bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Submillimeter Signatures from Growing Supermassive Black Holes before Reionization
Authors: Vasiliev Evgenii O. , Shchekinov Yuri A.
Published: December 2019

The presence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with masses up to M
• ∼ 109

M

⊙

at redshifts z ≃ 7.5 suggests that their seeds may have started to grow long before the reionization in ambient medium with pristine chemical composition. During their latest 500 Myr episode of growing from z ≥ 10 to z ∼ 7, the black holes shone as luminous as 1011–1012
L
⊙, with a cumulative spectrum consisting of the intrinsic continuum from the hot accretion disk, nebular hydrogen, and helium spectral lines, and the free–free continuum from the gas of host halos. Here we address the question of whether such a plain spectrum would allow us to trace the evolution of these growing SMBHs. In our calculations we assume that host galaxies have stellar populations with masses smaller than the masses of their central black holes—the so-called obese black hole galaxies. Within this model we show that for a sufficiently high mass of gas in a host galaxy—not smaller than the mass of a growing black hole, the cumulative spectrum in the far-infrared reveals a sharp transition from a quasi-blackbody Rayleigh–Jeans spectrum of the black hole ∝λ
−2 to a flat free–free nebular continuum λ
0.118 on a longer wavelength limit. Once such a transition in the spectrum is resolved, the black hole mass can be inferred as a combination of the observed wavelength at the transition λ

k
and the corresponding spectral luminosity. The possible observability of this effect in spectra of growing high-z SMBHs and determination of their mass with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and the planned space project Spektr-M is briefly discussed.
Estimating the Molecular Gas Mass of Low-redshift Galaxies from a Combination of Mid-infrared Luminosity and Optical Properties
Authors: Gao Yang , Xiao Ting , Li Cheng , Jiang Xue-Jian , Tan Qing-Hua , Gao Yu , Wilson Christine D. , Bureau Martin , Saintonge Amélie , Sánchez-Gallego José R. , Brown Toby , Clark Christopher J. R. , Hwang Ho Seong , Lamperti Isabella , Lin Lin , Liu Lijie , Lu Dengrong , Pan Hsi-An , Sun Jixian , Williams Thomas G.
Published: December 2019

We present CO (J = 1−0) and/or CO (J = 2−1) spectroscopy for 31 galaxies selected from the ongoing Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, obtained with multiple telescopes. This sample is combined with CO observations from the literature to study the correlation of the CO luminosities (

) with the mid-infrared luminosities at 12 (

) and 22 μm (

), as well as the dependence of the residuals on a variety of galaxy properties. The correlation with

is tighter and more linear, but galaxies with relatively low stellar masses (

M
⊙) and blue colors (

and/or NUV − r ≲ 3) fall significantly below the mean

–

relation. We propose a new estimator of the CO (1−0) luminosity (and thus the total molecular gas mass M
mol) that is a linear combination of three parameters:

,

, and g − r. We show that, with a scatter of only 0.18 dex in log

, this estimator provides unbiased estimates for galaxies of different properties and types. An immediate application of this estimator to a compiled sample of galaxies with only CO (J = 2−1) observations yields a distribution of the CO (J = 2−1) to CO (J = 1−0) luminosity ratios (R21) that agrees well with the distribution of real observations, in terms of both the median and the shape. Application of our estimator to the current MaNGA sample reveals a gas-poor population of galaxies that are predominantly early-type and show no correlation between molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratio and star formation rate, in contrast to gas-rich galaxies. We also provide alternative estimators with similar scatters, based on r- and/or z-band luminosities instead of

. These estimators serve as cheap and convenient M
mol proxies to be potentially applied to large samples of galaxies, thus allowing statistical studies of gas-related processes of galaxies.
The Detection of [O iii] λ4363 in a Lensed, Dwarf Galaxy at z = 2.59: Testing Metallicity Indicators and Scaling Relations at High Redshift and Low Mass*
Authors: Gburek Timothy , Siana Brian , Alavi Anahita , Emami Najmeh , Richard Johan , Freeman William R. , Stark Daniel P. , Snapp-Kolas Christopher , Lucero Breanna
Published: December 2019

We present Keck/MOSFIRE (Multi-Object Spectrometer for InfraRed Exploration) and Keck/LRIS (Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) spectroscopy of A1689-217, a lensed (magnification ∼7.9), star-forming (SFR ∼ 16 M
☉ yr−1), dwarf (log(M
*/M
☉) = 8.07–8.59) Lyα emitter (EW0 ∼ 138 Å) at z = 2.5918. Dwarf galaxies similar to A1689-217 are common at high redshift and likely responsible for reionization, yet few have been studied with detailed spectroscopy. We report a 4.2σ detection of the electron-temperature-sensitive [O iii] λ4363 emission line and use this line to directly measure an oxygen abundance of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.06 ± 0.12 (∼1/4 Z
☉). A1689-217 is the lowest-mass galaxy at z > 2 with an [O iii] λ4363 detection. Using the rest-optical emission lines, we measure A1689-217’s other nebular conditions, including electron temperature (T

e
([O iii]) ∼ 14,000 K), electron density (n

e
 ∼ 220 cm−3), and reddening (

 ∼ 0.39). We study relations between strong-line ratios and direct metallicities with A1689-217 and other galaxies with [O iii] λ4363 detections at z ∼ 0–3.1, showing that the locally calibrated, oxygen-based, strong-line relations are consistent from z ∼ 0 to 3.1. We also show additional evidence that the O32 versus R23 excitation diagram can be utilized as a redshift-invariant, direct-metallicity-based, oxygen abundance diagnostic out to z ∼ 3.1. From this excitation diagram and the strong-line ratio–metallicity plots, we observe that the ionization parameter at fixed O/H is consistent with no redshift evolution. Although A1689-217 is metal-rich for its M
* and star formation rate, we find it to be consistent within the large scatter of the low-mass end of the fundamental metallicity relation.
Radiative Properties of Magnetically Arrested Disks
Authors: Xie Fu-Guo , Zdziarski Andrzej A.
Published: December 2019

Magnetically arrested disks (MADs) appear when accretion flows are supplied with a sufficient amount of magnetic flux. In this work, we use results of magnetohydrodynamic simulations to set the configuration of the magnetic field and investigate the dynamics and radiative properties of the resulting accretion flow (i.e., without that of the jet) of MADs. The method developed here is applied to both the MAD and the standard and normal evolution (SANE) accretion flow with or without large-scale magnetic fields. For the radiative processes, we include synchrotron, bremsstrahlung, and Compton scattering. We find that, in general, accretion flows of MADs have similar spectra to those of the SANE, which complicates the task of distinguishing MADs from SANEs. At the same accretion rates, MADs are systematically brighter than SANEs. However, the critical accretion rate above which the hot solution ceases to exist is lower in MADs. Consequently, the maximum luminosity an MAD can reach is comparable to but slightly lower than that of SANE, and the dependence on the magnetic flux is weak. We then discuss the implications of our results for active galactic nuclei and accreting black hole binaries.
dHybridR: A Hybrid Particle-in-cell Code Including Relativistic Ion Dynamics
Authors: Haggerty Colby C. , Caprioli Damiano
Published: December 2019

We present the first plasma simulations obtained with the code dHybridR, a hybrid particle-in-cell code with fluid electrons and both thermal and energetic ions that retain relativistic dynamics. dHybridR is constructed to study astrophysical and space-physics problems where a few energetic nonthermal particles (i.e., cosmic rays, CRs) affect the overall dynamics of a nonrelativistic plasma, such as CR-driven instabilities, collisionless shocks, magnetic reconnection, turbulence, etc. In this method paper we provide some applications to linear (resonant/nonresonant CR streaming instability) and strongly nonlinear (parallel shocks) problems that show the capabilities of the code. In particular, we provide the first self-consistent hybrid runs that show the acceleration of relativistic ions at nonrelativistic shocks; CRs develop a power law in momentum, which translates into a broken power law in energy that exhibits a steepening around the ion rest mass, as predicted by the theory of diffusive shock acceleration. We present examples of 2D dHybridR runs relevant for fast shocks in radio supernovae, whose evolution can be followed in real time, and 3D runs of low-Mach-number heliospheric shocks, which can be compared with in situ spacecraft observations.
Relationship between Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection with Patency Tubal and Non-Patency Tubal Occurrence in Infertile Women
Authors: Sukatendel Khairani , Mayniar Tri Ebta , Aboet Aswar , Adela Cut Adeya , Lumbanraja Sarma , Ichsan T. M. , Edianto Deri
Published: December 2019

AIM: To determine the relationship between Chlamydia Trachomatis infections with patency tubal and non-patency tubal occurrence in infertile women.
METHODS: This research was an observational analytic research with a cross-sectional study. This research was conducted at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan, Pramita Laboratory Medan and Medical Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara. Laboratory on October 2017 until the number of samples was fulfilled. The samples were women who were referred to Pramita Laboratory Medan for hysterosalpingography procedure in accordance which corresponded to the inclusion criteria by using consecutive sampling technique.
RESULTS: From this research, it was found that the most infertile women were aged 31-35 years, with the most infertility type was primary infertility (83,8%) with the longest infertility duration was ≥ 3 years (44%). From all samples who were infertile, 26% among them were positive to chlamydia infection. Eight from twelve people who were infected by Chlamydia Trachomatis experienced non-patency tubal (66.7%) with p-value = 0.001 which showed that there was a relationship between Chlamydia Trachomatis infection with patency tubal and non-patency tubal occurrence in infertile women.
CONCLUSION: The proportion of Chlamydia Trachomatis infection in tubal abnormality in this study was 66.7%, whereas Chlamydia Trachomatis infection in the normal tube was 13.2%. It was obtained that there was a significant relationship between Chlamydia Trachomatis infection with tubal abnormality (non-patency tubal) with p-value < 0.005 (p = 0.001).
Prevalence and Knowledge of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Mandailing Natal, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Nasution Rizky Keumala Ansari , Nasution Badai Buana , Lubis Munar , Lubis Inke Nadia D.
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection remains of public health importance, particularly in developing countries. North Sumatra province of Indonesia has reported high prevalences of STH in many of its districts.
AIM: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of STH and evaluated STH knowledge and risk behaviours of school children in Mandailing Natal district.
METHODS:  We conducted a cross-sectional study in two primary schools in Mandailing Natal district, North Sumatera province, Indonesia. Data were collected directly from the subjects using a questionnaire after receiving consent from their parents. A stool sample was also collected to determine the STH status of each subject. Samples were then transported to the parasitology laboratory at Universitas Sumatera Utara in Medan to be analysed by a trained analyst. Kato-Katz method was used to prepare the slides (World Health Organization, 2002). The intensity of infection is classified into light, moderate and heavy infection.
RESULTS: Prevalences of STH infections were 76.8% and 87.2% in Singkuand and Sikapas primary schools, respectively. The majority of infections were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura at a light intensity. Only small numbers of children in the two schools used soap before eating, used soap after defecating, and wear sandal/shoes when walking outdoor. Less than 50% of children also knew the route of transmission of STH. Poorer knowledge and behaviours were shown in children from Sikapas than in Singkuang.
CONCLUSION: High prevalence and poor hygiene behaviours found in this study reinforce the need to identify the correct intervention to address this STH problem in the region.
O que as tecnologias fazem: uma elucidação a partir da filosofia da tecnologia
Authors: Bozatski Maurício Fernando
Published: December 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar como os filósofos da chamada Terceira Geração da Filosofia da Tecnologia conceituam as tecnologias, tanto em seu desenvolvimento quanto em suas implicações no contexto científico e social. A estrutura do artigo apresenta a relevância da tecnologia no desenvolvimento antropológico; a compreensão do fenômeno da tecnologia sob a perspectiva filosófica e por fim, a partir destas elucidações, como as tecnologias são fundamentais para o estabelecimento e consolidação de Visões de Mundo.
Cidades inteligentes e humanas: percepção local e aderência ao movimento que humaniza projetos de smart cities
Authors: Martinelli Marcos Alberto , Achcar Jorge Alberto , Hoffmann Wanda Aparecida Machado
Published: December 2019

A pesquisa analisa a percepção de agentes locais quanto a infraestrutura e engajamento sociotécnico em torno da temática Cidades Inteligentes e Humanas (CIH). Para tanto, utiliza-se a triangulação metodológica com pesquisas exploratório-descritiva, pesquisa survey e pesquisa‑participante. Compõe a amostra 64 cidades brasileiras acima de 100 mil habitantes, analisadas por técnicas de Análise de Perfil e Análise de Variância (ANOVA). O estudo aponta que a aderência das cidades aos conceitos de CIH independem de maior pujança econômica ou social, demonstrando coesão quanto a necessidade de centrar-se no cidadão quando da discussão de projetos que contribuem para que as cidades se tornem smart cities. Verifica-se, ainda, falta de estratégias claras e fragilidade na instituição local de órgão especializado na integração da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação; além de dificuldade em estabelecer elos com organização ou rede sociotécnica para efetividade de projetos de Cidades Inteligentes e Humanas.
A cidade e seus efeitos no serviço ecossistêmico da polinização pela perspectiva CTS
Authors: Silva Emerson Luís Pawoski da , Tonetti Emerson Luis , Santos Everaldo Dos
Published: December 2019

A difícil relação entre sociedade e natureza apresenta conflitos socioambientais exige epistemologias que façam a integração desses. O presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar a amplitude de pesquisa da CTS e seus paralelos com disciplinas das ciências naturais, através da literatura. Considerando a cidade como um artefato tecnológico, pode-se inferir que sua construção e efeitos são objetos de estudo CTS, havendo assim, uma similaridade com a Ecologia Urbana. Os serviços ecossistêmicos estão entre os objetos de estudo mais frequentes na Ecologia Urbana e a redução da qualidade desses em detrimento da urbanização causa danos a seres humanos e outros seres vivos. Para o serviço ecossistêmico da polinização, a relação com CTS também ocorre na rede entre os atores humanos e não-humanos na paisagem urbana. Pela adição de jardins e árvores com flores em distâncias próximas pela cidade podem-se beneficiar polinizadores e agricultores, isto é, natureza e sociedade.
Adapting the (fast-moving) world of molecular ecology to the (slow-moving) world of environmental regulation: lessons from the UK diatom metabarcoding exercise
Authors: Kelly Martyn
Published: December 2019

Development of effective metabarcoding-based tools for ecological assessment requires more than just detailed knowledge of ecology and molecular genetics. There is also a need to understand the context within which they will be used, and for the organisation that uses it to understand the techniques involved and, more especially, how the data that are produced differs from that generated by traditional ecological methods. Lessons learnt during the development of a metabarcoding tool for phytobenthos in the UK are set out in this paper. This attempted to develop a molecular “mirror” of the existing light microscopy-based approach to ecological assessment. Although this conservative approach does not exploit the full potential of metabarcoding data, it does mean that benchmarks exist against which performance and data can be judged. However, the pace of developments within molecular ecology means that regulators will need to find ways of incorporating new scientific insights whilst, at the same time, ensuring a stable regulatory regime. Installation of a metabarcoding technique within a regulatory organisation, in other words, is more than a transaction in which one approach is switched for another. A deeper transformation of the organisation is required.
The predominant role of soil in determining species composition of fern communities in subtropical coastal forest ecosystems
Authors: Carmes Amanda Angélica , Dechoum Michele de Sá , Fiaschi Pedro
Published: December 2019

Ferns are an important component in the understorey of tropical forests and their distribution is influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors. At a regional scale, soil characteristics and canopy openness play an important role in fern species composition and richness, as well as in the abundance of individuals. Our objective was to compare the influence of edaphic conditions and vegetation structure on the abundance and distribution of fern communities in Atlantic forest andrestingaforest. Our hypotheses were that fern species richness and diversity are higher in Atlantic forest than inrestingadue to limiting conditions in this habitat and the composition of fern species in Atlantic forest differs fromrestinga, especially due to differences in edaphic conditions. A principal coordinates analysis was applied to ordinate sampling units in relation to the environmental variables and a permutational multivariate analysis of variance was used to test that environmental variables did not differ between the two vegetation types. Species richness was compared using rarefaction curves. The influence of abiotic variables in species composition and abundance was verified using canonical correspondence analysis. No differences were observed in species richness, diversity or dominance between vegetation types, although abundance was higher inrestinga. Fern communities respond to edaphic conditions and vegetation structure variations between vegetation types, the soil playing a major role. A greater variety of habitats resulting from differences in soil drainage inrestingafacilitates the co-existence of species with different ecological tolerance, increasing local diversity and compensating for limiting conditions inrestinga.
'We got the power!' The political potential of street choirs
Authors: Collective Campaign Choirs Writing
Published: December 2019

Song has the power to express a social truth and is consistently employed in actions across the world in solidarity with political struggle. This article discusses the campaigning work of the Campaign Choirs Network, a UK network of radical political choirs, whose story is founded on
diverse solidarities and a commitment to singing as a means of emotional engagement and pedagogy. The network has conducted a participatory action research programme, including oral history interviews with 42 members of 11 street choirs, exploring members' life-course activism and their utopian
imaginaries. As one aspect of their research, the authors sought to more fully understand the emotions that song and singing release, and the connections that can then be made between people – in order to find out more about the nature of the power of song and the political possibilities
of such connections. Drawing extensively on the interviews, this article discusses the political and pedagogic possibilities of the emotions released through singing.
Le « doudou » à la crèche : pratiques et représentations
Authors: Morfaux Lou , Wendland Jaqueline
Published: December 2019

En France, les objets auxquels les enfants s’attachent connus sous le nom de « doudous » sont largement utilisés aussi bien dans le cadre familial que dans les lieux d’accueil du jeune enfant. La présente étude a eu pour but d’étudier les pratiques et les représentations entourant le « doudou » dans les crèches. La population était constituée de 20 enfants âgés de 15 à 42 mois et de 9 auxiliaires de puériculture. L’utilisation du « doudou » par les enfants a été analysée grâce à une grille d’observation, alors que les professionnelles ont répondu à un entretien sur leurs pratiques et représentations concernant le « doudou ». Les entretiens et l’observation des pratiques montrent que son utilisation varie en fonction des contextes et des moments de la journée. Les données contribuent à réfléchir à la place accordée aujourd’hui au « doudou » au sein des crèches.
Hommes en parcours d’assistance médicale à la procréation : relation aux professionnels de santé et vécu psychologique
Authors: Crozet Agathe , Wendland Jaqueline
Published: December 2019

L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’existence d’un lien, chez les hommes en parcours d’assistance médicale à la procréation, entre la satisfaction de la relation aux soignants et le niveau d’anxiété et de dépression. Vingt-sept hommes, attribués à deux groupes distincts selon qu’ils étaient déjà pères ou non (« nonpères »), ont été rencontrés en entretien et ont ensuite complété trois questionnaires. La qualité de la relation aux soignants est négativement corrélée aux niveaux d’anxiété et de dépression. Les hommes « non-pères » ont un niveau d’anxiété et de dépression significativement plus élevé que les hommes « pères ». L’importance de la relation aux soignants pour les hommes, dans ce contexte médical, est discutée.
L’environnement en correctionnelle. Une sociologie du travail judiciaire
Authors: Barone Sylvain
Published: December 2019

Cet article s’intéresse au traitement pénal des atteintes à la nature à travers une approche de sociologie du travail judiciaire. S’appuyant sur des affaires environnementales de moyenne portée en termes de gravité des atteintes, qui sont les plus courantes au tribunal correctionnel, il analyse les activités et les interactions des différents protagonistes du procès. Il décrypte les manières dont s’opèrent, au cours de la procédure, plusieurs cadrages des infractions, impliquant des oppositions, des stratégies d’alliance et des tentatives d’accord, mettant en tension des cultures et des routines professionnelles, et témoignant du fonctionnement plus global des institutions pénales, où le moins que l’on puisse dire est que l’environnement occupe une place marginalisée.
De la green criminology à l’analyse de la gestion différentielle des illégalismes
Authors: Salle Grégory
Published: December 2019

Le courant de recherche anglophone couramment désigné sous le vocable générique de «  green criminology  », voué à l’étude de la criminalité environnementale sous tous ses aspects, est aujourd’hui bien établi. Cette situation offre un vif contraste avec l’état de la littérature en langue française, en dépit de l’existence de contributions juridiques relatives au droit pénal de l’environnement. Cet article montre que ce contraste bibliographique est plus étonnant qu’il n’y paraît, dans la mesure où certaines des contributions pionnières furent publiées en français au tournant des années 1980. Il restitue ensuite les conditions intellectuelles d’émergence de la green criminology , ainsi que le triple constat qui cimente ce courant malgré sa relative diversité : les crimes contre l’environnement sont répandus ; leurs conséquences sont graves ; pourtant ils sont très peu punis. Présentant certains des débats qui animent ce courant, cette contribution insiste sur les désaccords relatifs à l’acception pertinente de la notion même de crime. Présenter et discuter l’apport de la green criminology permet in fine d’argumenter en faveur d’une intégration de l’étude de la criminalité environnementale dans la visée plus large d’une analyse de ce que Michel Foucault proposait de nommer la gestion différentielle des illégalismes.
Glutamate-Modulating Drugs and the Treatment of Mental Disorders
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: December 2019

EXCERPT
Chemical neurotransmitters mediate the actions of all known psychotropic drugs (Snyder & Ferris, 2000). Although many studies have focused on classic neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine), many other neurochemicals operate as neurotransmitters. These novel neurotransmitters are important for normal brain functioning, but they likely contribute to the pathophysiology of mental and neurological disorders. They may provide additional or alternative ways to explain how many psychotropic medications work, and they might be suitable targets for the development of new medications.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Howland is Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The author discloses that he has no significant financial interests in any product or class of products discussed directly or indirectly in this activity, including research support.
Address correspondence to Robert H. Howland, MD, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: HowlandRH@upmc.edu.
Is Forensic Mental Health Nursing Right for You?
Authors: Edwards-Fallis Susan K.
Published: December 2019

EXCERPT
The intentions of society toward its criminal elements are clear: secure perimeters, armed towers, locked doors, cells, bars, electronic surveillance, and razor wire are omnipresent reminders of the monolithic and unremitting administration of correction and criminal justice (Doyle, 1999). Forensic nurses have identified prison as a place where violence and manipulation are inherent (Doyle, 1999).
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Ms. Edwards-Fallis is Nurse Administrator I (NAI), Central New York Psychiatric Center, Marcy, New York.
Address correspondence to Susan K. Edwards-Fallis, RN, BSN, MSN, 98 Unger Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14210; e-mail: skef135@adelphia.net.
Eagle Soaring: The Power of the Resilient Self
Authors: Engel Bonnie
Published: December 2019

Please click here to read the letter to the editor.
EXCERPT

The eagle represents strength, vision, and endurance; unaffected by the storms, it soars above. How is it that some children bounce back from adversity and persevere through difficult times? In one word: resiliency. In addition, how does a child’s resiliency align with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), while remaining true to culturally competent care of a child with traditional Native American roots? This article will explore this and address the bridging of traditions with the Western world of therapy.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Ms. Engel is Clinical Specialist, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, True North Solutions, Bismarck, North Dakota.

The author discloses that she has no significant financial interests in any product or class of products discussed directly or indirectly in this activity, including research support.

Address correspondence to Bonnie Engel, MSN, RN, APRN, BC, CNS-Psychiatric, Clinical Specialist, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, True North Solutions, 418 North Second Street, Bismarck, ND 58501; e-mail: truesolutions@qwest.net.
Mental Health Nursing Is Not Fine Art
Authors: Finfgeld-Connett Deborah
Published: December 2019

EXCERPT
Recently, my scholarly endeavors led me to more carefully examine the phrase art of nursing. In the past, I did not feel I fully understood the implications of this phrase, and books such as M. Patricia Donahue’s Nursing, The Finest Art: An Illustrated History (1996) just seemed to add to my confusion. I was never clear how works of fine art were intended to inform my practice. This was especially true given that Donahue’s (1996) book depicts images of caregivers, such as mothers and the poet Walt Whitman, who lack formal nursing education. ABOUT THE AUTHORDeborah Finfgeld-Connett, PhD, APRN, BC Associate Professor Sinclair School of Nursing University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, Missouri 
Depression in School-Aged Children: Assessment and Early Intervention
Authors: Nardi Deena A.
Published: December 2019

Psychiatric nurses who have worked in primary care settings, especially in low-income communities serving uninsured and underserved families, are painfully aware that clinical depression is ubiquitous. Not only is it everywhere we work, but we recognize that it has genetic and familial links and can be triggered by environmental factors. Although the diagnostic characteristics of clinical depression in children are the same as those in adults (i.e., persistent depressed affect, tiredness, negative cognitions, trouble concentrating or inattention, feelings of worthlessness or guilt), the clinical symptoms are age dependent and will be expressed through age-appropriate behaviors. These behaviors are commonly manifested in school-aged children by a downgrade in school performance; a marked change in attitude; somatic problems such as colds, stomachaches, and fatigue; and trouble at home. ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Nardi is an Early Intervention Specialist, and a Professor, University of St. Francis, College of Nursing and Allied Health, Joliet, Illinois. The author discloses that she has no significant financial interests in any product or class of products discussed directly or indirectly in this activity, including research support. Address correspondence to Deena A. Nardi, PhD, APRN, BC, FAAN, Professor, University of St. Francis, College of Nursing and Allied Health, 500 Wilcox Street, Joliet, IL 60435; e-mail: dnardi@stfrancis.edu. 
Lamellar Crescentic Resection for Pellucid Marginal Corneal Degeneration
Authors: Javadi Mohammad A , Karimian Farid , Hosseinzadeh Ahmad , Noroozizadeh Hafez M , Sa'eedifar Mohammad R , Rabie Hossein M
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of lamellar crescentic resection in pellucid marginal corneal degeneration.

METHODS: Patients with pellucid marginal corneal degeneration who underwent lamellar crescentic resection from 1995 to 2000 at Labbafinejad Medical Center were assessed. Diagnosis was based on clinical findings of slit-lamp microscopy and confirmed by corneal topography and pachymetry.

RESULTS: Fifteen eyes of nine patients (six male and three female) were operated. Mean patient age was 32 years (range 25 to 41 yr). Preoperatively, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 to 20/500 with a range of 12 to 26 D of against-the-rule astigmatism (mean 19.00 D). Follow-up ranged from 13 to 57 months (mean 35 mo). Postoperatively, patients had with-the-rule astigmatism: mean 16.00 D at 6 weeks and 10.50 D at 6 months. In the second postoperative year, mean with-the-rule astigmatism was 4.30 D. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 in 71% of eyes at final follow-up. No significant complications occurred during the study period.

CONCLUSION: Lamellar crescentic resection was a safe and effective non-penetrating surgical method to manage pellucid marginal corneal degeneration, however, visual recovery was relatively prolonged. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:162-165]
Wavefront Aberrations From Corneal Ectasia After Laser in situ Keratomileusis Demonstrated by InterWave Aberrometry
Authors: Randleman J Bradley , Thompson Keith P , Staver P Randall
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report a case of corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). The patient presented with minimal alterations in manifest refraction but had obvious distortions in the wavefront error of the eye, as demonstrated by InterWave aberrometry.

METHODS: Retrospective case report and literature review.

RESULTS: Three years following uneventful and initially successful LASIK and two subsequent enhancement procedures, a patient experienced a decrease in uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity with only minor changes in manifest refraction and initially subtle changes on corneal topography. InterWave aberrometry showed a wavefront distortion consistent with progressive steepening of the anterior cornea, reflecting possible development of corneal ectasia.

CONCLUSIONS: InterWave aberrometry in conjunction with corneal topography was useful for early recognition of the development of corneal ectasia after LASIK. [J Refract Surg 2004;20: 170-175]
Prospective, Randomized, Paired Comparison of Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis and Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia Less Than -6.50 Diopters
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Fotouhi Akbar , Foudazi Hamid , Sadeghi Navid , Payvar Saeed
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: We compared predictability, efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction following laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for low to moderate myopia with either the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser or the Technolas 217C excimer laser.

METHODS: Forty-two patients with spherical equivalent refraction in the range -1.00 to -6.50 D were enrolled in this prospective study, each randomized for choice and sequence of LASEK and PRK on each of their eyes. Patients were examined daily for 7 days, and at 1 and 3 months. Patient satisfaction and quality of vision were assessed using a subjective questionnaire.

RESULTS: Mean baseline refraction was -3.57 ± 1.25 D in LASEK eyes and -3.44 ± 1.13 D in PRK eyes. Follow-up rates were 100% up to 1 month and 76% at 3 months. At 3 months, 32 (100%) of LASEK eyes and 31 (97%) of PRK eyes had uncorrected visual acuity ≥20/40, 25 (79%) of LASEK eyes and 26 (82%) of PRK eyes had uncorrected visual acuity ≥20/20, mean refraction was 0.08 ± 0.53 D in LASEK eyes and 0.12 ± 0.50 D in PRK eyes, 26 (81%) of LASEK eyes and 23 (72%) of PRK eyes had a refraction within ±0.50 D and 29 (91%) of LASEK eyes and 30 (94%) of PRK eyes had refraction within ±1.00 D. Epithelial healing time and pain in LASEK and PRK eyes were not statistically different, and patients were equally satisfied.

CONCLUSION: LASEK had similar predictability, efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction to PRK in the treatment of low to moderate myopia. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:217-222]
Diurnal Fluctuation of Higher Order Ocular Aberrations: Correlation With Intraocular Pressure and Corneal Thickness
Authors: Mierdel Peter , Krinke Hans-Eberhard , Pollack Katharina , Spoerl Eberhard
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Optimal wavefront-guided refractive corneal laser surgery requires sufficiently exact data of optical higher order aberrations. We investigated whether these aberrations had a systematic during-the-day variation, studied the range of variation, and changes in intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness.

METHODS: In 22 eyes of 22 young volunteers the optical aberrations of higher order were measured by means of a Tscherning-type ocular aberrometer three times during one day (7 AM, 12 noon, 4 PM). In addition, in 12 of these eyes the intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured. The intraocular wavefront aberration was computed using Zernike polynomials up to the sixth order, and Zernike coefficients of third and fourth order were analyzed.

RESULTS: Only the coefficient Z
p 2
4
(C13) showed a significant increase during the day by a mean 0.016 µm. A significant regression could be detected between changes of coefficients Z
p 3
3
, Z^sup -2^
4
, Z
p 0
4
, Z
p 4
4
, and changes of intraocular pressure or central corneal thickness during the day.

CONCLUSIONS: Due to the small values, the measured during-the-day changes of higher order aberrations had no direct practical consequences for the aberrometry-guided corneal laser surgery. Alterations of some Zernike coefficients during the day may be explained by the biomechanical behavior of the cornea. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:236-242]
Ocular Surface Treatment Before Laser in situ Keratomileusis in Patients With Severe Dry Eye
Authors: Toda Ikuko , Asano-Kato Naoko , Hori-Komai Yoshiko , Tsubota Kazuo
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in patients with severe dry eye associated with Sjögren's syndrome.

METHODS: Three patients (six eyes) with Sjögren's syndrome who underwent bilateral LASIK were retrospectively evaluated for visual outcome, intraoperative and postoperative complications, dry eye status (subjective symptoms and objective findings, Schirmer test, vital staining of the ocular surface), and outcome satisfaction by subjective questionnaire. All patients had negative reflex tearing and were treated with topical autologous serum and/or punctal occlusion prior to LASIK to improve the ocular surface. This treatment was continued postoperatively.

RESULTS: Mean attempted correction of six eyes was -8.46 ± 1.55 D (range -7.00 to -10.63 D). One year after LASIK, mean uncorrected visual acuity was 1.07 (range 0.7 to 1.5), mean best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 1.29 (range 1.2 to 1.5), and mean refraction was -0.19 ± 0.51 D (range -1.00 to +0.50 D). Tear production, rose bengal and fluorescein staining, and dry eye symptoms were not exacerbated after LASIK. No complications, such as intraoperative epithelial defect, diffuse lamellar keratitis, epithelial ingrowth, or recurrent erosion occurred. All three patients were satisfied with the outcome of their surgery.

CONCLUSION: LASIK can be safely and effectively managed in patients with severe dry eye with reduced reflex tearing by preoperative and postoperative treatments consisting of a combination of artificial tears, topical autologous serum, and punctal occlusion. Careful assessment of preoperative and postoperative ocular surface status is mandatory in such patients. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:270-275]
Limitations of Pupil Tracking in Refractive Surgery: Systematic Error in Determination of Corneal Locations
Authors: Bueeler Michael , Mrochen Michael
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The goal of this investigation was to show the theoretical limitations of pupil tracking in refractive surgery. The parallax error associated with localizing corneal positions by tracking the subjacent entrance pupil center was quantified.

METHODS: Optical ray-tracing in a schematic model eye was performed to determine the geometric parallax error. The calculations required several assumptions regarding ocular geometry, eye movements, and eye tracker position. Various parameter combinations were evaluated to assess the potential range of error to be expected in clinical practice.

RESULTS: Tracking error can amount to 30% (or more for eye trackers mounted closer than 500 mm to the eye) of the detected lateral shift. Thus, if the eye tracker registers a lateral shift of the entrance pupil of 0.2 mm away from the tracking reference axis, the point of interest located on the cornea would essentially be 0.26 mm away from this reference axis. A laser pulse fired at that moment would be systematically displaced by 60 µm. Our results depended on geometric parameters of the eye and the tracking device. Based on conservative assumptions regarding these geometric parameters, partial compensation could be realized by adding a certain percentage to the modulus of each eye tracker reading.

CONCLUSIONS: The fact that corneal displacement was generally underestimated by up to 30% of the measured entrance pupil shift demonstrates the severity of the parallax effect. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:371-378]
Effect of Laser in situ Keratomileusis on Tear Secretion and Corneal Sensitivity
Authors: Michaeli Adi , Slomovic Allan R , Sakhichand Kar , Rootman David S
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study changes in corneal sensitivity and Schirmer I scores following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and the correlation between the two.

METHODS: Twenty-three patients who had LASIK at The Gimbel Eye Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, participated in the study. All were asymptomatic for severe dry eyes before surgery. All patients underwent a Schirmer test (without anesthetic), a filament corneal sensitivity test, and slitlamp microscopy including staining with lissamine green preoperatively and at postoperative time intervals of 3 to 5 days, and 1 and 3 months.

RESULTS: No correlation was found between the difference in Schirmer test scores and the difference in corneal sensitivity, at any timepoint. A nonstatistically significant trend toward a reduction in Schirmer values immediately after surgery was noted, with a return to slightly lower than baseline levels by 3 months. Corneal sensitivity was significantly decreased immediately after surgery and returned to preoperative levels by 3 months (P<.0001). There was a statistically significant effect of age, gender, and mean spherical equivalent refraction on corneal sensitivity (P<.0001) and a significant effect of age on the time trend (P=.02), but not for Schirmer levels or staining.

CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in corneal sensitivity immediately following surgery occurred, with a return to preoperative levels by 3 months. Schirmer test scores similarly decreased, although without statistical significance, and returned to near preoperative levels after 3 months. A statistically significant correlation between the reduction in tearing and reduction in corneal sensitivity after LASIK was not demonstrated. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:379-383]
Method of Determining a Patient's Subjective Refraction Based on Objective Measurement
Authors: Lai Shui , Gomez Noriko , Wei Jianping
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To develop a method for predicting the manifest refraction from objective measurement using wavefront sensing. We tested the hypothesis that, when the eye has an optimal refractive correction, the refractive power of the eye is in the most stable state, with the least fluctuation in its total optical aberration and hence least amount of standard deviation in the wavefront error.

METHODS: Nine patients were enrolled in this study. All measurements were performed using a grating-based wavefront instrument manufactured by Ophthonix, Inc. The test procedure involved adding defocus power binocularly in the line of sight of the patient. Five added diopter powers were used: piano (no add), +1.00 D, +0.50 D, -0.50 D, and -1.00 D. The eyes were undilated, and the measurement was taken at a single added defocus power each day over 5 days. The patients had a binocular view and were asked to focus on a picture at 20 feet. Manifest refraction was used as the reference point (the ? added powers are relative to this "piano" power).

RESULTS: For each patient, the standard deviation (STDEV) of the total root mean square values of the wavefront measurement were used as a measure of vision fluctuation. Spherical equivalent manifest refraction was tested against the added defocus as a measure of the method's predictability. Graphic plots of standard deviation of the total wavefront error against the added diopter power showed that the minima of the vision fluctuation from the data sets were within -0.10 and +0.30 D (95% limit of agreement). The mean difference between the manifest refraction and the most stable point of vision was 0.14 D.

CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of 10 eyes show promise that using an objective method of monitoring vision fluctuation may produce good agreement with the manifest refraction. The method should be further validated using a smaller step of added defocus and involving a larger number of test subjects representing a sample of the general population. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:S528-S532]
Unresolved Issues in the Prediction of Subjective Refraction From Wavefront Aberration Maps
Authors: Thibos Larry N
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Sources of uncertainty in the conversion of wavefront aberration maps to refractive prescriptions are described. These uncertainties highlight the nature of optimum corrections, the imprecise far point in human eyes, multiple strategies for locating an approximate far point, and unresolved aspects of the gold standard for judging success. The conclusion points to future experiments needed to resolve these uncertainties to achieve more accurate and precise methods of objective wavefront refraction. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:S533-S536]
Effect of Higher-order Wavefront Aberrations on Binocular Summation
Authors: Fam Han-Bor , Lim Kooi-Ling
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of individual Zernike wavefront aberrations on binocular summation and binocular visual acuity.

METHODS: A 0.25-?p? wavefront aberration of second, third and fourth order Zernike modes were introduced into a set of log minimum angle of resolution unit (logMAR) visual acuity charts convolved by CTView. Subjects were dilated and fitted with an artificial pupil of 3 mm. For each set of charts, right eye, left eye, and binocular acuity was measured. The gain in binocular visual acuity over monocular visual acuity was defined as binocular summation. The visual acuity lost binocularly reading aberrated charts was normalized for each subject and defined as the aberration induced loss in acuity.

RESULTS: Binocular summation was 10.0% (95% limits of agreement 8.8 to 11.1%) in the unaberrated state and ranged from 17.3 to 3.4% in the Zernike modes studied. Binocular summation was greatest in defocus followed by coma and astigmatism. The aberration induced loss in monocular and binocular acuity was higher for Zernike modes with low angular frequency compared to those with high angular frequency. Linear regression showed a significant relationship between aberration-induced loss of visual acuity and binocular summation.

CONCLUSIONS: A fixed amount of root mean square (RMS) aberration has a varied effect on binocular vision depending on the angular frequency and radial order of Zernike mode. Binocular vision has a positive effect in reducing the visual impact of aberrations as Zernike modes that suffer from the most loss of visual acuity also experience the greatest amounts of binocular summation [J Refract Surg 2004;20:S570-S575]
The Effectiveness of Mobile Learning Based Android in Learning English Vocabularies
Authors: Wijaya Iriany Kesuma , Bakri Rina Asrini , Wutun Antonius Ali , Fitriani Fitriani , Mattoliang Achsan Andi
Published: December 2019

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of mobile learning based android in learning vocabulary at the seventh-grade students of SMP Batara Gowa. This type of research is pre-experimental. The research design used was pre-experimental design, namely one group pre-test post-test design. The populations in this study were all seventh-grade students of SMP Batara Gowa, and the sample was class VII.1 as the experimental class which was chosen by using purposive sampling. The results of the data analysis show that the mean score of post-test (70.55) was higher than the mean score of pre-test (34.65). The result of the t-test was 30.117 and t-table 2.093. It could be indicated that the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted. Based on the effectiveness criteria, generally using mobile learning based android was effective in learning vocabulary at the seventh-grade students of SMP Batara Gowa.