bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The multiple‐stimulus‐without‐replacement preference assessment tool and its predictive validity
Authors: Curiel Hugo , Curiel Emily S. L. , Villanueva Santos , Ayala Carlos Eduardo Garza , Cadigan Alexander S.
Published: November 2023

This study demonstrates the use of two web‐based programs, one to identify video preferences and the other to assess their reinforcing effects. We used the Multiple‐Stimulus‐Without‐Replacement Preference Assessment Tool (MSWO PAT) to identify the video preference hierarchies of seven participants, ages 4–11 years old. We then used a customized reinforcer assessment program that arranged a concurrent‐chains preparation with programmed conjugate schedules of reinforcement. Button presses emitted by participants modulated the quality (volume and opacity) of selected videos on a moment‐to‐moment basis, allowing us to identify the reinforcing effects of the videos in little time. The results showed that the preference assessment had predictive value for five of seven participants. We discuss the MSWO PAT, parameters that may affect the identification of preferences and the use of conjugate schedules to identify reinforcers.
Changes in Vertebral Bone Density and Paraspinal Muscle Morphology Following Spaceflight and 1 Year Readaptation on Earth
Authors: Coulombe Jennifer C. , Johannesdottir Fjola , Burkhart Katelyn A. , Brummer Henriette , Allaire Brett T. , Bouxsein Mary L.
Published: November 2023

Astronauts have an increased risk of back pain and disc herniation upon returning to Earth. Thus, it is imperative to understand the effects of spaceflight and readaptation to gravity on the musculoskeletal tissues of the spine. Here we investigated whether ~6 months of spaceflight led to regional differences in bone loss within the vertebral body. Additionally, we evaluated the relationships between vertebral bone density and paraspinal muscle morphology before flight, after flight, and after readaptation on Earth. We measured vertebral trabecular bone mineral density (Tb.BMD), paraspinal muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA), and muscle density in 17 astronauts using computed tomography (CT) images of the lumbar spine obtained before flight (before flight, n = 17), after flight (spaceflight, n = 17), and ~12 months of readaptation to gravitational loading on Earth (follow‐up, n = 15). Spaceflight‐induced declines in Tb.BMD were greater in the superior region of the vertebral body (−6.7%) than the inferior (−3.1%, p = 0.052 versus superior region) and transverse regions (−4.3%, p = 0.057 versus superior region). After a year of readaptation to Earth's gravity, Tb.BMD in the transverse region remained significantly below preflight levels (−4.66%, p = 0.0094). Paraspinal muscle CSA and muscle density declined −1.0% (p = 0.005) and −0.83% (p = 0.001) per month of spaceflight, respectively. Ultimately, bone loss in the superior vertebral body, along with fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscles and incomplete recovery even after a year of readaptation on Earth, may contribute to spinal pathology in long‐duration astronauts. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Does the Ind AS moderate the relationship between capital structure and firm performance?
Authors: M N Nikhil , Shenoy Sandeep S. , Chakraborty Suman , B M Lithin
Published: November 2023

In line with the wide implementation of IFRS around the globe, the significant shift in the Indian accounting system appertained to the Ind AS is expected to have a substantial impact on the firm‐level information environment. Nevertheless, the question of whether the adoption of such standards moderates the relationship between leverage and firm performance remains unanswered. In this backdrop, we aim to close this research gap employing 3120 firm‐year observations from 401 Indian non‐financial firms for a period from 2013 to 2022. Notably, we found that the leverage among Indian firms discourages profitability. Further, the adoption of Ind AS negatively moderates the leverage and firm performance association. The findings suggest that the enhanced transparency and the firm's reporting quality dissuade risk‐averse investors from investing in highly levered companies. As a result, investors avoid risky investments, and firms must strive to foster their trust and motivation. The conclusion of the present research draws significant implications for management and policymakers while also contributing to the ongoing debate on capital structure and firm performance.
Crop bromide concentrations following methyl bromide fumigation for pale cyst nematode in southeastern Idaho
Authors: Rogers Christopher W. , Marshall Juliet M. , Moll Margaret , Curl Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Methyl bromide (MeBr) is a sterilizing fumigant used to control quarantine pests that is restricted due to its detrimental atmospheric effects. The degradation of injected MeBr produces crop‐available Br−. Up to five applications of MeBr were used in southeastern Idaho fields to combat the pale cyst nematode (Globodera pallida). Data regarding the uptake and partitioning of Br− in crops following MeBr application in the region were unavailable. Research determined background concentrations of Br− in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) compared to MeBr‐treated fields. Background Br− concentrations ranged from nondetectable (ND) to 33.0 mg Br− kg−1; vegetative tissue concentrations were greater than reproductive, except corn where there was no difference. Nearly all crops grown in MeBr‐treated fields had greater Br− concentrations than background. Background‐baled‐alfalfa tissue Br− concentration was 33.0 mg kg−1 compared to 117.8 mg Br− kg−1 from a MeBr‐treated field. Br− concentration in green alfalfa decreased from 79.8 to 36.5 mg Br− kg−1 at the final cutting in a MeBr‐treated field, where time after application decreased crop Br− concentrations. Small grains had low Br− concentrations in reproductive tissue (1.7 mg Br− kg−1) compared to vegetative tissue (106.5 mg Br− kg−1). Corn stover concentration (12.7 mg Br− kg−1) was low relative to small‐grain straw, but corn ear (5.8 mg Br− kg−1) was greater than small‐grain reproductive tissue in the MeBr‐treated field. Crop selection following MeBr applications should consider the likelihood of elevated Br− concentration for the plant fractions intended end use.
How a menu of adherence support strategies facilitated high adherence to HIV prevention products among adolescent girls and young women in sub‐Saharan Africa: a mixed methods analysis
Authors: Roberts Sarah T. , Mancuso Noah , Williams Kristin , Nabunya Hadijah Kalule , Mposula Hlengiwe , Mugocha Caroline , Mvinjelwa Priscilla , Garcia Morgan , Szydlo Daniel W. , Soto‐Torres Lydia , Ngure Kenneth , Hosek Sybil
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Effective use of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been low among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub‐Saharan Africa. The MTN‐034/REACH trial offered AGYW a menu of adherence support strategies and achieved high adherence to both daily oral PrEP and the monthly dapivirine vaginal ring. Understanding how these strategies promoted product use could inform the design of adherence support systems in programmatic settings.

Methods

REACH was a randomized crossover trial evaluating the safety of and adherence to the ring and oral PrEP among 247 HIV‐negative AGYW (ages 16–21) in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe from January 2019 to September 2021 (NCT03593655). Adherence support included monthly counselling sessions with drug‐level feedback (DLF) plus optional daily short message service (SMS) reminders, weekly phone or SMS check‐ins, peer support clubs, “peer buddies” and additional counselling. Counsellors documented adherence support choices and counselling content on standardized forms. Through focus groups, serial in‐depth interviews (IDIs) and single IDIs (n = 119 total), we explored participants’ experiences with adherence support and how it encouraged product use.

Results

Participants received counselling at nearly all visits. DLF was provided at 54.3% of sessions and, across sites, 49%–68% received results showing high adherence for oral PrEP, and 73%–89% for the ring. The most popular support strategies were in‐person clubs and weekly calls, followed by online clubs, additional counselling and SMS. Preferences differed across sites but were similar for both products. Qualitative results demonstrated that the REACH strategies supported adherence by providing information about HIV and PrEP, continually motivating participants, and supporting the development of behavioural skills and self‐efficacy, aligning with the Information, Motivation, and Behavioural Skills (IMB) model. Effectiveness was supported by three foundational pillars: strong interpersonal relationships with counsellors; ongoing, easily accessible support and resources; and establishing trust in the counsellors and study products through counsellor relationships, peer‐to‐peer exchange and DLF.

Conclusions

Implementation programmes could support effective PrEP use by offering a small menu of counsellor‐ and peer‐based support options that are youth‐friendly and developmentally appropriate. The same menu options can support both ring and oral PrEP users, though content should be tailored to the individual products.
Arterial Spin Labeling‐Based MR Angiography for Cerebrovascular Diseases: Principles and Clinical Applications
Authors: Togao Osamu , Obara Makoto , Yamashita Koji , Kikuchi Kazufumi , Wada Tatsuhiro , Murazaki Hiroo , Arimura Koichi , Nishimura Ataru , Horie Nobutaka , van de Ven Kim , Van Cauteren Marc , Ishigami Kousei
Published: November 2023

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive imaging technique that labels the proton spins in arterial blood and uses them as endogenous tracers. Brain perfusion imaging with ASL is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice, and clinical applications of ASL for intracranial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have also been demonstrated. Unlike computed tomography (CT) angiography and cerebral angiography, ASL‐based MRA does not require contrast agents. ASL‐based MRA overcomes most of the disadvantages of time‐of‐flight (TOF) MRA. Several schemes have been developed for ASL‐based MRA; the most common method has been pulsed ASL, but more recently pseudo‐continuous ASL, which provides a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), has been used more frequently. New methods that have been developed include direct intracranial labeling methods such as velocity‐selective ASL and acceleration‐selective ASL. MRA using an extremely short echo time (eg, silent MRA) or ultrashort echo‐time (TE) MRA can suppress metal susceptibility artifacts and is ideal for patients with a metallic device implanted in a cerebral vessel. Vessel‐selective 4D ASL MRA can provide digital subtraction angiography (DSA)‐like images. This review highlights the principles, clinical applications, and characteristics of various ASL‐based MRA techniques.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Knowledge sharing and innovation performance: The mediating role of open innovation
Authors: Zan Fangfang , Leong Yee Choy , Ismail Noor Azlin , Chu Mingyue , Saif Abu Naser Mohammad , Islam K. M. Anwarul
Published: November 2023

The investigation into the performance of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) driven by open innovation has received relatively limited attention in academic research. Businesses can enhance their innovation efforts and develop new products or services by using open innovation strategies to tap into internal expertise or examine external facts. The authors examined the rationales and outcomes of open innovation in SMEs by drawing upon existing theories related to the resource‐based and knowledge‐based perspectives of firms. A conceptual model was proposed. The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Data collected from 429 SMEs were analyzed using SmartPLS 4. The current research indicates that open innovation serves as a mediator between knowledge sharing and innovation performance, with knowledge sharing exerting a positive influence on open innovation and innovation performance. The findings of this study emphasize the increased opportunities presented by open innovation theory and practice, providing insights into the formulation of strategies for the future development of Chinese SMEs.
First‐Side and Second‐Side Repair of Bilateral Superior Canal Dehiscence
Authors: Yang Hong‐Ho , Yang Isaac , Gopen Quinton S.
Published: November 2023

Objective

Bilateral superior canal dehiscence (SCD) may warrant surgeries on both sides. With repairs of unilateral SCD as reference, we investigate the comparative effectiveness of first‐side and second‐side repairs, in hopes of establishing knowledge that can guide clinical decision‐making pertaining the appropriateness of second‐side surgeries.

Methods

Middle fossa SCD repairs at an institution between 2011 and 2022 were analyzed. Multivariable regression models assessed symptom resolution and audiometric improvement with surgery cohort (unilateral SCD repair vs. first‐side repair vs. second‐side repair) as the primary predictor. All models controlled for patient age, sex, surgery duration, prior ear surgery, and follow‐up.

Results

A total of 407 repairs (180 unilateral SCD, 172 first‐side, and 55 second‐side repairs) were analyzed. The rates of overall symptom improvement for auditory and vestibular symptoms were as follows: 81% and 67% for unilateral SCD repairs; 73% and 54% for first‐side repairs; and 43% and 51% for second‐side repairs, respectively. Compared with first‐side repairs, which resolved auditory symptoms at similar rates (aOR 95% C.I. 0.36–1.07) but resolved vestibular symptoms at significantly lower rates (aOR 95% C.I. 0.35–0.93) compared with unilateral SCD repairs, second‐side repairs resolved auditory symptoms at significantly lower rates (aOR 95% C.I. 0.10–0.51) but resolved vestibular symptoms at similar rates (aOR 95% C.I. 0.45–2.01).

Conclusions

Careful consideration of perioperative symptomatology may inform the appropriateness of second‐side surgeries. If auditory symptoms persisted following first‐side surgeries, second‐side surgeries are less likely to yield resolution. If vestibular symptoms persisted following first‐side repairs, second‐side repairs may lead to resolution at similar rates as first‐side repairs.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:1882–1888, 2024
Highly Absorbent Egg White/Carbomer‐940 Hydrofilm as a Potential Diabetic Wound Dressing
Authors: Rezaei Soheila , Imani Rana
Published: November 2023

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the most critical problem in diabetic patients. Managing exudate in this kind of wound presents significant challenges in clinics. Advanced wound dressings serve as the most effective approach to managing DFU. Herein, a highly absorbent hydrofilm is presented through a combination of egg white (EW) and Carbomer‐940, benefiting from the bioactivity of the EW component and superabsorption capacity of Carbomer‐940. The crystallinity of samples rises due to the presence of Carbomer‐940. Regarding the high water absorption capacity of Carbomer‐940, the swelling ratio and water‐holding capacity of samples are also improved via its incorporation of up to 1005%. In contrast, the transmission of water vapor and in vitro degradation rate decreases as Carbomer‐940 powers the crystallinity of hydrofilms. Carbomer‐940 incorporation in the EW structure accelerates protein release during the time, while this acceleration is partially compensated by the crystallization effect. The cell viability assay demonstrates no toxicity as well as high human foreskin fibroblast cell proliferation for the hybrid hydrofilm sample, where the cell migration is positively affected in the presence of the bioactive components extracted from the dressing. Taken together, the optimized hybrid hydrofilm could be suggested as a promising wound dressing for managing DFUs.
DUSP22 suppresses tumor progression by directly dephosphorylating AKT in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Jingying , Kang Guoqi , Lei Weidong , Li Jizhuo , Wang Huiling , Bi Yuanlin , Zhang Wanru , Zhang Liming , Chai Lihui , Wang Peiling , Li Xia
Published: November 2023

Protein kinase B (AKT) plays a pivotal in regulating cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and survival, making it a prominent target for anticancer therapy. While the kinase activity of AKT has been extensively explored, its dephosphorylation have largely remained uncharted. Herein, we aimed to unravel the molecular mechanisms governing AKT dephosphorylation, with a specific emphasis on dual‐specificity phosphatases DUSP22. Our investigation sought to shed light on the potential of DUSP22 as a potential therapeutic target for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To determine the expression level of DUSP22 in NSCLC cell lines, the gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) and Oncomine database were searched. Additionally, the effect of DUSP22 on patient survival was analyzed with Kaplan–Meier database. Antitumor effects of DUSP22 were tested in A549 and H1299 cell lines. Experiments are based on: (1) cell viability determined by the cell counting kit‐8 assay and colony‐formation assay; (2) cell migratory ability assessed through the scratch assay and the transwell migration assay; (3) the mechanism behind the antitumor effects of DUSP22 dissected with co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) and in vitro kinase assays. Our study revealed a significant downregulation of DUSP22 in both NSCLC cell lines and tissues. Meanwhile, survival rate analysis results demonstrated that reduced DUSP22 expression was correlated with poorer overall survival in lung cancer patients. Moreover, DUSP22 exhibited an inhibitory effect on the cell viability and migratory capacity of A549 and H1299 cells. This inhibition was accompanied by the decrease in the phosphorylation of AKT and p38. Mechanistically, the phosphatase domain of DUSP22 interacted with AKT, resulting in the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. This inhibitory effect was contingent upon the phosphatase activity of DUSP22. These findings provide compelling evidence that DUSP22 directly interacted with AKT, leading to the dephosphorylation of AKT at S473 and T308 residues, ultimately curbing the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Additionally, our results also highlight a preclinical rationale for utilizing DUSP22 as a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
The influence of social media on the dietary behaviors of young Australian adults: A mixed methods exploration
Authors: Goerke Kiera , Ng Ashley H. , Trakman Gina L. , Forsyth Adrienne
Published: November 2023

The aims of this study were to (1) determine the impact of social media use on the dietary behaviors of young Australian adults, (2) explore the relationship between social media use and wellbeing, and (3) determine how social media influences dietary behaviors. Young Australian adults (18–25 years) were recruited by social media to complete an anonymous online survey (n = 107) and follow‐up focus groups (n = 5). The cross‐sectional survey collected demographic data, WHO‐5 Wellbeing scores, and information about social media use and its impact on dietary behaviors. Focus groups explored salient findings in more detail. Participants altered their dietary habits due to social media (51%) and were inspired to make healthy choices they saw modeled (71%). However, participants who spent more time on social media had lower WHO‐5 Wellbeing scores and were more likely to report social media had not had a positive impact on their diet (H = 10.38, p = 0.02, df = 3). Focus groups revealed that social media influenced attitudes, not behaviors; young adults trust credible social media creators; and food and nutrition literacy serve as a shield against misinformation. Further studies are needed to explore longitudinal impacts of social media use on wellbeing and dietary behaviors.
A continuous‐time service network design and vehicle routing problem
Authors: He Yun , Hewitt Mike , Lehuédé Fabien , Medina Juliette , Péton Olivier
Published: November 2023

This paper considers the integrated planning of goods transportation through a multi‐echelon supply chain consisting of a nationwide network and regional distribution system. The previously studied Service Network Design and Routing Problem considered similar planning decisions, albeit with multiple restrictions regarding the transportation of goods that can eliminate the opportunities for transportation savings. It also does not explicitly model the opportunity to increase vehicle utilization by having vehicles serve multiple purposes within the supply chain. We propose a mathematical model of the problem we consider that is inspired by the operations of an industrial partner. We present an adaptation of the Dynamic Discretization Discovery algorithm to solve this problem and illustrate its computational effectiveness on instances derived from the operations of a retail distribution network in France. Finally, we illustrate the potential savings enabled by solving the proposed model.
Development of peptide‐18‐targeted nanoliposome formulations with an alternative stealth coating copolymer for targeting breast cancer AU565 cell line
Authors: Saka Ongun Mehmet , Bolat Zeynep Busra , Telci Dilek , Sahin Fikrettin , Gulyuz Sevgi , Ozkose Umut Ugur , Yilmaz Ozgur , Bozkir Asuman
Published: November 2023

The incidence of breast cancer has increased considerably in recent years. Many efforts have been made to develop various nano‐drug delivery systems with specific properties to achieve effective and specific therapy. The stealthy nanoliposomes are the most successful and promising candidates for providing targeted tumor therapy. In this paper, a synthesized PEtOx‐DOPE (poly(2‐Ethyl 2‐Oxazoline)‐Dioleoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine) copolymer was equipped with a breast cancer‐recognizing tumor‐homing peptide to achieve cell‐specific delivery. The prepared liposomes provided stability for 6 months, and their hydrodynamic diameters are around 100 nm. Targeted liposomes remarkably exhibited 8 times higher cellular internalization in comparison with the nontargeted cells in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, liposome constructs displayed slight toxicity on HaCaT cells when treated with high doses. Hence, Peptide 18‐conjugated PEtOx‐DOPE liposome systems can serve as favorable candidates in breast cancer‐targeted therapy.
Biological control of tomato early blight in Pakistan using local rhizobacteria
Authors: Riaz Hafiz Muhammad , Chohan Sobia , Yuen Gary Y. , Abid Muhammad
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

The biocontrol potential of soil microbes can reduce the extensive use of hazardous synthetic fungicides. This study was designed to find a strain of rhizobacteria indigenous to Pakistan with potential biocontrol against early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani and to characterize its biocontrol mechanisms.

RESULTS

Among 88 strains tested for antagonism against A. solani on agar media, S27, Dt10 and 423, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, respectively, were the most inhibitory. When applied to detached tomato leaflets in Petri dish assays, the strains reduced lesion development by over 30% compared to the control. In greenhouse pot trials, the bacterial strains reduced early blight severity by over 50%. In three field trials, all three strains applied to tomato foliage slowed early blight disease progress and reduced disease severity, with B. amyloliquefaciens S27 reducing the area under the disease progress curve by up to 70%. All three strains showed protease, catalase and oxidase activities in vitro, but none produced β‐1,3‐glucanase and only B. cereus Dt10 showed slight chitinase activity. In a greenhouse experiment in which the bacteria were applied to tomato foliage prior to pathogen inoculation, bacteria‐treated leaves had higher β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase levels than leaves inoculated only with the pathogen, indicating priming induction of response.

CONCLUSION

Three rhizobacteria strains have the potential to control early blight of tomato under Pakistan's growing conditions, with B. amyloliquefaciens S27 being the most promising candidate for commercial development. Antagonism and induction of the priming response may be mechanisms of biocontrol by the bacterial strains. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of silencing the E74B gene on the development and metamorphosis of Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Xu Xinhui , Li Tingting , Zhang Lianjun , Liu Xiaoning
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

The growth and development transition of insects are mainly mediated by ecdysone. As one of the ecdysone‐induced transcription factors, E74 is involved in many physiological processes of insect growth and development. However, E74 and its function in Helicoverpa armigera remains unclear.

RESULTS

In this study, E74B, a subtype of the E74, was identified for the first time in H. armigera. Bioinformatics analysis showed that H. armigera E74B shared the highest homology with E74B in Bombyx mori, which belongs to the E26 transformation‐specific (ETS) superfamily. The expression profile showed that the transcription level of HaE74B increased in the late stages of fourth to sixth instars compared with the early stages; it was also high in the pupa and midgut. Moreover, we investigated the function of HaE74B through RNA interference and 20E rescue experiments. The results showed silencing of E74B affected the molting and growth of larvae, resulting in the death of more than 60% of larvae. In addition, it also seriously affected the metamorphosis of H. armigera, which reduced the pupae rate, the eclosion rate of the pupae, and fecundity. Application of 20E partially restored the defects in the molting, development and pupae rate of H. armigera.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results demonstrated that HaE74B plays a critical role in the growth, development, and metamorphosis of H. armigera, which serves as a molecular target and sets out a theoretical foundation for RNAi‐mediated control of this key pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
A case study of the life cycle of a stratus‐lowering coastal‐fog event in Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Singh Dhiraj K. , Hoch Sebastian W. , Gultepe Ismail , Pardyjak Eric R.
Published: November 2023

We present a case study of a coastal‐fog stratus‐cloud‐lowering event on September 13–14, 2018, during the C‐FOG field campaign conducted along the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The goal of this work is to understand the mechanisms governing the life cycle of a 4‐hr‐long coastal‐fog event that resulted from the complex interplay of dynamic, thermodynamic, and microphysical processes. In addition to standard meteorological measurements, turbulence, irradiance, droplet‐size spectra, tethered‐balloon wind and thermodynamic profiles, visibility, precipitation, and spatial heterogeneity of microphysics measurements are presented to discriminate and interpret the fog formation, development, and dissipation. After sunset, strong radiative cloud‐top cooling induced top‐down convection length scales that can be characterised with the Thorpe scale. Top‐down mixing and turbulence kinetic energy generated due to buoyant/shear mixing are characterised using the flux and bulk Richardson number near the surface. Use of these parameters is unique in the analysis of fog events and helped describe mixing processes. Downward mixing led to fog droplet formation that precipitated from the cloud base, which in turn cooled the sub‐cloud layers via droplet evaporation and moistened the air beneath the cloud. Once fog formed, it was affected by dry‐air entrainment from its top. As a result, the fog thinned, creating patchy fog that was characterised by remarkable oscillations in visibility near the surface. Dissipation of the fog was driven by strong turbulence above the fog layer and horizontal thermal advection demonstrated using the temperature tendency equation. This work provides novel measurements and analysis techniques that have previously not been used to understand the mechanisms governing stratus‐lowering events. These observations and analyses help highlight processes and explain mechanisms related to the fog life cycle that are inherently challenging to predict in mesoscale models.
Analyzing the contribution of material science in quantum cryptography: A scientometric study
Authors: Sharma Priya , Gupta Vrinda , Sood Sandeep K.
Published: November 2023

Quantum cryptography (QC) provides security to information through laws of nature, particularly quantum mechanics. The necessity of making QC a living reality has provided the impetus to advancement in material science, which led to many publications since 1996. Therefore, in this work, we analyze the articles in the Scopus database concerning the contribution of material science in the development of QC through scientometric methods. A total of 1395 articles published from 1996 to 2022 were retrieved from the Scopus database. Subsequently, these articles were analyzed to retrieve publication patterns, major collaborating nations, significant documents, recent trends, and future directions. A comprehensive introduction to QC is also included to facilitate a better grasp of this field for a wide range of readers. The findings of this study show that China is the leading nation in developing QC through material science, closely followed by the United States and India. Moreover, the study indicates significant areas of QC where extensive work is being done from the material science standpoint through keyword and significant document analysis. Hence, the outcomes of this article can be valuable for researchers, newcomers, technology managers, and policymakers interested in the future of QC.
Unraveling trait‐based fish community assembly in tropical reservoirs
Authors: Camara Ellen Martins , Araújo Francisco Gerson , de Azevedo Márcia Cristina Costa , Mattos Tailan Moretti , Guedes Gustavo Henrique Soares , Uehara Wagner
Published: November 2023

Damming of large rivers has promoted well‐documented ecosystem changes that constitute critical threats to freshwater fish biodiversity. However, it is unclear how trait–environment relationships drive community assembly in older (>50 years) tropical river‐reservoir systems. We assessed physical features filtering functional traits (RLQ and fourth‐corner approaches) in seven tropical reservoirs along a major river, in southeastern Brazil, and correlated taxonomic and functional counterparts of local and beta diversity to assess niche‐based assembly processes under prevailing environmental conditions (null model approach). Lower littoral habitat availability (smaller area, volume, and riverine influence) favored species inhabiting open areas that feed on the bottom (mostly migratory species). Downstream position (lower elevation and inflow of water from the mainstem) allowed migrators to enter the reservoirs and promoted environmental heterogeneity, favoring detritivores, invertivores, and carnivorous generalists. Total blocking of the main channel excluded most migratory species from reservoirs at upstream reaches, whereas higher riverine influence and hydrological stability (larger area, volume, and water residence time) favored small‐sized sedentary species (omnivores and piscivores with parental care, mostly non‐native species) in the littoral zone. Correlations differing from null expectations for alpha diversity and nestedness revealed that niche‐based processes support species richness and loss under higher riverine influence and hydrological stability. Our study supports the importance of physical features to set functional spaces available for fish species, but random processes that boost taxonomic differences between reservoirs, largely related to non‐native species introductions, are the primary drivers of fish assemblage structure in tropical reservoirs long‐term disconnected from riverine dynamics.
The role of health demands, health resources, and adaptability in psychological strain and life satisfaction
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Collie Rebecca J. , Holliman Andrew J.
Published: November 2023

The present study harnessed job demands‐resources theory to identify key predictors of psychological strain (feeling overwhelmed by one's problems) and life satisfaction among a sample of 1060 adults randomly selected from the Australian electoral roll. The investigation sought to ascertain: (a) the relative contribution of health demands (e.g., inadequate health treatment) and health resources (e.g., access to helpful health‐related information) in predicting psychological strain and life satisfaction, (b) the extent to which a recently proposed personal resource—adaptability—explained variance in wellbeing beyond individuals' health demands and resources, and (c) the role of psychological strain in predicting life satisfaction in the context of these demands and resources. Applying structural equation modelling we found that contextual health demands predicted greater psychological strain, individual health resources and adaptability both predicted lower psychological strain and greater life satisfaction, and psychological strain predicted lower life satisfaction. Notably, the adverse effects of health demands reduced significantly when health resources and adaptability were entered into the modelling. Taken together, the findings offer support for a health demands‐resources framework that may be applied to better support individuals to respond to the stressors in their lives and in turn boost their sense of subjective wellbeing.
A Self‐Healing Conductive Elastomer Based on a Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Weng Ling , Zhang Xiaorui , Wu Zijian , Guan Lizhu , Li Xue
Published: November 2023

Conductive elastomers are extensively used in electronics; however, they are prone to mechanical damage, have shortened service life, and cause environmental pollution and resource waste under the influence of external factors. Therefore, conductive elastomers with rapid self‐healing properties are crucial for solving these problems. To that end, a conductive elastomer based on a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent as the matrix is developed in this study. The contents of certain small molecules and conductive particles are adjusted to yield a conductive elastomer with excellent comprehensive performance. The elastomer exhibited noteworthy fracture strength (15.7 MPa), ultrahigh fracture elongation (2400%), excellent light transmittance (95.6%), and remarkable self‐healing characteristics, with complete electrical healing achieved within 0.6 s, ≈63% strain, and ≈64% stress recovered within 1 min, and healing efficiency close to 99% realized within 24 h. By leveraging these properties, the elastomer is used to construct a sensor that exhibited a gauge factor of ≈0.574 in the strain range 0–2400% and excellent stability. Moreover, the CCK‐8 toxicity test and fluorescence staining experiment have demonstrated that conductive elastomers have excellent cell compatibility and also have excellent potential in the field of biomedicine. In particular, the sensor is effectively applied in human motion detection, health monitoring.
Guiding the Driving Factors on Plasma Super‐Photothermal S‐Scheme Core‐Shell Nanoreactor to Enhance Photothermal Catalytic H2 Evolution and Selective CO2 Reduction
Authors: Xiao Yawei , Wang Zhezhe , Yao Bo , Cao Minhua , Wang Yude
Published: November 2023

Light‐induced heat has a non‐negligible role in photocatalytic reactions. However, it is still challenging to design highly efficient catalysts that can make use of light and thermal energy synergistically. Herein, the study proposes a plasma super‐photothermal S‐scheme heterojunction core‐shell nanoreactor based on manipulation of the driving factors, which consists of α‐Fe2O3 encapsulated by g‐C3N4 modified with gold quantum dots. α‐Fe2O3 can promote carrier spatial separation while also acting as a thermal core to radiate heat to the shell, while Au quantum dots transfer energetic electrons and heat to g‐C3N4 via surface plasmon resonance. Consequently, the catalytic activity of Au/α‐Fe2O3@g‐C3N4 is significantly improved by internal and external double hot spots, and it shows an H2 evolution rate of 5762.35 µmol h−1 g−1, and the selectivity of CO2 conversion to CH4 is 91.2%. This work provides an effective strategy to design new plasma photothermal catalysts for the solar‐to‐fuel transition.
Ferric Oxide Nanocrystals‐Embedded Co/Fe‐MOF with Self‐Tuned d‐Band Centers for Boosting Urea‐Assisted Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Jiameng , He Linghao , Tao Zheng , Li Sizhuan , Wang Changbao , Zhang Yinpeng , Zhang Shuai , Du Miao , Zhang Zhihong
Published: November 2023

A novel semiconductive Co/Fe‐MOF embedded with Fe2O3 nanocrystals (Fe2O3@CoFe‐MOF) is developed as a trifunctional electrocatalyst for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction for enhancing the efficiency of the hydrogen production via the urea‐assisted overall water splitting. Fe2O3@CoFe‐TPyP‐MOF comprises unsaturated metal‐nitrogen coordination sites, affording enriched defects, self‐tuned d‐band centers, and efficient π–π interaction between different layers. Density functional theory calculation confirms that the adsorption of urea can be optimized at Fe2O3@CoFe‐TPyP‐MOF, realizing the efficient adsorption of intermediates and desorption of the final product of CO2 and N2 characterized by the in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The two‐electrode urea‐assisted water splitting device‐assembled with Fe2O3@CoFe‐TPyP‐MOF illustrates a low cell voltage of 1.41 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, attaining the hydrogen production rate of 13.13 µmol min−1 in 1 m KOH with 0.33 m urea. The in situ electrochemical Raman spectra and other basic characterizations of the used electrocatalyst uncover that Fe2O3@CoFe‐TPyP‐MOF undergoes the reversible structural reconstruction after the UOR test, while it demonstrates the irreversible reconstruction after the OER measurement. This work redounds the progress of urea‐assisted water spitting for hydrogen production.
Unraveling the Performance Descriptors for Designing Single‐Atom Catalysts on Defective MXenes for Exclusive Nitrate‐To‐Ammonia Electrocatalytic Upcycling
Authors: Gao Xutao , Tse Edmund C. M.
Published: November 2023

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) is a promising approach for converting nitrate into environmentally benign or even value‐added products such as ammonia (NH3) using renewable electricity. However, the poor understanding of the catalytic mechanism on metal‐based surface catalysts hinders the development of high‐performance NO3RR catalysts. In this study, the NO3RR mechanism of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is systematically explored by constructing single transition metal atoms supported on MXene with oxygen vacancies (Ov‐MXene) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results indicate that Ag/Ov‐MXene (for precious metal) and Cu/Ov‐MXene (for non‐precious metal) are highly efficient SACs for NO3RR toward NH3, with low limiting potentials of −0.24 and −0.34 V, respectively. Furthermore, these catalysts show excellent selectivity toward ammonia due to the high energy barriers associated to the formation of byproducts such as NO2, NO, N2O, and N2 on Ag/Ov‐MXene and Cu/Ov‐MXene, effectively suppressing the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The findings not only offer new strategies for promoting NH3 production by MXene‐based SACs electrocatalysts under ambient conditions but also provide insights for the development of next‐generation NO3RR electrocatalysts.
Promoting Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance by Integrating MoS2@Gd2O3/MXene Multiple Hetero‐Interfaces in Wood‐Derived Carbon Aerogels
Authors: Shen Mengxia , Qi Jiale , Xu Xinyu , Li Jinbao , Xu Yongjian , Yang Hao , Gao Kun , Huang Jianfeng , Li Jiayin , Shang Zhen , Ni Yonghao
Published: November 2023

Multi‐component composite materials with a magnetic‐dielectric synergistic effect exhibit satisfactory electromagnetic wave absorption performance. However, the effective construction of the structure for these multi‐component materials to fully exploit the advantages of each component remains a challenge. Inspired by natural biomass, this study utilizes wood as the raw material and successfully prepares high‐performance MoS2@Gd2O3/Mxene loaded porous carbon aerogel (MGMCA) composite material through a one‐pot hydrothermal method and carbonization treatment process. With a delicate structural design, the MGMCA is endowed with abundant heterogeneous interface structures, favorable impedance matching characteristics, and a magnetic‐dielectric synergistic system, thus demonstrating multiple electromagnetic wave loss mechanisms. Benefiting from these advantages, the obtained MGMCA exhibits outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss of −57.5 dB at an ultra‐thin thickness of only 1.9 mm. This research proposes a reliable strategy for the design of multi‐component composite materials, providing valuable insight for the design of biomass‐based materials as electromagnetic wave absorbers.
Machine learning approach for determining the water quality of freshwater lakes: A case study on selected lakes of Chennai, India
Authors: Venkatesh Chintala , Tharanikumar L. , Ashokkumar M. , Gopirajan Punniyakotti Varadharajan
Published: November 2023

Monitoring freshwater quality in urban like Chennai is indispensable as the chief drinking water source for the city originates from freshwater lakes. This study portrays an economical, user‐friendly, economical method to detect water quality. A machine learning‐based portable water quality check test kit was developed along with a user interface. To validate the efficiency of the portable kit, this study focussed on the ten major freshwater lakes of Chennai City. Basic quality parameters of water, such as the potential of hydrogen (pH), level of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and total phosphate (T.P.), were considered when designing this mobile phone‐compatible user interface application. The experiment used and tested water samples from ten different lakes with the commercially available freshwater master test kit. The images of color developed during the test were captured, and corresponding Red, Green, Blue (RGB) values were calculated. These values were used in Igray, Iavg, and Euclidean distance algorithms to predict the pollution level of the samples. Based on the models, the Euclidean model fitted well with the calibration data with a correlation value of more than 0.98 for all the parameters. Percent accuracy values of the methods used in this study were compared, and the Euclidean model showed more than 98% accuracy for all parameters. The result of this study is alarming that all the ten freshwater lakes considered in this study were hypereutrophic.
If democracy fails in the United States, it fails everywhere
Authors: Khorram‐Manesh Amir
Published: November 2023

In this editorial, the author argues that social and political values in a democratic United States of America have significant global impacts on the development of justice, human rights, and democracy. Abandoning these values in favor of national interests may result in the development of new undemocratic nations and facilitate the emergence of narcissistic sociopathic leaders.
Orthogeriatric and Fragility Fracture Nursing: An Introduction
Authors: Santy-Tomlinson Julie , Hertz Karen , Meehan Anita J. , Hommel Ami , Marques Andréa , Peng Lingli , Speerin Robyn
Published: November 2023

Caring for people following a fragility fracture is often a complex, medium- to long-term undertaking with several phases from acute care through to rehabilitation and secondary fracture prevention. Fragility fractures can have a substantial impact on older peoples’ longer term function, place of residence and quality of life, sometimes leading to long-term residential or end-of-life care.

Health professionals caring for patients following fragility fracture are required to provide evidence-based care and coordinate interdisciplinary care. Not all ‘care’ is provided by those professionals who are identified as nurses, and in the future the boundaries of care-giving roles are likely to be more flexible. For these reasons, this book, although focused on nursing (because a significant amount of fragility facture/orthogeriatric care is provided by them), aims to broaden its relevance to all healthcare professionals who provide care in any part of the world.

Avoiding the devastating impacts of fragility fractures drives the need to prevent fractures through secondary fracture prevention. This prevention care is lifelong and usually delivered and monitored by a primary care team including general practitioners, nurses, physiotherapists and other specialist practitioners. The pathway of care is, therefore, dynamic and involves the collaboration of many individuals and agencies.

Fragility fractures are important indicators that there may be undiagnosed osteoporosis that requires treatment to prevent further fractures. If left untreated, osteoporosis and associated bone fragility can, ultimately, lead to significant injuries such as hip or femoral fractures, which will require hospital admission and surgery, and severely threaten an individual’s health and well-being. This presents significant challenges for clinical teams in every care setting.

The aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to orthogeriatric and fragility fracture care and to both familiarise them with the multiple topics covered in this book and support the interdisciplinary care team in achieving optimal recovery of independent function and quality of life, with no further fractures for all people with fragility fractures.
Wound Management
Authors: Bååth Carina , Hommel Ami
Published: November 2023

Wound healing is the process by which the function of damaged tissue is restored following surgery, trauma or other sources of tissue damage. The management of wounds is a fundamental aspect of the management of the patient following a fragility fracture, especially following a hip fracture and associated surgery. Ageing skin and multiple comorbidities are significant factors in skin injury and wound healing problems.

The effective evidence-based management of surgical wounds following surgery after a fragility fracture can be challenging as ageing and comorbidities affect wound healing. Skin and wound care involves careful skin and wound assessment and attention to infection prevention measures while managing the factors affecting wound healing. Clinical considerations in wound management also include maintaining adequate nutrition, moisture, treating oedema and preventing further injury.

This chapter aims to provide an overview of skin and wound assessment and evidence-based care interventions that can optimise wound healing in older people with fragility fractures.