarblenderuntuk penghalusan dan pencampuran kacangdengan air. System inibekerjadengan mendeteksi volume atau banyaknya kacang pada wadah blender.Untuk menentukan beban atau berat kacang dalam wadah blender menggunakan sensor Load Cell [3]. Sensor yang mengubah gaya menjadi sinyal listrik. Kemudian sinyal akan dikirim ke Mikrokontoler sebagai sistem kendali. Mikrokontroler yang digunakan adalah Arduino Uno R3. Mikrokontroler ini menggunakan chip Atmega328P, dengan 14 digital pin I/O, 6 pin input analog, dan operasi tegangan 5 Volt
Life Expectancy Improvements by Age, Class, and Mortality Chapter in France, Czechia, and the United States
Authors: Montero Andrey Ugarte , Simões Onofre Alves
Published: January 2022

Using the decomposition method, this article examines the dynamics of life expectancy. Three developed countries with relevant differences, Czechia, France, and the United States, were chosen for analysis in order to highlight similarities and differences. The analysis covers more than 40 years, 12 age groups, and 20 mortality chapters. The results reveal a pattern: first, mortality at birth improves; then the survival of lives under 65 increases; finally, improvements come from extending the life of seniors.
The effect of a dynamic program on developing some cognitive-motor abilities for second grade primary school Students
Authors: Dunia Ali Abdulhassan
Published: January 2022

هدف البحث الى 
- اعداد برنامج الالعاب الحركية لتطوير بعض القدرات الادراكية -  الحركية لتلاميذ الصف الثاني الابتدائي .
- التعرف على اثر استخدام برنامج الالعاب الحركية في تطوير بعض القدرات الادراكية -  الحركية لتلاميذ الصف الثاني الابتدائي .
فرضا البحث
- هناك فروق معنوية ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارات القبلية والبعدية للمجموعة التجريبية والضابطة.
- هناك فروق معنوية ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارات البعدية للمجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية .
 وتم استخدام المنهج التجريبي ، وقد طبق المنهج على تلاميذ الصف الثاني الابتدائي والبالغ عددهم (40) تلميذاً , وتم تقسيمهم بالطريقة العشوائية الى مجموعتين تجريبية وضابطة , وبمعدل (20) تلميذ في كل مجموعة , طبقت المجموعة التجريبية برنامج الالعاب الحركية المعد من قبل الباحثة , اما المجموعة الضابطة فقد طبقت برنامج التربية الرياضية التقليدي للمدرسة , نفذ البرنامجين بواقع (9) وحدات تعليمية لكل منهما وبواقع وحدتين تعليميتين في الاسبوع
Análise do nível de eficiência em ações extrajudiciais dos Ministérios Públicos Estaduais do Brasil
Authors: Faveri Diego de , Oliveira Leonel Gois Lima
Published: January 2022

Para evitar a via judicial e tornar mais célere e efetivo, o Ministério Público pode utilizar de meios extrajudiciais. A hipótese que se pretende testar é: quanto menos eficiente for o Judiciário no respectivo Estado do Brasil maior a eficiência na resolução de casos extrajudicialmente por parte do Ministério Público. Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão beta para testar o impacto da eficiência do Judiciário na eficiência do Ministério Público. Os resultados confirmaram esta hipótese, em Estados que contam com Tribunais de Justiça mais ineficientes, os Ministérios Públicos tendem a ser mais eficientes em ações extrajudiciais. Portanto, verifica-se um comportamento mais resolutivo do Ministério Público em ambientes cujo Judiciário é mais ineficiente.
Cidadania indígena
Authors: De Souza Alcenir Gomes , Linhares de Lima Erick Cavalcanti
Published: January 2022

Os indígenas brasileiros, infelizmente, ao longo de nossa história têm padecido de um “esquecimento” estatal. Esse fenômeno se materializa em várias formas mas, ganha um contexto extremo quando direitos básicos são negados às comunidades tradicionais, como por exemplo, acesso à educação, previdência ou direitos políticos, em razão da falta de registro civil oficial. A fim de encerrar esse “abismo” e criar mecanismos efetivos que garantam a plena cidadania aos índios, o CNJ e entidades parceiras, estabeleceram a base legislativa para a emissão de certidão de nascimento em respeito aos aspectos culturais e identitários desses brasileiros e, no caso aqui apresentado, coube a Justiça Itinerante de Roraima sua implementação.
caso Xukuru
Authors: Moraes de Almeida Manoel Severino , Calheiros Lôbo Sandro Henrique , Poletine Advincula Maria Júlia
Published: January 2022

Trata-se o trabalho de análise crítica do julgamento do Caso nº 12.728, que versa sobre as disputas territoriais do povo Xukuru de Ororubá na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH). Destacam-se as alegações por parte dos peticionários, quanto à criminalização promovida pelo Sistema Judicial Brasileiro e à violência policial imprimida pelo Estado; é verificado, por conseguinte, como a Corte se posicionou frente às referidas alegações. A pesquisa pretende pontuar lacunas e omissões verificadas na sentença proferida pela CIDH, por meio de análise comparativa com o Relatório de Admissibilidade da Comissão, concluindo que a decisão foi restrita à desintrusão e bastante silenciosa no tocante aos conflitos reais de terra.
Constitucionalismo e democracia para um Processo Penal íntegro, eficiente e transparente
Authors: De Sousa Júnior Eliezer Siqueira , Cardoso Henrique Ribeiro , Araújo Roberto Alcântara de Oliveira
Published: January 2022

A vontade da maioria e os direitos das minorias, invariavelmente, entram em tensão. A democracia, como governo do povo efetivado pela vontade da maioria, vê-se constantemente em dilemas que envolvem direitos de indivíduos ou grupos minoritários, tragados pelos procedimentos democráticos tradicionais. O constitucionalismo, por outro lado, é revelado como sistema de limitação de poder, o que arrefece a força da maioria a impor sua vontade aos grupos minoritários. Nesse aspecto, o presente artigo apresenta a ideia de integridade como ferramenta para a correta leitura de institutos tão caros ao Estado contemporâneo, apresentando, por meio do método indutivo, os motivos pelos quais o processo penal deve lançar mão da eficiência e transparência para alcançar decisões mais eficientes.