bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dose‐dependent influence of Microplitis rufiventris factors on developmental rate and growth of last‐instar Spodoptera littoralis larvae
Authors: Hegazi E. M. , Khafagi W. E.
Published: August 2010

The solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris, attacks and can develop in earlier instars of Spodoptera littoralis larvae with preference to third‐instar larvae. We used the last stadium (sixth instar), a stage which is not naturally parasitized. The newly moulted larvae (0–3 h old) of this stadium were more acceptable for parasitization by the wasp females than the older ones (24 h old). Parasitization by M. rufiventris wasp of last instar S. littoralis larvae leads to dose (no. of eggs + parasitoid factors)‐dependent effects which were more pronounced at 20°C than at 27°C. A single oviposition into a sixth instar host larva resulted in normal development of the host. However, superparasitization increased the proportions of developmentally arrested hosts and number of live wasp larvae. Development of supernumerary individuals of the parasitoid in the host larva leads to dose‐related adverse effects on host growth and development. The present study may provide interesting opportunities for studying the physiological bases of host–parasitoid interactions and parasitoid intra‐specific competition in the biological system considered.
Is the (E)‐β‐farnesene only volatile terpenoid in aphids?
Authors: Francis F. , Vandermoten S. , Verheggen F. , Lognay G. , Haubruge E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Herbivore insects use a broad range of chemical cues to locate their host to feed or to oviposit. Whether several plant volatiles are effective allelochemicals for insects, the latter also emit molecules which have infochemical role. The (E)‐β‐farnesene (EBF) is a well‐known aphid alarm pheromone commonly found in all previously tested species. Analysis of the released molecules from 23 aphid species, mainly collected on their natural host plant from May to July, was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. While EBF was identified as the main volatile substance in 16 species, alone or associated with other molecules, the alarm pheromone was only a minor component of the volatile molecule pattern of five other species. Moreover, two species, Euceraphis punctipennis and Drepanosiphum platanoides, did not release EBF at all but other terpenes were identified. This original observation raised the question on the utility and the source of the non‐EBF volatiles. Are these potential infochemical substances produced by the aphid or only absorbed from the host plant? Here we determined that terpenes released by insects were not only provided by the host plants. Indeed, Megoura viciae emitted additional molecules than the ones from several aphid species reared on the same host plant. Moreover, no systematic relation between the feeding behaviour of the aphid species and the volatile releases was observed. Aphid terpene composition and proportion would provide reliable cues to identify the emitting organism, plant or insect. The next step of this work will be to determine the infochemical role of terpenes found in the range of tested aphid samples to better understand the relations between the different tritrophic levels.
How to measure the food utilization of subterranean insects: a case study with the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
Authors: Moeser J. , Vidal S.
Published: August 2010

To date, nutritional studies on subterranean insects have focused on qualitative aspects due to experimental limitations. We have developed a method of studying insect–plant interactions quantitatively in subterranean environments. The initial and final weights of larvae of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Chrysomelidae, Galeruncinae) and those of maize roots, which served as food items were determined. The difference between initial and final weight of larvae and roots allowed for the calculation of the food conversion efficiency. This can be used to portray differences in food quality and its impact on larval performance and development.
Cross‐resistance and biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the B‐type Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Wang Lihua , Wu Yidong
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  To understand the risk of resistance and the possible mechanisms of resistance to abamectin in B‐type Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) better, a resistant strain of B. tabaci was selected in the laboratory and cross‐resistance pattern and resistance mechanisms to abamectin were investigated. The NJ‐Abm strain of B. tabaci was derived from a field population (NJ) collected in Nanjing, China in 2002 with 18 generations of selection with abamectin in the laboratory. Compared with the unselected NJ strain, the selected NJ‐Abm strain developed 14.5‐fold resistance to abamectin and showed significant cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate (4.4‐fold) and imidacloprid (3.4‐fold), but no cross‐resistance to fipronil. The oxidase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and glutathione S‐transferase inhibitor diethyl maleate (DEM) produced significant synergism on abamectin in the NJ‐Abm strain (with synergistic ratios of 3.9‐ and 4.1‐fold respectively); however, the esterase inhibitor triphenyl phosphate (TPP) did not act synergistically with abamectin. Biochemical analysis confirmed that P450 monooxygenase activity and glutathione S‐transferase activity of the NJ‐Abm strain were elevated to 2.1‐ and 2.0‐fold, respectively, compared with that of the NJ strain. This indicated that enhanced metabolism mediated by P450 monooxygenase and glutathione S‐transferase is likely to be involved in abamectin resistance and cross‐resistance to imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate in the NJ‐Abm strain.
RURAL AND REMOTE ORAL HEALTH, PROBLEMS AND MODELS FOR IMPROVEMENT: A WESTERN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Steele Lesley , Paczaand Tom , Tennant Marc
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Oral healthcare in rural communities shares many of the dilemmas faced by medicine in providing services to large geographical areas with dispersed populations. This study examined the population data and service provision data relevant to the geographical distribution of oral health care in Western Australia (WA). Of the 1.7 million people resident in WA, 72% were resident in the five major urban centres with only 13% in rural and remote regions. Of the 320 postcode regions, 186 had a population of less than 2500, 31 had a population from 2500 to 5000, 42 from 5000 to 10 000, 37 from 10 000 to 20 000, and 24 had a population greater that 20 000. Almost 80% of postcode regions with a population less than 2500 are in non‐urban regions. Of the total of 690 dentists who were analysed in this study, it was found that the vast majority (greater than 85%) worked in practices in postcode regions within metropolitan Perth or the major urban centres. A total of 43 postcode regions did not have a dental practice within their bounds. In order to address this disparity in service availability, strategies including the development of training for medical practitioners and auxiliaries, the use of modern technology, school‐based programs and the development of interdisciplinary links should be implemented. These strategies would also facilitate the development of closer links between medical and dental practitioners and the development of skills within the medical fraternity that would facilitate improved oral health in rural and remote communities.
PALLIATIVE CARE ON KANGAROO ISLAND
Authors: Crawford Gregory B.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Kangaroo Island is the third largest island of Australia and the largest island off the coast of South Australia. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of professional carers and closest caring person of 15 patients who had died of malignant disease between 1994 and 1996. There was a high level of satisfaction with services provided on Kangaroo Island. There was regret about over‐optimistic prognoses being given by specialist medical practitioners and considerable dissatisfaction with the service provided by tertiary hospitals. A divergence in assessment of symptoms was revealed between carers and professionals. There is need for improved training opportunities for community nurses, improved financial support for families dealing with malignancy and a need for more formalised bereavement services.
A NURSE PRACTITIONER‐LED FARMERS‘ HEALTH SERVICE: SETTING UP AND EVALUATING A UK PROJECT
Authors: Walsh Mike
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The farming community in the UK have significant unmet health‐care needs that have traditionally remained invisible. The project that is the subject of this paper is an attempt to improve access to health care for farmers and make their needs visible. It is based in an upland area of England and involves two nurse practitioners (NPs) and two support workers who provide health care for the farming community. The main targets of the project are farm accidents, mental health and occupational diseases. The NPs visit farms, on request, for consultations and also attend auction marts, agricultural shows and other farmers' meetings. Evaluation is by a telephone follow‐up interview with a sample of clients seen by the N P, who will be compared with a group from a similar area who do not receive the service. A farm accident survey is underway, case notes are being audited and the NPs are keeping a reflective diary as further sources of data.
MECHANICS OF AN EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE
Authors: Pearce Christopher , Korda Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Rural general practitioners occasionally exchange practices internationally. The process of exchanging is a complicated one, which involves multiple bureaucarcies. Exchanging is not for the anxious or impatient. We exchanged with a family physician in Canada and had to arrange registration, provider numbers and immmigration for our Canadian colleague, as well as for ourselves in Canada. In addition, there are many personal details (cars, house, etc.) that must also be sorted out.
PREVENTING FRACTURES IN LARGE RURAL CENTRES: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC SUB‐GROUPS AT RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS FROM THEIR LIFESTYLE
Authors: Peach Hedley G. , Bath Nicole E.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Middle‐aged people living in non‐metropolitan Victoria have higher hospitalisation rates from osteoporotic fractures than those in metropolitan areas. This may reflect a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis. One‐fifth of Victoria's non‐metropolitan population live in ‘large rural centres’. The aim of the present study was to identify the sociodemographic sub‐groups in a ‘large rural centre’ at risk of osteoporosis because of their lifestyle. Adults on Ballarat's electoral rolls were invited to complete a questionnaire and have their height and weight measured. A total of 335 eligible people participated in the present study (67% response). The sub‐groups at risk of osteoporosis were identified using logistic regression analyses. Among women, being single/separated/divorced/ widowed was associated with being underweight and having low dietary calcium. A lack of exercise was associated with not completing high school and smoking with being aged 25–44 years. Among men, low dietary calcium was associated with not completing high school and smoking was associated with being employed in a non‐professional/ non‐managerial occupation. These sub‐groups must be considered when planning preventative strategies for people in ‘large rural centres’.
DIFFERENCES IN CARDIAC PROCEDURES AMONG PATIENTS IN METROPOLITAN AND NON‐METROPOLITAN HOSPITALS IN NEW SOUTH WALES AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND ANGINA
Authors: Heller Richard F. , O'Connell Rachel L. , D'Este Catherine , Lim Lynette L.‐Y. , Fletcher Peter J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: An observational cohort study examined the difference in use of cardiac procedures during and after hospital admission for acute chest pain in 47 metropolitan or non‐metropolitan hospitals across New South Wales (NSW). There were 3836 patients, represented by 4151 admissions to hospital after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina or other angina. Follow up at 22 months was completed on 1695 patients. Patients admitted to metropolitan hospitals had higher rates of most cardiac procedures while in‐patients than did patients in non‐metropolitan hospitals. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the use of exercise stress tests, echocardiograms, nuclear studies and coronary angiography were 3.30 (1.38, 7.90), 9.34 (4.07, 21.44), 4.87 (2.08, 11.39) and 68.64 (17.29, 272.49), respectively, for patients with AMI and 1.93 (0.91, 4.12), 5.60 (1.60, 19.57), 3.51 (1.48, 8.33) and 38.57 (9.36, 158.94), respectively, for patients with unstable angina. Rates were similar between hospital types during the 22 months after discharge. The appropriateness of this large variation in resource use between metropolitan and non‐metropolitan hospitals requires examination.
FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDERS
Authors: Macintosh David J. , Pearson Belinda
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The objective was to study patients of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin who were admitted to Cairns Base Hospital with the diagnosis of femoral neck fracture. An analysis of all 232 admissions with this diagnosis between November 1997 and July 2000 was carried out. Information was gathered from data accumulated on the Clinical Pathways database; other local data was also considered. Patients registered as being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin have a lower incidence of these fractures than might be expected on an overall population basis, but similar rates on age‐standardised data. The female age profile is substantially older than the female non‐indigenous osteoporotic fracture group. Indigenous females develop osteoporotic type fractures of the femoral neck at a later age than do non‐indigenous females. This may reflect a genetic difference in bone mineral density or a healthy lifestyle in earlier days. Further research is suggested.
MEDIA REPORTS OF RURAL HEALTH AND SAFETY: A REVIEW OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THE LAND NEWSPAPER
Authors: Shea Robyn , Chapman Simon
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The Land is one of the main newspapers that service Australia's rural community. A content analysis of reports on health issues in The Land was undertaken for the period April 1998 to October 1999 (76 editions, 10 336 pages). Fifty‐four articles were published, with most being about causes of farm injury. Very few articles concerning non‐injury health issues facing rural residents were published. People working in health promotion should consider The Land to be an under‐utilised vehicle for news and commentary on rural health and safety issues.
PRIMARY MENTAL HEALTH‐CARE MODEL IN RURAL TASMANIA: OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS
Authors: Malcolm Helen
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Community and doctor concern over the disproportionately high suicide rate in a rural area of Tasmania resulted in a project employing a mental health worker to provide counselling, educate patients and the public about mental illness, improve the skills of local health workers, liaise with other counselling agencies and undertake research into mental health in the area. Figures on mental health problems in the area and the positive effects of the project on access to treatment and improvement in symptoms and functioning are presented. The results from this inexpensive, shared care/attachment model point to its potential application in primary care in other areas of Australia.
PATTERNS OF COMPUTER USAGE AMONG MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS IN RURAL AND REMOTE QUEENSLAND
Authors: White Col , Sheedy Vicki , Lawrence Nicola
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: As part of a more detailed needs analysis, patterns of computer usage among medical practitioners in rural and remote Queensland were investigated. Utilising a questionnaire approach, a response rate of 23.82% (n = 131) was obtained. Results suggest that medical practitioners in rural and remote Queensland are relatively sophisticated in their use of computer and information technologies and have embraced computerisation to a substantially higher extent compared with their urban counterparts and previously published estimates. Findings also indicate that a substantial number of rural and remote practitioners are utilising computer and information technologies for clinical purposes such as pathology, patient information sheets, prescribing, education, patient records and patient recalls. Despite barriers such as bandwidth limitations, cost and the sometimes unreliable quality of Internet service providers, a majority of rural and remote respondents rated an Internet site with continuing medical education information and services as being important or very important. Suggestions that ‘rural doctors are slow to adapt to new technologies’ are questioned, with findings indicating that rural and remote medical practitioners in Queensland have adapted to, and utilise, information technology to a far higher extent than has been previously documented.
IDENTIFYING AND OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO ABORIGINAL ACCESS TO GENERAL PRACTITIONER SERVICES IN RURAL NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Andrews Bruce , Simmons Peter , Long Ian , Wilson Ross
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The Wiradjuri General Practitioners and Aboriginal Health Workers Project aimed to help improve Aboriginal health in central western New South Wales (NSW) by identifying and overcoming the barriers to the Aboriginal population's access to general practitioner services.

The central strategy of the project was to convene three rounds of consultative meetings in five towns: Bathurst, Orange, Cowra, Forbes and Condobolin. These meetings brought together Aboriginal community members, general practitioners and Aboriginal health workers to express and define local issues and problems, and to propose solutions.

The solutions included general practitioner outreach clinics, a focus on prewinter immunisation, bulk‐billing of Aboriginal patients, Aboriginal cultural awareness training for all general practice personnel, employing Aboriginal staff in general practice, and closer professional interaction between general practitioners and Aboriginal health workers.

Most participants evaluated the meetings as positive and constructive. The project substantiates the perceived need for alternative models for the funding and delivery of general practitioner services to Aboriginal communities.
COMPARISON OF ROLES AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT NEEDS OF NURSE EXECUTIVES WORKING IN METROPOLITAN, PROVINCIAL, RURAL OR REMOTE SETTINGS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Courtney Mary , Yacopetti Jane , James Catherine , Walsh Anne , Finlayson Kathleen
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: This research provides a profile of nurse executives' roles, career opportunities and professional development needs across metropolitan, provincial, rural and remote settings in Queensland. A cross‐sectional survey was posted to all Directors/Assistant Directors of Nursing in the Queensland Public Health Sector (n =281), with a response rate of 52.3% (n =147).

Findings indicated that the role of nursing executives has expanded and diversified, with multiple role responsibilities increasing with distance from the metropolitan area. Nurse executives in remote areas were less satisfied with the quality of supervision and mentorship they received, and least likely to participate in career enhancing activities. Metropolitan nursing executives utilised more of the career enhancing opportunities provided by the Queensland Public Health Sector than did provincial, rural or remote nursing executives. Provincial nurse executives were the group most likely to network, attend conferences and participate in informal educational activities. Professional development needs, although generally common to all groups, were more practice specific for those in rural and remote areas. Many nurse executives begin their careers in rural or remote areas where limited opportunities for career development may be detrimental to their future development.
MANAGEMENT OF EPISODES OF INCAPACITY BY FAMILIES IN RURAL AND REMOTE QUEENSLAND
Authors: Jirojwong Sansnee , MacLennan Robert
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: People in rural and remote areas have relatively poor health, so limited availability of and accessibility to doctors are major health issues. This cross‐sectional study was conducted in rural and remote areas of Central Queensland. Using telephone interviews, the study described the use of formal and informal health services by families in response to episodes of incapacity. An episode of incapacity was defined as inability to conduct ordinary activities for at least half a day due to new or continued illness. Of the 394 households contacted, 270 (68.5%) provided information about 698 household members, of whom 269 (38.5%) reported at least one episode of incapacity in the previous 12 months. The respondents could report more than one type of management of an illness episode. The management of the most recent episode in each member included 68% visiting doctors and 8.2% using services at an accident and emergency unit. Persons living in ‘least’ medically resourced areas were more likely than persons in relatively ‘high’ and ‘moderate’ areas to consult doctors, but were also more likely to first consult books and delay their visits. They also consulted by telephone three times more frequently. Only 7% consulted other health practitioners including nurses and chemists, suggesting that these health practitioners were not used by families in rural and remote areas during episodes of incapacity. Increasing the availability and accessibility of medical care resources in rural and remote areas, using alternative delivery methods such as telemedicine, may meet the health needs of rural populations.
GOAL ATTAINMENT SCALING: AN EFFECTIVE OUTCOME MEASURE FOR RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH SERVICES
Authors: Cox Ruth , Amsters Delena
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) as an effective, multidisciplinary measure of client outcomes for rural and remote health services. Goal Attainment Scaling was adopted by the Spinal Outreach Team (SPOT) as a client‐focussed evaluation tool, as it is sensitive to the individual nature of clients' presenting issues and the multidisciplinary focus of the team. It enables individualised goals to be set on a five‐point scale. Goal Attainment Scaling was introduced to the SPOT service after a pilot trial established guidelines for its effective implementation. An ongoing review process ensures that goal scaling remains realistic and relevant. Service outcomes can be effectively summarised using a frequency distribution of GAS scores. One of the important benefits of GAS is its facilitation of collaborative goal setting between clinician and client. Goal Attainment Scaling is recommended to rural and remote multidisciplinary health services because of its ability to summarise outcomes from heterogeneous service activities.
Better medication management for Aboriginal people with mental health disorders: a survey of providers
Authors: Kowanko Inge , de Crespigny Charlotte , Murray Helen , Groenkjaer Mette , Emden Carolyn
Published: August 2010

Objective: To explore the experiences and training needs of service providers in relation to medication management for Aboriginal people with mental health disorders.

Design: Survey

Setting: Aboriginal and mainstream health and human service organisations in metropolitan, rural and remote South Australia.

Subjects: Aboriginal health workers, nurses, mental health workers, substance misuse workers, managers, liaison officers, social workers, police, pharmacists, general practitioners, community workers, counsellors, paramedics, educators, family support workers and others.

Results: The major health service issues for Aboriginal people with mental health disorders and their carers are related to access to, and availability and appropriateness of services. Quality use of medications by Aboriginal clients is influenced by drug and alcohol misuse, cost, compliance, feelings about the value of medicines, sharing of medications and unwanted side‐effects. Many workers providing services to Aboriginal people with mental health disorders lack adequate training and/or resources on mental health and safe medication management; yet, are required to provide advice or assistance on these matters.

Conclusions: The survey provides new, reliable evidence relevant to mental health services and medication management for South Australian Aboriginal people. It highlights the major issues impacting on quality of care and service provision, demonstrates the wide range of health and allied workers providing medication advice and assistance to Aboriginal people, and reveals workforce development needs.
New Zealand rural primary health care workforce in 2005: More than just a doctor shortage
Authors: Goodyear‐Smith Felicity , Janes Ron
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To obtain a 2005 snapshot of New Zealand (NZ) rural primary health care workforce, specifically GPs, general practice nurses and community pharmacists.

Design:  Postal questionnaires, November 2005.

Setting:  NZ‐wide rural general practices and community pharmacies.

Participants:  Rural general practice managers, GPs, nurses, community pharmacy managers and pharmacists.

Main outcome measures:  Self‐reported data: demographics, country of training, years in practice, business ownership, hours worked including on‐call, intention to leave rural practice.

Results:  General practices: response rate 95% (206/217); 70% GP‐owned, practice size ranged from one GP/one nurse to 12 GPs/nine nurses.

Pharmacies:  Response rate 90% (147/163). Majority had one (33%) or two (32%) pharmacists; <10% had more than three pharmacists. GPs: response rate 64% (358/559), 71% male, 73% aged >40, 61% full‐time, 79% provide on‐call, 57% overseas‐trained, 78% male and 57% female GPs aged >40; more full‐time male GPs (76%) than female (37%) . Nurses: response rate 65% (445/685), 97% female, 72% aged >40, 31% full‐time, 28% provide on‐call, 84% NZ‐trained, 45% consulted independently in ‘nurse‐clinics’ within practice setting. Pharmacists: response rate 96% (248/258), 52% male, 66% aged >40, 71% full‐time, 33% provide on‐call, 92% NZ‐trained, 55% sole/partner pharmacy owners. Many intend to leave NZ rural practice within 5 years: GPs (34%), nurses (25%) and pharmacists (47%).

Conclusion:  This is the first NZ‐wide rural workforce survey to include a range of rural primary health care providers (GPs, nurses and pharmacists). Ageing rural primary health care workforce and intentions to leave herald worsening workforce shortages.
ADMINISTRATION OF EXOGENOUS ERYTHROPOIETIN β AFFECTS LIPID PEROXIDATION AND SERUM PARAOXONASE‐1 ACTIVITY AND CONCENTRATION IN PREDIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE AND ANAEMIA
Authors: Marsillach Judit , Martínez‐Vea Albert , Marcas Luis , Mackness Bharti , Mackness Michael , Ferré Natàlia , Joven Jorge , Camps Jordi
Published: August 2010

Patients with advanced chronic renal disease and anaemia have decreased serum paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) activity and an increased degree of oxidative stress compared with normal subjects. The present study investigated the effects of treatment of anaemia with exogenous recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) β and iron on levels of antibodies against oxidized low‐density lipoproteins (ox‐LDL), as well as on serum PON1 activity and concentration, in predialysis patients with chronic renal disease.

Forty‐nine patients with chronic renal failure and haemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL were treated over a period of 6 months with EPOβ (80–120 U/kg per week, s.c.) and variable doses of iron. Selected biochemical variables were determined before and after treatment.

Treatment with EPOβ and iron was associated with a significant increase in mean (±SD) blood Hb concentration compared with pretreatment values (12.8 ± 1.5 vs 9.9 ± 0.6 g/dL, respectively; P < 0.001). The average dose of EPOβ was 6160 ± 3000 U/week. After 6 months of treatment, compared with pretreatment values, the median levels (95% confidence intervals) of antibodies against ox‐LDL were decreased (17.5 (10.6–24.4) vs 24.8 (11.5–38.1) U/mL, respectively; P < 0.001), serum PON1 activity was slightly but significantly increased (123.6 (76.1–343.6) vs 101.0 (50.0–332.5) U/L, respectively; P = 0.016) and the concentration of PON1 was significantly decreased (37.3 (11.8–76.2) vs 46.7 (24.6–98.0) mg/L, respectively; P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglycerides or cholesterol fraction concentrations before and after treatment.

We suggest that EPOβ and iron treatment of anaemia promotes significant changes in serum PON1 activity and concentration and has a beneficial effect on oxidative stress in predialysis patients with chronic renal disease.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY: NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO TREAT HEART FAILURE
Authors: McMullen Julie R , Jennings Garry L
Published: August 2010

In general, cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in heart mass) is a poor prognostic sign. Cardiac enlargement is a characteristic of most forms of heart failure. Cardiac hypertrophy that occurs in athletes (physiological hypertrophy) is a notable exception.

Physiological cardiac hypertrophy in response to exercise training differs in its structural and molecular profile to pathological hypertrophy associated with pressure or volume overload in disease. Physiological hypertrophy is characterized by normal organization of cardiac structure and normal or enhanced cardiac function, whereas pathological hypertrophy is commonly associated with upregulation of fetal genes, fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction and increased mortality.

It is now clear that several signalling molecules play unique roles in the regulation of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy.

The present review discusses the possibility of targeting cardioprotective signalling pathways and genes activated in the athlete's heart to treat or prevent heart failure.
Heat source for Tongonan Geothermal Field
Authors: Scott Graeme L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The primary mineral and whole‐rock chemistry of 46 core samples from the host rocks of the Tongonan Geothermal Field (the Philippines) have been used to infer the likely composition of the heat source for the system. The host rocks consist of andesite lavas (with intercalated fossiliferous early to mid–Miocene shales and limestone), and a plutonic rock basement ranging in composition from gabbro to granite. The whole rock TiO2, Fe2O3 (total iron), MgO, P2O5 and V data for volcanic and plutonic rocks are colinear on conventional Harker diagrams. This, along with similar hornblende chemistry, age and close spatial relationship suggests that the basement and cover rocks are cogenetic and evolved by low‐pressure crystal fractionation. Crystal fractionation models indicate that separation of 60% plagioclase and 30% hornblende from original magma controlled the chemistry of the host rocks. The original Miocene magma chambers beneath the Tongonan field crystallized inwards from the walls at approximately 750°C and 1 kb pressure (3–4 km depth) thus forming a series of plutons or a batholith at drilled depths. A supercritical hydrothermal fluid trapped in the crystallizing, hornblende‐granite‐pegmatite core of a crystallized Miocene diorite batholith was gradually being released to shallower levels through antithetic cross fractures during creep and uplift along the main branches of the Philippine Fault from the Pliocene. This ascending fluid is now thought to be responsible for the present thermal activity of the field.
The Cansiwang Melange of Southeast Bohol (Central Philippines): Origin and tectonic implications
Authors: De Jesus Joel V. , Yumul Graciano P. , Faustino Decibel V.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Cansiwang Melange underlies the Southeast Bohol Ophiolite Complex (SEBOC) and is composed mainly of sheared ophiolite‐derived blocks such as harzburgites, microgabbros, basalts and cherts in a pervasive serpentinite matrix. Available field, as well as geophysical evidence show that this melange unit is not diapiric, nor does it have a sedimentary origin considering that it lacks slump and flow structures. A tectonic origin for the Cansiwang Melange is favored in view of the numerous thrust faults, which cut across the exposures, as well as the tectonic contacts that the melange has with the overlying and underlying formations. The presence of the Cansiwang Melange in between the SEBOC and the Alicia Schist provides evidence that the amphibolite of the Alicia Schist do not correspond to the metamorphic sole of SEBOC. Similar to what is recognized in the Josephine Ophiolite, this suggests a ‘cold’ emplacement of the ophiolite over the Alicia Schist. The Cansiwang Melange represents an accretionary prism product which marks the location of an ancient subduction zone in what is now Central Philippines.
Recent deformation at the junction between the North Luzon block and the Central Philippines from ERS‐1 Images
Authors: Pubellier M. , Garcia F. , Loevenbruck A. , Chorowicz J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The transfer of the major part of the motion between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Sunda block is accommodated along a north‐west shear wide zone partly on the Philippine Fault and partly on the Sibuyan Verde Passage Fault (SVPF) as indicated by global positioning satellite and geological data. Given the limited motion along the SVPF and the important motion along the Philippine Fault, as well as the necessity of a connection between these faults and the southern Manila Trench, a transtensional motion along the northeast‐southwest Macolod Corridor (MC) may be predicted. We used synthetic aperture radar European remote sensing (SAR ERS‐1) images to analyze the volcano– tectonic features of this area, because these images are sensitive to minute textural or topographic contrasts resulting from small effects of recent deformation. In addition, they allow us to determine accurately the shape of the base of volcanic edifices and to detect linear clusters of very small adjacent cones. The results presented herein allow us to extend the features recognized earlier to a larger MC. Large faults actually connect the Philippine Fault to the Sibuyan Verde Passage Fault all across the Taal Volcanic Field. In addition to extension along north‐east faults, we identify an important component of left‐lateral strike–slip underlined by fault scarps, dykes, alignments of volcanoes and pull‐apart basins, accompanied by extension along north‐south faults. A relative chronology of the fractures and volcanic edifices is proposed. When compared to the existing ages of the volcanics, an evolution scheme of the area may be proposed, according to which extension shifted from a nearly north‐south opening between 5 and 2 million years to a direction close to east‐west at Present. The early north‐south extension existed in the Marinduque Basin and may have migrated northward and rotated to the present MC.
Composition and provenance of the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene sandstones in Central Palawan, Philippines: Constraints on the tectonic development of Palawan
Authors: Suzuki Shigeyuki , Takemura Shizuo , Yumul Graciano P. , David Sevillo D. , Asiedu Daniel K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Sandstones from the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession of Central Palawan are rich in quartz grains and acidic volcanic rock fragments. Potassium feldspar grains and granitic rock fragments are commonly observed. The moderate to high SiO2 and low FeO plus MgO contents of the sandstones support the proposal that clasts were derived from a continental source region. Southern China (Kwangtung and Fukien regions) is inferred to be the source area of the sandstones. The sedimentary facies of the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession consist of turbidite and sandstones, suggesting that they were deposited in the deep sea portions of submarine‐fans and basin plains situated along a continental margin. These features indicate that the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession of the Central Palawan were derived and drifted from the southern margin of China. The tectonic history related to the formation of Palawan Island is also discussed.
Complex origin for the south‐western Zamboanga metamorphic basement complex, Western Mindanao, Philippines
Authors: Tamayo Rodolfo A. , Yumul Graciano P. , Maury René C. , Bellon Hervé , Cotten Joseph , Polvé Mireille , Juteau Thierry , Querubin Cliff
Published: August 2010

Abstract Amphibolites unconformably overlain by a metasedimentary sequence of quartz‐muscovite‐feldspar‐kyanite schists, metagraywackes and epidote‐bearing amphibolites occur in the northern portion of the south‐western Zamboanga metamorphic basement complex, western Mindanao. These amphibolites (here identified as the Mount Dansalan amphibolites) display relict magmatic textures inherited from cumulate gabbro protoliths. Bulk‐rock major and trace‐element data are consistent with this hypothesis. Together with the chemistry of relict igneous clinopyroxenes, they indicate a magmatic arc‐related signature for the gabbro protoliths. Geochemical data allow us to identify various sources for the associated metasediments: the gabbro themselves for the metagraywackes and a continental basement for the quartz‐muscovite‐feldspar‐kyanite schists. Both sources contributed to the genesis of the epidote‐amphibolite metasediments. The compositions of the metamorphic mineral assemblages suggest that the rocks have undergone metamorphism at temperatures ranging from 550°C to 700°C and pressures probably in the range of 5–9 kbar. 40K–40Ar isotopic study of amphibole separates from the Mount Dansalan samples document a metamorphic event dated at 24.6 ± 1.4, 22.2 ± 1.4 and 21.2 ± 1.2 Ma. Our results are in agreement with plate tectonic models which describe the south‐western Zamboanga metamorphic basement as a continental terrane. However, its evolution was not as simple as it was usually considered. In particular the basement incorporated slivers of magmatic arc crust, which cannot be unambiguously related to any of the Tertiary arcs documented in the area.
Geology and geochemistry of lavas at Nekoma volcano: Implications for origin of Quaternary low‐K andesite in the north‐eastern Honshu arc, Japan
Authors: Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Tanji Tomoyuki , Yoshida Takeyoshi , Iizumi Shigeru
Published: August 2010

Abstract Nekoma volcano forms part of the arc axis volcanic array of the North‐eastern Honshu arc, Japan, which is commonly characterized by medium‐K lava suites. However, Nekoma is exceptional because many of its lavas are low‐K. This anomaly has been a matter of debate. Nekoma was active from 1.1 to 0.35 Ma. The volcano consists of thick andesite flows and domes associated with block and ash flow deposits produced during lava dome formation. A horseshoe‐shaped collapse caldera was formed at the summit and small lava domes extruded into the caldera. Stratigraphy, published K–Ar ages, and tephrochronology define three stages of volcanic activity, about 1.1 Ma (Stage 1), 0.8–0.6 Ma (Stage 2) and 0.45–0.35 Ma (Stage 3; post caldera stage). Low‐K andesites occur in all stages. Extremely low‐K andesite was also associated in Stage 2 and medium‐K andesite was dominant in Stage 3. In general, lavas changed from low‐K to medium‐K after caldera formation. Geochemical study of the Nekoma lavas shows that both low‐K and medium‐K lavas are isotopically similar and were derived from a common source. Adatara and Azuma volcanoes, which lie close to Nekoma, also have both low‐K and medium‐K andesites. However, Sr isotope ratios or temporal‐spatial variations in K‐level lava classification vary between the three centers. Comparisons of K suites and Sr isotope ratios with frontal arc volcanoes in North‐east–Honshu suggest source heterogeneity existed in both medium‐ and low‐K suites. The K contents of lavas and their Sr isotopes are not simply related. This requires re‐examination of models for chemical variation of andesites in arcs.
Effective elastic thickness of island arc lithosphere under Japan
Authors: Kudo Takeshi , Yamaji Atsushi , Furumoto Muneyoshi , Nagao Toshiyasu
Published: August 2010

Abstract Using topography and observed gravity anomalies, we have estimated the effective elastic thickness as a measure of strength of Japanese island arc lithosphere. The thickness is found to range from about 3 km to >20 km. The thickness seems to be controlled primarily by the thermal state of the lithosphere. The higher the heat flow, the thinner is the elastic plate. However, several areas show significant deviations. The smaller effective elastic thickness in the northern Ryukyu arc than that inferred from heat flow may be attributed to the stress regime. In Japan, extensional tectonics are going on only in the Ryukyu arc region. Shallow subducting slab under the south‐western Japan frontal arc probably increases the effective thickness by several kilometers. The determined effective elastic thickness suggests that when we consider vertical movements in the volcanic arc, we should take account of topographic and subsurface loading over a few hundred kilometers. However, if the dip of the slab is shallow, the flexural responses of the underlying slab, not only that of the island arc lithosphere, should be taken into account for the compensation, as is the case of the south‐western Japan frontal arc.
Geothermal gradient of the upper mantle beneath Jeju Island, Korea: Evidence from mantle xenoliths
Authors: Choi Seong Hee , Jwa Yong‐Joo , Lee Han Yeang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Ultramafic xenoliths found in alkali basalts from Jeju Island, Korea are mostly spinel lherzolites accompanied by subordinate amount of spinel harzburgites and pyroxenites. The combination of results from a two‐pyroxene geothermometer and Ca‐in‐olivine geobarometer yields temperature–pressure (T–P) estimates for spinel peridotites that fall in experimentally determined spinel lherzolite field in CaO‐Fe‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐Cr2O3 (CFMASCr) system. These T–P data sets have been used to construct the Quaternary Jeju Island geotherm, which defines a locus from about 13 kbar at 880°C to 26 kbar at 1040°C. The geothermal gradient of Jeju Island is greater than that of the conventional conductive models, and may be as a result of a thermal perturbation by the heat input into the lithospheric mantle via the passage and emplacement of magma. Spinel–lherzolite is the main constituent rock‐type of the lithospheric mantle beneath Jeju Island. Pyroxenites may be intercalated in peridotites at similar depth and temperature as re‐equilibrated veins or lenses.
Crustal structure in and around the region of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake deduced from a wide‐angle and refraction seismic exploration
Authors: Ohmura Takeshi , Moriya Takeo , Piao Chengshi , Iwasaki Takaya , Yoshi Toshikastu , Sakai Shin'ichi , Takeda Tetsuya , Miyashita Kaoru , Yamazaki Humihito , Ito Kiyoshi , Yamazaki Akira , Shimada Yoji , Tashiro Katsuya , Miyamachi Hiroki
Published: August 2010

Abstract The 1995 Kobe (Hyogo‐ken Nanbu) earthquake (MJMA 7.2, Mw 6.9) occurred on Jan. 17, 1995, at a depth of 17 km, beneath the areas of southern part of Hyogo prefecture and Awaji Island. To investigate P‐wave velocity distribution and seismological characteristics in the aftershock area of this great earthquake, a wide‐angle and refraction seismic exploration was carried out by the Research Group for Explosion Seismology (RGES). The profile including 6 shot points and 205 observations was 135 km in length, extending from Keihoku, Northern Kyoto prefecture, through Kobe, to Seidan on Awaji Island. The charge of each shot was 350–700 kg. The P‐wave velocity structure model showed a complicated sedimentary layer which is shallower than 2.5 km, a 2.5 km‐thick basement layer whose velocity is 5.5 km/s, overlying the crystalline upper crust, and the boundary between the upper and lower crust.

Almost all aftershock hypocenters were located in the upper crust. However, the structure model suggests that the hypocenters of the main shock and some aftershock clusters were situated deeper than the boundary between the upper and lower crust. We found that the P‐velocity in the upper crust beneath the northern part of Awaji Island is 5.64 km/s which is 3% lower than that of the surrounding area. The low‐velocity zone coincides with the region where the high stress moment release was observed.
Multicomponent observation of crustal activity in the DPRI 800 m borehole close to the Nojima Fault
Authors: Ishii Hiroshi , Mukai Atsushi , Fujimori Kunio , Nakao Shigeru , Matsumoto Shigeo , Hirata Yasuhiro
Published: August 2010

Abstract An 800 m borehole was drilled near the Nojima Fault, on which a strike–slip larger then 1 m occurred during the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake (M = 7.2). Crustal activity near the fault has been observed since May 1996 using a multicomponent instrument installed at the bottom of the borehole. Data of three components of strain, two components of tilt and temperature observed from May 1996 to December 1998 were analyzed. Long‐term changes of strain and tilt show a north‐east–south‐west extension and southwards subsidence. As for the Earth tides and atmospheric effect, orientation of the principal axis of strain was mainly east‐west and orientation of the maximum subsidence was mainly north‐south. The observational data of strain had variations corresponding to a change in temperature at a depth of 800 m. The thermal expansion coefficient of the crust was calculated to be approximately 2.0 × 10−6/°K.
Detection of crustal inhomogeneity in the Nojima Fault zone using earth current noise
Authors: Hashimoto Takeshi
Published: August 2010

Abstract A resistivity survey method using artificial telluric noise was examined and applied to a field of a fault zone. The electric earth current was measured at 50 sites in the Nojima Fault zone, which is in the northwestern part of Awaji Island, southwestern Japan. The dominant component of the observed electric field is supposed to be leakage currents from DC electric railways running outside the island. Amplitude and polarization of the stray current were systematically investigated and were revealed to represent the subsurface electrical structure of the study area. Some features on the fault zone’s electrical structure have been pointed out, including: (i) an electrical boundary that corresponds to a geological one between granite (resistive) and sediments (conductive); and (ii) a low resistivity spot on the surface rupture of the earthquake fault. The structure estimated in the present study is both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous resistivity surveys done using other methods pursued in the same area. It shows the validity of the ‘stray current method’ as one that is easy and uses low‐cost resistivity exploration tools in a region where the effect of artificial noise caused mainly by leakage currents from electrical railways cannot be ignored.