bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of supplementation of inorganic selenium and vitamin E for meat quail aged 0 to 14 and 14 to 35 days
Authors: Zancanela V. , Furlan A. C. , Pozza P. C. , Marcato S. M. , Grieser D. O. , Stanquevis C. E. , Finco E. M. , Oliveira‐Bruxel T. M. , Ferreira M. F. Z.
Published: December 2017

Two experiments were carried out to determine the levels of supplementation of inorganic selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE) in diets of quails aged 0–14 and 14–35 days old. A completely randomized design was used in a factorial design (Se = 0.1125; 0.2250; 0.3375 and 0.4500 mg kg−1 diet−1 × VE = 10; 23; 36 and 49 IU kg−1 diet−1). In experiment 1, quail (n = 2,400) were aged 0–14 days and were divided into 16 treatments, with three replicates of 50 birds. In experiment 2, quail (n = 1,680) were aged 14–35 days and were divided into the same treatments, with three replicates of 35 birds. At age 0–14 days, the levels of VE did not affect performance (p > .05); however, the feed conversion (FC) was influenced by a quadratic effect (p = .0515), according to the level of Se, with a higher level estimated at 0.29 mg Se kg−1 diet−1. At age 14–35 days, there was a linear effect with interaction (Se × VE), for FC (p = .0150) and weight gain (WG; p = .0266). FC (Se, p = .0048 and VE, p = .0019) and WG (Se, p = .0049 and VE, p = .0068) improved linearly with increasing levels of Se and VE. The feed intake (FI) decreased linearly (p = .0582) as a function of VE. The carcass yield showed a quadratic effect (p = .0056) on the levels of VE, with a higher yield estimation of 27.24 IU VE/kg of diet. It can be concluded that the optimum level of supplementation at age 0–14 days was 0.29 mg Se kg−1 diet−1 and 10 IU VE kg−1 diet−1 and at age 14–35 days, it was 0.4500 mg Se kg−1 diet−1 and 49 IU of VE kg−1 diet−1.
The Status Quaestionis of Ecumenism
Authors: McDonald Kevin
Published: December 2017

In 2016 Pope Francis went to Lund in Sweden for a joint service with the Lutherans to begin the events marking the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. Catholics have also been involved in conferences and other events that have been organized as part of this anniversary. The context and background to the Catholic Church's involvement is the Church's commitment to ecumenical dialogue made at the Second Vatican Council. The theological basis for that commitment is to be found in the Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Church, Lumen Gentium and its Decree on Ecumenism, Unitatis Redintegratio.

This paper takes the opportunity of this anniversary to take stock of the progress of the ecumenical movement and notes some of the issues and challenges that have impacted upon it. As well as social and cultural factors these include the increasing importance of interreligious dialogue and its relationship to ecumenical dialogue. Ecumenists also have to take account of the widely varying interpretations of the Reformation offered by church historians.

Finally the paper argues that in the Catholic Church perceptions of ecumenism often fail to take account of the many ways in which the Second Vatican Council significantly changed the global role and profile of the Catholic Church (and the pope in particular) as a source and agent of peace and reconciliation on many different levels. Ecumenical engagement is an integral part of that continuing development which is increasingly acknowledged by political and religious leaders throughout the world.
Enhanced neurogenesis and possible synaptic reorganization in the piriform cortex of adult rat following kainic acid‐induced status epilepticus
Authors: Sakurai Masashi , Suzuki Hiroko , Tomita Nagi , Sunden Yuji , Shimada Akinori , Miyata Hajime , Morita Takehito
Published: December 2017

Epileptic seizure has been reported to enhance adult neurogenesis and induce aberrant synaptic reorganization in the human dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation. However, adult neurogenesis in the extrahippocampal regions has not been well studied. To investigate seizure‐enhanced neurogenesis in the extrahippocampal regions, we performed histological and immunohistochemical as well as western blot analyses on the cerebrum of Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 51, male, 7 weeks old, body weight 250–300 g) treated with intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (KA, 10 mg/kg) to induce status epilepticus (SE) (n = 36) or normal saline solution (n = 15) followed by 5′‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) injection to label newborn cells. Even though severe neuronal damage was found in the piriform cortex of rats having SE, immunohistochemistry for double cortin (DCX) revealed an increase in the number of immature neurons in the piriform cortex. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that DCX‐positive cells in the piriform cortex were positive for both BrdU and neuronal nuclear antigen. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting revealed increased expressions of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the piriform cortex of rat having SE. These results suggested the enhanced neurogenesis and possible synaptic reorganization in the piriform cortex of the KA‐treated rat.
Incontinence‐associated dermatitis in the critically ill patient: an intensive care perspective
Authors: Coyer Fiona , Campbell Jill
Published: December 2017

Background

Incontinence‐associated dermatitis is a skin disorder evident as a complication of incontinence. It is characterized by perineal, buttock and groin erythema and skin breakdown. Incontinence‐associated dermatitis is a ubiquitous, nosocomial condition commonly present in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Critically ill patients, by the nature of their critical illness and therapies used to treat their presenting condition, are commonly predisposed to faecal incontinence and are consequently at high risk of developing incontinence‐associated dermatitis. However, this condition is under‐explored and under‐reported in the intensive care literature.

Objective

The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature relating to incontinence‐associated dermatitis from the critically ill patients in the intensive care setting.

Discussion

There is a paucity of literature addressing this condition in the intensive care context, with only 11 studies identified. This paper will provide an overview of the definitions, prevalence and incidence of incontinence‐associated dermatitis. Furthermore, an exposition of incontinence‐associated dermatitis from the critically ill patient and intensive care nursing perspectives will be presented through a review of the skin barrier function, clinical presentation, risk factors, clinical assessment and severity categorization, prevention and management of incontinence‐associated dermatitis.

Conclusion

It is imperative that critical care nurses have an appreciation of incontinence‐associated dermatitis as a common, yet preventable condition, and are equipped with knowledge to appropriately prevent and manage this common complication.
Number of retained radiopaque markers on a colonic transit study does not correlate with symptom severity or quality of life in chronic constipation
Authors: Staller K. , Barshop K. , Ananthakrishnan A. N. , Kuo B.
Published: December 2017

Background

Ingestion of radiopaque markers (ROM) is frequently used to determine colonic transit in chronic constipation. Although ≥20% of retained markers at 5 days defines slow‐transit constipation, some clinicians use the number of retained markers to determine disease severity.

Methods

We assembled a cross‐sectional cohort of patients presenting for evaluation of chronic constipation who underwent transit testing by ROM and completed validated symptom severity and quality‐of‐life (QOL) measures. We performed a correlation analysis to determine whether there was an association between number of retained markers and symptom severity and QOL.

Key Results

Among 159 patients undergoing evaluation for chronic constipation, there was poor correlation between the number of retained markers and symptom severity (R = .09, P = .25) and QOL. Among the 55 patients with slow‐transit constipation defined by ≥5 retained markers retained on day 5, there were similarly poor correlations between symptom severity (R = .17, P = .21) and QOL (R = .07, P = .60). Excluding patients with irritable bowel syndrome and outlet obstruction by balloon expulsion testing did not materially alter our results, nor did a multivariable analysis controlling for demographic and psychiatric confounders.

Conclusions and Inferences

Among patients with chronic constipation, number of retained markers on a ROM colonic transit study does not correlate with measures of symptom severity or QOL. Clinicians should be cautious about overinterpreting ROM transit testing.
The Logicality of Language: A new take on Triviality, “Ungrammaticality”, and Logical Form*
Authors: Del Pinal Guillermo
Published: December 2017

Recent work in formal semantics suggests that the language system includes not only a structure building device, as standardly assumed, but also a natural deductive system which can determine when expressions have trivial truth‐conditions (e.g., are logically true/false) and mark them as unacceptable. This hypothesis, called the ‘logicality of language’, accounts for many acceptability patterns, including systematic restrictions on the distribution of quantifiers. To deal with apparent counter‐examples consisting of acceptable tautologies and contradictions, the logicality of language is often paired with an additional assumption according to which logical forms are radically underspecified: i.e., the language system can see functional terms but is ‘blind’ to open class terms to the extent that different tokens of the same term are treated as if independent. This conception of logical form has profound implications: it suggests an extreme version of the modularity of language, and can only be paired with non‐classical—indeed quite exotic—kinds of deductive systems. The aim of this paper is to show that we can pair the logicality of language with a different and ultimately more traditional account of logical form. This framework accounts for the basic acceptability patterns which motivated the logicality of language, can explain why some tautologies and contradictions are acceptable, and makes better predictions in key cases. As a result, we can pursue versions of the logicality of language in frameworks compatible with the view that the language system is not radically modular vis‐á‐vis its open class terms and employs a deductive system that is basically classical.
Trithorax‐group proteins ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX4 (ATX4) and ATX5 function in abscisic acid and dehydration stress responses
Authors: Liu Yutong , Zhang Ai , Yin Hao , Meng Qingxiang , Yu Xiaoming , Huang Shuangzhan , Wang Jie , Ahmad Rafiq , Liu Bao , Xu Zheng‐Yi
Published: December 2017

Trithorax‐group proteins (TrxGs) play essential regulatory roles in chromatin modification to activate transcription. Although TrxGs have been shown to be extensively involved in the activation of developmental genes, how the specific TrxGs function in the dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA)‐mediated modulation of downstream gene expression remains unknown.

Here, we report that two evolutionarily conserved Arabidopsis thaliana TrxGs, ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX4 (ATX4) and ATX5, play essential roles in the drought stress response. atx4 and atx5 single loss‐of‐function mutants showed drought stress‐tolerant and ABA‐hypersensitive phenotypes during seed germination and seedling development, while the atx4 atx5 double mutant displayed further exacerbation of the phenotypes.

Genome‐wide RNA‐sequencing analyses showed that ATX4 and ATX5 regulate the expression of genes functioning in dehydration stress. Intriguingly, ABA‐HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 3 (AHG3), an essential negative regulator of ABA signaling, acts genetically downstream of ATX4 and ATX5 in response to ABA. ATX4 and ATX5 directly bind to the AHG3 locus and trimethylate histone H3 of Lys 4 (H3K4). Moreover, ATX4 and ATX5 occupancies at AHG3 are dramatically increased under ABA treatment, and are also essential for RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) occupancies.

Our findings reveal novel molecular functions of A. thaliana TrxGs in dehydration stress and ABA responses.
Nonredundant functions of Arabidopsis LecRK‐V.2 and LecRK‐VII.1 in controlling stomatal immunity and jasmonate‐mediated stomatal closure
Authors: Yekondi Shweta , Liang Fu‐Chun , Okuma Eiji , Radziejwoski Amandine , Mai Hsien‐Wei , Swain Swadhin , Singh Prashant , Gauthier Mathieu , Chien Hsiao‐Chiao , Murata Yoshiyuki , Zimmerli Laurent
Published: December 2017

Stomatal immunity restricts bacterial entry to leaves through the recognition of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling.

Through a reverse genetics approach, we characterized the function of the L‐type lectin receptor kinase‐V.2 (LecRK‐V.2) and ‐VII.1 (LecRK‐VII.1). Analyses of interactions with the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) were performed by co‐immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation and whole‐cell patch‐clamp analyses were used to evaluate guard cell Ca2+‐permeable cation channels.

The Arabidopsis thaliana LecRK‐V.2 and LecRK‐VII.1 and notably their kinase activities were required for full activation of stomatal immunity. Knockout lecrk‐V.2 and lecrk‐VII.1 mutants were hyper‐susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae infection and showed defective stomatal closure in response to bacteria or to the MAMPs flagellin and EF‐Tu. By contrast, Arabidopsis over‐expressing LecRK‐V.2 or LecRK‐VII.1 demonstrated a potentiated stomatal immunity. LecRK‐V.2 and LecRK‐VII.1 are shown to be part of the FLS2 PRR complex. In addition, LecRK‐V.2 and LecRK‐VII.1 were critical for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)‐mediated stomatal closure, notably for MeJA‐induced activation of guard cell Ca2+‐permeable cation channels.

This study highlights the role of LecRK‐V.2 and LecRK‐VII.1 in stomatal immunity at the FLS2 PRR complex and in MeJA‐mediated stomatal closure.
Maize participatory breeding in Portugal: Comparison of farmer's and breeder's on‐farm selection
Authors: Mendes‐Moreira Pedro , Satovic Zlatko , Mendes‐Moreira João , Santos João Pedro , Nina Santos João Pedro , Pêgo Silas , Vaz Patto Maria Carlota
Published: December 2017

“VASO” is a Portuguese participatory maize breeding project (1984), where several maize landraces such as “Pigarro” have been selected both by a farmer's (phenotypic recurrent selection) and a breeder's approach (S2 lines recurrent selection). The objectives of this study were to determine the phenotypic and genotypic responses to participatory selection using these two different approaches, to clarify to which extent both selection methods preserve genetic diversity, and conclude what is the preferred method to apply in sustainable farming systems. The results, obtained via ANOVA, regression analyses and molecular markers, indicate that for both selection methods, genetic diversity was not significantly reduced, even with the most intensive breeder's selection. Although there were some common outputs, such as the determinated versus indeterminated ears, cob and ear weight ratio per ear and rachis 2, specific phenotypic traits evolved in opposite directions between the two selection approaches. Yield increase was only detected during farmer selection, indicating its interest on PPB. Candidate genes were identified for a few of the traits under selection as potential functional markers in participatory plant breeding.
How business methods accompany technological innovations – a case study using semantic patent analysis and a novel informetric measure
Authors: Moehrle Martin G. , Wustmans Michael , Gerken Jan M.
Published: December 2017

Usually, the development of a technology interacts with the development of business methods, which are needed to enter the application fields. For some years now, it is possible to analyse their interaction as, next to technological innovations, business method innovations can be patented. To investigate this interplay, we select the case of radio frequency identification devices (RFID) – a technology that first emerged many years ago, but is still undergoing further development. We analyse approximately 37,000 patents related to RFID technology from the period between 1990 and 2014, differentiating between technological and business method patents, by means of bibliographic and semantic analyses, using one well established and one novel informetric measure. Contrary to our expectations, the results point to technological innovations that are not ensued but constantly accompanied by business methods. Furthermore, we identify two types of players, that is technology and application specialists. There is a clear distinction between these two types, though all companies of both types apply for technological as well as business method patents. As our semantic analysis reveals, RFID were successively introduced in their application fields between 1998 and 2008, starting with industrial applications, and then moving on to service applications. In future, technology managers should develop strategies based on the interaction between technological and business method patents, keeping in mind the early start and sequential development of different application fields.
Does restoration work? It depends on how we measure success
Authors: Mahlum Shad , Cote David , Wiersma Yolanda F. , Pennell Curtis , Adams Blair
Published: December 2017

The restoration of 4 partial stream barriers was evaluated in watersheds of Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, Canada from 2009 to 2011. Brook trout (n = 462) were tagged and tracked moving through our study sites using passive‐integrated transponder telemetry and the restoration actions were assessed using 3 different measures: passage success rates; the range of passable flows; and the availability of passable flows. We considered the observed results within a before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) design that included reference reaches and pre‐restoration observations. The conclusions of BACI analyses were also contrasted with those that would have been obtained from commonly used before‐after (B‐A) or control‐impact (C‐I) study designs. While the restoration actions changed hydrological conditions in a way that should facilitate fish passage, our biological measures indicated that success was variable across culverts and within culverts depending on the measure evaluated. Furthermore, the natural temporal and spatial variability of fish movements often resulted in different conclusions between the more robust BACI design and the more commonly used B‐A and C‐I designs. Our results demonstrate that restoration of partial barriers may not always yield dramatic improvements. Furthermore, without suitable controls, the chances of drawing false conclusions regarding restorations in temporally and spatially dynamic systems are substantial.
Rewilding Europe's large grazer community: how functionally diverse are the diets of European bison, cattle, and horses?
Authors: Cromsigt Joris P. G. M. , Kemp Yvonne J. M. , Rodriguez Esther , Kivit Hubert
Published: December 2017

Trophic rewilding is the introduction of species to restore top–down trophic interactions and associated trophic cascades to promote self‐regulating biodiverse ecosystems. A core example of trophic rewilding is the restoration of large mammalian grazer communities to restore or maintain biodiverse open to half‐open landscapes. Across Europe, cattle and horse breeds are being introduced as substitutes of the extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius) and tarpan (Equus ferus). More recently, European bison (Bison bonasus) is being introduced because it is supposed to fill a niche that pure grazers such as cattle and horses leave empty, especially in terms of reducing woody encroachment. But how functionally diverse are the diets of these three species? We investigated this question in the Kraansvlak pilot; a trophic rewilding project in the Netherlands where European bison, horses, and cattle have been introduced in spatially heterogeneous landscapes of forest, shrub land, and grassland. We present 4 years of data from direct observations on the diet use of all three species. Whereas cattle and bison included a significant proportion of woody plants in their diet throughout the year, horses strictly grazed. However, cattle and bison differed clearly in terms of the woody plant part they used (bark vs. twigs), and we discuss how this may affect the way they influence vegetation structure. Finally, we discuss the implications of our study for the increasing number of trophic rewilding initiatives in Europe.
Metagenomics in pooled plasma, with identification of potential emerging infectious pathogens
Authors: Xu Min , Yang Yashan , Zhou Ya , Liu Zhiyang , Liu Yu , He Miao
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Many emerging infectious pathogens are well known for existing in healthy blood donors and could be transmitted via blood transfusion or plasma derivatives usage. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover the pathogens in qualified blood donation to avoid potential threats to blood safety.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The objective of this study was to investigate the microbiome that existed in pooled plasma from different manufacturers in Chengdu and Guiyang. Random polymerase chain reaction, large‐scale clone sequencing, and bioinformatics were used to investigate the metagenomics and microbiome structure of pooled plasma. Among detected microbiomes, potential pathogens were subsequently identified.

RESULT

After host DNA cleaning, 551 clones were classified as bacteria; 88 clones were classified as viruses, and four clones were considered to be parasites, respectively. Thirteen kinds of bacteria and two kinds of parasites that might potentially threaten blood safety were identified along with six kinds of nonpathogenic viruses. The infection status of one identified pathogen Coxiella burnetii was evaluated in 1638 plasma samples. The reactive rate of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 was 1.10% (18/1638), the reactive rate of IgG2 was 0.85% (14/1638), and the reactive rate of IgM was 0.98% (16/1638).

CONCLUSION

Some pathogens that were already considered as threats to blood safety were discovered in those pooled plasma such as C. burnetii, Orientia tsutsugamushi, and Plasmodium sp. As a result, we should initiate some specific tests in the endemic area on plasma donors to enhance the blood safety in China.
Short‐term effect of preoperative intravenous iron therapy in colorectal cancer patients with anemia: results of a cohort study
Authors: Wilson Michael Jordi , Dekker Jan Willem , Bruns Emma , Borstlap Wernard , Jeekel Johannes , Zwaginga Jaap Jan , Schipperus Martin
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

In the treatment of preoperative anemia, which is associated with increased postoperative morbidity, iron supplementation can replace blood transfusion and erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of preoperative intravenous (IV) iron infusion in optimizing hemoglobin (Hb) levels in anemic colorectal cancer patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer between 2010 and 2016 in a single teaching hospital. The primary outcome measure, the change in Hb level, was assessed by comparing anemic patients receiving usual care (UC; i.e. no iron therapy and no blood transfusion) with anemic patients receiving IV iron therapy (no blood transfusion).

RESULTS

A total of 758 patients with colorectal cancer were eligible, of whom 318 (41.9%) had anemia. The IV and the UC groups included 52 and 153 patients with mean Hb levels at diagnosis of 6.3 and 6.9 mmol/L, respectively. In the IV group, preoperative Hb level was significantly increased compared to the UC group (0.65 mmol/L vs. 0.10 mmol/L, p < 0.001). High increase in Hb level after iron infusion was associated with initial higher transferrin and lower ferritin levels (high vs. poor responders: median transferrin 2.9 g/L vs. 2.7 g/L, median ferritin 12 µg/L vs. 27 µg/L).

CONCLUSION

Implementation of IV iron therapy in anemic colorectal cancer patients leads to a distinct increase of preoperative Hb level. IV iron therapy is most effective in patients presenting with more severe anemia, and with higher transferrin and lower ferritin levels, markers for an absolute iron deficiency (ID), compared to functional ID.
Ophthalmic examination findings and intraocular pressures in wild‐caught African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys spp.)
Authors: Heller Amanda R. , Ledbetter Eric C. , Singh Bhupinder , Lee Danielle N. , Ophir Alexander G.
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To report ophthalmic examination findings and intraocular pressures (IOPs) in wild‐caught African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei and gambianus) from Tanzania and Ghana.

Procedures

After being placed under general anesthesia for examination, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy before and after pharmacologic mydriasis and indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed. Eyes were fluorescein stained and IOPs measured by rebound tonometry using the TonoVet®.

Results

Thirty‐two sexually mature pouched rats (64 eyes) were examined, including 16 males and 16 females. The mean IOP (± standard deviation) was 7.7 (±2.9) mmHg. Fluorescein staining was negative in all eyes. One or more ocular abnormalities were detected in 21 pouched rats (35 eyes). These ocular lesions included the following: lens opacities (n = 23 eyes), persistent pupillary membranes (n = 5), chorioretinal scarring (n = 3), corneal vascularization (n = 2), palpebral margin defect with focal trichiasis (n = 2), phthisis bulbi (n = 1), and posterior synechiae (n = 1). Lens opacities included incipient anterior cortical opacities (n = 7), immature cataract (n = 6), incipient nuclear opacities (n = 5), punctate pigment on anterior lens capsule (n = 2 eyes), incipient suture tip opacities (n = 2), and hypermature cataract (n = 1).

Conclusions

Ocular abnormalities were common in the evaluated population of giant pouched rats; however, most of the detected lesions were mild and believed to have minimal impact on vision. Rebound tonometry with the TonoVet® was a reliable and simple technique to measure IOPs in the anesthetized pouched rats.
Polynomial Chaos-Based Controller Design for Uncertain Linear Systems With State and Control Constraints
Authors: Nandi Souransu , Migeon Victor , Singh Tarunraj , Singla Puneet
Published: December 2017

For linear dynamic systems with uncertain parameters, design of controllers which drive a system from an initial condition to a desired final state, limited by state constraints during the transition is a nontrivial problem. This paper presents a methodology to design a state constrained controller, which is robust to time invariant uncertain variables. Polynomial chaos (PC) expansion, a spectral expansion, is used to parameterize the uncertain variables permitting the evolution of the uncertain states to be written as a polynomial function of the uncertain variables. The coefficients of the truncated PC expansion are determined using the Galerkin projection resulting in a set of deterministic equations. A transformation of PC polynomial space to the Bernstein polynomial space permits determination of bounds on the evolving states of interest. Linear programming (LP) is then used on the deterministic set of equations with constraints on the bounds of the states to determine the controller. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the benefit of the proposed technique for the design of a rest-to-rest controller subject to deformation constraints and which are robust to uncertainties in the stiffness coefficient for the benchmark spring-mass-damper system.
A Pioneering Method for Reducing Water Droplet Erosion
Authors: Yao Hong , Zhou Xun
Published: December 2017

Based on computational fluid dynamics and the finite volume method, water droplet erosion in the last stage of an industrial steam turbine was researched and the trajectories of the water droplets were traced by using the Lagrange method. Under steady conditions, the influence of variant bowed vane designs was compared based on the distribution and movement trends of the secondary water droplets. In addition, the effects of the bowed blades on water movement at the vane surfaces and their impact areas and intensity on the blades were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) a negatively bowed blade can reduce the speed of the secondary water droplets at the mid span of the blade, which are also effective for water droplets on the surface of the vanes and (2) a negatively bowed blade improves the speed of the secondary droplets on the end walls of vanes, which is advantageous to the secondary droplets through blade passage and reduction of secondary droplet impulse on the blades.
On a time domain boundary integral equation formulation for acoustic scattering by rigid bodies in uniform mean flow
Authors: Hu Fang Q. , Pizzo Michelle E. , Nark Douglas M.
Published: December 2017

It has been well-known that under the assumption of a uniform mean flow, the acoustic wave propagation equation can be formulated as a boundary integral equation. However, the constant mean flow assumption, while convenient for formulating the integral equation, does not satisfy the solid wall boundary condition wherever the body surface is not aligned with the assumed uniform flow. A customary boundary condition for rigid surfaces is that the normal acoustic velocity be zero. In this paper, a careful study of the acoustic energy conservation equation is presented that shows such a boundary condition would in fact lead to source or sink points on solid surfaces. An alternative solid wall boundary condition, termed zero energy flux boundary condition, is proposed that conserves the acoustic energy and a time domain boundary integral equation is derived. Furthermore, stabilization of the integral equation by Burton–Miller type reformulation is presented. The stability is studied theoretically as well as numerically by an eigenvalue analysis. Numerical solutions are also presented that demonstrate the stability of the current formulation.
Night Games and Sleep: Physiological, Neuroendocrine, and Psychometric Mechanisms
Authors: Juliff Laura E. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Halson Shona L.
Published: December 2017

Context: Night games are a regular occurrence for team-sport athletes, yet sleep complaints following night competitions are common. The mechanisms responsible for reported sleep difficulty in athletes are not understood. Methods: An observational crossover design investigating a night netball game and a time-matched rest day in 12 netball athletes was conducted to ascertain differences in physiological (core temperature), psychometric (state and trait), and neuroendocrine (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol) responses. Results: Following the night game, athletes experienced reduced sleep durations, lower sleep efficiency, early awakenings, and poorer subjective sleep ratings compared with the rest day. No differences were found between core temperature, state psychometric measures, and cortisol at bedtime. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were elevated compared with the time-matched rest day prior to (26.92 [15.88] vs 12.90 [5.71] and 232.6 [148.1] vs 97.83 [36.43] nmol/L, respectively) and following the night game (18.67 [13.26] vs 11.92 [4.56] and 234.1 [137.2] vs 88.58 [54.08] nmol/L, respectively); however, the concentrations did not correlate to the sleep variables (duration, efficiency, and sleep-onset latency). A correlation (rs = −.611) between sleep efficiency and hyperarousal (trait psychometric measure) was found. Conclusions: Athletes experienced poor sleep following a night game. Furthermore, results suggest that athletes who have a tendency toward a high trait arousal may be more susceptible to sleep complaints following a night game. These data expand knowledge and refute frequently hypothesized explanations for poor sleep following night competition. The results may also help support staff and coaches target strategies for individual athletes at a higher risk of sleep complaints.
Lower Limb Sports Compression Garments Improve Muscle Blood Flow and Exercise Performance During Repeated-Sprint Cycling
Authors: Broatch James R. , Bishop David J. , Halson Shona
Published: December 2017

Purpose: Evidence supporting the use of lower-limb compression garments during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) with short rest periods, where performance will rely heavily on aerobic metabolism, is lacking. Methods: A total of 20 recreationally active participants completed 2 cycling RSE sessions, with and without lower-limb compression tights. The RSE session consisted of 4 sets of 10 × 6-s maximal sprints on a wind-braked cycle ergometer, interspaced by 24 s of recovery between bouts and 2 min of recovery between sets. Muscle oxygen consumption () of, and blood flow (mBF) to, the right vastus lateralis muscle was measured during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy and venous/arterial occlusions of the right lower limb. Cycling performance, oxygen consumption (), heart rate, and capillary blood samples (lactate, pH, bicarbonate, and base excess) were also measured/taken throughout the session. Results: Compared with control, peak power (40.7 [19.9] W; mean ± 95% confidence intervals) and mBF (0.101 [0.061] mL·min−1·100 g−1) were higher, and heart rate (2  [1] beats/min) was lower, when participants wore compression (P < .05). , , blood lactate, and heart rate increased as a result of exercise (P < .05), with no differences between conditions. Similarly, blood pH, bicarbonate, and base excess decreased as a result of exercise (P < .05), with no difference between conditions. Conclusions: Wearing lower-limb compression tights during RSE with short intervals of rest improved cycling performance, vastus lateralis mBF, and heart rate. These results provide novel data to support the notion that lower-limb compression garments aid RSE performance, which may be related to local and/or central blood flow.
Older Adults’ Needs and Preferences for Open Space and Physical Activity in and Near Parks: A Systematic Review
Authors: Levy-Storms Lene , Chen Lin , Loukaitou-Sideris Anastasia
Published: December 2017

Major gaps exist in the literature regarding the link between open space and physical activity promotion for older adults. This study conducted a systematic review on older adults, open space, and physical activity to identify their needs and preferences in and near parks. We identified 48 peer-reviewed journal articles. All articles focused on older adults but not necessarily exclusively. Most studies were descriptive and correlational. Findings suggest that older adults have specific open space and physical activity needs in and near parks that partly overlap with younger people. Framed by the biopsychosocial framework, open space and physical activity in and near parks can benefit older adults’ physical health and psychologically well-being to stay socially engaged. Framed within the person–environment and life span perspectives, open space and physical activity in and near parks can facilitate an optimum fit between older adults and their environment as they continue to develop over time.
High-temperature pairing in a strongly interacting two-dimensional Fermi gas
Authors: Murthy Puneet A. , Neidig Mathias , Klemt Ralf , Bayha Luca , Boettcher Igor , Enss Tilman , Holten Marvin , Zürn Gerhard , Preiss Philipp M. , Jochim Selim
Published: December 2017

Tuning the atomic pairing

Cold atomic gases are extremely flexible systems; the ability to tune interactions between fermionic atoms can, for example, cause the gas to undergo a crossover from weakly interacting fermions to weakly interacting bosons via a strongly interacting unitary regime. Murthy
et al.
studied this crossover in a gas of fermions confined to two dimensions. The formation of atomic pairs occurred at much higher temperatures in the unitary regime than previously thought.

Science
, this issue p.
452
An integrated assessment of the vascular plant species of the Americas
Authors: Ulloa Ulloa Carmen , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro , Beck Stephan , Belgrano Manuel J. , Bernal Rodrigo , Berry Paul E. , Brako Lois , Celis Marcela , Davidse Gerrit , Forzza Rafaela C. , Gradstein S. Robbert , Hokche Omaira , León Blanca , León-Yánez Susana , Magill Robert E. , Neill David A. , Nee Michael , Raven Peter H. , Stimmel Heather , Strong Mark T. , Villaseñor José L. , Zarucchi James L. , Zuloaga Fernando O. , Jørgensen Peter M.
Published: December 2017

The vascular plants of the Americas

Botanical exploration in the Americas has a history that stretches back for half a millennium, with knowledge assembled in diverse regional floras and lists. Ulloa Ulloa
et al.
present a comprehensive and integrated compilation of all known native New World vascular plant species (see the Perspective by Givnish). This compilation, in a publicly available, searchable database, includes 124,993 species—about one-third of the worldwide total. They further present details of the distribution of species across families and genera, the geographical foci of diversity, and the floristic relationships between regions. The rate of plant species discovery in the Americas averages almost 750 annually, so this valuable resource will continue to grow.

Science
, this issue p.
1614
; see also p.
1535
Coherent single-atom superradiance
Authors: Kim Junki , Yang Daeho , Oh Seung-hoon , An Kyungwon
Published: December 2017

Building up to superradiance, one by one

Superradiance is a quantum phenomenon that occurs when emitters are sufficiently close to change spontaneous emission. Controlling the position and state of emitters within an atomic ensemble, however, is technically challenging. Kim
et al.
show that spatial correlations can be replaced by temporal correlations to achieve superradiance (see the Perspective by Meschede). They dropped prepared atoms into a high-quality optical cavity and found that the number of photons within the cavity built up superradiantly as the atoms dropped through one by one. The method provides a versatile platform for generating nonclassical states of light.

Science
, this issue p.
662
; see also p.
641
The VirAB ABC Transporter Is Required for VirR Regulation of Listeria monocytogenes Virulence and Resistance to Nisin
Authors: Grubaugh Daniel , Regeimbal James M. , Ghosh Pallab , Zhou Yan , Lauer Peter , Dubensky Thomas W. , Higgins Darren E.
Published: December 2017

Listeria monocytogenes
is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that causes a severe invasive disease. Upon infecting a host cell,
L. monocytogenes
upregulates the transcription of numerous factors necessary for productive infection. VirR is the response regulator component of a two-component regulatory system in
L. monocytogenes
. In this report, we have identified the putative ABC transporter encoded by genes
lmo1746-lmo1747
as necessary for VirR function. We have designated
lmo1746-lmo1747 virAB
. We constructed an in-frame deletion of
virAB
and determined that the Δ
virAB
mutant exhibited reduced transcription of VirR-regulated genes. The Δ
virAB
mutant also showed defects in
in vitro
plaque formation and
in vivo
virulence that were similar to those of a Δ
virR
deletion mutant. Since VirR is important for innate resistance to antimicrobial agents, we determined the MICs of nisin and bacitracin for Δ
virAB
bacteria. We found that VirAB expression was necessary for nisin resistance but was dispensable for resistance to bacitracin. This result suggested a VirAB-independent mechanism of VirR regulation in response to bacitracin. Lastly, we found that the Δ
virR
and Δ
virAB
mutants had no deficiency in growth in broth culture, intracellular replication, or production of the ActA surface protein, which facilitates actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread. However, the Δ
virR
and Δ
virAB
mutants produced shorter actin tails during intracellular infection, which suggested that these mutants have a reduced ability to move and spread via actin-based motility. These findings have demonstrated that
L. monocytogenes
VirAB functions in a pathway with VirR to regulate the expression of genes necessary for virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Phyletic Distribution and Lineage-Specific Domain Architectures of Archaeal Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems
Authors: Galperin Michael Y. , Makarova Kira S. , Wolf Yuri I. , Koonin Eugene V.
Published: December 2017

The two-component signal transduction (TCS) machinery is a key mechanism of sensing environmental changes in the prokaryotic world. TCS systems have been characterized thoroughly in bacteria but to a much lesser extent in archaea. Here, we provide an updated census of more than 2,000 histidine kinases and response regulators encoded in 218 complete archaeal genomes, as well as unfinished genomes available from metagenomic data. We describe the domain architectures of the archaeal TCS components, including several novel output domains, and discuss the evolution of the archaeal TCS machinery. The distribution of TCS systems in archaea is strongly biased, with high levels of abundance in haloarchaea and thaumarchaea but none detected in the sequenced genomes from the phylaCrenarchaeota,Nanoarchaeota, andKorarchaeota. The archaeal sensor histidine kinases are generally similar to their well-studied bacterial counterparts but are often located in the cytoplasm and carry multiple PAS and/or GAF domains. In contrast, archaeal response regulators differ dramatically from the bacterial ones. Most archaeal genomes do not encode any of the major classes of bacterial response regulators, such as the DNA-binding transcriptional regulators of the OmpR/PhoB, NarL/FixJ, NtrC, AgrA/LytR, and ActR/PrrA families and the response regulators with GGDEF and/or EAL output domains. Instead, archaea encode multiple copies of response regulators containing either the stand-alone receiver (REC) domain or combinations of REC with PAS and/or GAF domains. Therefore, the prevailing mechanism of archaeal TCS signaling appears to be via a variety of protein-protein interactions, rather than direct transcriptional regulation.

IMPORTANCEAlthough theArchaearepresent a separate domain of life, their signaling systems have been assumed to be closely similar to the bacterial ones. A study of the domain architectures of the archaeal two-component signal transduction (TCS) machinery revealed an overall similarity of archaeal and bacterial sensory modules but substantial differences in the signal output modules. The prevailing mechanism of archaeal TCS signaling appears to involve various protein-protein interactions rather than direct transcription regulation. The complete list of histidine kinases and response regulators encoded in the analyzed archaeal genomes is available online athttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Complete_Genomes/TCSarchaea.html.
Interleukin-10 Modulation of Virus Clearance and Disease in Mice with Alphaviral Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Martin Nina M. , Griffin Diane E.
Published: December 2017

Alphaviruses are an important cause of mosquito-borne outbreaks of arthritis, rash, and encephalomyelitis. Previous studies in mice with a virulent strain (neuroadapted SINV [NSV]) of the alphavirus Sindbis virus (SINV) identified a role for Th17 cells and regulation by interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pathogenesis of fatal encephalomyelitis (K. A. Kulcsar, V. K. Baxter, I. P. Greene, and D. E. Griffin, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:16053–16058, 2014,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418966111). To determine the role of virus virulence in generation of immune responses, we analyzed the modulatory effects of IL-10 on disease severity, virus clearance, and the CD4+T cell response to infection with a recombinant strain of SINV of intermediate virulence (TE12). The absence of IL-10 during TE12 infection led to longer morbidity, more weight loss, higher mortality, and slower viral clearance than in wild-type mice. More severe disease and impaired virus clearance in IL-10−/−mice were associated with more Th1 cells, fewer Th2 cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, regulatory cells, and B cells, and delayed production of antiviral antibody in the central nervous system (CNS) without an effect on Th17 cells. Therefore, IL-10 deficiency led to more severe disease in TE12-infected mice by increasing Th1 cells and by hampering development of the local B cell responses necessary for rapid production of antiviral antibody and virus clearance from the CNS. In addition, the shift from Th17 to Th1 responses with decreased virus virulence indicates that the effects of IL-10 deficiency on immunopathologic responses in the CNS during alphavirus infection are influenced by virus strain.

IMPORTANCEAlphaviruses cause mosquito-borne outbreaks of encephalomyelitis, but determinants of outcome are incompletely understood. We analyzed the effects of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 on disease severity and virus clearance after infection with an alphavirus strain of intermediate virulence. The absence of IL-10 led to longer illness, more weight loss, more death, and slower viral clearance than in mice that produced IL-10. IL-10 influenced development of disease-causing T cells and entry into the brain of B cells producing antiviral antibody. The Th1 pathogenic cell subtype that developed in IL-10-deficient mice infected with a less virulent virus was distinct from the Th17 subtype that developed in response to a more virulent virus, indicating a role for virus strain in determining the immune response. Slow production of antibody in the nervous system led to delayed virus clearance. Therefore, both the virus strain and the host response to infection are important determinants of outcome.
Standardised cigarette packaging may reduce the implied safety of Natural American Spirit cigarettes
Authors: Leas Eric Craig , Pierce John P , Dimofte Claudiu V , Trinidad Dennis R , Strong David R
Published: December 2017

Background

Over two-thirds of Natural American Spirit (NAS) smokers believe their cigarettes might be ‘less harmful’, but toxicological evidence does not support this belief. We assessed whether standardised packaging could reduce the possibility of erroneous inferences of ‘safety’ drawn from NAS cigarette packaging.

Methods

US adult smokers (n=909) were recruited to a between-subject survey experiment (3 brands×3 packaging/labelling styles) through Amazon Mechanical Turk and rated their perception of whether a randomly assigned cigarette package conveyed that the brand was ‘safer’ on a three-item scale (Cronbach’s α=0.92). We assessed whether NAS packs were rated higher on the ‘implied safety’ scale than two other brands and estimated the effect that plain packaging (ie, all branding replaced with a drab dark brown colour) and Australian-like packaging (ie, all branding replaced with a drab dark brown colour and a graphic image and text on 75% of the pack surface) had on perceptions of the NAS cigarette package.

Results

Smokers’ ratings of the standard NAS pack on the implied safety scale (mean=4.6; SD=2.9) were 1.9 times (P <0.001) higher than smokers’ ratings of a Marlboro Red pack (mean=2.4; SD=2.3) and 1.7 times (P <0.001) higher than smokers’ ratings of a Newport Menthol pack (mean=2.7; SD=2.4). These perceptions of implied safety were lower when plain packaging was used (Cohen’s d=0.66; P <0.001) and much lower when Australian-like packaging was used (Cohen’s d=1.56; P <0.001).

Conclusion

The results suggest that NAS cigarette packaging conveys that its cigarettes are ‘safer’ and that such perceptions are lower with standardised packaging, both with and without warning images.