bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OCT Angiographic Findings in Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation
Authors: Heine Felix , Schick Jona F. , Lang Gabriele E.
Published: September 2020

Background OCT angiography (OCT-A) allows non-invasive blood flow registration of the retina and choroid. In contrast to fluorescein angiography (FA), no dye has to be administered. The OCT-A also provides depth-selective information. OCT-A and FA were compared in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) stage 1. In stage 1, the neovascularizations are intraretinal. In contrast to the two-dimensional total image of the FA, the OCT-A allows a depth-selective display of the individual retinal layers. In this way, a conclusion can be drawn about the place of origin of the RAP.

Patients and Methods Three patients with neovascular AMD and RAP stage 1 were included. They were examined with OCT (ZEISS CIRRUS HD-OCT 5000, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, USA), OCT-A (ZEISS AngioPlex OCT-Angiography) as well as FA (HRA2, Heidelberg Engineering) between January 2016 and March 2019. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed. A qualitative analysis of the OCT-A images (3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm) and the FA images was carried out. Leaks in the FA were compared with the en-face images of the OCT-A followed by a depth-selective assignment using the corresponding B-scans of the OCT-A.

Results It was one woman and two men aged 66 – 89 years. The visual acuity was 0.4 in the first, 0.5 p in the second and 0.8 in the third patient. The diagnosis of RAP stage 1 could be made both in the OCT, the FA and the OCT-A. All patients showed macular edema in the OCT. The FA showed selective hyperfluorescence in the early phase and fluorescein extravasation in the late phase. In OCT-A, the blood flow in all patients could be shown in the hyperreflective structure of the RAP in the B-scan. The first patient showed two RAP lesions in the FA, which were in the deep vascular plexus in the OCT-A. In the second patient, three RAP lesions were found in the FA, and a total of five RAP lesions in the OCT-A. One could be located in the superficial and deep vascular plexus, four in the deep vascular plexus. The third patient showed one RAP lesion in the FA as well as in the OCT-A, which could be assigned to the superficial vascular plexus.

Conclusion The OCT-A is well suited for the diagnosis of RAP stage 1. In the present cases, the diagnosis in the OCT-A could be made as clearly as by FA. A major advantage of the OCT-A results from the non-invasive character and the depth selectivity. The RAP 1 lesions could be assigned to both the superficial and the deep vascular plexus. Depth selection is not possible with the FA due to the summary picture.
Auswirkungen der SARS-CoV-2 Pandemie auf die Früherkennungs-Untersuchungen
bei Kindern
Authors: Blankenstein Oliver , Rintisch Wolfram , Buchholz Trix , Lüder Steffen , Bartezky Reinhard , Kolbow Detlef , Dame Christof
Published: September 2020

Seit Mitte Mai wird berichtet, dass die Maßnahmen oder die Angst vor einer
Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 zu einem sekundären Gesundheitsrisiko
führen könnten, weil Diagnosen, z. B. von Krebs- oder
Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen, verspätet gestellt und Therapien, z. B.
komplizierte operative Eingriffe mit Intensivpflege, verzögert
durchgeführt werden (COVIDSurg Collaborative, Br J Surg 2020; DOI:
10.1002/bjs.11746; Kuhlen R et al., Dtsch Arztebl Int 2020; 117:
488–489). In der Kinder- und Jugendmedizin stehen die Fragen und Probleme
des Schulunterrichts, der fehlenden sozialen Kontakte innerhalb der peer
group und der häuslichen Gewalt im Vordergrund der Fragen zur
Auswirkung der Pandemie auf die Gesundheit (Wade M et al., Psychiatry Res 2020;
290:113–143). Mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Umsetzung der Richtlinie
des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (G-BA) über die Früherkennung von
Krankheiten bei Kinder (Vorsorge-Untersuchungen U1–U9) sind bislang nicht
bekannt. Im Rahmen der SARS-CoV2 Kontaktbeschränkungen hatte der G-BA die
Toleranzzeiten (Abrechnungsfristen) für die Vorsorge-Untersuchungen
U6–U9 bis zum Ablauf von 3 Monaten nach Beendigung einer epidemischen Lage
von nationaler Tragweite aufgehoben (BAnz AT 29.05.2020 B6).
HA Filler Injection and Skin Quality–Literature Minireview and Injection Techniques
Authors: Peng Jui-Hui , Peng Peter Hsien-Li
Published: August 2020

Aging of the face produces many changes in the structure and integrity of the skin and other anatomical aspects, the three major signs of which are volume loss, sagginess, and skin quality change. Through surgical or nonsurgical procedures, it is possible to slow or even reverse these mechanisms through artificial means, including thread lifting, radiofrequency, or filler injection. Filler injections are particularly popular in recent years, owing to their convenience, efficacy, and long-lasting results. In this minireview, the author outlines the basic mechanisms behind facial aging, discusses current literature on each aspect of facial aging, and offers injection protocol recommendations based on past literature and clinical experience.
The Facial Shapes in Planning the Treatment with Injectable Fillers
Authors: Braz André , Eduardo Camila Cazerta de Paula
Published: August 2020

Introduction The facial beauty is not easy to define, yet it is paramount to assess the needs of each patient to propose an appropriate treatment plan that will provide beautification or rejuvenation in a natural-looking fashion.

One of the beauty aspects easily recognized is the face shape, which can give a perception of age, gender, and attractiveness, and reflects the facial anatomical structure. Because addressing the structure of the face is the basis for the aesthetic approach with dermal fillers, we find the identification of the patient’s face shape to be a very good starting point in the facial assessment.

Objective To discuss important aspects of facial beauty, the characteristics of the different facial shapes (oval, heart, round, and angular), and a method of planning the aesthetic treatment with injectable fillers based on the strengths and weaknesses of each morphology of the face, that is called the AB face technique.

Methods In this study, we describe seven clinical cases: two cases each of oval, heart, and round, and one case of angular shape.

Results The evaluation of the face shape can help us define the priorities of the aesthetic approach, determining the areas that need to be restored in the aging face, as well as which areas could be enhanced in the younger patient.

Conclusion This approach can be helpful in proposing the aesthetic treatment plan with injectable fillers to provide beautification, rejuvenation, and enhancement of the facial structure, which may benefit facial contours through aging.
Breaking Down Silos: Collaboration in Head and Neck Reconstruction Research
Authors: Silva Amanda K. , Rodriguez Eduardo D. , Jacobson Adam S. , Levine Jamie P.
Published: September 2020

Background Collaboration has been shown to be beneficial when we have complex problems and highly specialized groups, such as in head and neck reconstruction. Otolaryngology, plastic surgery, and oral maxillofacial surgeons perform head and neck reconstruction research. While the specialties represent unique backgrounds, the degree of interdisciplinary collaboration and subtopic focus is unknown. We sought to describe the frequency of interinstitutional interdisciplinary collaboration and examine the association of specialty with research subtopics.

Methods Oral presentations from 2014 to 2018 focused on head and neck reconstruction or associated principles at the main reconstructive academic meetings in otolaryngology (American Head and Neck Society), plastic surgery (American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery), and oral maxillofacial surgery (American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons) were reviewed. Author specialty and institution data were recorded. All abstracts were assigned a research subtopic, chosen based on identified themes. Subtopic frequencies among the specialties were compared.

Results Thirteen of 88 (15%) US institutions participate in interdisciplinary collaboration in head and neck reconstruction research. Of the remaining institutions, 23 (31%) have researchers performing parallel work and not collaborating. Certain research subtopics were more often presented by each specialty, representing differing interests.

Conclusion Collaboration among head and neck reconstruction research at the US institutions is low compared with the potential. Specialties focus on different research subtopics, and therefore can benefit from working together.
Characterization of Cornstalk and Bituminous Coal Based on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameter for Co-pyrolysis
Authors: He Yuyuan , Qu Yang , Liu Qiong , Li Pan , Fang Shuqi , Chen Junying , Chang Chun
Published: August 2020

The pyrolysis characteristic of bituminous coal (BC) and raw cornstalk (RC) were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis from environment temperature to 900 °C with 5, 15 and 25 °C/min. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was applied to estimate the kinetic parameters of samples. The average activation energy (E
a) of BC, RC and the blended sample (mBC/mRC=6/4) were 304.56, 207.77 and 226.26 kJ/mol, respectively. The heat energies of the experiment to be needed was lower than that of calculation during co-pyrolysis, comparing with the theoretical calculation E
a. To further researcher the thermal behavior during co-pyrolysis, the closeness of change in Enthalpy (ΔH) values vs. E
a values for the blend indicated that activated complex formation may be favored because of lower potential energy barrier. Moreover, Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the blend varied from 108.40 to 275.93 kJ/mol, the pyrolysis process was converted to disordered-state from ordered-state, considering the changes of Entropies (ΔS) loss.
Quantitative Risk Assessment and Evolution Trajectory of China’s Iron Ore Resource
Authors: Deng Lizheng , Yuan Hongyong , Chen Jianguo , Zhou Yuli , Yin Wenwen , Yan Shuan , Yu Miaomiao
Published: August 2020

The resource security system is a complex system. Strategic mineral resource is of great importance to national security and economic development. Iron ore is one of the 24 strategic mineral resource determined by the Chinese government. Based on the broad connotation of resource security, we put forward the risk assessment model of resource security named 3E (Enduring, Economic, Environmental) model and establish a complete risk assessment index system for iron ore. In this paper, the entropy method is used to determine the weight of each index, we evaluate the comprehensive risk of iron ore from 2000 to 2016, and analyse the results of risk assessment in detail. The results show that the supply risk is on the rise, which has the greatest impact on the comprehensive risk. Moreover, the fluctuation of economic risk is more stable, and the environmental risk is decreasing. The comprehensive risk index of China’s iron ore increased firstly and then declined. From 2000 to 2007, it was a relatively low-risk period; from 2008 to 2010, the risk was increased; 2011-2013 was a high-risk period; and 2014 to 2016, there was a reduction in risk. In order to effectively control the risk of iron ore, this paper puts forward some suggestions from several aspects.
Validation Study on the Tiny-Oil Ignition Technology with Pure Oxygen for Combustion-Supporting in a 670 MWe Utility Lean Coal-Fired Boiler
Authors: Fang Fan , Wu Qinglong , Yan Wanjun , Zhang Wei , Zhou Hongguang
Published: August 2020

Because of high ignition temperature of low-volatile coal, it brings great difficulties to apply the tiny-oil ignition technology in the fire-up process of a low-volatile coal-fired boiler. To save oil consumed, the tiny-oil ignition technology with pure oxygen for combustion-supporting was developed and was applied in a 670 MWe utility lean coal-fired boiler. This paper focused on the practical application of the technology. The test results indicated that the lean coal was ignited successfully, with flame temperatures nearly 300°C increasing and the carbon contents of fly ash 10∼20% (absolute value) decreasing due to feeding small amount of pure oxygen into a tiny-oil ignition burner. Using the tiny-oil ignition technology with pure oxygen for combustion-supporting could be beneficial to saving about 80% fuel oil in the fire-up process, which demonstrated excellent practical results of the technology.
Numerical Study of Solar Hydrogen Production System for Rural Areas Employing TRNSYS
Authors: Sun Zhipeng
Published: August 2020

In this study, solar heating water system and hydrogen production were modeled and simulated by using System Simulation Software TRNSYS. What’s more the system was optimized by TRNSYS/GenOpt. The electricity grid was the auxiliary electrical energy for the system. Hot water was generated by solar collector and then transported to a hold-up vessel with supplementary heat source. Photovoltaic (PV) panels generated electricity which was used to product hydrogen by electrolyzing water. Alkaline Fuel Cell used the hydrogen to generate electrical energy for the supplementary heating source of hold-up vessel. The systems for north-China rural areas in Hebei Province were designed and the hourly system operating characteristic using the optimum volume of vessel was investigated. According to the experimental hot water load of one farmhouse, the hourly and annual electrolytic hydrogen volume, the hourly electrical energy generated by photovoltaic panels, the energy conversion characteristic of the system, the hourly pressure in the storage tank of hydrogen were studied by TRNSYS. According to the simulation results, the most covering rate of solar energy varied from 20% appearing in January to 80% appearing in August.
Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Distribution Network Considering Power Quality Conditions
Authors: Jiang Limin , Huang Wei , Sun Beibei , Meng Junxia
Published: August 2020

There are three-phase imbalance, voltage deviation, frequency fluctuation and other power quality problems in the traditional AC distribution network, which are difficult to meet the demand of power users for high power quality. The AC-DC hybrid distribution network is superior to the AC distribution system in terms of reducing power loss and improving power supply quality. Based on the research status of energy-saving indexes of distribution network, considering the characteristics of AC-DC hybrid distribution network, this paper analyzes the factors that affect the energy efficiency level of AC-DC hybrid distribution system, constructs the evaluation index system, determines the classification evaluation standards of different indexes according to the relevant standards, and puts forward the quantitative evaluation method of the energy efficiency level of AC-DC hybrid distribution network.
Operation of Solar-Storage-Hydrogen-Charging System by Value Stream Analysis
Authors: Li Xiaoen , Lu Ting
Published: August 2020

The topology of the clean energy system is a flexible structure with PV, wind power, hydrogen storage, battery storage. Thus, the construction and operation of the clean energy system should pay more attention to the temporal and spatial variations. This paper discussed a solar-storage-hydrogen-charging demonstration to accommodate the diverse temporal and spatial features of the clean energy system. The present study developed a Modelica library to support the cooperative control of this clean energy system based on value stream analysis. The result shows that the sold electricity profit of the electric storage system can reach 2.3 times than the electricity purchase cost. Though the hydrogen charging demand in the demonstration is small compared with the electric load demand, the hydrogen charging profit can be 1.7 times of the energy cost.
Research on Correspondence between ELV Exemption and Auto Parts Products
Authors: Hou Meng , Li Longhui , Wang Lei
Published: August 2020

Restricting the use of hazardous substances in automobiles has become an inevitable trend for the green development of automotive products. In China, the technical requirements for hazardous substances in automobiles stem from GB/T30512 “Requirements for Prohibited Substances in Automobiles”, and the standard is currently undergoing strong revisions. One of the core contents of the standard is the exemption list, which stipulates the compliance content and distribution of hazardous substances in automobile products. This article analyzes the scope of auto parts and materials covered by each exemption list for the exemption list, constructs the corresponding relationship between the exemption list and auto parts in principle, and provides guarantee for the implementation of subsequent standards.
The Investigation of Oxidation Flocculation Characteristics of Ferrate Solution
Authors: Pan Haowei , Zhang Liang , Gao Ning , Liu Yin , Li Wei , Jia Bo
Published: August 2020

The fresh ferrate solution was prepared by in situ electrolysis method and directly added into the simulated surface micro-polluted water to proceed purification and pretreatment process. To explore the influence on the dosage of ferrate and pH of raw water, the simulated water sample was treated by single factor change coagulation experiment. Combining with turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, humic acid removal rate as the judgment index, and the fractal dimension of floc was calculated by using the platform of floc morphology analysis, the optimal dosage of the ferrate solution and reaction pH range were confirmed. This work revealed profoundly the correlation of turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, humic acid removal rate and flocculation fractal dimension.
Research Progress on Farmland Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Remediation Technologies in the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Zhang Yujing , Wu Wanjing , Zhang Duwei , Huang Hongkun , Fang Ping
Published: August 2020

Farmland pollution directly affects the economic benefits of crops and food security. In recent years, the condition of farmland soil in China is not optimistic, and its pollutants are mainly heavy metals. Soil is the basic condition for biological survival and the final melting and disintegration of pollutants. China’s soil pollution control work urgently, soil pollution control situation is more serious. In the process of economic transformation advocated by the state, pollution control should be strengthened, and soil ecological remediation technology should be vigorously studied and popularized, so as to effectively prevent soil pollution and meet the needs of sustainable development in China. This paper studies the research progress of heavy metal pollution and remediation technology in farmland soil in the Yangtze river basin, analyzes the current situation of farmland soil pollution in representative cities in the Yangtze river basin, and summarizes the main remediation methods of heavy metal pollutants, especially in farmland soil.
The Impact of the Financial Fund on the Efficiency of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products Processing in China
Authors: Chen Shuai , Yang Jiameng , Gao Qianhui , Xing Yingxue
Published: August 2020

With the support of the fund, the recovery and dismantling volume of WEEE in China have been greatly improved, but it is far away from the provisions of the long term planning for the construction of renewable resources recovery system. In the paper, the development of waste electrical and electronic products processing field is analyzed, from which we find the shortcomings of the existing electronic waste fund operation in China. First of all, the paper analyzes the influence of household appliances dismantling fund on household appliances production industry by using partial equilibrium model, and finds that expropriation fund is not the main reason for enterprises to adjust their production and operation strategies and adopt ecological design. Through further analysis, it finds that the main reason for enterprises to adopt ecological design is firstly attributed to the public’s increasing attention to health, and secondly to the environmental standards and sections issued by the government subsidy and other policies directly related to ecological design. In terms of the fund subsidies, DEA model is used to analyze the impact of fund subsidies on the dismantling and treatment industry. The model results show that fund subsidies are effective for the dismantling and treatment of 5 major electronic waste products. On one hand, they alleviate the loss of enterprises; on the other hand, they promote energy conservation and emission reduction, and improve the efficiency of dismantling. The economic benefit, environmental and resource benefit and social benefit of the fund of dismantling and processing enterprises are all affected by the fund subsidy. Finally, it gives policy implications. In order to improve the financial efficiency of the fund, it is suggested that in the aspect of fund policy management, we should appropriately improve the current fund collection standards, adjust the products and scope of the fund collection catalogue, and formulate differentiated collection standards for the products with different environmental protection performance, so as to realize the incentive and constraint of the fund collection on the production enterprises. In terms of the fund subsidy, we should further adjust the design of subsidy amount, establish a long-term subsidy performance evaluation system and a qualification examination mechanism for enterprises entering and exiting the subsidy list, ensure the effectiveness of fund subsidy distribution, narrow the gap in the fund pool, reduce the waste of fund subsidy, and achieve the unity of economic benefits, resources and environmental benefits and social benefits.
Monitoring and Modelling Abandoned Agricultural Land Based on Multisource Data Integration
Authors: Yang Tong , Guo Xudong , Yu Xiao , Wang Xiaofan , Han Shengqi
Published: August 2020

Given the sustained growth of the global population, the problem of abandoned agricultural land (AAL) has gradually attracted the attention of governments and scholars. Here, four high-resolution remote sensing data sources (Sentinel-2A satellite, Resources satellite 3, Gaofen-1 satellite, and Gaofen-2 satellite) and two geographic information survey data sources (land use data and returning farmland to forest data) were used in combination. An integrated method of combined annual and interannual detection was used to monitor AAL. The integrated method produced total abandonment information and distinguished the types of AAL (completely AAL, half-AAL, and transitional AAL). By data mining the monitoring results, eight driving factors of abandonment were determined at the plot scale, including village distance, height difference, highway distance, plot area, fractal dimension index, shelter forest, irrigation condition and neighbourhood characteristics. The logistical regression results showed that seven independent variables except village distance had a significant impact on abandonment, and the prediction accuracy of the model was 95.4%. This study can be applied to monitoring AAL and analysing the driving forces of abandonment.
Research on the Construction of Green Consumption Cognition and Attitude Evaluation System of Clothing
Authors: Li Huan , Yao Lei
Published: August 2020

With the increasingly serious environmental problems, people gradually begin to pay attention to environmental protection issues. Our country as the largest country in textile and clothing production, consumption and export, China’s production and energy consumption is an important factor of environmental problems. At this stage, there is no specific and complete system of environmental-friendly clothing, furthermore there is few related research. By using the method of literature review, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the whole theoretical system of green consumption, and probes into the evaluation of consumers’ cognition, attitude and purchasing behavior of environmental-friendly consumption to construct the evaluation system of environmental-friendly clothing.
Technical and Economic Analysis of External Wall Thermal Insulation for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Based on Life Cycle Cost
Authors: Liu Wei , Yu Zhen , Li Huai , Gao Caifeng , Wang Guanqun
Published: August 2020

The outer protective structure of nearly zero Energy building generally has better thermal insulation performance. With the increase of the thickness of the external wall insulation, the energy conservation gains decrease. This paper studies the economics of the life cycle cost of the external wall insulation of nearly zero energy buildings in different climate zones. Considering solar radiation and nocturnal radiation, an explicit one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is established by using the finite difference method, and the temperature of each point inside the wall at various times within 8760 hours of the year is calculated, thereby calculating the annual heat transfer amount per unit wall area. Considering the construction cost, annual operating cost, and discount rate, calculate the cost of the life cycle of the insulation material under different thicknesses in each climate zone. The best economic thickness of each insulation material in each climate zone is obtained.
Optimization of Close-Range Blasting Design with Vibration-Damping and Speed-Reduction for Open-Pit Mine in an Arid Region
Authors: Chen Yajun , Li Yongwu , Wang Zhixiang , Mao Jin-Feng , Zhou Liyun
Published: August 2020

Based on many years of on-site work experience and analysis of the impacts of heterogeneous rock mass structure, rock joints and fissure on blasting in arid regions, it is recognized that deep-hole blasting of heterogeneous rock mass will cause vibration damage to ground building structures. In addition to the influence of lithological structure, it should also take into consideration the distance variations between the location of the blast and the ground building structures. Designing an optimized blasting scheme with shock-absorption and velocity-reduction, together with safe and suitable key blasting technologies for heterogeneous rock, is core to address the safety issues of blasting vibration impact on ground building structures. For this reason, taking the blasting vibration of the second mining area of Mulei Kaiyuan Open-pit Coal Mine as an example, through survey and analysis of the seismic standards of ground buildings, operating environment and geological conditions of the blasting area, an optimized blasting network is proposed. This network involves a key technology that combines multiple blasting unit forms aiming at the realization of unit-dosage multi-stage millisecond blasting of whole or layered interval detonation. The optimized design offers five types of shock-absorption and velocity-reduction multi-stage millisecond denotation networks based on different blasting distances. Together with open-pit coal mine blasting technology, this design can effectively solve the safety issues of close-range blasting vibration on ground building structures.
Research on the Influence of Communication Time-Delay on Multi-agent System Based Distributed Energy Dispatching Control Consensus
Authors: Wu Jike , Zhu Bingquan , Li Yong , He Yujun
Published: August 2020

Multi-agent based distributed control methods are widely applied in distributed energy dispatching control. However, the control processes are highly dependent on the information interaction among the distributed generation units through the communication network. The communication time-delay would affect the performance and stability of the multi-agent based distributed energy dispatching control system. To investigate the effect of communication time-delay on the dispatching control, the incremental cost rate in the economic dispatch model is adopted as consensus variables of multi-agent system, and a multi-agent system with communication time-delay based distributed energy dispatching control consensus algorithm is proposed. Moreover, two cases simulations are implemented and the effects of the time-delay on the consensus convergence are analyzed. This work provides a reference for the optimal design of distributed energy dispatching control.
Decentralized Coordinated Dispatch of Multi-microgrid Integrated Energy System Considering Source-Load Uncertainty
Authors: Chen Bo , Li Yuwei , Li Peng , Wu Difan
Published: August 2020

Multiple microgrids are connected to the regional electric power distribution system (EPS) and natural gas distribution system (NGS) to form a multi-microgrid integrated energy system (MMIES), where each stakeholder’s game behaviour and renewable energy uncertainty increase the complexity of dispatch decisions. In view of this, a decentralized coordinated dispatch model of MMIES considering source-load uncertainty is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on fuzzy theory, the forecasts of wind/PV output and system load are described by fuzzy parameters, and consequently fuzzy chance constraints based on credibility theory are established. Secondly, for multi-stakeholders including EPS, NGS, and microgrid operator which consists of multiple microgrids, a decentralized dispatch model is established with the goal of maximizing each stakeholder’s interest considering network security constraints. Then, the fuzzy chance constraints are turned into their clear equivalent forms based on trapezoidal membership parameters, and the analytical target cascading algorithm is designed to decouple the coordination variables and solve the decentralized dispatch model collaboratively. Finally, an example of MMIES is carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Simulation results show that the method considers the source-load uncertainty and each stakeholder’s interest and realizes the reliable and economic optimal operation of MMIES.
Reference Inventory of 210Pb in Soils of Chinese Mainland
Authors: Yang B J , Sun W , Wang X L , Zhang M L
Published: August 2020

Naturally occurring fallout 210Pb is strongly adsorbed by soils and has been widely used as a tracer to soil erosion and deposited sediments in various sedimentary environments. The determination of reference inventory is the premise and basis of soil erosion research using this technique,it is directly related to the accuracy of erosion rate calculation. This paper starting reports from the selection of 210Pb reference inventory sampling points, the distribution of 210Pb reference inventory in Chinese mainland is summarized. It is pointed out that the reference inventory is mainly affected by the location of land and sea, climate, topography and other factors.
Application of Sound Insulation Technology in Floating Floor
Authors: Fang Wenmin , Hong Xiaowei , Lai Linfeng
Published: August 2020

In this paper, the sound insulation performance of the floating floor is studied from the perspective of its structural application. The field test shows that the sound insulation improvement value of the dry laying method is higher than that of the wet sticking method. At the same time, the influence of the construction technology of the floating floor on the load and net height of the building structure is summarized and compared. Finally, the weighted standardized impact sound pressure level of the field test is higher than the normalized impact sound pressure level measured in the laboratory This universal phenomenon is analyzed. This paper puts forward the construction technology of dry laying method of floating floor with sound insulation mat, which can provide reference for the construction of sound insulation mat laying on reinforced concrete floor and the design of building structure.
Research on Unregulated Emissions from Motor Vehicles at Intersection Based on the Optimized Traffic Signal Timing
Authors: Zhao Hong , Mu Liang , Cui Xiangyu , Yuan Huantao , Li Yan , Qiu Junzheng
Published: August 2020

This paper centers on optimizing the signal timing scheme to reduce motor vehicle unregulated emissions from motor vehicles at the intersection by the integration method of VISSIM and MOVES. Taking the intersection of Hong Kong Middle Road and Fuzhou South Road in Qingdao as the research object. In VISSIM, according to the traffic flow, the signal timing scheme is optimized. The localized MOVES emission model calculates emissions of formaldehyde, ammonia and benzene. Compared with emissions of regulated pollutants before and after the optimization for the signal timing scheme, the result shows the optimized signal timing improves the passing capacity of the road intersection, and emissions of formaldehyde, NH3 and benzene reduces by 22%, 7% and 14% respectively. The result indicates that the optimized signal timing can effectively reduce motor vehicle unregulated emissions at the road intersection, which provides an effective way to protect the environment.
Effects of Different Substrates on MEC Anode Film Formation and Extracellular Polymer
Authors: Zheng Jinzhu , Li Jianchang , Xu Kunde , Long Xiangang , Sun Helin , Yang Sixia
Published: August 2020

In this paper, a single-cell microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) reactor is used, with activated sludge as the inoculum, glucose, sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate as substrates. The MEC anode film formation and the different nutritional conditions are studied for the influence of extracellular polymers. Experimental research shows that MECs running on different substrates show obvious current density and anode membrane electrochemical activity. MEC anode membrane current density of sodium acetate substrate culture is the highest (12.78 A/m2), followed by glucose and butyl Sodium and sodium propionate. MEC anode electroactive microorganisms can use a wide range of substrates. The energy efficiency of different substrates is different, and the energy efficiency of acetic acid is the highest. The electrochemical activity and hydrogen yield of the anode biofilm are the same as those of the MEC current density. Increasing the inoculum within a certain range is conducive to improving the electrochemical activity of the anode biofilm and the hydrogen yield of the anode film. Further analysis of the composition of the anode membrane biomass and extracellular polymer (EPS) showed that increasing the inoculation amount is beneficial to the increase of the anode membrane biomass. A large number of anode-attached bacteria can produce higher current density and EPS content. The protein in the anode membrane EPS The content is significantly higher than polysaccharides, and as the protein content increases, the electrical density also increases.
Experimental Study on Deliquification with Atomizing Nozzle in Gas Well
Authors: Gao Yutang , Li Xiaobai , Chang Peng , Liu Lei
Published: August 2020

Gas is a clean energy resource in comparison with oil and coal. Liquid-loading problem is frequently encountered in the process of gas production. It would directly cause the production of gas wells decreasing, even off production. A number of deliquification techniques have been suggested for solving this kind of problem, but the available techniques are not yet widely applicable. Based on the analysis, the method of deliquification with atomizing nozzle in gas wells was put forward. The test bench was designed for studying the atomization of nozzles and the liquid entrainment of gas flow. The size distribution of atomized droplets was measured by Malvern laser grain size analyzer. The Sauter mean diameters of atomized droplets were analysed under different two-phase flow conditions. The results indicate that the designed nozzles have good atomization performances and show potential application for reducing liquid loading in gas wells.
The effects of Zr and La2O3 additions on the microstructural and mechanical properties of a Mo-6Si-5B alloy
Authors: Becker J , Giese M , Krüger M
Published: August 2020

In order to improve the application-related properties, as fracture toughness, creep response and oxidation behavior of Mo-Si-B alloys, certain alloying strategies can be applied. Promising alloying partners like Zr and La2O3 may help to enhance the compressive and flexural strength of Mo-Si-B materials. Accordingly, a combination of 1 at.% Zr and 0.5 wt.% La2O3 was chosen in order to improve the characteristic properties of a powder metallurgical (PM) Mo-6Si-5B alloy. The influence of Zr and La2O3 on the phase distribution and the mechanical properties will be discussed by means of three-point-flexure at room temperature as well as uniaxial com-pressive creep tests at elevated temperatures (> 1000 °C). Compared with other PM Mo-Si-B alloys the present Zr-La2O3-strengthened alloy shows highly improved fracture toughness at room temperature.
Novel Al/Al2O3composite foams by direct oxidation conversion
Authors: Chen X , Sun R , Betke U , Scheffler M
Published: August 2020

In this paper we combined an investment casting technique and a direct oxidation conversion (DOC) method to fabricate novel Al/Al2O3composite foams. We treated open cellular Al foams with dense struts in oxidizing atmosphere and obtained novel Al/Al2O3composite foams. These novel-type foams had dense struts, and owned a ternary-layered structure within struts, which consisted of the inner layer of Al, the middle layer of α-Al2O3oxidation scale and the outer layer of α-Al2O3ceramic coating. The resulting foams were characterized with respect to micro and macro structure, phase composition and compression behaviour. Comparing with conventional reticulated porous ceramics (RPCs), the novel composite foams demonstrated a new deformation mode in compression, behaving in accumulative damages instead of catastrophic collapse, with more deformation capacity and better ductility. The DOC approach might inspire a new way to manufacture composite foams, and such foams might be alternatives to other cellular solids for specific applications.
Investigations on metallurgical and mechanical properties of resistant spot welded dissimilar joints between a high manganese steel and a low alloyed steel grade
Authors: Frohwein C , Otto M , Ecke M , Jüttner S , Halle T
Published: August 2020

The present investigation gives a brief overview into the correlation of the amount of molten ferrite and metallurgical as well as mechanical properties of resistance spot welded austenitic-ferritic joints. The fusion rate describes the ferritic quantity in the weld metal and provides a reliable reference to the integrity of dissimilar joints. Metallurgical effects due to varied fusion rates are shown by element distribution, micro hardness measurement and phase analysis. In addition, this work states specific fusion rates which lead to a degradation of the mechanical properties and can be used as a basis for application guidelines. This can be seen in certain tensile tests with single and multiple spot specimens.
Quantitative evaluation of global and local chromium contents with the EPR test on ferritic and martensitic stainless steels
Authors: Heyn A , Rosemann P
Published: August 2020

The cause of localised corrosion phenomena in stainless steels is often related to the element chromium, which is essential for the formation and resistance of the passive layer. A lower than nominally stated content of chromium occurs when the element is highly concentrated and locally bound in chromium-rich phases or precipitates, mostly carbides, and thus locally or globally absent for passivation. The method of electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) is uniquely suited to demonstrate the effect of chromium depletion on the passivation. Here, the steel surface is initially active in sulfuric acid and passivation is achieved by external dynamic polarization. After passivation, the polarization direction is reversed and in chromium-depleted areas a reactivation takes place, which is detected by an increase in current. The detection limit for a reduced chromium content depends largely on the strength of the sulfuric acid used in the EPR test and the polarization speed. The relationship between the sulfuric acid concentration and the electrochemical parameters from the EPR test is shown here using the example of ferritic Fe-Cr alloys with graded Cr contents in the range of approx. 6 to 18 %. From the passivation and reactivation current densities of the EPR data, models for the detection of global and local chromium contents (detection limits) are derived. The developed models are applied to the martensitic stainless steel X20Cr13 in different heat treatment conditions and the influence on the distribution of chromium in the microstructure, which is responsible for the passivation and thus the corrosion resistance, is shown.
Microstructure-property relations of eutectic V-Si and V-B alloys
Authors: Regenberg M , Hasemann G , Müller C , Krüger M
Published: August 2020

Subject of the present work are principle studies on V-Si and V-B alloys with hypo-and hypereutectic compositions, regarding the effects of primary phase solidification and the formation of binary microstructures on the resulting mechanical properties. For this purpose, button shaped samples were produced by arc-melting, metallographically prepared and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, room temperature compression tests have been carried out and the resulting deformations were subsequently analyzed by using electron backscatter diffraction. As a conclusion, the materials’ failure behavior was characterized and discussed with respect to the developed microstructure. The main goal of the experiments conducted is to critically discuss previously published works on the V-Si and V-B alloying systems and to obtain more profound insights on microstructure-property relations with respect to the strengthening effects and plastic deformability.
Measuring technology and quality assurance in packaging steel production
Authors: Schwarzmann J
Published: August 2020

Tinplate, being used primarily for packaging purposes, went through a considerable development over the last decades. Its quality was continuously improved enabling significant savings in material consumption and production economy and ecology. A premise for that progress is the development of advanced measurement and inspection equipment. It utilizes different physical principles to allow an online monitoring of important material parameters for regulation feedback or quality control. One of the latest developments is an online inspection system for non-metallic inclusions. It is based on magnetic flux leakage which is contactless detected by arrays of differential GMR sensors. The sensors are mounted to compact sensor modules containing all required peripheral equipment. Multiple sensor modules are connected to hubs which convert their data stream to the GigE camera standard. The resulting device resembles a magnetic line camera covering the whole surface of the inspected strip. The recorded images are processed by a software to detect and classify defects from the material noise.
Manufacturing of Open-Cell Metal Foams by the Sponge Replication Technique
Authors: Sutygina A , Betke U , Hasemann G , Scheffler M
Published: August 2020

Different manufacturing techniques for open-cell metal foams, such as investment casting and space holder casting, are compared with the sponge replication technique that is originally used for the preparation of ceramic foams. Processing of aluminum foams by the sponge replication technique has been reviewed. Based on the results obtained for aluminum open-cell foams, the feasibility of copper foam manufacturing with the sponge replica technique using an aqueous copper dispersion was demonstrated.
Tungsten inert gas bead-on-plate weld chemical composition analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Taparli U A , Kannengiesser T , Griesche A
Published: August 2020

Chemical compositions of a weld can be varying locally as a result of the welding process. These local variations can be due to the vaporization of individual alloying elements. In this work, tungsten inert gas (TIG) bead-on-plate stainless steel welds of EN grade 1.4404 and 1.4435 were investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on the completed welds. This study aims to reveal the welding parameters’ influence on the resulting local chemical compositions of the stainless steel welds. We demonstrated Mn vaporize before Cr due to its lower latent enthalpy of vaporization. Hence, Mn accumulates on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) both sides across the weld bead by being swept away through the circulation flow of the welding plasma. Additionally, increasing the heat input tends to enhance the accumulated Mn content on the HAZ as well as increasing the shielding gas flow rate. The results are in good agreement with the literature and proved that LIBS is an effective method to inspect completed welds.
A Comparison of Five SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Assays With Clinical Correlations
Authors: Procop Gary W , Brock Jay E , Reineks Edmunds Z , Shrestha Nabin K , Demkowicz Ryan , Cook Eleanor , Ababneh Emad , Harrington Susan M
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Comparative assessments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) molecular assays that have been operationalized through the US Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization process are warranted to assess real-world performance. Characteristics such as sensitivity, specificity, and false-negative rate are important to inform clinical use.

Methods

We compared five SARS-CoV-2 assays using nasopharyngeal and nasal swab specimens submitted in transport media; we enriched this cohort for positive specimens, since we were particularly interested in the sensitivity and false-negative rate. Performance of each test was compared with a composite standard.

Results

The sensitivities and false-negative rates of the 239 specimens that met inclusion criteria were, respectively, as follows: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019 nCoV Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel, 100% and 0%; TIB MOLBIOL/Roche z 480 Assay, 96.5% and 3.5%; Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 (Cepheid), 97.6% and 2.4%; Simplexa COVID-19 Direct Kit (DiaSorin), 88.1% and 11.9%; and ID Now COVID-19 (Abbott), 83.3% and 16.7%.

Conclusions

The assays that included a nucleic acid extraction followed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were more sensitive than assays that lacked a full extraction. Most false negatives were seen in patients with low viral loads, as extrapolated from crossing threshold values.
Surface sculpturing in the skull of gecko lizards (Squamata: Gekkota)
Authors: Glynne Elizabeth , Daza Juan D , Bauer Aaron M
Published: August 2020

It has previously been stated that geckos are characterized by smooth cranial bones bearing no sculpturing; however, there are many exceptions. Here we systematically characterize variation in sculpturing in cranial bones across all seven gekkotan families and examine patterns of evolutionary transitions in these traits on a multigene molecular gekkotan phylogeny to elucidate trends in phenotypic diversification in bone sculpturing. Over 195 species were reviewed using specimens where smooth, grooved, pitted and rugose sculpturing patterns were found. Of the 26 cranial bones, only seven (premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, prefrontal, frontal, parietal and postorbitofrontal) were found to bear sculpturing across more than three species. Sculpturing was found to extend beyond these seven bones onto either the dentary, surangular and/or quadrate within five species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sculpturing evolved recently and repeatedly in several distinct lineages. The remaining 19 skull bones were smooth, except in the five species above, supporting the suggestion that smooth skull bones were ancestral in gekkotans. There is no apparent relationship between body size and the presence of bone sculpturing. The functional significance, if any, of sculpturing requires further investigation.