bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival rates indicate that correlations between community‐weighted mean traits and environments can be unreliable estimates of the adaptive value of traits
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. , Strahan Robert T. , Adler Peter B. , Moore Margaret M.
Published: January 2018

Correlations between community‐weighted mean (CWM) traits and environmental gradients are often assumed to quantify the adaptive value of traits. We tested this assumption by comparing these correlations with models of survival probability using 46 perennial species from long‐term permanent plots in pine forests of Arizona. Survival was modelled as a function of trait × environment interactions, plant size, climatic variation and neighbourhood competition. The effect of traits on survival depended on the environmental conditions, but the two statistical approaches were inconsistent. For example, CWM‐specific leaf area (SLA) and soil fertility were uncorrelated. However, survival was highest for species with low SLA in infertile soil, a result which agreed with expectations derived from the physiological trade‐off underpinning leaf economic theory. CWM trait–environment relationships were unreliable estimates of how traits affected survival, and should only be used in predictive models when there is empirical support for an evolutionary trade‐off that affects vital rates.
Potent and selective pharmacodynamic synergy between the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2–positive allosteric modulator JNJ‐46356479 and levetiracetam in the mouse 6‐Hz (44‐mA) model
Authors: Metcalf Cameron S. , Klein Brian D. , Smith Misty D. , Ceusters Marc , Lavreysen Hilde , Pype Stefan , Van Osselaer Nancy , Twyman Roy , White H. Steve
Published: January 2018

Objective

We previously demonstrated that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate subtype 2 (mGlu2) receptors have potential synergistic interactions with the antiseizure drug levetiracetam (LEV). The present study utilizes isobolographic analysis to evaluate the combined administration of JNJ‐46356479, a selective and potent mGlu2 PAM, with LEV as well as sodium valproate (VPA) and lamotrigine (LTG).

Methods

The anticonvulsant efficacy of JNJ‐46356479 was evaluated in the 6‐Hz model of psychomotor seizures in mice. JNJ‐46356479 was administered in combination with LEV using 3 fixed dose‐ratio treatment groups in the mouse 6‐Hz (44‐mA) seizure test. The combination of JNJ‐46356479 with LEV was also evaluated in the mouse corneal kindling model. The potential interactions of JNJ‐46356479 with the antiseizure drugs VPA and LTG were also evaluated using fixed dose‐ratio combinations. Plasma levels were obtained for analysis of potential pharmacokinetic interactions for each combination studied in the mouse 6‐Hz model.

Results

JNJ‐46356479 was active in the 6‐Hz model at both 32‐mA and 44‐mA stimulus intensities (median effective dose = 2.8 and 10.2 mg/kg, respectively). Using 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1 fixed dose‐ratio combinations (LEV:JNJ‐46356479), coadministration was significantly more potent than predicted for additive effects, and plasma levels suggest this synergism was not due to pharmacokinetic interactions. Studies in kindled mice further demonstrate the positive pharmacodynamic interaction of LEV with JNJ‐46356479. Using 1:1 dose‐ratio combinations of JNJ‐46356479 with either VPA or LTG, there were no significant differences observed for coadministration.

Significance

These studies demonstrate a synergistic interaction of JNJ‐46356479 with LEV, whereas no such effect occurred for JNJ‐46356479 with either VPA or LTG. The synergy seems therefore to be specific to LEV, and the combination LEV/mGlu2 PAM has the potential to result in a rational polypharmacy approach to treat patients with refractory epilepsy, once it has been confirmed in clinical studies.
Real‐world experience with use of Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), PEGylated for prophylaxis in severe haemophilia A
Authors: Dunn A. L. , Ahuja S. P. , Mullins E. S.
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Prophylaxis with extended half‐life factor VIII (FVIII) is approved for haemophilia A, but data regarding routine clinical use are limited.

Aim

To assess real‐world experience of ADYNOVATE® (Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), PEGylated prophylaxis in children and adults with haemophilia A.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted in three US haemophilia treatment centres. Records of all patients who began Adynovate prophylaxis in routine clinical practice were identified. Demographic, clinical and patient‐reported information beginning 6 months before initiation of Adynovate until the record review was analysed.

Results

Fifteen patients (aged 9 months to 28 years), with median 9 months’ use of Adynovate (range 1‐15 months), were identified. All had switched from another prophylactic regimen, 13 (87%) from standard half‐life recombinant FVIII. Nine (60%) patients had ≥1 bleed within 6 months preswitch. The most frequent reason for switching was to reduce infusion frequency (14 patients). After switching, infusion frequency reduced for 13 patients, and overall weekly factor consumption decreased by 19%. Eight (53%) patients had no bleeds postswitch, three (20%) had spontaneous joint bleeds (vs four pre‐switch), and three (20%) had only mild traumatic bleeds. Patient/parental satisfaction with Adynovate was documented as positive in 13 of 15 (87%) cases; 2 patients were not satisfied and discontinued Adynovate. No adverse events were considered related to Adynovate.

Conclusion

In patients who switched from a standard half‐life FVIII to Adynovate prophylaxis in routine clinical practice, bleeding control was generally improved or maintained, with a lower infusion frequency and factor consumption in most patients.
Left ventricular assist device patient maintained on home hemodialysis: A novel class of patients to the home dialysis population
Authors: Hanna Ramy M. , Cruz Daniel , Selamet Umut , Hasnain Huma , Kwon Murray , Baas Arnold , Wilson James
Published: January 2018

Severe heart failure is increasingly being managed by cardiac transplantation, and in some cases mechanical support devices serve as destination therapies. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) were approved for destination therapy for end stage heart failure patients before the more advanced total artificial heart modality became available. One common complication of mechanical assist device placement is acute kidney injury. Historically, patients with mechanical support devices have had to have inpatient hemodialysis until combined heart kidney transplant. Though, some units have started accepting LVAD patients in outpatient dialysis clinics. The cost of in center hemodialysis remains high and home dialysis modalities are becoming increasingly popular. We report the first patient with an LVAD to undergo training and successful home hemodialysis while awaiting combined heart kidney transplantation.
Differentiating Contract Killers: A Narrative‐Based Approach
Authors: YANEVA MIROSLAVA , IOANNOU MARIA , HAMMOND LAURA , SYNNOTT JOHN
Published: January 2018

Previous attempts to determine contract killers’ behaviour have not benefited from any formal psychological framework of behavioural distinction. The Narrative Action System model (NAS model; Canter and Youngs 2009) offers an empirical basis for differentiating contract killings and examining the psychological underpinnings of different contract killer styles. The model identifies four major narrative offender types: Professional, Revenger, Hero, and Victim. The present study aims to examine whether these themes can be applied to contract killing. Content analysis of 75 contract killer cases identified 56 crime scene actions. Data were subjected to a non‐metric multidimensional scaling procedure, namely Smallest Space Analysis (SSA‐I). Findings revealed four distinct types of contract killers that could be related to the four modes of offending proposed by the NAS model. Differences in the thematic structure of contract killing offences are discussed, and implications are offered for clinical and investigative purposes.
Feminism, Capitalism, and Ecology
Authors: Oksala Johanna
Published: January 2018

This article critically assesses the different ways of theoretically connecting feminism, capitalism, and ecology. I take the existing tradition of socialist ecofeminism as my starting point and outline two different ways that the connections among capitalism, the subordination of women, and the destruction of the environment have been made in this literature: materialist ecofeminism and Marxist ecofeminism. I will demonstrate the political and theoretical advantages of these positions in comparison to some of the earlier forms of theorizing the relationship between women and nature, but I will also submit them to philosophical critique. I will show how the Marxist ecofeminist position needs to be both updated and revised in order to account for the different, sometimes contradictory mechanisms for the capitalization of nature that have become prominent today. I will underscore two developments in particular: the dominance of neoliberalism and the development of biotechnology. I will conclude by summing up the theoretical grounds on which a contemporary political alliance between feminist and ecological struggles against capitalism can be built.
Free Lunch with the Stench Wench: Toward a Synaesthetics of Poverty and Shame in Catherine Hoffmann's Performance
Authors: Kokoli Alexandra
Published: January 2018

Catherine Hoffmann'sFree Lunch with the Stench Wenchis a performance of abjection and self‐abjection through poverty with an apotropaic aspiration: to shed the shame through sharing, and to create opportunities for a common social subjectivity that refuses to be silent about the struggle of its own creation and maintenance. Despite its title,Free Lunchdoes not come with a free lunch for the audience but creates an olfactory situation, through the onstage cooking of hot chocolate and the presence of a dead rat, which complements Hoffmann's narration and stage presence into a synaesthetic portrait of poverty and its psychosocial fallout. Drawing on the psychological foundations of shame studies, sociological approaches and social‐theoretical responses to austerity and social division, I propose to examine the gendered embodiment of shame and its exorcism in Hoffmann's performance, focusing on its physical codification in and beyond the visual. I explore the potential of shame to be re‐weaponized against those who originally inflict it, and consider the shame that haunts every creative act, especially those with high political stakes: the failure to make a connection, the fear of being misunderstood.
Galectin‐3 is an amplifier of the interleukin‐1β‐mediated inflammatory response in corneal keratinocytes
Authors: Uchino Yuichi , Woodward Ashley M. , Mauris Jérôme , Peterson Kristoffer , Verma Priya , Nilsson Ulf J. , Rajaiya Jaya , Argüeso Pablo
Published: January 2018

Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is a potent mediator of innate immunity commonly up‐regulated in a broad spectrum of inflammatory diseases. When bound to its cell surface receptor, IL‐1β initiates a signalling cascade that cooperatively induces the expression of canonical IL‐1 target genes such as IL‐8 and IL‐6. Here, we present galectin‐3 as a novel regulator of IL‐1β responses in corneal keratinocytes. Using the SNAP‐tag system and digitonin semi‐permeabilization, we show that recombinant exogenous galectin‐3 binds to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes and is internalized into cytoplasmic compartments. We find that exogenous galectin‐3, but not a dominant negative inhibitor of galectin‐3 polymerization lacking the N‐terminal domain, exacerbates the response to IL‐1β by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The activity of galectin‐3 could be reduced by a novel d‐galactopyranoside derivative targeting the conserved galactoside‐binding site of galectins and did not involve interaction with IL‐1 receptor 1 or the induction of endogenous IL‐1β. Consistent with these observations, we demonstrate that small interfering RNA‐mediated suppression of endogenous galectin‐3 expression is sufficient to impair the IL‐1β‐induced secretion of IL‐8 and IL‐6 in a p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐independent manner. Collectively, our findings provide a novel role for galectin‐3 as an amplifier of IL‐1β responses during epithelial inflammation through an as yet unidentified mechanism.
Recovery orientation in mental health inpatient settings: Inpatient experiences?
Authors: Waldemar Anna Kristine , Esbensen Bente Appel , Korsbek Lisa , Petersen Lone , Arnfred Sidse
Published: January 2018

Offering mental health treatment in line with a recovery‐oriented practice has become an objective in the mental health services in many countries. However, applying recovery‐oriented practice in inpatient settings seems challenged by unclear and diverging definitions of the concept in and the organization of these settings. In Denmark, educational and organizational efforts have been made to organize inpatient services with a recovery‐oriented approach. Hence, we aimed to explore whether and how these efforts are reflected in the inpatients’ experiences of their care and treatment. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 inpatients from two mental health inpatient wards using an interview guide based on factors from the Recovery Self‐Assessment. Qualitative content analysis was applied in the analysis. Six themes covering the participants’ experiences were identified. The participants felt accepted and protected in the ward and found comfort in being around other people but missed talking and engaging with health professionals. They described limited choice and influence on the course of their treatment, and low information levels regarding their treatment, which they considered to consist predominantly of medication. Furthermore, they described feeling continuously observed and assessed from a distance by health professionals. Like the sparse previous research among inpatients, the results highlight ambivalent experiences of health professionals’ support and ward structure as well as the medical treatment hegemony. As such, the educational and organizational efforts of introducing recovery‐oriented practices in the wards seemed not very well reflected in the participants’ experiences of their stay.
The Alleged Opposition Deficit in European Union Politics: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Karlsson Christer , Persson Thomas
Published: January 2018

According to the ‘opposition deficit thesis’ European Union politics is characterized by a conspicuous absence of opposition to the policies promoted by the EU. However, once we start looking for systematic evidence supporting the claim of an opposition deficit in EU politics, we come up surprisingly empty handed. This article seeks to rectify the lacuna in previous research by examining how much and what type of opposition actually exist in EU politics. The study formulates four hypotheses on the state of political opposition in EU politics, and breaks new ground by testing their validity by use of unique data collected from the Swedish European Affairs Committee for the period 1995–2016. The results show there is in fact considerably more opposition present in EU politics than has previously been assumed. The opposition deficit thesis thus seems to be more myth than reality.
Adapting the vertical position of implants with a conical connection in relation to soft tissue thickness prevents early implant surface exposure: A 2‐year prospective intra‐subject comparison
Authors: Vervaeke Stijn , Matthys Carine , Nassar Rima , Christiaens Veronique , Cosyn Jan , De Bruyn Hugo
Published: January 2018

Aim

To evaluate the effect of soft tissue thickness on bone remodelling and to investigate whether implant surface exposure can be avoided by adapting the vertical implant position in relation to the soft tissue thickness.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐five patients received two non‐splinted implants supporting an overdenture in the mandible. Soft tissue thickness was measured using bone sounding and ultrasonically. One implant was installed equicrestally (control), and the vertical position of the second implant was adapted to the site‐specific soft tissue thickness (test). Crestal bone levels were determined on digital peri‐apical radiographs and compared with baseline (implant placement).

Results

Twenty‐five patients were consecutively treated. No implants failed during the follow‐up. A significant correlation was observed between soft tissue thickness and bone level alterations after 6 months (ultrasound ICC = 0.610; bone sounding ICC = 0.641) with inferior bone levels for equicrestal implants when thin tissues are present. Subcrestal implants showed significantly better bone levels after 6‐month (n = 24, 0.04 mm versus 0.72 mm; p < .001), 1‐year (n = 24, 0.03 mm versus 0.77 mm; p < .001) and 2‐year follow‐up (n = 24, 0.04 mm versus 0.73 mm; p < .001).

Conclusion

Initial bone remodelling was affected by soft tissue thickness. Anticipating biologic width re‐establishment by adapting the vertical position of the implant seemed highly successful to avoid implant surface exposure.
Effects of nanostructured essential oils against subterranean termites (Coptotermes gestroi)
Authors: Clerici D. J. , de Souza M. E. , Quatrin P. M. , Vianna Santos R. C. , Costa‐Leonardo A. M. , Ourique A. F. , Raffin R. P. , Marques C. T. , de Camargo Dietrich C. R. R. , de Silva Gündel S. , Klein B. , Wagner R.
Published: January 2018

Currently, the control of termites is mainly carried out with the use of chemical pesticides, which although effective, pose risks to the environment and to human beings. An alternative to using such chemical pesticides is natural products such as essential oils in insecticidal action. Despite the fact of being effective, essential oils are unstable, poorly soluble in water, and degrade from the action of light, oxygen even at moderate temperatures. Thus, the nanostructuring of essential oils could circumvent such problems and ensure its effectiveness. The following study aimed to assess for the first time the effects of nanostructured systems of essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Eucalyptus globulus and Melaleuca alternifolia in subterranean termites (Coptotermes gestroi). The results showed that the solid lipid nanoparticles of M. alternifolia have both repellent and insecticide action. The following study showed that nanostructuring of essential oils with insecticidal action is a promising tool in the fight against termites.
Silencing GRAS2 reduces fruit weight in tomato
Authors: Li Miao , Wang Xin , Li Changxing , Li Hanxia , Zhang Junhong , Ye Zhibiao
Published: January 2018

GRAS family transcription factors are involved in multiple biological processes in plants. Here, we report that GRAS2 plays a vital role in regulating fruit weight in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We establish that the expression of GRAS2 was elevated in ovaries and maintained at a constant level in fertilized ovules. Reduction of GRAS2 expression in transgenic plants reduced fruit weight through modulating ovary growth and cell size. At the metabolic level, downregulation of GRAS2 decreased activities of the gibberellic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways, leading to insufficient levels of active gibberellic acid during the initial ovary development of tomato. Moreover, genotypic diversity of GRAS2 was consistent with the molecular basis of fruit weight evolution, suggesting that GRAS2 contributes to the molecular basis of the evolution of fruit weight in tomato. Collectively, these findings enhance our understanding of GRAS2 functions, in fruit development of tomato, and demonstrate a strong association between the GRAS gene family and fruit development.
“Thank You for Including Us!” – Introducing a Community‐Based Collaborative Approach to Translating Clinic Materials
Authors: Bermúdez J. Maria , Muruthi Bertranna , Zak‐Hunter Lisa M. , Stinson Morgan A. , Seponski Desiree M. , Boe Joshua L. , Taniguchi Narumi
Published: January 2018

When working with clients in another language, having culturally relevant and properly translated clinic materials is vital to effective clinical practice. Not having them presents a barrier for bilingual therapists and their clients. This paper reviews common translation methods and introduces a multi‐level, community‐based approach for translating clinic materials for non‐English speaking clients. Informed by decolonizing practices, this five‐tier method includes members from the target community as cultural brokers to verify the accuracy and nuances of language for their cultural group, as well as a constant comparative method to ensure methodological rigor in the process of inclusion. We present community member's feedback and recommendations, as well as discuss advantages and challenges of using this collaborative culturally responsive translation method.
Considerations for Implementing Group‐Level Prenatal Health Interventions in Low‐Resource Communities: Lessons Learned From Haiti
Authors: Abrams Jasmine A. , Forte Janett , Bettler Clarie , Maxwell Morgan
Published: January 2018

Haiti's high maternal and infant mortality rates evidence an urgent need for implementation of evidence‐based strategies. A potential cost‐effective strategy to mitigate high maternal and infant mortality rates is group prenatal care, an innovative model that combines antenatal clinical assessment with pregnancy education. Despite research demonstrating the effectiveness of this model in high‐resource settings, less is known about the challenges of implementing it in low‐resource settings. The purpose of this article is to provide recommendations for overcoming challenges of implementing group prenatal care in low‐resources communities globally. Challenges addressed include language, literacy, space, cultural appropriateness of intervention content, and sociopolitical climate. Using examples from work conducted in Haiti, this information can be used to assist practitioners and researchers with overcoming challenges of implementing models of group care in international low‐resource communities.
Neuromuscular disease‐specific questionnaire to assess quality of life in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Kacar Aleksandra , Bjelica Bogdan , Bozovic Ivo , Peric Stojan , Nikolic Ana , Cobeljic Mina , Petrovic Milutin , Stojanov Aleksandar , Djordjevic Gordana , Vukojevic Zoran , Dominovic‐Kovacevic Aleksandra , Stojanovic Miroslav , Stevic Zorica , Rakocevic‐Stojanovic Vidosava , Lavrnic Dragana , Basta Ivana
Published: January 2018

To date, generic questionnaires have been used to investigate quality of life (QoL) in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) patients. Although these measures are very useful, they are not usually precise enough to measure all specific characteristics of the disease. Our aim was to investigate QoL using the neuromuscular disease‐specific questionnaire (individualized neuromuscular quality of life, INQoL) in a large cohort of patients with CIDP. Our study comprised 106 patients diagnosed with CIDP. INQoL questionnaire, Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score, Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score, Visual Analogue Pain Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Krupp's Fatigue Severity Scale were used in our study. Physical domains of INQoL were more affected than mental, and the overall score was 57 ± 25. Significant predictors of higher INQoL score in our patients with CIDP were severe fatigue (β = 0.35, p < 0.01), higher INCAT disability score at time of testing (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and being unemployed/retired (β = 0.22, p < 0.05). QoL was reduced in our cohort of CIDP patients, which was more pronounced in physical segments. Patients with fatigue, more severe disability, and unemployed/retired need special attention of neurologists because they could be at greater risk to have worse QoL.
Clinical study to evaluate the performance of a noninvasive focused ultrasound device for thigh fat and circumference reduction compared to control
Authors: Wilkerson Eric C. , Bloom Bradley S. , Goldberg David J.
Published: January 2018

Background and objectives

An FDA‐cleared focused ultrasound device (UltraShape, Syneron Candela®, Yokneam, Israel) for noninvasive abdominal fat reduction produces localized mechanical cellular membrane disruption in adipocytes. This study seeks to determine the safety and efficacy of this device for use on the thighs.

Study designs/Materials and methods

Fourteen women aged 33‐60 were selected to receive 3 biweekly treatments to one thigh with the other thigh serving as an internal control. The subjects had a BMI range of 18‐30 kg/m2 and a weight range of 54‐83 kg. After the third treatment, patients were followed at 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Fat thickness was measured by both caliper and ultrasound. In addition, thigh circumference and the patient's weight were measured. Pain, edema, erythema, and adverse events as well as investigator and patient overall satisfaction were recorded at all visits.

Results

In comparison with the control, there was a statistically significant average reduction in fat thickness measured by calipers at all time points with a 22.20% (P = .0165) improvement in 16 weeks. By ultrasound, there was a 19.23% (4.03 mm P = .0051) reduction in fat thickness at 16 weeks with statistically significant improvement at the other follow‐up visits. At 16 weeks, thigh circumference improved, on average, 2.8 cm (P = .0059) at the midline. 90.0% of the subjects were satisfied with the results at 16 weeks, and the investigator was 100% satisfied. No adverse events were reported; no edema was observed in any subject. All subjects experienced mild erythema. All reported zero pain on a 0‐10 scale.

Conclusion

Focused ultrasound is safe, effective, and well tolerated to improve the circumference and fat thickness of the thighs without significant side effects. There were no significant adverse events. Investigators and subjects were highly satisfied with the results.
SKILLS MISMATCH: CONCEPTS, MEASUREMENT AND POLICY APPROACHES
Authors: McGuinness Seamus , Pouliakas Konstantinos , Redmond Paul
Published: January 2018

The term skills mismatch is very broad and can relate to many forms of labour market friction, including vertical mismatch, skill gaps, skill shortages, field of study (horizontal) mismatch and skill obsolescence. In this paper, we provide a clear overview of each concept and discuss the measurement and inter‐relatedness of different forms of mismatch. We present a comprehensive analysis of the current position of the literature on skills mismatch and highlight areas which are relatively underdeveloped and may warrant further research. Using data from the European Skills and Jobs Survey, we assess the incidence of various combinations of skills mismatch across the EU. Finally, we review the European Commission's country‐specific recommendations and find that skills mismatch, when referring to underutilized human capital in the form of overeducation and skills underutilization, receives little policy attention. In cases where skills mismatch forms part of policy recommendations, the policy advice is either vague or addresses the areas of mismatch for which there is the least available evidence.
Relevant obstetric factors associated with fetal heart rate monitoring for cerebral palsy in pregnant women with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
Authors: Hasegawa Junichi , Ikeda Tomoaki , Toyokawa Satoshi , Jojima Emi , Satoh Shoji , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Tamiya Nanako , Nakai Akihito , Fujimori Keiya , Maeda Tsugio , Masuzaki Hideaki , Takeda Satoru , Suzuki Hideaki , Ueda Shigeru , Ikenoue Tsuyomu ,   on behalf of the Prevention Recurrence Committee, Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy
Published: January 2018

Aim

The study identifies the relevant obstetric factors associated with fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring for cerebral palsy (CP) in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP).

Methods

The subjects were neonates with CP (birth weight ≥ 2000 g, gestational age ≥ 33 weeks) who were approved for compensation for CP by the Operating Organization of the Japan Obstetric Compensation System between 2009 and 2012. After selection of women with antepartum HDP, obstetric characteristics associated with FHR monitoring were analyzed.

Results

The subjects included 33 neonates with CP whose mothers suffered from HDP during pregnancy and 450 neonates whose mothers did not develop HDP. The rates of placental abruption (48.5% vs. 20%; P < 0.001) and light‐for‐gestational age (12.1% vs. 2.2%; P = 0.011) were significantly higher in women with HDP than in those without HDP. Regarding FHR pattern analysis, fetal bradycardia was observed on admission to hospital in 94% of women with placental abruption. In women without placental abruption, FHR was likely to indicate a favorable pattern on admission, but became worse with the progression of labor.

Conclusion

This is first study to clinically demonstrate FHR patterns in CP cases in association with HDP. Although antepartum CP is undetectable, pregnant women with HDP should be placed under strict observation and management to minimize fetal hypoxic conditions during labor.
Treatment of premenstrual mood changes in a patient with schizophrenia using dienogest: A case report
Authors: Kamada Yasuhiko , Sakamoto Ai , Kotani Sayoko , Masuyama Hisashi
Published: January 2018

Dienogest is a fourth‐generation progestin that is used for the treatment of endometriosis. We report a case of premenstrual mood changes in a patient with schizophrenia who was unresponsive to conventional treatment but successfully managed with dienogest. A 37‐year‐old Japanese woman with schizophrenia was referred to our hospital and diagnosed with premenstrual exacerbation of schizophrenia or coexisting premenstrual dysphoric disorder with schizophrenia. She had already taken maximal doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and combined oral contraceptives produced intolerable side effects. Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist treatment was effective but was not suitable for long‐term use. Dienogest was initiated to treat pelvic endometriosis and produced subsequent improvements in mental status. The patient was able to return to work and did not indicate any adverse effects. This case suggests that dienogest may be useful for managing premenstrual mood changes in patients with schizophrenia, that it can be safely administered over long periods of time.
Home opioid use following cesarean delivery: How many opioid tablets should obstetricians prescribe?
Authors: Schmidt Payton , Berger Mitchell B. , Day Lori , Swenson Carolyn W.
Published: January 2018

Aim

To quantify home opioid use after cesarean delivery and identify factors associated with increased opioid use.

Methods

A convenience sample of women discharged by postoperative day 2 following a term cesarean delivery of a singleton fetus from May 2015 to May 2016 were contacted 2 weeks post‐partum and questioned regarding opioid use, pain control and pain expectations.

Results

Among 141 women included in the analysis, the median number of opioid tablets used was 36 (interquartile range 16–45) and the median number prescribed was 60 (interquartile range 42–65). Logistic regression identified operative time ≥59.5 min and number of opioid tablets prescribed as two factors independently associated with opioid use in the top quartile.

Conclusion

In the first 2 weeks post‐partum, 75% of women used 45 or fewer opioid tablets. Operative time over 1 h and increased number of opioid tablets prescribed are factors associated with higher post‐partum opioid use.
Informal caregivers’ experiences of caring for people receiving dialysis: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Hoang Van Lan , Green Theresa , Bonner Ann
Published: January 2018

Background

Living with end stage kidney disease and having dialysis is burdensome, and there is a need for support from informal caregivers (i.e. family members and friends). Renal health professionals readily acknowledge and value the support provided by caregivers although the activities and experiences of caring for a loved‐one who is receiving dialysis is less well understood.

Objectives

To review studies about the perspectives and experiences of family members and friends who provide support for adults receiving either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Methods

A mixed‐methods systematic review was conducted. Eight databases (Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Proquest, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and JBI library) were comprehensively searched using relevant key words for studies regardless of design published in English from January 2006 to July 2017.

Results

Twenty studies were included in this review. Informal caregivers undertake many everyday activities as well as a range of dialysis‐specific activities, report an elevated level of burden, feel overwhelmed, experience social isolation, and also need to consider their own health. A unique finding was that caregivers also experienced personal growth that may defuse the impact of caregiving burden and to help them develop a sense of resilience to sustain the support through the tough times and for many years.

Conclusion

This review substantiates that caregiver burden is due to the unrelenting nature of complex dialysis‐specific activities although resilience often develops. Additional research is necessary to understand social support in this context and how health teams can assist caregivers further.
Indigenous Peoples' food systems, nutrition, and gender: Conceptual and methodological considerations
Authors: Lemke Stefanie , Delormier Treena
Published: January 2018

Indigenous Peoples, especially women and children, are affected disproportionately by malnutrition and diet‐related health problems. Addressing this requires an investigation of the structural conditions that underlie unequal access to resources and loss of traditional lifestyles and necessitates inclusive approaches that shed light onto these issues and provide strategies to leverage change. Indigenous Peoples' food systems are inextricably connected to land, which in turn is interwoven with issues of self‐determination, livelihoods, health, cultural and spiritual heritage, and gender. Ongoing loss of land and the dominant agri‐food model further threaten Indigenous Peoples' food systems. Continuing gender‐based discrimination undermines the self‐determination and rights of women and negatively impacts their health, nutritional status, and overall well‐being, as well as the well‐being of households and communities. We suggest that feminist political ecology and modern matriarchal studies provide holistic interlinking frameworks for investigating underlying issues of power and inequality. We further argue that a focus on the principles of respect, responsibility, and relationships, and an openness to different worldviews, can facilitate a bridging of Indigenous and Western approaches in research and community action conducted in partnership with Indigenous Peoples. This can contribute to creating new ways of knowing regarding Indigenous Peoples' food systems, equally valuing both knowledge systems. Indigenous Peoples' rights, right to food, and food sovereignty are frames that, despite some tensions, have the common goal of self‐determination. Through their ability to inform, empower, and mobilize, they provide tools for social movements and communities to challenge existing structural inequalities and leverage social change.
Nutritional status, food insecurity, and biodiversity among theKhasi inMeghalaya,North‐EastIndia
Authors: Chyne Daniella Anne L. , Meshram Indrapal Ishwarji , Rajendran Ananthan , Kodali Venkaiah , Getti Neeraja , Roy Phrang , Kuhnlein Harriet V. , Longvah Thingnganing
Published: January 2018

A community‐based cross‐sectional study was carried out with 603 children ages 5 and under and 500 of their mothers from 510 households to examine the prevalence of undernutrition and chronic diseases among the Khasis of North‐East India. Anthropometric measurements including Mid‐Upper Arm Circumference, height, and weight were taken. Dry blood spots to estimate haemoglobin and vitamin A were collected from children and women separately by finger prick. Mothers provided data about household socio‐demographic particulars and infant and young child feeding practices. The prevalence in children of underweight was 31%, stunting was 57%, and wasting was 10%. Undernutrition was higher among boys as compared to girls. Nutrient intakes were below recommended levels. The prevalence of anaemia among children ages 1 to 5 years old was 68%, and vitamin A deficiency was 59%, and they were 83% and 48%, respectively, among women. Hypertension was observed in 15% of women, whereas diabetes was less than 1%. Only about 20% of households were food secure, and this was associated with parental literacy, per capita income, and family size. Undernutrition was unacceptably high among the Khasis despite rich food biodiversity. Proper implementation of nutritional intervention programs such as Integrated Child Development Services, Mid Day Meal, and the Public Distribution System will improve the nutrient intake and nutritional status of the population. Additionally, preservation of forest lands and products paired with judicious use of the rich food biodiversity available will promote dietary diversity and ultimately better nutrition and health.
Food security and women's roles in Moroccan Berber (Amazigh) society today
Authors: Belahsen Rekia , Naciri Kaoutar , El Ibrahimi Abdennacer
Published: January 2018

Traditionally, the Berber diet was part of a semiautarkic economy. The suitability of the diet to the regional ecosystem has guaranteed food security for the Berber tribes of Morocco and other countries of North Africa. As part of a patriarchal model, Berber dietary patterns are historically embedded in a social system where women's and men's roles are complementary at all stages of food production, processing, and conservation. Women have played a dominant role in the conservation of Berber dietary patterns through the preservation of biodiverse seeds and local varieties, the transmission of the Berber language through generations, and the sharing of knowledge on food, medicinal plants, and cultural practices related to diet and food security. Political, social, demographic, economic, and cultural factors have affected the Berber dietary model and the role of women in its preservation. The shift from a semiautarkic traditional model to a model within a market economy has led to food importation, the erosion of culinary components such as wild edible plants and dietary homogenization. Despite these changes and the associated nutrition transition, the Berber diet remains a cultural heritage because of its rich diversity. Berber women play a crucial role in the preservation and sustainability of Berber culinary heritage and food security.
Review: The international consensus classification of Focal Cortical Dysplasia – a critical update 2018
Authors: Najm I. M. , Sarnat H. B. , Blümcke I.
Published: January 2018

The Diagnostic Methods commission of the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) released a first international consensus classification of Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) in 2011. Since that time, this FCD classification has been widely used in clinical diagnosis and research (more than 740 papers cited in Pubmed between 1/1/2012 and 7/1/2017). Herein, we review the new data that will inform and revise the FCD classification. Many recent papers described molecular‐genetic characteristics in FCD type II including multiple mutations in the mTOR pathway. In addition, the electro‐clinico‐imaging phenotype and surgical outcomes of FCD type II (in particular type IIb) were further defined and validated. These results pave the way for the design of an integrated clinico‐pathological and genetic classification system, as recently recommended by the WHO for the classification of malignant brain tumours. On the other hand, little new information was acquired on FCD types I and III. Focal cortical dysplasia type I subtypes are still lacking a comprehensive description of clinical phenotypes, reproducible imaging characteristics, and specific molecular/genetic biomarkers. Associated FCD III subtypes also became rare in published literature. Despite temporal lobe epilepsy being the most common focal epilepsy in adults, we have not identified neurophysiological, imaging, histopathological and/or genetic biomarkers to reliably classify FCD III with or without hippocampal sclerosis. In respect of pathogenesis, FCD adjacent to a non‐developmental, postnatally acquired lesion is difficult to explain and perhaps does not exist. This update may help foster shared efforts towards a better understanding of FCD, potential future updates of classification and novel targeted treatments.
Review: Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy
Authors: Marsan E. , Baulac S.
Published: January 2018

Over the last decade, there has been increasing evidence that hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a hallmark of malformations of cortical development such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) or hemimegalencephaly. The mTOR pathway governs protein and lipid synthesis, cell growth and proliferation as well as metabolism and autophagy. The molecular genetic aetiology of mTOR hyperactivation has only been recently clarified. This article will review the current and still evolving genetic advances in the elucidation of the molecular basis of FCD. Activating somatic mutations in the MTOR gene are to date the most frequent mutations found in FCD brain specimens.
Historical aspects of studies on roles of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases
Authors: Shibata K.
Published: January 2018

The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is produced as inactive proIL‐1β and then processed by caspase‐1 to become active. In 2002, it was demonstrated that the intracellular multiprotein complex known as the inflammasome functions as a molecular platform to trigger activation of caspase‐1. Inflammasomes are known to function as intracellular sensors for a broad spectrum of various pathogen‐associated and damage‐associated molecular patterns. In 1985, it was demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative bacterium causing chronic periodontitis, induces IL‐1 production by murine peritoneal macrophages. Since then, many studies have suggested that IL‐1, particularly IL‐1β plays key roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. However, the term “inflammasome” was not used until the involvement of inflammasomes in periodontal disease was suggested in 2009. Several subsequent studies on the roles of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have been published. Interestingly, two contradictory reports on the modulation of inflammasomes by P. gingivalis have been published. Some papers have described how P. gingivalis activates the inflammasome to produce IL‐1β whereas some stated that P. gingivalis inhibits inflammasome activation to subvert immune responses. Several lines of evidence have suggested that the inflammasome activation is modulated by periodontopathic bacteria other than P. gingivalis. Hence, studies on the roles of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases began only 8 years ago and many pathological roles of inflammasomes remain to be clarified.
Moisture‐driven xylogenesis in Pinus ponderosa from a Mojave Desert mountain reveals high phenological plasticity
Authors: Ziaco Emanuele , Truettner Charles , Biondi Franco , Bullock Sarah
Published: January 2018

Future seasonal dynamics of wood formation in hyperarid environments are still unclear. Although temperature‐driven extension of the growing season and increased forest productivity are expected for boreal and temperate biomes under global warming, a similar trend remains questionable in water‐limited regions. We monitored cambial activity in a montane stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) from the Mojave Desert for 2 consecutive years (2015–2016) showing opposite‐sign anomalies between warm‐ and cold‐season precipitation. After the wet winter/spring of 2016, xylogenesis started 2 months earlier compared to 2015, characterized by abundant monsoonal (July–August) rainfall and hyperarid spring. Tree size did not influence the onset and ending of wood formation, highlighting a predominant climatic control over xylem phenological processes. Moisture conditions in the previous month, in particular soil water content and dew point, were the main drivers of cambial phenology. Latewood formation started roughly at the same time in both years; however, monsoonal precipitation triggered the formation of more false rings and density fluctuations in 2015. Because of uncertainties in future precipitation patterns simulated by global change models for the Southwestern United States, the dependency of P. ponderosa on seasonal moisture implies a greater conservation challenge than for species that respond mostly to temperature conditions.
Na+,K+/H+ antiporters regulate the pH of endoplasmic reticulum and auxin‐mediated development
Authors: Fan Ligang , Zhao Lei , Hu Wei , Li Weina , Novák Ondřej , Strnad Miroslav , Simon Sibu , Friml Jiří , Shen Jinbo , Jiang Liwen , Qiu Quan‐Sheng
Published: January 2018

AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 are endosomal Na+,K+/H+ antiporters that are critical for growth and development in Arabidopsis, but the mechanism behind their action remains unknown. Here, we report that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6, functioning as H+ leak, control auxin homeostasis and auxin‐mediated development. We found that nhx5 nhx6 exhibited growth variations of auxin‐related defects. We further showed that nhx5 nhx6 was affected in auxin homeostasis. Genetic analysis showed that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were required for the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐localized auxin transporter PIN5. Although AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were colocalized with PIN5 at ER, they did not interact directly. Instead, the conserved acidic residues in AtNHX5 and AtNHX6, which are essential for exchange activity, were required for PIN5 function. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 regulated the pH in ER. Overall, AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 may regulate auxin transport across the ER via the pH gradient created by their transport activity. H+‐leak pathway provides a fine‐tuning mechanism that controls cellular auxin fluxes.
Kawasaki disease: Epidemiological differences between past and recent periods, and implications of distribution dynamism
Authors: Tomita Yasuhiko , Shimaya Maki , Yamaura Yasuko , Tsujiguchi Rie , Takahashi Kaoru , Fukaya Takashi
Published: January 2018

Background

Epidemiological findings suggest that Kawasaki disease (KD) is mediated by infection, which triggers its onset. Although the mechanism of onset seems to involve preconditioning factors and triggering factors, the details remain unclarified.

Methods

Data for 330 662 patients reported in KD nationwide surveys in Japan implemented between 1961 and 2014 were chronologically compared in terms of patient age distribution, estimated mean onset age, and male‐to‐female ratio during four periods: pre‐epidemic (P1), epidemic (P2), stable (P3), and recent (P4): 1961–1978, 1979–1986, 1987–1997, and 1998–2014, respectively.

Results

During P2, the number of patients aged 6 months–2 years increased, and the mean onset age was younger; during P4, however, the number of patients aged ≤1 year decreased, but the number of patients ≥2 years increased, with a flat onset age distribution chart, and the mean onset age was older. During P2, increases in the number of patients were accompanied by younger mean onset age, whereas during P4, increases in the number of patients were conversely accompanied by older mean onset ages. The male: female ratio tended to decrease during P2, but this tendency was not seen in P4. No outbreak occurred during a recent 28 year period (P3, P4). Specific preconditioning factors might have been present during the 8 years (P2) of the past three outbreaks.

Conclusion

P2 and P4 were significantly different in epidemiological features. It is likely that they do not share the same mechanism of onset (preconditioning and/or trigger factors).