bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic characteristics of FGD spray towers
Authors: Michalski Jacek A.
Published: August 2005

On the basis of the balance of forces acting on droplets falling down inside a co‐ or counter‐current spray tower, a model of scrubber aerodynamic characteristics was developed. Relations between pressure drop caused by spray, droplet concentration and residence time distribution of the dispersed phase were found analytically for slurry droplet motion in the range of 400<Re<2500. The differences between the simplified model solutions and complete solutions are presented. The model was verified by the experimental data collected in two large pilot plant scrubbers applied for flue gas desulfurization (FGD).
Dynamic modeling and simulation of a riser‐type fluid catalytic cracking unit
Authors: Ali Hany , Rohani Sohrab
Published: August 2005

A dynamic model is developed for a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit to describe the dynamic behavior of both the riser and the regenerator reactors and their interactions. The cracking reactions are simulated by the four‐lumped kinetic model [1]. The reactions in the riser occur in a transported bed with the fluid and the solids in ideal plug flow. The two‐phase nature of the regenerator‐fluidized bed is considered and the kinetic model for the coke combustion on the cracking catalyst [2,3] is incorporated. The proposed model is validated using steady‐state plant data from an industrial unit and the results are found to be in good agreement. One of the main advantages of the model is that it does not include any partial differential equations. This facilitates the solution of the equations and makes the model particularly suitable for control studies. Simulation studies are performed to investigate the effect of changing various process variables, such as catalyst circulation rate, gas oil feed rate, and oxygen feed concentration.
Hydrogenation of 3‐hydroxypropanal in trickle beds — experimental and modelling
Authors: Zhu Xiao Da , Hofmann Hanns
Published: August 2005

Hydrogenation of 10% aqueous solution of 3‐hydroxypropanal (HPA) was adiabatically carried out over cylindrical Ni/SiO2/Al2O3‐catalyst pellets (∅︁ 0.8 + 5 mm) in a trickle bed (∅︁ 76 × 5200 mm) at 2.6 to 8.0 MPa. The concentration and temperature profiles in the trickle‐bed were measured at different flow rates of liquid. A mathematical model was developed under consideration of heat transfer, interphase mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion and deactivation of catalyst pellets at partial wetting with different wetting geometries. The model fits the measured data satisfactorily when its kinetics of deactivation is modified by a factor determined by regression of data measured in the trickle bed.
Effect of two‐pass trays on distillation efficiencies
Authors: Klemola Kimmo T. , Ilme Jarno K.
Published: August 2005

Two important structural factors that affect distillation efficiencies, the outlet weir heigh and the liquid flowpath length, are investigated. Performance and efficiency data of an industrial scale i‐butane/n‐butane distillation column equipped with two‐pass trays are used as a basis for the calculations. A mathematical development for a new method for predicting the numbers of vapor and liquid phase transfer units is given. This method together with some other NTU calculation methods is used to assess the effect of the outlet weir height on efficiencies. The effect of outlet weir height on the Murphree tray efficiencies is investigated using the observed point efficiencies and different point efficiency to the Murphree tray efficiency relation methods. The effect of varying liquid flowpath lengths on efficiencies is studied by calculating the Murphree tray efficiencies for one‐pass and two‐pass trays. The results obtained using the NTU calculation method presented in this study show that a certain outlet weir height point efficiency reaches its maximum. Most of the other methods give opposite results giving a minimum for point efficiency at a certain outlet weir length. The results also show that the Murphree tray efficiencies for one‐pass trays are higher than for two‐pass trays. Obviously, this is caused by the longer liquid flowpath length of one‐pass trays. The Murphree tray efficiencies are also calculated for an industrial‐scale MTBE purification column. The column is equipped with two‐pass trays in the stripping section and with one‐pass trays in the rectifying section. The Murphree tray efficiencies of one‐pass trays are considerably higher than the two‐pass tray Murphree tray efficiencies.
Application of mathematical modelling in a two‐component layer crystallisation process
Authors: Guardani Roberto , Belline Alexandre
Published: August 2005

An algorithm for the computation of design variables in layer crystallisation processes is presented, based on an algebraic solution of the moving boundary equation for heat transfer, as well as on an expression for the concentration profile. The algorithm was applied to the discontinuous crystallisation of a NaCl‐H2O solution around the wall of an internally cooled cylindrical tube. Good agreement between simulation results and laboratory experiments was observed. After input of experimentally measurable values of the distribution coefficient, the algorithm enables the prediction of the following process variables along the crystallisation time: layer thickness, temperature, and composition profiles across the layer, as well as the end‐values of solid and liquid mass and concentrations. Multistage processes can be studied by the series association of crystallisation cycles, enabling the determination of the optimal number of stages that meets a specific design criterion.
Models for minimum explosible concentration of organic dust clouds handled in industries
Authors: Mittal Manju
Published: August 2005

Dust explosion hazard exists in plants and facilities wherever combustible dusts are hardled. Minimum explosible concentration of dust clouds is an important factor requiring special attention for hazard evaluation if any technological equipment is to be protected by inertisation. The mathematical models available for prediction of this parameter have been analysed for their application to organic dust clouds. Solution of the most general mode for determination of minimum explosible concentration of dust clouds proposed by Mitsui and Tanaka is presented, together with the comparison with experimental data. It has been found that the model is not successful in predicting the minimum explosible concentration for organic dusts. Recommendations on requirement of development of a new model for prediction of minimum explosible concentration of an organic dust such as polyethylen have been given.
Determination of local phase holdups in airlift reactors by means of time‐domain‐reflectometry
Authors: Kochbeck Birgit , Lindert Mark , Hempel Dietmar C.
Published: August 2005

Airlift loop reactors are useful in many chemical and biotechnological processes where three phase reaction systems are required. One example is biological waste water treatment. In order to enhance biological reaction rates it is often useful to immobilize the bacteria on carrier particles. Knowledge of solid distribution and local gas holdup in those systems is important for calculation of mass and energy transfer or reaction kinetics. For this reason a method has been developed which enables to measure such local phase holdups. The measuring system consists of a time‐domain‐reflectometry (TDR)‐instrument in combination with a pressure difference meter. The method has successfully been applied to determine local axial gas and solid distribution in internal airlift loop reactors, filled with a three phase system consisting of water, air, and polymer particles.
Gas‐Liquid mass transfer in fixed beds with two‐phase cocurrent downflow: Gas/newtonian and non‐newtonian liquid systems
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Thyrion Fernand C.
Published: August 2005

New data of gas‐liquid mass transfer for cocurrent downflow through packed beds of porous and non‐porous particles are presented. Mass transfer parameters for air/carbon dioxide/water, air/carbon dioxide/carboxymethylcellulose solution and air/carbon dioxide/sodium hydroxide systems were evaluated by least square fit of the calculated CO2 concentration profiles in gas phase to the experimental values. The volumetric liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the flow consistency index of the liquid. A comparison of the volumetric liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient values evaluated with and without taking into account the axial dispersion shows that the influence of the liquid axial dispersion is significant at low liquid velocity and high CMC concentrations, and the influence of the gas axial dispersion is insignificant.
Successful use of special stainless steels in nitrogen‐based fertilizer plants
Authors: Tersmeden Knut , Kangas Pasi
Published: August 2005

The modern urea plants are using a stripping process to reduce the energy consumption. The potential, very severe corrosion problems have been mastered by special grades and strict process control. The different grades are reviewed. After more than 20 years operation the results are very satisfying.

In ammonia plants, an often forgotten corrosion problem is found in the heat exchangers. After about 3–6 years failures caused by chloride continuing cooling water may appear on carbon steel or low alloyed austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion mechanism is reviewed. Duplex stainless steels has been used with success and the properties are presented. An example of life‐cycle cost shows that duplex stainless steel is an inexpensive way to solve chloride related corrosion problems.

Condensation and evaporation of nitric acid in heat exchangers in nitric acid plants cause severe corrosion on conventional stainless steel grades. Low impurity in combination with high chromium content has proved to result in stainless steel with improved corrosion resistance.
pH Fuzzy control of automated industrial electroplating of gold
Authors: Jinxiang Zhang , Zaiman Zheng , Yanbin Qu , Linru You , Suqin Wang , Lianyu Li
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a fuzzy control system for electroplating of gold which was developed to solve the problems of non‐linearity and to overcome difficulties in establishing a mathematical model of the pH of the industrial gold electroplating process. Operating results show that the fuzzy controller effectively counteracts the non‐linearity of the plant.
Gas‐liquid mass transfer in trickle‐bed reactors: Gas‐side mass transfer
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Iliuta Maria C. , Thyrion Fernand C.
Published: August 2005

New data of gas‐liquid mass transfer for cocurrent downflow through packed beds of non‐porous particles are presented. Mass transfer parameters for air/carbon dioxide/water and air/carbon dioxide/sodium hydroxide systems were evaluated by least squares fit of the calculated CO2 concentration profiles in the gas phase to the experimental values. The dependence of kGa on gas and liquid flow rates is caused by the dependence of gas‐liquid interfacial area, not by the gas‐side mass transfer coefficient kG. In the case of the absorption of dilute carbon dioxide the gas‐side resistance is considerably smaller than the liquid‐side resistance. In the pulse flow regime, gas‐liquid interfacial area calculated from kLa and kL values obtained by physical, respectively, chemical absorption are lower than the gas‐liquid interfacial area evaluated from the measurements under reaction conditions.
Oxidation of aqueous sulfide solutions by dioxygen Part II: Catalysis by soluble and immobilized cobalt(II) phthalocyanines
Authors: Fischer Holger , Schulz‐Ekloff Günter , Wöhrle Dieter
Published: August 2005

The oxidation of sulfide in oxygen‐saturated aqueous solutions is accelerated by dissolved or silica‐bonded cobalt phthalocyanines. On the basis of thermodynamical considerations it is postulated that the catalyst enhances the formation of disulfide as the initial elementary reaction step. The following reaction steps are largely unaffected by the catalyst, as indicated by a product ratio sulfate/thiosulfate=0.86, comparable to that of the uncatalyzed autoxidation. A Langmuir‐Hinshelwood formalism is developed for the catalytic reaction step and is demonstrated to fit best with the kinetics. In addition, from the kinetic data free enthalpies for the adsorption of HS− (i) at the dissolved phthalocyanine (ΔG = −17.6 kJ/mole) and (ii) at the immobilized complex (ΔG = −20.0 kJ/mole) are calculated.
Controlled Hydrothermal Synthesis of Bismuth Oxyhalide Nanobelts and Nanotubes
Authors: Deng Hong , Wang Junwei , Peng Qing , Wang Xun , Li Yadong
Published: August 2005

Ternary bismuth oxyhalide crystalline nanobelts (such as Bi24O31Br10, Bi3O4Br, Bi12O17Br2, BiOCl, and Bi24O31Cl10) and nanotubes (such as Bi24O31Br10) have been synthesized by using convenient hydrothermal methods. The composition and morphologies of the bismuth oxyhalides could be controlled by adjusting some growth parameters, including reaction pH, time, and temperature. All the nanostructures were characterized by using various methods including X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high‐resolution TEM, electron diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The possible reaction mechanism and growth of the crystals are discussed based on the experimental results.
Rationally Designed, Polymeric, Extended Metal–Ciprofloxacin Complexes
Authors: Xiao Dong‐Rong , Wang En‐Bo , An Hai‐Yan , Su Zhong‐Min , Li Yang‐Guang , Gao Lei , Sun Chun‐Yan , Xu Lin
Published: August 2005

Reactions of the antimicrobial fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin (cfH) with metal salts in the presence of aromatic polycarboxylate ligands or under basic conditions produce fourteen new metal–cfH complexes, namely, [Ba2(cf)2(1,4‐bdc)(H2O)2]⋅H2O (1), [Sr6(cf)6(1,4‐bdc)3(H2O)6]⋅2 H2O (2), [M2(cfH)2(bptc)(H2O)2]⋅8 H2O (M = Mn(3) and Cd(4)), [M(cfH)(1,3‐bdc)] (M = Mn(5), Co(6), and Zn(7)), [Zn2(cfH)4(1,4‐bdc)](1,4‐bdc)⋅13 H2O (8), [Ca(cfH)2(1,2‐Hbdc)2]⋅2 H2O (9) and [M(cf)2]⋅2.5 H2O (M = Mn(10), Co(11), Zn(12), Cd(13), and Mg(14)) (1,4‐bdc = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate, bptc = 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylate, 1,3‐bdc = 1,3‐benzenedicarboxylate, 1,2‐bdc = 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylate). Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, and thermogravimetric analyses. The structures of 1 and 2 consist of unique two‐dimensional arm‐shaped layers. Compounds 3 and 4 are isostructural and feature one‐dimensional structures formed from the interconnection of [M2(cfH)2(H2O)2] dimers with bptc ligands. Compounds 5–7 are isostructural and contain double‐chain‐like ribbons constructed from [M2(cfH)2(CO2)2] dimers and 1,3‐bdc. Compound 8 consists of a pair of [Zn(cfH)2]2+ fragments bridged by a 1,4‐bdc into a dinuclear dumbbell structure. Compound 9 is a neutral monomeric complex. To the best of our knowledge, compounds 1–9 are the first examples of metal‐quinolone complexes that contain aromatic polycarboxylate ligands. Compounds 10–14 are isostructural and exhibit interesting two‐dimensional rhombic grids featuring large cavities with dimensions of 13.6×13.6 Å. Up to now, polymeric extended metal–cfH complexes have never been reported.
Crystal Structure of KAlH4 from First Principle Calculations.
Authors: Vajeeston P. , Ravindran P. , Kjekshus A. , Fjellvaag H.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Electronic Structure of Tantalum Oxynitride and the Falsification of α‐TaON.
Authors: Lumey Marck‐Willem , Dronskowski Richard
Published: August 2005

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Structural Studies of the Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Bi4Ti3O12.
Authors: Zhou Qingdi , Kennedy Brendan J. , Howard Christopher J.
Published: August 2005

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New Ln3Mn3Ga2Si Compounds (Ln: Tb—Tm, Lu).
Authors: Morozkin A. V.
Published: August 2005

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Specific Heat of SmMn2Ge2: Evidence of a Magnetic Phase Transition at TN.
Authors: Slaski M. , Szytula A.
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of a New Layered Ethylene‐Diammonium Manganese(II) Phosphate, (C2N2H10)Mn2 (PO4)2×2H2O.
Authors: Song Yanning , Zavalij Peter Y. , Chernova Natasha A. , Whittingham M. Stanley
Published: August 2005

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Catalytic Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Aliphatic Olefins with Reusable Resin‐Osmium Tetroxide.
Authors: Choudary Boyapati M. , Jyothi Karangula , Madhi Sateesh , Kantam M. Lakshmi
Published: August 2005

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Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Sulfide Oxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Legros Julien , Bolm Carsten
Published: August 2005

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Preparation of 2,6‐Bis(l‐menthopyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridines and Their Catalytic Activity for Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Kashima Choji , Shibata Saori , Yokoyama Hiroyo , Nishio Takehiko
Published: August 2005

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An X‐ (X: I, Br)‐Triggered Ring‐Opening Coupling Reaction of Cyclopropenes with Organic Halides.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Zhang Junliang , Cai Yangjun , Lu Lianghua
Published: August 2005

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Alkenes Using Propargylic Carboxylates as Precursors of Vinylcarbenoids.
Authors: Miki Koji , Ohe Kouichi , Uemura Sakae
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis and NMR Studies of 2‐ and 3‐Fluorosubstituted Five‐Membered Heterocycles.
Authors: Dvornikova Elena , Bechcicka Malgorzata , Kamienska‐Trela Krystyna , Krowczynski Adam
Published: August 2005

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1‐Methyl‐3‐phenyl‐3‐thiocyanato‐1H,3H‐quinoline‐2,4‐dione: A Novel Thiocyanating Agent.
Authors: Klasek Antonin , Mrkvicka Vladimir
Published: August 2005

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Aldol Synthesis with an Aqueous Solution of Formalin.
Authors: Ozasa Nobuko , Wadamoto Manabu , Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: August 2005

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(E)‐α‐Iodovinylstannanes as Convenient Precursors for Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: Cai Mingzhong , Ye Hongde , Zhao Hong , Song Caisheng
Published: August 2005

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A Facile and Efficient ZrCl4‐Catalyzed Conversion of Aldehydes to Geminal‐Diacetates and Dipivalates and Their Cleavage.
Authors: Smitha G. , Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva
Published: August 2005

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Organolithium‐Induced Synthesis of Acyclic Unsaturated Amino Alcohols from Epoxides of Dihydropyrroles and Tetrahydropyridines.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Miles Timothy J. , Witherington Jason
Published: August 2005

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Vanadium(III) Chloride Catalyzed Preparation of β‐Amino Alcohols from Epoxides.
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Reddy G. S. Kiran Kumar , Reddy K. Bhaskar , Yadav J. S.
Published: August 2005

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InBr3‐Catalyzed Alkynylation and Allylation of Acid Chlorides: A Facile Synthesis of Alkynyl and Allyl Ketones.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Reddy M. Sridhar , Parimala G.
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfonamides Using the Horner Reaction.
Authors: Reuter Deborah C. , McIntosh Joel E. , Guinn Ashley C. , Madera Ann Marie
Published: August 2005

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Fluoride‐Assisted Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic Thiones with (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane.
Authors: Large‐Radix Sylvie , Billard Thierry , Langlois Bernard R.
Published: August 2005

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Stereoselective Lithiation of α,β‐Epoxy‐γ,δ‐vinylsilanes and Transformation into α‐Silylated Ketones.
Authors: Courillon Christine , Marie Jean‐Charle , Malacria Max
Published: August 2005

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An Efficient Acid‐Catalyzed 5‐endo‐Dig Cyclization Method for Pyrrole Synthesis.
Authors: Knight David W. , Sharland Christopher M.
Published: August 2005

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Application of Baylis—Hillman Methodology in a New Synthesis of 3‐Oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindoles.
Authors: Song Young Seok , Lee Chang Hoon , Lee Kee‐Jung
Published: August 2005

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A New Direction of Ring Expansion of 1,2‐Dialkyldiaziridines in the Reactions with Arylketenes.
Authors: Shevtsov Alexander V. , Petukhova Vera Yu. , Strelenko Yurii A. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Fedyanin Ivan V. , Makhova Nina N.
Published: August 2005

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Preparation of Keto‐Isoxazole Polyketide Synthons.
Authors: Nelson Jared K. , Burkhart David J. , McKenzie Andrew , Natale Nicholas R.
Published: August 2005

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Facile Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Substituted 3‐Isoxazolecarbaldehydes: The Impact of a Proximal Heteroatom within a Heterocycle on the Acceleration of the Reaction.
Authors: Roy Amrendra K. , Batra Sanjay
Published: August 2005

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Multi‐Component Synthesis of Pyran‐Annulated Thiazoles under Solvent‐Free Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dahar S. , Singh Amrish
Published: August 2005

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Triazoles. Part 48. Synthesis of Isomeric Amino‐thiazolo‐[1,2,4]triazole, Amino‐[1,2,4]triazolo[1,3]thiazine and ‐[1,3]thiazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Prauda Ibolya , Reiter Jozsef
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of 1‐Nonanoyl/octadecanoyl‐4‐substituted Thiosemicarbazides and Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles as Biologically Active Compounds.
Authors: Colanceska‐Ragenovic Katica , Dimova Vesna , Kakurinov Vlado , Gabor Dora Molnar
Published: August 2005

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Novel Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazoles and 1,2,4‐Triazol‐3‐ones.
Authors: Chouaieb Hanen , Ben Mosbah Mongi , Kossentini Mohamed , Salem Mansour
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Sydnonimine Derivatives as Potential Trypanocidal Agents.
Authors: Soulere Laurent , Bringaud Frederic , Hoffmann Pascal
Published: August 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction in Aqueous DMF: Synthesis of 3‐Alkynyl Substituted Flavones in the Presence of Prolinol.
Authors: Pal Manojit , Subramanian Venkataraman , Parasuraman Karuppasamy , Yeleswarapu Koteswar Rao
Published: August 2005

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One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Carboxycoumarins via Consecutive Knoevenagel and Pinner Reactions in Water.
Authors: Fringuelli Francesco , Piermatti Oriana , Pizzo Ferdinando
Published: August 2005

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Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation by Radical Cyclization: Regioselective Synthesis of Coumarin‐Annulated Sulfur Heterocycles.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Biswas A. , Mukhopadhyay P. P.
Published: August 2005

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Scope of Ru(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyridines from Alkynes and Nitriles.
Authors: Varela Jesus A. , Castedo Luis , Saa Carlos
Published: August 2005

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Novel Use of Selectfluor for the Synthesis of cis‐Fused Pyrano‐ and Furanotetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Sunitha V. , Reddy K. S.
Published: August 2005

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Unexpected ipso‐Substitutions at the β‐Carboline Nucleus.
Authors: Kast Oliver , Bracher Franz
Published: August 2005

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Efficient Preparation of 2‐Substituted Pyridazino[4,3‐h]psoralen Derivatives.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Gomez Jose , Uriarte Eugenio
Published: August 2005

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Fused Heterocycles. Part 1. Synthesis of Some Anellated 1,2,4‐Triazole Systems from [4‐(1H‐Benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐phthalazin‐1‐yl]hydrazine.
Authors: Wasfy A. A. F.
Published: August 2005

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Hypervalent Iodine in Synthesis. Part 93. A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines by Cyclocondensation of Alkynyl(phenyl)iodonium Salts and 2‐Aminopyrimidine.
Authors: Liu Zhi , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: August 2005

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The Cleavage of Heterocyclic Compounds in Organic Synthesis. Part 1. Utilization of Cleavage of the [1]Benzofuro[2,3‐e][1,2,4]triazine Ring for the Synthesis of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Derivatives of [1,2,4]Triazine.
Authors: Styskala Jakub , Slouka Jan , Wiedermannova Iveta , Bednar Petr
Published: August 2005

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A Novel Route to 1,2,3‐Thiadiazole, 1,3,4‐Thiadiazine, and 1,2,5‐Triazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Zaleska Barbara , Trzewik Bartosz , Grochowski Jacek , Serda Pawel
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis and Utility of α‐Methoxy Phosphonates with a 1,3,2‐Dioxaphosphorinane Ring.
Authors: Chakravarty Manab , Srinivas B. , Muthiah C. , Swamy K. C. Kumara
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Near‐Infrared Cyanine Dyes Functionalized with [(Succinimido)oxy]carbonyl Group.
Authors: Strekowski Lucjan , Mason Christian J. , Lee Hyeran , Gupta Rajni , Sowell John , Patonay Gabor
Published: August 2005

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A New Glycoside and a Novel‐Type Diterpene from Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.
Authors: Yang Zhong‐duo , Chen Hua , Li Yuan‐chao
Published: August 2005

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Micranthin C, a Novel 13(12→11)abeo‐Abietanoid from Isodon lophanthoids var. micranthus.
Authors: Zhao Ai‐Hua , Li Sheng‐Hong , Zhao Qin‐Shi , Lin Zhong‐Wen , Sun Han‐Dong , Lu Yang , Zhang Li‐Li , Zheng Qi‐Tai
Published: August 2005

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Unexpected Bromination Reaction of Isosteviol Methyl Ester with Bromoalkanes.
Authors: Alfonsov Vladimir A. , Andreeva Olga V. , Bakaleynik Galina A. , Beskrovny Dmitry V. , Kataev Vladimir E. , Kovyljaeva Galina I. , Litvinov Igor A. , Militsina Olesya I. , Strobykina Irina Yu.
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Marine Natural Product (2S,5S)‐Pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acid.
Authors: Sunilkumar Gandavadi , Nagamani Dendukuri , Argade Narshinha P. , Ganesh Krishna N.
Published: August 2005

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Efficient Synthesis of Doubly Connected Primary Face‐to‐Face Cyclodextrin Homo‐Dimers.
Authors: Lecourt Thomas , Mallet Jean‐Maurice , Sinay Pierre
Published: August 2005

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A Pyridine Ring Containing Ecdysteroid from Diploclisia glaucescens.
Authors: Jayasinghe Lalith , Jayasooriya Champika P. , Hara Noriyuki , Fujimoto Yoshinori
Published: August 2005

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An Efficient Route to Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues by [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Pearson Morwenna S. M. , Robin Aelig , Bourgougnon Nathalie , Meslin Jean Claude , Deniaud David
Published: August 2005

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Selective and Practical Synthesis of Penciclovir.
Authors: Toyokuni Tatsushi , Walsh Joseph C. , Namavari Mohammad , Shinde Shirin S. , Moore Jennifer R. , Barrio Jorge R. , Satyamurthy Nagichettiar
Published: August 2005

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New Sphingolipids from Marine Sponge Iotrochota baculifera.
Authors: Muralidhar Pendyala , Krishna Nallamothu , Kumar Muthyala Muralikrishna , Rao Chaganty Bheemasankara , Rao Desaraju Venkata
Published: August 2005

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Total Synthesis and Reassessment of the Phosphatase‐Inhibitory Activity of the Antitumor Agent TMC‐69‐6H.
Authors: Fuerstner Alois , Feyen Fabian , Prinz Heino , Waldmann Herbert
Published: August 2005

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An Expedient Synthesis of Benzo[h]quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one: Structure of Samoquasine A Revisited.
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Sarkar Sandipan , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: August 2005

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Synthetic Studies on Macrolactin A by Using a (Diene)Fe(CO)3 Complex.
Authors: Fukuda Akihiro , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kimachi Tetsutaro , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: August 2005

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A Convergent Total Synthesis of Epolactaene: An Application of the Bridgehead Oxiranyl Anion Strategy.
Authors: Kuramochi Kouji , Nagata Seigo , Itaya Hideyoshi , Matsubara Yasuaki , Sunoki Takashi , Uchiro Hiromi , Takao Ken‐ichi , Kobayashi Susumu
Published: August 2005

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Ceramics for Catalysis
Authors: Keane M. A.
Published: August 2005

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Metal‐Xenon Complexes
Authors: Seppelt Konrad
Published: August 2005

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Magnetism of Free and Supported Metal Clusters
Authors: Bucher J. P.
Published: August 2005

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Diffusion‐Thermal Methods for Recovering Radionuclides from Solid Reactor and Cyclotron Targets: An Outlook
Authors: Alekseev I. E.
Published: August 2005

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Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Metallacarboranes
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A.
Published: August 2005

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Unprecedented Matrix‐Induced Reduction of Flavins Observed under FAB and MALDI Conditions
Authors: Ohashi Yoko , Itoh Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2005

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Femtosecond Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Charge‐Transfer Complexes
Authors: McCusker James K.
Published: August 2005

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Ligand‐Bridged Oligomeric and Supramolecular Arrays of the Hexanuclear Rhenium Selenide Clusters—Exploratory Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Property Investigation
Authors: Selby Hugh D. , Roland Bryan K. , Zheng Zhiping
Published: August 2005

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Strained Heterocycles in Radical Chemistry
Authors: Gansaeuer Andreas , Lauterbach Thosten , Narayan Sanjay
Published: August 2005

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A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Levoglucosenone and Its Conversion to Novel Chiral Derivatives
Authors: Trahanovsky Walter S. , Ochaoda Jason M. , Wang Chen , Revell Kevin D. , Arvidson Kirk B. , Wang Yu , Zhao Huiyan , Chung Steven , Chang Synthia
Published: August 2005

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Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Heterocyclic Systems (Heterocycles Containing One Heteroatom)
Authors: Dolle Roland E.
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Nitrogen Ligands of C2 Symmetry of the Bis‐piperidyl Type
Authors: Roblin J.‐P. , Stachowicz A. , Troin Y.
Published: August 2005

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New Approach to the Synthesis of Chiral 3‐Substituted Isoindolinones
Authors: Couture A. , Deniau E. , Enders D. , Grandclaudon P.
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds on Solid Support and under Microwave Fields
Authors: Berthault A. , Finaru A. L. , Berteina‐Raboin S. , Besson T. , Guillaumet G.
Published: August 2005

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The Diversity of Naturally Produced Organohalogens
Authors: Gribble Gordon W.
Published: August 2005

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Understanding the Effects of the Polymer Support on Reaction Rates and Kinetics: Knowledge Toward Efficient Synthetic Design
Authors: Walsh Daniel , Wu Daqian , Chang Young‐Tae
Published: August 2005

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Elimination Chemistry in the Solution‐ and Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Fokas Demosthenes , Baldino Carmen
Published: August 2005

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Instrumentation for Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Bauser Marcus , Stakemeier Hubertus
Published: August 2005

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New Advances in Selected Transition Metal Catalyzed Annulations
Authors: Rubin Michael , Sromek Anna W. , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: August 2005

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Chirality of Catalysts for Stereospecific Polymerizations
Authors: Guerra Gaetano , Cavallo Luigi , Corradini Paolo
Published: August 2005

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The Stereoselective Synthesis of Neolignans
Authors: Sefkow Michael
Published: August 2005

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Catalytic and Biological Activity of Organic Complexes of Noble Metals
Authors: Evstigneeva R. P. , Pchelkin V. P.
Published: August 2005

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A Novel Method for Oligonucleotide Synthesis on the Basis of Chemoselective Phosphonylation
Authors: Wada Takeshi , Sekine Mitsuo
Published: August 2005

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Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation at the Sugar Portion of Nucleosides: Synthetic Potential of Unsaturated‐Sugar Nucleosides
Authors: Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Itoh Yoshiharu , Tanaka Hiromichi
Published: August 2005

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Chiral Tethered Reaction and Entropy‐Driven Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Sugimura Takashi
Published: August 2005

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The First Chemical Achievements and Publications by Justus von Liebig (1803—1873) on Metal Fulminates and Some Further Developments in Metal Fulminates and Related Areas of Chemistry
Authors: Beck Wolfgang
Published: August 2005

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Naturally Occurring Aristolactams, Aristolochic Acids and Dioxoaporphines and Their Biological Activities
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Poonam Poonam , Prasad Ashok K. , Parmar Virinder S.
Published: August 2005

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The Discovery of Ezetimibe: A View from Outside the Receptor
Authors: Clader John W.
Published: August 2005

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Classes of Materials: Clathrates and Inclusion Compounds
Authors: Gies Hermann
Published: August 2005

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The Cyclization of Peptides and Depsipeptides
Authors: Davies John S.
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis and Aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridines under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Vanden Eynde Jean Jacques , Mayence Annie
Published: August 2005

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Catalytic Olefin Epoxidation and Dihydroxylation with Hydrogen Peroxide in Common Ionic Liquids: Comparative Kinetics and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Abu‐Omar Mahdi M. , Owens Gregory S. , Durazo Armando
Published: August 2005

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Functional Hybrid Devices of Proteins and Inorganic Nanoparticles
Authors: Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: August 2005

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Future Prospects: Possibilities of Molecular Soft Materials
Authors: Nakamura Akira , Ueyama Norikazu , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: August 2005

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Phase I trial of irinotecan plus temozolomide in adults with recurrent malignant glioma
Authors: Reardon David A. , Quinn Jennifer A. , Rich Jeremy N. , Desjardins Annick , Vredenburgh James , Gururangan Sridharan , Sathornsumetee Sith , Badruddoja Michael , McLendon Roger , Provenzale James , Herndon James E. , Dowell Jeannette M. , Burkart Jill L. , Newton Herbert B. , Friedman Allan H. , Friedman Henry S.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The authors determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) of irinotecan (CPT‐11), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, when administered with temozolomide among patients with recurrent malignant glioma (MG).

METHODS

Patients with MG at any recurrence received temozolomide (TMZ) at a dose of 200 mg/m2/day on Days 1–5 plus CPT‐11 administered as a 90‐minute intravenous infusion during Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5 of each 6‐week cycle. Patients were stratified based on concurrent administration of CYP3A4‐inducing anticonvulsants (enzyme‐inducing antiepileptic drugs [EIAEDs]). The CPT‐11 dose was escalated in successive cohorts of patients independently for each stratum.

RESULTS

CPT‐11, at doses ranging from 40 mg/m2 to 375 mg/m2, was administered with TMZ to 107 patients. Ninety‐one patients (85%) had recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 16 (15%) had recurrent anaplastic glioma. Sixty‐eight patients (64%) were given EIAEDs. The MTD of CPT‐11 for patients concurrently receiving and not receiving EIAEDs was 325 mg/m2 and 125 mg/m2, respectively. The DLTs were hematologic, gastrointestinal, and hepatic. Fifteen patients (14%) achieved either a radiographic complete (n = 5) or partial (n = 10) response across a wide range of CPT‐11 dose levels. Patients with recurrent GBM who achieved radiographic response had a median time to disease progression of 54.9 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study built on preclinical observations designed to increase the clinical activity of topoisomerase I inhibitors. CPT‐11, administered at full dose levels, was well tolerated in combination with TMZ. Furthermore, durable responses were observed in this recurrent population. Ongoing Phase II studies will evaluate the efficacy of this regimen and its application to other malignancies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Iterative solution of mixed problems and the stress recovery procedures
Authors: Zienkiewicz O. C. , Xi–Kui Li , Nakazawa S.
Published: August 2005

This note introduces certain stress smoothing procedures and the so called ‘Loubignac‐Cantin’ iteration for restoration of momentum balance in the smoothed stress fields. It is shown that this iteration corresponds precisely to the solution of mixed formulations in which the stresses (or strains) and the displacements are used as primary variables. The procedure has a very wide field of application and promises to add considerable accuracy to f.e.m. results by a small additional expenditure.
Use of modified bisection algorithm for the vibrating beam problem
Authors: Evans D. J.
Published: August 2005

In this paper, the implementation of the incomplete Sturm sequence evaluation of Evans et al. 2 is considered for the determination of the eigenvalues of a symmetric quindiagonal matrix A which occurs in vibrating beam problems. The method based on triangularization by elementary stabilized matrices involving the application of the bisection method for quindiagonal matrices is fully described in Sentance and Cliff, 3 and therefore only the changes to the proposed method in order to obtain high efficiency when dealing with several of the lowest or highest eigenvalues of quindiagonal matrices are discussed. The paper concludes with the FORTRAN program and the supporting numerical evidence.
Analysis of cylindrical shells under patch loading
Authors: Lin J. S. , Hourani M. , Gould P. L. , Harmon T. G. , Han K. J.
Published: August 2005

The object of this study is to predict the peak values of the stress resultants and couples in a relatively thick cylindrical shell under a concentrated local loading in order to guide the design of a large‐scale reinforced concrete test specimen. Four finite element programs, SHORE‐III, two versions of RONALD, and ANSYS, were employed here. The SHORE‐III and RONALD analyses considered a complete cantilevered cylinder, while the ANSYS model treated a cylindrical panel free along the curved edge and constrained in various ways along the longitudinal edge. Comprehensive comparative results are provided for the linear elastic loading case, which indicate the magnitude and attenuation of concentrated loading effects on cylindrical shells and panels.
Improved approximate methods for analysising steady heat conduction
Authors: Bert C. W.
Published: August 2005

An improved version of the Rayleigh techinique used by Rayleigh and Schmidt for solid mechanics problems is extended to one‐ and two‐dimensional problems of steady heat conduction. Here the technique is applied to the heat‐balance integral (HBI) method, the variational method and the square‐error method. To determine the most appropriate value of the non‐integer exponent, either one of two different criteria is used: the variational or the square‐error integral. Thus, four new methods are considered. A comparison with a closed‐form solution is made for a one‐dimensional fin. It is demonstrated that the error for a one‐term trial function is much less for an improved HBI method with the variational integral criterion. Thus, additional terms should not be needed in most instances. Excellent results are also achieved by using one of the new methods in a two‐dimensional problem with internal heat generation.
A fourth‐order extrapolation method for special nonlinear fourth‐order boundary value problems
Authors: Twizell E. H.
Published: August 2005

A fourth‐order convergent finite difference method is developed for the numerical solution of the nonlinear fourth‐order boundary value problem y(iv)(x) = f(x,y), a < x < b, y(a) = Ao,y″(a) = Bo, y(b) = A1, y″(b) = B1. The method is based on a second‐order converget method which is used on two grids, fourth‐order convergence being obtained by considering a linear combination of the individual results relating to the two grids. Special formulae are developed for application to grid points adjacent to the boundaries x = a and x = b, the principal parts of the local truncation errors of these formulae being the same as that of the second‐order method used at other points of each grid. Modifications of these special formulae are noted for problems with boundary conditions of the form y(a) = Ao, y′(a) = Co, y(b) = C1. The general boundary value problem, for which the differential equation is y(iv)(x) = f(x,y,y′,y″,y″′), is also considered.
One‐, two‐ and three‐grid extrapolation methods for a class of singular two‐point boundary value problems
Authors: Twizell E. H.
Published: August 2005

A two‐step finite difference method, which is 0(h) convergent, h being the step size of a uniform mesh, is developed for the solution of the singular two‐point boundary value problem (xαy′)′ = f(x,y), y(0) = A, y(1) = B, where α is a parameter with 0 < α < 1. The method is derived from a three‐point recurrence relation and is seen to reduce to the classical second‐order method when α = 0. Employing a second grid of step size 1/2h and combining results for both grids is seen to give 0(h3) convergence; introducing a third grid of step size 1/3h and combining results for all three grids in seen to give a method with 0(h5) convergence. The three methods are tested on two numerical examples from the literature.
Buckling analysis on a microcomputer of reinforced concrete beams subjected to axial loads and biaxial bending
Authors: Majorana C. E. , Vitaliani R.
Published: August 2005

A general method for the investigation of buckling of reinforced concrete beams subjected to axial loads and bending moments is presented. The beams are subdivided into finite segments or line elements. The geometrical and mechanical properties of the cross‐sections are described by means of the finite element method. The constitutive relationships of the materials employed may be of any type, as well as the location of the steel reinforcements. A computer program has been written and implemented on a microcomputer for practical use. Several examples show the capability of the presented approach.
Nonlinear beam element for r/c structures
Authors: Pöttler R. , Swoboda G. A.
Published: August 2005

A simple 2‐node beam element with 6 degrees‐of‐freedom has been developed for solving static problems of r/c beams efficiently and fast.1 This integrated beam element considers, in the element stiffness matrix, the nonlinearity of the concrete and reinforcement. Cracks are ‘smeared out’ in a continous fashion along the element length, so that cracking does not cause geometrical changes of the system. Tension stiffening is implemented by modifying the stress–strain curve either of concrete or of steel.
Theory and numerical methods for the modelling of synthetic ropes
Authors: Leech C. M.
Published: August 2005

The theory of synthetic rope modelling is outlined together with the numerical techniques and computational implementation. This theory is applicable to most linear twisted, braided and plaited structures and is readily applicable to compound linear structures such as hoses and multi‐function umbilical connections.
Solution of some nonlinear one‐dimensional consolidation problems
Authors: Thomas H. R.
Published: August 2005

The analysis of nonlinear one‐dimensional consolidation of clay is considered. An algorithm is presented which allows nonlinear clay parameters to be accommodated in the prediction of both the magnitude and the rate of consolidation. The method is based on the finite element solution of Biot's coupled consolidation problem, together with a finite difference timestepping algorithm. The whole approach is successfully implemented on a low‐cost microcomputer, namely the Acorn Computers Model B, B.B.C. The results achieved are validated by comparison with a more restrictive formulation. An investigation of the assumptions embodied in the simpler formulation reveal that when a constant coefficient of consolidation is employed, while still allowing nonlinear variations of the clay's parameters, the predicted rate of settlement is always the same. It is independent of the nonlinear nature of the problem. The removal of this assumption, however, in the more general formulation presented here, yields a rate of settlement which depends on the nonlinear nature of the clay parameters.
Lifting symmetric supercritical airfoils for wing design of combat aircraft
Authors: Nandanan M. , Ramaswamy M. A.
Published: August 2005

This paper deals with the use of lifting symmetric supercritical airfoils in the wing design of a combat aircraft. For transonic combat aircraft requiring supersonic acceleration, the usual supercritical airfoil which invariably has camber is not suitable because of the supersonic wave drag penalty arising from the camber. Therefore, lifting symmetric supercritical airfoils which overcome this disadvantage were developed by the authors, and their beneficial effects in the two‐dimensional case were demonstrated earlier. The objective of this paper is to illustrate that, even when an unsophisticated approach is used for adopting such a lifting symmetric supercritical airfoil to the wing of a particular combat aircraft configuration, the theoretical analysis indicates some benefits. It is therefore felt that the use of lifting symmetric supercritical airfoils in the design of wings of combat aircraft using more sophisticated design techniques may be worth considering.